bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooling the Tip of a Turbine Blade Using Pressure Side Holes—Part II:
Heat Transfer Measurements
Authors: Christophel J. R. , Thole K. A. , Cunha F. J. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The clearance gap between a turbine blade tip and its associated shroud allows leakage flow across the tip from the pressure side to the suction side of the blade. Understanding how this leakage flow affects heat transfer is critical in extending the durability of a blade tip, which is subjected to effects of oxidation and erosion. This paper is the second of a two-part series that discusses the augmentation of tip heat transfer coefficients as a result of blowing from film-cooling holes placed along the pressure side of a blade and from dirt purge holes placed on the tip. For the experimental investigation, three scaled-up blades were used to form a two-passage, linear cascade in a low-speed wind tunnel. The rig was designed to simulate different tip gap sizes and film-coolant flow rates. Heat transfer coefficients were quantified by using a constant heat flux surface placed along the blade tip. Results indicate that increased film-coolant injection leads to increased augmentation levels of tip heat transfer coefficients, particularly at the entrance region to the gap. Despite increased heat transfer coefficients, an overall net heat flux reduction to the blade tip results from pressure-side cooling because of the increased adiabatic effectiveness levels. The area-averaged results of the net heat flux reduction for the tip indicate that there is (i) little dependence on coolant flows and (ii) more cooling benefit for a small tip gap relative to that of a large tip gap.
On the Use of Atmospheric Boundary Conditions for Axial-Flow
Compressor Stall Simulations
Authors: Vahdati M. , Sayma A. I. , Freeman C. , Imregun M. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
This paper describes a novel way of prescribing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) boundary conditions for axial-flow compressors. The approach is based on extending the standard single passage computational domain by adding an intake upstream and a variable nozzle downstream. Such a route allows us to consider any point on a given speed characteristic by simply modifying the nozzle area, the actual boundary conditions being set to atmospheric ones in all cases. Using a fan blade, it is shown that the method not only allows going past the stall point but also captures the typical hysteresis loop behavior of compressors.
Normality Structures With Homogeneous Kinetic Rate
Laws
Authors: Yang Q. , Tham L. G. , Swoboda G. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
In this paper, a homogeneous type of kinetic rate laws of local internal variables and its corresponding macroscopic behaviors, are explored within the framework of “normality structures” by Rice. Rice’s kinetic rate laws of local internal variables, with each rate being stress dependent only via its conjugate thermodynamic force, are corner stones of the normality structure. It is revealed in this paper that nonlinear phenomenological equations and Onsager reciprocal relations emerge naturally if each rate is a homogeneous function of degree q in its conjugate force. Furthermore, the nonlinear phenomenological coefficient matrix is identical to the Hessian matrix of the flow potential function in conjugate forces only scaled by q. It is further shown that the refined version of Griffith criterion proposed by Rice, (G−2γ)ȧ⩾0, can be derived from the normality structure with the homogeneous rate laws. Finally, some issues related to damage evolution laws have been discussed based on the remarkable properties.
The
zrfA
and
zrfB
Genes of
Aspergillus fumigatus
Encode the Zinc Transporter Proteins of a Zinc Uptake System Induced in an Acid, Zinc-Depleted Environment
Authors: Vicentefranqueira Rocío , Moreno Miguel Ángel , Leal Fernando , Calera José Antonio 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Zinc is an essential micronutrient that cells must obtain from the environment in order to develop their normal growth. Previous work performed at our laboratory showed that the synthesis of immunodominant antigens from
Aspergillus
spp., including
A. fumigatus
, was up-regulated by a low environmental concentration of zinc. These results suggested that a tightly regulated system for the fungus to grow under zinc-limiting conditions must underlie the ability of
A. fumigatus
to acquire zinc in such environments. In this work, we show that
zrfA
and
zrfB
are two of the genes that encode membrane zinc transporters from
A. fumigatus
in this system. Expression of these genes is differentially down-regulated by increasing concentrations of zinc in the medium. Thus, the transcription of
zrfB
is turned off at a concentration 50-fold higher than that for
zrfA
transcription. In addition, phenotypic analyses of single
zrfA
Δ and
zrfB
Δ mutants and a double
zrfAzrfB
Δ mutant revealed that the deletion of
zrfB
causes a greater defect in growth than the single deletion of
zrfA
. Deletion of both genes has a dramatic effect on growth under acid, zinc-limiting conditions. Interestingly, in neutral or slightly alkaline zinc-depleted medium, the transcriptional expression of both genes is down-regulated to such an extent that even in the absence of a supplement of zinc, the expression of
zrfA
and
zrfB
is strongly reduced. This fact correlates with the growth observed in alkaline medium, in which even a
zrfAzrfB
Δ double mutant was able to grow in a similar way to the wild-type under extremely zinc-limiting conditions. In sum, the zinc transport proteins encoded by
zrfA
and
zrfB
are members of a zinc uptake system of
A. fumigatus
that operates mainly under acid, zinc-limiting conditions.
A Two-Hybrid Screen of the Yeast Proteome for Hsp90 Interactors Uncovers a Novel Hsp90 Chaperone Requirement in the Activity of a Stress-Activated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Slt2p (Mpk1p)
Authors: Millson Stefan H. , Truman Andrew W. , King Victoria , Prodromou Chrisostomos , Pearl Laurence H. , Piper Peter W. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

The Hsp90 chaperone cycle catalyzes the final activation step of several important eukaryotic proteins (Hsp90 “clients”). Although largely a functional form of Hsp90, an Hsp90-Gal4p DNA binding domain fusion (Hsp90-BD) displays no strong interactions in the yeast two-hybrid system, consistent with a general transience of most Hsp90-client associations. Strong in vivo interactions are though detected when the E33A mutation is introduced into this bait, a mutation that should arrest Hsp90-client complexes at a stage where the client is stabilized, yet prevented from attaining its active form. This E33A mutation stabilized the two-hybrid interactions of the Hsp90-BD fusion with ∼3% of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
proteome in a screen of the 6,000 yeast proteins expressed as fusions to the Gal4p activation domain (AD). Among the detected interactors were the two stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases of yeast, Hog1p and Slt2p (Mpk1p). Column retention experiments using wild-type and mutant forms of Hsp90 and Slt2p MAP kinase, as well as quantitative measurements of the effects of stress on the two-hybrid interaction of mutant Hsp90-BD and AD-Slt2p fusions, revealed that Hsp90 binds exclusively to the dually Thr/Tyr-phosphorylated, stress-activated form of Slt2p [(Y-P,T-P)Slt2p] and also to the MAP kinase domain within this (Y-P,T-P)Slt2p. Phenotypic analysis of a yeast mutant that expresses a mutant Hsp90 (T22I
hsp82
) revealed that Hsp90 function is essential for this (Y-P,T-P)Slt2p to activate one of its downstream targets, the Rlm1p transcription factor. The interaction between Hsp90 and (Y-P,T-P)Slt2p, characterized in this study, is probably essential in this Hsp90 facilitation of the Rlm1p activation by Slt2p.
Mannosyl-Diinositolphospho-Ceramide, the Major Yeast Plasma Membrane Sphingolipid, Governs Toxicity of
Kluyveromyces lactis
Zymocin
Authors: Zink Sabrina , Mehlgarten Constance , Kitamoto Hiroko K. , Nagase Junko , Jablonowski Daniel , Dickson Robert C. , Stark Michael J. R. , Schaffrath Raffael 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Kluyveromyces lactis
zymocin, a trimeric (αβγ) protein toxin complex, inhibits proliferation of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
cells. Here we present an analysis of
kti6
mutants, which resist exogenous zymocin but are sensitive to intracellular expression of its inhibitory γ-toxin subunit, suggesting that
KTI6
encodes a factor needed for toxin entry into the cell. Consistent with altered cell surface properties,
kti6
cells resist hygromycin B, syringomycin E, and nystatin, antibiotics that require intact membrane potentials or provoke membrane disruption.
KTI6
is allelic to
IPT1
, coding for mannosyl-diinositolphospho-ceramide [M(IP)
2
C] synthase, which produces M(IP)
2
C, the major plasma membrane sphingolipid.
kti6
membranes lack M(IP)
2
C and sphingolipid mutants that have reduced levels of M(IP)
2
C precursors, including the sphingolipid building block ceramide survive zymocin. In addition,
kti6/ipt1
cells allow zymocin docking but prevent import of its toxic γ-subunit. Genetic analysis indicates that Kti6 is likely to act upstream of lipid raft proton pump Kti10/Pma1, a previously identified zymocin sensitivity factor. In sum, M(IP)
2
C operates in a plasma membrane step that follows recognition of cell wall chitin by zymocin but precedes the involvement of elongator, the potential toxin target.
A Hydrophobin of the Chestnut Blight Fungus,
Cryphonectria parasitica
, Is Required for Stromal Pustule Eruption
Authors: Kazmierczak Pam , Kim Dae Hyuk , Turina Massimo , Van Alfen Neal K. 
Published: May 2005

ABSTRACT

Hydrophobins are abundant small hydrophobic proteins that are present on the surfaces of many filamentous fungi. The chestnut blight pathogen
Cryphonectria parasitica
was shown to produce a class II hydrophobin, cryparin. Cryparin is the most abundant protein produced by this fungus when grown in liquid culture. When the fungus is growing on chestnut trees, cryparin is found only in the fungal fruiting body walls. Deletion of the gene encoding cryparin resulted in a culture phenotype typical of hydrophobin deletion mutants of other fungi, i.e., easily wettable (nonhydrophobic) hyphae. When grown on the natural substrate of the fungus, however, cryparin-null mutation strains were unable to normally produce its fungal fruiting bodies. Although the stromal pustules showed normal development initially, they were unable to erupt through the bark of the tree. The hydrophobin cryparin thus plays an essential role in the fitness of this important plant pathogen by facilitating the eruption of the fungal fruiting bodies through the bark of its host tree.
A historical review of the South African social welfare system and social work practitioners’ views on its current status
Authors: Brown Marquessa , Neku R. J. 
Published: May 2005

English The article addresses the plight of South Africa's poorest Black majority and the government's efforts to alleviate poverty. Qualitative findings associated with social work practitioners' perspectives on the success of the efforts and the use of a developmental practice approach for the reduction of poverty are discussed. French L'article s'intéresse au triste sort de la majorité noire la plus pauvre en Afrique du sud et aux efforts gouvernementaux en vue d'enrayer cette pauvreté. Il discute des résultats qualitatifs associés aux perspectives des praticiens en travail social sur le succès des efforts entrepris pour réduire la pauvreté et pour utiliser une approche développementale en pratique sociale. Spanish El artículo señala la difícil situación de los pobres en Sud Africa y los esfuerzos del gobierno para aliviar la pobreza. En él se discuten los hallazgos cualitativos, asociados con la perspectiva de los practicantes del trabajo social, sobre el desarrollo de los esfuerzos para aliviar la pobreza y la utilización de una práctica de desarrollo para aproximarse a la reducción e la pobreza.
A Life Not Worth Living?
Authors: Paterson Craig 
Published: May 2005

The work of Dan Brock and Helga Kuhse is typical of the current stream of thought rejecting the validity of sanctity of life appeals to instill objective inviolable worth in human life regardless of the quality of life of the patient. The context of a person’s life is supremely important. In their systems life can have high value, yet the value of life can be outweighed by the force of other disvalues. The notion of quality of life has increasingly come to signify the measurement of the worth of a person’s life itself. Having a life equals personal life. Any objectivity to life resides in ‘personal’, ‘biographical’, or ‘creative’ life, not mere biological life. Personal life represents the minimal threshold for any objective worth. In responding to this challenge, John Finnis has argued extensively that life is an intrinsic good - a basic human good. Following from our grasp of human life as a basic incommensurable good, it cannot be practically reasonable both to affirm that (a) ‘human life is a basic human good’, and (b) that ‘human life qua human life can be intentionally acted against to its destruction’. Yet, if the good of human life can be considered self-evident, the self-evidence of the basic human good qua good does not mean that dialectical reasoning cannot be engaged in to indirectly support the practical reasonableness of respecting the good of human life in the deliberative choices that persons make concerning their actions. It is to the use of such dialectical reasoning, supportive of the status of human life as such a basic human good, that the article is primarily concerned to draw out and articulate.
Rational polynomial representation of ribonucleotide reductase activity
Authors: Radivoyevitch Tomas , Kashlan Ossama B , Cooperman Barry S 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Recent data suggest that ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) exists not only as a heterodimer R12R22 of R12 and R22 homodimers, but also as tetramers R14R24 and hexamers R16R26. Recent data also suggest that ATP binds the R1 subunit at a previously undescribed hexamerization site, in addition to its binding to previously described dimerization and tetramerization sites. Thus, the current view is that R1 has four NDP substrate binding possibilities, four dimerization site binding possibilities (dATP, ATP, dGTP, or dTTP), two tetramerization site binding possibilities (dATP or ATP), and one hexamerization site binding possibility (ATP), in addition to possibilities of unbound site states. This large number of internal R1 states implies an even larger number of quaternary states. A mathematical model of RNR activity which explicitly represents the states of R1 currently exists, but it is complicated in several ways: (1) it includes up to six-fold nested sums; (2) it uses different mathematical structures under different substrate-modulator conditions; and (3) it requires root solutions of high order polynomials to determine R1 proportions in mono-, di-, tetra- and hexamer states and thus RNR activity as a function of modulator and total R1 concentrations.

Results
We present four (one for each NDP) rational polynomial models of RNR activity as a function of substrate and reaction rate modifier concentrations. The new models avoid the complications of the earlier model without compromising curve fits to recent data.

Conclusion
Compared to the earlier model of recent data, the new rational polynomial models are simpler, adequately fitting, and likely better suited for biochemical network simulations.
PKC translocation and ERK1/2 activation in compensated right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to chronic emphysema.
Authors: Avelar Erick , Jalili Thunder , Dong Li , Arvizo Joel , Hu Ping , Litwin Sheldon E , Mattson John P 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) is an important complication of chronic lung disease. However, the signal transduction pathways involved as well as the physiological changes to the right ventricle have not been investigated. Emphysema was produced in male, Syrian Golden hamsters by intra-tracheal instillation of 250 IU/kg elastase (Emp, n = 17). Saline treated animals served as controls (Con, n = 15).

Results
Nine months later, Emp hamsters had 75% greater lung volume, and evidence of RVH at the gross and myocyte level (RV:tibia length Emp 6.84 ± 1.18 vs. Con 5.14 ± 1.11 mg/mm; myocyte cross sectional area Emp 3737 vs. Con 2695 μm2), but not left ventricular hypertrophy. Serial echocardiographic analysis from baseline to nine months after induction of emphysema revealed increasing right ventricular internal dimension and decreased pulmonary artery acceleration time only in Emp hamsters. There was an increase in translocation of PKC βI and PKC ε from cytosolic to membranous cell fractions in RV of Emp hamsters. Phosphorylation of PKC ε was unchanged. Translocation of PKC α and βII were unchanged. Emp animals had a 22% increase in phospho-ERK 1/2, but no change in levels of total ERK 1/2 compared to Con.

Conclusion
These data suggest that PKC βI, ε and ERK 1/2 may play a role in mediating compensated RVH secondary to emphysema and may have clinical relevance in the pathogenesis of RVH.
Retraction Note: Inactivation of MAP kinase signalling in Myc Transformed Cells and Rescue by LiCl inhibition of GSK3
Authors: Al-Assar Osama , Crouch Dorothy H 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The corresponding author submitted this article [1] to Molecular Cancer on the assumption that the co-author had agreed to the submission. Since this is not the case, the authors are retracting the article. The corresponding author is deeply sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused to the editorial and publishing staff. An apology is also extended to the readers.
Development of Innovative Three-Way Catalysts Containing Ceria–Zirconia Solid Solutions with High Oxygen Storage/Release Capacity
Authors: Sugiura Masahiro , Ozawa Masakuni , Suda Akihiko , Suzuki Tadashi , Kanazawa Takaaki 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Innovative three-way catalysts containing ceria–zirconia solid solutions (CZ) with a ZrO2 content ranging from 5 to 75 mol% were developed. Such catalysts have very high oxygen storage/release capacity (OSC). The OSC of catalysts containing first-generation CZ was found to increase linearly with the amount of zirconia dissolved in the solid solution in the 0–20 mol% ZrO2 range. The thermal stability of the catalyst containing first-generation CZ was higher than that containing ceria. Second-generation CZ with greater OSC than first-generation CZ was developed by a homogeneous coprecipitation process, followed by heat-treatment below 1000 °C, enabling dissolution of zirconia into ceria up to 75 mol% zirconia as estimated by XRD. Third-generation CZ, CZ-doped alumina (ACZ), was developed by homogeneous coprecipitation based on the “diffusion barrier concept”. The OSC of ACZ was 23 times larger than that of pure ceria. The NOx emission over the catalyst containing ACZ was reduced by about a factor of five compared with that containing pure ceria. Toyota Motor Corp. has put three-way catalysts containing first-, second-, and third-generation CZ into practical use globally.
Theoretical Study of the Formation of a Benzene Cobalt Complex from Cobaltacyclopentadiene and Acetylene
Authors: Dahy AbdelRahman A , Suresh Cherumuttathu H , Koga Nobuaki 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
With the B3LYP theoretical method, the reaction of cobaltacyclopentadiene complex with acetylene in singlet and triplet states leading to benzene cobalt complex was studied in detail. In the most favorable path in the singlet state, an acetylene molecule attacks cobaltacyclopentadiene from the side, where the vacant d orbital extends over, so that [4 + 2] cycloaddition gives a η4-benzene complex without any activation energy, called the collapse mechanism. The reaction in the triplet state passes through a single transition state with an activation barrier of 14.1 kcal/mol, leading to the η6-benzene complex. The reactant of cobaltacyclopentadiene and the product of the benzene complex in the triplet state are more stable than those in the singlet state, whereas a substantial activation energy is required in the triplet state, suggesting that the spin may change during the reaction. Calculations of the crossing points between the singlet and triplet states showed that in the most favorable reaction path, the spin changes to the singlet state before passing through the triplet transition state, and that the collapse mechanism in the singlet state is followed. The energy required to lead to the crossing point for this spin change was calculated to be 7.0 kcal/mol, which is lower than the activation barrier.
One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers from the Self-Assembly of Copper(II) Carboxylates and 4,4′-Dithiobis(pyridine)
Authors: Horikoshi Ryo , Mikuriya Masahiro 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A twisted ligand, 4,4′-dithiobis(pyridine), 4pds, was reacted with copper(II) carboxylates to synthesize one-dimensional coordination polymers: [Cu4(CH3COO)6(μ3-OH)2(4pds)2]n (1), [Cu(CH3COO)2(4pds)·6H2O]n (2), [{Cu2(C6H5COO)4}2(4pds)2]n (3), and [{Cu2[CH3(CH2)4COO]4}2(4pds)2]n (4). The crystal structure of 1 reveals a repeated rhomboid structure in which the Cu4(CH3COO)6(OH)2 core is linked by two 4pds ligands. The 4 : 2 (Cu : 4pds) stoichiometry of 1 transforms into the 1 : 1 (Cu : 4pds) one of 2 in aqueous solution. Compound 2 has a porous honeycomb-like structure, which is occupied by carboxylate ions and water molecules. Compounds 3 and 4 are zigzag chains consisting of alternate linking of the Cu2(RCOO)4 unit and 4pds ligand. The variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data of 1 and 3 are consistent with the net antiferromagnetic interaction within the tetranuclear or dinuclear core.
Synthesis, Structure, and DNA Binding Studies of Copper(II) Complexes of Terpyridine Derivatives
Authors: Uma V , Vaidyanathan V G , Nair Balachandran Unni 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Two copper(II) complexes, Cu(ttpy)22+1 and Cu(Brphtpy)22+2, were synthesized and characterized for their DNA binding and cleaving ability. The crystal structure of complex 1 reveals an axially compressed six-coordinate geometry around Cu(II). In spite of having an axially compressed geometry, the polycrystalline EPR spectrum of complex 1 at 298 K shows g|| &gt; g⊥, indicating a dx2−y2 ground state for the Cu(II) complex. Both complexes 1 and 2 bind to CT DNA intercalatively with moderate binding strength (Kb = (8.4 ± 0.2) × 103 and (10.9 ± 0.2) × 104 M−1 (1 M = mol dm−3) respectively). Both of these complexes cleave plasmid DNA efficiently in the presence of peroxide.
Vigulariol, a New Metabolite from the Sea Pen Vigularia juncea
Authors: Su Jui-Hsin , Huang Ho-Cheng , Chao Chih-Hua , Yan Liang-Yu , Wu Yang-Chang , Wu Chin-Chung , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A new eunicellin-type diterpenoid, vigulariol (1), has been isolated from the sea pen Vigularia juncea. Metabolite 1 has been obtained previously as a side product from a chemical reaction; however, it was isolated for the first time from natural resources. Also, this study established the full structure of 1 and afforded the detailed assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectral data.