bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Falsity Puzzles
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
I examine Part 2 of the Theaetetus, on the puzzles of false belief (or false judgement) and Socrates’ attempted solutions. I argue that these bring him close to Plato’s definitive solution in the Sophist but fail for lack of an adequate grounding in metaphysics. We are shown, in the process, just what insights Socrates contributed to that eventual solution. Socrates’ progress from an empirical to a more versatile model of judgement (from the wax tablet to the Aviary, that is) is emblematic of his contributions in the field of cognitive psychology, already celebrated in chapter 4 with the empirical/a priori distinction. His diagnosis of thought as internal interrogation and response, unveiled in this part of the dialogue, once again displays a fundamentally Socratic insight that Plato is developing for use in later dialogues.
Accounts
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Is about the third and final part of the dialogue, where it is suggested that knowledge is true judgement plus a logos (account). I argue that the Dream theory, and the futher ‘element’ theory that follows it, both represent the mistaken materialist view that knowledge can be arrived at from the bottom up, through the study of physics – a typically Presocratic assumption, in Plato’s eyes, and one that in his Timaeus he will be at pains to discount. Finally, I examine the concluding refutation, based on a circularity charge, and argue that in Plato’s eyes it must be fatal to all definitions of knowledge as a species of judgement or belief. Thus, I maintain that, at its close, the dialogue is already pointing towards Plato’s own radical separation of knowledge from belief, even if Socrates himself cannot see that quintessentially Platonist consequence.
New Social Risks in a Conservative Welfare State: The Case of Germany
Authors: Aust Andreas , Bönker Frank 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnalyses developments in Germany and emphasises the way in which the context of a corporatist welfare state settlement and a semi‐sovereign state shapes policy making. Reform is slow and depends on compromises between political actors. At the same time, the structure of old social risks policies pre‐empts available resources and creates powerful constituencies which resist change. Greater political party disagreement on welfare issues in the 1990s and the emergence of a reforming Red–Green coalition were important factors in change.
Switzerland: Negotiating a New Welfare State in a Fragmented Political System
Authors: Giuliano Bonoli 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Swiss political system stresses compromise, negotiation, and consensus. As a result, collective welfare is relatively undeveloped and much is provided through compulsory occupational provision. New social risk provision in relation to childcare and benefits for unemployed people is relatively weak. Reliance on guest‐workers, who can be repatriated during recession, helps to mitigate the pressures from labour market flexibility on the Swiss system. During the past 15 years, the movement of women into paid work and high unemployment (by Swiss standards) have reinforced demands for reform. A number of measures have been put into place, often as a result of cantonal pressures and typically as a result of compromises that offer something to both employers and employees, or to mothers and to right‐wing groups. Further reforms are under discussion.
The Macarian Writings and their Historical Context
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical context of the Macarian writings: their authorship, location, and date. It also outlines the physical shape of the Macarian corpus: the principal forms of the Greek manuscript tradition and the most important of the translations. It goes on to tackle the vexed question of the relationship between Macarius and the Messalian tendency, demonstrating the very substantial problems behind a simplistic identification of the two. It closes with a consideration of the possible insights offered by the Life of Hypatius into the early circulation of the writings.
2 The Christian God v. Passionate Pagan Deities:Impassibility as an Apophatic Qualifier of Divine Emotions
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The author shows that by calling the Christian God impassible the Fathers sought to distance God the creator from the gods of mythology. At the same time the Fathers viewed divine impassibility as compatible with select emotionally coloured characteristics, such as love, mercy, and compassion. Especially revealing in this regard is the patristic treatment of divine anger, an issue that first came to the fore in the debate with Marcionism. The author argues that instead of the context of Hellenistic philosophy the divine impassibility must be located in the conceptual sphere of apophatic theology, where it functioned as an apophatic qualifier of the divine emotions. The divine impassibility was first of all an ontological term, expressing God’s unlikeness to everything created, his transcendence and undiminished divinity, rather than a psychological term implying the absence of emotions.
4 Patripassian Controversy Resolved: The Son, not God the Father, Suffered in the Incarnation
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The author shows that of all theologians charged with Patripassianism or Sabellianism, only Noetus held strict Patripassianism, i.e. the claim that the Father was identical with the Son and suffered on the cross. Callistus and Praxeas, on this reading, eschewed this extreme position and identified the Father with the divine aspect of Christ participating in the sufferings of his flesh. The church’s rejection of various forms of Patripassianism led to a sharper distinction between the Father and the Son.
5 Arianism Opposed:The Word's Divinity is Not Diminished by Involvement in Suffering
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Five major interpretations of Arianism are considered. According to the Hanson-Wiles interpretation, the Arians used psilanthropic argument to emphasize that God suffered in Christ. The author shows that this interpretation is one sided, partly because other parties involved in the christological debates of the fourth and fifth centuries also used the psilanthropic argument. The Arians emphasized the impassibility of the High God in order to exclude him from any participation in human suffering. The pro-Nicene theologians succeeded in sustaining the vital tension between the transcendence of God and his involvement in suffering in the incarnation.
6 Nestorianism Countered: Cyril's Theology of theDivine Kenosis
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Having briefly surveyed various inadequate approaches to the Nestorian controversy, the author shows that the protection of the unqualified divine impassibility from being compromised by any involvement in suffering was at the heart of Theodore’s and Nestorius’ christology. Nestorians charged Cyril with being an advocate of theopatheia. In response, Cyril developed a doctrine of God’s appropriation of human suffering and insisted upon the divine self-emptying in the incarnation.
Anaphora, Logophoricity, and Quasi-Indexicality
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFocuses on ‘I’-thoughts and the way we attribute them. It defends the thesis that the only way one can capture an ‘I’-thought in an attribution is via the quasi-indicator ‘s/he (her/himself)’: ‘Jane said that she (herself) is rich’ represents Jane saying, ‘I am rich’. It is shown how quasi-indicators should be understood along with logophoric pronouns.
An Undreamed of Possibility for Love
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Examines the theological underpinning of ‘the church’. In particular, it locates the church within an understanding of faith and revelation. Highlights ‘symbol’ as central to the theology of revelation. Explores how symbol provides a means of interpreting God's relationship to Israel and, most importantly, God's self‐revelation in Jesus Christ. The manifold dimensions of God's revelation in Jesus Christ, particularly the notion of ‘the kingdom’, provide the basis for constructing a theology of the church, for specifying both its identity and mission.
The Existing Season
Authors: Lennan Richard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The movement from ‘modernity’ to ‘postmodernity’ has raised new challenges for faith, particularly because it has cast doubt on the affirmation of ‘truth’ as a possibility for human beings. Those challenges are the concern of this chapter. After a review of the key features of postmodernity, the chapter details two postmodern religious responses: fundamentalism and ‘New Age’ spirituality. The concern of the chapter is to articulate how authentic ecclesial faith offers more hope for a positive engagement with postmodernity than do fundamentalism and ‘New Age’ spirituality. As examples of such engagement, the chapter examines both the responses that the church can make to the challenges arising from the environmental movement, science, and economic globalization. There is a particular emphasis on the church's capacity to enter into dialogue with contemporary worldviews that differ from its own.
How Much Choice is Too Much? Contributions to 401(k) Retirement Plans
Authors: Sethi-Iyengar Sheena , Huberman Gur , Jiang Gur 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe wide range of 401(k) plans offered to employees has raised the question of whether there is such as thing as too much choice. The 401(k) participation rates among clients of the Vanguard Group were studied to verify the assumption that more choice is more desirable and intrinsically motivating. It was found that 401(k) plans that offered more funds had lower probability of employee participation.
Employee Investment Decisions about Company Stock
Authors: Choi James J. , Laibson David , Madrian Brigitte , Metrick Andrew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe decisions of nearly 100,000 individual 401(k) participants were studied to obtain a better understanding of the determinants of employee discretionary investment in company stock. High returns on company stock for the year prior to enrolment encouraged participations to make higher initial investments in company stock. The opposite is true for trading decisions. High past returns induced participants to shift their portfolios away from company stock towards other equities.
Retirement Security in a DC World: Using Behavioral Finance to Bridge the Expertise Gap
Authors: Stein Gregory , Scott Jason 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The advent of defined contribution plans has created the need to educate employees about these plans for them to make informed investment decisions. The likelihood that employees will utilize an employer-provided online advisory service is examined. Employees who received an email on the availability of the advisory service are more likely to use it than those receiving a hard copy version of the mail. Lack of time is the main reason why participants did not avail of the service.
How do Retirees Go from Stock to Flow?
Authors: Ameriks John 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines mechanisms used by retired and retiring individuals in a defined contribution pension plan to finance retirement income flows. The study draws on the mechanisms used by Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association-College of Retirement Equities Fund participants. The introduction of non-annuity income options led to a decline in the use of immediate life-contingent annuity payments. The types of income options chosen by participants varied over time and demographic characteristics.
Sex Equality
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The evolution is charted, through adjudication, of the rules governing sex equality in European Community (EC) law. The first section, ‘The Normative Structure’, provides an overview of the Treaty of Rome rules and secondary legislation that constitute the domain of sex equality, while the second examines how Art. 141 (which provides that male and female workers shall receive equal pay for equal work) evolved once it had been constitutionalized by the European Court of Justice. Section III, ‘Judicialization: The Court and the Legislator’, focuses on the relationship between the Court, its case law on sex equality, and the production of directives by the EC legislator; the impact is also briefly discussed of the Court's rulemaking on national judicial and legislative processes; topics included are indirect discrimination, occupational pensions, pregnancy and maternity rights. In the fourth section, ‘Adjudicating Sex Equality Law’, an analysis is made of the aggregate data on litigation and adjudication in the field, focusing on how precedent‐based lawmaking has organized the development of this area. The conclusion addresses a range of theoretical issues.
Conservation of Arabidopsis Flowering Genes in Model Legumes
Authors: Hecht Valérie , Foucher Fabrice , Ferrándiz Cristina , Macknight Richard , Navarro Cristina , Morin Julie , Vardy Megan E. , Ellis Noel , Beltrán José Pío , Rameau Catherine , Weller James L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe model plants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a wealth of information about genes and genetic pathways controlling the flowering process, but little is known about the corresponding pathways in legumes. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) has been used for several decades as a model system for physiological genetics of flowering, but the lack of molecular information about pea flowering genes has prevented direct comparison with other systems. To address this problem, we have searched expressed sequence tag and genome sequence databases to identify flowering-gene-related sequences from Medicago truncatula, soybean (Glycine max), and Lotus japonicus, and isolated corresponding sequences from pea by degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction and library screening. We found that the majority of Arabidopsis flowering genes are represented in pea and in legume sequence databases, although several gene families, including the MADS-box, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1 families, appear to have undergone differential expansion, and several important Arabidopsis genes, including FRIGIDA and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C clade, are conspicuously absent. In several cases, pea and Medicago orthologs are shown to map to conserved map positions, emphasizing the closely syntenic relationship between these two species. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of parallel model systems for an understanding of flowering phenology in crop and model legume species.
Capitals, assets, and resources: some critical issues1
Authors: Savage Mike , Warde Alan , Devine Fiona 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper explores the potential of Bourdieu's approach to capital as a way of understanding class dynamics in contemporary capitalism. Recent rethinking of class analysis has sought to move beyond what RosemaryCrompton (1998) calls the ‘employment aggregate approach’, one which involves categorizing people into class groups according to whether they have certain attributes (e.g. occupations). Instead, recent contributions by Pierre Bourdieu, Erik Wright, Aage Sorensen, and Charles Tilly have concentrated on understanding the mechanisms that produce class inequalities. Concepts such as assets, capitals and resources (CARs) are often used to explain how class inequalities are produced, but there remain ambiguities and differences in how such terms are understood. This paper identifies problems faced both by game theoretical Marxism and by the rational choice approach of Goldthorpe in developing an adequate approach to CARs. It then turns to critically consider how elements of Bourdieu's approach, where his concept of capital is related to those of habitus and field, might overcome these weaknesses. Our rendering of his arguments leads us to conclude that our understanding of CARs might be enriched by considering how capital is distinctive not in terms of distinct relations of exploitation, but through its potential to accumulate and to be converted to other resources. This focus, we suggest, sidesteps otherwise intractable problems in CAR based approaches.
Cancer risks in a historical UK cohort of benzene exposed workers
Authors: Sorahan T , Kinlen L J , Doll R 
Published: March 2005

Aims:To examine mortality from different causes and cancer incidence among a cohort of benzene workers in England and Wales.Methods:A cohort of 5514 workers who had been occupationally exposed to benzene in 1966/67 or earlier was assembled by the former Factory Inspectorate and the Medical Research Council from details provided by 233 employers in England and Wales. The cohort was followed up for mortality (1968–2002) and cancer registrations (1971–2001). National mortality rates and cancer registration (incidence) rates were used to calculate standardised mortality ratios and standardised registration ratios.Results:Mortality was close to expectation for all causes and significantly increased for cancer of the lip, cancer of the lung and bronchus, secondary and unspecified cancers, acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL), and all neoplasms. Significant deficits were shown for three non-malignant categories (mental disorders, diseases of the digestive system, accidents). SMRs for other leukaemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma were close to or below expectation. There was some evidence of under-ascertainment of cancer registrations, although significantly increased SRRs were shown for lung cancer and cancer of the pleura (mesothelioma).Conclusions:Many study subjects would have been exposed to carcinogens other than benzene (for example, asbestos, rubber industry fumes, foundry fumes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), and the excesses of lung cancer and mesothelioma are likely to reflect exposures to these other carcinogens. The carcinogenic effects of benzene exposure on the lymphohaematopoietic system were limited to ANLL.
Relationship between chemical structure and the occupational asthma hazard of low molecular weight organic compounds
Authors: Jarvis J , Seed M J , Elton R , Sawyer L , Agius R 
Published: March 2005

Aims:To investigate quantitatively, relationships between chemical structure and reported occupational asthma hazard for low molecular weight (LMW) organic compounds; to develop and validate a model linking asthma hazard with chemical substructure; and to generate mechanistic hypotheses that might explain the relationships.Methods:A learning dataset used 78 LMW chemical asthmagens reported in the literature before 1995, and 301 control compounds with recognised occupational exposures and hazards other than respiratory sensitisation. The chemical structures of the asthmagens and control compounds were characterised by the presence of chemical substructure fragments. Odds ratios were calculated for these fragments to determine which were associated with a likelihood of being reported as an occupational asthmagen. Logistic regression modelling was used to identify the independent contribution of these substructures. A post-1995 set of 21 asthmagens and 77 controls were selected to externally validate the model.Results:Nitrogen or oxygen containing functional groups such as isocyanate, amine, acid anhydride, and carbonyl were associated with an occupational asthma hazard, particularly when the functional group was present twice or more in the same molecule. A logistic regression model using only statistically significant independent variables for occupational asthma hazard correctly assigned 90% of the model development set. The external validation showed a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 99%.Conclusions:Although a wide variety of chemical structures are associated with occupational asthma, bifunctional reactivity is strongly associated with occupational asthma hazard across a range of chemical substructures. This suggests that chemical cross-linking is an important molecular mechanism leading to the development of occupational asthma. The logistic regression model is freely available on the internet and may offer a useful but inexpensive adjunct to the prediction of occupational asthma hazard.
Analysis of Ground-Measured and Passive-Microwave-Derived Snow Depth Variations in Midwinter across the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Chang A. T. C. , Foster J. L. , Kelly R. E. J. , Josberger E. G. , Armstrong R. L. , Mognard N. M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Accurate estimation of snow mass is important for the characterization of the hydrological cycle at different space and time scales. For effective water resources management, accurate estimation of snow storage is needed. Conventionally, snow depth is measured at a point, and in order to monitor snow depth in a temporally and spatially comprehensive manner, optimum interpolation of the points is undertaken. Yet the spatial representation of point measurements at a basin or on a larger distance scale is uncertain. Spaceborne scanning sensors, which cover a wide swath and can provide rapid repeat global coverage, are ideally suited to augment the global snow information. Satellite-borne passive microwave sensors have been used to derive snow depth (SD) with some success. The uncertainties in point SD and areal SD of natural snowpacks need to be understood if comparisons are to be made between a point SD measurement and satellite SD. In this paper three issues are addressed relating satellite derivation of SD and ground measurements of SD in the northern Great Plains of the United States from 1988 to 1997. First, it is shown that in comparing samples of ground-measured point SD data with satellite-derived 25 × 25 km2 pixels of SD from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Special Sensor Microwave Imager, there are significant differences in yearly SD values even though the accumulated datasets showed similarities. Second, from variogram analysis, the spatial variability of SD from each dataset was comparable. Third, for a sampling grid cell domain of 1° × 1° in the study terrain, 10 distributed snow depth measurements per cell are required to produce a sampling error of 5 cm or better. This study has important implications for validating SD derivations from satellite microwave observations.