bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The seven elements of a highly effective bowel habit
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people believe that it is the number of bowel actions per day or per week that determines whether or not their bowel habit is normal. This is simply not so. Although a large majority of individuals do have their bowels open from between three times daily to every third day, there are, amongst these, many who are dissatisfied with their lot. What is more, many perfectly ‘normal’ people have their bowels open less frequently than every third day.
As it is, nearly all of us experience daily, though subtle, fluctuations of varying degrees in our bowel habit. None of us produce an identical stool two days in a row! There is also a marked difference between men and women: on average, men have their bowels open more often, produce softer faeces, and much more gas than do women, even when eating a similar diet. A large majority of (heterosexual) couples will have made this observation already!
Urgency and incontinence of faeces
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inability to control one’s bowels is amongst the most humiliating experiences an adult is ever likely to encounter. Whilst this is a rare event for most of us— usually only experienced in the course of a bout of food poisoning or gastroenteritis—it may be a recurring nightmare for some.
There are many different causes of anal incontinence, reflecting the interplay of stool frequency and consistency, anal sphincter muscle strength, and the efficiency of rectal emptying. Most sufferers—and very often their doctors—focus on the anal sphincter as the likely culprit: ‘My muscles are too weak’; ‘I can’t seem to shut off my back passage’. Although these highly specialized muscles may be weakened or torn by childbirth, surgery, or trauma, they are often not to blame.
Pain, bleeding, piles, and prolapse
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anal pain. Rectal bleeding. Perianal prolapse and swelling. These are amongst the most common human physical complaints. And why not? Almost everyone on earth has an anus and each of us uses it, often on numerous occasions every day. Luckily for doctors working in this field, the range of possible causes for these complaints is small making diagnosis relatively easy. Even luckier, for the sufferers of anal pain, bleeding, piles, and prolapse, their causes are rarely serious.
Yet the vast majority of people prefer to suffer in silence rather than disclose this most private part of their anatomy. Home remedies, expensive over-the-counter creams or suppositories and horror stories about surgical treatment abound. Doctors themselves have little training in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions, and misdiagnosis, though rarely serious, is common. Almost all of these anal complaints tend, at some stage to be labelled ‘haemorrhoids’, resulting in unnecessary prolongation of symptoms and undue expense.
Recap: When bowel motions get too soft
Authors: Levitt Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no doubt that constipation because of slow colonic transit and bowel motions that have become too hard is a common problem. Yet, we have never been better informed about the benefits of increasing our dietary fibre and have been well and truly brainwashed into believing that we must all strive to achieve a consistently soft bowel motion.
For the record, dietary fibre does play an important role in providing us with essential vitamins not available from other dietary sources. What is more, fibre can help lower blood cholesterol levels and appears to have a protective effect against the development of bowel cancer and, probably, breast cancer. So it’s true: fibre is good for you. But where is it written that if a little of something is good for you, then a whole bucketful is necessarily better? And why should it be true that if more fibre is good for some of us, then it just has to be good for everyone else too?
Practice building – relationships around the patient
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the acknowledgement of the need for understanding and the provision of appropriate health care, recent research has shown that a ‘gap’ exists between the treatment actions of the dentist and the treatment wishes of the patient (Newsome et al. 2000). The ‘gap’ is exacerbated by the dentist’ s apparent lack of effective communication skills which is further compounded by his/her use of technical terms and jargon. Rather than being the centre of attention, some patients, according to Newsome et al. (2000), feel that they are relegated to the periphery with their treatment wishes remaining unfulfilled.
Essential business principles of dental practice
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two of these, the balance sheet and the profit and loss accounts, are traditionally prepared by an accountant for the purpose of taxation, and thus known as the ‘accounts’ The others (cash flow forecast and budget) are useful in the management of the business but are not required by the Inland Revenue. Because they are not legally required, this often means the business owner does not prepare them, which is a pity as they can be both useful and valuable documents.
Pathological mutations affecting mitochondrial protein synthesis
Authors: Jacobs Howard T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as in yeast, mitochondrial DNA mutations in humans can be classified into three broad categories: point mutations affecting protein-coding genes (designated mit − in yeast), point mutations affecting the protein synthetic apparatus (syn − in yeast), and large deletions. Large deletions in yeast, a class of mtDNA mutants designated ρ−, are represented as long, tandem repeats of the non-deleted segment of mtDNA.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Cooper JM 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mitochondria are recognized for their key role in supplying ATP for normal cell function, which is particularly important for high-energy requiring cells such as neurones. However, the generation of free radicals by the respiratory chain and the involvement of the mitochondrion in cellular calcium buffering and regulation of apoptosis may also contribute to the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in disease. The first section of the chapter focuses on various factors that may influence mitochondrial function, and their relationship to pathogenesis.
Gene therapy for mitochondrial DNA disorders
Authors: Bigger B , Taylor RW , Turnbull, DM , Lightowlers RN 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutations of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) cause a variety of progressive clinical disorders for which there is no effective treatment. Consequently, novel therapeutic approaches are being considered. Mitochondrial genetics is complex, with single cells containing many hundreds or thousands of mtDNA molecules and in the disease state there are often populations of mutated and wild type mtDNA coexisting in the same cell or tissue. As the defective genome is expressed within the mitochondrial matrix surrounded by two membranes, any therapeutic molecule must reach this compartment.
The practice as an organization
Authors: Launer John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Practices lie at the heart of family medicine in Britain. They are the physical and emotional homes for GPs and primary care teams for most of our working lives. Yet almost everything that is written about general practice ignores the work setting itself. There is a British Journal of General Practice, but no Journal of General Practices. This focus on the content of our work, with a selective inattention to the working context, is telling. It invites comparison with theories of mind that focus on the individual ‘s inner life, while studiously ignoring any background of biographical history or family interaction. In both cases, the narrowness of view leads to an impoverished approach, even a disturbed one.
Management of serious mental illness
Authors: Wright Christine , Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serious mental illness is rarely an isolated episode. A diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, or recurrent severe depressive illness, is, at best, a lifelong vulnerability and, at worst, a continuous chronic condition with serious associated disabilities. Like many physical chronic diseases, such an illness demands of the individual and those closest to them acceptance of a highly unpalatable diagnosis, adjustments in lifestyle and life expectations, and the often unwelcome realities of long-term treatment and service involvement— if relapse and long-term disability are to be minimized. As with other chronic diseases, the organization of care needs to include a greater emphasis on certain key elements.
Suicide, deliberate self-harm and severe depressive illness
Authors: Evans Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who work in primary care could be forgiven for thinking that suicide is a rare event, which is difficult to predict and therefore difficult to prevent. It might be thought that those who are going to kill themselves do not consult their GP before doing so and that if they do they will be unlikely to disclose their intent. It is difficult enough to predict suicide amongst high-risk groups within secondary care (Pokorny 1983) and so the challenge in primary care should not be under-estimated.
A significant digression
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote these words in the introduction to his book about the origin of species through natural selection, published in 1859. The conclusions he drew were based primarily on impressions gathered during a five-year voyage around the world on board HMS Beagle. What he saw during that long voyage caused him to question the concept of the immutability of species. He adopted the budding idea that, with certain modifications, species currently living (very probably our own species as well) had evolved from other species and—most importantly—he suggested a mechanism which could explain how these modifications originated and why their designs were so well adapted to their purposes. It is difficult to think of any other book that has had such a comprehensive and lasting influence on human thought as Darwin’s On the Origin of Species.
Savannah ruminants: five different lifestyles
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 80 million years ago a group of archaic mammals roamed the earth, mammals that would in turn give rise to many of today’s large savannah herbivores. As early as the beginning of the Tertiary (65 million years ago), one species within this enigmatic group divided and produced two evolutionary lines. Of these, one evolved into two of the orders of mammals alive today, namely, the artiodactyls (aardvark, swine, giraffes, camels, and the hollow-horned bovines) and whales, while the other lineage is represented today by perissodactyls (horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs), sea cows, hyraxes, and elephants. Thus, a cow is actually more closely related to a whale than to a horse.
Sapphire in the sand
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a mokoro—a canoe made by hollowing out the thick trunk of the sausage tree (Kigelia africana)—I glide silently over the still waters somewhere in the Okavango Delta. My guide and gondolier, Royal, a man who during half a century has learned every winding rivulet in this gigantic aquatic labyrinth, steers and poles the mokoro through the delta. The atmosphere brings to mind the Sixth day, or more exactly, the time between Genesis1:26 and 1:27, the siesta hours just before the completion of what we can hope was a carefully considered decision to complete the fauna with one more species, namely, us.
Baboon thoughts
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sun sets quickly in the tropics; the transition from bright daylight to complete darkness takes only a few minutes. An orange-yellow sun floated some distance above the horizon in the west as we drove along the gravel road to the frail raft that would transport us across the Nile; however, the clock indicated that sunset would soon be upon us. We hurried onto the small raft, tied down our Land Rover, and with the help of a winch, transported it across the river. This short crossing landed us in Murchison Falls National Park in western Uganda.
Humans—marked for life
Authors: Ulfstrand Staffan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All life on earth has a common origin, and from this perspective, all living things are related. Human origins, just as those of all other species, go back to the origin of life approximately 4 billion years ago. Many of our most significant refinements of construction are much older than the human species. Moreover, these refinements evolved by natural selection in a very different world. Our feet, stomachs, kidneys, and brains are firmly characterized by what has occurred during these millions of years of evolutionary history.
Tree-based metrics
Authors: Semple Charles , Steel Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, we have regarded the edges of an X-tree 𝒯 as just a pair of vertices. However, it also makes sense in certain applications to regard each edge of 𝒯 as an interval of a certain length. Adopting this view induces a ‘distance’ between all pairs of elements x and y of X. This distance is the sum of the weights on the edges in the path joining x and y. In evolutionary biology, such a distance might measure the time two species have been separated from their most recent common ancestor.
Hospital, Hospice or Home?
Authors: Lee Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may have a strong feeling from the outset about where you would like to be cared for, particularly towards the end. Or you may never have thought about it, or realized that you might have a choice. At the beginning of a terminal illness most patients say that they would prefer to die at home rather than in hospital. Towards the end of their illness about half say hospital or hospice. So some patients change their minds, usually in the direction of hospital and hospice. Being allowed to change your mind is very important.
Using the Internet to communicate
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Internet can facilitate communication with colleagues at international, national, and local levels. Using e-mail or the Web can have disadvantages as well as advantages.
UK healthcare institutions are realizing the potential of the Internet to communicate information to large groups of health professionals in a timely and cost-effective manner. The Internet also promotes flow of information from the ‘bottom up’.
Some hospitals publish information about their services (e.g. waiting times) on Web sites accessible to local colleagues in primary care. Patient-specific information is not generally communicated via the Internet at present.
Using the Internet for publishing and commerce
Authors: McKenzie Bruce C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Internet offers rapid publication; ‘live’ cross-reference links; and greater inter- action between journals and their readers.
Most journals presently replicate some or all of their content onto Web pages and add a search engine; others are using the Internet to improve traditional publishing practices, devising new ways of delivering content with additional features.
The peer-review process is revolutionized by unlimited publication space; greater interactivity between editors, authors, and reviewers making peer review an ongoing process of comment and revision (rather than a one-off event); and the possibility of an openness that offers greater accountability and higher standards of ethical behaviour.
Teaching in the clinical setting
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armed with your lesson plan and toolkit of teaching skills, delivering your teaching session should not seem too daunting. There are a multitude of potential settings in which you can deliver your teaching, from a lecture hall to a domiciliary visit. All these teaching settings can be divided into two key types: those in the ‘service setting’ where you carry on with your clinical work simultaneously and those where you have ‘protected time’ with your students.
Evaluating teaching and learning
Authors: Hartley Sarah , Gill Deborah , Carter Frances , Walters Kate , Bryant Pauline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After extensive preparation, and using your wide range of teaching skills, you have delivered what you consider to be several excellent teaching sessions. The students seemed happy enough, and you felt pleased afterwards. Still, you have some doubts. As a reflective teacher, you ask yourself how good they really were.
Some thoughts on Part I: the usefulness of the body clock
Authors: Waterhouse J M , Minors D S , Waterhouse M E , Reilly T , Atkinson G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What advantage do animals and plants gain by possessing a body clock, since it can be argued that they respond to the rhythms in their environment anyway? (That, after all, is what is meant by the external cause of a daily rhythm.) What would be the disadvantage if there were no clock and a plant moved its leaves only in response to the sun? Or if the shore-dwelling creature left its burrow in the mud to forage only in response to the tide coming in? Or if the diurnal or nocturnal animal’s response to sunrise and sunset were only a direct one? What is the advantage of a body clock to us humans, who can, anyway, respond to changes in posture and water content of the body and to changes in environmental temperature?
Prenatal events that influence schizophrenia
Authors: Susser Ezra , Ospler Mark G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in research on hypothesized fetal origins of schizophrenia. Much of this research has been motivated by the ‘neurodevelopmental hypothesis’ articulated during the 1980s. This theory proposed that the developing brain is vulnerable to genetic and environmental insults that yield subtle alterations in structure and function and elevate the risk of psychosis later in life (Murray and Lewis 1987, Waddington et al. 1999, Weinberger 1987).
Cognitive functioning before or at the onset of the first episode
Authors: Reichenberg Abraham , Davidson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal of speculation and research has been devoted to determining whether a relationship exists between intellectual performance and schizophrenia. Since Kraepelin (1919) it has been recognized that deterioration in intellectual performance is a characteristic of schizophrenia patients. Bleuler (1950) described deterioration in school performance as a premorbid or prodromal sign in schizophrenia. However, despite decades of research, the developmental course of intellectual functioning in schizophrenia has been widely debated.
Treatment of schizophrenia at the first episode
Authors: Robinson Delbert G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why focus upon treatment of the initial phase of schizophrenia ? Treatment studies with first-episode patients are of interest for clinical reasons and also for our understanding of the actions of antipsychotic medications. The most basic clinical need for first episode treatment studies arises from the fact that first-episode patients by definition do not have an established response to treatment. Thus, treatment recommendations to first-episode patients and their families must be based upon research findings and not, as is the case with multi-episode patients, the patient’s past individual response to treatment.
The Ising Model
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistical mechanics aims to study the global properties of classical or quantum systems, which may have a large number of building blocks and interactions, through a small number of global concepts such as volume, temperature, equilibrium states, critical exponents. We may be particularly interested in critical phenomena and phase transition such as a liquid/gas transition or a change in magnetic properties. Consider for example a metal bar suspended in a magnetic field. Apart from diamagnetic effects (where currents are induced by Lenz’s law to oppose the field) there may be a (greater) opposite paramagnetic effect (as in aluminium) where there is a permanent magnetic moment present in the material which the field tends to line up.
Subfactors and Bimodules
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
V. F. R. Jones initiated subfactor theory in (Jones 1983) and it has since revolutionized the theory of von Neumann algebras. Furthermore, the discovery of the Jones polynomial, a link invariant, in (Jones 1985) has revealed a truly surprising relation between the operator algebra theory and low-dimensional topology and strengthened links with mathematical physics. We will deal with some of the progress which has been made in this theory in the last decade. In this chapter, we start with the subfactor theory from today’s viewpoint based on bimodules. A bimodule in our setting is a Hilbert space with left and right actions of two von Neumann algebras. The importance of bimodule theory in von Neumann algebras was first emphasized by A. Cannes in his unpublished manuscript on correspondences, and a detailed study of the bimodule theory was given by S. Popa in his unpublished manuscript ‘Correspondences’. It was A. Ocneanu who first realized the importance of bimodules in the Jones theory of subfactors in (Ocneanu 1988), and he obtained several fundamental theorems in the theory, but unfortunately his results have been scattered among his several informal notes and unpublished manuscripts. We will present the basic theory in this chapter as a preliminary to the remainder of this book.
Commuting Squares Of II1 Factors
Authors: Evans David E , Kawahigashi Yasuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We will study a certain type of commuting squares of Hi factors in connection to topology, physics, and problems of ordinary subfactors. In Section 14.2, we introduce a notion of bi-commuting square and study its basic properties. Section 14.3 deals with the intertwining Yang-Baxter equation and the triple sequence of string algebras. We show several examples of commuting squares of II1 factors arising from RCFT in Section 14.4. We discuss an analogue of the coset construction in RCFT in Section 14.5. As a concrete application of the general machinery, we study the GHJ subfactor introduced in Section 11.6 in the last section of this chapter.
Helmholtz: combinational tones and consonance
Authors: Fowler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A question that has teased the minds of musicians and listeners ever since Greek times is: why is there an association between musical sounds and simple whole number ratios? What explanation can there be for the Pythagorean insight that consonances seem to relate to small whole numbers and their ratios? Plato in the fourth century BC wrote of the need to ‘investigate which numbers are concordant and which are not, and why each are so’.
Ringing the changes: bells and mathematics
Authors: Roaf Dermot , White Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When clocks were rare and watches unknown, people needed to be summoned by bells to come to church—large bells make a lot of noise and can call people from long distances. While there may no longer be this time-keeping need, church bells are still in regular use, now often functioning as a musical instrument played by a team, with what turns out to be a strong mathematical aspect to the music.