bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and clinicopathologic changes in cows with endotoxin-induced mastitis treated with small volumes of isotonic or hypertonic sodium chloride administered intravenously
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Welles Elizabeth G. , Erskine Ronald J. , Lin Hui-Chu , Williams M. A , Spano Joseph S. , Gaslin J. Todd , McClure Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We characterized the clinicopathologic manifestations of experimentally induced endotoxin-induced mastitis. Responses to hypertonic fluid therapy also were assessed. Eight cows received 1 mg of endotoxin by intramammary infusion in the left forequarter. Four hours after endotoxin administration, cows received 0.9% NaCl, 5 ml/kg of body weight (n = 4) or 7.5% NaCl, 5 ml/kg (n = 4) IV. Endotoxin-infused cows had expanded plasma volume, hyponatremia, transient hyperchloremia and hypophosphatemia, increased serum glucose concentration, and decreased serum activities of liver- and muscle-specific enzymes. Calculated plasma volume increased at 6 hours in cows receiving hypertonic NaCl, and at 12, 24, and 48 hours after endotoxin infusion in both groups. Concurrent observations of decreased serum protein concentration, erythrocyte count, and hematocrit supported observations of increased plasma volume. Relative plasma volume was greater in cows receiving hypertonic NaCl (124.3%) than in cows receiving isotonic NaCl (106.6%) at 6 hours after endotoxin infusion. Cattle receiving hypertonic NaCl had increased voluntary water intake after iv fluid administration. Increased water consumption was not accompanied by increased body weight, indicating probable occurence of offsetting body water loss. Serum sodium concentration in cows receiving hypertonic NaCl was increased 2 hours after fluid administration, but the magnitude of the change was minimal (< 4 mmol/L) and transient, indicating rapid equilibration with either interstitial or intracellular spaces. Serum sodium concentration was decreased in cows receiving isotonic NaCl at 12, 24, and 48 hours after endotoxin administration, compared with concentration prior to endotoxin adminstration, indicating selective loss of sodium.
Blood cell deformability in horses with intestinal colic
Authors: Seahorn Thomas L. , Gaunt Stephen D. , Berry Cindy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hematologic and rheologic variables were examined in a group of 13 horses with intestinal colic and a control group of 6 horses. All horses had been recently transported to the veterinary teaching hospital, and blood samples were obtained during initial examination. There were no significant differences in blood neutrophil count or plasma fibrinogen concentration between the groups, and PCV was significantly increased in horses with intestinal colic. Cell filterability was measured by passing uniform concentrations of blood, erythrocytes, and neutrophils through micropore filters. There were no significant differences between the control and intestinal colic groups in filterability of erythrocytes. Significant (P < 0.05) prolongation in filterability of blood and neutrophils was observed in the group of horses with intestinal colic, compared with the control group. This neutrophil change, indicative of decreased neutrophil deformability, corresponded with severity of the illness. Horses that failed to survive the intestinal. colic episode had significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged blood and neutrophil filterability, compared with horses that survived intestinal colic. These findings indicate that deformability of neutrophils decreases in horses with intestinal colic, possibly a result of endotoxin-induced activation. This change can further impede microvascular blood flow that is altered in association with intestinal ischemia.
Hemodynamic and analgesic effects of propofol infusion in medetomidine-premedicated dogs
Authors: Thurmon John C. , Ko Jeff C. H. , Benson G. John , Tranquilli William J. , Olson William A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hemodynamic and analgesic effects of medetomidine (30 μg/kg of body weight, im), atropine (0.044 mg/kg, im), and propofol (2 mg/kg, IV, as a bolus, and 165 μg/kg/min, Iv, for 60 minutes, as an infusion) were evaluated in 6 healthy adult Beagles. Catheters were placed while the dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen. Administration of isoflurane was then discontinued, and dogs were allowed to breath oxygen until end-tidal isoflurane concentration was ≤ 0.5%. At this time, baseline measurements were recorded and medetomidine and atropine were administered. Ten minutes later, the bolus of propofol was given and the infusion was begun. Analgesia was evaluated with a tail clamp test and by use of a direct-current nerve stimulator. Sinoatrial and atrioventricular blockade developed in all 6 dogs within 2 minutes of administration of medetomidine and atropine, but disappeared within 10 minutes. Apnea did not develop after administration of propofol. Analgesia was strong and consistent throughout the entire 60-minute period of propofol infusion. Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.05) increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased cardiac output, compared with baseline values. Propofol infusion appeared to alleviate medetomidine induced vasoconstriction. Recovery was smooth and uncomplicated. All dogs were able to walk normally at a mean time (± sem) of 88.2 ± 20.6 minutes after termination of propofol infusion. It was concluded that medetomidine, atropine, and propofol, as given in the present study, is a safe combination of anesthetic drugs for use in healthy Beagles.
Repeatability and normal values for measurement of pharyngeal and tracheal pressures in exercising horses
Authors: Ducharme Norm G. , Hackett Richard P. , Ainsworth Dorothy M. , Erb Hollis N. , Shannon Kevin J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Repeatability of measurements of peak and mean tracheal and pharyngeal pressures in exercising horses was determined. Five athletically fit horses were subjected to repeated (n = 5) standardized exercise trials. Static pressures in the trachea, nasopharynx, and mask were determined. At least 96% of all mean pressure measurements were within 5 cm of H2O of the mean value for any horse. Peak pressure measurements were less repeatable, but at least 96% of all measurements were within 10 cm of H2O of the mean peak measurements for any horse. In 10 horses galloping at 14 m/s, the 95% confidence interval for peak treacheal and pharyngeal inspiratory pressures ranged from —40 to —50 cm of H2O and —20 to — 26 cm of H2O, respectively. During expiration, the 95% confidence interval for peak tracheal and pharyngeal pressure at the same speed ranged from 15 to 28 cm of H2O and 10 to 24 cm of H2O respectively. During inspiration, horses with induced laryngeal hemiplegia had static pressure measurements generally outside that range. We conclude that determination of tracheal and pharyngeal pressures is a potentially useful adjunct for assessment of the proximal portion of the respiratory tract.
Early insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test in horses
Authors: Giraudet A. , Hinchcliff K. W. , Kohn C. W. , McKeever K. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma insulin concentration of many species has a characteristic early or acute-phase response in the minutes after IV administration of glucose. However, the plasma insulin response of horses soon after the IV administration of glucose has not been examined, whereas the more prolonged response has been evaluated. We examined the plasma insulin and glucose concentration responses of adult mares during the 30 minutes after rapid IV administration of glucose (0.33 g/kg of body weight). Plasma glucose concentration peaked at 664 ± 54 mg/dl within 1 minute of cessation of glucose administration, whereas insulin concentration peaked at 326 ± 24 pmol/L at 2 minutes after the end of glucose administration. Thus, these mares had an acute insulin response, consistent with that observed in other species, including dogs, human beings, and cattle.
Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in horses and ponies
Authors: Longworth Kim E. , Jarvis Kathleen A. , Tyler Walter S. , Steffey Eugene P. , Staub Norman C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Seven horses (4 anesthetized and 3 awake) and 2 ponies (anesthetized) were studied to evaluate the high sensitivity of the pulmonary circulation of the horse to various blood-borne particles, and to establish the presence of intravascular macrophages in the lung. Pulmonary and systemic pressures and cardiac output before and during particle injection were measured in some animals. An anesthetized foal had a large increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (32 and 34 mm of Hg) within 1 minute of IV administration of small test doses of radioactively labeled liposomes (2.5 μmol/kg of body weight) or a 1% suspension of blue pigment (0.3 ml/kg), respectively. Quantitative real-time gamma camera imaging of the foal revealed high retention of the labeled liposomes during the first pass through the lungs; retention persisted throughout the experiment. Postmortem analysis revealed 55 and 47% lung retention of liposomes and blue pigment, respectively. The 2 anesthetized ponies had increased pulmonary artery pressure of 34 ± 7 mm of Hg, decreased cardiac output, and 42% lung retention after administration of 1% blue pigment (0.2 ml/kg), whereas 3 awake horses had increased pressure of 28 ± 9 mm of Hg after 1.8 × 108 (1.8-μm-diameter) latex microspheres/kg. None of the injected particles caused vascular obstruction, and they do not cause pulmonary vascular reactivity in species that lack pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Finally, 3 horses (1 anesthetized and 2 awake) were infused Iv with small doses of the blue pigment, and their lungs were perfusion-fixed to identify specific labeling of the pulmonary intravascular macrophages. These cells were fully differentiated macrophages, contained blue pigment in phagocytes, and were tightly adherent to the pulmonary capillary endothelium. At this time, horses (order Perissodactyla) are the only species outside the mammalian order Artiodactyla (sheep, pig, cattle) documented to have reactive intravascular macrophages. Compared with other species, low doses of particles induced marked hemodynamic responses; horses appear to be more sensitive to IV administered particles than are other species studied.
Development of an experimental model of hypothyroidism in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Harms Craig A. , Hoskinson James J. , Bruyette David S. , Carpenter James W. , Galland John , Veatch Jobna K. , Wilson Sandra C. , Baier Jeffrey G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hypothyroidism is 2 possible predisposing factor in a number of disorders of companion psittacine birds. We developed and validated a thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) response testing protocol for cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus), using 0.1 IU of tsh/bird given IM, with blood sample collection at 0 and 6 hours after tsh, and a commercial radioimmunoassay for thyroxine (T4). This protocol was used to document a seasonal sex difference in stimulated T4 values— females responded with higher T4 values than those in males in summer—and a stress-induced depression of baseline T4 values was detected in a group of cockatiels with normal tsh response. An experimental model for mature-onset hypothyroidism in cockatiels was created by radiothyroidectomizing cockatiels with 3.7 MBq (100 μCi) of 131I/bird given IV. Induction of the hypothyroid state was confirmed by baseline T4 concentration, tsh response test results, thyroid pertechnetate scintigraphy, and gross and microscopic examinations. Classical signs of hypothyroidism (eg, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, poor feathering) were lacking or mild at 48 days after thyroid ablation.
Structure of equine type I and type II collagens
Authors: Todbunter Rory J. , Wootton Joyce A. M. , Lust George , Minor Ronald R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Collagen type I was purified from equine skin and flexor tendon, and type II collagen was purified from equine articular cartilage. The proteoglycans in these tissues were extracted, using guanidine hcl; the collagens were solubilized, using pepsin digestion, then were selectively precipitated with NaCl. Gel electrophoresis indicated that the precipitates contained only type I or type II collagen. Amino acid analysis indicated that collagen constituted > 97% of the total protein in the precipitates. Hydroxylation of proline was 42.0 ± 0.6% (mean ± sem) in α1(I) and α2(I), and was 48.1 ± 1.3% in α1(ID chains. The hydroxylation of lysine was 23.2 ± 0.7% in α1(I) and 34.1 ± 0.9% in α2(D) chains from tendon, and 49.6 ± 4.3% in a1( chains from cartilage. The cyanogen bromide (CB)-peptide patterns of chromatographically purified equine α2(I) and α1(II) chains were similar to those published previously for rat, bovine, and human α2 and α1 chains. However, the CB-peptide pattern of the equine α1(I) chain resembled the guinea pig α1(I) chain, which has no methionine between CB7 and CB6. Purified equine α1(I)CB7,6 contained no methionine, methionine sulfoxide, or homoserine lactone. Mass of 42.26 kd was determined by use of mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequence analysis established that the first 12 amino acids of this CB7,6 were identical to the sequence of human α1(I)CB7. Because of this species specific difference in structure of the α1(I) chain, equine CB-peptides should be used as standards in studies of variations in the proportions of type I and type II collagens in equine tissues expressing the phenotype of fibrous tissue and cartilage.
Reliability of single urine and serum samples for estimation of 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion in six healthy Beagles
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Unger Lisa K. , Bird Katherine A. , Koehler Lori A. , Chen Menglan 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Urine uric acid-to-urine creatinine ratios (uua:uc), urine uric acid concentrations, urine uric acid concentrations corrected for glomerular filtration rate, and urinary uric acid fractional excretions were compared with 24-hour urinary uric acid excretions measured in 6 healthy adult female Beagles. Comparisons, using correlation analysis, were made when dogs consumed a 10.4% protein (dry weight), casein-based diet and a 31.4% protein (dry weight), meat-based diet. The uua:uc, urine uric acid concentrations corrected for glomerular filtration rate, and urinary uric acid fractional excretions were not reliable estimates of 24-hour urinary uric acid excretions during consumption of either diet. Urine uric acid concentrations in samples collected 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours after initiation of collection correlated with 24-hour urinary uric acid excretions when dogs consumed the casein-based diet; correlation was not found at any time interval when dogs consumed the meatbased diet. Therefore, determination of 24-hour urinary uric acid excretion is recommended because uua:uc are unreliable.
Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors
Authors: Stiles Jean , Buyukmihci Nedim C. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal eyes of several species of raptors. No bird had active injury or illness, though some were nonreleasable to the Wild because of previous injury. Mean (± sd) intraocular pressure was 20.6 (± 3.4) mm of Hg in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, n = 10), 20.8 (± 2.3) mm of Hg in Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni, n = 6), 21.5 (± 3.0) mm of Hg in golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos, n = 7), 20.6 (± 2.0) mm of Hg in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, n = 3), and 10.8 (± 3.6) mm of Hg in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus, n = 6). There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure between hawks and eagles. Mean pressure in great horned owls was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than pressure in hawks or eagles. Reliable intraocular pressure readings could not be obtained in barn owls (Tyto alba).
Measurement of volatile fatty acid disappearance and fluid flux across the abomasum of cattle, using an improved omasal cannulation technique
Authors: Rupp Gary P. , Kreikemeier Kelly K. , Perino Louis J. , Ross Gary S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six steer calves, surgically fitted with a permanent cannula in the rumen, omasoabomasal orifice, abomasum, and duodenum were used to determine total digesta flow and volatile fatty acid (vfa) concentration at various points in the digestive tract. The omasoabomasal cannula had a flexible nylon sleeve that could be exteriorized through the abomasal cannula to collect omasal effluent.
Three experiments were conducted: 95% concentrate fed at maintenance (2,670 g of organic matter intake/d); 95% concentrate fed ad libitum (3,484 g of organic matter intake/d); and brome hay fed ad libitum (2,927 g of organic matter intake/d). Calves were offered the diet in 12 portions daily. Each experiment included a 14-day adaptation period and a 2-day sample collection period during which chromic oxide was used as a digesta flow marker. In all 3 experiments, vfa concentration was greatest in the rumen sample (84 to 109 mM), intermediate in the omasal sample (32 to 40 mM), and lowest in the duodenal sample (7 to 14 mM, P < 0.01). Total fluid flow at the duodenum was 13 to 18 L/d greater than flow at the omasum (P < 0.10). Omasal vfa flow was twofold greater than duodenal vfa flow (P < 0.05). There was a net fluid increase and net disappearance of vfa across the abomasum. The cannulation technique was useful for repeated collection of omasal effluent for at least 3 months.
Comparison of cardiac function in double-muscled calves and in calves with conventional muscular conformation
Authors: Amory Héléne , Desmecht Daniel J.-M. , Linden Annick S. , Mc Entee Kathleen , Rollin Frédéric A. , Beduin Jean-Marie L. , Genicot Bruno C. , D'orio Vincent , Lekeux Pierre M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
During growth, central venous, right ventricular, pulmonary arterial, pulmonary capillary wedge, and systemic arterial pressures, heart rate, and cardiac output were repeatedly measured in 41 Friesian calves, considered as having conventional muscular conformation, and in 19 Belgian White and Blue double-muscled calves. A total of 123 and 70 recordings were collected in conventional and double-muscled calves, respectively. These circulatory indices were calculated: stroke volume, cardiac and stroke indices, pulmonary and systemic pulse pressures, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance indices, and right and left ventricular work indices.
Results indicated that systemic arterial and pulse pressures, as well as cardiac output, stroke volume, cardiac and stroke indices, and right and left ventricular work indices were significantly (P ≤ 0.05 to 0.001) lower but, in contrast, pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance indices were significantly (P ≤ 0.001) higher in double-muscled than in conventional calves. Right-sided vascular pressures and heart rate were similar in the 2 groups. These results indicated that global cardiac performance may be considerably poorer in double-muscled calves. Diminished cardiac performance of double-muscled calves appears to be related neither to relative bradycardia nor to reduced ventricular preload. The potential role of increased ventricular afterload or of reduced myocardial contractility in double-muscled cattle should be determined by direct measurements.
Molecular forms of β-endorphin in the canine pituitary gland
Authors: Young Diane W. , Kemppainen Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Acid extracts of anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland from 4 dogs were fractionated by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography and analzyed by radioimmunoassay, using 2 antibodies: one specific for the midregion of β-endorphin (β-end) and the other specific for the N-terminal region of N-acetylated β-end. Identification of peaks of canine β-end immunoreactivity was based on the retention times relative to those of synthetic human β-end standards, with predicted variations attributable to differences in the β-end amino acid sequences between the 2 species. The canine anterior lobe was found to contain almost exclusively β-end (1–31). By contrast, the intermediate lobe contained substantial amounts of N-acetylated and C-terminally shortened forms of β-end. The predominant forms of β-end in canine intermediate lobe were, in decreasing order of abundance: β-end (1–27), β-end (1–31), β-end (1-26), Acβ-end (1–27), Acβ-end (1–26) and Acβ-end (1–31). Individual β-end immunoreactivity profiles varied, but the general pattern was consistent among the 4 dogs.
C-Reactive protein concentration in dogs with inflammatory leukograms
Authors: Burton Shelley A. , Honor David J. , Mackenzie Allan L. , Eckersall P. David , Markham R. J. Frederick , Horney Barbara S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Serum C-reactive protein (crp) concentration was measured, using an automated immunoturbidimetric assay, in 44 clinically normal dogs and 67 dogs with band neutrophil count ≥ 109 cells/L, and values were found to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different. Correlation of serum crp concentration and band neutrophil count in the 67 dogs with ≥ 109 band neutrophils/L resulted in a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05), but low correlation coefficient of 0.34. Serum crp concentration and cbc values were determined for 6 clinically normal dogs undergoing anesthesia (controls) and 6 clinically normal dogs undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. Significant alterations in cbc results and serum crp concentration, compared with baseline values, were lacking in dogs of the control group. Serum crp concentration was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased above baseline values in dogs undergoing surgery and was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased, compared with values in control dogs by 12 hours after surgery. In dogs undergoing surgery, serum crp concentration was also significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different from values in control dogs at 28 and 36 hours, but not at the 76- and 124-hour sample collection times. Alterations in cbc values compatible with possible or convincing inflammation were detected in 83% of the dogs undergoing surgery at the 8- and 12-hour postsurgery sample collection times, 100% of dogs at 16, 22, 28, and 36 hours after surgery, 83% of dogs at 52 and 76 hours after surgery, 67% of dogs at 100 hours after surgery, and 0% of dogs at 124 hours after surgery. It was concluded that significant increases in crp concentration in dogs with surgical trauma were not detected earlier than cbc alterations compatible with possible or convincing inflammation.
Adjuvanted subunit vaccines for the control of Salmonella enteritidis infection in turkeys
Authors: Charles Samuel D. , Hussain Iftikhar , Choi Cheong-Up , Nagaraja Kakambi V. , Sivanandan V. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Liposomes and immunostimulating complexes (iscom) are adjuvants that have been known to potentiate the immune response to membrane proteins. Adjuvanted outer membrane proteins (omp) from Salmonella enteritidis were evaluated for their protective efficacy against S enteritidis infection in turkeys. The adjuvanted vaccines prepared for evaluation were: positive or negatively charged liposomes, lipid-conjugated iscom, and mineral oil vaccines. These preparations were compared with that of a whole cell bacterin and protein alone. After vaccination, turkeys were challenge-exposed with a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of S enteritidis. They were monitored for clinical signs of disease, antibody response, bacterial shedding pattern, and clearance of the challenge S enteritidis from internal organs. Results indicated a significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody response to the positively charged liposomal omp vaccine, compared with the whole cell bacterin. The antibody response to positively charged liposomal omp vaccine was greater when a booster dose of this preparation was given. Shedding of S enteritidis was decreased in all vaccinated and challenge-exposed turkeys (P < 0.001). The tissues from a high percentage (90 to 100%) of birds that received a booster vaccination of the liposomal ( + or − ) and iscom vaccine were culture-negative for S enteritidis.