bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Sulfurous Soil Amendments (S0, Fe(II)SO4, Fe(III)SO4) an Effective Tool in the Restoration of Heathland and Acidic Grassland after Four Decades of Rock Phosphate Fertilization?
Authors: Tibbett M. , Diaz A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract This paper deals with the complex issue of reversing long‐term improvements of fertility in soils derived from heathlands and acidic grasslands using sulfur‐based amendments. The experiment was conducted on a former heathland and acid grassland in the U.K. that was heavily fertilized and limed with rock phosphate, chalk, and marl. The experimental work had three aims. First, to determine whether sulfurous soil amendments are able to lower pH to a level suitable for heathland and acidic grassland re‐creation (approximately 3 pH units). Second, to determine what effect the soil amendments have on the available pool of some basic cations and some potentially toxic acidic cations that may affect the plant community. Third, to determine whether the addition of Fe to the soil system would sequester PO4− ions that might be liberated from rock phosphate by the experimental treatments. The application of S0 and Fe(II)SO4− to the soil was able to reduce pH. However, only the highest S0 treatment (2,000 kg/ha S) lowered pH sufficiently for heathland restoration purposes but effectively so. Where pH was lowered, basic cations were lost from the exchangeable pool and replaced by acidic cations. Where Fe was added to the soil, there was no evidence of PO4− sequestration from soil test data (Olsen P), but sequestration was apparent because of lower foliar P in the grass sward. The ability of the forb Rumex acetosella to apparently detoxify Al3+, prevalent in acidified soils, appeared to give it a competitive advantage over other less tolerant species. We would anticipate further changes in plant community structure through time, driven by Al3+ toxicity, leading to the competitive exclusion of less tolerant species. This, we suggest, is a key abiotic driver in the restoration of biotic (acidic plant) communities.
Visions of Nature and Environmental Sustainability: Shellfish Harvesting in the Dutch Wadden Sea
Authors: Swart J. A. A , Van Der Windt H.J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract The concept of sustainability has several, sometimes contrasting, meanings that may generate confusion, misunderstanding, and conflict concerning conservation and restoration practices. It is therefore desirable to clarify the concept of sustainability, thereby potentially contributing to mutual understanding, especially when social conflicts arise. This article discusses a recently published typology of three conceptions of sustainability that range from economic to ecocentric valuations of nature. We argue that the typology is incomplete because it does not include the arcadian approaches. For this reason, we introduce a “tripolar model” for conceptions of sustainability, applying it to the debate on shellfish harvesting in the Dutch Wadden Sea. We conclude that the particular visions or conceptions of sustainability held by relevant actors may have an impact on strategies for conservation.
PUVA‐gel vs. PUVA‐bath therapy for severe recalcitrant palmoplantar dermatoses
Authors: Schiener Ralf , Gottlöber Petra , Müller Boris , Williams Stefanie , Pillekamp Hans , Peter Ralf Uwe , Kerscher Martina 
Published: March 2005

Background/Purpose: In order to avoid unwanted effects of systemic psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) therapy, various topical PUVA treatment modalities have been developed and are being increasingly used. However, up to now very few controlled studies comparing the therapeutic efficacy of different topical photochemotherapy modalities are available. Thus, the aim of our study was to compare the clinical efficacy of conventional PUVA‐bath therapy to topical PUVA‐gel therapy in patients with recalcitrant dermatoses of the palms and soles.Methods: Twenty patients with severe palmoplantar dermatoses or localized psoriatic plaques were enrolled in our observer‐blinded, randomized half‐sided study. The treatment modalities compared were: (i) aqueous 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP)‐containing gel plus broadband UVA irradiation (PUVA‐gel therapy) and (ii) 8‐MOP bath of the hands and/or feet plus broadband UVA (PUVA‐bath therapy).Results: On the body half, which was randomized to PUVA‐gel therapy, the median Area and Severity Index for palmoplantar dermatoses (ASIppd) decreased from 28 (range 6–56) to 1.5 (range 1–37, P=0.00) after a median 33 (13–49) irradiations compared with a reduction from 26.5 (range 6–52.5) to 1.5 (range 0–38, P=0.00) for PUVA‐bath therapy. Both improvements of ASIppd scores were found to be statistically significant, with no significant difference between PUVA‐gel and PUVA‐bath therapy. Severe phototoxic reactions such as strong erythema, blistering and/or pain were not observed in any patient.Conclusion: PUVA‐gel therapy seems to be an effective therapeutic alternative to conventional PUVA‐bath therapy in treating localized dermatoses of the palms and soles. The advantage of PUVA‐gel therapy is reduced organizational efforts and expenses.
Therapie des Erysipels in Deutschland und Österreich – Ergebnisse einer Umfrage an deutschen und österreichischen Hautkliniken
Authors: Brennecke Sabine , Hartmann Martin , Schöfer Helmut , Rasokat Heinrich , Tschachler Erwin , Brockmeyer Norbert H. 
Published: March 2005

ZusammenfassungHintergrund:Das Erysipel ist eine auf die Kutis und Subkutis beschränkte meist durch Streptokokken verursachte, schwere Weichteilinfektion, bei der eine antimikrobielle Therapie indiziert ist. In der Literatur sind viele verschiedene Therapieschemata beschrieben, die überwiegend auf empirischen Daten basieren und nur teilweise durch Studien belegt sind.Material und Methoden:Ziel der vorgestellten Erhebung war es, mittels eines Fragebogens, die Erysipelbehandlung in Deutschland und Österreich abzubilden und hieraus Therapieempfehlungen abzuleiten.Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerung:In den befragten Kliniken wird das Erysipel präferentiell intravenös unter stationären Bedingungen behandelt. Am häufigsten wird in der „first line”‐Therapie Penicillin G (80 %) eingesetzt. Daneben werden Aminopenicilline (11 %), Cephalosporine (16,5 %) und Isoxazolylpenicilline (6,9 %) eingesetzt. Als „second line”‐Therapie werden hauptsächlich Makrolide (63,5 %), Clindamycin (52,5 %), Penicilline (18,5 %), Cephalosporine (40 %) und Gyrasehemmer (20,5 %) sowie seltener Carbapeneme, Tetrazykline, Nitroimidazole, Glykopeptitantibiotika, Aminoglykoside, Cotrimoxazol, Fusidinsäure und Fosfomycin angewendet. Die Therapiedauer beträgt im Durchschnitt 10 Tage. Als adjuvante Maßnahmen kommen eine Antikoagulation, nichtsteroidale Antiphlogistika, Lokaltherapien, Ruhigstellung und eine Sanierung der Eintrittspforte zum Einsatz.
Kinetics of Local and Systemic Immune Responses after Vaginal Immunization with Recombinant Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Humans
Authors: Wassen Lotta , Jertborn Marianne 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTVaginal vaccination seems to be the best strategy for inducing specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibody responses in the female genital tract. The relative efficiencies of one, two, and three vaginal doses of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) in generating mucosal and systemic immune responses in healthy women were evaluated, and the kinetics of the immune responses were monitored for responding volunteers for up to 12 months after the last vaccination. A single dose of CTB failed to generate CTB-specific IgA antibody responses in cervical secretions. Two vaccinations induced significant increases in IgA antitoxin titers in seven of nine volunteers, and four volunteers also developed IgG antitoxin responses. The magnitudes of the responses were 20-fold for IgA antitoxin and 7.1-fold for IgG antitoxin. A third vaccination did not significantly increase the antitoxin responses, although the frequency of IgG responses was slightly higher than that after the second vaccination. In serum, CTB-specific antibodies were observed already after a single vaccination. However, two vaccinations were required to induce marked IgA as well as IgG antitoxin titer increases in the majority of volunteers. The postvaccination levels of antitoxin antibodies in serum were comparable after two and three vaccinations. At 12 months after vaccination, significantly elevated IgA and IgG antitoxin levels in cervical secretions could still be detected in approximately half of the volunteers who had initially responded to the vaccine. Antitoxin titer increases in serum were found in most of the vaccinees at follow-up.
$\sqrt{5}:2$ MODE INTERACTIONS ON A SQUARE LATTICE
Authors: WINTERBOTTOM DAVID M. 
Published: March 2005

In many diverse pattern-forming systems, the observed arrangements are square-symmetric or hexagonal. However, while many investigations have been devoted separately to the competition between these patterns and rolls, important questions still remain regarding their competition with one another. This paper demonstrates that both square and hexagonal patterns can be accounted for by the resonant interaction of two sets of modes with wave numbers in the ratio [Formula: see text], aligned to lie on a square lattice. The behavior of this system is investigated by expanding about the multiple bifurcation point where the stability of both sets of modes is marginal. The corresponding amplitude equations, constructed through simple symmetry arguments, are shown to encompass various forms of hexagonal and square-symmetric patterns within a single framework. This framework is then applied to the Swift–Hohenberg partial differential equation, where both hexagons and squares with up–down-asymmetry are found to occur subcritically.
Recombinant human activated protein C upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in endothelial cells via binding to endothelial cell protein C receptor and activation of protease-activated receptor-1
Authors: Horn Sarah , Lang Siegfried , Fukudome Kenji , Nahrup Adriane Schulze , Hoffmann Ursula , Kaden Jens J. , Borggrefe Martin , Haase Karl K. , Huhle Guenter , Brueckmann Martina 
Published: March 2005

SummaryProstacyclin (PGI2) has beneficial cytoprotective properties, is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation and has been reported to improve microcirculatory blood flow during sepsis. The formation of PGI2 in response to proinflammatory cytokines is catalysed by the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform COX-2. Recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC, drotrecogin alfa (activated)) was shown to have multiple biological activities in vitro and to promote resolution of organ dysfunction in septic patients. Whether rhAPC exerts its beneficial effects by modulating prostanoid generation is unknown up to now. It was therefore the aim of the study to examine the in vitro effect of rhAPC on COX-2-mRNA-expression and PGI2 release from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). We found that rhAPC, at supra-therapeutical concentrations (500ng/ml-20μg/ ml), upregulated the amount of COX-2-mRNA in HUVEC at t=3–9h and caused a time- and dose-dependent release of 6-keto PGF1α, the stable hydrolysis product of prostacyclin. RhAPC further increased the stimulating effect of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and thrombin on COX-2-mRNA-levels. Transcript levels of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and prostagland-in I2 synthase, however, were unaffected by the stimulation with rhAPC or thrombin. The upregulatory effect on COX2-mRNA levels was specific for rhAPC since the zymogen protein C in equimolar concentrations had no effect on COX-2-mRNA-levels or 6keto PGF1α-release. Western Blot analysis revealed an increase of COX-2-protein content in HUVEC after treatment with rhAPC. As shown by experiments using monoclonal antibodies against the thrombin receptor PAR-1 (mAb=ATAP2) and against the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR; mAb=RCR-252), the effect of rhAPC on COX-2-mRNA up-regulation was mediated by binding to the EPCR-receptor and signaling via PAR-1. These results demonstrate that induction of COX-2-expression is an important response of HUVEC to stimulation with rhAPC and may represent a new molecular mechanism, by which rhAPC promotes upregulation of prostanoid production in human endothelium.
Dietary polyphenols and regulation of gelatinase expression and activity
Authors: Dell’Agli Mario , Canavesi Monica , Galli Germana , Bellosta Stefano 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe interaction of cells with the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for the normal development and function of organisms. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of Zn++ and Ca++ dependent endopeptidases, which are key mediators of ECM remodelling. The turnover and remodelling of ECM must be tightly regulated, since uncontrolled proteolysis would contribute to abnormal development and to the generation of many pathological conditions characterized by either excessive degradation, or lack of degradation of ECM components. In particular, the gelatinases (MMP-2 and –9) are abundantly expressed in various malignant tumors, play an active role in angiogenesis, and may also influence the process of atherosclerotic lesion formation. In recent years, much consideration has been given to the role of diet in preventing degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Polyphenols are abundant components/micronutrients of the human diet that have been shown in vitro to profoundly affect ECM turnover by regulating gelatinases expression and activity, acting at both the pre- and post-transcriptional level. Therefore, they could have a beneficial effect in many pathological conditions implicated in connective tissue destruction and remodelling associated with degenerative diseases.
Comments on “Turbulence Closure, Steady State, and Collapse into Waves”
Authors: Kantha Lakshmi H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Two-equation models are being increasingly used to model turbulence in geophysical flows. A salient aspect of these flows is the stable gravitational stratification, which implies that turbulent fluctuations can generate internal waves that drain energy from turbulent eddies. This energy is not available for mixing, and therefore this transfer of energy from turbulence to internal waves has strong implications to mixing in the atmospheric boundary layer and the oceanic mixed layer. How to parameterize energy leakage to internal waves in turbulence models has been the subject of many studies, most recently by Baumert and Peters. This comment is an attempt to critique their work and to explore alternative options.
Comparison of Conducting Polymer Actuators Based on Polypyrrole Doped with BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, and ClO4−
Authors: Zama Tetsuji , Hara Susumu , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Polypyrrole films prepared from aromatic ester solutions of tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBABF4), tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6), tetrabutylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (TBACF3SO3), and tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAClO4) exhibited large electrochemical strain (11.2–14.0%) and stress (10.6–22.0 MPa) when cycled between −0.9 V and +0.7 V vs Ag/Ag+ at 2 mV s−1 and 10 mV s−1, respectively, in an aqueous NaPF6 solution, amongst which PPy-CF3SO3− solely elongated mechanically by 60–100%. It is therefore more suitable for practical artificial muscle devices. Although polypyrrole actuators doped with ClO4− exhibited moderate strains for a decade, a PPy-ClO4− actuator prepared from an aromatic ester solution has showed large electrochemical strain (11.2–13.5%) and stress (12.3–15.2 MPa). When cycled at 100 mV s−1, polypyrrole actuators exhibited approximately twice as large electrochemical stress as those measured at 10 mV s−1, because the PPy strip was kept in the doped state (the weakest state) for a shorter time, and early breakage did not occur to give a larger electrochemical stress. Polypyrrole actuators might not be very stable when showing the maximum performance, but the electrochemical strain remained almost constant up to 100 cycles under moderate conditions, such as being driven at 0.1 Hz.
Optical Properties of Long-range-ordered, High-density Gold Nanodot Arrays Prepared Using Anodic Porous Alumina
Authors: Matsumoto Futoshi , Ishikawa Masahiro , Nishio Kazuyuki , Masuda Hideki 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Long-range-ordered, high-density gold (Au) nanodot arrays were prepared by vapor deposition using anodic porous alumina as a mask. The optical properties of such arrays were examined. The effects of highly ordered, high density arrangements of Au nanodots on the optical properties were elucidated by the dependences of the wavelength (λmax) of the absorption maximal on the dot height and the refractive index of the solvent in which the Au nanodot arrays were immersed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water-Soluble Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with Polycystine
Authors: Wang Tao , Zhao Guang-Chao , Wei Xian-Wen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Water-soluble multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) functionalized with polycystine were prepared by solid-state polycondensation reaction under the irradiation of the infrared heat lamp, which were characterized by transmission electron microscope, X-ray powder diffractometer, and FT infrared spectroscopy. Its solubility in water was close to 7 mg/mL and no precipitates were observed after one month. This may opens the way to improve the interactions between MWNTs and polymer by the hydrogen bond, the dispersion of MWNTs in composite and the compatibility of MWNTs with biological systems.
Clinical and Radiographic Effects of Enamel Matrix Derivative in the Treatment of Intrabony Periodontal Defects: A 12‐Month Longitudinal Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial in Adult Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Rösing Cassiano K. , Aass Anne M. , Mavropoulos Antonios , Gjermo Per 
Published: March 2005

Background: This randomized, double‐masked, placebocontrolled clinical trial evaluated the effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on clinical and radiographic parameters of periodontal intrabony defects.Methods: A split‐mouth design was used in 16 chronic periodontitis patients who had similar defects (≥6 mm of probing depth). Both groups underwent scaling and root planing and were acid‐etched with EDTA. The test sites received the EMD solution and the controls a placebo. Clinical examinations of all 16 patients and radiographs of 14 patients were available at baseline and 6 and 12 months after surgery. Clinical outcomes included probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL); radiographic analysis was performed using computerized linear measurements. Intergroup comparisons were performed by paired samples t test, and over time comparisons were made by general linear model (α = 0.05).Results: A statistically significant improvement over time for PD and CAL and a decrease of the vertical component of the defect was detected in both groups. Comparisons between groups revealed at baseline a mean ± SD value of CAL of 12.93 ± 2.00 and 13.47 ± 2.93 for test and control groups, respectively. These values decreased to 10.92 ± 1.92 and 11.31 ± 1.86 after 12 months for test and control. No statistically significant differences could be observed between groups. PD displayed similar results from 7.57 ± 1.02 and 7.38 ± 1.16 for test and control groups at baseline to 3.40 ± 1.82 and 2.99 ± 1.07 after 12 months. If the data are divided into smokers and non‐smokers, no differences are observed.Conclusion: Use of EMD did not result in more improvement in clinical and radiographic parameters compared to the placebo. J Periodontol 2005;76:129‐133.
The 22q11.2 deletion in African‐American patients: An underdiagnosed population?
Authors: McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Minugh‐Purvis Nancy , Kirschner Richard E. , Jawad Abbas , Tonnesen Melissa K. , Catanzaro Jason R. , Goldmuntz Elizabeth , Driscoll Deborah , LaRossa Don , Emanuel Beverly S. , Zackai Elaine H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFindings associated with the 22q11.2 deletion often include congenital heart malformations, palatal anomalies, immunodeficiency, hypocalcemia, and developmental delay or learning disabilities. Often the clinical suspicion of the diagnosis in a patient with one or more of these findings is heightened based on the presence of a characteristic facial appearance. In our large cohort of 370 patients with the 22q11.2 deletion, we report the under‐representation of African‐Americans in our group, as well as, the paucity of craniofacial dysmorphism in these patients. We note that the absence of the typical facial features may result in decreased ascertainment in this population and, furthermore, may delay the implementation of palliative care, cognitive remediation, and recurrence risk counseling. We, therefore, suggest that the clinician's threshold of suspicion should be lower in African‐American patients. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional shape of the skull in vertebrates: Which forces determine skull morphology in lower primates and ancestral synapsids?
Authors: Preuschoft Holger , Witzel Ulrich 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn order to determine the extent to which the shape of the synapsid skull is adapted for resisting the mechanical loads to which it is subjected, block‐ or simple plate‐shaped finite‐element models were constructed and loaded with external muscle and bite forces in locations estimated to resemble points of application of these forces. These 2D or 3D finite‐element models were iteratively loaded and modified by removing elements that experience only low stresses, and the resulting morphologies of the models were compared with fossil skulls of synapsids and the skulls of extant mammals. The results suggest that the stress flows in these unspecific models are very similar to the arrangement of bone material in real skulls. Morphological differences between taxa depend on a few a priori conditions: length and position of the tooth rows in relation to the braincase, arrangement of muscles, position of the orbits, and position of the nasal opening. Given these initial conditions, finite‐element analysis consistently reveals the close similarity between stress flows and real skulls. The major difference between mammal‐like reptiles and primates is the size of the braincase. This difference accounts for most of the morphological divergence. The postorbital bar seems to be a constructional element of the skull, rather than a means to protect the eyes. The skull shapes of higher primates are determined mainly by masticatory forces and less by external forces acting on the head. This study demonstrates the utility of finite‐element modeling for testing hypotheses regarding relationships between form and function in vertebrate skulls. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Finite element analysis in vertebrate biomechanics
Authors: Ross Callum F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis special issue ofThe Anatomical Recordpresents a series of papers that apply the method of finite element analysis (FEA) to questions in vertebrate biomechanics. These papers are salient examples of the use of FEA to test hypotheses regarding structure‐function relationships in complexly shaped biological objects such as skulls and in areas of the skeleton that are otherwise impervious to study. FEA is also a powerful tool for studying patterns of stress and strain in fossil animals and artificial constructs hypothesized to represent ancestral conditions. FEA has been used deductively, to study patterns of growth and development, and to investigate whether skull shapes can be created from amorphous blocks using an iterative approach of loading and removing elements. Several of the papers address methodological issues, such as the relative importance of loading conditions and material properties for generating an accurate model and the validation of models using in vivo strain data. Continuing improvements in model building techniques will make possible increased application of FEA to study the functional effects of variation in morphology, whether through ontogenetic or phylogenetic transformations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.