bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managerialism meets community development: contracting for social inclusion?
Authors: Turner David , Martin Steve 
Published: February 2004

English
The government-funded Neighbourhood Support Fund (NSF) programme, launched in March 2000, sought to tackle exclusion among disaffected young people in the most disadvantaged areas of England. NSF reflected a decisive policy shift – rejecting state-centric youth service provision in favour of direct funding of community-led initiatives. This article highlights important tensions between the government's aim of promoting innovative, community-based solutions and its emphasis on the rapid ‘delivery’ of tangible improvements. It raises questions about the capacity of local authorities and community-based groups to champion such initiatives. Early evidence suggests that implementing such a ‘joined-up’ approach requires a framework which is more conducive to collaboration between the statutory, voluntary and community sectors than that which currently exists.
Mainstreaming equality in Wales: the case of the National Assembly building
Authors: Edwards Julia 
Published: February 2004

English
Institutional discrimination in public policy denies equality of opportunity to the diversity of citizens. Mainstreaming, or building in, equality at initiation stage of policy making may be the best way of overcoming this problem. A case study of the initial stages of choosing a design for the National Assembly of Wales’ debating chamber reveals that mainstreaming equality requires a more inclusive practice of policy making than is usually achieved by the traditional Whitehall model.
Mainstreaming: Northern Ireland's participative-democratic approach
Authors: Donaghy Tahnya Barnett 
Published: February 2004

English
At a time when both practitioners and academics are calling for a greater understanding and more research into gender mainstreaming, this article develops both a practical case study and explores some of the deeper conceptual understandings of mainstreaming models. Specifically, the article places Northern Ireland within the emerging literature on mainstreaming, establishing it as a valuable case study, based on the breadth and depth of the approach adopted since devolution. The article then develops the understanding of the participative-democratic mainstreaming model from a description of processes to include an understanding of the impact of the origins of mainstreaming on model design.
The post-devolution equality agenda: the case of the Welsh Assembly's statutory duty to promote equality of opportunity
Authors: Chaney Paul 
Published: February 2004

English
Within the context of the devolution statutes introduced by the 1997 UK Parliament, the Welsh Assembly's statutory equality imperative is unique in its non-prescriptive phrasing and all-embracing scope; it requires government to promote equality of opportunity for all people in the exercise of all its functions. Written at the end of the National Assembly for Wales's first term, this article sets out the background to the duty, explores its impact and tests two propositions by equality experts, namely: that constitutional reform has provided an “enabling context within which equalities work can develop” and that “different priorities and agenda can be discerned”.
Governance and sustainability: an investigation of the role of policy mediators in the European Union policy process
Authors: Williams Andrew 
Published: February 2004

English
This article argues that changing governance modes in the European Union (EU), including territorial multi-level governance and the dispersion of decision-making authority in policy networks, along with the separation of functions at all governance levels, is often characterised by fragmentation in the policy process. This causes difficulties for policy makers in identifying and avoiding unintended ex post policy outcomes, including ‘trade-offs’ between economic, social and environmental objectives that, in the context of sustainability, are sub-optimal. A case study of the implementation of the EU Ozone Depleting Substances Regulation in the UK tests this hypothesis. It is then suggested that policy mediators have an important role to play in facilitating the effective coordination of policy formulation and implementation in a manner commensurate with broad sustainable development objectives.
On racemic and L-malates: a comparison of their crystal structures
Authors: Fleck Michel , Tillmanns Ekkehart , Bohatý Ladislav , Held Peter 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The crystal structures of eight different L-malates have been determined and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. The compounds are the monoclinic (space group P21, Z = 2) L-malates Ca(C4H4O5)·3H2O (a = 6.652(1) Å, b = 8.378(1) Å, c = 8.268(1) Å, β = 112.65(2)°, R = 0.027), Ni(C4H4O5)·3H2O (a = 5.762(1) Å, b = 9.006(2) Å, c = 8.406(1) Å, β = 105.54(1)°, R = 0.024), CuH2
(C4H4O5)2 (a = 9.911(1) Å, b = 5.271(1) Å, c = 11.510(1) Å, β = 109.33(1)°, R = 0.031), CsH(C4H4O5)·H2O (a = 7.439(1) Å, b = 7.481(1) Å, c = 7.852(1) Å, β = 116.67(1)°, R = 0.027) as well as the four isomorphic tetragonal (space group P41212, Z = 4) L-malates MgH2
(C4H4O5)2·4H2O (a = 7.524(1) Å, c = 27.459(2) Å, R = 0.041), MnH2
(C4H4O5)2·4H2O (a = 7.548(1) Å, c = 27.707(2) Å, R = 0.027), CoH2
(C4H4O5)2·4H2O (a = 7.519(1) Å, c = 27.537(2) Å, R = 0.030) and ZnH2
(C4H4O5)2·4H2O (a = 7.533(1) Å, c = 27.360(2) Å, R = 0.029). A comparison of the atomic arrangements of L-malates with their racemic counterparts shows different aspects of symmetry as well as differences in the connectivity of the building units.
In addition, for all the compounds, powder diffraction data were collected, analysed and submitted to the powder diffraction file (PDF).
Crystal and electronic structure of aqua(N-salicylidene-methylester-l-glutamato)Cu(II) monohydrate
Authors: Langer Vratislav , Gyepesová Dalma , Scholtzová Eva , Mach Pavel , Kohútová Mária , Valent Aladár , Smrčok L'ubomír 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The absolute structure of the title compound, CuNC13H17O7, has been determined. The crystal structure consists of the molecular units Cu(N-sal-5-met-L-glu)(H2O) connected by a three-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds. The coordination polyhedron in the complex is approximately square-pyramidal with a pentacoordinated Cu(II) atom. The base of the pyramid is formed by nitrogen and oxygen atoms belonging to the molecule, while the apex of the pyramid contains a weakly bonded oxygen atom of the carboxylic group of another molecule. The B3LYP/SVP method and basis set in Gaussian98 was used for quantum chemical calculation of the nature of Cu–X (X = O, N) bonds. While the calculated dissociation energy of the weakly bonded crystalline water is only 17.2 kJ/mol, the bonding energy of the water molecule coordinating to the Cu atom is 62.3 kJ/mol.
Twin point groups and the polychromatic symmetry of twins
Authors: Nespolo Massimo 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
A new classification in terms of the number of independent twin elements is introduced and exploited to analyze the symmetry of multiple twins. The dichromatic point group description of twins is revised showing that, contrary to what stated in the previous literature, all the 58 dichromatic point groups represent the possible symmetry of some twins. This approach is extended in terms of polychromatic point groups and applied to some examples from the recent literature.
Bravais colourings of planar modules with N-fold symmetry
Authors: Baake Michael , Grimm Uwe 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
The first step in investigating colour symmetries for periodic and aperiodic systems is the determination of all colouring schemes that are compatible with the symmetry group of the underlying structure, or with a subgroup of it. For an important class of colourings of planar structures, this mainly combinatorial question can be addressed with methods of algebraic number theory. We present the corresponding results for all planar modules with N-fold symmetry that emerge as the rings of integers in cyclotomic fields with class number one. The counting functions are multiplicative and can be encapsulated in Dirichlet series generating functions, which turn out to be the Dedekind zeta functions of the corresponding cyclotomic fields.
Intensity distribution of the eight-beam case of the Si-888 reflection in backscattering geometry
Authors: Haubold Stefan , Liss Klaus D. , Hock Rainer , Magerl Andreas , Lorenzen Maren , Krisch Michael 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe eight-beam case of the Si-888 reflection in backscattering has been studied by scanning the eight simultaneously excited reflections Si 888, Si 088, Si 880, Si 808, Si 800, Si 080, Si 008 and Si 000 in wavelength and two independent rocking angles. Largely different widths of the individual reflection profiles found are explained from the Ewald representation as suggested by kinematic diffraction theory. The intensity profiles demonstrate a coupling of the eight simultaneously excited wave fields as expected from dynamic diffraction theory.
Crystal structures of GaX
3 (X = Cl, Br, I) and AlI3
Authors: Troyanov Sergey I. , Krahl Thoralf , Kemnitz Erhard 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Crystal structures of GaX
3 (X = Cl (I), Br (II), and I (III)) and AlI3 (IV) were determined at low temperature by single crystal X-ray crystallography. I is monoclinic, space group C2/m with a = 11.948(4), b = 6.855(3), c = 7.050(3) Å, β = 125.69(3)°, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.038. II–IV are isotypic to each other: II is monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 8.874(4), b = 5.637(2), c = 11.006(4) Å, β = 107.81(4)°, Z = 4, R
1 = 0.056; III: a = 9.584(3), b = 6.084(2), c = 11.839(4) Å, β = 107.78(3)°, R
1 = 0.044; IV: a = 9.591(3), b = 6.069(2), c = 11.902(3) Å, β = 108.05(3)°, R
1 = 0.046. The crystal structures I–IV are built of dimeric M
2
X
6 molecules consisting of two MX
4 tetrahedra sharing a common XX edge with shorter M-X (terminal) and longer M-X(bridging) distances. The structure of I can not be described in terms of the closest Cl packing, whereas the structures of II–IV are based on slightly distorted cubic closest packing of halogen atoms, which accounts for their strong tendency to twinning.
Two new ammonium diphosphates: crystal structure of Mn0.5NH4H2P2O7·H2O and MnNaNH4P2O7·3H2O
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Brouzi Khalid , Harcharras Mohamed , Ennaciri Abdelaziz , Moliterni Anna G. G. , Bertolasi Valerio 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Two new ammonium diphosphates, Mn0.5NH4H2P2O7·H2O (1) and MnNaNH4P2O7·3H2O (2), have been synthesized and investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1̅, and the unit cell dimensions are a = 7.0029(2) Å, b = 7.4401(2) Å, c = 7.8771(2) Å, α = 80.444(1)°, β = 71.359(1)°, γ = 87.408(1)°, V = 383.48(2) Å3, Z = 2; compound (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Cc, with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 10.1124(4) Å, b = 16.4448(7) Å, c = 5.6000(3) Å, β = 104.304(2)°, V = 902.39(7) Å3, Z = 4. Final residuals are: R = 0.0281 and w
R = 0.0769, by using 2356 reflections with I > 2σ(I), for (1); R = 0.0301 and w
R = 0.0682, by using 2322 reflections with I > 2σ(I), for (2). The crystal packing of Mn0.5NH4H2P2O7·H2O consists of layers parallel to ac plane formed by MnO6 regular octahedra, H2P2O7 double tetrahedra and ammonium cations. Strong hydrogen bonds embed the dihydrogendiphosphate groups in the framework. The crystal packing of MnNaNH4P2O7·3H2O is made up of layers of P2O7 double tetrahedra, NaO7 monocapped octahedra and MnO6 regular octahedra down c. Water and ammonium cations molecules fill up the cavities between the above mentioned polyhedra. Strong hydrogen bonds complete the network.
´Pseudopolymorphs′ of 3aβ,4α-dihydro-4β,10-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H,3H,5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]carbazol-1,3-dione
Authors: Dziubek Kamil F. , Katrusiak Andrzej 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
A crystal structure of 3aβ,4α-dihydro-4β,10-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H,3H,5H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]carbazol-1,3-dione, mistakenly presented as two polymorphs [Acta Crystallogr. B51 (1995) 999–1003] illustrates a general problem of validating crystallographic data described in different unit-cell settings.
Performance analysis of CDMA unslotted ALOHA system employing successive interference cancellation
Authors: Tadokoro Yukihiro , Okada Hiraku , Yamazato Takaya , Katayama Masaaki , Ogawa Akira 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMultiple access interference (MAI) occurs in the CDMA Unslotted ALOHA system and is a significant factor for degradation of performances. Further, in this system, there are frequent situations in which the received signal power becomes inhomogeneous so that the effect of the MAI is enhanced. Presently, an interference cancellation technique is developed as a way to suppress the MAI. However, this method mainly deals with a system that transmits and receives signals continuously in time. The evaluation of the performances is also by means of the bit error rate. In the packet communication system, success or failure of the transmission of each packet rather than of the transmission of each bit is the key to system performances. Hence, in the present study, a system is proposed that uses a successive interference cancellation as one of the interference cancellation techniques to the CDMA Unslotted ALOHA system. The throughput performance is analytically derived for performance evaluation. Also, in general, the performances under the situation of unequal received signal power are worse than those for equal received power. However, in the proposed system, performance can be better in an unequal received power environment than in the equal power case. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 32–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10116
Estimation of discrete‐time software rejuvenation schedule based on the cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Dohi Tadashi , Iwamoto Kazuki , Okamura Hiroyuki , Kaio Naoto 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the probability model for determination of the rejuvenation schedule of the software system treated by Huang and colleagues (1995) and by Dohi and colleagues (2001) is discussed. In particular, under the evaluation criterion of cost‐effectiveness, two discrete time models are analyzed and an optimum software rejuvenation schedule maximizing cost‐effectiveness is derived. Further, a statistical procedure for estimation of an optimal software rejuvenation schedule is discussed in which no probability distribution is specified from the failure time data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 23–31, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10128
Aperiodic autocorrelation functions of real‐valued shift‐orthogonal finite‐length sequences with round‐off errors
Authors: Matsumoto Takahiro , Tanada Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA real‐valued shift‐orthogonal finite‐length sequence is a sequence for which the side‐lobe of the aperiodic autocorrelation function is zero except at the two ends. It is effectively used in spread‐spectrum communications and other applications. This type of sequence can be synthesized by using element sequences of adequate lengths. Consequently, fast correlation processing can be realized by dividing the process for each element sequence. A problem in this sequence is that the round‐off error of its real values has an effect on the correlation characteristics. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of the round‐off error on integrated correlation processing and divided correlation processing. In the former, the mean‐square error of the correlation output is inversely proportional to the sequence length. In the latter, it is the sum of the mean‐square errors of the element sequences, which are inversely proportional to the respective sequence lengths. Thus, we see that the error of shorter element sequences should be reduced in the latter method in order to speed up correlation processing. This paper considers in particular a method by which the mean‐square error is reduced without significantly enlarging the circuit scale. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 1–12, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10152
Watermark detection based on error probability and its applications to video watermarking
Authors: Choi Yoonki , Aizawa Kiyoharu 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs digital media which can be copied and edited readily without loss of quality has spread, several electronic watermarking methods used to protect copyrights and prevent illegal copying have been proposed. Electronic watermarking technology which can embed author information secretly in data consists primarily of embedding the watermark information, extracting watermark information, and verifying watermark information. Various methods have been proposed for embedding and extracting watermark information, depending on the scope of use and purpose. On the other hand, methods to verify the detected watermark information are limited, with BER (Bit Error Rate) and correlation between the extracted watermark information and the original watermark information widely used for evaluation. In contrast, in this paper, the authors propose a method to verify electronic watermarks based on probability. In the proposed method, the reliability that the original watermark information is embedded in the detected image is calculated as a probability, and then using this value, whether or not the watermark information is there is determined. The calculated value gives an evaluation value directly, one that includes the number of bits in the original watermark information. As a result, this verification method can be considered valid for use with video, in which watermarks are repeated. The authors use experiments to confirm the validity of their method by applying it to electronic watermarks for still images and video. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 66–76, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20083
User interface design based on phase‐oriented information classification
Authors: Mitsuda Naruki , Ajisaka Tsuneo , Sawada Atsushi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNew modeling techniques are needed for providing development environments for software having high general applicability. Information handled by software differs in form depending on its procedures and requires different handling methods. Such methods include methods of recognizing these as phases of information and dividing them into modules that correspond to the information phases. This study proposes a software development environment based on the recognition of information phases in a user interface. It implements a specific user interface by recognizing three phases of information—panel information, operation information, presentation information—and defining the methods of handling information for each phase. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(6): 44–54, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20085
Human evolution at the Matuyama‐Brunhes boundary
Authors: Manzi Giorgio 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe cranial morphology of fossil hominids between the end of the Early Pleistocene and the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene provides crucial evidence to understand the distribution in time and space of the genus Homo. This evidence is critical for evaluating the competing models regarding diversity within our genus. The debate focuses on two alternative hypotheses, one basically anagenetic and the other cladogenetic. The first suggests that morphological change is so diffused, slow, and steady that it is meaningless to apply species names to segments of a single lineage. The second is that the morphological variation observed in the fossil record can best be described as a number of distinct species that are not connected in a linear ancestor‐descendant sequence. Today much more fossil evidence is available than was in the past to test these alternative hypotheses, as well as intermediate variants. Special attention must be paid to Africa because this is the most probable continental homeland for both the origin of the genus Homo (around 2.5–2 Ma),1 as well as the site, two million or so years later, of the emergence of the species H. sapiens.2 However, the African fossil record is very poorly represented between 1 Ma and 600 ka. Europe furnishes recent discoveries in this time range around the Matuyama‐Brunhes chron boundary (780,000 years ago), a period for which, at present, we have no noteworthy fossil evidence in Africa or the Levant. Two penecontemporaneous sources of European fossil evidence, the Ceprano calvaria (Italy)3 and the TD6 fossil assemblage of Atapuerca (Spain)4 are thus of great interest for testing hypotheses about human evolution in the fundamental time span bracketed between the late Early and the Middle Pleistocene. This paper is based on a phenetic approach to cranial variation aimed at reviewing the Early‐to‐Middle Pleistocene trajectories of human evolution. The focus of the paper is on neither the origin nor the end of the story of the genus Homo, but rather its chronological and phylogenetic core. Elucidation of the evolutionary events that happened around 780 ka during the transition from the Early to Middle Pleistocene is one of the new frontiers for human paleontology, and is critical for understanding the processes that ultimately led to the origin of H. sapiens.
The Atapuerca sites and their contribution to the knowledge of human evolution in Europe
Authors: Bermúdez de Castro J. M. , Martinón‐Torres M. , Carbonell E. , Sarmiento S. , Rosas A. , van der Made J. , Lozano M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOver the last two decades, the Pleistocene sites of the Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain) have provided two extraordinary assemblages of hominin fossils that have helped refine the evolutionary story of the genus Homo in Europe. The TD6 level of the Gran Dolina site has yielded about one hundred remains belonging to a minimum of six individuals of the species Homo antecessor. These fossils, dated to the end of the Lower Pleistocene (800 kyr), provide the earliest evidence of hominin presence in Western Europe. The origin of these hominins is unknown, but they may represent a speciation event from Homo ergaster/Homo erectus. The TD6 fossils are characterized by a significant increase in cranial capacity as well as the appearance of a “sapiens” pattern of craniofacial architecture. At the Sima de los Huesos site, more than 4,000 human fossils belonging to a minimum of 28 individuals of a Middle Pleistocene population (ca. 500–400 kyr) have been recovered. These hominins document some of the oldest evidence of the European roots of Neanderthals deep in the Middle Pleistocene. Their origin would be the dispersal out of Africa of a hominin group carrying Mode 2 technologies to Europe. Comparative study of the TD6 and Sima de la Huesos hominins suggests a replacement model for the European Lower Pleistocene population of Europe or interbreeding between this population and the new African emigrants.