bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Italian environmental policies in the post-war period
Authors: Tunesi Simonetta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To trace the main elements in the history of the Italian environment two hypotheses are proposed. First, that the economic and political choices that shape the natural landscape and the urban environments after Second World War predate this era and testify to a deep divide, first of all intellectual and emotional, between the characteristics of environmental and historical resources and the way they were used. Secondly, that the implementation of environmental policies similar to those adopted by other western governments revealed extremely damaging effects in Italy, the land known as the Bel paese,home to more than 60 per cent of the world’s architectural and cultural heritage.
Sport
Authors: Pivato Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When describing the Italian political system, historians, journalists, and foreign commentators resort to the word ‘anomaly’. Italy is commonly construed by Europeans as the country which produced a political system like Fascism but, at the same time, the nation which nurtured the largest Communist Party in the West. It is also the country whose frequent government upheavals are more reminiscent of South America than of Europe.
Impegno and the encounter with modernity: ‘high’ culture in post-war Italy
Authors: Gordon Robert S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of ‘high’ culture in Italy since 1945 is a history of radical change. This is not least because the boundaries and parameters of the field that constituted culture itself changed almost beyond recognition in this period, in large part owing to the rapid growth in mass media (cinema, radio, popular magazines, and television after 1954). For ‘high’ culture in particular, this meant a massive degree of cross¬ fertilization with ‘lower’ or broader cultural forms and a constant transformation of styles, practices, and audiences.
Introduction
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1950 a most extraordinary event in the history of broadcasting took place. In the UK, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcast a series of television programmes, entitled Andy Pandy, aimed at children under 5 years of age. Two years later it was joined by The Flowerpot Men and both programmes were scheduled under the heading Watch with Mother. Later in the 1950s Rag, Tag and Bobtail, Picture Book and The Woodentops were introduced into the series. Even though the BBC had been making children’s radio programmes for nearly thirty years, it had not set aside a regular time of the day for children under 5. Until this moment the ‘very young child’ audience had not been ‘completely neglected’, but it could not, as Derek McCulloch, London Organizer and, later, Controller of Children’s Hour Radio, stated in 1942, be ‘catered for deliberately’.
Geographies of Viewing and the Reconstruction of the Modern Home
Authors: Oswell David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The child television audience is construed as a problem for government, broadcasters, teachers, academics, but also parents. The home and family are significant overlapping sites within which this audience is thought about and acted upon. Child, family, and home are not simply fictions produced by broadcasters. They are not simply the imaginary sites addressed by television institutions. They have their own materiality, discourses, and agencies. Sustained knowledge of the audience, as it were, at home—in all its detail, manners, conducts, and quotidian habits-was initially enunciated not by broadcasters alone, and not by academics in any sustained way, but by journalists, designers, architects, and housewives.
The Beginning and End of Time
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble was working at the Mount Wilson Observatory in California. He had joined the staff there after the end of the First World War, at the invitation of his old university teacher at Chicago, George Ellery Hale, although at one stage Hubble had contemplated a career in law. Mount Wilson was a remarkable observatory in a number of ways: it had been built on a mountain top, and so had a clearer view of the skies than observatories situated lower down, where the atmosphere is denser and so filters out more of the light reaching us from space.
The Cinematic Universe
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Has photography changed the way we think about time? More particularly, has it affected our view of change and motion? Early photographic processes involved long exposure times. and so the first photographs tended to be still lifes, such as Fox Talbot’s ‘The Open Door’, which depicted a broom leaning against a doorway at his home, Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire. But, as the technique developed, photographs gradually became ‘snapshots’. By the 1870s, cameras were capable of taking photographs with exposure times of a thousandth of a second or less. This allowed the American photographer Eadweard Muybridge to undertake a series of studies of animal movement.
Charting The Aftermath: A Review Of Postcolonial Criticism
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postcolonial studies emerged as a way of engaging with the textual, historical, and cultural articulations of societies disturbed and transformed by the historical reality of colonial presence. In this respect, in its earlier incarnation, postcolonialism was never conceived as a grand theory, but as creative literature and as a resistance discourse emerging in the former colonies of the Western empires. Postcolonialism as a methodological cate-gory and as a critical practice followed later. There were two aspects: ﬁrst, to analyse the diverse strategies by which the colonizers constructed images of the colonized; and second, to study how the colonized themselves made use of and went beyond many of those strategies in order to articulate their identity, self-worth, and empowerment. Postcolonialism has been taking a long historical look at both old and new forms of domination. Its insight lies in understanding how the past informs the present.
Redress, Regeneration, Redemption: A Survey Of Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we explore how the alliance between postcolonial criticism and biblical studies might open up new possibilities, let me recall briefly the present status of biblical studies. When Western biblical scholars map out the history of interpretation, they register a range of trajectories, but they invariably begin with the Enlightenment and modernity, and their impact on biblical studies, and especially the growth and development of historical-critical methods and oﬀ shoots. I, too, start with modernity, not with its noble agenda but with its contemptible manifestation— colonialism—and how its legacy generated and influenced the development of biblical interpretation. At the risk of over simpliﬁcation, I identify diﬀerent stages of biblical interpretation as it interfaced with the varying contours of colonialism. Though these stages seem gradual and linear, what is crucial is that they demonstrate characteristic emphases, and the impact and aftermath of colonialism as it proceeded.
Convergent Trajectories? Liberation Hermeneutics And Postcolonial Biblical Criticism
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until now liberation hermeneutics has been seen as the distinctive contribution of Third World biblical interpreters. Recently another critical category, postcolonialism, has emerged as its rival, and has staked claim to represent minority voices. On the face of it, both liberation hermeneutics and postcolonial criticism share a common interpretative vocation— for instance, deideologizing dominant interpretation, a commitment to the other, and distrust of totalizing tendencies. More signiﬁcantly both are committed to social and political empowerment of the oppressed, and critical reclamation of the cultural resources of people who were historically denigrated. However, a closer look will reveal that liberation hermeneutics is still stuck with some of the vices of the modernistic project—excessive textualism, disparagement of both major and popular religions, and homogenization of the poor. Also, it seems shy about breaking with them. This chapter has three aims. First, it will draw on the recent use of the Bible by liberation hermeneutics to illustrate how liberation hermeneutics ends up reproducing a microcosmic version of the very hegemonic interpretation which it tried to dislodge.
Blotting The Master’S Copy: Locating Bible Translations
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I start with a disturbance, caused by the Bible translation, which occurred not in a colony in the British empire but in a city in Romanized North Africa in the ﬁ fifth century. It took place in Tripoli (Oea) where the bishop of the diocese arranged for Jerome’s new version of Jonah to be read. When some Greeks heard a word which diﬀ ered from the translation they were familiar with, they criticized the new wording and condemned it as false. Apparently the oﬀ ending translation was in Jonah 4: 6 where Jerome used ‘ivy’ instead of ‘gourd’. Augustine, the Bishop of Hippo, who was perturbed by the incident, wrote to Jerome that his Latin version was diﬀ erent from the one which had been read for ‘so many generations’, and which had been ‘enshrined in the memory and hearing of all’ (White 1990:92).
Hermeneutics In Transit: Diaspora And Interpretation
Authors: Sugirtharajah R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider the following scene in the ﬁlm, Keeping the Faith, which half-seriously and half-humorously captures the mood of the diasporic condition. Brian Finn, a Catholic priest, played by Edward Norton, despite his vow of chastity falls in love. But the girl of his dreams is having an aﬀ air with his best friend, a Jewish rabbi, Jake Schramm. Finn, after an all-night drinking binge, confesses his passion to an Asian bartender of a New York Irish theme pub and bemoans that his heart is broken. Complicated you might think, but listen to what the Asian bartender has to say. ‘ Oh, God,’ he says. ‘ What do I know? I’ a half Punjabi Sikh, one quarter Tamil-separatist. My sister married a Jewish doctor from New Jersey and our grandmother was an Irish nun, who left me this bar—which is a very long story.’ Finn was disconcerted. ‘You’re a Sikh Catholic Muslim with Jewish in-laws?’ he asks. ‘Yes, yes, it gets very complicated. I am reading Dianetics.’
God
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I assume in this book that, on the basis of evidence such as the general character of the natural world or a person ‘s own religious experience, there is a moderate probability that there is a God of the kind worshipped by Christians, Jews, and Muslims. (I emphasize the ‘moderate ‘. I am not even assuming that the existence of God is more probable than not, as I have argued elsewhere that it is.) In this chapter I shall spell out the nature of the claim that there is God.
God Shared Our Human Nature
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an obvious general fact about the world that humans not merely suffer but do much wrong. How will a loving God respond to the suffering and wrongdoing of these feeble but partly rational creatures whom he has made? I will argue in this chapter that a priori we would expect God to respond to our suffering and wrongdoing by himself living a human life. God would live a human life by one divine person becoming human (that is, ‘becoming incarnate ‘).
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Nancey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major change is afoot in current understandings of both the natural and human worlds. A central image, throughout the modern era, has been that of the hierarchy of the sciences—the picture of physics supporting chemistry, chemistry supporting the various levels of biology, and perhaps biology supporting psychology and then the social sciences. This image represents a conception of the physical world as itself a hierarchy of levels of complexity, with the true simples described by basic physics at the bottom, and everything else understood as larger and more complex organizations of such entities.
True to Life?: Biological Models of Origin and Evolution
Authors: Hewlett Martinez J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erwin Schrödinger, after his participation in the founding of quantum mechanics, turned his attention towards the life sciences. In What is Life?, his self-described ‘little book,’ he wondered about what the physical character of the gene must be. It struck him that the nature of heredity is such that whatever the chemical material of the gene might be, it resists the thermodynamic imperative of the second law towards dissolution. In his book, he focuses on well known examples of strong inheritance, such as the famous Hapsburg lip. His speculation leads him to suggest that there may, indeed, be new physical principles or even laws waiting to be discovered.
Adamgirk ‘ 1
Authors: Stone Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suitable words and appropriate tales concerning the first ones, Adam and Eve, compared by various analogies [drawn] from Adam to Christ and from Eve to the Mother of God and from the serpent to Judas. And concerning the rib by various analogies [drawn] from Paradise to the Cross, from that first creation to this second renewal and other divers, needful, and necessary matters spoken poetically by Lord Aṙakfiel of Siwnik‘ at the order of the great, universe-illuminating vardapet and rhetor Grigor, [being] 1,200 stanzas divided into 26 chapters.
The Builders
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing with its back to the Atlantic atop a 90m (nearly 300ft) vertical cliff, at the base of which the ocean seethes and foams, is the great semi-circular, prehistoric fort of Dun Aengus. The location is the very westernmost fringe of Europe, the Aran Islands off the coast of Ireland. On the landward side, the fort’s protection from attack is man-made. The half-moon inner sanctuary of the fort (45m or 148ft across) is embraced by a drystone rampart reaching over 5m high and nearly 4m thick. Beyond this are a further three irregular semi circles of defensive walls and, should even the outer one be overrun, the attackers must then negotiate a field of massive limestone shards, jagged and stood on end.
You Don’t Need Brains to be a Builder
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a sphere composed of a few hundred stones cemented together, with a large circular hole at the bottom. The top of its dome bears seven or eight sturdy spikes, each a cairn of stones, larger ones at the base, the smallest at the tip creating a sharp point. The most distinctive architectural detail, the one that gives the name to the species that builds it, is the collar to the circular aperture. It is a pleated coronet constructed from particles too small to be distinguishable from the cement that binds them. The diameter of this whole dwelling, for that is what it is, is about 150 thousandths of a millimetre (i.e. micrometres, written ïm). Smaller than the full stop at the end of this sentence, it is the portable home of Difflugia coronata, a species of amoeba (Figure 3.1).
From One Nest to Another
Authors: Hansell Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a child, dinosaurs were grey and lumbering; rather more than half a century on, they have become agile, dappled, striped, even sporting splashes of vivid colour. The speed and agility now depicted is based largely on a reappraisal of the fossil skeletons, but the colours are entirely fanciful, more the consequence of cheaper colour printing than of improved scientific understanding. So, how much fiction is there in our depiction of other aspects of dinosaurs’ lives? I have a copy of a recently published biology textbook which shows a duck-billed dinosaur stooping as an attentive parent over a nest-full of ‘chicks’ among a small colony of other ground-nesting duck-bills.
What is life? Why water?
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The answer to this first question could almost make a chapter in itself. If we really knew the answer perhaps only a sentence or two would suffice, and the definition would be relegated to the preamble to Chapter 6, which discusses the origin of life. As it is, there is no simple definition; however, we require at least a working hypothesis before we can discuss any of the topics of astrobiology. The first definition (or more correctly description) of life is informed, coloured, and limited by ‘life as we know it’ on Earth. It may come as a surprise to many, but there is only one life system here on Earth. This is further discussed in Chapter 6. It is by no means necessary that this is the system of life to be found in different (or even similar) extraterrestrial environments. It is possible to imagine other life biochemistries and forms that evolved under conditions very different from those existing on Earth; indeed, science fiction is full of such creatures! As long as they do not depart from the known laws of physics and chemistry (also an uncertain restriction) such life systems are not completely outrageous. They are certainly often entertaining.
The universe from the perspective of biology
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life exists in the universe; humans and other life forms on Earth are all the evidence required. The central theme of astrobiology is to learn whether we are alone, or are only one of many other life forms out there, some perhaps intelligent. In the last three or four decades opinion has been divided between optimists (‘we are not alone’) and pessimists, who believe that the chances of finding extraterrestrial life are extremely small. These are emotion-laden terms. The optimists yearn for the possibility of exchanging knowledge with other sentient beings. Others think we should be lucky to find that we are indeed alone, and not molested by superior, exotic aliens, who may not be benevolent, or vegetarian! The ‘optimists’ have usually come from among astronomers, who have an appreciation of the vastness of the universe. For them, the sheer number of stars and galaxies makes it unlikely that Earth is the only place where life has evolved. The ‘pessimists’ have usually been biologists. They are more aware of the enormous difficulties and the countless requirements that must be satisfied before life can appear, persist, and evolve to the level of Homo sapiens sapiens. This latter concern is a central motif of the astrobiology of Earth. Biologists point out that only once in the 4.55 Gy of Earth’s existence has a life form appeared on Earth capable of seeking out other extraterrestrial life:
The Solar System and life on Earth: I
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter the entire universe was considered from the point of view of biology. However, the only place in the universe where, as of early 2009, we know that life exists is within our own Solar System. Within this system we are only sure of the existence of life on Earth, and on Earth only in the biosphere, a thin layer just a few kilometres thick. Ask any estate agent and you will be told that the three most important considerations for evaluating property are location, location, and location. The same goes for life in the universe. As discussed in Chapter 2, a favourable location is the central theme of the concept of the GHZ and the CHZ (Gonzalez et al. 2001a,b). The Sun is within the GHZ of the Milky Way galaxy and the Earth is within the CHZ of the Solar System. Parameters which define the CHZ are given below. The main components of the Solar System are its central star, the Sun, planets and their satellites (or moons), comets, and asteroids. To this must be added the all-important radiations: short-wave EM radiation and the particulate solar wind and cosmic radiation (the latter from outside the Solar System).
Origin of life and photosynthesis
Authors: Gale Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first chapters of this book described how conditions favourable to life were established on the surface of Earth, in a thin unstable layer we call the biosphere. But, and it is a very big ‘but’, having the conditions for life does not mean that life will surely appear. Before the 19th century many believed that even advanced life forms, such as flies and mice, would form spontaneously given a suitable substrate (such as a piece of rotten meat) and just a little time (days). This idea was finally put to rest by the classic demonstrations of Louis Pasteur. ‘Finally’ as his was a follow-up to the work of Francesco Redi and Lazaro Spallanzani, in the 17th and 18th centuries, respectively. The problem remained as to how life first appeared on Earth. Even the most elementary forms of life are enormously complex. A few, non-independent entities,1 such as viruses, have just a thin protein covering. Simple bacteria and all more advanced life forms have sophisticated membranes for separating their internal milieu from the external world, mechanisms for handling energy, complex chemicals that serve as substrates and regulators of the cellular chemical processes (metabolism), tissue construction, and proteins for catalysing biochemical reactions and sometimes for special tissue formation. They also reproduce and have the means for storing data on their construction and operation and for transferring this information from one generation to the next.
Liturgy since Vatican II
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the same day as the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas (22 November 1963) the Council fathers adopted the Constitution on the Liturgy, Sacrosanctum concilium. It was formally promulgated on 4 December 1963. This document was not attempting to break new ground theologically. This had already been done in the encyclical of Pius XII, Mediator Dei, of 1947, which was occasioned by the early twentieth-century movement for liturgical renewal. This movement was particularly strong among the Benedictines in western Europe and is associated with the names of Prosper Guéranger of Solesmes (I805–I875), Odo Casel (I886–1948) of the Maria Laach monastery in Germany, the Munich-based theologian Romano Guardini (I885–1968), and the Austrian Augustinian Pius Parsch (I884–1954). The young Ratzinger was strongly in Xuenced by this movement. One of the first books he read after starting his theological studies in 1946 was Guardini’s The Spirit of the Liturgy, published Easter 19I8. In 2000 Ratzinger published his own work under the same title in which he reiterated Guardini’s central liturgical principles, but in the light of the liturgical problems of the present era. One of the chief concerns of the movement was to overcome the tendency of laity to regard Mass attendance as a form of duty parade. There was a concern that laity were not properly participating in the liturgical action which was taking place but had accepted the standing of spectators.
Conclusion
Authors: Rowland Tracey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The university of Chicago theologian David Tracy has made the interesting sociological observation that those who spent their early years trying to rethink Aquinas’ thought in modern terms—Chenu, Congar, Rahner, Lonergan, Schillebeeckx—remained, after Vatican II, open to further fundamental changes in Catholic thought and institutional and religious life. However, many of this generation who had spent their early years striving either to retrieve patristic thought, or among the medieval classics, Bonaventure rather than Aquinas, began after Vatican II to pull back from continuing intellectual and institutional change or, Tracy would argue, intellectual and institutional ‘reform’.