bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Analytics from a Legacy Dataset Enabling Optimization of Coiled Tubing Drilling Laterals in a Geologically Complex Gas Storage Reservoir
Authors: Saradva H. , Jain S. , Shaikh M. , Barhate A. , Bihade K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sharjah National Oil Corporation (SNOC) operates the Sajaa gas field since the 1980s. From 2003-06, a highly successful Underbalanced Coiled Tubing Drilling (UBCTD) campaign was executed by drilling 163 multi-laterals for production enhancement. Two decades later, utilizing this huge data repository, SNOC performed a data science study to improve the understanding of the reservoir and drilling methodologies for an adjacent gas storage field for productivity enhancement in mature wells.
The team compiled an extensive dataset of production and pressure while drilling data in combination with biostratigraphy information from the drill cuttings. This unique collection of valuable UBCTD data was then structured and ready to use in a data science initiative. The various parameters were analyzed against each other to determine multiple relationships between productivity, drilling and geology. The outcomes from this study form the basis of the multilaterals’ placement for the UBCTD planned in three development wells. The project aims to increase the well capacity for injection and production by over 1.5x times.
The data repository and its derived analytics were crucial for the team to visualize all relationships between geology, reservoir properties, well productivity and drilling parameters. The study outcomes provided tangible evidence to the team in planning the UBCTD laterals in the gas storage reservoir. The pressure regime and drilling philosophy of the upcoming injection UBCTD laterals differ significantly from the legacy UBCTD campaign executed two decades ago, and the data was used cautiously to achieve the following objectives: Identifying and quantifying the most productive biozones within the Thamama reservoir associated with lateral placementDetermining the optimum lateral length, trajectory, inclination and drilling parameters for well stability and improved productivityIdentifying drilling issues encountered at reservoir and drilling parameters
The paper accentuates the importance of the typically untapped legacy data for well and field development planning. Using modern tools at our disposal with conventional workflows, we gain the unprecedented potential to improve the understanding of the reservoir and positively impact the project outcomes. This paper demonstrates the value of data science and analytics on legacy data, where technology reduces drilling and sub-surface uncertainty for a critical development project.
Geosteering in Swept and Stacked Channel Reservoir - Integrated Approach Using Mathematical Reservoir Modeling Towards Completion Optimization
Authors: Al-Kandari Talal S. , Sadeq Abdullah , Al-Shammari Omar H , Al-Dhafeeri Sultan , Santoso Gagok Imam , AlGhamdi Sarah Mohammed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bedding characteristics and the vertical fluid distribution are factors that, when not addressed properly, can jeopardize the results of a horizontal drilling campaign. However, the risk and uncertainty can be mitigated by the integrated reservoir and geological modeling approach using recent LWD technological development. this paper will present an analytical roadmap from reservoir modeling toward well placement evaluation and completion optimization.
The reservoir context of this study is divided into upper and lower sand packages. The upper sand has two stacked channels separated by a silty layer, thus becoming the main producer reservoir target. The lower sand has one stacked channel, which is expected to be swept (water zone), as indicated by some offset wells having high water cuts. The first roadmap is to build a workflow to geosteer the upper stacked sand packages. The second one simulates the expected swept zone properties and correlates it with Ultra Deep Resistivity. The third roadmap is to evaluate the formation evaluation to enhance the completion optimization.
The well was drilled along a 1000ft MD interval at the upper sand package, which first half at the first lobe, then continues to the second lobe at the second half. High-definition Ultra-Deep Resistivity (UDAR) resistivity inversion helps to optimize well placement and maximize reservoir exposure. UDAR Inversion also maps the second layer reservoir properties. The observation at the lower sand lobe with the potential water-swept zone with more than 80 – 90 % saturation in some areas. The information was paired with the information about channel geometry and internal architecture, enabling the delineation of reservoir architecture and properties. Based on this finding, the formation evaluation analysis combined with the UDAR inversion to optimize the inflow control completion design. The success of this well has shown the benefits of utilizing a new deterministic parametric deep resistivity inversion. The information about the channel sands’ extent and geometry, as well as the identification of their internal architecture, has reduced uncertainties and increased reservoir understanding.
Optimizing Sulphur Granulation Process Scheme to Reduce System CAPEX
Authors: Kumar Pankaj 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sulphur is a vital and essential by-product of sour gas processing. Smooth operation of Sulphur production/ handling facilities is a key for business continuity in gas processing industry. Sulphur (Solid) is a challenging material to handle due to its brittle nature and prone to breakage due to abrasion during transport, storage, and handling. Excessive dust generation poses a serious safety risk due to explosive nature of Sulphur dust. Despite various measures to collect and suppress Sulphur dust, it remains a potential source of fire and explosion hazards, as well as maintenance issues
Apart from other forms of Sulphur compound (H2S/SO2/SO3), elemental Sulphur itself in the form of yellow dust is also an environmental pollutant. Sulphur is transported mainly in solid form as liquid Sulphur transportation is a big hazard.
This study is based on experience from a Sulphur granulation and handling facility in an organization which produces and handles the liquid /granulated Sulphur at a very large scale with around 22000 TPD. During transport / storage / handling, due to breakage of Sulphur granules, huge dust is generated. Being air-borne, this Sulphur dust has a great potential of fire/explosion and serious HSE concern for organization considering safety as its top priority.
Considering above, strength of granulated Sulphur product is of utmost importance. This strength depends on polymeric content in Sulphur. Various old research used to recommend different operating parameters to increase and maintain the polymeric Sulphur content. One of the conventional approaches is to maintain high liquid Sulphur temperature during transportation and storage and cooling in Sulphur coolers just before solidification in granulation process through Granulators. Sulphur coolers and associated system are CAPEX intensive. This paper explores the possibility of eliminating the Sulphur coolers requirement to optimize the CAPEX.
Development of a Repeatable and Objective Decision Model for the Human Error Probability Estimation According to the HEART Framework
Authors: Mascherona R. , Compare M. , Medici S. , Zio E. , Ronchi A. , Zausa F. , Caia A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The proposed methodology aims at developing a model to provide a structured and repeatable approach to estimate the error probabilities of the human actions carried out during well construction and control operations according to the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) approach. This relies on a combination of AI-based and traditional techniques that exploit all the available Knowledge, Information and Data (KID) in the field. The modeling framework consists of different steps. According to the decision science paradigm, identification of the criteria to assign a nominal Human Error Probability (HEP) to each human action considered in the analyzed risk scenario, according to the HEART framework. The development of a Bayesian Network to characterize the qualitative categorical variables for each HEP assignment criterion, based on the available KIDs, and describe the uncertainty on the factors that HEART considers to modify the nominal HEP into the actual HEP. Encoding of the estimated task actual HEP into the risk scenario probabilistic model. The developed methodology has been applied to a case-study related to a "blow-out prevention scenario" in the context of a drilling platform. All the human actions involved in the prevention ofblow-out and carried out on the rig site have been analyzed, collecting the available KID. This provides evidence to build a Bayesian Network model, which allows obtaining a probability distribution for each task over the possible generic tasks, thus preventing the limiting approach of relying on a single assignment, which inevitably neglects some aspects and, thus, results in an inaccurate HEP estimation. This allows overcoming the limitations of the HEART methodology, which is characterized by vague descriptions, as we focus on understandable criteria harmonizing HEART categories with the task features. The results show the complexity deriving from this attribution process, highlighting how the generic task which shows more compatibility with the analyzed task is generally not the most conservative and robust choice. The novelty of the approach is in the rationalizationof the application of the HEART methodology, by developing a HEP attribution methodology that exploits all the available KID without reducing to traditional qualitative categorization.
Driving Safe, Reliable and Sustainable Operations Using a Novel Asset Performance Management Framework
Authors: Alrabady Linda A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The oil and gas industries are under a huge pressure to deliver the world’s energy needs in a secure and affordable manner whilst keeping up with ever-increasing emphasis on regulatory compliance and environmental sustainability. Price volatility calls for decarbonization, and aging infrastructure have added pressure on shrinking margins, despite resulting cost-cutting initiatives.
The Energy industry carries added risks due to the nature of its operations: handling and processing hydrocarbons, complexity of the asset mix and value chains, as well as the potential for severe personnel, process safety and environmental incidents. The license to operate is very much linked to the operators’ ability to manage all those risks effectively, throughout the asset life cycle by ensuring that integrity and reliability are designed into projects and delivered throughout the consecutive lifecycle stages. (Procurement, construction, commissioning, operations, and disposal). Establishing a best practice asset performance management program while balancing these business drivers and factors into the decision-making, results in optimized management of risks to the business.
This paper presents a novel asset performance management framework based on Risk-Based Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM3), with emphasis on explainable, open box hybrid Man-Machine collaboration models that have proven effective in identifying and monetizing dynamic risks, recommending and prioritizing proactive risk management actions, and finally, monitoring the effectiveness of those interventions to form a profile for driving safe, reliable and sustainable operations of Oil and Gas Facilities. The proposed methodology relies on Contextualizing equipment data from operational technology (OT) systems combined with years of codified experts’ knowledge. By shedding the light on the data, the data will shine a spotlight on what matters and help prioritize actions thus balancing Risk, Cost, and business objectives.
The intelligent Carbon Leakage Surveillance (iCLS) System
Authors: Al-Qasim Abdulaziz S. , Alzayani Alia , Almuaibid Abdulrahman , Yousef Ali , Burba George , Fratini Gerardo , Griessbaum Frank , Facius Dirk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pressure to improve sustainability, particularly with regard to CO2 emissions, is mounting for the oil and gas sector. Many companies have been working extensively on developing technologies programs to decarbonize. One of the technologies implemented to reduce carbon emissions is enhanced oil recovery (EOR) using CO2. To ensure that the sequestered CO2 is not leaking, the area needs to be monitored for the release of CO2 within the wells.
The iCLS deployment is based on eddy covariance technology which is a micrometeorological technique for direct measurements of gas transport between the surface and the atmosphere. It is utilized to monitor large areas where CO2 may escape from the subsurface, to detect and quantify CO2 leakage, and to improve CO2 storage efficiency. It includes a number of High Frequency CO2/H2O gas analyzer in combination with 3D high frequency Anemometer, which are used to determine fluxes and monitor any increase of CO2 emissions over time. The tower will also employ a combination of BioMet sensors to interpret the fluxes measured.
Several methods that monitor the CO2 concentrations on the surface have been evaluated, and EC method was considered most appropriate to monitor a large area of interest (AOI) continuously. Local conditions have been checked, and an EC system was designed. The location of the EC system was fixed to match requirements by landscape, wind direction, AOI and budget. In order to ensure continuous access to the remote EC system, communication and software tools were used for data monitoring and surveillance of instruments. Lastly but most importantly, this technology will be supported by renewable energy such as solar and wind power modules. Two 25 m towers were erected at the AOI, employing CO2/H2O analyzers along with anemometers, data management & communication systems and solar power systems each. The two EC systems were fully installed. Furthermore, the systems were checked successfully for data collection and for remote access from the company’s offices for review and analysis. For additional assurance, a simulated CO2 release experiment was conducted to measure the sensitivity of the technology. The experiment showed that iCLS did detect the release, which as a result showed a spike in CO2 concentration.
This paper will share the lessons learnt from the deployment of such innovative technology. This deployment of eddy covariance is one of the few for CCUS surface monitoring. Additionally, the simulated CO2 release experiment is the first in the world for such a deployment and AOI.
Nanospheres Application for Conformance Control in Low-Permeability Carbonate Formation in Oman Block 5
Authors: Andrianov A. , Wang Y. , Busaidi K. , Kindi Z. , Naabi A. M. , Hasani M. , Liu E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nanospheres is the conformance control technology improving the performance of water flooding in oil reservoir (Andrianov et al 2022). The pilot project has been executed in one of the light oil / tight carbonate oil fields in Block 5 in north of Oman operated by Daleel Petroleum (Daleel) by ZL EOR Chemicals (ZL).
The pilot was divided into main two stages: i) Nanospheres injection, from March 2020 to February 2021, ii) Additional monitoring period, following the injection period, from March 2021 to May 2022. The nanospheres solution has been injected in two injection wells. Special preparation and injection skid was used for injection. In total 86 tons of nanospheres were injected.
The project performance has been monitored through comprehensive surveillance program, including frequent well testing, close monitoring of water injection, pressure, emulsion, and viscosity. Technical results obtained by end of the monitoring period were positive and demonstrated the suitability of nanospheres for conformance control in carbonate fields. Cumulative oil gain achieved was around 40,000 barrels of oil at time of analysis.
The forecast was based on DCA (Decline Curve Analysis). Expected recovery in this period (combined oil rate of the three supported oil producers) without an intervention (NFA case) was 142,145 bbl. Thus, nanospheres injection added ~28% of oil gain. Overall, the project was executed successfully, safely and oil production target has been reached. This is the demonstration of technology potential in carbonate formations.
This paper is organized in the following way: Section 1 briefly introduces the reservoir and the technology; Section 2 describes experimental results, Section 3 shows injection wells selection and project design while Section 4 reviews project performance and evaluates technical results. Incremental oil gain per well was monitored closely via frequent well testing and wellhead sampling where all the three producing wells were under monitoring. Finally, Section 5 gives the project summary, lessons learnt and discusses the future expansion of the technology.
Revisiting Petroleum Engineering Curriculum: Adaptation to Energy Landscape
Authors: Al-Shalabi Emad W. , Srivastava Manish N. , Taleghani Arash D. , Ershaghi Iraj 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the flux of changes in major conventional oil and gas companies to become energy companies and the observed decline in student enrollment in petroleum engineering (PTE) programs around the world, there is a need to revisit PTE programs and their content. This manuscript discusses potential directions and steps that can be considered by current PTE programs to adapt to the new energy landscape. This study tries to highlight the pros and cons of expanding PTE programs to include other energy resources, the need to add new courses or adjust current course contents with new topics, repurposing or readjusting existing skills for renewables in meeting future energy requirements, and future of job market. We also discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in preparing students for a more competitive job market such as the challenges faced with applying AI/ML to a PTE program. In brief, the energy transition does not mean leaving oil and gas behind. Petroleum engineering discipline will last for decades to come as soon fossil fuels remain the most economical and reliable energy resource and even beyond that depending on other energy resources of the same nature. However, petroleum technical and non-technical skills may fit into future low-emissions technology through slight upskilling and reskilling. Despite the current shifts in the industry, we anticipate that petroleum engineering as a major remains relevant and important for the energy sector, because of the unique expertise and technologies developed over the years. This paper can be used as a guide for PTE programs for revisiting and rebranding their curricula during and beyond the energy transition area.
Optimizing Well Integrity with Accurate Forecasting of Casing and Tubing Resistance Reduction Trends Through Innovative Numerical Modelling Techniques
Authors: Aliko E. , Casciaro D. , Conte A. , Busollo C. , Baronio E. , Abdo E. A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Well integrity is an essential aspect of well operations, and international standards are stringent on its application. Tubing and casing corrosion constitutes a major risk to well integrity and a challenge that must be analysed preventively. Corrosion logs are programmed to verify the status of the barriers, but there is currently no methodology for planning future logs. This paper proposes a numerical modelling method to forecast tubular resistance reduction trends and estimate the barrier's residual life.
Corrosion logs are expensive and require the well to be shut-in, which impacts the cost of the operation. Therefore, a numerical methodology for planning future logging is preferable to planning based on experience. A methodology was developed using data from historical corrosion logs and a time-linear corrosion model to predict the point at which the downhole barriers will no longer satisfy the Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure (MAASP) criteria anymore. The methodology calculates collapse and burst resistance of corroded pipes, using operator's criteria for minimum allowable MAASP, while considering well completion design and vertic al depths resulting from the directional survey.
The result of the methodology is a chart that forecasts the progressive reduction of the MAASP and the time at which it will cross the minimum criteria of the operator. The corrosion logging schedule can, hence, be programmed before this time limit thus optimizing planning and costs for the operator. Models based on empirical data and statistical analysis often fail to consider the specific corrosion trends of each well. The proposed methodology provided a comprehensive assessment of the corrosion progress, making it a more reliable tool for forecasting future corrosion trends. The methodology uses the last two corrosion logs for optimal prediction, but it also works when a single corrosion log is available. Numerical modelling is than used to calculate pipe resistance at each depth step of the LAS file, drawing a picture of the resistance vs. depth and time. Furthermore, the methodology provides a certain variation window that takes into consideration the best- and worst-case scenarios. This adds a layer of safety on top of the procedure when the worst-case scenario is used to schedule logs.
This methodology presents a first application of numerical modelling to forecast tubular resistance reduction trends in well barriers, due to corrosion/erosion. This allows standard procedures to be improved by scheduling corrosion logs based on solid forecasts instead of using experience and observations, thus ensuring optimization of the corrosion logging program. This, in turn, leads to a reduction in costs without affecting the overall operability and risking barrier failures.
Novel Sustainable Nanofluids from Waste Plastics for Oil Recovery Displacement and Decarbonization
Authors: Wang Wei , Chang Sehoon , Gizzatov Ayrat , Thomas Gawain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This research presents a novel and sustainable method to produce Janus carbon nanofluids from waste plastics. These nanofluids show promise as highly effective agents for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) under reservoir conditions. A cost-effective method, combining pyrolysis, chemical functionalization, and pulverization, was developed to synthesize Janus carbon nanoparticles (JC-NPs) from waste plastics on an industrial scale. The properties of these nanostructures were confirmed using techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) isotherm analysis, interfacial tension (IFT) measurements, and microfluidic flooding measurements. LB isotherm measurement revealed that JC-NPs exhibit both nanoparticulate and surfactant-like behavior. These particles can be directed and assembled at rock/fluid or water/oil interfaces when formulated as nanofluids in a brine suspension. The JC-NPs notably alter the wettability of the rock surface, and IFT measurements indicate their ability to decrease the interfacial tension between brine and crude oil under simulated reservoir conditions. In EOR performance tests with microfluidic chips, we observed that the Janus nanofluids at ultra-low concentrations (0.001 wt %) can enhance oil displacement in simulated carbonate reservoirs. This innovative method of repurposing waste plastics into useful nanomaterials has the potential to reduce the carbon footprint and contribute to a more resource-efficient chemical industry.