bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rho‐kinase inhibition suppresses bladder hyperactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Rajasekaran Mahadevan , Wilkes Nathan , Kuntz Steven , E. Albo Michael 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAimsSpontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) exhibit overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms and have an up‐regulated calcium sensitizing RhoA/Rho‐kinase pathway in their vascular smooth muscle tissues. This study examined the role of RhoA/Rho‐kinase pathway in bladder hyperactivity by evaluating the effect of a specific Rho‐kinase inhibitor (Y‐27632) on SHR bladder function.MethodsAdult male SHR (n = 9) and their normotensive controls (Wistar–Kyoto; WKY) (n = 8) were anesthetized and the carotid artery cannulated for blood pressure monitoring. A catheter was fixed into the bladder dome and connected to a pressure transducer and an infusion pump. After equilibration, systemic and bladder pressure were recorded. Continuous filling cystometrograms (CMGs) were performed and threshold pressure (TP), peak pressure (PP), and number of voids and non‐voiding contractions (NVCs) per unit time recorded. Each SHR then received Y‐27632, 10 μmol intra‐arterially. After 10 min, CMG was repeated and the same measurements recorded. Bladder tissues were evaluated immunohistochemically (IHC) for RhoA protein expression.ResultsSHR exhibited significantly higher number of voids and NVCs than normotensive WKY rats (P < 0.05). In SHR, Y‐27362 administration significantly decreased the number of voids (29%, from 0.83 ± 0.3 to 0.63 ± 0.17 voids/min) and NVCs (61%, from 1.8 ± 0.54 to 0.64 ± 0.167 NVC/min). IHC showed significantly higher RhoA protein expression in SHR bladder tissues.ConclusionsOverexpression of RhoA may play a role in hypertension‐related OAB. Inhibition of Rho‐kinase activity with Y‐27632 produced a significant suppression of bladder overactivity. Identification of Rho‐kinase isoforms that are bladder‐tissue specific and their selective inhibitors may help to disassociate the unwanted hypotensive effects of this approach. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ADAS‐COG and mental deterioration battery: different instruments for different aspects of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Serra Laura , Perri Roberta , Carlesimo Giovanni Augusto , Fadda Lucia , Lorusso Sebastiano , Padovani Alessandro , Pettenati Carla , Vegliante Maia , Caltagirone Carlo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective: Aim of this study was to compare ADAS‐Cog and MDB, instruments usually used in cognitive assessment of AD patients, relative to: 1) diagnostic sensitivity for dementia of AD; 2) ability to rate the progression of cognitive decline and ability to detect the qualitative characteristics of cognitive decline. Material and methods: A sample of 54 AD patients was submitted to a cognitive assessment with both battery at time of study entry (T 0) and after 12 months (T 12). Results: This study showed: 1) a better diagnostic sensitivity of MDB respect to ADAS‐Cog in diagnosing patients affected by mild to moderate levels of AD; 2) a better sensitivity of ADAS‐Cog to follow the cognitive decline over a twelve‐months period Conclusion: These results supports the use of the MDB in the screening phase of AD patients and of ADAS‐Cog to follow the progression of cognitive decline over time.
Placental mesenchymal dysplasia associated with fetal aneuploidy
Authors: Cohen Marta C. , Roper Emma C. , Sebire Neil J. , Stanek Jerzy , Anumba Dilly O. C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo describe three cases of placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) associated with abnormal karyotype and review the cases reported in the literature.MethodsThe cases were retrieved from the files of three different institutions. A search of the English language literature was performed using Medline database.ResultsPlacental abnormalities suggestive of molar changes were seen on the prenatal ultrasound scans. Histologically, the cases had large, hydropic stem villi with myxomatous stroma, cistern formation and ‘chorangiomatoid’ changes. The placental and fetal karyotypes identified were trisomy 13 (47,XX,t(1:13)(q32;q32)+ 13); Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) and triploidy (69,XXX). Including these 3 cases, of 66 reported cases, 51 (78%) were female and 14 (22%) male (ratio 3.6:1); the karyotype was normal in 32/36 (89%) and abnormal in 4/36 (11%); Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome was confirmed or suspected in 15/66 (23%). Excluding termination of pregnancies, intrauterine death occurred in 18/54 (33%) cases.ConclusionMolar ultrasonographic appearances associated with increased maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein but normal, or slightly elevated, levels of ß human Chorionic Gonadotrophin should raise the clinical suspicion of PMD. The diagnosis of this condition should not be disregarded when an abnormal fetus and/or an abnormal karyotype are demonstrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association of echogenic fetal lungs with trisomy 21
Authors: Grobman William A. , Wang Eileen , Shulman Lee P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between echogenic appearing lungs on ultrasonographic examination of the fetus and aneuploidy.MethodsCases in which echogenic lungs were prospectively identified on ultrasonographic examination were collected. Other abnormal ultrasonographic findings were documented, as were patient data pertinent to the risk of aneuploidy, such as maternal age and results of serum screening. The chromosomal complement of each identified case is reported.ResultsFive fetuses were identified with diffusely echogenic lungs on ultrasound examination over a two‐year period. In three of the five cases, there were other ultrasound abnormalities, although in only one of these was a major congenital abnormality detected. In all three of these cases, the fetal chromosomal complement showed trisomy 21. In 1 of the 2 cases in which the echogenic lungs were an isolated finding, the fetus also was found to have trisomy 21.ConclusionsBilateral and diffusely echogenic lungs appear to have an association with fetal trisomy 21. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decomposition of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Using He‐Ar‐O2 Dielectric Barrier Discharge
Authors: Kim Yoon‐Kee , Kim Seon Ae , Lee Soo Bin , Kim Jin Kil , Kang Duk‐Won 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: DBD generated by mid‐frequency AC (30 kHz) at atmospheric pressure was used for the degradation of EDTA in aqueous solution. The concentration of EDTA was measured by HPLC and TOC analysis. More than 90% of EDTA (initial concentration of 0.2 wt.‐%) was decomposed by DBD degradation, and the TOC content was reduced to below 60% of the initial value within one hour. The reaction was faster at high plasma generation voltages. At an applied voltage of 14 kV, 50% of EDTA was degraded by DBD degradation in only 10 min.
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On the Homogeneity of the Glow‐Like Barrier Discharge at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Golubovskii Y. B. , Maiorov V. A. , Behnke J. , Behnke J. F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: The transition of the barrier discharge in nitrogen in a space‐charge (glow) phase and the evolution of radial inhomogeneities are investigated on the basis of a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model. At medium frequencies, when the primary mechanism of electron emission from the cathode is desorption of electrons, the final stage of the discharge is a filament. When the frequency of the external voltage is low and the electrons are emitted via UV photons, the initial perturbation significantly expands in a radial direction and a homogeneous glow‐like discharge covering the whole surface of the electrodes is observed.Electron density in the Townsend phase of the discharge at low frequency.magnified imageElectron density in the Townsend phase of the discharge at low frequency.
Underenumeration of the Jewish population in the UK 2001 Census
Authors: Graham David , Waterman Stanley 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe size of the UK Jewish population has always been a source of uncertainty for demographers. Following considerable discussion and testing, a voluntary question on religion was introduced into the 2001 Census, which afforded the first opportunity to provide definitive answers to the socio‐demographic make‐up of Jews in Britain. However, examination of the 2001 Census figures and data from several large surveys suggests that the census population of 266,740 British Jews by religion is probably a considerable undercount. Jews are increasingly defining themselves in ethnic rather than religious terms, so there is reason to question the efficacy of the data derived from the current format of the census question on religion and identity in general. With growing demands for comprehensive planning of social service needs, the necessity for accurate data is more important than ever. Although much of this can be derived from the Census, there continues to be a key role for community‐wide surveys. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Race and the census in the Commonwealth
Authors: Christopher Anthony J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRace has been a subject of enquiry in the majority of censuses in the Commonwealth. Although the validity of the investigation and the results have been open to question, the endeavour to collect taxonomic information has been universal. Few guidelines were offered by the London government, with the result that each colony tended to adopt its own system of classification, the majority of which were inherited after independence by the post‐colonial census administrations. In the attempt to depict the diversity of colonial societies, the classifications sought to solve a number of basic problems. The first was defining a European, which absorbed undue attention in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The second was to discern recognisable groups within indigenous societies, and the third to distinguish between immigrant communities. Many of the groupings that were identified in colonial times were retained thereafter. The problems encountered by colonial census commissioners thus remain, as only rarely has the exercise been abandoned. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible system for simulating and tele‐operating robots through the internet
Authors: Candelas F. A. , Puente S. T. , Torres F. , Segarra V. , Navarrete J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSimulation and teleoperation tools offer many advantages for the training or learning of technological subjects, such as flexibility in time‐tables and student access to expensive and limited equipment. In this paper, we present a new system for simulating and tele‐operating robot arms through the Internet, which allows many users to simulate and test positioning commands for a robot by means of a virtual environment, as well as execute the validated commands in a real remote robot of the same characteristics. The main feature of the system is its flexibility in managing different robots or including new robot models and equipment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Middle school students' beliefs about matter
Authors: Nakhleh Mary B. , Samarapungavan Ala , Saglam Yilmaz 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine middle school students' developing understanding of the nature of matter and to compare middle school students' ideas to those of elementary schools students, as was done by Nakhleh and Samarapungavan [J Res Sci Teach 36(7):777–805, 1999]. Nine middle school students were interviewed using a scripted, semistructured interview. The interview probed students' understanding of the composition and particulate (atomic/molecular) structure of a variety of material substances; the relationship between particulate structure and macroscopic properties such as fluidity and malleability; as well as understanding of processes such as phase transition and dissolving. The results indicate that most of the middle school students interviewed knew that matter was composed of atoms and molecules and some of them were able to use this knowledge to explain some processes such as phase transitions of water. In contrast, almost no elementary students knew that matter was composed of atoms and molecules. However, the middle school students were unable to consistently explain material properties or processes based on their knowledge of material composition. In contrast to elementary school students, who had scientifically inaccurate but relatively consistent (macrocontinuous or macroparticulate) knowledge frameworks, the middle school students could not be classified as having consistent knowledge frameworks because their ideas were very fragmented. The fragmentation of middle school students' ideas about matter probably reflects the difficulty of assimilating the microscopic level scientific knowledge acquired through formal instruction into students' initial macroscopic knowledge frameworks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mild renal pyelectasis in the second trimester: determination of cut‐off levels for postnatal referral
Authors: Cohen‐Overbeek T. E. , Wijngaard‐Boom P. , Ursem N. T. C. , Hop W. C. J. , Wladimiroff J. W. , Wolffenbuttel K. P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo establish guidelines for postnatal referral of fetuses presenting with mild pyelectasis in the second trimester of pregnancy.MethodsIn a retrospective study, 87 fetuses with a renal pelvis anteroposterior (RPAP) diameter of ≥ 4 mm and ≤ 10 mm before 28 weeks of gestation were included. All patients had a third‐trimester scan and fetuses with an RPAP diameter of ≥ 10 mm at that stage were referred for postnatal assessment. The family practitioner of all infants with an RPAP of < 10 mm in the third trimester was contacted for follow‐up information. The RPAP diameter most predictive of renal pathology was determined with receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis for both the first and second scans.ResultsIn 36 of 87 infants, 49 abnormal kidneys were diagnosed. Seven infants required surgery on eight renal tracts. The ROC curves of the first scan, second scan and differences between scans resulted in an area under the curve of 0.60, 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. The sensitivities and specificities for a cut‐off level of 8, 9 and 10 mm at the second scan were 80%, 71% and 61% and 79%, 90% and 93%, respectively. At a cut‐off level of 10 mm, only cases of insignificant minimal dilatation and a case of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) requiring surgery were not detected.ConclusionAfter establishing a diagnosis of mild pyelectasis before 28 weeks, a second scan is mandatory to determine which infants need postnatal evaluation. A cut‐off level of 8 mm has a low specificity but includes most cases of pathology. A cut‐off level of 10 mm detects most significant pathology; however, VUR may not be detected. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverted repeat of a large segment unveiled on the right arm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome II
Authors: Ohnishi Katsunori , Ono Bun‐ichiro 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBy means of gene disruption analyses, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YPH499 was shown to have two, and only two, copies of ATP3 that encodes the γ‐subunit of H+‐dependent ATP synthase and locates on the right arm of chromosome II. Linkage analyses of the two distinguishably marked copies of ATP3 indicated that the distance between them was about 43 cM. Since YBR030W, an ORF proximal to ATP3 by a distance of 17 kbp, was also found to be duplicated, we marked them with two distinguishable nutritional markers, which were also distinguishable from those used for marking the two copies of ATP3, and achieved four‐point linkage analyses; CEN2 marked with an appropriate nutritional marker gene was included as a reference point. And, the following linkage map was deduced: CEN2– [11 cM]–YBR030Wa– [8 cM]–ATP3a–[47 cM]–ATP3b– [55 cM]–YBR030Wb. From this map, we suspected that a segment spanning at least YBR030W–ATP3 would be inversely duplicated on the right arm of chromosome II. We then carried out chromosome fragmentation analyses, using several laboratory strains including YPH499, and obtained data in accord with our speculation for all strains, although the distance between the two copies of ATP3 varied from 48 kbp to 192 kbp among the strains examined. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A special case of positivity (II)
Authors: Dutta S. 
Published: March 2005

In this note we prove the following special case of Serre’s conjecture on Intersection Multiplicity: Let

(
R
,
m
)

(R,m)

be a regular local ring and let

P
P

,

Q
Q

be two prime ideals such that

ℓ
(
R

/

(
P
+
Q
)
)
>
∞

\ell (R/(P+Q))>\infty

,

dim
⁡
R

/

P
+
dim
⁡
R

/

Q
=
dim
⁡
R

\dim R/P +\dim R/Q=\dim R

and dimension of

G

m

(
R

/

P
)

⊗

G

m

(
R
)

G

m

(
R

/

Q
)
>
2

G_{m}(R/P)\otimes _{G_{m}(R)}G_{m}(R/Q)>2

. Then

χ
(
R

/

P
,
R

/

Q
)
≥

e

m

(
R

/

P
)

e

m

(
R

/

Q
)

\chi (R/P,R/Q)\geq e_{m}(R/P) e_{m}(R/Q)

; here

e

m

(
T
)

e_{m}(T)

denotes the Hilbert-Samuel multiplicity for any finitely generated module

T
T

with respect to

m
m

.
Poetry after Auschwitz – Adorno's Dictum
Authors: Hofmann Klaus 
Published: March 2005

abstractReferring to Adorno's ‘dictum’ is a diplomatic way of avoiding the discussion of what Adorno actually wrote. Two phrases, cut out from a compound sentence, are alternately, sometimes concurrently, put forward as his ‘dictum’: ‘To write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric’; and: ‘It is impossible to write poetry after Auschwitz’. Out of context, both phrases, the latter one in particular, lose the problematic quality conferred on them by the argument put forward in the original text and, beyond that, in the author's writing as a whole. This article endeavours to establish this argumentative context and restore Adorno's verdict to its dialectic matrix.
Germination success of temperate grassland species after passage through ungulate and rabbit guts
Authors: COSYNS E. , DELPORTE A. , LENS L. , HOFFMANN M. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Dispersal of endozoochorous seed involves uptake by a herbivore and exposure to different kinds of digestive fluids during passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Assessment of the ecological significance of endozoochory therefore requires examination of the survival rate of seeds during this phase.
A feeding experiment was conducted with seeds of 19 plant species that are important constituents of temperate semi‐natural grasslands and five animal species (two ruminants, two colon fermenters and a caecum fermenter). Mean retention time of germinable seeds was determined and seed characteristics that might affect germination success were examined.
Gut‐passed seeds had a much lower germination success (0–26%) than non‐gut‐passed seeds either sown directly on dung (2–79%) or bare soil (7–89%).
Relative germination success differed considerably between both plant and animal species. This may result from complex, herbivore‐specific interactions between animal behaviour (chewing, digestion) and seed characteristics.
Germination success was positively related to seed longevity and, remarkably, also to seed mass and seed shape. Retention time of germinable seeds varied from c. 12 hours (rabbit) to 72 hours (ungulates), potentially allowing long‐distance seed dispersal. This study highlights both the complex interaction between animal species and seed characteristics and the considerable differences in germination success of gut‐passed seeds, which exist between plant species. The loss of seed germinability after gut passage calls into question the ecological significance of endozoochory, although the costs of other dispersal mechanisms remain to be tested.
A space‐for‐time substitution reveals the long‐term decline in genotypic diversity of a widespread salt marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, over a span of 1500 years
Authors: TRAVIS STEVEN E. , HESTER MARK W. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

Clonal populations face a trade‐off between sexual recruitment and vegetative growth and, once established, may undergo continuous declines in genotypic diversity if their sexual recruits make poor competitors. The geological history of delta formation in the Lower Mississippi River Valley was used to age eight S. alterniflora marshes for use in a space‐for‐time substitution ranging over 1500 years, in order to determine the long‐term effects of clonal growth on genotypic diversity in natural populations.
We also predicted that highly heterozygous clones are competitively superior, leading to an increase in the overall level of genetic diversity as a marsh ages and/or to an increasingly positive relationship between clone size and individual heterozygosity, and that the clumping of ramets within clones will occur over increasingly large distances as populations age, while the clumping of genetically related clones will become less pronounced as intraclonal competition begins to obscure the initial effects of localized seedling recruitment.
Using molecular markers to differentiate clones, we documented a decline in clonal richness at the rate of approximately 1% 100 years−1 that was accompanied for the first 300–500 years by an increase in the distance over which clumping of ramets within genets occurred. Older populations, in the 500–1500‐year range, showed evidence of clone fragmentation.
The spatial clustering of kin was observed for only two marshes, and exhibited no clear relationship with marsh age.
Whereas the overall level of genetic diversity was consistent among marshes and showed no clear relationship with marsh age, the relationship between heterozygosity and individual clone size became increasingly pronounced within older marshes.
Our results suggest that under natural conditions S. alterniflora marshes will rarely reach ages sufficient for the loss of all clonal diversity, or for the effects of inbreeding and drift to pose a significant threat to population viability.