bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE RESPONSE OF GENETICALLY RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE RABBITS TO THE QUANTITATIVE INHALATION OF HUMAN TYPE TUBERCLE BACILLI AND THE NATURE OF RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. , Abramson Samuel , Heppleston A. G. 
Published: June 2004

If genetically resistant and susceptible rabbits inhale a certain number of human type tubercle bacilli, no tuberculosis in the lungs of the resistant animals is seen, as a rule several months after infection, while there is a variable and often extensive disease in the susceptible rabbits. The analogy to the presence or absence of active tuberculosis in man infected with the tubercle bacillus is evident.
The inhaled tubercle bacilli multiply for but a short time in the resistant rabbits and are usually rapidly and completely destroyed. In the susceptible rabbits, the bacilli multiply profusely for a much longer time and persist in large numbers even months after inhalation.
Whatever be the cause of the more rapid destruction of tubercle bacilli in the resistant animal, the resulting more rapid release of the contained antigens enhances the development of allergic sensitivity and antibodies in these animals.
The development of an acquired resistance against tubercle bacilli of the human type is sufficiently rapid to affect the genesis of the initial gross primary pulmonary foci that result from the inhalation of a given number of bacilli. The greater the genetic resistance, the fewer the initial primary foci.
Variations in genetic resistance are essentially variations in the rate of development of acquired resistance.
It is suggested that variations in genetic resistance to inhaled human type tubercle bacilli may affect the prevalence of alveolar phagocytes capable of acquiring adequate resistance to the growth of the bacilli in their cytoplasm. The prevalence of such cells is subject to hormonal and immunological influences.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS (STRAIN 6BC)
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

The inhibitory action of sodium sulfadiazine on the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in embryonated eggs is readily reversed by citrovorum factor but not by small amounts of vitamin B12.
In embryonated eggs, the pteroylglutamic acid analogues, 9-methylpteroylglutamic acid and 4-aminopteroylaspartic acid, produced some suppression of the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC). 4-Aminopteroylglutamic add, 4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid, and 4-aminopteroylaspartic acid inhibited the growth of this virus in tissue cultures at concentrations which were not toxic for the host tissue. The inhibitory action of 4-amino-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid and 4-aminopteroylaspartic acid was readily overcome by addition of citrovorum factor.
Growth of meningopneumonitis virus in embryonated eggs or tissue culture is suppressed by 4-aminopteroylaspartic acid.
The advantages of the tissue culture technic for studies on the growth of viruses are discussed.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS (STRAIN 6BC)
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

In various amounts and mixtures, adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, thymine, thymidine, cytidylic acid, and an enzymatic digest of desoxyribonucleic acid all failed to influence the inhibition by sulfadiazine of the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in embryonated eggs.
A number of purine analogues, including benzimidazole, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 8-azaguanine, inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in tissue cultures at concentrations which had no obvious toxic effects on the host tissues. The virus inhibitory action of 2,6-diaminopurine was reversed by addition of adenine and that of 8-azaguanine by guanine.
The growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) was inhibited by the pteridine compounds 2-ammo-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine and xanthopterin, while other related substances had little or no inhibitory activity. Xanthine reversed the inhibitory effects of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-formylpteridine. There was no correlation between the inhibitory activity of the pteridines on xanthine oxidase and multiplication of the virus.
EVIDENCE THAT ASCHOFF BODIES OF RHEUMATIC MYOCARDITIS DEVELOP FROM INJURED MYOFIBERS
Authors: Murphy George E. 
Published: June 2004

Comparative studies on the histopathogenesis of experimentally induced lesions of myocardial Aschoff body type in rabbits and of many myocardial Aschoff bodies from several active rheumatic fever patients have revealed the following:
Almost invariably these experimental lesions and very frequently the myocardial Aschoff bodies studied in their early stages have been shown to originate in and evolve from lesions of heart muscle fibers.
The mono-, multi-, and non-nuciested cell masses, most characteristic of myocardial disease of the rheumatic type, appear to be damaged muscle fibers their fragments, and syncytial cell masses of probable muscular origin that proliferate from beneath the sarcolemma and in the tracks of damaged muscle fibers in reaction to that damage.
In addition to destructive changes in cardiac muscle fibers an attempt at myofiber regeneration may occur in some myocardial Aschoff bodies.
The most distinguishing histologic feature of the myocardial Aschoff bodies in rheumatic heart disease are the peculiar lesions of muscle fibers. Therefore, it is proposed that they be designated as myofiber Aschoff bodies in order to indicate their origin more accurately.
The results of these investigations contrast with the widely accepted theory that all myocardial Aschoff bodies originate as injured interstitial collagen, and that, as they evolve, they consist of damaged interstitial collagen intermingled with cells of non-myogenic derivation that proliferated in response to that collagen injury.
These studies, furthermore, provide evidence that experimental homologues of rheumatic myocardial Aschoff bodies have been induced in a very few among many rabbits subjected to reposted focal infections with group A streptococci of different serological types. Hence, they support the concept that the myocardial Aschoff bodies of rheumatic fever are induced by repeated infections with group A streptococci of several different serological types; even though only a certain few among the many patients so infected develop these lesions.
QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES WITH THE PURIFIED FACTOR IN MOUSE MILK CONNECTED WITH MAMMARY CARCINOMA
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Graff Samuel , Haagensen C. D. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Arnold Powell and Anton Samuel
Published: June 2004

Antisera to the mouse milk factor (F), containing up to 0.5 mg. of antibody nitrogen per ml. are readily obtainable in rabbits, especially when adjuvants are added to the antigen.
Quantitative data on the anti-F content of the sera are given, also on the total nitrogen precipitated by the non-casein fraction of C57 mouse milk which does not contain F.
The antisera were also absorbed with casein fractions but the difficulties in the way of quantitative analysis were not overcome.
Antisera to fractions of C57 mouse milk were also obtained and the reactions of F and the C57 proteins with these sera were studied.
The results, as far as they go, are in accord with the earlier belief that the milk factor possesses an immunological specificity not present in normal mouse tissues.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF SULFATE-SULFUR (S35) METABOLISM IN THE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND BONE OF SUCKLING RATS
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. 
Published: June 2004

Fifteen minutes after intraperitoneal injection of sulfur-35 as sodium sulfate to 7-day-old rats the concentration of the isotope was highest in the cartilage at the epiphyseal-diaphyseal junction of long bones but was demonstrable throughout the entire epiphysis. Up to the 24th hour the pattern of deposition did not change as the concentration continued to increase.
As centers of secondary ossification developed, there occurred in them an increased concentration of some form of sulfur, insoluble as the barium salt. This sulfur was probably derived from the cartilage which the center of secondary ossification replaced.
Up to about the 30th minute after injection the sulfur-35 was deposited transitorily in a high concentration in discrete loci of the bone marrow. Excluding this transitory deposition, the highest concentration of the radioisotope in the bone marrow was seen in the specimens removed 24 hours after administration.
In the bone shaft the sulfur-35, in a form which was insoluble in an alkaline solution of barium ions, was deposited diffusely up to the 24th hour after its administration. Thereafter, the radioisotope decreased in concentration in the middle portion of the bone shaft. However, the concentration of a similarly characterized sulfur-35-bearing component in the ends of the diaphysis continued to increase up to at least the 96th hour after injection.
SERUM AND URINARY FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS IN IRRADIATED DOGS
Authors: Colgan J. , Gates E. , Miller L. L. 
Published: June 2004

The urine and serum fibrinolytic activity were measured in dogs following whole body radiation ranging from 450 to 800 r generated by 1,000 kv. and 250 kv. machines.
The fibrinolytic activity of the urine showed a precipitate rise 4 to 5 days before death in all dogs with pulmonary hemorrhage as the main cause of death.
The fibrinolytic activity of the serum showed a similar rise, which was most pronounced in the case of those animals which did not survive.
The fibrinolytic activities of the urine and serum approached control levels at about the 24th day after irradiation in all the surviving dogs.
The possible mode of activation of the fibrinolytic enzyme in vivo is discussed and approaches to prevention of the hemorrhagic syndrome are suggested.
SERIAL TRANSPLANTATION OF RABBIT PAPILLOMAS CAUSED BY THE SHOPE VIRUS
Authors: Rogers Stanfield 
Published: June 2004

Two cutaneous papillomas produced with the Shope virus in adult domestic rabbits were transferred to their leg muscles and thence to those of several successive groups of rabbits of various ages. The growths failed to establish themselves in some newborn animals, but in many formed huge masses, immobilizing the legs with result in early death. Not infrequently they did well for months after their hosts had matured, yet nevertheless they failed regularly on further transfer in adults. They were eventually lost because left long prior to passage on the supposition that they might gain the ability to succeed in mature hosts.
The papillomas when growing actively sometimes penetrated the reactive tissue encapsulating them and replaced the adjacent muscle. They often entered lymph and blood vessels but never metastasized, nor did they undergo carcinomatous change though their total period of proliferation was as considerable as that elapsing in many instances before cancer appeared in papillomas produced by the same virus material and left on the skin.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY SERUM
Authors: Shulman N. Raphael 
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the inhibition of trypsin, plasmin, and chymotrypsin by serum was studied using fibrin tagged with radioactive iodine as a substrate.
Enzyme-inhibitor relationships were studied by: (a) varying the concentration of serum; (b) varying the concentration of enzyme; and (c) by diluting the enzyme-serum mixture. The results indicate that the inhibition of trypsin, plasmin, and chymotrypsin is a stoichiometric and irreversible reaction.
By using the Lineweaver-Burk graphical method of analysis it was demonstrated that the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin is a non-competitive reaction. This finding supports the conclusion that inhibition by serum is an irreversible type of reaction.
The substrate was found to exert a retarding effect on the activity of plasmin. The possibility of a plasmin inhibitor in fibrinogen was suggested.
The suitability of the various procedures used in evaluating serum proteolytic inhibition was discussed.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY SERUM
Authors: Shulman N. Raphael 
Published: June 2004

Variation in the inhibition of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and plasmin by serum was studied in 65 normal individuals and in 117 patients with a variety of diseases.
It was shown that elevated inhibition for trypsin and chymotrypsin is associated with disease processes that bring about cellular destruction.
Changes in the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin were closely correlated with changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen concentration that occur in association with disease.
Intravenous typhoid vaccine was found to produce parallel changes in the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin and in the fibrinogen concentration in human beings.
It was concluded that the diagnostic significance of increased trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibition is the same as that of increased fibrinogen concentration; it is a common, non-specific response to a variety of pathological conditions and has no value as a specific diagnostic test.
Increased plasmin inhibition occurred too infrequently to permit detailed study.
DEVELOPMENT, PERSISTENCE, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TYPE 2, POLIOMYELITIS COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIBODY IN MAN
Authors: Casals Jordi , Olitsky Peter K. , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

Sera from 81 patients with a diagnosis of paralytic or non-paralytic poliomyelitis, and from 159 individuals of similar age groups giving no history of the disease, were tested with a high titered, complement-fixing poliomyelitis antigen of Type 2 (Lansing-like). The antigen consisted of brain tissue from newborn mice injected with the MEF1 strain of virus as previously adapted to these animals. The presence or absence of Type 2 neutralizing antibody in the sera under test was found not to affect the complement fixation.
Positive reactions were obtained with 57 per cent of the sera deriving from non-paralytic patients and in 70 per cent from paralytics, when the specimens were tested at a dilution of 1:16. The complement-fixing antibody was often present in highest titer as early as 24 hours after the onset of poliomyelitis, and in almost all instances within 7 days. In about half of the patients a 4-fold or greater drop in titer occurred within 3 months, with little or no change in the others.
The incidence of titers of 1:16 or higher with the control sera varied with the season of the year at which they were procured, 3 per cent of the winter samples proving positive and 13 per cent of the summer.
The tests of sera from the group of patients from whom poliomyelitis virus was recovered, disclosed no significant differences between those having the paralytic and those having the non-paralytic disease.
Type 1 (Brunhilde-like) strains of virus were recovered from many of the patients yielding positive tests, although they presented no evidence of previous or concurrent infection with Type 2 virus. This finding shows that Type 1 virus can give rise in patients to Type 2 complement-fixing antibody.
The application of these data to the serologic diagnosis of poliomyelitis infection in man will of necessity be limited until information is obtained on the development, persistence, and significance of complement-fixation reactions with antigens deriving from Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis strains.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION
Authors: Penner Abraham , Klein Samuel H. 
Published: June 2004

All analysis of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the visceral lesions produced by Shiga toxin in the dog has indicated that the structural changes are produced by a vascular mechanism which is under control of the sympathetic nervous system. Paralysis of the latter at the myoneural junction or in the ganglia by means of drugs served to prevent the tissue changes as well as the hyperglycemia and hemoconcentration characteristic of the sympathomimetic response. The observations indicated that the toxin acted via a mechanism located in the central nervous system.
Further studies of the action of Shiga toxin by means of cerebral cross-circulation are reported here. In these the cerebral blood flow of one dog derived from the circulation of the trunk and limbs of another. Injection of the toxin into the femoral vein of this latter dog resulted in the appearance of visceral lesions, hemoconcentration, and hyperglycemia in the former whose brain only received blood containing the toxin. The resulting visceral changes were identical with those observed in the intact unanesthetized dog which had received the toxin directly. The observations indicate that, in dogs, Shiga toxin produces its characteristic visceral lesions via the central nervous system. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE CAUSE OF THE RABBIT CARCINOMAS DERIVED FROM VIRUS-INDUCED PAPILLOMAS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Kidd John G. , Smith William E. 
Published: June 2004

Tests were made to learn whether an anaplastic, epidermal carcinoma, the Vx2, which had originated more than 8 years previously from a virus papilloma in a domestic rabbit, still rendered its hosts immune to the virus. It had done so in the first 22 successive groups of animals to which it was transferred during a period of 3½ years, its growth regularly eliciting a blood antibody that neutralized the Shope virus and fixed complement in mixture with it; and on the assumption that this would continue to be the case no further observations were made for nearly 4½ years more. Then direct inoculation of animals carrying the tumor in its 46th Generation showed them to be as susceptible to the virus as normal rabbits; and sera procured from hosts of the 46th, 47th, 48th, and 50th Generations failed to neutralize the virus or fix complement with it. Tests of this last sort, repeated at intervals since,—most recently with sera from animals carrying the tumor in its 73rd Generation,—have yielded consistently negative findings.
Loss of the power to immunize against the papilloma virus was not attended by any perceptible change in the Vx2 carcinoma. Manifestly the antigen responsible for the immunity cannot, as such, have been the actuating cause of the tumor.
Attempts were made to infect the cells providing 48th Generation cancers, by mixing them with a suspension of the papilloma virus at time of implantation, or by injecting this agent into the blood stream of rabbits in which the tumog had already begun to proliferate. Its morphology and rate of growth remained unaltered; but tests of the animals to which transfers were next made yielded what appeared to be evidence of some slight immunity to the virus.
ACUTE HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The etiological agent of the acute hepatitis encountered in weanling mice of the Princeton strain is a virus found in the liver, spleen, kidneys, heart's blood, urine, and intestinal contents of experimentally infected animals. Older Princeton mice and weanlings from four other strains (Swiss, Webster's BSVS, C albino) and Bagg) proved to be less susceptible than Princeton weanlings.
The virus was demonstrable in Berkefeld V filtrates of liver suspensions and in supernatants after centrifugation at 10,000 G. In whole liver suspensions it was detectable in decreasing amounts through a dilution of 10–7.
Aureomycin and terramycin had no detectable effect on the activity of the virus in weanlings.
PROTECTION AGAINST FATAL RENAL INJURY DUE TO CHOLINE DEFICIENCY BY RENAL DECAPSULATION
Authors: Baxter James H. 
Published: June 2004

Decapsulation of the left kidney through a lumbar incision immediately prior to placing young rats on a choline-deficient diet afforded a significant degree of protection against animal mortality, compared with that which occurred as a result of the deficiency in the control groups. Decapsulation also was effective in reducing greatly the renal injury which developed in the decapsulated kidneys, as judged by a comparison of the decapsulated kidneys with the contralateral undecapsulated kidneys of the same animals. Decapsulation through an abdominal incision also was efficacious.
Decapsulation after 4 or 5 days on the deficient diet, at which time relatively early renal lesions were present in most of the animals, afforded little if any protection.
Experiments in which the usual adhesions between the decapsulated kidneys and surrounding tissues were prevented by covering the decapsulated kidneys with artificial capsules demonstrated that protection due to decapsulation could occur in the absence of adhesions.
Renal denervation without removal of the renal capsule was not associated with a decrease in renal damage or animal mortality.
Possible mechanisms of the protective effect of renal decapsulation in choline deficiency are discussed.
THE SOMATIC ANTIGEN OF A PHAGE-RESISTANT VARIANT OF PHASE II SHIGELLA SONNEI
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Jesaitis Margeris A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A phage-resistant variant of Phase II Shigella sonnei has been isolated and the type-specific antigen from it has been obtained.
2. The antigen of the variant microorganism, II/3, 4, 7, differs from that of the parent Phase II bacillus in serological specificity and in chemical make-up.
3. Although the antigen of Phase II Sh. sonnei inhibits all T phages to which the bacillus is susceptible, that of the variant fails to inhibit T3, T4, and T7.
THE USE OF PHOSPHORUS 32 IN STUDIES ON PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM
Authors: Clarke Delphine H. 
Published: June 2004

The measurement of the degree of incorporation of P32 into nucleic acids has been used as a quantitative means of studying parasite growth and development in vitro under various conditions.
An extract of normal chicken erythrocytes was found to be of unique importance as a constituent of the medium, both for intact parasitized cells and for lysates of such cells. Heated normal chicken serum possessed some favorable effect upon intact cells.
The major portion of the beneficial effect of the erythrocyte extract was found to be associated with the non-dialyzable portion, although the dialysate was shown to possess slight growth-promoting activity. Further attempts to characterize the extract in terms of its favorable effects upon parasite growth were unsuccessful.
A medium and conditions were developed which permitted the growth of a limited parasite population in lysates of parasitized red cells. The most important constituents of the medium were concentrated, freshly prepared erythrocyte extract and malate.
Comparative studies carried out with intact parasitized cells and with lysates showed that substances and conditions exerting quite marked effects upon the intact cell system were without effect or exerted a less marked effect upon parasite growth in lysates. The possible implications of these observations are discussed and the further exploitation of this comparative approach suggested as a means of furthering our knowledge of parasite-host cell relationships.