bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Berri Increment Project Approach to Improve Hydrocarbon Condensate Quality
Authors: Al-Zahrani Talal A. , Al-Hajri Ali M. , Al-Ghanem Hashem H. , Salu Samusideen A. , Al-Otaibi Fahad M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As part of Berri Crude Increment Project, 40 MBD of Hydrocarbons (HC) Condensate will be separated in the new associated gas gathering system of Abu Ali oil producing facility. The condensate will be collected and exported via a 70 km pipeline. The extent and impact of water presence in the condensate was thoroughly evaluated during the FEED stage of the project, as it is common among similar oil and gas processing plants, and contributed to difficulties — for downstream pipelines and receiving facilities, especially at turndown operations — with such problems as corrosion, solids deposition, sludging and hydrate formation. The objective is to develop a robust and cost-effective process designed to tackle this challenge and ensure production reliability.
The team evaluated several options to resolve this design challenge, including the following mitigations: Chemical injection of hydrates and corrosion inhibitors in the export condensate pipelineInstallation of liquid/liquid coalescers to filter the export condensatesInstallation of a condensate stripping system at Abu Ali to boil waterRelocating the TEG system to upstream all condensate removal drums in the gas plant to ensure collecting only "dry" condensate to the export condensate drum.Installation of a liquid dehydration package for the export condensates. The package mainly includes a molecular sieve and solid desiccant adsorption beds.
A combination of three options were selected for the design of the Abu Ali export condensate system. Free water removal by liquid/liquid coalescer with full redundancy to improve the efficiency of the molecular sieve.Dissolved water removal by liquid dehydration package.Backup methanol injection and corrosion inhibitor for emergency operations.
This new process design has some unique aspects that are worth of highlighting, such as: The first installation of its kind in Saudi Aramco upstream facilities for raw hydrocarbon condensate.The first installation of a molecular sieve dehydration process for sour condensate in Saudi Aramco.
Assuring the Structural Integrity of a Fleet of 119 Offshore Platforms in the Egyptian Gulf of Suez by Applying RBI Methodology and Adopting a Qualitative and Semi Quantitative Approach.
Authors: Amer M. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper is about Assuring the Structural Integrity of a Fleet of 119 Offshore Platforms in the Egyptian Gulf Of Suez by Applying RBI (Risk Based Inspection) Methodology and Adopting a Qualitative and Semi Quantitative Approach with one purpose of determining the Probability Of Failure (POF) as well as the Consequnce Of Failure (COF) of each platform and decide if the platform meets the company acceptance criteria (survive the 10,000 years event storm).
The work done has been performed in 2 phases:
Phase I : involved selection of critical and representative platforms for ultimate strength assessment and seismic assessment. The platform selection has been performed based on platform generic grouping followed by risk ranking using a qualitative approach to determine the POF of the fleet based on factors such as water depth, degree of damages reported on a platform, extent of load increase, foundations, anodes depletion …etc. In addition, API seismic zoning has been considered as well in selecting platforms for seismic assessment.
The platforms were selected to represent the fleet, the purpose was to allow the selection of platforms which were most representative or critical among generic groups of similar platforms to perform push-over analysis and determine the actual (quantitative) POF.
Phase II : Upon finalization of platform selection in Phase I, detailed ultimate strength (progressive collapse pushover) and seismic assessment was performed in Phase II for selected platforms, after that all generic POF's estimated in Phase 1 were revisited & updated based on the outcomes of pushover calculated RSR's and POF's. The pushover analysis outcome based on these selected platforms (from Phase II) would be deemed as reasonably sufficient to infer the current robustness of all the structures.
Literature Study and Model Example of Machine Learning Application for Plugging Prediction at Hydrate Inhibitor Regeneration System: Study Case
Authors: Hamidiy M. I. , Suryodipuro A. D. , Sommeng A. N. , Nengkoda A. , Amir M. F. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gas hydrate is one of five solids that commonly cause flow assurance issues, resulting in loss of production opportunity (LPO). As a common problem in the upstream oil and gas industry, gas hydrate formation prevention and mitigation should be considered during the production lifetime. The most popular method is to inject hydrocarbon fluids with antifreeze chemicals called thermodynamic inhibitors such as methanol and ethylene glycol. Compared to other mitigation strategies, this method is often used instead of heating and pigging methods that contribute to non-productive time. Mono ethylene glycol (MEG) is generally chosen as a hydrate inhibitor in gas pipeline transportation due to its capability to be regenerated and reused to reduce operating costs. However, in one of the Indonesian subsea systems, actual problems arise from MEG Regeneration Unit (MRU) such as scaling and fouling which cause plugging in the lean MEG injection system. This paper aims to show a method to predict the possibility of plugging using supervised machine learning by observing the correlation between the total dissolved solids of lean MEG and other process parameters. This discusses several previous studies showing that process parameters in the field may affect the quality of lean MEG injection. Some classification algorithms are compared to evaluate the performance of plugging possibility prediction. The result of this study shows that by applying a Random Forest algorithm, the highest accuracy among other algorithms, to field process parameters, the cleanliness can be determined whether on-spec or off-spec with an average accuracy of 79-92%. Therefore, some benefits might be gained by deploying machine learning to the MRU system and can be used to optimize MRU's operation, monitoring, and maintenance strategy.
Machine Learning Models for Predicting Relative Permeability of Two-Phase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: AlGannas Sulaiman M. , AlTurki Ali A. , Sudirman Sharizan B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Relative permeabilities are fundamental quantities for reservoir engineering that govern production/injection and displacement (i.e. natural depletion, water or gas-cap drive, waterflood). The relative permeability (kr) of a phase is a dimensionless quantity that measures the effective permeability of that phase in the coexistence of the other phases, which is represented as the ratio of the effective permeability of that phase to the absolute permeability (keff/kabs). These curves are dependent on fluid saturation, saturation history, fluid distribution within the pores, capillary, wettability, viscosity, pore geometry.
A displacement of a two-phase system of oil and water on a core (Fig. 1) will cause resistance to the movement under pressure. The race to reach the other end of the core depends on the permeability (the ability to be penetrated or passed through) of the rock and the fluid properties (i.e. density, viscosity).
Identification and Mitigating Risk in Deepwater Surface Casing Strings with a Cradle to Grave Approach
Authors: Angelle Jeremy R. , Thibodeaux Robert L. , Norma Roger A. , Fadaol Seth J. , Snell Taylor D. , Smith Logan E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As deepwater well designs have progressed toward deeper targets, the well integrity risk of surface casing strings has increased. Surface casing strings utilized in deepwater environments are installed before the drilling riser is installed allowing them to be subjected to metocean conditions and difficult to handle and install. Additionally, the exposure from the well has increased the need for advanced connector designs and complex manufacturing processes to ensure well integrity is maintained.
To ensure the casing string is fit for duty, a "cradle to grave" approach is utilized to identify and classify the risks created by loads induced on the casing string. Beginning with the handling process, all handling loads, environmental loads resulting from handling, and metocean conditions are identified. Once installed, the well loads resulting from potential well exposure and structural loads resulting from the rig are identified. Finally, the connector and fabrication design process is analyzed to identify requirements needed to satisfy the load conditions and mitigate risk to well integrity.
Introducing advanced mechanized tubular running technologies resulted in up to 20% reduction in exposure of the surface casing string to dangerous sea states and ocean currents and a 41% reduction in red zone entries. Exposure of the surface casing string to environmental loads was further reduced by 7% with the use of an innovative hands-free anti-rotation key, which requires no installation on the rig floor during tubular handling operations and lowers red zone entries beyond current mechanized handling solutions.
Once set in place, surface casing strings are subjected to a higher classification of well service as structural and well loads increase in severity. To address this, a new weld-on connector qualified to connection assessment level I+ for gas tight service with elevated temperature per API RP 5C5 / ISO 13679 was installed, allowing deeper wells in deeper waters to be achieved.
Need of the Hour – Transformation of the Weakest Link to Strongest Defense in Critical Sour Operations – OT Cybersecurity
Authors: Murugiah Jawahar Kumar , Maskari Mubarak , Balushi Jamal , Mughairi Badar , Asfoor Iman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
South of Oman has Critical Sour clusters with multiple production facilities based on most complex technique of Enhanced Oil Recovery Process. The facilities are equipped with a range of Plant control, safeguarding, Unit control systems and its associated network infrastructure. They play a vital role in ensuring safety and security of assets and most importantly people working within the facilities. However, based on industrial advisory - OT Cyber Risk profile for upstream operating facilities, there is a likelihood for cyberattack resulting in consequences leading to unscheduled deferments, loss of revenue and in worst case scenarios leading to process / Personnel safety incident. This paper highlights the practical challenges, measures taken, and the process involved in transforming the weakest link - Human factor into strongest defense in addressing cyber risks.
The team has adopted Top-Down approach in defining the strategy of addressing the risks starting with risk identification, Classification and Remediation. To make the process more robust, inputs resulting from bottom-up approach has been inducted with the statistics from field, historical facts from Asset integrity Process safety management Perspective, frequency of human interventions on cyber physical systems in the past. Unearthing the indirect cross correlation and interdependency of non-process critical systems in the overall cybersecurity posture of the facilities has widen the horizon in scaling up the necessary key competency requirements of company personnel involved in all phases of project life cycle starting from concept till Decommissioning.
As part of the process, multiple valid observations are recorded during the critical engagement meetings with vendors, huddle sessions with company personnel spanned across supply chain management, level of awareness to Industry Cyber security standards in Operation technology, Knowledge on Compliance requirements of products from suppliers and sub suppliers, Security limitations on applications for green field and brown field projects, end points used during Operate and Maintain phase of existing facilities. Learning modules with KPI in scaling up the competency, and capability aspects field personnel and the process of extending the mandatory requirements for service providers rendering direct and indirect services ranging from engineering consultation till system integrity assurance. This has resulted in achieving the desirable expectations in the realm of evolving cybersecurity risks.
Dynamic process of semi quantitative risk management approach coupled with simple but effective user interface presenting eagles eye view on overall and site-specific security compliance posture and effective communication on training and competency statistics has resulted in meeting the project objective.
Digital Twin Applications in EPC Projects
Authors: Samad A. , Wasnik R. , Singh H. , Kamal F. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Engineering drawings are the most critical project documentation, which provides processing plant blueprint. Relational database and attributes driven graphics are being used to transform CAD drawing to intelligent drawings. These intelligent drawings and design data is used to make smart decisions. The latest methods to create project digital twin are evolving to make use of these intelligent drawings. This paper discusses the user friendly and innovative solutions to accomplish digital twin goals at EPC stage.
P&ID is a valuable data source for oil and gas projects. It is used to generate pipelines, instrumentations and equipment lists. These are mainly used for material take-off and other procurement purposes. In Intelligent P&IDs these lists reporting may be customized and attained, automatically. During digital twin creation process, sharing of data with different departments via direct links and data lake is necessitated. During project EPC stage, data lake may be used to find many out of the box solutions e.g., training AI models to predict project completion dates and material supply-demand issues, proactively.
Due to stringent project schedules, it is always challenging to achieve an important milestone of timely issuance of Intelligent P&IDs. Variety of difficulties during development of intelligent P&IDs are summarized below: Drafting of modification and demolition P&IDs for brown-field projectDrafting of colour coded system turnover P&IDsRevision & scope clouds Customization to meet digital twin requirements methods in available intelligent software are not user friendly.
Many steps are involved to perform above mentioned tasks. Various lists generated from P&IDs such as line list consumes significant time and prone to error if not managed properly. Digital twin requirements make it further complex. Various techniques are used to perform routine drafting of P&IDs, attain required reporting and digital twin targets. However, these need to be managed and customized by highly skilled professionals. There is a need for tailor-made solutions in the intelligent P&ID software to make operations user friendly. Cloud computing big data handling capability and AI may help to meet digital twin requirements. Archiving and retrieving data from ultra-fast cloud facilities may solve many problems.
This paper provides ideas to debottleneck various limitations in the currently available drafting software. It is to add more intelligence and smooth interconnectivity among different disciplines thus making them more user friendly and smart. This all may translate in speeding up the drafting and error free reporting with the help of AI. It may enhance software capabilities beyond simple drafting and reporting to meet new era requirements of digital twin.
Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging in the Logging While Drilling Domain in All Mud Types, a Case Study in Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Mohamed Hassan , Al Hashmi Hamed , Altaf Basit , Fares Wael , Reda Ashrakat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High resolution micro-resistivity imaging has been available in the logging while drilling (LWD) industry for the last 15 years in water-based mud (WBM) systems. However, the recent introduction of LWD ultrasonic technologies means that high-resolution images and associated analysis are now available for both WBM and oil-based mud (OBM) applications. This paper details the deployment of a 4¾-in. LWD ultrasonic imaging service in a mature offshore carbonate field, in Abu Dhabi, and the assessment of images in WBM with micro-resistivity image comparisons.
The 4¾-in. ultrasonic service combines borehole size and shape measurements with high-resolution radius and reflection amplitude images. The LWD tool takes advantage of drill string rotation to make a 360-degree scan of the borehole with each transducer. The ultrasonic sensor uses four transducers that operate in a pulse-echo mode. By firing simultaneously, the transducers provide a total of 2,000 traveltime and reflection amplitude measurements each second, enabling the creation of high-resolution images, even at high-logging speeds. The images were used to evaluate the suitability of the LWD ultrasonic measurements to enhance reservoir understanding, along with azimuthal high-resolution resistivity image measurements in WBM applications.
The ultrasonic tool was run in tandem with the resistivity imaging tool on a recent well where an inflow control device (ICD) had to be installed. The ultrasonic images showed excellent agreement with the high-resolution resistivity measurements, illustrating bedding, natural fractures, and sedimentological features. The resolution of the reflection amplitude images enables identification of drilling-induced features on the surface of the borehole, highlighting the measurement's value in understanding the impact of bottom hole assembly (BHA) design on the quality of the wellbore in fine detail. The travel-time measurements provide detailed evaluation of the borehole size and shape, with a three-dimensional (3D) visualization of the wellbore illustrating the ability of the tool to identify borehole enlargement and breakout. These findings demonstrate the suitability of the ultrasonic imager to address wellbore stability issues, identify principal stress orientations, and aid completion design in real time by confirming swell packer positions.
Comparisons between ultrasonic images and established LWD technologies highlight the suitability of the radius and reflection amplitude images to provide enhanced reservoir characterization in both WBM and OBM applications. Log examples show that high-resolution images can identify bedding features, confirm natural fracture types and provide assessment of borehole size and shape for wellbore stability assessment for better ICD completion design.
Integrated Geomechanics and Structural Geology Models Guiding Strategic Decisions in Well Planning of Highly Risks Appraisal Wells Crossing Bounding Fault
Authors: Al Busaidi Salim , Al Zadjali Ruqaiya , Yuan Roger , Bazalgette Loic 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Drilling through a new prospect in the north of the Sultanate of Oman has become challenging due to the presence of complex carbonate structure. Wells targeting Reservoir-B which is characterized by a naturally fractured carbonate Formation encountered borehole stability problems leading to seven (7) sidetracks in one of the horizontal wells. To avert drilling through the heavily faulted and fractured area from the crestal part of the N field, decision was made to develop the field and drill appraisal wells from the boundary fault at the other side of the field. Recent appraisal horizontal well B has been drilled to the North of this field's main structure, targeting deeper oil-bearing Reservoir-C and crossed the field's bounding fault as per seismic interpretations through a long clay-rich stressed shale section (Formation A). Well B well has encountered severe hole collapse and cavings events leading to sidetrack and later abandonment. Thoughts of main reason could be related to the major boundary fault penetration. A geomechanics study has been initiated to assess whether such a development would significantly add to the geomechanics related risks and if so, how these risks could be mitigated. This paper discusses the modeling approach and results.
A comprehensive suite of 1D geomechanical models were constructed using open hole logs and stress test data for wells in the study field. Rock mechanical properties and horizontal stresses have been computed at well scale using available correlations. Structural geology review of the area around the field's bounding fault has been conducted and fault stability analysis has been performed.
Fault stability analysis shows unstable fault i.e., it is already at the critical stress state. This indicates high risk of drilling through the bounding fault. In addition, the uncertainty in reservoir pressure and thus stress regimes across the bounding fault might lead potentially to significant losses and lost circulation through fault zones. Mud weight (MW) needs to be capped below practically recommended range (12.7kPa/m-13.1kPa/m) which is expected to result in severe hole collapse and all possible challenges requiring revisit of well trajectory and location.
Integrating all available data and the uncertainties allowed generation of a robust model providing key inputs in decisions for well planning optimization and provide clear guideline & mitigation plan of developing and drilling wells close to the bounding fault in the field.
Leadership Assessment, Development and Succession Management
Authors: Sharma Vinit 
Published: October 2023

Most people and organizations would probably agree that the start of the 2020 decade has demonstrated a new level of Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity (VUCA). The challenges we experienced include the Covid-19 Pandemic, supply chain disruptions, global recession, cost of living crisis, The Dual Challenge, and The Great Resignation wave. Adding to these challenges is the change in demographics, particularly in the workforce. To succeed in such a VUCA2 environment, organizations, and their leaders, face an unprecedented demand for agility, adaptability, strategy, and corporate vision. Organizations will have to contend with multigenerational workplaces and types of employees. While seismic technological advances such as artificial intelligence and IT require leaders with more data and digital literacy, technical and domain skills are secondary to people and leadership skills. As His Highness Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum notes, Human beings are the capital of the future. Similarly, management guru Ram Charan highlights that people craft strategy and deliver business numbers, which means if an organization fails short on the people side, it also falls short on business leadership.
Investment in the leadership of the future, throughout all levels of an organization or entity, will help provide a sustainable future for all. A strong correlation exists between the benefits of good leadership and business performance. Organizations investing in employee development typically report 11% greater profitability and are twice more likely to retain their employees (Gallup, 2019). Studies also show that inspired employees are 125% more productive than merely satisfied employees (FranklinCovey, 2022). As leadership expert John Maxwell notes, leadership ability is the lid (limit) to personal and organizational success.
On the risk side, 70% of the variance in engagement is determined solely by the manager (Gallup, 2015), making good leadership and management a critical success factor. Studies estimate that employees not engaged or actively disengaged cost the World $7.8 Trillion US Dollars in lost productivity (Gallup State of Global Workplace 2022 report), providing further evidence that organizations must address leadership talent, leadership styles, leadership development, and succession. The cost of poor succession at the executive level is even higher, with analysis showing market value losses in the S&P 1500 of close to $1 Trillion US Dollars a year (Fernández-Aráoz, Nagel, Green, 2021).