bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case management and assessment of the elderly
Authors: Kane Rosalie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, case management has been increasingly recognized in the United States as a way to co-ordinate services on behalf of that subgroup of elderly people with functional impairments and multiple needs.Sometimes known by other names such as care coordination or resource coordination. some form of case management has been implemented or considered in Canada, Great Britain, Australia, Israel, and many other countries in Europe and even Asia.
Housing for older people: the North American approach
Authors: Blackie Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Second World War. the governments of Canada and the United States have intervened directly in the housing market to assist persons with special needs. Federal governments in Canada and the United States have employed three major forms of housing assistance: public housing, subsidized newly constructed units (built by the public and private non-profit sector), and assistance to households living in existing units in the private market. The recipients of this assistance have been low- and moderate-income households. Elderly persons have qualified for housing assistance not on the basis of age but because of low income.
Introduction
Authors: Macfadyen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health professionals arc responsible for only a small proportion of the care given to elderly people. This applies to the whole range of care, from prevention to acute care, long-term care, and terminal care. The role of the professional carer is therefore enabling’, that is to say fortifying of family and friends in their caring roles so that they may perform their supporting tasks with knowledge, confidence, and skill. The knowledge which families have as a basis for providing care comes from a growing literature of self-health care materials produced largely by volunteer organizations or by specific family support groups. In developing countries, family and lay care are the predominant forms of care. Despite this, few simply written texts are available for use in a developing country situation.
Occupational health services and developing nations
Authors: Jeyaratnam J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basically, the principles and the objectives for the provision of occupational health are universal, but what are usually variable are the administrative methods for the provision of such services and the extent of the services provided. The administrative process and the extent of occupational health services cover areas such as methods for the provision of services, organization and financing, legislation, the responsibilities of governmental and other agencies, the nature and extent of the administrative and technical supervision, the coverage for different groups of workers, the quality and quantity of coverage, and training and research facilities. To a great extent, the particular administrative pathway chosen for the delivery of occupational health services is in many instances historically determined–in such situations, even if the administrative system is not optimally efficient, it is relatively difficult to effect change. However, in countries where no occupational health services exist, or where the development of such services is relatively recent, it is possible that an administrative pathway considered to be most appropriate for the efficient delivery of occupational health services could be chosen. The responsibility for occupational health services basically devolves around (1) the state and (2) the private-sector organizations.
Migrant workers
Authors: El Batawi M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have always migrated from one region or country to another in search of food, water, and shelter. In modern times, migration to seek employment in another country has similar objectives–the attainment of better living and earnings. In the majority of cases, workers’ migration usually occurs when the country of the migrant is economically underprivileged compared to the host country. Workers select the host country in accordance with potential economic opportunity, favourable employment opportunities, and standard of living. On the other hand, there are needs in the affluent nations for workers to carry out jobs that are usually vacant or generally unacceptable to the national workforce.
The occupational-health nurse and primary health-care worker
Authors: Glass W I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The occupational-health nurse and the primary-care worker are two categories of health workers who have played and will continue to play an important and critical role in the network of health services (including occupational health) in all countries. However, as is often the case, the role and function of these two health workers is defined differently in different countries. In some situations an occupational-health nurse will be the primary health-care worker. In other situations the primary health-care worker will be seen as operating at a less skilled level.
Education and training in occupational health in developing countries
Authors: Phoon W O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that education and training are corner-stones in the development of occupational health programmes in all countries. Until recently, however, several unwarranted assumptions have been commonly held in that vital area of occupational health activity. One such assumption was that education involved merely the transfer of information from teacher to student. Consequently, the curriculum in many occupational health courses became more and more crowded, especially since some teachers tended to think that the subjects they themselves taught were the most important and demanded an increasing number of hours.
Introduction to Geoffrey Bindman
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey Bindman’s name is well known to all of us who take an interest in the protection of human rights in the UK. A practicing solicitor who defies many of the popular preconceptions about his profession, he has played a prominent and progressive role in shaping several important areas of modern UK law (most notably the law relating to race and sex discrimination) and has acted, often to spectacular effect, in a number of land mark cases. As an unapologetic campaigner for human rights, one would expect to find Geoffrey Bindman working for the defence rather than the prosecution when he is involved in criminal cases. And that is indeed where one often finds him. But not always. In the famous Pinochet extradition proceedings, for example, he was retained by Amnesty International to help make the case in favour of extradition. As the work of human rights lawyers becomes more influential in legal and political culture, the people in the dock are increasingly going to be those who are charged with human rights violations rather than those who are victims of them. At which point one begins to find the human rights organizations, and their lawyers, working alongside the prosecutors and not only on the defence team.
Introduction to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
Authors: Young Robert J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are plenty of academics in this world, but amongst them there is no one quite like Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak. She stands alone, unique. For many years now, in her lecturing and writing, Gayatri Spivak has challenged the accepted, the assumed, the expected. In her work, In Other Worlds (1987), Outside in the Teaching Machine (1993), A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present (1999), she has contested the ways in which dominant power groups in many different fields represent the world, and assert their world, their perspectives, as the visible embodiment of humanity in general. Spivak’s theoretical work is at the same time exceptional in the ways in which it crushes theory against material circumstance, against the material inequality and deprivation which every day we silently consent to allow others to suffer.
Response to Bhabha
Authors: Taylor Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would appear that Homi Bhabha and I are talking past each other. So it might be useful if I cleared up the misunderstanding before addressing his very interesting remarks.
The cross purposes seem to centre on the expression ‘partial milieux’, which I used in the Politics of Recognition and which he takes up. My use of this was in the context of the following argument: I think there is a presumption that human cultures that have animated societies across great stretches of time have something important to say to us. The context in which I make this point is obviously that in which people are tempted to make globalizing negative judgements. This is unfortunately our situation, as we can see, inter alia, from the current tendency to demonize Islam in much of the Western media and even educated opinion.
Class, History, and Capital
Authors: Wolff Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already seen a couple of contenders for Marx’s greatest soundbite: ‘religion is the opium of the people’; ‘the philosophers have only interpreted the world, the point is to change it’. Here is another, this time from the Communist Manifesto: ‘The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle’ (M. 246). Under capitalism, so Marx argues, society is resolving itself into the struggle between two classes: bourgeois and proletarian. The bourgeoisie are the capital owning, exploiting class, whereas the proletarian class are the workers.
The great stench
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemistry is commonly associated by outsiders with offensive smells, and there are undoubtedly chemical bouquets that cling tenaciously to hands and clothes. Professor W. H. Perkin, Jr was supposedly once turned off a bus in Manchester while returning home from the laboratory, where he had been working on odorift’rous amines. But there are tew stories to match the following, told by John Read [23], Professor of Chemistry at the Lniversity of Aberdeen.
Röintgen’s rays
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen was a respected, if not outstanding, experimental physicist, who in 1888 at the age of 43 was appointed professor and head of the physics institute at the University of Wlirzburg in Bavaria. This was at the time something of an academic backwater, but Rontgen, though essentially a loner, who preferred to work by himself, seems to have been an effective laboratory director and exerted himself to raise support and build up a good department. He was interested in electromagnetic radiation and set out to resolve the hotly contested question whether the recently discovered radiations, in particular the negatively charged cathode rays, should be regarded as particles or waves. (We now know that they partake of the character of both.) Here is how he came by his discovery, one of the most startling in the history of physics.
The first eureka
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archimedes (287-212 BC) was a remarkable polymath—a scientist, inventor, and mathematician. He was a son of Syracuse and supposedly related to King Hieron II. Among his many practical inventions were a water snail (used to raise water for irrigation), the compound pulley, and several engines of war, which included the legendary burning glasses with which he was supposed to have destroyed the Roman invasion fleet as it approached his city.
One of Archimedes’s mathematical diversions was the ‘Sand Reckoner’, which facilitated the series of multiplications that allowed him to compute the number of grains of sand on the Sicilian coastline, and also the number that would fill the prevailing model of the universe (IO63 was the answer). According to Plutarch, he asked that at his death his grave should be marked by a sphere circumvented by a cylinder, with an inscription giving the difference between the volumes within and outside the sphere.
The unbreakable cypher
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Otto Frisch [20], the German physicist, was in Birmingham, England, at the beginning of the Second world war, preoccupied with the possibilities of achieving a nuclear fission bomb and denying the German side access to the Norwegian stocks of heavy water (deuterium oxide), which would be required for building such a weapon. A committee was set up to study the prospects, and this anecdote of Frisch’s illustrates the ovenvrought temper of the time.
The report which Peierls [another emigre physicist in Birmingham] [42] and I had sent to (Sir) Henry Tizard on Oliphant’s advice had triggered the formation of a committee, with (Sir) George Thomson [son of J. J., the discoverer of the electron] as chairman, which was given the code name ‘Maud Committee’. The reason for that name was a telegram which had arrived from Niels Bohr [79], ending with the mysterious words ‘AND TELL MAUD RAY KENT’. We were all convinced that this was a code, possibly an anagram, warning us of something or other. We tried to arrange the letters in different ways and came out with mis-spelt solutions like ‘Radium taken’, presumably by the Nazis, and ‘U and D may react’, meant to point out that one could get a chain reaction by using uranium in combination with heavy water, a compound of oxygen and the heavy hydrogen isotope called deuterium, abbreviated D. [Frisch does not mention that a cryptographer was enlisted to study the problem and came up with ‘Make Ur day nt’.] The mystery was not cleared up until after the war when we learned that Maud Ray used to be a governess in Bohr’s house and lived in Kent.
The success of the operation and the death of the patient
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was Francis Bacon (1561-1626) who was commonly credited with the first attempt to formulate a ‘scientific method’. To understand nature it was first necessary to purge the mind of preconceptions. Truth was to be sought by inductive reasoning, by maintaining rigorous scepticism, and devising experiments to test all inferences. It was Bacon’s dedication to the experimental approach that did for him in the end.
Francis Bacon was a wily politician, who was ennobled for his services to the Crown, but he attracted enemies, in part at least for his too-zealous investigations into the workings of nature—for ‘being too prying into the then receiv’d philosophy’, as Robert Hooke [63] later wrote. And so he fell from grace; accused of corruption, he was stripped of his public offices and banished from London. After the death of King James, Charles I relaxed the restrictions and permitted Bacon to visit London. On such an occasion one snowy day in March of 1626, Bacon was travelling in a coach with the King’s physician; the conversation turned to the effect of cold on the preservation of food. Could meat be preserved in ice as effectively as in salt? Bacon and his companion resolved to try an experiment: at Highgate, then a village north of London, they stopped the coach and purchased a chicken from a woman, who killed and gutted it. The two men stuffed the carcass with snow and packed it in more snow.
Ben Franklin stills the waves
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The voracious curiosity of Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) extended over all branches of science and much more besides. He had a special interest in what became known as surface forces and devised a favourite trick of waving his walking stick over a turbulent stream. The surface at once became smooth, for the stick was hollow and when shaken released a few drops of oil. Here is how his interest in the phenomenon was captured while he was en route for England as the diplomatic representative of the Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania.
In 1757, being at sea in a fleet of 96 sail bound against Louisbourg [in Nova Scotia], I observed the wake of two of the ships to be remarkably smooth, while all the others were ruffled by the wind, which blew fresh. Being puzzled with the differing appearance, I at last pointed it out to the captain, and asked him the meaning of it? ‘The cooks, says he, have, I suppose, been just emptying their greasy water through the scuppers, which has greased the sides of those ships a little;’ and this answer he gave me with an air of some little contempt, as to a person ignorant of what every body else knew. In my own opinion I at first slighted his solution, tho’ I was not able to think of another. But recollecting what I had formerly read in PLINY [28], I resolved to make some experiment on the effect of oil on water, when I should have the opportunity.
The quiet American
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Bardeen (1908-91) won two Nobel Prizes in physics—in 1956 and again in 1972. He was a large, serene man with a diffident manner and a soft voice. To the students who attended his lectures at the University of Illinois he was Whispering John. He shared his first Nobel Prize with two colleagues at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, one of them his lifelong friend, Walter Brattain, the other the head of the section, William Shockley. Bardeen, who had absorbed quantum mechanics during his days as a research student at Princeton, realized, when contemplating the behaviour of a semiconductor, that an electric current would undergo a disturbance at the interface between two microscopic crystalline regions. (A semiconductor has a conductivity for electricity between those of a conductor, such as a metal, and an insulator.) Such interfaces occur in crystals that contain impurities, and Bardeen’s theoretical analysis showed how the current density (the concentration of electrons) would change in this region. The result of this theory, and of the experiments guided by it, was the transistor.
Wrong experiment, right conclusion
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the apogee of atomic physics in the 1930s one of the movers of mountains was Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901-58), who built at Berkeley in California, the first cyclotron-an instrument for accelerating charged particles, in general protons, along a spiral path. The protons attained unprecedentedly high speeds, sufficient often to split nuclei in a target on which they impinged. The early cyclotron was the precursor of the giant atom smashers of today, located in underground caverns miles across. Lawrence was a man of demonic energy and uncontrollable impatience. There were reasons to believe (correct, as it transpired) that deuterons-the nuclei of the recently discovered heavy hydrogen or deuterium, which contain a neutron in addition to the proton would be far more effective agents of destruction; Lawrence was accordingly consumed with the urgent desire to get his hands on some of this substance, which, as it happened, his colleague in the Chemistry Department, G. N. Lewis, was producing in the form of heavy water.
Polish and perish
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early years of the twentieth century’ it became apparent to nutritionists that most foods contain trace substances essential for life. Casimir Funk [163], a Polish biochemist, gave them the name vitamines, from ‘vital amine’. It was a misnomer, for when the structures of several vitamins were determined they turned out not to be amines at all. The first of these substances to be discovered was what is now known as vitamin B,, or thiamine. It came to light through a happy accident.
Beri-beri is a degenerative condition, leading to early’ death. It lias ravaged populations throughout history’, and late in the nineteenth century an epidemic of the disease swept through the Dutch East Indies. In 1886, the Government in Holland despatched a small team of experts to investigate. Two were scientists, Clemens Winkler and Cornells Pekelharing by name, and they were accompanied by a young army doctor, Christiaan Eijkman (1858-1930). At this time the germ theory of disease, promulgated by the fathers of microbiology, Louis Pasteur [172] and Robert Koch [155], held sway, and the Dutchmen assumed that beri-beri was caused by a bacterial infection. For two years they toiled to isolate a bacterium and were finally persuaded that they had succeeded. Winkler and Pekelharing returned home, leaving Eijkman to conclude matters before joining them. But Eijkman grew uneasy. At the military hospital that was his base he had been working with chickens afflicted with what appeared to be the same disease, but all his efforts to transmit the supposed infection from sick or dead birds to healthy ones proved inconclusive. Indeed, even those isolated as normal controls fell sick. Nor did minute examination reveal any bacterium or parasite.
The way of the world
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When George I ascended to the throne of England, he gave it as his greatest source of pride that Newton was now numbered among his subjects. Since those times science has become gradually more and more identified with national prestige. This has not been lost on the more politically aware scientific manipulators.
While American scientists during the Cold War became quite skilled in obtaining funds by sounding alarms about Soviet progress, there is evidence that their Soviet counterparts were not at all laggard in exploiting the Cold War to similar purpose. Thus, Representative Melvin Price [chairman of a congressional subcommittee on research and development) relates the following conversation with a Soviet physicist at the Dubna laboratory:
‘The Dubna Laboratory asked our group when we were there two years ago how we got the money to build our accelerators. We told him the legislative process of getting money on our program. He said, “That is not the way I understand.” He said, “1 understand you get it by’ saying the Russians have a 10-billion electron volt synchrotron and we need a 20-billion electron volt synchrotron and that is how you get your money.” I said, “There may be something to it.” I said, “How do you get your money?” He said, “The same way.”‘ Price related this tale to John Williams, director of the AEC research division, who commented, ‘That is certainly a very true story.’
Tug of war on the thread of life
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the structure of DNA by Francis Crick and James Watson was one of the most dramatic chapters in the history of science, made more so in Jim Watson’s own exuberant narrative. In 1952, Watson was 24 years old and a visiting research fellow in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. The experimental information that Watson and Crick had to guide them was exiguous, and they were aware that they were not alone in their pursuit of the structure. The effort at King’s College in London was impeded by the mutual antagonism between the protagonists, Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin; the main competition, as Watson saw it, was from California, where resided the formidable Linus Pauling, by common consent the world’s pre-eminent structural chemist. By happy chance Watson was sharing an office with Pauling’s son, Peter, w’ho was a graduate student in the Cavendish. The talk, as Watson remembers it, was mainly about girls, but
A fetching face, however, had nothing to do with the broad grin on Peter’s face as he sauntered into the office one afternoon in the middle of December and put his feet up on the desk. In his hand was a letter from the States that he had picked up on his return to Peterhouse for lunch.