bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability development analysis of semi‐intensive shrimp farms in Sonora, México
Authors: González O. H. A. , Beltrán L. F. , Cáceres‐Martínez C. , Ramírez H. , Hernández‐Vazquez S. , Troyo‐Dieguez E. , Ortega‐Rubio A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDuring the year 2000, 12 modified and five new sustainable development indicators (SDIs) were applied and a sustainable index (SI) was developed for 21 out of the 33 semi‐intensive shrimp farms in Sonora, Mexico, to measure their sustainable development. Farms 5, 7 and 19 showed the highest values in social indicators, farms 5, 7 and 19 in the economic indicators and farms 2, 3 and 4 in natural indicators. In contrast farms 9, 16 and 17 obtained the lowest values in social indicators, farms 3 and 11 in the economic indicators, and farms 9, 11 and 16 in natural indicators. In the SI, farm 9 obtained the lowest value, farm 20 the highest, and most farms values between 6 and 7. In Sonora most of the semi‐intensive shrimp farms avoided adverse impacts on the environment by constructing on salty or arid lands with no mangroves. Most of the projects are communal and benefits go directly to the population, giving Sonora, in comparison with other regions, a more sustainable development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Greening the United Nations' Human Development Index?
Authors: Morse Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 has helped facilitate widespread debate amongst development researchers, practitioners and policy makers. The HDI is an aggregate index, calculated on an annual basis by the UNDP and published in its Human Development Reports, comprising measures of three components deemed by them to be central to development: (i) income (the gross domestic product per capita), (ii) education (adult literacy rate) and (iii) health (life expectancy at birth).The results of calculating the HDI are typically presented as country/regional league tables, and provide a quick means for policy makers and others to judge performance. Perhaps partly because of the relative simplicity of the index, the HDI has managed to achieve a level of acceptance and use amongst politicians and policy makers that has yet to emerge with any indicator of sustainability. Indeed, despite its existence for 11 years, including nine years after the Rio Earth Summit, the HDI has not even been modified to take on board wider issues of sustainability. This paper will critically examine the potential for ‘greening’ the HDI so as to include environmental and resource‐consumption dimensions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Analysing the latency of World Wide Web applications
Authors: Ruddle Alan , Allison Colin , Nicoll R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAs the Web becomes increasingly used for routine social and economic interactions, the issue of interactive delay, as experienced by end‐users, has become an ongoing cause for concern. This paper reports on an approach of identifying and analysing the factors that contribute towards that delay. The evolution of a structured timing model is described, which forms the basis for decomposing delay into its constituent parts. The four high‐level components identified are the server, network, protocol and client. Methodologies for determining the contribution of each element are presented and their use is illustrated in a case study of the traffic associated with an operational distributed learning environment (DLE) serving six universities over a period of several months. Quality of service (QoS) is key to the success of DLEs and this includes an understanding of their relationship with the underlying networks and systems upon which they are built and deployed. Delay, as experienced by the end user, is one of the key QoS parameters for a DLE. The importance of developing an understanding of the nature of delay in a DLE is twofold: it informs decisions about where to target effort and resources in order to achieve improvements; and it provides techniques that can be used as the basis for an early‐warning and advisory system for QoS aware applications. The latter functionality is illustrated by a novel solution that modifies TCP's congestion avoidance algorithm for the benefit of interactive Web traffic. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐level modeling approach for the availability assessment of e‐business applications
Authors: Kaâniche M. , Kanoun K. , Rabah M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper defines a multi‐level modeling approach for availability assessment of e‐business applications, based on two main steps: (1) hierarchical description of the system and its interactions with the users, from the functional and structural points of view, and (2) hierarchical construction and solution of the availability models based on information from the first step. Four modeling abstraction levels are considered. The highest level (user level) describes the availability of the e‐business application as perceived by the users. Intermediate levels describe the availability of functions and services provided to the users. The lowest level describes the availability of the component systems on which functions and services are implemented. The availability measures of a given level are computed based on the measures provided by the immediately lower level. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of Acceptance Monitor for building intrusion tolerant systems
Authors: Wang Rong , Wang Feiyi , Byrd Gregory T. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntrusion detection research has so far concentrated on techniques that effectively identify the malicious behaviors. No assurance can be assumed once the system is compromised. Intrusion tolerance, however, focuses on providing minimal level of services, even when some components have been partially compromised. The challenges here are how to take advantage of fault tolerant techniques in the intrusion tolerant system context and how to deal with possible unknown attacks and compromised components so as to continue providing the service. This paper presents our work on applying one important fault tolerance technique, acceptance testing, for building scalable intrusion tolerant systems. First, we propose a general methodology for designing acceptance testing. An Acceptance Monitor architecture is proposed to apply various tests for detecting the compromises based on the impact of the attacks. Second, we make a comprehensive vulnerability analysis on typical commercial‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) Web servers. Various acceptance testing modules are implemented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. By utilizing the fault tolerance techniques on intrusion tolerance system, we provide a mechanism for building reliable distributed services that are more resistant to both known and unknown attacks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LYS2 gene and its mutation in Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Alberti Adriana , Ferrero Iliana , Lodi Tiziana 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe KlLYS2 gene, encoding the α‐aminoadipate reductase of Kluyveromyces lactis, was isolated by complementation of a lysA1 mutant. The deduced amino acid sequence shared an identity of 73% with the LYS2 product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite the high sequence homology of the α‐aminoadipate reductase genes, the two yeast species differently responded to the presence of α‐aminoadipate in the medium. Wild‐type S. cerevisiae is known to be sensitive to α‐aminoadipate, but becomes resistant when mutated to lys2. In contrast, K. lactis strains were found to be naturally resistant to α‐aminoadipate. Therefore, the positive selection procedure for the isolation of lys2 mutants on α‐aminoadipate, as practised in S. cerevisiae, cannot be applied to K. lactis. A possible reason of this difference may be that the catalytic rate of the α‐aminoadipate reductase differs in the two yeasts. The EMBL/Genbank Accession No. for the KlLYS2 gene is AJ504405. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Negative regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Candida albicans orthologue of OPI1
Authors: Heyken Willm‐Thomas , Wagner Christian , Wittmann Jürgen , Albrecht Antje , Schüller Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2003

AbstractStructural genes of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are coordinately regulated by a UAS element, designated ICRE (inositol/choline‐responsive element). Opi1 is a negative regulator responsible for repression of ICRE‐dependent genes in the presence of an excess of inositol and choline. Gene regulation by phospholipid precursors has been also reported for the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Screening of a data base containing raw sequences of the C. albicans genome project allowed us to identify an open reading frame exhibiting weak similarity to Opi1. Expression of the putative CaOPI1 in an opi1 mutant of S. cerevisiae could restore repression of an ICRE‐dependent reporter gene. Similar to OPI1, overexpression of CaOPI1 strongly inhibited derepression of ICRE‐driven genes leading to inositol‐requiring transformants. Previous work has shown that Opi1 mediates gene repression by interaction with the pleiotropic repressor Sin3. The genome of C. albicans also encodes a protein similar to Sin3 (CaSin3). By two‐hybrid analyses and in vitro studies for protein–protein interaction we were able to show that CaOpi1 binds to ScSin3. ScOpi1 could also interact with CaSin3, while CaOpi1 failed to bind to CaSin3. Despite of some conservation of regulatory mechanisms between both yeasts, these results suggest that repression of phospholipid biosynthetic genes in C. albicans is mediated by a mechanism which does not involve recruitment of CaSin3 by CaOpi1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for new yeast mutants affected in mannosylphosphorylation of cell wall mannoproteins
Authors: Conde Raúl , Pablo Guadalupe , Cueva Rosario , Larriba Germán 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe have carried out a screen of 622 deletion strains generated during the EUROFAN B0 project to identify non‐essential genes related to the mannosylphosphate content of the cell wall. By examining the affinity of the deletants for the cationic dye alcian blue and the ion exchanger QAE‐Sephadex, we have selected 50 strains. On the basis on their reactivity (blue colour intensity) in the alcian blue assay, mutants with a lower phosphate content than wild‐type cells were then arranged in groups defined by previously characterized mutants, as follows: group I (mnn6), group II (between mnn6 and mnn9) and group III (mnn9). Similarly, strains that behaved like mnn1 (i.e. a blue colour deeper than wild‐type) were included in group VI. To confirm the association between the phenotype and a specific mutation, strains were complemented with clones or subjected to tetrad analysis. Selected strains were further tested for extracellular invertase and exoglucanase. Within groups I, II and III, we found some genes known to be involved in oligosaccharide biosynthesis (ALG9, ALG12, HOC1), secretion (BRE5, COD4/COG5, VPS53), transcription (YOL072w/THP1, ELP2, STB1, SNF11), cell polarity (SEP7, RDG1), mitochondrial function (YFH1), cell metabolism, as well as orphan genes. Within group VI, we found genes involved in environmentally regulated transduction pathways (PAL2 and RIM20) as well as others with miscellaneous or unknown functions. We conclude that mannosylphosphorylation is severely impaired in some deletants deficient in specific glycosylation/secretion processes, but many other different pathways may also modulate the amount of mannosylphosphate in the cell wall. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the genetic variability in the species of theSaccharomyces sensu strictocomplex
Authors: Teresa Fernández‐Espinar M. , Barrio Eladio , Querol Amparo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRandomamplifiedpolymorphicDNA–polymerasechainreaction (RAPD–PCR) analysis was applied to differentiate the sibling speciesSaccharomyces bayanus, S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxusandS. pastorianus,which constitute the most common strains of theSaccharomyces sensu strictocomplex. Six decamer primers of arbitrary sequences were used to amplify the DNA of 58 strains. Species‐specific (diagnostic) bands were obtained for each species. Two phylogenetic trees constructed by the neighbour‐joining and maximum parsimony methods clearly showed that the delimitation of these related yeast species is possible by using RAPD analysis. Four groups of strains, corresponding to the speciesS. bayanus, S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxusandS. pastorianus, were obtained. Within theS. bayanustaxon, two groups of strains were observed. One includes the former type strain ofS. uvarum, CECT1969T, and closely related wine strains (S. bayanusvar.uvarum), whilst the other containsS. bayanustype strain CECT1941Tand strains CECT1991 and 10513 (S. bayanusvar.bayanus). The heterogeneousS. paradoxusgroup was divided into three lineages, corresponding to different geographic origin, American, Japanese and European populations. In addition, due to the multilocus nature of the RAPD–PCR marker, this method is both useful and appropriate for the identification of the hybrid origin ofS. pastorianus. The hybrid nature was deduced from the analysis of the fraction of bands shared by each hybrid strain and the parental species. Among the 58 strains analysed, sixS. pastorianusstrains were hybrids, although the fraction of genome coming from each parent varied depending on the strain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Axillary Dissection over the Years: Where To from Here?
Authors: Keshtgar M.R.S. , Baum M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractManagement of the axilla in breast cancer patients has been a subject of intense debate and controversy. Axillary lymph node status is still considered to be the single most important prognostic indicator in breast cancer patients. Despite a tendency toward a conservative approach for the surgery of primary breast carcinoma, axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has remained an integral part of breast cancer management for more than a century. Among patients with T1/T2 tumors, up to 70% have a negative axillary dissection, and more than 50% of these node‐negative patients develop morbidity related to ALND. It is ironic that the extent, morbidity, and cost of a staging procedure (ALND) is more than that of the surgical treatment of the primary tumor. We must readdress the question of axillary management in breast carcinoma in the light of information gained from the sentinel node biopsy trials around the world. We review the historical milestones and various modalities used for axillary management, discuss the concept of sentinel node biopsy for breast carcinoma, and propose a management plan.
Predicting Axillary Nodal Positivity in 2282 Patients with Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Silverstein Melvin J. , Skinner Kristin A. , Lomis Thomas J. 
Published: October 2003

AsbtractAxillary lymph node status continues to be the single most important prognostic variable for breast cancer survival despite significant progress in the molecular and genetic characterization of breast malignancies. All patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent axillary lymph node dissection as part of their treatment were evaluated by 11 clinical and pathologic factors, including the primary lesion’s T category (TNM staging system), whether the lesion was clinically palpable, the presence of lymphatic or vascular invasion, nuclear grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors, S‐phase, age, HER2/neu overexpression, histology (infiltrating lobular or ductal), and ploidy. A total of 2282 axillary dissections were performed: 391 in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) [3 of which (0.8%) contained metastases] and 1891 in patients with invasive breast cancer [680 of which (36%) contained metastases]. Multivariate analysis of patients with invasive cancer identified four factors as independent predictors of axillary lymph node metastases: lymph/vascular invasion, tumor size, nuclear grade, tumor palpability. Among a group of 189 patients with nonpalpable, non‐highgrade invasive lesions 15 mm or smaller without lymph/vascular invasion, only 6 (3%) had metastases to lymph nodes. If any three of the favorable factors were present, lymph node positivity was 6% or less. Clinical and pathologic feature of the primary lesions can be used to estimate the risk of axillary lymph node metastases. Such risk assessment can be used for the treatment decision‐making process.
Is Lymphatic Mapping in Breast Cancer Adequate and Safe?
Authors: Nieweg Omgo E. , Rutgers Emiel J.T. , Jansen Liesbeth , Valdes Olmos Renato A. , Peterse Johannes L. , Hoefnagel Kees A. , Kroon Bin B.R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLymphatic mapping with selective lymphadenectomy requires a concerted effort from the nuclear medicine physician, surgeon, and pathologist. Application of preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, and intraoperative use of both a gamma detection probe and a vital dye are recommended. This combined approach increases the likelihood of finding all sentinel nodes without removing nonsentinel nodes. A literature review of current experience reveals that the sentinel node can be found in more than 90% of the patients. When confirmatory lymphadenectomy follows, the false‐negative rate can be kept down to about 5% after a certain learning phase. The sensitivity of this novel approach to detect lymphatic dissemination is currently overestimated because lymph node metastases in patients with a tumor‐free sentinel node are probably overlooked. This shortcoming will be compensated by the more accurate pathologic evaluation of a sentinel node and the finding of sentinel nodes outside the axilla. Therefore the procedure is probably adequate and safe in patients at low risk of having disseminated disease. Lymphatic mapping with sentinel node biopsy is rapidly becoming the standard of care.
Lymphatic Mapping of the Breast: Locating the Sentinel Lymph Nodes
Authors: Uren Roger F. , Howman‐Giles Robert , Renwick Stuart B. , Gillett David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhen the concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy was described in patients with melanoma, researchers quickly started to use lymphatic mapping techniques in breast cancer patients in an attempt to locate the sentinel node in the axilla. We have been performing mammary lymphoscintigraphy in this role for 6 years and have now studied 159 patients. Like others, we have found that most breast cancers (93%) have lymphatic drainage that includes the axilla, and we have found an average of 1.4 axillary sentinel nodes in these patients. Surgical biopsy of the axillary sentinel nodes accurately staged the node field in 96% of patients. We have also found, however, that the pattern of lymphatic drainage from the cancer site is unpredictable; and in 49% of patients lymphatic drainage occurred across the center line of the breast to axillary or internal mammary sentinel nodes. In more than half of our patients (56%) lymphatic drainage occurred to lymph nodes outside the axilla including the internal mammary (45%), supraclavicular (13%), and interpectoral and intramammary interval nodes (12%). These nodes are also sentinel nodes, and their presence indicates that a sentinel node biopsy procedure that stages only the status of the axillary lymph nodes has the potential to understage about half the patients with breast cancer. High quality lymphoscintigraphy allows accurate mapping of peritumoral lymphatic drainage in most patients with breast cancer. It is possible that in the future accurate nodal staging in each individual will involve biopsy of all sentinel lymph nodes, regardless of their location.
Extensive Frozen Section Examination of Axillary Sentinel Nodes to Determine Selective Axillary Dissection
Authors: Veronesi Umberto , Zurrida Stefano , Mazzarol Giovanni , Viale Giuseppe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAs experience accumulates on the use of sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer, it is becoming clear that the method can reliably predict the state of the axilla and thus be used to decide whether to perform complete axillary dissection. Ongoing controlled trials will soon provide definitive evidence on the latter point. The key issue regarding sentinel node biopsy is pathologic evaluation of the biopsied node, which should be done intraoperatively whenever possible. In our initial experience with a conventional intraoperative frozen section method, the false‐negative rate was 19% compared to examination of permanent sections of the biopsied node. We therefore devised a new intraoperative method in which pairs of sections are obtained every 50 mm for the first 15 sections and every 100 mm for any remaining node, which essentially samples the entire node; the method takes about 40 minutes. Sentinel node metastases were found in 119 of 295 (40%) of T1N0 breast cancer patients examined by this new method. This high rate of positivity indicates that the new method is reliable. In all cases, metastases were identified on hematoxylin‐eosin (HE)‐stained sections, although in 4% of positive cases the HE sections were doubtful, and cytokeratin immunostaining on the adjacent section was useful for confirming malignancy. Of 295 patients, 8 (2.7%) had a negative sentinel node but another axillary node metastasis. In conclusion, we found that extensive intraoperative frozen section examination of sentinel nodes correctly predicts a metastasis‐free sentinel node in 95.4% of cases (negative predictive value), it is therefore suitable for identifying patients in whom axillary dissection might be avoided. Immunocytochemical staining for cytokeratins or other epithelial markers may be helpful for reducing the risk of missing micrometastatic foci.
Is There a Role for Selective Axillary Dissection in Breast Cancer?
Authors: Gemignani Mary L. , Borgen Patrick I. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSurgery is the most effective therapeutic intervention available for the treatment of breast cancer. It has been responsible for obtaining local control and long‐term disease‐free intervals in more patients over the past century than any other treatment modality. Trends toward earlier stage at diagnosis are likely to increase the importance of surgery and to secure its central role in the treatment of this disease. Unfortunately, during the 1990s the value of excellent local control of breast cancer has been minimized as the disease has come to be considered systemic from inception and as the results of adjuvant‐therapy trials in patients with early‐stage breast cancer have revealed survival advantages in patients receiving systemic therapy. Only rarely is it acknowledged that surgery alone achieves long‐term disease‐free states in 70% to 80% of all patients. At the core of this paradigmatic controversy is management of the axilla. The status of the axilla remains the most powerful predictor of outcome in patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast, and it is likely that a small but identifiable subset of patients obtains a survival benefit from the removal of disease‐containing nodes. It is believed that no benefit is derived from the removal of negative nodes, and indeed there are even patients in whom complete elimination of the exploration of the axilla may be considered—all of which underscores the need to investigate the axilla selectively. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy represents the most exciting development to date toward this end. The challenge today, as we move closer to a selective approach to the axilla, is to ensure that patients with positive nodes have those nodes identified and removed and patients with negative nodes experience minimal disturbance of their axilla.