bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental illness, general practice and society
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My work as a general practitioner is based on an attempted articulation of clear distinctions between concepts of illness, disease and health (Heath 1995). Illness describes the patient ‘s subjective experience. It is the first vague feelings of something being not quite right and it is, and was always, the starting point of the whole end eavour of medicine. In illness, the body makes its presence felt in a way that does not happen in health. No one notices his or her throat until it is sore. Illness is necessarily lonely because no one can share the direct experience of a symptom, and almost all illness carries implicit fear of a diminished life or untimely death. Disease is quite different and is the stuff of biomedical science. It is a theoretical construct and the means by which humanity has tried to control and make sense of the experience of illness. Each disease is a reified abstraction developed by a process of describing patterns of both symptoms and physical signs, which different patients appear to have in common. As these patterns are refined, the patients come to be described as suffering from the same disease. Thus, bio- medical science is based on a series of relatively crude generalizations, which we recognize as diseases.
Training for GPs
Authors: Sackin Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must be apparent thus far that working on mental health in primary care is not just about understanding mental illness. Human relationships, in all their complexity, are absolutely central to the work of general practitioners. The training and continuing education of GPs need to take this into account. The curriculum needs to cover far more than preparing GPs to follow evidence-based guidelines or complete a list of consultation tasks, important as these might be. This chapter is about how GPs can become prepared to work in the emotional world of general practice. These emotions include not just those surrounding sick patients, but also members of the primary care team and, as Jane Milton (see the previous chapter) has so powerfully shown, the GP herself. These factors are important at all levels of GP training—undergraduate, vocational training, and continuing—though the emphasis may be different.
Eating disorders
Authors: Schmidt Ulrike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us start with a problem. We are bombarded daily by images of emaciated supermodels and other media images of thin women; unsurprisingly, weight and shape concerns, and dieting are the norm among young women. This preoccupation with appearance provides a fertile breeding ground for eating disorders, in particular for bulimia nervosa (British Medical Association 2000). The incidence of bulimia nervosa presenting to primary care has recently tripled (Turnbull et al. 1996), whereas that of anorexia nervosa has remained stable. The average general practitioner in the UK will have about two patients with anorexia nervosa and about 18 patients with bulimia nervosa on their list, but that does not mean that he or she will necessarily be aware of these cases. In primary care-based surveys of eating disorders the GP was not aware of the diagnosis in up to 50% of cases discovered by the researcher (King 1989; Whitehouse et al. 1992). Yet individuals with eating disorders consulted their general practitioner significantly more frequently over the 5 years prior to the diagnosis of the eating disorder than control subjects (Ogg et al. 1997).
Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Adshead Gwen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For part of the week, I work in a clinic in the middle of London that offers a service for survivors and victims of trauma, and we try to work closely with GPs and other members of primary care teams who ‘carry ‘ our patients between appointments. From this perspective, I want to explore the impact of traumatic events on individuals and on communities as a whole, and look at what this may mean for providers of primary care. Traumatic stress experiences are common in ‘everyday ‘ life and mental health professionals need to think about the impact of trauma on mental health in order to understand their patients ‘ complaints. It may also be useful to draw on disability, rather than disease models in order to appreciate some of the difficulties of survival after trauma.
The Course of the disease
Authors: Matthews Bryan , Rice-Oxley Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most remarkable facts about MS is the astonishing variability in both its course and severity. Some variation is natural in chronic disease. Rheumatoid arthritis, for example, may be either mild or severe throughout its course or show great fluctuations, including complete remission. Some chronic infections, such as tuberculosis, may remain dormant for many years before eventually causing overt disease. Parallels can therefore be drawn from other diseases, but none approaches the vagaries of the natural history of MS that never cease to surprise the neurologist even after a lifetime of experience. The course of MS varies from that of an obviously grave disease to a literally imperceptible condition discovered accidentally after death from unrelated causes in old age. Most cases fall between these extremes but even so there is great variation in speed of progress, severity of symptoms, and eventual outcome.
Fatigue, sleep, and hormones
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have concentrated on the rhythm of body temperature. This is mainly because it is comparatively easy to measure accurately, repeatedly, and cheaply — ideal attributes for research work! Also, it illustrates clearly some of the principles of circadian rhythms. However, those rhythms with more obvious effects are of more general interest. Amongst these, the rhythms of fatigue and sleep are very important.
Night work — advice
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 12, we considered, and explained where possible, the problems that are associated with night work. We have also discussed those factors that might affect the ease with which individuals can adjust to it. On the basis of this evidence, we can now offer advice with respect to the least troublesome types of shift schedule involving night work, and the means by which a worker can deal best with a particular schedule. This advice is for the workers, their partners, families, and friends, as well as their colleagues at work. It also concerns the kind of work undertaken at night, and the facilities provided at that time.
First, we must consider if there are medical grounds that might cause a worker to take professional advice before working at night.
Conformal Field Theory
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a lattice model one may obtain a field theory by taking a continuum or scaling limit; letting the lattice spacing ε → 0, whilst simultaneously approaching the critical temperature. As the scale or correlation length becomes infinite one obtains a scale invariant or conformal invariant theory. (Belavin et al.1980) suggested that the scale invariance at a critical point is enhanced to conformal invariance or using conformal invariance to understand scale invariance of special critical points. Conformal invariance is understood via representations of the Virasoro algebra, and a knowledge of the representations that appear tells us something about the statistical mechanical model, and the nature of the critical point. In this chapter we look at some of the basic principles of the theory, particularly with respect to those aspects of most interest to the operator algebraic approach to statistical mechanics and quantum field theory. We look in detail at the Ising model where many, but of course not all, the features are present and can be analysed explicitly. This means that we also emphasize the viewpoint of conformal field theory from critical statistical mechanical models, although there are other important aspects to the theory, particularly because conformal field theories describe the ground states of string theory.
New Developments in Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Davies T , Hunt J C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential procedure for numerical weather prediction (NWP), first set out by Richardson in his 1922 book ‘Weather Prediction by Numerical Process’ (26] and similar to that followed in many branches of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is (a) to divide the atmosphere into flat grid ‘boxes’ (that are shallow near the ground and deep in the stratosphere), (b) using the differential equations and thermodynamics to estimate average values of physical quantities (such as pressure and velocity) within these boxes; and (c) using the equations again, to calculate how these average quantities change with time, which, like space, is divided into discrete intervals.
Developing an Integrated Atmospheric Environment Modelling System
Authors: Staniforth A , CôtMé J , Gravel S , Méthot A , Patoine A , Roch M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical modelling of the atmosphere has a relatively long and rich history. It dates back to Bjerknes [4], who argued that weather forecasting is basically an initial-value problem in mathematical physics where the governing equations are to leading order those of a rotating fluid. Bjerknes recognised that closed form solutions to this highly nonlinear system of partial differential equations (except for overly-simplified sub-systems) are not known, and that furthermore the equation set is incomplete. During and following the First World War, L.F. Richardson established the basis for the numerical approximation and solution of these equations. To illustrate the procedure he made a very-inaccurate 6 hour forecast by laboriously performing many hand computations. Despite this disappointing result, he nevertheless had the courage and foresight to publish both the method and his forecast in a seminal monograph [23]. Lynch ([15], [16]) has recently reappraised this work, and has shown that the principal reason for the inaccurate forecast was the lack of a procedure to put the initial conditions into dynamic balance prior to commencing the numerical integration. He convincingly demonstrated, using Richardson’s dataset, that addressing this deficiency (by digital filtering) leads to a much more realistic forecast devoid of the spurious large-amplitude gravitational oscillations that plagued Richardson’s. The advent of the digital computer in the late 1940’s then led to the breakthrough paper of Charney et al. [5], finally rendering Richardson’s approach practical. The modern era for the numerical modelling of the atmosphere was thus born. The goals of the present paper, following this very brief historical introduction, are twofold: to summarise how the atmosphere is simulated using geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD); and to describe the ongoing development of a comprehensive atmospheric modelling system for Canada. The first of these recognises the diverse interests of conference participants and serves as an introductory background to the second.
An Automotive Application on Unstructured Adaptive Grids
Authors: Wierse M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this project in collaboration with an automotive company is to simulate the flow in a two-stroke engine. The question of interest is the dependence between the form of the cylinder and the quality of exchange between burnt and fresh gas, the main problem of the two-stroke engine. This complicated process is simplified as follows: we start moving the piston after the combustion took place and stop when the piston is back at this position. The initial data and time-dependent boundary data are chosen from a one-dimensional simulation program [11]. The velocity of the piston moving down and up is prescribed. In the first step of this project we solved the three-dimensional compressibl nonstationary Euler equations in the time-dependent geometry and the future work will be to extend this program to the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The half of the model cylinder considered is depicted in the following picture; it consists of a cylinder where three inlets and one outlet are fixed.
An Efficient Cell Vertex Method for Unstructured Tetrahedral Grids
Authors: Crumpton P I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper introduces an efficient Euler solver for large tetrahedral grids (6.7 x 106 cells). The underlying method is a cell vertex finite volume formulation with a Lax–Wendroff pseudo time-stepping update. This is used as a smoother in an unstructured multigrid method, which requires a sequence of non–nested tetrahedral grids. Fast solutions are achieved by using a a distributed memory parallel computer.
Modelization of Instabilities for Polymerization Fronts
Authors: Garbey M , Taïk A , Volpert V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Propagation of reaction fronts can be accompanied by different types of instabilities. We can mention the hydrodynamical instability which appears because of the heat expansion of the medium near the reaction zone, or the thermodiffusional instability resulting from the competition between the chemical reaction and diffusion processes (see [12], [13] and references there). External forces, such as gravity, can influence the dynamics of the front propagation and can also cause an instability.
Optimal Recovery Based on Radial Basis Functions in Finite Volume Approximations for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws
Authors: Sonar T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) finite volume approximations to hyperbolic conservation laws rely on the distinct treatment of data recovery and data evolution. While the data evolution usually is accomplished by means of an approximate Riemann solver the data recovery step involves the reconstruction of the numerical solution from given cell averages. Starting from the early work of Harten et al. [6] polynomial recovery seems to be exclusively used for this algorithmic step.
Sensitivity Derivatives for Non-smooth or Noisy Objective Functions in Fluid Design Problems
Authors: Valorani M , Dadone A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Design problems involving flows may require the calculation of many computationally expensive flow analysis. It is thus vital to make the optimization strategy as more efficient as possible. The convergence of standard optimization techniques is however severely compromised, or even prevented, when the objective functions are noisy or non-smooth, as it may be the case when the flow solutions are found numerically. Noise can be caused both by changes in the computational mesh (as for example in problems with free boundaries), or by poor convergence properties of the numerical scheme (as occurs when using flux limiters in shock capturing schemes). Non-smoothness may be created by the presence of flow discontinuities, such as shock waves, contact discontinuities, and slip lines, since these are to be represented on a discrete computational mesh. When these discontinuities are accurately represented, a change in some design parameters may force them to move from one cell to another and, in doing so may create a large change in the objective function.
The misadventures of wanderers and victims of trauma
Authors: Pankratz Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the problems created by two categories of patients: wanderers and victims of trauma. Both present a risk when they engage in deception-wanderers usually because they withhold information about their history and victims of trauma when they distort their history, manufacture a history, or make false attributions about the cause of their symptoms. All of these patients are successful in deceiving clinicians because they weave false stories into the fabric of their lives so seamlessly. This chapter reviews the texture of their clinical presentation, some current research, and the implications of their successful deceptions on the health care system.
When the quantity of mercy is strained: US physicians’ deception of insurers for patients
Authors: Wynia* Matthew K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians sometimes are faced with patients needing care that may not be covered by health insurers. This chapter reviews physicians’ deception of insurers to help their patients obtain coverage for these services. Recent studies show that the great majority of US physicians do not believe that ‘gaming the system’ for patients is generally ethical. Still, more than one-third of American physicians report exaggerating patients’ severity of illness, miscoding diagnoses, and/or recording signs or symptoms that patients do not actually have in order to provide necessary but uncovered care to their patients. Studies suggest that some available policies might reduce how often physicians resort to the use of deception, but other common policies actually encourage physicians to use deception in service to their patients.
Neuropsychological tests and techniques that detect malingering
Authors: Frederick Richard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain classes of examinations for neuropsychological disability are likely to include feigned presentations of impairment. Clinical judgment alone is typically insufficient to discriminate true disability from malingered or exaggerated impairment. Psychological tests and techniques have been designed to improve detection of malingering. The strategy of ‘symptom validity testing’ involves comparing performance on tasks that require a discrimination between two choices to that which would have occurred by guessing. ‘Floor effect’ and ‘atypical performance’ strategies compare test performance with that of genuinely impaired individuals.
Economic issues related to antimicrobial resistance
Authors: Laxminarayan* Ramanan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rise of antimicrobial resistance in recent times poses a serious threat to our ability to treat infectious diseases successfully (Cohen 1992; Levy 1992; Office of Technology Assessment 1995). Selection pressure resulting from increasing antimicrobial use has been identified as a primary causal factor, and is strongly influenced by the behaviour of individuals and institutions. More specifically, this increase is blamed on the overuse and misuse of antimicrobials by patients, physicians and the farm animal industry. From an economic perspective, antimicrobial resistance is a result of the absence of sufficiently strong incentives for individuals, physicians and drug manufacturers to consider the cost of resistance associated with antimicrobial use (Laxminarayan 2003). In this chapter, an economic perspective is used to characterize the resistance problem in both hospital and community settings, and to describe policy responses to encourage judicious use of antimicrobials. Incentives faced by patients, physicians, hospital administrators and the pharmaceutical industry with respect to antimicrobials are discussed.
Risk assessment models, economic analysis and food safety policy
Authors: Roberts Tanya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk assessment models are important tools in economic analysis of infectious disease. Risk assessment is the science of identifying and understanding hazards (unwanted events), of estimating the likelihood of these events occurring and of estimating the consequences if they do occur. Disease outcome tree models can organize medical data to estimate the probability of lifetime outcomes due to food-borne pathogens. Economists can then estimate public health costs for these outcomes. If the damage to society is significant, a cost-benefit analysis of public and private control options can be conducted. After the options for controlling pathogens in food production and distribution are determined, scenario models can be combined with probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) models to estimate quantitatively the impact of alternative risk-reducing options. Both individual companies seeking to control pathogens better and the public regulators setting priorities among food-borne hazards can use these risk assessment models. The ‘market failure’, due to limited information about the presence of pathogens in food, has a strong impact on economic incentives. Some remedies to the information problems are suggested. How economic incentives affect investment in both short- and long-term control options is also discussed. The various risk assessment models presented here are applicable to economic analysis of any infectious disease.
Basic Thermodynamics
Authors: Carrington Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that thermodynamics presents students with particular difficulties. They find the concepts evasive and the methods obscure. These problems arise because it is traditional to emphasize at the outset how general thermodynamics is. Unfortunately, when ideas are introduced in an unspecific context they fail to make contact with the student's experience - such ideas do not become part of the physical intuition of the student. In this introductory text the subject is developed in stages beginning with the basic notions, which are illustrated using an ideal gas as a model system. The generalization of these concepts is achieved first using the classical laws of thermodynamics and second using the formalism of Gibbs to provide a systematic introduction to the thermodynamic potentials. Work processes on polarizable media subject to electric and magnetic fields are discussed and transformations of matter, including phase change processes and chemical reactions, are treated in detail. The book contains many worked examples, and approximately 250 questions, which are keyed to the text. The questions include traditional and applied topics, and longer questions have been programmed to guide the student.
Bohr and Einstein
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bohr and Einstein were in their early and late sixties respectively when I first met them. Since I am one (perhaps the last) of those who knew both men rather well personally in their later years it is hardly surprising that I have been asked off and on how, in my view, they compared. That question used to make me mildly uncomfortable and in the past I have tended to respond evasively, simply because the better one believes one understands people the more superficial and hopeless comparisons tend to become. That remains true today, but by now I am at least in a position to reply to my questioners: read this book and my earlier Einstein biography, note not only facts but also nuances contained therein, and you will have the best answer I am capable of giving.
Of sad events and of major journeys
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding three chapters have been devoted to Bohr’s role in science in the 1930s. I now turn to more personal aspects of his life in that period. In broad terms, two facts stand out. In those years Bohr had to suffer the loss of several family members and close friends. Also, it was the decade during which he made more major journeys than before or after. I must begin with moments of deep sadness.
‘We are suspended in language’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having encountered Bohr as creator of new physics, director of research, institute builder, fund raiser, helper of refugees, orchestrator of experimental science, and world traveller, we shall meet him next as one of the major twentieth century philosophers. In that respect Bohr came into his element from the late 1920s onward, when he began his elaboration of complementarity in physics and its extension to other disciplines. We shall see, however, that his strong interest in philosophical issues dates back as early as his student days.