bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Intrinsic Value of Human Persons
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I offer an answer, which is no doubt incomplete, to the question of what makes human persons intrinsically valuable. Two ways in which my inquiry is limited are worth mentioning at the outset. First, its scope is limited to human persons. For all I know, humans are not the only kind of persons; perhaps there are angels or demons who are also persons. If there are, they may differ essentially from human persons; maybe they are essentially disembodied, while human persons are essentially embodied. It might turn out that something to do with their having or being bodies contributes to the intrinsic value of human persons.
Persons and the Natural Order
Authors: Baker Lynne Rudder 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We human persons have an abiding interest in understanding what kind of beings we are. However, it is not obvious how to attain such an understanding. Traditional analytic metaphysicians start with a priori accounts of the most general, abstract features of the world—for example, accounts of properties and particulars—features that, they claim, in no way depend upon us or our activity.1 Such accounts are formulated in abstraction from what is already known about persons and other things, and are used as constraints on metaphysical investigation of everything else.
Three Conceptions Of Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Dasgupta Partha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should we measure human well-being over time and across generations? In which way ought the interests of people in the distant future be taken into account when we make our own decisions today? In which ethical language should citizens deliberate over the rate at which their society ought to invest for the future? In which assets should that investment be made? What should the balance between private and public investment be in the overall investment that a generation makes for the future.
Spinoza on Final Causality
Authors: Carriero John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this way, the central issue quickly becomes—too quickly, I feel—how various early modern philosophers understand the relationship between mechanistic explanation and teleological (or functional or purposive) explanation: To what extent did early modern philosophers exclude teleological explanation from certain domains of inquiry? To what extent was their practice of using functional idioms consistent with their rejection of final causes? (Is, for example, Descartes’s claim to have excluded final causes from physics consistent with his employment of functional idioms in his physiological writings?) Did some thinkers reject teleological explanations completely or only in certain contexts? Did Spinoza, for example, reject all teleological explanations, or only those teleological explanations that involve attributing purposes to God or nature, making room for teleological explanations that involve human beings? And if Spinoza did reject all teleological explanations, is this consistent with what he had to say about human behavior?
The Limits of Contingency
Authors: Rosen Gideon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two ways to understand the question. We might imagine it asked by an up-to-date philosopher who grasps the concept well enough but wants to know more about what it is for a proposition to hold of metaphysical necessity. Alternatively, we might imagine it asked by a neophyte who ‘s never heard the phrase before and simply wants to know what philosophers have in mind by it.
The Modal Fictionalist Predicament
Authors: Divers John , Hagen Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central aim of genuine modal realism (GMR) is to provide a translation schema: (R) A iff A* in which the instances of ‘A ‘ are modal claims and the instances of ‘A* ‘ are their possible-world (counterpart-theoretic) translations. Correspondingly, the modal fictionalist (locus classicus, Rosen 1990) proposes that we translate modal claims via the weaker schema: (F) A iff According to GMR, A*.
Paradox and the a Priori
Authors: Schiffer Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A paradox is a set of apparently mutually incompatible propositions each one of which is apt to seem plausible, at least when considered on its own. A well-known paradox in the literature on privileged access and externalism due to Michael McKinsey (1991) may for present purposes be stated, at least initially, as the set consisting of the following four propositions: The traditional Kantian conception of a priori knowledge is knowledge that is ‘‘independent of experience’’.
Introduction
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of 26 December 1613, Giovanni Battista Gabaleoni, a Savoy diplomat, pushed his way into the packed Banqueting House at Whitehall, where the court celebrated the wedding of the Earl of Somerset and Frances Howard. The high-profile occasion demanded a lavish spectacle, and the poet-musician Thomas Campion had risen to the challenge. Grounded upon ‘inchauntments and sever all transformations’, his masque started one hour before midnight and lasted until two o’clock in the morning. A magnificent triumphal arch disclosed a view of a seascape in perspective.
Construing Sen on Commitment
Authors: Pettit Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Amartya Sen’s most distinctive claims, and perhaps also one of his most controversial, is that there is an altruistic attitude toward others that does not make sense within the terms of rational choice theory, however broadly that theory is construed. He describes this attitude as one of “commitment” to others, contrasting it with egoism and also with a distinct altruistic attitude he calls “sympathy.
The Grammar of Rationality
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Amartya Sen’s (1977) ‘Rational Fools’ (RF hereafter) was first published, a large literature has emerged around the themes of rationality assumptions in the social science. Sen himself ((2002) for example) has on a number of occasions revisited the various themes first aired in that paper, and has refined and developed his position with respect to a number of those themes. Nevertheless, the original paper is worth careful study — and is, in any event, the reference point for my efforts here.
A different Solution to an Alleged Contradiction in Aristotle’ s Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Drefcinski Shane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Disunity in the Aristotelian Virtues’, T. H. Irwin argues that the doctrine of the reciprocity of the virtues is inconsistent with Aristotle’s contention that a person can possess the ‘small-scale’ virtues of generosity and proper pride without the ‘large-scale’ virtues of magnificence and magnanimity (cf. NE 1122a28–9; 1123b5; 1125b–26).
Aristotle on Acting Unjustly Without Being Unjust
Authors: Pearson Giles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, on this notion, ‘what, as a relation to others, is justice is, as a certain kind of state without qualification, virtue’ (1130a12–13). On this specification, there is no characteristic motive that picks out unjust acts; they are simply vicious acts more generally. This is in contrast to the injustice that corresponds to the other kind of justice, which picks out a part of virtue (5. 2, 1130a14).
Scanlon’s Contractualism
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T. M. Scanlon’s magisterial book What We Owe to Each Other is surely one of the most sophisticated and important works of moral philosophy to have appeared for many years. It raises fundamental questions about all the main aspects of the subject, and I hope and expect that it will have a decisive influence on the shape and direction of moral philosophy in the years to come. In this essay I shall focus on four sets of issues raised by Scanlon’s systematic argument, with the aim of clarifying some of Scanlon’s central assumptions and presenting alternatives at several key points.
The Rightness of Acts and the Goodness of Lives
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prominent tendency in recent work of Joseph Raz’s has been to deny that there is any interesting philosophical problem about the authority of moral considerations to govern our lives. Philosophers who address this problem typically suppose that morality designates a domain of putatively normative considerations that hang together in some nonvacuous way. They then ask whether the considerations within this unified domain really do constitute reasons for action, and how they stack up compared to reasons of other kinds in respect of their normative importance.
What Metaphors Mean
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphor is the dream work of language and, like all dream work, its interpretation reflects as much on the interpreter as on the originator. The interpretation of dreams requires collaboration between a dreamer and a waker, even if they be the same person; and the act of interpretation is itself a work of the imagination. So too understanding a metaphor is as much a creative endeavour as making a metaphor, and as little guided by rules. These remarks do not, except in matters of degree, distinguish metaphor from more routine linguistic transactions: all communication by speech assumes the interplay of inventive construction and inventive construal.
Introduction: Ethics, Prevention, and Public Health
Authors: Dawson Angus , Verweij Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public health ethics is developing as a new sub-discipline within the broader field of bioethics. One important aim of this book is to strengthen this development by furthering existing discussions and stimulating new debates. The different chapters in this book cover a wide range of issues and theories related to public health: they refer to a diverse range of literature from many disciplines including philosophy, ethical theory, applied ethics, philosophy of science, political philosophy, medicine, public health, economics, and law. This diversity is a sign that public health ethics is (and needs to be) committed to interdisciplinary work.
Ethical Issues in Applying Quantitative Models for Setting Priorities in Prevention¹
Authors: Brock Dan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago I served on a committee of the Institute of Medicine (IoM) in the United States whose task was to recommend priorities for new vaccine development over the next 10 and 20 years (Institute of Medicine 2001). The project was undertaken under contract from the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. The committee’s mandate required it to develop a quantitative model for determining the priorities that it would recommend. In the committee’s discussion about what model to employ cost effectiveness quite naturally quickly rose to the forefront of alternatives for several reasons.
The Gene Meme
Authors: Haig David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final chapter of The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins explored the analogy between genetic and cultural evolution. Cultural traits, he suggested, evolve by a process of natural selection in which there is preferential proliferation of traits with properties that promote their own transmission. ‘We need a name for the new replicator,’ he wrote, ‘a noun which conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. “Mimeme” comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like “gene”. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme.’ Dawkins concluded his discussion, ‘However speculative my development of the theory of memes may be, there is one serious point which I would like to emphasize once again.
Normative Guidance
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ve been told that there are two principal approaches to drawing figures from life. One begins by tracing an outline of the figure to be drawn, locating its edges and key features on an imagined grid, and then using perspective to fill in depth. The other approach proceeds from the ‘center of mass’ of the subject, seeking to build up the image by supplying contour lines, the intersections of which convey depth— as if the representation were being created in relief. The second approach need not adopt a unified perspective, and is more concerned with evoking the volume and ‘presence’ of the subject than with accurate placement of edges and features. Call this second approach drawing ‘from the inside out’, meant to capture the living force of the subject rather than freeze it in a coordinate frame.
I sometimes feel that those of us who hanker after system in ethics tend to opt unconsciously for the first approach, tracing the outlines of moral practice from the outside and setting it into a coordinate scheme and unified perspective external to the agents themselves. We should probably try more often to work from the inside of agents, from their centers of mass as agents and moral beings. For such an approach, questions of normative guidance become questions about how normative guidance occurs within the agent, what gives norms their life, and how they enter into the shape and meaning of the agent’s experience, thought, feeling, and action.
Normativity
Authors: Parfit Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A young Swiss guest of Richard Hare’s, after reading a book by Camus, concluded in despair that nothing matters. Hare suggested that his friend should ask ‘what was the meaning or function of the word ‘‘matters’’ in our language; what is it to be important?’ His friend soon agreed, Hare writes, that when we say something matters or is important, what we are doing, in saying this, is to express our concern about that something ... Having secured my friend’s agreement on this point, I then pointed out to him something that followed immediately from it. This is that when somebody says that something matters or does not matter, we want to know whose concern is being expressed or otherwise referred to. If the function of the expression ‘matters’ is to express concern, and if concern is always somebody’s concern, we can always ask, when it is said that something matters or does not matter, ‘Whose concern?’
As Hare pointed out, his friend was concerned about several things. So was everyone— except a few fictional characters in existentialist novels. People’s values differ, and may change. But, since we all care about something, ‘it is impossible to overthrow values as a whole’. Hare’s treatment worked. ‘My Swiss friend ate a hearty breakfast the next morning.’
If someone doubts whether anything matters, it may not help to ask ‘Whose concern?’ Hare managed to convince his friend
that the expression ‘Nothing matters’ in his mouth could only be (if he understood it) a piece of play-acting. Of course he didn’t actually understand it.
Then and Now: Competence and Performance in 35 Years of Lexicography
Authors: Sue Atkins B T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the process of writing a bilingual English–French dictionary in the late 1960s, and contrasts it with a similar task in the early 21st century, with all the benefits of a large text corpus and sophisticated query tools. The lexicography focuses on the entries for cook and cooking, designed for use both by an encoding English speaker and a decoding French speaker. Lexicographic evidence for the new entries comes from a 100-million-word corpus of British English, a small corpus of French for the words cuire, cuisine, cuisiner, cuisinier, and cuisson, and their inflected forms, and a small parallel corpus of English and French texts. The use of KWIC concordancing, the Word Sketch program and the FrameNet database is described in detail, together with the problems of equivalence encountered. An account is given of the way in which these problems are tackled and the dictionary entry is drafted. Dictionaries exist … to provide a series of hints and associations connecting the unknown with the known. So runs Bolinger’s dictum, quoted by Patrick Hanks in his inspiring address to the 2000 Euralex Congress (Hanks 2000). However, about thirty-five years ago I began writing a dictionary whose raison d’être was – although I couldn’t have said so then – to provide a series of hints connecting the known with the unknown. Eleven years and fifty-odd colleagues later, this had become the Collins–Robert English–French Dictionary (CREFD), now in its fifth edition and still going strong. It has latterly benefited from the linguistic resources of HarperCollins’s Bank of English, and from an editorial eye more knowledgeable than my own, yet still I see in its entries the lingering ghosts of those I wrote in my first stumbling years as a lexicographer. In this paper I shall consider how practical lexicography has changed over the past thirtyfive or so years, and set these changes in the context of a handful of closely related English– French entries. I shall not concern myself with the great changes which the computer has brought to the consultation of the dictionaries, but solely with the writing of them. I shall look first at how the entries were written in 1967, and then at how they might be written in 2002. Any such comparison must include (as well as consideration of changes in the language itself)
Science and South Africanism
Authors: Dubow Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter showed how, in the tension between imperialism and colonial nationalism, incipient ideas about a broader white South Africanism began to take form. It pointed as well to underlying continuities linking the tradi­ tions and institutions that underwrote Cape colonial nationalism to the emerging South African state of the early twentieth century. In this chapter the discussion focuses more closely on the emergence of South Africanist sentiment associated with the achievement of political union in 1910. The ideological and practical role of science in promoting reason and rationality in the post-war reconstructionist era is highlighted.
Parental Choice and Human Improvement
Authors: Singer Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider ... the issue of genetic engineering. Many biologists tend to think the problem is one of design, of specifying the best types of persons so that biologists can proceed to produce them. Thus they worry over what sort(s) of person there is to be and who will control this process. They do not tend to think, perhaps because it diminishes the importance of their role, of a system in which they run a ‘ ‘genetic supermarket, ‘ ‘ meeting the individual specifications (within certain moral limits) of prospective parents This supermarket system has the great virtue that it involves no centralized decision fixing the future of human type(s).
Personal cleansing and dressing
Authors: Docherty Charles , Lang Kirsteen , Timmons John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter encompasses the fundamental nursing skills related to the activities of personal cleansing and dressing. These require specific attention because, in fit healthy individuals, they are taken for granted to the extent that it is difficult to imagine what a nurses’ role might be, except, of course, when someone becomes ill, infirm, disabled, or depressed. Personal cleansing and dressing then becomes an issue and an indicator of an underlying problem that nurses can influence through the process of assessment, planning, implementing, and evaluating.
Timetrees: Beyond Cladograms, Phenograms, And Phylograms
Authors: Avise John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several historical reasons discussed herein, until recently the absolute temporal dimension of many phylogenetic trees has been relatively ignored whereas the branching (cladistic) aspect typically has been the focus of most phylogeny-reconstruction efforts. This unfortunate neglect of “timetrees” is now being remedied, as this book will attest. Many scientific benefits can emerge from superimposing robust estimates of geological time on cladograms, including opportunities to: improve phylogenetic reconstructions of phenotypic evolution; illuminate causal geological or other events and processes in the history of life; and develop a universal time-standardized framework for biological classification that will facilitate studies in comparative evolution.
Haptophyte algae (Haptophyta)
Authors: Medlin Linda K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haptophytes (Fig. 1) occur in all seas and are often major components of the nanoplankton (1, 2). 7ey are important primary producers, and some species in the genera Emiliania, Gephyrocapsa,Phaeocystis, Chrysochromulina, and Prymnesium may form extensive blooms with major biogeochemical, ecological, or economic impact. Most species are marine, but a few thrive in freshwater. Most are unicellular, planktonic biPagellates, but palmelloid, coccoid, amoeboid, colonial, and benthic forms also occur (3). Nearly all are photosynthetic, but phagotrophy and mixotrophy appears to be common in some genera (e.g., Chrysochromulina) (4). In most species, at least one stage in their haplo-diplont life cycle possesses two Pagella that are similar in form and have no tubular hairs. Between the Pagella is a unique organelle, called a haptonema, which differs structurally from the Pagellum. Its length varies and it has been secondarily lost in some species. It can coil or bend, but not beat, and can attach to a substratum and may be involved in food handling. Cells are typically covered by one to several layers of organic scales and in the coccolithophorids these are calcified. These are preservable and constitute the feature that leaves a fossil record for calibration of a molecular clock. Species identification within Haptophyta is largely based on scale morphology and oJen requires electron microscopy.
Mosses (Bryophyta)
Authors: Newton Angela E , Wikströmb Niklas , Shaw A Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mosses are photosynthetic plants that exhibit a wide range of morphologies, based on the life cycle of alternation of haploid and diploid generations. thegametophyte generation starts with haploid spores that develop into threadlike protonema, from which grow erect or creeping axes usually up to a few centimeters tall. theplants are oJen branched, with leaves that are mostly one cell thick and usually radially arranged (Fig. 1). 7ey form small cushions, velvety swards, open turfs, tuJs, or deep mats. Long-lived clonal growth and specialized vegetative reproduction are common and widespread, with sexual reproduction rare or unknown in some taxa. Plants are male or female, or bisexual, with various different arrangements of gametangia. Male and female gametangia are distinct, with a basic morphology common to all mosses (and to most of the early-diverging land-plant lineages) but with variation in some groups. Motile spermatozoa travel though surface water to fertilize sedentary eggs. theresulting diploid embryo grows into a sporophyte that is largely dependent on the gametophyte, with a single spore capsule and often with a complicated dehiscence (dispersal) mechanism (peristome). Spores are formed by meiosis and usually dispersed as monads.