Organization of geniculocortical projections in turtles: Isoazimuth lamellae in the visual cortex
Authors: Mulligan K. A. , Ulinski P. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projection from the dorsal lateral geniculate complex to the visual cortex in Pseudemys and Chrysemys turtles was examined by using the anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase ((HRP)) in vitro and the retrograde transport of HRP in vivo.In vitro HRP injections into the lateral forebrain bundle were used to fill geniculocortical axons anterogradely, which were then analyzed in cortical wholemount preparations. Geniculocortical axons gain access to the visual cortex along its entire rostral‐caudal extent. They course in slightly curved trajectories for up to 2 mm from the lateral edge of the cortex through both the lateral (or pallial thickening) and medial parts of Desan's cortical area D2. Single axons are of fine caliber. They tend to cross each other and sometimes branch in the pallial thickening, but are generally unbranched in the medial part of D2. They bear small, fusiform varicosities at irregular intervals along their lengths. Although axons show small variations in the number of varicosities per 100 μm segment, no consistent variation in varicosity number as a function of distance could be detected. These results indicate that geniculocortical axons project to the visual cortex in an orderly pattern.The retrograde transport experiments provide some clue as to the significance of this pattern. Small, ionotophoretic injections of HRP in the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate complex. Injections in the rostral visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons in the caudal pole of the geniculate complex. Injections at progressively more caudal loci within the visual cortex labeled neurons at progressively more rostral loci within the geniculate complex. Thus, there is a representation of the rostral‐caudal axis of the geniculate complex along the caudal‐rostral axis of the visual cortex. Consistent with the anterograde transport experiments that showed individual geniculocortical axons coursing through both lateral and medial parts of the visual cortex, HRP injections restricted to the medial edge of the visual cortex retrogradely labeled neurons along the entire dorsal‐ventral axis of the geniculate complex at the appropriate rostral‐caudal position.The neurophysiological studies of Mazurskaya ('72: J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 8:550–555; '74: Neurosci. Behav. Physiol 7:311–318) indicate that neurons in the turtle visual cortex respond to a small, moving stimulus anywhere in visual space, implying a convergence of inputs from all points in visual space somewhere along the retinogeniculocortical pathway. The experiments reported here suggest a convergence in the geniculocortical projections of information along the vertical meridians, or azimuth lines, of visual space onto neurons lying along lateral to medial transects through the visual cortex. The cortex can, then, be viewed as a series of isoazimuth lamellae arranged in an orderly array along the rostral‐caudal axis of the hemisphere. This concept partially explains how the wide receptive fields described by Mazurskaya are elaborated, but does not account for the ability of a cortical neuron to respond to stimuli located at different horizontal eccentricities.