bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abbatial Book Provision and Library Building
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the abbatial facilitation of historiographical activity through book provision and library building. Following a review of the evidence provided by monastic rules and customaries (3.1), it discusses various modes of production and procurement (3.2), books as commemorative currency (3.3), resourcing and collaboration (3.4), and the importance of library networks and interlibrary loans (3.5). The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (3.6). Books were indispensable resources for monastic historians, and without ready access to them few (if any) of the histories studied in this book could have been produced. Abbots and abbesses were amongst the most prolific providers of monastic books, from individual items to entire libraries comprising hundreds or thousands of volumes. Abbatial book provision helped sustain historiographical production in the short and long term, and the libraries built by monastic superiors enabled not just contemporary authors and protégés, but future generations of historians, too.
‘In studio abbatis’
Authors: Pohl Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the practicalities of historiographical production by taking us into the physical workplaces inhabited by medieval abbot- and abbess-historians. Following an introductory case study (4.1), it provides a survey of abbatial writing and study spaces (4.2) before discussing the private collection of books (4.3) and their custodianship, inheritance, and bequest (4.4). This discussion brings the book full circle by showing us the spaces in which many of the activities studied in Chapters 1–3 took place and how the availability of private workplaces influenced the processes of historiographical production. The conclusions are summarized at the end of the chapter (4.5). Knowledge of the physical workplaces available to medieval monastic superiors is essential to understanding their historiographical involvement and contribution, yet little attention has been paid to them in scholarship. Many maintained personal studies and libraries alongside those they curated for their communities, offering them a privacy unavailable to others and permitting them to write history in the quiet and comfort of their own quarters with study and research materials close at hand.
Varieties of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery may be voluntary or involuntary, it may or may not be accompanied by the feeling of presence, it may or may not localize its objects in one’s egocentric space and it may or may not be top-down driven. Further, mental imagery may be more or less vivid, with some people—aphantasics—not reporting any mental imagery at all.
The Unity of Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery is a wide category and all the following mental phenomena will count as mental imagery: the “filling in” of the blind spot, peripheral vision, amodal completion, various optical illusions, most forms of hallucination, dreaming, episodic memory, perceptual expectations, attentional templates. But not all perceptual phenomena count as mental imagery and drawing the boundaries of mental imagery in this wide manner helps us to make distinctions between seemingly similar, but in fact very different, perceptual phenomena.
Mental Imagery in Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the relation between perception and mental imagery. There is a well-demonstrated similarity between the two in terms of the brain areas involved as well as the eye movements they elicit. But another aspect of the relation between the two is that it has been argued that mental imagery is a key component of perception itself. Various versions of this view are distinguished and the most plausible is argued for.
Amodal Completion
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amodal completion is the representation of those parts of the perceived object that we don’t get sensory information from. In the case of vision, it is the representation of occluded parts of the objects we see. Amodal completion is not a perceptual curiosity, it happens virtually all the time we perceive. And amodal completion is a form of mental imagery.
Attention and Mental Imagery
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery may or may not be attended. When it is attended, it is more determinate. The same goes for perception. But while in the case of perception, this increase in determinacy comes from the world itself, in the case of mental imagery, it comes from our own background beliefs and knowledge. This explains both the similarities and the differences between the phenomenal character of (conscious) perception and (conscious) mental imagery
Motor Imagery and Action
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mental imagery is a form of perceptual representation: the first stop in perceptual processing that is not triggered directly by sensory input. Motor imagery is not perceptual representation. It is motor representation. It is the last stop in motor processing that does not directly trigger bodily action. The relation between motor imagery and mental imagery is examined as well as the role played by motor imagery in action execution.
Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If you have two representations that clash with one another, this can lead to a negatively valenced state, which then, in turn, leads to a change in your attitude. This is called cognitive dissonance. This chapter argues that the representations involved in cognitive dissonance are not beliefs, as it is usually assumed, but mental imagery. Taking cognitive dissonance to involve mental imagery makes it possible to explain this phenomenon in a much simpler manner.
Implicit Bias
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of our behavior is biased: the behavior goes against our reported beliefs. And often we are not fully aware of these biases. There are two major candidates for what mediates between the trigger and the biased behavior in the philosophical and psychological literature: associations and propositional representations. This chapter argues that mental imagery is a better candidate for explaining how implicit bias comes about than either of these two candidates.
Classical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins laying a foundation for classical statistical mechanics with a discussion of relevant topics in classical mechanics. The chapter begins with a discussion of Newton’s laws of motion and the concept of a phase space and builds up to the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of classical mechanics and the Legendre transform relation that connects them. The action integral is introduced, and its stationarity is shown to lead to the Euler-Lagrange equations of motion. It is shown how mechanical constraints can be incorporated into the action integral and Euler-Lagrange equations via Lagrange multipliers, and analytical forms of Lagrange multipliers are derived using Gauss’ principle of least constraint. The chapter concludes with a discusion of rigid-body motion in terms of Euler angles and quaternions followed by a brief discussion of non-Hamiltonian equations of motion and the types of problems they describe. Throughout the chapter, concepts are illustrated with analytically solvable examples.
Theoretical foundations of classical statistical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After a review of the basic definitions and laws of thermodynamics, Chapter 2 builds the foundations of classical statistical mechanics. First, the concepts classical microscopic states or “microstates” in phase space and classical ensembles as phase-space distributions are introduced. Following this, the connection between the time evolution prescribed by Hamilton’s equations of motion and the conservation laws of phase-space volume and phase-space probability are used to derive two fundamental results in classical statistical mechanics: Liouville’s theorem and the Liouville equation for the evolution of the ensemble distribution in time and phase space. Liouville’s equation is then solved under equilibrium conditions to yield the general form of a classical equilibrium ensemble
The canonical ensemble
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 comprises a detailed presentation of the classical canonical ensemble and its generation via thermostatted molecular dynamics simulations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the basic thermodynamics of the ensemble, and the distribution is derived, first, by coupling a system to a thermal reservoir and, second, maximizing an entropy functional of the distribution. Both yield the expected Boltzmann distribution expressing that the ensemble consists of all microstates having specified temperature T, particle number N, and volume V. The ideal gas law is derived in the canonical ensemble, and, following this, a detailed discussion of liquid structure and spatial distribution functions is given. The chapter then explores the generation of a canonical ensemble using thermostatted equations of motion and provides algorithms for numerically integrating these equations. The theoretical framework for analyzing non-Hamiltonian systems is presented, and an isokinetic algorithm for achieving very large time steps in canonical molecular dynamics is discussed
The isobaric ensembles
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 comprises a detailed presentation of the classical isobaric ensembles and their generation using barostats and thermostats synergistically in molecular dynamics simulations. The chapter begins with a discussion of the basic thermodynamics of the ensemble, and the distribution is derived, first, coupling a system to a thermal reservoir and a piston and, second, by maximizing an entropy functional of the distribution. Both yield the expected distribution expressing that the ensemble consists of all microstates having specified temperature T or enthalpy H, particle number N, and pressure P. Formulations of the ensemble for both isotropic and anisotropic volume fluctuations are provided. The chapter then explores the generation of isobaric ensembles using equations of motion involving thermostats and barostats together, and algorithms for numerically integrating these equations are presented. The use of atomic and molecular virials in these equations is also discussed, and algorithms for treating holonomic constraints within isobaric ensembles are presented
The grand canonical ensemble
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 comprises a detailed presentation of the classical grand canonical ensemble. The chapter begins with a discussion of the basic thermodynamics of the ensemble, including Euler’s theorem and its implications. The distribution is derived, first, by coupling a system to thermal and particle reservoirs and, second, by maximizing an entropy functional of the distribution. Both yield the expected distribution expressing that the ensemble consists of all microstates having specified temperature T, chemical potential μ, and volume V. It is shown how to derive equations of state in the grand canonical ensemble, and the ideal gas is used as an example. The chapter then proceeds to examine particle-number fluctuations, following which the potential distribution theorem is proved and shown to yield the excess chemical potential of a solution. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of how to perform molecular dynamics simulations with fluctuating particle number using adaptive resolution simulations
Monte Carlo
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 introduces the Monte Carlo approach to sampling probability distributions, and it is shown how to Monte Carlo methods to generate canonical, isothermal-isobaric, and grand canonical distributions introduced in Chapters 4, 5, and 6, respectively. After establishing the Central Limit Theorem, the chapter discusses the general problem of sampling distributions. Basic techniques include importance sampling and rejection techniques. The challenge of sampling rare events is discussed, and advanced sampling techniques, which directly address the rare-event problem and include replica-exchange Monte Carlo and Wang-Landau sampling, are covered. The chapter concludes by introducing the notion of trajectory ensembles, and an approach known as transition path sampling, designed to generate events that bridge one basin to another through a barrier region is described. This ensemble is known as the transition-path ensemble. Efficient techniques for sampling such transition paths are discussed
Quantum ideal gases: Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 11 presents a statistical mechanical treatment of the quantum ideal gases, i.e., the ideal Boltzmann, fermion, and boson gases. The discussion begins with the microscopic description and the solution of the eigenvalue problem for a quantum ideal gas. It is argued that calculating the partition function is most readily accomplished in the grand canonical ensemble using a second-quantized formulation. When the particles are distinguishable, the equation of state is identical to that of a classical ideal gas. For fermions and bosons, however, the problem of computing thermodynamic properties is significantly more complex and can only be solved exactly in certain limits. Away from these limits approximations are needed and are discussed in detail. The relevant distributions - the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein distributions are derived. The local density approximation of density functional theory is derived for the ideal electron gas. For the ideal boson gas, the phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation is discussed
Classical time-dependent statistical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 covers the statistical mechanics of classically driven systems and the non-equilibrium ensembles associated with these systems. The chapter begins by comparing the equilibrium of ensembles of simple systems and the ensembles that result when these same systems are driven out of equilibrium. The general theory of linear responses to driving forces is presented, and from the linear-response theory, it is shown how to connect nonequilibrium ensemble averages to equilibrium time correlation functions via perturbative solution of the classical Liouville equation. This connection is established through the Green-Kubo theory, and several examples employing Green-Kubo theory are discussed. Numerical algorithms for computing time correlation functions are presented. The chapter then concludes with a discussion of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics as a method to perform simulations of classical systems subject to particular types of driving forces. Examples of different types of strains on the system are described along with the flow profiles they produce
The Langevin and generalized Langevin equations
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 15, stochastic equations of motion, specifically the Langevin and generalized Langevin equations, are discussed as a means of generating classical ensemble distributions and generating dynamical quantities of systems coupled to harmonic baths. The chapter begins with a derivation of the Caldeira-Leggett Hamiltonian, which is then used to derive the generalized Langevin equation and the Langevin equation as a special case. The physical meaning of the different terms in the generalized Langevin equation are discussed, and a series of increasingly complex analytically solvable examples is presented. Numerical algorithms for integrating the Langevin and overdamped Langevin equations are presented. Following this, the incorporation of stochastic dynamics into multiple time-stepping approaches as a means of eliminating resonances is presented. The chapter then shows how to tailor memory kernels to mimic specific desired bath effects in classical systems. The chapter concludes with discussions of sampling stochastic transition paths and Mori-Zwanzig projection-operator theory for deriving generalized Langevin equations
Discrete models and critical phenomena
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 16 explores the statistical mechanics of discrete lattice models and their use in describing critical phenomena. The chapter begins with a review of phase diagrams, coexistence curves, crititical points, and the behavior of certain thermodynamic quantities in the neighborhood of a critical point. The notion of universality classes is introduced. To set up the class of lattice models, magnetic systems are described; simplifications are made to these models to yield the so-called Ising model. Solution of this model is demonstrated within the mean-field theory approximation, which is shown to yield a qualitative description of critical behavior. Exact solutions are derived in one and two dimensions, and predictions of critical exponents from them are obtained. Following this, the renormalization group is introduced, and approaches for understanding critical behavior and universality from renormalization group transformations are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the use of discrete models in areas ranging from molecular crystals to tissue morphogenesis
Introduction to machine learning in statistical mechanics
Authors: Tuckerman Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 17 provides an introduction to the world of machine learning and its application to problems in statistical mechanics. After an overview of machine learning concepts, two key distributions needed to construct loss functions are introduced. The discussion of machine learning models begins with kernel methods, starting from linear regression and progressing to kernel-ridge regression and support vector machines. Following this, a detailed description of neural networks, including feed-forward and convolution neural networks, is provided for both regression and classification tasks. Finally, weighted neighbor methods, including k-nearest neighbors and random forests, are discussed. The performance of these machine learning models is compared for the problem of representing high-dimensional free energy surfaces from limited sampling data. A second demonstration of a solid-solid phase transition is also presented. The chapter concludes with discussions of clustering techniques and intrinsic dimension of a data manifold.
What Emergency?
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the emergence of trauma as a matter of state and healing as a reason of state. Drawing upon some pioneering works of post-Freudian psychoanalysis, the chapter develops an understanding of damaged life as that from which something of profound psychic importance has been lost; something so significant and so unrecoverable that the process of mourning, of letting go, remains incomplete or unfinished. It explores the way in which this incomplete mourning process is deemed to afflict victims and perpetrators alike, locking them into a mutually constitutive pathology from which it is hard to escape. It goes on to discuss how resistance to mourning exceeds conventional (psychic and legal) forms of repair, turning it into a latent threat to life—the emergency yet to come—and how this latent threat elicits those exceptional, biopolitical measures of healing, commonly conceived as acts of repentance: memorials, apologies, commissions.
New Life
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the impact of the new discourse of trauma on institutions of political renewal, of healing and reconciliation, in the wake of civil discord. The chapter compares the ‘institutions of exception’ used by the ancients and the moderns in their treatment of ‘civil wounds’ as a way of exposing a dramatic shift in the way politics addresses itself to, and tries to take control of, life. While the ancients took recourse to the institution of amnesty (commanded forgetting) in order to bring mourning to a full stop, we moderns have resorted to a range of new exceptional institutions—public memorials, political apologies, truth commissions—in which societal grieving is actively stimulated. The chapter argues that this transformation has less to do with the ethical objections to forgetting that arose after the Shoah than with our newfound confidence in directing, rather than simply containing, biological processes through institutionalized truth telling.
The Monumentalization of Shame
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the complex role memorials play as expressions of public penance. It focuses on the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, exploring how it functions as a form of political communication, a site of shared mourning, and a vehicle of trauma management. Drawing on the work of Jürgen Habermas, the chapter defends the Memorial as the expression of an affirmative biopolitics in which the German state marks a decisive break from a collective life context that maintained itself by usurping and destroying the lives of others. I then explore how the Memorial responds to (and offers consolation for) the vicarious trauma of later-born Germans who tread a thin line between identifying with and identifying as the victims. I suggest this consoling work weakens the admonitory force of the Memorial and its capacity to provoke reflection on the friend–enemy distinction that founds the nation-state.
Preliminary Rulings on the Interpretation of Union Law
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the procedure by which the Court of Justice delivers preliminary rulings on the interpretation of Union law, which constitutes an indirect route for ensuring the compatibility of acts of the Member States with Union law. It evaluates what rules may be interpreted by the Court of Justice, the limits placed on its jurisdiction, and the content and effects of such preliminary rulings.
The Action for Failure to Act
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the action for failure to act, which forms part of the complete and coherent system of judicial protection, thereby covering both unlawful action and inaction of Union institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies. It explores the basic elements of this action and its relationship to the action for annulment, with particular regard to natural and legal persons.
Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice under Conventions Concluded by the Member States
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Court of Justice’s jurisdiction under conventions concluded by the Member States, such as the Brussels Convention and the Rome Convention, along with conventions based on the EU Treaty in the version in force before the Lisbon Treaty. It mentions the different rules governing the jurisdiction of the Court of Justice to give preliminary rulings on the interpretation of the conventions and protocols.
Conclusion of the Procedure
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter showcases the conclusion of the procedure before the Union Courts. It delves into key aspects of judgments and orders, judgments by default and applications to set them aside, the procedure when a case is referred back to the General Court, and costs. It also discusses exceptional procedures relating to judgments and orders, such as revision, rectification, failure to adjudicate, and third-party proceedings.