bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term follow‐up of infants after transcervical chorionic villus sampling and after amniocentesis to compare congenital abnormalities and health status
Authors: Schaap Arty H. P. , van der Pol Hans G. , Boer Kees , Leschot Nico J. , Wolf Hans 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectivesNext to procedure‐related fetal loss, other adverse effects of invasive prenatal diagnosis have been reported: limb defects after chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or early amniocentesis and respiratory distress after amniocentesis (AC). Because minor abnormalities may be overlooked in routine follow‐up, we obtained long‐term follow‐up data after CVS and AC.Methods1509 women with a singleton pregnancy who had transcervical CVS were matched by age and season of conception with 1509 women with singleton pregnancies who had AC. All procedures were performed during 1985–1991 for advanced maternal age >35 years. Data regarding congenital malformations (classified according Eurocat), neonatal and paediatric morbidity and complications of motor development, speech, hearing and visual function were obtained by questionnaire in 1993–1995.ResultsShort‐term outcome was known in all but ten infants. Questionnaires with a structured design were mailed to all women with a surviving infant (n=2810); 86.7% responded. No difference was detected between infants after CVS compared with infants after AC regarding congenital malformations (7.2% versus 6.3%), neonatal morbidity (15.1% versus 15.9%), paediatric morbidity with clinical treatment (7.7% versus 6.3%) or outpatient treatment only (43.9% versus 40.3%) and evident function disturbance (2.0% versus 2.0%) or doubtful function disturbance (6.3% versus 6.8%). The number of infants with physical growth <10th centile for Dutch infants was equal (10.1%). Sub‐analysis for limb abnormalities or respiratory complications did not demonstrate differences between infants after CVS and AC. Only 10% of all congenital malformations were already known through routine post‐partum follow‐up.ConclusionAn extensive long‐term survey could not demonstrate differences of health status between infants after prenatal diagnosis by transcervical CVS and AC. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postmarketing surveillance of medications and pregnancy outcomes: Clarithromycin and birth malformations*
Authors: Drinkard Carol R. , Shatin Deborah , Clouse Jon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThis retrospective surveillance study used linked administrative claims data and medical records to determine the rate and types of birth malformations in infants born to women exposed to the antibiotic, clarithromycin (Biaxin®), during the first trimester of pregnancy.MethodsPharmacy and hospital claims from eight geographically diverse health plans were used to identify women who had a delivery claim within 270 days of a clarithromycin prescription over a 5‐year period (1991–1995). Hospital delivery admission medical records for 143 mothers and their 149 infants were abstracted to identify birth malformations.ResultsFive infants were identified with major malformations, three with minor malformations, and four with undescended testicles likely to resolve with time. The observed rate of 3.4% (95% CI, 0.5, 6.3) for major malformations was not statistically significantly different compared to an expected rate of 2.8% based on earlier national data. There was no consistency across types of major malformations.ConclusionsThese results provide no evidence that clarithromycin is a likely major teratogen in humans. Use of claims data is one way to evaluate quickly and efficiently the safety of prescription medications in humans during pregnancy, especially when both exposure and outcome are rare. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stannous(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate: a versatile catalyst for the controlled ring‐opening polymerization of lactides: Formation of stereoregular surfaces from polylactide “brushes”
Authors: Möller Michael , Nederberg Fredric , Lim Lisa S. , Kånge Rikard , Hawker Craig J. , Hedrick James L. , Gu Yuedong , Shah Rahul , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA general method for the controlled synthesis of polylactide in solution and from solid supports is presented. The evaluation of stannous(II) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sn(OTf)2] and scandium(III) trifluoromethane sulfonate [Sc(OTf)3] as catalysts for the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐, D‐, and L,D‐lactide is described as a route to polylactide using mild and highly selective conditions. These triflate catalysts must be used in conjunction with a nucleophilic compound such as an alcohol that is the actual initiating species via the active metal alkoxide species. Consistent with this process, 1H NMR analysis revealed that the α‐chain‐end bears the ester from the initiating alcohol, and upon hydrolysis of the active metal alkoxide chain end, a ω‐hydroxyl chain end was clearly detected. Polymers of predictable molecular weights and narrow polydispersities were obtained in high yields in accordance with a controlled polymerization process. The addition of base either as a solvent or additive significantly enhanced the polymerization rate with minimal loss to the polymerization control. The ROP of lactide isomers from an initiator, HO(CH2CH2O)3(CH2)11SH, self‐assembled onto a gold surface using Sn(OTf)2 produced polylactide brushes under living conditions and provides the opportunity to prepare stereoregular or chiral surfaces by polymerization of enantiomerically pure monomers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3529–3538, 2001
Modeling molecular weight distribution in emulsion polymerization reactions with transfer to polymer
Authors: Sayer C. , Araújo P. H. H. , Arzamendi G. , Asua J. M. , Lima E. L. , Pinto J. C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA mathematical model was developed for the computation of the dynamic evolution of molecular weight distributions (MWDs) during nonlinear emulsion polymerization reactions. To allow the direct computation of the whole MWD, an adaptive orthogonal collocation technique was applied. The model was validated with experimental methyl methacrylate/butylacrylate (BuA) semicontinuous and vinyl acrylate (VA)/Veova10 continuous emulsion polymerization results. Both systems considered introduce significant chain‐transfer reactions to polymer chains as a result of the presence of BuA and VA, respectively. The model developed was able to represent quite properly the kinetics and MWD of polymer samples during emulsion polymerizations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3513–3528, 2001
Atom transfer radical polymerization of acrylates in an ionic liquid: Synthesis of block copolymers
Authors: Biedroń Tadeusz , Kubisa Przemysław 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylates in ionic liquid, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexaflurophospate, with the CuBr/CuBr2/amine catalytic system was investigated. Sequential polymerization was performed by synthesizing AB block copolymers. Polymerization of butyl acrylate (monomer that is only partly soluble in an ionic liquid forming a two‐phase system) proceeded to practically quantitative conversion. If the second monomer (methyl acrylate) is added at this stage, polymerization proceeds, and block copolymer formed is essentially free of homopolymer according to size exclusion chromatographic analysis. The number‐average molecular weight of the copolymer is slightly higher than calculated, but the molecular weight distribution is low (Mw/Mn = 1.12). If, however, methyl acrylate (monomer that is soluble in an ionic liquid) is polymerized at the first stage, then butyl acrylate in the second‐stage situation is different. Block copolymer free of homopolymer of the first block (with Mw/Mn = 1.13) may be obtained only if the conversion of methyl acrylate at the stage when second monomer is added is not higher than 70%. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight analysis confirmed that irreversible deactivation of growing macromolecules is significant for methyl acrylate polymerization at a monomer conversion above 70%, whereas it is still not significant for butyl acrylate even at practically quantitative conversion. These results show that ATRP of butyl acrylate in ionic liquid followed by addition of a second acrylate monomer allows the clean synthesis of block copolymers by one‐pot sequential polymerization even if the first stage is carried out to complete conversion of butyl acrylate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2799–2809, 2002
Maleation of poly(3,4‐epoxy‐1‐butene) for accelerated crosslinking in the presence of a redox catalyst
Authors: Yoo Youngtai , Johnson Larry K. , Falling Stephen N. , Lizotte Jeremy R. , Long Timothy E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAccelerated crosslinking of novel poly(3,4‐epoxy‐1‐butene) (3,4‐PEPB) oligomers in the presence of a cobalt‐based redox catalyst was investigated. Previous studies using model compounds, 3,4‐dimethoxy‐1‐butene and 1,4‐dimethoxy‐2‐butene, suggested that maleation of hydroxyl‐terminated 3,4‐PEPB oligomers would result in more rapid crosslinking in thin films. Novel maleated oligomers offered a unique combination of both electron‐rich and electron‐poor olefinic sites, and quantitative maleation significantly increased the crosslinking rate of 3,4‐PEPB. Efficient copolymerization between terminal maleate groups and olefinic groups in the repeating unit was proposed to account for accelerated crosslinking rates. Furthermore, the addition of novel reactive diluents, such as maleic acid mono‐ethyl ester, also effectively improved the 3,4‐PEPB crosslinking rate. Sol fraction measurements as a function of coating thickness revealed that the crosslinking rate versus oxygen diffusion was less significant for the maleated oligomers because of the presence of reactive electron‐poor olefins. Sol fractions were constant for catalyst concentrations greater than 0.25–0.50 wt % (as compared with oligomer feed). This observation suggested that a redox process was not a dominant factor in determining crosslinking rates at various experimental conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2789–2798, 2002
Cation environment in polyether complexes based on poly(tetramethylene glycol) doped with zinc and cobalt chlorides
Authors: Furtado C. A. , Porto A. O. , Silva G. G. , Silva R. A. , Pimenta M. A. , Martins‐Alves M. C. , Schilling P. J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractX‐ray absorption spectroscopy [extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES)], differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed for a series of liquid polyether/salt systems prepared with poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) and the copolymer poly(tetramethylene glycol‐co‐ethylene glycol) as matrices and zinc and cobalt chlorides as dopants in the concentration range of n = 30–90, where n is the molar ratio of oxygen to metal cation. According to EXAFS, XANES, and Raman results, even in diluted solutions, these complexes exist mostly as undissociated ZnCl2 and CoCl2 species, presenting a weak cation–polymer interaction. EXAFS results indicate that for polymer/ZnCl2 systems, the nearest metal neighbors are only chlorine atoms. However, for polymer/CoCl2 samples, oxygen is also observed coordinating the metal. Raman spectra do not support any feature related specifically to the cation–polymer interaction. Nevertheless, for both salts the symmetric stretching vibrations are located in frequencies characteristic of salt in solution, which means that the polymer solvating action is effective. Differential scanning calorimetry data show an increase in the glass‐transition temperature for all polymer/salt systems in relation to the pure polymer samples, a consequence of the increase in the macromolecular chain stiffening produced by the presence of the salt. This result corroborates the existence of polymer–salt interactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2572–2580, 2001
Quantitative PCR monitoring of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics in the field
Authors: Rohel Eric A , Laurent Paul , Fraaije Bart A , Cavelier Nadine , Hollomon Derek W 
Published: September 2002

AbstractQuantitative PCR and visual monitoring of Mycosphaerella graminicola epidemics were performed to investigate the effect of curative and preventative applications of azoxystrobin in wheat field crops. A non‐systemic protectant and a systemic curative fungicide, chlorothalonil and epoxiconazole, respectively, were used as references. PCR diagnosis detected leaf infection by M graminicola 3 weeks before symptom appearance, thereby allowing a clear distinction between curative and preventative treatments. When applied 1 week after the beginning of infection, azoxystrobin curative activity was intermediate between chlorothalonil (low effect) and epoxiconazole. When applied preventatively, none of the fungicides completely prevented leaf infection. There was some indication that azoxystrobin preventative treatments may delay fungal DNA increase more than epoxiconazole at the beginning of leaf infection. Both curative and preventative treatments increased the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Azoxystrobin only slightly decreased the speed of necrotic area increase compared with epoxiconazole. Hence, azoxystrobin activity toward M graminicola mainly resides in lengthening the time lapse between the earliest PCR detection and the measurement of a 10% necrotic leaf area. Information generated in this way is useful for optimal positioning of azoxystrobin treatments on M graminicola.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root‐knot nematodes in greenhouses
Authors: Giannakou Ioannis O , Sidiropoulos Artemios , Prophetou‐Athanasiadou Demetra 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe complete phase‐out of methyl bromide from use in developed countries by 1 January 2005 will cause many problems in agricultural industries that are now heavily reliant on its use. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on tomato and cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Reduction of nematode juveniles in soil and roots to nil detection levels was observed in all plots following soil fumigation with methyl bromide. A significant reduction of nematode juveniles and root‐galling index was observed in plots treated with metham‐sodium, dazomet and 1,3‐dichloropropene compared with the control and plots treated with non‐fumigant nematicides. Reduction of the nematode population led to an increase in fruit yield. However, data collected from the second cultivation season indicated that single control methods such as fumigant or contact nematicides alone cannot drastically decrease initial nematode population and those nematodes which escape control lead to population increase by the end of the cropping season.Copyright © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2‐chloro‐s‐triazines
Authors: Sawunyama Phillip , Bailey George W 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany chlorine‐containing pesticides, for example 2‐chloro‐s‐triazines, are of great concern both environmentally and toxicologically. As a result, ascertaining or predicting the fate and transport of these compounds in soils and water is of current interest. Transformation pathways for 2‐chloro‐s‐triazines in the environment include dealkylation, dechlorination (hydrolysis), and ring cleavage. This study explored the feasibility of using computational chemistry, specifically the hybrid density functional theory method, B3LYP, to predict hydrolysis trends of atrazine (2‐chloro‐N4‐ethyl‐N6‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine) and related 2‐chloro‐s‐triazines to the corresponding 2‐hydroxy‐s‐triazines. Gas‐phase energetics are described on the basis of calculations performed at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐31G* level of theory. Calculated free energies of hydrolysis (ΔhG298) are nearly the same for simazine (2‐chloro‐N4,N6‐diethyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine), atrazine, and propazine (2‐chloro‐N4,N6‐di‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine), suggesting that hydrolysis is not significantly affected by the side‐chain amine‐nitrogen alkyl substituents. High‐energy barriers also suggest that the reactions are not likely to be observed in the gas phase. Aqueous solvation effects were examined by means of self‐consistent reaction field methods (SCRF). Molecular structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level using the Onsager model, and solvation energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level using the isodensity surface polarizable continuum model (IPCM). Although the extent of solvent stabilization was greater for cationic species than neutral ones, the full extent of solvation is underestimated, especially for the transition state structures. As a consequence, the calculated hydrolysis barrier for protonated atrazine is exaggerated compared with the experimentally determined one. Overall, the hydrolysis reactions follow a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) pathway.Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Disruption of responses to pheromone by (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone, an analogue of the pheromone, in the cabbage armyworm Mamestra brassicae
Authors: Renou Michel , Berthier Andrée , Guerrero Angel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11‐16:TFMK) a fluorinated pheromone analogue, on the responses to sex pheromone of the male cabbage armyworm, Mamestra brassicae, have been investigated in an actograph and by electroantennography (EAG). In spite of its structural proximity with the natural pheromone, Z11‐16:TFMK was poorly active in EAG, and not active on male behaviour. When permeated in the air, Z11‐16:TFMK reversibly inhibited the electroantennographic responses to (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:Ac), the main component of the sex pheromone. In the actograph, the latency of the activation was increased and the intensity of the behavioural activity of males in response to Z11‐16:Ac was significantly reduced in the presence of Z11‐16:TFMK. These results, along with others previously reported by us, provide new pointers to the possible use of Z11‐16:TFMK in pest‐control strategies.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Resource sustainability in commodity systems: the sawmill industry in the Northern Forest
Authors: Jones Andrew , Seville Don , Meadows Donella 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany natural resource‐based commodity systems exhibit a trio of undesirable behaviors—price instability, resource unsustainability, and inequity among people along the commodity chain. In this article we share findings from a modeling project that focuses primarily on the second problem, unsustainability, in the forest products economy and forest ecosystem of the Northeastern United States. The model shows the structural potential for lumber industry capacity to overshoot the timber resource of the regional forest. Many of the policies commonly advocated in response to resource shortage, such as boosting mill efficiencies and eliminating log exports, appear unlikely to solve the problem. We identify several policies with the potential to help sustain both the industry and resource base. We also share insights on how to design a modeling and intervention process when addressing policy problems for which no single organization has direct responsibility. Finally, we consider ways to navigate through three prevalent “defensive routines”—denial, resignation, and despair—that are often barriers to constructive discussion on how to address potential limits to growth. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐state models and outcome prediction in bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Keiding Niels , Klein John P. , Horowitz Mary M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMulti‐state models have proved versatile and useful in the statistical analysis of the complicated course of events after bone marrow transplantation. Working from data from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry, we show that summary probability calculations may be useful to explore hypothetical scenarios where some transition intensities are set by the researcher. A multi‐state Markov process model is specified with six states: the initial state 0; acute; chronic and both acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease A, C and AC; relapse R and death in remission D. Transition rates between the states are estimated using Nelson–Aalen estimators and Cox regression models and combined to transition probability estimators using Aalen–Johansen product integration. Besides the estimated transition probabilities to D and R we explore hypothetical probabilities obtained by artificially changing certain transition intensities, with the general purposes of getting summary views of the development for actual patients ‘in this world’ and of exploring the intrinsic information from real patients about consequences of various changed conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whose house is it? Exploring user participation in the design process of residences
Authors: Misra Kajri 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUser participation in the design of built environments has been seen as essential from functional, social, psychological and political perspectives, given the intricacy of human–environment relationships. These concerns are most important in residential environments to which people relate continuously and intimately. This paper explores client–user participation in the architectural design process for their houses. The design process in seven projects by five small architectural firms was analysed in detail to map existing patterns of user participation in India. Significant producers of these patterns include, inter alia, the architect's approach to the project and to client–user participation, the client's awareness of design aspects and expectations of professional services, and the arrangements for interactions and communication; how these modulate the variables is discussed. Finally, the institutional frameworks that configure these factors and the obstacles to change have been highlighted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.