bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigment granule formation in slate, a coat color mutant in the mouse
Authors: Pierro Louis J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSlate (slt) is an autosomal recessive mutation which affects the pigment granule attributes, size, shape and number, in the cortex and medulla of the hair, in the epithelial melanocytes of the eye, and in the neural crest‐derived melanocytes of the uveal tract and Harderian gland. Pigment granules are reduced in number in all of the pigmented sites, they are unusually large, and they are quite irregular in shape. In addition, there is a tendency of slt granules to clump together in the medulla of the hair.Studies of pigment granule genesis in the epithelial, uveal and Harderian gland melanocytes indicate that the reduced number of granules found in the presence of slt is due both to the synthesis of fewer melanin granules, and to the fusion of individual granules into progressively larger pigmented bodies. Granule size thus increases at the expense of granule number. Since granule shape becomes more irregular as granule size increases, it appears that the effects of slt on pigment granule size, numberand shape are inter‐related.
Gross effects on rabbit embryos and membranes of X‐irradiation in the blastocyst stage
Authors: Inman Ottilie R. , Markivee C. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRabbit blastocysts in right uterine horns of 20 does were x‐irradiated with 150 r or 200 r at 3.5 days of gestation, and compared with untreated litter‐mates at 9.5 days. Irradiation increased pre‐implantation mortality and significantly reduced average embryonic size. Mortality was 11.1% elevated in each group, but stunting increased with increased irradiation. At 150 r and 200 r respectively, 46.1% and 69.2% of irradiated embryos were smaller than the smallest litter‐mate control. Large litter size caused almost 45% of the stunting in the 150 r group, but did not affect the 200 r group. In each group were some irradiated embryos of normal size, many stunted embryos, and a few grossly malformed and retarded. Moderate degrees of size reduction occurred less frequently among controls. In stunted embryos, experimental or control, the allantois usually failed to make uterine contact. Living irradiated embryos examined in utero frequently had areas of the yolk sac in which no blood could be seen. In both extra‐embryonic and intra‐embryonic vessels, their blood was distinctly paler than that of controls. Damage to hematopoietic tissue is probably a frequent result of prenatal irradiation. Stunting and allantoic retardation, which may contribute to the rabbit's normally high prenatal mortality, are increased by x‐ irradiation.
Relation between microanatomy and functional properties of the coronary arteries (Dog)
Authors: Boucek Robert J. , Takashita Ruth , Fojaco Rita 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe different anatomic properties of the three major coronary arteries of the dog were revealed by reconstruction of serial histologic sections. It was found that while the right and circumflex arteries consist of sequential segments of muscles arising and inserting into the adventitia, the anterior descending has a distinctly different muscle pattern. In the right coronary artery, six muscle bundles occur in short segments (0.6 mm in length), while only four arranged in longer segments (1.6 mm) characterize the circumflex artery. Two of the four muscle bundles in the anterior descending follow a spiral course down the entire length of the artery, while the other two execute a short spiral with a staggered origin from collagen septa 0.6 mm apart. Of the two types of branching from the major arteries one has no muscle connection, while the other has muscle continuity with the major artery. Innervation of the major arteries occurs at the muscle origin and insertion sites. Nerves penetrate to the intima of the right, circumflex and the structurally independent branches, suggesting interesting reflex control for vasomotion. Movements of the coronary arteries as followed by cineangiographic techniques are apparently determined by the gross movements of the heart, the neuromuscular features of the arteries, and the location of the branches.
Erythrocyte diameter in tragulus javanicus, the chevrotain or mouse deer
Authors: Duke Kenneth L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractErythrocytes in fixed organs of Tragulus javanicus, the mouse deer or chevrotain, were measured and found to average 1.5 m̈ in diameter. This confirms Gulliver's observations, made over a century ago, of the minuteness of these cells. It appears, from the literature, that Tragulus was considered to be a musk deer by Gulliver and others in his day. This probably accounts for the listing by most text‐books, even recent ones, of the musk deer as having the smallest mammalian erythrocyte. How the musk ox got into the picture is somewhat of a mystery. It is the mouse deer (Tragulus) that has the smallest erythrocyte, not the musk deer (Moschus) and most certainly not the musk ox (Ovibos).
Quantitative studies of areal boundaries in myelin preparations of the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Vota Uja 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWith the aid of a simple photometer, myelin preparations (Weigert‐Pal 50 m̈ thick) of six different regions of the human cerebral cortex were scanned. For each region a plot of optical density as a function of the distance from the surface of the cortex was obtained along a number of neighboring vertical lines. The validity of the concept of sharp areal boundaries was questioned on the basis of these data, and it was found that the cortical architectonics must be interpreted much less strictly than heretofore, and it should be realized that sharp boundaries between some areas do not exclude continuous gradations between others.
The locking mechanism of the hip joint
Authors: Roberts W. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study is based upon observations made upon the hip joints of 12 embalmed cadavers. Windows were made into the joints and the effects of extension and flexion of the femur, produced both actively and passively, were noted. Particular attention was paid to associated movements. Use was made of x‐rays as well as direct observation.It was determined that, as the femur extends it abducts and medially rotates; a terminal medial rotation takes up the last of the slack in the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments. The locked position therefore is brought about by these three movements. There is no evidence of any medial displacement or translation of the femoral head on extension, as is commonly stated to occur. The passively extended femur also abducts and tends to rotate medially whereas the flexed femur laterally rotates and falls into a position about midway between abduction and adduction. The same general effects are reproducibile in the skeleton articulated in such a way as to leave hip motion practically unhindered. This would indicate that the ligaments play a passive role, restricting motion within physiological limits. The shape of the acetabulum and the direction toward which it faces, together with the topography of the articular surface of the head of the femur, are no doubt responsible for the associated movements.
Dissection of the human brain as a method for its fractionation by weight
Authors: Jenkins Thomas W. , Truex Raymond C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwenty human brains were weighed as fresh specimens and for varying periods of time following fixation in 10% formol. Meninges and blood vessels were removed, the brain stem was trimmed uniformly and a final total cleaned brain weight was thereby obtained. Ten brains (group I) were specially dissected to determine the respective weights of eight brain subdivisions. Ten fixed brains (group II) were boiled for 20 minutes, then refixed in formol for 30 days. Group II specimens were then dissected into the same eight subdivisions.The use of standardized procedures and meticulous dissection yielded surprisingly uniform fractionation of the specimens in both groups I and II. This study indicates that precise gross dissection can be used as an accurate method of subdividing the human brain by weight.
The effect of trypan blue on the serum proteins of the fetal rat
Authors: Beaudoin Allan R. , Kahkonen Dorothy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with a teratogenic dose of trypan blue (14 mg/100 g or 20 mg/100 g body weight) on the eighth day of gestation. Fetal blood was collected from control and experimental fetuses on the twentieth day of pregnancy. Serum was obtained from pooled blood samples of two to three fetuses. Paper electrophoresis was carried out in a Spinco model R system using barbital buffer at pH 8.6. The paper strips were subsequently stained with bromphenol blue and their density measured in a Spinco Analytrol to determine the relative concentration of each component. Total protein was measured in a Bausch and Lomb Serum Protein Meter. The predominant malformations seen in abnormal fetuses were apparent anophthalmia, 59%; hydrocephalus, 37%; and exencephaly, 19%. Other malformations were noted but with less frequency. Twenty‐day fetuses from trypan blue treated mothers had a significantly lower total protein concentration (1.50 g/100 ml) than control fetuses (1.95 g/100 ml). A comparison of the absolute protein concentration of the serum fractions revealed significant differences between control and experimental fetuses in beta globulin, alpha‐1 globulin, and albumin. In each instance the absolute concentration was less in the fraction from fetuses of trypan blue treated mothers. Fetal gamma, alpha‐2, and alpha‐3 globulins were not affected by the maternal treatment.
Abnormalities of pulmonary and other vessels in rat fetuses from maternal pteroylglutamic acid deficiency
Authors: Monie I. W. , Nelson M. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaternal pteroylglutamic acid (PGA or folic acid) deficiency from the ninth to eleventh days of gestation produced in rat fetuses a variety of congenital abnormalities of the pulmonary and other vessels. These included single pulmonary artery, absence of the ductus arteriosus, single coronary artery, stenosis of the pulmonary trunk, persistent truncus arterious, and termination of the pulmonary veins in the right atrium or left anterior vena cava. Study of young PGA‐deficient embryos showed a number of these anomalies in the course of development. Many of the abnormalities encountered resembled those occurring in man.
A study of valves in the arteries of the rodent brain
Authors: Shanklin William M. , Azzam Nabil A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study is based on the cerebral arteries of 15 rats, 4 white mice, 2 Syrian hamsters and 3 guinea pigs. Elevated areas of tissue formed by the intima were stained metachromatically by cresyl violet in the rat, mouse and Syrian hamster, however none were found in the guinea pig. All areas of metachromasia were associated with a branching of the artery. These protuberances varied from rudimentary to typical valves. These protuberances in the mouse and hamster in general were more rudimentary than in the rat. In the rat there were from 40 to 79 areas of metachromasia. These arteries had a well developed internal elastic membrane separating the base of the valve from the pars media.
Ultraviolet microbeam irradiation of vesicle‐like bodies in agranular interphase cells cultured from Triturus viridescens
Authors: Amenta Peter S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn flattened cells cultured from the heart of Triturus viridescens, cytoplasmic vesicles possessing a decreased refractive index were observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. The vesicles displayed a bubbling phenomenon when viewed by dark medium phase contrast microscopy and recorded by time lapse photography. Usual fat stains failed to reveal the vesicles in fixed preparations. DaFano's and Aoyama's methods employing silver imparted a brown‐yellow color to the vesicles, but because the cell nucleus also stained the same color, no identification could be advanced.Heterochromatic microbeams of ultraviolet light focused into the vesicular complex caused swelling and fusion of the vesicles, followed by regression in size until they could no longer be seen. Cytoplasmic irradiation adjacent to and at relatively great distances from the vesicles failed to evoke this reaction from the vesicles. An interesting side effect was recorded in the nucleus: a diminished granularity of the chromatin. This effect was likened to previously recorded cytoplasmic irradiation effects; that of nuclear pyknosis in eosinophils, and spindle destruction in early mitotic cells. Irradiation of fat droplets caused none of these effects. Further studies are aimed at defining the nature of these vesicles, with emphasis on the vesicles being pinocytotic vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi vesicles.
The mesonephric‐testicular connection in man and some mammals
Authors: Marin‐Padilla Miguel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the testes of man and some other mammals a structure is formed during reproductive age, designated a “receptacle”. This structure which is not present during infancy represents the first communication of the seminiferous tubules to an extragonadal organ the rete “organ,” the receptacles received the mature spermatozoa which later are transported to the mesonephric excretory duct through the rete tubules. The receptacles are the distal end of the rete tubules and are considered as coelomic funnels.The epithelium of the receptacles, the tubuli recti and rete tubules is identical in infantile and mature testes and of a different type than the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.The receptacle consists of a distal dilatation of the tubuli recti in which the seminiferous tubule invaginates following the ruptures of their walls. Identical receptacles are present in man, horse (Equus caballus), armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus), white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felix domesticus), hamster (mesocricetus auratus) and woodhuck (Marmota monax). In the mule (sterile offspring of a mare and a jackass) the receptacles lack communications.The presence of mature spermatozoa is believed to be the proper stimulus for the formation of the receptacles which established the communications between the seminiferous tubules and the rete tubules.The receptacles, tubuli recti and rete testis are part of an organ which accomplished the connection of the gonad to its mesonephric excretory system.
“Ex Vacuo” growth of adipose tissue in rats and mice
Authors: Hausberger Franz X. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe excessive growth of fatty tissue around atrophic organs has been described in humans as “hypertrophy ex vacuo”. Since adipose tissue receives its blood supply from smaller branches of arteries which also supply organs or muscles, it has been suggested that increased amounts of blood could be diverted from the inactive organs to the surrounding fatty tissue and promote its growth. This theory was investigated, using rats and mice of different strains. One testis, the artery of which also supplies the epididymal fat pad, was removed, and the animals sacrificed 3‐4 weeks later. Growth of the affected fat pad in both rats and mice of normal body composition was significantly reduced. Removal of the testis in adult yellow‐obese mice during periods of weight gain produced a moderate but significant weight increase of the affected fat body.
Polynuclear ova and polyovular follicles in the ovaries of young guinea pigs
Authors: Collins D. C. , Kent H. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNOrmal and atypical follicular structures were classified and counted in the ovaries of guinea pigs 3 to 11 weeks of age. The per cent of primary and secondary follicles remain almost constant throughout the period of observation. Corpora lutea appeared at the fifth week and reached what appeared to be the mature level by the sixth week. The per cent of follicles having polynuclear ova reached an early peak at four weeks and decreased sharply at five weeks postpartum. The per cent of polyovular follicles increased to a low peak at nine weeks and decreased in frequency thereafter. The frequencies of atretic follicles with polynuclear ova and of quency thereafter. The frequencies of atretic follicles with polynuclear ova and of atretic polyovular follicles were significantly higher than that of atretic normal follicles. The results of this study were compared to simular observations on the Swiss mouse, Golden Hamster and Sprague‐Dawley rat. The data were discussed in relation to gonadotripic hormone levels.
Weights and linear measurements of the body and organs of the tiger salamander, before and after metamorphosis, compared with the adult
Authors: Latimer Homer B. , Roofe Paul Gibbons 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBody weight and length, weights of 14 organs and 15 linear measurements are presented from 97 Amblystoma tigrinum melanosticum before metamorphosis and 57 specimens after metamorphosis. These data are compared with similar measurements (previously published) on adult salamanders.Body weight and weights of the digestive tube and its subdivisions, liver, pancreas, spleen, eyeballs and brain are heavier in the larvae. The body weight decreases more than many of the organs and hence the percentage weights of the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gonads, eyeballs and brain are larger, relatively, in the post‐metamorphosis salamanders.Since body length is not significantly changed, the percentage lengths are much the same. Length of the digestive tube and its parts, jaw width and the width of the body at pectoral, belly and pelvic regions are all longer in the larvae. The limbs are the only percentage lengths greater in the post‐metamorphosis salamanders.All of the weights and all of the linear measurements are significantly correlated with body weight or length, respectively.Four organs show increases in percentage weights at all three periods: gonads, lungs, liver and spleen. Two others have an increase in post‐metamorphosis: heart and kidneys. The digestive tube and its parts and the pancreas have a relative decrease at the end of metamorphosis. The eyeballs are relatively largest in the post‐metamorphosis, and smallest in the adults.
Evocation of regrowth phenomena in anuran limbs by electrical stimulation of the nerve supply
Authors: Bodemer Charles W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExperiments reveal that growth reactions may be evoked in amputated forelimbs of fully adult Rana pipiens and R. catesbiana by electrical stimulation of the normal limb nerve supply. The evoked growths were generally small cones, 5–10 mm in length; none developed into limbs of normal size and morphology, but some formed digits and cartilage and developed striated muscle. The combined influences of trauma, effected by salt treatment, and electrical stimulation of the nerve produced more growths than trauma or stimulation alone.
A histochemical and histophysical survey of the effects of different fixatives on the thyroid gland of rats
Authors: Bélanger Leonard F. , Bois Pierre 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFixation of the thyroid gland with formaldehyde‐ethanol‐acetic acid retains a larger proportion of colloid constituents than aqueous formaldehyde.Comparative histochemistry has revealed a larger proportion of protein, arginine, cabohydrates and iodinated material.The heterogeneous staining pattern was not observed after aqueous formaldehyde fixation.The intracellular globules and the early iodinated fraction of the colloid were similarly stained.Intracellular globules were not observed in aqueous formaldehyde‐fixed tissues.Only the more slowly labeled fraction of the colloid (large follicles), was stained by toluidine blue and also by bromphenol blue without mercury, indicative of basic proteins.
The time of origin of the parabiotic anastomosis
Authors: Sodicoff Marvin , Binhammer Robert T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe course of development of parabiotic anastomosis was followed with respect to time in Holtzman (Sprague‐Dawley) parabionts. Comparison of non‐irradiated pairs was made to pairs in which one of the partners had received 800 r. The development of the anastomosis was studied by determining the per cent transfer of CR51 labeled erythrocytes (which represented a cellular element) and radio‐iodinated serum albumin (which represented a molecular element) from one partner to the other. Erythrocytes were found in the non‐injected animal in small numbers at 22 hours after pairing; at 47 hours the rate of transfer became much more rapid. RISA was detected in the non‐injected partner as early as five hours after pairing and accumulated steadily thereafter. Irradiation had no effect on the course of development of the parabiotic anastomosis as evidenced by similarity of accumulation rates of Cr51 labeled erythrocytes and RISA when compared to the non‐irradiated pairs.
A new sealing compound for museum jars
Authors: Joram Philip R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA plastic sealing compound for museum jars is described. It has the consistancy of toothpaste and is applied in a similar manner directly to the museum jar from a tube. No catalyst or mixing is required. Moisture in the air cures the plastic in 12–24 hours. After the extruded “rope” is applied, the lid is placed on the jar and the jar set aside for the cure. After cure any excess can be trimmed with a scalpel.
An improved method for evaluating osteogenesis in vitro
Authors: Shaw Joseph L. , Bassett C. Andrew L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA simple, rapid method is presented which permits qualitative evaluation of osteogenesis in tissue culture. Eleven‐day embryonic chick tibiae, with distal and proximal condyles removed, were grown in organ culture for two weeks. Explants demonstrated subperiosteal osteogenesis, bridging of fracture defects, and formation of bone, de novo, over the cut cartilaginous end surfaces of explants.The method presented herein has several advantages over those previously described and may be adopted for an in vitro assay of materials to determine direct effects on osteogenesis. Large quantities of explants can be prepared easily and cultured to yield consistantly abundant quantities of osteoid. Bone which is formed over ends of anlage is particularly significant by virtue of its position. New bone formed elsewhere in explants, with the possible exception of the fracture sites, however, is difficult to distinguish from bone present before onset of cultivation. Further more, osteogenesis which occurs over the cut cartilaginous ends after a week of culture, probably results from favorable environmental conditions in vitro and not from cellular activity “preprogrammed” in ovo.In addition to osteogenesis, alteration of cartilage cells and matrix were observed in this system. Chondrocytes in the cut ends of the anlagen became spheroidal and resembled osteoblasts. Bone formation, however, was not observed about these cells. In and about lacunae of degenerating chondrocytes at the ends of the anlagen, collagen fibers appeared.
Malformations induced in the mouse by thalidomide
Authors: Dipaolo Joseph A. , Gatzek Helmut , Pickren John 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPregnant mice of Swiss ICR/Ha and the A/St and the C3H/He inbred strains were given thalidomide by oral intubation for four or five days beginning six or seven days postconception. Congenital anomalies including skeletal malformations were induced with doses of 31 to 250 mg of thalidomide per kg of body weight. Skeletal malformations of the long bones, head and trunk were seen in radiographs; soft tissue malformations were limited to structural malformations of the brain, seen in histological preparations.Because of the relatively small number of Swiss and C3H mice used, no attempt was made to discern the severity or pattern of malformations presented by each strain.