bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ty1 Copy Number Dynamics in Saccharomyces
Authors: Garfinkel David J , Nyswaner Katherine M , Stefanisko Karen M , Chang Caroline , Moore Sharon P 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
To understand long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposon copy number dynamics, Ty1 elements were reintroduced into a “Ty-less” Saccharomyces strain where elements had been lost by LTR-LTR recombination. Repopulated strains exhibited alterations in chromosome size that were associated with Ty1 insertions, but did not become genetically isolated. The rates of element gain and loss under genetic and environmental conditions known to affect Ty1 retrotransposition were determined using genetically tagged reference elements. The results show that Ty1 retrotransposition varies with copy number, temperature, and cell type. In contrast to retrotransposition, Ty1 loss by LTR-LTR recombination was more constant and not markedly influenced by copy number. Endogenous Ty1 cDNA was poorly utilized for recombination when compared with LTR-LTR recombination or ectopic gene conversion. Ty1 elements also appear to be more susceptible to copy number fluctuation in haploid cells. Ty1 gain/loss ratios obtained under different conditions suggest that copy number oscillates over time by altering the rate of retrotransposition, resulting in the diverse copy numbers observed in Saccharomyces.
Hypothyroxinemia in Mechanically Ventilated Term Infants Is Associated With Increased Use of Rescue Therapies
Authors: Lim Doyle J. , Herring Michelle Kantor , Leef Kathleen H. , Getchell Jane , Bartoshesky Louis E. , Paul David A. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. Although common in preterm infants, transient hypothyroxinemia (TH) has not been investigated extensively in ill term infants. The objectives of this study were to investigate serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in sick term infants and to determine whether there is any association between measures of thyroid function and short-term outcome in term infants who receive mechanical ventilation.Methods. The investigation consisted of both a prospective observational study and a retrospective cohort study. In the prospective study, T4 and TSH were measured after birth in a group of sick term infants (n = 38) and compared with a group of well term infants (n = 18). Infants in the sick group received mechanical ventilation or continuous positive airway pressure and/or had neonatal seizures. Illness severity was quantified using the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology. The retrospective cohort study included term infants who required mechanical ventilation and were born over a 5-year period (n = 347). Routine T4 screening was collected on the fifth day of life. TH was diagnosed in infants with a T4 &lt;10%, with a TSH &lt;25 μIU/mL. Clinical outcomes in infants with TH were compared with infants without TH.Results. In the prospective study, infants in the sick group had lower T4 on the fifth day of life as compared with infants in the well group (11.7 ± 4.9 vs 18.9 ± 5.4 μg/dL), and 34% of infants in the sick group had a T4 &lt;10th percentile compared with 6% of infants in the well group. T4 on day of life 5 was inversely correlated with Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology (R = −0.52). In the retrospective study, 21% of mechanically ventilated infants developed TH and were given statistically more inhaled nitric oxide, high-frequency ventilation, vasopressors, and pharmacologic paralysis when compared with infants without TH. Moreover, infants with TH were statistically more likely to die or require transfer to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center compared with infants without TH.Conclusion. Our data show that, similar to preterm infants, ill term infants develop TH. Term infants with TH required more intensive rescue interventions, including inhaled nitric oxide and transfer to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center. However, whether T4 levels are a marker or a mediator of clinical outcome remains to be determined.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Survivors of Childhood Cancer Using the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life-Youth Form
Authors: Shankar Sadhna , Robison Leslie , Jenney Meriel E.M. , Rockwood Todd H. , Wu Eric , Feusner James , Friedman Debra , Kane Robert L. , Bhatia Smita 
Published: February 2005

Objective. To assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of 8- to 12-year-old children undergoing therapy for cancer or childhood-cancer survivors by using the Minneapolis-Manchester Quality of Life-Youth Form (MMQL-YF), a comprehensive, multidimensional self-report instrument with demonstrable reliability and validity.Design, Setting, and Patients. The MMQL-YF consists of 32 items comprising 4 scales: physical functioning, psychologic functioning, physical symptoms, and outlook on life. Scoring on the MMQL ranges from 1 to 5; 5 indicates maximal HRQL. An overall quality-of-life (QOL) score is also computed. By using a cross-sectional study design, the MMQL-YF was administered to 90 off-therapy cancer survivors, 72 children with cancer undergoing active therapy, and 481 healthy children without a history of cancer or other chronic disease.Results. Compared with healthy controls, children actively undergoing cancer treatment report low overall QOL, physical functioning, and outlook-on-life scores. However, off-therapy survivors report a superior overall QOL, compared with age-matched healthy controls.Conclusions. Young survivors of childhood cancer report a favorable HRQL relative to healthy controls. These results are reassuring, suggesting that this group of survivors may have been too young to encounter some of the negative psychosocial impacts of cancer and its treatment.
Impact of a Diabetes Prevention Program on Body Size, Physical Activity, and Diet Among Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) Children 6 to 11 Years Old: 8-Year Results From the Kahnawake Schools Diabetes Prevention Project
Authors: Paradis Gilles , Lévesque Lucie , Macaulay Ann C. , Cargo Margaret , McComber Alex , Kirby Rhonda , Receveur Olivier , Kishchuk Natalie , Potvin Louise 
Published: February 2005

Objectives. Report the 8-year impact on body size, physical activity, and diet of a community-based diabetes prevention program for elementary-school children in a Kanien'kehá:ka (Mohawk) community in Canada.Methods. Follow-up (1994–1996) of subjects in the intervention and comparison community and repeat cross-sectional measurements in the intervention community alone from 1994 to 2002. Measures included triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses, body mass index (BMI), weekly number of 15-minute episodes of physical activity, run/walk test times, television watching, and consumption of sugared foods, fatty foods, and fruits and vegetables.Results. The longitudinal data of 1994–1996 showed some early positive effects of the program on skinfold thickness but not on BMI, physical activity, fitness, or diet. Repeat cross-sectional measures from 1994 to 2002 showed increases in skinfold thickness and BMI. Physical activity, fitness, and television watching showed favorable trends from 1994 to 1999 that were not sustained in 2002. Key high-fat and high-sugar foods consumption decreased, as did consumption of fruits and vegetables.Conclusions. Although early results showed some successes in reducing risk factors for type 2 diabetes, these benefits were not maintained over 8 years.
Sleep-Wake Cycling on Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography in Term Newborns With Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Osredkar Damjan , Toet Mona C. , van Rooij Linda G. M. , van Huffelen Alexander C. , Groenendaal Floris , de Vries Linda S. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. The objective of this amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) study was to evaluate the influence of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia on sleep-wake cycling (SWC) in term newborns and assess whether characteristics of SWC are of predictive value for neurodevelopmental outcome.Methods. From a consecutive series of newborns born during a 10-year period, the aEEG tracings of 171 term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy were assessed for the presence, time of onset, and quality of SWC. SWC patterns were categorized with regard to the background pattern on which they presented, as normal or abnormal SWC.Results. SWC was seen in 95.4% of the surviving newborns and in 8.1% of those who died. The median time intervals from birth to onset of SWC were significantly different in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy grades I, II, and III (7, 33, and 62 hours, respectively). Newborns with seizure discharges developed SWC with a delay of 30.5 hours. Good outcome was associated with earlier onset of SWC and normal SWC pattern. The difference in the median Griffiths' developmental quotients in newborns who started SWC before/after 36 hours was 8.5 points. The good/poor neurodevelopmental outcome was predicted correctly by the onset of SWC before/after 36 hours in 82% of newborns.Conclusions. The presence, time of onset, and quality of SWC reflected the severity of the hypoxic-ischemic insult to which newborns were exposed. The time of onset of SWC has a predictive value for neurodevelopmental outcome.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Early Childhood Health and Health Care
Authors: Flores Glenn , Olson Lynn , Tomany-Korman Sandra C. 
Published: February 2005

Background. Racial/ethnic disparities in health care have received much national attention recently, but few studies have focused on disparities among children. We studied disparities in early childhood health and health care.Methods. We analyzed data for 2608 children, 4 to 35 months of age, from the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health, a nationwide household survey. The overall response rate was 65.6%. Survey questions addressed health, health care, and interactions with health care providers.Results. Hispanic and black children were significantly less likely than whites to be in excellent/very good health (72%, 79%, and 90%, respectively) and were more likely to be uninsured (31%, 18%, and 9%, respectively). Only 60% of Hispanic and 77% of black parents would recommend their child's provider to others, compared with 84% of white parents. Minority parents more often reported that providers never or only sometimes understood their child-rearing preferences, and Hispanic parents most often reported that providers never or only sometimes understood their child's needs. Minority parents more often were asked about violence, smoking, drinking, and drug use. Hispanic and black parents averaged significantly fewer telephone calls to doctors' offices than did whites (2.0, 3.1, and 4.3 calls, respectively). Providers significantly less often referred Hispanic and black children to specialists (11% and 17%, respectively, compared with 22% for whites). Most disparities persisted in multivariate analyses, and several disparities were found between children with parents who completed surveys in Spanish and those with parents who completed surveys in English.Conclusion. Young minority children experience multiple disparities in health status, insurance coverage, topics discussed during pediatric visits, parents feeling understood by providers, parental satisfaction, and referrals to specialists.
Anemia Is a Poor Predictor of Iron Deficiency Among Toddlers in the United States: For Heme the Bell Tolls
Authors: White Keith C. 
Published: February 2005

Context. Many toddlers in the United States have their hemoglobin (Hb) measured periodically. Is this worthwhile?
Objective. To determine if the presence of anemia correctly diagnoses iron deficiency (ID) and if the absence of anemia correctly rules out ID in young children.
Methodology. An analysis of data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988–1994) was performed. Subjects were children 12 to 35 months old for whom complete blood counts and cardinal measures of iron nutrition (ferritin, transferrin saturation, and free erythrocyte protoporphyrin) were reported.
Results. In the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, the prevalence of ID ranged from 6% to 18% in various subpopulations of toddlers. In the general population, the positive predictive value of Hb concentration ([Hb]) &lt;110 g/L for ID was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20–38%), and the sensitivity was 30% (95% CI: 20–40%). Changing the diagnostic cutoff point to [Hb] &lt;107 g/L resulted in a positive predictive value of 38% (95% CI: 24–52%) but lowered the sensitivity to 15% (95% CI: 7–22%).
Conclusions. ID remains common in the United States. In agreement with other reports, anemia in toddlers in developed countries is more likely to be due to causes other than ID. Conversely, most children with ID are not anemic. Many false-positive and false-negative results render the measurement of Hb a screening test of relatively little value. The current detection strategy needlessly treats and retests many children without ID and leaves many iron-deficient toddlers unattended.
Adverse Events After Inactivated Influenza Vaccination Among Children Less Than 2 Years of Age: Analysis of Reports From the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990–2003
Authors: McMahon Ann W. , Iskander John , Haber Penina , Chang Soju , Woo E. Jane , Braun M. Miles , Ball Robert 
Published: February 2005

Background. In April 2002, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) encouraged providers to vaccinate healthy 6- to 23-month-old infants and children with trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV).Objectives. To describe adverse events (AEs) reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) after TIV vaccination among children &lt;2 years of age and to compare reports before the ACIP guideline (January 1990 to June 2002) and after the ACIP guideline (July 2002 to June 2003).Methods. VAERS is a passive vaccine safety surveillance system begun by the Food and Drug Administration and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1990. We reviewed reports to VAERS for children &lt;2 years of age who received TIV, alone or in combination with other vaccines. Influenza seasons were defined as the period from July 1 of one year to June 30 of the following year.Results. Between 1990 and 2003, VAERS received 166 TIV reports for children &lt;2 years of age. There were 62 reports (37%) after administration of TIV alone and 104 reports (63%) after administration of TIV and ≥1 other vaccine. Approximately one third of reports (N = 61) were in the post-ACIP guideline period. The 4 most frequent AE coding terms were fever (N = 59, 35%), unspecified or urticarial rash (42, 25%), seizure (28, 17%), and injection site reaction (28, 17%). The median number of days from vaccination to symptom onset, the percentage of reports that represented serious AEs, and the gender distribution were similar in the pre-ACIP guideline and post-ACIP guideline periods. The percentage of reports describing an underlying medical condition for the subject decreased from 58% before the ACIP guideline to 37% after the ACIP guideline. Nineteen of 28 seizure reports (68%) described fever with the seizure within 2 days after vaccination. Seizure was the most frequent coding term (N = 10, 7 with fever) among 23 serious reports. The annual number of TIV-related VAERS reports for children &lt;2 years of age increased in the post-ACIP guideline period, probably at least in part because of an increase in the number of vaccinees after the ACIP announcement. The safety profiles in the pre-ACIP guideline and post-ACIP guideline periods were similar.Conclusions. In October 2003, the ACIP recommended that all healthy children 6 to 23 months of age be vaccinated with TIV, starting in the 2004–2005 influenza season. This study provides generally reassuring, although limited, data regarding the safety of TIV among children in this age range. Continued surveillance for seizures and other clinically significant AEs is warranted and will continue.
The Assessment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Rural Primary Care: The Portability of the American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines to the “Real World”
Authors: Polaha Jodi , Cooper Stephanie L. , Meadows Tawnya , Kratochvil Christopher J. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. To examine the implementation of a protocol for the assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in rural pediatric practices. The protocol was designed to provide an efficient means for pediatricians to learn and use the ADHD guidelines put forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
Methods. Primary care staff (physicians, nurses, etc) from 2 rural pediatric practices were trained to use the ADHD-assessment protocol. Medical records for 101 patients were reviewed from 1 to 2 years before the introduction of the protocol and for 86 patients during the subsequent 2 to 3 years to assess compliance with the AAP guidelines. In addition, 34% of the scales scored by the staff were rescored to check for scoring accuracy.
Results. Before the availability of the AAP guidelines and the implementation of the assessment protocol, neither primary care site was consistently collecting the comprehensive information that is now recommended for an ADHD assessment. Parent and/or teacher rating scales were collected for only 0% to 21% of assessments across sites. When provided with brief training and supporting materials, medical records reflected significant improvement in the ascertainment of clinically necessary ADHD information, with parent and teacher rating scales present 88% to 100% of the time. Staff demonstrated an ability to score rating scales with a high degree of accuracy. The integrity of protocol collection and management was maintained 2 to 3 years after training.
Conclusions. An efficient system for conducting ADHD assessments according to AAP guidelines in rural pediatrics clinics can be initiated and maintained with integrity. Additional research is needed to determine if this system improves diagnostic decision-making and patient outcomes.
Gender Differences in Perinatal HIV Acquisition Among African Infants
Authors: Taha Taha E. , Nour Samah , Kumwenda Newton I. , Broadhead Robin L. , Fiscus Susan A. , Kafulafula George , Nkhoma Chiwawa , Chen Shu , Hoover Donald R. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. We investigated gender-specific risks of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) at birth and at 6 to 8 weeks among infants born to HIV-infected African women.Design. Follow-up study of infants enrolled in 2 randomized, phase III, clinical trials to prevent MTCT, conducted in Blantyre, Malawi, in southeast Africa.Methods. Infants were enrolled at birth and monitored postnatally, and their HIV status was assessed at birth and at 6 to 8 weeks (assessment beyond 6–8 weeks is ongoing). Statistical analyses were stratified according to gender, and comparisons were made with descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistical tests. MTCT was estimated at birth and at 6 to 8 weeks among infants who were not infected at birth.Results. Overall, 966 boys and 998 girls were enrolled. The rate of HIV transmission at birth was 9.5% (187 of 1964 infants). However, at birth significantly more girls (12.6%) than boys (6.3%) were infected with HIV. This association remained significant after controlling for maternal viral load and other factors. Among infants who were uninfected at birth, 8.7% (135 of 1554 infants) acquired HIV by 6 to 8 weeks; of these infants, more girls acquired HIV (10.0%), compared with boys (7.4%).Conclusions. Female infants may be more susceptible to HIV infection before birth and continuing after birth. Alternatively, in utero mortality rates of HIV-infected male infants may be disproportionately higher and thus more HIV-infected female infants are born. In areas of sub-Saharan Africa, where HIV infection rates are high among women of reproductive age, the magnitude of the gender transmission differences observed in this study could have clinical, preventive, and demographic implications.
Helping Families Raise Children With Special Health Care Needs at Home
Authors: Johnson Chris Plauché , Kastner Theodore A. ,   and the Committee/Section on Children With Disabilities
Published: February 2005

This Clinical Report was retired June 2009.
One goal of Healthy People 2010 is to reduce the number of people with disabilities in congregate care facilities, consistent with permanency-planning principles, to 0 by 2010 for persons aged 21 years and under (objective 6–7). Congregate care, in this regard, is defined as any setting in which 4 or more persons with disabilities reside, regardless of whether the residence is located in the community, such as a school, group home, nursing facility, or institution. Although this particular public health objective may reflect an unfamiliar concept for some pediatricians, the American Academy of Pediatrics supports the goals and objectives of Healthy People 2010 as well as the medical home and the provision of community-based, culturally effective, coordinated, and comprehensive care for children with special health care needs and their families. To advise families caring for children with special health care needs effectively, the pediatrician should be familiar with the principles of permanency planning and well informed of local family-support services. The pediatrician should also work with the family to identify the range of long-term supports and services available for their child. These supports may include respite for biological families as well as various additional parenting models such as shared parenting, foster care, alternate parents, and adoption. Although family-based supports are preferable, families may consider other out-of-home placements including group homes, placement in a nursing facility, or other forms of institutional care when sufficient family-based services are not available. Once all the options are understood, issues regarding quality of care can be individualized and judged by the parent or guardian, in close collaboration with the pediatrician and other professionals with expertise in permanency planning and long-term supports and services.
The purpose of this clinical report is to educate physicians on the philosophy of providing a permanent family environment (permanency planning) for all children, including those with special health care needs, and the importance of adequate and accessible community services to support and maintain the well-being of all family members.
Die Jagd auf Moleküle, die nie existiert haben: Falsch zugeordnete Naturstoffstrukturen und die Rolle der chemischen Synthese in der modernen Strukturaufklärung
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Snyder Scott A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIm Laufe der vergangenen 50 Jahre hat hinsichtlich der Aufklärung der Strukturen unbekannter Naturstoffe eine gewaltige Umwälzung stattgefunden. In der ersten Hälfte des vergangenen Jahrhunderts war man fast ausschließlich auf die Kunst der chemischen Synthese angewiesen, um in jahrelanger Arbeit – hauptsächlich mithilfe von Abbaureaktionen und Derivatisierungen – Hypothesen zur Struktur zu überprüfen. Heute stehen mit der multidimensionalen NMR‐Spektroskopie, der hochauflösenden Massenspektrometrie und nicht zuletzt mit der Röntgenstrukturananlyse leistungsstarke Verfahren zur Verfügung, um hoch komplexen Naturstoffen schnell Strukturen zuzuordnen – selbst dann, wenn weniger als ein Milligramm Substanz isoliert wurde. Man könnte daher behaupten, die Charakterisierung von Naturstoffen sei zu einer Routineaufgabe geworden, für deren Lösung nicht einmal mehr ein Reaktionsgefäß benötigt wird – doch ist das wirklich so? Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, dass phantasievolle Detektivarbeit und chemische Synthesen bei der Lösung der faszinierendsten molekularen Rätsel der Natur nach wie vor eine wichtige Rolle spielen.