bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom Summer
Authors: McAdam Doug 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1964, over 1,000 volunteers - most of them white, northern college students - arrived in Mississippi to campaign for black enfranchisement and teach at ‘freedom schools’ as part of the Freedom Summer campaign organized by the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee. Within 10 days, three were murdered; by summer’s end, another had died and hundreds more had endured bombings, beatings, and arrests. This is the first book to gauge the impact of Freedom Summer on the project volunteers and the period we now call the ‘turbulent 60s’.
Who Wants What?
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A favorite-if occasionally rhetorical-question on the part of legislators and administrators dealing with Native American issues is an often plaintive “What do the Indians want?” The question reveals not only frustration but also the obstinate view that Indians are a largely undifferentiated population with a single set of shared interests. This view conforms to recent American political culture, which tends to assume the primacy of ethnic or racial boundaries: if you are Black, your interests must be such-and-such; if you are Jewish, they must be this or that. Yet despite the consolidational processes traced in preceding chapters, despite nearly four centuries of Indian-White interaction, the Native American population remains extraordinarily diverse.
Old Wars, New Weapons
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He was talking about political resources: group assets that can be invested in political action and thereby enhance the political capacity of the group. At the start of the twentieth century, the Indian resource situation was grim indeed. Poor, few in number, organizationally crippled, with little in the way of bargaining chips, most Native Americans lacked the resources necessary to sustain political activity within the dominant society. Since the Indian New Deal, however, and particularly in the last few decades, there has been a marked increase in Indian political resources and, therefore, in Indian capacities for political action.
The Emergence of the Movement
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it began in the 1960s, the movement to legalize abortion “was just a brave tiny army.” There were no large national organizations with professional staffs advocating legal abortion. Nevertheless, a movement did take shape and in 1973 abortion became legal throughout the United States. How did this social movement emerge, and what did it look like before Roe v. Wade?An “insider” model of social movements would predict that the movement arose from within established institutions, with support from elites, or that professional movement organizers engineered the movement. After legalization of abortion, as we shall see, the movement did indeed develop professional leader ship and formalized organizational structures, which played a major role in maintaining the pro-choice movement. But before Roe v. Wade, the movement relied much more on the challenging groups of the 1960s, including the women’s movement, than on the world of established interest groups.
Movement Maintenance and Reorganization
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few abortion law repeal supporters had anticipated the sweeping changes in the abortion laws brought about by the January 22, 1973, Supreme Court decision. After a major success like Roe v. Wade, activists in the pro-choice movement might have been expected to savor the victory and fold up shop. Indeed, social scientists (see Luker, 1984:241; Tatalovich and Daynes, 1981:101; Zald and Useem, 1987) and popular commentators alike have made the mistake of assuming that this is in fact what happened. Reconstructions of the history of the abortion conflict have claimed that the pro-choice movement rested on its laurels while the anti-abortion countermovement suddenly mobilized in the wake of Roe v.Wade, and that it was not until the late 1970s (or early 1980s), in response to the shock of countermovement victories, that the pro-choice movement remobilized.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum mechanics as developed in the standard textbooks, and as applied to elementary particle physics in the standard model, is understood to be complex’ quantum mechanics: The wave functions and probability amplitudes are represented by complex numbers. However, it has been known since the 1930s that more general quantum mechanical systems, and in particular a quaternionic quantum mechanics, can in principle be constructed (Birkhoff and von Neumann, 1936).
One-Particle Quantum Mechanics-General Formalism
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin the discussion of nonrelativistic quaternionic quantum mechanics by analyzing the allowed form of H for a single-particle system. We will assume, as is done in complex nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, that H is invariant under Galilean transformations and that the kinetic or noninteracting part of H is rotation and translation invariant. In analyzing the implications of these assumptions, we follow the method used in Sec. 13-4 of Jauch (1968a) in the complex quantum mechanics case [see also Mackey (1968), and Feynman as described in Dyson (1990)], and so work in the coordinate representation (cf. Sec. 2.4), and use the Heisenberg picture (cf. Sec. 3.3) to describe time evolution. For brevity of notation, we omit the subscript H for Heisenberg picture operators and denote the coordinate representation Hamiltonian H(x) as simply H2.
Multiparticle and Multichannel Methods
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have given a detailed discussion of quaternionic scattering theory for the case of a single particle incident on a fixed external scattering potential. In complex quantum mechanics the external potential problem is of course only an idealized model, obtained from the physically more realistic case of multiparticle scattering when all particles except the incoming projectile are very heavy, or, in the case of the space-translationinvariant two-body problem, as the exact formulation of the internal motion after separation of the center of mass motion.
Ignorance in the “Knowledge” Society: The Technically Uninformed Customer
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to almost unanimous contemporary opinion, America has become a post industrial society. Writers differ on de tails, but the one theme upon which all agree is that the post industrial society is one in which education is fundamental. Ours is an age of information, a knowledge society. As sociologist Daniel Bell argued in his influential book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, one of the major features of a post industrial society is what he called the “centrality of theoretical knowledge.”
Morality and the Marketplace
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twentieth-century critics of capitalism have directed most of their fire on the system ‘s economic weaknesses rather than on its moral deficiencies. Radical critics have focused on such economic problems of capitalism as inflation and depression, poverty and unemployment, waste and inefficiency, and the general anarchy of production. While some of these problems have moral components, most critics have not gone much be yond their economic significance. In their analysis, further more, most radicals have accepted Marx ‘s assumption that capitalism will inevitably fail and have repeatedly predicted that the system cannot long endure.
Homosexuality
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to give an account of a complex cultural phenomenon solely through the eyes of Attic comic poets; it is hoped that their evidence and viewpoints concerning homosexuality will shed light on this subject about which all too little has been written, and that the material analyzed here will provide some clues for the unraveling of the knotty problems facing researchers who deal with broader questions than can be dealt with in this book
Exodus
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their reflections upon the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation, Afro-American freed men and freed women and their folk theologians realized that a decisive event of biblical narrative had become an occurrence in their own historical experience. Lincoln’s presidential order, following upon the cataclysm of civil war, demonstrated that the miraculous exodus of Hebrew slaves out of Egyptian bondage could become a mundane reality in contemporary terms. The implications of that lesson, reinforcing earlier apprehensions of divine providence and prophetic fulfillment, also promised future repetitions. The likelihood of ongoing recapitulations of biblical narrative became immediately accessible, even compelling, to the religious apprehension of thousands. Henceforth more than a minority of believers and converts would be convinced of the possibility that through prayer and expectation, through acts of obedience and righteousness, black folk could inherit divine promises of prosperity and freedom. Furthermore, an apparent precondition for such bestowals would appear to be their linkage to biblical models. That singular instance, the link between Lincoln’s role in the emancipation and Moses’ role in the Exodus, would distinguish itself as a kind of paradigm. In this manner a new development in the ancient tradition of biblical typology emerged in the collective psyche of a displaced people.
Wisdom
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I intensify my efforts to explore, in theoretical terms, African American cultural referents involving conjure. We will see how conjure and its related phenomena can constitute, in the words of one observer, a “new source of intellectual fermentation … [involving] magic, precognition, imagination,” but which “the experts of facts do not know or recognize.” Because they exclude magical categories from their cognitive universe, such “experts” inevitably preclude, “at the level of discourse,” serious consideration of “the nature of black cultural reality.”2 Precisely because magical categories are so vexed or problematic in contemporary academic discourse, I have chosen the expedient of framing this philosophical discussion in terms of the wisdom traditions of African and African American oral cultures. Before proceeding, however, it is illuminating to note how the African American philosopher Cornel West has addressed such problems of discourse in black studies. For his part, West is not as optimistic as many ‘Afrocentric’ scholars about efforts “to articulate a competing Afro-American philosophy based principally on African norms and notions.” In West’s judgment, “it is likely that the result would be theoretically thin,” not, however, because African cultures lack the materials for discursive depth, but because African American thought is ineluctably more American than African.
Gospel
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following sections I examine the black Christian solution to a millennial problem in Christian praxis: the threefold problem of (1) how to initiate victims in an imitation of Jesus that navigates between the two poles, equally contrary to his persona in the gospels, of docility and enmity; and in conjunction, (2) how to induce victimizers to desire their own imitation of the God who saves victims, over against their continued practices of victimization; and finally (3) how to provide, for both prospective victims and incipient victimizers, a nonconflictual model for the resolution of rivalry and acquisitive, “mimetic desire” (Girard). In the quest for a nonviolent praxis, such a model is called upon to terminate and deter victimization, and thus regenerate culture on the basis of new and nonviolent forms of imitation and the will-to-power. The traditional Christianity of black North Americans offers an instructive case study for addressing such problems. This chapter treats black Christianity as the primary source of the civil rights activism of Martin Luther King, Jr. I investigate King’s religious heritage for its power simultaneously to overturn ethnic victimization and to transform the victimizer—for its power to realize what he called “the beloved community.”2 That power resides, by hypothesis, in a performative tradition of mimesis in black religion.
Apocalypse
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This final chapter completes the sequence of biblical figures which the first chapter inaugurated with a review ofJames Weldon Johnson’s God’s Trombones. Recall that Johnson’s Afro-American classic begins with “The Creation” and ends with “The Judgment Day.” It thereby recapitulates the monumental span of the Christian Scriptures, from the Book of Genesis to the Book of Revelation or Apocalypse (Greek apo-kalupsis: un-veiled or un-hidden; hence, revealed). Following in that same tradition—the Afro-American tradition of biblical figuralism—the present study also spans biblical books and themes, beginning with the Genesis and Exodus figures in the early chapters and concluding with the Apocalypse in the present chapter. Yet, it should be noted, concluding with Apocalypse is not merely a formal or aesthetic requirement of this project. Rather, attention to apocalyptic figuration is integral to a display of the full range and interests of African American conjurational spirituality. Despite this centrality the topic was, until recently, neglected in evaluations of black religion—as the historian Donald Mathews indicates in the excerpt quoted.2
The Three Routes to the East
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of the military/colonizing venture of the Crusades and the heightened trade that followed, Europe, in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, finally attached itself more firmly to the ongoing world system. But we have not yet examined this preexistent and complex system of trade that, at least from the ninth century, passed through the geographic heartland of the system, the land bridge of the eastern Mediterranean that guarded three routes of access to the Orient (Figure 5): the northern route from Constantinople across the land mass of Central Asia, the central route connecting the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean via Baghdad, Basra, and the Persian Gulf, and the southerly route that linked the Alexandria-Cairo-Red Sea complex with the Arabian Sea and then the Indian Ocean.
The Indian Ocean System: Divided Into Three Parts
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the thirteenth century and considerably before as well, the Asian sea trade that traversed the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea was subdivided into three interlocking circuits, each within the shared “control” of a set of political and economic actors who were largely, although certainly not exclusively, in charge of exchanges with adjacent zones. (See Figure 10.) The primary basis for these divisions was geographic, although these geographically determined zones were gradually converted into cultural domains as well.
The Passage of the Supplement
Authors: Majles the 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within a few days, nearly one thousand people followed Nuri to Shahabdolazim. Of these, eighteen were high-ranking and thirty middle-ranking olama; fifty were preachers and low-ranking mollahs; three hundred were tollab, two hundred small shopkeepers, one hundred domestic servants, and some two hundred idle followers seeking free meals.1 The bast, like previous basts staged by the constitutionalists, was well organized and well provided for. Daily sermons and lectures instructed the crowd on the reasons why Nuri and his companions had turned against the constitution, which they had initially supported.
The Missionary Call
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the central idea and personal experience that traditionally has launched missionary careers, and upon which evangelicals continue to base their key motivation for a long-term commitment to foreign mission—the notion of an individualized divine call to spread the gospel of Christ throughout the world. As I began my inquiry among HCJB members in Ecuador in the 1980s, I wondered to what extent the nineteenth-century mission mevement’s ideal of “the call” might resonate in the testimonies of contemporary evangelicals.
Living Out the Call on the Mission Field
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the elaboration of moral careers on the mission field. As we have seen in their narratives of early life, missionaries often see themselves as having been set apart in moral and psychological terms, before they leave home. On foreign soil they tend to assume a cultural posture that dramatizes their prior strangerhood in several dimensions. First, they approach the host culture as an abstract matrix of otherness in which to develop a personal mission. Second, they look back on their home country from an expatriate’s remove. Third, these missionaries become members of an ambiguous community—an enclave whose character derives from a shared sense of cultural and moral set-apartness, even while its identity is bound up with the ideal of a mission that is to breach all barriers, transcend all boundaries, with the gospel of Christ.
Missionary Strangerhood and American Evangelical Identity
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have illustrated how various layers of strangerhood combine to form a complex ideological theme in the self-understanding and social experience of missionaries. We have seen how a group of American evangelicals in a foreign setting may appropriate the rhetoric of calling in order to interpret diverse conditions of cultural and existential estrangement in their lives. We have examined ways in which missionary identities are shaped through generalized ambivalence arising from repeated experiences of withdrawal and engagement, conflict and embrace, dependence and autonomy. We have seen, in particular, how missionaries may elaborate moral careers as they reflect on their experiences over time, in the light of culturally stylized ideas about life-as-conversion-testimony. Finally, we have noted that such missionaries are able to resolve developmental predicaments, domesticate foreignness, and transcend disenchantment through a reformulation of the traditional imagery of mission-as-sacrificial-hero-quest.
Germany
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1889 Germany became the first nation in the world to enact a national compulsory old-age and invalidity pension system. This scheme was one of several social insurance programs introduced in Germany during the 1880s, starting with enactment of sickness insurance in 1883 and industrial accident insurance in 1884. In view of its being the world’s first national old-age pension scheme and in view of the impact this program has had on subsequent developments in other nations, we will want to take a close look at the structure of the original program and the factors contributing to its enactment.
United Kingdom
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While old-age pensions came to Britain relatively early (1908), such schemes had already been enacted in many other nations, several even before the tum of the century (e.g., Germany, 1889; Denmark, 1891; and New Zealand, 1898). This suggests that factors other than industrialization must be taken into consideration in any effort to account for differences between nations with respect to the timing of the introduction of these first pension systems.
Nigeria
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nigeria’s large population and substantial oil resources make it one of the most influential nations in sub-Saharan Africa.1 In 1961 it became the first African nation to introduce a provident fund plan. The National Provident Fund (NPF) served as a model for similar schemes in several other African nations. While each sub-Saharan African nation has its unique characteristics, such as substantial oil resources in Nigeria’s case, they share many characteristics. Most went through comparable colonial experiences, have relatively small modem sectors, and have heterogeneous populations with deep religious, ethnic, and linguistic cleavages. In many ways the development of old-age social security policy in Nigeria is similar to that in other nations of sub-Saharan Africa, but in some respects it differs. For both reasons we will want to make comparisons with developments in other subSaharan nations.
Toward an Empirical and Theoretical Synthesis
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the seven historical case studies presented in the preceding chapters each involved some comparative analysis, the focus was on accounting for developments in a specific country, and relatively little effort was made to generalize about oldage security policy. In the previous chapter an effort was made to test several hypotheses derived in part from these historical case studies, but due to the constraints of available data, that analysis was limited to a few key issues. In this chapter our goal is to synthesize the findings of both the qualitative case studies and the quantitative analysis. While the emphasis will be on generalizations derived from the case studies, where appropriate these generalizations will be based on or qualified in light of our quantitative analysis.
The Garden of Priapus
Authors: Richlin Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statues of the god Priapus stood in Roman gardens to warn potential thieves that the god would rape them if they attempted to steal from him. Amy Richlin argues that the attitude of sexual aggressiveness in defence of a bounded area serves as a model for Roman satire from Lucilius to Juvenal. Using literary, anthropological, psychological, and feminist methodologies, she suggests that aggressive sexual humour reinforces aggressive behaviour on both the individual and societal level, and that Roman satire provides an insight into Roman culture.
An End to Sociology?
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No international sociological congress I have attended (and I have been at every one since 1953) has neglected the question, is there a crisis in sociology? Upon occasion, the question has pervaded, even dominated, formal congress discussion. Upon others, it has constituted a substratum of criticism, in contrast with the certainties expressed in the official proceedings. We may doubt our methods of social observation, despai:r of our interpretative ideas, deplore the use (or nonuse) society makes of our work. No matter, we may console ourselves with obsessive self-concern. The participants in panels of this kind may change (although some, like their answers, may grow more familiar). The societies and types of regime they represent may vary. Their rhetoric, the saliency of some rather than other issues, may alter. We have now institutionalized the crisis. Systematic introspection, nay inversion, is a legitimate (and certainly recognizable) disciplinary specialty. In this, we are not entirely alone. Economists, historians of literature, historians tout court, philosophers can be heard discussing their own work in what appear to be similar terms. Aestheticians ask if art has ended, and some of psychiatry has become antipsychiatry. The difficulties within our field partake of a general crisis in the human sciences. Profound historical change and its (distorted) reflection in thought seem inextricable.