bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
I am No Wolf, and You are Not Rabbits
Authors: Kinyon Jeannette E. 
Published: May 2005

Learning to write, like learning to juggle, requires practice. Writing places the highest priority on thinking. The writer must decide not only the form his writing will take, but also the viewpoint from which he sees his material. The text Worlds in the Making provides examples of ways authors “grok,” or assimilate all aspects of a problem. Other aids to students are the handbook and the teacher, not Big Nurse nor a wolf, but rather a human being, whose response is the chief thing offered. Students are not rabbits; they are creative human beings, who can learn to write. In this article, the author addresses her students and lays down some fundamentals of writing and teaching.
Survey Description of Stress of Parents Bereaved from a Child Killed in a Traffic Accident. A Retrospective Study of a Victim Support Group
Authors: Spooren Daniel J. , Henderick Hilde , Jannes Constantin 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: To assess parents' views of the care and support received at the time of the child's accident. To examine the presence of traumatic grief and general psychiatric distress among parents. Methods: Data were obtained from a self-help group of parents who lost a child in a traffic accident. Eighty-five parents responded to a survey including items about circumstances of the death, satisfaction with death handling and standardized questionnaires. Results: Parents reported insufficient satisfaction with services immediately following the death of their child. Even after considerable time they continued to show strong symptoms of traumatic grief and high levels of general psychiatric distress. Conclusion: Confrontation with the death of a child killed in a vehicular crash increases the risk of prolonged psychiatric distress in bereaved parents. A closer immediate follow-up is needed, and long-term support should be provided when needed.
The University of Mid-America: A New Applied Learning System
Authors: McBride Jack G. 
Published: May 2005

As a new applied learning system, the University of Mid-America (UMA) is developing as a major national experiment in the use of instructional technology in an open learning system at the postsecondary level. A consortial effort of nine major state universities in six Midwestern states, UMA develops mediated credit and non-credit courses for use off-campus in teaching-at-a-distance programs; conducts research into formal adult teaching and learning; assists its consortium members in their development of statewide open learning delivery mechanisms, and disseminates courses and research products nationwide. UMA itself has no campus or faculty; offers no credits or degrees. Rather, it acts as a central agency offering course development and evaluation services to its consortium members. To ensure the most successful test possible of this applied open learning system, several professional development recommendations should be considered. First, there is a need for restraining of traditional faculty members in innovative methods of developing instructional materials for the media. Second, more attention should be given to the training of professionals who understand the instructional capabilities and limitations of media. Third, we need a new brand of practitioners who are able to harness new technologies for instructional purposes. Finally, we need curriculum specialists who are trained to think in nontraditional ways and who recognize the real educational needs of adult learners.
Development of Acute Psychotic Disorders and HIV-1 Infection
Authors: De Ronchi Diana , Faranca Irma , Forti Paola , Ravaglia Giovanni , Borderi Marco , Manfredi Roberto , Volterra Vittorio 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To gain more understanding about the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and new-onset psychosis, we compared clinical and immunological findings, psychiatric symptoms, global cognitive performance and, when available, computerized tomography (CT) findings between HIV-1-seropositive patients with new-onset psychosis and well-matched nonpsychotic HIV-1-seropositives. Methods: Two groups of subjects: HIV-1-seropositives with new-onset psychosis ( n = 12) and HIV-1-seropositives without psychosis ( n = 15) were recruited through outpatient departments. Organic Delusional Syndrome and Organic Hallucinosis were clinically diagnosed using DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Of the baseline participants, twenty-two participated in the two-year follow-up examination. Results: The prevalence of new-onset psychosis in HIV-1-infected subjects was 3.7 per 100 (95% C.I. = 1.6–5.7). HIV-1-seropositive persons with new-onset psychosis had more frequently a positive past psychiatric history, no antiretroviral therapy, and a lower global cognitive performance than did the nonpsychotic HIV-1-seropositives. CT was positive, showing generalized brain atrophy, in three out of nine patients. Remission of psychotic symptoms was observed only in two HIV-1-seropositive persons with new-onset psychosis. Death occurred in two psychotic HIV-1-seropositives with simple loosely held delusions. Autopsy results showed that cortical sulci and ventricle size were graded as with moderate/severe enlargement. Conclusions: New-onset psychosis in HIV infected patients could raise considerable problems in deciding whether a presentation is organic or functional. An interaction of the disease or of psychologically “having” the disease with the presence of a psychotic reaction should also be considered. Interestingly, a protective effect of antiretroviral therapy for new-onset psychosis is suggested.
Writing Disturbances: An Indicator for Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Aakerlund Lars Peter , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To study the writing ability pre- and postoperatively in patients undergoing major surgery. Method: In an open study twenty-four consecutive patients undergoing thoracotomy for pulmonary malignancy were monitored for postoperative delirium throughout their stay in the hospital. The writing ability was tested on a preoperative day and on the third day after the operation. Main outcome measures were delirium according to the DSM-III-R criteria and writing ability assessed on items such as reluctance to write and motor-, spatial-, syntactical- and spelling disorders. Results: Five patients (21%) developed delirium according to the DSM-III-R criteria. The writing of all patients with delirium was severely impaired with features like reluctance to write, motor disability and spatial disturbances. No patient without delirium developed these disturbances. Conclusions: These results suggest that testing of writing ability may be useful in the diagnosis of delirium. The Delirium Writing Test is proposed as a diagnostic tool.
Narrowing the Gap in Treatment of Depression
Authors: Harman Jeffrey S. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Kelleher Kelly J. , Schulberg Herbert C. , Kupfer David J. , Reynolds Charles F. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Although effective treatments for depression exist, under or non-treatment of depression is common. Efforts were made in the early 1990s to improve recognition and treatment of depression, with many of those efforts targeted at groups most vulnerable to under-treatment. The purpose of this study is to assess treatment rates in 1993–1994 and 1996–1997. Method: Using nationally representative surveys of office-based practice covering the years 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1997, we obtained estimates of visits by adults in which depression was diagnosed and a prescription for antidepressant medication and/or psychotherapy was provided or ordered. Results: The proportion of physician office visits in which a depression diagnosis was recorded did not change from 1993–1994 (3.48 percent) to 1996–1997 (3.40 percent). However, the rate of antidepressant prescription or psychotherapy rose from 74.2 percent of visits with a depression diagnosis in 1993–1994 to 82.3 percent of these visits in 1996–1997. Significantly lower rates of treatment for depression during office visits made by African American patients, elderly patients, and patients on Medicaid occurred in 1993–1994, but were not evident in 1996–1997, reflecting improved rates of depression treatment in these populations. Conclusions: Although rates of diagnosis of depression during office visits have not increased, treatment rates for depression are improving among those who are diagnosed, including groups of people who historically were less likely to be offered treatment. Additional efforts to improve recognition and diagnosis of depression in ambulatory medical practice and to improve dissemination of treatment are needed.
Methodological Issues in the Recruitment of Primary Care Patients with Depression
Authors: Nazemi Hamid , Larkin Adelpha Abrahamson , Sullivan Mark D. , Katon Wayne 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To compare two strategies of patient recruitment, waiting room (WR) screening and screening after physician referral (PR), for participation in a treatment-outcome study of minor depression and dysthymia in primary care. The influence of demographic factors on patients' refusal to participate in WR screening was also examined. Method: Of a convenience sample of 3,344 first stage patients, a total of 609 patients were evaluated in a semi-structured manner using a two-stage screening procedure from the mood module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD). Results: Male and older patients were more likely to refuse participation in screening than female and younger patients. Waiting room screens yielded a higher number of qualified patients compared to PR screens, but PR screens yielded a higher percentage of patients who qualified for further participation. Conclusions: The recruitment of male and older primary care patients is complicated by their tendency to refuse participation in WR screening for a treatment-outcome study of milder depression. Although each recruitment strategy offers advantages and disadvantages, the simultaneous use of both is recommended to recruit the most patients in the least amount of time.
Selling before Telling: Why the Government Needs to Take a Second Look at Genetically Engineered Foods
Authors: Rubin Jill , Tesmenitsky Anna 
Published: May 2005

This article documents the early warning signs of health and environmental dangers of DDT, vinyl chloride, and leaded gasoline. In each case, industry scientists and/or public health officials warned of potential hazards but their advice was ignored at great cost to human health and the environment. Now, genetically engineered (GE) foods have been introduced to our food supply and exhibit many of the same early warning signs. Leaded gasoline was sold in the United States from 1923 through 1986. The additive was introduced without safety testing even though it was known that lead was neurotoxic. Industry efforts kept the federal government from studying or banning leaded gasoline for decades. Leaded gasoline released millions of tons of lead into the air. Lead can cause brain damage and even death. Vinyl chloride, used to make PVC plastic, has a similar history. When scientific studies confirmed that vinyl chloride was a carcinogen, industry representatives signed a secrecy agreement to keep the information from becoming public. DDT was used all over the United States to kill unwanted pests. Evidence of DDT's environmental and health impacts began to emerge in the 1950s. DDT is now deemed a probable human carcinogen, suspected of causing liver damage, and blamed for triggering premature births. GE foods have been introduced into our food supply with no required safety testing. Initial independent studies indicate that GE foods can trigger unexpected or unknown allergic reactions, may damage organs and immune system, can contaminate neighboring crops, and may cause ecological damage. Yet, industry studies about GE food products are considered proprietary and are not available for peer review or public scrutiny. In reaction to the rejection of GE foods by many European countries and companies, the biotechnology industry is waging a massive propaganda effort in the United States. But when it comes to our food supply, we should not take any health or safety risks. We make these recommendations: Hold biotechnology companies liable for any harm that comes from the use of GE foods. This will give them a financial incentive to ensure that GE foods are safe and provide compensation to any future victims Place a moratorium on GE foods until they are proven safe through independent, long-term testing for health and environmental impacts Require labeling of all GE foods that are proven safe to give consumers the right to know and choose
The First Experience in Teaching Psychiatry
Authors: Lazerson Alan M. , Tufo Robert P. , Downey Loren 
Published: May 2005

For seven years, first year residents in psychiatry have been followed in their initial teaching effort. In the most recent group studied, five residents who taught psychology of adolescence to undergraduate education majors initially experienced considerable anxiety, followed by immediate relief, a progressive sense of mastery and enthusiasm, and a reluctance to end the elective. At the conclusion, all reported that the experience was extremely worthwhile and wished to continue teaching to try out new ideas. All of twenty undergraduate students who responded to an anonymous questionnaire rated their resident-instructor “above average” in comparison with previous instructors in high school and college, and 45 percent rated him “one of the best.” The faculty documented the residents' learning by behavioral changes over the observational period. In our experience, brief but active involvement in teaching has proven to be the best starting point. Educators as supervisors help the resident bypass threatening issues relating to his uncertain identity as a psychiatrist, while guided experience helps him achieve a beginning sense of mastery of teaching skills which can be integrated with his developing knowledge of psychiatry. A concomitantly developing conceptual model of therapy aids the resident in developing an educational model which includes such comparable aspects as a “learning contract,” a “learning alliance” and “transference/countertransference” student-teacher reactions.
Suicide Note Themes and Suicide Prevention
Authors: Foster Tom 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The aim was to determine if suicide note themes might inform suicide prevention strategies. Method: The themes of 42 suicide notes from the Northern Ireland Suicide Study (major psychological autopsy study) were examined. Results: The commonest themes were “apology/shame” (74%), “love for those left behind” (60%), “life too much to bear” (48%), “instructions regarding practical affairs post-mortem” (36%), “hopelessness/nothing to live for” (21%) and “advice for those left behind” (21%). Notes of suicides with major unipolar depression were more likely than notes of suicides without major unipolar depression to contain the themes “instructions regarding practical affairs post-mortem” (67% versus 19%, p = 0.005) and “hopelessness/nothing to live for” (40% versus 11%, p = 0.049). Notes of suicides with a previous history of deliberate self-harm were less likely than notes of suicides without a history of deliberate self-harm to contain the theme “apology/shame” (58% versus 87%, p = 0.04). Notes of elderly suicides were more likely than non-elderly notes to contain the theme “burden to others” (40% versus 3%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: The fact that three quarters of suicide notes contained the theme “apology/shame” suggests that the deceased may have welcomed alternative solutions for their predicaments. Scrutiny of suicide note themes in the light of previous research findings suggests that cognitive therapy techniques, especially problem solving, may have an important role to play in suicide prevention and that potential major unipolar depressive (possibly less impulsive) suicides, in particular, may provide fertile ground for therapeutic intervention (physical and psychological). Ideally all primary care doctors and mental health professionals working with (potentially) suicidal people should be familiar with basic cognitive therapy techniques, especially problem solving skills training.
Social Justice and the Demographic Transition: Lessons from India's Kerala State
Authors: Ratcliffe John 
Published: May 2005

Kerala is a small, densely crowded state in South India. It is a poor state, even by Indian standards. Its per capita income of US$80 lies well below the all-India average of US$120, and it suffers from the lowest per capita caloric intake in India. Nevertheless, Kerala has managed to achieve the demographic transition from high (premodern) to low (modern) birth and death rates—something no other Indian state has been able to attain. Indeed, the magnitude of Kerala's fertility decline—the birth rate fell from 39 in 1961 to 26.5 in 1974—has never before been observed in a nation with comparable levels of income and undernutrition. Other indices of Kerala's social development are equally surprising: levels of literacy, life expectancy, female education, and age at marriage are the highest in India, while mortality rates, including infant and child mortality, are the lowest among Indian states. But Kerala's anomalous and unexpected demographic trends and levels are not the result of the direct interventions designed to influence health and fertility levels elsewhere in India-conventional strategies of population control and health services delivery that thus far are notable for their failure to generate such positive results. Instead, Kerala's demographic levels evidently reflect a broad social response to structural reforms in its political economy.
Structural Conduciveness, Personality Characteristics and Death Anxiety
Authors: Nelson L. D. 
Published: May 2005

Several writers suggest that social integration attenuates death anxiety. This hypothesized relationship is conceptualized as being a result of efforts to relieve cognitive dissonance. Since the magnitude of reward derived from social participation varies with social status, it is hypothesized that death anxiety varies directly with social status. Since position in the life cycle affects the salience of death and consequently the possibility of avoiding dissonance, it is hypothesized that death anxiety varies directly with age. The predictive power of these structural position variables was then compared to that of personality correlates of death anxiety. Analysis of data from a statewide probability sample of male Virginia residents (N = 699) provided support for the hypotheses. Four dimensions of death anxiety were examined, and the structural and personality variables have nearly equivalent separate effects on two: death denial and death avoidance. Personality is a somewhat better predictor of death fear and reluctance to interact with the dying than are the social structural variables.
Depression following Myocardial Infarction: A One Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Travella Javier I. , Forrester Alfred W. , Schultz Susan K. , Robinson Robert G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the course and clinical correlates of depression during the first year after myocardial infarction. Method: A group of seventy patients hospitalized for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) were assessed for the presence of mood disorders during their hospital admission and at three, six, nine, and twelve months follow-up. Patients were evaluated and diagnosed using the Present State Examination and DSM-III criteria. Impairment in activities of daily living was measured by the Johns Hopkins Functioning Inventory and impairment in social functioning was measured by the Social Functioning Examination. Results: A total of twenty-four patients met DSM-III criteria for major depression at some time during the study (18 in the acute stage, 6 during follow-up). There were two patients with minor depression (dysthymia) at intake and six developed minor depression during the follow-up period. The median duration of major depression was 4.5 months. Patients with depression at intake had greater impairment in activities of daily living than non-depressed patients. Depressions lasting more than six months were more likely to be anxious depressions than those lasting less than six months. After the acute MI period, there was a consistent relationship between the existence of depression and impaired social functioning. Conclusions: This is a pilot study and needs further replication due to the low rate of follow-up participation. However, these data suggest that there may be two types of depression following MI: an acute depression associated with greater functional impairment, and a prolonged depression that may be associated with inadequate social support.
Parameters of Grieving in Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Stirtzinger Ruth M. , Robinson Gail Erlick , Stewart Donna E. , Ralevski Elizabeth 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The study's objective was to determine the quality and severity of grief after spontaneous abortion and to statistically determine the effect of significant demographics and social variables such as age, number of previous losses and the effect of perceived family support on the grief experienced. Methods: Two hundred and ninety-four women who had experienced a miscarriage within the last year were the participants. One hundred and seventy-five had miscarried three months prior to participation in the study; one hundred and nineteen had miscarried one year previously. Ninety-five percent of women approached consented to participate. Standardized psychometric tests and Likert Scales measured elements of grief such as depression, self-esteem, perceived guilt and stress at two time periods in the first year after loss. Results: Women in both time periods after miscarriage had mean depression scores in the “clinical risk for depression” or “in need of treatment” range, i.e., pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. A majority of women showed negative emotions like self blame and stress. Younger women with multiple miscarriages showed more depression in the early time period after miscarriage than older women ( p < .05). However, at one year younger women had the least depression. Marital and family conflict correlated positively with depressive symptomatology ( p < .05). Conclusions: Women assessed in the first year after spontaneous abortion show grief characterized by perceived stress and high levels of depressive symptoms including self-blame. Marital or family problems increase emotional risk to a woman after miscarriage.
George Washington Carver and the Art of Technical Communication
Authors: Gresham Stephen 
Published: May 2005

The achievements of great men like George Washington Carver are often perpetuated by myth; but more often they are simply overshadowed by the stature of the man himself. Such is the case with Carver. Thus, this article seeks to identify Carver's achievements as a technical communicator through a brief analysis of some of the technical bulletins he wrote while directing the Agricultural Experiment Station at Tuskegee Institute.