bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Transfer Behavior and Droplet Characteristics of High-Frequency Induction Heating System Towards the Development of Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Prasad Avadh Kishore , Bag Swarup , Kapil Sajan , Amin M. Ruhul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The induction heating-based wire-feed additive manufacturing (IH-WAM) process is a novel heat source metal depositing process where the metal wire feeds continuously through the induction coil to achieve the desired deposited bead; hence the temperature profile change in the wire due to wire movement must consider for precise results. The present work aims to find the optimized wire feed velocity that transfers sufficient thermal energy to the substrate in less time to develop an IH-WAM process. A 2D coupled electromagnetic, transient thermal, and fluid model is established to study the temperature generation on the moving wire and molten liquid metal with a velocity field. An optimized coil geometry (helical pancake) with 550 A coil current, 353 kHz frequency, and 4 mm coupling distance generates a high-frequency magnetic field. The simulated results suggest that the wire feed velocity of more than 0.015 m/s can not produce a liquid state towards the wire core. The wire feed velocity of 0.012 m/s generates sufficient temperature in the wire. It converts the complete wire diameter into liquid form and supplies the liquid metal having adequate temperature to the substrate. The maximum velocity of the liquid molten metal is found to be 0.22 m/s. It is observed that there is a significant temperature difference of 87 K when the wire is supplied at a velocity of 0.012 m/s compared to the stationary model. Hence the developed model predicts the temperature profile accurately for the IH-WAM process. The numerical results are compared with experimental results obtained from the independent literature. The developed model predicts the wire feed velocity that transfers sufficient deposition temperature to the substrate.
Industry Certification in Simulation Technology As a Part of the Lecture Course
Authors: Milanovic Ivana , Kumar Sunil , Eppes Tom A. , Goparaju Kalyan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This work aims to demonstrate one of the pathways in which industry certification in simulation technology can be a part of the lecture course. We explore the intersection between the rigorous theoretical approach to technical topics and the educational method that brings digital engineering into the curriculum. The objective is to improve student readiness for entry into the workforce by better integrating ‘theoretical’ and ‘application-oriented’ approaches to learning.
Industry certifications verify professional competence in tandem with a professional degree or work experience. The certification is typically a document stating that an individual was trained and prepared to meet a specific set of criteria. This document is awarded after passing the assessment administered by a recognized credentialing entity. The Ansys Associate Certification in simulation technology with Fluent as the software was successfully implemented in the three-credit lecture course. While students were assigned simulation projects from the beginning of the semester, the certification was conducted in two segments, simulations and theory, close to the end of the semester. First, the industry partner described the problem that required students to perform a simulation and respond to a given set of questions within a week. Upon the successful completion of this task, participants had to do one more simulation challenge. Finally, students had to pass an in-class exam on the material. The certification outcome (pass/no pass) did not influence the final grade for the course.
Our study builds upon the authors’ previous work on the use of simulations in lecture courses and course sequences. We introduce simulation assignments in addition to the classical pencil & paper assignments, without teaching or requiring prior knowledge of finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics concepts. This educational method relies on the flexible learning space supported by an online learning management system and incorporates inquiry-based learning. Computational tools are used outside the classroom, while the experiences, competencies, and skills are brought back to the classroom. This approach can be replicated in any science or engineering curriculum with significant benefits such as: (1) improving students’ ability to translate mathematical answers into physical interpretations and translate physical situations into the correct mathematical descriptions, (2) increasing the time students invest in studying, and (3) providing students with an opportunity to earn an industry-recognized certification in simulation technology as a part of their coursework.
The concept of integrated ‘analog’ and ‘digital’ learning and its results are illustrated with qualitative and quantitative evidence. Qualitative data provide samples of student work and testimonials, while quantitative assessments include grades, surveys, and course evaluations.
Failure Analysis and Redesign of a 14th to 15th Century Replica Cannon Mount
Authors: Barrow Luke , Helminiak Nathaniel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Historians have noted that 15th century and similarly dated black powder mixtures do not operate optimally in modern cannon systems. They have posited that black power mixtures may have been optimized to work with cannons of the same era. To test this hypothesis, a replica 4 in bore cannon was produced and a wooden mount was constructed. During testing, the mount suffered catastrophic failure. A subsequent steel mounting system underwent significant plastic deformation. Examination of projectile-cannon response was conducted with images from the steel mount test utilizing digital image correlation (DIC) within MATLAB.
The project began by employing analytical equations paired with DIC from previous shots to determine rough estimates for the forces experienced by the mount. Boundary conditions approximating sandbags on the original mount were found to have significant effect on structural response. Numerical models were then generated based on the original design. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) within SolidWorks revealed Von Misses stresses and deformation which matched previous experimental observations. As expected, the deformation of the original physical steel cannon mount matched the numerical model, occurring in areas above the yield strength of steel.
A series of design alternatives were examined, with a final design produced to prevent plastic failure mode and satisfy sponsor requirements. Through multiple rounds of optimization, the strength of the original design was increased. Improvements to the cannon mount anchoring to the soil better mimicked FEA boundary conditions. After assembly, the design was analyzed by DIC after live fire testing.
Introduction on Vibration Reproduction of Non-Strengthen Member by Real-Time Hybrid Testing
Authors: Kawaguchi Masataka , Shimada Kenshiro , Takeuchi Yugo , Tanaka Kazuto , Watanabe Kimitaka 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Industrial vehicles such as construction machineries are exposed to severe vibration during actual work, which causes structural damages. Currently, vibration endurance testing for non-strengthen members such as doors and covers, requires the assembly of vehicle to reproduce vibration correctly, but it requires a great deal of labor and cost to build vehicle with them on shake table. On the other hand, real-time hybrid tests (RTHT), combining numerical simulation and test, are expected to reduce the cost of endurance test. However, some previous studies have shown that the application of RTHT is limited within large structures, because it could be difficult to apply it to light structure whose natural frequencies are higher.
Therefore, as a basic investigation of RTHT for non-strengthen members, on this study, some system simulations have been conducted using voice coil motor (VCM) as actuator, which is compact and capable of high-speed response. At first, the idea to reproduce their vibration by replacing supporting structure with control system, i.e. pseudo system, has been proposed. Next, vibration simulation with control system has been conducted to confirm the availability of RTHT to reproduce vibration. As the result, it has been verified that VCM could be used as suitable actuator, and that its RTHT system with phase-lead control could reproduce vibration stably of non-strengthen members.
Evaluating the Performance of Dry and Spray-Assisted Cooling Methods for Industrial Thermal Management Through Modeling and Experimental Data Validation
Authors: Jones Spencer , Languri Ethan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Industrial sites generate heat through space conditioning requirements and various manufacturing processes. Traditionally, this heat is removed by an evaporative cooling tower, but with many areas around the world suffering from water scarcity, the water used to satisfy these heat rejection requirements may not be available in the near future. Dry cooling is an alternative that could satisfy some evaporative cooling needs. Before now, analysis of the performance of a dry cooler has been difficult. For this reason, a program to analyze performance and improvements is developed for dry and spray-assisted cooling. Using basic heat transfer models in tandem with average, site-specific weather conditions, the model can predict the energy usage required to achieve a user-defined operation schedule. Dry cooling is known as a mechanism for heat rejection with a relatively low capacity, so for some industrial sites, dry cooling alone is not satisfactory and they must couple their dry cooler with evaporative spray cooling. The spray pre-cools the air as it passes over the heat exchanger, but does so in a more efficient way than an evaporative cooling tower.
With measured values from an industrial site, a retrofit project for the installation of a variable speed drive (VSD) on the fan can be analyzed to show the effectiveness and estimated energy savings. This program was developed with a focus on ease-of-use for the users and operators of such cooling systems to provide them with a better understanding of their system and potential energy and cost savings due to such projects.
Now dry and spray assisted cooling analysis is done in conjunction with average, site-specific weather data from Typical Meteorological Year 3 (TMY 3) weather data. This provides hourly averages for an entire year or 8,760 hours, based on the average weather conditions as recorded over three years. This allows for the program to provide a reliable, average performance results over an entire year of operation.
The program uses these 8,760 data points to predict the performance and energy usage of the dry or spray-assisted coolers over all hours of a year and provides the results in an easy to understand way. The results will show the user the annual energy usage, water usage, and cost, while highlighting data points where the defined operation schedule is not satisfied. By improving dry/spray-cooling owners and operators’ ability to understand their cooling system, the program aims to significantly diminish the energy and water usage of such systems and increasing confidence for industrial sites to exchange evaporative cooling for more water efficient dry or spray-assisted cooling.
A Comparative Study of the Long-Term Performance of Vertical U-Tube Borehole Heat Exchanger and Foundation Piles in a Cold Climate
Authors: Adebayo Philip , Beragama Jathunge Charaka , Shor Roman , Mohamad Abdulmajeed , Mwesigye Aggrey 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ground source heat pumps (GSHP) are gaining traction as a reliable and environmentally friendly solution for space heating and cooling. In cold climates, like Canada, heating loads are greater than cooling loads, which makes the amount of heat extracted from the ground each year greater than heat injected back. This causes a soil temperature decline, gradual performance reduction and possibly eventual failure. The associated ground thermal imbalance and high initial cost of a GSHP are a major challenge to wider adoption of this clean energy technology. This study aims to evaluate and compare the long-term thermal performance of the foundation pile and the conventional borehole heat exchanger of a ground source heat pump system for space heating and cooling in a residential building in Calgary, Canada. A meticulously validated and verified computational fluid dynamics model was developed using Ansys Fluent. The validated model was extended and coupled with transient building energy loads obtained from OpenStudio/EnergyPlus through a developed user defined function. The foundation pile, 20 m deep, 0.139 m diameter with enhanced bentonite grout as backfill material and vertical borehole heat exchanger, 150 m deep, 150 mm diameter were examined for a period of 5 years. The results show that the borehole heat exchanger handling 1.5 tons of the total building load gives better performance with the highest average cooling COP of 3.37 at the end of the 5th year with minimal impact on the ground temperature.
On the Reduction of the HVAC Noise Using Active and Passive Noise Control Technologies
Authors: Shige Koki , Terashima Osamu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this study, an attempt to reduce the flow-induced noise generated by heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems for commercial electric vehicles using feedback active noise control with real-time filter update in frequency domain was conducted to improve the quietness of a running vehicle. In active noise control (ANC), the frequency-domain gradient descent algorithms (FDGD) to adapt the noises were studied. In the experiment, air conditioner noise was measured using a microphone placed at the driver’s left ear and referenced by a microphone at a map lamp for ANC. Results shows that in the 1/3-octave band, the sound pressure level in driver’s left ear was 7.2 dB smaller at maximum when the control was operated. The effective frequency bands were between 50 and 150 Hz. Its reduction was 4.7 dB on average. In passive noise control (PNC), the focus was on porous materials inspired by the properties of bird feathers with a closed structure, which have high sound permeability but low fluid permeability. The overall value of noise reduction at the ear position of the driver was approximately 5 dB; this was achieved by attaching this porous material to a part of the HVAC system of a commercial electric vehicle and ventilating it. Furthermore, the noise reduction measured from the velocity fields at the airflow exit of the HVAC system was caused by the change in the magnitude of the velocity fluctuation in the flow field.
Line Waves in Elastic Metamaterials
Authors: Dwivedi Ankur , Horsley Simon A. R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Line modes have been recently identified in electromagnetic materials: one dimensional waves bound to surfaces with opposite sign of permittivity and permeability. Here, we communicate analogous elastic line waves in mechanical metamaterials, using both analytical theory and the finite element method. We show analytically that a pure shear line mode exists at the boundary of an elastic material, at a junction between a region where the boundary is pinned in the plane, and out of the plane. We also numerically investigate the properties of line waves for the inverse situation where the boundary condition of the elastic media is fixed, but the sign of bulk material properties abruptly change. The eigenfrequency of line modes at an interface between bulk metamaterials can be tuned by varying the mass density of the materials.
Discrimination of Vibrotactile Stimuli: Effects of Frequency Variation
Authors: Yeganeh Nashmin , Makarov Ivan , Kristjánsson Árni , Unnthorsson Runar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper reports on an empirical study that investigated the effect of frequency on the acuity of spatial localization on the skin of the forearm, as well as differences in localizability at different locations on the forearm. Three actuators were positioned in a 3 × 1 array along the forearm, and two adjacent actuators were sequentially activated with a 100 ms interstimulus interval, followed by activation of one of the three actuators in random order. Participants were asked about the direction of the second stimulation relative to the first one, and whether it was perceived in the same location as the first, below, or above it. Three frequencies — 100Hz, 200Hz, and 250Hz — were used for the stimuli. Results show that the frequency of the stimulus has a negligible influence on accuracy when the amplitude is kept constant. However, significant differences in the localization accuracy were found at different parts of the forearm. This study provides valuable insights into the design of tactile displays for conveying information on the skin. It suggests that spatial resolution may be optimized by positioning the actuators appropriately, rather than by manipulating the frequency of the stimulus.
Design, Prototype, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Multimodal Device for Cardiovascular Monitoring
Authors: Ruckman Sophia , Bhatt Jigar , Cook Jadyn , Thibbotuwawa Gamage Peshala , Kakavand Bahram , Taebi Amirtahà 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in the United States. In most cases, these diseases go undiagnosed and untreated in the general population until the patient’s health is severely affected. Scanning for these diseases is generally done in a clinical setting, something that not everyone takes advantage of. These tests can also be expensive for many, especially in underserved areas. In that regard, the availability of a low-cost monitoring device can help in the early detection and management of cardiovascular diseases, leading to reduced morbidity, mortality, and associated healthcare costs. The goal of this pilot study is to construct and establish the feasibility of an inexpensive sensing device that is noninvasive and can be used to monitor cardiovascular functions outside of healthcare facilities. This device includes an MPU-6050 inertial measurement unit, an AD8232 signal conditioning block, a MAX30102 sensor, and a microcontroller to measure triaxial seismocardiogram (SCG), triaxial gyrocardiogram (GCG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and the oxygen level of the blood. The sensors were enclosed by a custom-designed case that is composed of various 3D printed parts. The combination of these different modalities assessed both electrical and mechanical aspects of cardiovascular activity. To evaluate the performance of the device, three adult subjects (both sexes: 2 males and 1 female; mean age: 26±5.29 years old) were recruited after institutional review board approval. The subjects were asked to lie in a supine position and breath normally during the experiment. The prototype was placed on the sternum around the 4th intercostal space of the subjects to acquire their SCG, GCG, and ECG signals, as well as the blood oxygen level. The ECG electrodes were placed under the right clavicle, left clavicle, and the lower right side of the abdomen. The signals of interest were also measured simultaneously using more sensitive, expensive, and commercially available sensors (as the gold standard). The signals collected from the prototype were then compared to the gold-standard signals using a similarity index based on dynamic time warping. Results demonstrated a high similarity between the two groups of signals, proving the feasibility of the proposed multimodal device. Future directions for this technology include wireless integration, increased compactness, reduced cost, and clinical testing on a larger and more diverse population including patients with cardiovascular issues. This device will ultimately provide an inexpensive and noninvasive method of scanning for CVDs in the general population.
Proposal of Support Method for Directing Exploration and Exploitation in Engineering Design
Authors: Okamoto Masahiro , Murakami Tamotsu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Enterprises must continuously pursue exploration and exploitation activities to enable them to adapt to rapidly changing business environments and generate sustainable profits. However, strategies that balance exploration and exploitation in engineering design have yet to be established. Previously, we developed methods to quantitatively evaluate the degree of exploration and exploitation in design by focusing on qualitative and quantitative changes in product functions and attributes, respectively; however, these methods do not support new product design. This paper presents a method that offers directions for new product design based on information from past products and large-scale external information resources. The proposed method involves extracting function phrases and attribute values from documents, product cluster analysis based on function and attribute distances, and analysis of semantic similarity of functions and chronological trends of attributes. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to the design of a vacuum cleaner to confirm its effectiveness. Some of the suggestions included functions that lead to design exploration, while others were not effective because of the properties of the external information resources used and natural language processing. Some suggested directions for exploitation were consistent with recent trends in vacuum cleaners, indicating the effectiveness of the method; however, further validation in actual design problems is essential.
Predicting Multi-Mode Dynamic Responses of Structures Using Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks
Authors: Liao Yabin , Golan Aviad , Sensmeier Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper reports the progress of a research project of using Long Short-Time Memory (LSTM) deep learning neural networks for modeling structural dynamics of complex structures and predicting the structures’ vibration responses due to random excitation. In a prior study, the feasibility of the approach was investigated. The LSTM networks were applied to the responses of various simulated systems subjected to random excitation loads. While the networks demonstrated promising capabilities of modeling and predicting responses of a single dynamic mode, they exhibited difficulties in modeling responses of multiple modes accurately. To resolve the multi-mode issue, this paper presents an improved approach that converts a multi-mode problem into a set of single-mode problems. The multi-mode responses are separated into individual modal response components. A set of mode-specific sub-LSTM networks are obtained, with each trained by using the original input data and a particular modal response component. These sub-LSTM networks are then combined to yield an equivalent LSTM network to model and predict the multi-mode responses. The proposed multi-mode approach is applied to a tapered, cambered wing structure numerically modeled with finite elements and subjected to a random force excitation. The multi-mode approach shows significant improvement over the original direct approach and yields an excellent match between the actual and predicted responses.