bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of practical portion size measurement aids on the accuracy of portion size estimates made by young adults
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner C. , Schwartz J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA barrier to controlling the amount of food consumed may be the difficulty consumers have in accurately estimating portion sizes. Although portion size measurement aids (PSMAs) can improve estimation accuracy, their bulk and/or cost tends to make them impractical for regular use. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect on portion size estimation accuracy of two practical PSMAs: a 2‐D PSMA (life size picture of tennis and golf balls) and 3‐D PSMAs (tennis and golf balls). Young adults were randomly assigned to one of two groups and estimated the portion sizes of 36 foods divided into three equal sets. PSMAs were not used to estimate portion sizes in Food Set 1. Study group 1 (n = 57) used the 2‐D PSMA and study group 2 (n = 56) used the 3‐D PSMAs to estimate the portion sizes in Food Set 2. Neither group used PSMAs to estimate portion sizes in Food Set 3. Repeated measures anova indicated that both groups significantly improved estimation accuracy between Food Sets 1 and 2 and between Foods Sets 1 and 3. Thus, even short‐term exposure to practical PSMAs may improve estimation accuracy and these improvements persist when the PSMA is no longer available. However, the accuracy rate for Food Set 2 was only about 60% indicating that a great deal of estimation error remains.
Is fibre supplementation in paediatric sip feeds beneficial?
Authors: Daly A. , Johnson T. , MacDonald A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe usefulness of a paediatric fibre containing sip feeds specifically formulated for paediatrics has not been evaluated. In an open, prospective, parallel study the efficacy, safety and tolerance of a paediatric fibre‐containing sip feed designed for children weighing 8–20 kg (1–6 years) was compared with a fibre‐free sip feed in 60 children with chronic illness. The subjects either received a trial sip feed containing 150 kcal (100 ml)−1 and 2.0 g (100 ml)−1 of fibre or a fibre‐free equivalent control sip feed for 12 weeks. Blood biochemistry, haematology, anthropometry, tolerance and food intake data were estimated during week 1 and 12. The fibre intake was higher (P < 0.0001) and laxative usage decreased in the fibre‐containing sip feed group. The sip feed provided almost 50% of fibre intake in the trial group. There were no differences in sip feed tolerance, anthropometry, nutritional biochemistry or haematology between the two groups. Sip feeds provide an important source of fibre for sick children with normal gut function requiring nutritional support.
Is dietary counselling effective in increasing dietary calcium, protein and energy intake in patients with osteoporotic fractures? A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Wong S. Y. , Lau E. M. , Lau W. W. , Lynn H. S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTo determine the feasibility of increasing the calcium, protein and calorie intake of osteoporotic fracture patients by repeated dietary counselling delivered by a dietitian, a randomized controlled trial was conducted. Among 189 patients presenting with osteoporotic fractures to an Orthopaedics and Traumatology Department of a large regional hospital, 98 patients were randomized to the intervention group and 91 were randomized to the control group (with usual care). Intervention group received three sessions of dietary counselling with tailored made recommendations over a period of 4 months, while the control group only received dietary assessment and pamphlets on the prevention of osteoporosis. Almost all subjects in both intervention and control groups had calcium intake below the recommended level of 1000 mg at baseline. Half and 60% of subjects in both groups had total energy and protein intake below recommended levels respectively. The mean weights of control and intervention groups at baseline were 51.5 and 50.9 kg respectively, while the body mass index (BMI) were 22.6 (kg m−2) and 22.6 (kg m−2) respectively. After dietary intervention, significant increase of intake was seen in calcium intake (P = 0.0095 by t‐test) in the intervention group. No significant increase was seen in protein or calorie intake. No significant change was observed in the body weight or BMI although there was a positive trend in the intervention group for all these parameters. We concluded that there was general malnutrition in Chinese elderly who presented with osteoporotic fractures. Dietary calcium could be increased by repeated professional dietary counselling. Future studies with longer duration and more objective clinical outcomes will be helpful to further demonstrate the long‐term effects of dietary intervention on osteoporosis and other chronic diseases.
Uncommon Ground: The ‘Poverty of History’ in Common Property Discourse
Authors: Johnson Craig 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt would not be a great exaggeration to say that scholars of environmental conservation and conflict have re‐discovered the institutional foundations of social and economic life. At the heart of this ‘renaissance’ is the belief that property and property relations have a strong bearing on how people use, manage and abuse natural resource systems, and that institutional arrangements based on the creation and management of common property can have positive impacts on resource use and conservation. Two bodies of thought compete for a voice in this literature. One, which aims to resolve Hardin's tragedy of the commons, is primarily concerned with the problem of encouraging collective action to conserve resources that are both depletable and unregulated. A second, influenced by notions of moral economy and entitlement, deals with the problem of creating and sustaining resource access for poor and vulnerable groups in society. This article argues that the literature on common property has become divided between a body of scholarship that uses deductive models of individual decision‐making and rational choice to explain the ways in which different types of property rights arrangements emerge and change over time, and one whose questions, aims and methods are more modest, and historically‐specific. It then aims to understand this evolution by situating the mainstream common property discourse in the wider intellectual trend of positivism, methodological individualism and formal modelling that has come to dominate social science in the United States. In so doing, it attempts to unravel the political and ideological foundations of what has come to be a dominant mode of understanding environmental problems, and solutions to these problems.
Border Practices, Boundaries, and the Control of Resource Access: A Case from China, Thailand and Burma
Authors: Sturgeon Janet C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article traces border practices along boundaries that China and Thailand share with Burma. It portrays a spectrum of small border polities, from principalities on the fringes of Southeast Asian kingdoms, through Nationalist troops in Burma following their defeat in China, to ‘drug lords’ and ‘rebel armies’. The focus here is on Akha village heads who have worked their connections in multiple directions, including into Burma, to position themselves as patrons controlling local resource access. With state appointment as border guardians, village heads become chiefs of new kinds of small border entities, protecting the border for the homeland while enabling certain illicit information, people, and goods to cross. In regions with a history of complex patronage relations, state efforts to control peripheral people, resources, and territories have in fact produced small border chiefs, with practices similar to those of frontier princes in the past.
Can the World Bank Enforce its Own Conditions?
Authors: Thomas M. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn the 1980s, the World Bank stepped up policy‐based lending, making loans conditional on government policy and institutional reforms in the borrower country. In 2002, policy‐based lending (or adjustment loans) accounted for 64 per cent of total commitments. Some critics have argued that conditionality has failed because borrowers do not comply with conditions, and that borrowers do not comply because donors do not enforce the conditions, due to their own institutional incentives to lend. Accordingly, they argue that conditionality should be abandoned in favour of selectivity, a strategy in which donors would lend to governments that already have good policies and institutions in place. This article reviews the evidence that has been offered for this ‘enforcement critique’ and finds that it is not sufficient to support the argument. Although the critique is often asserted, and although there is ample evidence of lending pressures, no studies have attempted to determine whether borrower non‐compliance is a serious problem, or whether Bank failures to enforce are the principal reason for the failure of borrowers to meet conditions; nor have any studies been carried out to show whether lending pressures are the main reason for the Bank's failure to enforce.
Constructing Poverty Trends in Uganda: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Authors: McGee Rosemary 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn late 1999, apparently contradictory pictures of what was happening to poverty in Uganda emerged from the Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and the household survey. This article analyses certain conceptual and methodological characteristics of the PPA and the pictures of poverty trends arising from it, with a view to dispelling confusion and to better understanding the relationship between these and the pictures emerging from survey data. It argues that the apparently contradictory visions, when explored carefully, are found to be compatible, and concludes that deeper and less oppositional understandings of the purpose of PPAs vis‐à‐vis surveys for poverty assessment are an important and timely contribution to current research and knowledge about poverty.
Towards a Political Economy of Roads: Experiences from Peru
Authors: Wilson Fiona 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article looks at why states build roads, and in what circumstances roads become a priority for rural people. To distinguish between situations of spatial autonomy and isolation, a concept of territorializing regime is elaborated. This is employed to discuss road‐building undertaken by the state in the Peruvian Andes and to examine practices of mobility in Andean indigenous/rural society. While a location ‘off the beaten track’ could be a source of autonomy in the past, the author outlines reasons why people in post‐conflict, neo‐liberal Peru now dedicate much time and energy to road‐building, even though this may potentially lead to loss of land, community control and greater impoverishment.
Nurtured from Above and Growing from the Roots: Social Investment Funds and Decentralization in Zambia and Malawi
Authors: Van Donge Jankees 
Published: July 2004

Abstract Social investment funds aim at the provision of social infrastructure through community involvement and participatory procedures. This paper focuses on two specific social investment funds, those in Zambia and Malawi. Both have a strong commitment to participation by the community, signified particularly in direct disbursement to those communities. They aim to work through the field units of government administration in a decentralized manner instead of creating parallel structures. The Zambian social fund has decentralized its procedures to a considerable degree, and it is a role model in this respect. The Malawian social fund is not such a powerful catalyst for organizational change, as it is confronted with much stronger residues of authoritarianism. Nevertheless, like the Zambian fund, it is an effective and cheap mechanism for delivery of social infrastructure. Both social investment funds are resisting merger, with comprehensive decentralization programmes aiming to bring the district administration under an elected local authority that Zambia and Malawi have both initiated. This paper argues that this resistance is rational. It pleads for an organic growth of decentralization instead of legislating it into existence. The experience of these social investment funds show that it is more fruitful to graft the decentralized procedures of social funds on to existing institutions than to embark on comprehensive decentralization programmes.
Social Exclusion and Participation in Community Development Projects: Evidence from Senegal
Authors: Dorsner Claire 
Published: July 2004

Abstract This article seeks to provide a new insight into the debate about participation through a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms at play behind community participation. The combined use of the concepts of social exclusion and of game theory is explored as a dynamic and innovative analytical tool to understand participatory processes in community development projects. The framework is tested against the analysis of participation in an NGO‐led community project in Senegal. Policy implications point to a need to unravel the complexity of participation to design more effective and sustainable community development projects.
Community Empowerment and Democracy in Zimbabwe: A Case Study from Binga District
Authors: Conyers Diana , Cumanzala Fanuel 
Published: July 2004

Abstract The development of an “informed and alert electorate” is essential for the establishment of democratic governance in Africa and for the continent's future economic growth. This need is particularly evident in Zimbabwe, which is currently in the midst of an acute political and economic crisis. This paper tells the story of a small community‐based organization in a remote part of Zimbabwe, which helped to raise political awareness and consciousness among a dis‐advantaged rural population. Because of the threat that it posed to the Mugabe government, the organization was forced to close in October 2002. However, its experience has important lessons for the future development of Zimbabwe—and of Africa as a whole.
The Impact of Game Reserve Policy on the River BaSarwa/Bushmen of Botswana
Authors: Bolaane Maitseo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present a background discussion on the impact of game reserve policy on Bugakhwe, “River BaSarwa” (Bushmen/San people) in Eastern Ngamiland. The issues of local community ownership and its relationship to perceptions of what constitutes a rural develop‐ment, and the problems of land rights, wildlife management and settlement, are important in the booming industry of the Okavango region. When the Moremi Game Reserve was created in 1963, the San of Khwaai were moved out and relocated in their present position, at the north gate of the Moremi Game Reserve. The question of access to traditional land and its resources has characterized the BaSarwa's response to the government's Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) initiative of 1995.
The Roots of Community Development in Colonial Office Policy and Practice in Africa
Authors: Smyth Rosaleen 
Published: July 2004

Abstract This paper looks at the origins of ideas about community development as they emerged during Britain's administration of its African colonies from the 1920s to the 1950s. Significant influences on development policy and practice include changing ideas about state intervention within the British government, international scrutiny from international organizations, US interest in Africa, ideas and activities of missionary societies, technological developments, great leaps forward by key individuals, examples of state‐sponsored mass education schemes in Russia, colonial disturbances, and cataclysmic events such as the Great Depression, the rise of Hitler, and pre‐eminently, the Second World War itself. The evolution of community development ideas in Colonial Office practice will chiefly be illustrated through instructional films. Those which illustrate the argument are a striking example of community development in action because they are a visual medium in a visual age; they were seen as having a pivotal role in mass education schemes; they illustrate through their topics and scenarios what were seen as the hot development issues of the day; they capture the flavour of the period; and because they are a concrete illustration of the continuity of community development schemes in Africa in the colonial and post‐colonial eras.
Comparing the effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy using individual or group therapy in the treatment of depression
Authors: Lockwood Craig , Page Tamara , Conroy‐Hiller Tiffany 
Published: July 2004

Executive summaryObjectives  The objective of this review was to present the best available information on the use of cognitive behaviour therapy using either group cognitive therapy (GCT) or individual cognitive therapy (ICT) in the treatment of depression. The primary question to be addressed in this review was: For the treatment of long‐term depression, using a cognitive behavioural approach, is group therapy or individual therapy the most effective?Inclusion criteria  Studies that included adolescents or adults with long‐term depression and a measured Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) value of ≥12 or Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) of ≥14 were included. Interventions of interest were forms of cognitive behaviour therapy utilising either an individual or group approach. For the purpose of this review individual therapy was regarded as a one‐to‐one interaction between the patient and the therapist. Group therapy excluded family therapy. This review excluded studies that involved pharmacotherapy alone as the only intervention and studies that involved combined group and individual treatment. Outcome measures of interest were reduction in depression inventory scores, specifically the BDI and/or the HRSD. This study considered any randomised or pseudo‐randomised controlled trials that addressed the use or comparison of GCT or ICT.Results  Individual and group cognitive behavioural therapies for moderately or severely depressed adults (BDI ≥ 14) were comparable with each other in effectiveness and both were superior to providing no treatment at all. Individual cognitive therapy was equal to or better than tricyclic antidepressant drugs given at recommended therapeutic dosages for depressed people with a mean BDI of 30. This information was based on level II evidence.Recommendations  The following recommendations were made for adults:

Either GCT or ICT can be used to treat moderate to severe depression. The choice of therapy should be dependent upon the clinician's perceived receptiveness of the particular patient to group or individual treatment.
The use of computer‐assisted therapy is a useful adjunct to GCT in moderate to severely depressed patients.
ICT can effectively replace pharmacotherapy in moderate to severely depressed patients if the patient is opposed to being treated with drug therapy.
GCT has not been compared to pharmacotherapy so no direct recommendation can be given as to its effectiveness as a replacement therapy.

The following recommendations were made for adolescents:

Either GCT or ICT can be used to treat moderately depressed adolescents (BDI ≥ 14).
More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of GCT or ICT in severely depressed adolescents (BDI ≥ 20).
Elimination of Redundant Cut Joint Constraints for Multibody System Models
Authors: Mu¨ller A. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The problem of dependent cut joint constraints for kinematic loops in rigid multibody systems is addressed. The constraints are reduced taking into account the subalgebra generated by the screw system of the kinematic loop. The elimination of dependent constraint equations is based on constructing a basis matrix of the screw algebra generated by loop’s screw system. This matrix is configuration independent and thus always valid. The determination of the sufficient constraints is achieved with a SVD or QR decomposition of this matrix. Unlike all other proposed approaches the presented method is singularity consistent because it is not the Jacobian which is decomposed, but instead a basis matrix for the loop algebra. Since this basis is obtained after a finite number of cross products the computational effort is negligible. Furthermore, because the elimination process is only necessary once in advance of the integration/simulation process, it proved valuable even if it does not remove all dependent constraints, as for paradoxical mechanisms.
Combining Head-Mounted and Projector-Based Displays for Surgical Training
Authors: Ilie Adrian , Low Kok-Lim , Welch Greg , Lastra Anselmo , Fuchs Henry , Cairns Bruce 
Published: July 2004

We introduce and present preliminary results for a hybrid display system combining head-mounted and projector-based displays. Our work is motivated by a surgical training application where it is necessary to simultaneously provide both a highfidelity view of a central close-up task (the surgery) and visual awareness of objects and events in the surrounding environment. In this article, we motivate the use of a hybrid display system, discuss previous work, describe a prototype along with methods for geometric calibration, and present results from a controlled human subject experiment.This article is an invited resubmission of work presented at IEEE Virtual Reality 2003. The article has been updated and expanded to include (among other things) additional related work and more details about the calibration process.
Construction of a Three-Sided Immersive Telecollaboration System
Authors: Kunz Andreas M. , Spagno Christian P. 
Published: July 2004

In this article the setup and working principle of a new telecollaboration system “blue-c” is described. This system is an attempt to meet the rising expectations from industry of an IT-supported telecollaboration system. One basic requirement is that a three-dimensional representation of objects be possible together with threedimensional representations of the remote users. Since gesture and mimicry represent an important information channel during a discussion, a realistic 3D video representation is used instead of simple animated avatars.A simultaneous projection and image acquisition of the user in a telecollaboration system is necessary to allow simultaneous work of all team members. Thus, in the introduced system, problems had to be overcome such as providing, simultaneously, illumination for the image acquisition by the cameras and darkness for a bright projection to be seen by the user. A new approach was taken to integrate the cameras into the system by placing them behind active projection walls, which can be switched from transparent to opaque electrically. Unlike other systems, the cameras are therefore not visible to the user, who thus behaves more naturally. In addition, since the cameras are placed outside of the projection room, there is more space to move inside the immersive environment.The article describes the technology and functionality of the system, as well as the gathered experiences.
Immobilization of a Two-dimensional Porphyrin Assembly by Sol–Gel Polycondensation in the Gel Phase
Authors: Kishida Takanori , Fujita Norifumi , Sada Kazuki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A porphyrin which assembles into a two-dimensional sheet structure by the hydrogen-bonding interaction among the peripheral urea groups has been designed. Introduction of triethoxysilyl groups into the terminal groups has enabled us to immobilize this novel porphyrin-based cluster by sol–gel polycondensation.
Synthesis and Structure of [η4-Tetrakis(arylethoxyphosphoryl)cyclobutadiene](η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(I) Complexes
Authors: Sasaki Shigeru , Kato Kiyotoshi , Tanabe Yoshihiro , Yoshifuji Masaaki 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
[η4-Tetrakis(arylethoxyphosphoryl)cyclobutadiene](η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(I) complexes were synthesized by reaction of bis(arylethoxyphosphoryl)acetylenes with CpCo(CO)2 and several diastereomers were isolated. Whole molecular structure of the tetraphosphorylcyclobutadiene complex was significantly affected by relative configuration of the phosphoryl groups.