bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary restriction on muscle fibre length in mice
Authors: Hooper A. C. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. The dietary intake of male mice from a line selected for high body-weight was restricted to 60% by weight of thead lib.intake of the control litter-mates between days 21 and 42 post partum.2. One group was killed and compared with controls at 42 d of age. A further group then resumedad lib.feeding. Mice which had regained the control body-weight by 61 d of age were killed and also compared with controls.3. Muscle weight, fibre length, sarcomere length, sarcomere number per fibre, actin length and myosin length were measured in the biceps brachii and tibialis anterior muscles.4. Muscle weight, fibre length and the number of sarcomeres per fibre were significantly reduced in both muscles following dietary restriction, but regained their control values following a resumption of normal feeding. The other indices remained unchanged throughout the study.5. The pattern of fibre length changes, due entirely to alterations in sarcomere number, is similar to that reported previously during growth, senescence and immobilization and following selection for high and low body-weights.
The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus pedunculatus for sheep
Authors: Barry T. N. , Duncan S. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Voluntary intake was determined with vegetativeLotus pedunculatuscut and fed fresh to growing sheep of 42–46 kg live weight. Effects attributable to condensed tannins were assessed by growing the plant under high and low levels of soil fertility, inducing low and high concentrations of tannin (Expt 1), or by binding the tannins through spraying the herbage with polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 3350, PEG; Expt 2). Primary-growth lotus was used in Expt 1 and secondary-growth lotus in Expt 2. Concentrations of total and free condensed tannin were determined in fresh lotus, free tanning being defined as that not bound by mascerates of the plant.2. In Expt 1 the herbages fed contained respectively 46 and 106 g total condensed tannin/kg dry matter (DM) and 3 and 14 g free condensed tannin/kg DM. Mean metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were 0.89 and 0.77 MJ/kg live weight0.75per d (P< 0.05) respectively.3. The lotus used in Expt 2 contained 63 and 5 g total reactive condensed tannin and free condensed tannin/kg DM respectively. After spraying with PEG at 2.4 g/g total condensed tannin, these values were reduced to 7 and 0.5 g/kg DM respectively. PEG addition increased apparent digestibility (proportion of each nutrient ingested) of cellulose, hemicellulose and nitrogen by 0.05, 0.08 and 0.26, and increased ME intake from 0.48 to 0.69 MJ/kg live weight0.75per d.4. It was concluded that high concentrations of condensed tannins depressed ME intake, due to depressions in both the voluntary intake and digestion of organic matter. The stimulation of hemicellulose and cellulose digestion by PEG addition suggests that the condensed tannin was depressing rumen digestion.5. It is considered that free tannins are most likely to have been responsible for the depressive effects in the present study. This could be due to their reaction with microbial enzymes in the rumen, the tannin content of the plant exceeding the capacity of the plant protein to bind it, or to reaction with enzymes secreted into the small intestine following the absorption of amino acids. In either instance free tannins could also react with proteins of the gut wall.
Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs
Authors: Rerat A. A. , Vaissade P. , Vaugelade P. 
Published: May 2005

1. Concentrations of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal catheters were measured for periods of 8–24 h in twenty-three unanaesthetized pigs (mean body-weight 50 kg). From 6 to 8 d after implantation of catheters, the animals received experimental meals containing different levels (400, 800, 1200, 1600 g respectively) of different sugars (glucose ten meals, sucrose eighteen meals, lactose nine meals, maize starch sixteen meals) as well as a protein–mineral–vitamin premix.2. After each meal the reducing sugars appeared in the portal blood in successive waves. The porto-arterial differences in the concentration of reducing sugars, representing the real appearance of sugar-hydrolysis products in the animal, varied greatly according to the sugar ingested and its level of intake. For each level of intake, these differences were larger, but of shorter duration, for glucose and sucrose than for maize starch. For these three carbohydrates, the higher the level of ingestion, the larger and the more persistent the porto-arterial differences. Lactose represented a special case, as the porto-arterial differences of reducing sugars were always much lower than those obtained with the other sugars and they did not vary with the level of intake.3. Our findings show that the products formed by feeding glucose and sucrose appear more rapidly in the portal blood than those formed by feeding lactose. Accordingly, the length of time of digestion of glucose and sucrose is shorter than that of maize starch and lactose.
Absorption kinetics of some carbohydrates in conscious pigs
Authors: Rerat A. A. , Vaissade P. , Vaugelade P. 
Published: May 2005

1. Concentrations of reducing sugars, glucose, fructose and lactic acid in blood obtained from arterial and portal catheters were measured together with the portal hepatic blood flow-rate for periods of 8–24 h in twenty-six unanaesthetized pigs (mean body-weight 51 kg). The animals received experimental meals containing different amounts (100–1600 g) of different sugars (glucose fifteen meals, sucrose twenty-four meals, lactose fourteen meals, maize starch nineteen meals) together with a protein–mineral–vitamin mixture (150 g) 6–8 d after implantation of the catheters and an electromagnetic flow probe.2. Because the portal blood flow pattern did not differ between test meals, net absorption followed the same trends as for porto-arterial concentration differences (Rératet al.1984). Apart from lactose, the amounts of reducing sugars appearing in the portal vein correlated with the intake of the test meal, but the absorption pattern was different for each sugar. The appearance of reducing sugars was faster and earlier after intake of glucose than after sucrose and the same was the case for sucrose relative to maize starch. The differences between the three carbohydrates tended to increase with the level of intake.3. With a test meal containing 1 kg carbohydrate, i.e. a normal meal in a 50 kg pig, digestion of sucrose and maize starch was not finished 8 h after the meal since only 60 and 52% respectively of their hydrolysis products were recovered in the portal blood. In the case of lactose, the amounts of reducing sugars appearing in the portal blood were always very small and constant (113–118 g within 8 h) whatever the level of intake, i.e. 30 and 15% of their hydrolysis products for intakes of 400 and 800 g respectively.4. Depending on the carbohydrate ingested, the uptake of glucose by the gut cell wall ranged from 14 to 21 g/h and the production of lactic acid from 2.5 to 3.5 g/h.
Influence of caecectomy and source of dietary fibre or starch on excretion of endogenous amino acids by laying hens
Authors: Parsons Carl M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of caecectomy and source of dietary fibre and starch on excretion of amino acids by laying hens. In Expt 1, caecectomized hens excreted significantly higher levels of several amino acids than intact hens during a 24 h fasting period. These differences were greatest for threonine, proline and leucine.2. In Expt 2, caecectomized and intact hens were given either a nitrogen-free diet containing 500 g cellulose/kg or one containing 400 g uncooked potato starch/kg and 100 g citrus pectin/kg. The potato starch-pectin (PSP) diet increased excretion of most amino acids by both caecectomized and intact hens compared with the cellulose diet, with this response being larger for intact hens. When compared across diets, caecectomized hens excreted more threonine and serine than intact hens.3. Excreta voided by hens given PSP contained higher levels of alanine and valine and lower levels of aspartic acid, glutamic acid and methionine than excreta from the cellulose diet. When compared across diets, excreta from caecectomized hens contained more threonine, serine and isoleucine and less aspartic acid and alanine than excreta from intact hens.4. Multiple regression analyses of excreta amino acid profiles on profiles of endogenous and microbial protein suggested that the intestinal microflora had greater influence on amino acids excreted by caecectomized hens than on those excreted by intact hens.
Iron availability from peas (Pisum sativurn) and bread containing added pea testa in rats
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan J. , Wright A. J. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Iron retention in adult male rats given 3 g dried ground peas, immature and mature (Pisum sarivum cv Dark-skin perfection) and leafless (Pisum sativum cv Filby), extrinsically labelled with 0.25 μCi 58Fe, was measured by whole-body counting. The Fe was less well absorbed (P < 0.01) from the mature peas (0.251 (SE 0.021)) than from the immature (0.384 (SE 0, 032)) or leafless peas (0.344 (SE 0.026)).2. The availability of Fe from the leafless peas was compared with that of defatted soya-bean flour by the same technique. Significantly more Fe (P < 0.005) was retained from the pea flour (0.471 (SE 0.013)) than from the soya-bean flour (0.377 (SE 0.022)).3. The effect of adding pea testa to bread (97.6 g/kg dry weight), as in the production of high-fibre white bread, on Fe availability was measured and compared with the availability of ferrous sulphate in young and adult male rats. There were no significant differences between the high-fibre and low-fibre breads in either age-group, although the older rats absorbed less Fe from all three sources. Retention from high-fibre bread, low-fibre bread and FeSO4 was as follows (mean with SE): young rats 0.452 (0.037), 0.475 (0.040) 0.541 (0.032); mature rats 0.363 (0.034), 0.366 (0.030), 0.471 (0.028).4. It was concluded that the addition of pea testa to white bread does not have a detrimental effect on Fe availability. Immature and leafless peas appear to be a better source of available Fe than soya-bean flour, despite similar fibre levels, but with maturity the Fe in peas is rendered less available.
Selenium status in vegans and lactovegetarians
Authors: Åkesson B. , Öckerman P. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Plasma and urinary selenium were determined among vegans, lactovegetarians and several groups of omnivorous subjects, using gas-liquid chromatography.2. Plasma Se was lower among lactovegetarians (0.80 (SD 0.18) μmol/l) than in the other groups (0.98 (SD 0.15) μmol/l). This was not related to Se intake, since the vegans had a lower and the lactovegetarians a higher intake of Se than omnivorous subjects in Sweden.3. Urinary Se was 0.36 (SD 0.10)μmol/d for controls, 0.17 (SD 0.10) μmol/d for vegans and 0.16 (SD 0.07)μmol/d for lactovegetarians. No relation between dietary Se and urinary Se was observed. Among vegetarians, plasma Se and urinary Se were correlated (r0.51;P< 0.05).
The effects of dietary restriction and exercise on the volume of adipocytes in two intra-orbital depots in the guinea-pig
Authors: Mattacks Christine A. , Pond Caroline M. 
Published: May 2005

1. The volume of adipocytes in two intra-orbital sites and fourteen superficial and intra-abdominal sites, and the total adipocyte complement have been measured in virgin and reproductive guinea-pigs maintained on several different regimens of diet and exercise.2. The adipocytes around the ocular muscles at the back of the orbit (peripheral fat) are always larger than those just behind the eyeball (orbital fat).3. The adipocytes in both the intra-orbital sites are significantly larger in guinea-pigs whose total adipocyte complement is smaller than one standard deviation from the mean, than in those which have a normal-size or large adipocyte complement.4. The volume of intra-orbital adipocytes correlates very significantly with the volume of adipocytes in superficial and intra-abdominal sites in guinea-pigs which have large adipocyte complements, correlates weakly in those with normal adipocyte complements and not at all in those with small adipocyte complements.5. It is suggested that there may be fewer intra-orbital adipocytes in animals which have small adipocyte complements, and that, because the intra-orbital adipose tissue occupies a constant volume, the adipocytes in these sites become larger when they are less numerous.
The effect of dietary guar gum on the activities of some key enzymes of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mouse liver
Authors: Stanley John C. , Newsholme Eric A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of a 100 g/kg substitution of guar gum on the body-weight gain, food consumption and faecal dry weight of mice fed on a high-sucrose diet and on the activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1. 49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 1. I. 1. 44), malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate- decarboxylating) (NADP+) (EC I. 1. 1. 40), ATP-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase (EC 4. I.3.8), 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7. 1. 11), pyruvate kinase (EC 2. 7. 1. 40)and fructose-1, Qbisphosphatase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) were studied.2. Guar gum had no effect on body-weight gain or food consumption but increased faecal dry weight.3. Guar gum increasedtheactivitiesofglucose-6-phosphatedehydrogenase, malatedehydrogenase(oxaloacetate- decarboxylating) (NADP+) and 6-phosphofructokinase expressed on a wet-liver-weight basis.4. Guar gum increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate- decarboxylating)(NADP+), ATP-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase and 6-phosphofructokinase expressed on a liver-protein basis.5. Guar gum increased the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating)(NADP+) expressed on a body-weight basis.6. These results suggest that guar gum increases the flux through some pathways of hepatic lipogenesis when mice are fed on high-sucrose diets.
Modifications in plasma cholesterol and apolipoproteins of hypercholesterolaemic rats induced by ethanol-soluble factors ofVicia faba
Authors: Mengheri Elena , Scarino M. Laura , Vignolini Francesco , Spadoni M. Antonietta 
Published: May 2005

1. High-fat-high-cholesterol diets containing casein or aVicia faba bean(faba bean) protein concentrate as the protein source were given to rats for 5 weeks. When the faba bean protein concentrate or its ethanol extract was present in the diet, a marked decrease was found in the level of circulating cholesterol associated with the lower-density lipoproteins (very-low-, intermediate- and low-density lipoproteins) compared with the level found on the diets containing casein or the faba bean protein concentrate deprived of ethanol-soluble factors.2. Alterations in apoprotein pattern were detected after the different dietary treatments. In particular, apoA-I appeared in an unusual form with electrophoretic mobility faster than normal in all lipoprotein fractions after feeding the diets that did not lower plasma cholesterol. When the diets contained the faba bean protein concentrate or its ethanol extract, the apoA-I disappeared from the lower-density lipoproteins but its normal form and the unusual one were apparent in the high-density lipoproteins.3. A moderate increase in faecal excretion of acidic steroids was found after feeding the diets containing the ethanol-soluble factors, irrespective of the protein source.4. The results are discussed in relation to the presence of saponin and polyunsaturated lecithin in the ethanol extract of the faba bean protein concentrate.
The effect of overfeeding newborn rabbits on the rate of skeletal maturation, as determined using a radiographic technique
Authors: Spencer S. Andrew , Small Philip G. , Hull David 
Published: May 2005

1. Newborn rabbits were overfed by encouraging them to suck from two lactating does. These double-fed rabbits were compared with single-fed litter-mate controls.2. A standard set of fore- and hind-foot radiographs was obtained by taking daily radiographs from a normal litter and selecting the most representative film to act as a standard for that day.3. Bone age was assessed in single- and double-fed rabbits at ages 7, 14, and 21 d by comparing radiographs taken at these ages with the standard films.4. Double-feeding was associated with an increase in body-weight and an increase in bone age, although the former was increased to a much greater extent than the latter. The advance in bone age was proportional to an increase in bone length.5. There is little information available on overnutrition and skeletal maturation in man, but what information is available suggests that height and skeletal maturation are increased in parallel. The present study with rabbits supports the concept that overnutrition increases growth rate but does not disturb the relation hetween bone growth and bone age.6. Bone age can be assessed very sensitively in rabbits using the previously-described technique. It would therefore be a valuable technique for studying the endocrinology of skeletal maturation.
What sort of teenager has low intakes of energy nutrients?
Authors: Woodward David R. 
Published: May 2005

1. An alternative statistical technique, based on analysis of the 25th percentile, was used to examine teenagers' diets. The technique was developed to identify personal characteristics that affected the prevalence of low energy and nutrient intakes. It provided useful information not obtainable from methods based on average intakes.2. The study sample was a representative sample of 1055 high-school students in Tasmania, Australia, aged 11–16 years.3. Among girls, different characteristics had the greatest influence on the prevalence of low intakes (‘low’ being defined as below the 25th percentile for girls). Fatness had the greatest influence for several dietary components. Fatter girls were more likely to have low intakes of energy, carbohydrate, iron, calcium and niacin-equivalent, and also of ‘empty-energy’ foods. School type had the greatest influence for fat, riboflavin and vitamin A. Exercise had the greatest influence for protein, low intakes being more usual among the least active girls.4. Among boys, height and age generally had the greatest influence on the prevalence of low intakes (‘low’ being defined as below the 25th percentile for boys). Taller and older boys were less likely to have low intakes. This was attributed partly to increased physiological needs, but peer-group influences appeared more important in relation to food choices. Thiamin was unusual, in that recent use of analgesics had the greatest influence on the prevalence of low intakes.
Studies on the energy metabolism of the pregnant sow
Authors: Noblet J. , Close W. H. , Heavens R. P. , Brown D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Twenty-six gilts were used in an experiment to study the effects of level of feed intake on the growth and chemical composition of the gravid uterus and mammary tissue at several stages of gestation. The animals were given either 1.8 or 2.5 kg feed/d (20 or 30 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) respectively) and were slaughtered at intervals between days 40 and 110 of gestation. The gravid uterus was dissected into fetal, placental, fluid and empty uterus components. From day 70 of gestation the mammary tissue was also dissected. The fresh weight and dry matter (DM), energy and nitrogen contents of the various tissues were determined.2. (a) With the exception of the fluid component, there was a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the fresh weight of each tissue with both stage of gestation and level of feeding. At comparable litter sizes the total weight of the fetuses in late gestation was 16% higher with the higher feed intake. (b) The DM content of the individual uterine tissues increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase in stage of gestation so that the mean DM content of the gravid uterus increased from 74.6g/kg at day 50 to 103.1 and 159, 0g/kg at days 90 and 110 of gestation respectively. (c) Neither stage of gestation nor feeding level influenced the respective energy contents of the individual uterine tissues, when expressed per g DM. The mean energy content of the total gravid uterus was 19.5 kJ/g DM. (d) The N content (g/g fresh weight) of the tissues increased with stage of gestation and was generally higher at the higher feeding level. The mean N contents (g/g DM) of the fetal, placental, fluid and empty uterine tissues were 0.090, 0, 101, 0.098 and 0.128 respectively.3. The mammary tissue was the most variable of all the tissues investigated. Whereas the fresh weight and N content increased with stage of gestation, both the DM and energy content decreased.4. Gompertz equations were fitted to describe the effects of stage of gestation, level of feed intake and litter size on the fresh weight and chemical content of the individual uterine tissues, total gravid uterus and mammary tissue. The use of these equations for calculating the nutrient requirements of pregnancy is demonstrated.5. It was calculated that between days 50 and 110 of gestation the ME requirement for reproduction increased from 3 to 12% of maternal energy intake. The calculated requirement for protein was from 7 to 41 % of maternal dietary protein intake respectively.