bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Music in the Holocaust
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Music in the Holocaust Shirli Gilbert provides the first large-scale, critical account of the role of music amongst communities imprisoned under Nazism. She documents a wide scope of musical activities, ranging from orchestras and chamber groups to choirs, theatres, communal sing-songs, and cabarets, in some of the most important internment centres in Nazi-occupied Europe, including Auschwitz and the Warsaw and Vilna ghettos. Gilbert is also concerned with exploring the ways in which music - particularly the many songs that were preserved - contribute to our broader understanding of the Holocaust and the experiences of its victims. Music in the Holocaust is, at its core, a social history, taking as its focus the lives of individuals and communities imprisoned under Nazism. Music opens a unique window on to the internal world of those communities, offering insight into how they understood, interpreted, and responded to their experiences at the time.
Hume on Causation: The Projectivist Interpretation
Authors: Beebee Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hume’s views on causation are notoriously hard to pin down. The traditional interpretation takes Hume to be a naive regularity theorist: one event a causes another, b, just if a is prior to and contiguous with b. and events similar to a are constantly conjoined with events similar to b. Causation, on this view, just is regular association: there is no ‘tie’ or connection of any sort between a and b. The traditional interpretation of Hume has, of course, spawned an entire philosophical tradition, running from the logical positivists, through Quine, Davidson, and others, to David Lewis’s thesis of’ Humean supervenience’ (‘Humean’ because Lewis, in line vvith the traditional interpretation, regards Hume as a ‘denier of necessary connections’ (1986, p. ix)), and the industry of providing a reductive analysis of causation.
Medicine and Magic in Elizabethan London
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simon Forman (1552-1611) is one of London's most infamous astrologers. He stood apart from the medical elite because he was not formally educated and because he represented, and boldly asserted, medical ideas that were antithetical to those held by most learned physicians. He survived the plague, was consulted thousands of times a year for medical and other questions, distilled strong waters made from beer, herbs, and sometimes chemical ingredients, pursued the philosopher's stone in experiments and ancient texts, and when he was fortunate spoke with angels. He wrote compulsively, documenting his life and protesting his expertise in thousands of pages of notes and treatises. This highly readable book provides the first full account of Forman's papers, makes sense of his notorious reputation, and vividly recovers the world of medicine and magic in Elizabethan London.
From a few sounds to many words
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We need to grapple with a question that is easy to pose but hard to answer: Why did audible languages become dominant over visible languages? People who, because of deafness, cannot use a spoken language are able to develop sign languages that appear to be every bit as rich and as Flexible as the spoken languages of the majority. Spoken languages and signed languages each have their own special advantages, but both can be used for the same purposes. Animals, too, communicate with both visible gestures and with audible calls and cries. Yet in spite of their apparent equivalence, hearing people always choose spoken words in preference to gestured signs.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A battered pith helmet, a khaki pack, a canteen, and a shovel were kept in the garage of the house in Long Beach, California, where I grew up. They belonged to my step-great grandfather, James ‘Dada Jim’ Allan (1888—1950). An immigrant from Belfast, he joined the American Red Cross in 1915. When, two years later, the United States declared war he was inducted into federal service and served with the 101st Trench Mortar Battery as a Medical Sergeant (2821). His demobilization papers record the ‘battles, engagements, skirmishes, expeditions’ in which Jim Allan was involved: Chemin des Dames; Bois Brule (Apremont); Jury Woods; the 2nd Battle of the Marne (18 July—4 August 1918); the St Mihiel Offensive (Les Eparges); and the Battle of the Meuse (Bois d’Haumont, Bois d’Ormont, Bois Belleau). On 10 May 1918, he was gassed at Bois Brule (Apremont), and was subsequently awarded the Purple Heart. I never met Jim Allan; I know him only by the military memorabilia of his time in France and by photographs.
Before the Lamps Went Out: The Social and Literary Background of the Great War
Authors: Potter Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary responses of British women to the First World War can and should be put into an ideological and historical framework: the ways in which they represented their experiences in their novels and memoirs were mediated and informed by their learned values, earlier reading habits, and the social atmosphere in which they were raised. Although it is not possible to establish whether particular women read specific magazines or novels, an examination of representative texts illuminates the kinds of concerns, language, and themes that dominated the writing of the decade or so before the Great War. The Second Anglo-Boer War (1899—1902), in particular, provides models for the literary representations of the later war.
Putting Things in Their Right Places’:The War in Romance Novels
Authors: Potter Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She spoke in a low appealing voice, pressing up against him, as though she begged the soul in him that had been momentarily unconscious of her, to come back to her. He laughed, and the vision before his eyes broke up. ‘Darling, it’s adorable now to be a woman! How I shall think of you, when I’m out there away from all the grime and the horror sitting by this lake, and looking as you do now. ‘Will you ever have time to think of me George?’ She bent towards him. ‘Well, not when I’m going over the parapet to attack the Boches. Honestly, one thinks of nothing then but how one can get one’s men across. But you won’t come off badly, my little Nell for thoughts night or day. And you mustn’t think of us too sentimentally. It’s quite true that men write wonderful letters and wonderful verse too men of all ranks things you’d never dream they could write. I’ve got a little pocket- book full that I’ve collected.
I Alone am Left to Tell the Tale Memoirs by Women on Active Service
Authors: Potter Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is quite impossible to keep pace with all the new incarnations of women in war-time—’bus-conductress, ticket-collector, lift- girl, club waitress, post-woman, bank clerk, motor-driver, farm-labourer, guide, munition maker. There is nothing new in the function of the ministering angel: the myriad nurses in hospital here or abroad are only carrying out, though in greater numbers than ever before, what has always been women’s mission. But whenever he sees one of these new citizens, or hears fresh stories of their address and ability, Mr. Punch is proud and delighted. Perhaps in the past, even in the present, he may have been, or even still is, a little given to chaff Englishwomen for some of their foibles, and even their aspirations. But he never doubted how splendid they were at heart; he never for a moment supposed they would be anything but ready and keen when the hour of need struck.
Introduction
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1880s, one of Beirut’s flourishing printing presses published the first six volumes of a monumental Arabic encyclopedia: Da’irat al-ma’arif, composed by Butrus al-BustanI. In the fifth volume, the city’s most prolific nineteenth-century writer and influential public intellectual dedicated ten pages to the long history of Beirut. The encyclopedia entry, which culminates in lists of architectural landmarks and demographic details, not only informs the reader of Beirut’s coordinates in the global grid of latitudes and longitudes, in the Arabic alphabetical order ‘Bayrut’ also ranges between the entries for Peru (Bayru) and Perugia (Bayruja). In a world of words, the city of Beirut had entered the academic stage of urban representations. In the Beirut entry of Da’irat al-ma’arif the entire history of the Eastern Mediterranean and Greater Syria-or Bilad al-Sham-is told as the story of the changing fortunes of this city.
The Intermediary Bourgeoisie and Municipal Politics
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Le réglement organique du nouveau cerde municipal de Beyrouth ... a été presque entierèment copié sur celui de Pera.’ Thus begins the first assessment of the newly created municipal council in Beirut in 1868. Its two authors, George Laurella and Edmond de Perthuis, were to occupy municipal posts until the 1877 law on provincial municipalities restricted membership of the council to Ottoman subjects. The report of these two European business-men-the former Austrian, the latter French-was full of praise for their local colleagues on the council, which was ‘composed of enlightened and highly spirited men. They capture all that is good for this city and country in this new institution that represents a new step on the road to reform and progress.
Provincial Architecture and Imperial Commemoration
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monumental imperishability bears the stamp of the will to power. The last chapter ended with a discussion of Khalil Jibran’s unusual sketch for a ‘Syrian Opera of Beirut’. It may never have wielded any influence on Beirut’s urban fabric but the American experience of another Lebanese public figure was to provide a more lasting effect on Beirut’s architectural culture. Yusuf Aftimos (1866-1952), the leading Lebanese architect and urban planner in the first half of the twentieth century brought Ottoman architectural revivalism from Istanbul and the world exhibitions to Beirut at the end of the nineteenth century. This revival movement had multiple roots and took circuitous routes before it came to dominate Beirut’s public constructions in the last two decades of Ottoman rule.
Seven Years that Changed the World
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A rigorously argued and lively interpretation of the transformation of the Soviet system, the disintegration of the Soviet state, the end of the Cold War, and the role of Mikhail Gorbachev. Written by a leading authority on Soviet politics, this thoroughly researched book draws on new archival sources and puts perestroika in fresh perspective. Perestroika began as an attempt by a minority within the leadership of the Communist Party to reform the Soviet system. The decisive role was played by the new General Secretary, Mikhail Gorbachev. Perestroika (reconstruction) developed into an attempt to move from Communism to competitive elections and a market economy of a social democratic type. This 'revolution from above' had profound consequences, both intended and unintended. The latter included the dissolution of the Soviet state. Four of the ten chapters were written in 'real time' - in the second half of the 1980s while perestroika was still underway. The other six chapters provide an up-to-date discussion of such important issues as the stimuli to perestroika, its intellectual origins and development, its influence on other countries and their influence on developments in the Soviet Union, and the ending of the Cold War. Archie Brown takes issue with a number of popular interpretations of perestroika - and of the end of the Cold War - and draws on new archival sources in a book which is both clearly and vigorously argued and well documented.
Reconstructing the Soviet Political System
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to put into context the remarkably bold attempts of the Gorbachev era to reform the Soviet political system. That means considering both the extent to which the Soviet system had already changed over time and the nature of the system Gorbachev inherited. In this way it should become clearer how the concept of political reform and actual political change under Gorbachev differ from past chapters of Soviet history.
The Soviet political system has undergone several changes, inasmuch as the powers of particular institutions have varied from one period to another. Thus, from approximately 1934 until his death in 1953, Stalin was probably more powerful than the rest of the Politburo put together. That was not the case in the 1920s, nor has any one of Stalin’s successors wielded such absolute power. Khrushchev did on occasion make policy without adequate consultation with his colleagues, and sometimes acted as if the First Secretary of the Central Committee (as the General Secretary’s post was known then) was not bound by any norms of collective responsibility. However, this style of rule—as well as the combination of the post of first secretary with the chairmanship of the Council of Ministers of the USSR—was part of his undoing. He became the first, and thus far the only, leader of the Soviet Communist Party whose political demise preceded his earthly one.
Character Before Content
Authors: Pietroski Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speakers can use sentences to make assertions. Theorists who reflect on this truism often say that sentences have linguistic meanings, and that assertions have propositional contents. But how are meanings related to contents? Are meanings less dependent on the environment? Are contents more independent of language? These are large questions, which must be understood partly in terms of the phenomena that lead theorists to use words like ‘meaning’ and ‘content’, sometimes in nonstandard ways. Opportunities for terminological confusion thus abound when talking about the relations among semantics, pragmatics, and truth.
Stalnaker and Indexical Belief
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you asked me why I am going to campus I might say, ‘‘I have a class to teach in half an hour.’’ I might add, if your question makes me doubt my own grasp on my schedule, ‘‘At least I believe I have a class to teach in half an hour.’’ In the first case I would have expressed my belief, and in the second case reported it. In both cases it would have been decidedly odd to use my name instead of the indexical ‘‘I’’. If I had said, ‘‘John Perry has a class to teach,’’ or ‘‘I believe John Perry has a class to teach,’’ it would have sounded like there must be some other John Perry who is going to hold a class I want to attend. Or perhaps I would have merely sounded self-important, like President de Gaulle did (with considerable justification) when he used to talk about himself in the third person.
The Language of Donation
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language used to record the making of gifts in these tenth-century Spanish texts is often brief and simple but it is also often very elaborate, and laced with pious explanations; in extreme cases it can be very convoluted. That may at first sight appear problematic but it is, on the contrary, rather helpful: while the genre is undoubtedly formulaic, there is a great wealth of different forms within these records; to dismiss this kind of writing as simply formulaic would miss a key to one level of understanding of process and relationships.1 The range of language deployed has to be taken into account and its significance explored.
Translation and Transference since 1932
Authors: Bradley Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was only after the Second World War that Die Mutterreached a truly worldwide audience, and only in the 1970s and 1980s that it became popular among politicized theatres in England and Scandinavia. For these two reasons, this chapter is an appropriate point at which to focus on the play’s international reception and the problems of translation and transference. Although this approach interrupts my chronological discussion of German stagings, it actually continues my analysis of performance as a response to politico-cultural context by considering how, and how far, foreign-language productions have negotiated the differences between their audiences, Brecht’s German text, and its Russian subject-matter. Methodologically, my approach accords with the comparatively recent shift in emphasis in Translation Studies from linguistic transcoding to cultural transference. Following this ‘cultural turn’, most theorists now see the relationship between a text and its translations as culturally and historically conditioned. Indeed, Susan Bassnett and André Lefevere have even argued that translators sometimes need to avoid ‘faithful’ renditions in order to reach their target audiences.
A Short Introduction
Authors: Beall JC , Armour-Garb Bradley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typical introductory essays aim to do one of two things (or both): either provide a synopsis of the individual essays or provide suffcient background material for the essays. This introductory essay is atypical. The essays in this volume are self-contained, for the most part, and the relevant background material is covered elsewhere.
The Garden as Epiphany
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The meaning of The Garden, if there is one, is what exemplary gardens exemplify. The Garden is appropriate to what it means through exemplifying it. Such was the thought announced at the end of the previous chapter and the one I develop in the present chapter. First, however, some further remarks on exemplification and related notions. Nelson Goodman, from whom I have borrowed the terminology, tends to provide fairly sober examples of this mode of meaning: the swatch that exemplifies its own colour, the painting that exemplifies a certain style, and so on.
Brighton
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greene originally thought that Brighton Rock would be an ‘entertainment’. He changed his mind before the book was published, though not in time to stop the first American edition from being so described on the title page. Its roots in popular fiction are evident, both the classical detective story and the tough, fast-moving thriller on the American model. It also provides a mode of fictional mass- observation; it is immersed in the social behaviour and the sights, sounds and smells of Brighton on a few days of early summer in the mid-1930s. And it is the first of his novels to introduce overtly Catholic themes; among other things it is a moral fable about sin and damnation.
The Greene Man
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greene liked putting the word ‘man’ in his titles: The Man Within, The Third Man, Our Man in Havana, The Tenth Man, No Man’s Land. In this spirit Marie-Françoise Allain called her collection of inter- views with him The Other Man and the first chapter ‘The Secret Man’. I continue the tradition in the title of this chapter, which gestures towards Greene’s interest in things that are green, and in persons named Green or Greene. Specifically, it recalls the Green Man, the pub in It’s a Battlefield where Conder meets the policeman Patmore. Maurice Bendrix is the first of the clearly identifiable Greene Men, though there are hints of them in D. and Arthur Rowe and Henry Scobie. Indeed, Norman Sherry, who loses no opportunity to identify Greene and his characters, remarks exaggeratedly that Scobie ‘is almost a clone of Greene himself ‘. Like many of Greene’s characters, Scobie is deeply weary and longs for peace; but he lacks the world-weariness, the cynicism, the experience with women, and the sexual jealousy that belongs to the fully-formed Greene Man. I am indebted to Sherry for pointing me towards this concept, even though I deplore his readiness to reduce novels to the raw material of biography.
How are Objective Epistemic Reasons Possible?
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epistemic relativism has the contemporary academy in its grip. Not merely in the United States, but seemingly everywhere, most scholars working in the humanities and the social sciences seem to subscribe to some form of it. Even where the label is repudiated, the view is embraced. Sometimes the relativism in question concerns truth, sometimes justification. The core impulse appears to be a relativism about knowledge. The suspicion is widespread that what counts as knowledge in one cultural, or broadly ideological, setting need not count as knowledge in another.
Blind Reasoning
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
abstract The paper asks under what conditions deductive reasoning transmits justification from its premises to its conclusion. It argues that both standard externalist and standard internalist accounts of this phenomenon fail. The nature of this failure is taken to indicate the way forward: basic forms of deductive reasoning must justify by being instances of ‘blind but blameless’ reasoning. Finally, the paper explores the suggestion that an inferentialist account of the logical constants can help explain how such reasoning is possible.
Physicalist Theories of Color
Authors: Boghossian Paul A , Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dispute between realists about color and anti-realists is actually a dispute about the nature of color properties. The disputants do not disagree over what material objects are like. Rather, they disagree over whether any of the uncontroversial facts about material objects—their powers to cause visual experiences, their dispositions to reflect incident light, their atomic makeup, and so on—amount to their having colors. The disagreement is thus about which properties colors are and, in particular, whether colors are any of the properties in a particular set that is acknowledged on both sides to exhaust the properties of material objects.
Feminist Distributive Justice and the Relevance of Equal Relations
Authors: Barclay Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What should feminists expect from a theory of distributive justice? While there are some powerful feminist critiques of distributive justice, there are few welldeveloped, feminist-inspired alternatives (Fraser 1995; Phillips 2004; Young 1990). Elizabeth Anderson’s ‘democratic equality’ stands as one of the most significant conceptions of distributive justice congenial from, and partly motivated by, a feminist perspective (1999).
Liberty, Liability, and Contractualism
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most egalitarians accept that a just society would not only require its members to share fairly in each other’s fortunes and misfortunes but also empower them to decide various aspects of their lives for themselves. Egalitarians face consequent questions about the relevant types of luck as well as the contours of the pertinent decision-making liberties. They also face questions about how to assign liability for the costs and benefits generated when individuals exercise those liberties. For illustration, consider some issues concerning luck, liberty, and liability raised by procreation. Egalitarians need to decide whether treatment for involuntarily infertile individuals should be publicly funded because of its impact on their welfare, or resources, or capabilities. They also need to decide whether there are any limits on parents’ rights to decide the size of their families, and the extent to which the costs of reproductive choices should be borne by parents alone (Casal and Williams 2004).