bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing drainage problem areas by GIS: a case study in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey
Authors: Cetin Mahmut , Diker Kenan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSoil productivity is affected by soil physical properties that play a crucial role in planning drainage systems. Improper planning of drainage systems can create high water table problems and, in turn, an unsuitable environment for plant growth. Therefore, drainage systems should be well planned and monitored regularly. It is very labor‐intensive and time‐consuming to determine the spatial and temporal changes in drainage parameters such as groundwater (GW) depth, elevation, hydraulic gradient and salinity by conventional methods over large areas. Geographic information systems (GIS) can be used to assess the spatial and temporal changes efficiently and rapidly. This study was conducted to determine drainage problem areas and to suggest the most suitable drainage systems for those areas by evaluating spatial and temporal changes in GW depth, elevation and salinity, with regard to drainage criteria used by the State Hydraulic Works (DSI) responsible for the development of land and water resources in Turkey. A pilot area of 8494 ha in the Lower Seyhan Plain, Adana, Turkey, was selected. The elevations and coordinates of 85 drainage observation wells were obtained from the existing maps with a scale of 1/5000 and 1/25 000, respectively. The GW depth and GW salinity data, the latter only available for July, were obtained from an archived long‐term monthly data set of the 6th Regional Directorate of the DSI. Running ArcView 3.0a, the salinity, as well as the seasonal maps of the GW depth and elevation, were developed to assess the spatial and temporal changes. Results indicated that about 99.8% of the study area was suffering from various levels of drainage problems. Main, secondary and tertiary drainage canals in the region seemed to be malfunctioning due mostly to siltation and weed problems. GW fluctuation did not seem to be of great importance, indicating a need for a subsurface drainage system. It was concluded that some areas are likely to be prone to potential GW salinization risk during the peak irrigation season if in the future, irrigation water is sparingly used and irrigation efficiency is improved. The GW hydraulic gradient did not significantly change temporally, but it did change spatially. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Food, poverty, and power in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Hargreaves George H. , Merkley Gary P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWorld Bank development indicators are used to show how increased production and use of electricity is strongly associated with a good quality of life for the 2.5–3 billion people around the world now living on less than US$2 a day, and for the probable future population increase in many countries. Twenty Latin American and Caribbean countries were included in this study, and their respective development indicators were compared. Some comparisons were made with world averages and with data from the same development indicators in the United States and Sweden.An annual increase of 1000 kWh of electricity consumption per capita tends to have a very powerful influence on quality of human life by increasing average income, literacy, health, and food adequacy. Population growth and numbers of people living in poverty generally decline when electricity consumption increases, and vice versa. Some of the resources available for development, their adequacy, and the need for improved resource inventories are described. In this light, it is important to note that the potential for increased production of electricity from renewable energy in Latin America and some parts of the Caribbean is very large and should be considered by planners. The interconnection of the various electrical grids into a single grid (excluding the Caribbean) and the use of renewable energy to generate electricity are recommended. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling water discharge and nitrate leaching using DRAINMOD–GIS technology at small catchment scale
Authors: El‐Sadek Alaa , Feyen Jan , Radwan Mona , El Quosy Dia 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of modeling nitrate leaching to surface waters using a field‐scale quasi‐two‐dimensional mechanistic flow model (DRAINMOD) in combination with a GIS. The GIS was used to describe the spatial distribution within the area of interest of soil type and land use, and to integrate the simulated nitrate leaching at field scale at the scale of the catchment. This study summarizes the method used to model the nitrate leaching at field scale and how the GIS was applied to present the spatial distribution of nitrogen loss by natural and artificial drainage. The modeling framework was applied to the Witte Nete, the Molenbeek and the Mark, three agricultural catchments in Belgium having total areas of 40.70, 57.44 and 93.62 km2, respectively to assess the vulnerability for nitrate leaching of a pilot study region in Belgium. The study illustrates that a GIS in combination with a mechanistic field scale model is a powerful and suitable tool for modeling nitrate leaching at catchment scale. The resulting vulnerability maps depict the nitrogen leaching as a function of soil type and land use and give the decision maker the opportunity to make nitrogen leaching standards site specific. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The urban market for farmers' water rights
Authors: Merrett Stephen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAllocation stress, that is, access conflicts between the agricultural, domestic, industrial, urban service and environmental uses of water, is set to become more intense in the future because of global population growth and climate change. Because of the dominant role of irrigation water use at the global level, it is imperative to explore the possibilities of reducing farmers' use of water or, at the very least, of slowing its growth. One process by which the scale of irrigation is reduced occurs when farmers choose to sell their water rights to actors that apply these released flows in towns and cities for household, manufacturing and urban service uses. In this paper a theory of price and volume determination of such markets is presented, using concepts of urban actors' maximum bid price and farmers' minimum release price for water rights. The limits of the theory are then discussed with respect to timescale, water concessions, part‐sales, sales of land, the legal context, third‐party effects, market structure and transaction costs. The main conclusion is that the market equilibrium approach is rarely applicable and that fieldwork will in general have to deal with arcane, one‐off bilateral trades. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing for profitability: Give your competitors the “dog” jobs and keep the “gravy” for yourself
Authors: Daly John L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith apologies to Woody Hayes, three things can happen when establishing prices, and two of them are bad: You
can overprice and lose a sale that would have been profitable at a lower price, or you can underprice and make
an unprofitable sale. Only the third outcome is favorable: Price appropriately and make the sale as well as a
profit. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How secure are your cash transactions?
Authors: Christensen Jo Ann , Byington J. Ralph 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOf all the things dishonest employees can steal, cash is by far the most favored target. And now that money
is
tight, a new cash fraud scheme seems to hit the newspapers every day. How can you detect and prevent these
schemes? The authors have some solid answers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analyzing sales for better cash flow management
Authors: Reider Rob , Heyler Peter B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDo you sometimes get the feeling that your sales function is in business for itself—instead of supporting
the company? That means big problems for managing cash flow, warn the authors of this article. What steps
must you take to make sales an integral part of cash flow planning? The authors provide a detailed
how‐to guide for you to use. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treasury strategies for tough times
Authors: Jasmon Abadan 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhen there's an economic slump, you need different treasury management strategies. To stay liquid,
competitive, and profitable, you must review your practices in three important areas: cash, credit, and
inventory
management. The author discusses new strategies you can use and looks at what the most innovative companies are
doing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The euro: How will it impact your treasury operations?
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Danko Dori , Stovall Dennis 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBrace for impact, warn the authors. The effect of euro currency conversion will be
far‐reaching—and will significantly affect U.S. companies' operations. The authors explain
why and offer strategies that will help you avoid problems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Underfunded pension plans: Is more debt the answer?
Authors: Smith Ola , Langsam Sheldon , Kreuze Jerry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUnderfunded pension plans are a big problem. S&P 500 companies alone have a whopping pension deficit of
$239 billion. Now one company, General Motors, is issuing debt to cover the gap. But should other
companies do the same thing? Should you? © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corporate philanthropy: When is giving effective?
Authors: Raiborn Cecily , Green Antoinette , Todorova Lyudmila , Trapani Toni , Watson Wilborne E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe've all heard the saying, “Give and ye shall receive.” But for corporations, that's
only true if you're very choosy about who receives your charitable donations. With so many candidates, how
can you select beneficiaries to generate the greatest rewards—for your company, your employees, and
society? © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
U.S. vs. Canada: Are we really tougher on fraud?
Authors: Reinstein Alan , Green Brian Patrick 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat are the differences between U.S. and Canadian auditing for fraud? Many U.S. financial executives
have some familiarity with U.S. standards. But fewer understand Canadian ones. And while the U.S. standard may
seem tougher, the Canadians have a more practical view of the auditor's ability. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Cash is king: Cash management and risks
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Godwin Joseph H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTurner, Paul S. and Diane B. Wunnicke, 2003, Managing the Risks of Payment Systems (New
York: John Wiley & Sons).Reider, Rob and Peter B. Heyler, 2003, Managing Cash Flow: An Operational Focus. (New
York: John Wiley & Sons).
Ion trap tandem mass spectrometric determination of F2‐isoprostanes
Authors: Signorini Cinzia , Comporti Mario , Giorgi Gianluca 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA new tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method based on the use of an ion trap mass spectrometer for the identification and quantitation of F2‐isoprostanes has been developed. It consists of two solid‐phase extractions and two derivation steps followed by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry (GC/NICI‐MS/MS) analysis. This method is highly selective and sensitive and it has been successfully applied to biological samples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Entropy evaluation using the kinetic method: is it feasible?
Authors: Drahos László , Vékey Károly 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe kinetic method is one of the most widely used experimental techniques for the measurement of thermochemical parameters by mass spectrometry. Recently it has been realized that it can also be used to determine reaction entropies, but the validity of this approach has not been established. This Perspective evaluates kinetic method plots in cases where there is a significant entropy difference between the competing fragmentation channels (i.e. between sample and reference compounds in the dissociating cluster ion). The concept underlying this study is to calculate mass spectra theoretically, based on known thermochemical parameters and as a function of experimental conditions. This can be done accurately using the RRKM‐based MassKinetics software. The resulting mass spectra are then interpreted by the kinetic method, yielding ΔH and ΔS values. These values are, in turn, compared with the true values used to generate the calculated mass spectra. The results show that the reaction entropy difference between sample and reference has a very large influence on kinetic method plots. This should always be considered when studying energy‐dependent mass spectra (using metastable ions or low‐ or high‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID)), even if only ΔH is to be determined. Kinetic method plots are not strictly linear and this becomes a serious issue in the case of small molecules showing a large entropy effect. In such cases, results obtained at a low degree of excitation are more accurate. Energy and entropy effects can be evaluated in a relatively straightforward manner: first, the apparent Gibbs energy (ΔGapp) and effective temperature (Teff) are determined from kinetic method plots (intercept and slope, respectively), obtained from experiments using various degrees of excitation. Second, the resulting ΔGapp is plotted against Teff, the slope yielding ΔS while the intercept (extrapolation to zero temperature) yields ΔH. This data evaluation yields more accurate results than alternative methods used in the literature. The resulting ΔH values are fairly accurate, with errors, in most cases, <4 kJ mol−1. On the other hand, ΔS is systematically underestimated by 20–40%. Empirically scaling ΔS values determined by the kinetic method by 1.35 results in a ΔS value within 20% (or 10 J mol−1 K−1) of the theoretical value. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insulin‐like actions of vanadium: Potential as a therapeutic agent
Authors: Marzban Lucy , McNeill John H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractVanadium compounds are glucose‐lowering agents that are shown to mimic/enhance most of the metabolic actions of insulin both in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have demonstrated that vanadium treatment lowers plasma glucose levels in experimental models of type 1 diabetes and enhances insulin sensitivity in models of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, these compounds have gained attention as candidates for oral therapy in both types of diabetes. Despite numerous studies, the mechanism(s) by which vanadium mediates its metabolic effects in vivo are still not completely understood. The finding that most of the insulin‐like effects of vanadium in vitro are observed in the presence of high concentrations of vanadium that are not usually achieved in vivo suggests that these effects of vanadium may not have therapeutic relevance. Also, a growing body of evidence from in vivo studies indicates that enhancing glucose disposal in the peripheral tissues is not an adequate explanation for the glucose lowering effects of vanadium in vivo. Accordingly, recent studies suggest that suppression of hepatic glucose production through inhibition of key gluconeogenic enzymes might have an important role in mediating the glucoregulatory effects of vanadium. Several potential sites in the insulin‐signaling pathways, including both receptor and postreceptor mechanisms, have been proposed for the insulin‐like effects of vanadium compounds. In this review, we have attempted to discuss the possible molecular mechanism(s) underlying the metabolic effects of vanadium in vivo. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:253–267, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in cellular iron metabolism
Authors: Ponka Prem 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIron is essential for oxidation–reduction catalysis and bioenergetics, but unless appropriately shielded, iron plays a key role in the formation of toxic oxygen radicals that can attack all biological molecules. Hence, specialized molecules for the acquisition, transport, and storage (ferritin) of iron in a soluble nontoxic form have evolved. The delivery of iron to most cells occurs after the binding of transferrin to transferrin receptors on the cell membrane. The transferrin receptor complexes are then internalized by endocytosis, and iron is released from transferrin by a process involving endosomal acidification. Iron is then transported through the endosomal membrane by the Fe2+ transporter Nramp2/DMT1. Importantly, the identical transporter is involved in the absorption of inorganic iron in the duodenum, a process that is facilitated by the ferric reductase, Dcytb, which provides Fe2+ for Nramp2/DMT1. Organisms and cells have limited ability to excrete excess iron and only some specialized cells evolved active mechanisms to export iron. Iron release from these “donor cells” (primarily enterocytes and macrophages that recycle hemoglobin iron) is mediated by ferroportin 1. The ferroxidase activity of copper‐containing proteins, hephaestin and ceruloplasmin, facilitates the movement of iron across the membranes of enterocytes and macrophages, respectively. Cells are also equipped with a regulatory system that controls iron levels in the labile pool. Levels of iron modulate the capacity of iron regulatory proteins to bind to the iron responsive elements present in the untranslated regions of mRNAs for several proteins involved in iron metabolism (e.g., ferritin, transferrin receptor, Nramp2); these associations, or lack of them, in turn control the expression of these proteins. Despite these homeostatic mechanisms, organisms often face the threat of either iron deficiency or iron overload. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:201–217, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure–activity relationship of insulinomimetic vanadyl–picolinate complexes in view of their clinical use
Authors: Sakurai Hiromu , Yasui Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn view of the clinical use of vanadium compounds, we prepared seven analogs of a vanadyl–picolinate complex (VO(pic)2) with VO(N2O2) coordination mode, which was found in 1995 to exhibit highly effective and long‐term insulinomimetic activity in treating both streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced type 1 diabetic rats (STZ rats) and hereditarily type 2 diabetic KK‐Ay mice by daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections and on oral administration, to find the structure–activity relationship of the complexes. Using an in vitro insulinomimetic evaluation of the complexes in terms of their inhibiting effect on free fatty acids release from isolated rat adipocytes treated with epinephrine (adrenaline), we found the activity (IC50: 50% inhibitor's concentration of the complex on the free fatty acid release) to be as follows: VO(5ipa)2 > VO(3mpa)2 > VO(6mpa)2 > VO(3hpa)2 > VO(pic)2 > VO(6hpa)2 ≈ VOSO4, indicating that the introduction of an electron‐withdrawing halogen atom or an electron‐donating methyl group at the 5th or 3rd position on the picolinate ligand causes stronger insulinomimetic activity than that of the lead complex VO(pic)2. Next we examined the pharmacokinetic features in the blood of the complexes by using the blood circulation‐monitoring electron spin resonance method, in which good linear relationships between the pharmacokinetic parameters and the IC50 values were found. Based on the results, we tested the complexes and found that both VO(5ipa)2 and VO(3mpa)2 complexes treat type 1 diabetes in STZ rats. Because the daily oral administration of vanadyl complexes is the only method to treat type 1 diabetes in place of daily insulin injections, the present results will be useful for the development of vanadyl complexes with high safety and long‐term activity. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:269–280, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and post‐transcriptional regulation of the Menkes disease gene
Authors: Harris Edward D. , Majumdar Sudeep 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMenkes disease is testament to a copper (Cu)‐ATPase (ATP7A) playing a dominant role in the absorption and homeostasis of Cu. Significantly, the proximal promoter region of the Menkes disease gene (MNK) has cis‐active elements that relate to binding sites for transcription factors which in yeast are known to be activated by a low Cu status. A response to low Cu has not been rationalized into the control of Menkes gene expression, but seems important in light of recent Cu absorption studies in humans. The ATP7A gene gives rises to alternative transcripts, one of which has an insert at the 5′ end with sequence information for a protein with a structural domain similar to a Golgi tethering protein. This has opened speculation that one alternative transcript product may have an important biological function in regulating the entrance of ATP7A laded vesicles into the secretory pathway. This paper presents evidence supporting promoter activation and alternative splicing, pre‐ and post‐transcription events respectively, in the control of Menkes disease gene expression. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:181–189, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent advances in the biochemistry of chromium(III)
Authors: Vincent John B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe biochemistry of chromium(III) [Cr(III)] has been a poorly understood field of endeavor; studies of the biochemistry of none of the other transition metals have been as problematic. Despite four decades of investigation, only recently has a clear picture of the role of Cr potentially been defined. The biologically important form is the trivalent ion. Cr(III) apparently is required for proper carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in mammals, although Cr deficiency is difficult to achieve. Conditions that increase circulating glucose and insulin concentrations increase urinary chromium output. Chromium is excreted after an insulin challenge, probably in the form of the oligopeptide chromodulin. Chromodulin may be the key to understanding the role of chromium at a molecular level as the molecule has been found to bind to activated insulin receptor, stimulating its kinase activity. A mechanism for the action of chromodulin has recently been proposed; this mechanism can serve as a potential framework for further studies to test the role of chromium in metabolism. An examination of the use of chromium picolinate, [Cr(pic)3], illustrates the difficulties associated with biochemical studies dealing with Cr(III). J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 16:227–236, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.