bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical distribution of two major quarantine fruit flies (Bactrocera minax Enderlein and Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) in Sichuan Basin based on four SDMs
Authors: Xia Yanli , Zhao Jinpeng , Ding Jian , Xu Ke , Zhou Xianjian , Xiang Mian , Xue Huiling , Wang Huan , Wang Rulin , Yang Yuxia 
Published: January 2024

Both Bactrocera minax and Bactrocera dorsalis are phytophagous insects, and their larvae are latent feeders, which cause great damage and economic losses to agriculture production and trade. This study aimed to provide a scientific reference for researching and developing the feasible countermeasures against these two pests. Based on the distribution data of B. minax and B. dorsalis in China, obtained from the Chinese herbaria, investigation and literature. Four niche models (Garp, Bioclim, Domain, and Maxent) were used to analyze the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of both pests and to build prediction models of the potential distribution in Sichuan Basin. Combined with two statistical standards, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and Kappa, the validity of prediction models were analyzed and compared. The results show that: the average AUC values of the four models are all above 0.90, and the average Kappa values are all above 0.75, indicating that the four models are suitable for predicting the potential distribution area of B. minax and B. dorsalis. The annual range of temperature, the mean temperature in the driest quarter, the mean temperature in the warmest quarter, the annual precipitation, and the precipitation in driest month are the key environmental factors affecting the distribution of B. minax, while the mean diurnal temperature range, the mean temperature in the driest quarter, the seasonal temperature variations and the precipitation in driest month affect the potential distribution of B. dorsalis. The suitable areas for B. minax are mainly concentrated in the eastern of Sichuan Basin, while the suitable areas for B. dorsalis are concentrated in the southeastern. Except for the Bioclim model, the highly-suitable area for both pests predicted by the other three models are all greater than 15.94 × 104 km2 and the moderately-suitable areas are greater than 13.57 × 104 km2. In conclusion, the suitable areas for both pests in Sichuan Basin are quite wide. Therefore, the relevant authorities should be given strengthened monitoring of both pests, especially in areas with high incursion rates.
Pharmacodynamics of abciximab during angioplasty: Comparison to healthy subjects
Authors: Abernethy Darrell R. , Pezzullo John , Mascelli Mary A. , Frederick Bart , Kleiman Neal S. , Freedman Jane 
Published: August 2002

ObjectivesOur objectives were to compare and contrast abciximab concentration‐effect relationships in healthy volunteer participants with those in patients with coronary atherosclerosis undergoing elective coronary angioplasty. We also aimed to establish abciximab plasma concentrations associated with 80% inhibition of platelet aggregation.MethodsAbciximab clearance and concentration‐effect relationships were determined from two separate clinical studies, one in 30 healthy subjects aged 21 to 66 years and the other in 32 patients aged 44 to 74 years before they underwent elective coronary angioplasty. After abciximab administration, abciximab plasma concentrations, platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GP IIb/IIIa) receptor occupancy, and degree of inhibition of platelet aggregation in the presence of 5‐μmol/L and 20‐μmol/L adenosine diphosphate was determined. With an Emax (receptor occupancy) or inhibitory Emax (inhibition of platelet aggregation) model, abciximab concentrations required for 80% receptor occupancy and 80% inhibition of platelet aggregation were determined.ResultsAbciximab steady‐state clearance in healthy participants was 183 ± 72 ml/min (mean ± SD), and single‐dose clearance in patients undergoing angioplasty was 405 ± 240 ml/min (mean ± SD). Abciximab concentration required for 80% GP IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy was 35.2 ± 2.4 versus 72.8 ± 6.4 ng/ml in healthy participants versus patients (P < .01). Concentrations required for 80% inhibition of platelet aggregation stimulated by 5‐μmol/L adenosine diphosphate were 25.6 ± 1.6 versus 68.9 ± 9.2 ng/ml (P < .01). Similarly, the concentrations required for 80% inhibition of platelet aggregation stimulated by 20‐μmol/L adenosine diphosphate were 56.0 ± 3.2 versus 141 ± 16.8 ng/ml (P < .01).ConclusionApproximately 2‐fold greater abciximab exposure is required to achieve the same degree of GP IIb/IIIa occupancy and inhibition of platelet aggregation in patients undergoing angioplasty as compared with healthy participants. The difference between groups may be related either to different states of basal platelet activation or to the effect of heparin that patients received as part of the angioplasty procedure. A therapeutic concentration range for patients is 100 to 175 ng/ml, because this is the concentration consistent with >80% inhibition of platelet aggregation when 20‐μmol/L adenosine diphosphate is used as the aggregating stimulus.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 186–195; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121775
Large Errors in the Perception of Verticality are Generated by Luminance Borders (Integrated across Space) Not by Subjective Borders
Authors: Spinelli Donatella , Antonucci Gabriella , Martelli Maria Luisa , Zoccolotti Pierluigi 
Published: August 2002

The rod-and-frame illusion shows large errors in the judgment of visual vertical in the dark if the frame is large and there are no other visible cues (Witkin and Asch, 1948 Journal of Experimental Psychology38 762–782). Three experiments were performed to investigate other characteristics of the frame critical for generating these large errors. In the first experiment, the illusion produced by an 11° tilted frame made by luminance borders (standard condition) was considerably larger than that produced by a subjective-contour frame. In the second experiment, with a 33° frame tilt, the illusion was in the direction of frame tilt with a luminance-border frame but in the opposite direction in the subjective-contour condition. In the third experiment, to contrast the role of local and global orientation, the sides of the frame were made of short separate luminous segments. The segments could be oriented in the same direction as the frame sides, in the opposite direction, or could be vertical. The orientation of the global frame dominated the illusion while local orientation produced much smaller effects. Overall, to generate a large rod-and-frame illusion in the dark, the tilted frame must have luminance, not subjective, contours. Luminance borders do not need to be continuous: a frame made of sparse segments is also effective. The mechanism responsible for the large orientation illusion is driven by integrators of orientation across large areas, not by figural operators extracting shape orientation in the absence of oriented contours.
Population pharmacokinetics of dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Mirochnick Mark , Cooper Ellen , Capparelli Edmund , McIntosh Ken , Lindsey Jane , Xu Jing , Jacobus David , Mofenson Lynne , Bonagura Vincent R. , Nachman Sharon , Yogev Ram , Sullivan John L. , Spector Stephen A. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundPrevious studies of dapsone pharmacokinetics in children have been too small to allow assessment of the relationships between dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters and patient characteristics or markers of efficacy and toxicity.MethodsWe used population analysis to estimate dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters in children participating in a phase I/II study of daily and weekly dapsone in children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. With use of the program NONMEM and a 1‐compartment open model, the influence of demographic and clinical characteristics on oral clearance (CL/F) and oral volume of distribution (V/F) were examined. Measures of drug exposure (area under the concentration–time curve [AUC] and predicted concentrations just before and 2 hours after administration) were estimated for each patient and correlated with markers of efficacy and toxicity.ResultsSixty children (median age, 3 years; age range, 2 months to 12 years) contributed 412 dapsone concentrations collected after 175 study doses. Final parameter estimates were 1.40 L/kg for V/F, 0.0283 L/kg/h for CL/F, and 2.66 for the absorption rate constant. Of the clinical characteristics evaluated, dapsone CL/F was significantly increased by 50% in children taking rifabutin, by 39% in black children, and by 38% in children younger than 2 years old. Although no significant correlations were found between any dapsone exposure parameter and markers of toxicity, increased AUC was associated with a decreased risk of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).ConclusionEthnicity, age, and concomitant rifabutin use were associated with dapsone CL/F, with more rapid clearance observed in black children, children younger than 2 years old, and children receiving rifabutin. Dapsone pharmacokinetic parameters were not associated with toxicity, but higher dapsone AUC was associated with decreased risk of PCP. Monitoring of serum dapsone levels may be needed for optimal management of dapsone for PCP prophylaxis in children.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 24–32; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.115891
Median effect analysis of efficacy versus adverse effects of immunosuppressants
Authors: Kahan Barry D. , Kramer William G. 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundA rigorous model to describe concentration‐effect relations—the median effect analysis—was applied to quantitate immunosuppressive versus adverse effects in human renal transplantation.MethodsThe median effect equation was used to analyze data collected from three clinical studies, including the two phase III blinded, placebo‐controlled trials (n = 1295 patients) of sirolimus versus azathioprine or placebo treatment added to a cyclosporine (INN, ciclosporin)/prednisone regimen and a sirolimus/azathioprine/prednisone (in the absence of cyclosporine) phase II cohort (n = 41 patients).ResultsThe clinical effects correlated with drug concentrations as expressed by the median effect equation. Sirolimus or cyclosporine alone permitted drug concentrations that were 5‐fold and 2.2‐fold lower, respectively, to render 90% of patients rejection‐free, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the two drugs. Further, the sirolimus concentrations to render 50% of patients rejection‐free were about 200‐fold and 60‐fold less, respectively, than the concentration that caused 50% of patients to experience thrombocytopenia or hypertriglyceridemia. The correlation coefficient of the median effect analysis for the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia was more robust for sirolimus than for cyclosporine. Although the concentrations for 50% of patients rendered rejection‐free versus 50% affected by hypercholesterolemia were similar, a 7‐fold difference was calculated between the concentrations at which 90% of patients were free of rejection versus patients who were affected by hypercholesterolemia.ConclusionThe median effect analysis proffers a useful tool to assess both drug interactions and the windows between therapeutic versus toxic effects of immunosuppressive agents. The current analysis suggests a synergistic interaction between sirolimus and cyclosporine.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 74–81; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116309
The influence of efavirenz on the pharmacokinetics of a twice‐daily combination of indinavir and low‐dose ritonavir in healthy Volunteers
Authors: Aarnoutse Rob E. , Grintjes Karin J. T. , Telgt Denise S. C. , Stek Michael , Hugen Patricia W. H. , Reiss Peter , Koopmans Peter P. , Hekster Yechiel A. , Burger David M. 
Published: August 2002

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of multiple‐dose efavirenz on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of the combination of indinavir (800 mg) and low‐dose ritonavir (100 mg) twice a day, in which ritonavir is used to increase indinavir plasma concentrations.MethodsEighteen healthy male volunteers participated in this multiple‐dose, 1‐arm, 2‐period interaction study. They took a combination of 800 mg indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir with food for 15 days. From days 15 to 29, a once‐daily administration of 600 mg efavirenz was added to the combination. Pharmacokinetics of indinavir and ritonavir on days 15 and 29 were compared.ResultsFourteen volunteers completed the study. The addition of efavirenz resulted in significant reductions (P < .01) in indinavir area under the curve (AUC, −25%), trough concentration (Cmin, −50%), and maximum concentration (Cmax, −17%). All indinavir Cmin levels on day 29 remained equivalent to or above the mean Cmin value described for the regimen of 800 mg indinavir three times a day, without ritonavir (0.15 mg/L). Changes in ritonavir AUC, Cmin, and Cmax were −36%, −39%, and −34%, respectively. Pharmacokinetics of efavirenz on day 29 were comparable with published data.ConclusionsThe addition of efavirenz to a combination of 800 mg indinavir and 100 mg ritonavir twice daily results in significant decreases in AUC, Cmax, and especially Cmin of indinavir. The dose of indinavir or ritonavir should be increased to maintain similar indinavir drug levels after addition of efavirenz to the indinavir‐ritonavir combination. Dose modifications may not be needed in antiretroviral‐naive human immunodeficiency virus–infected patients if the reference Cmin of the regimen of 800 mg indinavir 3 times a day is considered to be adequate.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 57–67; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.121424
Effects of oral administration of ibutamoren mesylate, a nonpeptide growth hormone secretagogue, on the growth hormone–insulin‐like growth factor I axis in growth hormone–deficient children
Authors: Codner Ethel , Cassorla Fernando , Tiulpakov Anatoly N. , Mericq M. Verónica , Avila Alejandra , Pescovitz Ora H. , Svensson Johan , Cerchio Kristine , Krupa David , Gertz Barry J. , Murphy Gail 
Published: August 2002

Ibutamoren mesylate (MK‐0677), an orally active nonpeptide growth hormone (GH) secretagogue, stimulates GH release through a pituitary and hypothalamic receptor that is different from the GH–releasing hormone receptor. We evaluated the safety and tolerability and the GH–insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) responses to two dosages of oral ibutamoren mesylate given to children with GH deficiency for 7 to 8 days. The patients, 18 prepubertal children (15 male, 3 female) with idiopathic GH deficiency, had a chronologic age of 10.6 ± 0.8 years (mean ± SD), bone age of 7.4 ± 0.7 years, growth velocity <10th percentile for age, height <10th percentile for age, and a maximum GH response of ≤10 μg/L to two different GH stimulation tests. The children were assigned as follows to one of three treatment groups with ibutamoren mesylate: 0.2 mg/kg per day for 7 days (days 1–7 or 8–14) and matching placebo for the alternate 7 days (groups I and II, respectively) or 0.8 mg/kg per day for 7 days (days 8–14, group III). On day 15 all patients received an 0.8‐mg/kg dose of ibutamoren mesylate. Patients in groups I and II were studied first to assess safety at the low dose before advancement to the high dose. Hormonal profiles were evaluated on day −1 (baseline) and day 15, and the results were expressed as the change from baseline within each group. After administration of ibutamoren mesylate 0.8 mg/kg for 8 days (group III), the median increases (on day 15) from baseline were as follows: 3.8 μg/L (range, 0 to 34.3) for serum GH peak concentration (P = .001), 4.3 μg · h/L (range, 1.3 to 35.6) for the GH area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to 8 hours (AUC0–8) (P < .001), 12 μg/L (range, −4 to 116) for serum IGF‐I (P = .01), and 0.4 μg/L (range, −0.9 to 1.5) for serum IGF‐binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3) (P = .01). There was no change in serum prolactin, glucose, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, thyrotropin, peak serum cortisol, and insulin concentrations or 24‐hour urinary free cortisol after administration of 0.8 mg/kg per day of ibutamoren mesylate for 8 days. We conclude that short‐term administration of ibutamoren mesylate can increase GH, IGF‐I, and IGFBP‐3 levels in some children with GH deficiency. Thus this compound is applicable for testing its effect on growth velocity.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 91–98; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116514
Clopidogrel, but not abciximab, reduces platelet leukocyte conjugates and P‐selectin expression in a human ex vivo in vitro model
Authors: Klinkhardt Ute , Graff Jochen , Harder Sebastian 
Published: August 2002

Formation of platelet‐leukocyte aggregates (PLA) through the CD62 ligand is an important mechanism by which leukocytes contribute to thrombosis and inflammation. We investigated the formation of PLA in human subjects after stimulation with thrombin receptor activating peptide and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) after treatment with clopidogrel and after in vitro application of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex antagonist abciximab. Expression of CD62 was significantly reduced 30% to 50% with clopidogrel, depending on the type and concentration of the inducer, but addition of abciximab led to a significant approximately 30% increase in CD62 expression whenplatelets were stimulated by ADP. Formation of PLA decreased significantly with clopidogrel to 55% to 75% of the baseline value, whereas addition of abciximab caused a significant increase in PLA in ADP‐stimulated samples before but not after administration of clopidogrel. The increase in formation of PLA after in vitro addition of abciximab was not paralleled by a decrease in platelet microaggregates and is therefore presumed not caused by enhanced availability of platelets. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that clopidogrel reduces formation of PLA. The findings also suggest intersection between an “outside‐in” signal generated by abciximab and stimulation of platelet P2T12 purinergic receptors that augments degranulation and increases formation of PLA but is inhibited by clopidogrel.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2002) 71, 176–185; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2002.122018
PEDICLED HYPOTHENAR FAT FLAP FOR MEDIAN NERVE COVERAGE IN RECALCITRANT CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
Authors: Mathoulin Ch. , Bahm J. , Roukoz S. 
Published: August 2002

We report the use of a hypothenar pedicled fat flap to cover the median nerve in recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome. Forty-five patients with recurrent symptoms after previous carpal tunnel surgery were included in this study. Patients with incomplete release of the transverse carpal ligament were not included.We performed an anatomical study on 30 cadavers. The original technique with the section of the deep branch of ulnar artery was modified. The flap could be transferred onto the median nerve without stretching. The median follow-up was 45 months (range, 12–80 months). Pain completely disappeared in 41 patients with normal nerve conduction. Based on clinical and electromyographic signs, the global results showed excellent results (49%), 19 good results (45%), two average results (4.5%) and two failures (2%).The use of a hypothenar pedicled fat flap to cover the median nerve in recalcitrant carpal tunnel syndrome is a simple and efficient technique which improves the trophic environment of the median nerve and relieves pain.
Orally given melatonin may serve as a probe drug for cytochrome P450 1A2 activity in vivo: A pilot study
Authors: Härtter Sebastian , Ursing Carina , Morita Sachiyo , Tybring Gunnel , von Bahr Christer , Christensen Magnus , Röjdmark Sven , Bertilsson Leif 
Published: August 2002

BackgroundMelatonin is a hormone that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 to its main primary metabolite 6‐hydroxymelatonin. We therefore evaluated the utility of oral melatonin as a marker of hepatic CYP1A2 activity.MethodsTwenty‐five milligrams of melatonin was given at 9:30 am to 12 healthy Swedish volunteers, who had previously been phenotyped for CYP1A2 with caffeine. Melatonin and conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in blood samples taken between 0.5 and 6.5 hours after drug intake. Serum concentrations of melatonin and conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin, or their ratio at different time points, and the apparent melatonin clearance were tested for correlation with caffeine clearance.ResultsWe found a significant correlation between apparent clearance of melatonin and caffeine clearance with a Spearman rank correlation coefficient (Rs) of 0.75 (P = .005). The melatonin concentration 1.5 hours after administration also closely correlated with the caffeine clearance (Rs = −0.62; P = .03). Inclusion of conjugated 6‐hydroxymelatonin gave no closer correlations.ConclusionMelatonin might be developed as an alternative to caffeine as a probe drug for CYP1A2 phenotyping.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 10–16; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116512
Red wine–cisapride interaction: Comparison with grapefruit juice
Authors: Offman Elliot M. , Freeman David J. , Dresser George K. , Munoz Claudio , Bend John R. , Bailey David G. 
Published: August 2002

ObjectivesOur objective was to compare the interactions of red wine and grapefruit juice with cisapride.MethodsThe oral pharmacokinetics of cisapride, its norcisapride metabolite, and electrocardiographic QTc interval were determined over a 24‐hour period after administration of cisapride 10 mg with 250 mL grapefruit juice, red wine (cabernet sauvignon), or water in a randomized 3‐way crossover study in 12 healthy men.ResultsThe cisapride area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and the maximum plasma drug concentration after single‐dose administration (Cmax) with grapefruit juice were 151% (P < .01) and 168% (P < .001), respectively, of those with water. The increase in cisapride AUC and Cmax was variable among individuals; however, cisapride AUC and Cmax were enhanced by the same proportion. The time to reach maximum concentration after drug administration (tmax) and the apparent elimination half‐life (t½ for cisapride and the pharmacokinetics of norcisapride were not altered. Norcisapride/cisapride ratios were reduced. Cisapride AUC and Cmax with red wine were 115% (difference not statistically significant) and 107% (difference not statistically significant), respectively, of those with water. The cisapride tmax was slightly longer. Cisapride t½ and norcisapride pharmacokinetics were not different. The norcisapride/cisapride ratio at cisapride Cmax was lower. One subject had a doubling in cisapride AUC and Cmax and a decrease in norcisapride/cisapride ratios with red wine and also had the largest interaction with grapefruit juice. QTc interval was unchanged in all treatment groups and individuals.ConclusionsA single glass of grapefruit juice produced an individual‐dependent variable increase in the systemic availability of cisapride by inhibition of intestinal cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity. The identical volume of red wine caused only minor changes in cisapride pharmacokinetics despite some inhibition of CYP3A4 in most individuals. However, even this amount of red wine may cause a marked interaction similar to that for grapefruit juice in individuals with a preexisting high intestinal CYP3A4 content.Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2001) 70, 17–23; doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.116892