bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective enrichment of high-affinity clade II N2O-reducers in a mixed culture
Authors: Laureni Michele , Rubio Francesc Corbera , Kim DaeHyun Daniel , Browne Savanna , Roothans Nina , Weissbrodt David G , Olavaria Karel , de Jonge Nadieh , Yoon Sukhwan , Pabst Martin , van Loosdrecht Mark C M 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Microorganisms encoding for the N2O reductase (NosZ) are the only known biological sink of the potent greenhouse gas N2O, and are central to global N2O mitigation efforts. Clade II NosZ populations are of particular biotechnological interest as they usually feature high N2O affinities and often lack other denitrification genes. We focus on the yet-unresolved ecological constraints selecting for different N2O-reducers strains, and controlling the assembly of N2O-respiring communities. Two planktonic N2O-respiring mixed cultures were enriched at low dilution rates under limiting and excess dissolved N2O availability to assess the impact of substrate affinity and N2O cytotoxicity, respectively. Genome-resolved metaproteomics was used to infer the metabolism of the enriched populations. Under N2O limitation, clade II N2O-reducers fully outcompeted clade I affiliates, a scenario previously only theorized based on pure-cultures. All enriched N2O-reducers encoded and expressed the sole clade II NosZ, while also possessing other denitrification genes. Two Azonexus and Thauera genera affiliates dominated the culture, and we hypothesize their coexistence to be explained by the genome-inferred metabolic exchange of cobalamin intermediates. Under excess N2O, clade I and II populations coexisted, yet proteomic evidence suggests that clade II affiliates respired most of the N2O, de facto outcompeting clade I affiliates. The single dominant N2O-reducer (genus Azonexus) notably expressed most cobalamin biosynthesis marker genes, likely to contrast the continuous cobalamin inactivation by dissolved cytotoxic N2O concentrations (400 μM). Ultimately, our results strongly suggest the solids dilution rate to play a pivotal role in controlling the selection among NosZ clades, albeit the conditions selecting for genomes possessing the sole nosZ remain elusive. We furthermore highlight the potential significance of N2O-cobalamin interactions in shaping the composition of N2O-respiring microbiomes.
What is it like living with X-linked hypophosphataemia?: results from an Australian consumer survey
Authors: Sandy Jessica L , Ford Naomi , Bevc Sandy , Rodda Christine , Siafarikas Aris , Simm Peter , Collins Lucy , Wall Christie-Lee , Biggin Andrew , Munns Craig F 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
X-linked hypophosphataemia (XLH) is a rare, X-linked dominant condition with a high burden of both physical and psychosocial disease. This study aimed to describe the experience and burden of disease for children and adults living with XLH in Australia by inviting affected individuals and their carers to complete an online questionnaire.
Of the 46 responses, half were completed by a person with XLH, and half by carers. Thirty percent were male, 33% were aged less than 18 years. Median age at diagnosis was two years (IQR 1.5-3.0).
There was a high burden of surgical intervention: 59% reported five or more surgeries and 33% (15) had major dental procedures. Bone deformities and painful bones/joints were rated as the most impactful symptoms for both children and adults with XLH with 54% of participants rating emotional and physical burden of disease as equally impactful.
Participants reported experiencing many psychosocial and financial challenges, including mental health disorders (including depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm), discrimination, and social isolation.
Seventy percent reported it was difficult or very difficult living with XLH. Over 80% percent strongly agreed that lack of XLH awareness impacts on support services and health funding and agreed or strongly agreed that it is hard living with a condition that most Australians have never heard of.
XLH imparts a high physical, emotional, psychosocial, and mental toll on affected individuals. While the most impactful reported symptoms were musculoskeletal features, this survey emphasises the degree of social and psychological challenges that individuals with XLH face. Some of these difficulties appear to be worsened by a lack of awareness. Patient advocacy and improving knowledge of rare diseases such as XLH is a key role of health professionals and should improve overall experience for affected individuals.
Ethos of Power in Competition Law Enforcement in Labour Markets
Authors: Karlsson Haukur Logi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Monopsony power over the purchase of labour, which is used as a factor in the production of consumer products, will usually not be detected as a harmful concentration within a competition law enforcement paradigm that emphasizes consumer welfare. This problem is integral to the economics-based welfare approach to competition law enforcement. By focusing on specific economic results as a benchmark for enforcement priorities, using partial equilibrium analysis as an analytical method, the enforcement effort risks being blindsided by variables that are not being analysed. Expanding the partial equilibrium analysis to include additional variables, or by attempting a general equilibrium analysis, makes the practical task of competition law enforcement impossibly complicated. In this paper, an alternative approach to rationalize competition law enforcement in the context of labour markets is theorized. Instead of using the currently orthodox welfare-centred approach, an argument for viewing competition law in deontological terms as a means for defusing power is advanced. It is argued that by viewing competition enforcement as a tool for regulating power in the marketplace, a special complementary role could be defined for competition enforcement in labour markets. This approach is inspired by the German ordoliberal project and Galbraith’s concept of countervailing power.
Single frontotemporal approach for microsurgical clipping of bilateral ophthalmic artery aneurysms: a case report
Authors: Sanchez-Orbegoso Orlando , Bocanegra-Becerra Jhon E , Rabanal-Palacios Jorge , Yaya-Loo Hector 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Bilateral ophthalmic aneurysms represent a distinct niche of brain aneurysms located in a complex skull base region. When considering surgical treatment, a single-stage approach is often advantageous to minimize operative time, tissue manipulation, and damage to neural and vascular structures compared to a two-stage surgery. Nonetheless, this procedure is not exempt from risks, given that thorough knowledge, preoperative and intraoperative judgment can be necessary to reduce the significant risk of bilateral vision loss. Thus, a tailored approach often is needed. In this study, we present the case of a 53-year-old female who was diagnosed with bilateral ophthalmic aneurysms during the work-up for chronic headaches. Because of the growth pattern and imminent risk of rupture, she underwent elective microsurgical treatment. A frontotemporal approach ipsilateral to the most lobulated aneurysm was performed. Both aneurysms were successfully clipped in a single craniotomy. Her postoperative imaging demonstrated adequate clipping and an uneventful clinical course. Our case outlines the feasibility of a single approach and contributes to the tailored selection for patients when considering microsurgical treatment for these complex lesions.
Breach of Contract: An Overview
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines transnational generic contract law principles of remedial relief. Not all contracts run their intended course, and a breach will most likely result in damages to at least one party. The intention of the law is to secure the bargain, but this security is only as good as the ability of courts and tribunals to award appropriate remedies in cases of breach of contract. The ability to award damages is an important economic function, and it is not surprising to find laws regulating the awarding of damages in a variety of legal documents. Indeed, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) has recognized that the awarding of damages is an important, if not the most important, remedy and structured its remedial system in such a way that damages can always be claimed irrespective of any other claims.
Breach of Contract: The CISG
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter details the remedial provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The CISG has two articles, namely Articles 45 and 61, which provide an overview of the remedies available to the buyer or the seller in the event of a breach. Article 45(2) for the buyer and Article 61(2) for the seller make it clear that damages provide the most important and all-embracing remedy, as both the buyer and seller never lose the right to damages even if they choose another remedy. In addition, parties to a sale are relieved of liability for a breach of contract only by Article 79, which indicates that only an impediment beyond the control of the party will excuse non-performance. The CISG allows for three broad categories of remedies: specific performance, avoidance, and substitutionary relief.
Limitation on Claims within Article 74
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks at the limitations on the right to claim damages under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). A breach of a contract within the CISG does not give unlimited access to damages. Thus, it must be stressed that principles limiting damages must be found within the four corners of the CISG and there should be no recourse to domestic principles. Three limiting factors need to be considered: the foreseeability rule contained in Article 74; a duty to mitigate damages by the promisee pursuant to Article 77; and the exemption from paying damages for those breaches that are due to an impediment beyond the control of the breaching party pursuant to Article 79.
Calculation of Losses under Article 74
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how losses pursuant to Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) are to be calculated. Article 74 clearly stipulates that the plaintiff can claim only losses that have been suffered as a consequence of the breach. Losses are divided or categorized into direct losses, incidental losses, consequential losses, and loss of profit. Article 74 does not specifically mention a concrete calculation and therefore does not directly disallow an abstract one either. However, the tone of the article certainly suggests that losses, in order to be proven, should be calculated on a concrete basis. Arguably, a hypothetical or abstract calculation can be accepted if both parties agree to it, but any unilateral suggestion of an abstract nature appears to be rejected by the courts.
Special Damages: Interest Rates
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter assesses the right to claim interest under Article 78 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). The advantage of relying on Article 78 is obviously the fact that losses do not need to be proven and that the limitation of Article 79 also does not apply. The problem is that Article 78 may not provide full compensation, but a claim pursuant to Article 78 may still be the fastest and cheapest way to get an award. In summary, Article 78 is to be understood in two ways. First, the interest rate issue is not governed by the convention, and therefore the conflict of laws rules will determine the applicable domestic law. Second, it appears that the majority of courts follow this suggestion; in other words, jurisprudence supports the view that the rate of interest has to be set via domestic law.
Attorneys’ Fees
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter shows that attorneys’ fees arguably can be defined as substantive and also a procedural matter, and hence are either included under Article 74 or not. Article 74, in the spirit of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), contains no direct reference to individual classes of losses except loss of profit. The answer to whether attorneys’ fees were intended to be included in the sphere of the provision lies in the application of the general principles on which the CISG relies. Great care must be taken to distinguish between court costs and legal fees if any autonomous interpretation of Article 74 is to be developed. Even so, tribunals and courts throughout the CISG realm do not agree on this matter. This is demonstrated by comparing cases from different jurisdictions.
Penalty Clauses and the CISG
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the issue of penalty clauses is within the mandate of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) or falls under the exception of Article 4. Whether penalty clauses are governed by the CISG is still a controversial issue and hence unresolved. The issue is that in civil law, the court has discretion to either enforce a penalty clause or moderate it, when in common law, a penalty clause is unenforceable. The added difficulty of the CISG is the fact that it was constructed as a compromise between the civil and common law systems. As a result, differences between the two systems will, in some cases, present different solutions. As far as the CISG is concerned the main argument either for or against an inclusion of penalty clauses revolves around the interpretation of Articles 4 and 74.
Exemptions
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter studies the effects of unforeseen circumstances on a contract. The approach to changed circumstances varies from country to country, and there is simply no uniformity in approach. The classic concepts of force majeure and hardship are the basis on which attempts have been made to solve the problem of non-performance of a contract. Generally speaking, the aim of force majeure is to settle a contract through either suspension or termination of obligations. However, termination of a contract is always the last resort. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) attempts to keep the contract alive as long as is practicably possible. Article 79 indicates that a settlement of the dispute and hence a continuation of contractual obligations is possible. Only in cases where the impediment falls under Articles 49 and 25 can the contract be avoided.
The Doctrine of Anticipatory Repudiation
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) governs anticipatory repudiation of a contract. Under the CISG, anticipatory breach does not pose any problems but is different from the common law position. The differences are in the application and in the terminology. A party under the CISG can resolve a potential unease whether the other party will perform in a two-step approach unlike under common law where repudiation is the only approach. Importantly, the CISG governs two situations. First, a party can suspend its own performance once it suspects that the other party will not perform. Secondly, the innocent party can avoid the contract without having to wait until the contract is actually breached, thereby allowing the applicability of the principles of fundamental breach.
Conclusion and Observations
Authors: Zeller Bruno 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that two important factors need to be taken into account at a time when the pace of globalization and internationalization of trade has quickened. First, an understanding of the problems of devising and implementing uniform and harmonized laws is necessary. Second, existing international conventions, such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), that offer practical solutions to harmonization must be recognized and adopted by the legal profession when drafting international contracts. Ultimately, unification of laws will depend on internationalization and respect for other systems’ decisions. As such, the uniform European laws must be replaced by uniform international laws as trade spans international borders.
Evaluating predictors of ocular complications and mortality in candidemia: Are repeat blood cultures key?
Authors: Iqbal Hamail , Nikolic Dejan , Foppiano Palacios Carlo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Candidemia can lead to ocular complications, including endophthalmitis and chorioretinitis. Management of candidemia traditionally included ophthalmic exams. However, due to concerns regarding the utility of performing ophthalmic exams in all patients, there is a need for prognostic factors suggestive of ocular complications. We sought to evaluate if positive follow-up blood cultures (FUBC) are associated with ocular involvement in candidemia.
We conducted a single-center, retrospective review of candidemia cases at an academic medical center (2017–2022). Data on demographics, risk factors, ophthalmic exams, eye infection, and mortality outcomes were collected. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ2 tests, and multivariate logistic regression.
A total of 238 episodes of candidemia among 199 patients were included. FUBC were obtained for 97% of cases and were positive in 35%. Ophthalmic exams were performed in 82% of cases and identified 10 endophthalmitis and 11 chorioretinitis cases. There was no significant association between positive FUBC and endophthalmitis or chorioretinitis. Ocular infections were associated with presence of any visual symptom (P &lt; .001), Candida albicans (P = .02), C. dubliniensis (P = .003), and length of antifungal regimen (P = .007). Hospital mortality was associated with age (P &lt; .001), C. lusitaniae (P = .056), acquisition of FUBC (P = .03), completion of an ophthalmic exam (P = .046), vasopressor use (P &lt; .001), and length of antifungal regimen (P = .009).
While positive FUBC did not correlate with ocular candidiasis, specific Candida species were associated with endophthalmitis and chorioretinitis. C. lusitaniae infections, acquisition of FUBC, and ophthalmic exam were predictors of hospital mortality. Other indications for ophthalmic evaluations and further identification of mortality risk factors need to be investigated.
Establishing an accurate infrared band strength for the cyanate ion in interstellar ices
Authors: Gerakines Perry A , Materese Christopher K , Hudson Reggie L 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
A prominent infrared (IR) spectral feature near 2165 cm−1 (λ = 4.62 $\mu$m) in interstellar ices has been attributed to the cyanate ion (OCN−) for almost 40 yr, but firm, first-principles solid-phase IR data for quantifying IR-astronomical observations of OCN− in a H2O-rich amorphous ice have never been published. Here we report the first laboratory study that delivers such an IR band strength for OCN− that is reproducible and free of ambiguous uncertainties concerning ice density, thickness, and temperature, providing new quantitative results for both observational and laboratory astronomers. Additional results include the first robust measurements of IR band strengths of isocyanic acid (HNCO), ammonia (NH3), and the ammonium ion (NH4+) in H2O-rich ice.
Context-specific inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes by phenicol and oxazolidinone antibiotics
Authors: Bibel Brianna , Raskar Tushar , Couvillion Mary , Lee Muhoon , Kleinman Jordan I , Takeuchi-Tomita Nono , Churchman L Stirling , Fraser James S , Fujimori Danica Galonić 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The antibiotics chloramphenicol (CHL) and oxazolidinones, including linezolid (LZD), are known to inhibit mitochondrial translation. This can result in serious, potentially deadly, side effects when used therapeutically. Although the mechanism by which CHL and LZD inhibit bacterial ribosomes has been elucidated in detail, their mechanism of action against mitochondrial ribosomes has yet to be explored. CHL and oxazolidinones bind to the ribosomal peptidyl transfer center (PTC) of the bacterial ribosome and prevent incorporation of incoming amino acids under specific sequence contexts, causing ribosomes to stall only at certain sequences. Through mitoribosome profiling, we show that inhibition of mitochondrial ribosomes is similarly context-specific—CHL and LZD lead to mitoribosome stalling primarily when there is an alanine, serine, or threonine in the penultimate position of the nascent peptide chain. We further validate context-specific stalling through in vitro translation assays. A high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of LZD bound to the PTC of the human mitoribosome shows extensive similarity to the mode of bacterial inhibition and also suggests potential avenues for altering selectivity. Our findings could help inform the rational development of future, less mitotoxic, antibiotics, which are critically needed in the current era of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Site-specific free energy surface parameters from single-molecule fluorescence measurements of exciton-coupled (iCy3)2 dimer probes positioned at DNA replication fork junctions
Authors: Maurer Jack , Albrecht Claire S , von Hippel Peter H , Marcus Andrew H 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Single-stranded–double-stranded DNA (ss–dsDNA) replication forks and primer-template junctions are important recognition sites for the assembly and function of proteins involved in DNA replication, recombination, and repair. DNA ‘breathing’ – i.e. thermally induced local fluctuations of the sugar-phosphate backbones and bases – can populate metastable conformational macrostates at positions near such junctions and likely play key roles in the functional interactions of the regulatory proteins that bind at these sites. Recently, Maurer et al. [1] performed polarization-sweep single-molecule fluorescence (PS-SMF) studies on exciton-coupled (iCy3)2 dimer-labeled ss–dsDNA fork constructs, which revealed that the nucleobases and backbones immediately adjacent to the dimer probes undergo conformational fluctuations on time scales ranging from hundreds of microseconds to hundreds of milliseconds. The local conformations sensed by the dimer probes consist of four quasi-stable macrostates whose populations and dynamics depend on dimer probe position relative to these junctions. Here we present theoretical analyses of these PS-SMF data that quantify the relative stabilities and activation barriers of the free energy surfaces of site-specific DNA ‘breathing’ events at key positions within these junctions. Our results suggest a detailed molecular picture for DNA ‘breathing’ at these positions, thus providing insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms of the proteins that operate at these sites.