bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid’s Metamorphoses afford us something of an intermezzo. The very appearance of a chapter on this poem in a book on epic is it self an issue—a fact which the poet would no doubt have found highly diverting. From its first lines the poem continually con fronts us with the problem of the extent to which, and the ways in which, it is and is not epic. There is no obligation here to enter into a full account of the poem from the viewpoint of its continually destabilized generic norms, yet by taking this line as a first thread into the poem it may be possible to discover a promising starting-point for our investigation into what the poem has to say about epic and its gods. As a commentary on the epic view of the gods the poem is priceless, while it will prove to be of the highest importance for the epics which follow it, especially the Thebaid and Argonautica, where its influence on this aspect of epic form is, if anything, greater even than that of the Aeneid.
Epic of History: Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile and Silius’ Punica
Authors: Feeney D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Already in Chapter 1, with the discussion of critical attitudes to the historical status of Homer’s narrative, and in Chapter 3, with Naevius and Ennius, we have brushed against the problems which arise when the gods participate in the epic narrative of historical events. Here, as we come to the two historical epics from our pe riod which survive m non-fragmentary form, it becomes necessary to engage with these issues directly. An investigation into the the oretical background must stand as prelude, together with a discus sion of the lost or fragmentary historical epJCs which preceded Lucan.
Introduction
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses metrical shape, position, and caesura in Homer, and often it counts examples and compares frequencies, but it is essentially a literary interpretation, not a technical analysis; it studies the repetition of metrical, grammatical, syntactic, and lexical units in the Iliad and Odyssey, and accepts not a few of the tenets of formulaic composition, but it is not a book about formulae. Rather, in this study an attempt is made to understand how particular formal aspects of Homer (i.e. those to do with form) relate to poetic themes such as disguise and recognition, to the heroic ideal, and to gods and mortals and the difference between them in the epics. It examines speech and character, narrative role, point of view, and the poet’s voice, and it also considers literary devices such as emphasis, irony, ambivalence, and foreshadowing.
Metrical Units and Sense-Units
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My suggestion is that metrical structure can be semantically functional: in other words, that there are non-technical correlations between metre and semantics in Homer. When reciting a verse, a singer, or a rhapsode, or an actor may pause for a moment, then resume his words. How do we measure this? In microseconds? With a metronome? But this pause may also indicate recognition, doubt, fear, determination, grief, or other mental states, and it may alter emphasis and perspective in descriptions.
The Hero and His Son
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my opening chapter I demonstrated that Vergil can and does characterize by both word and action. But sometimes he appears to decline the opportunity. A fact that particularly requires explanation is one noticed by Richard Heinze. Conversation is well suited to the purposes of characterization, and Homer freely exploited it. Yet Vergil seems strictly to limit it. Why? We should first remind ourselves of the role that conversation may play in characterization. It exhibits men in their relationships with one another, affording an author splendid opportunities to individualize and to differentiate his characters. Homer capitalized on its potential. In his poems we find scenes with extended sequences of conversation, and multiple participants. We have only to think of the quarrel scene in Iliad I or the embassy in Book 9 to realize what use he makes of conversation to illuminate character. Achilles' clash of personality with Agamemnon, his difference from Odysseus, Ajax, Phoenix (a wide spectrum) is audible.
Dramatic Irony
Authors: Lyne R O A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 8.523ff. thunder and lightning occur in a clear sky, and clashing arms are seen. Aeneas remembers Venus' words and interprets the omen: war is imminent, and his mother will now bring him arms forged by Vulcan. With his Arcadian allies he leaves Pallanteum and camps in a numinous grove within sight of Tarcho and the Etruscans, from whom he will receive further assistance (597ff.). Then, apparently, he retires to a 'secluded vale', for here Venus appears to him bearing the divine arms. It is obviously a special and climactic moment, and is marked as such by, among other things, Venus herself. She behaves quite differently from the tantalizing goddess who met Aeneas in Book 1 (314ff.)-an episode which from more than one point of view is interesting to compare with this one. She appears here undisguised: it is a real epiphany (611). And instead of eluding her son, she actually seeks his embrace (615), a gesture unparalleled in the Aeneid. Above all, the moment is marked out by the provenance and splendour of the arms. Aeneas is astounded, unable to sate his eyes with looking upon them (617 ff.). The pièce de résistance is the shield with its 'indescribable texture' ['non enarrabile textum'] (625).
Review of Tullier, Recherches critiques sur la tradition du texte d’ Euripide
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The author believes that recent work on the transmission of Euripides has too narrowly confined itself to the evidence presented by the manuscripts alone. He believes that there is as much to be learned from the evidence of ‘des temoignages externes’, or the ‘tradition indirecte’ (p. 19), in brief, from a survey of the cultural and scholarly activities of the various periods which most affected the transmission of the text.
Review of Kambitsis, L’Antiope d Eunpide
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fragments of the Antiope fall into two classes: nearly fifty brief quotations or allusions in ancient writers, and over a hundred lines from a papyrus published in 189I. Kambitsis has produced the first complete annotated edition of these fragments; and it is a useful, if imperfect, edition. He has a generally sound knowledge of Greek style and idiom; he can think for himself; and above all he has read very widely and has collected a valuable amount of illustrative matter. He has devised no exciting novelties, either in the text or in its interpretation; but that is not a fault.
Meaning and Reference of the Word Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the aim of this investigation to study what the Greeks themselves thought a polis was. Consequently, a survey of the term polis and the concept behind the term has to be an essential part of the study. The following is a summary of the investigation published in Hansen (1998) 17–34, where the sources are quoted both in Greek and in English translation. Roughly speaking, the word polis had four different senses: (a) “stronghold” or “citadel”, (b) “nucleated settlement”, (c) “country” or “territory”, and (d) “political community”. These four different meanings of the word polis have been established with reference to the modern terms we use: viz. stronghold, settlement, country, community, etc.
The Delian League
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Delian League was by far the largest of all the Hellenic symmachiai and the one whose members we know best thanks to the preservation of a substantial part of the Athenian tribute lists (IG i3 259–90) and assessment decrees (IG i3 71, 77, 100). The names of some 330 members are still preserved in the fragments (see Index 18). We can infer that each of these members was a political community, but not necessarily an independent community.
Destruction and Disappearance of Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Down to 323 we know of altogether forty-six applications of andrapodismos.In some sources the termis used without any further description of what it implies, but in several cases the various facets and consequences of an andrapodismos are spelled out: sometimes the men who survived the conquest of the city were enslaved together with their wives and children.
Triphylia
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving back into C4, Makiston (no. 307) is explicitly attested as Triphylian by a C4 inscription originating from the Triphylian federation itself (SEG 35 389). The importance of this should be stressed: since Makiston does not appear in Polybios’ list, this list cannot simply be retrojected back into the Classical period. But Makiston too was situated between the Neda and the Alpheios.
The Saronic Gulf
Authors: Figueira Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enumeration of the Saronic Gulf islands was incorporated into ancient geographical surveys. Pliny, who does not distinguish the Saronic Gulf from the Gulf of Nauplia, mentions Calauria, Plateis, Belbina, Lasia and Baucidias as opposite Troizen (no. 357), and, opposite Epidauros (no. 348), Cecryphalos, Pityonesos and Aegina (HN 4.56–57).
Toponyms and City-Ethnics in Numerical Order
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. (Alalie 2. Emporion (Emporites) 3. Massalia (Massaliotes) 4. Rhode (Rhodetes) 5. Abakainon (Abakaininos) 6. Adranon (Adranites) 7. Agyrion (Agyrinaios) 8. Aitna (Aitnaios).
Toponyms and City-Ethnics in Alphabetical Order
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abai (Abaios) — Phokis 169 Abakainon (Abakaininos) — Sikelia 5 Abdera (Abderites) — Thrace: from Nestos to Hebros 640 Abydos (Abydenos) — Troas 765 Achilleion — Troas 766 Achilleion — Ionia 836 Adramyttion (Adramytenos) — Aiolis 800 Adranon (Adranites) — Sikelia 6 Adria — The Adriatic 75.
Grid-Planned Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain and France
Massalia C6m–C4
Rhode C4
Sikelia
Akragas C6s–C5e
Akrai C7m
Alaisa C4s?
Gela C4s
Heloron C4 Herakleia Minoa C4s
Himera C7l–C6f
Kamarina C6, C5
Kasmenai C7s
Leontinoi C7.
Cities of the Sophists
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the abundant evidence for the origins of sophists and the cities (other than Rome) in which they taught, it is not difficult to make out which were the great sophistic centres. Above all ranked Athens, Smyrna, and Ephesus. These three cities produced many of the eminent sophists of the second century and received most of the others at some time during their careers. The sophistic revival was an important part of the new prestige and economic vigour which accrued to these cities under the high empire.
Introduction
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of enjambement and sentence structure in the Iliad developed from my interest in how Homer moved from verse to verse. My intention was to provide as complete a picture of enjambement in the Iliad as possible, based on a close reading of the entire poem and presented statistically, book by book. I soon realized that enjambement was closely linked with the occurrence of verse-internal boundaries, so I plotted the location and frequency of both clause and sentence breaks in each line as well.
The Study of Homeric Enjambement
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of enjambement is the study of the syntactical relationship between verses. If sentence end and verse end do not coincide, the verses are enjambed and the sentence occupies part or all of at least two verses. Lines, then, are either unenjambed or enjambed, but they can be enjambed in varying degrees and in various ways.
Introduction
Authors: Bruyn Theodore De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The latter half of the fourth century witnessed what some have called a ‘renaissance’ of interest in the Pauline epistles in the Latin church. The works produced in these decades include commentaries by Ambrosiaster, an anonymous writer, and Pelagius on all the epistles; commentaries by Marius Victorinus,Jerome, and Augustine on select epistles; and Rufinus of Aquileia’s translation of Origen’s commentary on Romans —in addition to the attention given to the epistles in the letters and tracts of the time.3 This wealth of commentaries, investing so much in the writings of the apostle,4 is all the more striking because as a genre the commentary appeared relatively late in the west.
The Cavea and Orchestra
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The semicircular cavea was invented in Greece during the second half of the fourth century bc. The classic fourth-century example of this type is the theatre at Epidaurus (Plan 423). Its features are a circular orchestra, curved seating extending beyond a semicircle and converging analemmata. While theatres with converging analemmatacontinued to be built throughout the Roman imperial period in parts of Greece and Asia Minor what may be termed the ‘western Roman’ type of cavea had devel-oped in Italy during the late Republic and became the common type throughout the western provinces of the Empire.
Italy
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lowest seats supported on vault of annular passage with 4 semicircular recesses; at higher level 2 curved corridors; inner with sloping barrel-vault supporting summa cavea, 3 rows of seats accessible by 2 staircases running up through vault; east wall of outer curved corridor decorated with brick Corinthian half-columns covered in stucco; in centre of cavea radial passage to villa. In late 1st cent. or early 2nd cent. ad building modified, perhaps because bradyseism caused orchestra to flood; passage to villa walled up, presumably to keep water out; 2 outer annular passages modified.
Greece
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman times massive wall (1.60 m thick) built on line of old scene building to create scaenae frons; in front of it 6 massive piers creating 5 rectangular niches; regiaframed in central pair of piers projecting from scaenae fronswall; hospitaliaframed in end pairs; columnatio: probably 2 storeys (unfluted Doric column drums and cornice fragments found); 2 sets of 3 piers ran across middle of scene building to support roof; side rooms also incorporated into Roman scene building; extended up to back wall of central room; side
The Apollinares and the Aviti
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 31 December 406, an event took place which would lead to profound changes in the political geography of Western Europe. The frozen river Rhine, its defences weakened by more than a decade of neglect, was crossed by tens of thousands of non-Roman peoples from outside the empire. ‘ Chief among these were the Vandals and Suevi, but they were attended by other, smaller groups. Their migration continued westwards and southwards. In 409, the line of the Pyrenees was broken in circumstances indicative of the chaotic nature of military and political responses at the time. In northern Spain, relations of the ruling imperial house of Theodosius and Honorius ‘usurped from the usurper ‘, the British-based adventurer Constantine III, and tried to defend the Pyrenees in the name of the absent and impotent Honorius.2 To that end, they slowly mustered an ad hoc force of local army units, peasants, and even their own slaves. This motley collection was defeated by Constans, the son of Constantine, and his barbarian auxiliaries, the so-called Honoriaci. They celebrated their victory and took their reward by plundering the local Spaniards and added to the confusion by letting through the advancing Vandals and Suevi, after which they drew lots for local estates and settled down, as just one of the many war-bands who, whatever their nominal allegiance, were in fact interested only in plunder and settlement for themselves.
The End of Roman Clermont
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over fifty years had passed since the Gothic settlement of Aquitaine, when, in 469, Euric launched his war of con quest on several fronts, first across the Loire against the Bretons1 and then into the Auvergne, Narbonensis, and Spain. During that half-century, the Goths themselves had changed from the heterogeneous war-band which had followed Alaric and Athaulf. The aim of Euric as conqueror was to create a nation-state, which would be a recognizable successor to the Roman Empire. In 414, Athaulf had des paired of the Gothic capacity to form a state because a state required laws, which the Goths were unable to obey.2 He could not have foreseen that, in the decades after his death, the Roman perception expressed in Sidonius ‘ version of the education of Theoderic II by Avitus in Roman law3-that the Goths were open to Roman influence in this area-was supported by the fact that Roman jurists were made wel come at the Gothic, as at the Burgundian, courts. Euric ‘s own actions put the importance of law to the Goths of the 470s beyond doubt.
Imagining Georgia in Antiquity
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myth retained that prominence because it was germane to a series of key issues and themes which remained current and problematic in the Graeco-Roman world: the ethics of sea-travel, man’s abuse of nature, the use of magic, the dangerous stranger, the power of oaths, the limits of proper vengeance, relationships, rights, responsibilities and loyalties within a family, the problematics of marriage and parenthood, gender, ethnicity, and much more besides.
The Geography and Economy of Ancient Georgia
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geography of Colchis and Iberia is characterized by diversity: mountains, passes, plains, marshes, and foothills form a changing landscape, intersected by scores of rivers, some readily navigable. To the north and east, passes lead on to extensive plains, while to the south they lead into the Armenian uplands. The west is dominated by the Black Sea itself, the greatest highway of the region.
Colchis under the Principate
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time of Pompey, Rome left Colchis under local rule for a century or so. The arrangement was recommended by the endemic piracy and banditry which flourished in the wetlands and mountains of the eastern Black Sea region. Largely for that reason, even after the establishment of direct Roman rule in ad 64, local rulers continued to play a major role in Colchis. From the first century ad Rome had forts along the east coast of the Black Sea, but that should not be taken to mean that Rome seriously feared any large-scale invasion: indeed, as our understanding of Rome’s frontiers develops, it seems increasingly more likely that Roman installations on all frontiers of the empire were primarily concerned to promote local order and to counter small-scale raids, whether from within or without Roman provincial territory. Large-scale invasions were infrequent and seem not to have been anticipated on the east coast of the Black Sea, whose mountains and difficult terrain made invasions particularly improbable. In that region we hear nothing at all of invasions, actual or potential, before the middle of the third century ad, when substantial raids through the Crimean Bosporus might be considered as much.
The Hippeis and Society
Authors: Spence I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far it has been shown that the combat potential of classical Greek cavalry (including that of the Athenian hippeis) was quite high, and that this potential was periodically realized in wartime. The adverse effects deriving from the lack of stirrups and, perhaps more seriously, from fluctuating numbers, are not sufficient to account for cavalry’s relatively minor role in fifth- and fourth-century warfare. What does explain this are the principal remaining social influences upon the hippeis. In the case of most states, the hoplite domination of Greek military theory and practice held back the development of the cavalry, and this was compounded at Athens by the attitudes of the rest of the citizens towards the cavalry arm and those who served in it.
Verona’s Earliest Senators: Some Comparisons
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To match city against city in the western lands is a seductive enterprise. Various criteria avail, ranging from origin and status by way of monumental remains to the contribution they brought to Latin literature and to imperial government. Spain furnishes some useful comparisons, among them Barcino against Tarraco. An appropriate season has arrived for inspecting Transpadana, which can be styled without deception ‘provincia verius quam Italia’.
Verona’s First Consul
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first consul from Verona took office in May of 3 l as colleague to Faustus Sulla when Tiberius Caesar by resigning imposed the same necessity on Aelius Seianus. On the Fasti Ostienses he stands as ‘Sex. Tedius [Cat]ullu[s’. At first sight, on a criterion generally shown valid when dates are officially recorded, ‘Tedius’ might appear the paternal name, with ‘Catullus’ from the maternal side. On the contrary, in this instance a Tedius had adopted a Valerius Catullus.
Verginius Rufus
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the actions of Verginius Rufus and his comportment in spring and summer of the year 68 earn ample expositions, curiosity seldom reaches backwards to ask how and why the son of a Roman knight managed to achieve an eponymous consulship in 63. The Neronian consulates duly offer instruction, disclosing vicissitudes in influence and patronage.
Vestricius Spurinna
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the preface to the Agricola announces, the author proposes to go on and narrate the history of his own time. His language implies the reign of Domitian. As happens with historians in any epoch, mature reflection intervenes, moving backwards the point of inception. Cornelius Tacitus might have set out from the fall of Nero, so some opine. He decided to begin with 69.
Pliny’s Early Career
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
C. Plinius, the admiral at Misenum, met his honourable end when the volcano blew up. His sister’s son inherited name and property. Consular records normally register a man by the paternal denomination. Exceptions occur; and on the Fasti Ostienses Caecilius Secundus stands as ‘C. Plinius Secundus’. The new nobility took liberties of choice: who would care to gainsay? Nomenclature from the maternal side sometimes prevails or an indistinctive nomen is dropped. Such was ‘Caecilius’. In fact, another Caecilius Secundus happens to be known in this period.
Domitius Apollinaris
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FEW consuls had the good fortune vouchsafed to L. Domitius Apollinaris in knowing two authors, both of whom wrote with proper care for posterity. Martial honoured him with no fewer than six epigrams, and he received two letters from Pliny. In another, Apollinaris is styled ‘consul designatus’. That was his rank in the year 97 when the ambitious orator launched his memorable attack on a fellow senator, in vengeance for the fate of Helvidius Priscus. Apollinaris had returned to Rome, from the governorship of Lycia-Pamphylia.