bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between ice recrystallisation rates and the glass transition in frozen sugar solutions
Authors: Ablett Steve , Clarke Chris J , Izzard Martin J , Martin Dave R 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe increase in ice crystal size that occurs through recrystallisation when many frozen products such as ice cream and frozen desserts are stored is one of the major factors contributing to the perceived deterioration of the product by the consumer. In order to reduce the rate of deterioration, a detailed understanding of the fundamental mechanism is needed. This study demonstrates that ice recrystallisation rates in a series of frozen sugar solutions are strongly correlated with the molecular mobilities of the water and solute molecules as measured by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance. The study also demonstrates that the proximity to the glass transition temperature as described by state diagrams correlates well with the measured ice recrystallisation rates. The temperature dependence in these systems is described by Williams, Landel and Ferry theory.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans
Authors: Johnston Kelly L , Clifford Michael N , Morgan Linda M 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether naturally occurring phenolic compounds in apple juice had any physiological effects on plasma glucose concentrations and circulating gastrointestinal hormone profiles in volunteers. The results show that the consumption of a 25 g glucose load in commercial apple juice compared with that consumed in water has statistically significant effects on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP‐1 in volunteers (N = 9) which appear to be consistent with delayed intestinal absorption of glucose. The exact mechanisms require further investigation but, tentatively, it is suggested that phloridzin and other polyphenols may be responsible.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of industrial processing on alfalfa cell walls
Authors: Hamm M , Debeire P , Monties B , Chabbert B 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThermal treatment is one of the widely used methods for feedstuff preservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible cell wall alterations during the industrial‐scale drying of alfalfa. Alfalfa is mainly dehydrated and pelleted using two drying treatments. First a thermal treatment at 70 °C is applied to the chopped raw material, prior to the main dehydration procedure which involves a temperature of about 600 °C for a restricted time (15 min). The different steps of the dehydration process did not cause significant changes in alfalfa cell wall composition, but the proportion of labile ether‐linked lignin structure (β‐O‐4) increased after the thermal shock. Chemical fractionation of cell wall carbohydrates showed that pectins were less accessible to extraction with ammonium oxalate after alfalfa drying. Moreover, xylanase (endo enzyme) was more effective on cell walls obtained from heated material. These results suggested that heat processing causes some changes in interpolymer bonds (covalent and hydrogen bonds) between pectins and the lignin/hemicellulose matrix, whereby the cell wall network is modified.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Desulphiting dried apricots by exposure to hot air flow
Authors: Özkan Mehmet , Cemeroglu Bekir 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSulphited dried apricots were exposed to hot air flows at 40, 50 and 60 °C and the removal of SO2 was investigated as their moisture content fell from an initial value of 193.2 g kg−1 to a final value of 80–90 g kg−1. A first‐order kinetic model was found for the removal of SO2 between 40 and 60 °C. Temperature quotients (Q10) for the removal of SO2 were 2.84 between 40 and 50 °C and 4.93 between 50 and 60 °C; the activation energy (Ea) was 114.40 kJ mol−1 between 40 and 60 °C. Analysis of the kinetic data also suggested a first‐order reaction for non‐enzymatic browning, with Q10 values of 2.34 between 40 and 50 °C and 5.36 between 50 and 60 °C and an Ea value of 109.36 kJ mol−1 between 40 and 60 °C. Exposure of dried apricots to a 60 °C air flow resulted in a rate constant for brown pigment formation that was 12 and 5 times higher than those at 40 and 50 °C respectively.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of assimilate and water supply on seasonal variation of acids in peach (cv Suncrest)
Authors: Wu Ben‐Hong , Génard Michel , Lescourret Françoise , Gomez Laurent , Li Shao‐Hua 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSeasonal variations of acid concentrations in peach fruit (cv Suncrest) were investigated in relation to assimilate and water supply for four years. The leaf/fruit ratio and girdling of the shoots on both sides of the fruit pedicel were used to manipulate the assimilate supply. Irrigation intensity was used to manipulate the water supply. There was a positive relationship between assimilate or water supply and fruit growth. The responses of organic acids to assimilate supply were different with fruit development. At the beginning of growth, fruits with high leaf/fruit ratio had lower malate and higher citrate concentration. Near maturity, greater assimilate supply is related to high malate and low citrate concentration. High leaf/fruit ratio increased quinic acid concentration at the beginning of growth. With development, quinic acid concentration in fruits with more assimilate supply decreased more. Shikimic acid concentration fluctuated differently with fruit development in the four years and was generally lower in fruits with more leaves. Irrigation tended to reduce acid concentrations but did not affect the seasonal patterns of the different acids. There were no interactions between tree irrigation and leaf/fruit ratio.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Multivariate analysis of maturity stages, including quality and aroma, in ‘Royal Glory’ peaches and ‘Big Top’ nectarines
Authors: Lavilla T , Recasens I , Lopez M L , Puy J 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEthylene production, quality attributes and aroma compounds were analysed to determine the maturity evolution of ‘Big Top’ nectarines and ‘Royal Glory’ peaches at harvest dates ranging from 89 to 116 days after full bloom (DAFB) for nectarines and from 85 to 112 DAFB for peaches. These cultivars are highly coloured even in the early stages of maturity. However, the two cultivars had different patterns of ethylene production, this being slower in nectarines than in peaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to provide partial visualisation of the complete data set in a reduced dimension plot. Separation of the two cultivars can be shown by means of a two‐dimensional plot of the samples. Although only some aroma compounds are slightly correlated with quality parameters, when aroma volatiles were included in the PCA, the aroma compound set allowed both cultivars to be classified into three stages of maturity: immature, intermediate and fully mature. Compounds such as propanol, hexyl acetate, 2‐methylpropyl acetate, limonene, butanol, (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, buthyl acetate, linalool, ethanol, propyl acetate and ethyl acetate are the most important volatiles for ‘Big Top’ nectarines. It is suggested that the presence of these compounds can be used to indicate when the fruit should be harvested. The presence of γ‐decalactone, δ‐octalactone, γ‐octalactone, ethyl butyrate, hexanal and (E)‐2‐hexenol can be used to indicate the harvesting maturity stage for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches. The optimum maturity date for harvest would be 105–107 DAFB for ‘Big Top’ nectarines and 93–95 DAFB for ‘Royal Glory’ peaches.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of spray drying conditions on functionality of dried whole egg
Authors: Franke Knut , Kießling Martina 
Published: November 2002

AbstractInstead of traditional liquid eggs, more and more dried whole egg products are being used in the manufacture of fine bakery goods, since dried semi‐finished products have some advantages regarding storage, handling and microbiological safety. However, the spray drying process leads to changes in sensitive egg components, eg proteins, and affects the functional properties of whole egg after reconstitution. Knowledge of the influence of drying conditions on the resulting functionality is necessary to enable the production of dried egg with tailor‐made properties for applications in different food products. Some of these relationships were determined using a pilot spray dryer for drying experiments and an appropriate statistical evaluation of the results. It could be demonstrated that higher temperatures during spray drying lead to a considerable decrease in the foaming properties of whole egg powder but increase the capability of emulsion stabilisation. Additionally, a simplified example demonstrates the use of these relationships for the selection of optimal drying conditions of whole egg with respect to its application in a cake with higher fat content.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro determination of digestible and unavailable protein in edible seaweeds
Authors: Goñi Isabel , Gudiel‐Urbano Montserrat , Saura‐Calixto Fulgencio 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEdible seaweeds are considered a complementary source of food protein for human and animal nutrition. The physiological effects of seaweed protein depend on the degree of enzymatic digestion of protein in the small intestine and bacterial fermentation in the large intestine. The objective of this work was to estimate total, digestible, fermentable and unavailable protein in some red and brown seaweeds. Brown seaweeds Fucus vesiculosus, Laminaria digitata and Undaria pinnatifida and red seaweeds Chondrus crispus and Porphyra tenera were treated with pepsin and pancreatin to separate digestible protein. Residues containing indigestible protein were inoculated for 24 h with rat caecal droppings, and protein contents were evaluated in the non‐fermented residue. Protein content in the seaweeds ranged from 8.9 to 25% of dry matter. Digestible protein was the major protein fraction (69%) only in P tenera; in the other seaweeds, this fraction ranged from 15 to 45%. Significant amounts of unavailable protein were found in all samples (2–24%). The distribution of total protein among the three fractions, ie digestible, fermentable and unavailable protein, could yield information about the physiological and metabolic consequences of the intake of seaweed proteins.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Nicotinic receptors in aging and dementia
Authors: Picciotto Marina R. , Zoli Michele 
Published: November 2002

AbstractActivation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) has been shown to maintain cognitive function following aging or the development of dementia. Nicotine and nicotinic agonists have been shown to improve cognitive function in aged or impaired subjects. Smoking has also been shown in some epidemiological studies to be protective against the development of neurodegenerative diseases. This is supported by animal studies that have shown nicotine to be neuroprotective both in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with nicotinic agonists may therefore be useful in both slowing the progression of neurodegenerative illnesses, and improving function in patients with the disease. While increased nicotinic function has been shown to be beneficial, loss of cholinergic markers is often seen in patients with dementia, suggesting that decreased cholinergic function could contribute to both the cognitive deficits, and perhaps the neuronal degeneration, associated with dementia. In this article we will review the literature on each of these areas. We will also present hypotheses that might address the mechanisms underlying the ability of nAChR function to protect against neurodegeneration or improve cognition, two potentially distinct actions of nicotine. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 641–655, 2002
Autoimmune diseases involving nicotinic receptors
Authors: Lindstrom Jon 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe antibody‐mediated autoimmune response to α1 muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that causes myasthenia gravis is one of the best characterized autoimmune diseases. Antibody‐mediated autoimmune responses to neuronal nicotinic receptors are just beginning to be discovered and characterized. One of these causes dysautonomia through antibodies to α3 nicotinic receptors of autonomic ganglia. Another causes pemphigus through antibodies to α9 nicotinic receptors in skin. Other autoimmune responses to nicotinic receptors may be discovered as the many functional roles of nicotinic receptors are revealed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 656–665, 2002
Desensitization of neuronal nicotinic receptors
Authors: Quick Michael W. , Lester Robin A.J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe loss of functional response upon continuous or repeated exposure to agonist, desensitization, is an intriguing phenomenon if not as yet a well‐defined physiological mechanism. However, detailed evaluation of the properties of desensitization, especially for the superfamily of ligand‐gated ion channels, reveals how the nervous system could make important use of this process that goes far beyond simply curtailing excessive receptor stimulation and the prevention of excitotoxicity. Here we will review the mechanistic basis of desensitization and discuss how the subunit‐dependent properties and regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) desensitization contribute to the functional diversity of these channels. These studies provide the essential framework for understanding how the physiological regulation of desensitization could be a major determinant of synaptic efficacy by controlling, in both the short and long term, the number of functional receptors. This type of mechanism can be extended to explain how the continuous occupation of desensitized receptors during chronic nicotine exposure contributes to drug addiction, and highlights the potential significance of prolonged nAChR desensitization that would also occur as a result of extended acetylcholine lifetime during treatment of Alzheimer's disease with cholinesterase inhibitors. Thus, a clearer picture of the importance of nAChR desensitization in both normal information processing and in various diseased states is beginning to emerge. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 457–478, 2002
Regulatory mechanisms that govern nicotinic synapse formation in neurons
Authors: Rosenberg Madelaine M. , Blitzblau Rachel C. , Olsen Douglas P. , Jacob Michele H. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIndividual cholinoceptive neurons express high levels of different neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, and target them to the appropriate synaptic regions for proper function. This review focuses on the intercellular and intracellular processes that regulate nAChR expression in vertebrate peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Specifically, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the induction and maintenance of nAChR expression—innervation, target tissue interactions, soluble factors, and activity. We define the regulatory principles of interneuronal nicotinic synapse differentiation that have emerged from these studies. We also discuss the molecular players that target nAChRs to the surface membrane and the interneuronal synapse. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 542–555, 2002
Nicotinic receptor signaling in nonexcitable cells
Authors: Sharma Geeta , Vijayaraghavan Sukumar 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe finding that neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present in non‐neuronal cells both within and outside the nervous system raises some interesting issues. The mechanisms underlying receptor signaling and its downstream consequences in these cells remain to be elucidated. Factors controlling the release of acetylcholine and the extent of its diffusion are likely to be different for these cells than for traditional neuronal synapses. Recent advances on the physiologic functions of some of these cell types have provided a better insight into possible functional roles for nAChRs in nonexcitable cells. The presence of nAChRs on these cells also implies a broader scope for the actions of nicotine that needs to be considered from a clinical viewpoint. Revealing the potential physiologic roles for nAChRs on nonexcitable cells is likely to provide a more complete understanding of cholinergic signaling. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 524–534, 2002
Nicotinic α7 receptors: Synaptic options and downstream signaling in neurons
Authors: Berg Darwin K. , Conroy William G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNicotinic receptors are cation‐ion selective ligand‐gated ion channels that are expressed throughout the nervous system. Most have significant calcium permeabilities, enabling them to regulate calcium‐dependent events. One of the most abundant is a species composed of the α7 gene product and having a relative calcium permeability equivalent to that of NMDA receptors. The α7‐containing receptors can be found presynaptically where they modulate transmitter release, and postsynaptically where they generate excitatory responses. They can also be found in perisynaptic locations where they modulate other inputs to the neuron and can activate a variety of downstream signaling pathways. The effects the receptors produce depend critically on the sites at which they are clustered. Instructive preparations for examining α7‐containing receptors are the rat hippocampus, where they are thought to play a modulatory role, and the chick ciliary ganglion, where they participate in throughput transmission as well as regulatory signaling. Relatively high levels of α7‐containing receptors are found in the two preparations, and the receptors display a variety of synaptic options and functions in the two cases. Progress is starting to be made in understanding the mechanisms responsible for localizing the receptors at specific sites and in identifying components tethered in the vicinity of the receptors that may facilitate signal transduction and downstream signaling. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 512–523, 2002
The nicotinic receptor ligand binding domain
Authors: Sine Steven M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe ligand binding domain (LBD) of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor has served as a prototype for understanding molecular recognition in the family of neurotransmitter‐gated ion channels. During the past fifty years, studies progressed from fundamental electrophysiological analyses of ACh‐evoked ion flow, to biochemical purification of the receptor protein, pharmacological measurements of ligand binding, molecular cloning of receptor subunits, site‐directed mutagenesis combined with functional analysis and recently, atomic structural determination. The emerging picture of the nicotinic receptor LBD is a specialized pocket of aromatic and hydrophobic residues formed at interfaces between protein subunits that changes conformation to convert agonist binding into gating of an intrinsic ion channel. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 431–446, 2002
The role of nAChR‐mediated spontaneous retinal activity in visual system development
Authors: Feller Marla B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn the developing vertebrate retina, nAChR synapses are among the first to appear. This early cholinergic circuitry plays a key role in generating “retinal waves,” spontaneously generated waves of action potentials that sweep across the ganglion cell layer. These retinal waves exist for a short period of time during development when several circuits within the visual system are being established. Here I review the cholinergic circuitry of the developing retina and the role these early circuits play in the development of the retina itself and of retinal projections to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 556–567, 2002
Nicotinic mechanisms in the autonomic control of organ systems
Authors: De Biasi Mariella 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMost visceral organs are under the control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Information on the state and function of these organs is constantly relayed to the central nervous system (CNS) by sensory afferent fibers. The CNS integrates the sensory inputs and sends neural commands back to the organ through the ANS. The autonomic ganglia are the final site for the integration of the message traveling from the CNS. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are the main mediators of fast synaptic transmission in ganglia, and therefore, are key molecules for the processing of neural information in the ANS. This review focuses on the role of nAChRs in the control of organ systems such as heart, gut, and bladder. The autonomic control of these organ systems is discussed in the light of the results obtained from the analysis of mice carrying mutations targeted to nAChR subunits expressed in the ANS. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 568–579, 2002
Unconventional ligands and modulators of nicotinic receptors
Authors: Pereira Edna F.R. , Hilmas Corey , Santos Mariton D. , Alkondon Manickavasagom , Maelicke Alfred , Albuquerque Edson X. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEvidence gathered from epidemiologic and behavioral studies have indicated that neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of a number of neurologic disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. In the mammalian brain, neuronal nAChRs, in addition to mediating fast synaptic transmission, modulate fast synaptic transmission mediated by the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, respectively. Of major interest, however, is the fact that the activity of the different subtypes of neuronal nAChR is also subject to modulation by substances of endogenous origin such as choline, the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid, neurosteroids, and β‐amyloid peptides and by exogenous substances, including the so‐called nicotinic allosteric potentiating ligands, of which galantamine is the prototype, and psychotomimetic drugs such as phencyclidine and ketamine. The present article reviews and discusses the effects of unconventional ligands on nAChR activity and briefly describes the potential benefits of using some of these compounds in the treatment of neuropathologic conditions in which nAChR function/expression is known to be altered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 479–500, 2002
Nicotinic receptor‐mediated effects on appetite and food intake
Authors: Jo Young‐Hwan , Talmage David A. , Role Lorna W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIt is well known, although not well understood, that smoking and eating just do not go together. Smoking is associated with decreased food intake and lower body weight. Nicotine, administered either by smoking or by smokeless routes, is considered the major appetite‐suppressing component of tobacco. Perhaps the most renowned example of nicotine's influence on appetite and feeding behavior is the significant weight gain associated with smoking cessation. This article presents an overview of the literature at, or near, the interface of nicotinic receptors and appetite regulation. We first consider some of the possible sites of nicotine's action along the complex network of neural and non‐neural regulators of feeding. We then present the hypothesis that the lateral hypothalamus is a particularly important locus of the anorectic effects of nicotine. Finally, we discuss the potential role of endogenous cholinergic systems in motivational feeding, focusing on cholinergic pathways in the lateral hypothalamus. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 618–632, 2002