bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problematizing Democracy
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 28 August 2005 the Iraqi parliament finally approved a new constitution, after months of negotiation and debate. It failed to win the support of Sunni representatives; Arab nations feared for the security of the region; and many political commentators foresaw a future grimmer than the grim present. President Bush, on the other hand, congratulated the Iraqi people on a further step in the transition from dictatorship to democracy. He commented on the freedoms of expression and association and on other liberties recognized in the document. And he spoke of a free people finding self-expression at the ballot box under freely enacted laws. In short, he summoned a whole battery of polarities.
The Rule of Knowledge
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Understanding the world in which we live’ , wrote John Dunn in 1992, ‘requires an extravagantly complicated division of cognitive labour—perhaps a more complicated division than human beings are capable of creating, and certainly one far more complicated and trustworthy than they have yet contrived to create.’ The experience of the intervening years has only served to confirm the assessment. The global scale of the challenges to understanding—whether we think of the economic system, or climate change, or terrorism—is apparent in every news bulletin every day of the week. Getting that understanding and putting it to effective use is a political necessity of increasing urgency.
Politics and Paradox in Seneca’s De Beneficiis
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the standards of any contemporary western political culture, ancient societies, both Greek and Roman, were strikingly hierarchical. Only in the programmatic dreams of the most wild- eyed reformers could we expect to find an ideological commitment to general social equality. Of course, the notion that there should be equality of political rights among those fortunate enough to be classed as full citizens was somewhat commoner. But what we might call the ‘real world’ of social relations was based on dramatic differences in status, power, and wealth, which few if any could seriously imagine challenging. From the fourth century bc onwards political and social thinkers were reflectively aware of the important role played in such a society by the doing of ‘good deeds’, services or gifts to other members of society for which some sort of return, even if only the expression of gratitude, was normally expected.
The Will in Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few words in the philosophical lexicon so slippery as ‘will’. In an attempt to track a history of the idea of will, the most we have going for us is a widely agreed upon lexical correspondence. In modern European languages, so far as I know, we can at least pick out counterparts: will, volonte´, volonta`, Wille. Push it back a bit further and you arguably add the Latin voluntas. But as almost everyone agrees, you cannot push this lexical correspondence back to ancient Greek, where neither boule¯sisnor prohairesis, neither dianoianor any other term quite does the job.
Against Zoos
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can start with a rough-and-ready definition of zoos: they are public parks which display animals, primarily for the purposes of recreation or education. Although large collections of animals were maintained in antiquity, they were not zoos in this sense. Typically these ancient collections were not exhibited in public parks, or they were maintained for purposes other than recreation or education. The Romans, for example, kept animals in order to have living fodder for the games. Their enthusiasm for the games was so great that even the first tigers brought to Rome, gifts to Caesar Augustus from an Indian ruler, ended up in the arena. The emperor Trajan staged 123 consecutive days of games in order to celebrate his conquest of Dacia. Eleven thousand animals were slaughtered, including lions, tigers, elephants, rhinoceroses, hippopotami, giraffes, bulls, stags, crocodiles, and serpents.
Real Traits, Real Functions?
Authors: Allen Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the extensive literature on what it means for a biological trait to have a function, philosophers and biologists have given the notion of function star billing. They have paid little attention to the notion of trait appearing in the supporting role. My goal in this chapter is to turn the spotlight onto this fundamental notion and demonstrate that we lack and need an analysis of trait. I use ‘analysis’ here with a broad meaning that encompasses traditional conceptual analysis, theoretical definition, and other ways of specifying meaning.
Types of Traits: The Importance of Functional Homologues
Authors: Neander Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have long believed that biology is richly endowed with functional categories. The idea has been that a heart counts as a heart because it is for pumping blood and eyes count as eyes because they are for seeing, and so on. More generally, on the traditional view, the traits of organisms are often classified into types at least in part on the basis of their biological function. This view, which extends as far back as Aristotle, has long been entrenched in contemporary philosophy of biology (see e.g. Beckner 1959: 112–18). Indeed, it is still the accepted wisdom in philosophy more generally.
Accentuation in Old Attic, Later Attic, and Attic
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This remark comes from the scholia in a tenth-century manuscript of the Iliad, Venetus A; as with many of the scholia to the Iliaddealing with prosody, its source is the grammarian Herodian writing in the second century adand himself making use of earlier, Hellenistic, works on accentuation. We are told that the word πηρóν (nominative πηρóσ) ‘disabled’ is accented one way in Homer (πηρóν) but another way in Attic (πηρóν). A question that arises from this passage, and from others like it, is that of the Hellenistic and post-Hellenistic grammarians’ sources of knowledge about Homeric accentuation. This question has been discussed since the early nineteenth century and still deserves attention, but it is not the subject of the present essay. Instead we shall consider a different, perhaps less immediately obvious, question: what is meant here by ‘Attic’? The language of Plato, or perhaps Menander? If so, how would Herodian have known how Plato or Menander accented a word? Or does the term refer to the speech of some contemporaries of Herodian?
The Word-Order Pattern magna cum laude in Latin and Sabellian
Authors: Clackson James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Latin phrases of the type magna cum laude‘with great praise’ the adposition, here cum, splits the two elements of a nominal phrase, here magnaand laude. In Oscan and Umbrian the same word-order pattern occurs, and many scholars have commented on the similarity. Hofmann and Szantyr (1965: 216), for example, directly compare the Latin order with the following Umbrian phrases (from the Iguvine Tables, as are all Umbrian citations in this paper):
Old English ma†elian, mœlan, m¤œlan
Authors: Ringe Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone familiar with formulaic oral poetry1can hardly avoid the suspicion that these three verbs are etymologically a single lexical item which has somehow been split, either in the poetic tradition or in the transmission of the texts. In this paper I shall investigate that hypothesis and show that there must be some truth in it, but that the whole truth is more complex. The distribution of the verbs in verse did result from the manipulation of formulae, but all three verbs employed were linguistically ‘real’ at some point in the history of OE. They did not, however, all originate at the same time or in the same way.
The Stoics’ Account Of The Cognitive Impression
Authors: Reed Baron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the story we have from Cicero’s Academica, Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school, began by defining the cognitive impression as one that is ‘impressed and sealed and moulded from a real object, in conformity with its reality’.1 Arcesilaus, the Academic Sceptic, then asked Zeno if this could be so even if a true impression ‘was of exactly the same form as a false one’-that is, would an impression count as cognitive if one could have, for example, a dream that was of exactly the same form? Zeno said no, a cognitive impression could not be of such a kind that ‘one proceeding from a non-existent thing could be of the same form’. Arcesilaus and the other Academics agreed with this, but then concluded that there could not be any cognitive impressions. It is the dispute over this claim, Cicero tells us, that ‘is the one argument that has held the field down to the present day’ (Cic. Acad. 2. 78).
Stoic Metaphysics at Rome
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the shortest, and certainly one of the most intriguing, of the numerous fragments of ancient philosophy to turn up in modern times is Poxy 3649.1 All that the sands of Egypt have preserved of this second– third-century ad scroll is its end title: What the content of Cornutus’ On properties book II was can be a matter of little more than speculation. This is a pity, because the topic was almost certainly metaphysical, and metaphysics is by no means a familiar aspect of the Stoicism that has come down to us from the Roman period. Cornets himself, on the other hand, is a well-documented figure from the imperial Stoa, even if his one surviving work, the allegorizing Survey of the Greek Theological Tradition, is far less often studied, discussed, or cited than the predominantly ethical writings of Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius, or even those of the less well-known Musonius Rufus. Born in Libya, teacher at Rome of the poets Lucan and Persius (the latter of whom bequeathed to him his complete collection of the works of Chrysippus), and exiled by Nero in the 60s ad, Cornets published extensively in both Greek and Latin.
The Discriminating Capacity of the Soul in Aristotle’s Theory of Learning
Authors: Haas Frans A J De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Sorabji, who has inspired and fostered my philosophical work and career for many years, has remarked that among ancient philosophers, Aristotle most expanded perceptual content to compensate for the denial of reason and belief to animals.1 He has also claimed that Aristotle introduced the idea that perception is a kind of discriminating as part of his attempt to distinguish belief from perception.2 I offer this essay to Richard as a set of further considerations concerning the significance of discrimination in Aristotle, both perceptual and intellectual.
Competing Readings of Stoic Emotions
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most stimulating and rewarding features of my scholarly life has been a long-running debate with Richard Sorabji about the Stoic theory of the emotions. This debate took place in and around papers given by both of us in various contexts (including the Institute of Classical Studies and a conference in Helsinki on the emotions).1 It included long conversations examining certain key texts and exchanges of letters. Our differences on this topic have run deep and continue to do so. But, certainly on Richard’s side, this debate was always conducted in a spirit of open-minded enquiry and a humane concern both for the truth and for participants in the search for this—a spirit that is wholly characteristic of him.
Were Zeno and Chrysippus at Odds in Analysing Emotion?
Authors: Price A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is my loss to have coincided with Richard Sorabji in London for only a few years. The memories that I most treasure are of a unique style of seminar. Each occasion opened with the circulation of a generous handout of generally unfamiliar texts and translations. Richard would then invite us to think on our feet as he led us through them, not directing us how to read them, not pressing upon us some new and newly distorting interpretation, but recruiting us as volunteers in a voyage of shared discovery. His self-restraint and encouragement of others generated discussions as exhilarating and collaborative as any that I have known.
Architectures and Information Structure Inventory
Authors: Erteschik-Shir Nomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the connections between information structure and syntax that is best known is the propensity for languages to order given, old, or topical information before new or focused information, and linguists from a variety of linguistic schools have attempted accounts of this phenomenon. Although the phenomenon is well established, it has not been a simple task to account for it. One reason is the fact that this is only a tendency: New information can, under certain circumstances, precede old information, and the cross-linguistic circumstances in which this occurs are rather evasive. Another reason this phenomenon is hard to explain is that linguists find it hard to agree on the concepts involved in the generalization: What exactly is a topic, and what exactly is a focus? Sections 1 and 2 are dedicated to these two concepts and it is concluded that topic and focus are the only information structure primitives needed to account for all information structure phenomena. Section 3 demonstrates that topic and focus interact and the theory of f(ocus)-structure which is based on this interaction is introduced. Next, various conceptions of how information structure fits into the architecture of grammar are examined (section 4). The chapter concludes with a section on information structure methodology (section 5).
On What There are
Authors: Shoemaker Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers, and I suspect only philosophers, know about grue - the property (if that is what it is) that something has just in case it is green and examined before 2010 AD or blue and not so examined. Nelson Goodman introduced the predicate “grue” in order to raise an important problem about induction. But my concern here is not with the philosophy of induction; I am interested in grue only as an example of a fishy property. There are lots of other examples. Properties that are arbitrary disjunctions of ordinary properties, like being red or weighing thirty pounds, will strike most people as fishy. So also will such properties as being 50 miles south of a burning barn and having once been touched by the drummer of a rock band. So also will properties like
Simone de Beauvoir: A Woman Philosopher in the Context of her Generation
Authors: Imbert Claude , Grosholz E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many ways of commemorating The Second Sex,fifty years after its publication. Since then, each generation has given it a new pertinence, increasing its long-range influence in the course of a debate which is nowhere near being over. I would like to contribute to that discussion by evoking the philosophical context in which the book first defined its intent. How was Simone de Beauvoir able to confront philosophicallya question excluded by the very nature of the principles and positions in terms of which philosophy had traditionally justified itself? From this conflict stems a difficulty inherent in the project of The Second Sexwhich must not be forgotten if one is to do even minimal justice to the book.
Meaning What We Say: The Politics of Theory’ and the Responsibility of Intellectuals
Authors: Moi Toril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The desire for a theory that guarantees political radicalism and, idea1ly, political effectiveness, has been strong in recent years’, Jonathan Culler writes. As a feminist literary critic and theorist I know what he means, for I belong precise]y to the group of intellectuals for whom the question of the ‘politics of theory’ has been a cause of concern for a long time. Radical theorists often ask themselves whether the writing they do, which tends to be specialized and fairly abstract, really makes a political difference. Whenever I think about this I feel comforted by the thought that someintellectual works, at least, have had tremendous impact.
The House We Never Leave: Childhood, Shelter, and Freedom in the Writings of Beauvoir and Colette
Authors: Grosholz Emily R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the second volume of The Second Sex,chapter II of the first part is entitled ‘The Young Girl’, following ‘Childhood’ and preceding ‘Sexual Initiation’. There, Simone de Beauvoir writes about a precious moment of freedom in a young girl’s life. Just at the onset of adolescence she is old enough to exercise some autonomy and to range beyond the con fines of the family house, but she has not yet faJlen into the adult constraints of married life. She is still well protected, but she is at liberty: optimal circumstances for cultivating imagination.
India
Authors: Amritavalli R , Jayaseelan K A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
India raises the important question of whether a mosaic of languages and shared cultures can be melded into a nation. If language is a dominant symbol of identity, the concept of nationhood presupposes the existence of a national language, and distinct linguistic groups represent sub-nationalisms which may be a threat to the cohesion of a nation. In India, such a way of thinking about the relation of language to nationhood received considerable attention at the height of its political struggle for independence from British rule; an effort was made during that period to identify and promote a national language, and for a period of about fifteen years subsequent to independence, the question of a national language occupied much of the space of public debate in India, reaching a crescendo in the 1960s. The resolution of that crisis in favour of the indefinite continuation of a ‘foreign’ language, English, as an ‘associate official language’ in the country indicated that the idea of India as a nation is not primarily associated with any one language, or even primarily with ‘Indian’ languages.
Nepal and the Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Chalmers Rhoderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions of language and national identity have coloured the history of Nepal and the eastern Himalayan region for decades. But since the 1980s they have emerged at the forefront of political movements – sometimes violent – which have underscored the ethnic, religious, and social fault lines of the area. The relationship between language and identity is complex even at the level of smaller ethnic groups; when combined with the questions of nation and nationalism it has proved fraught with danger. In the mid-1980s Darjeeling’s separatist Gorkhaland movement played on language as the unifying strand of Indian Nepali society while insisting on a clear separation from the state of Nepal. Nepali finally gained recognition as a national language of India in 1992, the culmination of almost a century of campaigning. By this time Nepal’s own ‘people’s movement’ had brought an end to the monarchist Panchayat regime, opening a Pandora’s box of ethnic and linguistic claims. The collapse of the central autocratic system brought with it a loss of faith in the simple ‘one language, one country’ nationalism that had been promoted for decades. Ethnic grievances and spurned calls for linguistic rights have since been seized on by Maoist insurgents as further aids to recruitment in an intensifying war. In Bhutan, mean-while, the 1980s saw the Dzongkha language deployed as one element of a rigid state nationalism. By the start of the 1990s the teaching of Nepali had been banned and much of Bhutan’s Nepali-speaking population displaced to refugee camps.
Introduction
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the family? There are many ways of answering this question, but I take as my starting point here G. K. Chesterton’s striking metaphor of family as ‘this frail cord, flung from the forgotten hills of yesterday to the invisible mountains of tomorrow’.¹ In more prosaic terms, it is the chain of personal connections that gives meaning to our human notions of past, present and future— a mysterious genetic entity that binds us in our short span of individual existence to our ancestors and to our successors. But for many people, these familiar domestic foundations, taken for granted by previous generations, have begun to crumble. The signs are there in personal lives diminished by unstable relationships, broken commitments, and loss of contact with a whole range of peripheral but important relationships, from grandparents and in-laws to distant cousins and aunts. But, while the family is not indestructible, it is resilient.
Adequacy Conditions for Counterpart Theory
Authors: Cresswell M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Lewis’s modal realism claims that nothing can exist in more than one world or time, and that statements about how something would have beenare to be analysed in terms of its counterpart. I first explain why the counterpart relation depends on de remodal statements in an intensional language, so that intuitive properties of similarity relations cannot be used to show that the counterpart relation is not an equivalence relation. I then look at test sentences in (the intensional) natural language, and show that none of them provide compelling evidence that a counterpart semantics is needed. David Lewis’s counterpart theory [Lewis 1968] has been with us now for many years. As a metaphysical doctrine, the view that no individual can exist in more than one possible world has had its supporters and its opponents. What has been less discussed is the semanticsof counterpart theory, and it is this question I want to address. My claim will be that there is no clear semantic evidence that we need it. &gt;Lewis’s metaphysical view [Lewis 1986] considers possible but non-actual worlds as equally ‘real’ as the actual world, where the actual world is everything that there is, or perhaps, to use Wittgenstein’s phrase, ‘everything that is the case’. As part of Lewis’s modal realism is the view that, at least for ordinary individuals, people, tables, cups, or double decker buses, nothing can exist in more than one world. This consequence falls naturally out of Lewis’s particular construction of possible worlds as maximal mereological sums of ‘world-mates’, though one can certainly believe, as I am inclined to myself, in a modal realism with genuinely trans-world individuals. It will be useful to connect modal realism with temporal realism, since temporal realism is a widely accepted view. Temporal realism is the view that the present moment is no more real than past or future moments. Temporal realism is not universally accepted. Some believe that only the present is real, others that only the present and past are real, but it is a not uncommon view, and an understanding of modal realism is, I think, helped by the parallel. Lewis also believes that the same individual cannot exist at more than one moment of time, though that need not be essential to temporal realism as such.
Some Ins and Outs of Transglobal Reliabilism
Authors: Henderson David , Horgan Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our central concern in this chapter is epistemological. We have recently developed an account of what it is for an agent to be objectively justified in holding some belief. We call it transglobal reliabilism. Here, we present this view in outline and we show how it is motivated by various thought experiments. In a later section, we discuss how to understand transglobal reliabilism with respect to epistemological internalism and externalism. This matter warrants special attention, for while transglobal reliabilism is a variant of externalist epistemology, it also successfully accommodates certain concerns associated with internalist epistemologies.