bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Regional Pain Syndrome I/II
Authors: Schwartzman Robert J , Vorobeychik Yakov 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is clear that the process may be sympathetically maintained (usually early in the course), sympathetically independent, or never have many sympathetic signs or symptoms. It frequently spreads contralaterally and may generalize to affect the entire body. It may be dissociated in that a patient may have pain, autonomic and motor dysfunction, or any combination of signs ipsilaterally and only the movement disorder or autonomic dysregulation contralaterally.87 The process clearly affects both the peripheral (PNS) and central nervous systems (CNS).41 This has been demonstrated by changes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnetoencephalography, and quantitative sensory testing in both the CNS and PNS.25,44 A sustaining nociceptive barrage appears to be necessary to maintain the abnormal state of central painprojecting neurons.37 Deep somatic and articular pain is frequently prominent. Some genetic evidence for susceptibility to the illness has been presented.55,56 Patients are depressed due to their severe pain. They do not differ from other patients with chronic pain, and there is no psychological profile for these patients.
Iatrogenic Nerve Injuries
Authors: Wilbourn Asa J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept that healers could accidentally produce medical disorders in the course of diagnosing or treating their patients was recognized as early as 1700 B.C. Nonetheless, the term iatrogenic (from Greek: iatros = healer; genic = origin) was not used until the early twentieth century. By the 1970s, its meaning had been expanded considerably, so that it encompassed any type of adverse event experienced by any patient, caused by any health care provider, via either commission or omission.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutritional assessment procedures were first used in surveys designed to describe the nutritional status of populations on a national basis. The methods used were initially described following a conference held in 1932 by the Health Organization of the League of Nations. In 1955, the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense (ICNND) was organized to assist low-income countries in assessing the nutritional status of their populations and to identify problems of malnutrition and the ways in which they could be solved. The ICNND teams conducted medical nutrition surveys in 24 countries. A comprehensive manual was then produced (ICNND, 1963), with the intention of standardizing both the methods used for the collection of nutrition survey data and the interpretation of the results.
Evaluation of nutrient intakes and diets
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dietary intake data resulting from nutritional assessment systems have been severely criticized in the past because both random and systematic errors occur in measuring intakes of food and calculating their nutrient content. The data are also frequently misinterpreted. This is particularly unfortunate because the careful evaluation of food and nutrient-intake data has important applications, provided that the limitations of the methods are clearly understood.
Anthropometric reference data
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropometric reference data comes from local or international sources. Local reference data should be compiled from measurements made on well-nourished, healthy individuals, selected from a local elite group; the group should be ethnically and genetically representative of the population to be investigated. Such data may be preferred where ethnic and genetic factors influencing growth potential predominate, or where it is felt that international reference data, derived from populations with needlessly high energy intakes, are inappropriate.
The Use of Portfolios to Assess Professionalism
Authors: Fryer-Edwards Kelly , Pinsky Linda E , Robins Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Scrubs, a popular 1V sit-com about medical residents, there is a scene in which a patient seeks reassurance from an intern. “Are you a good doctor?” she asks. “Too soon to tell,” he replies in an eager and earnest manner. The intern faces a dilemma faced by most medicine trainees. His goal is to become a good doctor, but his medical school experience has been limited to course grades and fairly general evaluations with which to assess his progress. His eagerness to become a good doctor may even interfere with his professional development because personal insecurity compounded by institutional pressures may encourage him to pretend he knows things he has not yet learned and to hide his deficiency from others. The medical student’s teachers may be unable to distinguish what he already knows and what he still needs to learn. He realizes that he is supposed to be a “lifelong learner,” but trained in neither thorough and honest self-assessment nor goal setting, he responds by thinking he should just do more nontargeted learning such as reading a textbook from cover to cover.
Faith and Reason, the Perpetual War: Ruminations of a Fool
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spirit of this volume, let me begin with a short, autobiographical note. We’ll get to some philosophy or, better, meta-philosophy, after that. I still remember the moment when the last remnants of my religious faith died. One day in February of 1984, I was driving and listening to a radio news story about David Vetter, otherwise known as the “bubble-boy.” The announcer said that he had been born, twelve years before, with a condition, known as severe combined immune deficiency (scid), that robbed him of the usual defenses against infectious diseases. Since any infection would prove fatal, David lived in a sterile environment, a plastic bubble. He had no physical contact with any living organism. Eventually, the defense was breached, and his doctors had to enter the bubble. David then hugged his mother for the first time, and died a short time later, thus prompting the news story that day.
On Becoming a Heretic
Authors: Curley Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I was a child, I did what children do: I accepted the view of the world that the more vocal adults around me taught me to accept. My mother—and my maternal grandmother, who had lived with us from my infancy—were Episcopalians. They saw to it that I went to the Episcopal church and Sunday school, and rejoiced when I became an acolyte. For a while my mother cherished the hope that I might become a minister. My father, whose mother’s attempt to raise him as a Christian Scientist had alienated him from organized religion, was an agnostic. But for a long time I did not know this. In the interest of family harmony, he kept quiet about religious matters until many years later, after my mother had died.
Epilogue: The Value of Genetic Diagnosis-Applying Knowledge about Etiology to Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we will consider why a genetic diagnosis is useful. Much of the research in human genetics has been motivated primarily by the perception that certain genetic disorders cause suffering and severely impact life quality. Research activities are stimulated by the perception that it may be possible to prevent this suffering through an understanding of the cause and natural history of the disorder. It is clear this understanding evolves through research on individuals with disabilities and their families.
Mouse Models for Genetic Susceptibility to Infection in Humans
Authors: Fortin Anny , Buschman Ellen , Skamene Emil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last several years, there has been a remarkable increase in the availability of new genomic strategies for analysis of complex traits in both human populations and mouse models. The advances in genome mapping, scanning, and analysis have been particularly valuable in the field of infectious diseases, leading to the cloning of a human gene for susceptibility to leprosy (Mira et al., 2003, 2004). In the mouse, the advent of genome scanning and new genetic strains has led to the identification of resistance=susceptibility loci for a large number of viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic pathogens. In the mammalian host, genetic control of resistance to infection (encompassing both innate and acquired immune phases) is regarded as a complex phenotype. In order to identify genes influencing host response to infection, the infectious process can be strategically divided into four stages: exposure to the pathogen, establishment of infection, progression of infection to disease, and clinical manifestation of the disease. Within these stages, the most important points of possible genetic control are likely to act during the innate and acquired phases of immunity.
MHC Class I Polypeptide-Related Sequence A and B (MICA and MICB) Genes
Authors: Bahram Seiamak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prime relevance of the so-called classical MHC class I genes in fighting infectious diseases is established beyond doubt (Segal and Hill 2003). These highly polymorphic, ubiquitously expressed, b2-microglobulin linked molecules (HLA-A,-B and -C in man, H2-K1,-D1, and -L in mouse) present short, endogenously produced peptide antigens (derived from degradation of intracellular proteins, including viruses and certainbacteria) to the ab T-cell receptor (TCR) of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (Bjorkman and Parham 1990). These CTLs consequently eliminate the infected cells and, in case of most infections, thereby stop further microbial diffusion. The hallmark of these classical MHC class I genes is their staggering number of alleles (see chapter 4). This diversity is most important at the population level, conferring on the species a capacity to resist an epidemic=pandemic, because there are likely certain group of individuals that harbor particular disease-resistant combinations of these HLA alleles (Robinson et al. 2003). This high level of diversity within these classical HLA molecules contrasts with the significantly lower number of alleles identified for the socalled nonclassical MHC I genes (HLA-E, -F, and -G in humans and H-2QTM in mice): 5 for HLA-E, 2 for HLA-F and 15 for HLA-G (Radosavljevic and Bahram 2003). Again, this makes sense because these molecules either do not interact with peptides or interact with only a restricted set of them and hence do not need a large allelic repertoire for this purpose.
Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor and Related Genes
Authors: Martin Maureen P , Dorak M Tevfik , Carrington Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important component of the innate immune system; they participate in early responses against infected or transformed cells by production of cytokines and direct cytotoxicity (Bancroft 1993; Biron et al. 1999; Cooper et al. 2001; French and Yokoyama 2003; Robertson and Ritz 1990; Trinchieri 1989). The importance of NK cells in antiviral immunity is evidenced by the report of an NK-cell– deficient individual with otherwise normal B and T cells who suffered from recurrent herpesvirus infections (Biron et al. 1989). Other studies have also implicated NK cells in the pathogenesis of viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV-1, as well as a variety of intracellular bacteria and protozoan parasites (reviewed in Bancroft 1993; Biron et al. 1999; See et al. 1997). Thus, it is clear that NK cells, key components of the innate immune system, are essential in limiting pathogens during the early phases of a primary infection before the adaptive immune system is able to respond.
Diseases Due to Encapsulated Bacteria
Authors: Kotb Malak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to epidemiological and socioeconomic differences that influence susceptibility to certain bacterial infections, host genetic variability contributes importantly to the substantial differences in their occurrence and course. The same bacteria cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection in some to fatal disease in others. Studying the immune response and differences in genetic makeup of susceptible and resistant individuals can provide insight into disease mechanisms and a deeper understanding of the network of interactive pathways that lead either to eradication of infection or to serious host-mediated pathological consequences. This knowledge can guide the development of diagnostic and therapeutic advances.
Schubert’s Moment musical in F Minor, D. (Op. 94), No. 3
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beautiful blossoms of all the diminutions are contained, as in a bud, in this very turn figure; it even provides impetus for the Urlinie ( 3 –4 –3 –2 –1)—truly a secret of becoming that only the organically creating fantasy of a genius has the power to bring forth, to express.
Schumann’s Scenes of Childhood, Op. 15, No. 1“Of Foreign Lands and Peoples”
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A harmonically supported 5 is lowered to 3 in bars 3– 1 (see Fig. 1a): this is the first section of the little three-part song form. lingers in bars 9–14, which represent the middle section. The neighbor note (4) aids the expansion here, and by its upward stepwise motion also signals the ascent 3 –4 –5 (compare Kontrapunkt i, p. 240/p. 178, and ii, p. 15 [recte: 74]/pp. 74 –75). The third section, bars 15 – 22, is a repetition of the first.
Bowel Management: Constipation, Diarrhea, Obstruction, and Ascites
Authors: Economou Denice Caraccia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constipation affects 2% to 10% of the general population, but the incidence may be as high as 20% to 50% in older or ill persons. Constipation is a major problem in cancer patients, with as many as 70% to 100% of cancer patients having this distressing symptom.2,4 The use of opioids for pain is a contributory factor to constipation, and this side effect is the principal reason for their discontinuation. Constipation is common and yet undertreated by both physicians and nurses.
Pruritus, Fever, and Sweats
Authors: Rhiner Michelle , Slatkin Neal E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pruritus, derived from the Latin word prurire, which means “to itch,” is a common and poorly understood symptom of both localized and systemic disorders (Table 17-1). The difficulties of defining the clinical characteristics of pruritus are in part related to the ambiguities of the available terminology and difficulties in quantifying this subjective disorder. “Itch,” while describing the actual experience of sensory discomfort, is sometimes confused with scratching, the response used to relieve the discomfort. The literature is also less than clear on the distinction between itching and pruritus.1,2 “Itch” is probably best reserved to describe the actual sensory discomfort that may arise in response to a fleeting stimulus or a pathological disorder.3 The term “pruritus,” is generally used to refer to a pathological condition in which the sensations of itch are intense and often generalized and trigger repeated scratching in an attempt to relieve the discomfort. Quantification of itch intensity, which is necessary for both clinical management and intervention studies, usually relies on the same 0-to-10 scale used to rate pain and other subjective symptoms. An assessment can also be made of “itch behaviors,” such as rubbing and scratching, or the physical manifestations of these behaviors, such as the severity and distribution of scratch-induced excoriation.
Neurological Disturbances
Authors: Paice Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myoclonus is frequently seen in palliative care settings, particularly during the final days of life. If left untreated, this neurological disturbance may progress to seizures. Seizures also may occur due to central nervous system (CNS) lesions, metabolic disorders, or medications. A third neurological disturbance, spasticity, involves involuntary movements that may produce discomfort and fatigue. Astute palliative care clinicians can prevent some of these disorders and treat those that cannot be prevented. Patient and family involvement is mandatory since comfort and safety issues are prevalent with all three syndromes.
Sedation for Refractory Symptoms and Terminal Weaning
Authors: Knight Patti , Espinosa, Laura A , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, approximately 2.5 million people die each year, with 60% of those deaths occurring in hospitals. These statistics are alarming and support the public’s concern for the dying. The results of a survey by the Last Acts Coalition, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, suggested that the public feels that deaths in hospital settings are not well managed; 93% of respondents stated that it was “very important” or “somewhat important” to improve how the health care system cares for dying Americans. This survey also stated that patients and their family members clearly want to be involved in decision-making (42%) and to be comfortable at the end of life, with well-managed symptoms (39%) and with care that does not exhaust their life savings (73%).
Planning for the Actual Death
Authors: Berry Patricia , Griffie Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues and needs at the time of death are exceedingly important and, at the same time, exceedingly personal. Although the physiology of dying may be the same for most expected deaths, the psychological, spiritual, cultural, and family issues are as unique and varied as the patients and families themselves. As death nears, the goals of care must be discussed and appropriately redefined. Some treatments may be discontinued, and symptoms may intensify, subside, or even appear anew. Physiological changes as death approaches must also be defined, explained, and interpreted to the patient, whenever possible, as well as to the patient’s family, close others, and caregivers. The nurse occupies a key position in assisting patients’ family members at the time of death by supporting or suggesting death rituals, caring for the body after death, and facilitating early grief work. Most of the focus on death and dying in the past has been on dying in general, making the need for a chapter focused specifically on the actual death even more important.
Elderly Patients
Authors: Derby Susan , O’Mahony Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aging is a normal process of life, not a disease, and infirmity and frailty do not always have to accompany being old. It is expected that most of us will live well into our 70s or 80s, and the aging of the population is projected to continue well into the 21st century. Projected growth for the elderly population is staggering. During the next 20 years, the fastest-growing segment of the population will be in the group aged 85 years and older. During the past decades, this increase in life expectancy has been mainly due to improvements in sanitation and infectious-disease control through vaccinations and antibiotics. Presently, the older population is growing older because of positive trends in the treatment of chronic diseases— cardiovascular and neurological, as well as cancer. This “swelling” of the older segment of the population reinforces the need for nurses, physicians, and all health care professionals to understand the special palliative care needs of the elderly. In our society, the majority of people who have chronic disease are elderly. One of the major differences from younger groups in treating illness in the elderly population is the need for extensive family support and care during the last weeks and months of life.
Home Care
Authors: Milone-Nuzzo Paula , McCorkle Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Originally, palliative care in home care nursing was associated with patients who were clearly near the end of life. The contemporary philosophy of palliative care had its beginnings in England in 1967, when Dame Cicely Saunders founded St. Christopher’s Hospice. Home and respite care continue to be a major component of that program. Palliative care, by definition, focuses on the multidimensional aspects of patients and families, including physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and interpersonal components of care. These components of care need to be instituted throughout all phases of the illness trajectory and not only at the point when patients qualify for hospice services. Palliative care also needs to be given across a variety of settings and not be limited to inpatient units.
The Emergency Department
Authors: Campbell Margaret , Zalenski Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year, there are 110 million visits to emergency departments (EDs) in the United States, and almost 1% or approximately 1 million of these visits result in death in the ED or hospital. The emergency team in a busy ED typically perform or withholds attempts at resuscitation several times during an 8-to 12-hour shift. Emergency physicians and nurses traditionally view themselves as foot soldiers in the trenches fighting against the enemy, dying and death. The criterion of success is whether the patient was admitted to the hospital or discharged to the community alive. Death is regarded as failure; it may be blamed on the disease or the patient’s response, but must not be blamed on a clinician’s lack of willingness to “do everything” to keep the ED patient alive. In this view, every ED case can be dichotomized into success or failure based on whether the patient left the ED with a pulse.
Pediatric Care: Transitioning Goals of Care in the Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit, and In Between
Authors: Levetown Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palliative care is comprehensive, interdisciplinary care focused primarily on promoting quality of life for patients and families living with a life-threatening illness. It can and should occur from the earliest recognition of a life-threatening condition and can be concurrent with efforts to prolong life. Palliative care is as applicable in the ED and in the ICU setting as it is in the home. This is a critically important issue for children who die, since the vast majority of childhood deaths occur in an ICU setting. In fact, Wanzer and colleagues state: As sickness progresses toward death, measures to minimize suffering should be intensified. Dying patients may require palliative care of an intensity that rivals that of curative efforts. Even though aggressive curative techniques are no longer indicated, professionals and families are still called on to use intensive measures— extreme responsibility, extraordinary sensitivity, and heroic compassion.
Nursing Research
Authors: Ferrell Betty R , Grant Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The words of Field and Cassel, from a 1997 report of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) on improving care at the end of life, capture the breadth of palliative care research. Uniform agreement across disciplines and among authors confirms the paucity of palliative care research and the resultant absence of a scientific foundation for practice, which affects the care of patients at the end of life. Better patient care depends on both the quantity and the quality of palliative care research.