bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic pain as a posture towards the world
Authors: Honkasalo Marja‐Liisa 
Published: March 2003

This article discusses what chronic pain is “about”, what the intentional object is of pain, and what is the intentional relation like? My approach is based on Maurice Merleau‐Ponty’s phenomenology, with an aim is to understand a two‐way relationship: how the sufferers bestow meaning on chronic pain, and how pain, on the other hand, signifies peoples’ life. In contrast to biomedical and cognitive‐behavioral theories, chronic pain is not only meaningful, but as an intentional emotion as well; it does not simply “happen” in the nervous system. I analyzed meanings assigned to pain through the narratives of three patients with chronic pain. Pain is described as creating a discontinuity in the patient’s Lebenswelt at the narrative level. When attempting to find meaning to their pain, patients point both to everyday life and biomedical referents.The structure of bestowing meaning is, metaphorically, like a necklace with everyday world and biomedical interpretations strung like beads, one after the other. The intentional object of pain, on the contrary, is constituted of the patients’ world in its wholeness. My results don’t confirm Drew Leder’s idea of disrupted intentionality, but underline directness as the basic relation of human experience also in case of pain and disease. Pain in itself is an e‐movere, an intense passionate movement, an intentional relation with and a bodily posture taken towards the world.
Incomplete Information in Monetary Policy Games: Rules Rather Than a Conservative Central Banker
Authors: Lossani Marco , Natale Piergiovanna , Tirelli Patrizio 
Published: March 2003

Time inconsistency in monetary policy can be addressed appointing a conservative central banker. But incomplete information about the central banker's preferences impairs the performance of delegation schemes. Firstly, the ensuing ex‐ante variability of monetary response lowers welfare. Secondly, partial independence schemes may prove inadequate because reputation — not only legal arrangements — defines the actual degree of independence. The incumbent may exploit his reputation to impose too conservative policies whereas, if he lacks reputation, partial independence forces him to accommodate. As a result, simple rules may be preferred.…I do not believe that we should always get the best man for the post; often I fear that we should not even get a tolerable man. (W. Bagehot, The Government of the Bank of England, in ‘Lombard Street’)
Men Don’t Put on Make‐up: Toddlers’ Knowledge of the Gender Stereotyping of Household Activities
Authors: Poulin‐Dubois Diane , Serbin Lisa A. , Eichstedt Julie A. , Sen Maya G. , Beissel Clara F. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Toddlers’ knowledge of the stereotyping of traditionally feminine and
masculine household activities was examined in two experiments. The experiments used
a generalized imitation paradigm which required toddlers (total N = 63) to
select a male or female doll to imitate nine masculine, feminine and neutral activities
(e.g., shaving, vacuuming, sleeping). In the first experiment, 24‐month‐old girls,
but not boys, demonstrated knowledge of both feminine and masculine activities. Results
from study 2 indicated that boys possess some knowledge of these stereotyped activities
by the age of 31 months. The results of the two experiments suggested that knowledge
about the gender stereotyping of familiar activities can be demonstrated in children
as young as 24 months.
Parent and Peer Effects on Delinquency‐related Violence and Dating Violence: A Test of Two Mediational Models
Authors: Brendgen Mara , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E. , Wanner Brigitte 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Drawing on two complementary process models of violence, i.e., social cognitive

theory and rejection sensitivity theory, the goal of the present study was (1) to

examine the unique effects of parents and peers on boys’ violent behavior

in delinquency‐related contexts and in dating relationships, (2) to assess the mediating

processes underlying these links, and (3) to test whether these processes operate

in the same way for delinquency‐related violence and dating violence. Based on a

sample of 336 boys, results showed that problematic experiences with parents and

with peers each predicted subsequent violence, both in delinquency‐related and in

dating‐related contexts. However, the contributions of the social cognitive model

and the rejection sensitivity model in explaining these links varied somewhat depending

on the situational context of the violent behavior. The implications of the similarities

and specificities in the risk factors and pathways leading to delinquency‐related

violence and dating violence are discussed.
Health Authorities, Priority‐setting and Resource Allocation: A Study in Decision‐making in New Labour's NHS
Authors: Greener Ian , Powell Jane 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper analyses the decision‐making process of health authorities under New Labour in the NHS through a study of their qualitative responses to questionnaires. We find a considerable frustration and cynicism with the government's plans for reform, with its interference at the local level with services, and an acknowledgement of the differences between health authorities’ practice and what they believe the government requires, with, often, only minimal effort being made attempting to achieve new governmental performance targets. We conclude by making suggestions for an alternative strategy less likely to antagonize local health service providers.
Older people in the field of medication
Authors: Lumme‐Sandt Kirsi , Virtanen Pekka 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper focuses on how older people construct themselves as users of medical drugs, and on what factors are important in medication from the user’s point of view. The data of the study consist of focus group discussions about medication with people aged over 65 years. The analysis was based upon Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of social ﬁeld and habitus. The main actors appearing in the discussions were users and doctors. Pharmacists had only a marginal role as suppliers of medical drugs. It was clearly important for the participants to express their appreciation towards doctors, the dominant actors in the ﬁeld of medication. The most important theme in the discussions, however, was the independence of the users themselves. By assuming responsibility for the use of their medication and by applying their own initiative, these older people were able to gain a meaningful position in the ﬁeld of medication. The habitus of a patient in the health care setting is a compliant patient. The habitus outside health care, on the other hand, requires that people are active and reasonable users. In individual practices it is possible to detect logics of both sides of habitus.
Representing childhood cancer: accounts from newspapers and parents
Authors: Dixon‐Woods Mary , Seale Clive , Young Bridget , Findlay Michelle , Heney David 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present an analysis of newspaper accounts and parents’ accounts of childhood cancer. Newspaper accounts construct cancer as a threat to the entitlements and category‐bound activities of childhood. Newspaper discourses around children with cancer are predominantly eulogising, constructing children as courageous, stoical and inspirational. Parents are characterised as confederates in the ‘battle’ against cancer; as fund‐raisers; and as guardians of their children's identities. Little attention is given to parents’ own needs. Parents’ in‐depth interview accounts suggest that newspapers are selective and privilege certain types of representations. Parents’ accounts, like those in newspapers, construct childhood cancer as an assault on the rights of childhood. Parents also characterise themselves as having a range of obligations founded on dominant discourses about parenting. However, parents’ descriptions bear little resemblance to newspaper accounts. Rather than the cheerful, uncomplaining and ‘brave’ newspaper representations of children, parents report that children can be distressed, anguished and difficult to manage, especially when being encouraged to submit to painful and frightening medical interventions. Parents themselves experience a range of quality of life impairments, including severe role strain, but find it difficult to voice these because they have to negotiate prevailing discourses about the duties of parenthood. Parents’ accounts do not allow unproblematic access to some external reality; these accounts are just as constructed as newspaper accounts. Both newspapers and parents may draw on common discourses about parenting, childhood and illness, but newspapers are more likely to represent children in idealised ways and to marginalise parents as resources solely for their child's benefit.
Multivariate Compactly Supported Fundamental Refinable Functions, Duals, and Biorthogonal Wavelets
Authors: Ji Hui , Riemenschneider Sherman D. , Shen Zuowei 
Published: March 2003

In areas of geometric modeling and wavelets, one often needs to construct a compactly supported refinable function φ which has sufficient regularity and which is fundamental for interpolation [that means, φ(0)=1 and φ(α)=0 for all α∈Zs∖{0}].Low regularity examples of such functions have been obtained numerically by several authors, and a more general numerical scheme was given in [1]. This article presents several schemes to construct compactly supported fundamental refinable functions, which have higher regularity, directly from a given, continuous, compactly supported, refinable fundamental function φ. Asymptotic regularity analyses of the functions generated by the constructions are given.The constructions provide the basis for multivariate interpolatory subdivision algorithms that generate highly smooth surfaces.A very important consequence of the constructions is a natural formation of pairs of dual refinable functions, a necessary element in constructing biorthogonal wavelets. Combined with the biorthogonal wavelet construction algorithm for a pair of dual refinable functions given in [2], we are able to obtain symmetrical compactly supported multivariate biorthogonal wavelets which have arbitrarily high regularity. Several examples are computed.
Probability With Less Pain
Authors: Pfannkuch Maxine , Seber George A. F. , Wild Chris J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe teaching of probability theory has been steadily declining in introductory statistics courses as students have difficulty with handling the rules of probability. In this article, we give a data‐driven approach, based on two‐way tables, which helps students to become familiar with using the usual rules but without the formal structure.
Using Consulting for Teaching Elementary Statistics
Authors: Truran John , Arnold Anne 
Published: March 2003

SummaryConsulting in statistics is usually deferred until at least near the end of a first degree, but this article shows how some aspects can be effectively taught to students in upper secondary or early tertiary courses in a way which reinforces their learning of standard basic concepts. We suggest that the existence of a real client adds a degree of realism not available in other ways, and emphasizes to students the importance of blending statistical calculations with meaningful communication.
Comparative study of hub airports in Europe: Ticket prices, travel time and rescheduling costs
Authors: Bruinsma Frank , Rietveld Piet , Brons Martijn 
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the strategic position of four European airports in the aviation network by means of a generalised cost function. We compare the performance of the hub airports London, Paris, Frankfurt, and Amsterdam. Our analysis entails flights from smaller European airports via these hubs to intercontinental destinations and vice versa. The comparative positions of the cities in the airport network is determined by a generalised cost function in which travel cost, travel time and rescheduling time (as a function of the frequency of the service) are included.An important feature of the comparative study is that various market segments are identified (business, tourists). We find that the positions of the hub airports for the business class passengers differ from those for economy class passengers. Using high‐speed rail as an alternative for the European part of the trip is only attractive for a rather restricted segment of the market.
Ethics and the Expert Witness: Statistics on Trial
Authors: Fienberg Stephen E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
When a statistician appears as an expert witness at trial, most judges and juries expect the expert witness to be a true expert. Yet the adversarial rules of the common law legal system often make it difficult for statisticians to proceed in a manner similar to that which they encounter in academic settings. The situation is exacerbated in a battle of expert statistical witnesses before the court. As a consequence, it is the statistical profession that is often on trial, not simply a defendant. This paper is, at least in part, about the seduction that occurs when a statistician becomes an expert witness at trial and how the statistician can attempt to protect against the most pernicious aspects of the game associated with the use of expert witnesses in the adversarial process.
Quantitative Refinements for Comparisons of Institutional Performance
Authors: Deely John J. , Smith Adrian F. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In the context of the data and issues discussed by Goldstein and Spiegelhalter, we suggest refinements which can be used by decision makers when confronted with ranking problems associated with ‘league tables’. Two ranking criteria are defined and their performance illustrated for one of the studies reported by Goldstein and Spiegelhalter.
Efficacy of Programmes for the Unemployed: Discrete Time Modelling of Duration Data from a Matched-Comparison Study
Authors: Firth David , Payne C. , Payne J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
An evaluation is described of two UK Government programmes for the long-term unemployed in Great Britain, Employment Training and Employment Action, using discrete time hazard modelling of event histories. The study design employed a closely matched comparison group and carefully chosen control variables to minimize the effect of selection bias on conclusions. The effect of unobserved heterogeneity is investigated by using some standard random effect model formulations.
On the Use of Surrogate End Points in Randomized Trials
Authors: Begg Colin B. , Leung D. H. Y. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
In a recent paper Day and Duffy proposed a strategy for designing a randomized trial of different breast cancer screening schedules. Their strategy was based on the use of predictors of mortality determined by patients’ factors at diagnosis as surrogates for true mortality. On the basis of the Prentice criterion for validity of a surrogate end point, and data from earlier studies of breast cancer case survival, they showed that, not only would the trial require a much shorter follow-up, but also that the information (i.e. inverse variance) for evaluating a treatment effect on mortality would be greater by a factor of nearly 3 if the predictors of mortality were used, compared with a trial in which mortality was actually observed. Although these results are technically correct, we believe that the conceptual strategy on which they are based is flawed, and that the fundamental problem is the Prentice criterion itself. In this paper the technical issues are discussed in detail, and an alternative structure for evaluating the validity of surrogate end points is proposed.
Modelling Impact Heterogeneity
Authors: Plewis Ian 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe treatments embodied in social interventions are characterized by their heterogeneity, delivered as they often are by different individuals operating in different social and geographical contexts. One implication of this heterogeneity is that average treatment effects will often be less useful than estimates of differential impacts across contexts. The paper shows how multilevel models can be used to estimate variability of impact and to account for systematic effects. These models are specified for multisite interventions, for studies using cluster allocation and for designs that incorporate matching. The paper indicates how qualitative and quantitative approaches to evaluation could be linked.
Designing Experiments with Respect to ‘Standardized’ Optimality Criteria
Authors: Dette Holger 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We introduce a new class of ‘standardized' optimality criteria which depend on ‘standardized' covariances of the least squares estimators and provide an alternative to the commonly used criteria in design theory. Besides a nice statistical interpretation the new criteria satisfy an extremely useful invariance property which allows an easy calculation of optimal designs on many linearly transformed design spaces.
Improving Survey-weighted Least Squares Regression
Authors: Magee Lonnie 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The weighted least squares (WLS) estimator is often employed in linear regression using complex survey data to deal with the bias in ordinary least squares (OLS) arising from informative sampling. In this paper a ‘quasi-Aitken WLS’ (QWLS) estimator is proposed. QWLS modifies WLS in the same way that Cragg’s quasi-Aitken estimator modifies OLS. It weights by the usual inverse sample inclusion probability weights multiplied by a parameterized function of covariates, where the parameters are chosen to minimize a variance criterion. The resulting estimator is consistent for the superpopulation regression coefficient under fairly mild conditions and has a smaller asymptotic variance than WLS.
A Note On the Unification of the Akaike Information Criterion
Authors: Shi P. , Tsai C-L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
To measure the distance between a robust function evaluated under the true regression model and under a fitted model, we propose generalized Kullback–Leibler information. Using this generalization we have developed three robust model selection criteria, AICR*, AICCR* and AICCR, that allow the selection of candidate models that not only fit the majority of the data but also take into account non-normally distributed errors. The AICR* and AICCR criteria can unify most existing Akaike information criteria; three examples of such unification are given. Simulation studies are presented to illustrate the relative performance of each criterion.
Semiparametric Methods for Response-Selective and Missing Data Problems in Regression
Authors: Lawless J. F. , Kalbfleisch J. D. , Wild C. J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Suppose that data are generated according to the model f(y|x; θ) g(x), where y is a response and x are covariates. We derive and compare semiparametric likelihood and pseudolikelihood methods for estimating θ for situations in which units generated are not fully observed and in which it is impossible or undesirable to model the covariate distribution. The probability that a unit is fully observed may depend on y, and there may be a subset of covariates which is observed only for a subsample of individuals. Our key assumptions are that the probability that a unit has missing data depends only on which of a finite number of strata that (y, x) belongs to and that the stratum membership is observed for every unit. Applications include case–control studies in epidemiology, field reliability studies and broad classes of missing data and measurement error problems. Our results make fully efficient estimation of θ feasible, and they generalize and provide insight into a variety of methods that have been proposed for specific problems.
Importance of Interpolation When Constructing Double-Bootstrap Confidence Intervals
Authors: Hall Peter , Lee Stephen M.-S. , Young G. Alastair 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We show that, in the context of double-bootstrap confidence intervals, linear interpolation at the second level of the double bootstrap can reduce the simulation error component of coverage error by an order of magnitude. Intervals that are indistinguishable in terms of coverage error with theoretical, infinite simulation, double-bootstrap confidence intervals may be obtained at substantially less computational expense than by using the standard Monte Carlo approximation method. The intervals retain the simplicity of uniform bootstrap sampling and require no special analysis or computational techniques. Interpolation at the first level of the double bootstrap is shown to have a relatively minor effect on the simulation error.
Proportional Hazards Estimate of the Conditional Survival Function
Authors: Xu Ronghui , O'Quigley John 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We introduce a new estimator of the conditional survival function given some subset of the covariate values under a proportional hazards regression. The new estimate does not require estimating the base-line cumulative hazard function. An estimate of the variance is given and is easy to compute, involving only those quantities that are routinely calculated in a Cox model analysis. The asymptotic normality of the new estimate is shown by using a central limit theorem for Kaplan–Meier integrals. We indicate the straightforward extension of the estimation procedure under models with multiplicative relative risks, including non-proportional hazards, and to stratified and frailty models. The estimator is applied to a gastric cancer study where it is of interest to predict patients' survival based only on measurements obtained before surgery, the time at which the most important prognostic variable, stage, becomes known.
Functional Linear Discriminant Analysis for Irregularly Sampled Curves
Authors: James Gareth M. , Hastie Trevor J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We introduce a technique for extending the classical method of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to data sets where the predictor variables are curves or functions. This procedure, which we call functional linear discriminant analysis (FLDA), is particularly useful when only fragments of the curves are observed. All the techniques associated with LDA can be extended for use with FLDA. In particular FLDA can be used to produce classifications on new (test) curves, give an estimate of the discriminant function between classes and provide a one- or two-dimensional pictorial representation of a set of curves. We also extend this procedure to provide generalizations of quadratic and regularized discriminant analysis.
Tree-structured Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic Models
Authors: Audrino Francesco , Bühlmann Peter 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We propose a new generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model with tree-structured multiple thresholds for the estimation of volatility in financial time series. The approach relies on the idea of a binary tree where every terminal node parameterizes a (local) GARCH model for a partition cell of the predictor space. The fitting of such trees is constructed within the likelihood framework for non-Gaussian observations: it is very different from the well-known regression tree procedure which is based on residual sums of squares. Our strategy includes the classical GARCH model as a special case and allows us to increase model complexity in a systematic and flexible way. We derive a consistency result and conclude from simulation and real data analysis that the new method has better predictive potential than other approaches.
Goodness-of-Fit Tests Based on Maximum Correlations and Their Orthogonal Decompositions
Authors: Fortiana J. , Grané A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWe propose a goodness-of-fit statistic Qn based on the Hoeffding maximum correlation for testing uniformity and we show its relationship to Gini's mean difference. We compute exact and asymptotic critical values and study the power of the test proposed against a representative set of alternatives.