bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multilevel Cycle of Anthropogenic Zinc
Authors: Graedel T. E. , van Beers Dick , Bertram Marlen , Fuse Kensuke , Gordon Robert B. , Gritsinin Alexander , Harper Ermelinda M. , Kapur Amit , Klee Robert J. , Lifset Reid , Memon Laiq , Spatari Sabrina 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA comprehensive annual cycle for stocks and flows of zinc, based on data from circa 1994 and incorporating information on extraction, processing, fabrication, use, discard, recycling, and landfilling, was carried out at three discrete governmental unit levels—54 countries and 1 country group (which together comprise essentially all global anthropogenic zinc stocks and flows), nine world regions, and the planet as a whole. All of these cycles are available in an electronic supplement to this article, which thus provides a metadata set on zinc flows for the use of industrial ecology researchers. A “best estimate” global zinc cycle was constructed to resolve aggregation discrepancies. Among the most interesting results are the following: (1) The accumulation ratio, that is, addition to in‐use stock as a function of zinc entering use, is positive and large (2/3 of zinc entering use is added to stock) (country, regional, and global levels); (2) secondary input ratios (fractions of input to fabrication that are from recycled zinc) and domestic recycling percentages (fractions of discarded zinc that are recycled) differ among regions by as much as a factor of six (regional level); (3) worldwide, about 40% of the zinc that was discarded in various forms was recovered and reused or recycled (global level); (4) zinc cycles can usefully be characterized by a set of ratios, including, notably, the utilization efficiency (the ratio of manufacturing waste to manufacturing output: 0.090) and the prompt scrap ratio (new scrap as a fraction of manufacturing input: 0.070) (global level). Because capturable discards are a significant fraction of primary zinc inputs, if a larger proportion of discards were recaptured, extraction requirements would decrease significantly (global level). The results provide a framework for complementary studies in resource stocks, industrial resource utilization, energy consumption, waste management, industrial economics, and environmental impacts.
Rethinking Environmental Performance from a Public Health Perspective: A Comparative Industry Analysis
Authors: Koehler Dinah A. , Bennett Deborah H. , Norris Gregory A. , Spengler John D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTo date the most common measures of environmental performance used to compare industries, and by extension firms or facilities, have been quantity of pollution emitted or hazardous waste generated. Discharge information, however, does not necessarily capture potential health effects. We propose an alternative environmental performance measure that includes the public health risks of toxic air emissions extended to industry supply chains using economic input‐output life‐cycle assessment. Cancer risk to the U.S. population was determined by applying a damage function to the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) as modeled by CalTOX, a multimedia multipathway fate and exposure model. Risks were then translated into social costs using cancer willingness to pay. For a baseline emissions year of 1998, 260 excess cancer cases were calculated for 116 TRI chemicals, dominated by ingestion risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds and dioxins emitted by the primary aluminum and cement industries, respectively. The direct emissions of a small number of industry sectors account for most of the U.S. population cancer risk. For the majority of industry sectors, however, cancer risk per $1 million output is associated with supply chain upstream emissions. Ranking industries by total (direct + upstream) supply chain risk per economic output leads to different conclusions about the relative hazards associated with these industries than a conventional ranking based on emissions per economic output.
Redesigning the Industrial Ecology of the Automobile
Authors: Wells Peter , Orsato Renato J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis article explores the potential of industrial ecology to inform the redesign of an existing industry: that which is concerned with the production, sale, and support of automobiles. In so doing, it brings together the concepts embedded in industrial ecology with issues of economic scale, product design or technology, process technology, and the way in which new combinations of these features can result in an alternative structure for the automotive industry that has the potential to enhance sustainability performance. In so doing, the article advances the general argument that the economic, technical, and spatial organization of production and consumption are co‐determined in a manner that collectively shapes the industrial ecology of an industry. In contradistinction to the prevailing industry, the article then advances the concept of micro factory retailing as an alternative framework for the industry that would result in significantly different performance in terms of industrial ecology.
On the effectiveness of numerical simulation in the prediction of profile distortion in extrusion
Authors: Filice L , Gagliardi F , Micari F 
Published: August 2005

Among the so-called ‘traditional processes’, extrusion represents one of the most diffused and utilized, since it permits the production of many industrial parts and raw materials. Of course, relevant knowledge on process mechanics and practice is nowadays available in the technical literature and in properly constructed handbooks. On the other hand, the introduction of finite element simulation, as a powerful analysis and design tool, opened new perspectives. Nowadays many researchers are involved in research tasks aimed at explaining some peculiar extrusion aspects. In this paper the effectiveness of numerical simulation for a complex three-dimensional extrusion process analysis is investigated; in particular, the case of a lack of alignment between the billet/ram axis and the die axis is taken into account in order to verify the effectiveness of numerical predictions as it affects extrusion load and profile distortion. With this aim a proper experimental equipment was developed in order to impose a known misalignment to the die.
Classical wave localization and spectral gap materials
Authors: Sheng Ping , Chan Che Ting 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the study of classical waves, i.e., electromagnetic and elastic waves, wave localization and spectral gap materials are two of the most important developments over the past two decades. While the main subject matter of this volume is on spectral gap materials, it is the purpose of this article to attempt a qualitative overview of the two subjects, in terms of the underlying physics.
Acoustic band gap measurements in waveguides with periodic resonant structures
Authors: Ash John , Robertson William M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Experimental measurements, using an impulse response technique, are reported on a one-dimensional acoustic band gap system composed of a waveguide with a series of regularly spaced resonant structures. The amplitude data of the experimental results demonstrate the frequency and extent of the forbidden transmission bands and the phase information is analysed to determine the acoustic dispersion — the band structure — in the one-dimensional array. The results exhibit generally good agreement with previous theoretical analysis both in terms of the location of the forbidden transmission frequencies and in the form of the band structure. This simple system is a good candidate for the exploration of a number of postulated acoustic band gap effects.
Experimental observation of resonant filtering in a two-dimensional phononic crystal waveguide
Authors: Vasseur Jerôme O. , Deymier Pierre A. , Beaugeois Maxime , Pennec Yan , Djafari-Rouhani Bahram , Prevost Dominique 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Transmission of acoustic waves through a two-dimensional composite material made of PVC cylinders surrounded by air is measured experimentally. The spectrum presents a very large absolute band gap in the audible frequency range. A waveguide created inside this phononic crystal by removing a row of cylinders can transmit very efficiently the waves falling inside the stop band. We show the existence of deaf modes in the band structure of the linear waveguide. Resonant filtering is also demonstrated experimentally by coupling the waveguide to a side branch resonator of variable length. Frequency filtering is observed in the form of narrow dips in the transmission spectrum of the waveguide. Most of these observations compare favorably with theoretical calculations of dispersion curves and transmission coefficients of model structures using the plane wave expansion and the finite difference time domain methods. Narrow dips similar to those of the guide with resonator are also observed in the transmission spectrum of a waveguide with a sharp bend.
Tunneling and dispersion in 3D phononic crystals
Authors: Page John H. , Yang Suxia , Liu Zhengyou , Cowan Michael L. , Chan Che Ting , Sheng Ping 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Tunneling and dispersion of ultrasonic pulses is investigated in 3D phononic crystals consisting of 0.8 mm-diameter tungsten carbide beads that are close packed in a fcc crystal array embedded in either water or epoxy. Pulsed ultrasonic techniques allow us to measure the phase velocity and group velocity, i.e. the dynamics of wave propagation, as well as the transmission coefficient. Our experimental data are well interpreted using multiple scattering theory (MST). In the tungsten carbide/water crystals, dispersion phenomena were studied at frequencies in and around the gap in the ΓL direction. A strong suppression of the group velocity, and large variations of the group velocity dispersion (GVD) were found at frequencies around the band edges. By contrast, fast group velocities and nearly constant GVD with values around zero were observed at gap frequencies, indicating that tunneling in phononic crystals is essentially dispersionless. In the tungsten carbide/epoxy crystals a wide gap (to our knowledge, largest measured 3D band gap) was measured covering a frequency range from 1.2 MHz to 4.3 MHz along the ΓL crystal direction. The agreement between the theory and experiments gives strong evidence of the existence of a large complete gap (1.5 MHz to 3.9 MHz), which is theoretically predicted from the band structure calculations.
Transmission properties of locally resonant sonic materials with finite slab thickness
Authors: Fung Kin Hung , Liu Zhengyou , Chan Che Ting 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Using multiple-scattering theory, we studied the transmission properties of a slab of composite material that have sonic band gaps due to local resonances. Thin slabs of such material have transmission properties that are apparently different from conventional band gap material. For example, there can be transmission peaks in the frequency range inside the bulk sonic band gap. If the slab thickness is changed, we found that the top of band gap shifts while the bottom of band gap, being pinned by the resonance frequency, does not. By changing the slab thickness, the “effective band gap” may be narrowed or broadened, depending on the filling fraction of the locally resonant units. In order to provide an intuitive understanding of the phenomena, we constructed a simple model to understand the phenomena by comparing its transmission and band structure with that of the locally resonant sonic materials.
Inverse design of phononic crystals by topology optimization
Authors: Halkjaer Søren , Sigmund Ole , Jensen Jakob S. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Band gaps, i.e frequency ranges for which waves cannot propagate, can be found in most elastic structures if the material or structure has a specific periodic modulation of material properties. In this paper, we maximize phononic band gaps for infinite periodic beams modelled by Timoshenko beam theory, for infinite periodic, thick and moderately thick plates, and for finite thick plates. Parallels are drawn between the different optimized crystals and structures and several new designs obtained using the topology optimization method.
Elastic waves in arrays of elliptic inclusions
Authors: Guenneau Sebastien , Movchan Alexander B. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
We consider in-plane elastic waves propagating through a doubly periodic array of cylinders of Tantalum (with both circular and elliptical cross-sections) which are embedded in a matrix of fused silica. We find some sonic gap for fairly small filling fractions of the cylinders which eventually vanish in the limit of high-filling fraction. In the case of a doubly periodic array of elliptical cylinders, removal of a cylinder within a macro-cell leads to two localised eigenstates.
Basic Aerosol Science
Authors: Reist Parker C. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Knowledge of aerosol properties and behavior are important to the industrial hygienist. In many instances sampling an aerosol contaminant can be quite different from sampling a gaseous contaminant. Health effects caused by aerosols can vary depending on particle size and size distribution as well as on the composition of the particles. Respirator selection may depend greatly on aerosol size, shape, and composition. Other aerosol behavior from light scattering to coagulation can also vary markedly with particle size. This chapter discusses fundamental concepts of aerosol science, illustrating some of the calculations that can be made to predict aerosol behavior.
Quality Control
Authors: Babcock William E. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Adequate quality systems are essential to validate data obtained in the IH laboratory. Without a knowledge of the measurement uncertainty, there is no reasonable way to evaluate test data provided by the laboratory. Users of analytical services can perform a basic check of accreditation status, internal and external proficiency test results, internal audit reports, and accuracy and precision of the analytical procedure. Such a check is critical to appropriate decision making regarding analytical laboratory results. Laboratories which need to establish an adequate quality system can start with ISO Guide 25 and AIHA IHLAP criteria to develop and implement adequate systems.
Odors: Measurement and Control
Authors: Turk Amos , Merlo Angela , Cha Samuel 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

The scope and applications of odor measurement and control are sometimes confused by various uses of the word
odor
. In the past, odor has been used to mean either (
1
) the perception of smell, referring to the sensation, or (
2
) that which is smelled, referring to the stimulus. To eliminate confusion,
odor
is best used only for the former meaning, and
odorant
should be defined as any odorous substance. Odor intensity, then, is the magnitude of the olfactory sensation produced on exposure to an odorant.
Odor control
is a term that can be used to describe any process that makes olfactory experiences more acceptable to people. The perceptual route to this objective is usually, but not always, the reduction of odor intensity. An alternative route is the change of odor quality in some way that is considered to be an improvement.

When the reduction of odor intensity is accomplished by removal of odorant from the atmosphere, the process is equivalent to gas and vapor abatement, or to air cleaning, but with some special considerations. These include (
1
) problems related to the need to attain very low concentrations, often approaching threshold levels, (
2
) uncertainties with regard to the reliability of sensory or chemical analyses, and (
3
) difficulties associated with diffuse or sporadic sources.

When an odorous atmosphere is improved by the addition of another (usually pleasant) odorant under conditions in which chemical reactions are not involved, the process is called odor modification, referring to modification of the odor perception, not of the odorant. These and other methods of odor control are considered in some detail.
Heat Stress
Authors: Ramsey Jerry D. , Bernard Thomas E. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter provides an explanation of heat stress and heat strain. Heat stress is considered the aggregate of external heat from the thermal environment, and internal heat from physical work activities, which collectively impose thermal load on a person. Heat strain is represented as the human responses to heat stress. The goals of this chapter are to create an understanding of the development and current status of heat stress standards and guidelines; the physiological basis for worker‐environment thermal exchange; the measurement and interpretation of the thermal environment; the assessment of heat stress and heat strain; and the application of controls.
A list of abbreviations used in this chapter is provided.
Safety and Health Effects of Video Display Terminals
Authors: Dainoff Marvin J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe prime focus of concern has been on work with visual display terminals (VDTs) as they tend to be referred to in the United States, or visual display units (VDUs) as they tend to be referred to abroad. The major sources of collected information on this topic had been an international conference entitled Work with Display Units (WWDU), and a study panel on visual problems of VDTs organized by the National Academy of Science. In addition, the Human Factors Society (now the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society) had just issued the first ergonomic standard on VDT workplaces. The primary concerns associated with VDT work were associated with the visual problems, levels of radiation, and concerns about pregnancy problems among female VDT operators. (The latter was presumably related to radiation issues.)The WWDU conferences now have become regular biannual events, along with a second series of conferences on human‐computer interaction (HCI International). VDT‐related research has comprised significant fractions of the regular scientific meetings of associated professional organizations such as the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society and the International Ergonomics Society. In addition, there have been numerous special purpose conferences devoted to VDT issues at both national and international levels.Concerns regarding radiation and pregnancy issues seem to have faded. At the WWDU 94 conference. Visual concerns, while still present, appear to have receded somewhat. Presumably this can be related to the significant increases in display quality of VDTs since 1989. However, these concerns have been replaced by the issues of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders.Work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are the source of a great deal of attention and political controversy. Part of the controversy is related to labels, which have diagnostic and insurance implications: these disorders have also been referred to as Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs), Repetitive Motion Injuries (RMIs), and, more recently, Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs). Although these disorders obviously encompass work environments other than offices, the number of office workers complaining of such disorders is large, and the potential risk factors associated with such disorders in office environments form a major portion of this chapter. In making this statement, however, it is important to also emphasize that WMSDs cannot be considered in isolation without also considering associated organizational, psychosocial, and visual factors. Hence, an integrated systems approach is essential.Issues of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders are central to the subject matter of this chapter. Accordingly, WMSDs in general focuses on the specific case of WMSDs in the office are discussed.
Litigation In Industrial Hygiene Practice
Authors: Allan Ralph E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLawyers and industrial hygienists do share a common goal of problem solving. The initial aspect of problem solving is understanding the problem in order to provide the optimum in decision making. Therefore, understanding the legal system, the vehicle for legal problem solving, becomes especially important for the industrial hygienist as a precursor in order to clear the way for efficient attorney–industrial hygiene team effort for toxic substance issue resolution.It is the purpose of the chapter to provide more awareness of the law and its interaction with industrial hygiene activity.
Occupational Health Nursing
Authors: Rogers Bonnie , Ostendorf Judith 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Occupational health nursing, then called industrial nursing, began in the late 1800s in the northeastern part of the United States. Betty Moulder worked for a group of coal mining companies in Pennsylvania, and Ada Stuart was employed by the Vermont Marble Company, providing health services for ill and injured workers and their families. Since that time, the scope of practice in occupational and environmental health nursing has greatly expanded with increased emphasis on health promotion and health protection services. Many factors have influenced the evolution of occupational health nursing practice. Among them are the changing population and workforce, the introduction of new chemicals and work processes into the work environment, increased work demands, technological advances and regulatory mandates, increased focus on illness/injury prevention, and a rise in health care costs and workers' compensation claims.
Ergonomics
Authors: Bloswick Donald S. , Villnave Timothy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe word “ergonomics” is derived from Greek words “ergon” meaning work and “nomos” meaning laws. Ergonomics can therefore be defined as the study of the laws of work, or the relationship between the worker and the work environment. In its broadest sense, ergonomics deals with the relationship between the user and the products and systems in the working, home, recreational, and general living environment. In this chapter, however, discussion will be limited to the workplace.Although ergonomics is concerned with the overall relationship between the human and his/her surroundings in the general living environment, in this chapter discussion is limited to the relationship between the worker and the work environment, and the need to optimize the “fit” between the worker and the job. Poor fit may result in stress to the operator with resulting job related injuries or illnesses. In addition, this poor fit may adversely affect product quality or production efficiency. This fit can be presented as the overlap between the individuals capabilities and the task requirements.This fit is highest when the task requirements match the capabilities of the individual. Fit can be maximized by decreasing the physical task requirements through task analysis and redesign or by increasing the capabilities of the worker through, for example, physical conditioning or training.Some general workplace factors which must be considered in the optimization of the relationship between the human and the working environment include the following issues which are discussed:Forces required to perform the task.Postures involved in the task.Energy required to perform the task.Frequency at which the task is performed.Rest between exertions.Environmental conditions.