bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gonads
Authors: Carr James A , Norris David O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reproductive system includes not only the hypothalamus-pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis affecting the production of gametes and various sex accessory structures, but also includes the modulating roles of both the hypo thalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. No other endocrine system is so strongly influenced by selective processes of the environment as the HPG axis. Thus, many reproductive adaptations have evolved independently in diverse groups of animals.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins: Potential Mechanisms and Risk as Endocrine Disruptors
Authors: Walker Mary K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) are environmental contaminants that belong to a large family of structurally related chemicals called halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs). The polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent other HAHs that are commonly found in the environment as mixtures with PCDDs. PCDDs are formed as trace contaminants in a variety of manufacturing processes that use chlorine, such as in the production of trichlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides, the wood preservative pentachlorophenol, and in the bleaching of pulp and paper (reviewed in Webster and Commoner, 1994).
Lords of Hellas, Old Men of the Sea The Occasion of Simonides’ Elegy on Plataea
Authors: Shaw P -J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Oxyrhynchus fragments of Simonides’ elegy on the battle of Plataea were published in 1992, they evoked a rich response in scholarly debate, and by no means the least of the questions posed by the poem was that of the occasion of its performance. Several suggestions have been put forward, but none is so conclusive as to have gained unanimous acceptance, and the debate continues. The proem to the elegy contains an invocation to the son of the sea-nymph, almost certainly to be identified as Achilles. 1 Boedeker shows that in this context Achilles is treated not only as the epic hero who is mortal, but also as the semi-divine recipient of cult, addressed as though alive. 2 Ewen Bowie has argued that the genre of narrative elegy, of which this poem is an example, was appropriate for performance at a public occasion. If the choice of Achilles as subject of the invocation were understood, that occasion might become obvious; conversely, if it were known for what occasion the elegy was composed, it might be possible to explain Achilles’ presence in the proem; but as yet neither has been clearly established.3 West suggested that the elegy may have been performed at some festival of Achilles, but the evidence for such occasions is scarce;4 certainly, before 1992 no one would have connected Achilles specifically with the battle of Plataea or with the Plataiomachoi, and his presence here, particularly as a cultic figure, has taken scholars by surprise. It is likely that Simonides, in composing the poem, whether for contest or commission, had powerful people to consider, one or more of whom may be mentioned in it; and it is not unreasonable to suppose that it was they, or one of them, for whom Achilles was especially significant, perhaps as a cultic hero, and who therefore may have influenced Simonides’ choice.5 Thus Achilles’ presence in the proem may be explained as much by virtue of his cultic as of his epic identity, and this cultic identity may point to an occasion for the performance and, perhaps, to influences that were brought to bear on its composition.
Utopian and Erotic Fusion in a New Elegy by Simonides
Authors: Mace Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only such sensational finds as have come to light with the publication of POxy 3956 could have overshadowed yet another treasure from the same papyrus: a beautiful and unusual new sympotic elegy by Simonides, now 22 W We owe the recovery of this poem to the efforts of Peter Parsons, who worked out the relationships between a small fragment of the new papyrus (3965, fr. 27) and three separate scraps of anonymous elegiac verse published by Lobel in 1954 (POxy2327).1 To accompany his reconstruction, Parsons also provided a wealth of parallels and suggested a variety of interpretations (Parsons 1992a: 24, 45-49). M. L. West, for his part, edited the elegy along with the other new fragments in IEG II2 and suggested generous supplements for its many lacunae; West also published an interpretation of the poem.2 The following examination of the language and themes of Simonides 22 builds on these solid foundations, but leads to some conclusions that are more specific than Parsons’s and different from West’s.
Historical Development
Authors: Thacker Stephen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The definition for public health surveillance most often used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC/ATSDR) is “the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of outcome-specific data for use in the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice” (J). A surveillance system includes the functional capacity for data collection and analysis, as well as the timely dissemination of information derived from these data to persons who can undertake effective prevention and control activities. Although the core of any surveillance system includes the collection, analysis, and dissemination of data, the process can be understood only in the context of specific health outcomes.
Considerations in Planning a Surveillance System
Authors: Teutsch Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surveillance systems evolve in response to ever-changing needs of society in general and of the public health community in particular. In order to understand and meet those needs, an organized approach to planning, developing, implementing, and maintaining surveillance systems is imperative. In the sections below, approaches to the planning and evaluation processes to be presented in more detail elsewhere in this book are discussed. A description of a single surveillance system is provided in Appendix 2A. The steps in planning a system are shown in Table 2-1.
Sources of Health-Related Information
Authors: Parrish II R Gibson , Mcdonnell Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The determinants of the health of individuals and populations are many and they have complex inter-relationships. In this chapter we use the term determinant to refer to both proximal (direct, immediate) and distal (indirect, remote, underlying) causes of health status as well as other factors that are associated with health status, but for which a definite causal relationship may not yet be established (2). Thus, causes are a subset of determinants.
Violence Risk Assessment: The Law And The Science
Authors: Monahan John , Steadman Henry J , Robbins Pamela Clark , Mulvey Edward P , Mulvey Pamela Clark Robbins Edward P , Roth Loren H , Grisso Thomas , Banks Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beliefs about the causes of mental disorder have changed over the centuries, but the belief that mental disorder predisposes many of those suffering from it to behave violently has endured. Indeed, this belief appears to have in creased in intensity in the past several decades, despite many educational campaigns designed to allay public apprehension (Phelan, Link, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 2000). The more a member of the general public believes that mental disorder and violence are associated, the less he or she wants to have an individual with a mental disorder as a neighbor, friend, colleague, or family member (Link, Phelan, Bresnahan, Stueve, & Pescosolido, 1999b).
Law Research and Music Education
Authors: Richmond John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of music education as formal curriculum in America’s public schools is now nearly 170 years old, tracing to Lowell Mason’s efforts with the Boston public schools in the 1830s. Legislation making provision for public school music education and litigation pertaining to its provision and practice are nearly that old. Bennett Boyles identifies one of the earliest music education lawsuits (Bellmeyer v. Independent School District of Marshalltown; Boyles, 1981, p. 46) as having been decided by the Iowa Supreme Court in 1876-more than 120 years ago. Throughout music education’s public school history, the significance and power of the law-both in terms of legislation and litigation-have become increasingly important considerations as vehicles for music education policy formation. The range and scope of education issues touched by our nation’s laws are extensive, and a chronic naivete about the power of the law to shape our professional lives can only mean an increasingly perilous state of affairs at best for American music education. Any discussion of policy in music education would be incomplete without a least a modest, cursory examination of our laws and their impact on our field. Some law research topics are likely to be more familiar than others to readers of this Handbook. Copyright law, for example, is sure to be one of the most familiar, as it has received considerable attention in our journals, newsletters, and convention programs during the last four decades. Advancing technologies and the economy of the photocopy machine have had much to do with this. Frankly put, the ease teachers now have in gaining access to these copy technologies has made their use too convenient, too expedient, too tempting, and too often suspect. More recently, the emergence of the Worldwide Web has made this issue even more complex, and created a need for new and updated legal definitions of such terms as broadcasting, personal use, and fair use. As we shall see later in this chapter, this extremely important area of the law continues to evolve in dramatic and sometimes contentious ways.
Reform-Minded Music Teachers A More Comprehensive Image of Teaching for Music Teacher Education
Authors: Thiessen Dennis , Barrett Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Teachers stand at the center of an insistent and polyphonic conversation about educational change. Teaching, by its very nature, is characterized by periods of stasis and flux, but teachers find that expectations for the rate, degree, and effects of educational change have intensified during this current era of school reform. Voices within elementary and secondary schools, as well as the voices of those who stand outside of schools altogether, have joined the chorus to call for changes in teaching practices, in the ways schools are organized, and in the relationship of teachers to the students and communities they serve. This complex and shifting landscape of reform poses a particular challenge to teacher educators who must prepare beginning teachers to take their places alongside their more experienced colleagues who are concurrently transforming their practices within continually evolving school structures. Inclusive and comprehensive notions of what teachers do in those contexts-how they initiate and respond to change-can inform the restructuring of teacher education programs.
A Review of Research in Theater, Dance, and Other Performing Arts Education Implications for Music
Authors: Seidel Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and its counterpart on visual art education research (see chapter 50) represent an effort to bridge the research on the several arts disciplines within our schools. Traditionally, theater (I will use the term “theater” to refer generally to dramatic endeavor in schools) and dance have existed as largely extracurricular activities or as a small portion of the broader language arts and physical education curricula. Research is still developing in these fields, in comparison to the more established body of literature that exists for both music and visual art education. What can those in music education learn from the research being pursued in the other performing arts disciplines? The performing arts share many elements-aspects of visual representation, sound, language, movement, and feeling. Recently, the disciplines have come to some agreement regarding what should form the arts learning experience. The National Standards for Arts Education (Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994) were written together, an approach that has helped to clarify many ways that the arts disciplines connect. Students should have the opportunity to create as well as to perform; to explore and improvise; to experience a variety of exemplary art; to work with artists; to study the historical and social contexts that lend meaning to works of art; and to reflect on and critique their own and others’ artistic work.
Introduction
Authors: Flohr John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part is devoted to three related areas: music and neuroscience, performing arts medicine, and musician health. Since the last Handbook there have been many developments in these areas that are of interest to music educators. The purpose of this part is to critically review developments in all three areas and provide recommendations for future research. Health issues relating to keyboard and string music education will be primarily found in chapter 53. Health issues relating to brass and woodwind music education will be primarily found in chapter 54.
Music and Neuroscience
Authors: Flohr John W , Hodges Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relationships among the brain, music, and musical abilities are of interest to musicians, psychologists, and neuroscientists. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed and critical overview of the neuroscientific research dealing with music and music education. Unfortunately, a direct translation from neuroscience research into music education at this time is very problematic. Although our understanding of brain and behavior has increased at an exponential rate over the past 10 years, theories of brain functioning and our understanding of the neurobiological forces that shape musical behavior are still in their infancy. The focus will be on ideas helpful to music education from what is known about music and the brain. The chapter is organized into three sections.
Teaching Other Subjects Through Music
Authors: Goldberg Merryl , Scott-Kassner Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a group of fourth graders listening to Gustav Holst’s The Planets. They listen intently, contemplate, discuss in detail how the music represents the motion of the planets; and then the teacher poses the question to them: “How could we make a sound sculpture that would represent the orbital value of each planet?” In this chapter, we seek to uncover the issues and research related to teaching other subjects, like this science lesson, through music. In order to do so, we begin by offering an overview of historical, social/cultural, and theoretical perspectives. We then address the literature on classroom teachers and arts integration, including a discussion outlining the various ways teachers teach other subjects through music. A review of major studies in this area follows, and the chapter concludes with reflections and conclusions based on the research. In writing this chapter, we recognized that this topic brings with it considerable debate, and we embraced the controversies with interest and rigor. Arts education in the United States is at a dynamic crossroads. For the past few decades music, visual art, drama, and dance have usually been taught as separate subjects in school, if they were taught at all (see Leonhard, 1991; National Endowment for the Arts [NEA], 1988). Of all the arts, music is the one most likely to be taught by a specialist teacher trained to teach that subject. This discipline-based model of music and arts education is fundamental to the education of children, giving them key skills and understandings through the sequential development of the tools needed to receive a basic education in each art form. A vision for student accomplishment in these disciplines is outlined in the National Standards for Arts Education (1994). Included in these standards is a call for the promotion of arts as a medium for integrating learning across the curriculum within state and local planning efforts.
Research: A Foundation for Arts Education Advocacy
Authors: Bresler Liora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of virtues (and vices) associated with the arts goes back a long way, to early myths, the Old Testament, and Greek philosophy. Music, for example, has been viewed throughout the last 26 centuries as an agent of affect, a mode of cognition, a sophisticated form, a symbol system, and a social and political force. These attributes reverberate in contemporary philosophy of music and the other arts, as well as in educational goals and practices of arts education. Of these wide-ranging attributes, cognitive aspects have assumed in the last decades a central place in advocacy outcomes of arts education, testimony to the enduring power of the cognitive revolution. Elliot Eisner (1982) remarked that the kinds of nets we know how to weave determine the kinds of nets we cast, which, in turn, determine the kinds of fish we catch (p. 49). In the context of research and advocacy in arts education, our methodological tools often shape our research questions, reflecting the types of benefits we seek and the values that we espouse. This chapter presents research on outcomes associated with engagement in the arts, including: (1) metaanalyses of empirical studies examining connections between music and achievements in reading, math, spatial abilities, and creativity; (2) research focusing on the impact of music on the brain, searching for neurophysical impact of learning; and (3) holistic studies on the impact of music and other arts on students, investigating learning opportunities and exploring the long-term impact of arts instruction.1 The discussion of the various criteria for advocacy research is directed toward its contribution to an enhanced understanding of the possibilities of arts education and toward the improvement of theory and practice.
Introduction Scholarly Inquiry and the Research Process
Authors: Heller Jack J , Decarbo Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Handbook contains a variety of views about the research process in music education. While there is some disagreement about what should be called research, all agree that there are many ways to inform the profession about the teaching and learning process in music education. Scholarly inquiry of all sorts should be embraced. There is a large body of research about music teaching and learning published in music education journals as well as in psychological, educational, acoustical, and neuroscience journals, but the quality of some of these reports is suspect. Yet, these studies often are cited to support a particular view or used as models for further study. Conclusions in such studies are sometimes not supported by evidence. And the external or ecological validity of many studies can be questioned, especially those carried out by researchers outside the field of music education.
The Southeast
Authors: Pritzker Barry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Southeast cultural area may be thought of as comprising several distinct environmental zones. The Appalachian Mountains run northeast to southwest; their highest point is a 6,684-foot peak in North Carolina. Here such southern hardwoods as chestnut and hickory meet more northerly species, such as birch, sugar maple, and hemlock. The mountain region includes numerous well-watered plateaus and valleys, such as the Cumberland Plateau, the Appalachian Plateau, and, to the west, the Great Valley. Well west of the mountains is the great Mississippi River. Preeminent southeastern rivers include the Shenandoah, the James, the Savannah, the Roanoke, the Coosa, and the Tennessee.
Thomas East And Music Publishing In Renaissance England
Authors: Smith Jeremy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the London of Shakespeare and William Byrd, Thomas East was the premier, often exclusive, printer of music. As he tells the story of this influential figure in early English music publishing, Jeremy Smith also offers a vivid overall portrait of a bustling and competitive industry, in which composers, patrons, publishers, and tradesmen sparred for creative control and financial success. It provides a truly comprehensive study of music publishing and a new way of understanding the place of musical culture in Elizabethan times. In addition, Smith has compiled the first complete chronology of East’s music prints, based on both bibliographical and paper-based evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Jeremy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beneath the seemingly placid surface of the music trade in Renaissance London was a bustling and jostling world of creativity, ambition, legal contests, and even political danger. Thomas East (1540-1608) was the premier, often exclusive, printer and publisher of music in this competitive world. This study of East’s career embraces the full context of interactions among composers, tradesmen, and, indirectly, consumers; the role of patronage; and the impact of politics. It will be the first to offer a comprehensive study of music publishing at a sixteenth-century London music press, providing thereby a new and broad-based understanding of the music field in this arguably richest era of English culture.
Meanings
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sensational public trials tell at least two stories at once. The first belongs primarily to the characters involved. The second, perhaps even more compelling and instructive than the first, mirrors the wider field of politics and culture in which the trial takes place. I have argued from the outset that the Mary Dixon Jones affair was never simply the story of a remarkable and eccentric nineteenth-century woman physician, but should be understood as a public event that opens a window onto Victorian society. Indeed, the trial not only aired significant issues being addressed in the public sphere, but informed and molded the opinions of its audience. It exposed to public debate contentious matters of medical professionalization in various guises, including the emergence of modern scientific values, new technology, specialization, novel medico-legal developments, and innovative approaches to disease, diagnosis, and patient care. The widely attended court proceedings highlighted topics like the nature of class respectability and the problem of middle-class social responsibility, as the accountability of private elites in monitoring quasi-public cultural and charitable institutions was considered. Questions about the role of government and the press in guarding the public interest threaded throughout the Eagle’s spirited self-defense. Finally, because its central character was a woman, gender and its various connotations at the end of the nineteenth century proved a salient theme throughout, transforming points of community concern in provocative ways.
Introduction
Authors: Erneling Christina E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently some very pessimistic voices have been raised about the future of psychology and its ability to contribute to the scientific study of the mind. Different scholars, both inside and outside of the discipline, have made such claims. For example, the neurophysiologist Michael Gazzaniga writes in his book The Mind’s Past (1998) that psychology is dead, and its practitioners are the last to know (p. 1). Howard Gardner, the cognitive psychologist, echoes this in an interview with the popular science writer John Horgan (The Undiscovered Mind, 1999). Also, philosophers of mind make similarly pessimistic claims. Jerry Fodor, one of the leading figures in promoting the computational view of the mind, says in a review, “Wc do not know how minds work” (1995).