bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of microorganisms and of stress on the chick's requirement for pantothenic acid
Authors: Latymer Eva A. , Coates Marie E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The responses of germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks to suboptimal amounts of dietary calcium pantothenate (CaPa) were compared. At the lower levels of supplementation the signs of deficiency were more severe in the CV chicks.2. Calculations based on mean body-weibts of chicksgiven graded dietary supplements of calcium pantothenate (CaPa) in both environments showed that, to achieve the same body-weight and freedom from signs of deficiency, the GF birds required only approximately two-thirds the amount of CaPa as was needed by corresponding CV birds.3. Increasing the dietary supplement of CaPa resulted in increased contents of PaA in the livers. GF birds had more PaA per liver than their CV counterparts. In both instances the effect was due to the larger liver size. Concentration of PaA in the liver was not al€ected by dietary supplement nor by the environment.4. CV birds were deemed to be under greater stress than GF birds because their adrenal glands were heavier and contained less cholesterol.5. CV chicks deliberately stressed by injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone had heavier adrenals with lower cholesterol contents than unstressed controls, but the condition was not altered by increasing the dietary supply of CaPa.
Vitamin and mineral nutrition in chronic alcoholocs including patients nwith Korsakoff's psychosis
Authors: Devgun M. S. , Fiabane Anna , Paterson C. R. , Zarembski P. , Guthrie Anne 
Published: September 2005

1. A group of 129 patients with chronic alcoholism were assessed for their nutritional status with respect to certain minerals and vitamins, and compared with control subjects.2. In all subjects the plasma values were normal for calcium, magnesium and zinc.3. As in other studies a seasonal variation was found in the plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the control subjects and the alcoholic subjects; in all seasons lower levels were found in the alcoholics than in the controls, but none of the alcoholic patients had results in the range found in osteomalacia.4. The alcoholic subjects had low levels of ascorbic acid both in the plasma and in the leucocytes.5. Although vitamin A and β-carotene levels were within the reference range, the results in alcoholics were found to be lower than in the control subjects.6. We suggest that subclinical vitamin deficiencies other than thiamine deficiency contribute to the cerebral impairment frequently found in alcoholism.
Breast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women
Authors: Prentice Ann , Prentice A. M. , Whitehead R. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Long-term variations in breast-milk fat concentration of mothers feeding on demand were studied in 120 rural West African women over a 12-month period.2. The over-all mean 12 h breast-milk fat concentration was 39.3 g/l.3. Mean breast-milk fat concentrations were affected by season in a manner which was correlated with seasonal changes in maternal subcutaneous fat stores (P> 0.05) but which was unrelated to seasonal variations in maternal energy intake and breast-milk output.4. Breast-milk fat concentrations were highest in early lactation, decreasing to a constant level during the first year.5. There was significantly greater between-mother than within-mother variation in breast-milk fat concentrations measured in successive months, after correcting for season and stage of lactation (P> 0.001).6. Breast-milk fat concentrations were highest for primiparous mothers, decreasing to a constant level at parity 4 and higher.7. A mother's relative breast-milk fat concentration was not correlated with her levels of dietary energy intake and breast-milk output but was positively correlated with her relative subcutaneous fat deposits (P> 0.01).
Effects of the antibiotic monensin and an inhibitor of methanogenesis on in vitro continuous rumen fermentations
Authors: Stanier G. , Davies A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of a methane inhibitor, ICI 111075, and a propionate enhancer, monensin, were studied using in vitro continuous fermenters.2. Both compounds increased the yield of substrate energy, carbon and hydrogen in volatile fatty acids (VFA). This was mainly due to an increase in the molar proportion of propionic acid.3. Improved yields of VFA were accompanied by reductions in methane production and microbial yield.4. Since published information showed that monensin reduced rumen dilution rate in vivo an analogous in vitro system was proposed in which a high dilution rate control fermenter was compared with a monensin treated fermenter set to run at a low dilution rate.5.Results showed that the general intrinsic microbial activity of the chemical manipulators was not affected by changes in dilution rate. Changing dilution rate in addition to chemical treatment however resulted in substantial modifications in the net effect on the fermentation.6. The practical implications of reducing rumen dilution rate as a side effect of chemically manipulating the rumen fermentation could involve changes in food intake, increased importance of secondary fermentations and a reduced effect of nutrients not degraded in the rumen.
Superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1), manganese and the effect of ethanol in adult and foetal rats
Authors: Dreosti I. E. , Manuel Susan J. , Buckley R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1; SOD) was increased in the livers and kidneys of adult rats after exposure to aqueous ethanol (200 ml/l) for 32 weeks.2. The concentration of Mn in the livers and kidneys was significantly higher after 24 weeks, and by 32 weeks liver copper and zinc levels were lower.3. The activity of foetal (day 19) liver superoxide dismutase was appreciably higher in offspring from dams receiving ethanol during pregnancy. Quantitatively the response appeared to be almost entirely due to the Mn-SOD form of the enzyme.4. Maternal alcoholism during pregnancy had no effect on the levels of Cu, Mn or Zn in foetal (day 19) livers.
Food additives and food components in total diets in The Netherlands
Authors: Van Dokkum W. , De Vos R. H. , Cloughley Frances A. , Hulshof Karin F. A. M. , Dukel F. , Wijsman J. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. During a period of 2 years, every 2 months 126 different food items forming a 'market basket' were purchased, prepared and divided into twelve food commodity groups. The 'market basket' was based on a study of the dietary pattern of 16- to 18-year-old male adolescents. In the (homogenized) food groups various additives and components of nutritional importance were determined. From the concentrations of the additives and components in the food groups and the daily consumption of each food group, a mean daily intake of all components analysed was calculated.2. The mean daily amounts of benzoic acid (34 mg), sorbic acid (6 mg), glutamic acid (66 mg) and sulphite (3 mg) were all far below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) value. Butylated hydroxytoluene and gallates were not detectabte, while bulylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) was found in only a few instances; the maximum amount of BHA was also very iow (4 mg).3. The mean daily intakes of fluorine (0.8 mg), iodine (0.21 mg), phosphorus (1860 mg) and α-tocopherol (9.4 mg) seem safe and adequate. Cholesterol intakes of 25% above the maximum of 300 mg/d, as advised by the Dutch Bureau for Nutriiion Education, were found. The mean fat intake appeared to be 40% of total daily energy, protein content 13% of total energy and total (available) carbohydrate 46% of total energy. The daily dietary fibre content (18 g) and the daily amount of linoleic + Iinolenic acid (6% of total energy) were considered too low. The daily level of sodium (4.2 g) was not considered too high.4. It is recommended that the study should be repeated regularly, e.g. every few years, in order to monitor trends in the concentrations of significant food components in total diets.
Behavioural responses of young anaemic Indian Children to iron-folic acid supplements
Authors: Seshadri Subadra , Hirode Kalpana , Naik Pallavi , Malhotra Swati 
Published: September 2005

1. Behavioural responses of young anaemic Indian children to iron-folic acid supplements were assessed in two separate studies using the Indian adaptation of Wechsler's (1967) intelligence scale for children (WISC).2. The first study was an exploratory study in which the cognitive behaviour of 5–8-year-old children of both sexes was assessed before and after supplementation with 20 mg elemental Fe and 0.1 mg folic acid given daily for a period of 60 d.3. The supplemented children showed a significant improvement in haemoglobin (Hb) as well as the WISC scores while the control children who did not receive any supplements failed to show an improvement either in Hb or in the WISC scores. However, within the supplemented group when the initially-anaemic children were compared with the inttially-non-anaemic ones, only the 7-year-old anaemic children performed significantly poorer in the tests than the non-anaemic group of the same age. The study raised the possibility that in addition to increasing the blood Hb levels, Fe-folic acid supplements may have additional benefits in improving the cognitive performance of children.4. In the second study, cognitive behaviour of fourteen matched pairs of anaemic children in the age-range of 5–6 years was assessed before and after supplementation with 40 mg Fe and 0.2 mg folic acid given daily in two divided doses or sugar placebos for a period of 60 d. The tester did not know the group to which each child belonged.5. The supplemented children showed a significant improvement in Hb as well as in the verbal and performance IQ of WISC. The control children showed no improvement in Hb but their verbal IQ improved significantly. However, there was no significant improvement in their performance IQ.6. The results indicated that Fe-folic acid supplements to anaemic children not only raised Hb levels but also improved intelligence test results, particularly in the performance section.
Trace element intakes of women
Authors: Gibson Rosalind S. , Scythes Cindy A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Energy, protein, zinc, copper, manganese, selenium and dietary fibre intakes of 100 pre-menopausal women (mean age 30·0 ± 6·1 years) from a university community, and consuming self-selected diets, were calculated using 3 d dietary records and food composition values. Subjects also collected a 24 h food composite during the 3 d record period for analysis of Zn, Cu and Mn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Daily analysed intakes were compared with those calculated from the corresponding record day.2. Mean daily calculated intakes of energy, protein, Zn, Cu, Mn, Se and dietary fibre were 7·54 ± 1·61 MJ, 74 ± 18 g protein, 10·1 ± 3·3 mg Zn. l·9 ± 0·6 mg Cu, 3·1 ± 1·5 mg Mn, 131 ± 53 μg Se, 19·4 ± 6·6 g dietary fibre.3. Major food sources for each of the trace elements were (%): Zn meat + substitutes 43, dairy products 23·7; Cu breads and cereals 22, vegetables 21; Mn breads and cereals 47, fruits 12; Se meat + substitutes 38, breads and cereals 30.4. Highly significant correlations (P= 0·001) were noted for analysed intakes of Zn, Cu and Mn and those calculated from the corresponding record day. Mean calculated intakes were higher (%): Zn 138, Cu 142, Mn 121, than corresponding mean analysed intakes (P= 0·01). However, the mean nutrient densities (mg/MJ) were comparable: Zn analysed 1·2, calculated 1·4; Cu analysed 0·2, calculated 0·2; Mn analysed 0·4, calculated 0·4.5. All subjects met the Canadian Dietary Standard (CDS) recommended level for Cu but 48% received less than the CDS for Zn, 6% obtaining less than two-thirds of this recommended level. Daily Mn and Se intakes were similar to recent values for North American diets.
Glycosyl ureides in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Merry R. J. , Smith R. H. , McAllan A. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The fate of glucosyl urea (GU), lactosyl urea (LU) and corresponding mixtures of the free sugars and urea and their degradation products were examined during in vitro incubation of the compounds with rumen contents taken from donor sheep and steers at various stages of adaptation to these compounds.2. The sugar–urea bond was virtually unattacked in rumen contents from unadapted sheep and steers but generally a slow release of the galactose moiety occurred. After feeding LU or GU to animals for a period of approximately 10 d, the rates of disappearance of both bound urea and sugar had increased, but were still markedly slower than those of the corresponding free sugars and urea. In vitro rates of degradation of both free lactose and urea also increased in response to the feeding of lactose and urea to rumen contentdonor animals.3. Ammonia accumulation in rument contents when GU or LU were the substrates was notably lower than when equivalent amounts of glucose and urea or lactose and urea were the substrates.4. Bacterial growth was estimated using an vitro method based on incorporation of32P into bacterial nucleic acids. Markedly different patterns of bacterial growth were observed depending on whether LU or lactose and urea were the substrates.
Glycosyl ureides in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Merry R. J. , Smith R. H. , McAllan A. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Steers and sheep were given basal diets of barley and straw (1:1. w/w), usually containing urea, which for certain experimental periods were supplemented with pure glucosyl urea (GU), pure lactosyl urea (LU) or a product prepared from whey concentrate (EW) which contained 65–80% of the lactose in the form of LU.2. On the morning of an experiment ureide (or EW) was omitted from the feed and a dose of either ureide (or EW) or equivalent amounts of free lactose and urea (L+U) was added to the rumen within 30 min of feeding, together in some experiments with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid-phase marker. Samples of rumen contents, and in some experiments abomasai contents, were taken at intervals for up to 8 h.3. For both steers and sheep given GU and LU for the first time (unadapted animals) there was little or no accumulation of ammonia in the rumen or cleavage of the sugar-urea bond. Galactose was. however, slowly liberated from LU.4. For steers and sheep which had been given GU, LU or EW for approximately 7–10 d or more (adapted animals) some accumulation of ammonia occurred after adding GU or LU to the rumen, but for LU it occurred less rapidly and to a lower peak concentration than when L + U was added. In adapted animals cleavage of the sugar-urea bond in LU was virtually complete in 2–4 h. Degradation of the components of L + U was virtually complete within 1 h.5. Recovery at the abomasum of ureide (present either as GU or LU) estimated from ureide: PEG values, appeared to be complete in experiments with unadapted sheep given a dose of EW. In adapted sheep only very small amounts of ureide in an EW dose (on average 6%) entered the abomasum undegraded. Amounts lost in this way appeared to be positively correlated with the rate of fluid turnover in the rumen.
Acetate metabolism in lactating sheep
Authors: Pethick D. W. , Lindsay D. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The metabolism of acetate, glucose and D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate was studied in lactating and non lactating sheep in vivo. Special consideration was given to the utilization by hind-limb muscle in both groups of sheep and the uptake of nutrients by the lactating mammary gland was also measured.2. The entry of acetate into the circulation (mmol/h per kg body-weight) was similar in all experimental animals at a given arterial concentration of acetate. However, normal lactation was associated with a reduced extraction of acetate by muscle and the 'spared' acetate was comparable with that removed by the udder. Feeding lactating ewes a 700 g concentrate/kg ration tended to prevent this redistribution of acetate utilization.3. The muscle of non-lactating ewes utilized sufficient glucose, when corrected for lactate release, to account for 57% of the oxygen utilization by muscle. In lactation this fell to 32%, largely because of an increased lactate production. D(−)-3-Hydroxybutyrate utilization by muscle accounted for 16–17% of the O2 consumed by the muscle in non-lactating and lactating sheep.4. Lactating mammary gland metabolism in sheep was similar to published values for dairy cows and goals. Thus the extraction (%) of glucose, O2, acetate and D(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate was 25, 28, 62 and 53 respectively. Blood flow was 529 ml/min per kg udder and the ratio blood flow: milk flow was 475. Glucose used by the udder relative to the whole animal utilization rate may be less in sheep than in cows and goats, but the comparable proportion for acetate is as large or larger than in these species.
The effect of varying the amount of linseed oil supplementation on rumen metabolism in sheep
Authors: Ikwuegbu O. A. , Sutton J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of three levels of linseed oil (LSO) supplementation of a basal diet on rumen digestion and flow of nutrients to the proximal duodenum of three mature sheep provided with permanent rumen and duodenal re-entrant cannulas were studied.2. A basal diet of 200 g hay and 400 g concentrates daily, providing approximately 7.0 MJ digestible energy and 13 g N/d, was given alone or with supplements of 13, 26 or 40 ml LSO/d in two equal portions at 06.00 and 18.00 hours. The flow of duodenal digesta was measured by spot-sampling using chromic oxide paper as the marker. Bacterial protein synthesis (BPS) was measured by the diaminopimelic acid technique.3. Addition of LSO reduced the digestion of energy and organic matter, particularly acid-detergent fibre, in the stomach. Digestion in the intestines increased but at the higher levels of supplementation this failed to compensate completely for the reduction in rumen digestion. Total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected but molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were decreased by approximately 18 and 61% respectively while the molar proportion of propionate was increased twofold by the highest concentration of oil. The higher concentrations of LSO virtually eliminated protozoa from the rumen.4. The second increment of LSO (26 ml/d) produced the highest duodenal flow of total N and bacterial N and the highest efficiency of BPS. The highest concentration of oil (40 ml/d) was without effect. Rumen and duodenal ammonia concentrations and plasma urea concentrations tended to be reduced by the higher concentrations of LSO.5. It is argued that the results support suggestions made elsewhere that free oils reduce the efficiency of BPS but that they also reduce the numbers of protozoa which can cause an increase in the efficiency of BPS. The net effect of free oil supplementation on BPS is thus likely to be variable and difficult to predict.
A comparison of methods for the estimation of microbial nitrogen in duodenal digesta of sheep
Authors: Siddons R. C. , Beever D. E. , Nolan J. V. 
Published: September 2005

1. Six sheep, each fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum, were given two diets (600 g dry matter (DM)/d) consisting of either grass silage (32·1 g nitrogen/kg DM) or dried grass (18·3 g N/kg DM). A net loss of N occurred between mouth and duodenum with the silage diet, indicating extensive ruminal degradation of dietary N, compared with a net gain on the dried-grass diet. Consequently, despite higher N intakes when silage was given, N flow at the duodenum was similar for both diets.2. The proportion of microbial N in duodenal digesta N was estimated using diaminopimelic acid (DAPA), [35S]methionine (35S),15N-enriched non-ammonia-N (15NAN) and amino acid profiles (AAP) as microbial markers. Isotopic labelling of rumen micro-organisms was achieved by intraruminal infusions of Na235SO4and (15NH4)2SO4.3. A comparison of all methods was made based on the marker concentrations in microbial fractions isolated by differential centrifuagation of strained rumen contents. With both diets, DAPA gave the highest estimates and AAP the lowest. Estimates based on35S and15NAN were intermediate and did not differ significantly (P> 0·05).4. For the15NAN,35S and AAP methods, the effect of site of sampling of the microbial fraction, i.e. from rumen contents or duodenal digesta, was examined and in all instances mean estimates based on duodenally-derived microbes were higher. However, the differences were significant for only15NAN with both diets (P< 0·001), for35S with the dried grass (P< 0·05), and for AAP with the silage (P< 0·05). Estimates based on duodenally-derived microbes were higher (P< 0·05) using15NAN than those obtained using35S with both diets.5. Depending on the method used for estimating microbial N, estimates of the efficieny ofmicrobial N synthesis in the rumen (g microbial N flow at duodenum/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen) ranged between 16 and 38 for the silage diet and 10 and46 for the dried grass diet. Similarly, estimates of feed N degradability in the rumen ranged between 0·62 and 0·97 for the silage and 0·00 and 0·93 for the dried grass.
Dynamics of protozoa in the rumen of sheep
Authors: Leng R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Protozoa were labelled by incubating 100 ml rumen fluid with [14C]choline for 1 h. The protozoa were concentrated by centrifugation and then washed with rumen fluid. This reduced residual14C in the fluid medium to insignificant amounts whilestill retaining the viability of the labelled protozoa. Washing procedures using formal saline (40 g formaldehyde/1 saline (9 g sodium chloride/1)) and saline were developed to isolate protozoa for estimation of specific radioactivity.2. The protozoal pool in freshly-collected rumen fluid incubated in vitro retained 90%of the radioactivity for up to 6 h following addition of14C-I a belled protozoa produced as indicated previously. The specific radioactivity of protozoa did not change during the incubation period.3. Protozoa labelled with [14C]choline and then stored until they died rapidly lost14C to methane when they were incubated in rumen fluid or were injected into the rumen. Some [14C]choline was salvaged under these conditions by the live protozoa present as they apparently incorporated up to 13% of the label from the dead protozoa. However, protozoal debris from the injected solution could also have been present in the isolated protozoa.4. The in vitro results suggested that the protozoal preparations were viable, and that the incorporated choline did not have a turnover in excess of the turnover of nitrogen (i.e. specific radioactivity remained constant with time in vitro) suggesting that the dilution of specific radioactivity of protozoa following mixing of a14C-labelled dose of protozoa represented the rate of irreversible loss and also replacement of protozoa in the rumen.5.14C-labelled protozoa had a half-life in the rumen which was greater than that of rumen fluid and in six animals the protozoal replacement rate was l-4·l mg N/min.6. Losses of14C from labelled protozoa in the rumen in methane or via abomasal digesta were 65 and 35% respectively.7. The results suggest that protozoal growth may be as high as 32% of the total microbial protein synthesis in the rumen but that 65% of the protozoa die and are degraded in the rumen.