bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test-plot studies on runoff of sulfonamides from manured soils after sprinkler irrigation
Authors: Kreuzig Robert , Höltge Sibylla , Brunotte Joachim , Berenzen Norbert , Wogram Jörn , Schulz Ralf 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Three test-plot series have been performed to gather information on runoff of sulfonamides from manured arable and grassland after sprinkler irrigation. To prepare test slurries with defined aged residues, liquid bovine manure was fortified with sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, and sulfamethoxazole and stored short-term. After test-slurry application, the arable land was treated by soil cultivation before irrigation, and the manured grassland was irrigated directly with 50 mm h−1 for 2 h. The runoff suspensions were sampled at 5- to 10-min intervals, separated into aqueous phase and suspended matter and residue analyzed. Higher runoff emissions were found from manured grassland plots. The discharge volumes ranged from 106 to 252 L and the total runoff emissions ranged from 13 to 28% of sulfonamides applied initially. Within the first 20 min of the irrigation period that represented a rainfall of 17 mm, emissions, on average, were 4%. The loads of sulfonamides predominantly occurred in the runoff water. The only emissions via suspended matter, on average, were 0.02%. On arable land, however, the runoff was reduced by soil cultivation. Discharge volumes and sulfonamide emissions were 36 to 128 L and 0.1 to 2.5%, respectively. Despite the high-intensity sprinkler irrigation, major emissions did not occur until a 60-min delay.
Field validation of sediment zinc toxicity
Authors: Burton G. Allen , Nguyen Lien T. H. , Janssen Cvolin , Baudo Renato , McWilliam Ruth , Bossuyt Bart , Beltrami Monica , Green Andrew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A fields study was conducted to validateconcentrations of zinc in feshwater sediments that are tolerated by benthic macroinvertebrate communities and to determine whether a relationship exists with the acid volatile sulfide (AVS)–simultaneously extracted metal (SEM) model. In both the lake and riverine systems, one sediment type was high in AVS and one low in AVS, which resulted in zinc-spiked sediments that ranged from low to high SEM to AVS ratios. The colonization trays were sampled seasonally, ranging from 6 to 37 weeks of exposure, and were evaluated using several appropriate benthic indices. Results of the field evaluations at the four test sites confirmed the validity of the AVS-SEM model, predicting benthic macroinvertebrate effects correctly 92% of the time. In sediments where the SEM to AVS ratio or the AVS and organic (OC)–normalized fractions exceeded 8 and 583 μmol/g of OC, toxicity was observed from the zinc-spiked sediments. Conversely, when the SEM to AVS ratio or OC-normalized AVS fractions were less than 2 or 100 μmol/g of OC, no toxicity was observed. In the range of 148 to 154 μmol/g of OC, toxicity varied in two treatments. Total zinc concentrations in sediments showed no relationship to benthic effects. The most impaired benthic community occurred in the high-gradient stream sediments, which had low OC and AVS concentrations and SEM to AVS ratios of 33 and 44 in the spiked sediments. Five to six benthic metrics were depressed at SEM to AVS ratios of 8.32 and 9.73. The no-observed-effect level appeared to be near a SEM to AVS ratio of 2, with slight to no effects between ratios of 2.34 and 2.94. No sites with ratios of less than 2 showed any adverse effects.
Toxicity of heavy metals in soil assessed with various soil microbial and plant growth assays: A comparative study
Authors: Broos Kris , Mertens Jelle , Smolders Erik 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Elevated metal concentrations in soils can disturb the soil ecosystem; thus, researcherss rive to identify the most sensitive assay for detection of the early signs of toxicity. The purpose of the present study was to compare eight different ecotoxicological endpoints on the same set of metal-contaminated soils that were collected from seven series of soils sampled during field trials. The endpoints are based on three microbial assays (potential nitrification rate [PNR], substrate-induced respiration [SIR], and basal respiration [BR]) and two plant growth tests, one of which included symbiotic N fixation. The overall sensitivity of the endpoints to detect statistically significant adverse effects ranked as follows: PNR &gt; SIR (lag time) &gt; plant yield and N fixation &gt; SIR (respiration after 24 and 48 h) &gt; BR. The lowest adverse effect concentrations were found with the PNR at 7 mg kg−1 of Cd and 107 mg kg−1 of Zn. The variability of these endpoints among different uncontaminated soils was additionally assessed on 14 soil samples. That variability showed a strong correlation with sensitivity scores, illustrating that metal-sensitive endpoints have a large natural variability. We question the ecological relevance of highly sensitive microbial assays, because they tend to have a large natural variability. The identification of toxicity in the field requires endpoints that are highly sensitive and that do not vary greatly among soils (i.e., robust); however, no such endpoint was found in the present study. The endpoints that combined average sensitivity and robustness were SIR (lag time), clover yield, and N fixation in clover.
Aging of triazine amine in soils demonstrated through sorption, desorption, and bioavailability measurements
Authors: Godskesen Berit , Holm Peter E. , Jacobsen Ole S. , Jacobsen Carsten S. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The aging of triazine amine in soil was studied during a time course of 119 d by measuring bioavailability in terms of mineralization after inoculation of the triazine amine–degrading bacterium Rhodococcus erythropolis TA57. The bioavailability was measured in four soil samples: A-, B-, and C-horizons from an agricultural soil profile and in a peat soil. The sorption of triazine amine in the soil samples was quantified during the period of aging in terms of sorption distribution coefficients (Kd) and desorption distribution coefficients (Kd,des). Measures of bioavailability and triazine amine concentration in the nonavailable fraction showed effects of aging in the soils that were rich in organic matter. The triazine amine bioavailability declined significantly during the aging period in soils containing greater than 2% organic carbon, whereas the B- and C-horizons showed no signs of aging, in agreement with their low content of organic material. Corresponding to this, desorption decreased significantly in the A-horizon but, surprisingly, not in the peat soil. Analyses by thin-layer chromatography indicated an association of aqueous triazine amine and dissolved organic matter in the peat soil. This gives an explanation for both the significant decrease in bioavailability and the noncorresponding stability of the nonavailable (i.e., nondesorbed) fraction.
Inhibition of microbial metabolism in anaerobic lagoons by selected sulfonamides, tetracyclines, lincomycin, and tylosin tartrate
Authors: Loftin Keith A. , Henny Cynthia , Adams Craig D. , Surampali Rao , Mormile Melanie R. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Antibiotics are used to maintain healthy livestock and to promote weight gain in concentrated animal feed operations. Antibiotics rarely are metabolized completely by livestock and, thus, are often present in livestock waste and in waste-treatment lagoons. The introduction of antibiotics into anaerobic lagoons commonly used for swine waste treatment has the potential for negative impacts on lagoon performance, which relies on a consortium of microbes ranging from fermentative microorganisms to methanogens. To address this concern, the effects of eight common veterinary antibiotics on anaerobic activity were studied. Anaerobic microcosms, prepared from freshly collected lagoon slurries, were amended with individual antibiotics at 10 mg/L for the initial screening study and at 1, 5, and 25 mg/L for the dose-response study. Monitored metabolic indicators included hydrogen, methane, and volatile fatty acid concentrations as well as chemical oxygen demand. The selected antibiotics significantly inhibited methane production relative to unamended controls, thus indicating that antibiotics at concentrations commonly found in swine lagoons can negatively impact anaerobic metabolism. Additionally, historical antibiotic usage seems to be a potential factor in affecting methane production. Specifically, less inhibition of methane production was noted in samples taken from the lagoon with a history of multiple-antibiotic use.
Effects of contaminant exposure on reproductive success of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) nesting in delaware river and bay, USA
Authors: Toschik Pamela C. , Rattner Barnett A. , McGowan Peter C. , Christman Mary C. , Carter David B. , Hale Robert C. , Matson Cole W. , Ottinger Mary Ann 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Dspite serious water-quality problemsandpollutant loading andretention, Delaware River and Bay(USA) provide important wildlife habitat. In 2002, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of contaminant exposure and reproduction of ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) breeding in Delaware River and Bay. Sample eggs were collected from 39 nests and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and mercury; a subset of 15 eggs was analyzed for perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The fate of each nest was monitored weekly. Concentrations of 10 organochlorine pesticides or metabolites, total PCBs, and several toxic PCB congeners were greater (p &lt; 0.05) in eggs collected between the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal (C and D Canal) and Trenton (Delaware River and northern Bay) compared to other sites. Concentrations of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p′-DDE; 0.785–3.84 μg/g wet wt) and total PCBs (5.50–14.5 μg/g wet wt) in eggs collected between the C and D Canal and Trenton were similar to levels recently found in the Chesapeake Bay. In all study segments, at least one young fledged from 66 to 75% of nests. Productivity for Delaware Inland Bays (reference area) and southern Delaware Bay was 1.17 and 1.42 fledglings/active nest, respectively; north of the C and D Canal, productivity was 1.00 fledgling/active nest, which is marginally adequate to maintain the population. Using these data, a logistic regression model found that contaminant concentrations (p,p′-DDE, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane and metabolites, and total PCBs) were predictive of hatching success. Several perfluorinated compounds and PBDEs were detected in eggs at concentrations approaching 1 μg/g wet weight. These findings provide evidence that contaminants continue to be a significant stressor on osprey productivity in the northern Delaware River and Bay.
Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA
Authors: Amweg Erin L. , Weston Donald P. , Ureda Nicole M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The use of pyrethroid insecticides is increasing for agriculture, commercial pest control, and residential consumer use. In addition, there is a trend toward the use of newer and more potent compounds. Little is known about the toxicity of sediment-associated pyrethroid residues to aquatic organisms, yet recent work has shown they commonly are found in aquatic sediments in the heavily agricultural Central Valley of California, USA. Minimal data exist on the sensitivity of standard sediment toxicity testing species to pyrethroids, despite two or more decades of agricultural use of these compounds. Sediment concentrations causing acute toxicity and growth impairment to the amphipod Hyalella azteca were determined for six pyrethroids in three sediments, ranging from 1.1 to 6.5% organic carbon (OC). In order of decreasing toxicity of sediment-associated residues, the compounds tested were bifenthrin (average 10-d median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.18 μg/g OC), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.45 μg/g OC), deltamethrin (0.79 μg/g OC), esfenvalerate (0.89 μg/g OC), cyfluthrin (1.08 μg/g OC), and permethrin (4.87 μg/g OC). In a sediment containing about 1% OC, most pyrethroids, except permethrin, would be acutely toxic to H. azteca at concentrations of 2 to 10 ng/g dry weight, a concentration only slightly above current analytical detection limits. Growth typically was inhibited at concentrations below the LC50; animal biomass on average was 38% below controls when exposed to pyrethroid concentrations roughly one-third to one-half the LC50. Survival data are consistent with current theory that exposure occurs primarily via the interstitial water rather than the particulate phase. A reanalysis of previously reported field data using these toxicity data confirms that the compounds are exceeding concentrations acutely toxic to sensitive species in many agriculture-dominated water bodies.
Deposition and dissipation of chlorpyrifos in surface water following vineyard applications in northern Italy
Authors: Capri Ettore , Balderacchi Matteo , Yon Denis , Reeves Graham 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Chlorpyrifosi an insecticide approved globally for use on a wide range of crops. Laboratory sudies indicate that chlorpyrifos is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and so the adoption of practices that reduce aquatic exposure following use should be encouraged. This study assessed the exposure of surface water to the spray-drift of chlorpyrifos and the subsequent contamination of a realistic worst-case edge-of-field ditch in a vineyard in Northern Italy. Chlorpyrifos (DURSBAN 480 EC® [Dow Elanco, Indianapolis, IN, USA]) was applied according to local Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) on two vineyard plots using atomizer equipment. Drift deposition and subsequent dissipation of chlorpyrifos were then monitored in an adjacent, common ditch, with an inherent buffer zone of approximately 7 m between the treated area and the ditch. The results showed that the drift loadings under the study conditions could reach predicted levels from standard spray-drift tables. However, the measured drift was highly variable due to physical factors such as the crop canopy and the distribution of vines within the rows. The amount of chlorpyrifos deposited onto the surface of the ditch water and intercepted by paper strips was approximately 2% of the applied amount after the two applications, with a maximum concentration of approximately 0.3 μg L−1 immediately after the first application and 0.09 μg L−1 after the second, which then dissipated from the water column within 12 to 24 h. The results showed that drift deposition spatially was variable and that chlorpyrifos residues dissipated rapidly from this surface water body. Both aspects are considered important in order to refine the aquatic risk assessment at a higher tier for both registration and management purposes.
Prediction of large variation in biota to sediment accumulation factors due to concentration-dependent black carbon adsorption of planar hydrophobic organic compounds
Authors: Cornelissen Gerard , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Biota-to-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) sometimes show large variations between sites for a given planar hydrophobic organic compound (pHOC) in a given organism. We present a framework in which strong adsorption to soot/charcoal (black carbon [BC]) explains such BSAF variations. Recently constrained parameters on environmental BC sorption were used in a dual-mode sorption model of BSAF. Variations in sedimentary BC content are shown to explain variations in BSAF of one to two orders of magnitude. In addition, strong BC sorption can explain the often-observed difference in BSAF between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The strong nonlinearity of BC sorption can render BSAF values strongly concentration-dependent for a given sediment/organism/compound combination, so it is of paramount importance to carry out uptake and toxicity tests at the relevant environmental concentrations.
Microbial inhibition by pharmaceutical antibiotics in different soils—dose-response relations determined with the iron(III) reduction test
Authors: Thiele-Bruhn Sören 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Soil contamination from pharmaceuticals is an emerging problem, though quantitative data on their microbial effects are lacking. Thus, nine pharmaceutical antibiotics were tested for their effects on the microbial iron(III) reduction in six different topsoils. Complete dose-response curves were obtained and best-fit by sigmoidal Logit, Weibull, Box-Cox Logit, and Box-Cox Weibull equations (r2 0.73–1.00). The derived effective doses (ED [μmol/kg soil]) for the different antibiotics increased in the order (average ED50 in parentheses) chlortetracycline (53) &lt; sulfadimethoxine (58) &lt; oxytetracycline (170) &lt; sulfadiazine (190) &lt; sulfadimidine (270) = tetracycline (270) &lt; sulfapyridine (430), though no effect was found for sulfanilamide and fenbendazole at doses up to 5,800 and 3,300 μmol/kg, respectively. Due to a strong soil adsorption, especially of the tetracyclines, the corresponding effective concentrations in the soil solution (EC50), derived from sorption experiments, were considerably smaller and ranged from 0.004 μmol/L (chlortetracycline) to 120 μmol/L (sulfapyridine). The effects of the antibiotics were governed by soil sorptive properties, especially the concentration of soil organic matter. The microbial inhibition was influenced indirectly by the soil pH, which affects the ionization status of the amphoteric antibiotics.
The contrasting roles of sedimentary plant-derived carbon and black carbon on sediment-spiked hydrophobic organic contaminant bioavailability to Diporeia species and Lumbriculus variegatus
Authors: Kukkonen Jussi V. K. , Mitra Siddhartha , Landrum Peter F. , Gossiaux Duane C. , Gunnarsson Jonas , Weston Donald 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In bioavailability sudies, the biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is invoked to describethe thermodynamic partitioning of a hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) between the organism lipid and the organic carbon fraction of the sedimentary matrix and accounts for differences in bioavailability among sediments. Bioaccumulation experiments were performed with Lumbriculus variegatus and Diporeia species exposed in seven sediments dosed with2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or pyrene (PY) and 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP). The BSAF values for the nonplanar HCBP were consistent with equilibrium partitioning theory (EQP) and averaged 2.87 for L. variegatus and 1.45 for Diporeia, while the BSAF values for the planar compounds (BaP, PY, TCBP) were generally lower than estimated from EQP (&lt;1). Correcting the BSAF values of the planar compounds for enhanced sorption due to black carbon improved the BSAF values for L. variegatus, generally resulting in values consistent with EQP, but substantial variation remained for Diporeia. The BSAF values for the planar compounds showed significant positive correlations with plant-derived carbon in sediments (lignin and pigments) but were more consistent for L. variegatus than for Diporeia. These correlations imply that compounds sorbed to plant-derived carbon are more bioavailable since this material is more likely ingested providing a second exposure route.
Toxicity of sixty-three metals and metalloids to Hyalella azteca at two levels of water hardness
Authors: Borgmann Uwe , Couillard Yves , Doyle Patrick , Dixon D. George 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
he toxicityofall atomically s able metals in the periodic table, excluding Na, Mg, K, and Ca, was measured in one-week exposures using the freshwater amphipod Hyalella azteca in both Lake Ontario, Canada, and soft water (10% Lake Ontario). Metals were added as atomic absorption standards (63 metals), and also as anion salts for 10 metals. Lethal concentrations resulting in 50% mortality (LC50s) were obtained for 48 of the metals tested; the rest were not toxic at 1,000 μg/L. The most toxic metals on a molar basis were Cd, Ag, Pb, Hg, Cr (anion), and Tl, with nominal LC50s ranging from 5 to 58 nmol/L (1 to 58 nmol/L measured). These metals were followed by U, Co, Os, Se (anion), Pt, Lu, Cu, Ce, Zn, Pr, Ni, and Yb with nominal LC50s ranging from 225 to 1,500 nmol/L (88–1,300 nmol/L measured). Most metals were similarly or slightly more toxic in soft water, but Al, Cr, Ge, Pb, and U were &gt; 17-fold more toxic in soft water; Pd was less toxic in soft water. Atomic absorption (AA) standards of As and Se in acid had similar toxicity as anions, Sb was more toxic as the AA standard, and Cr and Mn were more toxic as anions. One-week LC50s for H. azteca correlate strongly with three-week LC50s and three-week effect concentrations resulting in 50% reduction in reproduction (EC50s) in Daphnia magna.
The role of cannibalism and contaminant source on bioaccumulation in aquatic food webs
Authors: Fraser Alison J. , Cahill Thomas M. , Lasenby David C. , Mackay Donald , Milford Lynne 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Two aspects of bioaccumulation in an aquatic food web are explored. First, the possible implications of cannibalism, including the scavenging of conspecifics, as a factor influencing food web bioaccumulation and biomagnification are explored by examining the behavior of total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a simple aquatic food web consisting of plankton, juvenile and adult Mysis relicta, Diporeia, and alewife. From an analysis of trophic transfer efficiencies and food consumption rates, it is concluded that, for M. relicta, a maximum extent of cannibalism in a population is about 10%, although certain individuals may be more cannibalistic. The model suggests that cannibalism and scavenging of dead conspecifics generally result in an increase in concentration by self-biomagnification, but the effect is small and unlikely to exceed 5% on the average. Concentration differences also are likely to result from changes in the relative amounts of the dietary components. Highly cannibalistic individuals may achieve higher levels of bioaccumulation. In extreme cases, the food web model becomes mathematically unstable because of excessive feedback of high concentrations. A major implication is that differences in extent of cannibalism and scavenging probably contribute significantly to natural concentration variation in a population. Second, and more important, is the effect of benthic versus pelagic sources, especially when significant fugacity differences exist between these zones. A simple method is described by which the separate contributions from these sources can be estimated for organisms at higher trophic levels.