bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socially Motivated Architecture
Authors: Dean Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Prevailing view of architecture with a social or public mission is that it was buried by 1980s consumerism, self-involvement, and privatization, which elevated public greed over public need. As John Zeisel, a sociologist and advocate of social architecture during its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s says, “It’ s not what we praise, it’ s not what gets published, it’ s not what we teach.”1 Zeisel contends that social architecture has been abandoned by architects and by academia, and that neither took it seriously enough to begin with.
Economic Institutions: Spontaneous and Intentional Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Spontaneous governance has been the prevailing economic approach to economic organization since Adam Smith made perceptive reference to, and briefly described, the “invisible hand,” according to which each businessman “by pursuing his own interest ... frequently promotes that of society more effectively than when he really intends to promote it” (Smith, 1922, p. 423). That formulation is properly regarded as a watershed event and has had a massive and continuing influence on economics. One of the most praiseworthy intellectual activities with which an economist can become engaged is to identify and explicate spontaneous control mechanisms through which hands off governance operates.
Individualism and Community in American Life
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few observers of American political culture have failed to comment on the individualistic character of the American people. Most truisms are not without valid ity, and this one is no exception. As a starting point the proposition may be satis factory, but as a conclusion this pat formula disguises far more than it reveals about American political values and social relations. To begin with, the term “individualism” is fraught with ambiguity. Any number of scholars have noted the extraordinary lack of precision that has historically accompanied the word’s usage.1 Steven Lukes, for instance, has identified no less than eleven distinct meanings of the word.2 The extreme variability of the term’s meaning should be enough to give one pause before rushing to affirm the pervasive individualism of Americans.
Culture, Context, and Consensus
Authors: Ellis Richard J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Political conflict in the United States has been and continues to be animated by fundamentally different visions of the good life. Beneath the debate over this or that policy lies a conflict between rival political cultures. At stake in most policy disputes is not merely the best means to an agreed upon end but competing conceptions of the ends worth pursuing. These cultural differences may be obscured by appeals to shared words, or by attempts to sidestep disagreement on ends by seeking agreement on means. That all sides appeal to terms such as equality or democracy or liberty should not conceal from us the fundamentally different meanings these terms have in different political cultures.1 That politicians sublimate or paper over value disagreements should not hide that it is precisely such disagreements over ultimate ends that make the politician’s skills necessary.
Possible Modifications
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some prominent theorists argue that the first amendment should protect only “political speech” or speech that is a part of democratic self-government. Possibly because of the association of this political speech theory with a conservative political movement that became influential in the late 1970s and the 1980s as well as because of its consistency with currently popular process-oriented interpretations of the constitution, the theory has gained some currency in the courts and the academic community.
The Liberty Theory
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My thesis is that the first amendment protects a broad realm of nonviolent, non coercive, expressive activity. The method for determining the scope of protection proceeds, first, by considering the purposes or values served by protected speech. Violent and coercive activities, however, also can serve these same values. Thus, I conclude that constitutional protection of speech is justified not merely because of the values served by speech but because freedom of speech serves these values in a particular, humanly acceptable manner, that is, non violently and noncoercively. Describing these methods is the second step of the analysis. Then, I argue in Chapter 4 that when nonverbal expressive conduct advances the same values in a relevantly similar manner, the nonverbal conduct should also be viewed as speech and should receive protection.
Protection of Action
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Literalism loses force when virtually all commentators concede that the first amendment does not protect all speech. Ifliteralism is rejected and some speech is not protected, then an obvious possibility is that some nonverbal activity should be protected. If some speech is not like speech, some nonspeech may be like it-that is, it may be relevantly similar to speech from the perspective of the reasons for protecting speech and for distinguishing protected from unprotected speech. Thus, unsurprisingly, both courts and scholars recognize that some nonverbal behavior, like flying a red flag, should be protected. Still, no agreement exists on criteria for identifying protected nonverbal behavior.
Press Rights
Authors: Baker C Edwin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 argued that competitive markets dictate the speech of commercial enterprises. For this reason, and more generally because the government should be permitted to regulate people’s use of property to control other people’s choices, Chapter 9 concluded that the speech of commercial enterprises is not a manifestation of individual liberty and should be subject to regulation. But these arguments may prove too much. Authors and journalists write, at least in part, for profit. Newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, the broadcasting industry, and the movie industry normally operate as profit-making businesses. These important sources of news, information, and first amendment protected entertainment are largely composed of profit-oriented enterprises. Yet any theoretical analysis that would deny first amendment protection to the press surely must be rejected. Certainly one fixed point in our constitutional thinking is that the first amendment protects the commercial press.’ Thus, the problem of this chapter is set: Given the last chapter’s critique of commercial speech, what justifies protection for and what is the nature of constitutional protection of the commercial press? This chapter develops an instrumentalist argument for an interpretation of the press clause that is independent of the speech clause, an argument that recognizes special rights for the press and for occupants of press roles.
Peep Show, Private Sector
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A discursive mix of journalism, advertising, and fiction have promoted television as a modern hearth, but the scenes above imply radically different meanings. Each individual watching television in these scenes is alone. The hearth, so visual, so concrete and inclusive, seems like television’s compleat cultural emblem-until we encounter the lone viewer trying to lessen his or her isolation by turning on television. Not one of the three fictional characters watching television in their bedroom in these scenes is gathered at the electronic hearth for an affirmation of sociofamilial domesticity or patriotism. Even in the 198os-1990s, when it seems perfectly ordinary for individuals have televisions in their bedrooms, each of these characters is emphatically by himself or herself, and each is disconnected from friends and family. They may turn to television for company (e.g., for the familiarity of I Love Lucy). But their loneness argues that the 1V environment cannot be represented solely in the image of the electronic hearth, that a contrary, even contradictory formulation has developed over decades and demands disclosure.
Leisure, Labor, and the La-Z-Boy
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From midcentury, the figure of the TV watcher threatened to subvert one of postwar America’s most idealistic and intellectually compelling visions of the immediate future. The consumerist viewing public was asked to see itself as family members clustered around an electronic hearth or as individuals sojourning with their portables, but the discourse of leading social theorists disrupted both formulations. The theorists, foreseeing automated factories as the engine driving unprecedented production and prosperity, hailed the imminent era of leisure in utopian terms-though their utopia was marred by one image, that of the IV watcher. As long as that figure was kept out of the picture, their statements could ring with utopian fervor legitimated by their scholarly and intellectual credentials. Representing social and cultural institutions, the theorists could speak as wise prognosticators of a future already taking shape. Omitting the figure of the TV viewer, these social theorists could advance their argument that the activist American work ethic should culminate in industrial automation, itself the gateway to a perpetual leisure society in the United States.
Drugs, Backtalk, and Teleconsciousness
Authors: Tichi Cecelia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These two texts present irreconcilable versions of the TV viewer. The first is a stupefied addict, the second a figure stimulated by and actively engaged with the on-screen image. The first is an abstract type, to be sure, and the second an individual fictional character, a retired school teacher watching the video, “Thriller,” in which the Michael Jackson character metamorphoses into a wolf man. But what strikes one about the two juxtaposed texts is that each repudiates the other, really forbids the other. The two representations of theTV viewer are in conflict-more than that, irreconcilable. The first constitutes that individual as dependent, addicted, intellectually vacuous as he or she succumbs to the mindlessness of television. Television itself is defined as mind-numbing, addictive, utterly passive, and its viewer is figured as the incarnation of these very traits.
Cold War Criticism and the Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Cold War Criticism, Tobin Siebers claims that modern criticism is a Cold War criticism. Postwar literary theory has absorbed the scepticism, suspicion and paranoia of the Cold War mentality, and it plays them out in debates about the divided self, linguistic indeterminacy, the metaphysics of presence, multiculturalism, canon formation, power, cultural literacy and the politics of literature. The major critical movements of the postwar age, Siebers argues, belong to three dominant phases of the Cold War era. The age of charismatic leadership (Churchill, FDR, Stalin, and Hitler) lies behind the preoccupation with “intention”, “effect” and “impersonality” found in the New Criticism. The age of propaganda motivates the fascination with the guiles of language, undecidability and deconstruction. The age of superpowers provides the dominant metaphor in the new historicism’s analysis of the technology of power. All three ages of criticism reflect Cold War Scepticism as it has impaired the ability of literary theorists to talk effectively about the politics of criticism. Supporting his claims with polemical readings from such figures as Arendt, Bloom, deMan, Lyotard, Siebers offers a new and often surprising vision of what theory must do if it is to enter the post Cold War era successfully.
In the Beginning: Dialogue in Genesis and the Gospels
Authors: Reed Walter L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Literary criticism, long thought to be peripheral or even irrelevant to biblical studies, has emerged since the mid-1970s as a new major focus of academic biblical scholarship in North America, England, and Israel.” In The Literary Guide to the Bible, Robert Alter and Frank Kermode thus take note of a recent shift in the scholarly study of the Bible, a shift to which they have both made major contributions. This movement can be observed among staunch biblicists as well as theological liberals; it has taken place in the ranks of the most contemporary of literary theorists as well as among traditionalists in literary criticism. It is true that the concept of literature is often different in many of these studies; it may be a matter of recurrent images, of traditional genres, or radical indeterminacy between competing tropes. It is also true that such studies vary in their conception of the Bible itself. Some critics treat the Hebrew Bible of Judaism, others the Christian Bible with Old and New Testaments; among those who deal with the Christian Old Testament some treat the more restricted Protestant canon and some the expanded Catholic list of books. Nevertheless, in spite of these differences, a striking convergence has been taking place between biblical scholarship, traditionally cast in historical and theological frameworks, and literary criticism, traditionally concerned with secular texts.
Communicating in Cyberspace: Computer Networks
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tis true, There’s magic in the web of it.
-William Shakespeare
“The law is a seamless web,” states an old, oft-repeated1 yet difficult to imagine legal maxim. This metaphor: suggests that law not only has an intricate structure but also that all parts of the law fit together smoothly, that each part is linked to every other part, and that the whole arrangement grows and evolves according to plan. More specifically, the seamless web metaphor implies that “the common law could be logically explained and was a part of a greater sys tem”2 and that “every new decision affects, at least minimally, every legal proposition.’’3
This impressively designed process is embodied in the somewhat similar, albeit more eloquent, words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose vision of law was expressed as follows:
When I think thus of the law, I see a princess mightier than she who once wrought at Bayeux, eternally weaving into her web dim figures of the ever-lengthening past-figures too dim to be noticed by the idle, too symbolic to be interpreted except by her pupils, but to the discerning eye disclosing every painful step and every world-shaking contest by which mankind has worked and fought its way from sav age isolation to organic social life.4
For most lawyers, judges, and citizens today, law without contra dictions and inconsistencies is a vision that is hopelessly romantic and as difficult to imagine as a seamless web.
Electronic Information Places
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the dull substance of my flesh were thought, Injurious distance should not stop my way; For then, despite of space, I would be brought, From limits far remote, where thou dost stay. No matter then although my foot did stand Upon the farthest earth removed from thee;
For nimble thought can jump both sea and land, As soon as think the place where he would be.
--William Shakespeare
In 1987, scientist Peter Denning wrote:
Computer networks that nurture networks of people are the culmination of a process of evolution that can be said to have five stages:
(1) file transfer; (2) remote connections, (3) distributed computation,
(4) real-time collaboration, and (5) coherent function. At the first stage, a network is able to transfer files of information among computers, but without guaranteeing delivery time; this stage is sufficient to support electronic mail, bulletin boards, news services and jointly authored papers. At the second stage, the network enables a user to connect to remote resources, such as instruments, computers, or databases, and employ them in real time as if they were local. At the third stage, the network is able to support distributed computations that include computing processes and resources at widely separated nodes; an example is a user interface process on a work station, connected to a numerical process on a supercomputer, connected in turn to a graphics display system. At the fourth stage, the network directly supports collaboration by permitting real-time conferences of users at different workstations, who can communicate as
.
Digital Lawyers: Working with Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most of what lawyers do is store, categorize, organize, retrieve and analyze data. Microcomputers and networks have revolutionized the way people in other businesses perform these tasks, but they have barely made a dent in how lawyers do their jobs. Fred Bartlit In the 1990’s the key challenge of survival for legal expertise will depend on service quality and a capacity to use data and information technology tools. Richard Volpato For some readers, a “digital lawyer” may bring to mind a high-tech executive gift-the legal equivalent of a digital watch or digital ther mometer, something that one could consult in a variety of circumstances but that would also be small enough to keep in a pocket or briefcase. Such an electronic device would allow users to obtain legal information and even legal advice by viewing a small screen or by choosing among several digitized “voices of authority.” An enhanced version might have wireless links to some electronic network and empower electronic agents to seek sources of information somewhere on the network.1 It is not clear how large a market there would be for such a device or how useful it would be, but a little machine, a “portable lawyer,”2 that provided some answers to a specified range of legal questions is certainly technologically feasible.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsh M Ethan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Visit the Pentagon or the New York 1imes, and everywhere there are maps, solemnly defining national borders and sovereign territories. No one shows any signs of knowing that we no longer live in geographic time and space, that the maps of nations are fully as obsolete as the charts of a flat earth, that geography tells us virtually nothing of interest about where things are in the real world. George Gilder Consider the experience of anthropologist Edward Hall. While on a research trip to Japan, Hall returned to his hotel one day, went up in the elevator, put his key in the lock, opened the door, and found that although it was the room he had been living in, someone else’s belongings were there. Hall took this in for a few moments, all the time feel ing uncomfortable, indeed feeling that somehow he must be in the wrong place and that he would be found and accused of being in some one else’s room. He then went down to the desk where he was told that his room and his belongings had been moved. He was given a new key, went up to his new room, and found that all of his possessions had been laid out for him in just about the same way he had left them in the first room. There was a marked resemblance to the room and the arrangement and yet, he could feel, much was different as well. One theme of this book is that, as the new technologies have begun to play an increasingly important role in our society, we, too, in a sense, have been moved. We have not been moved, thus far, to a completely alien environment. Indeed, much seems to have been transported from the old environment to the new.
Engendering Policy at Kenilworth (1575)
Authors: Frye Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the Spanish diplomatic dispatches of 1575, news of the entertainments at Kenilworth first appears in Antonio de Guaras's letter of 18 July from London. Writing secretly, de Guaras communicates several news items that betray a certain relish for the historical moment's instability. In the process he reminds us, as I wish to do, that the entertainments took place in relation to external events that also helped construct them in the first place. De Guaras begins with a report on the English involvement in the Palatine, including rumors of troops raised in support of the Dutch revolt and the departures of Englishmen to meet at Heidelberg with members of the Protestant alliance.
Chapter VI
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the birth, parentage and early life of E. K. Avery, we know nothing, except that we are informed he was the son of a revolutionary soldier; if that be the case every one must rejoice he was spared the fate that threatened him in May, 1833. It would indeed be a kind of blot upon the history of the brave defenders of our soil, that one of their children should come to such an ignominious punishment, since it is the disgrace that constitutes the evil with men, though with God it is the sin. We are sorry to say we have so little account of the early years of a man who has made so much noise in the world; but from the time we can get any thing of his history, there seems to be something in almost every place that goes to prove him a bad tempered, daring and unprincipled man. As to his person and address we know nothing of them, but we conclude they must be extremely imposing, at least to the people he is among, since he seems to have been approbated and upheld by them on all occasions, except one; it seems he has been baffled once, and that was by a woman. Report says he studied the science of medicine, previous to his becoming a preacher, but whether he ever commenced practice previous to the 20th of December is not known; we have not heard of any of his performances since that date.
The first we know of E. K. Avery he is preaching in Duxbury, Mass. and from thence he removed to Scituate, Mass. in 1827, and took charge of the methodist society in that place. Among the people who now sat under his ministry was a maiden lady of about five and forty, who sustained a very high reputation for piety as well as for what they style her gifts. She was one of those active, useful women whose exertions were always called in, and always freely bestowed, wherever distress of mind or body required relief of any kind.
Infectious Diseases: An Overview
Authors: Root Richard K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We live in a sea of microorganisms. Not only can they be found in every part of our environment, but billions colonize our skin and inhabit our gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The vast majority of these organisms live a quiet and sometimes symbiotic existence on and in our bodies, kept in check by a complex array of host defense mechanisms. On rare occasions a new microbe, or even sometimes one that had been living quietly as part of our colonizing flora, aggressively attempts to invade or alter the host using various attacking mechanisms.
The Acute Inflammatory Response
Authors: Verhoef Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When microbes breach local defense barriers, the host defenses of the body utilize two major mechanisms to contain and eliminate them. The first of these is the acute inflammatory response, which is nonspecific in nature and can be activated within minutes to hours. The second is the specific immune response, which takes days to weeks to become expressed. The elements of the acute inflammatory response are cellular-i.e., phagocytes including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages-and humoral.
Antimycobacterial Drugs
Authors: Peloquin Charles A , Iseman Michael D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antimycobacterial agents embrace a wide array of drug classes and are used to treat a host of infections. These infections include tuberculosis, the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); leprosy, the disease caused by M. leprae; and numerous infections due to mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), such as M. avium complex, the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogen in the United States.