bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Wilkinson Charles p. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a signiEcant public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that there are approximately 150 million people with this disorder and that this number could double by the year 2025 [1]. In the U.S., diabetes affects over 18.2 million people (6.3% of the total population), and 800,000 new cases of type 2 diabetes are diagnosed each year [2]. As a frequent complication of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy can be expected to remain a signiEcant cause of visual disability in an increasing number of patients.
Histopathology of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: guess Matthew , Dubovy sander R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mechanisms that lead to the histopathologic changes in diabetes mellitus are complex and likely secondary to metabolic dysregulation including chronic hyperglycemia. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) describes intraretinal micro-vascular changes including basement membrane thickening, pericyte loss, microaneurysm formation, venous caliber abnormalities and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs). nThe vascular changes may lead to macular edema, hard exudate formation, cotton wool spots (microinfarctions), and intraretinal hemorrhages. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) describes growth of new blood vessels at the optic nerve head, neovascularization of the disc (NVD) or on the surface of the retina, neovascularization elsewhere (NVE) that may lead to hemorrhage, vitreous traction, macular distortion, and retinal detachment. Other histopathologic changes in diabetes mellitus include cataract formation, recurrent corneal erosions, basement membrane thickening of the choroid and pigmented ciliary epithelium, rubeosis iridis and lacy vacuolization of the iris.
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Gardner Thomas W , Aiello Lloyd Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diabetes impacts all retinal cell types, with changes beginning before the onset of clinically evident disease. Therefore, diabetic retinopathy is not merely a “microvascular disease.” Vision impairment in persons with diabetes results from altered function of retinal neurons. Both ocular and systemic factors contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and must be considered in evaluating and treating patients with diabetic macular edema.
Telemedicine for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Li, Helen k. , Tennant matthew t.s. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diabetes has become epidemic in many communities around the world [1,2]. Increasing numbers of people with diabetes have led to increases in diabetic retinopathy. Fortunately, much of the vision loss from diabetic retinopathy can be reduced or prevented through early identiEcation and treatment [3,4]. Diabetic retinopathy screening programs have proven to be cost effective in reducing the rate of vision loss within a community [5,6]. Unfortunately, many people with diabetes do not have access to eye care or do not receive timely evaluation for diabetic retinopathy. Telemedicine for these people offers the promise of a healthier future.
O
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
OAEs Otoacoustic emissions; see auditory nerve.
OAS See Overt Aggression Scale.
oath, Hippocratic See Hippocrates.
OBE Out-of-the-body experience (q.v.).
obedience, deferred According to Freud, a prohibition, command, or threat received early in life may be repressed and the effect deferred for many years until a neurotic illness occurs and the original prohibition or command is obeyed. In spite of his father ‘s opposition, a man became a painter. “His incapacity to paint after the father ‘s death would then . . . be an expression of the familiar ‘deferred obedience. ‘ “ (Freud, S. Collected Papers, 1924–25). See failure through success.
P
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
P50 sensory gating Modulation of the brain ‘s sensitivity to sensory stimuli, as measured by the EEG wave that appears 50 msec following stimulation. Deficient gating of the auditory event-related potential is one neurobiological trait that is associated with schizophrenia. It has been found in patients with illness of recent onset and in chronic patients, and in both medicated and unmedicated patients. Deficits in P50 sensory gating also occur in about half of the first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients.
P300 wave P300 brain wave, P300 amplitude; LPW (late positive wave); novelty potential; a positive brain wave that appears between 300 and 500 msec after a stimulus. It is one of the endogenous components of the sensory-evoked response that is related to information processing of task-relevant information. The P300 wave is associated with the psychologic processes of attention, expectancy, stimulus recognition, stimulus evaluation, and cognitive decision-making activity.
S
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
S Abbreviation for experimental subject or for stimulus.
saccade A high-velocity movement of the eye. Information about the distance and direction of a target image from the current direction of gaze is used to produce a saccade that brings the image of the target onto or near the fovea. The saccadic system processes information about the distance and direction of a target image from the current position of gaze and generates saccades of both eyes that bring the image of the target onto or near the fovea. The pursuit system uses information about the speed of a moving object to produce eye movements of comparable speed, thereby keeping the image of the object in or near the fovea. Using information about the location of a target in depth, the vergence system controls the movements of the eyes that will bring the image of the target onto the foveal regions of both eyes. See pursuit eye movements; smooth pursuit system.
Saccades are of two types, compensatory (catchup and backup) and intrusive. Catchup saccades, which move in the same direction as and faster than the target, are generated to correct tracking when the eyes lag behind the target (termed a reduced closed-loop pursuit gain, characteristic of schizophrenic subjects). Backup saccades move in the opposite direction to bring the eyes back on target when they have moved too fast. Saccadic intrusions are extraneous eye movements with no corrective functions. Normally inhibited during pursuit, they include jerks, oscillations, flutterings, opsoclonus, and anticipatory saccades.
Growing Pains?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever a child limps or complains that an arm or leg hurts, our first thought is that he or she must have injured it, even if the child does not remember having done so. The family is likely to seek medical advice only if the pain is very severe or persists for more than a day or two. Even when the pain or limp continues beyond a few days, many parents and physicians dismiss the problem as growing pains. Children do have growing pains; in fact, they are fairly common. Unfortunately, many children with serious problems are misdiagnosed with growing pains for weeks or even months.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role of the ligaments is to maintain the joints in proper position with respect to each other. If they are loose, they don’t perform this function properly. Children with either benign hypermobile joint syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have loose ligaments, but that is where the similarity ends. Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal, and children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as double-jointed. By contrast, children with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome have a defect in their collagen that causes the loosening of the ligaments. Confusion may arise because some physicians refer to benign hypermobile joint syndrome with the term Ehlers-Danlos type III, but they are not the same thing.
Common Causes of Pain
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When evaluating a child with knee pain, it is important to separate mechanical problems from problems resulting from infections or inflammation. Children with mechanical problems typically hurt with activity. Stop the activity and the pain goes away. Resume the activity and the pain comes back. If there is a fracture or an infection, the pain is there all the time. If there is a torn ligament or meniscus, the pain may be intermittent. It will come on with activities and clear more slowly.
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At one time, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) was thought to be a milder version of SLE. To understand this disease, it is necessary to understand that it was defined “backward.” A physician named Gordon Sharp noted an unusual laboratory finding in some patients who were ANA-positive. When he examined these patients, he discovered that they were most often atypical SLE patients. These patients differed from typical SLE patients in having more arthritis, more rash, more lung disease, and less kidney disease. Since many of these patients were also positive for RF (see Chapter 25) and had more arthritis than typical SLE patients, they were thought of as having “mixed” disease. Thus, the name of the disease was chosen to reflect this condition. It took only a short time, once the disease was described in adults, to realize that there were children with the same pattern of findings. Children with MCTD are ANA-positive, like children with SLE, but typically have high titers of antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (RNP) as well.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal. Children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as being double-jointed. Many children have loose joints or joints that they can voluntarily subluxate. The diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome requires that a child be able to do each of the following: Bend the fingers back over the wrist so that they are parallel with the forearm (i.e., they point straight backward) Easily bend the thumb back to touch the forearm Extend the elbow beyond 180 degrees Extend the knee beyond 180 degrees.
Development of Visual Stabilization Devices with Applications for Acquired and Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: Stahl John S , Kofman, igor s. , Thumser zachary C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pathological nystagmus degrades vision because it introduces excessive image motion on the retina. Past studies have demonstrated that vision can be improved using electronic devices that move visual targets in lockstep with the oscillating line of sight. Such optomechanical visual-stabilization devices have multiple applications. They could be used to improve vision in patients whose nystagmus is resistant to other therapies. They could also be used to predict the degree of benefit a patient may expect to receive from a contemplated medical or surgical nystagmus-reducing therapy. A predictive tool is particularly important when the contemplated therapy involves significant expenses, risks, or discomforts. Visual stabilization devices can also be applied as research tools to explore the relationships between retinal image velocity, nystagmus waveforms, and oscillopsia. Selective image stabilization systems consist of an eye movement tracking device, a filtering system that extracts the pathological movement from the overall eye movement signal, and an optics or display mechanism (the “stabilizer plant”) that allows the seen world or displayed images to be oscillated synchronously with the extracted nystagmus signals. To date, optomechanical visual stabilization devices have been too complex to use outside the laboratory. In this chapter, we review our progress toward developing a self-contained optomechanical visual stabilization device suitable for use in the clinical setting. Although we focus on the treatment of acquired pendular nystagmus, we also describe the application of this instrumentation to a patient with infantile nystagmus, illustrating how a computer-controlled stabilizer can serve as a research tool.
Clinical and Electrophysiological Effects of Extraocular Muscle Surgery on Fifty-three Patients with Infantile Periodic Alternating Nystagmus
Authors: Hertle Richard W , Reznick Leah , Yang, Dongsheng , Zoworty Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reports the effect of extraocular muscle surgery on the clinical and ocular motility characteristics of infantile periodic and aperiodic alternating nystagmus. Of 1423 recordings performed between the years 1998 and 2006 in 506 patients with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), 78 had ocular oscillations consistent with infantile periodic alternating nystagmus. Fifty-three patients had virgin eye muscles operated on for strabismus alone, nystagmus alone, a static head posture alone, or a static head posture plus strabismus. Outcome variables were vision, strabismus, head position, periodic cycle and null period duration, foveation time, and waveforms. Age range was 1 to 67 years; 57% had pure periodic and 43% the aperiodic form of nystagmus, 42% had albinism, 42% had strabismus, 40% had amblyopia, and 32% had other eye disease. Asymmetry was present in 65%, while 35% were symmetric about the null period. Head posture and strabimsus improved in all patients.
Singapore: E-Commerce Taxation in Singapore
Authors: Byrnes William H , Sove Christopher M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Singapore’s user-friendly tax system, competitive tax rates, and source-based domestic taxation make it a preferred international business center and, in particular, an ideal home for e-commerce businesses. In addition to an income tax, Singapore levies a goods and services tax (GST), stamp duty, estate duty, lottery and other gamblingrelated duties, and other taxes. Singapore’s tax law does not include particular provisions governing the taxation of e-commerce transactions. Generally, e-commerce transactions are taxed under the same law as traditional transactions. However, the Internal Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS) has released two publications that provide guidance on the treatment of e-commerce under the GST and income.
Italy: Taxation of Products (Including Digital Products) and Services in the Digital Environment
Authors: Fadani Enrico 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not even twenty years ago, globalization was simply understood as a process of integrating national economies into an international one through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and spread of technology. Today technological development and increasing broadband Internet capacity, finding its peak in the latest innovation push called “Web 2.0,” have redefined the understanding of how globalization makes the world a unique market and production place.
United States: Sales Taxes in the Digital Environment
Authors: Rosen Arthur R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sales taxes began to take root in the United States in the 1930s as state governments struggled to address the dramatic fiscal effects of the Great Depression. Over the next several decades, states throughout the country adopted sales taxes; by 1990, 45 states and the District of Columbia had adopted such a tax. Largely spurred by the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in McLeod v. Dilworth, complementary use taxes were also enacted to guard against easy tax avoidance.
United States: State Income and Franchise Taxes in the Digital Environment
Authors: Rosen Arthur R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is difficult—if not impossible—to read the state and local tax press or attend state and local tax programs without being presented with various thoughts and analyses regarding the manner in which a business engaged in one of the various aspects of electronic commerce is being or should be taxed. Although it is safe to assume that the significance of e-commerce to our economy will only continue to increase, and while such significance will certainly cause even more dislocations in state taxing systems than we have already witnessed, numerous state tax issues are clearly “in play” today and require current reactions. It is in this context that this chapter discusses certain fundamental state income, franchise, and business activity tax principles and examines their application to e-commerce in the current legal environment.
To analyze the correct application of state and local tax principles to transactions in the digital environment, it is important first to understand what the digital environment is. The best approach is to view the area as being composed of four segments. First, and the most prevalent today, is the ordering of tangible personal property through electronic or digital channels, such as using a home computer to access, over the Internet, a company’s Web site to order a shirt that is delivered by mail or common carrier.
Personal Renewal: Creating and Tailoring Your Own Self-Care Protocol
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All of us seem to understand physical resilience, and what goes into maintaining it. But psychological resilience is still not well understood, and most of us don’t realize how important it is to our well-being. Care must be taken not to be so driven in our career or family life that everything else loses value and does not receive the attention it should. Although being a dedicated parent, sibling, child, friend, coworker, or citizen is a wonderful way to devote ourselves to the welfare of others, unless care is taken to ensure that the rest of our life is fulfilling and balanced, the way we live will become too narrow, limited, and eventually distorted. This can erode resilience and have a negative impact not only on ourselves, but eventually on our family and other interpersonal relationships as well.
The First Steps Toward Self-Knowledge: Debriefing Yourself
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If resilience is to be strengthened, if stress is to be limited, and if the quality of our personal and professional well-being is to be enhanced, then self-knowledge and enlightened behavior are not niceties; they are the ﬁrst steps we all must take in life. Self-knowledge leads to personal discipline and self-management, which are essential to resilience. Psychologists call this “selfregulation.” In her book on self-care, Ellen Baker writes, “Self-regulation, a term used in both behavioral and dynamic psychology, refers to the conscious and less conscious management of our physical and emotional impulses, drives and anxieties.”
Solitude, Silence, and Mindfulness: Centering Yourself in a Driven World
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many of the world’s religions and ancient philosophies extol the beneﬁts of solitude and mindfulness. But the value of silence and solitude has only recently gained traction in the West, and then only for its purely psychological worth. British psychiatrist Anthony Storr, in his classic work On Solitude, was one of the ﬁrst to bring this subject to our awareness: Modern psychotherapists, including myself, have taken as their criterion of emotional maturity the capacity of the individual to make mature relationships on equal terms. With few exceptions, psychotherapists have omitted to consider the fact that the capacity to be alone is also an aspect of emotional maturity.
The Simple Care of a Hopeful Heart: A Brief Epilogue
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “range of resilience” is different for each person based on a unique combination of hereditary, psychological, and sociological factors. However, if we are truly interested in resilience, the goal is to ﬁnd ways to maximize our own range of resilience, and in so doing, improve our quality of life and the ability to continually renew ourselves. It has been emphasized throughout this book that there are key elements that can help us to maintain resilience: minimizing the effects of stress; cultivating an inner life; and developing new skills and actions that can help us thrive rather than merely survive.
Before Psychopharmacology
Authors: Shorter Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The psychopharmacologic era is said to have begun in the 1950s, with the advent in 1952 of the first antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine. No question it was an extraordinary time of pharmaceutical discovery, but in fact, effective treatments existed long before then. Merely, they have been forgotten, or crucified by the drug cops. It helps us to avoid over- valuing later contributions to recall that the cupboard has never been entirely bare.
Diamonds Maximizing Your Winnings
Authors: Lubet Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Legendary football coach Vince Lombardi once said that “winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing.” Card players and lawyers might add another proviso: It’s how much you win that really matters. In an athletic competetion (or an election, for that matter), the winner is usually quite happy to come away with a squeaker. In poker and litigation, however, the magnitude of victory can make a tremendous difference.
Poker players know that you can maximize your winnings by careful “hand selection,” meaning that you must avoid playing potential losers while backing your likely winners (often called “premium hands”) to the hilt. Lawyers could often benefit from the same approach, abandoning weak or questionable positions in order to concentrate on stronger claims. Some attorneys never figure out that simple lesson, but no one ever understood it better than Clarence Darrow.
Hearts Ethics and Character
Authors: Lubet Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poker and law practice are both governed by rules of ethics and procedure, which are closely followed by honorable participants. The temptation to cheat is often present, especially when the stakes are high, but there is often a fine line between cheating and, shall we say, zealous self-assertion. Sketchy behavior is not always prohibited, and sometimes it is even encouraged by ambiguities in the rules. And that, of course, raises the question of character. How far are you willing to go in order to make a buck?
Consider the case of Joseph Dowd, a solo practitioner in Des Plaines, Illinois. In late 1998, he met with a woman named Mary Corcoran, whose husband had been killed in a railroad accident. Corcoran had already been offered a $1.4 million settlement, but Dowd thought the case was worth more. He advised Corcoran to retain a personal injury lawyer and eventually accompanied her to the offices of Corboy & Demetrio, one of the most prominent personal injury firms in Chicago.
Conclusion: From Medical Ethics to Bioethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chronicle of ethical events opened with the Nuremberg Doctors’ Trial, whose defendants had committed a moral outrage against the long tradition of medicine’ s duty to protect the sick. It ended with the story of moral perplexity about how to protect the sick in the midst of a disease that threatens society. During the years covered by the chronicle, medical science and medical practice had changed dramatically. New techniques, from antibiotics to transplanted and artificial organs, genetic discoveries, and reproductive manipulations, together with the research that engendered them, presented the public, scientists, doc tors, and politicians with questions that had never before been asked.