bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an intravascular heating source using an MR imaging guidewire
Authors: Qiu Bensheng , Yeung Christopher J. , Du Xiangying , Atalar Ergin , Yang Xiaoming 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPurposeTo develop a novel endovascular heating source using a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging guidewire (MRIG) to deliver controlled microwave energy into the target vessel for thermal enhancement of vascular gene transfection.Materials and MethodsA 0.032‐inch MRIG was connected to a 2.45‐GHz microwave generator. We 1) calculated the microwave power loss along the MRIG, 2) simulated the power distribution around the MRIG, 3) measured the temperature increase vs. input power with the MRIG, and 4) evaluated the thermal effect on the balloon‐compressed/microwave‐heated aorta of six living rabbits. In addition, during balloon inflation, we also simultaneously generated high‐resolution MR images of the aortic wall.ResultsThe power loss was calculated to be 3.9 dB along the MRIG. The simulation‐predicted power distribution pattern was cylindrically symmetric, analogous to the geometry of vessels. Under balloon compression, the vessel wall could be locally heated at 41°C with no thermal damage apparent on histology.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the possibility of using the MRIG as a multifunctional device, not only as a receiver antenna to generate intravascular high‐resolution MR images of atherosclerotic plaques and as a conventional guidewire to guide endovascular interventions during MR imaging, but also as a potential intravascular heating source to produce local heat for thermal enhancement of vascular gene transfection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:716–720. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with cirrhosis: Univariate and multivariate analysis
Authors: Yeh Chun‐Nan , Chen Miin‐FU , Lee Wei‐Chen , Jeng Long‐Bin 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe objective of this investigation was to study the clinicopathological factors influencing long‐term outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with liver cirrhosis in patients undergoing hepatectomy. Liver cirrhosis, especially the macronodular variety, has been found in up to 90% of patients with HCC. In Asia, the incidence of liver cirrhosis in patients with HCC who had undergone hepatic resection varies from 42.5% to 73.8%. However, the optimal surgical approach for HCC patients with cirrhosis is less clearly defined. Resection of the cirrhotic liver is challenging and remains controversial in the treatment of HCC.MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed the surgical outcomes of HCC concomitant with liver cirrhosis in 218 patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1986 and 1998. Post‐resection prognostic factors were assessed using a univariate log‐rank test and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsThe overall postoperative complication rate was 15.6%, while the surgical mortality rate was 8.8%. Meanwhile, the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year disease‐free survival rates were 50.9%, 33.98%, and 27.03%, respectively, and. the overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 63.14%, 41.88%, and 31.83%, respectively. Applying Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model indicated that significant adverse prognostic indicators included elevated alkaline phosphatase value, tumor size >2 cm, presence of satellite lesions, and vascular invasion.ConclusionsThis investigation found that overall survival for HCC patients concomitant with liver cirrhosis who underwent hepatic resection should be stratified on the basis of the high value of alkaline phosphatase, tumor size, satellite lesions, and vascular invasion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:195–202. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasticity of skeletal muscle phenotype: Mechanical consequences
Authors: Caiozzo Vincent J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMuscles are complex biological machines that perform a wide variety of mechanical activities. Over the past 30 to 40 years, a large amount of effort has been devoted to understanding cellular/molecular responses of skeletal muscle to various altered physiological states (e.g., altered loading state induced via immobilization/spaceflight, resistance training). Many cellular/molecular adaptations brought about by such interventions act on underlying processes that regulate activation, force and velocity of shortening/lengthening, and relaxation. In this context, measurements of mechanical properties (e.g., force–velocity relationship) are important, because they can provide insight into the physiological consequences of such adaptations. During the course of the past 10 to 15 years, a number of investigators have employed the work‐loop technique to provide a more realistic approach toward understanding muscle function. Additionally, the work‐loop technique provides a unique conceptual perspective that integrates: (1) the length–tension relationship, (2) activation kinetics, (3) the force–velocity relationship in the shortening domain, (4) relaxation kinetics, (5) the force–velocity relationship in the lengthening domain, and (6) the compliance of the passive elastic elements. A discussion of those factors (i.e., factors 2–5) that appear to be highly malleable forms the basis of this paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 740–768, 2002
Assigning priority to environmental policy interventions in a heterogeneous world
Authors: Ferraro Paul J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFailure to consider costs as well as benefits is common in many policy initiatives and analyses, particularly
in the environmental arena. Economists and other policy scientists have demonstrated that integrating both cost
and benefit information explicitly into the policy process can be vital to ensuring that scarce funds go as far as
they can toward achieving policy objectives. The costs of acquiring and analyzing such information, however, can
be substantial. The objective of this paper is to help policy analysts and practitioners identify the conditions
under which integrating cost and benefit information is likely to be vital to effective decisionmaking, and the
conditions under which failing to use both cost and benefit data would result in little, if any, loss in
efficiency. These points are illustrated through a conceptual discussion and an empirical analysis of a
conservation initiative in the United States. © 2003 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and
Management.
Fetal magnetoencephalography in intrauterine growth retarded pregnancies
Authors: Kotini Athanasia , Koutlaki Nikoleta , Anninos Photios , Liberis Vasilios , Hatzimihael Athanasios , Anastasiadis Panagiotis 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the fetal brain activity in pre‐eclamptic and normal pregnancies. Biomagnetic measurements were performed by means of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) in an electrically shielded room of low magnetic noise.MethodsThe study population included 28 pre‐eclamptic (34–37 weeks' gestation) and 19 normal pregnancies (34–37 weeks' gestation). The pre‐eclamptic group consisted of 11 cases with birth weight below the 10th percentile (1969 ± 129 g) and 17 cases above the 10th percentile (2496 ± 257 g). Biomagnetic signals (waveforms) recorded from fetal brains were expressed in terms of magnetic power spectral amplitudes.ResultsThe total corresponding spectral amplitudes in the frequency range 2–7 Hz were high (719 ± 69 Ft/√Hz in neonates <10th percentile and 537 ± 105 Ft/√Hz in neonates >10th percentile) in most (82%) pre‐eclamptic pregnancies and low (382 ± 35 Ft/√Hz) in most normal pregnancies (95%). The difference between normal and all pre‐eclamptic pregnancies was highly significant (Student's t‐test: p < 0.0001). Comparing the two groups of pre‐eclampsia we found also a highly significant difference (Student's t‐test: p < 0.0001).ConclusionBiomagnetic measurements of fetal brain activity could be useful in the assessment of fetal central nervous system development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonographic features of ileal duplication cyst at 12 weeks
Authors: Chen Min , Lam Yung Hang , Lin Chen Lung , Chan Kwok Wah , Hui Pui Wah , Tang Mary Hoi Yin , Lee Chin Peng , Khong Pek Lan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractEnteric duplication cyst is a congenital abnormality that is believed to arise from abnormal recanalization of the bowel during embryogenesis. Previous reports suggest that the condition may be suspected prenatally by sonographic demonstration of an intra‐abdominal cystic mass in the second and third trimesters. We present the sonographic features of a fetus with ileal duplication cyst at 12 weeks of gestation, which show that the condition may present in the first trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental decisions to abort or continue a pregnancy with an abnormal finding after an invasive prenatal test
Authors: Zlotogora Joël 
Published: November 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the importance of various factors on the decisions whether to terminate or continue a pregnancy after an abnormal result.MethodsThe decisions of 1467 women who had an abnormal result after an invasive prenatal test were examined according to their religion, the time of diagnosis and the severity of the disorder.ResultsWhen the examinations were performed by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) among both Jews and non‐Jews most of the women opted to terminate the affected pregnancy. After amniocentesis the rate of termination of pregnancy was still very high among cases in which Down syndrome or other significant chromosomal aberrations were diagnosed among Jews. For all the other diagnostic groups either among Jews or non‐Jews there was a significant proportion of the cases in which the women decided to continue the pregnancy. A significant exception about the decisions of the couples was in the case of hemoglobinopathy‐affected pregnancies among Arabs since both after CVS and amniocentesis many women often decided to continue the pregnancy.ConclusionThe main factor in the decision to terminate or continue the pregnancy is the severity of the disorder diagnosed. However, among Arabs other factors are important, in particular the time at which the diagnosis is made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution parameters for model functions used in surface analysis
Authors: Seah M. P. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThree model functions—top hat, Gaussian and Lorentzian—are used to describe peak shapes in one dimension and beam shapes in two dimensions that may be used in various surface analysis applications. Values for the full width at half‐maxima and widths for selected integrated intensity intervals are calculated and tabulated as a resource to assist those using these concepts in both selecting appropriate values and to improve consistency in expressing these values between researchers. These concepts are extended to the case for AES where generalized plots are provided for estimating the effects of the intervals chosen on the resolution obtained in AES for different values of backscattering, r, and the standard deviation ratio of σr to σb. Crown Copyright © 2002 published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface characterization of silicone polymer used as an outdoor insulator by the measurement of surface voltage decay
Authors: Youn Bok‐Hee , Huh Chang‐Su 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn this paper, the surface states of silicone rubber based on polydimethylsiloxane used as an outdoor insulator and treated by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and corona discharge were investigated by measuring the surface voltage decay of a corona‐charged specimen. The surface resistivity determined by surface voltage decay was compared with a value obtained from the three‐electrode method. Good agreement between the two methods for surface resistivity was obtained. Ultraviolet‐treated specimens showed a slower decrease of surface voltage decay, whereas the corona‐treated specimens showed a dramatically faster decrease. Although both artificial treatments led to the same oxidative products, which was confirmed with x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), we could distinguish the difference between the reactions of the two treatments by monitoring the decay of the surface voltage on corona‐charged specimens. In addition, we could derive the specific surface states of the silicone polymer that is treated by accelerated artificial aging factors and the degradation process. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrathin SiO2 on Si: III mapping the layer thickness efficiently by XPS
Authors: Seah M. P. , White R. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractFor many electronic and other purposes, oxides in the range 2–10 nm are grown on silicon. These layers are usually monitored and measured by ellipsometry. Ellipsometry is particularly favoured because it may be integrated into semiconductor production lines, it is fast and, using optical radiation, is relatively benign. Modern ellipsometers can be used to map large wafers in detail with precisions of 0.002 nm (i.e. 0.05%). Unfortunately, it is not known if calibrations of ellipsometers, made for thicker films, can be extended down into this region. Also, unfortunately, the method does not distinguish variations in the oxide thickness from variations in the carbonaceous or water contamination overlayers that always will be present in samples exposed to the environment. Ellipsometric analysis of a 200 mm wafer with 4 nm of oxide shows a ring that may be of oxide or contamination that is 0.2 nm thicker than the central region of the wafer. By mapping with angle‐resolved XPS, using a new Thermo VG Scientific Theta 300 instrument, the true aspects of this oxide profile may be verified. Improvements in the data processing of the Theta 300 probe measurements allow similar maps to those of ellipsometry to be obtained with a thickness precision of 0.01 nm (i.e. 0.2%). Crown Copyright © 2002 Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Triangle-Freeness is Hard to Detect
Authors: JUKNA S. , SCHNITGER G. 
Published: November 2002

We show that recognizing the K3-freeness and K4-freeness of graphs is hard, respectively, for
two-player nondeterministic communication protocols using exponentially many partitions
and for nondeterministic syntactic read-r times branching programs.The key ingredient is a generalization of a colouring lemma, due to Papadimitriou and
Sipser, which says that for every balanced red—blue colouring of the edges of the complete
n-vertex graph there is a set of εn2 triangles, none of which is monochromatic, such that
no triangle can be formed by picking edges from different triangles. We extend this lemma
to exponentially many colourings and to partial colourings.
Identification of an Iron-Regulated, Hemin-Binding Outer Membrane Protein inSinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Battistoni Federico , Platero Raúl , Duran Rosario , Cerveñansky Carlos , Battistoni Julio , Arias Alicia , Fabiano Elena 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACTRhizobia are soil bacteria that are able to establish symbiotic associations with leguminous hosts. In iron-limited environments these bacteria can use iron present in heme or heme compounds (hemoglobin, leghemoglobin). Here we report the presence inSinorhizobium melilotiof an iron-regulated outer membrane protein that is able to bind hemin but not hemoglobin. Protein assignment was done by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Tryptic peptides correlated with the mass measurements obtained accounted for 54% of the translated sequence of a putative heme receptor gene present in the chromosome ofS. meliloti1021. The results which we obtained suggest that this protein (designated ShmR forSinorhizobiumheme receptor) is involved in high-affinity heme-mediated iron transport.
Prevalence of
Campylobacter jejuni
,
Campylobacter lari
, and
Campylobacter coli
in Different Ecological Guilds and Taxa of Migrating Birds
Authors: Waldenström Jonas , Broman Tina , Carlsson Inger , Hasselquist Dennis , Achterberg René P. , Wagenaar Jaap A. , Olsen Björn 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

A total of 1,794 migrating birds trapped at a coastal site in southern Sweden were sampled for detection of
Campylobacter
spp. All isolates phenotypically identified as
Campylobacter jejuni
and a subset of those identified as non-
C. jejuni
were identified to the species level by PCR-based techniques.
C. jejuni
was found in 5.0% of the birds,
Campylobacter lari
was found in 5.6%, and
Campylobacter coli
was found in 0.9%. An additional 10.7% of the tested birds were infected with hippurate hydrolysis-negative
Campylobacter
spp. that were not identified to the species level. The prevalence of
Campylobacter
spp. differed significantly between ecological guilds of birds. Shoreline-foraging birds feeding on invertebrates and opportunistic feeders were most commonly infected (76.8 and 50.0%, respectively). High prevalence was also shown in other ground-foraging guilds, i.e., ground-foraging invertebrate feeders (11.0%), ground-foraging insectivores (20.3%), and plant-eating species (18.8%). Almost no
Campylobacter
spp. were found in ground-foraging granivores (2.3%), arboreal insectivores (0.6%), aerial insectivores (0%), or reed- and herbaceous plant-foraging insectivores (3.5%). During the autumn migration, a high proportion of samples from juveniles were positive (7.1% in passerines, 55.0% in shorebirds), indicating transmission on the breeding grounds or during the early part of migration. Prevalence of
Campylobacter
spp. was associated with increasing body mass among passerine bird species. Furthermore, prevalence was higher in short-distance migrants wintering in Europe than in long-distance migrants wintering in Africa, the Middle East, or Asia. Among ground-foraging birds of the Muscicapidae, those of the subfamily Turdinae (i.e.,
Turdus
spp.) showed a high prevalence of
Campylobacter
spp., while the organism was not isolated in any member of the subfamily Muscicapinae (i.e.,
Erithacus
and
Luscinia
). The prevalence of
Campylobacter
infection in wild birds thus seems to be linked to various ecological and phylogenetic factors, with great variations in carriership between different taxa and guilds.
Cryptosporidium
and
Giardia
Recoveries in Natural Waters by Using Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623
Authors: DiGiorgio Carol L. , Gonzalez David A. , Huitt Christopher C. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

Relatively few studies have examined recoveries from source waters by using Environmental Protection Agency method 1623 with organism spike doses that are environmentally realistic and at turbidity levels commonly found in surface waters. In this study, we evaluated the filtration capacities and recovery efficiencies of the Gelman Envirochek (standard filter) and the Gelman Envirochek high-volume (HV) sampling capsules under environmental conditions. We also examined the performance of method 1623 under ambient conditions with matrix spike experiments using 10 organisms/liter. Under turbid conditions, the HV capsule filtered approximately twice the volume filtered by the standard filter, but neither could filter 10 liters without clogging. In low-turbidity waters, oocyst, but not cyst, recoveries were significantly higher when the HV capsule was used. In turbid waters, organism recoveries were lower than those in nonturbid waters and were not significantly different for the different filters. When the HV capsule was used,
Cryptosporidium
recoveries ranged from 36 to 75%, and
Giardia
recoveries ranged from 0.5 to 53%. For both organisms, recoveries varied significantly by site. Turbidity could explain variation in
Giardia
recoveries (
r
2
= 0.80) but not variation in
Cryptosporidium
recoveries (
r
2
= 0.16). The inconsistent recoveries across sites suggested that the background matrix of the ambient water affected recovery by method 1623. A control sample collected at the height of the winter rainy season detected one organism, highlighting the difficulty of using this method to accurately measure pathogen abundance under natural conditions. Our findings support the use of the HV filter under field conditions but suggest that designing a cost-effective and statistically valid monitoring program to evaluate sources and loads of protozoan pathogens may be difficult.
Aquaporin Expression Correlates with Freeze Tolerance in Baker's Yeast, and Overexpression Improves Freeze Tolerance in Industrial Strains
Authors: Tanghe An , Van Dijck Patrick , Dumortier Françoise , Teunissen Aloys , Hohmann Stefan , Thevelein Johan M. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

Little information is available about the precise mechanisms and determinants of freeze resistance in baker's yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Genomewide gene expression analysis and Northern analysis of different freeze-resistant and freeze-sensitive strains have now revealed a correlation between freeze resistance and the aquaporin genes
AQY1
and
AQY2
. Deletion of these genes in a laboratory strain rendered yeast cells more sensitive to freezing, while overexpression of the respective genes, as well as heterologous expression of the human aquaporin gene
hAQP1
, improved freeze tolerance. These findings support a role for plasma membrane water transport activity in determination of freeze tolerance in yeast. This appears to be the first clear physiological function identified for microbial aquaporins. We suggest that a rapid, osmotically driven efflux of water during the freezing process reduces intracellular ice crystal formation and resulting cell damage. Aquaporin overexpression also improved maintenance of the viability of industrial yeast strains, both in cell suspensions and in small doughs stored frozen or submitted to freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, an aquaporin overexpression transformant could be selected based on its improved freeze-thaw resistance without the need for a selectable marker gene. Since aquaporin overexpression does not seem to affect the growth and fermentation characteristics of yeast, these results open new perspectives for the successful development of freeze-resistant baker's yeast strains for use in frozen dough applications.
Distribution of Human Virus Contamination in Shellfish from Different Growing Areas in Greece, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom
Authors: Formiga-Cruz M. , Tofiño-Quesada G. , Bofill-Mas S. , Lees D. N. , Henshilwood K. , Allard A. K. , Conden-Hansson A.-C. , Hernroth B. E. , Vantarakis A. , Tsibouxi A. , Papapetropoulou M. , Furones M. D. , Girones R. 
Published: November 2002

ABSTRACT

Viral pollution in shellfish has been analyzed simultaneously across a wide range of geographical regions, with emphasis on the concomitant variations in physicochemical characteristics and social features. The methods for sample treatment and for the detection of human enteric viruses were optimized by the participating laboratories. The second part of this study involves the selection of a protocol for virus detection, which was validated by analyzing the distribution and concentration of human viral pathogens under diverse conditions during an 18-month period in four European countries. Shellfish-growing areas from diverse countries in the north and south of Europe were defined and studied, and the microbiological quality of the shellfish was analyzed. Human adenovirus, Norwalk-like virus, and enterovirus were identified as contaminants of shellfish in all the participating countries. Hepatitis A virus was also isolated in all areas except Sweden. The seasonal distribution of viral contamination was also described. Norwalk-like virus appeared to be the only group of viruses that demonstrated seasonal variation, with lower concentrations occurring during warm months. The depuration treatments currently applied were shown to be adequate for reducing
Escherichia coli
levels but ineffective for the elimination of viral particles. The human adenoviruses detected by PCR correlate with the presence of other human viruses and could be useful as a molecular index of viral contamination in shellfish.