bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism and chemical composition of mesopelagic ostracods in the western North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Kaeriyama Hideki , Ikeda Tsutomu 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Oxygen consumption rates and bodily elemental composition (carbon (C) and nitrogen (N)) were determined on three dominant ostracods (Discoconchoecia pseudodiscophora, Orthoconchoecia haddoni, and Metaconchoecia skogsbergi) from the mesopelagic zone of the Oyashio region. Specific oxygen consumption rates of the three species at near in situ temperature (3°C) were similar (0.39 μl O2 mg DW−1 h−1), but bodily C composition and C:N ratios of D. pseudodiscophora were significantly higher than those of the other two species. Metabolic comparison in terms of “daily body C loss” or “adjusted metabolic rate” revealed that metabolic rates of the ostracods are 0.3–0.4 times those of other zooplankton at comparable temperature conditions. The present results were combined with standing stock data of each ostracod in the Oyashio region to estimate their POC ingestion. Our calculation indicates annual ingestion by the ostracods to be 875 mgC m−2 yr−1, which equates to 3.7% of annual POC flux reaching 200–600-m depth (mid-point: 400-m depth) in this region.
Comparison of biomass and size spectra derived from optical plankton counter data and net samples: application to the assessment of mesoplankton distribution along the Northwest and North Iberian Shelf
Authors: Nogueira Enrique , González-Nuevo Gonzalo , Bode Antonio , Varela Manuel , Morán Xosé Anxelu G , Valdés Luis 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Data from vertical net hauls and from a submersible optical plankton counter (OPC) were compared in terms of biomass and slope of the normalized biomass–size spectra (NB–SS), a proxy for the size structure of the community. The relationship between the estimates of biomass in the overlapping range sampled by both methods (0.2–2 mm equivalent spherical diameter (ESD)) was linear and not significantly different to 1 (BOPC:BNET=1.1±0.1, r2=0.84). However, the relationship varied depending on the size fraction considered; the ratio BOPC:BNET was 0.10±0.04 (r2=0.30), 0.8±0.2 (r2=0.66), and 2.4±0.5 (r2=0.64) for the size fractions 0.2–0.5, 0.5–1, and 1–2 mm ESD, respectively. The discrepancies between methods were presumably due to the combined effect of the limitations of the instrument in the lower detection limit and the errors in the volume of water sampled by the net for the smallest size fraction, and to net avoidance enhanced by clogging for the largest size fraction. The agreement between methods improved when the NB–SS of the different data sets were compared. The slope (b=−1.1) and the intercept (a=14.6) of the NB–SS integrated across stations were not significantly different (Student's t-test) for the linear model fitted to net samples, OPC data, or pooled data from both methods. Station by station, the slopes of the NB–SS from the net (bNET) and the OPC (bOPC) were not significantly different in 61% of the stations. This percentage increased to 78% when the comparison was limited to the mesoplankton size range. As an example of the applicability of the OPC, we showed the distribution of mesoplankton biomass and size structure along the NW and N Iberian Shelf during the winter–spring transition of 2002 and its relationship with the hydrographic scenario.
Life-history strategies of calanoid congeners under two different climate regimes: a comparison
Authors: Halsband-Lenk Claudia , Carlotti François , Greve Wulf 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between different environmental temperature regimes and life-history traits of key planktonic taxa, the life cycles of congener pairs of Temora and Centropages species at two sites, a cold-temperate shelf sea (Helgoland Island, North Sea) and a warm-temperate oceanic site (Bay of Villefranche, Mediterranean) were compared in a multi-annual time-series. In an attempt to assemble a variety of parameters – some detailed, others sporadically measured – a synthesis of the life cycle is presented for each population. Although closely related, congeners showed distinct temperature preferences and specific adaptations of their life cycles to temperature regime. On the other hand, co-existing species such as T. longicornis and C. hamatus in the North Sea showed some analogous life-history traits. C. typicus occupied an intermediate position and was able to tolerate both temperature regimes by shifting its reproductive period between seasons. We point out interannual and inter-site variability in the populations investigated and identify the unsolved questions in regard to the seasonal dynamics of these species that require verification.
Carbon cycling through the pelagic foodweb in the northern Humboldt Current off Chile (23°S)
Authors: González H.E. , Giesecke R. , Vargas C.A. , Pavez M. , Iriarte J. , Santibáñez P. , Castro L. , Escribano R. , Pagès F. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The structure of the zooplankton foodweb and their dominant carbon fluxes were studied in the upwelling system off northern Chile (Mejillones Bay; 23°S) between October 2000 and December 2002. High primary production (PP) rates (1–8 gC m−2 d−1) were mostly due to the net-phytoplankton size fraction (>23 μm). High PP has been traditionally associated with the wind-driven upwelling fertilizing effect of equatorial subsurface waters, which favour development of a short food chain dominated by a few small clupeiform fish species. The objective of the present work was to study the trophic carbon flow through the first step of this “classical chain” (from phytoplankton to primary consumers such as copepods and euphausiids) and the carbon flow towards the gelatinous web composed of both filter-feeding and carnivorous zooplankton. To accomplish this objective, feeding experiments with copepods, appendicularians, ctenophores, and chaetognaths were conducted using naturally occurring plankton prey assemblages. Throughout the study, the total carbon ingestion rates showed that the dominant appendicularian species and small copepods consumed an average of 7 and 5 μgC ind−1 d−1, respectively. In addition, copepods ingested particles mainly in the size range of nano- and microplankton, whereas appendicularians ingested in the range of pico- and nanoplankton. Small copepods and appendicularians removed a small fraction of total daily PP (range 6–11%). However, when the pico- + nanoplankton fractions were the major contributors to total PP (oligotrophic conditions), grazing by small copepods increased markedly to 86% of total PP. Under these more oligotrophic conditions, the euphausiids grazing increased as well, but only reached values lower than 5% of total PP. During this study, chaetognaths and ctenophores ingested an average of 1 and 14 copepods ind−1 d−1, respectively. In terms of biomass consumed, the potential impact of carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton on the small-size copepod community (preferred prey) was important (2–12% of biomass removed daily). However, their impact produced more significant results on copepod abundance (up to 33%), which suggests that carnivorous gelatinous zooplankton may even modulate (control) the abundance of some species as well as the size structure of the copepod community.
Hydrographical characteristics and zooplankton distribution in the Mallorca channel (Western Mediterranean): spring 2001
Authors: Fernández de Puelles M. Luz , Valencia Joaquín , Jansá Javier , Morillas Ana 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The distribution of zooplankton in the upper 100 m of the Mallorca channel (Balearic Sea) was investigated during the spring of 2001 and related to the main hydrographic parameters. Synoptic satellite images were examined and 29 stations were sampled by means of oblique hauls. The sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a in the channel show the existence of a hydrological front related to the composition of phyto- and zooplankton. The main zooplankton groups revealed a horizontal distribution pattern related to the hydrographic features of the area. The highest zooplankton abundance, mainly due to copepods (78% of the total zooplankton), was found where the coolest and more saline waters were observed, i.e. in the northern part of the channel. The lowest abundance, mainly represented by siphonophores, chaetognaths, and doliolids, was in the south in the warmer and less saline waters, indicating the input of Atlantic waters into the channel. The spatial distribution of the main species and zooplankton groups was also examined in relation to the frontal system, suggesting their function as biological indicators of the upper water hydrography in the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean).
Differences in the regulation of BDNF and NGF synthesis in cultured neonatal rat astrocytes
Authors: Miklič Špela , Jurič Damijana Mojca , Čaman‐Kržan Marija 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUsing a new brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) specific enzyme‐immunoassay, we determined the basal cellular content of BDNF protein in neonatal rat astrocytes in primary culture, thus confirming the ability of astrocytes to synthesize BDNF in addition to nerve growth factor (NGF). We subsequently monitored the influence of different pharmacological agents: neurotransmitter receptor agonists, cytokines, and second messenger up‐regulators, on the synthesis of BDNF and NGF. Marked differences in the regulation of their synthesis by the above pharmacological agents were observed in our study.The basal cellular levels of BDNF protein in cultured neonatal rat cortical and cerebellar astrocytes were 15.9±0.3 and 18.7±0.4 pg BDNF/mg cell protein, respectively, and differ significantly between astrocytes from different brain regions, whereas NGF levels were the same (16.1±0.3 and 16.2±0.7 pg NGF/mg cell protein, respectively). Screening different neurotransmitter systems for their influence on BDNF and NGF synthesis in cortical astrocytes revealed that dopamine (0.15 mM) is a potent up‐regulator of BDNF protein synthesis in astrocytes, while kainic acid (50 μM) and histamine (1 μM) did not raise the cellular level of BDNF protein. Dopamine had no influence on NGF synthesis, while kainic acid caused minor, and histamine marked, elevation of NGF cellular content. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (30 ng/ml) and interleukin‐1β (10 U/ml) treatments did not influence BDNF synthesis, whereas they markedly increased NGF protein cellular level. We also confirmed (using forskolin (20 μM) and phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (TPA) (100 nM)) that adenylate cyclase and protein kinase C participate in the downstream signaling responsible for the stimulation of BDNF synthesis, whereas in the regulation of NGF synthesis only the participation of protein kinase C was confirmed.Our results indicate that astrocyte‐derived neurotrophins could play a role in distinct brain functions under physiological conditions and in the pathogenesis as well as possible treatment of different neurodegenerative disorders.
Postpartum hemorrhage in developing countries: is the public health community using the right tools?
Authors: Tsu V.D. , Langer A. , Aldrich T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives: To identify new and underutilized technologies that may assist in reducing maternal mortality due to obstetric hemorrhage. Methods: Review of published and unpublished literature, including systematic reviews of randomized trials and individual clinical studies. Results: Hemorrhage, primarily postpartum, accounts for approximately 25% of maternal deaths globally. Uterotonic drugs offer great promise for both prevention and management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Other technologies—such as anti‐shock garments, umbilical vein injection of oxytocin, and simple anemia detection methods—represent potential new opportunities to reduce PPH‐related mortality. Conclusions: Clinical and operational research is needed to answer remaining questions about misoprostol, the anti‐shock garment, and umbilical vein injection of oxytocin for retained placenta. Efforts are needed to ensure the availability of technologies with proven value, such as oxytocin in Uniject™ prefilled injection devices. Equally important, technologies and techniques with proven efficacy—such as active management of third‐stage labor and aortic compression—must be translated into general use by disseminating the evidence for them, incorporating them into national guidelines and training curricula, and ensuring the availability of supportive supplies and equipment.
Improving technologies to reduce abortion‐related morbidity and mortality
Authors: Rogo K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article reviews the technologies used to diagnose pregnancy and manage abortion in developing countries. The author discusses methods of diagnosing pregnancy—including physical examination, laboratory and home testing, and ultrasound—as well as methods for performing safe abortions. Due to manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) advances, vacuum aspiration has become safer and more feasible in low‐resource settings. The discussion of medical abortion includes the advantages and limitations of mifepristone, misoprostol‐only regimens, methotrexate, and other methods. The author stresses the importance of post‐abortion care and post‐abortion contraception and, in the conclusion, identifies six areas in which technology can reduce abortion‐related morbidity and mortality: pregnancy prevention, early diagnosis of pregnancy, accurate assessment of gestation, standardization and supply of MVA technology, and simple and affordable regimens for medical abortion.
New and underutilized technologies to reduce maternal mortality: call to action from a Bellagio workshop
Authors: Tsu V.D , Shane B 
Published: May 2004

AbstractLittle progress has been made in preventing the more than 500 000 maternal deaths that occur each year. Many new and underutilized technologies can be used to reduce these deaths. In July 2003, maternal health experts from around the world gathered in Bellagio, Italy, to develop a set of priority actions for reducing maternal mortality using proven and promising technologies. To reduce maternal mortality, immediate efforts are needed to accelerate the appropriate use of technologies and to reduce their inequitable distribution. Organizations are called on to commit the necessary human and financial resources to evaluate and document the effectiveness of promising technologies and to scale up and put proven technologies into widespread use to save women's lives.
Methodological and technical issues related to the diagnosis, screening, prevention, and treatment of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia
Authors: Villar J , Say L , Shennan A , Lindheimer M , Duley L , Conde‐Agudelo A , Merialdi M 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn contrast with advances made in treating or eliminating many other serious disorders, severe morbidity and mortality associated with pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia remain among the leading problems that threaten safe motherhood, particularly in developing countries. This article reviews technical issues related to diagnosis, screening, prevention, and treatment of pre‐eclampsia and identifies corresponding needs. The authors stress the lack of standardized definitions of pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia and discuss problems in blood‐pressure measurements and assessment of urinary protein. They summarize the evidence for prevention strategies and screening tests for early detection. For treatment, magnesium sulfate has been proven effective, but not widely used. The authors outline priorities for narrowing the identified gaps and emphasize the need for coordinated efforts to reduce the morbidity and mortality due to pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia. They conclude that the mystery of this disease must be resolved to achieve primary prevention of it.
Repair of rabbit segmental defects with the thrombin peptide, TP508
Authors: Sheller Michael R. , Crowther Roger S. , Kinney John H. , Yang Jinping , Di Jorio Sherry , Breunig Tom , Carney Darrell H. , Ryaby James T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe synthetic peptide, TP508 (Chrysalin®), was delivered to rabbit segmental bone defects in biodegradable controlled‐release PLGA microspheres to determine its potential efficacy for enhancing healing of non‐critically and critically sized segmental defects. Non‐critically sized radial defects were created in the forelimbs of New Zealand White rabbits, which were randomized into three treatment groups receiving 10, 50 and 100 μg doses of TP508 in the right radius and control microspheres (without TP508) in the left radius. Torsional testing of the radii at six weeks showed a significant increase in ultimate torque, failure torque, ultimate energy, failure energy, and stiffness when treated with TP508 compared to controls (p < 0.01 for all measures). Thus, TP508 appeared to enhance or accelerate bone growth in these defects.In a second set of experiments, critically sized ulnar defects were created in the forelimbs of New Zealand White rabbits, which were randomized into two groups with each rabbit receiving microspheres with 100 or 200 μg of TP508 into the right ulnar defect and control microspheres (without TP508) alone into the left ulnar defect. Bone healing was evaluated with plain radiographs, synchrotron‐based microtomography, and mechanical testing. Radiographs of the rabbit limbs scored by three blinded, independent reviewers demonstrated a significantly higher degree of healing when treated with TP508 than their untreated control limbs (p < 0.05). Three‐dimensional synchrotron tomography of a limited number of samples showed that the new bone in TP508‐treated samples had a less porous surface appearance and open marrow spaces, suggesting progression of bone remodeling. Torsional testing of the ulnae at nine weeks showed a significant increase in maximum torque and failure energy when treated with TP508 compared to controls (p < 0.01 for both measures). These results suggest that TP508 in a controlled release delivery vehicle has the potential to enhance healing of segmental defects in both critically and non‐critically sized defects. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Production of consistent crush lesions in murine quadriceps muscle—A biomechanical, histomorphological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Bunn Jonathan R. , Canning John , Burke George , Mushipe Moses , Marsh David R. , Li Gang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPoor healing of high‐energy fractures is often associated with severe muscle damage. This may be partly due to the production, by the injured muscle, of inflammatory cytokines that somehow misdirect bone healing. In order to investigate this question, an animal model was established which embodies a controlled degree of muscle injury with a dose response to the energy absorbed, that can be characterised histologically. Using a custom crush jig, 60 CFLP mice had either 100 or 200 g masses dropped from a fixed height onto the quadriceps muscle, with mechanical measurement of the impact. Energy of impact was reliably and significantly different between the small and large impact conditions, though there was more variability when the large mass was used. Animals were sacrificed at day 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 post‐injury. Muscle histomorphometry at all time points and immunohistochemistry for IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α up to day 8 were used as measures of muscle damage, inflammation and repair. Histological sections were analysed into areas of normal muscle fibres, damaged/regenerating muscle fibres and fibrous/inflammatory infiltrate. Early histological response was similar between the two groups; the large crush group displayed significantly greater areas of inflammatory infiltrate and damaged muscle at the later time points after day 8. In the large crush group, IL‐1β and IL‐6 expression were significantly higher at day 2 and TNF‐α was higher at day 8 when compared to the small crush group.The experiment demonstrated that more severe injury to muscle was reliably followed by increased inflammatory cytokine production and a greater degree of inflammation and fibrosis. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α and IL‐1β in the damaged muscles may activate macrophages and recruit fibroblasts, promote scar formation and lead to delayed union or non‐union of the adjacent fracture(s). © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neuronal regeneration after application of radiofrequency energy to collagenous tissue is affected by limb immobilization: An in vivo animal study
Authors: Pötzl W. , Kümpers P. , Szuwart T. , Filler T. , Marquardt B. , Steinbeck J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDespite widespread use of radiofrequency (RF)‐shrinkage, there have been no studies on the influence of RF‐energy on neural elements of collagenous tissue. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of RF‐shrinkage on neural structures of capsuloligamentous tissue and the recovery of neural elements under different postoperative treatment protocols.One patellar tendon of 46 New‐Zealand‐White rabbits was shrunk. Six rabbits were sacrificed immediately postoperative. Twenty rabbits were not immobilized, 10 were immobilized for 3 and 10 were immobilized for 6 weeks. A monoclonal antibody, specific against a neurofilament protein, was used to detect nerves and neural structures.Staining pattern of nerve fibres was significantly altered immediately postoperative. After 3 weeks the number of nerve fibres and bundles decreased significantly in immobilized and non‐immobilized limbs. The loss of nerve fibres was significantly less in immobilized limbs. At 6 weeks the number of neural elements in immobilized limbs increased to the level of untreated control tissue. In non‐immobilized limbs we found no recovery of neural elements 9 weeks postoperatively. At this time the number of nerve fibres and bundles was still significantly less compared to the untreated control limbs.RF‐shrinkage causes significant alteration of neural elements. Under immobilization nerve fibres and bundles reach the level of normal untreated tissue. Careful rehabilitation is important after RF‐shrinkage. Not only for biomechanical reasons, but also to allow the neural elements to recover, thermally modified tissue should be protected from normal physiologic loads. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A histomorphological study of tendon reconstruction to a hydroxyapatite‐coated implant: Regeneration of a neo‐enthesis in vivo
Authors: Pendegrass C. J. , Oddy M. J. , Cannon S. R. , Briggs T. , Goodship A. E. , Blunn G. W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe attachment of tendons and ligaments to massive endoprostheses remains a clinical challenge due to the difficulty in achieving a soft tissue implant interface with a mechanical strength sufficient to transmit the forces necessary for locomotion. We have used an in vivo animal model to study patellar tendon attachment to an implant surface. The interface generated when the patellar tendon was attached to a hydroxyapatite (HA) coated implant was examined using light microscopy and a quantitative histomorphological analysis was performed. In the Autograft Group, the interface was augmented with autogenous cancellous bone and marrow graft, and at six weeks an indirect‐like insertion was observed. At twelve weeks, the interface was observed to be a layered neo‐enthesis, whose morphology was similar to a normal direct tendon insertion. In the HA Group, the tendon–implant interface was not augmented, and the implant was enveloped by a dense collagenous fibrous tissue.This study shows that a tendon–implant neo–enthesis can develop in situ by employing a suitable implant surface in association with biological augmentation. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.