bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption kinetics of regular insulin in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Brown S. Anthony , Jones R. J. , Smith P. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The absorption kinetics of porcine regular insulin following iv, im, and sc administration were evaluated in 10 dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (iri) concentrations were evaluated immediately prior to and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes following iv administration; and immediately prior to and every 30 minutes for 2 hours and then every hour for 6 hours following im and sc administration of 0.55 U of porcine regular insulin/kg of body weight. Model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on each data set.
Plasma iri concentration declined rapidly after iv administration of regular insulin and then returned to baseline iri concentration by 3.2 ± 0.8 hours. The absorption kinetics following iv administration of regular insulin were similar to those found in earlier studies in healthy dogs and human beings.
The im and sc routes of regular insulin administration resulted in a pharmacologic concentration of iri at 30 minutes. The peak mean (± SD) plasma iri concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater following sc administratin than it was following im administration of regular insulin (263 ± 185 and 151 ± 71 IμU/ml, respectively). The time of the peak plasma iri concentration (68 ± 31 minutes and 60 ± 30 minutes) and the time to return to baseline plasma iri concentration (5.8 ± 1.2 hours and 5.8 ± 1.3 hours) were not significantly different following sc and im administration of regular insulin, respectively. The absorption kinetics following sc administration of regular insulin were similar to those found in earlier studies in healthy dogs and human beings. The absorption kinetics following im administration of regular insulin differed from those found in earlier studies and was similar to the absorption kinetics of regular insulin administered sc in this study. The reasons for this similarity were not readily apparent.
Evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolysis during the prodromal stages of carbohydrate-induced acute laminitis in horses
Authors: Prasse Keith W. , Allen Douglas , Moore James N. , Duncan Alexander 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis was studied in 15 horses during the prodromal stages of acute 1aminitis induced by carbohydrate overload. Progression of the disease was stopped 12 to 24 hours before the expected onset of lameness in trial 1 (8 horses) and at the onset of lameness in trial 2 (7 horses). The end points in each trial were identified by specific changes in blood pressures (trial 1) and by changes in pulse, rectal temperature, and arterial pressure (trial 2) that were anticipated on the basis of original description of the experimental model. Blood samples for hemostasis evaluation were collected before and after carbohydrate overload in trial 1 and after carbohydrate overload in trial 2.
Significant changes were not detected in platelet count, mean platelet volume, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen concentration, plasminogen concentration, α-2-antiplasmin, antithrombin III, protein C, thromboxane B2, or fibrin(ogen) degradation product concentration. We concluded that an imbalance in coagulation and fibrinolysis is not pathogenic in the onset of experimentally induced equine acute laminitis. Because several test methods used to evaluate hemostasis in these horses were new, reference values for 34 healthy adult horses were established.
Composition and morphologic features of the interosseous muscle in Standardbreds and Thoroughbreds
Authors: Wilson David A. , Baker Gordon J. , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Boero Michael J. , Badertscher Robert R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Suspensory ligaments (sl) from 32 Thoroughbreds and 32 Standardbreds were collected to evaluate the variation in muscle content with respect to age, breed, sex, limb, and use. Six transverse sections, each 3 to 5 mm thick, were obtained from each sl. Four sections were taken from the body of the sl and 1 from the midportion of each branch. Sections were stained with van Gieson picric acid-fuchsin solution, then photographed, and black-and-white slides were made from the processed negatives. The transverse-sectional area of the sl and tbe contained muscle were determined by use of a computer with a color monitor and a digitizing device with its associated software. The percentage of muscle was then calculated for each section, for the entire ligament, and for each horse. Results were analyzed by multiple-regression analysis and Duncan multiple-range test, using the General Linear Model of SAS. Standardbreds had 40% more muscle in their sl than did Thoroughbreds. There was no significant difference in the percentage of sl muscle among sex, age, use, individual limb, or forelimb vs hind limb. For Standardbred horses, females had significantly greater muscle area content than intact males. Also, hind limb muscle area content was significantly greater than forelimb muscle content. Thoroughbred horses between 2 and 10 years of age not in training had significantly more muscle content than horses of the same age not in training. The reasons for these differences remain unclear.
Application of renal microangiography to normal and diseased kidneys of cattle and mice
Authors: Sugimoto Koji , Sakurai Nobuo , Kaneko Masao , Shirasawa Haruyuki , Shibata Kiyoshi , Miyata Manabu , Noguchi Tsuneji , Uematsu Ken'ichi , Shimoda Kanzo , Sakata Jun 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Use of microangiography is now essential for the study of microcirculation in various organs. Renal microangiographic studies have been reported in rats, rabbits, dogs, human beings, and mice. However, we could not find any report on use of the technique in cattle, despite high incidence of renal disease in that species.
The perfusion technique used in mice was improved over that of our previous report, and was applied to normal and diseased bovine kidneys. For the microangiographic technique, composition of the contrast medium, pressure of the injection, duration of perfusion, and washing of kidneys with heparinized saline solution before perfusion are important. In cattle, 1- to 2-mm-thick sections of the kidneys were generally necessary to observe renal vasculature: arcuate and interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, and glomerular capillaries.
In normal bovine kidneys, the angiographic and microangiographic findings were easily recognized as normal, compared with those of normal mice. In affected bovine kidneys, which histologically represented glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis, angiography and microangiography revealed corresponding findings.
Fungal flora of the coat of pet cats
Authors: Moriello Karen A. , DeBoer Douglas J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The fungal flora of the coat of 172 healthy pet cats was examined qualitatively. Fungi were isolated from 136 (79%) of the 172 cats. Fifteen genera were isolated; 13 are commonly regarded as saprophytes, and 2 (Microsporum and Trichophyton) are commonly regarded as pathogens. Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium, and Cladosporium spp were the most frequently isolated saprophytes. Dermatophytic fungi, including Microsporum gypseum (n = 1), M vanbreuseghemii (n = 1), and Trichophyton rubrum (n = 14), were recovered from 16 cats. Microsporum canis was not isolated from any cat during this study.
Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of cats during electroejaculation, collection of semen with an artificial vagina, and mating
Authors: Dooley M. P. , Pineda M. H. , Hopper J. G. , Hsu W. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effect of methoxamine on retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of domestic cats during electroejaculation and the incidence of retrograde flow during the collection of semen with an artificial vagina, or during mating was examined. In experiment 1, urine collected by cystocentesis prior to electroejaculation was azoospermic or contained few, nonmotile spermatozoa, whereas urine collected after electroejaculation contained more (P = 0.002) spermatozoa, and motile spermatozoa were evident in urine obtained from 6 of 8 cats. Administration of methoxamine hydrochloride (200 μg/kg of body weight, iv) did not affect spermatozoal output or percentage of retrograde flow. Percentage of retrograde flow for control cats ranged from 61.18 to 92.95% (mean ± sd, 80.00 ± 14.28%) and for methoxamine-treated cats, ranged from 15.25 to 92.49% (mean ± sd, 58.10 ± 32.28%), but the difference was not significant.
In experiment 2, an artificial vagina was used to collect semen from 5 of the 8 cats used in experiment 1. Urine collected by cystocentesis after ejaculation contained spermatozoa, and motile spermatozoa were evident in the urine from 4 of 5 cats. The mean (± sd) percentage of retrograde flow for these 5 cats was 46.82 ± 31.67% (range, 14.56 to 90.32%).
In experiment 3, each of the 5 cats that were used in experiments 1 and 2 were mated. Spermatozoa were recovered from the vagina of each mated female, and motile spermatozoa were also present in postejaculation urine obtained by cystocentesis from each of the 5 male cats. Mean total number of spermatozoa in the postmating urine was 29.42 ± 33.58 × 106 (range, 0.22 × 106 to 76.05 × 106 spermatozoa).
Anesthesia of cats with ketamine facilitated the obtention of urine by cystocentesis, but did not cause spermatozoal displacement into the urinary bladder. Results of this study confirm the fact that, in cats, appreciable numbers of spermatozoa are lost because of retrograde flow into the urinary bladder during electroejaculation. Recovery of spermatozoa from the urinary bladder after collection of semen with an artificial vagina or following natural mating, indicates that retrograde flow of spermatozoa is not an artifact derived from electrical stimulation, but is a component of the ejaculatory process in cats.
Secretion of interleukin-1 by bovine milk macrophages
Authors: Politis I. , McBride B. W. , Burton J. H. , Zhao Xin , Turner J. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The relative sensitivity of bovine blood monocytes and macrophages isolated from milk to lipopolysaccharide, with respect to interleukin 1 (il-1) production, was evaluated. Addition of lipopolysaccharide (0 to 30 μg/ml) to the culture medium resulted in increases in secreted and intracellular il-1 activity for monocytes and milk macrophages, with maximal stimulation achieved at 30 μg of lipopolysaccharide/ ml of medium. At this concentration of lipopolysaccharide, monocytes released 76% of the total il-1, whereas milk macrophages released only 26% of the total il-1 produced within the cell. Secretion of a small quantity of il-1 was a common property of macrophages isolated from healthy and mastitic quarters. We concluded that limited secretion of il-1 may render the milk macrophages less efficient in promoting lymphocyte activation.
Use of adult dog serum as a substitute for colostrum in the neonatal dog
Authors: Poffenbarger Ellen M. , Olson Patricia N. , Chandler Marjorie L. , Seim Howard B. , Varman Marian 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Failure to obtain passive transfer of immunity via colostrum can be detrimental to the health and survival of a young pup. It has been stated that pups that do not receive colostrum in the first 2 days after birth, be given adult dog serum as a source of protective immunoglobulins. Twenty-five Beagle pups were obtained by cesarean section from 6 Beagle bitches. The pups were allotted to 3 groups at birth. Group 1 was a control group and was allowed to suckle colostrum. Group-2 pups received 22 ml of pooled adult dog serum/kg of body weight (10 ml/lb) sc at birth. Group-3 pups were given 22 ml of pooled adult dog serum/kg by stomach tube at birth. Pups from groups 2 and 3 were separated from the bitch for 48 hours to prevent colostral antibody absorption and were fed a commercially available milk replacer by stomach tube. After 48 hours, all pups were returned to the bitch until they were weaned at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected from all of the pups at birth and on days 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. The concentration of IgA, IgG, and IgM in serum was determined by radial immunodiffusion and compared by use of a one-way analysis of variance. The control pups had significantly higher serum concentrations of IgA and IgG, than the pups in groups 2 and 3 on days 1 and 2 and 2 and 7, respectively. Group-2 pups had significantly higher serum IgM concentrations on day 1 than either group 1- or group-3 pups.
Hemodynamic response of calves to tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine anesthesia
Authors: Lin H. C. , Thurmon J. C. , Tranquilli W. J. , Benson G. J. , Olson W. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Six healthy Holstein calves were anesthetized with isoflurane in O2 and instrumented for hemodynamic studies. A saphenous artery was catheterized for measurement of blood pressure and withdrawal of blood for determination of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), oxygen (PaO2), and arterial pH (pHa). Respiration was controlled throughout the study. The ecg and eeg were monitored continuously. A thermodilution catheter was passed via the right jugular vein into the pulmonary artery for determination of cardiac output and measurement of central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Baseline values (time 0) were recorded following recovery from isoflurane. Tiletamine-zolazepam (4 mg/kg)-xylazine (0.1 mg/kg) were administered iv immediately after recording baseline values. Values were again recorded at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes after injection. Changes in left ventricular stroke work index, Paco2, and pHa were insignificant. Arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance increased above baseline at 5 minutes and then gradually decreased below baseline at 40 minutes, demonstrating a biphasic response. Values for pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, and Pao2 were increased above baseline from 5 to 60 minutes. Stroke volume, stroke index, and right ventricular stroke work index were increased from 20 or 30 minutes to 60 minutes. Pulmonary vascular resistance increased at 10 minutes, returned to baseline at 20 minutes, and was increased again at 60 minutes. Heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, and rate pressure product were decreased at 5 minutes, and with the exception of cardiac output, remained so for 60 minutes. Cardiac output returned to the baseline value at 30 minutes. All calves recovered without complications. We concluded that tiletamine-zolazepam (4 mg/kg iv)-xylazine (0.1 mg/kg iv) is a safe and useful anesthetic regimen for use in calves.
Influence of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on equine articular cartilage in explant culture
Authors: Caron J. P. , Eberhart S. W. , Nachreiner R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Articular cartilage explants from 3 horses were maintained in tissue culture to test the effects of a polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on proteoglycan biosynthesis. Cultures were exposed to concentrations of 0, 50, or 200 μg of the drug/ml for either 2 days or 6 days, and labeled with 35S, before measuring the content of sulfated proteoglycan in the culture media and in extracts of cartilage. In a second experiment, the explants were incubated with the isotope and subsequently exposed to the same concentrations of the polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for 4 days. Subsequently, the amount of remaining labeled proteoglycan was determined. Gel filtration chromatography was used to compare the hydrodynamic size of proteoglycans from the cartilage explants in each experiment.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan caused a dose-dependent depression of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis, which was statistically significant after 6 days of exposure. Radioactive proteoglycan content in explants was similar in the experiment involving isotopic labeling prior to exposure to the drug. Proteoglycan monomer size was similar in all treatment groups. It was concluded that polysulfated glycosaminoglycan caused a modest depression in proteoglycan synthesis, had little effect on endogenous proteoglycan degradation, and did not influence the size of sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by normal equine chondrocytes in explant culture.
Prevalence of pigment gallstones in sheep
Authors: Cavallini Aldo , Messa Caterina , Mangini Vito , Linsalata Michele , Guerra Vito , Misciagna Giovanni , Di Leo Alfredo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In a survey of 666 sheep at a slaughterhouse, gallstones (concretions with a diameter ≥ 1 mm) were found in the gallbladder of 50 sheep (7.5%), sludge (concretions with a diameter <1 mm) was found in 9 sheep (1.4%), and sludge plus gallstones were found in 7 sheep (1.1%). Gallstones and sludge were associated, and were more frequent in lambs and females, compared with adults and males. Qualitative analysis of the stones revealed all to be pigment (bilirubin) stones. There was a statistically significant increase of biliary bilirubin (total and indirect quota) only in sheep with gallstones plus sludge, compared with control sheep without sludge or gallstones. Concentrations of bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipids, total and single bile aids, and total and ionized calcium were similar in the bile of sheep with gallstones, sludge, or both and control sheep. Bacteriologic analysis of the bile in 10 sheep with gallstones and 10 controls revealed bacteria in 50% of the first group and in 75% of the second group (Escherichia coli in all sheep and Salmonella spp also in 1 sheep with gallstones). These findings confirm our earlier findings of a high prevalence of black pigment gallstones in sheep. On that basis, we suggest that gallstones are associated with high total bilirubin concentration in the bile, and deconjugating bacteria are common in the biliary tract of these animals.
Use of a direct enzyme-linked antiglobulin test for laboratory diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs
Authors: Jones D. R. E. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Stokes C. R. , Bourne F. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Detection of autoantibody, complement, or both bound to rbc is an essential requirement for unequivocal diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs. An enzyme-linked antiglobulin test was adapted for laboratory diagnosis of this disease. The refinement and routine use of this assay have allowed further observation of the pathogenesis of the disease process. In particular, degree of hemolysis can be related to the degree of rbc sensitization associated with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, and this correlation is highest for IgG autoantibody. Results indicate that autoantibody isotype might have an important role in the hemolytic process.
Abortion induced by cell-associated pseudorabies virus in vaccinated sows
Authors: Nauwynck Hans J. , Pensaert Maurice B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pregnant sows, immune against pseudorabies after vaccination, were inoculated at 70 days of gestation either with autologous blood mononuclear cells that had been infected in vitro with pseudorabies virus (prv) or with cell-free prv. The infected cells or cell-free prv were inoculated surgically into the arteria uterina.
Eight sows (A to H) had been vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine. The titer of seroneutralizing antibodies in their serum varied between 12 and 48. Five sows (A to E) were inoculated with autologous mononuclear cells, infected either with a Belgian prv field strain or with the Northern Ireland prv strain NIA3. These 5 sows aborted their fetuses: 2 of them (B and C) 3 days after inoculation, and the other 3 (A, D, and E) 10, 11, and 12 days after inoculation, respectively. Sows F, G, and H were inoculated with a cell-free prv field strain. They farrowed healthy litters after normal gestation. Neutralizing antibodies were absent against prv in the sera of the newborn pigs, which were obtained prior to the uptake of colostrum.
The 23 fetuses that were aborted in sows B and C 3 days after the inoculation were homogeneous in appearance and size. Foci of necrosis were not detected in the liver. Viral antigens were located by immunofluorescence in individual cells in lungs, liver, and spleen of 15 fetuses. Virus was isolated from the liver, lungs, or body fluids of 12 fetuses.
The 39 fetuses that were aborted in sows A, D, and E between 10 and 12 days after inoculation were of 2 types: 17 were mummified and 22 were normal-appearing. Foci of necrosis were found in the liver of all mummified fetuses and 13 of the normal-appearing fetuses. In fetuses with foci of necrosis in the liver, viral antigens were located in groups of cells in the liver, lungs, and spleen. Virus was isolated from 16 normal-appearing fetuses and from 11 mummified fetuses.
Pseudorabies virus was isolated from vaginal excretions of sows A and D until 1 and 2 days after abortion, respectively, and of sows B and C until 4 and 5 days after abortion, respectively. Virus was not isolated from sow E.
It was concluded that prv can reach the uterine and fetal tissues, via infected mononuclear cells, in the presence of circulating antibodies induced on vaccination. This cell-associated spread led to abortion. Cell-free virus did not induce abortion under similar circumstances.
Development of Anaplasma marginale in male Dermacentor andersoni transferred from parasitemic to susceptible cattle
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Stiller David , Goff Will L. , Claypool P. L. , Edwards Wanda , Ewing S. A. , McGuire Travis C. , Hair Jakie A. , Barron Selwyn J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The development and transmission of Anaplasma marginale was studied in Dermacentor andersoni males. Laboratory-reared male D andersoni were allowed to feed for 7 days on a calf with ascending A marginale parasitemia. The ticks were then held in a humidity chamber for 7 days before being placed on 2 susceptible calves. Anaplasmosis developed in the calves after incubation periods of 24 and 26 days. Gut and salivary glands were collected from ticks on each day of the 23-day experiment and examined with light and electron microscopy. Colonies of A marginale were first observed in midgut epithelial cells on the sixth day of feeding on infected calves, with the highest density of colonies found in gut cells while ticks were between feeding periods. The first colonies contained 1 large dense organism that subsequently gave rise to many reticulated organisms. Initially, these smaller organisms were electron-lucent and then became electron-dense. On the fifth day after ticks were transferred to susceptible calves for feeding, A marginale colonies were found in muscle cells on the hemocoel side of the gut basement membrane. A final site for development of A marginale was the salivary glands. Colonies were first seen in acinar cells on the first day that ticks fed on susceptible calves, with the highest percentage of infected host cells observed on days 7 to 9 of that feeding. Organisms within these colonies were initially electron-lucent, but became electron-dense.