bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856–1991
Authors: Kaplan Alexey , Cane Mark A. , Kushnir Yochanan , Clement Amy C. , Blumenthal M. Benno , Rajagopalan Balaji 
Published: February 2004

Global analyses of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from 1856 to 1991 are produced using three statistically based methods: optimal smoothing (OS), the Kaiman filter (KF) and optimal interpolation (OI). Each of these is accompanied by estimates of the error covariance of the analyzed fields. The spatial covariance function these methods require is estimated from the available data; the timemarching model is a first‐order autoregressive model again estimated from data. The data input for the analyses are monthly anomalies from the United Kingdom Meteorological Office historical sea surface temperature data set (MOHSST5) [Parker et al., 1994] of the Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas (GOSTA) [Bottomley et al., 1990].These analyses are compared with each other, with GOSTA, and with an analysis generated by projection (P) onto a set of empirical orthogonal functions (as in Smith et al. [1996]). In theory, the quality of the analyses should rank in the order OS, KF, OI, P, and GOSTA. It is found that the first four give comparable results in the data‐rich periods (1951–1991), but at times when data is sparse the first three differ significantly from P and GOSTA. At these times the latter two often have extreme and fluctuating values, prima facie evidence of error. The statistical schemes are also verified against data not used in any of the analyses (proxy records derived from corals and air temperature records from coastal and island stations). We also present evidence that the analysis error estimates are indeed indicative of the quality of the products. At most times the OS and KF products are close to the OI product, but at times of especially poor coverage their use of information from other times is advantageous.The methods appear to reconstruct the major features of the global SST field from very sparse data. Comparison with other indications of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation cycle show that the analyses provide usable information on interannual variability as far back as the 1860s.
Propagation effect on field waveforms in relation to time‐of‐arrival technique in lightning location
Authors: Honma N. , Suzuki F. , Miyake Y. , Ishii M. , Hidayat S. 
Published: February 2004

The propagation effect on electromagnetic pulses associated with negative return strokes is evaluated from data observed by direction finders for lightning location equipped with GPS clocks. Nine direction finders constitute a network in the northern part of the Honshu Island of Japan, which locates lightning by a method combining the direction finding and the time‐of‐arrival (TOA) technique. The delay of the peak of an electromagnetic pulse was evaluated to be negligible in propagation over seawater for distances less than 300 km, and its average was about 1.8 μs in the east‐west propagation over land for the distance of about 130 km. The timing error of 1.8 μs may cause maximum location error of about 0.5 km within a TOA lightning‐location network, and larger error is anticipated outside of the network. The evaluated propagation delay in this area corresponds to the average ground conductivity of about 0.003 S/m, except for the southwest part with slightly lower conductivity of about 0.002 S/m. These findings were confirmed by an analysis based on ground‐truth data obtained by still cameras equipped with precise clocks. The measured delay in the north‐south propagation corresponded to the average ground conductivity of about 0.003 S/m.The estimated arrival time of an electromagnetic pulse, based on the arrival time of the peak and the trigger time, gives smaller delay than the simple arrival time of the peak, but the difference is not significant. It would be better to compensate the peak time by evaluating the propagation effect in obtaining an estimate of the arrival time, to improve the accuracy of lightning location by using the TOA technique.
Primary infantile glaucoma in an Australian population
Authors: MacKinnon Jane R , Giubilato Antonio , Elder James E , Craig Jamie E , Mackey David A 
Published: February 2004

Abstract Background: Primary infantile glaucoma presents rarely, but can be responsible for significant visual morbidity. There is little information on the clinical features and visual outcome of a pure population of primary infantile glaucoma, as opposed to a mixed population of primary and secondary glaucoma or combined group of those with trabeculodysgenesis and iridotrabeculodysgenesis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of children with primary infantile glaucoma seen in south‐eastern Australia between 1980 and 2000, using The Royal Children's Hospital ophthalmic diagnostic coding database. Results: Fifty‐one patients with primary infantile glaucoma were identified (83 eyes). This equates to an estimated incidence of approximately 1 in 30 000 births. The mean ± SD age at presentation was 135 ± 84 days. ‘Burnt‐out’ disease (megalocornea without raised intraocular pressure) was diagnosed in 10.8%. Goniotomy was the most commonly performed surgical procedure (69.4% of 72 eyes). Surgical success with one or two goniotomies was achieved in 74% of eyes. Visual outcomes at final review were generally good with 61.8% reading 6/12 or better. There were a disproportionately high number of children having a final recorded acuity of <6/60 in the group diagnosed in the first 3 months of life. Conclusions: Primary infantile glaucoma is a rare ocular condition in this population that presents at a mean age of 4.4 months. Surgical and visual outcomes are generally favourable.
Clinical Case Notes
Authors: Kleinschmidt Andrew , Sullivan Timothy J , Mitchell Ken 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAngiographically documented aneurysms of the intraorbital ophthalmic artery are extremely rare. Two cases are presented of intra­orbital ophthalmic artery aneurysms, both associated with arteriovenous malformation (AVM). There have only been isolated reports documenting this combination of vascular anomalies. In the first case, the aneurysm was treated conservatively and in the second case, after staging angiography and interventional embolization, the aneurysm was removed along with the associated AVM. The clinical presentation, pathogenesis and management of this rare combination of vascular anomalies is briefly discussed.
Oxidation of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH5A)
Authors: Murphy Tonya C. , Amarnath Venkataraman , Gibson K. Michael , Picklo Sr Matthew J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractElevated levels of 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐nonenal (HNE) are implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Although well‐characterized in the periphery, the mechanisms of detoxification of HNE in the CNS are unclear. HNE is oxidized to a non‐toxic metabolite in the rat cerebral cortex by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs). Two possible ALDH enzymes which might oxidize HNE in CNS mitochondria are ALDH2 and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH/ALDH5A). It was previously established that hepatic ALDH2 can oxidize HNE. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that SSADH oxidizes HNE. SSADH is critical in the detoxification of the GABA metabolite, succinic semialdehyde (SSA). Recombinant rat SSADH oxidized HNE and other α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. Inhibition and competition studies in rat brain mitochondria showed that SSADH was the predominant oxidizing enzyme for HNE but only contributed a portion of the total oxidizing activity in liver mitochondria. In vivo administration of diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDC) effectively inhibited (86%) ALDH2 activity but not HNE oxidation in liver mitochondria. The data suggest that a relationship between the detoxification of SSA and the neurotoxic aldehyde HNE exists in the CNS. Furthermore, these studies show that multiple hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenases are able to oxidize HNE.
Proteasomal inhibition causes the formation of protein aggregates containing a wide range of proteins, including nitrated proteins
Authors: Hyun Dong‐Hoon , Lee MoonHee , Halliwell Barry , Jenner Peter 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMutations in Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD‐1) are associated with some familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but it is not known how they result in cell death. We examined effects of overexpression of wild‐type SOD‐1 or the G37R or G85R mutations on the accumulation of ubiquitinated and nitrated proteins, and on loss of cell viability induced by the proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin. Wild‐type SOD‐1 had no effect on proteasomal activity, but the mutants decreased it somewhat. Treatment with lactacystin (1 µm) caused only limited cell viability loss, even though it induced a marked inhibition of proteasomal activities. However, viability loss due to apoptosis was substantial in response to lactacystin when cells were overexpressing a mutant SOD‐1. The frequency of cells showing immunoreactivity against ubiquitinated‐ or nitrated‐proteins was enhanced when wild‐type and mutant SOD‐1 s were overexpressed. Ubiquitinated or nitrated α‐tubulin, SOD‐1, α‐synuclein and 68K neurofilaments were observed in the aggregates. Similar aggregates were observed in cells overexpressing mutant parkin (Del3–5, T240R and Q311′X). The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor,l‐NAME, decreased viability loss and aggregation, suggesting that nitration of proteins may play an important role in aggregation and in the cell death accompanying it.
Prevention of NMDA‐induced death of cortical neurons by inhibition of protein kinase Cζ
Authors: Koponen Susanna , Kurkinen Kaisa , Åkerman Karl E. O. , Rosen Daria Mochly , Chan Pak H. , Koistinaho Jari 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExcitotoxicity through stimulation of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors contributes to neuronal death in brain injuries, including stroke. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in NMDA excitotoxicity. We have used specific peptide inhibitors of classical PKCs (α, β, and γ), novel PKCs δ and ε, and an atypical PKCζ in order to delineate which subspecies are involved in NMDA‐induced cell death. Neuronal cell cultures were prepared from 15‐day‐old mouse embryos and plated onto the astrocytic monolayer. After 2 weeks in vitro the neurons were exposed to 100 µm NMDA for 5 min, and 24 h later the cell viability was examined by measuring the lactate dehydrogenase release and bis‐benzimide staining. While inhibitors directed to classical (α, β, and γ) or novel PKCs (δ or ε) had no effect, the PKCζ inhibitor completely prevented the NMDA‐induced necrotic neuronal death. Confocal microscopy confirmed that NMDA induced PKCζ translocation, which was blocked by the PKCζ inhibitor. The NMDA‐induced changes in intracellular free Ca2+ were not affected by the peptides. In situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that PKCζ mRNA is induced in the cortex after focal brain ischemia. Altogether, the results indicate that PKCζ activation is a downstream signal in NMDA‐induced death of cortical neurons.
Opposite regulation by typical and atypical anti‐psychotics of ERK1/2, CREB and Elk‐1 phosphorylation in mouse dorsal striatum
Authors: Pozzi Laura , Håkansson Kerstin , Usiello Alessandro , Borgkvist Anders , Lindskog Maria , Greengard Paul , Fisone Gilberto 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe two mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), are involved in the control of gene expression via phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factors cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and Elk‐1. Here, we have examined the effect of haloperidol and clozapine, two anti‐psychotic drugs, and eticlopride, a selective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, on the state of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, CREB and Elk‐1, in the mouse dorsal striatum. Administration of the typical anti‐psychotic haloperidol stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, CREB and Elk‐1. Virtually identical results were obtained using eticlopride. In contrast, the atypical anti‐psychotic clozapine reduced ERK1/2, CREB and Elk‐1 phosphorylation. This opposite regulation was specifically exerted by haloperidol and clozapine on ERK, CREB, and Elk‐1 phosphorylation, as both anti‐psychotic drugs increased the phosphorylation of the dopamine‐ and cyclic AMP‐regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP‐32) at the cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) site. The activation of CREB and Elk‐1 induced by haloperidol appeared to be achieved via different signalling pathways, as inhibition of ERK1/2 activation abolished the stimulation of Elk‐1 phosphorylation without affecting CREB phosphorylation. This study shows that haloperidol and clozapine induce distinct patterns of phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum. The results provide a novel biochemical paradigm elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the distinct therapeutic actions of typical and atypical anti‐psychotic agents.
Angiotensin AT4 ligands are potent, competitive inhibitors of insulin regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP)
Authors: Lew Rebecca A. , Mustafa Tomris , Ye Siying , McDowall Sharon G. , Chai Siew Yeen , Albiston Anthony L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAngiotensin IV (Ang IV) exerts profound effects on memory and learning, a phenomenon ascribed to its binding to a specific AT4 receptor. However the AT4 receptor has recently been identified as the insulin‐regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). In this study, we demonstrate that AT4 receptor ligands, including Ang IV, Nle1‐Ang IV, divalinal‐Ang IV, and the structurally unrelated LVV‐hemorphin‐7, are all potent inhibitors of IRAP catalytic activity, as assessed by cleavage of leu‐β‐naphthylamide by recombinant human IRAP. Both Ang IV and divalinal–Ang IV display competitive kinetics, indicating that AT4 ligands mediate their effects by binding to the catalytic site of IRAP. The AT4 ligands also displaced [125I]‐Nle1‐Ang IV or [125I]‐divalinal1‐Ang IV from IRAP‐HEK293T membranes with high affinity, which was up to 200‐fold greater than in the catalytic assay; this difference was not consistent among the peptides, and could not be ascribed to ligand degradation. Although some AT4 ligands were subject to minor cleavage by HEK293T membranes, none were substrates for IRAP. Of a range of peptides tested, only vasopressin, oxytocin, and met‐enkephalin were rapidly cleaved by IRAP. We propose that the physiological effects of AT4 ligands result, in part, from inhibition of IRAP cleavage of neuropeptides involved in memory processing.
Estrogen‐dependent alterations in D2/D3‐induced G protein activation in cocaine‐sensitized female rats
Authors: Febo Marcelo , González‐Rodríguez Loida A. , Capó‐Ramos David E. , González‐Segarra Naggai Y. , Segarra Annabell C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEstrogen potentiates behavioral sensitization to cocaine in the female rat by mechanisms that remain undetermined. In this study, functional receptor autoradiography was used to investigate estrogen modulation of D2/D3 receptor‐induced G protein activation in components of the reward pathway of female rats treated acutely and repeatedly with cocaine. Rats were ovariectomized and given an empty (OVX group) or estradiol benzoate‐filled (OVX‐EB group) implant. After a week, animals received a daily saline or cocaine injection (15 mg/kg, i.p.) for 5 days, and again on day 13. Animals were killed, and brains were removed and cryosectioned. D2/D3‐stimulated [35S]guanosine 5′‐(γ‐thio) triphosphate (GTPγS) binding was assessed in the cingulate cortex area 2 (Cg2), striatum (STR), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). OVX‐EB rats showed more [35S]GTPγS binding in the Cg2 and lower binding in the VTA than OVX rats; in the VTA this effect was reversed by a single cocaine injection. Repeated cocaine administration had opposite effects in OVX and OVX‐EB rats. [35S]GTPγS binding was decreased in the Cg2, NAc and STR of OVX‐EB rats, and increased in OVX rats. The present results support the hypothesis that cocaine‐induced changes in D2/D3 receptor activation are regulated by estrogen. These data suggest that changes in D2/D3 receptor function represent one mechanism by which estrogen regulates behavioral sensitization to cocaine.
Proteolipid plasmolipin: localization in polarized cells, regulated expression and lipid raft association in CNS and PNS myelin
Authors: Bosse Frank , Hasse Birgit , Pippirs Ulrich , Greiner‐Petter Regine , Müller Hans‐Werner 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe proteolipid plasmolipin is member of the expanding group of tetraspan (4TM) myelin proteins. Initially, plasmolipin was isolated from kidney plasma membranes, but subsequent northern blot analysis revealed highest expression in the nervous system. To gain more insight into the functional roles of plasmolipin, we have generated a plasmolipin‐specific polyclonal antibody. Immunohistochemical staining confirms our previous observation of glial plasmolipin expression and proves plasmolipin localization in the compact myelin of rat peripheral nerve and myelinated tracts of the CNS. Western blot analysis indicates a strong temporal correlation of plasmolipin expression and (re‐) myelination in the PNS and CNS. However, following axotomy plasmolipin expression is also recovered in non‐regenerating distal nerve stumps. In addition, we detected plasmolipin expression in distinct neuronal subpopulations of the CNS. The observed asymmetric distribution of plasmolipin in compact myelin, as well as in epithelial cells of kidney and stomach, indicates a polarized cellular localization. Therefore, we purified myelin from the CNS and PNS and demonstrated an enrichement of phosphorylated plasmolipin protein in detergent‐insoluble lipid raft fractions, suggesting selective targeting of plasmolipin to the myelin membranes. The present data indicate that the proteolipid plasmolipin is a structural component of apical membranes of polarized cells and provides the basis for further functional analysis.
Vapor Species of the Barium-Oxygen System
Authors: Newbury Ray S. , Barton George W. , Searcy Alan W. 
Published: February 2004

Mass-spectrometric and vacuum-thermobalance studies of barium oxide between 1365° and 1917°K yield for the equilibrium pressure of BaO gas, logPatm = − 22610 / T + 7.90.
The enthalpy for the reaction BaO(a) = BaO(g) was calculated to be ΔH°298 = 110.9 ± 2.8 kcal / mole by the second-law method. The third-law date are consistent with this value if a 3Π state is assumed to be at or near (within a few hundred cm−1) the ground state of BaO(g).
The heat of sublimation of the dimer Ba2O2(g) was found from the mass-spectrometer study to be about 142 kcal/mole and the heat of the reaction BaO(g) + Ba(g) = Ba2O(g) was found to be − 73 ± 15 kcal/mole at 1800°K. No reaction of barium oxide at 1800°K with O2(g) at pressures up to 10−3 atm was detected.
The hydrated proton H+(H2O)n. I. A single crystal neutron diffraction study of the oxonium ion in p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate, H3O+CH3C6H4SO3−
Authors: Lundgren Jan-Olof , Williams Jack M. 
Published: February 2004

The pyramidal nonplanar conformation of the oxonium ion has been confirmed in the first single crystal neutron diffraction study of a salt containing discrete H3O+ cations in an isolated state, p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (H3O+CH3C6H4SO3−). All H atoms have been located to high precision and the cation has molecular dimensions O–H=1.011(8) (the numbers within parentheses here and throughout the paper are the estimated standard deviations in the least significant digits), 1.013(8), and 1.008(8) Å with H–O–H angles of 110.7(5), 109.2(5), and 111.2(5)°. The oxygen atom is 0.322(4) Å out of the plane of the three hydrogen atoms. Although unrestricted by crystal symmetry, the ion has essentially C3ν symmetry. O–H separations are characteristic of those found in similarly strongly H-bonded systems where the O...O separations are fairly short at 2.53 Å.
The structure was determined using 1732 independent three-dimensional intensities measured using a neutron wavelength of 1.142 Å. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with unit-cell dimensions (x ray) a=5.881, b=7.432, c=20.085 Å, and β = 97.95°. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures, using anisotropic thermal parameters for all atoms, to an R(F2) of 0.067.
Behavioral and endocrinological evaluation of music therapy for elderly patients with dementia
Authors: Suzuki Mizue , Kanamori Masao , Watanabe Motoko , Nagasawa Shingo , Kojima Emi , Ooshiro Hajime , Nakahara Daiichirou 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe present study investigated the effectiveness of music therapy for dementia patients using endocrinological and behavioral evaluations. The study comprised 10 patients with senile dementia who received music therapy; six had Alzheimer's dementia and four had vascular dementia. Music therapy was performed twice a week for 8 consecutive weeks (16 sessions). As a result, total scores on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) did not significantly change, but the scores of a subscale, ‘language’, improved significantly. According to the Multidimensional Observation Scale For Elderly Subjects (MOSES), scores for ‘irritability’ decreased significantly. Regarding changes in salivary chromogranin A (CgA) levels, the average was significantly decreased before session 16 compared to after this. These results suggest that the combination of endocrinological measurements, behavioral evaluations and functional assessment methods are useful in evaluating the effects of music therapy in persons with senile dementia.
Measuring the impact of housing on people with schizophrenia
Authors: Browne Graeme , Courtney Mary 
Published: February 2004

AbstractReview of the available literature, from various countries, on housing options indicates that, for people with a mental illness, boarding houses are the least desirable type of community accommodation and that living in their own home is the most desirable type of accommodation. The present research project provides a more in‐depth examination of people with schizophrenia and the impact of living in their own home compared to living in a boarding house. In this Australian study there were 3231 subjects, 3033 who were living in their own homes and 201 living in boarding house accommodation. The study used two instruments from the Mental Health Classification and Service Cost Project, specifically the Health of the Nation Outcomes Scale, which is a measure of current symptoms, and a shortened version of the Life Skills Profile, which measures global level of functioning. Results indicated that while there were no differences in the level of psychiatric symptoms experienced, people living in boarding houses had less access to social support, meaningful activities and work; they also had a significantly lower level of global functioning. These findings contradict the conventional wisdom that people with schizophrenia resort to living in boarding houses because of their level of disability and highlights an area of potential intervention for community health services.
Effects of nurses’ sex‐role orientation on positive and negative assertion
Authors: J McCartan Patrick , Hargie Owen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe present paper examines how the sex‐role orientation of the nurse can affect both positive and negative assertion. The Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BRSI) and the Assertion Inventory (AI) were used to collect self‐reported data from a convenience sample of 94 subjects. Behavioral data were obtained by directly sampling 50 nurses’ responses within role‐play situations. Contrary to earlier studies, the findings of the investigation indicated that there was no significant relationship between assertion measurements and sex‐role orientation. Following a discussion of the findings, recommendations relating to future research are made and the limitations of the study are identified.