bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lone Motherhood: Characteristics, Circumstances, and Consequences
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first part of this chapter we examine a range of demographic, social, and economic characteristics of lone mother families, assessing the extent to which the lone mother families differ from one another and from married couple families. We also compare lone mothers of the 1990s with those of the 1980s and 1970s to see whether there have been any changes in the lone mother population over the last two decades. Additionally, we examine the economic circumstances and sources of incomes of women who were lone mothers in the 1990s. This provides a background to the subsequent policy chapters that deal with employment, housing, and social security. In the second part of the chapter we address two issues, namely: who become lone mothers and what are the consequences of family breakdown for children.
The Theory and Practice of Contracting
Authors: Deakin Simon , Michie Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there is a single strand which runs through the changes wrought by the neoliberal revolution in economic policy and management in Britain over the past two decades, it is the revival of contract as the foremost organizing mechanism of economic activity. The process which began with privatization and deregulation has been transformed into a radical reshaping of organizational forms and boundaries in both the public and private sectors. Market disciplines have taken new and strengthened forms as a result of the introduction of quasi-markets in the public health and education sectors, the separation into competing units of the former nationalized utilities, and the greater use by organizations in all sectors of outsourcing and subcontracting of goods and services. The task of overseeing these changes has fallen to competition policy, a hitherto neglected area of law and administrative practice whose influence is now felt across a growing range of economic and social issues.
A Longitudinal Study of the Management of Co-operative Strategies
Authors: Buckley Peter J , Chapman Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of introducing our research project: ‘The Management of Cooperative Strategies: A Comparative and Longitudinal Study’ is to say that it attempts to confront hypotheses from economics with data derived from the investigative methods of social anthropology. This may have been the original intention, but the reality of the research in practice has transcended that rigid framework. The philosophies of the two subjects (economics and social anthropology) and their use of’empirical data’ are so different that a great deal of effort was necessary in attempting to reconcile what each regards as legitimate knowledge. Attempts to reconcile these subjects (the irreconcilable?) have been made (Buckley and Chapman 1996a, 1997, and Buckley and Casson 1993) and will not be reprised here. Rather, this paper examines the contribution to this project (and to management/economics studies generally) of three ‘big ideas’ imported and adapted from social anthropology. So, this article draws on a three-year longitudinal study of the management of co-operative strategies in a small sample of firms in pharmaceuticals and scientific instruments to examine the nature of the firm, managerial decisions on the boundaries of the firm, and co-operation across those boundaries. It begins with the classic Coasian construction of the firm and pursues the transaction cost economics agenda into the problems of calculation of transaction costs, relationships within and between firms, entrepreneurial behaviour, and managerial perceptions. The paper attempts to take a dynamic perspective.
Contracts, Competition, and Accounting in Recent Legal Enactments for the Health and Education Sectors in the UK: An Example of Juridification at Work?
Authors: Broadbent Jane , Laughlin Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about the way certain forms of laws can be dominated by the logic which is more normally associated with the disciplines of accounting and economics, and the way these resulting legal enactments can sometimes go beyond what is deemed to be acceptable both to society as a whole as well as to the social (organizational) systems which they are attempting to regulate. For the moment we leave aside the particular links into and influence of accounting and economics to consider German critical legal thought which has given considerable attention to the more general concern with this over-intrusiveness of the legal process. This they have described as a ‘juridification’ process. As Teubner (1987b: 3) points out, ‘juridification is an ugly word—as ugly as the reality which it describes’. It involves ‘legal pollution’ (Ehrlich 1976) and ‘overregulation’ (Teubner 1987b: 4). The studies of juridification provide a powerful set of theoretical categories for critically analysing the value or otherwise of societal laws. This chapter not only explores the underlying theoretical nature of this juridification process, it also refines and develops this conceptualization, primarily through Habermasian critical theory. In addition the chapter grounds this theoretical analysis in an empirical clarification of the nature and working out of juridified accounting/economics-dominated laws in the UK public sector.
Inter-Firm Co-operation, Competition Law, and Patent Licensing: A US-EC Comparison
Authors: Gutterman Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation is a complex process which is increasingly dependent on interfirm co-operation for the sharing of economic risks and pooling of complementary resources. Regulation of inter-firm collaboration is inherently more problematic when patent rights are involved, since the patent grant provides the holder with legal rights which sometimes extend beyond those permitted under normal competition law principles. In this chapter, I examine the requirements for innovation, including inter-firm co-operation; the potential conflicts between the objectives of the patent and competition laws; and attempt to draw insights from comparing the policies followed by competition and antitrust law. regulators in the European Community (EC) and the USA in analysing patent licensing arrangements.
in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Shu-Ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All industrial societies use educational and labour-market mechanisms to channel young people towards adult positions in the stratification system, yet the nature of these sorting mechanisms vary across societies (see e.g. Ishida, Muller, and Ridge 1995; Kerckhoff 1995, 1996; Konig and Muller 1986; Maurice, Sellier, and Silvestre 1986). Most of our existing know ledge of the nature of the education---labour-market linkage pertains to more developed countries, and to bridge the gap, we explore the experi ence of Taiwan after the extension of compulsory education from six to nine years in 1968.
Introduction: Between Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer and Hybridization of Productive Models in the International Automobile Industry
Authors: Tolliday Steven , Boyer Robert , Charron Elsie , Jürgens Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What drives the development and diffusion of ‘best practice’ in manufacturing industry? One simple, powerful, and recurrent explanation is that the imperatives of markets and technology narrowly determine the range of viable organizations and strategies. Firms have to adapt to the pressing demands of the external environment or fail.1 In recent years, these notions have taken on a new dimension.
Hybridization and Models of Production: Geography, History, and Theory
Authors: Boyer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A host of factors have given birth to a widespread belief that only world class firms located at the technological frontier will be able to survive the intensification of competition. These beliefs reflect the opening up of national markets; the changing impact of financial markets, deregulation, and privatization; the spread of new management practices for profit optimization; chronic overcapacity; and the possibilities arising from the marriage of information technology and telecommunications. Moreover, the exhaustion of sources of productivity associated with typical mass production has highlighted the need for alternative types of industrial organization. At first commentators presumed these forms to be specifically Japanese, but they have increasingly recognized their multiple national and corporate origins, while continuing to emphasize that these organizations incorporate new principles of management capable of transcending cultural differences between East and West, North and South, the capitalist world and the world emerging from the crumbling Soviet Union.
Mazda and Ford at Flat Rock: Transfer and Hybridization of the Japanese Model
Authors: Babson Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September of 1987, Mazda Motor Corporation began producing automobiles at its new assembly plant in Flat Rock, Michigan, twenty miles south of Detroit. The event marked the first—and to this day, the only—opening of a Japanese assembly plant in a northern ‘rustbelt’ environment. In addition to bringing thousands of new jobs to a beleaguered city battered by plant closings and lay-offs, Mazda also brought the celebrated ‘lean production’ system to the doorstep of Henry Ford’s Detroit. The irony was duly noted by the media and widely celebrated as a harbinger of the industry’s future. Over the next decade, however, these high expectations were progressively disappointed as a succession of American managers quit the company and the 3,000 workers in the sprawling complex demonstrated their hostility towards management.
The Transfer and Hybridization of New Models of Production in the Brazilian Automobile Industry
Authors: Fleury Afonso , Sergio Salerno Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hybridization in the Brazilian automobile industry is not closely linked to Japanese transplants. In the 1990s there is only one Japanese automobile assembler operating in Brazil (Toyota), and that one only manufactures a single light commercial vehicle in low volumes with conventional technology and work processes. Instead, American and European assemblers constitute the bulk of the Brazilian automobile industry. These assemblers have recently strongly emphasized the introduction of Japanese-inspired concepts and techniques, adapting them to their global strategies and local circumstances.
Implanting Change: The Role of ‘Indigenous Transplants’ in Transforming the German Productive Model
Authors: Jürgens Ulrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘transplant’ has most commonly been used to refer to the attempt by Japanese manufacturers to clone the productive system of their plants in Japan into their new locations abroad. It refers to the systematic and strategic approach which was taken by the Japanese manufacturers after Toyota had demonstrated its viability at NUMMI from 1984 onwards. The transplant strategy of the 1980s occurred at a time when the North American manufacturers were still seeking an alternative to the traditional mass production system. At this time, the German car manufacturers were confident that they had developed ‘new production concepts’ to withstand the challenge from their Japanese competitors. A ‘German production model’ seemed to have emerged which many observers regarded as a viable alternative to the traditional mass production system as well as to ‘model Japan’ (Jurgens et al., 1993: 384-96).
Working Students: Students in Full-Time Education with Full-Time and Part-Time Jobs
Authors: Hakim Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Britain moved from an elite to a mass higher education system in the 1980s and 1990s, the number of students with jobs increased. In some cases this was prompted by financial necessity, in part because the value of government subsidies for students’ living expenses (called ‘grants’ in Britain) fell in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The relative decline in funding for higher education and the consequential increasing employment of students became hotly debated public policy issues in the 1990s. A survey carried out in 1995 for the National Union of Students (NUS, 1996) concluded that students in higher education were being forced into part-time work, providing a million-strong pool of cheap labour for employers, but damaging their studies in the process.
The Arab Christians of the Middle East: A Demographic Perspective
Authors: Fargues Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are between six and seven million Arab Christians in the Middle East today (1995). They represent 6.3 per cent of the whole population of the countries among which they are spread: Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine. This is more or less the same percentage the Ottomans found almost 500 years ago, when they wiped out the Mameluke and Persian dynasties which shared control of the region. How¬ ever, this does not mean that the ratio of Christians to Muslims is permanently fixed. On the contrary, after four centuries of Ottoman rule, during which an unexpected resurgence took place, Christianity reverted to the downward trend it had followed during the first millennium after the Hegira. In the twentieth century Islam has advanced at a pace comparable to that of the pre-Ottoman era. However, the mechanisms which have influenced this modem trend belong to a different kind from those of the pre-Ottoman era; all are linked to modem political, economic, and demographic processes.
Soka Gakkai History and Philosophy
Authors: Hammond Phillip E , Machacek David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SOKA Gakkai International (SGI) is among the less familiar of the new religions in the United States. Other religions of Asian origin, such as ISKCON (Hare Krishna), the Unification Church (Moonies ), Transcendental Meditation (TM), and the Divine Light Mission, that emerged in the United States mid-century received more attention (albeit often negative) by both the media and academics. Even readers who are aware of the growing presence of Buddhism in America are probably more familiar with Zen and Tibetan Buddhism because of the large number of popular books written about them and Hollywood portrayals of the Dalai Lama. When Time mentioned SGI in its October 20 1997 cover story “Buddhism in America,” it was merely to report that Tina Turner practiced it.
Job Involvement, Work Strain, and Psychological Health
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have charted the major changes that have been occurring in the nature of work. It has been seen that there has been a widespread process of upskilling, which has been accompanied by greater responsibility for employees. Intimately linked to these developments have been changes in the type of skills used in work. There has been a striking increase in the use of advanced technology and a shift away from work primarily concerned with the production of objects to work primarily concerned with people. These changes in the nature of work have been accompanied by changes in the organizational and labour market contexts in which people work. Management has experimented with new types of ‘performance-management’ policies for the motivation and control of employees.
Organizational Commitment
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have demonstrated the varied ways in which employers in the 1990s were demanding more of their employees. They required more responsibility and discretion to be taken, more control and pressure to be accepted, more flexibility to be displayed, more uncertainty and stress to be absorbed. In short, employers sought employee commitment to the organization. Indeed, human resource management (HRM) has been described or advocated as a movement from a strategy of control to a strategy of commitment (Walton 1985a; Lundy and Cowling 1996).
Attitudes, Women’s Employment, and the Changing Domestic Division of Labour: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Crompton Rosemary , Harris Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chaper 1, Beck (1992) has described the broad outlines of the gender division of labour that emerged with the coming of industrialism as ’feudal’. Men were born to a lifetime of paid employment, whereas women were destined for a lifetime of household drudgery. This gender division of labour was reflected in the ideology of separate spheres of male and female activity, which was widely regarded as being somehow natural. The naturalness of separate-spheres ideology-and thus its utility as an explanation of the situation of women in the labour force-was extensively challenged by second-wave feminism.
Gender, Occupational Feminization, and Reflexivity: A Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Feuvre Nicky Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses some of the conceptual questions relating both to gender and occupational feminization. It demonstrates how different conceptions of ’gender’ can be related to different predictions as to the likely outcomes of occupational feminization. A socialconstructivist perspective on gender is adopted. By stressing the processes of gender differentiation rather than difference, it will be argued that one important outcome of the social construction of gender associated with the male-breadwinner model has been the denial of autonomy to women and the association of dependency with femininity.
Introduction ‘Ethno-symbolism’ and the Study of Nationalism
Authors: Smith Anthony D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to explore one of the central issues of our epoch, the rise of nations and the world-wide appeal of nationalism. The late twentieth century has witnessed an unexpected resurgence of ethnic conflict, and nationalism has once again become the central fact of contemporary politics. Why is it that so many people remain so deeply attached to their ethnic communities and nations at the close of the second millennium? Why do the myths, memories, and symbols of the nation command such widespread loyalty and devotion? And why are so many people still pre-pared to make considerable sacrifices, even of life and limb, for their nations and cultures?
Current Issues in Comparative Macrosociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ISEEK in this chapter to intervene in what is in fact a rather long-standing debate within comparative macrosociology, but one which appears of late to have acquired new vigour. The contending parties in this debate are now usually characterized as exponents of quantitative, ‘variable-oriented’ methodologies, on the one hand, and of qualitative, ‘case-oriented’ methodologies, on the other (see e.g. Ragin 1987; Rueschemeyer 1991; Janoski and Hicks 1994). I shall, however, argue that, while the issues caught up in the protracted and complex exchanges that have occurred do include ones of major importance, the form that the debate has taken has not been especially helpful in highlighting just what these issues are, nor yet in pointing to ways in which they might be more effectively addressed.
Sociological Ethnography Today: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I START in this chapter from the rather curious state that has now been reached in the debate within sociology between proponents of ethnographic and of survey-based research”a debate that represents one expression of larger and yet more complex oppositions between qualitative and quantitative or ‘case-oriented’ and ‘variable-oriented’ styles of data collection and analysis.Sociologists favouring ethnographic research, whether as actual practitioners or on more general grounds, were prominent in the so-called reaction against positivism of the late 1960s and 1970s, when survey methodology and its supposed philosophical foundations became a prime focus of criticism. In the face of this attack, the response of sociologists engaging in survey research, or reliant on the secondary analysis of its results, could only be described as muted. Few, it seems, were able to raise sufficient motivation to offer any systematic reply. The effort made in this respect by Marsh (1982) is distinguished not just by its quality but also by its rarity. However, what is today striking is the degree to which, despite the rather one-sided nature of the debate, the continuing contributions from supporters of ethnography have changed in their tone. Although ‘positivist’ still tends to serve as an all- purpose pejorative qualifier, calls for the outright rejection of the survey method are far less frequently heard and more common are pleas”albeit
Social Class and the Differentiation of Employment Contracts
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY CONCERN here is with the theory of social class: I aim to contribute to the ultimate goal of explaining why social classes exist. However, Istart out from a way of conceptualizing class, and in turn of making ‘class’ operational in empirical research, that I have developed, along with a number of colleagues, over the last twenty years. The fundamental idea that has been pursued is that class positions can be understood—in a way to be explained more fully below—as positions defined by employment relations. A ‘class schema’ has been progressively elaborated that differentiates class categories by reference to such relations, and that can be implemented in research through information on employment status and occupation
Sociology and the Probabilistic Revolution, 1830–1930: Explaining an Absent Synthesis
Authors: Goldthorpe John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS I NOTED at the outset, the chapters in this collection are ordered into three main groups, which could be labelled as ‘critical’, ‘programmatic’, and ‘illustrative’. From a reading of the chapters in this order, an increasingly clear idea can, I hope, be gained of the kind of sociology that I would see as offering the best prospects for the future of the discipline. This is a sociology that is concerned with establishing and explaining phenomena that can be described in some way or other by reference to social regularities of a probabilistic kind—their formation, continuity, interrelation, change, disruption, and so on. As regards establishing such phenomena, and also determining their precise form, I would attach main importance to statistical methods of data collection and analysis as being the most reliable and versatile of those available to the sociologist. As regards explaining such phenomena, I would, from the standpoint of methodological individualism, seek a basis in the theory of action, and give rational action theory a privileged, if not necessarily exclusive, role. And finally, as regards the testing of explanations, I would again see statistical analysis as having a major role to play and, most fundamentally, as providing a well-developed logic of inference for empirical but non-experimental science that can be appropriately extended for use with qualitative as well as quantitative data.
Family change: revolution or backlash in attitudes?
Authors: Scott Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of a new millennium, it is perhaps not surprising that so much stress is given to how much society has changed. Old certainties are fast disappearing in what has been referred to as post-traditional society. In the family sphere new choices abound. People have to decide whether to cohabit before marrying or to marry at all; whether and when to have children, and how many; whether to stay in an unhappy marriage or to separate or divorce. Although individual choices are constrained by gender, age, and socio-economic circumstances, the latitude of acceptable and feasible family options seems to have expanded enormously.