bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Amino-Terminal Region of Major Capsid Protein P3 Is Essential for Self-Assembly of Single-Shelled Core-Like Particles of
Rice Dwarf Virus
Authors: Hagiwara Kyoji , Higashi Takahiko , Miyazaki Naoyuki , Naitow Hisashi , Cheng R. Holland , Nakagawa Atsushi , Mizuno Hiroshi , Tsukihara Tomitake , Omura Toshihiro 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The core protein P3 of
Rice dwarf virus
constructs asymmetric dimers, one of which is inserted by the amino-terminal region of another P3 protein. The P3 proteins with serial amino-terminal deletions, expressed in a baculovirus system, formed particles with gradually decreasing stability. The capacity for self-assembly disappeared when 52 of the amino-terminal amino acids had been deleted. These results demonstrated that insertion of the amino-terminal arm of one P3 protein into another appears to play an important role in stabilizing the core particles.
The Long Third Complementarity-Determining Region of the Heavy Chain Is Important in the Activity of the Broadly Neutralizing Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody 2F5
Authors: Zwick Michael B. , Komori H. Kiyomi , Stanfield Robyn L. , Church Sarah , Wang Meng , Parren Paul W. H. I. , Kunert Renate , Katinger Hermann , Wilson Ian A. , Burton Dennis R. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT
The human monoclonal antibody 2F5 neutralizes primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with rare breadth and potency. A crystal structure of a complex of 2F5 and a peptide corresponding to its core epitope on gp41, ELDKWAS, revealed that the peptide interacts with residues at the base of the unusually long (22-residue) third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR H3) but not the apex. Here, we perform alanine-scanning mutagenesis across CDR H3 and make additional substitutions of selected residues to map the paratope of Fab 2F5. Substitution of residues from the base of the H3 loop or from CDRs H1, H2, and L3, which are proximal to the peptide, significantly diminished the affinity of Fab 2F5 for gp41 and a short peptide containing the 2F5 core motif. However, nonconservative substitutions to a phenylalanine residue at the apex of the H3 loop also markedly decreased 2F5 binding to both gp41 and the peptide, suggesting that recognition of the core epitope is crucially dependent on features at the apex of the H3 loop. Furthermore, substitution at the apex of the H3 loop had an even more pronounced effect on the neutralizing activity of 2F5 against three sensitive HIV-1. These observations present a challenge to vaccine strategies based on peptide mimics of the linear epitope.
Assessment of the Role of the Central DNA Flap in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Using a Single-Cycle Replication System
Authors: Ao Zhujun , Yao Xiaojian , Cohen Éric A. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

In this study, reverse transcriptase (RT)- and integrase (IN)-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was transcomplemented with Vpr-RT-IN fusion proteins to delineate
pol
sequences important for HIV-1 replication. Our results reveal that a 194-bp sequence encompassing the 3′end of the IN gene and containing the central DNA flap is necessary and sufficient for efficient HIV-1 single-cycle replication in dividing and nondividing cells. Furthermore, we show that the central DNA flap enhances HIV-1 single-round replication by five- to sevenfold, primarily by facilitating nuclear import of proviral DNA. In agreement with previous reports, our data support a functional role of the central DNA flap during the early stages of HIV-1 infection.
Characterization of a Membrane-Associated Trimeric Low-pH-Induced Form of the Class II Viral Fusion Protein E from Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus and Its Crystallization
Authors: Stiasny Karin , Bressanelli Stéphane , Lepault Jean , Rey Felix A. , Heinz Franz X. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT
The interaction of a dimeric membrane anchor-free form of the envelope protein E (sE dimer) from tick-borne encephalitis virus with liposomes at acidic pH levels leads to its conversion into membrane-inserted sE trimers. Electron microscopy shows that these trimers have their long dimensions along the threefold molecular axis, which is oriented perpendicularly to the plane of the membrane, where the protein inserts via the internal fusion peptide. Liposomes containing sE at their surface display paracrystalline arrays of protein in a closely packing arrangement in which each trimer is surrounded by six others, suggesting cooperativity in the insertion process. sE trimers, solubilized with nonionic detergents, yielded three-dimensional crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis.
Complete Protection from Papillomavirus Challenge after a Single Vaccination with a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vector Expressing High Levels of L1 Protein
Authors: Roberts Anjeanette , Reuter Jon D. , Wilson Jean H. , Baldwin Stuart , Rose John K. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT
We generated an attenuated, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) expressing high levels of the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) L1 protein from an upstream site in the VSV genome. Rabbits vaccinated once with this VSV-L1 recombinant produced high levels of anti-L1 antibody and were completely protected against papilloma formation after challenge with CRPV. In contrast, animals vaccinated only once with a VSV vector expressing lower levels of L1 from a downstream site in the VSV genome generated lower levels of L1 antibody and demonstrated only incomplete protection from papilloma formation after challenge. We conclude that the level of L1 protein expression is critical in generating complete immunity with a single-dose vaccine.
Flying the smoky skies: secondhand smoke exposure of flight attendants
Authors: Repace J 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To assess the contribution of secondhand smoke (SHS) to aircraft cabin air pollution and flight attendants’ SHS exposure relative to the general population.Methods:Published air quality measurements, modelling studies, and dosimetry studies were reviewed, analysed, and generalised.Results:Flight attendants reported suffering greatly from SHS pollution on aircraft. Both government and airline sponsored studies concluded that SHS created an air pollution problem in aircraft cabins, while tobacco industry sponsored studies yielding similar data concluded that ventilation controlled SHS, and that SHS pollution levels were low. Between the time that non-smoking sections were established on US carriers in 1973, and the two hour US smoking ban in 1988, commercial aircraft ventilation rates had declined three times as fast as smoking prevalence. The aircraft cabin provided the least volume and lowest ventilation rate per smoker of any social venue, including stand up bars and smoking lounges, and afforded an abnormal respiratory environment. Personal monitors showed little difference in SHS exposures between flight attendants assigned to smoking sections and those assigned to non-smoking sections of aircraft cabins.Conclusions:In-flight air quality measurements in ~250 aircraft, generalised by models, indicate that when smoking was permitted aloft, 95% of the harmful respirable suspended particle (RSP) air pollution in the smoking sections and 85% of that in the non-smoking sections of aircraft cabins was caused by SHS. Typical levels of SHS-RSP on aircraft violated current (PM2.5) federal air quality standards ~threefold for flight attendants, and exceeded SHS irritation thresholds by 10 to 100 times. From cotinine dosimetry, SHS exposure of typical flight attendants in aircraft cabins is estimated to have been >6-fold that of the average US worker and ~14-fold that of the average person. Thus, ventilation systems massively failed to control SHS air pollution in aircraft cabins. These results have implications for studies of the past and future health of flight attendants.
Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures
Authors: Matt G E , Quintana P J E , Hovell M F , Bernert J T , Song S , Novianti N , Juarez T , Floro J , Gehrman C , Garcia M , Larson S 
Published: February 2004

Objectives:To examine (1) whether dust and surfaces in households of smokers are contaminated with environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); (2) whether smoking parents can protect their infants by smoking outside and away from the infant; and (3) whether contaminated dust, surfaces, and air contribute to ETS exposure in infants.Design:Quasi-experiment comparing three types of households with infants: (1) non-smokers who believe they have protected their children from ETS; (2) smokers who believe they have protected their children from ETS; (3) smokers who expose their children to ETS.Setting:Homes of smokers and non-smokers.Participants:Smoking and non-smoking mothers and their infants ⩽ 1 year.Main outcome measures:ETS contamination as measured by nicotine in household dust, indoor air, and household surfaces. ETS exposure as measured by cotinine levels in infant urine.Results:ETS contamination and ETS exposure were 5–7 times higher in households of smokers trying to protect their infants by smoking outdoors than in households of non-smokers. ETS contamination and exposure were 3–8 times higher in households of smokers who exposed their infants to ETS by smoking indoors than in households of smokers trying to protect their children by smoking outdoors.Conclusions:Dust and surfaces in homes of smokers are contaminated with ETS. Infants of smokers are at risk of ETS exposure in their homes through dust, surfaces, and air. Smoking outside the home and away from the infant reduces but does not completely protect a smoker’s home from ETS contamination and a smoker’s infant from ETS exposure.
Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America
Authors: Drope J , Bialous S A , Glantz S A 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To describe how the tobacco industry developed a network of consultants to promote ventilation as a “solution” to secondhand smoke (SHS) in the USA.Methods:Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents.Results:As with its other strategies to undermine the passage of clean indoor legislation and regulations, the tobacco industry used consultants who represented themselves as independent but who were promoting the industry’s ventilation “solution” strategies under close, but generally undisclosed, industry supervision. The nature of the industry’s use of ventilation consultants evolved over time. In the 1980s, the industry used them in an effort to steer the concerns about indoor air quality away from secondhand smoke, saying SHS was an insignificant component of a much larger problem of indoor air quality and inadequate ventilation. By the 1990s, the industry and its consultants were maintaining that adequate ventilation could easily accommodate “moderate smoking”. The consultants carried the ventilation message to businesses, particularly the hospitality business, and to local and national and international regulatory and legislative bodies.Conclusion:While the tobacco industry and its consultants have gone to considerable lengths to promote the tobacco industry’s ventilation “solution”, this strategy has had limited success in the USA, probably because, in the end, it is simpler, cheaper, and healthier to end smoking. Tobacco control advocates need to continue to educate policymakers about this fact, particularly in regions where this strategy has been more effective.
“Creative solutions”: selling cigarettes in a smoke-free world
Authors: Smith E A , Malone R E 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To analyse the development and execution of the “Creative Solutions” Benson & Hedges advertising campaign to understand its social, political, and commercial implications.Methods:Searches of the Philip Morris documents and Legacy Tobacco Documents websites for relevant materials; Lexis/Nexis searches of major news and business publications; and denotative and connotative analyses of the advertising imagery.Results:Philip Morris developed the Creative Solutions campaign in an effort to directly confront the successes of the tobacco control movement in establishing new laws and norms that promoted clean indoor air. The campaign’s imagery attempted to help smokers and potential smokers overcome the physical and social downsides of smoking cigarettes by managing risk and resolving internal conflict. The slogans suggested a variety of ways for smokers to respond to restrictions on their habit. The campaign also featured information about the Accommodation Program, Philip Morris’s attempt to organise opposition to clean indoor air laws.Conclusion:The campaign was a commercial failure, with little impact on sales of the brand. Philip Morris got some exposure for the Accommodation Program and its anti-regulatory position. The lack of commercial response to the ads suggests that they were unable to successfully resolve the contradictions that smokers were increasingly experiencing and confirms the power of changing social norms to counter tobacco industry tactics.
Changes of knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and preference of bar owner and staff in response to a smoke-free bar law: Table 1
Authors: Tang H , Cowling D W , Stevens C M , Lloyd J C 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To examine attitudinal changes of bar owners and staff regarding a smoke-free bar law.Design:Bar owners and staff were random selected and telephone interviewed in June 1998, shortly after a smoke-free bar law was enacted, and October 2002. Similar instruments were used in both surveys to collect data on attitudes related to secondhand smoke (SHS) and behaviours related to the smoke-free bar law.Participants:651 and 650 respondents worked for either stand alone bars or combination bars.Measures:Preference of working in a smoke-free environment, concerns of the effect of SHS, and how to comply with the law.Results:The percentage of bar owners or staff working in stand alone bars who prefer to work in a smoke-free environment increased from 17.3% in 1998 to 50.9% in 2002 (p < 0.001). Significantly more respondents (45.5%) working in stand alone bars were concerned about the effects of SHS on their health, comparing to 21.6% in 1998 (p < 0.001). When patrons smoked in the bar, 82.1% of stand alone bar owners or staff in the 2002 survey would ask them to stop or to smoke outside, increased from only 43.0% in the 1998 survey (p < 0.001).Conclusion:A positive and significant attitudinal change related to the smoke-free bar law occurred among California bars.
Lawsuits and secondhand smoke: Table 1
Authors: Sweda E L 
Published: February 2004

Objective:This paper describes secondhand smoke (SHS) litigation over the past quarter century where non-smoking litigants have prevailed and attempts to decipher trends in the law that may impact the course of future cases.Methods:Since the early 1980s, the author has sought and examined legal cases in which SHS exposure is an important factor. Law library searches using the official reporter system (for example,Shimp v. New Jersey Bell Telephone Co., 368 A.2d 408) have more recently been combined with computerised online searches using LexisNexis and Westlaw. The author has learned of other cases through personal correspondence and from articles in newspapers. Over 420 cases involving exposure to SHS were identified. Each case was reviewed and summarised.Results:Since 1976, the year of the first reported SHS lawsuit, this type of litigation has increased both in number and in scope with increasing success. While it is common for initial cases to lose in a new area where the law eventually evolves, litigants and their lawyers who later bring similar cases can learn from those previous, unsuccessful cases. It is now apparent that the judicial branch has begun to recognise the need to protect the public—especially some of the most vulnerable members of our society—from the serious threat to their health that is exposure to SHS.Conclusions:Successful cases brought on behalf of individuals exposed to SHS produce an additional benefit for the public health by both paving the way for other non-smoking litigants to succeed in their cases and persuading business owners and others voluntarily to make their facilities 100% smoke-free.
Designated “no smoking” areas provide from partial to no protection from environmental tobacco smoke
Authors: Cains T , Cannata S , Poulos R , Ferson M J , Stewart B W 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To determine the efficacy of designated “no smoking” areas in the hospitality industry as a means of providing protection from environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and whether certain design features assist in achieving this end.Methodology:In the greater metropolitan region of Sydney, a representative group of 17 social and gaming clubs, licensed to serve alcoholic beverages and in which, apart from designated areas, smoking occurs, agreed to participate. In each establishment, simultaneous single measurements of atmospheric nicotine, particulate matter (10 μm; PM10) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels were measured in a general use area and in a designated “no smoking” area during times of normal operation, together with the levels in outdoor air (PM10 and CO2only). Analyses were made of these data to assess the extent to which persons using the “no smoking” areas were protected from exposure to ETS.Results:By comparison with levels in general use areas, nicotine and particulate matter levels were significantly less in the “no smoking” areas, but were still readily detectable at higher than ambient levels. For nicotine, mean (SD) levels were 100.5 (45.3) μg/m3in the areas where smoking occurred and 41.3 (16.1) μg/m3in the “no smoking” areas. Corresponding PM10 levels were 460 (196) μg/m3and 210 (210) μg/m3, while outdoor levels were 61 (23) μg/m3. The reduction in pollutants achieved through a separate room being designated “no smoking” was only marginally better than the reduction achieved when a “no smoking” area was contiguous with a smoking area. CO2levels were relatively uninformative.Conclusion:Provision of designated “no smoking” areas in licensed (gaming) clubs in New South Wales, Australia, provides, at best, partial protection from ETS—typically about a 50% reduction in exposure. The protection afforded is less than users might reasonably have understood and is not comparable with protection afforded by prohibiting smoking on the premises.
RESHEPH AND YHWH SEBĀ'ÔT
Authors: Choi John 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe nature of the phrase yhwh ⊡ebā'ôt is considered in light of similar phrases involving the proper name Resheph, occurring in various Near Eastern and Phoenician inscriptions. An examination of the various uses of ršp modified by a genitive, and hence a proper name which is doubly determined, indicates that a proper name in construct is not problematic. Further, the uses indicate that some genitive relationships between a proper name and common noun function to highlight the essence or specific attribute of a deity. This is supported by several iconographic representations of Resheph. This same function, then, of highlighting a particular trait of a deity, may be at work in the phrase yhwh ⊡ebā'ôt.
HOWLING LIKE DOGS: METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE IN PSALM LIX
Authors: Doyle Brian 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe present contribution examines the use of animal terminology—wild dogs—in Ps. lix and endeavours to interpret this terminology within the framework of a working definition of metaphor as a stylistic feature of BHP and its function therein. As a result, it would appear that the author's metaphorisation of his enemy (either personal or national) as a pack of wild dogs foaming at the mouth and terrorising the city at night allows him to introduce elements of imprecation. Indeed, animal terminology, focusing particularly on mouth, teeth etc. is common among the so-called psalms of imprecation. At a second level, it is possible to detect traces of a further metaphorisation in which the author invites the divinity to behave as wild dogs would in destroying his enemy.
DIE ENTSTEHUNG DER BÜCHEREINTEILUNG DES PSALTERS
Authors: Levin Christoph 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe division of the Book of Psalms into five books in line with the Torah was first created by the doxology of Ps cvi 48 which repeats Ps xli 14 verbatim and combines it with a quotation of Dtn xxvii 16ff. (cf. Neh viii 1-6). The three other doxologies which divide the Book of Psalms relate to the former separate collections: Ps xli 14 concludes the first Davidic Psalter Pss iii-xli, Ps lxxii 18-19 rounds off the 'elohistic' Davidic Psalter Pss li-lxxii, and Ps lxxxix 53 concludes the 'messianic' Psalter Pss ii-lxxxix.
PROPOS AUTOUR DE LA MORT D'UN ENFANT 2 SAMUEL XI, 2-XII, 24
Authors: Nutkowicz Hélène 
Published: February 2004

AbstractÀ la mort de son premier fils avec Bethsabée, le roi David ne respecte pas les rites funèbres. Ce fait exceptionnel dans le comportement du souverain ne laisse pas de surprendre, puisque ce dernier n'a jamais manqué de les observer, même pour ses pires ennemis. Cette réflexion cherche une explication possible au travers d'une perspective à la fois sémantique et anthropologique. Cette dernière approche est éclairée par l'attitude et la personnalité du souverain. Dès 2 Samuel xii, 13, le texte indique que Dieu a décidé de substituer l'enfant, fruit du péché, à son père, auteur du péché. Le verbe choisi par Nathan est explicite, et la forme verbale du hiphil révèle que Dieu « a fait passer », he'ebîr, le péché, et l'a transféré sur l'enfant. Celui-ci remplit toutes les conditions pour jouer le rôle de victime expiatoire. Le sacrifice, exutoire à la colère divine, illumine le projet divin puisque sa violence mais aussi son efficacité permettront, en échange, de fonder la dynastie davidique.
JEREMIA XXXV 8b-9—EINE INDIREKTE REDE?
Authors: Migsch Herbert 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEs empfiehlt sich nicht, Jer. xxxv 8b-9 als indirekte Rede zu deuten; denn die Umstandsangabe, in die der Relativsatz eingebettet ist, lässt sich wegen einer unvereinbaren Kohärenzstörung literarkritisch entfernen, und die Ergänzung eines erklärenden Satzes ist dann nicht mehr möglich. Da sich auch die Interpretation, dass zwischen den V. 8a und 8b-9 eine konsekutive Verhältnisbeziehung besteht, nicht vertreten lässt, muss man sich die Interpretation zu eigen machen, nach der die V. 8a und 8b-9 in einer modalen Verhältnisbeziehung einander zugeordnet sind.
JANUS PARALLELISM IN HAB. III 4
Authors: Tsumura David Toshio 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHab. iii 4 is a "Janus parallelism", where qarnayim in 4b corresponds to nōgah ("brightness") in 4a with the meaning "rays" and to 'uzzōh ("his power") in 4c with the meaning "horns".
The intertwining of body, self and world: A phenomenological study of living with recently-diagnosed multiple sclerosis
Authors: Finlay Linda 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the lifeworld of one individual, Ann, in an attempt to elucidate the existential impact of early stage multiple sclerosis. Drawing on Ann's own reflections captured in a relatively unstructured interview, I construct a narrative around her first year of living with the diagnosis. Then, existential-phenomenological analysis reveals how Ann's life - lived in and through a particular body and lifeworld context - is disrupted. The unity between her body and self can no longer be taken for granted. The existential possibilities inherent in her lived body are diminished and have to be renegotiated. Her sense of identity, project, relations with others and present/future plans are threatened. Ann's illness is encountered in the context of her life activities and relationships. This is the intertwining of body, self and world. To live with multiple sclerosis is to experience a global sense of disorder - a disorder which incorporates a changed relation with one's body, a transformation in the surrounding world, a threat to the self, and a change in one's relation to others.