bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wahhabi Islam
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before 9/11, few Westerners had heard of Wahhabism. Today, it is a household word. Frequently mentioned in association with Osama bin Laden, Wahhabism is portrayed by the media and public officials as an intolerant, puritanical, militant interpretation of Islam that calls for the wholesale destruction of the West in a jihad of global proportions. In the first study ever undertaken of the writings of Wahhabism’s founder, Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1702-1791), Natana DeLong-Bas shatters these stereotypes and misconceptions. Her reading of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s works produces a revisionist thesis: Ibn Abd al-Wahhab was not the godfather of contemporary terrorist movements. Rather, he was a voice of reform, reflecting mainstream 18th-century Islamic thought. His vision of Islamic society was based upon a monotheism in which Muslims, Christians and Jews were to enjoy peaceful co-existence and cooperative commercial and treaty relations. Eschewing medieval interpretations of the Quran and hadith (sayings and deeds of the prophet Muhammad), Ibn Abd al-Wahhab called for direct, historically contextualized interpretation of scripture by both women and men. His understanding of theology and Islamic law was rooted in Quranic values, rather than literal interpretations. A strong proponent of women’s rights, he called for a balance of rights between women and men both within marriage and in access to education and public space. In the most comprehensive study of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s interpretation of jihad ever written, DeLong-Bas details a vision in which jihad is strictly limited to the self-defense of the Muslim community against military aggression. Contemporary extremists like Osama bin Laden do not have their origins in Wahhabism, she shows. The hallmark jihadi focus on a cult of martyrdom, the strict division of the world into two necessarily opposing spheres, the wholescale destruction of both civilian life and property, and the call for global jihad are entirely absent from Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s writings. Instead, the militant stance of contemporary jihadism lies in adherence to the writings of the medieval scholar, Ibn Taymiyya, and the 20th century Egyptian radical, Sayyid Qutb. This pathbreaking book fills an enormous gap in the literature about Wahhabism by returning to the original writings of its founder. Bound to be controversial, it will be impossible to ignore.
Islamic Law: Separation of the Divine from the Human
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similar to the Jewish emphasis on adherence to the law, as outlined in the Torah, adherence to Islamic law has served as one of the distinguishing characteristics of the Muslim faith historically. Muslims across the centuries have believed in the importance of living out the implications of their proclaimed faith as outlined in the Quran and hadith and have devoted significant scholarly space and attention to the elaboration of Islamic law. Islam’s emphasis on orthopraxy (correct behavior) is reflected in the legal literature of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
The Trajectory of Wahhabism: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s narrow and restricted discussion of jihad raises an important question: how do contemporary movements whose proclaimed goal is to carry out unlimited, global jihad against unbelievers derive inspiration from Ibn Abd al-Wahhab? If, as was argued in the previous chapter, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab sought to limit the scope and involvement of the Muslim community in jihad as holy war, how can contemporary extremists like Osama bin Laden use Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s ideology to justify their global jihad against the United States and American interests? Is contemporary extremism part of a long historical tradition or is it a recent phenomenon that has developed due to particular contextual circumstances? Answers to these questions require a comparison of Ibn Abd alWahhab’s writings on jihad with writings of other Muslim scholars, both past and present, in order to clarify his context and interests in addressing the topic. The contextualization of his thought on jihad in the broader Islamic tradition combined with an appreciation for the changing environment in which Wahhabism developed over time provides clues as to how his writings have been reinterpreted and even distorted in the contemporary era in order to justify activities that were not part of his world.
Mark Twain
Authors: Ziff Larzer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain towered above the American literary landscape. With a worldwide fame greater than that of statesmen, scientists, or entertainers, Twain was in his own words “the most conspicuous man on the planet.” Now, in this wonderful recounting of his career, Larzer Ziff offers an incisive, illuminating look at one of the giants of American letters. Mark Twain emerges in this book as something of a paradox. His humor made him rich and famous, but he was unhappy with the role of humorist. He satirized the rapacious economic practices of his society, yet was caught up in those very practices himself. He was a literary genius who revolutionized the national literature, yet was unable to resist whatever quirky notion or joke that crossed his mind, often straying from his plot or contradicting his theme. Ziff offers a lively account of Twain’s early years, explores all his major fiction, and concludes with a consideration of his craftsmanship and his strength as a cultural critic. He offers particularly telling insight into Twain’s travel writings, providing for example an insightful account of Following the Equator, perhaps Twain’s most underrated work. Throughout the book, Ziff examines Twain’s writings in light of the literary cultures of his day--from frontier humorists to Matthew Arnold--and of parallel literary works of his time--comparing, for example, A Connecticut Yankee with major utopian works of the same decade. Thus the book is both a work of literary criticism and of cultural history. Compact and sparkling, here then is an invaluable introduction to Mark Twain, capturing the humor and the contradictions of America’s most beloved writer.
Tourist
Authors: Ziff Larzer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain Achieved His First Great Literary Success, And It was enormous, with the publication in 1869 of The Innocents Abroad, a travel book that, in effect, upended the genre. Previous to its appearance, travel writers had typically offered serious instruction through a mixture of weighty objective descriptions and earnest subjective impressions. Far from innocent of instructive intent, Innocents Abroad was, nevertheless, blithesome and satiric. Throughout its 651-page length Twain demonstrated that his celebrated jumping frog story had not been a novelty but was the opening salvo in the campaign of a major literary figure.
Retribution of Good Deeds
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Scripture says: Whoever generously produces scriptures and sacred images, erects monasteries and sponsors ordinations, gives donations and honors the precepts and purgation periods, prays for the dead and helps save the living, who furthermore universally rescues all beings, greatly [YYJ: swears the vow, establishes great fields of blessedness, never cuts off his roots of goodness,] spreads happiness and goodness, and benefits and increases the multitude of living creatures, will be born in the body of an emperor and ruler of a country.
Ritual Implements
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rules say: Ritual implements are first in the presentation of offerings and form the foundation of the dignified observances of all Daoists, male or female. They cannot be left aside. All that is necessary for handling the scriptures, especially in the monastery [halls] but also in personal cells, at any occasion when offerings are being presented, the [utensils necessary] are comprehensively called ritual implements.
Reciting the Scriptures
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you first enter the hall, perform incantations and ablutions as prescribed by the divine law. Offer incense three times, then circumabulate the scripture once all the way round, and again offer incense three times. Depending on your rank either fold your hands [on your chest] or hold your ritual tablet, then, with erect posture, each bow in respect [and say]:
With all my heart, I knock my head to the Highest Non- Ultimate Great Dao!
With all my heart, I knock my head to the worthy scriptures in thirty-six sections!
With all my heart, I knock my head to the great preceptors of the mysterious center!
While intoning this formula, kneel on your seat as prescribed by the divine law, then sprinkle purified water. This done, one [specially selected] person takes incense and swings it for fumigation and purification. Thereafter he brings out the scripture and again swings the incense to fumigate.
Lecturing on the Scriptures
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceptor washes and rinses, then dons his headdress and belt as prescribed by the divine law. A disciple holding incense and flowers bows to him and requests to be guided [in the teaching], using the formula prescribed in the Rules. Then the preceptor climbs to the mat before the scriptures and sacred images and collects his mind, standing upright with an incense burner in his hands.
Formal Ordinations
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the time of the purgation ceremony approaches, the ordinands line up at the bottom of the [altar] stairs. Facing west, they bid farewell to their fathers and mothers and give thanks to their nine mysterious [forebears], bowing altogether twelve times. Then they turn to face north and bow to the emperor four times. The reason for this is that, once they have donned the ritual vestments of the Heavenly Worthies, they will never again bow to parents or worldly rulers. Therefore, when anyone joins the Daoist community, he or she must first bid farewell and give thanks.
Compassionate Assistance
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rules say: After becoming an ordained monk (or nun), always make compassion foremost. In each affair, serve with your whole heart and always bring forth loving mindfulness. Whether walking, sitting, lying down, or resting, constantly think of being of assistance in the salvation [of all]. Among all the myriad activities, this is the most urgent. If you fail to comply with this behavioral [attitude], you cannot attain the Dao. Failure to comply carries a subtraction of 1,600 [days of life].
“This Indian World” An Introduction to the Writings of Samson Occom
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For decades, the round box fashioned from the bark of an elm tree and entwined with elaborately carved vines, leaves, and dotted lines was catalogued among the holdings of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, as a typical example of early Native New England handicraft. But emissaries of the Mohegan Nation who visited the museum in 1995 to survey its holdings for possible repatriation saw something more: an important document of a pivotal moment in their tribal history. They took photographs of the elm bark box back to Mohegan territory in Connecticut, to the home of tribal medicine woman Gladys Tantaquidgeon, then 96 years old. Tantaquidgeon recognized in its carved dots and lines traditional symbols of Mohegan migration, and she searched deep within the collective memory of the tribe to remember the particular migration story this box had been carved to record.
Journals
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than forty-five years of his life, Samson Occom faithfully recorded his activities and travels in small booklets he himself crafted from letter paper bound with sewing thread or small nails. His twenty-four surviving journal booklets comprise the most extensive body of autobiographical writing by a Native American in the colonial and early national eras. Beginning with his arrival at the doorstep of Eleazar Wheelock’s home in Lebanon, Connecticut, on December 6, 1743, the journals document Occom’s education, his early ministry and ordination, his travels and ministrations among the Native communities of Long Island and New England, his tour of England, Scotland, and Ireland as a fund-raising emissary for Moor’s Indian Charity School, his involvement in the administration of tribal aﬀairs, his almost constant itinerancy among communities in western New England and central New York, and his joyful participation in the organizational beginnings of Brotherton and New Stockbridge. Most of his surviving journals concentrate on the years after the American War of Independence when migration to Brotherton and Stockbridge began in earnest; Occom oﬀers a unique firsthand account of this historic pantribal movement.
Textuality, Orality, and the Shaping of the Ancient Mind
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her book Oral World and Written Word, Susan Niditch vividly il- lustrates the problems with contemporary assumptions about ancient textuality, as she outlines the picture many biblical scholars of- ten assume in their discussions of biblical formation. Critiquing the traditional documentary hypothesis (J, E, D, P), she says: At the heart of documentary hypothesis [sic]... is the cut-and- paste image of an individual pictured like Emperor Claudius of the PBS series, having his various written sources laid out before him as he chooses this verse or that, includes this tale not that, edits, elaborates, all in a library setting If the texts are leather, they may be heavy and need to be unrolled If texts are papyrus, they are read held in the arm, one hand clasping or “supporting” the “bulk” of the scroll, while the other unrolls.
Conclusion
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I hope I have demonstrated the potential benefits of comparatively analyzing ancient long-duration texts from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Israel as oral-written, numinous literature cognitively mastered for socialization and ongoing enculturation. Such literature was originally used for formation of elites, but this usage was expanded—at least in ideal—in different ways in the Hellenistic period. At that point we see an increasing move to- ward broader education of free citizens in certain urban quarters of the Hellenistic world. In addition, in response to the unusual circumstances of the anti-Jewish persecution by the Seleucids, we see the development of a resistant counterliteracy in Hellenistic-period Judaism: a literacy focused on cognitive mastery of the Hebrew To- rah and other pre-Hellenistic “prophetic” books, a literacy that en- compassed—ideally—all Jewish males.
Introduction
Authors: Kolker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first saw 2001 in 1968, on a gigantic Cinerama screen in a London theater. I was overwhelmed by the images and only somewhat impressed by what the images were trying to tell me. I left frankly questioning what all the fuss was about. On subsequent viewings, in slightly more intimate surroundings, on smaller screens back home in New York, the film began to grow and grow on each successive screening. Each viewing opened up more questions and more answers—and even more admiration. 2001 became one of the touchstones for my love of film and a major factor in my desire to make the study of film part of my intellectual life. I realized, as I would with all subsequent Kubrick films, that it is a kind of double, triple, quadruple play, revealing more meanings on each viewing—and more mysteries.
Auteur with a Capital A
Authors: Gilbert James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prospect of human venture into space has always raised the disconcerting prospect of discovering either nothing or something. While the loneliness of nihilism has always been possible, it lacks dramatic potential. To find something is a very different story. Since its inception, science fiction has become the popular medium for portraying that something—the presence in the universe that challenges (or confirms) the anthropocentric presumptions of the great monotheistic civilizations of Western society. As Stanley Kubrick was fond of noting, the psychologist Carl Jung predicted that any encounter with transcendent intelligence would tear the reins from our hands, “and we would find ourselves without dreams. We would find our intellectual and spiritual aspirations so outmoded as to leave us completely paralyzed.” Quite aptly, therefore, Kubrick said of his film masterpiece, 2001: A Space Odyssey: “I will say that the God concept is at the heart of 2001—but not any traditional, anthropomorphic image of God.”1 He recognized that space travel is nothing less than a voyage into time: into the future and into the past, toward end time and back to creation.
Of Men and Monoliths Science Fiction, Gender, and 2001: A Space Odyssey
Authors: Grant Barry Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general impression that viewers tend to bring away from Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) is an overall feeling of “coldness,” not just the physical cold of outer space, but of the film’s sense of humanity. As has often been observed, the computer HAL seems a more complex character with greater emotional depth than any of the people in the film. And while the computer’s death is a scene of wrenching pathos, the three hibernating sci- entists expire in what is perhaps the most antiseptic depiction of death in all of cinema, a bland-looking monitor indicating “Life Functions Terminated.” 2001’s relative dearth of dialogue, wooden characters, slow pace, and sleek production design, which depicts the environments of space travel as thoroughly antiseptic and ordinary, all contribute to the film’s cold tone.
What To Make Of An Augmented Thing Amy Clampitt’s Syntactic Dramas
Authors: Spiegelman Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A my Clampitt looked like a tea cozy; lived like a bohemian; thought like a radical; sounded, especially when reading her own work, like an excited precocious teenager (if Marilyn Monroe had been an intellectual, this is how she would have talked); and wrote like an angel. In the fifteen years between her late but flamboyant arrival on the poetry scene and her death in 1994, Clampitt was both lionized and derided. Her admirers and detractors often agree in their characterization of her work-with its old-fashioned lushness, its frank interest in the lives and the writing of the Romantic poets, its frequent flaunting of scholarly and scientific knowledge, its playful elegance, and its unashamed reveling in language at once arcane and precise-and differ only in their evaluation of it. One critic claims that one of her longer poems “refuse[s] easy enthusiasms and guard[s] against hollow ‘epic’ pretensions....The language is a deft compromise between narrative propulsion and lyric accretion.” Others, harboring an often unstated philistine suspicion of ornament and a preference for the plain over the fancy and for the simple over the baroque, belittle the elaborate, overburdening style that turns the poetry into “a parody of the Victorian silk that Pound sought to unravel,” or mock the “bathetic enthusiasm” that emerges from the “forced” accumulations of her details. De gustibus nonest disputandum. One reader’s deftness is another’s bathos.
Jorie graham’s “new way of looking”
Authors: Spiegelman Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the richly laconic aphorisms that make up the “Adagia’’ in Wallace Stevens’s Opus Posthumous, we come upon two that might serve as points of entry into the alluring, stern, fiercely defiant sensibility of Jorie Graham: The thing seen becomes the thing unseen. The opposite is, or seems to be, impossible. Description is an element, like air or water.
Shots in the Mirror
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Movies play a central role in shaping our understanding of crime and the world generally, helping us define what is good and bad, desirable and unworthy, lawful and illicit, strong and weak. Crime films raise controversial issues about the distribution of social power and the meanings of deviance, and they provide a safe space for fantasies of rebellion, punishment, and the restoration of order. In the first comprehensive study of its kind, well-known criminologist Nicole Rafter examines the relationship between society and crime films from the perspectives of criminal justice, film history and technique, and sociology. Shots in the Mirror begins with an overview of the history of crime films and the emergence of various genres, surveying important films from the silent era, the early gangster films of the '30s, classic film noir, the work of Hitchcock, and recent innovations by Scorsese, Tarrentino, and the Coen brothers. Keeping pace with the evolution of crime films, Shots in the Mirror has been updated to respond to recent developments, trends, and shifting circumstances in the genre. This new edition expands the scope and increases the depth and variety of the previous edition by including foreign films in addition to American movies. Rafter also integrates an entirely new body of literature into the study, reflecting the rapid expansion of scholarship on law-related films over the past three years. She has added a chapter on psycho movies, a previously unrecognized subcategory of crime films. Another new chapter, "The Alternative Tradition and Films of Moral Ambiguity," focuses on recent sex crime films. This new final chapter grows organically out of the first edition's distinction between traditional crime films, with their easy solutions to social problems, and those more unusual critical films which belong to the bleaker, morally ambiguous, alternative tradition. Rafter examines more than three hundred films in this study, considering what they have to say, socially and ideologically, about the causes of crime, and adding valuable contributions to the on-going debate on whether media representations of violence cause crime. Shots in the Mirror is both a marvelous history of crime films and a trenchant analysis of their complex relationship to larger society.
The History of Crime Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crime films feed our apparently insatiable hunger for stories about crimes, investigations, trials, and punishments. From almost the first moment of moviemaking, film writers and directors realized that nothing pleases audiences more than deception, mayhem, and underdog characters who refuse to be trampled by institutions and laws. The plots of crime films may draw on actual historic events, reproducing celebrated cases while simultaneously fashioning out of the past new heroes for the present. More frequently, crime film plots are fictions that draw on widespread attitudes toward crime, victims, law, and punishment prevalent at the time of the films’ making. Whatever the basis of their stories, crime films reflect the power relations of the context in which they are made--attitudes toward gender, ethnicity, race, and class relations, opinions about fairness and justice, and beliefs about the optimal relationship of the state to individuals. Examining the history of crime films helps explain why different types of crime films flourish at different points in time. By locating movies at some distance, in the social and political contexts in which they were produced, film history enables us to see more clearly movies’ underlying assumptions about the nature of American society.