bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rough Seas: Prague, Rome, Tokyo, and Calcutta
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, after its experience in Brazil, the Health Board decided to devote its major effort to opening only model schools in Europe and North America, they failed. In the end they came to support a wide range of schools, more in line with Rose’s earlier vision than with Welch’s. According to Andrew Warren, Assistant Director of the IHD, who surveyed the schools of hygiene in 1939, they had a range of purposes. Some were service-oriented, while others emphasized the training of physicians for public health work. Research was not totally forgotten as the Health Board tried “to create centers in which scientific and routine work could be carried on in the interests of matters connected with hygiene.” Funding began with Prague in 1921, and others quickly followed: London in 1922; Warsaw, 1923; Budapest, Zagreb, and Toronto, 1925; Rome, 1930; and Tokyo in 1933, to name but a few of them. In 1938 the Health Division stepped into the All India Institute of Hygiene, which had been endowed a few years earlier by the Division of Medical Education. These schools differed significantly from each other. London emphasized research, with no service functions whatsoever. In Rome and Toronto, service played an important part. Others, such as Prague, Budapest, and Zagreb, were basically teaching and service institutes. Their role was also to transplant American scientific models of public health, with all their imperfections, to these and other countries. The faculty of these schools had to be trained at the three most important schools: Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, Toronto, or London.
Postwar Confusion: What to Do Next?
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With World War II drawing to a close, many in the Health Division assumed the organization would quickly slip back into its old grooves. As Hackett noted in his History, however, “finding its proper role in the postwar world was to prove a more difficult and revolutionary transformation than the adjustment to war.” Those who hoped for continuity felt reassured when George Strode, an associate director for many years, succeeded Sawyer as director of the Health Division in the spring of 1944. His appointment was especially welcomed by the field workers, whose morale had suffered under Russell and Sawyer. Strode, who was more of an administrator than a scientist, was seen by this group as a Rose man who would restore the balance between public health in the field and research in the laboratory. But if the field officers were expecting any significant changes they were to be disappointed. “I believe,” Strode wrote, “we shall wish to continue the study of specific diseases and I would expect no immediate additions to or subtractions from the present list.” As a result, the Health Division tried to proceed much as before, and the budget allocations during the Strode years were not radically different from those of Sawyer’s. Money spent on specific diseases continued to slide, and, surprisingly, the money allocated to laboratory research increased from 7% under Sawyer, the laboratory man, to 10% under Strode (Table 1.2).
Sciomics: Community/Model Organism-Based and Individualistic Research Strategies for Comparative Animal Developmental Physiology
Authors: Feder Martin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is comparative animal developmental physiology (CADP)? Is it necessarily comparative, animal, or even physiological? What are its aims, goals, and scope? Even the editors of this volume do not know the answers to these questions (W. Burggren, pers. comm.). As in any field at this stage of development, the answers will only become clear as the field develops—which means that its participants now have considerable freedom to determine its future directions. My goal here is to help inform and encourage this determination rather than to influence it, and to do so I shall use a heuristic device in frequent use at my home institution, which “has developed a celebrated—some would say notorious—brand of academic civility. It is a place where one is always in principle allowed to pose the hardest question possible—of a student, a teacher, or a colleague—and feel entitled to expect gratitude rather than resentment for one’s effort” (Report of the Faculty Committee for a Year of Reflection 1998, p. 4). The question I shall ask is: Why not forgo CADP and become part of one of the existing developmental biology communities [as they exist, for example, in the Society for Developmental Biology or the model organism developmental communities]? I argue both pro and con; from the expectation that many readers will be less familiar with the pro side rather than because “it is better,” I shall devote more space to it. Nonetheless, I reemphasize that this is a heuristic device intended to inform and encourage self-definition rather than influence it, and that the future ought to grow out of the participants’ collective actions rather than from this or any other chapter in this volume. Even if the impact of this chapter is to prompt its rejection entirely, the chapter will have achieved its goal by contributing to the definition of CADP.
The Randomized Controlled Trial of Streptomycin
Authors: Yoshioka Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1946, as word spread throughout the British Isles about a new and potentially life-saving substance called streptomycin, patients and doctors began besieging the government with requests for the drug. The vast majority of requests were for treatment of tuberculosis, which in that era was killing some 25,000 Britons each year. In July 1945, the Labour Party had swept to its first majority government, on the slogan “Fair Shares for All” Though patients did not speak in terms of a “right to treatment,” even after the passage of the National Health Service Act establishing universal health care for the first time, the mood of the country was such that to have the old webs of influence carry too much weight in the distribution of streptomycin would have been politically intolerable. The medical authorities needed a fair and equitable means of distributing the drug. But knowledge about which patients, if any, were most likely to benefit in the long term was still very limited.
The Gelsinger Case
Authors: Steinbrook Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of Jesse Gelsinger in September 1999 is one of the defining cases in the recent history of research with humans. Gelsinger, 18, died during a gene transfer experiment at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. His death—the first directly attributed to gene transfer—raised profound questions about the protection of patients in this high-profile research field, as well as in other clinical studies. It also raised questions about adherence to research protocols, the reporting of adverse events, informed consent, and financial conflicts of interest. It shook the confidence of the public and the federal government in the competence and ethics of clinical researchers and the institutions where they work, and led to efforts to improve the protection of research participants.
Genetic Diagnostic, Pedigree, and Screening Research
Authors: Juengst Eric T , Goldenberg Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in genetic approaches to biomedical research problems has been high for almost 100 years, since Archibald Garrod used Gregor Mendel’s rediscovered theory of inheritance to explain human “inborn errors of metabolism” in 1908. From the point of view of clinical research ethics, sadly, many chapters of this history are viewed today as examples of how biomedical science can be exploited by social prejudices to the detriment of marginalized people. Borrowing from the successes of both stock breeding and the germ theory of disease, early human geneticists moved quickly from biased pedigree studies and racist anthropologies to draconian prescriptions for preventing hereditary disease and improving the public’s health. In the United States, policy makers translated these eugenic conclusions into selective immigration restrictions and involuntary sterilization programs; Germany under fascism took them further, to coercive selective breeding programs and genocide.2–8 By mid-century, the Nuremberg trials had transformed eugenics into an epithet and launched our contemporary concern with clinical research ethics on the lessons of the medical experiments undertaken in its name (see Chapters 2 and 12).
Deception in Clinical Research
Authors: Wendler David , Miller Franklin G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Testing research hypotheses and answering scientific questions are sometimes accomplished by deceiving research participants. Deception is most commonly associated with psychological and social science research, in which data suggest that investigators often deceive participants. However, deception also occurs in a broad range of clinical research. For example, clinical trials designed to assess the impact of expectancy on drug-craving and drug-taking behaviors sometimes deceive participants. One testing paradigm involves asking research participants to perform various manual tasks, for instance, responding to a red light on a computer screen, after receiving an injection of a drug such as cocaine. To distinguish drug effects from expectancy effects, this paradigm administers the drug in only half of the testing sessions and administers saline in the other sessions, but tells participants that they will receive the drug in all the sessions.
Recruiting Research Participants
Authors: Miller Franklin G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical research promotes social value by means of producing scientific knowledge that can lead to improvements in public health and medical care. The social value that justifies clinical research also justifies using techniques of recruitment to enroll eligible participants in research protocols. However, recruitment strategies pose ethical issues insofar as they threaten to distort the physician-patient relationship, exploit potential research participants, interfere with informed consent, or violate confidentiality or privacy. As compared with study design and informed consent, participant recruitment has received relatively little attention in the bioethics and medical literatures. It is an important topic because recruitment techniques represent the initial communication or contact between potential participants and investigators or other members of the research team, which may influence participants’ understanding of research and the voluntariness of their participation.
Models of Institutional Review Board Function
Authors: Bowen Angela J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone who is part of the research enterprise—investigators, institution officials, government agencies, sponsors, and institutional review boards (IRBs)—has an idea about the way IRBs are supposed to function. Although there is no agreed upon set of criteria to measure the function of IRBs, there is consensus that IRBs do not function as well as interested parties would like.
The Obligation to Ensure Access to Beneficial Treatments for Research Participants at the Conclusion of Clinical Trials
Authors: Lavery James V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusion of a clinical trial triggers a new set of ethical obligations to research participants. The way these obligations are conceptualized and fulfilled, particularly in clinical drug and device trials, can have a profound influence on the way research participants benefit from their participation in clinical research. In particular, the central question in many clinical trials is whether, at the conclusion of the trial, individual research participants should continue to be provided with drugs and devices that have benefited them during the trial. Although a solid consensus about this and related posttrial obligations has not yet emerged in the literature, several key ideas have been prominent and are beginning to influence research ethics guidelines and the practices of researchers and sponsors. Posttrial obligations can arise in any clinical research setting, but the ethical issues they raise have been particularly salient in research conducted in lowand middle-income countries by researchers and sponsors from high-income countries. As a result, analysis of international collaborative research has contributed a great deal to current thinking about these questions.
The Concept of Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J , Thompson Dennis F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the practice of medicine and the conduct of biomedical research have become increasingly commercialized, the risk that financial or other similar interests could improperly influence the conduct of physicians, researchers, and other professionals has correspondingly risen. This risk is at the root of the problem of conflict of interest that now confronts all professionals who seek to pursue the venerable goals of their profession while responding to the new and appealing demands of the marketplace. Prominent among the professionals who must deal with these potential conflicts are clinical researchers. Especially since passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1980, industry has become increasingly involved in clinical research. Commercial considerations are playing a greater role in decisions about research, even in academic and other not-forprofit institutions. In response to this growing influence of commercial interests, there has been a corresponding increase in the number and scope of regulations designed to control conflicts between these interests and the core goals of research. Despite the greater attention that conflicts of interest are now receiving, uncertainty persists about what constitutes a conflict of interest, why such conflicts should be regulated, and what standards should guide their regulation.
Emotions, Values, and the Law
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emotions, Values, and the Law brings together ten of John Deigh’s essays written over the past fifteen years. In the first five essays, Deigh ask questions about the nature of emotions and the relation of evaluative judgment to the intentionality of emotions, and critically examines the cognitivist theories of emotion that have dominated philosophy and psychology over the past thirty years. A central criticism of these theories is that they do not satisfactorily account for the emotions of babies or animals other than human beings. Drawing on this criticism, Deigh develops an alternative theory of the intentionality of emotions on which the education of emotions explains how human emotions, which innately contain no evaluative thought, come to have evaluative judgments as their principal cognitive component. The second group of five essays challenge the idea of the voluntary as essential to understanding moral responsibility, moral commitment, political obligation, and other moral and political phenomena that have traditionally been thought to depend on people’s will. Each of these studies focuses on a different aspect of our common moral and political life and shows, contrary to conventional opinion, that it does not depend on voluntary action or the exercise of a will constituted solely by rational thought. Together, the essays in this collection represent an effort to shift our understanding of the phenomena traditionally studied in moral and political philosophy from that of their being products of reason and will, operating independently of feeling and sentiment to that of their being manifestations of the work of emotion.
The Politics of Disgust and Shame
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upheavals of Thought, Martha Nussbaum’s landmark book in moral psychology, opened with a powerful exposition of a general theory of the emo-tions. The theory, which descends from the ideas of the Greek and Roman Stoics, identifies emotions with judgments of a specific sort. Its core principle is to attribute to every emotion cognitive content, namely, the content of the judgment with which the theory identifies the emotion.
Emotion and the Authority of Law: Variation on Themes in Bentham and Austin
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stark contrast between the views of law found in these two works—one of fiction, the other of, well, legal fiction—illuminates old disputes over the nature of law and the grounds of its authority. Is law essentially anything more than a miscellany of imperatives and instructions issued by individuals or groups within a society who are specially designated to guide the society’s members and by whom those members are disposed to be guided? And is its authority grounded in anything firmer or more certain than the existence of this general disposition in the membership? In particular, is its authority grounded in some moral property that law necessarily has?
All Kinds of Guilt
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s questions express two characteristically human conceits. One concerns our capacities for moral feeling, the other our possession of lan-guage. Wittgenstein, one might easily think, in joining these conceits as he does, is suggesting that the capacities for moral feeling presuppose the pos-session of language. It is tempting, that is, to read Wittgenstein here as first drawing our attention to affective capacities special to human beings and then making the point that possessing language is necessary to the realization of these capacities, much as the great thinkers of the rationalist tradition, in the interest of distinguishing human from animal psychology, traced these same capacities to the operations of reason.
You And Your Doctor
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early period, soon after getting diagnosed, scleroderma patients are frequently uncertain about what kind of doctor they should see, so they rely on the advice of their general medical doctor. Most patients will benefit from an evaluation by a specialist who knows scleroderma, and most of the time this will be a rheumatologist. Whether or not the rheumatologist provides ongoing care after this evaluation will vary from case to case.
“Notes of Flesh” and the Courtesan’s Song in Seventeenth-Century China
Authors: Zeitlin Judith T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, roughly 1580–1700, is widely recognized as one of the pinnacles of Chinese courtesan culture and the arts. Pleasure districts could be found in virtually every city and town across the empire, including the capital Beijing to the north, but the focus of elite courtesan culture lay in Jiangnan, in the metropolises of the Yangzi River Delta, particularly Suzhou, Hangzhou, and the former capital Nanjing, where economic and cultural capital was concentrated (see the map in fig. 3.1). Although merchants constituted one major new clientele, the most celebrated courtesans owed their reputations in large part to patronage by leading men of letters, who, in turn, derived their status from competing in the civil service examinations and from their achievements in the literary sphere.
The Courtesan’s Singing Body as Cultural Capital in Seventeenth-Century Italy
Authors: Gordon Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When courtesans trafficked in song, they engaged forces that were not just immaterial but material and that were altogether more potent than sex or money. Itself a form of bodily exchange, song both enthralled and threatened the male admirer and the social fabric that surrounded him. Carrying an ambivalent but almost magical power, the courtesan’s singing voice moved from the mouth of the singer to penetrate the ears of the unwitting (but often willing) male victim. Accosting body and soul, song could force submission to any number of threatening temptations, enticing a loss of control and reason that led to a wide variety of salacious activities. Song, like love, could inflame the soul and arouse a violent carnal desire that might come with fever, chills, and other remarkable effects.
Constraints On Inducible Defenses:Phylogeny, Ontogeny, And Phenotypic Trade-Offs
Authors: Relyea Rick A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antipredator defenses are widespread in the animal kingdom and include an overwhelming number of traits. Hundreds of studies have examined the inducible defenses of many prey taxa and documented a wide range of antipredator defenses. Most studies have focused on a single species of prey, observed prey responses at a single ontogenetic stage, and conducted the experiments under a single set of environmental conditions. Although this approach is useful in establishing which prey taxa respond to predators, the approach is limited, because it prevents us from identifying interacting environmental effects and makes it difficult to identify potential constraints. By taking a more comprehensive approach that includes multiple species, multiple ontogenetic stages, and multiple environmental conditions, one can identify a series of potential constraints that may prevent prey from exhibiting predator induced plasticity. Such constraints are multifaceted and include historical constraints of phylogeny, restrictive developmental windows throughout ontogeny, and the presence of phenotypic trade-offs that occur when prey face conflicting pressures (e.g., from multiple predators, from predators and parasites, or from predators and competitors). In this chapter, I review what we know about these three potential constraints on inducible defenses and identify how these insights will likely change how we conduct experiments, interpret empirical results, and design future research.
Behavior of Predators and Prey and Links with Population-Level Processes
Authors: Schmitz Oswald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important challenge in ecology is to discern the level of biological detail one needs to know about prey and predator interactions in order to make accurate predictions about population and community structure and function. One candidate detail is the predation risk response of prey to predators. Prey must often trade off foraging with avoiding predators. Such trade-offs change individual performance in ways that ultimately affect prey population demography and predator-prey dynamics. At the same time, the nature of the trade-off may vary, depending on predator species. Different predator species may display disparate hunting modes and locate in different habitats used by a prey species. As a consequence, the nature of the foraging/predator-avoidance trade-off played by individual prey may depend on the portion of the habitat used (habitat domain) by the prey in relation to predator species hunting mode (predator identity) and habitat domain. The contingencies between habitat domain and hunting mode may lead to different population-level phenomena in different predator-prey systems. In this chapter, I synthesize information on the nature of prey and predator habitat use and predator hunting mode to develop a general working hypothesis for understanding the nature of predator-prey interactions. This framework helps to reconcile when prey and predator behavior matters, requiring behavior to be included explicitly in considerations of population and community dynamics and, when prey and predator behavior does not matter, allowing this detail to be abstracted in considerations of dynamics.