bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carotenoids in pungent and non‐pungent peppers at various developmental stages grown in the field and glasshouse
Authors: Russo V M , Howard L R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCarotenoids in edible portions of plants can provide health benefits to humans. How growing conditions affect levels of carotenoids in pepper fruits as they mature is not well known. Five cvs of bell pepper (Bell Captain, Melody, North Star, Ranger, Red Beauty) and five cvs of pungent‐type peppers (Anaheim, Ancho, Cayenne, Pimento, Red Cherry) were grown in a glasshouse and in the field. Fruits were harvested at the green, turning (50% green) and mature red stages and analysed for levels of the carotenoids β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, capsanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin and totals of these carotenoids. Levels of provitamin A: retinol equivalents (RE) were derived from levels of β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene and β‐carotene. Levels of most carotenoids and RE were significantly higher in glasshouse‐grown plants, and most were higher in fruits at the red stage. Fruits of Ancho type had the most β‐cryptoxanthin, α‐carotene, β‐carotene, total carotenoids and RE, while fruits of Red Cherry type had the most capsanthin and zeaxanthin, and fruits of Bell Captain had the most lutein. Interactions of the main effects variables, ie location of production (field vs glasshouse), stage of development and cultivar, indicated differences in patterns of carotenoid levels and RE. The data indicated that growing conditions influenced carotenoid levels. The more consistent and protected conditions in the glasshouse may have caused carotenoid levels to be increased, especially at the red stage.Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Determination of selenium concentration in rice and the effect of foliar application of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite on the selenium content of rice
Authors: Hu Qiuhui , Chen Licheng , Xu Juan , Zhang Yanling , Pan Genxing 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAtomic fluorescence spectrophotometry was used to determine the selenium (Se) concentration in 30 rice products of different species from Southern China. The Se level ranged from 0.015 to 0.046 µg g−1. Considering the average daily individual consumption of rice products in Southern China, the average dietary intake of Se supplied by this source is only 6–18 µg day−1 for an adult. This low Se intake from rice products is mainly responsible for the low total Se intake of inhabitants in Southern China. Foliar spraying of Se‐enriched fertiliser or sodium selenite with 14–18 g Se ha−1 in the heading stage of rice growth increased the Se content to 0.178–0.421 µg g−1 in rice products. The concentration and amount of Se‐enriched fertiliser can be varied to achieve an optimum concentration of Se in rice products. The authors suggest that these Se‐enriched rice products can contribute an increase in Se intake of 50–100 µg day−1 on average if their Se concentration is controlled in the region of 0.15–0.50 µg g−1.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of processing conditions on some functional characteristics of extrusion‐cooked cassava starch/wheat gluten blends
Authors: Hashimoto Jorge Minoru , Nabeshima Elizabeth Harumi , Cintra Helio Spinelli , Guerra Dias Álvaro Renato , Bustos Fernando Martínez , Chang Yoon Kil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractExtrusion‐cooked blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat gluten (WG) were studied. The data were analysed using response surface methodology. The results showed the formation of new structures characterised by lower radial expansion (RE) and specific volume (SV) when gluten was added to CS. WG content was the most important variable affecting RE, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), SV and difference in colour (ΔE) of the extruded products, but feed moisture content and barrel temperature also influenced RE. WAI was affected by a significant interaction between WG content and barrel temperature. The extruded products had lower WAI values and higher WSI values than WG‐free products. Heat, high shear rate and high pressure during extrusion cooking caused mechanical destruction or denaturation of the WG and gelatinisation and dextrinisation of the starch components. The extruded blends could have diverse applications.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
An EPR study of free radical generation during maceration of uncooked vegetables
Authors: Goodman Bernard A , Glidewell Sheila M , Arbuckle Catriona M , Bernardin Sylvie , Cook Timothée R , Hillman John R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been used to study free radicals formed in a range of plant tissues as a result of physical damage, with the objective of gaining some insight into the free radical chemistry that is initiated when uncooked vegetable products (eg salads) are eaten. Chemical spin traps were used to aid the detection of unstable free radicals; more stable radicals were detected directly. Commonly observed ‘stable’ species were the monodehydroascorbate radical, which has a characteristic doublet spectrum, and a single‐peak resonance, which is presumed to come from free radical centres stabilised in macromolecules. In mushrooms (Agaricus spp), spin‐trapping experiments using either α‐(4‐pyridyl‐1‐oxide)‐N‐t‐butyl‐nitrone (4‐POBN) or phenyl‐t‐butyl‐nitrone (PBN) showed the formation of large quantities of adducts of the radical from 4‐hydroxymethylbenzene diazonium salts. Pleurotus species, in contrast, gave signals consistent with the formation of unidentified C‐centred radicals. With other foodstuffs, reaction with 4‐POBN was complex and signals from 4 − POBN· and ${\bf CO_{2}^{\cdot -}}$ adducts were observed along with the t‐butylhydronitroxide radical (an adduct breakdown product). Investigation of carrot hypocotyl rootstock in the presence of 5‐(diethoxyphosphoryl),5‐methyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide (DEPMPO) revealed adducts of ·OH and unidentified C‐centred radicals. Free radical interactions between food components were demonstrated by the suppression of the signal from the 4‐POBN adducts of lettuce by onion, garlic, satsuma or vinaigrette, but not by olive oil. In addition, an appreciable decrease in spectral intensity of the 4‐POBN adduct from lettuce was observed in the presence of saliva, which suggests that saliva contains free radical scavengers which are able to compete successfully with the spin trap.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of gene expression in Egr‐1 transfected human fibrosarcoma cells
Authors: Liu Ya‐Guang , Gano Jacob , Huang Ruochun , Lin Ying , Wang Shen‐Ming , Huang Ruo‐Pan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIt has been shown previously that transcription factor Egr‐1 functions as a tumor suppressor gene. This study was conducted to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for this function.MethodsA cDNA microarray technique was applied to study differential gene expression between Egr‐1‐transfected cells and control‐transfected cells.ResultsA number of genes differentially expressed were identified. Among 5,184 genes examined by cDNA microarray technique, 53 were up‐regulated in Egr‐1 transfected cells, and 276 were down‐regulated in Egr‐1 transfected cells by at least two times or more; 13 genes were independently confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Of these 13 genes, 11 were in agreement with cDNA microarrays in terms of gene expression levels.ConclusionsEgr‐1 regulated almost every category of genes according to gene ontology system, and repressed more genes than it induced. The identification and further characterization of genes regulated by Egr‐1 should provide valuable information to understand Egr‐1 tumor suppressor action and the role of Egr‐1 as a transcription factor in general. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:190–196. © 2002 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
Zinc and copper in breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk fed to urban infants from low‐income families
Authors: Dórea José G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen prepared in the home, differences in mineral concentrations between human and cow's milk can be further increased due to water supply and utensils. Comparisons were made between the concentrations of zinc and copper and their caloric densities of breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk. Samples of breast‐milk and home‐prepared milk representative of the milk feedings of the first 6 months were analyzed for zinc and copper by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The initial high levels at the first day (8 μg/mL) decrease 47% during the first week, and are decreased by 59% at day 15. By the first, second, and third months, the respective decreases are 67%, 84%, and 85%. At 6 months, the breast‐milk zinc concentration is only 12% (0.93 μg/mL) of its initial value. In the analyzed samples of breast‐milk, the patterns of changes in zinc and copper concentrations were comparable to values in literature. However, in home‐prepared milk consumed by infants who are 1–6 months old, no systematic pattern of change was observed. Relatively higher concentrations of zinc and copper in home‐prepared milks resulted in metallocalorie ratios comparable to breast milk. The zinc to copper ratio varied relatively less in human milk. Reconstitution of powdered milk products, which comprise the main food item of babies during early weaning, may result in trace‐element nutrition unbalance. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:123–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser‐tattoo removal—a study of the mechanism and the optimal treatment strategy via computer simulations
Authors: Ho Darwin D.‐M. , London Richard , Zimmerman George B. , Young David A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe physical mechanisms for laser‐tattoo interactions and the tattoo particle breakup process are not well understood. This study investigates whether the mechanism of the breakup process can be identified via computer simulations and proposes a treatment strategy that can potentially minimize the collateral damage to the surrounding tissues. Note that the “removal” of tattoo particles is defined here as breakup of particles into smaller ones with sizes approaching or smaller than the visible wavelength of light so that they become less visible.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe radiation‐hydrodynamics code LATIS is used for the modeling. We first identify the magnitude of the tensile stress generated inside graphite tattoo particles as functions of laser pulse length and particle size. We then calculate the relationship between the surface laser fluence (defined as the time integrated energy flux) and the tensile strength of the tattoo particle at a given depth.ResultsIf the laser pulse length is sufficiently short, strong acoustic waves with tensile strengths exceeding the fracture thresholds for graphite are generated. The strength of the wave decreases with particle size and increases as the laser pulse length decreases. Simulation results are in general agreement with clinical studies. Although temperatures of the tattoo particles never reach the melting point, a cavitation bubble around the particle can be formed. The steam generated can get into the cracked particles and induce steam‐carbon reactions. Laser energy density decreases rapidly with the skin depth. Therefore, the minimum surface laser fluence, for a given pulse length, required for breaking up tattoo particles at a given skin depth, increases with particle depth.ConclusionsComputer simulations confirm that the breakup of tattoo particles is photoacoustic. For the same amount of laser energy, a shorter pulse is more efficient. The optimal pulse length is approximately 10–100 picosecond to minimize the laser fluence and the collateral damage. It is more difficult to break up the smallest tattoo particles that have diameters smaller than 10 nm; however, smaller particles are less important because they are less visible. Tissue surrounding the tattoo particles can be damaged by cavitation bubbles. These bubbles could be the cause of the empty vacuoles in the ash‐white lesions throughout the dermis seen after treatment. Steam‐carbon reactions can be induced. Particles then become grossly transparent because of this reaction. Different laser intensity should be used for pigments at different depths in order to minimize the collateral damage to the dermis. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:389–397, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recall and recognition of brand names: A comparison of word and nonword name types
Authors: Lerman Dawn , Garbarino Ellen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDespite the common recommendation that brand names be memorable, little is known about the effect of brand name type on various forms of memory processing such as recall and recognition. As such, this article extends prior research by comparing recall and recognition for three sets of brand names: words versus nonwords, relevant (i.e., related to a product attribute) words versus irrelevant (i.e., unrelated to a product attribute) words, and relevant words cuing an advertised attribute versus relevant words cuing an unadvertised attribute. The results of an experimental study indicate that memory for these brand name types depends on whether it is accessed via recall or recognition. Based on these results, implications for naming new products are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Marked inhibition of testosterone biosynthesis by the hepatotoxin nodularin due to apoptosis of Leydig cells
Authors: Park Tae Jun , Song Kye Yong , Sohn Son Hyang , Lim In Kyoung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe previously observed that the serum testosterone level was greatly reduced in the course of diethylnitrosamine‐nodularin–induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Fischer 344 male rats (Lim et al., Gastroenterological Carcinogenesis, 1999). As an extension of this observation, this study was undertaken to investigate the molecular mechanism of downregulation of testosterone and its effect on target organs in Fischer 344 male rats treated with the hepatotoxin nodularin. After treating the rats with nodularin, a marked reduction of the testosterone level was noted in both serum and testis, with an accompanying accumulation of cholesterol in serum. Reduction of serum testosterone was not due to increased degradation of testosterone in the liver but to impaired biosynthesis in the testes, reduced activities of the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme and 17α‐hydroxylase, and decreased expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene, all of which constitute rate‐limiting steps for testosterone biosynthesis in the testes. Intraperitoneal injection of nodularin into rats induced cuboidal changes of glandular epithelium in ventral prostates and apoptotic changes of spermatogonium, for example, nuclear chromatin condensation, shrinkage, and detachment from Sertoli cells, which included many lysosomal granules. Leydig cells also showed evidence of chromatin condensation and significant induction of peroxisome proliferation. In conclusion, the potential causes of impaired testosterone biosynthesis might have been apoptosis of Leydig cells induced by direct toxicity of the hepatotoxin on testes or hypothalamopituitary dysfunction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paradoxical response to apomorphine in a case of atypical parkinsonism
Authors: Cicarelli Giulio , Pellecchia Maria Teresa , De Michele Giuseppe , Pizzolato Gilberto , Barone Paolo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe a patient with clinical signs of parkinsonism showing a paradoxical response to apomorphine injection. We discuss possible pathogenetic mechanisms with regard to the literature and suggest the diagnosis of a striatonigral degeneration at an early stage. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Fetal neural grafts for Huntington's disease: A prospective view
Authors: Bachoud‐Lévi Anne‐Catherine , Hantraye Philippe , Peschanski Marc 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntrastriatal transplantation of striatal neuroblasts from human fetuses is a promising approach for treatment of Huntington's disease, on the basis of many experimental animal studies and, most recently, pilot clinical trials. Technically, several issues remain to be resolved (e.g., the precise site of dissection of the fetal tissue; the number and location of the fetal striatal implants; or the use of immunosuppressive therapy), and await larger‐scale trials and purposely designed protocols. Further clinical data must also be obtained, and preliminary promising results must be replicated in a patient group large enough to provide conclusive results. It is important to establish (1) the amount of clinical benefit provided to the patient by the grafted cells; (2) the anticipated duration of clinical benefits; and (3) the secondary rate of decline after the benefit of the graft has been overbalanced. Evaluation of these parameters will require very long‐term follow‐up of the patients involved, over several years after grafting, before the technique can eventually be proposed widely to patients. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Folded meandered‐patch monopole antenna for low‐profile GSM/DCS dual‐band mobile phone
Authors: Chang Fa‐Shian , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel low‐profile monopole mobile phone antenna capable of GSM and DCS dual‐band operations is proposed. The monopole antenna is easily constructed by folding a planar meandered patch into a rectangular‐tube‐like structure, and has a compact size of 9 × 9 × 34 mm3 for achieving 900‐ and 1800‐MHz operations. Details of the proposed antenna design are described, and experimental results of a constructed prototype are presented and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 84–86, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10380
Shot noise in actual urban and industrial environments
Authors: Sánchez Manuel García , Cuiñas Iñigo , Alejos Ana Vázquez 
Published: October 2002

AbstractShot noise has been measured in three different environments: an urban street, a factory, and a train station, and the results are presented in this Letter. The measurement system was designed to operate at UMTS band and to provide both phase and envelope of the shot noise. It has been found that the train station is not a very noisy environment. In the factory shot‐noise events are less frequent than on the urban street; however, noise pulses appear more grouped in bursts. Noise pulses exhibit a larger amplitude and shorter duration in the factory than in the street measurements. In both cases, shot‐noise pulses have very high amplitude and duration compared to the limits for UMTS signals. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 112–115, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10389
The hybrid FEM–MOL approach for the analysis of scattering problems
Authors: Xiao Ying , Lu Yilong 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this Letter a hybrid approach combining the finite‐element method and the method of lines is presented for solving the scattering problems of irregular geometry and inhomogeneity. In this approach, the FEM is used to treat the region with complicated geometry and inhomogeneous material profile, and the MoL acts as a radiation boundary condition for the FEM. The MoL can also treat layered regions. Because of the flexibility of the FEM and the semianalytical nature of the MoL, the flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy of these two methods are maintained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 134–138, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10395
Performance of YAGI‐UDA elements in planar array antennas for limited‐scan applications
Authors: Skobelev Sergei P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt is shown that the optimized Yagi elements in planar arrays provide flat‐topped radiation patterns of good quality in the limited‐scan E plane. Better wide‐angle scan performance is found for a triangular lattice than for a rectangular one in the H plane, where the sharp dips in the element patterns can occur. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 141–145, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10397
Experimental evaluation of the phase of the field scattered by microstrip patches for reflect‐array design
Authors: Venneri F. , Angiulli G. , Di Massa G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe determination of the phase of the field scattered from microstrip patches is a key factor in the design of reflect‐array antennas. Although the problem has been treated in a number of theoretical articles, an experimental characterization of a such an important parameter has never been considered. In this Letter an experimental study of the phase of the field reradiated from small arrays of patches is presented. As a result a diagram of the phase of the scattered field versus the size of the patches is obtained. Results have been compared with the ones obtained with a commercial MoM package. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 163–164, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10403
A waveguide shutter using electromagnetic crystals
Authors: Kim M. , Sung Y. , Higgins J. A. , Xin H. , Hacker J. B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new waveguide component that controls RF power flow with variable‐surface impedance electromagnetic (EM) crystals is proposed. To prove the concept, two fixed‐impedance EM crystals were tested separately inside a standard Ku‐band waveguide. The measurements show one EM crystal passing RF power with less than 2 dB of insertion loss from 14.5 to 16.6 GHz, and the other EM crystal reflecting the RF power with better than 60 dB of isolation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 186–187, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10412
An approach to determining parasitic elements for laser diodes
Authors: Jianjun Gao , Baoxin Gao , Bo Pan , Chunguang Liang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA simple way to extract the parasitic elements of the laser diode model is proposed. The parasitic elements are determined by directly using measured S11 parameters versus frequency at zero bias point and above threshold current bias point. Thus the need for optimization during the extraction is reduced, and excellent agreement has been achieved between the experimental and calculated results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 191–193, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10414
Quasistatic analysis of a new CCPW with cylindrical shielding
Authors: Zhou Xilang , Yao Ji , Gong Xinbao 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA new coplanar coupled waveguide (CCPW) with cylindrical shielding is analyzed with the use of conformal mapping, which can provide accurate and fast calculations. Closed‐form expressions for odd‐ and even‐mode capacitances per unit length and characteristic impedances are derived. Numerical results are provided. The accuracy of the closed‐form expressions has been confirmed by comparison with results available in the literature for CCPW with planar and rectangular shielded structure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 213–215, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10420