bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional, Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for Characterizing Environmental and Biological Samples for Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Weeks Stephan , D’Silva Arthur P , Dobson Roy L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of environmental samples for polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) is the proverbial tip of the iceberg. These compounds are ubiquitous. The potential human health hazard of some PACs, such as the infamous benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as mutagens and carcinogens is well established.1 Common wisdom dictates the development of analytical methods that allow studies determining the sources of these potential carcinogenic compounds, their transport in the environment, and, finally, the metabolism to their ultimate carcinogenic form.
The Science of Sensibility
Authors: Kitcher Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The science of all principles of sensibility a priori, I call transcendental aesthetic” (A21/B35, amended translation). This introduction leaves no doubt about the subject matter of the Transcendental Aesthetic. Its doctrines concern sensibility, one of the two fundamental faculties required for knowledge, just as the doctrines of the Transcendental Analytic concern understanding, the second fundamental faculty. Every beginning student of Kant is taught this fact, sometimes through appeal to the analogy of colored spectacles. After class, however, Kantians do not seem to accept the basic point about the Aesthetic that they dutifully impart to students. Few recent discussions make any but fleeting references to the Aesthetic ‘s science of sensibility.
Manufacturing You Into A Personage: Hawthorne, the Canon, and the Institutionalization of American Literature
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT 1s A LITTLE OF A WONDER how many things Melville managed to get wrong about Hawthorne during the time of their close connection. Melville was wrong, to start with, about Hawthorne’s social disposition. The writer he made out as a solitary traveller, available for the alternative intimacies of fellow outsiders-”Ah! it’s a long stage, with no inn in sight, and night coming, and the body cold. But with you for a passenger, I am content and can be happy”-was in fact the most perfectly domestic of all American writers, the one most devoted to the family as the scene of fulfilling relation (Hawthorne’s famous reserve, it could be argued, is a sign not of a general social disability but of his reserving of full intimacy for the home); and Hawthorne was never more intensely or contentedly absorbed in family life than he was in his Berkshire years.
Late Hawthorne, Or The Woes Of The Immortals
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DIFFERENT LITERARY FORMS have been associated, at different moments of literary history, with different sorts of career trajectories and patterns of normal production. The pattern for the novel in the nineteenth century is easy to name: this is the time of what Henry James calls “the great army of constant producers.” The authors who dominated this genre Scott, Balzac, Dickens, Thackeray, Trollope, Daudet, Zola, and the rest wrote not just novels but shelves of them. The form of authorship they define is strongly associated with the production of new works at regular intervals, continued over a long span of years.
The Modernization Of Tradition
Authors: Brodhead Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AT ONE POINT in Moby-Dick Melville asks: “Does the Whale’s Magnitude Diminish?-Will He Perish?” His brave answer is that such reductions are unthinkable; but from a later point in environmental history we know that his confidence was misplaced. If we vary the question to ask whether the literary giants diminish, the ready answer would be like Melville’s: that these figures are in a different class from punier creatures; a class exempt from the ravages of time. But for authors no more than for whales can the imposing stature possessed at one moment guarantee that they will survive in that form to another.
Rhetor and Eiron: Plato”s Defense of Dialogue
Authors: Swearingen C Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the base of the genre lies the Socratic notion of the dialogic nature of truth, and the dialogic nature of human thinking about truth. The dialogic means of seeking truth is counterposed to official monologism, which pretends to possess a ready-made truth. Truth is not born nor is it to be found inside the head of an individual person, it is born between people collectively searching for truth, in the process of their dialogic interaction.
The Classical Model
Authors: Cooke Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classical model constructs a weighted combination of expert probability assessments. The weights are based on the theory of proper scoring rules as described in Chapter 9, and reward good calibration and low entropy (or equivalently, high information) with calibration playing a dominant role. The designation “classical” derives from a close relation between calibration scoring and hypothesis testing in classical statistics. The variables assessed may be uncertain quantities with a discrete or continuous range of possible values.
Future Directions
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recalling the intent we outlined in Chapter 1, to build a bridge between cell biology and engineering in the area of cell receptor phenomena, we recognize that this book provides only a beginning. In offering a framework for analysis of the effects of receptor and ligand properties on cell responses, we have tried to integrate the influence of these properties through the various levels involved in behavioral responses: binding, trafficking, signaling, and interaction with other cell components. Yet, for the most part, the specific modeling efforts we have discussed have been limited in the number of levels combined in any given example. None really put together detailed description of events in all these four areas to generate predictions of resulting cell function. Further, we have not identified any body of work to date on relating receptor signaling to gene regulation processes, so this important level of response has been present only implicitly at best.
Persons and Projects
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concern for basic rights is concern for the individualism they express. We would not be inclined to recognize rights were it not for the conviction that individuals genuinely are owed some measure of sovereignty over their own lives, that a person’s life is deficient unless it is directed by his own will. Self-direction as an essential component of human good is one postulate of an ethic with an individualistic core. It is not the only postulate, however; a person’s path to perdition can be one he consciously and deliberately chooses for himself. Perhaps Socrates is persuasive in arguing that the person who so chooses must lack some element of knowledge concerning the badness of the condition toward which he guides himself, but lack of omniscience is the common human condition, not a myopia that blinds a wretched few. At any rate, there is no reason to think that self-direction is incompatible with ignorance, viciousness, bad luck, or any of the numerous other shortcomings that can debilitate a life. Not all goods come wrapped together in one package.
The Derivation of Basic Rights
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ends to which project pursuers can commit themselves are extraordinarily diverse. Precisely because of that diversity, because there is no one common good to which all other goods are subsidiary, the prospect of an ethic binding on all has seemed to be in jeopardy. Morality claims to be generally binding on actors, but how can that claim possibly be substantiated unless all have reason to adhere to its dictates? It has been argued that what A has reason to advance is E1, that what B has reason to advance is E2• . . , and therefore that what counts as a good reason for A can decisively lack that status for B. Bogged down in this plethora of divergent and frequently competing rational motivations for action, it may seem impossible that anything that can be characterized as a common morality could emerge. At most, it seems, one might be able to chart the trajectories of prudential considerations that bear on each project pursuer as they flit their way across each other’s path.
Property Rights Within a Liberal Order
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A liberal order adequate to the interest individuals have in being able to live as project pursuers places a moral premium on noninterference. Traditional civil liberties descend as a corollary of this postulate. Freedom of speech and assembly, in conjunction with an unconstrained press, is conducive to individuals’ articulation of their conceptions of the good, for attempts to enlist the cooperation of others in ends which are rendered attainable or enhanced through joint efforts, to secure access to information that bears instrumentally on one’s pursuit of designs, and to secure entry into a forum through which one’s conception of a good can be modified in the open air of unconstrained conversation. Freedom of religion directly attaches to one major area within which individuals seek to construct meaningful lives through commitment to regulative ends.
At the Margin
Authors: Lomasky Loren E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever difficulties there are in developing an account of the rights possessed by paradigmatic project pursuers-and they are many--only multiply when gaze is shifted to beings that bear some affinity to project pursuers yet differ from them in significant ways. Are these marginal beings to be counted as in or out? And if they are, in some ways, members of the moral community, is it a full, unrestricted membership that they possess, or are they less-than-maximal members? A theory of basic rights can be adequate even if it fails to settle all such issues with respect to all such beings. One possibility that needs to be confronted is that there simply is no one correct answer to some of these queries. Whether beings of a certain sort possess rights may be undetermined by moral theory. Finer and finer analyses will yield diminishing-and, eventually, no-returns. The upshot will be that under one set of social conditions it is reasonable or even mandatory to accord rights to beings of that kind while in another setting there is no good basis for taking them to possess rights.
Chemical Systems Approach to German Cockroach Control
Authors: Koehler Philip G , Patterson Richard S , Owens John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of chemicals, formulations and application methods should be considered for integration into a German cockroach control program. Programs utilizing insecticides must be carefully planned and implemented in order to achieve the highest degree of German cockroach suppression with the least amount of pesticide exposure to the applicator and residents (Bennett et al. 1988, Knipling 1979). The continual use of a single chemical and formulation in a German cockroach control program can lead to the evolution of insecticide resistance and, often, undesirable human exposure due to repeated, excessive applications of ineffective pesticides (Anon. 1974b, Cochran 1987b). A chemical systems approach to German cockroach control relies on the rational integration of several methods and techniques to successfully manage populations, with chemical insecticides being the primary direct control method available for practical and effective use (Brown and Pal 1971, Cochran 1982, Cochran 1990b, Cornwell 1976). Modern German cockroach control evolved about forty years ago with the widespread use of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. These insecticides, such as chlordane and dieldrin, were so potent when applied at relatively low dosages, that German cockroach populations were virtually eliminated following a single application to the baseboards of a house (Cochran 1982). Many pest control operators and homeowners remember the days when the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides were diluted (forming an emulsion) in a hand-held compressed air sprayer and applied to walls, baseboards, furniture and kitchen cabinets of houses, apartments and restaurants to suppress German cockroach populations. With the evolution of resistance to DDT, chlordane and other chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphate insecticides were substituted for chlorinated hydrocarbons; however, the concept of single treatments and sole reliance on
Introduction
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideas of free will and moral responsibility play a deep and central role in the· way that we view ourselves. Because of this, almost all of the great figures in Western philosophy have addressed free will and moral responsibility, most of them attempting to vindicate these beliefs. In recent years, the importance of freedom and responsibility have been well documented. The belief that we often act freely and are at those times morally responsible for our behavior is an integral constituent of the Manifest Image of Man, the view of ourselves and the world that we hold before we entertain the postulation of theoretical entities that constitutes the Scientific Image (Sellars, 1963, Chapter 1). The belief that persons are capable of moral responsibility and deserve moral consideration comprises (along with the logically prior intentional stance) the pesonal stance that we take toward each other (Dennett, 1978, Chapter 12). This personal attitude is characterized by “reactive attitudes” such as gratitude and resentment, which stand in distinction to the “objective” attitude that we take toward beings that we believe are not endowed with free will (Strawson, 1962; Nagel, 1986). The capacity for free will has been alleged to be a criterion for distinguishing persons from non-persons (Frankfurt, 1971). And in law, besides the obvious issue of retributive justice, the ideas of free will and moral responsibility provide the moral rationale for legal responsibility.
A Compatibilist Account of Free Will
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract I begin by examining the hierarchical accounts of free will provided by Frankfurt and Watson, which can be viewed as improvements of the classical compatibilist views of Hobbes, Locke, and Hume. The hierarchical views are shown to face several serious objections. I divide these into what I call local and global challenges and then show how to answer them. First, I distinguish between those challenges that a compatibilist account must meet and those illegitimate challenges that it may safely ignore. This will make the compatibilist’s task somewhat more manage¬ able. Next, I argue that the compatibilist needs to produce a hierarchical account that makes stringent demands on the cognitive capabilities of free agents. Such a view, which I call the autonomy variable account, is couched in terms of five factors that I call autonomy variables.
Free Will as an Exemplar Concept
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract The argument of Part I of this book was designed to present a compatibilist view of free will and moral responsibility that is internally consistent and able to stand up to some important incompatibilist objections. Although I believe that the autonomy account is largely successful on that score, I do not believe that it is ultimately acceptable. Compatibilism plays to only some of our intuitions regarding free will. There remain several issues over which the application of free will is simply irresolvable. These issues include: (1) whether persons must meet the normative requirements of free will; (2) whether bribes ever reduce our freedom; (3) whether we are made unfree by forces that strongly influence, without absolutely dictating, our choices; and (4) whether being free requires feeling free. In addition, I reconsider the debate from Chapter 2 between the compatibilists and incompatibilists over the internalistic construal of free will, which I argued is required by compatibilism.
Troubles with Libertarianism
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract The argument of Part II so far has been that no account of free will can succeed, not even the compatibilist account of Part I. But there are, no doubt, readers who believe that libertarianism, or maybe libertarianism supplemented with some rationality constraints, can vindicate the notion of free will. So, it is to libertarianism that I turn directly. In this chapter, I argue that a libertarian conception of free will must satisfy the three conditions of the ability-to-choose-otherwise, control, and rationality, interpreted as dual abilities. I then look at two broad classes of libertarian theories, Nonvalerian theories that satisfy the first condition at the expense of the other two, and Valerian theories, none of which does better than compatibilist theories at satisfying the dual abilities. My conclusion is that the deep reason why no libertarian view can satisfy all three conditions is that the conditions are logically incompatible. Hence, libertarianism, despite its intuitive appeal, turns out to be incoherent, although it captures enough of the way we feel about freedom to rule out compatibilism. I conclude by suggesting that libertarianism has no resources of its own for dealing with rationality objections and must help itself to something like the compatibilist’s account from Part I, which we have already seen reason to reject.
Conclusion
Authors: Double Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract In this book, I have tried to show that there can be no such thing as free will and, hence, that both compatibilists and incompatibilists are mistaken. The incompatibilist argues that in a deep sense being free is incompatible with determinism, and, hence, if anyone is free in this sense, then determinism is false. The compatibilist argues that people can be deeply free within a deterministic universe, despite the fact that their ability to choose otherwise is only hypothetical. My view is that although both of these positions derive considerable strength from the way that we think about freedom, they are both wrong because there is no deep sense of “free will” to be explicated. Although one can conceive of many varieties of freedom, there can be no single, deep sort of free will to be found. The argument is the same regarding moral responsibility. There is no more profound sense of “moral responsibility” than ‘caused-by-your-character¬ responsibility,’ which, although different from mere causal responsibility, does not closely resemble what philosophers mean by “moral responsibility.”
Light Hypotheses
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Thomas Young published papers that defended the wave theory of light against the Newtonian particle theory. Following this there occurred a lengthy and sometimes heated dispute be tween particle theorists and wave theorists which, it is alleged, stemmed from deep divisions over scientific methodology. Particle theorists, it is said, particularly British ones, used the method of induction whereas wave theorists employed the antithetical method of hypothesis.
Scientific Discovery and Maxwell’s Kinetic Theory
Authors: Achinstein Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the hypothetico-deductivist the initial proposing of a new hypothesis or theory in the “context of discovery,” by contrast to its testing in the “context of justification,” is a nonrational event. It involves a guess or conjecture, that may have a variety of causes, but not an inference subject to logical analysis. Since N. R. Hanson’s revival in the 1950s of Peirce’s account of retroduction, this h-d view has become much less popular than it once was. Using as an example James Clerk Maxwell’s early kinetic theory, I want to argue that there is an important element of truth in what h-d theorists say about the context of discovery.
On The Human Will’S Contribution To Moral Actions
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the most wise Creator wished to make man a law-governed animal, He instilled into his soul a will as a sort of internal directress of his actions. This allows him, by means of an internal principle not dependent on any physical necessity, to pursue and select among the familiar objects before him those he judges to be most suited to himself and, on the other hand, to avoid those that seem not to agree with him. Now, there are two faculties, as it were, through which the will is conceived to exert itself concerning human actions: Through one of them it is understood to act spontaneously, through the other freely.
On The Norm Of Moral Actions, Or, On Law In General
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Next we must examine that moral norm or law [lex] by which moral actions are to be measured, and whose consistency or inconsistency with them determines their special qualities. Before all else here, law must be carefully distinguished from advice, pact, and right, from those things, namely, whose partial resemblance to law leads some people to confuse them with it.
On The Origin Of Dominion
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was due to another principle, however, that this faculty of humankind over things began to have an effect in relation to other men (for no ownership of men should be opposed to the most eminent right of God ), or that dominion (through which a thing belongs to one person and not to another) came about from this indefinite right. We must, before dealing with it, preface that ownership and communion are moral qualities that do not physically and intrinsically affect things themselves but produce only a moral effect in relation to other men, and that these qualities-like the rest of this sort-refer their birth back to imposition. Hence it is foolish to ask whether ownership of things is by nature or, indeed, the result of institution. For it is obvious that it arises from the imposition of men, and that whether ownership is added to or withdrawn from things, their physical substance experiences no change.
On Occupancy
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our next task is to examine the ways in which dominion is acquired. These, following Grotius, are appropriately divided into original and derivative. The former are those by which ownership is initially introduced into some thing, the latter those by which dominion already established passes from one man to another. The original manner of acquisition is in tum either simply a way of initially acquiring dominion over some thing, or secondarily, a way by which what is already ours is some-how increased.
On The Forms Of Commonwealths
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Supreme sovereignty, which is found in every state as in a common subject, produces different forms of commonwealths according to its inherence, as in a proper subject, in one man or one council consisting of either a few or all the citizens. (We think here, first of all, that we may still avail ourselves of the word ‘form’ in order to express that condition of states resulting from the different subjects in which the supreme sovereignty fundamentally inheres.)