bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender in the boss–subordinate relationship: a Nigerian study
Authors: Adebayo D. O. , Udegbe I. B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe present study examines the interaction effect of gender of both subordinates and supervisors on subordinates' perception of differentiation of boss–subordinate relationship in an African setting. Data was collected from a total of 60 boss–subordinate dyads in four‐sex combinations obtained through a survey of a large five‐star hotel in Abuja, Nigeria. Results revealed that subordinates in opposite‐sex dyads perceived better quality of exchange than those in same‐sex dyads. The strongest quality of exchange was perceived in male boss–female subordinate dyad, while the weakest was perceived in female boss–female subordinate dyad. This emphasizes the importance of gender in the differentiation of boss–subordinate relationships in an African setting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human S15a expression is upregulated by hepatitis B virus X protein
Authors: Lian Zhaorui , Liu Jie , Li Li , Li Xianxing , Tufan N. Lale Satiroglu , Wu Meng‐Chao , Wang Hong‐Yang , Arbuthnot Patrick , Kew Michael , Feitelson Mark A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe hepatitis B virus (HBV)–encoded X antigen (HBxAg) may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the upregulated expression of selected cellular genes. To identify these genes, RNAs isolated from HBxAg‐positive and ‐negative HepG2 cells were compared by PCR select cDNA subtraction. One gene overexpressed in HBxAg‐positive cells by Northern and Western blotting is the ribosomal protein S15a. The S15a mRNA is 535 base pairs, encoding a protein 130 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 14.3 kDa. S15a expression was upregulated in HBV‐infected livers, where it costained with HBxAg. Overexpression of S15a stimulated cell growth, colony formation in soft agar, and tumor formation in SCID mice. Hence, HBxAg upregulated the expression of S15a, the latter of which participates in the development of HCC, perhaps by altering the integrity of translation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P#: a concurrent Prolog for the .NET framework
Authors: Cook Jonathan J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe discuss P#, our implementation of a tool that allows interoperation between a concurrent superset of the Prolog programming language and C#. This enables Prolog to be used as a native implementation language for Microsoft's .NET platform. P# compiles a linear logic extension of Prolog to C# source code. We can thus create C# objects from Prolog and use C#'s graphical, networking and other libraries. We add language constructs on the Prolog side that allow concurrent Prolog code to be written. A primitive predicate is provided that evaluates a Prolog structure on a newly forked thread. Communication between threads is based on the unification of variables contained in such a structure. It is also possible for threads to communicate through a globally accessible table. All of the new features are available to the programmer through new built‐in Prolog predicates. We discuss two software engineering tools implemented using P#. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supramolecular Assembling of Complex Tellurium Salts: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of {Cs[PhTeCl4]·CH3OH} and Cs[PhTeBr4]
Authors: Schulz Lang Ernesto , de Oliveira Gelson Manzoni , Fernandes Jr. Ramão Marceli , Vázquez–López Ezequiel M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe direct reaction between PhTeCl3 and CsCl in methanol affords {Cs[PhTeCl4]·CH3OH}. Cs[PhTeBr4] was prepared by refluxing [2‐Br‐C5NH5][PhTeBr4] and CsCl in ethanol in the presence of an excess of HBr. In {Cs[PhTeCl4]·CH3OH} the [PhTeCl4]— units form dimers by secondary Te···Cl bonds with methanol molecules bridging adjacent Cs+ cations. In both compounds, the alkali metal cation interacts secondarily with the chlorine and bromine Te‐ligands, achieving singular coordination polyhedrons and holding the lattices in supramolecular tridimensional assemblies. The new complexes, {Cs[PhTeCl4]·CH3OH} and Cs[PhTeBr4], crystallize in the space groups P21/c and P21/n, respectively. Only one such structure has been reported before.
Complementary and alternative medicine in breast cancer patients
Authors: NAHLEH ZEINA , TABBARA IMAD A. 
Published: April 2004

Objective: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is becoming increasingly popular among cancer patients, in particular those with breast cancer. It represents one of the fastest growing treatment modalities in the United States. Therefore, knowledge of CAM therapies is becoming necessary for physicians and other health care providers. CAM encompasses a wide range of modalities including special diet and nutrition, mind–body approaches, and traditional Chinese medicine.Methods:We reviewed the biomedical literature on CAM use in breast cancer patients, using Medline search from 1975 until 2002. In addition, consensus reports and books on CAM and breast cancer were included in the review. We evaluated the prevalence of CAM use in breast cancer patients, the reasons cited for its use, the different available modalities, and the reported outcomes.Results:Use of CAM in breast cancer patients ranges between 48% and 70% in the United States. The most commonly used CAM modalities include dietary supplements, mind–body approaches, and acupuncture. The reasons cited for using CAM were to boost the immune system, improve the quality of life, prevent recurrence of cancer, provide control over life, and treat breast cancer and the side effects of treatment. Several studies reported favorable results including improved survival, better pain control, reduced anxiety, improvement in coping strategies and significant efficacy in treating nausea and vomiting. Other less well-organized trials have reported either no benefit or negative effect of CAM and potential toxicity of some commercial products.Significance of results: CAM is a growing field in health care and particularly among breast cancer patients. Knowledge of CAM by physicians, especially oncologists, is necessary. Oncologists should be willing to discuss the role of CAM with their patients and encourage patients to participate in well-organized research about CAM.
Oregon hospice nurses and social workers' assessment of
physician progress in palliative care over the past 5 years
Authors: GOY ELIZABETH R. , JACKSON ANN , HARVATH THERESA A. , MILLER LOIS L. , DELORIT MOLLY A. , GANZINI LINDA 
Published: April 2004

Background: The 1997 enactment of the Oregon Death with
Dignity Act intensified interest in improving physician education and
skills in caring for patients at the end of life.Objective: To obtain hospice nurse and social workers'
collateral ratings of efforts made by Oregon physicians to improve
their palliative care skills over the previous 5 years.Design: A descriptive survey of nurses and social workers
from all 50 Oregon outpatient hospice agencies.Measurement and Results: Oregon hospice nurse (N =
185) and social worker (N = 52) respondents, who had worked in
hospice for at least 5 years, rated changes they observed over the past
5 years in physicians' approach to caring for their hospice
clients. Six characteristics, including willingness to refer patients
to hospice, willingness to prescribe sufficient pain medications,
knowledge about using pain medications in hospice patients, interest in
caring for hospice patients, competence in caring for hospice patients,
and fearfulness of prescribing sufficient opioid medications were
evaluated. Positive changes were endorsed by the majority of
respondents on all but the scale measuring fearfulness of prescribing
opioid medications; on the latter, 47% of nurses rated doctors as less
fearful, whereas 53% rated them as about the same or more fearful than
they were 5 years earlier.Conclusions: Most respondents rated Oregon physicians as
showing improvements in knowledge and willingness to refer and care for
hospice patients.
Smoking Behavior and Perceived Stress in Cigarette Smokers Undergoing Elective Surgery
Authors: Warner David O. , Patten Christi A. , Ames Steven C. , Offord Kenneth , Schroeder Darrell 
Published: April 2004

Background
The forced abstinence from cigarettes accompanying surgery in smoke-free facilities may increase psychological stress by removing a coping mechanism and by nicotine withdrawal. The authors tested the hypothesis that abstinence from cigarette smoking contributes to psychological stress in the perioperative period.

Methods
The authors assessed measures of nicotine withdrawal (Hughes-Hatsukami nicotine withdrawal scale) and perceived stress (including the Perceived Stress Scale) in 141 cigarette smokers scheduled to undergo elective surgery. To separate the effects of stress arising from tobacco abstinence from the effects of other perioperative stressors, such as pain, these measures were also obtained in 150 surgical patients who did not use tobacco. Assessments were performed at intervals beginning at the time of preoperative medical evaluation and ending 30 days postoperatively.

Results
Perceived Stress Scale scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in smokers throughout the study period. There was little significant interaction between smoking status and time, indicating that changes in Perceived Stress Scale score during the perioperative period did not differ between smokers and nonsmokers. The same result was found if analysis was restricted to data collected before hospital discharge (and thus during assured abstinence). Similar results were found for the nicotine withdrawal scale, suggesting that smokers did not experience more withdrawal symptoms relative to nonsmokers.

Conclusions
Although smokers report increased baseline stress, smoking status does not affect changes in perceived stress over the perioperative period. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms do not seem to be a clinically significant problem in the perioperative period for most smokers.
Propofol Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemia and Its Effects on Low-molecular-weight Antioxidants and Skilled Motor Tasks
Authors: Bayona Nestor A. , Gelb Adrian W. , Jiang Zongbin , Wilson John X. , Urquhart Bradley L. , Cechetto David F. 
Published: April 2004

Background
Propofol is neuroprotective when administered immediately after stroke. The therapeutic window, duration of administration, and antioxidant mechanisms of propofol in neuroprotection are not known. The effects of propofol after stroke were examined in the conscious animal. The authors have previously shown that light propofol anesthesia (25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) for a period of 4 h, even if delayed 1 h after the onset of ischemia, decreases infarct volume 3 days after the stroke.

Methods
Cerebral ischemia was induced in awake Wistar rats by a local intracerebral injection of the potent vasoconstrictor, endothelin (6 pmol in 3 microl) into the striatum. Propofol treatment after ischemia was delayed up to 4 h, and the infusion period shortened from 4 h to 1 h. Infarct volume was assessed 3 or 21 days after the stroke. Neurologic outcome was evaluated on days 14-21 after ischemia. Tissue ascorbate and glutathione concentrations were evaluated at 4 h and 3 days after ischemia.

Results
Infarct volumes were reduced 3 days after ischemia when propofol treatment (25 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) was delayed for 2 h (0.5+/-0.3 mm3) but not 4 h (2.0+/-0.9 mm3), compared with intralipid controls (2.4 +/- 0.7 mm3). The propofol infusion period of 3 h but not 1 h reduced infarct volume. Propofol treatment did not reduce infarct volume 21 days after the stroke, although motor function improvements (Montoya staircase test) were observed 14-21 days after the stroke. Propofol neuroprotection was independent of tissue ascorbate and glutathione concentrations.

Conclusions
Concurrent or delayed administration of propofol is neuroprotective 3 days after ischemia. Although there were no differences in infarct volume 21 days after ischemia, propofol-treated animals had functional improvements at this time.
Laser Ignition of Surgical Drape Materials in Air, 50% Oxygen, and 95% Oxygen
Authors: Wolf Gerald L. , Sidebotham George W. , Lazard Jackson L. P. , Charchaflieh Jean G. 
Published: April 2004

Background
Operating room fires fueled by surgical drapes and ignited by high-energy surgical tools in air and oxygen-enriched atmospheres continue to occur.

Methods
The authors examined the time to ignition of huck towels and three commonly used surgical drape materials in air, 50% oxygen, and 95% oxygen using a carbon dioxide surgical laser as an ignition source. In addition, a phenol-polymer fabric was tested.

Results
In air, polypropylene and phenol polymer do not ignite. For polypropylene, the laser instantly vaporized a hole, and therefore, interaction between the laser and material ceased. When tested in combination with another material, the polypropylene time to ignition assumed the behavior of the material with which it was combined. For phenol polymer, the laser did not penetrate the material. Huck towels, cotton-polyester, and non-woven cellulose-polyester ignited in air with decreasing times to ignition. All tested materials ignited in 50% and 95% oxygen.

Conclusion
The results of this study reveal that with increasing oxygen concentration, the time to ignition becomes shorter, and the consequences become more severe. The possibility exists for manufacturers to develop drape materials that are safer than existing materials.
Effects of Anesthesia and Recovery from Ketamine Racemate and Enantiomers on Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Freo Ulderico , Ori Carlo 
Published: April 2004

Background
Unlike most anesthetics, ketamine racemate (S, R (+/-)-ketamine) induces heterogenous changes in cerebral metabolism. S, R (+/-)-ketamine is an equimolar mixture of two enantiomers, S (+)-ketamine and R (-)-ketamine, which differ in affinity for neuroreceptors and pharmacologic activities. This study investigated comparatively the effects of ketamine racemate and enantiomers on cerebral metabolism.

Methods
Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) were determined with the quantitative, autoradiographic [C]2-deoxy-d-glucose technique in 40 brain regions of Fischer-344 rats. rCMRglc were measured in three groups of rats during equimolar anesthesia, 10 min after intraperitoneal injection of 170 mg/kg S, R (+/-)-ketamine, S (+)-ketamine, or R (-)-ketamine; in three groups of rats during recovery from equivalent anesthesia, 20 min after intravenous injection of 20, 12.5, and 30 mg/kg S, R (+/-)-ketamine, S (+)-ketamine, or R (-)-ketamine; and in two groups of saline-injected control rats.

Results
S, R (+/-)-ketamine and S (+)-ketamine induced a sustained anesthesia; deep rCMRglc decreases in 22 and 14 cortical, thalamic, cerebellar, and brainstem regions; and rCMRglc increases in two limbic regions (average decreases, 23 and 15%). R (-)-ketamine determined a shorter anesthesia, lesser rCMRglc decreases in 11 brain areas, and marked rCMRglc increases in 14 basal ganglia and limbic regions (average decrease, 4%). S, R (+/-)-ketamine, S (+)-ketamine, and R (-)-ketamine all produced postanesthetic behavioral activation; widespread rCMRglc increases in 28, 16, and 20 cortical, thalamic, basal ganglia, limbic, and brainstem regions; and rCMRglc decreases in few auditory and limbic regions (average increases, 35, 13, and 20%).

Conclusions
S, R (+/-)-ketamine and S (+)-ketamine anesthesia but not R (-)-ketamine anesthesia induced widespread rCMRglc reductions that were unreported but are typical of gaseous and intravenous general anesthetics. Postanesthetic recovery led to divergent, sharp behavioral and rCMRglc activations. The relation to dose of behavioral and rCMRglc effects differs from those of aminergic agents and resembles those of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists, suggesting that ketamine racemate and enantiomers may preferentially interact with this receptor type.
Myocardial Effects of Halothane and Sevoflurane in Diabetic Rats
Authors: David Jean-Stéphane , Tavernier Benoît , Amour Julien , Vivien Benoît , Coriat Pierre , Riou Bruno 
Published: April 2004

Background
Diabetes induces significant myocardial abnormalities, but the effects of halogenated anesthetics on this diseased myocardium remain a matter of debate.

Methods
Left ventricular papillary muscles and triton-skinned cardiac fibers were provided from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The effects of halothane and sevoflurane were studied on inotropic and lusitropic responses, under low (isotony) and high (isometry) loads in papillary muscles and then on isometric tension-Ca2+ concentration (pCa) relations obtained in triton-skinned cardiac fibers. Data are presented as mean +/- SD.

Results
Sevoflurane and halothane induced a negative inotropic effect that was more important in diabetic rats (active force: 1.5% halothane, 19+/-6 vs. 24+/-6% of baseline, P < 0.05; 3.6% sevoflurane, 47+/-14 vs. 69+/-17% of baseline, P < 0.05). However, when differences in minimum alveolar concentration were considered, no significant difference was observed between groups for halothane. The effects of halothane and sevoflurane on isotonic relaxation and postrest potentiation were not significantly different between groups. In contrast, the decrease in Ca myofilament sensitivity produced by each anesthetic agent was greater in diabetic rats than in control rats (0.65% halothane, -0.15+/-0.07 vs. -0.05+/-0.04 pCa unit, P < 0.05; 1.8% sevoflurane, -0.12+/-0.06 vs. -0.06+/-0.04 pCa unit, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The negative inotropic effect of halothane and sevoflurane was greater in diabetic rats, mainly because of a significant decrease in myofilament Ca sensitivity.
Effects of Dopamine, Dobutamine, and Dopexamine on Microcirculatory Blood Flow in the Gastrointestinal Tract during Sepsis and Anesthesia
Authors: Hiltebrand Luzius B. , Krejci Vladimir , Sigurdsson Gisli H. 
Published: April 2004

Background
Insufficient blood flow to the splanchnic organs is believed to be an important contributory factor for the development of organ failure after septic shock. It has been suggested that increasing systemic flow also may improve splanchnic blood flow in septic patients. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three commonly used inotropic agents, dopamine, dobutamine, and dopexamine, on systemic (cardiac index), regional (superior mesenteric artery), and local (micro-circulatory) blood flow during septic shock in pigs.

Methods
Eight pigs were intravenously anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, and exposed to sepsis induced by fecal peritonitis. Cardiac index was measured with thermodilution, superior mesenteric artery flow was measured with ultrasound transit time flowmetry, and microcirculatory blood flow was continuously measured with a six-channel laser Doppler flowmetry in the gastric, jejunal, and colon mucosa as well as in the kidney, pancreas, and jejunal muscularis. Each animal received, in a random-order, crossover design, the three test drugs, one at a time: 5 and 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) dopamine, 5 and 10 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) dobutamine, and 1 and 2 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) dopexamine. Administration of each drug at each dose continued for 30 min and was followed by a 40- to 60-min recovery period. A new baseline was taken before the next drug was administered.

Results
All three drugs significantly increased cardiac index; dopamine by 18%, dobutamine by 48%, and dopexamine by 35%, compared with baseline (P < 0.001 for each). At the same time, superior mesenteric artery flow increased by 33% (P < 0.01) with dopamine and 13% (P < 0.01) with dopexamine, whereas it did not change with dobutamine. Microcirculatory blood flow did not change significantly in any of the organs studied with any of the drugs tested.

Conclusion
All the inotropic agents markedly increased cardiac output in this sepsis model. However, increased systemic flow did not reach the microcirculation in the gastrointestinal tract. This may in part explain why some of the clinical trials, in which systemic oxygen delivery was deliberately increased by administration of inotropic drugs, have failed to improve survival in critically ill patients.
The Interplay between Analytics and Computation in the Study of Congestion Externalities: The Case of the El Farol Problem
Authors: Zambrano Eduardo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper I study the El Farol problem, a deterministic, boundedly rational, multi‐agent model of a resource subject to congestion externalities that was initially studied computationally by Arthur (1994). I represent the interaction as a game, compute the set of Nash equilibria in mixed strategies of this game, and show analytically how the method of inductive inference employed by the agents in Arthur's computer simulation leads the empirical distribution of aggregate attendance to be like those in the set of Nash equilibria of the game. This set contains only completely mixed strategy profiles, which explains why aggregate attendance appears random in the computer simulation even though its set‐up is completely deterministic.
Factors Related to Providers' Decisions For and Against Withholding or Withdrawing Nutrition and/or Hydration In Adult Patient Care
Authors: Mahoney Margaret Ann , Riley Joan M. , Fry Sara T. , Field Lucy 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(1) Decisions that are made near the end of life include consideration of withholding or withdrawing nutrition and/or hydration. These decisions present ethical challenges to health care providers who are caring for terminally ill patients. Clinical studies published during the last twenty years provide empirical data about the many factors that influence these decisions. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesize the research findings related to provider decisions about withholding or withdrawing nutrition and/or hydration in adult patient care. The clinical, educational, and ethical implications of these decisions are proposed.
The Biology of Behavior and the Study of Human Fertility: A Review Essay*
Authors: Haaga John G. 
Published: April 2004

Books reviewed in this article:Paul‐André RosentalL'intelligence démographique: sciences et politiques des populations en France (1930–1960)James R. CareyLongevity: The Biology and Demography of Life SpanSusan Scott and Christopher J. DuncanDemography and Nutrition: Evidence from Historical and Contemporary PopulationsLaura R. WoliverThe Political Geographies of Pregnancy
Endoscopic Evaluation and Treatment of Groin Pain in the Athlete
Authors: Kluin Jolanda , den Hoed Pieter T. , van Linschoten Robbart , Ijzerman John C. , van Steensel Cornelis J. 
Published: April 2004

Background Chronic groin pain in athletes forms a major diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Hypothesis Evaluate and treat undiagnosed groin pain in the athlete by endoscopy. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Athletes who were referred to the Ikazia Hospital with undiagnosed chronic groin pain between January 1998 and August 2001 were included. Radiography, bone scintigraphy, and ultrasonography were performed. In 14 athletes, groin pain remained undiagnosed. Ten patients complained of unilateral, 4 of bilateral groin pain. Patients underwent a transabdominal or extraperitoneal diagnostic endoscopy. Results All patients were operated ambulatory without significant difficulties. Pathology found by endoscopy was hernia inguinalis (n = 9), hernia femoralis (n = 4), preperitoneal lipoma (n = 3), and hernia obturatoria (n = 1). Only once was there no pathology. In 17 groins, a Prolene mesh was placed preperitoneally. Thirteen patients (93%) returned to full activity within 3 months of surgery. One year after surgery, one patient had minor symptoms and one patient had persistent symptoms. All other patients had no complaints. Conclusions An occult hernia should be high on the list of differential diagnoses in undiagnosed chronic groin pain in athletes. Operative treatment can return the patient to his sport within 3 months.