bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a reprint of a book first published by Little, Brown in 1978. George Fletcher is working on a new edition, which will be published by Oxford in three volumes, the first of which is scheduled to appear in January of 2001. Rethinking Criminal Law is still perhaps the most influential and often cited theoretical work on American criminal law. This reprint will keep this classic work available until the new edition can be published.
Syndrome Diagnosis and Investigation in the Hearing-impaired Patient
Authors: Reardon William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among pediatricians, audiological physicians, otolaryngologists, and other non-dysmorphologists, the recognition of a specific syndrome is often assumed to be a reflex reaction on seeing the patient. In my bitter experience, few assumptions could be so factually ill-founded! Those occasional moments of euphoric dizziness when a gestalt (instant recognition) diagnosis is made in the waiting room are quickly submerged by the endless tide of patients whose abundance of distinctive clinical features should, one remorsefully feels, facilitate the identification of an underlying syndrome diagnosis that remains elusively unachievable. Gorlin has acknowledged the special qualities possessed by great diagnosticians and written of an ability “to intuit the answer to a clinical dilemma” (7). These individuals are the exceptions, possessed of a sixth sense. Most clinical geneticists and dysmorphologists approach the diagnosis of dysmorphic syndromes in a semistructured way that combines history taking, clinical examination, specialized investigation, training, intuition, inspiration, and exasperation in different measures according to the nature of the clinical problem represented by the patient in question and the experience and expertise of the clinician. Too often the unsatisfactory outcome of a consultation is the rueful acknowledgement that one does not recognize a syndrome in this case but would know this memorable malformation pattern if encountered in another patient in the future.
Pronoun Envy
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Controversy over gendered pronouns, for example using the generic “he,” has been a staple of feminist arguments about patriarchal language over the last 30 years, and is certainly the most contested political issue in Western feminist linguistics. Most accounts do not extend beyond policy issues like the official institution of non-sexist language. In this volume, Anna Livia reveals continuities both before and after the sexist language refore movement and shows how the creative practices of pronoun use on the part of feminist writers had both aesthetic and political ends. Livia uses the term “pronoun envy” ironically to show that rather being a case of misguided envy, battles over gendered language are central to feminist concerns. Livia examines a broad corpus of written texts in English and French, concentrating on those texts which problematize the traditional functioning of the linguistic gender system. They range from novels and prose poems to film scripts and personal testimonies, and in time from the 19th century to the present. Some withhold any indication of gender; others have non-gendered characters. Livia’s goal is two-fold; to help bridge the divide between linguistic and literary analysis, and to show how careful study of the manipulation of linguistic gender in these texts informs larger concerns. This fresh and highly interdisciplinary work lies at the intersection of several vital areas, including language and gender, sociolinguistics, and feminist literary analysis.
“Avant j’étais un transsexuel, maintenant j’étais une femme”
Authors: Livia Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in our discussion of the linguistic gender system in French and English, we have mainly considered literary texts in which the gender identity of the characters is itself unproblematic. Many of the novels studied are by or about lesbians or bisexual women, adding sexual orientation as an axis of inquiry, but the characters themselves are not usually described as sexually ambiguous. Exceptions to this are Natalie Clifford Barney’s The One Who Is Legion, Brophy’s In Transit, and Ursula K. Le Guin’s The Left Hand of Darkness. The first two are narrated by figures whose gender identity is unorthodox: the narrator of the former is a hermaphrodite, while that of the latter is either-male-or-female. However, the conventions of the genre in which each novel was written—the first symbolist, the second parodic prevent the reader from taking this gender ambiguity at face value.
A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge versus Opportunism
Authors: Conner Kathleen R , Prahalad C K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a resource-based theory of the firm. Its thesis is that the organizational mode through which individuals cooperate affects the knowledge they apply to business activity. For example, Y and Z might face a choice between working together as employees in a firm or completing the same task as independent contractors. There will be a difference in the knowledge that is brought to bear, and hence in their joint productivity, under the two options. This conclusion depends on the straightforward assumption that Y and Z each possess experience, insights, or skills that are to some extent different from those of the other. Tacit knowledge, which can be learned only through personal experience (Polanyi 1962, Nelson and Winter 1982, Nonaka 1994), is an example of know-how that is difficult to transfer ex ante. The difference in the knowledge that is brought to bear, once anticipated, affects the choice of organizational mode itself. Thus, as compared to opportunismbased, transaction-cost theory, we advance a separate (yet complementary) answer to the question, Why do firms exist? As the literature makes increasingly clear, a knowledge-based view is the essence of the resource-based perspective. The central theme emerging in the strategic management resourcebased literature is that privately held knowledge is a basic source of advantage in competition.
Mobilizing Knowledge in lnterorganizational Alliances
Authors: Fischer Harald M , Brown Joyce , Porac Joseph F , Wade James B , DeVaughn, Michael , Kanfer Alaina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of strategic alliances has blossomed over the past several years partly because the diversity of alliance forms and motivations is an interesting problem of classification and explanation. This research has revolved around definitions of alliances that concern the transfer of resources, sharing of governance structures, and the joint accomplishment of individual goals (Parkhe 1991). Inkpen (1998), for example, lists joint ventures, licensing agreements, distribution and supply agreements, research and development partnerships, and technical exchanges as among the multitude of alliance forms which can further be subclassified by governance type (e.g., equity or nonequity arrangements). Similar to alliance forms, researchers have also identified a long list of motives for alliance formation. Varadarajan and Cunningham (1995) argue, for instance, that motives underlying strategic alliance formation include market entry, changes in market structure, resource efficiency, resource acquisition, risk reduction, and skill enhancement. While many of these known motivations for entering alliances are implicitly based on the assumption that learning and information sharing occurs among partner firms, only recently have researchers begun to focus on learning and knowledge transfer processes within strategic alliances (e.g., Inkpen and Dinur 1998, Mowery et al. 1996, Simonin 1999a).
How Does Knowledge Flow? lnterfirm Patterns in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Appleyard Melissa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines interfirm information flows in a knowledge-intensive industry. The study looks beyond assumptions that knowledge simply “spills” across company boundaries to identify and examine the mechanisms by which technical knowledge is disseminated. Survey data on interfirm knowledge transfers in the semiconductor industry are used to explore why patterns of knowledge exchange are different both across industries and across countries. The findings offer a rare account of the primary knowledge sharing vehicles in the semiconductor industry, both in the United States and Japan, and provide a grounding for optimal strategies of knowledge management. The fifth section presents evidence on knowledge sharing drawn from surveys of employees in the semiconductor industry. In contrast to findings from empirical studies of the steel industry, public channels of communication play a central role in the transfer of knowledge in the semiconductor industry. The survey also finds international differences. Semiconductor employees in the United States are approached more frequently for technical information and are more likely to fulfill at least one request per year. However, Japanese workers are more likely to fulfill the majority of requests that they receive. The fieldwork provides a rare account of the primary knowledge sharing mechanisms in the semiconductor industry.
Classification and Description of Nonsyndromic Clefts
Authors: Saal Howard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CUP) and isolated cleft palate (CP), collectively termed oral clefts (OCs), are among the most common birth defects, with a prevalence that ranges between 1 case in every 500 to 1000 newborns. The prevalence of CUP varies according to ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic factors (Croen et al., 1998; Bender, 2000). Native Americans have the highest reported prevalence at birth, with 3.6 CLIP cases per 1000 births. Asians have the second highest prevalence at birth for CUP, with 2.1 cases per 1000 Japanese and 1.7 cases per 1000 Chinese live births (Croen et al., 1998). Gender seems to play a role in the etiology of CUP since males predominate by a 2:1 ratio (Tolarova, 1987). Also, population studies have shown that individuals born in more rural, lower socioeconomic conditions have a higher risk for CLIP compared to ethnically similar groups with a higher socioeconomic status (Chung et al., 1987; Cembrano et al., 1995). The incidence of CP is much less dependent on racial and ethnic factors, being approximately 1 in 2000 live births (Vanderas, 1987; Gorlin et al., 1990). In contrast to CLP, however, there is a female predominance of CP, the ratio being approximately 3:2 females to males (Cohen, 2000).
Morphometric Characteristics of Subjects with Oral Facial Clefts and Their Relatives
Authors: Ward Richard E , Moore Elizabeth S , Hartsfield James K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between cleft lip and palate (CLP) and facial form is widely recognized, frequently studied, and poorly understood. Thus, after nearly a century of research, it remains uncertain which aspects of facial form are related to the primary underlying cause of the cleft and which aspects are secondary to the effects of the cleft or of its repair. Clearly, complete CLP will distort normal facial growth but so may its later surgical repair. It is also suspected that certain facial shapes are more predisposed to developing CLP than others. To address these issues, facial form has been evaluated in three distinct groups of subjects: untreated individuals with oral facial clefts, affected individuals with repaired clefts, and unaffected relatives of individuals with clefts. An astonishing number of studies over the last 50 years have examined one or more of these populations and have generated considerable, frequently conflicting information. Variations in methodology, sample composition, and the degree to which the studies have controlled for differences in cleft type and etiology have made it difficult to generalize from this information. We make no pretense of comprehensively reviewing every one of the several hundred articles written on these topics. Instead, in this chapter, we summarize a select group of key publications and extract from them common themes that represent what is known at the start of a new century of research.
Psychological Care of Children with Cleft Lip and Palate in the Family
Authors: Kapp-Simon Kathleen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birth of a child with a cleft lip with or without palate (CUP) sets in motion a variety of reactions that have significant consequences for the long-term emotional development of the child within his or her family. Although every family is unique, there is a commonality to the experience of responding to the birth of a child with special medical needs that has been frequently described in terms of shock, sadness, fear, grief, guilt, anger, and other types of psychological distress (Clifford and Crocker, 1971; Spriesterbach, 1973; Orotar et al., 1975; Richman and Harper, 1978; Brantley and Clifford, 1979; Stricker et al., 1979; Barden, 1980; Benson and Gross, 1989; Pillemer and Cook, 1989; Epperson and Meyers, 1990; Speltz et al., 1990; Carreto, 1991; Endriga et al., 1994). Despite the extensive evidence documenting the distress of the initial period following the child’s birth, most families cope very well and provide an emotionally healthy environment for their child. However, children live not only in their families but also in society, and there is considerable evidence that individuals with facial differences must negotiate a plethora of personal challenges to self-esteem and social acceptance once they leave the protective environment of the family (Macgregor, 1974, 1979, 1990; Bull and Rumsey, 1988). Nevertheless, most individuals with CUP are ultimately successful in coping with these difficulties and mature into productive members of society (Strauss, 2001). How families negotiate the risks associated with their child’s CUP while fostering hope and adaptation is the focus of this chapter.
Insurance and Coverage of Care
Authors: Billmire David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The birth of a child with a cleft or a craniofacial defect can be a traumatic event for a family. Feelings of shock, guilt, and inadequacy are common. Once these fears and concerns are addressed and the parents are assured that the problem is not their fault, the next question they invariably ask is how they will pay for the child’s care. This is a legitimate concern, especially in view of the current situation regarding healthcare financing and coverage. With about 13% of children having no healthcare coverage at all, 26% covered mainly by Medicaid (Edmunds and Coye, 1998), and the remaining covered by some form of managed care, the treatment of any complex disorder brings anxiety to the family and treatment team. The concern for the family is whether they can afford the care, and the concern for the team is whether they will be allowed to do what can and should be done. Craniofacial disorders are somewhat unique from a medical perspective. They are rarely fatal, their functional aspects (i.e., speech, hearing, and dental) are easily dismissed by managed care, and they have a strong quality-of-life issue with significant aesthetic overlay. Furthermore, they must be treated over the developmental life of the child, which makes them susceptible to claims of pre-existing conditions, and, most importantly, they occur exclusively in children. Children and their parents lack the financial and political wherewithal to effect significant changes in healthcare (Strauss, 1994). Despite all of this, however, it is rare that a child in the United States with a craniofacial disorder does not receive at least basic care.
Marketing Policies
Authors: Slade John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is tobacco product marketing. Public health efforts seek to reduce illness and death through prevention and treatment (USDHHS 2000). The intermediate goals for accomplishing this include reducing new use of tobacco products, reducing use among current users, and, perhaps, helping those who use tobacco to continue in less dangerous ways (Warner, Slade, and Sweanor 1997; Bolliger et al. 2000). Controlling the industry’s marketing of tobacco products and sponsoring public health messages (countermarketing) have become two important tools in this effort.
Storm Over Texes
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Spring of 1844, a fiery political conflict erupted over the admission of Texas into the Union, a hard-fought and bitter controversy that profoundly changed the course of American history. Indeed, as Joel Silbey argues in A Fierce Political Storm, the battle over Texas marked the crucial moment when partisan differences were transformed into a North-vs-South antagonism, and the momentum towards Civil War leaped into high gear. One of America’s renowned political historians, Silbey offers a swiftly paced and compelling narrative of the Texas imbroglio, with an exceptional cast of characters, including John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adams, James K. Polk, and Martin Van Buren. He shows in particular how the Van Buren bloc of the Democratic Party--the “Barnburners”--stood at the heart the annexation controversy. We see how a series of unexpected moves, some planned, some inadvertent, sparked a crisis that intensified and crystallized the North-South divide, which then became, for the first time, a driving force in national affairs. Sectionalism, Silbey shows, had often been intense, but rarely widespread and generally well contained by other forces on the political landscape. But after Texas statehood, the political landscape was transformed into one sculpted by implacable sectional differences. The bitter discord over annexation--with slavery the core issue--was the seed from which America's great crisis of union grew, leading ultimately to Southern secession and Civil War. The Texas controversy released demons that were never again pushed back into the bottle. With subtlety, great care, and much imagination, Joel Silbey shows that this brief political struggle became, in the words of an Alabama congressman, “the greatest question of the age”--indeed, a pivotal moment in American history.
“Prolific Of Evil And Pregnant With Bloody Fruit”
Authors: Silbey Joel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 4, 1845, A Texas Constitutional Convention Convened by the republic’s president, Ansel Jones, met to consider an ordinance accepting the United States’ annexation proposal. There had continued to be disagreements among Texans about the American offer and political manuevering to defeat it. These difficulties were now overcome, and the ordinance passed overwhelmingly. In October the last steps were taken. The people of Texas voted to ratify the convention’s action. The news of their official acceptance, in the form originally proposed by Milton Brown, reached Washington just in time for President Polk to announce it to the members of the new, Democratically controlled Twenty-ninth Congress when they convened in its first session in early December.
An introduction to the Minnesota innovation Research Program
Authors: Ven andrew H Van de , Angle Harold L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge of international competition has brought with it a growing awareness that the United States is losing its innovativeness. Witness the common call for stimulating innovation that is found in bestselling books by Ouchi (1981), Magaziner and Reich (1982), Peters and Waterman (1982), Kanter (1983), and Lawrence and Dyer (1983). Underlying this concern is the belief that a significant gap has arisen between the ability of the United States to create and to implement new ideas. As a free society with diverse people and large research institutions, the United States is generally regarded as the most inventive nation in the We greatly appreciate useful comments from Scott Poole on an earlier draft of this chapter, as well as MIRP study directors for preparing the summaries of their innovation studies presented in the appendix of this chapter world. However, other nations are surpassing the United States in developing and implementing its ideas. innovation requires more than the creative capacities to invent new ideas; it requires managerial skills and talents to transform good ideas into practice. But these capabilities to manage the process of innovation remain underdeveloped.
Psychology and Organizational innovation
Authors: Angle Harold L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an innovation idea moves from its inception through development and implementation, it is people who push, modify, or drop the innovation (Van de Ven 1986). This chapter is concerned with the ways in which personal attributes interact with activities, experiences, and social contexts to influence the development of innovative ideas over time. The chapter’s primary purpose is to outline an agenda for investigation of the psychology of organizational innovation. Because people, their environments, and their behaviors have bidirectional impacts on one another (Bandura 1977), the discussion encompasses the reciprocal influence between people and innovations, which unfolds over time-that 1s, The author greatly appreciates comments on an earlier draft of this chapter from Kenneth Craik (University of California, Berkeley), andy Van de Ven (University of Minnesota), and numerous colleagues in the Minnesota innovation Research Program, as well as the students in the spring 1987 doctoral seminar on the management of innovation at the University of Minnesota. the ways in which people affect and are affected by the innovation process.
The Central Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vestibular nuclei receive a multiplicity of signals originating in the vestibular endorgans. Thousands of axons of primary vestibular neurons enter each side of the brain stem to innervate second-order neurons in four anatomically distinctive groups, located on the floor of the fourth ventricle. This vestibular complex is bounded laterally by the restiform body, rostrally by the brachium conjunctivum, ventrally by the nucleus and spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, and medially in its caudal portion by the wall of the fourth ventricle. The vestibular nuclei form a column of nerve cells of different lengths depending on the species, being the longest in humans (13.5 mm) and smaller in animals with evolutionarily smaller brains—frogs (2.2 mm), chinchillas (4.0 mm), and squirrel monkeys (5.0 mm). However, not all of the neurons in these nuclei receive primary afferent vestibular nerve fibers and most receive input from other sensory systems and other nuclei (Figs. 3–1 and 3–2).1–8
Laboratory Examination of the Vestibular System
Authors: Baloh Robert W , Honrubia Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term electronystagmography (ENG) was initially used to describe a method for recording nystagmus with electrooculography (EOG). With time, however, ENG has become a more general term for a battery of tests that measure eye movements to assess vestibular and visual–vestibular function.1 With ENG, one can quantify the slow-component velocity, frequency, and amplitude of spontaneous or induced nystagmus, and the changes in these measurements brought about by loss of fixation (with eyes open in darkness). In addition, visually controlled eye movements (saccades, smooth pursuit, and optokinetic nystagmus) can be recorded and quantitatively assessed. Often abnormalities are identified that were not observed during the bedside examination.2