bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestic Instability—Revolution, Civil War, State Failure
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1978, Tehran experienced a “revolutionary upswing.” Protesters flooded the streets day after day in mass demonstrations against Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Iranian monarch, hated by many of his subjects for the repressiveness of his regime and for his close alliance with the West. A year after the protests began, the political fallout for the West—and the economic cost to Western companies—would be immense. Trade between Iran and the United States, valued at $5.7 billion in 1977, would be effectively wiped out. A new government would expropriate vast amounts of U.S. and other foreign-owned property. These companies would recoup some of the losses years later in an international claims tribunal, but a combination of Iranian hostility toward America and U.S. embargoes would guarantee a loss of potential revenue for these firms for decades to come. The shah would be gone; Iran would be ruled by a theocracy hostile to the West. The Islamic revolution and the regional political realignment it provoked are still very much with us. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the September 11 terrorist attacks, the shah’s overthrow in 1979 may well represent modern America’s greatest intelligence failure.
Expropriation
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until 1951, Iran’s oil industry was dominated by the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, the forerunner of today’s BP. That year, amid growing resentment of the British presence in the oil industry, Iran’s government passed a law nationalizing Anglo-Iranian’s concession. The company’s management failed to recognize signals that political change would soon force an adjustment in the company’s relationship with Iran until it was far too late. This expropriation was driven not only by the Iranian government’s demand for a greater share of the country’s oil revenue but also by a growing wave of wounded national pride inspired in part by the exploitation of Iran’s natural resources by foreigners. Anglo-Iranian’s management, led by Sir William Fraser, initially resisted Iranian demands for a greater share of its profits, despite pleas for compromise from the U.S. and British governments, the latter of which owned 51% of the company. By the time Anglo-Iranian was ready to make a deal, nationalist politicians, led by Mohammed Mossadeq, had shifted their demands. No longer content with a larger piece of the pie, Mossadeq called for the company to be nationalized. Mounting political violence and pressure forced the shah to sign a nationalization law in April 1951, officially voiding Anglo-Iranian’s concession.
The Need for a Development Round
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current multilateral trade liberalization round, the Doha Round, is the ninth in a series of such negotiations which began in Geneva in 1947. The first eight of these were conducted under the auspices of the WTO’s predecessor, the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), which was established on a provisional basis after the Second World War as a draft charter for the proposed International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO was stillborn­ it was never ratified by the US Congress and other national legislatures-but the GATT continued to govern international trade in the form of a multilateral treaty from 1948 to the creation of the WTO in 1995.
Founding Principles: The Basis of a Fair Agreement
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One reason the Development Round is faltering is that the WTO (like its predecessor the CATT) has been, by process and structure, a mercantilist institution that has worked on a principle of selfinterested bargaining. The concept of a Development Round implies a fundamental departure from the system of mercantilism towards collectively agreed principles. However, there has been almost no discussion, let alone agreement, on what such principles might be. The lack of commonly agreed values has deprived the WTO’s members of any means of collectively choosing a set of policies from among competing proposals.
Priorities for a Development Round
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural question to be asked by each developing country as it enters trade negotiations is ‘What agreement would make the most difference for us?’ There is a corresponding question for the developed countries: ‘What is it that we could give, which is of most benefit to the developing countries, and which has the least cost (or perhaps even benefit) to us at the same time?’. The developed countries’ natural response may be to demand a quid pro quo. But such a demand would be to look at the current negotiation outside of its historical context. The developed countries have to date received the lion’s share of the benefits from previous trade negotiations. Accordingly, they ought to be willing to do more for the developing countries in this round.
Who Gets Angel Money?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The descriptions of the companies that receive angel money have taken on mythic proportions. Angels, it seems, are looking for everything: a high-growth market, a proﬁtable business, an experienced team, a proprietary competitive advantage, a good business model, a well-written business plan, strong ﬁnancial projections, the right ﬁnancial structure, excellent exit options, and a high rate of return, among other things. Take the following example of what angels are purported to be looking for that I downloaded from one Web site: And this is the list my editor would let me reproduce because it was the short one! Some books and articles about angel investing go on for pages upon pages about the characteristics that angels are looking for, listing well over 100 different things that angels want. Before you get discouraged and think that angels are only interested in a very special group of companies that are nothing like the company that you’ve started, and certainly before you fork over $77 for a CD that will tell you all the things that angels are looking for,2 let me be the ﬁrst to tell you not to worry. Angels invest in plenty of companies that don’t meet these criteria. In fact, the typical company that receives an angel investment has relatively few of the characteristics described in most articles or books on angel investing.
Classic Mean-Variance Optimization
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes in relatively simple terms some of the essential technical issues that characterize MV optimization and portfolio efficiency. For the sake of compact discussion, the introduction of some basic assumptions and mathematical notation will be useful. An example of an asset allocation optimization illustrates the techniques presented here and throughout the text. Suppose estimates of expected returns, variances or standard deviations, and correlations for a universe of assets. The expected return, µ(mu), of a portfolio of assets P, µ is the portfolio-weighted expected return for each asset. The variance σ2 (sigma squared) of a portfolio of assets P, σP2, depends on the portfolio weights, the variance of the assets in the portfolio, and the correlation, Ρ (rho), between pairs of assets.3 The standard deviation σ is the square root of the variance and is a useful alternative for describing asset risk. One reason for preferring the standard deviation to the variance is that it is in the same units of return as the mean. Exhibit 2.1 shows the mean and standard deviation for a portfolio consisting of two assets. It illustrates some essential properties of portfolio expected return and risk. Asset 1 has an expected return of 5% and risk of 10%, and asset 2 has an expected return of 10% and risk of 20%. Five curves connect the two assets and display the risk and expected return of portfolios, ranging from 100% of capital in asset 1 to 100% in asset 2. The asset correlations associated with the five curves (from right to left) are 1.0, 0.5, 0, –0.5, and –1.0. The five curves illustrate how correlations and portfolio weights affect portfolio risk and expected return. When the correlation is 1, as in the extreme right-hand curve in the exhibit, portfolio risk and expected return is a weighted average of the risk and return of the two assets.
Introduction: Doing the Right Thing
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to begin thinking about moral and political philosophy is to ask yourself what you would do if faced with a moral dilemma, or, more precisely, what you hope you would do. For example, most people believe it is wrong to kill an innocent person. But suppose you find yourself in a situation in which killing an innocent person is the only way to prevent many innocent people from dying. Is it the right thing to do? Such questions often confront soldiers and policy-makers during wartime.
Cultured Stripper
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gypsy socialized with the intelligentsia of the Big Apple. By the middle of the twentieth century, New York City had become the cultural and intellectual mecca of the nation. Many European authors and artists fleeing fascism and those who emigrated earlier during the World War I era mingled with their American counterparts and fostered the spread of modernist currents throughout the arts. The fusion of cosmopolitan, avant-garde aesthetics with the popular, distinctly American (and African American–influenced) styles of live performance was a heady mix. Just as European intellectuals showed a special appreciation of jazz, so they were amused by an intellectual stripper. The reaction of critic and writer Jean Cocteau was typical; after he saw Gypsy perform, he chirped, “How vital.” Gypsy often repeated the remark.
During the early 1940s, Gypsy rented a fourth-floor walk-up apartment at 206 East Fifty-seventh Street from Anna Della Winslow.
Migraine and Headache
Authors: Mauskop Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Headaches afflict 70% of the population with 12%, or 30 million adult Americans, suffering from migraines. Due to co-morbidities, up to 30% of patients seen in primary care settings suffer from migraines. Medical care provided to these headache sufferers is often suboptimal. Part of the ‘Oxford American Pain Library,’ this concise handbook provides primary care doctors and other health care professionals with practical information about the diagnosis and management of headache in their patients. The book covers the classification of headaches and provides shortcuts to making an accurate diagnosis, along with recommendations for the proper utilization of diagnostic procedures. Common headache conditions discussed include migraine, chronic migraine, status migraine, cluster and related headaches, tension headaches, sinus headaches, cervicogenic headaches, secondary headaches, and neuralgias. The book provides a comprehensive review of pharmacological treatments such as antihypertensive agents, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, 5HT1 agonists (triptans), as well as a discussion of the scientific basis of non-drug treatments. Representative cases are presented to aid the integration of factual knowledge with practical approaches. The book is concise yet comprehensive, scientific as well as practical, filled with facts, but highly readable. The small format makes it portable as well as affordable.
Monitoring Antiepileptic Drugs and Their Toxicity
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a correlation between the serum concentration of any antiepileptic drug (AED) and its therapeutic and toxic effects. Therapeutic drug mon-itoring seeks to optimize the desirable effects of AEDs while minimizing their undesirable properties. The role of drug monitoring is somewhat controversial, because the therapeutic level varies from one patient to the next and is not certain for some AEDs. Moreover, it is not clear that higher levels are more effective than lower levels for many agents. Some clinicians hold the view that levels are irrelevant as long as patients are seizure free and do not experience side effects.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topiramate is associated with a mild hyperchloremic, non–anion gap metabolic acidosis manifest by a persistently low bicarbonate level. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild to moderate, with an average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients. Rarely, however, decreases of more than 10 mEq/L can be found. The metabolic acidosis typically occurs soon after initiation of therapy. Conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, surgery, ketogenic diet, or other drugs may add to the bicarbonate-lowering effects of topiramate.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Migraine Headaches
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two disorders are comorbid if they occur in the same person more frequently than by chance alone. Migraine and epilepsy appear to be comorbid. The prevalence of epilepsy in persons with migraine ranges from 1% to 17% with a median of 5.9%, substantially higher than the population prevalence of epilepsy (Andermann and Andermann, 1987). The reported frequency of migraine in epileptic populations ranges from 8.4% to 24.0% (Marks and Ehrenberg, 1993; Ottman and Lipton, 1996; Stevenson, 2006).
Antiepileptic Drugs and Ophthalmologic Problems
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ophthalmologic problems in patients with epilepsy may be due to either the disease process or therapy with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Visual disturbances such as blurred vision, diplopia, and oscillopsia are generally benign, reversible, dose-dependent neurotoxic side effects of AEDs. The dose of medication simply needs to be reduced or the dosing frequency increased to abolish this complaint in most instances. However, some patients have visual complaints at relatively low serum levels, and the offending AED must be stopped and replaced with another.
Antiepileptic Drugs and Bone Health
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients taking antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have higher rates of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and bone fractures than the general population (Gissel et al., 2007). Good population-based epidemiological studies are lacking, but published studies evaluating bone density in patients recruited from epilepsy clinics suggest that the rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis generally is 40–75% and the magnitude of the reduction in real bone mineral density may be as high as 16% (Petty et al., 2005); although other studies have found varying percentages, all have found a relatively high prevalence of bone demineralization in people with epilepsy.
What Law Is About
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have come to this school to embark upon the study of the law. Most of you have in the back of your heads an idea that as a result of that study you will become lawyers. Some of you have some notion of what it is that a lawyer does. You think of a man who tries cases before courts. Or do you think particularly of a man to whom to turn in case, for any reason, you happen to get arrested? But what a court does, what a lawyer does in court, and what he does outside, what relationship either court or lawyer has to the law, what relation the law school has to any of these things—around these things, I take it, there floats a pleasant haze. If it were not pleasant, you would not be here. Perhaps you would not, if there were no haze.
What I propose to do is to take up successively a series of questions. First, and today, what is this law about, which you propose to study? Second, and tomorrow, what is the machinery for going about this study; what are you going to have to do in this school and how can you best go about doing it? Third, what are the opportunities that the school offers and what are some of the problems that you will have to solve here, and what are some of the ways of their solution? And lastly, how does the study of the law here bear upon the work that you will do and the life that you will live when you leave this school and go into the practice?
This Case System: What Lies Behind the Case
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A law school, setting up a course of study, must face two different jobs. In part, they overlap; but they cannot be assumed in advance to coincide at all. The one job is to discover what you need in order to practice your profession, to pick out such parts of that equipment as are either most fundamental or best teachable in school, and to devise means of getting these things across to you. The second job begins where the first leaves off, and begins irrespective of how well the first is done, and is a problem peculiarly of the first year. Granted that the curriculum is, wisely or unwisely, to take a given line, what do you need to know in order to handle, not the practice of law, but the practice of law school? In part, I say, these two problems overlap, and it is well they do. But I am concerned today but little with their overlapping, or with the first, the long-run job, save as a passing reference to it may shed some light upon the other. The question today is immediate and intensely practical. It has been decreed that you are to study law largely by “the” case system. What do you need to know to make that study go? I warn you again that you will find my words empty, find them even likely to mislead, to the extent that you have incurred the danger of a “little knowledge.” But the concrete basis is already being provided day by day in your assignments and your use of the case-books. It will pay promptly, therefore, if you follow. Certain it is that students who are simply pushed off the dock into case-method study flounder rather longer than if they have some inkling of the underlying theory. For however different the methods of your various instructions are (and they diverge amazingly), there are some theories common to the teaching of them all.
This Case System: What to Do with the Cases
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have now sketched for you in charcoal outline—an unkind critic might remark, in bastard caricature—the part that law and law’s minions play in our society, and the general history of a case at law. All this, for your ordained affairs, is background; you will be getting restive. Indeed, in delivering these lectures orally, I have felt the need, before the second hour, of setting to work to dynamite the foreground stumps: cases in casebooks have been assigned to you; what, then, are you to do with them?
Now the first thing you are to do with an opinion is to read it. Does this sound commonplace? Does this amuse you? There is no reason why it should amuse you. You have already read past seventeen expressions of whose meaning you have no conception. So hopeless is your ignorance of their meaning that you have no hard-edged memory of having seen unmeaning symbols on the page. You have applied to the court’s opinion the reading technique that you use upon the Satevepost. Is a word unfamiliar? Read on that much more quickly! Onward and upward—we must not hold up the story.
This Case System: Precedent
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are psychologists who delight in talking of an apperceptive mass. I am not quite sure what such an apperceptive mass may be, nor of whether it is at all. But I am very sure that these psychologists have a strong truth by the tail. The only question, as A.G. Keller used to put it, is whether, for all our firm grip on the tail, we shall have skill and patience to work up over the rump.
The truth that we have seized upon is this: you see in your case almost exactly what you brought to it, and hardly more. If you bring much, you see much. If you bring nothing, that is what you see. A little, each case will add to what you knew. The measure of what it adds, again, is what you bring.
This point I dwelt on lovingly in the last lecture, in regard to briefing. I shall dwell on it now again, in reference to review. Case study progresses slowly. It works intensively. It works, because it must work intensively, upon a tiny body of material day by day. Hence you can seem to do the work, and seem to follow, although each day you have in mind the cases for the day, and nothing more. At this point, gentlemen, we meet the rump.
Ships and Shoes and Sealing Wax
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is more to the law and to the study of law than the Case System. And now that that most pressing business is over, and you see at least something of what the study of cases is about, we can sit back more at our ease, give fancy freer rein, and loaf a little in such pastures of the law as the old nag will take us to. There is no end of pastures: logic, and legal history, and the Register of Writs; law on the Continent, law among the Cheyenne, juvenile courts; Hohfeldian analysis, the federal Constitution; Bracton and Blackstone, Mansfield, Coke and Bentham; how English law came to America; statutes, the judge in politics, legal research; admission to the bar, the bar itself; use of the library, codes, and the law’s delay. Let us pick out a few of these, and stuff our pipes, touch a match, puff, and watch the pictures in the smoke.
And Law School Offers What?
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have had enough of technical stuff which you are supposed to need, or at least to hear of, in order to make your case class go. It is time to go back to where we began, and to take bearings once again on what it is all about. I propose to take observations with you along three different lines. First, what is the orientation of the school with regard to the profession? What does it offer that you need? Why does it offer some things and not others? What do you need for your practice which it does not offer? To which the answer is: almost everything you will need for your practice. And, as inescapable, I shall have something to say on how to stay in the school. Tomorrow, a second line of observation: what of the law in reference to our civilization? What is it worth? How did it get that way? What does it add? In part derived from the first two, there is a third line worth pursuing as we close these lectures: what are the possibilities in studying law? To what end? What is there in the study worth the having?
Values and Increased Profits?
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many, the conclusion that SRI can offer competitive returns is surprising enough—imagine their reaction to this statement on the website of the UN Principles for Responsible Investment: “There is a growing view among investment professionals that environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) issues can [positively] affect the performance of investment portfolios.
Is SRI Sustainable?
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doubtful investors who believe that incorporating a partic-ular set of “values” in investment might well be the “flavor of the month” will not be interested in joining the SRI movement. Such investors will find it difficult to believe that companies’ behavior will really change in response to something that is a passing trend. They also fear that SRI portfolios will be hurt once the fad disappears, since their stocks will then lose any associated premium.