bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitrust and Upstream Platform Power Plays
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Large digital platform firms have been in the doghouse of antitrust decision-makers worldwide since the tail end of the last decade. Trustbusters agree, urgent intervention is needed. Interestingly, it is the plight of victimized suppliers—of merchants, app developers, publishers, labourers, and the like, who are upstream in the platform economy value chain—that has topped the policy agenda, prompting scrutiny of an almost unprecedented intensity. Amid such anxieties, this book asks a somewhat provocative question: are upstream platform power plays really ‘competition problems’, and ones for antitrust, at that? The apparently obvious answer—‘yes’—is deceptively simple. For one, it contradicts contemporary antitrust’s single-minded focus on consumers, which has all but erased supplier exploitation in the brick-and-mortar economy from the policy’s radar. For another, the wider antitrust community remains bitterly divided when it comes to judging platform practices. Plus, if any consensus could be had, it would almost certainly confirm the long-standing tenet that antitrust cannot be about supplier welfare, as such. These paradoxes call for a policy introspection—precisely what this book provides. The analysis offered here is altogether normative, theoretical, and practical. Normative because it engages in a supplier-mindful soul-searching exercise, which advances our understanding of antitrust’s foundations; theoretical as it sheds multidisciplinary insights on upstream effects in the platform economy and develops new frameworks for rationalizing them; practical since it takes a deep dive into the complex antitrust machinery while staying attuned to other available levers of public action.
Introduction
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter sketches out the book’s ambition to make sense of what antitrust decision-makers worldwide have been doing in recent years regarding the platform economy. Today, enforcers are united in declaring a state of emergency. A few big platform firms have essentially monopolized cyberspace and exploited their power with near-total impunity. Urgent intervention, we are told, is accordingly needed. Paradoxically, the wider antitrust community remains bitterly divided. More intriguingly, decision-makers have sounded the alarm bells while catering to an issue only a handful of scholars had initially called attention to explicitly, namely: ‘upstream’ effects—effects borne by merchants, app developers, publishers, labourers, and the like who are upstream in the value chain. Yet, contemporary antitrust has been single-mindedly focused on consumer welfare. Plus, consensus still has it that supplier welfare cannot be the policy’s lodestar. The current state of affairs therefore demands a deep policy introspection.
‘Competition, as Such’
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Antitrust is in transition. The rise of powerful platforms has led many in the antitrust community to claim that a paradigm shift away from ‘consumer welfare’ is needed. Catering to victimized suppliers, we are told, requires a ‘more normative’ approach. And because consensus still has it that supplier welfare cannot be antitrust’s lodestar, the only alternative is to (re)direct the policy towards the protection of competition, as such. In the USA, those who champion the move vaunt this paradigm’s better legal pedigree. Likewise, in the EU, where the competitive process has, until recently at least, always been deemed paramount by the judicature. The problem, though, is that axiomatic accounts—what is currently on offer—surely cannot suffice because there is nothing self-evident about ‘competition’. This chapter, accordingly, provides a normative theory of the competitive process lodestar, which also explains why supplier anxieties would be directly catered to.
Free-Riding
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how antitrust decision-makers might rationalize allegations that powerful platforms ‘scrape’ the fruits of suppliers’ labour and ‘Sherlock’ them out of their valuable ideas to develop and/or feed in-house versions of the products in which these pieces of information are embodied. Stripped of their rhetorical enhancers, these claims are about turning the free-riding defence so successfully invoked to escape antitrust liability into a self-standing antitrust offence. The core argument made here is as follows: once examined for what they are—instances of free-riding—the only thing conspicuous with ‘scraping’ and ‘Sherlocking’ platforms is that they are in fact what competition regularly requires. Paradoxically, making them out as ‘competition problems’ is possible. The question is whether decision-makers should be conjuring the available theories of harm to this end, knowing that the latter will either be supported by ambiguous economics or be grounded in, at best, contentious ethics.
Antitrust’s Internal Quandaries
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As of late, antitrust decision-makers have been primarily catering to calls from victimized suppliers in the platform economy. Drawing from Chapters 3–5, this chapter accordingly looks under the hood of the antitrust machinery, which is the book’s core focus. It deals with enforcement standards, the antitrust power radar, and remedies, showing how ‘looking up’ in the platform economy exacerbates key difficulties that have long been the source of occasional seize ups. The way forward, for decision-makers, is a matter of enforcement philosophy—of choosing between optimal, reasonable, and resolute enforcement. Each option has specific features the chapter explores. The choice between them, though, is ultimately a decision inevitably coloured by beliefs on both the nature of antitrust as a tool—is it more policy (sensu stricto) than law?—and the goal(s) it is aimed at.
Antitrust’s Interplays
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
After a journey into the thick of the antitrust machinery, this chapter addresses the higher-level issue of intervention, as such. When it comes to dealing with the plight of suppliers in the platform economy, one must keep in mind the pool of policy options. Antitrust decision-makers, it is accordingly argued, should be wary of their solipsistic tendencies while remaining attuned to the strategic potential of their instrument. To support this argument, the chapter begins with a theoretical discussion on interfacing antitrust with other levers of market supervision. Drawing from previous chapters, these insights are then tested through an analysis that brings IP and labour laws to the fore. Finally, mindful of regulatory initiatives currently being enacted or envisioned around the globe, the outlines of what platform regulation should look like are sketched.
Conclusion
Authors: von Moltke A.K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins by recapping what the previous chapters uncover and by reformulating the three broad claims the book makes, which converge towards the idea of a Procrustean dilemma. First, the battle for antitrust’s soul should be waged, but not for conventional reasons. Contrary to what many argue, retiring the consumer welfare paradigm—desirable as that may be—is not a prerequisite for ‘looking up’. Second, upstream platform power plays are potential competition problems, but, as usual, the devil is in the detail. These practices can be formally rationalized under either of the only two coherent approaches to antitrust, but there are major caveats. Finally, antitrust is a solution, but not necessarily the right one, nor should the price of resolute enforcement invariably be paid. The chapter concludes with reflections on change and complexity in antitrust, as well as on platform capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Bashir Haroon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Does the Qur’ān support the abolition of slavery? If so, why had Muslim scholarship not actively proscribed slavery and concubinage up until the nineteenth century? If it was to be accepted that Islam promoted (or at least accepted) the abolition of slavery, why had Muslims regulated and permitted slavery for over a millennium previously? Or, stated more succinctly by Muḥammad ‘Abduh, ‘If religion eagerly anticipates the liberation of slaves, why have Muslims spent centuries enslaving the free?’ The debates that ensued from such introspection led to the development of ‘Islamic abolitionism’, an influential scholarly discourse which argued that Islam was antithetical to slavery. This interpretive formation developed a fully fledged hermeneutic in the nineteenth century, and Islamic abolitionists employed differing arguments and methods in their bids to reconcile the ideal of abolition with the religious tradition of Islam.
Slavery in Classical Exegesis
Authors: Bashir Haroon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores traditional views on slavery within Quranic commentaries and exegetical literature to ascertain how slavery was conceptualized and interpreted. Understandings of slavery and emancipation across the tafsīr genre provide a fascinating insight into how classical exegetes viewed these practices. The commentaries that have been utilized within this chapter are generally classified as from among the ‘orthodox’ tradition which include the works of Ṭabarī (d. 923), Rāzī (d. 1210), Qurṭubī (d. 1273), Bayḍāwī (d. 1319), Ibn Kathīr (d. 1373), and the Jalālayn. These works have been described as the ‘unofficial Sunnī Canon’ of tafsīr. The primary question explored within this chapter addresses to what extent classical commentators promoted or contested the practice of slavery within Islam.
Jewish Political Allegories and Ottoman Imperial Power
Authors: Bashkin Orit 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how Jews celebrated imperial power in Ottoman Egypt. It argues that the Jewish commemorations of the defeat of Aḥmed Pasha (1524), the governor-general of Ottoman Egypt who rebelled against Süleyman, reflect a Jewish position which saw the restoration of Ottoman rule as an instance of divine salvation. Focusing on the representations of these events in Jewish religious texts read in synagogues and in a chronicle written by Egyptian Jewish historian Yosef Sambari (1640–1703), the chapter illustrates how these texts function as political allegories concerning state and provincial power understood through contemporary and Biblical lenses. The political theory embodied in these allegories focus on three conditions that allow Jews to thrive as protected imperial subjects: centralization, as a mechanism that limits the role of despotic governors; God’s guidance of the Sultan, as a mechanism that ensures justice; and Jewish mediation in the form of courtiers who were both pious and politically savvy.
“Blessed Assurance”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes Louis Armstrong’s punishing schedule of balancing his work with the Karnofsky family, his home life, and his occasionally attending school with more singing. He initially began singing when attending Mount Zion Baptist Church with his grandmother Josephine and great-grandmother Catherine. Dancing and singing with his friends was simply a source of great amusement, but Armstrong soon realized their fun could generate a profit after a fateful trip delivering coal for the Karnofsky family. For the rest of his career as both a vocalist and a trumpeter, Armstrong fell back on the lessons he learned in the vocal quartet he formed with friends. The chapter notes how Armstrong got arrested, which in hindsight was the best thing that ever happened to him.
“Descending the Sky Like a God”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks into Louis Armstrong’s work with Marable on the steamer Sidney in New Orleans. It highlights the growing musicality of Armstrong’s ability on trumpet.. Armstrong’s three seasons with Marable represented his conservatory years in every sense of the word. The chapter also considers the harrowing fights between Armstrong and his wife, Daisy, that eventually led to Daisy spending some days in jail and their subsequent separation after four years of marriage. With more free time during the day, Armstrong sometimes sought out local bands, like the Pilgrim Brass Band, to rehearse with to enhance his reading ability.
“Second Trumpet to No One”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter details how Miss Lil persuaded her husband, Louis Armstrong, not to stay on as the second trumpet to Joe Oliver. While Armstrong was initially doubtful of the decision, Oliver took the announcement with grace, despite it being the biggest blow Oliver ever received. Armstrong remained confident of his decision to leave Oliver 46 years later after a long career as one of the most influential and popular musicians of the 20th century. Armstrong spent the summer of 1924 with Powers’s Harmony Syncopators, which made his reputation as a cornetist in Chicago. Eventually, he would leave Chicago to try and make it in New York.
“I Know I Can Play and I Know I Can Sing”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores Louis Armstrong’s musicality as he became involved in some of the biggest selling recordings of African American music of the previous year. Armstrong’s recordings as a sideman made a big splash upon their release in early 1925. However, many musicians were confused by the identity of this new trumpeter since his name was not on the labels. Armstrong had always been a musical sponge, but New York exposed him to some new sounds that made their way into his burgeoning style, including the bands he heard at Roseland. The chapter then notes Lillian Hardin Armstrong’s determination to bring her husband back to Chicago after she found out about his uneasiness playing with Fletcher Henderson’s band.
“Just Keep on Blowing”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter presents Louis Armstrong as a bandleader. However, the issue arose that he did not have a great desire to lead a band and so he asked Earl Hines for direction. Meanwhile, Dave Peyton regularly dispensed general criticism of certain trends and behaviors he observed in the Black music scene in Chicago. The chapter then provides an overview of Armstrong’s life going on downhill after his mother died. It explains how the people who shaped Louis’s life and career were slipping away, as King Oliver moved away from Chicago, later passing away, and Lil grew more distant.
Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier
Authors: Walker Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This book, one of a series sponsored by the American Bach Society, presents J. S. Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier as it is currently understood by the scholarly community. Because a primary goal of the series is to reach out to nonspecialists, both musical notation and footnotes are avoided. The book situates Bach’s collection in its historical context, summarizes what is known about the different origins of Books I and II, describes at length what a fugue is and how it works, and explains Bach’s use of the term “well-tempered” and how it relates to the physics of music. The central chapter offers in-depth verbal analyses (with bar graphs to illustrate the fugues’ structure) of three preludes and fugues followed by brief summaries of all ninety-six component pieces. Concluding the work are two chapters detailing the collection’s enormous influence, up to the present day, on composers and teachers of counterpoint, as well as its performance and recording history. Also included is a brief essay on performance practice and the decision-making that lies behind it.
The Music
Authors: Walker Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at the music of The Well-Tempered Clavier. It begins with an overview of the preludes that identifies five types for those of Book I: those based on figuration patterns, those based on motivic work, those with full-blown melodies, studies in four-voice playing, and those based on non-keyboard styles. The preludes of Book II are, by contrast, grander, and are categorized by patterns of sectional repetition, especially binary form with two repeated halves. Fugal types (for both books) include those based on a single subject, those with a subject and one or two countersubjects, and those with multiple subjects presented consecutively. The chapter concludes with detailed descriptions of three preludes and fugues followed by paragraph-length summaries of all ninety-six component parts.
Natick
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the expansion of missionary efforts among the Indians, focusing on the establishment of the praying town at Natick. The New England Company was established in England to raise funds for missionary efforts in New England. Many sachems and powwows opposed John Eliot’s missionary work, perceiving it as a threat to their sovereignty. Massachusetts enacted a policy of allowing Indians to establish additional praying towns where they could learn Christianity and their land would be protected. The most important town established was Natick. Eliot attempted to establish biblical civil government among the Indians. He was slow to trust Indians with organizing their own churches, but after many Indians offered testimonies of their conversion, a church was finally established at Natick. The English town of Dedham launched a lawsuit against Natick over land, but the Massachusetts government ruled in favor of Natick.
Negotiations
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes how the war ground on, exhausting both sides, and finally leading to negotiations. The colonies took some hope from the death of Canonchet, and they moderated their hostility toward Indians by opening negotiations over captives and agreeing to arm praying Indians. With many Indians suffering from hunger and disease, the sachems agreed to negotiations over Mary Rowlandson’s release, even as they inflicted yet another bloody defeat on the English at Sudbury. Massachusetts finally secured Rowlandson’s release, while Connecticut entered into negotiations with Pessicus in the Connecticut Valley.
Algonquian Defeat
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the final English victory over the Algonquians and the fate the colonies dealt out to various Indians. The trial of Captain Tom Wuttasacomponom, a praying Indian leader, demonstrated how harsh Massachusetts could be toward Christian Indians who were compromised. The murder of Indian women and children by English soldiers on Hurtleberry Hill revealed how much hostility toward Christian Indians remains. Wampanoag resistance was crushed in Plymouth, and Philip was killed, essentially ending the war in lower New England. The colonies executed many Indian leaders and sold many others into slavery. Those Indians who remained in New England were enslaved, scattered, or subject to strict English control.
Locating the “Sonata” in Fanny Hensel’s Sonata o Fantasia
Authors: Kim Catrina S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
When Fanny Hensel wrote a piano and cello piece for her brother Paul (completed in the autumn of 1829), she titled it Sonata o Fantasia; these words can be seen in the surviving manuscript. However, in the published version, editor Christian Lambour opts to remove Hensel’s “Sonata o,” instead naming the chamber piece simply “Fantasia g-moll.” Lambour writes of the decision, “the rather loosely connected form [sic] sections of the two works suggests a designation as ‘fantasia and capriccio’; the term ‘sonata’ seems less appropriate.” This analytical essay chooses to take Hensel at her word and demonstrates how the composition can be seen as a slow introduction followed by a quicker-tempo piece that engages significantly with the formal norms of the eighteenth-century sonata.
Yamada Kōsaku’s Inno Meiji
Authors: Hynes-Tawa Liam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay demonstrates how one might analytically approach music written in a self-consciously hybridized musical language, in view of its diverse sources and its historical background. The essay uses as its central case study Inno Meiji, a one-movement orchestral work by the Japanese composer Yamada Kōsaku (1886–1965), written in 1921 in commemoration of the funeral of the Meiji emperor, Japan’s first modern monarch. It discusses how a great many of the piece’s features, both tonal and timbral, can be understood in the context of a very recently modernized Japan trying to figure out how to position itself on the world’s stage, including in its artistic products—composers like Yamada were in the midst of experimenting with ways to display both their Western-style erudition and their appreciation for Japan’s traditional culture, and they tried many different strategies, several of which can be found in this single piece.
Storytelling and Meter in clipping.’s “story 2”
Authors: Kulothparan Hanisha 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
clipping. is an American experimental hip-hop group from Los Angeles, California, consisting of rapper Daveed Diggs and producers William Hutson and Jonathan Snipes. Their 2014 debut album contains “story 2,” a song about an arsonist who tries to change his ways but his past comes to haunt him. The ordering of events in the song is different from how it might occur in real time, which is highlighted by the musical elements that help to tell the story. In this essay, the author discusses the intersection between flow and storytelling through the examination of form, meter, grouping, and syllabic stress. Drawing upon Bal’s theory of narratology, Lerdahl and Jackendoff’s preference rules, Duinker’s theory of segmentation, and Freytag’s plot structure pyramid, the essay argues that the ways in which musical characteristics interact with the lyrics highlight the storytelling aspects of the song.
Rinderpest
Authors: Clark Tannia , Rajasekhar Mallenshappa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Rinderpest is a viral disease that caused high mortality and morbidity in susceptible hoofed animals, particularly domestic cattle. Over an extended period, a coordinated global multisectoral effort resulted in rinderpest becoming the second infectious disease declared eradicated, on May 25, 2011. Although rinderpest caused disease in hoofed animals, its effects on public health in slowed economic development, poverty, malnutrition, and transboundary trade restrictions made rinderpest a high-impact livestock disease worth eradicating. This chapter provides an overview on the global rinderpest eradication effort and the current framework to maintain global freedom and includes rinderpest eradication case studies.
The Dominions of Giants
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the dynamism of large corporations in the twenty-first century. It explains that the dynamism of business behemoths is obscured by the very features that sustain their potency. The dynamism of large corporations is subtly self-limiting since the accumulation of successful initiatives can produce a debilitating sprawl that threatens the enterprise’s existence and dynamism. The chapter then introduces the notion of overextension, which dulls enterprise and contributes to justifiable perceptions of stagnation. It also looks into the distinctive features of large public company initiatives that have endured into the twenty-first century, before considering the interconnectedness of the features.