bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expansion of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Reservoir in Orally Infected Rats: Inverse Correlation with HTLV-1-Specific Cellular Immune Response
Authors: Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Ohashi Takashi , Hanabuchi Shino , Kato Hirotomo , Takemura Fumiyo , Masuda Takao , Kannagi Mari 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTAdult T-cell leukemia (ATL) occurs in a small population of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected individuals. Although the critical risk factor for ATL development is not clear, it has been noted that ATL is incidentally associated with mother-to-child infection, elevated proviral loads, and weakness in HTLV-1-specific T-cell immune responses. In the present study, using a rat system, we investigated the relationships among the following conditions: primary HTLV-1 infection, a persistent HTLV-1 load, and host HTLV-1-specific immunity. We found that the persistent HTLV-1 load in orally infected rats was significantly greater than that in intraperitoneally infected rats. Even after inoculation with only 50 infected cells, a persistent viral load built up to considerable levels in some orally infected rats but not in intraperitoneally infected rats. In contrast, HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses were markedly impaired in orally infected rats. As a result, a persistent viral load was inversely correlated with levels of virus-specific T-cell responses in these rats. Otherwise very weak HTLV-1-specific cellular immune responses in orally infected rats were markedly augmented after subcutaneous reimmunization with infected syngeneic rat cells. These findings suggest that HTLV-1-specific immune unresponsiveness associated with oral HTLV-1 infection may be a potential risk factor for development of ATL, allowing expansion of the infected cell reservoir in vivo, but could be overcome with immunological strategies.
Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 into Primary Sensory Neurons In Vitro Is Mediated by Nectin-1/HveC
Authors: Richart Sarah M. , Simpson Scott A. , Krummenacher Claude , Whitbeck J. Charles , Pizer Lewis I. , Cohen Gary H. , Eisenberg Roselyn J. , Wilcox Christine L. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT
Primary cultures of rat and mouse sensory neurons were used to study the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Soluble, truncated nectin-1 but not HveA prevented viral entry. Antibodies against nectin-1 also blocked infection of rat neurons. These results indicate that nectin-1 is the primary receptor for HSV-1 infection of sensory neurons.
Elucidating TOR Signaling and Rapamycin Action: Lessons from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Crespo José L. , Hall Michael N. 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARY
TOR (target of rapamycin) is a phosphatidylinositol kinase-related protein kinase that controls cell growth in response to nutrients. Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive and anticancer drug that acts by inhibiting TOR. The modes of action of TOR and rapamycin are remarkably conserved from S. cerevisiae to humans. The current understanding of TOR and rapamycin is derived largely from studies with S. cerevisiae. In this review, we discuss the contributions made by S. cerevisiae to understanding rapamycin action and TOR function.
Helicobacter pylori
Interactions with Host Serum and Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Potential Role in the Infectious Process
Authors: Dubreuil J. Daniel , Giudice Giuseppe Del , Rappuoli Rino 
Published: January 2003

SUMMARY
Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium, specifically colonizes the stomachs of humans. Once established in this harsh ecological niche, it remains there virtually for the entire life of the host. To date, numerous virulence factors responsible for gastric colonization, survival, and tissue damage have been described for this bacterium. Nevertheless, a critical feature of H. pylori is its ability to establish a long-lasting infection. In fact, although good humoral (against many bacterial proteins) and cellular responses are observed, most infected persons are unable to eradicate the infection. A large body of evidence has shown that the interaction between H. pylori and the host is very complex. In addition to the effect of virulence factors on colonization and persistence, binding of specialized bacterial proteins, known as receptins, to certain host molecules (ligands) could explain the success of H. pylori as a chronically persisting pathogen. Some of the reported interactions are of high affinity, as revealed by their calculated dissociation constant. This review examines the binding of host proteins (serum and extracellular matrix proteins) to H. pylori and considers the significance of these interactions in the infectious process. A more thorough understanding of the kinetics of these receptin interactions could provide a new approach to preventing deeper tissue invasion in H. pylori infections and could represent an alternative to antibiotic treatment.
Critical review of unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Sheridan P J , Crossman D C 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Within the coronary vasculature the progression of a stable atherosclerotic plaque into a vulnerable and ultimately unstable lesion leads to a cascade of events culminating in the clinical presentation of unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction. In recent years studies have provided new insights in to the pathology and natural history, stimulating advances in diagnosis, treatment, and management. The review discusses the progress made including the role of inflammation, cardiac biomarkers, antiplatelet therapy, and percutaneous intervention. Current issues of debate and future directions are also addressed.
Monitoring hormone replacement therapy by biochemical markers of bone metabolism in menopausal women
Authors: Dogan E , Posaci C 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Biochemical markers of bone metabolism are divided into two groups: formation and resorption markers. Bone turnover is a dynamic process, which increases in postmenopausal period. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can diminish this increased bone turnover. Biochemical markers reflect acute changes in bone metabolism. Therefore, they may be very useful for the prediction of subsequent bone mineral density changes after HRT in menopausal women. Both oral and transdermal routes of HRT are efficacious in decreasing the levels of biochemical markers. However, markers do not replace bone mineral density measurement. Collagen type I cross linked N-telopeptide, collagen type I cross linked C-telopeptide, and osteocalcin are the most promising markers.
Shaken baby syndrome
Authors: Blumenthal I 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Shaken baby syndrome is the most common cause of death or serious neurological injury resulting from child abuse. It is specific to infancy, when children have unique anatomic features. Subdural and retinal haemorrhages are markers of shaking injury. An American radiologist, John Caffey, coined the name whiplash shaken infant syndrome in 1974. It was, however, a British neurosurgeon, Guthkelch who first described shaking as the cause of subdural haemorrhage in infants. Impact was later thought to play a major part in the causation of brain damage. Recently improved neuropathology and imaging techniques have established the cause of brain injury as hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive and specific method of confirming a shaking injury. Families of children with subdural haemorrhages should be thoroughly investigated by social welfare agencies.
Presentation of a PTHrP-secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour, with hypercalcaemic crisis, pre-eclampsia, and renal failure
Authors: Abraham P , Ralston S H , Hewison M , Fraser W D , Bevan J S 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Severe hypercalcaemia during pregnancy is rare and most cases are secondary to hyperparathyroidism. This is the first report of a parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) secreting neuroendocrine tumour of the pancreas manifesting with severe hypercalcaemia during pregnancy. Measurement of PTHrP was useful in both the diagnosis and follow up of our patient and should be considered in the diagnostic workup of patients with unexplained hypercalcaemia. A raised PTHrP concentration is a strong indicator of malignancy.
Rectus sheath haematoma: a new set of diagnostic features
Authors: Maharaj D , Ramdass M , Teelucksingh S , Perry A , Naraynsingh V 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Rectus muscle haematoma is a well documented clinical entity, but its diagnosis remains elusive. A haematoma within the rectus sheath produces a painful, tender swelling that can mimic an intraperitoneal mass with features of an acute abdomen. Two patients with rectus haematomas presenting after bouts of prolonged coughing are reported. In both cases, clinical features and ultrasound findings suggested the presence of intraperitoneal pathology. However, in both cases consistent findings in the history and examination pointed towards the diagnosis of a rectus haematoma. It is proposed that these simple clinical criteria are diagnostic of a rectus sheath haematoma, and can thereby avert an unnecessary laparotomy.
New World leishmaniasis from Spain
Authors: Tomson N , Symonds R P , Moir A A , Kendall C H , Wiselka M J 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
A 69 year old man living in Spain contracted mucocutaneous leishmaniasis involving the nose. The infecting organism was Leishmania infantum, which only rarely causes the New World form of the disease. The source of infection was probably a neighbour’s dog. The patient began treatment with liposomal amphotericin B but died of pneumonia two months later.
Use of the Global Assessment of Function scale in learning disability
Authors: Oliver Patricia , Cooray Sherva , Tyrer Peter , Cicchetti Domenic 
Published: January 2003

BackgroundThe Global Assessment of Function (GAF) scale is widely used in adult psychiatric practice and research but it has not often been used in learning disability, which is inherently more complex.AimsTo evaluate the reliability of GAF in the assessment of learning disability.MethodGAF reliability was tested by simultaneous multiple rating of unselected case vignettes (n=19–25) from health professionals of different disciplines, under controlled conditions. Analysis of reliability was made with the intraclass correlation coefficient (R1) with separate assessments to determine rater bias and individual performance of raters.ResultsThe results of three data-sets showed generally poor overall levels of agreement, with R1 levels of 0.35 and 0.28 and somewhat better levels for current GAF scores (R1=0.49). However, a subset of raters was identified that achieved much higher levels (R1=0.54 to 0.74).ConclusionsThe GAF, in its current format, is not reliable enough to be used in the routine assessment of learning disability A subgroup of raters, however, have ratings that are, by current biostatistical criteria, sufficiently reliable.
Treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease: a national survey following release of the NICE guidance
Authors: Connolly Claire M. , Bullock Roger 
Published: January 2003

Aims and MethodThe National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has issued guidance regarding the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. A postal survey of old age psychiatrists, geriatricians and neurologists was conducted to establish working practice pre-NICE and investigate expectations about the effect of this guidance.ResultsThe overall response rate was 26.3%. Old age psychiatrists prescribe the majority of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. There was variation in the annual expenditure on such treatment. The main reason for non-prescription was a lack of funding. Over 80% of doctors thought that patients with mild disease should now be targeted for treatment.Clinical ImplicationsIn order to implement the guidance it will be necessary to address the issue of funding and have clear role allocation between local services.
Sexual assaults in psychiatric in-patient units: the importance of a consistent approach
Authors: Cole Mary 
Published: January 2003

Aims and MethodIn order to establish whether there is consistency in the management of sexual assault allegations in a psychiatric in-patient unit, and to assess quality of data recording, a manual search of 177 case notes included in an audit project, carried out between October 1997 and May 1999 was carried out. Each recorded allegation was noted on a standard form.ResultsThere was little consistency between cases, and data recording was patchy.Clinical ImplicationsThere is no accurate method of recording or monitoring alleged sexual assault in the trust studied. In spite of a policy document, these cases are dealt with ad hoc.
Administration’s Share of Personnel in Veterans Health Administration and Private Sector Care
Authors: Woolhandler Steffie , Toporek Andrew , Gao Jian , Moran Eileen , Wilper Andrew , Himmelstein David U. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceHealth care administrative overhead is greater in the US than some other nations but has not been assessed in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).ObjectiveTo compare administrative staffing patterns in the VHA and private (non-VHA) sectors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted using US employment data from 2019, prior to pandemic-related disruptions in health care staffing, and was carried out between January 14 and August 10, 2023. A nationally representative sample of federal and nonfederal personnel in hospitals and ambulatory care settings from the American Community Survey (ACS), all employees reported in VHA personnel records, and personnel in health insurance carriers and brokers tabulated by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) were analyzed.ExposureVHA vs private sector health care employment, including 397 occupations grouped into 18 categories.Main Outcome and MeasureThe proportion of staff working in administrative occupations.ResultsAmong 3 239 553 persons surveyed in the ACS, 122 315 individuals (weighted population, 12 501 185 individuals) were civilians working in hospitals or ambulatory care; of the weighted population, 12 156 988 individuals (mean age, 42.6 years [95% CI, 42.5-42.7 years]; 76.2% [95% CI, 75.9%-76.5%] females) were private sector personnel and 344 197 individuals (mean age, 46.2 years [95% CI, 45.7-46.7 years]; 63.8% [95% CI, 61.8%-65.8%] females) were federal employees. In clinical settings, administrative occupations accounted for 23.4% (95% CI, 23.1%-23.8%) of private sector vs 19.8% (95% CI, 18.1%-21.4%) of VHA personnel. After including 1 000 800 employees at private sector health insurers and brokers and 13 956 VHA Central Office personnel with administrative occupations, administration accounted for 3 851 374 of 13 157 788 private sector employees (29.3%) vs 77 500 of 343 721 VHA employees (22.5%). Physicians represented approximately 7% of personnel in the VHA (7.2% [95% CI, 6.1%-8.2%]) and private sector (6.5% [95% CI, 6.3%-6.7%]), while the VHA deployed more registered nurses (23.7% [95% CI, 21.6%-25.8%] vs 21.2% [95% CI, 20.9%-21.5%]) and social service personnel (6.3% [95% CI, 5.4%-7.1%] vs 4.9% [95% CI, 4.7%-5.0%]) than the private sector.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, administrative occupations accounted for a smaller share of personnel in the VHA compared with private sector care, a difference possibly attributable to the VHA’s simpler financing system. These findings suggest that if staffing patterns in the private sector mirrored those of the VHA, nearly 900 000 fewer administrative staff might be needed.
A study on merchandising methods for large‐scale commercial facilities
Authors: Kawamura Daisuke , Setoguchi Tsuyoshi 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis paper aims to analyze the merchandising (MD) of commercial facilities, clarify the basic components and essential functions, and explore the characteristics of the MD that promote “walk‐around behavior.” MD was created by architects in the 1960s to attract people from different areas into commercial facilities and create a lively walk‐around. MD has since been developed and utilized outside the architectural field in commercial consulting. As architects, we reexamine the MD of commercial buildings in Japan and the U.S. based on the components of these buildings at the time. We also define and add new features to further clarify the MD and provide examples of how MD has been used in applications other than commercial facilities. As a result, we will demonstrate that this planning method can be a method to create revitalization of towns other than commercial facilities.
Dielectric and Wavefunction Engineering of Electron Spin Lifetime in Colloidal Nanoplatelet Heterostructures
Authors: Li Yulu , Wang Lifeng , Xiang Dongmei , Zhu Jingyi , Wu Kaifeng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractColloidal semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) have emerged as low‐cost and free‐standing alternates of traditional quantum wells. The giant heavy‐ and light‐hole splitting in NPLs allows for efficient optical spin injection. However, the electron spin lifetimes for prototypical CdSe NPLs are within a few picoseconds, likely limited by strong electron‐hole exchange in these quantum‐ and dielectric‐confined materials. Here how this hurdle can be overcome with engineered NPL‐heterostructures is demonstrated. By constructing type‐I CdSe/ZnS core/shell NPLs, dielectric screening inside the core is strongly enhanced, prolonging the electron spin polarization time (τesp) to over 30 ps (or 60 ps electron spin‐flip time). Alternatively, by growing type‐II CdSe/CdTe core/crown NPLs to spatially separate electron and hole wavefunctions, the electron‐hole exchange is strongly suppressed, resulting in τesp as long as 300 ps at room temperature. This study not only exemplifies how the well‐established synthetic chemistry of colloidal heterostructures can aid in spin dynamics control but also establishes the feasibility of room‐temperature coherent spin manipulation in colloidal NPLs.
Photoinduced Triphenylphosphine and Iodide Salt Promoted Reductive Decarboxylative Coupling
Authors: Wang Jia‐Xin , Fu Ming‐Chen , Yan Lu‐Yu , Lu Xi , Fu Yao 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe transient electron donor–acceptor (EDA) complex has been an emerging area in the photoinduced organic synthesis field, generating radicals without exogenous transition‐metal or organic dye‐based photoredox catalysts. The catalytic platform to form suitable photoactive EDA complexes for photochemical reduction reactions remains underdeveloped. Herein, a general photoinduced reductive alkylation via the EDA complex strategy is described. A simple yet multifunctional system, triphenylphosphine and iodide salt, promotes the photoinduced decarboxylative hydroalkylation, and reductive defluorinative decarboxylative alkylation of trifluoromethyl alkenes, to access trifluoromethyl alkanes and gem‐difluoroalkenes. Moreover, decarboxylative hydroalkylation can be applied to more kinds of electron‐deficient alkenes as a general Giese addition reaction.
Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy Synergizing with Inhibition of Tumor Neutrophil Ferroptosis Boosts Anti‐PD‐1 Therapy of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Zhu Xudong , Zheng Wenxuan , Wang Xingzhou , Li Zhiyan , Shen Xiaofei , Chen Qi , Lu Yanjun , Chen Kai , Ai Shichao , Zhu Yun , Guan Wenxian , Yao Shankun , Liu Song 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFor tumor treatment, the ultimate goal in tumor therapy is to eliminate the primary tumor, manage potential metastases, and trigger an antitumor immune response, resulting in the complete clearance of all malignant cells. Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the local biological environment of solid tumors and has increasingly become an attractive target for cancer therapy. Neutrophils within TME of gastric cancer (GC) spontaneously undergo ferroptosis, and this process releases oxidized lipids that limit T cell activity. Enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) mediated by di‐iodinated IR780 (Icy7) significantly increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, neutrophil ferroptosis can be triggered by increased ROS generation in the TME. In this study, a liposome encapsulating both ferroptosis inhibitor Liproxstatin‐1 and modified photosensitizer Icy7, denoted LLI, significantly inhibits tumor growth of GC. LLI internalizes into MFC cells to generate ROS causing immunogenic cell death (ICD). Simultaneously, liposome‐deliver Liproxstatin‐1 effectively inhibits the ferroptosis of tumor neutrophils. LLI‐based immunogenic PDT and neutrophil‐targeting immunotherapy synergistically boost the anti‐PD‐1 treatment to elicit potent TME and systemic antitumor immune response with abscopal effects. In conclusion, LLI holds great potential for GC immunotherapy.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Solution‐Processed Semicrystalline PEDOT:PSS Films by Strong Acid–Base Treatment: Limitations and Potential
Authors: Park Juhyung , Jang Jae Gyu , Kang Keehoon , Kim Sung Hyun , Kwak Jeonghun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThermoelectric (TE) generation with solution‐processable conducting polymers offers substantial potential in low‐temperature energy harvesting based on high tunability in materials, processes, and form‐factors. However, manipulating the TE and charge transport properties accompanies structural and energetic disorders, restricting the enhancement of thermoelectric power factor (PF). Here, solution‐based strong acid–base treatment techniques are introduced to modulate the doping level of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with preserving its molecular orientation, enabling to achieve a remarkably high PF of 534.5 µW m−1 K−2. Interestingly, theoretical modeling suggested that further de‐doping can increase the PF beyond the experimental value. However, it is impossible to reach this value experimentally, even without any degradation of PEDOT crystallinity. Uncovering the underlying reason for the limitation, an analysis of the relationship among the microstructure–thermoelectric performance–charge transport property revealed that inter‐domain connectivity via tie‐chains and the resultant percolation for transport are crucial factors in achieving high TE performance, as in charge transport. It is believed that the methods and fundamental understandings in this work would contribute to the exploitation of conducting polymer‐based low‐temperature energy harvesting.
Constructing Charge Bridge Path for High‐Performance Tin Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Hu Fan , Chen Chun‐Hao , Teng Tian‐Yu , Shi Yi‐Ran , Wang Bin , Xue Di , Xia Yu , Chen Jing , Wang Kai‐Li , Huang Li‐Zhen , Yavuz Ilhan , Wang Zhao‐Kui , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTin‐based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have attracted significant research interest due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, TPSCs with ideal bandgap suffer from substantial current losses, necessitating the development of innovative interface engineering strategies to enhance device performance. In this study, an unprecedented approach constructing charge transfer path is presented by a simple post‐growth treatment of 3‐Aminomethylbenzo[b]thiophene (3‐AMBTh) on the perovskite film. The selective reaction of 3‐AMBTh with exposed FA+ on the perovskite surface suppresses the formation of iodine vacancy defects, leading to a reduction in trap density. Additionally, the residual aromatic rings on the surface form an effective π–π stacking interaction system with subsequently deposited ICBA, facilitating enhanced charge transfer at the interface. By harnessing the potential of the charge transfer path, the TPSCs exhibit remarkable device efficiency of up to 14.53%, positioning them among the top‐performing TPSCs reported to date.