bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Master Discourse and the State
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChapters 5 to 11 have outlined the proximate sources of Chinese economic growth. The remaining part of the book probes the underlying sources of that growth, and especially the role played by Chinese state. This chapter begins this discussion by noting that, although the Washington consensus is adamantine in its rejection of the very idea that state intervention in developing countries can be growth‐promoting, the international evidence points firmly towards a much more positive appraisal of the role played by industrial policy. Those parts of the developing world which have embraced the market orthodoxy, whether in Eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union or Latin America, have fared poorly. By contrast, East Asia has prospered by embracing industrial policy. This suggests that China's transition strategy, and its explicit copying of the East Asian model, was correct.
Origins of the Growth‐Promoting State
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHeterodox interpretations of Chinese economic growth are undoubtedly correct in pinpointing the critical and successful role played by the state in the growth of the transition era. However, heterodox accounts of the role of the developmental state across East Asia do not go far enough. We also need a coherent theory of the origins of the growth‐promoting state in China. This chapter offers such a theory, arguing that the absence of large inequalities in income and wealth at the close of the Maoist era, and the weakness of the Party bureaucracy as a result of the Cultural Revolution, insulated the Dengist state against rent‐seeking coalitions and allowed it to be developmental. However, as inequality has risen during the 1980s and 1990s, so the ability of the Chinese state to intervene effectively has waned.
Conclusion
Authors: Bramall Chris 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChina's experience during the transition era shows that its state followed the developmental model pioneered in South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. In China, as elsewhere in East Asia, the developmental state was highly successful. But this success depended upon the insulation of the state from rent‐seeking behaviour. The policy lesson is therefore that industrial policy can be highly successful, but that countries which have weak states––especially in sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia––may well be better advised to follow the Anglo‐Saxon form of capitalism advocated by the IMF and World Bank.
Asset Pricing under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Brunnermeier Markus K. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Asset prices are driven by public news and information that is dispersed among many market participants. Traditional asset pricing theories have assumed that all investors hold symmetric information. Research in the past two decades has shown that the inclusion of asymmetric information drastically alters traditional results. This book provides a detailed up‐to‐date survey that serves as a map for students and other researchers navigating through this literature.
The book starts by introducing the reader to different knowledge, equilibrium, and efficiency concepts. After explaining no‐trade theorems, it highlights the important role of asymmetric information in explaining the existence and anatomy of bubbles. The subsequent overview of market microstructure models shows how information is reflected in prices and how traders can infer it from prices. Insights derived from herding models are used to provide explanations for stock market crashes. If investors have short horizons, price correcting arbitrage activity is limited and investors have a tendency to focus on the same (possible unimportant) news, a phenomena that led Keynes to compare the stock market with a beauty contest. The book concludes with a brief summary of bank runs and their connection to financial crises.
In summary, models with asymmetric information provide a better understanding of bubbles, crashes, and other market inefficiencies and frictions.
The Multiculturalism of Fear
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A liberal political theory, which is centrally concerned with preventing political violence, cruelty, and institutional humiliation, one that draws on Montesquieu, was named ‘the liberalism of fear’ by Judith Shklar. Such a liberalism must come to terms with the facts of multiculturalism, since ethnic and nationalist conflicts are among the most important sources of those evils. Such a liberalism of fear is a useful normative theory for thinking about multiculturalism and ethnic conflict, preferable to a multiculturalism of recognition, a multiculturalism of rights, and consociational pluralism. Political theories that are chiefly concerned with avoiding evils need not be liberal, and liberalism need not have that character; but a liberalism of fear is particularly well suited to the analysis of multiculturalism.
Cruelty and Conflict in Multiethnic Politics
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes four characteristic dangers arising from cultural pluralism, dangers with which a multiculturalism of fear must concern itself: forcible inclusion of an ethnic minority that wishes to retain its own identity; forcible exclusion from citizenship and the protection of the state of small and stigmatized minorities; internal cruelty, arising from attempts by communal leaders to prevent members from assimilating to or hybridizing with a neighbouring culture; and the outcast status of those who leave their ancestral ethnic communities. Forced inclusion and forced exclusion are analysed as the two sides of an impulse towards nation‐state homogeneity. Internal cruelty, particularly against girls and women, often increases in reaction against assimilationist pressures from outside. State regulation of internal cruelty is legitimate and justified, but must be carefully done. Prohibited‐but‐still‐practised customs may be the most dangerous for group members, leaving selective acceptance and recognition as often preferable to outright bans.
Ethnic Symbolism and Official Apologies
Authors: Levy Jacob T. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines symbolic ethnic politics: the politics of place names, group names, national symbols, official apologies, and other matters that do not affect the rights or resources of any particular persons. Such symbolism is important in ethnic politics, and a theory with nothing to say about it is unsatisfactory. Disputes over symbolic issues, however, are poorly suited to compromise and easily escalate into rallying points for wider conflicts. In addition, it is often impossible to meet the symbolic demands of all groups simultaneously. The chief constraint on symbolic politics should be non‐humiliation and the avoidance of the celebration of past injustices and violence, a standard that can be met for all groups simultaneously. Official apologies in particular are considered at length; they are defended against the charges of collective guilt and anachronism, but are found to be limited by considerations including the passage of time and institutional discontinuities.
The Structure of Liberty
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat is liberty, as opposed to licence, and why is it so important? When people pursue happiness, peace, and prosperity whilst living in society, they confront pervasive problems of knowledge, interest, and power. These problems are dealt with by ensuring the liberty of the people to pursue their own ends, but addressing these problems also requires that liberty be structured by certain rights and procedures associated with the classical liberal conception of justice and the rule of law. This book identifies the content of natural rights—several property, freedom of contract, first possession, restitution, and self defence—and explains how natural rights are distinct from natural law and why these abstract rights require a conventional rule of law to implement. Barnett discusses the practicality of restitution as an alternative to punishment in criminal justice and the constitutional principles that are needed to protect fundamental rights from enforcement error and abuse. After describing how a polycentric legal system would function, he concludes by considering communitarian objections and those based on retributive and distributive justice.
The Liberal Conception of Justice
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe liberal conception of justice is introduced and refined in light of the need to address the first‐order problem of knowledge. ‘Justice’ is respect for the rights of individuals and associations. These rights include: (1) The right of several property specifies a right to acquire, possess, use, and dispose of scarce physical resources—including their own bodies. While most property rights are freely alienable, the right to one's person is inalienable. (2) The right of first possession specifies that property rights to unowned resources are acquired by being the first to establish control over them. (3) The right of freedom of contract specifies that a rightholder's consent is both necessary (freedom from contract) and sufficient (freedom to contract) to transfer alienable property rights.
Fighting Crime Without Punishment
Authors: Barnett Randy E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a legal system based on pure restitution and self‐defence combined with enhanced reliance on several property and freedom of contract, the ability to effectively prevent crime rather than deter its commission by ex‐ post punishment is greatly enhanced. Unlike public property, several property creates incentives to invest in crime prevention and the ability to exclude dangerous persons before they can act. Freedom of contract makes possible far more responsive law enforcement agencies than can be provided by a coercive monopoly. While pure restitution will not ‘deter’ all criminal behaviour, it is a fallacy to believe that increased deterrence invariably or logically follows, increasing the severity of punishment. Restitution increases the incentives to catch and prosecute defendants, thus increasing the rate at which legal sanctions are imposed.
Introduction
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The crucial importance of property rights in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy is explained as the basis for emergence of mafia groups: if trust is scarce, and the state is not able or willing to protect property rights, then there is a demand for non-state, private protection. The emergence of the Sicilian Mafia (the Cosa Nostra) is briefly described, for the study of the emergence of the Russian Mafia presented in the book is largely informed by the Sicilian case. The author explains that he treats the term ‘mafia’ as a species of a broader genus of organized crime, which is willing to offer protection to both legal and illegal transactions – although this study is mainly concerned with legal rather than illegal markets (and also does not include the role of ethnic networks as a source of protection services). The reasoning behind the choice of the city of Perm for the location of the study, the type of evidence collected there, and methods of data collection used, are outlined. A summary of the contents of each chapter of the book is also included.
The Transition to the Market
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An account is given of the transition from a state-run to a market economy in Russia, since the crucial argument presented in the book is that the Russian Mafia emerged as a consequence of an imperfect transition. The chapter explores the extent to which the post-Soviet Russian state emerged either as an impartial protector of rights or, on the other hand, as an erratic, predatory, and non-impartial supplier of protection. The first section of the chapter looks briefly at the emergence of the legal and tax systems, and the rise in crime and corruption, and the second discusses property rights and the growing demand for protection. The last section presents the main actors involved in the transition – enterprise managers, industrial ministers, workers, and local governments and Boris Yeltsin’s reform team, and attempts to see which of these lobbies were best positioned to engage in collective action to determine some aspects of the transition, and the final outcome.
The State as Supplier of Protection
Authors: Varese Federico 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Russian state is examined as a supplier of protection. The chapter first explores how Russian citizens perceive the institutions of authority that are supposed to supply services of protection and dispute resolution, such as the legal system, state (government) officials and the police, and whether they expect fair treatment from them. Survey data from several Eastern European countries are compared in order to establish whether people should be expected to use these institutions and, more generally, to determine the levels of confidence in the legal system: the data indicate a low level of confidence in crucial institutions of authority. The second section of the chapter looks at one instance of state-supplied protection services – the courts of arbitration or Arbitrazh: the court where cases involving property rights and the privatization process are heard. The survey data presented suggest that the majority of the customers of the Arbitrazh courts are large enterprises that were formerly state-owned and were privatized in the 1990s.
The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev
Authors: Mawdsley Evan , White Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The USSR was dominated by its ruling Communist Party, and the party was in turn dominated by a political elite that was represented in its Central Committee. Nearly two thousand individuals were members of the Central Committee between 1917 and 1991, who may be divided into four distinct political generations from the professional revolutionaries born in the late nineteenth century to the post‐war generation that was beginning to enter the political elite in the Gorbachev years. There were considerable variations over time in the characteristics of the Central Committee, including the extent to which its membership was replaced at successive party congresses. But a close relationship developed between particular occupational positions and Central Committee membership, a ‘job‐slot’ system that lasted until the final years of communist rule. The Central Committee as an institution was generally marginal to the political process. But it met more frequently and took more decisions in the 1920s and late 1980s, and on several occasions, its meetings were decisive in resolving leadership conflicts; they also ventilated policy alternatives, and sometimes disagreements. In the last years of communist rule, the elite sought increasingly to transform their positions of political power into the more enduring advantage of property, and this allowed many of them to maintain their elite status into the post‐communist period. As well as printed sources, the study draws on recently opened party archives and about a hundred interviews with members of the Brezhnev‐era Central Committee.
The Old Bolsheviks, Socialist Construction, and the Purges, 1923–1937
Authors: Mawdsley Evan , White Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
After 1923 the size of the Central Committee increased, but membership was still overwhelmingly made up of pre‐1917 party members or Old Bolsheviks. The system of ‘job‐slot representation’ quickly took shape and approached maturity in 1934. Ironically, this apparent stability coincided with the destruction of much of the ‘first generation’ leadership in Stalin's purges of 1937‐38. Two examples of new leaders who added to the CC in the 1920s and early 1930s, who had much in common with the makers of the 1917 revolution and who fell victim to the purges, were I. M. Vareikis and P. O. Liubchenko. The involvement of the Central Committee in the purges was complex, and its great extent was partly explained by the integrated nature of the elite.
Stalinist Generation, ‘Leninist Norms’, 1956–1966
Authors: Mawdsley Evan , White Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although there was turmoil in this period with the rise and fall of N. S. Khrushchev, there was stability in the role and make up of the Central Committee elite. The events of 1957 and the ‘anti‐party group’ strengthened the power of the CC elite as a collective. That the membership was similar to that of the late Stalin years is shown by the careers of N. I. Zhurin, V. N. Novikov, and N. G. Egorychev, representative of regional agricultural leaders, technocrats, and the party bureaucracy, respectively. The CC elite saw itself as more of a coherent and privileged group during this period
An Evolving Elite
Authors: Mawdsley Evan , White Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Across the years of its existence, the USSR witnessed three elite revolutions: in 1917, when the Tsarist elite was replaced by a Bolshevik elite of professional revolutionaries; during the Purges, when the ‘second generation’ moved into positions of power; and under Gorbachev, when levels of turnover in the Central Committee were at their highest, although they were not sufficient to bring many of the ‘fourth generation’ into the political elite. Considerable numbers of the Central Committee membership, however, retained their status into the post‐communist years, and they took part in a wider transition from political position (which had become insecure) to the more enduring advantage of property.
Cluster Dynamics
Authors: Best Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on business organization including inter‐firm relations, as they relate to technological change, regional specialization, and growth. The idea of an industrial district or cluster is extended to that of cluster dynamics driven by entrepreneurial firms and open‐system networks. The entrepreneurial, or learning, firm is defined in terms of an endless dynamic between technology capability and market opportunity. The internal dynamic of the entrepreneurial firm is seen as the driver of a set of regional growth or cluster dynamics based on processes of technological differentiation and horizontal integration across networked groups of specialist business enterprises. Collectively and cumulatively, entrepreneurial firms advance a region's unique technological capabilities and potential for industrial speciation. Open‐system networks, in turn, are shown to decentralize and diffuse design capabilities, foster a new firm‐creation process, multiply the number of design experiments, act as a collective experimental laboratory, and enhance the potential for unplanned technological combinations, all of which enhance regional techno‐diversification and innovation.
Innovation Capabilities and Skill Formation
Authors: Best Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Industrial innovation involves the integration of R&D including basic, developmental, and applied research with production. Three models are contrasted: science‐push, incremental, and regional or open‐systems. Industrial innovation depends upon a corresponding skill‐formation process involving both visible and invisible colleges. The education system supplies the technical labour force to convert innovation into regional growth. The technology diffusion process that underpins regional growth is mediated by engineering curricula to scale up the output of graduates with the requisite technical skills. Rapidly growing regions depend upon manpower development planning to synchronize the supply of technically skilled labour with the growth of technologically advancing firms.
The Resurgence of Route 128: The Triumph of Open Systems
Authors: Best Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBoston's Route 128 illustrates the concepts of regional technology capability, technology genealogy, and technology roadmap. Precision machining and complex product systems are regional technological capabilities that have been redefined, and product applications have evolved through a series of technology domain transitions from the mechanical to the electrical and electronic, and via an extension of Moore's Law into the age of nanotechnology and self‐assembly processes. Old industries have gone and new industries have emerged through a regional systems integration process reminiscent of Schumpeterian ‘creative destruction’. The recent transition from a vertical integration to an open‐systems business model has fostered a regional capability to rapidly integrate and reintegrate activities and technologies required for rapid new product development in complex product systems.
Cluster Dynamics in Malaysian Electronics
Authors: Best Michael H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe capabilities and innovation perspective is applied to Malaysian electronics, a case of rapid growth and industrial development for over three decades but with disappointing productivity gains. In fact, Malaysia has not one but three electronics clusters. Each cluster has distinctive internal dynamics and is related to global production networks in distinctive ways. The most successful of the three regions in advancing local production capabilities has benefited from effective regional policy‐making and governance. The Penang Development Corporation is a model developmental agency that has coordinated the three elements of the productivity triad to create a world‐class high‐volume production system. However, the region is at an impasse: making the transition to new product development capabilities will require a substantial investment in advanced skill formation.
Public Management, Rhetoric, and Culture
Authors: Hood Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReturns to the general question of what sort of science public management is or can be and how cultural theory can contribute to that science. If public management is (as suggested earlier) dominated by rhetorical forms of argument, cultural theory can help take one step further than conventional analyses of rhetoric by differentiating rhetorical ‘families’—this theme is explored in this chapter, which looks at what a cultural‐theory framework can add to the analysis of public management as an arena for rhetoric, and aims to do three things. First, it briefly expands on a now familiar argument (noted in the first chapter)—that shifts in what counts as received ideas in public management work through a process of fashion and persuasion, not through proofs couched in strict deductive logic, controlled experiments, or even systematic analysis of all available cases. Second, and more ambitiously, it aims to bring together the analysis of rhetoric in public management with the four ways of doing public management that were explored in Part II, to show how each of those approaches can have its own rhetoric, in the sense of foreshortened proofs, analogies, and parables; the aim is to put a cultural‐theory perspective to work in a different way, to identify multiple rhetorics of public management. Third, it briefly develops the suggestion made in Chapters 1 and 2 that shifts (change) in received ideas about how to organize typically occur in a reactive way, through rejection of existing arrangements with their known faults, rather than through a positive process of reasoning from a blank slate.