bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(anhydride‐ester) fibers: Role of copolymer composition on hydrolytic degradation and mechanical properties
Authors: Whitaker‐Brothers Kenya , Uhrich Kathryn 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPoly(anhydride‐esters), based on carboxyphenoxydecanoate (CPD), are biocompatible polymers that hydrolytically degrade. The mechanical properties of the poly(anhydride‐esters) can be altered by copolymerization with para‐carboxyphenoxyhexane (pCPH). Mechanical properties of three CPD:pCPH compositions (30:70, 40:60, and 50:50) are reported as a function of hydrolytic degradation. The mechanical characteristics evaluated were tensile modulus at 1% strain (E1%), tensile strength (σB), ultimate elongation (εB), and toughness (Er). The 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers maintained higher values for tensile modulus at all time points than the two other fiber compositions. In addition, the 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers maintained lower values for both tensile strength and toughness than the two other fiber compositions. These phenomena resulted from the brittle nature of pCPH, the major component of the 30:70 CPD:pCPH fibers; increasing the pCPH concentration in the polymer lowers both tensile strength and toughness of the polymer by decreasing ductility. With increasing amounts of pCPH, the hydrolytic degradation occurred more slowly, as reflected in the copolymers' improved ability to retain their mechanical properties. Therefore, copolymerization is useful for controlling the mechanical properties of the fibers as well as the polymer degradation rate, which ultimately determines the rate at which physically or chemically encapsulated drugs can be released. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 70A: 309–318, 2004
Short term dynamic psychotherapy goes to Hollywood: The treatment of performance anxiety in cinema
Authors: McCullough Leigh , Osborn Kristin A.R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article uses characters in popular films to demonstrate the theory and application of short term dynamic psychotherapy (STDP) in the treatment of performance anxiety. The reader is taught to identify affect phobias that are hypothesized to underlie performance anxiety. Similar in function to external phobias, affect phobias or internal phobias involve the avoidance of feelings (e.g., fear about feeling anger, shame about showing grief, pain about closeness), which thwarts adaptive responding and generates numerous behavioral problems. STDP treatment focuses on the restructuring of defenses, conflicted affects, and attachments. The resolution of the affect phobia requires systematic desensitization of affective responses (i.e., exposure and desensitization of underlying conflicted feelings). When patients learn to access adaptive forms of feelings, performance anxiety can often be resolved. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Behavioral treatment of debilitating test anxiety among medical students
Authors: Powell Douglas H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article presents and illustrates the behavioral treatment of medical students and physicians whose debilitating test anxiety was associated with their failure to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) or a specialty board test. Seventy‐two medical trainees were treated consecutively because of at least one failure to pass these professional examinations. Behavioral treatment focused on their anxiety, which resulted in the “dual deficits” of poor test preparation, poor test performance, or both. Treatment featured progressive muscle relaxation, systematic desensitization, the self‐control triad, behavioral rehearsal, and a psychoeducational component. Ninety‐three percent of the clients eventually passed the examination while in treatment. Pass rates for this group were substantially higher than the national average for repeat USMLE test takers. Limitations of this treatment method are that it seemed too elaborate for some medical trainees and was less effective with those who had difficulty evoking anxiety. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase A negatively modulates adherens junction integrity and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Boucher Marie‐Josée , Laprise Patrick , Rivard Nathalie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIntestinal epithelial cell differentiation is a complex process in which many different signaling pathways are likely involved. An increase in the intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) has been shown to inhibit enterocyte differentiation; however, the mechanisms through which cAMP/PKA signaling modulates differentiation of human intestinal epithelial cells are still not well understood. Herein, we report that: (1) treatment of Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP repressed sucrase–isomaltase and villin protein expression and strongly attenuated morphological differentiation of enterocyte‐like features in Caco‐2/15 such as epithelial cell polarity and brush border formation; (2) treatment of confluent Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP led to a strong decrease in F‐actin localized at cell–cell contact sites along with a reduced amount of E‐cadherin and catenins, but not of ZO‐1, at cell–cell interfaces concomitant with a decreased association of these proteins with the actin cytoskeleton; (3) inhibition of PKA by H89 prevented disruption of adherens junctions by extracellular calcium depletion; (4) treatment of Caco‐2/15 cells with 8Br‐cAMP prevented the recruitment and activation of p85/PI‐3K to E‐cadherin‐mediated cell–cell contacts, an important event in the assembly of adherens junctions and differentiation of these cells; (5) E‐cadherin appears to be phosphorylated on serine in vivo in a PKA‐dependent mechanism. Conclusion: Our studies show that cAMP/PKA signaling negatively regulates adherens junction integrity as well as morphological and functional differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A resource‐based view of interrelationships among organizational groups in the diversified firm
Authors: Ensign Prescott C. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A diversified firm has a number of advantages because it operates in different product or market areas. One of these advantages is based on the potential to develop interrelationships among organizational groups or units in the same firm (intra‐organizational linkages).
Interrelationships between distinct but related organizational groups represent opportunities for synergy. These opportunities to reduce cost or enhance differentiation through connections between resources are termed tangible and intangible interrelationships.
These interactions between activities and skills or know‐how of different organizational groups are described as inter‐unit interrelationships or internal resource sharing.
This paper presents a resource‐based view of inter‐unit interrelationships in the diversified firm (i.e., intra‐organizational linkages). An understanding of resources is central to recognizing how value can be captured when activities and skills or know‐how are shared between organizational units. It is important to consider:How resources are utilized;How resources are accumulated;How resources are linked together (bundles of assets).
The resources and capabilities that exist as well as those that will be needed in the future must be considered. Strategy and resources must be aligned to achieve synergy (combined effects) and competitive advantage.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rejuvenating strategic management: the Strategic Option Grid
Authors: Grundy Tony 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Has strategic management forsaken the practical concerns of managers? Much of what is on offer is intellectually self‐indulgent and managerially sterile. This paper argues that much of the strategy literature is remote from its actual market, the everyday needs of senior managers.
Furthermore, strategic management appears to have politically plateaued in its appeal to these managers who, in the process‐related literature, are deemed to be ‘lost‐souls’, forever destined to be the victims of ‘logical’ incrementalism (Quinn, 1980), ‘muddling through’ (Braybrooke and Lindblom, 1963) and ‘emergent strategies’ (Mintzberg, 1978, 1994).
Whilst some prefer to dwell on the rise, and perhaps more importantly the fall, of strategic management (or at least of strategic planning), there may well be clues to how strategic management might rejuvenate itself and become far more creative.
This paper asks for those in the academic community to continue to remain innovative in ideas and approaches that might be of practical interest to managers and yet still be conceptually and empirically robust. The central core of this argument is the demonstration that a simple ‘line of enquiry’ (in detective terms) is able to provide real assistance to managers. This, it is hoped, can be done at the same time as helping us to observe and understand better new forms of strategic behaviour, rather than just dissecting the old.
In essence a single framework is advanced, namely the ‘Strategic Option Grid’, which seeks to help promote clarity, imagination and insight into the process of strategic decision‐making. This paper opens the way for a future and exciting empirical research agenda through conceptual development. In terms of management education on strategy, the Strategic Option Grid approach offers considerable potential for both the teaching and learning of strategy more effectively.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extractionless GC/MS analysis of γ‐hydroxybutyrate and γ‐butyrolactone with trifluoroacetic anhydride and heptafluoro‐1‐butanol from aqueous samples
Authors: Sabucedo Alberto J. , Furton Kenneth G. 
Published: June 2004

Abstractγ‐Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a DEA Schedule I drug of abuse commonly spiked into beverages to incapacitate victims of sexual assault. GHB is a challenging drug for analysis by GC/MS because of its small size, charged nature, low volatility, and intramolecular esterification leading to γ‐butyrolactone (GBL). In this work an extractionless technique has been developed that allows for the use of an aqueous sample for direct derivatization. The technique uses a solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐heptafluoro‐1‐butanol (HFB) to derivatize the active hydrogens of GHB. The conversion of GBL into GHB can be forced under alkaline conditions by diluting the sample in 10 mM borate buffer, pH 12. GBL found in beverages intended for human consumption is treated as a Schedule I control substance analogue. Spikes of the two compounds into several beverage matrices gave quantitative recovery of GHB by GC/MS. The derivatization produces higher molecular mass products whose fragmentation pattern provides multiple peaks for confirmation and quantification. The concentration of GBL can also be indirectly determined by the method developed. Therefore, this extractionless technique is rapid, sensitive, and selective for the confirmation of the presence of GHB and GBL in commercial beverages.
Hydrogeomorphological assessment of surface and groundwater quality in the Ridaura Stream, Catalan Ranges, NE Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Sala M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractImportant land‐use changes and intense human impacts often accompany economic development. In many Mediterranean countries, especially in the coastal areas, tourist activities have taken the place of forestry and agriculture. Population pressure has increased and with it problems of fresh‐water availability and waste disposal have arisen. Streams draining the Catalan Coastal Ranges illustrate the impacts of these changing land uses on water quality in formerly rural areas.Research was undertaken on the downstream changes in surface‐water quality in the Ridaura basin, a typical Mediterranean coastal torrent. The data show a clear downstream increase of suspended and solute loads related to land uses. The middle and lower reaches under agricultural and urban land uses exhibited a marked increase in nearly all chemical components, mainly calcium, chlorides, sulfates and calcium carbonate, and an increase in suspended sediment. The impact of heavy anthropogenic influences was also apparent. In the upper reaches, a waste disposal site strongly influences the dissolved load, although downstream dilution mitigates its effect. In the lower reaches which are under urban influence, there is a notable increase in conductivity, especially downstream of a water treatment plant, where values of more than 1000 μS cm−1 were observed (above the maximum allowed), together with a decrease in dissolved oxygen (often less than the recommended limits). Ammonia, phosphates, sulphates chlorides and nitrates increase their value downstream, and sometimes reach levels surpassing the recommended maxima. It is interesting to note that, for the local people, superficial pollution by rubbish from a waste dump was felt to be more important than serious chemical pollution from the sewage treatment plant effluent. The subterranean flux was also sampled in several wells, and the chemical composition of their waters also show higher concentrations of solutes downstream with values of the limit of the maximum accepted levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of natural soil piping for basin management in upland Britain
Authors: Jones J. A. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNatural soil pipes are a common feature in the British upland landscape, especially in podzolic and peat soils (spodosols and histosols). It is estimated that 30% of Britain (UK) is covered by soils susceptible to pipe development. Current re‐evaluation of the use of the uplands, including moves to preserve biodiversity, rehabilitate acidified surface waters, afforest, and recreate a ‘pre‐industrial’ landscape with aesthetic planting of previously native trees and shrubs, highlights the need to understand the key processes of hillslope hydrology that may affect the impact of any policy changes and the effectiveness of any rehabilitation programme.This paper reviews the evidence that soil piping can have a significant effect upon streamflow response, water quality and acidification, as well as creating diversity in plant communities and soil types, and initiating erosion features. Evidence from the University of Wales Experimental Catchment at Maesnant is compared with the results of observations elsewhere in the British uplands and with experience gained from research programmes in other countries. Some of the effects of piping, such as aggravation of the effects of acid rain and increases in the rate of floodflow response, may currently be regarded as negative. Conversely, its effects on landscape diversity are clearly positive. Piping is a natural process and should be regarded as an integral element in preserving and restoring a ‘natural’ landscape. Most importantly, the presence of piping can alter the ‘stormflow contributing area’ within a basin and significantly expand the area of catchment over which landuse change is likely to impact upon the hydrological and hydrochemical response of the catchment.The paper analyses the environmental impact of piping and considers the implications for basin management. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin Glass‐like Behavior of Poly(phenylacetylene) Prepared with a Rh Complex Catalyst, 1
Authors: Tabata Masayoshi , Watanabe Yuji , Muto Shunichi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSummary: Magnetic field dependence of poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) that has been stereoregularly prepared with a Rh complex catalyst was investigated in detail between 2 K and 300 K. The data showed a spin glass‐like magnetic behavior, i.e., two cusps were clearly observed when PPA was zero‐field‐cooled together with slow increasing of the magnetization (called an ageing effect) at 45 K. The observed spin glass‐like behavior has been discussed in terms of an ageing effect, which may have been caused by weak anti‐ferromagnetic interactions between intra‐ and/or inter‐magnetic spins produced by cis‐to‐trans isomerization through the rotational scission of the cis CC bond of the PPA polymer during polymerization.Intra‐molecular anti‐ferromagnetic interactions.magnified imageIntra‐molecular anti‐ferromagnetic interactions.
Rheological Investigation of Shear Induced‐Mixing and Shear Induced‐Demixing for Polystyrene/Poly(vinyl methyl ether) Blend
Authors: Madbouly Samy A. , Ougizawa Toshiaki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFull Paper: The phase behavior of polystyrene (PS) and poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blend has been investigated rheologically as a function of temperature, composition and oscillating shear rate as well as different heating rates. An LCST (lower critical solution temperature)‐type phase diagram was detected rheologically from the sudden changes in the slopes of the dynamic temperature ramps of G′ at given heating and shear rate values. The rheological cloud points were dependent on the heating rate, $\dot q$, and oscillating shear rate, $\dot \gamma$. The cloud points shifted a few degrees to higher temperatures with increasing $\dot q$ and reached an equilibrium value (heating rate independent) at $\dot q \geq 2$ °C/min. The phase diagrams of the blends detected at $\dot \gamma$ = 0.1 and 1 rad/s were located in lower temperature ranges than the quiescent phase diagram, i.e., oscillating shear rate induced‐demixing at these two values for the shear rate. On the other hand, at $\dot \gamma$ = 10 rad/s, the phase diagram shifted to higher temperatures, higher than the corresponding values found under quiescent conditions, i.e., shear induced‐mixing took place. Based on these two observations, shear induced‐demixing and shear induced‐mixing can be detected rheologically within a single composition at low and high shear rate values, respectively, and this is in good agreement with the previous investigation using simple shear flow techniques. In addition, the William, Landel and Ferry (WLF)‐superposition principle was found to be applicable only in the single‐phase regime; however, the principle broke‐down at a temperature higher than or equal to the cloud point. Furthermore, different spinodal phase diagrams were estimated at different oscillating shear rates based on the theoretical approach of Ajji and Choplin.Spinodal phase diagrams at different oscillating shear rates.magnified imageSpinodal phase diagrams at different oscillating shear rates.
Quantum logics with the Riesz Interpolation Property
Authors: Dvurečenskij Anatolij , Pták Pavel 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe study the quantum logics which satisfy the Riesz Interpolation Property. We call them the RIP logics. We observe that the class of RIP logics is considerable large—it contains all lattice quantum logics and, also, many (infinite) non‐lattice ones. We then find out that each RIP logic can be enlarged to an RIP logic with a preassigned centre. We continue, showing that the “nearly” Boolean RIP logics must be Boolean algebras. In a somewhat surprising contrast to this, we finally show that the attempt for the σ‐complete formulation of this result fails: We show by constructing an example that there is a non‐Boolean nearly Boolean σ‐RIP logic. As a result, there are interesting σ‐RIP logics which are intrinsically close to Boolean σ‐algebras. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Approximation of vector valued smooth functions
Authors: Farkas Eva C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA real locally convex space is said to be convenient if it is separated, bornological and Mackey‐complete. These spaces serve as underlying objects for a whole theory of differentiation and integration (see [4]) upon which infinite dimensional differential geometry is based (cf. [8]). We investigate the question of density of the subspaces C∞(E) ⊗ F and 𝒫f (E) ⊗ F of smooth (polynomial) decomposable functions in the space C∞(E, F) of smooth functions between convenient vector spaces E, F with respect to various natural structures. A characterization is given for density with respect to the c∞‐topology and also some classical locally convex topologies on C∞(E, F). It is shown furthermore, that for the space ℝ(ℕ) the convenient analogon of the Schwartz kernel theorem for C∞‐functions holds. Spaces of C∞‐functions on both separable and non‐separable manifolds are considered and an example of a non‐separable manifold is given failing the above property of approximability by decomposable functions. Those notions and features of the theory of convenient vector spaces which are essential for the results of this paper are explained in the introductory section below and where needed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Node polynomials for families: methods and applications
Authors: Kleiman Steven L. , Piene Ragni 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe continue the development of methods for enumerating nodal curves on smooth complex surfaces, extending the range of validity. We apply the new methods in three important cases. First, for up to eight nodes, we prove Göttsche's conjecture about plane curves of low degree. Second, we prove Vainsencher's conjectural enumeration of irreducible six‐nodal plane curves on a general quintic threefold in four‐space, which is important for Clemens' conjecture and mirror symmetry. Third, we supplement Bryan and Leung's enumeration of nodal curves in a given homology class on an Abelian surface of Picard number 1. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ergodicity of canonical Gibbs measures with respect to the diffeomorphism group
Authors: Kuna Tobias , Silva José Luis 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor general potentials we prove that every canonical Gibbs measure on configurations over a manifoldXis quasi‐invariant w.r.t. the group of diffeomorphisms onX. We show that this quasi‐invariance property also characterizes the class of canonical Gibbs measures. From this we conclude that the extremal canonical Gibbs measures are just the ergodic ones w.r.t. the diffeomorphism group. Thus we provide a whole class of different irreducible representations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hypoxia inhibits human bladder smooth muscle cell proliferation: A potential mechanism of bladder dysfunction
Authors: Galvin D.J. , Watson R.W.G. , O'Neill A. , Coffey R.N.T. , Taylor C. , Gillespie J.I. , Fitzpatrick J.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAimsRecent animal studies have suggested that bladder outflow obstruction causes bladder wall hypoxia during both the filling and the voiding phases of the micturition cycle. We have previously demonstrated that mechanical deformation of human detrusor leads to smooth muscle (SM) cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which may then contribute to hypoxia in the dysfunctional bladder. We hypothesise that the detrusor's response to a hypoxic environment contributes to bladder dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hypoxia on detrusor cell survival and growth.MethodsNormal human detrusor muscle was obtained at radical cystectomy and primary cultures were established. Cells were then cultured in the presence of 1% oxygen in a hypoxic chamber for different times. Apoptosis was assessed by propidium iodide DNA staining and flow cytometry. Proliferation was assessed by radiolabelled thymidine incorporation. Cell supernatants were retained for growth factor estimation by enzyme linked immuno‐sorbent assay (ELISA), and total cell and nuclear extracts were isolated for Western blotting.ResultsSM cells responded to the presence of hypoxia through significant upregulation of survival factors hypoxia inducible factor (HIF 1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a time‐dependent manner. Hypoxia did not induce cell death, but significantly reduced the rate of proliferation over time, associated with an increase in the cell cycle inhibitor p27kip1.ConclusionsIn an in vitro human detrusor cell culture model, cells demonstrate a resistance to hypoxia‐induced apoptosis but proliferation is inhibited. We suggest that the anti‐proliferative effects of hypoxia may limit the ability of detrusor cells to respond to, and compensate for, alterations in their environment contributing to bladder dysfunction. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.