bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between household conditions and diarrheal diseases among children in Turkey: A cohort study
Authors: Bozkurt Ali İhsan , Özgür Servet , Özçİrpİcİ Birgül 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: This aim of the present study was to estimate the frequency of diarrheal diseases among children as well as investigating the relationship between diarrheal diseases and household conditions and other factors.
Methods
: The study was performed over 12 month period in Binevler Health Center, Gaziantep, Turkey. Five health stations were selected by using a sampling technique with probability proportional to size, and all households with children under the age of 5 years were visited. A questionnaire on diarrhea, household conditions, socioeconomic status of the family and individual characteristics of the children was applied to the mothers by doctors. Three composite indices, including household conditions, socioeconomic status of the family and individual status of the children, were prepared and a classification was made as good, mild or poor in order to better evaluate the results of the study. Daily recordings of diarrheal disease symptoms were made by the parents and these records were collected every month for 1 year.
Results
: The annual mean incidence of diarrheal diseases was found to be 1.09 per child per year (median = 1). The mean was higher in children with poor household conditions (1.48 ± 0.12) and with poor individual status (1.48 ± 0.14), compared with good household conditions (0.76 ± 0.07) and good individual status (0.71 ± 0.08). The mean was also higher in children aged between 6 and 11 months (1.51 ± 0.18), whose father graduated from primary school or lower (1.34 ± 0.09) and with parents having no habit of washing their hands before taking care of the child (2.00 ± 0.33). Person−month and case−month incidence rates of diarrhea were calculated to be 8.56 and 9.12%, respectively.
Conclusions
: Household conditions, individual status, age, education level of fathers and parents’ habit of washing hands before taking care of the child were major factors affecting the incidence of diarrhea.
Neonatal clinical outcome after electivecesarean section before the onset of labor at the 37th and 38thweek of gestation
Authors: Yamazaki Hajime , Torigoe Katsumi , Numata Osamu , Nagai Sakiko , Haniu Hisanori , Uchiyama Asami , Ogawa Youhei , Imamura Masaru , Hasegawa Satoshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: Although elective cesareansections are often performed after the 37th week of gestation withoutany complicating factor that may influence the timing of delivery,there is a possibility that infants born in the 37th week of gestation,especially early in the 37th week of gestation, do not obtain asatisfactory clinical outcome due to premature birth.
Methods
: The authors analyzed the clinicalcourse during the neonatal period in 96 infants born in the 37th (n = 81)and 38th (n = 15) week of gestationby an elective cesarean section. Subjects were retrospectively dividedinto two groups: infants born in the first half of the 37th weekof gestation (37+0−37+3)(n = 48), and infants born fromthe latter half of the 37th week of gestation (37+4−37+6)through the 38th week of gestation (n = 48).Twin pregnancies, pregnancy with placenta previa, and pregnancyof women who had a diversity of medical complications were excludedfrom the present study, because of the possibility that these conditions mayhave affected the infants’ status. The incidence of infantswho showed clinical symptoms during the neonatal period and whoneeded medical care was compared between the two groups.
Results
: Of the 96 subjects, 25 infants(26.0%) had significant clinical symptoms. The incidenceof breathing difficulty was significantly higher in the infant groupborn in the first half of the 37th week of gestation than in thelatter group.
Conclusions
: An elective cesarean sectionbefore the onset of labor early in the 37th week of gestation should notbe routinely undertaken.
Feeding practice of infants and their correlates in urban areas of Beijing, China
Authors: Li Liubai , Li Sujun , Ali Moazzam , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: Optimal feeding practice in the first year of life is crucial for the survival and health of infants, and has long‐term consequences in later life. However, non‐optimal feeding practices exist widely. The present study aims to explore various constraints to optimal feeding practices in the first year of life of infants in urban areas of Beijing, China.
Methods
: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in urban areas of Beijing from 4 July to 20 August, 1998. Two hundred and fifty‐one mothers of infants aged 6−12 months were chosen from six child health centers in three different urban districts in Beijing. A self‐administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data regarding feeding practices and potentially related factors.
Results
: Feeding practice for most of the infants was in accordance with the national and international recommendations. However, the rate of incidence of exclusive breast‐feeding at 3 months of age was lower than that recommended by the World Health Organisation (WHO) (55.8%), and the introduction of solid/semisolid food before 4 months of age was found in approximately 19.3% of the infants. Cow's milk was given to 21.2% of infants from 6 months of age as the sole source of milk or as a supplement. Maternal education level (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.42−4.19, P < 0.05), employment (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.13−3.74, P < 0.05) and antenatal nonexclusive breast‐feeding plans (OR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.24−7.50, P < 0.001) were found to be correlated to inappropriate feeding practices.
Conclusions
: The feeding practices for most of the urban infants was found to be in accordance with the Chinese government and WHO recommendations; however, non‐optimal feeding practices presenting as the early cessation of breast‐feeding and the introduction of solid/semisolid foods existed. Information regarding optimal feeding practices should be disseminated to mothers and medical professionals in China, to ensure optimal infant health.
Perioperative anxiety and postoperative behavioural disturbances in children undergoing intravenous or inhalation induction of anaesthesia
Authors: Aguilera Isabel M. , Patel Davandra , Meakin George H. , Masterson Jerry 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: There are few published data comparing the psychological effects of intravenous (i.v.) and inhalation methods of anaesthesia induction in children. In the present study, we compared perioperative anxiety and postoperative behavioural changes in children undergoing standardized i.v. induction with thiopental and inhalation induction with sevoflurane for routine ear, nose and throat surgery. Methods: Children were randomly assigned to receive inhalation induction with sevoflurane or i.v. induction with thiopental. Anxiety was assessed on arrival, at induction and 30 min after transfer to the recovery room using a four‐point scale. The incidence of postoperative behavioural disturbances was determined using a postoperative questionnaire. Results: Significantly more children were anxious during induction in the i.v. group than in the inhalation group [23 of 50 (46%) versus 5 of 50 (10%); P = 0.0001]. Mean induction time was shorter (5.6 versus 7.0 min; P = 0.0001) and recovery time longer (30.5 versus 10.4 min; P = 0.0001) in the i.v. group compared with the inhalation group. Problematic behavioural changes were reported in the first 2 weeks after surgery in nine of 32 children (28%) in the i.v. group and 16 of 34 (48%) children in the inhalation group (P = 0.13). Conclusions: Although children were more anxious during i.v. induction than inhalation induction, there was no difference in the incidence of behavioural disturbances in the first 2 weeks postoperatively.
Anaesthetic and airway management in a child with Hanhart's syndrome
Authors: Karakaya Deniz , Bari̇ş Sibel , Belet Nurşen , Güneren Ethem , Üstün Emre 
Published: December 2004

SummaryHanhart's syndrome (oromandibular‐limb hypogenesis syndrome) is a rare disease characterized by hypoglossia/aglossia, various distal limb defects and micrognathia. Difficult airway due to micrognathia may complicate anaesthetic management in this syndrome. We describe the anaesthetic management of a child with Hanhart's syndrome undergoing plastic reconstructive surgery.
Ketamine and midazolam is an inappropriate preinduction combination in uncooperative children undergoing brief ambulatory procedures
Authors: Verghese Susan T. , Hannallah Raafat S. , Patel Ramesh I. , Patel Kantilal M. 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: We prospectively studied the effects of intramuscular (i.m.) ketamine alone, or combined with midazolam, on mask acceptance and recovery in young children who were uncooperative during induction of anaesthesia. Methods: The Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained to study 80 children, 1–3 years, scheduled for bilateral myringotomies and tube insertion (BMT). Mask induction was attempted in all the children. Those who were uncooperative were randomly assigned to one of the four preinduction treatment groups: group I, ketamine 2 mg·kg−1; group II, ketamine 2 mg·kg−1 combined with midazolam 0.1 mg·kg−1; group III, ketamine 2 mg·kg−1 with midazolam 0.2 mg·kg−1; or group IV, ketamine 1 mg·kg−1 with midazolam 0.2 mg·kg−1. Anaesthesia was continued with nitrous oxide and halothane by facemask. Results: Children in all treatment groups achieved satisfactory sedation in less than 3 min following the administration of the preinduction drug(s). Compared with patients who received halothane induction (comparison group), the use of ketamine alone did not significantly (P > 0.0167, a Bonferroni corrected significance level) delay recovery and discharge times (18.8 ± 2.5 and 82.5 ± 30.7 min vs 12.6 ± 4.6 and 81.0 ± 33.8 min, P = 0.030 and P = 0.941, respectively). Patients who received ketamine/midazolam combinations, however, had significantly longer recovery and discharge times vs halothane (32.3 ± 14.0 and 128.0 ± 36.6 min, P = 0.001, P = 0.007, respectively). These times were so clinically unacceptable, that the study had to be terminated with only 17 patients receiving study drugs. Conclusions: It is concluded that ketamine/midazolam combination is not appropriate for preinduction of anaesthesia in paediatric ambulatory patients because of unacceptably prolonged recovery and delayed discharge times.
A paediatric trial comparing midazolam/Syrpalta mixture with premixed midazolam syrup (Roche)
Authors: Khalil Samia N. , Vije H.N. , Kee S.S. , Farag Adel , Hanna Ehab , Chuang Alice Z. 
Published: December 2004

Summary Background: The bitter taste of midazolam is more acceptable to children when the drug is mixed with fruit juice or syrup. We use a thick grape syrup (Syrpalta), and children are sedated in 10–15 min. A premixed cherry‐flavoured midazolam solution (Roche), 2 mg·ml−1, is currently available. It has been our impression that the premixed midazolam has a slower onset of action. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the midazolam mixtures (midazolam 0.5 mg·kg−1, 2 mg·ml−1) on children's anxiety, sedation, separation anxiety, mask acceptance, and recovery time. Methods: Seventy‐six healthy children, 1–4 years of age, scheduled for elective placement of ear tubes, were enrolled. The trial was double‐blinded and randomized. For premedication, one group received the premixed midazolam, and a second group received the midazolam/Syrpalta mixture. An independent blinded observer evaluated the children, using anxiety and sedation scales at baseline, at 5, 10 and 15 min and at parental separation. Mask acceptance and awakening time were evaluated. Results: Children who received the midazolam/Syrpalta mixture had less anxiety at 15 min (P = 0.046) and at parental separation (P < 0.001) than those who received the premixed midazolam solution. Mask acceptance was not different. Conclusions: We concluded that the midazolam/Syrpalta mixture has a faster onset of action than the premixed midazolam solution.
Depth of consciousness and deep sedation attained in children as administered by nonanaesthesiologists in a children's hospital
Authors: Motas Dominika , McDermott Nicole Brown , VanSickle Tamitha , Friesen Robert H. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground:  Sedation of children is administered by nonanaesthesiologists in a variety of locations within our children's hospital. The purpose of this study was to assess the depth of sedation administered to children in four locations using the Bispectral Index (BIS) and the University of Michigan Sedation Scale (UMSS).Methods:  Eighty‐six children under the age of 12 years undergoing procedures with conscious or deep sedation were enrolled. The study included patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, computerized tomography imaging, gastrointestinal endoscopy, and dental procedures. Sedation for each procedure was based on departmental protocols and preferences; the study did not dictate choice or dose of drugs. An independent observer applied the UMSS sedation scale at 10 min intervals for 1 h. The observer and the personnel administering sedation were blinded to the BIS score, which was recorded continuously.Results:  The goal of either conscious or deep sedation was attained in 53% (BIS) and 72% (UMSS) of patients. Depth consistent with general anaesthesia was observed in 35% (BIS) and 0% (UMSS), and an awake state was observed in 12% (BIS) and 28% (UMSS). About 8% of patients experienced desaturation and airway events associated with deeper levels of sedation.Conclusions:  Our data demonstrate wide variations in depth of sedation attained in the hospital. The goal of either conscious or deep sedation was not achieved in a significant number of children. This is a therapeutic failure that requires reassessment of sedation protocols and investigation of new approaches.
Child related background factors affecting compliance with induction of anaesthesia
Authors: Proczkowska‐Björklund Marie , Svedin Carl Göran 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground:  Factors such as age, sex, behaviour problems, fears, earlier traumatic hospital events and reactions to vaccination were assessed together with behaviour observed before premedication in order to evaluate their importance in predicting response to the anaesthetic process. The anaesthetic process was divided into four endpoints; compliance when given premedication, sedation, compliance during needle insertion or when an anaesthetic mask was put in place and behaviour when put to sleep.Methods:  A total of 102 children who were undergoing day‐stay surgery and overnight stay surgery were video‐filmed during premedication and anaesthetic induction. Before premedication the children and parents answered questionnaires about behaviour [Preschool Behaviour Check List (PBCL)] and fears [Fears Survey Schedule for Children‐Revised (FSSC‐R)]. The films were analysed to assess behaviour before and after premedication and during induction of anaesthesia. A semistructured interview was conducted with the parents during the time the children were asleep.Results:  There was a significantly higher odds ratio for noncompliant behaviour during premedication if the child placed itself in the parent's lap or near the parent or had previously experienced traumatic hospital events. The odds ratio for not being sedated by premedication was higher if compliance was low when premedication was given or the child had experienced a traumatic hospital event in the past. A high odds ratio for noncompliant behaviour during venous access or placement of an anaesthetic mask was seen if the child was not sedated or the child had had a negative reaction when vaccinated. The odds ratio for falling asleep in an anxious or upset state was higher if the child had shown noncompliant behaviour during premedication, had not been sedated or had shown noncompliant behaviour during venous access or facemask placement.Conclusions:  The overall most important factor that predicts noncompliant behaviour and a distressed state in the child during the anaesthetic process was the experience of earlier traumatic hospital events including negative reaction to vaccination. All elements of the process are important in determining what will happen and all steps will influence how the child reacts when put to sleep.
Perioperative hypertension due to undiagnosed aortic coarctation: are current standards of care adequate?
Authors: Rose Michael , Murrell David 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA 12‐year‐old male presented for a superficial parotidectomy for chronic parotitis. The patient had an unremarkable past medical history and was admitted on the day of surgery for his procedure without further anaesthetic or surgical review. During the patient's intraoperative course, higher than expected blood pressures were noted and treated with clonidine. After further high blood pressure readings in the postoperative care unit, close surveillance of blood pressures for the following 24 h was arranged. The hypertension was ongoing, and further examination and investigation confirmed the diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta. We examine the possible reasons for failure to diagnose this patient's hypertension preoperatively and suggest that there is a need for greater surveillance of blood pressures in the paediatric population presenting for surgery. A discussion of the significance of hypertension in paediatrics and recommendations for minimum standards of care to address shortcomings in the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric hypertension are proposed.
The anaesthetic management of patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
Authors: Rozentsveig V. , Katz A. , Weksler N. , Schwartz A. , Schilly M. , Klein M. , Gurman G.M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA, or hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV) is a rare, autosomal recessive disease, related to a mutation in the TrkA gene, characterized by inability to sweat, insensitivity to pain and recurrent episodes of hyperpyrexia. There are two Bedouin tribes in Israel with different mutations of the TrkA gene: one in the southern region and the other in the northern region. The Soroka University Medical Center is the referral centre for the entire southern region of Israel. One in 4500 anaesthesia cases involves a patient with CIPA.Methods : We reviewed 40 anaesthesia records of 20 patients with CIPA for anaesthetic technique and incidence of side‐effects.Results : Sixteen patients developed complications in the immediate perioperative period: mild hypothermia in one patient and cardiovascular events in 15 others with one case of cardiac arrest. These complications were unrelated to the anaesthetic drug administered. There were no events of hyperthermia or postoperative nausea.Conclusions : Cardiovascular complications following anaesthesia are common in patients with the southern Israel variant of CIPA. Hyperthermia, previously recognized as a major concern in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhydrous, was not seen in our patients. We conclude that cardiovascular involvement is frequently encountered in CIPA patients following anaesthesia and is the major concern in their anaesthetic management.
Anaesthetic management of a patient with the intracardiac extension of Wilms’ tumour
Authors: Shiratori Tohru , Fujisawa Tatsurou , Ichino Takashi , Mitono Yuusuke , Inokuti Mari , Ohata Jun 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWilms’ tumour (nephroblastoma) is known to invade the inferior vena cava and extend to the intracardiac chambers. We describe the treatment and surgical removal of the intracardiac extension of a Wilms’ tumour using cardiopulmonary bypass in a 4‐year‐old girl. Techniques to avoid paradoxical embolism in the presence of a patent foramen ovale and to deal with excessive hepatic venous blood flow using the Pringle manoevre (hepatic inflour occlusion) are described. Good communication between anaesthesiologists, surgeons and perfusionists was indispensable. The anaesthesiologist is an important member of the team during performance of a complicated procedure.
Plant genome archaeology: evidence for conserved ancestral chromosome segments in dicotyledonous plant species
Authors: Dominguez Isabelle , Graziano Enrique , Gebhardt Christiane , Barakat Abdelali , Berry Simon , Arús Pere , Delseny Michel , Barnes Stephen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have developed genetic maps, based on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that are homologous to Arabidopsis genes, in four dicotyledonous crop plant species from different families. A comparison of these maps with the physical map of Arabidopsis reveals common genome segments that appear to have been conserved throughout the evolution of the dicots. In the four crop species analysed these segments comprise between 16 and 33% of the Arabidopsis genome. Our findings extend the synteny patterns previously observed only within plant families, and indicate that structural and functional information from the model species will be, at least in part, applicable in crop plants with large genomes.
Genes and signalling in root development
Authors: Casson Stuart A. , Lindsey Keith 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe plant root plays a range of roles, such as in the acquisition of water and nutrients, the provision of structural support and as the site of interactions with mycorrhizae, nitrogen fixing organisms (in certain taxa) and diverse pests and pathogens. It also provides an important experimental system to study different aspects of plant organogenesis, including the regulation of pattern formation, cell division, intercellular signalling and cell differentiation. With the completion of the Arabidopsis sequencing programme, and the availability of very large collections of Arabidopsis mutants, it is feasible rapidly to gain new information on the control of each of these aspects of root development. Drawing principally from experimental work using this model organism, which has proved extremely amenable to genetic and physiological analysis, we aim to bring together recent advances in knowledge and understanding of the molecular basis of root organogenesis, from origins in embryogenesis to postgermination architecture.

Contents

I.
Introduction
11

II.
Cellular origins of root meristems
12

III.
Regulation of cell identity in the root
13

IV.
Hormonal signals in root development
14

V.
The genetics of root pattern
19

VI.
Root architecture: regulation of de novo root formation
24

VII.
Conclusions
33

References
33