bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two steel mills sit barely an hour apart in the heart of America’s industrial rustbelt. The first is a sprawling, old, rusted mass of buildings, pipes, wires, dirt, and sheds. Inside, thousands of workers covered in sweat and grime toil over aging steel furnaces, turning molten metal into steel slabs. There is a distinct hierarchy here; each worker does his or her own job with its own rate of pay, which is codified into a legalistic system of literally hundreds of separate job classifications. Managers and supervisors in shirts and ties stand watch over the workers, who perform the actual physical labor. Strewn everywhere across the muddied dirt floor are old wires, chemical containers, tools, and all sorts of debris. The noise level is so deafening that some of the workers wear protective ear coverings. The steel moves slowly by overhead crane, or at times on aging trucks, across the huge complex to be processed into steel sheets and coils. Outside, rusted steel slabs and coils are piled everywhere; beside them rest broken-down machines, trucks, and industrial vehicles.
Beyond Fordism Martin Kenney Richard Florida
Authors: Kenney Beyond Fordism Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An employee today is no longer a slave to machinery who is expected to repeat simple mechanical operations like Charlie Chaplin in the film Modern Times. He is no longer a beast of burden who works under the carrot-and-stick rule and sells his labor. After all, manual labor can be taken over by a machine or computer. Modern industry has to be brain intensive and so does the employee. Neither machinery nor animals can carry out brain intensive tasks.
Atom-Scale Tunneling
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
STM experiments with atomic resolution are always performed with very short tip-sample distances. Direct measurements have shown that the normal tip-sample distances in STM are 1-4 A before a mechanical contact, as shown in Fig. 2.1 (Dilrig, Zilger, and Pohl, 1988). The experiments were simultaneous measurements of the force gradient and the tunneling conductance in an STM. By integrating the force gradient, the point of a mechanical contact is determined. The tunneling conductance as a function of the tip-sample distance (with respect to the point of a mechanical contact) is directly measured.
Tip-Sample Interactions
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First-principles calculations of an STM, including a real tip and a real sample, clearly show that within the normal tip-sample distances (3.-6 A from nucleus to nucleus), in the gap region, the local electronic density resembles neither that of the tip nor that of the sample. Substantial local modifications are induced by the strong interaction. An example is the system of an Al sample with an Al tip, calculated by Ciraci, Baratoff, and Batra (1990a), as shown in Fig. 8.1. As the tip-sample distance is reduced to 8 hr, the electron density begins to show a substantial concentration in the middle of the gap. This phenomenon becomes much more pronounced when the tip-sample distance is reduced to about 7 hour. These distances are exactly the normal distances where atom-resolved images are obtained.
Vibration Isolation
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective vibration isolation is one of the critical elements in achieving atomic resolution by STM (Binnig et al., 1983). The typical corrugation amplitude for STM images is about 0.1 A. Therefore, the disturbance from external vibration must be reduced to less than 0.01 A, or one picometer (1 pm = 12 m). Analyses of vibration isolation in STM have been conducted by Pohl (1986), Okano et al. (1987), Park and Quate (1987), Kuk and Silverman (1989), and Tiedje and Brown (1990). Vibration and the vibration isolation problem is ubiquitous in mechanical engineering, and there are excellent text­ books about it (Timoshenko, Young, and Weaver, 1974; Frolov and Furman, 1990). We start this chapter with a description of the basic concepts in vibration isolation through the analysis of a one-dimensional system, followed by a discussion of environmental vibration and various examples of vibration isolation systems for STM and AFM.
Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The STM resolves individual atoms on conducting surfaces. For resolving individual atoms on insulating surfaces, Binnig, Quate, and Gerber (1986) introduced a method similar to the STM, atomic force microscopy (AFM). In AFM, the tip of a flexible force-sensing cantilever stylus is raster scanned over the surface of the sample. The force acting between the cantilever and the sample surface causes minute deflections of the cantilever. The deflections are detected and utilized as the feedback signal. By keeping the force constant, a topographic image of constant force is obtained.
Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics
Authors: Solomon Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business ethics has finally become an established subject and concern. Ethics courses are now given in virtually every business school in the country and often are required. Elementary textbooks and a few classic case studies have given way to sophisticated theories and hands-on problem solving. The once separate concerns of the humanities and business have started to meet, cooperate, and consolidate their interests and their efforts. “Business ethics” is no longer jeered as an oxymoron. Indeed, it is treated in some business circles with solemnity, even reverence, as a kind of magic that distinguishes the best and most successful corporations. Undergraduate business majors and M.B.A. students crowd into our classrooms, curious about all the fuss and confident, at least, that the very title of the course on their transcript can only do them some good.
Business Ethics and Modes of Ethical Reasoning
Authors: Brenkert George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central problem in the development and understanding of business ethics is the relation between moral principles or laws and particular cases. Does business ethics, for example, simply apply the principles of theoretical ethics to concrete cases?1 Is it “merely” a concern that what theoretical ethicists do gets applied to the real world and not simply left to gather dust in the halls of academia? Or, on the contrary, does business ethics focus on particular cases because the principles and abstract issues of theoretical ethicists are largely, if not wholly, irrelevant? In short, is business ethics a practical extension of modern ethics, or does it represent a revolution in the relation between moral principles and particular cases?2 It is crucial that we sort out these relations if we are to understand the nature of business ethics.
Specialists Of The Supernatural In The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the portion of the Hebrew Bible describing the pre-exilic period the text presents three distinct social models. To each model there corresponds a precise typology of relations between power and techniques of the supernatural. These models are not perfectly consistent, either internally or in their application in various passages of the biblical text. These inconsistencies can be at tributed to discrepancies among the sources and to the re-editing that occurred throughout the centuries of the formation of the texts. To complicate matters further, various redactional hands emphasized one or another point from time to time.
Healers And Saviors Of The Eastern Mediterranean In Preclassical Times
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Salvation” in the sense it acquired in some of the “Oriental” religions of the Roman Empire was not a concern of the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean, at least before Greek mysticism (Sabbatucci 1) or “mysteriosophy” (Bianchi2) was “invented.” Whether such a “salvation” ever became a popular concern is a problem that has often (Teixidorbeen discussed, and possibly still should be; but I for one lack the competence to do so.
Making Room For The Written Law
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TheHebrew Bible (or the Old Testament, as some believers in a further testament like to call it) contains a written law (or, better, a written toriih, to use the correct term, which is not identical in meaning to our term law).1 That toriih which is contained in some books of the Bible is clearly the very core and pivot of the Bible itself. Now, the law contained in these books is considered to be, and presented as, inspired by the national god Yahweh, and the term toriih is today also the name of the first part of the Bible, which contains not only the laws but also the story of how those laws came to be given by the deity to the people of Israel, as well as the earliest story of that people and of its god.
The Housing Problem
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postwar Germany experienced a serious, immediate housing crisis. Fully 22% of the 1939 housing stock in the area that became the Federal Republic was totally destroyed or so badly damaged as to be unsalvageable; another 23% suffered some degree of damage. The number of homeless people was further swollen by the influx of refugees from the east. Between 1945 and 1950, some 600,000 refugees settled in Northrhine-Westphalia alone. Five years after the war, 11% of these still lived in camps or other emergency housing. These disheartening figures quite naturally preoccupied planners and politicians. Nonetheless, at least among themselves, they also viewed the postwar housing crisis as part of a greater, long-term housing problem in urban Germany.
Town Planning to 1945
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While all Germans struggled with the postwar housing crisis, town planners urgently sought to control and direct reconstruction, including the building of new housing, through meticulous, systematic planning. Planners all over the Federal Republic believed they had an obligation to lay the groundwork for cities of the future, not simply to rebuild the cities of the past. Many of the central issues addressed by the planners have already been touched on, including the best location for housing construction, the retention or modification of the historic street pattern, the renewal of slum areas, and the desire to reduce population densities in the inner cities. Earlier chapters considered these issues in the context of the construction of individual buildings or smaller ensembles. This chapter examines the broader framework within which reconstruction planners conceived their task.
Planning and Planners after 1945
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the war only momentarily halted the feverish reconstruction planning that had been going on since late 1943, as the occupying armies temporarily assumed the responsibilities of local government and purged government offices of leading Nazi enthusiasts. Only in a few cities could the chief wartime planners–Kiel’s Herbert Jensen, Freiburg’s Joseph Schlippe, and Lübeck’s Hans Pieper, for example–continue working. Most senior planners were removed from office or allowed to resign. Sometimes the purge affected lesser officials as well, although this varied widely from place to place. Naturally the central agencies in Berlin that had sponsored urban planning were abolished along with the Reich government. The members of the Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbauplanung, planners in Speer’s ministry and in the German Labor Front, scattered across Germany, seeking refuge in cities where they hoped to be able to work, either as private architect/planners or as employees of new city governments or even as employees of the occupying powers.
Reconstruction and Building Law
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Town planning is town-planning law turned into stone,” or so believed Germany’s postwar planners. Convinced that only strong planning and building laws could turn their plans into reality, all wanted to see the jumble of inherited state and local ordinances transformed into a new, coherent body of law. They feared that without new laws, the rebuilt cities would reproduce the flaws that afflicted the unplanned cities of the previous century.
Conclusion
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1945, German planners and architects agreed that the war’s devastation offered Germany a unique opportunity to correct the failings of the urban blight produced by the industrial and population expansion of the second half of the nineteenth century. For them, this was the bright side of the catastrophe of World War II, and they envisioned a thorough modernization of the urban fabric. Consequently planners disliked the term Wiederaufbau—reconstruction—because it suggested a return to prewar conditions rather than a future orientation. As Darmstadt’s chief planner Peter Grund asked in 1952, “Can we and do we want to be satisfied with restoring what has been destroyed? Haven’t the spiritual and material bases of our lives to a great extent been transformed?” It was not the recreation of old cities that was needed but rather the building of new cities for modern conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Bloom Samuel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Medicine has many faces. Whatever your interests and talents are, there is a place for you to express them in this profession.” These words have always stayed with me, even though they were spoken almost fifty years ago on a September day in a large auditorium at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. The speaker was the dean, Dr. John Mck. Mitchell, addressing the freshman class on its first official day. I was there as an observer, part of a team of research sociologists from Columbia University, just embarking on a study of medical education. Little did I realize that Dr. Mitchell’s words would apply to me as well as to the neophyte medical recruits. Within a few years, I was to become a faculty member of a medical school, embarked on a career that was just being identified with a name, “medical sociology.”
Country Competitiveness
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book of contributed chapters, including detailed case studies, which demonstrates that competition, whether among countries or firms, is driven by advantages that cannot easily be imitated or diffused. Cheap labour can be imitated but is not desirable; capital moves easily across borders; new products are copied within a few years. What is difficult to imitate are the organizing practices of work, as applied to the factory, to the firm, and to the relations among firms and other institutions. The chapters are by an international group of scholars from the US, France, Germany, the UK, and Japan. Contributors: Giovanni Dosi, Bruce Kogut, Mark Fruin, Toshi Nishiguchi, John Dunning, David Parkinson, Christopher Midler, Florence Charue, Juliet Webster, D. Hugh Whittaker, Ulrich Juergens, Horst Kern, Michael Schumann, Arndt Sorge, Marc Maurice, James R. Lincoln, Eleanor D. Westney, Gary Herrigel
Rationalization and Work in German Industry
Authors: Schumann Horst Kern Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Industriearbeit und Arbeiterbewusstsein (Industrial Work and Workers’ Consciousness), published in 1970, we argued that Taylorism was still in force in several German industries in the 1950s and 1960s. Work restructuring had caused a double polarization of the work force: between many unskilled workers and a few skilled ones within “direct” departments, on the one hand, and between a majority of direct workers and a minority of skilled indirect workers, on the other hand. But in a follow-up study, Das Ende der Arbeitsteilung? (The End of the Division of Labor?) published in 1984, we found many cases in which management could increase efficiency only by relaxing the division of labor and by utilizing the work force within a more complex and more highly integrated work organization. We concluded that the old Taylorist parallelism between increased efficiency on the one hand and downgrading and dequalification on the other had become outdated (Kern and Schumann 1989).
A French-style Sociotechnical Learning Process: The Robotization of Automobile Body Shops
Authors: Charue Christophe Midler Florence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within a decade of the experimental introduction of the first robots in industry in the 1970s, robotics rapidly became the subject of national discussion in France, involving government, organized labor, and management (Bayart 1985). Media attention fell along two axes. Some commentators claimed that robotics would rapidly encompass all industry—an assertion not supported by any valid economic analysis. The profitability of these new machines, which involve heavy investments, was assumed. Another media focus was on robotics’ “social consequences,” including massive reduction of employment, expansion of swing shifts, uncertainty regarding future qualification requirements, and difficulty in reconverting the existing labor force.
The Governance of Japanese and U.S. Manufacturing Affiliates in the U.K.: Some Country-specific Differences
Authors: Dunning John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to country-specific characteristics affecting the competitiveness and strategic behavior of multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their foreign affiliates (see, in particular, Dunning 1981, 1990, and Porter 1990). It has been found that as firms have increased the number and extent of their foreign operations, their ownership-specific advantages have become more related to the coordination of cross-border production and less to the competitive strengths that may have prompted the investment in the first place (Kogut 1983, Dunning 1988). Nonetheless, research has revealed noticeable country-specific differences, not only in the industrial and geographical patterns of MNE activity, but in the ownership and organizational structures of that activity and its impact on the economic welfare of host countries.
Disenthralling Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1964, in part as a tribute to the late C. Wright Mills who had died two years earlier and in equal measure as an organizing device for sociologists concerned with the serious study of larger sociopolitical issues, I edited a volume entitled The New Sociology.1 However favorably this compendium was reviewed, the volume had only limited immediate impact on the profession. People interested in perfect methodological exercises hardly paused to worry about, much less take seriously, the need to look at the big picture; whereas the growing legion of sociological discontents to whom the book was also aimed were taken up with movement politics of one persuasion or another and had little time for or interest in sociological work.
Fascism, Communism, and Social Theory
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first three chapters emphasized the inner history and traditions of sociology—intellectual moorings that strongly determined its current malaise. But sociology also operates within larger intellectual contexts derived largely from an American experience that is selectively derived and defined. In Europe, the wartime conflict between Nazi Germany and Communist Russia polarized the two varieties of totalitarianism. The polarity also made possible a choice between bad (Nazi) and good (Communist) forms of totalitarianism. This spilled over into the postwar era and, indeed, made disbelievers in the Cold War out of a substantial portion of American academics—in particular, the sociologists. With the exception of a small handful of courageous figures, sociologists managed to go through the entire cycle of 1945–91 without producing a body of comparative analysis of democratic and totalitarian social structures. That silence of the sociological lambs itself serves to define the strange impact of the larger culture.
The Origins And Development Of Classical Hinduism
Authors: Basham A L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late A.L. Basham was one of the world’s foremost authorities on ancient Indian culture and religion. Modeled on his monumental work The Wonder That Was India, this account of the origins and development of classical Hinduism represents a lifetime of reflection on the subject, and offers an intriguing introduction to one of the richest of all Asian traditions. Synthesizing Basham’s great knowledge of the art, architecture, literature, and religion of South Asia, this concise history traces the spiritual life of India from the time of the Indus Culture (around 2700 B.C.E) through the crystallization of classical Hinduism in the first centuries of the common era. It chronicles as well the rise of other mystical and ascetic traditions, such as Buddhism and Jainism, and follows Hinduism’s later incarnations in the West, making it an especially comprehensive introduction to the subject. Unlike Christianity or Islam, Hinduism was not inspired by single great prophet but rather evolved organically. The wide range of influences and sources--along with the great number of sacred texts in ancient languages--can make the Hindu system of faith and practice seem almost impenetrable to the uninitiated. With its vivid presentation of Hinduism’s sources--from the warrior Aryans to the wandering ascetics--and its clearly written explanations and analyses of the major Hindu texts--among them the Rg-veda, the Brahmanas, Upanishads, and the Mahabharata and Ramayana--The Origins of Classical Hinduism clarifies much of Hinduism’s enduring mystique. With an especially helpful bibliography, numerous illustrations of Hindu art never before published, and a lucid, accessible style, this book is must reading for anyone who has ever been intrigued by this fascinating religion.
Witnesses in the Wilderness
Authors: Petersen Rodney L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speculation about our witnesses moved quickly in a variety of directions in seventeenth-century Anglo-American piety. Thomas Goodwin summarized what was hoped by those who carried our theme to the New World, that the temple built by the witnesses in “those churches in New England “ might be free of “corruptions and defilements, “ and constitute a “protection and sanctuary “ from the power of the Gentiles (Rev. 11:2), that is, from those churches left unreformed or halfreformed. This was their “errand into the wilderness, “ of the newly discovered continent. However constituted, it was soon difficult for many to outline the task precisely as it hinged upon the significance one gave to the religious upheaval, or Reformation, in the sixteenth century. Was it an event of temporal moment to be equated with Christ’s first Advent or merely another date on the apocalyptic calendar?3 Put differently, was the Church it birthed the faithful Church---or its members merely a faithful remnant, perhaps only a reforming order in some ways analogous to earlier medieval reform movements?
Women’s Works of Devotion: Feasts, Fairs, and Festivities
Authors: Brown Irene Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These interview segments come from an anthropological study of a Lutheran Pietist congregation in modern-day Stockholm. They are the words of two women who will help us to understand an important aspect of the religious life of an older Episcopal woman from New England. She no longer goes to church every Sunday, but she has made a major commitment to the church’s soup kitchen, which I view as a significant expression of her spirituality.