bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subject Headings and Indexes to Journal Articles
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A library’s online catalog will be useful for identifying books relevant to your topic; it may also cover a few selected Web sites, but it will not index journal, magazine, or newspaper articles. The reason is that the best databases indexing these serial publications are commercially produced, and cannot be merged seamlessly into online catalogs because of copyright and site-license restrictions. (Many libraries make their online catalogs freely searchable on the Internet; they could not do this if the same catalogs included proprietary subscription information.) As a rule, then, you will have to do your searches for journal articles in files other than those that catalog books. The book catalogs may indeed list journal titles and their call numbers; but they will not index their individual articles.
Published Bibliographies
Authors: Mann Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the best ways to get an overview of work that has already been done on your topic is through subject bibliographies. Those that are published in book form are especially important because they usually cover citations to important studies that are not picked up by any computer databases. Indeed, published bibliographies offer several advantages over their computerized cousins: they are usually compiled by experienced scholars who can judge the relevance and importance of the items listed; they often include nuggets that can be found only by serendipity, focused browsing, and persistent searching in obscure sources not digitally searchable; and they may include types of materials and dates of coverage that are blind spots to computers. In some cases they approach the goal of offering “everything” available (up to a certain year) much more closely than do computer databases; and in others they may provide a selective distillation of only the highest quality material to consider, chosen in light of an expert compiler’s deep appreciation of a subject.
The Opportunity Costs Of Haphazard Social Investments In Life-Saving
Authors: Tengs Tammy O , Graham John D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Numerous authors and studies have concluded that our current “port­ folio” of social investments in life-saving appears haphazard (Graham and Vaupel 1981; Morrall 1986; Zeckhauser and Viscusi 1990). To regulate the flammability of children’s clothing, for example, we spend $1.5 million per year of life saved, while some 30 percent of those children live in homes without smoke alarms, an investment that costs about $200,000 per year of life saved.
Time: What Happens in Classical Mythology
Authors: Hansen William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Time begins when the first thing happens, and in Hesiod’s cosmogony the first thing that happened was the appearance of Chaos. Since the two great families of gods, the Titans and the Olympians, came into being later, time preceded the gods and was not something created by them. So the gods are not masters of time, except in small ways as when Athena prolonged a particular night in order to allow Odysseus and Penelopê to become reacquainted with each other after a long separation. There are foreboding hints of an end-time. Hesiod sees himself as a member of the Race of Iron, who live in a degenerate era of misery and crime that will get worse and worse until finally Zeus will destroy it. He would rather have been born before it or after it.1 From this we can infer that he expects something better to follow the present age, but it will be not so much an end of time as a transition, the conclusion of one age and the beginning of another.
The Historical Roots of Modern Ukraine
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Ukraine became independent in 1991, the new state began developing a historical pedigree that would anchor modern political realities in a venerable historical past. Carving a coherent national history from a bewildering kaleidoscope of past political, social, and cultural events was not a task unique to Ukrainian historians. The lack of a continuous state tradition might appear to be a major impediment, but Italian and German historians faced a similar problem. The temptation to write history backward, assuming that it would end with the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, was also typical of new national histories elsewhere.
Stalinism: Famine and Terror
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the mid-1920s, the Bolshevik leadership, frustrated by the economic and social ambiguities of the NEP, had been discussing ways to resume the country's advance toward socialism. In the debates about how to transform Soviet society, Joseph Stalin first sided with the moderates Nikolai Bukharin and Aleksey Ricoh to defeat his opponents on the left but then adopted a leftist call for rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry. In the process, he denounced his erstwhile allies as ringleaders of the “right opposition.” The party leadership in the Ukrainian republic sided with Stalin no matter what his position. When in mid-1928 Radanovich returned to Moscow, he was replaced as the Ukrainian party boss by Stanislaw Kosier, an ethnic Pole and an experienced party bureaucrat who had worked both in Ukraine and in Moscow. A Stalin loyalist, Kosier faithfully supported his patron during the ideological struggles of the late 1920s. Like other regional branches of the Bolshevik Party, in 1929 the Ukrainian party organization underwent a purge of “rightists,” resulting in the expulsion of 24,000 (almost 10 present) of Ukrainian Communists.
Western Ukrainian Lands between the Wars: The Birth of Radical Nationalism
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following the end of World War I, the victorious Allies organized a series of conferences in Paris to redraw the map of Europe. Although they outwardly embraced the idea of national self-determination that had been promoted by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson, not all the peoples of Europe were awarded their own nation-states. As they dismantled the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Allies divided the empire's ethnic Ukrainian lands among two new states (Poland and Czechoslovakia) and an expanded Romania. Poland and Romania also managed to acquire some Ukrainian territories that had belonged to another defunct empire, tsarist Russia. As a result, western Ukraine, which is best defined in the interwar period as the Ukrainian-inhabited territories outside the Soviet Union,1 was now larger than it had been under the Habsburgs. More than 7 million strong by the early 1930s, western Ukrainians constituted one of the largest stateless minorities in interwar Europe.
From Leecylvania to. . .: 1754-1794
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Back in 1754, Alice’s cousin Henry Lee II had left Lee Hall for Prince William County, where he established a new home he called Leesylvania. Like Stratford, it sat majestically on the Potomac and was surrounded by 2000 acres. This property had come into the family when Richard the Scholar married Laetitia Corbin. Henry’s legacy also included twenty slaves, much livestock, and nearly 3500 acres in Fairfax County, situated near where the District of Columbia would be established. After reaching his majority in 1750, Henry practiced law for three years in Westmoreland County. He did not, however, choose to live at Lee Hall where his mother resided. Separation did not prevent Mary Lee from sending Henry frequent reminders that he ought to marry. She even arranged an “entertainment” at Lee Hall for him and his lady-friend of the moment, a Miss Benson. The mother painted a charming picture of wedlock-”the felicity that holy state can admit . . . is certainly one of the happiest this side of the grave.” Felicity with Miss Benson was not in store for Henry. He may have hesitated because of Uncle Thomas’ dictum that a Lee should find a prosperous wife. If so, Henry was remarkably successful. His marriage took place in the same auspicious setting where Uncle Thomas had wed Aunt Hannah, the mansion at Green Spring, the James River residence of the prosperous Ludwell clan. There, on 1 December 1753, Henry Lee married a famous beauty, Lucy Grymes.
Merchants, Farmers, and the Marketplace
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The residents of Faulkner’s Frenchman’s Bend were in for a rude shock when Flem Snopes assumed his duties as a clerk in Will Varner’s store. Fittingly Varner himself, the largest landowner and “chief man of the country,” was the first to taste of the new arrangements. Commanding Flem to fetch a plug of tobacco as he entered the store, Varner found a seat, cut off a chew, and struck up a conversation with some of the regulars when he suddenly noticed Flem standing expectantly at his elbow. “Hey?” Varner said. “What?” “You ain’t paid for it,” the clerk replied, “ ... the tobacco.” Stunned, Varner could only fumble for a nickel, hand it over, and resume his chat. Soon Flem would be riding in Varner’s buggy, living in Varner’s house, owning Varner’s land, controlling Varner’s hamlet. Then on to the county seat of Jefferson, where he eventually became president of the local bank. And so the New South displaced the Old.
Dialysis without Fear
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Dialysis Without Fear, psychiatrist and dialysis patient Dr. Daniel Offer joins with his wife, Marjorie Kaiz Offer, and daughter, Susan Offer Szafir, to reveal how life can be lived, and lived well, on dialysis. Drawing on his long medical career and more than seven years of personal experience with dialysis, Dr. Offer dispels many misconceptions surrounding this treatment, explaining how you can adapt to the new diet, travel, work and continue to partake in life's joys and celebrations. But the fears and hardships can be quite real, and Dr. Offer brings his years as a psychiatrist to bear as he provides practical advice on how patients can overcome them. Walking through each step of dialysis, he explains different types of treatment, examines the pros and cons of a transplant, and discusses side effects. Since dialysis affects the entire family, Dr. Offer and his co-authors also provide realistic insights into how relatives can cope and thrive together, sharing the humour, courage, and triumphs of real families who have successfully faced the challenges of dialysis. The result is an inspiring, practical guide that will help patients and their families learn to overcome the difficulties of dialysis, live without fear, and enjoy every day.
Portfolio Theory
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A portfolio is a collection of securities. Portfolio theory is a formal analysis of the relationship between the rates of return on a portfolio of risky securities and the rates of return on the securities contained in that portfolio. The rate of return on a portfolio is a random variable. The probability distribution that generates values for the rate of return on the portfolio is a compilation of the probability distributions that generate the rates of return on the securities contained in that portfolio. In this chapter, we develop an elementary version of portfolio theory. We then use that theory to explain how a rational investor would allocate funds among risky securities to create a portfolio that best suits his or her preferences regarding alternative combinations of risk and expected return.
Multifactor Models for Pricing Securities
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multifactor models are analogous to, and inspired by, the CAPM. In the CAPM there is a single source of risk for each security; that source of risk is the unpredictable variation in the rate of return on the market portfolio. Each security has a single quantity of risk, which is the sensitivity of that security’s rate of return to the rate of return on the market portfolio. In a multifactor model, there are two or more sources of risk for each security. Each source of risk is the unpredictable variation in the rate of return on a portfolio identified with that source of risk. Each security has more than one quantity of risk, and each quantity of risk is the sensitivity of that security’s rate of return to the rate of return on the portfolio identified with that source of risk.
Event Studies
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An event study is an empirical technique designed to determine the direction and the magnitude of the effect of a specific piece of information on the equilibrium price of a security. The event study also measures the speed and reliability with which the market adjusts the price of the security to that information.1 The second matter is, of course, the essence of the efficient markets hypothesis. We discussed the use of event studies briefly in the preceding chapter. In this chapter, we present a more thorough development of the technique and discuss five specific applications. For a more advanced and comprehensive treatment, the reader should consult the survey article by MacKinlay.
Insider Trading
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Inside information is information that is not publicly known. Inside information is economically significant if the current prices of securities do not reflect that information. In a market that is informationally efficient with respect to public information, the prices of securities will change once the inside information becomes public. Persons who trade on the basis of inside information purchase or sell securities whose prices do not yet reflect that information. These investors will obtain a capital gain when the market adjusts the prices to reflect the information. But unless the information becomes public, the prices of securities will not change to reflect the information, and there would be no reason to trade on it. That is, inside information that remains inside forever is of no use to investors who seek capital gains by purchasing or selling mispriced securities. Moreover, the information must become public soon enough to enable the investors to cover the opportunity costs they incur by holding the mispriced securities.
Futures Contracts
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A futures contract is a standardized version of a forward contract. A forward contract is an agreement under which one person agrees to deliver a specified quantity of a good to a second person at a specified future time in exchange for a price that is specified when the contract is made. For example, suppose that on March 16, 2005, Mr. X purchases a forward contract in oats from Mr. Y. The contract specifies that on September 30, 2005, Mr. Y must deliver one ton of oats to a designated location (such as Kansas City), and that Mr. X will accept delivery of one ton of oats at that location and pay $46 to Mr. Y. The $46 is the forward price to which Mr. X and Mr. Y agreed on March 16, 2005, for delivery of oats on September 30, 2005.1
And the War Came
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Three Sentences Of His Second Inaugural Address on March 4, 1865, Abraham Lincoln outlined an interpretation of the causes of secession and of the Civil War. The institution of slavery, he said, created a powerful interest in the states where it existed. “To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war Both parties deprecated war; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive; and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came.”
The Saratoga That Wasn’t: The Impact of Antietam Abroad
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Campaign And Battle Of Antietam had consequences that reached far beyond the mountains and valleys and fields of western Maryland where the fighting took place. Indeed, the battle’s reverberations were heard across the Atlantic in London and Paris. Like the secessionists of 1776 who founded the United States, the secessionists of 1861 who founded the Confederate States counted on foreign aid to help them win their independence. In the Revolution they got what they hoped for after the battle of Saratoga. French recognition of the fledgling United States and subsequent financial and military support were crucial to American success. In the Civil War the Confederates failed to achieve foreign recognition, which might have been crucial to Confederate success if it had happened. The outcome of the fighting near Sharpsburg was the main reason it did not happen; in that respect Antietam could be described as a failed Saratoga.
To Conquer a Peace? Lee’s Goals in the Gettysburg Campaign
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
General Robert E. Lee Wrote two official reports on the Gettysburg campaign: a preliminary after-action account on July 31, 1863, and a final report on January 20, 1864. In these documents he summarized the five main objectives of his invasion of Pennsylvania: To draw the Union Army of the Potomac away from the Rappahannock River line. 2) To take the initiative away from the enemy and disrupt any offensive plans General Joseph Hooker might have had for the rest of the summer.
Long-Legged Yankee Lies: The Lost Cause Textbook Crusade
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Woodrow Wilson Was The First native-born Southerner to be elected president (in 1912) since Zachary Taylor in 1848. On July 4, 1913, Wilson had been in office exactly four months when he addressed a huge reunion of Union and Confederate veterans who had come to Gettysburg to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of that Civil War battle. “How wholesome and healing the peace has been!” Wilson exulted. “We have found one another again as brothers and comrades, in arms, enemies no longer, generous friends rather, our battles long past, the quarrel forgotten.” The spirit of this joint re- union of Blue and Gray was captured by a photograph of septuagenarian Con- federate veterans shaking hands with their Union counterparts across the stone wall where so much death had occurred fifty years earlier at the climax of Pickett’s Charge.
“Spend Much Time in Reading the Daily Papers”:The Press and Army Morale in the Civil War
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whether They Were At Home Or At The Front, Southerners and North-erners passed through more intense experiences during the Civil War than any other generation of Americans. Time and consciousness seemed to take on new dimensions as apprehensive civilians gathered outside newspaper or telegraph offices waiting for news from the battlefields, and soldiers eagerly snatched the latest New York Herald or Richmond Dispatch from newsboys in army camps. “These are fearfully critical, anxious days,” wrote a New Yorker waiting for news from the fighting in the Wilderness in May 1864, “in which the destinies of the continent for centuries will be decided.” These words were echoed by Virginia’s fire-eating secessionist Edmund Ruffin. “The excitement of the war, & interest in its incidents, have absorbed everything else,” he wrote in his diary. “We think and talk of nothing else.” From the American legation in London, Henry Adams wrote to his brother in the Army of the Potomac that the war might unfit them ever again “to live contented in times of peace and laziness. Our generation has been stirred up from its lowest layers and there is that in our history which will stamp every member of it until we are all in our graves One does every day and without a second thought, what would at another time be the event of a year, perhaps of a life.”
No Peace Without Victory, 1861–1865
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For At Least The Past Two Centuries, nations have usually found it harder to end a war than to start one. Americans relearned that bitter lesson in Vietnam and, having apparently forgotten it, were forced to learn it all over again in Iraq. The difficulties of achieving peace are compounded when the war aims of a belligerent include regime change in the enemy polity. In the Napoleonic Wars, the coalition forces finally managed to end the conflict when they forced Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte to abdicate—twice. In World War I, Woodrow Wilson insisted that the Allies would negotiate only with a democratic government in Germany, and the armistice did not go into effect until the kaiser abdicated. In World War II, the Allies demanded the unconditional surrender of Axis governments in order to destroy those governments and install new ones in their place.
To Remember That He Had Lived
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over The Years, I Have Reviewed many books about Abraham Lincoln. Several of them contained new information, fresh insights, provocative interpretations, and sometimes distortions or errors. Reviewing these books gave me opportunities to offer my own views and amplifications of the authors’ findings and interpretations. This essay constitutes an updated compendium of reviews of seven Lincoln books. It is designed to stand alone as an exploration of some critical elements in the Lincoln story.
Unreconstructed Confederate
Authors: Barney William L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865; organized military resistance in North Carolina ended when General Joseph E. Johnston capitulated at Durham Station on April 26. Guerrilla skirmishes in the western mountains continued into early May, when another Federal regiment of mounted infantry rode into Haywood to clear out the guerrillas. On May 2 Federal troops helped themselves to Tom’ and Walter’s possessions. Walter lost four bacon hams, a mule, and “old Rip,” a horse that behaved so gently it seemed to understand the need to protect Walter’s crippled leg. Many of the cavalry were “home Yankees,” mountain Unionists recruited into the Federal army, who had a special grudge against neighbors like Tom who had spent much of the war hunting down Confederate deserters. Tom and Lizzie’s house was searched and some of their personal possessions carried off, as well as horses, mules, and hams. Tom had to swallow his pride when he was forced to stand back while Lizzie’s pockets were searched.
Declining Poverty The Human Face Of Reforms
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After a careful review of the available evidence, Gary Fields (1980, p. 204) described the state of poverty in India in 1980 in the following stark terms: India is a miserably poor country. Per-capita yearly income is under $100. Of the Indian people, 45 percent receive incomes below $50 per year and 90 percent below $150. Of the total number of absolutely poor in the world (according to the AID data in Table 1.1), more than half are Indian. During the 1960s, per capita private consumer expenditure grew by less than percent per annum. India’s poverty problem is so acute and her resources so limited that it is debatable whether any internal policy change short of a major administrative overhaul and radical redirection of effort might be expected to improve things substantially.
The Revelationist Tradition
Authors: Turvey Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not all of Jean Epstein’s flim theory is informed by a distrust of human vision. In one of his first major articles on flim, published in 1921, he argues that sight is our most advanced perceptual and cognitive faculty, and praises the cinema for being primarily a visual art.
Although sight is already recognized by everyone as the most developed sense, and even though the viewpoint of our intellect and our mores is visual, there has nevertheless never been an emotive process so homogeneously, so exclusively optical as the cinema. Truly, the cinema creates a particular system of consciousness limited to a single sense.