bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moral Challenge of Climate Displacement
Authors: Draper Jamie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of climate displacement, charts the state of our knowledge of its empirical dynamics, and lays out the approach taken in the book. The first section begins with a series of testimonies drawn from different cases of climate displacement and then introduces the problem of climate displacement. The second section reconstructs the development of our empirical knowledge of climate displacement and sets out the analytical distinctions that structure my inquiry over the remainder of the book. The third section sets out the problem-based, contextual methodological approach that I take in analysing climate displacement. Finally, the fourth section outlines the argument of the book as it unfolds over the remaining chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Schneiderman David , Van Harten Gus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Much investment law scholarship treats investor protections as instituting tolerable and justified limits to state action. This apologetic stance is widespread even in the long absence of compelling evidence that investment treaty disciplines attract new investment, improve governance or the rule of law in host states. This introductory chapter summarizes the contributions to this volume, explaining how investment law operates to constrain states and compensate investors while signalling approaches that challenge the investor-friendly direction of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). The contributors explain both conventional law and its limitations in order to help shape a more respectful approach to state policy space. The analysis shows how doctrines taken for granted in orthodox accounts of investment law could have taken, and could still take, a different turn. The authors, in sum, seek a more balanced vision of how international law can protect individuals in general, not just foreign owners of assets.
Expropriation
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the expropriation standard in international investment law, bringing into the analysis aspects that arbitrators have often overlooked or disregarded when resolving direct and indirect expropriation claims. Few topics have attracted the attention of international lawyers as much as expropriation. Decades of debate between academics and diplomats culminated in the signature of thousands of international investment treaties in the 1990s. However, neither treaty text nor investor–state dispute settlement practice has provided a precise formula to distinguish indirect expropriation from legitimate regulation, and arbitrators continue to grapple with calculating prompt, adequate, and effective compensation in actual cases. While revisiting the main issues involved in expropriation cases, such as compensation and indirect expropriation, this chapter argues that clear formulas will remain elusive because disputes about private property, particularly about the relationship between ownership and state authority, relate ultimately to societal values, having multiple and inter-temporal effects.
The Minimum Standard of Treatment
Authors: Adeleke Fola , Van Harten Gus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The development of international investment law finds its origins in the protection of foreign investors and their investments based on the principle of a minimum standard of treatment (MST). This chapter considers the origins of the MST, the evolution of the interpretation of this standard, and pivotal moments when a notable shift took place in the development of the standard. The MST is understood to be part of a contingent project of international investment law by which interpretations of the principle have been shaped by subjective decision-making to the detriment of coherence and predictability. The chapter discusses the evolution of the MST by states’ submissions and interpretations, tribunal interpretations, and scholarly analysis. Reviewing MST clauses in the treaties of African states, it is concluded that the adoption of the MST in investment treaties was more a tragic accident than a conscious pivotal moment by those states. Yet this accident has resulted in the override of customary international law norms of respect for sovereign discretion, long part of the MST, for all states including major capital-exporters.
Obvious Falsehoods without Deniability
Authors: Saul Jennifer Mather 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up an important puzzle: some of the most prominent false utterances in current political discourse are not couched in rhetoric to lend them deniability. Indeed, the undeniable falsehood of some of the utterances made by figures like Donald Trump and Boris Johnson is often remarked on. Nonetheless those making these utterances maintain devoted and apparently trusting followers. How can this be? This chapter explores the use of such bald-faced lies and bullshit as an authoritarian tactic. Once more, carefully distinguishing the perspectives of various audiences will be crucial to fully understanding the phenomenon. This will involve explorations of echo chambers, epistemic bubbles, and the ways that lies are used to exert and demonstrate power.
Environmental Law and Climate Change: A Perspective from Africa
Authors: Kanté Bakary 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses environmental law and climate change using the perspective of Africa's environment, society, and economy. It acknowledges that the causes of global warming and climate change are anthropogenic, which include the burning of fossil fuels and unsustainable land use practices. Due to its interrelation, climate change and its impacts can undermine sustainable development. The impact often violates the fundamental rights of people and nature alike, while simultaneously hindering development and human well-being. The chapter considers good lawyers, proactive judges, and funds to support litigation as support structures needed to succeed in any climate litigation for the sake of development and well-being.
Forced Displacement, International Law, and the World Bank
Authors: Çiçek Duygu , Casaly Paige , Raghavan Vikram 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the dynamic interplay between forced displacement, international law, and the World Bank. The chapter examines the evolution of the World Bank’s development approach to forced displacement and its institutional relationship with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. It analyses how the World Bank and other multilateral development institutions deepened their analytical work, stepped up operational engagements, and mobilized financing to help countries address the challenge of forced displacement in the context of international norms and principles on forced displacement, including international refugee law and international law applicable to internal displacement. Finally, the chapter explores how the practice of the World Bank could contribute to the continuing development of international norms regarding forced displacement.
Problematizing the Role of the World Bank in Latin America Mining Reforms
Authors: Sierra-Camargo Ximena 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at problematizing the role of the World Bank in Latin America's Mining Reforms. The core element of the mining reforms promoted by the World Bank was the modification of the role of the state in the mining sector. Moreover, the World Bank adopted strategies in favour of policies aimed at strengthening foreign investment in the Global South's mining sector. The economic openness environment facilitated the implementation of various privatization programmes in the mining sector. The chapter cites that the policies promoted by key international actors to mobilize global capital deeply affected the configuration of the Global South's mining states.
Responsibilities and Public-Private Partnerships in Infrastructure
Authors: Cantú Rivera Humberto 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the responsibilities and public-private partnerships in infrastructure. It highlights infrastructure as a pivotal aspect of the economy and a central role in economic and social development. Infrastructure creates employment and incentivizes public and private investment in projects that contribute to social development. The private sector assumed more public responsibilities by involving itself in financing different types of infrastructural projects. The chapter explains how the evolving field of business and human rights may offer a starting point and insights into how states can use some of their regulatory and contracting powers. It looks at the likelihood of infrastructure development becoming more sustainable.
A Tale of Transplantation
Authors: Lin Siyi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter embarks on a journey through time to examine the origins and historical evolution of unjust enrichment in China and aims to find answers from the history explaining the existing complexities of this area of law. It shows that the notion against enrichment without justification has been in Chinese law since the times of ancient China. However, instead of being an indigenous part of the law, the modern concept of unjust enrichment was transplanted into China for the first time when the Qing dynasty drafted the Chinese Civil Code in 1911 by referring to the German Civil Code. Compared to other branches of civil law, the Chinese law of unjust enrichment was out of the spotlight for many years. There were very few rules concerning unjust enrichment before the promulgation of the Chinese Civil Code in 2020 and the specifics of even the very fundamental aspects of the current Chinese law of unjust enrichment are not free from controversy.
What was the Problem with ‘Palm Tree Justice’?
Authors: Sharkey Nolan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The appeal of unjust enrichment was purported to be its rational approach in the face of equity’s irrational, subjective, and moral approach. Such an approach was thought to be unacceptable to the modern rational world that saw little place for things such as religion or morals in law and especially law dealing with economic matters. Unjust enrichment purported to resolve the issue by providing a rational objective approach to understanding equitable approaches and fiduciary duty. However, the critique of equity as subjective does not stand up. Equity’s supporters have long argued that underlying concepts such as conscience are objective and not subjective. Using sociological approaches, this chapter provides an objective rationale for equitable principles.
The End of All the Songs
Authors: Stark Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 reveals that Dowson abandoned poetry after his categorical refusal by Adelaide Foltinowicz just as Verses appeared in 1896. His first book of poems was made for her, as he maintained in the inscrutable un-dedication to the volume, she was its object(ive). When his final gambit failed, as in his more sober moods he calculated it would fail, Dowson grew cynical. He became convinced that he was foredoomed to become a lovelorn poète maudit in the tradition of Keats. His literary career, so-called, receded into the past, and assumed the proportions of accomplished fact. His last lyrics trace this final paralysis, or rigor mortis, and explicitly renounce creative writing. Several wistful codae to his life and loves find Dowson reminiscing not just about Foltinowicz but also, evidently, about ‘Lena’, his ‘first love, | Loved all above’, before he abandons poetry altogether, and accedes to a premature posterity.
Sufi Rituals across Orders
Authors: Ghani Kashshaf 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Traditional approaches to Sufi rituals see these practices as non-permeable and sealed entities that are attached to a specific Sufi order. Sama is traditionally associated with Chishti Sufis, while zikr is considered an integral spiritual practice for Suhrawardi Sufis. The current chapter seeks to complicate the issue by questioning such neat spiritual boundaries, and at the same time thus looking into spiritual exercises as dynamic practices. Towards this end the Suhrawardi approach to sama is discussed through the writings of the earliest Suhrawardi Sufi masters, many of whom recognized and even participated in sama as an important spiritual practice. Similarly, the Chishti approach to zikr has been analysed through the writings of the Sufi master Gisu Daraz, who left behind a detailed work on various kinds of zikr practices and their efficacy as a spiritual practice.
Agreement of essive adverbials in Tanti Dargwa
Authors: Sumbatova Nina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Tanti Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian; Daghestan), ‘essive spatial expressions’ (comprising locative forms of nouns, locative adverbs, and postpositions) are characterized by the presence of a gender–number agreement suffix. While the absolutive argument of the clause is the typical controller of agreement in the language, in transitive clauses containing a copula, both the copula and the essive adverbial appear to be controlled by an ergative argument. An even more complex situation is observed in embedded clauses. These phenomena can be explained by postulating that copulas head their own constituents and govern their own absolutive arguments in a control relation with the ergative of the lower clause. The data provide evidence of the typologically rare phenomenon of backward control, which has previously only been observed in Tsezic languages.
The Liturgical Context of the Vespertini
Authors: Carrillo Raquel Rojo 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTo Understand What determined the different textual and musical physiognomies of a plainchant genre, it is necessary to be familiar with the rite to which it belongs. These physiognomies could have been inspired by the liturgical context of each chant, and/or by other variables such as the characteristics of the manuscripts containing them (type of codex, chronology, provenance, institution, and/or scribal preferences), the possible composition date of each chant, and accidents in their transmission. The updated overview of the Hispanic rite contained in this chapter is based on my study of the ritual settings that require a vespertinus. A solid knowledge of this rite facilitates an accurate identification of generic norms in the vespertini and in any other Hispanic rite genre; it also enables the appreciation of their trajectory across the liturgical year.
Reckoning with Change
Authors: Zayani Mohamed , Khalil Joe F. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the complexities of the digital Middle East requires a longue-durée approach that reveals what the Middle East designates and how its relationship with technology is constructed. This chapter delves into particular histories of the region, probes its technological imaginaries, and chronicles specific encounters with modernity. It provides a historical engagement with the question of change and stasis associated with the digital double bind. In doing so, it underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of the region’s intricate relationship with modernization and technology.
Digital Adaptations and Disruptive Power
Authors: Zayani Mohamed , Khalil Joe F. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe proliferation of digital technologies has emboldened cyber activists and facilitated social movements in the Middle East but has also reinforced state power. Faced with digitally enabled activism, states and their allies constantly strive to improve their cyber capabilities to maintain a strong grip on power. Challenged by networked publics, regimes throughout the region have resorted to criminalization laws, online censorship, and digital surveillance. Just as cyber activists have benefited from increased connectivity, digital literacies, and solidarities, states have relied on a global surveillance market to silence contentious voices. Yet wielding digital power in the digital is not a straightforward endeavor as evolving technological challenges and constraints require states to continually adapt.
“The Game of Life”
Authors: Payne Leah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyzes how the founding of Word Records, the Benson Company, and other evangelical popular-music record labels brought white evangelicals of the 1950s and 1960s musical antidotes to the much-feared genre of rock and roll. Like the songbooks of a generation earlier, recording from those labels promoted patriotism and righteous living alongside end-times theology. They also stoked pro-American democracy sentiment as an antidote to “godless” communism during the Cold War. And, as the largest ever generation of Americans—baby boomers—entered adolescence, Word, Benson, and others created songs aimed at countering rock and rebellion, and promoting social conservatism through the “Music of America’s Young Majority.” Their efforts led to an expanding network of white evangelical media businesses, attracted corporate sponsorships, and even gave evangelical pop singers access to the Oval Office. But, their initial refusal to embrace rock and roll severely limited their appeal among young Americans.
“The Now Generation”
Authors: Payne Leah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows that, while evangelical opposition to rock remained strong throughout the 1960s, eventually young musicians with stories of radical conversion proved that the much-feared “devil’s music” could create new vistas for end-times prophecy and profit. The apocalyptically minded, evangelistically oriented Jesus movement of the early 1970s used rock, folk, and West Coast countercultural aesthetics to preach the good news. While many conservative evangelicals treated Jesus people with wariness, Rev. Billy Graham and others welcomed them and their music into the white evangelical fold. Along the way, the “hippiezed Christianity” present in Jesus music was used to rebrand evangelical Christianity and political conservatism as the “real” form of counterculture and rebellion. As Jesus music and the Music of America’s Young Majority developed and converged in Christian bookstores, on Christian radio stations, and on music-festival stages, their combined efforts, tensions, and contradictions, came to be known as Contemporary Christian Music.
“Jesus Freaks”
Authors: Payne Leah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 demonstrates how Contemporary Christian Music’s biggest youth-group bands created a post–Cold War soundscape for conservative white evangelical social action in the 1990s. Utilizing Billy Graham’s longstanding media networks and energized by fresh articulations of end-times urgency, CCM became the musical accompaniment for evangelical public action. Youth-group bands provided rock-centric articulations of white evangelical ideals, fueled by an expansive network of white evangelical denominations, parachurch organizations, media makers, and activists. For some of the young people raised in the “bubble” of CCM, the music provided an enduring sense of identity and meaning. In other cases, CCM came to signify a form of suffocating suburban evangelicalism that young people sought to escape. Some evangelical Christian bands and artists in that decade tried to avoid the CCM label, but escaping the evangelical brand was often easier said than done.
Epilogue
Authors: Payne Leah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Epilogue explains how, when it comes to CCM or worship music, algorithms have largely taken the place of white evangelical gatekeepers, and the market itself is shrouded in a kind of tech-driven mystery; the people and communities behind the billions of streams are hidden. But, if worship charts reveal anything, the worship industry still shapes and is shaped by the culture and demographics of megachurches. The story of the rise and fall of CCM, and the ascent of the worship industry, illustrates how technology and consumers shape commercial religion in the United States. And the Charismatic communities who are now at the vanguard of conservative white political action show the enduring power of music and revivalist rituals in American public life.
Recognizing Indigenous Languages
Authors: Limerick Nicholas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
What follows when state institutions name historically oppressed languages as official? What happens when bilingual education activists gain the right to coordinate schooling from upper-level state offices? The intercultural bilingual school system in Ecuador has been one of the most prominent examples of Indigenous education in Central and South America. Since its establishment in 1988, members of Ecuador’s pueblos and nationalities have worked from state institutions to coordinate a second national school system that includes the teaching of Indigenous languages. Based on more than two years of ethnographic research in Ecuador’s Ministry of Education, at international and national conferences, in workshops, in schools, and with families, Recognizing Indigenous Languages considers how state agents carry out linguistic and educational politics in eras of greater inclusivity and multiculturalism. This book shows how institutional advances for bilingual education and Indigenous languages have been premised on affirming the equality—and the equivalency—of the linguistic and cultural practices of members of Indigenous pueblos and nationalities with other Ecuadorians. Major responsibilities like serving as national state agents, crafting a standardized variety of Kichwa, and teaching Indigenous languages in schools provide vast authority, representation, and visibility for those languages and their speakers. However, the everyday work of directing a school system and making Kichwa a language of the state includes double binds that work against the very goals of autonomous schooling and getting people to speak and write Kichwa.
From the Fourth to the Fifth
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the genesis of the Fifth Symphony, beginning with the scandal over Shostakovich’s opera Lady Macbeth in early 1936 and the subsequent withdrawal of his Fourth Symphony at the end of the same year. Shostakovich had to show evidence of reform after the harsh official criticism he had received, and since the Fourth was unsuitable for this purpose in every way, the Fifth had to serve in its place as an appropriate response. Our investigation of the Fifth’s conflicted reception covers public reactions, then the reactions of music professionals, and finally, the official verdict. These musical developments unfold against the background of Stalin’s Purges, to which Shostakovich’s family and friends fell victim.
The Faulty Metronome
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the performance of the Fifth Symphony, and in particular, the great disparity between performances in the choice of tempo for the closing section, with Mravinsky and Bernstein illustrating the slow and fast ends of the spectrum respectively. The tradition of taking this section very fast seems to have arisen from an error in the preparation of the score for publication, although it was corrected only to reappear, as various editions were published over the course of the following decades. The story is complicated further by Shostakovich’s behavior: he had helped Mravinsky prepare for the premiere but also endorsed Bernstein’s interpretation two decades later. The slow and fast versions have a complicated relationship with interpretations of tragedy and triumph, and further complications later arose from the Cold War.