bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking the Liberal Tradition
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTraces the historical evolution of the relationship between liberalism and minority rights. There was widespread support among liberals for minority rights during the nineteenth century and the interwar period, and the post‐war shift in liberal theory is attributable to a complex set of factors. These include the decline of the British Empire, the failure of the League of Nations, and the increased influence throughout the world of the American conception of an ethnicity‐neutral constitution. The chapter argues that this conception has been shaped by unique factors (e.g. racial desegregation and immigration patterns) not applicable to other countries, and indeed that it has not been fully implemented within the US itself.
Thede factoTransnationalizing of Immigration Policy
Authors: Sassen Saskia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the emergence of a de facto transnationalism in the handling of immigration issues. Transnationalism is applied to immigration policy developments that are viewed as fragmented and incipient, have not been fully captured at the most formal levels of international public law and conventions, nor in the national representations of the sovereign state. Discussions cover the operation of states under a new rule of law, the two cornerstones of immigration policy in developed countries — the border and individual as sites for regulatory enforcement, and the constraints faced by developed nations in formulating immigration policy.
A Model of Nutrition and Economic Productivity
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWithin the nutritionist profession, the focus is on the inter‐linkages between body weight, basal metabolism, physical activity and nutrition (calorie) requirement. Economists are primarily interested in the two‐way linkage between income and food (calories) consumption, i.e. the demand for food as a function of income, and also food as a determinant of individuals’ labour productivity, and hence income earned. In this chapter, a nutrition‐cum‐efficiency wage model is set up, which incorporates all these relationships as separate functions. In the model, body weight, optimal work intensity, calorie intake, and income are derived endogenously, while the wage rate and body characteristics (stature of adults) are treated as exogenous parameters. Comparative static experiments are carried out.
Undernutrition: The FAO Estimates
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, the most well‐known model used for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition worldwide is presented. This is the model proposed by the FAO and applied for monitoring the progress towards the UN Millennium objective: to reduce undernutrition by half before 2015. The model comprises three main building blocks: the national food (calorie) supply, a function for the distribution of calories across households, and a norm for what is the lowest acceptable per person calorie intake in households. The main statistical data used by the FAO to estimate the model are presented. Finally, a simple robustness test is provided, demonstrating that the FAO estimates of undernutrition are highly sensitive even to small variations in the values attached to the three key parameters.
Aggregate Estimations of Prevalence of Undernutrition: Scope for Improvements?
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the main findings in the preceding five chapters, aimed at critically assessing the FAO's food‐supply‐based approach for estimating the prevalence of undernutrition. The scope for improvements of this supply‐side estimation method in the short, medium, and long terms is assessed, and the critical data now missing are identified. Finally, as a bridge to part IV of the book, which deals with the main alternative estimation method, anthropometrics, the justification for spending resources on improving the supply‐side method is discussed. A main conclusion is that whatever refinements of this method may come forth in the distant future, the method is nevertheless of doubtful value. The main reason is that this aggregate method can never be used for identifying and targeting undernourished individuals in intervention programmes, an important policy objective for which nutritional indicators are needed.
Anthropometric Status: An Incomplete Indicator of Undernutrition
Authors: Svedberg Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter addresses conceptual issues related to the use of anthropometric measures as indicators of nutritional status. One problem is that there is no consensus on whether children of different ethnic origin have the same genetic potential for growth in stature (as the uniform norms imply). It is also acknowledged that anthropometric measurements are silent on how much energy (calories) a person expends on physical activity; a person can in extreme cases have an adequate body weight, but be undernourished in the sense that he or she is too inactive to stay healthy. Further, a new more disaggregated classification of anthropometric failure is suggested, with the intention to improve targeting efficiency, i.e. to raise the predictability power of anthropometrics for subsequent (avoidable) morbidity and mortality. Finally, a Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is constructed that captures all individuals in a population with at least one anthropometric shortcoming.
Women, Women's Organizations, and Political Parties1
Authors: Baer Denise L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews existing research about women's participation in political parties and women's organizations, including both groups that developed as part of the contemporary women's movement and more traditional groups. Baer suggests an agenda for future research that would help bridge the gap between the sub‐fields of women and politics and interest groups and parties, and that includes more attention to historical context and to issues of leadership, recruitment, and organizational culture.
On Nationality
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNationalism is often dismissed today as an irrational political creed with disastrous consequences. Yet most people regard their national identity as a significant aspect of themselves, see themselves as having special obligations to their compatriots, and value their nation's political independence. This book defends these beliefs, and shows that nationality, defined in these terms, serves valuable goals, including social justice, democracy, and the protection of culture. National identities need not be illiberal, and they do not exclude other sources of personal identity, such as ethnicity or religion. An ethics that gives weight to special relationships is more effective in motivating people to pursue justice and other values because it connects peoples’ duties to their identity; but this is consistent with recognizing some universal values, such as human rights. There are strong reasons for making the boundaries of states and nations coincide wherever possible, but in other cases, nations can achieve forms of self‐determination that fall short of full sovereignty. Multicultural arguments in favour of identity politics and special rights for minority groups ignore the benefits that such groups derive from participating in a shared national identity and the kind of democratic politics that such an identity makes possible. Although national identities are often said to be in decline in an increasingly globalized world, they serve such important purposes that our aim should be to rebuild them in a form that makes them more accessible to excluded cultural minorities.
Introduction
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNationalism is a powerful force in contemporary societies, and poses unavoidable questions about state boundaries, political self‐determination, cultural pluralism, and our duties to people inside and outside the nation. It should not be dismissed as an irrational force outside our control. The book defends ‘the principle of nationality’ which can be summed up in three propositions: that national identities are genuine forms of personal identity, that we have special duties to fellow‐nationals and that nations have a good claim to be politically self‐determining.
Nationality in Decline?
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is often claimed that national identities are weakening as a result of changes at global level in culture and politics. In fact, public cultures still differ significantly cross‐nationally, and national identities continue to matter to most people. Popular attachment to Europe, for example, is largely instrumental in character. The evolution of British national identity shows how historical beliefs in national superiority and uniqueness have had to be abandoned, and how nation‐building projects today must recognize the religious and ethnic pluralism of contemporary societies.
Party Membership and Party Representativeness
Authors: Widfeldt Anders 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe analysis is based on the conception of political parties as participatory and/or representative linkages between the public and their governments. Its main purpose is to investigate how the parties match up to their linkage role. Some findings are rather discouraging—membership levels are often low, and memberships can be socially unrepresentative, tending to be more extreme than the base of party supporters. Other findings are less negative—there has been no sharp drop overall in party membership, and the ideological gap between party members and party supporters is not that wide. Although there must be a question mark about how well the parties are functioning as participatory linkages, there is no evidence of acute crisis.
Party Positions and Voter Orientations
Authors: Klingemann Hans‐Dieter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on two main questions. First, have the citizens of modern representative democracies been abandoned by their political parties? Second, have the parties entered an era of crisis in which their traditional linkage functions are no longer performed? The evidence points firmly to a negative answer to each. The positions of the parties match the orientations of their supporters rather well. To the extent that if there is change, it is in the direction of increasingly accurate representation of popular wishes by those collective élites who define the purpose and direct the actions of political parties in modern representative democracies.
Support for the Democratic System
Authors: Fuchs Dieter , Guidorossi Giovanna , Svensson Palle 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPresents an empirical test of the hypothesis that support for the democratic system is in decline, based on the Eurobarometer indicator of public satisfaction with democratic function. It begins with discussion of the concept of political support and its operationalization. The second part examines trends in political support in each country and across Western Europe as a whole. The third part compares levels of political support between Western European countries. Finally, the trend and level of political support in each country are considered in order to make a more accurate estimation of the state of democracy in these countries. The analysis shows quite clearly that there has been no legitimation problem in the Western European democracies, nor are there signs of any to come.
Support for Democratic Values
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAttempts to distinguish between lack of confidence in a democratic government that falls short of public expectations, and lack of confidence in democratic government per se. There has been too little research into what the word ‘democracy’ means to people, but such research as there has been suffices to support the view that it is a multi‐dimensional concept. If one applies the familiar distinction between individual and collectivist theories of democracy, it is clear that different countries have found different points of balance between the two, although there is little evidence to suggest that public attitudes to democracy have clustered around the two poles.
Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development
Authors: Olson Mancur 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Part of a series of writings that began with the author's essay on ‘Autocracy, Democracy, and Prosperity’, published in 1991. It puts forth, in an intuitive and non‐technical way, a part of the theory that is set out with formal proofs and crucial additional results in McGuire and Olson's ‘Economics of Autocracy and Majority Rule’. It analyses the kings or dictators who control autocratic governments—and the oligarchies or majorities or other ruling interests that control other types of government—in just the way that economists analyse the behaviour of firms, consumers, and workers. That is, it takes a broader approach to economics by applying the familiar assumption of rational self‐interest to the autocrats or other ruling interests that control a government, and then finds what types of policy will best serve the ruling interest.
Overstrong Against Thyself: War, the State, and Growth in Europe on the Eve of the Industrial Revolution
Authors: De Long J. Bradford 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A historical analysis of early modern Western Europe demonstrates that it was the interests of princes and kings, and the forms of government, that mainly determined whether there was economic growth or stagnation—and that these even partly explain the Industrial Revolution. The different parts of the chapter discuss prince‐ and merchant‐dominated city states in pre‐industrial Europe, the military revolution (with sections on the decline of Spain, and the stagnation of the Dutch Republic), and the anomaly of Britain as the only nation state that continued to grow its economy under the burden of maintaining the military effort required of an early modern European great power.
Affirmative Action and Reservations in the American and Indian Labor Markets: Are They Really That Bad?
Authors: Montgomery Edward 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The theoretical and empirical evidence of the economic effects of affirmative action or quota (positive discrimination) programmes for minority racial groups in the USA, and of reservations of government jobs for scheduled castes and tribes in India, are compared and discussed. The focus is on the effects on wages and employment in the labour market as well as on the acquisition of skills. Consideration is also given to how the dynamics of collective action may turn these programmes, which were designed to be temporary and limited in scope, into larger, more permanent ones.
Choosing an Electoral System1
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the third of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, and deals with the theoretical debate underlying the choice of electoral system in divided societies. The five sections of the chapter are: The Importance of Electoral Systems; The Range of Electoral Systems; What Criteria Should Electoral Systems Aim to Fulfil?; The Debate over Electoral Systems and Conflict Management in Africa (single-member district plurality, proportional representation, the alternative vote in multi-member districts (the Horowitz proposal for South Africa); and Conclusion. The overall discussion includes reference not only to four of the country case studies presented in the rest of the book (Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) but also to numerous other countries worldwide.
Majoritarian or Power‐Sharing Government
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the last of four chapters that discusses the theoretical underpinnings of the research on democratization in southern Africa that is described in the book, as well as provides qualitative discussions of democracy in the five country case studies used: Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It deals with the theoretical debate underlying the debate over majoritarian or power-sharing governments in divided societies. The ethos and defining institutional characteristics of five democratic types that have, at some stage, been advocated for use in the new democracies of southern Africa are outlined: three majoritarian (unadulterated, qualified, and integrative) and two power-sharing (consociational, and consensual (integrative)). The five main sections of the chapter are: Majoritarian Democracy (unadulterated and qualified; integrative); Power-Sharing Democracy (consociationalism; integrative consensual power-sharing); The Relevance of Presidentialism; Applying the Types to Fledgling Democracies in Southern Africa; and Prescriptions for Southern Africa.
Cross‐Country Comparisons: Legislative and Executive Inclusion
Authors: Reynolds Andrew 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA comparative analysis is given of both actual and simulated election results of the five country case studies (from Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe) presented in the book, along a number of dimensions relating to system inclusiveness: party system dynamics, disproportionality, executive formation, and descriptive representation. Chief among the questions addressed are: what determines the index of disproportionality, how representative are comparative parliaments in terms of the presence of women and ethnic minorities, what are the electoral system implications for voter accessibility, does the chosen system alleviate or accentuate entrenched and geographically concentrated party fiefdoms, how competitive or frozen is the party system, is there an electoral system effect on cabinet formation, and does the type of proportional representation (PR) used matter to the final results? The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the Horowitz alternative vote in multi-member districts (AV-MMD) proposal across all five case study countries, and an institutional choice-based analysis of the interaction between negotiated transitions to democracy and the type of electoral system chosen for the new democratic constitution. Overall, the chapter demonstrates that in the context of institutional design in southern Africa, PR systems outperform their plurality–majority alternatives in almost all the categories of analysis.
Rational Choice and British Politics
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A study of rhetoric and manipulation (otherwise known as heresthetics). Rhetoric is the art of making people believe that the world is as you say it is. A recent example is Margaret Thatcher's claim that ‘there is no alternative’ to her economic policies—a claim that she persuaded many to believe was true. Manipulation, or heresthetics, is the art of arranging politics so that you win. It is connected with the number of issue dimensions in politics. If most issues that come up belong in the same dimension, so that people recognize that one bundle of beliefs and practices is ‘left wing’ and another is ‘right wing’, then powerful forces will drive political outcomes towards the favourite issue positions of the median voter. But if politics is multidimensional, it may give rise to chaos, in the technical sense that the social choice may move by successive majority votes from any position to any other and back. In the spirit of W. H. Riker, this book celebrates those British politicians since 1846 who saw further than their contemporaries, and who either succeeded or heroically failed to move majority‐rule politics to a quite new issue position. The politicians mostly discussed are Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Benjamin Disraeli, W.E. Gladstone, Lord Salisbury, Joseph Chamberlain, Enoch Powell, David Lloyd George, Margaret Thatcher, and Gordon Brown.
The Great Victorian Realignment
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A case study of the great Victorian electoral realignment. Corrects existing claims about landslide elections, and tabulates the bias and responsiveness of the UK electoral system from 1868 to 1918. Examines the opportunities and problems for politicians in two‐dimensional space. A new account of the reasons for Gladstone's failure to achieve Home Rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893 is offered, as is a solution to the puzzle of why politicians whose interest lay in widening the franchise after 1900, especially by introducing women's suffrage, failed to do so.
The Failure of Imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain and Enoch Powell
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A case study of the two politicians who came closest to constructing a winning majority for (the white) race and the British Empire: Chamberlain and Powell. Analyses Chamberlain's success over Home Rule for Ireland and his failure over protection. Discusses how close Powell came to overthrowing British politics at the peak of his career. Establishes that he won the 1970 general election for the Conservatives and probably won the February 1974 general election for Labour.
Lloyd George: Supreme Tactician and Ambitious Strategist
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first of two case studies of Lloyd George. Discusses his successes at widening the social base of the Liberal Party and at provoking the House of Lords into fighting and losing the constitutional crisis of 1909–11. Considers why he failed to construct a hegemonic centre party after the First World War, or to stifle the rise of the Labour Party.
Big Business
Authors: Cassis Youssef 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a major comparative study of big business in Britain, France and Germany across the twentieth century. It provides an analysis, based on a wealth of empirical data, of the character and performance of the major companies in each country at five benchmark years: 1907, 1927, 1953, 1972 and 1989. Particular attention is given to size, sectoral distribution, profits and profitability, and survival and growth. It also focuses on business leadership, both at professional and social levels. It considers the competence of top businessmen and major aspects of the decision‐making process, and places business elites within the context of social and political developments. It challenges widely held assumptions about, in particular, entrepreneurial failure in Britain, the power of German big business, France's backwardness and modernity, and sociocultural determinants of business performance. It concludes to a clear British advance well into the 1950s and European convergence thereafter, despite the persistence of strong national characteristics of business organization. The latter, however, are unlikely to have had much impact on the performance of each country's leading business enterprises.
Liberal Justifications for Ethnic Group Rights
Authors: Bauböck Rainer 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe third question, Do Minorities Require Group Rights?, has provoked sharply opposite answers. Rainer Baubock presents four arguments for ethnic group rights, one based on historical boundaries, a second referring to past discrimination, a third and fourth insisting on the intrinsic values of membership and diversity, respectively. Baubock urges liberals to abandon their hostility to ethnic group rights on grounds of principle, while conceding that such rights are justifiable to some, but not all circumstances.
Multiculturalism and American Exceptionalism
Authors: Glazer Nathan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
American multiculturalism, Nathan Glazer holds, has been ‘exceptional’, in its benign version reflecting America's positive legacy of multi‐ethnic immigrant nation, and in its less benign version compounding America's original sin of slavery. Glazer also points to a unique limitation (or conversely, strength) of American multiculturalism. For all its ethnic pluralism, the US has held firm to its rejection of foreign enclaves. There is nothing ‘multicultural’ about its formal citizenship regime yet, which requires a change of identity and loyalty.