bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orality in environmental planning
Authors: Woerkum Cees van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn often‐neglected aspect of interactive policy making is the symbolic interaction between professionals and citizens, specifically the way they speak, the kind of orality that is involved. The orality of officials is text bound and texts on the environmental attain a firm position in the discourse of these officials, quite different from the orality of citizens. The characteristics of orality and literacy, from a communicative viewpoint, vary considerably. In literacy details and figures matter; in orality it is the intention of the speaker and the gist of the story that counts most. By bringing in a large amount of literacy in oral presentations, officials spoil the functions of orality, its effects on learning, its creative potential, the way how, via stories, many people can get involved or how trust is developed. Officials can conquer the orality of the people, they can cope with it in a strategic way or they can deal with it as a valuable asset in policy making. For this officials have to rethink the way they speak. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Vegetation–environment relationships along El‐Salam Canal, Egypt
Authors: Serag Mamdouh S. , Khedr Abdel‐Hamid A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe bank and open water vegetation along El‐Salam Canal in north‐eastern Egypt were studied in relation to the prevailing environmental factors. The hypothesis that terresterial and aquatic species would show different downstream patterns of species richness was tested by sampling species composition and environmental variables along 80 km of the canal. Species richness was highest in the first 30 km of the canal. The downstream decrease in species richness exhibits interpretable downstream patterns. Total species richness increased with increasing organic matter in the soil and decreased with both increasing soil and water salinity along the gradient.The indicator species of TWINSPAN analysis are: Azolla filiculoides, Echinochloa stagnina, Eichhornia crassipes and Saccharum spontaneum (cluster I); Ceratophyllum demersum, Ludwigia stolonifera and Typha domingensis (cluster II); Potamogeton pectinatus and Phragmites australis (cluster III); Tamarix nilotica and Suaeda vera (cluster IV).The environmental factors influencing the vegetation clusters were analysed using canonical correspondence analysis ordination (CCA). The water salinity, total nitrogen and total phosphorus appeared to be the most important factors controlling the abundance of aquatic plant distribution along the canal. The shoreline vegetation is mainly controlled by salinity, K+ and organic carbon of the soil.Water analysis indicated that the salinity of the water increases southwards and the minimum salinity of the water (0.78 mS/cm) was recorded at the intake of the canal. The maximum value (7.5 mS/cm) of water salinity was recorded near the Suez Canal. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate declustering techniques
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeclustering techniques are techniques that identify independent events in a data record and filter out extreme values from them. Declustering techniques for univariate series of observations are well established. However, there has been little work concerned with declustering techniques for multivariate data. In this paper we propose a new multivariate declustering technique and show how it applies to a wide range of data structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal adaptive selection of sampling sites
Authors: Chao Chang‐Tai , Thompson Steven K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnder an assumed population model, the optimal sampling strategy is often an adaptive one. In spatial statistics an important problem is that of optimally locating sample sites for estimation or prediction. In some cases a certain number of sampling sites have already been located and now one would like to optimally choose locations for a set of additional sites. If the optimal strategy is an adaptive one, then the selection of the new sites should take into account not only the locations of the existing sites but also the values of the variable of interest observed at those sites. In this paper, the optimal sampling strategy in two phases is examined and compared with the optimal conventional strategy. While the optimal conventional design is approximately a systematic arrangement of sampling sites, the optimal adaptive selection varies depending on the realized spatial distribution. The relative efficiency of the optimal (adaptive) strategy to the optimal conventional strategy, which is always greater than 1, is seen to be related to the range of influence of the spatial covariance function. Finally, the strategies are compared using data from a study of geothermal with CO2emissions in Yellowstone National Park. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistically meaningful standards for contaminated sites using composite sampling
Authors: Barnett Vic , Bown Marion 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCurrent environmental standards commonly consist of a statement of some upper or lower limit to be met by pollutant levels ‘at large’ or of prescriptions of required outcomes from sampling procedures, with no consideration of the effects of uncertainty or variation. Barnett and O'Hagan (1997) classified these as ideal standards and realizable standards, respectively, concluding that neither form was satisfactory and recommending that they be replaced with statistically meaningful standards. Such standards should conjointly incorporate a regulatory limit coupled with a standard that provides some prescribed level of statistical assurance that the limit is actually being met, and are termed statistically verifiable ideal standards (SVISs). This recommendation was endorsed by the U.K. government Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1998).In many cases, realizable standards specify a particular sampling scheme and the outcome that is required from such a scheme to demonstrate compliance with the standard, but without consideration of the statistical interpretation of the outcome that might infer some property of the underlying population. The sampling methods take various forms and may feature composite sampling. One example of a set of realizable standards that consider composite sampling is found in the Australian Environmental Investigation Limits (EILs) for contaminated land sites (ANZECC/NHMRC, 1992). Under specific sampling guidelines (Standards Australia, 1997), composite sampling is allowed only if the conservative ‘divide‐by‐n’ principle is employed for adjustment of the standard limit.Using this set of standards and the associated sampling guidelines as motivation, we investigate an alternative SVIS that takes direct account of uncertainty and variation, and is statistically interpretable. The approach is developed initially for the illustrative case of independently and identically normally distributed pollution data, using a more statistically appropriate and less conservative principle than the ‘divide‐by‐n’ rule. We also consider other distributional assumptions for the pollution data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing and contrasting some environmental and experimental design problems
Authors: Martin R. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDesigning an unreplicated field trial essentially involves firstly selecting the plots for the check varieties, and secondly arranging the check varieties among these plots. Selecting the check plots appears to be very similar to choosing sites for a monitoring network, or choosing sites in a region at which to take a sample. The problems appear to be even closer if spatial dependence is postulated, when another aim in choosing the sites is to allow efficient estimation of the dependence. In this paper, the designs of monitoring networks and spatial samples, and some related design problems, are considered to see if they have implications for the design of unreplicated field trials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incremental dynamic analysis
Authors: Vamvatsikos Dimitrios , Cornell C. Allin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIncremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is a parametric analysis method that has recently emerged in several different forms to estimate more thoroughly structural performance under seismic loads. It involves subjecting a structural model to one (or more) ground motion record(s), each scaled to multiple levels of intensity, thus producing one (or more) curve(s) of response parameterized versus intensity level. To establish a common frame of reference, the fundamental concepts are analysed, a unified terminology is proposed, suitable algorithms are presented, and properties of the IDA curve are looked into for both single‐degree‐of‐freedom and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures. In addition, summarization techniques for multi‐record IDA studies and the association of the IDA study with the conventional static pushover analysis and the yield reduction R‐factor are discussed. Finally, in the framework of performance‐based earthquake engineering, the assessment of demand and capacity is viewed through the lens of an IDA study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet‐based characterization of design ground motions
Authors: Mukherjee Sushovan , Gupta Vinay K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith the recent emergence of wavelet‐based procedures for stochastic analyses of linear and non‐linear structural systems subjected to earthquake ground motions, it has become necessary that seismic ground motion processes are characterized through statistical functionals of wavelet coefficients. While direct characterization in terms of earthquake and site parameters may have to wait for a few more years due to the complexity of the problem, this study attempts such characterization through commonly available Fourier and response spectra for design earthquake motions. Two approaches have been proposed for obtaining the spectrum‐compatible wavelet functionals, one for input Fourier spectrum and another for input response spectrum, such that the total number of input data points are 30–35% of those required for a time‐history analysis. The proposed methods provide for simulating ‘desired non‐stationary characteristics’ consistent with those in a recorded accelerogram. Numerical studies have been performed to illustrate the proposed approaches. Further, the wavelet functionals compatible with a USNRC spectrum in the case of 35 recorded motions of similar strong motion durations have been used to obtain the strength reduction factor spectra for elasto‐plastic oscillators and to show that about ±20% variation may be assumed from mean to 5 and 95% confidence levels due to uncertainty in the non‐stationary characteristics of the ground motion process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller
Authors: Hung Shih‐Lin , Lai C. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractApplying active control systems to civil engineering structures subjected to dynamic loading has received increasing interest. This study proposes an active pulse control model, termed unsupervised fuzzy neural network structural active pulse controller (UFN‐SAP controller), for controlling civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. The proposed controller combines an unsupervised neural network classification (UNC) model, an unsupervised fuzzy neural network (UFN) reasoning model, and an active pulse control strategy. The UFN‐SAP controller minimizes structural cumulative responses during earthquakes by applying active pulse control forces determined via the UFN model based on the clusters, classified through the UNC model, with their corresponding control forces. Herein, we assume that the effect of the pulses on structure is delayed until just before the next sampling time so that the control force can be calculated in time, and applied. The UFN‐SAP controller also averts the difficulty of obtaining system parameters for a real structure for the algorithm to allow active structural control. Illustrative examples reveal significant reductions in cumulative structural responses, proving the feasibility of applying the adaptive unsupervised neural network with the fuzzy classification approach to control civil engineering structures under dynamic loading. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modal identification of structures from ambient vibration, free vibration, and seismic response data via a subspace approach
Authors: Huang C. S. , Lin H. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work presents a unified procedure for determining the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and modal shapes of a structure from its ambient vibration, free vibration and earthquake response data. To evaluate the coefficient matrices of a state‐space model, the proposed procedure applies a subspace approach cooperating with an instrumental variable concept. The dynamic characteristics of a structure are determined from the coefficient matrices. The feasibility of the procedure is demonstrated through processing anin situambient vibration measurement of a five‐storey steel frame, an impulse response measurement of a three‐span continuous bridge, and simulated earthquake responses of five‐storey steel frames from shaking table tests. The excellent agreement of the results obtained herein with those published previously confirms the feasibility of the present procedure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model
Authors: Eckardt F. D. , Drake N. , Goudie A. S. , White K. , Viles H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe formation of Namibia's extensive pedogenic gypsum crusts (CaSO4·2H2O) is interpreted in a new light. It is suggested that gypsum primarily precipitates at isolated points of evaporitic concentration, such as inland playas, and that deflation of evaporitic‐rich gypsum dust from these playas contributes to the formation of pedogenic gypsum duricrusts on the coastal gravel plains of the Namib Desert surrounding these playas. This study establishes the nature, extent and distribution of playas in the Central Namib Desert and provides evidence for playa gypsum deflation and gravel plain deposition. Remote sensing shows the distribution of playas, captures ongoing deflation and provides evidence of gypsum deflation. It is proposed that, following primary marine aerosol deposition, both inland playas and coastal sabkhas generate gypsum which through the process of playa deflation and gravel plain redeposition contributes to the extensive pedogenic crusts found in the Namib Desert region. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distorted Froude‐scaled flume analysis of large woody debris
Authors: Wallerstein Nicholas P. , Alonso Carlos V. , Bennett Sean J. , Thorne Colin R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a movable‐boundary, distorted, Froude‐scaled hydraulic model based on Abiaca Creek, a sand‐bedded channel in northern Mississippi. The model was used to examine the geomorphic and hydraulic impact of simplified large woody debris (LWD) elements. The theory of physical scale models is discussed and the method used to construct the LWD test channel is developed. The channel model had bed and banks moulded from 0·8 mm sand, and flow conditions were just below the threshold of motion so that any sediment transport and channel adjustment were the result of the debris element. Dimensions and positions of LWD elements were determined using a debris jam classification model. Elements were attached to a dynamometer to measure element drag forces, and channel adjustment was determined through detailed topographic surveys.The fluid drag force on the elements decreased asymptotically over time as the channel boundary eroded around the elements due to locally increased boundary shear stress. Total time for geomorphic adjustment computed for the prototype channel at theQ2discharge (discharge occurring once every two years on average) was as short as 45 hours. The size, depth and position of scour holes, bank erosion and bars created by flow acceleration past the elements were found to be related to element length and position within the channel cross‐section. Morphologies created by each debris element in the model channel were comparable with similar jams observed in the prototype channel. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Showing off, handicap signaling, and the evolution of men's work
Authors: Hawkes Kristen , Bliege Bird Rebecca 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZahavi's1,2handicap principle makes “waste” a common outcome of signal selection because the cost of a signal guarantees its honesty. The capacity to bear the cost reveals the show‐off's hidden qualities. While displays take many forms, some also provide fitness‐related benefits to the audiencein additionto information about the show‐off. Zahavi3has used the handicap principle to explain both merely wasteful displays and altruistic behavior. Here we focus on the distinction between these two kinds of display and the importance of benefits other than information in show‐off explanations of a particular puzzle in human evolution: men's work. Males of other primate species do not contribute any significant fraction of the food consumed by females and juveniles. Our own species is different. When people live on wild foods, hunting is usually a specialty of men, and meat is commonly a substantial component of everyone's diet. Here we explore the hypothesis that this unique male subsistence contribution may have evolved as hunting large animals became a focus of competitive display.
Durability of fire retardant treated wood products at humid and exterior conditions review of literature
Authors: Östman Birgit , Voss Angelika , Hughes Andrew , Jostein Hovde Per , Grexa Ondrej 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFire retardants may considerably improve the fire properties of wood products, but the durability, e.g. in exterior applications, has not been addressed fully. This paper reviews the existing knowledge and experience mainly from the USA with the aim of supporting further development in Europe. The review is concentrated on pressure impregnated fire retardant treated wood products which have the best opportunities for increased durability. Copyright © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oil compounds in a historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae)
Authors: Novak Johannes , Langbehn Jan , Pank Friedrich , Franz Chlodwig M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae), more than 60 years old, was analysed and its composition compared to standard material from the European herb market. By using a solvent extract of the historical sample, the rearrangements and artefact formation usually occurring during the distillation of marjoram were avoided. The extract contained high amounts of terpinen‐4‐ol, thus resembling the distilled essential oil more than the solvent extract of the standard sample. So artefact formation in marjoram can also happen in planta in herbs stored for a long time under suboptimal conditions. The high content of carvacrol, normally never present in standard material from cultivation, gave an indication of the heterogeneity of marjoram in former times, and confirmed the opinion that (cultivated) marjoram is a chemovariety selected a long time ago. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of the unsteady flow over an elliptic cylinder at different orientations
Authors: Badr H. M. , Dennis S. C. R. , Kocabiyik Serpil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA numerical method is developed for investigating the two‐dimensional unsteady viscous flow over an inclined elliptic cylinder placed in a uniform stream of infinite extent. The direction of the free stream is normal to the cylinder axis and the flow field unsteadiness arises from two effects, the first is due to the flow field development following the start of the motion and the second is due to vortex shedding in the wake region. The time‐dependent flow is governed by the full conservation equations of mass and momentum with no boundary layer approximations. The parameters involved are the cylinder axis ratio, Reynolds number and the angle of attack. The investigation covers a Reynolds number range up to 5000. The minor–major axis ratio of the elliptic cylinder ranges between 0.5 and 0.6, and the angle of attack ranges between 0° and 90°. A series truncation method based on Fourier series is used to reduce the governing Navier–Stokes equations to two coupled infinite sets of second‐order differential equations. These equations are approximated by retaining only a finite number of terms and are then solved by approximating the derivatives using central differences. The results reveal an unusual phenomenon of negative lift occurring shortly after the start of motion. Various comparisons are made with previous theoretical and experimental results, including flow visualizations, to validate the solution methodology. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting high‐frequency financial data with the ARFIMA–ARCH model
Authors: Hauser Michael A. , Kunst Robert M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFinancial data series are often described as exhibiting two non‐standard time series features. First, variance often changes over time, with alternating phases of high and low volatility. Such behaviour is well captured by ARCH models. Second, long memory may cause a slower decay of the autocorrelation function than would be implied by ARMA models. Fractionally integrated models have been offered as explanations. Recently, the ARFIMA–ARCH model class has been suggested as a way of coping with both phenomena simultaneously. For estimation we implement the bias correction of Cox and Reid (1987). For daily data on the Swiss 1‐month Euromarket interest rate during the period 1986–1989, the ARFIMA–ARCH (5,d,2/4) model with non‐integerdis selected by AIC. Model‐based out‐of‐sample forecasts for the mean are better than predictions based on conditionally homoscedastic white noise only for longer horizons (τ > 40). Regarding volatility forecasts, however, the selected ARFIMA–ARCH models dominate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A non‐linear dynamic model for multiplicative seasonal‐trend decomposition
Authors: Ozaki Tohru , Thomson Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA non‐linear dynamic model is introduced for multiplicative seasonal time series that follows and extends the X‐11 paradigm where the observed time series is a product of trend, seasonal and irregular factors. A selection of standard seasonal and trend component models used in additive dynamic time series models are adapted for the multiplicative framework and a non‐linear filtering procedure is proposed. The results are illustrated and compared to X‐11 and log‐additive models using real data. In particular it is shown that the new procedures do not suffer from the trend bias present in log‐additive models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.