bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somnambulism Due to Probable Interaction of Valproic Acid and Zolpidem
Authors: Sattar S Pirzada , Ramaswamy Sriram , Bhatia Subhash C , Petty Frederick 
Published: August 2003

Objective To report a case of somnambulism due to a probable interaction between valproic acid and zolpidem in a patient with no prior personal or family history of somnambulism. Case Summary A 47-year-old white man with a history of bipolar disorder was being maintained on citalopram 40 mg once daily and zolpidem 5 mg at bedtime. During treatment, he developed manic symptoms and was started on adjunctive valproic acid therapy. Soon after this, he developed episodes of somnambulism, which stopped when valproic acid was discontinued. On rechallenge with valproic acid, somnambulism returned. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature describing a probable interaction between valproic acid and zolpidem leading to somnambulism. Even though valproic acid has been associated with sleep changes, there are no published reports of somnambulism with this agent. Zolpidem has been associated with somnambulism, but our patient did not experience this when he was on zolpidem monotherapy. However, within 2 days of starting adjunctive valproic acid, sleepwalking occurred. It stopped after valproic acid was withdrawn. On rechallenge with valproic acid, sleepwalking recurred. However, when zolpidem was discontinued and valproic acid was continued, somnambulism did not occur. An assessment on the Naranjo probability scale suggests probable pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions between the 2 medications. Conclusions Valproic acid and zolpidem are generally safe medications that are commonly prescribed and often used together. No interactions have been previously reported with combined use of valproic acid and zolpidem. This case suggests a probable interaction between these 2 agents that can have a serious consequence, somnambulism. This could be frightening to patients and put them in danger. Recognition of such interactions that place patients at risk for potentially serious adverse events is imperative for appropriate care.
Oral Budesonide in the Management of Crohn's Disease
Authors: Hofer Kristi N 
Published: August 2003

Objective To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of oral budesonide (Entocort EC) in the treatment of mild to moderate Crohn's disease (CD). Data Sources The MEDLINE database (1966–December 2002) was searched using the key words budesonide and inflammatory bowel diseases and restricted to the English language. The references from relevant articles were also reviewed for additional citations. Study Selection and Data Extraction Articles and abstracts that evaluated oral budesonide for management of CD were considered, with emphasis on randomized, controlled clinical trials. Data Synthesis Budesonide's high potency at the glucocorticoid receptor and extensive first-pass hepatic metabolism result in a topical antiinflammatory effect on intestinal tissue, with minimal systemic glucocorticoid adverse effects. Clinical trials have demonstrated that budesonide is effective in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate CD of the ileum and ascending colon, with efficacy similar to prednisolone and superior to mesalamine. Long-term therapy with budesonide increased the duration of CD remission, but the effect was not sustained up to 1 year. Budesonide failed to prevent postsurgical relapse of CD. Adrenal suppression and glucocorticoid-related adverse effects have been reported at lower rates in patients treated with budesonide compared with prednisolone. Patients prescribed budesonide should be monitored for hepatic dysfunction and potential drug interactions. Conclusions Budesonide is an effective and relatively safe option for treatment of mild to moderate CD of the ileum and ascending colon.
2,6‐Diaryl‐4,4‐disubstituted 1,4‐dihydropyridines: Source for spiro heterocycles
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Balaiah A. , Reddy T. V. Ramana , Reddy B. Jagan Mohan , Reddy D. Bhaskar 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNovel spiro heterocycles (5–12) were obtained by the cyclocondensation of 2,6‐diaryl‐4,4‐dimethoxycarbonyl‐/4‐cyano‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines(3/4) with hydrazine hydrate, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, urea, and thiourea. All the compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral data.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:513–517, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10183
Aluminum five‐ and six‐coordination in bis(acetylacetonato)aminoalkoxides
Authors: Jain A. K. , Bohra R. , Mehrotra R. C. , Nagar S. , Sharma S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractReactions of bis(acetylacetonato)aluminum(III)‐di‐μ‐isopropoxo‐di‐isopropoxo aluminum(III), [(CH3COCHCOCH3)2Al(μ‐OPri)2Al(OPri)2] with aminoalcohols, (HORNR1R2) in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios in refluxing anhydrous benzene yielded binuclear complexes of the types [(CH3COCHCOCH3)2Al(μ‐OPri)2Al(ORNR1R2)(OPri)] and [(CH3COCHCOCH3)2Al(μ‐OPri)2Al(ORNR1R2)2] (R  (CH2)3, R1 = R2 = H; R = CH2C(CH3)2, R1 = R2 = H; R = (CH2)2, R1 = H, R2 = CH3; and R  (CH2)2, R1 = R2 = CH3), respectively. All these compounds are soluble in common organic solvents and exhibit sharp melting points. Molecular weight determinations reveal their binuclear nature in refluxing benzene. Plausible structures have been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis, molecular weight measurements, IR, NMR (1H, 13C, and 27Al), and FAB mass spectral studies. 27Al NMR spectra show the presence of both five‐ and six‐coordinated aluminum sites. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:518–522, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10184
Thermolysis of symmetrical dithiobiurea and thioureidoethylthiourea derivatives
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Mourad Aboul‐Fetouh E. , El‐Shaieb Kamal M. , Abou‐Zied Ashraf H. , Döpp Dietrich 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMicrowave and thermal heterocyclization of N,N′‐disubstituted hydrazinecarbothioamide 1a,b and substituted thioureidoethylthioureas 2a–c as well as 1‐phenyl‐3[2‐(3‐phenylthio‐ureido)phenyl]thiourea 6 are reported. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:535–541, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10188
Synthesis of novel macrocyclic di‐ and tetralactams containing triazole subunits
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Abbas Ashraf A. , Kassab Refaie M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe new macrocyclic di‐ and tetralactams 9, 15, and 16 were obtained in 16–24% yields by heating the appropriate bis‐amines 7 or 8 with the corresponding bisaldehyde 5 or 14 in refluxing acetic acid under high‐dilution conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:551–559, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10191
Microwave‐assisted synthesis and diels–alder reactions of 1,3‐azaphospholo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines
Authors: Bansal Raj K. , Dandia Anshu , Gupta Nidhi , Jain Dheeraj 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe application of microwave technique has been extended successfully for the first time to the synthesis of a representative class of azaphospholes, viz. 1,3‐bis(alkoxycarbonyl)‐1,3‐azaphospholo[5,1‐a]isoquinolines (2), which occurs rapidly giving higher yields. Stereoselectivity is observed in the reaction with 2,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐butadiene, and isoprene reacts regioselectively as well. 1‐Methyl‐3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1,3‐azaphospholo[1,5‐a]pyridine (4) remains inert toward [2+4] cycloaddition. The nonoccurrence of the Diels–Alder reaction in the latter case has been supported by semiempirical PM3 calculations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:560–563, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10193
Stereospecific synthesis of azeto[2,1‐d]‐ [1,5]benzothiazepin/diazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Huang Xu , Xu Jiaxi 
Published: September 2003

Abstract2a,4‐Disubstituted 2‐phenoxy‐2,2a,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1H‐azeto[2,1‐d][1,5]benzothiazepin‐1‐ones and 5‐benzoyl‐2‐phenoxy‐2a,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐azeto[1, 2‐a][1,5]benzodiazepin‐1(2H)‐ones were synthesized in moderate to good yields by stereospecific Staudinger cycloaddition reactions of 2,4‐disubstituted 2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines and 1‐benzoyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines, respectively, with phenoxy acetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in anhydrous benzene. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:564–569, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10196
Terpolymerization of ethyl methacrylate, N‐phenylmaleimide, and itaconic acid
Authors: Naguib Hala F. , Mokhtar Samia M. , Ali Raouf O. , Elsabeé Maher Z. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe terpolymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA), N‐phenylmaleimide (NPMI), and itaconic acid (IA) was investigated. The terpolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The reactivity ratios of the three binary systems (EMA/NPMI, EMA/IA, and NPMI/IA) were calculated and used for the calculation of the terpolymer composition with the terminal model equations. A comparison between the experimental and theoretical compositions was made. The rate of the terpolymerization process was measured dilatometrically at two total monomer concentrations; this was done to establish the presence of intermolecular interactions between the investigated monomers. The thermal analysis of the obtained terpolymers was performed by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3180–3187, 2003
Metallo‐supramolecular micelles: Studies by analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy
Authors: Vogel Vitali , Gohy Jean‐François , Lohmeijer Bas G. G. , Van Den Broek Jacomina A. , Haase Winfried , Schubert Ulrich S. , Schubert Dieter 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn aqueous solutions, amphiphilic block copolymers in which a polystyrene (PS) segment is connected to a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block via a bis(2,2′:6′,2″‐ terpyridine ruthenium) complex can form micelles. Such micelles of the protomer type PS20‐[Ru]‐PEO70, according to the preparation procedure representing frozen micelles, were studied by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium analysis in an analytical ultracentrifuge and by transmission electron microscopy, with different techniques applied for the sample preparation. The particles obtained were surprisingly multifarious in size. In ultracentrifugation experiments performed at relatively low salt concentrations, the distributions of the sedimentation coefficients20,wshowed a pronounced peak at 9.6 S and a broad, only partly separated second peak around 14 S. The molar mass of the particles at the peak was around 430,000 g/mol, corresponding to an aggregation number of approximately 85. The average hydrodynamic diameter of the particles in the peak fraction was approximately 13 nm. In electron micrographs of negatively stained samples, spheres of diameters between 10 and 25 nm were the most abundant particles, but larger ones with a wide size range were also visible. The latter particles apparently were composed of smaller ones. The data from both sedimentation analysis and electron microscopy showed that (1) the studied compound formed primary micelles of diameters around 20 nm and (2) the primary micelles had a tendency toward aggregation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3159–3168, 2003
The propagation speeds of calcium action potentials are remarkably invariant
Authors: Jaffe Lionel F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper critically compiles all published cases of established or putative calcium action potentials (or ultrafast calcium waves) where their speeds are known and are not limited by intercellular delays. The 127 cases include data from neurons or nerve nets within systems that range from cnidaria, ctenophores, molluscs, crustaceans, worms, echinoderms and tunicates up to mammalian brains; from muscle cells within organisms that range from Beröe, Cestum, moths, a crab, molluscs, a tunicate, frogs, chick embryos and turtles up to mammalian hearts; from epithelia in cnidaria and tunicates; even from a dinoflagellate and an insectivorous plant as well as reconstituted heart strands. They reveal a restriction to values of about 10–40 cm/sec at 20 degrees C and comparable restrictions at other temperatures. Moreover — unlike the speeds of sodium action potentials — the speeds of calcium ones are unrelated to cell diameter, at least over the available range of about 0.1 to 30 microns. Why do calcium action potentials have such fixed propagation speeds? Perhaps evolution has driven them to be the fastest waves of calcium influx which avoid subsurface poisoning.
Dynamic compartmentalization of the voltage‐gated sodium channels in axons
Authors: Garrido Juan José , Fernandes Fanny , Moussif Anissa , Fache Marie‐Pierre , Giraud Pierre , Dargent Bénédicte 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOne of the major physiological roles of the neuronal voltage‐gated sodium channel is to generate action potentials at the axon hillock/initial segment and to ensure propagation along myelinated or unmyelinated fibers to nerve terminal. These processes require a precise distribution of sodium channels accumulated at high density in discrete subdomains of the nerve membrane. In neurons, information relevant to ion channel trafficking and compartmentalization into sub‐domains of the plasma membrane is far from being elucidated. Besides, whereas information on dendritic targeting is beginning to emerge, less is known about the mechanisms leading to the polarized distribution of proteins in axon. To obtain a better understanding of how neurons selectively target sodium channels to discrete subdomains of the nerve, we addressed the question as to whether any of the large intracellular regions of Nav1.2 contain axonal sorting and/or clustering signals. We first obtained evidence showing that addition of the cytoplasmic carboxy‐terminal region of Nav1.2 restricted the distribution of a dendritic‐axonal reporter protein to axons of hippocampal neurons. The analysis of mutants revealed that a di‐leucine‐based motif mediates chimera compartmentalization in axons and its elimination in soma and dendrites by endocytosis. The analysis of the others generated chimeras showed that the determinant conferring sodium channel clustering at the axonal initial segment is contained within the cytoplasmic loop connecting domains II‐III of Nav1.2. Expression of a soluble Nav1.2 II‐III linker protein led to the disorganization of endogenous sodium channels. The motif was sufficient to redirect a somatodendritic potassium channel to the axonal initial segment, a process involving association with ankyrin G. Thus, it is conceivable that concerted action of the two determinants is required for sodium channel compartmentalization in axons.
Concomitant surgery with tension‐free vaginal tape
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Hui , Kung Fu‐Tsai , Liang Hsi‐Mi , Huang Li‐Ying , Chang Shiuh‐Young 
Published: September 2003

Background.  To evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) surgery combined with gynecologic surgery using general anesthesia.Methods.  One hundred and six women with genuine stress incontinence (GSI) diagnosed with a traditional urodynamic examination were prospectively enrolled into this study. All of the 106 women underwent TVT surgery for the treatment of GSI, along with a concomitant hysterectomy procedure, under general anesthesia. We estimated the severity of incontinence symptoms on a visual analog scale (VAS), and used a questionnaire for subjective assessment before and after TVT surgery. The objective assessment of urinary incontinence was carried out with a 1‐h pad test and traditional urodynamic examination. Of the 106 patients, 50 had uterine prolapse and underwent transvaginal hysterectomy and anteroposterior colporrhaphy (APC), and another 50 had uterine myoma and underwent laparoscopic‐assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH).Results.  The follow‐up mean interval was 18 months (range 12–36 months). The 50 women undergoing LAVH and TVT surgery had a mean hospitalization of 3.5 days. The subjective success rate was 90.5% and the objective success rate was 86.8%. The other group of 50 women undergoing vaginal total hysterectomy (VTH), APC and TVT surgery had a mean hospitalization of 4.8 days. The subjective success rate was 88.6% and the objective success rate was 84.9%. There were six patients lost to follow‐up for several reasons. The rates of complications of bladder perforation, postoperative voiding difficulty and postoperative urinary urgency were 2%, 11% and 10%, respectively; neither pelvic hematoma requiring blood transfusion nor conversion to laparotomy occurred.Conclusion.  The results of this study prove that the TVT procedure, performed under general anesthesia without the need for the intraoperative cough provocation test to treat GSI, and carried out concomitantly with other gynecologic surgeries, is safe and effective.
Dynamics of bone tissue formation in tooth extraction sites
Authors: Cardaropoli G. , Araújo M. , Lindhe J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present experiment was to study events involved in the healing of marginal, central and apical compartments of an extraction socket, from the formation of a blood clot, to bone tissue formation and remodeling of the newly formed hard tissue.Material and Methods: Nine mongrel dogs were used for the experiment. The fourth mandibular premolars were selected for study and were divided into one mesial and one distal portion. The distal root was removed and the socket with surrounding soft and mineralized tissue was denoted “experimental unit”. The dogs were killed 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days after the root extractions. Biopsies including the experimental units were demineralized in EDTA, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in paraffin. Serial sections 7 μm thick were cut in a mesio‐distal plane. From each biopsy, three sections representing the central part of the socket were selected for histological examination. Morphometric measurements were performed to determine the volume occupied by different types of tissues in the marginal, central and apical compartments of the extraction socket at different intervals.Results: During the first 3 days of healing, a blood clot was found to occupy most of the extraction site. After seven days this clot was in part replaced with a provisional matrix (PCT). On day 14, the tissue of the socket was comprised of PM and woven bone. On day 30, mineralized bone occupied 88% of the socket volume. This tissue had decreased to 15% on day 180. The portion occupied by bone marrow(BM) in the day 60 specimens was about 75%, but had increased to 85% on day 180.Conclusion: The healing of an extraction socket involved a series of events including the formation of a coagulum that was replaced by (i) a provisional connective tissue matrix, (ii) woven bone, and (iii) lamellar bone and BM. During the healing process a hard tissue bridge – cortical bone – formed, which “closed” the socket.
Inter‐relationships between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease
Authors: Mercado F. B. , Marshall R. I. , Bartold P. M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis review considers the considerable similarities between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While the etiology of these two diseases may differ, the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are remarkably similar and it is possible that individuals manifesting both periodontitis and RA may suffer from a unifying underlying systemic dysregulation of the inflammatory response. In light of these findings, the implications for the use of disease‐modifying medications in the management of these two chronic inflammatory conditions is apparent. Further longitudinal studies and medication‐based intervention studies are required to determine just how closely these two conditions are allied.
Locally delivered minocycline microspheres for the treatment of periodontitis in smokers
Authors: Paquette David , Oringer Richard , Lessem Jan , Offenbacher Steven , Genco Robert , Persson G. Rutger , Santucci Edward A. , Williams Ray C. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAim: The aim of the present analysis of a larger phase 3 clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of 1 mg minocycline hydrochloride microencapsulated in 3 mg of resorbable polymer, subgingivally administered as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in smokers with chronic periodontitis.Material and Methods: Two hundred and seventy‐one patients who smoked were randomized to one of three treatment groups: (1) SRP alone, (2) SRP plus vehicle (polymer without minocycline) or (3) SRP plus minocycline microspheres. Full mouth SRP was performed for all groups at baseline, and vehicle or minocycline microspheres were administered to the appropriate patients at all periodontal pockets ≥5 mm at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Efficacy was evaluated over 9 months.Results: Significantly greater pocket depth reductions with SRP plus adjunctive minocycline microsphere treatment were observed at 1, 6 and 9 months (p<0.05) versus control treatments. At 9 months, smokers treated with SRP plus minocycline microspheres exhibited a pocket depth reduction of 1.19 mm from baseline, as compared to 0.90 mm for smokers treated with SRP alone. The efficacy of adjunctive minocycline microspheres was consistent among all tested smoking subcohorts, including those based on gender, age and smoking exposures.Conclusion: These data indicate that treatment with SRP plus locally delivered minocycline microspheres is more effective than SRP alone in reducing pocket depths in smokers with periodontitis.
Measuring the quality of judgement and decision‐making in nursing
Authors: Dowding Dawn , Thompson Carl 
Published: September 2003

Aim. This paper discusses measurement of the quality of judgement and decision‐making in nursing research. It examines theoretical and research issues surrounding how to measure judgement accuracy as a component of evaluating decision‐making in nursing practice.Discussion. Judgement accuracy is discussed with reference to different methods of measurement, including comparing judgements with independent criteria and inter‐judge approaches. Existing research on how judgement accuracy has been measured in nursing practice is examined. Evaluation of decisions is then discussed, including consideration of the process of decision‐making and evaluating decision outcomes. Finally, existing research on decision‐making in nursing is assessed and the strengths and limitations of different types of measurement discussed.Conclusion. We suggests that researchers examining the quality of judgement and decision‐making in nursing need to be aware of both the strengths and limitations of existing methods of measurement. We also suggest that researchers need to use a number of different methods, including normative approaches such as Bayes’ Theorem and Subjective Expected Utility Theory.