bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Structural and Other Physical Properties
Authors: Elliott Edward T , Heil Justin W , Kelly Eugene F , Monger H Curtis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soil structure influences ecosystem processes by controlling the storage and flow of water, gases, and heat, by controlling the availability of nutrients, and by providing the spatial habitat for organisms. Soil structure can be characterized in terms of particles and their arrangements, their strength of aggregation, and pore space characteristics. Many soil processes are highly correlated with bulk density, such as water infiltration and movement, heat transfer, aeration, and root penetrability. Particle size distributions affect water storage, heat transfer, and structural stability. Analyses of soil aggregation provide information on microbial activity, since microbial activity contributes to building and maintaining the structural stability of soils. Measurements of water-filled pore space are used to estimate limitations to microbial activity.
Reflections on Philosophy and Religion
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book contains the collected papers of Alan Donagan on topics in the philosophy of religion. Donagan was respected as a leading figure in American moral philosophy. His untimely death in 1991 prevented him from collecting his philosophical reflections on religion, particularly Christianity, and its relation to ethics and other concerns. This collection, therefore, constitutes the fullest expression of Donagan’s thought on Christianity and ethics, in which it is possible to discern the outlines of a coherent, overarching theory. Editor Anthony Perovich has supplied a useful introduction, which brings Donagan’s work into focus and brings out the unifying themes in the essays.
Science Unlimited?
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our age is often called an age of science, and with good reason: the advances made during the past few centuries by the natural sciences and more recently by psychology and the social sciences have vastly broadened our knowledge and deepened our understanding of the world we live in and of our fellow men; and the basic soundness of the insights achieved by science is eloquently attested to by the striking success of their applications, both constructive and destructive, which have radically changed the quality of life on our planet and have left their characteristic imprint on every aspect of contemporary civilization. Contemplating the increasingly rapid expansion of scientific knowledge, one may well wonder how far this process can continue; whether all questions about the world can ultimately be answered by scientific inquiry, or whether there are absolute limits beyond which scientific knowledge and understanding can never go. This is the problem to be considered in my essay.
Vodou Imagery, African American Tradition,and Cultural Transformation in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Lamothe Daphne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zora nealf hurston wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God in 1937 while in Haiti collecting folklore on Vodou.1 A year later, she published Tell My Horse, which documents the findings from that expedition. While the history of these publications suggests that, for Hurston, folklore and fiction converge in Haiti, few critics have adequately explored that juncture. Most acknowledge Hurston’s interest in Haitian Vodou, but their analyses of the impact of this belief system on her work frequently do not extend beyond perfunctory glosses. A notable exception is Ellease Southerland’s essay “The Influence of Voodoo on the Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston,” published in the 1979 collection Sturdy Black Bridges. 2
Justifying the Moral Rules The Second Five
Authors: Gert Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five rules that were discussed in the last chapter do not account for all of the moral judgments that are made about what is morally required and prohibited. Although all of these rules, “Do not kill,” “Do not cause pain,” “Do not disable,” “Do not deprive of freedom,” and “Do not deprive of pleasure,” are justified general moral rules, they are not the only rules toward which all impartial rational persons would take the moral attitude. In fact, these rules include only two of the original seven explicit moral rules listed in chapter 5. Three of the general moral rules justified in the previous chapter, “Do not disable,” “Do not deprive of freedom,” and “Do not deprive of pleasure,” were not even listed as explicit moral rules. However, this is not in any way disturbing, for disabling a person or depriving him of freedom or of pleasure is considered by all to be immoral unless justified. These rules were always implicit moral rules. Further, these three rules share all the other relevant characteristics of “Do not kill” and “Do not cause pain,” except having been listed as explicit moral rules.
The Ostrich Factor
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Garrett Hardin, one of our leading thinkers on problems of human overpopulation, here assails the recklessness and basic ecological ignorance of economists and others who champion the idea of unbounded growth. Hardin delivers an uncompromising critique of mainstream economic thinking. Science has long understood the limits of our environment, he notes, and yet economists consistently turn a blind eye to one feature we share with all of our planet's inhabitants--the potential for irreversible environmental damage through overcrowding. And as humankind draws ever closer to its goal of conquering our final natural enemy--disease--the fallacy of sustainable unchecked population growth becomes more and more dangerous. Moreover, Hardin argues, rampant growth will soon force us to face many issues that we will find quite unpalatable--most notably, that since volunteer population control will not work, we will have to turn to "democratic coercion" or "mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon" to limit growth, a policy that directly threatens long cherished personal rights. Challenging an array of powerful taboos, Hardin takes aim at sacred cows on both sides of the political fence--affirmative action, multiculturalism, current immigration policies, and the greed and excess of big business and "growth intoxicated industrialists." Hardin's forceful and cogent argument for the union of ecology and economics is a must for anyone concerned with the goal of a bountiful, yet sustainable world. Sure to spark controversy, this book underscores the urgency of our situation and reveals practical steps we must take to ensure the long term survival of humankind.
Tertullian’s Blessing
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain defined a classic as “a book that people praise and don’t read.” The treatment received by Malthus’s Essay on Population during the past century suggests a somewhat perverse redefinition: “a book that people call discredited without bothering to read it.” For more than a century Malthus’s essay has been a discredited, oft-cited, and rarely read book.
Altruism
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural selection is an inescapable default position of all biology, and as such calls for no experimental proof. Would human beings with six fingers per hand be superior to those with five? If this were so, six-fingeredness would soon be the norm of the species. In truth, we deduce natural selection from whatever exists. By definition, inferior (as determined by the environment) cannot replace superior, whether we like it or not. With our domesticated animals and plants, we define superior in a way that suits us and then select for a constellation of genes that might not long survive under human-free, wild conditions. (High-producing milk cows haven’t a chance of survival when turned loose in a wild area with predators, diseases, and competing species of ungulates.)
Diseconomies of Scale: Ostrich Myopia
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the investigation of altruism (chapter 8) we found that the size of an interacting group affects the behavior of its members. In social animals generally-certainly among Homo sapiens—size must always be taken into account in predicting a group’s behavior. The ancient Greeks were well aware of this: in recommending democracy as the preferred form of government, they were thinking of about 5,000 active citizens. (Their theory arbitrarily ignored slaves and partially disenfranchised classes.)
Russell’s Theorem
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced with occasional doubts about the dearly beloved dream of One World, the ostrich that is in all of us buried its head in the peaceful sand. This peace was momentarily broken in 1948 when the English philosopher Bertrand Russell came forth with a few well-chosen words about the Human Possible. “Always,” he said, “when we pass beyond the limits of the family it is the external enemy which supplies the cohesive force” of a group larger than the family. Continuing, he wrote: A world state, if it were firmly established, would have no enemies to fear, and would therefore be in danger of breaking down through lack of cohesive force.
Multiculturalism: For and Against
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating different ways of life-especially the ways of one’s own people compared with those of others-may seem at first glance as beyond the reach of objectivity. The distinction between ours and theirs is basic to the individual’s biology; it is also basic to traditional groups, particularly when the different ways are tied to religion. The public passion for objectivity, so important in the nourishment of science and the scientific attitude, came late in the development of civilization. It was greatly strengthened by the invention of the mythical Man from Mars, whom we compel to question our prejudices.
The American Disease, Origins Of Narcotic Control
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Disease is a classic study of the development of drug laws in the USA. Supporting the theory that Americans’ attitudes toward drugs have followed a cyclic pattern of tolerance and restraint, author David Musto examines the relations between public outcry and the creation of prohibitive drug laws from the end of the Civil War to the present day. The book traces the development of narcotic use, legislation, American foreign policy, attitudes towards groups associated with particular drugs, and the roles of physicians and the growing pharmaceutical industry. Originally published in 1973, with an expanded edition in 1987, this revised and expanded third edition contains a new chapter and preface that cover the renewed debate on policy and drug legislation from the end of the Reagan administration to the present Clinton administration. Musto investigates how our nation has dealt with issues including the controversies over prevention programs and mandatory minimum sentencing, the catastrophe of the crack epidemic, the fear of a heroin revival, and the continued debate over the legalization of marijuana.
The Troubled Twenties
Authors: Musto David F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful campaign to close the clinics can be credited to the establishment of a semiautonomous federal agency, the Narcotic Division of the Prohibition Unit, which could mount a coordinated and enduring attack from its headquarters in Washington with its own field force of about 170 agents divided among thirteen districts.1 The head of the Narcotic Division, Levi G. Nutt, remained in his post from 1920 until early 1930, outlasting several Prohibition commissioners who succeeded one another as the enforcement of dry laws failed under widespread dishonesty and public contempt. One reason for the poor quality of prohibition enforcement was that jobs were openly filled by political patronage. Even Warren Harding informed Congress in 1922: “there are conditions relating to [Volstead Act] enforcement which savor of nationwide scandal. It is the most demoralizing factor in public life.” The Narcotic Division, however, was under civil service. Scandal in its operation occurred less often, although indiscretions discovered in 1929 led to Nutt’s removal in 1930. For the first decade of the Narcotic Division’s existence, enforcement of the Harrison Act was eclipsed by the drama of national liquor prohibition. Narcotic agents were eventually embarrassed by their association with dry agents, and there were several recommendations by the AMA as early as 1921 that Nutt’s agency be separated from Prohibition affairs. There were other loud dissidents, Internal Revenue Commissioner Roper among the earliest, who saw no reason for making the tax agency of the government responsible for Prohibition enforcement. Finally, in 1930, Prohibition was transferred to the Justice Department, and narcotic affairs were vested in a new unit, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which remained in the Treasury Department until 1968, when it too was turned over to the Justice Department and considerably revamped.
Drug Resistance
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug resistance is one of the most important problems in present-day antimicrobial chemotherapy. Several diseases that for many years were sensitive to antibiotic therapy are suddenly no longer sensitive to the same drugs. This has created a major problem for treatment of these diseases. Classically, Yer sinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is uniformly susceptible to the antibiotics streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Recently, however, high-level resistance to multiple antibiotics has been reported.
The Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis, II: Pharmacology and Adverse Effects of the Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams, Vancomycin, and Bacitracin
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The penicillins can be classified according to their antibacterial spectrum of action as out lined in Table 4-1. Penicillin G (benzylpen icillin) has been in clinical use since the 1940s and is still the antibiotic of choice for treatment of a wide variety of infections (see tables on drugs of choice in Chapter 1 for a complete listing). Penicillin G is the antibi otic of choice for treatment of infections caused by most of the gram-positive cocci (the exceptions being Streptococcus faecalis and penicillinase-producing staphylococci), some gram-positive bacilli (e.g., Bacillus an thracis), a variety of anaerobic pathogens (gastrointestinal strains of Bacteroides fra gilis are an exception), a few uncommon gram-negative bacilli ( e.g., Leptotrichia bu calis, Pasture/la multocida, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus), several spi rochetes (Treponema pallidum, Treponema pertenue, Leptospira), and Actinomyces is raelii.
Chemotherapy of Protozoa/ Diseases
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most protozoa! and helminthic infections occur in impoverished populations living un der poor sanitary conditions. Because parasitic infections occur largely in residents of developing tropical nations, physicians in the United States and many other temperate zone nations generally have little knowledge of and often little interest in parasitic dis eases. Some parasitic infections, like amebiasis, occur in North America and Europe, but the incidence is not high and they occur predominantly in economically poor rural settings, like Indian reservations, and in poor inner city areas populated by recent immigrants from regions where parasitic diseases are endemic.
Transforming Social Dilemmas: Group Identity and Co-operation
Authors: Kollock Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situations where there is a temptation to behave selfishly even though all would be made better off by co-operating (i.e., a social dilemma), why do people co-operate or defect? The dominant assumption is that people act so as to maximize their own outcomes. Thus, if people fail to contribute to the provision of a public good or overuse a commons, it is because of the temptation to free-ride. But narrow selfinterest may not be the only motivation at work.
The Origin, Expansion, and Demise of Plant Species
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each plant species has its own unique passage that is affected by its gene pool, dispersal ability, interactions with competitors and pests, and the habitats and climactic conditions to which it is exposed. This book will explore plant species as dynamic entities within this passage, following the four stages of plant species life that normally occur. Those four stages can be identified as birth, expansion, differentiation and loss of cohesion, and decline/extinction. Each chapter focuses on part of the speciation process and examines it closely in the light of exploring the species passage from birth to death.
The Premise and Species Concepts
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organic diversity is divided into nodes or clusters that, for the most part, are discontinuous. These clusters are assigned to categories such as races, subspecies, species, genera, and families, which in turn are placed in a phylogenetic framework. The most important category is that of the species, which is the basic unit in evolutionary biology. The species has had a special status as an evolutionary unit because it is thought to be more natural than higher categories and more amenable to definition and empirical demon stration (Huxley, 1940; Dobzhansky, 1940; Mayr, 1942). Moreover, the species is considered to have properties of its own—that is, not shared with its component individuals—such as breeding systems, mate recognition systems, and dis tributions (Grant, 1981; Paterson, 1985).
Pathology of Saccular and Nonsaccular Aneurysms
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critical change for saccular aneurysm formation is progressive fragmentation of the internal elastica. This usually develops during adulthood. Aneurysms develop relatively more frequently in cerebral arteries than in systemic muscular arteries, possibly because cerebral arteries have only one elastic lamina. The influence of defects in the muscularis layer, particularly at bifurcations, on the genesis of aneurysms is unclear. Such medial defects may be normal anatomic features. Aneurysms arise preferentially at the apex of a bifurcation, not because of congenital weakness but because this is the site of maximum hemodynamic stress. An “unbalanced” circle of Willis may increase the flow rate across a particular bifurcation, thereby subjecting it to increased stress and the likelihood of the development of an aneurysm. This is the only discernible inborn aspect of the pathogenesis of aneurysms. Once the internal elastic membrane is damaged, aneurysmal outpouching can begin in response to the pulsatile pressure head transmitted to the weakened apex by the impinging axial stream (Fig. 6-1).
Diagnostic Aspects of Sah
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aneurysms are usually diagnosed only after they rupture. Subsequent to this catastrophe, patients generally evidence severe headache of sudden onset, signs of meningeal irritation, and depression of consciousness. Difficulties in diagnosis arise when the ictus is mild and the headache is not typical. Aneurysmal rupture classically causes a violent and sudden headache, worse than any previously experienced, which is followed by depression of consciousness and the development of neck stiffness. This constellation of signs and symptoms is readily diagnosed by most physicians as aneurysmal rupture. Unfortunately, the nature of the headache is highly variable. Although it has a severe character at onset, is continuous, and becomes generalized, the deviations from this pattern are considerable (Table 7-1). In one series of 192 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 10% of patients reported no headache, and another 8% reported mild headache, which gradually increased. In another large series, the percentage of patients with headache increased from 66% of those admitted on day O to 77% of those on day 3. The headache of aneurysmal rupture is set apart from other headaches in severity and suddenness of onset, which can cause patients to scream with pain and alarm.3 The elicitation of associated symptoms, the past medical history, and confirmatory physical, laboratory, and radiologic findings are helpful in making the diagnosis.
Voices From Roslin
Authors: Klotzko Arlene Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dolly is a very remarkable sheep. Not because of what she is, but because of the mode by which she appeared in our midst. Dolly was cloned1 in a laboratory by a technique called nuclear transfer; she is virtually genetically identical to a sheep born six years before she was. And we—and the ways in which we view the world and each other—will never be the same again.
On Recent Developments in Mammalian Nuclear Transplantation and Cloning
Authors: Willadsen Steen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been asked to compare the report by Wilmut, Schnieke, McWhir, Kind, and Campbell published in Nature in February 1997, about the experiments that resulted in the birth of Dolly, “the first mammalian clone,” with that published more recently in the same journal by Wakayama, Perry, Zuicotti, Johnson, and Yanagimachi, which describes the production of a whole swarm of cloned mice—and to add my own comments. It is with some reluctance that I have accepted the commission, for although I have been, and in a way still am involved in precisely the type of work these articles deal with—nuclear transplantation as a means of cloning mammals—I cannot pretend to have any precise, let alone complete knowledge of the underlying biology, especially not the molecular part, which is becoming increasingly important in the discussion. But then, it is doubtful whether any single person has such complete knowledge or understanding at this point. However, although our insight is far from complete, nuclear transfer experiments involving mammalian eggs and embryos have been surprisingly, to some worryingly, successful of late.
Cloning, Then and Now
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility of human cloning first surfaced in the 1960s, stimulated by the report that a salamander had been cloned. James D. Watson and Joshua Lederberg, distinguished Nobel laureates, speculated that the cloning of human beings might one day be within reach; it was only a matter of time. Bioethics was still at that point in its infancy—indeed, the term “bioethics” was not even widely used then—and cloning immediately caught the eye of a number of those beginning to write in the field. They included Paul Ramsey, Hans Jonas, and Leon Kass. Cloning became one of the symbolic issues of what was, at that time, called “the new biology,” a biology that would be dominated by molecular genetics. Over a period of five years or so in the early 1970s a number of articles and book chapters on the ethical issues appeared, discussing cloning in its own right and cloning as a token of the radical genetic possibilities.
A Report from America: The Debate about Dolly
Authors: Klotzko Arlene Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 23, 1997, a British newspaper, the Observer, broke a story that truly shocked the world. Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team at the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh, Scotland, had succeeded in a task many had believed to be impossible. They had cloned a mammal—a sheep, named Dolly—from an adult mammary cell. (In the same experiment, the scientists also cloned sheep from cell lines composed of fetal and embryo cells.)