bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FAILURE TO NEUTRALIZE THE POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS WITH SERA OF ADULT MACACUS RHESUS AND OF YOUNG FEMALE RHESUS TREATED WITH ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS
Authors: Hudson N. Paul , Lennette Edwin H. , King Ernest Q. 
Published: June 2004

1. Twelve specimens of serum from nine adult male monkeys failed to neutralize the virus of poliomyelitis.
2. Ten samples of serum obtained from three adult female monkeys at various phases of the menstrual cycle likewise proved incapable of neutralizing the virus. An eleventh serum, drawn from a fourth female 32 days postpartum, gave irregular results. It neutralized once and failed to do so on second test. This is the only suggestion in our experiments that a physiological factor may play a part in poliomyelitis immunity.
3. Fourteen sera from ten immature monkeys caused to menstruate by treatment with anterior pituitary extract were devoid of virucidal property. This treatment failed also to induce a systemic resistance to intracerebral injections of virus in the nine monkeys of the same group available for test.
4. We were unable to demonstrate in our monkeys a correlation between virucidal capacity of the serum and maturity or physiological variations as exemplified by menstruation.
EPIDEMIC TREMOR, AN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS AFFECTING YOUNG CHICKENS
Authors: Jones E. Elizabeth 
Published: June 2004

A new disease having a characteristic and well defined symptom complex is described as occurring in young chickens in four New England states. Tremor, principally of the head and neck, and progressive ataxia are the characteristic symptoms, either or both of which may be present in a single bird. Age at onset in field epidemics ranges from 3 days to 6 weeks, with a majority of cases reported at 3 weeks. Morbidity in commercial flocks ranges from 5 to 50 per cent; mortality in affected hatches may be 50 per cent. The disease may or may not recur in successive hatches, and in the same flock in successive years. Although birds may survive an attack of the disease, nervous symptoms persist in a majority of cases.
There is no evidence that nutritional factors are involved. Normal chickens have not contracted the disease by contact with affected birds. The disease has been reproduced in normal chickens by intracerebral inoculation of brain and spinal cord from affected birds. Twenty brain-to-brain passages have been made up to the present time. The incubation period in laboratory passages ranges from 6 to 44 days with symptoms appearing usually between 21 and 28 days. The proportion of inoculated birds developing symptoms has increased with successive passages.
The infective agent in the brain has survived in 50 per cent glycerine for 69 days. No organism has been cultivated. The disease has been reproduced after inoculation with bacteriologically sterile filtrates obtained with Seitz and Berkefeld N filters.
Attempts to demonstrate the presence of the infective agent in the chicken embryo have been inconclusive. Chicks hatched from eggs laid by birds which had survived the disease were not infected, nor were they immune to inoculation at 6 weeks of age.
The characteristic lesion of the disease consists of microscopic focal collections of glia cells, perivascular infiltration, degeneration of Purkinje's cells, and degeneration of nerve cells. Foci of infiltration are present throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the viscera of birds from field epidemics, microscopic focal infiltrations of cells of the lymphoid series are often found. Their presence is most notable in the pancreas and heart. No cell inclusions have been demonstrated.
THE FLOW AND COMPOSITION OF LYMPH IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF EDEMA
Authors: Weech A. A. , Goettsch E. , Reeves E. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. The experimental observations have been summarized at the end of an earlier section. The more important facts only will be recapitulated here.
The capacity of the lymphatics for removing fluid from the tissues greatly exceeds the rate at which freshly formed tissue fluid can be made available for removal. Edematous regions can be rendered non-edematous by the application of measures, such as massage, passive motion, or normal exercise, which activate the lymphatics.
During continuous activity the rate of lymph flow is first variable and later relatively constant. Constant rates of flow must correspond to the production of fresh lymph. A study of the constant rates indicates that lymph formation in the edematous animal is certainly only slightly greater, and possibly not greater at all, than under conditions of normality.
When the protein of plasma decreases, the protein of lymph is also lowered. The loss of protein from lymph takes place at a faster rate than from plasma, so that the ratio of serum protein to lymph protein is greater in the edematous than in the normal animal.
In edematous animals the concentration of protein in lymph is of the same order of magnitude as the concentration in edema fluids. The two fluids are not, however, identical in composition. Minor fluctuations in the protein content of lymph always occur during a period of continuous collection.
2. The factors involved in the circulation and accumulation of tissue fluid are discussed. Reasons are given for offering the following suggestions.
Significant differences in tissue pressure or tension exist between the states resulting from quiescence and activation of the lymphatics. The differences give rise to variations in the relative areas of capillary wall, functioning for filtration and reabsorption. When the lymphatics are activated it is possible that capillary reabsorption may be completely in abeyance.
A decline in the proteins of plasma may be associated with a diminished permeability of the capillaries. Such a lowering of capillary permeability would account for two features, both of which have been demonstrated: (1) failure to observe an appreciably increased rate of lymph formation in the edematous animal, and (2) the extremely low concentration of protein in lymph from edematous animals.
Although the difference between the protein concentrations of edema fluid and lymph from the same region is small, the conclusion is not yet justified that a similarly small difference exists between normal tissue fluid and normal lymph.
VACCINATION OF MONKEYS AND LABORATORY WORKERS AGAINST PSITTACOSIS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Schwentker Francis F. 
Published: June 2004

Monkeys that have recovered from psittacosis pneumonia have an increased resistance to infection with the virus and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera.
Large amounts of active psittacosis virus can be introduced intravenously and intramuscularly into monkeys without the production of a serious infection such as pneumonia. Relatively small amounts of virus introduced intratracheally into monkeys usually lead to psittacosis pneumonia.
Monkeys vaccinated intramuscularly with unattenuated psittacosis virus have an increased resistance to the active agent and possess neutralizing antibodies in their sera.
The intramuscular introduction of active psittacosis virus in moderate amounts into human beings is relatively harmless, and repeated inoculations lead to the appearance of neutralizing antibodies in the sera of vaccinated individuals.
STUDIES ON ORGANOGENESIS
Authors: Parker Raymond C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Isolated blood cells, when placed for incubation in a plasma substratum, are capable of constructing highly organized, tubular processes that project from the explanted cell mass into the surrounding medium.
2. The tubular structures have fibrillar walls that may be covered, eventually, by a membranous layer of leukocytes. Their lumina contain blood cells suspended in fluid.
3. The formation of the tubules is initiated by the red cells. The leukocytes, and more particularly the thrombocytes, are responsible for the construction of the walls.
4. The phenomenon occurs only in the presence of plasma, the coagulation of which has been slightly delayed. Once the surrounding medium has become firmly coagulated, no further change occurs either in the length of the tubules or in their diameter.
5. The development of the tubules is not suppressed by substances that enhance cellular activity unless they induce, at the same time, the immediate coagulation of the medium. The addition of embryo tissue juice prevents their formation by producing early coagulation.
6. The phenomenon as a whole is dependent upon the physicochemical nature of the medium, the character and thickness of the explanted fragment, and the physical and physiological peculiarities of the cells that comprise it. It is the expression of various physicochemical and physiological events that have occurred in a definite order, or sequence.
STUDIES UPON MINUTE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Bliss Eleanor A. , Walcott Charles F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found to occur from one-third to one-half as frequently in normal individuals as do ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.
2. They were rarely isolated from the rhinopharynges of individuals suffering from chronic disease.
3. In acute respiratory tract infection other than that due to the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococcus the incidence of minute streptococci was slightly higher than in normal individuals.
4. In acute streptococcal infections, scarlet fever and acute tonsillitis, for example, the incidence of minute hemolytic streptococci did not significantly vary from the incidence found in normal human beings.
5. Minute beta hemolytic streptococci were found in the throats of 33 out of 42 patients ill with glomerular nephritis and in 25 out of 59 patients who were suffering from the various manifestations of rheumatic fever.
6. In glomerular nephritis and rheumatic infection the minute beta hemolytic streptococci were isolated from the throats of more patients than were the ordinary beta hemolytic streptococci.
A VIRUS-INDUCED MAMMALIAN GROWTH WITH THE CHARACTERS OF A TUMOR (THE SHOPE RABBIT PAPILLOMA)
Authors: Beard J. W. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The injection of Scharlach R into the skin about rabbit papillomas resulting from virus inoculation causes them to invade the underlying tissue and form large, fleshy masses beneath the surface. Histologically these appear malignant, and they frequently invade the blood vessels. Covering young papillomas with a layer of collodion causes them to burrow downwards with result in discoid masses which enlarge progressively, both by expansive growth beneath the epidermis and by invasion. Such masses, like the nodules resulting from implantation, have the papillae turned toward their interior, the apparent reverse of the condition of affairs when the growth is situated on the skin surface. The reasons for this are analyzed. The peculiarities of the host influence skin papillomas not a little, as is plain from the forms they assume; but the epithelial changes induced by the virus take a single direction, and no significant variations from type have been encountered.
Local or generalized retrogression of the experimentally induced papilloma is not uncommon. The histological alterations that take place are identical with those attending retrogression of the epidermoid tumors, and the reactive changes taking place in the surrounding tissue are also like those about such tumors. The slowing and cessation of growth that occur secondarily in the case of virus-induced skin papillomas are associated with the formation under them of a dense layer of connective tissue, and to this their behavior is attributable. Similar findings have been often recorded for tumors, notably for the epidermoid cancers produced in rabbits by tarring.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Intratracheal, intracloacal, and subcutaneous injection of living cultures of the fowl coryza bacillus had no demonstrable effect on the susceptibility of fowl to coryza.
Intraperitoneal injection was irregularly followed by a definitely altered susceptibility. Growth of the specific bacillus was inhibited in the nasal tract of approximately 70 per cent of 25 birds which had received an earlier intraperitoneal injection.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Wieghard C. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The carbohydrates derived from Staphylococcus are type specific.
2. The specific carbohydrates fail to induce formation of antibodies in rabbits.
3. Acetylation or adsorption of the carbohydrates on collodion particles does not render them antigenic.
4. The specific carbohydrates may be employed to elicit immediate, type specific, skin reactions in patients with Staphylococcus infection.
5. The protein of Staphylococcus is species specific.
6. The protein is antigenic and stimulates in rabbits species specific antibodies.
7. The protein causes in hypersensitive individuals a species specific, delayed, inflammatory skin reaction.
THE DEGREE OF DISPERSION OF THE BACILLUS AS A FACTOR IN INFECTION AND RESISTANCE IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Thomas R. M. , Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

1. The skin lesions in rabbits and guinea pigs following intradermal injection of tubercle bacilli (5 strains) were greatly increased in size and severity when testicle extract was added to the inoculum. Such enhancement was followed by a more widespread and rapidly progressing disease only when virulent strains were employed.
2. Attempts to suppress the development of skin lesions resulting from the injection of either normal or tuberculous rabbits with very small quantities of tubercle bacilli mixed with testicle extract were unsuccessful.
3. The skin reactions of tuberculous guinea pigs to tuberculo-protein MA 100 were greatly increased in size and markedly reduced in intensity by the addition of testicle extract to the protein solution. The toxic effect of larger quantities of tuberculo-protein was not altered by the addition of testicle extract.
4. The dispersion of tubercle bacilli through the skin of tuberculous rabbits resulted in a marked enhancement of the Koch phenomenon but was not followed by any extension of the new infection to the viscera. Tuberculous rabbits infected on two occasions with dead tubercle bacilli suspended in testicle extract showed an increased resistance to the disease when compared with controls receiving dead bacilli suspended in saline solution.
5. The resistance conferred upon tuberculous guinea pigs by superinfection was greatly increased when the bacilli employed were dispersed through the skin with testicle extract.
6. The parenteral administration of large quantities of testicle extract to recently infected guinea pigs did not result in any increase in the extent of the visceral lesions.
7. The partial immunity conferred upon guinea pigs and rabbits by vaccination with heat-killed tubercle bacilli was increased as a result of dispersion of the vaccine through the skin with testicle extract.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method for determining the antistreptolysin titer is described in detail.
2. The natural human level of antistreptolysin determined in this way is approximately 50 units.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: June 2004

The observations presented in this paper may be summarized as follows:
A study has been made on an isolated group of children with heart disease.
All of these individuals, with one exception, were rheumatic subjects.
Many of them carried a strain of hemolytic streptococcus in the throat flora during the winter of 1934. The organism produced no detectible toxin and was not associated with respiratory disease.
Four patients contracted chicken pox during the winter months. None developed rheumatic recrudescences.
All of the individuals were in good health on March 1.
A severe epidemic of influenza began on March 22. All but six children contracted the disease. The filterable virus responsible for this outbreak was recovered.
This agent did not activate the rheumatic process. It was followed by an outbreak of streptococcus infection and appeared to facilitate its spread.
The source of these infections was not traced. They were due to a single type of hemolytic streptococcus which was a strong toxin producer. Its cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics were different from those of the carrier strain.
Of seventeen individuals proven bacteriologically to be infected with the epidemic strain, fourteen rheumatic subjects developed acute rheumatism, two rheumatic subjects and one patient with congenital heart disease escaped.
These fourteen rheumatic attacks were accompanied by a rise in antistreptolysin titer coincident with the onset of symptoms.
In four of these attacks it was possible to exclude influenza as a causative factor.
The clinical observations, the bacteriological findings and the immunological evidence indicate that this severe outbreak of rheumatic fever was caused by Streptococcus hemolyticus, which appeared to be a single strain by type.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

Observations are reported which concern the nature of the infectious process resulting from the intraperitoneal injection of mice with virulent pneumococci.
The course of the infection has been figuratively reconstructed on the basis of the following data: The rate of bacterial multiplication, the numbers of cells present in the peritoneal cavity, the character of these cells at various stages, and the rate of phagocytosis.
The significant alterations in this infectious process brought about by the administration of type specific immune serum are described, and the general significance of the findings discussed with reference to the functions of the immune serum and the rôle of phagocytes in protection.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Miller D. K. 
Published: June 2004

The power of specific antipneumococcus serum to protect mice against infection with Type I Pneumococcus has been studied with reference to the capacity of the animal to utilize the specific antibodies. With a single strain of mice it was found that smaller animals and those with large numbers of white cells in the peritoneal cavity are much better able to utilize the passively conferred immune principles.
These two intrinsic factors were resolved into a single element; namely, the number of monocytes in the peritoneal cavity at the time of injection of culture and serum. The interrelation of the extrinsic and intrinsic factors participating in the process of protection have been discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUSES OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kuttner Ann G. , T'ung T'sun 
Published: June 2004

1. It has not been possible to increase the virulence of the submaxillary gland viruses of guinea pigs and rats, either by reducing the resistance of the animals by exposure to X-ray, or by the addition of testicular extract (Duran-Reynals factor).
2. In guinea pigs and wild rats with spontaneously infected submaxillary glands, the kidney has been found to contain the virus in the absence of demonstrable pathological changes.
3. Direct injection of these viruses into the kidney produces only mild, circumscribed lesions.
4. The viruses, following subcutaneous injection into white rats and guinea pigs, are widely distributed 2 weeks after injection. They are present in the submaxillary glands, cervical lymph nodes, kidney, and lung. They were not demonstrable at this time in the blood, liver, or spleen.
5. By the intratracheal injection of large doses of virus in guinea pigs and rats, an interstitial bronchopneumonia with thickening of the alveolar and bronchial walls and the presence of acidophilic inclusion bodies, can be produced.
6. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the multiplication of bacteria in the lung is greatly enhanced by the injection of these viruses.
WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE BLOOD OF EXPERIMENTALLY INOCULATED CHICKENS
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Ann Thorpe, Rosemary Burroughs, and Angela Laurent
Published: June 2004

1. Chickens inoculated subcutaneously with 0.2 cc. of a 10–2 to 10–7 dilution of Western equine mouse brain virus had the virus in the blood serum between the 12th and the 48th hour in most instances. The fowls showed no signs of illness.
2. Viremia could be induced regularly in chickens by inoculating subcutaneously the least amount of virus which would produce encephalitis in the mouse when inoculated by the intracerebral route.
3. Even the minimal infecting dose for a chicken led to such multiplication of the virus that it was detectable in the serum in a 10–4 dilution. Moreover, a minimal infecting dose appeared to result in a longer period of viremia than was produced by a larger dose.
4. Virus has not been found to persist for more than 3 days after inoculation in any organ of the chicken tested for it and usually it did not persist over 2 days. Antibodies were present in the blood within at least 15 days after inoculation.
5. It is concluded that chickens may serve as sources of infection for mosquitoes or other blood-sucking ectoparasites for short periods of time after the infecting bite of a similar invertebrate vector. There is no evidence that the chicken serves as a latent carrier of the virus.
6. No virus could be found in the blood of 2 inoculated calves, and virus has not been demonstrated regularly or with the same case in the blood of horses or of men, as it has in that of chickens. It seems unlikely therefore that large mammals serve frequently as sources for mosquito infection.
7. These experimental data on fowls and mammals correlate well with other epidemiological and laboratory findings, in particular with the feeding preference of the mosquitoes found infected in epidemic areas.
ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN THE BLOOD OF EXPERIMENTALLY INOCULATED FOWLS AND MAMMALS
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Reeves W. C. , Izumi E. M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Ann Thorpe, Rosemary Burroughs, and Angela Laurent
Published: June 2004

1. Of three species of mammals tested by peripheral inoculation (guinea pig, cat, and horse) none showed viremia under conditions which suggested that any of these species would serve as a frequent source of mosquito infection.
2. Of the birds tested (chicken, duck, and dove) all developed viremia and might readily serve as natural sources of mosquito infection. Chickens were shown to be very highly susceptible to infection by minute amounts of virus inoculated subcutaneously.
3. Virus may appear in the blood of chickens within 16 hours after inoculation and it has persisted till at least the 120th hour. No fowl showed any sign of illness as a result of the infection.