bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John Phillips, ‘Geologist-Astronomer’, and the Origins of the Oxford University Observatory, 1853–1875*
Authors: Hutchins Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1839 apparent disaster struck the University of Oxford’s work in astronomy. The position until then had been that, having no observatory or proper instruments with which to teach in the 1760s, the Savilian Professor of Astronomy, Thomas Hornsby, had petitioned the Trustees of Dr John Radcliffe’s will to provide an observatory for the University’s use. This they did by 1774, the Radcliffe Observatory (universally known as ‘the Oxford Observatory’) and instruments remaining the property of the Trustees. A board of dons, churchmen, and politicians elected the Professor from nominations put forward by the University Chancellor. He was then simultaneously appointed Radcliffe Observer by the Trustees after consultation with the University, they having taken independent advice if they wished. In 1839 a careless decision and decisive reaction caused a rift between the University and the Radcliffe Trustees. Apparently without consulting the Trustees, the University appointed a mathematician, George H. S. Johnson (who was not an astronomer), to the Savilian chair. Without consulting the University, the Trustees promptly appointed the very capable Manuel J. Johnson to be their Observer, and withdrew the use of the Radcliffe Observatory from the University and its Professor. The new Professor found himself without the use of instruments or observatory. He resigned in 1842. It was to be thirty years before anything was done to remedy the plight of astronomy within the evolving science structure of the University.
From Extension Centre to University: The Development of Non-Traditional Education at Auburn University in Montgomery, 1936-1967*
Authors: Fair John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Proliferation of public institutions of higher education in urban centres of the United States during the 1960s is well known. It was especially evident in states with large or burgeoning populations, such as New York where the acronyms of CUNY and SUNY abounded, or California where a veritable empire of new four-year state institutions emerged. There were branch campuses of major universities, up-grades of old state teacher colleges, autonomous regional schools, and hundreds of new junior and community colleges. In the American South, growth was especially evident in the states of North Carolina, Florida, and Texas where economic prosperity coincided with a major population and industrial movement to the Sun-Belt.2 Even in Alabama, traditionally backward in education and agrarian in outlook, these transformations were evident. The Wallace era of the 1960s witnessed an unprecedented growth in the number and size of institutions of higher education. The most notable of these changes, coinciding with Alabama’s newfound urban status, occurred within the University of Alabama where a fundamental restructuring resulted in the elevation of satellite extension centres established earlier in the century to full-blown universities.3 In the capital city of Montgomery this undertaking involved a transferral of governance to Auburn University, the state’s principal land-grant institution, and the construction of a new campus. But the fundamental character of the new institution, Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM), was shaped by its experience as an extension centre where a non-traditional form of education was designed to meet the peculiar needs of an urban clientele.
Portraits from French Courts
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
French legal structures, as well as English ones, left records of suicide. But the French structures were more complicated and so left them in a different pattern. Political decentralization had allowed a mass of local jurisdictions to survive, and these mostly kept old procedures which used no records. So in France the black hole is vast, its character only to be inferred, once more, from occasional points on the perimeter where more literate jurisdictions tried to draw cases in. These were of two main categories. A few jurisdictions originally seigneurial, or quasi-seigneurial, did come to make registers for special reasons, and in imitation of procedures seen elsewhere. More important, from the thirteenth century, royal justice was increasingly on the watch for dubious verdicts in the old courts, to be re-heard. When this happened, especially when verdicts reached one of the courts of Parlement, records could be excellent.
Portraits from Letters of Remission
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of French medieval suicide through Letters of Remission faces a logical obstacle. A Letter of Remission, by definition, declared its beneficiary not guilty. Issued on a suicide’s behalf it must prove he was not a suicide. So these letters should, in principle, be no exception to the obscurity intrinsic to suicide in French legal documents. That they are is due to acknowledged peculiarities in the milieu which gave them birth. They were issued by the Court of Requests, the organ of Parlement nearest to the king, source of both the law and the grace which could suspend it. While it would go too far to say the Masters of Requests were arbitrary in granting remission, they were in principle above the law. Lucky for beneficiaries then, lucky for historians now; for, contrary to the ostensible logic of their existence, some letters do record real, deliberate suicides.
Introduction
Authors: Carr Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hands of a generation of scholars, particularly of Spanish scholars, now freed from the intellectual constraints of Francoism, the history of Spain has undergone a process of revisionism. This process can be seen as a rejection of any treatment of Spain as an exceptional case. It should be studied as one would study the history of any other major European country. That Spain should have been held to be an exceptional case is not surprising. Alone among the nations of Western Europe large areas of its territory had been occupied by non-European, non-Christian Islamic rulers since the eighth century. The Christian Reconquest (Reconquista) was a long process ending only in 1492 when the last Moorish kingdom of Granada fell. For Richard Ford, who published his great Handbook for Travellers in Spain in 1844 after travelling himself some 2,000 miles over the country, the Moorish occupation had left an abiding legacy, especially in Andalusia.
Liberalism and Reaction 1833–1931
Authors: Carr Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trickle of tourists who visited Spain in the 1830s professed to have discovered a country that had escaped the materialism of bourgeois Europe, preserving the human values of a traditional society that the advanced industrialized countries had lost. Ruled by what the British minister described as ‘ragamuffins of the first order, bragging coxcombs, indifferent pupils of second rate actors of the Theatre FrarnÇaise’, such a society was deemed incapable of progress. Yet the professed aim of the native political elite, by the constitutions which it imposed on the country, was to convert Spain into a liberal parliamentary monarchy which would give power to the men of property and intelligence, seen as the advance guard of economic and social progress.
The Legacy of the French Revolution
Authors: Finer S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
(T he French Revolution is the most important single event in the entire “.L history of government. The American Revolution pales beside it. It was an earthquake. It razed and effaced all the ancient institutions of France, undermined the foundations of the other European states, and is still sending its shock-waves throughout the rest of the world. In the eyes of its admirers it is an epic, a drama of heroic proportions, full of colour and passion. To others it is a murderous catalogue of bloody insurrection, hysterical mob violence, sadism, judicial murder, and wholesale massacres.
Introduction
Authors: Wallander Celeste A , Haftendorn, Helga , Keohane Robert o. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International institutions play important roles not only in economic or environmental issue-areas, but also where threats or use of military force occur. Some of these institutions are alliances, such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) during the cold war; but others, such as the arrangements embodied in chapters 6 and 7 of the United Nations Charter, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), are designed to manage conflict among their members. That is, they are security management institutions. In this volume we argue that the institutional dimensions both of alliances and security management institutions are important, and often overlooked.
Introduction
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russian attitudes towards Western Europe underwent radical change in the nineteenth century. The official line towards Europe was heavily revised as a result of international tensions and internal disorder. At the same time, the Russian intelligentsia developed and expounded sophisticated views on the West, which greatly influenced Russia’s self-image. Within the intelligentsia, the divide between Westerners and Slavophiles evolved, adding a further dimension, and the issue of nationalism became one of the major concerns of the century. This complex relationship between Russia and Western Europe influenced both the production and the interpretation of the arts.
The Downtrodden and Destitute: Vasily Perov
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, poverty was rarely made the central issue in a Russian work of art. Various foreign artists working in Russia occasionally hinted at cases of impoverishment, such as the Frenchman Le Prince with his Lemonade Seller of 1765 (see Chapter 3). However, on the whole, the destitute were rarely depicted, and when they were it was as staffage in a landscape painting, where they served simply to populate a given setting.
Sleepless Souls
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleepless Souls is a social and cultural history of suicide in early modern England. Self-murder was regarded as a heinous crime in Tudor and Stuart England, and was subject to savage punishments. Those who committed suicide had their property forfeited to the crown, and their bodies were denied Christian burial and desecrated. In Georgian England suicide was in practice de-criminalized, tolerated and even sentimentalized. Michael MacDonald and Terence R. Murphy, using a wide variety of contemporary sources, especially local records, trace the causes of this dramatic change in attitude. They analyse suicide within its contemporary context, relating shifts in opinion and practice to the complex framework of life in early modern England. Political events, religious changes, philosophical fashions, conflicts between centre and localities, and differing class interests all played their part. The authors' focus on the trauma of death by suicide uncovers the forces that were reshaping the mental outlook of different English classes and social groups. Their detailed and scholarly exploration of the `crime' of self-murder thus provides a history of social and cultural change in English society over three centuries.
The Medium and the Message
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenal growth of the periodical press and the continuing spread of literacy after 1700 transformed the hermeneutics of suicide, just as they affected almost every other aspect of social and cultural life. The proliferation of daily and weekly newspapers and monthly reviews created a new mode of communication. Oral tradition and communal rituals played a diminishing role in popular culture and reading became increasingly important. Pat Rogers rightly remarks that the rise of the periodical press ‘affected the way in which people constructed the world around them’. It greatly broadened the spatial and social horizons of its readers. It brought them news of events that occurred all over the country, particularly in London, and it publicized new attitudes and ideas far more effectively than pamphlets or the pulpit. It helped form political consciousness and exposed provincial readers of every social rank to the values and opinions current in London society. It also carried news of suicides to a vast audience of readers and enabled them to form their own judgements about them. The rituals of judgement and burial were eclipsed as the chief means by which people learned of suicides and asssessed their significance.
Capital Accumulation and Long-Term Economic Dynamics
Authors: Baranzini Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The post-Keynesian Kaldor-Pasinetti model belongs to the so-called field of comparative static analysis; the reason for this classification may be found in the fact that this model describes a situation where all variables expand at the same positive rate (equiproportional growth) and where the ratios among variables remain constant, so that, year after year, the relative strength of the socio-economic classes remains the same, both in terms of income and wealth. Within this model the propensities of classes to save and to consume and the technological factor (as expressed by the capital/output ratio, K/Y) remain constant; and the requirements for a steady-state growth from one period to another determine the equilibrium value of the endogenous variables of the model. This does not mean that within this framework the problem of capital accumulation and long-term relationships among classes is not considered, in particular with reference to the saving propensities of classes. However, in general, the model gives more emphasis to the long-term relationships among the variables than to the true dynamic factor.
Hans Degen, 1936. On the Danish Translation of Adam Smith and Contemporary Opinion Concerning It
Authors: Larson (1938) Henrietta M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the father of political economy in the year 1776 published his famous work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, there had not yet appeared any Danish work that deserves to be mentioned in the history of economic thought as a link in the development which economic theory had gone through in the later centuries.
Shrinking, Colonialism, and the Wildman
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous two chapters elaborated upon the consequences of ‘contact’ and pacification presented in Chapter 2, and examined and displayed the historical trajectory of colonialism in Pangia through the discourses of the missions and administration. These chapters set the scene for a more in-depth consideration, initiated with the analysis of the Kongono cult, of Wiru responses to development and Christianity. Undue emphasis on the discourses and practices of kiaps and missionaries tends to deny agency to the colonized, glossing over the entanglements and misunderstandings between Europeans and Wiru that produce the particular characteristics of colonial and colonized culture.
Renouncing the Stone
Authors: Clark Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many Highlands anthropologists have pointed to the ways in which ‘valuables are used to articulate social relationships’ (Merlan and Rumsey 1991: 228), acknowledging that ‘things’ can have revelatory qualities (ibid.; M. Strathern 1990). But apart from the ‘first contact’ period, little attention has been paid to the ways in which Highlanders conceived of relationships to Europeans through valuables, or to what such things as money revealed about the colonial situation
Introduction
Authors: Cowie A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book traces the history of monolingual English dictionaries for foreign learners from their origins in the vocabulary-control movement of the 1920s and 1930s to the appearance of the large-scale, computerized compilations of the late 1980s. Monolingual learners’ dictionaries (MLDs) —also called English as a Foreign Language (or EFL) dictionaries—are now worldwide in their diffusion, and represent a coming-together of intellectual, technological, and commercial forces scarcely equalled in present-day lexicography. The advanced-level works which we shall chiefly focus on, and which dominate the current market, cater to a constantly rising demand for English, a global appetite which explains the intensity of competition among the major publishers involved, and has helped to promote the development, since the early 1980s, of large-scale text corpora and sophisticated processing tools geared to dictionary production (Sinclair 1987d, 1991; Ooi 1998; Rundell 1998).
The Survey Parser: Design and Development
Authors: Fang Alex Chengyu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automatic parsing aims at the decomposition of a sentence into its syntactic constituent structures, so that the relations between words and groups of words are clarified. It is a process deemed essential as a help in understanding the sentential meaning. It is also the first step towards a reversed process whereby a natural language sentence can be automatically constructed according to the specification of abstract semantic meanings. The best example to demonstrate the application of parsing is multi-lingual machine translation. A sentence in Language A is first of all parsed to help to arrive at its semantics, which are then formalized and finally represented as a corresponding sentence in Language B. Success in parsing will represent a major breakthrough in natural language processing. Nearly all the major universities around the world host research teams working on different approaches to parsing. Britain alone boasts research teams in this area at Cambridge, Edinburgh, Leeds, Nottingham, Sheffield, Sussex, and York. Despite efforts in the past 50 years or so, however, ‘the state of the art in parsing general English by computer is but primitive’ (Black et al., 1993: 2). In 1990-2, three experiments were carried out on eleven rule-based parsers, which subsequently produced a success rate of only 33 per cent on naturally occurring sentences (cf. Black et al., 1993). The increasingly popular stochastic approach (Fujisaki, 1984; Garside and Leech, 1985; Atwell, 1988; Briscoe and Carroll, 1991; Fujisaki et al., 1991; Magerman, 1994), despite its advantage over the rule-based approach, suffers from incorrect analyses, especially in the attachment of constituent structures (cf. Briscoe and Carroll, 1991). SPATTER, a probabilistic parser, achieved a 78 per cent crossing-brackets score,1 and yet only about 35 per cent of the parses exactly matched the human annotations for those sentences (Magerman, 1994: v). Some systems try to remedy these parsing problems through man-machine interactions, but this usually proves too costly. The TOSCA Parser developed at the University of Nijmegen, Holland, for instance, requires considerable manual pre-editing of the input text in order to reduce parsing times and ambiguities.
Computer-Assisted Language Learning
Authors: Levy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far the development of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) has been fragmented. The points of departure for CALL projects have been enormously varied, and when the projects have been written up, they rarely refer to those that have gone before. Michael Levy addresses this shortcoming, setting CALL work into a context, both historical and interdisciplinary. He is the first person in the field to consider CALL as a body of work. He also aims to identify themes and patterns of development that relate contemporary CALL to earlier projects. The author goes on to explore how CALL practitioners have conceptualized the use of the computer in language teaching and learning. He achieves this through a detailed review of the literature, and through the results of an international CALL survey, where key CALL practitioners from 18 countries respond to questions on aspects of CALL materials development. Drawn from this rich source of information on actual CALL practice, Michael Levy analyses and expands on a tutor-tool framework. He shows this to be of value for a better understanding of methodology, integration of CALL into the curriculum, the role of the teacher and learner, and evaluation.
Non-derivational Phonology Meets Lexical Phonology
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A proper theory of phonology has to provide at least the three subtheories listed in (1):
(1) (i) a theory of the nature of phonological representations
(ii) a theory of the form of phonological generalizations
(iii) a theory of the organization of phonology as part of the grammar
Autosegmental phonology, Prosodic Phonology, and the theory of Feature Geometry are examples of theories that deal with (aspects of) the nature of phonological representations.
The issue of how to express phonological generalizations has become one of the foci of recent phonological research. The basic ingredients of the classical SPE approach, and of Lexical Phonology in its standard form, are rules and derivations. We now observe a shift to constraint-based approaches such as Constraints-and-Repairs Phonology (Paradis 1988–9) and Harmonic Phonology (Goldsmith 1990; 1993), in which both rules and constraints play a role, and Optimality Theory (OT). In the latter theory, rules have been completely abolished in favor of a hierarchy of constraints, and there is no derivational, serial computation of the correct phonetic form of a word (Prince and Smolensky 1993). In another approach, Declarative Phonology, rules have been replaced with stative, declarative statements that express well-formedness constraints that apply conjunctively (Coleman 1995).
Extrasyllabic Consonants in Polish: Derivational Optimality Theory
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the treatment of extrasyllabic consonants in two frameworks: Derivational Theory (DT) and Optimality Theory (OT). The choice of Polish as the source of data has been made for several reasons. First, Polish has a rich system of extrasyllabic consonants. Second, their distribution is complex in the sense that they are not limited to some special position in the word. Third, they interact with assimilation rules, in particular with Final Devoicing, Regressive Assimilation and Progressive Devoicing. Each of these facts puts Polish in the position of an interesting language, since, as I explain below, languages have typically rather restricted systems and simple strategies for dealing with extrasyllabic consonants.
Not Chance but Choice: Criteria in Corpus Creation
Authors: Engwall Gunnel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both structuralists and generativists study the linguistic system as a whole: the structuralist by looking for patterns in linguistic phenomena, the generativist by first examining the language user’s competence. However, the fact that the linguistic system, or ‘langue’ as Saussure termed it, is virtual means that it cannot be studied directly. Instead both structuralists and generativists have to study the actualization of ‘langue’, that is ‘parole’ (discourse or performance).