bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IODINE CONTENT OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Hudson William A. 
Published: June 2004

1. After thyroidectomy in dogs the iodine content of the blood is increased.
2. The administration of fresh thyroid gland of sheep by mouth to thyroidectomized dogs causes the iodine content of the blood to fall so that it returns to the normal preoperative level; when the thyroid feeding is discontinued the iodine content of the blood is again increased.
ACTION OF ANTIGEN ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO. II
Authors: Fischer Albert 
Published: June 2004

The action of human ascitic fluid and of dog serum on the immunization of fibroblasts in vitro was investigated. The toxic effect of ascitic fluid upon fibroblasts was slight, while that of dog serum was marked. When a small amount of antigen (1.5 to 2 per cent dog serum, or 8 per cent ascitic fluid) was present in the medium, the resistance of the fibroblasts slowly increased, reached its maximum after about 14 days, and gradually decreased. The curve expressing the phenomena closely resembles that of Jörgensen and Madsen showing the production of antibodies in an animal which received daily injections of antigen. When the antigen was present in the medium in a high concentration (from 5 to 8 per cent dog serum), the resistance reached its maximum in 4 days, and decreased rapidly.
It may be concluded that:
1. In the immunization of fibroblasts in vitro against a foreign protein, there is a relation between the amount of antigen, the time of the appearance of immunization, and its duration.
2. When a small amount of antigen is used, immunization slowly reaches its maximum, and slowly decreases.
3. When a large amount of antigen is used, immunization reaches its maximum in a short time, but the protection is of equally short duration.
STUDIES ON ENDOTHELIAL REACTIONS
Authors: Foot Nathan Chandler 
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental cerebral and meningeal tubercles in the rabbit are formed from cells of endothelial origin.
2. These cells are derived apparently from other sources than the neighboring capillary endothelium alone.
3. The circulating macrophages, which, in this case, are capable of multiplying by mitosis while still free in the blood, are drawn upon in the formation of the cerebral tubercle.
4. Splenectomy has not materially decreased the available supply of circulating macrophages in this experiment.
5. While these cells may originate in the endothelium of the liver and bone marrow, the lung appears to play a much more important rôle in this respect than has been hitherto suspected.
SPIROCHÆTA EURYGYRATA
Authors: Hogue Mary Jane 
Published: June 2004

1. Pure lines of Spirochœta eurygyrata were isolated and cultured.
2. They lived longest in a medium which was made up of sodium chloride and pig serum water.
3. They stained readily with iron-hematoxylin, Giemsa's stain, Cross' stain, and carbolfuchsin.
4. They did not stain with the vital dyes used.
5. They divide by transverse division.
6. Transverse bars, which are seen in stained spirochetes and in dead ones with dark-field illumination, are considered coagulated protoplasm, due to death.
7. Coccoid bodies were not seen in living individuals nor were they seen free in the culture medium.
8. Cats were fed cultures of Spirochœta eurygyrata but did not become infected with them.
9. Spirochœta eurygyrata is not of frequent occurrence in this part of the United States.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

A series of rabbits was subcutaneously injected with three measured doses of killed cultures of two strains of Bacterium pneumosintes derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of influenza patients. These rabbits were subsequently tested for the development of serum antibodies and for the presence of an induced immunity to the living organisms, with the following results.
The serum of eleven of fifteen rabbits, tested from 10 to 27 days after the final subcutaneous injection, specifically agglutinated Bacterium pneumosintes, whereas normal rabbit serum did not.
Nineteen vaccinated rabbits were subjected to protection experiments. Two of them were unaffected by an intratracheal injection of Bacterium pneumosintes, contained in the lung tissues of previously infected animals, in a dose which typically affected the control rabbits. Fifteen of the other seventeen proved to be completely resistant when tested by intratracheal injections of Bacterium pneumosintes cultures that produced typical infections in the controls. Ten of these fifteen rabbits were injected intravenously with living cultures of pneumococcus, Streptococcus hamolyticus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses which were non-infective under normal conditions, but infective, as experience has shown, in the presence of a primary lesion caused by Bacterium pneumosintes. In none of these animals did infection develop. The two remaining rabbits of the seventeen were not protected against Bacterium pneumosintes by the vaccination, and they further developed a secondary pulmonary infection with Bacillus pfeifferi after its intravenous injection. Control rabbits similarly injected intratracheally with Bacterium pneumosintes, and then intravenously with the pneumococcus, streptococcus, or Bacillus pfeifferi in doses that had proved non-infective for normal rabbits, uniformly developed a secondary infection with these organisms.
The mildness of the local reactions and the absence of general signs, following vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes, indicate that similar injections would be well tolerated in man. There is no evidence that the subcutaneous injection of large doses of the heat-killed organisms reduces the resistance of the animal body to infections with other bacteria. In single rabbit experiments the resistance to intravenously injected pneumococci, streptococci, or Bacillus pfeifferi has been found unreduced immediately after vaccination with Bacterium pneumosintes.
STUDIES ON THE DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO BACILLUS ABORTUS
Authors: Hagan William A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The infectivity of Bacillus abortus for guinea pigs is extremely great. It is computed that somewhat less than 100 organisms are required to infect most animals.
2. Occasional animals are encountered having much more resistance to Bacillus abortus infection than is possessed by the average. The most resistant animal encountered was infected by a number of organisms computed to be less than 10,000.
3. The principal effect on the character of the Bacillus abortus disease, caused by varying the size of the infecting dose, is a change in the time relations. Very small doses produce an infection of slower course than do larger doses, but the eventual results are practically the same.
4. Judging by the agglutination curves, guinea pigs inoculated with large or medium sized doses of Bacillus abortus generally begin to gain mastery over the disease about the 10th week after inoculation. At this time the agglutination curve begins to decline. As was first shown by Smillie, the numbers of bacteria in the body organs begin to decline at about the 4th week but the change is rather slow until about the 10th or 12th week when a rapid decline begins, coincidently with the fall in the agglutinin titer. When the inoculating dose is small the course of the disease may be much prolonged. The defensive forces of the body would appear to be quite inactive until a certain stage in the disease is reached.
5. The virulence of Bacillus abortus cultures for guinea pigs may be raised or lowered by appropriate passage through these animals.
6. Normal guinea pig blood will not agglutinate Bacillus abortus in a dilution of 1:10. Immune agglutinins are easily produced by inoculations with dead or living organisms. Agglutinins for Bacillus abortus are capable of passing the placental filter.
7. There appears to be little or no danger of normal guinea pigs becoming infected by association with diseased animals of their own sex. One instance is reported, however, of the infection of a male animal that had cohabited with infected females.
8. The susceptibility of guinea pigs to infection through ingestion of Bacillus abortus is relatively slight.
THE ACTION OF SODIUM SALICYLATE UPON THE FORMATION OF IMMUNE BODIES
Authors: Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits treated with sodium salicylate in daily doses of from 0.16 to 0.2 gm. per kilo of body weight and at the same time immunized with intravenous injections of Streptococcus viridans, both living and in the form of vaccines, and also with washed sheep red blood cells, showed diminished complement-fixing antibodies, agglutinins, and hemolysins when compared with controls similarly immunized.
2. If the antigens were treated with sodium salicylate in vitro and subsequently injected intravenously into rabbits, the animals usually showed lower antibody curves than did rabbits that received the untreated antigen intravenously and sodium salicylate by stomach tube.
3. The beneficial effect of sodium salicylate in rheumatic fever patients probably cannot be attributed to an increased production of circulating immune bodies against the infectious agent. This is, however, no contraindication to the administration of salicylates to patients suffering from infectious diseases.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Schmidt Carl F. , Harer W. Benson 
Published: June 2004

1. The depressant drugs which have been studied in this series of experiments were found to resemble morphine and heroine in that they depressed expiration more than inspiration, but they acted only in narcotic doses and always depressed inspiration at the same time. Ether caused a sharp expiratory rhythm, persisting until narcosis was very deep, probably a result of irritation of the air passages. Chloroform sometimes caused dyspnea, even in very deep narcosis, probably because of circulatory depression. Hydrated chloral made respiration more rapid, but shallower. Urethane usually made expiration active, often with inspiratory pauses, such as may follow vagotomy. Magnesium seemed to produce the most uniform, uncomplicated depression of all the depressants tried. Luminal resembled morphine and heroine more closely than any of the general depressants, making expiration passive without depressing inspiration, but it acted only in narcotic doses, unlike morphine and heroine.
2. Caffeine and strychnine, whenever they caused acceleration after morphine, brought back active expiration. Atropine never stimulated, and commonly acted as a synergist to morphine.
3. It is suggested that the results outlined in this and the preceding paper point to the existence of a separate central mechanism for the control of each of the phases of respiration, and that, while each responds to the same chemical stimuli, the threshold of the expiratory is higher than that of the inspiratory. Evidence is presented to indicate that if expiration remains passive a marked increase in depth of breathing may slow the rate, and a respiratory mechanism that lacks active expiration may be so inefficient that a CO2 concentration which stimulated when expiration was active may depress when it is passive.
CHLORIDE RETENTION IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS
Authors: Keith Norman M. , Pulford D. Schuyler 
Published: June 2004

1. In acute experimental hydronephrosis chloride retention occurs as well as retention of water, urea, and phenolsulfonephthalein.
2. If both water and chlorides are retained there may be no appreciable rise in the plasma chloride content.
3. When chlorides are retained, but not water, the chloride content of the plasma rises strikingly.
4. After the removal of the ureteral obstruction in acute hydronephrosis all renal functions, water, urea, and chloride excretion, may be rapidly restored in equal degree, or the chlorides may be retained temporarily while there is free excretion of water and urea.
5. In chronic hydronephrosis adequate daily excretion of urea and chlorides may be maintained by a compensatory polyuria.
6. Chloride retention or an abnormal chloride excretion may occur in certain renal lesions when there is no change in the urea, phenolsulfonephthalein, or water excretion.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE MANNER OF SPREAD OF MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported in this paper and in the preceding one indicate that with a given susceptible mouse population and a certain strain of mouse typhoid bacilli the sporadic and epidemic prevalences of mouse typhoid are determined by the spacial and quantitative distribution of the bacilli.
Under circumstances in which the entire mouse population is so exposed as to be in direct contact with an infecting dose of the mouse typhoid bacillus, the nature of the resulting mortality curve depends upon the quality of susceptibility of the individuals composing the population.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the non-protein nitrogen, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, sugar, and chlorides of the blood and the CO2-combining power of the plasma in normal dogs, and in dogs after different types of intestinal obstruction, is reported.
Following ligation of the duodenum, ligation of the duodenum with gastroenterostomy, and ligation of the upper half of the ileum, a fall in chlorides and a rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood and in the CO2-combining power of the plasma occur. The uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, and sugar show no significant changes. The fundamental change is a fall in chlorides followed by an alkalosis. The degree of alkalosis depends upon the rate of formation of carbonate, rate of excretion by the kidneys, and extent of neutralization of the carbonate by acid bodies formed during the intoxication.
The fall in chlorides is probably due to a utilization of the chlorine ion in the course of the intoxication. It is suggested that this use of chlorine is a protective measure on the part of the body.
There are indications that high intestinal obstruction should not be treated by the administration of alkalies.
The urea nitrogen is a good index of the protein destruction.
Ligation of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is followed by little increase in nitrogen and no change in the chlorides or CO2-combining power of the plasma.
The close similarity of the blood findings in intestinal obstruction, acute lobar pneumonia, and serum disease suggests that these widely different conditions may have a common chemical basis.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER PYLORIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Chemical studies of the blood and urine of four dogs following pyloric obstruction are reported.
The observations of other workers that a fall in chlorides and a rise in CO2-combining power of the plasma occur, are confirmed.
There is also a marked rise in the non-protein nitrogen of the blood, consisting mainly of urea nitrogen and undetermined nitrogen.
The fall in chlorides is not due to the loss of chlorides in the gastric juice. The chlorine is probably bound somewhere in the process of protein destruction.
There is a close relation between the fall in chlorides and the protein destruction.
A study of tetany should include the protein metabolism as well as that of the inorganic salts, since it seems possible that the tetany is due to protein split-products and not to the alkalosis.
The chemical changes following pyloric obstruction are essentially the same as those following high intestinal obstruction.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF RICKETTSIA IN THE TISSUES OF INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS
Authors: Cowdry E. V. 
Published: June 2004

In the absence of a satisfactory definition of Rickettsia the observations herein recorded were arbitrarily limited to bacterium-like organisms which are intracellular and Gram-negative.
Rickettsia of this type were found in the following species: Amblyomma americana, Amblyomma hebræum, Boophilus decoloratus, Atomus sp., Casinaria infesta, Chrysopa oculata, Ctenocephalus canis, Dermacentor variabilis, Lepisma saccharina, Lucoppia curviseta, Margaropus annulatus, Margaropus annulatus australis, Ornithodoros turicata, Pulex irritans, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, and Salticus scenicus. Since intracellular, Gram-negative Rickettsia have been recorded in the literature as existing in Cimex lectularius, Dermacentor venustus, Melophagus ovinus, and Pediculus humanus, the occasional occurrence of such bodies must be conceded in the following groups not closely related phylogenetically: Attidæ, Trombidiidæ, Argasidæ, lxodidæ, Cinura, Acanthiidæ, Pediculidæ, Hippoboscidæ, Chrysopidæ, Pulicidæ, and Ichneumonidæ.
The species which harbor Rickettsia differ widely in diet and habitat. One such species is insectivorous throughout life, two are insectivorous in larval stages, becoming vegetarian in the adult condition, one is chiefly vegetarian but partakes of some animal products, and two are usually entirely vegetarian; while the remainder subsist wholly upon a diet of mammalian blood. Rickettsia are associated, in only a few cases, with diseases in mammals.
The evidence at hand does not lead beyond the conclusion that the Rickettsia mentioned above are true Gram-negative microorganisms, easily distinguishable from mitochondria and all other cytoplasmic and nuclear granulations, rather completely adapted to an intracellular existence, exhibiting in some cases a remarkable degree of host specificity, and often inherited through the eggs.
THE INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE UPON EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM
Authors: Hall Ivan C. , Davis Nelson C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Calcium chloride given subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intravenously has been found to have no effect upon the production of botulism following the injection of Bacillus botulinus (Strain 80B) into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs.
2. Treatment of Bacillus botulinus with alcohol has been found markedly to decrease its toxicity for guinea pigs. This is in conformity with the work of Bronfenbrenner and Schlesinger.
3. Toxin-free spores of Bacillus botulinus have been found pathogenic for guinea pigs.
4. No prejudice as to possible results in rabbits should be based upon the above conclusions.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

An attempt was made to apply to the study of immune sera the fact, pointed out in our previous papers, that at a given dilution the serum shows a maximum drop of surface tension in function of time (time-drop). The results of the experiments here reported would seem to indicate that:
1. The time-drop of a serum solution is greater after the animal has been immunized than before immunization (from 50 to 100 per cent).
2. The time-drop is maximum at a dilution of 1:10,000, as had been predicted from the data previously acquired.
3. The size of the molecules or micellæ is probably unchanged after immunization, since the maximum drop is not shifted then.
4. Measurements made during the process of immunization showed that the time-drop increases after the 8th day and second injection, and reaches a maximum toward the 13th day, while the controls undergo no increase.
5. The injection of substances non-productive of antibodies, such as homologous cells or turpentine, does not result in the production of a permanent maximum. This shows that the maximum observed when heterologous cells are used is due to the presence of antibodies, and not to the mere injection of foreign material.
6. The measurement of the refractive index of the sera failed to demonstrate any differences between the sera of the controls and those of the experimental animals.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND THE OUTPUT OF BILE PIGMENT
Authors: Broun G. O. , McMaster Philip D. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

In dogs intubated for the collection of all of the bile, a marked falling off in the yield of bilirubin is regularly to be noted after operation, followed soon by an anemia of secondary character. Though, in the absence of complications, the anemia is mild, it persists despite the excellent general condition of the animal. Intercurrent changes in the hemoglobin percentage take place from time to time, and these are accompanied by very similar fluctuations in the bilirubin quantity. At first inspection the data strongly suggest that blood destruction finds accurate quantitative expression in the yield of bile pigment. But this is not the case. True, the destruction finds expression in terms of bile pigment and practically at once; and the data support the conception that bilirubin has no other sources besides the hemoglobin of destroyed blood. But our experiments show that the amount of it put forth during the development of an anemia from gradual blood destruction, either intercurrent or induced, is far below that derivable from the net quantity of hemoglobin disappearing from the circulation. The discrepancy is referable to a process of pigment conservation which varies in proportion to the body need.
We have shown in a previous paper that bile pigment may on occasion beabsorbed from the intestinal tract. This fact and those reported in the present communication lead one to question the accepted view that bilirubin is mere waste material eliminated by way of the liver. The anemia which develops upon total loss of the bile is not improbably consequent on the pigment loss therewith.
Current methods of computing the rate of normal and pathological blood destruction from the bilirubin (or urobilin) yield are unsound in principle and open to large error in practise. Yet there is no doubt that day-to-day variations in the output of bile pigment result from changes in the blood; and on occasion they provide enlightening evidence of the nature of hemic events.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Heidelberger M. , Avery O. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is given for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus.
2. The material obtained by this method is shown to consist mainly of a carbohydrate which appears to be a polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules.
3. Whether the soluble specific substance is actually the polysaccharide, or occurs merely associated with it, is still undecided, although the evidence points in the direction of the former possibility.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. The initial surface tension of serum or serum solutions is not affected systematically by the presence of antibodies in the serum. On the contrary, the time-drop in 2 hours is always increased, from 25 to 100 per cent.
2. It is extremely important, in order to demonstrate these phenomena, that the greatest care be taken regarding the cleanness of the vessels and the purity of water and NaCl.
3. It is equally important to use a device, for example such as is pictured in this paper, capable of preventing the jarring and shaking of the liquid.
4. The value of the time-drop of a normal, healthy serum is never higher than 10 dynes. Should it be higher, the serum must not be used for immunity experiments.
MUTATION AMONG HOG-CHOLERA BACILLI
Authors: Orcutt Marion L. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the hog-cholera group the mutation from smooth (A) to granular (B) type occurs and a mutant with a moist, opaque colony formation was noted.
2. The B mutant when obtained pure remains a B type without reversion in the stock cultures.
3. The B mutant can be made to assume some of the A characters by rapid successive transplanting in bouillon.
4. The B mutant can usually be found in older transplants of A.
5. The two types may be distinguished by certain cultural characters, by slightly different agglutination reactions, and by different degrees of virulence.