bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augmented pulmonary IL-4 and IL-13 receptor subunit expression in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Jakubzick C , Choi E S , Kunkel S L , Evanoff H , Martinez F J , Puri R K , Flaherty K R , Toews G B , Colby T V , Kazerooni E A , Gross B H , Travis W D , Hogaboam C M 
Published: April 2004

Background:Some idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are characterised by fibroproliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix. Because efficacious treatment options are limited, research has been directed towards understanding the cytokine networks that may affect fibroblast activation and, hence, the progression of certain IIPs.Aims:To examine the expression of interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13, and their corresponding receptor subunits in the various forms of IIP and normal patient groups.Methods:Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis of IL-4, interferon γ (IFNγ), IL-13, IL-4 receptor (IL-R), and IL-13 receptor subunits in surgical lung biopsies (SLBs) from 39 patients (21 usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), six non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), eight respiratory bronchiolitic interstitial lung disease (RBILD), and five normal controls).Results:Molecular analysis demonstrated that IL-13Rα2, IL-13Rα1, and IL-4Rα were present in a greater proportion of upper and lower lobe biopsies from patients with UIP than patients with NSIP and RBILD. Immunohistochemical analysis of patients with UIP, NSIP, and RBILD revealed interstitial staining for all three receptor subunits, whereas such staining was only seen in mononuclear cells present in normal SLBs. Fibroblastic foci in patients with UIP strongly stained for IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα2. Localised expression of IL-4Rα was also seen in SLBs from patients with NSIP but not in other groups.Conclusion:Some histological subtypes of IIP are associated with increased pulmonary expression of receptor subunits responsive to IL-4 and IL-13. These findings may be of particular importance in understanding the pathogenesis of IIP and, more importantly, may provide important novel therapeutic targets.
EXACT QUANTUM FOURIER TRANSFORMS AND DISCRETE LOGARITHM ALGORITHMS
Authors: MOSCA MICHELE , ZALKA CHRISTOF 
Published: April 2004

We show how the Quantum Fast Fourier Transform (QFFT) can be made exact for arbitrary orders (first showing it for large primes). Most quantum algorithms only need a good approximation of the quantum Fourier transform of order 2n to succeed with high probability, and this QFFT can in fact be done exactly. Kitaev1 showed how to approximate the Fourier transform for any order. Here we show how his construction can be made exact by using the technique known as "amplitude amplification". Although unlikely to be of any practical use, this construction allows one to make Shor's discrete logarithm quantum algorithm exact. Thus we have the first example of an exact non black box fast quantum algorithm, thereby giving more evidence that "quantum" need not be probabilistic. We also show that in a certain sense the family of circuits for the exact QFFT is uniform. Namely, the parameters of the gates can be approximated efficiently.
Identidad etnolingüística en contextos multiculturales y multilingües. El caso del Valle de Arán
Authors: Lapresta Cecilio , Huguet Ángel 
Published: April 2004

Las situaciones de contacto entre lenguas y culturas diferenciadas son una realidad cada vez más frecuente en las sociedades occidentales. Estos contextos multiculturales suponen la coexistencia y la convivencia de diferentes colectivos etnolingüísticos. La comarca del Valle de Arán se encuentra situada en el extremo nor-occidental de la provincia de Lleida, en plenos Pirineos. En las últimas décadas, esta comarca está experimentando un profundo proceso de transformación sociodemográfica y cultural. La situación viene determinada por varios aspectos: a) un fuerte incremento de población, proveniente principalmente de la inmigración; b) la coexistencia en el territorio de tres lenguas oficiales; el occitano-aranés, como lengua propia de la comarca, el catalán y el castellano; y c) como consecuencia de los dos primeros aspectos, una situación de contacto entre lenguas y culturas diferenciadas. Bajo el marco de la Teoría de la Identidad Etnolingüística (Giles y Jonhson, 1987; Sachdev y Bourhis, 1990), proponemos realizar un análisis de la población de la comarca del Valle de Arán, así como examinar la influencia de dos de las dimensiones que conforman la Identidad Etnolingüística, la dimensión cultural y la dimensión lingüística.
Indian hedgehog gene transfer augments hematopoietic support of human stromal cells including NOD/SCID–ß2m–/– repopulating cells.
Authors: Kobune Masayoshi , Ito Yoshinori , Kawano Yutaka , Sasaki Katsunori , Uchida Hiroaki , Nakamura Kiminori , Dehari Hironari , Chiba Hiroki , Takimoto Rishu , Matsunaga Takuya , Terui Takeshi , Kato Junji , Niitsu Yoshiro , Hamada Hirofumi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a subset of bone marrow cells that are capable of self-renewal and of giving rise to all types of blood cells. However, the mechanisms involved in controlling the number and abilities of HSCs remain largely unknown. The Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signal has an essential role in inducing hematopoietic tissue during embryogenesis. We investigated the roles of the Ihh in coculture with CD34+ cells and human stromal cells. Ihh mRNA was expressed in primary and telomerized human (hTERT) stromal cells, and its receptor molecules were detected in CD34+ cells. Ihh gene transfer into hTERT stromal cells enhanced their hematopoietic supporting potential, which was elevated compared with control stromal cells, as indicated by the colony-forming units in culture (CFU-Cs) (26-fold ± 2-fold versus 59-fold ± 3-fold of the initial cell number; mixed colony-forming units [CFU-Mix's], 63-fold ± 37-fold versus 349-fold ± 116-fold). Engraftments of nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency–ß2m–/– (NOD/SCID–ß2m–/–) repopulating cells (RCs) expanded on Ihh stromal cells were significantly higher compared with control coculture results, and engraftment was neutralized by addition of an antihedgehog antibody. Limiting dilution analysis indicated that NOD/SCID–ß2m–/– RCs proliferated efficiently on Ihh stromal cells, compared with control stromal cells. These results indicate that Ihh gene transfer could enhance the primitive hematopoietic support ability of human stromal cells.
Sulfoximines: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Okamura Hiroaki , Bolm Carsten 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Chiral sulfoximines have a stereogenic center at the sulfur atom and their use in asymmetric synthesis is well established. Recently, sulfoximines have been recognized as an interesting new class of chiral ligands, which can be applied in various asymmetric metal catalyses. This review summarizes the latest progress in synthetic methods towards sulfoximines and the application of chiral derivatives in catalytic asymmetric reactions.
Real Dimensions of the Drug Ions from Conductometric Studies of Drugs (Present as Salts) in Acetonitrile
Authors: Mandal R. , Gangopadhyay J. , Lahiri S. C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe Λ0and association constants of salts of some widely used drugs (pharmacological agents) in acetonitrile have been determined. The division of Λ0into single ion values λ0+and λ0−has been made using λ0Na⁺and λ0Cl⁻values from the literature. The λ0+and λ0−values have been found to be considerable in acetonitrile. The results suggest that many of the drugs can be present both as dissociated ions as well as associated molecules which are capable of absorption, dissociation and conduction (of ionic forms) in the lipid layers at very low concentrations. The phenomenon of unsolvation has been utilized to calculate the real dimensions of the drug ions (cations or anions) which are difficult to calculate from bond distances due to their large size and coiled configuration in aqueous solutions.
Variational Approach to Electron Transfer in Bridged Diruthenium Complexes
Authors: Vollmer Elena , Kordel Mattias , Koslowski Thorsten 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
In this work, we address the energetics of electron transfer in bridged diruthenium complexes from a theoretical and numerical perspective. The electronic structure of the bridged complexes is described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian, which is extended by an on-site spin pairing energy. The coupling of the system to a polarizable solvent is taken into account by a nonretarded reaction field. The resulting nonlinear Hamiltonian is solved within the Hartree–Fock mean-field approximation, and the emerging potential energy surface is analysed using Marcus´ theory of electron transfer reactions. For the systems studied here, the charge transfer rate depends on the chemical nature of the bridge rather than the intermetal distance. We discuss the special nature of the Creutz–Taube cation, which is on the border of charge delocalization.
Comparison of Five β‐Lactam Antibiotics Against Common Nosocomial Pathogens Using the Time Above MIC at Different Creatinine Clearances
Authors: Kays Michael B. 
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To compare the time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (T>MIC) for five parenteral β‐lactam antibiotics against common nosocomial bacterial pathogens at different creatinine clearances (Clcr).Interventions. Serum concentration‐time profiles were simulated for cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin, piperacillin‐tazobactam, and imipenem at Clcr ranging from 120‐30 ml/minute. The MIC data for 90% of organisms (MIC90) were collected for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and oxacillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, and a weighted geometric mean MIC90 was calculated. The T>MIC was calculated as percentage of the dosing interval in which free concentrations exceeded the weighted geometric mean MIC90. A T>MIC of 70% or greater was considered desirable for all organisms except S. aureus (≥ 50%).Measurements and Main Results. Cefepime 2 g every 12 hours (Clcr ≥ 70 ml/min) and every 24 hours (Clcr ≤ 60 ml/min) achieved desirable T>MIC for all Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus at every Clcr. Imipenem 0.5 g achieved desirable T>MIC for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii, and S. aureus at every Clcr. However, imipenem T>MIC was less than 70% for the following regimens and organisms: S. marcescens 0.5 g every 6 hours (Clcr ≥ 90 ml/min), E. aerogenes 0.5 g every 6 hours (Clcr ≥ 80 ml/min), E. cloacae 0.5 g every 6 hours (Clcr ≥ 100 ml/min), S. marcescens 0.5 g every 8 hours (Clcr 60–70 ml/min), E. cloacae 0.5 g every 8 hours (Clcr 60–70 ml/min), and E. aerogenes 0.5 g every 8 hours (Clcr 50–70 ml/min). Ceftazidime 2 g every 8 hours (Clcr 60–100 ml/min) and every 12 hours (Clcr 40–50 ml/min) achieved desirable T>MIC for E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and S. aureus only. At every dose and Clcr, piperacillin‐tazobactam achieved desirable T>MIC for S. aureus but not for any Enterobacteriaceae at Clcr > 50 ml/minute. Piperacillin did not achieve desirable T>MIC for any organism, and none of the β‐lactams attained a T>MIC of 70% or above for P. aeruginosa at any Clcr.Conclusion. At every Clcr, cefepime achieved a desirable T>MIC for more nosocomial pathogens than any other β‐lactam evaluated. Based on pharmacodynamic data, cefepime is an appropriate empiric choice for treatment of nosocomial infections. However, when P. aeruginosa is a potential pathogen, empiric combination therapy should be considered.
Nitric Acid, Nitrous Acid, and Nitrogen Oxides
Authors: Thiemann Michael , Scheibler Erich , Wiegand Karl Wilhelm 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Nitric Acid1.1.Introduction1.2.Properties1.3.Industrial Production1.3.1.Oxidation of Ammonia1.3.2.Oxidation and Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides1.3.3.Equipment1.3.3.1.Filters and Mixers1.3.3.2.Burners and Waste‐Heat Boilers1.3.3.3.Compressors and Turbines1.3.3.4.Heat Exchangers and Columns1.3.3.5.Construction Materials1.3.4.Processes1.3.4.1.Weak Acid Processes1.3.4.2.Concentrated Acid Processes1.4.Environmental Protection1.4.1.Wastewater1.4.2.Stack Gas1.4.2.1.Emission Limits1.4.2.2.Analysis1.4.2.3.Control of NOxEmissions1.5.Storage and Transportation1.6.Uses and Economic Aspects2.Nitrous Acid3.Nitrogen Oxides3.1.Dinitrogen Monoxide3.2.Nitrogen Monoxide3.3.Nitrogen Dioxide and Dinitrogen Tetroxide3.4.Dinitrogen Trioxide3.5.Dinitrogen Pentoxide4.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Reactive Dyes
Authors: Tappe Horst , Helmling Walter , Mischke Peter , Rebsamen Karl , Reiher Uwe , Russ Werner , Schläfer Ludwig , Vermehren Petra 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Reactive Systems2.1.Mono‐Anchor Dyes2.2.Double‐Anchor Dyes2.3.Multiple‐Anchor Dyes3.Chromogens3.1.Azo Dyes3.2.Anthraquinone Dyes3.3.Triphenodioxazine Dyes3.4.Formazan Dyes3.5.Phthalocyanine Dyes4.Synthetic Procedures5.Uses5.1.Forms of Supply5.2.Dyeing Processes
Scrapie‐specific neuronal lesions are independent of neuronal PrP expression
Authors: Jeffrey Martin , Goodsir Caroline M. , Race Richard E. , Chesebro Bruce 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), accumulation of the abnormal disease‐specific prion protein is associated with neurodegeneration. Previous data suggested that abnormal prion protein (PrP) could induce neuronal pathology only when neurons expressed the normal form of PrP, but conflicting evidence also has been reported. Understanding whether neuronal PrP expression is required for TSE neuropathological damage in vivo is essential for determining the mechanism of TSE pathogenesis. Therefore, these experiments were designed to study scrapie pathogenesis in vivo in the absence of neuronal PrP expression. Hamster scrapie (strain 263K) was used to infect transgenic mice expressing hamster PrP in the brain only in astrocytes. These mice previously were shown to develop clinical scrapie, but it was unclear whether the brain pathology was caused by damage to astrocytes, neurons, or other cell types. In this electron microscopic study, neurons demonstrated TSE‐specific pathology despite lacking PrP expression. Abnormal PrP was identified around astrocytes, primarily in the extracellular spaces of the neuropil, but astrocytes showed only reactive changes and no damage. Therefore, in this model the pathogenesis of the disease appeared to involve neuronal damage associated with extracellular astrocytic accumulation of abnormal PrP acting upon nearby PrP‐negative neurons or triggering the release of non‐PrP neurotoxic factors from astrocytes.
Spectroscopic imaging of arteries and atherosclerotic plaques
Authors: Colley C. S. , Kazarian S. G. , Weinberg P. D. , Lever M. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging using a focal plane array detector has been used to study atherosclerotic arteries with a spatial resolution of 3–4 μm, i.e., at a level that is comparable with cellular dimensions. Such high spatial resolution is made possible using a micro‐attenuated total reflection (ATR) germanium objective with a high refractive index and therefore high numerical aperture. This micro‐ATR approach has enabled small structures within the vessel wall to be imaged for the first time by FTIR. Structures observed include the elastic lamellae of the tunica media and a heterogeneous distribution of small clusters of cholesterol esters within an atherosclerotic lesion, which may correspond to foam cells. A macro‐ATR imaging method was also applied, which involves the use of a diamond macro‐ATR accessory. This study of atherosclerosis is presented as an illustrative example of the wider potential of these ATR imaging approaches for cardiovascular medicine and biomedical applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Structure and solvation of melittin in hexafluoroacetone/water
Authors: Gerig J. T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIntermolecular 1H{19F} and 1H{1H} nuclear Overhauser effects have been used to explore interaction of solvent components with melittin dissolved in 50% hexafluoroacetone trihydrate (HFA)/water. Standard nuclear Overhauser effect experiments and an analysis of CαH proton chemical shifts confirm that the conformation of the peptide in this solvent is α‐helical from residues Ala4 to Thr11 and from Leu13 to Arg24. The two helical regions are not collinear; the interhelix angle (144 ± 20°) found in this work is near that observed in the solid state and previous NMR studies. Intermolecular NOEs arising from interactions between spins of the solvent and the solute indicate that both fluoroalcohol and water molecules are strongly enough bound to the peptide that solvent–solute complexes persist for ≥2 ns. Preferential interactions of HFA with many hydrophobic side chains of the peptide are apparent while water molecules appear to be localized near hydrophilic side chains. These results indicate that interactions of both HFA and water are qualitatively different from those present when the peptide is dissolved in 35% hexafluoro‐2‐propanol/water, a chemically similar helix‐supporting solvent system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
5‐Fluorouracil enhances apoptosis sensitivity of T lymphocytes mediated by CD3ε
Authors: Cheng Hong , Liu Yanxin , Liu Shilian , Zheng Dexian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPrevious studies by our laboratory have reported that the T cell receptor (TCR) TCR/CD3 complex could mediate activation as well as apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Two tyrosine residues in the ITAM (immuno‐receptor tyrosine‐based activation motifs) of CD3ε were required for apoptosis signalling of Jurkat T lymphocytes. Stable cell lines TJK and T3JK produced from CD8− Jurkat T lymphocytes by transfection with wild‐type and mutant CD8ε (fusion of the extracellular and transmembrane domains of human CD8α to the intracellular domain of mouse CD3ε), were used with CD8− Jurkat T lymphocytes for studying the role of single intact CD3ε. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU), a chemotherapeutic drug can induce cell death of many tumour cell lines. In the present experiments, we examined the expression of caspase‐3, p53 and Bid in the three cell lines induced by 5‐FU and/or anti‐CD8 antibody. We found high expression of p53 during activation‐induced cell death of TJK cells mediated by anti‐CD8 antibody and apoptosis of TJK and T3JK induced by 5‐FU, implicating p53 involvement in apoptosis of leukemia cells induced by anti‐CD8 antibody and 5‐FU. We also detected the active form of caspase‐3 and Bid in apoptotic leukemia cells after treatment with 5‐FU and/or anti‐CD8 antibody, indicating that the drug and antibody induced cell death through caspase‐3 and the signal pathway may involve the Bcl‐2 protein family. Our results showed that combined treatment with 5‐FU and anti‐CD8 antibody could enhance the rate of apoptosis induced by 5‐FU or anti‐CD8 antibody through increased expression of p53 and by promoting activation of caspase‐3 and Bid. This suggests that the combination of 5‐FU and anti‐CD8 antibody may play an important role in inducing apoptosis of leukemia cells. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
P‐Chiral Monodentate Diamidophosphites − New and Efficient Ligands for Palladium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Allylic Substitution
Authors: Tsarev Vasily N. , Lyubimov Sergey E. , Shiryaev Alexei A. , Zheglov Sergey V. , Bondarev Oleg G. , Davankov Vadim A. , Kabro Anzhelika A. , Moiseev Sergey K. , Kalinin Valery N. , Gavrilov Konstantin N. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNovel P*‐monodentate diamidophosphite ligands have been prepared by a one‐step phosphorylation of alcohols or amines. Both the electronic and the steric demands of the ligands have been estimated quantitatively. Neutral [Pd(allyl)Cl(L)] and cationic [Pd(allyl)(L)2]+ BF4− complexes have been obtained by starting from [Pd(allyl)Cl]2. The new ligands have demonstrated high enantioselectivity in the Pd‐catalysed allylic substitution reactions of 1,3‐diphenylallyl acetate with NaSO2pTol (up to 97% ee), PhCH2NH2 (up to 95% ee) and CH2(CO2Me)2 (up to 97% ee). Application of the P*‐monodentate diamidophosphites to the asymmetric catalytic synthesis of chiral carborane derivatives has also been demonstrated. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Stereoselective Synthesis of New Higher Carbon Sugars from D‐Xylose
Authors: Liu Hong‐Min , Zou Da‐Peng , Zhang Fuyi , Zhu Wei‐Guo , Peng Tao 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA simple, one‐pot multi‐step route for the synthesis of a higher carbon sugar 3 by the HDA reaction of a α,β‐unsaturated ketone prepared in situ from protected D‐xylose with PDC in C6H6 or CH3CN, followed by the reduction to the C10 higher carbon sugar derivatives 4 and 5, is described. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides − An Unexpected Inhibitory Effect of a Remote N‐Acetyl Group upon Trichloroacetimidate‐Mediated Couplings
Authors: Lucas Ricardo , Hamza Daniel , Lubineau André , Bonnaffé David 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn order to prepare biologically relevant heparan sulfate (HS) tetrasaccharide fragments containing an N‐acetylated glucosamine at the reducing end, we studied the glycosylation reaction between the 2‐azidoglucose trichloroacetimidate disaccharide donor 1 and a range of 4′‐OH‐uronyl disaccharide acceptors with an N‐acetylglucosamine at the reducing terminus. Although we tried several condensation conditions, no tetrasaccharide was formed. We show that the failure of these reactions is due to the presence of the N‐acetyl group, which inhibits the trichloroacetimidate‐mediated glycosylation, since the analogous reaction proceeds smoothly once the N‐acetyl group has been replaced by an azide. In the latter case, we show that the careful optimisation of the solvent system is a powerful way to obtain high yields and α‐stereoselectivity in coupling reactions of 1 with the 4‐OH of a GlcUA acceptor. Thus, in a THF/Et2O (9:1) system, we obtained the GlcUA‐β‐(1→4)‐GlcN3‐α‐(1→4)‐GlcUA‐β‐(1→4)‐GlcN3 tetrasaccharide 16α/β in 90% isolated yield and 92:8 α/β ratio, as compared to 57% yield and 70:30 α/β ratio when CH2Cl2 was used. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Phosphonate Aldehyde Annulation − A One‐Pot Synthesis of Hydroxycycloalkenoic Esters − Application to Analogs of Glycinoeclepin A
Authors: Kraus George A. , Choudhury Prabir K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe reaction of ketone enolates with phosphonate aldehydes afforded cyclopentenols or cyclohexenols in a one‐pot procedure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Direct Nucleophilic Addition versus a Single‐Electron Transfer Pathway of σH Adduct Formation in Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen
Authors: Mąkosza Mieczysław , Kwast Andrzej 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo mechanistic pathways of formation of σH adducts, which are key intermediates in the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen, namely direct nucleophilic addition of carbanions to nitroarenes and a two‐step mechanism involving an electron‐transfer process, are discussed on the basis of the existing data and results of the VNS reactions in which a radical probe — chloromethyl aryl sulfone bearing a 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropyl substituent — was used as the carbanion precursor. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)