bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COX-2 expression during early lung squamous cell carcinoma oncogenesis
Authors: Mascaux C. , Martin B. , Verdebout J-M. , Ninane V. , Sculier J-P. 
Published: July 2005

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is implicated in the oncogenesis of many cancers, and COX-2 inhibitors are effective in preventing the development of tumours, such as in colon cancer. Its expression is increased in nonsmall cell lung cancer and is associated with poor prognosis. The present study assessed COX-2 expression in normal bronchial epithelium, as well as in all the putative precursors of squamous cell carcinomas.COX-2 expression was studied by immunohistochemistry in 106 biopsies collected during autofluorescence bronchoscopy in consecutive patients at high-risk for lung cancer.All biopsies corresponding to normal epithelium or low-grade lesions (lesions up to moderate dysplasia) did not show increased COX-2 expression. Lesions were positive for COX-2 in eight out of 14 severe dysplasia patients, eight out of 14in situcarcinomas and five out of eight invasive carcinomas. A strong statistically significant difference in COX-2 expression was found between normal epithelium or low-grade lesions and high-grade lesions (severe dysplasia or worse). The positive and negative predictive values of COX-2 expression for high-grade lesion were 100% and 82.35%, respectively.In conclusion, bronchial precursors of squamous cell carcinoma showed increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression and were segregated into low-versushigh-grade with a high positive predictive value. Thus, cyclooxygenase-2 appears as a potential early marker of squamous cell carcinoma.
Health measurement using the ICF: Test-retest reliability study of ICF codes and qualifiers in geriatric care
Authors: Okochi Jiro , Utsunomiya Sakiko , Takahashi Tai 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was published by the World Health Organization (WHO) to standardize descriptions of health and disability. Little is known about the reliability and clinical relevance of measurements using the ICF and its qualifiers. This study examines the test-retest reliability of ICF codes, and the rate of immeasurability in long-term care settings of the elderly to evaluate the clinical applicability of the ICF and its qualifiers, and the ICF checklist.

Methods
Reliability of 85 body function (BF) items and 152 activity and participation (AP) items of the ICF was studied using a test-retest procedure with a sample of 742 elderly persons from 59 institutional and at home care service centers. Test-retest reliability was estimated using the weighted kappa statistic. The clinical relevance of the ICF was estimated by calculating immeasurability rate. The effect of the measurement settings and evaluators' experience was analyzed by stratification of these variables. The properties of each item were evaluated using both the kappa statistic and immeasurability rate to assess the clinical applicability of WHO's ICF checklist in the elderly care setting.

Results
The median of the weighted kappa statistics of 85 BF and 152 AP items were 0.46 and 0.55 respectively. The reproducibility statistics improved when the measurements were performed by experienced evaluators. Some chapters such as genitourinary and reproductive functions in the BF domain and major life area in the AP domain contained more items with lower test-retest reliability measures and rated as immeasurable than in the other chapters. Some items in the ICF checklist were rated as unreliable and immeasurable.

Conclusion
The reliability of the ICF codes when measured with the current ICF qualifiers is relatively low. The result in increase in reliability according to evaluators' experience suggests proper education will have positive effects to raise the reliability. The ICF checklist contains some items that are difficult to be applied in the geriatric care settings. The improvements should be achieved by selecting the most relevant items for each measurement and by developing appropriate qualifiers for each code according to the interest of the users.
Role of traditional healers in psychosocial support in caring for the orphans: A case of Dar-es Salaam City, Tanzania
Authors: Kayombo Edmund J , Mbwambo Zakaria H , Massila Mariam 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Orphans are an increasing problem in developing countries particularly in Africa; due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic; and needs collective effort in intervention processes by including all stakeholders right from the grass roots level. This paper attempts to present the role of traditional healers in psychosocial support for orphan children in Dar-es-Salaam City with special focus on those whose parents have died because of HIV/AIDS. Six traditional healers who were involved in taking care of orphans were visited at their "vilinge" (traditional clinics). In total they had 72 orphans, 31 being boys and 41 being girls with age range from 3 years to 19. It was learned that traditional healers, besides providing remedies for illnesses/diseases of orphans, they also provided other basic needs. Further, they even provided psychosocial support allowing children to cope with orphan hood life with ease. Traditional healers are living within communities at the grass roots level; and appear unnoticed hidden forces, which are involved in taking care of orphans. This role of traditional healers in taking care of orphans needs to be recognised and even scaling it up by empowering them both in financial terms and training in basic skills of psychosocial techniques in how to handle orphans, in order to reduce discrimination and stigmatisation in the communities where they live.
Social defeat: Risk factor for schizophrenia?
Authors: Selten Jean-Paul , Cantor-Graae Elizabeth 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe hypothesis that chronic and long-term experience of ‘social defeat’ may increase the risk for schizophrenia is proposed. This increased risk may result from sensitisation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and/or increased baseline activity of this system. Data supporting the social defeat hypothesis are presented.
Unravelling the complexity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A behavioural genomic approach
Authors: Asherson Philip , Kuntsi Jonna , Taylor Eric 
Published: July 2005

SummaryInternational research has established that there is a strong genetically inherited contribution to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the genetic mechanisms involved are being sought with considerable success. It is now established that certain alleles of the genes coding for the dopamine D4 receptor and the dopamine transporter occur more frequently in children with ADHD than in healthy controls, and we are finding other DNA changes associated with ADHD. A major challenge for the field now is to clarify how genetic susceptibility is translated into disorder by integrating the fields of quantitative and molecular genetics, neuropsychology and environmental risks.
Meta-review of high-quality systematic reviews of interventions in key areas of liaison psychiatry
Authors: Ruddy Rachel , House Allan 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundWhen planning and delivering a liaison psychiatry service it is important to have an understanding of the research evidence supporting the use of interventions likely to be delivered by the service.AimsTo identify high-quality systematic reviews for all interventions in three defined areas of liaison psychiatry, to summarise their clinical implications and to highlight areas where more research is needed. The three areas were the psychological effects of physical illness or treatment, somatoform disorders and self-harming behaviour.MethodComputerised database searching, secondary reference searching, hand-searching and expert consultation were used to identify relevant systematic reviews. Studies were reliably selected, and quality-assessed, and data were extracted and interpreted by two reviewers.ResultsWe found 64 high-quality systematic reviews. Only 14 reviews included meta-analyses.ConclusionsMany areas of liaison psychiatry practice are not based on high-quality evidence. More research in this area would help inform development and planning of liaison psychiatry services.
Acute tryptophan depletion as a model of depressive relapse
Authors: Booij Linda , Van Der Does A. J. Willem , Haffmans P. M. Judith , Spinhoven Philip , McNally Richard J. 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundAcute tryptophan depletion transiently induces symptoms in those with remitted depression. The behavioural specificity is uncertain, however. Recently, symptom provocation studies have become controversial, particularly in the USA.AimsTo assess the specificity of acute tryptophan depletion. To investigate systematically the subjective experiences of those taking part in a symptom provocation study.MethodTwenty individuals with remitted depression underwent acute tryptophan depletion in a double-blind, crossover trial. Psychiatric symptoms and self-schemata relevant to depression were assessed. The quality of the informed consent procedure and subjective experiences were also evaluated.ResultsAcute tryptophan depletion induced a specific depressive response. The effects were more pronounced in females than in males. Participants were quite satisfied with the informed consent procedure. They had understood that this was a fundamental research project and personal benefits were not expected. However, some participants still found it a positive experience.ConclusionsAcute tryptophan depletion is a suitable model of vulnerability to depression, from both a scientific and an ethical perspective.
Relationship between antisocial behaviour, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and maternal prenatal smoking
Authors: Button T. M. M. , Thapar A. , McGuffin P. 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundThere is substantial evidence that maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with both antisocial behaviour and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in offspring. However, it is not clear whether maternal smoking during pregnancy is independently associated with antisocial behaviour or whether the association arises because antisocial behaviour and ADHD covary.AimsTo examine the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy, antisocial behaviour and ADHD in offspring.MethodQuestionnaires concerning behaviour and environmental factors were sent to twins from the CaStANET study and data analysed using a number of bivariate structural equation models.ResultsMaternal prenatal smoking contributed small but significant amounts to the variance of ADHD and of antisocial behaviour. The best fitting bivariate model was one in which maternal prenatal smoking had a specific influence on each phenotype, independent of the effect on the other phenotype.ConclusionsBoth antisocial behaviour and ADHD symptoms in offspring are independently influenced by maternal prenatal smoking during pregnancy.
Childhood IQ in relation to later psychiatric disorder
Authors: Batty G. David , Mortensen Erik L. , Osler Merete 
Published: July 2005

SummaryStudies examining the relationship between early-life IQ and the risk of subsequent psychiatric disorder in adulthood are scarce. In the present investigation, the childhood IQ scores of 7022 singleton-born Danish males were linked to psychiatric hospital discharge records in adulthood. IQ scores were inversely related to the risk of total psychiatric illness, with the highest levels apparent in the lowest scoring IQ group (HRlowest quintile v. highest = 1.70, 95% Cl 1.34–2.14). Adjusting for paternal occupational social class and birth weight had only a small attenuating effect. Low childhood IQ may have an aetiological role in the development of adult total psychiatric disorder.
Clinical characteristics of first-admitted patients with ICD-10 schizotypal disorder
Authors: Handest Peter , Parnas Josef 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundThe clinical picture of schizotypal disorders is rarely comprehensively described.AimsTo describe psychopathological profiles of patients with ICD-10 schizotypal disorder.MethodA total of 151 first-admitted patients (with affective and somatic disorders excluded) were given a comprehensive psychopathological evaluation, including the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms. Patients with schizotypal disorder (n=50) were compared with those with psychosis (n=51) and those outside the schizophrenia spectrum (other diagnoses, n=50) on a number of psychopathological scales.ResultsPatients with schizotypal disorder scored intermediately between patients with psychosis and other diagnoses on scales related to positive and negative symptoms, disorders of emotional contact and formal thought disorder, but had the same scores as patients with schizophrenia for subtle aberrations of subjective experience. Schizotypal criteria were not normally distributed with an excess of patients between 2 and 6 criteria. Family history of schizophrenia was equally elevated among those with schizotypal disorder and those with psychosis.ConclusionsICD-10 schizotypy represents a milder, less psychotic, variant of schizophrenia but there is no clear-cut division between the two disorders.
Developing services for first-episode psychosis and the critical period
Authors: Edwards Jane , Harris Meredith G. , Bapat Swagata 
Published: July 2005

BackgroundProviding specialised services to individuals experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP) is a relatively new endeavour.AimsTo overview developing services for newly diagnosed cases of FEP and the context in which they develop.MethodThis paper describes five model multi-element FEP programmes, outlines recent evaluation studies of FEP services, discusses current evidence gaps relating to the evaluation of complex interventions and specific interventions for FEP and illustrates attempts to examine aspects of clinical work practised at the Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre (EPPIC) in Melbourne, Australia.ResultsConsiderable progress has been made in terms of influencing practice in the assessment and treatment of early psychosis.ConclusionsThere is need for quality clinical and research efforts to inform and accelerate progress in this burgeoning field.
Mental health nurse supplementary prescribing: mapping progress 1 year after implementation
Authors: Gray Richard , Parr Ann-Marie , Brimblecombe Neil 
Published: July 2005

Aims and MethodA postal questionnaire survey was conducted of the directors of nursing of all mental health NHS trusts in England, in order to examine current activities and attitudes regarding nurse supplementary prescribing (NSP) in psychiatric settings.ResultsFifty-four per cent of nurse directors returned the questionnaire. They perceived that NSP was an important means for improving patient care and treatment, particularly in community settings. In their opinion, psychiatrists were generally not opposed to its introduction. To date, relatively few mental health nurses have received training in NSP.Clinical ImplicationsDirectors of nursing have positive views and experiences of NSP. Widespread implementation of NSP is likely to occur over the next few years and psychiatrists will need to consider how this will impact on their role.
A medication error reporting scheme: analysis of the first 12 months
Authors: Maidment Ian D. , Thorn Angie 
Published: July 2005

Aims and MethodA new medication error reporting scheme (‘Safemed’) was introduced within the East Kent NHS and Social Care Partnership Trust. All medication incidents reported using this system in the first year were analysed by the Chief Pharmacist.ResultsOver a 12-month period a total of 66 incidents were reported through Safemed, compared with 55 incidents under the previous system. The low level of reporting made detailed statistical analysis and drawing meaningful conclusions problematic. There was a large variability in reporting between similar sites.Clinical ImplicationsThe low level of reporting was associated with cultural factors, in particular the failure to fully implement a ‘no blame’ culture. Until such a culture is established, reporting will remain variable and a systems approach to preventing medication errors will not be adopted, leading to significant clinical risk.
Estrogen-Induced Abnormally High Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Expression Results in Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Authors: Ajonuma Louis Chukwuemeka , Tsang Lai Ling , Zhang Gui Hong , Wong Connie Hau Yan , Lau Miu Ching , Ho Lok Sze , Rowlands Dewi Kenneth , Zhou Chen Xi , Ng Chuen Pei , Chen Jie , Xu Peng Hui , Zhu Jin Xia , Chung Yiu Wa , Chan Hsiao Chang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOvarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) remains one of the most life-threatening and potentially fatal complications of assisted reproduction treatments, arising from excessive stimulation of the ovaries by exogenous gonadotropins administrated during in vitro fertilization procedures, which is characterized by massive fluid shift and accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and other organs, including the lungs and the reproductive tract. The pathogenesis of OHSS remains obscure, and no definitive treatments are currently available. Using RT-PCR, Western blot, and electrophysiological techniques we show that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-activated chloride channel expressed in many epithelia, is involved in the pathogenesis of OHSS. Upon ovarian hyperstimulation, rats develop OHSS symptoms, with up-regulated CFTR expression and enhanced CFTR channel activity, which can also be mimicked by administration of estrogen, but not progesterone, alone in ovariectomized rats. Administration of progesterone that suppresses CFTR expression or antiserum against CFTR to OHSS animals results in alleviation of the symptoms. Furthermore, ovarian hyperstimulation does not induce detectable OHSS symptoms in CFTR mutant mice. These findings confirm a critical role of CFTR in the pathogenesis of OHSS and may provide grounds for better assisted reproduction treatment strategy to reduce the risk of OHSS and improve in vitro fertilization outcome.
Uruguay on the World Stage
Authors: Birn Anne-Emanuelle 
Published: July 2005

The evolution of international health has typically been assessed from the standpoint of central institutions (international health organizations, foundations, and development agencies) or of one-way diffusion and influence from developed to developing countries.To deepen understanding of how the international health agenda is shaped, I examined the little-known case of Uruguay and its pioneering role in advancing and institutionalizing child health as an international priority between 1890 and 1950.The emergence of Uruguay as a node of international health may be explained through the country’s early gauging of its public health progress, its borrowing and adaptation of methods developed overseas, and its broadcasting of its own innovations and shortcomings.
Associations Between Obesity and Receipt of Screening Mammography, Papanicolaou Tests, and Influenza Vaccination: Results from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study
Authors: Østbye Truls , Taylor Donald H. , Yancy William S. , Krause Katrina M. 
Published: July 2005

Objectives. Obese Americans, who receive more care for chronic diseases, may receive fewer preventive services. We evaluated the association between body mass index (BMI) and receipt of screening mammography and Papanicolaou tests among middle-aged women and the association between BMI and receipt of influenza vaccination among the elderly. Methods. We analyzed 2 datasets: the Health and Retirement Study (4439 women aged 50–61 years) and the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study (4045 women and 2154 men aged 70 years or more). Results. When BMI was greater than 18.5 kg/m2, we found an inverse dose-response relationship between BMI and receipt of screening mammography and Pap tests among White, but not Black, middle-aged women. We found a similar association between BMI and influenza vaccination among the elderly. Conclusions. Higher BMI was associated with less frequent receipt of preventive services among middle-aged White women and elderly White women and men. The Healthy People 2010 clinical preventive service goals remain elusive, especially for overweight and obese White persons.
Recent Progress in Corrosion and Protection of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Song G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMagnesium alloys are advanced light structural and functional materials being increasingly used in the automotive, aerospace, electronic, and energy industries. However, their corrosion performance at the current stage of development is still not good enough for increasingly diverse practical applications. The Cooperative Research Centre for Cast Metals Manufacturing (CAST) in Australia is one of the most active research organizations in the world established to cope with the problems associated with the development and application of advanced light metals. Corrosion and prevention of magnesium and its alloys is an important part of CAST's research program. This paper presents a brief summary of recent research achievements by CAST and relevant research work in this area in the world. This overview covers “anodic hydrogen evolution”, estimation of corrosion rate, corrosion of aluminum‐ and non‐aluminum‐containing magnesium alloys, influences of composition and microstructure on corrosion, corrosion of a die‐cast magnesium alloy, galvanic corrosion, coolant corrosion, and an aluminum‐alloyed coating. The aim of this overview is to deepen the current understanding of corrosion and protection of magnesium and its alloys and to provide a base for future research work in this field.
Nanoscale Energy Storage Materials Produced by Hydrogen‐Driven Metallurgical Reactions
Authors: Graetz J. , Reilly J. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNanoscale energy storage materials offer enhanced kinetics, material stability and gravimetric capacity, with respect to their bulk counterparts. Hydrogen‐driven metallurgical reactions (HDMR) represent a novel method for synthesis of these nanomaterials. Nanoscale and nanocomposite electrodes for Li‐ion batteries synthesized by HDMR demonstrate reversible lithium cycling at low temperature (298 °C). The nanocomposite electrodes are composed of an electrochemically active species (Li‐Sn, Li‐Al‐Sn and Li‐Al‐Si) imbedded within an inert Li2O matrix. These electrodes are prepared in the charged state and therefore do not suffer from the first cycle capacity loss that is characteristic of the intermetallic anodes. This novel synthesis technique may also be applied to the preparation of new hydrogen storage compounds.