bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Principles of Drug Design III Designing drug molecules to fit receptors
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to provide a conceptual framework for medicinal chemistry. Chapter 1 dealt with the properties necessary to transform a molecule into a drug-like molecule. Chapter 2 described the properties that determine whether a macromolecule could be a receptor. It is now necessary to develop a method of designing drug molecules to fit into receptor molecules. The multiphore method of drug design is such a method.
Introduction to Part II
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From this sequence of activities, a number of observations can be made. Not all molecules are drugs, but certain properties enable a molecule to be a drug-like molecule and potentially a drug. Analogously, not all macromolecules are receptors, but certain properties enable a macromolecule to be a druggable target. With these two basic facts in place, it is then necessary to understand how to design drug-like molecules that can specifically interact with drug targets. This process involves lead compound identification (via rational drug design or high throughput screening, using either random or focused libraries) followed by lead compound optimization (via quantitative structure–activity relationship studies). Throughout the full spectrum of this design process, computer aided drug design with molecular mechanics and molecular orbital calculations is an important design tool.
Messenger Targets for Drug Action II Hormones and their receptors
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1902, Bayliss and Starling demonstrated that the effect exerted by the duodenum on pancreatic secretion was due to a bloodborne factor that seemingly acted as a “chemical messenger.” Their research led to the identification of this chemical messenger, which they called secretin. They went on to suggest that secretin was not unique, hypothesizing that many chemical agents are secreted by various cells throughout the body and that these agents, upon distribution by the bloodstream and circulation, influence the function of organs that are located some distance away. They coined the term hormone to describe such chemical messengers that are synthesized in one organ system and distributed via the circulation to distant organ systems to elicit an altered biochemical response. Insulin is the prototypic example of a hormone; it is biosynthesized in the pancreas and then distributed via the bloodstream to organs and tissues throughout the body where it influences carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. The medical discipline of endocrinology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to hormones and hormonally responsive systems.
Messenger Targets for Drug Action III Immunomodulators and their receptors
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final messenger system that can be exploited for purposes of understanding drug action is the immune system. The function of the immune system is to preserve the integrity of the body at a cellular level. It is designed to eliminate pathogens and to protect the host. In fulfilling this goal, the immune system makes extensive use of white blood cells as cellular messengers and mediators. Like neural and endocrine messenger systems, the immune system is capable of manipulating biochemical information for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis and combating disease. The immune system stores information concerning previous infections and transmits information through the integrated use of cellular (white blood cell) and molecular (cytokine) elements.
Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action II Endogenous macromolecules
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If targeting messenger molecules such as neurotransmitters, hormones, or immunomodulators fails to address the disease under study, the next approach is to target either nonmessenger endogenous structures, such as the cell membrane or cell nucleus (see chapter 7), or nonmessenger endogenous macromolecules such as proteins (enzymes) or lipids (prostaglandins) (this chapter). These endogenous macromolecules are the catalysts and molecular machinery that enable the cell to perform its normal metabolic functions; accordingly, they afford numerous druggable targets.
Two Lavender Issues for Linguists
Authors: Zwicky Arnold m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some questions about sexual orientation are naturals for professional linguists­ for theoretical linguists, phoneticians, sociolinguists, psycholinguists, discourse analysts, and anthropological linguists, for instance. One natural topic (which I look at in the following section) concerns the lexical items that are available for referring to sexual orientations and to people of various orientations. A second topic which I look at in the following section concerns differences in the language and speech of people of different orientations.
Toward a Study of Lesbian Speech
Authors: Moonwomon-Baird Birch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is a decade old. I have gone somewhere else in my work on lesbian language use, but one thing I like about this conference paper is that in it I observe that lesbian practice is regarded as marked behavior but goes unremarked much more than is true Of gay male practice, even in this era of both friendly and hostile societal discourses on queers. Lesbian language behavior in particular goes unremarked. I ask why the dominant society ‘s negative sanction on lesbian revelation and its general refusal to ac­ knowledge lesbian existence, a state of affeirs referred to as “enforced invisibility,” manifests especially as, in fact, “inaudibility.” Why are we not heard as lesbians, apparently even by ourselves?
Linguistic Gender Play among French Gays and Lesbians
Authors: Pastre Genevieve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of homosexuality has long been neglected in feminist studies of sex and linguistic gender. This neglect has created a serious gap in the field of sociolinguistics: How does the classification masculine(feminine function in language when an individual ‘s sexuality does not conform to the general rules of heterosexual patriarchy that regulate grammar? What effect does the fact of having a partner of the same sex as oneself have on the way one speaks? How do gay men and lesbians refer to themselves and each other?
How the Brain Works
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us don’t think much about our brain—let alone about how it works—until something goes wrong with it. Then we wonder why this or that distressing symptom happened and whether we can do anything about it. Stroke, depression, retardation, epilepsy, dementia, addiction, schizophrenia—the list of heart-wrenching afflictions is long indeed and doesn’t even include a host of other less severe, yet frustratingly real, problems like anxiety, learning and memory disorders, attention deficits, and on and on. For answers we often turn to medicine—to neurologists and psychiatrists who usu­ally prescribe drugs or surgery that may relieve symptoms in a more or less effective way, at least for a while. But ask 10 of the world’s leading neuroscientists how the brain works—how it thinks, feels, perceives, and acts as a unified whole—and you will get 10 very different answers, unless they are very narrowly framed around the bio­physics and chemistry of nerve impulse conduction and synaptic transmission. Synapses are the functional contacts between nerve cells that may change their strength based on experience. You have about 100 trillion of them in your brain, and they are so tiny they.
The Simplest Nervous Systems
Authors: Swanson Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is natural to imagine that over the course of evolution here on earth, which spans around 5 billion years, the simplest organisms appeared first and that, when viewed over a very long time frame, they were followed by more and more complex organisms, culminating with the appearance of modern humans only 100 thousand years ago or so (Fig. 2.1). If we continue to think along these lines, it’s a good bet that we should be able to learn a great deal about the architecture of the nervous system by starting to examine it in the evolutionarily oldest, simplest organisms, then going on to analyze its organization in progressively more recent and complex organisms, before finally considering it in the ultimate puzzle, the human brain. By this time, we should have a vocabulary and set of rules that apply to all mammals, to all vertebrates, and perhaps even to all animals with a nervous system.
The Role of Language in European Nationalist Ideologies
Authors: Blommaert Jan , Verschueren Jef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Nations and Nationalism since 1780, E. J. Hobsbawm concludes that “the phenomenon [of nationalism] is past its peak” (1990:183). Before he gets to this conclusion (apparently written some time in 1989, before German reunification became a realistic possibility and before the process of fragmentation in some countries of the old communist bloc had gained momentum), he shows quite convincingly, and almost prophetically, that a new “Europe of nations” in the Wilsonian sense (e.g., with independent entities such as Catalonia, Corsica, Slovenia, Estonia) could not produce “a stable or lasting political system” (p. 177). For one, “the first thing most such hypothetical new European states would do is, almost certainly, apply for admission to the European Economic Community, which would once again limit their sovereign rights” (p. 177).
The Decennial Republic
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Less than three weeks after the coup d’etat, Louis-Napoleon asked the French electorate—once again enlarged to include all adult men—to allow him to draw up a new constitution, and a very large majority of 7.5 million voted in his favor. For the Bonapartists, the plebiscite was, as Prefect of Police Charlemagne-Emile de Maupas put it, “a veritable national festival.” The 7.5 million votes seemed to prove conclusively the reality of Louis-Napoleon’s popularity—the same popularity they so frequently had seen manifested in the celebrations of the Republic. For Bonapartists, the divided nation of the Republic seemed to have found in Louis-Napoleon a means of coming together as a unified community.
Rituals of Opposition
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Second Empire found public spectacle a useful political tool, so too did its opponents, both republican and legitimist alike. But in contrast to the regime’s freedom to mount whatever celebrations it liked whenever it liked, throughout most of the period the opposition had to work in the face of extremely severe restrictions. Until 1868 almost all public political assemblies were illegal and the press was tightly controlled. And even after the liberalizations of 1868, many limitations remained. Speaking derogatorily of the imperial family, for example, was defined throughout the period as a “seditious cry” and punished by fines and prison terms. As late as October 1869, for example, the prosecutor at Metz was reporting such infractions to Paris. But even with these restrictions, the opposition still often managed.to use celebrations to challenge the fête impériale and to call into question its underlying message of quasi-unanimous national support for the emperor.
Absence of the Gonads
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Absent gonads” may reflect failure of gonad formation or failure of gonad retention. The gonads that are absent may have been meant to become, or once were, either ovaries (Overzier and Linden, 1956; Medina et al., 1982) or testes (Cunningham, 1960). This chapter deals primarily with conditions in which the gonads were formed and then disappeared. Two examples in males are testicular regression syndromes and congenital anomalies presumably due to testicular torsion. 46,XX females with no gonads have also been described (Levinson et al., 1976; Kennerknecht et al., 1993; Medina et al., 1982; Mendonca et al., 1994; Kennerknecht et al., 1997). Gonads may also be absent in Turner syndrome (Chapter 6) and other forms of gonadal dysgenesis. Our focus will be on testicular regression syndromes. This group of conditions is characterized by embryonic or fetal formation of testicular tissue and later gonadal regression in 46,XY individuals with ambiguous genitalia.
Genetic Disorders of Gonadotropin Action
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chorionic gonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor (henceforth, LHR), and the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) belong to the subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors for glycoprotein hormones. They share a very long (~ 350 amino acids) N-terminal extracellular domain devoted primarily to high-affinity ligand binding, seven membrane-spanning α-helices with six intervening loops (three each, internal and external), and a relatively short C-terminal intracellular domain (Fig. 11-1).
Hearing and Notating Conversational Rhythm
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we stressed that our approach to rhythm relies on the notion of gestalt. Such an approach has of course its own methodological problems. How can rhythmic structures be discovered in reliable ways? Instrumental measurement of the acoustic data will not provide us with an unproblematic ac cess to rhythm, given the highly interpretive steps we language users must go through to perceive language as rhythmic or non rhythmic. From this it follows that an auditory analysis of rhythm must have priority over instrumental analysis as a research tool.
How to Identify Innovative Grammatical Constructions
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the theoretical groundwork for the hypothesis to be defended in this book. Grammaticalization theory has advanced rapidly in recent years, with a number of recent books discussing the creation of grammar from different perspectives. This chapter does not offer a summary of the recent work in grammaticalization theory, but rather it applies selected insights from various works directly to the questions at hand: first, how can you recognize innovative grammar in a given synchronic language, and second, given appropriate comparative information, how can you reconstruct innovative grammatical constructions to their etymological sources? Although I believe my use of grammatical terminology falls within the mainstream tradition of functional-typological linguistics (cf. Comrie 1981; Giv6n 1984, 1990; Shopen 1985), given the variation in terminology endemic to modern linguistics, I begin by introducing my own use of grammatical terminology.
Set I as Conservative and the Rest as Innovative
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 summarizes the primary identifying characteristics of the seven different verbal systems, shows how the systems distribute themselves in modern Cariban languages, and points out that the number of logically possible scenarios that could give rise to such a distribution is huge. Chapter 3 presents the basic principles of grammaticalization theory to guide an investigation into the origins of these systems. In this chapter, I return to the distributional data with the guidance of these principles and sketch out the arguments that will be supported in parts II and III of this book. The pattern of evidence is conclusive: Set I must be reconstructed to Proto-Carib as a verbal system, and all of the rest are more recently reanalyzed from deverbal forms in various types of predicate nominal constructions. In 4.1 I summarize the patterns of evidence. In 4.2 I argue for the hypothesis that Set I is the oldest of the systems; since my hypothesis contradicts an alternative hypothesis offered in other published work on the language family, I review the arguments given in support of the alternative hypothesis and point out the flaws and gaps.
The Morphosyntax of Proto-Carib Nominalizations
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most nominalizers in Cariban languages are suffixes. I illustrate the forms of the suffixes in section 7.1, then show the ergative morphosyntax of nominalized clauses in 7.2. In 7.3 I discuss the lone exception to the generalizations given in 7.1 and 7.2, nominalizations formed with the idiosyncratic O nominalizing prefix*n-(mentioned in 4.3.2). Although there are many nominalizing suffixes, only a small subset is relevant for the discussion in this study, that is, those that evolve into Set II TAM markers or are components in complex innovative TAM morphology. These suffixes are *-ri Action Nominalizer’; *-tupu-ru ‘O or Action Nominalizer, Past Tense’; *topo ‘Place/ Instrument nominalizer’; -ne’A Nominalizer’; and *-sapo ‘O Nominalizer, Completive’. These forms are reconstructed based on the cognate sets in table 7.1.
Reanalysis, Typology, Classification, and Fieldwork
Authors: Gildea Spike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point, the various arguments in favor of the hypothesis have been presented, and the exposition and synthesis of the comparative data are also completed. In this final chapter, I present some brief remarks on how the innovations in modern Cariban grammar can shed light on a number of current issues in linguistics, including reanalysis and actualization (15.1); the semantic connection between the type of source nominalizer and the type of the resultant TAM value (15.2); Cariban counterexamples to two putative universals of split ergativity (15.3 and 15.4); the value of grammatical evidence for genetic classification of the Cariban language family (15.5); and finally, some remarks about the pressing need for more-and more detailed-fieldwork on Cariban languages (15.6).
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a recent Larry King Live interview on CNN ( June 24, 1996), a caller asked the night’s guest, Ted Koeppel, host of ABC’s Nightline news show, what Koeppel’s most emotional reaction to a story happened to be during the more than 15 years that Nightline had been on the air. After a few moments of reflection, Koepzpel said that a simple but poignant story illustrated his emotional moment. A number of years earlier, Koeppel had interviewed an 18-year-old, Eurasian woman who had recently come to the United States from her homeland of Thailand.
Implementing Information Ecology
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chances are you haven’t ever thought about the subject of information use in quite this fashion. You may be wondering, “What has to happen in order for the ecological approach to thrive?” “What will it feel like if I’m successful?” “What if I fail?” These are all valid-if anxiety-producingquestions. In this concluding chapter, I’ll bring the visionary aspects of information ecology down to earth, focusing on the most pragmatic ways to rethink information management. Then I’ll wind up with a story about what an ideal information ecology can accomplish-how a fictional company might put into practice many of the specific initiatives I’ve discussed here.
Self-Regulation in Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broker-dealer firms in the U.S. securities industry-firms like Merrill Lynch, PaineWebber, Goldman Sachs, and Salomon Smith Barney-sell brokerge and investment banking services and trade for their own accounts. A three-tiered regulatory system governs the industry under federal securities laws. Basically, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees self-regulatory organizations (SROs) such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) but has the authority to control the SROs directly if required. The SROs oversee, and similarly can set rules for, the broker-dealers who are members of the SROs because they need access to the SROs’ markets. The SEC and the SROs rely heavily on the firms’ supervisory systems to prevent securities law violations on the grounds that the firms are in the best position to oversee their own operations. Firms may be fined, or worse, if their internal regulatory systems fail in some important way. This book examines how this regulatory system operates, the types of regulatory problems with which broker-dealer firms must deal, why some firms have more problems than others, and what the experience suggests about the conditions aiding and inhibiting effective self-regulation generally.
The Journal’s War
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish minister in Washington, had a difficult task representing his country, especially with the Journal and the World infecting the American public daily with an anti-Spanish virus. An experienced and dedicated diplomat, a proud, ‘chilling person;’ to some a “vision of [past] empire and faded glories,” he did not understand, and “had grown to hate” William McKinley-and therein lay his down fall.The president, in presenting his annual State of the Union message to Congress early in December, 1897, had devoted considerable space to U.S.Spanish relations regarding Cuba. Although detailing the history of the 1895 rebellion, its horrors and affronts to the civilized world, he advised caution and patience while being purposely vague in the administration’s recommendations. But de Lome, reacting badly to the message, wrote an indiscreet private letter to a friend. Within the next month Cuban spies in Havana intercepted his note and, realizing the explosive nature of the contents, sent it to the Cuban Junta in New York City, who exultantly offered a translated version to the press.
Political Activist
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1898, with the conclusion of what U.S. Ambassador to Britain John Hay called “a splendid little war;’ the American people basked-and reveled-in the resounding victory over Spain, in the wondrous glories of an emerging empire, in the triumphant applause for a vibrant New World democracy. The idea of Manifest Destiny, of American chauvinism and expansion, surely held sway. On July 7, 1898, President McKinley signed a measure that annexed the Hawaiian Islands, thereby extending American civilization and influence into the Pacific. Then, by the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, the United States acquired even more territory. Spain agreed to relinquish Cuba, to cede Puerto Rico and an island in the Ladrones (ultimately Guam) to the United States, and to allow the Americans to occupy “the city, bay, and harbor of Manila” until some final disposition of the Philippines could be decided. And on February 6,1899, with the treaty ratified by the Senate, the United States officially became a world power. Hence, such key words as auty” and aestiny” seemed to characterize, to be emblematic 0£ American foreign policy, with the unfurling of “Old Glory” over foreign lands signifying an extension of democracy.