bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Study of Salsolinol Produced by a High Concentration of Acetaldehyde in the Striatum and Nucleus Accumbens of Free‐Moving Rats
Authors: Jamal Mostofa , Ameno Kiyoshi , Ameno Setsuko , Okada Naoko , Ijiri Iwao 
Published: November 2003

Background:Salsolinol, a neuropharmacologically active compound, is formed by the condensation of acetaldehyde (AcH) with dopamine (DA) in the brain. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of a high concentration of AcH on salsolinol formation and to compare the release of DA, serotonin (5‐HT), and salsolinol in the striatum and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in free‐moving rats.Methods:After the insertion of a microdialysis probe, male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were treated with cyanamide (CY, a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor) + ethanol (EtOH), CY + 4‐methylpyrazole (4‐MP, a strong alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor) + EtOH, 4‐MP + EtOH, CY, and 4‐MP. Simultaneous quantitation of DA, 5‐HT, and salsolinol in dialysates was performed by using in vivo microdialysis coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector and blood EtOH and AcH by using a head‐space gas chromatographic method.Results:Salsolinol was detected only in the CY + EtOH groups in both the striatum and NAc, and we also detected a high AcH concentration in the blood in those groups. A correlation was found between the dialysate levels of salsolinol and blood concentrations of AcH. The striatal levels of DA and 5‐HT were approximately two times higher, whereas salsolinol levels were approximately three times higher compared with the usual level in the NAc. No significant difference of DA and 5‐HT levels in the dialysates was observed in either the control or the other study groups.Conclusion:Our observation suggested that the brain salsolinol formation may depend on the concentrations of DA and AcH in freely moving rats, and there is no effect of a high concentration of AcH on DA and 5‐HT levels in the striatum and NAc.
Influence of Acute Alcohol Load on Metabolism of Skeletal Muscles—Expired Gas Analysis During Exercise
Authors: Shiraishi Koichi , Watanabe Mitsuyuki , Motegi Shigeyuki , Nagaoka Reiko , Matsuzaki Shohei , Ikemoto Hiroki 
Published: November 2003

Background: The chronic intake of alcohol affects the function of skeletal muscles. To elucidate the influence of acute alcoholic load on muscular metabolism during exercise, we analyzed expired gases to measure the volume of consumed oxygen and the volume of exhaled CO2.Methods: Healthy volunteers were enrolled for the study. For the exercise test, they were asked to rest for 5 min, warm up on an aerobike at 20 W for 2 min, and then gradually increase the load by 2 W every 6 sec. On another day, they were asked to drink 0.5 to 0.6 g/kg ethanol in 30 min, rest for 30 min, and then do the test. The expired gas analysis was used to measure changes in the anaerobic threshold and the respiratory compensation point. The blood concentrations of lactate, ethanol, and acetate also were measured.Results: The anaerobic threshold showed no significant change in the case of exercise without alcoholic load. The respiratory compensation point decreased significantly in the case of alcoholic load (p < 0.001), and the interval from the anaerobic threshold to the respiratory compensation point decreased (p < 0.02). The blood concentration of lactate increased, after alcoholic load, to a level significantly higher than the level measured before the alcoholic load (p < 0.001). It showed a marked increase immediately after exercise stress (p < 0.001). The blood concentration of acetate tended to decrease after exercise load, but no significant change was noted.Conclusions: The anaerobic threshold, which is the limit of the aerobic glycolytic system (i.e., the so‐called aerobic exercise limit) was not influenced by exercise under an acute alcoholic load. However, after the production of lactate started, the respiratory compensation point, which is the limit of the metabolic compensatory action, appeared earlier. This suggested that the intake of alcohol would influence the energy metabolism of skeletal muscles by a mechanism in which the disturbed metabolism of lactate in skeletal muscles was mainly involved.
Effects of Fusel Oil on Animal Hangover Models
Authors: Hori Hisako , Fujii Wataru , Hatanaka Yutaka , Suwa Yoshihide 
Published: November 2003

Background: Fusel oil has been reported to have undesirable side effects such as hangover. However, the relationship between fusel oil and hangover has been investigated insufficiently. In this study, we investigated the effects of fusel oil and their ingredients contained in alcoholic beverages by using animal hangover models.Methods: Ethanol and fusel oil were simultaneously administered to Suncus murinus, and emetic responses were observed for 60 min. Ethanol and fusel oil were simultaneously administered to mice immediately after intake of saccharin solution; on the next day, the mouse's saccharin solution intake was measured.Results: The volatile fraction (fusel oil) of whisky had no remarkable effect on ethanol‐induced emetic responses in suncus. Whisky had the most suppressive effect on ethanol‐induced conditioned taste aversion in mice among the various alcoholic beverages tested. The volatile fraction (fusel oil) of whisky suppressed the ethanol‐induced conditioned taste aversion. In contrast, the nonvolatile fraction of whisky had no effect. The administration of isoamyl alcohol (5 mg/kg) and isoamyl acetate (10 and 40 μg/kg), ingredients of fusel oil, significantly suppressed the ethanol‐induced conditioned taste aversion.Conclusions: The fusel oil in whisky had no effect on the ethanol‐induced emetic response, but it suppressed taste‐aversion behavior in animal models of hangover symptoms. These results suggest that the fusel oil in whisky alleviates hangover, contrary to the common belief.
Human Neural Stem Cells Are More Sensitive Than Astrocytes to Ethanol Exposure
Authors: Hao Hsiao‐Nan , Parker Graham C. , Zhao Jane , Barami Kaveh , Lyman William D. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Exposure to ethanol (EtOH) can be deleterious to the developing central nervous system. The mechanisms by which EtOH exposure induces neural pathology in utero remain unclear. However, EtOH‐induced increases in protein kinase C (PKC) have been associated with apoptosis in human primary cell cultures. Although the toxic effects of EtOH on differentiated neural cells have been studied in laboratory animal models, the susceptibility of the human neural stem cells (NSCs) that predominate in the central nervous system during embryonic development has not been addressed.Methods: For this study, fetal human brain cells, which satisfied the criteria for NSCs by being CD133‐positive, nestin‐positive, and differentiated glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive human astrocytes, were studied. The cytotoxic potential of EtOH in NSC and astrocyte cultures was studied by using morphological and biochemical methods. In addition, membrane and cytosolic fraction PKC activity for each cell type was assessed.Results: NSC showed a dose‐dependent increase in EtOH‐induced toxicity as estimated by terminal transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) stain and viability assays. TUNEL staining indicating DNA degradation consistent with programmed (apoptotic) cell death was detectable in 90% of NSC 16 hr after 2 hr exposure to 10 mM EtOH. NSC also showed a concentration‐dependent increase in membrane, but not cytosol, PKC activity over the same EtOH dose range. By contrast, astrocytes showed no cytotoxic effects at any concentrations of EtOH used (0–10 mM). PKC activity of both the membrane and cytosolic fragments from astrocytes also was unaffected by this range of doses.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the susceptibility of human NSCs, compared with astrocytes, to EtOH and indicates that alterations in PKC signal transduction in NSC may play a role in EtOH‐induced neuropathological processes.
Project Match Treatment Participation and Outcome by Self‐Reported Ethnicity
Authors: Tonigan J. Scott 
Published: November 2003

Background: There is a lively ongoing debate concerning the need for culturally congruent alcohol treatment, with the assumption that such treatment would meaningfully address treatment outcome disparities among ethnic minorities. Although valid on the face of it, no randomized clinical trials have yet prospectively investigated and documented whether, in fact, different ethnic groups actually fare better or worse from one another when offered mainstream, culturally “incongruent” treatment. The purpose of this study was to contrast Hispanic, black, and white client treatment engagement and outcome in an effort to identify potential health disparities related to client ethnicity.Methods: The Project Match outpatient (N= 952) and aftercare (N= 774) samples were divided according to self‐reported ethnicity: Hispanic (n= 141; 8%), black (n= 168; 10%), and white (n= 1380; 80%). Controlling for socioeconomic status using the Hollingshead Occupational scale, the three ethnic groups were contrasted on pretreatment characteristics, rates of treatment attendance, three scales of therapeutic alliance, satisfaction with treatment, and drinking outcomes for the 12 months after treatment.Results: Ethnic differences in rates of therapy attendance were not robust and dissipated after controlling for socioeconomic status. No mean ethnic differences in ratings of therapeutic bonding and agreement with therapy goals were obtained, but blacks and Hispanics reported higher agreement on the value of therapeutic tasks relative to whites. Nevertheless, whites reported significantly higher global satisfaction with treatment relative to Hispanics and blacks. No ethnic main effect was found in drinking intensity during the 12‐month follow‐up. In contrast and only in the outpatient sample, blacks (n= 51) reported significantly higher rates of monthly abstinence relative to whites (n= 679).Conclusions: Pretreatment characteristics predictive of positive treatment outcome favored white clients relative to Hispanic and black clients, but Hispanic and black clients fared at least as well as white clients during the 12‐month follow‐up, at least on two measures of drinking behavior. The absence, then, of poorer drinking outcomes for the ethnic minorities suggests that they may mobilize (1) different behavior change strategies and/or (2) additional social resources to achieve comparable drinking outcomes with white clients. Specific recommendations for future research are made.
Effects of Acute Social Stress on Alcohol Consumption in Healthy Subjects
Authors: de Wit Harriet , Söderpalm Anna H. V. , Nikolayev Lilia , Young Elizabeth 
Published: November 2003

Background: There has been renewed interest in interactions between stress and use of drugs and alcohol. Although there is evidence that stress increases drug use in human drug users and in laboratory animals, the processes by which stress affects drug‐motivated behavior are not understood. Here we examined the effects of an acute social stressor (performing a mental arithmetic task in front of an audience) on consumption of ethanol or placebo beverages in healthy social drinkers.Methods: Thirty‐seven men and women, ages 21–35, were randomly assigned to a placebo (n= 15) or ethanol group (n= 22). Subjects participated in two sessions, one with stress (Trier Social Stress Test) the other without stress. In each session, immediately after the stress or no‐stress period, subjects consumed the first dose (placebo or 0.3 g/kg of ethanol for men or 0.2 g/kg for women). Then, subjects were allowed to choose up to six more beverages (0.1 g/kg each for the ethanol group or placebo beverages for the placebo group). Measures included percentage of beverage consumed, salivary cortisol level, heart rate, blood pressure, and subjective ratings of mood and drug effect.Results: Subjects in both the placebo and ethanol groups consumed significantly more of their beverages after stress, compared to no stress. Stress increased anxiety, uneasiness, and produced some stimulant‐like effects and, in the ethanol group, it dampened some of the acute subjective effects of ethanol. The direct physiologic and mood effects of the stress were fairly short‐lived.Conclusions: It is concluded that acute stress may produce a modest increase in alcohol consumption in healthy, nonproblem social drinkers but that this increase is not directly related to the pharmacological effects of the drug. Nonpharmacological factors may include expectancies, thirst, or nonspecific facilitation of ongoing behaviors.
Development and Initial Validation of the Hangover Symptoms Scale: Prevalence and Correlates of Hangover Symptoms in College Students
Authors: Slutske Wendy S. , Piasecki Thomas M. , Hunt‐Carter Erin E. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Despite its ubiquity, hangover has received remarkably little systematic attention in alcohol research. This may be due in part to the lack of a standard measure of hangover symptoms that cleanly taps the physiologic and subjective effects commonly experienced the morning after drinking. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a new scale, the Hangover Symptoms Scale (HSS), to potentially fill this void.Methods: Participants were 1230 currently drinking college students (62% women, 91% Caucasian). They were administered a self‐report inventory in which they reported the frequency of occurrence of 13 different hangover symptoms during the past 12 months. Participants also reported their history of alcohol involvement, alcohol‐related problems, and family history of alcohol‐related problems.Results: On average, participants experienced 5 out of 13 different hangover symptoms in the past year; the three most common symptoms were feeling extremely thirsty/dehydrated, feeling more tired than usual, and headache. Higher scores on the HSS were significantly positively associated with the frequency of drinking and getting drunk and the typical quantity of alcohol consumed when drinking, a personal history of alcohol‐related problems, and a family history of alcohol‐related problems. After controlling for sex differences in alcohol involvement, women had higher scores on the HSS than men.Conclusions: The HSS appears to capture a reasonably valid set of adjectives describing common hangover effects. It is hoped that the availability of a brief, valid hangover assessment such as the HSS will encourage further study of hangover's frequency, correlates, and consequences. Future research is needed to explore the performance of a re‐worded HSS in laboratory settings, which may help bridge the gap between laboratory and survey investigations of hangover.
Cardiovascular Responses to Physical and Psychological Stress in Female Alcoholics With Transitory Hypertension After Early Abstinence
Authors: Bernardy Nancy C. , King Andrea C. , Lovallo William R. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Male alcoholic patients with acute withdrawal hypertension have shown exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity to stress after 3 to 4 weeks of abstinence, although resting blood pressures (BP) had returned to normal. Studies of this nature, however, have not been extended to women.Methods: In this study, 32 alcohol‐dependent women, abstinent for 4 weeks, were compared with 16 healthy controls on cardiovascular hemodynamics during rest and in response to 2 moderately aversive stressors: isometric handgrip and a speech task. The alcoholics were placed according to withdrawal BP into transitory hypertensive (tHT; n= 16; BP ≥140/90 mm Hg) and normotensive (NT; n= 16; BP <140/90 mm Hg) subgroups.Results: During stress testing, the transitory hypertensive women had increased diastolic BP (p < 0.01), a higher peripheral resistance index (p < 0.05), and a reduced cardiac efficiency index (p < 0.03) relative to the normotensive and control subjects.Conclusions: This cardiovascular pattern suggests that both cardiac and vascular functions were altered adversely in the transitory hypertensives. In contrast to men examined in previous studies, the transitory hypertensive women had no exaggeration of BP reactivity, but instead showed sustained alterations of resting cardiovascular function in relation to chronic alcohol consumption. Although the pattern of cardiovascular dysregulation seems to be different in female alcoholics than in males, it is consistent with studies showing that cardiovascular effects in women are more severe than in men and emerge at a lower threshold level of chronic drinking.
Effect of Ethanol on Visual‐Vestibular Interactions During Vertical Linear Body Acceleration
Authors: Schmäl Frank , Thiede Oliver , Stoll Wolfgang 
Published: November 2003

Background: Ethanol led to disturbed dynamic visual acuity (DVA) during vertical linear acceleration (VLA; amplitude, 5 cm; frequency, 1.2 Hz). The aim of this study was to analyze whether suppression of visual‐oculomotor or vestibular pathway is responsible for the disturbance of DVA.Methods: Twenty volunteers were investigated before and after ethanol consumption (mean breath alcohol concentration, 0.32 mg/liter). Vertical eye movements and linear head acceleration were recorded. Tested stimuli were vestibular (VLA in the dark), visual (smooth pursuit), and combined (VLA plus fixation on an earth‐fixed target) stimulation; visual suppression (VLA plus fixation of a head‐fixed target); static visual acuity; and DVA. Parameters of analysis were gain, sensitivity, eye velocity and amplitude, latency between onset of head acceleration and start of eye movement, correct and wrong answers during static visual acuity and DVA testing, feeling of drunkenness (FOD), and breath alcohol concentration.Results: Both during isolated visual and during combined visual‐vestibular stimulation, alcohol induced a significant latency increase. Furthermore, DVA was disturbed after ethanol consumption. Test subjects with a strong alcohol‐induced disturbance of DVA presented during isolated visual stimulation a significantly higher latency change than volunteers with a minor alcohol‐induced disturbance of DVA. On the basis of the FOD, two groups were formed (one with a slight and one with a strong FOD). The two groups differed significantly concerning the alcohol‐induced latency increase during isolated visual stimulation and the alcohol‐induced disturbance of DVA.Conclusions: Ethanol leads to a disturbance of the visual‐oculomotor system and, thus, even during combined visual‐vestibular stimulation, to a latency increase. This “delay” is responsible for the disturbance of DVA. This alcohol‐induced suppression of the visual‐oculomotor system and the disturbance of DVA show a significantly positive correlation with the subjective FOD.
Evaluation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Promoter Polymorphisms Identified in Human Populations
Authors: Spence John P. , Liang Tiebing , Eriksson C.J. Peter , Taylor Robert E. , Wall Tamara L. , Ehlers Cindy L. , Carr Lucinda G. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase, or ALDH1A1, functions in ethanol detoxification, metabolism of neurotransmitters, and synthesis of retinoic acid. Because the promoter region of a gene can influence gene expression, the ALDH1A1 promoter regions were studied to identify polymorphism, to assess their functional significance, and to determine whether they were associated with a risk for developing alcoholism.Methods: Sequence analysis was performed in the promoter region by using Asian, Caucasian, and African American subjects. The resulting polymorphisms were assessed for frequency in Asian, Caucasian, Jewish, and African American populations and tested for associations with alcohol dependence in Asian and African American populations of alcoholics and controls. The functional significance of each polymorphism was determined through in vitro expression analysis by using HeLa and HepG2 cells.Results: Two polymorphisms, a 17 base pair (bp) deletion (−416/−432) and a 3 bp insertion (−524), were discovered in the ALDH1A1 promoter region:ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3, respectively. ALDH1A1*2 was observed at frequencies of 0.035, 0.023, 0.023, and 0.012 in the Asian, Caucasian, Jewish, and African American populations, respectively. ALDH1A1*3 was observed only in the African American population, at a frequency of 0.029. By using HeLa and HepG2 cells for in vitro expression, the activity of the luciferase reporter gene was significantly decreased after transient transfection of ALDH1A1*3‐luciferase compared with the wild‐type construct ALDH1A1*1‐luciferase. In an African American population, a trend for higher frequencies of the ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3 alleles was observed in a population of alcoholics (p= 0.03 and f= 0.12, respectively) compared with the control population.Conclusions: ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3 may influence ALDH1A1 gene expression. Both ALDH1A1*2 and ALDH1A1*3 produce a trend in an African American population that may be indicative of an association with alcoholism; however, more samples are required to validate this observation. The underlying mechanisms contributing to these trends are still unknown.
Increased Salivary Cortisol Concentrations During Chronic Alcohol Intoxication in a Naturalistic Clinical Sample of Men
Authors: Adinoff Bryon , Ruether Keith , Krebaum Steven , Iranmanesh Ali , Williams Mark J. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid in humans, is intimately involved in the regulation of such varied and critical biological processes as emotion, cognition, reward, immune functioning, and energy utilization. A persistent increase in cortisol concentration as a result of chronic intoxication could therefore result in alcohol‐related disorders such as sleep disruption, cognitive deficits, diabetes, and mood disturbances. Although moderate levels of acute alcohol ingestion are reported to produce an increase in cortisol levels, it is uncertain whether cortisol remains persistently increased during long‐term chronic intoxication.Methods: Salivary cortisol and breath alcohol concentrations (BAC) were obtained on 73 subjects with primary alcohol dependence on initial presentation for treatment and 22 alcohol‐dependent subjects participating in a residential treatment program.Results: Both intoxicated alcohol‐dependent subjects (n= 38) and nonintoxicated subjects in acute alcohol withdrawal (n= 30) demonstrated significantly increased salivary cortisol concentrations compared with abstinent subjects (n= 27; p < 0.001). Nonintoxicated subjects in acute withdrawal demonstrated significantly increased salivary cortisol concentrations compared with highly intoxicated subjects (BAC >100 mg/dl) but were similar to subjects with lower levels of intoxication (BAC, 10–100 mg/dl).Conclusions: Chronic alcohol‐dependent subjects experience continuously increased concentrations of cortisol during both intoxication and withdrawal. Increased levels of cortisol during chronic intoxication seem to progressively increase with the onset of withdrawal. This suggests a daily cycle of hypercortisolemia during the active drinking phase, with further increases on the cessation of drinking and the emergence of withdrawal symptoms. Persistently increased levels of cortisol may extract a costly allostatic load, resulting in significant central nervous system and peripheral organ morbidity.