bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losing Hope
Authors: Lewis Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of 8 December, Dauwaras rolled and fell from his bed onto the fire beside it. His shout woke Wairi and Wainem, her daughter, who managed to pull him aside and move the fire so that he was not burned. They were sleeping in the house with him. That was how they had been able to pull him away fast enough. But his left hip was bruised by the fall, and hurt. The pain set him back. Dauwaras stayed inside the hut, keeping still, so as not to move the hip. I resumed daily visits to rub his back and joints and try to get him movmg. A dispute between Bi’ip and Dagetasa was revived by trouble over Selaukei’s daughter Simi. One evening, there was a brawl in the dark at Bi’ip in
Husbandry of Large, and Woody Plants
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of native Americans to make plants produce yields greater than were capable under natural conditions was not limited strictly to small herbaceous plants, but extended beyond to include large herbs and woody plants, particularly giant succulents, trees, shrubs, and vines. Indigenous North Americans did not possess any domesticated trees prior to the arrival of the Europeans. Their husbandry of large, and woody plants for economic purposes, therefore, has not been well-recognized. Most of the research conducted on such activities during both pre-contact and recent times in the New World has involved various trees in Middle and South America (e.g., E. Anderson 1952: 89–106; Puleston 1968). Evidence presented here confirms that inhabitants of North America not only manipulated large, and woody plants prior to the arrival of the Europeans, but that the activity was widespread.
Dry Farming
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That agriculture, be it modern or ancient, requires water is a truism. It is similarly true that when we think of water in the context of farming we typically, and rightfully, place importance on rain. As the two previous chapters have illustrated, native agriculture in North America was not only dependent on rainfall wherever it was adequate, but rainfed agriculture was a wide-spread practice with a long and distinguished history. The principal reason for this rich tradition and broad distribution is the relative ease in which rainfed agriculture can be, and was, carried out. Besides various clearing, planting, tending, and harvesting activities, which are required of all types of agriculture, nothing else needs to be done in order to practice rainfed agriculture. When it comes to farming drylands, however, the picture changes dramatically.
Regional Overview
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lands inhabited by native North Americans were certainly varied. In terms of biophysical characteristics, the continent’s environment is a complex mosaic of soils, slopes, vegetation, temperature, and moisture conditions. Aboriginal farmers had a myriad of factors with which to deal—some favorable, some unfavorable—and they dealt with them in some rather ingenious ways. These people developed a plethora of techniques for increasing their food supply. And, as a result, they created a variety of cultivated landscapes.
The Confederation of British Industry and Policy-Making in the European Community
Authors: Eberlie Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I start from the premiss that British industry’s interests are not being taken as fully into account by the European Community institutions as they should be. I first report how the Brussels office of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) is organized and what we are doing at the moment, and how we relate to UNICE, our European confederation. Secondly, I go on to explain how we have recently developed our operations in concert with some member trade associations. We have a very long way to go in attaining the same degree of influence over the Brussels legislators as we presently have over those in Whitehall and Westminster.
Islands as Laboratories
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islands possess many advantages for the study of the laws and phenomena of distribution … It is not too much to say that when we have mastered the difficulties presented by the peculiarities of island life we shall find it com paratively easy to deal with the more complex and less clearly defined problems of continental distribution.
The production of chemical warfare agents by the Third Reich, 1933-45
Authors: Appler Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after the end of World War I the German military (Reichswehr) became convinced that the 1919 Treaty of Versailles was so humiliating for Germany that another war was inevitable. A so-called ‘struggle for liberation’ was expected to start in the years just after the war. German military strength had been greatly weakened and it would not have been possible to increase Germany’s conventional weapon capability rapidly. Instead chemical warfare agents were considered as a possible way to compensate for the lack of conventional capability.
Legal problems related to old chemical munitions dumped in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Heintze Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Old, dumped chemical munitions pose a significant pollution problem in the Baltic Sea area, and one which was long neglected owing to political reasons. In recent years public concern about chemical munitions dumped after World War II has increased, especially in Scandinavia.2 The incidents that have occurred merely suggest the potential for disaster. For instance, it has become known that ‘surprisingly high levels of arsenic in the Baltic Sea led recently to the discovery that 7000 tons of arsenic had been dumped almost 40 years ago in concrete containers, reportedly enough to kill the population of the world three times over if properly administrated’.
The Emergence and Development of ‘Democratic’ Groups and Embryonic Political Parties
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to present an objective picture of the activities and types of independent ‘democratic’ political groups in the years 1985-91 in Russia as a whole and with particular attention to the regions where the interviews were conducted. This is helpful for a better understanding of the context of the activities of the interviewees and the authors of the documents which form the sources of this study. An effort has been made to avoid value judgements or generalizations, and to provide only information. However, in cases where this was not possible the reader is welcome to check the generalizations of this chapter by using the same sources.
Hell on Earth: Attitudes toward the Existing Soviet State and Social Structure
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beliefs shared by Russian ‘democrats’, like any other beliefs, were not static but developed in the course of time and events. One of the strands in this evolution can be characterized as ‘growing criticism’. For many activists in the movement, it took only one or two years to transform themselves from supporters of ‘true Leninism’ into fighters against the ‘totalitarian Communist dictatorship’.
Between Dependence and Influence: Jews and Liberalism in Frankfurt am Main, 1864-1933
Authors: Palmowski Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘German history is not a one-way street to Auschwitz.’ Peter Pulzer’s aversion to historical teleology has characterized his own reuvre consistently, while at the same time few historians have been as keen to consider history, and the forces shaping it, in the longue duree. In one of his most important contributions to scholarship, Pulzer has developed a rationale for the relationship between Jews, liberalism, and anti-Semitism which was closely intertwined, but never predetermined.
Convergence and Stability in the Numerical Approximation of Dynamical Systems
Authors: Stuart Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article we give an overview of the application of theories from dynamical systems to the analysis of numerical methods for initial-value problems. We start by describing the classical viewpoints of numerical analysis and of dynamical systems and then indicate how the two viewpoints can be merged to provide a framework for both the interpretation of data obtained from numerical simulations and the design of efficient numerical methods. This is done in Section 2. &gt;In addressing the question of how to interpret data, we will show in Section 3 how the concept of convergence can be generalized to the numerical approximation of dynamical systems. The main theory is developed for one-step methods for ordinary differential equations and extensions to the study of multistep methods, adaptive time-stepping algorithms and partial differential equations are then outlined.
Numerical Analysis of Volterra Functional and Integral Equations
Authors: Baker Christopher T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The type of problem that we are interested in here has arisen in the study of such diverse topics as electric locomotives, economic growth, and cardiorespiratory control. Our starting point is the solution of such a problem and the first step is to marry the theoretical understanding to a realistic mathematical model. The solution of the mathematical problem relies upon insight based on analysis and (numerical or symbolic) computation informed by an understanding of the reallife problem. The transition between analytical and computational techniques and the. choice of numerical procedures require an understanding of the underlying mathematics and of what may be feasible, computationally. The efficient implementation of the numerical procedures requires an approach that exploits mathematical insight but borders on computational science.
Setting the scene
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two millennia ago the Greeks calculated areas by the method of exhaustion. This was the process by which an area was approximated from the inside by regular figures, for example rectangles, until the residual area (or the human calculator?) was exhausted. Figure 1.1 gives an illustration. Nowadays numerical approximations to integrals are obtained by computer, less arduously but in essentially the same way.
Integrals of step functions
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already pointed out that this gives a finite value for the integral. Before proceeding we must pay our debts and check consistency of the definition. In part, what this consistency result amounts to geometrically is simply this: if we have a bounded region of the plane with its boundary made up of a finite number of horizontal and vertical lines and we calculate its area by breaking it into rectangles, then we get the same answer irrespective of the way we divide it up. Trusting readers may skip the formal proof given below.
Non-integrable functions
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our next task is to show the limitations of our theory, by investigating functions which are not integrable.
In order to be integrable a function f must be neither ‘too big’ nor ‘too wild’. In this chapter we explore the first of these imprecise terms, deferring consideration of the second until Chapters 21 and 22. Informally, a non-negative function is ‘too big’ if the area under its graph is infinite.
L2-spaces: orthogonal sequences
Authors: Priestley H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the LP-spaces, L2 is special. Like the Euclidean spaces ℝk, its norm comes from an inner product. This gives the notion of orthogonality which underlies Fourier theory in L2, and gives a rich geometrical theory. In this chapter we assume familiarity with rudimentary linear algebra. Where exactly the same arguments work in an arbitrary inner product space as in the special case of an L2-space we work in the general setting. Our results are motivated by the geometry of the most familiar inner product spaces, namely the real Euclidean spaces ℝk (k = 1, 2, 3), with the usual scalar product as the inner product. They subsume the corresponding results in Chapter 30.
Functional analytic basis
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with functional analytic tools which we will apply in the remaining parts of the book. We assume that the reader is already familiar with basic notions about topological spaces, semi-metric spaces and semi-normed spaces. However, to make the book more self-contained, we give, in Sections 6.1-6.3, a compact introduction to these concepts. We concentrate on basic notions, facts, examples and theorems and omit almost all proofs. In view of our main concern, most of the examples are related to sequence spaces. Among other things we recall, in Section 6.2, the Baire category theorem for metric spaces and, in Section 6.3, the Hahn-Banach theorem, the uniform boundedness principle and the Banach-Steinhaus theorem for semi-normed spaces.
Topological sequence spaces: Kand FK-spaces
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the aim of to pologizing domains of matrices with natural topologies, we mainly study FK-spaces in this chapter. These are sequence spaces carrying a metrizable locally convex topology which is complete (F-space) such that convergence implies coordinatewise convergence (K-space). FK-space theory was initiated by K. Zeller in 1949. On the one hand it makes possible the application of functional analytic methods to a number of major problems in summability and, on the other hand, it has proved very fruitful in the development of some topics in functional analysis, for example that of topological sequence spaces. Definitely, the inspiration for FK-space theory came from the Polish school around S. Banach, S. Mazur and W. Orlicz in which functional analytic methods were applied, for instance, to prove the bounded consistency theorem. Around 1949, K. Zeller published some seminal papers, for example, [261], [260], [262]. The subject was then further developed by Zeller and many other mathematicians. Wilansky’s book, [254], traces the development of the subject up to 1984.
Consistency of matrix methods
Authors: Boos Johann , Cass Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we continue the investigation of the following question. Given matrices A and B and a subspace φ ⊂ Y ⊂ c a with Y ⊂ c B, if A and B are consistent on the ‘basic subset’ φ Θ〈u〉, for a suitable u, are A and B consistent on Y ?
The Mumford-Shah Functional
Authors: Ambrosio Luigi , Fusco Nicola , Pallara Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is entirely devoted to the Mumford-Shah image segmentation problem. We have tried to gather all the present knowledge on this problem and, to keep the length of the chapter within reasonable limits, the statements are usually given without proof, referring either to the original papers or to other, more formal, parts of this book.
Conjugacy classes and special elements
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study the distribution of the elements of a finite Coxeter group W into conjugacy classes. We derive structural properties of the conjugacy classes with respect to the length function of W and achieve a full classification of the conjugacy classes of W. Our point of view is inductive with respect to parabolic subgroups. If everything is known about the conjugacy classes of the proper parabolic subgroups of W then the interesting conjugacy classes are those which do not contain an element of a proper parabolic subgroup. We call them the cuspidal classes of W. The two other important concepts in this chapter are minimal length (in a conjugacy class) and cyclic shift (in the sense of cyclically permuting the factors in a reduced expression). One of our main results shows that the elements of minimal length in a cuspidal class form a single cyclic shift class. Another one shows that cuspidal classes are ‘‘rigid” in the sense that elements of different cuspidal classes of W will not be conjugate in any Coxeter group which contains W as a parabolic subgroup.
Irreducible characters of finite Coxeter groups
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let W be a finite Coxeter group. In this chapter we begin the systematic study of the irreducible characters of W. This will be based on two basic constructions, involving the natural module V of W. Recall from Chapter 1 that W is defined in terms of a Cartan matrix and this gives rise to a natural embedding i⊂ GL(V), where V is an ℝ.-vector space on which the generators of W act as reflections. The main theme of this chapter is to study the induced actions of W on the exterior and on the symmetric powers of V.
Parabolic subgroups and induced characters
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, we determined the irreducible characters for each finite Coxeter group W. For the exceptional types, this was done using some explicit computations, which yield the complete character tables. For the classical types, we described explicit constructions which yield parametrizations of the irreducible characters in terms of partitions or pairs of partitions.
Now we are interested in finding systematic ways (valid for all types) of describing the irreducible characters of Win terms of the induction of characters from parabolic subgroups. Of course, we cannot expect to obtain a nice theory when we just look at all parabolic subgroups and all constituents of all induced characters. However, it turns out that we do obtain interesting results when we impose restrictions either on the choice of the characters that are induced or on the irreducible constituents that we consider in a given induced character.
Iwahori-Hecke algebras
Authors: Geck Meinolf , Pfeiffer Golz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Iwahori-Hecke algebras made their first appearance in Section 4.4, where we defined them as quotients of the group algebra of a braid group. We will now begin to develop the structure theory of these algebras, in the general framework of the theory of symmetric algebras (see Chapter 7).
Retrieval
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until fairly recently, retrieval was an uncharted terrain in the neurobiology of memory. This was particularly striking when compared with the rich contribution of experimental psychology and modelling to the phenomenology and theory of retrieval (Semon 1904; Shiffrin and Artkinson 1969; Anderson 1983; Tulving 1983). This situation was also in sharp contrast to the signal role of retrieval in behavioural *assays of memory, for, at the end of the test, even if the intention is to study *acquisition, *consolidation, or retention of memory, it is retrieval that is tested. Hence many brain scientists study retrieval without even being aware of it.
Skill
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first systematic investigation of skill learning involved a skill that is now obsolete. This was the study of the acquisition of the American Morse code by employees of railway and telegraph companies (Bryan and Harter 1897, 1899). On the basis of these studies, Bryan and Harter proposed that the formation of skill is a multi*phase process, which involves the mastery of specific elementary *habits that become associated in a hierarchy. The expert is then able to perform the hierarchy of habits automatically, at a speed that in certain individuals approaches the physical limit of the task (Figure 60).
System
Authors: Dudai Yadin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘System’ (from sunistanai, ‘to combine’ in Greek) is abundant in colloquial ‘scientinglish’. ‘Let me tell you about my system’ or ‘did you try it in your system’ are only selected examples of ritualistic utterances of scientific *culture. An experimental system well-matched to the research goal is a key to successful research programmes. Prolific systems facilitate the road to academic tenure and fame, and trendy systems increase the probability of acceptance of manuscripts into respectable scientific journals. The popularity of ‘system’, therefore, deserves an attempt to put some order to the system.
Best and Worst Hotels
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I mentioned in the last introduction one of my passing through Denver. There are many ways to tum there besides towards the deserts, indeed all the West opens, hut it is also a good place simply co alight. A few miles out from the airport, in a countryside where prairie dogs still dig their towns and shady cottonwood trees duster along the creeks that fan into the rain, one C8n feel to be on the foreshore of a new continent. The awesome wall of the Rocky Mountains faces you a few miles distant and all the Great Plains are behind you like a sea.
Being Rare and Successful
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the last, this chapter goes forward by one year to 1988, Around that time evolutionary interest in sex was at a peak. Begun in the 1960s and put into perspective, along with a summary of a lot of the relevant evidence, in 1982 by Graham Bell’s massive review,2 the debate seemed to reach a high point. In 1987 and 1988 two multiauthor books came out on the subject,3 one of them containing the paper of this chapter. After that the activity declined a little. The fever to organize ‘sex’ meetings likewise began to abate, I ceased to hear Bruce Levin argue with Bryan Clarke about three times a year concerning what J, B. S, Haldane might have or might not have foreseen if only we knew and I ceased to meet all the other popular players at conferences held scattered all over the evolution ‘hemisphere’.
Health and Horsemen
Authors: Hamilton W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Securely under the seat in front of me stayed my backpack and in it was the paper I had meant to revise and the talk I intended to give: I was looking out of the window-It was late March in 1990 and I in the air travelling from London to Japan, by way of (or near to) the disc of the Arctic Circle. A sector of darkness had passed me—night, I supposed, but from the point of view of time for sleep it had seemed little more than an eclipse. Now over East Asia all of the down slope of the world lay beneath me clear of cloud and I watched the mountains and plains of Siberia slide by below.
The solution of plastic-elastic problems. Ii
Authors: Hill R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with problems of spherical and axial symmetry. The solution of spherically symmetric problems is straightforward in principle, and for the normal boundary conditions the equations can often be integrated explicitly. As a concrete example we shall analyse the expansion of a spherical thick-walled shell by internal pressure; in the extreme case when the outer radius is taken indefinitely large we have to do with the formation of a spherical cavity in an infinite solid medium. Problems with axial symmetry are more difficult, even when, as here, the stresses are supposed not to vary in the longitudinal direction. Even with this simplification, it is only in special circumstances that an explicit analytic solution can be derived, prolonged numerical calculations being generally unavoidable. We shall be concerned mostly with the expansion of a long cylindrical tube by uniform internal pressure. This is a long-standing problem because of its connexion with the autofrettage of pressure vessels and gun-barrels; the process has also been used to determine the influence of a stress gradient on the criterion of yielding. Although many investigators have examined the problem, it is only comparatively recently that anaccurate method of solution has been formulated.