bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALTERATIONS IN THE OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF RATS WITH INDUCED TOLERANCE: IN VITRO STUDY OF DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Rubin Arnold D. , Cascarano Joseph , Zweifach Benjamin W. 
Published: June 2004

Oxidative metabolism of diaphragms from endotoxin- and trauma-tolerant rats was investigated, utilizing the reduction of tetrazolium salt. It was found that diaphragms from normal and stress-tolerant animals did not differ in "oxidative performance" (activity in the absence of the redox dye phenazine methosulfate). However, diaphragms from tolerant animals exhibited a highly significant enhancement in "oxidative potential" (activity in the presence of phenazine methosulfate). This change was apparently not precipitated by adjustments in circulatory dynamics, nor was it related to reticuloendothelial stimulation. The suggestion is made that the effects observed may develop through the secondary release of endogenous epinephrine.
Evidence is presented suggesting that the enhancement of "oxidative potential" exhibited by the parenchymal tissues of tolerant animals represents an adaptation in metabolism whereby pools of potentially oxidizable foodstuffs are stockpiled.
THE ROLE OF LIVER AND SPLEEN IN THE METABOLISM OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED FAT IN RABBITS
Authors: Van Den Bosch J. , Evrard E. , Billiau A. , Joossens J. V. , De Somer P. 
Published: June 2004

The uptake of intravenously injected coconut oil emulsion by the liver and spleen was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography in normal, triton-injected, and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. The lauric and myristic acids from this emulsion, almost absent in the tissues of normal animals, were used as marked acids.
In normal rabbits only the liver took up a quantitatively important fraction of the injected fat. The uptake by the spleen appears to be due to a different mechanism than that of the liver. In rabbits given triton the liver was incapable of taking up large quantities of fat, while the uptake in the spleen was undisturbed. 12 hours after injection the plasma, liver, and spleen of normal animals contained only 14 per cent of the dose. With animals given triton 71 per cent of the injected dose was recovered, most of it in the plasma.
Hypercholesterolemic rabbits cleared an injected fat emulsion and took fat into the liver at the same rate as the controls.
When triton is injected 6 hours after the administration of the emulsion, the fat taken up in the liver reappears in the plasma.
THE EFFECTS OF MAMMALIAN AND OTHER CATIONIC POLYPEPTIDES ON THE CYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTER OF BACTERIAL CELLS
Authors: Spitznagel John K. 
Published: June 2004

Cationic polypeptides interact with bacterial cells of E. coli and B. anthracis. They confer upon the cells some of the characteristics of cationic particles. Since bacterial cells usually behave as anions, acidic dyes at high pH levels differentiate between cells which have and those which have not interacted with cationic polypeptides. Under the conditions of these experiments it appeared that cationic polypeptides tend to be sorbed in highest concentration in the surface layers of the cells. Electrovalent binding to anionic cell components and detergent action are probably among the mechanisms involved in the interaction between the polypeptides such as histones and bacterial cells.
The differential staining of bacterial cells which have interacted with cationic polypeptides is feasible and reasonably selective. It should be useful in determining whether bacterial cells interact with host cationic polypeptides in vitro.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION OF THE PENICILLIN ANTIGEN
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: June 2004

An excess of D-benzylpenicillenic acid (BPE) was reacted with human γ-globulin, human serum albumin, gelatin, and poly-L-lysine in aqueous solution buffered at pH 7.5–8.0. Under these conditions, BPE reacted predominantly with lysine ϵ-amino groups of the proteins to form the mixture of diastereomers of ϵ-N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl)-lysine groups (Di-BPO-Lys). BPE reacted also, but to a considerably smaller extent, with cystine disulfide linkages of human γ-globulin and human serum albumin to form D-benzylpenicillenic acid-cysteine mixed disulfide groups (BPE-SS-Cys). Conjugates containing large numbers of BPE or D-penicillamine mixed disulfide groups were prepared by reaction of BPE or D-penicillamine with thiolated human γ-globulin under mild oxidizing conditions.
Anti-penicillin antibodies were produced in rabbits by immunization with either potassium penicillin G (PG) or a preincubated mixture of PG with normal rabbit serum (PG-NRS) in complete Freund's adjuvant. Specific precipitation analyses in aqueous and gel media (Ouchterlony), PCA analyses, and specific inhibition of these reactions with haptens were carried out on the rabbit anti-PG and anti-(PG-NRS) sera, using the above conjugates as antigens. The anti-penicillin antibodies were found to be directed against the diastereomeric mixture of N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl) groups, predominantly the Di-BPO-Lys groups. By these techniques, no antibodies directed against the BPE-mixed disulfide or the D-penicillamine mixed disulfide groups were detected.
Three out of six patients with histories of allergic reactions to PG responded with wheal-and-erythema reactions to the N-(D-α-benzylpenicilloyl) (BPO) groups contained in BPE-human gamma globulin conjugate. Another such patient exhibited serum antibodies specific for the BPO group. One patient being treated with 25 gm per day of PG showed the presence of non-dialyzable antigenic BPO-conjugates in his serum.
These results demonstrate that the diastereomeric BPO groups (predominantly Di-BPO-Lys groups) are major antigenic determinant groups responsible for PG hypersensitivity in rabbits and human beings. The possible clinical usefulness of multivalent Di-BPO conjugates and univalent Di-BPO haptens is discussed.
STUDIES ON THROMBIN-INDUCED PLATELET AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shermer Richard W. , Mason Reginald G. , Wagner Robert H. , Brinkhous Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2004

A one-stage macroscopic test for platelet agglutination was used to study the effect of thrombin and thrombin-cation mixtures on washed platelets. Conclusions regarding platelet agglutination are as follows:
(a) Canine, bovine, or human thrombin alone does not cause agglutination of canine or human platelets.
(b) Thrombin with calcium or magnesium causes rapid platelet agglutination. Both calcium and magnesium are active at physiologic concentrations. Divalent manganese or cadmium ions can be substituted for calcium or magnesium.
(c) The agglutination reaction is affected but little by the species of origin of thrombin or platelets, or by variations in ionic strength or pH over a broad range.
(d) Temperature at which the reaction is carried out is critical; optimal temperature for the test is 28°C.
(e) Agglutination is inhibited by high ionic strength, by pH values outside the range 6.4–8.6, and by temperatures outside the range 25–28°C. High concentrations of calcium have a specific inhibitory effect.
(f) Platelet agglutination time is as sensitive an index of thrombin concentration as is the fibrinogen clotting time.
A comparison is made between divalent cations which influence platelet agglutination induced by thrombin, TAg', and TAg. A similar comparison is made of cations influencing the action of thrombin on the "substrates," fibrinogen, TAMe, and platelets.
STUDIES ON THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER AND ENTRY OF VIRUSES INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Sellers Margret I. , Lavender John F. 
Published: June 2004

Inhalation of elevated concentrations of CO2 produces a significant increase in the susceptibility of mice to intravenously inoculated Type II poliovirus. The CO2 effect is directly proportional to the concentration; 2.5 minutes inhalation of a mixture of 30 per cent CO2-70 per cent O2 produces maximal effects, while lower concentrations of CO2 require correspondingly longer periods. The threshold level is 7 per cent; inhalation of lower concentrations, even for long periods of time, fails to enhance virus infectivity. Placing the animals in the CO2 atmosphere before injection of virus does not influence susceptibility; virus must be in the circulation at the time CO2 is inhaled if enhancement of infectivity is to be elicited. The effect is completely reversible, disappearing almost immediately upon withdrawal of the animals from the CO2 atmosphere. CO2 mediates an increase in the entry of virus into the CNS from the circulation but does not affect the spread of virus within the CNS; susceptibility of mice to intracerebrally inoculated poliovirus is not influenced by CO2 inhalation. The mechanism(s) of action of CO2 can be explained, in part, by the dilatation of cerebral blood vessels and increased rate of blood flow through the CNS produced by the CO2. However, other factors, which remain unidentified, contribute to the net effect of CO2.
The relationship between the mechanism of action of CO2 and the provoking effects of trauma and violent exercise in poliomyelitis is discussed. Also, a relationship between the CO2 tension of the blood and environmental temperatures on poliovirus susceptibility is proposed.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ANTIBODY TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN AS DEMONSTRATED BY HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Brown Ronald J. , Ayengar Rajalakshmi 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit antibovine serum albumin antisera were fractionated by zone electrophoresis on starch, zone ultracentrifugation in sucrose density gradients, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography, and were assayed by the passive HA technique. Antisera had at least two antibodies: one associated with a fraction characterized as a γ-2 globulin with a sedimentation rate of 7.3S and low anionic binding (fraction I), and one associated with a fraction characterized as a γ-1 globulin (or ß-globulin) with a sedimentation rate of 20.4S and high anionic binding (fraction IV). The HA titers of fractions I and IV of early sera were approximately equal. On prolonged antigenic stimulation fraction IV agglutinin decreased in concentration and the relative concentration of fraction I agglutinin increased. Chromatographic analysis of hyper-immune sera yielded 2 additional HA fractions with intermediate anionic binding. These results indicated that rabbits synthesize anti-BSA antibodies similar to rabbit anti-cellular antibodies.
Rabbit anti-BSA precipitin migrated mainly as a γ-2 globulin and the agglutinin migrated with γ- and ß-globulins. The evidence suggested that the HA method might measure antibody not measured by the quantitative precipitin technique.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SURFACE ANTIGEN OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

A technique is described for the isolation and purification of an antigen released into the culture medium by Staphylococcus aureus strain Smith.
The antigen was found to be homogeneous when examined by free electrophoresis and analytic ultracentrifugation. Immunologic homogeneity was established by immunoelectrophoresis and quantitative precipitin tests using high titer antiserum prepared against the homologous organism.
Chemical analysis showed that the antigen contained 70 per cent carbohydrate, of which approximately 30 to 35 per cent was believed to be glucosamine. The analytic data suggested that another amino sugar, probably carboxylated, was also present, but extreme lability of this compound to mild hydrolytic procedures has thus far precluded further identification. The remainder of the antigen was composed of alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, glycine, serine, and threonine. No muramic acid was found.
The chemical and physical data indicate that the antigen described herein is a previously unrecognized component of Staphylococcus aureus.
The purified compound was capable of absorbing agglutinating antibody from antiserum prepared against S. aureus Smith, indicating that it was a surface component of this encapsulated staphylococcus. It is proposed that the antigen be known as the Smith surface antigen (SSA).
The injection of SSA into rabbits did not produce precipitating antibodies. However, SSA did precipitate at low concentrations (0.5 µg/ml) with antiserum prepared against S. aureus Smith and one other strain of S. aureus tested. Antiserum against two other aureus strains reacted only with high concentrations of SSA. SSA did not react with S. albus antiserum or with normal sera from several animal species. Experiments are in progress to define further the distribution of SSA.
Intradermal injection of small quantities of SSA into rabbits immunized with S. aureus Smith evoked a reaction of cutaneous hypersensitivity, which was maximal in 8 to 12 hours.
SSA appeared to be the substance responsible for the ability of S. aureus Smith to resist engulfment by phagocytes, since absorption of Smith antiserum with SSA effectively removed opsonizing antibodies.
SSA induced protection in mice against experimental staphylococcal disease. The subcutaneous injection of 0.1 µg resulted in protection against a subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with 50 to 100 LD50's of S. aureus Smith suspended in mucin. Increasing as well as decreasing the immunizing dose resulted in significantly less protection.
DESTRUCTION OF EPIDERMAL CELLS IN VITRO BY AUTOLOGOUS SERUM FROM NORMAL ANIMALS
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Chamberlain Charles C. 
Published: June 2004

Sera and plasma from normal rats and rabbits were shown to be extremely toxic in vitro to autologous epidermal cells. On the other hand, mouse sera and newborn rat sera were innocuous to autologous epidermal cells. Viability of cells was assessed by the method of eosin dye exclusion upon 2 hour incubation at 37°C. Testicular cells were also killed by autologous sera, but polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and lymph node cells were not affected.
Autotoxicity of sera could be destroyed by the depletion of complement components with an antigen-antibody precipitate, heat, zymosan, and NH3. Moreover, activity of sera could be absorbed out by epidermal cells, though not by lymph node cells or erythrocytes. Such absorption of toxicity was not individual-specific since homologous epidermal cells also absorbed toxicity, and in addition, were killed by fresh normal serum. Enzyme inhibitors such as soybean trypsin inhibitor and ϵ-amino-n-caproic acid did not affect the activity of fresh autologous serum.
It is suggested that a natural barrier exists between the basal cells of the epidermis and the plasma which prevents the autodestructive process under normal conditions. Any injury to this barrier may than lead to necrosis and death of the epidermis as seen in various pathological conditions.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGIC RELATIONSHIP OF ENDOTOXIN AND OTHER TOXIC PROTEINS
Authors: Staab Edward V. , Condie Richard M. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Injections of sublethal quantities of Agkistrodon piscivorus venom into endotoxin-treated rabbits produces a consistent early death.
2. The endotoxin-induced hypersusceptibility state (EIHS) to venom is produced by intravenous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin. The latency and duration of the EIHS vary with the route of administration.
3. EIHS is induced by as little as 1 gamma of endotoxin administered intravenously. Although the degree of susceptibility was no greater with a 100 gamma dose than with 1 gamma, 1 mg of endotoxin made the rabbits susceptible to smaller venom doses.
4. EIHS was demonstrated with intravenous, intradermal and intraperitoneal injection of Agkistrodon piscivorus venom. Endotoxin-pretreated animals were not as susceptible to venom given intramuscularly.
5. Normal rabbits are very resistant to venom given intradermally and intraperitoneally.
6. Enhanced susceptibility to intravenous endotoxin was demonstrated in animals pretreated with sublethal doses of moccasin venom. It differed from EIHS in its short duration and its outcome: a late, slowly progressive death.
7. EIHS was demonstrated with other venoms: Crotalus adamanteus and Vipera russellii, and in a modified form (resulting in late death) with Notechis scutatus. Endotoxin pretreatment had no effect on susceptibility to Naja flava, Bungarus candidus, or Crotalus durissus terrificus venoms.
8. Major hypotheses regarding the nature of endotoxin-induced alterations in non-specific resistance were considered in relation to EIHS to venom.
ENZYMATICALLY PRODUCED SUBUNITS OF PROTEINS FORMED BY PLASMA CELLS IN MICE
Authors: Fahey J. L. , Askonas Brigitte A. 
Published: June 2004

Gamma globulin and antibody obtained from inbred C3H mice are split by papain and cysteine into fragments roughly one-third the size of the original Molecule (S20,w = 3.5S). The papain digests were characterized by starch gel electrophoresis and immunological methods. The highly heterogeneous fragments could be divided into two groups with distinct antigenic determinants (S and F), which were separated by DEAE ion-exchange cellulose chromatography. Approximately two-thirds of the fragments had S antigenic groupings and one-third had F antigenic groupings. These data are consistent with the view that mouse gamma globulin is split by papain and cysteine into three major fragments, two of which are of the S type and one of the F type.
Antibody activity of the original molecule was present in the S fragments. Although the S fragments did not precipitate the antigen (hemocyanin) they were shown to bind antigen specifically in the manner of univalent antibodies.
The S fragments of normal γ-globulin were very heterogeneous with a broad spectrum of electrophoretic mobilities. Comparison of S fragments from slow and fast migrating globulins showed that the mobilities of the original γ-globulin samples were largely reflected in the mobilities of their S fragments. Additional observations indicated that the F fragments also may help to determine the electrophoretic mobility of intact γ-globulin molecules.
S fragments of differing electrophoretic mobility were shown to have the same antigenic determinants, indicating that the structural differences responsible for the electrophoretic mobility differences were not involved in the antigenic groupings identified with rabbit antisera.
The F fragments of normal γ-globulin migrated more rapidly than the S fragments, were less heterogeneous, and showed several bands on starch gel electrophoresis. The F fragments differed antigenically from the S fragments, and had no antibody activity. Two groups of F fragments (F and F') were detected with some antisera.
The γ-myeloma protein (5563) formed in a C3H plasma cell tumor and similarly fragmented by treatment with papain and cysteine, produced much more discrete S and F components than were found in the normal γ-globulin digest. The electrophoretic properties of the myeloma protein fragments were within the range observed for normal γ-globulin fragments. Although the γ-myeloma protein shares antigenic determinants with normal γ-globulins it lacks some of the antigenic groupings present in the γ-globulin preparation. Both S and F fragments from the myeloma protein share antigenic determinants with the corresponding fragments from normal γ-globulin. In addition, both S and F fragments of normal γ-globulin possess antigenic groupings not present in fragments of the γ-myeloma protein, accounting for the antigenic deficiency observed on comparison of the γ-myeloma protein with normal γ-globulins.
ENZYMATICALLY PRODUCED SUBUNITS OF PROTEINS FORMED BY PLASMA CELLS IN MICE
Authors: Askonas Brigitte A. , Fahey J. L. 
Published: June 2004

The relationship of Bence Jones protein (mol wt = 45,000) to a ß2A-myeloma protein (mol wt = 160,000) formed by the same mouse plasma cell tumor (MPC-2) was investigated. The ß2A-myeloma protein was split by treatment with papain and cysteine into fragments (S20,w = 3.7S), similar in size to the Bence Jones protein (S20,w = 3.6S). Two types of fragments with distinct antigenic groupings designated S and F, were present in the MPC-2 myeloma protein digest. These were partially separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography.
The Bence Jones protein was found to share antigenic determinants with S fragments from the MPC-2 ß2A-myeloma protein and with S fragments from γ-globulins. Physicochemical observations indicated, however, that the Bence Jones protein was not identical to the globulin fragments produced by treatment with papain and cysteine.
Comparison of the S and F fragments from ß2A- and γ-globulins revealed that the antigenic features shared by the various globulins derived from plasma cells (γ- and ß2A-myeloma proteins, the range of normal γ-globulins) are largely properties of the S fragments, whereas the distinctive antigenic differences between the γ- and ß2A-myeloma proteins were properties which appeared in the F fragments of the molecules.
A TRANSIENT STAGE OF SUSPECTED DELAYED SENSITIVITY DURING THE EARLY INDUCTION PHASE OF IMMEDIATE CORNEAL SENSITIVITY
Authors: Parks James J. , Leibowitz Howard M. I. , Maumenee A. Edward 
Published: June 2004

1. If quantities of bovine serum albumin or bovine gamma globulin in the range of 2 to 4 mg are inoculated intracorneally into rabbits, a biphasic reaction occurs in the cornea.
2. The primary reaction, which becomes manifest approximately 3 days after inoculation and lasts several days, is characterized by a diffuse clouding of the cornea. During this period, no antibody can be demonstrated either by serological or histological techniques. The animals react with a delayed type of skin reaction and the sensitivity can be passively transferred to normal guinea pigs with the cells of pooled lymph nodes or buffy coats. The corneal reaction is therefore considered a manifestation of delayed sensitivity.
3. The secondary reaction in the cornea, usually occurring about the 14th day after inoculation is the "Wessely phenomenon." This reaction is characterized by a precipitation of immune complexes in the cornea resulting in a visible annular corneal opacity. Circulating antibody can be readily demonstrated by both serological and histological techniques and the animals demonstrate typical Arthus skin sensitivity.
4. Generally intervening between these two phases of corneal activity is a stage in which the inoculated eye appears essentially normal. This stage is eliminated if both corneas are inoculated initially.