bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Party Policy and ‘National Culture’: Towards a State-Directed Cultural Nationalism in China?
Authors: Clausen Søren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High on the list of mankind’s current ills since the late 1980s is the rekindling of ethnic and nationalist fervour from the Balkans to the Indian subcontinent; and apparently the fever is spreading to East Asia too. ‘Ignorance is tom apart, I The dragon can now scream into the heavens,’ goes a song by the Chinese rock band with the heavily symbolic name ‘Tang Dynasty’, and the Chinese government quietly approves of the imagery. The Chinese bid in I 993 to host the year 2000 Olympic Games turned into a massive display of nationalist emotions. Towards the end of 1993 Newsweek captured much of the ongoing concern with a special issue on reawakened nationalism in East Asia; the cover illustration shows a Japanese samurai warrior battling a Chinese dragon. Are we going to see a global replay of Europe’s tragic mistakes?
Sweden
Authors: Andersson Krister , Muten Leif 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following the 1986 US tax reform, Sweden, like so many other countries, remodelled its tax system in 1990 according to the principle of lower rates and broader bases. The repeal of special reserves and relief provisions was accompanied by a considerable reduction in corporate and individual income tax rates. Another major change was the abolition of the traditional global (or synthetic) income tax in favour of a dual tax, with lower nominal rates on income from capital. In the area of taxes on goods and services, the base was likewise broadened, although the general VAT rate was kept at its high 25-percent level.
The United Kingdo
Authors: Dilnot Andrew , Stears Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to give a general outline of the tax system in the UK, how each of the main taxes works, and some sense of recent and prospective reform. We begin with a disaggregation of total revenue which shows that in the UK, as in many other countries, public discussion about taxation focuses more heavily on income tax than is justified by its contribution to total revenue. We move on to discuss personal income tax, taxes on companies, the national insurance contribution (social security tax) system, indirect taxes, capital taxes, and local taxes. We then discuss a number of economic and social issues, broadly following the topics discussed in the other chapters.
Cultural Models and Demographic Behaviour
Authors: Carter Anthony T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Demography is sometimes said to suffer from an absence of theory. Just over a decade ago, for example, Geoffrey McNicoll observed that ‘[i]t is widely agreed that we do not have an adequate theory of fertility, if by theory we mean a coherent body of analysis linking a characterization of society and economy, aggregate or local, to individual fertility decisions and outcomes, able to withstand scrutiny against the empirical record’ (1980: 441). More recently, Susan Greenhalgh noted that ‘the closer we get to understanding specific fertility declines, the further we move from a general theory of fertility transition’ (1990: 85).
Trade Shock, Oil Boom and the Nigerian Economy, 1973-83
Authors: Oyejide T Ademola 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nigeria attained its political independence from British colonial rule in 1960 and the economy experienced a period of relative calm over the next four or five years. But between 1966 and 1990, the Nigerian economy experienced a series of shocks of varying magnitudes. Not all of these can be classified as trade shocks, temporary or permanent, but neither were all of them necessarily negative. In fact, it is commonly agreed that as a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and as exporter of the much sought after premium Bonny light crude oil, Nigeria derived a large wealth transfer from the oil price increases which occurred first during 1973-74 and again during 1979-80 (Gelb 1986; Oyejide 1986; Pinto 1987).
Economic Reform in Chinese Industry: Efficiency and Instability
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study of economic reform in China’s industrial sector has grown out of a research project, originally instituted by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in cooperation with the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It has two principal goals: first, to assess the extent to which industrial deregulation in China has affected central planning and control-formerly, the dominant elements in the Chinese economic system; second, to analyse the changing responses of Chinese industrial enterprises to various policy levers (for example, taxes, prices, bank loans, and interest rates) and to assess their implications for micro economic efficiency and macroeconomic stability under the impact of economic reform.
Readjustment of the Managerial and Organizational Structure of Chinese Enterprises
Authors: Nyaw Mee-Kau 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a nutshell, the Chinese industrial reform programme has embraced three major aspects: (1) streamlining the relationship between state and enterprise; (2) delegating greater authority to factory directors; and (3) introducing incentive schemes in order to motivate workers and staff within enterprises. All these aspects entailed new organizational and managerial practices.
Measuring the Changing Degree of Enterprise Decision-Making Autonomy and Constraints
Authors: Kueh Shuguang , Kueh Y Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two major aspects of the Chinese industrial reforms have implications for overall economic efficiency and the macroeconomic context in which those reforms have taken place. The first is the extent to which the central planning authorities have delegated important output and input decisions to the production units-the enterprises-themselves. The second is the degree to which a similar mechanism of decentralization of decision-making power has simultaneously pushed enterprises towards a sustained process of self-motivated economizing. Following the familiar terminology of the Hungarian economist, Janos Kornai, the latter aspect addresses the question of whether enterprises’ ‘soft budget constraint’ has hardened under the impact of reform.
Growth and Employment in Developing Countries: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Grilli Enzo , Zanalda Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Demand for labour is derived demand. It depends on output. Economic growth, intended simply as the growth of output over time, should increase the demand for labour and thus positively affect employment. Demand for labour should also be affected by movements in factor prices, by technological change, and by the composition of output. There are good reasons to believe that this relationship may vary over time and that, at a certain point in time, it may be considerably different from one country to another, depending on their respective stages of development. The composition of national output does in fact change with the stage of growth of a country, and employment elasticities are quite different from one sector to another.
Macro-Requirements for Sustained Mineral-Driven Development
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the macroeconomic conditions necessary for sustained development, with particular reference to mineral-exporting countries. The fundamental condition for sustained growth in a mineral-exporting country is that the contribution of mineral exports to growth must be maintained over time, regardless of the capacity of the county to maintain its mineral production. This contribution includes not simply the current volume of mineral exports, but the investment of a sufficient portion of the mineral revenues to maintain the rate of growth induced by the initial mineral exports. As countries grow, mineral exports are likely to constitute a smaller proportion of GDP, even if mineral production is maintained or increased. Hence, the original stimulus to GDP from mineral exports is likely to decline. Also, the domestic demand for minerals will grow, thereby reducing minerals available for export. lf the rate of national savings as a percentage of GDP is maintained or enhanced, the rate of growth of GDP will be maintained provided there is a proper allocation of national savings into productive investment.
The Mineral Economies’ Economic Performance, 1970–1993
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by comparing the economic performance of the mineral economies with that of other developing countries with different natural resource endowments. It focuses on the 1970-93 period which was characterized by sharp fluctuations in both oil and metal prices (Borenzstein et al. 1994). Figure 6.1 shows the sharp real increase in oil prices through the 1970s and the subsequent collapse, and traces the movement of metals and minerals prices from boom to prolonged decline. These sharp changes in real prices impacted on the mineral revenue streams to provide a stem test of the mineral economies’ ability to respond in ways that did not impair their achievement of sustainable development.
Governance and Public Administration
Authors: Rhodes R A W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the years, the study of Public Administration has seen many fashions come and go, often fun, sometimes instructive, rarely long-lived; this chapter focuses on the currently fashionable notion of ‘governance’. It is widely used, supplanting the commonplace ‘government’, but does it have a distinct meaning? What does it tell us about the challenges facing the study and practice of Public Administration?
The coming of the New Right with its love of markets heralded lean times for Public Administration.
External Trade and Payments
Authors: Lushin Andrei , Oppenheimer Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Foreign trade has been a highly visible and important sector of Russia’s economy. It might be supposed that the collapse of Communism would have a lesser impact in this respect upon Russia than upon the economies of central Europe, whose natural commercial linkages with western Europe had been denied them by Soviet domination. Russia’s vast land mass and large (150 million) and well-educated population make it a stronger looking candidate for self-sufficiency. The supposition is, however, mistaken. The reason lies not in the globalization of markets that is affecting long-established capitalist economies, though Russian consumers are, of course, influenced by demonstration effects emanating from western countries. Rather, it lies in certain other hitherto deeply rooted characteristics of Russia’s economy and society.
The Oil Industry: Structural Transformation and Corporate Governance
Authors: Moser Nat , Oppenheimer Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oil, together with gas, was arguably the most important sector of the Russian economy in the 1990s, providing a key direct support to the domestic economy as well as a substantial proportion of both export earnings and of government tax revenue.1 Whereas the gas industry remained a monolith under a single company, Gazprom, in which the state was the major shareholder,2 the oil industry underwent far more extensive change in structure and ownership. Indeed, the post-Soviet struggle for control over the oil industry and its lucrative export revenue streams was fierce.
Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field of Political Contention: An Opportunity Structure Approach
Authors: Koopmans Ruud , Statham Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Immigration politics, that is, a state’s capacity to regulate immigration, is intimately related to the field of ethnic relations politics, the contentious politics where a state’s policies deal with resident migrants and minorities, and where influential political actors such as parties and interest groups, and majority and minority publics, dispute the criteria for entry to the national community. Since countries in Europe put up restrictive policy barriers to new immigration in the early 1970s (Baldwin-Edwards and Schain 1994), conflicts over ethnic relations have become explicitly politicized issues focused on the social, political, and cultural integration of resident migrants, minorities, and their offspring into the nation state. Meanwhile debates over new immigration have been framed predominantly through the issue of political asylum.
Reaping What They Sow: Institutions and Immigrant Political Participation in Western Europe
Authors: Ireland Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The tensions and conflicts associated with migration have forced themselves to the top of the political agenda across Europe. Europeans today live in societies that have become truly multicultural. Former immigrant and colonial labourers have become permanent residents with legitimate needs and demands on the host societies. How have immigrant-origin populations mobilized to have their demands met in Western European political systems, and why have they adopted the forms and strategies they have? Have these marginal groups found meaningful, effective ways of participating in host-society politics? The political participation of such minorities is a complex process, involving many variables, and researchers are just now trying to provide cogent answers to these questions.
Mortality Responses to Short-term Economic Stress and Household Context in Early Modern Japan: Evidence from Two North-eastern Villages*
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O , Kurosu Satomi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a pre-industrial agrarian society in which families and households were the primary unit of production as well as consumption, households responded differently to short-term economic stress, depending on the resources available and other household conditions. Furthermore, like most enduring human groups, families and households were never entirely egalitarian, and individual members’ well-being and chances of survival were affected by the structure of their household and their position within that structure.
The Main Bank System and Corporate Investment: An Empirical Reassessment
Authors: Hayashi Fumio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a large theoretical and empirical literature exploring the link between corporate investment and internal funds. In the idealized world of no information asymmetries and no taxes, it is immaterial how investment is financed. If future profitability is properly controlled for, by including Tobin’s q in an equation explaining investment, investment should not be sensitive to the firm’s liquidity. There are two explanations for why investment can be excessively sensitive to the firm’s liquidity. The traditional explanation is that there is a pecking order in the source of investment finance. With taxes providing the interest deductibility for debt finance at the corporate level and preferential treatment of capital gains over dividends at the personal level, retention is the cheapest source of finance, followed by debt and then new share issues. Investment will be excessively sensitive to the firm’s liquidity because the cost of investment finance depends on the level of investment.1 The more modern explanation is the agency model featuring the incentive problem faced by managers or the information asymmetry between managers and shareholders.2
Reproductive Health and the Demographic Imagination
Authors: Dixon-Mueller Ruth , Germain Adrienne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While advocates of women’s health and rights as well as many population experts celebrate the Cairo ‘consensus’ on population and development as a significant advance in the formulation of reproductive policies and programmes (Germain and Kyte, 1995), some critics are expressing their dismay (e.g. Potts, 1995; van de Kaa, 1995; Cleland, 1996; Finkle and McIntosh, 1996; Westoff, 1996).
Germany Stable Parties, Chancellor Democracy, and the Art of Informal Settlement
Authors: Saalfeld Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Coalitions have been ‘the typical form of government’ (Schmidt 1996: 72) in the Federal Republic of Germany. Compared to the first German Republic, the Weimar Republic (1919–33), coalitions in the second (West) German Republic have been relatively stable since 1949 (for data, see Saalfeld 1999: 147). Even severe exogenous shocks such as the political, economic, and social upheavals of the immediate post-war years, the recessions of 1966/7, 1974/5, and 1981/2, or the political and social frictions induced by German unification have not unsettled the stable patterns of German coalition politics.
Sweden When Minority Cabinets are the Rule and Majority Coalitions the Exception
Authors: Bergman Torbjörn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most Swedish governments have been minority governments. Usually these have been formed by the Social Democratic Party alone. With the exception of the period 1951–7, a third salient feature is that these governments have been either ‘socialist’ or ‘non-socialist’ (or bourgeois).This reflects a split of the five traditional parties into two blocs. The Communist Party (today the Left Party) and the Social Democrats constitute the socialist bloc and the Centre (former Agrarian), the Liberal, and the Conservative Parties the other one. The split has been salient in terms of government formation and in elections.
Denmark The Life and Death of Government Coalitions
Authors: Damgaard Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Single-party parliamentary majorities have not existed in Denmark since the first decade of the twentieth century. Some kind of inter-party cooperation is therefore required for decision making in legislative and governmental affairs. In the post-war period, majority coalition governments have been the exception rather than the rule, as most governments have been of the minority type (Thomas 1982). Since the early 1980s these minority governments have been coalitions, whereas previously they tended to be single-party governments (Damgaard 1992a).
Taxation of Capital Income Vs. Labour Income: An Overview
Authors: Gordon Roger H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The existing personal and corporate income tax structures in most European Union (EU) and other OECD countries are still heavily influenced by the idea of a comprehensive income tax, as first proposed by Schanz (1986) over a hundred years ago and later by Haig (1921) and Simons (1938). Under their proposals, each individual should be taxed annually on the sum of all their real incomes from labour and capital, regardless of source. More recent support for this basic structure for the income tax includes the Royal (Carter) Commission on Taxation (1966) in Canada, the Campbell Committee (1981) in Australia, and the US Department of the Treasury (1984), many of whose proposed reforms were in fact enacted in 1986.In theory, under a comprehensive income tax, there would be no need for a separate tax on corporate income. The perceived role of the corporate tax in this system is to offset administrative problems faced in taxing accruing capital gains. The practice has been to impose a direct tax on corporate retained earnings to supplement whatever personal tax is imposed on capital gains at the personal level so that the two together tax accruing capital gains on corporate equity at roughly the same rate as applies to other forms of capital income.
Cabinet Termination
Authors: Damgaard Erik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the causes of cabinet termination in Western Europe since the Second World War. This is a topic that has hitherto received little scholarly attention. Until recently, political science research has primarily focused on the size, party composition, portfolio allocation, and duration of cabinets. Within the past decade or so, attention has increasingly turned to the termination of cabinets. Yet, this emerging literature has primarily been interested in the consequences of termination for cabinet duration, rather than in the behavioural forms that cabinet resignation takes, or the conditions and motivations that drive it.
Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in the New Europe
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The adaptation of the 1990 CFE Treaty and the Vienna Document 1994 of the Negotiations on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures were both completed by the November 1999 OSCE Istanbul summit meeting. In the new century, Europe will continue to elaborate further co-operative security arrangements to better respond to new risks and challenges in the field of security and help create stability in areas of tension and conflict. The aim is twofold: to strengthen the pan-European process of building confidence and security; and to develop measures and arms control-related arrangements below the continental level - at the regional and subregional levels. This research report examines the record of CSBMs in Europe as well as regional arms control efforts in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s. It contains important reference material on military security endeavours of this type.
Recent developments in monetary policy analysis: the roles of theory and evidence
Authors: Mccallum Bennett T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Academic thinking about monetary economics-as well as macroeconomics more generally-has altered drastically since 1971-3 and so has the practice of monetary policy. The former has passed through the rational expectations and real-business-cycle revolutions into today’s ‘new neoclassical synthesis’ whereas policy making has rebounded, after a bad decade following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system, into an era of low inflation that emphasizes the concepts of central bank independence, transparency, and accountability while exhibiting substantial interest in the consideration of alternative rules for the conduct of monetary policy.
The evolution of IS-LM models: empirical evidence and theoretical presuppositions
Authors: Vercelli Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IS-LM models have played a crucial role in the evolution of macroeconomics in the last sixty years. Despite growing criticism in the profession, particularly after the mid-1970s, they still play a crucial role in macroeconomics. They remain the core of many introductory and intermediate-level textbooks (e.g. Dornbusch and Fischer 1978; Gordon 1987; Hall and Taylor 1988; Blanchard and Fischer 1989; Mankiw 1992; Blanchard 1996). In addition they are still the backbone of disaggregated macroeconometric models utilized by public authorities and firms for policy evaluation and economic forecasting (e.g. in the USA the MPS and the ORI models). The survival of IS-LM models in a prominent position in macroeconomics is quite surprising since in the last sixty years both the real world and economic theories and methods have apparently changed considerably.
Imperfect capital markets: a new macroeconomic paradigm?
Authors: Gatti Domenico Delli , Tamborini Roberto 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today’s macroeconomic theoretical, empirical and normative analysis is essentially split between the scholars who base their work on the first principles of the Walrasian paradigm of perfectly competitive markets —and do not attach any scientific value to Keynesian economics at large —and those who believe that Keynes’s view of possible misfunctioning of market economies was fundamentally correct though Keynesian economics needs accurate restructuring at the (micro)foundations level.
The latter approach, that following Greenwald and Stiglitz (1987), is known as New Keynesian (NK) economics, is usually identified with a large body of literature concerned with imperfect competition and the micro foundations of real or nominal rigidities as if it were the only ‘typical’ NK brand (e.g. Gordon 1990). With this paper we wish to draw attention to a different