bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation of gas hydrates formation energetics
Authors: Avlonitis Dimitrios 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA method was developed and implemented for predicting enthalpies of gas hydrate formation, which are required for the efficient design of gas hydrate‐based processes. The proposed method is based on the statistical thermodynamic theory of solid solutions and it is thermodynamically consistent. It allows delineation of the various energetic contributions, does not resort to empirical constants enforced by regressions and applies to any simple or multicomponent bulk hydrate equilibrium system at the hydrate point or beyond it. The application of the method was demonstrated for several simple, double and multicomponent gas hydrate systems with one or two equilibrium hydrate phases. It was found that a major energetic component in hydrate formation is the heat of enclathration, defined as the residual enthalpy of the enclathrated gas. All example applications indicated that this property is a constant, independent of temperature, pressure and composition, characteristic only of the individual gas and it was regressed by a general corresponding states analytical expression. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Integrated medical feedback systems for drug delivery
Authors: Heller Adam 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDrugs are now administered at frequencies and doses based on averages optimized for large populations. Because the optimal frequency and dose for an individual differs, transiently or permanently, from that of a population's average, the dosing is necessarily suboptimal. Feedback loop‐based individualized integrated medical systems, comprising an implanted sensor, battery, amplifier, processor, and actuator are now in use in cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators. Drug‐delivering medical feedback loops, comprising miniature sensors and drug pumps, would individualize, and thereby improve the effectiveness and safety of drugs. Their sensor would continuously or frequently monitor the effect of the drug and adjust, through a medical control algorithm, its flow to the minimum necessary for effectiveness, reducing thereby side effects and improving the success rate of experimental drugs. The pace of integration of the drug delivering feedback loops depends on the availability of proven miniature components and of medical control algorithms. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Triple‐decker tin and lead cations
Authors: Cowley Alan H. , Jones Jamie N. , Macdonald Charles L. B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe triple‐decker cation salts [(η5‐C5Me5)M(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)M(η5‐C5Me5)][B(C6F5)4] (M = Sn, Pb) have been prepared by treatment of [(η5‐C5Me5)M][B(C6F5)4] with the corresponding metallocenes, [M(η5‐C5Me5)2] (M = Sn, Pb). Investigation of the structures of these triple‐decker systems by X‐ray crystallography revealed an overall cis‐type cationic geometry. In solution, NMR studies indicate that the triple‐decker cations undergo rapid, reversible dissociation. The reaction of [In(η5‐C5Me5)] with an equimolar quantity of H2O·B(C6F5)3 and B(C6F5)3] afforded [(η6‐toluene)In(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)In(η6‐toluene)][(C6F5)3B(OH)B(C6F5)3]. Density functional theory calculations on a model system indicate that the capping toluene molecules in this di‐indium cation are weakly bonded. Use of the smaller counter‐ion [B(C6F5)4]− results in isolation of the inverse sandwich cation [In(µ‐η5‐C5Me5)In]+. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of azo dye organotin(IV) compounds containing a C,N‐chelating ligand, part II, and their in vitro antifungal activity
Authors: Novák Petr , Lyčka Antonín , Císařová Ivana , Buchta Vladimír , Silva Luís , Kolářová Lenka , Růžička Aleš , Holeček Jaroslav 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEight complexes of azo dyes used in routine industrial processes and the [(2‐dimethylaminomethyl) phenyl](R2)tin(IV) moiety (R = Ph or n‐Bu) have been prepared, their NMR, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, IR and UV–VIS spectra measured, and the X‐ray structure of {[2‐(N,N‐dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl](diphenyl)}tin(IV)‐2‐{[N′‐(2‐oxo‐1‐phenylcarbamoylpropyliden)hydrazo]}benzoate (3a), determined. The compounds reveal similar structures in chloroform solution (NMR) and in the solid state (X‐ray, IR). Four compounds exist in the hydrazone tautomeric form. The central tin atoms in all compounds exist in slightly distorted trans‐trigonal bipyramidal geometry with the ‘negative’ atoms (nitrogen, oxygen) in axial and the carbon atoms in equatorial positions; no intramolecular attacks from the dyes' cores were observed. The in vitro antifungal activity of the compounds studied was comparable to similar organotin(IV) compounds and antifungal drugs in clinical use. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor in women with severe preeclampsia
Authors: Kaleli Ilknur , Kaleli Babur , Demir Melek , Yildirim Basak , Cevahir Nural , Demir Suleyman 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPreeclampsia continues to be a major cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia is not fully understood. Neopterin and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production reflects cellular immunity. Our purpose was to determine the levels of neopterin and interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) in pregnant women with severe preeclampsia, and assess the implications of these findings in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Fourteen women with preeclampsia were compared with 14 healthy pregnant women. Serum levels of neopterin were measured by an enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA), and IL‐2R levels were determined by an immunoassay method with an Immulite analyzer. The levels of neopterin and IL‐2R were significantly higher in the preeclamptic subjects than in normotensive women (P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between neopterin and IL‐2R. We found that serum neopterin and IL‐2R levels are increased in women with severe preeclampsia. The results of this study suggest that a T‐helper 1 (Th1) type immune mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:36–39, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematologic aspects of myeloablative therapy and bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Riley Roger S. , Idowu Michael , Chesney Alden , Zhao Shawn , McCarty John , Lamb Lawrence S. , Ben‐Ezra Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe transplantation of bone marrow cells or isolated hematopoietic stem cells from the bone marrow or peripheral blood is a widely utilized form of therapy for patients with incurable diseases of the hematopoietic and immune systems. Successful engraftment of the transplanted stem cells in an adequately prepared recipient normally leads to bone marrow reconstitution over a period of several weeks, accompanied by more gradual reconstitution of the immune system. Since the recipient is profoundly ill during the initial treatment period, laboratory data is critical for monitoring engraftment, detecting residual/recurrent disease, and identifying problems that may delay bone marrow reconstitution or lead to other medical complications. Accurate blood cell counts are imperative, and most bone marrow transplantation patients undergo periodic monitoring with bone marrow aspirates and biopsies with cytogenetic, molecular, and multiparametric flow cytometric studies. The potential complications of bone marrow transplantation include engraftment failure and delayed engraftment, infection, residual bone marrow disease, acute and chronic graft versus host disease, myelofibrosis, therapy‐related acute leukemia, post‐transplant lympho‐proliferative disorders, and toxic myelopathy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:47–79, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of endosonographic images of gastric lesions: Preliminary experience
Authors: Tsutsui Akemi , Okamura Seisuke , Muguruma Naoki , Tsujigami Koji , Ichikawa Soichi , Ito Susumu , Umino Kazunori 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurpose.This study was conducted to assess the ability of the endoluminal sonographic probes to image upper gastrointestinal lesions detected with conventional endoscopy and to reconstruct 3‐dimensional (3D) images.Methods.Sonographic images were obtained from 25 gastrointestinal lesions in 22 patients using a sonographic miniprobe manually drawn at a set speed across lesions detected during conventional endoscopy. 3D images were then reconstructed using an in‐house software program.Results.In 16 lesions (64%), the 3D sectional images were evaluated as good, and all 25 lesions (100%) could be visualized both transversely and longitudinally. In 12 lesions (48%), the 3D display of the endosonographic surface image corresponded to the endoscopic appearance. In all 11 cases of gastric cancer, the depth of tumor invasion measured using the 3D image was consistent with the histologic diagnosis (100% accuracy). When videotaped sonographic images were stored on a hard disk, it took an average of 3.5 minutes to obtain and display 3D images of the targeted area.Conclusions.3D sonographic reconstructions of digestive lesions were useful in diagnosis, and we believe that further improvements should enhance the clinical usefulness of 3D endosonography. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 33:112–118, 2005
Intrathecal baclofen in the treatment of painful, disabling spasms in Friedreich's ataxia
Authors: Ben Smail Djamel , Jacq Claire , Denys Pierre , Bussel Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe report on the case of a patient suffering from Friedreich's ataxia (FA) with very painful and disabling spasms that were improved markedly by intrathecal baclofen infusion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an intrathecal baclofen‐delivering pump implantation in an FA patient. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Preparation and properties of metallocene ethylene copolymer crosslinked by vinyltrimethoxysilane
Authors: Sirisinha Kalyanee , Meksawat Darinya 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSilane‐grafting and water‐crosslinking of ethylene–octene copolymer (EOR) was carried out. The influences of grafting formulation, comonomer content in EOR and time of the crosslinking process on grafting efficiency, degree and rate of crosslinking were investigated. The mechanical properties of various crosslinked samples are reported together with correlations with their gel contents. The results show that the extent of grafting increased with an increase in the amounts of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) used in the reaction. The degree of crosslinking depended mainly on the extent of grafting, while the rate of the crosslinking process depended on the amount of amorphous phase in the samples. In this study, the variation of gel contents in the samples (0–77 %) had no significant influence on tensile properties. A large number of uncrosslinked regions are believed to exist inhomogeneously within the crosslinked polymers even after the sample has reached maximum gel content. The content of gel did not increase further when the crosslinking time was increased beyond that of reaching maximum gel, but the polymer network became denser, resulting in changes in polymer behaviour. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Evolution of generosity in the demand game
Authors: Toquenaga Yukihiko , Suzuki Yukari 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn ecological system often requires moderate, and sometimes even generous interactions among constituents for achieving a sustainable coexistence. Here we propose a configuration individual‐based model for demonstrating the evolution of generosity in an evolutionary demand game. In the game, two players, proposers and responders, simultaneously make their demands. If the sum of demands is no more than the total amount of the available resource at each game, each player obtains its own demand. However, both players get nothing if the sum exceeds the total amount. We incorporated generosity by discounting players’ demands. In every generation, random pairs were formed, and each pair played the demand game. For the next generation, individuals left a number of offspring proportional to their total payoff. Demand and generosity levels of an individual were inherited by its offspring with slight modification by a small random mutation. When only proposers were allowed to discount their demands, distribution of generosity levels had its mode at zero, and hence generosity did not evolve. However, when both proposers and receivers were allowed to discount their demands, the mean generosity level rose from zero. The resultant populations were not homogeneous, but were made of heterogeneous individuals with high and low generosity levels. Mean demand and generosity levels fluctuated greatly because of the neutral selection for the demand and generosity combinations that equally maximized the payoff of the demand game. Spatially limited interaction increased generosity levels even if only proposers discounted their demands.
Dissolved organic carbon and nitrate concentrations in streams: a useful index indicating carbon and nitrogen availability in catchments
Authors: Konohira Eiichi , Yoshioka Takahito 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDissolved organic carbon (DOC) and NO3− are important forms of C and N in stream water. Hypotheses concerning relationships between DOC and NO3− concentrations have been proposed, but there are no reports demonstrating a relationship between them in stream water. We observed 35 natural streams in the Lake Biwa watershed, central Japan, and found an inverse relationship between DOC and NO3− concentrations. This relationship was also found in observations of their seasonal variations in the Lake Biwa watershed. Moreover, this relationship was also found to apply to watersheds in other regions in Japan. These results suggest that forest biogeochemical processes which control DOC and NO3− concentrations in Japanese streams are closely related. Excess N availability together with a C (energy) deficit in a soil environment may explain this relationship. DOC and NO3− concentrations in streams will thus be a useful index indicating C and N availability in catchments.
Effects of Sterilization Treatments on Some Properties of Alginate Solutions and Gels
Authors: Leo William J. , Mcloughlin Aiden J. , Malone Dermot M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAqueous sodium alginate solutions were subjected to various heat sterilization treatments. Sodium alginate powder was also treated by both gM‐irradiation and ethylene oxide sterilization. The effects of these treatments on the viscosities of sodium alginate solutions and both the diameter and strength of the beads formed in 0.1 M CaCl2 solutions were determined quantitatively. The viscosity of sodium alginate solutions and the gel strength of the calcium alginate beads decreased with increasing sterilization temperature while the bead diameters were found to increase. All these effects can be attributable to a reduction in the degree of polymerization of the alginate molecules as a result of the heat treatments. Ethylene oxide and γ‐irradiation treatments caused similar effects. Standard conditions for sterilization are necessary for comparative studies with alginate beads.
Use of Immobilized Microbial Membrane Fragments To Remove Oxygen and Favor the Acetone‐Butanol Fermentation
Authors: Godia Francesc , Adler Howard I. , Scott Charles D. , Davison Brian H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOxygen‐reducing membrane fragments obtained from Escherichia coli were used with Clostridium acetobutylicum (C. acetobylicum) to provide an oxygen‐free microenvironment for the conversion of glucose to acetone, butanol, and ethanol (ABE). The batch fermentation of suspended C. acetobutylicum NRRL‐B‐643 and its ability to produce solvents in the presence of membranes as the oxygen‐elimination agent are described and compared with the conventional sparging technique used to maintain anaerobiosis. The use of membrane fragments to remove oxygen for fermentation by C. acetobutylicum was successful and gave slightly improved results over the use of sparging with regard to lag, biomass, and solvent production (e.g., final butanol concentration of 3.25 and 2.7 g/L, respectively). Solvent production is also reported for a continuous columnar reactor with coimmobilized cells and membranes in K‐carrageenan gel beads and air‐saturated liquid feed.
Metabolic Activity Control of the L‐Lysine Fermentation by Restrained Growth Fed‐Batch Strategies
Authors: Kiss Robert D , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBatch and continuous culture experiments were conducted with the L‐lysine producer Corynebacterium glutamicum to characterize fermentation yields and rates, as well as the relationship between biomass catalytic activity toward L‐lysine production and online respiratory measurements. Experimental correlations suggested that improved fermentation performance (yield, productivity, and titer) could be achieved through fed‐batch cultivation of the organism under conditions of restrained growth, utilizing respiratory measurements as a metabolic activity indicator for feed rate control. Two different control schemes were developed for maximization of the fermentation yield and maximization of the fermentation productivity. Both strategies were successful in maintaining the yield and specific productivity at high levels for extended times, thus resulting in significant improvements in the overall fermentation yield, volumetric productivity, and titer. It was thus demonstrated that proper environmental control can be an effective means of manipulating microbial metabolism to favor metabolite overproduction.
Application of Fiber‐Optic Fluorescence Measurements to On‐Line pH Monitoring of a Pseudomonad Fermentation Process
Authors: Kisaalita W. S , Slininger P. J , Bothast R. J , Mccarthy J. F , Magin R. L 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article reports results on the application of fluorophore‐based pH sensing to the monitoring of fermentation processes. Emphasis is placed on identifying potential strengths and limitations. A custom‐built fluorometer, designed to provide broad‐band excitation (<420 nm) was used to monitor the emission of a pH‐sensitive fluorophore (1, 4‐dihydroxyphthalonitrile) in solution at two wavelengths. The overall sensing system was characterized with respect to biocompatibility, response, and stability. The biocompatibility results revealed that the growth rate of Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B‐15132) was decreased by the fluorophore at high concentrations (≥100 μM). Correlating the observed pH with the ratio of the two wavelengths (488 nm/434 nm) rendered the pH‐sensing system immune to factors such as fluorophore oxidation, aeration, and reactor agitation. A comparison of response times for fluorescence and Ingold pH measurements revealed fluorescence sensing to be slower. This was attributed to imperfect mixing and position differences between the two sensors in the fermentor. During the course of fermentation, on‐line ratiometric pH measurements for NRRL B‐15132 batch process were affected by changes in ionic strength and cell concentration. A pH difference of 0.66 was recorded (using an Ingold electrode as the standard) after 120 h of the fermentation. Recommendations for overcoming limitations were made.
Optimal Design of the Tubular Microporous Membrane Aerator for Shear‐Sensitive Cell Cultures
Authors: Su W. Winston , Caram Hugo S. , Humphrey Arthur E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this paper, a theoretical analysis of oxygen transport across the tubular microporous membrane is described. This analysis has provided some insight into the optimal design of the membrane aerator. It was found in this study, at fixed inlet pressure, that the overall membrane oxygen transfer rate increases with increased tubing length only up to a certain length, i.e., the “critical length”. When a large membrane surface area is required, the fiber should be divided into parallel segments to increase the overall oxygen transfer rate. A manifold or a gas distributor can then be used to distribute gas into segments of tubing. The length of each segment cannot exceed the critical length. In addition, shorter tube segments should give a higher oxygen transfer rate per unit tube length; however, this advantage is counterbalanced by the fact that gas distribution into huge numbers of parallel tubings may not be uniform.
Antibody‐Targeted Photolysis: In Vitro Immunological, Photophysical, and Cytotoxic Properties of Monoclonal Antibody‐Dextran‐Sn(IV) Chlorin e6 Immunoconjugates
Authors: Rakestraw Scott L. , Ford William E. , Tompkins Ronald G. , Rodgers Michael A. J. , Thorpe William P. , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA set of anti‐melanoma immunoconjugates were prepared which contained chlorin e6: antibody molar ratios of 18.9:1, 11.2:1, 6.8:1, and 1.7:1. All immunoconjugates retained antigen binding activity regardless of the chromophore:antibody substitution ratio that was attained. In contrast, the ground‐state absorption spectra of the immunoconjugates showed features which appeared to be dependent on the chromophore: antibody molar ratio. In addition, the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generated by the conjugated chromophores was observed to be significantly less than that observed with the unbound dye. Time‐resolved absorbance spectroscopy of the chromophore excited triplet state indicated that the loss of singlet oxygen quantum yield resulted from diminished chromophore triplet yield. Analysis of data obtained from in vitro photolysis of target melanoma cells, in combination with that obtained from the immunochemical and photochemical studies, indicates that the observed immunoconjugate phototoxicity can be reasonably quantitatively represented by (1) the ability of the immunoconjugate to bind SK‐MEL‐2 cell surface antigen, (2) the amount of chromophore localized at the target cells by immunoconjugate binding, (3) the delivered dose of light at 634 nm, and (4) the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the antibody‐bound photosensitizer. Though these data argue strongly for photolysis by the cumulative dosage of singlet oxygen at the cell membrane, nonetheless, the concurrent photoinduced release of other cytotoxic agents should not be ruled out.
Tyrosinase Reaction/Chitosan Adsorption for Removing Phenols from Wastewater
Authors: Sun Wei‐Qiang , Payne Gregory F. , Moas Monica S. G. L. , Chu Jennifer H. , Wallace Kimberlee K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA two‐step approach for removing phenols from aqueous solutions was investigated. In the first step, weakly adsorbable phenols are converted to quinones by the enzyme mushroom tyrosinase. The tyrosinase‐generated quinones are then chemisorbed onto chitosan, a readily available waste product of the shellfish industry. In the absence of enzyme, quinone was observed to be rapidly adsorbed onto chitosan. Also, the enthalpy for quinone adsorption onto chitosan was observed to be −24.7 kcal/mol, which compares to enthalpies of ‐7 kcal/mol for adsorption of phenols and quinone onto activated charcoal. With the monophenol reactant cresol, the tyrosinase enzyme was observed to be somewhat stabilized in the presence of chitosan. This stabilization of tyrosinase is presumably due to the rapid adsorption of the reactive quinones onto chitosan. In contrast, tyrosinase was not stabilized by chitosan when the o‐diphenol catechol was the reactant. The ability of chitosan to stabilize tyrosinase for monophenols but not for o‐diphenols is discussed in terms of the relative rates of phenol oxidation by tyrosinase and quinone chemisorption onto chitosan. When mushroom tyrosinase and chitosan were added simultaneously to dilute, phenol‐containing solutions, a nearly complete removal of UV‐absorbing material was observed. This observation demonstrates the feasibility of removing phenols from dilute solutions using the tyrosinase reaction/chitosan adsorption approach.