bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Rate of Change in Effective Stress and Inertial Effects on Fault Slip Behavior: New Insights Into Injection‐Induced Earthquakes
Authors: Sun Zihan , Elsworth Derek , Cui Guanglei , Li Yingchun , Zhu Aiyu , Chen Tianyu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the physical mechanisms which link fluid injection with triggered earthquakes is critical in minimizing hazard in subsurface fluid‐injection operations. Currently, injection‐induced changes in effective stress on faults are considered as the main criterion in triggering seismic fault slip. However, rate of change in effective stress, together with inertial effects, are also be implicated in this criterion. We present a modified critical stiffness criterion to investigate the relative likelihood of triggering earthquakes during injection for different injection rate schedules (constant‐vs‐cycled‐vs‐increasing). A stability analysis of fault stress is used to define a critical stiffness as a function of magnitudes and rate of change in effective stresses. The relative potential for triggering earthquakes due to fluid injection is investigated using a coupled fluid‐flow‐deformation model. Polarities of change in critical stiffness are employed as an index to define the tendency for a transition from aseismic to seismic reactivation. During constant rate injection and self‐equilibration stages, the absolute magnitude of effective stress controls the transition. Conversely, the rate of change in effective stress dominates this transition when injection suddenly starts or stops, and inertial effects suppress the transformation to seismic slip. Cycling injection rates into a given fault is the most stable, followed by constant injection, with linear injection the least stable for the same total volume injected. High permeability reservoirs and strike‐slip faulting regimes reduce the potential of inducing seismicity. This work provides both new insights into assessing the seismic risks associated with injection and guidance for mitigation.
Molybdenum Isotopic Signatures of Forearc Serpentinites: Origin and Contribution to the Subduction Zone Mo Cycle
Authors: Li Xiaohui , Li Sanzhong , Chen Shuo , Fan Jingjing , Li Jie , Peng Weigang , Guo Kun , Chen Long 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSerpentinites, as important reservoirs for volatile and fluid‐mobile elements, have been increasingly recognized as playing a critical role in global geochemical cycles. However, direct evidence for their dominance in the molybdenum (Mo) cycle in subduction zones has been elusive. Here, we address this issue by comprehensively investigating the Mo isotope systematics of serpentinites and accompanying metabasites recovered from the Mariana forearc. Forearc serpentinites under low‐pressure conditions (blue‐ and lizardite‐serpentinites) show substantial enrichments in Mo/Ce ratios (0.42 to 27.34) with high δ98/95Mo values (−0.03‰ to 2.48‰), which arise from not only the incorporation of shallow forearc slab‐derived fluids but also late low‐temperature metasomatism by seawater during clast exhumation. Subducted oceanic crust represented by metabasites has low Mo/Ce ratios (0.004 to 0.049) and δ98/95Mo values (−1.13‰ to −0.61‰), indicating that the loss of Mo during oceanic crust alteration in the early or before subduction stage tends to decrease the Mo isotopic compositions. Combined Mo‐Sr‐Pb isotope systematics indicate that the high δ98/95Mo values in some arc lavas cannot be ascribed simply to the incorporation of slab‐derived ﬂuids at subarc depths; instead, the injection of forearc serpentinite‐derived fluid into their mantle source is noteworthy. We propose that the mobilization of Mo by shallow slab‐derived ﬂuids during the early subduction stage generated forearc lizardite‐bearing serpentinites enriched in heavy Mo isotopes. Subsequently, dehydration and melting of these serpentinites, dragged by the subducting slab down to the subarc region, might have contributed to the Mo systematics in arc lavas. This study demonstrated that forearc serpentinites may be important reservoirs for arc lavas with high Mo isotopic compositions and may contribute to the Mo cycling in subduction zones.
Causally‐Informed Deep Learning to Improve Climate Models and Projections
Authors: Iglesias‐Suarez Fernando , Gentine Pierre , Solino‐Fernandez Breixo , Beucler Tom , Pritchard Michael , Runge Jakob , Eyring Veronika 
Published: February 2024

AbstractClimate models are essential to understand and project climate change, yet long‐standing biases and uncertainties in their projections remain. This is largely associated with the representation of subgrid‐scale processes, particularly clouds and convection. Deep learning can learn these subgrid‐scale processes from computationally expensive storm‐resolving models while retaining many features at a fraction of computational cost. Yet, climate simulations with embedded neural network parameterizations are still challenging and highly depend on the deep learning solution. This is likely associated with spurious non‐physical correlations learned by the neural networks due to the complexity of the physical dynamical system. Here, we show that the combination of causality with deep learning helps removing spurious correlations and optimizing the neural network algorithm. To resolve this, we apply a causal discovery method to unveil causal drivers in the set of input predictors of atmospheric subgrid‐scale processes of a superparameterized climate model in which deep convection is explicitly resolved. The resulting causally‐informed neural networks are coupled to the climate model, hence, replacing the superparameterization and radiation scheme. We show that the climate simulations with causally‐informed neural network parameterizations retain many convection‐related properties and accurately generate the climate of the original high‐resolution climate model, while retaining similar generalization capabilities to unseen climates compared to the non‐causal approach. The combination of causal discovery and deep learning is a new and promising approach that leads to stable and more trustworthy climate simulations and paves the way toward more physically‐based causal deep learning approaches also in other scientific disciplines.
Time Variability Correction of CMIP6 Climate Change Projections
Authors: Shao Y. , Bishop C. H. , Hobeichi S. , Nishant N. , Abramowitz G. , Sherwood S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAccurate projections of climate change and associated extreme events under differing emission scenarios are linked to realistic representations of the temporal variability of the atmosphere at a variety of time scales, for example, annual, seasonal, synoptic, and daily. Here a new method is employed to explicitly quantify a model's ability to accurately represent covariance at and between differing time scales. From our global‐scale analysis, on average, raw Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) models misrepresent temporal variances at differing time scales for maximum temperature (tasmax) by a considerable margin, particularly at 183‐, 92‐ and 46‐day time scales. To ameliorate such variability errors, we propose a novel Time Variability Correction (TVC) method that corrects temporal covariances while preserving the essential time‐event sequence of the model simulations. We adopt a model‐as‐truth framework to evaluate the effectiveness of the TVC method under future forcing conditions when applied to daily tasmax simulations from 23 CMIP6 models for 1% of the global grid cells. TVC‐corrected temperatures generally show improved matching of temporal variance and lag correlations in the out‐of‐sample projection period compared to simple mean‐corrected projections. By imparting more realistic temporal‐correlations to model series, TVC is expected to improve the projections of extreme events associated with persistent heat, such as heatwaves. Applying TVC to future temperature projections using actual observations significantly increases the temperature variance in most middle to high latitude land regions in the Northern Hemisphere, while decreasing it in most low to middle latitude land regions, compared to simple mean‐corrected projections.
New Features and Enhancements in Community Land Model (CLM5) Snow Albedo Modeling: Description, Sensitivity, and Evaluation
Authors: He Cenlin , Flanner Mark , Lawrence David M. , Gu Yu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe enhance the Community Land Model (CLM) snow albedo modeling by implementing several new features with more realistic and physical representations of snow‐aerosol‐radiation interactions. Specifically, we incorporate the following model enhancements: (a) updating ice and aerosol optical properties with more realistic and accurate data sets, (b) adding multiple dust types, (c) adding multiple surface downward solar spectra to account for different atmospheric conditions, (d) incorporating a more accurate adding‐doubling radiative transfer solver, (e) adding nonspherical snow grain representations, (f) adding black carbon‐snow and dust‐snow internal mixing representations, and (g) adding a hyperspectral (480‐band vs. the default 5‐band) modeling capability. These model features/enhancements are included as new CLM physics/namelist options, which allows for quantification of model sensitivity to snow albedo processes and for multi‐physics model ensemble analyses for uncertainty assessment. The model updates have been included in the latest released CLM version. Sensitivity analyses reveal strong impacts of using the new adding‐doubling solver, nonspherical snow grains, aerosol‐snow internal mixing, updated aerosol optics, and different dust types. These enhanced snow albedo representations improve the CLM simulated global snowpack evolution and land surface conditions, with reduced biases in simulated snow surface albedo, snow cover, snow water equivalent, snow depth, and surface (2‐m) air temperature over many mid‐latitude mountainous regions and seasonal snowpacks but degraded performance in some northern high‐latitude regions.
Emulator of PR‐DNS: Accelerating Dynamical Fields With Neural Operators in Particle‐Resolved Direct Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zhang Tao , Li Lingda , López‐Marrero Vanessa , Lin Meifeng , Liu Yangang , Yang Fan , Yu Kwangmin , Atif Mohammad 
Published: February 2024

AbstractParticle‐resolved direct numerical simulations (PR‐DNS) play an increasing role in investigating aerosol‐cloud‐turbulence interactions at the most fundamental level of processes. However, the high computational cost associated with high resolution simulations poses considerable challenges for large domain or long duration simulation using PR‐DNS. To address these issues, here we present an emulator of the complex physics‐based PR‐DNS developed by use of the data‐driven Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) method. The effectiveness of the method is showcased by presenting turbulence and temperature fields in a two‐dimensional space. The results demonstrate high accuracy at various resolutions and the emulator is two orders of magnitude cheaper in terms of computational demand compared to the physics‐based PR‐DNS model. Furthermore, the FNO emulator exhibits strong generalization capabilities for different initial conditions and ultra‐high‐resolution without the need to retrain models. These findings highlight the potential of the FNO method as a promising tool to simulate complex fluid dynamics problems with high accuracy, computational efficiency, and generalization capabilities, enhancing our understanding of the aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation system.
Baf-mediated transcriptional regulation of teashirt is essential for the development of neural progenitor cell lineages
Authors: Ko Byung Su , Han Myeong Hoon , Kwon Min Jee , Cha Dong Gon , Ji Yuri , Park Eun Seo , Jeon Min Jae , Kim Somi , Lee Kyeongho , Choi Yoon Ha , Lee Jusung , Torras-Llort Monica , Yoon Ki-Jun , Lee Hyosang , Kim Jong Kyoung , Lee Sung Bae 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAccumulating evidence hints heterochromatin anchoring to the inner nuclear membrane as an upstream regulatory process of gene expression. Given that the formation of neural progenitor cell lineages and the subsequent maintenance of postmitotic neuronal cell identity critically rely on transcriptional regulation, it seems possible that the development of neuronal cells is influenced by cell type-specific and/or context-dependent programmed regulation of heterochromatin anchoring. Here, we explored this possibility by genetically disrupting the evolutionarily conserved barrier-to-autointegration factor (Baf) in the Drosophila nervous system. Through single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrated that Baf knockdown induces prominent transcriptomic changes, particularly in type I neuroblasts. Among the differentially expressed genes, our genetic analyses identified teashirt (tsh), a transcription factor that interacts with beta-catenin, to be closely associated with Baf knockdown-induced phenotypes that were suppressed by the overexpression of tsh or beta-catenin. We also found that Baf and tsh colocalized in a region adjacent to heterochromatin in type I NBs. Notably, the subnuclear localization pattern remained unchanged when one of these two proteins was knocked down, indicating that both proteins contribute to the anchoring of heterochromatin to the inner nuclear membrane. Overall, this study reveals that the Baf-mediated transcriptional regulation of teashirt is a novel molecular mechanism that regulates the development of neural progenitor cell lineages.
A novel alternative for pyrogen detection based on a transgenic cell line
Authors: He Qing , Yu Chuan-Fei , Wu Gang , Wang Kai-Qin , Ni Yong-Bo , Guo Xiao , Fu Zhi-Hao , Wang Lan , Tan De-Jiang , Gao Hua , Wang Can , Chen Gang , Chen Xu-Hong , Chen Bo , Wang Jun-Zhi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPyrogen, often as a contaminant, is a key indicator affecting the safety of almost all parenteral drugs (including biologicals, chemicals, traditional Chinese medicines and medical devices). It has become a goal to completely replace the in vivo rabbit pyrogen test by using the in vitro pyrogen test based on the promoted ‘reduction, replacement and refinement’ principle, which has been highly considered by regulatory agencies from different countries. We used NF-κB, a central signalling molecule mediating inflammatory responses, as a pyrogenic marker and the monocyte line THP-1 transfected with a luciferase reporter gene regulated by NF-κB as an in vitro model to detect pyrogens by measuring the intensity of a fluorescence signal. Here, we show that this test can quantitatively and sensitively detect endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide from different strains) and nonendotoxin (lipoteichoic acid, zymosan, peptidoglycan, lectin and glucan), has good stability in terms of NF-κB activity and cell phenotypes at 39 cell passages and can be applied to detect pyrogens in biologicals (group A & C meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine; basiliximab; rabies vaccine (Vero cells) for human use, freeze-dried; Japanese encephalitis vaccine (Vero cells), inactivated; insulin aspart injection; human albumin; recombinant human erythropoietin injection (CHO Cell)). The within-laboratory reproducibility of the test in three independent laboratories was 85%, 80% and 80% and the interlaboratory reproducibility among laboratories was 83.3%, 95.6% and 86.7%. The sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) of the test were 89.9% and 90.9%, respectively. In summary, the test provides a novel alternative for pyrogen detection.
FSP1 is a predictive biomarker of osteosarcoma cells’ susceptibility to ferroptotic cell death and a potential therapeutic target
Authors: Panczyszyn Elzbieta , Saverio Valentina , Monzani Romina , Gagliardi Mara , Petrovic Jelena , Stojkovska Jasmina , Collavin Licio , Corazzari Marco 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHuman osteosarcoma (OS) is a relatively rare malignancy preferentially affecting long body bones which prognosis is often poor also due to the lack of effective therapies. Clinical management of this cancer basically relies on surgical removal of primary tumor coupled with radio/chemotherapy. Unfortunately, most osteosarcoma cells are resistant to conventional therapy, with the undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) giving rise to gene expression reprogramming, thus increasing cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic potential. Alternative clinical approaches are thus urgently needed. In this context, the recently described ferroptotic cell death represents an attractive new strategy to efficiently kill cancer cells, since most chemoresistant and mesenchymal-shaped tumors display high susceptibility to pro-ferroptotic compounds. However, cancer cells have also evolved anti-ferroptotic strategies, which somehow sustain their survival upon ferroptosis induction. Indeed, here we show that osteosarcoma cell lines display heterogeneous sensitivity to ferroptosis execution, correlating with the mesenchymal phenotype, which is consistently affected by the expression of the well-known anti-ferroptotic factor ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1). Interestingly, inhibiting the activity or expression of FSP1 restores cancer cell sensitivity to ferroptosis. Moreover, we also found that: i) AKRs might also contribute to resistance; ii) NRF2 enhances FSP1 expression upon ferroptosis induction; while iii) p53 contributes to the regulation of FSP1 basal expression in OS cells.In conclusion, FSP1 expression can potentially be used as a valuable predictive marker of OS sensitivity to ferroptosis and as a new potential therapeutic target.
Role of PATJ in stroke prognosis by modulating endothelial to mesenchymal transition through the Hippo/Notch/PI3K axis
Authors: Medina-Dols Aina , Cañellas Guillem , Capó Toni , Solé Montse , Mola-Caminal Marina , Cullell Natalia , Jaume Marina , Nadal-Salas Laura , Llinàs Jaume , Gómez Lluis , Tur Silvia , Jiménez Carmen , Díaz Rosa M. , Carrera Caty , Muiño Elena , Gallego-Fabrega Cristina , Soriano-Tárraga Carolina , Ruiz-Guerra Laura , Pol-Fuster Josep , Asensio Víctor , Muncunill Josep , Fleischer Aarne , Iglesias Amanda , Giralt-Steinhauer Eva , Lazcano Uxue , Fernández-Pérez Isabel , Jiménez-Balado Joan , Gabriel-Salazar Marina , Garcia-Gabilondo Miguel , Lei Ting , Torres-Aguila Nuria-Paz , Cárcel-Márquez Jara , Lladó Jerònia , Olmos Gabriel , Rosell Anna , Montaner Joan , Planas Anna M. , Rabionet Raquel , Hernández-Guillamon Mar , Jiménez-Conde Jordi , Fernández-Cadenas Israel , Vives-Bauzá Cristòfol 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThrough GWAS studies we identifiedPATJassociated with functional outcome after ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to determine PATJ role in brain endothelial cells (ECs) in the context of stroke outcome.PATJexpression analyses in patient’s blood revealed that: (i) the risk allele of rs76221407 induces higher expression ofPATJ, (ii)PATJis downregulated 24 h after IS, and (iii) its expression is significantly lower in those patients with functional independence, measured at 3 months with the modified Rankin scale ((mRS) ≤2), compared to those patients with marked disability (mRS = 4–5). In mice brains,PATJwas also downregulated in the injured hemisphere at 48 h after ischemia. Oxygen-glucose deprivation and hypoxia-dependent of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α also caused PATJ depletion in ECs. To study the effects ofPATJdownregulation, we generatedPATJ-knockdown human microvascular ECs. Their transcriptomic profile evidenced a complex cell reprogramming involving Notch, TGF-ß, PI3K/Akt, and Hippo signaling that translates in morphological and functional changes compatible with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). PATJ depletion caused loss of cell-cell adhesion, upregulation of metalloproteases, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cytoplasmic accumulation of the signal transducer C-terminal transmembrane Mucin 1 (MUC1-C) and downregulation of Notch and Hippo signaling. The EndMT phenotype of PATJ-depleted cells was associated with the nuclear recruitment of MUC1-C, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and ZEB1. Our results suggest thatPATJdownregulation 24 h after IS promotes EndMT, an initial step prior to secondary activation of a pro-angiogenic program. This effect is associated with functional independence suggesting that activation of EndMT shortly after stroke onset is beneficial for stroke recovery.
Analytical characterization of full, intermediate, and empty AAV capsids
Authors: McColl-Carboni Aisleen , Dollive Serena , Laughlin Sarah , Lushi Rudenc , MacArthur Michael , Zhou Shanshan , Gagnon Jeffrey , Smith Christopher A. , Burnham Brenda , Horton Robert , Lata Dimpal , Uga Brianna , Natu Kalyani , Michel Emmanuela , Slater Celia , DaSilva Evan , Bruccoleri Robert , Kelly Tim , McGivney James B. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractManufacturing of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors produces three types of capsids: full, intermediate, and empty. While there are different opinions about the impact of intermediate and empty capsids on safety and efficacy of AAV products, they are generally considered impurities because they are not the intended fully intact vector product. The presence of these impurities could impact product efficacy due to potential competition with fully packaged AAVs for cellular transduction, as well as have potential implications to patient safety due to increased capsid load during dosing. To determine the impact of intermediate capsids on potency, an AAV preparation was separated into fractions enriched for full, intermediate, or empty capsids. Using a matrix of in vitro (infectivity, gene expression, biological activity) and in vivo potency assays to determine potency as a function of capsid content, our results indicate that while intermediate capsids contribute to the vector genome titer of the product and are equally as infectious as full capsids, they do not contribute to the potency of the AAV product. This study confirms the criticality of reducing and controlling the level of intermediate capsids to ensure a more efficacious AAV product.
Circular olefin copolymers made de novo from ethylene and α-olefins
Authors: Han Xing-Wang , Zhang Xun , Zhou Youyun , Maimaitiming Aizezi , Sun Xiu-Li , Gao Yanshan , Li Peizhi , Zhu Boyu , Chen Eugene Y.-X. , Kuang Xiaokang , Tang Yong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEthylene/α-olefin copolymers are produced in huge scale and widely used, but their after-use disposal has caused plastic pollution problems. Their chemical inertness made chemical re/upcycling difficult. Ideally, PE materials should be made de novo to have a circular closed-loop lifecycle. However, synthesis of circular ethylene/α-olefin copolymers, including high-volume, linear low-density PE as well as high-value olefin elastomers and block copolymers, presents a particular challenge due to difficulties in introducing branches while simultaneously installing chemical recyclability and directly using industrial ethylene and α-olefin feedstocks. Here we show that coupling of industrial coordination copolymerization of ethylene and α-olefins with a designed functionalized chain-transfer agent, followed by modular assembly of the resulting AB telechelic polyolefin building blocks by polycondensation, affords a series of ester-linked PE-based copolymers. These new materials not only retain thermomechanical properties of PE-based materials but also exhibit full chemical circularity via simple transesterification and markedly enhanced adhesion to polar surfaces.