bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fundamentals
Authors: Treloar Geoffrey R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That The Fundamentals occupies an important place in the rise of Christian fundamentalism is keenly appreciated, but its purpose, the nature of the contents, its view of the fundamentals of Christianity and the precise connection with fundamentalism have been less well understood. This chapter addresses each of these matters, presenting The Fundamentals as the commendation of the perspective of interdenominational evangelicalism on the eve of the Great War to the active Christian workers of the world on whom the future of Christianity was seen to depend. Section 1 establishes its purpose and design, with a brief account of the origins and implementation of the project. Section 2 outlines the position taken on a range of contemporary theological and cultural issues intended as ‘a new statement of the fundamentals’. Section 3 identifies the publicly undeclared theological commitments and priorities that underpinned this standpoint. The final section notes the immediate and long-term reception of The Fundamentals to establish its connection with Christian fundamentalism.
Princeton and Fundamentalism
Authors: Hart D. G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning with discussion of the problematic nature of the term ‘fundamentalist’, this chapter examines the role of Princeton Seminary within the fundamentalist–modernist debates of the early twentieth century. After placing Princeton within the context of nineteenth-century American Protestantism, the chapter looks at its initial reaction to theological liberalism, arguing that the response of the Princeton theologians was at first nuanced and sophisticated. It was not until the intra-Presbyterian controversies in the 1920s that the lines became more firmly drawn. Examining the career of J. Gresham Machen in detail, the chapter shows that while Machen battled liberalism and modernism, his critique was of a very different nature to the more populist arguments sometimes adopted by fundamentalists more widely. The chapter contends that fundamentalism was far from being a monolithic movement.
Billy Graham, Fundamentalism, and Neo-Evangelicalism
Authors: Coffman Elesha J. , Wenger Regina B. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Billy Graham began to transition from fundamentalism to neo-evangelicalism in college. Even after he became the leading spokesman for the neo-evangelical tradition, however, he retained aspects of his Southern, fundamentalist upbringing. This chapter analyses his efforts to steer a middle course between fundamentalism and Protestant liberalism, arguing that his positions are best understood as centre-right, despite the strident criticism he faced from fundamentalists. After describing Graham’s educational journey and narrating the founding of the National Association of Evangelicals and Christianity Today magazine, the chapter examines Graham’s approach to three hot-button issues in the latter twentieth century, race, gender and sexuality, and foreign policy. The chapter also describes Graham’s 1957 New York Crusade as a breaking point between the evangelist and his fundamentalist critics.
Visibility Networks
Authors: Čučković Zoran 
Published: November 2023

AbstractVisibility networks are models of explicit visual relationships between one or more observers and their visual targets. Such networks, comprising visual connections, are analyzed by archaeologists in order to study past signaling and distance communication, land and sea navigation, human experience of architecture, and other problems in landscape archaeology and architectural analysis. This chapter aims to give a broad overview of the topic by introducing basic concepts of visibility analysis, and by reviewing common approaches in visibility network modeling. These approaches are grouped under several general themes: local neighborhood analysis, visual signaling models, network models of human landscape experience, and landscape visibility graphs. Finally, common issues and pitfalls are briefly discussed, such as data quality, historical reality of visibility networks, and the problem of ocularcentrism in visibility analysis.
Biodistance Networks
Authors: Johnson Kent M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the application of network analytical techniques to phenotypic data from human skeletal remains as part of biological distance (biodistance) research. Skeletal and dental traits are suitable for network analysis because, as proxies for genetic relatedness, they are relational data and the nodes in biodistance networks represent well-defined social actors (i.e. persons from archaeological contexts). Biodistance network research has been limited compared to archaeological applications of network analysis. In bioarchaeology, social network analysis has used ego-networks, subgroups, and components to identify regional-level biological kin networks among skeletal samples and evaluate an archaeological model of colonial organization. Although critical aspects of biodistance network research require further consideration, network techniques represent a powerful suite of analytical tools for biodistance research in bioarchaeology.
Mortuary Archaeology Networks
Authors: Sosna Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the relevance of networks in mortuary archaeology. It traces the genealogy of network thinking and provides a critical synthesis of the diverse ways in which successive generations of archaeologists have approached and interpreted relations when researching the mortuary archaeological record. Case studies demonstrate a range of theoretical issues and scales investigated using network concepts and methods. This chapter evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of network approaches vis-à-vis multivariate statistics and Geographic Information Systems, which represent other powerful tools for mortuary analyses. The overview of the case studies shows a high degree of diversity, given the limited use of mortuary networks. It is argued that network methods not only enable the expansion of scale but, more importantly, enable movement across scales. Finally, the chapter proposes potential future directions for the development of networks in mortuary archaeology, especially synergies between different traditions of network thinking and the integration of different kinds of data and analyses within a single project.
Material Networks and Culture Change
Authors: Birch Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diachronic social network analysis (SNA) of archaeological data is increasingly being used to frame and explain processes of cultural change in multiple world regions. Whether implicitly or explicitly, such studies foreground the materiality of culture change in an attempt to infer the less-tangible properties of social and cultural dynamics. This chapter considers theoretical and methodological frameworks for studying cultural change through SNA, including application of theories from the broader social sciences. Emphasis is placed on those archaeological theories that pair especially well with SNA of material culture and the importance of chronological control in such studies. Although few archaeological studies explicitly purport to be concerned with cultural change (instead of other heuristics including interaction, collective action, and religious movements), multiple case studies are provided that demonstrate how SNA of archaeological materials is contributing to regional and disciplinary conversations about culture change in multiple world regions.
Network Modeling of the Spread of Disease
Authors: Vlach Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presence of various epidemic diseases can be expected within past human populations. They are well attested through vivid narratives of literary-rich civilizations such as the Roman empire as well as the 2020 pandemic. Traditionally, much of the study of such phenomena has been anchored in paleopathological evidence from skeletal remains. Nevertheless, like the integration of methodological tools such as social network analysis in archaeological studies, network concepts have become important for modeling in epidemiology. Epidemiological modeling has developed various methodological approaches after nearly a century of development. Early approaches were dominated by so-called compartmental models that used various forms and concepts of population structure, which have been gradually complemented with analyses of more complex structures through network analyses. Heterogeneous contact patterns of connections have already proven that the structure of communication networks significantly conditions the resulting epidemic dynamics and its impact. Therefore, methodological intersections between network analyses and epidemiological models render great potential for future studies of past epidemics. Formalization of the featuring entities (e.g. individuals, communities, or entire cities) through their position within a multilevel social network provides a framework to analyze our qualitative and quantitative assumptions about disease transmission. Despite the presence of empirical paleopathological datasets, independent validation of network models using this data is still scarce. New possibilities in pathogen identification—e.g. genomics—could help to bridge future gaps between our theoretical models and empirical data.
Beyond the Node-Link Diagram
Authors: Bach Benjamin , van Garderen Mereke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview over visualization techniques beyond the node-link diagram. Node-link diagrams are by far the most common visual representation to visualize networks, showing nodes as points, and links as lines or arcs between them. However, with increasing size of a network, as well as data about time and temporal change, geography, or other attributes about node and links, alternative representations are required. Starting from a discussion of the problems of visualizing dense networks through node-link diagrams (i.e. hairballs), this chapter discusses a range of alternatives to node-link diagrams: adjacency matrices to compare networks and visualize multivariate networks; techniques for networks with different node and link types; networks with quantitative attributes on nodes, Ontologies, networks changing over time, and geographic networks. The chapter concludes with a pointer to common network visualization tools and a discussion of how to choose among the wide range of visualization techniques.
Paleolithic Social Networks and Behavioral Modernity
Authors: Gravel-Miguel Claudine , Coward Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss some of the challenges researchers face when using formal analysis methods to study Paleolithic social networks. We also present alternative and complementary methods that can mitigate those challenges; in particular, we argue that agent-based models are useful tools for testing formal methods and exploring network questions that cannot be answered solely from the archaeological record. We use such a model to show how different social behaviors are reflected in material networks, and to evaluate the accuracy of a popular method of reconstructing Paleolithic networks. Finally, we identify a number of fruitful areas that could be targeted by Paleolithic network analysts, as well as questions for which social network analysis techniques may be particularly well suited.
Networks and Religious Transformations
Authors: Kaše Vojtěch , Glomb Tomáš , Fousek Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the potential of formal network analysis for the study of religious transformations in past societies. It proposes that the study of these phenomena can especially profit from employing methods associated with studying three types of network structures: spatial networks, social networks, and textual networks. The chapter discusses the applicability of these network structures with respect to three levels of analysis for studying religion and religious transformations in human societies: a micro level, analyzing religion with respect to individual religious groups or communities; a meso level, approaching religion on the level of religious traditions; and a macro level, dealing with religion from a long-term, macrohistorical perspective of human evolution. Finally, the chapter proposes that network approaches can help to bridge the gap between the rather traditional historical study of religion and recent naturalistic approaches to religion.
Migration and Archaeological Network Research
Authors: Mills Barbara J. , Peeples Matthew A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we focus on how the study of past migrations can be conducted through network-based approaches, and especially the application of formal social network analysis. Network approaches are particularly well-suited to the study of migration because many definitions are based on structural characteristics, such as “chain” or “leapfrog” patterns. They also allow migration studies to go beyond the use of static culture areas to look at relationships that crosscut those areas. We discuss how archaeologists use network analyses to look at different dimensions of migration including social, temporal and spatial scales; the social make-up of migrating groups; migration causes; the degree of pre- and post-migration connectivity; and how migration does or does not result in major transformations. We argue that network analysis of migration histories is ripe for new applications but that analyses should explicitly consider how variation along each dimension of migration may provide different expectations, constraints, and opportunities.
Networks and Museum Collections
Authors: Griffin Sarah M. , Klimm Florian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores different methods for constructing and analyzing networks from museum collection data, using a dataset provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York as a case study. To investigate how the use of different media (i.e. materials and techniques) vary across the collection, networks concerning the media associated with each object are constructed, specifically a two-mode object–medium network and a one-mode network of medium co-occurrence. Within these networks, nodes are ranked by their centralities to identify abundant and important media, which are then considered in relation to museum practices, such as the categorization of objects into separate departments. In order to identify how the media used in the production of the objects change over time, a temporal co-occurrence network is investigated as a multilayer network. Investigating multiple centuries individually as separate layers reveals a change in media use over time. By creating new perspectives on the collection made possible with digital tools and that are less determined by some of the subjective choices concerning the curation and care of the collections, we believe temporal networks of museum datasets can reveal valuable insights on museum collections. Similar methods may also be applied to collections of objects outside of museums, such as archaeological assemblages.
Material Culture Similarity and Co-occurrence Networks
Authors: Blair Elliot H. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses critical considerations for the construction, analysis, and interpretation of material culture similarity and co-occurrence networks, particularly considering archaeological data and how such networks can be used to interpret past relational processes. Drawing on four different anthropological case studies, this chapter specifically focuses on the processes of abstraction and representation in material culture networks. For the former, the importance of establishing clear linkages between the material culture similarities being used to construct formal networks with the social, relational processes of the past is highlighted. For the latter, the need to carefully consider the use of appropriate similarity indices, the possibilities of unimodal and bimodal network construction, and the need for increased scrutiny of network layout algorithms and visualization choices are emphasized.
Nearest and Relative Neighborhood Networks
Authors: Jiménez-Badillo Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes several models for retrieving networks useful to investigate the effect of space on the formation of links between archaeological entities. Two approaches are described: (a) measurement of linear distances, and (b) application of the relative neighborhood concept. The latter yields a family of proximity networks known as relative neighborhood graph, Gabriel graph, β-skeleton and limited neighborhood graph. The chapter also offers references on graph-theoretic properties that can be used to characterize the structure of such networks. The final section discusses three promising areas of application in archaeology.
The Ideas of Prosperity and Solidarity in European International Law
Authors: Lythgoe Gail , Rasulov Akbar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two distinct traditions of thinking about the ideas of prosperity and solidarity have taken shape in recent decades in European international law. One of them has developed in the context of a distinctly regionalist way of approaching matters of international legal governance that is known today as European law; the other has taken shape in the context of Europe’s post-colonial engagement with the legacies of European imperialism. What both traditions have in common is their ability to refract and problematize not only the general idea of ‘Europeanness’ but also its relationship with law, space, and justice. What separates them is the radically different answers they give to these questions and the vision of international law’s constitutional principles and guiding values.
International Law in Europe and Legal Realism
Authors: Shany Yuval , Varaki Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the effect of legal realism on European approaches to international law and invites readers to view realism as a sensibility tool, offering thereby a nuanced understanding of its actual impact in Europe. The chapter argues that the relationships between law and power and law and social reality were always an inherent component of European legal development throughout a dialectic process that accommodated a more complex and ever-evolving adaptability. In this regard, particular structural features and contemporary trends of international law are examined and questioned via the lenses of legal realism, challenging broadly accepted presuppositions of a European legal ‘purity’ which are hostile towards realism.
Russia
Authors: Rusinova Vera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter should be considered as an outline of a reflective and inevitably subjective analysis of the main traits of Russian approaches to international law, its roots, content, dynamics, contradictions, failures and successes. It starts by setting the scene and grasping what can be distinguished as especially relevant for the political and legal layers of the Russian approach to international law and how they interrelate with each other. It then proceeds with a reflective presentation of the Russian (and Soviet) contribution to the evolution of international law and, finally, summarises some contemporary traits of the national approach. This chapter contributes to existing scholarship on Russian approaches to international law by subjecting them to critical analysis, that tries not to ignore a reality that does not fit some established constructions and assumptions.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Harrison James , Wood Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the stance of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) towards international law and the extent to which it sits within a broader European tradition. It discusses some of the UK’s most significant contributions to the international legal system, particularly through its role in establishing the multilateral system after World War II and support for international dispute settlement. It also considers some of the implications of the UK’s colonial past for its position in the international community. The chapter then goes on to examine whether there is a particular ‘British approach’ to international law, evident either in the work of British practitioners and academics, or through the manner in which international law is received into domestic law in the UK. At a time when the UK has recently withdrawn from the European Union (EU), it is more important than ever to examine the treatment of international law in the UK. International law is arguably more prominent in post-Brexit Britain, given that many international commitments were previously given effect through EU law, but now have to be implemented directly. The chapter concludes by observing that despite some differences that have arisen as a result of Brexit, the UK continues to share many core values with other European nations and it is still an active member of many ‘European’ institutions.
Greece
Authors: Iakovidis Iakovos V. , Tzevelekos Vassilis P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter assesses the contribution of Greece and of Greek scholars/practitioners to public international law. Following the introductory Section 1, Section 2 discusses how the Greek legal order receives international law, highlighting Greece’s openness to rules pertaining to European integration and giving a characteristic example showing how international rules received in the municipal order may ‘bounce back’ to the international order and impact it, as state practice for instance. Section 3 discusses Greece’s direct contribution to international law, giving select examples of international hard and soft law rules aiming at protecting both Greece’s individual interests and the international community’s collective interests. Section 4 discusses indirect contribution to international law through relevant international case law concerning Greece and through the international reach of Greek scholarship. Section 5 discusses how Greek foreign policy employs international law to settle disputes peacefully and to advance, outside of national interests, international peace. Section 6 concludes the chapter.
Gendering Development and Social Control in the Iberian Empires in Africa, 1950s–1970s
Authors: Stucki Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1960s, ‘cultural uplifting’ of women in the Global South went hand in hand with the mantra of socio-economic development. This essay contends that the Iberian empires followed the general path set by international bodies and other European colonial powers, notwithstanding their cultural and ideological peculiarities. The sustained focus on the relationship between the violent socio-economic changes and the cultural transformations of African societies during the Portuguese colonial wars in Angola and Mozambique (1961–1974) and Spain’s oft-forgotten imperial War in Ifni-Sahara (1957–1958) allows us to assess the interrelated and gendered processes of forced resettlement and community development schemes in the Portuguese and Spanish territories during periods of armed conflict. Furthermore, this essay highlights the remarkable analogies between conceptions of women’s roles in society held by the Angolan and Mozambican revolutionary nationalists and the Iberian colonizers. In order to support the revolution, African women were once again called on to transmit cultural values to the next generation. By juxtaposing revolutionaries’ notions of women’s roles in the envisaged independent societies with the Portuguese and Spanish imperial projects, both continuity and revolutionary rupture become visible. Overall, the essay shows that concepts of ‘women’s advancement’ did not evolve in isolation, but in a broader context of war and violence.