bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Component test for the assessment of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking in thick-walled SAW joints for offshore applications
Authors: Rhode Michael , Kromm Arne , Mente Tobias , Brackrock Daniel , Czeskleba Denis , Kannengiesser Thomas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOffshore wind turbines continuously increase in size and weight and demand adequate offshore foundations concepts like monopiles, tripods, or jackets. These components are typically constructed using submerged arc welding (SAW) with high-strength thick steel plates like the S420ML. During welding, the occurrence of delayed hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) must be anticipated. HAC is a critical combination of the local hydrogen concentration within a susceptible microstructure under certain mechanical load, i.e., the occurring (welding) residual stresses. The welding sequence of the thick-walled plates complicates the residual stress distribution due to the necessary repeated thermal cycling, i.e., welding seam/layer deposition to fill the joint. For that purpose, SAW with two-wire-technique was used to weld a specially designed and prototype-like mock-up of a real component with a thickness of 50 mm, filled with over 20 passes and a seam length of 1000 mm. Additional welded stiffeners simulated the effect of a high restraint, to achieve critical HAC conditions. The necessity of a minimum waiting time (MWT) before the NDT can be conducted (to exclude HAC) was critically verified by the application of ultrasonic testing of the welded joint at different time-steps of the NDT of up to 48 h after the completion welding. The residual stresses were determined by a robot XRD goniometer. Tensile residual stresses up to the yield limit are found both in the weld metal and in the heat-affected zone. Numerical modeling allowed the qualitative estimation of the hydrogen diffusion in the weld. No noticeable HAC occurrence was identified and confirms the high cracking resistance of the investigated material. Finally, the applicability of the MWT concept should be critically discussed.
Properties oriented WAAM—microstructural and geometrical control in WAAM of low-alloy steel
Authors: Treutler Kai , Gehling Tobias , Scheck Maxim , Richter Andreas , Bohn Christian , Ehlers Rüdiger , Rembe Christian , Wesling Volker 
Published: December 2023

AbstractToday, arc-based additive manufacturing has great potential for industrial application due to new developments in robotics, welding technology, and computer-aided manufacturing. Two issues are currently the focus of research. One is the accurate generation of geometry with respect to the design, e.g., geometry fidelity, defined roughness, and shape deviations within the tolerances. Here, there are still open questions, particularly with regard to path planning and the dependence of the geometry on the selected process variables. The second topic is the adjustment or determination of the achievable mechanical and microstructural properties, as these are of crucial importance for the use of the technology in industry. The combination of both areas into a geometry- and property-oriented approach to additive manufacturing has been little discussed in the literature for arc-based welding processes. The correlations between cooling conditions and emerging properties can serve as a starting point for such a consideration. The temperature history depends on three key factors: the energy input, the interpass temperature (which in additive manufacturing is determined by the time to over-weld), and the heat transfer conditions, which are determined by the part geometry. The melt pool size or volume also depends on these three constraints. In this study, an approach is presented to realize property-oriented additive manufacturing from the interaction of property-oriented path planning and a melt pool size control system. By controlling the melt pool size, the cooling of the material can be adjusted within certain limits, and consequently, a local adjustment of the microstructure can be achieved, which greatly influences the local mechanical properties. This work demonstrates this approach for a low-alloy filler metal (DIN EN ISO 14341-A G 50 7 M21 4Mo/A5.28 ER80S-D2). Gas metal arc welding was carried out using an M21 shielding gas (82% Ar, 18% CO2). Finally, microstructural characterization will show that different microstructural morphologies and properties can be achieved in a component by combining property-oriented path planning and the use of a control loop to regulate the melt pool size.
Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Under-Vaccination among Marginalized Populations in the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review
Authors: Newman Peter A. , Dinh Duy A. , Nyoni Thabani , Allan Kate , Fantus Sophia , Williams Charmaine C. , Tepjan Suchon , Reid Luke , Guta Adrian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background
Amid persistent disparities in Covid-19 vaccination and burgeoning research on vaccine hesitancy (VH), we conducted a scoping review to identify multilevel determinants of Covid-19 VH and under-vaccination among marginalized populations in the U.S. and Canada.

Methods
Using the scoping review methodology developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, we designed a search string and explored 7 databases to identify peer-reviewed articles published from January 1, 2020–October 25, 2022. We combine frequency analysis and narrative synthesis to describe factors influencing Covid-19 VH and under-vaccination among marginalized populations.

Results
The search captured 11,374 non-duplicated records, scoped to 103 peer-reviewed articles. Among 14 marginalized populations identified, African American/Black, Latinx, LGBTQ+, American Indian/Indigenous, people with disabilities, and justice-involved people were the predominant focus. Thirty-two factors emerged as influencing Covid-19 VH, with structural racism/stigma and institutional mistrust (structural)(n = 71) most prevalent, followed by vaccine safety (vaccine-specific)(n = 62), side effects (vaccine-specific)(n = 50), trust in individual healthcare provider (social/community)(n = 38), and perceived risk of infection (individual)(n = 33). Structural factors predominated across populations, including structural racism/stigma and institutional mistrust, barriers to Covid-19 vaccine access due to limited supply/availability, distance/lack of transportation, no/low paid sick days, low internet/digital technology access, and lack of culturally- and linguistically-appropriate information.

Discussion
We identified multilevel and complex drivers of Covid-19 under-vaccination among marginalized populations. Distinguishing vaccine-specific, individual, and social/community factors that may fuel decisional ambivalence, more appropriately defined as VH, from structural racism/structural stigma and systemic/institutional barriers to vaccination access may better support evidence-informed interventions to promote equity in access to vaccines and informed decision-making among marginalized populations.
Two-Dimensional Cr5Te8@Graphite Heterostructure for Efficient Electromagnetic Microwave Absorption
Authors: Qin Liyuan , Guo Ziyang , Zhao Shuai , Kong Denan , Jiang Wei , Liu Ruibin , Lv Xijuan , Zhou Jiadong , Shu Qinghai 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) hold great promise as novel microwave absorption materials owing to their interlayer interactions and unique magnetoelectric properties. However, overcoming the impedance mismatch at the low loading is still a challenge for TMCs due to the restricted loss pathways caused by their high-density characteristic. Here, an interface engineering based on the heterostructure of 2D Cr5Te8 and graphite is in situ constructed via a one-step chemical vapor deposit to modulate impedance matching and introduce multiple attenuation mechanisms. Intriguingly, the Cr5Te8@EG (ECT) heterostructure exhibits a minimum reflection loss of up to − 57.6 dB at 15.4 GHz with a thin thickness of only 1.4 mm under a low filling rate of 10%. The density functional theory calculations confirm that the splendid performance of ECT heterostructure primarily derives from charge redistribution at the abundant intimate interfaces, thereby reinforcing interfacial polarization loss. Furthermore, the ECT coating displays a remarkable radar cross section reduction of 31.9 dB m2, demonstrating a great radar microwave scattering ability. This work sheds light on the interfacial coupled stimulus response mechanism of TMC-based heterogeneous structures and provides a feasible strategy to manipulate high-quality TMCs for excellent microwave absorbers.
Synthesis and Optimisation of an Integrated Renewable Energy and Greenhouse Network
Authors: Godlonton Alice , Borain Candice M. , Isafiade Adeniyi J. , Möller Klaus , Chitsiga Takudzwa 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a study on the synthesis and optimisation of a renewable energy and resource supply chain network (SCN) to satisfy agricultural greenhouse resource and energy demands. This is motivated by the high costs and emissions to run greenhouses due to the resources and energy required for optimal growth conditions. The investigation aims to contribute to the growing area of research on circular practices in the agricultural sector. The SCN includes biomass from agricultural waste transported to a utility hub, consisting of water and carbon dioxide (CO2) as resource supplies, as well as a boiler and steam turbine-generator and solar photovoltaic (PV), as energy conversion technologies. The resources and energy are distributed to greenhouses. The objectives are to minimise both the total annualised costs (TAC) and environmental impact (EI), calculated as CO2 emissions of the integrated network. Multi-periodicity accounts for the monthly and daily variation in constraints on the system, such as feedstock and solar radiation availability and energy limitations. The model is applied to a case study of an agro-industrial zone in Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN) province, South Africa. The network meets greenhouse demands at a minimum TAC and EI of 8.052 $$\times {10}^{6}$$

×

10

6

R/y and 14,370 tCO2e/y, respectively. The biomass supply chain (BSC) contributes most significantly to the TAC at 43.7% while biomass combustion makes up 99.8% of the EI. Additional key results include bagasse and corn stover being selected as the only feedstocks and rail as the transport mode. The 26,560 MWh/y of electricity supplied to the greenhouses is made up by 71.4% from the boiler and turbine-generator with the remainder from solar PV. The potential of solar PV as a clean and low-cost energy source is demonstrated by the model selection at its full capacity. The study confirms that holistic modelling and optimisation of renewable energy SCNs for greenhouses is necessary to meet a trade-off between the network costs and CO2 emissions.
Racial Inequality in Firearm Homicide Victimization—but not Other Types of US Violence
Authors: Piquero Alex R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Research Question
Is violent crime victimization among US minority groups higher than for White Americans in general, or is there a distinct failure of equal protection by race with respect to firearm homicide?

Data
This analysis examines per capita rates of violent victimization for Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites as reported in recent years in the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), as well as the firearms homicide data collected from local and state death certificates by the US Center for Disease Control (CDC).

Method
The analysis compares the extent of disparity between White and minority victimization rates for different kinds of violent crimes. The framework is to calculate the ratio of minority victimization rates to the White rates for the same offense categories.

Findings
While there are very small differences in victimization rates by race/ethnicity for most types of violent crime, and while Whites report higher victimization rates than minorities do for some kinds of violent crimes, there is a massive ratio for rates of firearms homicides. Black Americans of all ages, for example, suffer firearm homicides at a rate that is 12 times higher per capita than for Whites. Hispanic Americans are twice as likely to be victimized by firearm homicide than Whites.

Conclusions
Policing strategies often fail to distinguish different types of violence, even when discussing racial disparity in policing actions. The evidence of this report provides the most direct support for police increasing the precision of their focus on crime prevention efforts that can reduce homicide as the most important racial disparity in criminal victimization, and, in the US context, firearm homicide in particular.
Exploring the advantages and applications of nanocomposites produced via vat photopolymerization in additive manufacturing: A review
Authors: Colorado Henry A. , Gutierrez-Velasquez Elkin I. , Gil León D. , de Camargo Italo Leite 
Published: December 2023

AbstractAdditive manufacturing (AM) also known as 3D printing (3DP) has become a popular technology with a wide range of applications, from which vat photopolymerization is a technique for producing nanocomposites with controlled mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. This technology uses a UV light laser to cure a liquid resin into a solid object, layer by layer, allowing complex three-dimensional (3D) objects with intricate details of manufacturing and excellent finishing. Nanocomposites produced by vat photopolymerization have been used in aerospace, automotive, and medical industries, due to their superior mechanical strength and dimensional accuracy. In this article, we will discuss the advantages and other aspects of nanocomposites made with vat photopolymerization, exploring potential applications, and discuss the research by different areas, such as their AM technologies and materials properties.
Graphical abstract
This review deals with nanocomposites made by additive manufacturing (3D printing), presenting a systematic on vat photopolymerization technology, including the technologies, materials, and properties.
Understanding the progress and challenges in the fields of thermo-catalysis and electro-catalysis for the CO2 conversion to fuels
Authors: Yadav V. S. K. , Al-Marri Mohammed J. , Saad Mohammed A. H. S. , Kumar Anand 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe need to limit anthropogenic CO2 emissions and lower the atmospheric CO2 concentration makes CO2 conversion an imminent requirement. Availability of suitable facilities and prior understanding how electro and thermal catalysis work renders them as appealing platforms for conversion of CO2. Catalysts play a crucial part in the conversion of CO2 to chemicals in both processes. Catalysis is a process initiated by the interaction of reactants, intermediates, and products produced on the catalyst’s surface. Generally, higher temperatures in thermo-catalytic process or electrical potentials in electrocatalytic process are used to increase the reaction rate to get the desired results and to overcome the kinetic barrier. Several studies have been reported in both the processes with a desire to decrease the atmospheric CO2 concentration by stopping CO2 emissions at the site of generation itself. The viability of catalytic performance in both situations for the large-scale conversion of CO2 is still up for debate. In this review, we intend to focus on recent developments in CO2 conversion aided by diverse catalysts by analyzing and comparing proof-of-principle investigations on applied conditions, catalyst activity and stability for thermocatalytic and electrocatalytic CO2 conversions. The most common catalyst synthesis techniques employed in both experiments were analyzed. Primary goal of this review is to draw connections between the two fields in order to generate fresh insights that will lead to a more efficient and integrated CO2 conversion process.
Using ScrutinAI for visual inspection of DNN performance in a medical use case
Authors: Görge Rebekka , Haedecke Elena , Mock Michael 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOur Visual Analytics (VA) tool ScrutinAI supports human analysts to investigate interactively model performance and data sets. Model performance depends on labeling quality to a large extent. In particular in medical settings, generation of high quality labels requires in depth expert knowledge and is very costly. Often, data sets are labeled by collecting opinions of groups of experts. We use our VA tool to analyze the influence of label variations between different experts on the model performance. ScrutinAI facilitates to perform a root cause analysis that distinguishes weaknesses of deep neural network (DNN) models caused by varying or missing labeling quality from true weaknesses. We scrutinize the overall detection of intracranial hemorrhages and the more subtle differentiation between subtypes in a publicly available data set.
The emergence of geo-economic institutions: observations on European and Chinese development cooperation in Ukraine, Georgia, and Moldova 2014 – 2020
Authors: Kruger Angelo , Strosser Jack 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe emergence of China as a major provider of development finance has garnered considerable scholarly debate. Chinese investments and their impact on recipient states have been extensively studied, mainly focusing on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In response to the BRI, the European Commission recently announced its connectivity strategy, the Global Gateway initiative. In this context, and even before the announcement, little work has been done to map Chinese state capitalist development finance side by side with the European Union’s (EU) market-led, public-private partnership-oriented strategies, especially within Europe’s own neighborhood. Additionally, the literature insufficiently explains why development institutions (agents) would act geo-economically to enforce their most powerful member states’ (principals) international agendas. This lack of theoretical explanatory power poses a serious puzzle. Thus, we ask, how has EU and Chinese institutional investment cooperation developed (legally and financially) in the EU’s Eastern Partnership (EaP) region in the previous EU Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) from 2014 to 2020? We argue that development institutions have acted in accordance with their principal’s policy goals by facilitating investment and institutional agreements and by offering beneficial cooperation conditions, so that the EU and China can direct investment in a geo-economic manner if they choose to do so. In the following, we find that European investment in the EaP countries Ukraine, Moldova, and Georgia, has been huge in absolute terms (amount invested) and strong in relative terms––through deeper economic cooperation––when compared to Chinese investment activity in the same countries. This development supports the EU’s aim of countering China’s increasing economic presence in the region. However, we find that this gap has been closing in total terms. Our study suggests that while China has not matched EU investment in the EaP region for the previous MFF, further research is needed to unpack individual sectors and their geo-economic implications for official development institutions and their respective states.
The Life after Life of the 2006 Transnistrian Sovereignty Referendum
Authors: Kosienkowski Marcin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn 2006, the authorities of the de facto state of Transnistria unilaterally held a sovereignty referendum. Almost all voters supported Transnistria gaining internationally recognized independence and subsequently integrating/associating with Russia. Despite such clear results, the poll was not recognized internationally and, consequently, not implemented. However, this was not a problem for the Transnistrian leadership, since the primary objective of the referendum was not to reallocate sovereignty, but to domestically empower Transnistria’s President Igor Smirnov. Based on the discourse of Transnistria’s next president, Yevgeniy Shevchuk, this article argues that the referendum was not placed in the dustbin of history. Analysis of the official Transnistrian news published during his presidency from 2011–2016 shows that Shevchuk re-exploited the 2006 sovereignty referendum. His aim was not to reallocate sovereignty either, but to reach the following goals: 1. procure legitimacy of the Transnistrian sovereignty cause internationally; 2. empower Transnistria vis-à-vis its parent state, Moldova; 3. boost relations with Transnistria’s patron, Russia; and 4. empower himself domestically. Arguably, the argument about the strategic use of past unilateral sovereignty referendums also works in cases of other de facto states, which can be analyzed using the analytical framework presented in this article.
“Junge Mädchen” and “Daughters of the Sky”: Transatlantic Changes in the Construction of Femininity after 1930
Authors: Hung Jochen 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe difference between the representation of German femininity in the 1920s and the 1930s is striking: while glamorous flappers with bob haircuts ruled the beginning of the interwar period, its end is characterized by serious and earnest—and often longhaired—young women. Rather than taking the obvious route of relating this change to the political changes in Germany, most importantly the rise of the Nazis, this article argues that the changing representation of interwar femininity in Germany was always embedded in a transnational, transatlantic process. The transformation of flappers into humble girls started well before the Nazis came to power and was fueled by a wide variety of voices, from communist to bourgeois actors.
Forty-two years of computer-assisted language learning research: A scientometric study of hotspot research and trending issues
Authors: Mohsen Mohammed Ali , Althebi Sultan , Alsagour Rawan , Alsalem Albatool , Almudawi Amjad , Alshahrani Abdulaziz 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFor years, computer-assisted language learning (CALL) has thrived as an interdisciplinary subfield, linking applied linguistics and educational technology. Despite its significance and a number of syntheses, CALL research has not yet undergone a comprehensive scientometric synthesis. This study synthesizes CALL research over a period of 42 years by employing a scientometric analysis of sources and document co-citation analyses. Scopus was used to retrieve original articles with a timespan limit from 1980 to 2021. Our records identified 4,631 articles representing CALL-based research, which were published in 63 peer-reviewed journals and collectively contained 186,589 references. The findings indicate that CALL research is supported by robust theoretical frameworks, grounded in socio-cultural and second language acquisition theories. Our research findings have revealed several significant clusters of interest within the realm of CALL, with a pronounced focus on writing among CALL scholars. Additionally, the study identified emerging research areas such as mobile-assisted language learning, synchronous computer-mediated communication, and data-driven learning in CALL literature. Notably, “CALL-core” journals exhibited high productivity, with Language Learning & Technology, Computer Assisted Language Learning, and Computers & Education standing out as top-ranked journals in terms of the Hirsch index (h-index) and co-citation. Suggestions for future research are outlined in the conclusion.