bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Junius's knowledge of the Old English
poem Durham
Authors: O'Donnell Daniel Paul 
Published: October 2002

Until recently, the late Old English poem Durham was known to have been
copied in two manuscripts of the twelfth century: Cambridge, University
Library, Ff. 1. 27 (C) and London, British Library, Cotton Vitellius D. xx (V). C
has been transcribed frequently and serves as the basis for Elliott Van Kirk
Dobbie's standard edition of the poem in the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records. V
was almost completely destroyed in the Cottonian fire of 1731. Its version is
known to us solely from George Hickes's 1705 edition (H).In a recent article, however, Donald K. Fry announced the discovery of a third
medieval text of the poem. Like V, the original manuscript of this ‘third’ version
is now lost and can be reconstructed only from an early modern transcription - in
this case a copy by Francis Junius no win the Stanford University Library (Stanford
University Libraries, Department of Special Collections, Misc. 010 [J1]). Unlike V,
however, Junius's copy is our only record of this manuscript's existence. No other
transcripts are known from medieval or early modern manuscript catalogues.
Mental space embeddings, counterfactuality, and the use of unless
Authors: Dancygier Barbara 
Published: October 2002

Unless-constructions have often been compared with conditionals. It was noted that unless can in most cases be paraphrased with if not, but that its meaning resembles that of except if (Geis, 1973; von Fintel, 1991). Initially, it was also assumed that, unlike if-conditionals, unless-sentences with counterfactual (or irrealis) meanings are not acceptable. In recent studies by Declerck and Reed (2000, 2001), however, the acceptability of such sentences was demonstrated and a new analysis was proposed.The present article argues for an account of irrealis unless-sentences in terms of epistemic distance and mental space embeddings. First, the use of verb forms in irrealis sentences is described as an instance of the use of distanced forms, which are widely used in English to mark hypotheticality. In the second part, the theory of mental spaces is introduced and applied to show how different mental space set-ups (in conjunction with distanced forms) account for the construction of different hypothetical meanings. The so-called irrealis unless-sentences are then interpreted as a number of instances of mental space embeddings. Finally, it is shown how the account proposed explains the fact that some unless-constructions can be paraphrased only with if not while others only with except if.
Coupling Sap Flow Velocity and Amino Acid Concentrations as an Alternative Method to 15N Labeling for Quantifying Nitrogen Remobilization by Walnut Trees
Authors: Frak Ela , Millard Peter , Le Roux Xavier , Guillaumie Sabine , Wendler Renate 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The temporal dynamics of N remobilization was studied in walnut (Juglans nigra × regia) trees growing in sand culture. Trees were fed with labeled N (15N) during 1999 and unlabeled N in 2000. Total N and15N contents in different tree compartments were measured during 80 d after bud burst and were used to estimate N remobilization for spring growth. The seasonal (and occasionally diurnal) dynamics of the concentration and 15N enrichment of the major amino acids in xylem sap were determined concurrently. Sap flow velocity was also measured for sample trees. A new approach coupling amino acid concentrations to sap flow velocity for quantifying N remobilization was tested. A decrease of the labeled N contents of medium roots, tap roots, and trunk was observed concurrently to the increase in the labeled N content of new shoots. Remobilized N represented from previous year storage 54% of N recovered in new shoots. Arginine, citruline, γ-amino butyric acid, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid always represented around 80% of total amino acid and amide N in xylem sap and exhibited specific seasonal trends and significant diurnal trends. N translocation was mainly insured by arginine during the first 15 d after bud burst, and then by glutamic acid and citruline. The pattern of N remobilization estimated by the new approach was consistent with that measured by the classical labeling technique. Implications for quantifying N remobilization for large, field-growing trees are discussed.
Endoplasmic Microtubules Configure the Subapical Cytoplasm and Are Required for Fast Growth of Medicago truncatulaRoot Hairs
Authors: Sieberer Björn J. , Timmers Antonius C.J. , Lhuissier Franck G.P. , Emons Anne Mie C. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
To investigate the configuration and function of microtubules (MTs) in tip-growing Medicago truncatularoot hairs, we used immunocytochemistry or in vivo decoration by a GFP linked to a MT-binding domain. The two approaches gave similar results and allowed the study of MTs during hair development. Cortical MTs (CMTs) are present in all developmental stages. During the transition from bulge to a tip-growing root hair, endoplasmic MTs (EMTs) appear at the tip of the young hair and remain there until growth arrest. EMTs are a specific feature of tip-growing hairs, forming a three-dimensional array throughout the subapical cytoplasmic dense region. During growth arrest, EMTs, together with the subapical cytoplasmic dense region, progressively disappear, whereas CMTs extend further toward the tip. In full-grown root hairs, CMTs, the only remaining population of MTs, converge at the tip and their density decreases over time. Upon treatment of growing hairs with 1 μm oryzalin, EMTs disappear, but CMTs remain present. The subapical cytoplasmic dense region becomes very short, the distance nucleus tip increases, growth slows down, and the nucleus still follows the advancing tip, though at a much larger distance. Taxol has no effect on the cytoarchitecture of growing hairs; the subapical cytoplasmic dense region remains intact, the nucleus keeps its distance from the tip, but growth rate drops to the same extent as in hairs treated with 1 μm oryzalin. The role of EMTs in growing root hairs is discussed.
Splicing of the Maize Sh1 First Intron Is Essential for Enhancement of Gene Expression, and a T-Rich Motif Increases Expression without Affecting Splicing
Authors: Clancy Maureen , Hannah L. Curtis 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Certain plant and animal introns increase expression of protein-coding sequences when placed in the 5′ region of the transcription unit. The mechanisms of intron-mediated enhancement have not been defined, but are generally accepted to be post- or cotranscriptional in character. One of the most effective plant introns in stimulating gene expression is the 1,028-bp first intron of the Sh1 gene that encodes maize (Zea mays) sucrose synthase. To address the mechanisms of intron-mediated enhancement, we used reporter gene fusions to identify features of the Sh1 first intron required for enhancement in cultured maize cells. A 145-bp derivative conferred approximately the same 20- to 50-fold stimulation typical for the full-length intron in this transient expression system. A 35-bp motif contained within the intron is required for maximum levels of enhancement but not for efficient transcript splicing. The important feature of this redundant 35-bp motif is T-richness rather than the specific sequence. When transcript splicing was abolished by mutations at the intron borders, enhancement was reduced to about 2-fold. The requirement of splicing for enhancement was not because of upstream translation initiation codons contained in unspliced transcripts. On the basis of our current findings, we conclude that splicing of theSh1 intron is integral to enhancement, and we hypothesize that transcript modifications triggered by the T-rich motif and splicing may link the mRNA with the trafficking system of the cell.
HOX11L2 expression defines a clinical subtype of pediatric T-ALL associated with poor prognosis
Authors: Ballerini Paola , Blaise Annick , Busson-Le Coniat Maryvonne , Su Xin Ying , Zucman-Rossi Jessica , Adam Mircea , van den Akker Jacqueline , Perot Christine , Pellegrino Beatrice , Landman-Parker Judith , Douay Luc , Berger Roland , Bernard Olivier A. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The most frequent oncogenic activation events characterized in childhood T acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) result in the transcriptional activation of genes coding for transcription factors. The main genes are TAL1/SCL, a member of the basic region helix-loop-helix gene family, and HOX11L2, a member of the homeobox-containing protein family. To gain insight into the pathogenesis of this type of hematologic malignancy, we analyzed 28 T-ALL samples. SIL-TAL1/SCL fusion was detected in 6 patients; expression of HOX11L2 was observed in 6 patients and of HOX11 in 3 patients. With one exception, these activations did not occur simultaneously in the same patients, and they allowed the subclassification of 50% of the patients.SIL-TAL1 fusion was detected in association withHOX11 expression in one patient and with a t(8;14) (q24;q11) in another. High expression of LYL1,LMO2, or TAL1 was observed mainly in samples negative for HOX11L2 expression. HOX11L1 andHOX11 expression were observed in one instance each, in the absence of detectable chromosomal abnormality of their respective loci, on chromosomes 2 and 10, respectively. HOX11L2 expression was associated with a chromosome 5q abnormality, the location of theHOX11L2 locus in each case tested. Finally, our data show that HOX11L2 expression was a suitable marker for minimal residual disease follow-up and was significantly associated with relapse (P = .02).
Generation of minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1–specific cytotoxic T cells restricted by nonself HLA molecules: a potential strategy to treat relapsed leukemia after HLA-mismatched stem cell transplantation
Authors: Mutis Tuna , Blokland Els , Kester Michel , Schrama Ellen , Goulmy Els 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSuccessful stem cell transplantation (SCT) across HLA barriers can be performed with cord blood, megadoses of stem cells, or with nonmyeloablative conditioning strategies. Because the HLA-mismatched transplants are often T-cell depleted, leukemia relapse rates are high. Treatment of relapsed leukemia after HLA-mismatched SCT is difficult. A novel potential strategy to treat relapsed leukemia after HLA-mismatched SCT is the use of patients' mismatched HLA molecules as antigen-presenting molecules to generate hematopoietic system–specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) from the stem cell donor. Adoptive transfer of these hematopoietic system–specific CTLs that are restricted by nonself HLA molecules may eliminate leukemia without affecting the patient's nonhematopoietic cells or donor hematopoietic cells. We investigated the feasibility of this strategy using the hematopoietic system–specific minor histocompatibility antigen HA-1, which is known to induce HLA-A2–restricted CTLs. HLA-A2−peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with HLA-A2+ T2 cells pulsed with synthetic HA-1 peptide or with dendritic cells transduced with the HA-1 cDNA. Tetrameric HLA-A2/HA-1 peptide complexes were used to monitor and enrich HA-1–specific CTLs. In the alloreactive cultures, HA-1–specific CTLs were enriched up to 7% by 3 rounds of antigen-specific stimulations and up to 87% by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of tetramer-positive T cells. The HA-1–specific CTLs showed specific lysis of the relevant target cells, including leukemic cells. Because the polyclonal CTL cultures also contained natural killer cells and allo–HLA-A2–specific CTLs, CTL clones were generated that showed the expected HA-1 specificity only. Thus, HA-1–specific CTLs restricted by nonself HLA-A2 molecules can be generated in an HLA-A2–mismatched setting.
Plasmodium yoelii uses the murine Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines as a receptor for normocyte invasion and an alternative receptor for reticulocyte invasion
Authors: Swardson-Olver Christine J. , Dawson Tracey C. , Burnett Robert C. , Peiper Stephen C. , Maeda Nobuyo , Avery Anne C. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites is a complex multistep process involving parasite and erythrocyte receptors. It is a critical stage in the parasite life cycle and, therefore, a logical step in which to intervene to prevent or ameliorate disease. Rodent models of malaria, commonly Plasmodium yoelii, are frequently used for studies of malaria pathogenesis. Little is known, however, about the invasion machinery of rodent malaria parasites. We have found previously that mice congenic for a region of chromosome 1, containing the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines (DARC), have different susceptibility to P yoelii infection. Because P vivax, a human parasite, and P knowlesi, a simian parasite, use DARC to enter human erythrocytes, we sought to identify the role of the murine DARC in P yoelii invasion. Using a novel in vivo invasion assay and DARC knock-out mice, we found that DARC knock-out normocytes (mature erythrocytes) had negligible levels of P yoelii invasion compared with wild-type normocytes, demonstrating that DARC is a receptor for invasion of murine erythrocytes. In contrast, DARC knock-out reticulocytes were invaded at a rate similar to that for wild-type reticulocytes. We conclude that there is a DARC- independent pathway for reticulocyte invasion. These findings represent the first identification of a murine malaria receptor on erythrocytes and the first determination that different pathways of invasion exist on normocytes and reticulocytes. Because we show conservation of host–receptor interactions between rodent and human malaria, we can now use this model to identify how immunity can interfere with the invasion process.
The chemokine receptor CCR7 and α4 integrin are important for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells into lymph nodes
Authors: Till Kathleen J. , Lin Ke , Zuzel Mirko , Cawley John C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMalignant lymphocyte migration into lymph nodes is an important aspect of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), yet little is known about the processes involved. Here we demonstrate that CLL cells migrate across vascular endothelium in response to at least 3 chemokines, namely, CCL21, CCL19, and CXCL12. Moreover, transendothelial cell migration (TEM) in response to CCL21 and CCL19 was significantly higher for the malignant B cells of patients who had clinical lymph node involvement as compared with those of patients lacking such organomegaly. Furthermore, the expression of CCR7, the receptor for both CCL21 and CCL19, correlated with clinical lymphadenopathy, and blocking of CCR7 inhibited CLL cell TEM. By using immunohistochemistry we demonstrated that CCL21 and CCL19, but not CXCL12, are located in high endothelial venules and are, therefore, in an appropriate location to induce TEM. Regarding the adhesion receptors involved in TEM, α4 (most likely in association with β1) and αLβ2 were shown to be important in CLL cell TEM in vitro, but only the level of α4 expression correlated with the presence of clinical lymphadenopathy. The present studies are the first to shed light on the factors determining CLL cell entry into nodes and define the phenotype of circulating malignant cells likely to determine the pattern of lymph node enlargement in the disease.
How we diagnose and treat deep vein thrombosis
Authors: Hirsh Jack , Lee Agnes Y. Y. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Making a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) requires both clinical assessment and objective testing because the clinical features are nonspecific and investigations can be either falsely positive or negative. The initial step in the diagnostic process is to stratify patients into high-, intermediate-, or low-risk categories using a validated clinical model. When the clinical probability is intermediate or high and the venous ultrasound result is positive, acute symptomatic DVT is confirmed. Similarly, when the probability is low and the ultrasound result is normal, DVT is ruled out. A low clinical probability combined with a negative D-dimer result can also be used to rule out DVT, thereby obviating the need for ultrasonography. In contrast, when the clinical assessment is discordant with the results of objective testing, serial venous ultrasonography or venography is required to confirm or refute a diagnosis of DVT. Once a patient is diagnosed with an acute DVT, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is the agent of choice for initial therapy and oral anticoagulant therapy is the standard for long-term secondary prophylaxis. Therapy should continue for at least 3 months; the decision to continue treatment beyond 3 months is made by weighing the risks of recurrent thrombosis and anticoagulant-related bleeding, and is influenced by patient preference. Screening for associated thrombophilia is not indicated routinely, but should be performed in selected patients whose clinical features suggest an underlying hypercoagulable state. Several new anticoagulants with theoretical advantages over existing agents are undergoing evaluation in phase 3 studies in patients with venous thromboembolism.
Why the fair innings argument is not persuasive
Authors: Rivlin Michael M 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe fair innings argument (FIA) is frequently put forward as a justification for denying elderly patients treatment when they are in competition with younger patients and resources are scarce. In this paper I will examine some arguments that are used to support the FIA. My conclusion will be that they do not stand up to scrutiny and therefore, the FIA should not be used to justify the denial of treatment to elderly patients, or to support rationing of health care by age.There are six issues arising out of the FIA which are to be addressed. First, the implication that there is such a thing as a fair share of life. Second, whether it makes sense to talk of a fair share of resources in the context of health care and the FIA. Third, that 'fairness' is usually only mentioned with regard to the length of a person's life, and not to any other aspect of it. Fourth, if it is sensible to discuss the merits of the FIA without taking account of the 'all other things being equal' argument. Fifth, the difference between what is unfair and what is unfortunate. Finally, that it is tragic if a young person dies, but only unfortunate if an elderly person does.
High‐resolution images of shallow aquifers—A challenge in near‐surface seismology
Authors: Francese Roberto G. , Hajnal Zoltan , Prugger Arnfinn 
Published: October 2002

A near‐surface multifold high‐resolution seismic reflection experiment was conducted in the vicinity of the waste management area of a potash mine in western Canada. A buried channel was identified in the data, and the stratigraphy of the Quaternary infill of this structure was mapped. The spatial extent of several prominent gravel‐sandy aquifers, which represent the hydrogeologic framework of the region, was outlined by the survey. The seismic signatures also established the hydraulic independence of three major aquifers along the survey line.The complex heterogeneous lithology of the surface cover limited effective elastic‐wave generation to surface sources. This geologic framework also caused propagation of strong diverse coherent‐noise patterns which severely degraded reflected signal. The suppression of those overhelming interfering events required the design of noise‐specific filters and their sequential multistep implementations. Results of forward modeling of background geologic information were crucial factors in the design of the data acquisition program and preliminary choices of the processing parameters, and (along with borehole data) were the primary guidance in the geologic interpretation of the final seismic section.Fundamental procedures were developed for mapping of glacial tills in the Western Canadian Basin, techniques that can be applied in other regions with similar near‐surface glacial stratigraphy. The experiment revealed that even closely spaced borehole information could never duplicate the detail of the subsurface images of the seismic data.
Seismic inversion for the parameters of two orthogonal fracture sets in a VTI background medium
Authors: Bakulin Andrey , Grechka Vladimir , Tsvankin Ilya 
Published: October 2002

Characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs often requires estimating parameters of multiple fracture sets that develop in an anisotropic background. Here, we discuss modeling and inversion of the effective parameters of orthorhombic models formed by two orthogonal vertical fracture sets embedded in a VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) background matrix. Although the number of the microstructural (physical) medium parameters is equal to the number of effective stiffness elements (nine), we show that for this model there is an additional relation (constraint) between the stiffnesses or Tsvankin's anisotropic coefficients. As a result, the same effective orthorhombic medium can be produced by a wide range of equivalent models with vastly different fracture weaknesses and background VTI parameters, and the inversion of seismic data for the microstructural parameters is nonunique without additional information. Reflection moveout of PP‐ and PS‐waves can still be used to find the fracture orientation and estimate (in combination with the vertical velocities) the differences between the normal and shear weaknesses of the fracture sets, as well as the background anellipticity parameter ηb. Since for penny‐shaped cracks the shear weakness is close to twice the crack density, seismic data can help to identify the dominant fracture set, although the crack densities cannot be resolved individually. If the VTI symmetry of the background is caused by intrinsic anisotropy (as is usually the case for shales), it may be possible to determine at least one background anisotropic coefficient from borehole or core measurements. Then seismic data can be inverted for the fracture weaknesses and the rest of the background parameters. Therefore, seismic characterization of reservoirs with multiple fracture sets and anisotropic background is expected to give ambiguous results, unless the input data include measurements made on different scales (surface seismic, borehole, cores).