bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza encephalitis in an experimental mouse model
Authors: Shinjoh Masayoshi , Yoshikawa Takashi , Li Yixing , Shiraishi Kyoko , Ueki Hideaki , Nerome Kuniaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA mouse model study using mouse brain‐adapted influenza A virus was performed to establish the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza encephalitis and encephalopathy. All mice died after intranasal inoculation of the brain‐adapted influenza A virus (H7N3), and the pathological findings indicated the presence of significant encephalitis. Viral antigen was also detected in the brain, both pathologically and virologically. By contrast, infected mice immunized with inactivated vaccine of the same strain did not lose weight, which is an indicator of the overall condition of the mice, and all of them survived. Similarly, antiserum treatment in the early period (0–1 day post‐infection) resulted in 100% survival, and no pathological findings were observed in the brain. However, mice treated with antiserum 3 days post‐infection showed encephalitis with viral antigens in both glial cells and neurocytes. Although amantadine treatment for 4 days delayed weight loss, it did not prevent death from encephalitis. These results show vaccination and early antiserum treatment to be highly effective, whereas 4‐day treatment of amantadine was not very effective in treating or preventing influenza encephalitis. The life‐prolonging effect of amantadine, however, suggests that use of amantadine together with other treatments may inhibit the progression of encephalitis. J. Med. Virol. 67:406–417, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent progress and new trends in the treatment of hepatitis B
Authors: Alberti Alfredo , Brunetto Maurizia Rossana , Colombo Massimo , Craxì Antonio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe annual rate of progression to cirrhosis in patients with chronic HBV is 0.4 to 14.2% and that of death 4 to 10%. HCC risk increases in parallel with the severity and duration of infection, with an annual incidence less than 0.5% in carriers and 6% in patients with cirrhosis. The main aim of antiviral therapy for chronic “wild‐type” HBV infection is to suppress viral replication before cirrhosis and HCC develop. Two drugs are approved: IFN alpha and lamivudine. IFN alpha is costly, has a narrow range of efficacy, safety, and tolerability. Lamivudine is active, cheaper, and better tolerated but has limited efficacy, being associated with increasing resistance and loss of clinical response in the long term. IFN may be the first choice treatment in HBeAg‐positive patients with a favourable profile and compensated liver disease. Patients with HBeAg‐negative active disease can benefit from 12–24 months IFN treatment if early response is observed. Lamivudine should be started only after considering the uncertainties about duration of therapy and risks of stopping it. In patients with slowly progressive liver disease, treatment is better postponed until effective combination regimens are available. Lamivudine is of paramount importance in end‐stage chronic liver disease to suppress HBV replication and allow successful transplantation. The role of interferon in preventing HCC is controversial. In two studies comparing the incidence of HCC in patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis treated with IFN, HCC developed less frequently in sustained responders than in non‐responders in Greece (2 vs. 10%, P = 0.045), but not in Milan (7 vs. 10%, P = ns). J. Med. Virol. 67:458–462, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progress in the prevention and control of viral hepatitis type B: Closing remarks
Authors: Rizzetto Mario , Zanetti Alessandro R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHepatitis type B remains an important disease globally. Rapid advances have been made during the last two decades in the understanding of the biology of HBV, the complex interaction between the virus and the host, and the pathology and the clinical aspects of infection. Mass vaccination has been shown to be a safe and highly effective means for the control and prevention of hepatitis B. The presence of a large worldwide reservoir of carriers requires a continuous effort to develop new drugs for the treatment of persistent HBV infection. Efforts to sustain immunization programs and to make vaccines and drugs available to countries with limited resources, are the main challenges to the eradication of hepatitis B in the next few decades. J. Med. Virol. 67:463–466, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Systemic and intestinal antibody responses to NSP4 enterotoxin of Wa human rotavirus in a gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease
Authors: Iosef Cristiana , Chang Kyeong‐Ok , Azevedo Marli S.P. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAntibody responses to the Wa human rotavirus (HRV) nonstructural protein NSP4, a viral enterotoxin, were evaluated in neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. Gn pigs were inoculated orally with one dose of 105 fluorescent focus units (FFU) of virulent Wa HRV (HRV‐V), to mimic natural infection, or with three doses of 5 × 107 FFU attenuated Wa HRV (HRV‐A) at 10‐day intervals, to mimic oral attenuated rotavirus vaccines, or they were mock inoculated (mock). Subsets of pigs were challenged with 106 FFU of virulent Wa HRV at post‐inoculation day 28 (PID 28). Post‐challenge, the HRV‐V pigs were completely protected against diarrhea and virus shedding, whereas the HRV‐A pigs had a 50% protection rate against diarrhea and a 67% protection rate against virus shedding. All mock‐inoculated pigs shed virus and had diarrhea post‐challenge. Isotype antibody titers to NSP4 were compared in serum and intestinal contents, at post‐inoculation day (PID) 28 and at post‐challenge day 7 (PCD 7/PID 35) by indirect ELISA, using purified recombinant NH2‐6xHis‐tagged NSP4 of virulent Wa HRV. Pre‐challenge, both the HRV‐V and HRV‐A‐inoculated pigs had similar moderate titers of serum IgG antibodies to NSP4. However, only the HRV‐V‐inoculated pigs developed detectable serum and intestinal IgA antibody titers to NSP4 pre‐challenge, compared with the HRV‐A‐inoculated pigs. The mock‐inoculated pigs had no IgM, IgA, or IgG antibodies to NSP4 pre‐challenge. All Wa HRV‐inoculated pigs developed low to moderate titers of serum IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies to NSP4 post‐challenge, but the mock‐inoculated pigs had only IgM antibodies post‐challenge. Both Wa HRV‐inoculated groups developed low titers of IgA antibody to NSP4 in the small intestinal contents post‐challenge, but titers were 5.8‐fold higher in the HRV‐V pigs. Our results concur with findings that both rotavirus vaccinated and naturally infected children seroconvert with modest IgG antibodies to NSP4 [Johansen et al. (1999) J Med Virol 59:369–367]. These data suggest that Gn pigs could be a useful model to evaluate serum and intestinal IgA antibodies to NSP4 and their role in protection against HRV infection. Further experiments may clarify whether (1) the NSP4 antibodies detected pre‐challenge in the HRV‐V pigs contribute to the higher protection rates observed, or (2) the reduced or delayed NSP4 antibody responses of the HRV‐A pigs are associated with the lower protection rates in these pigs. J. Med. Virol. 68:119–128, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HBV subtype as a marker of the clinical course of chronic HBV infection in Japanese patients
Authors: Sakai Takahisa , Shiraki Katsuya , Inoue Hidekazu , Okano Hiroshi , Deguchi Masatoshi , Sugimoto Kazushi , Ohmori Shigeru , Murata Kazumoto , Fujioka Hiromichi , Takase Koujirou , Tameda Yukihiko , Nakano Takeshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype C is predominant in Japan. However, many HBV subtypes are involved in each genotype, and the clinical manifestations in the patients associated with each subtype remain unknown. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between HBV subtype and clinical aspects of chronic HBV infection. The subtype of 237 patients with chronic HBV infection, including 74 asymptomatic carriers, was determined. The subtypes of 110 HBV carriers undergoing long‐term follow‐up management were determined twice to detect subtypic changes. The clinical features of the patients were also studied with regard to presence or absence of subtypic change. The subtypic distribution in the 237 HBV carriers was as follows: subtype adr, 161 (68%); subtype adw, 25 (11%); subtype adwr, 12 (5%); subtype ar, 24 (10%); subtype adyr, 4 (2%); and unclassified, 8 (3%). The proportion of asymptomatic carriers in patients with subtype adw was significantly higher than those in patients with subtype adr (56% vs. 28%, P < 0.05). In addition, the proportion of HCC in patients with subtype adwr was significantly higher than those in patients with subtype adr (25% vs. 6%, P < 0.05). The prevalence of subtype adr in 74 asymptomatic carriers tended to decrease with age (82% in carriers aged ≤35 years vs 43% in those aged ≥61 years, P < 0.05). The subtypic change and the course of chronic HBV infection had no significant correlation. These results suggest that HBV subtypes are associated with the clinical course of chronic HBV infection. J. Med. Virol. 68: 175–181, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Susceptibility of diverse primary HIV isolates with varying co‐receptor specificity's to CXCR4 antagonistic compounds
Authors: Owen Sherry M. , Rudolph Donna , Schols Dominique , Fujii Nobutaka , Yamamoto Naoki , Lal Renu B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are an obvious target for HIV therapies. Two compounds, T‐22 and AMD‐3100, have been shown to inhibit infection of CXCR4‐using HIV‐1 isolates. The specificity of T‐22 and AMD‐3100 was further confirmed by their ability to block entry of HIV‐1 in GHOST‐CXCR4 transfected cells with no effect on viral entry in the GHOST‐CCR5 cells. The ability of T‐22 to block replication of diverse HIV‐1 isolates (group M, subtypes A, B, D, E, and F as well as group O) and HIV‐2 primary isolates with varying coreceptor specificities ranging from exclusive CCR5 usage to multiple coreceptor usage was examined in detail. T‐22 was found to be highly effective (>90%) at blocking infection of diverse HIV‐1 (subtypes A–F, and group O) and HIV‐2 isolates that use multiple coreceptors in human PBMCs homozygous for a 32‐bp deletion in CCR5 (CCR5−/−), but less effective in CCR5 +/+ PBMCs. Additionally, sequential primary HIV‐1 isolates obtained from a longitudinal cohort who had switched from single coreceptor usage to a broad range of multiple receptors could be blocked effectively by both T‐22 and AMD‐3100 in CCR5−/− PBMCs. Our data suggest that CXCR4 antagonistic compounds are highly effective in blocking the entry of X4‐tropic HIV‐1, and that these compounds could be a useful additive to current anti‐retroviral therapy for clinical management of HIV disease. J. Med. Virol. 68: 147–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity of the envelope 2 gene and eradication of hepatitis C virus after a second course of interferon‐α
Authors: Boulestin Anne , Sandres‐Sauné Karine , Payen Jean‐Louis , Alric Laurent , Dubois Martine , Pasquier Christophe , Vinel Jean‐Pierre , Pascal Jean‐Pierre , Puel Jacqueline , Izopet Jacques 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe heterogeneity of the envelope 2 (E2) gene of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was involved in the sensitivity of HCV to interferon‐α (IFN‐α). To assess the factors leading to virus eradication by IFN‐α, patients whose first treatment by IFN‐α failed and who had virus eradication after a second treatment were studied. These patients were paired with subjects in whom both treatments failed. The phosphorylation homology domain of the E2 gene (E2‐PHD) had no sequence variation between the two stages in both groups of patients. Therefore, this region has no clinical predictive value within a specific genotype. The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) was analyzed by cloning and sequencing 20 clones per sample. Comparison of samples showed that the change in quasispecies induced by the first IFN‐α therapy could be associated with virus elimination obtained after a second treatment. The greater proportion of nonsynonymous mutations that was noted before the second treatment in responders suggest that pretherapeutic immune response is a major factor determining virus elimination and that the immune status of these patients changed between the first and the second treatment. J. Med. Virol. 68:221–228, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of adaptive dual‐dropping ILUT preconditioners in semiconductor dopant diffusion simulation
Authors: Zhang Jun , Pardhanani Anand L. , Carey Graham F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPreconditioning strategies based on incomplete LU factorization using thresholding with dual dropping (ILUT) are investigated for iterative solution of sparse linear systems arising in semiconductor dopant diffusion modelling. Of particular interest are questions associated with selection and adaption of threshold parameters with spatial resolution, timestep in the adaptive ODE integrator and the problem physics. We investigate these issues and carry out detailed numerical studies in one‐ and two‐dimensions for a representative phosphorus diffusion model. Guidelines for optimally selecting the threshold parameters are deduced from the results, and strategies for adaptive parameter selection are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The finite element modelling of laser soldering for electronic assemblies
Authors: Beckett P. M. , Fleming A. R. , Gilbert J. M. , Whitehead D. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe laser provides a controllable means of supplying localized energy for solder joint formation and is a valuable tool in electronics manufacture. The modelling of heating behaviour in typical structures requires consideration of many different phenomena and the resulting models can become complex. The work described here shows that, given appropriate modelling assumptions, finite element models are able to give accurate predictions of heating in high‐pin count devices as well as a valuable insight into the important factors affecting the success of laser soldering operations. In particular, it is shown here that conduction through the body of the component being soldered does not significantly affect heating of the solder but that variations in copper track thickness can result in a doubling of the required soldering time. In addition, it is shown that conduction through the printed circuit board is important when using a scanned laser beam to solder multiple joints. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full‐wave modelling of microstrip line and its sensitivities on lossy multilayer dielectric substrate and superstrate with laminated ground plane
Authors: Mayouf A. , Djahli F. , Mayouf F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a new formulation useful for modelling multilayered microstrip and its geometrical sensitivities with laminated ground plane. New integral equations are formulated, in the spectral domain, using the exact dyadic Green's function of bianisotropic planar media. We have applied a dynamic two‐dimensional least‐square algorithm as an optimization procedure. Obtained results agree well with those of other approaches. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of cell density and thyroid hormone on glial cell development in primary cultures of embryonic rat cerebral hemisphere
Authors: Adachi Tatsumi , Takanaga Hiromi , Sakurai Yoko , Ishido Masami , Kunimoto Manabu , Asou Hiroaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of cell density and thyroid hormone (TH) on the development of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes was investigated in primary cultures prepared from rat cerebral hemisphere on embryonic day (E)18. At the beginning of the culture, most of the cells were microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2)‐positive neurons, whereas O1‐positive oligodendrocytes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive astrocytes were rarely observed. After the cells were maintained in serum‐free defined medium, astrocytes developed at high cell density but rarely at a low one. When leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was supplemented in low‐density cultures, the levels of GFAP expression markedly increased to almost the same extent as in high‐density culture without TH. This suggests that, in low‐density cultures, astrocyte progenitors could not differentiate because of insufficient astrocyte‐inducing factors. Interestingly, the addition of TH increased GFAP expression levels only at high density. The number of oligodendrocytes increased with TH addition at both cell densities, although the effects were more remarkable at high density. These results suggest that cell density and TH are pivotal factors in the development of both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. It is also suggested that the effects of TH on glial cell development could be accelerated via cell–cell communications. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione release from cultured brain cells: Multidrug resistance protein 1 mediates the release of GSH from rat astroglial cells
Authors: Hirrlinger Johannes , Schulz Jörg B. , Dringen Ralf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo investigate the release of glutathione (GSH) from brain cells, cultures enriched for astroglial cells, neurons, oligodendroglial cells, and microglial cells derived from rat brain were studied. During incubation of astroglial cultures, GSH accumulated in the medium with a rate of 3.1 ± 0.6 nmol × h−1 × mg protein−1. In contrast, only marginal amounts of extracellular GSH were detectable in the media of the other brain cell cultures investigated. The mechanism of GSH release from astroglial cells, as yet, has not been reported. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (Mrp1), a transport protein known to mediate cellular export of glutathione disulfide and glutathione conjugates, is expressed in astroglial cultures. Inhibitors of Mrp1 were used to test for a function of this transporter in mediating GSH release from astroglial cells. The presence of the competitive Mrp1 inhibitor MK571 at a concentration of 50 μM inhibited the rate of GSH release by 63%. In contrast, the low concentration of 1 μM of MK571 increased the rate of GSH release by 83%. This bimodal concentration‐dependent effect of MK571 is in accord with literature data for the effects of Mrp1 substrates on GSH release from cells. In addition, the presence of cyclosporin A (10 μM) reduced the GSH release rate significantly and completely blocked the stimulating effect of 1 μM MK571 on the release of GSH from astroglial cells. In conclusion, the data presented are a strong indication that Mrp1 participates in the release of GSH from astroglial cells. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extra Raman modes in CdS during cubic to hexagonal structural transformation
Authors: Lozada‐Morales R. , Zelaya‐Angel O. , Jiménez‐Sandoval S. , Torres‐Delgado G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCubic CdS thin films were grown on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition at 80 °C. By means of thermal annealing (TA) in an Ar + S2 atmosphere in the 224–403 °C range, the cubic metastable zinc blende (ZB) crystalline structure gradually transforms to the stable wurtzite (W) phase. The critical temperature of this phase transformation is around 300 °C, where the material passes from a ZB‐dominated to a W‐dominated phase. Raman spectra obtained at room temperature in parallel and crossed polarizations exhibit extra vibrational modes only when TA is at 344 °C. These experimental findings were explained by considering the critical density of interstitially located Cd2+ ions and their influence to the lattice dynamics of the system. We assumed a model in which the interatomic bonds in the CdS lattice are physically described by a set of springs obeying Hooke's law. The calculated wavenumbers agree remarkably well with the experimental data considering the simplicity of the approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation mechanism of acetaldehyde lithium enolate by reaction of n‐butyllithium with tetrahydrofuran: infrared and Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations
Authors: Corset Jacques , Castellà‐Ventura Martine , Froment Françoise , Strzalko Tekla , Wartski Lya 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDepending on the reaction conditions, n‐butyllithium (n‐BuLi), as a base, may react both with the reactants and with the solvent. Thus, it has been shown that the n‐BuLi dimer reacts with tetrahydrofuran (THF) to give acetaldehyde lithium enolate (CH2CHOLi). The density functional theory approach at the B3‐LYP level with the 6–31 + G* basis set is applied to determine the geometrical, energetic and vibrational characteristics of the different aggregates of the acetaldehyde lithium enolate involved in the cleavage of THF by n‐BuLi. Calculations show that two types of anions may be distinguished in these aggregates, the O and π(CC)—Li bound one (pyramidal structure) and the only O—Li bound one (linear structure). In parallel, infrared (IR) and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy allow one to determine the vibrational properties of the different enolate aggregates and to specify the mechanism of the THF cleavage. First, the n‐BuLi dimer reacts with a solvating THF molecule, leading to a reaction intermediate, the mixed aggregate (CH2CHOLi, n‐BuLi). Then, this aggregate reacts with a second solvating THF molecule, giving rise to the trans linear–linear enolate dimer, which further dimerizes to form a tetramer. The very good agreement between theory and experiment concerning the wavenumbers and the IR intensities allows one to validate the calculated structures of the different enolate aggregates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sector process and episodes of change: an analysis of daily newspapers in The Netherlands
Authors: Sminia Harry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a framework for analysing sector change based on the theory of social becoming. It is argued that:
There are four levels of social structure that characterize a sector. These are the opportunity level, the normative level, the ideal level and the interactional level.
Change is paired with contradiction with regard to one or more of these four levels of social structure.
Contradictions occur in a successive collection of episodes, with an episode of change defined as a sequence of events during which contradiction comes to the surface and is acted upon.
This article presents two episodes of change that occurred in the Dutch daily newspaper sector over the period 1991–1997 with each episode characterized in terms of the four levels of social structure.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of exogenous enzymes to elaborate the Roman fish sauce ‘garum’
Authors: Aquerreta Yolanda , Astiasarán Iciar , Bello José 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA fermented fish sauce, which tries to imitate the ancient Roman ‘garum’, was developed from tuna (Tunnus thynnus) liver and mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Exogenous proteolytic enzymes were used to accelerate the elaboration process, and various fermentation technological parameters (salt percentage, temperature, enzyme dose, continuous stirring) were assayed in order to optimise the process and obtain the best yield. Best conditions were 10% salt (5% added at the start of the process and the 5% after 24 h of fermentation), 35–37 °C and Neutrase (an endoprotease fromBacillus subtilis) at 0.125 Anson Units per 100 g. The fermentation process was carried out in 48 h. The obtained product (filtered and diluted with a guar gum solution) was a thick sauce with 21 mgNg−1, 5.9% salt and 10% fat. The lipidic fraction showed a very interesting fatty acid profile, especially in relation to its ω‐3 fatty acids (PUFA/SFA ratio 0.98; 4.2 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 11.3 g docosahexaenoic acid per 100 g fat). The developed garum was rather different from fish sauces that are manufactured nowadays in South East Asian countries.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry