bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future Developments
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reviews methods for collecting, storing, modelling, visualising, and interacting with environmental data. Many of these methods arc non traditional, because of the multidimensional nature of the data. Environmental data are being increasingly derived from new sources of static and dynamic two- and three-dimensional imagery and other multimedia data such as sound. It is also shown that the Internet is influencing the development of some of those methods and resulting tools. These, benefiting from the Internet protocols and standards, are becoming interoperable components that can be assembled for environmental problem solving.
Aural Awareness
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional aural training is heavily biased towards the perception and identification of pitch and rhythm. But George Pratt argues in this book that in these days of CDs and cassette recorders much of this area of the subject can best be worked on alone. He demonstrates how, by tailoring tasks to individual needs, every student can make some encouraging progess in these aspects of music. But this also makes time available for developing the perception of other musical elements just as significant yet often neglected because of their more abstract and qualitative nature--elements such as timbre, texture and density; compass, range, and tessitura; dynamics and articulation; ordering music in structures and placing it in space. The chapters on these areas break new ground. They demonstrate how these `elements’, once perceived and analysed, are incorporated into the skills which musicians need--to notate sound quality accurately, to read or `image’ the implications of notation beyond though including pitch and rhythm; to play and sing by ear; to improvise and to memorize, not only ‘right notes’ but the subtle qualities and nuances which bind them into coherent music. This book was first published by Open University Press, and at that stage was primarily addressed to groups of music students and their teachers, in universities, colleges, conservatoires, and sixth forms. But, by a happy accident of timing, George Pratt was then invited to be a member of the National Curriculum Music Working Group, and many of the ideas here, in particular the identification and codification of musical ‘elements’, were fed into their thinking. The present book has been substantially revised to take account of what are now the statutory requirements of the National Curriculum in Music. Much of the material in it is either already accessible for pupils in the earlier years at school or is easily adapted by imaginative teachers. In addition, every section leads towards open-ended `do-it-yourself’ exercises and experiments which can be used by individuals. This follows the pattern established in Professor Pratt’s The Dynamics of Harmony: Principles and Practice (OUP, 1996), and is designed to encourage open-ended exploration generated by musicians’s individual needs and enthusiasms. This freedom to adapt exercises includes using them in any musical context. Timbre is as important to a rock group as to a classical orchestra playing on period instruments; performing by ear and from memory are as essential for handing down the un-notated music of some non-Western traditions as for a concert soloist; everyone who owns a CD can enhance their enjoyment of it by recognising the artistry and technical skills which have created it. So the book encourages self-reliance and the confidence to begin to discover for oneself music of any age, of any culture.
Aural synthesis
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have identified a selection of elements of musical expression. By concentrating on them one at a time we may begin to see the influences at work to give a piece of music its unique character. But it is not enough merely to observe that a selection of elements is occurring: we need in addition to become aware of the effect of that occurrence. Furthermore, musical character depends not on individual elements alone but on the ways in which they interact. The aesthetic experience of music requires more than simply an objective recognition of its constituent parts.
Imaging
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two ways of ‘reading’ music. One is to see its symbols and react mentally and physically to them straight on to an instrument. The other is to convert the symbols into imagined sound, inside your head. The first of these ways is perfectly valid and in fact, for almost everyone, is the more reliable means of discovering the pitches involved in melody and harmony. There are very few musicians who can pick up a score and imagine it accurately. Those with ‘perfect pitch’ may get close to ‘hearing’ this pitch element but for many there is little more than a general sense of metrical and rhythmic flow at a first silent ‘reading’.
Playing from memory
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the benefits of improvising ( Chapter 11) is that it frees us from the written score. Instead of peering at symbols on a page, all our attention can be on the musical sound we are creating. In some situations, eyes can encourage ears to listen-following a score during the performance of a record can stop our minds wandering away from the music, seeing performers moving, watching the ‘body language’ of members of a chamber ensemble reacting to one another or an orchestra responding to a conductor, all can keep our ears focused on the sounds they are making. But in other circumstances, seeing can fog listening. Try an experiment: fix your eyes on something near you-the dial of your watch, say-and concentrate hard on it.
Analytic geometry
Authors: Scarani Valerio , Thew Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter consists of problems involving geometrical concepts and objects, but whose solution requires ideas from other branches of mathematics: algebra, inequalities, induction, and so on. One nice trick that sometimes works very well is to rewrite the geometry problem in terms of vectors in order to use the laws of vector arithmetic. Here is an example of this.
NGOs as Gatekeepers: A Green Vision
Authors: Long Tony , Lorinczi Larisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Union (EU) is a highly complex political setting and the public affairs function for NGOs and other lobbying organizations is becoming equally complex as it seeks to mirror the institutions and processes with which it interacts. A central feature of the EU-lobbying system is that it is essentially a multi-arena, multi-level decision-making system, in which all actors necessarily participate in a complex series of what Tsebelis termed ‘nested games’ (Tsebelis 1990). Depending on the subject matter, decision-making powers are distributed between Community institutions in different ways. This adds up to a highly complex system of governance and a high degree of functional segmentation.
The Changing World of European Health Lobbies
Authors: Greer Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health seems like an unlikely candidate for Europeanization. It is at the core of the welfare state, vitally important to member states and their politicians, and consequently long protected from European Union (EU) policy. EU treaties have only weak and tightly delimited health policy competencies, reflecting member states’ unwillingness to countenance EU (or any outside) intervention in health. The interest group ecology is also tightly bound to states, no matter how international the conference circuit. Even in countries with little or no corporatism, such as the United Kingdom, there is a great deal of ‘private interest government’ in health (Streeck and Schmitter 1985; Salter 2004). In such tightly drawn policy sectors, Europeanization of interests and policy-making might be a dramatic shock for policy-makers, and a dramatic case study of theories of European politics and integration for the scholars.
A Ban on Tobacco Advertising: The Role of Interest Groups
Authors: Boessen Sandra , Maarse Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the launch of the Europe against Cancer (EAC) programme in 1987, various tobacco control measures have been introduced: the ban on tobacco advertising on television (89/552/EEC), two directives on tobacco labelling (89/622/EEC and 92/41/EEC), the directive on tar maximums for cigarettes (90/239/EEC), and three directives on minimum tax levels for tobacco products (92/12/EEC, 92/79/EEC, and 95/59/EEC) (Duina and Kurzer 2004). The ban on tobacco advertising, prohibiting any form of communication, printed, written, oral, by radio, television and cinema, was without any doubt the most contentious one (Mossialos and Permanand 2000: 66–8). Its adoption in 1998 followed after almost ten years of negotiations (see Boessen and Maarse 2008).
Periodic Solutions; Averaging Methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider an equation of the form x εh(x, x) x 0 where ε is small. Such an equation is in a sense close to the simple harmonic equation x x 0, whose phase diagram consists of circles centred on the origin. It should be possible to take advantage of this fact to construct approximate solutions: the phase paths will be nearly circular for ε small enough. However, the original equation will not, in general, have a centre at the origin. The approximate and the exact solutions may differ only by a little over a single cycle, but the difference may prevent the paths from closing; apart from exceptional paths, which are limit cycles. The phase diagram will generally consist of slowly changing spirals and, possibly, limit cycles, all being close to circular. We show several methods for estimating the radii of limit cycles and for detecting a centre.
The Existence Of Periodic Solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that the phase diagram for a differential equation contains a single, unstable equilibrium point and a limit cycle surrounding it, as in the case of the van der Pol equation. Then in practice all initial states lead to the periodic oscillation represented by the limit cycle. In such cases the limit cycle, is the principal feature of the system from the practical point of view, and it is desirable to be able to decide with certainty whether it is there or not. Hitherto our attitude to this question has been intuitive; we assemble qualitative evidence supporting the existence of a limit cycle, from energy considerations or geometrical arguments, then attempt to estimate the radius by the methods of Chapters 4, 5, and 7, a definite result being taken as further
Controllers
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you are playing a card game, for money. There are four decks of cards face down on the table in front of you. You pick up cards in turn from whichever deck you want. Every time you do so, you get a cash sum. Sometimes, though, depending on the card you pick, you also have to pay a fine. The fine can be larger than the reward, so on the draws where you pay a fine, you will end up worse off than before. Over time, you begin to notice that the reward for drawing a card from either of the left-hand two decks, call them A and B, is always $100, whereas the reward for drawing cards from decks C and D, the right-hand two, is only ever $50. This makes A and B look pretty attractive.
Lie–Poisson reduction
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having obtained the Lie–Poisson equations, the next question is: are these equations Hamiltonian? We will see in the following sections that they are Hamiltonian, with respect to a bracket on g∗ called the Lie–Poisson bracket.
Introducing mathematics, building an empire: Russia under Peter I
Authors: Gouzévitch Irina , Gouzévitch Dmitri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European mathematics first appeared in Russia at the beginning of the eighteenth century as a result of the modernizing reforms implemented by Peter I, who reigned from 1695 to 1725. Within a quarter of a century Russia was transformed from a country with a traditional and medieval culture to a modern European-style state, with a new capital built on reclaimed lands and a navy dominating the Baltic Sea. In this new empire, mathematics was used in civil and military construction projects and taught in new educational establishments.
Nonparametric Function Estimation Using Overcomplete Dictionaries
Authors: Clyde Merlise A , Wolpert Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider the problem of estimating an unknown function based on noisy data using nonparametric regression. One approach to this estimation problem is to represent the function in a series expansion using a linear combination of basis functions. Overcomplete dictionaries provide a larger, but redundant collection of generating elements than a basis, however, coefficients in the expansion are no longer unique. Despite the non-uniqueness, this has the potential to lead to sparser representations by using fewer non-zero coefficients. Compound Poisson random fields and their generalization to Lévy random fields are ideally suited for construction of priors on functions using these overcomplete representations for the general nonparametric regression problem, and provide a natural limiting generalization of priors for the finite dimensional version of the regression problem. While expressions for posterior modes or posterior distributions of quantities of interest are not available in closed form, the prior construction using Lévy random fields permits tractable posterior simulation via a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Efficient computation is possible because updates based on adding/deleting or updating single dictionary elements bypass the need to invert large matrices. Furthermore, because dictionary elements are only computed as needed, memory requirements scale linearly with the sample size. In comparison with other methods, the Lévy random field priors provide excellent performance in terms of both mean squared error and coverage for out-of-sample predictions.
Objective Bayesian Analysis of Multiple Changepoints for Linear Models
Authors: Girón F Javier , Moreno Elías , Casella George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the detection of multiple changepoints for independent but non identically distributed observations, which are assumed to be modeled by a linear regression with normal errors. The problem has a natural formulation as a model selection problem and the main difficulty for computing model posterior probabilities is that neither the reference priors nor any form of empirical Bayes factors based on real training samples can be employed.We propose an analysis based on the intrinsic priors, which do not require real training samples and provide a feasible and sensible solution. For the case of changes in the regression coefficients very simple formulas for the prospective and the retrospective detection of changepoints are found.
Nested Sampling for Bayesian Computations
Authors: Skilling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nested sampling is a simple and general algorithm for directly computing the evidence Z (aka marginal likelihood) in multi-dimensional inference. It yields a Bayesian probability distribution Pr(Z) from which a central estimate and its uncertainty follow. Samples from the posterior distribution are available as a by-product with no extra computation. The method works by sampling proportionally to the prior, though constrained within a ‘nested’ sequence of progressively-higher likelihood contours. Exploration depends only on the shape of these contours and not on the associated values, so that nested sampling is invariant to monotonic re-labelling of likelihood. Thus, in multiphase applications, nested sampling bridges between different phases in a way denied to any thermal method, promising considerable extra scope. Although presented here in a Bayesian context, nested sampling is equally applicable to numerical integration of general positive functions in many dimensions.
Objective Bayesian Analysis for the Multivariate Normal Model
Authors: Sun Dongchu , Berger James O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Objective Bayesian inference for the multivariate normal distribution is illustrated, using different types of formal objective priors (Jeffreys, invariant, reference and matching), different modes of inference (Bayesian and frequentist), and different criteria involved in selecting optimal objective priors (ease of computation, frequentist performance, marginalization paradoxes, and decision-theoretic evaluation).In the course of the investigation of the bivariate normal model in Berger and Sun (2006), a variety of surprising results were found, including the availability of objective priors that yield exact frequentist inferences for many functions of the bivariate normal parameters, such as the correlation coefficient. Certain of these results are generalized to the multivariate normal situation.
Estimation of Faraday Rotation Measures of the Near Galactic Sky, Using Gaussian Process Models*
Authors: Short Margaret B , Higdon David M , Kronberg Philipp P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our primary goal is to obtain a smoothed summary estimate of the magnetic field generated in and near to the Milky Way by using Faraday rotation measures (RM’s). Each RM in our data set provides an integrated measure of the effect of the magnetic field along the entire line of sight to an extragalactic radio source. The ability to estimate the magnetic field generated locally by our galaxy and its environs will help astronomers distinguish local versus distant properties of the universe. The RM data are collected over locations in the galactic sky that correspond to locations on the unit sphere. In order to model such data, we employ a Bayesian process convolution approach which uses Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) for estimation and prediction. Complications arise due to contamination in the RM measurements, and we resolve these by means of a mixture prior on the errors.
A Hidden Markov Dirichlet Process Model for Genetic Recombination in Open Ancestral Space*
Authors: Xing E P , Sohn K-A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a new statistical framework called hidden Markov Dirichlet process (HMDP) to jointly model the genetic recombinations among possibly infinite number of founders and the coalescence-with-mutation events in the resulting genealogies. The HMDP posits that a haplotype of genetic markers is generated by a sequence of recombination events that select an ancestor for each locus from an unbounded set of founders according to a 1st-order Markov transition process. Conjoining this process with a mutation model, our method accommodates both between-lineage recombination and withinlineage sequence variations, and leads to a compact and natural interpretation of the population structure and inheritance process. An efficient sampling algorithm based on a two-level nested Pólya urn scheme was also developed.
Hyperbolic equations
Authors: Rendall Alan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to hyperbolic equations. The topic is of central importance in general relativity since the Einstein evolution equations are themselves essentially hyperbolic as are the equations of motion of many of the matter fields frequently used. The qualification ‘essentially’ is explained in Chapter 9. As a starting point consider once again the system (7.1). There is no definition of the concept ‘hyperbolic’ which is as simple and general as that of the concept ‘elliptic’. Nevertheless the machinery introduced in the elliptic case is also useful in discussing what ‘hyperbolic’ means.
The Cauchy problem for the Einstein equations
Authors: Rendall Alan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the general theory of hyperbolic equations is applied to the Einstein-matter system. In order not to have to confront different difficulties simultaneously the discussion in the first two sections is limited to the vacuum case. The third section describes how matter can be incorporated. Consider the Einstein vacuum equations. It has already been emphasized in previous sections that the principal part of the system, i.e. that containing the highest order derivatives, is of central importance.
The Accession of the Czech Republic to the EU
Authors: Telicka Pavel , Bartak Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most particular, unique, and incomparable eras of Czech history was that during which the Republic first prepared for accession negotiations with the EU, and, later, carried out those negotiations to their ultimate success. Only a few years after the fall of the communist regime and, later, the division of Czechoslovakia, the government and Parliament voluntarily open themselves to the scrutiny of fifteen other European states and their watchdog, the European Commission. Of course, there was an overwhelming willingness to do so; it was widely understood as both a necessity and a healthy exercise for the new democracy. However, at the same time, it was psychologically difficult to become a pupil in the European classroom.
Management of invasive terrestrial plants
Authors: Holt Jodie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management of terrestrial plants is based on principles common to management of all organisms, regardless of the type or identity. In practice, however, plants possess features that necessitate unique approaches and tools for management. As sessile organisms that are rooted to the ground, plants possess adaptations, or evolved traits, that result in survival and reproduction in particular environments. Tremendous genetic variation occurs among terrestrial plants and in addition, most plants possess plasticity, or the ability to change growth and form in response to environmental factors.
Management of invasive invertebrates: lessons from the management of an invasive alien ant
Authors: Green Peter T , O’Dowd Dennis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the literature on management of invasive species, heuristic models that outline and integrate management processes across the entire spectrum of invasion, from pre-border risk assessment and surveillance to operational control and monitoring of established populations, are now commonplace (e.g. Wittenberg and Cock 2001; Wotton and Hewitt 2004; Hulme 2006; Lodge et al. 2006). Generic frameworks for rapid response to a biological invader typically follow a sequence from detection, to assessment, then action, and monitoring (Fig. 11.1).
Management of terrestrial vertebrate pests
Authors: Parkes John P , Nugent Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective policies to ensure funds are allocated to the species and places of highest priority, and that the appropriate people fund the control—either those who cause the problem, if they can be identified, but more often those who benefit should pay. Appropriate long-term policies and funding mechanisms are particularly critical if sustained control is the management strategy being applied to the invasive species (Gibb and Williams 1994).
Mirror neurons in humans
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado , Anderson Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a short step from the discovery of mirror neurons in the monkey to the idea that a similar system might exist in the human brain. As often happens (and not only in neurophysiology), discoveries pave the way to a re-reading and re-interpretation of data already present in the literature and this was the case with mirror neurons. Evidence (albeit indirect evidence) supporting the presence of a mechanism which we now interpret as a mirror mechanism was found in EEG (electroencephalography) studies conducted in the early 1950s on the reactivity of cerebral rhythms while observing movement.