bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Networks and Cultural Transmission in Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Authors: Buchanan Briggs , Hamilton Marcus J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we examine current research on networks and cultural transmission in modern, historic, and prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies. Understanding networks in hunter-gatherer societies is important because hunting and gathering has been the socioeconomic framework for the vast majority of human evolutionary history. A better understanding of the structure and function of social networks in hunting and gathering societies has the potential to shed light on the evolution of human social organization. Our discussion of the structure and function of networks in hunter-gatherer societies uses studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers, ethnohistorical data, and ethnoarchaeological observations to frame inferences about prehistoric societies observable only in the archaeological record. We summarize recent work with contemporary hunter-gatherers that shows how large-scale networks link both unrelated and related individuals, optimizing flows of energy, material, and information. Next, we describe ethnohistorical and ethnoarchaeological studies of hunter-gatherers that link observations of the structure of modern hunter-gatherer societies to the archaeological record. Lastly, we examine case studies of Paleoindian hunter-gatherers from late Pleistocene North America. These studies focus on macro-scale cultural transmission in the deep past to show how network theory plays a fundamental role in understanding how low-density, sparsely populated groups adapted to the novel environmental conditions of the New World. We suggest that future research in hunter-gatherer studies should focus on the diversity of network structures across societies, especially in sedentary hunter-gatherer societies, and with the introduction of agricultural economies.
Inference from Archaeological Similarity Networks
Authors: Östborn Per , Gerding Henrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now common to use similarity networks to analyze archaeological data. In such networks the nodes may correspond to archaeological contexts, and similar contexts are then connected by edges. Similarity is treated as a proxy for social or causal relationships. Often, similarity is defined by the presence of the same kind of find in two contexts. However, to detect relationships more effectively, we have to allow any kind of similarity relation as a criterion for connection, in which several different kinds of attributes that characterize the contexts may be combined. The flexibility of such general similarity networks allows for exploratory analyses in which the criterion for connection is varied. It is argued that structural properties of similarity networks that are robust to such variation, and only such properties, may be interpreted as properties of the underlying social or causal network. However, to allow such inferences, these structural properties should be statistically significant. To test for such significance, random permutation tests suited to archaeological similarity networks are introduced. The methods are exemplified by a case study of the diffusion of fired bricks in Hellenistic Europe. Analysis of general similarity networks is compared to other kinds of quantitative data analysis, such as correspondence analysis. It is argued that their relative merits depend on the data at hand, and on the questions posed to the material.
Introduction
Authors: Peeples Matthew A. , Munson Jessica , Mills Barbara J. , Brughmans Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Networks have become increasingly popular in archaeology in recent years and have been used to address a wide variety of archaeological questions. In this introductory chapter, we provide a brief history of network approaches in archaeological research as well as in the broader social sciences. We then present a discussion of some of the features of archaeological data and archaeological networks that are distinct from many other areas where network methods and models have been applied. We argue that the special features of archaeological networks present some challenges but also considerable opportunity for archaeologists to contribute to the broader sphere of network theory and methods. Finally, we conclude with a description of the structure of the Handbook and our reasoning in creating this structure.
Geochemical Networks
Authors: Golitko Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Provenance studies of archaeological materials and formal structural modeling of prehistoric exchange developed hand-in-hand during the 1960s and 70s. While network methods were first applied to archaeometric data during the 1970s, it was only when networks gained in archaeological popularity during the 2000s that the increasing amount of geochemical data available to archaeology was again analyzed using methods and concepts drawn from network science. Most such studies directly infer the structure of prehistoric exchange from the presence of shared material compositional types at archaeological sites. Validation of models produced from theoretical expectations has been rarer, yet represents a promising avenue of further linking geochemical data to higher-level theory. Alternatively, improvements in archaeometric methods may help in understanding how to interpret edges in archaeological networks produced by other means.
The Countries of the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Milanović Marko , Papić Tatjana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up one of the themes of the handbook—diversity within Europe—to describe and discuss the international legal tradition in (some of) the countries of the former Yugoslavia. There are many possible approaches to studying any legal tradition. Bearing in mind the theme of the diversity within Europe and purposes of this handbook, the one the authors have decided to take here is first to give a brief socio-legal overview of the development of the international legal profession in the former Yugoslavia. Then the authors engage in a comparative study of the textbooks used at prominent universities in the post-Yugoslav States, in a kind of sociology of international law in the former Yugoslavia. The chapter’s main goal is to expose the underlying values and ideologies promoted by the authors of these textbooks, which are indicative of the understanding and the effect of international law in this part of the world.
A Community of Mavericks
Authors: Tenenbaum Elie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern counter-insurgency has usually been studied from a single case-study perspective (for instance, Malaya, Algeria, or Cuba) or with a focus on particular national styles and experiences (among which the so-called ‘British way’ of counter-insurgency is perhaps best known). However, recent comparative history scholarship has highlighted important similarities among Western democracies’ handling of insurgent challenges from the early Cold War era of decolonization to the most recent so-called Global War on Terror. This paper attempts to offer some insights into how these similarities might be approached from a transnational perspective. Focusing on the three main Western powers involved in counter-insurgency (Great Britain, France, and the United States), it draws connecting lines between their respective experiences, stressing the importance of the sharing of lessons learned, liaison exchanges, organizational learning, and even doctrinal standardization processes, both at bilateral and multilateral levels. While one should not overestimate the practical influence of such knowledge circulation, one also has to take it into account to achieve a more global history of late-colonial conflict and state-building.
The Afrikaner Rebellion 1914–1915
Authors: Fedorowich Kent , van der Waag Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Afrikaner rebellion of 1914–1915 is an under-studied but significant event in South Africa’s troubled history. At its core was the struggle for the leadership and direction of an increasingly polarized Afrikaner community, elements of which were becoming gradually more impoverished and politically marginalized as the young dominion developed into a highly urbanized and modern industrial society. For those bywoners or ‘poor whites’ who were being economically sidelined, the beginnings of discontent originated in the politics of rural Afrikaner poverty that had been gripping specific regions of the country since the turn of the twentieth century. This essay explores the ‘geography of dissent’ and the multifaceted reasons surrounding the outbreak of the rebellion. It also investigates how a new generation of progressive Afrikaner leaders, epitomized by Louis Botha and Jan Smuts, sought to conciliate those of their brethren who rose up in 1914 to preserve the old patriarchal order. In the end, although the government’s counter-insurgency operations were overwhelmingly successful, it was the political settlement that followed which would define a new national identity.
Comparative effectiveness of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and Janus kinase inhibitor monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Onishi Akira , Yamada Hirotaka , Yamamoto Wataru , Watanabe Ryu , Hara Ryota , Katayama Masaki , Okita Yasutaka , Maeda Yuichi , Amuro Hideki , Son Yonsu , Yoshikawa Ayaka , Hata Kenichiro , Hashimoto Motomu , Saegusa Jun , Morinobu Akio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness and drug tolerability of biological DMARD (bDMARD) and Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) monotherapy in patients with RA in a multicentre cohort study.

Methods
Patients with RA for whom bDMARD/JAKi monotherapy without conventional synthetic DMARDs has been initiated were included. Monotherapy regimens were categorized as IL-6 receptor inhibitors (IL-6Ris), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig), JAKis, or TNF inhibitors (TNFis). Multiple propensity score–based inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to reduce selection bias. Linear mixed-effect models with IPW were used to examine changes in the DAS in 28 joints using ESR (DAS28)-ESR at 24 weeks, and drug retention was compared between monotherapy groups using IPW Cox proportional hazards models.

Results
A total of 849 treatment courses were included, involving 635 patients (IL-6Ris, 218; CTLA4Ig, 183; JAKis, 92; TNFis, 356). The change in DAS28-ESR at week 24 as the primary outcome was –0.93 (95% CI: –1.20 to –0.66) lower in the IL-6Ri group than in the TNFi group, while those of the CTLA4Ig and JAKi groups were similar to that of the TNFi group [–0.20 (–0.48 to 0.08), –0.25 (–0.67 to 0.16), respectively]. IL-6Ri use was associated with significantly lower overall drug discontinuation than that for TNFi use [hazard ratio = 0.55 (0.39–0.78), P = 0.001]. Similar retention rates were identified for the CTLA4Ig and JAKi groups to that of the TNFi group.

Conclusion
In the analysis with IPW to reduce selection bias, IL-6Ri monotherapy was superior to TNFi monotherapy in terms of effectiveness and drug retention. No significant differences were identified between CTLA4Ig, JAKi and TNFi monotherapy.
Radiation exposure during CT procedures in Tanzania
Authors: Ngoye Wilson , Ndukeki Mussa , Muhogora Wilbroad , Jusabani Ahmed , Ngaile Justine , Ngoya Patrick , Sungura Richard , Ngatunga Cecilia , Hashmi Nazrina , Makungu Hilda , Onoka Erick , Amirali Mudassir , Kileo Abdallah , Makoba Atumaini , Muhulo Alex , Ngulimi Miguta , Balobegwa Vitus , Edmund Elisha , Masoud Ali , Matulanya Machibya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate optimisation status during common computed tomography (CT) procedures by determining values of volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) per examination. Patient and exposure data were collected from the CT console during various CT procedures. The results show that variations in CTDIvol and DLP values were mainly because of differences in the techniques used. The 75th percentile values were set as the third quartile of the median CTDIvol or DLP values for all hospitals. These values of 40.9, 9.0, 9.4 and 16.2 mGy for CTDIvol were determined for head, high-resolution chest, abdomen–pelvis and lumbar spine, respectively. The corresponding DLP values for the same sequence of CT procedures were 900, 360, 487 and 721 mGy.cm, respectively. The updated results provide a basis for optimising the procedures of CT in this country.
Group membership modulates the hold-up problem: an event-related potentials and oscillations study
Authors: Hao Su , Xin Qing , Xiaomin Zhang , Jiali Pan , Xiaoqin Wang , Rong Yu , Cenlin Zhang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates the neural mechanism that underlies the effect of group identity on hold-up problems. The behavioral results indicated that the investment rate among members of the in-group was significantly higher than that of the out-group. In comparison to the NoChat treatment, the Chat treatment resulted in significantly lower offers for both in-group and out-group members. The event-related potentials (ERP) results demonstrated the presence of a distinct N2 component in the frontal midline of the brain when investment decisions were made for both in-group and out-group members. During the offer decision-making stage, the P3 peak amplitude was significantly larger when interacting with in-group members compared to the out-group members. The event-related potentials oscillations (ERO) results indicated that when investment decisions were made for in-group members in the NoChat treatment, the beta band (18–28 Hz, 250–350 ms) power was more pronounced than when decisions were made for out-group members. In the NoChat treatment, offer decisions for in-group members yielded a more pronounced difference in beta band (15–20 Hz, 200–300 ms) power when compared to out-group members. Evidence from this study suggests that group identity can reduce the hold-up problem and corroborates the neural basis of group identity.
Efficacy of Serratus Anterior Plane Block vs Paravertebral and Intercostal Blocks for Pain Control after Surgery
Authors: Qian Ping , Zheng Xiaoyu , Wei Huaying , Ji Kemin 
Published: November 2023

Objective:
Our study aims at comparing the analgesic efficacy of serratus anterior plane block (SAB) with the paravertebral block (PVB) and intercostal block (ICB) for patients undergoing surgical procedures.

Material and methods:
An extensive literature search was performed on the databases of ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase from inception to 24th October 2021. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SAB with either PVB or ICB and reporting pain outcomes were included.

Results:
16 RCTs were included. 13 compared SAB with PVB and 3 with ICB. Comparing SAB with PVB, we noted no difference in 24-hour morphine consumption between the groups (MD: 1.37, 95% CI: -0.33, 3.08 I2=96%, P=0.11). However, the exclusion of one study indicated significantly increased analgesic consumption with the SAB. No difference was found in pain scores between SAB and PVB at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours. Meta-analysis failed to demonstrate any statistically significant difference in time to first analgesic request (TFAR) between the two groups (MD: -0.79, 95% CI: -0.17, 1.75 I2=94%, P=0.11). We also noted no statistically significant difference in the incidence of nausea/vomiting with SAB or PVB (OR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.41, 1.51 I2=0%, P=0.47).

Conclusions:
Evidence on the analgesic efficacy of the SAB vs. the PVB is conflicting. 24-hour total analgesic consumption (TAC) may be higher with the SAB as compared to PVB but with no difference in pain scores and TFAR. Data on the comparison of the SAB with the ICB is scarce to draw strong conclusions.
Efficacy and Safety of Erector Spinae Plane Block versus Thoracolumbar Interfascial Plane Block in Patients Undergoing Spine Surgery
Authors: Peng Qing , Meng Bo , Yang Sheng , Ban Zhenghu , Zhang Yu , Hu Man , Zhao Wenjie , Wu Haisheng , Tao Yuping , Zhang Liang 
Published: November 2023

Objectives:
As two novel peripheral nerve blocks, the erector spinae plane block (ESPB) and thoracolumbar interfascial plane (TLIP) block can relieve postoperative pain in spinal surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of ESPB versus TLIP block in patients undergoing spine surgery.

Methods:
An extensive search of English online databases, including PubMed, Web of Sciences, Embase, Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Chinese online databases like Wanfang Data, CNKI and CQVIP until March 31, 2023, with no language restrictions was performed. This systematic review and meta-analysis are based on the PRISMA statement and has been registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) with registered ID: CRD42023420987.

Results:
Five studies involving 457 patients were eligible for this study. Compared with TLIP block, ESPB had lower postoperative opioid consumption at postoperative 48 hours (SMD=−1.31, 95% CI=−2.54 to −0.08, P=0.04, I2=80%) and postoperative pain score at postoperative 24 hours (SMD=−0.72, 95% CI=−1.43 to −0.02, P=0.04, I2=95%) in patients undergoing spine surgery. Complications associated with ESPB and TLIP block were not reported in the included studies.

Discussion:
ESPB and TLIP block are two novel and effective block methods. Patients receiving ESPB had lower postoperative opioid consumption and postoperative pain score compared with patients receiving TLIP block, there was no significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative opioid consumption, adverse events and rescue analgesia.
Rosacea: Clinical Aspects and Treatments
Authors: Geng Ryan , Bourkas Adrienn N. , Sibbald R. Gary 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a diverse set of nonspecific clinical signs including erythema, flushing, papules and pustules, skin thickening (especially enlarged nose) and thread-like vessels in the central facial region, and potential ocular involvement. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and treatment of rosacea. Other related topics discussed include the psychosocial impact and differential diagnoses.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To review the clinical presentation and treatment of rosacea.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Distinguish the clinical manifestations of rosacea subtypes.
2. Identify pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options for patients who have rosacea.
In Their Own Voices; Living with Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Durgu Nihan , Ozan Erol , Gencoglan Gulsum 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To provide a deeper assessment of the lived experience of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent abscess, sinuses, and scars.

METHODS
This study used a phenomenologic approach. Researchers recruited 10 participants via purposive sampling. Data were collected via semistructured, in-depth, face-to-face interviews, and interpretative phenomenologic analysis was performed.

RESULTS
Data analysis uncovered two primary themes among participants’ interview responses: “unending symptoms” and “life becoming hard.”

CONCLUSIONS
The symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa negatively affect individuals’ family, professional, and daily lives, and patients may benefit from psychiatric intervention.
SBRT vs. Y90
Authors: deBettencourt Mark F. , Liu Yirong , Cotler Scott J. , Molvar Chris A. , Abdelrahman Tamer , Thomas Tarita O. 
Published: November 2023

Objectives:
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) and Yttrium-90 (Y90) are among the ablative therapies used as treatment options for localized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To date, direct comparisons of the 2 modalities’ outcomes and costs are lacking. This study aimed to analyze demographic, treatment, and cost information for patients with HCC treated with SBRT and Y90.

Methods:
Patients with HCC treated with SBRT or Y90 radioembolization between January 2018 and January 2020 at one institution were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic and treatment data were compared utilizing χ2 tests. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests were applied to compare overall survival and progression-free survival in different treatment groups. Cox proportional hazard models were applied to analyze the unadjusted and adjusted survival differences. Ten SBRT and 10 Y90 patients were randomly selected for Medicare cost analysis.

Results:
Sixty-three patients received Y90, and 21 received SBRT. On univariable and multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference in overall survival or progression-free survival between the Y90 and SBRT cohorts. SBRT patients had higher American Joint Committee on Cancer staging (P=0.039), greater tumor size (4.07 vs. 2.96 cm, P=0.013), and greater rates of prior liver-directed therapy (71.4% SBRT vs. 12.7% Y90, P<0.001). The average cost for SBRT was $15,148, and Y90 was $41,360.

Conclusions:
SBRT and Y90 are effective therapies in the treatment of HCC, specifically having similar overall survival and progression-free survival. Y90 was found to have a significantly higher cost than SBRT. This study demonstrates the need for prospective studies to assess these modalities in treating HCC.
Glandular Schwannoma With Apocrine Decapitation Secretion: A True Divergent Differentiation or Entrapped Normal Tissue?
Authors: Mansour Boulos , Rossi Silvia Maria , Kazakov Dmitry V. , Donati Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract:
We report an unusual case of schwannoma with glandular elements that demonstrated apocrine decapitation secretion. The glandular structures were embedded within the tumor, varied in shape and size, and were lined by a double-to-multilayered epithelium, with the inner layer composed of monomorphous cuboidal to columnar cells, focally with apocrine decapitation secretion, and the outer layer representing myoepithelial cells. A normal eccrine unit was observed near the lesion. Immunohistochemical studies showed that all luminal cells of the glandular structures stained positive for CK7, whereas myoepithelial cells expressed S100 and p63, and epithelial membrane antigen highlighted the luminal border. CK20 and neuroendocrine markers were negative in the glandular elements.
Our findings suggest that the origin of the glandular elements in our case was represented by entrapped glands. Two theories may explain the epithelial hyperplasia observed in the present case as follows: the obstructive effect theory and the inductive ability of a mesenchymal proliferation to produce epidermal or adnexal changes. We suggest that, in a subset of cases, the origin of the glandular elements might represent entrapped glands, wherein their histomorphology/cytomorphology recapitulates the elements comprising the normal adjacent tissue. Further research is necessary to elucidate the histogenesis of glandular schwannoma.