bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strabo and Time
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I discussed in chapter I, one of the major distinctions proposed between geography and history lies in their temporal focus. Although the logic behind this does not stand up to scrutiny, the notion still remains strong in our minds and, for once, the problem is not one of anachronism. Strabo himself repeatedly asserted that geography should deal with the present day. However, as I shall argue, the majority of Strabo’s Geography was, in fact, concerned with the past rather than the present. In the last chapter I considered ‘Strabo and space’, his use of different spatial systems, and the placing of himself and his work in a ‘geographical’ tradition which had as its primary concern the description of space and place. I shall now turn to the question of ‘Strabo and time’, which can be justified on several grounds. Firstly, Strabo himself raised problems over the temporal aspect of geography; secondly, space and time together are matrices against which the world is commonly described; thirdly, I wish to show that geography, and particularly Strabo’s Geography, does have a significant timeelement extending beyond the present, thus confounding one traditional view of the distinction between geography and history.
The Athenian Rationale for Torture
Authors: Mirhady David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many speeches from the Athenian law courts, there is a report that one of the parties to the litigation challenged the other to have a slave tortured over some point in their dispute. As distinct from ‘judicial’ torture, which was carried out by the Athenian polis in order to investigate some matter of public interest, what is primarily at issue here is what Gagarin calls ‘evidentiary’ torture, which was used by parties in a private dispute, by agreement and always on a slave, for the purpose of verifying a statement of one party or the other.
Money And Its Uses In The Ancient Greek World
Authors: Meadows Andrew , Shipton Kirsty 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The papers collected in this book adopt new approaches to an important area of Greek economic history-the use of coined money-and suggest new lines of enquiry. fl. major purpose of this collection is to make the results of numismatic research more readily accessible to a wider range of students and scholars of ancient history. The book also aims to provide a more wide-ranging account than is cur rently available of the social and economic contexts within which coined money was actually used in the Greek \vorld. The papers explore money and its uses over a wide geographical area of the Greek-speaking world including Asia Minor, Egypt, and Rhodes. At the same time the Chapters cover a broad chronological range from archaic Greece to Roman Egypt.
Money Use Among The Peasantry Of Ptolemaic And Roman Egypt
Authors: Rowlandson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of Roman rule. One consequence of the major administrative reorganization set in train by Augustus and continued by his successors, enhancing the mttropolcis as centres of wealth and I Icllenic culture, volume, since I am no numismatist, nor even strictly an economic historian; moreover, the primary focus of this paper, Roman Egypt, is not normally regarded as part of the Ancient Greek \vorld. But, as a social historian who has become intcrc;,t&lt;..:d in exploring what impact money actually had on the lives of the people J study, I hope to justify the relevance of taking Ptolemaic and Roman Eb’YPt over la longue durfe as a case-study of the gradual penetration of money use into the rural society and culture of the Greek world more gem.Tally. Interaction with indigenous and othn peoples is a consistent backdrop to Greek expansion, in the archaic and classical no ks;, than the Hellenistic periods, while the impact of Rome was again an experience shared by the entire Greek world. Moreover, Hellenistic Eb’)’Pt, as well as being an important part of the Greek cast in its own right, is particularly advantageous as a case-study because of the abundance of papyrological evidence, an advan tage which is significantly increased if the study is prolonged into the even better-documented Roman period. Although in many respects the Roman con quest certainly marked a sharp change from the Hellenistic past (cf. Meadows, Ch. 4 above), it hap pens that in the two main areas of concern here, n1ral society and monetary history, change was relatively slow and progressive rather than an immediate result may indeed have been to mah: the villages actually regress economically as they lost social amenities, including, it seems, banks, the institution most rele vant to the present study.
‘Spoiling the Egyptians’: Roman Law and Christian Exegesis 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The case of the unrighteous patriarch troubled the Christian writers of Late Antiquity.1 The problem, briefly stated, was that the leaders appointed by God for Israel were, on the evidence of Scripture, themselves guilty of acts that, by late Roman standards, were illegal or immoral. Moses, the lawgiver of Israel, was a particularly striking example. His laws (though partially superseded by the New Testament) stood comparison with those of Rome; he was presented by Jews and Christians not only as a rival to the wisdom of the Greeks but as its unacknowledged source, superior to Homer and plagiarised by Plato. But ‘Moses committed murder, he despoiled Egypt, he waged wars, he both commanded and carried out many cruelties, he himself was not satisfied with one marriage-partner.’3 That, according to Augustine, was the climax of an argument by Faustus the Manichean denouncing the Old Testament account of the patriarchs.
Rearing
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE were family situations where the prospect of a new child was not welcome. These would include poverty, other financial considerations, the pregnancy of an unmarried girl, adultery, and a wife’s more general wish to limit her pregnancies (c£ B. Rawson 1986c: 11-12). Contraceptive substances and methods were known. The economy of Cyrene benefited from export of silphium, a plant used widely for its medicinal properties but especially for contraception. Substances were of varying efficacy and availability, and it is probable that educated, well-off women were better able to achieve contraception than were others. As Hopkins (1965) has shown, contraceptives were sometimes confused with abortifacients. Since, however, there were no intrinsic moral or philosophical principles against contraception or abortion or about the sanctity of the embryo, this confusion was of little consequence. Conscious abortion in later stages of pregnancy would have been more dangerous.
Satirizing Rome: Lucian
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last two chapters we have seen how the polarization of ‘Greece’ and ‘Rome’ — as though the two entities were discrete — is fraught with an ironic awareness of the mutual implication of the two. The texts on exile articulate an alienated distancing from Rome into the canonical past of free-speaking Greek autonomy, but in a self-conscious manner that knowingly bespeaks the Romanness of their authors. The tradition of imperial pedagogy is similarly playful: the roles of emperor and adviser are manipulable, even (in the cases of Marcus Aurelius and Apollonius of Tyana) partially reversible. What is demonstrated by these narrative attempts to construct paradigmatic subject-positions for ‘Greece’ (literature, intellect, ‘culture’) and ‘Rome’ (authority, power) is the degree of slippage involved in the construction of identity. The two are defined and constituted by an ongoing process of differentiation from one another through discourse, but this process is subject to ironic play, contestation, and subversion.
The Changing Role of the Komeito in Japanese Politics in the l990s
Authors: Metraux Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE decade of the 1990s has been a period of significant transition in Japanese politics. The stable “1955” system, consisting of continuous majority rule by the conservative
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) with significant opposition pro vided by the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), ceased functioning in the mid-1990s with the weakening of the LDP and the almost total collapse of the JSP. By late 1999 it became evident that no one political bloc could govern without forming a coalition with one or more other parties.
Organizational Isomorphism in SGI-USA
Authors: Machacek David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN April 1997 Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) publicly acknowledged that it had misrepresented the facts of a case in which Soka Gakkai’s former president and current spiritual figurehead, Daisaku Ikeda, was accused of raping a former Soka Gakkai member. Soka Gakkai has existed in some tension with the LDP for many years—a situation that can be understood in relation to a long history of religious exclusivism in Nichiren sects and Soka Gakkai’s own anti-establishment personality.
Socially Inclusive Buddhists in America
Authors: Chappell David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the last twenty years Soka Gakkai has become the largest and most racially diverse Buddhist organization in North America. While various studies have focused on its national policies and activities, none has examined the details of how this growth took place in individual regions. To fill in the picture, this chapter reviews the diflerent trajectories taken by Soka Gakkai in three major centers: Los Angeles, where Soka Gakkai first began conducting meetings in English; Chicago, where African Americans first embraced Soka Gakkai in large numbers; and Miami, where Hispanics have recently emerged as a dominant force.
Hecataeus: From Genealogy to Historiography
Authors: Bertelli Lucio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE traditional view of the ‘birth of historiography’ as a stage in the natural evolution of Greek culture from mythos to logos-from the ‘glaubiger Nacherzahler’ to the ‘kritischer Historiker’, as Jacoby put it’-has recently been replaced by a more sophisticated inter pretation that points to the technological revolution represented by the introduction of writing in the eighth century as the unique orthemost important-factor explaining the breakthrough of new forms of critical knowledge in Greece. Besides emphasizing the in fluence of alphabetic writing on the transmission of knowledge, this ‘technological’ explanation also stresses the potential for abstrac tion engendered by this medium-’the critical virtues of writing’, as Detienne calls them-that made possible a different mental atti tude towards (oral) tradition. The latter, once fixed in written texts, became exposed to cross-checking and confutation in all its parts. The most typical products of this script culture should be Ionic historiography and philosophy.
Herodotus’ Egypt and the Foundations of Universal History
Authors: Vannicelli Pietro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN book 2, an extensive excursus dedicated to Egypt and described as exceptional by the author himself (2. 35. r), Herodotus’ effort to declare and define his own method of investigation is particu larly evident: the exposition is marked by a series of methodological statements, more numerous than elsewhere in the Histories, con cerning the origin and characteristics of the sources and evidence considered. At the same time, in the light of the incomparable anti quity, continuity, and authoritativeness of Egyptian historical docu mentation, Herodotus systematically criticizes Greek traditions on the remote past, and includes in his vigorous polemic relevant com ponents of Greek archaic culture (from Homer and Hesiod to the Ionian thinkers), pointing out the indebtedness of the Greeks to the Egyptians, above all in the religious and cultural spheres.
Dionysus and His Wine in Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in Chapters 2 and 3 some aspects of the comic representation of the cult of Dionysus in festivals of Dionysus-the Rural Dionysia and Anthesteria in Acharnians-and the major interest in the gods of the underworld, particularly those fertility gods associated with Demeter and Dionysus, who include Wealth, the Seasons, and the Charites or Graces. These gods linked with the underworld are related to the Mysteries of Dionysus in Frogs. The god plays two major roles in comedy, first as the Dionysus of Chapter 3 who is invoked in some Old Comedies to protect the crops and the people against war, per haps like the god of the ancient cult statue, the xoanon, of figwood or vinewood, who offered protection to the fig and the vine in Sparta and Naxos. In his second role, which I explore in this chapter, the god takes on a different aspect, and shows an interest in the refined life of the polis, the cultivation of the arts, as opposed to the cultivation of plants. In this context Dionysus and other gods drink Menendean and other ‘luxury ‘ imported wines (Hermippus fr. 77), they enjoy the pleasures of conviviality and drinking just as humans do, and Dionysus sets the limits on what is right and wrong in the symposium.
The Comic Cook
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cooking has been at the heart of this study of food in comedy. I now consider the comic cook himself, the mageiros, who prepared and cooked animals and other foods for the table and wished to tell other characters and the audience what he was doing, often in great detail. There appears to have been a significant transition from Attic Old Comedy, in which the protagonist, if anyone, organizes the cooking, to Middle and New Comedy, in which the cook becomes a stock character. This shift transformed the cook protagonist from one who controlled the discourse and drove off any unwelcome alazones at the sacrifice or feast into an alazon or boaster himself.
Mannerism and Vase-painting
Authors: Mannack Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term Mannerism is derived from the Italian word m11,niera. In the sixteenth century, Vasari complained that his contem poraries imitated the maniera di Miclteiangdo. l.1,micra can be roughly translated as style. ‘fhe term denoted artistic ability and Europe, which is abo reflected in literature. Busse regarded Mannerism as an interlude between the Renaissance and Baroque, Antal saw it as a return to the Gothic period, and Curtius, Hoffmann, and Friedlander defined Mannerism as anti-dassidsm.9 Bousquet explained Mannerism as recognition and knowledge of style.
The Later Mannerists
Authors: Mannack Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vases attributed to the Nausicaa Painter include column- and beil-kraters, belly- and neck-amphorae, one'amphora of Panathenaic shape, hydriai, pelikai, two oinochoai, and one lekythos. He is the earliest of the Late Mannerists.3 His vases provide a link between the Late and the Earlier Mannerists, in particular with the Agrigento and Oinanthe Painters. Beazley believed, at one point, that the Oinanthe Painter’s vases were early works by the Nausicaa Painter because of the similarity in their style of drawing.
Ornaments
Authors: Mannack Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The canonical set of ornaments for the column-krater appeared at the end of the sixth century: a pendent lotus-bud chain with intersecting arches on the top of the mouth and on the neck; lyre palmettes on the handle plaques, tongues on the shoulder; ivy or dots on the frame of the panel and the outside of the rim, and rays above the foot. The oldest elements, rays and tongues, adorned the earliest Attic column-kraters. Around 530 BC the frame of the panel and the outside of the rim were decorated with black ivy.2 From about 520 BC painters placed lyre palmettes on the handle plaques. Hanging lotus-bud chains on the top of the mouth and on the neck were probably introduced at the same time.
Connecting the Disconnected: Reading Ovid’s Fasti
Authors: Newlands Carole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman calendar, or fasti, was a public document incised in stone. In its appearance as well as in its recording of days important to the Roman people, it helped fashion the nation’s identity. In a manner analogous to the marking-out of land to assert Roman possession, time was marked out on a grid. Month by month the days were set out on separate lines in a regular cycle of eight days running from A to H, the eighth day always being a market day.
Making a Text of the Universe: Perspectives on Discursive Order in the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius
Authors: Kennedy Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, as physics was moving towards an apogee of determinism, the Marquis de Laplace conjured up the figure of a demon who, knowing the position and velocity of every mass in the universe, could calculate the universe’s entire history, past and future. Many who have studied the physical world have harboured dreams of such a final theory (or nightmares, as it may be, in which there is no room for free will; Laplace’s figure was a demon).
The Life and Soul of the Party: Plato, Symposium
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Dialogues are read for what Plato writes with Socrates. When the Symposium is read on its own, it is generally being marked out for attention as suitable in(tro)duction to Philosophy: amiable charm; diverting by-play and instant portraiture; gently leavened analytics ... from our world today’s most-read philosopher. At once efficient entree to the heyday of democratic Athens and link to the cultural history of Hellenism, this text takes in theatre (tragic and comic), science (medicine), political history (the Athenian Empire in the throes and aftermath of the Peloponnesian War), together with cameos of pederasty, mythology and myth-making, religion (sacred hymn and mantic mysticism), and of course the institution of the symposium itself-the sympotic culture of Ancient Greece.
The Marketization of Public Services
Authors: Freedland Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When they were developing the project from which the present volume results, the editors proposed, as one of the starting-points, a framework of analysis which argued for different locations of citizenship as a way of recognizing the separation of market citizenship from state or community citizenship.In this chapter it will be argued that one can go further and identify these not just as different locations but to a certain extent as rival conceptions of citizenship. We can contrast private, economic, individualistic conceptions with public, social, communitarian ones. In political practice, these conceptions place each other under tension; each can operate so as to subvert the other. The marketization of public services has been a very important way of promoting the former conception of citizenship and subverting the latter.
Vagueness and Contradiction
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did Buddha become a fat man in one second? Is there a tallest short giraffe? Epistemicists answer 'Yes!' They believe that any predicate that divides things divides them sharply. They solve the ancient sorites paradox by picturing vagueness as a kind of ignorance. The alternative solutions are radical. They either reject classical theorems or inference rules or reject our common sense view of what can exist. Epistemicists spare this central portion of our web of belief by challenging peripheral intuitions about the nature of language. So why is this continuation of the status quo so incredible? Why do epistemicists themselves have trouble believing their theory? In Vagueness and Contradiction Roy Sorensen traces our incredulity to linguistic norms that build upon our psychological tendencies to round off insignificant differences. These simplifying principles lead to massive inconsistency, rather like the rounding off errors of calculators with limited memory. English entitles speakers to believe each 'tolerance conditional' such as those of the form 'If n is small, then n + 1 is small.' The conjunction of these a priori beliefs entails absurd conditionals such as 'If 1 is small, then a billion is small.' Since the negation of this absurdity is an a priori truth, our a priori beliefs about small numbers are jointly inconsistent. One of the tolerance conditionals, at the threshold of smallness, must be an analytic falsehood that we are compelled to regard as a tautology. Since there are infinitely many analytic sorites arguments, Sorensen concludes that we are obliged to believe infinitely many contradictions. These contradictions are not specifically detectable. They are ineliminable, like the heat from a light bulb. Although the light bulb is not designed to produce heat, the heat is inevitably produced as a side-effect of illumination. Vagueness can be avoided by representational systems that make no concession to limits of perception, or memory, or testimony. But quick and rugged representational systems, such as natural languages, will trade 'rationality' for speed and flexibility. Roy Sorensen defends epistemicism in his own distinctive style, inventive and amusing. But he has some serious things to say about language and logic, about the way the world is and about our understanding of it.
Forced Analytical Error
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our interlude with Madame Inquisitor took an embarrassing turn. Although we psychologists were just auditing her interrogation, we emerged as co-confessors to the ‘inconsistency’ of an arbitrary failure to believe. For the limits of discrimination affect both Monsieur Suspect and the describers of Monsieur Suspect. But the describers of Monsieur Suspect are in a predicament that removes the scare quotes from ‘inconsistent’. The indiscriminability relation only forced errors of omission–the failure to treat like cases alike. Vagueness forces commissive errors about analytical statements. Consequently, there is a clear sense in which our beliefs are massively contradictory. The contradictions are inescapable because they issue from linguistic competence itself.
Analytic Sorites and the Cheshire Cat
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall construct a slippery-slope argument that begins with a logical truth and concludes with a logical falsehood. Since logical truths can be deleted from an argument without affecting its validity, this sorites argument has superfluous premises. Indeed, I shall contend that all but one of the links in the chain are dispensable.1&Suppose an instructor in sentence logic asks the class for a sample sentence so that she can display its logical form. Mr Vague volunteers1&Suppose an instructor in sentence logic asks the class for a sample sentence so that she can display its logical form.
Ontologies of Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some philosophers would not allow the possibility of an ontological analysis of musical works. They think ontology is the study of the most basic material stuff; is confined to subatomic particles and their properties, or perhaps to the set of elements. Other philosophers are more broad-minded. They regard ontology as dealing more widely with natural kinds and thereby as extending beyond the elements to encompass stable compounds. A yet richer ontology will be available if biological species (or other such categories) are included among the natural kinds. None of these accounts covers musical works, however. They are not natural kinds, however broadly that notion is construed.