bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignite Char: Its Production and Possibilities
Authors: Hood O. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Lignite char is lignite which has been dried and distilled in an oven especially designed for the purpose. About two and one-half tons of raw lignite reduce to one ton of char, the heating value of which is about 12,000 B.t.u. per lb. While raw lignite can be used satisfactorily in large steam-raising operations, the author believes that the search for a means to improve the fuel must continue. American lignites do not briquet well without the addition of a binder, and the Bureau of Mines has therefore been led to investigate the possibilities of an inexpensive carbonizing process and the use of the resulting lignite char direct without briquetting. This process is briefly described in the paper.
Power Required for Cutting Metal
Authors: Parsons Fred A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives results of an investigation extending over a period of more than ten years, the purpose of which has been to determine the fundamental laws governing milling, turning, planing and drilling operations on the various metals and alloys used in machine construction. In addition to a very large number of tests made on milling machines constructed by the concern with which the author is connected, those reported by Frederick W. Taylor and Professors Bird and Fairfield in the Society’s Transactions have been subjected to analysis, the following variables being studied:
1 The efficiency of the machine
2 The rate of metal removal (cu. in. per min.)
3 The average thickness of chip before distortion
4 The front rake on the cutting blade
5 The material being cut
6 The spiral angle or shear on the cutting blade
7 The condition of the cutting tool, sharp or dull.
The author’s results are presented in the shape of formulas and tables by means of which the power required to machine metal in any given case may be calculated, and an example of their use is worked out in detail. Such calculations, however, are tedious, and the author has accordingly devised a slide rule for the purpose, a description of which forms an appendix to the paper.
The Economical Thickness of Insulation in Refrigerator Cars
Authors: Wood Arthur J. , Rice Philip X. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors call attention to the increasing importance of the economic design of refrigerator cars and discuss the factors which must be taken into account in finding the proper thickness of insulation. The outstanding feature of the paper is the use of alignment charts to determine readily answers to problems involving many variables. By aid of these, or similar charts, one may determine not only the economic thickness of insulation but also the saving which would result from the adoption of the correct thickness compared with any other thickness; furthermore, the economic advantage of one kind of insulation over another may be found.
The paper gives a brief discussion on the economy of using regranulated cork or air spaces in some constructions. It outlines, by aid of average shade-temperature maps, the means of approximating external surface temperatures and notes the results of tests on roofs, sides, and floors as affected by direct sunlight and color of paint.
Reference is also made to the analysis by the authors of the cost of transporting extra weight of insulation, or extra weight of cars as a whole, and the final average figure is found to be about 0.10 cent per ton-mile for transcontinental routes.
All of the above and other factors form a part of the data for a complete solution for economic thickness, whether it is solved by a formula or by charts.
Boiler Test Results With Pre-Heated Air, Colfax Station, Duquesne Light Company
Authors: Clarke C. W. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the apparatus used and gives the results of an extended series of tests carried out in the. summer of 1923 on one of the units of the Colfax Station of the Duquesne Light Company, Pittsburgh, Pa., in which flue-gas air preheaters had been installed. The normal operating rate of evaporating of the boiler employed was the equivalent of 144,000 lb. of water per hour from and at 212 deg. fahr. and the preheater was designed to supply combustion air to the wind box of the stoker at a temperature of 235 deg. fahr. The results obtained show that the efficiency of the unit was increased by from 5 to 7 per cent by the use of the preheater.
Temperature and Stress Distribution in Hollow Cylinders: Applications to Boiler Tubes, Cylinder Liners, and Ordnance
Authors: Dahl O. G. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper contains an analysis of temperature and stress distribution in hollow cylinders. The results should be applicable to tubes, cylinder liners and ordnance.
Whenever a difference in temperature exists between the two walls of a hollow cylinder, stresses are set up. The magnitude of the temperature stresses depends upon the magnitude of the temperature difference and upon its variation with time. The resultant stresses to which a cylinder is subjected are the sum of the temperature stresses and the stresses due to forces and pressures.
The analysis has been limited to the case where the distribution of temperature is symmetrical with respect to the axis of the cylinder and also independent of distance parallel to the axis. In other words, the temperature at any point is assumed to be a function of radius and time only.
Complete solutions are presented for the case where the temperature difference between the two walls is constant. Steady-state solutions are presented for cases where the temperature difference varies sinusoidally with time, where it consists of a sinusoidally varying temperature superimposed upon a constant temperature, and where it undergoes any cyclic variation expressible as a Fourier series.
Numerical examples of computing the stresses in boiler tubes and in the cylinder liner of a Diesel engine are given and the results discussed.
Production Control
Authors: Babcock George D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusions arrived at by Taylor in his paper on Shop Management in 1903, together with the methods he described, were based upon the thesis that every organized effort of human endeavor can be analyzed into its fundamental elements, and that these elements can be forecast and arranged in an orderly sequence that represents the best combination to attain the desired result. The analysis and arrangement of the elements of production brought about the two great divisions of productive effort that are characteristic of modern industrial management and production control — planning and performance.
In this paper the author presents an outline of the subject of production control in manufacturing, taking up for consideration respectively actual output with given equipment; preplanning; the establishment of manufacturing programs; determination of lot sizes; establishment of the production schedule; operation analysis; stores systems; despatching of work; inspection; maintenance; and forms.
The Strength and Proportions of Wheels, Wheel Centers and Hubs
Authors: Eksergian R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper outlines an approximate analysis of the strength of wheel centers, particularly as applied to spoke wheels subjected to heavy lateral loads such as locomotive driving wheels. To generalize the work, the subject is extended to a study of other types of wheels with a view to approximating their strength characteristics. Inertia loadings and proportions of flywheels are considered briefly.
After a discussion of classification and loading, the author analyzes the characteristics of bending loadings and stresses, considering first the transmission of torque for wheels with heavy and with light rims, second, direct loading in the plane of the wheel, and third, lateral bending in wheel centers. The design of hubs subjected to a pressure fit is then analyzed, and the additional stresses in a locomotive driving wheel due to the offset load on the crank pin are considered. This is followed by a mathematical discussion of the effect of the shrinkage of tires on the compressive stresses in wheel centers. The counterbalance of locomotive wheel centers follows and the paper concludes with a consideration of inertia stresses and loadings of flywheels with special consideration of rotors for a. c. generators with rotating fields, and of the inertia proportions of flywheels.
Large Oil Engines, With Special Reference to the Double-Acting Two-Cycle Type
Authors: Lucke Charles Edward 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Efforts to build large oil engines have been growing in number and in variety of means selected to meet marine requirements, stimulated by the success of motorships and the desire to increase their size or utility in prevailing sizes. Possible stationary applications of larger oil engines have also contributed additional motives and other solutions. Much of this work has not been published and is therefore not as well known to the engineering profession as it deserves by reason of its high quality and the foundation it lays for the future. This paper is concerned with a review of some of this work, with special reference to double-acting engines.
One of the problems considered is that of the possibility of raising the mean pressure in the cylinder to get high horsepower per cubic foot of displacement and without rise of maximum pressure to thereby reduce the weight per horsepower. High injection-air pressures, extra injection air, and supercharging of cylinders are included here in addition to studies of shape of combustion chamber, position of sprayer, and design of spray valve. A second one is that of determining the maximum diameter of cylinder that can be operated at very high or at moderate mean pressures without injury to the metal of cylinder, piston, or cylinder head, with particular reference to the effect of special designs of these parts for resisting heat damage at a given heat-generation rate or the corresponding relation of diameter and mean indicated pressure.
A third problem is that of securing results in two-cycle cylinders as nearly as possible equal to those of the earlier developed and more widely standard four-cycle, to determine how close the former can be brought to half the weight per horsepower of the latter on the one hand, and on the other, for the same size of cylinder and similar engine structures, how close to twice the maximum horsepower of a four-cycle engine it may be possible to build the two-cycle. Still another, from the standpoint of double action of the piston, assuming a given diameter and mean pressure or heat-generation rate established in four- or two-cycle single-acting cylinders, and a construction of cylinder, piston and cylinder head not injured for these values, is that of determining the practicability of making both ends develop the same power in both four-cycle and two-cycle engines. This includes the determination of how close to half the weight per horsepower of the single-acting it may be possible to build the double-acting engine or how close to twice the maximum horsepower of the single-acting it may be possible to make the maximum horsepower of the double-acting engine. Some of the double-acting designs published are reviewed, including the rodless piston and the double opposed pistons.
Comparison of Actual Performance and Theoretical Possibilities of the Lakeside Station
Authors: Drewry M. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To show the degree of perfection in the design and operation of a high-efficiency, straight-Rankine-cycle station, pointing out the magnitude of each individual heat and availability loss occurring in actual practice, is the object of this paper. Operating and test figures of the Lakeside station have been assembled and a comparison of theory and practice has been recorded.
Mechanical Features Affecting the Reliable and Economical Operation of Hydroelectric Plants
Authors: Dow E. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the subjects of flashboards, trashracks, rack rakes, sluice gates, headgates, penstock valves, air vents, and discharge-measuring devices, from the standpoint of economy and reliability of operation, based almost entirely on the New England Power Company’s practice. It stresses the importance of reducing head losses and leakage and adhering to strength and simplicity in the design of hydraulic equipment.
Torsional Vibrations and Critical Speeds of Shafts
Authors: Lack Arnold , Jahnke Charles B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is an analysis of torsional vibrations and critical speeds of shafts. These magnitudes can be calculated, as shown here, for any engine when all necessary data are given. The various characteristics of torsional vibrations are measured with a special instrument, called the “Torsiograph,” which shows on “torsiograms” the degree of irregularity of rotation.
The stresses in the shaft due to its vibrations are also computed, and means of avoiding dangerous vibrations are shown. Results of tests are given which were performed on: (a) An apparatus for demonstration of torsional vibrations; (b) an experimental horizontal oil engine; (c) a vertical two-cylinder Diesel engine driving two generators; and (d) a vertical four-cylinder marine engine.
Vibration Phenomena of a Loaded Unbalanced Shaft While Passing Through its Critical Speed
Authors: Kimball A. L. , Hull E. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present in a clear manner with experimental demonstration a discussion of the peculiar vibration phenomena to which an unbalanced, loaded shaft is subject while passing through its critical speed. First, the basic theory is given from a somewhat new viewpoint,2 after which an experimental demonstration, which gives a quantitative check on the theory, is described.
Phosphor-Bronze Helical Springs From the Standpoint of Precision Instruments
Authors: Brombacher W. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives the results of tests made on phosphor-bronze helical springs investigated at the Bureau of Standards to obtain knowledge useful in the design of springs for precision instruments. The characteristics of the spring material, the method of construction of the springs, the apparatus in which the springs were tested and the procedure followed are set forth by the author. The results relate to stiffness, maximum fiber stress, hysteresis, after-effect, drift, and buckling.
Auxiliaries for Motor Vessels
Authors: Morton John W. , Newell A. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
With the vast increase in motorships it is only natural to expect a variety of installations; and the many designs and variety of types of propelling machinery and modes of drive in turn affect the auxiliary equipment.
The great differences that exist in auxiliaries in such factors as weight, space, duty, capacity, cost, etc., without doubt could be minimized.
Determining the right kind and capacity of auxiliaries, in order to reduce first cost and weight and at the same time have the most economical marine plant both at sea and in port, is a somewhat difficult task, because one has to consider the ship’s trade routes, and whether the ship is new or converted.
It must also be remembered that the assumption regarding continual running with full cargo is rather ideal, but as all ships will be equally liable to runs in ballast or with part cargo or load, the results will be relative.
Comparisons between types of machinery are often based on the relative space required, the weight and fuel-consumption values, and the resulting saving in fuel.
While perhaps these are quite fair to the machinery, they are not to the ship as a whole, and are apt to show differences, the benefits of which in practice are never realized.
The comparisons in the paper have been made without bias for or against any particular type of machinery, and in a manner that shows a more true ultimate saving than that attained by other comparative methods.
The differences brought out by the analysis, although showing no one particular type as vastly superior, do show that certain vessels can be built and operated with more profit than others, and they therefore justify a close investigation of ships’ economies when selecting the type of machinery.
The Locomotive Testing Plant and its Influence on Steam-Locomotive Design
Authors: Fry Lawford H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper gives a brief history of locomotive testing plants and their contributions to the development of the locomotive. The work done by the Altoona testing plant is told in brief references to the results of tests as reported in various bulletins published by the Pennsylvania Railroad. Contrasts are made of size and economy of locomotives twenty years ago when the first testing plant was built and the present time. One appendix to the paper develops the method used in determining locomotive efficiencies, and another is an extensive bibliography of locomotive testing.
Duty Tests of Vertical Triple-Expansion Pumping Engines, Milwaukee, Wis.: Results Obtained at Riverside Pumping Station
Authors: Cahill Charles A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has equipped its new Riverside Pumping Station with three vertical triple-expansion pumping engines. The reason for the choice of engines of this type was their great reliability, high economy, and low cost of maintenance. The author believes that the units A and B recently tested have shown a duty record that has not been equaled to date by any using steam as a working medium for pumping water.
A Research in the Elements of Metal Cutting: Confined to Tool Sharpness, Tool Form, Chip Dimensions, and the Force Involved
Authors: Boston Orlan W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives an account of an investigation in the fundamental elements of metal cutting conducted in the Machine Tool Laboratory at the University of Michigan. The object of the investigation was to determine a relation between the force on the tool in the direction of cut for a constant cutting speed of 20 feet per minute, and the degrees of tool sharpness, the various tool angles, the width and depth of cut, and the physical properties of the materials cut. Nine representative types of material were cut including three carbon steels, three alloy steels, brass, and annealed and unannealed cast iron. The cutting was confined to straight-line motion on a planer and the tools used were of the end-cutting type. No cutting fluids were used and but one element was varied at a time.
The results show that the clearance angle has no influence on the force on the tool so long as the tool does not drag on the work, that the force on the tool remains constant for a wide variation of keenness of cutting edge, and for thick chips, particularly, the tool edge may be rounded to 1/64-in. diameter without appreciable increase in the cutting force. It is also shown that the cutting force on the tool is reduced in direct proportion to the increase in front-rake angle, all other factors remaining constant. It is shown that thick chips are removed more efficiently than thin chips, and that narrow chips are removed more efficiently than wide chips. The results also indicate that there is an apparent relation between some of the physical properties of the metals and their machinability or the cutting force on the tool for the carbon steels in one group, the alloy steels in a second group, and cast iron in a third group.
A bibliography on metal cutting has been made a part of the paper to enable those interested in the subject readily to locate those articles of interest or value to them.
Industrial-Boiler Efficiencies
Authors: Fitzsimmons Samuel D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper presents results obtained with two boilers installed at the plant of the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company, Providence, R. I., and its purport is to indicate the desirability of low furnace-draft velocities and a more effective use of radiant heat. The premise is assumed that more width in the tube sections of water-tube boilers is desirable. Much that is offered is in the form of conjecture.
Mechanical Engineering in the Cracking, Heating, and Cooling of Oil
Authors: Broido B. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The most important development in the last few years in the petroleum industry is unquestionably the method of refining or cracking heavy oils into lighter hydrocarbons. With most processes the cracking of oil occurs at pressures of 600 lb. and above, and temperatures as high as 900 deg. fahr. or higher, and the industry is becoming more than ever dependent upon mechanical engineers to design the apparatus for these pressures and temperatures.
The paper deals with the combustion and furnace design of pipe stills and suggests arrangements that will increase their efficiency. The importance of a knowledge of individual heat-transfer resistances between gases and tubes as well as oil and tubes is pointed out. Data for the heat transmission in each individual case are given also for heat transmission between oil and the tubes in heat exchangers.
The frictional losses in oil flowing through tubes are briefly discussed, and a table is given which shows the frictional loss or pressure drop for different sizes of tubes and different oil velocities and viscosities.
Illustrations and descriptions of newly developed joints between tubes and return headers of pipe stills are given, and desirable arrangements of the tubes are discussed; also various arrangements of heat exchangers.
The Development and Technical Aspects of The Fairchild Caminez Engine
Authors: Caminez Harold 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to explain the operation of the drive-cam mechanism and to give a general description of the Fairchild Caminez engine. The history of the engine development is next related, following which come particulars of tests conducted and problems encountered. A discussion of the principles and the method of the drive-cam design is also included.
Combustion in Aircraft Oil Engines
Authors: Joachim Wm. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The oil engine is the most efficient self-contained prime mover so far developed, and endeavors are now being made to adapt it to the high-speed service required in automotive vehicles and aircraft. The author discusses the difficulties encountered in obtaining uniformly controlled and efficient combustion at high speeds, and enumerates the factors upon which the solution of these problems depend. He also considers the advantages of light-weight, high-speed, high-capacity oil engines in aircraft, namely, high cycle efficiency, ability to burn heavy fuels efficiently, and general mechanical simplicity and better adaptability to the two-stroke cycle. He then establishes formulas for the evaluation of aircraft-engine performance, using them in comparing the performance of 85 different carburetor aircraft engines, both air- and water-cooled, and 101 different oil engines. He concludes by giving brief particulars of researches being conducted by the N.A.C.A. to determine the laws governing the hydraulics of fuel-injection systems, and the formation and distribution of oil sprays, as well as their ignition and combustion in spray combustion chambers and in engines fitted with various pistons and cylinder heads.
The Theory of Long-Distance Flight: Minimum Consumption of Fuel in an Airplane for a Given Number of Miles Is the Primary Factor and Not the Weight of the Engine
Authors: Nebesar Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper treats of speed at minimum drag, the reciprocal relations of the aerodynamic values, the influence of the decreasing weight of fuel during the flight, the variation of long-distance-flight conditions with altitude, and the influence of the decreasing load of fuel on the altitude of flight.