bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat and momentum transport characteristics of non‐Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions
Authors: Thomas D. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHeat transfer and pressure‐drop measurements were made with non‐Newtonian aqueous thorium oxide suspensions. A comparison of the results of the two different kinds of measurement allowed the general features of non‐Newtonian thorium oxide suspension heat transfer to be readily identified, thus leading to a clear understanding of anomalies observed in previous suspension heat transfer studies.Data were obtained at suspension concentrations up to 0.10 volume fraction solids, (1,000 g. of thorium/kg. of water) in systems having tube diameters of 0.318 and 1.030 in. In addition laminar‐flow data were taken with a capillary‐tube viscometer with a tube diameter of 1/8 in. and an L/D of 1,000. It was shown that laminar flow physical properties determined with the 1/8 in. diameter tube were satisfactory for correlating data taken with tubes up to 1.030 in. in diameter.Until the present study information was not available which would permit a choice between two different viscosities for use in correlating non‐Newtonian turbulent heat transfer and flow data. The limiting viscosity at very high shear rates is shown to give a unique correlation of turbulent data for tube diameters from 0.124 to 1.030 in., whereas the use of the effective viscosity (that is the viscosity evaluated at the point value of the wall shear stress corresponding to each given flow condition) gives a pronounced diameter effect in turbulent‐flow correlations.The data show that the onset of turbulence for both the pressure‐drop and heat transfer measurements occurs at the same Reynolds number and is approximated by the value predicted by the Hedstrom criterion (II). The heat transfer transition region extends to Reynolds numbers a factor of four times greater than the critical, as is also the case with Newtonian materials. Heat transfer to thorium oxide slurries in fully developed turbulent flow is the same as that predicted by the usual correlations for Newtonian fluids to within the precision of the experimental data, provided that the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers are calculated with the limiting viscosity at high rates of shear, η, for this viscosity. An approximate form of Martinelli's momentum heat transfer analogy correlates the experimental results within +17 and −36%.
Phase equilibria of the propane‐hydrogen sulfide system from the cricondontherm to the solid‐liquid‐vapor region
Authors: Brewer Jerome , Rodewald Newell , Kurata Fred 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe phase‐equilibria data of the propane‐hydrogen sulfide system has been previously investigated from 32°F. to the critical locus. Since this represents about one‐half of the phase data, the primary purposes of the present study were to complete the data to the solid‐liquid‐vapor region which starts about —125°F. and to verify the results of other investigators at the higher temperatures.Five mixtures of propane‐hydrogen sulfide were studied, ranging from 8.6 to 78.3% propane, with the dew‐ and bubble‐point method. A temperature‐composition diagram for six isobars from 400 to 20 lb./sq. in. abs. presents most of the essential data. Vaporization equilibrium constants are tabulated together with the x‐y data for these isobars. The data of Kay and Rambosek (3) and Steckel (4) were verified to within 2% except near the vicinity of the azeotrope.A new method was used to fix the temperature of the azeotrope for two of the five mixtures and a sixth mixture. The determination of the azeotropic temperatures was made by a graphical method in which the differences between the dew‐ and the bubble‐point pressures for each mixture were plotted against the temperature. The minimum value of the curve corresponds to the temperature of the azeotrope. The application of this method to the data of Kay and Rambosek (3) gave results which were in agreement with this study, while the original results by these authors as determined by an indirect method were in poor agreement.A measure of the reliability of the composition, temperature, and pressure data of the solid‐liquid‐vapor region was indicated when checks within 5% were found with Dalton's law of partial pressures.
Turbulent diffusion in the core of fully developed pipe flow
Authors: Baldwin Lionel V. , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper summarizes an experimental study of turbulent diffusion downstream of a line source of heat. Mean temperature profiles in the core of nearly fully developed pipe flow were measured at four mean velocities, from Uc = 72.6 to 160 ft./sec. Hot‐wire anemometer surveys showed that the turbulence in the axial core was nearly homogeneous and isotropic. The objective was to find empirical relations between the anemometer (Eulerian) specification of the turbulence and the Lagrangian statistical properties which determine diffusion.The diffusion results agreed with predictions of G. I. Taylor's theory of diffusion by continuous movements; the eddy diffusivity increased from zero at the heat source to a constant, asymptotic value far downstream. The Lagrangian correlation coefficients inferred from the diffusion data had shapes similar to the Eulerian correlations over most of the range of time and space. Empirical relations were found to relate the coordinates of the Lagrangian and Eulerian correlation coefficients over the range of this experiment. In addition preliminary measurements are reported for a general Eulerian correlation which is a function of both space and time; the results indicate that a special case of this new Eulerian function may be a fair approximation of the Lagrangian correlation.
A method of measuring thermal diffusivities of rocks at elevated temperatures
Authors: Somerton W. H. , Boozer G. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA method is presented for the measurement of thermal diffusivity of synthetic and natural rock materials at elevated temperatures. The method involves heating of cylindrical test specimens at a constant rate of rise of the edge temperature and measuring the temperature differential between a point just inside the sample edge and the center of the sample. It is shown that for a fixed geometry and a constant heating rate thermal diffusivity is inversely proportional to the temperature differential.A record of the variation of diffusivity with temperature may be obtained through the temperature range of 150 to 1000°C. (except where thermal reactions occur) within a period of less than 2 hr.Measurements are reproducible within ± 10% for a given material. Accuracy of the values obtained is believed to be good; however there are no data available for direct comparison with the materials tested. Use of an approximate equation for calculation of diffusivity from experimental data leads to errors of the order of only 0.5%. Fairly good agreement was obtained between steady state measurements and measurements by the present method.
Analytical study of heat transfer rates for parallel flow of liquid metals through tube bundles: II
Authors: Friedland Aaron J. , Bonilla Charles F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA theoretical analysis of heat transfer to liquid metals in parallel flow through a tube bundle, following the method of Lyon, results in an equation which agrees within 10% with the calculated values. The conditions are fully developed turbulent flow, constant heat flux at the wall, and an infinite number of tubes arranged on an equilateral triangular pitch. The hexagonal flow area assignable to any tube is approximated by a circle of equal area, and the velocity distribution of Bailey for an annulus is assumed to apply from the inner wall to the circle of maximum flow. The range of conditions is: pitch‐to‐diameter ratio, 1.375 to 10; Reynolds number, 104to 106; Prandtl number, 0 to 0.1; and Peclet number, 0 to 105. Laminar and slug flow Nusselt numbers are also determined.
Use of boundary‐layer theory to predict the effect of heat transfer on the laminar‐flow field in a vertical tube with a constant‐temperature wall
Authors: Rosen Edward M. , Hanratty Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVariations of density and viscosity with temperature cause distortions in the flow field and affect the rate of heat transfer to fluids in laminar flow in vertical tubes. The magnitude of these distortions is predicted through an approximate solution of the equations of motion and energy.
Chemical reaction processes in two‐phase systems: Theory and experimental results for slow chemical reactions in batch, column, and continuous stirred tank reactor operations
Authors: Trambouze Pierre , Trambouze M. T. , Piret Edgar L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA theory of design of chemical reactors is developed for two‐phase fluid systems where the rates of chemical reaction are low relative to the rates of mass transfer. Equations are presented for batch, column, and continuous stirred tank operations. Experimental data on the continuous hydrolysis of acetic anhydride in a benzene‐water system operating countercurrently in a pulsed‐flow sieve plate column and in a packed column are analyzed in terms of the theory.
Mass transfer with liquid lithium in circular conduits
Authors: Gill William N. , Vanek Richard P. , Grove C. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractForced convection mass transfer between circular tubes and liquid lithium was experimentally investigated over a range of Schmidt numbers from 40 to 57 and Reynolds numbers from 5,550 to 22,500. Information concerning the mechanism for mass transfer was obtained by measuring local solution and deposition rates as a function of distance along the tubes. Observed entrance effects for the solution process suggest that it involves the parallel mechanisms of diffusion through a solid film and through occluded liquid in grain boundaries. It is indicated that the relative contributions of these processes changes with increasing temperature.A j‐factor correlation of existing liquid metal mass transfer data for fully developed conditions in circular conduits is presented and indicates that an exponent of 0.112 forNRebest represents the data. This result agrees well with other studies (9).
Penetration theory for gas absorption accompanied by a second order chemical reaction
Authors: Brian P. L. T. , Hurley J. F. , Hasseltine E. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe penetration‐theory solution for the effect of a second‐order irreversible liquid‐phase chemical reaction on the rate of gas absorption has been computed numerically on an IBM‐704 computer. A linearized, time‐centered, implicit finite‐difference method was used to solve the nonlinear partial‐differential equations. The method was very effective, permitting the solution of the equations for a wide range of the parameters of interest. The penetration‐theory results are compared with the film‐theory solution, and it is shown that the solutions to the two theories agree within 16% if they are compared for conditions which produce the same asymptotic solution for an infinitely rapid chemical reaction. A simplified equation and some correction charts are presented which permit a rapid, accurate estimation of the penetration‐theory solution over a wide range of variables.
The mechanics of moving vertical fluidized systems: V. Concurrent cogravity flow
Authors: Quinn J. A. , Lapidus Leon , Elgin J. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn experimental investigation of the concurrent cogravity flow of particulate solids and water in a 1‐in. diameter vertical column is reported. Measurements were made of the particle concentration, or holdup, existing in the column as a function of the fluid and particle flow rates for two particle sizes, 0.0184‐ and 0.00396‐in. diameter glass spheres. The experimental results form the basis for a prediction of the generalized characteristics of concurrent cogravity fluidization.The data for each particle size are correlated in terms of the slip velocity and the holdup. The slip velocity is demonstrated to be the same unique function of the holdup for concurrent cogravity flow and for batch fluidization. Therefore the holdup and the conditions of limiting operation for concurrent cogravity flow can be accurately predicted from the batch fluidization curve.
Volumetric properties of gas mixtures at low temperatures and high pressures by the Burnett method: The hydrogen‐methane system
Authors: Mueller William H. , Leland Thomas W. , Kobayashi Riki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA Burnett type of apparatus for the study of the volumetric behavior of gases at low temperatures and high pressures was constructed. The apparatus was used to study the volumetric behavior of methane and four mixtures of hydrogen and methane from +50° to −200°F. and pressures as high as 7,000 lb./sq. in.The experimental data were used to obtain the second virial coefficients for pure methane and for the mixtures. The results of approximately 600 experimental points were used to obtain a table of compressibility factors for methane and the mixtures at even increments of pressure and temperture.
A finite‐difference method of high‐order accuracy for the solution of three‐dimensional transient heat conduction problems
Authors: Brian P. L. T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA finite‐difference method is presented for solving three‐dimensional transient heat conduction problems. The method is a modification of the method of Douglas and Rachford which achieves the higher‐order accuracy of a Crank‐Nicholson formulation while preserving the advantages of the Douglas‐Rachford method: unconditional stability and simplicity of solving the equations at each time level. Although the method has not yet been applied, the analysis in this paper suggests that it will prove to be the most efficient method yet proposed for the numerical integration of three‐dimensional transient heat conduction problems.
Laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a flat plate for a liquid of variable viscosity
Authors: Hanna O. T. , Myers J. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA solution for the problem of incompressible laminar boundary‐layer flow and heat transfer with variable viscosity is presented. Because of the variation of viscosity with temperature the velocity and temperature fields interact mutually. This necessitates the simultaneous solution of the momentum and energy equations. The analysis is carried out for the case where heating begins at the leading edge of the plate. The results show the effect of the important variable property parameters on the friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient. These parameters are seen to be the temperature difference between wall and free stream, the viscosity temperature variation law, and the Prandtl number at the wall. The results are applicable to liquids.
Hydrates in systems containing methane, ethylene, propylene, and water
Authors: Snell L. Eric , Otto Frederick D. , Robinson Donald B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe initial hydrate forming conditions for the systems ethylene‐water and methane‐ethylene‐water were investigated to about 9,000 lb./sq.in.abs. It was found that at a given pressure the initial hydrate forming temperature for mixtures containing greater than about 65 mole % ethylene was higher than the initial formation temperature for either methane or ethylene. Solid‐vapor equilibrium ratios were calculated for the ethylene hydrate. A comparison between experimental and predicted hydrate forming conditions for the system methane‐ethylene‐propylene‐water was made for several different mixtures of these gases. This comparison showed that the predicted hydrate forming temperature was slightly higher than the experimental at a given pressure.
Heterogeneous phase and volumetric behavior of the methane n‐heptane system at low temperatures
Authors: Kohn James P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe phase behavior of the methane‐n‐heptane system was determined at temperatures from −200° to 340°F. at pressures up to 1,500 lb./sq. in. abs. The system was found to have a miscibility gap in the liquid‐vapor region. The compositions of phases along the three phase (L1—L2—V) locus indicate that the L1 phase is approximately 0.64 mole fraction methane and that the L2 and V phases are substantially pure methane phases. The quadruple point (L1—L2—S1—V) was found at a temperature of −154.4°F. and a pressure of 339 lb./sq. in. abs. A singular point (type k) at which the L2 phase is in critical identity with the vapor phase was found at −114.6°F. and at a pressure of 694 lb./sq. in. abs.The fugacity of methane at constant temperature as a function of the composition of dissolved methane was found to be linear in the low‐temperature range. The plot of Henry's law constant expressed as fugacity mole fraction methane ratio vs. reciprocal absolute temperature was linear in the temperature range from −130° to approximately 100°F. These data indicate that the solution thermodynamics of methane‐n‐heptane is particularly simple in the low‐temperature range.
Relation of interfacial shear stress to the wave height for concurrent air‐water flow
Authors: Lilleleht Lembit U. , Hanratty Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWaves at an interface between a concurrent air‐water flow cause an increase in the interfacial stress. This increase in stress is correlated with the root‐mean‐square displacement of the liquid from its average height. The data are compared with Nikuradse's measurements with sand roughness.
Multicomponent mass transfer I. Theory
Authors: Toor H. L. , Sebulsky R. T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAs the primary phase in the development of multicomponent mass transfer theory, equations are derived which predict the rate of mass transfer of each species from an interface to a ternary gas mixture in turbulent flow for equimolal‐countercurrent transfer and for transfer with one of the three gases stagnant.The mass transfer equations obtained, regardless of whether a film, Prandtl‐Taylor, or modified Chilton‐Colburn model is used, differ in form from the usual binary equations and predict qualitative as well as large quantitative differences between binary and ternary transfer.A criterion is obtained which any consistent multicomponent mass transfer theory must satisfy, and although the ternary film and Prandtl‐Taylor models satisfy this criterion, the modified ternary Chilton‐Colburn model does not.
Microscopic study of bubble growth during nucleate boiling
Authors: Strenge P. H. , Orell Aluf , Westwater J. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA photographic technique was used to determine bubble growth rates for ether and pentane boiling on vertical metal surfaces of zinc and an aluminum alloy at atmospheric pressure at saturation conditions. Motion pictures were taken at about 3,000 frames/sec. through a microscope which produced a 13X magnification on the film. The heat flux was varied from about 3,000 to 13,000 B.t.u/(hr.)(sq.ft.). In seven runs out of nine the late‐growth equations of Forster and Zuber, Plesset and Zwick, and others were in error by less than 40% for bubble diameters from about 0.1 mm. up to the full field of view of about 0.75 mm. For sizes below 0.1 mm. the growth was too rapid to be measured. Interesting observations which are described quantitatively include bubble vibrations, irregularities in nucleation, and statistical variations in growth rates.
A general correlation of vapor‐liquid equilibria in hydrocarbon mixtures
Authors: Chao K. C. , Seader J. D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA general correlation of vapor‐liquid equilibria in hydrocarbon mixtures is developed. The vaporization equilibrium ratio (K‐value) is calculated through a combination of three factors

The quantity ν0 is a pure liquid component property and is correlated within the framework of Pitzer's modified form of the principle of corresponding states. The quantity γ is calculated from Hildebrand's equation, with regular liquid solutions assumed. The necessary parameters in this equation are specially determined for the very light components. The vapor state quantity ϕ is calculated from Redlich and Kwong's equation of state. The correlation is in the form of a compact set of equations which are especially suitable for application with an electronic digital computer.The correlation applies to hydrocarbons of various molecular types, including paraffins, olefins, aromatics, and naphthenes. Hydrogen in hydrocarbon mixtures is likewise correlated. The correlation has been tested with a systematic compilation of literature data on mixtures of these components. The over‐all average deviation from 2,696 data points is 8.7%.
The drag coefficients of single spheres moving in steady and accelerated motion in a turbulent fluid
Authors: Torobin L. B. , Gauvin W. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDrag coefficients of aerodynamically smooth spheres having a density variation of from 0.252 to 1.91 g./cc. and a diameter variation from 1.56 to 3.21 mm. were obtained for acceleration rates varying from 103.5 ft./sec.2 to ‐30 ft./sec.2 and for relative intensities of up to 45%. The particle‐to‐Eulerian macroscale ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.16, and the diameter‐to‐Eulerian microscale ratios varied from 10 to 2.The drag coefficients were found to be a function of the particle Reynolds number and of the relative intensity but not of the acceleration and relative macro‐and‐microscale variations.A transition theory for the system investigated is presented, which predicts that the product of the critical Reynolds number and the square of the relative intensity should be a constant; it is supported by the experimental results obtained.
Holdup and pressure drop with gas‐liquid flow in a vertical pipe
Authors: Hughmark G. A. , Pressburg B. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractVertical upward concurrent air‐liquid flow was investigated under isothermal conditions in a test section of 1‐in. schedule 40 pipe. Pressure drop was measured with a mercury manometer connected to two pressure taps 20 ft. apart in the section. Liquid was trapped between two quick shutoff valves activated by two solenoid valves. The liquid was druined from the section to provide the holdup data. Six liquids were used to determine the effect of density, viscosity, and surface tension.The experimental holdup, and two‐phase pressure drop data were not in agreement with Lockhart‐Martinelli type of correlation for horizontal flow. A statistical correlation for holdup was developed to include fluid physical properties, total mass velocity, and the air‐liquid ratio entering the pipe. Similarly a pressure drop correlation was developed which expressed the two‐phase pressure drop as a function of the slip velocity, liquid physical properties, and total mass velocity. This correlation showed an average percentage error of less than 15% between the observed and the calculated total pressure drop.
An experimental study of three component gas diffusion
Authors: Duncan J. B. , Toor H. L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEquimolal countercurrent diffusions runs were made in a two bulb diffusion cell with the system hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The initial bulb compositions were chosen so that various types of ternary interactions occurred. These interactions were well‐described by the Maxwell‐Stefan equations. The average deviation of the experimental mole fractions for all runs from those predicted by the Maxwell‐Stefan equations was 0.45 mole %.