bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of witnessing violence on growth curves for problem behaviors among early adolescents in urban and rural settings
Authors: Farrell Albert D. , Sullivan Terri N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTwo studies used latent growth‐curve analysis to examine the relation between witnessing violence and changes in problem behaviors (drug use, aggression, and delinquency) and attitudes during early adolescence. In Study 1, six waves of data covering 6th to 8th grades were collected from 731 students in urban schools serving mostly African‐American students. Strong cross‐sectional relations were found between witnessing violence and other variables. Witnessing violence also predicted subsequent increases in drug use and attitudes supporting violence and decreases in value on achievement. In Study 2, five waves of data covering 6th to 9th grades were collected from an ethnically diverse sample of 922 students at four rural schools. Witnessing violence predicted subsequent changes in drug use, but not in other variables. Growth‐curve trajectories indicated that boys reported greater increases in witnessing violence than girls. Strong cross‐sectional relations again were found between witnessing violence and other variables. Increases in witnessing violence also were related strongly to increases in problem behaviors and attitudes supporting violence and to decreases in attitudes supporting nonviolence. These findings have important implications for research and intervention efforts. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 505–525, 2004.
Violence exposure in home and community: Influence on posttraumatic stress symptoms in Army recruits*
Authors: Chapin Mark G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study assessed the levels and types of violence exposure, levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, and the relationship among exposure to violence, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and early discharge in U.S. Army recruits at Basic Combat Training (BCT). The study applied a modified ABCX model of family stress adaptation developed by McCubbin, Thompson, and McCubbin (1996). A sample of 779 BCT recruits were surveyed before training began. At the end of training, data was collected on those recruits who had been discharged before completion of training. Statistical measures of association were used to assess the relationship between the variables. Results supported all three of the hypotheses tested. Significant positive relationships were found between violence exposure and trauma symptoms, as well as levels of trauma symptoms and odds of early discharge. Patterns of association were found between types of exposure to community versus home violence and specific symptom clusters of traumatic stress. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 527–541, 2004.
Effects of psychoeducation for offenders in a community correctional facility
Authors: Liau Albert K. , Shively Randy , Horn Mary , Landau Jennifer , Barriga Alvaro , Gibbs John C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study provided a randomized outcome evaluation of the psychoeducational component of the EQUIP program. The psychoeducational curriculum was implemented in a community correctional facility for adult felony offenders. The psychoeducational curriculum is designed to remedy offenders' delays in moral judgment maturity, social cognitive distortions, and social skill deficiencies. The participants were 316 felony offenders, 71% male, aged 18 to 61 years. Relative to a control group, participants who received portions of the curriculum reported fewer serious institutional violations. Female, but not male participants, who received the curriculum were less likely to recidivate than those in the control group at six months. Reductions in mediating factors—cognitive distortion for males and social skills for females—were associated with fewer serious institutional violations. Levels of substance abuse, exposure to violence, and number of serious violations were found to predict recidivism at six months. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 543–558, 2004.
Impact of exposure to violence in school on child and adolescent mental health and behavior
Authors: Flannery Daniel J. , Wester Kelly L. , Singer Mark I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExposure to violence at school remains a significant problem for children and adolescents. This study examined the relationship between exposure to violence at school and child reports of psychological trauma symptoms and violent behavior. The sample consisted of children in grades 3 through 12 in 17 public schools from two different states. Rates of witnessing violence ranged from 56% of elementary‐school students witnessing someone else being beaten up to 87% of students witnessing someone else being hit, slapped, or punched at school in the past year. Nearly half (44%) of middle‐school youth were threatened at school. After accounting for demographic effects, witnessing violence at school accounted for more variance than being victimized by violence at school in predicting both psychological trauma symptoms and violent behavior. Students who were exposed to high levels of violence at school also were significantly more likely to experience clinical levels of trauma symptoms than students who were exposed to low levels of violence at school. The association between exposure to violence at school and child well being are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 559–573, 2004.
Community‐based prevention using simple, low‐cost, evidence‐based kernels and behavior vaccines
Authors: Embry Dennis D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA paradox exists in community prevention of violence and drugs. Good research now exists on evidence‐based programs, yet extensive expenditures on prevention have not produced community‐level results. Various multiproblems are quite prevalent in the United States, such as violence, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), conduct problems, learning disabilities, depression, and other mood problems. Various studies have observed that intuitively appealing community‐based coalitions and best practice requirements have not produced prevention gains as hoped for by many. Calls for more money, fidelity, or dose seem unlikely to succeed. Other alternatives may be possible. Most of the best practices aimed at preventing these community problems are composed of evidence‐based kernels, which act on core principles of prevention (risk and protective factors). What is not widely known is that the evidence‐based kernels are powerful in their own right. Evidence‐based kernels are irreducible units of behavior‐change technology, and they can be put together into behavioral vaccines (daily practices) with powerful longitudinal prevention results. Kernels and behavioral vaccines are simple, and they are not programs or curriculum in the conventional sense. This article presents examples of evidence‐based kernels and behavioral vaccines that can be promoted easily across whole communities or states using social marketing principles. Widespread propagation of evidence‐based kernels and behavioral vaccines could have a significant impact on communities and their prevention norms, providing low‐cost alternatives and practical models for community psychology, public health, and policy makers. Behavioral kernels and vaccines can add needed precision to prevention science and community psychology. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 575–591, 2004.
Working with police to help children exposed to violence
Authors: Osofsky Joy D. , Rovaris Michael , Hammer Jill Hayes , Dickson Amy , Freeman Nancy , Aucoin Katherine 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChildren's exposure to community and domestic violence is a major problem in our country. Exposure to violence can contribute to negative short‐ and longer‐term outcomes for children that includes significant risk for later violent behavior. Prevention and intervention programs for children exposed to violence benefit from creative strategies and collaborations to identify and reach children earlier in order to prevent or reduce the risk. This article describes the development and implementation of the Violence Intervention Program for Children and Families, which represents a partnership with the New Orleans Police Department. It was designed to raise awareness, provide training, identify children earlier after the trauma, and provide interventions and treatment services for traumatized children and families. Over the course of the 10 years of the program, the results of the education and collaboration showed increased sensitivity of police officers to traumatized children and greater success in early referrals for intervention and treatment. Raising awareness at local and national levels of the important preventive role that police–mental‐health collaborations can play is a crucial component of the work. With recognition of the effects of trauma and appropriate interventions, it is possible to help children stay on track developmentally by supporting positive social and emotional development and preventing the risk of later violence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 593–606, 2004.
Life‐course events, social networks, and the emergence of violence among female gang members
Authors: Fleisher Mark S. , Krienert Jessie L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUsing data gathered from a multi‐year field study, this article identifies specific life‐course events shared by gang‐affiliated women. Gangs emerge as a cultural adaptation or pro‐social community response to poverty and racial isolation. Through the use of a social‐network approach, data show that violence dramatically increases in the period between gang affiliation and first pregnancy and decreases with pregnancy and childbirth. Policy recommendations addressing the delivery of services are offered within the context of gang women's personal networks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 607–622, 2004.
Preventing youth violence through the promotion of community engagement and membership
Authors: Zeldin Shepherd 
Published: August 2004

AbstractYouth policy in the United States reflects the public assumption that adolescence is a time of storm and stress and that youth are therefore in need of protection and control from their communities. These and other beliefs about youth distance adults from youth in their communities and, equally important, distract attention and debate from the full range of policy responses available to address youth violence. The purpose of this policy analysis is to explore youth engagement in community decision‐making as a public response to violence. A broad body of research indicates that youth engagement reduces the likelihood of interpersonal violence and delinquency, while concurrently promoting community membership and the development of positive youth competencies and emotional well being. Given that youth engagement is a viable policy option, the challenge will be to integrate youth into their communities as contributing citizens rather than regard them as objects of concern. Towards that end, the analysis offers six policy directions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 623–641, 2004.
Studies of the roles of ADP‐ribosylation factors and phospholipase D in phorbol ester‐induced membrane ruffling
Authors: Hiroyama Masami , Exton John H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this study, we have explored the roles of ADP‐ribosylation factors (ARFs), phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes, and arfaptins in phorbol ester (PMA)‐induced membrane ruffling in HeLa cells. PMA stimulation induced ruffling and translocated cortactin to the plasma membrane. The cortactin translocation was inhibited by dominant negative (DN)‐ARF6, DN‐ARF1, and DN‐Rac1, but not by DN‐RhoA and DN‐Cdc42. The inability of DN‐forms of ARF6, ARF1, and Rac1 to affect PLD activity in response to PMA indicated that this enzyme was not activated via these small G proteins and that its activation was not essential for the induction of ruffling. Endogenous‐ARF1, ‐ARF6, and ‐Rac1 existed in the ruffling region along with cortactin after PMA stimulation. DN‐ARF1 had no effect on the ruffling induced by DA‐ARF6 or DA‐Rac1, and DN‐ARF6 had no effect on that induced by DA‐ARF1 or DA‐Rac1. On the other hand DN‐Rac1 suppressed the effect of DA‐ARF6 but not that of DA‐ARF1. These results suggest that PMA causes membrane ruffling via an ARF6‐Rac1 pathway and also an ARF1 pathway operating in parallel. Overexpression of PLD1 and PLD2 inhibited PMA‐induced cortactin translocation and actin–cortactin complex formation, supporting the view that these enzymes are not required for ruffling, but actually suppress it. We conclude that PMA‐induced membrane ruffling is caused via ARF6‐Rac1 and ARF1 pathways operating in parallel and that PLD may be inhibitory. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening, library‐assisted identification and validated quantification of 23 benzodiazepines, flumazenil, zaleplone, zolpidem and zopiclone in plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Authors: Kratzsch Carsten , Tenberken Oliver , Peters Frank T. , Weber Armin A. , Kraemer Thomas , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric assay with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC/APCI‐MS) is presented for fast and reliable screening and identification and also for precise and sensitive quantification in plasma of the 23 benzodiazepines alprazolam, bromazepam, brotizolam, camazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, desalkylflurazepam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, medazepam, metaclazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, temazepam and tetrazepam, triazolam, their antagonist flumazenil and the benzodiazepine BZ1 (omega 1) receptor agonists zaleplone, zolpidem and zopiclone. It allows confirmation of the diagnosis of an overdose situation and monitoring of psychiatric patients' compliance. The analytes were isolated from plasma using liquid–liquid extraction and were separated on a Merck LiChroCART column with Superspher 60 RP Select B as the stationary phase. Gradient elution was performed using aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile. After screening and identification in the scan mode using the authors' LC/MS library, the analytes were quantified in the selected‐ion monitoring mode. The quantification assay was fully validated. It was found to be selective proved to be linear from sub‐therapeutic to over therapeutic concentrations for all analytes, except bromazepam. The corresponding reference levels the assay's accuracy and precision data for all studied substances are listed. The accuracy and precision data were within the required limits with the exception of those for bromazepam. The analytes were stable in frozen plasma for at least 1 month. The validated assay was successfully applied to several authentic plasma samples from patients treated or intoxicated with various benzodiazepines or with zaleplone, zolpidem or zopiclone. It has proven to be appropriate for the isolation, separation, screening, identification and quantification of the drugs mentioned above in plasma for clinical toxicology, e.g. in cases of poisoning, and forensic toxicology, e.g. in cases of driving under the influence of drugs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric analysis of low molecular mass polyesters by laser desorption/ionization on porous silicon
Authors: Arakawa Ryuichi , Shimomae Yukiyasu , Morikawa Hidemi , Ohara Kazuma , Okuno Shoji 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA low molecular mass polyester was analyzed by desorption/ionization on porous silicon (DIOS) mass spectrometry. The results were compared with those of matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry using matrixes of α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 10,15,20‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (F20TPP). The CHCA matrix was not suitable for characterization of low molecular mass components of the polyester because the matrix‐related ions interfered with the component ions. On the other hand, the F20TPP matrix showed no interference because no matrix‐related ions appeared below m/z 822. However, the solvent selection for determining optimal conditions of sample preparation was limited, because F20TPP does not dissolve readily in any of the available organic solvents. In the DIOS spectra, the polymer ions were observed at high sensitivity without a contaminating ion. No matrix is needed for DIOS spectra of low molecular mass polyesters, facilitating sample preparation and selectivity of a precursor ion in post‐source decay measurements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for the investigation of the ortho effect in fragmentation of some Schiff bases derived from amphetamine analogs
Authors: Błachut Dariusz , Danikiewicz Witold , Olejnik Marian , Czarnocki Zbigniew 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe electron ionization‐induced fragmentation patterns of three forensically relevant Schiff bases, originating from the condensation between 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐methoxyamphetamine and the corresponding ketones, were studied. The proposed fragmentation routes and ion structures are supported by high‐resolution data and B/E linked‐scan and mass‐analyzed ion kinetic energy spectra. The rationalization of the ortho effect, which is responsible for the formation of the [M − OCH3] fragment in the case of the imine bearing ortho‐substituted methoxy group, is given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High mass accuracy in‐source collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry and multi‐step mass spectrometry as complementary tools for fragmentation studies of quaternary ammonium herbicides
Authors: Núñez Oscar , Moyano Encarnación , Galceran Maria Teresa 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFragmentation studies using both an ion‐trap mass analyzer and a hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer were performed in order to establish the fragmentation pathways of organic molecules. A general strategy combining MSn data (n = 1–4) in an ion‐trap analyzer with tandem mass spectrometry and in‐source collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID MS/MS) in a Q‐TOF instrument was applied. The MSn data were used to propose a tentative fragmentation pathway following genealogical relationships. When several assignments were possible, MS/MS and in‐source CID MS/MS (Q‐TOF) allowed the elemental compositions of the fragments to be confirmed. Quaternary ammonium herbicides (quats) were used as test compounds and their fragmentation pathways were established. The elemental composition of the fragments was confirmed using the TOF analyzer with relative errors <0.0023 Da. Some fragments previously reported in the literature were reassigned taking advantage of the high mass resolution and accuracy of the Q‐TOF instrument, which made it possible to solve losses where nitrogen was involved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of capecitabine and its metabolite 5‐fluorouracil by column switching and liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Siethoff Christoph , Orth Matthias , Ortling Andrea , Brendel Erich , Wagner‐Redeker Winfried 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for the quantitation of capecitabine and its metabolite 5‐fluorouracil in human plasma. The simultaneous determination of both analytes was achieved by a column switching method using a trapping column and two analytical columns with different stationary phases. Isocratic elution was used for the separation of capecitabine on a C18 column whereas 5‐fluorouracil was separated using gradient elution on an non‐polar carbon phase. The calibration curves were linear for both compounds with a correlation factor (R2) > 0.9993 for 5‐fluorouracil and >0.9942 for capecitabine. The assay was validated in the concentration range 5.00–1000 ng ml−1 for both compounds. The intra‐day precision was better than 10% for 5‐fluorouracil and better than 11% for capecitabine whereas the inter‐day precision was better than 8% for 5‐fluorouracil and better than 14% for capecitabine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric identification of the oxidation end‐products of metformin in aqueous solutions
Authors: Collin F. , Khoury H. , Bonnefont‐Rousselot D. , Thérond P. , Legrand A. , Jore D. , Gardès‐Albert M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMetformin is an antihyperglycemic drug that exhibits some antioxidant properties. HO•‐induced oxidation of metformin was studied in aqueous solution, in both aerated and deaerated conditions. Gamma radiolysis of water was used to generate HO• free radicals, capable of initiating one‐electron oxidation of metformin. Oxidation end‐products were identified by direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) and high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MSn): for every product, structure elucidation was based on its mass (simple mass spectra confirmed by HPLC/MS). In addition, fragmentation spectra (MS2, MS3 and MS4) and the determination of deuterium–hydrogen exchange sites provided valuable information allowing the complete identification of some of the end‐products. At low radiation dose, four products were identified as primary ones, since they result from the direct attack of HO• radicals on metformin. These primary oxidation end‐products were identified respectively as hydroperoxide of metformin, covalent dimer of metformin, methylbiguanide and 2‐amino‐4‐imino‐5‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazine. At high radiation dose, seven other products were identified as secondary ones, resulting from the HO•‐induced oxidation of the primary end‐products. A reaction scheme was postulated for the interpretation of the results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer for the analysis of small molecules and macromolecules
Authors: Hopfgartner Gérard , Varesio Emmanuel , Tschäppät Viviane , Grivet Chantal , Bourgogne Emmanuel , Leuthold Luc Alexis 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRecently, linear ion traps (LITs) have been combined with quadrupole (Q), time‐of‐flight (TOF) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass spectrometery (MS). LITs can be used either as ion accumulation devices or as commercially available, stand‐alone mass spectrometers with MSn capabilities. The combination of triple quadrupole MS with LIT technology in the form of an instrument of configuration QqLIT, using axial ejection, is particularly interesting, because this instrument retains the classical triple quadrupole scan functions such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM), product ion (PI), neutral loss (NL) and precursor ion (PC) while also providing access to sensitive ion trap experiments. For small molecules, quantitative and qualitative analysis can be performed using the same instrument. In addition, for peptide analysis, the enhanced multiply charged (EMC) scan allows an increase in selectivity, while the time‐delayed fragmentation (TDF) scan provides additional structural information. Various methods of operating the hybrid instrument are described for the case of the commercial Q TRAP (AB/MDS Sciex) and applications to drug metabolism analysis, quantitative confirmatory analysis, peptides analysis and automated nanoelectrospray (ESI‐chip‐MS) analysis are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.