bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Methodology for the Synthesis of 2‐C‐Branched Glyco‐amino Acids by Ring Opening of 1,2‐Cyclopropanecarboxylated Sugars.
Authors: Sridhar Perali Ramu , Ashalu K. Chinna , Chandrasekaran S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and anti‐HIV Activity of 4′‐Cyano‐2′,3′‐didehydro‐3′‐deoxythymidine.
Authors: Haraguchi Kazuhiro , Itoh Yoshiharu , Takeda Shingo , Honma Yosuke , Tanaka Hiromichi , Nitanda Takao , Baba Masanori , Dutschman Ginger E. , Cheng Yung‐Chi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Isoquinolin‐5‐yl‐N′‐aralkyl‐urea and ‐amide Antagonists of Human Vanilloid Receptor 1.
Authors: Jetter Michele C. , Youngman Mark A. , McNally James J. , Zhang Sui‐Po , Dubin Adrienne E. , Nasser Nadia , Dax Scott L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma with or without villous lymphocytes
Authors: Iannitto Emilio , Ambrosetti Achille , Ammatuna Emanuele , Colosio Maura , Florena Ada M. , Tripodo Claudio , Minardi Viviana , Calvaruso Giuseppina , Enza Mitra Maria , Pizzolo Giovanni , Menestrina Fabio , Franco Vito 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDSplenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) is a well defined pathologic entity. However, questions regarding the bone marrow infiltration rate, the minimal diagnostic data set, and therapy remain unanswered.METHODSClinical‐pathologic features and outcomes of 57 consecutive patients who had splenomegaly with no clinically significant lymphadenomegaly and who were diagnosed with SMZL with or without (±) villous lymphocytes (VL) were reviewed.RESULTSSMVL ± VL occurred mostly in elderly males (median age, 62 years ± 10 years; male‐to‐female ratio, (1.85). Anemia was recorded in 49% of patients, and 30% of patients had moderate thrombocytopenia. Leukocytosis and leukopenia were found in 33% and 14% of patients, respectively, and typical VL were found in 84% of patients. Serology for hepatitis C virus infection was positive in 16% of patients, and a small monoclonal component was detected in 36% of patients. The bone marrow was infiltrated with an intrasinusoidal component in all patients. Thirteen patients were monitored using a watch‐and‐see policy, and they remained alive 1–5 years after diagnosis. Overall, 21 patients (36%) underwent splenectomy; and, in all patients, the diagnosis of SMZL was confirmed histologically in the surgical specimens. Twenty‐five patients received single‐agent therapy, which included either alkylators or pentostatine, and they achieved an overall response rate (ORR) of 65% and 87%, respectively: Polychemotherapy was administered to 6 patients (ORR, 83%). The median survival for all patients in the series was not reached, and it is expected that 70% of patients will be alive at 5 years.CONCLUSIONSUp to 20% of patients who had SMZL ± VL could be monitored using a watch‐and‐wait policy. The bone marrow intrasinusoidal infiltration pattern may be a valuable diagnostic hallmark, thus obviating diagnostic splenectomy. The issues regarding prognostic stratification and the best therapeutic strategy need to be addressed in properly designed, prospective trials. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of p120 catenin in glial cells of the adult rat brain
Authors: Chauvet Norbert , Privat Alain , Prieto Monica 
Published: September 2004

Abstractp120 catenin (p120ctn) is involved in the regulation of cadherin‐mediated adhesion and the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton by modulating RhoGTPase activity. We have previously described the distribution of p120ctn during rat brain development and provided substantial evidence for the potential involvement of p120ctn in morphogenetic events and plasticity in the central nervous system. Here, we analyzed the cellular and ultrastructural distribution of p120ctn in glial cells of the adult rat forebrain. The highest intensity of immunostaining for p120ctn was found in cells of the choroid plexus and ependyma and was mainly restricted to the plasma membrane. However, p120ctn was almost absent from astrocytes. In contrast, in tanycytes, a particular glial cell exhibiting remarkable morphological plasticity, p120ctn, was localized at the plasma membrane and also in the cytoplasm. We show that a large subpopulation of oligodendrocytes expressed multiple isoforms, whereas other neural cells predominantly expressed isoform 1, and that p120ctn immunoreactivity was distributed through the cytoplasm and at certain portions of the plasma membrane. Finally, p120ctn was expressed by a small population of cortical NG2‐expressing cells, whereas it was expressed by a large population of these cells in the white matter. However, in both regions, proliferating NG2‐positive cells consistently expressed p120ctn. The expression of p120ctn by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage suggests that p120ctn may participate in oligodendrogenesis and myelination. Moreover, the expression of p120ctn by various cell types and its differential subcellular distribution strongly suggest that p120ctn may serve multiple functions in the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 479:15–29, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Green's function and large‐time behavior of solutions for the one‐dimensional Boltzmann equation
Authors: Liu Tai‐Ping , Yu Shih‐Hsien 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe study the pointwise behavior of the Green function of the Boltzmann equation. Our results reveal the particle and fluid aspects of the equation. The particle aspect is represented by singular waves. These waves are carried by transport equations and dominate the short‐time behavior of the solution. We devise a Picard‐type iteration for the construction of the increasingly regular particle‐like waves. The fluid‐like waves reveal the dissipative behavior of the type of Navier‐Stokes equations as seen usually by the Chapman‐Enskog expansion. These waves are constructed as part of the long waves expansion in the spectrum of the Fourier mode for the space variable. The fluid‐like waves represent the long‐time behavior of the solution. As an application, we obtain the pointwise description of the large‐time behavior of the convergence to the global Maxwellian when the initial perturbation is necessarily smooth. In our analysis of the exchanges of the microscopic velocity decay and space decay, we make essential uses of the hard sphere models. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gamma‐convergence of gradient flows with applications to Ginzburg‐Landau
Authors: Sandier Etienne , Serfaty Sylvia 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe present a method to prove convergence of gradient flows of families of energies that Γ‐converge to a limiting energy. It provides lower‐bound criteria to obtain the convergence that correspond to a sort of C1‐order Γ‐convergence of functionals. We then apply this method to establish the limiting dynamical law of a finite number of vortices for the heat flow of the Ginzburg‐Landau energy in dimension 2, retrieving in a different way the existing results for the case without magnetic field and obtaining new results for the case with magnetic field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A lower‐epiperimetric inequality for area‐minimizing surfaces
Authors: Rivière Tristan 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe epiperimetric inequality introduced by E. R. Reifenberg in [3] gives a rate of decay at a point for the decreasing k‐density of area of an area‐minimizing integral k‐cycle. While dilating the cycle at that point, this rate of decay holds once the configuration is close to a tangent cone configuration and above the limiting density corresponding to that configuration. This is why we propose to call the Reifenberg epiperimetric inequality an upper‐epiperimetric inequality. A direct consequence of this upper‐epiperimetric inequality is the statement that any point possesses a unique tangent cone. The upper‐epiperimetric inequality was proven by B. White in [5] for area‐minimizing 2‐cycles in ℝn. In the present paper we introduce the notion of a lower‐epiperimetric inequality. This inequality gives this time a rate of decay for the decreasing k‐density of area of an area‐minimizing integral k‐cycle, while dilating the cycle at a point once the configuration is close to a tangent cone configuration and below the limiting density corresponding to that configuration. Our main result in the present paper is to prove the lower‐epiperimetric inequality for area‐minimizing 2‐cycles in ℝn. As a consequence of this inequality we prove the “splitting before tilting” phenomenon for calibrated 2‐rectifiable cycles, which plays a crucial role in the proof of the regularity of 1‐1 integral currents in [4]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on Manganese(II) Complexes of N‐Benzimidazole‐Functionalized 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononane: Crystal Structures, Properties and Combined Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Functions
Authors: Li Qing‐Xiang , Luo Qin‐Hui , Li Yi‐Zhi , Pan Zhi‐Quan , Shen Meng‐Chang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTwo new manganese(II) complexes [MnL1Cl2] and [MnL2Cl]ClO4·MeOH were synthesized [L1 = 1‐(benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane; L2 = 1,4‐bis(benzimidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,4,7‐triazacyclonone) and characterized by standard physical methods. The new complexes have better stability than the parent complex due to the introduction of benzimidazole groups on the backbone of tacn. The complexes were studied as superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimics by the riboflavin photoreduction method at pH 7.4. In basic or weakly basic solutions, the complexes decompose hydrogen peroxide catalytically, and possess the combined functions of SOD and catalase. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
DNA‐Directed Attachment of Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Label‐Free Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Kerman Kagan , Morita Yasutaka , Takamura Yuzuru , Ozsoz Mehmet , Tamiya Eiichi 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMulti‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used as nanowires, which combined DNA molecules to a carbon paste electrode (CPE). The attachment of MWNT on the electrode surface was controlled by a hybridization assay between adenine and thymine containing oligonucleotides. The appearance of guanine oxidation signal after hybridization with target DNA greatly simplified the specific sequence DNA detection mechanism. Combination of sidewall‐ and end‐functionalization of MWNT provided a significant enhancement in the voltammetric signal of guanine oxidation in comparison with the signals obtained from only end‐oxidized MWNT modified CPE and a bare CPE. A control experiment involving adenine containing polynucleotide (poly(A)) instead of adenine probe modified MWNT was performed. The effect of target and noncomplementary DNA concentration on the guanine signal was also monitored. Discrimination against single‐base mismatch and noncomplementary DNA was achieved by surfactant containing washing solution. The promising conductivity of carbon nanotubes, and the creation of a larger surface area for DNA immobilization by sidewall‐ and end‐oxidation of MWNT provided a detection limit down to 10 pg/mL, which is compatible with the demand of the genetic tests.
SNPs Feasibility of Nonlabeled Oligonucletides on Using Electrochemical Sensing
Authors: Lee Hea Yeon , Park Jong Wan , Kawai Tomoji 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have demonstrated an electrochemical gene chip protocol for the SNPs detection of nonlabeled DNA. Using an array consisting of streptavidin‐modified gold electrodes, probe DNA were attached through the application of a direct electric field. Electrochemical response changes originating from the hybridization of nucleic acids to protein‐bound nucleic acids using soluble mediators in K3Fe(CN)6 solution could then be observed. The electrochemical protocol developed showed high sensitivity and good reproducibility in the detection of DNA hybridization. Significant changes in electrochemical signals were also observed when using target DNA with a single base mismatch, indicating the applicability of this method to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detection.
Highly Sensitive Amperometric Glucose Biosensor Based on Glassy Carbon Electrode with Copper/Palladium Coating
Authors: Dai Yi‐Qing , Shiu Kwok‐Keung 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA highly sensitive amperometric glucose biosensor based on immobilizing glucose oxidase in electropolymerized poly(o‐phenylenediamine) film on glassy carbon electrode coated sequentially with copper and palladium layers has been developed. The steady‐state amperometric response to glucose was determined by means of the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide generated by the enzymatic reaction at a potential of either +0.70 or +0.40 V (vs. Ag|AgCl reference). The deposited copper/palladium layer showed great enhancement in the performance of the enzyme electrode, possibly due to its better electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen peroxide oxidation and large surface area. Effects of the relative loading of palladium, enzyme and polymer on the electrode performance were examined in detail. Sensitivity and detection limit for glucose determinations at +0.70 V were about 7.3 μA/mM and 0.1 μM, respectively. A wide linear range up to 6.0 mM glucose could be achieved. Electrode performance was superior to similar works reported in the literature. The response time was less than 2 s and its lifetime was longer than three months. The permeable polyphenylenediamine film also offered good anti‐interference ability to ascorbic acid, uric acid and acetaminophen, especially when a detection potential of +0.40 V was employed.
Carbon Nanotubes‐Based Amperometric Cholesterol Biosensor Fabricated Through Layer‐by‐Layer Technique
Authors: Guo Manli , Chen Jinhua , Li Jia , Nie Lihua , Yao Shouzhuo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA carbon nanotubes‐based amperometric cholesterol biosensor has been fabricated through layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition of a cationic polyelectrolyte (PDDA, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐modified gold electrode, followed by electrochemical generation of a nonconducting poly(o‐phenylenediamine) (PPD) film as the protective coating. Electrochemical impedance measurements have shown that PDDA/ChOx multilayer film could be formed uniformly on MWNTs‐modified gold electrode. Due to the strong electrocatalytic properties of MWNTs toward H2O2 and the low permeability of PPD film for electroacitve species, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid and acetaminophen, the biosensor has shown high sensitivity and good anti‐interferent ability in the detection of cholesterol. The effect of the pH value of the detection solution on the response of the biosensor was also investigated. A linear range up to 6.0 mM has been observed for the biosensor with a detection limit of 0.2 mM. The apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant and the maximum response current density were calculated to be 7.17 mM and 7.32 μA cm−2, respectively.
Chemically Sensitive Field‐Effect Transistors and Chemiresistors: New Materials and Device Structures
Authors: Katz Howard E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractElectronic sensor technology remains of widespread and intense interest. There are compelling needs to detect chemical species ranging from small molecules dispersed in the gas phase to complex biopolymers in aqueous solution. This review describes some recent advances in three main areas: chemically sensitive resistors (chemiresistors, CRs) including inorganic and organic based devices, field effect transistors (FETs) with semiconducting layers and/or gates with chemical sensitivity, and sensors based on the differential conductivity of nanotubes and nanowires. Results reported in the last two to three years are emphasized, highlighting some current trends in the development of sensors for applications such as diagnostics, process monitoring, and security.
Synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212‐2 inhibits generation of inflammatory mediators by IL‐1β‐stimulated human astrocytes
Authors: Sheng Wen S. , Hu Shuxian , Min Xinan , Cabral Guy A. , Lokensgard James R. , Peterson Phillip K. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractActivated glial cells have been implicated in the neuropathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases of the brain. A number of inflammatory mediators have been proposed to play a role in glial cell‐related brain damage; e.g., free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines, and chemokines. Our laboratory has been interested in the effect of psychoactive drugs and their derivatives on the production of these mediators. Cannabinoids have been shown to possess immunomodulatory as well as psychoactive properties. We previously have shown that interleukin (IL)‐1β‐stimulated human astrocytes, but not microglia, produce NO. In this study, we investigated the effects of the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212‐2 on the production of several key inflammatory mediators by human fetal astrocytes activated by IL‐1β. Expression of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 was detected on human astrocytes. WIN55,212‐2 (10−5 M) potently inhibited inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and corresponding NO production by IL‐1β‐stimulated astrocytes. The CB1 and CB2 receptor‐specific antagonists SR141716A and SR144528, respectively, partially blocked this suppressive effect. In addition, treatment of astrocytes with WIN55,212‐2 downregulated in a concentration‐dependent manner IL‐1β‐induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α release. Treatment with WIN55,212‐2 also inhibited production of the chemokines CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL5 by IL‐1β‐activated astrocytes. These findings indicate that WIN55,212‐2 inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators by IL‐1β‐stimulated human astrocytes and suggest that comparable agents may have therapeutic potential for the management of brain inflammation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sodium channels contribute to microglia/macrophage activation and function in EAE and MS
Authors: Craner Matthew J. , Damarjian Tina G. , Liu Shujun , Hains Bryan C. , Lo Albert C. , Black Joel A. , Newcombe Jia , Cuzner M. Louise , Waxman Stephen G. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractLoss of axons is a major contributor to nonremitting deficits in the inflammatory demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on biophysical studies showing that activity of axonal sodium channels can trigger axonal degeneration, recent studies have tested sodium channel‐blocking drugs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, and have demonstrated a protective effect on axons. However, it is possible that, in addition to a direct effect on axons, sodium channel blockers may also interfere with inflammatory mechanisms. We therefore examined the novel hypothesis that sodium channels contribute to activation of microglia and macrophages in EAE and acute MS lesions. In this study, we demonstrate a robust increase of sodium channel Nav1.6 expression in activated microglia and macrophages in EAE and MS. We further demonstrate that treatment with the sodium channel blocker phenytoin ameliorates the inflammatory cell infiltrate in EAE by 75%. Supporting a role for sodium channels in microglial activation, we show that tetrodotoxin, a specific sodium channel blocker, reduces the phagocytic function of activated rat microglia by 40%. To further confirm a role of Nav1.6 in microglial activation, we examined the phagocytic capacity of microglia from med mice, which lack Nav1.6 channels, and show a 65% reduction in phagocytic capacity compared with microglia from wildtype mice. Our findings indicate that sodium channels are important for activation and phagocytosis of microglia and macrophages in EAE and MS and suggest that, in addition to a direct neuroprotective effect on axons, sodium channel blockade may ameliorate neuroinflammatory disorders via anti‐inflammatory mechanisms. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunomodulating Steroidal Glycosides from the Roots of Stephanotis mucronata
Authors: Ye Yiping , Li Xiaoyu , Sun Hongxiang , Chen Fengyang , Pan Yuanjian 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGuided by in vitro immunological tests, three immunomodulating steroidal glycosides, stemucronatosides A (1), B (2), and C (3), were isolated from the roots of Stephanotis mucronata. On the basis of chemical evidence and extensive spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR, their structures were determined as 12‐O‐deacetylmetaplexigenin 3‐[O‐6‐deoxy‐3‐O‐methyl‐β‐D‐allopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐β‐D‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranoside], 12‐O‐deacetylmetaplexigenin 3‐[O‐β‐D‐thevetopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐β‐D‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranoside], and metaplexigenin 3‐[O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐6‐deoxy‐3‐O‐methyl‐β‐D‐allopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐β‐D‐cymaropyranosyl‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐cymaropyranoside], respectively. These compounds showed immunomodulating activities in vitro.
Proline‐Modified Porphyrin Catalysts for Enantioselective Epoxidations: Design, Synthesis, and Reactivity
Authors: Boitrel Bernard , Baveux‐Chambenoît Valérie , Richard Philippe 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe syntheses of various strapped and ‘picket‐fence’ chiral porphyrins are described, and their reactivities towards the enantioselective epoxidation of alkenes are reported. Four L‐proline residues provide the chirality for the various meso‐substituted catalysts, which differ by either the spatial arrangement of the stereogenic centers or the nature and length of the straps. The resulting bridged structures possess four amide linkages in each strap, leading to highly rigid molecules with well‐defined geometries whereas the strapped Fe catalysts gave rise to only moderate enantioselectivities, the C2‐symmetrical ones being superior to the D2‐symmetrical compounds. The D2‐symmetrical ‘picket‐fence’ porphyrins were as selective as their strapped counterparts.
Characteristics of titanium‐coated polyester prostheses in the animal model
Authors: Ueberrueck Torsten , Meyer Lutz , Zippel Roland , Gastinger Ingo 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCommercially available polyester vascular prostheses (n = 6) in the control group (CG) and titanium‐coated vascular prostheses (TP; n = 7) were interposed within the infrarenal aorta of pigs. The respective healing characteristics and patency rates were compared after 3 months. For evaluation purposes, macroscopic, histological, and immunohistochemical criteria were applied. The macroscopic evaluation revealed complete healing of the TP in comparison with the CG. Extraluminal inspection revealed prominent firm cicatricial tissue in the prosthesis bed of the TP group. All TP were occluded. In the CG, occlusion of the prostheses occurred in n = 1 (16 %). On average, neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) in the proximal part of the anastomosis was not significantly different to the CG. The extraluminal proliferation index (Ki67) was reduced in the TP group (p = 0.002). The immunohistochemical analysis of intraluminal changes revealed no significant differences between CG and TP. All of the titanium‐coated polyester vascular prostheses were found to be occluded. The additional coating of polyester prostheses with titanium would not appear to be of any particular benefit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 173–178, 2005