bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction Between Hexagonal Wire Reinforcement and Rubber Tire Chips with and without Sand Mixture
Authors: Youwai S , Bergado DT , Supawiwat N 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The interaction between tire chips with and without sand mixtures and the hexagonal wire reinforcement, as well as the strength characteristics of mix, were investigated by in-soil pullout tests and large-scale direct shear tests. Rubber tire chips with and without sand mixtures have lower shear strengths than pure sand. Compared with the tests in sand, the hexagonal wire reinforcement in the rubber tire chips with and without sand mixtures had lower pullout resistances. However, with increasing sand content in the mixtures, the pullout resistances of hexagonal wire in mixtures increased. The proposed empirical equations successfully predicted the pullout resistances of hexagonal wire with different mixing ratios. Based on limit equilibrium method, the results of the parametric studies of a reinforced wall for the required spacing and embedment length of hexagonal wire reinforcement have been presented. For a reinforced wall, the total amount of the required hexagonal wire reinforcement in rubber tire chip fill is less than in sand and tire chip-sand fills. Furthermore, the required embedment length of the hexagonal wire reinforcement in sand and tire chip-sand fills is approximately identical, but lower than those in tire chip fill.
Testing Rockfill Under Relative Humidity Control
Authors: Oldecop LA , Alonso EE 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Rockfill stress-strain behavior is strongly controlled by the breakage of rock particles. Particle breakage is shown to depend on stress level and the ambient relative humidity. A technique to perform tests on rockfill samples under relative humidity control has been developed. It has been applied to testing large diameter samples of a crushed quartzitic shale under oedometric conditions. Relative humidity is imposed by means of a double stage approach: moist air in thermodynamic equilibrium with a given saturated salt solution is first circulated through the sample. Circulation of moist air is interrupted and the specimen is allowed to reach equilibrium. A technique to extend the feasible suction range of the technique down to 2.5 MPa is described. Details of the evolution of collapse and swelling/shrinkage strains, as changes in Relative Humidity are imposed, are reported in the paper. Experimental findings are consistent with an underlying mechanism of particle breakage explained by the phenomenon of subcritical crack propagation.
Instrumentation and Testing Methodology for Detecting Chloride Contaminants in Soils
Authors: Rajeev KP , Singh DN 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Contamination of subsurface soil attributable to indiscriminate land disposal of various industrial wastes is becoming a challenging problem. To counter this, engineered containment and barrier systems are used. However, to evaluate the performance of these systems, continuous monitoring to detect the presence of contaminants is essential. This necessitates development of a contaminant detector that would be useful for detecting contaminants in the soil mass in their Cl- form. With this in view, a soil contaminant detector has been developed and its testing methodology is presented in this paper. The measurements from the detector are compared with those of the argentometric method. An excellent agreement between the two results indicates efficient functioning of the soil contaminant detector.
Choanal atresia associated with prenatal methimazole exposure: Three new patients
Authors: Barbero P. , Ricagni C. , Mercado G. , Bronberg R. , Torrado M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe report three patients with bilateral choanal atresia in children prenatally exposed to methimazole (MMI) in order to define a MMI embryopathy clinical pattern. The combination of choanal atresia and other specific malformations strongly resembles previously reported patients exposed to MMI in utero. At present, propylthiouracil is considered the best treatment in pregnancies. However in Argentina and some other countries MMI is the only antithyroid drug, possibly posing a significant risk to the unborn fetus. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ring chromosome 18q and jumping translocation 18p in an adult male with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism
Authors: Zahed L. , Oreibi G. , Azar C. , Salti I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractConstitutional jumping translocations (JT) are rare, especially in phenotypically normal individuals. We report on an adult male with partial hypogonadism as the sole phenotypic abnormality with an unusual chromosome abnormality. In this patient, centric fission of chromosome 18 lead to formation of a ring 18q chromosome, while 18p formed a JT through centromere–telomere fusion with chromosome 8q (66%) or 20q (13%). In 21% of cells, the 18p fragment was missing. Fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed the presence of interstitial telomeres at the junction site of the fusion and unequal distribution of the alphoid sequences through the centric fission, leaving a small, yet functional centromere within the ring. We discuss the phenotype of the patient in light of this unusual karyotype. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Music analysis and retrieval systems for audio signals
Authors: Tzanetakis George , Cook Perry 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe constantly increasing amount of audio available in digital form necessitates the development of software systems for analyzing and retrieving digital audio. In this work, we describe our efforts in developing such systems. More specifically, we describe the design philosophy behind our approach, the specific problems we try to solve, and how we evaluate the performance of our algorithms. Automatic music analysis and retrieval of non‐speech digital audio is a relatively new field, and the existing techniques are far from perfect. To improve the performance of the developed techniques, two main techniques are used: (1) integration of information from multiple analysis and retrieval algorithms and (2) the use of graphical user interfaces that enable the user to provide feedback to the design, development, and evaluation of the algorithms. All the developed algorithms and user interfaces are integrated under MARSYAS, a software framework for research in computer audition.
Externe Vorspannung einmal anders: Verstärkung von Hochofenfundamenten
Authors: Schimetta Gerald 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIm Zuge eines Umbaus von Hochöfen ergaben sich unzulässige Beanspruchungen für die Fundamentkörper. Nachdem sich Unterfangungen bzw. Kraftableitungen mittels Pfählen als nicht zweckmäßig erwiesen hatten, wurde eine Verstärkung der Fundamente durch eine Umschnürung mittels externer Vorspannglieder durchgeführt. Dabei kam ein neuartiges Spannsystem, die „kompaktierte Litze”︁ vorteilhaft zur Anwendung.
A Template‐Assembled Synthetic Protein Surface Mimetic of the von Willebrand Factor A1 domain Inhibits Botrocetin‐Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Hauert Jacques , Fernandez‐Carneado Jimena , Michielin Olivier , Mathieu Stéphane , Grell Daniel , Schapira Marc , Spertini Olivier , Mutter Manfred , Tuchscherer Gabriele , Kovacsovics Tibor 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPlatelet adhesion, the initial step of platelet activation, is mediated by the interaction of von Willebrand factor (VWF) with its platelet receptor, the GPIb–IX complex. The binding of VWF to GPIb–IX is induced either by increased shear stress or by exogenous modulators, such as botrocetin. At a molecular level, this interaction takes place between the A1 domain of VWF and the GPIbα chain of the GPIb–IX complex. We report here the design and functional characteristics of a VWF template‐assembled synthetic protein (TASP), a chimeric four‐helix‐bundle TASP scaffold mimicking the surface of the A1 domain. Twelve residues located on helices α3 and α4 in the native A1 domain were grafted onto a surface formed by two neighboring helices of the TASP. VWF TASP was found to inhibit specifically botrocetin‐induced platelet aggregation and to bind both botrocetin and GPIbα. However, in contrast to the native A1 domain, VWF TASP did not bind simultaneously to both ligands. Modeling studies revealed that the relative orientation of the α helices in VWF TASP led to a clash of bound botrocetin and GPIbα. These results demonstrate that a chimeric four‐helix‐bundle TASP as a scaffold offers a suitable surface for presenting crucial residues of the VWF A1 domain; the potential of the TASP approach for de novo protein design and mimicry is thereby illustrated.
Spin Frustration in 2D Kagomé Lattices: A Problem for Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry
Authors: Nocera Daniel G. , Bartlett Bart M. , Grohol Daniel , Papoutsakis Dimitris , Shores Matthew P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA kagomé antiferromagnet presents an ideal construct for studying the unusual physics that result from the placement of magnetically frustrated spins on a low‐dimensional lattice. Jarosites are the prototype for a spin‐frustrated magnetic structure, because these materials are composed exclusively of kagomé layers. Notwithstanding, jarosite‐type materials have escaped precise magnetic characterization over the past three decades, because they are notoriously difficult to prepare in pure and single‐crystal forms. These hurdles have been overcome with the development of redox‐based hydrothermal methods. Armed with pure and crystalline materials, several perplexing issues surrounding the magnetic properties of the jarosites have been resolved, yielding a detailed and comprehensive picture of the ground‐state physics of this kagomé lattice.
A General Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Synthesis and Crystallographic Study of Transition‐Metal Sulfide One‐Dimensional Nanostructures
Authors: Ge Jian‐Ping , Wang Jin , Zhang Hao‐Xu , Li Ya‐Dong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA series of transition‐metal sulfide one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures have been synthesized by means of a general atmospheric pressure, chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) strategy. Vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) and vapour–solid (VS) mechanisms, along with the results of SEM and TEM observations, were used to explain the formation of these nanostructures. The regularity of the growth in the direction of the hexagonal nanowire is explored; we find that it prefers to grow along (1 0 0), (1 1 0), or (0 0 x) directions owing to particular crystal structures. The adopted synthetic route was expected to provide abundant useful 1D building blocks for the research of mesoscopic physics and fabrication of nanoscale devices.
Distinct expression of phosphorylated N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor NR1 subunits by projection neurons and interneurons in the striatum of normal and amphetamine‐treated rats
Authors: Liu Zhenguo , Mao Limin , Parelkar Nikhil K. , Tang Qingsong , Samdani Shazia , Wang John Q. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heteromeric assemblies of subunits (NR1 and NR2A–D), and are enriched in the striatum. Receptor phosphorylation has recently been demonstrated on the NR1 subunit at three serine residues, 897, 896, and 890, which appear to correspond to the level of receptor activity. In this study, expression of phospho‐specific NR1 subunits at serine 897 (pNR1S897), serine 896 (pNR1S896), or serine 890 (pNR1S890) in neurochemically identified neurons of the adult rat striatum was detected by using double‐immunofluorescent labeling or combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In both the dorsal and ventral striatum, pNR1S897 was expressed at high levels in projection neurons containing >55% dynorphin (striatonigral) and >90% enkephalin (striatopallidal) and in interneurons that were 100% positive for choline, >90% positive for parvalbumin, and >45% positive for somatostatin (co‐containing neuropeptide Y and neuronal nitric oxide synthase). Low levels of pNR1S896 were present in a small portion of projection neurons (<15% for both populations of projection neurons) and were almost lacking in the three types of interneurons. Interestingly, pNR1S890 was exclusively expressed in most parvalbumin‐containing interneurons (70–80%). Acute administration of a psychostimulant, amphetamine, increased the number of dynorphin‐containing projection neurons and parvalbumin interneurons showing detectable levels of pNR1S896 and pNR1S890, respectively. These results demonstrate the distinct expression of phospho‐NR1 subunits in different populations of striatal projection neurons and interneurons at variable levels in normal rats; they also demonstrate that phosphorylation of NR1, at least on serine 896 and 890 sites, is sensitive to drug exposure. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:393–406, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular localization of GABAB receptor subunits in rat globus pallidus
Authors: Chen Lei , Boyes Justin , Yung Wing‐Ho , Bolam J. Paul 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe inhibitory amino acid γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major neurotransmitter in the globus pallidus. Although electrophysiological studies have indicated that functional GABAB receptors exist in rat globus pallidus, the subcellular localization of GABAB receptor subunits and their spatial relationship to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses are unknown. Here, we use pre‐embedding immunogold labeling to study the subcellular localization of GABAB receptor subunits, GABAB1 and GABAB2, in globus pallidus neurons and identified populations of afferent terminals. Immunolabeling for GABAB1 and GABAB2 was observed throughout the globus pallidus, with GABAB1 more strongly expressed in perikarya and GABAB2 mainly expressed in the neuropil. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the majority of GABAB1 labeling was localized within the cytoplasm, whereas most of GABAB2 labeling was associated with the plasma membrane. At the subcellular level, both the GABAB1 and GABAB2 immunogold labeling was localized at pre‐ and postsynaptic sites. At asymmetric, putative excitatory, synapses, GABAB1 and GABAB2 immunogold labeling was found at perisynaptic sites of both pre‐ and postsynaptic specializations. Double immunolabeling, using the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), revealed the glutamatergic nature of most immunogold‐labeled asymmetric synapses. At symmetric, putative GABAergic, synapses, including those formed by anterogradely labeled striatopallidal terminals, GABAB1 and GABAB2 immunogold labeling was found in the main body of both pre‐ and postsynaptic specializations. These results demonstrate the existence of presynaptic GABAB auto‐ and heteroreceptors and postsynaptic GABAB receptors, which may be involved in modulating synaptic transmission in the globus pallidus. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:340–352, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vanilloid receptor like 1 (VRL1) immunoreactivity in mammalian retina: Colocalization with somatostatin and purinergic P2X1 receptors
Authors: Yazulla Stephen , Studholme Keith M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe distribution of vanilloid receptor like1 immunoreactivity (VRL1‐IR) in the retinas of rat, cat, and monkey was studied by single‐ and double‐labeling immunocytochemistry. The patterns were similar for all three species in that VRL1‐IR was most prominent in the inner plexiform layer, with scattered compact projections to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). VRL1‐immunoreactive cell bodies were present throughout the rat retina, represented by amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer (GCL). In cat and monkey retinas, VRL1‐immunoreactive cell bodies were restricted to the GCL in the inferior retina. Occasional cell bodies were associated with retinal blood vessels, but their identity as pericytes, glia, or neurons is uncertain. All VRL1‐immunoreactive cells and processes colocalized with somatostatin and purinergic P2X1 receptor‐IR but not with tyrosine hydroxylase‐IR. VRL1‐immunoreactive processes in the OPL did not label with antisera against synaptic vesicle 2 (SV2), suggesting that they were dendritic and did not derive from interplexiform cells. However, VRL1‐immunoreactive processes in the far periphery toward the pars plana labeled for SV2, suggesting that these processes were presynaptic. The VRL1‐immunoreactive cell bodies in the monkey GCL were not calbindin‐immunoreactive, demonstrating that they were not displaced H2 horizontal cells. The VRL1‐immunoreactive cells in cat and monkey could represent biplexiform and/or associational ganglion cells that receive input in the OPL throughout the retina and direct output to the far periphery. The presence of P2X1 receptors and vanilloid receptor like 1 protein on somatostatin‐containing neurons in mammalian retina adds to the growing complexity regarding the chemical control of retinal function that is likely to include the microcirculation. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:407–418, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Olfactory receptor gene expression in tiger salamander olfactory epithelium
Authors: Marchand James E. , Yang Xinhai , Chikaraishi Dona , Krieger Jurgen , Breer Heinz , Kauer John S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPhysiological studies of odor‐elicited responses from the olfactory epithelium and bulb in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, have elucidated a number of features of olfactory coding that appear to be conserved across several vertebrate species. This animal model has provided an accessible in vivo system for observing individual and ensemble olfactory responses to odorant stimulation using biochemical, neurophysiological, and behavioral assays. In this paper we have complemented these studies by characterizing 35 candidate odorant receptor genes. These receptor sequences are similar to those of the large families of olfactory receptors found in mammals and fish. In situ hybridization, using RNA probes to 20 of these sequences, demonstrates differential distributions of labeled cells across the extent and within the depth of the olfactory epithelium. The distributions of cells labeled with probes to different receptors show spatially restricted patterns that are generally localized to different degrees in medial‐lateral and anterior‐posterior directions. The patterns of receptor expression in the ventral olfactory epithelium (OE) are mirrored in the dorsal OE. We present a hypothesis as to how the sensory neuron populations expressing different receptor types responding to a particular odorant may relate to the distribution patterns of epithelial and bulbar responses previously characterized using single‐unit and voltage‐sensitive dye recording methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:453–467, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognized visual space of illumination: A new account of center‐surround simultaneous color contrast
Authors: Cunthasaksiri Prasit , Shinoda Hiroyuki , Ikeda Mitsuo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAppearances of an object color in a space are determined by a cortical representation of illuminant for a space or the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI). The simultaneous color contrast phenomenon on a simple center‐surround configuration can be explained by RVSI. It is hypothesized that our visual system constructs an RVSI on the surround and then that RVSI determines color appearance of the center test. If this is correct, the color contrast can be quite strong when the surround is enlarged to be an enclosed space. To support the hypothesis, color appearance of a physical gray test was measured in a green surround of various sizes. Observers were asked to do elementary color naming in the first experiment. The results showed same tendency for all observers: once the surround was extended to walls, a ceiling, and a floor of a box, perceived chromaticness abruptly increased. In other words, three‐dimensional surround evoked strong simultaneous color contrast. In the second experiment the matching method was employed with the green and other three surround colors: red, blue, and yellow. The results were consistent with the first experiment. The well‐known color contrast is thought to be a weak version of this color change. It suggested that RVSI plays an important role in the well‐known color contrast demonstration on two‐dimensional planes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 255–260, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20019
Evidence given for delusions during cognitive behaviour therapy
Authors: Rhodes J.E. , Jakes S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn cognitive behaviour therapy for delusions it is recommended that in some cases it is useful to examine evidence given by participants to support their beliefs. We wished to examine the nature and range of evidence from the participant's perspective without prior assumptions about its nature.
The evidence given by 23 participants in therapy was collected, and 9 participants were given an additional interview. The data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. We found 10 types of evidence. The most common included the perception of ‘things’, perception of real people and a form of ‘accounting’ using ideas already assumed by the participant. In addition to specific evidence types, we also noted how participants made comments about their relationships to evidence, for example, by emphasizing how claims are based on the ‘real’.
The use of evidence reported tended to be compatible with Maher's theory that participants seek to explain unusual experiences but does not lend support to a picture of neutral ‘data’ as separate from ‘theorizing’ by participants. Our findings also gave some indirect support to cognitive theories of delusions in terms of the derivation of content, but also suggested certain insufficiencies and neglected topics in these theories. We emphasize the importance of fully understanding the perceptions of participants for therapy, research and everyday transactions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aversion to risk and guilt
Authors: Mancini Francesco , Gangemi Amelia 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMuch research has shown that cognitive processes are largely guided by individuals' states of mind (Mancini & Gangemi, 2002a, in press; Smeets, de Jong, & Mayer, 2000). In this paper, we specifically consider a state of mind characterized by guilt for having acted irresponsibly. This state is currently considered the breeding ground for the obsessive–compulsive disorder (Rachman, 2002; Salkovskis & Forrester, 2002). Our aim is to examine the impact of this state of mind on decision under risk. We hypothesize that individuals' choices (risk seeking/risk aversion) depend on how they evaluate themselves, as guilty or as victims of a wrong, and thus on moral values. People who evaluate them‐selves as guilty are expected to show a risk‐averse preference. People who evaluate themselves as victims are expected to show a risk‐seeking preference. In two different experiments, we demonstrated that non‐clinical participants' aversion to risky choices and preference for risky choices vary as a function of their moral role (guilty/victim). As predicted, in both the experiments, participants experienced intolerance for risk, making more riskless choices, in the context of guilt. Thus, aversion to risk‐taking is actually affected by a mental state of guilt. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.