bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metchnikoff and the Origins of Immunology
Authors: Tauber Alfred I , Chernyak Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fascinating intellectual history is the first critical study of the work of Elie Metchnikoff, the founding father of modern immunology. Metchnikoff authored and championed the theory that phagocytic cells actively defend the host body against pathogens and diseased cells. His program developed from comparative embryological studies that sought to establish genealogical relations between species at the dawn of the Darwinian revolution. In this scientific biography, Tauber and Chernyak explore ore Metchnikoff’s development as an embryologist, showing how it prepared him to propose his theory of host-pathogen interaction. They discuss the profound impact of Darwin’s theory of evolution on Metchnikoff’s progress, and the influence of 19th century debates on vitalism, teleology, and mechanism. As a case study of scientific discovery, this work offers lucid insight into the process of creative science and its dependence on cultural and philosophic sources. Immunologists and historians of science and medicine will find it an absorbing and accessible account of a remarkable individual.
The Phagocyte Eclipsed
Authors: Tauber Alfred I , Chernyak Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the humoralist position has been extensively discussed (outlined in the previous chapter and see, e.g., notes 1 and 2). For our purposes, it suffices to describe the principal studies that formed the challenge to Metchnikoff’s cellular position in order to define the underlying logical basis of the controversy and to place it in contrast to the early debate. We endeavor to place the general development of the humoral position in the context of the phagocytosis theory by focusing on the studies of George Nuttall, Ernst Behring, Richard Pfeiffer, Jules Bordet, and Paul Ehrlich; at each turn we examine Metchnikoff’s response.
Hidden Attraction
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long one of nature's most fascinating phenomena, magnetism was once the subject of many superstitions. Magnets were thought useful to thieves, effective as a love potion or as a cure for gout or spasms. They could remove sorcery from women and put demons to flight and even reconcile married couples. It was said that a lodestone pickled in the salt of sucking fish had the power to attract gold. Today, these beliefs have been put aside, but magnetism is no less remarkable for our modern understanding of it. In Hidden Attraction, Gerrit L. Verschuur, a noted astronomer and National Book Award nominee for The Invisible Universe, traces the history of our fascination with magnetism, from the first discovery of magnets in Greece, to state-of-the-art theories that see magnetism as a basic force in the universe. The book begins with the early debunking of superstitions by Peter Peregrinus (Pierre de Maricourt), whom Roger Bacon hailed as one of the world's first experimental scientists (Perigrinus held that "experience rather than argument is the basis of certainty in science"). Verschuur discusses William Gilbert, who confronted the multitude of superstitions about lodestones in De Magnete, widely regarded as the first true work of modern science, in which Gilbert reported his greatest insight: that the earth itself was magnetic. We also meet Hans Christian Oersted, who demonstrated that an electric current could influence a magnet (Oersted did this for the first time during a public lecture) and Andre-Marie Ampere, who showed that a current actually produced magnetism. Verschuur also examines the pioneering experiments and theoretical breakthroughs of Faraday and Maxwell and Zeeman (who demonstrated the relationship between light and magnetism), and he includes many lively stories of discovery, such as the use of frogs by Galvani and Volta, and Hertz's accidental discovery of radio waves. Along the way, we learn many interesting scientific facts, perhaps the most remarkable of which is that lodestones are made by bacteria (a sediment organism known as GS-15 eats iron, converting ferric oxide to magnetite and, over billions of years, forming the magnetite layers in iron formations). Boasting many informative illustrations, this is an adventure of the mind, using the specific phenomenon of magnetism to show how we have moved from an era of superstitions to one in which the Theory of Everything looms on the horizon.
Michael Faraday:The Era of Discovery Personified
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was one of the greatest experimental scientists who ever lived (Fig. 6-1). His role in discovering more about the relationship between electricity and magnetism highlights the next phase of progress. It was stimu lated by his first conceptual insights into the nature of magne tism (and electricity) combined with clever experimentation.
The Laws of Cajal
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the same May issue of the Revista appeared Cajal’s first paper on the retina, “Estructura de la retina de las aves” (“Morphology and connections of the elements of the retina in birds”). This study supported his conclusion that there is no anastomosis between the nerve cells. It may be noted that the ganglion cells, whose long axons carry the output of the retina, do not have axon collaterals; thus, Golgi’s hypothesis actually cannot be tested in these cells.
Controversy
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Waldeyer’s review in r 89 r did not establish the neuron doctrine with one wave of a master’s wand. At the time of its appearance, it was regarded as an authoritative summary of what was known about the structure of nerve cells and nerve fibers. It gave clear expression to the point of view that all fibers arise directly from cells, and that a cell and its fibers form a unit, so that nervous transmission must take place from unit to unit. But the greatest influence of this review came from the new term “neuron” introduced for the unit.
Forging a Consensus
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direct observation of the outgrowth of nerve cell fibers from nerve cell bodies under the microscope ended the classical period of experimental studies that established that the cell theory applies to the nervous system. The parallel debate over the theoretical framework within which the experimental results would be fashioned into the neuron doctrine ended about the same time with the awarding of the Nobel Prize jointly to Golgi and Cajal in 1906. In their formal lectures of acceptance, the two protagonists defended their beliefs in the reticular and neuronal concepts, respectively, of nervous organization. We will briefly sketch the background for this historic confrontation.
Treatments and Therapies: From Antiquity through the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Finger Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines ways in which individuals with head and brain damage have been cared for from the time of the earliest known Egyptian medical papyruses through the 1600s. The number of different treatments is enormous, and it would take volumes to describe and illustrate the history or justification of each known drug or procedure. Thus, of necessity, this chapter and the next are selective. The emphases are on some of the major interventions, such as bleeding and craniotomies, as well as on showing how slowly some treatments of limited or questionable value gave way to more successful methods.
Paula: Fear of Physiotherapy and Problems Recognizing Objects After a Severe Head Injury
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After leaving school at 18 yr old with good examination results, Paula obtained employment as a security officer in a factory. She was an energetic, happy young woman with a large circle of friends and a zest for life. With a busy social life Paula wanted her own transport and started to save for a motorcycle. Her only brother who was 2 yr older already had his own treasured Harley Davidson and Paula decided it would be less expensive to purchase a two-wheeled vehicle than a four-wheeled one. Tragically, when Paula was 19 yr old, her brother was killed in a road traffic accident. After the initial grief Paula’s parents were extremely reluctant, quite understandably, for Paula to buy a motorcycle and offered to pay for car driving lessons. They also agreed to help purchase a car for Paula when she passed her test.
Kirsty: A Case of Optic Aphasia, Associative Agnosia, or Semantic Memory Impairment?
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kirsty was almost 17 yr old in September 1982. She was school captain, she had 7 “O” levels, and was planning to go to University. Described as “happy, sociable, strong-willed and rebellious,” her life was to change drastically following a car crash in which her father was killed. Her parents had separated 2 yr earlier, Kirsty lived with her younger sister, younger brother, mother, and her mother’s partner. Early in September Kirsty spent the weekend with her father who was driving her home when the accident occurred.
Sarah: Learning Some Self-Care Skills After an Anesthetic Accident
Authors: Wilson Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983, Sarah was 19 yr old and halfway through her 2nd yr at a multilingual secretarial college. She spoke French and German in addition to English and was an intelligent, kind young woman although a “bit of a loner” according to her aunt. Sarah lived with her aunt, uncle, and cousins as both her parents and sister had been killed in a train fire when Sarah was 16 yr old. Her aunt had promised her sister (Sarah’s mother) that if anything ever happened to Sarah’s parents, Sarah would live with her aunt and uncle. Her aunt felt Sarah was just beginning to get over the loss of her parents and sister when another tragedy occurred.
War, Crisis, and the Stabilization of the Liberal Order
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important fact to be explained about these interwar societies is their essential continuity as liberal political economies at a time when the rest of Europe was in a state of upheaval. These liberal orders had five interrelated, fundamental features that distinguished them from those societies that became social democratic or fascist. The essence of these features was that they remained market-oriented, middle-class dominated democracies. In the first place, in contrast to societies that became fascist dictatorships, competitive democratic politics survived the interwar crises.
Accretion And Core Formation In The Earth: Evidence From Siderophile Elements
Authors: Newsom H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several theories for accretion and core formation in the Earth are evaluated based on the depletions of siderophile elements. Because no theory successfully predicts the abundances of every element, the identification of key elements that do not fit a particular theory based on current assumptions is of great importance. These key elements require extra effort in the future to determine, for example, if their estimated mantle abundances are incorrect, or if their partition coefficients are especially sensitive to pressure. The model calculations include estimates of the uncertainties in the observed depletions as well as partition coefficients. The simplest model is the equilibrium S-rich core formation model. The calculated mantle depletions are least consistent with the observed depletions for V, w; Ni, Ge, and Au. Calculated abundances for the inefficient core formation theory best match the observed depletions with the assumption that approximately 2.5 wt.% S-rich metallic liquid and 0.04 wt.% solid metal are left behind in the mantle after core formation, and the metal and sulfide are subsequently oxidized and incorporated into mantle silicates. Key discrepancies remain for this theory, with inconsistencies between the calculated and observed abundances of V, Ge, and Au. The current calculations for the heterogeneous accretion model require that segregation of solid metal ceased after approximately 90% to 95% of the Earth had accreted. The calculations for W are now consistent with the new abundance data for the depletion of W. For the heterogeneous accretion theory, discrepancies still exist between the actual and calculated abundances of Ga and Ge. The calculated depletions of As and Sb are too great for S-rich core formation and heterogeneous accretion; however, their partition coefficients are not adequately constrained. A clear choice for the most successful theory is still not evident, although future investigations of the key elements identified in this study may establish a preference.
Genetic Inferences from Epidemiologic Investigations
Authors: Hanis Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic epidemiology is a rapidly burgeoning field focusing on the distribution of disease in families and the impact of inherited disease in populations (Morton, 1982). While there is fruitful ground for collaboration between epidemiologists and geneticists (Neel et al., 1965), there seems to be an unbalanced contribution to the field from genetics (Khoury et al., 1986). Furthermore, while genetic epidemiology encompasses inherited disease in populations, emphasis has been on disease in collections of relatives. This emphasis has led to the development of increasingly complex, sometimes elegant, analytical methods for pedigree data that are often perceived as genetic epidemiology rather than its tools. Partially explaining this trend is the desire to find well-behaved biological and statistical models that explain the observed patterns of disease. Unfortunately, biological and statistical order come at the expense of the level of inference. For example, there is immense interest and discussion of the genetic epidemiology of coronary heart disease in the population, but nearly all analyses relate to risk factors such as the lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins (see Bock and Collins, 1987; Rao et al., 1984; Sing and Skolnick, 1979). It is also axiomatic that the clearer the statistical story, the more restricted is the population of inference.
Application of Our Understanding of Genetic Variation in Native North America
Authors: Szathmary Emöke J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are important risk factors for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by Native Americans? The most likely response would have two components: one focusing on obesity, the other, on the amount of Amerindian ancestry. The higher the proportion of genes of Amerindian origin in a population, the greater the prevalence of NIDDM (Brosseau et al., 1979; Chakraborty et al., 1986; Gardner et al., 1984; Lee et al., 1985). The longer the duration of obesity in an individual (Knowler et al., 1981; Pettitt et al., 1983), or the type of obesity-for example, upper body fatness rather than just a generalized excess adiposity (Lee et al., 1985; Szathmary and Holt, 1983)-the more likely that an adult will develop diabetes. The organizing theory behind these observations is that in Indians (Knowler et al., 1983; Weiss et al., 1984) natural selection has favoured the spread of “thrifty genes” (Neel, 1962, 1982), postulated to be advantageous under conditions of alternating feast and famine but deleterious in times of continuous and ample food supply. Accordingly, NIDDM occurs in genetically susceptible individuals whose lifestyle differs radically from those of their ancestors. Because obesity is believed to have been a rare condition until recently, the NIDDM phenotype either did not emerge in the past, or emerged so rarely that the disease remained virtually unknown among Native Americans until the 1940s (West, 1974, 1978).
Stability
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of stability was introduced in Chapter 3 as part of our discus­ sion of Rayleigh convection. It is in general only meaningful to discuss the stability of a known stationary state of a system; the state will be unstable if some perturbation to it amplifies with time. In the case of convection between parallel plates, instability occurs if the temperature difference be­ tween the plates is sufficiently large.
Observed Characteristics Of Nonprecipitating Cumuli
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The parcel models of convection discussed in the previous chapters paint a very simple picture of a convective cloud as a plume of air rising from a thin boundary layer near the surface. Real clouds do not fit this simple picture at all. Here we review what is known about the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of nonprecipitating convective clouds; the characteristics of precipitating convective clouds, which are in many ways quite different, are described in Chapter 9.
Slantwise Convection
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, we have regarded convection as motions arising from an unstable distribution of mass in the vertical direction, with “vertical” meaning along the direction of the gravitational acceleration. On a rotating planet, such as the earth, a more precise definition entails the centrifugal as well as gravitational acceleration, so that “vertical” really means along the direction of effective gravity, which is defined to be the sum of the gravitational and centrifugal acceleration vectors.
The Military Remapping of America
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gunbelt is a major-the major-phenomenon in the contemporary economic map of America. It consists of a new set of industrial locales that contain a wholly new set of industries and firms whose major preoccupation has been producing high-tech weaponry for the cold war. It is unprecedented in modern world history; no other Western industrial nation has seen so much of its leading-edge industrial capacity located, in so extraordinarily short a time, so far from the original centers of commerce and production.
Introduction
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Vietnam war was not an issue in the 1964 presidential campaign. Four years later, public opposition to his handling of that war prompted Lyndon Johnson’s decision to withdraw from the presidential race. In 1976 few in the audience could identify Ayatollah Khomeini; yet in 1980, his holding of U.S. hostages cast a shadow over the campaign.
The Contributions of American Debate, 1770-1920
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prominent Americans have ascribed various benefits to debate. Thomas Jefferson named “free argument and debate” the “natural weapons” of truth, “errors ceasing to be dangerous when it is per mitted freely to contradict them.”1 Woodrow Wilson believed that debate discouraged demagoguery. In Britain, he observed, debate had produced decades of leaders, but few demagogues.
Russian to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Spanish to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
DNA Sequencing: Strategy and Methods to Directly Sequence Large DNA Molecules
Authors: Slightom Jerry L , Siemieniak David R , Sieu Leang C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of the Human Genome Initiative, to produce the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of human and other organisms, will require the development of rapid and efficient methods for obtaining nu-cleotide sequences. Thus, improvements in present sequencing methods are of great interest and importance if we hope to sequence the 3 x 109 base pair (bp) human genome. Presently, two methods exist for obtaining nucleotide sequences, the enzymatic method developed by Sanger et al.
What Is Missing in the Metaphor of Scaffolding?
Authors: Stone C Addison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1976, Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) introduced the term scaffolding in the context of an analysis of adult-child interaction. They used the term as a metaphor for the process by which an adult assists a child to carry out a task beyond the child’s capability as an individual agent.
Sex Differences
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with lateralization, the investigation of sex differences is plagued with problems of understanding and presents many unanswered questions. Is sex a categorical variable with mutually exclusive categories? Have any sex differences in the underlying neural substrate been found? Have neural sex differences in any way been related to psychological (dis)abilities, and how? Finally, how do neural and behavioral sex-related differences arise in development?Sex-related differences that change during development have to be discrimi nated from more static sex-related differences in the adult. Reviews by Bradshaw and Nettleton (1983), Bryden (1982), Kimura (1987), Kolb and Wishaw (1990), and McGlone (1980) present the current understanding of sex differences in the neuropsychological abilities of the adult and child. This section is concerned only with sex differences as they arise in early pre- and postnatal development; sex related changes that occur during or after puberty are not discussed.At first glance neuropsychological differences between the sexes during de velopment seem easy and convenient to study: groups of subjects of each sex can be compared by looking at their chromosomes, their brains, and their performance on specific behavioral tasks. However, such a comparative approach, although sometimes valuable, tends to focus attention away from determining the mechanisms for these differences. It must be kept in mind that there is typically more individual variation within a sex than between sexes.
Learning Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all children, those with a history of neurological problems must face the challenge of school. For some, school entry may need to be delayed beyond the normal period because of hospitalization or remedial needs; for others, schooling may be limited to classes with learning assistance, special education classes, or special schools. What constitutes school readiness in children has been a long standing topic of concern among educators and child psychologists. In his discussion of psychobiological influences on school readiness, Kohen-Raz (1977) outlined three aspects: (1) intellectual maturity sufficient to handle the first grade curriculum; (2) emotional emancipation from parents, leading to an in creased openness to interact with agents outside the family; and (3) control over affect and impulsiveness to the extent that the frustrations and demands of school can be handled. The child is considered prepared for school if these three conditions are met between the age of 5 to 7 years.