bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the use of structural equation modeling in strategic management research
Authors: Shook Christopher L. , Ketchen David J. , Hult G. Tomas M. , Kacmar K. Michele 
Published: February 2004

AbstractStructural equation modeling (SEM) is a powerful, yet complex, analytical technique. The use of SEM to examine strategic management phenomena has increased dramatically in recent years, suggesting that a critical evaluation of the technique's implementation is needed. We compared the use of SEM in 92 strategic management studies published in nine prominent journals from 1984 to 2002 to guidelines culled from methodological research. We found that the use and reporting of SEM often have been less than ideal, indicating that authors may be drawing erroneous conclusions about relationships among variables. Given these results, we offer suggestions for researchers on how to better deploy SEM within future inquiry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strategy/governance structure fit relationship: theory and evidence in franchising arrangements
Authors: Yin Xiaoli , Zajac Edward J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDespite widespread recognition of the importance of strategy–structure fit, e.g., diversification and divisionalization, research has yet to address the possibility of similar fit issues for other structural forms of organization, such as the choice of franchised vs. company‐owned governance structures. In this study, we depart from the usual debates regarding the superiority of one governance structure over another and argue that performance differences between these two alternative governance structures may be attributable more to the matching of one structure with a correspondingly appropriate strategy. Specifically, we posit that stores will act in fit‐enhancing ways by pursuing strategies that are more congruent with their governance structure; i.e., that franchised stores, with their more flexible and decentralized structures, will be more likely to pursue strategies that emphasize flexibility and local adaptation, whereas company‐owned stores will tend to pursue strategies that emphasize predictability and control. We also argue that those stores acting in such a manner will enjoy subsequent performance benefits. We develop these ideas around strategy/governance structure fit and test our hypotheses using longitudinal data from over 6000 stores within one of the biggest U.S. restaurant chains from 1991 to 1997. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing memory requirements in reachability‐based finite automata operations
Authors: Watson Bruce W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNew applications of finite automata, such as computational linguistics and asynchronous circuit simulation, can require automata of millions or even billions of states. All known construction methods (in particular, the most effective reachability‐based ones that save memory, such as the subset construction, and simultaneously minimizing constructions, such as Brzozowski's) have intermediate memory usage much larger than the final automaton, thereby restricting the maximum size of the automata which can be built. In this paper, I present a reachability‐based optimization which can be used in most of these construction algorithms to reduce the intermediate memory requirements. The optimization is presented in conjunction with an easily understood (and implemented) canonical automaton construction algorithm. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
lcc.NET: targeting the .NET Common Intermediate Language from Standard C
Authors: Hanson David R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe core of the Microsoft .NET platform includes a new virtual machine (VM), the Common Intermediate Language, also known as MSIL. Unlike most other VMs, including the Java VM, MSIL is specifically designed to support a wide range of languages. While it is designed primarily for type‐safe, object‐oriented languages, it also has facilities that support both low‐level languages and very high‐level languages. For example, it accommodates unsafe pointer arithmetic and tail calls. This paper describes the implementation of a MSIL back end for lcc, a retargetable compiler for Standard C. C is at one end of the range of languages that MSIL intends to support and lcc is just about the simplest ‘real’ C compiler that is widely available. Porting lcc to MSIL thus provides a realistic test of how well MSIL supports this class of languages and provides a glimpse at its performance costs. This effort succeeded, but static initializations, function pointers, separate compilation and address arithmetic were major problem areas. These problems also suggested improvements to lcc's code‐generation interface and they exposed a long‐standing error in the lcc front end. Preliminary measurements suggest that programs compiled by the MSIL back end run two to three times slower than those compiled by lcc native Intel x86 back end, but the MSIL programs have some important diagnostic benefits. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and implementation of a modular and extensible Java Virtual Machine
Authors: Doyle Patrick , Cavanna Carlos , Abdelrahman Tarek S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the design, implementation, and experimental evaluation of a modular and extensible Java™ Virtual Machine (JVM) infrastructure, called Jupiter. The infrastructure is intended to serve as a vehicle for our research on scalable JVM architectures for a cluster of PC workstations, with support for shared memory in software. Jupiter is constructed, using a building block architecture, out of many modules with small, simple interfaces. This flexible structure, similar to UNIX® shells that build complex command pipelines out of discrete programs, allows the rapid prototyping of our research ideas by confining changes in JVM design to a small number of modules. In spite of this flexibility, Jupiter delivers good performance. Experimental evaluation of the current implementation of Jupiter using the SPECjvm98 and the EPCC Java Grande single‐threaded and multithreaded benchmarks reflects competitive performance. Jupiter is on average about 2.5 times faster than Kaffe and about 2 times slower than the Sun Microsystems JDK (interpreter versions only). By providing a flexible JVM infrastructure that delivers competitive performance, we believe we have developed a framework that supports further research into JVM scalability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of new synthetic methods with aryl 1‐chlorovinyl sulfoxides
Authors: SATOH TSUYOSHI 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAryl 1‐chlorovinyl sulfoxides were easily synthesized from ketones and aldehydes with aryl chloromethyl sulfoxide in three‐steps
with high overall yields. Low‐temperature treatment of the aryl 1‐chlorovinyl sulfoxides with alkyllithium or a Grignard
reagent gave alkylidene carbenoids via a sulfoxide‐metal exchange reaction. From the alkylidene carbenoids, acetylenic compounds,
tetra‐substituted olefins, and allenes were synthesized. Enolization of α‐chloro α‐sulfinyl ketones,
which were synthesized from methyl esters and chloromethyl phenyl sulfoxide, is another method for the generation of aryl 1‐chloroalkyl
sulfoxides. Treatment of 1‐chlorovinyl phenyl sulfoxides so generated with t‐BuLi followed by some nucleophiles
having an acidic hydrogen gave one‐carbon elongated carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Conjugate addition of some
carbanions with 1‐chlorovinyl p‐tolyl sulfoxides was found to have taken place. For example, reaction of
1‐chlorovinyl p‐tolyl sulfoxides with cyanomethyllithium gave high yields of cyclic enaminonitriles.
Acidic treatment of the enaminonitriles afforded good yields of 4,4‐disubstituted 2‐cyclopentenones. By using
unsymmetrical ketones and optically pure chloromethyl p‐tolyl sulfoxide, this procedure suggests a good method
for an asymmetric synthesis of optically pure 4,4‐disubstituted 2‐cyclopentenones. This method achieved an
asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐α‐cuparenone starting from methyl 4‐methylphenyl
ketone and (R)‐(−)‐chloromethyl p‐tolyl sulfoxide. A novel
synthesis of 2,4,4‐trisubstituted 2‐cyclopentenones is also successful using cyanomethyllithium and its homologues.
Conjugate addition of the lithium enolate of tert‐butyl acetate and its homologues gave high yields of the adduct,
3,3‐disubstituted esters. Synthesis of various kinds of carboxylic acids and their derivatives and lactones was realized
from the adducts. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 3: 329–341; 2004:
Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
DOI 10.1002/tcr.10075
Development of the aqueous‐coated photothermographic material
Authors: Tsuzuki Hirohiko 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs the use of digitization grows in the medical field, doctors are increasingly demanding high quality photographic films
for digital images to help them form their diagnoses. From an environmental perspective, photothermography has the advantage of
no waste and the disadvantage of using enormous amounts of organic solvents during production. We succeeded in developing a
system using aqueous latex with aqueous coated photothermographic film that drastically reduces the use of organic solvents.
© 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 3: 322–328; 2004: Published online in
Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10076
Establishment of De Facto Standard Catalysts in the Polypropylene Industry
Authors: Kojoh Shin‐ichi , Kashiwa Norio 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) has become an indispensable material in our daily lives. Annual worldwide production of PP is now more than 30,000,000 tons and is predicted to grow at an annual rate of about 6% during the first decade of the 21st century. Commercial production of PP began in 1957 with the use of TiCl3 catalysts established by Ziegler and Natta. However, the low activities and low stereospecificities of the catalysts resulted in large amounts of catalyst residue and atactic PP in the product, necessitating steps for their removal in commercial production. As a means of finding appropriate catalysts, we developed MgCl2‐supported TiCl4 catalysts, which basic concept was introduction of organic compounds onto the inorganic crystal catalyst surface. This addition led to remarkable enhancements in stereospecificity with extremely high activity. Use of the new catalysts enlarged and simplified the PP production process by eliminating the steps previously required for removal of catalyst residue and atactic PP. In addition, it greatly improved the properties of the PP, enabling a much wider range of PP applications by replacing metal and engineering plastics with the highly stereoregular PP. Therefore, these catalysts helped the rapid establishment of the current PP industry and now play a major role in production. The latest MgCl2‐supported TiCl4 catalyst is providing precise control of the isotactic PP structure. Future expectations for this type of catalyst are to acquire a single‐site nature and to contribute to the creation of a new class of hybrid materials. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 3: 342–349; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10077
The role of discourse in group knowledge construction: A case study of engineering students
Authors: Kittleson Julie M. , Southerland Sherry A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis qualitative study examined the role of discourse (verbal elements of language) and Discourse (nonverbal elements related to the use of language, such as ways of thinking, valuing, and using tools and technologies) in the process of group knowledge construction of mechanical engineering students. Data included interviews, participant observations, and transcripts from lab sessions of a group of students working on their senior design project. These data were analyzed using discourse analysis focusing on instances of concept negotiation, interaction in which multiple people contribute to the evolving conceptual conversation. In this context, despite instructors' attempts to enhance the collaboration of group members, concept negotiation was rare. In an effort to understand this rarity, we identified themes related to an engineering Discourse, which included participants' assumptions about the purpose of group work, the views about effective groups, and their epistemologies and ontologies. We explore how the themes associated with the engineering Discourse played a role in how and when the group engaged in concept negotiation. We found that underlying ideologies and assumptions related to the engineering Discourse played both facilitating and inhibitory roles related to the group's conceptually based interactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 267–293, 2004
Growing a garden without water: Graduate teaching assistants in introductory science laboratories at a doctoral/research university
Authors: Luft Julie A. , Kurdziel Josepha P. , Roehrig Gillian H. , Turner Jessica 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGraduate teaching assistants (GTAs) in the sciences are a common feature of U.S. universities that have a prominent mission of research. During the past 2 decades, increased attention has been paid to the professional development of GTAs as instructors. As a result, universities have created training programs to assist GTAs in selecting instructional methods, curricular formats, and assessments when they serve as laboratory, lecture, or discussion group instructors. Unfortunately, few studies explore the educational and instructional environment of GTAs in these reformed settings. This study was conducted to address this specific need. As a constructivist inquiry, qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data to elucidate the educational and instructional environment of science GTAs at a doctoral/research university in which various training programs existed. We found that GTAs worked autonomously, that traditional practices and curricula existed in laboratories, and that instructors frequently held limited views of undergraduates' abilities and motivation. Findings in this initial study about GTAs suggest that developers of GTA training programs draw on the literature regarding science teacher education, and that reward systems be instituted that recognize faculty and staff for their participation in GTA training programs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 211–233, 2004
A unified bandwidth reservation and admission control mechanism for QoS provisioning in cellular networks
Authors: Lim Sunho , Cao Guohong , Das Chita R. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe propose a unified framework consisting of a differential bandwidth reservation (DBR) algorithm and a Quality of Service (QoS)‐aware admission control scheme to provide QoS guarantees to on‐going connections in cellular networks. The differential bandwidth reservation policy uses a sector of cells in making the bandwidth reservation for accepting a new call. Based on the distance of the target cells in the sectors, two different bandwidth reservation policies are applied to optimize the connection dropping rate (CDR), while maintaining a competitive connection blocking rate (CBR). In addition, two possible mobile terminal (MT) movements are analyzed using the DBR mechanism. In the first case, no knowledge of an MT's moving path is assumed to be known, while in the second case, prior knowledge of a user profile is used in bandwidth reservation, and it is called user profile‐based DBR (UPDBR) algorithm. Using the DBR scheme, we propose an admission control algorithm that uses varying number of cells in a sector to meet admission decisions. Extensive simulation is performed to evaluate our methodology. Comparison of the proposed scheme with two prior schemes shows that our approach is not only capable of providing better QoS guarantees, but is also flexible in terms of using varying number of cells in satisfying the high‐level QoS requirements. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic analysis and performance evaluation of wireless schedulers
Authors: Rom Raphael , Tan Hwee Pink 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn the last few years, wireless scheduling algorithms have been proposed by supplementing wireline scheduling algorithms with a wireless adaptation scheme. However, Quality of Service (QoS) bounds have either been derived for flows that perceive error‐free conditions or a static worst‐case channel condition. Such an assumption of the channel condition is unrealistic, since channel errors are known to be bursty in nature. Hence, these bounds are inadequate to characterize the scheduler's QoS performance. Our research focuses on performing an extensive analysis of wireless scheduling in order to derive statistical QoS performance bounds under realistic channel conditions. In this paper, we develop stochastic models for various wireless schedulers. Based on these models, we define and evaluate statistical QoS performance metrics in terms of throughput, delay and fairness under various channel conditions and over different time scales. Numerical results indicate that no single scheduler outperforms the others in terms of all the QoS metrics under all channel conditions. The choice of an optimal scheduling mechanism depends on the priority of QoS requirements as well as the channel conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A performance evaluation of a pre‐emptive on‐demand distance vector routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Boukerche Azzedine , Zhang Liqin 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMobile ad hoc networks are useful for providing communication support where no fixed infrastructure exists or the deployment of a fixed infrastructure is not economically profitable and movement of communicating parties is allowed. Therefore, it is not possible to establisha prioriand fixed paths for message delivery through the network. Because of their importance, routing and packets dropped problems, mainly due to the path breaking, are among the most studied problem in mobile and wireles ad hoc networks. Multi‐path protocols can be useful for the purpose of balancing congestion and decreasing the delay, by routing packets along different paths. However, they may allow only source‐based load balancing decisions. In this paper, we present a pre‐emptive ad hoc on‐demand distance vector routing protocol for mobile and wireless ad hoc networks. We present the algorithm, discuss its implementation and report on the performance results of simulation of several workload models on ns‐2. Our results indicate that a scheme based on scheduling a path‐discovery routine before the current in‐use link breaks is feasible and that such a mechanism can increase the number of packets delivered and decrease the average delay per packet. It also improves the throughput (packet delivered ratio) and balances the traffic between different source–destination pairs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A jamming‐based MAC protocol to improve the performance of wireless multihop ad‐hoc networks
Authors: Ye Shiang‐Rung , Wang You‐Chiun , Tseng Yu‐Chee 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOne critical issue in multihop ad‐hoc networks is the medium access control (MAC). The IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol is originally designed for fully connected, one‐hop ad‐hoc networks but not for multihop ad‐hoc networks. In addition to the well known hidden‐terminal problem, we found that IEEE 802.11 also suffers from an erroneous reservation problem which occurs when RTS‐CTS exchange fails but the channel is incorrectly reserved. In this paper, we propose a jamming‐based MAC (JMAC) protocol that is not only free from both the hidden‐terminal and the erroneous reservation problems but also allows more concurrent transmission/receipt activities for stations within each other's transmission range. The idea behind the JMAC is to separate source stations' traffic from destination stations' traffic into different channels (i.e. dividing the shared medium into two channels), and explicitly signal the channel status by jamming the channels. Simulation results show that although the channel division incurs some cost, the advantages of being free from the erroneous reservation and the hidden‐terminal problems, and the benefits of more concurrent transmissions will compensate the cost and provide higher channel utilization when data frame size is median or large. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel‐dependent load balancing in wireless packet networks
Authors: Bianchi Giuseppe , Tinnirello Ilenia 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper refers to a wireless cellular packet network scenario where fast retransmission of corrupted packets is used to improve the packet error ratio. Since the ‘gross’ packet transmission rate (including retransmission) depends on the channel quality perceived, admitted calls weight unevenly in terms of effective resource consumption. In this paper, we suggest using channel quality information to drive load balancing mechanisms. We propose two novel metrics to determine the best cell to attach to, during handover or new call origination. Extensive simulation results prove the superiority of our proposed schemes with respect to traditional load balancing, which base their operation on the number of admitted calls per cell. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicon drift detectors with enlarged sensitive areas
Authors: Eggert T. , Boslau O. , Goldstrass P. , Kemmer J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe silicon drift detector is a compact, high‐resolution and energy‐dispersive x‐ray detector. The differences between the conventional silicon drift detectors with an active area of 5 mm2 and new detectors with larger areas are outlined. Several constraints from fundamental physical and electronic properties are given, which limit the achievable energy resolution and size of the active area. The expected characteristics of larger upcoming devices are calculated. The deterioration of the energy resolution at very high count rates is quantitatively explained. Some limitations are eliminated if the chip is segmented into several cells with individual read‐out nodes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oocyte maturation and cell cycle control: a farewell symposium for Pr Marcel Dorée
Authors: Prigent Claude , Hunt Tim 
Published: February 2004

Summry— Oocyte maturation and early development have been intensively studied for well over 100 years. The earliest theory proposed that after fertilisation and during cell division determinants were unequally distributed to control cell fate; experimental proof came from using frog eggs (Roux, 1888). After understanding the contribution of the nucleus and the chromosomes into cell cycle progression using sea urchin eggs (Boveri, 1902), it was the discovery of the cytoplasm contribution to the G2/M transition that led the cell cycle community in search of the “mitosis‐inducing factor”, MPF. Yoshio Masui was the first to experimentally demonstrate that few nanoliters of cytoplasm taken from a metaphase‐arrested oocyte and microinjected in a G2‐arrested oocyte was able to trigger the G2 to metaphase transition (Masui and Markert 1971). Although the way to identify the mitotic factor seemed obvious, it proved very hard and was not purified until 1988 (Lohka et al, 1988), then work from a variety of organisms including Xenopus, starfish, clams, sea urchins and yeast converged on the identification of MPF as a complex of cdc2 and cyclin B (Dunphy et al., 1988; Gautier et al., 1988; Draetta et al., 1889; Meijer et al., 1989; Labbé et al., 1989; Gautier et al., 1990). Since then, the oocyte and egg extracts developed by Lohka and Masui have often been used to study cell cycle events such as nuclear envelop formation, chromatin condensation, DNA replication, repair, and recombination, Golgi formation, microtubule dynamics, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation as well as cell cycle controls.