bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How might the public contribute to the discussion on cattle welfare? Perspectives of veterinarians and animal scientists
Authors: Ventura Beth , Weary Daniel M , von Keyserlingk Marina AG 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Veterinarians and animal scientists can provide leadership on issues relevant to farm animal welfare, but perceptions of these stakeholders regarding societal expectations for welfare are underexplored. This study involved five focus groups of veterinarians and animal scientists (n = 50 in total), recruited at a European meeting focused on cattle welfare. Participants were invited to discuss topics related to cattle welfare and were prompted with questions to elicit their perspectives of public concerns and how the participants felt public input should be included when developing solutions. Discussions were moderated by trained facilitators, audio-recorded and transcribed, and transcripts analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Ultimately, four primary themes were developed: (1) The public as concerned; (2) The public as ignorant; (3) The public as needing education; and (4) The public as helper or hindrance. Groups identified specific farming practices viewed as concerning to the public, including lack of pasture access, behavioural restriction, and painful procedures. Discussions about these concerns and the role of the public were often framed around the assumption that the public was ignorant about farming, and that this ignorance needed to be rectified through education. Participants were generally ambivalent in their beliefs regarding public contributions to solutions for farm animal welfare but suggested that consumers should pay more for products to help shoulder any costs of welfare improvements.
Species ex machina: ‘the crush’ of animal data in AI
Authors: Taylor Simon Michael 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA canonical genealogy of artificial intelligence must include technologies and data being built with, for and from animals. Animal identification using forms of electronic monitoring and digital management began in the 1970s. Early data innovations comprised RFID tags and transponders that were followed by digital imaging and computer vision. Initially applied in the 1980s for agribusiness to identify meat products and to classify biosecurity data for animal health, yet computer vision is interlaced in subtler ways with commercial pattern recognition systems to monitor and track people in public spaces. As such this paper explores a set of managerial projects in Australian agriculture connected to computer vision and machine learning tools that contribute to dual-use. Herein, ‘the cattle crush’ is positioned as a pivotal space for animal bodies to be interrogated by AI imaging, digitization and data transformation with forms of computational and statistical analysis. By disentangling the kludge of numbering, imaging and classifying within precision agriculture the paper highlights a computational transference of techniques between species, institutional settings and domains that is relevant to regulatory considerations for AI development. The paper posits how a significant sector of data innovation – concerning uses on animals – may tend to evade some level of regulatory and ethical scrutiny afforded to human spaces and settings, and as such afford optimisation of these systems beyond our recognition.
Tackling Non-Consensual Dissemination of Intimate Images in India’s Contemporary Legal Framework
Authors: Yadav Vaibhav 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe rapid proliferation of digital technologies has ushered in a new epoch replete with unprecedented challenges about safeguarding personal privacy and the unauthorized dissemination of intimate images. This article explores the intricate legal landscape encompassing the Indian Penal Code, Information Technology Act, Digital Personal Data Protection Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita Bill. This analytical pursuit casts a gaze upon the imperative task of addressing the non-consensual dissemination of intimate images within the contours of the digital milieu. This article comprehensively explores the potential repercussions of digital transgressions, laying bare the seismic impacts on individuals’ privacy, inherent dignity and psychological well-being. More than a mere exploration, this paper unfurls a roadmap for conceptualizing a holistic and productive legal framework in India – uniquely attuned to tackling the complex challenge of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Embedded within this endeavour are methodically derived recommendations, conceived upon the bedrock of meticulous dissection of pertinent legal provisions, nuanced analysis of case law and astute juxtapositions with international approaches to analogous predicaments. The overarching objective herein is to propel the evolution of a legal edifice that transcends the constraints of the digital epoch by forging a harmonious amalgamation of its principles with the bedrock tenets of human rights. At the heart of this scholarly endeavour lies an unswerving commitment – to secure and uphold individuals’ sanctified digital privacy inviolability. The ultimate goal is to erect formidable safeguards that staunchly shield individuals from the consequences concomitant with encroachments upon their digital sanctums. Through this concerted initiative, the pursuit of a legal landscape that is not only equitable and reasonable but also at pace with the dynamic digitalization landscape stands foregrounded. This work is thus a clarion call that echoes the need for continuous refinement in the pursuit of justice within the digital echelons of our society.
Scientific supremacy: How do genetic narratives relate to racism?
Authors: Nam H. Hannah , Sawyer Katherine 
Published: October 2023

AbstractRecent research suggests that contemporary American society is marked by heightened hostile racial rhetoric, alongside increasing salience of White nationalists who justify an ideology of racial hierarchy with claims of biological superiority. Media coverage of such genetics research has often emphasized a deterministic (or causal) narrative by suggesting that specific genes directly increase negative outcomes and highlighting reported genetic differences between racial groups. Across two experimental studies, we examine the effect of the media’s portrayal of scientific findings linking genes with negative health and behavioral outcomes on measures of racism. We find that deterministic genetic attributions for health and behavioral outcomes can lead to more negative racial out-group attitudes. Importantly, we also investigate potential interventions in the presentation of genetic science research. Our research has implications for understanding racial attitudes and racialized ideology in contemporary American politics, as well as for framing scientific communication in intergroup contexts.
The effects of COVID-19 on domestic and international security in democratic and authoritarian regimes
Authors: Topping Kristen , Hosny Yousef , Hunter Lance Y. , Yang Yufan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhile numerous studies have examined how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care systems, supply chains, and economies, we do not understand how the pandemic has impacted the security of democratic and authoritarian states from a global standpoint. Thus, this study examines how COVID-19 has affected the security of democratic and authoritarian regimes. In conducting a historical, qualitative review of the security effects of the pandemic, we find that COVID-19 significantly affected domestic and international security for democratic and authoritarian states in both similar and varied ways. Additionally, the manner in which states responded to the pandemic was often conditioned by their regime type and by the nature of the governing leadership during the pandemic. These findings have important implications in considering how COVID-19 affected the security of democratic and authoritarian states, how regime type shapes government responses to infectious disease outbreaks, and how democratic and authoritarian states may respond to future pandemics.
The area south of the Po River delta (Italy) is a hot spot for strandings of loggerhead sea turtles
Authors: Marisaldi Luca , Torresan Andrea , Ferrari Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The northern Adriatic Sea is an important foraging ground for the loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) within the Mediterranean Sea. Here, stranding patterns of loggerhead sea turtles were examined over a four-year period (2019–2022) along a short (17 km) stretch of the Italian coast south of the Po River delta. A total of 355 records (alive, n = 24; dead, n = 331) were analysed, and the curved carapace lengths (CCL, notch to tip, cm) mainly reflected large juveniles and sub-adults (average CCL = 57.2 cm; 95% CI = 55.6–58.7). The month of July was identified as the critical month with the highest number of strandings, mirroring migratory processes towards this area during warmer months. The number of stranded turtles•km−1 as well as the absolute number of strandings along the short stretch of the coast might suggest this area as the most impacted in the Mediterranean Sea. This research emphasizes that human activities in the waters south of the Po River delta, particularly trawl fishing, are the primary cause of loggerhead sea turtle strandings and that tracking stranding patterns can offer valuable information about the geographic ranges, seasonal movements, and life cycles of this species.
Free Black Witnesses in the Antebellum Upper South
Authors: Eisner Eric 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhile every slave state except Louisiana limited free Black testimony in cases involving whites, and most barred it completely, several jurisdictions with slavery, including three in the Upper South—Delaware, Maryland, and D.C.—allowed at least some free Black testimony in cases involving whites at least some of the time. Historians and legal scholars have largely overlooked the phenomenon of free Black testimony in the South, outside of Louisiana. In this article, I argue that courts in the Upper South allowed some free Black testimony in cases involving whites in part because allowing (limited) Black testimony enabled courts to access the truth (slightly) more freely, thereby increasing the law's legitimacy. The exceptions to the general bar against Black testimony in cases involving whites also demonstrate the diversity of legal trends in the antebellum Upper South. In Maryland, the space for free Black testimony shrank. In D.C. and Delaware, it grew. But Southerners long contested the relationship between race and law. Competing pressures to administer a well-functioning legal system and to maintain racial hierarchy exerted force on the white elite. Southern elites, even before the great convulsion of the Civil War, sometimes divided on how best to administer a white supremacist legal regime.
Echocardiography evaluation of neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation
Authors: Doctor Pezad , Ramaciotti Claudio , Angelis Dimitrios , Cory Melinda 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackground:In neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation echocardiography remains the mainstay for early detection and explains various haemodynamic changes occurring due to a large systemic arterio-venous shunt. However, there is limited evidence of echocardiography in risk stratifying neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation. The objective of this study was to identify echocardiographic parameters that could be associated with major outcomes and guide timing of neuro-intervention.Methods:In this retrospective chart review, infants < 28 days of age with the diagnosis of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation were included. Demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic parameters were compared in neonates who survived or died with neonatal presentation. A risk algorithm model based on key echocardiographic parameters was developed to determine those who are at risk of early death.Results:Of the 19 neonates included, with median birth weight 3.1 kg (IQR 2.58–3.36), nine (47%) neonates died at median age of 5 days (IQR 4–17). All neonates showed retrograde diastolic flow at the level of descending aorta by colour Doppler on the first post-natal echocardiogram at median age of 2 days (IQR 1–5.5). An aortic antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio of < 1.5 and supra-systemic pulmonary artery pressure had 100% positive predictive value of death (p = 0.029), whereas aortic antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio of > 1.5 and sub-systemic pulmonary artery pressure had 100% positive predictive value of survival (p = 0.029).Conclusion:Combination of aorta antegrade-to-retrograde velocity time integral ratio and degree of pulmonary hypertension on the first post-natal echocardiogram may help stratify the severity of disease and guide optimal timing for neuro-intervention for neonatal vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation.
Replacement of pulmonary venous stent during Fontan operation
Authors: Ono Shin , Torii Sho , Ueda Hideaki 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPost-operative pulmonary venous stenosis is a poor prognostic factor in single-ventricle haemodynamics. Implantation of a drug-eluting stent is a therapeutic option. However, due to their small size, they inevitably become inadequate as the patient grows. We present the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of the replacement of a small-diameter stent with a large-diameter stent during Fontan surgery.
Leaders Fit for the Masses
Authors: Haskins Alex 
Published: October 2023

AbstractIn this article, I argue that Du Bois’s Japan—despite displaying his myopic failure to critique non-Western imperialism—served as a potential model for his reimagining transnational democratic leadership beyond Western-centric models and their legacies of White supremacy and democratic despotism. Du Bois’s reflections from the 1890s to the 1960s generally demonstrate a sustained, seven decade-long fluid commitment to realizing a vision of transnational leadership that was accountable to the democratic masses, whether in Asia, Africa, the United States, or elsewhere. Such reflections hold importance now (even as they did in Du Bois’s time) as we continue to grapple with the legacies of Western “democratic” dominance, especially in international institutions designed to facilitate global governance.
Impact of Reduced Fluvial Sediment Supply on Saltwater Intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary
Authors: Zhu Chunyan , van Maren D. S. , Guo Leicheng , He Qing , Wang Zheng B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractA decline of the fluvial sediment supply leads to coastal erosion and land loss. However, the fluvial sediment load may influence not only coastal morphodynamics but also estuarine hydrodynamics and associated saltwater intrusion. Previous studies revealed that suspended sediments influence estuarine hydrodynamics through various flow–sediment interactions. In this contribution, we systematically investigate how changes in fluvial sediment load and other climate‐change‐induced environmental change influence estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics. For this purpose, we utilize a well‐calibrated fully coupled model in which hydrodynamics, saltwater intrusion, and sediment transport interact with each other, to explore saltwater intrusion in the Yangtze Estuary in response to a decline in the sediment load, modified discharge, and sea‐level rise. Model results suggest that a 70% decline in the suspended sediment load weakens the impact of sediments on salinity‐induced stratification and thereby reducing saltwater intrusion. Sea‐level rise or discharge peak reduction increases saltwater intrusion. However, a fully coupled model accounting for sediment effects predicts a much larger increase in saltwater intrusion compared to noncoupled models. Whether this effect is important depends on estuarine sediment concentrations and therefore the potential role of sediments should be carefully investigated before applying a noncoupled model. This work highlights not only the relevance of a suspended sediment decline but also the use of fully coupled models for predicting saltwater intrusion in turbid estuaries and has broad implications for freshwater resource management in turbid estuarine systems influenced by human interventions and climate change.
An Ensemble of Neural Networks for Moist Physics Processes, Its Generalizability and Stable Integration
Authors: Han Yilun , Zhang Guang J. , Wang Yong 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWith the recent advances in data science, machine learning has been increasingly applied to convection and cloud parameterizations in global climate models (GCMs). This study extends the work of Han et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002076) and uses an ensemble of 32‐layer deep convolutional residual neural networks, referred to as ResCu‐en, to emulate convection and cloud processes simulated by a superparameterized GCM, SPCAM. ResCu‐en predicts GCM grid‐scale temperature and moisture tendencies, and cloud liquid and ice water contents from moist physics processes. The surface rainfall is derived from the column‐integrated moisture tendency. The prediction uncertainty inherent in deep learning algorithms in emulating the moist physics is reduced by ensemble averaging. Results in 1‐year independent offline validation show that ResCu‐en has high prediction accuracy for all output variables, both in the current climate and in a warmer climate with +4K sea surface temperature. The analysis of different neural net configurations shows that the success to generalize in a warmer climate is attributed to convective memory and the 1‐dimensional convolution layers incorporated into ResCu‐en. We further implement a member of ResCu‐en into CAM5 with real world geography and run the neural‐network‐enabled CAM5 (NCAM) for 5 years without encountering any numerical integration instability. The simulation generally captures the global distribution of the mean precipitation, with a better simulation of precipitation intensity and diurnal cycle. However, there are large biases in temperature and moisture in high latitudes. These results highlight the importance of convective memory and demonstrate the potential for machine learning to enhance climate modeling.
The AtmoSOFAR Channel: First Direct Observations of an Elevated Acoustic Duct
Authors: Albert S. A. , Bowman D. C. , Silber E. A. , Dannemann Dugick F. K. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Sound Fixing and Ranging (SOFAR) channel in the ocean allows for low frequency sound to travel thousands of kilometers, making it particularly useful for detecting underwater nuclear explosions. Suggestions that an elevated SOFAR‐like channel should exist in the stratosphere date back over half a century and imply that sources within this region can be reliably sensed at vast distances. However, this theory has not been supported with evidence of direct observations from sound within this channel. Here we show that an infrasound sensor on a solar hot air balloon recorded the first infrasound detection of a ground truth airborne source while within this acoustic channel, which we refer to as the AtmoSOFAR channel. Our results support the existence of the AtmoSOFAR channel, demonstrate that acoustic signals can be recorded within it, and provide insight into the characteristics of recorded signals. Results also show a lack of detections on ground‐based stations, highlighting the advantages of using balloon‐borne infrasound sensors to detect impulsive sources at altitude.
Gravity Data Allow to Image the Shallow‐Medium Subsurface Below Mud Volcanoes
Authors: Nespoli Massimo , Antonellini Marco , Albarello Dario , Lupi Matteo , Cenni Nicola , Piombo Antonello 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe debate about the conceptual model of mud volcanoes functioning is still alive in the literature. A large part of the literature focuses on the characterization of the deep reservoir where expelled fluids are expected to originate. Another part of literature is focused on the study of the shallow system of mud volcanoes, which could influence the short‐term variations in mud volcanoes activity. We present and analyze a new data set of micro‐gravimetric data to study the area of the Nirano Salse, Italy. Unlike what is commonly assumed for the study area, our results suggest that the geomorphology of the Nirano Salse is not related to a caldera collapse above a shallow mud chamber, but to the surface expression of slip distribution of a fault termination along which the fluids ascended to the surface. We believe that gravimetric data can significantly improve the study of hydrocarbon seeps and mud volcanism.
Offshore Migration of Summer Monsoon Low‐Level Jet on a Diurnal Scale
Authors: Du Y. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis study investigates the diurnal migration of the low‐level jet (LLJ) over the Bay of Bengal in the summer monsoon, which remains understudied despite the well‐documented diurnal offshore propagation of rainfall worldwide. The southwesterly LLJ exhibits maximum strength during the night and morning. The LLJ undergoes a substantial eastward migration of approximately 600 km from the eastern offshore of India at midnight to the center of the Bay of Bengal by afternoon. A linear land‐sea breeze model is effective in capturing the diurnal migration with similar speed and phase. Including background wind offshore extends the migration, rather than confining it to the coast. This migration is driven by inertia‐gravity waves arising from the diurnal land‐sea thermal contrast and is influenced by the westerly upstream wind from the Indian subcontinent. Our results have important implications for understanding diurnal monsoon circulations and their associated precipitation.
S‐5P/TROPOMI‐Derived NOxEmissions From Copper/Cobalt Mining and Other Industrial Activities in the Copperbelt (Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia)
Authors: Martínez‐Alonso S. , Veefkind J. P. , Dix B. , Gaubert B. , Theys N. , Granier C. , Soulié A. , Darras S. , Eskes H. , Tang W. , Worden H. , de Gouw J. , Levelt P. F. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe have analyzed Sentinel‐5 Precursor TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) data over the Copperbelt mining region (Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia). Despite high background values, annual 2019–2022 means of TROPOMI NO2(nitrogen dioxide) show local enhancements consistent with six point sources (four copper/cobalt mines, two cities) where high‐emission industrial activities take place. We have quantified annual NOx(nitrogen oxides) emissions from these point sources, identified temporal trends in emissions, and found strong correlations with production data from colocated mines and one oil refinery. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service Global Anthropogenic (CAMS‐GLOB‐ANT) version 5 inventory underpredicts TROPOMI‐derived emissions and lacks the temporal trends observed in TROPOMI and mine/refinery production. These results demonstrate the potential for satellite monitoring of mining and other industrial activities, often unreported or underestimated, which impact the air quality of local communities. This is particularly important for Africa, where mining is increasing aggressively.