bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameters and procedures for token-based distributional semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas Chapter 2 introduced the basic concepts behind the distributional approach to modelling lexical semantics on the level of individual occurrences in an informal way, we now discuss this procedure in technical detail. We introduce the distributional models that are used in this volume and offer an overview of the different parameters that play a role in building them. Distributional modelling indeed implies making a number of choices, from the source of the data and the unit of analysis to the definition of what counts as context and the selection of metrics and algorithms. Accordingly, the chapter focuses on the choices and options that we have included in our workflow, and that shape the models that will appear in following chapters.
Pluricentricity from a quantitative point of view
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk , Speelman Dirk , Heylen Kris , Montes Mariana , De Pascale Stefano , Franco Karlien , Lang Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how the distributional semantic lectometric workflow can be applied to Spanish language data in a large-scale lectometric study of the pluricentricity of Spanish. Starting with a dataset of 142 concepts, the analysis explores the distances between Spanish in Spain, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, Mexico, and the United States. The lectometric workflow presented so far is enriched with a number of methodological add-ons: a multidimensional scaling analysis to visualize patterns of lectal relations, a restriction to non-uniform concepts to bring out differences more clearly, and a focus on richly modelled concepts to increase methodological stability. Also, comparing distributional models to both a disambiguated set of tokens and the full sample from which the modelled tokens were drawn serves as a way to evaluate the success of the distributional approach.
The Middle Passage Re-membered
Authors: Webster Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter opens with a discussion of recent work on the ‘ship family’: fictive kin networks forged by captives during the Middle Passage. It then uses three things—Olaudah Equiano’s account of his own captive passage, a sketch of the scarification marks on the body of an African-born soldier in the Caribbean, and a string of waist beads from the New York African Burial Ground—to explore why the African Middle Passage experience always seems to be just beyond reach of scholars of the slave trade; glimpsed, but shadowy, and found mainly in ritual contexts. This chapter also considers the growing role of bioarchaeology in identifying African-born individuals in the Americas and asks why the Middle Passage is today largely remembered through ritual.
Spin and Atomic Structure
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the intrinsic angular momentum called spin. Starting from the magnetic dipole moment related to orbital angular momentum, we focus on the hydrogen atom and consider the effect of an external magnetic field, resulting in Larmor precession and Zeeman splitting. We then turn to the discovery of spin in the Stern-Gerlach experiment. After providing a mathematical description of spin-1/2 systems in terms of two-component spinors and Pauli matrices, we illustrate projective measurements for the example of spin. The relationship between the Lie groups SU(2) and SO(3) is discussed in the context of the transformation of spinors under rotations. We analyse how the presence of spin alters the description of the hydrogen atom. Discussing the addition of angular momenta and the Pauli exclusion principle leads us to the structure of electronic orbitals. Finally, we discuss the occupation of electronic energy levels in heavier nuclei
Entropy of Classical Systems
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this first chapter of Part III we discuss the concept of entropy in classical systems, starting with an exposition of entropy in thermodynamics following Clausius and Boltzmann before examining entropy in the microcanonical and canonical ensembles of statistical physics, and stating Jaynes’ principle. This is contrasted with a discussion of Shannon’s entropy in classical information theory to quantify the information content of a message. We then move on to the discussion of more complicated entropic quantities such as the relative entropy, also called Kullback-Leibler divergence, as well as the joint entropy, conditional entropy, and mutual information. We explicitly prove various properties, relations between, and bounds on these quantities, including Gibbs’ inequality and the subadditivity of the joint entropy, and we illustrate the relations between these entropies in information diagrams. Finally, we consider the family of generalized entropic quantities called the Rényi entropies and Rényi divergences, and their respective hierarchies
Quantum Entropy and Correlations in Quantum Information
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 20 provides a discussion of entropies and entropic quantities in quantum information theory, briefly considering the generalizations of the Rényi entropy to the quantum regime, but mainly focusing on the von Neumann entropy and its properties such as concavity, the Araki-Lieb inequality, and subadditivity. We introduce the quantum relative entropy, quantum joint entropy, quantum conditional entropy, and quantum mutual information, and prove key properties and results for these quantities, including Klein’s inequality, joint convexity, additivity, and monotonicity under completely positive and trace-preserving maps of the relative entropy, as well as weak monotonicity and strong subadditivity of the von Neumann entropy. We then analyse the relation of (negative) conditional entropy and entanglement. In this context we discuss the conditional amplitude operator and the mutual amplitude operator, as well as conditional Rényi entropies and their role for entanglement detection.
Open Quantum Systems, Decoherence, Atom-Field Coupling
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 22 investigates the dynamics of open quantum systems that interact with their environment. We discuss the time-evolution of the joint system in terms of a time-ordered exponential of an integral over the Hamiltonian and determine a similar formulation for a Liouvillian super-operator. Based on these ideas we develop the notion of dynamical maps and apply the Born-Markov approximation to arrive at a dynamical semi-group and general Markovian master equations. We then turn to a specific example of such an equation of motion for the density operator: the Gorini-Kossakowski-Lindblad-Sudarshan (GKLS) equation which captures both dissipative dynamics and decoherence using Lindblad operators. We employ the GKLS equation to model the absorption, and spontaneous as well as stimulated emission of radiation by a two-level atom. We then discuss the Jaynes-Cummings model that describes the interaction of such an atom with a single mode of the electromagnetic field in a cavity
Gendering Parliamentary Diplomacy: The case of EU27-UK Relations
Authors: Miller Cherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parliamentary diplomacy (PD) is a contemporary feature of modern parliamentarism but remains, thus far, underexplored from a gender lens. PD incorporates the relationships that parliamentarians or parliaments as institutions have with other parliaments, parliamentarians, and nonstate actors to foster peace, democracy, understanding, dialogue, legitimacy, and scrutiny of governments. Parliaments are spaces of parliamentary and international negotiation and communication, practiced through rules, practices, and symbols. This article draws on a single case study of the European Parliament (EP) and of Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) gendered PD, at the time of Brexit—a period when international agreements and relationships were shaped and how gendered PD was culturally legitimized. It is based on a unique qualitative dataset of 140 interviews and ethnographic research (2018–2020) generated at the time of the withdrawal of the United Kingdom’s MEPs from the EP. Based on this analysis, it further considers what a feminist PD might look like.
Detection of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Xiao Lanlan , Zhao Shuai , Wang Hongjuan , Yu Liang , Guo Jing , Wu Xinyi , Xu Xiaowei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) for the diagnosis of diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the cases of NTM infections diagnosed between January 2019 and December 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, using both mycobacterial culture and mNGS methods (12 positive cases). Compared with the positive detection rate of the culture method (n = 5, 41.7%), the positive detection rate was 100% (n = 12) by mNGS analysis (P < 0.001). We found that the mNGS method not only improved the detection rate of NTM, but also reduced the detection turnaround time (the time required for the entire detection to be completed) to 1 day (P < 0.001). In addition, we found that the majority of patients affected by NTM pulmonary disease presented mixed infections, with bacterial-bacterial (n = 8, 66.7%) and bacterial-viral (n = 2, 16.7%) combinations being most commonly observed in our study. The outcomes of our study highlight the potential of the mNGS method for the rapid diagnosis of NTM pulmonary disease.
The Association of Emotional Support, HIV Stigma, and Home Environment With Disclosure Efficacy and Perceived Disclosure Outcomes in Young People Living With HIV in Zambia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Masa Rainier , Zimba Mathias , Zimba Gilbert , Zulu Graham , Zulu Joseph , Operario Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study examined the association of various forms of social support, attitudes toward living at home, and HIV stigma experiences with HIV self-disclosure efficacy and perceived negative disclosure outcomes. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 120 young people with HIV (YPWH) aged 18–21 years receiving outpatient care in Eastern Province, Zambia. Perceived negative disclosure outcomes and disclosure self-efficacy were measured using an adapted version of the Adolescent HIV Disclosure Cognitions and Affect Scale. Explanatory variables included parental or caregiver support, emotional support, instrumental support, HIV stigma experiences, and attitudes toward living at home. Findings suggest that YPWH's confidence in their ability to self-disclose their HIV status and their assessment of negative outcomes associated with HIV disclosure are influenced by emotional support, experiences of HIV stigma, and the quality of the home environment.
Force-adjustable parallel-occlusion grasper
Authors: Khan Hamza , Coleman Stuart , Cuschieri Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Background:
During laparoscopic surgery, the operating surgeon grasps sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including delicate structures, with long (270 mm) 5 mm diameter graspers. These grasping instruments increase the risk of iatrogenic damage due to crushing of the grasped tissue. This risk is increased significantly by diseases such as bacterial peritonitis and inflammatory bowel disease and reduced but not abolished by using parallel-closing laparoscopic instruments. This study describes the design and laboratory testing of fully developed and tested smart graspers capable of reducing the grasping force used for inflamed tissues and hollow viscera.

Materials and Methods:
In an ISO 13485-certified mechanical laboratory and CAD machine workshop, we have designed, developed, and evaluated a smart gasper capable of exerting a pre-selected uniform grasping force on the GIT and other structures/ tissues, through a mechanism incorporated in the handle of the instrument. This enables the control and graded reduction of the grasping force by the incorporation of a compression spring. We named the new instrument the force-adjustable parallel-occlusion grasper (FA-POG) because, in addition to applying a uniform force on the grasped bowel/tissue, it also enables the surgeon to select the force before grasping, depending on its physical condition and pathological state.

Results:
FA-POG differs from traditional pinch-occlusion grasper in two respects: it exerts a uniform force on the grasped tissue/bowel and enables the operating surgeon to select and apply a predetermined uniform grasping force, ranging from 1 to 5 N, depending on the pathological condition of the bowel/structure. The ISO 13485 certified and fully developed prototype has been subjected to various grasping in-vitro tests using freshly harvested porcine small bowel segments obtained from a local abattoir, using Instron tensiometry.

Conclusions:
We designed and α/β tested a parallel occlusion gasper that enables the operating surgeon to select the force before grasping. This grasper design consists of end-effectors jaws with a 4-bar linkage mechanism for wide, uniform parallel-occlusion force, surpassing traditional scissor-type laparoscopic graspers. It incorporates a force-level controller knob, based on a spring-loaded mechanism, enabling surgeon-preselected grip force to prevent excessive grasping. We validated the design experimentally using porcine small-bowel segments, optimizing teeth for maximum grip friction to minimize slippage.
Surgery versus radiotherapy for limited-stage small cell esophageal carcinoma: a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study in China (ChiSCEC)
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wang Yi , Sun Hongfu , Zhang Yaowen , Zhang Wencheng , Shen Wenbin , Yang Ning , Tan Bingxu , Su Xiujun , Li Lei , Dong Wei , Ma Jie , Zhang Jian , Zhao Lina , Sun Daqing , Yang Pei , Peng Lin , Li Baosheng , Huang Wei , Wang Qifeng , Liao Zhongxing 
Published: November 2023

Background:
There is no standard management for small cell esophageal carcinoma (SCEC). The purpose of this multicenter, retrospective study (ChiSCER) was to investigate the treatment, outcomes, and risk factors impacting on survival endpoints in patients with limited-stage SCEC (LS-SCEC).

Materials and Methods:
Consecutive patients with LS-SCEC from 14 institutions between 2000 to 2020 in China were enrolled. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models and propensity score matching (PSM) analysis were adopted in prognostic analysis. Results were reported as hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P value. Statistical significance was set as P value<0.05 in a two-tailed test.

Results:
Among 458 LS-SCEC patients, the median age was 63 (interquartile range [IQR], 57-68) years, 318 (69%) were males. Eighty-four (18%), 167 (36%), and 207 (45%) patients received chemotherapy (CT) alone, CT plus definitive radiotherapy (CT+RT), and CT plus radical surgery (CT+S), respectively. With a median follow-up time of 58.7 (95% CI, 48.9-68.6) months, the median OS and 3-year OS rate for all patients 24.3 (95% CI, 21.6-27) months and 37.3% (95% CI, 32.8%-42.5%), respectively. Multivariate analysis indicated that treatment modes, Karnofsky performance status (KPS), TNM stage, and CT cycle were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) (P<0.05). Compared with CT alone, patients treated with CT+RT (HR, 0.57, 95% CI, 0.41-0.8, P=0.001) or CT+S (HR, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.42-0.82, P=0.002) had an improved OS, with no significant survival differences between CT+S and CT+RT groups after multivariate and PSM analyses (P>0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that compared with CT+RT, patients with tumor location at lower 1/3 (HR, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.37-0.93, P=0.03) or tumor length>5 cm (HR 0.52, 95% CI, 0.3-0.9, P=0.02) could obtain significant OS benefit from CT+S. Patients with tumor location at middle 1/3 (HR 1.55, 95% CI, 1.03-2.36, P=0.04) or tumor length≤5 cm (HR 1.49, 95% CI, 1.02-2.17, P=0.04) favored CT+RT. Distant metastasis accounted for 73.7% of all treatment failures after multidisciplinary treatments.

Conclusion:
Surgery and RT were equally effective local therapies for patients with LS-SCEC. The personalized decision of local therapy should be made after comprehensive considerations on tumor location, length, comorbidities, and organ preservation.
Inpatient Outcomes of Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia in Those With Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Aldiabat Mohammad , Kilani Yassine , Alahmad Majd , Alhuneafat Laith , Aljabiri Yazan , Horoub Ali , Alabdallah Khaled , Alrahamneh Hebah , Manvar Amar 
Published: November 2023

Goals:
To investigate the outcomes of hospitalized patients with gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) in the setting of aortic stenosis (AS).

Background:
Although AS is associated with gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations, its association with GAVE, a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, remains unknown.

Study:
The National Inpatient Sample database from the years 2016 to 2019 was searched for patients admitted with a diagnosis of GAVE, with and without a history of AS. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk of mortality and in-hospital complications in the GAVE/AS group compared with the GAVE-only group.

Results:
Patients with AS had a 2-fold increase in the risk of GAVE [odds ratio (OR): 2.08, P < 0.001], with no statistically significant difference in inpatient mortality between the study groups (OR: 1.36, P = 0.268). Patients with GAVE-AS had a higher risk of hypovolemic shock (OR: 2.00, P = 0.001) and acute coronary syndromes (OR: 2.25, P < 0.001) with no difference in risk of cardiogenic shock (P = 0.695), acute kidney injury (P = 0.550), blood transfusion (P = 0.270), sepsis (P = 0.598), respiratory failure (P = 0.200), or in-hospital cardiac arrest (P = 0.638). The cost of care in patients with GAVE-AS was increased by a mean of $4729 (P = 0.022), with no increase in length of stay (P = 0.320) when compared with patients with GAVE-only.

Conclusions:
Patients with AS have a 2-fold increase in the risk of development of GAVE. Patients with AS admitted for GAVE-related bleeding are at higher rates of hypovolemic shock, acute coronary syndrome, and higher resource utilization when compared with admitted patients with GAVE without AS.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis/giant cell tumor in the knee
Authors: Chipman Danielle E. , Perkins Crystal A. , Lijesen Emilie , Green Daniel W. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare diagnosis in pediatric patients and commonly presents with symptoms of swelling and pain. Early diagnosis is important to prevent secondary degeneration into the subchondral bone. This review will analyze the etiology, clinical signs/symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and recent literature on PVNS in the pediatric population.

Recent findings
Many theories of PVNS etiology have been described in the literature; however, an inflammatory response has been most widely accepted. PVNS can occur in any joint, but most commonly in the knee. The most common treatment for PVNS is synovectomy, and long-term follow-up is necessary to detect disease persistence or recurrence.

Summary
Although uncommon, PVNS does occur in the pediatric population and this diagnosis should be included in the differential of atraumatic joint swelling and pain.
Cardiac evaluation of the liver transplant candidate
Authors: Possick Stephen , Khungar Vandana , Deshpande Ranjit 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
This review aims to summarize recent changes in the cardiac evaluation of adult liver transplant candidates. Over the last several years, there have been significant advances in the use of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with and without fractional flow reserve (FFR) and increasingly widespread availability of coronary calcium scoring for risk stratification for obstructive coronary artery disease. This has led to novel strategies for risk stratification in cirrhotic patients being considered for liver transplant and an updated American Heart Association (AHA) position paper on the evaluation of liver and kidney transplant candidates. The diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has been refined. These new diagnostic criteria require that specific echocardiographic parameters are evaluated in all patients. The definition of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography has been altered and no longer utilizes right atrium (RA) pressure estimates based on inferior vena cava (IVC) size and collapse. This provides more volume neutral estimates of pulmonary pressure.

Recent findings
Although CCTA has outstanding negative predictive value, false positive results are not uncommon and often lead to further testing. Revised diagnostic criteria for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy improve risk stratification for peri-operative volume overload and outcomes. Refined pulmonary hypertension criteria provide improved guidance for right heart catheterization (RHC) and referral to subspecialists. There are emerging data regarding the safety and efficacy of TAVR for severe aortic stenosis in cirrhotic patients.

Summary
Increased utilization of noninvasive testing, including CCTA and/or coronary calcium scoring, can improve the negative predictive value of testing for obstructive coronary artery disease and potentially reduce reliance on coronary angiography. Application of the 2020 criteria for cirrhotic cardiomyopathy will improve systolic and diastolic function assessment and subsequent perioperative risk stratification. The use of global strain scores is emphasized, as it provides important information beyond ejection fraction and diastolic parameters. A standardized one-parameter echo cut-off for elevated pulmonary pressures simplifies both evaluation and follow-up. Innovative transcutaneous techniques for valvular stenosis and regurgitation offer new options for patients at prohibitive surgical risk.
Big Data in Health Care
Authors: Calcote Margaret J. , Mann Joshua R. , Adcock Kim G. , Duckworth Savannah , Donald Matthew C. 
Published: November 2023

Background:
The widespread adoption of the electronic health record (EHR) has resulted in vast repositories of EHR big data that are being used to identify patterns and correlations that translate into data-informed health care decision making.

Problem:
Health care professionals need the skills necessary to navigate a digitized, data-rich health care environment as big data plays an increasingly integral role in health care.

Approach:
Faculty incorporated the concept of big data in an asynchronous online course allowing an interprofessional mix of students to analyze EHR big data on over a million patients.

Outcomes:
Students conducted a descriptive analysis of cohorts of patients with selected diagnoses and presented their findings.

Conclusions:
Students collaborated with an interprofessional team to analyze EHR big data on selected variables. The teams used data visualization tools to describe an assigned diagnosis patient population.