bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pectic Enzymes Produced In vitro and In vivo by Erwinia spp. Isolated from Carrot and Pepper in Egypt
Authors: El‐Hendawy H. H. , Osman M. E. , Ramadan H. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThirty soft‐rot Erwinia strains were isolated from diseased carrot (Daucus carrota) roots and pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. Pathogenicity tests showed that these strains are able to induce soft‐rot disease symptoms in different vegetable species indicating a wide host range. Although pectin methyl esterase and polygalacturonase activities were not detected in culture supernatants, they were found in extracts of carrot roots and pepper fruits infected with three strains representing three soft‐rot Erwinias. On the other hand, culture supernatants and extracts of infected plant tissues contained pectic lyase activity. The enzyme from either sodium polypectate or pectin medium degraded the former more actively than the latter indicating pectate rather than pectin lyase activity. In contrast, the enzyme produced in infected tissue showed higher activity on pectin than sodium polypectate. Moreover, the enzyme activity on pectin was not reduced in the absence of Ca2+, which might suggest that, in addition to pectate lyases, pectin lyases could be produced in plant tissues by Erwinia species.
Role of Zinc in Rhizobacteria‐Mediated Suppression of Root‐Infecting Fungi and Root‐Knot Nematode
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. , Hamid M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractUnderstanding the environmental factors that influence the rhizosphere and inner root colonization of the disease‐suppressive strains of fluorescent pseudomonads is an essential step towards improving the level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in combination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa IE‐6S+significantly reduced nematode penetration in tomato roots. Zn applied alone did not reduce root infection caused by Macrophomina phaseolina or Fusarium solani but did reduce when used in combination with IE‐6S+. Soil amendment with Zn at 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg of soil alone or in conjunction with IE‐6S+ markedly suppressed Rhizoctonia solani infection. Plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the leaves substantially improved when used with Zn, however, plants growing in the soil treated with 1.6 mg/kg of Zn in the absence of IE‐6S+ not only reduced plant growth but also showed necrotic symptoms on the leaves. Zn application in the soil decreased populations of IE‐6S+ both in the rhizosphere and root. A positive correlation between bacterial rhizosphere and inner root colonization was also observed. With an increase in nematode densities in the soil, nematode penetration and subsequent galling due to Meloidogyne javanica increased. Regardless of the nematode densities, Zn applied alone or in combination with IE‐6S+ caused marked suppression of M. javanica. At all the population densities of M. javanica, Zn enhanced the efficacy of IE‐6S+ to reduce nematode invasion and subsequent gall development. IE‐6S+ caused significant suppression of soil‐borne root‐infecting fungi both in Zn‐sufficient and Zn‐deficient soil although this suppressive effect accentuated in Zn‐sufficient soils. In the absence of IE‐6S+ and/or Zn, increased nematode densities in the soil significantly reduced plant height, fresh weight of shoot and protein contents of the shoots. With an increase in nematode densities, populations of IE‐6S+ in the rhizosphere and root increased regardless of the Zn application. However, Zn‐deficient soils supported larger populations of IE‐6S+ compared with those of Zn‐sufficient soils.
Effect of Antibiotics on the Symptoms of Stunting Disease of Magnolia liliiflora Plants
Authors: Kamińska M. , Śliwa H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTreatment of diseased magnolia plants with Oxytetracycline, Baytril or Tylan did not reduce the number of symptomatic plants, but promoted shoot growth, development of symptomless leaves and flower buds. The most efficient were 500 ppm Baytril, 200 ppm Tylan and 500 or 1000 ppm Oxytetracycline. Lower concentrations of Baytril and Oxytetracycline were less effective and higher concentrations of Tylan decreased the growth of magnolia shoots. All the tested antibiotic treated and untreated magnolias were shown by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) to contain the AY (16SrI) phytoplasma and two also to contain a phytoplasma related to apple proliferation phytoplasma group (16SrX). The results indicate that Magnolia is a natural host of phytoplasmas belonging to the aster yellows and apple proliferation phytoplasma groups, and support the suggestion that phytoplasmas are the cause of magnolia stunting disease.
Phylogenetic Relationships Among Colletotrichum Pathogens of Strawberry and Design of PCR Primers for their Identification
Authors: Martinez‐Culebras P. V. , Querol A. , Suarez‐Fernandez M. B. , Garcia‐Lopez M. D. , Barrio E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIsolates of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides pathogenic to strawberry plants were examined by sequence analysis of the 5.8S‐ITS region. Phylogenetic relationships among isolates of Colletotrichum are, for the most part, congruent with the molecular groups established in earlier works. 5.8S‐ITS sequence analysis showed a high level of genetic divergence within C. acutatum. Isolates of this species clustered into two very distinct clusters with further subdivision. The divergences between C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides were too low to distinguish them as separate species. On the basis of the sequence data, specific primers were designed both to identify isolates belonging to the genus Colletotrichum, and to distinguish isolates of the species C. acutatum. The specificity of these primers was validated by testing a wide range of strawberry isolates of Colletotrichum, non‐strawberry isolates of Colletotrichum and other fungi used as controls. Although the 5.8S‐ITS sequences were not polymorphic enough to allow the construction of C. gloeosporioides‐specific primers, specific PCR amplification followed by an MvnI digestion provides a tool to specifically identify strawberry isolates of C. gloeosporioides.
Culling Policies in Dairy Herds. A. Review
Authors: Monti G. , Tenhagen B.A. , Heuwieser W. 
Published: March 2003

The culling decision is one of the most complex decisions in farm animal management. This article reviews concepts of culling, risk factors for cows to be culled, different culling policies and the present knowledge on how to develop an optimal culling policy. It is pointed out that there are major interactions between other management complexes and culling that influence the result of field research concerning risk factors for culling. The estimated importance of risk factors for culling varies widely in literature.Culling decisions are part of the overall herd management. They cannot be analysed independently. Future research should analyse the interactions between management practices, cow health, economy, and culling in more detail.
Tissue Distribution of Oxacillin and Ampicillin in the Isolated Perfused Bovine Udder
Authors: Ehinger A. M. , Kietzmann M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary In vivo, tissue distribution of intramammarily administered antibiotics is mostly only assessed by sampling milk and blood. Therefore, the described study analysed whether measurement of tissue concentrations makes sense in vitro instead. Isolated bovine udders were perfused with gassed and warmed Tyrode solution. To four front and rear quarters each, 1000 mg oxacillin in 7.5 ml vehicle was administered intracisternally, completely formulated as sodium monohydrate in two lactation ointments (with or without sodium dodecylsulphate) or 80 % as benzathine salt in a dry‐off ointment. Over 3 h, perfusate and glandular tissue from different locations were sampled and analysed by high pressure liquid chromatography. With increasing vertical distance to the teat base, the tissue concentration of antibiotics decreased. With the lactation ointment containing sodium dodecylsulphate, lower oxacillin concentrations were reached in glandular tissue and lymph nodes compared to those without. The ointments led to a higher recovery of oxacillin in glandular tissue than in perfusate. Aluminium monostearate in the dry‐off ointment caused an even poorer absorption of oxacillin into perfusate. The isolated perfused bovine udder is suitable to study the tissue distribution of antibiotics, since the results were mainly comparable with the few existing in vivo studies and show the influence of different formulations.
Effect of Baypamun® on Blood Leucocytes in Normal and Dexamathasone Treated Goats
Authors: Winnicka A. , Kluciski W. , Kawiak J. , Hoser G. , Sikora J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of Baypamun® on selected lymphocyte subpopulations and granulocyte phagocytic activity mediated by lectin‐like receptors in goats of normal immune status and in goats experimentally immunosuppressed with dexamethasone. Eighteen goats in total were used. Blood samples were collected 24 h before immunomodulation and 5 and 10 days after immunomodulation. Animals in group I were immunostimulated with Baypamun® for 2 days and immunosuppressed with Dexafort for the next 2 days. Animals in group II received Dexafort first and then Baypamun®. The number of leucocytes in total and in subpopulations was determined by flow cytometry. Application of Baypamun® before (group I) or after (group II) immunosuppression caused significant (P < 0.001) and lasting changes in the percentage of CD2+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Significant but transient changes were observed in CD19+ (B) and WC1‐N2+ (null) cells. Results show that application of Baypamun® to modulate non‐specific defence is advisable following immunosuppression (group I). When Baypamun was applied after immunosuppression (group II), although there was no reaction during the initial phase, an increase in the activity of cells responsible for non‐specific immunity was noticeable after 10 days.
Acceptance and Digestibility of Some Selected Browse Feeds with Varying Tannin Content as Supplements in Sheep Nutrition in West Africa
Authors: Aschfalk A. , Steingass H. , Müller W. , Drochner W. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn 1994 and 1995 leaves from 10 selected West African trees and shrubs with varying tannin content were tested to determine their suitability as an alternative and supplementary browse feed for West African dwarf sheep to improve productivity in small‐scale holdings in Benin. Dry matter intake per kg metabolic body weight (DM g/kg W0.75) varied between the different browse feeds and between the different trials and ranged from zero (Leucaena leucocephala) up to 26.7 DM g/kg W0.75 (Margaritaria discoidea). The digestibility of the organic matter varied between 58.9 % (L. leucocephala) and 68.2 % (Mallotus oppositifolius). Agelaea obliqua showed the highest levels of total phenols (10.2 %), tannin phenols (8.8 %) and extractable condensed tannins (8.0 %). Leaves from various browse feeds are a good and protein‐rich supplementary fodder in addition to the grass Panicum maximum. However, feeding of A. obliqua and Cnestis ferruginea should be avoided due to toxic components.
Haemolytic‐Uraemic Syndrome in a Dog
Authors: Chantrey J. , Chapman P. S. , Patterson‐Kane J. C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAn 11‐year‐old female German Shepherd dog presented with lethargy and anorexia, which progressed to haemorrhagic vomiting, diarrhoea and seizures. Serum biochemistry and haematology results showed azotaemia and mild thrombocytopaenia. Euthanasia was elected and the dog was submitted for necropsy examination. There were widespread serosal and mucosal petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages within the abdomen, with ascites and multiple renal infarcts. The renal infarcts were associated with fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis of inter‐lobular arteries and arterioles. These arterial lesions and clinical signs are consistent with haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome, which has not previously been reported in dogs in Europe.
Effect of Different Dietary Levels of Yucca schidigera Powder on the Performance, Blood Parameters and Egg Yolk Cholesterol of Laying Quails
Authors: Kaya S. , Erdogan Z. , Erdogan S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA total of 135 laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), 9 weeks old, were divided into three dietary treatment groups. Three replicates were assigned to each treatment group consisting of 15 birds per cage. The diet was supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 ppm Yucca schidigera powder and given ad libitum to the quails for a period of 14 weeks. Body weight, egg production, feed consumption and feed efficiency were not different due to dietary treatments among the groups. Increased egg weight was determined in the control group.Yucca powder supplementation decreased serum glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride level in laying quails. Serum total protein concentration was not changed by dietary treatments but albumin level was decreased in quails fed 100 ppm yucca powder. Egg yolk cholesterol concentration was not significantly different among the groups but tended to decline (11.5%) as a result of yucca supplementation. Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were not affected by supplementation of yucca powder. However, haemoglobin (HB) concentration was slightly increased and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was significantly increased by 200 ppm yucca powder supplementation to the diet.
Glucocorticoid Metabolites Inhibit the Metabolism of Androstenedione in Red Blood Cells of Ruminants
Authors: El‐Bahr S. M. , Möstl E. , Palme R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present work aimed to confirm that erythrocytes of ruminants, in general, are capable of converting 17‐oxo to 17‐hydroxysteroids. Special attention was given to 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone (a cortisol metabolite) and its possible interaction with androstenedione as substrates of 17‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17‐OH SDH). Blood samples were taken from cattle, sheep and goats (n = 3). Aliquots (100 or 300 μl) of washed red blood cell (RBC) suspensions were incubated in triplicates with Ringer's/glucose solution (1 ml) containing either androstenedione (10 ng) or 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone (100 ng) or a mixture of 10 ng of each. Incubations were performed on a shaker at 38°C for 10, 20, 40 or 80 min, respectively. After centrifugation the supernatants were stored at −24°C until analysis. Concentrations of added steroids were measured with enzyme‐immunoassays to monitor their decrease. The 17‐OH SDH activity of RBC was highest in cattle followed by goats and sheep, and 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone was a better substrate than androstenedione. Concentrations of the latter decreased more pronounced, if incubated alone. High performance liquid chromatography separations of the metabolites of 17‐oxosteroids revealed the presence of both, a 17β‐ and 17α‐hydroxylated product formed by erythrocytes of sheep and goats, but only the latter in cattle. The results demonstrated that 11‐oxoaetiocholanolone was also a substrate of RBC 17‐OH SDH and inhibited the metabolism of androstenedione. Therefore, in ruminants, there might be an interaction between cortisol metabolites and gonadal steroids on the level of peripheral steroid metabolism.
Use of an Alkaline Phosphatase‐Labelled Probe for the Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in Chickens
Authors: Salisch H. , Ryll M. , Leise R. , Neumann U. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryShort nucleotides directly labelled to alkaline phosphatase (SNAP probes) are an interesting alternative to digoxigenin‐labelled probes (DIG probes), because they reduce the number of steps necessary in dot blots for the detection of DNA or amplificate. This study examined the questions whether a SNAP probe might not only save time, but also increase the sensitivity of another PCR‐based DNA probe test using a digoxigenin probe. Amplificates obtained by multispecies polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with either purified genomic DNA or DNA extracted from tracheal swabs taken in chicken flocks, were detected by both methods. The results for the clinical specimens were compared to culture. Under stringent conditions, the specificity and sensitivity obtained with the SNAP probe were comparable to the results obtained with the DIG probe. The quantities 10 fg (SNAP probe) and 100 fg (DIG probe) of purified Mycoplasma synoviae DNA were detected after amplification, but more positive clinical specimens were detected with the DIG probe. Under non‐stringent conditions sensitivity with purified DNA did no change, but the coloration of the dots improved markedly, and more positive specimens could be detected with the SNAP probe than with the DIG probe, truly positives as confirmed by culture. Because cross‐reaction with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma imitans, two species with DNA that was also recognized by the multispecies primers, occurred under non‐stringent conditions, it was concluded that, to take the full advantage of SNAP probes, their use in combination with species‐specific primer pairs is recommended. PCR as a method for mycoplasma detection is however, always accompanied with serological and cultural methods. When a M. synoviae mono‐infection is likely by serological results, non‐stringent dot blot conditions and use of the SNAP probe will ease and improve the detection of mycoplasma.
Taxonomic Evidence that Serovar 7 of Erysipelothrix Strains Isolated from Dogs with Endocarditis are Erysipelothrix tonsillarum
Authors: Takahasi T. , Fujisawa T. , Yamamoto K. , Kijima M. , Takahashi T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe levels of relatedness among strains of Erysipelothrix serovar 7 isolated from dogs with endocarditis were estimated by performing DNA‐DNA hybridization experiments with the type strains of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae and Erysipelothrix tonsillarum. All the canine strains exhibited more than 81 % hybridization with the type strain of E. tonsillarum but less than 13 % hybridization with the type strain of E. rhusiopathiae. Based on DNA‐DNA hybridization results we confirmed that serovar 7 of the isolates from dogs with endocarditis were conclusively identified as E. tonsillarum. These results strongly indicate that some strains of genomic E. tonsillarum are a canine pathogen.
Immunoglobulin G Class Identification from Wild Ungulates by Cross‐reactivity with Antisera to Domestic Animals
Authors: Lastras M. E. , Pastor J. , Viñ L. , Marco I. , Lavin S. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySeven species of Spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a gel‐diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine IgG antisera. Homologous ovine and caprine IgG were detected in sera from chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Homologous porcine IgG was detected in wild boar (Sus scrofa) serum. Immunoelectrophoretic assays were performed to compare the electrophoretic mobility of IgG from domestic and wild species.
Influence of Antibiotics Used as Feed Additives on the Immune Effect of Erysipelas Live Vaccine in Swine
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Takagi M. , Endoh Y.S. , Kijima M. , Takahashi T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTo investigate the influence of antibiotics used as feed additives on the immune response to erysipelas live vaccine, the pig inoculation test was applied. Avilamycin, oxytetracycline quaternary salt, enramycin, virginiamycin and tylosin phosphate were selected as test antibiotics. Five experimental feeds containing each antibiotic at the highest concentration permitted for feed additives in Japan, and the basal diet lacking antibiotics were examined. Twenty‐nine pigs were divided into six groups. At first all the groups were fed with the antibiotic‐free basal diet for 7 days, and then each group received the experimental feeds. On the 14th day after feeding with test feeds all the pigs, except for one control pig in each group, were immunized with the vaccine and all the pigs were then challenge‐exposed to a virulent strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 14 days after vaccination. The clinical response was observed every day for 14 days. In all the groups, most of the vaccinated pigs did not develop any clinical signs of acute erysipelas after the challenge exposure, whereas non‐vaccinated control pigs died or showed severe generalized erythema with profound depression and anorexia. No differences in the protection against the challenge exposure were observed among the groups. Therefore, the present results suggest that these selected antibiotics would not interfere with the immune effect of the vaccine if given at the usual concentrations used for feed additives.
Studies on Seasonal Dynamics of Ticks of Ogaden Cattle and Individual Variation in Resistance to Ticks in Eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Bekele T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study the dominant tick species identified were Amblyomma cohaerens 52.2%, Rhipicephalus pravus 19.3 % and A. variegatum 14.6%. A. cohaerens occurred throughout the sampling period and showed a peak during March. Their number declined significantly (P < 0.01) from August to December. R. pravus occurred from July to December only and peaking in September (P < 0.01). A. variegatum occurred in low numbers throughout the study period with a marked seasonal variation (P < 0.01) and abundant numbers of ticks were observed from May to July. The other tick species identified were Boophilus decoloratus, R. bergeoni and R.evertsi evertsi.Individual variation in tick infestation level was observed among the animals (P < 0.05). Since all the animals were of the same breed, age group and were managed similarly the selection of animals with low infestation level can be a component of tick control strategy.
Estimating the Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Swine Herds – Influence of Sensitivity and Specificity of Salmonella Detection
Authors: Steinbach G. , Blaha T. , Methner U. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryInformation about the proportion of truly Salmonella‐free herds is required for an evaluation of the epidemiological situation, the development of control strategies and their implementation. Findings regarding the presence of salmonellas in faeces and intestinal lymph nodes as well as the presence of Salmonella antibodies in meat juice from slaughtered pigs were obtained in the context of a study conducted by a number of institutes. These data were used for an analysis of the validity of data on the prevalence of infected animals within herds and on the prevalence of infected herds. The proportion of batches or herds with exclusively negative individual findings was found to depend not only on the true proportion of truly Salmonella‐free animals within herds but quite essentially also on the distribution of the proportion of infected animals within herds, the sensitivity of the methods of examination and sample sizes. When taking into account the existing dependencies, it was found that among the swine, the real numbers of Salmonella carriers were much higher than shown by bacteriological and serological examination. Regarding salmonellosis in swine, also a number of contaminated herds must be expected which is far higher than that shown by the number of herds with positive findings in at least one animal. Even a low contamination of all or almost all herds would result in the numbers of ‘negative’ batches observed, i.e. batches with exclusively negative individual findings. A rating of the salmonella exposure of herds as high, low, or very low is possible and may, and should be, used for measures of consumer protection, irrespective of the proportion of truly Salmonella‐free herds.