bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age‐related changes of dopamine D1‐like and D2‐like receptor binding in the F344/N rat striatum revealed by positron emission tomography and in vitro receptor autoradiography
Authors: Suzuki Mitsuru , Hatano Kentaro , Sakiyama Yojiro , Kawasumi Yasuhiro , Kato Takashi , Ito Kengo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo clarify age‐related changes in dopamine D1‐like and D2‐like receptor binding in the striatum, positron emission tomography (PET) and in vitro receptor autoradiography (in vitro ARG) were performed using F344/N rats of various ages (6, 12, 18, and 24 months). In the PET study, [11C]SCH23390 and [11C]raclopride were used to image dopamine D1‐like receptors and dopamine D2‐like receptors, respectively, while [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]raclopride were used for the in vitro ARG study. With PET, we calculated the binding potential (= k3/k4, Bmax/Kd) of [11C]SCH23390 and [11C]raclopride in the striatum according to the curve fitting (CF) and the Logan plot (LP) methods. The binding potential of [11C]SCH23390 in the striatum demonstrated significant decrease as a function of age (max. decrease −26%) by the LP method, while this was not observed in the data analyzed by the CF method. In contrast, the binding potential of [11C]raclopride in the striatum decreased significantly with age by both the CF (max. decrease −28%) and the LP (max. decrease −36%) methods. However, no significant difference by either method was observed in rats between 6 and 12 months old using either ligand. In the in vitro ARG study, the specific binding (fmol/mg tissue) of [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]raclopride in the striatum were determined. Both [3H]SCH23390 and [3H]raclopride binding declined considerably with age as noted by comparing 12, 18, and 24‐month‐old rats against those 6 months old (max. decrease −29% and −31%, respectively). The substantial difference in binding shown in 12‐month‐olds in comparison with 6‐month‐olds using either ligand with in vitro ARG was in contrast with the PET results. These distinctions between the PET and the in vitro ARG studies may be attributed to the receptor microenvironment created under these experimental conditions. The results indicate that PET with LP analysis is useful in obtaining age‐related changes of D1‐like and D2‐like receptor binding in the striatum of living rats. Synapse 41:285–293, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vesicular neurotransmitter transporters in Huntington's disease: Initial observations and comparison with traditional synaptic markers
Authors: Suzuki Masahiko , Desmond Timothy J. , Albin Roger L. , Frey Kirk A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMarkers of identified neuronal populations have previously suggested selective degeneration of projection neurons in Huntington's disease (HD) striatum. Interpretations are, however, limited by effects of compensatory regulation and atrophy. Studies of the vesicular monoamine transporter type‐2 (VMAT2) and of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in experimental animals indicate that they are robust markers of presynaptic integrity and are not subject to regulation. We measured dopamine and acetylcholine vesicular transporters to characterize the selectivity of degeneration in HD striatum. Brains were obtained at autopsy from four HD patients and five controls. Autoradiography was used to quantify radioligand binding to VMAT2, VAChT, the dopamine plasmalemmal transporter (DAT), benzodiazepine (BZ) binding sites, and D2‐type dopamine receptors. The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) was determined as an additional marker of cholinergic neurons. Autoradiograms were analyzed by video‐assisted densitometry and assessment of atrophy was made from regional structural areas in the coronal projection. Striatal VMAT2, DAT, and VAChT concentrations were unchanged or increased, while D2 and BZ binding and ChAT activity were decreased in HD. After atrophy correction, all striatal binding sites were decreased. However, the decrease in ChAT activity was 3‐fold greater than that of VAChT binding. In addition to degeneration of striatal projection neurons, there are losses of extrinsic nigrostriatal projections and of striatal cholinergic interneurons in HD on the basis of vesicular transporter measures. There is also markedly reduced expression of ChAT by surviving cholinergic striatal interneurons. Synapse 41:329–336, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced dopamine D1 receptor binding in the ventral striatum of cigarette smokers
Authors: Dagher Alain , Bleicher Catherine , Aston John A.D. , Gunn Roger N. , Clarke Paul B.S. , Cumming Paul 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSeveral drugs of abuse, including nicotine, are thought to exert their reinforcing effects through actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Animal and human studies suggest that chronic administration of addictive drugs may lead to impaired dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. We measured D1 receptor density in 11 smokers and 18 nonsmokers using positron emission tomography and the D1 receptor ligand [11C]SCH 23390. Ten of the smokers were scanned twice, once after overnight abstinence from cigarettes, and once while smoking at their usual rate, to account for possible acute effects of cigarette smoking on D1 receptor binding. In addition, eight control subjects were scanned twice to assess the reproducibility of the method. We used compartmental modeling to measure [11C]SCH 23390 binding potential, a measure of D1 receptor density. There were no differences in binding between abstinent and nonabstinent scans in smokers or in the two scans in controls. However, there was a significant reduction in [11C]SCH 23390 binding potential in smokers compared to nonsmokers in the striatum, most prominently in the ventral striatum. This suggests that there is a reduction in dopamine D1 receptor density in the ventral striatum of human cigarette smokers relative to nonsmokers, which implies that the postsynaptic mesolimbic dopamine system may be chronically underactive in smokers, either as an antecedent or consequence of addiction to cigarettes. Such a hypodopaminergic state may play an important role in sustaining nicotine‐seeking behavior. Alternatively, an inherited reduction in dopamine receptors in the striatum may be associated with an increased risk of addictive behavior. Synapse 42:48–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged stimulation of presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat interpeduncular nucleus has differential effects on transmitter release
Authors: Covernton Patrick O.J. , Lester Robin A.J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlterations in nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) receptor number can be induced by chronic exposure to nicotine possibly by stabilization of the desensitized state(s) of the receptor. Since within the central nervous system (CNS), many nAChRs are localized presynaptically, we have investigated the physiological consequences of prolonged nicotine applications on spontaneous transmitter release. In the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists, bicuculline‐sensitive spontaneous GABA inhibitory synaptic currents (IPSCs) could be readily resolved in whole‐cell recordings from neurons in the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) maintained as brain slices. Nicotine (300 nM) caused a marked enhancement in the frequency of spontaneous events. During a 15 min exposure to nicotine, the time course of changes in IPSC frequency could be divided into two groups. In most neurons, there was a fast increase in event frequency followed by a decline to a lower steady‐state level that remained above baseline. In the remaining neurons, the effect of nicotine was more slowly developing and outlasted the application. Interestingly, the rapid effect was associated with a shift to higher amplitude events, whereas, no change in the IPSC amplitude histogram was observed during the slow onset effect. These data show that prolonged stimulation of presynaptic nicotinic receptors can have different outcomes that could potentially contribute to the diverse effects of nicotine on central information processing.
Palliative radiotherapy in the treatment of skeletal metastases
Authors: Saarto Tiina , Janes Rita , Tenhunen Mikko , Kouri Mauri 
Published: September 2002

Two‐third of patients with metastatic cancer suffer from pain. Pain originating from skeletal metastases is the most common form of cancer pain. Bone pain, often exacerbated by pressure or movement, limits the patient's autonomy and social life. Pathological fracture and spinal cord compression are additional complications caused by bone metastases.Radiotherapy is effective in treating bone pain not adequately controlled by analgesics. Seventy percent of patients benefit from radiotherapy. Single and multifraction regimens are equally effective in relieving pain. Retreatment is needed somewhat more often following single fraction therapy. Most patients benefit from retreatment irrespectively of previous fractionation schedule. Hemibody irradiation and radioisotopes, e.g., strontium‐89 and samarium‐153 are used in treating scattered painful bone metastases.Radiotherapy is used for preventing pathological fracture by treating osteolytic lesions especially in the weight‐bearing bones such as the spinal column and long bones. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice in spinal cord compression, which is the most serious complication caused by bone secondaries.Radiotherapy provides efficient, well‐tolerated and cost‐effective palliative care.
Elevated serum markers of collagen degradation in patients with mild to moderate dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Schwartzkopff Bodo , Fassbach Michael , Pelzer Beate , Brehm Michael , Strauer Bodo E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackground and aimsLeft ventricular (LV) dilation and myocardial remodelling are hallmarks of heart failure in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Interstitial collagen is essential for LV integrity and function while degradation of collagen by collagenases, especially matrix‐metalloproteinases (MMPs), are suggested to contribute to ventricular dilation. In the present study, serological markers of collagen metabolism were investigated.Methods and resultsSerum levels of MMP‐1 and its inhibitor (TIMP‐1), the markers for collagen degradation type I (collagen carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP)) and synthesis (carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP)) were quantified by ELISA and RIA of 43 patients with DCM and 47 age‐matched control subjects. Free MMP‐1 serum concentration was significantly increased in the DCM group (5.29±0.83 vs. 2.22±0.29 ng/ml; P‐0.01) as well as the free TIMP‐1 concentration (206.54±12.65 vs. 181.44±8.55 ng/ml; P‐0.05). The free MMP‐1/TIMP‐1‐ratio was higher in DCM than in the control group (0.030±0.005 vs. 0.012±0.001; P‐0.01). ICTP was significantly increased (7.60±1.21 vs. 3.44±0.19 μg/l; P<0.001). PICP was not significantly increased (125.29±8.93 μg/l vs. 113.11±5.47 μg/l; P‐n.s.). Free MMP‐1 and MMP‐1/TIMP‐1‐ratio correlated with LV end diastolic diameter [cm/m2 body surface area (BSA)] (r‐0.28; P‐0.03 and r‐0.34; P‐0.01, respectively) as well as with cardiac index (CI) (r‐−0.32; P‐0.04 and r‐−0.33; P‐0.04, respectively) in patients with DCM.ConclusionSerum markers of collagen degradation are elevated and might be valuable markers for progression of LV dilation in patients with DCM.
Physiological responses of lactating cows under grazing and indoor feeding conditions in the tropics
Authors: PRASANPANICH S. , SIWICHAI S. , TUNSARINGKARN K. , THWAITES C. J. , VAJRABUKKA C. 
Published: September 2002

The study reported examined the physiological changes between two groups of 6 Friesian-cross cows in mid-lactation; one group grazed outdoors without shade, the second group was housed indoors in an open-sided barn and fed cut-and-carry forage from the grazing area. All cows were machine-milked at 05.00 and 15.30 h daily. At 14.00 h dry bulb temperatures averaged 29·5 °C outdoors and 29·0 °C indoors whilst black globe temperatures were 36·2 and 29·5 °C respectively. Relative humidity averaged 76% outdoors and 72% indoors, and the temperature-humidity indices were 79·1 and 78·3, respectively. Cows in the outdoor group had higher rectal temperatures (40·4 v. 39·0 °C; P<0·01), respiratory rates (87·9 v. 62·9 breaths/min; P<0·01) and skin temperatures (41·2 v. 38·2 °C; P<0·01) than those indoors, but lower haematocrit (26·2 v. 34·9%; P<0·01) and haemoglobin levels (10·4 v. 13·2 g/100 ml; P<0·01). Cows in the outdoor group had a higher sweating rate than those indoors (559·7 v. 68·6 g/(m2×h); P<0·01), largely due to a high radiant heat load (as indicated by slightly higher black globe readings). The results of the current study show that the barn used in this study was effective in protecting cows from solar heat. Further field studies to determine the effectiveness of lower cost strategies to reduce heat stress, including showers and shade that can be accessed by grazing cows, are needed.
The Economic Consequences of the First World War
Authors: Wixforth Harald 
Published: September 2002

Arthur Turner, The Cost of War: British Policy on French War Debts, 1918–1932 (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1998), 272pp., £45.00 (hb), ISBN 1-898723-37-0.Patricia Clavin, The Great Depression in Europe, 1929–1939 (Basingstoke: Macmillan/Palgrave 2000) 244pp., £13.99 (pb), ISBN 0-333-60681-7.Karl Mayer, Zwischen Krise und Krieg. Frankreich in der Außenpolitik der United States zwischen Wirtschaftskrise und Zweitem Weltkrieg (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1999), 275pp., DM 84.00, ISBN 3-515-07373-6.Christoph Buchheim and Redvers Garside, eds., After the Slump. Industry and Politics in 1930s Britain and Germany (New York and Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2000), 235pp., DM 69.00. ISBN 3-631-34912-2.Philipp Heyde, Das Ende der Reparationen. Deutschland, Frankreich und der Youngplan 1929–1932. Paderborn: Schöningh, 1998), 506 pp., DM 134.00 ISBN 3-506-77507-3.Monika Rosengarten, Die Internationale Handelskammer. Wirtschaftspolitische Empfehlungen in der Zeit der Weltwirtschaftskrise 1929–1939 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2001), 360 pp., DM 148.00, ISBN 3-428-10411-0.
Advances in forecasting systems at the Antarctic Meteorological Centre, Casey
Authors: Adams Neil 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Australian Bureau of Meteorology has been providing weather services for Australian Antarctic expeditions since the first expedition of 1947 and the forecasting services have been gradually evolving over the decades. However, with the advent of high bandwidth communications into Antarctica in the early 1990s there has been, for the first time, access to high‐resolution satellite imagery, numerical model data and global observational datasets. Over the past seven years locally designed and developed forecast systems have matured and now provide the Antarctic forecaster with a comprehensive suite of systems to assist in the timely and accurate provision of aviation, marine and terrestrial forecasts. The ease with which these data may be manipulated, displayed and interpreted is expected to have a positive impact on the quality of forecasts provided to the Antarctic user. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Obtaining the Shear Stress versus Shear Rate Relationship and Yield Stress of Blood from Capillary Viscometry Data by Tikhonov Regularization
Authors: Yeow Y. Leong , Leong Yee‐Kwong , Wickramasinghe S. Ranil , Han Binbing 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a procedure, based on Tikhonov regularization, for extracting the shear stress versus shear rate relationship and yield stress of blood from capillary viscometry data. The relevant equations and the mathematical nature of the problem are briefly described. The procedure is then applied to three sets of capillary viscometry data of blood taken from the literature. From each data set the procedure computes the complete shear stress versus shear rate relationship and the yield stress. Since the procedure does not rely on any assumed constitutive equation, the computed rheological properties are therefore model‐independent. These properties are compared against one another and against independent measurements. They are found to be in good agreement for shear stress greater than 0.1 Pa but show significant deviations for shear stress below this level. A possible way of improving this situation is discussed.
Improved Performance of Preordered Fungal Protease‐Stearic Acid Biocomposites: Enhanced Catalytic Activity, Reusability, and Temporal Stability
Authors: Phadtare Sumant , Dash Chandravanu , Gole Anand , Vinod V. P. , Rao Mala , Sastry Murali 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn an earlier report on fungal protease (F‐prot)–fatty acid biocomposite film formation [Gole et al. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4301], it was observed that the biocatalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme was comparable to that of the free enzyme in solution. However, a somewhat negative aspect of the protocol was the steady loss in activity during reuse and storage of the biocomposite film. In this paper, we address the latter issues and demonstrate successful attempts toward the realization of efficient biocomposite films with enhanced biological activity, temporal stability, and excellent reusability. The improved performance of the F‐prot‐stearic acid biocomposite is accomplished by preordering the fatty acid film by incorporation of Pb2+ions into the lipid matrix prior to enzyme immobilization. The lead cation induces lamellar ordering in the lipid film and thus facilitates diffusion of the F‐prot molecules into the lipid matrix and accessibility of the substrate molecules (hemoglobin, Hb) to the entrapped F‐prot enzyme molecules. The preordering consequently leads to effective control of the “mass transport” problem and might be responsible for the enhanced biological activity (∼ 36%) of the enzyme molecules in the biocomposite in comparison with the free enzyme in solution, as well the excellent reusability of the composite film. In addition to biocatalytic activity measurements, the formation and characterization of the F‐prot‐lead stearate biocomposite films was done by quartz crystal microgravimetry and X‐ray diffraction.
New Io data spur discussion on ultrabasic lavas
Authors: Williams David A. , Keszthelyi Laszlo , Stansberry John 
Published: September 2002

In the late 1960s, the Viljoen brothers identified a new class of igneous rock in the ancient (3.5 Ga) Barberton greenstone belt of South Africa. Called komatiites, after the Komati River that flows nearby, these new rocks were soon recognized in Precambrian terrains around the world as the metamorphosed remnants of ancient ultrabasic lava flows and shallow intrusions, the extrusive equivalent of peridotites. Komatiites, although rare in the geologic record, soon became of interest to a wide variety of geologists because of their unique texture, composition, and physical properties, and their genetic association with massive nickel sulfide ore deposits.With recognition of the inferred high temperature, low viscosity turbulent emplacement, and great thermal erosive potential of these lavas, komatiites became an analog to low‐viscosity extraterrestrial lavas, which formed long, sinuous lava channels and flow fields on the Moon,Venus, Mars, and Io. Now, with indications from the Galileo spacecraft and other instruments that active volcanism on Jupiter's moon, lo,may include ultrabasic eruptions, there is renewed interest in understanding the nature of komatiite lavas and what they can tell us about the thermal‐compositional‐physical dynamics of the early Earth, and perhaps other planets as well.
The effect of age on the light scattering characteristics of the eye
Authors: Hennelly M. L. , Barbur J. L. , Edgar D. F. , Woodward E. G. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThe rising mean age of our population has increased the need for understanding the physiologic consequences of ageing on visual function. Changes due to age were evaluated using a new scatter test implemented on theP_SCAN 100 pupillometer apparatus (Barbur, 1991). The test yields the full scatter function of the eye and also permits simultaneous measurement of pupil size (Barbur et al., 1995). In addition, contrast sensitivity was measured using sine wave gratings. The 28 subjects had a spherical refractive error between +0.50 DS and −0.25 DS, and astigmatism of less than −0.50 DC, V.A. of at least 6/6, and were ophthalmologically normal. To facilitate statistical analysis, subjects were classified into five groups according to age. For younger subjects (under 45 years),k′, the integrated straylight parameter, varied little with age. For this group,k′ ranged from 4.9 to 8.1. For subjects aged over 45 years,k′ increased with age, ranging from 10.7 to 19.7. One way analysis of variance showed Group 5 (60 year olds) to have significantly greaterk′ than 20, 30, 40 and 50 year olds (P=0.000). A slight downward shift in the contrast sensitivity function was seen over the age of 45. Significant differences between older and younger subjects were found at spatial frequencies of 3, and 10 cpd (P=0.081,P=0.002, respectively). Pupil diameter was found to reduce with age, but there was no significant difference between groups. Therefore, above 45 years, the ageing eye reveals a more rapid increase in forward scatter, and a reduction in contrast sensitivity, despite apparently good visual acuity.
Reliability of and comparisons among three variations of the alternating cover test
Authors: Rainey Bill B. , Schroeder Tracy L. , Goss David A. , Grosvenor Theodore P. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryOne of the most commonly used methods for measuring heterophoria is the alternating cover test. Differences in specific procedures and observational criteria used by examiners may result in different measurements of heterophoria on the same patient. This study evaluated the inter‐examiner reliability of three different cover test techniques: the estimated cover test, the prism neutralized objective cover test, and the prism neutralized subjective cover test. Two examiners performed each technique on each of 72 subjects. Reliability was assessed using correlational methods and mean difference calculations. Although there were some inter‐examiner differences for the different techniques, all of these differences were within previously determined minimum detectable eye movement ranges. Therefore, when used by experienced clinicians, each of these techniques appears to be a reliable method of heterophoria determination, and their results are comparable.