bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apocalyptic Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While on the topic of piano keys, did you ever notice that the widths of the white keys are not all the same at the back ends (where they pass between the black keys)? What back-end widths would piano manufacturers chose to use if they wanted to make the widths as similar as possible? Mathematician Kevin Brown studied different pianos and how they accommodate this problem in “linear programming.” Let Wdenote the widths of the white keys at the front, and let B denote the widths of the black keys. Then let tf, £,..., £ (variables are assigned to their musical equivalents) denote the widths of the white keys at the back. It seems impossible to have a-b-. . . = g. The best you can do is try to minimize the greatest difference between any 2 of these keys. One simple approach would be to set d = g = a = (IF-B) and b = c = e = f= (W-BI2), which gives a maximum difference of B/2 between the widths of any two white keys (at the back ends).
Grenade Stacking
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Laurent Beeckman’s article in the May 1994 American Mathematical Monthly, if we allow any set of k consecutive squares (not necessarily beginning with 1), there are solutions for k = 1,2, 11, 23, 24, 33, 47, . . . For each of these we have infinitely many sequences of k consecutive squares whose sum is a square. For example, with Further Exploring ® 359 k = 24 we not only have the previous sequence, l2 + 22 + 33 + 44 + . . . . + 242 = 702, but we also have 92 + 102 + 112 + . . . + 322 = 1062, 202 + 212 + 222 + . . . + 432 = 1582, etc. Can you find others? In general, it seems that the sum of the 24 squares beginning with m1 is a square for m = 1,9, 20, 25, 44, 76,.
Beauty and Gaussian Rational Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate a very simple graphics technique for visualizing a large class of graphically interesting manifestations of complex rational numbers. As background, complex rational numbers are of the form p/q, where p and q can be complex numbers of the form a + bi where i = and a and b are integers. As an example of a complex rational number, consider (1 + 2z)/(3 + 3/)). In other words, p = p' = ip", and q = q' = iq", with p', p", q', q" all integers.
Zoologic
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Figure Fl 14.1, Mr. Gila walks along 47 paths, or 4,700 feet. The path he chooses hits these enclosures in sequence: 18, 20, 19, 17,18, 20, 21, 13, 14, 10, 9, 5, 6, 10, 11, 7, 6, 2, 3, 7, 8, 12, 11, 15, 14, 22, 23, 15, 16, 12, 8, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 9, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24, 16, 28, 25, 26, 27, and 28. As you can see, in several instances he must travel a path twice. Can you find a shorter route? If Mr. Gila places the 19 panes of glass in the manner shown in Figure Fl 14.2, he will have 10 enclosures of equal size.
3 Weird Problems with 3
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For problem 1, you can define an arithmetic series as follows: ax = 1, a2 = 2, = 3, an = an-3 + + an-\ f°r n — 4. The sum of each row in the original problem is the sum of its digits. This means that the sum of each row is the sum of the previous 3 rows’ sums. One can use this information to write a BASIC program to compute the sum for the thirtieth row: 45,152,016.
Zen Archery
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problem 1:8 + 19 + 31 + 41 + 101 = 200. We believe there are roughly 27 distinct solutions. What method did you use to solve this? Must the 8 be present in every solution? Problem 2: 10 + 19 + 71 = 100.
The Effects of Stress On The Experience of Emotions
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have you ever had a close call, a brush with death or some other near disaster, and, looking back, realized that the odds were not much better, perhaps less than 50/50, that you were going to make it? In a split second’s time your fate was decided. Perhaps too there was even a choice you had to make. A left turn or a right? And you made the right choice. Do you remember what you were feeling at the time? Not afterward, but right then?
For me, it was speeding up a hill on a country road outside of Grass Valley, California, on a motorcycle. At 50 mph, I was definitely going too fast. Just over the rise, there was a boy on his bike stopped in the middle of the road waiting for the traffic to clear so he could turn left for home. There was not enough road for both of us, and at my speed, I knew I would hit him.
Positive Emotions and Mental Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“My daughter took my pain with her.” One of our rheumatoid arthritis patients said that to us. We were marveling that the pain due to her disease had suddenly dropped to 0 from moderately high levels of 60 on a 0-to-100 scale. She saw this change as her body’s reaction to the death of her daughter. Actually, this woman had lost her father and daughter within the same 2 weeks. It happened by chance to be a time at which we were monitoring her stress and disease activity with weekly interviews, so we were able to detect these changes in disease occurring in concert with the deaths in her family. We also were able to confirm a clear reduction in clinical signs of inflammation following those deaths by physician joint examinations (Potter & Zautra, 1997). The major losses she experienced had unintended benefits to her health. In fact, those benefits lasted about 6 months, the usual period of time associated with grieving over the death of a close family member.
Emotional Intelligences
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People differ in their emotional capacities, just as they differ in intellectual capacities. This chapter is devoted to exploring such individual differences in emotional intelligence. But what does it mean to be intelligent with emotions? Many in the behavioral sciences have grown up shouldering the philosophies of Rene Descartes and Immanuel Kant, who taught that emotion is the antithesis of reason. Logic, hard-nosed thinking, and high-speed analysis are thought to be the keys to the sublime when it comes to intellect. From this perspective, emotions are at best a nuisance, at worst a source of bias, irrationality, and error in information processing and decision-making. For some, emotional intelligence seems to be an oxymoron, like “kind terrorist” or “idiot savant.”
Somewhere along the way to the end of the twentieth century, however, we turned away from processing speed as the sine qua non of intelligence. Perhaps it is the result of high-speed computers such as Deep Blue checkmating Garry Kasparov, the best human chess player at the time of the match. We talk of the need for good judgment, as we can no longer compete in computational tasks. Perhaps we can blame the baby boomers; according to some commentators, the boomers are talking about the need for wisdom just to compensate for the slowing of their intellectual skills. Whatever the cause of this new emphasis on emotional smarts, it is apparent that people differ in their capacity to experience, understand, communicate, and manage their feelings and in their ability to understand the feelings of others.
Marriage and Other Close Relationships
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioral scientists are like most people; they tend to think of relationships as either good for you or bad for you. In truth, relationships defy such simple classification. They can be, and usually are, both healthy and unhealthy. The evidence that divorce leads to health problems is strong, especially for men. Higher rates of depression, and alcoholism, and a twofold increase in suicides are typically found among divorced and separated men compared with married and single men (Bruce & Kim, 1992; Kposowa, 2000; Power, Rodgers, & Hope, 1999). Women are also at risk, with high rates of depressive disorders following marital dissolution. But these statistics do little to dissuade people from marriage and other risky intimate partnerships. A close relationship is indeed a double-edged sword. This chapter examines these two sides of the emotional life of marriage and similar bonds, relying on the two-dimensional framework developed thus far in this book.
John Neale and Arthur Stone (Stone, 1981; Stone & Neale, 1982) were among the first to discover dualism in everyday conjugal relations. They recruited couples who answered their advertisements in the local newspapers and asked them to complete daily diaries.
The Quality of Emotional Life at Work
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you ask people why they work, you often hear comments such as, “It puts food on the table,” or “It keeps me busy,” or “To get out of the house.” These comments disguise the strong emotional attachments that most of us have to our jobs, the way that troubles at work can preoccupy us, or the profound sense of loss that we feel when we leave a job, whether we choose to go or are asked to leave. Most people still find contentment at work, even when their jobs are so taxing physically and psychologically that their activities are truly harmful to their health. There is no experience other than marriage and family that involves us so fully.
How can we begin to understand our emotional attachments to employment in a way that can account for the fundamental contribution that the work experience makes to our lives? Marie Jahoda (1981) identified what she called “latent” or hidden purposes underlying work. A job imposes a time structure on the waking day, allows for shared experiences with people outside the home, links an individual to goals and purposes that transcend one’s own, defines key components of personal identity, and, perhaps fundamentally, requires activity.
The Preservation of Quality of Emotional Life As We Age
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim in this chapter is to examine the quality of the emotional lives of older adults with lenses focused on both positive and negative dimensions of emotional experience. But first, I think it is important to address a bias that pervades much of our thinking about aging populations. Many people maintain that we have more important concerns than attending to the quality of life of older adults. For them, nurturing the mental health of children provides us with the best hope for the future. They subscribe to the belief that what happens early in life shapes our futures to a great extent. In contrast, the ways of older adults are already set, as if their stories have been foretold, forecast by events earlier in life. Another commonly held belief is that biological processes play a greater role in determining the health and well-being of older adults than of young children. Collectively, these attitudes add up to restatements of the adage about “old dogs” not being able to learn and of the futility of our attempts to improve the lives of our elders. Even if older adults could be influenced by new experiences to the same extent as young adults and children, the balance of years favors investing in children and their mothers first, does it not? So many years are wasted when a child dies or is wounded psychologically; fewer years are lost for the person already past his or her “prime.” These are the arguments I hear about the relative unimportance of enriching the quality of life of our elders.
The Emotional Community
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greene family was driving through Sicily at night when they were attacked. A group of bandits brandishing firearms pulled alongside the Greenes’ car. As the family tried to flee, the bandits opened fire. After a chase, the bandits pulled away, and the Greenes came upon an automobile accident with police and ambulance present. At first relieved, they stopped their car to report their brush with lawlessness. When they opened the back door, however, they found that a bullet had pierced the skull of their 6-year-old son, Nicholas. Two days of intensive care did not reverse the fact that their child was brain dead. When they told this story on National Public Radio, 3 years after the event, few of the millions of listeners could hold back tears.
Mr. and Mrs. Greene lost a life very precious to them on that Sicilian highway. But what happened next seems nothing short of miraculous. By donating their son’s organs, the Greenes ignited an international movement that has saved the lives of countless people. Their story provides a dramatic illustration of the opportunities for positive thought and emotion that are embedded within even the most tragic circumstances. And when you hear them tell it, as a simple matter of fact, an attitude of, “Well, wouldn’t anyone have done the same?” we know that the warmth we feel is not due to the way they told the story but from how the story itself touches us.
Brodmann’S Cortical Areas
Authors: Smith Chris U M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Korbinian Brodmann was born at Liggersdorf, Hohenzollern, on 17 November 1868. He was educated at Gymnasia in Sigmaringen and Konstanz and studied medicine at, successively, Munich, Wurzburg, Berlin, and Freiburg-im-Breisgau. He passed his final medical examinations at Freiburg on 21 February 1895. It seems that his ambition after passing his medical examinations was to work as a doctor in the Black Forest region. To this end he enrolled at the Munich Pediatric Clinic and Polyclinic, but he was prevented from taking up the time-consuming duties of general practitioner when he contracted diphtheria. Instead, in May 1896, he assumed the less demanding position of assistant in the Neurological Clinic at Alexanderbad-im-Fichtelberg (northern Bavaria), whose director at that time was Oskar Vogt. This was a crucial moment in Brodmann’s career.
The Sylvian Fissure
Authors: Beukers Harm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franciscus dele Boè, called Sylvius, was a descendant of a Protestant family from Cambrai, France.1 For religious reasons the family moved to Germany, where Sylvius was born in Hanau in 1614. He studied medicine at the universities of Sedan and Leiden. He enrolled on 4June 1632 at Leiden and held a disputation Positiones variae medicae under the presidency of Adolphus Vorstius in 1634. After a study tour to southern German universities, Sylvius became a doctor of medicine at the University of Basel on 16 March 1637, defending a thesis entitled De animali motu ejusque laesionibus under the presidency of Emanuel Stupanus.
Froment’S Sign
Authors: Spaans Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early part of the twentieth century, the boundaries between the various medical disciplines were much less sharply defined than they are now. Thus it is not surprising that although Jules Froment1•2 was made professor of internal medicine at the University of Lyon (France) in 1928, he devoted most of his professional life to neurology. Jules Froment was born in 1878, in a family without any medical tradition. His initial interest was in internal medicine, as is evident from his 1906 dissertation on abnormalities of the heart valve in Graves’ disease. During World War I he was conscripted to work as a physician at the front, where he saw many nerve injuries caused by bullets.He studied the anatomy and function of the peripheral nervous system and was soon given a position in Paris withJoseph Babinski (1857-1932; see Chapter 18), whom he came to admire greatly.
The No-Rebound Phenomenon Of Stewart-Holmes
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M , Bruyn George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The (no-)rebound phenomenon is a valuable diagnostic tool that, in our opinion, is regrettably underused in neurological examinations. This is probably largely due to a misunderstanding about (or lack of comprehension of) the essential point of this sign, despite its lucid description by Stewart and Holmes.1-3 Thomas Grainger Stewart, the third son of the well-known Sir Thomas (Grainger Stewart) and his wifeJessy Dingwall Fordyce, daughter of the parson Dr. R. Macdonald, was born in Edinburgh on 2 December 1877. The shy, rather introverted youth was of above-average intellectual endowment. He took the bachelors in medicine and surgery in 1900, became a member of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP), Edinburgh, in 1902 and of the RCP, London, in 1904. Between a stint as house physician at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary and his moving to London he studied in Munich. He was awarded the gold medal for his M.D. thesis in 1912 and elected Fellow of the RCP, London, a year later.
Broca’S Aphasia
Authors: Moffie David , Schiller Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pierre Paul Broca (1824-1880) was born on 28 June 1824 in Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, a small town in the Dordogne, east of Bordeaux, in a Calvinist family.1 His father, who had served as a surgeon in Napoleon’s army, was a general practitioner. Paul attended the local primary and high schools. He wanted to study at the Ecole Polytechnique to become an engineer, but he changed his mind and studied medicine instead. This was probably owing to his father’s insistence on his taking over his practice.
The Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Authors: Koehler Peter J , Aminoff Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Brown-Sequard syndrome occurs following unilateral lesion of the spinal cord. Paralysis and disturbed proprioception are found ipsilateral to the lesion, whereas diminished pain and temperature appreciation, starting one or two segments below the level of the lesion, are found contralaterally. The syndrome may have many different causes.
The Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M , Rapper Allan H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of Guillain-Barre syndrome with an acute polyneuritis has remained unchallenged since its first description. Nearly all cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome follow a typical course. Limb paresthesias are followed by weakness in proximal muscles, sometimes accompanied by cramping pain in the back, buttocks, and thighs. The disorder may follow a viral or bacterial infection, vaccination, or a number of other conditions. Except for facial weakness, cranial nerve involvement is uncommon but may emerge in more severe cases. This includes ophthalmoplegia, oropharyngeal weakness, and, rarely, progression to a “locked-in” state. As a result of impaired baroreceptor function, spontaneous fluctuations in blood pressure and bradycardia may occur.
Wallenberg’S Syndrome
Authors: Barnett Henry J M , Meldrum Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallenberg’s name has been a household word in neurology for the last century. His observations were made close to the zenith of the hundredth anniversary of descriptive neurology’s birth and epitomized the best skills of neurologists of this epoch. His careful honing of the art of history taking and neurological examination, knowledge of neuroanatomy, and resolute pursuit of bedside studies to the postmortem room were exemplary. Adolf Wallenberg was born in Stargard (near Danzig, in Prussia, the present Gdansk in Poland) on 10 November 1862. His father was the district’s physician, Samuel Wallenberg; his grandfather was a rabbi. Samuel died when Adolf was six years old. He and his three brothers received an academic education but were also given music lessons.
Parkinson’S Disease
Authors: Rose Frank Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This condition is probably the eponymous disease most widely recognized by the general lay public. In spite of this, few know the details of Parkinson’s life. He was born in April 1755 in Hoxton (to the northeast of the City of London), an area which in the late eighteenth century was more salubrious than now. Baptized and married in St. Leonards Church, he was buried in its churchyard as were his father, grandfather, and great-grandfather, all four generations practicing as surgeon-apothecaries for a continuous period of 80 years.1 There is no portrait of Parkinson, but his friend, Dr. Mantell, wrote Mr Parkinson was rather below middle stature, with an energetic intellect, and pleasing expression of countenance, and of mild and courteous manners; readily imparting information, either on his favourite science, or on professional subjects.
The Third World Alternative
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie degate on how to conduct the nuckar arms race was at r()(Jt a debate about foreign policy. \Vhcthcr or not either side had something approximating to a first-strike capability mattcn:d only if it was fdt that the dynamics of international affairs Wl.H: pushing the superpowers in exorably to the brink of war or that alliance commitments depended on a readiness to take the highest risks. Although the ideas or limited war and arms control allowed members or the liberal wing or the Democratic Party to appear responsible realists rather than naive idea lists, they tended to doubt that the Soviet Union was really contemplating total war, and they suspected that by showing greater fle.,ibility the \Vest could move toward some sort of :iccommodation with the East. lvlorc seriously, they believed that the prcoccup:irion with European geopolitics, the cold w:lr, and the :mns race me:mt tlut the big story of the contcmpor:it)’ era, the snugglcs in the third world for politic:li mdependencc and economic de velopment, w:is being missed.
The New Strategy
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roilert mcnamara entered tiie pentagon as something of a whirlwind, firing off dctaikd questions in all directions. His capacity to digest information, zoom in on discrepancies, compute costs, and assess alternatives astonished and alarmed subordinates. The military appeared as amatn1rs in his presence, fumbling for answers to questions that had m:vcr been asked before, expected to explain their programs without recourse to the normal slogans or a sense or what the political marketplace would bear.
The Options Debated
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 16 octoger the evidence was incontrovcrtihk. The Soviet Union was attempting to insert missiks covertly into Cuba. Over the next thirteen days Kcnm:dy took the advice of a group that met regularly-almost con tinually-for the duration of the crisis. This group has come to he known as ExComm (for Executive Conunittcc of the National Security Council) although it was not rormally designated as such until a week into the crisis.
Blockade
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie alternative to an air strike took time to crystallize. Early on the afternoon of l6 October, in a way that suggested prior preparation, Mc Naman, had raised the idea of a hlocbck. A previous nu:ntion had been as a suppk1m:nt rather than an alternative to an air strike, to prevent missiks arriving after the original set had been destroyed. It was on this basis that Maxwell Taylor had stated it as a requirement in his initial presentation, along with the rein(orcement or the American base at Guannlnamo.
Aftermath
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie “castiw piwglem’’ had been played down for the duration of the crisis in order to focus on the “missik probkm.” As the missiles began to kavc, the Castro probkm was highlighted once more. Ily the time of the crisis over 150,000 Cubans had entered the United States as refugees. Out of this ferociously anti-Castro community came demands for action, and militants determined to act themselves. Meanwhile conservative crit ics, including members or the Joint Chiers, saw Castro’s survival as evi dence or a severe railure or nerve on Kennedy’s part. Vv’ith Senator Keating claiming that U.S. intelligence was being hoodwinked once again, talk or missiles being stored in caves, and agents’ reports insisting that Soviet wc:ipons were here, there, :md everywhere, there was &lt;l frenzy of cknunds for further action.