bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molar occlusion and jaw mechanics of the Eocene primate Adapis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWear facets on molars of the Eocene primate Adapis magnus are described. Striations on these wear facets indicate three separate directions of mandibular movement during mastication. One direction corresponds to a first stage of mastication involving orthal retraction of the mandible. The remaining two directions correspond to buccal and lingual phases of a second stage of mastication involving a transverse movement of the mandible.The mechanics of jaw adduction are analysed for both the orthal retraction and transverse stages of mastication. During the orthal retraction stage the greatest component of bite force is provided by the temporalis muscles acting directly against the food with the mandible functioning as a link rather than as a lever. A geometrical argument suggests that during the transverse stage of mastication bite force is provided by the temporalis muscles of both sides, the ipsilateral medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, and the contralateral masseter muscle.
Confirmation of the sex difference in continuing subperiosteal apposition
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Frisancho A. Roberto , Sandusky Sam T. , McCann Mary B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA major sex difference in the rate of continuing bone expansion was confirmed for 5660 adult subjects of European ancestry. The five‐decade gain in metacarpal midshaft area amounted to 8.4% in 3455 females and 2.8% in 2205 males. There was no systematic age effect on the length of the second metacarpal. Accordingly, both bone expansion and the marked sex difference in its magnitude may be attributed to sex‐specific aspects of ageing much like the sex difference in endosteal surface loss.
Blood groups and H‐Lea salivary secretion of Brazilian Cayapo Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Gershowitz H. , Junqueira P. C. , Woodall J. P. , Black F. L. , Hierholzer W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFive hundred and twenty‐six individuals from four populations were studied in relation to the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh, Lutheran, Kell, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, Diego and I systems, as well as for the Wright antigen of blood groups. The H‐Lea salivary secretion of 406 of them was also investigated. Considering the gene markers which show variation in South American Indians, the Cayapo frequencies are in the middle of the distribution range for genes LMs, R1 (CDe), R2 (cDE), P1, Jka, Dia and Se but present high values of Le and Fya and low ones of LMS, LNs, Ro (cDe) and/or r (cde), LNS and Rz (CDE). Unusual findings in relation to previous studies are the high prevalence of Le (a+) persons (which, however, could be expected since the frequency of gene Se is not too high) and the presence of one Lu (a+) and one PP1 (Tja) (−) individuals. Comparison of the pattern of inter‐village variation in relation to these polymorphisms with those furnished by historical, demographic and morphological data gives in general reasonable concordance, but some results are difficult to interpret. New approaches and further multidisciplinary studies are needed to obtain a clearer picture of the genetic relationships present among different tribes of South American Indians as well as to understand how polymorphisms are created and maintained in human populations.
Genetic and epidemiologic studies of oral characteristics in Hawaii's school children: Dental anomalies
Authors: Chung C. S. , Niswander J. D. , Runck D. W. , Bilben S. E. , Kau M. C. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRacial comparisons of prevalences of dental anomalies were made on 13,473 Hawaiian‐born children aged 12 to 18 years. Dental anomalies studied included supernumerary teeth, peg‐shaped lateral incisors, dens in dente (invaginated tooth), hypoplasia, fusion (or gemination), and high cingulum of upper lateral incisors (barrel‐shaped teeth) in the permanent dentition. The highest frequency of peg‐shaped laterals was observed among Filipinos and part‐Filipinos with no evidence of heterogeneity among other racial groups. Dens in dente was more common among Hawaiian descendents. Fusion or gemination was observed more commonly among children with Chinese parentage. High cingulum of laterals was fairly common in Orientals particularly in Filipinos and nil among Caucasians and Hawaiians. There was neither significant maternal effect nor effect (non‐additive) of hybridity.
Structure of bone in the skulls of Neanderthal fossils
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClose inspection of surface bone in skulls of Neanderthal man reveals weathering cracks extensive enough in one specimen, La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints, to allow preliminary analysis of major patterns of orientation and to make inferences about functional relationships of structures. The fine structure of the bone of the brow ridges is very different from the rest of the skull in the two adults examined, having a peculiar vermiculate surface pattern. Weathering cracks do not appear in this region. This indicates that Neanderthal brow ridges are not closely related to normal mechanical forces such as chewing exertion. It may, however, give further support to theories of Neanderthal brow ridges as protection for the eyes. The localized structure of bone often differs from region to region, and offers new possibilities for the analysis of both contemporary and fossil forms.
Height and weight growth patterns of school age deaf children
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Gorzycki Pamela A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDistance and velocity curves for height and weight were analyzed in a mixed longitudinal sample of American White, American Negro and Mexican‐American deaf children 6 through 17 years of age. The heights of deaf boys and girls are, on the average, consistently below an accepted pediatric standard from six through ten years of age. Between 11 and 17 years, deaf White and Negro boys approximate the standard, while White and Negro girls are at or slightly below the standard. Deaf Mexican‐American children are consistently below the height standard. For body weight, deaf boys are at or slightly below the standard from 6 to 11 years, and are at or slightly above the weight standard from 12 to 17 years of age. White and Negro deaf girls generally approximate the weight standard from eight years of age on. Mexican‐American deaf girls are consistently below the standard until 13 years of age, while between 14 and 17 years they are at or above the standard. Height and weight velocity curves for deaf children parallel closely the incremental standards of Falkner ('62). The height velocity curve, however, appears to peak, on the average, about one year earlier in deaf children.
Mortality and birth weight in Philadelphia Blacks: An example of stabilizing selection
Authors: Ellis Walter S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has been suggested that as a result of the action of natural selection the mean value of any biological measurement would be the most normal value and associated with the most favorable survival rate. Selection is said to be stabilizing (or normalizing or balancing) if individuals with intermediate values for a given quantitative trait have the highest fitness. Birth weight is perhaps the most clear‐cut example of a human character subject to stabilizing selection.This paper presents the distribution of birth weights among 8382 Philadelphia Black infants and the rate of perinatal mortality for the birth weight classes. Using these data, several analyses of stabilizing selection are made.The data were taken from the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation, and other Neurological and Sensory Disorders of Infancy and Childhood.
Multiple fetal and adult hemoglobins in Malaysian Macaca nemestrina: Consequences of a‐chain variation
Authors: Nute Peter E. , Pataryas H. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe hemoglobins of fetal and adult Macaca nemestrina were investigated electrophoretically and chromatographically. Standard electrophoretic techniques failed to reveal variation in either fetal or adult hemoglobins beyond that previously attributed to the presence of the duplicate γ‐chain loci characteristic of this species. However, column chromatography of whole hemolysates on CM‐Sephadex or of globin chains on CM‐cellulose in 8 M urea revealed that some fetuses had four major hemoglobins and some adults had two major hemoglobin components. All animals examined were of Malaysian origin; the variation described is a consequence of variation in α‐chain structure in Malaysian populations of this species, and of the interaction of different α chains with the products of the duplicate γ‐chain loci.
The Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa: Serum proteins and red cell enzyme systems
Authors: Szathmary Emöke J. E. , Cox Diane Wilson , Gershowitz Henry , Rucknagel Donald L. , Schanfield Melvin S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwo Ojibwa Indian populations in Ontario, selected to represent the Northern (Pikangikum Band) and Southeastern (Wikwemikong Band) branches of this “tribe” are compared for their serum protein and red cell enzyme systems. Albumin, haptoglobin, immunoglobins Gm and Inv, serum α‐globulin and transferrin polymorphisms are reported. The genetic markers AlNaskapi and GcChippewa are found in both groups, TfD Chi in Pikangikum only. Contrary to expectations, the Mongoloid marker Gm1,3,5,11 was found in neither population. Ceruloplasmin is invariant in both, all individuals being B homozygotes.For the red cell enzymes, only the common phenotypes of glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and peptidases A and B are present in the Northern and Southeastern Ojibwa. Isocitrate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, nucleoside phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, phosphoglucomutase II, phosphoglyeerate kinase and peptidase C were typed in Pikangikum only: no variants were found. Methemoglobin reductase, tested in Wikwemikong alone, is invariant. Loci polymorphic in at least one Ojibwa group include acid phosphatase, adenosine deaminase, adenylate kinase, glutathione reductase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase I, and soluble glutamic oxalocetic transaminase. Comparisons are made with other Algonkian‐speakers when possible, with other North American, South American and Asiatic Mongoloid populations when sufficient Algonkian data do not exist.The causes of genetic heterogeneity between the two Ojibwa groups are discussed.
Genetic basis of a‐b, b‐c and c‐d ridge counts on human palms
Authors: Pateria H. N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe mechanism of inheritance of ridge count of palmar interdigital areas has been studied among Brahmans of Sagar town of Central India.The correlation coefficients between ridge counts in various family relationships lend support to the concept of an additive genetic model, especially for the b‐c or second interdigital area.
Types of tooth cusp occurrence asymmetry in human monozygotic and dizygotic twins
Authors: Staley Robert N. , Green Larry J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFour types of cusp occurrence asymmetry were defined and studied in 90 monozygotic and 90 dizygotic twin pairs. Presence or absence of the hypoconulid (fifth cusp) and seventh cusps of the permanent mandibular first molar and cusp number on the mandibular first and second premolars was reported. Bilateral asymmetry, which produces three of the asymmetry types, occurred equally frequently in MZ and DZ twins. Type I asymmetry (bilateral asymmetry in one individual of a twin pair) was observed much more frequently than Types II and III which involve bilateral asymmetry in both twins of a pair. Although mirror imagery (Type III asymmetry) was observed only in MZ twins, its appearance in a DZ pair is expected in a larger sample. Type IV asymmetry (bilateral appearance of a cusp in one twin associated with bilateral absence of the cusp in the co‐twin) was observed significantly more often in DZ twin pairs than in MZ twin pairs. The similarity in concordance for MZ and DZ twins observed in this study may be due to the present‐absent method of description which was employed. An examination of the data using a scale to rate the degree of expression of a cusp might reveal differences in concordance between MZ and DZ twins.
A univariate and multivariate examination of measurement error in anthropometry
Authors: Jamison Paul L. , Zegura Stephen L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReplicate anthropometric measurements on 20 male and 22 female Eskimos were examined using analysis of variance, product‐moment correlation coefficients, and canonical variates with Mahalanobis' D2 distances. Analysis of variance indicated that 12 of the 16 variables could be measured comparably by two investigators. Those variables with readily defined endpoints yielded the highest correlations between the results of two anthropometrists. The multivariate analysis demonstrated a high level of discrimination between two sets of data taken on the same group of subjects. This suggests that population comparisons using data from two or more investigators could be significantly affected by measurement error.
Problems of techniques in anthropometric studies in India
Authors: Singh R. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnthropometric studies in India have been conducted on a fairly large scale but the lack of uniform techniques has rendered data non‐comparable. Here, the magnitude of differences in values on account of differences in techniques under two methods has been demonstrated by measuring the cranial height of 35 skulls in the Department of Anthropology, University of Lucknow, India. The direct method gives as much as 5 mm lower values than the subtraction method. Furthermore, the position of vertex relative to apex is highly variable. Such differences are likely to be more magnified in skulls with plano‐occipitals. It is therefore re‐emphasized that anthropometrists should employ uniform techniques, and adequately describe them so that the data remains comparable.
The ridge‐counts of the interdigital a‐b, b‐c, and c‐d areas in a normal sample and in cerebrally damaged patients of Thuringia, G.D.R. (East Germany)
Authors: Máté Mechthild 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe determined the ridge‐counts and their correlations of interdigital area a‐b, b‐c, and c‐d among 300 boys and 300 girls from Jena and 95 male and 79 female cerebrally damaged chidren from the Mental Hospital of Stadroda, both in Thuringia, G.D.R. (East Germany). The mean values of the normals and the patients differ significantly only on the right hand of males in the b‐c area (p ≤ 5%).Bimanuar comparisons showed significant correlations in the three areas in both sexes in the normal and the abnormal children. Inter‐area comparisons revealed no significant correlation between a‐b and b‐c areas; correlations were significant between a‐b and c‐d areas in both sexes in the normal group, but significant for the right hand only in cerebrally damaged children. Highly significant correlation was found between the b‐c and c‐d areas only in the right hand of female cerebrally damaged children.Comparative data from Bavaria and North‐Rhine‐Westfalia are also presented.
Dermatoglyphic traits in patients with cardiovascular disorders
Authors: Rashad M. N. , Mi M. P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDermatoglyphic studies were carried out on 800 Japanese subjects. Digital dermal pattern types were classified into true whorls, double loops, ulnar loops, radial loops and arches. Both total and absolute ridge count were recorded. Subjects with hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction were compared with the remaining group of others who had not yet developed any of these disorders. Individuals with myocardial infarction had a significantly higher frequency of true whorls and a correspondingly lower frequency of ulnar loops than the control group. Total and absolute ridge counts were also significantly higher in myocardial infarction. Individuals with hypertension and angina pectoris were not significantly different in most dermatoglyphic traits from the controls.These observations suggest that antenatal factors may contribute to the etiology of myocardial infarction in man.
Archeology, population genetics and studies of human racial ancestry
Authors: Weiss K. M. , Maruyama T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractUsing traditional classification, many people have tried to determine the place and time of origin of the major human races. Two basically conflicting views have prevailed, one asserting that races developed as local variations in a species evolving phyletically over much of the Old World for up to one million years, and the other view holding that present races are local variations on populations recently expanding into most areas and replacing the previous hominid inhabitants, this occuring since the time of the Neanderthals. Both views are based on the same archeological data. Gene frequency data and time‐calibrated genetic distance measures have recently been applied to this problem. Here we show that the probable demographic nature of Pleistocene populations has obscured genetic distances to such an extent that they cannot be used to discriminate between the two viewpoints of racial origins. The racial classifications themselves are probably not useful in this context and obscure the question, so that we presently do not have a scientifically valid understanding of racial origins.
The effect of size variation on univariate assessments of morphological difference in human crania
Authors: Hardy Vernon C. , Van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present research was undertaken to determine the contribution of general size to craniometric variation in two previously described Paleo‐Amerindian series, and to evaluate the effect of size variation on univariate assessments of morphological difference between the two. The analysis was based upon 19 measurements of 81 crania representing the Iswanid and Fort Ancient Muskogid varieties.The results of principal components analysis indicate that the 19 measurements can be represented as five principal component variates. Inspection of component eigenvectors indicates that variation in body size accounts for 40% of the variation within the metric data. Analysis of covariance lends support to the hypothesis that this size variation contributes substantially to statistical tests of difference between the two groups based on Student's t.
On the skeletal maturation of Japanese‐American White hybrids
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe skeletal maturation of Japanese‐American White hybrids is discussed in relation to that of Japanese and Whites. Assessment of skeletal maturation was made on 323 radiographs of 57 boys and 151 of 33 girls studied semi‐longitudinally from 3 to 18 years on the basis of the Tanner‐Whitehouse method (62). The skeletal maturity scores show a tendency for a greater advance in childhood for the Whites than for the hybrids and the Japanese. However, the preadolescent spurt of skeletal maturity occurs earlier in the Japanese and the hybrids than in the Whites, and the hybrids show the intermediate skeletal maturity scores between those of the Japanese and the Whites at and after adolescence.
The density of long limb bones and the percentage ash weight of the skeleton of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Hixon Barbara B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe gravimetric density of humeri, radii, femora and tibiae from a series of 274 male and female skeletons of rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta, was determined for fetal, young and adult periods. The ages of 171 of the animals were known: they ranged from 57 days of gestation to 13.6 years; the ages of an additional 103 skeletons were estimated.The mean density of the fetal bones was found to increase linearly with age and was higher for males than females, and higher for the superior than for the inferior limb bones. During the young period the pattern of increase in density can be represented by a power‐type curve, and the density is significantly higher in females than in males and in superior than in inferior limb bones. The densities of the long limb bones of the adult skeletons show a slight, but not significant, negative trend with increasing age. In this age group the mean densities are higher for males than females and higher for the superior than for the inferior limb bones.The percentage ash weight was determined for the total skeleton and for 21 subdivisions of 23 postnatal skeletons with estimated ages. The skull and long limb bones were found to have higher mean percentage ash weights than the vertebral segments and the sternum.Both the density and the percentage ash weight of the Macaca mulatta skeletons examined exceed those found in our earlier studies of the human skeleton.
The genetics of shovel shape in maxillary central incisors in man
Authors: Blanco Rafael , Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFrom dental casts of 94 parent‐offspring and 127 full‐sib pairs, sampled from two Chilean populations, shovelling indices are computed to measure the degree of shovelling of maxillary central incisors quantitatively. Genetic correlations are computed to determine the role of genetic factors in explaining the variation in this trait. Assuming only hereditary factors to be responsible for the transmission of shovel shape, 68% of total variability is ascribed to the additive effect of genes.
Newborn: Adult brain ratios in hominid evolution
Authors: Jordaan Harold V. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ratio of newborn to adult brain size varies widely in primates. These variations provide an index of the different degrees of postnatal brain growth in the different members of the primate order. The uniquely low figure for Homo sapiens indicates a greater degree of postnatal brain growth and therefore postnatal dependence and also a greater need and opportunity for social organisation. An attempt is made to determine the newborn:adult brain ratio in a proto‐human population, Australopithecus africanus. Two possible causes of the reduction of the ratio in hominid evolution are discussed. The first is the limiting confines of the maternal pelvis adapted primarily for orthograde progression rather than parturition. The second concerns the resultant of a set of three paired variables between the members of each pair of which there exists an allometric relationship. These are the relation between brain and body size in the adult, feto‐maternal weight allometry and the relation between newborn brain‐size and birth weight.
Analysis of an early hominid ulna from the Omo basin, Ethiopia
Authors: McHenry Henry M. , Corruccini Robert S. , Howell F. Clark 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe discovery (in 1971) of a nearly complete right ulna from the Shungura Formation of the Omo basin provides the opportunity to analyze the forelimb structure of the Australopithecus boisei form of early hominid. Results from multivariate morphometric analyses show that this bone is unique in shape among the extant hominoids although it is most similar to Pan and Homo. Despite its long slender shaft and large distal articular surface the bone's overall morphology is quite unlike Pongo.