bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved convolutional neural network approach for damage localization in composite materials based on modal analysis
Authors: Guo Xiaojie , Cao Jiayu , Gao Bingkun , Jiang Chunlei , Wang Xiufang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Damage detection of composite materials using modal parameters has limitations in terms of sensitivity to small or localized damage and limited accuracy in damage localization. To address this issue, an enhanced channel attention residual network (ECARNet) damage detection model for composite laminates is proposed. First, finite element analysis is used to obtain training samples, which are processed as two-dimensional data to take full advantage of the convolutional neural network. Then, the residual module uses a multilayer perceptron instead of the traditional convolutional layers to learn the correlation between channels to enhance the generalization ability of the model, and uses the tanh activation function to retain negative information. Finally, a channel focus mechanism is introduced to enable the network to learn key features adaptively. Experimental results on two datasets with different levels of damage demonstrate the superior detection performance of ECARNet, achieving average detection accuracies of 98.13% and 97.94% respectively. A comparison with other methods verifies the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed approach. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the new method is validated on real-world test data.
A numerical study of the anisotropic distribution of γ-ray emission from oriented 129m,131m,133mXe
Authors: Kulesz Karolina , Engel Robin Yoël , Jolivet Renaud Blaise , Kowalska Magdalena 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Spin-polarized radioactive nuclei emit radioactive decay products in an anisotropic manner that is characteristic of their degree of nuclear orientation. This property can be utilized for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. In this manuscript, we present Python and MATLAB numerical simulations that investigate the angular distribution and measurable asymmetry of γ-ray emission from spin-oriented nuclei of the metastable isotopes

129

m

,
131

m

,
133

m

Xe. We examine several cases that represent different degrees of spin alignment and detection geometries. The results of our simulations provide a benchmark for experiments that use γ-decay anisotropy, such as the GAMMA-MRI project, which aims to develop a novel medical-imaging technique combining the strengths of magnetic resonance and nuclear medicine imaging.
Insight into heterogeneous dynamics of growing islands using coherent x-ray scattering
Authors: Dax I , Zaluzhnyy I A , Pylypenko A , Russegger N , Starostin V , Rysov R , Westermeier F , Sprung M , Hinderhofer A , Pithan L , Schreiber F 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Understanding the non-equilibrium structure formation of thin films is a fundamental challenge with important implications also for technical applications. The interplay between adsorption, desorption, and surface diffusion may result in the formation of nontrivial surface morphologies. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy opens up new possibilities for understanding these processes. In this work, we perform in situ x-ray experiments in grazing incidence geometry to follow the growth of diindenoperylene thin films in real time, revealing details of the dynamics during molecular island formation. Comparison with simulations allows to extract dynamic and kinetic time scales. We observe time scales in the range of a few hundred seconds which occur mainly due to kinetics, i.e. island growth. Importantly, we can relate the observed heterogeneous behavior in dynamics to the number of open layers, revealing information about the change in the roughness, and the growth speed of each layer.
Exciton-induced electric dipole moment in organic ferromagnets
Authors: Li Huixin , Ma Han , Li Dan , Zhang Huiqing , Miao Yuanyuan , Ren Junfeng , Timm Carsten , Hu Guichao 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Based on an Anderson-like model including electron–lattice interaction and electron–electron (e–e) interactions, charge and spin properties of excitons in quasi-one-dimensional organic ferromagnets with spin radicals are investigated. The results demonstrate the appearance of an unusually large electric dipole moment in the magnetic molecule upon the formation of the exciton. The sign of the dipole moment depends on the spin of the excited electron relative to the magnetization of the spin radicals. The underlying mechanism is analysed based on the different charge distribution and lattice distortion in the two excitation modes with opposite spin. The origin is attributed to the preferred occupation on different domain walls of the exciton distortion for different spin-resolved excitonic levels. The experimental realization of the large dipole moment is discussed. Although the realization of a large dipole moment is impeded by the superposition state formed due to the degeneracy of two excitation modes, we propose an achievable route to break the symmetry and create controllable electric polarization by optical illumination. The dipole moment is robust even if the long-range e–e interaction is included. The effects of the system parameters, including the electron hopping between the main chain and the radicals and the e–e interaction, on the magnitude of the dipole moment are also discussed. This work indicates a novel way to realize organic multiferroic materials with controllable polarization, which can be induced by photon excitation.
The effect of blanket system and port plugs on the harmonic components of error field and optimizing approach investigation
Authors: Liu Zhao , Lei Mingzhun , Wu Qigang , Liu Sumei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The fusion plasma is sensitive to the penetration of the toroidal mode numbers

n

harmonic components of the error fields (EFs), and the toroidal mode components of the EFs are closely tied to the toroidal distribution of the magnetic field source. The primary source of EFs within the magnetic field sources is the current source, such as the magnet system, while the magnetic field produced by magnetized ferromagnetic materials may also generate EFs. The ferromagnetic field source, such the reduced-activation ferritic-martensitic steel, represent a smaller portion of the EFs source. However, the use of ferromagnetic materials is expected to increase significantly as tokamak research transitions from experimental devices to demonstration and commercial reactors, particularly for the structural materials of in-vessel components and port plugs. Predictably, the EFs induced by ferromagnetic materials will increase and may even surpass the design specifications. In this study, the EFs introduced by the water-cooling ceramic breeder blanket system and the vacuum vessel port plugs of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor are comprehensively analyzed by an analytical approach and finite element numerical approach, which is based on the Fourier decomposition. The results reveal a clear linear relationship between the EFs formed by the saturated magnetization module and its rigid displacement deviating from periodic symmetry, as well as the same behavior in EFs and overall magnetization intensity. Compared to the assembly error of the blanket system, the EFs that may be introduced by the equatorial ports and plugs are substantial, including larger

n
⩽
3

toroidal mode harmonic components that can lead to lock mode and disruption. Moreover, using the correlation between harmonic components and symmetrical periods, specific toroidal mode components can be selectively shielded.
Identification of a spatial distribution threshold for the development of a solar radiation model using deep neural networks
Authors: Kang Dae Gyoon , Kim Yean-Uk , Hyun Shinwoo , Kim Kwang Soo , Kim Junhwan , Lee Chung-Kuen , Maruyama Atsushi , Beresford Robert M , Fleisher David H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We propose an approach to develop a solar radiation model with spatial portability based on deep neural networks (DNNs). Weather station networks in South Korea between 33.5–37.9° N latitude were used to collect data for development and internal testing of the DNNs, respectively. Multiple sets of weather station data were selected for cross-validation of the DNNs by standard distance deviation (SDD) among training sites. The DNNs tended to have greater spatial portability when a threshold of spatial dispersion among training sites, e.g. 190 km of SDD, was met. The final formulation of the deep solar radiation (DSR) model was obtained from training sites associated with the threshold of SDD. The DSR model had RMSE values <4 MJ m−2 d−1 at external test sites in Japan that were within ±6° of the latitude boundary of the training sites. The relative difference between the outputs of crop yield simulations using observed versus estimated solar radiation inputs from the DSR model was about 4% at the test sites within the given boundary. These results indicate that the identification of the spatial dispersion threshold among training sites would aid the development of DNN models with reasonable spatial portability for estimation of solar radiation.
A new perspective for assessing hydro-meteorological drought relationships at large scale based on causality analysis
Authors: Zhou Zhaoqiang , Ding Yibo , Zhao Yiyang , Chen Peng , Fu Qiang , Xue Ping , Liu Suning , Huang Shengzhi , Shi Haiyun 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Correlation analysis is the common method to evaluate the relationship between two variables; however, it may sometimes cause spurious correlations. Specifically, in the field of hydrometeorology, with the impacts of climate change and human activities, correlation analysis is difficult to identify the true relationship between variables, and thus, causality analysis should be adopted instead. This study analyzed the causal relationship between meteorological drought and hydrological drought in different climatic regions of China by using convergent cross mapping (CCM). We improved the identification of CCM convergence by using the coefficient of variation and applied it in the field of large-scale hydrometeorology. The results of correlation analysis were compared, and the applicability of causality analysis was explored. The results revealed that: In Southeast China, the correlation and causality between meteorological drought and hydrological drought were both large. In Northeast China and central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the correlation between meteorological drought and hydrological drought was small, but the causality was large. In view of the spurious correlation, introducing causality analysis can better explain the relationship between meteorological drought and hydrological drought, especially in areas with snowmelt runoff. Overall, CCM can provide valuable causal information from common time series in the field of large-scale hydrometeorology and has a wide range of application values. However, causality analysis cannot explain the positive or negative relationship between variables. Therefore, when analyzing the relationship between variables, the advantages of the two methods should be given full play.
Resonances in the Hulthén potential: benchmark calculations, critical behaviors, and interference effects
Authors: Hu Zi Xi , Jiao Li Guang , Liu Aihua , Wang Yuan Cheng , Montgomery Jr Henry E , Ho Yew Kam , Fritzsche Stephan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We perform benchmark calculations of resonance states in the Hulthén potential by employing the uniform complex-scaling generalized pseudospectral method. Complex resonance energies for states with the lowest four orbital angular momenta are reported for a wide range of screening parameters where their positions lie above the threshold. Our results are in good agreement with previous J-matrix predictions, but differ significantly from the complex-scaling calculations based on oscillator basis set. By tracing the resonance poles via bound-resonance transition as the screening parameter increases, we successfully identify the electronic configurations of the numerically obtained resonances. The asymptotic laws for resonance position and width near the critical transition region are extracted, and their connections with the bound-state asymptotic law and Wigner threshold law, respectively, are disclosed. We further find that the birth of a new resonance will distort the trajectories of adjacent higher-lying resonances, while even if two resonances are exactly degenerate in real energy position, they can still be treated as near-isolated resonances provided their widths are significantly different in magnitude.
3D computational fluid and particle dynamics simulations: metrics of aerosol capture by impaction filters
*
Authors: Malavé Veruska , Jeerage Kavita , Garboczi Edward , Lovestead Tara 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Human studies provide valuable information on components or analytes recovered from exhaled breath, but there are limitations due to inter-individual and intra-individual variation. Future development and implementation of breath tests based on aerosol analysis require a clear understanding of how human factors interact with device geometry to influence particle transport and deposition. The computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) algorithm combines (i) the Eulerian approach to fluid dynamics and (ii) the Lagrangian approach to single particle transport and deposition to predict how particles are carried in fluids and deposited on surfaces. In this work, we developed a 3D multiscale CFPD model to provide insight into human factors that could be important to control or measure during sampling. We designed the model to characterize the local transport, spatial distribution, and deposition of polydisperse particles in a single impaction filter of a commercial aerosol collection device. We highlight the use of decoupling numerical strategies to simultaneously quantify the influence of filter geometry, fluid flowrate, and particle size. Our numerical models showed the remarkable effect of flowrate on aerosol dynamics. Specifically, aerosol mass deposition, spatial distribution, and deposition mechanisms inside the filter. This work as well as future studies on the effect of filter geometry and human factors on aerosol collection will guide the development, standardization, and validation of breath sampling protocols for current and emerging breath tests for forensic and clinical applications.
Thinking about democracy: tools for understanding
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept and conceptions of democracy, which often refer to nations, societies, forms of government, and political practices. According to founding documents or traditional practices, democracies usually include rule by law and practices that uphold political freedoms. However, the concept of democracy supports multiple conceptions, which coincide with histories of political change. The chapter also considers the internal and external threats to democracy and national structures such as federalism. It elaborates on inclusion and participation as major factors in the structure and conception of contemporary democratic government and society.
Democracy in the medieval and Renaissance world
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers democratic structures in the medieval and Renaissance period. It explains that democratic practices over this period were the results of concrete local negotiations to resolve conflicting interests. But these practices were often limited within their own borders. Medieval and Renaissance democratic institutions were developed throughout Europe, in Scandinavia, France, Germany, Italy, and England. Medieval political thought interconnected with religion, especially when Catholic doctrine and the new ideas of the Protestant Reformation contributed to abstract theories. Disagreements between crown and church had the potential to disrupt government and to crush internal opposition, with the result that religious and political tensions began to shape national governments.
Rights and revolutions: (exclusive) political equality
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how rights became important goals during the American and French revolutions. The American Revolution and French Revolution are popularly known for being foundations for present-day democracy. Even though the revolutions’ ideologies relied on social contract theory, social contract theorists did not distinguish between the people’s sovereign right and the direct right to influence their government. The American Revolution consisted of ideology, military action, and a constitution that determined the structure and process of the American government, modeled on English rights and government. On the other hand, the French Revolution that upended the social order in France and ignited war abroad was accompanied by a declaration of universal human rights.
Mandela: Story and symbol
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the origins of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, who is one of the best-known leaders of the Global South. Despite his renowned popularity, Nelson’s reputation in South Africa is reduced as he is perceived to have presided over an incomplete political transformation. Mandela’s life narrative was officially elevated as South Africa’s main governing tale, its modern myth, as reflected in government school-readers and children’s cartoon-book histories. Moreover, Mandela’s narrative is also crucially the story of an African quest for modernity. The chapter also mentions Mandela’s personal charisma, also known as Madiba magic, that radiated from him following the combination of his fame, height, good looks, encyclopaedic memory, and qualities.
Impact of analytical imprecision and bias on patient classification
Authors: Loh Tze Ping , Markus Corey , Lim Chun Yee 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objectives
An increase in analytical imprecision and/or the introduction of bias can affect the interpretation of quantitative laboratory results. In this study, we explore the impact of varying assay imprecision and bias introduction on the classification of patients based on fixed thresholds.

Methods
Simple spreadsheets (Microsoft Excel) were constructed to simulate conditions of assay deterioration, expressed as coefficient of variation and bias (in percentages). The impact on patient classification was explored based on fixed interpretative limits. A combined matrix of imprecision and bias of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% (tool 1) as well as 0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (tool 2) was simulated, respectively. The percentage of patients who were reclassified following the addition of simulated imprecision and bias was summarized and presented in tables and graphs.

Results
The percentage of patients who were reclassified increased with increasing/decreasing magnitude of imprecision and bias. The impact of imprecision lessens with increasing bias such that at high biases, the bias becomes the dominant cause for reclassification.

Conclusions
The spreadsheet tools, available as Supplemental Material, allow laboratories to visualize the impact of additional analytical imprecision and bias on the classification of their patients when applied to locally extracted historical results.
A Cautionary Note on Using Propensity Score Calibration to Control for Unmeasured Confounding Bias When the Surrogacy Assumption Is Absent
Authors: Wan Fei 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Conventional propensity score methods encounter challenges when unmeasured confounding is present, as it becomes impossible to accurately estimate the gold-standard propensity score when data on certain confounders are unavailable. Propensity score calibration (PSC) addresses this issue by constructing a surrogate for the gold-standard propensity score under the surrogacy assumption. This assumption posits that the error-prone propensity score, based on observed confounders, is independent of the outcome when conditioned on the gold-standard propensity score and the exposure. However, this assumption implies that confounders cannot directly impact the outcome and that their effects on the outcome are solely mediated through the propensity score. This raises concerns regarding the applicability of PSC in practical settings where confounders can directly affect the outcome. While PSC aims to target a conditional treatment effect by conditioning on a subject’s unobservable propensity score, the causal interest in the latter case lies in a conditional treatment effect conditioned on a subject’s baseline characteristics. Our analysis reveals that PSC is generally biased unless the effects of confounders on the outcome and treatment are proportional to each other. Furthermore, we identify 2 sources of bias: 1) the noncollapsibility of effect measures, such as the odds ratio or hazard ratio and 2) residual confounding, as the calibrated propensity score may not possess the properties of a valid propensity score.
A Prospective Sociocentric Study of 2 Entire Traditional Korean Villages: The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP)
Authors: Baek Jiwon , Baldina Ekaterina , Sung Kiho , Lee Sung-Ha , Christakis Nicholas A , Bearman Peter , Kim Hyeon Chang , Chu Sang Hui , Lee Eun , Park Yeong-Ran , Chey Jeanyung , Choi Youn-Hee , Lee Dohoon , Youm Yoosik 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Korean Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (KSHAP) was a multidisciplinary prospective study conducted in South Korea that measured various health biomarkers from blood, hair, and brain magnetic resonance imaging, and we examined their associations with sociocentric (global) social network data of older adults in 2 entire villages (or cohorts). Cohort K included participants aged 60 years or older, and cohort L included participants aged 65 years or older. We performed a baseline survey involving 814 of the 860 individuals (94.7% response rate) in cohort K in 2012 and 947 of the 1,043 individuals (90.8% response rate) in cohort L in 2017. We gathered longitudinal data for 5 waves in cohort K from 2011 to 2019 and 2 waves in cohort L from 2017 to 2022. Here, we describe for the first time the follow-up design of the KSHAP, the changes in social networks, and various biomarkers over a number of years. The data for cohort K are publicly available via the Korean Social Science Data Archive as well as the project website, and the data for cohort L will be shared soon.
Purification and characterization of 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid desulfhydrase involved in ergothioneine utilization in Burkholderia sp. HME13
Authors: Muramatsu Hisashi , Inouchi Daisuke , Yamada Masaaki , Koujitani Akihito , Maguchi Hiroki , Kato Shin-ichiro 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Recombinant 3-(5-oxo-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid desulfhydrase (ErtC) derived from Burkholderia sp. HME13 was purified to homogeneity. Here, ErtC's kinetic parameters, optimum reaction temperature and pH, and stability at varying temperatures and pH and the effects of various additives on ErtC activity were determined. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme assays suggested that ergothioneine induced the expression of ertC.