bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications for Conceptualizing and Measuring Poverty
Authors: Nolan Brian , Whelan Christopher T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we explore the implications of the analysis and results that have been set out in previous chapters for the way poverty is conceptualized and measured, focusing particularly on how they throw a good deal of light on current debates. We begin by reiterating our understanding of the key concepts of deprivation and poverty, and setting out the central message of our own empirical approach and results. We then structure the discussion around a set of distinct but related concerns of the recent literature: the influential capability approach put forward by Sen, debates about defining and measuring deprivation and the implications of its multidimensionality, the relationship between poverty and social exclusion, the rights approach to poverty and minimum income, and poverty and the underclass.
The Effects of Cohort Size on Marriage Markets in Twentieth-Century Sweden
Authors: Bergstrom Theodore , Lam David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Large, short-run fluctuations in the birth-rate have been an important demo graphic feature of industrialized, low-fertility populations in the twentieth century. Since females normally marry men who are two or three years older than themselves, these fluctuations result in large imbalances between the size of male and female cohorts who would normally marry each other. These imbalances must somehow be resolved, either by a change in traditional patterns of age at marriage or by changes in the proportions of the population of one sex or the other who never marry.
Public Intergenerational Transfers as an Old-Age Pension System: A Historical Interlude?
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Fridlizius Gunnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the major benefits modern industrial society offers the individual is a relatively long period of active life following retirement from full-time work. This provides an opportunity for inner reflection, travel, the pursuit of hobbies, and a number of other activities. However, financial security is necessary to assure a fulfilling life for the individual after retirement. Without adequate financial resources these possibilities instead pose increasing risks for the retired. Without adequate financial resources, instead of satisfaction, they find themselves unable to maintain meaningful social functions and are estranged from society at large. Today, persons above 65 years of age are guaranteed a certain standard of living through the Swedish national pension system, which is a public intergenerational transfer system.
Monetary Regimes and Inflation
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Models of perfectly anticipated inflation suggest that high inflation rates have little or no effect on the real performance of the economy. An ‘as-if legislated’ inflation tax will indeed distort individual choices on some margins. But so do the regular taxes that are the relevant alternatives. When these models are taken literally, they yield no presumption as to whether second-best policy ought to produce no inflation, low inflation, or high inflation. These models are influential. They shape the ways in which most economists perceive inflation and its costs to society.
Disadvantaged Farmers and Problem Regions
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Mansholt Plan and the attempt to define and promote the efficient farm were based on an interpretation of Art. 39.1(b) of the Rome Treaty which equated a ‘fair standard of living’ with the achievement of a labour income comparable to that in other sectors. However, the problems of the fanning sector were considerably more complex than this equation would suggest. Running through the agricultural Articles of the Rome Treaty, there is an awareness of the need to pay particular attention to the diversity of circumstances in which farming takes place. There was a requirement to bear in mind, when devising and implementing the CAP, ‘the structural and natural disparities between the various agricultural regions’ (Art. 39.2(a) ). In addition, under Article 42, provision was made for a derogation from the rules on competition so as to allow the granting of aid ‘for the protection of enterprises handicapped by structural and natural conditions’.
Improvements in the Organization of Production and Marketing
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reference has been made in earlier chapters to Reg. 17/64 on the conditions for granting aid from the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (Sp. OJ 1963-1964): in particular in Chapter 2 in setting out the requirements which a project had to meet before it qualified for structural aid, and in Chapter 9 where the Community Programmes were outlined. These Programmes should have provided the sectoral and regional framework for aid but, as already indicated, they were never put in place and the derogation in Reg. 17/64, which allowed individual projects to be grant-aided for the first two years, continued throughout the lifetime of this Regulation, i.e. to the end of the 1970s.
Japan’s Present-Day Economic System and Its Historical Origins
Authors: Okazaki Tetsuji , Okuno-Fujiwara Masahiro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A number of characteristic features serve to differentiate Japan’s present-day socio-economic system from its counterparts in the West, particularly those of the Anglo-Saxon countries. One is the relationship between corporate ownership and its management: Japanese management is directed to benefit employees rather than shareholders. Another feature is the long-term nature of relationships within firms, as demonstrated in the lifetime-employment system, pay based on seniority, enterprise-based labour unions, and so on. Long-term relations between different firms are also important, as seen in the main bank system, the subcontracting system, or in relations among affiliated firms in keiretsu groupings. For the provision of capital, indirect financing centred on bank lending predominates over the floating of shares and bonds on the open market. A further feature is the close-knit relationship between government and private-sector firms, seen in official control through administrative guidance or via industrial associations or similar business organizations.
The ‘Japanese-Model’ Fiscal System
Authors: Jinno Naohiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The eventful period heralded by the 1970s oil shocks has been characterized by calls for ‘reform of the tax system’ and ‘administrative reform’, and as a result the tax and public-finance system that underpinned Japan’s post-war high¬ speed economic growth has come in for fundamental re-examination. This chapter represents a quest for the origins of Japan’s modern fiscal system now so much in the spotlight, from among the many other aspects of the economic system being pressed to reform. As we see from the fact that discussions on the tax system or administrative reform refer directly or indirectly to the Shoup Report, there is a shared belief that Japan’s current fiscal system took shape through the reforms introduced after the Second World War. In this chapter, however, I intend to show that it was formed, like the other economic systems discussed in this book, during the war years as a ‘full mobilization’ system to support the war effort.
Introduction: The Emergence of “Economic Society”
Authors: Hayami Akira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Muromachi shogunate breathed its last in 1573, it was the culmination of a long process of disintegration at the center, and reorganization in the provinces. For more than a century, daimyos (regional lords) had worked to build militarily and economically coherent domains; for the last quarter-century, they had sought to use their provincial power bases gradually to expand their influence toward the center.
The Dynamics of Market Economy and Production
Authors: Shimbo Hiroshi , Hasegawa Akira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scholars today agree that the Japanese economy was basically expanding throughout the Tokugawa period. However, this economic growth was not uniform in either pace or pattern. From the beginning of the seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, population size rose, new fields were opened up for cultivation, and rice production increased.
Demography and Living Standards
Authors: Hayami Akira , Kitô Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In order to fully grasp the conditions of a society or country, it is important to examine the scale, structure, and trends of its population. Through such analyses of the behavior and organization of individual men and women, married couples, and households, we can arrive at a more accurate understanding of the lives of ordinary people than if we were to look only at institutional and governing structures.
Japan’s Postwar Civil Service: The Legal Framework
Authors: Haley John O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However contentious many of the issues may seem regarding the postwar role of Japan’s civil service, few question the basic proposition that Japan’s economic bureaucracies played a significant if not defining part in Japan’s stunning economic recovery and growth. The paradox may remain of an interventionist civil service ostensibly directing industrial and financial policies alongside a vigorously competitive market economy as well as a political system seemingly dominated by bureaucratic interests that was equally often acutely responsive to the demands of national and local constituencies, political leaders, and business enterprises. Yet the ubiquitous presence of a policy-directing civil service is a fundamental premise in nearly all analyses of Japan’s postwar economic performance.
The Japanese Civil Service And Economic Development: Lessons For Policymakers From Other Countries
Authors: Kim Hyung-Ki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s remarkable economic and political transformation to a modern economy and polity may hold some vital lessons for developing and transforming economies and for international financing institutions.1 Some of these lessons pertain to the high savings rate and the ‘catch-up’ efforts that have helped spur Japan’s development. Equally important, however, is the role played by Japan’s bureaucracy, particularly its administrative institutions. It has been argued that the skillful economic management that guided Japan through the turbulent years of modernization and brought it prosperity are due in no small measure to these institutions. It should be noted at the outset, however, that the Japanese bureaucracy, which has taken pride in its role as ‘guardian of the national interest’, is now having that role challenged.
Population and Reasoned Agency: Food, Fertility, and Economic Development
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mr. Condorcet 's picture of what may be expected to happen when the number of men shall surpass the means of their subsistence is justly drawn, ' said Thomas Malthus in 1798.1 He was commenting on an ana lysis of Condorcet, published a few years earlier, that we now associate with Malthus himself. After quoting Condorcet with approval, Malthus proceeded to express his emendations, in some important ways, of Condorcet 's approach, in particular, replacing Condorcet 's optimism (founded on his belief in the human ability to make intelligent use of science and to take rational decisions to deal with identified problems).
Economic Analysis of Fertility: Micro Foundations and Aggregate Implications
Authors: Willis Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the greatest challenge facing students of population is to understand the causes of the historical association between economic growth and development and the demographic transition from high to low levels of fertility and mortality. Every 'advanced country ' that has successfully achieved a high level of living has undergone such a demo graphic transition. Moreover, a substantial fertility decline is currently under way in a number of countries now undergoing rapid economic growth in East and South-East Asia and, to a lesser extent, in Latin America. Conversely, it is much less apparent that countries in South Asia and, especially, in Africa are as yet on a path either of sustained economic development or of demographic transition.1 In addition to purely scientific reasons, it is of obvious importance to seek an understanding of the connection between economic development and demographic transitions in order to develop policies that serve broadly accepted goals of increasing the well-being of current and future generations of human beings in all parts of the world, including protecting the natural and biological resources that contribute to their well-being.2 In this chapter, I will argue that modern developments in the economic analysis of fertility behaviour can help us understand some of these issues.
The Way to the Gender-Segregated Swedish Labour Market
Authors: Hoem Britta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Swede ‘s reputation as a country with a higher than usual level of gender equality is based on a few striking indicators, mainly labour force participation rates and the character of family policies. There is little difference between women and men in labour force participation rates in Sweden, and it is currently predicted that even these differences will disappear before long (Statistics Sweden 1990). Sweden’s progressive family policies have as an explicit goal the sharing of family responsibilities between men and women. Maternity leave has been an established right since 1939 (paid leave was introduced in 1955), and in 1974 Sweden became the first country in the world to introduce the father’s right to take paternity leave as well. In fact, the law allows the father and the mother to share the statutory parental leave between them in any way they want after a delivery.
Industrial Organization In the European Union
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book fills an important gap in our knowledge of the organization of EU manufacturing industry. At the empirical level, it draws on a newly constructed micro-level database (the European market share matrix) to present the first ever comprehensive picture of the concentration, integration, multinationality, and diversification of EU industry and firms. However, its purpose is not primarily descriptive. At the theoretical level, it develops a new way of integrating the insights of international trade, industrial organization, international business, and corporate strategy. A central thesis is that by understanding the reasons for the industrial structure we observe, much can be understood about the underlying competitive process that generated this structure in the context of current European integration.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Gavin W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In terms of population, Indonesia is the world’s fourth-largest country, with a 1990 population of 179 million. Although its land area is less than that of a number of countries with smaller populations, it is a far-flung archipelago, stretching across a distance greater than that from London to Moscow. The island of Borneo, most of which lies within Indonesia, is the third-largest island in the world, after Greenland and New Guinea, almost half of which also lies within Indonesia.
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer Donald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With an area of 8,522,965 km2, Brazil is the fifth-largest country in the world. It is nearly as large as the continental United States and covers half of the territory of South America. The landscape is dominated by the Amazon basin in the north and the Brazilian highlands in the south-east and south regions. The climate is tropical and sub-tropical, humid in the Amazon, mostly covered by forest, and semi-arid in the north-east. There are vast areas of savannah in the centre-west.
Economic and Demographic Concentration in Brazil: Recent Inversion of Historical Patterns
Authors: Martine George , Diniz Clelio Campolina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To the uninitiated, Brazil has long stood out as an immense country with a quasi unlimited potential for growth in its many and diversified regions (see fig. 10.1). Aggressive and well-publicized efforts have been made in recent decades to occupy the interior, through the relocation of the capital city, through massive road-building programmes, through large-scale colonization projects and through regionalized fiscal-incentive policies. Undoubtedly, the agricultural frontier has expanded, while interiorization of the population and of the economy has occurred to some extent. Nevertheless, during most of this century, economic activity and population have tended to concentrate increasingly-in the region dominated by the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo.
Urbanization of the Brazilian Frontier
Authors: Sawyer Donald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Amazon region has become the main stage for frontier expansion in Brazil in the last two decades. Although it is usually depicted as an ‘agricultural frontier’, in which one would expect rapid growth of rural population, the region has in fact undergone rapid urbanization, with levels similar to the rest of the country out side the urban-industrial core. It may now be more appropriate to speak of urbanization of the frontier than of urbanization on the frontier.
Alpine Patterns of Infant Mortality in Perspective
Authors: Viazzo Pier Paolo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s the received wisdom about the population history of the Alps was that in pre-industrial times the whole region had been characterized by a sort of ‘primitive’ demographic regime. Solid empirical evidence was admittedly scanty. But it seemed sensible to assume that the only response to the ‘permanent challenge of the mountain environment’ was represented by very high levels of fertility, which were virtually offset by equally high levels of both infant and adult mortality (Guichonnet, 1975: 157-8). The results of a spate of recent studies show, on the contrary, that all over the Alpine area both fertility and mortality tended, at least from the mid-eighteenth century up to the First World War, to be consider ably lower than in the surrounding flat regions.
The International Setting
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Kegels Chantal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the post-war period the international trade relations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland were moulded to fit the design imposed by the Soviet Union. The Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) was the international trade bureaucracy of the Soviet bloc. It applied the principles of quantitative economic planning to the sphere of international trade. Multilateral trade flows were agreed upon collectively within the organization. Monetary values of trade flows used the rouble as the unit of account at administratively determined exchange rates.
Large as it was, the Soviet bloc was not economically self-sufficient. To varying degrees all of the members of the CMEA had economic relations with the non-communist world. Typically they had a foreign debt contracted with Western banks or governments, and they had commercial relations with Western countries. Czechoslovakia signed a trade agreement with GATT in 1948.
The effects of debt management
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public debt management has important effects on the real economy. Only under restrictive assumptions about private agents’ altruism and rationality, complete ness and efficiency of financial markets and type of taxes, the government’s choice of the composition of its outstanding liabilities and/or of the securities to issue does not matter. Studying such conditions is, however, important for two reasons. First, the neutrality result for tax-borrowing decisions known as Ricardian Equivalence (Barro 1974) has become a reference point in public finance. Second and more importantly, this analysis is a necessary first step toward a better understanding of the effects of debt management.
Minimizing cost
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A realistic representation of the policymaker’s objective function implies a trade-off between the minimization of the expected cost of debt servicing and the minimization of budgetary risk. Implications of the implicit-contingent approach reviewed in Chapter 5 follow from a specification of this trade-off which gives all the weight to risk minimization. Indeed, issuing securities which yield low returns in low-output states reduces budgetary risk but increases the expected cost of debt servicing. High-interest costs have to be paid for a policy which insures the government against the risk of having to adjust tax rates in response to macroeconomic shocks affecting its budget. Risk-averse investors will ask for a premium in order to hold securities with returns positively correlated to their income.
Determinants of Rates of Early Childhood Sickness and Death, and of Long Birth Intervals: Evidence from the Khanna Study, Rural Punjab, India, 1954-1969
Authors: Wyon John B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports selected findings from a longitudinal study of community¬ based rates of deaths, sicknesses, and birth intervals in eleven villages of the Punjab, India. These findings were the result of broader studies of births, deaths, migrations, and population dynamics, and a test of birth-control methods villagers could use on their own to cause lower birth rates in some village communities.
Population Movement and the AIDS Epidemic in Thailand
Authors: Singhanetra-Renard Anchalee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The intensity of the HIV/AIDS epidemic among highly mobile populations and in dynamic areas comprised of various mobile groups in Thailand points to the importance of population movement as a crucial factor in this epidemic. Determining the patterns of population mobility is thus critical to understanding the diffusion patterns of HIV/AIDS. Areas seemingly not linked with one another may in fact actually be closely tied through spatial mobility. Such connections are pertinent to interpreting epidemiological data, formulating policy for control intervention, and care.Routine surveillance of and epidemiological data on HIV/AIDS in Thailand show the northern region as having the highest concentration of HIV/AIDS in fection among blood donors, pregnant women, military conscripts, male STD patients, commercial sex workers, and intravenous drug users from 1990-2. This situation points to the need for a closer look at structural changes of migration and their implication on the spread of HIV/AIDS in this country.
Control as Care: Interaction between Urban Women and Birth Planning Workers
Authors: Milwertz Cecilia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In China, according to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women passed in 1992, ‘Women have the right to child. bearing in accordance with relevant regulations of the state as well as the freedom not to bear any child.’ The ‘relevant regulations’ of the state are defined within the framework of the national population policy. The main objective of the post-Mao population policy is to limit population growth rates and ultimately to stabilize population at zero growth. The main remedial measure for reaching these targets has been to lay down a fertility limit of one child per couple. Although, especially since 1984, this limit has been revised so that the rural majority of the Chinese population are permitted to give birth to two children per couple when the first child is a girl, the fertility limit in cities, and especially among state employees, has consistently been one child per couple.