bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Limited Effectiveness of Legalistic ‘Remedies’ For Trust/Distrust*
Authors: Sitkin Sim B , Roth Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trust is an essential element of all social exchange relations (Barber 1983, Barnard 1938, Blau 1968, Deutsch 1960, Garfinkel 1963) and collective action (Luhmann 1979, Parsons 1951). Organizational scholars have noted that coordination (Cyert and March 1963, Macaulay 1963, Williamson 1975) and control (Arrow 1974, Ouchi 1980) rest upon a foundation of trust. However, in many organizations, the level of interpersonal trust is low—particularly between management and employees (e.g., Golembiewski and McConkie 1975)—leading organizations to adopt control mechanisms (e.g., contracts, bureaucratic procedures, or legal requirements) as substitutes for trust when interpersonal relations are lacking (Fox 1974, Williams 1975). Such ‘legalistic’ mechanisms are typically adopted not only to facilitate administrative coordination (Weber 1947) but also to obtain the symbolic legitimacy that accompanies the use of institutionalized procedures (Edelman 1990, Meyer 1983, Sitkin and Bies 1993, Sitkin and Roth 1993, Yudof 1981) and to restore sufficient levels of trust necessary for activity to continue (Shapiro 1987, Zucker 1986).
Organizational Facades
Authors: Nystrom Paul C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizational facades enable managers to justify actions, to acquire resources, and to gain discretion. Facades help managers to achieve these objectives by creating the appearance of competence. Prevailing ideologies define what competence means, and in modernized societies, ideologies generally equate managerial competence with rationality. Since rationality connotes purposiveness and consistency, organizational facades tend to present such appearances. One dictionary (World 1960: 519) defines a facade as ‘the front part of anything: often used figuratively, with implications of an imposing appearance concealing something inferior ‘. Another dictionary (Merriam 1971: 811) defines a facade as a ‘false front ‘ and ‘a false, superficial, or artificial appearance or effect ‘.
Open Innovation: A New Paradigm for Understanding Industrial Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Open Innovation paradigm can be understood as the antithesis of the traditional vertical integration model where internal research and development (R&D) activities lead to internally developed products that are then distributed by the firm. If pressed to express its definition in a single sentence, Open Innovation is the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. Open Innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as they look to advance their technology.
Open Innovation in Systemic Innovation Contexts
Authors: Keil Markku V J Maula Thomas , Salmenkaita Jukka-Pekka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The competitive consequences of different types of innovation have been one of the central themes in research on technological innovation (e.g. Mansfield 1968; Abernathy and Utterback 1978; Tushman and Anderson 1986; Henderson and Clark 1990). Studies have repeatedly shown that incumbents ability to create and to adapt to nonincremental innovation differs starkly from their ability to deal with incremental innovation (Henderson and Clark 1990; Christensen and Bower 1996). Several types of innovations have been identified that create particular challenges for incumbents.
The United States and the European Union: Comparing Two Sui Generis Systems
Authors: Sbragia Alberta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can the study of both the EU and the United States be advanced by comparing the two? Does examination of one help us understand the other? The United States and the European Union display enough similarities and differences to accommodate both those who argue that comparison is futile and those who argue that it is necessary. This chapter is based on the premise that, while both systems have typically been analyzed in a ‘ghetto’, comparing them, would advance the scholarship on both. While both are ‘ sui generis’ in some ways, they look less like ‘Fortress Europe’ and ‘Fortress America’ when analyzed comparatively.
Eurofederalism: What Can European Union Learn From United States?
Authors: Lowi Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the opening sentence of his essay on transnational governance, Michael Zurn draws from Claus Offe the stern contention that ‘‘if the EU were to apply for membership in the EU, ‘it would not qualify because of the inadequate democratic content of its constitution’ ‘‘ (Zu¨rn 2000: 110). The same would apply to the United States. If the US Constitution (1789) and the Bill of Rights (1791) had made its principles standards of admission, only half of the original states could have met them, and no more than half of the larger number of states could have met them in 1865 or, for that matter 1905, or 1945.
Comparing Constitutional Change in the United States and the European Union
Authors: Magnette Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While claiming to be building a sui generis polity, European political leaders simply cannot help looking at the United States each time they contemplate a reform of the institutional arrangements of the European Union. Frequent outbreaks of anti-Americanism notwithstanding, European elites remain fascinated by this country, the pioneer of the science of federalism—and the godfather of European integration.
The Limits of Numerical Flexibility: Continuity and Change
Authors: Wood Geoffrey , Harcourt Mark , Roper Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the European social employment model has come under increasing scrutiny for its relative inability, compared to its Anglo-Saxon counterpart, to generate sustained employment growth. The problem, for critics, has been that the European model provides too much employment security leading to too little numerical flexibility for employers to make adjustments to the size of their workforces. This criticism has not only come from outside Europe, but increasingly from within. In Germany, the challenge to rigid labor markets has come from the business lobby—now wishing to be freed, post-reuniflcation, from the constraints that had previously provided a useful institutional constraint on labor. This has found its way into the political arena. The 2005 general election was fought not on whether the government needed to dismantle established labor market rigidities; but at what speed. It seems likely that in France too, populist sentiment among elements within the Gaulist right, backed by business interests, may be preparing to challenge the fabled French social model, so long a focus of party consensus.
The Remaking of Work: Empowerment or Degradation?
Authors: Hyman Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though faced by accusations of vagueness, of ‘paradoxes and inconsistencies’ (Hales 2000: 511–12) and even of impoverishment (Boje and Rosile 2001), empowerment basically purports to provide a redistributive focus whereby a measure of control is transferred to employees over aspects of their work by managers, with the expectation that the resultant liberation from direct control will lead to heightened expressions of employee motivation and performance (Cunningham, Hyman, and Baldry 1996; Harley 1999). This chapter aims to examine this ostensibly straightforward process and, in particular, to question the seemingly positive transformative properties of the empowerment process. The flrst section considers the nature of empowerment. It asks whether empowerment is a single unidimensional activity or comprises a range of potentially mutually reinforcing activities that either singly or in combination can influence employee and organizational performance.
‘Bear With Me ... .’ —The Problems of Health and Well-being in Call Center Work
Authors: Baldry Chris , Taylor Phil , Bain Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The call or contact center is now the accepted organizational vehicle for the delivery of virtually all personal services from airline ticketing, through theater or holiday booking to insurance and banking and the public sector. The high level of integration of information and communications technologies has made the customer contact center a ‘unique working environment’ (HELA 1999) which in the UK by the end of 2003 had become the workplace of 790,000 employees, according to the DTI (Incomes Data Services 2005). Envisaging further growth, the call/contact sector is expected to grow to over 1 million employees by 2007. Walk around a call center and at flrst glance it would seem to the casual observer to be the epitome of the modern workplace: no dangerous machinery, few overtly toxic materials, carpets on the floor, maybe potted plants. Yet absence and turnover flgures for call centers in the UK remain at signiflcantly high levels and by 1999 the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) had commissioned a research program speciflcally to look at ‘the potential physical and psychological health risks associated with the working practices employed’ in call centers, subsequently issuing a set of guidelines for employers in the public sector (HSE/HELA 2001).
Spain
Authors: Jacobson Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spanish intellectuals have long ruminated over the so-called ‘problem of Spain’, the once-mighty world power that poorly confronted the challenges of modernity. Beginning just before the turn of the twentieth century and continuing until a few decades ago, intellectuals retreated into the past with the explicit intention of explaining and perhaps even overcoming the economic, cultural, and political traumas of their presents.¹ In addition to the problem of ‘backwardness’, one of the principal occurrences that provoked this endeavour was the advent of nationalism in Catalonia and the Basque Country, the two most industrialized regions of the Peninsula.
Italy
Authors: Laven David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 16 May 1896, Francesco Crispi’s La Riforma remarked: When the national flag is raised in France, England, Germany, and Russia, people stop talking and every citizen, whatever his party, bows his head in conformity with his national duty. In Italy, on the other hand . . . people begin talking precisely when the national flag is raised.¹ In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Italy such disillusionment with the population’s widespread indifference, even open hostility, to the newly formed nation-state was by no means confined to Crispi and his supporters. Academics, literary figures, journalists, and politicians repeatedly bewailed Italians’ want of patriotism and stressed the need ‘to educate the nation’ if needs be through ‘a baptism of blood’.
Russia
Authors: Tolz Vera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questioning the usefulness of the distinction between the ‘ethnic’ nations of Eastern and East-Central Europe and the ‘civic’ nations of Western Europe, Rogers Brubaker has offered a more nuanced distinction ‘between state-framed and counter-state understanding of nationhood and forms of nationalism’. In the first instance, a nation is territorially and institutionally ‘framed’ by the state; in the latter it is perceived by nation-builders to be in opposition to some existing state or states. Brubaker’s classification is based on Ernest Gellner’s division of Europe into three main time zones in terms of nation-building.
Linking Dispersion–Focalization Theory and the Maximum Utilization of the Available Distinctive Features Principle in a Perceptionfor-Action-Control Theory
Authors: Schwartz Jean-Luc , Boë, Louis-Jean , Abry Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘‘substance-based’’ approach to phonology was born some 35 years ago with two seminal contributions, one by Liljencrants and Lindblom (1972)—the first of Lindblom’s many variations on dispersion and perceptual contrast (Dispersion Theories: Lindblom 1986, 1990b)—the other, Stevens’s Quantal Theory (1972, 1989). These contributions constituted the starting point for a rich tradition of descriptive and theoretical phonetics, in which the aim is not to refute the existence of a formal phonological level with its intrinsic formal principles and rules, but, instead, to determine and, possibly, model how the emergence of such formal systems could be shaped by the perceptuo-motor substance of speech communication.
Experimental Methods in the Study of Hindi Geminate Consonants
Authors: Ohala Manjari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I attempt to provide answers to some of the issues raised by phoneticians and phonologists about long consonants or geminates (these two terms are used interchangeably here), using an experimental approach in the analysis of Hindi geminates. A number of different methodologies have been proposed to address issues in phonetics and phonology experimentally ( J. Ohala 1995) which can be applied directly to the question being addressed or, with some creativity, modified and adapted. In the first part of the chapter, Sections 21.2–4, I report on experiments using standard experimental phonetic procedures. The second part reports on a phonological experiment for which I modified and developed an available methodology (Section 21.5). In the last part of the chapter I use a recently proposed methodology for gathering phonetic data and apply it to address some phonological questions regarding geminates (Sections 21.6 and 21.7). Although the data and claims being made are from Hindi, the methodological techniques used could be relevant to address similar issues in other languages.
Your expertise
Authors: Gardner Heidi , Morris Timothy , Anand Narasimhan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do professional service firms create a new practice area? How should a fledgling practice be nurtured? What can derail the creation of a new practice? Our research shows that nearly half of all new practice attempts fail, often despite considerable investment of time and resources from both individuals and firms. This chapter seeks to explain why certain initiatives grow into fully fledged new practices, while others stall and fade away or fail soon after they become stand-alone practices.
Your client relationships and reputation
Authors: Uzzi Brian , Lancaster Ryon , Dunlap Shannon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winds of change have been blowing through the law firm market during the past decade, and for many in the industry, the breeze is carrying a far-from-pleasant odour. Gone are the days of unfailingly loyal clients. Gone is the gentlemanly restraint from cherry-picking competitors’ talent. Gone are the scads of new law school graduates prepared to spend every waking moment vying for a partnership.
Your challenge
Authors: Angel Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of global law firms over the past decade has been one of the most remarkable developments in the history of the legal profession. It reflects those firms’ decisions to align themselves with the world’s emerging global corporates and financial institutions and their ambition to build worldwide relationships with them. As such it also reflects a very different approach to the practice of law, and one which has catapulted law firms onto a global stage.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in White Hmong
Authors: Jarkey Nerida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
White Hmong (Hmoob Dawb), along with the mutually intelligible Green Mong (Moob Ntsuab), belongs to the language family referred to as Hmong-Mien by many American linguists (e.g. Ratliff 1992: 16–17), and as Miao-Yao by Chinese and some Western scholars (e.g. Enwall 1995: 16–17).
Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Matses
Authors: Fleck David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Matses language has only one type of complement clause, which occurs with the only complement-taking verb in the language (bun ‘want’). The rest of the notions that are often coded by complement clauses in other languages are coded in Matses by a variety of other grammatical means, including verbal morphology and two complementation strategies. The main complementation strategy is the use of adverbialized clauses, which mark inter-clausal argument tracking and are the basis of clause chaining in Matses.
Interorganizational Relations and Innovation: A Review and a Theoretical Extension
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Faber Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, the amount of research on interorganizational relations (IOR) has grown significantly. Triggered by technological development, the deepening divisions of labor, and the specialization of firms, new metaphors are coined to summarize these changes in the industrialized countries; concepts like ‘back-to- the-core business’ or ‘flexible production’ have been created to label these structural changes. The network approach, rooted in anthropology and sociology, conceives of structure ‘as patterns of specifiable relations joining social units—including both individual actors and collectives such as organizations’ (Mars- den 1990: 435). The growing attention to IOR in organization science is consistent with the growth of the phenomenon, shown in Figure 3.1.
From Theory to Practice: The Use of the Systems of Innovation Approach in Innovation Policy
Authors: Chaminade Cristina , Edquist Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the seminal work of Freeman (1987) on the Japanese national innovation system, the number of contributions to the systems of innovation approach at a national, sectoral, and regional level has grown (Lundvall 1992; Carls- son and Jacobsson 1993; Cooke, et al. 1997; Edquist 1997a; Edquist and Johnson 1997; Lundvall, Johnson, et al. 2002; Malerba 2004; Malerba and Orsenigo 1997; Nelson 1993). The academic discussion started in the political sphere in the 1990s thanks to the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), which played a prominent role in promoting the use of the SI approach in the design and implementation of innovation policy in the OECD countries (Godin 2004).
How is Innovation Influenced by Science and Technology Policy Governance? Transatlantic Comparisons
Authors: Kuhlmann Stefan , Shapira Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What influence does the political governance of an innovation system have on innovation performance? In the science and technology policy field, this is one of those perpetually important questions, simple to ask, yet not so simple to answer, particularly since the process of answering inevitably raises further issues that need to be explained or investigated. In this chapter, we attempt to answer the question about the relationship between innovation governance and performance first by understanding practice through theory, then by testing that theory with comparative evidence.
Smith’s Law of Theft
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Smith’s Law of Theft has long been established as the definitive work on the subject and is frequently cited in the appellate courts. Now in its ninth edition, the book provides a detailed and critical account of the law of theft and related dishonesty offences. It contains the full, amended text of relevant legislation (notably, the Theft Acts 1968, 1978, and 1996) together with a detailed analysis of the provisions of the statutes and the extensive case law which has grown up around them. This new edition has been comprehensively rewritten and updated to take full account of the Fraud Act 2006, which has replaced the deception offences with new fraud offences. There have been major changes in other areas of law besides fraud, and the authors offer expert analysis of case law developments such as Hinks in the House of Lords on theft and gift, jurisdictional issues arising from Smith; and of procedural changes introduced by the fraud protocol and the imminent introduction of judge only trials. A whole new chapter on conspiracy to defraud is included in the new edition, and the full text of the Fraud Act and the fraud protocol are included in the appendices.
The Careers of Oxford Men
Authors: Curthoys M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The confidence with which early nineteenth-century writers had celebrated an unbroken succession of statesmen, divines and scholars issuing forth from Oxford was not shared by the generation which followed. ‘One by one, the university has lost its hold on the great professions,’ Thorold Rogers lamented in 1861.1 A sermon delivered in 1863 by Thomas Espin, formerly a fellow of Lincoln, called the attention of the University to a historic decline in the proportion of recruits to the Church of England ministry educated at Oxford.2 In the case of the judiciary, Gladstone observed a ‘retrogression’ in 1867 from the position twenty or thirty years earlier. Fewer than half of the members of the Bench between 1850 and 1875 had been educated at Oxford or Cambridge. Local reputations were not assured of wider recognition: none of the three college fellows A. H. Clough, Mark Pattison and J. A. Froude who were candidates for professorships at the new Queen’s colleges in Ireland received appointments when the first were made in 1849. In 1872 an accumulation of evidence supported the contention of the Roman Catholic bishops, when, in opposing the restoration of a Catholic presence in the University, they argued that Oxford’s role in educating the leaders of public life was a diminishing one.
The Ashmolean Museum
Authors: G.MACGREGOR A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the Ashmolean envisaged by its founder-that it should be an integrated centre for scientific research-suffered progressive erosion from the early eighteenth century as the unity of Ashmole’s foundation gradually broke down.1 In the Broad Street building the original elements of public display gallery (on the upper floor), lecture-room(s) (on the ground floor) and laboratory (in the basement) still survived in the early 1 Soos; but the museum element had effectively become isolated from the other functions and had stagnated. The lack of positive impact on the collections by the curators who ushered in the nineteenth century, William Lloyd,2 Thomas Dunbar and William Philipps,4 contrasts with indications of more intensive activity from their contemporaries on the lower floors: new apparatus for the readers in experimental philosophy and chemistry was purchased on a number of occasions, while repeated additions were made to the numbers of specimen cabinets in the ground-floor chambers of William Buckland, Professor in Mineralogy from 1813 and in Geology from 1818.5 Far from benefiting the public displays, however, these developments brought about a further drain on them, for parts of the mineral collection and the important cabinet of fossils amassed by Edward Lhuyd, Keeper of the Ashmolean from 1690 to 1709, were removed at that time from exhibition and were integrated with Buckland’s teaching collections.
Introduction*
Authors: Bruni Luigino , Comim Flavio , Pugno Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is the road to human development paved with wealth? For a long time economists and other social scientists were convinced that promoting opulence was the best (and sometimes the only) way to achieve well-being. However, this conventional thought has been disputed during the last three decades by two different approaches that put forward distinct philosophies and methodologies to measure, evaluate, and promote human well-being and development.