bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of The Negro Soldier
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the New Deal the Roosevelt administration had been as diffident toward producing its own film propaganda as the Congress had been wary of it, at least until Pare Lorentz’s famous pair, The River and The Plough That Broke the Plains, Paul Strand’s The City, and the Farm Security Administration’s photographers revealed how art and message might be combined without the appearance of shameless tubthumping. At a level closer to bedrock, a nation built upon deeply running feelings of the right of the individual to oppose his rulers, to claim “counter-vailing” powers, the idea of awarding government the right of self-advertisement seemed anathema. Wartime, for a while at least, would perhaps be different, because, as Feibleman’s Theory of Culture had asserted, wars against external enemies induced a “tendency toward similarity” that invited the government to take a bolder hand in defining its war aims as well as its means of prosecuting the war. In other words, the government felt entitled to assert Why We Fight-to borrow the title of its most famous film series. Having shed their coyness toward propaganda, their feeling that only the enemy resorted to it, the government’s film-makers and psychologists rushed to their work with the fervor of converts and with a faith in “social engineering”-the altering of collective belief-that seemed boundless. But what to teach America about racism? Luckily, as one wit said, “Hitler gave racism a bad name”; that is, the nature of the enemy helped modulate a prickly regional issue into a collective, liberalizing mentality.
Hollywood Wins: The End of “Race Movies”
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Race movies” had not merely risen out of segregation; they had been anointed by it and, after a fashion, prospered from it. At their best as in The Scar of Shame ( 1927), a film by the Colored Players of Philadelphia, they had provided black audiences with a shock of recognition of their plight and put forth a group morale that called upon African Americans to strive for, as one of the character says, “the finer things.” At their worst they fed off black misfortune rather than deal with it, parodied bourgeois life rather than set it as a standard, and gave away credibility by setting life in a dark world unsullied by white people and improbably packed with black crooks and cops, judges and doctors, molls and grandes dames, so that the subsurface play of the text allowed the inference that blacks had only themselves to blame for the hand they had been dealt. Also running through the worst race movies was a half-hidden wish to be white embedded in the frequent tales of garbled identities, lightskinned casts, and mannered behavior. All of these, to be sure, were the outward signs of the “twoness” of American life about which W. E. B. DuBois had written, but sometimes race movies teased and strummed these feelings rather than take them up as part-of the daily round of black life. And sometimes, almost perversely, race-moviemakers drew attention to the unfair comparison of their shoe­ string work with Hollywood gloss by billing their stars as “the colored Mae West” or “the colored Valentino.”
Thermidor
Authors: Cripps Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did Sam Goldwyn actually say, “If you want to send a message, call Western Union?” We cannot know with certainty, but on the other hand, we have his written profession of abiding concern for “social justice” in the NUL organ Opportunity, a concern that, he said, came as a result of his reading the charter of the United Nations with its call for international harmony. Of course, neither the epigram nor the essay spoke for the inner values of Hollywood, but their polarity suggested that a wartime tactic-the use of popular culture as a vehicle of political expression-had survived into peacetime and become entangled with the wish to make money, resulting in, as James Agee put it, Hollywood’s learning how to have its liberalism land buttered side up.
And yet from 1945 until 1949, the movielots seemed to lapse into an apparent liberal hiatus over which conservative forces exercised a loose hegemony. How to account for this seeming failing of wartime political energy? Certainly the war exhausted intellectual resources, but also the period lends itself to analysis as, rather than a political desert, a seedbed of wartime racial idiom redefined for peacetime consumption. During these years the major studios, along with a few independents, made more than a half dozen self-consciously political films that kept active the essentials of the wartime mentality we have called conscience-liberalism.
Obdurate Sensation: Pain
Authors: Scarry Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advertisements for aspirin and nonaspirin substitutes are remarkably tedious. They are so uniform in their imagery, so narrow in their claims and so unmemorable in their dramatic methods that it might indeed be difficult to remember them were it not for the sheer frequency of their appearance in the coveted spaces of prime-time television and large­ circulation magazines. Anything endlessly reiterated is likely to be tedious; anything barely noticeable is likely (once noticed) to be tedious; the two together do not produce what would ordinarily be understood as a winning combination. But the opening designation of this tediousness as “remarkable” is not meant only as word-play; for when the advertising industry- not notorious for its restraint-suddenly becomes restrained, something at least moderately remarkable has in fact happened; and this restraint in turn must be recognized as only the visible sign of the anomalous and mystifying conditions that have brought it about.
Movie Anecdotes
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this sparkling collection of anecdotes about the stars before and behind the cameras, Peter Hay takes the reader on a delightful if occasionally bumpy-ride through the world that has captivated audiences for almost a century. Moguls’ heads would spin if they reckoned the fees for a cast that includes Chaplin, Garbo, Gable, Bogart, Davis, Crawford, Monroe, Nicholson, Streep, and assorted Hepburns, Fondas, and Hustons, but here they all are, and under the keen directorial eyes of Griffith, Eisenstein, Hitchcock, Kurosawa, Bergman, Welles, Ford, and Visconti, to name but a few. If you think the credits are good wait until you get a look at the plot, which bursts at the seams with battles over money, contracts, and artistic control, overnight sensations, tragic declines, romances, divorces, and any number of scandals. For anyone who has spent a night at the movies, this colourful, incredible, bitter, and hilarious book is a must.
At the Court Of the Grand Mogul
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1931 Sergei Eisenstein came to Hollywood at the invitation of jesse Lasky, then head of Paramount. The connection had been made by the English writer and man about film, Ivor Montagu, who captured the moment when things went wrong for Eisenstein. Lasky had invited the Russian director and his party to dinner at his house. After dinner, the women and men went their separate ways.
Knock On Hollywood
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New in Town When Shelley Winters first came to Hollywood, she had a house up in the hills, but she was so afraid of being alone that she would ask the waiters and waitresses at Googie’s, an all night restaurant, to come up to her house and read scripts with her. They would either read or listen to her read until sunrise. As word of her various eccentricities spread around town, the actress said: ‘Tm outspoken, but not by many.’‘
The Importance Of Oscar
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Academy Awards were announced on February 18, 1929, but the dinner to hand out the statuettes was not held until three months later, on May 19, at the Blossom Room of the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. It took only five minutes to distribute the first Oscars. Though there was no suspense, the pattern of star behavior for the awards was beginning to show. None of the three nominated actors bothered to show up. Emil Jannings, who won the first two years, sent a telegram from his native Germany, which was read aloud by Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., first president of the Academy:
Previews And Reviews
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Film makers particularly resent the emphasis placed on audience research by the major studios. Director Richard Brooks once said:’‘Columbus would still be in Spain, if they waited for preview cards.’‘ Hitchcock never saw his films with an ordinary audience. ‘‘Don’t you miss hearing them scream?’‘ someone asked him.’‘No,’‘ explained the master of suspense, ‘‘I can hear them when I’m making the picture.’‘
Poetry of Transition I (1910-1914)
Authors: Rosenthal M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910), Yeats’s first completely new collection in seven years, was a thin volume that nevertheless showed a new kind of strength: a tougher-minded and more literally confessional expression than he had dared before. Its relative slightness, like its delayed creation-the poems in it had come to birth only recently-was the direct result of his theatrical commitments during the preceding decade. Not only had he written some nine plays of his own, but he was also enmeshed in the founding and managing of the Abbey Theatre and in fighting its political and financial battles. Or, as he put it in “The Fascination of What’s Difficult” (1909),
Drama of Transition and the Cuchulain Cycle
Authors: Rosenthal M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen, in Yeats’s Responsibilities (1914), the flaring up of painful introspection together with a new, self-liberating, and iconoclastic freedom. Two or three years later, his theatrical work revealed similar changes, limited only by the difficulty of making a stage production directly confessional. Two of the plays thus influenced, At the Hawk’s Well (1917) and The Only Jealousy of Erner (1919), belong to his gradually unfolding Cuchulain cycle and will therefore be discussed in the next section of this chapter. His other plays of the period are The Dreaming of the Bones (1919), Calvary (1921), The Player Queen (1922), and The Cat and the Moon (1924).
Hamlets and Hoodlums: The Social Impact of Law without Sanctions
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few of the enigmas of Japan are as acute as the paradox it presents of a society so free from crime, rule abiding, and cohesive with such widespread flouting of law, virulent conflict, and overt thuggery. Although not the complete or even certain answer, such riddles begin to unravel by viewing Japan as a society of law without sanctions.
Perils of the Night
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DeLamotte's book begins from the premise that the major conventions of the Gothic romance involve boundaries or barriers, which the Gothicist uses to play simultaneously on the fear of separateness and the fear of unity with some alien Other. She explores this question in the works of English and American writers, including Henry James, Mary Shelley, Herman Melville, Hawthorne, Emily Bronte, and Charlotte Bronte.
“Most Vertuous Actions”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary act1v1t1es that so intrigue us were but a small portion of Mary Sidney’s life. During the decade in which she was most actively writing and serving as patron, she was also occupied with family obligations and administrative work. Aside from those with her own husband and children, her closest ties were with her brothers, Robert and Thomas, and with Robert’s family. Robert’s wife, Barbara, was staying at Baynards Castle in 1587, apparently shortly before the birth of her first child, Mary. Called “little Mall” in Sidney’s correspondence, she was named for her aunt and godmother, Mary Sidney. Although “little Mall” was frequently with her godmother at Wilton or Baynards Castle, only a few hints remain in correspondence to help us reconstruct the close relationship that developed between these women, two of the most important woman writers of the English Renaissance. As an infant, Mall remained under the protection of her godmother during the Spanish attack.
The Nameless Broken Dandy and the Structure of Authorship
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Francis Jeffrey, writing in The Edinburgh Review in 1818 an appropriately unsigned notice of an anonymously published poem narrated by “a nameless sort of person, / (A broken Dandy lately on[his] travels” (st. 52),Byron’s Beppo was “absolutely a thing of nothing.”For Jerome McGann and other modern critics, it is “probably the most crucial single work in the entire canon.”3 At once trivial and critical to that trajectory of a name that we call a career, Beppo presents a series of paradoxes which begin and end with the authorless status of its first appearance.
Situating Subjectivities
Authors: Gagnier Regenia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comparative study of Victorian autobiography across social class and gender will situate precisely in contrast to other subjectivities what I call the modern literary subject: a mixture of introspective self-reflexivity, middle-class familialism and genderization, and liberal autonomy. In the first section of this chapter I shall propose a literary method for exploring other possibilities of autonomy and relatedness, or participation and antagonism, and redefine autobiographies as rhetorical projects embedded in concrete material situations. Next, using several texts by working class writers, I shall explore some articulations of participation and antagonism to illustrate the significance of discourse and ideology, or broad cultural “narratives,” in the way people interpret their lives.
Mathematics in Mesopotamia
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematics as an organized, independent, and reasoned discipline did not exist before the classical Greeks of the period from 600 to 300 b.c. entered upon the scene. There were, however, prior civilizations in which the beginnings or rudiments of mathematics were created. Many of these primitive civilizations did not get beyond distinguishing among one, two, and many; others possessed, and were able to operate with, large whole numbers. Still others achieved the recognition of numbers as abstract concepts, the adoption of special words for the individual numbers, the introduction of symbols for numbers, and even the use of a base such as ten, twenty, or five to denote a larger unit of quantity. One also finds the four operations of arithmetic, but confined to small numbers, and the concept of a fraction, limited, however, to 1/2, 1/3, and the like, and expressed in words. In addition, the simplest geometric notions, line, circle, and angle, were recognized. It is perhaps of interest that the concept of angle must have arisen from observation of the angle formed by man’s thigh and lower leg or his forearm and upper arm because in most languages the word for the side of an angle is either the word for leg or the word for arm. In English, for example, we speak of the arms of a right triangle. The uses of mathematics in these primitive civilizations were limited to simple trading, the crude calculation of areas of fields, geometric decoration on pottery, patterns woven into cloth, and the recording of time.
Euclid and Apollonius
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cream of the mathematical work created by the men of the classical period has fortunately come down to us in the writings of two men, Euclid and Apollonius. Chronologically, both belong to the second great period of Greek history, the Hellenistic or Alexandrian. It is quite certain that Euclid lived in Alexandria about 300 b.c. and trained students there, though his own education was probably acquired in Plato’s Academy. This information, incidentally, is about all we have on Euclid’s personal life and even this comes from a one-paragraph passage in Proclus’ Commentary. Apollonius died in 190 b.c., so his life too falls within the Alexandrian period. It is customary, however, to identify Euclid’s work with the classical period, because his books are accounts of what was developed in that age. Euclid’s work is actually an organization of the separate discoveries of the classical Greeks; this is clear from a comparison of its contents with what is known of the earlier work.
Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive history traces the development of mathematical ideas and the careers of the men responsible for them. Volume 1 looks at the discipline's origins in Babylon and Egypt, the creation of geometry and trigonometry by the Greeks, and the role of mathematics in the medieval and early modern periods. Volume 2 focuses on calculus, the rise of analysis in the nineteenth century, and the number theories of Dedekind and Dirichlet. The concluding volume covers the revival of projective geometry, the emergence of abstract algebra, the beginnings of topology, and the influence of Gödel on recent mathematical study.
Mathematics as of 1700
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the opening of the seventeenth century Galileo still found it necessary to argue with the past. By the end of the century, mathematics had undergone such extensive and radical changes that no one could fail to recognize the arrival of a new era. The European mathematicians produced far more between about 1550 and 1700 than the Greeks had in roughly ten centuries. This is readily explained by the fact that, whereas mathematics in Greece was pursued by only a handful of men, in Europe the spread of education, though by no means universal, promoted the development of mathematicians in England, France, Germany, Holland, and Italy. The invention of printing gave wide access not only to the Greek works but to the results of the Europeans themselves, which, now readily available, served to stimulate new thoughts. But the genius of the century is not evidenced solely by the expansion of activity. The variety of new fields opened up in this brief period is impressive. The rise of algebra as a science (because the use of literal coefficients permitted a measure of proof) as well as the vast expansion of its methods and theory, the beginnings of projective geometry and the theory of probability, analytic geometry, the function concept, and above all the calculus were major innovations, each destined to dwarf the one extensive accomplishment of the Greeks-Euclidean geometry.
Infinite Series
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infinite series were in the eighteenth century and are still today considered an essential part of the calculus. Indeed, Newton considered series inseparable from his method of £1.uxions because the only way he could handle even slightly complicated algebraic functions and the transcendental functions was to expand them into infinite series and differentiate or integrate term by term. Leibniz in his first published papers of 1684 and 1686 also emphasized “general or indefinite equations.” The Bernoullis, Euler, and their contemporaries relied heavily on the use of series. Only gradually, as we pointed out in the preceding chapter, did the mathematicians learn to work with the elementary functions in closed form, that is, as simple analytical expressions. Nevertheless, series were still the only representation for some functions and the most effective means of calculating the elementary transcendental functions. The successes obtained by using infinite series became more numerous as the mathematicians gradually extended their discipline. The difficulties in the new concept were not recognized, at least for a while. Series were just infinite polynomials and appeared to be treatable as such. Moreover, it seemed clear, as Euler and Lagrange believed, that every function could be expressed as a series.
Analytic and Differential Geometry in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The exploration of physical problems led inevitably to the search for greater knowledge of curves and surfaces, because the paths of moving objects are curves and the objects themselves are three-dimensional bodies bounded by surfaces. The mathematicians, already enthusiastic about the method of coordinate geometry and the power of the calculus, approached geometrical problems with these two major tools. The impressive results of the century were obtained in the already established area of coordinate geometry and the new field created by applying the calculus to geometrical problems, namely, differential geometry.
The Revival of Projective Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over one hundred years after the introduction of analytic geometry by Descartes and Fermat, algebraic and analytic methods dominated geometry almost to the exclusion of synthetic methods. During this period some men, for example the English mathematicians who persisted in trying to found the calculus rigorously on geometry, produced new results synthetically. Geometric methods, elegant and intuitively clear, always captivated some minds. Maclaurin, especially, preferred synthetic geometry to analysis. Pure geometry, then, retained some life even if it was not at the heart of the most vital developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the early nineteenth century several great mathematicians decided that synthetic geometry had been unfairly and unwisely neglected and made a positive effort to revive and extend that approach.
Reading-To-Write
Authors: Flower Linda , Stein Victoria , Ackerman John , Kantz Margaret J , Mccormick Kathleen , Peck Wayne c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the process of reading (when one’s purpose is to create a text of one’s own) and writing (which includes a response to the work of others). This is a central process in most college work and at the heart of critical literacy. The study observed students in the transition from high school to college, and in the process of trying to enter the community of academic discourse. The study draws on the methods of textual analysis, teacher evaluation, and interviews to examine students’ writing and revising.
Students’ Self-Analyses and Iudges’ Perceptions: Where Do They Agree?
Authors: Ackerman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of forming a clear representation of an assignment is a challenge for both teachers and students of writing. From the standpoint of the teacher, assignments constitute the heart of the writing course in which theories of learning, semester objectives, and target skills are translated into an occasion for practice and assimilation (Bartholomae, 1983). For the student a writing assignment is an exercise in pragmatics. Each student must decide how to represent the information before her, mediating the teachers’ explicit and implicit requirements while at the same time reconciling what is possible and desirable.
Exploring the Cognition of Reading-to-Write
Authors: Stein Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we have explored the complex and highly variable nature of the reading-to-write task. Students may have differing representations of this task that in turn may affect the processes they bring to bear on performing it. Similarly, teachers’ representations of the task may differ from those of their students, yet because they may be unaware of this difference, they may not be giving students the kind of instruction they need to do more highly valued forms of the task.