bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of cationization on DSC thermal profiles, pasting and emulsifying properties of sago starch
Authors: Siau CL , Karim AA , Norziah MH , Wan Rosli WD 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCationic sago starches were prepared using an aqueous alkaline process with different levels of cationic reagent 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (0.01–0.10 M), sodium hydroxide (0.03–0.86 M) and reaction temperature (30–62 °C). The degree of substitution (DS), reaction efficiency, thermal and pasting properties of cationic sago starches were analysed. Emulsifying and fat binding properties of native sago starch, cationized sago starch and commercial chitosan were compared at two different pH values (4 and 7). Degree of substitution increased with an increase in concentration of cationic reagent or NaOH, or reaction temperature. The reaction efficiency was proportional to the concentration of NaOH and reaction temperature but inversely proportional to the cationic reagent concentration. The highest DS and reaction efficiency achieved was 0.06 and 79%, respectively. The pasting temperature and gelatinization enthalpy of cationic starch (DS 0.06) were lower compared with native sago starch. Cationization increased the peak viscosity and breakdown of the starch paste but decreased the setback. The presence of cationic groups significantly increased emulsion stability, emulsion viscosity and fat binding capacity of sago starch. However, the cationic sago starch was still inferior to chitosan, which showed the highest emulsion stability, emulsion viscosity and fat binding capacity. There was no significant difference between the surface tension values of native and cationic sago starch and chitosan. The influence of pH on emulsifying properties was not significant. The emulsion stability of the cationic sago starch improved due to an increase in viscosity and fat binding capacity but not its surface active property. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius on some grape varieties grown in Italy
Authors: Battilani Paola , Logrieco Antonio , Giorni Paola , Cozzi Giuseppe , Bertuzzi Terenzio , Pietri Amedeo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFungi responsible for the presence of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes have been identified as belonging to the black aspergilli, Aspergillus section Nigri, among which Aspergillus carbonarius is the main producer. Despite the widespread occurrence of OTA in various types of wine, there is no specific information on the ability of black aspergilli to infect berries and to produce OTA in different grape varieties. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility to A carbonarius of twelve grape varieties representative of a wide range of characteristics, including geographical distribution. In all the conditions of berry status (intact and damaged) and temperature (20 and 25 °C) tested, the incidence of colonised berries and their OTA contents were always low in ‘Bianco d'Alessano’, ‘Pampanuto’ and ‘Uva di Troia’. In contrast, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Trebbiano’ and ‘Verdeca’ showed high fungal incidence and OTA content. The information gathered is relevant for defining risk factors for OTA presence in grapes, even if these data need to be confirmed by observations in vineyards. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in refined olive pomace and other vegetable oils
Authors: Moreda Wenceslao , Rodríguez‐Acuña Rafael , del Carmen Pérez‐Camino María , Cert Arturo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA new and simple method has been developed for determining high molecular mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in refined olive pomace, and other vegetable oils from an initial sample of 0.25 g. The hydrocarbon fraction is isolated by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) on silica gel using hexane as eluent. The fraction is evaporated to reduced volume and cleaned‐up by SPE on an amino phase eluting with toluene. The evaporated residue, dissolved in acetonitrile, is analyzed by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector using programmed excitation and emission wavelengths. The benzo(e)pyrene is determined together with other usual heavy PAHs. Interferences due to squalene and other hydrocarbons are minimized. Recoveries were greater than 80% and detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 0.2 µg kg−1. The method was validated using certified oil samples and was applied to various vegetable oils. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of calcium and cellular permeabilization on the structure of the parenchyma of osmotic dehydrated ‘Granny Smith’ apple
Authors: Quiles Amparo , Hernando Isabel , Pérez‐Munuera Isabel , Llorca Empar , Larrea Virginia , Ángeles Lluch M 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCalcium plays a very important role in the maintenance of quality in vegetable foods and it is used as a texturing agent to preserve the structure of minimally processed vegetables. The osmotic dehydration (OD) of ‘Granny Smith’ apple parenchyma by immersion in a sucrose solution allows us to obtain products with sensorial characteristics similar to those of fresh products, but it produces a loss of cellular integrity. Here we study the use of calcium as a possible preservative for the microstructural integrity of the product during OD, as well as to test whether cellular permeabilization improves the impact of calcium on the edible parenchyma of the ‘Granny Smith’ apple. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been used for convenience as a permeating agent although we recognize this may not be used in practice. The microstructure of the OD apple treated with calcium chloride and with SDS has been compared with fresh apple by means of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and low temperature scanning electron microscopy. The results show that calcium has a protective effect on the structural integrity during OD: it strengthens the cellular walls cements, avoids cellular collapse and protects protoplasts from plasmolysis. Although SDS favours calcium penetration, its use is not advisable since it encourages the destructuring effect of the OD and counteracts the consolidating effect of calcium. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Flavonoid glycosides and antioxidant capacity of various blackberry, blueberry and red grape genotypes determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Cho Mi Jin , Howard Luke R , Prior Ronald L , Clark John R 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAnthocyanin and flavonol glycosides of various blackberry, blueberry and red wine grape genotypes were identified and measured by a high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation method with photodiode array (PDA) and mass spectrometric (MS) detection. With this method, two distinct elution regions of anthocyanins and flavonols were obtained with near baseline separation of most compounds. Blackberry, blueberry and red wine grape genotypes varied markedly in total anthocyanins and total flavonols as well as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The respective ranges of total anthocyanin (TA) and total flavonol (TF) contents of tested samples were: blackberries, 1143.9–2415.4 and 102.0–160.2 mg kg−1; blueberries, 1435.2–8227.3 and 172.5–327.5 mg kg−1; and red wine grapes, 380.9–7904.7 and 21.0–322.2 mg kg−1. Antioxidant activities and contents of total anthocyanins and total flavonols in blackberries, blueberries and red wine grapes were highly correlated, with linear relationships between ORAC and TA (rxy = 0.94) and TF (rxy = 0.90) for grapes, TA (rxy = 0.95) for blueberries and TA (rxy = 0.74) for blackberries. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Storage and ultraviolet‐induced tissue stress effects on fresh‐cut pineapple
Authors: Lamikanra Olusola , Richard Olga A 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe effect of UV‐induced stress on the volatile aroma compounds in cut pineapple was compared with that of storage at 4 °C for 24 h. Eighteen volatile compounds were identified by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) in fresh‐cut pineapple. Methyl‐2‐methylbutanoate, methyl hexanoate, methyl 5‐hexenoate, ethyl hexanoate and ethyl 5‐hexenoate were the major aroma compounds. Storage at 4 °C for 24 h, and exposure of cut fruit to UV radiation for 15 min caused a considerable decrease in the concentration of esters and increase in the relative amount of copaene. This sesquiterpene, when added to crushed cantaloupe melon (0.1 mg g−1), inhibited microbial growth in the fruit over a period of 24 h at 20 °C.Cis‐ andtrans‐ocimene were present in the fruit but their production was not photo‐induced by UV irradiation. Ocimene, however, was a potent antimicrobial agent that killed microorganisms when added to the crushed fruit and stored at 20 °C for 24 h. The results indicate that sesquiterpene phytoalexins could contribute to the defense mechanism in wounded pineapple tissue. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of exogenous enzyme supplementation on energy utilisation and nutrient digestibility of cereals for broilers
Authors: Wu YB , Ravindran V , Hendriks WH 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe influence of a microbial phytase, produced by solid‐state fermentation, on the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal digestibility of phosphorus, nitrogen and starch in sorghum, maize, wheat and barley was examined using 4‐week‐old broilers. For wheat and barley, the influence of phytase, individually or in combination with glycanases, was also evaluated. Microbial phytase improved (p < 0.05) apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility in all cereals. Phytase supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the apparent metabolisable energy of maize and barley by 2.6 and 7.8%, respectively. Numerical improvements in apparent metabolisable energy were observed in sorghum (1.9%) and wheat (2.1%), but were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Further improvements (p < 0.05) in the apparent metabolisable energy of wheat and barley were observed when the phytase was combined with glycanases. However, the observed improvements in apparent metabolisable energy were not always associated with enhanced ileal digestibility of protein and starch. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro and in vivo digestibility of the albumin and globulin fractions of eight Brazilian cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] cultivars
Authors: Oliveira Jose TA , Pinto Vicente PT , Vasconcelos Ilka M , Fernandes Cléberson F , Ramos Márcio V , Ferreira Francisco VA , Rios Francisco JB 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a very important crop for people living in the north‐east of Brazil where it constitutes the principal source of protein and carbohydrate. In this study, it was observed that the in vitro digestibility of the seed albumin and globulin fractions extracted from eight Brazilian cowpea cultivars was high when treated with pepsin but resistant to degradation by trypsin or chymotrypsin even after 3 h of treatment. When the albumin and globulin fractions were given to rats by intragastric intubation it was observed that intact proteins or their fragments were immunodetected in the faeces. Immunohistochemical analyses of the gut sections of these rats showed that a proportion of the albumin fraction (or its fragments), but not the globulin one, was bound to the brush border enterocytes in the duodenum. Thus the incomplete enzymatic degradation of both globulin and albumin fractions as well as the albumin binding to the gut may have a bearing upon the growth depression, malabsorption and diarrhoea observed on rats fed on cowpea seeds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Changes in purified tomato pectinmethylesterase activity during thermal and high pressure treatment
Authors: Verlent Isabel , Loey Ann Van , Smout Chantal , Duvetter Thomas , Nguyen Binh Ly , Hendrickx Marc E 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe enzymatic reaction of purified tomato pectinmethylesterase on pectin was investigated during a combined high pressure/temperature treatment (0.1–600 MPa/20–65 °C) at pH 8.0 and pH 4.4. The optimal temperature for tomato pectinmethylesterase activity at atmospheric pressure is situated around 45 °C at pH 8.0, and around 35 °C at pH 4.4. At both pH 8.0 and pH 4.4, the optimal temperature shifted to higher values at elevated pressure compared with atmospheric pressure. At both pH values, the catalytic activity of tomato pectinmethylesterase was higher at elevated pressure than at atmospheric pressure, creating possibilities for rheology improvements by pressure processing. Maximal tomato pectinmethylesterase activity in the pressure–temperature domain investigated was observed at 55 °C and 300 MPa for pH 8.0 and at 57 °C and 450 MPa for pH 4.4. However, under all pressure–temperature conditions tested the catalytic activity of tomato pectinmethylesterase at pH 4.4 was much lower than at pH 8.0. The chemical de‐esterification of pectin at pH 8.0 was accelerated by increasing pressure and temperature, whereas no chemical deesterification of pectin was observed at pH 4.4. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Quadratic algebraic numbers with finite b‐adic expansion on the unit circle and their distribution
Authors: Dorfer Gerhard , Tichy Robert F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe consider elements x + y$ \sqrt {-m} $ in the imaginary quadratic number field ℚ($ \sqrt {-m} $) such that the norm x2 + my2 = 1 and both x and y have a finite b–adic expansion for an arbitrary but fixed integer base b. For m = 2, 3, 7 and 11 a full description of this set is given. Ordered by the number of digits in the b–adic expansion of the coordinates, the corresponding sequence of points on the unit circle, if infinite, is uniformly distributed. This continues work of P. Schatte who treated the case m = 1. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Axonal excitability measured by tracking twitch contraction force
Authors: Trevillion Louise , Howells James , Jankelowitz Stacey , Burke David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study addressed whether the excitability of motor axons could be documented by tracking a target submaximal contraction force rather than a target submaximal compound muscle action potential (CMAP). In 10 subjects, multiple excitability measures were recorded using the Trond protocol, tracking twitch contraction force and the CMAP in response to stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist and twitch force to stimulation at the motor point. With stimulation at the wrist, the findings were virtually identical with force tracking and CMAP tracking for indices dependent on unconditioned thresholds (stimulus–response curves; strength–duration properties) and when the conditioning stimulus was subthreshold (threshold electrotonus; current–threshold relationship). However, when the conditioning stimulus was supramaximal, as in recovery cycle studies, thresholds for the target force were lower in all subjects than for the target CMAP. There was variability between different subjects in the extent of this offset. However, force tracking can still be used to follow changes in refractoriness and supernormality when membrane potential changes during an experiment. The excitability indices differed with motor point stimulation, but it is argued that this could be due to the geographic dispersion of motor axons at the motor point in addition to or instead of differences in biophysical properties of the stimulated nodes. Thus, tracking twitch contraction force is a potentially valuable alternative to tracking the CMAP, but is more complicated and the results need to be interpreted with caution. Muscle Nerve 30: 437–443, 2004
Acute multiple cranial neuropathy: A variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome?
Authors: Lyu Rong‐Kuo , Chen Sien‐Tsong 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThree patients with acute multiple cranial neuropathy following benign infectious disease are reported. Complete or partial ophthalmoplegia, as well as facial and bulbar dysfunction, were noted in all. Cranial nerve involvement was bilateral. Other neurological deficits included sensory loss in two patients and transiently reduced tendon reflexes in the left arm in one. One patient had positive serum anti‐GQ1b immunoglobulin G antibody during the acute phase of the illness. The cerebrospinal fluid had a normal cell count in all three patients, with raised protein concentrations in two. Electrophysiological evaluation showed peripheral nerve dysfunction in two patients. All three patients improved either spontaneously or coincident with immunotherapy. Our patients had many clinical features resembling those of typical Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS), and hence their disorder may represent a regional variant, that is, a cranial form, of GBS. This form of GBS accounted for 5% of the GBS patient population in our series. Muscle Nerve 30: 433–436, 2004
Validity of three calliper‐based transrectal ultrasound methods and digital rectal examination in the estimation of prostate volume and its changes with age: The Krimpen study
Authors: Bosch J.L.H.R. , Bohnen A.M. , Groeneveld F.P. , Bernsen R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundProstate volume and its changes are important parameters in studies of the natural history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), for prediction of treatment effect and the risk of adverse outcomes. The validity of three calliper‐based transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) methods and digital rectal examination (DRE) is compared to transrectal planimetric prostate ultrasonometry.MethodsData were collected from 1,688 population‐based men aged 50–78 years. Measurements included DRE, TRUS using the planimetric method, and three different calliper‐based TRUS methods for the estimation of prostate volume. After 2.1 and 4.2 years these measurements were repeated. The agreement between these methods and the ability to discriminate between prostates with volumes above or below a certain cut‐off was analyzed. The performance of the different methods to measure changes in prostate volume with age was also studied.ResultsAll three ultrasound‐based methods showed good discrimination compared to the planimetric method. However, the agreement between planimetric volumetry and the other ultrasound methods and DRE is poor. In this study, 22.6% of the men had a real increase in prostate volume after 4.2 years, using the planimetric technique of transrectal ultrasonometry. Only a small percentage of the men (<1.5%) has a real decrease in prostate volume. The alternative measurement methods had a low predictive value for changes in prostate volume with age as measured with the planimetric method.ConclusionsCalliper‐based ultrasonometry and DRE show poor agreement with planimetric volume measurement of the prostate. Changes in prostate volume as determined by the planimetric method are poorly detected by the alternative methods. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exact evaluation of the location of the optimum torsion axis
Authors: Marino E. M. , Rossi P. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe paper addresses the issue of the evaluation of a reference axis which in multistorey buildings can play the same role as the elastic centre in one‐storey schemes. In this regard the authors propose an improvement to the procedure previously suggested by Makarios and Anastassiadis for the evaluation of the position of the optimum torsion axis. The above‐mentioned researchers based their evaluation on a parametric analysis of asymmetric frame‐wall systems and thus defined the location of the optimum torsion axis only approximately. The authors, instead, face the problem from an analytical point of view and propose mathematical expressions that rigorously define the position of the same axis. Some examples are finally reported aiming at comparing the two approaches and highlighting the improvements brought by the rigorous approach to the approximate determination of the location of the optimum torsion axis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second‐trimester uterine artery Doppler and spontaneous preterm delivery
Authors: Cobian‐Sanchez F. , Prefumo F. , Bhide A. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship between second‐trimester uterine artery (UtA) Doppler measurements and spontaneous preterm delivery.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of UtA Doppler findings at 18–23 weeks' gestation in 234 singleton pregnancies with spontaneous preterm labor and 5472 pregnancies delivered at term. Cases with fetal chromosomal or structural abnormalities, pre‐eclampsia, small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) fetuses, concurrent maternal disease, cervical cerclage or history of cone biopsy were excluded.ResultsUtA mean resistance index (RI) and number of protodiastolic notches were not significantly different in the spontaneous preterm labor group compared to the normal group. The 62 preterm deliveries not preceded by spontaneous preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) showed a significantly higher RI and prevalence of bilateral notches than cases of preterm deliveries preceded by PPROM (n = 172). However, this difference was not confirmed in a logistic regression model.ConclusionDespite pathological evidence suggesting that defective placentation is associated with spontaneous preterm delivery, second‐trimester UtA resistance, as assessed by Doppler ultrasound investigation, is not different in pregnancies subsequently complicated by preterm labor compared to pregnancies delivered at term. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasound simulators: experience with the SonoTrainer and comparative review of other training systems
Authors: Maul H. , Scharf A. , Baier P. , Wüstemann M. , Günter H. H. , Gebauer G. , Sohn C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUltrasound has become indispensable in prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasound training, however, still lacks proper quality assessment and control. Moreover, most fetal anomalies which must be diagnosed during pregnancy are extremely rare. Ultrasound simulators could provide an opportunity to overcome this dilemma. This review summarizes the potential benefits of simulator‐based ultrasound training, briefly describes the properties of a variety of ultrasound simulators that have been developed for various applications including prenatal diagnosis, and presents the SonoTrainer sonography simulation system which makes it possible to run a real‐time simulation of a complete prenatal ultrasound examination. We evaluated the system for the training of first‐ and second‐trimester screening for both normal and pathological findings and found that physicians who received theoretical training and were additionally trained with the simulator (T + S) significantly improved their skills in measurements of nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and crown–rump length (CRL) as compared with colleagues who only underwent theoretical instruction (T) [mean ± SD NT deviation: 0.31 ± 0.1 mm (T + S) vs. 0.62 ± 0.2 mm (T), P < 0.05; mean ± SD CRL deviation: 1.48 ± 2.0 mm (T + S) vs. 3.27 ± 2.5 (T), P < 0.05]. Simulator‐based training enabled physicians to diagnose rare fetal anomalies in the second trimester with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 100%. In a study in which second‐trimester scans including fetal anomalies were presented to physicians, 96% of the participants subjectively estimated their training effect as being good. We therefore conclude that simulator‐based training would provide an ideal educational tool to test, improve and monitor a physician's or technician's ultrasound skills in detecting fetal anomalies. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.