bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical anatomy of the peritoneal mesothelium: A review
Authors: Raftery Andrew T. , Slater Nicholas D. , Cope Geoffrey H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews the structure, function, and clinical significance of peritoneal mesothelium, once thought to be a passive membrane, but now known to play an active role in exchanges between the peritoneal cavity and the blood. The advent of continuous ambulatory peritoneal analysis (CAPD) has revived interest in the peritoneum, whose ultrastructure is much changed by CAPD.Studies of the healing of mesothelium have shown that the new mesothelium develops from subperitoneal perivascular connective tissue cells, and not by a process of centripetal growth from the wound margins as in the healing of other epithelial surfaces.Peritoneal mesothelial cells possess fibrinolytic properties, which may be important in preventing fibrinous adhesions from being converted to permanent fibrous adhesions, which may cause intestinal obstruction. Mesothelium also produces prostacyclin. These properties have led to the use of mesothelium as a substitute for endothelium, both for coating prosthetic vascular grafts, and also in peritoneal tube grafts for replacing segments of vein. The resurgence of interest in the peritoneal mesothelium provides a stimulus for clinician and anatomist to cooperate in further exploration of its clinical potential.
The dissection experience as a laboratory for self‐discovery about death and dying: Another side of clinical anatomy
Authors: Bertman Sandra L. , Marks Sandy C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDissection of the human body raises questions for medical students about the source of bodies, bodily trespass, invasion of privacy, death, dying, and their own mortality. Facing and expressing the aversions, fears, and fantasies associated with human dissection help prepare the student both for academic work in the anatomy laboratory and for the emotional work implicit in patient care. With little additional curricular time within the longitudinal continuity of the dissection course we have developed a program in medical humanities that fosters both skills. This program, heavily dependent upon the arts, uses exposure to painting, film, and literature coupled with reflection, writing, and small group discussions to explore and express students' attitudes toward death and dissection as they experience the first year of medical school. The final session, a service of memoriam and thanksgiving planned and produced by the students, provides an appropriate personal closure of the dissection experience. Our students affirm that such a program, evolving over the past 12 years, has provided a foundation early in medical education for development of caring physician‐patient relationships and for continued exploration of humanistic and ethical issues in medicine. These experiences illustrate that clinical anatomy has the potential to contribute to both the art and science of medicine.
Valves in superficial limb veins of humans and nonhuman primates
Authors: Thiranagama Rajani , Chamberlain A. T. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe venous valves are believed to play an important role in venous function, but their number, position, and spacing in limb veins are reported to be irregular. In this study, the relationship between the number of valves and the length of veins in which they occur was investigated for humans and nonhuman primates. In addition, valve distributions within the superficial veins of the human upper limb were compared with those of the lower limb. Upper and lower limb veins were dissected from adult humans, and forelimb veins were obtained from seven genera of primates. The mean valve index (number of valves per unit length of vein) of the forelimb lateral superficial vein exhibited relatively little variation between humans and primates of a wide range of body sizes and locomotor repertoires. The mean valve index for the lateral superficial vein of the human upper limb is similar to that of the short saphenous vein of the lower limb, and in both veins, the maximum valve index occurs in the most proximal portion of the vein. The relative constancy of the valve index across a range of primate species, and between the upper and lower limbs of humans, may reflect the known constancy of circulatory pressures in mammals. The minimum numbers of valves in superficial veins are only slightly greater than required to limit capillary pressure to below 10 mm Hg, above which pressure the tissue fluid flow would be compromised.
Catecholaminergic and peptidergic nerves in naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated human brown adipose tissue
Authors: Lever Jeffrey D. , Mukherjee Sashwati , Norman David , Symons Deborah , Wheeler Malcolm H. , Connacher Alan , Jung Roland T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNoradrenergic and peptidergic innervations in naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated human perirenal brown adipose tissue were demonstrated. The presence of both parenchymal and periarterial noradrenergic nerve plexuses was revealed by the sucrose‐potassium‐glyoxylic‐acid (SPG) technique in all tissue samples. Immunohistochemical studies also indicated the presence of neuropeptide Y‐like, calcitonin gene‐related peptidelike, substance P‐like, and bombesinlike immunoreactive nerves in the adventitia of both inter‐ and intralobular arteries. At a more peripheral level, only neuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactive elements were observed in the parenchymal field. No somatostatinlike or enkephalinlike immunoreactivity was detected. The specific distributions of noradrenergic and peptidergic nerves were similar in both naturally occurring and pheochromocytoma‐associated brown adipose tissue. Thus these findings indicate a plurality of innervation in human perirenal brown fat.
Clinical presentation of a persistent jugulocephalic vein
Authors: Brook Wilfrid H. , Smith Clement J. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe clinical history is presented of a 46‐year‐old woman with a permanently distended left external jugular vein which passed anterior to the clavicle instead of entering the subclavian vein just superior to the clavicle in the usual manner. For cosmetic reasons the vein was excised. Embryologically, the vein passing anterior to the clavicle was a persistent jugulocephalic vein. This is a normal venous channel which usually disappears after an anastomosis develops between the cephalic vein and the subclavian vein, inferior to the clavicle.
Imaging anatomy of the cranio‐vertebral junction (occipito‐atlanto‐axial joint)
Authors: Engelman Elaine D. , Schnitzlein H. N. , Hilbelink D. R. , Murtagh F. Reed , Silbiger M. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is directly related to the ability to interpret differences between significant pathology and normal anatomical variations. A multidisciplinary investigation of the cranio‐vertebral articulation with CT, MRI, anatomical dissections and sections, 3D reconstruction, and injections of contrast into the joint spaces has demonstrated some of the anatomical structures which can cause differences in CT and MR images. Some of the factors which can contribute to variations observed in clinical imaging include the supraodontoid bursa with varying amounts of fat or containing a Bergmann's ossicle, fat pads related to the transverse ligament or laxity of the ligament, identification of the ossiculum terminale or of the synostosis at the base of the dens, and flow patterns in the vertebral plexus of veins.
Age changes in the human sacroiliac joint: Joint fusion
Authors: Valojerdy M. R. , Salsabili N. , Hogg D. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate further the incidence, sex frequency, nature and location of fusion in the sacroiliac joint, the joint of one side was removed from 49 embalmed cadavers, aged 52–89 years, 22 male and 27 female, and examined by A/P radiography, radiography of transverse slices through the joint, stereomicroscopy, and histology.Fusion of the joint occurred both by synostosis and by fibrous interconnections. Synostosis occurred in a para‐articular form, especially along the ventral border and in the cranial limb of the joint and also in an intra‐articular form. Fibrous fusion was found more commonly in the caudal limb of the joint.Radiography of transverse slices revealed a high incidence of synostosis (60.8%). A/P radiography, on the other hand, indicated a much lower incidence of joints showing clear evidence of synostosis (18.4%), but if to this were added those joints showing radiographic changes involving the possibility of some degree of fusion then a comparable incidence (65.3%) was obtained. Both methods revealed a higher frequency of synostosis in the male, although it did in fact occur quite frequently in females; 66.7% in male 53.8% in females when assessed by radiography of transverse slices.
Effects on contiguous anatomical structures by disarticulation of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary suture without the Le Fort I component
Authors: Mintz Sheldon M. , Ettinger Anna C. , Demetropoulos Kyriakus C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe conflicting reports of fractures following Le Fort I osteotomies may reflect the different types of specimens and techniques used. One report suggested that fractures could be avoided with proper placement of a newly designed osteotome. The results of a linear growth study tend to dispute that contention as it showed that interdigitating osseous bridges connect the components of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary complex and fractures would occur with any attempted separation. The purpose of this radiographic and anatomic investigation was to review the suture patterns of this complex on dry adult skulls and to use cadaver specimens to determine the effects of separation of the pterygo‐palato‐maxillary articulations on the concomitant bones.The major palatine canals of 11 hemisected cadaver specimens were cannulated with a #18 angiocatheter, and renografin 76 media was injected. Lateral radiographs of the specimens were obtained using digital radiographic equipment. Soft tissue was removed and a gross examination of the bony structures was performed using a × 10 magnification dissecting microscope. The variations in the sutures of this bony complex were studied on 143 dry adult skulls.In all the cadaver specimens, the pterygoid plates were fractured but the major palatine canals remained intact. Four specimens had maxillary fractures. An examination of the dry skulls showed a wide variation of suture lines and varying degrees of ossification that may explain the incidence of certain types of fractures. Improved visualization of the sutural anatomy during surgery is needed to facilitate better separation and minimize postoperative trauma.
Distribution of the vagus nerve to the human pyloric antrum and possible surgical implications
Authors: Derbyshire S. A. , Lagopoulos M. , Lee T. , Primrose J. N. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract“Highly selective” or “proximal gastric” vagotomy seeks to denervate the pariental cell mass of the stomach while preserving the innervation of the pyloric antrum, and is now frequently used in the surgical treatment of duodenal ulceration. However, a high incidence of recurrent ulceration after highly selective vagotomy has been reported, suggesting inadequate denervation of the parietal cell mass. This study aims to examine the innervation of the distal parietal cell mass by antral nerves and their possible role in recurrent ulceration after highly selective vagotomy.The distribution of the nerves supplying the pyloric antrum, distal to the termination of the nerve of Latarjet, was compared to the pariental cell boundary in 20 stomachs.Parietal cells extended all the way to the distal pylorus in 35% of stomachs and could potentially have been innervated by antral branches in 55%. Branches from the anterior vagal trunk terminated on the posterior antral surface in 25% of stomachs and from the posterior trunk on the anterior surface in 20%.These findings suggest that there may be an anatomical limitation to complete denervation of the distal pariental cells mass during a standard highly selective vagotomy where the nerve of Latarjet and all the branches distal to it are spared.
Development of the dermatome pattern in the limb
Authors: McLachlan John C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn erroneous view of early nerve development in human limbs is presented in many medical embryology and neuroanatomy textbooks. The early limb bud is described as having segmental dermatome stripes running across it, which later reorganize to form the adult pattern. In fact, the nerves grow first into a plexus, which they later leave to supply fields very similar to those in the adult. Since this error may have clinical consequences, in that it gives a false view of how anomalies are likely to arise, its source is identified and its propagation through the literature is traced. A brief review of the most recent findings concerning the mechanisms by which nerve patterns are established in vertebrate limbs is also given.
Regeneration of myelinated nerve fibers into branches of the sciatic nerve rapaired with treated muscle grafts
Authors: Huang C. L. ‐H. , Gattuso J. M. , Glasby M. A. , Gschmeissner S. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNerve fiber regeneration into sciatic nerve branches was investigated in rats after repairing a 1 cm gap with freeze‐thawed autogenous muscle grafts in two configurations. “Prejunctional” grafts were introduced in the main trunk proximal to branching, while Y‐shaped “junctional” grafts replaced and reconstructed the site of division of the sciatic nerve into its tibial and peroneal branches. In addition to assessing functional and electrophysiological recovery, myelinated fibers in whole nerve cross sections were counted (i) in the sciatic nerve proximal to the site of transection, (ii) within the grafts themselves proximal to branching, and (iii) in individual tibial, peroneal, and sural branches.Fibers regenerated into all three branches but eventual relative and absolute fiber counts differed between the two graft types, and these in turn from values in these nerves in unoperated controls. Thus, any specific influences directing appropriate fibers into particular branches that might exist did not exert a marked effect on regeneration in vivo. Differences in fiber counts at successively more distal cross‐sectional levels were described in terms of elongation, branching, or regression of regenerating fibers. In either graft type, fiber branching coincided with close anatomical relationship with more than one distal stump, and was particularly marked 150–300 days after graft implantation with junctional grafts. However, subsequent penetration of such fibers into the three major branches was more effective if the anatomy of the original branch site was preserved, by using prejunctional grafts. The implications of these findings to clinical nerve repair involving large nerve territories is discussed.
Vascular patterns of non‐physiologic flaps
Authors: Chen Er‐Yu , Chen Xin‐Min , Song Shou‐Li , Li Shi‐Rong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn order to improve the survival of non‐physiologic flaps, the morphologic changes of the vessels that provide the circulation were studied in 178 rats by translucent, radiologic, and histologic methods. The flaps were divided into five groups: normal, simple venous, arterialized venous, simple arterial, and devascularized flaps. The differences of the survival area ratios among the normal, simple venous, and arterialized venous flaps were not statistically significant, and the revascularization of the flaps of these three groups was similar. Therefore, simple venous and arterialized venous flaps may be used in clinical practice. The arterial revascularization of the simple venous and arterialized venous flaps started on the fifth postoperative day, after which a normal circulation was reestablished. On the first postoperative day, the arterialized venous flap was nourished by the arterial blood passing through the anastomosed venous system in the flap. Before the fifth postoperative day in the simple venous flap, and by the third day in the arterialized venous flap, arteries have not been demonstrated but the veins appear distended. It is fair to assume that a true plasmatic circulation was present at this stage. The obstruction of the anastomosed segments of vessels in the arterialized venous flap group may permit a reduction of the edema and cyanosis of the flap.
Anomalous relationship between femoral artery and vein: A case report
Authors: Forty J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationship between the femoral artery and vein, the artery lying lateral to the vein as they emerge from behind the inguinal ligament, is traditionally considered to be constant. The femoral pulse is used as an anatomical landmark for both open and closed procedures in the femoral triangle. A case is presented here which illustrates that the constancy of this relationship cannot always be relied upon.
Anatomical note: The occurrence of accessory sacroiliac joints in man
Authors: Valojerdy M. R. , Hogg D. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of accessory sacroiliac joints in man has been studied in 153 dried bone specimens (108 male, 45 female). An incidence of 18% was found, of which 35% were of bilateral occurrence. Incidence was not found to be related to sex or laterality. The accessory joints were single, and most occurred at the level of the 1st dorsal sacral foramina. The correlation between the shape and size of the main joint and the occurrence of an accessory joint were found to be not significant, but the size of an accessory joint was positively correlated with the size of the main joint.
In vivo assessment of human nail fold capillary diameter
Authors: Schwartz Richard W. , Logan Nancy M. , Qing‐Fu Hu , Richardson Daniel R. , Smith Stephen D. , Hyde Gordon L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBy using a videomicroscopy system, images of toe nail fold capillaries from 33 male smokers with atherosclerosis, 19 healthy male smoker controls, and 19 healthy male nonsmoker controls were recorded on video tape. Control subjects did not have clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Capillary diameters were measured from the video tape with an image shearing device. The mean diameters (± SD) for the atherosclerotic patients, nonsmoker controls, and smoker controls were 13.7 μm (± 4.7 μm), 11.1 μm (± 3.4 μm), and 9.6 μm (± 3.4 μm), respectively. Statistical difference between the atherosclerotic patients and nonsmoker controls was significant at P<0.02; the difference between the atherosclerotic patients and smoker controls was significant at P<0.001. Statistical difference between the two control groups was not significant.These data indicate that atherosclerotic lesions elicit chronic dilation of distal cutaneous capillaries in patients who are smokers. However, comparison of these patients with tobacco smokers who are asymptomatic for atherosclerosis suggest that capillary dilation in atherosclerosis is attributable to the disease process itself and not to the effects of cigarette smoking. This dilation of cutaneous capillaries in the atherosclerotic toe nail fold may be caused by angiogenic factors released secondary to chronic ischemia.
“Wandering” or ectopic spleen: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bustami Faraj 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA case of “wandering” or ectopic spleen is reported. The abnormally positioned spleen, found during the dissection of a 60‐year‐old male cadaver, was located in the cavity of the true pelvis. The pedicle emerged from the upper pole of the globular spleen and extended cephalad to the epigastrium. The body and tail of the pancreas were abnormally directed caudally. The abdominal and thoracic viscera were unremarkable. An ectopic spleen should be included in the differential diagnosis of any large mass in the abdomen or pelvis.
Real anatomy lesson: Differential diagnosis in the first year anatomy course
Authors: Page David W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn designing the medical school curriculum something has to be taught first even though the basic sciences and clinical topics interlock. Students traditionally learn anatomy first and suspend ther bewilderment regarding the eventual application of the structural detail studied. Infinite memory chores are learned with little overall view of how the student's data bank will function in the acute clinical situation. A fundamental charge of physicians is to consider all diagnostic possibilities before implementing treatment. Yet with the current system, first year students find themselves in possession of large volumes of information but are still unable to establish even a rudimentary differential diagnosis. It is suggested that during the first year clinical anatomy course the student be introduced to broad categories of disease using anatomy as the structural foundation for visualizing diagnostic possibilities. Wasteful interludes in the laboratory could be replaced with memory‐enhancing dissection using visual, verbal, auditory, and kinesthetic methods coupled with clinically oriented vocabulary expansion. A basic etiologic mnemonic is discussed as a framework for rapid diagnosis. In conjunction with the idea of decreasing medical information overload, we suggest that data presented to medical students in general be organized in a bicameral fashion as either emergent or elective. Anatomists and clinicians should consider rewriting the anatomy manual to include “clinical pathology.”
Sagittal diameters of the lumbar spinal canal in normal adult Saudis
Authors: Amonoo‐Kuofi H. S. , Patel P. J. , Fatani J. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe lumbar spinal canal may become narrowed as a result of a congenital defect (developmental stenosis) or following other changes associated with the vertebral column or its related structures (acquired stenosis). Stenosis of the canal may predispose the roots of the cauda equina to pressure or entrapment and consequently cause low back pain. Evidence suggests that the sagittal diameter is probably more frequently involved in stenotic lesions. Measurement of diameters from plain radiographs have been shown to yield valuable diagnostic information. In view of the diversity of shape and sizes in the human lumbar spinal canal, norms are needed for individual populations.In the present study, plain lateral radiographs of 150 male and 150 female adult Saudi subjects were measured. The mean sagittal diameters and standard deviations of lumbar levels L1 to L5 are reported for the first time within this population. A reliable method of delimiting the posterior boundary of the canal has also been described. The pattern of segmental variation of the diameters of the lumbar canal in normal adult Saudis was found to be similar to that in other populations, but the mean diameters were different. Norms of the canal: body ratio were also established for use in rapid evaluation of patients.
Presentation of a frontal sinus encephalomeningocele in an adult
Authors: Miller Jimmy D. , Middleton T. H. , Haines D. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA case of an encephalomeningocele of the frontal sinus in an adult is presented. This rare entity was found during an exploration of the frontal fossa for a cerebrospinal fluid leak and was not correlated with facial abnormalities. The embryology of the frontal sinus and bone formation is discussed and a hypothesis for the development of this abnormality, as discovered in the adult, is proposed.