bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunophenotypic differences between diagnosis and relapse in childhood AML: Implications for MRD monitoring
Authors: Langebrake Claudia , Brinkmann Iris , Teigler‐Schlegel Andrea , Creutzig Ursula , Griesinger Frank , Puhlmann Ulrike , Reinhardt Dirk 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackgroundDetermination of antigen expression patterns is, in addition to morphologic analysis, essential to the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The present study was performed to determine (a) the degree of changes in immunophenotype and their consequences on the monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) in childhood AML and (b) whether certain clusters of changes in antigen expression patterns exist between diagnosis and relapse.MethodsBone marrow specimens of 48 children enrolled in the German AML‐BFM‐93/98 (Acute Myeloid Leukemia‐Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster) studies were analyzed immunologically, morphologically, and genetically at diagnosis and at first relapse.ResultsThe immunophenotypes by flow cytometry differed by at least one antigen between samples at presentation and relapse in 42 of 48 children (88%). More children displayed an immature phenotype at relapse (43 of 47, 91.5%, vs. 37 of 48, 77%; P = 0.05) with expression of CD34 and/or CD117. This was reflected by a gain of markers that are associated with lineage immaturity in 18 of 25 (72%) of cases, whereas the loss of such antigens was observed in 6 of 25 (24%) patients. We did not observe significant changes for lineage specific markers, with comparable occurrences of loss or gain of myeloid and lymphoid antigens in the sample pairs. Only minimal changes were seen for morphologic and genetic features.ConclusionAn antigenic shift was observed in 88% of cases in this study. The antibody panels used for MRD monitoring in childhood AML should therefore not be restricted to the immunophenotype detected at presentation but should include in particular markers of lineage immaturity. The clinical observation of a shift toward a more immature phenotype of the myeloblasts is consistent with the model of a clonal evolution of a leukemic stem cell. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of rate of heat release by means of oxygen consumption measurements
Authors: Huggett Clayton 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMeasurement of the rate of oxygen consumption provides a simple, versatile and powerful tool for estimating the rate of heat release in fire experiments and fire tests. The method is based on the generalization that the heats of combustion per unit of oxygen consumed are approximately the same for most fuels commonly encountered in fires. A measurement of the rate of oxygen consumption can then be converted to a measure of rate of heat release. Data on heats of combustion are presented to support this generalization. The applicability of the technique to combustion under fire conditions is examined, possible sources of error in the measurements are discussed, and applications of the method are reviewed. It is concluded that the accuracy of oxygen consumption based rate of heat release measurements should compare favorably with those derived from conventional calorimetric measurements.
A mathematical model for estimating available safe egress time in fires
Authors: Cooper Leonard Y. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA mathematical Model for estimating the time available for safe egress from a fire is formulated. The model simulates the conditions which develop during the course of an enclosure fire. Since life safety considerations are primary, the simulation model which is adopted focuses attention only on phenomena which develop between the times of fire ignition and onset of hazardous conditions. This allows significant simplifications in modeling which may not be otherwise justified. Using computed variables of a simulated fire scenario of interest, times of fire detection and onset of hazard which are deduced from realistic detection and hazard criteria would be estimated. The Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) would be defined as the length of the time interval which separates these two events. Quantitative specifications for a variety of detection and hazard criteria are identified. Results of exercising the model are presented, and ASET estimates are obtained for a wide variety of realistic fire scenarios. A comparison between experimental results of a multi‐room fire test and prediction of the single‐room model suggest that the model has potential utility in providing practical simulations of multi‐room fire environments.
Post‐Flashover compartment fires
Authors: Harmathy T. Z. , Mehaffey J. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFourteen mathematical models of post‐flashover compartment fires are classified on the basis of fourteen principal modeling aspects. Expressions are presented for the potential of fire to spread by destruction and convection. The assessment of the fire resistance requirements for the compartment boundaries is discussed and measures to counter the potential of fires to spread by convection are outlined.
Ignition resistant upholstery by coating PU flexible foam with vinylidene chloride copolymers
Authors: Edgerley P. G. , Oldland S. R. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method is described by which the UK Upholstered Furniture (Safety) Regulations of 1980 may be complied with. By coating the surface of flexible polyurethane foam with vinylidene chloride copolymer latex, a fire retardant surface is obtained. This enables most fabric/foam combinations to pass both the cigarette and the match tests as laid down in BS5852. The coating process can be carried out with a brush, a roller or by spraying. Drying can be at room temperature or by using heat and/or a forced draught. Using about 350 gm−2 only certain deep‐pile fabrics fail, and even hen additionally back‐coating them with PVDC can ensure compliance. The presence of thin wadding or stockingette makes no difference, but thick wadding will burn with the fabric for more than the mandatory two minutes without setting fire to the PU foam. Fabrics successfully tested with the coated PU foam include cottons, polypropylene, acrylic, polyester and ‘Dralon’. After 80 000 indentations in a standard test the coating was still effective, as it was also after heating in a detergent for 4h.
Burning characteristics of beds and bedding—situation and developments
Authors: Rieber Dr Martin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe term ‘bed’ has a variety of meanings in different countries. In central Europe, ‘bed’ is used for a bedstead with a mattress, a duvet and a pillow, Following clear definitions of the components of a ‘bed’ the author considers methods for testing the burning characteristics of beds and reports on experiences with model beds in fire tests.
The incapacitative effects of exposure to the thermal decomposition products of polyurethane foams
Authors: Purser D. A. , Grimshaw Patricia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe mechanisms of incapacitation resulting from exposures to the thermal decomposition products of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams (PUF) were studied over a range of different temperatures under pyrolytic or non‐flaming oxidative decomposition conditions. Individual cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to atmospheres increasing in separate experiments from very low concentrations until early physiological signs of incapacitation were detected. When flexible PUF was pyrolysed at 900°C and rigid PUF was oxidized at 600°C, clear atmospheres containing CO and HCN were produced and the signs of toxicity were very similar to those produced by HCN gas alone, consisting of an episode of hyperventilation followed by a semi‐conscious state. Pyrolysis of flexible PUF at 600°C and 300°C produced a dense yellow smoke but no HCN. The signs, consisting of hyperventilation throughout exposure and dyspnoea afterwards, were consistent with pulmonary irritation, Since TDI monmer is not present at 6000 C it is concluded that some as‐yet unidentified but highly irritant chemical species is present in smoke from flexible PUF.
A procedure to calculate fire resistance of structural members
Authors: Lie T. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProgress in the field of theoretical prediction of fire resistance has been rapid in recent years. A procedure has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada for calculation of the fire resistance of structural members. The various steps in the construction of a mathematical model to calculate temperatures, deformations and strength are shown using as an example the calculation of the fire resistance of a cylindrical tubular steel column filled with concrete. A comparison of results calculated using the model with those of a fire test is also discussed.
Development of the cone calorimeter—A bench‐scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumption
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new bench‐scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face‐up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m−2 may be imposed by means of a temperature‐controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.
Failure probabilities of constructions designed for fire resistance
Authors: Mehaffey J. R. , Harmathy T. Z. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract‘Normalized heat load’ is a quantifier of the destructive potential of fires, real‐world compartment fires and test fires alike. For real‐world fires it is subject to some uncertainties owing to the random nature of two of the variables it depends on: ventilation and fire load. For test fires also it is subject to uncertainties owing to a moderate degree of randomness that characterizes the results of test fires. A procedure is described for predicting the failure probability in fire of the boundaries of a compartment designed for fire resistance on the basis of information concerning the characteristics of the compartment and the design value of the fire load. The procedure is essentially deterministic, employing statistical considerations only as far as required by the nature of some of the input variables. With the aid of second‐moment analysis, it is possible, furthermore, to design the compartment boundaries for appropriate target failure probabilities.
A room fire simulation model
Authors: Hägglund B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn interactive computer program for simulating the early fire growth in an enclosure is described. The enclosure is assumed to be divided into distinct homogeneous zones. The rate of heat release is defined for the fire and the conservation equations are solved for the zones, yielding the temperature and radiant heat conditions in the fire room. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer program to be used by people working with fire engineering applications and having little experience in computer calculations. The user converses with the program via a terminal connected to the computer. The dialogue is governed by commands adapted to the concepts of the user. Results of the computer model are compared with measured data of the burning of wood and plastic cribs in an enclosure, showing a good agreement between measured and calculated results.
Fast surface‐temperature measurement for fire tests
Authors: Chitty R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method of increasing the speed of measurement of surface temperature is described. This would possibly be suitable for improving the determination of temperature of the unexposed face of specimens subjected to a British 476 (part 8) fire‐resistance test. A simple electronic circuit used in conjunction with a disc‐mounted thermocouple allows ‘hot spots’ to be quickly identified. The technique may also find application in other similar standards such as ISO 834.
Burning, pyrolysis, combustion and charoxidation. Need for clarifying terminology
Authors: Harmathy T. Z. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe vague meaning of the word ‘burning’ has long created communication difficulties among fire scientists, and has to unwarranted conclusions. It is suggested that the word ‘burning’ be used as an umbrella term, covering up to three dissimilar types of reactions: pyrolysis or gasification, (gas‐phase) combustion, and char‐oxidation.
Generation of hydrogen cyanide from flexible polyurethane foam decomposed under different combustion conditions
Authors: Levin Barbara C. , Paabo Maya , Fultz Mary Lou , Bailey Cheryl S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExperimental thermal conditions conducive to the production of high levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from flexible polyurethane foam were determined. In these experiments the material was exposed to relatively low‐temperature non‐flaming oxidative conditions for a short time period, during which a char was formed. Further heating of the char to temperature above 500°C generated the increased HCN levels. Upon exposure to this same two‐step decomposition process, a fire‐retarded flexible polyurethane foam produced twice as much char and twice as much HCN. Elemental analyses indicated that the HCN concentration was directly related to the amount of char formed and its nitrogen content. Room burns of slabs of flexible polyurethane foam and chairs containing flexible polyurethane foam indicated that this same phenomenon occurs in large‐scale experiments. In these NBS tests, increased concentrations of HCN were produced when the material underwent flaming combustion following a period of smoldering, presumably from heating the char that was formed during smoldering. Investigation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the increased HCN concentrations was attempted using ion chromatography, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), pyrolysis/mass spectrometry and 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. While the molecular structures of the nitrogen‐containing compounds in the char were not elucidated, these analyses provided evidence of multiple compounds containing amine, amide, imine and nitrile functional groups as the most likely sources of the observed HCN.
Intumescent silicate‐based materials: Mechanism of swelling in contact with fire
Authors: Bulewicz E. M. , Pelc A. , Kozlowski R. , Miciukiewicz A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn intumescnt material has been developed, based on alkali silicates, which can be used in fire protection in the form of sheets or boards which can be joined to various materials, ranging from wood and wood products to metal. The swelling of the material on heating to over 100°C or on contact with a flame is due to and endothermic process and is associated with the emission of water vapour. The solid foam formed is rigid and consists of hydrated silica. The phenomena observed during the preparation of the boards and their behaviour on heating can be explained in terms of silicate chemistry.
Comparison of three test methods for measuring rate of heat release
Authors: Östman B. A‐L. , Svensson I. G. , Blomqvist J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThree test methods for measuring the rate of heat release, RHR, have been compared on the same building materials. The test methods are the OSU‐box modified for O2‐consumption, the STFI open arrangement and the NBS cone calorimeter. All methods are based on the oxygen‐consumption technique. Radiation intensities up to 50 k Wm−2have been applied. Thirteen different materials were tested. The results obtained using the three methods seem to be quite similar in spite of the different equipment used. The minor deviations observed in the results seem to be systematic and may be due to the different testing arrangements. There is a good correlation between results, e.g. total heat release up to 1min after ignition, obtained by the different methods. Additional information about the time to ignition is obtained simultaneously. Heat‐release rates in the vertical and horizontal orientations are also compared in the NBS cone calorimeter.
A novel method for measuring nitrogen‐containing species in combustion effluents
Authors: Murrell Janet M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA sensitive method is described for the determination of hydrogen cyanide and organic nitriles in atmospheres created by the combustion or thermal degradation of nitrogen‐containing polymeric materials. The technique also allows for the determination of other hydrocarbon species from the same sample using a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer system without entailing too many divisions in the sample quantity The method utilizes an NOx analyzer will only respond to nitrogen‐containing compounds and response factors for these compounds can be calculated.
Larger specimens for determining rate of heat release in the cone calorimeter
Authors: Nussbaum Ralph M. , Östman Birgit A.‐L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA larger cone heater for the cone calorimeter has been developed in order to measure the rate of heat release from building materials. The aim was to facilitate the testing of inhomogeneous materials and to minimize edge effects. Specimens of two different sizes, 100 × 100mm and 200 × 200mm, were tested in the horizontal orientation. The maximum rate of heat release and the average rate of heat release during 1 min after ignition are generally higher for the larger specimens than for the smaller ones. The time to ignition is generally shorter for larger specimens. Results from tests with 13 different building materials, including wood‐based materials, gypsum board, wall‐coverings and plastics, are presented at different heat flux levels up to 75 kW m−2.
Polystyrenes: A review of the literature on the products of thermal decomposition and toxicity
Authors: Gurman Joshua L. , Baier Laura , Levin Barbara C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe current English literature through 1984 on the products of pyrolysis and combustion from polystyrenes and the toxicity of those products is reviewed. Among 57 compounds detected by chemical analyses of the thermal decomposition products produced under various atmospheric conditions (vacuum, inert and oxidative), the main volatile component is the styrene monomer, Evidence is provided that the mass fraction of styrene increases with furnace temperatures at least through 500°C. At 800°C and above, the concentration of styrene decreases. In oxidative atmospheres, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxidative hydrocarbons are formed. The concentrations of CO and CO2 are a function of temperature and combustion conditions, i.e. greater amounts are produced in the flaming than in the non‐flaming mode. Eleven different test procedures were used to evaluate the toxicity of the pyrolysis and combustion atmospheres of polystyrenes. The more toxic environments produced under flaming conditions appear to be mainly attributed to CO and CO2 but rather to some other toxicant, probably the styrene monomer. When compared with other common materials used in buildings and residences, polystyrenes, in general, are among the least toxic.
The influence of pressure on combustible and toxic properties of materials
Authors: Trzeszczyński Jerzy , Wlodarczak Daniela , Bójko Teresa 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCombustible and toxic properties greatly influence the application of materials in shipbuilding. These materials, especially plastics, create a serious toxic hazard during fire. Under fire conditions they decompose thermally, giving off considerable amounts of smoke and volatile toxic substances which cause a serious hazard to people overcome by fire inside a compartment.1–3Lethal poisoning by the thermal degradation products of plastics has attracted the attention of many investigators to toxic hazards during a fire.1,4 Underwater systems create, in particular, a serious fire hazard. Fire in a decompression chamber spreads in a different way to land fires and usually causes the death of the crew and complete destruction of equipment in the chamber. Theoretically, complete fire protection in a chamber could be achieved by the total elemination of combustible materials and their replacement by incombustible ones. However, from a practical point of view this is impossible. The general principles of materials selection used in underwater systems are defined by Det Norske Veritas.5 Unfortunately, these do not describe the methods of testing materials nor the criteria of materials selection. There is also a lack of information in the literature on toxic hazards under elevated pressures. This problem has been studied in detail with oxygen‐enriched atmospheres in aerospace programmes,6 but because those studies are classified there is only fragmentary information in the literature.
Flammability of plastics I: Ignition temperatures
Authors: Thomson H. E. , Drysdale D. D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Piloted ignition of six common thermoplastics has been studied by exposing horizontal samples (65 times; 65 times; 6 mm thick) to irradiance levels in the range 10–40 kw m−2. Fine thermocouples were attached to the exposed face and allowed the surface temperature to be monitored continuously. Times to sustained ignition from a small pilot flame and the corresponding surface temperature were recorded. Within experimental error, ignition temperatures showed no systematic dependence on surface area when this was reduced to ca 20 mm square. Times to ignition were dependent not only on radiant intensity but also on the spectral characteristics of the source.
Evaluation of quarter‐scale compartment fire modeling for constant and stepped heat inputs
Authors: Dingyi Huang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractQuarter‐scale tests of ten full‐scale room fire tests were conducted by using an existing scaling technique developed at the National Bureau of Standards. Test results confirmed earlier studies which showed that, under constant fire exposure conditions, quarter‐scale room testing ranked interior finish materials in the same order as did full‐scale tests based on their times to achieve room flashover. In general, quarter‐scale tests were less severe and took longer to reach peak room fire buildup because of a lower convective and radiative heat transfer in the quarter‐scale room. These tests also generated more CO per unit mass of material and experienced lower combustion efficiencies than did their corresponding full‐scale tests.
Breaking of window glass close to fire
Authors: Keski‐Rahkonen Olavi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA heat conduction equation with linerized radiation cooling boundary conditions is used to calculate the thermal field in a long‐strip window pane heated by thermal radiation (fire), except on narrow strips along edges built into the frame. This temperature field is used to calculate a quasi‐static thermal stress field in the pane in the first‐order planar stress approximation. Derived analytic equations of stresses are presented graphically. Thermal stresses build up at the edges in a narrow strip of a few times the pane thickness. In cool spots of the order of 100 K lower than the average temperature, stress build‐up can cause a microcrack to become a fast‐propagating fracture.