bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topographic controls on the chemistry of subsurface stormflow
Authors: Welsch Daniel L. , Kroll Charles N. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Burns Douglas A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractModels are needed that describe how topography and other watershed characteristics affect the chemical composition of runoff waters, yet little spatially distributed data exist to develop such models. A topographically driven flushing mechanism for nitrate (NO3−) and dissolved organic carbon has been described in recent literature; however, this mechanism has not yet been thoroughly tested. A 24 ha catchment in the Catskill Mountains of New York was clearcut in the winter of 1996–97, resulting in elevated NO3− concentrations in soil water, groundwater and streamflow. We sampled shallow subsurface stormflow (SSSF) and streamflow six times during the spring and summer of 1998, 1 year after the harvest. We used a spatially distributed network of piezometers to investigate the relationship between topography and SSSF chemistry. Several indices of topography were computed, including the commonly employed topographic index of Beven and Kirkby (1979; Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24: 43–69). Topographic index was positively correlated with NO3− concentrations in SSSF. The strength of the NO3−–topography relationship was best explained by antecedent soil temperature and antecedent precipitation conditions. Results suggest a topographically driven flushing of high NO3− shallow soil at the site during storm events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Banking reform in India and China
Authors: Sáez Lawrence 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper analyzes the important process about financial reform in the area of bank illiquidity in low‐income emerging markets. This process is taking place within the context of a debate as to whether or not governments should try to rehabilitate existing state‐owned banks or allow a new or parallel banking system to emerge in order to reduce non‐performing assets from state‐owned commercial banks. A comparison of institutional development in China and India suggests that new entry rather than the rehabilitation approach may work more favorably to reduce non‐performing assets. The paper offers an explanation as to why governments choose rehabilitation over new entry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real exchange rate effects on the balance of trade: cointegration and the Marshall–Lerner condition
Authors: Boyd Derick , Caporale Gugielmo Maria , Smith Ron 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA typical finding in the empirical literature is that import and export demand elasticities are rather low, and that the Marshall–Lerner (ML) condition does not hold. However, despite the evidence against the ML condition, the consensus is that real devaluations do improve the balance of trade, though after a lag because of J‐curve effects. The aim of this paper is to try and measure the effects of the real exchange rate on the balance of payments using structural cointegrating vector autoregressive distributed lag (VARDL) models for domestic and foreign output, the balance of trade and the real exchange rate. Small systems are estimated for eight OECD countries to investigate long‐run cointegration. Generalized impulse response functions are calculated to investigate the response to shocks. These show evidence of J‐effects. The VARDL estimates suggest a single cointegrating vector and that output and the real exchange rate can be treated as weakly exogenous for the parameters of the balance of payment equation. This allows estimation using a single‐equation ARDL. Although there is considerable heterogeneity, overall the results suggest that the ML condition is satisfied in the long run. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Special report: NIST workshop on reference data for the properties of biomaterials
Authors: Tesk John A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA workshop on Reference Data for Biomaterials was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on July 27, 2000. The primary purpose of the workshop was to determine whether needs existed for the establishment of reference data (RD) databases on the properties of biomaterials. Special attention was given to critiqued RD such as those traditionally found in databases that are established within the NIST Standard Reference Data Program. Critiqued data are data that have been critically evaluated for issues dealing with components of uncertainty, experimental design (details, descriptions, and appropriateness), measurement methods (appropriateness), conclusions drawn from the data, and so forth. Among the workshop's 65 registrants were representatives from industry, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and academia. These joined with NIST staff to address reference biomaterial property database needs within five categories: orthopedic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic, tissue‐engineered, and dental biomaterials. A general session on other issues focused specifically on database accesses (portals), contents, and maintenance. While the workshop's intended focus was on critiqued RD, it was suggested that closely related issues be considered as well. In this way, a more comprehensive assessment of opportunities for the cooperation of NIST with the biomaterials community might be developed. As a result, the needs for noncritiqued data and for reference materials (RMs), useful for developing data, also became a part of the focus of the workshop. Hence, this article presents the results from the breakout sessions of the workshop according to two categories: reference data and databases, and reference materials. In the following summary, the workshop is presented in the following order: An introduction to databases, resource presentations, action items identified in breakout sessions, assessment of resources (personnel and monetary) needed to work on action items, and portals for databases. Except for the individual concurrent breakout sessions themselves, all other sessions of the workshop were participated in fully by those in attendance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 463–466, 2001
Calcium‐phosphate surface coating by casting to improve bioactivity of titanium
Authors: Sohmura Taiji , Tamasaki Hideki , Ohara Toru , Takahashi Junzo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn order to improve the bioactivity of titanium, an original surface treatment was attempted with the use of a casting technique was attempted. Pure titanium was cast into a special graphite mold in which the cavity wall was coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) powder. According to analyses of X‐ray diffraction and EDX, the existence of HA and CaO and uptake of Ca and P on the surface of the titanium castings were identified. By immersing the specimen in Hank's solution, the concentrations of Ca and P on the surface increased with immersion time, and the formation of a thin layer with characteristics of spherical HA precipitates was observed after 1 week. The concentrations of Ca and P elements and the Ca/P ratio on the HA layer increased with immersion time. The formation of the HA layer on the titanium cast by this treatment was significantly accelerated compared with pure titanium. The present surface treatment of Ti is expected to improve early bone fixation of Ti implants. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 478–485, 2001
Response of alkalinization or acidification by phytohemagglutinin is dependent on the activity of protein kinase C in human peripheral T Cells
Authors: Chien Eileen Jea , Hsieh Dennis J‐Y , E‐C Wang John 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe increase of intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and protein kinase C (PKC) activity are two major early mitogenic signals to initiate proliferation of human T cells. However, a rapid change in intracellular pH (pHi), acidification or alkalinization during the activation, is also associated after these two signals. The aim of this study was to define whether the change in pHi is affected by calcium and protein kinase C (PKC), in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated T cells. T cells were isolated from human peripheral blood. The [Ca2+]i and the pHi were measured using, respectively, the fluorescent dyes, Fura‐2, and BCECF. In addition, down‐regulation of PKC activity by PMA (1 μM, 18 h) was confirmed in these cells using a protein kinase assay. The results indicated that, (1) alkalinization was induced by PHA or PMA in T cells; the results of alkalinization was PKC‐dependent and Ca2+‐independent, (2) in PKC down‐regulated T cells, PHA induced acidification; this effect was enhanced by pre‐treating the cells with the Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor, 5‐(N,N‐dimethyl)‐amiloride, (DMA, 10 μM, 20 min), (3) the acidification was dependent on the Ca2+ influx and blocked by removal of extracellular calcium or the addition of the inorganic channel blocker, Ni2+, and (4) Thapsigargin (TG), a Ca2+‐ATPase inhibitor, confirmed that acidification by the Ca2+ influx occurred in T cells in which PKC was not down‐regulated. These findings indicate two mechanisms, alkalinization by PKC and acidification by Ca2+ influx, exist in regulating pHi in T cells. This is the first report that PHA stimulates the acidification by Ca2+ influx but not alkalinization in T cells after down‐regulation of PKC. In conclusion, the activity of PKC in T cells determines the response in alkalinization or acidification by PHA. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 604–612, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of cannabinoids on LPS‐stimulated inflammatory mediator release from macrophages: Involvement of eicosanoids
Authors: Chang Ying‐Hsin , Lee Sho Tone , Lin Wan‐Wan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractΔ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) is the major psychoactive component of marijuana and elicits pharmacological actions via cannabinoid receptors. Anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoyl‐glycerol (2‐AG) are endogenous ligands for cannabinoid receptors, which because of their structural similarities to arachidonic acid (AA), AEA, and 2‐AG could serve as substrates for lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases (COXs) that metabolize polyunsaturated fatty acids to potent bioactive molecules. In this study, we have compared the effects of Δ9‐THC, AEA, 2‐AG, and another cannabinoid agonist, indomethacin morpholinylamide (IMMA), on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced NO, IL‐6, and PGE2 release from J774 macrophages. Δ9‐THC, IMMA, and AEA diminish LPS‐induced NO and IL‐6 production in a concentration‐dependent manner. 2‐AG inhibits the production of IL‐6 but slightly increases iNOS‐dependent NO production. Δ9‐THC and IMMA also inhibit LPS‐induced PGE2 production and COX‐2 induction, while AEA and 2‐AG have no effects. These discrepant results of 2‐AG on iNOS and COX‐2 induction might be due to its bioactive metabolites, AA and PGE2, whose incubation cause the potentiation of both iNOS and COX‐2 induction. On the contrary, the AEA metabolite, PGE2‐ethanolamide, influences neither the LPS‐induced NO nor IL‐6 production. Taken together, direct cannabinoid receptor activation leads to anti‐inflammatory action via inhibition of macrophage function. The endogenous cannabinoid, 2‐AG, also serves as a substrate for COX‐catalyzing PGE2 production, which in turn modulates the action of CB2. J. Cell. Biochem. 81: 715–723, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Removal of lignin in a liquid system by an isolated fungus
Authors: Sakurai Akihiko , Yamamoto Tatsuhiko , Makabe Akemi , Kinoshita Shinichi , Sakakibara Mikio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe screening of a strain which could perform lignin removal was carried out. Based on taxonomic study the isolated strain (LM‐2) was identified as Penicillium sp. LM‐2 could decolorize 0.6 g dm−3 lignin within 4 days in a shaking culture at 25 °C. The efficiency of decolorization of the lignin was over 80% in the pH range of 4.0–6.0, but was low above pH 6.2. The rise of temperature had a slight adverse effect on the lignin decolorization in the range of 25–35 °C. Lignolytic enzymes such as lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase were not detected in the culture broth or within the fungal cells. The lignin was removed from the high molecular weight fraction mainly by adsorption and accumulation inside the cells.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of phosphates from aqueous solutions by using bauxite. I: Effect of pH on the adsorption of various phosphates
Authors: Altundoğan H Soner , Tümen Fikret 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this study, the effect of pH on adsorption of various forms of phosphate onto bauxite was investigated. For this purpose, the adsorption and desorption of inorganic (ortho and condensed) and organic phosphate species were studied. It was observed that the adsorption tendency of the various phosphate forms was different and depended on pH. Maximum adsorption efficiencies for all phosphate forms were achieved in slightly acidic conditions (pH 3.2–5.5). The results of adsorption and desorption studies showed that the adsorption of phosphates onto bauxite is based on a ligand exchange mechanism. The adsorption mechanism of inorganic condensed phosphates and organic phosphates is thought to be more complex than that of orthophosphate. It can be stated that the adsorption of organic phosphates is dependent on the functionality, number, and variety of organic groups. The results of experiments carried out with mixed phosphate solutions showed that the adsorption yields of various phosphate forms are dependent on the composition of the solution. The relative adsorptivity of various phosphates was found to be in the general order of hexametaphosphate > pyrophosphate > orthophosphate > tripolyphosphate > adenosine triphosphate > glycerophosphate > glucose‐1‐phosphate.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Sorption of tannic acid on zirconium pillared clay
Authors: Vinod V P , Anirudhan T S 
Published: September 2002

AbstractZirconium pillared clay (PILC) was prepared using montmorillonite as the base clay. Adsorption of tannic acid (tannin) was studied by a batch equilibrium technique, as a function of adsorbate concentration, temperature, pH, agitation speed, particle size of the adsorbent and ionic strength. The process of uptake is governed by diffusion controlled first‐order reversible rate kinetics. The higher uptake for the pH range 4.0–6.0 was attributed to external hydrogen bonding between phenolic‐OH groups of tannin molecules and the hydrogen bonding sites on the clay. The removal of tannin by adsorption was found to be >99.0% depending on the initial concentration in the pH range of 4.0–6.0. The process involves both film and pore diffusion to different extents. The effects of solute concentration, temperature, agitation speed and particle size on the diffusion rate were investigated. Tannin uptake was found to increase with ionic strength due to the compression of diffuse double layers. The applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models has been tested. The maximum adsorption capacity of PILC was found to be 45.8 µmol g−1 of clay and the affinity constant is 2.9 × 10−2 dm3 µmol−1 at 30 °C. Thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG °,ΔH ° and ΔS ° were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The isosteric enthalpies of adsorption were also determined and found to decrease with increasing surface coverage. Regeneration with hot water (60 °C) has been investigated for several cycles with a view to recovering the adsorbed tannin and also restoring the sorbent to its original state.Copyright © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonography of the normal scapholunate ligament and scapholunate joint space
Authors: Griffith James Francis , Nin Chan David Po , Ho Pak Cheong , Zhao Li , Hung Leung Kim , Metreweli Constantine 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aims of this study were to assess the visibility of the normal scapholunate ligament on sonography and to establish the normal scapholunate joint space width in the neutral position and radial and ulnar deviation.MethodsTwo hundred normal wrists in 100 subjects (55 men and 45 women; mean age, 40 years; range, 19–83 years) were examined with high‐resolution sonography (5–12‐MHz linear‐array transducer). The visibility and thickness of the scapholunate ligament were recorded. The width of the scapholunate joint space, or interval, was measured in the neutral position and radial and ulnar deviation. The width of the distal radius was recorded as a comparative standard for the patients' body habitus.ResultsThe dorsal scapholunate ligament was completely (100%) visible in 95 wrists (48%), partially (≥ 50%) visible in 60 (30%), barely (< 50%) visible in 15 (8%), and not visible in 30 (15%). The volar scapholunate ligament was completely visible in 13 wrists (7%), partially visible in 17 (9%), barely visible in 15 (8%), and not visible in 151 (76%). The proximal component of the ligament was not visible in any subject. Measurement of the scapholunate interval was limited by the lack of identifiable anatomic marks for reference. The mean width of the dorsal scapholunate interval was 4.2 mm (range, 2.3–6.3 mm) in the neutral position. The interval did not differ more than 2.5 mm between the left and right wrists. No predictable change in width on ulnar or radial deviation was evident. The mean scapholunate intervals and mean distal radial width were significantly wider in men than in women and on the right side than on the left side.ConclusionsThe dorsal scapholunate ligament is completely or partially visible in 78% of normal wrists. Its detection following injury may help to exclude the possibility of scapholunate dissociation. There is a quite wide variation in scapholunate interval widths on sonography and an unpredictable response with stress testing. The absence of a visible scapholunate ligament on sonography does not indicate injury. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:223–229, 2001.
Real‐time sonography to estimate muscle thickness: Comparison with MRI and CT
Authors: Dupont Anne‐Caroline , Sauerbrei Eric E. , Fenton Paul V. , Shragge Peter C. , Loeb Gerald E. , Richmond Frances J. R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeWe investigated the feasibility of using real‐time sonography to measure muscle thickness. Clinically, this technique would be used to measure the thickness of human muscles in which intramuscular microstimulators have been implanted to treat or prevent disuse atrophy.MethodsPorcine muscles were implanted with microstimulators and imaged with sonography, MRI, and CT to assess image artifacts created by the microstimulators and to design protocols for image alignment between methods. Sonography and MRI were then used to image the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles of 6 healthy human subjects.ResultsMicrostimulators could be imaged with all 3 methods, producing only small imaging artifacts. Muscle‐thickness measurements agreed well between methods, particularly when external markers were used to precisely align the imaging planes. The correlation coefficients for sonographic and MRI measurements were 0.96 for the supraspinatus and 0.97 for the deltoid muscle. Repeated sonographic measurements had a low coefficient of variation: 2.3% for the supraspinatus and 3.1% for the deltoid muscle.ConclusionsReal‐time sonography is a relatively simple and inexpensive method of accurately measuring muscle thickness as long as the operator adheres to a strict imaging protocol and avoids excessive pressure with the transducer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:230–236, 2001.
Role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of muscular dystrophies: A “two hit” hypothesis of the cause of muscle necrosis
Authors: Rando Thomas A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough the genetic and biochemical bases of many of the muscular dystrophies have been elucidated, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to muscle cell death and degeneration remain elusive. Among the most well studied of the dystrophies are those due to defects in proteins that make up the dystrophin‐glycoprotein complex (DGC). There has been much interest in the role of nitric oxide (NO•) in the pathogenesis of these diseases because the enzyme that synthesizes NO•, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is associated with the DGC. Recent studies of dystrophies related to DGC defects suggest that one mechanism of cellular injury is functional ischemia related to alterations in cellular NOS and disruption of a normal protective action of NO•. This protective action is the prevention of local ischemia during contraction‐induced increases in sympathetic vasoconstriction. However, the loss of this protection, alone, does not explain the subsequent muscle cell death and degeneration since mice lacking neuronal NOS (the predominant isoform expressed in muscle) do not develop a muscular dystrophy. Thus, there must be additional biochemical changes conferred upon the cells by these DGC defects, and these changes are discussed in terms of a proposed “two hit” hypothesis of the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the muscular dystrophies. According to this hypothesis, pathogenic defects in the DGC have at least two biochemical consequences: a reduction in NO•‐mediated protection against ischemia, and an increase in cellular susceptibility to metabolic stress. Either one alone may be insufficient to lead to muscle cell death. However, in combination, the biochemical consequences are sufficient to cause muscle degeneration. The role of oxidative stress as a final common pathophysiologic pathway is discussed in terms of data showing that oxidative injury precedes pathologic changes and that muscle cells with defects in the DGC have an increased susceptibility to oxidant challenges. Accordingly, this “two hit” hypothesis may explain many of the complex spatial and temporal variations in disease expression that characterize the muscular dystrophies, such as grouped necrosis, a pre‐necrotic phase of the disease, and selective muscle involvement. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:223–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in skeletal muscle
Authors: Murrant Coral L. , Reid Michael B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are usually identified with pathological states and mediators of cellular injury. However, over the last decade ROS and RNS have been identified in skeletal muscle under physiological conditions. Detection of ROS and RNS production by skeletal muscle cells is fundamental to the problem of differentiating between physiological and pathological levels. The goal of this paper is to review the techniques that have been used to detect ROS and RNS in skeletal muscle. Electron spin resonance, fluorescent assays, cyotchrome c reduction, chemiluminescence, hydroxylation of salicylate, and nitration of phenylalanine are some of the assay systems that have been used thus far. A large body of evidence now indicates that ROS and RNS are continually produced by many different skeletal muscle types studied in vivo, in situ, and in vitro. Under resting conditions, ROS and RNS are detectable in both intracellular and extracellular compartments. Production increases during both non‐fatiguing and fatiguing muscle contractions. In the absence of disease, the individual molecular species detected in skeletal muscle include parent radicals for the ROS and RNS cascades: superoxide anions and nitric oxide. Both are generated at rates estimated to range from pmol‐to‐nmol/mg muscle/minute. Evidence indicates that hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxynitrite are also present under physiological conditions. However, the molecular species that mediate specific biological effects remains largely undetermined, as do the sources of ROS and RNS within muscle fibers. Eventual delineation of the mechanisms whereby ROS and RNS regulate cellular function will hinge on our understanding of the production and distribution of ROS and RNS within skeletal muscle. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:236–248, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.