bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON PATHOLOGIC SIMILARITIES BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY COMBINED WITH INFECTION, AND RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Rinehart James F. , Connor Charles L. , Mettier Stacy R. 
Published: June 2004

In the guinea pig, chronic scurvy with superimposed infection (beta streptococcus) and to a lesser extent chronic scurvy alone, produces an arthropathy with striking pathologic similarities to that of rheumatic fever and the closely allied condition of rheumatoid arthritis. Considerable significance is attached to the widespread occurrence in the experimental animal subjected to scurvy and infection, and to a lesser extent in scurvy alone, of lesions similar to if not identical with the fibrinoid degeneration which has been considered the fundamental lesion of rheumatic fever. A subcutaneous nodule essentially similar to the subcutaneous nodules of rheumatic fever was observed in one experimental animal.
Attention is called to a group of general pathologic changes frequently observed in rheumatic fever which were also found in the experimental animals subjected to scurvy and infection. These include degenerative changes in skeletal muscle, focal necrosis in the liver, fibrosis of the Malpighian bodies in the spleen, erythrophagocytosis in the lymph nodes, and focal lymphocytic accumulations in the kidneys.
The problem of hemorrhage is considered. It is suggested that a scorbutic state may be the basis of the hemorrhagic manifestations common to the acute phases of rheumatic fever.
The unsatisfactory nature of previous experimental attempts to reproduce the pathology of rheumatic fever is noted. The lesions produced by subjecting the guinea pig to the combined influence of scurvy and infection are considered to be fundamentally similar in character and distribution to those of rheumatic fever. The pathologic observations recorded in this and a previous publication (2) are believed to offer evidence that the disease known as rheumatic fever may be the result of the combined influence of scurvy and infection. It is suggested that a subclinical degree of scurvy may constitute the rheumatic tendency in which the added factor of infection causes the development of rheumatic fever or possibly the closely allied condition of rheumatoid arthritis.
Epidemiological and clinical considerations appear to afford supportive evidence to this concept.
ACUTE ASCENDING MYELITIS FOLLOWING A MONKEY BITE, WITH THE ISOLATION OF A VIRUS CAPABLE OF REPRODUCING THE DISEASE
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Wright Arthur M. 
Published: June 2004

A case of acute ascending myelitis which followed the bite of an apparently normal Macacus rhesus monkey is described. The clinical course as well as the pathological changes has been studied and found to be suggestive of a virus cause for the disease. The absence of perivascular demyelinization removes the case from the realm of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and establishes it more or less definitely as a primary acute infectious myelitis. An extremely important feature of the pathological picture of this disease has been the presence of focal necrosis in the viscera (spleen, adrenals, regional lymph nodes).
Attempts to transmit the disease to Macacus rhesus monkeys, dogs, mice, and guinea pigs, employing glycerinated organs from the human case, proved unsuccessful. By the inoculations of rabbits the presence of a strongly neurotropic, filtrable virus was demonstrated in the patient's brain, cord, and spleen. Following intracutaneous injection of it as derived either from brain and cord or spleen, an experimental disease develops in rabbits which strikingly resembles the human disease in the character of the local lesion, the incubation period, development of urinary retention, and flaccid paralysis of the posterior extremities with cephalad progression, death by respiratory failure, and finally by the occurrence of focal necrosis in the spleen, adrenals, and liver. In attempting to establish the identity of this virus, (the B virus), a consideration of its biological properties excludes the viruses of poliomyelitis, rabies, vaccinia, Virus III disease of rabbits, and the other viruses which are known to produce similar intranuclear inclusion bodies, except perhaps herpes. Although the relationship between the B virus and the virus of herpes must still be determined by cross-immunity tests it has been shown to possess certain properties which warrant consideration of it as a distinct entity.
THE PULMONARY ARTERIAL PRESSURE IN NORMAL ALBINO RATS AND THE EFFECT THEREON OF EPINEPHRINE
Authors: Smith F. J. C. , Bennett Granville A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A satisfactory method for the direct determination of the pulmonary arterial pressure in rats is described.
2. The arithmetical mean of the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery in a series of thirty-four normal albino rats under nembutal anesthesia is 256 mm. H20 (18.8 mm. Hg).
3. Intravenous epinephrine causes an abrupt but briefly sustained rise in the pulmonary arterial pressure with a gradual return to normal.
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN RATS LIVING UNDER COMPRESSED AIR CONDITIONS
Authors: Bennett Granville A. , Smith F. J. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was demonstrated in a series of rats that had been kept for 24–31 days in an environment of compressed air, having a barometric pressure of 3040 mm. Hg. The partial pressure of oxygen was 635 mm. Hg, which is equivalent to an 83.6 per cent oxygen mixture at normal barometric pressure.
2. Sclerosing changes in the pulmonary arterioles have been observed which precede the development of demonstrable hypertension in the pulmonary circulation. These vessels showed histological changes that were indicative of injury after 3 days of exposure. There was a thickening of the walls which stained more intensely with eosin, as well as marked perivascular edema and often a narrowing of the lumina. Progressive thickening, narrowing, and hyalinization of the pulmonary arterioles occurred later, after the disappearance of perivascular edema. These changes appeared very similar to the renal arterial lesions seen at autopsy in patients dying from malignant hypertension.
3. Pathological examination did not reveal significant or constant changes from normal in any organs except the lungs and heart. The blood vessels of the systemic circulation showed no pathological change.
4. The walls of the large pulmonary arteries increased in thickness rapidly after the 3rd day of exposure. This change was due to the progressive formation and condensation of fibrous tissue outside of the media and to a lesser extent to thickening of the alternate layers of elastic tissue and smooth muscle in the arterial wall.
5. Marked dilatation of the right ventricle and conus arteriosus as well as small areas of scar tissue formation in the right ventricle were present on prolonged exposure. A few hearts showed larger areas of fibrosis that were visible on macroscopic examination.
6. The systemic arterial blood pressure of a small series of rats exposed to compressed air for 38 days and examined 7 to 10 days after decompression was in each instance less than one-half the average normal pressure.
7. The findings in this study are consistent with the clinical and pathological signs of pulmonary hypertension in man.
8. The anatomical alterations observed in the alveolar units of the lungs were essentially the same as those previously described (1).
9. A method has been devised whereby pulmonary arterial hypertension, accompanied by important sclerotic changes in the arteries of the pulmonary circulation can be induced for investigation.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Mahoney Earle B. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding and return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) the regeneration of new plasma proteins can be controlled at will by diet. The amount and character of protein intake is all important.
Liver protein and casein are efficient proteins to promote rapid regeneration of plasma proteins but some vegetable proteins are also efficient.
The blood plasma proteins are reduced by plasmapheresis close to the edema level (3.5–4.0 per cent) and kept at this level by suitable exchanges almost daily. The amount of plasma protein removed is credited to the given diet period.
A basal ration is used which is poor in vegetable protein (potato) and contains no animal protein. The dog on this ration can be kept in nitrogen balance but can produce only about 2 gm. plasma protein per kilo body weight per week. With liver or casein feeding this production can be increased three- or fourfold.
A reserve of protein building material can be demonstrated in the normal dog when its plasma proteins are depleted. In the first 3 weeks of depletion this reserve in excess of the final basal output may amount to 3–20 gm. protein. This may be stored at least in part in the liver. As much as 50 per cent of this reserve may be albumin or albumin producing material.
A reversal of the albumin-globulin ratio may be observed on the basal diet alone. The reversal will always follow plasmapheresis with the dog on the basal diet and the total plasma protein output will consist approximately of 2 parts globulin and 1 part albumin. Liver diet will raise the production and output of albumin and bring the ratio back toward normal. Albumin production may actually exceed the globulin output during liver diet periods. The change is less conspicuous with casein but in the same direction.
PERIVASCULAR REACTIONS IN LUNG AND LIVER FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF STREPTOCOCCI INTO PREVIOUSLY SENSITIZED ANIMALS
Authors: Hitchcock Charles H. , Camero Anthony R. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

Intravenous inoculation of small doses of non-hemolytic streptococci into previously sensitized rabbits is usually followed by the appearance of perivascular cellular aggregates in lung and liver.
The characteristic cell in these aggregates is moderately large, with vesicular nucleus, prominent nucleoli, clumped chromatin, and basophilic cytoplasm. In addition, the lesions contain small lymphocytes and granulocytes.
This lesion is easily differentiated by architecture and cell content from normally occurring lymphoid aggregates, and from spontaneous rabbit hepatic cirrhosis.
This mononuclear response does not occur when the intravenous dose is large enough to cause death of the animal within 24 hours.
In spleen and lymph nodes the characteristic basophilic cells, which normally occur in these organs, are present in increased numbers.
Following intravenous treatment alone, or sensitization without intravenous treatment, the lesions occur much less frequently, and when present are smaller and more sparsely found.
Inasmuch as in the present series of experiments this lesion was not found in normal animals, and infrequently in those treated by the intravenous route alone, it is suggested that the preliminary sensitization serves to enhance the animal's reactivity to the antigen. In this way a small dose of bacteria is capable of eliciting the cellular phenomenon, which in unsensitized animals appears only when larger doses of antigen are administered over longer periods of time. Too large a dose of antigen, however, results in shock and cell death rather than proliferation.
SINGLE CELL INOCULATIONS WITH TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
Authors: Thomas Clarence S. , Morgan Hugh J. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of one or several Treponema pallidum into the testicles of rabbits does not induce syphilitic infection.
A negative tissue transfer experiment does not preclude the presence of Treponema pallidum in the inoculum nor does it indicate the absence of syphilis in the source animal.
THE VITAMIN B1 AND B2 G CONTENT OF LIVER EXTRACT AND BREWERS' YEAST CONCENTRATE
Authors: Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Liver extract powder, No. 343 Lilly, and the same material prepared for parenteral use, when administered daily by mouth in amounts derived from 2.5 gm. of fresh whole liver, to rats weighing from 40 to 50 gm., contain sufficient vitamin B1 to support normal growth, provided the animals receive in addition an adequate amount of vitamin B2 G. Moreover, liver extract in the forms mentioned, administered in the same amounts, does not contain sufficient vitamin B2 G to maintain normal growth of similar rate when all other necessary constituents of the diet are provided.
2. Liver extract (Lilly) in the form prepared for parenteral use, when administered daily by intraperitoneal injections, in amounts derived from 2.5 gm. of fresh whole liver, to rats under standard experimental conditions, does not contain sufficient vitamin B2 G to maintain normal growth. Furthermore, the amount of vitamin B1 present in liver extract in this form is not as effective in supporting normal growth when given by intraperitoneal injection as it is when given by mouth.
3. Vegex, when administered daily in amounts of 50, 150, and 250 mg. to rats of 40 to 50 gm. in weight contains sufficient vitamin B1 to maintain normal growth of the rats, provided the animals receive in addition an adequate amount of vitamin B2 G. However, vegex in the same amounts does not contain sufficient vitamin B2 G to support normal growth of similar rats when all other necessary constituents of the diet are provided.
4. These experiments indicate that the extrinsic, anti-anemic factor of Castle and the thermostable growth-promoting food constituent, commonly known as vitamin B2 G, are not identical.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Lynch James , Hanzal Ramon F. , Summerville Ward W. 
Published: June 2004

These experiments indicate that, in dogs at least, ischemia localized to the kidneys is a sufficient condition for the production of persistently elevated systolic blood pressure. When the constriction of both main renal arteries is made only moderately severe in the beginning, the elevation of systolic blood pressure is unaccompanied by signs of materially decreased renal function. In this respect the hypertension in these animals resembles the hypertension which is associated with so called benign nephrosclerosis in man. Subsequent increase of the constriction of the main renal arteries does not materially damage renal function, probably because of adequate development of accessory circulation. More delicate methods for detecting a change may yet prove that some damage does occur. Almost complete constriction of both main renal arteries, from the beginning, results in great elevation of systolic blood pressure which is accompanied by severe disturbance of renal function and uremia. This resembles the type of hypertension which is associated with so called malignant nephrosclerosis, in the sense of Fahr (17). In several of the animals with persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure, anatomical changes were observed in the glomeruli, vessels and parenchyma of the kidneys which are most probably directly referable to the ischemia.
It is hoped that these investigations will afford a means of studying the pathogenesis of hypertension that is associated with renal vascular disease.
I. CHOLESTEROL AND CHOLESTEROL ESTERS IN DOG BILE
Authors: Wright Angus 
Published: June 2004

The colorimetric method for the determination of total cholesterol in dog bile is consistently accurate as checked by the oxidative digitonin method. This method has the further advantages of being simple, rapid and economical.
A method for the determination of esterified cholesterol in bile is described and it is shown that there are no esters of cholesterol in normal dog bile.
II. BILE CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Wright Angus , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours.
Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert.
Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet.
Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours.
Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile.
Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor.
Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination.
The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations.
The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low.
Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
III. BLOOD PLASMA CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Hawkins William B. , Wright Angus 
Published: June 2004

Hypocholesteremia with dissociation of the normal ratio of esterified to total cholesterol is related to chronic liver injury caused by chloroform.
Hypercholesteremia may develop after prolonged biliary obstruction.
The hypercholesteremia of chronic biliary obstruction may be promptly reduced below normal by chloroform poisoning or bile duct infection.
Acute injury of liver due to chloroform anesthesia may cause no change in blood plasma cholesterol.
Absence of bile in the intestine with faulty fat absorption does not cause the development of hypocholesteremia with dissociation of the ester ratio.
Poor food consumption or short periods of fasting may cause no change in blood plasma cholesterol.
Liver cells injured by chloroform may subsequently become resistant to chloroform.
After prolonged biliary obstruction, the liver is apparently more sensitive to small doses of chloroform by mouth.
Analysis of blood plasma cholesterol may have a clinical application in differentiation between simple obstructive and parenchymatous lesions of the liver.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours.
Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert.
Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet.
Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours.
Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile.
Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor.
Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination.
The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations.
The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low.
Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
SELECTION WITH THE MAGNET AND CULTIVATION OF RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL CELLS (KUPFFER CELLS)
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beard J. W. 
Published: June 2004

Methods and apparatus are described where with living Kupffer cells can be procured from the liver of the rabbit and the dog for study and cultivation in vitro. Almost none of these cells can be dislodged from the normal liver by forcible perfusion; but after they have taken up finely particulate matter (India ink, iron oxide), they come away in great numbers. When they have phagocyted ferromagnetic iron oxide they can be selected with a magnet from amongst the blood elements present in suspension with them; and they are obtainable in quantity by this means. They do poorly when plated in a thin plasma clot, failing to multiply or to assume their characteristic shape; but they flourish when allowed to attach themselves to strands of lens paper bathed in serum that is frequently changed.
Bacterial infection of serum cultures of Kupffer cells from normal rabbits and dogs occurs only as the result of secondary contamination of the materials, whereas it regularly develops in cultures from animals with fever induced by the injection of nucleic acid or of killed B. prodigiosus. Kupffer cells obtained under such conditions are abnormally active, and some can be washed out of the liver of sick animals in the absence of any preliminary phagocytosis of particulate matter. The facts have a bearing both on the conditions conducing to blood invasion and on the response of the Kupffer cells in the emergency.
The characters of the isolated Kupffer cells and the results of tests of their presumptive functions will be described in later papers.
SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Landsteiner E. , van der Scheer J. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the specificity of artificial compound-antigens containing aliphatic chains.
Striking specificity was exhibited in the reactions of compounds with short chains containing a carboxyl group; for instance succinic acid could be differentiated from malonic or glutaric acid which contain one fewer and one more carbon atom respectively. With the substances containing longer chains, reactions were observed which, although specific to a certain extent, appear to depend mainly on the general physicochemical properties of long aliphatic chains.
With a limited number of substances the influence of substituents —halogen, OH, NH2—on the serological specificity was investigated.
By means of inhibition reactions it was possible to demonstrate the serological specificity of cis-trans isomers such as maleic and fumaric acid.