bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URGE AND STRESS INCONTINENCE FACT AND FICTION
Authors: Frewen W. K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA preliminary postoperative follow‐up of 600 personal cases of stress incontinence was made. A complete analysis of 412 of these cases had been accomplished up to the date of publication.This analysis showed a postoperative cure rate of 74·3 per cent. The apparent postoperative failure rate of 25·7 per cent (106 cases), which is in line with the majority of published works, is misleading and, indeed, fictitious. Incontinence of urine in 76 of the 106 cases was due to urge incontinence.The exclusion of urge incontinence by the psychomedical therapeutic test is an essential preliminary in almost all cases of incontinence. The operative results from primary vaginal surgery are probably much better than those usually postulated.Twenty‐three cases had had two or more operations and in all of these the incontinence was of the urge variety.The extensive literature on incontinence of urine in the female has not established with sufficient emphasis the role of urge incontinence and its symptomatic similarity to stress incontinence. The two conditions are frequently indistinguishable clinically and may well need a searching investigation in hospital to clarify the diagnosis.The psychomedical therapeutic test is a simple and practical method of differentiating one type of incontinence from the other and, in the author's opinion, should be universally adopted in almost all cases of incontinence of urine. This, in particular, applies to all cases of recurrent incontinence after previous surgery.
SERUM HEAT‐STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN PREGNANCY COMPLICATED BY HYPERTENSION
Authors: Benster Barry 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum heat‐stable alkaline phosphatase was measured during the third trimester in 72 normal pregnant women and 168 women with hypertension in pregnancy. The method used was specific for the placental isoenzymes. In normal pregnant women the mean level increased with the maturity of the pregnancy. Patients with hypertension had a greater incidence of abnormal levels, with a tendency for high serum HSAP levels at 28–32 weeks and normal or low levels in later pregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF ATP ON THE FETUS IN DANGER DURING LABOUR
Authors: Horská S. , ŠTembera Z. K. , Vondráček J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryBy administering ATP to the mother during delivery fetal hypoxia was relieved in respect of both metabolic and gaseous exchange. However, there was no difference between doses of 20 and 40 mg. ATP. The metabolic improvement of the fetus during delivery was also reflected by the more favourable condition of the infants at birth.
THE EFFECTS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS ON THE FALLOPIAN TUBES IN THE AFRICAN FEMALE
Authors: Bland K. G. , Gelfand M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a prospective study 10 patients out of 104 from an endemic bilharzial country showed definite evidence of bilharziasis in the Fallopian tubes.Unless the inflammatory reaction is severe, the presence of the ova is of little or no significance, but if there is a severe fibrous or granulomatous reaction of the tubes to the ova ectopic pregnancy may ensue.No significant effect of bilharziasis on fertility was shown. S. haematobium is the commonest type of schistomsoma affecting the Fallopian tubes.
ULTRASONIC FETAL CEPHALOMETRY DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Campbell Stuart 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe accuracy of ultrasonic cephalometry by the combined A and B scan method was assessed in 50‐second trimester fetuses which were delivered by hysterotomy. A good correlation was obtained between the antenatal ultrasonic and postnatal caliper measurement. It is concluded that the fetal biparietal diameter can be accurately measured from 13 weeks onwards.
THE MEASUREMENT OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME IN PREGNANCY WITH INULIN
Authors: Robertson Euan G. , Hytten F. E. , Cheyne G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryExtracellular fluid volume estimated serially during pregnancy by inulin in seven subjects showed large variations from time to time in the same subject. Practical and theoretical objections are advanced to the use of inulin as a tracer in pregnancy.
COMPARISON BETWEEN PLASMA OESTRIOL AND URINARY OESTRIOL LEVELS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: MacRae D. J. , Mohamedally S. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a comparison of 51 pairs of plasma oestriol and urinary oestriol levels during pregnancy the correlation coefficient was highly significant. This close relationship of plasma and urinary oesiriol values was present not only in normal pregnancy, but also in the serial assays made in pregnancy complications. No significant variation in plasma oestriol values was found between blood samples taken in the morning and evening.
FURTHER SIMPLIFICATIONS IN THE DETECTION OF FETAL HAEMOGLOBIN IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Chamberlain Geoffrey , Fosker A. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA simple tablet test for distinguishing between adult and fetal haemoglobin in small samples of blood is described. It is useful in connection with fetal blood sampling, amniocentesis, ruptured vasa praevia and blood swallowed by the baby at delivery.
SURVEY OF MATERNAL DEATHS IN SOUTH IRAN ANALYSIS OF 96 AUTOPSIES
Authors: Daneshbod Khosrow , Borazjani Gholam Reza , Sajadi Hasan , Hamidzadeh Mohamed Mehdi 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCases of maternal death on which autopsies were carried out during 1963–9 at Saadi Hospital of Pahlavi University have been reviewed. All deaths, regardless of the cause, in pregnant women at any period of gestation or within 90 days of termination of pregnancy were included in the study. The autopsy rate was 90 per cent. Seventy‐three per cent of the patients were from the surrounding district and 27 per cent from the urban area. None of the mothers had antenatal care. The cause of deaths was classified as direct obstetric in 46 per cent of cases, as indirect obstetric in 36 per cent and unrelated in 18 per cent. In all three groups, infection was the leading cause of death.
MATERNAL DEATH FROM SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS
Authors: Sood S. V. , Kohler H. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA young nulliparous patient with over two years' history of scleroderma was allowed to proceed with her pregnancy, but at the beginning of the third trimester she developed severe hypertension and proteinuria which did not respond to treatment. Left ventricular failure and terminal right ventricular failure preceded death. The postmortem histological findings confirmed the presence of systemic sclerosis.
THE EFFECTS OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS ON THE CERVIX UTERI IN THE AFRICAN FEMALE
Authors: Bland K. G. , Gelfand M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a prospective study of 55 African patients in whom the cervix uteri was removed and examined, 12 showed definite evidence of bilharziasis and 9 of these had evidence of bilharziasis elsewhere on routine screening.The 12 patients who had bilharzial cervicitis were clinically analyzed in detail. Only rarely does cervical bilharziasis simulate cervical carcinoma, but it may give rise to suspicious abnormal vaginal bleeding. The need for careful biopsy of all suspicious cervical lesions in endemic areas is emphasized, and the value of anti‐bilharzial treatment in proven cases, is stressed.In our experience, based on a series of 18 consecutive cases of cervical carcinoma, there is no correlation with cervical bilharziasis.
INCIDENTAL PATHOLOGY AT VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY FOR GENITAL PROLAPSE
Authors: Bonnar John , Kraszewski Andrew , Davis W. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn 500 patients with uterovaginal prolapse who were treated by vaginal hysterectomy incidental gynaecological lesions which were unsuspected until after removal of the uterus were found in 129 patients (26 per cent). Fibromyomata were the commonest finding but endometrial abnormalities were present in 46 patients (9·2 per cent) and small ovarian tumours in 13 patients (2·6 per cent). In a patient who has completed her family or who is beyond the child‐bearing years the removal of the uterus as an integral part of the operation for the repair of utero‐vaginal prolapse allows the removal of unsuspected lesions which could be significant in later life.
AN ANALYSIS OF MASSIVE PULMONARY HAEMORRHAGE IN THE NEWBORN INFANT IN OXFORD, 1948–68
Authors: DeSa D. J. , MacLean B. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOn reviewing the cases of massive pulmonary haemorrhage in newborn infants in Oxford over the years 1948 to 1968, inclusive, 49 cases not associated with major congenital malformations were traced. These cases were not uniformly distributed over these years; there was a progressive decline in incidence which parallelled the decline in stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates. Massive pulmonary haemorrhage was found to be associated with a wide range of aetiological factors, and analysis of these factors by the Aberdeen Clinico‐pathological Classification showed that the decrease in incidence was due to improvements in obstetrical care and organization. Some differences from the findings of the Perinatal Mortality Survey are presented, and the seasonal distribution of cases born outside the hospital is shown. Lt is concluded that many cases of massive pulmonary haemorrhage may be prevented.
THE VALUE OF AMNIOTIC FLUID EXAMINATION IN THE ASSESSMENT OF FETAL MATURITY
Authors: Sharma Santosh D. , Trussell Richard R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFour hundred and sixty‐eight specimens of amniotic fluid were examined from 418 patients at various stages of pregnancy and in the first stage of labour. After staining with Nile blue sulphate, the percentage of orange‐staining cells, the presence of vernix caseosa and free lipid were helpful in determining fetal maturity. The relationship between fetal maturity and the percentage of orange‐staining cells was confirmed by the examination of serial samples of amniotic fluid from the same patient. There was no difference in the percentage of orange‐staining cells in each sac of 19 twin pregnancies. The technique was particularly valuable for distinguishing between immature and small‐for‐dates infants and was useful in assessing fetal maturity in patients for whom induction of labour or elective Caesarean section was planned.
CEREBRAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN PREGNANCY 2—OCCLUSION
Authors: Amias A. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA report on 18 patients with occlusive lesions completes a study of 70 cases of cerebral vascular disease associated with pregnancy and the puerperium.Cortical venous thrombosis has traditionally been accepted as the chief cause of strokes during pregnancy but full neurological investigation demonstrates a high proportion of arterial lesions. In the present series there were 9 cases of arterial occlusion; 6 presenting during pregnancy and 3 in the puerperium. The nine cases of cortical venous thrombosis all occurred in the puerperium.The presentation, clinical course and outcome differed markedly between patients with arterial and venous lesions but it would be erroneous to rely on clinical features alone to distinguish them.Cerebral vascular occlusions may be confused with haemorrhagic lesions, intracranial infection, idiopathic epilepsy and psychosis. The occurrence of a sudden fit in the puerperium may lead to the mistaken diagnosis of postpartum eclampsia although this did not arise here.Active treatment by operation or with anticoagulants was carried out in half the cases; the other patients being treated symptomatically. The nature and extent of the pathological process appeared to be more significant in determining the outcome than the method of treatment employed. Venous lesions carried a higher initial mortality than arterial occlusions but recovery amongst the patients who survived was more rapid and complete than that following arterial strokes.The method of management of a stroke occurring during pregnancy should be selected chiefly on neurosurgical grounds and the obstetric requirements considered secondarily.
PRODUCTION RATE AND SOURCES OF AMNIOTIC FLUID AT TERM
Authors: Biggs J. S. , Duncan R. O. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFlow measurements following drainage of the amniotic cavity in four normal patients at term indicated a production rate of amniotic fluid of 16–42 ml. per hour.Serial measurements of oestriol and urea in the amniotic fluid and comparison with concentrations in the urine of the newborn infants indicated that the fetal urine contributed 2–5 per cent of the amniotic fluid in 3 patients, and 19–24 per cent in a fourth patient.Serial measurements of chloride ion and comparison with animal experiments suggest that fetal respiratory tract fluid may contribute to amniotic fluid production in late human pregnancy.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE BODY OF THE UTERUS
Authors: Lewis B. V. , Stallworthy J. A. , Cowdell R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA series of 129 cases of adenocarcinoma of the uterus treated by Wertheim's hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy is reported. Preoperative radium was given together with postoperative irradiation when pelvic lymph nodes were involved in metastatic cancer.The five‐year survival was 71·5 per cent. This figure rose to 74 per cent when the growth did not involve the cervix.The incidence of lymph node involvement was 13·2 per cent, or 11·2 per cent when the cervix was free from growth. The incidence of node involvement was related to the degree of differentiation of the tumour and the depth of myometrial invasion. Thirty‐six per cent of patients with positive nodes survived 5 years when lymphadenectomy was combined with external radiation. When death occurred the metastatic deposits were usually outside the pelvis.It is concluded that lymphadenectomy need be performed only in patients with poorly differentiated and deeply invasive growth. Postoperative external irradiation is indicated if the nodes contain cancer.
EXCRETION OF OESTROGENS, PREGNANEDIOL AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN PATIENTS WITH HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Campbell D. G. , Brown J. B. , Fortune D. W. , Pepperell R. , Beischer N. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryForty‐one patients with a diagnosis of possible hydatidiform mole were studied by HCG, oestrogen and pregnanediol determinations performed on 24‐hour collections of urine. The results were compared with those obtained in a control series involving 5000 HCG analyses, 679 oestrogen analyses and 1080 pregnanediol analyses performed over the relevant period of gestation in single pregnancies which produced surviving infants. Of the 17 patients who were shown to have a hydatidiform mole, 8 (47 per cent) had high HCG levels, 5 (29 per cent) had oestrogen levels below the first percentile for the control series and 5 of 13 patients had low pregnanediol levels (38 per cent). Five of the nine patients with molar pregnancies associated with normal HCG excretion had oestrogen excretion below the first percentile and one of the remaining four with normal oestrogen values had non‐pregnancy levels of pregnanediol. Thus the diagnosis of an abnormal pregnancy could be made in 14 of the 17 molar pregnancies studied (82 per cent). Two of the three exceptions had a fetus co‐existent with the mole. There were no viable pregnancies when the oestrogen and pregnanediol values were below the first percentile. Oestrogen and/or pregnanediol values in the range consistent with multiple pregnancy were found in four patients with molar pregnancies. In the molar pregnancies there was a correlation between the levels of HCG and the levels of oestrogens and pregnanediol excreted. After evacuation of the mole, the levels of oestrogens and pregnanediol remained elevated for up to three weeks in approximately half of the patients, whereas the HCG levels fell immediately. These findings support the view that in molar pregnancies, levels of oestrogens above 300 μg. per 24 hours and of pregnanediol above 10 mg. per 24 hours are derived mainly from the stimulation of theca lutein cysts in the ovaries.
A FURTHER STUDY ON FETAL LOSS AND CHILD MORTALITY IN THE NORTH OF NIGERIA
Authors: Lang J. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe maternity records of Vom Christian Hospital for the years 1963 to 1967 have been analyzed, and some of the results compared with those of a similar survey conducted at the same hospital 12 years ago.The stillbirth rate of babies of the Birom tribe has fluctuated over the five‐year period, but has not fallen. It is 66·4 per thousand total single births.The death rate of Birom babies in the first week of life is 47·8 per thousand live single births, and has not improved over the five years.The perinatal mortality rate for Birom babies is 107 per thousand total single births.The neonatal mortality rate for Birom babies, based on records of the previous three deliveries only, is 83 per thousand live single births.The infant mortality rate for Birom children is 213 per thousand live births, while the overall “under five years childhood mortality rate” is 266·5 per thousand.This compares favourably with the figure of 490·5 obtained twelve years ago for the same tribe.The figure for overall fetal losses at all stages is 300 per thousand total births for both the Birom children and the children of the other 69 tribes represented in small numbers during the review period.The commonest causes of death in children under five years old are measles (31 per cent), respiratory infections (21 per cent), dysentery (11 per cent), and febrile convulsions (10 per cent).The average birthweight of single Birom babies born alive has increased slightly since the last survey, from 6 pounds ¼ ounce (2729 g.) to 6 pounds 4 ounces (2836 g.).The sex ratio of all babies in whom the sex was recorded is 111 male to 100 female.The incidence of twinning amongst the Birom mothers is 1 in 48, and is even higher amongst the other tribes attending the hospital (1 in 36).In this series as many second twin babies survived as first.
OBSTETRIC SPRUE*
Authors: Whitfjeld C. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe investigation and follow‐up of 36 women, in whom folate deficiency during pregnancy was associated with intestinal malabsorption and jejunal mucosal changes, suggested that a pre‐existent chronic enteropathy had been unmasked or exacerbated, that this was usually due to gluten sensitivity, and that impaired absorption of folic acid may be the usual cause of megaloblastic pregnancy anaemia even in temperate countries.As in tropical sprue, the folate requirements of pregnancy probably initiate a vicious circle of progressive folate depletion and increasing malabsorption. In addition to the immediate maternal and fetal risks, persistent malabsorption may lead to chronic ill health and acute relapses, especially during further pregnancies. Ileal involvement may lead to vitamin B12 depletion with neurological damage, and there is the eventual risk of intestinal malignancy. Continued supervision is therefore indicated, and gluten‐free diets may be advisable in most cases.
AUTOMATIC OXYTOCIN INFUSION EQUIPMENT FOR INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Francis J. G. , Turnbull A. C. , Thomas F. F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryEquipment has been developed for the automatic infusion of oxytocin using a positive pressure peristaltic pump. The automatic setting starts the infusion at 1 milliunit of oxytocin per minute and doubles the dose every 12‐5 minutes. When contractions are of adequate strength and frequency, the “manual” control is used to maintain the oxytocin dose rate, and for immediate and accurate adjustment to any required level. Using this equipment in a series of 130 cases, the average induction‐delivery interval was less than 8 hours. Continuous records of amniotic fluid pressure and fetal electrocardiography showed normal uterine contractions and fetal heart rate patterns.
PLACENTAL LOCALIZATION. A COMPARISON OF THE DOPPLER ULTRASOUND METHOD WITH THAT OF RADIOACTIVE CARBON MONOXIDE AND THE GAMMA CAMERA
Authors: Hakim C. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlacental localization was performed on 100 patients by two methods, the Doptone ultrasonic apparatus and radioactive carbon monoxide using the gamma camera. Confirmation of the exact site of the placenta was obtained by Caesarean section in 50 cases. Localization with the Doptone apparatus proved to be simple, inexpensive and accurate. It compared favourably with the radio‐isotopic method, which exposed the patient to a small dose of radiation and required complex laboratory‐based equipment.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL LEUKOCYTE COUNTS WITH URINARY OESTROGEN AND PLASMA CORTISOL LEVELS
Authors: Cruickshank J. M. , Morris R. , Butt W. R. , Crooke A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a group of 20 women undergoing a course of human pituitary gonadotrophic hormone injections a significant positive correlation (P<0.001) between urinary total oestrogens and the total leukocyte, neutrophil and monocyte counts in blood was demonstrated. The relationship was independent of changes in progesterone secretion, plasma cortisol levels and the initial value of the total leukocyte count. In some individuals, differences up to 6000 cells per c.mm. exist between neutrophil counts associated with the lowest and the highest oestrogen levels.A significant negative correlation (P<0.001) between plasma cortisol and the lymphocyte count was found. No relationship between plasma cortisol and urinary total oestrogens, total leukocyte, neutrophil and monocyte counts was seen,In two women who became pregnant during the course of treatment, neutrophil count changes appeared to be a continuation of events that were happening before conception, indicating that neutrophilia of pregnancy is related to alterations in oestrogen production, separate from progesterone and plasma cortisol fluctuations. The possible role of oestrogens in association with the postmenopausal decrease and the normal ovulatory peak in neutrophil count was discussed. Their place in the scheme of general body defence against infection and their possible associations with obscure neutropenias in women were also considered.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF URINARY TOTAL OESTROGENS WITH HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION
Authors: Cruickshank J. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA study of 20 women undergoing a course of human pituitary gonadotrophic hormone injections at an endocrine clinic revealed a significant negative correlation (P<0.001) between urinary total oestrogens and haemoglobin concentration. This correlation was independent of changes in progesterone excretion, the initial haemoglobin level and menstrual loss. Mean differences of over 1 g. per 100 ml. exist in haemoglobin levels associated with the lowest and highest oestrogen groups (approaching 2 g. difference in certain individuals).The tendency of oestrogens to suppress erythropoiesis and cause haemodilution is discussed in relation to the present findings.
LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA IN LABOUR AND DELIVERY: ONE YEAR'S EXPERIENCE
Authors: Romine James C. , Clark Richard B. , Brown Willis E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA series of 739 obstetrical patients who received lumbar epidural anaesthesia for labour and delivery has been reviewed. Satisfactory anaesthesia was produced in 78·8 per cent of all patients despite relative inexperience by many operators. The effect on the fetus is minimal. The technique, although somewhat complicated, is easily learned and provides safe, effective anaesthesia. Physicians wishing to use this technique must pay close attention to detail, monitor their patients carefully, and be proficient in forceps delivery.