bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the specificity of induced anti‐pig antibodies in baboons
Authors: Buhler L. , Xu Y. , Li W. , Zhu A. , Cooper D. K. C. 
Published: March 2003

Buhler L, Xu Y, Li W, Zhu A, Cooper DKC. An investigation of the specificity of induced anti‐pig antibodies in baboons. Xenotransplantation 2003; 10: 88–93. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003 Aim: To provide information on the specificity of induced anti‐pig antibodies (Abs) in baboons after exposure and sensitization to pig antigens. Materials and methods: Baboons (n=7) received either porcine mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (n=3), kidney (n=3) or heart (n=1) transplants. After rejection of these cells or organs, pre‐ and post‐rejection sera were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry to detect and measure anti‐Galactoseα1,3Galactose (Gal) and anti‐non‐Gal Abs. To study the anti‐non‐Gal carbohydrate response, the sera were incubated with pig red blood cells pretreated with α‐galactosidase (to remove Gal) and three other exoglycosidases to remove other potential oligosaccharide epitopes, and studied by flow cytometry. To study the anti‐swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) response, non‐Gal Abs from two baboons sensitized with kidneys from inbred miniature swine of dd or aa haplotype, respectively, were adsorbed on cells of aa, cc, or dd haplotypes, and binding to aa, cc or dd cells was measured by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity of anti‐non‐Gal Abs was tested in vitro by a complement‐mediated cytotoxicity assay, using pig cells as targets. Results: In pre‐transplant and pre‐rejection sera, anti‐Gal Abs were detected, but anti‐non‐Gal Abs were either absent or at minimal levels. After exposure to pig antigens, baboons developed induced anti‐Gal and anti‐non‐Gal Abs. No anti‐non‐Gal Abs directed to the tested carbohydrate epitopes could be detected. Anti‐non‐Gal Abs showed minor evidence of specific SLA haplotype reactivity, suggesting that the major Ab response was to pan‐pig determinants. Anti‐non‐Gal Abs showed a low level of complement‐mediated lysis of pig cells in vitro. Conclusions: In this limited study, no Ab response to non‐Gal carbohydrates was observed, and anti‐SLA specificity was minor, indicating that most induced anti‐non‐Gal Ab was directed against non‐specific pig proteins, including SLA‐epitopes.
Xenotransplantation public perceptions: rather cells than organs
Authors: Persson Marie Omnell , Persson Nils H. , Ranstam Jonas , Hermerén Göran 
Published: March 2003

Omnell Persson M, Persson NH, Ranstam J, Hermerén G. Xenotransplantation public perceptions, rather cells than organs. Xenotransplantation 2003; 10: 72–79. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003The aim of this study was to describe some of the factors that might play a role in influencing attitude to xenotransplantation: first, the consideration of receiving cells and tissue from xenotransplants in relation to whole xeno‐organs; secondly, the fact that there is greater uncertainty regarding the result and risk of infection associated with xenotransplantation than with allotransplantation. We also describe the attitude to research on xenotransplantation, and the relationship between the attitude to receiving a xenotransplant and an allotransplant. Finally, we describe the attitude to xenotransplantation in relation to treatment for renal failure and waiting‐time for allotransplantation. A questionnaire was sent to randomly selected members of the public aged 18 to 75 (n=1000) and to all patients in the same age range who were waiting for kidney transplants in Sweden in the spring of 1998 (n=460). The response rate was 60% among the public and 87% among the patients. Both study groups were positive to a greater extent in their attitude to receiving cells and tissue than to receiving a whole organ such as a kidney. The response `rather positive' to receiving organs was generally favored by the public, whereas the most generally favored response to receiving cells and tissue was `very positive'. When there was suggested to be a greater uncertainty regarding the outcome with xenotransplantation compared with allotransplantation, the number of negative and uncertain respondents increased, both among the public and the patients. Eighty percent of the public and about 90% of the patients were in favor of continued research on xenotransplantation. Of those members of the public who responded, the attitude to receiving an organ from a human was positive in 86% of cases, with an emphasis on `very positive'. There was a moderate relation between the attitude to receiving an organ from a human and to receiving a xenotransplant. Among the patients, there was no systematic or strong relation between the attitude to xenotransplantation and the kind of dialysis treatment they were on. Neither was there any systematic or strong relation to the waiting‐time. The overall impression is that the attitude to xenotransplantation seems to be most influenced by whether the xenotransplant would involve whole organs or cells and uncertainty regarding the outcome.
Comparison of CT scanograms and cephalometric radiographs in craniofacial imaging
Authors: Chidiac JJ , Shofer FS , Al‐Kutoubi A , Laster LL , Ghafari J 
Published: March 2003

Structured Abstract Objective– To compare measurements from human skulls and their images from cephalometric radiographs (CR) and computed tomography (CT) scanograms, in order to gauge the potential clinical use of the latter. Design– Based on specific inclusion criteria, including stable centric occlusion, 13 adult skulls were selected from a larger collection. The mandible was taped to the maxilla after securing the occlusion of teeth and condylar seating in the glenoid fossa. Lateral and posteroanterior cephalographs and CT `scout views' were taken of each skull by standardized methods. Landmarks were identified on skulls and images. Outcome Measures– Linear measurements were made on all three records; angular measurements only on CR and CT images. Intraclass correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to assess similarity among records. Paired t‐tests were used to compare differences between mean measurements. Results– No statistically significant differences were noted between mean angular values on CR and CT views (P > 0.05). The highest correlations were observed for several vertical midline distances between CT and direct skull measures: 0.82 < r < 0.995–greatest for nasion–menton. For sagittal distances, the highest correlation was between the direct measure of condylion–pogonion and its CR image (r=0.73). Correlations between CR and skull transverse measures were higher (0.46 < r < 0.80) than the corresponding skull vs. CT measures (0.06 < r < 0.38). CT and CR images are 2D slices and projections, respectively, of 3D structures. Vertical CT and skull measures correspond because the CT projection reflects a 1 : 1 ratio in the midsagittal plane; CT projected lateral images are smaller than the skull measures. The CR image reflects a distortion (∼8%) that brings Co–Pg closer to its anatomic distance, inadvertently contributing to better clinical planning, particularly in orthognathic surgery. The pattern of distortion of PA images was in opposite directions for CR and CT views. Conclusions– Cephalograms and CT scanograms are close in depicting angular relations of structures, but they differ in the accuracy of imaging linear measurements, because the location and size of an object within the imaged 3D structure varies with both records. Logistic and economic considerations favor the use of cephalographs.
Comparison of the expression patterns of two LIM‐homeodomain genes, Lhx6 and L3/Lhx8, in the developing palate
Authors: Zhang Y , Mori T , Takaki H , Takeuchi M , Iseki K , Hagino S , Murakawa M , Yokoya S , Wanaka A 
Published: March 2003

Structured Abstract Authors– Zhang Y, Mori T, Takaki H, Takeuchi M, Iseki K, Hagino S, Murakawa M, Yokoya S, Wanaka A. Objectives– To compare and contrast the gene expression of two LIM‐homeobox type transcription factors, Lhx6 and L3/Lhx8, in secondary palate formation. Methods– In situ hybridization histochemistry with digoxygenin (DIG) labelled cRNA probes specific for Lhx6 and L3/Lhx8. Materials– Serial cryo‐sections of embryonic day (E)13.5, 14.5, and 15.5 mice (C57BL/6). Outcome Measure– Comparison of the signal intensities of NBT/BCIP precipitate by alkaline phosphatase conjugated anti‐DIG antibody. Results– From E13.5 to E15.5, Lhx6 and L3/Lhx8 signals are detected in palatal mesenchyme, but the L3/Lhx8 signal is much more intense than the Lhx6 signal. In palatal epithelium, covering the mesenchyme, Lhx6 mRNA is transiently expressed at E14.5, while L3/Lhx8 mRNA expression is never detected throughout the development. Conclusion– Lhx6 and L3/Lhx8 functions may be partially redundant in the mesenchyme of the secondary palate, but not in the palatal epithelium.
Structural biology of the alternative pathway convertase
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Narayana Sthanam V. L. , Volanakis John E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary:Complement convertases are bimolecular complexes expressing protease activity only against C3 and C5. Their action is necessary for production of the biological activities of the complement system. Formation of these complexes proceeds through sequential protein–protein interactions and proteolytic cleavages of high specificity. Recent structural, mutational and functional data on factors D and B have significantly enhanced our understanding of the assembly, action, and regulation of the alternative pathway convertase. These processes were shown to depend critically on conformational changes, only some of which are reversible. The need for such changes is dictated by the zymogen‐like configurations of the active centers of these unique serine proteases. The structural determinants of some of these changes have been defined from structural and mutational analyses of the two enzymes. Transition of factor D from the zymogen‐like to the catalytically active conformation is completely reversible, while the active conformation of the catalytic center of the Bb fragment of factor B is irreversibly attenuated to a great extent on dissociation of the convertase complex. Both mechanisms contribute to the regulation of the proteolytic activity of these enzymes. Additional studies are necessary for a complete description of the elegant mechanisms mediating these processes.The original work discussed was supported in part by USPHS grants AR44505 (JEV) and AI39818 (SVLN).
Inhibition of natural killer cell activation signals by killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (CD158)
Authors: Long Eric O. , Barber Domingo F. , Burshtyn Deborah N. , Faure Mathias , Peterson Mary , Rajagopalan Sumati , Renard Valéry , Sandusky Mina , Stebbins Christopher C. , Wagtmann Nicolai , Watzl Carsten 
Published: March 2003

Summary: The killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) family includes receptors that bind to HLA class I molecules on target cells and inhibit natural killer (NK)‐cell cytotoxicity, and receptors such as KIR3DL7 with no known ligand and function. Inhibitory KIR recruit the tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 to block signals transduced by any one of a number of activation receptors. Inhibition of overall protein tyrosine phosphorylation by SHP‐1 during binding of KIR to MHC class I on target cells is selective, suggesting that a limited number of substrates are dephosphorylated by SHP‐1. We have chosen to study KIR inhibition as it occurs during binding of KIR to MHC class I on target cells, despite the technical limitations inherent to studies of processes regulated by cell contact. KIR binding to MHC class I on target cells inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of the activation receptor 2B4 (CD244) and disrupts adhesion of NK cells to target cells. Inhibition of proximal events in NK activation may increase the availability of NK cells by liberating them from non‐productive interactions with resistant target cells. As the receptors and the signaling pathways that induce NK cytotoxicity are not fully characterized, elucidation of the inhibitory mechanism employed by KIR may provide insight into NK activation.We thank R. Rajalingam and P. Parham for sharing results prior to publication, and Y. Bryceson and Peter Sun for comments on the manuscript.
IL‐5‐induced airway eosinophilia – the key to asthma?
Authors: Hamelmann Eckard , Gelfand Erwin W. 
Published: March 2003

Summary: Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease defined by reversible airway obstruction and non‐specific airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR). Although profound insights have been made into the pathophysiology of asthma, the exact mechanisms inducing and regulating the disease are still not fully understood. Yet, it is generally accepted that the pathological changes in asthma are induced by a chronic inflammatory process which is characterized by infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with lymphocytes and eosinophils, increased mucus production and submucosal edema. There is increasing evidence that an imbalance in the T‐helper (Th) cell response of genetically predisposed individuals to common environmental antigens plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergic bronchial asthma and other atopic disorders. Following allergic sensitization, T cells from atopic patients tend to produce elevated levels of Th2‐type cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐13, IL‐5 and IL‐6, which induce and regulate IgE production and eosinophil airway infiltration. In this review, the role of Th2‐type cytokines, IgE and airway eosinophils in the induction of airway inflammation and AHR is discussed, and animal studies of asthma and AHR, mainly in rodents will be considered. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to asthma pathology may yield more specific immunological strategies for the treatment of this disease which is increasing worldwide.I thank the many colleagues in the laboratory of Dr. E. W. Gelfand, National Jewish Research Center, Denver CO, USA, for continuous support and encouragement. E.H. is a fellow of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Ha 2162/1‐1 and 2‐1).
Known and potential functions for the SLP‐76 adapter protein in regulating T‐cell activation and development
Authors: Clements James L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary:The hematopoietic adapter protein SLP‐76 is a critical component of multiple biochemical signaling ‘circuits’ in T cells that integrate proximal signaling events initiated by ligation of the T‐cell receptor (TCR) into more distal pathways. Given the important role ascribed to TCR signaling in directing the outcome of thymocyte selection, it seems likely that SLP‐76 may also function in signaling pathways that ultimately impact the establishment of the peripheral T‐cell repertoire. It is generally accepted that the peripheral T‐cell repertoire is selected in large part during T‐cell development in the thymus. Molecular interactions between the TCR and self‐peptide/major histocompatibility complexes expressed on thymic stromal elements dictate the fate of developing thymocytes. Thymocyte survival and further maturation (positive selection) require an active signal delivered to the cell as a consequence of TCR ligation. This raises the intriguing question of how a thymocyte can, for a narrow window of developmental time, obtain responsiveness to self while maintaining tolerance to these same determinants upon export to the periphery. This article reviews the current literature describing SLP‐76‐dependent signaling pathways in mature T cells and developing thymocytes. A potential role for this critical signaling intermediate in integrating signals leading to positive and negative selection of the peripheral T‐cell repertoire is also discussed.
The Ras/MAPK cascade and the control of positive selection
Authors: Alberola‐Ila José , Hernández‐Hoyos Gabriela 
Published: March 2003

Summary:Immature double positive (DP) thymocytes bearing a T cell receptor (TCR) that interacts with self‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules receive signals that induce either their differentiation (positive selection) or apoptosis (negative selection). Furthermore, those cells that are positively selected develop into two different lineages, CD4 or CD8, depending on whether their TCRs bind to MHC class II or I, respectively. Positive selection therefore involves rescue from the default fate (death), lineage commitment, and progression to the single positive (SP) stage. These are probably temporally distinct events that may require both unique and overlapping signals. Work in the past several years has started to unravel the signaling networks that control these processes. One of the first pathways identified as important for positive selection was Ras and its downstream effector, the Erk mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In this review we examine the factors that connect the TCR to the Ras/Erk cascade in DP thymocytes, as well as what we know about the downstream effectors of the Ras/Erk cascade important for positive selection. We also consider the possible role of this cascade in CD4/CD8 lineage development, and the possible interactions of the Ras/Erk cascade with Notch during these cell fate determination processes.
Demonstration of Epstein–Barr virus in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Authors: Jang H.‐S. , Cho J.‐O. , Yoon C.‐Y. , Kim H.‐J. , Park J.‐C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Background: Although considerable insight has been gamed into Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) as an important etiologic factor in various tumors, virtually little is known about the relationship between EBV genes and oral tumors.Method: Thirty‐two cases of nonodontogenic tumor (16 squamous cell carcinomas, 11 salivary gland tumors, 1 malignant lymphoma, 1 spindle cell sarcoma, 1 osteogenic sarcoma, 1 malignant fibrous histiocytoma and 1 verrucous carcinoma), 17 cases of odontogenic tumor (17 ameloblastomas, the most important and common type of odontogenic tumor) and 12 cases of normal oral tissue (8 normal gingival tissues and other oral mucosa) were examined for the presence of EBV‐DNA, with primers specific for the BamW, BNRF1, BMLF1, BamC, IR3, BMRF1, EBNA‐2A BamhY, and EBNA‐2B BamhY region of the EBV genome by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: Fifty‐three percent (17/32) of nonodontogenic tumors, forty‐eight percent (8/17) of ameloblastomas, and ninety‐two percent (11/12) of normal oral tissues were positive for EBV‐DNA. Of the EBV‐DNA, BMLF1 demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the nonodontogenic tumors, and BamC demonstrated the strongest reactivity in the ameloblastomas and normal oral mucosae.Conclusions: Taken into account with the expression of different EBV genes in odontogenic and nonodontogenic tumors, these findings suggest that even though odontgenic tumors and nonodontogenic tumors are relatively unique, the appearance of different EBV genes seems to suggest the complicated roles that the EBV genes play.
Marsupialization inhibits interleukin‐1α expression and epithelial cell proliferation in odontogenic keratocysts
Authors: Ninomiya Tomohiro , Kubota Yasutaka , Koji Takehiko , Shirasuna Kanemitsu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:   Marsupialization results in the reduction of odontogenic cyst size. Interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) is thought to play a crucial role for the expansion of odontogenic keratocysts. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of marsupialization on the expression of IL‐1α and on the proliferating activity of a lining epithelium in odontogenic keratocysts.Methods:   The concentrations of IL‐1α, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in the intracystic fluids of odontogenic keratocysts were measured by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of IL‐1α mRNA in odontogenic keratocysts was measured before and after marsupialization by in situ hybridization. The expression of IL‐1α and epithelial cell‐proliferating activities in odontogenic keratocysts were also measured by immunohistochemistry using antibodies for human IL‐1α and Ki‐67 antigen, respectively.Results:   The intracystic fluid levels of IL‐1α were significantly higher than those of IL‐6 and TNF‐α in odontogenic keratocysts. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed that strong expression of IL‐1α mRNA and protein was mainly detected in the epithelial cells of odontogenic keratocysts. After marsupialization, the signal intensities for IL‐1α mRNA and protein were significantly decreased. In addition, the Ki‐67 labeling index of the epithelial cells was decreased proportionally with the grade of IL‐1α mRNA expression after the marsupialization.Conclusion:   Our findings suggest that marsupialization may reduce the size of odontogenic keratocyst by inhibiting IL‐1α expression and the epithelial cell proliferation.
Endovascular papillary hemangioma of the lip
Authors: Ide Fumio , Kusama Kaoru 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a previously undescribed, intravenously occurring papillary hemangioma of the lip in a 10‐year‐old girl. Maze‐like anastomosing capillary loops were found within the numerous, dilated veins widely distributed in the submucosa. These peculiar endovascular papillae of bland endothelial cells plugged the lumens and bore a striking resemblance to the renal glomeruli. Thrombi or other associated vascular lesions could not be identified. Because of its histological similarity to endovascular papillary angioendothelioma‐like tumor, we designate this tumor as endovascular papillary hemangioma.
Risk of oral cancer associated with human papillomavirus infection, betel quid chewing, and cigarette smoking in Taiwan — an integrated molecular and epidemiological study of 58 cases
Authors: Chen Paul Chih‐Hsueh , Kuo Chih , Pan Chin‐Chen , Chou Ming‐Yung 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:  The association between oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 11, 16 and 18 is uncertain. Past reports varied in the methodology and results. We conducted this study using in situ PCR in situ hybridization (ISH) assay which was considered as the most sensitive method for detection of viral DNA. We undertook an epidemiologic survey about the history of betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking, since these habits are common in Taiwan.Methods:  In situ PCR ISH was performed on the tumor specimens from 29 patients with OSCC and the oral mucosal specimens from 29 patients without OSCC. Their betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking histories were also reviewed.Results:  HPV16, HPV18, betel quid chewing and cigarette smoking were statistically significant risk factors in univariate analysis. HPV6 and 11 were not. Multivariate analysis showed that HPV16 infection (adjusted Odds ratio = 11.20) and betel quid chewing (adjusted Odds ratio = 17.06) remained to be independent factors for OSCC.Conclusions:  Our results showed that HPV16 and betel quid chewing were two major risk factors for OSCC in Taiwan, indicating that they act through different mechanisms in the pathogenesis of OSCC.