bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of two computerized data collection devices for research in zoos
Authors: Gerth Jeffrey M. , Lewis Charles M. , Stine Wm. Wren , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComputerized data collection devices can aid research in zoos if applied carefully to the research study. This article provides guidelines for use of two models of a representative data collection device, the Datamyte. The general features of each model are presented and compared in two hypothetical zoo studies. In addition, a human engineering analysis of the placement of keys and the physical enclosure was conducted at our laboratories. Procedures to overcome minor flaws in construction and design are discussed. The Datamyte 801 is less complicated, has limited data storage capacity, and is easier for use by novice observers than the Datamyte 1000. Therefore the Datamyte 801 is recommended for limited, short‐term focal animal studies. The Datamyte 1000 is capable of complicated coding schemes at the expense of field analysis of the data, and simplicity in its basic operation.
Demographic trends in a captive population of red pandas (Ailurus fulgens)
Authors: Roberts Miles 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBirth and survivorship data based upon 39 litters born over a ten‐year period are examined and discussed. Reproduction in red pandas is characterized by seasonal breeding, small mean litter size, and relatively high survivorship of young, and in general follows a typical “K‐selected” life‐history strategy.The mean litter size was two, and the sex ratio at birth was approximately 1 male to 1.11 females. Higher male mortality in the early age classes resulted in a sex ratio in favor of females. Mortality was not correlated with age or experience of the mother but was found to be highly positively correlated with an increase in the inbreeding coefficient of the young. There was no significant difference in mortality among the different litter‐size classes, and in general mortality decreased with age.Recommendations concerning future management for the study population are given.
Selected aspects of Lemur variegatus reproductive biology
Authors: Shideler Susan E. , Lindburg Donald G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResults from data collected during the 1978–1979 breeding season on the reproduction of Lemur variegatus at the San Diego Zoo provide information which generally supports previously published reports on this species. Comparison of selected results from these data to a larger data base of which they are a part makes it possible to resolve some of the discrepancies between reports. Certain aspects of the reproductive biology of this species may then be generally characterized with confidence: The onset of seasonal breeding as evidenced by estrous behavior begins as early as mid‐December in the northern hemisphere and may continue through March; genital changes associated with estrus in females last 9.85 ± 1.67 days (± SD); female receptivity occurs 7.0 ± 1.53 days after the onset of these genital changes and lasts 12‐24 hours, during which breeding occurs; gestation averages 99.47 ± 4.19 days; the peak birth season is April–May; litters normally contain two to three offspring, with full‐term neonates weighing an average of 104.63 ± 19.10 grams. In addition, L variegatus appears to be highly resistant to the impact of captivity on both its reproductive physiology and behavior, as indicated by the 100% breeding success of the diversely reared and managed groups of study animals.
Fecundity in the captive howler monkey, Alouatta caraya
Authors: Shoemaker Alan H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeven female Black howler monkeys, Alouatta caraya, from both wild‐ and captive‐born origins have reproduced at Riverbanks Zoological Park. Three of the five wild‐born females arrived as juveniles and grew to maturity; the other two were already mature upon arrival and reproduced shortly therafter. Two females which were born within the park's collection have since reached maturity and also reproduced. The interval between the first and second young of wild‐born howlers is longer than between subsequent birth intervals. Subsequent young are also more precocious than their preceding siblings. In at least one case, a socially inferior female did not reproduce until placed within a different troop situation which elevated her social status. Females born in captivity conceived when 42 and 35 months old, the former situation being linked to low social status. Young born to females housed under both seasonal and regulated conditions of photoperiod demonstrated no difference in breeding intervals and seasonality of birth does not appear to be a factor in howler monkey reproduction.
Chromosome studies in the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): Practical applications for breeding and conservation
Authors: Seuánez Héctor N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe unequivocal identification of Bornean, Sumatran, and first‐generation hybrid orangutans can be carried out by chromosome analysis, a procedure that is more reliable than any other so far used to distinguish between orangutan subspecies. Chromosome differences between subspecies have been compared with protein and DNA studies, and these have shown that Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are more different from each other than we originally thought. Chromosome studies in the orangutan have shown variant chromosome types that are not subspecies‐specific. One of these variant types is a product of a complex double inversion rearrangement and is a polymorphic trait in both subspecies. In view of our findings, specific guidelines have been recommended for evaluating the fertility of hybrid specimens and maintaining purebred orangutan stocks.
Tool use by captive chimpanzees at an artificial termite mound
Authors: Nash Victoria J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examines tool use by a colony of captive chimpanzees at an artificial termite mound. The mound, constructed of concrete, simulates the termite mounds which are used as food sources by wild chimpanzees who extract the termites using grass or twig‐type tools. In the present study, tool availability was manipulated, specifically the type of tool, and the distance of tool material from the mound. The type of food available in the mound was also varied. Tool‐making and tool‐using behavior was examined in relation to individual, age, and sex differences.The artificial mound proved to be a viable simulation of the naturally occurring mounds, with most of the chimpanzees exploiting the food in the mound by using tools over the period of study. Interesting individual differences emerged in the way that the chimpanzees selected and used tools, some preferring to move some distance from the mound to collect “off‐the‐peg” tools, others preferring to sit and fashion a tool from material available nearer the mound. Also, some chimpanzees used both ends of a tool, while others used only one end. There were significant age differences in activity at the mound, the younger chimpanzees spending more time at the mound, using tools previously used by others, and manipulating the mound holes manually. Sex differences, although not significant, were apparent. The artificial mound provides the chimpanzees with a stimulating and rewarding activity, interest and enjoyment for the public, and an opportunity for researchers to study tool use under more controlled conditions than are possible in the field.
Observations on the reproductive biology of the land tortoises Geochelone emys and Geochelone yniphora in the Honolulu Zoo
Authors: McKeown S. , Juvik J. O. , Meier D. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive reproduction of the Burmese brown tortoise (Geochelone emys) has occurred repeatedly over a five‐year period in the Honolulu Zoo. Maximum clutch size (51 eggs) exceeds that reported for other members of the Testudinidae. Nesting behavior in G emys includes construction of a large leaf‐litter mound. Collection of nest‐building material is accomplished by “back‐sweeping” of ground litter within a distance of up to 4 m from the nest site. The nesting female assumes a “nest‐guarding” behavior for a period of 2–3 days following egg laying. Eggs incubated artificially hatched in 63–84 days, with egg fertility at 78–84%. One hundred and three G emys were successfully hatched and reared during the period 1978–82.A colony of endangered Madagascar angulated tortoises (Geochelone yniphora) have been maintained at the Honolulu Zoo since 1971. Courtship and mating behavior is similar to that described for the consubgeneric G radiata. Distinctive male “hooking” behavior during courtship in G yniphora is related to the exaggerated epiplastron development in this species. Egg laying has occurred repeatedly in the G yniphora colony since 1979 (mean clutch size = 4.2; N = 6) although no eggs have yet proved fertile.
Hand‐rearing infant stumptailed macaques
Authors: Chamove Arnold S. , Anderson James R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFifty‐four infant macaques (Macaca arctoides) were separated from their mothers between 1 and 10 days of age. Simple training led to them learning to self‐feed by about 30 hours, in some cases much earlier. Supplementary feeding of the infant before separation facilitated the establishment of self‐feeding. The greater weight of adult stumptailed macaques compared to rhesus may begin during the first months of life.
Species decline: A perspective on extinction, recovery, and propagation
Authors: Carpenter James W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis keynote address was presented at the Conference on the Conservation of Endangered Species in Zoological Parks and Aquariums on April 18, 1982 at the National Aquarium in Baltimore. It outlines 1) future trends in the world's environment, resources, and population; 2) factors affecting species decline; 3) reasons for preserving life forms; and 4) techniques, with emphasis on captive propagation, used to assist in species recovery.
Crane reproductive physiology and conservation
Authors: Gee George F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSome unique features of crane reproduction, management, and conservation are described. Because cranes are sexually monomorphic, sexing is difficult and must be accomplished using behavior, laparoscopy, cloacal examination, genetic techniques, or fecal steroid analysis. Although husbandry techniques for cranes are similar to those used with other nondomestic birds, a number of basic characteristics, such as extreme aggressiveness, imprinting by the crane chick on man, a delayed molt in the immature crane, delayed sexual maturity, and infertility, pose special problems for the propagator. Artificial insemination is a practical solution to crane infertility. Vigorous captive management and propagation efforts must become increasingly important if several endangered crane species are to survive the continuing decline in wild populations. The ultimate goal is the restoration of suitable habitat and sustainable native populations.
Observations of maternal‐infant interactions in a captive herd of sable antelope (Hippotragus niger)
Authors: Murdock Gwendolyn K. , Stine William Wren , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe New York Zoological Society's captive‐breeding program on St Catherine's Island, Georgia, includes a herd of sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). Two aspects of mother‐infant interactions, nursing and hiding, are described herein. Three younger calves, up to 6 d of age, and three older calves, 8 to 50 d of age, were the subjects of focal‐animal and continuous observations and instantaneous time‐point samples. Two of the younger calves were born to multiparous cows. One cow was primiparous. Between the three calves, quantitative differences in nursing episodes were found in the mean duration (1.7–3.6 min), mean number per d (1.0–8.6 episodes), and mean total time per d (2.6–14.6 min). Despite these differences, all calves thrived. The multiparous cows exhibited a pattern described in captive and wild ungulates: approaching their calves prior to nursing before the calves emitted any response; and nursing their calves early and late in the day. The cows also exhibited nursing‐time synchrony. Three instances of calves suckling younger calves' mothers are also described. Two new interpretations of the function of hiding behavior are offered: (1) If older calves exploit the inexperience of newborn calves by nursing from their mothers, then younger calves may benefit by hiding out of the view of other herd members. Hiding behavior may result from intercalf competition; and (2) if newborns vacillate between arousal‐increasing and arousal‐reducing activities, then “hider” species may hide to attain arousal‐reduction.
Diagnosis and treatment of infertility in male great apes
Authors: Gould K. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIncreased concern for maintenance of endangered species in captivity has prompted increased interest in monitoring the fertility of captive animals. This paper outlines methods for discrimination between lack of reproduction and infertility, and provides guidelines for identification of physiological causes of infertility. The role of environment in infertility is discussed, and suggestions are made for correction of environmental deficiencies. A brief review of the potential for infectious infertility is followed by an outline of appropriate treatments. It appears that a primary cause of physiological infertility in the gorilla is spermatogenic arrest, and it also appears possible that this defect may be corrected by alterations in environment and management. In summary, the outlook for continued breeding of great apes in captivity is bright, and efforts in the past few years to identify and alleviate potential causes for infertility and nonreproduction are beginning to yield good results.
Research on reproductive biology of gorillas
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Collins Delwood C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLaboratory research has implicated several variables which contribute to the regulation of reproductive behaviour of captive gorillas. Females were found to be increasingly attractive to males during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle when estrogen and testosterone concentrations in the female were increasing. Females solicited mating from the males primarily at midcycle, about the time when the concentration of testosterone was maximal. No mating occurred during the mid‐ to late luteal phase after progesterone concentrations were elevated. Both males and females initiated mating during the midcycle, periovulatory period, but male initiative accounted for most mating that was temporally dissociated from that period. Individual differences between males and among females contributed to the variability in results. Confinement of a male and female in relatively small quarters appears to interact with certain aspects of species‐typical behaviour to distort patterns of mating in laboratory tests. Data on behaviour of gorillas in the wild contributed to interpretation of the laboratory results and suggest an enlightened approach to the captive maintenance and breeding of gorillas. An important consideration in promoting captive breeding of gorillas seems to be the provision of options to the female for regulating the frequency and distribution of mating in the cycle.
Freeze‐branding beaver tails
Authors: Pfeifer Sharon , Wright Frank H. , DonCarlos Mike 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFreeze‐branding has proven useful in managing and researching a captive group of beaver (Castor canadensis) at the Minnesota Zoological Garden. Over 24 mo, 13 freeze‐brands were applied to the tails of 11 beaver for varying application times. Permanence of brands increased with increasing distance from tail base. Because permanence of freeze‐brands on cattle is influenced by skin thickness, the tail of a male beaver was horizontally sectioned into nine roughly equidistant segments, photographed to scale, and the epidermal/dermal thickness of the dorsal side of each section was measured to determine if skin thickness affected freeze‐branding success in beaver. Thickness of the epidermal and dermal layers of the dorsal tail surface decreased 14‐fold from tail base to tip. Based on our preliminary finding that freeze‐brand permanence improved with decreased thickness of the epidermal/dermal layers of the tail, we recommend that beaver be freeze‐branded for 25 s on the lower half of the tail for best results.
Excretion of radiolabeled estradiol in the cat (Felis catus, L): A preliminary report
Authors: Shille V. M. , Wing A. E. , Lasley B. L. , Banks J. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe time course and end products of estradiol metabolism were studied in the domestic cat, which has been chosen as a model for steroid metabolism studies in nondomestic felidae. Radiolabeled estradiol was injected intravenously into three adult female cats; one had a spontaneous estrus, one was induced with follicle‐stimulating hormone, and one had been ovariohysterectomized; feces, urine, and blood were collected daily, and the radioactivity content was determined. Feces and urine contained 47 and 1% of the injected dose (0.33 μCi), respectively. Metabolites appeared earlier in the urine than in feces (d 1 vs d 2 postinjection), and excretion was completed on d 5; no radioactivity was detected in plasma 24 h postinjection. Estradiol metabolites were excreted as unconjugated estrogens (22%) and as conjugates hydrolyzable with β‐glucuronidase and acid solvolysis (7 and 50%, respectively); the remaining 14% were not recoverable with any of the above methods. The major portion of the conjugates was estradiol‐17β (64–80%) while 11–16% appeared as estrone. Endogenous cycles related to the spontaneous and induced ovarian activity were monitored by observation of estrous behavior, vaginal epithelium cornification, and plasma estradiol determination. The reproductive state of each animal had no effect on the time course or type of metabolite excreted.We found low proportions of injected radioactivity excreted in the urine and high residual levels remaining after hydrolysis and extraction in the feces. These findings suggest that although feces are an abundant source of estradiol metabolite in the cat, and probably in the exotic felidae, development of noninvasive methods for monitoring ovarian cycles in these species will depend on more efficient methods for urine hydrolysis, on the resolution of problems encountered in fecal steroid analysis, or on the identification of metabolites which may be measured directly in the urine without hydrolysis or extraction.
The frozen zoo concept
Authors: Benirschke Kurt 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBiologic material from exotic species is difficult to obtain for scientists. Yet much depends on the availability of such materials for a better understanding of evolutionary relationships and genetics of animals. Zoos have an obligation to participate in the safeguarding of some of these tissues by preserving cells, serum, and organs under optimal conditions. This paper describes the state of the frozen tissue‐cell bank at San Diego Zoo and examines possible future directions for the collection of essential materials.
Reproductive studies unit of the New York Zoological Society
Authors: Stover Janet , Westrom Wendy K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Reproductive Studies Unit of the New York Zoological Society addresses several areas of exotic animal reproduction. These include semen collection and freezing, embryo transfer in the gaur, study of normal reproductive anatomy, urinary hormone analysis of cycling and pregnant females, and postmortem collection and freezing of oocytes. The primary goal is development of exotic species gene banks.
Observations of daily activity patterns in two captive short‐nosed echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus
Authors: Brannian John , Cloak Connie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDaily activity patterns of a pair of short‐nosed echidnas, Tachyglossus aculeatus, at the Topeka Zoo were observed once monthly for 1 year. These echidnas remained primarily nocturnal throughout the year. In observations when both echidnas exhibited extended periods of activity (5 hours or more) there was a high correlation in times activity began between the two animals.Activity patterns varied throughout the year possibly associated with changes in temperature and/or photoperiod. Diel temperature changes and noise levels did not appear to be major factors influencing activity in this study.
The status of north american captive herds of the banteng,Bos javanicusd'Alton
Authors: Davis Scott , Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe genetic purity of captive banteng herds has often been questioned because banteng have the ability to hybridize with domestic cattle breeds. An electrophoretic survey of North American captive herds of the Javanese banteng,Bos javanicus javanicusd'Alton, was carried out to determine if contamination could be detected. The animals examined represented descendants from five separate importations. Of the 21 loci examined, four proved to be informative. An analysis of these loci failed to indicate a single case of potential genetic contamination, although sample sizes were small. Bull color, which has been suggested as an indicator of genetic purity, was found to relate to the geographic origin of the banteng lineage. Since the North American herd is uncontaminated at the present time, great care should be taken to determine the suitability of new import animals.
Orangutans' color preference for food items
Authors: Barbiers Robyn B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of the addition of color to a dry primate diet on the feeding behavior of orangutans were studied. Purina Monkey Chow was dipped in food coloring (red, green, blue, orange). Colored and plain chow was offered to the subjects, three adults, and two juveniles. Time to eat or lose interest in feeding, quantity, and color of pieces of chow handled and eaten were recorded for each group. The juveniles' consumption of chow increased when offered colored chow, and adults required less time to consume their food. One juvenile showed a significant preference for red monkey chow.
Duration of strike‐induced chemosensory searching in long‐term captive rattlesnakes at national zoo, audubon zoo, and San Diego Zoo
Authors: Chiszar David , O'Connell Barbara , Greenlee Robin , Demeter Bela , Walsh Trooper , Chiszar Joan , Moran Katy , Smith Hobart M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRattlesnakes typically strike and release adult rodent prey. Striking is followed by a sustained, high rate of tongue flicking that guides the snake to the envenomated, dead prey. Wild‐caught rattlesnakes exhibited this chemosensory searching for about 2.5 h, and the present study demonstrated that long‐term captive rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox, C durissus, C horridus, C vegrandis, C unicolor) at three zoos did the same. Because these zoo‐raised snakes had always been offered dead rodents and because the snakes had become accustomed to ingesting them without striking, the present snakes had rarely exercised their innate predatory repertoires. The duration of chemosensory searching in these snakes indicates that this important aspect of the predatory repertoire had not been degraded as a consequence of long‐term captive husbandry.