bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
15N‐NMR. Studies of Aminopyridines, Aminopyrimidines and of Some Diazine N‐Oxides
Authors: Städeli Werner , Philipsborn Wolfgang Von , Wick Alexander , Kompiš Ivan 
Published: December 2004

Abstract15N‐NMR. spectra of mono‐ and diaminopyridines, and mono‐, di‐ and triaminopyrimidines including trimethoprim and other dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors have been studied in neutral and acidic media. Complete chemical shift assignments are given. Ring‐nitrogen shifts are discussed in terms of β‐, χ‐ and δ‐substituent effects of amino and alkyl groups. Protonation states in TFA‐ and FSO3H‐solution and protonation increments for the 15N‐shifts of ring and amino N‐atoms are determined. A linear correlation is observed between amino substituent effects (Δδ(15N)) on the ring N‐atom in aminopyridines and corresponding Δδ (13C) values in aminobenzenes and, similarly, between Δδ(15N) values in aminopyrimidines and Δδ(13C) values in aminopyridines. Assignment of the 15N‐NMR. spectra of pyrimidine N‐oxides, pyrazine N‐oxides and pyridazine N‐oxides is achieved by comparison with 14N‐NMR. data and with the aid of Yb(fod)3‐induced shifts. One‐bond 15N, 1H‐coupling constants are reported for aminopyridines and aminopyrimidines and discussed in terms of conjugative interaction between NH2‐group and ring system.
Photoreaktionen des 3‐Methyl‐4‐phenylsydnons
Authors: Pfoertner Karl‐Heinz , Foricher Joseph 
Published: December 2004

Photoreactions of 3‐Methyl‐4‐phenylsydnoneA procedure for the synthesis of 3‐methyl‐4‐phenylsydnone (1) is given. UV. irradiation of 1 in solution generates the nitrile‐imine 4 which reacts with activated C, C double bonds and with heterocumulenes to give five‐membered heterocycles. In contrast to the 2H‐azirines which photochemically react with the C, O double bond of phenylisocyanate, 4 adds to the C, N double bond of the latter.
Nucleophilic addition to C,C double bonds. III. Chemical reactivity of 1endo, 4endo: 5exo, 8exo‐dimethano‐1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a‐octahydronaphthalen‐10syn‐ol and X‐ray structure analysis of its p‐nitrobenzoate
Authors: Pfund Rolland A. , Bernd Schweizer W. , Ganter Camille 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe title compound 1 is a further example of an olefinic alcohol that undergoes ether formation under basic conditions (→ 3) although the double bond is not activated by an electron‐attracting group. This unusual reactivity is due to steric compression, which is increased in the 10‐methyl analogue 2. This forms the corresponding ether 7 at a much higher rate. ‐ In a deuteriated medium, base‐catalysed cyclization of 1 gives the exo‐deuteriated ether 6, corresponding to trans‐addition. ‐ An X‐ray structure analysis of 4, the p‐nitrobenzoate of 1, is presented.
Citrus‐Carotinoide. 1. Mitteilung. Synthese von Apocarotinoiden mit einer anders gelagerten Methylgruppe; Strukturaufklärung von Citrus‐Carotinoiden
Authors: Pfander Hanspeter , Hadorn Martin , Lachenmeier Andreas , Englert Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

Synthesis of Apocarotenoides with a Shifted Methyl Group; Structure Elucidation of Citrus‐CarotenoidesWith regard to the investigation of the biosynthesis of the C30‐carotenoids in citrus fruits apocarotenoids with a methyl group shifted by one position (diapocarotenoids) were synthesized. Characteristical differences, especially in the 270‐MHz‐1H‐NMR. spectra between the apo‐ and the diapocarotenoids are reported. The comparison of the natural pigments with the synthetic compounds proves that the natural products belong to the apocarotenoids as has been postulated earlier.
Synthesis, Enzymic Degradation, Lipophilic Properties, and Biological Activity of [D‐Alanine2, t‐butylglycine5]enkephalin Amide
Authors: Fauchère Jean‐Lue , Petermann Claudia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractL‐Cα‐t‐Butylglycine (Bug), its amide, methyl ester, and Nα‐t‐butoxycarbonyl derivative were prepared by an asymmetric synthesis, and the Hansch side‐chain hydrophobic (lipophilicity) parameter determined. A new enkephalin analogue, H · Tyr‐D‐Ala‐Gly‐Phe‐Bug · NH2 was synthesized which is pharmacologically active in two in vitro assays and strongly resistant against a number of enzymes in vitro.
Heterocyclic spiro‐naphthalenones. Part IV. Synthesis of some 3,4‐dihydrospiro [naphthalene‐2(1H),2′‐pyrrolidine]‐1‐ols from 3,4‐dihydrospiro [furan‐2(5H),1′(2′H)‐naphthalene]‐2′,5‐dione
Authors: Berney Daniel , Schuh Karlheinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDepending on the experimental conditions the spirolactone 3 on treatment with methylamine gave compounds 6, 7 or the rearranged product 4. Compound 4 was used to prepare the title compounds 11–13, 15, 18–20 and other derivatives.
Heterocyclic Spiro‐naphthalenones. Part V. Synthesis of Some 2‐Benzazepines from 3,4‐Dihydrospiro [furan‐2‐(5H), 1′(2′H)‐naphthalene]‐2,5‐dione
Authors: Berney Daniel , Schuh Karlheinz 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCompound 2 was rearranged on treatment with 2N NaOH to the 2‐benzazepine‐3‐propanoicSee footnote (5) of the preceding paper.
acid 3. Some aspects of the chemistry of this acid were studied.
Oxydative Aryl‐Aryl‐Verknüpfung von 6,6′,7,7′‐Tetramethoxy‐1,1′,2,2′,3,3′,4,4′‐octahydro‐1,1′‐biisochinolin‐Derivaten
Authors: Siegfried Marc‐André , Hilpert Hans , Rey Max , Dreiding Aǹdré S. 
Published: December 2004

Oxidative Aryl‐Aryl‐Coupling of 6,6′,7,7′‐Tetramethoxy‐1,1′,2,2′,3,3′,4,4′‐octahydro‐1,1′‐biisoquinoline DerivativesWe describe the synthesis of 2 by intramolecular oxidative coupling of 1, 1′‐biisoquinoline derivatives 1 (Scheme 1). This heterocyclic system can be considered as a union of two apomorphine molecules and may thus exhibit dopaminergic activity. ‐ The readily available tetrahydrobiisoquinoline 6 was methylated to 11 (Scheme 4) and reduced (with NaBH3CN) to rac‐7 and (catalytically) to meso‐7 (Scheme 3). Reduction of 11 with NaBH4 and of the biurethane rac‐9 with LiAlH4/AlCl3 afforded meso‐ and rac‐10, respectively (Scheme 4). Demethylation of 6, meso‐10, meso‐ and rac‐7 led to 12, meso‐14, meso‐ and rac‐13, respectively (Scheme 5). The latter two phenols were converted with chloroformic ester to the hexaethoxycarbonyl derivatives meso‐ and rac‐15 and subsequently saponified to the biurethanes meso‐ and rac‐16, respectively (Scheme 5). ‐ In order to assure proximity of the two aromatic rings, the ethano‐bridged derivatives meso‐ and rac‐18 were prepared by condensing meso‐ and rac‐7 with oxalic ester and reducing the oxalyl derivatives meso‐ and rac‐17 with LiAlH4/AlCl3, respectively (Scheme 6). The 1H‐NMR, spectra at different temperatures showed that rac‐18 populated two conformers but rac‐17 only one, all with C2‐symmetry, and that meso‐17 as well as meso‐18 populated two enantiomeric conformers with C1‐symmetry. Whereas both oxalyl derivatives 17 were fairly rigid due to the two amide groupings, the ethano derivatives 18 exhibited coalescence temperatures of ‐20 and 30°. ‐ The intramolecular coupling of the two aromatic rings was successful under ‘non‐phenolic oxidative’ conditions with the tetramethoxy derivatives 7, 10 and 18, the rac‐isomers leading to the desired dibenzophenanthrolines, the meso‐isomers, however, mostly to dienones (Scheme 9): With VOF3 and FSO3H in CF3COOH/CH2Cl2 rac‐7 was converted to rac‐19, rac‐18 to rac‐21 and rac‐10 to a mixture of rac‐20 and the dienone 23b of the morphinane type. Under the same conditions meso‐10 was transformed to the dienone 23a of the morphinane type, whereas meso‐18 yielded the dienone 24 of the neospirine type, both in lower yields. The analysis of the spectral data of the six coupling products offers evidence for their structures. With the demethylation of rac‐20 and rac‐21 to rac‐25 and rac‐26, respectively, the synthetic goal of the work was reached, but only in the rac‐series (Scheme 10). ‐ In the course of this work two cleavages of octahydro‐1,1′‐biisoquinolines at the C(1), C(1′)‐bond were observed: (1) The biurethanes 9 and 16 in both the meso‐ and rac‐series reacted with oxygen in CF3COOH solution to give the 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolinium salts 27 and 28; the latter was deprotonated to the quinomethide 30 (Scheme 11). (2) Under the Clarke‐Eschweiler reductive‐methylation conditions meso‐ and rac‐7 were cleaved to the tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative 32.
Nickel‐catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation of Some Chiral and Achiral Allylic Alcohols. Preliminary communication
Authors: Consiglio Giambattista , Morandini Franco , Piccolo Oreste 
Published: December 2004

Abstract[(−) (R)‐1,2‐bis (Diphenylphosphino)‐1‐phenylethane]nickel (II) chloride was found to catalyze the asymmetric alkylation of some chiral and achiral allylic alcohols with Grignard reagents, leading to the formation of optically active olefins. Enantiomer discrimination of the substrate takes place in the alkylation of chiral allylic alcohols.
The Acetolysis of exo‐ and endo‐5,6‐Dimethylidene‐2‐Norbornyl p‐Bromobenzenesulfonates and of their Optically Active and Deuterium‐Labelled Derivatives
Authors: Sonney Jean‐Marie , Vogel Pierre , Burger Ulrich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe buffered (AcOK) acetolyses of exo, (11) and endo‐5, 6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl brosylate (12) yielded exo5, 6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl (16) and (3‐methylidene‐2‐nortricyclyl)methyl acetates (18). Endo‐5, 6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl (17) and 2‐methylidene‐3‐tricyclo [3.2.1.03,6]octyl acetates (20) could not be detected. The titrimetric rate constants of the acetolysis of 11 (kt(exo)=4.49 ± 0.02) · 10−5 s−1 at 25°, ΔH≠=23.6 ±0.7 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠=0.7 ±2 calmol−1 K−1 and 12 (kt(endo)=1.9 ±0.08) · 10−9 s−1 at 25°, ΔH≠=27 ±1 kcal mol−1, ΔS≠=‐8 ±2.5 calmol−1 K−1) were measured and compared with the polarimetric rate constants (kα/k(exo)=6.8 at 25°,(kα/k(exo)=1.0 at 121°) of the buffered acetolyses of the optically active brosylates (+)‐11 and (+)‐12 . Neither a common‐ion (KOBs) nor a special ion effect (LiClO4) on kt(endo) could be detected, although external return might well intervene as some exo‐5,6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl tosylate (21) was formed upon solvolysis in the presence of KOTs. Acetolysis of (+)‐11 yielded completely racemized products, whereas (+)‐12 led to incomplete racemization. The buffered acetolysis of exo‐(3exo‐D)‐5,6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl brosylate (24) furnished (3exo‐D)‐(26:37.5%), exo‐(7syn‐D)‐5,6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl brosylate (27: 37.5%) and [(5anti‐D)‐3‐methylidene‐2‐nortricyclyl]methyl acetates (28:25%). The acetolysis of endo‐(2exo‐D)‐5,6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl brosylate (25) yielded (2endo‐D)‐(29: 54%), exo‐(1‐D)‐5,6‐dimethylidene‐2‐norbornyl (30: 36%) and [(6‐D)‐3‐methylidene‐2‐nortricyclyl]methyl acetates (31: 10%). Product analysis and deuterium label distribution was established by a combination of GC., 1H‐NMR., 2H‐{1H}‐NMR. and MS. techniques. The results are rationalized by invoking anchimerically assisted ionization of the exo‐brosylate 11 to symmetrical ion‐pairs (cyclopropylcarbinyl cation intermediates) which undergo internal (and probably also external) return. Acetolysis of the endo‐brosylate 12 is not anchimerically assisted and leads initially to non‐symmetrical ion pairs. These evolve to symmetrical ion pair intermediates or, to a minor extent, are intercepted by solvent.
The Penems, a New Class of β‐Lactam Antibiotics. 6. Synthesis of 2‐alkylthiopenem carboxylic acids
Authors: Lang Marc , Prasad Kapa , Gosteli Jaques , Woodward Robert B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA synthesis of 2‐alkylthiopenems by an intramolecular Wittig‐type reaction between a phosphorane and a trithiocarbonate ester is described.
Ruthenium Dioxide Electrodes as Suitable Anodes for Water Photolysis
Authors: Neumann‐Spallart Michael , Kalyanasundaram Kuppuswamy , Grätzel Carole , Grätzel Michael 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a cell system in which a photoinduced redox reaction occurs in the cathodic compartment which is coupled to a RuO2‐anode. The light induced oxidation of the ruthenium complex Ru (bipy) by peroxodisulfate is used to illustrate that even under diffuse room light irradiation the photopotentials developed at the Pt‐cathode are sufficient to afford water oxidation in the anode compartment. The oxygen produced at the RuO2‐electrode stands in a stochiometric relation to the current passed through the circuit. Implications for a cell system in which H2 and O2 are produced in separate compartments under illumination are discussed.
Das s‐cis‐/s‐trans‐Konformerengleichgewicht bei Allencarbonsäureestern
Authors: Lang Robert W. , Hansen Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

The s‐cis/s‐trans Conformational Equilibrium of Allenic EstersThe following UV. and 1H‐NMR. spectroscopic investigations of the allenic compounds 1–9 (cf. Scheme 2) refer for the first time on a concrete experimental base to the preferred s‐trans conformation of the allenic esters 1–6. With an additional allenic increment of 12 nm, the well established Woodward‐Fieser rules in UV. spectroscopy could be extended on conjugated allenic compounds for the calculation of the (π→π*)‐type band position as well as for the prediction of the s‐cis/s‐trans conformational fraction (cf. Scheme 1). From 1H‐NMR. shift experiments we conclude, that even small structural changes at the molecular framework have a measurable influence on the conformational equilibrium. In contrast to the situation in similarly substituted α, β‐unsaturated compounds (14 und 15), the allenic esters (1 and 4) exhibit preferentially s‐trans conformations (cf. Scheme 3), but in both cases, the equilibrium is displaced toward s‐cis conformation, when the α‐position is methyl substituted (e.g. 14 → 15 and 1 → 4).
Ein einfacher und allgemeiner Zugang zu 2‐Fluor‐1,3‐dienen
Authors: Spahić Bojana , Thu Truong Thi My , Schlosser Manfred 
Published: December 2004

A Ready and General Access to 2‐Fluoro‐1,3‐dienesUpon treatment of 1‐chloro‐1‐fluoro‐2‐halomethylcyclopropanes with zinc, fluorodienes are formed in high yield. The general applicability of this method is illustrated by examples using model compounds of the acyclic and cyclic type.
Single and mixed diets in Collembola: effects on reproduction and stable isotope fractionation
Authors: Scheu S. , Folger M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryReproduction ofHeteromurus nitidus(Collembola) feeding on conidial fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil algae in single and mixed diets was investigated. Feeding on mixed diets generally increased Collembola reproduction even in combinations of fungi/algae of high food quality with those of low food quality, indicating that Collembola generally benefit from feeding on mixed diets.The contribution of dietary species in mixed diets to Collembola nutrition was quantified using stable isotope methods. Incorporation of carbon from fungal/algal species intoH. nitidusin mixed diets varied with food quality indicating that Collembola are able to adjust the proportion of food materials ingested to maximize fitness.Fractionation of13C and15N inH. nitidusfeeding on single and mixed diets varied between diets and differed between juveniles and adults. The trophic structure of fungal feeding soil invertebrates cannot be inferred in a straightforward way from variations in natural abundances of stable isotopes, rather, stable isotope signatures reflect feeding guilds.
Gemcitabine‐induced severe pulmonary toxicity
Authors: Barlési Fabrice , Villani Patrick , Doddoli Christophe , Gimenez Céline , Kleisbauer Jean‐Pierre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGemcitabine is a relatively new deoxycytidine analog (2′,2′‐difluorodeoxycytidine) with structural similarities to cytosine arabinoside (Ara‐C). Activity of gemcitabine is demonstrated in the treatment of many solid tumors, like pancreas, ovarian and nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although gemcitabine is considered as a drug with a good safety profile, cases of gemcitabine‐induced severe pulmonary toxicity (GISPT) were reported as for Ara‐C. We performed a systematic review of reported cases on the GISPT. Twenty‐nine clinical trials especially interesting NSCLC patients (21) and 21 reported cases recording 40 patients were analyzed. The incidence of the GISPT varies from 0 to 5%. The clinical presentation is a subacute clinical syndrome and is frequently nonspecific. The predominant radiographic pattern on chest X‐ray are reticulo‐nodular interstitial infiltrates. It was postulated that the physio‐pathological mechanism of the GISPT was an inflammatory reaction of the alveolar capillary wall cytokine‐mediated, which created an abnormal permeability of its membrane. After the differential diagnosis were ruled out, the discontinuation of the drug and the early initiation of steroids and diuretics are the most frequently performed treatments. Under these conditions, the outcome was favorable in a delay of few days generally for a majority of patients but 20% of patients died. Some risk factors, as a previous pulmonary disease or a previous thoracic irradiation, for the occurrence of the GISPT were proposed. GISPT is rare but sometimes fatal. Its a necessity to increase awareness about it to enhanced an early and suitable management of patients developing such a toxicity after gemcitabine administration.
Myocardial hypertrophy is not a prerequisite for changes in early gene expression in left ventricular volume overload
Authors: Dzimiri Nduna , Al‐Bahnasi Kholod , Al‐Halees Zohair 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCurrently it is not certain whether hypertrophy or the underlying disease is the primary trigger of the alterations in early gene expression in the progression of cardiac disease to end‐stage heart failure. In this study, we tested the notion that in left ventricular overload disorders, the changes in early gene expression in the progression to heart failure is independent of the manifestation of cardiac hypertrophy. We compared the expression of the early genes c‐fos, c‐myc, and c‐jun in six dilated cardiomyopathic hearts (DCM) and 15 patients with left ventricular volume overload (VOL) resulting from mitral/aortic regurgitation and no significant stenosis or hypertrophic manifestations, using eight healthy donor hearts as controls. In VOL, c‐myc was elevated by 88% (P < 0.01) in the left ventricle, 46% in the right ventricle, onefold (P < 0.01) in the left atrium, and 54% (P < 0.05) in the right atrium, while in DCM, it was increased by 71% (P < 0.02), 55%, 48% (P < 0.05) and 91% (P < 0.05), respectively. Similarly, c‐jun was elevated by 41% (P < 0.01) in the left ventricle, 39% (P < 0.05) in the right ventricle, 83% (P < 0.02) in the left atrium and 21% in the right atrium in VOL, while in DCM it was elevated by 13% in the left ventricle, 29% in the left atrium, and 41% in the right atrium, but decreased by 13% in the right ventricle. In contrast, c‐fos was slightly decreased in the left ventricle and atrium of both DCM and VOL, and in left atrium of the VOL group, but remained unchanged in the other myocardial chambers. These results show that, in the human myocardium, the three early genes are regulated differently, possibly in disease‐ and chamber‐specific fashions, and manifestation of left ventricular hypertrophy is not a prerequisite for the elevation in their expression in left ventricular overload disorders.
Centrally injected CDP‐choline increases plasma vasopressin levels by central cholinergic activation
Authors: Cavun Sinan , Savci Vahide , Ulus Ismail H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the present study, both the effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of cytidine‐5′‐diphosphate choline (CDP‐choline) on plasma vasopressin levels and the choline involvement of these effects were investigated. I.c.v. administration of CDP‐choline (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 μmol) increased plasma vasopressin levels dose‐ and time‐dependently. I.c.v. injection of equimolar dose of choline (1 μmol) produced similar vasopressin response. However equimolar dose of cytidine (1 μmol; i.c.v.), the other hydrolysis product of CDP‐choline, did not affect plasma vasopressin levels. Pretreatment of rats with hemicholinium‐3, neuronal high affinity choline uptake inhibitor (20 μg; i.c.v.) blocked the vasopressin response to i.c.v. CDP‐choline (1 μmol). Pretreatment of rats with mecamylamine (50 μg; i.c.v.), a nonselective nicotinic receptor antagonist, abolished the increase in plasma vasopressin induced by CDP‐choline while atropine (10 μg; i.c.v.), nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonist, failed to change the response. In conclusion, intracerebroventricularly injected CDP‐choline can increase plasma vasopressin levels by activating central nicotinic cholinergic receptors through the activation of presynaptic cholinergic mechanisms.
Vinorelbine‐related cardiac events: a meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Gregoire Nicolas , Bugat Roland , Montastruc Jean‐Louis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeveral cases of cardiac adverse reactions related to vinorelbine (VNR) have been reported in the literature. In order to quantify the incidence of these cardiac events, we performed a meta‐analysis of clinical trials comparing VNR with other chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of various malignancies. Randomized clinical trials comparing VNR with other drugs in the treatment of cancer were searched in Medline®, Embase®, Evidence‐based Medicine Reviews® databases and the Cochrane library® from 1987 to 2002. Outcomes of interest were severe cardiac events, toxic deaths and cardiac event‐related deaths reported in each publication. We found 19 trials, involving 2441 patients treated by VNR and 2050 control patients. The incidence of cardiac events with VNR was 1.19% [95% confidence interval (CI) (0.75; 1.67)]. There was no difference in the risk of cardiac events between VNR and other drugs [odds ratio: 0.92, 95% CI (0.54; 1.55)]. The risk of VNR cardiac events was similar to vindesine (VDS) and other cardiotoxic drugs [fluorouracil, anthracyclines, gemcitabine (GEM)…]. Even if it did not reach statistical significance because of a few number of cases, the risk was lower in trials excluding patients with cardiac history, and seemed to be higher in trials including patients with pre‐existing cardiac diseases. Vinorelbine‐related cardiac events concern about 1% of treated patients in clinical trials. However, the risk associated with VNR seems to be similar to that of other chemotherapeutic agents in the same indications.
Movement of flathead catfish in the Missouri River: examining opportunities for managing river segments for different fishery goals
Authors: Travnichek V. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe dispersal patterns of 2939 flathead catfish, Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque), were determined within a 90‐km section of the Missouri River, USA. Fish were captured by electric fishing and tagged in early June each year from 1999 through 2001. Dispersal was determined via angler tag returns between 1999 and 2001 or by subsequent recapture during sampling 1 or 2 years after initial tagging (June 2000 or 2001). Dispersal was localised for the majority of the 370 flathead catfish recaptured in the Missouri River. Over 80% of recaptures were within 5 km of tagging location, and 94% were within 20 km of tagging location. Maximum displacement was 160 km. To examine differences in movement patterns of various sized fish, flathead catfish were placed into one to three size groups (305–380, 381–507, or ≥508 mm). A significant difference (P < 0.001) was detected in dispersal patterns among the three size groups; the largest size group moved greater distances than either of the smaller size groups. Movements average 4.5, 5.6 and 12.6 km for small, medium, and large size classes, respectively. Dispersal movements of flathead catfish in the Missouri River appeared to be localised, suggesting that different sections of the Missouri River could be managed for different fishery goals for flathead catfish to accommodate a variety of angler types and desires.