bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the efficiency of proteins contained in lucerne hay and soya-bean meal for sheep
Authors: Tagari H. 
Published: September 2005

1. In four feeding experiments with sheep the utilization of proteins contained in lucerne hay and of those in toasted soya-bean meal (SBM), representing a roughage and concentrate feed respectively, were examined. The ration of one group of animals contained lucerne hay as sole source of digestible protein and that of the other SBM.2. Measurements of the nitrogen balance showed clearly the superiority of lucerne hay as protein source compared with soya-bean meal; this arose from the greater N retention found with the lucerne hay ration.3. The influence of both rations on the metabolic pathways of the proteins was examined by following the changes of concentration of various metabolites in the rumen contents and of blood urea at different intervals after feeding.4. Concentrations of urea found in the blood of the sheep given lucerne hay were lower than those of the other group, a finding which is in agreement with the results of the balance experiments.5. The concentrations of NH2-N and of aminoacids in the rumen liquor were higher in sheep given lucerne hay than in those given SBM. These concentrations appeared to be related to the differences between the soluble non-protein N contents of the two feeds.6. The results agree with the finding from in vitro experiments that rumen liquor from sheep receiving lucerne hay promoted greater synthesis of protein than rumen liquor from sheep receiving SBM.7. Total bacterial activity as measured by the reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (dehydrogenase activity) was much higher in the rumen liquor of sheep given lucerne hay than when SBM was given.8. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (C2-C6) were much higher in the rumen liquor in sheep on the lucerne hay diet than in those on the SBM diet. After meals of the lucerne hay diet, the concentrations of acids higher than C2, particularly those of valeric acid, exceeded those present in the rumen liquor of the animals kept on the SBM diet.9. Proline and alanine appeared in relatively higher concentrations in the rumen liquor than the other amino acids determined, and these two acids together with valine disappeared very rapidly. The possible conversion of these amino acids into valeric acid is considered. It is suggested that valeric acid found in relatively high concentrations in rumen liquor of sheep given lucerne hay may be due in part to the deamination of proline, which likewise disappeared very rapidly together with alanine and valine.
Variations with energy nutrition in the concentrations of amino acids of the blood plasma in the dairy cow
Authors: Halfpenny A. F. , Rook J. A. F. , Smith G. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. The plasma levels of individual amino acids were studied in dairy cows under different conditions of production and energy nutrition.2. A preliminary experiment was conducted which established that there was no regular change in amino acid levels with time of sampling in animals offered food twice daily at milking.3. For animals in the 8th month of pregnancy plasma concentrations of lysine, valine, serine and isoleucine were higher, and of threonine lower, in Jersey than in Friesian cows. Lactation was accompanied in most cows by a fall in the plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, threonine, histidine, glutamic acid, leucine and alanine and a rise in the level of glycine.4. In lactating cows an improvement in the plane of energy nutrition was associated on average with an increase in the plasma concentrations of ‘non-essential’ amino acids and a decrease in the concentrations of ‘essential’ amino acids.5. Intraruminal infusion of propionic acid in the lactating cow increased the concentrations of certain ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid in particular, and decreased those of most other ‘essential’ and ‘non-essential’ amino acids.6. These observations are discussed in terms of the possibility that an increased output of amino acids in milk proteins results in a depression in the concentrations of the ‘essential’ and certain of the ‘non-essential’ animo acids in the plasma. The hypothesis is put forward that the plasma supply of the other ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid and proline in particular, may limit synthesis of milk proteins.
The fermentation of soluble carbohydrates in rumen contents of cows given diets containing a large proportion of flaked maize
Authors: Sutton J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were made of the fermentation of D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and sucrose by rumen contents from two cows fed 1 kg hay and 4 or 5 kg flaked maize once daily. The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen before addition of carbohydrates varied widely but on average acetic acid constituted about 52%, propionic acid about 29% and n-butyric acid about 13% of the total.2. In in vitro experiments, 896 mg of the monosaccharides and 851 mg sucrose were added to 150 g mixed rumen contents incubated for 2 h; the carbohydrates were added at 10 min intervals throughout the incubation on three occasions with each cow. Mean proportions of the carbohydrates fermented ranged from about 60% of the pentoses to about 85% of sucrose and glucose. Of the VFA produced from galactose and the pentoses, acetic acid constituted about 40%, propionic acid 45–55% and n-butyric acid 1–7%; very little n-valeric acid was produced. With the other carbohydrates results from the two cows differed, owing mainly to the production of appreciable amounts of n-valeric acid with one cow only. Acetic acid constituted about 40% of the VFA produced from fructose and sucrose, propionic acid 20–40%, n-butyric acid 14–22% and n-valeric acid up to 12%. The proportions of VFA produced from glucose were intermediate between the other two groups.3. Net recovery of carbon from fermented carbohydrate in VFA was about 35–45%. A further 1–6%, of fermented glucose, fructose and sucrose was recovered in lactic acid.4. In in vivo experiments, the monosaccharides only were infused into the rumen for 8 h at the rate of 200 g/h. Changes in the concentrations of substrates and products varied widely, owing to the variable basal fermentation, but changes in the proportions of VFA in the rumen were similar to those found in vitro.5. The results of the in vitro experiments were compared with those obtained in earlier experiments in which the same cows were given a diet containing 70% hay. Significant regressions (P < 0.05) were found between the molar proportions of acetic, propionic and n-valeric acids produced from the substrates and the proportions of these acids present in the rumen contents at the start of the incubations, but the relationships differed markedly among the different carbohydrates. Most of the significant regressions were positive but negative regressions for propionic acid production from fructose and sucrose with one cow suggested the existence of more complex interrelationships among two or more VFA.
Changes in composition of rat's milk in the stomach of the suckling
Authors: Naismith D. J. , Mittwoch Adele , Platt B. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made of the partition of the major constituents of rat's milk during the formation of the clot in the infant rat's stomach.2. Milk was obtained from the dams by manual expression after separation from their litters for periods ranging from 12 to 23 h.3. The ratio of fat to protein in the clots removed from the stomachs of the 11-day-old pups was more than double that found in the milk. The difference was due to the high fat content of the clot.4. The stomach contents of DUDS which were allowed to suckle for I h following a 12 h separation from their dams had fat to protein ratio similar to that of the expressed milk, When suckling was prolonged, the ratio reverted to that of the established clot.5. Milk secreted under conditions of uninterrupted lactation and promptly recovered from the stomachs of pups previously fasted had a value for fat to protein comparable to that for the clot from a normally fed pup. An interruption in suckling therefore reduced the fat content of the milk.6. Part of the carbohydrate in rat's milk is secreted in a bound form. Lactose accounts for approximately one half of the total carbohydrate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the remainder may be an isomer of lactose.7. Fat and lactose undergo hydrolysis to a small extent only in the pup's stomach. The breakdown of protein is insignificant. Rat's milk contains no proteolytic enzymes.8. No significant differences in composition were found in the outer shell, the core and pyloric regions of the clot. Thus fat and casein leave the stomach in constant proportion.
Effect of acetoacetate administration on urinary and tissue vitamin B6in rats
Authors: Nath M. C. , Shastri N. V. 
Published: September 2005

1. Experiments were undertaken to study the effect of daily intraperitoneal injection of acetoacetate for 90 days on vitamin B6status in male albino rats. The initial dose of acetoacetate was 50 mg per kg body-weight, which was increased by 50 mg per kg body-weight every 15 days.2. Urinary excretion of vitamin B6was found to decrease after 30 days in acetoacetatetreated rats. After 75 days urinary values of vitamin B6were considerably lower in such rats than in the corresponding control rats.3. When acetoacetate injections were stopped after 90 days and the rats were fed L-tryptophan (100mg per rat), they were found to excrete significantly greater amounts of urinary kynurenine, hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid than the corresponding controls.4. Blood and liver vitamin Be levels were found to be lower in rats treated with acetoacetate for 90 days than in the untreated rats.
Some observations on the vitamin B12 content of rat's milk
Authors: Williams D. L. , Spray G. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Vitamin B12 activity in the milk of rats on various diets was measured by microbiological assay at intervals throughout lactation. The concentration of sodium and calcium in the milk was also determined.2. At all stages of lactation the milk of rats fed on commercial rat cake contained much more vitamin B12 activity than that of rats receiving a semi-synthetic diet containing at least as much vitamin B12 as the rat cake. The milk of the latter group of animals contained more vitamin B12 than that from rats fed on the same diet without added cyanocobalamin. The levels of sodium and calcium were much less variable than those of vitamin B12 and the changes did not appear to be related to differences in diet, stage of lactation or litter size.
The capacity of the mature cow to lose and recover nitrogen and the significance of protein reserves
Authors: Paquay R. , De Baere R. , Lousse A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Six experiments were undertaken with mature, dry, non-pregnant cows to determine the capacity to lose and recover nitrogen and to study the significance of the labile and total protein reserves.2. It was concluded that, without altering its ability to reach N equilibrium, the mature cow is able to store and lose large amounts of body proteins (certainly more than 15 kg), when its N and energy intakes are greatly varied. The repletion or depletion of protein reserves can occur over a long period of time (sometimes more than 5 months). Total protein reserves include a very labile part. This part is more rapidly lost during fasting than during feeding on low-protein diets; it can be used to meet temporarily the energy requirements of the animal.3. N balance and body-weight gains were generally very well correlated.
Changes in intraruminal function of sheep when drinking saline water
Authors: Potter B. J. , Walker D. J. , Forrest W. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made of the changes in electrolyte concentrations and ruminal function which resulted from the provision of 1.3% sodium chloride solutions instead of fresh water to sheep consuming roughage rations in chaffed and in ground pelleted forms.2. Significantly higher osmotic pressures were observed in the rumen fluid of the sheep drinking saline water, the change being especially marked when the ration was ground and pelleted.3. Of the individual electrolytes measured, chloride showed a larger rise in concentration than did sodium plus potassium and it appeared that the sodium and chloride ions in the ingested saline water were differentially removed from the rumen.4. Provision of 1.3% NaCl solution in place of fresh water resulted in greater voluntary intakes of fluid and consequently in greater flows of fluid through the rumen.5. Based upon measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid and polysaccharide, there appeared to be a tendency for the total microbial populations in the rumens of sheep drinking 1.3% NaCl solution to be smaller than for the sheep drinking fresh water.6. The total metabolic activity of the rumen flora, measured calorimetrically, was not appreciably changed when saline water was drunk and the chaffed ration eaten, but was significantly reduced when the ration was ground and pelleted.7. Adaptation of the rumen microflora to high concentrations of NaCl was demonstrated in animals accustomed to drinking 1.3% NaCl solution.
Comparative studies on the digestibility of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats for chicks
Authors: Afifi M. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. A comparative study on the digestibility of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats was made with chicks during the 4th week of age. Each fat was added to a low-fat diet at levels of 3, 6 and 9%.2. The mean digestibilities of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats were 85.4, 72.6, 83.9 and 94.1% respectively. Thus mutton fat appeared to be significantly superior to other fats, whereas buffalo fat was significantly inferior.3. The melting points of the fats seemed to have no influence on their digestibilities.4. With the exception of beef fat, the digestibility of the fats improved as the iodine value increased.
Effect of sweet biscuits on the incidence of dental caries in rats
Authors: Grenby T. H. , Paterson Frances M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Biscuits baked to a recipe requiring only sucrose, white flour and water were ground to a powder and mixed with the remaining ingredients of a standard rat diet. The control diet contained the same dry-weight amounts of all ingredients, but the sucrose and flour were not baked into biscuits. Eighty-four rats were divided into two matched groups and fed on the diets for 8 weeks from weaning.2. The biscuit diet produced significantly more caries than the control diet, with a total of about twice as many lesions, and also many more advanced lesions. Nearly all the lesions were in the molar fissures, suggesting that the cooked and powdered biscuit was impacted and retained in the fissures.
Composition of the human foetus
Authors: Apte Sharad V. , Iyengar Leela 
Published: September 2005

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.
The effect of available dietary zinc on the utilization of protein by the chick and Japanese quail
Authors: Atkinson J. , Vohra P. , Kratzer F. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Chicks and quail (Coturnix japonica) were used in the measurement of net protein utilization and true digestibility of nitrogen of isolated soya-bean protein and a mixture of casein and gelatin in zinc-deficient diets.2. The net protein utilization values for both protein sources were increased when the diets were supplemented with Zn or with the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, as was the true digestibility of nitrogen of the isolated soya-bean protein.
Seasonal variation in megaloblastic anaemia
Authors: Palva I. P. , Salokannel S. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four hundred and fifty patients who were treated for megaloblastic anaemias in northern Finland were grouped according to the month of diagnosis.2. Only slight seasonal variation was detectable in the occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia.3. During the first half of the twentieth century the seasonal variation in occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia was pronounced. The decrease in the variation is most likely related to the more even distribution throughout the year of the supply of foods containing folate and vitamin B12.
Response to oral administration of pteroylmonoglutamic acid or pteroylpolyglutamate in newborn infants of low birth weight
Authors: Samuel Pamela D. , Burland W. L. , Simpson K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Newborn infants of low birth weight absorb both pteroylmonoglutamic acid and pteroylpolyglutamate.2. There was a significant fall in serum folate concentrations during the first 14 d of life in these infants, but a daily supplement of 50 μg pteroylmonoglutamic acid or pteroylpolyglutamate was sufficient to prevent the development of subnormal serum folate concentrations.
Rate of passage of digesta in sheep
Authors: Grovum† W. L. , Hecker J. F 
Published: September 2005

1. A simple two-compartment physical model was assembled with the aim of simulating passage of marker through the reticulo-rumen, small intestine, and caecum and proximal colon of sheep. Passage of marker through the whole digestive tract and the hind-gut were also simulated with a computer and methods of describing such results were compared.2. The same mathematical equation applied equally well to the passage of a single injection of marker through the model and whole digestive tract of sheep. The magnitude of a rate-constant, reflecting in theory the retention time of marker in the caecum and proximal colon, was accurate for the model but larger than expected for the sheep. Modifications of the model are discussed which might account for the greater complexity in the biological system.3. The average time available for digestion in the entire gut can be described with R or t and that for the intestinal tract distal to the abomasum with Ri or with a similar measurement ti. The magnitudes of these values and of rate-constants and a transit time of marker in the intestines, derived from the concentration curve of marker excretion in faeces, are closely related. The times for peak concentration of marker in faeces, for 5 and 50% excretion and the 80–5 % excretion time were found to be of limited usefulness in describing the results of rate of passage experiments with sheep.
Albumin metabolism in fasting, obese subjects
Authors: Ballantyne Fiona C. , Smith J. , Fleck A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eleven obese subjects fasted for 24 d, by which time their serum albumin concentration had fallen significantly. 125I-labelled albumin was injected on day 7 of fasting to allow study of albumin metabolism.2. Although no significant alteration occurred in either the intravascular content or the absolute catabolic rate of albumin between days 7 and 24 of fasting, the mean values for both content and catabolic rate were significantly lower than values determined in eight normal subjects.3. A corresponding fall occurred in the absolute ‘synthesis+transfer’rate.
A fresh look at the incidence of protein deficiency in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain M. Anwar 
Published: September 2005

1. The method of Sukhatme (1970b), which takes into account the interrelationship between dietary protein and energy, has been applied to the dietary survey results collected during the nation-wide Nutrition Survey of West Pakistan. It was found that most of the protein deficiency that occurs in Pakistan is conditioned by energy deficiency. The incidence rises from 13 to 40% when cases conditioned by energy deficiency are taken into account. Protein deficiency as such exists in only 2% of families compared with 11% of families which are deficient in both protein and energy. These findings indicate the magnitude of the protein problem in Pakistan.2. In view of these findings, it is obvious that, unless the energy need is met, increased protein production will not help much to improve the situation and may be a costly approach to the solution of the protein problem in Pakistan.
Effect of exercise during rehabilitation on swimming performance, metabolism and function of muscle in rats
Authors: Raju N. V. 
Published: September 2005

1. It has been observed previously that gastrocnemius muscles from rats rehabilitated after early nutritional stress have low endurance and oxidative capacity (Raju, 1974).2. Exercise during rehabilitation reversed the effects of early malnutrition on muscle function and metabolism. The swimming performance of rehabilitated rats was poor and exercise during rehabilitation improved it.3. The specific activity of gastrocnemius muscle myosin ATP phosphohydrolase (EC3.6.1.3) was not altered by either early malnutrition or exercise.
Digestibilities of nitrogen compounds in rumen bacteria and in other components of digesta in the small intestine of the young steer
Authors: Salter D. N. , Smith R. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Mixed bacteria were obtained from the rumen contents of steers and were taken at different times after the animals had been given different feeds. The feeds contained [15N]urea and in some experiments Na235SO4 so that the bacteria were labelled with these isotopes.2. Samples of labelled bacteria were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin and the digests were infused with a non-absorbed marker, polyethylene glycol, into the duodenums of test steers equipped with re-entrant ileal cannulas. Except for samples taken after a 24 h fast, which sometimes gave somewhat lower values, mean values for digestibilities of 15N and 35S in the small intestine were 0.79 and 0.85 respectively.3. The corresponding value for the digestibility of 15N in similarly-treated wheat-leaf protein concentrate was 0.86.4. Net digestibilities of total N in the small intestine of the test steers when they were given either a mainly protein-free diet of straw, tapioca and urea or a diet of flaked maize and hay were approximately 0.62.5. From these and other values it was calculated that approximately 5.2g intestinally-secreted endogenous N/d flowed through the ileum of a 100 kg steer.
A note on the effect of food restriction on tissue ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs
Authors: Davies J. E. W. , Hughes R. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male, adult guinea-pigs received a scorbutogenic diet and a daily supplement of 1.0 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body-weight.2. Restriction of food intake for a period of 17 d resulted in a 25 % loss in body-weight and a significant reduction in the retention of ascorbic acid by the spleen, liver and adrenal glands.