bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing competencies: Ground work in aged and extended care
Authors: Ballantyne  , Cheek  , O’Brien  , Pincombe  
Published: March 2003

Ballantyne A, Cheek J, O’Brien B, Pincombe J. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1998; 4: 156–165 Nursing competencies: Ground work in aged and extended care Competencies have been formulated for entry level nurses. Specialist and generic advanced nursing competencies are also being developed. This paper describes exploratory groundwork on aged and extended care nursing competencies derived from interviews with nurses, allied health staff, residents and their families from one setting. Critical Incident Technique1 was used to guide semistructured interviews with 29 participants. A thematic analysis of the data suggests that the Australian Nursing Council Inc.2 competencies make a useful but incomplete contribution to understanding the perceived role of nursing in aged and extended care. A conceptual framework developed from the data illustrates the interdependence of competencies with the context in which they are observed. The framework proposes a number of elements which have the potential to offer a means to better interpret nursing competence (critical aspects) in aged and extended care contexts.
Exploring the precursors of outcome evaluation in Australia: Linking structure, process and outcome by peer review
Authors: Middleton Sandy , Lumby Judy 
Published: March 2003

Middleton S & Lumby J. International Journal of Nursing Practice 1998; 4: 151–155 Exploring the precursors of outcome evaluation in Australia: Linking structure, process and outcome by peer review Reviews of the structure of the health system and the processes that contributed to them were the main forms of evaluation within nursing in Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. The documentation of the end result of care, or outcome evaluation, was rarely undertaken until more recent times. The development and implementation of formal assessment tools such as Qualpacs, the Phaneuf Nursing Audit, the Rush Medicus Nursing Process Methodology, Monitor, and Senior Monitor indicated the focus on structure and process evaluation. This paper examines how nursing care delivered to patients during the l970s and 1980s was evaluated, and explores why structure and process review were necessary precursors to outcome evaluation in the nineties. The necessity of linking structure and process analysis is discussed, in order to perform effective outcome evaluation to close the feedback loop between quality assessment and quality improvement. Peer review is one mechanism that can be used to achieve this. How this may also be a form of evidence‐based practice which results in health gains for patients is also explored.
Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Radiolaria of the Lower Amurian Terrane: Khabarovsk region, far east of Russia
Authors: Popova I. M. , Baumgartner P. O. , Filippov A. N. , Khanchuk A. I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNew data on biostratigraphy, sedimentology and tectonics of the Russian Far Eastern region (Lower Amurian terrane) are presented. This study shows that sedimentary sequence of the terrane consists of interbedded Radiolaria‐bearing siliceous and volcaniclastic sediments spanning an interval of over 90 million years. It is shown that accumulation of radiolarian deposits on an oceanic plate was associated with alkaline (intraplate) volcanism in the Jurassic, while the plate was drifting, and with some arc volcanism during the Early Cretaceous. The younger siliceous rocks contain volcaniclastic material and indicate that the studied sequence approached the trench in the Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian‐Barremian) and became accreted in the late Albian–early Cenomanian. We describe and illustrate radiolarian species extracted from 21 samples. A taxonomic list of 194 taxa and nine plates of Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Radiolaria are presented.
Mechanisms of drug resistance and novel approaches to therapy for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: LOCARNINI STEPHEN A 
Published: March 2003

Abstract  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now the major cause of transfusion‐associated and parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis and accounts for a significant proportion of hepatitis cases worldwide. The majority of infections become persistent and approximately 20% of chronically infected individuals develop cirrhosis, which is strongly associated with progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Molecular biological investigations into the structure and function of HCV and its genes has led to the identification of a number of potential targets for selective antiviral intervention. The present review summarizes current research activity into these novel drug targets and addresses the basis for clinical non‐response in the current interferon‐α‐based therapies. Future therapeutic strategies that utilize HCV‐specific antiviral agents should prove effective in controlling active viral replication, but the risk of emergence of drug‐resistance will need to be addressed due to the quasispecies feature of HCV replication.© 2002 Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd
Relationship of angiographic finding with neovascular structure detected by immunohistochemical staining of α‐smooth muscle actin in small hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: IKEDA KENJI , SAITOH SATOSHI , SUZUKI YOSHIYUKI , KOBAYASHI MASAHIRO , TSUBOTA AKIHITO , KOIDA ISAO , KOBAYASHI MIZUHO , ARASE YASUJI , CHAYAMA KAZUAKI , MURASHIMA NAOYA , KUMADA HIROMITSU 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTTo elucidate the relationship between angiographic features and histological findings, an immunohistological study of α‐smooth muscle actin was performed in 106 patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma. Arterial dominance or portal blood paucity were found in 73 patients (68.9%) on digital subtraction angiography, 88 (83.0%) on computerized tomographic arterial portography and 87 (82.1%) on carbon dioxide‐enhanced ultrasonography. Among 73 patients with hypervascularity on angiography, 57 (78.1%) had thick‐walled, nuclei‐rich and slender‐shaped vessels (type II), eight (11, 0%) had thin‐walled, nuclei‐poor and oval‐shaped vessels (type I) and the remaining eight had a mixed type of II and I. Conversely, among 33 patients without hypervascularity, five (15.2%) had a type II, 21 (63.6%) had a type I, five had a mixed type and two had no positive vessel. Tumour size, histological classification and amount of non‐triadal vessels were also associated with the angiographic appearance of the tumours. Among varied aspects of the cancer including tumour size, tumour multiplicity, microscopic portal invasion, histological classification, amount of α‐smooth muscle actin‐positive vessels and shape of α‐smooth muscle actin‐positive vessels, multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the shape of α‐smooth muscle actin‐positive vessels was solely associated with angiographic hypervascularity independently (P < 0.0001). Although the existence of non‐triadal vessels characterized hepatocellular carcinoma, angiographic hypervascularity was closely associated with the type II vessel. A morphological change of non‐triadal vessel from type I to type II was considered to occur in an early stage of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Effects of pantoprazole, a novel H+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor, on duodenal ulcerogenic and healing responses in rats: A comparative study with omeprazole and lansoprazole
Authors: Takeuchi Koji , Konaka Akira , Nishijima Masato , Kato Shinichi , Yasuhiro Tetsuya 
Published: March 2003

Background: Pantoprazole, 2‐[(2‐pyridylmethyl) sulphinyl] benzimidazole, is a new substituted benzimidazole that inhibits the parietal cell H+/K+‐ATPase. Methods: In the present study, the anti‐secretory and anti‐ulcer activities of pantoprazole were compared with those of omeprazole and lansoprazole in rats. Results: Pantoprazole (0.3–3 mg/kg, p.o.) as well as omeprazole (1–10 mg/kg, p.o.) and lansoprazole (1–10 mg/kg, p.o.) dose‐dependently decreased both basal acid secretion in pylorus‐ligated rats and the stimulated acid secretion induced by mepirizole in acute fistula rats, and the effects of pantoprazole were more potent than those of omeprazole and lansoprazole, the ED50 values for the stimulated acid secretion being 0.8, 2.0 and 1.2 mg/kg, respectively. Neither of these drugs had any effect on duodenal HCO3– secretion. These pump inhibitors prevented the development of duodenal lesions in response to mepirizole in a dose‐related manner, the ED50 values for pantoprazole, omeprazole and lansoprazole being 0.4, 2.0 and 1.3 mg/kg, respectively. Likewise, pantoprazole showed the healing promoting action on chronic duodenal ulcers induced by acetic acid, and this effect was also more potent when compared to omeprazole or lansoprazole. Conclusions: We conclude that pantoprazole exhibited both anti‐ulcer and healing promoting effects on duodenal ulcers in rats, and the effects may be attributable to its potent anti‐secretory action. Other pump inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole were almost equally effective as pantoprazole, yet this drug was most potent on the basis of ED50 values.
Increased intestinal non‐substance P tachykinin concentrations in malignant midgut carcinoid disease
Authors: Makridis Charlie , Theodorsson Elvar , Åkerström Göran , Öberg Kjell , Knutson Lars 
Published: March 2003

Background: Diarrhoea is an important feature of the carcinoid syndrome, and various agents which may be released from carcinoid tumours have been considered to contribute pathophysiologically. The aim of the present study was to determine luminal concentrations of possible chemical mediators in an uninvolved small intestinal segment using a two‐balloon six‐channel tube in nine patients with malignant midgut carcinoid disease. Methods: All patients were treated with interferon and/or octreotide to alleviate the most severe flush. Ion transport was measured during luminal perfusion and luminal perfusate concentrations of calcitonin gene‐related peptide, neurotensin, prostaglandin E (PGE)2, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P and other tachykinins (neurokinin A, neurokinin B, neuropeptide K, eledoisin) were determined by separate assays. Results: Carcinoid patients showed decreased absorption of Cl–, Na+, K+ and water and increased luminal content of non‐substance P tachykinins to 424.5 fmol/cm per h, compared with 255.5 fmol/cm per h in control subjects. There were also increased luminal concentrations of PGE2, commonly claimed as a more general mediator of diarrhoea. Conclusions: The observed increase in intestinal tachykinins may involve extended activity from tachykinin‐containing intrinsic neurones in the enteric nervous system, contributing to enhanced intestinal motility and secretory diarrhoea in patients with carcinoid syndrome.
Helicobacter pylori in Africa: Observations on an ‘enigma within an enigma’
Authors: Kidd Mark , Louw Japie A , Marks Israel N 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Background
: We conducted a retrospective literature review of all the data published on Helicobacter pylori in Africa in order to test whether the prevalence of diseases associated with this organism differs from that in developed nations.
Methods
: Both sero‐epidemiological (n = 8) as well as prospective endoscopic studies in subjects with either dyspepsia or epigastric pain (n = 23) and one retrospective study were available for analysis.
Results
: Sero‐epidemiology confirmed both the early age of acquisition in children (50% by 10 years) as well as the high prevalence of the organism (61%) in adult asymptomatic individuals. Endoscopic studies in dyspeptic individuals revealed the presence of the organism in 72%. Duodenal ulceration was noted in 26% of 3473 cases and in these, H. pylori was present in 90%. An association of gastric metaplasia with duodenal ulceration was identified in the one study in which it was investigated. Gastric ulceration occurred approximately four‐fold less frequently (7% of 2286 cases) than duodenal ulceration and the organism was evident in 75% of the gastric ulceration cases. Findings of intestinal metaplasia (14%) and gastric cancer (3.4%) were not infrequent, but the paucity of accurate epidemiological data made it difficult to establish a correlation between the two.
Conclusion
: It would appear that prospective endoscopic‐based studies in African subjects may question the standard dogma of a low prevalence of H. pylori‐associated diseases in Africa. Further research is clearly required.
Three‐dimensional endoscopic ultrasonography of lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract using a radial‐linear switchable thin ultrasound probe
Authors: Tokiyama Hiroshi , Yanai Hideo , Nakamura Hiroki , Takeo Yoshifumi , Yoshida Tomoharu , Okita Kiwamu 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Background
: The objective of three‐dimensional (3‐D) endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is to recognize lesions stereoscopically.
Methods and Results
: We investigated a total of 43 lesions in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract by regenerating 3‐D images in eight cases of oesophageal cancer, two cases of oesophageal submucosal tumour, two oesophageal varices, two cases of achalasia, 27 gastric cancers, one gastric carcinoid, and one duodenal submucosal tumour. Using a prototype system (Fujinon, Omiya, Japan), we reconstructed 3‐D images from conventional EUS images taken by a thin ultrasound probe (Sonoprobe, SP‐701, Fujinon) having a radial–linear scanning mode. The basic 3‐D images could be obtained in a short period during EUS performed using the conventional thin‐ultrasound probe. The acceptable quality level of the reconstructed 3‐D images was 37% (57% in the oesophagus, 25% in the stomach and 100% in the duodenum). Deterioration of 3‐D images was due to a wobbling of linear scanning mainly caused by peristalsis of the GI tract, cardiac impulses, and respiration.
Conclusions
: Our study has proved that the simple and speedy 3‐D display system built using the existing linear–radial switchable probe is easily applicable to clinical cases.© 1999 Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd
HELICOBACTER PYLORI POSITIVITY IN NSAID PATIENTS
Authors: Marwoto Wirasmi , Krinuhoni Ening , Yuwono Vera , Antono Dono , Isbagio Harry , Manan Chudahman 
Published: March 2003

Research has been done to correlate mucous thickness of gastric mucosa and gastrocopy in NSAID patients.There was correlation between mucous thickness of gastric mucosa and gastroscopy and the result seems promising.Aim of the studyis to see Hp positivity in NSAID patients.Material and methodsPatients using NSAID per oral from rheumatology policlinic; cases were collected starting from 1998 August ‐ 1998 December.ResultFour patient is Hp positive (cases number 23, 27, 28, and 32) out of 37 cases.ConclusionsHp positivity in NSAID cases is lower (10%) than other population (20%‐40%). The reason why is lower has to be clarified with further research.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DETECTION OF Helicobacter pylori vacA GENOTYPES OBTAINED FROM DIFFERENT UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN FILIPINO PATIENTS
Authors: Villarama Jose Maria M. , Reyes Jerly Anne Silvia R. , Manguiat Jose Sebastian Z. , Faustino Liza P. , Narciso Francisco V. , De Guzman Blanquita B. , Matias Ronald R. , F. Natividad Filipinas 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveThe predominant vacA genotype among Filipino patients has yet to be determined. This study aims to determine these common vacA genotypes via Polymerase Chain Reaction detectin using specific primers for each possible genotypes.Materials and methodsDNA was obtained from 48 paraffin embedded gastrointestinal tissues from 31 patients of St. Lukeîs Medical Center from 1998 to 1999. Twenty‐three (23) patients were diagnosed with chronic active gastritis; 5 with chronic gastritis; one with chronic ulcer; and 2 with gasto‐intestinal cancer.ResultsFrom the PCR results, the signal sequence allele having the highest number among the samples was s1b (35%) while m2 was the common midregion type (42%). Among 12 samples completely genotypes, s1bm2 was most prevalent (50%). One samples from a cancer patient had multiple genotypes (s1am1, s1am2,s1bm1, s1bm2)ConclusionThe vacA genotypes s1bm2 is the common genotype detected among the gastric biopsy samples obtained from Filipino patients.
HELICOBACTER PYLORI IN DYSPEPSIA PATIENTS, IN DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL MEDICINE,M.DJAMIL HOSPITAL PADANG
Authors: Zubir Nasrul , Elfina Dona , Julius  
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveHelicobacter pylori infection is probably the most common infection caused by pathogenic bacteria in the world and affected more than a half of the world population. This bacteria caused ‐ many gasroduodenal pathology causing chronic dyspepsia including chronic active gastritis,peptic ulcer and gastric malignancy. Investigation in dyspepsia patients for helicobacter pylori infections.Material & MethodForty‐dyspeptic patients were examined for endoscopy upper gastrointestinal tract, biopsy for histopathology ‐ examination.ResultThe symptom of dyspepsia patients were epigastric tenderness (100%), Abnormalities endoscopically were found on 39 (97.5%) cases, the gastric abnormalities were chronic antral gastritis 24 (60%), esophagogastritis 7(17.5%), gastric ulcer 3(7.5%). Twenty‐fourt from 40 patients were anti‐helicobacter pylori positive.( 60%) and histopathology examination were positive 18 ( 45% ).The histopathology examination found atrophy 18(45%), MN 18‐(45%),PMN 18(45%),metaplastic 4 (10%).ConclusionThe prevalence of helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic patients were 60% (serology) and 45% (histopathology).
HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION AND THE DEGREE OF GASTRITIS IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS TREATED WITH SODIUM DICLOFENAC
Authors: Syukri Maimun , Oesman Nizam , Kusumobroto Hernomo O , Adi Pangestu , Soeroso Joewono , Soemarno Troef , Asnawati  
Published: March 2003

The use of Non‐Steroid Anti Inflammation Drugs (NSAIDs) and Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) infection increase the risk of peptic ulcer and gastropathy, but the association between H. pylori and NSAIDs in developing gastro‐duodenal lesion remains unclearObjectiveTo evaluate whether H. pylori infection increases the degree of gastritis in osteoarthritis patients treated with oral Sodium diclofenac.Material and methodsTwenty eight patients with osteoarthritis who took Sodium diclofenac orally for more than 4 weeks in the Division of Rheumatology Dr. Soetomo Hospital ‐ Surabaya participated in this cross‐sectional study. The endoscopic evaluation was conducted in the Division of Gastroenterology in the same hospital, and the results were graded using Modified Gastroscopy Rating Scale of Lanza. Antral and gastric body biopsies were stained with Giemsa and Warthin‐Starry methods. The Sydney System was used to descibe chronic gastritis, metaplasia, gastric atrophy and H. pylori infection. The result was analyzed using Chi‐square test and any (p)=0.05 was considered significant.ResultOn endoscopic evaluation 11 (39.29%) patients had normal gastric mucosa, 5 (17.86%) patients showed 1 location of erosion while the rest 12 (42.85%) patients had more than 1 location of erosion or bleeding. H. pylori was found on 16 (57.14%) patients. Twelve (57.14%) patients out of 21 patients with dyspepsia were positive for H. pylori. H. pylori was positively identified on 9 (75%) patients with superficial chronic gastritis, 4 (50%) patients with acute gastritis, 1 (100%) patient with chronic gastritis and metaplasia, and on 2 (28.57%) patients with chronic gastritis and atrophy. When the 16 patients infected with H. pylori were graded with Lanza Scale, 7 (43.75%) patients were in grade 0.4 (25%) patients in grade 1, and the other 5 (31.25%) patients were in grade 2. On statistical analysis, we did not find any significant association between H. pylori infection and the degree of gastritis in osteoarthritis patients taking Sodium diclofenac.ConclusionWe found that H. pylori infection did not increase gastritis degree in osteoarthritis patients who took oral Sodium diclofenac.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI (Hp) AND OF GASTRIC MUCOSA IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC ULCERS BEFORE AND AFTER HP ERADICATION
Authors: Dung Trinh Tuan , Long Ta , Hop Tran Van 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo determine the ultrastructural characteristics of Hp and of gastric mucosa (GM) in gastric ulcer (GU) patients before and after HP eradication.Materials & Methods13 cultural HP samples and 52 endoscopic biopsy specimens of GM taken from 26 GU patients before and one month after HP eradication by triple therapy (OAM) for electron microscopic examinations using negative staining, direct observation and ultrathin section methods. Analyzed by JEM 1010 transmission electron microscope.ResultsHp were spiral GR (‐) wall, curved or S‐shapes, size of 4x0.5‐1μm with 4‐7 slender flagella at one pole, attached on endoplasmic membrane of GM cells or slipped in the slits between cells. Some HP with many Phages in the cytoplasm. Main lesions of GM cells with Hp infection were reduction or loss of microvilli, rupture of cell membrane, degeneration with formation of vocuoles in the cytoplasm, degeneration or loss of the organelles (mitochondria, secretory granules, endoplasmic reticulla), widening of nucleus membrane holes and irregular distribution of chromatins in nuclei of the cells. After Hp eradication, recuperation of GM cells were clearly observed with reappearance of microvillion on cell membrane, abundance of secretory granules and organelles in the cytoplasm, double membrane of nuclei was clearly observed.Conclusions1) Ultrastructurally, Hp were Gr (‐), spiral curved or S‐shaped bacteria, size of 3‐4x0.5‐1mm with 4‐7 slender flagella at one pole. 2) main lesions of GM cells with HP infection included reduction or loss of microvilli, rupture of membrane, degenerations with formation of vacuoles in cytoplasm and degeneration or loss of the organelles, 3) After Hp eradication, recuperation of GM cells was obviously.
HUMAN GASTRIC BIOPSIES CULTURED IN VITRO, AN USEFUL MODEL FOR STUDIES OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES
Authors: Olfat Farzad O. , Noslund Erik , Fredman Jakob , Borén Thomas , Engstrand Lars 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveWe have developed a unique in vitro model by culturing human biopsies to create a similar environment of the human infection. By using this method we have investigated the reaction of the tissue to exposure to different clinical isolates of H. pylori. The binding/colonization ability of some type strains and some clinical isolates was analyzed. The cytokine production of the stomach tissue was measured and analyzed with respect to time, number of bacteria and defined virulence factors.MethodsDonut‐shaped biopsies were removed for culture, from uninfected patients who went through surgery due to obesity. The underlying tissues were removed and the epithelial cell layer was punched out into 2 mm biopsies. After adherence of biopsies to the surface, the different H. pylori strains were added to the biopsies with different adjusted pH. Using an ELISA kit, the production of IL‐8 was analyzed and Viable Count estimates were performed.ResultsThe production of IL‐8 started 3‐4 hours post‐infection. This was similar for all strains analyzed. Maximal difference between strains was seen in a set of two isogenic strains, where the mutant lacks the entire cag‐PAI. Another strains which activate neutrophils, also induced IL‐8 at high level. The lowest level was observed in a strain isolated from an asymptomatic patient. However, although the IL‐8 production was different for the isogenic strains, colonization pattern didnít show such variability.ConclusionOur model is based on the use of the human gastric tissues, where the tissues are vital and produce mucus. These biosies are resistant to acidic conditions as low as pH 2. Our data in this series of experiments confirmed the influence of cag‐PAI in production of IL‐8. This method can be used to study bacterium‐host cross‐talk and serve as a more reliable infection model.