Scaling up integrated care: a realist evaluation on the role of country-specific policy dialogues and scale-up roadmaps in Belgium, Slovenia, and Cambodia
Authors: Martens Monika , Van Belle Sara , Wouters Edwin , Susic Antonija Poplas , Chhim Srean , Boateng Daniel , Van Olmen Josefien 
Published: January 2024

Background: The ‘SCale-Up of diaBetes and hYpertension care’ (SCUBY) project aims to support the scale-up of integrated care for diabetes and hypertension in Cambodia, Slovenia, and Belgium through the co-creation, implementation, and evaluation of contextualized roadmaps. These roadmaps offer avenues for action and are built on evidence as well as stakeholder engagement in policy dialogues. These two implementation strategies – roadmaps and policy dialogues – are very much intertwined and considered to be key elements for successful stakeholder supported scale-up. Yet, little is known about how, why, and under which conditions a roadmap leads to successful implementation and scale-up of integrated care. Therefore, the resulting research question is: ‘How, why, and under which context conditions does a co-created scale-up roadmap lead to adoption, implementation, and scale-up of integrated care?’.
Methods: A realist approach is used towards testing the initial programme theory (IPT) in the three countries. The IPT draws on political science theory of the multiple streams model (MSM) adapted by Howlett and includes five streams (problem, solution, politics, process and programme) that can emerge, converge and diverge across all policy stages. To test the IPT, information from different sources was collected. Firstly, qualitative interviews were conducted with the researchers in the SCUBY country teams as well as with key stakeholders (health facility managers, policy makers, civil servants, professional medical and patient associations, NGOs, and implementers). Secondly, a document review of grey literature, meeting reports, and official documents was performed. Finally, a workshop was organised with SCUBY researchers from all country teams to refine the IPT. We used the Intervention-Context-Actors-Mechanism-Outcome (ICAMO) configuration to synthesise information into a configurational map.
Results: In each country case, the project partner’s mandate was key in the approach to scale-up, the design, and content, leading to different mechanisms, scale-up pathways, and outcomes. In Belgium, the (scientific) solutions stream was dominant with creating common understanding as a key mechanism; in Slovenia, the programme stream became the dominant focus whilst exemplifying good practices of patient empowerment; and in Cambodia, the political stream was dominant yet closely knit together with the solutions stream – with knowledge sharing and credibility as key mechanisms. A finding across all three countries was that a lack of political support can derail or slow down scale-up.
Discussion: This study extends the knowledge base about the use of co-creation in policy dialogues to build a roadmap for scale-up. The roadmaps illustrate how the MSM theory can be used to theorize the policy process of roadmap and policy dialogues in different contexts, aligning the context-dominant stream with the context-specific scale-up strategy. By testing theories in real cases, the theories can be adapted, refuted and/or reconstructed to elicit a refined theory of how and why a roadmap co-created in policy dialogues for scale-up works.