bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced mRNA expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) in breast carcinomas is correlated with adverse prognosis
Authors: Nakopoulou Lydia , Giannopoulou Ioanna , Stefanaki Kalliopi , Panayotopoulou Effie , Tsirmpa Ioanna , Alexandrou Paraskevi , Mavrommatis John , Katsarou Sophia , Davaris Panagiotis 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) has emerged as a multifunctional protein with the contrasting activities of inhibiting tissue‐degrading enzymes and promoting cellular growth. In an attempt to elucidate the clinical significance of TIMP‐1 in breast cancer, the expression of TIMP‐1 mRNA was evaluated in 117 invasive breast carcinomas by mRNA in situ hybridization, in correlation with clinicopathological parameters, immunohistochemical prognostic factors (Ki‐67, c‐erb‐B‐2, bcl‐2) and clinical outcome. TIMP‐1 was detected in stromal cells in areas within the tumours and at the tumour margin. High TIMP‐1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05) and c‐erbB‐2 expression (p<0.05). On the other hand, increased TIMP‐1 mRNA expression within the tumours showed a statistically significant correlation with ER detection (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed worse survival for patients with high TIMP‐1 mRNA expression in the marginal portion of the tumours; the subgroup of these patients co‐expressing high levels of TIMP‐1 mRNA within the tumours as well had even worse survival (p=0.042). In conclusion, our data support the multifunctional role of TIMP‐1, particularly its growth‐promoting activity, on the basis of its significant correlation with lymph node metastasis and adverse prognosis. In addition to the latter property, a probable association of TIMP‐1 with tumour cell differentiation is suggested by its topographical correlation with ER detection. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FK409 inhibits both local and remote organ damage after intestinal ischaemia
Authors: Kalia Neena , Brown Nicola J. , Hopkinson Kay , Stephenson Tim J. , Wood Richard F. M. , Graham Pockley A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn addition to localized tissue injury, intestinal ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) leads to remote organ damage, in particular to the lungs. Given that nitric oxide (NO) can attenuate I/R‐induced tissue injury in many situations, this study evaluated the effects of the NO donor, FK409, on leukocyte adhesion in the microcirculation of the intestinal villus and also assessed pulmonary tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury. PVG rats were subjected to 30 min intestinal ischaemia and a sub‐group of animals received the NO donor FK409 (10 mg/kg; i.v.) both 30 min prior to ischaemia and 30 min post‐reperfusion. The intestinal mucosal surface was visualized via an incision made in an exteriorized ileal segment and leukocyte adhesion in the villous microcirculation was determined by in vivo microscopy. Total and differential leukocyte counts from peripheral blood were evaluated. Lungs were removed at the end for histological assessment. Six out of ten untreated I/R animals failed to survive the 2 h reperfusion period, whereas all ten FK409‐treated animals survived. I/R induced a significant increase in villous leukocyte adhesion of untreated I/R animals (p<0.001) and this was significantly decreased by FK409 treatment (p<0.001). The total leukocyte count was significantly decreased in untreated I/R animals (p<0.001) and this primarily resulted from a reduction in circulating neutrophil numbers. This effect was not observed in FK409‐treated animals. Collapsed alveoli, thickened interstitial walls, and a dense neutrophilic infiltrate were apparent in the lungs of untreated I/R animals, whereas lung histology was normal in FK409‐treated animals. In conclusion, FK409 prevented mortality, significantly reduced villous leukocyte adhesion, maintained circulating leukocyte numbers, and prevented pulmonary tissue injury following intestinal I/R. FK409 may therefore be of value in reducing both local and remote tissue damage and improving outcome in situations where intestinal I/R injury is obligatory, such as small bowel transplantation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spitz naevi may express components of the plasminogen activation system
Authors: Ferrier Cilia M. , van Geloof Winny L. , Straatman Huub , van de Molengraft Fred J. J. M. , van Muijen Goos N. P. , Ruiter Dirk J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe plasminogen activation (PA) system is involved in the process of invasion and metastasis. Its major components are urokinase (uPA) and tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activation inhibitor type 1 and 2 (PAI‐1 and PAI‐2) and a receptor for urokinase (uPAR). In this study, the expression of plasminogen activation components in Spitz naevi was compared with that in common and dysplastic naevi on the one hand and primary cutaneous melanomas on the other. Spitz naevi had melanocytic positivity for uPA in 0% (0/36), tPA in 30% (6/20), PAI‐1 in 10% (3/35), PAI‐2 in 40% (8/21) and uPAR in 60% (13/21) of cases. This far exceeded the expression found in common (n = 25) and dysplastic (n = 15) naevi, which only showed melanocytic positivity for PAI‐2 (20% and 15% respectively) and in one dysplastic naevus also for uPAR. This was much (for most components significantly) less than the proportion of primary melanomas with tumour cell positivity, which was 30% (11/38) for uPA, 80% (19/24) for tPA, 75% (28/38) for PAI‐1, 80% (19/24) for PAI‐2 and 80% (19/24) for uPAR. The main findings of this study are that Spitz naevi, firstly, may express plasminogen activator (tPA), inhibitors and the receptor of the PA system, but in a much smaller proportion than cutaneous melanomas; and secondly, do not express urokinase, whereas some of the melanomas do. uPA positivity may therefore be suggestive of melanoma. However, overlapping staining results imply that the PA system has limited value in the differential diagnosis between Spitz naevus and primary melanoma. As serine protease components are expressed, Spitz naevi may use this proteolytic machinery to accomplish matrix degradation, although in a more restricted, possibly transient manner than melanomas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuropilin‐2 is a novel marker expressed in pancreatic islet cells and endocrine pancreatic tumours
Authors: Cohen Tzafra , Herzog Yael , Brodzky Asia , Greenson Joel K. , Eldar Samuel , Gluzman‐Poltorak Zoya , Neufeld Gera , Resnick Murray B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeuropilin‐2 (NP‐2) is a cell surface transmembrane protein originally characterized as a receptor for the type 3 semaphorins, and more recently for a number of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) isoforms. NP‐2 expression has been recently localized to a subset of neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to define the expression pattern of NP‐2 in normal pancreatic islets and to determine the utility of NP‐2 expression as a diagnostic marker of pancreatic endocrine tumours. Paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 30 endocrine pancreatic tumours (EPTs) and from normal pancreas were immunostained with a rabbit polyclonal antibody generated towards NP‐2. Nineteen of the tumours were hormonally functional (nine insulinomas, nine gastrinomas, and one glucagonoma). The NP‐2 staining pattern was correlated with islet cell hormone expression. In addition, NP‐2 expression was evaluated in other normal neuroendocrine tissues and neuroendocrine neoplasms. In normal pancreas, NP‐2 stained a distinct subset of islet cells situated primarily at the islet periphery. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed co‐localization with glucagon‐expressing cells. Moderate to strong NP‐2 staining was present in 27 of 30 EPTs. Serial staining of the pancreatic tumours with insulin, gastrin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) or somatostatin did not reveal a distinct pattern of co‐localization. NP‐2 expression was not detected in neuroendocrine cells outside the gastroenteropancreatic system, or in their corresponding neoplasms, except for focal staining in one bronchial carcinoid tumour. In conclusion, the vast majority of EPTs examined expressed NP‐2, suggesting its utility as a diagnostic marker for these tumours. The function of NP‐2 in islet cell biology or tumourigenesis remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of hyperglycosylated hCG in trophoblast invasion and the prediction of subsequent pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Bahado‐Singh R. O. , Oz A. U. , Kingston J. M. , Shahabi S. , Hsu C. D. , Cole L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveHyperglycosylated hCG (HhCG) is the predominant form of chorionic gonadotrophin in states characterized by aggressive trophoblast invasion such as early pregnancy or choriocarcinoma. Pre‐eclampsia may be the result of failed or inadequate trophoblast invasion. We investigated whether low levels of maternal urine HhCG levels would predict subsequent pre‐eclampsia.Study designMid‐trimester urine (14–21 weeks) was collected and frozen from non‐hypertensive women undergoing genetic amniocentesis. Inclusion criteria were: normal singleton pregnancies without a prior history of pre‐eclampsia, hypertension, diabetes or other vascular disorders. The specimens were subsequently thawed, and HhCG levels standardized to urine creatinine were measured. Maternal charts were reviewed after delivery to determine the development of pre‐eclampsia. There were a total of 568 study subjects.ResultsPre‐eclampsia developed in 26 (4.6%) women. There was a significant correlation between low urine HhCG and subsequent pre‐eclampsia (Mantel–Haenszel test of linear association: Chi‐square 10.52, p=0.001). The mean HhCG level (ng/mg creatinine) was significantly greater in normals than in those destined to develop pre‐eclampsia: 42.7 versus 20.3, p=0.002 (Mann–Whitney U‐test). There was a progressive increase in the risk of subsequent pre‐eclampsia as HhCG levels fell: HhCG ≤0.9 MoM RR (95% CI)=1.51 (1.15–1.98) compared with ≤0.1 MoM 10.42 (2.0–54.3).ConclusionLow maternal mid‐trimester urine HhCG predicted subsequent pre‐eclampsia. This appears to support the view that pre‐eclampsia results at least in part from poor trophoblast invasion. Thus, HhCG may play a role in trophoblast invasion and measurement of this in urine identifies women at high risk for developing pre‐eclampsia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor‐induced urinary incontinence
Authors: Movig K. L. L. , Leufkens H. G. M. , Belitser S. V. , Lenderink A. W. , Egberts A. C. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeIrrespective of its cause, urinary incontinence is a medical condition seriously affecting quality of life and is increasingly recognized. In this study, we examined the association between the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and urinary incontinence.MethodsA retrospective follow‐up study among starters with an SSRI was performed to estimate the relative and absolute risk for urinary incontinence associated with SSRI use. Data came from the PHARMO database, which includes information on drug dispensing for approximately 450 000 residents living in eight Dutch cities. All patients initially using an SSRI between 1994 and 1998 were selected. The frequency measures for urinary incontinence were estimated by using prescription sequence analysis, where initiation of spasmolytic drugs or absorbent products was used as a measure for urinary incontinence. Besides crude incidence density calculations, Andersen–Gill's model was used in order to control for possible confounding factors and time varying covariates.ResultsA total of 13 531 were identified as first time users of an SSRI. Compared to non‐exposure, the incidence density ratio for urinary incontinence during SSRI exposure was 1.75 (95% CI 1.56–1.97). Overall, compared to baseline, SSRI use caused 14 extra cases of urinary incontinence per 1000 patients treated per year; the elderly were more at risk resulting in 60 extra cases per 1000 patients per year. The adjusted relative risk for urinary incontinence due to SSRI use was 1.61 (95% CI 1.42–1.82); the risk for sertraline users was 2.76; 95% CI 1.47–5.21.ConclusionsExposure to SSRIs is associated with an increased risk for developing urinary incontinence, which can be explaned pharmacologically. Approximately 15 out of 1000 patients treated per year with an SSRI developed urinary incontinence. The elderly and users of sertraline are at the highest risk. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderate alcohol consumption and adverse drug reactions among older adults
Authors: Onder Graziano , Landi Francesco , Della Vedova Cecilia , Atkinson Hal , Pedone Claudio , Cesari Matteo , Bernabei Roberto , Gambassi Giovanni ,   on behalf of Investigators of the GIFA Study
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo assess the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) among older adults admitted to acute care hospitals and to examine the consistency of this effect across gender and age groups.MethodsWe used the GIFA (Italian Group of Pharmacoepidemiology in the Elderly) database, which includes information on patients admitted to 81 medical centers in Italy. For this study we examined exclusively the ADRs detected at hospital admission that were classified as definite or probable based on the Naranjo algorithm.ResultsAmong 22 778 participants, 894 were found to have one or more ADRs (3.9%). Gastrointestinal complications (n = 210; 0.9% of the population) were the most frequent ADRs, followed by metabolic/endocrine (n = 156; 0.7%), dermatological/allergic (n = 102; 0.4%) and arrhythmic (n = 78; 0.3%) complications. Diuretics were the most frequent culprit drugs, followed by NSAIDs and digoxin. An ADR was recorded in 383/10 427 (3.7%) non‐drinkers and in 511/12 351 (4.1%) moderate drinkers. After adjusting for potential confounders, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a 24% increased risk of ADRs (OR 1.24; 95%CI: 1.08–1.43). This effect seemed more evident among women (OR 1.30; 95%CI: 1.09–1.55), than men (OR 1.14; 95%CI: 0.90–1.43), while it was similar across different age groups (< 65 years OR 1.28; 95%CI: 0.99–1.66; 65–79 years OR 1.22; 95%CI: 0.98–1.52; ≥80 years OR 1.20; 95%CI: 0.93–1.56). Considering the most common ADRs, moderate alcohol users presented a significantly higher risk of drug‐related headache (OR 3.89; 95%CI: 1.43–10.61) and metabolic/endocrine complications (OR 1.67; 95%CI: 1.19–2.33).ConclusionsModerate alcohol intake is associated with an increased risk of ADRs; this effect seems more evident among women than men, and it does not differ across age groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicentre evaluation of prescribing concurrence with anti‐infective guidelines: epidemiological assessment of indicators
Authors: Fijn Roel , Chow Man‐Chie , Schuur Pauline M. H. , De Jong‐Van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Brouwers Jacobus R. B. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo assess indicators for anti‐infective prescribing not concurrent with regional pharmacotherapeutic treatment guidelines (PTGs) on infectious diseases.MethodsA retrospective explorative cohort study based on hospital‐wide anti‐infective prescription data of a 2‐month cross‐sectional period (n=1037). Risk rates (absolute risks: AR), risk rate ratios (relative risks: RR) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated for patient, disease, drug, and prescriber variables considered to be potential indicators. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.FindingsNon‐concurrence existed of non‐indicated prescribing of (particular) anti‐infectives (24.3%) and prescribing of non‐first choice anti‐infectives (55.2%). Non‐concurrent durations of treatment and dosing issues accounted for 17.2% and 16.2% respectively. Non‐concurrence was associated with empirical therapy, with certain diagnoses, such as skin and soft tissue, urinary, and osteoarthrological infections, and with prescriptions involving topical dosage forms, cephalosporins, macrolides and lincosamides, and quinolones. There was also an association with certain hospitals and with prescribing by geriatricians, surgeons, pulmonologists, and urologists and, in general, junior clinicians in training.ConclusionsOther hospitals could use our epidemiological framework to identify their own indicators for non‐concurrent prescribing. Our findings suggest tailor‐made enforcement of PTG adherence for certain prescribers while conversely, adaptation of the PTGs will be required for some infectious diseases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prebiotic synthesis of sequential peptides on the Hadean beach by a molecular engine working with nitrogen oxides as energy sources
Authors: Commeyras Auguste , Collet Hélène , Boiteau Laurent , Taillades Jacques , Vandenabeele‐Trambouze Odile , Cottet Hervé , Biron Jean‐Philippe , Plasson Raphaël , Mion Louis , Lagrille Olivier , Martin Hervé , Selsis Franck , Dobrijevic Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAddressing the still open question of the prebiotic origin of sequential macromolecules (peptides, nucleic acids) on the primitive Earth, we describe a molecular engine (the primary pump), which works at ambient temperature and continuously generates, elongates and complexifies sequential peptides. This new scenario is based on a cyclic reaction sequence, whose keystep is the activation of amino acids into their N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCA) through nitrosation by NOx. This process could have taken place on tidal beaches; it requires a buffered ocean, emerged land and a nitrosating atmosphere. With the help of geochemical studies and computer simulations of atmosphere photochemistry, we show that the primitive Earth during the Hadean may have satisfied all these requirements.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry.
Polymerization of acrylonitrile catalyzed by single yttrium tris(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methyl phenolate)
Authors: Zheng Hao , Zhang Yifeng , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolymerization of acrylonitrile was carried out using yttrium tris(2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐methyl‐phenolate) (Y(OAr)3) as single component catalyst for the first time. The effects of concentrations of the monomer and catalyst, kinds of rare earth element and solvent, as well as temperature and polymerization time were investigated. The overall activation energy of polymerization inn‐hexane and THF mixture is 18.3 kJ mol−1. Polyacrylonitriles (PANs) obtained by using Y(OAr)3inn‐hexane and THF mixture at 50 °C are predominantly atactic, while yellow PANs obtained in DMF under the same conditions have a syndiotactic‐rich configuration (>50%), and their highly branched and/or cyclized structures have also been found.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Interactions of novel phenanthridinium–nucleobase conjugates with complementary and non‐complementary nucleotides in aqueous media
Authors: Tumir Lidija‐Marija , Piantanida Ivo , Novak Predrag , Žinić Mladen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA series of novel phenanthridine–nucleobase conjugates were prepared and studied by spectroscopic methods. An analysis of 1H NMR, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra in aqueous media revealed intramolecular aromatic stacking interactions between the phenanthridinium unit and the nucleobase, due to the conformation of the molecules. Fluorimetric titrations showed that phenanthridinium–nucleobase conjugates 8, 10 and reference phenanthridine compound 12 form 1:1 non‐covalent complexes with nucleotides in water with binding constants ranging from 10 to 100 mol−1 dm3. Interestingly, compounds 9 and 11 form intercalative‐type 1:1 complexes with the nucleotide aromatic unit inserted between phenanthridinium and covalently attached nucleobase, yielding binding constants of 103–104 mol−1 dm3. Aromatic ππ stacking interactions were found to be dominant in complexes with nucleotides of all compounds studied. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New bifunctional initiator for use in anionic polymerizations
Authors: Alberty Kurt A. , Chen Rong , Hogen‐Esch Thieo E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis is described of narrow distribution polystyrenes initiated by the 2,7‐dimethyl‐3,6‐diphenyl‐octane dianion (DDO2−). DDO2− was synthesized via electron transfer from lithium or potassium metal to 3‐methyl‐2‐phenyl‐1‐butene (MPB) in tetrahydrofuran at temperatures between −78 and −100 °C. In contrast to the analogous α‐methyl styrene, there was no evidence of MPB polymerization. The structure of DDO2− was demonstrated by 1H and 13C NMR, as well as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of the DDO2− protonation and methylation products. In addition, kinetic studies were performed by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry for the determination of the stability of this anion in comparison with other similar species. The initiation of styrene by DDO2− led to narrow molecular weight polymers, as shown by size exclusion chromatography. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2108–2115, 2002
On the propagation rate constants of cationic polymerizations
Authors: Plesch Peter H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe concepts employed to explain polymerizations by ionizing radiations are used for a critical examination of the concepts involved in interpreting the kinetics of chemically initiated cationic polymerizations. It is explained how the interactions of the propagating carbenium ions with the solvent, monomer, and anion can result in the formation of up to six distinct unpaired species and several kinds of ion pairs; therefore, the consumption of the monomer can be governed simultaneously by many rate constants. Only one of these can have any general theoretical use, and suggestions are made for how it can be measured. For the first time, it is shown that the ion‐pairing process must involve a ligand displacement and so resembles the amination of the Ag+ ion, for example, in an aqueous solution by NH3, rather than an association of inert ions of unchanging identity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2537–2544, 2002
Use of blowing catalysts for integral skin polyurethane applications in a controlled molecular architectural environment: Synthesis and impact on ultimate physical properties
Authors: Madkour Tarek M. , Azzam Rasha A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPolyurethane elastomers of a controlled molecular architecture were synthesized using a two‐step polymerization technique. The building blocks of the elastomeric materials included urea–urethane prepolymers end‐capped with diisocyanate groups and had an exact number of urea groups at both ends. Two‐dimensional bifurcated hydrogen‐bonding networks incorporating the urea groups were, with differential scanning calorimetric and dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer techniques, responsible for the increase in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the hard block and sharp interface morphology between the pure “hard” domains and pure “soft” domains. The higher extent of the phase separation between the two phases contributed to higher elastic moduli for the hard blocks and higher tensile strength for the elastomeric samples. Higher elongation values were attributed to the liberation of the elastomeric chain ends that otherwise would have been constrained in the interface region. The higher Tg values of the hard blocks corresponded to an increase in the hardness values and a decrease in the tear‐strength values. The increase in the amount of urea groups within the hard segments, as a result of the increased amount of water and blowing catalyst, resulted in elastomeric foams with higher open‐cell content. This resulted in lower resilience values as measured using the pendulum rebound test and was attributed to the ability of the open cells to absorb and dissipate energy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2526–2536, 2002