bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incipient speciation ofCatostylus mosaicus(Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae, Catostylidae), comparative phylogeography and biogeography in south‐east Australia
Authors: Dawson Michael N 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAim Phylogeography provides a framework to explain and integrate patterns of marine biodiversity at infra‐ and supra‐specific levels. As originally expounded, the phylogeographic hypotheses are generalities that have limited discriminatory power; the goal of this study is to generate and test specific instances of the hypotheses, thereby better elucidating both local patterns of evolution and the conditions under which the generalities do or do not apply.Location Coastal south‐east Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania and Victoria), and south‐west North America (California and Baja California).Methods Phylogeographic hypotheses specific to coastal south‐east Australia were generateda priori, principally from existing detailed distributional analyses of echinoderms and decapods. The hypotheses are tested using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) DNA sequence data describing population variation in the jellyfishCatostylus mosaicus,integrated with comparable data from the literature.Results Mitochondrial COI distinguished two reciprocally monophyletic clades ofC. mosaicus(mean ± SD: 3.61 ± 0.40% pairwise sequence divergence) that were also differentiated by ITS1 haplotype frequency differences; the boundary between the clades was geographically proximate to a provincial zoogeographic boundary in the vicinity of Bass Strait. There was also limited evidence of another genetic inhomogeneity, of considerably smaller magnitude, in close proximity to a second hypothesized zoogeographic discontinuity near Sydney. Other coastal marine species also show genetic divergences in the vicinity of Bass Strait, although they are not closely concordant with each other or with reported biogeographic discontinuities in the region, being up to several hundreds of kilometres apart. None of the species studied to date show a strong phylogeographic discontinuity across the biogeographic transition zone near Sydney.Main conclusions Patterns of evolution in the Bass Strait and coastal New South Wales regions differ fundamentally because of long‐term differences in extrinsic factors. Since the late Pliocene, periods of cold climate and low sea‐level segregated warm temperate organisms east or west of an emergent Bassian Isthmus resulting in population divergence and speciation; during subsequent periods of warmer and higher seas, sister taxa expanded into the Bass Strait region leading to weakly correlated phylogeographic and biogeographic patterns. The Sydney region, by contrast, has been more consistently favourable to shifts in species’ ranges and long‐distance movement, resulting in a lack of intra‐specific and species‐level diversification. Comparisons between the Sydney and Bass Strait regions and prior studies in North America suggest that vicariance plays a key role in generating coastal biodiversity and that dispersal explains many of the deviations from the phylogeographic hypotheses.
Leaders and elites: portrayals of smoking in popular films: Table 1
Authors: Dozier D M , Lauzen M M , Day C A , Payne S M , Tafoya M R 
Published: February 2005

Objective:To study frequency and traits of characters that smoke in films and to document on-screen consequences of tobacco use.Design:This study conducted a content analysis of the top 100 grossing films in 2002, with a total global gross of US$12.4 billion.Outcome measures:Three outcome measures were frequency of smoking incidents, traits of characters who smoke, and consequences of tobacco use.Results:6% of characters smoked in 453 incidents, including 3% of children. In 92% of incidences, smoking had no consequences. The most frequent consequence was a verbal reprimand. Although tobacco is a leading cause of preventable deaths globally, only 0.4% of tobacco incidences resulted in death. No deaths were caused by disease. Characters who smoked tended to be major characters playing leadership roles. They tended to be from privileged elites: male, white, and mature.Conclusions:Films portray characters that smoke as leaders from privileged elites, making smoking more attractive to audience members. Because 99.6% of characters suffer no life threatening consequences from smoking on screen, smokers seem invincible, belying tobacco’s role as a leading cause of preventable deaths.
Tobacco control implications of the first European product liability suit: Table 1
Authors: Hiilamo H T 
Published: February 2005

Objective:To examine tobacco control implication of the first European product liability suit in Finland.Methods:Systematic search of internal tobacco industry documents available on the internet and at the British American Tobacco Guildford Depository.Results:Despite legal loss, the litigation contributed to subsequent tobacco control legislation in Finland. The proceedings revealed that the industry had concealed the health hazards of its products and, despite indisputable evidence, continued to deny them. The positions taken by the industry rocked its reliability as a social actor and thus weakened its chances of influencing tobacco policy. Despite fierce opposition from the tobacco industry, tobacco products were included in the product liability legislation, tobacco was entered on the Finnish list of carcinogens, and an extensive Tobacco Act was passed in Parliament.Conclusions:Tobacco litigation might not stand alone as a tool for public health policymaking but it may well stimulate national debate over the role of smoking in society and influence the policy agenda.
A Theory of Mind investigation into the appreciation of visual jokes in schizophrenia
Authors: Marjoram Dominic , Tansley Howard , Miller Patrick , MacIntyre Donald , Owens David G Cunningham , Johnstone Eve C , Lawrie Stephen 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
There is evidence that groups of people with schizophrenia have deficits in Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities. Previous studies have found these to be linked to psychotic symptoms (or psychotic symptom severity) particularly the presence of delusions and hallucinations.

Methods
A visual joke ToM paradigm was employed where subjects were asked to describe two types of cartoon images, those of a purely Physical nature and those requiring inferences of mental states for interpretation, and to grade them for humour and difficulty. Twenty individuals with a DSM-lV diagnosis of schizophrenia and 20 healthy matched controls were studied. Severity of current psychopathology was measured using the Krawiecka standardized scale of psychotic symptoms. IQ was estimated using the Ammons and Ammons quick test.

Results
Individuals with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than controls in both conditions, this difference being most marked in the ToM condition. No relationship was found for poor ToM performance and psychotic positive symptomatology, specifically delusions and hallucinations.

Conclusion
There was evidence for a compromised ToM capability in the schizophrenia group on this visual joke task. In this instance this could not be linked to particular symptomatology.
Plant viral intergenic DNA sequence repeats with transcription enhancing activity
Authors: Velten Jeff , Morey Kevin J , Cazzonelli Christopher I 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
The geminivirus and nanovirus families of DNA plant viruses have proved to be a fertile source of viral genomic sequences, clearly demonstrated by the large number of sequence entries within public DNA sequence databases. Due to considerable conservation in genome organization, these viruses contain easily identifiable intergenic regions that have been found to contain multiple DNA sequence elements important to viral replication and gene regulation. As a first step in a broad screen of geminivirus and nanovirus intergenic sequences for DNA segments important in controlling viral gene expression, we have 'mined' a large set of viral intergenic regions for transcriptional enhancers. Viral sequences that are found to act as enhancers of transcription in plants are likely to contribute to viral gene activity during infection.

Results
DNA sequences from the intergenic regions of 29 geminiviruses or nanoviruses were scanned for repeated sequence elements to be tested for transcription enhancing activity. 105 elements were identified and placed immediately upstream from a minimal plant-functional promoter fused to an intron-containing luciferase reporter gene. Transient luciferase activity was measured within Agrobacteria-infused Nicotiana tobacum leaf tissue. Of the 105 elements tested, 14 were found to reproducibly elevate reporter gene activity (>25% increase over that from the minimal promoter-reporter construct, p < 0.05), while 91 elements failed to increase luciferase activity. A previously described "conserved late element" (CLE) was identified within tested repeats from 5 different viral species was found to have intrinsic enhancer activity in the absence of viral gene products. The remaining 9 active elements have not been previously demonstrated to act as functional promoter components.

Conclusion
Biological significance for the active DNA elements identified is supported by repeated isolation of a previously defined viral element (CLE), and the finding that two of three viral enhancer elements examined were markedly enriched within both geminivirus sequences and within Arabidopsis promoter regions. These data provide a useful starting point for virologists interested in undertaking more detailed analysis of geminiviral promoter function.
ANKHvariants associated with ankylosing spondylitis: gender differences
Authors: Tsui Hing Wo , Inman Robert D , Paterson Andrew D , Reveille John D , Tsui Florence WL 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ank (progressive ankylosis) mutant mouse, which has a nonsense mutation in exon 12 of the inorganic pyrophosphate regulator gene (ank), exhibits aberrant joint ankylosis similar to human ankylosing spondylitis (AS). We previously performed family-based association analyses of 124 Caucasian AS families and showed that novel genetic markers in the 5' flanking region of ANKH (the human homolog of the murine ank gene) are modestly associated with AS. The objective of the present study was to conduct a more extensive evaluation of ANKH variants that are significantly associated with AS and to determine whether the association is gender specific. We genotyped 201 multiplex AS families with nine ANKH intragenetic and two flanking microsatellite markers, and performed family-based association analyses. We showed that ANKH variants located in two different regions of the ANKH gene were associated with AS. Results of haplotype analyses indicated that, after Bonferroni correction, the haplotype combination of rs26307 [C] and rs27356 [C] is significantly associated with AS in men (recessive/dominant model; P = 0.004), and the haplotype combination of rs28006 [C] and rs25957 [C] is significantly associated with AS in women (recessive/dominant model; P = 0.004). A test of interaction identified rs26307 (i.e. the region that was associated in men with AS) as showing a difference in the strength of the association by gender. The region associated with AS in women only showed significance in the test of interaction among the subset of families with affected individuals of both genders. These findings support the concept that ANKH plays a role in genetic susceptibility to AS and reveals a gender–genotype specificity in this interaction.
Intrathecal Mafosfamide: A Preclinical Pharmacology and Phase I Trial
Authors: Blaney Susan M. , Balis Frank M. , Berg Stacey , Arndt Carola A.S. , Heideman Richard , Geyer J. Russell , Packer Roger , Adamson Peter C. , Jaeckle Kurt , Klenke Renee , Aikin Alberta , Murphy Robert , McCully Cynthia , Poplack David G. 
Published: February 2005

Purpose Preclinical studies of mafosfamide, a preactivated cyclophosphamide analog, were performed to define a tolerable and potentially active target concentration for intrathecal (IT) administration. A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of IT mafosfamide was performed to determine a dose for subsequent phase II trials. Patients and Methods In vitro cytotoxicity studies were performed in MCF-7, Molt-4, and rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. Feasibility and pharmacokinetic studies were performed in nonhuman primates. These preclinical studies were followed by a phase I trial in patients with neoplastic meningitis. There were five dose levels ranging from 1 mg to 6.5 mg. Serial CSF samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic studies in a subset of patients with Ommaya reservoirs. Results The cytotoxic target exposure for mafosfamide was 10 μmol/L. Preclinical studies demonstrated that this concentration could be easily achieved in ventricular CSF after intraventricular dosing. In the phase I clinical trial, headache was the dose-limiting toxicity. Headache was ameliorated at 5 mg by prolonging the infusion rate to 20 minutes, but dose-limiting headache occurred at 6.5 mg dose with prolonged infusion. Ventricular CSF mafosfamide concentrations at 5 mg exceeded target cytotoxic concentrations after an intraventricular dose, but lumbar CSF concentrations 2 hours after the dose were less than 10 μmol/L. Therefore, a strategy to alternate dosing between the intralumbar and intraventricular routes was tested. Seven of 30 registrants who were assessable for response had a partial response, and six had stable disease. Conclusion The recommended phase II dose for IT mafosfamide, administered without concomitant analgesia, is 5 mg over 20 minutes.
Health Care Provider-Directed Intervention to Increase Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Veterans: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ferreira M. Rosario , Dolan Nancy C. , Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Davis Terry C. , Gorby Nicolle , Ladewski Lisa , Liu Dachao , Rademaker Alfred W. , Medio Franklin , Schmitt Brian P. , Bennett Charles L. 
Published: February 2005

Purpose Colorectal cancer screening is the most underused cancer screening tool in the United States. The purpose of this study was to test whether a health care provider–directed intervention increased colorectal cancer screening rates. Patients and Methods The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted at two clinic firms at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The records of 5,711 patients were reviewed; 1,978 patients were eligible. Eligible patients were men aged 50 years and older who had no personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, had not received colorectal cancer screening, and had at least one visit to the clinic during the study period. Health care providers in the intervention firm attended a workshop on colorectal cancer screening. Every 4 to 6 months, they attended quality improvement workshops where they received group screening rates, individualized confidential feedback, and training on improving communication with patients with limited literacy skills. Medical records were reviewed for colorectal cancer screening recommendations and completion. Literacy level was assessed in a subset of patients. Results Colorectal cancer screening was recommended for 76.0% of patients in the intervention firm and for 69.4% of controls (P = .02). Screening tests were completed by 41.3% of patients in the intervention group versus 32.4% of controls (P = .003). Among patients with health literacy skills less than ninth grade, screening was completed by 55.7% of patients in the intervention group versus 30% of controls (P < .01). Conclusion A provider-directed intervention with feedback on individual and firm-specific screening rates significantly increased both recommendations and colorectal cancer screening completion rates among veterans.
Impact of αENaC Polymorphisms on the Risk of Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events: A Multicenter Case–Control Study
Authors: Hsieh Kety , Lalouschek Wolfgang , Schillinger Martin , Endler Georg , Reisinger Manuela , Janisiw Michael , Lang Wilfried , Cheng Suzanne , Wagner Oswald , Mannhalter Christine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) are important candidates in the development of hypertension, which is a major risk factor for stroke. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene that encodes the ENac α-subunit (αENaC) have been identified. We evaluated those SNPs for a possible association with ischemic cerebrovascular events (ICEs).Methods and Results: We genotyped 1399 patients with ICEs [median age, 70 years; interquartile range, 58–78 years; 745 (53%) men] and 1076 control individuals without vascular disease [47 (39–58) years; 557 (52%) men] for the SNPs Trp493Arg and Ala663Thr. The SNP frequencies at nucleotide 3977 (Trp493Arg) in the αENaC gene were significantly different in patients and controls. Carriers of 493Arg had a 1.78-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.12) for ICEs compared with Trp/Trp carriers. Interaction analysis revealed that the relative risk was even higher in women in the lowest age tertile [adjusted odds ratio, 3.26 (1.10–9.72)].Conclusions: Carriers of the 493Arg allele are at increased risk for ICEs compared with Trp/Trp carriers. The effect is independent of traditional vascular risk factors and is particularly evident in younger women. The Trp493Arg variant in αENaC may represent an important candidate genetic susceptibility factor in the development of ICEs.
The blood supply of the bovine hypophysis
Authors: Cummings J. F. , Habel R. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe rete mirabile cerebri and the hypophysial vascularization were studied by various injection and staining techniques. The rostral hypophysial arteries arose bilaterally from the arterial circle of the cerebrum, while the caudal hypophysial arteries arose from the rete miabile on the dosal and caudal surfaces of the gland. The ramifications of the rostral hypophysial arteries supplied the vascular structures in the hypophysial stalk, which were classified on the basis of their structure into three groups; arborization forms, spike forms, and capillary loops. These structures drained into large portal vessels leading to the pars distalis. The pars distalis received a second smaller group of portal vessels from the capillary bed of the lower infundibular stem. The small group of portal vessels was limited in its extent by a well‐developed hypophysial cleft. No direct arterial supply to the pars distalis could be demonstrated. The findings of this study support the view that the blood in the hypophysial portal system flows distally from the hypophysial stalk to the pars distalis.
A comparative‐anatomical study of the craniocervical venous systems in mammals, with special reference to the dog: Relationship of anatomy to measurements of cerebral blood flow
Authors: Hegedus Stephen A. , Shackelford Richard T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPathways of the venous drainage from brain have been studied in various mammals to locate sites for cerebral venous blood sampling with least potential admixture of blood of extracerebral origin.Man, rhesus monkey, pig and cat have internal jugular veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the jugular foramina (foramen lacerum). The bulb of the internal jugular vein may be used for withdrawal of cerebral venous blood in this group of species possessing the embryonal type of cerebral venous system.Dog, horse, rabbit, sheep and ox have (superior) dorsal cerebral veins leaving the intracranial cavity through the temporal foramina as the major cerebral venous outflow. The internal jugular vein in this group arises from the pharyngeal, thyroid and esophageal veins and has infrequent and very small or no drainage of cerebral blood from cerebral venous sinuses. On a dog and even more on other mammals of this group in horizontal and supine position, cerebral venous blood rarely can be obtained without significant contamination with extracerebral blood if the sampling takes place centrally from the temporal foramen.On a prone positioned dog the posterior third of the (superior) dorsal longitudinal sinus is the site to obtain cerebral venous blood specimens with minimal admixture of extracerebral blood.
The ultrastructure of unilaminar follicles of the hamster ovary
Authors: Odor D. Louise 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnilaminar follicles consisting of primary oocytes surrounded by a single granulosal layer, composed either of flattened, cuboidal or columnar cells, have been studied with the electron microscope in normal prepubertal hamsters. The most striking feature of the oocyte cytoplasm is the occurrence of the mitochondria in small groups with a dense intermitochondrial substance lying between the individual mitochondria. This substance is composed mainly of very small vesicles with a dense profile and a light center. Some of the mitochondria do not appear to have a limiting membrane, their matrices being seemingly continuous with, and similar in structure to, the intermitochondrial substance. In the younger oocytes the Golgi complex is diffuse and has numerous small vesicles. The nucleoli of the young oocytes are large and complex. They consist of a lighter area, predominantly of small particulate elements, and of darker regions, mainly with fine fibrillar components. The initial steps in the formation of the zona pellucida take place in follicles with a single layer of cuboidal granulosa cells. By the time the oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of columnar granulosa cells a continuous zona pellucida within which lies oocyte microvilli and granulosa cell processes is present.
Studies on the thymus of the mammal. XIV. Histology and histochemistry of embryonic and early postnatal thymuses of C57Bl/6 and AKR strain mice
Authors: Smith Christianna 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThymuses of mice of the C57B1/6 and AKR strains from ten‐day‐old embryos through one day after birth were studied histologically and histochemically. New evidence is presented of the penetration of the endodermal epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch of ten‐day‐old embryos by basophilic lymphoblasts.Both alkaline and acid phosphatases showed different distributions in the thymuses of the two strains at 12 and 13 days. By 15 and 16 days, alkaline phosphatase activity in thymuses of the C57B1/6 strain was peripheral; in thymuses of AKR mice, it was present throughout the lobes. In the C57B1/6 lobes, little acid phosphatase activity was observed; however, in the AKR thymuses, activity was strong and was located especially in the cortex. The characteristic patterns of enzymatic activities of the postnatal thymuses were well established at 17–18 days. Prenatally the medullae of the thymuses of both strains contained esterase‐rich inclusion cells and epithelial reticular cells which occurred singly or as nests of cells. The inclusion cells also possessed alkaline phosphatase activity. It is suggested that these cells may contain the precursors of the humoral factor(s) of the thymus. The thymuses were also studied after treatment with the periodic acid‐Schiff technique for glycogen and the procedure for showing sites of adenosine triphosphatase activity.