bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two-Edged Role for the Transposable ElementKiddoin therice ubiquitin2Promoter
Authors: Yang Guojun , Lee Yeon-Hee , Jiang Yiming , Shi Xiangyu , Kertbundit Sunee , Hall Timothy C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMiniature inverted repeat transposable elements (MITEs) are thought to be a driving force for genome evolution. Although numerous MITEs are found associated with genes, little is known about their function in gene regulation. Whereas the rice ubiquitin2 (rubq2) promoter in rice (Oryza sativa) line IR24 contains two nested MITEs (Kiddo and MDM1), that in line T309 has lost Kiddo, providing an opportunity to understand the role of MITEs in promoter function. No difference in endogenous rubq2 transcript levels between T309 and IR24 was evident using RT-PCR. However, promoter analysis using both transient and stably transformed calli revealed that Kiddo contributed some 20% of the total expression. Bisulfite genomic sequencing of the rubq2 promoters revealed specific DNA methylation at both symmetric and asymmetric cytosine residues on the MITE sequences, possibly induced by low levels of homologous transcripts. When methylation of the MITEs was blocked by 5-azacytidine treatment, a threefold increase in the endogenous rubq2 transcript level was detected in IR24 compared with that in T309. Together with the observed MITE methylation pattern, the detection of low levels of transcripts, but not small RNAs, corresponding to Kiddo and MDM1 suggested that RNA-dependent DNA methylation is induced by MITE transcripts. We conclude that, although Kiddo enhances transcription from the rubq2 promoter, this effect is mitigated by sequence-specific epigenetic modification.
Comprehensive Interaction Map of the Arabidopsis MADS Box Transcription Factors
Authors: de Folter Stefan , Immink Richard G.H. , Kieffer Martin , Pařenicová Lucie , Henz Stefan R. , Weigel Detlef , Busscher Marco , Kooiker Maarten , Colombo Lucia , Kater Martin M. , Davies Brendan , Angenent Gerco C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractInteractions between proteins are essential for their functioning and the biological processes they control. The elucidation of interaction maps based on yeast studies is a first step toward the understanding of molecular networks and provides a framework of proteins that possess the capacity and specificity to interact. Here, we present a comprehensive plant protein–protein interactome map of nearly all members of the Arabidopsis thaliana MADS box transcription factor family. A matrix-based yeast two-hybrid screen of &gt;100 members of this family revealed a collection of specific heterodimers and a few homodimers. Clustering of proteins with similar interaction patterns pinpoints proteins involved in the same developmental program and provides valuable information about the participation of uncharacterized proteins in these programs. Furthermore, a model is proposed that integrates the floral induction and floral organ formation networks based on the interactions between the proteins involved. Heterodimers between flower induction and floral organ identity proteins were observed, which point to (auto)regulatory mechanisms that prevent the activity of flower induction proteins in the flower.
Phylogeny and antiquity of M macrohaplogroup inferred from complete mt DNA sequence of Indian specific lineages
Authors: Rajkumar Revathi , Banerjee Jheelam , Gunturi Hima Bindu , Trivedi R , Kashyap VK 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Analysis of human complete mitochondrial DNA sequences has largely contributed to resolve phylogenies and antiquity of different lineages belonging to the majorhaplogroups L, N and M (East-Asian lineages). In the absence of whole mtDNA sequence information of M lineages reported in India that exhibits highest diversity within the sub-continent, the present study was undertaken to provide a detailed analysis of this macrohaplogroup to precisely characterize and unravel the intricate phylogeny of the lineages and to establish the antiquity of M lineages in India.

Results
The phylogenetic tree constructed from sequencing information of twenty-four whole mtDNA genome revealed novel substitutions in the previously defined M2a and M6 lineages. The most striking feature of this phylogenetic tree is the recognition of two new lineages, M30 and M31, distinguished by transitions at 12007 and 5319, respectively. M30 comprises of M18 and identifies a potential new sub-lineage possessing substitution at 16223 and 16300. It further branches into M30a sub-lineage, defined by 15431 and 195A substitution. The age of M30 lineage was estimated at 33,042 YBP, indicating a more recent expansion time than M2 (49,686 YBP). The M31 branch encompasses the M6 lineage along with the previously defined M3 and M4 lineages. Contradictory to earlier reports, the M5 lineage does not always include a 12477 substitution, and is more appropriately defined by a transversion at 10986A. The phylogenetic tree also identifies a potential new lineage in the M* branch with HVSI sequence as 16223,16325. Substitutions in M25 were in concordance with previous reports.

Conclusion
This study describes five new basal mutations and recognizes two new lineages, M30 and M31 that substantially contribute to the present understanding of macrohaplogroup M. These two newly erected lineages include the previously independent lineages M18 and M6 as sub-lineages within them, respectively, suggesting that most mt DNA genomes might arise as limited offshoots of M trunk. Furthermore, this study supports the non existence of lineages such as M3 and M4 that are solely defined on the basis of fast mutating control region motifs and hence, establishes the importance of coding region markers for an accurate understanding of the phylogeny. The deep roots of M phylogeny clearly establish the antiquity of Indian lineages, especially M2, as compared to Ethiopian M1 lineage and hence, support an Asian origin of M majorhaplogroup.
Identification and characterization of a novel mammalian Mg2+ transporter with channel-like properties
Authors: Goytain Angela , Quamme Gary A 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Intracellular magnesium is abundant, highly regulated and plays an important role in biochemical functions. Despite the extensive evidence for unique mammalian Mg2+ transporters, few proteins have been biochemically identified to date that fulfill this role. We have shown that epithelial magnesium conservation is controlled, in part, by differential gene expression leading to regulation of Mg2+ transport. We used this knowledge to identify a novel gene that is regulated by magnesium.

Results
Oligonucleotide microarray analysis was used to identify a novel human gene that encodes a protein involved with Mg2+-evoked transport. We have designated this magnesium transporter (MagT1) protein. MagT1 is a novel protein with no amino acid sequence identity to other known transporters. The corresponding cDNA comprises an open reading frame of 1005 base pairs encoding a protein of 335 amino acids. It possesses five putative transmembrane (TM) regions with a cleavage site, a N- glycosylation site, and a number of phosphorylation sites. Based on Northern analysis of mouse tissues, a 2.4 kilobase transcript is present in many tissues. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, MagT1 mediates saturable Mg2+ uptake with a Michaelis constant of 0.23 mM. Transport of Mg2+ by MagT1 is rheogenic, voltage-dependent, does not display any time-dependent inactivation. Transport is very specific to Mg2+ as other divalent cations did not evoke currents. Large external concentrations of some cations inhibited Mg2+ transport (Ni2+, Zn2+, Mn2+) in MagT1-expressing oocytes. Ca2+and Fe2+ were without effect. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis using a specific antibody demonstrated that MagT1 mRNA and protein is increased by about 2.1-fold and 32%, respectively, in kidney epithelial cells cultured in low magnesium media relative to normal media and in kidney cortex of mice maintained on low magnesium diets compared to those animals consuming normal diets. Accordingly, it is apparent that an increase in mRNA levels is translated into higher protein expression.

Conclusion
These studies suggest that MagT1 may provide a selective and regulated pathway for Mg2+ transport in epithelial cells.
Two cases of "cannabis acute psychosis" following the administration of oral cannabis
Authors: Favrat Bernard , Ménétrey Annick , Augsburger Marc , Rothuizen Laura E , Appenzeller Monique , Buclin Thierry , Pin Marie , Mangin Patrice , Giroud Christian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug and its therapeutic aspects have a growing interest. Short-term psychotic reactions have been described but not clearly with synthetic oral THC, especially in occasional users.

Case presentations
We report two cases of healthy subjects who were occasional but regular cannabis users without psychiatric history who developed transient psychotic symptoms (depersonalization, paranoid feelings and derealisation) following oral administration of cannabis. In contrast to most other case reports where circumstances and blood concentrations are unknown, the two cases reported here happened under experimental conditions with all subjects negative for cannabis, opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines and alcohol, and therefore the ingested dose, the time-events of effects on behavior and performance as well as the cannabinoid blood levels were documented.

Conclusion
While the oral route of administration achieves only limited blood concentrations, significant psychotic reactions may occur.
Developing essential professional skills: a framework for teaching and learning about feedback
Authors: Henderson Penny , Ferguson-Smith Anne C , Johnson Martin H 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
The ability to give and receive feedback effectively is a key skill for doctors, aids learning between all levels of the medical hierarchy, and provides a basis for reflective practice and life-long learning. How best to teach this skill?

Discussion
We suggest that a single "teaching the skill of feedback" session provides superficial and ineffective learning in a medical culture that often uses feedback skills poorly or discourages feedback. Our experience suggests that both the skill and the underlying attitude informing its application must be addressed, and is best done so longitudinally and reiteratively using different forms of feedback delivery. These feedback learning opportunities include written and oral, peer to peer and cross-hierarchy, public and private, thereby addressing different cognitive processes and attitudinal difficulties.

Summary
We conclude by asking whether it is possible to build a consensus approach to a framework for teaching and learning feedback skills?
BCG vaccination at three different age groups: response and effectiveness
Authors: Briassoulis George , Karabatsou Irene , Gogoglou Vasilis , Tsorva Athina 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
The protection, which some BCG vaccines could confer against the development of tuberculosis (TB) in childhood, might be indirectly reflected by the subsequent development of BCG immune response. The objectives of the study were to examine effectiveness and possible differences of post-vaccination reaction to a lyophilized BCG at different age groups and to evaluate its protection against TB in a decade's period.

Methods
We studied the post-vaccination PPD-skin reaction and scar formation at three different school levels, corresponding to ages of 6, 12 and 15 years old, vaccinated by a lyophilized BCG vaccine (Pasteur Institute), currently used in our country. During a 10-year follow up the reported TB cases in vaccinated and non-vaccinated adolescences up to 24-years old were analyzed and compared to the number of cumulative cases observed in the adult population of two neighboring territories (vaccinated and non-vaccinated).

Results and Discussion
There was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.87, p < 0.0001) between tuberculin induration and scar formation. There was no statistically significant difference between the three age groups (6, 12, and 15 year-old, respectively) in regard to the diameter of tuberculin induration or scar formation. Although 34% of 10-year later indurations were unpredictably related to the initial ones (increased or decreased), they were significantly correlated (r2 = 0.45, p = 0.009). The relative percentage of TB for the 14–24 years-age group to the adult studied population was significantly lower among the immunized children compared to the non-immunized population of the same age group (17/77, 22% vs. 71/101, 70%, p < .0001).

Conclusion
Our data suggest that the lyophilized BCG vaccine used for BCG programs at different age groups is equally effective and may confer satisfactory protection against tuberculosis in puberty.
The active metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726, interferes with dendritic cell function
Authors: Kirsch Bernhard M , Zeyda Maximilian , Stuhlmeier Karl , Grisar Johannes , Smolen Josef S , Watschinger Bruno , Stulnig Thomas M , Hörl Walter H , Zlabinger Gerhard J , Säemann Marcus D 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLeflunomide, a potent disease-modifying antirheumatic drug used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), exhibits anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and immunosuppressive effects. Although most of the beneficial effects of leflunomide have been attributed to its antimetabolite activity, mainly in T cells, other targets accounting for its potency might still exist. Because of mounting evidence for a prominent role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the initiation and maintenance of the immune response in RA, we analyzed the effect of the active metabolite of leflunomide (A77 1726; LEF-M) on phenotype and function of human myleloid DCs at several stages in their life cycle. Importantly, DCs differentiated in the presence of LEF-M exhibited an altered phenotype, with largely reduced surface expression of the critical co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD80. Furthermore, treatment of DCs during the differentiation or maturation phase with LEF-M aborted successful DC maturation. Exogenous addition of uridine revealed that DC modulation by LEF-M was independent of its proposed ability as an antimetabolite. In addition, the ability of DCs to initiate T-cell proliferation and to produce the proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor-α was markedly impaired by LEF-M treatment. As a molecular mechanism, transactivation of nuclear factor-κB, an transcription factor essential for proper DC function, was completely suppressed in DCs treated with LEF-M. These data indicate that interference with several aspects of DC function could significantly contribute to the beneficial effects of leflunomide in inflammatory diseases, including RA.
Regeneration of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain repertoire after transient B-cell depletion with an anti-CD20 antibody
Authors: Rouzière Anne-Sophie , Kneitz Christian , Palanichamy Arumugam , Dörner Thomas , Tony Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractB-cell depletive therapies have beneficial effects in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Nevertheless, the role of B cells in the pathogenesis of the disease is not clear. In particular, it is not known how the regeneration of the B-cell repertoire takes place. Two patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with rituximab, and the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes (Ig-VH) were analysed to follow the B-cell regeneration. Patient A was treated with two courses of rituximab, and B-cell regeneration was followed over 27 months by analysing more than 680 Ig-VH sequences. Peripheral B-cell depletion lasted 7 months and 10 months, respectively, and each time was accompanied by a clinical improvement. Patient B received one treatment course. B-cell depletion lasted 5 months and was accompanied by a good clinical response. B cells regenerated well in both patients, and the repopulated B-cell repertoire was characterised by a polyclonal and diverse use of Ig-VH genes, as expected in adult individuals. During the early phase of B-cell regeneration we observed the expansion and recirculation of a highly mutated B-cell population. These cells expressed very different Ig-VH genes. They were class-switched and could be detected for a short period only. Patient A was followed long term, whereby some characteristic changes in the VH2 family as well as in specific mini-genes like VH3–23, VH 4–34 or VH 1–69 were observed. In addition, rituximab therapy resulted in the loss of clonal B cells for the whole period.Our data show that therapeutic transient B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibodies results in the regeneration of a diverse and polyclonal heavy-chain repertoire. During the early phase of B-cell regeneration, highly mutated B cells recirculate for a short time period in both the patients analysed. The longitudinal observation of a single patient up to 27 months shows subtle intraindividual changes, which may indicate repertoire modulation.
Effect of the hospital nursing environment on patient mortality: a systematic review
Authors: Kazanjian Arminée , Green Carolyn , Wong Jennifer , Reid Robert 
Published: April 2005

Objective: Research has examined the effect of the structure of health systems on health outcomes, but not how outcomes are affected by the nursing environments in hospitals. Our objective was to gather, critically appraise and synthesize all relevant primary research on the effect of the nursing environment on patient mortality. Methods: Five electronic bibliographic databases were searched from their beginning through to May/June 2001, and Medline and CINAHL were updated to March 2004, using pre-determined search strategies and inclusion criteria. Studies were included if they met pre-determined criteria, reporting primary data both on a hospital environment and patient mortality. Methodological rigour was appraised using accepted criteria for the evaluation of research protocols, including case-mix adjustment. Results: This paper focuses on 27 identified studies that investigated the impact of one or more attributes of the nursing environment on patient mortality. Nineteen studies found an association between one or more unfavourable attributes and higher mortality. There was considerable variability in attribute and outcome measures, settings and research quality across studies. This precluded statistical pooling of results. Conclusions: On balance, current evidence indicates that social and environmental attributes of hospital nursing practice have an effect on the outcomes of care. Before optimal practice settings can be designed, further research of greater rigour is needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that link the nursing environment to patient outcomes.
Patients' and general practitioners' views of what constitutes appropriate hypertension management
Authors: Morecroft Charles , Cantrill Judy , Tully Mary 
Published: April 2005

Objectives: To explore how patients and general practitioners (GPs) construct the concept of appropriateness in the context of hypertension management. Method: Q-methodology was used. The study involved 120 patients and 12 GPs ranking 42 statements according to their degree of agreement or disagreement when considering appropriate hypertension management. The statements, comprising both clinical and non-clinical attributes, were developed from a qualitative study. Factor analysis of the data, using PQMethod computer software, determined if any patterns were discernible. Results: Patients ( n = 92) and GPs ( n = 10) exclusively clustered to six factors (factor loadings ≥ 0.5, P <0.01), which accounted for 77% of the total variance. The findings indicated that patients and GPs consider appropriate hypertension management in different ways. The GPs indicated that they considered non-pharmacological measures highly important, whereas 72% of patients were ambivalent. The patients clustered to five appropriateness factors, which varied in the degree of involvement patients had, or wished to have, in their hypertension management. Of these five, two were chosen by 73 patients. Conclusion: GPs' views differ from those of patients and there is variation between patients, which has important implications for patient-centred care. Further application of Q-methodology to explore patients' views of appropriateness of other medical conditions would be valuable.
Characteristics of Infants With Severe Retinopathy of Prematurity in Countries With Low, Moderate, and High Levels of Development: Implications for Screening Programs
Authors: Gilbert Clare , Fielder Alistair , Gordillo Luz , Quinn Graham , Semiglia Renato , Visintin Patricia , Zin Andrea ,   on behalf of the International NO-ROP Group
Published: April 2005

Objective. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially avoidable cause of blindness in children. The proportion of blindness as a result of ROP varies greatly among countries depending on their level of development, being influenced by the availability of neonatal care, neonatal outcomes, and whether effective screening and treatment programs are in place. The objective of this study was to compare characteristics of premature infants who developed severe ROP between 1996 and 2002 in highly developed countries with less developed countries.
Methods. This was an observational study. A questionnaire was completed by ophthalmologists in countries with low, moderate, and high development rankings (3 highly developed countries and from 10 less well-developed countries) who screen for ROP in which they supplied birth weights and gestational ages (GAs) of infants who were treated for threshold ROP or identified with more advanced stages of the disease. Birth weights and GAs of infants with severe ROP were measured.
Results. The mean birth weights of infants from highly developed countries ranged from 737 to 763 g compared with values ranging from 903 to 1527 g in less developed countries. Mean GAs of infants from highly developed countries ranged from 25.3 to 25.6 weeks compared with 26.3 to 33.5 weeks in less developed countries. A total of 13.0% of 1091 infants from poorly developed countries exceeded United Kingdom screening criteria; 3.6% exceeded a criteria of &lt;34 weeks’ GA and/or &lt;1750 g birth weight.
Conclusions. These findings suggest that larger, more mature infants are developing severe ROP in countries with low/moderate levels of development compared with highly developed countries. ROP screening programs need to use criteria that are appropriate for their local population.
Naturally occurring changes in time spent watching television are inversely related to frequency of physical activity during early adolescence
Authors: Motl Robert W. , McAuley Edward , Birnbaum Amanda S. , Lytle Leslie A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn this longitudinal study, we examined the relationship between changes in time spent watching television and playing video games with frequency of leisure‐time physical activity across a 2‐year period among adolescent boys and girls (). Latent growth modelling indicated that a decrease in time spent watching television was associated with an increase in frequency of leisure‐time physical activity. That relationship was strong in magnitude and independent of sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, and the value participants placed on health, appearance, and achievement. Our results encourage the design of interventions that reduce television watching as a possible means of increasing adolescent physical activity.