bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous botryomycosis of the cervicofacial region
Authors: Yencha Myron W. , Walker Clark W. , Karakla Daniel W. , Simko Eric J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundBotryomycosis is a rare, chronic, bacterial infection of insidious onset involving the integument or viscera that often mimics actinomycosis or a deep fungal infection. The pathogenesis is thought to be a symbiotic relationship between the host and the infecting organism.MethodsCase report of a patient with a chronic infection involving the cervicofacial region diagnosed as cutaneous botryomycosis arising from a chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible. The diagnosis was based on the chronicity of the infection along with the identification of botryomycotic (bacteria‐containing) granules on histopathologic examination. Special stains excluded fungi and mycobacterium. Cultures identified the offending bacteria, and antibiotic therapy was initiated on the basis of the sensitivities, resulting in resolution of this chronic infectious process. A review of the English language literature revealed that this is the first case of cutaneous botryomycosis arising from a chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible.ResultsMedical therapy proved curative at 14 months follow‐up. Surgery was performed for diagnostic purposes only.ConclusionsBotryomycosis is exceedingly rare in the head and neck, and consideration of this entity in the differential diagnosis is critical to the diagnosis. The mainstay of therapy is medical with surgery reserved for biopsy and/or excision of persistent disease. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 594–598, 2001.
Cholinergic system regulation of spatial representation by the hippocampus
Authors: Ikonen Sami , McMahan Robert , Gallagher Michela , Eichenbaum Howard , Tanila Heikki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in hippocampal spatial representation was explored by examining the effects of immunotoxic lesions of the septo‐hippocampal cholinergic neurons on the firing patterns of hippocampal place cells as rats explored familiar and novel environments. In a highly familiar environment, the basic qualities and stability of place fields were unaffected by the lesion. When first exposed to a set of novel environmental cues without otherwise disorienting the animals, place cells in both normal and lesioned animals responded with similar alterations in their firing patterns. Upon subsequent repetitive exposures to the new environment, place cells of normal rats developed a spatial representation distinct from that of the familiar environment. By contrast, place cells of lesioned animals reconverged in the direction of the representation associated with the familiar environment. These results suggest that cholinergic input may determine whether new visual information or a stored representation of the current environment will be actively processed in the hippocampal network. Hippocampus 2002;12:386–397. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass balance and streamflow variability at Place Glacier, Canada, in relation to recent climate fluctuations
Authors: Moore R. D. , Demuth M. N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough a great deal of research has focused on the hydrologic effects of climate variability and change, relatively little research has examined the effects on streamflow of interactions between climate variability and change and resulting glacier response. Place Glacier, in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, has been monitored for mass balance since 1965, and a stream gauge was operated just below the glacier terminus from 1969 to 1989. This paper presents analyses of the mass balance history and streamflow variations in relation to recorded climatic variability.Place Glacier's winter and net balances are correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Summer balance is positively correlated with summer temperature and negatively with the preceding winter balance, which enhances the effects of changes in winter balance on net balance. The well‐documented post‐1976 shift from the PDO cold phase to the present warm phase initiated a significant and persistent period of more negative net balance and terminal retreat. A reconstruction of net balance extending back to the 1890s, based on a regression with winter precipitation and summer temperature, displays decadal‐scale fluctuations consistent with the PDO. Summer streamflow responded to interannual variations in winter snow accumulation and summer temperatures, which control the rate of rise of the glacier snowline and melt rates. After accounting for these influences via regression analysis, August streamflow displayed a negative trend in total runoff. Examination of air photographs and the reconstructed mass balance history suggest that significant firn depletion had occurred prior to 1965, such that the dominant effect of glacier changes was a reduction in ice area, resulting in decreased meltwater production. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐fire runoff and erosion from rainfall simulation: contrasting forests with shrublands and grasslands
Authors: Johansen Mathew P. , Hakonson Thomas E. , Breshears David D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRainfall simulations allow for controlled comparisons of runoff and erosion among ecosystems and land cover conditions. Runoff and erosion can increase greatly following fire, yet there are few rainfall simulation studies for post‐fire plots, particularly after severe fire in semiarid forest. We conducted rainfall simulations shortly after a severe fire (Cerro Grande) in ponderosa pine forest near Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, which completely burned organic ground cover and exposed unprotected soil. Measurements on burned plots showed 74% of mineral soil was exposed compared with an estimated 3% exposed prior to the fire. Most of the remaining 26% surface area was covered by easily moveable ash. Rainfall was applied at 60 mm h−1 in three repeated tests over 2 days. Runoff from burned plots was about 45% of the total 120 mm of applied precipitation, but only 23% on the unburned plots. The most striking difference between the response of burned and unburned plots was the amount of sediment production; burned plots generated 25 times more sediment than unburned plots (76 kg ha−1 and 3 kg ha−1 respectively per millimetre of rain). Sediment yields were well correlated with percentage bare soil (r = 0·84). These sediment yields were more than an order of magnitude greater than nearly all comparable rainfall simulation studies conducted on burned plots in the USA, most of which have been in grasslands or shrublands. A synthesis of comparable studies suggests that an erosion threshold is reached as the amount of soil exposed by fire increases to 60–70%. Our results provide sediment yield and runoff data from severely burned surfaces, a condition for which little rainfall simulation data exist. Further, our results contrast post‐fire hydrologic responses in forests with those in grasslands and shrublands. These results can be applied to problems concerning post‐fire erosion, flooding, contaminant transport, and development of associated remediation strategies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus infection in sex workers and women from the general population in Spain
Authors: de Sanjosé Sílvia , Marshall Vickie , Solà Judit , Palacio Virgilio , Almirall Rosa , Goedert James J. , Bosch F. Xavier , Whitby Denise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransmission routes of Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in the general population are poorly understood. Whereas sexual transmission appears to be common in homosexual men, the evidence for heterosexual transmission is less convincing. In our study, prevalence of KSHV infection was examined among women in the Spanish general population and among sex workers. Subjects consisted of 100 prostitutes and 100 women randomly sampled from the general population and age‐matched to the prostitutes. Women had a personal interview and gynecologic examinations in which a blood sample, cervical cells and oral cells were obtained. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), oral and cervical samples were tested for KSHV DNA by quantitative real‐time PCR. Sera were tested for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by ELISA and against KSHV by latent IFA and K8.1 ELISA. Women who were positive in either serologic assay or PCR were considered infected by KSHV. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in cervical scrapes were evaluated using the Hybrid Capture System™. The study population had an average age of 30 years and were HIV‐negative. Women from the general population were largely of Spanish nationality, and 61% reported lifetime monogamy. The majority of the prostitutes (76%) were immigrants, primarily from South America. Sex workers were twice as likely to be infected with KSHV than women in the general population (16% vs. 8%, prevalence odds ratio [OR] = 2.2). KSHV was more prevalent among HPV DNA‐positive women (OR = 2.5) and among women with an early age at first sexual intercourse (OR = 2.7, p < 0.05). KSHV DNA was detected by PCR in 3% of the oral cavity samples, in 2% of the cervical samples of the prostitutes and in 1% of the cervical samples of women in the general population. All PBMC samples were negative. These results suggest that in low‐risk countries for KSHV, oral shedding and heterosexual contacts are potential pathways for KSHV transmission. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing an adenocarcinoma vaccine: Immunization of mice with synthetic KH‐1 nonasaccharide stimulates anti‐KH‐1 and anti‐Ley antibodies
Authors: Ragupathi Govindaswami , Deshpande Prashant P. , Coltart Don M. , Kim Hyunjin M. , Williams Lawrence J. , Danishefsky Samuel J. , Livingston Philip O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is mounting evidence to suggest that immunization‐based strategies can be used to mobilize the human immune system against specific carbohydrate antigens displayed on the surface of cancer cells. Following isolation and identification, such antigens can be administered as conjugate vaccines. The tumor‐associated carbohydrate antigen KH‐1 is 1 such antigen and may serve as a potential target for immunization against adenocarcinoma. However, a serious impediment to the application of a vaccine‐based approach involving this antigen is that its availability from natural sources is severely limited. In order to overcome this limitation, we have developed an efficient total synthesis of this complex glycolipid. We have extended our synthesis to reach a structurally related analog in which the ceramide portion of KH‐1 is replaced with an allyl substituent. These synthetic advances have led to the preparation of 2 potential vaccine constructs, each based on the conjugation of the KH‐1 nonasaccharide and the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). In 1 construct (KH‐1‐Et‐KLH), the nonasaccharide is conjugated to KLH via a simple ethyl linkage, while in the other (KH‐1‐MMCCH‐KLH), conjugation is mediated by a 4‐(4‐N‐maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane‐1‐carboxyl hydrazide (MMCCH) cross‐linker. We report here the immunological properties of these 2 constructs. Mice were immunized with either of the 2 KH‐1‐KLH vaccine candidates or the KH‐1 ceramide, along with the immunological adjuvant QS‐21. Immunization with the ceramide served as a negative control and, as expected, failed to stimulate the production of antibodies against the KH‐1 glycolipid. The construct in which the KH‐1 nonasaccharide is linked to KLH via a simple alkyl chain stimulated significant quantities of IgM antibodies, whereas the construct linked to KLH by MMCCH induced high titers of both IgM and IgG antibodies. Inhibition data demonstrated that antibodies generated in response to immunization with the KH‐1‐KLH constructs recognize not only the KH‐1 antigen but also the Lewisy (Ley) antigen, which, from a structural perspective, is similar to the 4 residues located at the non‐reducing end of the KH‐1 nonasaccharide. Thus, the KH‐1‐KLH constructs elicit an immune response that successfully targets 2 adenocarcinoma markers. As assessed by FACS analysis, the antibodies raised were strongly reactive with the KH‐1/Ley positive cell line MCF‐7 but not with KH‐1 and Ley negative melanoma cell lines. Based on the results of our study, a KH‐1‐KLH plus QS‐21 vaccine is being prepared for clinical evaluation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TCR reconstitution in Jurkat reporter cells facilitates the identification of novel tumor antigens by cDNA expression cloning
Authors: Aarnoudse Corlien A. , Krüse Margreet , Konopitzky Renate , Brouwenstijn Nathalie , Schrier Peter I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe identification of novel tumor antigens is of extreme importance for effective immunotherapy against cancer. A major obstacle in this field is the limited life span of tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. Therefore we searched for a method to isolate the tumor specificity of these CTLs, i.e., their T‐cell receptors (TCRs) and transfer it to an immortalized T‐cell line. For this purpose, a TCR‐negative Jurkat T‐cell line was equipped with a nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)‐luciferase reporter construct to allow measurement of TCR‐mediated activation. To establish the feasibility of this tumor‐specific TCR transduction, we cloned the TCR genes of a known T‐cell clone specific for the tumor antigen CAMEL (CTL‐recognized antigen on melanoma) into a retroviral construct. Jurkat reporter cells transduced with this construct, Jrt‐TCRα3β5, were tested for their reactivity against CAMEL‐expressing melanoma cells, peptide‐loaded T2 cells and CAMEL‐transfected COS‐1 cells. The melanoma cell lines were poorly recognized, but peptide‐pulsed and ‐transfected cells effectively stimulated NFAT signaling. The activation of TCR+ Jurkat reporter cells was shown to be dependent on the antigen density on the target cells and the expression level of the coreceptor CD8 on the Jurkat cells. To verify the benefit of this TCR reconstitution method for identification of novel antigens, pools of the cDNA library from which CAMEL was originally cloned were transfected in COS‐1 cells and screened with Jrt‐TCRα3β5. Identical cDNA pools were found that were positive with these cells and with the CAMEL‐specific CTL clone. Our results illustrate that TCR‐reconstituted Jurkat reporter cells are a useful tool in the identification of novel tumor antigens by cDNA expression cloning. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular staging of colorectal cancer in African‐American and Caucasian patients using phenotypic expression of p53, Bcl‐2, MUC‐1 AND p27kip‐1
Authors: Grizzle William E. , Manne Upender , Weiss Heide L. , Jhala Nirag , Talley Lynya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe gold standard for clinical outcome of most cancers has been the clinical and pathologic staging of the tumors after surgery. For colorectal cancer (CRC), nodal involvement at the time the primary tumor is resected has been the most reliable indicator of clinical outcome; however, recently, combinations of molecular markers have been reported to be equivalent to pathologic or clinical staging in predicting clinical outcome. In addition, molecular markers can be used in conjunction with clinical or pathologic staging to provide a stronger indicator of clinical outcome than staging alone. We propose that “molecular staging” be added to pathologic staging to aid in predicting clinical outcome and making therapeutic decisions for colorectal cancers, especially stage II and III CRCs. We have reported that the clinical usefulness of most molecular markers varies with the ethnic group of the patients and the anatomic location of CRCs; this complicates the evaluation of prognostic biomarkers and requires much larger numbers of cases to be evaluated. Nevertheless, nuclear accumulation of p53 (p53nac) and phenotypic expression of Bcl‐2, MUC‐1 and p27kip‐1 may be molecular markers approaching acceptance for use in molecular staging of specific subgroups of colorectal cancers. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute toxicity studies of α‐Ketoglutarate: a promising antidote for cyanide poisoning
Authors: Bhattacharya R. , Kumar Deo , Sugendran K. , Pant S. C. , Tulsawani R. K. , Vijayaraghavan R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently we have shown that cyanide poisoning by the oral (p.o.) route could be antagonized significantly by pretreatment or simultaneous treatment of α‐ketoglutarate (α‐KG), administered p.o. in rodents. The protective effect of α‐KG was dose dependent (0.125–2.0 g kg−1) and the effect was significant at a dose above 1.0 g kg−1. In order to establish the safety of α‐KG, various haematological, biochemical and histological parameters were studied following p.o. administration of 2.0 g kg−1α‐KG in female rats, and various physiological parameters were studied following p.o. administration of 2.0 or 4.0 g kg−1α‐KG in anaesthetized male rats. The p.o. LD50 of α‐KG in male and female rats was >5.0 g kg−1 and no toxic signs were observed in the surviving animals. Except for an increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase and urea levels after 1 h and a decrease in inorganic phosphorus levels after 7 days of treatment, no significant change in haematology, biochemistry or histology of the vital organs were observed. Mean arterial pressure and neuromuscular transmission were decreased at 4.0 g kg−1α‐KG but other physiological variables such as heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, left ventricular pressure (systolic), arterial pressure (systolic) and arterial pressure (diastolic) were not altered. The changes observed at 4.0 g kg−1α‐KG are unlikely to be of toxicological concern. The results indicate that α‐KG at 2.0 g kg−1 (p.o.)—a dose offering maximum antidotal efficacy—is non‐toxic and therefore can be considered suitable for cyanide poisoning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of chemical composition on the corrosion behavior of Ni‐Cr‐Mo dental casting alloys
Authors: Huang Her‐Hsiung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this investigation was to study the compositional influence on the corrosion behavior of Ni‐Cr‐Mo dental casting alloys in acidic artificial saliva. Cyclic potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of different Ni‐Cr‐Mo dental casting alloys in deaerated artificial saliva with pH 5 at 37°C. Optical microscope observations were made following the cyclic potentiodynamic tests. Surface chemical analyses were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and auger electron spectroscopy following the potentiostatic tests. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the Ni‐Cr‐Mo casting alloys investigated is associated with the formation of passive film containing Ni(OH)2, NiO, Cr2O3, and MoO3, on the surface. The pitting potential and passive range, respectively, were statistically different among the different Ni‐Cr‐Mo alloys. The Ni‐Cr‐Mo alloys with higher Cr (≈21%) and Mo (≈8%) contents had a much larger passive range in the polarization curve and were immune to pitting corrosion due to the presence of high Cr (maximum ≈31–35%) and Mo (maximum ≈12%) contents in the surface passive film. The presence of Ti lower than 4% in the Ni‐Cr‐Mo casting alloy had no effect on corrosion resistance. A pitting resistance equivalent (PRE) of about 49 could provide the Ni‐Cr‐Mo alloy with a good pitting corrosion resistance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 458–465, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10080
Adsorption of proteins from infant and adult plasma to biomaterial surfaces
Authors: Cornelius Rena M. , Archambault Jacques G. , Berry Leslie , Chan Anthony K. C. , Brash John L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe hemostatic mechanism of the newborn is immature. In general, the clotting times in screening tests are prolonged, the coagulation factors are low, and the coagulation inhibitors (with the exception of alpha‐2‐macroglobulin) are low. Recognizing that many of the proteins present in infant plasma are at low levels, it is of interest to determine if, following exposure to artificial surfaces, the profile of adsorbed proteins is different for infant versus adult plasma. The question of whether differences in protein profiles could lead to differences in thromboembolic episodes associated with the use of central venous catheters (or other blood‐contacting devices) in infant versus adult subjects also is relevant. To address these issues, the adsorption of proteins from pooled infant plasma and pooled normal adult plasma to three different polymer surfaces (polyvinyl chloride, PVC; polymethyl methacrylate, PMMA; and polyethylene oxide‐modified polyurethane, PEO‐PU) was studied using SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting techniques. The total amount of protein adsorbed to each surface also was determined. It was found that the PMMA and PVC surfaces adsorbed considerably more protein than the PEO‐PU surface. Furthermore, the amount of protein adsorbed to the PMMA and PVC surfaces from infant plasma was significantly less than that adsorbed from adult plasma. No such difference was seen for the protein‐repellent PEO‐PU surface. The immunoblot responses of proteins bound to the PMMA and PVC surfaces from infant plasma were, in general, weaker than those bound from adult plasma. It is likely that these differences were due to decreased protein levels in infant plasma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 622–632, 2002
Effect of initiation chemistry on the fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and residual monomer content of a novel high‐viscosity, two‐solution acrylic bone cement
Authors: Hasenwinkel Julie M. , Lautenschlager Eugene P. , Wixson Richard L. , Gilbert Jeremy L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPorous‐free, two‐solution bone cements have been developed in our laboratory as an alternative to commercial powder/liquid formulations. Each pair of solutions consist of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) powder dissolved in methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) added to one solution as the initiator and N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐toluidine (DMPT) added to the other as the activator. When mixed, the solutions polymerize via a free radical reaction, which is governed by the concentrations of initiator and activator and their molar stoichiometry. Previous work by the authors has demonstrated that these two‐solution cement compositions are comparable to Simplex P bone cement in polymerization exotherm, setting time, and flexural mechanical properties. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of BPO and DMPT concentrations, along with their molar ratio, on the fracture toughness, fatigue strength, and residual monomer content of the experimental compositions. The results showed that fracture toughness and fatigue strength for the solution cements were comparable to Simplex P and were not significantly affected by the BPO concentration or the BPO:DMPT molar ratio; however, the highest DMPT concentration yielded significantly lower values for both variables. Residual monomer content was significantly affected by both the individual concentrations of BPO and DMPT and their molar ratios. The two‐solution cements had significantly higher residual monomer contents versus Simplex P; however, this can be attributed to their higher initial monomer concentration rather than a lower degree of conversion. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 411–421, 2002