bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Depth Foliations
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce the very important class of finite depth foliations. Amongst all taut foliations, those of finite depth are perhaps the best understood, from virtually every point of view. There is a very precise and powerful structure theory for such foliations ([82], [173], [72], [75]), parallelling in many ways the structure theory of Haken manifolds. Note that throughout this chapter we assume that all foliations are oriented and co-oriented.
Constructing Transverse Laminations
Authors: Calegari Danny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a technical chapter, in which we show that if M is atoroidal, and ℱ is a taut foliation with two-sided branching, then the axioms of a universal circle give rise to a pair of essential laminations transverse to ℱ. For the particular universal circles constructed in Chapter 7, we obtain more detailed information about these laminations and their interaction with ℱ. Finally, this structure theory gives a new proof of Theorem 6.48, thus filling a gap in the literature.
The neuroeconomic path of the law
Authors: Hoffman Morris B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments at the intersection of evolutionary biology and neuroscience are beginning to approach a powerful resonance with the foundations of law. In this essay, I argue that significant advances in our understanding of evolution, the brain and behaviour presage a similar revolution in our understanding of the roots of law. The old paradigm of law as a purely cultural construct to repress our natural aggressions is giving way to a deeper understanding of the law’s adaptive value and its role as an institutional expression of evolved social behaviours.
The property ‘instinct’
Authors: Stake Jeffrey Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People untrained in the law often think of ‘property’ as a relationship between a thing and a person. It is common for law professors to attempt to correct this lay notion by describing property as a relationship between people with respect to a thing. In denying the importance of the relationship between the person and his things, however, this professional view obscures the possibility that the institution of property rests in part on deep-seated connections to and attitudes toward things.
Solitons, Instantons, and Twistors
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most nonlinear differential equations arising in natural sciences admit chaotic behaviour and cannot be solved analytically. Integrable systems lie on the other extreme. They possess regular, stable, and well behaved solutions known as solitons and instantons. These solutions play important roles in pure and applied mathematics as well as in theoretical physics where they describe configurations topologically different from vacuum. While integrable equations in lower space-time dimensions can be solved using the inverse scattering transform, the higher-dimensional examples of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills and Einstein equations require twistor theory. Both techniques rely on an ability to represent nonlinear equations as compatibility conditions for overdetermined systems of linear differential equations. The book provides a self-contained and accessible introduction to the subject. It starts with an introduction to integrability of ordinary and partial differential equations. Subsequent chapters explore symmetry analysis, gauge theory, gravitational instantons, twistor transforms, and anti-self-duality equations. The three appendices cover basic differential geometry, complex manifold theory, and the exterior differential system.
Soliton equations and the inverse scattering transform
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A universally accepted definition of integrability does not exist for partial differential equations (PDEs). The phase space is infinite dimensional but having ‘infinitely many’ first integrals may not be enough – we could have missed every second one. One instead focuses on properties of solutions and solution-generation techniques. We shall study solitons – solitary non-linear waves which preserve their shape (and other characteristics) in the evolution. These soliton solutions will be constructed by means of an inverse problem: recovering a potential from the scattering data.
Statistical Inference
Authors: Garthwaite Paul , Jolliffe Ian , Jones Byron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adopting a broad view of statistical inference, this text concentrates on what various techniques do, with mathematical proofs kept to a minimum. The approach is rigorous, but will be accessible to final year undergraduates. Classical approaches to point estimation, hypothesis testing and interval estimation are all covered thoroughly, with recent developments outlined. Separate chapters are devoted to Bayesian inference, to decision theory and to non-parametric and robust inference. The increasingly important topics of computationally intensive methods and generalised linear models are also included. In this edition, the material on recent developments has been updated, and additional exercises are included in most chapters.
Eocene—Oligocene geological, climatic, and biotic evolution: an overview of the ecological stresses driving mammalian subterraneity
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biodiversity dynamics, both evolution and extinction, depend on the dynamically interacting earth spheres: lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. The geodynamics of the core/ mantle processes and the resulting plate tectonics modify ocean—continent patterns. The resultant responses (feedback) in atmosphere-ocean circulation and climate changes led to substantial, integrated changes in marine and terrestrial biodiversity dynamics. This is clearly demonstrated in the exciting world of the mid-Paleogene (Prothero and Berggren, 1992; see also a popular version in Prothero, 1994). The transition from the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene was a period of profound change in earth geology, climate, and biota. The earth changed from a warm, equable, mostly subtropical world that persisted from the Mesozoic to the beginning of the glaciated world of today (Prothero and Berggren, 1992; Janis, 1993). Cooling, aridization, and greater seasonality represent, intermittently, most of the Cenozoic Era beginning in mid-Eocene times.
Overview
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subterranean mammals have been briefly reviewed previously (Ellerman, 1956; Pearson, 1959; Dubost, 1968; Nevo, 1979, 1995d; Nevo and Reig, 1990). Following is the description, summarizing the neontological and palaeontological record, of the 11 extant, subterranean, mammalian families (Table 5.1, Fig. 5.1) from across the planet, in three orders (Marsupialia, Insectivora, and Rodentia), or four orders if Chrysochloridae is excluded from the ‘Insectivors’ which appear in unnatural order (see Stanhope et al., 1998; De Jong, 1998).
Marsupial moles
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The endemic Australian family of subterranean poly-protodont marsupial moles, Notoryctidae, involves one genus, Notoryctes (southern burrower) and two species, N. typhlops and N. caurinus, the only representatives of living subterranean marsupials, found in sandy areas in central and western Australia (Fig. 5.5E,F, colour figure section). No fossils are known from Australia, but the enigmatic, extinct genus Necrolestes patagonensis, a South American Miocene fossil, is most likely to have been a burrowing marsupial (Patterson, 1958). Notoryctids, earlier considered monotremes or allied to insectivorous chrysochlorids, display the morphological subterranean mammalian syndrome of small tubular body, reduced extremities, underskin eyes, no pinnae, and heavily keratinized, bare skin covering the rostrum and short tail. The epipubic bones are distinctly reduced. Their phenotypic resemblance to some chrysochlorids is striking. The following description is based on N. typhlops: head and body length about 14 cm and a weight of about 60 g. No obvious neck region, head merges with body; limbs are short, powerful and furred to the manus and pes. Manus with large claws, spade-like. Rostrum keratinized and tail horny. Claws on digits III and IV (Stirling 1891a). Pelage silky, pale cream, with golden or reddish-brown tint, matching the sand colour. Sebaceous glands developed near patch and cloaca surrounded by large hair (Sweet, 1907) (Fig. 5.5B).
Morphological adaptive strategies: structure, function, and variation
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The body of subterranean mammals is modified to minimize friction, maximize forward, backward and turning movement, and keep dirt out of orifices (Hildebrand, 1985). Consequently the body is compact, stocky, and cylindrical. The head merges into the body without constriction at the short neck. The legs are relatively very short and their proximal segments are contained within the body contour (Figs 6.1, 6.2, 7.2A,C, 7.4a,b, 7.6, 7.7a—d, 9.2). Sharp turnings in the runways are facilitated by a flexible spine and the loose fit of body skin.
The evolution and genetic basis of reduction and expansion
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Plio-Pleistocene evolutionary scenery involved drier climatic conditions followed by a decrease in woodlands and an extension of grasslands, steppes, and deserts. The increasing aridity caused massive extinctions of large ungulates and the survival of small to medium-sized xeric species. New adaptive radiations of small subterranean rodents followed, including cricetids in the Pliocene and ctenomyids, primarily in the Pleistocene. All in all, these changes have driven representatives of several mammalian orders and families to partial or total life underground. (Figs 5.2, 5.3).
Natural selection and evolution
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary change in organisms is affected by the interaction of several major forces, including mutation (broadly conceived), recombination, inbreeding, migration, natural selection, and genetic drift, operating at present on past evolutionary constraints, of individuals and higher levels of organization. However, the relative importance of these evolutionary forces in the processes of adaptation and speciation of natural populations remains as enigmatic now as ever (Nevo, 1978, 1988a, 1990a, 1998b; Nevo et al., 1984a). The following discussion will focus on natural selection which seems to me the predominant evolutionary force underlying the twin evolutionary processes of adaptation and speciation. In 1859, Darwin and Wallace suggested that the major cause of evolutionary change is natural selection. Despite the passage of 140 years, the exact nature and relative importance of diverse mechanisms of natural selection (e.g. stabilizing, diversifying, balancing, frequency-dependent cyclical, etc.) in evolutionary change at single loci and multilocus structures, and its applicability to both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, are still the topic of many debates.
History
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arterial baroreflex has captured the interest of scientists and naturalists since antiquity, and the historical development of understanding of baroreflex mechanisms yields a penetrating insight into the nature of scientific discovery. An important thread of continuity in this development is the deep and abiding interest of generations of scientists in the human response to carotid massage.
Valsalva’s manoeuvre
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diverse and powerful array of quantitative techniques is available for research into human arterial baroreflex control mechanisms: afferent sensory input can be modified by numerous physical and pharmacological manoeuvres; central autonomic modulation can be altered; changes of efferent autonomic activity can be measured directly or inferred from changes of effector organ function; and efferent mediation of responses can be inferred from changes of response patterns produced by autonomic blocking drugs or from measurements of neurotransmitters.
Carotid sinus reflex hypersensitivity
Authors: Eckberg Dwain L , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final chapter of this book deals with a much discussed but nevertheless poorly understood condition described originally by Roskam (1930), and popularized by Weiss and co-workers (Weiss and Baker 1933; Ferris et al. 1935) and Sigler (1941, 1942), who reported the occurrence of asystole or high-grade atrioventricular block, arterial hypotension, and symptoms of presyncope or syncope during unilateral carotid sinus massage. Several excellent reviews of this enigmatic medical problem have been published (Marcel 1956; Franke 1963; J.E. Thomas 1972; Morley and Sutton 1984; Strasberg et al. 1989). The review of Morley and Sutton (1984) is particularly commended for its discussion of pathophysiology and natural history, and for its survey of modern treatment methods.
The radiations of temnospondyl amphibians
Authors: Milner Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The temnospondyls are the largest group of archaic amphibians, currently placed in 40 families and 160 genera. They first appear in the Visean, are represented by a wide range of forms from the Westphalian to the Spathian, and then decline in diversity, the latest specimen being of early Cretaceous age. A provisional phylogenetic analysis of temnospondyl families combined with their chronological distribution suggests that the patterns of diversity and evolution of the group can be modelled in terms of two major radiations, here termed the Carboniferous radiation and the Griesbachian radiation. The Carboniferous radiation commenced with the appearance of temnospondyls in the Visean and full diversification by the late Westphalian largely, if not entirely, within Euramerica. This was followed by relative stability through the Permian culminating in extinction of most families, probably at the end-Permian event. This extinction may have been centred in the northern region of Pangaea with differential survival of southern Pangaea temnospondyls through the Permo-Triassic boundary. The Griesbachian radiation of the stereospondyls may have been triggered by the ecological opportunities left by the end-Permian extinctions.
A review of in situ spores in Silurian land plants
Authors: Fanning U , Richardson J B , Edwards D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spores are described from the sporangia of six rhyniophytoid taxa from early Pridoli (late Silurian) strata at Perton Lane, Hereford and Worcester, England. Those from species of Cooksonia are crassitate: C. pertoni subsp. pertoni contains Ambitisporites sp.; C. pertoni subsp. synorispora, Synorisporites verruca/us; and C. cambrensis has a crassitate spore with microgranulate sculpture on both proximal and distal surfaces, which has not yet been recorded in dispersed spore assemblages and will probably require a new genus. Retusoid spores of diverse aspect have been isolated from Salopella sp. and two new taxa. The Salopella spores are exceptionally large and provisionally assigned to Retusotriletes sp., the genus also used for spores of Caia langii which has elongate spinous sporangia. Spores of Pertonella dactylethra (characterized by sporangia of Cooksonia shape, but with spines) have a distinctive sculpture following the curvaturae perfectae, and are close to Retusotriletes coronadus from the Silurian of Spain.
Diversification of modern heterosporous pteridophytes
Authors: Collinson Margaret E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil record of the heterosporous lycopsids (lsoetales and Selaginellales) and water ferns (Marsileales and Salviniales) is reviewed. Fertile whole plants and dispersed megaspores with attached microspores or microspore massulae are the crucial fossils for understanding the evolution, diversification, and phylogeny of these plants. Salviniales are particularly well represented with fertile fossil plants substantiating an extensive dispersed spore record. Azollaceae (Azolla) and Salviniaceae (Salvinia) are distinct, and the modern genera clearly identifiable, from the earliest Tertiary onwards. Azolla and extinct relatives are also known in the late Cretaceous. A mosaic of characters is presented by these late Cretaceous fossils most of which is lost during the early Tertiary. Marsileales are represented by one sporocarp species in the early Tertiary but otherwise only by a patchy record of dispersed spores from the early Cretaceous onwards. Isoetales and Selaginellales have a longer history.
Determining character polarities 1n pollen
Authors: Zavada M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four widely used methods for establishing the polarity of character transformations, namely the outgroup method, the parsimony method, the palaeontological method, and the ontogenetic method, are considered in relation to characters relevant to discussions of seed plant phylogeny. Special emphasis is given to discussions of ontogenetic data. Two basic patterns of development of the primexine into sexine are described, and it is suggested that in the ancestral condition for seed plants primexine deposition is immediately followed by deposition of protosporopollenin on sites corresponding to the future tectum, and then the infrastructural layer. Problems arising from the occurrence of preangiospermous dispersed fossil pollen that possesses features considered characteristic of angiosperms are discussed in detail.
Development of tapetum and orbicules of Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae)
Authors: El-Ghazaly G A , Nilsson S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the tapetum and orbicules in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don has been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Precursors of orbicules are formed as spheroidal vesicles within the tapetal cytoplasm and are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The pro-orbicules are extruded through the cell membrane of the tapetal cell and this coincides with the dissolution of the ta petal cell wall and the callosic wall of the microspores. The orbicules are developed by irregular deposition of sporopollenin on the pro-orbicules. A thin membranous layer is developed between the orbicules, forming the orbicular membrane. At free microspore stage globular bodies are seen in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. Some of these bodies are large and coated with a thin electron-dense layer, others are small bodies, electron-dense and gathered in groups. At vacuolate stage the tapetal cells extend into the anther locule, acting as a periplasmodial tapetum. At late vacuolate stage the tapetal cells retreat from the anther locule and possess an organized and apparently functional structure. The tapetal cells start to degenerate just before an thesis of the pollen grains. The diversity in the structure of orbicules and tapetum may suggest different functions at different stages of development and may have arisen by remarkable processes of adaptation.
Structural and functional variation 1n pollen intines
Authors: Heslop-Harrison J , Heslop-Harrison Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic three-layered organization of the angiosperm intine is related primarily to its function during pollen hydration, activation, germination and early tube growth. Structural variation amongst families, genera, and species is attributable mainly to two circumstances: that the intine necessarily tends to conform with the architecture of the exine, and that the additional adaptations concerned with regulating the water economy of the grain and controlling germination rate are present in some groups.
Denitrification: the denitrifying bacteria and their interactions with plants
Authors: von Berg Karl-Heinz Linne , Vosswinkel Renate , Bothe Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant physiologists are well aware that plants and many micro-organisms assimilate nitrate to meet their nitrogen requirements. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction, on the contrary, is only performed by prokaryotes and can clearly be differentiated from nitrate assimilation. The synthesis of the enzymes of nitrate assimilation, nitrate and nitrite reductases, is repressed by or organic nitrogen compounds and is unaffected by The expression of dissimilatory nitrate reduction is not dependent on or organic nitrogen but requires -exclusion or low -tensions. Some exceptional bacteria, such as Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum (Bazylinski and Blakemoore 1983) or Thiosphaera pantotropha (Robertson and Kuenen 1984) perform dissimilatory nitrate reduction even in air. These isolates are of particular interest, because they may be useful for the removal of nitrate in waste water treatment.
Plant-animal interactions on hard substrata in the north-east Atlantic
Authors: Hawkins S J , Hartnoll R G , Kain (Jones) J M , Norton T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composition of intertidal and subtidal communities within this area is briefly outlined with reference to the British Isles. A major feature is a general trend of decreasing plant dominance and greater numbers of grazers and filter feeders from shelter to wave-exposure in the eulittoral. This pattern changes from north to south, with animal-dominated communities extending further into shelter at more southerly locations. Similarly, southwards, dominance by kelp beds declines low on the shore and in the subtidal, and red algal turfs become more important and grazer diversity increases. The role of plant-animal interactions in energy flow within the mid-intertidal is discussed. Sheltered-shore fucoid beds are net exporters of energy, primarily to the detrital pathway. More exposed shores are net importers of energy, although most in situ microalgal production is consumed within the community. Shores of intermediate exposure are probably modest net exporters. Comparatively little macroalgal production passes through the grazing pathway. The way in which plant-animal interactions structure communities on the environmental gradients of wave-exposure and tidal height/depth in the British Isles is considered. Patella grazing prevents establishment of fucoids on more exposed shores. On moderately exposed shores, escapes offucoids from grazing help to generate patchiness. Within these patchy communities, a complex suite of both positive and negative interactions occurs between plants and animals. On the vertical gradient, grazing is a major structuring agency in the midshore region and just below the kelp canopy in the subtidal. The balance of the interactions is altered by latitude, and grazing becomes less effective further north.