bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value-Added Networks and Services
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Value-added networks receive greater attention in European policy discussions than in the United States, and it is important to understand from the outset why this is so. The key policy issue with respect to value-added networks is their potential to resell basic transmission to third parties. Arbitrage by a service reseller leads to loss of control by the basic network provider and to revenue reduction, at least in the short run. In the United States, such resale is possible and widely practiced; lessees of circuits can do almost anything they want. Regulatory constraints exist only to prevent basic carriers from using internal subsidies to extend their market power into the applications stages. In contrast, European PTTs generally prohibit resale, though it exists unofficially in some instances. But in time, European countries realized that the use of leased lines can give rise to sophisticated applications and that such services should be encouraged. They have consequently moved toward permitting the provision of services that “add value” to basic transmission, and the sale of such VAN services to third parties. This technical addition legally transforms what would otherwise be an illegal resale into a legal sale. Another alternative to containing resale is to establish usage-sensitive pricing for leased circuits. But this creates problems of efficient pricing.
Networks in the Future
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scenario of the future of telecommunications that is held by traditionalists is well-known: increased integration, broader bandwidth, wider mobility, greater ubiquity. All these tendencies are anticipated correctly, yet they represent only one side of the coin. The discussion of earlier sections of this book aimed at demonstrating the dynamics of disaggregation in networks. If one gives individuals the freedom of association and if the economics are right, in time they will form new types of interlinkages that we call networks. What are some of the long-term implications for networks? Networks will become transnational. As the cost of transmission continues to drop, networks will not be territorially organized.
Introduction: Textual Voices, Vocative Texts: Dialogue, Linguistics, and Critical Discourse
Authors: Macovski Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of critical discourse during the present century is perhaps best described as a pendent history of praxis and genre. If the New Criticism tended to demonstrate its claims on specifically lyric forms, then structuralist, deconstructionist, and historicist theories can be shown to realize their precepts on narrative texts. The choice of such genres derives, of course, from the particular aims and agendas of the critical discourses themselves-from, say, the desire to disinter the lexical ambiguities of lyric language or to locate the aporia that belie narratives of ostensible linearity and sequence.
Narrative Transmission: Shifting Gears in Shelley’s “Ozymandias”
Authors: Austin Timothy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the interests and concerns of theoretical linguists have changed and expanded over several decades, their colleagues in literary studies have shown themselves adept at finding ways to turn new insights in linguistic science to good account in the analysis of literary language. Structuralist and transformation a list paradigms in turn provided fertile ground for literary applications; phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic analyses contributed to a steadily growing body of essays and monographs by students of the language of literature. One could have predicted, therefore, that the more recent emergence within linguistic theory of a focus on discourse in everyday contexts, including specifically the study of both conversation and narration, would lead in due course to assessments of the relationship between spoken discourse and literary works.
Dialogics of the Lyric: A Symposium on Wordsworth’s “Westminster Bridge” and “Beauteous Evening”
Authors: Bialostosky Don H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his afterword to the comprehensive collection of essays Lyric Poetry: Beyond New Criticism, Jonathan Arac remarks with some impatience that “so many essays from such diverse concerns agree to ignore so much important work.” Arac’s complaint about these essays could be applied to many others that have accumulated on the topic of “the lyric” or “the poem” since the New Critics discovered how to produce critical essays as responses to isolated lyric poems. Such critical essays have exhibited “the stability of organization and the capacity to engender successors” that M. H. Abrams takes as the marks of a genre in his essay on the greater romantic lyric, and they also share with the lyric genre he describes a model of the relation between a speaker and the object that provokes his discourse: put a romantic poet in front of a natural scene or a New Critic in front of a lyric poem and discourse will be produced without need to posit any prior conversations or any other interlocutors.
Teleological Explanation: Goal Ascription, Reasons, and the Rationality Principle
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the reasons that lead consumer X to buy brand Y can be viewed as causing the action (see Chapter 2), the explanatory power of the reason-giving explanation lies in the rationality of the action, interpreting rationality to be coextensive with the exercise of reason. The most basic assumption we typically make about human beings is that they can reason and in reasoning they aim at rationality. This is so even though attributing rationality to an action entails evaluating that action against some standard about which there can be disagreement. This chapter considers various views of rationality, whether there are defensible alternatives to the rational model, and whether explanations of large scale phenomena are to be built from rational explanations of behaviour at the individual level.
Choosing Explanatory Theory: Recent Controversies in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we discussed the various systems of psychology and sociology, their explanatory modes, and their philosophical underpinnings. At every stage we found controversy, with debate being vigorous and sharp on many issues. But polarization was greatest over aims and methods in the study of human behavior. Is the goal understanding or prediction and control, or is it to be explanation broadly interpreted to embrace both understanding and, say, the realist’s position? Are the methods associated with the natural sciences to be abandoned in favor of some hermeneutic approach or are both simply alternative windows on a problem rather than some good-bad dichotomy? This book favors the goal of explanation-which is tied to understanding and a help in prediction combined with methodological pluralism, in which different methodologies suit different kinds of questions as none is suited to all questions equally. Thus to reject certain methodologies is to reject certain kinds of questions. There are, of course, social scientists who think otherwise because of their commitment to the traditional scientific method. But the scientific method sketched in Chapter 12 is no algorithm for producing truth. There is wisdom and reason in the method; nonetheless, it is a technology whose rules need to be blended with creativity and combined and allied with skill. Being a good researcher does not come from reading books on scientific method, although this may help.
Strategic Industrial Sourcing
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese industrial firms have developed a system of subcontracting with suppliers that has played a major role in their world-wide success. This book explores the historical evolution of subcontracting in Japan and analyses it in current practice. It develops a theory of ‘strategic dualism’ that after nearly six decades of evolution is a new mode of contractual relations, based on principles of problem-solving collaborative manufacturing. This new form of contractual relations is supported by a range of institutional arrangements that drive prime contractors and subcontractors towards continuous improvement in product quality and cost reduction. It argues that this system is possible in a range of cultures different from Japan.
Conclusion
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal objective of this book has been to examine the reasons for the persistence of subcontracting in industrial society. Our main conclusion is that sub contracting can best be explained as the evolutionary product of a complex historical interaction among socioeconomic, political, technological, and producer-level strategic factors. Economic dualism, political influence, culture, technology, or producer strategy alone were not found to be a sufficient explanation. Instead, the evidence presented in this study has demonstrated that each of these factors influenced the others at specific periods in history. This led to the emergence of sub contracting, which then evolved into a variety of subsequent forms. In an ever changing socioeconomic environment, the result has been a series of new equilibria in contractor-subcontractor relations. In the case of Japan, the stage reached after nearly six decades of evolution is a new mode of contractual relations based on principles of problem solving-oriented collaborative manufacturing. This new form of contractual relations is supported by institutional arrangements that drive those concerned toward continuous improvement in product quality and cost reduction.
When Ladies Go A-Thieving
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book focuses on middle-class urban women as participants in new forms of consumer culture. Within the special world of the department store, women found themselves challenged to resist the enticements of consumption. Many succumbed, buying both what they needed and what they desired, but also stealing what seemed so readily available. Pitted against these middle-class women were the management, detectives, and clerks of the department stores. Abelson argues that in the interest of concealing this darker side of consumerism, women of the middle class, but not those of the working class, were allowed to shoplift and plead incapacitating illness—kleptomania. The invention of kleptomania by psychiatrists and the adoption of this ideology of feminine weakness by retailers, newspapers, the general public, the accused women themselves, and even the courts reveals the way in which a gender analysis allowed proponents of consumer capitalism to mask its contradictions.
Interactions Between Subpopulations
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have considered only single-population theory and have estimated single-population models. Put differently, our arguments and empirical analyses have concentrated on intrapopulation competition and legitimation, the effect of a population’s density on its vital rates. Restricting attention to such processes makes most sense when an organizational population has been effectively isolated from interaction with other populations or when the effects of other populations can be summarized well in terms of fluctuations in carrying capacities. For instance, growth in populations of certain kinds of firms such as commercial banks may improve the life chances for other populations by stimulating the flow of resources into a system. Such an effect can be represented by taking account of growth in available resources as long as interest focuses on populations that benefit indirectly from the actions of other populations.
Implications for Social Organization
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began this book by noting two empirical regularities in the longterm trajectories of growth in numbers in diverse organizational populations. The first pertains to surface resemblances in the shape of paths of growth in numbers from low to high density. The second concerns a deeper resemblance in the causal structures that control the underlying rates of founding and mortality. On the basis of previous theory and research, we proposed that an appropriate formulation of the sociological processes of legitimation and competition and of their effects on vital rates might explain both regularities and thereby provide a general explanation of the sources of population regulation in the world of organizations.
The Zen of Quality
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, published in the mid l970s, a writer/philosopher named Robert Pirsig had tackled that question. His attempt to get a hold on quality tumbled Pirsig, then a professor of English at Montana State College, into temporary insanity. Rather naively, Pirsig admits in the now famous account, he set off through “the high country of the mind,” a zone few entered and where “the harder you think ... the slower you go.” His mind came unraveled. The book both describes and reflects upon the unraveling during a subsequent cross country motorcycle trip with his eleven year-old son as a passenger and Pirsig’s BMW motorcycle as a metaphor for examining America’s distancing itself from the hands-on-ness of quality.
Ultimately, Pirsig didn’t successfully define what quality is, and concludes, I feel, that most of us fail to understand even the perplexity of the question, never mind achieve much personal quality in our work or lives. We have become too specialized, too focused, too compartmentalized to really deal with such a broad concept. Its essence is spiritual. It’s as though we were clutching a handful of mist rising magically off a pond at dawn, intending to seize beauty, to clasp it to our breast. In a similar manner, quality, when grasped, eludes us, defies captivity.
June in the Dimple of the Universe
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was June in Tennessee. Softball-sized magnolias weighed down the branches of trees. Cicadas keened. Fireflies, in the millions, hovered over suburban lawns at twilight, flashing and flying. And Saturn Communications still wasn’t coming around so I decided to revisit several Maurians I had gotten to know on my previous trips.
A Peek Inside the Plant
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finally, Jennifer Schettler called. Bruce McDonald had given her the go-ahead. I could interview Tim Epps, the vice president of people systems who had told me at the end of the media day that Saturn’s new way of doing things demanded a new language. I could talk to some members of the crankshaft team too, but it would have to be in Northfield; the plant remained off limits. When I reminded Schettler what LeFauve had said, she replied that manufacturing hadn’t thought it was such a good idea to allow me on the crankshaft line. I told her that unfortunately I was leaving Tennessee in a few days, so could we reschedule in August? She didn’t think there would be any problem. I pressed Schettler to get a hint why this customer of Communications felt so frustrated with her department’s service.
People First Labor Contract
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Roger Smith’s larger corporate strategy might have looked to some like a sellout to Toyota, over at the Tech Center Reid Rundell’s team had more practical things to worry about. For instance, what should the no-name car look like? How should it be manufactured? Who would sell it? And, of course, a name-it needed a name. It soon got one, Saturn, in honor of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Apollo program. It was a linkage lost on the majority of nonrocket-scientist Americans. They heard the word Saturn they still associated it with the romantic planet with the rings around it. As for Saturn’s design and how the car would be manufactured, about all Rundell’s team knew for sure at this stage was that they couldn’t do things the old way or they’d end up with another S-car.
Twentysomething Sales Consultant
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
West of Detroit, Saturn of Plymouth was located off a busy highway out behind Don Massey Cadillac. Don Massey, who owned the store, happened to have delivered newspapers to Haynes Haven as a boy, which may have spurred his interest in the subsidiary. His store had the Saturn look, with an extra long portico and a raised, circular display area out front.
Downsizing And Redesigning Organizations
Authors: Cameron Kim S , Freeman Sarah J , Mishrae Aneil K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Cameron, Freeman, and Mishra present findings and conclusions from the most extensive and systematic study of organizational downsizing that has appeared in the organizational literature. In addition to reporting and interpreting the results of their multiyear, multiorganizational field investigation, the chapter makes important conceptual contributions by distinguishing organizational downsizing from related constructs such as organizational decline, nonadaptation, and growth-in-reverse.
Some Choices in the Theory of Morphology
Authors: Zwicky Arnold M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A theory of morphology specifies what sorts of systems can associate the meanings of words to their pronunciations. The overall architecture of such a system hinges on a series of choices, seventeen of which I will discuss here. This paper has both a descriptive aim, to survey what I see as the major options, and a prescriptive one: to recommend (some variant of) one option in each case, and so to say why it is I pursue the particular variety of morphological theory that I do.
Properties of Lexical Entries and Their Real-Time Implementation
Authors: Shapiro Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is about lexical properties and the sentence processing devices that implement them in both normal and brain-damaged subjects. I will first summarize some work that has to do with the organization of the lexicon, particularly representations involving strict subcategorization, argument structure (a-structure), thematic information, and lexical conceptual structure (ks). I will then discuss a series of psycholinguistic experiments that examines the real-time processing of some of these properties in normal subjects. Within this discussion I will also describe some recent work that suggests that lexical access involves the serial activation of multiple interpretations of polysemous nouns.
Soul, Mind, and Heart
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word duša (roughly, ‘soul’) is-alongside sud’ba (roughly, ‘fate/destiny’) and toska (‘a painful feeling’)-one of the leitmotifs of Russian literature and Russian conversation (see also chapter 12). Its range of use is extremely wide and its frequency extremely high. In English translations of Russian novels, duša is some times translated as soul, but in most cases, it is either omitted or replaced with either heart or mind. To some extent, this can be explained in purely cultural terms: Anglo-Saxon culture doesn’t encourage much talk about ‘souls’, and English prose doesn’t seem to tolerate as many references to people’s souls as typical Russian prose would.
Failing To Take Their Own And Each Other’S Opinions Seriously
Authors: Goldstein Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1970, the medical school at the University of California at Davis inaugurated a special admissions program for “disadvantaged or minority” students. Under the program, 16 of the 100 places in each entering class were set aside for “Blacks,” “Chicanos,” “Asians,” and “American Indians.”As a result, white students, because of their race, were not entitled, as were minority students, to compete for all 100 places. Alan Bakke, a white, twice sought admission. Though he ranked higher, by the school’s standards, than many of those admitted via the separate track for the “disadvantaged,” he was rejected on each occasion.
The studies of opinions in National League of Cities, Garcia, Cooper, Brown, Bolling, and Bakke have been primarily concerned with the individual and collaborative responsibility of the justices for maintaining the Constitution as something that We the People-lfiot just We the specialists, scholars, and practitioners in law and politics-can understand.
Control Of Regional Blood Flow During Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulation of blood flow through nonmuscular or noncontracting organs (commonly called “inactive” or “resting” organs) during exercise. Those discussed are all major organs and none are involved directly with increasing oxygen transport nor do they contribute significantly to the rise in oxygen uptake during exercise. Two of these organs receive the largest fractions of cardiac output during rest (splanchnic and renal). The splanchnic circulation is one of the two most compliant vascular regions, the other being the cutaneous circulation.
Epidemiology: The Distribution of Mental Disorders in the Community
Authors: Samuels Jack F , Nestadt Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric epidemiology is concerned with describing and explaining the patterns of psychiatric disorders in populations. The discipline comprises a set of principles, a collection of methods, and a body of knowledge for measuring frequency and elucidating patterns of psychiatric disorders in the community. Epidemiological methods provide clues to the etiology and prevention of these disorders and provide a rational basis for planning and evaluating community mental health services. This chapter presents an overview of epidemiological methods useful for gaining information about the frequency and patterns of occurrence of psychiatric disorders in the community and for investigating the relationship of these disorders to sociodemographic and other factors.
Psychiatric Rehabilitation
Authors: Hughes Ruth A , Lehman Anthony F , Arthur Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients being discharged to the community in the 1960s and 1970s found that the supports and services necessary for community adjustment were not in place. Such needs as a home, income, easily accessible health and mental health care, skills to cope with community living, support during crises, friends, and meaningful work were all too often unmet, and outpatient clinic services had limited impact in these crucial areas. The field of psychiatric (or psychosocial) rehabilitation grew from the need to meet this challenge. Early programs grew from the recognition that medical interventions were not sufficient for persons with serious mental illnesses, and these programs sought to develop nonclinical approaches. There was a strong emphasis, still apparent in the field today, on practical, commonsense interventions in a normal social environment. The names of agencies such as Fountain House, Horizon House, and Thresholds reflect the informal, nonhierarchical nature of the programs. Participants are often called members, not patients or clients, to emphasize the contributions and responsibilities of every participant to the running of the program. Functioning in every-day life is the focus, with an emphasis on personal strengths rather than clinical symptoms.
Money Markets In Indonesia
Authors: Cole David C , Slade Betty F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Money markets are markets for short-term financial instruments that are close substitutes for money. Such markets and instruments provide a means for adjusting liquidity positions-acquiring or disposing of funds for short time periods, and they usually carry a limited risk of illiquidity or large changes in the asset’s value. All entities that have access to the money markets can use this liquidity adjustment function, but it seems to be especially important to financial institutions in developing countries.