bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic injustice in education: exploring structural approaches, envisioning structural remedies
Authors: Nikolaidis A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of Miranda Fricker’s seminal book Epistemic Injustice, philosophy of education scholarship has been mostly limited to analyses of culprit-based epistemic injustice in education. This has left structural manifestations relatively underexplored with great detriment to those who are most vulnerable to experience such injustice. This paper aims to address this oversight and open avenues for further research by exploring approaches to theorizing structural epistemic injustice in education and envisioning efficacious remedies. The author identifies three approaches: one that focusses on educational institutions; one that focusses on institutional processes that impact educational outcomes; and one that focusses on epistemological processes that are internal to education. Whilst the approaches differ as to their explanatory power and ease of implementation, it is argued that all three demonstrate that epistemic injustice in education is often the result of structural factors which cannot be attributed to individual epistemic agents. The author concludes by suggesting that educational philosophers must examine each of these approaches in greater depth to make significant progress in disrupting the impact of epistemic injustice in education.
Intraindividual difference in estimated GFR by creatinine and cystatin C, cognitive trajectories and motoric cognitive risk syndrome
Authors: Wang Jinqi , Liu Yueruijing , Jin Rui , Zhao Xiaoyu , Wu Zhiyuan , Han Ze , Xu Zongkai , Guo Xiuhua , Tao Lixin 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Intraindividual differences between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr) can convey important clinical information regarding health status. However, the clinical implications of these differences (eGFRdiff) for risk of cognitive decline and motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the longitudinal associations of eGFRdiff with cognitive trajectories and incident MCR.

Methods
Based on the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we identified two study subcohorts: one for cognitive trajectory follow-up (6423 participants, 2011–2018) and another for incident MCR follow-up (2477 participants, 2011–2015). The eGFRdiff was defined as eGFRcys − eGFRcr. Adjusted ordinal and binary logistic regression models were separately used to assess the associations of eGFRdiff with cognitive trajectories and incident MCR. We also performed discordance analyses for eGFRdiff versus eGFRcys, eGFRcr or eGFR based on both creatinine and cystatin C (eGFRcys-cr).

Results
In the first subcohort, four distinct 7-year cognitive trajectories were identified. Each 1 standard deviation (SD) higher eGFRdiff (value for eGFRcys − eGFRcr) was associated with a lower risk of poorer cognitive trajectories {odds ratio 0.909 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.877–0.942]}. In the second subcohort, 121 participants developed incident MCR after a 4-year follow-up. Each 1-SD higher eGFRdiff (value for eGFRcys − eGFRcr) was linked with a 25.3% (95% CI 16.6–33.2) decreased risk for MCR. The above associations persisted in individuals with normal kidney function. Additionally, the risk for cognitive decline and incident MCR was more strongly associated with eGFRcys than eGFRcr and eGFRcys-cr. For the discordance analyses, the ‘discordantly high eGFRdiff/low eGFR’ group but not the ‘discordantly low eGFRdiff/high eGFR’ exhibited a significantly lower risk of poorer cognitive trajectories and MCR compared with the concordant group.

Conclusions
A large negative difference between eGFRcys and eGFRcr (eGFRcys &lt; eGFRcr) was associated with a higher risk of cognitive decline and incident MCR. The eGFRdiff could capture additional valuable risk information beyond eGFRcys, eGFRcr and eGFRcys-cr.
Spatial architecture of high-grade glioma reveals tumor heterogeneity within distinct domains
Authors: Moffet Joel J D , Fatunla Oluwaseun E , Freytag Lutz , Kriel Jurgen , Jones Jordan J , Roberts-Thomson Samuel J , Pavenko Anna , Scoville David K , Zhang Liang , Liang Yan , Morokoff Andrew P , Whittle James R , Freytag Saskia , Best Sarah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are aggressive primary brain cancers with poor response to standard regimens, driven by immense heterogeneity. In isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type HGG (glioblastoma, GBM), increased intratumoral heterogeneity is associated with more aggressive disease.

Methods
Spatial technologies can dissect complex heterogeneity within the tumor ecosystem by preserving cellular organization in situ. We employed GeoMx digital spatial profiling, CosMx spatial molecular imaging, Xenium in situ mapping and Visium spatial gene expression in experimental and validation patient cohorts to interrogate the transcriptional landscape in HGG.

Results
Here, we construct a high-resolution molecular map of heterogeneity in GBM and IDH-mutant patient samples to investigate the cellular communities that compose HGG. We uncovered striking diversity in the tumor landscape and degree of spatial heterogeneity within the cellular composition of the tumors. The immune distribution was diverse between samples, however, consistently correlated spatially with distinct tumor cell phenotypes, validated across tumor cohorts. Reconstructing the tumor architecture revealed two distinct niches, one composed of tumor cells that most closely resemble normal glial cells, associated with microglia, and the other niche populated by monocytes and mesenchymal tumor cells.

Conclusions
This primary study reveals high levels of intratumoral heterogeneity in HGGs, associated with a diverse immune landscape within spatially localized regions.
The effects of organic food on human health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies
Authors: Jiang Bibo , Pang Jinzhu , Li Junan , Mi Lijuan , Ru Dongmei , Feng Jingxi , Li Xiaoxu , Zhao Ai , Cai Li 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Context
Although the nutritional composition of organic food has been thoroughly researched, there is a dearth of published data relating to its impact on human health.

Objective
This systematic review aimed to examine the association between organic food intake and health effects, including changes in in vivo biomarkers, disease prevalence, and functional changes.

Data Sources
PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception through Nov 13, 2022.

Data Extraction
Both observational and interventional studies conducted in human populations were included, and association between level of organic food intake and each outcome was quantified as “no association,” “inconsistent,” “beneficial correlation/harmful correlation,” or “insufficient”. For outcomes with sufficient data reported by at least 3 studies, meta-analyses were conducted, using random-effects models to calculate standardized mean differences.

Data Analysis
Based on the included 23 observational and 27 interventional studies, the association between levels of organic food intake and (i) pesticide exposure biomarker was assessed as “beneficial correlation,” (ii) toxic metals and carotenoids in the plasma was assessed as “no association,” (iii) fatty acids in human milk was assessed as “insufficient,” (iv) phenolics was assessed as “beneficial”, and serum parameters and antioxidant status was assessed as “inconsistent”. For diseases and functional changes, there was an overall “beneficial” association with organic food intake, and there were similar findings for obesity and body mass index. However, evidence for association of organic food intake with other single diseases was assessed as “insufficient” due to the limited number and extent of studies.

Conclusion
Organic food intake was found to have a beneficial impact in terms of reducing pesticide exposure, and the general effect on disease and functional changes (body mass index, male sperm quality) was appreciable. More long-term studies are required, especially for single diseases.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022350175.
Basic principles of dental local anaesthetic injections
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transmission of nociceptive impulses from tooth to brain can be blocked at any point on the neural pathway from the dental pulp to the cerebral cortex. When using local anaesthesia in dentistry the nerve is usually anaesthetized at one of two positions. These locations are either close to the nerve ending at the apex of the tooth or along the trunk of the nerve. The principal method of depositing solution close to the nerve ending is known as ‘infiltration anaesthesia’. The intraligamentary and intraosseous techniques described in Chapter 9 are specific methods within the category of infiltration anaesthesia. The deposition of local anaesthetic drugs around the nerve trunk is called ‘regional block anaesthesia’.
Transmucosal sedation
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transmucosal sedation is a technique in which the sedative agent is administered to the patient by absorption across a mucosal surface, other than the traditional surfaces such as gastric and intestinal mucosa. The mucosal surfaces that have been investigated in dentistry are: There is considerable interest in the transmucosal (and indeed the transdermal) administration of drugs. Transmucosal administration is not new, and indeed many readers will be familiar with the concept of glyceryl trinitrate tablets that are used in the treatment of angina being placed under the tongue. Opioid anal gesics, such as buprenorphine (Temgesic), have also been available for sublingual administration for a number of years. Newer applications of this method of drug administration include nitrate skin patches, again for the treatment of angina, and nicotine skin patches for those who wish to give up smoking.
Monitoring the sedated dental patient
Authors: Meechan John G , Robb Nigel D , Seymour Robin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of sedation is to decrease the patient’s awareness of what is happening to them in the dental surgery, either because anxiety prevents them coping with it, or the procedure is innately unpleasant. The other effect of decreasing the patient’s awareness of their surroundings is to lower their awareness of what is happening within them. This can result in the patient not recognizing if they are feeling unwell. Thus, the dental team must assume the responsibility for monitoring the patient’s clinical condition. It is assumed that the team will be used to a degree of clinical monitoring of patients that are treated under local anaesthesia alone. However, this needs to be more rigorous and formalized when the patient is under sedation.
Some Geometry
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I aim to provide demonstrations of a few of the more famous results of Euclidean geometry, including the theorem of Pythagoras and some of the Circle Theorems. The proofs remain as surprising and delightful today as they were thousands of years ago, and we can be sure that our own distant progeny will also be charmed by their elegance. I will begin with Pythagoras. This theorem links geometry and algebra like no other single fact. It gives an algebraic hold on the physical notion of distance and so its presence is felt throughout mathematics and physics—the Theory of Special Relativity, for instance, rests upon it.
Chance and Games of Chance
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If your little daughter returns from school saying that two children in her class both had birthdays today and asks, ‘Isn’t that amazing’? then the mathematically correct answer to her question is, ‘No, that is not amazing, it is to be expected every once in a while.’ Although this is not the way you might advise a parent to respond, it will be interesting to see why it is so, for the correct answer is surprising.
Extra Structure, Extra Meanings
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I introduced some basic features of textual organization which reflect conditions for any ‘sensible communication’ through language. Whether it be an informal conversation or a formal paper, a text is a sequence of sentences. A sentence is a syntactic unit, but the syntax, the ordering of words and phrases, is semantically based; its function is to make meanings tangible as signs arranged in space (writing) or time (speech). The core of meaning is the proposition, which refers to entities in the world as categorized by the language community, and which predicates properties of these entities. Sentences are used to perform speech acts such as stating, questioning, and commanding, and, in more specialized contexts, promising, marrying, betting, etc. The speaker also communicates his attitudes towards the probability, desirability, and so on, of the states of affairs mentioned in the propositions (modality). Additionally, the utterance of a sentence contains indicators of the spatial, temporal, and interpersonal orientation of its content (deixis).
Register and the Plural Text
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Informally, it might be said that different points of view may be communicated by different styles of language. In the present chapter, I want to clarify some ideas which might be associated with the traditional notion of ‘style’, but I will introduce a more workable terminology. The term ‘style’ itself is extraordinarily slippery, and although linguistic criticism for a long time called itself ‘linguistic stylistics’ or even just ‘stylistics’, the stylisticians soon decided that ‘style’ was unusable as a technical term. Intuitively, in ordinary non-theoretical usage, the word makes sense, and is handy. We use the word in an enormous range of literary contexts, speaking of ‘Milton’s grand style’ or ‘the prose style of Henry James’ (style of author), ‘epic style’, ‘ballad style’ (genre), ‘seventeenth-century prose style’ (period), ‘Augustan style’, ‘Imagist style’ (movement), ‘florid style’, ‘plain style’ (impression). ‘Style’ has similar usages in speaking about the nonverbal arts: ‘baroque style’ (painting, architecture, music as well as literature), ‘pointillist style’, ‘Picasso’s later style’ (painting), ‘fugal style’, ‘the style of Gregorian chant’ (music). We also readily apply the word ‘style’ to language outside of literature: ‘advertising style’, ‘lecture style’, ‘textbook style’; and to nonlinguistic communication and other behaviour-’a relaxed style of driving’, ‘casual style (of dress)’, ‘authoritarian style’. Any horse-racing buff will recognize Piggott’s style in the saddle. The applications of the term are endless, and they make perfect sense to their users.
The Role of the Reader
Authors: Fowler Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A literary text, like any other text, is primarily the realization of a mode of discourse or a number of modes of discourse. That is to say, its basis can be found in ways of writing (styles, registers, genres) that precede it and are found more widely than in just the individual work. Whatever is created by the individual writer, it is not the whole being of the text, because nothing is possible without the pre-existing discourses: and they are rooted in social, economic, political, and ideological conditions which go far beyond the consciousness and control of the writing subject, ‘the author’. This is not a matter of linguistic ‘styles’ only; styles of discourse encode the systems of ideas of the cultures which produce them: they are ‘registers’. In effect, the author is constituted by the forms and the ideas of the discourses which (with their social conditions) s/he has experienced. Creativity is founded on the author’s critical consciousness of these resources of discourse, and the practical skill to deploy language to a defamiliarizing effect. Because the whole process of production and reception of texts is essentially historical, defamiliarization must be transient, regularly requiring a secondary application of critical consciousness: the consciousness of the linguistic critic.
Antebellum Hollywood
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in 1940 in a small town in Michigan a black teenager with a vaguely studious manner, which may have set him off from other kids, settled in his seat to watch Gone with the Wind. Later he remembered the movie as “one thing that marred this time for me.” The boy’s name was Malcolm Little, a name he would shed in favor of his nom de politique, Malcolm X. “I was the only Negro in the theatre,” he recalled, “and when Butterfly McQueen went into her act, I felt like crawling under the rug.”
“A Pot of Message”
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen an accretion of black figures intrude into white movies, challenging the thermidorean inertia, keeping open the prospect of a moral equivalent of the war, erratically deconstructing the conventions that had located them on the margin of the movie frame, and providing a basis for the PCA to challenge Southern censors. They lacked only a formula (and perhaps a crisis to propel them), a voice of advocacy, a new calculus of dramatic questing and conflict, and of course a studio willing to take the risks, develop it within the system, and provide heroic options other than happy endings.
Settling In, Settling For
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The movies through which a liberalism of conscience was retailed to a broad audience have suffered at the hands of historians who have been unimpressed by their apparent low voltage, their message that had grown quickly old hat, their limiting of racial discourse to the admission of a single iconic black into a white circle (platoon, courtroom, surgery, and of course, on televised news after 1954, school). But their formula had been uncannily prescient in anticipating, even half-forming, the shape that racial integration would actually take. That is, as surely as one black figure entered the circles in Sahara and No Way Out, so in actuality the Supreme Court obliged voting registrars and school boards to give blacks access to the ballot box and the classrooms, formerly white preserves of privilege, a pattern followed by American business circles in engaging what came to be known as token Negroes. Certainly the main-line civil rights activists adopted such strategies as their own, and almost as certainly, white Americans who tolerated or even welcomed the change did so according to the formula that movies had provided—taking an initiatory black figure into a professional or institutional circle, a bank or school—while fudging the issue as it applied to primary groups such as church, neighborhood, and family circle.
The Big Chill
Authors: Boyle Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TVTV died very slowly, enduring a long and agonizing death ritual. They had incurred serious debt in producing the NBC pilot and tried to salvage things by bringing someone in to handle their financial affairs, only by then it was already too late. For Wendy Appel, The TVTV Show marked the end. Allen Rucker suggests it happened the day Hudson and Megan were let go. He and Michael had decided that they could no longer afford to pay anyone, so the best thing was to cut salaries and expenses by shrinking the staff. They closed down the house on North Robertson and moved to an office on Santa Monica Boulevard, renting out their editing equipment and their tapes, stripped down to almost nothing so they could try to deal with their creditors. “It was impossible, bullshit,” he mournfully remembers, recalling the time as a period of sitting in a windowless room, smoking cigarettes all day, having no money coming in and no sense of what he was doing in Hollywood. TVTV existed this way for a year or so until one day they announced a meeting, decided not to file for bankruptcy, and let it all go by walking out the door.
Past History
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auguste Lumiere, who with his brother Louis invented modern cinematography, gave the following advice back in 1895: ‘‘Young man, you can be grateful that my invention is not for sale, for it would undoubtedly ruin you. It can be exploited for a certain time as a scientific curiosity, but apart from that it has no commercial value what soever.’‘ Adolph Zukor hired Edwin Porter in 1912 to make six pictures a year for Famous Players.’‘There isn’t that much talent in the world,’‘ said Porter.
Real To Reel
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motion pictures, because of the enormous technical complexity involved, is the ultimate art form of our technological era. As Francis Ford Coppola once observed, very few inside the profession are familiar with more than one or two aspects of film-making. And, despite the avalanche of magazines, behind-the-scenes and interview programs, the whole process of how films are made remains a complete mystery to the average moviegoer.
Oh, Have It My Way!
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D. W. Griffith once slapped Mabel Normand hard to make her crying mad for a scene in The Mender of Nets (1912). After shooting, Griffith put his arms around her and said: ‘‘There, darling, that’s what I wanted. I knew you could do it.’‘ Lillian and Dorothy Gish recalled that when they first came to be interviewed by Griffith at the old Biograph studio in New York, ‘‘he chased them all over the studio with a pistol to get their emotional reaction.’‘
Strictly Business
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after starting to work .at Universal, Carl Laemmle, Jr., asked his father how much profit the studio had made since he had founded it. ‘‘I tell you a story,’‘ said the senior Laemmle, ‘‘about another young man like you, who upon graduation from college, went into his father’s clothing business. ‘Dad,’ he asked one day, ‘when are we going to take inventory and find out how much profit you have made during the past forty years?’ The father thought for a moment and then pointed to an upper shelf: ‘Take that bolt of calico, son, and measure it and figure out what it’s worth. That’s what I started with. All the rest you see in this place is profit.’’‘
Titillations
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Golden Calf In 1922 Will H. Hays resigned from the Harding cabinet where he was Postmaster General, accepting a salary of a $100,000 to save Hollywood’s reputation from sex and drug scandals. Eventually the Hays Office evolved a Production Code, spelling out what could or could not be shown or mentioned on the screen. As a first step, the new morality czar issued a list of twelve prohibitions. The commandments were greeted by this headline in Variety: