bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1896–1897
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America continued to expand and prosper. At least most Americans thought so. William Jennings Bryan was not so sure, and when he was nominated to run for the presidency he warned the opposition that Two other plays that opened the same evening fared better. Madeleine Lucette Ryley’s The Mysterious Mr. Bugle (4-19-97, Lyceum) served as Annie Russell’s second starring vehicle of the season. Obviously the star was not the mystery man. In fact, he didn’t exist. Rather he was the invention of Tom Pollinger (Joseph Holland), who is waiting for his rich aunt to die or to change her mind and allow him to wed. In the meanwhile, he uses his imaginary friend to keep other suitors away from his fiancee, Betty Fondacre (Miss Russell).
1904–1905
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outlook at the start of the season was gloomy. Memories of 1903-04’s troubles were gallingly fresh when Charles Frohman returned from his annual early summer European trip to lament the paucity of good new English and Continental plays. Since importations were still the backbone of any strong Broadway season, that was ominous. Theatre, noting that “things often go by contraries,” endeavored to cast a rosy limelight on the coming months by predicting that despite low expectations smiles might be in order at season’s end. American playwrights, the magazine argued, were being handed a golden opportunity. Happily, the rationalization was not too far-fetched. If new American offerings were not as enduring as those that would begin to appear a decade down the road, they could, without much exaggeration, be viewed not only as good theatre pieces but as legitimate beacons of better things to come.
1913–1914
Authors: Bordman Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pat optimism that had prevailed for so long in so many seasonal forecasts was missing in a number of late summer articles crystal-balling prospects for the new theatrical year. Whether a restive sense of doom or merely a swelling list of projected entries crowded out the old complacency is uncertain. What was certain was that readers had to look harder to find it. At the beginning of autumn, Life issued a “War Number,” which featured a large cartoon of flagcarrying, gun-toting masses aligned in the shape of a snake. Beneath the picture was the ominous remark, “The trail of the serpent of war still follows the path of progress.” On the other hand, Theatre discounted the conversion of old playhouses to film theatres by observing, “The old-fashioned theatre, with its huge stage, cavernous-like auditorium, bad acoustics, is rapidly becoming an institution of the past.
Antisemitism in America
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is antisemitism on the rise in America? Did the "hymietown" comment by Jesse Jackson and the Crown Heights riot signal a resurgence of antisemitism among blacks? The surprising answer to both questions, according to Leonard Dinnerstein, is no--Jews have never been more at home in America. But what we are seeing today, he writes, are the well-publicized results of a long tradition of prejudice, suspicion, and hatred against Jews--the direct product of the Christian teachings underlying so much of America's national heritage. In Antisemitism in America, Dinnerstein provides a landmark work--the first comprehensive history of prejudice against Jews in the United States, ranging from its foundations in European culture to the present day. Dinnerstein's deeply documented book reveals how non-Christians were excluded from voting, for example, in Rhode Island until 1842, North Carolina until 1868, and in New Hampshire until 1877. The Civil War, Dinnerstein writes, brought a new wave of antisemitism as both sides assumed that Jews supported with the enemy. The decades that followed marked the emergence of a full-fledged antisemitic society, as Christian Americans excluded Jews from their social circles. Antisemitic fervor climbed higher after the turn of the century, accelerated by eugenicists, fear of Bolshevism, the publications of Henry Ford, and the Depression. Just before our entry into World War II, the author tells us, it reached a climax, as Father Coughlin attacked Jews over the airwaves (with the support of much of the Catholic clergy) and Charles Lindbergh delivered an openly antisemitic speech to an isolationist meeting. Dinnerstein devotes individual chapters to antisemitism in the South and among African Americans, showing that prejudice among both whites and blacks flowed from the same stream of Southern evangelical Christianity. After the war, with fresh economic opportunities and increased activities by civil rights advocates, antisemitism went into a sharp decline--though it frequently appeared in shockingly high places, including statements by Nixon and his Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. "It must also be emphasized," Dinnerstein writes, "that in no Christian country has antisemitism been weaker than it has been in the United States," with its traditions of tolerance, diversity, and a secular national government. This book, however, reveals in disturbing detail the resilience, and vehemence, of this ugly prejudice. Penetrating, authoritative, and frequently alarming, this is the definitive account of a plague that refuses to go away.
Developing Patterns(1790s-1865)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creation of the United States did not significantly alter either American Christian perceptions of Jews or Jewish attitudes toward themselves and Gentiles. The small number of American Jews in the United States remained in the few urban centers where they had been in previous decades, and folk wisdom, literary sources, and varieties of Christian teachings rather than personal interactions continued to shape Americans’ judgments of them. At odd times and places, and in a variety of circumstances and settings, antisemitic outbursts came to the fore; their roots, however, had already been firmly planted. Most citizens of the new nation had never seen a Jew but many of those who had warmly embraced the individual. Thus, paradoxically, one pattern that developed in America held the “mythical Jew” in contempt while praising and respecting the Jew who was known.
African-American Attitudes (1830s-1990s)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ironic that just as African Americans benefitted from their greatest legislative accomplishments in a century-the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965-many of them focused on Jews as a source of their difficult predicaments. To other Americans in the North who had followed the civil rights struggle it seemed as if Jews and blacks were firm allies in their quest for legislation to provide equality of status and opportunity to all Americans. And, in fact, their legislative goals in the early 1960s meshed. Nonetheless, several antisemitic outbursts in northern, urban areas-especially New York City-shocked contemporaries who had perceived a much stronger alliance than had ever existed between African Americans and Jews.1
At Home in America (1969-1992)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite well-publicized outbursts of black antisemitism in New York in the summer and fall of 1992, American Jews have never been more prosperous, more secure, and more “at home in America” than they are today. Not only has antisemitism, according to historian Edward Shapiro, “diminished almost to the point of insignificance,” but Jews have been increasingly accepted into the American mainstream. This is equally true for the Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and non-observant Jews. Unlike previous eras, articles are no longer written advising parents how to explain the pitfalls of being Jewish to their children, printed debates no longer assess the relative merits of changing one’s name, and discussions of “the Jewish problem” are neither in vogue nor in need. Contemporary Christian theologians are questioning church teachings about Jews, no mainstream politician campaigns against them, and there are no antisemitic demagogues of national stature. Moreover, the circulation of the most popular antisemitic weekly, The Spotlight, declined from 315,000 in 1981 to 112,000 in 1987. The critical issues of yesteryear-expanded immigration, limited educational and employment opportunities, residential and resort segregation-have ceased being concerns of the community. More significantly, Jews no longer rely exclusively on behind-the-scenes diplomacy to obtain political objectives.
Abolitionists and "This Matter of Color"
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cinque and his companions could not have known, but the timing of their arrival in the United States was fortunate: the nation was experiencing a widespread reform movement that, on the surface at least, exalted the common man and emphasized equality of opportunity. Although Andrew Jackson was no longer in the White House, his presidency had left an imprint on the nation that carried into the administration of his successor, Martin Van Buren. Questions have arisen over democratic myth and reality in the Jacksonian period, but numerous Americans claimed that they were serious about ending undemocratic practices and redeeming the grand promises contained in the Declaration of Independence.
"Oh How Shall I Do Justice . . . ?"
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Quincy Adams agonized many hours while preparing his defense of the Amistad blacks before the Supreme Court. He recognized his limitations—age, long absence from the courtroom, numerous responsibilities as a House representative—and yet he and his family had always upheld fundamental principles of liberty, even when popular opinion argued otherwise. His father had taken up the cause of the British soldiers who fired the first shots of the "Boston Massacre" during the Revolution and had succeeded in securing reduced charges in the emotion-laden atmosphere of Massachusetts. How could he, John Quincy, refuse an opportunity to go before the highest court in the land and proclaim the principles of justice contained in the Declaration of Independence?
Oh, the Farmer and the Townsman Must Be Friends!
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bryan had history on his side as he addressed the 1896 Democratic convention in Chicago, which eagerly devoured his version of the agrarian myth. Barely a quarter of a century before, the bustling city, well on its way to supremacy in the marketing of agricultural products, had been leveled by just the kind of conflagration that Bryan imagined, yet in a few years it had grown bigger and more prosperous than ever before. As the old century waned, Chicagoans betrayed little of the lingering gloom of the 1890s depression, for most of them had helped their city become one of America’s largest. Men like Bryan believed fervently that it was the nation’s farms, that primal source of all value and the embodiment of its true wealth, that had done it. The United States in 1896 was still dominated by a rural and small-town population, and at that time and for a long time afterward most Americans probably shared Bryan’s belief. The truth was far more complex than even Bryan’s famous talent for oversimplification could manage.
Carrying the People’s Burden to Market
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most valuable achievements of the Select Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard in 1874 was the intensive education on the flow of commerce within the United States that it provided an obscure government employee by the name of Joseph N. Nimmo, Jr. Nimmo came to his job well prepared. A graduate civil engineer, he had studied railroads from the viewpoint of an engineer and was now doing so with the simple tools of statistical analysis, which was still in its infancy. In the course of gathering more data on what was going on within the booming post-Civil War economy, Nimmo had reflected long and hard on the patterns of manufacturing and mercantile activity, as well as agriculture, that he discerned. The committee’s report, which he appears to have drafted, must have given him pause. During the next several years, as head of the domestic commerce division of the Treasury Department, he would produce a series of reports that are a priceless source of information on the rapid evolution of the American transportation system in its most critical, formative years.
Entrepreneurs to Managers: Across the Broad Missouri
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When President William McKinley smilingly held out his left hand to shake the left hand of young Leon Czolgosz at the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo on September 5, 1900, he received from the anarchist’s bandaged right hand two bullets, greasy with germs, one of which penetrated deep into and through the president’s stomach, ending up somewhere in the back muscle. Eight days later he breathed his last from a massive internal infection. McKinley was lucky. Twenty years before, James A.
On Modern Jewish Politics
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This engagingly written study provides a very useful analysis of modern Jewish politics in the interwar European and American diaspora. Mendelsohn, a distinguished historian of modern Jewry, discusses the opposing visions of the Jewish future as formulated by various political parties and organizations in an effort to solve the ‘Jewish question.’ The book begins by attempting a typology of these Jewish groups, dividing them into a number of schools or ‘camps,’ thereby suggesting a ‘geography’ of Jewish politics by locating the ‘core areas’ of the various Jewish political camps. This is followed by an analysis of the competition among the various Jewish political camps for hegemony in the Jewish world. The discussion focuses on the situation in the United States and in Poland, the two largest diasporas, in the 1920s and 1930s. The final chapters of the book ask the following questions: what were the sources of appeal of the various Jewish political camps (such as the Jewish left and Jewish nationalism)? Secondly, to what extent did the various Jewish political factions succeed in their efforts to implement their plans for the Jewish future? And finally, in what ways was Jewish politics similar to, or different from, the politics of other minority groups in Europe and America? A brief conclusion discusses the great changes that have occurred in the world of Jewish politics since World War II.
Success?
Authors: Mendelsohn Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing would be easier than to chronicle the many failures of the three schools of interwar Jewish politics in their efforts to impose their visions of the Jewish future on Jewish society and on the world. Consider the fortunes of the national camp. Diaspora nationalism, championed by the Bund and the Folkists and supported, for tactical reasons, by East European Zionists, was a definite flop. In Poland the state refused to fund Jewish national cultural activities. The modern Yiddish and Hebrew schools were funded by the Jews themselves, and the fact that they were forced to charge tuition naturally limited their appeal. Only in the Baltics was some regular state aid for national Jewish education forthcoming, but even in these ideal environments for Jewish nationalism the more grandiose demands of the Diaspora nationalists—a guaranteed number ofJewish representatives in parliament, the appointment of a minister for Jewish affairs to represent Jewish national interests in the government, a government-recognized and government-supported democratic Jewish national council speaking for the Jewish nation—were ultimately dashed. In a region characterized from the beginning by integral, intolerant nationalism and in the 1930s by the rapid decline of democracy, such schemes were doomed to failure, and the lack ofJewish unity, which made the establishment of all-Polish or all-Lithuanian Jewish national organizations very difficult, if not impossible, was no help either. Nor should one ignore the fact that even among the poverty-stricken Jewish population of backward Poland Yiddish was being replaced by Polish as the main spoken language of the young. True, its decline was much less striking in Eastern Europe than in America, but it was a fact nonetheless, with serious, even fatal consequences for the partisans of Yiddish-based Jewish nationalism.
New Sponsors and Old
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amidst The Remarkable Growth and Popularity of Sports in The Twenties Arose An Anxious Belief That Baseball, Among Boys in Particular, Teetered On The Brink of Downgrade. Ever Since The Game’s Rise to Prominence and Popular Appeal in The Latter Half of The Nineteenth Century, Assertions of Its Decline Had Been Made. in The 1870s Gambling Became The Supposed Culprit, But Predictions That The Game Was Already “Petering Out”; Proved False. Baseball Also Recovered Quickly From The Bruises inflicted By The Black Sox Scandal of 1919 and in The 1920s Still Possessed Almost Universal Regard As The National Game.
Boys’ Baseball in Midpassage
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Onset of World War II Found Boys’ Baseball in Transition. The Traditional Boys’ Game Was On The Way Out. Adult Sponsorship and intrusion Had Run The Gamut From Private to Public Agencies and Various Combinations of These, A Sponsorship That Reflected The Mix of Private and Public Enterprise That Characterized The Nation’s Economy and Would Continue to Do So. The Organization of Boys’ Baseball Had Also Fanned Out From Local Teams and Leagues to State and Nationwide Scope. It Had Drifted Ever Farther From The Impromptu, Self-Directed, Unfettered Pastime of The Sandlot toward The Directed, Highly Organized and Supervised Game of Adult intervention and Control For Adult Purposes.
Baseball Goes to College
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among The First to Take Up Residence in The House of Baseball Were College Players. together With Early Gentlemen and Businessmen Amateurs, They Proved instrumental in Popularizing The “New York Game”; in Its Formative Years. As Early As The Eighteenth Century College Students, Like Other Boys and Young Men in America, Played Folk Ball Games. They indulged in Such informal Play Among Themselves On Their Own Campuses, often At The Displeasure of College Authorities. At Princeton The Earliest Recognition of Ball Playing Came in 1761 From The Board of Trustees in The Form of A Ban On Playing Ball Against The President’s House Under Penalty of Five Shillings.
The Principal College Game
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in The 1880s Baseball Reigned As The Foremost Sport On College Campuses. The Factors That Contributed to Its Growth included The Students’ Enjoyment of The Game and The Colleges’ Faith That It Benefited Students’ Health and Character. in Addition, The Expanded Railroad Network Facilitated Scheduling of intercollegiate Contests. President William J. Tucker of Dartmouth Thought No Healthier Agent of “Moral Development”; Existed Than Organized Athletics. President Charles Eliot of Harvard Believed They Transformed A “Stooping, Weak, and Sickly Youth into One Well-Formed, Robust, and Healthy” President James Mccosh of Princeton Saw Sports As “Gentlemanly Contests For Supremacy”
Down-Home Baseball
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Most Young Men Past High School Age Who Wanted to Continue Playing Ball, Opportunities to Join The Collegians in The House of Baseball Had Little Practical Meaning. At Best, Colleges and Universities Can Absorb Only A Relatively Small Quota of Players, and For A Long Time College Admission Fell Mostly to Those Who Could Afford to Pay. So The Vast Majority of Young Men Did Their Playing Outside Academe. Young Men Who Lived in Small towns and Villages Or On Farms Did, However, Find Room in Baseball’s House. For Them, The town Team offered The Possibility of Playing Ball On A Regular Basis.
For Love and Money
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professionalism in baseball has been debated ever since the era of the 1860’s, when some amateur teams made the transition into professionalism, to the accompaniment of considerable strain, subterfuge, and criticism.* Although this transition resulted by the 1870s in the formation of admittedly professional teams and leagues, other teams continued as amateurs or as quasi-amateurs. Many such teams became known as semipros, although semi-amateurs might have been a more accurate term.
Who Ever Heard of A Girls’ Baseball Club?
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From their annex adjacent to the House of Baseball, women exerted relatively modest influence. Their presence in the House emerged from the women’s movement in nineteenth-century America, and their entry was difficult because, as Professor Gerda Lerner has stated, “By indoctrination, training, and practical experience women [had] learned to accept and internalize the beliefs which would keep them ‘adjusted’ to living in a sub-ordinate status in a patriarchal world” Limits on women’s participation in sport stemmed from the tangle of prejudice and stereotype that had long enmeshed them. One limit was the stereotype of the delicate, sickly, passive female, with its fashionable diseases, worsened by harmful and even brutal treatments for “female com-plaints”; inflicted on women by male physicians.
Popular Sovereignty, Kansas Style
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early emigrants to all western territories found life hard and rough, and often violent. Among their shared experiences were Indian wars resulting from white encroachments on lands that were part of Indian reserves; lawlessness and the eccentricities of frontier justice; corruption at the government land offices; bitter conflicts over land claims and the planting of town sites; and political battles over the location of territorial capitals, transportation lines, and banking facilities. Those who settled Kansas Territory after its creation in 1854 experienced all of these trials, but much that they suffered was unique.
Republican Society
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Jeffersonian revolution and all that it meant socially and culturally were driven by the same dynamic forces that had been at work since at least the middle of the eighteenth century—population growth and movement and commercial expansion.1 By 1800 5,297,000 people lived in the United States, one-fifth of whom were black slaves. Since most adult whites married at early ages, fertility rates were high, with over seven births per woman being the average, nearly double that of the European states.2 After 1800 this fertility rate began to decline as people became more conscious of their ability to create prosperity for themselves and their children by limiting the size of their families. Nevertheless, the population as a whole continued to expand dramatically, doubling every twenty years or so, twice the rate of growth of any European nation.