bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When will boards influence strategy? inclination × power = strategic change
Authors: Golden Brian R. , Zajac Edward J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile boards of directors are usually recognized as having the potential to affect strategic change in organizations, there is considerable debate as to whether such potential is typically realized. We seek to reconcile the debate on whether boards are typically passive vs. active players in the strategy realm by developing a model that specifies when boards are likely to influence organizational strategy and whether such an influence is likely to impel vs. impede change. Specifically, we develop arguments as to when certain demographic and processual features of boards imply a greater inclination for strategic change, when these features imply a greater preference for the status quo, and how differences in such inclinations will influence strategic change. We then also propose that a board's inclination for strategic change interacts with a board's power to affect change, generating a multiplicative effect on strategic change. These ideas are tested using survey and archival data from a national sample of over 3000 hospitals. The supportive findings suggest that strategic change is significantly affected by board demography and board processes, and that these governance effects manifest themselves most strongly in situations where boards are more powerful. We discuss these findings in terms of their relevance for theories of demography, agency, and power. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The adoption of agency business activity, product innovation, and performance in Chinese technology ventures
Authors: Li Haiyang , Atuahene‐Gima Kwaku 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines the roles of firm characteristics and environmental factors in the formation of interfirm alliances. Specifically, we examine the dual role of these groups of factors as inducements and opportunities for Chinese high‐technology new ventures (HTNVs) in their adoption of agency business activity, a downstream type of alliance involving marketing and distribution of the products of foreign firms. Results suggest that both internal and external factors are related to the adoption of agency business activity but the inducement and opportunity value of environmental uncertainty may be dampened by institutional support provided to HTNVs. Further, we find that successful agency business activity is positively related to new venture performance but negatively related to its product innovation efforts. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An empirical investigation of firm public and private knowledge
Authors: Matusik Sharon F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany studies examine firm private knowledge, but purport to be generalizable to the totality of firm knowledge, both public and private. This study demonstrates that public and private firm knowledge are empirically separable constructs that have significant and yet different influences on innovative outcomes. The example of product development effectiveness within this study shows that both public and private knowledge are significantly related to product development quality; however, public knowledge is negatively related to quality lapses while private knowledge is positively related to quality lapses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JAC—Access right based encapsulation for Java
Authors: Kniesel Günter , Theisen Dirk 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnwanted effects of aliasing cause encapsulation problems in object‐oriented programming. Nevertheless, aliasing is part of common and efficient programming techniques for expressing sharing of objects and as such its general restriction is not an option in practice. This paper proposes an approach that allows full referential object sharing but adds transitive access control to object references to limit the effects of aliasing. The approach relies on well‐known properties of object‐oriented type systems but exploits them in a novel way to support an access‐right‐based model of encapsulation. It is presented as an extension of Java, called JAC (Java with Access Control). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An architecture for extensible middleware platforms
Authors: Bruneton Eric , Riveill Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a middleware platformarchitecturewhose goals, motivated by the needs of a real‐world application, are the following: separation of functional and non‐functional code in applications, composition of non‐functional properties, and modularity and extensibility of the middleware platform itself. This architecture is inspired by the Enterprise Java Beans platform, and uses a new object composition model to separate and compose the non‐functional properties. In order to evaluate this architecture, we have implemented the JavaPod platform which we have used to implement a prototype of the application that motivated our goals. The results of these experiments show that our goals can indeed be achieved with our architecture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software process matrix: a small company SPI model
Authors: Richardson Ita 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBecause small company structure is very different to that of large organizations, models which help them to improve their software process must be created with this in mind. The author of this paper has developed and verified such a model, based on quality function deployment, the software process matrix. A summary of its development and verification is presented. Subsequently, the matrix was validated in two small software development companies during a longitudinal study and the paper discusses an analysis of some of the processes which changed as a result of its implementation—organization, customer management and project management. This provides some insight into the software process of the companies, both prior to and at the end of the research period. Generalization and validity to other companies, large and small, is considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autopoiesis, agency and accident: criteria for the attribution of life
Authors: Cameron W. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract‘Life’ is manifest in autonomous being in a contingent world and ‘natural life’ is life that has developed autonomously in that its becoming has not depended on prior agency. Autonomous being requires the capacity of autopoiesis and the maintenance of autonomous being in a contingent world requires the capacity of intentional agency. Also, autonomous and diverse becoming requires the capacities of accidental creation and reproductive evolution in an environment of contingent events. These capacities may be explained in theories of functional organization, each of which may be variously realized in the physical domain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of endorectal ultrasound in the conservative management of rectal cancers
Authors: Kim Hong Jin , Wong W. Douglas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) extends the ability of the clinician to define the clinical features assessed on routine physical examination, and remains the best modality for accurately staging depth of penetration and presumptive nodal status in rectal cancers. The success of conservative management of rectal cancers is predicated on proper patient selection. The preoperative selection of the ideal patient for local therapies can be difficult, and the decision‐making process takes into account many critical factors. Careful assessment of the T and N stages is critical in determining the success of conservative therapies, and directing treatment algorithms. Local resections with curative intent are limited to patients with T1N0 rectal cancers, and select patients with T2N0 tumors with favorable pathological criteria. Conservative management may also be extended to patients identified with significant underlying comorbid conditions staged preoperatively with unfavorable T2/T3 lesions, often combined with adjuvant therapies in a palliative setting. In addition, ERUS may have a role in the selection of those patients with more advanced lesions to neoadjuvant chemoradiation, followed by radical resection. Though not clearly defined, ERUS is evolving in its role in the postoperative follow‐up of patients treated conservatively for rectal cancers, and can lead to the early detection of local recurrences. The widespread use of ERUS remains limited due to high operator variability and errors in interpretation; however, the role of ERUS in the postoperative management of rectal cancers is evolving and requires further evaluation. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:358–366, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unit and integration testing strategies for C programs using mutation
Authors: Vincenzi A. M. R. , Maldonado J. C. , Barbosa E. F. , Delamaro M. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMutation testing, originally proposed for unit testing, has been extended to integration testing with the proposition of the Interface Mutation criterion. This paper presents the results of an experiment using two mutation‐based testing criteria for unit and integration testing phases: the Mutation Analysis and the Interface Mutation adequacy criteria, respectively. The aim is to investigate how they can be used in a complementary way during the testing activity, establishing an incremental testing strategy comprising the unit and integration testing phases and guidelines on how to obtain a high mutation score with respect to mutation testing with a low cost, in terms of the number of mutants generated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo microdialysis and conditioned place preference studies in rats are consistent with abuse potential of tramadol
Authors: Sprague Jon E. , Leifheit Michael , Selken Jennifer , Milks Michael M. , Kinder David H. , Nichols David E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe abuse potential of tramadol was investigated using both in vivo microdialysis measures of dopamine (DA) release within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell and the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm in rats. Tramadol (75 mg/kg, i.p.) induced a statistically significant increase (starting 80 min posttreatment) in DA release within the NAc shell, which was maintained for at least 120 min posttreatment. Tramadol (18.75, 37.5, and 75 mg/kg i.p.) produced a statistically significant CPP, with the effects of the two highest doses comparable to those induced by morphine (5 mg/kg, s.c.). The release of DA within the NAc shell may be responsible for the rewarding properties of tramadol and, together with the CPP results, provide evidence that tramadol may possess greater abuse potential than originally believed. Synapse 43:118–121, 2002. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Learning to teach science in urban schools
Authors: Tobin Kenneth , Roth Wolff‐Michael , Zimmermann Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTeaching in urban schools, with their problems of violence, lack of resources, and inadequate funding, is difficult. It is even more difficult to learn to teach in urban schools. Yet learning in those locations where one will subsequently be working has been shown to be the best preparation for teaching. In this article we propose coteaching as a viable model for teacher preparation and the professional development of urban science teachers. Coteaching—working at the elbow of someone else—allows new teachers to experience appropriate and timely action by providing them with shared experiences that become the topic of their professional conversations with other coteachers (including peers, the cooperating teacher, university supervisors, and high school students). This article also includes an ethnography describing the experiences of a new teacher who had been assigned to an urban high school as field experience, during which she enacted a curriculum that was culturally relevant to her African American students, acknowledged their minority status with respect to science, and enabled them to pursue the school district standards. Even though coteaching enables learning to teach and curricula reform, we raise doubts about whether our approaches to teacher education and enacting science curricula are hegemonic and oppressive to the students we seek to emancipate through education. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 941–964, 2001
Recurrent cleft lip and palate in siblings of a patient with malabsorption syndrome, probably caused by hypovitaminosis a associated with folic acid and vitamin B2 deficiencies
Authors: Faron Gilles , Drouin Régen , Pedneault Lyne , Poulin Louis‐Denis , Laframboise Rachel , Garrido‐Russo Maria , Fraser William Donald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present a woman with metabolic disorders secondary to malabsorption and renal disease who gave birth to a stillborn male fetus with left unilateral cleft lip and palate and a live born infant with left unilateral cleft lip and palate. We discuss potential cofactors that could be implicated in the abnormal embryonic process. Teratology 63:161–163, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased cell death in the developing vestibulocochlear ganglion complex of the mouse after prenatal ethanol exposure
Authors: Du Xiaoping , Hamre Kristin M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated that excessive prenatal alcohol exposure can damage the auditory and vestibular systems, in particular, cochlear hair cells. However, the direct effect of ethanol on the peripheral neurons in these pathways has not been examined. To study the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the developing vestibulocochlear ganglion (VCG) complex and the peripheral sensory organs, we exposed pregnant mice to ethanol and examined the levels of cell death in the inner ear.MethodsPregnant C57BL/6J mice were administered one of three doses of either ethanol (3.0, 4.5, and 5.5 g/kg) or isocaloric maltose/dextrin via intragastric intubation on gestational day (GD) 12.5. Embryos were dissected out of the uterus 8 hr after the intubation. Dying cells in the inner ear were stained with Nissl stain and labeled by in situ terminal dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL), and the percentage of dying cells was quantified.ResultsEthanol exposure produced region‐specific effects, with ethanol‐exposed embryos exhibiting enhanced cell death only in the VCG complex, and not in the primitive saccule, cochlea, semicircular canal, or endolymphatic sac. The effects of ethanol on cell death in the VCG are dose dependent, with a significant increase in the level of cell death found only at the higher doses.ConclusionsEthanol has a selective cytotoxic dose‐dependent effect on the VCG at GD 12.5 suggesting that loss of VCG neurons may contribute to hearing and /or vestibular abnormalities in FAS children. Furthermore, the presence of TUNEL‐positive cells and DNA laddering is consistent with the cells undergoing apoptotic cell death. Teratology 64:301–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive potential of crimson‐spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis) following short‐term exposure to bass strait crude oil and dispersed crude oil
Authors: Pollino Carmel A. , Holdway Douglas A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn examination of the potential of crude oil and mixtures of dispersants and crude oil to act as reproductive toxicants is reported in this article. The short‐term effects of a water‐accommodated fraction of crude oil (WAF) and a dispersed crude oil water‐accommodated fraction (DCWAF) on selected reproductive end points were measured by conducting 3‐day exposures to the crimson‐spotted rainbowfish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Exposures were followed by 14‐day depuration periods to determine the ability of fish to recover from the exposure. There were no changes to egg production, hatchability, or larval lengths for the WAF and DCWAF test periods. There were no changes to plasma estradiol or testosterone concentrations, gonadosomatic indices, or histopathological organization of gonad tissues after the exposure and depuration periods for both WAF and DCWAF. As reproductive parameters were not altered after 3 days of exposure and 14 days of depuration, crimson‐spotted rainbowfish were able to endure short‐term exposures to crude oil and dispersed crude oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 138–145, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10043
A colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay for the determination of cyanobacterial peptide hepatotoxins based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by recombinant protein phosphatase 1
Authors: Heresztyn Tamila , Nicholson Brenton C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay based on the dephosphorylation of phosvitin by recombinant protein phosphatase 1 was developed for analysis of waters for cyanobacterial hepatotoxins. The phosphate released in the assay was determined using a malachite green reagent. Good agreement with toxin concentrations determined by HPLC was obtained. The assay was capable of determining these toxins at concentrations around 1 μg/L with high precision and without sample concentration. This is of considerable benefit as the World Health Organisation specifies a provisional guideline of 1 μg/L for microcystin‐LR. There was evidence, however, that the sample matrix might affect quantification, leading to false positive results. Thus the assay should be viewed as a screening procedure, and confirmatory analyses by an alternative procedure should be carried out for positive results. Further work is required to resolve the question of matrix interferences if phosphatase inhibition assays are used directly for measuring toxin levels in water, especially if this information is used to check compliance with water quality guidelines. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 242–252, 2001
Graded mode of transcriptional induction in yeast pheromone signalling revealed by single‐cell analysis
Authors: Poritz Mark A. , Malmstrom Sharon , Kim Marianne K.‐H. , Rossmeissl Peter J. , Kamb Alexander 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSignalling pathways typically convert a graded, analogue signal into a binary cellular output. In the several eukaryotic systems that have been investigated to date, including MAP kinase cascade activation in Xenopus oocytes, analogue‐to‐digital conversion occurs at points in the pathway between receptor activation and the effector mechanism. We used flow cytometry combined with an intracellular fluorescent reporter to examine the characteristics of the yeast pheromone‐response pathway. Surprisingly, pheromone response in yeast, which relies on the MAP kinase cascade, behaved in a fundamentally graded manner. Expression of certain exogenous dominant inhibitors of the pathway converted the response to graded‐or‐none behaviour. These results have implications for the dissection of biological response mechanisms in cells and illustrate how signalling pathways, even homologous ones, may have strikingly different signal propagation/amplification characteristics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis of structural genes for NAD+‐dependent formate dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Overkamp Karin M. , Kötter Peter , van der Hoek Richard , Schoondermark‐Stolk Sung , Luttik Marijke A. H. , van Dijken Johannes P. , Pronk Jack T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCo‐consumption of formate by aerobic, glucose‐limited chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CEN.PK 113‐7D led to an increased biomass yield relative to cultures grown on glucose as the sole carbon and energy substrate. In this respect, this strain differed from two previously investigated S. cerevisiae strains, in which formate oxidation did not lead to an increased biomass yield on glucose. Enzyme assays confirmed the presence of a formate‐inducible, cytosolic and NAD+‐dependent formate dehydrogenase. To investigate whether this enzyme activity was entirely encoded by the previously reported FDH1 gene, an fdh1Δ null mutant was constructed. This mutant strain still contained formate dehydrogenase activity and remained capable of co‐consumption of formate. The formate dehydrogenase activity in the mutant was demonstrated to be encoded by a second structural gene for formate dehydrogenase (FDH2) in S. cerevisiae CEN.PK 113‐7D. FDH2 was highly homologous to FDH1 and consisted of a fusion of two open reading frames (ORFs) (YPL275w and YPL276w) reported in the S. cerevisiae genome databases. Sequence analysis confirmed that, in the database genetic background, the presence of two single‐nucleotide differences led to two truncated ORFs rather than the full‐length FDH2 gene present in strain CEN.PK 113‐7D. In the latter strain background an fdh1Δfdh2Δ double mutant lacked formate dehydrogenase activity and was unable to co‐consume formate. Absence of formate dehydrogenase activity did not affect growth on glucose as sole carbon source, but led to a reduced biomass yield on glucose–formate mixtures. These findings are consistent with a role of formate dehydrogenase in the detoxification of exogenous formate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of local North Carolina browse species to supplement the diet of a captive colony of folivorous primates (Propithecus sp.)
Authors: Campbell Jennifer L. , Glenn Kelly M. , Grossi Brian , Eisemann Joan H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nutrient content and intake of locally available North Carolina browse was evaluated for use as a supplement to a herbivorous primate diet of commercial biscuit and produce. Twice weekly from May to October 1997, total dietary intakes were determined for two groups of folivorous lemurs. Group I consisted of Propithecus diadema diadema (n = 1) and P. tattersalli (n = 1) and group II consisted of P. verreauxi coquereli (n = 3). Six pooled samples of the diet and weekly samples of three browse species, Rhus copallina, Albizia julibrissin, and Liquidamber styrachiflua were analyzed for dry matter, energy, fiber, and nitrogen content. Browse species were also analyzed for nonprotein nitrogen and acid‐insoluble nitrogen. Group average dry matter intakes were 37.1 ± 2.2% (mean ± SEM) and 49.7 ± 3.0% of amount offered for groups I and II, respectively. Browse contributed 40.7 ± 2.9% and 29.6 ± 2.4% of the total daily intake for groups I and II, respectively. Browse species differed (P < 0.05) for dry matter, energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, total nitrogen, nonprotein nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available protein. R. copallina and L. styrachiflua were similar in total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and nonprotein nitrogen; A. julibrissin was higher. L. styrachiflua was highest in lignin. Dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and lignin in browse samples increased seasonally (P < 0.05), whereas available protein decreased (P < 0.01). Animals were offered and consumed R. copallina most often, followed by A. julibrisson and L. styrachiflua. With the exception of R. copallina, animals generally consumed only the immature leaves, flowers, or seeds of species offered. Daily dry matter intake varied because of both browse offered and consumed and biscuit and produce diet consumed. Thus, increased fiber density can be a major benefit of browse use only when incorporated into the total diet with respect to species use, quantity of other diet ingredients offered, and targeted nutrient intakes. Zoo Biol 20:447–461, 2001. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.