bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Monopoly and the Maintenance of Black Subordination in Gary
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the evolution of Black political power in Gary, Indiana, as a complement to the analysis of Chicago. Important similarities in the patterns of Black political development in Chicago and Gary suggest that the Chicago case was not unique. Economically the two cities are similar. Both were the locales of heavy industry and large unionized blue-collar work forces. Due to shifts in the international political economy that precipitated changes in the structure of the U.S. economy, both suffered economic setbacks. (Because of the lack of diversity of Gary’s economy, the city’s overall economic decline has been more severe.) Demographically the cities are also similar: both have large Eastern European and Black populations that are residentially segregated. In ways that are salient for this analysis, Gary and Chicago are also similar politically. In both cities one can trace the historical development of dominant, electorally monopolistic political party organizations and the institutionalized political relationship between superordinate Whites and subordinate Blacks that is produced by these monopolies.
Political Competition and Black Empowerment in Atlanta, 1946–1992
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city that was too busy too hate” Mayor William B. Hartsfield once dubbed Atlanta, and this description has stuck. He meant that the city’s business and banking leaders refused to allow segregationism and racial polarization to derail their ambition to make it the business hub of the South. Allegedly, that desire led them to build bridges to the Black community and steer a path on the road of race relations that was very different from that of most other cities in Dixie. The conventional wisdom is that Atlanta’s business leaders saw green rather than Black versus White; that is, they were pragmatists seeking to insure an environment of racial tranquility where business would thrive and northern businesses would establish southern offices. Atlanta’s businessmen feared that if they failed to take a positive leadership role on racial tolerance, the city might evolve as had Birmingham or Little Rock, cities they saw as racially divided and, as a consequence, economically crippled. This chapter rejects claims that Atlanta’s business leaders were innately more ambitious or less racist than elsewhere. I also do not believe that Atlanta’s political and economic leaders conceded power when they were not forced to do so. They reflected southern racial attitudes and the typical business desire to advance their financial interests, but their environment created a set of inducements and constraints that forced them to do more than pay lip service to ending segregation and empowering Blacks.
Subordination or Empowerment?
Authors: Keiser Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has posited answers to two broad questions. First, it has sought to explain why some cities with sizable Black populations that remain a minority of the electorate have been the sites of incremental Black empowerment—as measured by participation in a dominant coalition, Black office-holding, and achievement of political agenda items—when other similar cities have long remained sites of Black political subordination. Second, as is captured in its subtitle, which emphasizes the development of Black leadership, this book proffers both a dynamic theory to explain the emergence and evolution of Black political leaders and a typology of Black leadership. To the layperson, the uneven distribution of talented Black leaders who are perceived as legitimate by Black and White voters is enough to explain cities’ differing levels of success in Black political empowerment. Some cities seem blessed with Black leaders who can forge biracial coalitions, and other cities have no such luck, according to this perspective. The structural theory of leadership formation I have posited shows that the distribution of biracially legitimate leaders is nonrandom.
A Quiet Place
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About three dozen houses of assorted ages are strung out along the roadside, each with its plot of grass, its dahlias and nasturtiums, its line of laundry flapping out in back, and in front a porch with a chair or two for sitting out on a warm day. A steepled church stands at each end of the village and the center is marked by a pair of red gas pumps in front of the general store. The size and personality of this village have not changed appreciably in the half-century that I have known it. Innovations have come and have been absorbed slowly and inconspicuously, improving its comforts without destroying its character. The brick one-room school-house is no longer used for its original purpose. The children are bussed to a central school eight miles away, but the schoolhouse has other uses now. It is a gathering place for special occasions-4-Hclub meetings, fish fries, and strawberry socials.
The People Protest
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The petition was passed silently from hand to hand around the room. It was a warm Sunday late in May and the doors of the little school-house were open, letting in a broad ribbon of sunshi11e and the darting shadow of a hummingbird busy in the wisteria vine that hung heavy with lavender bloom over the front porch. Outside in the schoolyard stood two long trestle tables left over from the strawberry social held there the evening before, and beyond the schoolyard stood the white frame United Brethren Church with its cluster of family burial plots.
Local Modelling in Phonology
Authors: Goldsmith John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent work in connectionist modelling suggests the possibility of formal models of phonological representation which will offer deeper explanations of basic phonological properties than our current models allow us. The present paper is an initial exploration of certain linguistic problems from this newer perspective. It is also, as I shall explain in the final section, an effort to produce a formal phonological grammar that is neither static nor derivational- a model that is not a hybrid of the two but, in fact, different from both. Our goal in these explorations is the traditional goal in phonological work: the development of a formal model that allows for a simple and direct account of facts within a specific language, set within the framework of an approach which allows for the statement of the principles found in other languages and yet which allows for as few unobserved sorts of principles as possible. It is of some importance for us to observe that the goals we set are those of the traditional linguist, and not - at least not directly - those of other connectionist modellers, whose goals may be informed by other theoretical questions, including (but not limited to) the issues of leamability, the relevance of particular connectionist learning techniques (such as back-propagation, for example), the significance of a memory structure that is content-addressable, or the importance of prototype effects.
PDP Learnability and Innate Knowledge of Language
Authors: Kirsh David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely assumed that PDP learnability has some bearing on questions of innateness. If a PDP network could be trained to make correct judgements of grammaticality, for instance, it seems to follow that innate knowledge of grammar is not necessary for language acquisition. The reason, quite simply, is that the learning rules used in PDP learning -whether backpropagation or related gradient descent methods-are general, domain independent methods. They are what AI theorists call weak methods. Hence in teaching a system to make correct judgements, we seem to have an existence proof that there is enough information in the stimulus to permit learning by inductive means alone. It is this idea, and the methodological implications that flow from believing it, that I wish to explore here. The problem I have with this argument is that to discover a network that will learn successfully, designers must choose with care the network’s architecture, the initial values the weights are set to, the learning rule, and the number of times the data set is to be presented to the network-this latter parameter effects the smoothness of the estimated function. If such parameters are not controlled for, successful learning is extremely improbable. In thoughtful modelling, these parameters are chosen on the basis of assumptions about the nature of the function the system is to learn. That is, on the basis of assumptions about the task and the task domain. Prima fade, then, although the learning mechanism operating on data is a general one, the success of this mechanism depends equally on a set of antecedent choices that seem to be domain specific.
Speciation
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foregoing chapters have all dealt with evolution within species, or microevolution, and is largely the purview of population genetics or ecological genetics. We now tum attention to the second major aspect of biological evolution, namely, the actual splitting of one species into two or more species. The next chapter will deal with even higher levels of biological organization, the relationship of species and species groups, concerns often designated macroevolution. Thus the present subject represents a bridge between microevolutionary concerns and macroevolution. We might then call studies of speciation mesoevolution.
Genome Evolution
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters that focus on how the genetic material, DNA, and its primary products (e.g., proteins) evolve. The subject is somewhat arbitrarily divided into two views. The “macro” view, which will be the subject of this chapter, considers issues such as the evolution of chromosome number, genome size, and organization of the genome. The “micro” level, the focus of the next chapter, is concerned with the specifics of DNA and protein evolution and the mechanisms involved. Although these two levels of analysis are really a continuum, there is some conceptual justification for separating them.
Retrospective and Prospective
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the reader who has faithfully read this volume from the start, I think it safe to state that one of the major points presented in the first chapter has been amply documented, namely, that no other organism could have served as a focal point for the presentation of research on so many different aspects of evolutionary biology. Drosophila have served as models for studies at every conceivable level, from the most reductionist molecular study to behavior, development, populations, ecology, and even ecosystems. To be sure, not all aspects are equally well-studied, nor are species of this genus equally suited for all these kinds of research. Nevertheless, a more diverse array of research is being done on this fly than on any other organism.
Introduction
Authors: Shaw Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theoretical studies of the brain have been under way for several decades. For example, the pioneering works of Turing (1936), McCulloch and Pitts (1943), Hebb (1949), MacKay and McCulloch (1952), Cragg and Temperley (1954), Beurle (1956), von Neumann (1956), Lettvin, Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts (1959), Rochester, Holland, Haibt, and Duda (1956), Caianiello (1961), Farley and Clark (1961), Rall (1962), Rosenblatt (1962), and Uttley (1962) all were published over 25 years ago. Over the years since, there have been relatively few brain theorists, doing their research in a somewhat isolated fashion and publishing in a range of journals (see Shaw & Palm, 1988). These factors kept brain theory from playing as important a role as it should have.
From Life to Diary to Art in the Work of Ana:is Nin
Authors: John-Steiner Vera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anais Nin’s life work, her writing, was the means by which she transmuted the given patterns governing her existence and created for herself a more authentically realized, fulfilled identity. While Nin is greatly admired for a group of short novels which form a flowing, interconnected, symbolist exploration of human relationships, her greatest achievement is her Diary. Nin was born in 1903, and by the time of her death in 1977 had produced 35,000 handwritten pages of journals. The published materials from her diaries consist at present of 10 volumes, covering the years 1914-74, from age 11 to age 71.
Art and Elegance in the Synthesis of Organic Compounds: Robert Burns Woodward
Authors: Woodward Crystal E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Bums Woodward (1917-79) has been called the greatest organic chemist of his time. He is known for his work both in the synthesis of organic compounds and in structure determination, theory, and rules in chemistry. In 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his “meritorious contributions to the art of organic synthesis.” In 1981 the American Chemical Society held a commemorative meeting that honored Woodward for demonstrating, more than anyone else, that no molecule was too difficult to synthesize and for showing great art in the way he constructed molecules. In this chapter, I will focus on the issues of art, elegance, and beauty in Woodward’s work in chemistry. I write as daughter to Woodward and as artist. For my discussions of chemical history and chemical fact, I rely largely on statements of his colleagues.
A Convergence of Streams: Dramatic Change in the Artistic Work of Melissa Zink
Authors: Franklin Margery B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of any artist, like that of any creative individual, changes over time. Art critics and art historians, as well as psychologists, trace lines of development in artists’ work, identify periods marked by changes in style or subject matter, and attempt to discern sources of change. Dramatic shifts in style or mode of work, the apparently sudden appearance of a stream of new ideas, and marked increases in level of energy and productivity are not uncommon in narratives of artistic work. Yet relatively little attention has been devoted to analyzing such phenomena. In this chapter, I examine an instance of dra matic change in the work of one artist, Melissa Zink, showing how she forged a new personal idiom at a crucial point in her career. I will argue that this event cannot be seen as a step in an orderly continuous progression but is more appropriately understood as a phenomenon of emergence, representing a radical disjuncture with what went before and, in effect, a new beginning.
Creativity and Human Survival
Authors: Gruber Howard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of creative work is fascinating and rewarding in its own right, but it may also provide a valuable springboard for some useful reflections on the greatest moral question of our age-how to work effectively for the survival of our species. As the creative life unfolds, work proceeds on many fronts; this is ex pressed in the diversity of the creator’s network of enterprise: the work is organized in hierarchical structures-problems within tasks, tasks within projects, and projects within enterprises. The creator must not only organize the work itself but must manage the diverse demands of a creative life. Work and life go forward within the bounds of constraints that can be divided into two kinds-what can be done and what should be done.
Soils
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soils are very complex systems that have developed over time as a result of the principal soil-forming factors as elucidated by Hans Jenny many years ago. Those factors are climate, topography, parent material and biological activity along with time. The physical and chemical variability of soils arises from the great variations in soil forming factors found from one location to another. These, in turn, influence plant development and biological activity of soil. The purpose of this discussion is to provide an awareness of the characteristics of soils that are influencing plant growth and changes in the nitrogen pools in the rhizosphere. This perspective of various soil characteristics allows more informed decisions with respect to nitrogen management.
Environment
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Climate is an integral aspect of environment and in one sense the words are synonymous. Plant growth is easily recognized as being greatly influenced by the environment. Less readily apparent is the influence of climate on soils. However, it has long been recognized by soil scientists that climate is one of five basic soil-forming factors. In this chapter the climatic environment is examined from the standpoint of its influence on distribution of irrigated lands, nitrogen pools and transformation, and cropping patterns. The principal features of the environment that will be considered are precipitation and temperature.
Irrigation Management
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management of irrigation water influences the movement of nitrogen in soils, and thus the ability of the plant to utilize nitrogen, which ultimately effects the efficiency of nitrogen use. In order to manage water for efficient fertilizer use, an understanding is required of the differences between irrigation methods with respect to rates of application, timing, the uniformity of application, and frequency of application which interact with soil nitrogen to influence leaching, denitrification, and positional availability of nitrogen. These factors are also influenced by soil physical characteristics. In Fig. 11-1 are shown the depths of water penetration and the amounts of available water per unit depth in the soil profile for different soil textures. Coarse textured soils have a greater potential for leaching losses because of the greater depth of water movement for a given amount of surface-applied water. For the same amount of surface water applied, the depth of water penetration is considerably less in a fine textured soil. The effect of soil structure and texture on pore size distribution and ultimately on the infiltration rate and internal drainage causes differences in the movement and potential losses of nitrogen that occur as a function of the application of water.
Superstitious Thinking
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Belmont Park; on October 27, 1990, Bayakoa, a six-year old mare who had won the same race the year before, ran to victory in the Breeders’ Cup, 6 3/4 lengths ahead of her closest competitor. But for those who watched in the stands and in the national television audience, this commanding performance was overshadowed by the horror of the race. During the fall 1990 season, a shadow seemed to have fallen over the track. Just in the last two weeks, four horses had sustained career ending injuries, and earlier that day in the Sprint, Mr. Nickerson, a four-year-old colt, had suffered an apparent heart attack in the far turn. As he fell he took the trailing Shaker Knit with him, and the slower horse suffered a spinal cord injury. In the Juvenile race, one owner withdrew his entry due to a shin injury, saying, ‘‘I don’t want to take a chance with this valuable a horse on a track where so many things are happening.’’ With a million-dollar purse at stake, the Distaff Breeders’ Cup, a 1 1/8 mile race for fillies and mares, soon developed into a duel between Bayakoa, threatening to repeat her win, and the filly Go For Wand, a strong candidate for Horse of the Year. They ran nose to nose through the stretch when suddenly, less than one hundred yards from the finish, Go For Wand’s right front foreleg collapsed, breaking at the ankle. As the crowd of fifty-thousand gasped, the filly went down directly in front of the grandstand, throwing her jockey into the air and rolling to rest under the rail. Suddenly she was up again, staggering horribly across the track on a bent and broken ankle before falling for the last time in front of the outside fence.
A Magical View of the World
Authors: Vyse Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic question of this book has been: Why are people superstitious? Or, given that we observe many people to be superstitious, how do they become so? As we have seen, the answer is not simple. There are many factors that can contribute to the acquisition and maintenance of superstition. Not all of them apply to any particular individual, but each can lead us to hold beliefs or engage in acts that reflect a magical view of the world. Given the great number of psychological influences we have encountered-and there are undoubtedly others that have yet to be discovered and researched-we might expect everyone to hold some secret magical belief or practice some hidden superstitious ritual. But the sheer number of potential psychological influences is not a true indicator of the role of these forces in our lives. Some social and psychological phenomena are more important, pervasive, or powerful than others. The rest, while potentially influential when the necessary circumstances arise, are undoubtedly rarer or subtler in their action. The time has come to stand back and take a broader view. Now that we have enumerated the many sources of superstitious belief and behavior, it is time to reexamine the most important themes that have emerged in the foregoing chapters. In addition, having come this far without passing serious judgment on superstition, we must now assess the impact of superstitious beliefs and behavior in our current society. Do superstition and belief in the paranormal serve us well or ill? Where can we see the effects of superstition in our world? Finally, we will consider what, if anything, can—or should—be done about superstition.
Planar Forming Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forming is one of the most common manufacturing processes. This chapter focuses on the applications of the boundary element method (BEM) to analyses of various planar forming processes, for example, plane strain extrusion, slab rolling, or profile rolling.
The boundary element formulations for elastoplastic and elastoviscoplastic problems involving large strains and rotations are considered first. The elastic strains are assumed to remain small. The rotations and nonelastic strains, however, are allowed to be large. Bulk compressibility effects, which are often ignored for finite-strain problems of metallic solids, are explicitly included here.
Machining Processes
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elevated temperatures generated in machining operations significantly influence the chip formation mechanics, the process efficiency, and the surface quality of the machined part. Accordingly, a BEM approach is developed here to analyze the thermal aspects of machining processes. Particular attention is given to modeling of the tool-chip, chip-workpiece, and tool-workpiece interfaces. An exact expression for matching the boundary conditions across these interfaces is developed to avoid any iterations. A direct differentiation approach (ODA) is used to determine the sensitivities of temperature and flux distributions with respect to various design parameters.