bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of spatial firing in the hippocampus of young rats
Authors: Martin Patrick D. , Berthoz Alain 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hippocampal formation participates in learning and memory, particularly that of a spatial nature. In adult rats, individual CA1 pyramidal neurons only fire when the animal visits specific locations in an environment, the “place field” of the neuron. Other structures (postsubiculum, thalamus, cingulum) contain neurons that code for the animal's instantaneous head direction. Previous work has shown that the rat hippocampal formation undergoes anatomical and neurophysiological maturation during the first 2 months of life and that rats <40 days of age are impaired in spatial navigation tasks. Here we show that the locational firing of CA1 pyramidal neurons is both less specific and less stable in animals aged <50 days. However, preliminary results indicate that head directional firing recorded around day 30 is essentially identical to that seen in adult animals. Therefore, the development of reliable, spatially specific place cell activity parallels the developmental time course of spatial navigational ability, but head directional firing appears before full maturation of the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:465–480. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of medial temporal lobe in extensive retrieval of task‐related knowledge
Authors: Luo Jing , Niki Kazuhisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe role of medial temporal lobe (MTL) in deep semantic processing was examined in a triple semantic judgment task in which subjects were asked to decide which one of the two bottom words was more semantically fit to the top word. By changing the number of bottom words that are semantically related to the top word, we can disassociate effects of reactivating the “old” semantic associations and effects of establishing “new” semantic associations on the MTL. The results of event‐related fMRI analysis indicated that MTL was more activated in the retrieval of old semantic associations than in the establishment of new semantic associations. The function of MTL in this semantic judgment task was explained as subserving the process of extensive retrieval of task‐related knowledge. Hippocampus 2002;12:487–494. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semantic knowledge in patient H.M. and other patients with bilateral medial and lateral temporal lobe lesions
Authors: Schmolck Heike , Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Corkin Suzanne , Squire Larry R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the effects of damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and anterolateral temporal cortex on semantic knowledge. We studied eight male controls, two patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation, three postencephalitic patients with extensive MTL lesions and variable damage to the lateral temporal cortex, and patient H.M. (whose lesion is limited mostly to the MTL, but who also has minimal damage to the anterolateral cortex). On 13 tests of semantic memory, patients with lesions limited to the hippocampal formation performed similarly to controls. Postencephalitic patients were mildly to moderately impaired on most tests. Patient H.M.'s performance was impaired on only a few tests and was less severely impaired overall than the three postencephalitic patients. A ranking of test scores showed a direct relationship between impairment and the extent of damage to lateral temporal cortex. These findings, and related findings from other studies, point to the importance of anterolateral temporal cortex for semantic knowledge. Patient H.M. performed uniquely in certain respects. For example, when providing definitions of objects, he made many grammatical errors. In contrast, the other patients with large MTL lesions made no more errors than those made by controls. Considering that H.M.'s lesion, both medially and laterally, is less extensive than the lesions in these other patients, it appears unlikely that his shortcomings in language production are related to his temporal lobe lesion. Hippocampus 2002;12:520–533. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human declarative memory formation: Segregating rhinal and hippocampal contributions
Authors: Fernández Guillén , Klaver Peter , Fell Jürgen , Grunwald Thomas , Elger Christian E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the core structure of the declarative memory system, but which specific operation is performed by anatomically defined MTL substructures? One hypothesis proposes that the hippocampus carries out an exclusively mnemonic operation during declarative memory formation that is insensitive to content, whereas the rhinal cortex carries out an operation supporting memory formation indirectly. To explore the interaction between a salient item feature and memory formation, we contrasted neural correlates of memory formation of high‐ and low‐frequency words. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded via depth electrodes from within the MTL in nine epilepsy patients while they memorized single words. To assess memory formation, ERPs to words subsequently recalled in a free recall test were contrasted with ERPs to forgotten words. More high‐ than low‐frequency words were remembered. High‐frequency words led to distinct ERP subsequent memory effects in rhinal cortex and hippocampus. Low‐frequency words, however, were only associated with the hippocampal ERP effect. The anatomically restricted interaction between word frequency and memory formation might indicate a semantically affected operation in the parahippocampal region supporting memory formation indirectly. By contrast, the missing interaction in hippocampal recordings might suggest a direct correlate of declarative memory formation that is insensitive to item properties. Hippocampus 2002;12:514–519. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of the medical financial assistance schemes of the urban poor in Shanghai
Authors: Xiao‐ming Sun , Hong Liang , Yuan Cheng , Wen‐hua Tian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAfter 1990, being a ‘pilot city’ for health care reform, Shanghai constructed modernized medical financial assistance schemes (MFAS), which were progressively applied by the central government rate in the 1990s. As the pioneer of social security reform in China, Shanghai again is the place with most experience of the problems of the transition from ‘Public‐Relief’ to ‘Social‐Assistance’. From the ‘user’ perspective of MFAS, the study reported has attempted to evaluate MFASs. Furthermore, the research seeks to point to future policy and programme options for implementing MFAS and optimizing the allocation of urban health care resources. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout and job satisfaction among student support services personnel
Authors: Brewer Ernest W. , Clippard Laura Faye 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study measured burnout and job satisfaction among Student Support Services personnel (SSSP). In
it, the researchers used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) to measure emotional exhaustion,
depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Job satisfaction was measured using the Job Satisfaction Scale
(JSS), which examined intrinsic, organizational, and salary and promotion. The study correlated three
components of burnout with the total mean on job satisfaction. Burnout levels were compared to national norms.Two‐hundred fifty individuals were randomly selected from 1,702 SSSP. This yielded 166 usable surveys,
for a response rate of 66 percent. Results, using the Spearman rho and rank transformation regression analysis,
were significant. Findings disclosed a significant negative relationship between emotional exhaustion and total job
satisfaction, a significant positive relationship between personal accomplishment and total job satisfaction, and
an overall significant relationship between the three components of burnout and total job satisfaction.
Remotely sensed data used for modelling at different hydrological scales
Authors: Droogers Peter , Kite Geoff 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is a growing awareness that water will be one of the most critical natural resources and that there is a need for better management of the limited water resources. This paper reports on a study of a water‐scarce river basin in western Turkey. Hydrological analyses, emphasizing water use for irrigation, are performed at three different spatial scales (field scale, irrigation scheme scale and basin scale) using two kind of model: a parametric basin‐scale model and a physically based crop‐scale model. Data accessibility for this basin, especially for areal data, was low. A combined use of public domain data sets and remotely sensed data was used to solve this problem. A public domain digital elevation model was used to generate the streamflow network and the distances and slopes to streams. Land‐cover data and leaf area index data were derived from public domain NOAA–AVHRR images. For one irrigation scheme in the basin, detailed areal water balances were obtained from the simulation model and a comparison was made between a normal and a water‐short year. At the basin scale, observed flows were compared with simulated flows. It is concluded that remotely sensed data and other public domain data can be used with simulation models at different scales to create a powerful tool to evaluate water resources in a basin context. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects for downscaling seasonal precipitation variability using conditioned weather generator parameters
Authors: Wilby R. L. , Conway D. , Jones P. D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper explores the use of synoptic‐scale predictor variables to downscale both high‐ and low‐frequency components of daily precipitation at sites across the British Isles. Part I investigates seasonal and inter‐annual variations in three weather generator parameters with respect to concurrent variations in a North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and area‐average sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Marked spatial gradients were found in the strength of the associated correlation fields using rainfall data for the period 1961–90. For example, the persistence of winter wet‐spells was most strongly correlated with the NAO index in NW Scotland, and the persistence of autumn dry‐spells with SST anomalies in SE England. At such locations, North Atlantic conditioning accounted for over 40% of the inter‐annual variability of precipitation occurrence. In Part II, three downscaling models were compared using independent daily precipitation data for sites located in the regions of strongest North Atlantic forcing. The parameters of Model M were implicitly conditioned by three regional airflow indices; the parameters of Model X were explicitly conditioned by either the NAO index or SST anomalies and daily vorticity; and the parameters of Model U (a three‐parameter stochastic rainfall model) were unconditional. Overall, the conditional models displayed greater skill for monthly rainfall statistics relative to Model U (the control), but still did not completely remove overdispersion. On comparing Models M and X, it was evident that explicit conditioning did bestow additional advantages for the chosen sites and seasons of greatest forcing. However, further research is required to determine the generality of these results for other regions and periods of the rainfall record. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation and aspects of western South American hydro‐climatology
Authors: Waylen Peter , Poveda Germán 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe countries of western South America are heavily dependent upon their water resources and are subjected to considerable interannual variability in precipitation and streamflow. Many of these extremes, both high and low, are shown to be associated with the various aspects of atmosphere–ocean behaviour in the eastern and central Pacific, which are collectively termed El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO itself constitutes a complex of environmental changes that have differing influences throughout the study area, but which are loosely associated, statistically and physically, with the major regional precipitation‐generating mechanisms. As the result of a non‐linear chaotic system, no two ENSO events are the same, nor are their interactions with other regional climatic factors and the state of the continental hydrologic system, both of which may act to dampen or amplify any changes. However, statistical evidence suggests that probabilistic forecasts are possible based either upon anticipated state of the atmosphere–ocean arbitrarily classified according to somea prioriclassification scheme or upon forecasted sea surface temperatures. Examples of the changing probability distributions of hydro‐climatological variables in the study area suggest that some practical information of value may be extracted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Third World Water Forum: to translate visions into concrete actions and commitments
Authors: Oda Hideaki , Toyama Masato 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWater is vital for the life and health of people and ecosystems and a basic requirement for the development of countries, but many people lack access to adequate and safe water to meet their most basic needs. Water resources, and the related ecosystems, are now under threat from pollution, unsustainable use, climate change, and many other forces.The World Water Forum series has been likened to a series of stepping stones towards the solution of the world's pressing water problems. Each step constitutes a new phase. The third World Water Forum takes up the World Water Vision created at the second World Water Forum in The Hague in 2000, and sets out to see that vision realized in concrete actions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and analysis of evapotranspiration and surface conductance of a wheat canopy
Authors: Shen Yanjun , Kondoh Akihiko , Tang Changyuan , Zhang Yongqiang , Chen Jianyao , Li Weiqiang , Sakura Yasuo , Liu Changming , Tanaka Tadashi , Shimada Jun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe characteristics of evapotranspiration and canopy surface conductance of winter wheat have been measured and analysed by using the Bowen ratio–energy balance (BREB) method. In order to understand better the effect of soil water status on evapotranspiration and conductance of wheat, the daily and seasonal variations of leaf stomatal resistance under different soil water conditions have also been monitored and analysed. The experiments have been carried out at Luancheng Experimental Station of Agro‐ecosystem (LESA), Heibei, People's Republic of China. During the growing seasons after turning to green, most of the available energy (Rn − G) of the wheat field is partitioned into latent heat. In the daily course, generally, the Bowen ratio (H/LE) for winter wheat is less than one‐third; sometimes, it can reach a value of around 0·4. The seasonal trend of LE/Rn shows a parabola curve. The ratio of LE/Rn varies from 71 to 93%, with the peak occurring in the blooming stage. G/Rn shows a declining logarithmic trend during the observation period, and reaches its minimum value of around 6–8% after blooming. According to the BREB method, the daily mean evapotranspiration rate from jointing to maturity is 3·9 mm day−1, which is very close to the value 4·1 mm derived from the water balance equation. The daily average value for canopy conductance gc is about 7·8 mm s−1. Seasonal trend of leaf stomatal resistance shows that the stomatal resistance in blooming and milking are lower than that in other growing stages. This is possibly determined by the characteristic of water requirement of winter wheat. The stomatal conductance is strongly dependent on soil water status in natural conditions. When the extractable soil water content (ESW) of the 0–40 cm layer is less than 50%, the leaf stomatal conductance gst is linearly dependent on ESW, whereas there is no relation between ESW and gst when ESW is more than 50%. Therefore, the ESW of 50% can be considered as a threshold value of extractable soil water content for controlling the leaf stomatal conductance, or as an indicator of incipient stomatal closure. The slope of the gst–ESW line varies through the growing stages, with the largest slope occurring in the milking stage. Based on the analysis of gst–ESW relations, we construct a simple but realistic model of stomatal conductance–soil moisture relations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different methods for modelling the areal infiltration of a grass field under heavy precipitation
Authors: Merz Bruno , Bárdossy András , Schiffler Gerd R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe areal infiltration behaviour of a grass field is studied using a data set of 78 sprinkler infiltration experiments. The analysis of the experimental data shows a distinct event dependency: once runoff begins, the final infiltration rate increases with increasing rainfall intensity. This behaviour is attributed to the effects of small‐scale variability. Increasing rainfall intensity increases the ponded area and therefore the portion of the plot which infiltrates at maximum rate. To describe the areal infiltration behaviour of the grass field the study uses two different model structures and investigates different approaches for consideration of subgrid variability. It is found that the effective parameter approach is not suited for this purpose. A good representation of the observed behaviour is obtained by using a distribution function approach or a parameterization approach. However, it is not clear how the parameters can be derived for these two approaches without a large measurement campaign. The data analysis and the simulations show the great importance of considering the effects of spatial variability for the infiltration process. This may be significant even at a small scale for a comparatively homogeneous area. The consideration of heterogeneity seems to be more important than the choice of the model type. Furthermore, similar results may be obtained with different modelling approaches. Even the relatively detailed data set does not seem to permit a clear model choice. In view of these results it is questionable to use very complex and detailed simulation models given the approximate nature of the problem. Although the principle processes may be well understood there is a lack of models that represent these processes and, more importantly, there is a lack of techniques to measure and parameterize them. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bivariate stochastic modelling of ephemeral streamflow
Authors: Cigizoglu H. Kerem , Adamson Peter T. , Metcalfe Andrew V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStreamflow time series in arid and semi‐arid regions can be characterized as a sequence of single discrete flow episodes or clusters of hydrographs separated by periods of zero discharge. Here, two point process models are presented for the joint occurrence of flow events at neighbouring river sites. The first allows for excess clustering by adding autocorrelated errors to an empirically derived seasonally varying probability of an event and is extended to the case of the joint occurrence of flow events in two catchments. The second approach is to explicitly model the occurrences of clusters of events and the bivariate point process of event occurrences within them at both sites. For the two models, the magnitude of event peaks are assumed to be drawn from continuous distributions with seasonally varying parameters. Rises and recessions in discharge are interpolated between the peaks using regression estimates of hydrographs. The models are fitted to mean daily flows at two sites in Namibia and demonstrated to provide realistic simulations of the hydrology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary level of 1,N6 ‐ethenodeoxyadenosine, a marker of oxidative stress, is associated with salt excretion and ω6‐polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in postmenopausal Japanese women
Authors: Hanaoka Tomoyuki , Nair Jagadeesan , Takahashi Yoshiko , Sasaki Satoshi , Bartsch Helmut , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExcretion of 1,N6‐ethenodeoxyadenosine (ϵdA), a marker for lipid peroxidation (LPO)‐derived DNA damage was analyzed in urine of nonsmoking postmenopausal women participating in a dietary intervention trial in Northern Japan. Hereby the efficacy of dietary consultation in reducing salt and increasing vitamin C and carotenes during 1 year was estimated. Thirty postmenopausal women, 60–69 years of age, from the intervention group and 30 age‐matched women from the control group were randomly selected. The subjects completed a self‐administered diet history questionnaire and in the pre‐ and post‐intervention period 48 hr urine and fasting blood samples were collected. ϵdA in urine was analyzed by an immuno‐precipitation‐high performance liquid chromatography‐fluorescence detection method. ϵdA excretion (/48 hr) in the 59 postmenopausal Japanese women with complete urine collection ranged from 12–226 pmol at the pre‐intervention. At the pre‐intervention, ϵdA excretion was positively associated with urinary salt excretion (R = 0.33, p = 0.01) and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (%energy value, R = 0.28, p = 0.03) in the 59 women. The average ϵdA excretion in the intervention group was 61 pmol at pre‐intervention and 44 pmol at post‐intervention (p = 0.14). In the control group, it was 58 pmol at pre‐intervention and 75 pmol at post‐intervention (p = 0.24). During the intervention period, 18/29 (62%) of the subjects in the intervention group exhibited the decreased excretion and 10/26 (38%) in the control group (p = 0.08). Results from this pilot study suggest urinary ϵdA as a potential biomarker of DNA damage possibly derived from salt‐induced inflammation and LPO; further exploration of ϵdA in human biomonitoring studies is warranted. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lovastatin potentiates antitumor activity of doxorubicin in murine melanoma via an apoptosis‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Feleszko Wojciech , Młynarczuk Izabela , Olszewska Dominika , Jalili Ahmad , Grzela Tomasz , Lasek Witold , Hoser Grażyna , Korczak‐Kowalska Grażyna , Jakóbisiak Marek 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLovastatin, a drug successfully used in the clinic to prevent and to treat coronary heart disease, has recently been reported to decrease the incidence of melanoma in lovastatin‐treated patients. Lovastatin has also been proved to potentiate antitumor effects of both cisplatin and TNF‐α in murine melanoma models. Recently, an augmented therapeutic effect of lovastatin and doxorubicin has been reported in 3 tumor models in mice. In our preliminary study lovastatin caused retardation of melanoma growth in mice treated with doxorubicin (Feleszko et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:247–8). In the present report, we supplement our preliminary observations and demonstrate in 2 murine and 2 human melanoma cell lines that lovastatin effectively potentiates the cytostatic/cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin in vitro via an augmentation of apoptosis (estimated with PARP‐cleavage assay, annexin V assay and TUNEL). The combined antiproliferative activity of lovastatin and doxorubicin was evaluated using the combination index (CI) method of Chou and Talalay, revealing synergistic interactions in melanoma cells exposed to lovastatin and doxorubicin. In B16F10 murine melanoma model in vivo, we have demonstrated significantly increased sensitivity to the combined treatment with both lovastatin (5 mg/kg for 14 days) and doxorubicin (4 × 1 mg/kg) as compared with either agent acting alone. Lovastatin treatment resulted also in significant reduction of the number of experimental metastasis in doxorubicin‐treated mice. The results of our studies suggest that lovastatin may enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of malignant melanomas. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.