bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy storage and strain‐recovery processes in highly deformed semicrystalline poly(butylene terephthalate)
Authors: Ricco T. , Pegoretti A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNonelastic deformation of semicrystalline poly(butylene terephtalate) (PBT) was investigated by calorimetric measurements and strain‐recovery tests. Differential scanning calorimetry on PBT specimens deformed both below and above their glass‐transition temperature (Tg ≈ 50 °C) showed the presence of a broad exothermal peak whose area represents the energy released for the nonelastic strain recovery. This energy became more and more pronounced as the strain level increased, and it decreased as the deformation temperature increased, even if a significant contribution was detected on specimens deformed at temperatures much higher than Tg. For two temperature conditions (21 and 100 °C), strain‐recovery master curves were built showing the following two distinct deformation components: one recoverable with time and another one irreversible, this latter one arising from relatively low levels of strain. The recoverable component can be erased by heating the material at temperatures much higher than its Tg, close to the onset of the melting process. On the other hand, the irreversible strain component does not recover even if the material is brought close to the onset of the crystals melting. The shift factor for the strain‐recovery master curves was compared with the shift factor for the construction of the dynamic storage modulus master curve obtained in the linear viscoelastic regime (small strain). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 236–243, 2002
Morphology of ABC triblock copolymer/homopolymer blend systems
Authors: Suzuki Jiro , Furuya Motofumi , Iinuma Minobu , Takano Atsushi , Matsushita Yushu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMorphological variations of ABC triblock copolymers through the blending of B or A/C homopolymers, all with short chain lengths, were studied experimentally. The samples were symmetric ISP triblock copolymers, where I, S, and P denote polyisoprene, polystyrene, and poly(2‐vinylpyridine), and component homopolymers. Microphase‐separated structures of the solvent‐cast films were observed with transmission electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. For an ISP/S system, the lattice constant of the tricontinuous gyroid structure (G‐structure) increased with an increase in the volume fraction of S (ϕs) if the amount of added homopolymer was small, but it reached a certain limit, reflecting the fact that the midblock chain had a limit for chain stretching. For I/ISP/P blends, on the contrary, the lattice constant of the G‐structure continued increasing with decreasing ϕs. This result shows that the I and P domains did not have a limit for chain stretching because the two end blocks had free ends. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1135–1141, 2002
Discrepancies between attainment and importance of life values and anxiety and depression in gastrointestinal cancer patients and their spouses
Authors: Nordin Karin , Wasteson Elisabet , Hoffman Katarina , Glimelius Bengt , Sjödén Per‐Olow 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients' satisfaction with life, viewed in terms of the discrepancy between the perceived attainment and subjective importance of various life values, is a less often studied phenomenon for understanding the psychological adaptation in cancer patients. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the relation between the degree of attainment and importance of life values on the one hand, and anxiety and depression, on the other. A consecutive series of 85 newly diagnosed patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, 52 potentially cured and 33 with an advanced disease, and 26 spouses to the patients with an advanced disease participated. The patients and spouses of non‐cured patients filled out questionnaires twice, close to the diagnosis and after 1 (non‐cured patients) or 3 months. Overall, large discrepancies between the perceived attainment and importance of life values were associated with high anxiety and depression. For the patients (both cured and non‐cured), the discrepancies decreased for several life values over time, as did anxiety and depression. For the spouses of the non‐cured patients, there was no decrease either for life value discrepancies or for anxiety/depression. This suggests that patients, in contrast to their spouses, strive to achieve small discrepancies between the perceived attainment and importance of life values, as part of their adjustment to serious diseases, e.g. cancer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the distribution of palsas in Finnish Lapland with logistic regression and GIS
Authors: Luoto Miska , Seppälä Matti 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe location of palsas (peat mounds with a perennially frozen core) was mapped in an area of 3370 km2 in Finnish Lapland by interpreting aerial digital photographs. Using environmental variables derived from digital land cover data and an elevation model, the distribution of palsas was modelled using geographic information system (GIS) techniques and multiple logistic regression. The relative roles of eight environmental variables potentially affecting the distribution of the palsas were studied in a spatial grid system with 3370 grid squares of 1.0 km2, of which 172 were found to contain palsas. The altitudes of the palsas varied from 180 m to 390 m. In the logistic regression model the probability of the presence of a palsa in a 1.0 km2 square increased with 1) the area of mire, 2) the proportion of flat topography, 3) water cover and 4) elevation of the lowest point in the 1.0 km2 analysis square. The palsa distribution model was validated by fitting it to an independent test area of 300 squares bordering on the main study area: the overall classification rate was 97.67%. The application of GIS data and techniques with logistic regression modelling has potential for wide use in studies on distribution patterns in periglacial processes and landforms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining an exacerbation of pulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis*
Authors: Dakin Carolyn , Henry R.L. , Field P. , Morton J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDespite the importance of pulmonary exacerbations in CF in both clinical and research settings, both published evidence and consensus are lacking concerning the criteria used to define an exacerbation. The use of hospitalization as a surrogate measure presupposes uniformity among clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of exacerbations. Our aims were to evaluate consensus among clinicians about the variables considered helpful in diagnosing an exacerbation requiring treatment. A comprehensive list of symptoms, signs, and investigations used to define exacerbations was compiled from published trials. A written self‐administered questionnaire included the list in age‐appropriate groups to survey opinion about the helpfulness of each item, and the estimated proportion of patients admitted within a month of diagnosis of an exacerbation. This was sent to all clinicians managing CF patients in Australia.There were replies from 59/91 clinicians (65%), 41/60 (68%) from those managing children and 18/31 (58%) from those managing adults. Responses of those managing children and adults differed for 7/32 variables (Mann‐Whitney test, P < 0.05). Clinic grouping did not show greater consensus among responses of pediatricians (Kruskal‐Wallis test, P = 0.362). Consensus, >74% or <26% of respondents rating a variable helpful/very helpful, was found in only 50% of variables listed. Estimated admission rate within a month of diagnosis was 61% (30–100%) for those managing adults and 48% %5–100%) for pediatricians.A lack of consensus was found among clinicians managing CF about the variables considered in diagnosing an exacerbation. The estimated proportion admitted within a month of diagnosis was very variable. This demonstrated inhomogeneity in approach to diagnosis and management of an exacerbation suggests a significant heterogeneity of clinical care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 31:436–442. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased fatty acid synthase as a therapeutic target in androgen‐independent prostate cancer progression
Authors: Pizer Ellen S. , Pflug Beth R. , Bova G. Steven , Han Wan Fang , Udan Michael S. , Nelson Joel B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDFatty acid synthase (FAS) performs the anabolic conversion of dietary carbohydrate or protein to fat. FAS expression is low in most normal tissues, but is elevated in many human cancers, including androgen‐sensitive and androgen‐independent prostate cancer.METHODSImmunohistochemical evaluation of FAS expression was performed in human prostate cancer specimens under various states of androgen ablation. In vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models were evaluated for FAS expression and activity under androgenic and androgen‐depleted conditions, and were tested for sensitivity to antimetabolite drugs that target fatty acid synthesis.RESULTSWhile FAS expression in the prostate was androgen responsive, it persisted or was reactivated in human prostate carcinoma after androgen ablation, and was high in 82% of lethal tumors examined at autopsy. Similar patterns of FAS expression and fatty acid synthesis were seen in cell culture and xenograft models of human prostate cancer. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAS resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction of tumor growth in these models, including fourfold inhibition of an androgen‐independent human prostate cancer xenograft with little associated toxicity.CONCLUSIONSThe data suggest that FAS expression/FA synthesis provides an important functional aspect of the malignant phenotype in prostate cancer, perhaps supporting cell growth or survival. FAS expression may be upregulated by alternate signaling pathways important for prostate cancer growth under androgen withdrawal. The re‐emergence of FAS expression and activity during the development of androgen independence demonstrate that FAS may serve as a novel target for antimetabolite therapy in prostate cancer. Prostate 47:102–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered expression of extracellular matrix and proteinases in noble rat prostate gland after long‐term treatment with sex steroids
Authors: Li S.C. , Chen G.F. , Chan Peter S.F. , Choi H.L. , Ho Shuk‐Mei , Chan Franky L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDInteractions between the epithelial cells and stromal tissues, which include the epithelial basement membrane, extracellular matrix, inducible factors, and various cell types, are believed to play a significant role in prostate gland carcinogenesis. Remodeling of extracellular matrix and degradation of basement membrane are the prerequisites for tumor cell invasion, and these changes are correlated with the expression of various proteinases.METHODSThe present study examined the alterations of epithelial basement membrane, extracellular matrix, and proteinase activities in the Noble rat prostate gland after long‐term treatments with androgen and estrogen (T+DES or T+E2 for 4–12 months) by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and gelatin‐gel zymography.RESULTSAfter hormonal treatments, defects of epithelial basement membranes, such as focal disruption, diffuse staining and multilayering, were observed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry in the dysplastic and neoplastic lesions induced in the lateral (LP) and ventral prostates (VP) but not in dorsal prostate (DP). An increase in the amount of extracellular matrix components, including hyaluronan (HA), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and tenascin, in the stroma of hormone‐treated LP and VP was revealed by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Positive immunolabeling of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP‐2) and 9 (MMP‐9) was detected in the fibromuscular layer surrounding the adenoma and adenocarcinoma induced in LP and VP after treatments with steroids for over 9–12 months. Zymography also detected an increase in activities of proteinases of apparent MW 120, 90, 86 and 68 kDa in the hormone‐treated LP and VP, and these proteinases were characterized as metalloproteinases. In addition, two serine proteinases of MW 100 and 30 kDa were identified as being overexpressed in the hormone‐treated LP and VP. Compared to LP and VP, there was no significant change in the proteinase activities in the hormone‐treated DP.CONCLUSIONSThe present study demonstrated that the epithelial basement membrane and stromal extracellular matrix were altered in dysplastic and neoplastic Noble rat prostates. Since HA and CSPG (or their complexes) are highly anionic molecules, their increased accumulation in the altered prostatic stroma would tend to hydrate this tissue. This would create an environment more favorable for tumor growth and invasion. These morphological changes were also correlated with the concurrent increase in gelatinolytic proteinase activities induced in these prostates. The results suggest that the remodeling of the stromal tissue might play a role in the early stage of prostate carcinogenesis as shown in the Noble rat model. Prostate 49:58–71, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Denatured collapsed states in protein folding: Example of apomyoglobin
Authors: Tcherkasskaya Olga , Uversky Vladimir N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExperimental approaches, including circular dichroism, small angle X‐ray scattering, steady‐state fluorescence, and fluorescence energy transfer, were applied to study the 3D‐structure of apomyolgobin in different conformational states. These included the native and molten globules, along with either less ordered conformations induced by the addition of anions or completely unfolded states. The results show that the partially folded forms of apomyoglobin stabilized by KCl and/or Na2SO4 under unfolding conditions (pH 2) exhibit a significant amount of secondary structure (circular dichroism), low packing density of protein molecules (SAXS), and native‐like dimensions of the AGH core (fluorescence energy transfer). This finding indicates that a native‐like tertiary fold of the polypeptide chain, i.e., the spatial organization of secondary structure elements, most likely emerges prior to the formation of the molten globule state. Proteins 2001;44:244–254. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of dinotefuran and its analogues with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of cockroach nerve cords
Authors: Mori Kazuki , Okumoto Takashi , Kawahara Nobuyuki , Ozoe Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate the action of dinotefuran (MTI‐446, 1‐methyl‐2‐nitro‐3‐(tetrahydro‐3‐furylmethyl)guanidine), a recently developed insecticide, on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), we determined the potencies of the compound and 15 analogues in inhibiting the specific binding of [3H]epibatidine (EPI), a nAChR agonist, and [3H]α‐bungarotoxin (α‐BGT), a competitive nAChR antagonist, to the nerve cord membranes of American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). Racemic dinotefuran inhibited [3H]EPI binding with an IC50 of 890 nM and [3H]α‐BGT binding with an IC50 of 36.1 µM. Scatchard analysis indicated that the dinotefuran inhibition of [3H]EPI binding was a competitive one. Slight structural modification caused a drastic reduction in potency; only four analogues were found to be equipotent to or more potent than dinotefuran. Chloropyridinyl and chlorothiazolyl neonicotinoid insecticides displayed two or three orders of magnitude higher potency than dinotefuran. There was a good correlation between the IC50 values of tested compounds obtained with [3H]EPI and those obtained with [3H]α‐BGT. A better correlation was observed between 3‐h knockdown activities (KD50) against German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) and IC50 values obtained from [3H]EPI assays than between 24‐h lethal activities (LD50) and IC50 values. While the results indicate that dinotefuran and its analogues interact with the ACh‐binding site in cockroach nAChRs, it remains to be elucidated why they displayed lower potencies than those expected based on their insecticidal activities.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Using observed load distributions with a simple model to analyse the epidemiology of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) on sea trout (Salmo trutta)
Authors: Murray Alexander G 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSea lice are ectoparasites of salmonids that have been associated with the recent decline in sea trout numbers in north‐west Europe. Observed patterns of louse load distribution between sea trout in the seas surrounding the UK, Ireland and Norway and a simple model have been used to analyse the epidemiology of lice. Loads are aggregated and deviate strongly from the Poisson distribution, although less than is observed with many other parasites. The louse numbers on fish from offshore sites are slightly less variable than for fish from coastal sites with comparable mean loads. Analysis of louse development stages and sexes shows that selection between hosts by sea lice plays a limited role. If host selection is absent, then associated poor condition would be caused by, not the cause of, high louse burdens; however the absence of such selection is not proved. Scenarios with infection that is patchy in space and time best generate the aggregated load patterns observed; these patches accord with observed swarms of copepodids. Prevalence patterns may indicate the movement of trout between environments. Control of copepodids in infection ‘hot spots’, either directly or through control of louse egg production in their catchment, may reduce louse loads on wild sea trout and, in particular, extreme and damaging loads.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Application of Fmoc‐His(3‐Bum)‐OH
Authors: Mergler M. , Dick F. , Sax B. , Schwindling J. , Vorherr Th. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a reevaluation of the synthesis and properties of Fmoc‐His(3‐Bum)‐OH regarding its application in SPPS with minimal racemization of histidine residues during coupling and esterification reactions. By‐product formation during the deprotection of the test peptides could be significantly reduced by scavenging the concomitantly formed HCHO, e.g. with methoxyamine. Copyright © 2001 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibre‐reinforced polymers in reinforced and prestressed concrete applications: moving forward
Authors: Lees J M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent developments in the use of fibre‐reinforced polymers (FRPs) in reinforced and prestressed concrete applications are reviewed. The influence of FRP material properties on the design of concrete structures is considered and applications are discussed in conjunction with the structural function of the FRP reinforcement. The review includes examples of the practical implementation of the technology and addresses important durability issues. A number of future considerations/research needs are identified and the requirement for the provision of standard, sustainable and cost‐effective FRP solutions is highlighted. It is concluded that although there have been significant advances in our knowledge of the behaviour of FRP‐concrete structures, the timeframe in which FRPs will no longer be considered as new materials remains ambiguous.
An overview of reinforced concrete core wall–steel frame hybrid structures
Authors: Shahrooz Bahram M , Gong Bingnian , Tunc Gokhan , Deason Jeremy T 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn overview of a number of issues related to design of hybrid structures with reinforced concrete central core walls and perimeter steel frames is presented. Various design options for steel or steel–concrete composite coupling beams and their connections to core walls, and connections between outrigger beams and core walls are discussed. Design guidelines are presented and are evaluated with reference to previous experimental data from tests conducted by the authors. By following the recommended design procedures, it is possible to ensure satisfactory cyclic behaviour in terms of strength and energy dissipation characteristics.
Vibration serviceability of timber floors in residential construction
Authors: Hu Lin J , Chui Ying H , Onysko Donald M 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main focus of this review is the chronological development of design approaches to minimize excessive vibrations in residential timber floors. To aid readers in understanding the fundamental issues, factors affecting human response to floor vibrations are discussed. Discussion also covers the link between these factors and floor construction details. The final section of the review discusses unresolved codification issues. A general conclusion is that, while each of the design approaches reviewed has achieved certain degree of success, none appears to be robust enough to cover the full range of construction details and materials currently being used by the building industry.
Fracture toughness requirements for highway bridges: past and future trends
Authors: Wright W J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFracture toughness requirements were implemented for bridge steels during the early 1970s. The philosophy behind these requirements was to provide sufficient material toughness to prevent lower‐shelf, brittle fracture at service temperatures and load rates experienced by bridges. These requirements do not alone prevent fracture, and designers must also consider proper fatigue design, fabrication quality control, and routine in‐service inspection to insure structural safety. This fracture control plan has been effective in preventing brittle fracture in most cases, but when any aspect of the plan is not performed correctly, fracture failure still can occur in bridges.There have been significant advances in steel making practice since the 1970s, and new grades of high performance steel (HPS) are available with vastly superior toughness compared to conventional steels. Work is underway at the Federal Highway Administration to characterize the fracture performance of these new steels using test methods that quantify ductile fracture resistance. The goal is to develop an improved fracture control plan that essentially eliminates brittle fracture as a limit state for bridges. Ultimately, this level of performance will enable designers to consider less structurally redundant design concepts, resulting in more economical structures.
Antimicrobial activity of Streblus asper leaf extract
Authors: Wongkham Sopit , Laupattarakasaem Pisamai , Pienthaweechai Keskaew , Areejitranusorn Premjai , Wongkham Chaisiri , Techanitiswad Tipawan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBactericidal activity was found in the 50% ethanol (v/v) extract of Streblus asper leaves. The extract possessed a selective bactericidal activity towards Streptococcus, especially to Streptococcus mutans which has been shown to be strongly associated with dental caries. The extract had no effect on cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Staphylococcus coagulase negative, Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia pseudomeallei and Candida albicans. The minimum growth inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of S. asper extract against 108 CFU/mL of S. mutans was 2 mg/mL. The active compound is partially polar, partially heat labile, precipitated by 80% ammonium sulphate, and possesses a molecular weight larger than 10 000 Da. The potential for using S. asper extract as a natural product for controlling dental caries is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.