bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adults with dyslexia show deficits on spatial frequency doubling and visual attention tasks
Authors: Buchholz Judy , McKone Elinor 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe examine the visual processing of high‐functioning adults with developmental dyslexia (mean Performance IQ=126.5) and current phonological problems. In comparison to an age‐ and IQ‐matched control group, the group with dyslexia showed deficits in two tasks associated with magnocellular/dorsal pathway function. For the ‘frequency doubling’ stimulus (grating of 0.25 cpd modulated at 25 Hz counterphase flicker), contrast thresholds for detection were raised in the dyslexic group. In conjunction visual search, a display time sufficient for controls to achieve ceiling accuracy at all set sizes (30 ms per item) was inadequate to allow shifts of attention around the display for the group with dyslexia. In contrast, normal performance was found on ‘popout’ visual search and on a ventral stream acuity task. Correlational analysis revealed a significant relationship between degree of deficit in conjunction search and phonological difficulty. The deficits revealed were specific to functions that rely on magnocellular input. They cannot be attributed to concentration lapses, eye movement problems or slow reaction times in the dyslexic group. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating learning deficits associated with dyslexia
Authors: Pothos Emmanuel M. , Kirk Jane 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAn artificial grammar learning task was used to define two learning tasks of identical complexity at the symbolic level, but which differed in terms of stimulus format. The stimuli in one learning task were created so as to encourage participants to perceive each stimulus as a whole, with less emphasis on the stimulus constituent elements (the ‘embedded’ stimuli), while in the second task the constituent elements of each stimulus were emphasized by presenting them serially (the ‘sequences’ stimuli). Using a between participants design, dyslexic participants performed equally well in the two versions of the learning task. By contrast, non‐dyslexic participants performed as well as dyslexic ones with the embedded stimuli but were impaired in the sequences stimuli. This finding was interpreted as showing that dyslexic participants were less able, compared to controls, to process individual stimulus elements of both the sequences and the embedded stimuli, consistently with recent work associating dyslexia with problems in attention focusing and shifting. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space‐frequency maximal ratio combining for low‐elevation radar target
Authors: Inaba Takayuki , Araki Kiyomichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWhen tracking radar is used for tracking a low‐altitude target, fading due to multipath propagation consisting of the direct wave and the waves reflected from the sea surface (or the ground) is generated so that tracking becomes difficult. In this paper, as a remedy to this problem, a space‐frequency maximum‐ratio combining method is proposed that combines frequency hopping with an array antenna. In order to reduce the size of the transmission and reception system, and also to reduce the computational overhead for maximum‐ratio combining, a subarray configuration is used for the array antenna and the maximum‐ratio combining is applied to the subarray. By means of computer simulation, the effects of the space‐frequency maximum‐ratio combining in the full DBF and in the subarray configuration are compared. It is confirmed that a power level higher than that in free space can be obtained by the proposed method under the constraint of a distance of 5000 to 40,000 m for a target at an altitude of 100 m (constant) by letting the frequency hopping range be 20%. It is also confirmed that the diversity gain degradation due to the subarray configuration is small. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(5): 75–85, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10143
Microwave imaging by quasi‐inverse scattering
Authors: Hasegawa Tomonori , Iwasaki Takashi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a new reflection‐type microwave imaging method is proposed to compute inverse scattering in the spatial domain by means of an approximate inverse integral transform. Its effectiveness is demonstrated by simulation and experiment. Since the transmitting antenna and the receiving antenna are placed in close proximity in the reflection‐type configuration, the coupling between the transmitting and receiving antennas cannot be neglected. Also, if the operating bandwidth is increased in order to enhance the range resolution, the frequency dependence of the antenna becomes a problem. In order to resolve these problems, a new preprocessing method is proposed in which the effect of the antenna system is calibrated. Considering the wavelength and the object size, excellent reconstructed images can be obtained experimentally. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(5): 52–61, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10147
Multiserver OS for control systems: Its structure and intertask messaging efficiency
Authors: Hidaka Soichiro , Kodama Kazuya , Maruyama Katsumi , Hashizume Hiromichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractDespite the increasing importance of control systems software, its development is quite difficult. To facilitate programming of control system software, we are developing an adaptable and extensible OS. This OS is characterized by a microkernel and multiserver: each server runs in protected mode, can drive hardware, and is added/extended/deleted with ease. This OS structure facilitates programming. Large intertask messaging overhead is anticipated in this scheme, but our implementation demonstrated good efficiency and maintainability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(5): 20–28, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10163
Finite‐difference time‐domain analysis of ultrashort laser pulse propagation in a fiber with nonlinear effects
Authors: Nakamura Shinki , Koyamada Yahei , Karasawa Naoki , Sone Hiroyasu , Morita Ryuji , Yamashita Mikio 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAs a method of analyzing the nonlinear propagation of light, the Sellmeier equation for fused silica with three resonant frequencies is used and a finite‐difference time‐domain method taking the Raman response into account is proposed. The numerical results are compared with experimental results for optical pulses with a pulse width of 12 fs passing through a fused silica fiber. By this method of analysis, the numerical results are compared with those obtained by the conventional split‐step Fourier method and it is found that these results are closer to the experimental results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(5): 1–10, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10166
Fabrication and characterization of alternately multilayered films consisting of organic ultrathin layer using self‐assembly and spin‐coating method
Authors: Nishimura Haruka , Iizuka Masaaki , Kuniyoshi Shigekazu , Nakamura Masakazu , Kudo Kazuhiro , Tanaka Kuniaki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlternately multilayered films consisting of organic ultrathin layers with copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium salt (CuPcSAS) and polyaniline (PA) were fabricated by a self‐organized spin coating method. By observation with an atomic force microscope and measurement of the adsorption isotherm characteristics and temporal adsorption characteristics, it is found that each layer is sufficiently thin and flat and consists of a densely adsorbed monomolecular film. Also, the CuPcSAS monomolecular film exhibits semiconductor characteristics. Depending on the fabrication conditions, the conductivity of the CuPcSAS/PA ultrathin film alternating structure varies over four orders of magnitude. Applications to organic integrated circuits taking advantage of these characteristics are expected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(2): 18–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10124
Electrically wavelength tunable laser based on one‐dimensional structure with liquid crystal defect layer
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Matsui Tatsunosuke , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe localized state in a one‐dimensional photonic crystal having a liquid crystal defect layer can be controlled by applying a voltage. We used the light confinement effect of the photonic crystal and the shift in the localized state wavelength due to the introduction of a liquid crystal defect layer and tried to control the laser emission by optical pumping of the one‐dimensional photonic crystal having a liquid crystal defect layer and control the lasing wavelength upon applying an electric field. First, we used a dielectric multilayer of periodically stacked TiO2 and SiO2 layers as the one‐dimensional photonic crystal, introduced a nematic liquid crystal having excellent responsiveness to an external electric field as the defect layer that disrupts the periodicity, and verified that the peak wavelength can be controlled by applying a voltage based on the localized state in the one‐dimensional photonic band. These results agreed well with the numerical analysis results. Furthermore, we excited the dye‐doped liquid crystal by a pulse laser and measured the laser emission from the localized state wavelength. In addition, the emission wavelength was successfully modulated upon applying electric field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(2): 1–8, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10173
Extraction of stomach fold regions from abdominal X‐ray CT images using 3D top‐hat transformation
Authors: Watanabe Shigeto , Hasegawa Jun‐ichi , Mekada Yoshito , Mori Kensaku , Nawano Shigeru 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a method for extracting stomach wall fold regions from abdominal X‐ray CT images using three‐dimensional morphology operations. The phenomenon of stomach wall folds concentrating in the direction of lesions is observed in over 60% of stomach cancer patients. Thus, the running pattern of stomach wall folds is an important clue in diagnosing stomach cancer. The method proposed in this paper is composed of three steps of preliminary processing, fold enhancement, and fold extraction and uses three‐dimensional top‐hat transformation which is a kind of light‐dense morphology operations in the enhancement step. Better results than those obtained in the past have been obtained by applying the proposed procedure to nine cases of actual CT images. In addition, effects of differences in imaging environments on the extraction results have been studied in samples in which the body positions during imaging and the amounts of the foaming medium administered orally had been varied. The results obtained provide important findings on the possibility of diagnosing stomach cancer using three‐dimensional CT images. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(2): 37–46, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10214
A security protocol intended to ease QoS management in IP networks
Authors: Shiraishi Yoshiaki , Fukuta Youji , Morii Masakatu 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMany research projects and implementations related to QoS (Quality of Service) management technologies for providing stable network services have been undertaken. To perform QoS management, traffic classes are required. Generally, traffic is classified by setting priorities for packets, and the methods of setting those priorities include passive admission control in which clients set priorities and active admission control in which network edge routers check traffic and set priorities. To perform active admission control, identification information such as a TCP or UDP header must be inspected. However, with existing security protocols such as ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) or SSH (Secure Shell), these kinds of information cannot be inspected because they are encrypted. Based on the point of view that active admission control should be performed to simplify QoS management of IP networks, the authors of this paper propose a security protocol named ESPQ (ESP considered QoS) for constructing active admission controllable packets and investigate the stability of that protocol. They also perform implementation experiments to show that existing control equipment such as routers can perform QoS management of ESPQ packets. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(2): 47–58, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10215
Matching of 3D tree structures using association graphs
Authors: Park Yongsup , Kitaoka Hiroko , Sato Yoshinobu , Tamura Shinichi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMatching of tree structures is equivalent to the problem of searching for maximum cliques in tree association graphs. Pelillo and colleagues have recently proposed a method for searching for maximum weight cliques that gives weight to association graphs on the basis of similarities of the attributes of tree nodes. Here, the obtained maximum weight clique corresponds to the maximum similarity subtree isomorphism. This paper proposes a tree structure‐matching scheme using tree association graphs, as a general scheme for performing nonrigid body registration of tree structures in three‐dimensional medical images. Matching of tree structures of three‐dimensional medical images of bronchi, blood vessels, and the like must be capable of handling changes in body positions accompanying their changes as well as physiological changes due to breathing exercises etc. In addition, it needs to recognize topology errors of pseudo or false branches occurring during image processing. This study, as attributes of tree nodes, constructs similarities using body volume change rates extending over the parents, children and siblings, focusing on the positional relations of the nodes of the parents, children, and siblings. The similarities proposed are those having high general properties that can be applied to changes in positions and shapes that occur inside a body since they focus on their general properties. In addition, as a method for avoiding mismatches due to topology errors, changing the weights of neighboring edges on the basis of similarities is added. The proposed scheme has been confirmed to show a high correct solution rate or true positive fraction regardless of high degree changes in positions and shapes when applied to a bronchial model generated inside a computer. It has also been confirmed that mismatches due to topology errors occur at a very low rate with the proposed scheme. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(2): 59–72, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10216
Forecasting commercial paper rates
Authors: Lackman Conway , Carlson William , Varick Celia 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA model previously developed by Lackman (C. L. Lackman, Forecasting commercial paper rates. Journal of Business Finance and Accounting 15 (1988) 499–524) for the period 1960 to 1985 is updated to include the 1990s and incorporate statistical techniques relating to tests for stationary conditions not available in 1988. As in the previous model, the demand for commercial paper by each institution (Households (HH), Life Insurance Companies (LIC), Non‐Financial Corporations (CRP) and Finance Corporations (FC)) and the total demand is simulated. Simulations of the commercial paper rate are also generated—using just the demand equations (total supply exogenous) and then employing the entire model (supply endogenous) to determine the rate. Simulation periods are from 1960:2 to 2001:4 for all demand simulations.The dynamic simulation of the total demand for commercial paper performs well. The resulting root mean square error, 3.485, compares favourably with the Federal Reserve Boston–Massachusetts Institute of Technology (FRB–MIT) estimate of the commercial paper rate (deLeeuw and Granlich, 1968). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasts of the seasonal fractional integrated series
Authors: Darné Olivier , Guiraud Vivien , Terraza Michel 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe study the probability of rejecting the seasonal unit root tests developed by Hylleberg et al. when they are applied to fractionally integrated seasonal time series. We find that these tests have quite low power and that they lead to a risk of over‐differencing. The forecasting performance of fractionally integrated seasonal models is also examined. This approach is compared with the traditional approaches from Box–Jenkins methodology, and the HEGY‐type test procedure. Forecasting results obtained from simulated series and quarterly economic time series show that the fractional approach improves the forecasting accuracy with regard to the other approaches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for association with a case‐parents design in the presence of genotyping errors
Authors: Morris Richard W. , Kaplan Norman L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractGenotyping errors can create a problem for the analysis of case‐parents data because some families will exhibit genotypes that are inconsistent with Mendelian inheritance. The problem with correcting Mendelian inconsistent genotype errors by regenotyping or removing families in which they occur is that the remaining unidentified genotype errors can produce excess type I (false positive) error for some family‐based tests for association. We address this problem by developing a likelihood ratio test (LRT) for association in a case‐parents design that incorporates nuisance parameters for a general genotype error model. We extend the likelihood approach for a single SNP to include short haplotypes consisting of 2 or 3 SNPs. The extension to haplotypes is based on assumptions of random mating, multiplicative penetrances, and at most a single genotype error per family. For a single SNP, we found, using Monte Carlo simulation, that type I error rate can be controlled for a number of genotype error models at different error rates. Simulation results suggest the same is true for 2 and 3 SNPs. In all cases, power declined with increasing genotyping error rates. In the absence of genotyping errors, power was similar whether nuisance parameters for genotype error were included in the LRT or not. The LRT developed here does not require prior specification of a particular model for genotype errors and it can be readily computed using the EM algorithm. Consequently, this test may be generally useful as a test of association with case‐parents data in which Mendelian inconsistent families are observed. Genet Epidemiol 26:142–154, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL10 gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma phenotypes in children
Authors: Lyon Helen , Lange Christoph , Lake Stephen , Silverman Edwin K. , Randolph Adrienne G. , Kwiatkowski David , Raby Benjamin A. , Lazarus Ross , Weiland Katy M. , Laird Nan , Weiss Scott T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIL10 is an anti‐inflammatory cytokine that has been found to have lower production in macrophages and mononuclear cells from asthmatics. Since reduced IL10 levels may influence the severity of asthma phenotypes, we examined IL10 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with asthma severity and allergy phenotypes as quantitative traits. Utilizing DNA samples from 518 Caucasian asthmatic children from the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) and their parents, we genotyped six IL10 SNPs: 3 in the promoter, 2 in introns, and one in the 3′ UTR. Using family‐based association tests, each SNP was tested for association with asthma and allergy phenotypes individually. Population‐based association analysis was performed with each SNP locus, the promoter haplotypes and the 6‐loci haplotypes. The 3′ UTR SNP was significantly associated with FEV1 as a percent of predicted (FEV1PP) (P=0.0002) in both the family and population analyses. The promoter haplotype GCC was positively associated with IgE levels and FEV1PP (P=0.007 and 0.012, respectively). The promoter haplotype ATA was negatively associated with lnPC20 and FEV1PP (P=0.008 and 0.043, respectively). Polymorphisms in IL10 are associated with asthma phenotypes in this cohort. Further studies of variation in the IL10 gene may help elucidate the mechanism of asthma development in children. Genet Epidemiol 26:155–165, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gamma regression improves Haseman‐Elston and variance components linkage analysis for sib‐pairs
Authors: Barber Mathew J. , Cordell Heather J. , MacGregor Alex J. , Andrew Toby 
Published: January 2004

AbstractExisting standard methods of linkage analysis for quantitative phenotypes rest on the assumptions of either ordinary least squares (Haseman and Elston [1972] Behav. Genet. 2:3–19; Sham and Purcell [2001] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:1527–1532) or phenotypic normality (Almasy and Blangero [1998] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 68:1198–1199; Kruglyak and Lander [1995] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:439–454). The limitations of both these methods lie in the specification of the error distribution in the respective regression analyses. In ordinary least squares regression, the residual distribution is misspecified as being independent of the mean level. Using variance components and assuming phenotypic normality, the dependency on the mean level is correctly specified, but the remaining residual coefficient of variation is constrained a priori. Here it is shown that these limitations can be addressed (for a sample of unselected sib‐pairs) using a generalized linear model based on the gamma distribution, which can be readily implemented in any standard statistical software package. The generalized linear model approach can emulate variance components when phenotypic multivariate normality is assumed (Almasy and Blangero [1998] Am. J. Hum Genet. 68: 1198–1211) and is therefore more powerful than ordinary least squares, but has the added advantage of being robust to deviations from multivariate normality and provides (often overlooked) model‐fit diagnostics for linkage analysis. Genet Epidemiol 26:97–107, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.