bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute ammonia intoxication induces an NMDA receptor‐mediated increase in poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase level and NAD+ metabolism in nuclei of rat brain cells
Authors: Kosenko Elena , Montoliu Carmina , Giordano Gennaro , Kaminsky Yury , Venediktova Natalia , Buryanov Yaroslav , Felipo Vicente 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAcute ammonia toxicity is mediated by excessive activation of NMDA receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors leads to activation of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) which mediates NMDA excitotoxicity. PARP is activated following DNA damage and may lead to cell death via NAD+ and ATP depletion. The aim of the present work was to assess whether acute ammonia intoxication in vivo leads to increased PARP in brain cells nuclei and to altered NAD+ and superoxide metabolism and the contribution of NMDA receptors to these alterations. Acute ammonia intoxication increases PARP content twofold in brain cells nuclei. NAD+ content decreased by 55% in rats injected with ammonia. This was not due to decreased NAD+ synthetase nor increased NAD+ hydrolase activities and would be due to increased NAD+ consumption by PARP. Superoxide radical formation increased by 75% in nuclei of brains of rats injected with ammonia, that also induced protein nitrotyrosylation and DNA damage. Blocking NMDA receptors prevented ammonia‐induced PARP, superoxide and nitrotyrosylation increase, DNA damage and NAD+ decrease. These results show that acute ammonia intoxication in vivo leads to activation of NMDA receptors, leading to increased superoxide formation and PARP content and depletion of NAD+ in brain cells nuclei that contribute to ammonia toxicity.
Different low doses of broad‐band UVA in the treatment of morphea and systemic sclerosis
Authors: El‐Mofty M. , Mostafa W. , El‐Darouty M. , Bosseila M. , Nada H. , Yousef R. , Esmat S. , El‐Lawindy M. , Assaf M. , El‐Enani G. 
Published: May 2004

Background: Numerous treatment modalities, some with potentially hazardous side effects, are currently used for morphea (M) and systemic sclerosis (SS) with limited success. Low‐dose ultraviolet A (UVA) phototherapy (20 J/cm2) was found to be highly effective for sclerotic patches, even in patients with advanced and rapidly evolving lesions.Objective: To determine the effectiveness of different low doses of UVA in treating patients with M and SS.Methods: Sixty‐three patients complaining of M and 15 patients complaining of SS received 20 sessions of UVA (320–400 nm) each. Patients were divided randomly into three groups that received 5, 10 and 20 J/cm2, with cumulative UVA doses of 100, 200, and 400 J/cm2, respectively. The efficacy of therapy was judged clinically (by sequential inspection and palpation) and histopathologically by morphometry in M cases.Results: Obvious clinical improvement, with no comparable differences between various low UVA doses, was noted in patients with M and SS, accompanied by histopathological changes towards normalization of collagen.Conclusions: After 20 sessions, it appears that lower doses of UVA (5, 10 J/cm2) are as beneficial as the relatively higher dose (20 J/cm2) in the treatment of M and SS.
Photoallergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Goossens An 
Published: May 2004

Purpose: To determine whether photoallergic contact dermatitis is as uncommon as it is usually considered to be and to review the associated clinical features.Methods: We reviewed the literature on photoallergic reactions induced by the topical contact of the skin with a chemical in the presence of, or followed by, exposure to UV or visible light. Some of the more recently observed photo‐allergens and those presenting special clinical features are discussed.Results: The literature cites several topical substances that give rise to photoallergic contact dermatitis, some of them only exceptionally but others quite frequently. The clinical features are not always those of a eczematous eruption, and several parts of the body may be affected.Conclusions: Many topical photoallergic culprits have been reported in the literature, the most important of which are sunscreen agents and, recently, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents (NSAIDs). Not at all exceptional is the occurrence of photoaggravation and recurrent transient or even persistent light reactions on previously exposed as well as non‐exposed areas (often sparing the original application site), particularly with the NSAID ketoprofen. Moreover, cross‐reactions with chemically‐related as well as non‐chemically related molecules are common. The potentially misleading clinical features observed in some cases, the diversity of the casual substances identified, and the low frequency with which photopatch testing is carried out in general indicate that the occurrence of photoallergic contact dermatitis might well be underestimated.
Ground‐level solar spectral irradiance in Glasgow: an inter‐comparison oftwosites
Authors: Moseley H. , Clark I. , Pearson A. , Smyth J. , Oliver H. , Mackie R.M. 
Published: May 2004

Background: Solar spectral radiometry presents significant challenges to produce accurate and reproducible data. To investigate the reliability of the measurements, several inter‐comparisons have been set up. Although these are useful, their main drawback is that equipment must be dismantled and transported to a common site and re‐calibrated.Methods: In this study, an inter‐comparison has been performed of two spectroradiometers that are located 3 miles apart some 30 m above sea level. These two systems have operated using different calibration techniques. Data were compared on clear days, to minimise actual differences in ultraviolet irradiation.Results: There were substantial differences at some individual wavelength points, but overall the mean difference of results at 5 nm intervals on an individual scan from the two systems agreed to within 11%. If the data were used to compute the erythemal irradiance, the differences were reduced to 4%.Conclusion: This study demonstrates both the limitations and the level of reliability that might be expected from these systems operating under careful scientific supervision.
Synthesis and crystal structure of two dimeric cadmium(II) complexes bonded with pseudohalides, 1.1 and 1.3 bonding
Authors: Ercan Filiz , Arıcı Cengiz , Ülkü Dinçer , Kurtaran Raif , Aksu Mecit , Atakol Orhan 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Two different complexes were obtained from (dmpp) and Cd(II) ions with the aid of pseudohalide ions in non-aqueous solvents. The dinuclear complex formed with thiocyanate ions show, using XRD, to posses two 1.3 bond μ bridges [CdL(SCN)2]2. The other dinuclear complex was also seen to form with cyanate ions but with the μ-bridge in a 1.1 position [CdL(OCN)2]. All Cd atoms are located in a distorted octahedral environment in 1 and 2 complexes. The Cd…Cda distances are 6.032(4) Å in 1 and 3.704(3) Å in 2, respectively. The N—C—S and O—C—N angles are approximately linear as 178.1(3) and 178.6(3)° in 1 and 177.2(5) and 176.9(7)° in 2, respectively. The Cd—(μ
N,S-NCS)2—Cda bonds form a zig-zag structure in 1 and the Cd—(μ
O,N-OCN)2—Cda bonds form a distorted square planar in 2.
Impact of Atypical Coverage for Patients with Community‐Acquired Pneumonia Managed on the Medical Ward: Results from the United States Community‐Acquired Pneumonia Project
Authors: Frei Christopher R. , Koeller Jim M. , Burgess David S. , Talbert Robert L. , Johnsrud Michael T. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. As current guidelines for treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) recommend empiric antimicrobial coverage for atypical pathogens, we evaluated the need for atypical coverage by examining length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality in patients with CAP who were managed on the medical ward.Methods. Medical records of patients with CAP admitted from January 1, 1997‐December 31, 2001, from 176 United States nonteaching community hospitals were reviewed. Patients were divided into one of three mutually exclusive groups on the basis of intravenous antimicrobials received on days 1 or 2 of hospital stay: ceftriaxone monotherapy, ceftriaxone plus a macrolide, or levofloxacin. Variables evaluated for their ability to predict outcome were patient age, year of hospital admission, geographic region, preadmission setting, preadmission antimicrobial treatment, timing of antimicrobial administration, comorbid disease, and duration of intravenous antimicrobial treatment. The impact of initial antimicrobial regimen on LOS and mortality was evaluated in regression models while controlling for significant predictors of outcome.Results. Of 8975 patients evaluated, 2453 met the inclusion criteria. Significant differences were noted among patients who received ceftriaxone (932 patients), ceftriaxone plus a macrolide (872), and levofloxacin (649) with respect to mean ± SD age (72 ± 16, 67 ± 18, and 70 ± 17 yrs, respectively; p<0.0001), admission from a nursing home (21%, 11%, and 15%, respectively; p<0.0001), and duration of intravenous antimicrobial treatment (4.4 ± 2.7, 4.0 ± 2.6, and 3.6 ± 2.5 days, respectively; p<0.0001). The LOS predictors were age, geographic region, coexisting heart failure, and duration of intravenous antimicrobial therapy. Mortality predictors were age, admission from a nursing home, coexisting heart failure, and coexisting cancer. After controlling for these predictors of outcome, no significant differences were noted among the three groups for LOS (5.5 ± 3.5, 4.8 ± 2.9, and 4.8 ± 2.9 days, respectively; p=0.2791) or mortality (3.1%, 2.0%, and 2.6%, respectively; p=0.8461).Conclusion. Initial coverage for atypical pathogens does not affect LOS or mortality among patients with CAP managed on the medical ward.
Forearm Endothelial Response in Smokeless Tobacco Users Compared with Cigarette Smokers and Nonusers of Tobacco
Authors: Granberry Mark C. , Smith Eugene S. , Troillett Rhonda D. , Eidt John F. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To compare brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) in subjects who use smokeless tobacco, smoke cigarettes, or do not use any tobacco product.Design. Cross‐sectional study.Setting. University‐affiliated outpatient clinic.Subjects. Seventeen apparently healthy volunteers who for more than 1 year smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day, used at least two containers of smokeless tobacco/week, or did not use any tobacco product.Measurements and Main Results. Baseline characteristics of subjects were similar among the three groups except for mean age and serum cotinine level. Baseline brachial artery diameter, endothelium‐dependent FMD induced by reactive hyperemia, and endothelium‐independent dilation induced by administration of sublingual nitroglycerin were measured. Mean FMD over baseline was 4.1% ± 0.7% in subjects who used smokeless tobacco, 3.9% ± 5.1% in cigarettes smokers, and 12.2% ± 5.7% in nonusers of tobacco (p=0.01). Endothelium‐independent dilation induced by nitroglycerin was not statistically different among the three groups.Conclusion. Brachial artery FMD, a surrogate for endothelial dysfunction, was significantly impaired in smokeless tobacco users and cigarette smokers compared with nonusers of tobacco.
Pharmacokinetics of Meropenem 0.5 and 2 g Every 8 Hours as a 3‐Hour Infusion
Authors: Dandekar Prachi K. , Maglio Dana , Sutherland Christina A. , Nightingale Charles H. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: May 2004

Study Objective. To assess the pharmacokinetics of meropenem administered as a 3‐hour infusion.Design. Randomized, crossover, open‐label study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Six healthy adult male volunteers.Intervention. Each subject received meropenem 0.5 or 2 g every 8 hours as a 3‐hour infusion for three doses and then crossed over to the other dosage regimen.Measurement and Main Results. Pharmacokinetic parameters of both regimens were compared, and no significant differences between 0.5‐ and 2‐g doses for the dose‐independent parameters (half‐life, clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state) were observed. The regimens displayed dose proportionality and were consistent with that of a traditional 0.5‐hour infusion. The 3‐hour infusion optimized the pharmacodynamic profile of meropenem and worked within the constraints of stability at room temperature stability.Conclusion. Prolonging the percentage of time above the minimum inhibitory concentration is a feasible option with meropenem; however, further studies are needed to quantify how this increase translates to efficacy.
Compound heterozygous mutations of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase gene (POR) in two patients with Antley–Bixler syndrome
Authors: Adachi Masanori , Tachibana Katsuhiko , Asakura Yumi , Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Hanaki Keiichi , Oka Akira 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAntley–Bixler syndrome (ABS) is characterized by skeletal defects including craniosynostosis and radiohumeral synostosis. Although mutations in the FGFR2 gene have been found in some patients called ABS, genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome has been proposed. We have previously reported three ABS patients with unique abnormalities in steroidogenesis (apparent decreased activity of 17α‐hydroxylase, 17,20‐lyase, and 21‐hydroxylase). Decreased activity of lanosterol 14α‐demethylase has also been described in an ABS patient. Since all these enzymes require cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (encoded by POR) as an electron donor, we studied POR in two unrelated ABS patients with abnormal steroidogenesis. Direct sequencing of POR revealed that both patients had compound heterozygous mutations (1329insC and R454H in a male patient, 1698insC and R454H in a female patient). The two insertional mutations were assumed to generate truncated and unstable mRNAs. The R454H mutation was assumed to be deleterious because the R454 resides in the FAD‐binding domain and is highly conserved among diverse species. Our results demonstrate that mutations in POR cause the ABS phenotype with autosomal recessive inheritance and with characteristic abnormalities in steroidogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of urinary cortisol as an indicator of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal function in the bearded emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator subgrisescens)
Authors: McCallister Josephine M. , Smith Tessa E. , Elwood Robert W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe use of cortisol levels as a measure of stress is often complicated by the use of invasive techniques that may increase hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activity during sample collection. The goal of this study was to collect samples noninvasively and validate an enzyme‐immunoassay (EIA) for the measurement of cortisol in urine to quantify HPA axis activity in the bearded emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator subgrisescens). Urine samples were collected from trained subjects between 0700 and 0730 hr during a 1‐month period, and were pooled for immunological validation. We validated the assay immunologically by demonstrating specificity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity. For biological validation of the assay, we showed that levels of urinary cortisol (in samples collected between 0700 and 1700 hr) varied significantly across the day. Cortisol concentration was lowest at 0700 hr, increased to a mid‐morning peak (0900 hr), and declined across the remainder of the day in a typical mammalian circadian pattern. We thus demonstrate that urinary cortisol can be used to quantify HPA activity in S.i. subgrisescens. Am. J. Primatol. 63:17‐23, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of revised method of age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium
Authors: Mulhern Dawn M. , Jones Erica B. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to test a revised method of age estimation based on the morphology of the auricular surface recently proposed by Buckberry and Chamberlain ([2002] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 119:231–239). The study sample consists of 309 individuals of known sex, age, and race from the Terry and Huntington Collections. Auricular surfaces were scored using the revised technique to determine whether it is equally applicable to both sexes as well as blacks and whites. The auricular surfaces of the same individuals were also scored using the original method of auricular surface scoring developed by Lovejoy et al. ([1985] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:15–28) to determine whether the revised technique is comparable to the original method in terms of accuracy. Results show that the revised method is equally applicable to males and females as well as blacks and whites. The revised method is less accurate than the original method for individuals between 20–49 years of age, but more accurate for individuals between 50–69 years of age. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possible influence of BCHE locus of butyrylcholinesterase on stature and body mass index
Authors: Souza Ricardo L.R. , Fadel‐Picheth Cyntia , Allebrandt Karla V. , Furtado Lupe , Chautard‐Freire‐Maia Eleidi A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractButyrylcholinesterase activity has been shown to be positively associated with weight and body mass index (BMI). The present study was carried out to search for an association between variants of the BCHE gene and weight, stature, and BMI on the basis of means and variances compared between nonusual variants and their respective usual controls. Individuals bearing the atypical mutation (N = 52) did not differ from their usual phenotype controls (N = 104) in these parameters. The BCHE*U/BCHE*K individuals (N = 222) presented a significantly higher BMI variance than their BCHE*U/BCHE*U controls (N = 222, F = 1.40, P = 0.012). This higher BMI variance does not seem to be an isolated effect of the K mutation, but appears to be the result of an interaction between the K allele and the usual allele, since no such difference in variance was detected between BCHE*K/BCHE*K individuals (N = 23) and their BCHE*U/BCHE*U (N = 23) controls. These data may suggest a relation between variability in the BCHE locus itself and BMI. Individuals with the BCHE UF phenotype (N = 45) showed a significantly higher mean stature (about 3 cm more; P = 0.02) than their controls with the usual phenotype (N = 135). A role in cell proliferation has been proposed for BCHE, and since growth depends on the number of mitoses, it is not unexpected that variants of this enzyme may influence body stature in different ways. This study reports the first data on the relation of BCHE alleles to anthropometric characters. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical significance of femoral head trabecular bone structure inLorisandGalagoevaluated using micromechanical finite element models
Authors: Ryan Timothy M. , van Rietbergen Bert 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWork on the interspecific and intraspecific variation of trabecular bone in the proximal femur of primates demonstrates important architectural variation between animals with different locomotor behaviors. This variation is thought to be related to the processes of bone adaptation whereby bone structure is optimized to the mechanical environment. Micromechanical finite element models were created for the proximal femur of the leapingGalago senegalensisand the climbing and quadrupedalLoris tardigradusby converting bone voxels from high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography scans of the femoral head to eight‐noded brick elements. The resulting models had approximately 1.8 million elements each. Loading conditions representing takeoff phase of a leap and more generalized load orientations were applied to the models, and the models were solved using the iterative “row‐by‐row” matrix‐vector multiplication algorithm. The principal strain and Von Mises stress results for the leaping model were similar for both species at each load orientation. Similar hip joint reaction forces in the range of 4.9 × to 12 × body weight were calculated for both species under each loading condition, but the hip reaction values estimated forLoriswere higher than predicted based on locomotor behavior. These results suggest that functional adaptation to hip joint loading may not fully explain the differences in femoral head trabecular bone structure inGalagoandLoris. The finite element method represents a unique and useful tool for analyzing the functional adaptation of trabecular bone in a diversity of animals and for reconstructing locomotor behavior in extinct taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemisch katalysierte asymmetrische Cyanhydrinsynthesen
Authors: Brunel Jean‐Michel , Holmes Ian P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn den letzten 20 Jahren wurden bemerkenswerte Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung chemisch katalysierter asymmetrischer Cyanhydrinsynthesen erzielt. Klassische, meist stöchiometrische Syntheseverfahren mit hoher Substratspezifität sind durch eine neue Generation von Katalysatoren revolutioniert worden. Die heute verfügbaren Methoden konkurrieren mit enzymatischen Verfahren und übertreffen diese in vielen Fällen hinsichtlich Anwendungsbreite und Enantioselektivität. Insbesondere in der Synthese von biologisch wichtigen Naturstoffen und therapeutisch relevanten synthetischen Verbindungen finden chemisch katalysierte asymmetrische Cyanhydrinsynthesen vermehrt Anwendung.
Chemically Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Syntheses
Authors: Brunel Jean‐Michel , Holmes Ian P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOver the past two decades, significant advances have been made towards developing chemically catalyzed asymmetric cyanohydrin syntheses. Preparations that were classically highly substrate specific, often using stoichiometric quantities of reagents, have been revolutionized by a new generation of catalysts. Methods currently available rival, and in many cases surpass, enzymatic procedures in terms of synthetic utility, generic applicability, and enantioselectivity. Such protocols are increasingly finding application in the syntheses of both biologically active natural products and therapeutically important synthetic compounds.
The influence of waterlogging and variations in pedology and ignition upon resultant susceptibilities: a series of laboratory reconstructions
Authors: Weston D. G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMagnetic survey techniques, such as fluxgate gradiometry, depend greatly on bodies of soil developing enhanced magnetic susceptibilities. Coarse mineral soils, especially those subject to a high groundwater table, often fail to develop enhanced susceptibilities and gradiometry. An example of this is Easingwold, in the Vale of York, UK. Gradiometry detected very little, however, subsequent excavation uncovered a complex of features suggesting multiphase activity and evidence for industry. This non‐detection is attributed to the coarse mineral soils and the high watertable. Several laboratory reconstructions were made to investigate the influence of specific characteristics of soil and ignition episode upon susceptibility. It was found that variations in soil texture had marked impacts on the levels of susceptibility attained, as did waterlogging. Leaching had a limited effect upon soil magnetic susceptibility, but there was variation according to texture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new parametric model for the assessment and calibration of medium‐range ensemble temperature forecasts
Authors: Jewson Stephen , Brix Anders , Ziehmann Christine 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe present a new method for the assessment and calibration of medium‐range ensemble temperature forecasts. The method is based on maximizing the likelihood of a simple parametric model for the temperature distribution, and leads to some new insights into the predictability of uncertainty. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Ternary Rare Earth Metal Silicides Ln2Ln′3Si4 with Orthorhombic Sm5Ge4 or Tetragonal Zr5Si4 Type Structure.
Authors: Rodewald Ute Ch. , Heying Birgit , Johrendt Dirk , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structural Relationship of the Ternary Indides Sc3Ni2.10(5)In3.60(5), Sc3Ni2.14(2)In3.76(2), ScPd0.981(2)In and Sc3Rh1.594(9)In4.
Authors: Lukachuk Mar'yana , Zaremba Vasyl' I. , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.