bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Icons
Authors: Shevzov Vera 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Specially revered icons were a prominent feature of late imperial Russian Orthodoxy. These came to represent the challenges to traditional authority structures that modernisation often entailed. Since these icons often originated with the experiences of lay men and women from all social backgrounds, they gave lay people an independent means to exercise their spiritual discernment and express their involvement in the unfolding of sacred history.
Liberation Theology in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Pui-lan Kwok 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This essay explores three issues that will influence liberation theology in the twenty-first century. The first section focuses on the relation between postmodernity and liberation theology and explores the extent to which the preferential option for the poor is still viable in postmodernity. The second section explores the implications for the study of religion of the fact that many of the world’s poor are non-Christians. The last section challenges patriarchy and heterosexuality in liberation theology and shows why gender and sexuality must be fully integrated into liberation discourse.
The Situation and Tasks of Liberation Theology Today
Authors: Gutiérrez Gustavo 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Christian faith and liberation theology face three great challenges: (1) modernity and postmodernity, (2) the widening gap between a rich elite and the poor majority, and (3) religious pluralism and interreligious dialogue. The author focuses on the second challenge, that of widespread poverty under globalization. Because the Christian message requires,and reveals the meaning of, a response to the poor in which God’s reign is accepted, theology must look at history from its underside, from the side of its victims. The author discusses three areas of concern to future liberation theology: the complexityof the world of the poor, the problematic of globalization and poverty, and a deepening liberation spirituality.
Knowing the God of the Poor
Authors: Goizueta Roberto S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The claim that, in the crucified and risen Christ, God is preferentially identified with the victims of the history transforms the preferential option for the poor from an ethical imperative into the privileged locus of all Christian theology. The author argues that the preferential option makes not only ethical but also epistemological and theological claims. The possibility of preferring some viewpoints or of making normative truth-claims is the precondition of an authentic, pluralistic community that affirms the dignity of all peoples. The preferential option forces us to confront the question of truth; Christian praxis is liberating only because it affirms something that is real or true.
Distinctness
Authors: Bonnen Clarence , Flage Daniel 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The paper argues that, for Descartes, an idea of x is distinct only if that idea is subsumed under an eternal truth that specifies the conditions sufficient for x to exist, where x is taken to be an entity of a particular kind. It is argued that clear and distinct ideas are materially true, i.e., pertain to possible existence. It is shown that clarity and distinctness pertain primarily to perceptions as acts, and that it is possible to have alternative distinct ideas of a single thing. The discussion relates clarity and distinctness to the Cartesian method, to the cogito, and to ideas of God and the self.
The Annunciation
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores Lutheran sermons on the text of the Annunciation. Mary is portrayed as an example of the faithful believer, representing the Lutheran virtue of Christian faith over the “worldly” virtue of human reason. She is seen not so much as the model believer, but as a fruitful model for believers, whose real importance lay in her role in bringing Christ into the world.
The Albright Watershed
Authors: Davis Thomas W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
William Foxwell Albright changed the nature of biblical archaeology from a nebulous supradiscipline focused on Assyrian texts to a field-oriented endeavor. By the late 1930s, he became the unchallenged master of the pottery of Palestine. He also revolutionized biblical studies, developing a case for the uniqueness of Hebrew revelation, particularly the monotheism of Moses.
Biblical Archaeology Triumphant
Authors: Davis Thomas W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
George Ernest Wright produced a crucial change in the paradigm of biblical archaeology. He took the “scientific” construct of the field and gave it a positive rationale for existence. He made biblical archaeology the support structure for a positivist theological understanding called the Biblical Theology Movement. He completed the process begun by Albright of making biblical archaeology a synonym for Palestinian archaeology. The Albright-Wright archaeological reconstruction of the history of Israel is what is commonly known as biblical archaeology.
The Basic Paradigm
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In human exposure to power, the paradigm experience has been force and its ability to control human attitudes, decisions, and actions. One of the principal instances of force has been military action that in many ways is the most prominent use of violence to dominate. Control and domination through use of force has been a continuing characteristic of patriarchy throughout history and a central feature of human history.
Legitimating the use of violence to control has been an ideology that proposed force as a means of bettering human life. At times, even divine providence has been described in terms of force. However, in the tradition identified with Jesus of Nazareth, non‐violence has been seen as ultimate power and divine action viewed as non‐violent.
The Power of Thought
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Thought lies behind the power of symbols to communicate understandings and influence actions. Ideas have consequences. Influence of ideologies and communications media on culture. The central role of education, assisted by the arts, in development of people's understandings and outlook; consequent authority of teachers and artists. Religious understandings are rooted in divine revelation that comes from Spirit's empowerment of prophets. Revelation is a continuing process that occurs in humans’ ongoing experience. Relation of official teaching to canonical texts and rituals and critical scholarship. Christian belief in special power of ‘the Spirit of truth’.
Truth and Paradox
Authors: Maudlin Tim 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
At least since the work of Tarski, the Liar paradox has stood in the way of an acceptable account of the notion of truth. It has been less noticed that once one admits a truth predicate into a formal language, along with intuitively valid inferences involving the truth predicate, standard classical logic becomes inconsistent. So, any acceptable account of truth must both explicate how sentences get the truth values they have and amend classical logic to avoid the inconsistency. A natural account of a trivalent semantics arises from treating the problem of assigning truth values to sentences as akin to a boundary‐value problem in physics. The resulting theory solves the Liar paradox while avoiding the usual ‘revenge’ problems. It also suggests a natural modification of classical logic that blocks the paradoxical reasoning. This semantic theory is wedded to an account of the normative standards governing assertion and denial of sentence and a metaphysical analysis truth and factuality. The result is an account in which sentences like the Liar sentence are neither true nor false, and correspond to no facts.
The Quality of Freedom
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
At least since the publication of Isaiah Berlin's famous essay ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ nearly half a century ago, political philosophers have argued vigorously over the relative merits of ‘positive’ and ‘negative’ accounts of freedom. Matthew Kramer writes squarely within the negative-liberty tradition, but he incorporates a number of ideas that are quite often associated with theories of positive liberty. Much of The Quality of Freedom is devoted to elaborating the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of particular freedoms and unfreedoms; however, the book's cardinal objective is to establish the measurability of each person's overall freedom and of each society's aggregate freedom. On the one hand, Kramer contends that the existence of any particular instance of liberty or unfreedom is a matter of fact that can be confirmed or disconfirmed without any reliance on evaluative or normative considerations. On the other hand, he argues that the extent of each person's overall freedom or unfreedom cannot be ascertained entirely in the absence of evaluative assumptions. By combining those two positions and developing them in detail, Kramer pits himself against all positive accounts of liberty and most negative accounts. In the course of so doing, he aims to demonstrate the rigorous measurability of overall liberty – something that many writers on freedom have casually dismissed as impossible. Although Kramer concentrates principally on constructing a systematic analysis of socio-political freedom, he engages critically with the work of many of the leading contemporary writers on the topic.
Conclusions
Authors: Breen Richard , Luijkx Ruud 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummarizes the findings of the previous 12 empirical chapters and discusses issues in the development of explanatory theories of social mobility. The chapter also addresses two sorts of explanation of variations in social mobility: micro-models in which the role of education is central, and macro-models, which seek to relate mobility to features of societies as a whole such as their level of inequality and of economic development. The chapter looks at the policy consequences that follow from our results, particularly as these concern the role of the educational system. A final assessment in which the adequacy of existing theories of social mobility is called into doubt concludes the chapter.
The Economics of Systems Integration
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Hobday Mike , Marengo Luigi , Prencipe Andrea 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Explores some theoretical elements of the economics of systems integration (and disintegration) by placing the idea of systems integration within the context of evolutionary economics. The authors argue that systems integrators (as firms) and systems integration (as a key capability within and across firms) perform a central function as the visible hand of much modern industrial activity, especially in complex products and systems. The latter include a significant subset of capital goods such as mobile communication systems, military systems, corporate information technology networks, train engines, aircraft, intelligent buildings, air‐traffic control systems and tailored software packages.
The Role of Technical Standards in Coordinating the Division of Labour in Complex System Industrie
Authors: Steinmueller W. Edward 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Examines alternative theories of the technical compatibility standard‐setting process as a means of co‐ordinating component and sub‐system suppliers in complex product systems industries, particularly those involving software, integrated circuits, and telecommunications. These industries are chosen to illustrate the different influences of the nature and pace of technological change on the choice of institution and the governance process involved in standard‐setting. The focus of existing theories of standards governance on relative institutional efficiency will be contrasted with a theory in which the nature and pace of technical advance have a fundamental influence on institutional design and process.
Modularity and Outsourcing
Authors: Sako Mari 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity, modularity in design, modularity in production and modularity in use, are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. Moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. Considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.
Integrated Solutions
Authors: Davies Andrew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Some of the world's leading companies are changing the strategic focus of their activities and following a similar path to success. Increasingly, firms compete by selling complex products and services as integrated solutions that address the needs of large business or government‐owned customers. Presents empirical findings within a conceptual framework that examines how the firms are changing the strategic focus of their activities, adapting to new positions in the value chain, and developing new sets of capabilities. To provide products and services as integrated solutions, firms are building core ‘systems integration’ capabilities to provide world‐class products with equipment sourced from different vendors, and moving into the provision of services to maintain, finance, and operate a product throughout its life cycle.
Macedonia and Illyricum
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTitus reported that the Severe Letter had the desired impact, but that the atmosphere of the community at Corinth was being poisoned by continuous carping criticism of Paul stemming from an alliance of the Spirit-people and the Judaizers. Paul had the winter to carefully craft his response. The insight and sophistication of 2 Cor 1–9 make it infinitely superior to 1 Cor. Having dispatched the letter in the spring, Paul headed for Illyricum to preach in virgin territory for the first time in five years. His ministry there was interrupted by bad news from Corinth, which occasioned 2 Cor 10–13, a tour de force of wild sarcasm and irony.
The Final Years
Authors: Murphy-O'Connor Jerome 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWhen Paul’s mission in Spain failed, he went back to Illyricum. After a year or so there he travelled via Troas to Ephesus, where he took over from Timothy, who had proved a failure as a leader. Paul himself did no better and moved to Miletus. There he got word of Nero’s persecution of Christians in Rome. He went there to reinforce the decimated community. The gesture was not appreciated by the Roman church, which boycotted him when he was imprisoned. Those who had come with him from Asia drifted away.2 Tim reflects both optimism and fear. He was beheaded in the last quarter of a.d. 67.
‘Knowledge is Perception’
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Does not directly advance the book’s argument, but prepares the ground by examining the ‘secret doctrine’ set up by Socrates in investigating the dialogue’s first serious definition, ‘Knowledge is perception’. Its key components are the relativist thesis of Protagoras that ‘Man is the measure of all things’, and the doctrine associated with Heraclitus and others that everything is in flux.
Relativism
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Examines the stages by which Protagorean relativism is refuted. These include the much-debated self-refutation argument, and the argument that only experts could have knowledge of the future. I maintain that these are drawing on typically Socratic insights and arguments. But the main emphasis is on the ‘Digression’, in which Socrates indicates why he rejects fashionable relativism of values. This, I argue, develops a series of Socratic positions that serve to reveal how Socrates, despite not having arrived at Plato’s theory of transcendent moral Forms, paved the way to it with a moral absolutism that depended on his insights about god’s perfect goodness. Here, Plato is also looking forward to his later interest in ‘becoming like god’. The Digression, in addition, I argue, hints at Socrates’ radical theological views, the ones that led to his execution.
The Macarian Legacy
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book explores the remarkable spiritual and theological legacy of the fourth-century Macarian writings. The anonymous author of the writings (commonly referred to as Macarius-Symeon, Pseudo-Macarius, or simply Macarius) had a decisive influence on the shaping and development of the Christian ascetic and mystical tradition. The book offers the first attempt at a broad-based analysis of the character of that influence, standing not only as an exploration of the writings themselves but also of the nature of the Christian tradition itself. Part I (‘The Background’) offers an introduction to the Macarian writings, sketching their nature and character, examining their historical and theological context, and re-evaluating the complex question of the relationship between Macarius and the Messalian tendency. Part II (‘The Legacy’) discusses in detail the nature of his theological and spiritual legacy in the later Christian tradition, focussing on the work of Mark the Monk, Diadochus of Photice, Abba Isaiah, and Maximus the Confessor. Mark and Diadochus, both anti-Messalian writers, are shown to be substantially indebted – something that further underlines the untenability of the facile, but nonetheless once fashionable, identification of Macarius-Symeon as a Messalian. The Macarian influence on the Asceticonof Abba Isaiah is palpable, if not profound, while in the great Byzantine synthesis of Maximus that influence is both substantial and thoroughgoing. In this way the book traces the journey of the Macarian writings from the border zone between orthodoxy and heresy, between Greek and Syriac thought-worlds, into the mainstream Christian tradition.
Where the Spirit Flourishes
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Although the Christian tradition has tended to highlight the church's relationship to Jesus Christ, a comprehensive theology of the church is not possible without a significant focus on the Holy Spirit. Aims at a retrieval of the Spirit's role in the church. It does this via both an exploration of the relationship between Christ and the Spirit and the theology of symbol. Most importantly, it identifies the church as the symbol of the Spirit in human history. Details the implications of understanding the church in the light of the Spirit; this involves a focus on the church's communion as well as its mission and on the qualities of the church included in the ancient Christian creeds: unity; holiness; catholicity; apostolicity.
Sex Differences, Financial Education, and Retirement Goals
Authors: Clark Robert L. , d'Ambrosio Madeleine B. , McDermed Ann A. , Sawant Kshama 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines sex differences in retirement goals and responses to financial education seminars. Gender differences were observed in terms of desired retirement age, and savings and investment choices. Financial education seminars alter individual retirement objectives, with participants likely to raise their income objectives after the seminar.
Adult Learning Principles and Pension Participant Behavior
Authors: Sheckley Barry G. , Saliterman Victor 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that employee education programs founded on research-based principles of how adults learn best can improve participants’ investment decisions, and in turn retirement security. A learner-centred process can be used to teach participants how to apply information about investment options to develop effective financial plans. The techniques work best when learners are engaged as active, self-determining individuals.
The Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The previous chapter showed how transnational activity, the adjudication of the European Community (EC) law, and EC lawmaking had developed symbiotically to determine much of what is important about European integration. This chapter provides a more detailed sectoral account of how the adjudication of one class of trading disputes gradually, but authoritatively, undermined the intergovernmental aspects of the EC, while enhancing the polity's supranational, or federal, character. Assesses the impact of adjudicating the freer movement of goods provisions of the Treaty of Rome on integration and supranational governance, focusing on the problem of non‐tariff barriers, as governed by Arts. 28–30 (EC). Proceeds as follows: first, the treaty rules on intra‐EC trade are examined, hypotheses derived about how the domain could be expected to evolve, and the argument advanced is contrasted with alternatives; second, in a section ‘Judicial Governance and Market‐Building’, the emergence is tracked of the basic doctrinal framework (the Dassonville framework) governing the domain, an analysis made of the aggregate data on adjudication in the sector, and the impact traced of the European Court of Justice's case law on the decision‐making of other actors, including the European Commission and Member State governments; third, the mutation of the framework that occurred in the 1990s is discussed – an event that was heavily conditioned by the endogenous development of the law itself; the chapter concludes with an assessment of the findings in light of the pertinent scholarly debates about the impact of the European legal system on the greater course of market‐building and political integration.
Environmental Protection
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An examination is made of the emergence and institutionalization of a new policy domain for the European Community (EC): environmental protection – a domain that did not exist before the signing of the Single European Act (SEA) of 1985, when the Member States formally recognized the EC's legislative authority in the field, and the strengthening of these competences in 1992 by the Treaty of European Union and in 1997 by the Treaty of Amsterdam. Partly owing to lack of Treaty basis, and partly because of factors to be discussed in this chapter, the influence of the legal system on the development of the EC's policy has not been as pervasive as it has been for the main categories of law and policy established under the original Rome Treaty. The first section, ‘The Policy Domain’ provides a brief overview of the evolution of environmental protection as a supranational field of governance. The second focuses on the attempts of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to manage the relationship between freedom of trade (free movement of goods) and the EC's environmental policies, showing that this case law served to legitimize the EC's competences in the field before the SEA. The third section assesses the Court's interactions with the EC legislator and the Member States from the perspective of delegation theory, examining both what happens when the ECJ acts as a trustee of the Treaty, and when it functions as an agent of the legislator, i.e. when it is asked to resolve disputes about the meaning of provisions contained in EC statutes; no evidence was found that the ECJ regularly defers to the interests of powerful Member States, rather, it has pursued the ‘Community's interest’, broadly conceived, even when engaging in routine statutory interpretation.