bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE STRUCTURE OF B. ANTHRACIS AND REVERSAL OF THE GRAM REACTION
Authors: Churchman John W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The addition of small amounts of aqueous gentian violet, acriflavine, or acriviolet to suspensions of young cultures of B. anthracis reverses their Gram reaction, and diminishes their diameter about 40 per cent.
2. The time required for these changes varies with the strain of B. anthracis examined.
3. These changes are accompanied by a loss of weight.
4. Ninhydrin-positive substances are demonstrable in the filtrate from suspensions of B. anthracis to which dyes have been added.
5. Similar changes are produced by these dyes in many, but not in all, of the sporogenic aerobes.
6. Non-spore bearers are for the most part unaffected in these ways by the dyes, although to this statement there are a number of exceptions.
7. The change in size produced by the dyes is demonstrable in hanging drop specimens as well as in stained smears, but not with equal constancy.
8. Partial decolorizations of B. anthracis are described, which are produced by modifications of the Burke technic in which time of exposure to dye is shortened and time of exposure to decolorizer lengthened.
9. The explanation for these phenomena which accords with all the known facts is that they depend on the existence in B. anthracis of a Gram-positive cortex and a Gram-negative medulla. Positive proof of the correctness of this explanation must await the evidence furnished by cross-sections of bacteria.
FURTHER STUDIES CONCERNING THE FILTRABLE VIRUS PRESENT IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLANDS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kuttner Ann G. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the guinea pig virus localizes in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs following subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, or intravenous injection of active material, and that the specific lesion is demonstrable in the glands in 12 to 15 days. When an active infection of the gland has been produced in this way, the guinea pigs are refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus.
2. No lesion develops in the submaxillary glands of young guinea pigs injected subcutaneously with guinea pig virus which has been inactivated by heat. Young guinea pigs which have received injections of heat-killed virus do not become refractory to intracerebral inoculation of the virus.
3. When young guinea pigs from which both submaxillary glands have been removed are injected subcutaneously with active virus, the virus localizes in the parotid gland, and the animals become refractory to intracerebral inoculation.
4. It has been impossible to demonstrate virucidal properties in the sera of adult guinea pigs which have become spontaneously infected with the virus, or in the sera of young guinea pigs which have been artificially rendered refractory to intracerebral inoculation.
5. It has been possible to transmit the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig continuously in series through seven animals by direct inoculation from submaxillary gland to submaxillary gland.
6. The fact that the virus regularly localizes in the submaxillary glands following subcutaneous inoculation has been utilized in passing the virus from guinea pig to guinea pig. 2 weeks after the subcutaneous inoculation of the virus into young guinea pigs, the active agent was present in the submaxillary glands. Emulsions of the submaxillary glands of these animals were then used for the subcutaneous injection of another group of young guinea pigs. In this way the virus was transmitted continuously from skin to submaxillary gland through a series of seven animals.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji 
Published: June 2004

1. Distilled water dialyzes through the collodion tube and causes hemolysis. Clotting of the hemolyzed blood in the collodion tube occurs later.
2. Bile salts accelerate the appearance and development of white thrombi in the heparinized animal. The masses of white thrombi are very loose, soft, fragile and easily broken into clumps of platelets. They are poor in fibrin or the fibrin is abnormal, since they have less retractility than those obtained from the use of physiologic sodium chloride solution or calcium chloride or serum. Despite the increase in number and size of white thrombi, normal clotting does not occur.
3. When the collodion tube is surrounded by 1 or 2 per cent d-glucose solution, tiny and numerous white thrombi appear as radiating figures. The masses of white thrombi are rather loose and fragile. The clotting time of the heparinized blood does not appear to be shortened.
4. When a 1 to 2 per cent solution of calcium chloride is used as the dialyzing fluid outside the collodion tube, or when it is injected into the circulation, the formation of white thrombi is accelerated. They grow very rapidly. In spite of the action of heparin, the white thrombi formed are not so fragile as when bile salts are placed outside of the collodion tube. Fibrin seems to form easily. Obstruction of venous cannula takes place speedily and if the clots in the cannula are not removed, the white thrombi in the collodion tube remain small and become red by sedimentation of red cells.
5. Intravenous use of 10 per cent solution of magnesium sulfate without heparin retards the coagulation of circulating blood and permits the blood to flow through the extracorporeal loop from three to four times as long as normal. The formation of white thrombi, as well as red, is retarded. Magnesium sulfate (1 per cent) in physiologic sodium chloride solution placed outside the collodion tube markedly retards the formation of white and red thrombi in the heparinized animal. Magnesium sulfate (10 per cent), 50 mg. for each kilo of body weight each hour, administered intravascularly in the heparinized animal definitely prevents the first stages of thrombosis, and consequently prevents clotting.
6. It is possible by the combined use of adequate amounts of magnesium sulfate and of heparin intravenously to prevent all stages of thrombus formation for from 1 to 3 hours.
CHANGES IN THE PERCENTAGE OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING SECTION OF THE SYMPATHETIC AND VAGUS NERVES
Authors: Berg Benjamin N. , Hess Alfred F. , Sherman Elizabeth 
Published: June 2004

When a splanchnic nerve or the celiac plexus was severed a definite fall in serum calcium resulted, the level falling to 6 mg. per cent and remaining low for 1 or 2 weeks. Tetany, however, did not develop. The inorganic phosphate was slightly altered.
On the other hand, when the vagi nerves were severed, the serum calcium rose.
The equilibrium of both calcium and phosphorus was rendered less stable by the division of the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nerves.
RECENT STUDIES ON METHODS OF ISOLATING A BACTERIOPHAGE FOR BACILLUS DIPHTHERIÆ
Authors: Klosterman Julius A. , Small Kathryn W. 
Published: June 2004

Of the attempts to isolate an antidiphtheria phage (1) from stools collected daily during the course of a case of the disease, (2) from a 33 day old broth culture of B. diphtheriæ, (3) from intestinal contents and peritoneal washings of guinea pigs inoculated with three different toxic strains of B. diphtheriæ, none yielded an antidiphtheria phage. However of eleven specimens of feces collected from eleven antitoxin horses one was found to contain a bacteriophage active against B. diphtheriæ. This phage was not observed in the first generation and did not show up until transferred the second time. Had the results of the first transfer been regarded as final in all certainty the existence of a phage would not have been recognized. Two additional specimens of feces from the positive horse (No. 156) were later tested to determine whether this bacteriophage was continually present in the intestinal tract of this animal. Both of these feces filtrates failed to yield a phage. Later a sample of freshly collected blood serum from the same horse was tested and found not to contain a phage.
The antidiphtheria phage was tested against eighteen non-diphtheria strains of microorganisms to determine whether it would show lytic activity for related or unrelated bacteria. There was no evidence of lysis in any of these types. The specificity of this phage was also tested on nine strains of B. diphtheriæ and found to be active on three heterologous strains (Strain M 1314, Strain F and Strain G). These incidentally were all recently isolated. It failed to lyse the remaining six strains of which five were recently isolated.
B. diphtheriæ Strain M 1314 was used in combination with nine heterologous bacteriophages isolated from various sources, to determine if any of these phages would by chance lyse this culture. The results were all negative.
To date this phage fails to show complete lysis although the twenty-second generation has a titer of 1 x 10–9.
Additional proposed experiments involving this phage are being planned and will be undertaken in the near future.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

A minute, pleomorphic, motile, Gram-negative bacterium has been isolated from two specimens of nodular tissue from human verruga. In films and sections of the original tissues the organism in question is difficult to distinguish from Bartonella bacilliformis, with which it was associated, and even in pure culture it has a number of properties in common with that parasite. No sugars are fermented by it, it is an obligate aerobe, the optimum temperature for its growth is 25°C., and it has two to four spiral flagella attached to one end of the body. It is, however, readily cultivated on any ordinary culture medium. Broth cultures contain much mucin, but no hydrogen sulfide is formed. Coagulated serum is liquefied by its growth, and the red corpuscles in a blood agar plate are hemolyzed.
Rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, and mice develop acute, fatal septicemia as a result of intravenous or intratesticular inoculation of young cultures. The liver is characteristically affected and shows a general parenchymatous degeneration and necrosis; the entire gastrointestinal tract is intensely congested, and numerous hemorrhagic areas are present; the spleen, dark and soft, is rarely much enlarged; the kidneys are swollen and congested; the adrenals are much swollen and intensely red; the lungs are sometimes congested but otherwise normal. In the case of intratesticular inoculation the scrotum and testicle both undergo rapid gangrene. In monkeys no septicemia has been observed, but a violent local reaction—swelling, congestion, sometimes necrosis—follows intradermal inoculation.
Since no microorganism corresponding in character with this one has previously been described, it is regarded as a new species, and because of its presence in material obtained from Peru it has been given the name Bacterium peruvianum. The significance of the association of B. peruvianum with Bartonella bacilliformis deserves further investigation; it is not impossible that the two organisms are introduced into the human body by the same blood-sucking insect.
ON PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM BACILLUS TYPHOSUS AND BACILLUS PARATYPHOSUS B
Authors: Furth J. , Landsteiner K. 
Published: June 2004

Attempts to confirm certain statements that ether-soluble specific substances can be obtained from B. typhosus have lead to negative results.
Two serologically active protein substances and another that was non-protein have been separated from B. typhosus. The first two are not resistant to tryptic digestion or to treatment with alkaline hypochlorite solution whereas the third resists both. One of the proteins could be extracted with 75 per cent alcohol.
Specific precipitable substances reacting like the non-protein substance of B. typhosus and containing large amounts of carbohydrates have been prepared from B. paratyphosus B, B. enteritidis, and Proteus HX19 and OX19. Observations on the serological behaviour of these preparations are described.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon 
Published: June 2004

The guinea pig is subject to cerebral and corneal inoculation of the herpes virus.
The effects of the inoculations vary with the strength or degree of virulence of the virus.
Weak strains of the virus are implanted on the cerebrum with difficulty and strong strains with ease.
Weak strains are quickly suppressed by the brain and strong strains may be passed indefinitely from brain to brain of the guinea pig. Strains of intermediate potency can be passed for a limited number of times only.
Weak strains induce keratoconjunctivitis without brain involvement, while strong strains invade the brain from the eye and produce fatal encephalitis. In the latter case, the brain contains active virus inoculable upon the cornea and into the brain of rabbits and guinea pigs. Strains of intermediate potency produce keratoconjunctivitis accompanied by mild symptoms of encephalitis, from which recovery results.
The guinea pig serves even more definitely than the rabbit to distinguish grades of virus according to strength or virulence. There is no difference of kind but only of degree of response to inoculation of herpes virus in the rabbit and the guinea pig.
The etiology of epidemic encephalitis has not, therefore, been brought appreciably nearer solution by experiments with herpes virus carried out in guinea pigs.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon 
Published: June 2004

In this paper, three strains of the herpes virus have been dealt with. The H.F. II strain was obtained from the subject H.F. 4 years after the H.F. I strain was secured. H.F. is a victim of recurrent herpes. If the subject is also a chronic carrier of the herpes virus, then it is not one, but two or more strains which are persistently carried. The H.F. II strain is of mitigated pathogenic action for the rabbit, as compared with the H.F. I strain; it is to be classed as dermatotropic rather than neurotropic. And yet, in the subject there was no indication that the attack of herpes provoked was different from the other attacks associated with the H.F. I virus.
The other two herpes strains derive their interest from the fact that they came also from persons who suffer from repeated attacks of labial herpes. One strain proved highly neurotropic, resembling in this respect the H.F. I strain; the other was hardly neurotropic at all, but was none the less definitely dermatotropic. It may be possible at a later date to secure other samples of virus from these individuals for comparison. The dermatotropic F. strain penetrates to the central nervous system far more readily and certainly from the skin than from corneal surfaces.
The recovered inoculated rabbits showed only relative protection to reinoculation of the herpes virus. A notable difference appeared in the degree of protection acquired, on the one hand by the cornea and on the other by the brain. While the one was partial, the other was complete. The complete resistance of the brain was shown (a) by the complete failure of the intracerebral inoculation, and (b) by the absence of circling movements following corneal inoculation.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Hydrochloric acid extracts of Streptococcus hæmolyticus contain type-specific, as well as non-type-specific, substances. The precipitates formed by these crude extracts with homologous antibacterial serum are flocculent, while those obtained with heterologous serum are usually disc-like.
2. The type-specific substance may be detected by the use of anti-bacterial sera absorbed with heterologous strains of hemolytic streptococci. Such absorbed sera are type-specific: they are precipitated only by extracts of strains of the homologous type.
3. Any heterologous strain of hemolytic streptococcus absorbs the antibodies for all other heterologous strains, but homologous strains absorb type-specific antibodies as well. Numerous repeated absorptions with heterologous hemolytic streptococci tend to lower the titer of the type-specific antibody. A possible explanation of this fact is suggested.
4. Three strains did not yield a type-specific substance; and it seems probable that they had lost this function because of long continued cultivation in artificial media.
5. Classification based on the precipitin test with absorbed serum agrees with that previously determined by agglutination and protection tests. The method is, therefore, applicable to the problem of classification of the hemolytic streptococci.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The course is considered of a second type of Salmonella infection naturally appearing in a guinea pig population during the endemic stage of an earlier outbreak. After a quiescent period of 5 months the percentage mortality increased abruptly; fluctuated, with a second rise during the 9th month; and then declined. With the exception of a high rate during the 2nd month the percentage mortality from the initial infection tended to remain on a low level.
The spread of infection in the cages of the breeding stock is recorded from the time of the first fatal case. There was a slow but general dissemination of the second organism through the group. Fatal cases were confirmed solely to the sows. It is suggested that a lowered individual resistance occuring during pregnancy might be associated with the regular cage spread and with the apparent difference in susceptibility of the sexes.
Natural host resistance, virulence of the organisms and acquired host resistance are discussed from the standpoint of their bearing on the unequal distribution of deaths from the two infections.
THE EFFECT OF DIGESTS OF PURE PROTEINS ON CELL PROLIFERATION
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. The pepsin hydrolytic products of the pure proteins, crystalline egg albumin, crystalline edestin, and purified fibrin, are utilized by fibroblasts for their proliferation. It appears, therefore, that the growth of fibroblasts in fibrin digests and in the proteose of Witte's peptone is due to the split products of the protein itself and not to accompanying cellular constituents or other impurities. Preliminary denaturation of the protein, as carried out in these experiments, does not alter the nutritive properties of the digest.
2. The digests of the pure proteins employed are deficient in certain substances and do not meet the entire nutritive requirement of the cells for an unlimited period of time. Some supplementary nutritive substances are present in fresh embryonic heart tissue. This circumstance explains the growth of fibroblasts from fresh embryonic heart in digests which do not promote the growth of a pure strain of fibroblasts.
3. Glycocoll and nucleic acid have been found to supplement the nutritive action of pure protein digests for sarcomatous fibroblasts, and to increase greatly the length of life of the tissues.
4. Vegetable proteins, as well as animal proteins, yield proteolytic products which promote the multiplication of fibroblasts.
ON THE RÔLE OF CARBOHYDRATE HAPTENS IN BACTERIAL ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Tomcsik Joseph , Kurotchkin T. J. 
Published: June 2004

1. In passively sensitized animals bacterial anaphylaxis has been produced, in vivo and in vitro, with haptens from B. lactis aerogenes, the pneumobacillus, and a yeast.
2. The smallest amount of hapten causing fatal anaphylaxis is less than the minimal amount of protein which will cause death in properly sensitized animals.
3. The haptens used were largely carbohydrates, and gave none of the protein reactions, but since they did contain a small amount of nitrogen we cannot yet assert positively that carbohydrate alone will produce shock.
4. Since haptens will not sensitize animals we must conclude that the anaphylactogenic and shock-producing parts of the antigen are not identical.
5. These experiments provide further evidence of the close relationship of precipitins to anaphylaxis.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

The chemical and immunological characteristics of the type-specific substance (M) of Streptococcus hæmolyticus are considered.
1. A summary of the evidence for the protein nature of this substance follows:
(a) It is precipiated by the usual protein precipitants such as, dilute alcohol, dilute acetic acid, and picric acid.
(b) It contains 14 per cent protein nitrogen after considerable purification.
(c) It is progressively destroyed by removal of the NH2 group by treatment with nitrous acid.
(d) It is completely and readily digested by trypsin and by pepsin.
2. "Purified" extracts react in relatively high dilution with homologous antibacterial sera, but do not precipitate most heterologous antibacterial sera or sera potent in non-type-specific antibodies for the group reactive nucleoprotein P or for the species-specific probable carbohydrate C. Attempts to immunize rabbits with the type-specific protein have been unsuccessful, with simple salt solution extracts of streptococci as well as with purified solutions. This protein seems, therefore, to have the characteristics of a haptene.
The type-specific substance (M) is contrasted with the so called nucleoprotein (P) which shows group relationships with nucleoproteins of related species and is the only fraction of hemolytic streptococcus extracts so far obtained which, after separation from the bacterial cell, is a true antigen leading to antibody production when injected into rabbits.
The occurrence of another non-type-specific protein (Y) is suggested by occasional cross-reactions of purified M with certain antibacterial sera. Since it has not been separated from extracts containing the type-specific M, little is known of it either chemically or serologically. The cross-reaction disappears on tryptic or peptic digestion of the extract. The fact that such extracts do not show cross-reactions with anti-P sera is evidence that this non-type-specific protein is not P.
THE PRODUCTION OF SKIN NECROSIS BY CERTAIN AUTOLYSATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS (TYPES I AND II)
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain pneumococcus autolysates produce necrosis when injected into the skin of guinea pigs.
2. The necrosis-producing principle can be filtered through a Berkefeld N filter, is extremely thermolabile, and is very sensitive to oxidation.
3. The necrotizing poison can be separated from the pneumococcus hemotoxin by adsorption with red cells. This removes the hemotoxin and leaves the necrosis-producing principle unaffected.
4. The necrotizing substances obtained from Pneumococcus Types I and II are neutralized by the antiserum prepared with Pneumococcus I.
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which was studied the effect of a concomitant infection, vaccinia, upon the syphilitic reaction of rabbits. Vaccine virus was inoculated intracutaneously on the side of the body at the time of intratesticular inoculation with Treponema pallidum.
The results showed clearly that the vaccination caused a profound disturbance in the syphilitic reaction, the ensuing syphilis being extremely severe. From an analysis of various features of the reaction, it appeared that the factor of host resistance was primarily concerned in the effects observed.