bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Analysis Of Interactions Between Smoking And Infant Feeding
Authors: Pollock Jonathan I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although many reports exist in the epidemiological literature linking maternal smoking to unfavourable, and breast-feeding to favourable outcomes in the child, the strong negative associations these two types of maternal behaviour have with each other and with psychosocial and socio-economic circumstances have rarely been allowed for. However, given a sufficient sample size and a broad database, multivariate techniques enable researchers to separate more efficiently individual influences from confounding factors, and to examine statistical interactions between them. It is possible, therefore, not only to look at associations between smoking or breast-feeding and child health and development in a more rigorously controlled fashion, but also to test the hypothesis that the effects of maternal smoking may be different in infants fed in different ways. This is of topical interest because although the rates of smoking in women of childbearing age have levelled out recently (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys 1988), breast-feeding in the United Kingdom (Martin and White 1988) and in much of the Western world has risen substantially from its lowest prevalence, reached in the early 1970s. Although smokers are less likely to breast-feed their babies than non-smokers a large population of mothers exists who both smoke and breast-feed.
Anti-Smoking Intervention During Pregnancy: Impact On Smoking Behaviour And Birth Weight
Authors: Gillies Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The associations between maternal smoking, low birth weight babies and perinatal morbidity and mortality are well established (Royal College of Physicians 1977), as are the risks of smoking to the mothers' own health (Doll et al. 1980). In view of the smoking-related health hazards for women and their babies, it is surprising that relatively few attempts have been made in industrialized countries to provide women with additional help to give up smoking during pregnancy and evaluate the effectiveness of intervention (Windsor and Orleans 1986). The findings from recent randomized controlled trials of anti-smoking interventions in the UK (Donovan 1977; MacArthur et al. 1987) and USA (Sexton and Hebel 1984; Windsor et al. 1985; Simmons 1988), which had relatively large sample populations are summarized in Table 15.1. On balance, the evidence indicates that anti-smoking intervention in pregnancy is likely to have a positive impact on levels of tobacco consumption and can, in the USA, also affect smoking cessation rates. The evidence pertaining to the impact of intervention on smoking and thereby on birth weight is, however, equivocal. Simmons' (1988) study of low income women in the USA found no effect of anti-smoking intervention on smoking or birth weight. Donovan (1977) in the UK found decreased tobacco consumption levels but no impact on birth weight, whilst MacArthur et al. (1987) noted decreased consumption levels and a slight, though not statistically significant, effect on birth weight in first-born babies only. Sexton and Hebel (1984) found an impact on smoking behaviour and a significantly higher birth weight in babies born to women in their intervention group.
Summary And Conclusions
Authors: Waller Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most striking aspect of this symposium was the demonstration of the large variety of adverse effects on reproductive outcome of exposure to tobacco smoke and the different role played by its various constituents. The topic of fecundity in relation to smoking, introduced by Dr Baird, was generally considered to have received too little attention to date and not enough was known about possible effects through the male. While smoking was far short of a method of birth control, the indications were that smoking (by the female) could account for about 10 per cent of infertility problems and, as such, it had an appreciable public health impact. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in smoking mothers-to-be has also to be taken into account when assessing infertility and the public health implications. The study reported by Professor Anderson on the well-known reductions in birth weight raised interesting points about interrelationships between smoking, alcohol, and other factors in birth weight reductions. Changes in the morphology of the placenta, in the placental circulation and oxygen transfer, and animal experiments on embryo growth all pointed to the noxious influence of smoking on growth of the fetus. Even the lower pre-eclampsia rate in smokers as compared with non-smokers should not be claimed as a benefit as, when pre-eclampsia did occur among smokers it was more severe and had a greater effect on perinatal mortality.
Autism
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What causes autism? What happens to children with autism when they grow up? Does autism run in families? What kind of educational setting is best? In collaboration with the National Autistic Society, the authors have discovered the questions on the minds of parents and professionals, and have attempted to answer them. Autism is a puzzling disorder. It begins in early childhood, and disrupts many aspects of development, leaving the child unable to form social relationships or communicate in the usual way. This fascinating book explains in a clear, straightforward manner what is known about the condition. It also provides helpful information about all the relevant organizations. Written first and foremost as a guide for parents, but required reading for interested professionals, it covers the recognition and diagnosis of autism, its biological and physiological causes, and the various treatments and educational techniques available. It presents the facts, allowing the reader to take an informed position about children with autism.
Reiter’s syndrome and reactive arthritis
Authors: Silman Alan J , Hochberg Marc C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reiter’s syndrome is classically defined as the triad of nongonococcal urethritis, conjunctivitis, and arthritis, the latter usually an asymmetric oligoarthritis predominantly involving lower extremity joints (Bauer and Engleman 1942). Brodie in the early nineteenth century described the relationship of urethritis with an episodic arthritis involving predominantly lower extremity joints and the co-occurrence of conjunctivitis (Brodie 1818, 1836). The description by Reiter (1916) of a young soldier with nongono-coccal urethritis, conjunctivitis, and severe arthritis following an episode of bloody diarrhoea focused attention on the syndrome in the European literature and highlighted the possible aetiologic role of a dysenteric illness. The introduction of the concept of reactive arthritis by Ahvonen et al. (1%9) in 1969, the description of incomplete Reiter’s syndrome by Arnett et al. (1976) in 1976, and the recognition that Reiter’s syndrome and reactive arthritis form part of a spectrum of, synovitis occurring as a consequence of infection involving either the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract (Keat 1983) permits these conditions to be considered together as part of the spectrum of seronegative spondyloarthropathies (Moll et al. 1974; Arnett 1987; Khan and van der Linden 1990).
Quality of life as a decision-making criterion
Authors: Campbell A G M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the strangest of all the publications to follow the Baby Doe controversy in the United States is a report entitled ‘Medical discrimination against children with disabilities’ (US Commission on Civil Rights 1989). This bulky volume attacks the integrity and motives of those pediatricians and parents who together decide that life-sustaining treatments should be withheld or withdrawn from severely abnormal or damaged infants. What was accepted for generations as the exercise of ‘reasonable medical discretion’ in the face of a family tragedy is labelled as ‘discrimination’ against the handicapped and, in the Commission’s view, as equivalent to the invidious discrimination practiced against individuals or groups on the basis of such morally irrelevant criteria as sex, race, colour, or religion.
Religious influences on decision-making
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The newborn baby presents a challenge to anyone concerned with the ethics of medical care. Whereas an adult can usually be asked to make rational decisions about her or his care, an infant is clearly unable to express views on such a decision. This has been recognized for a long time; but modern advances in neonatal care now result in our having to make difficult decisions on an infant’s behalf more frequently than in the past. This is because of the use of life-saving treatment such as ventilation and intravenous feeding. The use of such techniques has to be balanced against the suffering which can be produced by very prolonged intensive care when the prospects of survival are very slim or when the baby’s brain has been damaged by a congenital malformation or a severe disorder arising after birth, such as periventricular leukomalacia. Therefore discussions about ethical conduct of neonatal care, particularly intensive care, are a daily activity in maternity and children’s hospitals. The cultural and religious aspects of care are clearly very important in reaching a consensus decision by the parents, guardians, professional staff, and those, such as priests, who represent the religion to which the family belongs. These decisions are a source of potential conflict, particularly when the parents themselves have different religions and where these differ from the religions common in the country where they live or the religious persuasions of the professional staff.
Equipping And Staffing The Recovery Area
Authors: Holmes E , Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now expected that all patients after surgery will be cared for in a designated recovery area. Many hospitals have such an area adjacent to or integrated into the operating theatre suite while others have had to reorganize space or improvise from smaller spaces. A recovery room is a specialist area providing specific individualized care for all postoperative patients with a high ratio of trained nursing staff to patients. This is vital for patient safety as up to 1 in 5 of all complications after surgery and anaesthesia occur in the early postoperative period. Some recovery areas also act in part as high dependency units for patients who need closer observation than can be provided in the general ward but who do not need intensive care, The staffing of such a high dependency area must be more intense.
Prevention And Control Of Pain
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In modern practice, pain should be anticipated and pain killers given before the tissues are injured, whenever possible. There are good reasons for this. It is now known that by giving pain relief before the painful wound occurs, less pain-producing substances are released by the wounded tissues and the area near to the wound is less sensitive in the period after the operation. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac and ketorolac produce most of their pain-killing effect by working in this way in the tissues. If less pain-producing substances are in or near the wound, fewer pain signals will pass along the nerve fibres to the spinal cord and on to the brain.
Radiology of dialysis amyloidosis
Authors: Maldague B , Malghem J , Berg B Vande 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although uncommon until the advent of chronic haemodialysis, amyloidosis has been and remains a fascinating disease for the radiologist (Ros and Sobin 1994). In 1986, over 75 known radiographic manifestations of amyloidosis had been demonstrated in 14 different organ systems of nondialysed patients (Neils 1986). However, until the 1970s, there were only scarce case reports on the musculoskeletal system, which is the principal target of dialysis amyloidosis. In a review of the world literature published in 1972, Wiernik tabulated 24 cases of amyloid joint disease published from 1938 to 1972, in addition to 16 probable cases of amyloid arthropathies reported in the older literature, from 1873 to 1937. Hence, both the pathological and radiological pattern of amyloid-rclated lesions were progressively recognized.
Involvement of ß2-microglobulin modified with AGEs in dialysis-related amyloidosis
Authors: Miyata Toshio , Maeda Kenji 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dialysis-related amyloidosis (Af32m) affects bone and joint structures in long-term haemodialysis patients. Beta2-microglobulin (132m) is a major constituent of amyloid fibrils. The molecular heterogeneity of 132m appears relevant to the pathogenesis of Af32m, for example polymerization (Gorevic et al. 1986), deamidation (Odani et al. 1987), and truncation (Linke et al. 1989). However, the pathological role of such modified l32m remains to be determined.
Factors modifying removal and production of ß2-microglobulin
Authors: Zingraff Johanna , Driieke, Tilman B , Chanard Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the precise mechanism of amyloidogenesis is not completely elucidated, abnormalities of the precursor protein are frequently detected. This may be the consequence of either aberrant processing of the molecule or the existence of a variant (mutant) protein. When the precursor is a naturally occurring plasma protein, as is the case of 132-microglobulin (132m), its presence in excessive amounts is almost certainly a prerequisite for the generation of amyloid fibrils. Excess of the molecule can occur via an increased concentration in defined extracellular spaces, via an extended distribution volume, or both.
Prevention and treatment of β2-microglobulin amyloidosis
Authors: Ypersele Charles van , Jadoul Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both the prevention and the treatment of 132-microglobulin amyloidosis (Al32m) remain debated. This chapter critically reviews available evidence in order to define appropriate strategies. Attempts at prevention need to take into account the fact that long-term retention of l32m is a prerequisite for l32m amyloid formation. We will therefore consider: the determinants of serum l32m levels in patients on renal replacement therapy, the effects of dialysis strategies, and of dialysis membranes on the clinical onset and progression of Al32m and, finally, the factors which, in addition to l32m accumulation, might enhance amyloid deposition.
Shiftwork
Authors: Reilly T , Atkinson G , Waterhouse J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like transmeridian travel, participation in shiftwork can disrupt human circadian rhythms. It should be noted that crossing time-zones and working shifts are not chronobiologically identical. When multiple time-zones are crossed, a person is normally exposed to all the zeitgebers of the new environment, whereas during rotating shiftwork that includes nightwork, any change in the phasing of a person’s rhythms has occurred while being exposed to some zeitgebers still associated with a diurnal existence (e.g. the light-dark cycle). A consideration of shiftwork is further complicated by the fact that the rhythm disturbances may not be isolated events, as in transmeridian travel, but can be frequent, occurring every time a shift may rotate. In this chapter, shiftwork schedules and their effects on the human are discussed. The influence of working unusual hours on performance and leisure pursuits are given special attention. Solutions to the problem of shiftwork are also examined through the application of chronobiological theory.
The menstrual cycle and exercise
Authors: Reilly T , Atkinson G , Waterhouse J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In ancient civilizations, it was thought that extraordinary natural phenomena accompanied historic human events, such as births, deaths, and battles and it was also usual to link such occurrences with the phases of the moon. The effects of the lunar tide are more evident in marine than in human life. Nevertheless, rhythms with a period of about a month exist and are known as circamensal. The most obvious human rhythm of this length is the female menstrual cycle, although there is no link between the lunar cycle and the menstrual cycle.
What is epilepsy?
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The human brain contains about 100 000 million nerve cells, each of which is connected to many others—perhaps as many as 50 000 others. The brain is the organ of our thinking and of our memory. It integrates information from the outside world and so allows us to perceive objects and events around us. It organizes our response to these events by movements or other action. It organizes our social behaviour. Messages are passed between nerve cells by the extraordinarily rapid secretion of tiny packets of specialized chemicals known as neurotransmitters. As a neurotransmitter acts on the next cell in a chain, a brief electric current is generated.
Aeromedical evacuation
Authors: Frca N Mcguire 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 23-year-old male was admitted to hospital following a fracture dislocation of the cervical spine, sustained when he dived into the shallow end of a swimming pool. He had been on a backpacking holiday in the USA. It was requested that he be repatriated to the UK, using an aeromedical evacuation flight.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Frca M R Hamilton-Farrell Mrcp 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 30-year-old woman was found unconscious at her home, by paramedics who had been called by the patient 10 minutes earlier. She rapidly regained consciousness after administration of oxygen by facemask, and by the time of admission to hospital had a GCS of 15. She appeared generally unwell and complained of a headache. She explained that she had not been well for 3 days before this incident. SpO was 98%.
Malaria
Authors: Doherty J F , Chiodini P L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 31-year-old woman was found unconscious at home 13 days after returning from a holiday in Zambia. At presentation, she was febrile 39°e, jaundiced, and dehydrated with a disconjugate gaze. She was flexing in response to painful stimuli and had generalized muscle twitching. She had generalized hypertonia without localizing signs. There was no hep atosplenomegaly. She weighed 70 kg.
Acute pancreatitis
Authors: Frcs T Davidson Ch.M Mrcp 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 62-year-old male is admitted via the A&E department with an 8-hour history of severe increasing upper abdominal pain. The pain radiates from the epigastrium through into the back and is associated with nausea and retching. The patient has not had previous similar episodes and there is no history of abdominal surgery or drug ingestion. He is tachycardic; pulse 110/min; respiratory rate 30/min; BP 100/65 mmHg. Clammy peripheries and upper abdominal peritonism. Sweating and distressed, but not jaundiced.
Critical care neuropathy
Authors: Frcp J H Coakley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 68-year-old, previously fit woman was admitted to the ITU following a respiratory arrest. After resuscitation and investigation she was found to have septic shock due to pneumonia. Her initial management was complicated by the development of a pneumothorax, requiring intercostal drain insertion. After blood, sputum, and urine cultures were taken she was treated with intravenous cefuroxime and erythromycin. Subsequently, pneumococcal septicaemia was confirmed.
Metabolic acidosis
Authors: Frca C Hamilton-Davies 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 65-year old, male, insulin-dependent diabetic was admitted to ITU for intermittent positive pressure ventilation following routine coronary artery bypass grafts. Previous medical history revealed insulin-dependent diabetes, myocardialinfarction 3 years previously, and a preoperative ejection fraction .of 40%. Preoperative renal function was impaired: creatinine 256 µ.mol/1; urea 27 mmol/1.
Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP)
Authors: Ffarcs G C Hanson Frcp 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A white female ageo 36 years, with two previous pregnancies both complicated by hypertension towards term, was admitted at 28 weeks pregnancy with a 3-day history of malaise, nausea, and epigastric pain. On admission she had minimal facial and ankle oedema; BP was 160/90 mmHg. There was minimal tenderness in the right hypochondrium. Over the next 3 days the patient deteriorated with increasing oedema, theonset of a headache with irritability, and development of haematuria. She then developed sudden hypotension, tachycardia, and oliguria.
Thrombocytopaenia
Authors: Frcpath S J Machin Frcp 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 35-year-old, caucasian primigravida was admitted as an emergency by her GP when 34 weeks pregnant. On examination she weighed 104 kg (compared to 85 kg at 12 weeks). She was hypertensive (BP 160/115 mmHg), there was gross oedema of her legs and feet, and urine showed 4+ proteinuria. A diagnosis of preedampsia was made and an emergency Caesarian section was carried out that evening.
Meningococcal sepsis
Authors: Mrcp I Murdoch D Ch. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 20-month.:old child arrived in A&E, collapsed with a florid purpuric rash. He was febrile (central temperature 39.1°C) but had cold, dusky peripheries. Initial -assessment revealed a BP of 45/30 mmHg; pulse 150/min; capillary refill time &gt; 3 seconds. Respirations were shallow at a rate of 50/min. He was rousable but agitated and did not respond to his parents.
The Anaesthetist
Authors: Armstrong R F , Aveling W , Grundy E M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the three viruses, HBV, HCV, and HIV, HBV is the most infectious. Infectious blood may contain 106 infectious units per ml. Even 0.04 ml blood may be enough to infect an anaesthetist. Infectivity of HBeAg-positive blood may be over 30% following needle-stick injuries. For HCV the figure is 2-5%. For HIV, seroconversion after needle-stick injuries has been documented as 0.36%. Hollow needles are more dangerous than solid needles. After innoculation with Hepatitis B virus the surface antigen (HBsAg)is found in the blood both during the latter part of incubation andduring the acute phase of the infection. During these periods theindividual is infectious. HbsAg persists in chronic carriers. Antibodyto HBsAg (anti-HBs) is associated with disappearance of virus inthose recovering from infection. Anti-HBs is produced in response to immunization. Hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) is associated with a high concentration ofvirus. These individuals are highly infectious. HBeAg-positive healthworkers are not allowed to perform exposure-prone procedures. Anti-HBeindicates low infectivity and disappearance of HBeAg. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) is associated with naturalimmunity. It is not developed in response to vaccine, which contains surfaceantigen only. Vaccination against hepatitis B is by three injections at 0,1, and 6 months.Seroconversion should be checked two months after last dose. A booster isrequired every five years. There are very few genuine non-responders whoshould be warned accordingly but can continue to practice.
Neuropharmacology
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drugs are the mainstay of the biological treatment of a whole range of psychiatric disorder . Con cquently, knowledge of some of the advances in neuropharmacology greatly aids the clinician in his day-to-day prescribing. This is so mainly for the unwanted effect:. rather than the main therapeutic effects, the scientific basis for the latter remaining empirical rather than rational.