bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haptoglobin response to clinical respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle
Authors: Wittum T. E. , Young C. R. , Stanker L. H. , Griffin D. D. , Perino L. J. , Littledike E. T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To quantify haptoglobin response to respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle, and to investigate its ability to predict disease outcome and response to antibiotic treatment.

Design
Randomized clinical trial.

Animals
60 feedlot calves with clinical respiratory tract disease.

Procedure
Calves were randomly assigned to receive a standard antibiotic treatment regimen (TRT), or to observation pens without antibiotic treatment. Serum haptoglobin concentration was measured at initial and final examinations. Calves were examined for presence of gross pulmonary lesions at slaughter.

Results
Mean ± SD serum haptoglobin concentration at initial examination was 67 ± 108 mg/dl, with range of 0 to 508 mg/dl. Haptoglobin concentration at initial examination was similar for the TRT group and the group that did not receive antibiotic treatment, but at final examination, TRT-group calves had lower (P < 0.01) mean values. Calves receiving antibiotic treatment had haptoglobin concentration at or near zero at final examination. Calves not receiving antibiotic treatment had only slightly lower mean haptoglobin concentration at final examination, compared with initial examination. Within treatment groups, haptoglobin concentration was similar for cases with different outcomes. Calves with gross pulmonary lesions a: slaughter had numerically higher, although statistically similar, haptoglobin concentrations at initial examination, compared with calves without lesions.

Conclusions
Feedlot cattle with clinical respiratory tract disease have a large and variable haptoglobin response. Antibiotic treatment resulted in lower serum haptoglobin values, although low values were not required for full clinical recovery.

Clinical Relevance
Serum haptoglobin concentration may be an indicator of response to antibiotic therapy, although it appears to be unrelated to case severity or need for treatment. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:646–649)
Disposition of transdermally administered fentanyl in dogs
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Papich Mark , Hardie Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the disposition of fentanyl after IV and transdermal administrations. The hypothesis was that transdermal administration of fentanyl would result in a measurable plasma opioid concentration.

Design
Each dog received 2 treatments in a randomized, crossover design.

Animals
6 clinically normal Beagles.

Procedure
2 treatments consisting of IV fentanyl (50 μg/kg of body weight) and transdermal fentanyl (50 μg/h) administrations. Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured at fixed times, and pharmacokinetic values were calculated.

Results
Intravenous pharmacokinetics of fentanyl was similar to those previously described in dogs and provided the distribution and clearance data necessary to calculate the rate of absorption of the transdermally administered opioid. The transdermal fentanyl patch produced average steady-state concentrations of 1.6 ng/ml. The actual rate of delivery of transdermal fentanyl was 35.7 (range, 13.7 to 49.8) μg/h, which represented 71.48% (range, 27.45 to 99.56%) of the theoretical rate of delivery. The mean elimination half-life of fentanyl after patch removal was 1.39 hours.

Conclusions
Transdermally administered fentanyl resulted in fairly constant plasma concentrations, in the range generally considered to be analgesic, from 24 to 72 hours after application of the patch. The rate of drug delivery was less than expected, and there was substantial individual variation.

Clinical Relevance
Transdermally administered fentanyl has the potential to be a clinically useful analgesic regimen in dogs, and further evaluation of its analgesic actions and potential side effects is warranted. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:715–719)
Effects of U-74389G, a novel 21-aminosteroid, on small intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses
Authors: Vatistas Nicholas J. , Snyder Jack R. , Hildebrand Susan V. , Harmon Faye A. , Woliner Michael J. , Barry Sean J. , Nieto J. , Henry Pegeen , Enos L. Reed , Magliano David , Brown Scott A. , Drake Christiana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of the 21-amino-steroid, U-74389G, on reperfusion of the equine jejunum, using total (TVO) and partial (PVO) vascular occlusion during the ischemic period.

Design
TVO: 16 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 3 groups—4 horses received the vehicle alone, 6 horses received a low dosage (3 mg/kg of body weight), and 6 horses a high dosage (10 mg/kg) of U-74389G. PVO: 10 healthy horses were randomly allotted to 2 groups—5 horses received the vehicle alone, and 5 horses received the low dosage (3 mg/kg) of U-74389G.

Procedure
TVO was induced for 1 hour followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. During PVO, blood flow was reduced to 20% of baseline for 2 hours, followed by 2 hours of reperfusion.
For both models, either the vehicle alone or the drug was given 15 minutes prior to reperfusion. Samples were obtained before, during, and after ischemia for determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondealdehyde (MDA) concentration, concentration of conjugated dienes (PVO experiment only), and morphometric analysis.

Results
TVO: tissue concentration of MDA and MPO activity were not altered in any group by ischemia or reperfusion. During ischemia, mucosal volume and surface area were reduced. After reperfusion, no further reduction occurred. After initial decrease in submucosal volume during ischemia, there was a significant increase after reperfusion in the vehicle-only group (P < 0.05). PVO: there were no alterations in the concentration of either MDA or conjugated dienes. There was a significant increase in the activity of MPO during ischemia and reperfusion (P< 0.05). These effects were similar for the vehicle-only and drug groups. During ischemia, there was a significant decrease in mucosal surface area and volume (P< 0.05), that was continued during reperfusion for the vehicle-only group (P< 0.05). Submucosal volume increased during reperfusion (P< 0.05). Serosal volume was increased during ischemia and reperfusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Reduced blood flow during ischemia (PVO group) caused continued loss in mucosal volume and surface area during reperfusion. At the dosage given, the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, was not effective in preventing continued reduction in mucosal volume and surface area after restoration of blood supply in the horses subjected to reduced blood flow. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:762–770)
Evaluation of antibodies reactive with porcine lymphocytes and lymphoma cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, antigen-retrieved tissue sections
Authors: Tanimoto Tadashi , Ohtsuki Yuji 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether antibodies raised against human or porcine lymphocytes are reactive with porcine lymphocytes and lymphoma cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, antigen-retrieved tissue sections, and to determine the conditions suitable for antigen retrieval.

Design
We evaluated reactivities of 27 anti-lymphocyte antibodies with porcine tissue sections, including those of lymphomas, treated with 11 antigen-retrieval methods.

Animals
Swine.

Procedure
We used 19 anti-human and 8 anti-porcine lymphocyte antibodies. For antigen retrieval, we tested 11 methods: heating with 6 soaking solutions in a microwave oven, heating with 2 commercially available soaking solutions in a water bath, and enzyme digestion with 3 proteases. After these treatments, sections were immunostained along with untreated sections.

Results
Of 27 anti-lymphocyte antibodies tested, CDw75 (clone LN-1), CD79α (mb-1, clone HM57), CD79β(B29, clone B29/123), HLA-DR (clone TAL. 1B5), and polyclonal CD3 were strongly reactive with porcine lymphoid tissues, including lymphomas, when sections were deparaffinized and heated in 0.1M Tns-HCI buffer (pH 8.0) in a microwave oven or with antigen-retrieval solution in a water bath. All patterns of positive staining were essentially the same as those previously described in human beings.

Conclusion
These 5 antibodies, with the antigen retrieval sequences, are helpful in identifying, distinguishing, and characterizing lymphocyte subsets in archival sections of normal and pathologic porcine lymphoid tissues including lymphomas. In addition, our findings indicated that antigen retrieval by microwave heating of the sections can appreciably expand the range of antibodies useful in paraffin immunohistochemistry, including those that otherwise work only on sections from frozen tissues or from an antigen-derived species. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:853–859)
Allergenic cross-reactivities in flea-reactive canine serum samples
Authors: Pucheu-Haston Cherie M. , Grier Thomas J. , Esch Robert E. , Bevier Diane E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether flea extract could be determined (via ELISA) to share allergenic epitopes with other insects, and to determine whether sera with different reactivities to insect extracts have different cross-reactivity patterns.

Sample Population
69 canine serum samples that were selected from samples submitted for routine ELISA allergy testing and had previously been found to have high reactivities to flea.

Procedure
Each serum sample was assessed by means of a direct ELISA for IgE binding to 11 common insects. Samples that were reactive primarily to flea extract alone were designated pool 1, samples that were reactive to small numbers of insects were designated pool 2, and samples that were reactive to all or almost all insects were designated pool 3. Samples that did not have any apparent patterns of cross-reactivity were not included in the rest of the study. Inhibition ELISA techniques were used with the 3 serum pools to determine whether multiple insect extracts inhibited reactivity on flea-coated ELISA plates. Those extracts were used to coat ELISA plates, and reciprocal inhibition studies were then performed.

Results
Black fly, black ant, and cockroach extracts were capable of > 50% inhibition of flea solid-phase IgE binding with all 3 serum pools. In the ELISA inhibition studies, flea extract was able to inhibit IgE binding to each extract with all pools, confirming reciprocal inhibition.

Conclusions
Inhibition of IgE binding to solid-phase flea antigen by black ant, black fly, and cockroach extracts suggested sharing of allergenic epitopes among these species. Reciprocal inhibition studies further confirmed these findings. These results indicated in vitro cross-reactivity between flea, black ant, black fly, and cockroach extracts. These results need to be further investigated in vivo.

Clinical Relevance
It is possible that dogs may become sensitized to fleas via exposure to other insects, and that flea allergenic dogs may have signs of pruritus, in the absence of fleas, if exposed to cross-reactive insects. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1000–1005)
Silicate and metal dust in lungs of Greyhounds
Authors: Schoning Polly , Abraham Jerrold L. , Burnett Bryan R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether the amount of opaque dust in lung specimens increases with age, the composition of that dust, and whether the composition is similar for Greyhounds and pet dogs.

Design
Quantification of lung particulate dust burdens.

Animals
192 Greyhounds and 5 pet dogs.

Procedure
Lung specimens of 192 Greyhounds and 5 pet dogs were examined for dust accumulation, using light microscopy. Lung specimens from 20 Greyhounds and the 5 pet dogs were analyzed, using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to quantify the lung burden of inorganic particles.

Results
Lung dust burden increased linearly with age. Pulmonary dust was composed of aluminum silicates, silica, and 18 metals. Silicate and metal particulate burdens were higher in Greyhounds than in the pet dogs. The 3 most common metals were iron, titanium, and chromium.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Amount of opaque dust increased with age. The higher pulmonary dust burden in Greyhounds than in pet dogs suggests that environmental exposure is important. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1006–1009)
Immunohistochemical analysis of an equine model of synovitis-induced arthritis
Authors: Todhunter P. G. , Kincaid S. A. , Todhunter R. J. , Kammermann J. R. , Johnstone B. , Baird A. N. , Hanson R. R. , Wright J. M. , Lin H.-C. , Purohit R. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To use lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to create synovitis in the midcarpal joint of ponies, and to assess the morphologic, histochemical, and immunohistochemical effects of synovitis on articular cartilage of the third carpal bone.

Animals
2- to 3-year-old ponies, 6 control (group 1) and 6 treated (group 2).

Procedure
Synovitis was induced in 1 midcarpal joint of group-2 ponies by intra-articular injections of LPS (0.02 μg/kg of body weight), morphine (0.1 mg/kg), and saline solution (group 2a) and morphine and saline solution alone in the contralateral midcarpal joint (group 2b). Articular cartilage sections and attached synovial membrane from the third carpal bones were examined by immunohistochemical distribution of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF receptors (P55, P75) and 3-B-3(–) epitopes, and by localization of proteoglycans (metachromatic staining). Proteoglycan extracts were assessed by metachromatic staining or western blotting and immunohistochemical staining, using anti-3-B-3 antibodies.

Results
Enhanced immunoreactivity for the cytokines and receptors was found in inflamed synovial membrane and noncalcified cartilage (group 2a more than 2b). Metachromasia of the noncalcified cartilage was greater in group-1 than in group-2a and group-2b specimens. In group 2a, chondrocyte hypertrophy and enhanced immunoreactivity for 3-B-3(–) epitope in areas of increased cytokine immunoreactivity suggested possible phenotypic change of the chondrocytes in response to synovitis. Immunohistochemical analysis by western blotting of proteoglycan extracts indicated strong 3-B-3(–) epitope immunolocalization in group-2a, weaker staining in group-2b, and barely detectable stain in group-1 specimens, which correlated with in situ immunolocalization.

Conclusions
Intra-articular administration of LPS may be used to induce a synovial environment conducive to increased immunoreactivity of interleukin 1β, TNF-α, and its receptors in equine synovial membrane and articular cartilage. These cytokines may be involved in the early phenotypic change of chondrocytes that is believed to occur in osteoarthritis and is characterized in this study by enhanced 3-B-3(–) epitope immunoreactivity and chondrocyte hypertrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1080–1093)
Kinematic gait analysis in dogs with hip dysplasia
Authors: Bennett Russell L. , DeCamp Charles E. , Flo Gretchen L. , Hauptman Joe G. , Stajich Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To define alterations of movement in dogs with hip dysplasia by use of noninvasive, 3-dimensional, computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis.

Design
Kinematic and force plate data were collected at the trot from clinically normal dogs and from dogs with hip dysplasia.

Animals
12 large adult dogs of various breeds with clinical and radiographic evidence of hip dysplasia, and 12 clinically normal adult large dogs of various breeds with body weight similar to that of the dogs with hip dysplasia.

Procedure
Dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities were calculated for the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints. Temporal and distance variables were also computed. Essential Fourier coefficients were determined and used to reconstruct mean dynamic flexion and extension curves for all joints, and to compare differences in movement between dogs with hip dysplasia and clinically normal dogs.

Results
Dogs with hip dysplasia had subtle characteristic changes in dynamic flexion and extension angles and angular velocities of each joint, verified by significant differences in essential Fourier coefficients between the 2 study groups. Stride length was increased and peak vertical force was decreased in dogs with hip dysplasia. Subject velocity, maximal foot velocity, stance duration, stride frequency, and impulse area did not differ between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
Kinematic gait analysis indicated that hip dysplasia is associated with alterations in movement of the coxofemoral, femorotibial, and tarsal joints. Computer-assisted kinematic gait analysis provided a noninvasive, objective tool with which to evaluate these complex motion alterations.

Clinical Relevance
The information obtained may be useful in future evaluations of various modes of treatment for hip dysplasia. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:966–971)
Sequence analysis and polymerase chain reaction amplification of small subunit ribosomal DNA from Sarcocystis neurona
Authors: Marsh Antoinette E. , Barr Bradd C. , Madigan John , Lakritz Jeffrey , Conrad Patricia A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To identify Sarcocystis neurona-specific DNA sequences in the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (nss-rRNA) gene that could be used to distinguish S neurona from other closely related protozoal parasites, and to evaluate a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, using broad based primers and a unique species-specific probe on CSF for detection of S neurona in equids.

Procedures
Sequencing of the nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from a new S neurona isolate (UCD 1) was performed. The sequence was compared with that of other closely related Sarcocystidae parasites. From this sequence, conserved DNA sequence primers were selected and an oligonucleotide probe was designed to hybridize with a unique region of the S neurona gene. For clinical evaluation, horses were considered test positive for S neurona infection on the basis of immunohistochemical detection of the parasites in the CNS.

Results
Sensitivity of this PCR and probe-based detection system was approximately 1 to 5 merozoites. Cerebrospinal fluid from 2 of 5 horses with histologic lesions consistent with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis were PCR- and probe-positive in a blind test of this procedure, and all uninfected horses were test negative.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
This PCR- based system is a useful method of confirming S neurona in CSF and has the advantage of facilitating detection of other apicomplexan protozoans that may be infective for horses. The usefulness of this test is limited by the presence of parasites free in the CSF of clinically affected horses. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:975–981)
Evaluation of chromogenic substrate assays for fibrinolytic analytes in dogs
Authors: Lanevschi Anne , Kramer John W. , Greene Stephen A. , Meyers Kenneth M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the ability of commercial, chromogenic kits designed to measure human fibrinolytic pathway components to measure the canine plasma fibrinolytic pathway enzymes, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen (PLG), and their respective inhibitors, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI) and α2-anti-plasmim (AP).

Animals
20 healthy dogs of various ages and breeds.

Procedure
The commercial procedure was adapted to a microtitration plate. Standard curves were generated by use of a canine plasma pool.

Results
Modifications of the commercial kit consisted of change in incubation periods and the substitution of urokinase for the streptokinase. Plasminogen and AP procedures yielded intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) ranging from 2 to 6.4%. The tPA activity gave an acceptable intra-assay CV of 4.2%, but an equivocal interassay CV of 18%. The PAI assay gave unacceptable intra-assay and interassay CV of 59 and 66%, respectively.

Conclusions
Modifications of the commercial PLG and AP procedures were appropriate for use with fresh and frozen canine plasma. However, equivocal results were obtained for canine plasma tPA. Although the PAI assay was able to detect the inhibitor, it gave unacceptable quantifiable results. Human and canine plasma contained similar amounts of PLG and AP, but 25% more tPA was found in canine plasma than human plasma.

Clinical Relevance
With modifications, the commercial human PLG and AP chromogenic kits may serve to elucidate such canine fibrinolytic disorders as disseminated coagulopathy. The high cost of the chromogenic substrate limits its application. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57: 1124-1130)
Effects of age at vaccination on efficacy of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to protect cattle against brucellosis
Authors: Cheville Norman F. , Olsen Steven C. , Jensen Allen E. , Stevens Mark G. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Florance Allison M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish that female calves vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 at 3, 5, and 7 months of age are protected against infection and abortion when challenged exposed during their first pregnancy.

Animals
Polled Hereford heifer calves obtained from a brucellosis-free herd.

Procedure
Calves were inoculated SC at 3, 5, or 7 months of age with strain RB51 (n = 26), strain 19 (n = 16), or sterile saline solution (n = 15). Calves were bred at 16 to 17 months of age and challenged exposed during the first pregnancy with virulent B abortus strain 2308.

Results
After vaccination, none of the heifers given strain RB51 developed serum antibodies that reacted in the standard tube agglutination test, but reacted in a dotblot assay, using RB51 antigen. B abortus was cultured from biopsy specimens of superficial cervical lymph nodes in the RB51 and S19 vaccinates at 10 weeks, but not at 12 weeks after vaccination. All 4 heifers that had been vaccinated with RB51 at 3 months of age were protected against infection and abortion when challenged exposed. Vaccination at 5 and 7 months of age gave equivalent protection. Heifers given strain 19 were 95% protected and controls (given saline solution) had a high incidence of infection and abortion.

Conclusions
Strain RB51 is protective at doses comparable to those of strain 19 in calves 3 to 10 months of age.

Clinical Relevance
Immunogenicity and failure to induce antibodies that interfere with the serologic diagnosis of field infections of B abortus make strain RB51 an effective vaccine. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1153—1156)