bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of nitrile–butadiene rubber layered silicate nanocomposites with silane coupling agent
Authors: Kim Jin‐Tae , Lee Dong‐Yeoul , Oh Taeg‐Su , Lee Dong‐Ho 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNanocomposites of organophilic montmorillonite (C18‐MMT), nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR), and a coupling agent were produced during a melt compounding process at room temperature. During the process, it was clearly observed that organo‐MMT particles were exfoliated into nanoscale layers of approximately 1–30 nm thickness, in addition to their original 40 μm thickness. These MMT layers were uniformly dispersed in the NBR matrix. The effects of a coupling agent such as 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy silane in C18‐MMT/NBR nanocomposites were studied. The C18‐MMT/NBR nanocomposites in the presence of the coupling agent were identified and characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, a universal testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis, and IR spectroscopy. It was observed that an additional silane coupling agent, 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxy silane, enhanced the chemical interaction and was accompanied by the formation of SiOSi coupling bonds between C18‐MMT and the coupling agent and SiC coupling bonds between NBR and the coupling agent. This work resulted in improved properties of organo‐MMT/NBR nanocomposites because of the nanoscale effects and strong interaction of the coupling bonds between NBR and organo‐MMT. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2633–2640, 2003
Ion‐exchange resins. II. Acrylamide crosslinked copolymers as precursors for some ion exchangers
Authors: Dragan Stela , Dinu Maria V. , Vlad Cristina D. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractCrosslinked copolymers of acrylamide (AA) and ethylacrylate and some ion exchangers derived from them containing either primary amine groups, obtained by the Hofmann degradation of the amide groups, or carboxylic groups, obtained by the alkaline hydrolysis of the ester groups, were studied. Divinylbenzene and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide were used as crosslinkers. The starting copolymers and the corresponding ion exchangers were characterized by IR spectroscopy, swelling behavior, and thermogravimetric analysis. The ion‐exchanger properties were correlated with the crosslinker nature and the chemical reactions performed on the AA copolymers. The average molecular weight between two crosslinks, determined from the swelling data in water, was compared with that calculated on the basis of the copolymerization stoichiometry only for the carboxylic cation exchangers. In this way, the preservation of the crosslink density after the hydrolysis was revealed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2701–2707, 2003
Study of fluorescence from fluorescent dye‐based polyurethane ionomer
Authors: Wang C. L. , Zhang Z. J. , Yang C. Y. , Chao D. Y. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract6‐Amino‐2‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐propyl)‐ benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione (DYE‐A) and 2‐benzyl‐6‐hydroxy‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3‐dione (DYE‐B) have been successfully synthesized in our lab, and their structures have been proven by IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The fluorescence performance appears to be better for DYE‐A than for DYE‐B as a result of DYE‐A having more electron donating substituents that are strongly excited when absorbing UV light. These fluorescent dyes have further reacted with toluene diisocyanate and other additives to form the fluorescent dye‐based polyurethane (PU) ionomer molecules, and the structures of these molecules have been demonstrated by IR spectra. In aqueous solution, our experimental results indicate that the fluorescence performance is seen to be better for DYE‐A than for DYE‐B. Increased concentration of DYE‐A molecule attached to the backbone of the PU ionomer molecule may reduce the fluorescence performance of this PU ionomer molecule, resulting from the intramolecular interaction between ionomer molecule itself. For the fluorescent dye‐based PU ionomer molecule system, the average particle size of the fluorescent dye‐based PU ionomer molecule in water increases with increasing concentration of the fluorescent dyes, as a result of increased free volume of the ionomer molecules. Our experimental results also illustrate that the tensile strength of self‐cured film made by the fluorescent dye‐based PU ionomer appears to increase with an increase in the concentration of DYE‐A. This is the result of increased intermolecular interaction between ionomer molecules. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2723–2737, 2003
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) interpenetrating polymer network: Synthesis and pervaporation properties
Authors: Lu Jie , Nguyen Quangtrong , Zhou Jiqing , Ping Zheng‐Hua 
Published: June 2003

AbstractNovel interpenetrating polymer network membranes were made from poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends of different compositions. The two polymer components were independently crosslinked chemically with glutaraldehyde and photochemically with 4,4′‐diazostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid disodium salt. The membrane performances were studied in pervaporation of tetrahydrofuran (THF)/water and THF/methanol mixtures. It was found that the membranes were excellent in THF dehydration, but much less efficient for the separation of THF/methanol mixtures. The pervaporation results were consistent with the membrane swelling data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2808–2814, 2003
Using internal magnetic fields to obtain pore size distributions of porous media
Authors: Song Yi‐Qiao 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis article reviews an NMR method, Decay due to Diffusion in Internal Field (DDIF), to obtain detailed pore size information in the fluid‐filled porous media. This method detects molecular diffusion of the fluid in the pore space subject to the magnetic field inhomogeneity produced by the susceptibility contrast between the fluid and the solid materials. We discuss the use of stimulated echoes to create and detect the magnetization modulation, different encoding regimes (weak and strong), and the analysis of the multiexponential decay using Laplace inversion. We also discuss briefly the theoretical treatment of diffusion in porous media using the eigenmode formalism. We note that the application of this technique does not use applied field gradients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 18A: 97–110, 2003
Transmission on indoor power lines: from a stochastic channel model to the optimization and performance evaluation of multicarrier systems
Authors: Degardin Virginie , Lienard Martine , Degauque Pierre 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with optimization and performance evaluation of multicarrier transmissions on indoor power lines, taking the actual channel characteristics into account. From intensive measurements of noise on lines, the most significant parameters of impulsive noise were defined and classified, and then a statistical study was carried out. The other types of noise, i.e. narrow band and coloured noise have also been characterized. In like manner, the transfer functions between two points of a power line network have been measured. From all these data, a stochastic channel model representative of the environment is built and implemented in a software tool simulating the link. Various transmission schemes have been considered to mitigate the effects on one hand of the stationary noise, the channel frequency selectivity and of the change of its state, and on the other, on the impulsive noise. These techniques are optimized for the indoor power line environment and their performances, expressed in terms of bit error rate, are compared. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granulysin in human serum as a marker of cell‐mediated immunity
Authors: Ogawa Kazuyuki , Takamori Yasushi , Suzuki Kunou , Nagasawa Masayuki , Takano Shoichi , Kasahara Yoshihito , Nakamura Yoshiko , Kondo Shigemi , Sugamura Kazuo , Nakamura Masataka , Nagata Kinya 
Published: June 2003

AbstractGranulysin is a cytolytic granule protein of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with a broad range of antimicrobial and tumoricidal activities. Two molecular forms of granulysin, the 15‐kDa precursor and 9‐kDa mature form, are produced in these cells. In this study, we developed monoclonal antibodies against granulysin and found that the 15‐kDa granulysin is spontaneously secreted by peripheral blood NK and T cells via a non‐granule exocytotic pathway. When NK cells killed the target cells, the released granulysin levels in culture supernatants significantly increased through the granule exocytosis. The granulysin protein was found in the sera of healthy individuals at an average concentration of 3.7±3.2 ng/ml (age 0–99 years, n=244). The serum levels of granulysin were transiently highly elevated among patients with acute viral infections. In addition, the serum granulysin levels in patients with severe immunodeficiency treated bycell therapy fluctuated proportionately to the improvement of other immunological parameters. Our results suggest that granulysin is well associated with diverse activities of NK cells and CTL in physiological and pathological settings and could be a useful novel serum marker to evaluate the overall status of host cellular immunity.
Correction: Monitoring gene expression of TNFR family members by β‐cells during development of autoimmune diabetes (Eur. J. Immunol. 7/2003)
Authors: Walter U. , Franzke A. , Sarukhan A. , Zober C. , von Boehmer H. , Buer J. , Lechner O. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractVol. 30(4) 2000, pp 1224‐1232In this article, the name of Anke Franzke was unfortunately published incorrectly: the correct spelling is as given here.
Glacial outlet valley size–ice drainage area relationships: some considerations
Authors: Brook Martin S. , Brock Ben W. , Kirkbride Martin P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPrevious work indicates that large variations in the power‐law relationship, relating glacial outlet valley size to ice drainage area, may occur between different glaciological settings. In this paper, we take issue with methods used to quantify the relationships of outlet valley size to drainage area size and propose a general method for comparing power‐law relationships between study areas, to determine whether or not such power‐law scalings are similar. Based on this method, we demonstrate that outlet valleys have a similar sensitivity to variation in ice‐contributing area irrespective of their glaciological setting, contrary to earlier findings. Minor variation in such relationships may reflect the different lithological and glaciological settings of the study sites and provide an insight into the physics of glacial erosional development of landscapes. Despite their limitations, we conclude that power‐law relationships are valid and, when interpreted carefully, provide a useful basis for comparing the efficiency of glacial erosion processes in different locations. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of spatially distributed braided river flows using a two‐dimensional hydraulic model
Authors: Nicholas A. P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper reports the application of a two‐dimensional hydraulic model to a braided reach of the Avoca River, New Zealand. Field measurements of water surface elevation, depth and velocity obtained at low flow were used to validate the model and to optimize the parameterization of bed friction. The main systematic trends in the measured flow variables are reproduced by the model. However, field data are characterized by greater spatial variability than model output reflecting differences in the scale of processes measured in the field and represented by the model. Additional model runs were conducted to simulate flow patterns within the study reach at five higher discharges. The purpose of these simulations was to evaluate the potential for using two‐dimensional hydraulic models to quantify the reach‐scale hydraulic characteristics of braided rivers and their dependence on discharge. Changes in flow depth and velocity with increasing discharge exhibit trends that are consistent with the results of previous field investigations, although the tendency for the wetted area of the braidplain within particular depth and velocity categories to remain fixed as discharge rises, as has been noted for several braided rivers in New Zealand, was not observed. Modelled shear stress frequency distributions fit gamma functions that incorporate a distribution shape parameter, the value of which follows clear systematic trends with rising discharge. These results illustrate both the problems of, and potential for, using two‐dimensional hydraulic models in braided river applications. This leads to something of a paradox in that while such models provide a means of generating hydraulic information that would be difficult to obtain in the field at an equivalent spatial resolution, they are, due to the problems inherent to data collection, difficult to validate conclusively. Despite this limitation, the application of spatially distributed models to investigate relationships between discharge and reach‐scale form and process variables appears to have considerable potential. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Allocating health care resources when people are risk averse with respect to life time
Authors: Hoel Michael 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe criterion of cost‐effectiveness in health management may be given a welfare‐theoretical justification if people are risk neutral with respect to life years. With risk aversion, the optimal allocation of health expenditures changes: Compared to the cost‐effective allocation, more resources should be allocated to health conditions for which the expected outcomes even after treatment are worse than average. The consequences of medical interventions are usually not known with certainty. Given this type of uncertainty, simple application of cost‐effectiveness analysis would recommend maximization of expected health benefits given the health budget. We show that when people are risk averse with respect to the number of life years they live, the uncertainty associated with different types of interventions should play a role in allocating the health budget. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Price elasticity and pharmaceutical selection: the influence of managed care
Authors: Domino Marisa Elena , Salkever David S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractState Medicaid programs are turning increasingly to managed care to control expenditures, although the types of managed care programs in use have changed dramatically. Little is known about the influence of the shifting Medicaid managed care arena on treatment decisions. This paper investigates factors affecting the selection of treatments for depression by providers participating in either of two Medicaid managed care programs. Of particular interest is the influence of medication price on the choice of treatment, since one vehicle through which managed care organizations can reduce total expenditures is by increasing the price sensitivity of participating providers. We take a new approach by phrasing the problem as a discrete choice, using a nested multinomial logit model for the analyses. Contrary to earlier literature, we find some evidence that physicians in both programs do take price into consideration when selecting among treatment options. HMO providers in particular demonstrate increased price sensitivity in the two most commonly prescribed categories of antidepressants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term transgene expression can be mediated in the brain by adenoviral vectors when powerful neuron‐specific promoters are used
Authors: Glover Colin P. J. , Bienemann Alison S. , Hopton Margaret , Harding Thomas C. , Kew James N. , Uney James B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBackgroundAdenoviral (Ad) vectors are one of the most widely used tools for modelling gene therapy strategies. However, they have not been used in long‐term models of neurological disease, as the period of time for which they mediate strong transgene expression is limited and/or variable. In this study we investigated the longevity of transgene expression in the brain when the powerful neuron‐specific Ad‐synapsin (Sy)‐EGFP‐woodchuck hepatitis virus post‐transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) vector cassette is used at titres that do not elicit an immune response.MethodsAdenoviral vectors expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of either the hCMV, hCMV‐WPRE, Sy or Sy‐WPRE promoter were constructed. These vectors were injected into the dentate gyrus region of hippocampus and transgene expression and immune cell infiltration assessed by fluorescence microscopy and immunocytochemical techniques, respectively.ResultsThe quantitative analysis of EGFP expression showed that there was no significant change in synapsin or synapsin‐WPRE driven transcription 9 months after injection when compared with expression levels obtained 3 days after injection. However, when the hCMV promoter or the hCMV‐WPRE promoter cassette drove transgene expression, there was a dramatic fall in expression levels and very little expression was seen 9 months post‐transfection.ConclusionsThis study shows that non‐integrating vectors can be used to mediate powerful, long‐term episomal transgene expression in neurones. This work has important implications for neuronal gene therapy and is of relevance to studies investigating memory, behaviour and neuronal gene function. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local control of parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma: Outcomes in non‐complete responders to chemoradiation
Authors: Paulino Arnold C. , Bauman Nancy , Simon James H. , Nguyen Thanh X. , Ritchie Justine M. , Tannous Raymond 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether there is a role for surgery in Group III and IV patients with residual parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM‐RMS) after radiotherapy (RT).Materials and MethodsFrom 1965 to 2000, 29 patients with PM‐RMS (Group III 27, Group IV 2) were diagnosed and treated with RT at the University of Iowa. All patients received chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) in 17 (59%), VAC + doxorubicin in six (21%), VC + doxorubicin in three (10%), and other in three. RT was given to the primary site. Median dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 41.4–65 Gy). Two had hyperfractionated RT (59.4 Gy in 54 fractions). Median follow‐up time for surviving patients was 17.9 years (range, 1.5–31.5 years).ResultsThe 2‐ and 5‐year overall survival rates were 78.9% and 45.7% while the 2‐ and 5‐year freedom from local progression rates were 56.8% and 42.1%. For the 11 patients who did not achieve a complete response to chemoradiotherapy at the primary site, eight underwent surgical resection 1.5–7 months after RT. The 2‐ and 5‐year survival rates for the eight who had a surgical salvage were 100% and 60%. None of the other three survived. Six of 18 patients (33%) relapsed at the primary site after a complete response to chemoradiation and all died.ConclusionSurgical salvage after an incomplete response to chemoradiation in PM‐RMS is feasible and can be curative in some cases. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;41:118–122. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Third‐order nonlinear optical properties of parabolic and semiparabolic quantum wells
Authors: Wang Guang‐Hui , Guo Qi , Guo Kang‐Xian 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA detailed procedure for the calculation of the third‐harmonic‐generation susceptibility tensor is given in parabolic and semiparabolic quantum wells, and an analytic formula for the third‐harmonic‐generation susceptibility is obtained by the compact density matrix approach and an iterative procedure. Finally, numerical results are presented for typical GaAs/AlGaAs parabolic and semiparabolic quantum wells. The calculated results show that the third‐harmonic‐generation susceptibilities in parabolic quantum wells are over one order of magnitude greater than in semiparabolic quantum wells, and are over eight orders of magnitude greater than in bulk GaAs. In addition, the third‐harmonic‐generation susceptibilities are related to the parabolic confinement frequency and the relaxation rate.
Moving screw dislocations in piezoelectric bimaterials
Authors: Wu Xiang‐Fa , Dzenis Yuris A. , Zou Wen‐Sheng 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn explicit solution for a moving screw dislocation in a piezoelectric bimaterial is given by means of complex variables. The electroelastic fields and forces acting on the moving dislocation are obtained in closed form. As special cases, solutions for a moving screw dislocation in a piezoelectric half‐plane with a free or rigid surface are obtained explicitly.
Mobility control: How injected surfactants and biostimulants may be forced into low‐permeability units
Authors: Jackson Richard E. , Dwarakanath Varadarajan , Meinardus Hans W. , Young Carl M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractRecovering dense nonaqueous‐phase liquid (DNAPL) remains one of the most difficult problems
facing the remediation industry. Still, the most common method of recovering DNAPL is to physically remove the
contaminants using common technologies such as total fluids recovery pumps, vacuum systems, and
“pump‐and‐treat.” Increased DNAPL removal can be attained using surfactants to
mobilize and/or solubilize the pollutants. However, very little is understood of the methods developed by
petroleum engineers beginning in the 1960s to overcome by‐passed, low‐permeability zones in
heterogeneous oil reservoirs. By injecting or causing the formation of viscous fluids in the subsurface,
petroleum engineers caused increased in‐situ pressures that forced fluid flow into low permeability units
as well as the higher permeability thief zones. Polymer flooding involves injecting a viscous aqueous polymer
solution into the contaminated aquifer. Foam flooding involves injecting surfactant to decontaminate the
high‐permeability zones and then periodic pulses of air to cause a temporary viscous foam to form in the
high‐permeable zones after all DNAPL is removed. Later surfactant pulses are directed by the foam into
unswept low‐permeable units. These methods have been applied to DNAPL removal using surfactants but they
can also be applied to the injection of bio‐amendments into low‐permeability zones still requiring
continued remediation. Here we discuss the principles of mobility control as practiced in an alluvial aquifer
contaminated with chlorinated solvent and coal tar DNAPLs as well as some field results. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Electro‐Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process for in situ remediation under an occupied apartment building
Authors: McGee Bruce C.W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe implementation and performance results of the Electro‐Thermal Dynamic Stripping Process
(ET‐DSP™) used in combination with high‐vacuum dual‐phase extraction are
presented here. The technology was selected to remove vapor pressure‐sensitive benzene, toluene, ethyl
benzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds from under an occupied residential apartment building. Operating
within several engineering, environmental, and safety constraints, a design was developed to conduct electrical
heating and in situ extraction operations without disruption of the daily activities of the residents within the
apartment complex and general area. The results consistently showed a significant reduction in the concentration
of hydrocarbons with non‐detectable levels being achieved in all of the samples that were tested. This is
a direct result of a substantial temperature increase of the soil and concurrent increase in the hydrocarbon
vapor pressure from the ET‐DSP™ system. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.