bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negative self-schemas and the onset of depression in women: longitudinal study
Authors: Evans Jonathan , Heron Jon , Lewis Glyn , Araya Ricardo , Wolke Dieter 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundBeck's cognitive theory of depression has received little empirical support.AimsTo test whether those with negative self-schemas were at risk of onset of depression.MethodData were collected by postal questionnaire from 12003 women recruited during early pregnancy; questionnaires included measures of depressive symptoms and negative self-schemas. Regular questionnaires were sent during pregnancy and following childbirth.ResultsOf 8540 women not depressed when recruited, 8.6% (95% CI 8.0–9.2) became depressed 14 weeks later. Those in the highest tertile for negative self-schema score were more likely to become depressed than those in the lowest tertile (odds ratio 3.04, 95% CI 2.48–3.73). The association remained after adjustment for baseline depressive symptoms and previous depression (OR 1.6, 95% CI1.27–2.02) and was of similar magnitude for onset 3 years later.ConclusionsHolding a negative self-schema is an independent risk factor for the onset of depression in women. This finding supports a key element of Beck's cognitive theory. Understanding more about how negative self-schemas arise should help inform preventive policies.
Neurological findings in late-onset depressive disorder: comparison of individuals with and without depression
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Jeffries Suzanne , Jackson Alan , Sutcliffe Caroline , Thacker Neil , Scott Marietta , Burns Alistair 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundOrganic factors are thought to be important in late-life depressive disorder but there have been few studies specifically of neurological signs.AimsTo compare neurological signs in a group of patients with late-onset depression and in healthy controls.MethodA case–control study comparing 50 patients with depression and 35 controls on three measures of central nervous system (CNS) signs: a structured CNS examination, the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and the Webster rating scale for parkinsonism.ResultsAfter adjusting for major depression at the time of evaluation and prescription of tranquillisers, ratings on two of the NES sub-scales (complex motor sequencing and ‘other’ signs) and on the Webster scale were significantly higher (more impaired) in patients compared with controls (P <0.05). With logistic regression, the NES was the main measure predictive of group outcome. There were no differences in scores of vascular risk or white matter but patients had more atrophy.ConclusionsThe findings add to the evidence that late-life depression is associated with organic brain dysfunction, perhaps mediated by neurodegeneration or subtle vascular impairment. The use of the NES in subjects with depression should be replicated.
The PAS–ADD Checklist: independent replication of its psychometric properties in a community sample
Authors: Sturmey Peter , Newton Jonathon Timothy , Cowley Amy , Bouras Nick , Holt Geraldine 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundThe development of reliable, valid measures of psychopathology in people with intellectual disabilities is an important task. However, independent replication studies are rarely reported.AimsTo report data on the psychometric properties of the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disabilities (PAS–ADD) Checklist.MethodThe PAS–ADD Checklist was completed for 226 adults as part of the assessment process for a specialist mental health service for people with intellectual disabilities.ResultsInternal consistency was acceptable. Factor analysis revealed one main factor that was characterised by items related to mood. The Checklist was sensitive to differences between diagnostic groups and had an overall sensitivity of 66%; its specificity was 70%.ConclusionsThe PAS–ADD Checklist is a quick and easy to use screening tool. Although at present it is the best measure available, it should not be the only method used to identify psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities.
Cognitive–behavioural therapy for refractory psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia resistant to atypical antipsychotic medication
Authors: Valmaggia Lucia R. , van der Gaag Mark , Tarrier Nicholas , Pijnenborg Marieke , Slooff Cees J. 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that cognitive–behavioural therapy can be an effective intervention for patients experiencing drug-refractory positive symptoms of schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate the effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy on in-patients with treatment-refractory psychotic symptoms.MethodManualised therapy was compared with supportive counselling in a randomised controlled study. Both interventions were delivered by experienced psychologists over 16 sessions of treatment. Therapy fidelity was assessed by two independent raters. Participants underwent masked assessment at baseline, after treatment and at 6 months' follow-up. Main outcome measures were the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Psychotic Symptoms Rating Scale. The analysis was by intention to treat.ResultsParticipants receiving cognitive–behavioural therapy had improved with regard to auditory hallucinations and illness insight at the post-treatment assessment, but these findings were not maintained at follow-up.ConclusionsCognitive–behavioural therapy showed modest short-term benefits over supportive counselling for treatment-refractory positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia
Authors: Angermeyer Matthias C. , Matschinger Herbert 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundIt is a widely shared belief that an increase in mental health literacy will result in an improvement of attitudes towards people with mental illness.AimsTo examine how the German public's causal attributions of schizophrenia and their desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia developed over the 1990s.MethodA trend analysis was carried out using data from two representative population surveys conducted in the Länder constituting the former Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 and 2001.ResultsParallel to an increase in the public's tendency to endorse biological causes, an increase in the desire for social distance from people with schizophrenia was found.ConclusionsThe assumption underlying current anti-stigma programmes that there is a positive relationship between endorsing biological causes and the acceptance of people with mental illness appears to be problematic.
Assessing violence risk in general adult psychiatry
Authors: Higgins Nicola , Watts David , Bindman Jonathan , Slade Mike , Thornicroft Graham 
Published: March 2005

Aims and MethodWe aimed to establish current practice in the risk assessment of harm to others within general adult psychiatry and review risk assessment documentation in use. Consultants working across 66 randomly selected trusts across England were surveyed. A qualitative analysis of risk assessment documentation was carried out.ResultsData were obtained from 45 trusts (68%). Consultants reported that 30 (67%) of the trusts had standardised forms for risk assessment. Forty-one forms were subjected to content analysis. Wide variation was found in the methods used to identify risk factors and in approaches to quantifying risk.Clinical ImplicationsCurrent risk assessment practice is highly variable, indicating a lack of consensus about suitable methods.
Don't forget EDNOS (eating disorder not otherwise specified): patterns of service use in an eating disorders service
Authors: Button Eric J. , Benson Elizabeth , Nollett Claire , Palmer Robert L. 
Published: March 2005

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to track service consumption in adult referrals to a specialised NHS eating disorders service over a 3-year period. We examined clinical records of a year's cohort (1999) of 147 referrals (96% female) assessed from the local catchment area.ResultsThe most common diagnostic group (42.8%) presented with some form of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). There was no significant relationship between diagnosis and service consumption, so that full syndrome eating disorders were no more labour-intensive overall than EDNOS patients. Indeed, EDNOS patients accounted for 50% of all outpatient appointments and over a half of all in-patient days.Clinical ImplicationsThe results suggest that those planning services for eating disorders need to take into account the substantial demand from EDNOS patients.
Experiences of a mixed court liaison and diversion scheme
Authors: Kingham Michael , Corfe Martin 
Published: March 2005

Aims and MethodTo examine the activity of the East Sussex Court Assessment and Diversion Scheme and to investigate its diagnostic formulations, recommendations and the short-term outcome of individuals referred, using a retrospective analysis of data collected over 3 years during the everyday clinical duties of scheme members.ResultsDiversion was recommended for 858 individuals from a total of 1830 referrals. Most were referred to community services, but 131 were admitted to hospital, the majority under compulsion. The number of individuals admitted to secure hospitals has increased, and delays in admitting them have lengthened. The ethnic minority population was over-represented in referrals.Clinical ImplicationsCourt liaison and diversion in East Sussex successfully directs defendants with mental disorders to appropriate resources, both general and specialist, in-patient and community. The expansion of in-patient secure services needs to continue to accommodate increased demand. Reasons why ethnic minorities are over-represented in referrals require further study.
Propulsive force calculations in swimming frogs I. A momentum–impulse approach
Authors: Nauwelaerts Sandra , Stamhuis Eize J. , Aerts Peter 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYFrogs are animals that are capable of locomotion in two physically different media, aquatic and terrestrial. A comparison of the kinematics of swimming frogs in a previous study revealed a difference in propulsive impulse between jumping and swimming. To explore this difference further, we determined the instantaneous forces during propulsion in swimming using an impulse–momentum approach based on DPIV flow data. The force profile obtained was compared with force profiles obtained from drag–thrust equilibrium of the centre of mass and with the force profiles generated during jumping. The new approach to quantifying the instantaneous forces during swimming was tested and proved to be a valid method for determining the external forces on the feet of swimming frogs.On the kinematic profiles of swimming, leg extension precedes propulsion. This means that it is not only the acceleration of water backwards that provides thrust, but also that the deceleration of water flowing towards the frog as a result of recovery accelerates the centre of mass prior to leg extension.The force profile obtained from the impulse–momentum approach exposed an overestimation of drag by 30% in the drag–thrust calculations. This means that the difference in impulse between jumping and swimming in frogs is even larger than previously stated. The difference between the force profiles,apart from a slightly higher peak force during jumping, lies mainly in a difference in shape. During swimming, maximal force is reached early in the extension phase, 20% into it, while during jumping, peak force is attained at 80% of the extension phase. This difference is caused by a difference in inter-limb coordination.
JuvenileLymnaeaventilate,learn and remember differently than do adultLymnaea
Authors: McComb Chloe , Varshney Nishi , Lukowiak Ken 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYAdult snails are capable of learning associatively not to perform aerial respiration and then to consolidate the acquired behaviour into long-term memory (LTM). Juvenile Lymnaea, however, perform aerial respiration significantly less often and the three-neuron circuit that drives this behaviour operates significantly differently than in it does in adults. We asked whether these ontogenic behavioural and neurophysiological differences are manifested as an altered ability of juveniles to learn and/or form LTM. We found that juvenile snails learn significantly less well than adults and are,as a group, incapable of forming LTM. To control for the possibility that the poor learning and inability to form memory were the result of juvenile's receiving on average fewer reinforcing stimuli because they perform aerial respiration less often than adults we subjected juveniles to an enforced period of hypoxia to `motivate' juveniles. Motivated juveniles perform aerial respiration as often as adults; yet these `motivated' juveniles continue to be poor learners and still cannot form LTM. Additionally, a small percentage of juveniles perform aerial respiration as often as adults (i.e. high responders). When these `high-responders were trained they still exhibited poorer learning ability compared with adults and could not form LTM. We conclude that juvenile snails have a more difficult time learning and remembering to suppress aerial respiratory activity than do adults.
Boosting intermediate-term into long-term memory
Authors: Parvez Kashif , Stewart Ory , Sangha Susan , Lukowiak Ken 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYAerial respiration in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis can be operantly conditioned. Depending on the specific training procedure used (i.e. a 0.5 h vs a 1.0 h interval between training sessions) either intermediate (ITM) or long-term memory (LTM) is formed. ITM, which persists for 2–3 h, is dependent only on de novo protein synthesis,whilst LTM persists for up to 4 weeks and is dependent on both transcription and de novo protein synthesis. We found that although the behavioural phenotype of ITM was not apparent 24 h after the last training session, a residual memory trace was present that serves as a foundation upon which a subsequent ITM-training-procedure builds on to form LTM (i.e. a `changed memory'). This residual memory trace could be perturbed by cooling, the behavioural process of context-specific extinction and by increasing the interval between the training procedures. Furthermore in preparations where the somata of RPeD1 (one of three interneurons in the central pattern generator required for aerial respiratory behavior) had been ablated before training, LTM could not be observed following a second bout of ITM-training. These data support the concept that a molecular memory trace is established as a consequence of ITM-training, which serves as a `permissive substrate', when the ITM memory is made active, sufficient to permit the necessary transcription and translation processes that are causal for LTM formation.
A new model predicting locomotor cost from limb lengthviaforce production
Authors: Pontzer Herman 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYNotably absent from the existing literature is an explicit biomechanical model linking limb design to the energy cost of locomotion, COL. Here, I present a simple model that predicts the rate of force production necessary to support the body and swing the limb during walking and running as a function of speed, limb length, limb proportion, excursion angle and stride frequency. The estimated rate of force production is then used to predict COL via this model following previous studies that have linked COL to force production. To test this model, oxygen consumption and kinematics were measured in nine human subjects while walking and running on a treadmill at range of speeds. Following the model, limb length, speed, excursion angle and stride frequency were used to predict the rate of force production both to support the body's center of mass and to swing the limb. Model-predicted COL was significantly correlated with observed COL, performing as well or better than contact time and Froude number as a predictor of COL for running and walking, respectively. Furthermore, the model presented here predicts relationships between COL, kinematic variables and body size that are supported by published reduced-gravity experiments and scaling studies. Results suggest the model is useful for predicting COL from anatomical and kinematic variables, and may be useful in intra- and inter-specific studies of locomotor anatomy and performance.
A single control system for smooth and saccade-like pursuit in blowflies
Authors: Boeddeker Norbert , Egelhaaf Martin 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYDuring courtship, male blowflies perform aerobatic pursuits that rank among the fastest visual behaviours that can be observed in nature. The viewing strategies during pursuit behaviour of blowflies appear to be very similar to eye movements during pursuit in primates: a combination of smooth pursuit and catch-up saccades. Whereas in primates these two components of pursuit eye movements are thought to be controlled by distinct oculomotor subsystems, we present evidence that in blowflies both types of pursuit responses can be produced by a single control system. In numerical simulations of chasing behaviour the proposed control system generates qualitatively the same behaviour as with real blowflies. As a consequence of time constants in the control system, mimicking neuronal processing times, muscular dynamics and inertia, saccade-like changes in gaze direction are generated if the target is displaced rapidly on the pursuing fly's retina. In the behavioural context of visual pursuit, saccade-like changes of the fly's gaze direction can thus be parsimoniously explained as an emergent property of a smooth pursuit system without assuming a priori different mechanisms underlying smooth and saccadic tracking behaviour.
Development of oxygen sensing in the gills of zebrafish
Authors: Jonz Michael G. , Nurse Colin A. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
Previous studies have described the morphology, innervation and O2-chemoreceptive properties of neuroepithelial cells (NECs) of the zebrafish gill filaments. The present work describes the ontogenesis of these cells, and the formation of functional O2-sensing pathways in developing zebrafish. Confocal immunofluorescence was performed on whole-mount gill preparations using antibodies against serotonin (5-HT) and a zebrafish-derived neuronal marker (zn-12) to identify the appearance and innervation of gill NECs during larval stages. NECs were first expressed in gill filament primordia of larvae at 5 days postfertilization (d.p.f.) and were fully innervated by 7 d.p.f. In vivo ventilation frequency analysis revealed that a behavioural response to hypoxia (11.2±2.8 min–1) developed in embryos as early as 2 d.p.f., and a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the ventilatory response to hypoxia (200.8±23.0 min–1) coincided with innervation of NECs of the filaments. In addition, exogenous application of quinidine, a blocker of O2-sensitive background K+ channels in NECs,induced hyperventilation in adults in a dose-dependent manner and revealed the development of a quinidine-sensitive ventilatory response in 7 d.p.f. larvae. This study shows that NEC innervation in the gill filaments may account for the development of a functional O2-sensing pathway and the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia in zebrafish larvae. At earlier stages,however, O2-sensing must occur through another pathway. The possibility that a new type of 5-HT-positive NEC of the gill arches may account for this earlier hypoxic response is discussed.
Influence of environmental conditions on early development of the hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana
Authors: Pradillon Florence , Le Bris Nadine , Shillito Bruce , Young Craig M. , Gaill Françoise 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
Dispersal and colonisation processes at deep-sea vents are still not fully understood, essentially because early life stages of vent species remain unknown. The polychaete worm Alvinella pompejana forms colonies on chimney walls at East Pacific Rise vent sites where the temperature can frequently exceed 20°C. In vitro studies in pressure vessels showed that the early embryos tolerate temperatures in a lower range(10–14°C), suggesting that they would have to escape the colony to develop. Pressure vessels offer the advantage that each parameter can be independently controlled, but they do not simulate the more complex and dynamic conditions naturally encountered at vent sites. Accordingly, in addition to incubations in pressure vessels, we incubated embryos directly at a vent site, in different habitats along a gradient of hydrothermal influence. Embryos incubated on an adult A. pompejana colony where temperature and H2S concentrations were relatively high showed a very low survival rate and did not develop, whereas embryos incubated in a Riftia pachyptila clump environment with a lower hydrothermal signature, or at the base of the chimney where the influence of the hydrothermal activity was very weak, survived well and developed. Although the average temperature recorded in the A. pompejana colony was within the range tolerated by embryos (13°C), frequent peaks above 20°C were recorded. Estimated sulphide concentration at this site reached 200 μmol l–1. Punctuated exposure to both high temperature and elevated sulphide levels probably explain the low survival of embryos within the A. pompejanacolony. The in situ experiments further support the idea that embryos require conditions with moderate hydrothermal influence not generally found within an adult colony. However, as much more benign physicochemical conditions can be found within a few tens of cm of adult colonies, embryos do not necessarily have to leave their vent of origin to develop. Further analyses are needed to pinpoint the specific factors that affect the survival and development of embryos at vents.
The role of ultraviolet wavelengths in the mate-choice decisions of female three-spined sticklebacks
Authors: Boulcott P. D. , Walton K. , Braithwaite V. A. 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYFemale three-spined sticklebacks have been found to use visual cues when responding sexually towards courting males, often preferring more intensely red-coloured males, and males with blue rather than silver irises. However,traditionally the literature has failed to test preference across the full spectral range to which females might be sensitive, limiting analysis to the human-visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. We studied the effects that the addition of ultraviolet wavelengths has on the mate-choice preferences of female sticklebacks using a two-choice paradigm. We found that females preferred males that were viewed across the full spectrum to males whose display lacked an ultraviolet component. Using suitable controls we were able to establish that female preference was sexually motivated and was not caused by a general preference for the manipulated light conditions. Our results indicate that female preference may be due to an enhancement in visual contrast when males are viewed in full spectrum conditions.