bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hindrances to upstream migration of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a northern Swedish river caused by a hydroelectric power‐station
Authors: Rivinoja Peter , McKinnell Skip , Lundqvist Hans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany Baltic salmon rivers have lost their natural juvenile production due to human activities blocking or reducing access to their spawning grounds, e.g. damming, power generation, partial hinders, etc. One such hindrance is a hydroelectric complex located in the lower reaches of River Umeälven in northern Sweden. Water from the forbay created by the dam Norrfors is directed to the Stornorrfors power‐station. At times, 100% of the river water is directed to the power‐station. Water from the power‐station then flows via a tunnel and outlet channel to the river. From the point of the tunnel's discharge into the river, the old river bed acts as a bypass channel directing migrating adult fish to a fish ladder located at the base of the dam.In this study, the effect that an additional turbine, that was installed at the power‐station in 1986, had on fish passage run‐time was examined. Changes in run‐time were compared for two periods 1974–1985 and 1986–1995. In 1997, 55 wild and 25 hatchery salmon were captured in the Umeälven estuary, radio tagged with uniquely coded tags, and tracked upstream. Both manual and automatic loggers were used to locate fish daily. The main findings show that only 26% of the wild salmon and none of the hatchery salmon found the fish ladder. It is suggested that the salmon followed the main water discharge from the power‐station outlet and are thus directed away from the entrance to the bypass channel leading to the fish ladder. Salmon respond by moving upstream or downstream depending on the current flow regimes. The bypass channel consists of partial hinders that may explain why it takes on average 52 days for the salmon to migrate 32 km from the estuary to the fish ladder. Adding a fourth turbine at the power‐station did not appear to have changed the timing of the migration or the seasonal distribution of the migrating wild salmon through the fish ladder. There was no significant effect of the fourth turbine on the duration of the middle 50% of the run in any weight‐class for wild salmon. Daily turbine discharges or ambient water temperature and daily counts of wild salmon at the fish ladder were not related. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in packet‐switched intersatellite link networks
Authors: Mohorčič Mihael , Švigelj Aleš , Kandus Gorazd , Werner Markus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses the performance evaluation of adaptive routing algorithms in non‐geostationary packet‐switched satellite communication systems. The dynamic topology of satellite networks and variable traffic load in satellite coverage areas, due to the motion of satellites in their orbit planes, pose stringent requirements to routing algorithms. We have limited the scope of our interest to routing in the intersatellite link (ISL) segment. In order to analyse the applicability of different routing algorithms used in terrestrial networks, and to evaluate the performance of new algorithms designed for satellite networks, we have built a simulation model of a satellite communication system with intersatellite links. In the paper, we present simulation results considering a network‐uniform source/destination distribution model and a uniform source–destination traffic flow, thus showing the inherent routing characteristics of a selected Celestri‐like LEO satellite constellation. The updates of the routing tables are centrally calculated according to the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progression in high school students’ (aged 16–18) conceptualizations about chemical reactions in solution
Authors: Boo Hong‐Kwen , Watson J. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the development over time of students' understandings of the concept of chemical reaction in the context of two familiar reactions in solution. The study is based on interviews of 48 students, aged 16–18, who had been successful in their year 11 examinations and had selected to study chemistry as one of their advanced level subjects in year 12 (age 16–17) and year 13 (age 17–18). All the students were interviewed (on a one‐to‐one basis) twice, once in year 12 and again in year 13, allowing progression in their understanding to be studied. The results show that students made some progress in their understanding of the concept of chemical reaction, but some fundamental misconceptions remained. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:568–585, 2001.
Advances in the oxidation resistance of high‐temperature turbine materials
Authors: Smialek James L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis overview highlights some of the key factors in understanding the protective ability of aluminum oxide scales for current gas turbine engine alloys and coatings. Dense, phase‐pure, slow‐growing and adherent scales are required. In most cases, solutions have been found through educated empiricism, with more complete understanding often lagging by decades. Nevertheless, the relentless application of new techniques to answer old questions has often provided radically different viewpoints and pointed the way to new engineering developments. Equally important, this understanding prevents prior misconceptions from taking too strong a hold and maintaining a limited perspective. The microstructure, kinetics, short‐circuit diffusion, phase transformation, growth and residual stresses, interfacial segregation and adhesion provide a richness of topics for this singular and effective system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethical challenges at the beginning of the millennium
Authors: Steinberg Karen K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the mid‐1980s, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the need to study genetic risk factors for common diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. To take advantage of a rare opportunity to obtain a nationally representative, population‐based sample to study genetic risk factors, the CDC collected and stored DNA as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). At the time, the methods for studying these risk factors in large epidemiologic studies were not available. However, in the midst of planning for NHANES III, a revolution was occurring in the field of genetics. The resulting changes would provide a means to realize the goal of explaining why some people are more susceptible than others to risks such as elevated cholesterol or exposure to carcinogens. During this period, ethicists were increasingly asking questions about the safety and risks for participants in genetic research. Was genetic research different from other research? Were new rules for obtaining informed consent for genetic research needed, or should our methods of obtaining informed consent be equally rigorous for all research? When collection of the NHANES III DNA bank was complete in 1994, the CDC and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a workshop to address these questions. The published recommendations of this workshop stimulated a national debate that resulted in a significant change in the way genetic epidemiologic research is done in the United States including not only stored biologic specimens but data collected for one purpose but used for another. In 1999, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) published recommendations for the ethical use of human biological materials. The recommendations of the NBAC and policies and practices of the CDC about informed consent for research on stored tissue samples will serve as models for future epidemiologic research. The problems that were recognized in the national debate that ensued and the solutions that followed will affect the way we gain access to biological specimens and data in the 21st century. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assigning time‐linked exposure status to controls in unmatched case‐control studies: alcohol use and nearly lethal suicide attempts
Authors: Kresnow Marcie‐jo , Powell Kenneth E. , Webb Kevin B. , Mercy James A. , Potter Lloyd B. , Simon Thomas A. , Ikeda Robin M. , Frankowski Ralph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn case‐control studies, determination of alcohol consumption by cases immediately prior to the injury event is often conceptually straightforward. However, determination of consumption status by controls is difficult because they lack a reference point, especially when cases and controls are not individually matched. We describe a method of assigning alcohol consumption status to controls using a 24‐hour drinking history, the distribution in time of case events, and the random assignment of a specific time period to each control subject. This methodology offers a practical approach for determining alcohol consumption status among control subjects immediately prior to a case event, when controls lack a reference point and have not been individually matched to cases. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to squeeze a lexicon
Authors: Ciura Marcin G. , Deorowicz Sebastian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMinimal acyclic deterministic finite automata (ADFAs) can be used as a compact representation of finite string sets with fast access time. Creating them with traditional algorithms of DFA minimization is resource greedy when a large collection of strings is involved. This paper aims to popularize an efficient but little‐known algorithm for creating minimal ADFAs recognizing a finite language, invented independently by several authors. The algorithm is presented for three variants of ADFAs, its minor improvements are discussed, and minimal ADFAs are compared to competitive data structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perioperative radiotherapy for cancer of the esophagus
Authors: Wenz Frederik , Mamon Harvey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCarcinomas of the esophagus represent on average about 1% to 2% of all malignant tumors. The incidence shows extreme regional differences, reflecting the established environmental and acquired risk factors for cancer of the esophagus. There has been a major shift in tumor location and histology over the last decades, with the lower third/gastroesophageal junction becoming the most common location and adenocarcinoma the most common histology in white males. There has been a striking improvement in surgical resection rates and operative mortality; however, the curative potential of surgery is likely to be highest in early‐stage disease. The poor prognosis for locally advanced tumors motivated the search for multimodal approaches to improve results. While neither perioperative radiotherapy nor perioperative chemotherapy alone have significantly improved survival rates, combined radiochemotherapy, used as neoadjuvant or definitive therapy, appears more promising. For patients with advanced tumors or extensive nodal involvement, first principles and extrapolation from other tumors of the gastrointestinal tract suggest that a combination of chemotherapy and radiation is likely to be of benefit, as compared to surgery alone. As this treatment is difficult to tolerate in the postoperative setting, neoadjuvant approaches have been emphasized. Although there are promising data, and preoperative chemoradiation is widely utilized, we do not consider the benefit of this approach to have been proven unequivocally. Future progress in the treatment of esophageal cancer may require that systemic therapy be improved to the point where occult metastatic disease can be controlled, enabling the local control provided by surgery and radiation to lead to improved survival. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:33–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraoperative radiotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Lehnert Thomas , Treiber Martina , Tiefenbacher Uta , Herfarth Christian , Wannenmacher Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLocal recurrence following potentially curative tumor resection is a major problem in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. To augment surgical excision and to avoid the disadvantages of external beam irradiation, intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) has been applied to primary and recurrent gastrointestinal cancer, both with curative intent and for palliation. There is ample evidence that the combination of radical surgery and IORT can improve local control. Whether this eventually can translate into improved overall survival has not yet been studied in adequately powered randomized and controlled trials. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:40–49, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contemporary role of modern brachytherapy techniques in the management of malignant thoracic tumors
Authors: Harms Wolfgang , Becker Heinrich D. , Krempien Robert , Wannenmacher Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSole brachytherapy for carcinoma of the lung is most often performed using high‐dose‐rate (HDR) remote afterloading equipment, which delivers the treatment within the tracheobronchial tree in an outpatient setting. It provides excellent, rapid palliation in advanced stages, and can also be used selectively for curative intent in early stages. In better‐performance patients, fractionated external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) is preferred to brachytherapy as an initial treatment because it appears to provide a modest gain in survival, and more sustained palliation. In patients with centrally located tumors and limited extent of disease, the combination of external and endoluminal irradiation enables curative treatment options. Intraoperative brachytherapy may complement standard adjuvant treatment in incompletely resected, unresectable, or medically inoperable patients, and has the potential to improve local control in selected cases. Due to the rarity of the disease, the role of endoluminal brachytherapy in the treatment regimen of tracheal neoplasms is not yet clearly defined. The risk of fatal bleeding after endoluminal brachytherapy appears to be correlated with tumor localization and fraction size, but in the majority of cases fatal bleeds are caused by progression of local disease. The use of a distanceable applicator provides a central positioning of the source, prevents the delivery of high‐contact doses to the mucosa, and may reduce toxicity. The standard technique for interstitial brachytherapy after breast‐conserving surgery and adjuvant EBRT is the use of low‐dose‐rate (LDR) brachytherapy, but it may also be applied by means of pulsed‐dose‐rate (PDR) or HDR techniques. Prospective trials comparing different boost techniques and indications are needed to define more precisely the subgroup of patients who are most suitable for interstitial brachytherapy. Reirradiation of chest wall local recurrences using brachytherapy molds is effective and provides a high local control rate with acceptable toxicity. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:57–65, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mushroom‐derived preparations in the prevention of H2O2‐induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA
Authors: Shi Yu‐ling , James Anthony E. , Benzie Iris F.F. , Buswell John A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAqueous extracts of the sporophores of eight mushroom species were assessed for their ability to prevent H2O2‐induced oxidative damage to cellular DNA using the single‐cell gel electrophoresis (“Comet”) assay. The highest genoprotective effects were obtained with cold (20°C) and hot (100°C) water extracts of Agaricus bisporus and Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies, respectively. No protective effects were observed with Mushroom Derived Preparations (MDPs) from Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricula, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus sajor‐caju, and Volvariella volvacea. These findings indicate that some edible mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:103–111, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral administration of clomiphene to neonatal rats causes reproductive tract abnormalities
Authors: Nagao Tetsuji , Yoshimura Sinsuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOral administration of clomiphene at 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg to 4‐day‐old rats caused multiple histopathological abnormalities of the reproductive tract in both male and female animals. No histopathological abnormalities were observed in 30‐day‐old male rats at any dose examined. In contrast, 30‐day‐old females showed hypertrophy of the myometrium at all doses examined, and hypertrophy of the luminal or glandular epithelium, and dilatation of the uterine lumen were observed in the highest dose group. In post‐pubertal rats, histopathologically marked changes were observed in the testes and epididymides in males, and in the ovaries and uterus in females in the highest dose group. In addition, relative weight of male reproductive organs in the highest dose group was decreased as compared with that in the controls. These results suggested that early neonatal exposure to clomiphene induced marked reproductive tract abnormalities in males after puberty, as well as in females. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:213–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of hydrogen peroxide on nitric oxide (NO)‐induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Saliim Eric T. , Abu‐Shakra Amal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) has been reported to impart, alone or in combination with reactive oxygen species (ROS), the cytotoxicity and putative genotoxicity associated with the immunological response. The present study examined the change in the mutagenic activity profile of the NO‐donor spermine NONOate (SperNO) as a result of introduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the Ames assay. The aim was to determine whether the assay could detect H2O2‐induced co‐ or anti‐mutagenic effects on NO‐induced mutagenesis, and the Salmonella typhimurium base‐pair substitution tester strain TA1535 provided an appropriate tool. While TA1535 was shown by the authors and others to be strongly sensitive to NO‐induced mutagenesis, it has also been shown to be insensitive to H2O2‐induced mutagenicity [1,2]. When H2O2 (0.25–4.0 μmol/pl) was added directly to cells treated with SperNO (0.01–1.0 μmol/pl), co‐mutagenicity was not detected, but a drop in reversion count and detectable toxicity was observed, especially at doses > 0.1 μmol/pl. When glucose/glucose oxidase (GOX) or reduced glutathione (GSH) were used as H2O2‐generation systems the results varied. Reversion induced by SperNO (1 μmol/pl) was moderately enhanced by GOX (10–20 mUnits/pl), but the increase albeit reproducible did not reach a doubling (co‐mutagenicity). GOX (40 μmol/pl) induced a reduction in reversion count, but no visible toxicity. On the other hand, GSH (20– 80 μmol/pl) gave a strong co‐mutagenic effect. Co‐mutagenicity was highest (> 5×) at 80 μmol/pl GSH and 0.1 μmol/pl SperNO. Based on these findings, it could be concluded that a) H2O2, when steadily generated in the cell, has a modulatory effect on NO‐mutagenicity, and such a conclusion is not inconsistent with the wide range of responses reported for the two chemicals, and/or b) the observed co‐mutagenic effects of GSH may not be attributable solely to H2O2 generation. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:349–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute toxicity modeling of rainbow trout and silver sea bream exposed to waterborne metals
Authors: Liao Chung‐Min , Lin Ming‐Chao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOf three proposed acute toxicity models, the uptake–depuration (UD) model, the time‐integrated concentration (TIC) model, and the concentration–time (CT) model are derived and verified with acute toxicity data to estimate the internal residues of waterborne metals in fish as a function of a few constants and variables. The main factors are the exposure time, the external exposure concentration, the bioconcentration factor (BCF), and the depuration rate constant (k2). The UD model is based on the concept of residue levels at the cell membrane well correlating with the whole‐body concentrations, whereas the TIC and the CT models are based on the idea of irreversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) governing the metal acute toxicity in that metals in the entire fish or in the aqueous phase can be described by the critical area under the time–concentration curve that is associated with a critical TIC of toxicant in the target tissue. A highly significant correlation (r2>0.9) was found between predictions and LC50(t) data for both the TIC and the CT models, indicating successfully describe 4‐ to 18‐d LC50(t) data of arsenic (As), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), and Co/Cu mixture in rainbow trout (Oncorhyuchus mykiss) and of Cu in fingerlings and subadults of silver sea bream (Sparus sarba). The time‐dependent lethal internal concentration at the site of action that causes 50% mortality is also predicted for a given compound and species. It concludes that the TIC and the CT models can be applied to regulate the acute toxicity and to estimate incipient LC50 values and internal residues of waterborne metals in fish. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 349–360, 2001
Application‐centric analysis of IP‐based mobility management techniques
Authors: Misra Archan , Das Subir , Agrawal Prathima 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper considers three applications—VoIP, mobile Web access and mobile server‐based data transfers—and evaluates the applicability of various IP‐based mobility management mechanisms. We first survey the features and characteristics of various IP mobility protocols, such as MIPv4, MIPv6, MIP‐RO, SIP, CIP, HAWAII, MIP‐RR and IDMP, and then evaluate their utility on an application‐specific basis. The diversity in the mobility‐related requirements ensures that no single mobility solution is universally applicable. We recommend a hierarchical mobility architecture. The framework uses our Dynamic Mobility Agent (DMA) architecture for managing intra‐domain mobility and multiple application‐based binding protocols for supporting inter‐domain mobility. Thus, we recommend SIP as the global binding protocol for VoIP applications and MIPv4/MIPv6 as the global binding mechanism for the mobile server scenario. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind farms connected to weak grids in India
Authors: Sørensen Poul , Unnikrishnan A. K. , Mathew Sajan A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the mutual influence between the wind turbines and the power quality in the Indian power systems. The Indian power systems are weak in general and the wind energy development has been very fast and concentrated in a few rural areas where the existing transmission and distribution grids are very weak. Therefore the mutual influence between wind turbines and power quality is particularly strong in India. The wind farms influence power quality aspects such as steady state voltage, power factor, flicker and harmonic and interharmonic distortion. The power quality of the grid influences the power performance and safety of the wind turbines and the lifetime of mechanical and electrical components. The findings presented are general for wind farms connected to weak grids, but the Indian case is pronounced concerning weakness of grid as well as wind energy penetration level. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.