bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human parvovirus B19 in young male patients with hemophilia A: associations with treatment product exposure and joint range‐of‐motion limitation
Authors: Soucie J. Michael , Siwak Edward B. , Hooper W. Craig , Evatt Bruce L. , Hollinger F. Blaine ,   the Universal Data Collection Project Working Group
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND:  To evaluate the risk of human parvovirus B19 (B19) transmission in recombinant antihemophilic factor, the seroprevalence among 798 two‐ to seven‐year‐old boys with hemophilia was compared. Also, data collected on joints were used to assess relations between B19 serostatus and joint range‐of‐motion (ROM) limitation.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Staff at US hemophilia treatment centers collected data on product exposures and ROM of 10 joints and provided blood specimens as part of blood safety surveillance. Blood was tested for immunoglobulin G anti‐B19. Associations between B19 seropositivity and treatment products and joint ROM limitations were examined in multivariate analyses.RESULTS:  Compared to children who received no product, the odds of B19 seropositivity were 0.8 (p = 0.5), 1.9 (p = 0.05), and 7.6 (p < 0.001) for those children who received recombinant antihemophilic factor only, both recombinant antihemophilic factor and plasma‐derived factor, and plasma‐derived factor only, respectively. Children who were anti‐B19 positive had an average 8° less overall ROM (p = 0.002) than those who were B19 antibody negative after adjustment for other risk factors.CONCLUSION:  The risk of B19 transmission by recombinant antihemophilic factor is low. Previous B19 infection is associated with ROM limitations in very young male patients with hemophilia. Virus inactivation techniques effective against B19 and other nonenveloped viruses are needed.
Validation of BacT/ALERT plastic culture bottles for use in testing of whole‐blood‐derived leukoreduced platelet‐rich‐plasma‐derived platelets
Authors: Brecher M.E. , Hay S.N. , Rothenberg S.J. 
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND:  Bacterial detection of platelet (PLT)‐rich‐plasma (PRP)‐derived PLTs presents unique challenges for countries that do not allow pooling before storage. This study validated the BacT/ALERT for use in testing pooled PRP‐derived PLTs with nine contaminating organisms.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Isolates of Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Serratia marcescens, Streptococcus viridans, and Propionibacterium acnes were inoculated into two PRP‐derived PLT pools (target, 10 and 100 colony‐forming units [CFUs]/mL; actual recovered concentrations, 5 and 90 CFUs/mL). Four milliliters of each postbacterial inoculation sample was inoculated into both plastic aerobic and anaerobic bottles and 0.5 mL was plated onto blood agar.RESULTS:  All organisms (excluding P. acnes) were detected in 8.2 to 22.0 and 7.6 to 20.3 hours (10 and 100 CFUs/mL, respectively) and the mean time to detection was 15.0 and 13.1 hours (10 and 100 CFUs/mL, respective). P. acnes was detected with the anaerobic bottles in a mean of 74.9 and 64.3 hours (10 and 100 CFUs/mL, respectively). With E. cloacae, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and S. viridans detection with the anaerobic bottles was faster or equivalent to the detection with the aerobic bottles. This was most notable with S. viridans where the anaerobic bottle was reactive on average 21.6 and 10.8 hours (10 and 100 CFUs/mL, respectively) faster than the aerobic bottle.CONCLUSIONS:  This study validates the use of the BacT/ALERT system for the detection of bacteria in PRP‐derived PLTs in a pooled format. Overall, the use of the BacT/ALERT system allowed the detection of pooled PRP‐derived PLTs inoculated with nine bacteria at 10 and 100 CFUs per mL in 7.6 to 22.0 hours (excluding P. acnes).
Comparison of demographic and donation profiles and transfusion‐transmissible disease markers and risk rates in previously transfused and nontransfused blood donors
Authors: Wang B. , Higgins M.J. , Kleinman S. , Schreiber G.B. , Murphy E.L. , Glynn S.A. , Wright D.J. , Nass C.C. , Chang D. , Busch M.P. , Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study For The 
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND:  Increasing concern about transfusion transmission of variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease has resulted in indefinite deferral of transfused donors in France and the UK. Little is known, however, about the impact of indefinite deferral of transfused donors on blood safety and availability in the US.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Data were collected on allogeneic donations at five US blood centers during 1991 through 2000. Donation characteristics, prevalence, and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were compared between transfused and nontransfused donors. Unreported deferrable risk (UDR) and reasons to donate were evaluated with data from a mail survey.RESULTS:  Transfusion history was reported by 4.2 percent of donors. Prevalence and incidence of HIV and HBV were comparable between transfused and nontransfused donors. Although HCV incidence was similar in both groups, HCV prevalence was nearly three times higher in transfused than in nontransfused first‐time donors. UDR and reasons to donate were similar in the two groups, except transfused donors were less likely to donate for screening test results (odds ratio, 0.5; 95% confidence interval, 0.3‐0.8).CONCLUSION:  Transfused and nontransfused donors had similar viral incidence and comparable UDR, suggesting that indefinite deferral of transfused donors would unlikely improve blood safety. Until more is known about the prevalence and transfusion transmissibility of emerging agents, indefinite deferral of previously transfused donors in the US does not appear warranted.
"Indianization" from the Indian Point of View: Trade and Cultural Contacts with Southeast Asia in the Early First Millennium C.E.
Authors: Smith Monica 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe idea that Indian "influence" was responsible for the socio-political development of early Southeast Asia is now largely discredited, but the question of the actual impact of early trade between India and Southeast Asia remains. Prior to the fourth century C.E., Indian trade activities with Southeast Asia appear to have been relatively infrequent, when assessed through the number of items of Indian origin recovered, and the incentives for such trade from the Indian point of view. After the fourth century, the adoption of subcontinental traditions - religious iconography, Sanskrit terminology, coinage, and terms identifying leaders - is seen throughout the area of Southeast Asia, from Bangladesh to Cambodia, Malaysia and Thailand as well as the larger Indonesian islands. Subcontinental traditions became attractive at this time because of the advent of strong political entities in the Indian subcontinent, notably the Guptas, which produced coherent models of political, social and religious organization. Although such models were also available from neighboring China, apprehension about Chinese expansion led the rulers of emergent chiefdoms in Southeast Asia to prefer the adoption of Indian political and religious iconography.
Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate
Authors: Amitai-Preiss Reuven 
Published: July 2004

AbstractSome scholars have argued that sufis, Muslim mystics, played a decisive role in converting the Mongols in Iran to Islam in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, mainly because of the similarity between the extreme sufis (the dervishes) and the shamans of the traditional Mongol religion. This paper maintains that it was primarily some moderate, "institutional" sufis who were close to Mongol ruling circles and thus played a part in their conversion. This, however, had little to so with any resemblance between shamans and sufis, since it is suggested that Muslim mystics, even of the dervish variety, are basically dissimilar to the Inner Asian shamans. If, indeed, both kinds of sufis were successful in influencing the Mongols, it would appear that this is due to other reasons suggested at the end of the paper.
Early Medieval Bengal and the Trade In Horses: a Note
Authors: Chakravarti Ranabir 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis essay brings into focus a relatively neglected aspect of economic life in early medieval Bengal. Like many other parts of India, Bengal during ancient and early medieval times did not have any indigenous, good quality war horses. The emergence of Bengal as a regional political entity to reckon with during the early medieval times (c. AD 600 - 1300) must have increased the demand for war horses. The paper analyses the epigraphic accounts of the procurement of these indispensable war animals from northern and northwestern India by the rulers of early medieval Bengal. The Tabaqat-i-Nasiri of the thirteenth century gives an indication of the availablity of northeastern horses - probably Tibetan ones - in Bengal. Chinese accounts of the fifteenth century and some Arabic accounts of the invasions of the Deccan by the Delhi Sultante have been utilised here to suggest that early medieval Bengal not only received regular supplies of imported horses, but also witnessed the transportation of some of these war machines to the Deccan and China.
It's a Dog's Life: Elevating Status from Pet to "Fur Baby" at Yappy Hour
Authors: Greenebaum Jessica 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNonhuman animals always have played a significant role in people's lives. Lately, the technological and market economy has anthropomorphized dogs to human-like behavior, particularly to status of family member or child. This qualitative study expands upon the current studies on consumption and animals and society by exploring how human-canine relationships are anthropomorphized at the family excursion to "Yappy Hour" at Fido's Barkery. The type of person who attends Yappy Hour on a weekly basis has a unique and special type of connection with their dog that goes beyond most people's relationships with dogs. Most of the dog lovers interviewed do not perceive their dogs as dogs; they are family members, best friends, and "fur babies." These dog lovers also do not perceive themselves as dog owners; they see themselves as mothers and fathers. The social and market environment of Fido's Barkery not only reinforces their relationship with their dog, it shapes community, friendships, and personal identity.
Modification of the Pet Attitude Scale
Authors: Templer Donald , Arikawa Hiroko , Canfield Merle , Munsell Kathleen , Tangan Kimberly 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study recruited 203 college students to help determine clarity and precision in the wording of four items in the Templer, Salter, Baldwin, Dickey, and Veleber (1981) Pet Attitude Scale (PAS). Half the college students received the original format, and half received the modified wording format. The correlation with total score did not differ for three of the pairs of items. For one of the items, the correlation was higher with the original wording. The 18-item Pet Attitude Scale—Modified retains the original wording for that item and uses the modified wording for the other three items.
The effect of seed hardness on husking time in finches
Authors: van der Meij  , Griekspoor  , Bout  
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Small granivorous birds crack and remove the seed coat before they swallow the kernel. It is generally assumed that husking time is related to seed hardness and bite force, although direct experimental evidence is scarce. In this study we decreased experimentally the hardness of a single seed species, so that all the seed characters remained the same with the exception of (average) hardness. We determined the husking time for experimental and control seeds in a number of granivorous passerines. Our data show that husking time is directly related to seed hardness: husking time increases with seed hardness. A video-analysis of the seed-cracking process shows that species also apply different numbers of mandibulations to crack the two seed types. The number of seed positioning movements before cracking slightly increases with the size of the seed relative to body size. The largest contribution to differences in husking time among different sized species or between seeds of the same size but of different hardness, however, comes from the number of cracking attempts. It is hypothesised that seeds are squeezed from between the mandibles more easily when relatively large bite force is applied, leading to an increase in failed cracking attempts.
Amplitude spectra of Corncrake calls: what do they signalise?
Authors: Osiejuk Tomasz , Olech Bogumła 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
—The territorial call of corncrake Crex crex males is a disyllabic, loud, pulse repetition signal repeated in long series at night. It seems to be relatively simple as it lacks the repertoire variation typical of passerines, but still seems to be the equivalent of a territorial and/or advertisement song. In this paper we tested: (1) whether the pattern of energy distribution within the call (i. e. amplitude spectrum) is individually invariant; (2) whether it could be a signal used in an individual recognition system; and (3) whether it is a sexually selected honest trait related to male body size. We found that amplitude spectra varied more between than within males, but it is rather unlikely that energy distribution is a single feature encoding identity of a male. We found some weak correlations between body size parameters and variables describing amplitude spectra, either supporting or contradicting the expected relationship (i. e. larger male — more energy in lower frequencies). We also found that the frequency of maximal amplitude, even within a single call, may rapidly change by a few kHz, which is most probably an effect of head and body movements, not changes in sound production itself. The conclusion is that all features of corncrake calls, including energy distribution, indicate that this signal has evolved under a strong pressure towards precise localisation of a sender, which is understandable as corncrakes inhabit dense vegetation and call almost exclusively at night.
Role of endogenous thrombin in tumor implantation, seeding, and spontaneous metastasis
Authors: Hu Liang , Lee Merlin , Campbell Wendy , Perez-Soler Roman , Karpatkin Simon 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Tumor/host-generated thrombin (endogenous thrombin) was investigated with tumor growth and metastasis experiments in mice by the use of hirudin, a highly potent specific inhibitor of thrombin. Pretreatment with hirudin inhibited tumor implantation in nude or syngeneic mice, following subcutaneous injection of 2 human and 2 murine tumors. Hirudin induced a considerable lag period in the appearance of tumor growth, compared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) treatment, but had no effect on established tumor nodule growth in vivo or on tumor growth in vitro. Hirudin treatment induced central necrosis of the tumor nodule compared with no effect with PBS treatment. Greater protection was noted with longer duration of treatment. Tumor seeding into blood was examined with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled tumor cells. Hirudin inhibited seeding into the blood as well as systemic organs which varied from complete protection to 15- to 32-fold in the blood and 17- to 395-fold in the lung. Hirudin inhibited spontaneous metastases from subcutaneously implanted tumor by reducing the number of tumor nodules in the lungs. Mouse survival in animals injected subcutaneously with highly aggressive 4T1 cells revealed 5 of 5 deaths of PBS-treated animals on day 40 compared with no deaths with hirudin treatment, with prolongation of survival with hirudin treatment of 16 days to more than 31 days. Thus, endogenous thrombin contributes to tumor implantation, seeding, and spontaneous metastasis. A potent antithrombin agent should be of clinical benefit to patients with cancer. (Blood. 2004;104:2746-2751)
Isentropic zonal average formalism and the near‐surface circulation
Authors: Koh T.‐Y. , Plumb R. A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe isentropic zonal average formalism is extended to include a rigorous treatment of the bottom boundary of the atmosphere. We define a ‘surface zone’, where isentropes in the latitudinal plane are interrupted by the earth's surface. The zonal average equations of motion and their time average in isentropic coordinates are rederived in the presence of the surface zone. Applying the extended formalism to a baroclinic wave model, we show that near‐surface equatorward mean flow is driven by eastward surface form drag in isentropic coordinates, which in turn is related to poleward geostrophic potential temperature flux at the surface. A potential vorticity–potential temperature picture of extratropical general circulation dynamics above and within the surface zone is presented. We highlight the importance of poleward mean flow in the upper region of the surface zone and investigate the antisymmetric distribution of mean meridional mass flow about the median potential temperature of surface air. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
A numerical study of moist stratified flow regimes over isolated topography
Authors: Miglietta M. M. , Buzzi A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNumerical simulations of moist flows over simply shaped, three‐dimensional mountains were undertaken using a mesoscale meteorological model, with the purpose of examining the existence of different flow regimes near obstacles and the transitions among them. Moving the system in parameter space resulted in different solutions for a particular set of parameters. This method was adopted to explore numerically ‘multiple regimes’, stable for at least meteorologically interesting time periods. The evolution of the flow was studied in two different experimental set‐ups. In the first case, the height of the obstacle was progressively changed over time. In the second case, the effect of an advective change of the humidity content inside the channel was analysed. In both experiments, a dependence on the history of the flow became apparent.A comparison among cases of obstacles with the same aspect ratio and non‐dimensional height, but with different horizontal cross‐sections, highlighted the importance of the obstacle geometry in perturbing the upstream flow, favouring the persistence of upstream blocked regions in the case of an arc‐shaped mountain.The sensitivity of the reversal flow volume to several control parameters was analysed with additional experiments. In particular, the importance of the cooling associated with the evaporation of precipitation was emphasized. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Simultaneous radar and aircraft observations of mixed‐phase cloud at the 100 m scale
Authors: Field P. R. , Hogan R. J. , Brown P. R. A. , Illingworth A. J. , Choularton T. W. , Kaye P. H. , Hirst E. , Greenaway R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThree UK C‐130 aircraft flights performed in conjunction with the Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar were carried out in mixed‐phase clouds. The aircraft instrumentation included the Small Ice Detector (SID) and Nevzorov probe that are both capable of discriminating between liquid and ice phase. It was found that particle sphericity measured by the SID could be successfully used as a proxy for particle phase. Using a combination of the SID and other probes it is possible to determine whether a 100 m cloud segment is ice, liquid or mixed‐phase. Regions as short as 100 m exhibited mixed‐phase characteristics. There was generally good agreement between water phase indicated by the SID and Nevzorov probes, with any differences arising from the fact that the SID provides a number‐weighted estimate of dominant phase, while the Nevzorov probe provides a mass‐weighted estimate. The radar and aircraft observations show that when high values of differential reflectivity are observed the nearby presence of liquid water is indicated. When large ice crystals are present in deeper cloud they can suppress the differential reflectivity signal. Therefore the absence of a high differential reflectivity signal does not necessarily mean that liquid water is absent. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2004. P. R. Field's and P. R. A. Brown's contributions are Crown copyright.
Impact of ERS scatterometer winds in ECMWF's assimilation system
Authors: Isaksen Lars , Janssen Peter A. E. M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe impact of ERS scatterometer winds on the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) and four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) assimilation systems is investigated. ERS scatterometer winds are found to be of consistent high quality in comparison to other surface wind observations. Both 3D‐Var and 4D‐Var systems assimilate the data well and a small, but significant, positive impact is found on medium‐range weather and wave forecasts. ERS scatterometer winds are not affected by rain or clouds, so they give valuable wind information near intense cyclones, tropical cyclones and in baro‐clinic regions. It is shown how the 4D‐Var method allows for dynamically consistent propagation of the surface wind information in the vertical. Four case studies that highlight important aspects of ERS scatterometer wind assimilation are presented. The main drawback for the ERS scatterometer instrument is the rather narrow swath compared with most other satellite instruments. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Neglect by GCMs of subgrid‐scale horizontal variations in cloud‐droplet effective radius: A diagnostic radiative analysis
Authors: Barker H. W. , Räisänen P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOutput from a global climate model (GCM) that employed a low‐resolution two‐dimensional cloud‐system‐resolving model (CSRM) in each column is used to assess the radiative impact of neglecting subgrid‐scale horizontal variations in cloud‐droplet effective radius re. For this diagnostic study, only liquid‐phase variations in re are addressed; the ice‐cloud particle distributions are assumed to be constant. For reference calculations, values of re in the CSRM cells are computed assuming that the droplet‐number concentration Ncld and the effective variance of droplet‐size distribution are constant in a GCM cell. The independent‐column approximation is used to produce flux profiles for each GCM column. Three alternative methods of setting horizontally‐invariant re are examined, each of which resemble how re is set in one‐dimensional radiative‐transfer models. Relative to the reference calculations, the other methods lead to positive spurious radiative forcings at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere. These stem from overestimation of optical‐depth variability and, thus, reduced short‐wave albedo of clouds. Globally averaged, these forcings range from 1 W m−2 to 3 W m−2, with zonal‐mean biases reaching almost 15 W m−2. The most severe biases arise from use of constant values of re over the land and the ocean.In addition, radiative effects due to unacknowledged uncertainty in Ncld (or re) are assessed. It is shown that ad hoc, but not outlandish, estimates of unbiased uncertainty in Ncld impart biases on estimates of the earth's solar‐radiation budget (tantamount to a spurious radiative forcing). These arise through the chain of nonlinear relations that link Ncld to solar radiative transfer. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.