bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status as risk factors for perianesthetic morbidity and mortality in the cat
Authors: Hosgood Giselle , Scholl Daniel T 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: To evaluate age and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status as risk factors for perianesthetic morbidity/mortality in cats.Design: Prospective cohort study.Setting: Institution teaching hospital.Animals: 138 cats ≥ 6 months of age that received inhalation anesthesia for ≥ 30 minInterventions: Observations were made during the 24 h post‐anesthetic period.Measurements and main results: Sixty‐one females and 77 males were included. Serious perianesthetic complications occurred in 15 cats (15/138; 11%), including cardiopulmonary arrest in 3 cats (3/138; 2%), and death or euthanasia in 7 cats (7/138; 5%). Age was not a factor in establishing risk for developing serious or minor perianesthetic complications in the cats in this study. However, ASA status was a risk factor. Cats having an ASA status of 3 or more were nearly 4 times as likely to develop serious perianesthetic complications, even when accounting for the significant confounding effects of anesthesia duration.Conclusions: ASA status, but not age, was a risk factor for the development of serious or minor perianesthetic complications in the 138 cats included in this study.
Measures to decrease the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome transmission by blood transfusion
Authors: Pindyck J. , Waldman A. , Zang E. , Oleszko W. , Lowy M. , Bianco C. 
Published: March 2003

We studied whether volunteers giving blood to the Greater New York Blood Program (GNYBP) cooperated with procedures implementing public health recommendations intended to decrease the risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) transmission by blood transfusion. Predonation medical screening was expanded to exclude donors who might be ill with AIDS. To exclude possible asymptomatic carriers of the disease, members of groups at increased risk of AIDS were asked either not to give blood or to give it for laboratory studies. A confidential questionnaire, administered to all donors after medical screening, provided the vehicle for donors to advise the GNYBP whether their donation was for laboratory studies or for patient transfusion. We found that the number of male donors decreased; AIDS‐related questions in medical history led to a 2 percent increase in donor rejections; 97 percent of donors said their blood could be used for transfusions; 1.4 percent said their blood could be used for laboratory studies only; and 1.6 percent did not respond. Only units designated for transfusion were released to hospitals.People who indicated that their donation was for laboratory studies had a higher prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus and of antibodies to cytomegalovirus. White cell counts and helper/suppressor T lymphocyte ratios were not significantly different in the two groups.We conclude that volunteer donors have cooperated with the established procedures. None of the laboratory assays identified blood units donated by individuals who, based on information about AIDS high‐risk groups, designated their donation for laboratory studies.
The effects of pH and agitation on platelet preservation
Authors: Bannai M. , Mazda T. , Sasakawa S. 
Published: March 2003

Platelet concentrates made with an initial pH of 7.85 or 6.85 by addition of alkali or acid were stored at 22°C on tumbler or horizontal agitators. The combination of a high pH and use of a tumbler rotator was associated with a 40 percent reduction in platelet count, fragmentation of platelets, release of lactate dehydrogenase, and a marked loss in response to adenosine diphosphate. Similar, but less striking changes occurred in acidified platelet concentrates stored on the tumbler rotator. Preservation was good for both alkaline and acidified concentrates stored on the horizontal agitator.These in vitro studies showed that, even at a pH of up to 7.7, gently agitated platelets were relatively undamaged for up to 60 hours, while vigorous agitation destroyed platelets at the same pH.
Rapid determination of platelet alloantigen genotypes by polymerase chain reaction using allele‐specific primers
Authors: Skogen B. , Bellissimo D. , Hessner M. J. , Santoso S. , Aster R. H. , Newman P. J. , McFarland J. G. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The technique of allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification has been adapted for DNA‐based human platelet alloantigen typing.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sequence‐specific primers were used to discriminate between the alleles encoding the six major human platelet alloantigens in a series of patients and normal blood donors.RESULTS: This technique allows the direct determination of platelet antigen genotypes from genomic DNA after PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis. It offers significant advantages over previously described techniques for alloantigen identification, as the additional analytical steps of restriction enzyme digestion or dot blot hybridization are not required. The results obtained with this technique correlated precisely with those derived from serologic typing and allele‐specific oligonucleotide hybridization. CONCLUSION: The use of allele‐specific PCR for platelet alloantigen typing should facilitate the development of DNA‐based typing in other regional blood centers and clinical laboratories.
Cytokine generation in stored platelet concentrates
Authors: Stack G , Snyder EL 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Cytokines, because of the nature of their immunoinflammatory actions, are potential mediators of the symptom complex of nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. One possible source of cytokines in the transfusion setting is the stored blood component itself.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To test this possibility, the plasma portion of stored platelet concentrates (PCs) was assayed for the presence of interleukins 1 beta (IL‐1 beta), 6 (IL‐6), and 8 (IL‐8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐alpha). Samples were taken from PCs obtained from the inventory of a regional blood center (n = 120; 30 each of 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐day‐old units).RESULTS: Detectable levels of IL‐8 were measured in 59 percent of the PCs sampled, ranging from 30 percent of the 2‐day‐old units to 83 percent of the 5‐day‐old units. The median IL‐8 concentration ranged from undetectable levels in 2‐day‐ old units up to 1100 pg per mL in 5‐day‐old units. The mean IL‐8 concentration in 5‐day‐old units, 11,600 pg per mL, was 100 times the mean for 2‐day‐old units, which was 116 pg per mL (p < 0.0001). The highest levels of IL‐8, 50,000 to 200,000 pg per mL, in general were found in units with the longest storage times and highest white cell counts. Sequential sampling of 17 individual PCs over 7 days of storage confirmed that IL‐8 increases progressively with increasing storage time. Parallel, but smaller, increases in IL‐1 beta were observed in those units with high IL‐8 concentrations. TNF‐alpha was detected in 3 (10%) of 30 five‐day‐old PCs, but never exceeded 55 pg per mL in any unit tested. IL‐6 at levels of 740 and 508 pg per mL was detected in two 5‐day‐old units with high white cell counts of 9500 and 14,800 per microL, respectively, but not in 21 additional units tested with white cells < or = 9200 per microL or storage time of < or = 2 days. White cell reduction by third‐generation filters on Day 1 of platelet storage prevented the generation of IL‐8 and IL‐1 beta to Day 5 of storage.CONCLUSION: Although IL‐8 achieved levels in some units of PCs that appear capable of causing physiologic changes, the potential adverse effect on transfusion recipients of the infusion of cytokines in PCs remains to be investigated.
Evaluation of indeterminate c22‐3 reactivity in volunteer blood donors
Authors: Tobler L.H. , Busch M.P. , Wilber J. , Dinello R. , Quan S. , Polito A. , Kochesky R. , Bahl C. , Nelles M. , Lee S.R. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Approximately 25 percent of blood donor sera that are repeatably reactive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) on second‐generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA 2.0) are indeterminate on second‐generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA 2.0), and over 76 percent of these results are due to single reactivity to the HCV recombinant antigen c22‐ 3.Study Design and Methods: Data are presented on 46 volunteer allogeneic blood donors who were reactive on EIA2.0 and c22‐3 indeterminate in RIBA 2.0. Index and follow‐up samples were evaluated by using a panel of five synthetic peptide EIAs, a prototype strip immunoblot assay that uses synthetic peptides in addition to recombinant protein (RIBA 3.0), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HCV RNA.Results: All 46 donations had normal alanine aminotransferase values; only 2 (4.3%) reacted for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. With a panel of 12 synthetic peptides spanning the entire sequence of the c22‐3 recombinant antigen, 33 plasmas (72%) reacted to one peptide or none, including 19 plasmas with reactivity restricted entirely to the N‐terminal peptide (1–15 amino acids) of c22‐3. With RIBA 3.0, 28 donations (61%) were nonreactive, including 25 that reacted with one peptide or none in EIA. Of these 25 plasmas, 18 reacted with the N‐ terminal sequence only. All 46 index donations were tested by PCR; the single PCR‐positive unit reacted with four HCV peptides, was positive by RIBA 3.0, and reacted for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen. Twenty‐six index donors were successfully recalled 3 to 7 months after their index donation. None seroconverted to positivity in RIBA 2.0, 1 was nonreactive, and 25 remained positive for c22‐3 only. The restricted epitope reactivity in peptide EIA and RIBA 3.0 was maintained over time in all cases. All 26 of the follow‐up samples tested negative by PCR.Conclusion: On the basis of the restricted peptide reactivity and PCR negativity of index and follow‐up samples, it is concluded that the majority of c22‐3 RIBA 2.0‐indeterminate results are due to nonspecific cross‐reactivity to restricted (principally, N‐terminal) regions of HCV core antigen.
A flow cytometric method for phenotyping recipient red cells following transfusion
Authors: Griffin G.D. , Lippert L.E. , Dow N.S. , Berger T.A. , Hickman M.R. , Salata K.F. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Reticulocyte phenotyping is used for transfused patients, who have red cell antibodies, to match blood for subsequent transfusion. Current methods are labor‐intensive and require a significant amount of sample.Study Design and Methods: A simple dual‐ color flow cytometry method developed for antigen typing of reticulocytes in mixed red cell populations is reported. Antigens were labeled by an indirect immunofluorescence technique using undiluted reagent sera as the primary label, biotinylated goat anti‐human IgG as the secondary label, and avidin‐phycoerythrin as the fluorescent stain. Reticulocytes were labeled with a thiazole orange fluorescent stain. Reticulocyte identification and antigen typing were performed on 319 samples to establish the validity of the procedure. Mixed red cells were prepared in all possible c antigen combinations to simulate transfusion concentrations of 25, 50, and 75 percent.Results: The anti‐ c flow cytometry profiles readily distinguished between antigen‐ positive and antigen‐negative populations and allowed the detection of reticulocytes at all simulated transfusion concentrations. Similar results were obtained in experiments using C, K, s, Fya, Fyb, Jka, or Jkb sera against equal volumes of antigen‐positive and ‐negative cells. Anti‐S gave inconsistent results. The in vitro results were confirmed in 19 transfused patients who had received red cells antigenically different from their own as well as cells from 1 chimera blood donor.Conclusion: This method provides a simpler, safer, less labor‐ intensive, and less subjective technique requiring far less sample volume than current methods for antigen typing of reticulocytes in mixed red cell samples from recently transfused patients.
Evaluation of monoclonal anti‐glycophorin B as an unusual anti‐S
Authors: Hemming N.J. , Reid M.E. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Monoclonal antibody 148 is a murine monoclonal anti‐ glycophorin B that preferentially reacts with S+ human red cells.Study Design and Methods: Serologic and immunochemical studies were performed using red cells with various phenotypes.Results: These studies reveal that this monoclonal antibody is unusual in that it fails to agglutinate S+ TSEN+ red cells and agglutinates S‐ St(a+) and S‐ Dantu+ red cells.Conclusion: These results allow the prediction of the glycophorin composition of GP.Hop (Mi.IV) red cells.
Polyethylene glycol versus low‐ionic‐strength solution in pretransfusion testing: a blinded comparison study
Authors: Shirey R.S. , Boyd J.S. , Ness P.M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to potentiate antigen‐antibody reactions.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To investigate the utility of PEG in pretransfusion testing, a blinded comparison study of PEG and a low‐ionic‐strength additive solution (LISS) was conducted. A total of 500 patient samples were tested in parallel with reagent antibody‐detection cells using blind‐coded PEG and LISS potentiators.RESULTS: In 34 (34%) of 100 samples with known antibodies in the Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and MNS systems, PEG antiglobulin reactions were stronger (total score, 382) than LISS antiglobulin reactions (total score, 216), and in 66 cases (66%), they were equal to those of LISS. Of 400 samples without detectable antibodies, 384 were negative with PEG and LISS, and 16 were positive in PEG tests and negative in LISS. Seven of the 16 were clinically important antibodies (D, 1; E, 3; Fya, 1; Jka; 1; Jkb, 1), and four were clinically benign antibodies (Le(a), 2; McCc, 1; Sda, 1). Five of the 16 demonstrated inconclusive PEG reactions, for a false‐positive rate of 5 in 400 (1.3%). Of the 500 samples, none was negative in PEG tests and positive in LISS (0% false‐negative rate).CONCLUSION: Although PEG demonstrates a relatively high false‐positive rate, PEG is more sensitive than LISS in detecting clinically significant antibodies.
Single‐base substitutions give rise to a five‐banded DNA profile at the D10S28 locus
Authors: Allen R.W. , Sanford‐Sharp C.E. 
Published: March 2003

Background: DNA profiles from variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci typically are composed of two bands, one derived from each member of the homologous pair of chromosomes. DNA profiles composed of more than two bands result from mutations, and the uestion arises as to the mechanism underlying these unusual multibanded DNA profiles.Study Design and Methods: An alleged father in a paternity test was found to have a five‐banded DNA profile at the D10S28 locus when his DNA was subjected to single‐locus restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping with the restriction enzyme Pvu II.Results: Several results suggest that this complex DNA profile is the result of several single change within the VNTR locus First, there was no evidence of partial digestion of the DNA with Pvu II. Furthermore, the multibanded allele happened, in this case, to be transmitted to the child, who also showed a five‐banded pattern composed of four bands inherited from the alleged father and one band inherited from the mother. Second, digestion of this DNA with Hae III resulted in the visualization of just two bands at the D10S28 locus.Conclusion: The results confirm the notion that mutations at VNTR loci are not always the result of additions or deletions of tandem repeats, but that they can also involve single‐base substitutions either within or flanking VNTR loci that give rise to atypical DNA profiles and new alleles at the locus. single‐base changes within or flanking VNTR loci that give rise to a typical DNA profiles and new alleles at the locus.
Transfusion transmission of retroviruses: human T‐lymphotropic virus types I and II compared with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Authors: Donegan E. , Lee H. , Operskalski E.A. , Shaw G.M. , Kleinman S.H. , Busch M.P. , Stevens C.E. , Schiff E.R. , Nowicki M.J. , Hollingsworth C.G. , Mosley J.W. ,   The Transfusion Safety Study Group
Published: March 2003

Background: The incidence of transfusion transmission of human T‐ lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) and HTLV type II (HTLV‐II) has not been compared directly or to that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1). The effects of refrigerator storage of the blood component on infectivity of the viruses needs definition.Study Design and Methods: The circumstances influencing the transmission of HTLV‐I, HTLV‐ II, and HIV‐1 via blood of donors whose sera were stored in a repository and who were retrospectively documented as having been infected at blood donation were examined. Confirmation and typing of anti‐HTLV positivity in donors and recipients used polymerase chain reaction, supplemented by specific peptide testing.Results: Overall, 27 percent (26/95) of the recipients of blood components from anti‐HTLV‐ I‐ and ‐II‐positive donors became infected (9 with HTLV‐I and 17 with HTLV‐II). No recipients of acellular blood components became infected with HTLV‐I or ‐II. There was no probable transmission by components stored > 10 days. The rates of transmission for both viruses were similar: 0 to 5 days' storage, 17 (74%) of 23; 6 to 10 days, 8 (44%) of 18; and 11 to 14, 0 (0%) of 10 (trend, p = 0.0002). In comparison, 89 percent (112/126) of the recipients of anti‐HIV‐1‐positive blood were infected regardless of component type, and no effect on transmission occurred with storage for < 26 days.Conclusion: Transfusion‐ transmitted HTLV‐I and ‐II are similar. The data suggest that a donor's lymphocytes become noninfectious when they lose the ability to be activated or to proliferate.
Platelet bacterial contamination and the use of a chemiluminescence‐ linked universal bacterial ribosomal RNA gene probe
Authors: BRECHER M.E. , HOGAN J.J. , BOOTHE G. , KERR A. , MCCLANNAN L. , JACOBS M.R. , YOMTOVIAN R. , CHONGOKOLWATANA V. , TEGTMEIER G. , HENDERSON S. , PINEDA A. , HALLING V. , KEMPER M. , KURAMATO K. , HOLLAND P.V. , LONGIARU M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Currently, the maximum outdate for platelets is 5 days, because of the increasing chance of bacterial growth over time. Various methods for rapid detection of bacterial contamination of blood components have been described, with mixed results and no general acceptance. A recently described, molecular biologic approach for the detection of bacterial contamination involves a chemiluminescence‐ linked universal DNA bacterial probe to a highly conserved bacterial region of ribosomal RNA (rRNA).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A multicenter trial of a chemiluminescence‐linked universal bacterial rRNA probe for the detection of bacterial contamination in platelet concentrates is described. At each of five sites, platelet concentrates (no older than 1 day from date of phlebotomy) were inoculated in triplicate with isolates of four bacterial species (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus) to a final concentration of 10 to 50 colony‐forming units (CFUs) per mL and in triplicate to a final concentration of 1000 CFUs per mL. At one site, an additional 6 platelet concentrates were inoculated with sterile saline to serve as controls. Inoculated units were then subjected periodically to quantitative cultures and probe analyses. A total of 126 platelet concentrates were studied over a period of 7 days (120 inoculated with bacteria and 6 with sterile saline).RESULTS: This assay was, in some cases, able to detect S. aureus bacterial contamination in the range of 100 to 1000 CFUs per mL; the majority of samples (B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis) with contamination exceeding 10(4) CFUs per mL; and all samples with contamination of 2.1 × 10(5) CFUs per mL or greater. Increasing the sample size from the recommended 0.4 mL to 1.0 mL resulted in an unacceptable loss of specificity (83.3%).CONCLUSION: The routine use of this assay would be expected to result in a decreased risk of septic platelet transfusion reactions and could lead to a lengthening of the current 5 day storage period for platelets. Further, the pooling of random‐donor platelet concentrates before storage instead of immediately before transfusion may be possible if this rRNA probe is employed to detect bacteria in the pool.
A multicenter evaluation of reproducibility of swirling in platelet concentrates
Authors: BERTOLINI F. , MURPHY S. ,   Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Working Party of the International Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Eleven laboratories participated in a study investigating whether swirling can be used in monitoring platelet discoid morphology in platelet concentrates (PCs).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In each laboratory, two readers observed the swirling pattern in 1‐ to 5‐day‐ old PCs, in PCs containing spherical platelets obtained by 4 degrees C storage (spherical PCs), and in PCs containing known proportions of spherical and discoid platelets. Swirling was reported as positive, intermediate, or negative. Moreover, platelet morphology was evaluated by oil‐phase microscopy.RESULTS: Swirling of spherical PCs was found to be positive and negative in 5 and 68 percent of cases, respectively. Conversely, swirling of fresh PCs was positive and negative in 83 and 2 percent of cases, respectively. Results in PCs containing known amounts of added spherical platelets were intermediate between those in fresh and spherical PCs. The observed agreement between the two readers (number of concordant readings/total readings) was 67 percent. Most disagreements concerned positive versus intermediate or intermediate versus negative evaluations, whereas a positive versus negative disagreement was observed in only 1 percent of cases. The percentages of discs found by microscopy showed greater variation among the different laboratories, indicating that this measurement should be better standardized.CONCLUSION: Evaluation of swirling seems promising for large‐scale quality control of PCs. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Low cytokine contamination in buffy coat‐derived platelet concentrates without filtration
Authors: Flegel W.A. , Wiesneth M. , Stampe D. , Koerner K. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1 beta, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) generated by white cells during the storage of platelet concentrates can cause febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. The high rate of febrile reactions reported in other studies was not observed in the patients in the authors' center. This discrepancy prompted the determination of cytokine levels in buffy coat‐ derived platelet concentrates.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Platelet concentrates were produced from buffy coats by a standard large‐scale production process. Buffy coats were separated from the red cell and plasma components, and then platelets were recovered from the buffy coats by a soft‐spin procedure. Levels of cytokines (IL‐1 beta, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF) were determined with commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.RESULTS: In platelet concentrates produced by the buffy coat method, IL‐1 beta, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF were observed at or below the detection limit of current enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays after 5 days' storage at 22 +/− 2 degrees C. Therefore, prestorage filtration had no measurable effect on cytokine levels. In controls, IL‐ 1 beta, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF were quantitatively detected after exogenous addition of recombinant cytokines or exposure to lipopolysaccharide.CONCLUSION: Platelet concentrates prepared from buffy coats may be virtually free of cytokines (IL‐1 beta, IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF) during 5 days of storage. Filtration is not required to reduce the recipient's cytokine exposure via such platelet concentrates.