bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness and tolerability of high‐dose salmeterol in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hordvik Nancy L. , Sammut Paul H. , Judy C. Gerald , Colombo John L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe efficacy and tolerability of high‐dose salmeterol (100 mcg, BID) and albuterol (2.5 mg, BID) were compared with those of albuterol (2.5 mg, BID) in outpatients with cystic fibrosis in a randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, placebo‐controlled, crossover study with both short‐ (4 weeks of each) and long‐term (24 weeks of each) treatment periods. The primary outcome measure was the difference in mean change in forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) from baseline to the end of each treatment, and secondary measures included changes in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow between 25–75% of FVC (FEF25–75), patient‐rated weekly symptom scores, number of extra (rescue) albuterol treatments, and number of antibiotic treatments. Tolerability was evaluated by changes in vital signs and adverse events.Thirty‐six out of 44 patients enrolled finished the short‐term treatment period, and 19 out of 23 who continued the study also finished the long‐term treatment period. There was no significant difference in the mean % change in FEV1 from baseline to completion of 4 weeks with each drug in the short‐term treatment period (0.1% vs. 0.06%, albuterol vs. salmeterol; respectively). In the long‐term treatment period, there was a significant decrease from baseline in FEV1 with albuterol vs. salmeterol, as measured after both 12 and 24 weeks of each treatment (−6.2% vs. 1.8%, P = 0.013 after 12 weeks, and −6.5% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.002, after 24 weeks, respectively). In both treatment periods, salmeterol was well‐tolerated. While there were more rescue treatments per patient per week with albuterol than with salmeterol treatment in both the short‐ and long‐term periods (0.67 vs. 0.40 and 1.76 vs. 0.74, respectively), rescue treatments were needed significantly more often for only the long‐term period with albuterol compared to salmeterol (P = 0.022). Also, there were more antibiotic interventions with albuterol than with salmeterol treatment in both the short‐ and long‐term periods (25 vs. 10 and 56 vs. 42, respectively); however, antibiotics were needed significantly more often for only the short‐term period (P = 0.011). In addition, there was a significantly higher symptom score with albuterol vs. salmeterol treatment during the second half of the long‐term period (1.24 vs. 0.89, P = 0.001).In conclusion, long‐term high‐dose salmeterol was equally safe and was associated with better pulmonary function, fewer interventions, and fewer respiratory symptoms compared to standard therapy with albuterol in a population of outpatients with mild to moderate CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:287–296. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural parameterization of the binding enthalpy of small ligands
Authors: Luque Irene , Freire Ernesto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA major goal in ligand and drug design is the optimization of the binding affinity of selected lead molecules. However, the binding affinity is defined by the free energy of binding, which, in turn, is determined by the enthalpy and entropy changes. Because the binding enthalpy is the term that predominantly reflects the strength of the interactions of the ligand with its target relative to those with the solvent, it is desirable to develop ways of predicting enthalpy changes from structural considerations. The application of structure/enthalpy correlations derived from protein stability data has yielded inconsistent results when applied to small ligands of pharmaceutical interest (MW < 800). Here we present a first attempt at an empirical parameterization of the binding enthalpy for small ligands in terms of structural information. We find that at least three terms need to be considered: (1) the intrinsic enthalpy change that reflects the nature of the interactions between ligand, target, and solvent; (2) the enthalpy associated with any possible conformational change in the protein or ligand upon binding; and, (3) the enthalpy associated with protonation/deprotonation events, if present. As in the case of protein stability, the intrinsic binding enthalpy scales with changes in solvent accessible surface areas. However, an accurate estimation of the intrinsic binding enthalpy requires explicit consideration of long‐lived water molecules at the binding interface. The best statistical structure/enthalpy correlation is obtained when buried water molecules within 5–7 Å of the ligand are included in the calculations. For all seven protein systems considered (HIV‐1 protease, dihydrodipicolinate reductase, Rnase T1, streptavidin, pp60c‐Src SH2 domain, Hsp90 molecular chaperone, and bovine β‐trypsin) the binding enthalpy of 25 small molecular weight peptide and nonpeptide ligands can be accounted for with a standard error of ±0.3 kcal · mol−1. Proteins 2002;49:181–190. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and study of a gramicidin B mutant possessing a ditryptophan crosslink
Authors: Presley Bodnar Alice L. , Gilbert Eric J. , Yoburn Joshua C. , Van Vranken David L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent studies of peptide dimers linked by Trp‐Trp (ditryptophan) crosslinks suggest that the crosslinks can reinforce antiparallel β‐structure. Depending on environment, gramicidins A, B and C form either helical ion channels with parallel β‐structure or non‐functional pores with antiparallel β‐structure. In the channel conformation of the gramicidins Trp9 and Trp15 are close in space, but in the pore conformation Trp9 and Trp15 are far apart. We hypothesized that a ditryptophan crosslink between Trp9 and Trp15 could pre‐organize gramicidin in an active conformation. To test the potential for pre‐organization, an intramolecular ditryptophan crosslink was formed between Trp9 and Trp15 in a W13F mutant of gramicidin B. Photooxidative conditions were shown to generate ditryptophan crosslinks in low yields. While not preparatively useful, photooxidative tryptophan crosslinking may have implications for protein aging processes like cataract formation. The ditryptophan crosslink in the gramicidin B mutant substantially lowered the antibiotic activity of the gramicidin B mutant, unlike the ditryptophan crosslink in the antibiotic X‐indolicidin. The biaryl chromophore generated diagnostic Cotton effects in the CD spectrum that revealed the absolute stereochemistry of the biaryl chromophore, but the biaryl chromophore obscured diagnostic features below 220 nm. However, changes in peptide conformation were reflected in changes in the biaryl region of the CD spectrum above 240 nm. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remote monitoring of vehicle shock and vibrations
Authors: Rouillard V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a new device to remotely monitor shocks and vibrations generated by industrial and commercial transport vehicles. The acceleration levels are measured with an accelerometer connected to a programmable microprocessor equipped with analogue‐to‐digital converters and wireless communication modules. The paper gives a thorough description of the system, which relies on the real‐time analysis and compression of shock and vibration data to enable efficient data transmission to a host computer station via wireless terrestrial and satellite networks. The host computer accommodates a purpose‐designed software program to store the received information in a database, as well as to compute and display shock and vibration levels, trends and statistics. The system is designed so that configuration, data retrieval and analysis are performed remotely via standard Internet browsers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded small RNAs (EBERs) in oncogenesis
Authors: Nanbo Asuka , Takada Kenzo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEpstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐encoded RNAs (EBERs) are the most abundant viral transcripts in latently EBV‐infected cells. Recently, we found that EBERs play a key role in the maintenance of malignant phenotypes of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells. They confer clonability in soft agarose, tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice, resistance to apoptosis and induction of interleukin (IL)‐10, which acts as an autocrine growth factor of BL cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EBERs confer resistance to interferon (IFN)‐α‐induced apoptosis by inhibition of double‐stranded (ds) RNA‐activated protein kinase (PKR), which is the key mediator of the antiviral effect of IFN‐α. These studies provide a new notion that RNA molecules contribute to oncogenesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of hydroecological results of the Northern River Basins Study, Canada. Part 1. Peace and Slave rivers
Authors: Prowse T. D. , Conly F. M. , Church M. , English M. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring the early 1990s a multi‐component research programme was initiated by the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS) in Canada to answer the question: How does and how could flow regulation affect the aquatic ecosystem? Research focused on the major headwaters of the Mackenzie River, the Peace and Slave rivers, which became regulated in 1968 by the W.A.C. Bennett Dam in the Rocky Mountains. The lack of knowledge about the hydroecology of large northern rivers as well as a paucity of data for this relatively isolated basin required that studies be undertaken to assess how flow regulation had modified the physical template of this system. Research focused on quantifying the regulation effects on the flow regime, ice conditions, fluvial geomorphology and riparian vegetation of the Peace and Slave rivers and the Slave River Delta.Results of the NRBS studies indicate that regulation of the Peace River has shifted the pattern of seasonal flows and damped flow extremes creating a less variable annual regime. Increased winter releases from the reservoir have virtually eliminated the formation of a complete winter ice cover for a significant distance below the dam and delayed ice‐cover formation farther downstream. Higher ice levels that accompany increased winter flows are thought to affect the frequency and magnitude of ecologically important ice‐induced floods that occur during the spring. Although more difficult to link solely to the effects of flow regulation, pronounced morphologic and vegetation changes have been observed along the Peace River, including channel narrowing via the abandonment of secondary/backwater channels and in‐channel shoaling along the lower reaches. Vegetation succession has been especially evident on abandoned bar surfaces. Morphological changes were also observed in the Slave River Delta, particularly along the ecologically sensitive outer margin of the delta. Copyright © 2002 Environment Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface studies of a chalcogenide glass ferric ion‐selective electrode Part 2: The effects of inorganic ions, organic ligands and seawater on sensor response
Authors: Pejcic Bobby , De Marco Roland , Prince Kathryn 
Published: October 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have been used to investigate the effect of inorganic ions, organic ligands and seawater on the response of the FeIII ion‐selective electrode (ISE). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy has shown that the formation of antimony(V) oxide/hydroxide on the chalcogenide glass membrane soaked in seawater is dictated by electrode kinetics. It has been found that selenide atoms in the chalcogenide glass are replaced by oxygen in the presence of seawater. Furthermore, EIS aging studies demonstrated that the chalcogenide glass membrane experiences a sluggish charge transfer reaction in seawater. By contrast, SIMS imaging and depth profiling on various regions of a seawater‐exposed membrane identified a phase comprising iron oxide–hydroxide–carbonate–carboxylate. Furthermore, SIMS revealed a uniform chemisorption of oxygen on the membrane surface, and adsorption does not appear to be related to specific coordination sites. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy failed to detect any chloride chemisorption on the membrane surface, whereas in situ EIS showed that chloride along with hydroxide ions facilitate the charge transfer process of the FeIII ISE. Moreover, the effect of humic acid on the FeIII ISE was studied using EIS. The results of this XPS, SIMS and EIS study have enabled the derivation of a response mechanism for the FeIII ISE in seawater. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A graphical method for exploring heterogeneity in meta‐analyses: application to a meta‐analysis of 65 trials
Authors: Baujat Bertrand , Mahé Cédric , Pignon Jean‐Pierre , Hill Catherine 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHeterogeneity can be a major component of meta‐analyses and by virtue of that fact warrants investigation. Classic analysis methods, such as meta‐regression, are used to explore the sources of heterogeneity. However, it may be difficult to apply such a method in complex cases or in the absence of an a priori hypothesis. This paper presents a graphical method to identify trials, groups of trials or groups of patients that are sources of heterogeneity. The contribution of these trials to the overall result can also be evaluated with this method. Each trial is represented by a dot on a 2D graph. The X‐axis represents the contribution of the trial to the overall Cochran Q‐test for heterogeneity. The Y‐axis represents the influence of the trial, defined as the standardized squared difference between the treatment effects estimated with and without the trial. This approach has been applied to data from the Meta‐Analysis of Chemotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer (MACH‐NC) comprising 10850 patients in 65 randomized trials. The graphical method allowed us to identify trials that contributed considerably to the overall heterogeneity and had a strong influence on the overall result. It also provided useful information for the interpretation of heterogeneity in this meta‐analysis. The proposed graphical method identifies trials that account for most of the heterogeneity without having to explore all possible sources of heterogeneity by subgroup analyses. This method can also be applied to identify types of patients that explain heterogeneity in the treatment effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roots and branches: a brief, picaresque, personal history of systems theory
Authors: Bausch Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSocial Systems Theory has a long and distinguished history. It has progressed from a mechanical model of social processes, to a biological model, to a process model, to models that encompass chaos, complexity, evolution and autopoiesis. Social systems design methodology is ready for the twenty‐first century. From General Systems Theory's early days of glory and hubris, through its days of decline and disparagement, through its diaspora into different disciplines, systems theory is today living up to its early expectations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fos expression in GABAergic cells and cells immunopositive for NMDA receptors in the inferior and superior colliculi following audiogenic seizures in rats
Authors: Ishida Yasushi , Nakahara Daiichiro , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Nakamura Masato , Ebihara Kosuke , Takeda Ryuichiro , Nishimori Toshikazu , Niki Hiroaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGiven the evidence that the inferior colliculus (IC) and superior colliculus (SC) seem to play key roles in connecting auditory pathways and seizure output pathways in the neuronal network for audiogenic seizures (AS) in rats, we examined Fos activation in GABAergic cells and cells immunopositive for glutamate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the IC and SC following AS using the double‐labeling procedure. Generalized tonic‐clonic seizures (GTCS), which developed as an advanced form of AS in some of the susceptible rats, induced an increase in Fos expression in three IC substructures—the dorsal cortex of IC (DCIC), central nucleus of IC (CIC), and external cortex of IC (ECIC)—and in one SC substructure, the deep gray layer of SC (DpG). Compared with the rats showing GTCS, rats exhibiting wild running (WR) without proceeding to GTCS showed a different pattern of AS‐induced Fos expression. The DpG in the WR animals showed no significant increase in the levels of Fos‐like immunoreactivity. The degrees of Fos activation that occurred in GABAergic cells and cells immunopositive for NMDA receptors were similar in the DCIC, CIC, ECIC, and DpG following AS. These results suggest that Fos activation in the DpG is involved in the development from WR to GTCS in AS‐susceptible rats. They also provide some evidence that some GABAergic neurons in the IC and SC and glutamatergic afferents (via NMDA receptors) to these structures are activated by AS. Synapse 46:100–107, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patient care and the health‐impaired practitioner
Authors: Cook R.J , Dickens B.M 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe risk of HIV‐infected or otherwise impaired practitioners infecting or injuring their patients is very low, but is of proper concern to patients, practitioners and healthcare facilities. Practitioners’ general legal and ethical duties to protect patients includes protection against their own liability to present risk of harm. Healthcare facilities have similar duties of care to protect patients, for instance by proper selection and management of personnel, but may also bear indirect or vicarious (‘no fault’) legal liability for injuries due to the negligence of the personnel they engage. Impaired practitioners should disclose their status to licensing and health facility authorities. They are entitled to non‐discriminatory employment opportunities, but may be licensed and approved to practice under conditions that appropriately protect patients. When impaired practitioners practice within such approved conditions, modern courts hold that they have no legal duty to volunteer disclosure of their status to their patients.
Stimulus-induced craving and startle potentiation in abstinent alcoholics and controls
Authors: Grüsser S.-M. , Heinz A. , Raabe A. , Wessa M. , Podschus J. , Flor H. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryAbstinent alcoholics often denycraving for alcohol but still show a high level of relapse. The eyeblink response to startling noise was used as an indicator of the emotional response to alcohol-related, positive, negative and neutral visual stimuli in abstinent alcoholics, social drinkers and rarelydrinking controls. The cognitive evaluation of the stimuli was assessed byratings of subjective craving, valence and arousal. The startle response of the alcoholics to alcohol-related stimuli was significantlyinhibited despite an aversive overt stimulus-evaluation. These findings indicate that alcohol-related stimuli mayhave appetitive incentive salience for alcoholics in spite of verbal reports of craving and valence to the opposite.
Recovery of cardiac autonomic responsiveness with low‐intensity physical training in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Malfatto Gabriella , Branzi Giovanna , Riva Beatrice , Sala Luca , Leonetti Gastone , Facchini Mario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground:A gradual worsening of autonomic control of cardiovascular function accompanies the progression of heart failure. Exercise training modulates autonomic balance, and may affect the prognosis of the disease.Aims:The sympathovagal balance was studied after 3 months of low‐intensity rehabilitation compared with conventional therapy in 45 patients with heart failure (52% ischemic, 48% idiopathic), of whom 30 underwent rehabilitation and 15 did not. In 11 rehabilitated patients we also studied the effects on autonomic profile of 6 additional months of home‐based training. Rehabilitated and non‐rehabilitated patients had similar NYHA class, ejection fraction, exercise pVO2; 50% assumed carvedilol (39±5 mg/day).Methods and results:Autoregressive power spectral density of RR intervals variability were assessed during 10 min of: (1) supine rest and free breathing; (2) supine rest and breathing at 20 acts/min (‐ vagal stimulus); (3) standing (‐ sympathetic stimulus). During each period, the ratio LF/HF of the individual autospectrum indicated the sympathovagal balance. After 3 months of rehabilitation, pVO2 increased (20%); LF/HF at rest was unchanged (8.7±1.2 vs. 9.2±1.2); it decreased with controlled breathing (−18%) and increased during standing (+79%) (P<0.05). These changes were more evident after 6 months of home‐based training, when pVO2 was still high: LF/HF at rest was reduced (5.4±0.9 vs. 8.5±2.1), decreased during controlled breathing (−17%) and increased during standing (87%) (P < 0.05). No changes in any variable were seen in non‐rehabilitated patients.Conclusions:A low intensity rehabilitation program restores autonomic tone and reactivity to vagal and sympathetic stimuli. Some of these effects are already evident after the initial hospital‐based phase.
Glucose insulin potassium infusion improves systolic function in patients with chronic ischemic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Cottin Yves , Lhuillier Isabelle , Gilson Laurent , Zeller Marianne , Bonnet Caroline , Toulouse Christine , Louis Pierre , Rochette Luc , Girard Claude , Wolf Jean‐Eric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective:We assessed the effects of glucose–insulin–potassium (GIK) by echocardiography in stable patients with ischemic dysfunction.Methods:Twelve male patients with stable coronary disease (SCD) and ejection fraction (EF) <45% were studied for systolic function. GIK (glucose 30%, 300 insulin units and KCl 6 g/l) was infused at 1 ml/kg per h over 20 min. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements were recorded at rest (T0), at the end (20 min) of GIK infusion (T + 20), 20 and 40 min after the end of the infusion (T + 40 and T + 60).Results:At T + 20, a significant decrease in WMSI (wall motion score index) was observed compared with T0 (2.16±0.14 vs. 2.30±0.16: P<0.05). An increase in EF was reported at T + 40 and T + 60 compared with T0 (44.1±7.8% and 53.3±11.6% vs. 35.6±4.5%, respectively: P<0.01). A decrease in WMSI was observed at T + 40 and T + 60 compared with rest (2.02±0.17 and 1.93±0.11 vs. 2.30±0.16, respectively: P<0.01).Conclusion:Our present work suggests that GIK infusion improves systolic function in patients with SCD and ejection fraction <45%. Further studies are needed to determine if short‐term GIK infusion could be useful for therapeutic or diagnostic strategies in these patients.
Effective Energy Transfer Process in a Dyad Molecule of Pyrene and C60
Authors: Fujitsuka Mamoru , Luo Hongxia , Murata Yasujiro , Kato Noriyuki , Ito Osamu , Komatsu Koichi 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Photoexcitation dynamics of a pyrene-C60 dyad molecule has been investigated. From the excitation spectrum and fluorescence lifetime measurements, effective energy transfer processes from the singlet excited pyrene-moiety were confirmed both in polar and nonpolar solvents. The transient absorption suggested that the triplet excited C60 was generated effectively upon excitation of the pyrene-moiety via the singlet energy transfer and the intersystem crossing process.
Oxidation of Anhydrides Over MgO Promoted Cobalt and Vanadium Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Mongkhonsi Tharathon , Umpo Surangkana , Thongsang Pongsakorn 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride could be completely oxidised to CO2 and H2O over Co-Mg-O/Al2O3 and V-Mg-O/TiO2 catalysts. Experimental results showed that the cobalt and vanadium oxide catalysts promoted with MgO had superior combustion activity than the unpromoted catalysts.