bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up-regulation of GRP78 and antiapoptotic signaling in murine peritoneal macrophages exposed to insulin
Authors: Misra Uma Kant , Pizzo Salvatore Vincent 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) compensates for excessive protein accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As insulin induces global protein synthesis, it may cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER, thus triggering UPR. We assessed UPR activation in insulin-treated murine peritoneal macrophages using a number of markers including 78 kDa glucose response protein (GRP78), X-box-binding protein (XBP)-1, pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)α, and growth arrest and DNA damage (GADD)34. Exposure of cells to insulin activated UPR, as evidenced by an increased expression of GRP78, XBP-1, phosphorylated PERK (p-PERK), and p-eIF2α. The insulin-induced, elevated expression of GRP78 was comparable with that observed with tunicamycin, a classical inducer of ER stress. Concomitantly, insulin also up-regulated prosurvival mechanisms by elevating GADD34 and elements of the antiapoptotic pathway including Bcl-2, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and phosphorylated forkhead transcription factor. In conclusion, we show here that insulin treatment does cause ER stress in macrophages, but insulin-dependent mechanisms overcome this ER stress by up-regulating UPR and the antiapoptotic pathway to promote cell survival.
Type I and type II interferons delay human neutrophil apoptosis via activation of STAT3 and up-regulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2
Authors: Sakamoto Erina , Hato Fumihiko , Kato Takayuki , Sakamoto Chikahiko , Akahori Mika , Hino Masayuki , Kitagawa Seiichi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe have recently demonstrated that granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) delays human neutrophil apoptosis via up-regulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (cIAP2), which is dependent on activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Here, we show that type I and type II interferons (IFNs), which bind to the distinct receptors, exert the antiapoptotic effect on human neutrophils through the similar mechanism. IFN-α (type I IFN) and IFN-γ (type II IFN), like G-CSF, delayed human neutrophil apoptosis through the protein synthesis-dependent mechanism. Stimulation of neutrophils with IFN-α or IFN-γ resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 but not phosphorylation of STAT5, Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. IFN-α and IFN-γ induced the expression of transcripts of cIAP2 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 and 3, but not cIAP1, Mcl-1, and A1. IFN-α- and IFN-γ-induced up-regulation of cIAP2 mRNA and protein, phosphorylation of STAT3, and antiapoptotic effect were inhibited significantly by pretreatment of cells with AG490, a specific inhibitor of JAK2. These findings suggest that cIAP2 expression is up-regulated by IFN-α and IFN-γ through, at least in part, activation of the JAK2-STAT3 pathway, and increased expression of the cIAP2 protein may contribute to an IFN-α- and IFN-γ-mediated antiapoptotic effect on human neutrophils.
Insulin Receptor Substrates-1 and -2 Are Both Depleted but via Different Mechanisms after Down-Regulation of Glucose Transport in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Renström Frida , Burén Jonas , Eriksson Jan W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAlterations in muscle and adipose tissue insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and IRS-2 are associated with, and commonly believed to contribute to, development of insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms behind previously observed reductions in IRS levels due to high concentrations of glucose and insulin and their significance in the impairment of glucose uptake capacity in primary rat adipocytes. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that insulin (104 μU/ml) alone or in combination with glucose (15 mm) markedly suppressed IRS-2 gene expression, whereas IRS-1 mRNA was unaffected by the culture conditions. The negative effect of a high glucose/high insulin setting on IRS-1 protein level was still exerted when protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide. Impairment of glucose uptake capacity after treatment with high glucose and insulin was most pronounced after 3 h, whereas IRS-1 and IRS-2 protein levels were unaffected up to 6 h but were reduced after 16 h. Moreover, impaired glucose uptake capacity could only partially be reversed by subsequent incubation at physiological conditions. These novel results suggest that: 1) in a high glucose/high insulin setting depletion of IRS-1 and IRS-2 protein, respectively, occurs via different mechanisms, and IRS-2 gene expression is suppressed, whereas IRS-1 depletion is due to posttranslational mechanisms; 2) IRS-1 and IRS-2 protein depletion is a secondary event in the development of insulin resistance in this model of hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia; and 3) depletion of cellular IRS in adipose tissue may be a consequence rather than a cause of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in type 2 diabetes.
Identification of Murine Uterine Genes Regulated in a Ligand-Dependent Manner by the Progesterone Receptor
Authors: Jeong Jae-Wook , Lee Kevin Y. , Kwak Inseok , White Lisa D. , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Lydon John P. , DeMayo Francesco J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractProgesterone (P4) acting through its cognate receptor, the progesterone receptor (PR), plays an important role in uterine physiology. The PR knockout (PRKO) mouse has demonstrated the importance of the P4-PR axis in the regulation of uterine function. To define the molecular pathways regulated by P4-PR in the mouse uterus, Affymetrix MG U74Av2 oligonucleotide arrays were used to identify alterations in gene expression after acute and chronic P4 treatments. PRKO and wild-type mice were ovariectomized and then treated with vehicle or 1 mg P4 every 12 h. Mice were killed either 4 h after the first injection (acute P4 treatment) or after the fourth injection of P4 (chronic P4 treatment). At the genomic level, the major change in gene expression after acute P4 treatment was an increase in the expression of 55 genes. Conversely, the major change in gene expression after chronic P4 treatment was an overall reduction in the expression of 102 genes. In the analysis, retinoic acid metabolic genes, cytochrome P 450 26a1 (Cyp26a1), alcohol dehydrogenase 5, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1a1 (Aldh1a1); kallikrein genes, Klk5 and Klk6; and specific transcription factors, GATA-2 and Cited2 [cAMP-corticosterone-binding protein/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid (E) and aspartic acid (D)-rich tail], were validated as regulated by the P4-PR axis. Identification and analysis of these responsive genes will help define the role of PR in regulating uterine biology.
Synthesis and Characterization of Praseodymium Hydroxide Nanorods by a Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Zhao Jie , Chen Weixiang , Yu Guiyan , Li Xiang , Zheng Yifan , Xu Zhude 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Pr(OH)3 nanorods with 12–30 nm in diameter and 30–300 nm in length were prepared by a hydrothermal process. The as-synthesized product was characterized by XRD, TEM, and TG-DTA. The results showed that the nanorods are highly crystallized hexagonal structure and stable in the low temperature. The mechanism for the hydrothermal synthesis of Pr(OH)3 nanorods was discussed.
Speciation and Quantification of Thiols by Reversed-Phase Chromatography Coupled with On-Line Chemical Vapor Generation and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometric Detection: Method Validation and Preliminary Application for Glutathione Measurements in Human Whole Blood
Authors: Bramanti Emilia , Vecoli Cecilia , Neglia Danilo , Pellegrini Maria Paola , Raspi Giorgio , Barsacchi Renata 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground: We developed a sensitive, specific method for the low–molecular-mass thiols cysteine, cysteinylglycine, glutathione, and homocysteine and validated the method for measurement of glutathione in blood.Methods: The technique was based on reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) coupled on line with cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVGAFS). Thiols were derivatized before introduction on the column by use of a p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (PHMB) mercurial probe and separated as thiol-PHMB complexes on a Vydac C4 column. Postcolumn on-line reaction of derivatized thiols with bromine allowed rapid conversion of the thiol-PHMB complexes to inorganic mercury with recovery of 100 (2)% of the sample. HgII was selectively detected by atomic fluorescence spectrometry in an Ar/H2 miniaturized flame after sodium borohydride reduction to Hg0.Results: The relationship between thiol-PHMB complex concentration and peak area (CVGAFS signal) was linear over the concentration range 0.01–1400 μmol/L (injected). The detection limits were 1, 1, 0.6, and 0.8 nmol/L for cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, and glutathione in the injected sample, respectively. The CVs for thiols were 1.5%–2.2% for calibrator solutions and 2.1% and 3.0% for real samples. The RPC-CVGAFS method allowed speciation of glutathione (reduced and oxidized) in human whole blood from healthy donors and from the coronary sinus of patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy during and after chronotropic stress.Conclusion: The RPC-CVGAFS method could be used to measure reduced and oxidized glutathione in human whole blood as disease biomarkers.
A 24-year Retrospective Study of Bone Growth After Implant Placement
Authors: Roberts Ralph A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This study quantifies the changes in bone height noted in the body of the edentulous mandibles when the load of the complete denture is born by an RA Ramus Frame Implant (Pacific Implant, Rio Dell, Calif). Eighty-three patients with implants were followed for 3 to 24 years. Pre- and postoperative panoramic films were taken and again at each succeeding 5-year follow-up. The results of the bone changes were gathered retrospectively and calculated. The data revealed a significant increase in bone height from 4.413 to 13 mm and statistically significant P values of .0003 were determined. The growth of bone appears to be influenced by the design of the posterior feet, dominant chewing side, and a range of extreme atrophy from 5.9 mm to 15 mm. Also, the previously lost anatomical structures appear to repair, such as the luman of the mental foramen and the superior wall over the inferior alveolar canal. All mandibles were loaded postoperatively with an appliance having cutting bars and porcelain teeth or just porcelain teeth in both appliances.
One-Piece Root-Form Implants: A Return to Simplicity
Authors: Hahn Jack 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Immediately loaded 1-piece dental implants were a standard treatment modality more than 30 years ago and, on occasion, resulted in excellent clinical successes. However, this technology also became associated with significant failure rates and fell out of favor. Since then, understanding of the site requirements and placement procedures necessary to ensure primary stability have advanced considerably. Implant designs and surface treatments also have evolved. In light of this greater understanding, a 1-piece root-form implant system has been developed. This article describes 4 clinical cases in which use of the new system was employed. In each case, the results included excellent stability, esthetics, and patient satisfaction.
Effects of Dissolved Calcium and Phosphorous on Osteoblast Responses
Authors: Ma S. , Yang Y. , Carnes D. L. , Kim K. , Park S. , Oh S. H. , Ong J. L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The dissolution behavior of hydroxyapatite (HA) and its effect on the initial cellular response is of both fundamental and clinical importance. In this study, plasma-sprayed HA coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorous (Pi) ions released from plasma-sprayed HA coatings within 3 weeks were measured by flame atomic absorption and colorimetrically molybdenum blue complex, respectively. To investigate the effect of dissolution of HA coatings on osteoblast response, additional Ca and Pi were added into the cell culture media to simulate the dissolution concentrations. Human embryonic palatal mesenchyme cells, an osteoblast precursor cell line, were used to evaluate the biological responses to enhanced Ca and Pi media over 2 weeks. Osteoblast differentiation and mineralization were measured by alkaline phosphatase–specific assay and 1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D3 stimulated osteocalcin production. The coatings exhibited an HA-type structure. FTIR indicated the possible presence of carbonates on the coatings. A dissolution study indicated a continual increase in Ca and Pi over time. In the cell culture study, enhanced osteoblast differentiation occurred in the presence of additional Ca concentration in the cell culture media. However, additional Pi concentration in the cell culture media was suggested to slow down osteoblast differentiation and mineralization.
Antral Membrane Balloon Elevation
Authors: Soltan Muna , Smiler Dennis G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMany edentulous posterior maxilla are found to be encumbered by alveolar resorption and increased pneumatization of the sinus. These factors limit the quantity and quality of bone necessary for successful implant placement in these areas. One solution is to use shorter implants, but this often results in an unfavorable crown-root ratio. To create an improved environment in such regions, the classic sinus floor elevation with bone augmentation is a well-accepted technique. However, when the edentulous area is limited to a zone between 1 and 2 teeth, lifting the membrane becomes difficult and may subject it to iatrogenic injury. The antral membrane balloon elevation technique, which is introduced in this preliminary report, is a modification of the currently used sinus lift. It elevates the membrane easily and makes the antral floor accessible for augmentation with grafting materials.
Base‐Modified Oligodeoxyribonucleotides: Using Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines to Replace Purines
Authors: Seela Frank , Peng Xiaohua 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPhosphoramidites are first synthesized from suitably protected 7‐deazapurine 2′‐deoxyribonuclosides that have halogen or alkynyl subsituents at the 7 position. Oligonucleotides containing 7‐deazapurines (pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines) in place of the canonical nucleobases are then prepared by solid‐phase synthesis. These oligonucleotides are subsequently allowed to hybridize, and the stabilities of the resulting duplexes are determined. Comparison of Tm values indicates that the presence of 7‐halo or 7‐alkynyl substituents increases duplex stability relative to duplexes involving oligonucleotides that contain the corresponding parent purines.
DNA Microarray Preparation by Light‐Controlled In Situ Synthesis
Authors: Beier Markus , Hoheisel Jörg D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis unit describes the in situ synthesis of DNA microarrays using a light‐controlled process. In a highly parallel fashion, multiple oligonucleotide probes are created from scratch on a glass support using phosphoramidite building blocks carrying a photolabile protecting group. Spatial resolution is achieved by carefully controlling the illumination of defined spots on the glass substrate, on which the oligonucleotide probes are synthesized using straightforward phosphoramidite chemistry.
Isolation of Melanosomes
Authors: Watabe Hidenori , Kushimoto Tsuneto , Valencia Julio C. , Hearing Vincent J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe methods used to purify early and late melanosomes are detailed. These methods include the use of highly pigmented cells to maximize recovery and the use of various sucrose density gradients to separate melanosome fractions based on their density (which is determined in large part by the amount of dense melanin pigment that they contain). Early melanosomes lacking pigment must be further purified using free‐flow electrophoresis.
Using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Reiser Leonore , Rhee Seung Yon 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://www.arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive Web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as DNA and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, biochemical pathways, genome organization, images of mutant plants and protein sub‐cellular localizations, publications, and the research community Data in TAIR are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of Web‐based search and display tools. This unit primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes. Gene expression data from microarrays is a recent addition to the database and methods for accessing these data are also described. Two pattern identification programs are described for mining TAIR's unique Arabidopsis sequence data sets. We also describe how to use AraCyc for mining plant metabolic pathways.
Liquid–solid mass transfer in a three‐phase stationary catalytic basket reactor
Authors: Mitrovic Marijana , Pitault Isabelle , Forissier Michel , Simoens Serge , Ronze Didier 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMeasurements of the liquid–solid mass transfer coefficient kS were performed in a three‐phase multiple impeller and stationary catalytic basket reactor, called a Robinson–Mahoney reactor. Local coefficients were determined using naphtol particle dissolution in water and n‐heptane with or without gas flow. Experiments have shown that local coefficients kS loc depend on the particle position in the basket, agitation speed, and liquid properties. A correlation linking kS to liquid velocity was established in a reactor simulating hydrodynamics in a piece of catalytic basket. Liquid velocity values were validated using a particle image velocimetry technique in a Robinson–Mahoney reactor, using water. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Simultaneous optimal configuration, design and operation of batch distillation
Authors: Low K. H. , Sørensen E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA methodology for simultaneous determination of optimal batch distillation configuration, design and operation is presented. The configuration design methodology utilizes a mixed integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) formulation approach, where the optimal batch distillation system is obtained automatically, based on its maximum overall profitability for a given separation duty. Using rigorous models, the MIDO problem is solved using a practical stochastic solution approach of genetic algorithm and penalty function. The feasibility of this methodology is demonstrated for both binary and multicomponent separation scenarios. In the binary separation case study, the effect of feed composition for different binary mixtures on the optimal configurations, that is, regular vs. inverted columns, is investigated and discussed. The regular column was found to be more profitable for feeds with a high fraction of the light component, whereas the inverted column is optimal for heavier feeds. The optimality of a particular configuration over another is, however, case study specific, depending on, for example, how easy the mixture is to separate. In the multicomponent separation case study, the results obtained highlight the superiority of the multivessel configuration over the regular and inverted configurations. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Isothermal crystallization of metallocene‐based propylene/α‐olefin copolymers
Authors: Xu Jun‐Ting , Zhang Yu‐Jin , Guan Fang‐Xiao , Fan Zhi‐Qiang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIsothermal crystallization and subsequent melting behavior of two propylene/hexene‐1 copolymers and two propylene/octene‐1 copolymers prepared with metallocene catalyst were investigated. It is found that γ‐modification is predominant in all copolymers. The Avrami exponent shows a weak dependency on comonomer content and comonomer type. At higher crystallization temperatures (Tc) the crystallization rate constant changes more rapidly with Tc and the crystallization half‐time substantially increases. Double melting peaks were also observed at high Tc, which is attributed to the inhomogeneous distribution of comonomer units along the polymer chains and the existence of crystals with different lamellar thicknesses. The equilibrium melting temperatures (T) of the copolymers were obtained by Hoffman–Weeks extrapolation. It was found that the T decreases with increasing comonomer content, but are independent of comonomer type, implying that comonomer units are excluded from the crystal lattice. Dilation of the crystal lattice was also observed, which depends on crystallization, comonomer content, and comonomer type. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 240–247, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of functionalized polymer latex particles through a designed semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process
Authors: Ding Tianhua , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. , Klein Andrew 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMonodispersed noncarboxylated and carboxylated poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate) latices were synthesized with a well‐defined semicontinuous emulsion polymerization process. A modified theory to correlate the polymerization rate to the instantaneous conversion of the monomer or comonomer mixture was developed. The resulting equation was used to determine the maximum polymerization rate only below or equal to which the polymerization could be operated in the highly monomer‐starved regime, which corresponded to an instantaneous conversion of 90% or greater. Experimental data from reaction calorimetry supported that the polymerization was under highly monomer‐starved conditions when the model latices were synthesized with the modified model. The estimation of the average number of free radicals per latex particle(n̄) during the feeding stage revealed that n̄ was as high as 1.4 in the actual polymerization, which showed that the original selection of 0.5 as the n̄ value was not accurate in the developed model. From the conductimetric titration experiments, we found that most of the carboxyl groups from the methacrylic acid (MAA) were buried inside the latex particles, and the surface carboxyl group coverage increased as the MAA concentration in the comonomer feed increased. The glass‐transition temperatures of the synthesized polymers were close to the designed value from the Pochan equation, and only one glass transition was observed in the polymer samples in the differential scanning calorimetry measurements, indicating a homogeneous copolymer composition in the functionalized shell. Particle size characterization and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the uniformity in the latex particle size. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 248–256, 2005