bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of an in vitro biotinylation technique for determination of posttransfusion viability of stored canine packed red blood cells
Authors: Wardrop K. Jane , Tucker Russell L. , Anderson Eric P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine posttransfusion viability (PTV) of canine RBC stored for 35 days in an additive solution, using in vitro biotinylation and technetium-99m and chromium-51 (99mTc/51Cr) labeling techniques.

Sample Population
6 random source, adult dogs.

Procedure
RBC from dogs were labeled with N-hydroxysuccinimide biotin (NHS-biotin) or 99mTc/51Cr in a crossover design. One unit (450 ml) of whole blood was collected from each dog, processed into packed RBC, and stored for 35 days in an additive solution. The process was repeated at a later date, so that each dog had 2 units stored under similar conditions. Stored autologous RBC were then labeled with either NHS-biotin or 51Cr and reinfused. When 51Cr was used, labeled cells were infused simultaneously with freshly drawn cells labeled with 99mTc. Posttransfusion viability of labeled cells was determined by dividing counts per minute (99mTc/51Cr) or percentage of cells (NHS-biotin) labeled at 24 hours by counts per minute or percentage of cells labeled after infusion.

Results
Mean PTV of packed RBC stored for 35 days in an additive system was 80% when determined by biotinylation, 83% as determined by 99mTc/51Cr, and 81% as determined by 51Cr alone.

Conclusions
In vitro biotinylation provides an acceptable, nonradioisotopic means of determining PTV of stored canine packed RBC.

Clinical Relevance
NHS-biotin can be used to determine maximal storage time of canine RBC prepared for transfusion purposes. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:397–400)
Influence of atipamezole on effects of midsacral subarachnoidally administered detomidine in mares
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine effects of atipamezole on detomidine midsacral subarachnoidally-induced analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory activity, head ptosis, and position of pelvic limbs in healthy mares.

Animals
10 healthy mares.

Procedure
Using a randomized, blinded, crossover study design, mares received detomidine (0.03 mg/kg of body weight, diluted in 3 ml of CSF) midsacral subarachnoidally, followed by atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg [test]) or sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control), IV 61 minutes later and saline solution (3 ml, midsacral subarachnoidally) on a separate occasion, at least 2 weeks later. Analgesia was determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical stimulation at the perineal dermatome and no response to needle-prick stimulation extending from the coccygeal to T15 dermatomes. Arterial acid-base (pH, standard bicarbonate, and base excess values), gas tensions (PO2, PCO2), PCV, total solids concentration, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, and arterial blood pressure were determined, and mares were observed for sweating and urination. Mean scores of perineal analgesia, head ptosis, position of pelvic limbs, and cardiovascular and respiratory data were compared for the 3-hour test period.

Results
Subarachnoidally administered detomidine induced perineal analgesia (mean ± SD onset, 9.0 ± 4.6 minutes; duration, 130 ± 26 minutes), marked head ptosis, moderate changes in pelvic limb position, cardiovascular and respiratory depression, sweating in analgesic zones, and diuresis. Intravenously administered atipamezole significantly reduced mean scores of detomidine-induced perineal analgesia, head ptosis, pelvic limb position, sweating and diuresis; partially antagonized detomidine-induced bradycardia; and did not effect detomidine-induced bradypnea.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Most effects of midsacral subarachnoidally administered detomidine, except bradycardia and bradypnea, were reversed by atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg, IV), indicating that most of the actions of detomidine were mediated via activation of α2-adrenergic receptors. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:468–477)
Effect of a competitive inhibitor of platelet aggregation on experimentally induced laminitis in ponies
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , McClenahan David , Fagliari José J. , Dunnwiddie Christopher T. , Wells Roger E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To determining whether inhibition of platelet aggregation prevents development of carbohydrate overload-induced alimentary laminitis.

Animals
22 healthy adult ponies.

Procedures
Acute laminitis was induced by oral administration of corn starch/wood flour to 16 ponies, 8 of which were treated with a synthetic analogue of the platelet fibrinogen receptor antagonist peptide (RPR) RGDS (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine) 110885; 6 ponies served as negative controls. Blood was collected before and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, and 32 hours after administration of carbohydrate overload, and PCV, total plasma protein concentration, platelet count, activated clotting time, whole blood recalcification time, spontaneous platelet aggregation, ex vivo platelet aggregation responses, in vivo platelet activation, and platelet-neutrophil aggregates were evaluated.

Results
Of 16 ponies given carbohydrate, 6 of 8 untreated ponies developed laminitis and 0 of 8 ponies treated with RPR 110885 developed laminitis. The RPR 110885 treatment attenuated the increase in platelet-neutrophil aggregates observed in untreated ponies.

Conclusions
Platelets are involved in the pathogenesis of equine alimentary laminitis.

Clinical Relevance
Platelet aggregation inhibitors may be useful for prevention or treatment of laminitis, or both. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:814–817)
Management and environmental risk factors for Salmonella enteritidis contamination of eggs
Authors: Henzler David J. , Kradel David C. , Sischo William M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To analyze data for 60 poultry flocks voluntarily enrolled in the Pennsylvania Salmonella enteritidis Pilot Project and determine management and environmental risk factors associated with production of S enteritidis-contaminated eggs.

Sample Population
60 flocks for which at least 1 environmental sample (manure or egg-handling equipment) was positive for S enteritidis.

Procedure
Samples of manure, egg-handling equipment, and mice were submitted for bacterial culture of S enteritidis. When S enteritidis was isolated from environmental samples, 1,000 eggs were collected from the flock every 2 weeks for 8 weeks and submitted for bacterial culture.

Results
18 flocks were found to have produced contaminated eggs. Estimated overall prevalence of contaminated eggs was 2.64/10,000 eggs produced, but flock-specific prevalence ranged from 0 to 62.5/10,000 eggs. Flocks with high levels of manure contamination were 10 times as likely to produce contaminated eggs as were flocks with low levels. However, 5 flocks with low levels of manure contamination produced contaminated eggs.

Conclusions
Evaluation of the level of manure contamination could be used to help identify flocks at risk of producing S enteritidis-contaminated eggs.

Clinical Relevance
Flocks with high levels of S enteritidis-contaminated manure appeared to pose the greatest public health threat, and on-farm programs to reduce the prevalence of egg contamination should be developed for farms with high levels of manure contamination. Efforts to reduce the overall number of on-farm pathogens should decrease the incidence of foodborne disease in humans. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:824–829)
Evaluation of the effects of omega-3 fatty acid-containing diets on the inflammatory stage of wound healing in dogs
Authors: Mooney Mark A. , Vaughn Dana M. , Reinhart Gregory A. , Powers Robert D. , Wright James C. , Hoffman Charles E. , Swaim Steven F. , Baker Henry J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To ascertain the effects of dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on biochemical and histopathologic components of the inflammatory stage of wound healing.

Animals
30 purpose-bred Beagles.

Procedure
Dogs were allotted to 5 groups of 6. Each group was fed a unique dietary fatty acid ratio of omega-6 to n-3—diet A, 5.3:1; diet B, 10.4:1; diet C, 24.1:1; diet D, 51.6:1; and diet E, 95.8:1. Dogs were fed once daily for 12 weeks, then biopsy specimens were taken from 4-day-old wounds of each dog and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for: prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) metabolites, and ratios of omega-6 to n-3 fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), adrenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid, and PGE2 to prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) metabolites.

Results
Qualitative analysis was carried out on AA, EPA, adrenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and the major metabolite from the PGE2 and PGE3 pathway. These molecules were further quantified with respect to diet to determine significant differences. By analysis of the AA-to-EPA ratio, diet A was different from diets D and E and diets B and C were different from diet E (P < 0.05). By analysis of the PGE2-to-PGE3 metabolite ratio, diet A was different from diet E (P < 0.05). Though biochemical analysis indicated dietary dependence, histopathologic data indicated no significant difference with respect to diet groups.

Conclusion
The biochemical component of the inflammatory stage of wound healing can be manipulated by diet.

Clinical Relevance
Omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diets can be used to control inflammation associated with dermatologic conditions. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:859–863)
Blood mineral and vitamin E concentrations in llamas
Authors: Smith Bradford B. , Van Saun Robert J. , Reed Pamela J. , Craig A. Morrie , Youngberg Annette 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish reference values for blood concentrations of total calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and vitamin E (Vit E) in clinically normal llamas.

Animals
270 llamas ranging in age from < 1 month to > 15 years and grouped by age, sex, pregnancy status, and stage of gestation. Selected llamas were from 21 farms in Oregon, did not have previous health problems, and met specific health criteria on examination.

Procedure
Serum and blood samples were obtained and analyzed for concentrations of Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Se, Zn, and Vit E, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and percentage of transferrin saturation (% Sat). Mean differences by age, sex, pregnancy status, and stage of gestation, as well as all interactions, were compared to establish reference values.

Results
Mean values and reference ranges for most of the minerals and vitamins were similar to previously reported values. Male versus female differences were not identified for any measurements. Age was a significant variable for Ca, P, Fe, and Se concentrations, as well as Ca-to-P ratio and TIBC. Identified age-based effects were modeled by use of linear regression. Copper and Zn concentrations and % Sat did not differ as a function of age. Serum Vit E concentration was influenced by an age by sex interaction and stage of gestation.

Conclusions
Age was found to be an important variable influencing many blood nutrient concentrations in healthy llamas.

Clinical Relevance
Clinical diagnosis of metabolic disease may be improved with use of age-based reference values, especially for neonates. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1063–1070)
Evaluation of cow-level risk factors for the development of winter dysentery in dairy cattle
Authors: Smith David R. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Mohan Ram , Brock Kenny V. , Wittum Thomas E. , Morley Paul S. , Hoblet Kent H. , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To identify exposures to etiologic agents and to identify characteristics that could explain risk of disease for adult cattle in herds affected by winter dysentery (WD).

Animals
229 lactating and nonlactating adult cattle (125 case and 104 control cattle) selected from 12 dairy herds.

Procedure
A case-control study, using multivariate conditional logistic regression and controlling for herd effects, was used to develop a model for risk factors associated with disease for each cow.

Results
Likelihood of developing disease increased as the ELISA value for bovine coronavirus (BCV) antigen detectable in feces increased (odds ratio [OR] = 2.94 for each 0.100 increase in BCV antigen ELISA value). Pregnant cattle were less likely to develop WD, compared with nonpregnant herdmates. Cows with high acute BCV antibody titers that seroresponded had greater odds of developing disease, compared with seroresponding cows with low acute titers. However, among those cows that did not serorespond, high acute antibody titers were associated with lower odds of developing the disease.

Conclusion
In herds affected by WD, ill cows were more likely to shed detectable amounts of BCV antigen in their feces, and pregnancy appeared to protect cattle from the disease. The measured interaction between BCV seroresponse and acute BCV antibody titer may be evidence of an immunopathologic condition, but could also have been attributable to dynamics of the ELISA or study design.

Clinical Relevance
Factors that explained a cow's risk for illness within WD-affected herds may have been surrogate measures for that cow's nonspecific and BCV-specific immune profile. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:986–993)
Physiologic response to dobutamine infusion during cardiac stress testing of dogs
Authors: McEntee Kathleen , Amory Hélène , Clercx Cécile , Soyeur Daniel , Michaux Charles , Vanhaeverbeek Olivier , Jacqmot Olivier , Henroteaux Marc 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate response of various cardiovascular variables after administration of incremental doses of dobutamine in healthy conscious dogs, using standardized dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).

Animals
8 healthy dogs.

Procedure
A DSE was performed twice on each dog within 24 hours. Dobutamine was infused at a rate of 12.5 to 42.5 μg/kg/min, using incremental increases of 10 μg/kg/min. Doppler sphygmomanometry, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were performed. Left ventricular size, global ventricular performance, and left ventricular systolic myocardial function were measured by means of echocardiography.

Results
At the highest dosage, dobutamine induced an increase of 20 ± 3% and 109 ± 12% in systolic blood pressure and cardiac index, respectively. The latter was associated with a significant increase in heart rate and stroke index. Fractional shortening of the left ventricle, fractional thickening of the left ventricular free wall and interventricular septum, ejection fraction, and mean velocity of fiber shortening had a progressive and significant increase during dobutamine infusion. Preejection period and left ventricular ejection time had a progressive and significative decrease during the stress test.

Conclusions
The technique used was feasable, safe, and repeatable in healthy conscious dogs. Control values were determined.

Clinical Relevance
Data for these healthy dogs might be useful for comparison with results obtained from dogs with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1160-1165)
Use of the breath hydrogen test to assess the effect of age on orocecal transit time and carbohydrate assimilation in cats
Authors: Papasouliotis K. , Sparkes A. H. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Cripps P. J. , Harper E. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of age on orocecal transit time (OCTT) in cats, using the breath hydrogen test, and to assess potential differences in nutrient absorption.

Animals
27 healthy cats.

Procedure
Cats were allocated to the following 3 groups on the basis of age: group A (9 kittens, 5 to 7 months old), group B (9 young adults, 3 to 5 years old), and group C (9 older cats, 12 to 15 years old). Cats were fed a standard canned diet for 2 weeks prior to measurement of OCTT. Exhaled hydrogen concentration (parts per minute [ppm●min]) was monitored for 8 hours after feeding 60 g of the canned diet.

Results
Mean OCTT in group-A cats was 203 minutes (range, 90 to 345 minutes), which was significantly different from that in group-B (317 minutes; range, 180 to 435 minutes) and group-C (309 minutes; range, 225 to 375 minutes) cats. Median area under the breath hydrogen excretion time curve (ppm●min) for the 8-hour monitoring period, first 45 minutes, and 105 minutes after OCTT for the 3 groups was not significantly different among groups.

Conclusions
Kittens had significantly faster OCTT than did adult cats. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1299–1302)
Pathologic findings in dogs with shock induced by intravenous administration of heartworm extract
Authors: Kitoh Katsuya , Kitagawa Hitoshi , Sasaki Yoshihide 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine pathologic findings in dogs with shock induced by IV administration of heartworm (HW) extract.

Animals
22 mixed-breed adult dogs.

Procedures
Heartworm extract was administered IV, and pathologic changes in dogs that died or were euthanatized at 24 hours were examined.

Results
The most severe lesions observed during initial collapse were centralobular congestion in the liver, hemorrhage and edema in the gallbladder wall, and congestion and hemorrhage in mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings disappeared with recovery from collapse. Hyalinization of venous walls of the liver and cardiac muscle were observed in dogs that died during initial collapse. Focal coagulation necrosis in hepatic cells was seen in dogs that were euthanatized at 24 hours. One dog with profuse bloody diarrhea that died during secondary collapse had severe hemorrhage in mucous membranes of the large intestine.

Conclusion
Heartworm extract appeared to contain some substances constricting hepatosplanchnic vessels and some toxic substances that injured the smooth muscle of venous walls, cardiac muscle, and hepatic cells directly or indirectly.

Clinical Relevance
The shock-inducing substances in HW extract may have an important role in the pathophysiologic mechanism of HW disease, and investigation of them may contribute to prevention of the shock reaction attributable to microfilaricide and adulticide use. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1417–1422)
Evaluation of selective inhibition of canine cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 by carprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Ricketts Anthony P. , Lundy Kristin M. , Seibel Scott B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the activity of carprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) against isozymes of canine cyclooxygenases (COX1 and COX2).

Procedure
Constitutive COX1 was obtained from washed canine platelets, and COX2 was obtained from a canine macrophage-like cell line that was induced with endotoxin. Activity of carprofen and other NSAID against COX1 and COX2 was compared. Dose-response curves were plotted, and calculations were performed to identify concentrations that caused 50% inhibition (IC50[μM]) for each isozyme. Ratio of the COX1-to-COX2 IC50 was used as a measure of isozyme selectivity.

Results
Of the compounds evaluated, carprofen had the greatest selectivity for COX2. Potency of carprofen for canine COX2 was more than 100-fold greater than for canine COX1. Inhibition of canine COX2 (IC50, 0.102 μM) for the racemic mixture of carprofen (S and R stereoisomers) was primarily attributable to the S enantiomer (IC50, 0.0371 μM), which was approximately 200-fold more potent than the R enantiomer (IC50, 5.97 μM). Nimesulide had the next highest selectivity for COX2 (38-fold), and tolfenamic acid and meclofenamic acid had 15-fold selectivity for COX2. The other compounds tested did not have substantial selectivity for canine COX2 or were more selective for canine COX1.

Conclusions
Carprofen was found to be a potent inhibitor of canine COX2. Of the compounds tested, carprofen had the highest selectivity for canine COX2.

Clinical Relevance
The selectivity of carprofen for canine COX2 may be an important factor for its use in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1441–1446)
Intensity-dependent effects of acute submaximal exercise on the pharmacokinetics of bromsulphalein in horses
Authors: Dyke T. M. , Sams R. A. , Hinchcliff K. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of acute exercise on hepatic blood flow by studying hepatic clearance of bromsulphalein for several submaximal exercise intensities.

Animals
8 adult Standardbred mares.

Procedure
Horses were subjected to 4 submaximal exercise intensities (resting and 40, 60, and 80% maximal oxygen consumption). After horses had been running at the required treadmill speed for 1 minute, bromsulphalein (BSP; 5 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered during a 45- to 60-second period, and horses continued at the desired speed for an additional 15 minutes. Blood samples were collected at 2-minute intervals for 30 minutes, and plasma concentration of BSP was determined by spectrophotometry. Estimates of pharmacokinetic variables were compared among the 4 exercise intensities, using a Friedman repeated-measures analysis on ranks and linear regression.

Results
Median values for clearance of BSP from blood and plasma decreased significantly with exercise and was linearly related to exercise intensity. Exercise-induced differences were not detected in the volume of distribution of BSP. Elimination half-life of BSP increased significantly with increasing exercise intensity and was linearly related to exercise intensity.

Conclusions
Acute submaximal exercise has a dramatic effect on clearance of BSP in horses. Presumably, exercise-induced decreases in splanchnic blood flow limit blood flow to the liver, decreasing hepatic clearance of BSP and leading to persistence of plasma concentrations of BSP.

Clinical Implications
Drugs that are efficiently extracted by the liver may have decreased hepatic clearance when horses exercise at submaximal intensities. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1481–1487)
Protection against infection and abortion induced by virulent challenge exposure after oral vaccination of cattle with Brucella abortus strain RB51
Authors: Elzer Philip H. , Enright Fred M. , Colby Lesley , Hagius Sue D. , Walker Joel V. , Fatemi Masi B. , Kopec John D. , Beal Victor C. , Schurig Gerhardt G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine efficacy of orally administered Brucella abortus vaccine strain RB51 against virulent B abortus challenge exposure in cattle as a model for vaccination of wild ungulates.

Animals
20 mixed-breed beef cattle obtained from a brucellosis-free herd.

Procedure
Sexually mature, Brucella-negative beef heifers were vaccinated by mixing > 1010 viable RB51 organisms or diluent with their feed. Heifers were fed individually and consumed their entire ration. Each heifer received approximately 3×1010 colony-forming units (CFU). Six weeks after oral vaccination, heifers were pasture-bred to brucellosis-free bulls. At approximately 186 days' gestation, heifers were challenge exposed conjunctively with 107 CFU of virulent B abortus strain 2308.

Results
Vaccination with the rough variant of B abortus RB51 did not stimulate antibodies against the O-polysaccharide (OPS) of B abortus. After challenge exposure and parturition, strain 2308 was recovered from 80% of controls and only 20% of vaccinates. Only 30% of the vaccinates delivered dead, premature, or weak calves, whereas 70% of the controls had dead or weak calves.

Conclusions
Cattle vaccinated orally with the rough variant of B abortus strain RB51 develop significant (P< 0.05) protection against abortion and colonization and do not produce OPS-specific antibodies.

Clinical Relevance
Results encourage further investigation into use of strain RB51 to vaccinate wild ungulates (elk and bison) orally. (Am J Vet Res1998; 59:1575-1578)Vol 59, No. 12, December 1998