bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drive system and circuitry for open-loop control of stepping motors
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important problems in stepping-motor application is the drive system. The drive systems of stepping motors are classified into open loop and closed-loop schemes. This chapter discusses the open-loop drive system. A simple drive system for a stepping motor is represented by the block diagram in Fig. 5.1, the number of phases being four in this example. The block diagram is divided into two portions for convenience of explanation. Figure 5. l(a) represents the portion from logic sequencer to motor. When a step-command pulse is applied to the logic sequencer, the states of the output terminals are changed to control the motor driver so as to rotate the motor a step angle in the commanded direction. The rotational direction is determined by the logic state at the direction input, e.g. the H level for the CW and the L for the CCW direction. In some applications the logic sequencer is unidirectional, having no direction-signal terminal. If one increment of movement is performed by one step, the block diagram of Fig. 5.l(a) represents the whole system. But, when an increment is performed by two or more steps, another stage to produce a proper train of pulses is needed to put before the logic sequencer, and this is represented in Fig. 5.l(b). This logic circuit is termed the ‘input controller’ in this book. In sophisticated applications the function of input controller is carried out by an intelligent electronic device like a microprocessor which generates a pulse train to speed up, slew, and slow down the motor in the most efficient and reliable manner. In this chapter the details of pulse sequencers are first discussed, and there then follows discussion of power drivers and input controllers. Lastly an example of microprocessor application to the open-loop control will be presented.
Manufacture of stepping motors
Authors: Kenjo Takashi , Sugawara Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most stepping motors manufactured since 1980 are either hybrid or claw tooth motors. Both types use permanent magnets. The hybrid stepping motor in particular has a high degree of freedom in its design (i.e. size, step angle, and phase number) and achieves a high positioning accuracy. In this chapter, we will present the actual design and manufacturing process for this type of motor. The plant referred to in the text is Sanyo Denki’s Aoki plant, which exclusively manufactures hybrid stepping motors.
K-Theory and C*-Algebras
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
K-theory is often considered a complicated `specialist's' theory. This book is an introduction to the basics and provides detailed explanation of the various concepts required for a deeper understanding of the subject. Some familiarity with basic C*algebra theory is assumed and then follows a careful construction and analysis of the operator K-theory groups and proof of the results of K-theory, including Bott periodicity. Of specific interest to algebraists and geometrists, the book aims to give full instruction. No details are left out in the presentation and many instructive and generously hinted exercises are provided. Apart from K-theory, this book offers complete and self contained expositions of important advanced C*-algebraic constructions like tensor products, multiplier algebras and Hilbert modules.
C*-algebras — a summary
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we first browse through a number of basic facts about the above mentioned subjects, which we will use tacitly again and again - just to refresh your memory, and to get your mind tuned for what follows. Then we discuss stabilization of C*-algebms in more detail, a concept at the very heart of K-theory.
K0— basic properties
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the K-group K0(A) - which is going to serve as the range group for an index map - for an arbitrary C*-algebra A, and investigate its immediate properties. The exposition will be rather detailed so that we get used to the type of arguments archetypical for K-theory, involving a lot of matrices and exact sequences.
Bott periodicity
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are also a couple of more “high-powered” C*-idiomatic proofs: one using the unilateral shift and Toeplitz operators (by Cuntz, see ꜑.2); and one based on crossed products (by Nest, Natsume, and Elliott, see exercise 9.J).
Homology
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homology theory - originally a playground for topologists only - has now let C*-algebraists in. The “non-commutative homology approach” was initiated by the work of Brown, Rosenberg. and Schochét (giving an axiomatic setting for C*-algebra homology), and was carried on by Cuntz and Higson (introducing techniques from KK-theory), among others. The main example is of course the homology theory arising from the K-functors K 0 and K1.
Galileo’s Finger
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any literate person should be familiar with the central ideas of modern science. In his sparkling new book, Peter Atkins introduces his choice of the ten great ideas of science. With wit, charm, patience, and astonishing insights, he leads the reader through the emergence of the concepts, and then presents them in a strikingly effective manner. At the same time, he works into his engaging narrative an illustration of the scientific method and shows how simple ideas can have enormous consequences. His choice of the ten great ideas are: * Evolution occurs by natural selection, in which the early attempts at explaining the origin of species is followed by an account of the modern approach and some of its unsolved problems. * Inheritance is encoded in DNA, in which the story of the emergence of an understanding of inheritance is followed through to the mapping of the human genome. * Energy is conserved, in which we see how the central concept of energy gradually dawned on scientists as they mastered the motion of particles and the concept of heat. * All change is the consequence of the purposeless collapse of energy and matter into disorder, in which the extraordinarily simple concept of entropy is used to account for events in the world. * Matter is atomic, in which we see how the concept of atoms emerged and how the different personalities of the elements arise from the structures of their atoms. * Symmetry limits, guides, and drives, in which we see how concepts related to beauty can be extended to understand the nature of fundamental particles and the forces that act between them. * Waves behave like particles and particles behave like waves, in which we see how old familiar ideas gave way to the extraordinary insights of quantum theory and transformed our perception of matter. * The universe is expanding, in which we see how a combination of astronomy and a knowledge of elementary particles accounts for the origin of the universe and its long term future. * Spacetime is curved by matter, in which we see the emergence of the theories of special and general relativity and come to understand the nature of space and time. * If arithmetic is consistent, then it is incomplete, in which we learn the origin of numbers and arithmetic, see how the philosophy of mathematics lets us understand the nature of this most cerebral of subjects, and are brought to the limits of its power. C.P. Snow once said 'not knowing the second law of thermodynamics is like never having read a work by Shakespeare'. This is an extraordinary, exciting book that not only will make you literate in science but give you deep enjoyment on the way.
cosmology
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science is often considered to be arrogant in abrogating to itself, in the eyes of some (my own included), the claim to be the sole route to true, complete, and perfect knowledge. Yet, some of its greatest achievements are extraordinarily humbling. Nowhere is its achievement so majestic and this abject humbling appropriately so complete as in its role in putting Man in his place in the world. The arrogance of majestic achievement is in science’s ability to apply itself to the greatest question of all: the origin of the universe.
Epilogue
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science looks as though it might be semi-infinite. By that cautiously expressed opinion I mean that an optimist has certain grounds for suspecting that the search for a final theory, inappropriately called a ‘theory of everything’ (self-deprecatingly, a TOE at the foot of physics), will come to a successful conclusion but that the ramifications and applications of science are endless. Each century, of course, is littered with the bones of this view, bleached white and rendered risible by the harsh light of subsequent progress. However, the signs are different now, and optimists—optimism is a characteristic that should be common to the personality of all scientists—can point to the essential difference between the end-is-nighers of the nineteenth century and those of the twenty-first.
Kings, Kingships, and Kingdoms
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries the political land scape of Britain and Ireland was dominated by kings and divided into the kingdoms they ruled. The simplicity of that statement masks a political geography which fluctuated dramatically and kings and kingships whose powers varied enormously. Around 800, within what is now England, for example, there were kings of Kent, of the East Anglians, of the Mercians, of the West Saxons, of the Northumbrians, and of the West Welsh (Cornwall). Several of these kingdoms were themselves formed of older and smaller units—in Northumbria for example, the Deirans (roughly modern Yorkshire), and the Berni cians to their north. In the course of these centuries most of these kingdoms disappeared, to be replaced by a single kingdom of the English.
William Wordsworth
Authors: Roe Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years the standard edition was de Selin court ‘s and Darbishire ‘s Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, which followed the text of 1849-50, the last prepared with Wordsworth ‘s supervision. Modern editorial work has sought to establish the earliest versions of the poems; see for example The Ruined Cottage and The Pedlar in]. Wordsworth (1969); Gill ‘s ‘Original Salisbury Plain ‘; and ‘A Night-Piece ‘ and ‘The Discharged Soldier ‘ in Darlington (1970). The Cornell Wordsworth Series (1975-) brings ‘early Wordsworth into view ‘ through editorial reconstruction and inclusive presentation of manuscript sources and printed texts. This ambitious series is an indispensable research resource, although it has provoked controversy on the grounds that it misrepresents Wordsworth ‘s intentions for his work and obscures his later career. De Selincourt ‘s edition of The Prelude (1926) printed for the first time the poem completed in May 1805 alongside the poem published (after Wordsworth ‘s death) in July 1850.
Lord Byron
Authors: Nicholson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first major edition of Byron ‘s collected works to appear after his death was The Works of Lord Byron, edited by John Wright, and published by John Murray in seventeen volumes in 1832 and 1833. This included Moore ‘s life of Byron (first published in two volumes in 1830), much of Byron ‘s prose writings, and many of the poems and remaining cantos of Don Juan originally published by John Hunt. Although Murray issued single or multiple volumes of collections thereafter throughout the nineteenth century; the next major edition to appear under his imprint was The Works of Lord Byron, edited by E. H. Coleridge (Poetry) and Rowland E. Prothero (Letters and journals), published in thirteen volumes at the turn of the century (1898-1904). This remained the standard edition until well into the latter half of this century and is still of inestimable value. A single volume of Coleridge ‘s edition of the poetry, The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, was published by Murray in 1905. Almost simultaneously, Oxford issued a one-volume collection, Byron: The Poetical Works, edited by Frederick Page (1904; rev. edn. by John Jump, 1970), as did Houghton Mifflin, The Complete Poetical Works of Lord Byron, edited by Paul Elmer More (1905; rev. edn. by Robert Gleckner, 1975). These are still in circulation and remain serviceable up to a point, though they distinctly lack notes and critical apparatus.
John Keats
Authors: Kucich Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon the one hundredth anniversary of the publication of Keats ‘s first volume of poems in 1817, Sidney Colvin gasped at the enormous ‘load ‘ of scholarly work on Keats that had accumulated and wondered if ‘all this labour ‘ had left anything new to discuss. It is a testament of Keats ‘s remarkable achievement in such a short span of poetic activity that his life and writings have inspired the generations succeeding Colvin to find plenty to say Keats is the only major Romantic writer whose reputation among critics and poets has remained continuously strong throughout the last two centuries, especially during the recent boom of reappraisals provoked by the 1995 bicentennial of his birth. This latest outpouring of critical energy-which includes special issues on Keats in five journals of Romantic studies, a new biography, fresh editions of the poetry, and two major collections of revisionary essays-makes the present an exhilarating, transitional moment in studies of Keats. He has emerged from all this recent activity in a plethora of new looks, particularly marked by the social and political dynamics of his time. These reassessments grow out of previous critical traditions, however, and broaden areas of inquiry developed by generations of earlier Keats critics. Tracing new trajectories in such a relation to the long, distinguished history of writings on Keats constitutes the basic pattern of this bibliography.
Egypt and the Arab World in the Satellite Age
Authors: Amin Hussein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication is no longer regarded merely as an incidental service and its development left to chance. The communication field has intensified with recent technological innovation and the identification of increasingly important social, cultural, economic, and political goals to be realized from it. Most countries have been willing, indeed eager, to participate in transborder communication in pursuit of such goals. Transborder transmission was led by developed countries and succeeded by developing countries wanting to join this new world of communication. International networks have been established for this purpose, and have opened the door to larger audiences, expanded the resources of information, and supported cultural and social change (Al Nick 1983).
The Comic in Situations (1900)
Authors: Bergson Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comedy down the ages has aroused rather less theoretical interest than has tragedy: partly because of comedy’s supposedly inferior literary standing and partly because the very act of analysis is always in danger of killing its subject, that elusive will-o’the-wisp, stone dead. The study of the comic in life and art constituted only a small part of the work of the French philosopher Henri Bergson (1859-1941 ); it was nevertheless a matter to which he devoted a good deal of thought. He first broached the subject of what makes us laugh in a series of lectures given at the Lycèe of Clermont Ferrand in 1884; in 1899, he published the three articles in the Revue de Paris which, in the following year, were then turned into a book-Laughter. This analysis attracted very much more general attention than his other, more technical, philosophical writings. Indeed, Laughter proved to be one of his most famous books, second only to Creative Evolution (1907).
Theatre Problems (1954-5)
Authors: ürrenmatt Friedrich D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essay, substantial excerpts from which are quoted below, was only one, albeit the longest and most important, of the numerous theoretical and critical writings that constituted one aspect of the work of the versatile Swiss playwright Friedrich D ür-renmatt (1921-90). Painter and illustrator, journalist as well as television director (among many other activities), D ürrenmatt in his literary capacity wrote in a wide variety of forms: fiction (much of it in the form of thrillers), stage, radio and television plays as well as film scripts.
Theatre without a Conscience (1990)
Authors: Barker Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his dramatic output of over fifty works for stage, radio, television, and film, the English author Howard Barker (b. 1946) occupies a singular niche. Though originally taking a left-wing satirical stance he has come to advocate a morally and politically ambiguous ‘Theatre of Catastrophe’; this aggressively black viewpoint he has defended in a collection of essays, Arguments for a Theatre. The following piece from that book was first delivered as a paper at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, in 1990. Barker’s plays present striking but ambiguous images rather than conventionally readable plots and refuse to give any easy guidelines for deciphering the action. In order to force audiences to do their own thinking, Barker uses disjunctions of every kind-abrupt changes of character, multivalent time and place, sudden switches of tone. Since the British theatre and broadcast media have not proved wholly sympathetic to this difficult genre, a company-the Wrestling School-began work in 1988 with the sole aim of staging his plays.
Are There Universals of Performance in Myth, Ritual, and Drama? (1989)
Authors: Turner Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victor Turner (1920-83), an anthropologist and comparative symbologist with a strong interest in ritual and theatre, began his fieldwork among the Ndembu of Uganda. Later he travelled to India, Israel, Mexico, Ireland, and Japan. He was the William R. Kenan Professor of Anthropology and Religion at the University of Virginia from 1977 until the time of his death. A number of his books were concerned with the ritual aspects of theatre, and he laid the groundwork in practical workshops for what he called ‘performing ethnography’. He was associated in this endeavour with Professor Richard Schechner, Professor of Performance Studies at the Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, with whom he collaborated on several interdisciplinary conferences.
The Relationship of Dramatic Art to its Age and Allied Matters: The Preface to Mary Magdalene(1844)
Authors: Hebbel Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friedrich Hebbel (1813-63) published this preface together with his third play, Mary Magdalene, in 1844. Since Mary Magdalene, then considered shocking for featuring an illegitimate pregnancy, was not to be performed until two years after publication of the text, the preface was a manifesto justifying the author’s work. In an earlier polemic, My Word about Drama (1843), Hebbel had declared his intention of combining social, historical, and philosophical motives in his playwriting. This preface, not as well known to English readers as it deserves to be for its argument, is reproduced here in shortened form. It is more than the defence of just one particular play. Unfortunately it showed Hebbel’s prose style at its most ponderous, in contrast to the highly speakable dialogue of the play itself; and it somewhat unfairly gained the author a reputation as a playwright inspired more by philosophical considerations than by living characters.
Author’s Preface to Miss Julie (1888)
Authors: Strindberg August 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is paradoxical that this, perhaps the best known, manifesto of naturalism should have been issued by a writer who was not himself by any means a lifelong, all-ornothing naturalist. In fact, August Strindberg (1849-1912), author of some sixty plays —as well as a vast output of novels, short stories, autobiographical writings, poems, and essays —did not follow any one literary theory throughout his career. Many of his later dramas, such as To Damascus, Parts 1-111 (1898, 1904), A Dream Play (1901) (see pp. 158-9) and The Ghost Sonata (1907) were trail-blazing examples of subjective drama —the very reverse of naturalism. The theory formulated in defence of Miss Julie applies then only to a portion, albeit an important portion, of his work.
Against the Well-Made Play (1911)
Authors: Shaw George Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the numerous subjects that George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) dealt with in the vast range of his writings which cover more than six decades, questions of drama and theatrical presentation as such occupy a relatively modest place. Even in the prefaces, independent literary efforts in their own right which he appended to many of his plays, Shaw expounded his views on such diverse matters of extra-dramatic interest as marital problems, Irish politics, medical ethics, phonetics, the pitfalls of democracy, Creative Evolution, and many other topics of current or more long-term concern; but more specifically theatrical matters-such as the Lord Chamberlain’s censorship (which he opposed) or the current repertoire of the English theatre (much of which he deplored)-were infrequently the centre of interest; or if they did occur, did so, as often as not, as part of wider speculations.
The Tragical in Daily Life (1894)
Authors: Maeterlinck Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following essay by the playwright, poet, and essayist Maurice Maeterlinck (1862-1949) was first published in Le Figaro in 1894. This manifesto, widely noted at the time and frequently quoted since, called for a new type of drama, a drama of stasis. The theory came on the heels of the success of Maeterlinck’s early plays—e.g. The Blind and The Intruder (both 1890)—which had death at the centre of the action, or rather inaction, and which had caused the young author to be hailed by one French critic as the ‘Belgian Shakespeare’. With their emphasis on stillness and inwardness, these plotless ‘death dramas’ were like motionless tableaux rather than dramatic events in the conventional sense. They set out to capture a timeless moment which would invite the spectators to contemplate ineffable mysteries in a meditative frame of mind. While the ‘soulful’, 1890-ish style of the essay may well strike the modern reader as dated; while Maeterlinck’s approach to dramatic structure was diametrically opposed to what, from Aristotle onwards, had always been regarded as the one essential ingredient of drama, viz.
The Theatre (1899)
Authors: Yeats William Butler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Butler Yeats (1865-1939), recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923, is very much better known and appreciated as a poet than as a playwright. However, he devoted much of his life to drama and in particular to the creation of an Irish theatre. The thematic and stylistic range of his plays was wide—from symbolist verse dramas, many of them concerned with the deeds of the mythical Irish hero Cuchulain, to prose plays situated in the present; but the underlying tone was consistently non-rhetorical and informed with an awareness of mystical powers. In their revulsion against the prosiness of naturalism, Yeats’s efforts had their visual correlative in Gordon Craig (see pp. 138-44), who designed special screens for the Abbey Theatre in 1911. But this Irish National Theatre, which Yeats helped to found, was never to become the powerhouse for a new poetic drama that he had dreamt it would. The two essays quoted below are from different periods of his work as a playwright and theorist of drama, but both reveal a persistent attitude: a preference for poetic otherworldliness, to be conveyed by actors skilled above all in verse-speaking.