bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Aminium and Ammonium Cations on the Ice Nucleation Activity of K‐Feldspar
Authors: Chen Lanxiadi , Worthy Soleil E. , Gu Wenjun , Bertram Allan K. , Tang Mingjin 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMineral dust is one of the most abundant types of ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere. During atmospheric transport, mineral dust particles can become coated with inorganic and organic solutes, which can impact their ice nucleation activity. Aminium cations formed from amines are one type of organic solute that can coat mineral dust particles in the atmosphere, but their effects on the ice nucleation activity of mineral dust have not been studied. We investigated the effects of primary, secondary, and tertiary aminium cations with methyl and ethyl groups, as well as ammonium cations, on the ice nucleation activity of K‐feldspar, an important type of mineral dust, in the immersion freezing mode at low cation concentrations (0.2–20 mM) using a droplet‐freezing apparatus. Ammonium cations substantially increased the ice nucleation activity of K‐feldspar, consistent with previous studies. In contrast, primary aminium cations significantly reduced K‐feldspar ice nucleation activity, and secondary and tertiary aminium cations had no significant effect (the effect was less than the uncertainty of our measurements). Our combined results are consistent with the following mechanisms: ammonium cations undergo ion exchange with K‐feldspar, providing exposed N–H groups for hydrogen bonding with ice; primary aminium cations undergo ion exchange with K‐feldspar, exposing a hydrophobic tail that is not effective at nucleating ice; secondary and tertiary aminium cations do not undergo ion exchange with K‐feldspar due to steric effects caused by the multiple hydrophobic groups on the cation.
Disentangling Photoelectrons and Penetrating Solar Wind Electrons in the Dayside Martian Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Cao Y. T. , Cui J. , Gu H. , Wu X.‐S. , Liang W.‐J. , Lu H.‐Y. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn situ produced photoelectrons and precipitating solar wind electrons are two distinct hot electron populations in the dayside Martian upper atmosphere. While each population has been known for decades, its relative contribution to the measured hot electron flux has not been adequately characterized up to now. In this study, we implement a two‐stream kinetic model to compute the hot electron flux for a open magnetic field configuration. By comparing model results to realistic data acquired by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission, we show that the electron fluxes predicted by the pure photoelectron model are enormously underestimated, especially in the direction toward Mars, but the measurements can be adequately reproduced once solar wind electron precipitation is taken into account. Such a precipitation plays a crucial role above 180 km, not only for hot electrons at all energies that move toward Mars but also for electrons above 1,000 eV that move away from Mars due to the backscattering of precipitating electrons. In contrast, the hot electron population is predicted to be mostly composed of photoelectrons below 180 km. The significance of precipitating solar wind electrons is also evaluated, revealing an appreciable impact on the structure of the dayside Martian upper atmosphere at high altitudes, where electron impact ionization is enhanced by a factor of 7 and cold electron heating enhanced by a factor of 4.
Observations of ULF Pulsations During TRINNI Events
Authors: Mmame B. , Stephenson J. A. E. , Walker A. D. M. , Mtumela Z. , Rash J. P. S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTwo magnetospheric phenomena are commonly observed in both SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) and ground‐based magnetometer network data. These are ULF pulsations driven by magnetohydrodynamic waves, and flow bursts in the high latitude ionosphere driven by magnetic reconnection. Possible connections between these two phenomena are investigated. TRINNI (Tail Reconnection during IMF Northward, Non‐substorm Intervals) events, high‐speed ionospheric flows resulting from magnetotail reconnection during IMF Bz‐positive but By‐dominant periods, have been investigated by many researchers. These events produce measurable enhancements of the cross polar cap potential. Four previously reported TRINNI events have been analyzed using SuperDARN data, together with high‐latitude magnetometer data which show simultaneous ULF pulsations. Fourier analysis of the cross polar cap potential measured by SuperDARN and two magnetic field components revealed common spectral peaks in the 1–5 mHz range. The signals were narrow‐band filtered and complex demodulation was performed to construct the analytic signals, allowing determination of amplitude and phase. In all four events the magnetic field and potential signals showed similar wave packet structure with large‐amplitude oscillations at a common frequency for periods of the order of hours. During these periods the phase differences between the field and potential remained constant. It is argued that this phase locking suggests a causal link between the two oscillations, so that the TRINNIs could be the source of the magnetic pulsations, or they at least share a common driver.
A Surrogate Model for Studying Solar Energetic Particle Transport and the Seed Population
Authors: Baydin Atilim Guneş , Poduval Bala , Schwadron Nathan A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe high energy particles originating from the Sun, known as solar energetic particles (SEPs), contribute significantly to the space radiation environment, posing serious threats to astronauts and scientific instruments on board spacecraft. The mechanism that accelerates the SEPs to the observed energy ranges, their transport in the inner heliosphere, and the influence of suprathermal seed particle spectrum are open questions in heliophysics. Accurate predictions of the occurrences of SEP events well in advance are necessary to mitigate their adverse effects but prediction based on first principle models still remains a challenge. In this scenario, adopting a machine learning approach to SEP modeling and prediction is desirable. However, the lack of a balanced database of SEP events restrains this approach. We addressed this limitation by generating large data sets of synthetic SEP events sampled from the physics‐based model, Energetic Particle Radiation Environment Module (EPREM). Using this data, we developed neural networks‐based surrogate models to study the seed population parameter space. Our models, EPREM‐S, run thousands to millions of times faster (depending on computer hardware), making simulation‐based inference workflows practicable in SEP studies while providing predictive uncertainty estimates using a deep ensemble approach.
Panacea or Placebo? The Diverse Pathways and Implications of Drinking Water System Consolidation
Authors: Dobbin Kristin B. , McBride Justin , Pierce Gregory 
Published: December 2023

AbstractScholars and policy makers alike frequently promote drinking water system consolidation as a solution to the longstanding struggles of small water systems and the related consequences of service fragmentation, including vulnerability to climate change and persistent racial and economic inequalities in access to safe and affordable drinking water. Despite enthusiasm for the concept, however, our understanding of how, why, and where consolidations occur has remained stubbornly limited such that the promise of drinking water system consolidation remains theoretical at best. This study analyzes all known water system consolidations (n = 206) in the state of California over a 7‐year period (2015–2021). We find empirical support for certain theoretical claims about consolidation, including an overall reduction in the number of regulated systems, with the largest reductions occurring among particularly underperforming, climate‐vulnerable, and unrepresentative system types. Other findings, however, do not align with the literature on the subject. We find limited evidence of either water service privatization or remunicipalization trends and seemingly limited prospects for economies of scale benefits through consolidations. Moreover, roughly half of consolidations during the study period involve non‐residential water systems. Among the consolidated community water systems, systems serving higher‐resourced communities are overrepresented compared to those serving lower‐resourced communities by a margin of two‐to‐one. It is time to move beyond the blanket assumption of positive consolidation benefits toward a more nuanced understanding of the associated opportunities and limitations. Depending on their goals, policymakers may need to support more specific types of consolidation.
The central role of the Thalamus in psychosis, lessons from neurodegenerative diseases and psychedelics
Authors: Onofrj Marco , Russo Mirella , Delli Pizzi Stefano , De Gregorio Danilo , Inserra Antonio , Gobbi Gabriella , Sensi Stefano L. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe PD-DLB psychosis complex found in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) includes hallucinations, Somatic Symptom/Functional Disorders, and delusions. These disorders exhibit similar presentation patterns and progression. Mechanisms at the root of these symptoms also share similarities with processes promoting altered states of consciousness found in Rapid Eye Movement sleep, psychiatric disorders, or the intake of psychedelic compounds. We propose that these mechanisms find a crucial driver and trigger in the dysregulated activity of high-order thalamic nuclei set in motion by ThalamoCortical Dysrhythmia (TCD). TCD generates the loss of finely tuned cortico-cortical modulations promoted by the thalamus and unleashes the aberrant activity of the Default Mode Network (DMN). TCD moves in parallel with altered thalamic filtering of external and internal information. The process produces an input overload to the cortex, thereby exacerbating DMN decoupling from task-positive networks. These phenomena alter the brain metastability, creating dreamlike, dissociative, or altered states of consciousness. In support of this hypothesis, mind-altering psychedelic drugs also modulate thalamic-cortical pathways. Understanding the pathophysiological background of these conditions provides a conceptual bridge between neurology and psychiatry, thereby helping to generate a promising and converging area of investigation and therapeutic efforts.
Facilitators for increasing dental attendance of people from vulnerable groups: a rapid review of evidence relevant to the UK
Authors: A. Dyer Tom , Glenny Anne-Marie , MacDonald Laura , Weston-Price Sally , Marshman Zoe , Ireland Anna , Jones Kate 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjective To rapidly review facilitators of access for vulnerable groups and to evaluate their effectiveness.Methods Data sources: MEDLINE via Ovid. Publications in English from 2000. Data selection: Research involving ‘vulnerable groups' relevant to UK health systems, with a primary outcome of increasing attendance. Data extraction: One author extracted and tabulated data. These were audited by a second author. Data synthesis: A narrative synthesis was produced.Results Data from 31 studies were available for ten vulnerable groups: people with learning, physical or sensory disabilities (n = 8); people experiencing homelessness (n = 6); prisoners (n = 4); asylum-seekers and refugees (n = 3); people living in socioeconomically deprived areas (n = 3); people with severe mental health conditions (n = 2); vulnerable children (n = 2); dependent older people (n = 1); Gypsy, Roma or Traveller groups (n = 1); and people with drug dependency (n = 1). Many facilitators involved organisational reform and more integration of health, social and other services. Other facilitators included: modification of premises; team development and skill-mix use; and awareness of needs and flexible services to meet them. Few studies evaluated effectiveness.Conclusion Although facilitators for access for vulnerable groups have been proposed, there is little evidence to support or refute their effectiveness. Efforts are needed to promote access for vulnerable groups in the UK with evaluation plans embedded.
Impacts of entropy generation in second-grade fuzzy hybrid nanofluids on exponentially permeable stretching/shrinking surface
Authors: Zulqarnain Rana Muhammad , Nadeem Muhammad , Siddique Imran , Mansha Adeel , Ghallab Abdullatif Saleh , Samar Mahvish 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe present investigation aims to use entropy analysis to analyze the unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow in a second-grade fuzzy hybrid $$\left( {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} - {\text{Cu/SA}}} \right)$$

Al
2

O
3

-
Cu/SA

nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking/stretching surface. The model for hybridization of the mixture of alumina $$\left( {{\text{Al}}_{{2}} {\text{O}}_{{3}} } \right)$$

Al
2

O
3

and copper (Cu) nanoparticles in the sodium alginate (SA) base fluid under heat source/sink, nonlinear thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation. The fundamental partial differential equations (PDEs) are simplified using an appropriate similarity conversion to generate the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The analytical computation occurs in the MATHEMATICA program implementing the homotopy analysis method (HAM). In terms of code validity, our results are preferable to previous findings. The features of several parameters against the velocity, surface friction coefficient, entropy, temperature, and Nusselt number are described through graphs. According to our findings, the rise in the Brinkman and Reynolds numbers enhanced the total entropy of the system. Furthermore, the nanoparticle volume fraction and viscus dissipation magnifies the fluid temperature while retards the flow profile throughout the domain. Fluid velocity declined due to the Lorentz force using magnetic impact applications. The imprecision of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid volume fractions was modelled as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN) [0%, 1%, 2%] for comparison. The double parametric approach was applied to deal with the fuzziness of the associated fuzzy parameters. The nonlinear ODEs convert into fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and use HAM for the fuzzy solution. From our observation, the hybrid nanofluid displays the maximum heat transfer compared to nanofluids. This important contribution will support industrial growth, particularly in the processing and manufacturing sectors. The percentage increase in skin friction factor is 18.3 and 15.0 when $$\alpha$$
α
and $$\beta$$
β
take input in the ranges of 0 ≤ $$\alpha$$
α
≤ 0.8 and 0 ≤ $$\beta$$
β
≤ 1, respectively.
Pendelluft in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome during trigger and reverse triggering breaths
Authors: Lin Wei-Chieh , Su Pei-Fang , Chen Chang-Wen 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPendelluft, the shift of air from non-dependent to dependent lung regions, is known to occur during active breathing in ventilated patients. However, information about pendelluft in ARDS patients under assisted mechanical ventilation is limited. In this prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed study, we combined electrical impedance tomography and respiratory mechanics monitoring to quantitatively examine pendelluft in trigger and reverse triggering breaths in 20 mechanically ventilated patients with ARDS during the transition from controlled to active breaths under volume-cycled ventilation. Besides the 10 resting breaths in each patient, 20% of the counted active breaths were selected based on three levels of esophageal pressure swing (∆Pes): low (< 5 cm H2O, breaths = 471), moderate (≥ 5, < 10 cm H2O, breaths = 906), and high effort (≥ 10 cm H2O, breaths = 565). The pendelluft response to breathing efforts was significantly greater in trigger breaths than in reverse triggering breaths (p < 0.0001). Based on the pendelluft-∆Pes slope (ml/cmH2O), there were two distinct patterns of effort-related pendelluft (high vs. low pendelluft group). For trigger breaths, the high pendelluft group (n = 9, slope 0.7–2.4 ml/cmH2O) was significantly associated with lower peak airway/plateau pressure and lower respiratory system/lung elastance than the low pendelluft group (n = 11, slope − 0.1 to 0.3 ml/cmH2O). However, there was no difference in respiratory mechanics between high and low pendelluft groups for reverse triggering breathes. The use of ∆Pes to predict pendelluft was found to have a low positive predictive value.
Reduced stress perfusion in myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries
Authors: Steffen Johansson Rebecka , Tornvall Per , Sörensson Peder , Nickander Jannike 
Published: December 2023

AbstractMyocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) has several possible underlying causes, including coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Early cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) is recommended, however cannot provide a diagnosis in 25% of cases. Quantitative stress CMR perfusion mapping can identify CMD, however it is unknown if CMD is present during long-term follow-up of MINOCA patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate presence of CMD during long-term follow-up in MINOCA patients with an initial normal CMR scan. MINOCA patients from the second Stockholm myocardial infarction with normal coronaries study (SMINC-2), with a normal CMR scan at median 3 days after hospitalization were investigated with comprehensive CMR including stress perfusion mapping a median of 5 years after the index event, together with age- and sex-matched volunteers without symptomatic ischemic heart disease. Cardiovascular risk factors, medication and symptoms of myocardial ischemia measured by the Seattle Angina Questionnaire 7 (SAQ-7), were registered. In total, 15 patients with MINOCA and an initial normal CMR scan (59 ± 7 years old, 60% female), and 15 age- and sex-matched volunteers, underwent CMR. Patients with MINOCA and an initial normal CMR scan had lower global stress perfusion compared to volunteers (2.83 ± 1.8 vs 3.53 ± 0.7 ml/min/g, p = 0.02). There were no differences in other CMR parameters, hemodynamic parameters, or cardiovascular risk factors, except for more frequent use of statins in the MINOCA patient group compared to volunteers. In conclusion, global stress perfusion is lower in MINOCA patients during follow-up, compared to age- and sex-matched volunteers, suggesting that CMD may be a possible pathophysiological mechanism in MINOCA.Clinical Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02318498. Registered 2014-12-17.
Prediction of chronic kidney disease progression using recurrent neural network and electronic health records
Authors: Zhu Yitan , Bi Dehua , Saunders Milda , Ji Yuan 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive loss in kidney function. Early detection of patients who will progress to late-stage CKD is of paramount importance for patient care. To address this, we develop a pipeline to process longitudinal electronic heath records (EHRs) and construct recurrent neural network (RNN) models to predict CKD progression from stages II/III to stages IV/V. The RNN model generates predictions based on time-series records of patients, including repeated lab tests and other clinical variables. Our investigation reveals that using a single variable, the recorded estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time, the RNN model achieves an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.957 for predicting future CKD progression. When additional clinical variables, such as demographics, vital information, lab test results, and health behaviors, are incorporated, the average AUROC increases to 0.967. In both scenarios, the standard deviation of the AUROC across cross-validation trials is less than 0.01, indicating a stable and high prediction accuracy. Our analysis results demonstrate the proposed RNN model outperforms existing standard approaches, including static and dynamic Cox proportional hazards models, random forest, and LightGBM. The utilization of the RNN model and the time-series data of previous eGFR measurements underscores its potential as a straightforward and effective tool for assessing the clinical risk of CKD patients concerning their disease progression.
Dynamic modeling and analysis of the rotor–stator coupling system of a coaxial contra-rotating gearbox
Authors: Zhang Donglin , Cui Ji , Zhu Rupeng , Li Miaomiao 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this paper, a main gearbox using an encased differential gear train to achieve coaxial contra-rotating is considered, and a dynamic modeling method of the rotor–stator coupling system of the gearbox based on box model updating is introduced. The transverse torsional dynamic model of the gear transmission subsystem is established based on the lumped parameter method. The finite element model of the box is updated according to the modal test data, and the reduced dynamic parameters of the box are obtained. According to the displacement coordination condition, the dynamic model of the rotor–stator system of the gearbox is established. The vibration response of the transmission components with or without the coupling box is calculated by numerical integration, and the response of the box caused by the dynamic support reaction force is analyzed by the finite element method. The results show that the vibration peak and fluctuation range of the transmission parts with coupling box are smaller than those without coupling box. The box response at the support of the input bevel gear pair is large, while that at the support of the output shaft is small.
The association of serum choline concentrations with the risk of cancers: a community-based nested case–control study
Authors: Li Wenqiang , Li Chong , Liu Tong , Song Yun , Chen Ping , Liu Lishun , Wang Binyan , Qu Jun 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFew studies have been designed to investigate the effect of serum choline on the risk of incident cancer. This study aims to explore the association between serum choline and the risk of new-onset cancer. We conducted a case–control study, including 199 patients with incident cancer and 199 matched controls during a median of 3.9 years of follow-up, nested within the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial. Cubic spline regression (RCS) and conditional logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of serum choline and incident cancer risk. We observed a positive dose–response association between serum choline levels and the risk of overall (p for overall = 0.046) and digestive system cancer (p for overall = 0.039). Compared with patients with the lowest choline levels (Q1 group), patients in the highest levels of choline (Q4) had a 3.69-fold and 6.01-fold increased risk of overall (OR = 3.69, 95% CI 1.17–11.63) and digestive system cancer (OR = 6.01, 95% CI 1.14–31.67). Elevated choline levels (per SD, 11.49 μg/mL) were associated with a higher risk of overall cancer among participants who were older, male, and smokers in the subgroup analyses. We found a positive association between elevated levels of serum choline with increased risk of incident cancer. Our findings have critical clinical implications for cancer prevention and diagnosis.Trial registration CSPPT, NCT00794885. Registered: November 20, 2008. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00794885https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT00794885.