bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing a ‘revolution in science’: the campaign to promote a favourable reception for the 1919 solar eclipse experiments
Authors: SPONSEL ALISTAIR 
Published: February 2003

A patriot fiddler-composer of LutonWrote a funeral march which he played with the mute on,To record, as he said, that a Jewish-Swiss-TeutonHad partially scrapped the Principia of Newton.Punch, 19 November 1919, p. 422When the results of experiments performed during the British solar eclipse expeditions of 1919
were announced at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society,
they were celebrated in the next day's Times of London with the famous headline
‘Revolution in science’. This exemplified the general approbation with which
A. S. Eddington and F. W. Dyson's results were received, the upshot of which was
widespread approval for general relativity and worldwide fame for Albert Einstein. Perhaps because
of Einstein's present reputation, there has been little historical analysis of why his
theory should have been so celebrated on the basis of a single announcement of the results of
one group's experiments. In this paper I argue that the remarkable public and professional
success of the eclipse experiments was the direct result of a systematic and extended campaign by
Eddington and Dyson and their associates to create interest in relativity theory, build an
audience for the experiments, promote a favourable reception for the results and establish
their work as a crucial experiment that would distinguish between the gravitation theories of
Newton and Einstein. The campaign was motivated by Eddington's affection for Einstein's
theory, and was successful largely because of Eddington's substantial credibility.
MINGLING THE WATERS
Authors: Polden Patrick 
Published: February 2003

Views about the nature and extent of the “fusion” effected by the Judicature Acts frequently focus narrowly on those cases which determined the doctrinal position, with insufficient regard for the accompanying changes to practice, procedure and structures.This article examines the means by which the promoters of the legislation and other interested parties sought to promote or restrain its formidable fusionist potential. It explores the use of cross-jurisdictional appointments to infuse equity into the common law divisions; the successive changes to the membership and working arrangements of the court of appeal; and the short-lived experiment of sending Chancery and appellate judges on circuit. It suggests that a more detailed examination of the effect of these structures and the role of individual judges of the Supreme Court of Judicature in its formative years is needed for a full understanding of the limited fusion that emerged.
RECONCEPTUALISING THE EXPRESS TRUST
Authors: Parkinson Patrick 
Published: February 2003

This article argues that the express trust should be understood as a species of obligation rather than as a means of organising the ownership of property. Two propositions seem fundamental to the traditional understanding of the trust as an aspect of property law. Firstly, in the nature of the trust, there must be a separation of legal and beneficial ownership. Secondly, there must be trust property. Neither is necessarily true. With many discretionary trusts and other recognised types of express trust it is impossible to locate the beneficial estate. Furthermore, the requirement for there to be trust property is, on closer analysis, a requirement of certainty of obligation in relation to specific subject-matter within which the trust property can be located.The article explores the implications of understanding the trust as a species of obligation. It allows all express trusts, including charitable trusts, to be explained as resting on the same fundamental concepts. The trust in the common law world may still be distinguished from contract and from the civil law forms of the trust. This new conceptualisation also illuminates what is the irreducible core content of the trust. The article concludes with a new definition of the express trust.
FINITELY RAMIFIED GRAPH-DIRECTED FRACTALS, SPECTRAL ASYMPTOTICS AND THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL RENEWAL THEOREM
Authors: Hambly B. M. , Nyberg S. O. G. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe consider the class of graph-directed constructions which are connected and have the property of finite ramification. By assuming the existence of a fixed point for a certain renormalization map, it is possible to construct a Laplace operator on fractals in this class via their Dirichlet forms. Our main aim is to consider the eigenvalues of the Laplace operator and provide a formula for the spectral dimension, the exponent determining the power-law scaling in the eigenvalue counting function, and establish generic constancy for the counting-function asymptotics. In order to do this we prove an extension of the multidimensional renewal theorem. As a result we show that it is possible for the eigenvalue counting function for fractals to require a logarithmic correction to the usual power-law growth.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35P20; 58J50. Secondary 28A80; 60K05; 31C25
STABILITY AND BIFURCATION IN A DELAYED RATIO-DEPENDENT PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEM
Authors: Xiao Dongmei , Li Wenxia 
Published: February 2003

AbstractRecently, ratio-dependent predator–prey systems have been regarded by some researchers as being more appropriate for predator–prey interactions where predation involves serious searching processes. Due to the fact that every population goes through some distinct life stages in real-life, one often introduces time delays in the variables being modelled. The presence of time delay often greatly complicates the analytical study of such models. In this paper, the qualitative behaviour of a class of ratio-dependent predator–prey systems with delay at the equilibrium in the interior of the first quadrant is studied. It is shown that the interior equilibrium cannot be absolutely stable and there exist non-trivial periodic solutions for the model. Moreover, by choosing delay $\tau$ as the bifurcation parameter we study the Hopf bifurcation and the stability of the periodic solutions.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34C25; 92D25. Secondary 58F14
PRODUCTS OF PAIRWISE TOTALLY PERMUTABLE GROUPS
Authors: Hauck P. , Martínez-Pastor A. , Pérez-Ramos M. D. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper finite groups factorized as products of pairwise totally permutable subgroups are studied in the framework of Fitting classes.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20D10; 20D40
THE BEST-CONSTANT PROBLEM FOR A FAMILY OF GAGLIARDO–NIRENBERG INEQUALITIES ON A COMPACT RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD
Authors: Brouttelande Christophe 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe best-constant problem for Nash and Sobolev inequalities on Riemannian manifolds has been intensively studied in the last few decades, especially in the compact case. We treat this problem here for a more general family of Gagliardo–Nirenberg inequalities including the Nash inequality and the limiting case of a particular logarithmic Sobolev inequality. From the latter, we deduce a sharp heat-kernel upper bound.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 58J05
A COUNTEREXAMPLE TO METRIC DIFFERENTIABILITY
Authors: Kirchheim Bernd , Magnani Valentino 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe show that the metric version of Pansu’s differentiability result for Lipschitz maps fails; this illustrates an interesting difference between Euclidean domains and domains that are non-abelian stratified groups.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 26B05. Secondary 22E25
BORNOLOGICAL COUNTABLE ENLARGEMENTS
Authors: Tweddle Ian , Saxon S. A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe show that for a non-flat bornological space there is always a bornological countable enlargement; moreover, when the space is non-flat and ultrabornological the countable enlargement may be chosen to be both bornological and barrelled. It is also shown that countable enlargements for barrelled or bornological spaces are always Mackey topologies, and every quasibarrelled space that is not barrelled has a quasibarrelled countable enlargement.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46A08; 46A20
HIGHER-RANK GRAPHS AND THEIR $C^*$-ALGEBRAS
Authors: Raeburn Iain , Sims Aidan , Yeend Trent 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe consider the higher-rank graphs introduced by Kumjian and Pask as models for higher-rank Cuntz–Krieger algebras. We describe a variant of the Cuntz–Krieger relations which applies to graphs with sources, and describe a local convexity condition which characterizes the higher-rank graphs that admit a non-trivial Cuntz–Krieger family. We then prove versions of the uniqueness theorems and classifications of ideals for the $C^*$-algebras generated by Cuntz–Krieger families.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 46L05
DISTRIBUTION OF GAPS BETWEEN THE INVERSES $\mathrm{mod} q$
Authors: Cobeli C. , Vâjâitu M. , Zaharescu A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractLet $q$ be a positive integer, let $\mathcal{I}=\mathcal{I}(q)$ and $\mathcal{J}=\mathcal{J}(q)$ be subintervals of integers in $[1,q]$ and let $\mathcal{M}$ be the set of elements of $\mathcal{I}$ that are invertible modulo $q$ and whose inverses lie in $\mathcal{J}$. We show that when $q$ approaches infinity through a sequence of values such that $\varphi(q)/q\rightarrow0$, the $r$-spacing distribution between consecutive elements of $\mathcal{M}$ becomes exponential.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11K06; 11B05; 11N69
CONSTRUCTION OF LIE SUPERALGEBRAS $D(2,1;\alpha)$,\$G(3)$ AND $F(4)$ FROM SOME TRIPLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Kamiya Noriaki , Okubo Susumu 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe have constructed Lie superalgebras $D(2,1;\alpha)$, $G(3)$ and $F(4)$ from $U(-1,-1)$-balanced Freudenthal–Kantor triple systems in a natural way.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 17A40; 17B60
A RESULT ON SEMI-ARTINIAN RINGS
Authors: Dinh Hai Quang , Smith Patrick F. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIt was shown by Huynh and Rizvi that a ring $R$ is semisimple artinian if and only if every continuous right $R$-module is injective. However, a characterization of rings, over which every finitely generated continuous right module is injective, has been left open. In this note we give a partial solution for this question. Namely, we show that for a right semi-artinian ring $R$, every finitely generated continuous right $R$-module is injective if and only if all simple right $R$-modules are injective.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16D50. Secondary 16P20; 16P60
EIGENVALUES OF SOME NON-LOCAL BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS
Authors: Infante Gennaro 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWorking on a suitable cone of continuous functions, we give new results for integral equations of the form $\lambda u(t)=\int_{G}k(t,s)f(s,u(s))\,\mathrm{d} s:=Tu(t)$, where $G$ is a compact set in $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ and $k$ is a possibly discontinuous function that is allowed to change sign. We apply our results to prove existence of eigenvalues of some non-local boundary-value problems.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34B10. Secondary 34B18; 47H10; 47H30
PACKING STRIPS IN THE HYPERBOLIC PLANE
Authors: Marshall T. H. , Martin G. J. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA strip of radius $r$ in the hyperbolic plane is the set of points within distance $r$ of a given geodesic. We define the density of a packing of strips of radius $r$ and prove that this density cannot exceed$$ \mathcal{S}(r)=\frac{3}{\pi}\sinh r\mathrm{arccosh}\biggl(1+\frac{1}{2\sinh^2r}\biggr). $$This bound is sharp for every value of $r$ and provides sharp bounds on collaring theorems for simple geodesics on surfaces.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 51M09; 52C15. Secondary 51M04
ON THE EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR EQUATIONS DRIVEN BY THE $p$-LAPLACIAN AND WITH A NON-SMOOTH POTENTIAL
Authors: Gasiński Leszek , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn this paper we examine periodic problems driven by the scalar $p$-Laplacian. Using non-smooth critical-point theory and a recent multiplicity result based on local linking (the original smooth version is due to Brezis and Nirenberg), we prove three multiplicity results, the third for semilinear problems with resonance at zero. We also study a quasilinear periodic eigenvalue problem with the parameter near resonance. We prove the existence of three distinct solutions, extending in this way a semilinear and smooth result of Mawhin and Schmitt.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34C25
GENDER IN MODERN EUROPE: CRIME AND VIRTUE Gender and crime in modern Europe. Edited by Margaret L. Arnot and Cornelie Usborne. London: UCL Press, 1999. Pp. xv+288. ISBN 1-85728-746-0. £14.99. Breaking the codes: female criminality in fin-de-siècle Paris. By Ann-Louise Shapiro. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996. Pp. vi+265. ISBN 0-8047-2693-0. £10.95. Reign of virtue: mobilizing gender in Vichy France. By Miranda Pollard. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Pp. xxi+285. ISBN 0-226-67350-2. £15.95.
Authors: CHILDERS KRISTEN STROMBERG 
Published: February 2003

The past decade has seen a virtual explosion in scholarship about issues of gender in the history of modern Europe. Historians have taken up topics from the fall of Louis XVI during the Revolution to the role of women in fascism to demonstrate the pivotal importance that matters of sexual difference have made in shaping politics, culture, and society in the last centuries. Scholars have realized that interpretations of class dynamics, work relations, collective action, and nations at war, for example, look considerably different and are far more complex when attention is paid to gender. Where the study of women in the past was once relegated to the backwaters, now courses on women's history and gender have taken a permanent place in most university curricula. Histories that include women have moved from ‘her-story’ (crudely, the history of individual women and their accomplishments) to analyses that use gender as an interpretative prism through which to view larger social and political transformations.The three books under review participate in this larger movement toward integrating the perspectives of gender into major issues of European history that have been researched by historians before, but from a standpoint that these authors find lacking. Margaret Arnot and Cornelie Usborne, as editors of a collection of essays on gender and crime, wish to correct some of the assumptions about women and crime that have been ignored by historians who focus mostly on more historically conspicuous male criminals. Ann-Louise Shapiro uses the trials of criminal women in late nineteenth-century Paris as ‘lightning rods’ that illuminate the social, political, and cultural conflicts of the fin-de-siècle.
Utilization of nitrogen- and mineral-rich vascular forage plants by reindeer in winter
Authors: STOREHEIER P. V. , MATHIESEN S. D. , TYLER N. J. C. , SCHJELDERUP I. , OLSEN M. A. 
Published: February 2003

The marginal winter pastures of reindeer and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Arctic and sub-Arctic areas are assumed to be nitrogen- and mineral-poor. Reindeer eat a mixed diet consisting of nitrogen-deficient lichens and a wide variety of vascular plants in winter. Some reindeer populations manage to maintain carcass mass outside the growing season and very little is known about the ability of reindeer to utilize vascular plants in this season. The chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of 17 species of vascular forage plants and one species of moss collected mid-winter from beneath the snow at an inland winter pasture in northern Norway were determined. Wintergreen parts of graminoids had a high content of crude protein (0.072–0.108 g/kg dry matter (DM)) and water-soluble carbohydrates (0.098–0.167 g/kg DM) and were highly digestible (50–65% IVDMD) compared with the withered parts of the plants (27–53% IVDMD). The digestibility of both shrubs and graminoids was inversely related to content of cellulose and lignin, but positively correlated with increasing contents of water-soluble carbohydrates. Shrubs were relatively calcium-rich (3.6–6.1 g/kg DM) while wintergreen graminoids contained up to 10.0 g/kg DM of potassium, 1.5 g/kg DM magnesium and 2.1 g/kg DM phosphorus. The present study demonstrates that the wintergreen parts of several species of vascular plants are nutritious, containing high levels of nitrogen and minerals, and that they are highly digestible to reindeer in winter. Vascular plants may, therefore, be more important to reindeer and caribou in winter than previously realized.
Effects of crossbred ewe genotype and ram genotype on lamb carcass characteristics from the lowland sheep flock
Authors: DAWSON L. E. R. , CARSON A. F. 
Published: February 2003

A study was carried out on five lowland farms in Northern Ireland over 2 years to investigate the effects of crossbred ewe and ram genotype on lamb carcass characteristics. Four ewe genotypes were sourced from six hill farms – Bluefaced Leicester×Blackface (BLXB), Texel×Blackface (TXB), Suffolk×Cheviot (SXCH) and Texel×Cheviot (TXCH). On each farm groups of 20 to 30 of each crossbred ewe genotype were crossed with Suffolk or Texel sires. Within each of the ram breeds, high lean growth index rams sourced from UK sire reference schemes (SRS) were compared with rams sourced from flocks not involved in objective genetic improvement programmes (control). Throughout the 2 years of the study the ewes lambed at 1 and 2 years of age. Lambs from each of the crosses were slaughtered at 36, 44 and 52 kg live weight. Assessed on a 5-point scale, lambs from BLXB ewes had the poorest conformation classification values (2.8) (P<0.001) compared with 3.0–3.2 (S.E. 0.051) for lambs from the other ewe genotypes. Lambs from TXB, SXCH and TXCH ewes had similar conformation classification values. The differential in conformation classification values between lambs from BLXB ewes and those from the other genotypes was greater when the ewes were crossed with Texel (0.6 units) compared with Suffolk rams (0.3 units) (P<0.05). Differences in conformation between the sire breeds varied according to ewe genotype (P<0.05). When crossed with BLXB ewes there was no difference between Texel and Suffolk-sired lambs in terms of conformation classification values (2.7 v. 2.8 (S.E. 0.07), while with all the other ewe genotypes, Texel-sired lambs had a significantly higher conformation classification than Suffolk-sired lambs (3.5 v. 3.0 when crossed with T×B; 3.2 v. 2.9 when crossed with SXCH; 3.4 v. 3.0 when crossed with TXCH (S.E. 0.07)). Sire reference scheme-sired lambs had greater growth rates from birth to slaughter (203 g/day) compared with control-sired lambs (193 g/day) (S.E. 3.7 days) (P<0.05) and were of an improved conformation classification (3.1 v. 3.0 (S.E. 0.04)) (P<0.01). There was a significant interaction (P<0.01) between ram breed and ram source on lipid content of the carcass. Within the Suffolk-sired lambs, there was no significant difference between SRS-sired lambs (197 g/kg) and control-sired lambs (190 g/kg) (S.E. 6.2 g/kg). However, within the Texel-sired lambs, SRS-sired lambs had a lower lipid content (174 g/kg) than control-sired lambs (204 g/kg) (S.E. 6.2 g/kg) (P<0.01).
Effects of crossbred ewe genotype and ram genotype on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability and lamb output in the lowland sector
Authors: DAWSON L. E. R. , CARSON A. F. 
Published: February 2003

A study was carried out on five lowland farms in Northern Ireland over 3 years to investigate the effect of crossbred ewe and ram genotype on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability and weaned lamb output. Four crossbred ewe genotypes were sourced from six hill farms involved in a previous study – Bluefaced Leicester×Blackface (BLXB), Texel×Blackface (TXB), Suffolk×Cheviot (SXCH) and Texel×Cheviot (TXCH). On each farm, groups of 20–30 of each crossbred ewe genotype were mated with Suffolk or Texel rams. Throughout the 3 years of the study, the ewe genotypes lambed at 1, 2 and 3 years of age. Within each of the ram breeds, high lean growth index rams sourced from UK sire reference schemes were compared with rams sourced from flocks not involved in objective genetic improvement programmes (control). BLXB ewes were the most prolific of the four ewe genotypes producing 1.73 lambs per ewe lambed compared with 1.47 for TXB, 1.46 for SXCH and 1.41 for TXCH (P<0.001). Lamb mortality was similar for the four ewe genotypes, thus number of lambs weaned was greatest for the BLXB ewes (P<0.001) with the other three crosses producing similar numbers of lambs. A greater proportion (P<0.05) of SXCH ewes lambed without assistance compared with BLXB and TXB ewes and a greater proportion of TXCH ewes had abundant supplies of colostrum compared with the other crosses (P<0.10). Output of weaned lamb per ewe lambed and per ewe metabolic live weight (P<0.001) was greatest in the BLXB ewes. Ewe productivity, prolificacy, number of lambs weaned and the proportion of ewes lambing without assistance increased with ewe age (P<0.001). Lamb growth rate from birth to 6 weeks and from birth to weaning increased with ewe age (P<0.05). Crossbred ewes lambing at 3 years old had a greater output of weaned lamb compared with ewes lambing at 1 and 2 years old (P<0.001). Ram genotype had no effect on ewe prolificacy, lamb viability or pre-weaning growth rates, although Texel-sired lambs had lower birth weights than Suffolk-sired lambs and control-sired lambs had lower birth weights than high lean index-sired lambs (P<0.05).
Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production
Authors: GETACHEW G. , MAKKAR H. P. S. , BECKER K. 
Published: February 2003

The contents of phenolic compounds, protein precipitation capacity (PPC) and in vitro gas production of tropical browse species were evaluated. The stoichiometric relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of tannin-containing browses in buffered rumen fluid and calculated from short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was investigated. Crude protein (CP) contents in the browses ranged from 54 to 300 g/kg dry matter (DM). Total phenol (TP), tannins (T) and condensed tannins (TP and T as tannic acid equivalent; CT, as leucocyanidin equivalent) ranged from 17–250, 7–214, and 0–260 g/kg DM respectively, and PPC from 0 to 1066 μg BSA precipitated/g DM. CP content of browses was negatively correlated with TP, T, CT and PPC. A significant correlation was observed between per cent change in gas production on addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the contents of phenolics (r = 0.76 for both TP and T). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing browses increased in vitro gas production. PPC was significantly correlated with TP (r = 0.87; P<0.001), T (r = 0.83; P<0.001), and CT (r = 0.41; P<0.05). A good relationship (R2 = 0.94; P<0.001) was observed between measured in vitro gas production and that calculated from SCFA. The molar proportions of SCFA were not affected by the inclusion of PEG (P>0.05). The relationship between in vitro gas measured on incubation of browse leaves and that calculated from SCFA allows prediction of SCFA from gas production.