bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New mash filtration technique for the processing of powder grist
Authors: Lotz Markus , Schneider Jan , Weisser Horst , Krottenthaler Martin , Back Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lauter tun and mash filter separate with a natural filter layer consisting of husks. Therefore the malt grain cannot be ground too fine and it is not possible to disclaim the use of husks. A new filtration technique with a dynamic disc filter was adapted to mash filtration to exploit the advantages of fine grinding and husk separation. The wort clarification was done with membranes. The fine grinding of malt in combination with the new filtration technique leads to shorter mashing and filtration times. The filter performance is comparable to the one of traditional mash filters. The extract yield could be improved. At the same time the B-glucan content was reduced. Poorly solved malts can be processed without problems. The beers were compared with traditionally brewed beers sensorial and valued better. Therefore the new filtration technique opens totally new perspectives for the brewing industry.
Continuous proportional fed-batch propagation of brewers’ yeast
Authors: Naudts D , Ae1ts G , IserentantB D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effective control of brewers yeast propagation and the optimation of the quality of the propagated yeast remain important aspects in beer production and ask for further research. During our research is was found: - how in a continuous, proportional fed-batch propagation the medium composition and the yeast growth can be controlled; - how, by defining medium composition, oxygen concentration, temperature and culture conditions during the late exponential growth phase, yeast quality can be controlled. The results of this research gave us the possibility to define the propagation parameters in function of the final fermentation requirements.
Studies of yeast behaviour in fully automated test plant
Authors: Skands Birthe , Riis Preben , Thomsen Henrik , Hansen Jan Ruud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the purpose of carrying out systematic studies of yeast behaviour in practical fermentation a fully automated 2 L test plant has been developed. Fermentations in the test plant are carried out in 16 EBC test tubes arranged in 8 pairs allowing the process parameters i.e. wort composition, wort aeration, fermentation temperature profile, time and pressure to be individually controlled. The studies have concentrated on mapping the impact of changes in word composition on yeast behaviour during fermentation.
Effects of cone cropping and serial re-pitch on the distribution of cell ages in brewery yeast
Authors: Deans K , Pinder A , Catley B J , Hodgson J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breweries that employ yeast cropping procedures for serial re-pitch into fermentations consider which portion of the crop to retain and how many fermentations to pitch with the same yeast culture. Cell age distribution analysis in yeast samples by fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence spectrophotometry and tlow cytometry revealed changes in age profile upon serial re-pitch of yeast through subsequent brewery fermentations. Analysis of samples from fractionation of a lager yeast cone showed a gradient of cell ages across !he depth of the cone and differences in fermentation performance. Yeast quality, re-use and crop selection can be monitored by cell age analysis.
Zeolites as catalysts for the cold and direct conversion of acetolactate into acetoin
Authors: Andries M , Derdelinckx G , Ione K G , Delvaux F , van Beveren P C , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective in initiating this research being the conversion of acetolactate directly into acetoin, the catalytic activities of twelve synthetic zeolites were tested. Experiments were performed between 2 and 20°c using a fluid bed in upward flow and phosphate buffer solutions at pH 4.2 containing 400 ppb acetolactate. The catalyst with the highest performance demonstrates conversion yields between 60 and 80 % al a flow rate of 75 1/kg.h. The highest values are obtained at 5°C. Only acetoin is formed. Conversion patterns are similar for beer. The kinetics and specificity of these transformations are discussed with a view to the optimisation of the decarboxylation reaction.
Product integrity during the packaging process
Authors: Bergh Herman J van de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Product integrity will be explained in terms of the highest possible quality in combination with the lowest possible risks for the consumer. The Packaging Process will be related to the present product and packaging assortment as well as the future developments. To reach the objectives different systems and procedures in the packaging process are used, judged on efficiency and functionality. Four subjects will be discussed to present the outline of Heineken’s approach. The subjects are: co-makership, HACCP in the packaging process, functional design of packages and efficiency of the packaging process.
Use of DNA microcircles in protein-DNA binding studies
Authors: Payet Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many protein-mediated DNA transactions such as site-specific recombination and transcription initiation, the DNA is tightly bent or otherwise distorted in order to bring DNA sequences that are separated by many double-helical turns into close spatial proximity. For example, in the core nucleosome 145 bp of DNA arc wrapped around the histone octamer so that the entering and exiting duplexes are dose to each other (1). Similarly DNA looping can be induced by proteins bound at separate distant sites. One example is the tetrameric lac repressor that interacts simultaneously with two sites and can form a tightly bent repression loop of 90 bp(2).
Bandshift, gel retardation or electrophoretic mobility shift assays
Authors: Fairall Louise , Buttinelli Memmo , Panetta Gianna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe how to pe1iOnn a band shift experiment also known as the gel retardation assay or electrophorctic mobility shift assay, and some of the uses of the bandshift assay. 171c basis of the bandshift assay is that protein DNA complexes remain intc1ct when gently fractionated by gel electrophoresis and migrate as distinct b&lt;mds, but more slowly than the free DNA fragment. The assay is simple and quick, and the use of radioactive binding-site DNA makes it highly sensitive. Originally, this method was primarily used in the detection of DNA-binding proteins in crude cell extracts, but as more and more proteins have become available in a pure form it is largely used to study the binding activity of purified DNA-binding proteins. It can be used for both highly sequence-specific (1, 2) and non-specific proteins, such as histones (3, 4). Bandshift assays can be used quantitatively to estimate dissociation constants for protein-DNA complexes. Bandshift experiments can also be used to visualize protein-protein interactions between a DNA-binding protein and other non-DNA-binding proteins. The binding of a second protein to a protein-UNA complex to form a triple complex is visualized by a further retardation of mobility that is called a supershift. Supershift experiments can also be used to assay thC’ binding of a second DNA-binding protein to the DNA or the binding of a second molecule of DNA to the protein.
Protein-DNA crosslinking with formaldehyde in vitro
Authors: Brodolin Konstantin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formaldehyde is a highly reactive reagent which produces protein-DNA and protein-protein crosslinks b’tween macromolecules in close contact. TI1e distance between the’ crosslinking groups of protein and DNA should be around 2 A, suggesting an interaction at the range of van der Waals radii (1). Therefore, the formaldehyde crosslinking procedure provides a tool for identification of proteins and protein domains closely positioned to DNA. Formaldehyde crosslinking had been widely used for studies of protein-DNA interactions in chromatin in vivo and has been described in detail recently (2). In this chapter, the form is on applying formaldehyde crosslinking to studies of specific protein DNA interactions in vitro. This approach is principally different from the one mentioned above since relatively mild crosslinking conditions will be described that allow preferential formation of protein crosslinks of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli with single-stranded (locally melted) regions of DNA in open complexes. In this context, crosslinking provides a simple way to identify domains on RNA polymerase bound to promoter ONA in open complexes as well as the identification of those subunit domains contacting the melted DNA. It can also be used for monitoring conformational changes in nucleoprotein complexes induced by different factors (temperature, salt conditions, pH) (3, 4). ln general, this approach can be applied to the study of any protein contacting dist011ed or melted regions of the DNA double helix.
Radiolytic cleavage of DNA. Mapping of the protein interaction sites
Authors: Charlier Michel , Spotheim-Maurizot Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In aerobic conditions, DNA lesions induced by ionizing radiations such as y-, |3and X-rays result mainly from attack by the oxidative hydroxyl radicals (OH*) arising from the radiolysis of water (see Figure 1). The OH* radicals either abstract H atoms from the deoxyribose moiety, or add to the bases (see Figure 2A).
In vivo UV-laser footprinting
Authors: Boccard Frederic , Dethiollaz Sylvie , Engelhorn, Manuel , Geiselrnann Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the use of UV-laser footprinting for detecting protein DNA interactions within a living bacterial cell. The principle of UV-laser footprinting is described in Chapter 14, and we concentrate on protocols that specifically address the extension of the technique to in vivo experiments. DNA-binding proteins exert their function when they associate with a specific DNA target. The biological activity of such c1 protein is therefore a direct function of the saturation of the specific DNA-binding site with the protein. The question that we want to answer, using UV-laser footprinting in vivo, is: ‘to what extend is a specific site on the DNA saturated by the protein that binds this sequence?’
Kinetics of DNA interactions surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Persson Bjorn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The procedures for biomolecular interaction analysis described in this chapter are based on biosensor technology, which offers an opportunity to study the interaction between an immobilized partner, the ligand, and an analyte molecule in solution. The interaction is monitored continuously and the binding events are studied in real time, with no need for labelling of any component. The technology is generally applicable to the study of any molecular structures which express affinity for one another, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, low molecular weight substances, but also large particles such as vesicles, bacteria and cells. The wealth of information provided by this technology includes qualitative data such as binding specificity, but also quantitative aspect of binding like stoichiomet1y, affinity, concentration and kinetics and are amenable to detailed analysis (for general technical reviews see refs. 1, 2).
Mapping protein/DNA interactions in vivo using ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Macleod Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the procedures currently used to identify sites of protein interaction on specific DNA sequences. One of these methods, ligationmediated PCR (LMPCR), can be used for in vivo footprinting analysis and is discussed in detail. Using the mouse aprt gene as an example, I show how this method can be used to build up a profile of gene structure in vivo,by mapping transcription factor binding sites and the position of nucleosomes.
Studying the progression of vertebrate chromosomes through mitosis by immunofluorescence and FISH
Authors: Sullivan Beth A , Warburton Peter E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitosis is a dynamic process in which replicated chromosomes, that have aligned at the metaphase plate, move along spindle microtubules (MTs) and become equally distributed into daughter cells. This chapter describes several methods used to study chromosome structure and segregation in mitosis, particularly during anaphase and telophase. Incorporating FISH and immunofluorescence, the protocols include the treatment of cells with drugs that reversibly affect spindle dynamics and cell cleavage, as well as immunofluorescence techniques on unblocked cells or unfixed cells. Advantages to each approach are discussed with respect to cell type and growth characteristics. The techniques are generally suitable for basic fluorescence microscopy, however confocal microscopy and imaging using charge-coupled devices (CCDs) have also been used to analyse cells prepared according to the protocols in this chapter.
Chromosome assembly in vitro using Xenopus egg extracts
Authors: Swedlow Jason R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The replication, transcription, and segregation of DNA in eukaryotes occurs within the context of chromatin and chromosomes. Chromatin shifts from condensed to decondensed states during transcriptional activation and during the transition from mitosis to interphase. Two extremes, the 10000-fold linear compaction of the DNA in heterochromatin or the mitotic chromosome, and the completely unfolded DNA present at replication forks and highly transcribed loci, define the limits of a range of structures that can occur simultaneously in a single cell. To mediate these changes, a host of proteins are available that promote efficient packaging by neutralizing the high negative charge of the DNA-phosphate backbone and forming specific nucleoprotein structures (reviewed in ref. 2). The DNA is wrapped twice around a disc-shaped octamer formed by the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Numerous non-histone proteins also serve to set up the structure of chromatin and chromosomes and mediate the various processes that utilize an organism’s DNA.
p53 and the integrated response to DNA dainage
Authors: Smith Paul J , Jones Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In multicellular organisms the process of DNA repair is one facet of the cellular response to DNA damage and as such must be integrated with other pathways to effect physiologically and genetically satisfactory outcomes for the individual cell, affected tissue system, and organism. Integration has occurred through evolution, linking pathways for stress signalling, adaptive responses, recovery mechanisms, cell-cycle delay, transcription and replication, and not least the molecular guillotine of programmed cell death, apoptosis. The programmed senescence shown in many cell lineages appears to borrow signalling pathways used to herald the presence of DNA damage and change proliferative capacity. It is becoming increasingly clear that the fidelity of these integrated responses is affected by the accrual of genetic lesions which constitute the multistep progression typical of neoplasia. Currently, it is believed that malignant transformation requires several such mutations, co-operating in multistage pathways that differ from one tumour type to another. Some estimates suggest that as many as ten such mutations could be involved (1), whereas statistical analysis of radiation-induced malignancies is compatible with a smaller number of ‘rate-limiting’ events, typically about three (2).
Molecular piracy by KSHV: a strategy of live and let live
Authors: Jayachandra Sukhanya , Chang Yuan , Moore Patrick S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses have developed elaborate strategies to subvert the host cell metabolism and evade host immune surveillance in order to ensure their survival. One strategy makes use of molecular piracy in which homologues to cellular proteins involved in critical pathways are encoded by the virus. Molecular piracy is used most effectively by members of the herpesvirus and poxvirus families. For example, a common characteristic of the herpesvisuses is that they encode not only viral structural proteins but also enzymes involved in nucleic acid metabolism that play important roles in the synthesis of genomic viral DNA (1).
Cellular sites and mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus latency
Authors: Sinclair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a member of the herpesvirus family whose seroprevalence generally depends on socio-economic status but can vary from 50 – 90% depending on the population. Like all herpesviruses, after primary infection, HCMV maintains a latent infection throughout the lifetime of the infected host. Normally, primary infection of immunocompetent individuals with HCMV rarely causes disease but problems arise when infection or reactivation occurs in immuno-supressed individuals, particularly transplant patients and patients with AIDS (1, 2).
Adenovirus proteins that regulate apoptosis
Authors: Wold William S M , Chinnadurai G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses and the hosts they infect are involved in an evolutionary battle. The host has physical barriers that protect itself from viruses. Infected cells can commit suicide to preclude virus replication. Virus-infected cells are destroyed by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, and virions are eliminated by specific antibodies. Viruses, in tum, have mechanisms that allow the virus to infect cells and survive attack by the host. Virus proteins inhibit intrinsic cellular apoptosis, and block killing of infected cells by cytokines and cells of the immune system. These viral proteins are interesting tools to understand virus pathogenesis, cellular apoptosis, and the immune response. They also provide novel insights into many key regulatory aspects of molecular and cellular biology. In this article we describe human adenovirus (Ad) proteins that counteract host antiviral responses. Aspects of this topic have been reviewed elsewhere (1–5). There are 51 serotypes of human Ads, which fall into six subgroups, A–F. We will limit our discussion to the commonly studied serotypes 5 (Ad5) and Ad2, members of subgroup C.
Extraction, purification, and characterization of virus DNA
Authors: Halliburton Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since viruses will only replicate within living cells, special methods have to be employed for growth in vitro. Four main systems are used for growth of viruses in the laboratory: Laboratory animals: Before other techniques were available, viruses were mainly isolated by inoculation of laboratory animals. The obvious choice of experimental animal is the natural host, but for human infections this is obviously not generally possible, and animals such as mice, rabbits, ferrets, and monkeys have been commonly used. The cost of upkeep of animals is, however, high, and there tends to be a large variation in response between individual animals even if inbred, so large numbers are therefore needed. To a growing extent, ethical considerations are also important, but animals are still required for the isolation of some viruses which will not grow in tissue culture, and animals still have to be used to study virus-host interactions or symptoms of a virus infection in its natural host.
Analysis of transcriptional control in DNA virus infections
Authors: Thomas S K , Latchman D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcriptional control in DNA viruses is highly regulated, showing a high degree of both tissue-specificity and temporal control of gene expression. During the replication of DNA viruses, transcription occurs first from the immediate-early (if applicable) and early genes, followed by the late genes, with these two phases of transcription being separated by DNA replication. In general, genes expressed in the early phase encode regulatory and other nonstructural viral proteins, while most of the genes expressed in the late phase encode virion components. Although this highly regulated cascade is controlled by virus-encoded factors, it is now well established that expression is also controlled by host-encoded factors. For example, although the herpes simplex virus (HSV) virion protein Vmw65 (VP16) is essential for the transactivation of the immediate-early genes, it has to be complexed with the cellular transcription factors Oct-1 and host cell factor (HCF) in order to function (1). The presence or absence of these necessary cellular transcription factors can obviously determine the outcome of infection, thus (at least in part) determining the cellular tropism of the virus. An understanding of the control of these interactions is therefore clearly important both for an understanding of the cellular tropism of the virus, and also to aid the development of antiviral agents.
Maintenance of C. elegans
Authors: Stiernagle Theresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wild-type and mutant stocks of Caenorhabditis elegans are available from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC). C. elegans is easily grown in the laboratory, with stocks routinely maintained on agar-filled Petri plates. However, they can be grown in liquid culture when larger quantities of worms are needed.
Conventional genetics
Authors: Hodgkin Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans was originally chosen as an experimental organism partly because of the advantageous features of its genetic system (1). Genetic analysis is a particularly powerful approach for investigating complex biological topics. One gene, once thoroughly characterized, can become the starting point for further exploration. With a strain bearing a mutation in the gene, functional interactions between genes/gene products can be examined by generating double mutants through simple crosses with previously charac terized mutants. Genetic screens can be performed for mutations with similar phenotypes or for mutations that suppress or enhance a phenotype. The power of the genetic system in C. elegans means that these experiments can move very quickly, and novel genes thereby identified can be mapped and cloned. Normally, populations of this animal consist almost entirely of diploid self-fertilizing hermaphrodites, which each produce a limited number of sperm and a larger number of oocytes. Both types of gametes result from con ventional meioses, with about one crossover event per c. The advantages of self-fertilization are several: first, mutants with very severe behavioural or anatomical phenotypes can nevertheless grow and reproduce as homozygous stocks, because the animal needs little more than a functional gut and pharynx in order to ingest and digest bacterial food. Second, self-fertilization means that a hermaphrodite carrying a recessive mutation will automatically produce animals homozygous for that mutation, as one quarter of its progeny, according to standard Mendelian principles. As a result, screening for mutants is made much easier, because there is no need to set up specific crosses in order to generate homozygotes. Diploidy also means that lethal or sterile mutations can be maintained, by using heterozygous animals. Finally, self-fertilization means that both recessive and dominant modifier mutations can be easily detected, if screens for suppressors or enhancers of a given phenotype are carried out. Again, there is no need to set up specific crosses; the screening can be carried out on whole populations.