bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multifaceted Nature of Sexual Prejudice How Adolescents Reason About Sexual Orientation and Sexual Prejudice
Authors: Horn Stacey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prejudice and discrimination directed toward adolescents and young adults who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual or who are gender nonconforming is pervasive (Baker & Fishbein, 1998; Bochenek & Brown, 2001; Marsiglio, 1993; Morrison, McLeod, Morrison, & Anderson, 1997; Price, 1982; Rivers & D’Augelli, 2001; Van de Ven, 1994). This form of prejudice has negative developmental consequences, such as decreased school engagement and achievement, increased depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicide, for these youth (Bochenek & Brown, 2001; D’Augelli, 1998; Russell, Franz, & Driscoll, 2001). Additionally, research on the development of peer harassment suggests that with the onset of puberty, sexual harassment, as well as harassment that is based on gender nonconformity, becomes much more frequent (Craig, Peplar, Connolly, & Henderson, 2001; Stein, 1995). This research suggests that sexual prejudice is not only quite common in adolescence but also may be strongly related to specific normative developmental processes related to identity and sexuality that take on increased importance during this period.
The Common In-Group Identity Model Applications to Children and Adults
Authors: Gaertner Samuel L , Dovidio John F , Guerra Rita , Rebelo Margarida , Monteiro Maria Benedicta , Riek Blake M , Houlette Melissa A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intergroup attitudes emerge in early childhood and can have a profound impact on social relations for a lifetime. Racial stereotypes and prejudices emerge during the early elementary school period (Aboud, 1988; Hirschfeld, 1995), and with increasing age children rely more frequently and strongly on racial information in forming impressions and making social judgments (Killen & Stangor, 2001). This volume is further testimony to the reality that, with regard to intergroup attitudes, childhood is not necessarily an “age of innocence.” Thus, close examinations of how these attitudes are acquired and change during development are important for understanding how prejudice develops and how we can combat it.
The Role of Intergroup Contact in Predicting Children’s Interethnic Attitudes Evidence From Meta-Analytic and Field Studies
Authors: Tropp Linda R , Prenovost Mary A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the effects of intergroup contact among children expanded greatly following the landmark 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, which declared that racially segregated schools were unconstitutional (see Pettigrew, 1973, 2004; Schofield & Hausmann, 2004; St. John, 1975). Over the last half century, a considerable number of studies have shown how social relations and the social environment of the school can affect children’s intergroup attitudes (Cohen, 1980; Damico, Bell-Nathaniel, & Green, 1981; Khmelkov & Hallinan, 1999; Orfield, 2001; Schofield & Sagar, 1977) along with emphasizing the conditions under which children from different racial groups come into contact with each other (see Schofield, 1978).
Intergroup Name-Calling and Conditions for Creating Assertive Bystanders
Authors: Aboud Frances E , Joong Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Racial and ethnic name-calling and other forms of verbal abuse (e.g., hurtful teasing, humiliating and controlling words) are common forms of discrimination among children, as well as adolescents and adults (Corenblum & Stephan, 2001; McNeilly et al., 1996; Schofield, 1982). Regardless of whether the epithet reflects underlying prejudice on the part of the name caller, it serves to subdue and publicly humiliate the victim. Furthermore, it provides a model for peer onlookers and, if not addressed, sets a norm for discriminatory behavior. Nasty name-calling, in particular (hereafter referred to as simply name-calling), which has gained recent prominence as the most common form of schoolyard bullying, was experienced by 75% of victims in one British study (Smith & Shu, 2000). Racial name-calling was explicit in 14% of the cases reported in this study as in others (e.g., Pepler, personal communication), but the personal and intergroup damage arises when any demeaning name and words are directed to a socially different person.
World War II and the American Way of Life
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World War Only Received the Roman Numeral “I” after the second global conflict of the twentieth century began. Apart from a few pessimistic thinkers, no one at the time realized that “the world war” or “the great war” was merely the first in a series that would include not only World War II but also the Cold War, which some have viewed as three episodes in a Seventy-Five Years’ War of the twentieth century.
The Two Horses of Behavior: Reflection and Impulse
Authors: Strack Fritz , Deutsch Roland , Krieglmeyer Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the most important psychological concepts that have been used to explain human behavior. It begins by describing how psychological theories have moved from explanations at the situational level to explanations at the level of mental processes. It then discusses the most central theoretical constructs that have been proposed as determinants of behavior: attitudes, behavioral decisions, goal pursuit, habits, needs, and motivational orientations. Although each of these concepts has shortcomings, each still possesses great and distinct explanatory power to the extent that they can be included in a coherent theoretical model. The dual-system model integrates a number of psychological processes and specifies how they interact and determine social behavior.
How the Mind Moves the Body: Lessons From Apraxia
Authors: Goldenberg Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive science today gets increasingly interested in the embodiment of human perception, thinking, and action. Abstract information processing models are no longer accepted as satisfactory accounts of the human mind. Interest has shifted to interactions between the material human body and its surroundings and to the way in which such interactions shape the mind. Proponents of this approach have expressed the hope that it will ultimately dissolve the Cartesian divide between the immaterial mind and the material existence of human beings (Damasio, 1994; Gallagher, 2005). A topic that seems particularly promising for providing a bridge across the mind–body cleavage is the study of bodily actions, which are neither reflexive reactions to external stimuli nor indications of mental states, which have only arbitrary relationships to the motor features of the action (e.g., pressing a button for making a choice response). The shape, timing, and effects of such actions are inseparable from their meaning. One might say that they are loaded with mental content, which cannot be appreciated other than by studying their material features. Imitation, communicative gesturing, and tool use are examples of these kinds of actions.
What Do We Prime? On Distinguishing Between Semantic Priming, Procedural Priming, and Goal Priming
Authors: Förster Jens , Liberman Nira , Friedman Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines how the various effects of priming differ from one another. It describes different types of priming—priming of semantic constructs, priming of procedures, and priming of behaviors and goals—then proposes ways of distinguishing between them. Primed goals differ from primed procedures and primed semantic constructs in a number of ways. First, goals have a different pattern of persistence and decay (or deactivation) than both procedures and semantic constructs. Second, effects of primed goals should be sensitive to expectancy and value, whereas the effects of primed semantic constructs and primed procedures should not show such sensitivity.Third, means-ends associations, which constitute the goal system, do not always correspond to semantic or overlearned associations.
The Role of Goal Systems in Self-Regulation
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W , Kopetz Catalina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 15 years, much research in social cognition has addressed goals and goal-related phenomena. The novel cognitive focus on goals as cognitive structures afforded conceptual and methodological advantages enabling new insights into classical issues. In the pages that follow, we attempt to describe and systematically discuss some of the recent goal-relevant research inspired by the social-cognitive approach.
The (Mis)Judgments of Colin Powell
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the UN Security Council on February 5, 2003, Colin Powell, then U.S. secretary of state, presented his judgment that Saddam Hussein’s possession of weapons of mass destruction and Hussein’s intention to use them against the United States called for the United Nations’ approval of the invasion of Iraq. This was a highly significant international event; Powell’s goal was to persuade the council members that his judgment that Saddam Hussein possessed such weapons was to be trusted and that they should act on it. He made it clear that his judgment was based on the authenticity of the information that he presented.
The Cognitive Continuum at the Supreme Court
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those requesting your judgment may have no interest in your reasoning, even if you are offering a coherence-based judgment. They may even prefer an intuition-based judgment without an explanation. They may ask no more of you than to hear you say, “I want you to do this because it is the right thing to do.” Moral judgments are frequently of this character, mainly because thoughtful moral judgments are complicated; once one gets beyond simplistic clichés, they are hard to defend while trying to maintain a consistent point of view.
Introduction: A Place Called Mauthausen
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a visiting professor at the Catholic University in Eichstatt, Germany, I took a Saturday train from nearby Munich to the small Austrian town of Mauthausen, an idyllic market community that lies just fourteen miles east of Linz and nuzzles peacefully along the north bank of the Danube. In the evocative description by historian Gordon J. Horwitz, it “sits amid lovely rolling hills whose fields cover the Austrian landscape like the bedspread of a giant.”
The Dead End of Demonization
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the origins of extraordinary evil cannot be isolated in the extraordinary nature of the collective, the influence of an extraordinary ideology, psychopathology, or a common, homogenous, extraordinary personality. We are then left with the most discomforting of all realities-ordinary, “normal” people committing acts of extraordinary evil. The notion of the “ordinariness” of chose who commie genocide and mass killing was first given life in the early 1960s when a noted political philosopher posited an obedient, indifferent, and mundane personality co explain the atrocities of the Holocaust. The philosopher’s name was Hannah Arendt, and her concept of the “banality of evil” would fundamentally challenge our understanding of who commies extraordinary human evil.
Beyond Demonization A Model of How Ordinary People Commit Genocide and Mass Killing
Authors: Waller James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we look at perpetrators of genocide and mass killing, we need no longer ask who these people are. We know who they are. They are you and I. There is now a more urgent question to ask: How are ordinary people, like you and me, transformed into perpetrators of genocide and mass killing? The importance of this question is matched only by the complexity of its answer. As we lay out one set of possible answers, we are wise to remember H. L. Mencken’s Law: For every complex problem, there is a solution that is simple, neat, and wrong. The solution to the complex problem of how ordinary people come to commit extraordinary crimes is neither simple nor neat. The precise “how” of the transformation process by which ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing remains veiled from us, as it may have remained veiled from the men and women who experienced it. As Claude Lanzmann writes about the Holocaust, “Between the will to kill and the act itself there is an abyss.” Indeed, the multiplicity of variables that lead an ordinary person to commit genocide and mass killing is difficult to pin down. It is impossible to establish general “laws” that apply to all individuals in all contexts and at all times.
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
Authors: Keegan Kyle , Moss Howard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You know the rest of my story (so far): a happy and loving wife, a daughter (and a step-daughter); a supportive and relieved family, and a good job. It’s been incredibly hard work, earning back all the trust I threw away, all the while building a life for myself, working on maintaining my recovery, and staying clean. Every day is still a struggle, too, make no mistake. I’ll bet you know that already, too.
Thinking back to how it felt to use drugs is something that I ordinarily try not to do, and I strongly recommend that you don’t, either. It’s a slippery slope back to substance abuse once you start reminiscing about the times you got high; when you find yourself doing that, take my advice and direct your thoughts elsewhere. And yet throughout the writing of this book, I wanted to at least look at that slope in order to convey to you the essence of what it is to be addicted to heroin, how I got hooked on it, what I did to break free, and most important, what I am doing now to try and stay free. If I knew some sacred utterance of warning about or release from the horrible bonds of addiction, I would tell you that, too.
Perception and Attention
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a bat or an owl, a summer evening is full of sounds of which we are only dimly aware. A honeybee sees patterns on flowers that are invisible to us. That every kind of animal has its own umwelt or self-world, formed by the kinds of information its senses can process, was one of the fundamental insights of the founders of ethology. The ethologist Von Uexkull (1934/1957) attempted to capture this insight in pictures of how the world might seem to other species (Figure 3.1). A great deal is now known about how animals process sensory information even if most contemporary behavioral scientists do not attempt to translate it into such depictions of subjective experience.
Memory
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forming a search image, acquiring a conditioned response, recognizing one’s mother: all are examples of learning. But they are also examples of memory because new information is being retained from one occasion to the next. Nevertheless, in psychology learning and memory define separate bodies of research. Research on learning has traditionally dealt with how information about relationships between events is acquired, as measured by fairly long-lasting changes in behavior. Research on memory, in contrast, deals with how information is stored, retained and retrieved. The cognitive changes of interest often take place rapidly, may not be very long lasting, and may be read out in a variety of behaviors. But parts of this description apply to examples of ‘‘learning.’’ For instance, flavor aversions can form in one trial, and Pavlovian conditioning may influence a whole behavior system (Chapter 4).
Numerical Competence
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers who know the story of Clever Hans will know that whether animals can count is one of the oldest questions in the experimental study of animal cognition. Clever Hans was a German horse in the early 1900s who answered questions about numbers by tapping with his hoof (Pfungst 1965; Candland 1993). Although a committee of thirteen eminent men was satisfied that Hans really could count, investigations by the young experimental psychologist Oskar Pfungst revealed otherwise. Hans was clever, but not in the way he originally appeared to be. He proved to be responding to slight unconscious, movements of questioners who knew the correct answers. Clever Hans’s legacy is a name for any effect that reflects responding to cues unintentionally provided by experimenters and a widespread skepticism about any studies in which animal and experimenter interact directly.
Social Intelligence
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In traditional studies of learning, social situations were largely neglected. Individual animals were tested in isolation. The same was true in the experimental study of comparative cognition that developed in the 1970s. In classical ethology, social behaviors such as courtship, mating, and aggression were prominent, but they were analyzed in the same way as interactions with the physical world, as sequences of responses to releasing stimuli, here the appearance, vocalizations, and behaviors (displays) of conspecifics (social releasers). But more recently, burgeoning information from long-term field studies of primates and other animals along with the cognitive revolution in psychology, theorizing about the evolution of human sociality, interest in human social cognition, even social cognitive neuroscience (Adolphs 2003) and other developments, have transformed the comparative study of social cognition into one of the most lively, fast-moving, interdisciplinary and sometimes controversial areas discussed in this book.
Helping School Refusing Children and Their Parents
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is designed to help educators, school administrators and counsellors address this behaviour early, before clinical intervention is needed. It is most beneficial for children who have demonstrated refusal behaviour for a short period of time, whose symptoms are not yet severe, and who display few comorbid problems such as ADHD, conduct disorder, or severe depression. The book guides readers through the description, assessment, resolution, and future prevention of school refusal behaviour. Various evidence-based strategies are presented which address the specific needs of the child based on age and reason for refusal. Designed as a workbook, the book contains worksheets, question-and-answer sessions, case vignettes, and step-by-step instructions for exercises to increase incentives for school attendance.
Computing the Mind
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a culmination of humanity's millennia-long quest for self knowledge, the sciences of the mind are now in a position to offer concrete, empirically validated answers to the most fundamental questions about human nature. What does it mean to be a mind? How is the mind related to the brain? How are minds shaped by their embodiment and environment? What are the principles behind cognitive functions such as perception, memory, language, thought, and consciousness? By analyzing the tasks facing any sentient being that is subject to stimulation and a pressure to act, Shimon Edelman identifies computation as the common denominator in the emerging answers to all these questions. Any system composed of elements that exchange signals with each other and occasionally with the rest of the world can be said to be engaged in computation. A brain composed of neurons is one example of a system that computes, and the computations that the neurons collectively carry out constitute the brain's mind. Edelman presents a computational account of the entire spectrum of cognitive phenomena that constitutes the mind. He begins with sentience, and uses examples from visual perception to demonstrate that it must, at its very core, be a type of computation. Throughout his account, Edelman acknowledges the human mind's biological origins. Along the way, he also demystifies traits such as creativity, language, and individual and collective consciousness, and hints at how naturally evolved minds can transcend some of their limitations by moving to computational substrates other than brains. The account that Edelman gives in this book is accessible, yet unified and rigorous, and the big picture he presents is supported by evidence ranging from neurobiology to computer science. The book should be read by anyone seeking a comprehensive and current introduction to cognitive psychology.
Introduction
Authors: Reilly Steve , Schachtman Todd R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this brief introduction, we describe the ways that we have benefited from putting together this edited book, point out a few of the findings involving conditioned taste aversion (CTA) that we found intriguing, and express our appreciation to the contributors. Our initial sense of satisfaction in putting together this book stemmed, of course, from the great need for it. In the past 20 years, there has also been a substantial amount of research exploring the neural substrates of CTA including its neuroanatomy and pharmacology and also the molecular and cellular basis of plasticity. There has also been much work examining the phases of information processing that are involved in certain manipulations of conditioned responding using CTA. CTA has also continued to be an important procedure in the field of animal learning. This critically important phenomenon and methodology persists in having a substantial impact on theory and on clinical concerns. CTA is used to explore the neural mechanisms of learning and the selective processes involved in the pathology of emotional and consummatory disorders. For instance, Cameron et al. (2001) noted that symptoms resulting from the anticipation of chemotherapy (subjects that had already received many pairings of the cues with chemotherapy) can affect a person’s quality of life and these anticipatory symptoms may be due to classical conditioning (see Morrow & Dobkin, 1988, as cited by Cameron et al.).
Conditioned Taste Aversion Induced by Exposure to High-Strength Static Magnetic Fields
Authors: Houpt Thomas A , Smith James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 113 years since the original discovery of X-rays and Roentgen’s famous radiogram of the bones of a hand, in vivo imaging of the human body has progressed from the novel to the commonplace. Radiation-based imaging, such as X-rays, computer-assisted tomography, and positronemission tomography, and more recently magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are now ubiquitous technologies in many countries. Although there were reports from the very beginning that X-rays were sensible (implying interaction with sensory receptors), X-radiation was initially considered benign and noninvasive. Subsequently, it became clear that X-radiation and other forms of high-energy radiation such as gamma radiation were capable of ionizing atoms within the body, with destructive effect. Similarly, the high-strength magnetic fields used in MRI machines are generally considered benign without significant effects on biological tissue. There are reports, however, of vertigo and nausea in subjects exposed to 4 tesla (T) or higher fields (Kangarlu et al., 1999; Schenck et al., 1992). Furthermore, we found significant interactions of high magnetic fields with the vestibular system in rodents.