bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Organizational Climate on Detention Officers' Readiness to Use Force in a County Jail
Authors: Griffin Marie L. 
Published: May 2005

Jails are coercive organizations in which the use of force, or threatened use of force, in the control of inmates is a regular occurrence. Yet, with few exceptions, little attention has been paid to detention officers and their use of force against inmates. The present study explores use of force in the correctional setting, incorporating organizational climate variables as primary predictors of a detention officer's expressed readiness to use force against inmates. This analysis is based on a survey of all detention officers in Maricopa County, Arizona. Eight scales measuring a detention officer's perception of three dimensions of the organizational climate test the hypotheses that perceptions of climate have a direct effect on a detention officer's readiness to use force and that these observed effects remain statistically significant when individual characteristics of the officer are controlled. Results of the analysis confirm these hypotheses, indicating that expressed readiness to use force is influenced differentially by the three dimensions of climate and that individual characteristics of officers do not affect the expressed readiness to use force.
The Debate on Capital Punishment in the Netherlands and Germany
Authors: Beijer Annemarieke 
Published: May 2005

A comparison between the Dutch debate (in 1870) and the German debate (in 1949) on the abolition of capital punishment shows that the main arguments for and against capital punishment have changed little over the centuries. Despite the differences in social and political circumstances in Genmany and the Netherlands, the arguments that were advanced show a striking resemblance. In both countries the defenders of the death penalty recognized the weakness of the deterrence argument, and for this reason they opted for retribution as the principal argument for punishment. Social science had little or no bearing on the forming of the opinion of the participants in the debate. Statistics were not regarded as a very reliable source of arguments for or against the death penalty. It was stressed that the issue had to be decided on principles ofjustice rather than statistical findings. In both debates public opinion had little influence. It was recognized that opinions based on little or no knowledge on all the aspects of capital punishment form a dubious foundation for policy-making. At this moment, the death penalty is not a public debate, either in Holland or in Germany.
Racemic epinephrine compared to salbutamol in hospitalized young children with bronchiolitis; a randomized controlled clinical trial [ISRCTN46561076]
Authors: Langley Joanne M , Smith Michael B , LeBlanc John C , Joudrey Heather , Ojah Cecil R , Pianosi Paul 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Background
Bronchiolitis is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infancy, and hospital admission rates appear to be increasing in Canada and the United States. Inhaled beta agonists offer only modest short-term improvement. Trials of racemic epinephrine have shown conflicting results. We sought to determine if administration of racemic epinephrine during hospital stay for bronchiolitis improved respiratory distress, was safe, and shortened length of stay.

Methods
The study was a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of aerosolized racemic epinephrine compared to salbutamol every one to 4 hours in previously well children aged 6 weeks to ≤ 2 years of age hospitalized with bronchiolitis. The primary outcome was symptom improvement as measured by the Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (RDAI); secondary outcomes were length of stay in hospital, adverse events, and report of symptoms by structured parental telephone interview one week after discharge.

Results
62 children with a mean age of 6.4 months were enrolled; 80% of children had Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Racemic epinephrine resulted in significant improvement in wheezing and the total RDAI score on day 2 and over the entire stay (p < 0.05). The mean LOS in the epinephrine arm was 2.6 days (95% CI 2, 3.2) v. 3.4 days in those in the salbutamol group (95% CI 2.6, 4.2) (p > 0.05). Adverse events were not significantly different in the two arms. At one week post-discharge, over half of parents reported that their child still had a respiratory symptom and 40% had less than normal feeding.

Conclusion
Racemic epinephrine relieves respiratory distress in hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis and is safe but does not abbreviate hospital stay. Morbidity associated with bronchiolitis as identified by parents persists for at least one week after hospital discharge in most infants.
The tissue microarray data exchange specification: A document type definition to validate and enhance XML data
Authors: Nohle David G , Ayers Leona W 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
The Association for Pathology Informatics (API) Extensible Mark-up Language (XML) TMA Data Exchange Specification (TMA DES) proposed in April 2003 provides a community-based, open source tool for sharing tissue microarray (TMA) data in a common format. Each tissue core within an array has separate data including digital images; therefore an organized, common approach to produce, navigate and publish such data facilitates viewing, sharing and merging TMA data from different laboratories. The AIDS and Cancer Specimen Resource (ACSR) is a HIV/AIDS tissue bank consortium sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (DCTD). The ACSR offers HIV-related malignancies and uninfected control tissues in microarrays (TMA) accompanied by de-identified clinical data to approved researchers. Exporting our TMA data into the proposed API specified format offers an opportunity to evaluate the API specification in an applied setting and to explore its usefulness.

Results
A document type definition (DTD) that governs the allowed common data elements (CDE) in TMA DES export XML files was written, tested and evolved and is in routine use by the ACSR. This DTD defines TMA DES CDEs which are implemented in an external file that can be supplemented by internal DTD extensions for locally defined TMA data elements (LDE).

Conclusion
ACSR implementation of the TMA DES demonstrated the utility of the specification and allowed application of a DTD to validate the language of the API specified XML elements and to identify possible enhancements within our TMA data management application. Improvements to the specification have additionally been suggested by our experience in importing other institution's exported TMA data. Enhancements to TMA DES to remove ambiguous situations and clarify the data should be considered. Better specified identifiers and hierarchical relationships will make automatic use of the data possible. Our tool can be used to reorder data and add identifiers; upgrading data for changes in the specification can be automatically accomplished. Using a DTD (optionally reflecting our proposed enhancements) can provide stronger validation of exported TMA data.
The first case of septicemia due to nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Poland: case report
Authors: Zasada Aleksandra Anna , Zaleska Maria , Podlasin Regina Beata , Seferyńska Ilona 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae are well known agent of diphtheria. Nontoxigenic strains can cause atypical course of the disease. Invasive diseases caused by C. diphtheriae occur very rare.

Case presentation
We have described the first case of septicemia and endocarditis due to nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae biotype gravis in Poland. The patient has not belonged to any group of risk such infection.

Conclusion
The case presented in this article shows unusual case of infection connected with nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae that took place in the area where have been no cases of diphtheria and other C. diphtheriae infections for near ten years. It shows the importance of identifying Corynebacterium isolates at the species level especially when the strain has been isolated from normally sterile sites.
Amplification and overexpression of the ID4 gene at 6p22.3 in bladder cancer
Authors: Wu Qiong , Hoffmann Michèle J , Hartmann Florian H , Schulz Wolfgang A 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Background
Amplifications at 6p22.3 are prevalent in advanced stage bladder cancer (TCC). Previous studies have identified SOX4, CDKAL, and E2F3 as targets of this amplification and therefore potential oncogenes, but the more telomeric DEK gene too has been reported as overexpressed and amplified. We have therefore investigated whether the intermediate region harboring the oncogene candidate ID4 is also part of the amplicon.

Results
Expression of E2F3, DEK, and ID4 was investigated by real-time RT-PCR in 28 TCC compared to 6 normal bladder tissues and in 15 TCC cell lines compared to cultured normal urothelial cells. Expression of E2F3 as well as DEK increased on average in tumor vs. normal tissues (3-fold and 2.5-fold, resp.), but only the increase for E2F3 was statistically significant (p = 0.039). ID4 overexpression was observed in selected specimens. Each of the three genes was overexpressed in several cell lines, up to 150-fold (ID4), 30-fold (E2F3), and 9-fold (DEK), but these increases were not correlated to each other. Instead, moderate (DEK) to excellent (ID4) correlations were observed with copy number increases of microsatellites near each gene. Microsatellite copy number increases were highly heterogeneous across the investigated several Mb region revealing at least three subregions of amplification.

Conclusion
Extending previous reports, our data indicate that the 6p22.3 amplicon in TCC is highly heterogeneous and targets several genes in a variable fashion. Among these, expression of E2F3 and DEK appear to be generally increased in TCC, with additional increases caused by amplifications. In contrast, over-expression of ID4, which is normally predominantly expressed in testes and brain, appears to depend more strictly on gene amplification. Accordingly, the effect of amplifications at 6p22.3 in bladder cancer is expected to be non-uniform, thereby contributing to the highly variable biological and clinical behavior of advanced stage tumors. ID4 is a potential oncogene in a small subset of bladder cancers.
Fasting Ghrelin Levels Are Not Elevated in Children with Hypothalamic Obesity
Authors: Kanumakala S. , Greaves R. , Pedreira C. C. , Donath S. , Warne G. L. , Zacharin M. R. , Harris M. 
Published: May 2005

Morbid obesity is a common problem after damage to the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic dysfunction is also thought to underlie the obesity that is typical of Prader-Willi syndrome. Elevated fasting levels of the appetite-stimulating hormone ghrelin have been reported in Prader-Willi syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine whether fasting ghrelin levels are increased in children with hypothalamic obesity.
Fasting total ghrelin levels were compared in three groups: normal-weight controls (n = 16), obese controls (n = 16), and patients with hypothalamic obesity (n = 16). Obese children had lower fasting total ghrelin levels than normal controls, but there was no difference between the fasting total ghrelin level in obese controls and children with hypothalamic obesity (P = 0.88). These data suggest that it is unlikely that an elevation in fasting total ghrelin is responsible for the obesity that occurs after hypothalamic damage. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing fasting total ghrelin may prove ineffective in controlling weight gain in this group.
Sources of mechanical power for uphill running in humans
Authors: Roberts Thomas J. , Belliveau Richard A. 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARYDuring uphill running limb muscles must perform net mechanical work to increase the body's potential energy, while during level running the net mechanical work required is negligible as long as speed is constant. The increased demands for work as running incline increases might be met by an increase in power output at all joints, or only a subset of joints. We used inverse dynamics to determine which joints modulate net work output in humans running uphill. We measured joint kinematics and ground reaction force during moderate speed running at 0°, 6° and 12° inclines. Muscle force,joint power and work per step were determined at the ankle, knee and hip using inverse dynamics calculations. We found that virtually all of the increase in work output with increasing incline resulted from increases in net work done at the hip (-0.25±0.23 J kg-1, level, vs0.88±0.10 J kg-1, 12° incline), while the knee and ankle performed similar functions at all inclines. The increase in work output at the hip resulted primarily from a large increase in average net muscle moment during stance (2.07±17.84 Nm, level, vs 87.30±13.89 Nm,12° incline); joint excursion increased by only 20%(41.22±3.41°, level, vs 49.22±2.35°, 12°incline). The increase in hip muscle moment and power was associated with a poorer mechanical advantage for producing force against the ground. The increase in hip moment with running incline allows for the production of the power necessary to lift the body. This power may be developed by hip extensors or by transfer of power from muscles at other joints via biarticular muscles.
Timing of praying mantis evasive responses during simulated bat attack sequences
Authors: Triblehorn Jeffrey D. , Yager David D. 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARYPraying mantids perform evasive maneuvers that vary with the level of danger posed by their bat predators. The vocalization pattern of attacking bats provides cues that mantids can potentially use to decide how and when to respond. Using pulse trains simulating bat attack echolocation sequences, this study determines when in the attack sequence the mantis power dive (its response to high-level threat) occurs and predicts the parameters within the echolocation sequence that are important for eliciting the response. For sequences with a rapid transition from low to high pulse repetition rates(PRRs), the evasive response occurred close to the point during the simulated sequence when the bat would have contacted the mantis. However, the evasive response occurred earlier if the transition was gradual. Regardless of the transition type, the prediction data show that sequences trigger the response when PRRs reach 20-40 pulses s-1. These results suggest that a bat gradually increasing its PRR could `tip off' the mantis, enabling it to escape. Attack sequences contain gradual transitions when bats engage in strobing behavior, an echolocation phenomenon that may help the bat perceive the auditory scene. Conversely, bat attack sequences that contain rapid increases in PRR close to the point of capture could circumvent the mantid's auditory defense. Based on these findings, mantids as well as other insects could benefit from having a back-up defense response to offset any advantage the bat gains by rapidly switching from low to high PRRs.
Genomic sequences encoding two types of medaka hemopexin-like protein Wap65, and their gene expression profiles in embryos
Authors: Nakaniwa Makiko , Hirayama Makoto , Shimizu Atsushi , Sasaki Takashi , Asakawa Shuichi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Watabe Shugo 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARYMedaka genomic BAC clones, which contained two types of medaka hemopexin-like protein gene (Wap65), mWap65-1 and mWap65-2, were screened and their genomic sequences were determined by the shotgun strategy. The exon-intron organizations were highly conserved between both mWap65s and human hemopexin genes. The 5′-flanking regions of mWap65-1 and mWap65-2 contained various putative transcription factor binding sites including elements for developmental regulation. The expression patterns of mWap65s during embryonic development were examined by quantitative real-time PCR, demonstrating that both mWap65 transcripts were observed in early embryonic stages, but their expression patterns were different. Interestingly, in situhybridization revealed that mWap65-2 transcripts were restricted to liver, whereas mWap65-1 transcripts were detected along the edge of pectoral fin buds and the median fin fold of tail buds in embryos at stage 32. Furthermore, we generated transgenic medaka expressing GFP driven by mWap65-1 and mWap65-2 promoters and observed GFP expression patterns during ontogeny. Although localizations of GFP varied among individuals, embryos uniformly expressed GFP 1 day after injection of mWap65-1-hrGFP and mWap65-2-hrGFP constructs, suggesting that mWap65-1 and mWap65-2 promoters were activated in very early stages. The differences between mWap65-1 and mWap65-2in their expression profiles indicate their distinct roles during ontogeny.
Arterial hemodynamics and mechanical properties after circulatory intervention in the chick embryo
Authors: Lucitti Jennifer L. , Tobita Kimimasa , Keller Bradley B. 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARY
Altered blood pressure and flow impact cardiac function during morphogenesis. How the arterial system supports cardiac morphogenesis after circulatory disruptions is not well characterized. We manipulated arterial flow via left atrial ligation (LAL) or arterial load viaright vitelline artery ligation (VAL) in Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stage 21 chick embryos. Embryos were reincubated for 1 h (HH21), 14 h (HH24) or 30 h(HH27). At each stage we measured simultaneous dorsal aortic blood pressure and flow, and calculated arterial compliance, impedance and hydraulic power. LAL acutely reduced stroke volume (Vs), cardiac output(Q̇) and hydraulic power. Arterial pressure was preserved by a compensatory increase in characteristic impedance and decrease in compliance. Impedance parameters and compliance normalized by HH24 and all parameters normalized by HH27. VAL acutely increased arterial resistance. Embryos maintained arterial pressure by decreasing Vs and Q̇. These parameters remained altered through HH27. In summary, despite the intervention, compensatory alterations in Vs and arterial resistance maintained arterial pressure and fraction of oscillatory power within a narrow range. These results suggest that the maintenance of arterial pressure and circulatory energy efficiency, but not arterial flow, is critical to embryogenesis.
Appetite-suppressing effects of ammonia exposure in rainbow trout associated with regional and temporal activation of brain monoaminergic and CRF systems
Authors: Ortega Van A. , Renner Kenneth J. , Bernier Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARYTo assess whether the brain's monoaminergic and/or corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems may be involved in mediating the appetite-suppressing effects of high environmental ammonia levels, we exposed rainbow trout to one of four NH4Cl treatments (0, 500, 750 1000 μmol l-1)for 24 or 96 h and monitored changes in food intake, brain serotonin (5-HT)and dopamine (DA) activity, CRF and urotensin I (UI) mRNA levels, and plasma cortisol levels. Food intake decreased in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h of ammonia exposure and partially recovered in all groups after 96 h. Ammonia also elicited dose-dependent increases in serotonergic activity in the hypothalamus (HYP), telencephalon (TEL) and posterior brain (PB). Whereas the increase in serotonergic activity was timed with the 24 h food intake inhibition, TEL and PB serotonergic activity increased after 96 h. In the PB,exogenous ammonia also elicited dose-dependent increases in dopaminergic activity after both 24 and 96 h of exposure. Transient increases in TEL CRF and UI mRNA levels, HYP UI mRNA levels, and plasma cortisol concentrations were evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) stress axis was primarily stimulated in the first 24 h of ammonia exposure when food intake was depressed. Overall, the transient nature of the appetite suppression during chronic ammonia exposure, and the time-dependent changes in brain monoaminergic and CRF systems, implicate 5-HT, DA, CRF and UI as potential mediators of the appetite-suppressing effects of ammonia. Among these anorexigenic signals, our results specifically identify hypothalamic 5-HT as a potentially key neurobiological substrate for the regulation of food intake during exposure to high external ammonia concentrations.
Linking swimming performance, cardiac pumping ability and cardiac anatomy in rainbow trout
Authors: Claireaux Guy , McKenzie David J. , Genge A. Gaylene , Chatelier Aurélien , Aubin Joël , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: May 2005

SUMMARYWe exploited the inherent individual diversity in swimming performance of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss to investigate the hypothesis that maximum cardiac performance is linked to active metabolic rate (AMR) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit). Six hundred juveniles(body mass ∼150 g) were screened using a swimming challenge of 1.2 m s-1 to identify `poor swimmers' and `good swimmers', i.e. the first and last 60 fish to fatigue, respectively. These 120 fish were individually tagged and then reared in common tanks for 9 months, where they grew at similar rates and achieved a similar body mass of approximately 1100 g. Critical swimming speed (Ucrit) was then measured individually in tunnel respirometers, with simultaneous recordings of cardiac output via a ventral aortic flow probe. The group of individuals that were screened as poor swimmers remained so, with a significantly (27%) lower Ucrit than good swimmers [89±10 cm s-1vs 123±5 cm s-1 (mean ± s.e.m.), respectively, N=6], a 19%lower AMR (147±12 μmol min-1 kg-1vs181±11 μmol min-1 kg-1, respectively), and a 30% lower maximum in vivo cardiac output (47.3±4.7 ml min-1 kg-1vs 68.0±5.2 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively). When cardiac performance was compared with an in situ heart preparation, hearts from poor swimmers had a significantly (26%) lower maximum cardiac output (45.9±1.9 ml min-1 kg-1vs 56.4±2.3 ml min-1 kg-1, respectively) and a 32% lower maximum cardiac power output at a high afterload (3.96±0.58 mW g-1vs 5.79±1.97 mW g-1, respectively). Cardiac morphology was visualised in vivo by Doppler echography on anaesthetised individual fish and revealed that poor swimmers had a significantly more rounded ventricle (reduced ventricle length to height ratio) compared with good swimmers, which in turn was correlated with fish condition factor. These results provide clear evidence that maximum cardiac performance is linked to AMR and Ucrit and indicate that a simple screening test can distinguish between rainbow trout with lower active metabolic rate, Ucrit, maximal cardiac pumping capacity and a more rounded ventricular morphology. These distinguishing traits may have been retained for 9 months despite a common growing environment and growth.