bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electra
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are his son! Your father marshaled the armies at Troy once - child of Agamemnon: look around you now. Here is the land you were longing to see all that time. Ancient Argos. You dreamed of this place. The grove of lo, where the gadfly drove her. Look, Orestes. There is the marketplace named for Apollo, wolfkiller god.
Introduction
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN MAY 1945, a convoy of eight privately owned cars left the city of Breslau for Hannover, 550 kilometers to the northwest. The cars, driven by German Red Cross workers, were filled with cartons of Red Cross records and whatever personal belongings could be fit in. Like thousands of Germans in the spring and early summer of 1945, the workers were fleeing the Soviet army.’ In the early days after World War II, such journeys often were made on foot. Refugees piled wheelbarrows with clothes, dishes, and family valuables; children perched on top of these possessions or were carried. When the refugees spotted soldiers or military vehicles, they hid in deserted farmhouses, bushes, or the woods. Tales had spread of Russian soldiers summarily executing any German suspected of being a Nazi, of soldiers gang-raping German women and girls, and of their stealing watches, jewelry, and whatever treasures the refugees had. Centuries of enmity between the Germans and the peoples of Eastern Europe had hardened into hatred after the German army marched east in 1939, committing the very atrocities that German refugees now feared at the hands of Russian soldiers.
Selected Topicsfrom the History of Semiconductor Physics and Its Applications
Authors: Braun Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So vast is the field of semiconductor physics and so great the variety of semiconductor devices that the restricted treatment of this chapter has to be emphasized even at its beginning and in its cumbersome title. To treat the history of semiconductors with anything resembling completeness would exceed all reasonable bounds of a single chapter in this volume. A severe selection had to be made, and this was determined by many considerations. First was the requirement to show the emergence of a basic body of knowledge that could be identified as semiconductor physics. Second was the attempt to show the relationship between semiconductor physics and the most significant technological devices and innovations associated with semiconductors. The dominance of early semiconductor materials over later ones is a historical necessity and will, hopefully, point the way toward a sequel to this volume. Finally, the choice of episodes was, to some extent, determined by availability of material and by personal choice, knowledge, and interest.
The Solid Community
Authors: Weart Spencerr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1930 solid-state physics did not exist. The very term was unknown, nor was there any intellectual or social entity to which the term could have applied. Certainly there flourished a number of specialties, such as the electron theory of metals and experimental studies of magnetic alloys, which would eventually fall within the field of solid-state physics, but there was no field as a whole, no sense that the physicists who studied solids should be distinguished as a group from those who studied gases, radioactivity, or whatever. By 1960 the situation had entirely changed. The term “solid-state physics” not only was familiar but could be attached to a number of institutions: university chairs, conferences, journals, research groups, funding mechanisms, even buildings entirely devoted to the subject. These institutions were knit together in a worldwide solid-state physics community. Like a mirror, this social entity reflected an intellectual entity, the study of the physics of solids. This chapter asks how social coherence came about, and what some of the deeper intellectual corollaries were.
The Protessionalization of Applied Economics: German Counterparts to Business Administration
Authors: Lindenfeld David f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of business as an occupation rarely enters into scholarly discussions of the professions. Reasons for this exclusion are easy to discover: The profit orientation of business appears to be poorly matched with the service ideal of the traditional professions. Yet sociologists have not always been comfortable with a simple dichotomy between the two types. One of Talcott Parsons’s major points in his seminal article of 1939 was to question the division between “egotism” and “altruism” as a basis for distinguishing such roles.
The Professionalization of Psychotherapy in Germany, 1928-1949
Authors: Cocks Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 23, 1942, a letter from the office for science in Alfred Rosenberg’s Nazi party organization for the oversight of doctrine was sent to the party chancellery in Munich concerning the deputy director, Johannes Heinrich Schultz, of the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy in Berlin. The letter from Rosenberg’s office said that there was no objection to Schultz giving lectures on psychotherapy since he was a noted psychotherapist and displayed no political, philosophical, or personal blemishes.
Mechanisms of Conventional and High Tc Superconductivity
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Superconductivity has become one of the most intensely studied physical phenomena of our times, with tremendous potential to revolutionize fields as diverse as computing and transportation. This book describes the methods, established results, and recent advances in the field. The goal is to present recently developed theoretical models in light of the long-sought aim of achieving the effect at very high temperatures. The book includes a detailed review of various mechanisms, including phononic, magnetic, and electronic models. The authors focus on the phenomenon of induced superconductivity in the high-temperature oxides, particularly the high-transition-temperature cuprates. They also discuss a variety of low-temperature superconducting systems in conventional materials and organics. The book links the crucial experiments with the most current theories, offering a unified description of the phenomenon. All researchers (and graduate-level) students involved with work in superconductivity will find this an invaluable resource, including solid-state and condensed-matter physicists and chemists, and materials scientists.
The Science of Doing Good
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
benjamin franklin combined ideas and accomplishments as effective revolutionaries customarily have, but he adopted a distinctively American ideal of active individuals and passive government. “From a Child I was fond of Reading,” he wrote in his memoirs, “and all the little Money that came into my Hands was ever laid out in Books.” In his father ‘s library he found “a Book of Defoe ‘s called an Essay on Projects and another of Dr. Mather ‘s call ‘d Essays to do Good, which perhaps gave me a Turn of Thinking that had an Influence on some of the principal future Events of my Life.” Franklin was impressed by the community-minded approaches to injustice and suffering the two books described.
Defending the Democrats
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid The Aftershocks Of The American And French Revolutions, little about the idea of democracy seemed entirely secure. The public good would be served in an antagonistic fashion, classical republicans had reasoned, if the people periodically arose to make probity prevail among public officials. The idea of enlightenment republicanism, however, was that the people would be more than an occasional check on a governing class, that, in fact, a large measure of equality and popular participation was possible and beneficial as long as citizens were responsible, discerning students of public affairs.
“Wild Cards and Innovations”
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In poker,” recalled Houston magnate Jesse H. Jones in his reminiscence of the Roosevelt administration, “the President preferred wild cards and innovations to the kind of straight five-card draw poker most Texans were raised on.” As the New Deal entered its second term, Jones and his fellow southern leaders, in the Congress and in the boardrooms and state houses of the South, were to discover that the President’s taste for “wild cards and innovations” ran to politics and policy as well as poker. Over the next three years, the Roosevelt administration, in league with an influential faction of liberal southerners, would abandon its powerful southern allies and embark on an effort to transform the Democratic party and reform the southern economy.
The Visible Poor
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The homeless as a group represent a menace, not only because of the high crime rate which exists among them, but also because of their psychological impact on those brought into contact with them. DENNIS MITCHEM, i:hairman of the Phoenix, Arizona Downtown Crime Task Force The morning rush hour. A homeless man stands, hand outstretched to passers-by, on the curb across from the construction site of a downtown office building. His clothes are torn. His hair, which was parted in the middle when he last combed it several days ago, now hangs limply over his forehead. This is his spot. For over a month, he has been there nearly every morning.
Who Are the Homeless?
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who are the homeless? It is not easy lo say. Faced with the problem of describing a mobile and diverse population, researchers have employed a variety of techniques to help them obtain an accurate portrait. They have counted people in shelters, estimated the size of the population on the street, and tried to enumerate the homeless in the 1990 census.’ Studies of the population have become one of the more prestigious forms of social research. Yet despite their increasing sophistication, agreement among these studies has been spotty, and consensus has been reached about just a few demographic trenps.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Joy D C , Goldstein J I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is one of the most versatile instruments available for the examination and analysis of the microstructural characteristics of solid objects. The primary reason for the SEM’s usefulness is the high resolution that can be obtained when bulk objects are examined; values as good as 1 nm (10 A) are now quoted for commercial instruments. This resolution approaches the bonding distance of atoms and results in photographs with useful detail at magnifications in excess of 100,000X. Such magnifications lie in the range normally achieved with the transmission electron microscope (TEM) (see Chapter 5). For example, Figure 2.1 shows gold-palladium particles evaporated on carbon taken with a field-emission instrument at an original magnification of 300,000x (300kx) and an electron beam voltage of 30,000 V (30 kV).
Literacy and Paideia In Ancient Greece
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the progress of literacy in ancient Greece from its origins in the eighth century to the fourth century, when the major cultural institutions of Athens became totally dependent on alphabetic literacy. By introducing new evidence and re-evaluating the older evidence, Robb demonstrates that early Greek literacy can be understood only in terms of the rich oral culture that immediately preceded it, one that was dominated by the oral performance of epical verse, or “Homer.” Only gradually did literate practices supersede oral habits and the oral way of life, forging alliances which now seem both bizarre and fascinating, but which were eminently successful, contributing to the “miracle” of Greece.
Introduction
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just a few decades ago, a book on a topic of early Greek orality and literacy may not have found a major publisher. The contrast with 1988, when my writing accelerated in earnest, is stark. A dozen major books, as well as more articles than can now be easily counted, had appeared in as many years, all dealing with orality and literacy in early Greece or with some of their ramifications. Thirty years earlier, in 1958, how many historians would have considered advancing literacy an important ingredient for understanding the origins and uniqueness of Hellenism, and one with instructive applications to our own time? It is true that recovery of the oral dimension in archaic Greek life, which had begun to come to light with the publications of Milman Parry in the 1930s, was well under way by 1958. Parry’s work, nearly all of it published between 1928 and 1938, was the first real impetus.
From Oral Epic to Written Laws
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Gagarin has suggested that the famous shield of Achilles scene from the Iliad is our strongest single text proving that there were established procedures for settling disputes in oral Greece.1 He designates this period—so consistently portrayed in Homer and Hesiod—as “protolegal” because, whereas legal procedures are manifestly in place, a body of oral “law” is not. In this, it seems to me, he is correct..
Advancing Literacy and Traditional Greek Paideia: Mousike and Sunousia
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Embedded in the argument of the last chapter was an important lesson for the historian of literacy. Evidence for advancing literacy is one thing. Quite another is specific evidence for how a society, as it goes about replacing long-alliance oral habits and practices, puts the technology of an alphabet to use. This lesson will prove instructive as we look next at the way in which the traditional mecha­ nisms of Greek oral paideia gradually forged an alliance with the alphabet and then grew dependent on it. We shall attempt to answer Plato’s own question in the Republic.
Conclusion: The Progress of Greek Literacy and Paideia
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obviously those who wish to maintain that our present Iliad and Odyssey were written, approximately as they stand, by one great poet in the eleventh century [Murray wrote in 1907; today he would happily lower the date to “the eighth century,” and consider it progress] cannot possibly admit that the text was still in a very fluid state so late as the third century. The position of Ludwich, for instance, is that roughly speaking our present vulgate was in existence as an authoritative text from the very earliest ages, and passed unscathed through the illiterate centuries of early Greece, through the creative ferment of the fifth century, through the chaos of the pre-Zenodotean texts, and lastly through the fires of Alexandrine criticism, always unmentioned but universally recognized, to emerge in triumph in our post-Christian Mss.
Epilogue: A Linguistic and Historical Analysis of the Invention of the Greek Alphabet
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a series of earlier publications I defended the view that the first complete or true alphabet was the Greek alphabet. I also argued that what called it into existence was the desire to record on durable substances a few hexameters that were felt to be appropriate to occasions of eighth-century oral life. Earlier Wade-Gery had made a related suggestion, and recently Barry Powell has taken up and defended the theory that the alphabet was invented to record poetry, citing Wade-Gery and Robb as his earliest predecessors.
Four Motifs: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often referred to as the greatest theologian of the twentieth century, Karl Barth has achieved the dubious distinction of being habitually honored but not much read. Although many reasons might be found to explain this, surely one of them is that reading Karl Barth can be a discouraging experience. What reader of the Church Dogmatics has not gotten bogged down in one of those long, complicated, and seemingly interminable sentences? At such times Barth’s writing may seem reminiscent of a famous quip by Mark Twain. The German sentence, Twain declared, is like a dog that jumps into the Atlantic Ocean, swims all the way across to the other side, and climbs out at the end with a verb in his mouth! Yet long sentences are not the only problem.
Truth as Encounter
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personalism, the sixth and last motif, signifies that in Barth’s theology truth is ultimately a matter of encounter. Truth is not something neutral but something self-involving, and so is apprehended not by a solitary intellect, but by the whole person in fellowship with God. The mediation of truth in Jesus Christ-the truth of God’s identity and also of human kind’s identity in him-does not remain merely objective (though it never ceases to be objective). It encounters men and women at the core of their beings, Barth argues, liberating them from being closed in upon themselves. They thereby come to recognize the truth of their being in Jesus Christ, to participate actively in that truth, and to serve it as witnesses here and now.
Contradictory Yet Complementary: The Dichotomy between Practice and Intellect
Authors: Halivni David Weiss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One may be tempted to deduce from the thesis of a historically developing exegesis-the underlying theme of this essay-that Jewish normative law, which derives from exegesis of the Bible, must also change. If exegesis is time bound, so should behavior be subject to the vicissitudes of time. Each generation should have its own halakha as it has its own mode of interpretation.
The Salafis and the Arabists
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The salafis’ incorporation of reason and progress into a scripturalist interpretation of Islam set them apart from their ulama colleagues, who rejected the reformers’ ideas and persecuted them. But the salafis did find an audience receptive to their teaching in another quarter: the rising generation of secondary school graduates who became some of the first Arabists. The central figure in the salafi-Arabist relationship was Tahir al-Jaza’in, who besides espousing salafism figured prominently in movements for political and educational reform. Jaza’in’s story raises the possibility that the Young Ottomans influenced the reform movement in Damascus through his contacts with Ottoman reformers. The "senior circle," which formed around him in the early 1890s, embodied cooperation between Arabs and Turks who favored political reforms.
Salafis and Arabists in Politics, 1908-1914
Authors: Commins David Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The constitutional restoration of 1908 heralded a new age of politics in the Ottoman Empire. Syrians witnessed a period of greater press freedom than before, the emergence of political parties contesting general and local elections, and the rise to influence of social groups hitherto excluded from political participation.1 The salafis celebrated the new political order in the belief that it signaled the triumph of the forces of reform and progress, but they soon learned that their opponents would not relinquish power without a fight.
Issues And Arguments in the Debate over Private Prisons
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a concise overview of arguments on both sides of the controversy over private prisons. It identifies the issues and lists in summary form a series of claims and counterclaims that will be examined in detail in the remainder of the book. The chapter is intended as a reference tool; many readers may prefer to skim through it and proceed quickly to the more complete discussions of each issue that begin with the next chapter. However, readers who want to see a conceptual framework defining and organizing the issues, and a comprehensive but condensed guide to arguments on both sides of each issue, will find that here.
Issues of Quantity
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the people who are opposed to private prisons take this stance because they are opposed to prisons generally. They fear that cheaper and more efficient prisons will mean more imprisonment. Few of these critics object to the privately administered, profit-making community correctional programs which serve as alternatives to prison. Rather, they are concerned that private prisons will distract attention from these and other alternatives. It is ACLU policy that “new prison or jail capacity should be increased only after existing unconstitutional conditions have been remedied, if ever.” Moreover, capacity should not be expanded until all alternatives to imprisonment have been exhausted.
Issues of Accountability and Monitoring
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics claim that contracting reduces accountability because private actors are insulated from the public and not subject to the same political controls as are government actors. Also, the critics charge, contracting diffuses responsibility; government and private actors can each blame the other when something goes wrong. Further, contracting may encourage the government to neglect or avoid its ultimate responsibility for prisons; supervision may slacken. This chapter will focus on the issues of accountability and monitoring as they apply to both public and private prisons. The first step is to recognize that accountability can take many different forms.
Issues of Dependence
Authors: Logan Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics worry that some vendors will obtain contracts by “lowballing,”that is, they will make unrealistically low bids. After the contract goes into effect, the government will gradually lose much of its capacity to resume the operation itself, and high capitalization costs will prevent new competitors from entering the field. Once the government becomes dependent on a contractor, that contractor will be free to jack up prices. Worse, the contractor may go bankrupt, leaving the government without any correctional capacity. Worst of all, contracting may devolve into exclusive franchises that simply replace public monopolies with private monopolies.
Buddha in the Crown
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a case study in religious and cultural change. Sri Lanka is the home of one of Asia’s most pluralistic religious cultures; four major religions - Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity - have found a permanent home within its boundaries. This makes it an ideal laboratory for the study of how religious traditions mix. John Holt here examines the career of a single deity, who began as the Indian Mahayana Buddhist bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, was assimilated to the indigenous Sinhala god N ātha, and ultimately became identified with the bodhisattva Maitreya - the next Buddha of the future, expected by virtually all Buddhist traditions of Asia.
The Politics of Deification in Medieval Sri Lanka: Avalokite ś vara Becomes Nātha D ē viy ō
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iconographic and epigraphic evidence indicates the cultic presence of Ava lokite ś vara from the seventh through the tenth centuries A.D. in Sri Lanka, but the Mah ā y ā na bodhisattva was not incorporated into the Sinhala Buddhist sociopolitical cosmos until the fourteenth century.
Conclusion: Maitreya-in-the-Making
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the context of the contemporary yet traditional Sinhala Buddhist world of up-country Kandyan villages where N ā tha d ē v ā layas can still be found, N ā tha remains a focus of cultic life and a potential source of laukika assistance. Yet, even within these villages, he is not understood as a deity, such as Kataragama D ēviy ō, with the propensity to act dramatically, passionately, or frequently for his devotees.