bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of expert second opinions in a tertiary psychiatric out-patient clinic in the Yorkshire region between 1988 and 2000
Authors: Nirodi Pratibha , Mitchell Alex J. , Mindham Richard H. S. 
Published: November 2003

Aims and MethodA medical second opinion is an expert clinical case evaluation requested by a colleague for a patient already under specialist care. There is no literature on the provision for second opinions in psychiatric practice other than those relating to the Mental Health Act 1983, and the availability of clinics offering second opinions varies greatly from one area to another. We undertook a survey of an expert second opinion service in Leeds over the period 1988–2000 and examined the case notes of 103 referred patients, of whom 71 were included in the analysis data.ResultsIn the majority of cases diagnoses were not changed, but alternative treatment strategies were suggested. The exception was for patients with a diagnosis of personality disorder, in whom neither a new diagnosis nor alternative management was commonly suggested. Half of the assessments were completed in a single visit, but a substantial minority required further evaluation as outpatients, close follow-up or even hospital admission for detailed review.Clinical ImplicationsWe believe that a second opinion service offers clinicians valuable support and expertise, especially in sector psychiatry. Evidence presented suggests that further therapeutic options are available for many patients regarded as ‘difficult to treat’. In some cases this may involve a period of observation free of all psychotropic medication. As in other specialities, psychiatrists should be aware of the value of further advice for patients with particularly refractory or unusual disorders.
Organising and evaluating a Balint group for trainees in psychiatry
Authors: Fitzgerald Gearoid , Hunter Michael D. 
Published: November 2003

Aims and MethodWe describe the Balint case discussion group method and how it can be applied to training psychiatrists. In a group that we ran, the performance of members on a clinical task before and after a year in the group was investigated. Written responses to a case vignette were appraised blindly by psychotherapists who were also examiners for the Royal College of Psychiatrists.ResultsThere were eight members in the Balint group, which met weekly for one year. We found that members' performance on the clinical task improved significantly following the year spent in the Balint group.Clinical ImplicationsA Balint group, as part of an introduction to psychotherapy for psychiatrists, may represent a step towards achieving comprehensive training that is relevant to ordinary clinical practice.
The influence of diet consistence, drinking water and bedding on periodontal disease in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Björnsson Magnús Jón , Velschow Sten , Stoltze Kaj , Havemose‐Poulsen Anne , Schou Søren , Holmstrup Palle 
Published: November 2003

Background:  Although rats have been extensively used in periodontal research, pre‐experimental periodontal inspection has not been given high priority in previous studies of experimental periodontal disease in rats. An inspection of 50 Sprague‐Dawley rats, which were to be used in a model of experimental periodontal disease, revealed signs of periodontal disease in a considerable proportion of the animals.Objectives:  The objectives of the present study were to describe disease progression, identify factors responsible for induction of periodontal disease and test a method for breeding of healthy rats.Methods and results:  A longitudinal study revealed that 33% of rats, bred under the same conditions, showed signs of periodontal disease during, or shortly after, eruption of the molars. Regular diet caused significantly more horizontal bone loss (P = 0.0001) and significantly less periodontal bone support (P < 0.0001) than the same kind of diet with a smaller grain size. Wood chip bedding in the rats' cages significantly reduced periodontal bone support (P < 0.0001) compared to a wire mesh floor and a simultaneous use of regular diet and bedding decreased it even further (P = 0.0023). Finally, by using finely milled diet, a wire mesh floor and tap water, instead of conventional breeding methods of regular diet, bedding and acidic water, it was possible to breed rats with minimal signs of periodontal disease.Conclusions:  The results of the present study emphasize the need for pre‐ experimental examination of rats. They also show that diet and bedding conditions have the potential of seriously influencing outcomes of studies of periodontal disease in rats.
Effect of enamel matrix derivative on human periodontal fibroblasts: proliferation, morphology and root surface colonization. An in vitro study
Authors: Cattaneo V. , Rota C. , Silvestri M. , Piacentini C. , Forlino A. , Gallanti A. , Rasperini G. , Cetta G. 
Published: November 2003

Background:
Several clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of Emdogain® (EMD) in promoting tissue regeneration, even though the underlining biological mechanism is still poorly known.Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of EMD on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and on their colonization and differentiation following contact with the root surface of extracted teeth in vitro.Methods and results:  Fibroblasts from PDL were seeded on Petri dishes and cell growth was evaluated by cell counting in the presence and absence of EMD, after 1, 3 and 8 d of culture. A significant effect of EMD upon cellular proliferation at d 3 and 8 was detected. When PDL cells were grown for 12 d with EMD on etched human root surface, a change in cell morphology was observed. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that cells grown on root EMD‐treated surface present a body with a flattened surface closely adherent to the substrate and an outer smooth surface rounded in shape. From the flattened surface some thin and elongated cellular processes connecting with the substrate were also observable. PDL cells grown on EMD‐treated surface showed lack of alkaline phosphatase activity, as some authors noticed in cementoblasts in vitro.Conclusions:  In conclusion, our data indicate that EMD enhances human PDL fibroblast proliferation. Furthermore, the cells in the presence of EMD show morphological changes that make them more similar to cementoblasts than to fibroblasts, suggesting a process of cellular differentiation that could play an important role in periodontal tissue repair.
Calprotectin release from human neutrophils is induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide via the CD‐14–Toll‐like receptor–nuclear factor κB pathway
Authors: Kido Jun‐ichi , Kido Reiko , Suryono  , Kataoka Masatoshi , Fagerhol Magne K. , Nagata Toshihiko 
Published: November 2003

Objectives:  Calprotectin is a cytosolic protein with antibacterial action in leukocytes and its level increases in some inflammatory diseases, including periodontal diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. Recently, we found that the lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P‐LPS) induced calprotectin release from human neutrophils. P‐LPS, a major virulence factor of periodontal pathogens, is known to induce the production and release of inflammatory cytokines through CD14, Toll‐like receptor (TLR) and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB). In the present study, we investigated whether calprotectin release by P‐LPS is induced via the CD14–TLR–NF‐κB pathway and the cellular mechanism of calprotectin release in human neutrophils.Material and methods:  Human neutrophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and pre‐incubated in medium containing antibodies against CD14, TLR2 and TLR4, or several inhibitors of NF‐κB, microtubules and microfilaments, and then incubated with P‐LPS. The calprotectin amount in the culture medium was determined using ELISA, and the nuclear extracts from cells were used for the examination of NF‐κB binding activity using electrophoretic mobility shift assays.Results:  P‐LPS increased calprotectin release from neutrophils and its induction was inhibited by anti‐CD14 and anti‐TLR2 antibodies, but not by two anti‐TLR4 antibodies. NF‐κB inhibitors suppressed P‐LPS‐induced NF‐κB binding activity and calprotectin release. The inhibitors of microtubule and microfilament polymerization significantly decreased P‐LPS‐induced calprotectin release.Conclusion:  These results suggest that calprotectin release is induced by P‐LPS via the CD14–TLR2–NF‐κB signal pathway in human neutrophils and may be dependent on microtubule and microfilament systems.
Prevalence and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium andersoni in one Herd of Beef Cattle
Authors: Kváč M. , Vítovec J. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryOver a 35‐week period from January to July 2002, a breed of Hereford beef cattle (H) and their hybrids were monitored. Five hundred and ninety‐nine individual fecal samples from calves and 96 samples from their mothers were examined. First excretion of Cryptosporidium andersoni oocysts in calves was found in the 9th week after the start of calving (a calf 63‐day old). The prevalence of C. andersoni in calves ranged from 11.1 to 92.9% depending on age. The mean prevalence in their mothers was found to be 43.8%. The size of oocysts was 8.48 ± 0.78 × 6.41 ± 0.59 μm. Infection intensity in calves ranged from 32 000 to 4 375 000 oocysts per gram (OPG) and in mothers from 78 000 to 2 552 000 OPG. Three cases of abomasal cryptosporidiosis slaughtered at the age of 81, 157 and 236 days were examined histologically and ultrastructurally [transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)]. Cryptosporidium infection of the abomasum was located in the upper half of the mucosal glands in the plicae spirales of the fundus, corpus and near the ostium omasoabomasicum. Cryptosporidia were not located in the glandular epithelium of the pars pylorica in the abomasum minimally 10 cm from pylorus. Histopathological changes in the site of cryptosporidial infection in the abomasum had a non‐inflammatory character and included distinctive dilatation of infected parts of the glands with atrophy and metaplasia of the glandular epithelial cells, goblet cell activation and mucus hyperproduction. The TEM revealed a relatively small number of Cryptosporidium life cycle stages attached to glandular epithelial cells. In SEM the inner mucosal abomasal surface appeared swollen but was never infected by cryptosporidia.
Exposure Time‐Dependent Bactericidal Activities of Amoxicillin AgainstActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; anIn VitroandIn VivoPharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Tanigawa M. , Sawada T. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe pharmacodynamic effects of amoxicillin againstActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeat exposure concentration above and below minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were evaluated in bothin vitroandin vivo.In vitro, the growth and morphological change ofA. pleuropneumoniaein culture medium was observed.In vivo, the efficacy of amoxicillin on experimentally inducedA. pleuropneumoniaeinfection in disease‐free pigs was evaluated. Fifteen pigs were divided into three groups (n = 5 per group). After the onset of clinical respiratory disease symptoms, 6 h post‐infection, amoxicillin sustained‐release injectable formulation was injected intramuscularly at 7.5 mg/kg/day (group I) and 15 mg/kg/day (group II). Then the serum concentration of amoxicillin was measured. An untreated infected group served as controls. In each amoxicillin administration group, if symptoms were not absent after 48 h, the pig was injected with the amoxicillin sustained‐release injectable formulation again using the same dosage.In vitro, the growth ofA. pleuropneumoniaeinhibited by amoxicillin exposure at the concentration above the MIC (1.28 × MIC), and the inhibition time was in directly proportion to the time of amoxicillin exposure. Moreover, all the cells were lysed. Whereas the bacterial growth inhibition at the amoxicillin exposure concentration below the MIC (0.25 × MIC) was not done, and the shape of cells were normal or long filamentous.In vivo, the group I clinical and pathological score was higher than the group II, and the group I weight gain was significantly less than the group II. Performance with respect to weight gain corresponded with clinical signs. The infected control group was severely affected with an 80% (4/5) mortality rate 24–96 h post‐challenge. The duration of time above MIC (T > MIC) of serum amoxicillin concentration in the group I was less than group II. The present studies suggest that amoxicillin has exposure time‐dependent bactericidal activity againstA. pleuropneumoniae.
Potential of Zoonotic Transmission of Non‐Primate Foamy Viruses to Humans
Authors: Bastone P. , Truyen U. , Löchelt M. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe zoonotic introduction of an animal pathogen into the human population and the subsequent extension or alteration of its host range leading to the successful maintenance of the corresponding pathogen by human‐to‐human transmission pose a serious risk for world‐wide health care. Such a scenario occurred for instance by the introduction of simian immunodeficiency viruses into the human population resulting in the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and the subsequent AIDS pandemic or the proposed recent host range switch of the SARS coronavirus from a presently unknown animal species to humans. The occurrence of zoonotic transmissions of animal viruses to humans is a permanent threat to human health and is even increased by changes in the human lifestyle. In this review, the potential of the zoonotic transmission of bovine, feline and equine foamy retroviruses will be discussed in the light of well‐documented cases of zoonotic transmissions of different simian foamy viruses to humans.
Removal of Hair Surrounding the Teat and Associated Bacterial Counts on Teat Skin Surface, in Milk, and Intramammary Infections
Authors: Silk A. S. , Fox L. K. , Hancock D. D. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe effectiveness of monthly removal of hair surrounding teats on the reduction of teat skin surface bacteria, and the incidence of intramammary infection (IMI), was studied for 10 months in a dairy farm. A split udder design was used where hair was removed on one side, left or right, with the other side serving as a control. Controls and treatment sides were randomly applied in a systematic fashion to 218 cows. Standard milking time pre‐ and post‐milking hygiene practices were applied to all udders during the trial. Collection of teat skin swab solutions preceded aseptic collection of milk samples, performed at monthly intervals, immediately prior to milking. Teat skin bacterial counts did not differ between control and treated teats. Incidences of IMI were similar for treatment when compared with control mammary quarters, as measured by total or by pathogen type. In a second study, the effect of hair removal on the bacterial content of milk was determined using 40 cows. Treatments and allocations were as described. Udder half milk, milk from both mammary quarters of each udder half, was combined and diverted into separate buckets. Buckets were thoroughly cleaned and sanitized between milkings. A portion of bucket milk was collected 24 h after removal of udder hair. The total milk bacterial counts, and counts of psychrotrophs and thermoduric organisms were not reduced by udder hair removal. Results do not suggest that removal of udder hair leads to an improvement in milk quality as determined by milk bacterial content in the herd studied.
Trainee nursery teachers’ perceptions of disruptive behaviour disorders; the effect of sex of child on judgements of typicality and severity
Authors: Maniadaki K. , Sonuga‐Barke E. J. S. , Kakouros E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground  Adults’ perceptions of children with disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs), which usually interfere with socialization and referral of children to mental health services, might differ according to the child's sex. Given the importance of (a) the interactions between these children and their educators, and (b) early identification and referral, the impact of the child's sex on adults’ perceptions is an important factor to consider.Aim  To examine the role of gender‐related expectations in the identification and referral of childhood DBDs by trainee nursery teachers.Sample  One hundred and fifty‐eight female trainee nursery teachers (mean age = 20 years) at the Department of Early Childhood Education in Athens.Method  Trainee nursery teachers’ perceptions of male and female children with DBDs were explored using a Greek version of the Parental Account of the Causes of Childhood Problems Questionnaire. Eighty‐one participants answered questions about a set of disruptive behaviours ascribed to a boy and 77 about the same behaviour ascribed to a girl.Results  DBDs ascribed to girls were considered to be no more severe or of greater concern than those ascribed to boys. Judgements of severity were related to concern in the same way for boys and girls. However, DBDs were regarded as less typical for girls than boys.Conclusions  The child's sex affected trainee teachers’ judgements of typicality, but not severity, of children's behaviour problems. The implications of this finding for socialization practices and referral attitudes are discussed.
Social, cultural and environmental influences on child activity and eating in Australian migrant communities
Authors: Green J. , Waters E. , Haikerwal A. , O'Neill C. , Raman S. , Booth M. L. , Gibbons K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAim  This study set out to examine the socio‐cultural, familial and environmental factors influencing health, eating habits and patterns of physical activity contributing to child and adolescent overweight and obesity.Methods  Semi‐structured, community‐based interviews were conducted with contrasting key informant three‐generation families; and generation by generation focus groups of grandparents, parents and children from four cultural communities in the state of Victoria, Australia. Purposive sampling occurred from Turkish, Greek, Indian and Chinese communities that have migrated to Australia within the last three generations (n = 160, eight families, 47 children aged 5–15 years, 29 parents, 42 grandparents).Results  Evidence of two‐way influences on eating and physical activity across three generations was evident, with children reporting the greatest cross‐cultural diversity. A range of dietary restrictions was reported across all cultural groups. Efforts to foster healthy eating and lifestyle patterns within communities were evident. Parents, as a generation in particular, felt the need for more access to education and support regarding healthy limits for pre‐puberty and puberty stages.Conclusion  There is a dynamic influence of culture on many aspects of family lifestyle across three generations. To achieve successful intervention design, childhood obesity researchers need to collaborate with diverse groups and communities. Considering the role and influence of extended family, a multigenerational, whole‐of‐community approach beyond that of parent and child populations ought to be considered.
A qualitative study, using focused interviews, of the information needs of families whose children's names are on a cerebral palsy register
Authors: Miller J. , Colligan J. , Colver A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground We were concerned that information held on a register of children with cerebral palsy was not being made available to contributing families, and that the existence and purpose of the register was not sufficiently understood.Methods Focused interviews with 13 families selected by purposive sampling.Results Many parents would like more information about the data on registers which include their child. They would also like to be more involved in the design of the register and its reports, but there are practical difficulties in making time available for such activity. Although parents were surprised that they had not already been given more information about the existence and purpose of the register, none were resentful that their child's name was on the register once they were reassured about confidentiality and database security. Parents also had general concerns unrelated to the register which were about their need to be treated as equals by professionals, to have more information about equipment and to have earlier and clearer diagnoses.Conclusions Registers of children with uncommon conditions have well‐established roles in epidemiology, planning and research. By fully involving parents in ways suggested by this study, registers can also empower parents. The study should also provide reassurance to those who hold such registers without explicit consent that the requirement to now obtain consent should not create resentment or jeopardize completeness.
Agreement between adolescent self‐report and parent reports of health and well‐being: results of an epidemiological study
Authors: Waters E. , Stewart‐Brown S. , Fitzpatrick R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective  To examine parent and adolescent agreement on physical, emotional, mental and social health and well‐being in a representative population.Methodology  An epidemiological design was used to obtain parent–child/adolescent dyad data on comparable items and scales of a generic measure of health and well‐being, the Child Health Questionnaire (parent/proxy report 50 item, self‐report 80 item). Scale analysis included intraclass correlations (ICCs) to examine strength of parent–child associations and independent t‐tests for differences between adolescents (with or without an illness). Where there were significant differences in scale scores, analysis of variance and two sample t‐tests were used to examine the influence of social, demographic, health concern and school variables. Single items were examined for trends in response categories.Results  2096 parent–adolescent dyads (adolescent mean age of 15.1 years, males 50%, maternal parent 83.2%, biological parent 93.5%). ICCs were strong. Overall, adolescents reported poorer emotional and social health, and clinically significant differences were observed for perceptions of general health (mean difference 8.1/100), frequency and amount of body pain (5.94/100), experience of mental health (5.14/100), and impact of health on family activities (12.43/100), which widen significantly for adolescents with illness. Social, health and school enjoyment and performance significantly widened parent–child differences.Conclusions  All adolescents were much less optimistic about their health and well‐being than their parents, and were only in close agreement on aspects of health and well‐being they rated highly. Adolescent reports are more likely to be sensitive to pain, mental health problems, health in general and the impact of their health on family activities.