bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hedging their bets: tobacco and gambling industries work against smoke-free policies
Authors: Mandel L L , Glantz S A 
Published: August 2004

Objective:To describe and understand the relationship between the tobacco and gambling industries in connection to their collaborative efforts to prevent smoke-free casinos and gambling facilities and fight smoke-free policies generally.Methods:Analysis of tobacco industry documents available online (accessed between February and December 2003).Results:The tobacco industry has worked to convince the gambling industry to fight against smoke-free environments. Representatives of the gambling industry with ties to the tobacco industry oppose smoke-free workplaces by claiming that smoke-free environments hurt gambling revenue and by promoting ventilation as a solution to secondhand smoke. With help from the tobacco industry, the gambling industry has become a force at the American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers opposing smoke-free ventilation standards for the hospitality industry.Conclusion:Tobacco industry strategies to mobilise the gambling industry to oppose smoke-free environments are consistent with past strategies to co-opt the hospitality industry and with strategies to influence policy from behind the scenes. Tobacco control advocates need to be aware of the connections between the tobacco and gambling industries in relation to smoke-free environments and work to expose them to the public and to policy makers.
Qualitätsmanagement in den medizinischen Laboratorien der Schweiz / Quality management in Swiss diagnostic laboratories
Authors: Hänseler E. , Siegrist H. P. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Since 1994, efforts to maintain quality assurance in
Swiss medical laboratories have had a legal basis in
Switzerland which allows the enforcement of measures
to improve efficiency in all types of laboratories. Proof of
an adequate quality assurance program is a prerequisite
for all laboratories which are reimbursed by the social
security system.
The first phase defined measures with regard to quality
assurance and quality control. In the second phase, a
continuous education program was established which
allowed people with different educational backgrounds
PhD, MD, pharmacist) to enter the program.
In Switzerland, half of the analytical volume of medical
diagnostics is carried out in the practitioners laboratory.
By establishing a continuous education program especially
designed for practitioners and by enlarging the
number of hours of training for the students in medical
school, the basis of laboratory medicine should become
familiar to care providers as well.
Using random spot checks, the laboratories are
checked annually to see if they comply with legal requirements.
Laboratories which do not meet the minimum requirements are subject to sanctions: these are primarily
of educational nature, but can result in the suspension
of remuneration by the social security system.
More than 100 laboratories from different disciplines of
laboratory medicine were accredited on a voluntary basis
by the end of 2003. The number of newly accredited laboratories
has been declining since 2001, since most of
the labs which initially wanted to implement a quality
management system are already accredited. As the next
step, the authorities intend to improve the quality management
of the pre-analytical phase.
Qualitätssichernde Maßnahmen im Rahmen des Point-of-Care-Testing (POCT) / Strategies for quality assurance in point-of-care testing
Authors: Tiran A. , Hubmann M. , Schweiger C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The guideline “Measures of quality assurance for point-of-care testing (POCT)” was developed for a university
hospital. It covers the special requirements of POCT
together with the basic requirements of quality management
systems in the medical laboratory. As an example,
the guideline may help with the implementation of a
POCT quality assurance system in other hospitals.
Prognostic value of soluble interleukin-2 receptor plasma levels in non-responders with chronic hepatitis C treated with pegylated interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin / Der prognostische Wert von Plasmaspiegeln des löslichen Interleukin-2-Rezeptors in mit pegyliertem Interferon alpha 2b und Ribavirin behandelten Non-Respondern mit chronischer Hepatitis C
Authors: Griga T. , Schmiegel W. , Henke H. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In patients with chronic HCV infection, a significant elevation
in serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor
has been shown. Different results have been found for
the efficacy of interferon therapy.
We studied the plasma levels of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor in primary non-responders who had undergone
a re-treatment with pegylated interferon alpha 2b
and ribavirin to evaluate the differences between
responders and non-responders to this therapy. The
study was performed on 15 patients with chronic HCV
infection who had shown no response to primary therapy
and on 15 healthy volunteers. The plasma levels of the
soluble interleukin-2 receptor were determined using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The patients
underwent a therapy with pegylated interferon alpha 2b
and ribavirin for 48 weeks. The plasma levels of the soluble
interleukin-2 receptor were determined during therapy,
and in the case of response, 24 weeks after therapy.
Four out of 15 patients showed a sustained virological
response after therapy. Before re-treatment, the soluble
interleukin-2 receptor plasma levels were significantly
higher in patients who showed no response to re-treatment
with pegylated interferon alpha 2b/ribavirin compared
with healthy controls (1552 [932−2225] pg/ml vs.
884 [489−1704] pg/ml, p = 0.003). There was no significant
difference in soluble interleukin-2 receptor plasma
levels before therapy between patients with sustained
virological response (932 [840−1339] pg/ml) and healthy
controls. Therapy had to be stopped in one patient due
to thrombocytopenia.
Plasma levels of the soluble interleukin-2 receptor
seem to be a prognostic marker of sustained virological
response in non-responders prior to a re-treatment with
pegylated interferon alpha 2b and ribavirin.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheat-alien hybrids and derivatives
Authors: Molnár-Láng M. , Linc G , D. Nagy E. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

New wheat × barley, wheat ×Aegilops biuncialisand wheat × rye hybrids were produced with the aim of alien gene transfer from these species into wheat. Amphiploids were produced with the help of colchicine treatment from the last two combinations. The new wheat × barley hybrids were multiplied in tissue culture because of the high degree of sterility and then pollinated with wheat to obtain backcross progenies. Wheat-barley chromosome pairing was detected using genomicin situhybridization (GISH) in two combinations (Mv9 kr1 × Igri, Asakazekomugi × Manas).In vitroconditions caused an increase in chromosome arm association frequency in both combinations and in fertility in some regenerants. Five wheat-barley translocations were produced in a wheat background and characterized through the combination of cytogenetic and molecular genetic approaches (GISH, FISH and SSR markers). The following translocations were identified: 2DS.2DL-1HS, 3HS.3BL, 6BS.6BL-4HL, 4D-5HS and 7DL.7DS-5HS. Physical mapping of the SSR markers on chromosomes 1H and 5H was carried out using the intragenomic and interspecific translocation breakpoints and the centromere as physical landmarks. Disomic wheat-Aegilops biuncialisadditions were produced after backcrossing the wheat-Ae. biuncialisamphiploids. Fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) was carried out using two repetitive DNA clones (pSc119.2 and pAs1) onAe. biuncialisand its two diploid progenitor species to detect chromosome polymorphism. The 7M and 3M disomic chromosome additions were selected and five more lines still need to be characterized. The octoploid triticale (Mv9 kr1 × Lovászpatonai) produced in Martonvásár was crossed with a 1RS.1BL wheat cultivar Matador. GISH analysis detected pairing between the 1RS arm of the translocation chromosome and that of Lovászpatonai rye in 32 % of the pollen mother cells, making it possible to select recombinants from this combination. The new recombinants between the 1RS of Petkus and the 1RS of Lovászpatonai rye cultivars are being analysed with the help of microsatellite markers.
Electrical Capacitance as the Indicator of Root Size and Activity
Authors: Rajkai Kálmán , Végh K. R. , Nacsa T. 
Published: August 2004

A new method is
introduced to agricultural practice for measuring the living active root of the
plants. The measured root capacitance is interpreted in electro-chemical
principles. In addition to the electrochemical interpretation of the
measurements we aimed to find a non-wounding electrode instead of the needle
plant electrode. Another reason for dealing with the tweezer plant electrode
was to decrease the relatively high standard deviation of the root capacitance
readings due to the relatively high uncertainty of hitting the xylem with the
needle plant electrode. To improve and standardize the contact between the
tweezer plant electrode and the stem a high electrical conductivity gel
(UNIGEL) was applied on the stem before clipping the tweezers. Experiments for the root capacitance
measurements were made in temperature and light controlled climate chambers
(Conviron, Canada) in 2 litre plastic pots filled with 4:1 soil:sand mixture
and water culture. Comparison of the root
capacitances of five-week old sunflower plants measured with the needle and the
tweezer plant electrodes proved identical in water culture and capillary water
saturated soil. However, the applicability of the tweezer plant electrode needs
further study for other plants and environmental conditions. The effect of
measurement frequency on root capacitance and resistance with the HP4284A
impedance bridge was also studied to see the effectiveness of polarization
(Figure 1). From Figure 1 it can be seen
that root capacitance decreased at frequencies above 1 kHz, while it increased
up to the dielectric constant of water at lower frequencies. An interpretation
of measurable root capacitance in the soil-plant system is given using separate
measured plant tissue and soil capacitances. We established that root
capacitance in the soil-plant system approximates the capacitance of the root
tissue. Good correlation was found
between root capacitance and the calculated root surface area (RA) for
sunflower plants (Figure 2). The GW
LCR-814 was found suitable for making root capacitance measurements. Finally,
further experimental work is needed to collect information for the more general
and extended applicability of the method before it becomes a routine tool in
ecological and agricultural practice.
Abundance and Adaptation Level of Some Soil Microbes in Salt-affected Soils
Authors: Biró Borbála , Villányi Péter , Köves-Péchy K. 
Published: August 2004

The abundance of some
culturable soil microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) was examined at two
Hungarian salt-affected soils of the Hortobagy region. In addition to the
so-called “helper bacteria” (
Pseudomonas
sp., nitrogen fixers), which
are mainly attached to the rhizoplane, the abundance of other microbial groups
(total number of bacteria, micromycetes,
Actinomycetes
) were also
assessed. A modified, selective plate dilution assay was used with increasing
salt (NaCl) concentrations (5-50 g l
-1
media), for assessing the
salt tolerant ratio of specific microbial groups. The type of main salt-specific ions differed at
the two sites, resulting more or less stressed pH conditions in the rhizosphere
of the most typical halophytes. At Zám mainly the chloride, at Nyírőlapos, however mainly sulphate ions
dominated in the samples (at an 80% level), which resulted in a more severe
stress situation. Actinomycetes proved to be especially abundant in the salt
affected soils examined. In almost all microbial groups, only the high
in
vitro
concentration of salt (50 g l
-1
) reduced the abundance and
the colony types of microorganisms. Nitrogen fixers, however were affected at
lower salt concentrations and were found to be the most sensitive group at both
sites. Variability of the existing colony types of micromycetes was reduced
significantly by increasing levels of salinity. Soil- and rhizo-biological
characteristics proved to be sensitive indicators of soil quality and
environmental conditions.
Studies on the Phosphorus Retention of Different Soil Types in a Pot Experiment with Perennial Ryegrass
Authors: Sárdi Katalin , Csathó P. 
Published: August 2004

Differences in soil
properties and among plant species may play an important role in the
effectiveness of residual and freshly applied phosphorus fertilizers. However,
a limited number of experimental results are available on this subject. Pot experiments were carried out with soils
from 9 sites of the National Long-term Fertilization Trials, varying in their
main characteristics, such as pH, soil texture, organic matter content and P status.
Soil samples were taken after 20 years from the unfertilized control and from
plots annually fertilized with 200 kg P
2
O
5
.ha
-1
.
Effects of long-term fertilization as well as that of freshly applied
phosphorus were studied in the experiments. Perennial ryegrass
(Lolium
perenne L.)
was used as test plant.
The objective of the present study was to develop quantitative
relationships between selected soil parameters and the phosphorus retention
characteristics of the experimental soils.
Amounts of P removed by plants during 5 cuts were correlated with DM
production of plants as well as with the phosphorus amounts extracted at pH 3.7
by ammonium lactate-acetic acid, AL-P mg.kg
-1
soil. Phosphorus
nutrient balance was calculated from the results to evaluate either P supply or
retention characteristics of experimental soils. Results of the experiments were computed by
stepwise regression analyses using the STATGRAPHICS program package. Soil parameters involved
in the study were: humus content, pH values (ranging from 3.9 to 7.4), clay mineralogy,
total P contents of soils, P rates applied for 20 years, freshly applied P in
the pot experiment. Based on the
results of regression analyses, the importance of soil parameters was evaluated.
It was established that several soil parameters significantly influenced the
phosphorus retention of soils. Regression coefficients (R²) ranged between
0.619 and 0.285 (n = 86). Long-term
effects of P application, higher pH values and humus content had a favourable
influence on the P retention of experimental soils. On the other hand,
increasing phosphorus retention could be attributed to higher CEC, vermiculite
content as well as to increasing rates of freshly applied phosphorus. It was
found that long-term effects of P applications on the P supplying power of
soils were related also to the increasing N and K rates, providing a balanced
nutrient supply in soils. Our
results may help the broader understanding of phosphorus retention and fixation
characteristics under various soil conditions.
Effects of Brown Coal Application on Heavy Metal Uptake by Plants
Authors: Vermes László , Kádár I. 
Published: August 2004

In
the field experiments carried out in 2000 and 2001 at the Nagyhörcsök Experimental
Station on calcareous chernozem soil contaminated with heavy metals the results
show that the application of 40 t/ha Balinka brown coal did not decrease the uptake
of essential elements by the maize, barley and rape test plants, and did not
decrease the fertility of soil. There was no change or sometimes a slight
increase in the investigated tissues of the plants due to the effect of coal application.
This is advantageous in Zn deficient soils, but on similar soils strongly
polluted with Zn the Balinka brown coal cannot be used as an effective
remediator. The coal treatment drastically decreased the Se toxicity of the soil,
the maxi-mum yield could even be obtained on the strongly Se-polluted plots. The
development of plant stands in the coal treated plots improved considerably,
perhaps due to the better moisture regime conditions of the soil. The Sr and Cd
content in plant tissues decreased in several cases due to brown coal application.
The most dangerous contaminant, the Cd concentration in the plants dropped to
half or even 1/3, as a result of coal treatment. The results of the two-year experiments showed
that the 40 t/ha rate of Balinka brown coal can be used successfully and
economically in the
in situ
remediation of Cd, Se and Sr contaminated
soils. This rate does not influence the original fertility parameters of the
soil, but can be applied with advantages both in extremely light- or heavy
textured soils in case of moderate contamination. However, further investigations
are needed to find out the effects of Balinka-type brown coal application on
other soil types, plants and other polluting elements.
Évhatás elemzése a nyírlugosi műtrágyázási tartamkísérletben 1. A csapadék és a tápanyagellátás hatása a rozs (Secale cereale L.) termésére
Authors: Márton László 
Published: August 2004

Savanyú homokos, kovárványos barna erdőtalajon, a nyírlugosi műtrágyázási tartamkísérlet öt évében (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972) vizsgáltam a csapadékmennyiség és a N-, P-, K-, Mg-műtrágyázás hatását a rozs termésére. A főbb eredményeket az alábbiakban ismertetem:
Az „általános” (HARNOS, 1993) és a rozsra specifikus csapadékhiány határértékek alapján átlagos (1965–1966), aszályos (1963–1964, 1967–1968, 1971–1972) és csapadékbő (1969–1970) évjáratokat különítettünk el.A kísérletek évhatását elsősorban a nyári félévek, a vegetációs időszakok és a vetést megelőző hónapok csapadékviszonyai határozták meg döntően.Trágyázás nélkül az időjárási anomáliák (aszály, csapadékbőség) ellenére sem adódtak szignifikáns terméskülönbségek (átlagos év: 1,66 t ha−1, aszályos év: 1,51 t ha−1, csapadékbő év: 1,47 t ha−1).Gyenge (N: 30 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápanyagellátásnál a termések 2,01–3,04 ha−1 között változtak. A nagy (0,5-1,0 t ha-1) szórások miatt a műtrágyázási hatások instabililak voltak. Az átlagos évjárat hozama több mint 1,0 t ha−1-ral múlta felül a kontrollparcellákét. A csapadékbő és aszályos években 10 és 14 %-kal csökkent a termés.Közepes (N: 60 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) trágyázáskor az átlagos évhatás esetén a maximális termés meghaladta a 3,5 t ha-1-t. Kimutatható volt a NP-, NPK- és a NPKMg-kezelések szignifikáns termésnövelő hatása az önálló N-trágyázással szemben. A termések instabilitása kifejezetten növekvő tendenciát (0,7–1,3 t ha−1) mutatott. A csapadékbő évjáratban az aszálykárt háromszoros mértékben meghaladóan, 20 %-kal csökkent a hozam.Jó (N: 90 kg ha−1 +NP, NK, NPK, NPKMg kombinációk) tápelem-ellátottságnál átlagos évben a termések meghaladták a 3,5 t ha-1-t. A N-kezelések és P-, K-, Mg-kombinációik hatását a kedvezőtlen években (aszály, csapadékbő) stagnálás és terméscsökkenés jellemezte. A termések instabilitása tovább fokozódott (1,0–1,8 t ha−1). Aszályos évben 17, a csapadékbőben 52 %-kal csökkent a termés. A N-, NP-, NK- és NPK-kezelésekkel szemben a NPKMg-táplálás mindkét időjárási anomália károsító hatásának jelentős mértékű csökkenését eredményezte. A NPK-kezelések -21 %-os és -39 %-os aszályos és csapadékbő évjáratú kárértékei a kiegészítő Mg-trágyázás hatására -4 és -11 %-ra mérséklődött.A vegetációs periódusbani csapadékmennyiség és a termés között a nitrogén adagjaitól, ill. a NP-, NK-, NPK- és NPKMg-kombinációktól függő szoros másodfokú összefüggéseket kaptunk. A legkedvezőbb, 4,0 t ha-1 körüli termések a 400–500 mm csapadékmennyiségek között jelentkeztek. Az 500 mm felettiek erőteljesen terméscsökkentő hatásúak voltak.
Az AL-P korrekciós modell értékelése a hazai szabadföldi őszi búza P-kísérletek adatbázisán, 1960–2000
Authors: Csathó Péter 
Published: August 2004

Leírtuk a hazai szakirodalomban talált 1960–2000 közötti szabadföldi őszi búza P-hatás kísérletek adatbázisán a P kontroll-(NK-) parcellák AL-P2O5-tartalma és a relatív termésben (NK/NPK, %), ill. a terméstöbbletekben kifejezett (NPK-NK, t/ha) P-hatások közötti összefüggéseket. A Sarkadi–Thamm féle, Neubauer rozs csíranövény kísérlettel kalibrált AL-P korrekciós modell értékelését is elvégeztük a szabadföldi kísérletek adatbázisán.
A Sarkadi–Thamm féle AL-P korrekciós modell jelentősen javította a P kontrollparcellák AL-P-tartalma és a relatív termésben, ill. terméstöbbletben kifejezett P-hatások közötti összefüggések szorosságát hazai szabadföldi őszi búza P-hatás kísérletek adatbázisán. Az adatbázison elvégzett, az átlagos eltérés (ÁE) minimalizálására törekvő további optimalizálásokkal az összefüggés szorossága kis mértékben tovább javítható volt.
Az AL-P korrekciót az összes (savanyú + meszes) talajra együtt elvégezve sem a Sarkadi–Thamm féle AL-P korrekciós modell, sem a hazai szabadföldi őszi búza Phatás kísérletek adatbázisán optimalizált új modellek nem voltak képesek megfelelő új AL-P ellátottsági határértékek közvetlen becslésére. Amennyiben az optimalizálást külön a savanyú és külön a meszes csoportra végeztük el, és a modell egyes paramétereiben minimalizálást, illetve maximalizálást hajtottunk végre, lehetővé vált az új AL-P ellátottsági határértékek közvetlen megállapítása az új AL-P korrekciós modellek segítségével. A határértékek jóságát az adatbázison ellenőriztük. Az új P-ellátottsági határértékeket beépítettük új, számítógépes, költség- és környezetkímélő trágyázási szaktanácsadási rendszerünkbe.
The integration of central European countries into the western European economy from 1988 to 1998
Authors: Festoc-Louis F. 
Published: August 2004

In 1998, the European Union (EU) entered into negotiations with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia concerning the enlargement of the Union. At the end of 1999, the European Commission decided that six other countries could join the negotiations in 2000 (Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Malta and Romania), and it was suggested that a decision concerning the date of membership would be taken in 2002 for these applicants fulfilling all the criteria. Many questions still remain on both sides, in particular regarding institutional reform of the EU (Festoc, 1998), and the ability of the Central and Eastern European countries to adopt the “acquis”.
In this article, we shall evaluate the ways in which the Central European countries (Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic — the CECs) have already integrated to the Western European economy, using trade data over the last ten years. First, we show that since the beginning of the transition, a feature of the foreign trade of the CECs has been a strong reorientation from East to West, in particular to Germany, together with a rapid growth in trade between the EU and the CECs. Second, we describe the trade structure, focussed on foreign direct investment as a mean of developing new exports. The third and fourth sections study the development of the specialisations of the CECs and the nature of trade between the CECs and the EU respectively.