bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial sutures and bones: Growth and fusion in relation to masticatory strain
Authors: Sun Zongyang , Lee Eugenia , Herring Susan W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractCranial bones and sutures are mechanically loaded during mastication. Their response to masticatory strain, however, is largely unknown, especially in the context of age change. Using strain gages, this study investigated masticatory strain in the posterior interfrontal and the anterior interparietal sutures and their adjacent bones in 3‐ and 7‐month‐old miniature swine (Sus scrofa). Double‐fluorochrome labeling of these animals and an additional 5‐month group was used to reveal suture and bone growth as well as features of suture morphology and fusion. With increasing age, the posterior interfrontal suture strain decreased in magnitude and changed in pattern from pure compression to both compression and tension, whereas the interparietal suture remained in tension and the magnitude increased unless the suture was fused. Morphologically, the posterior interfrontal suture was highly interdigitated at 3 months and then lost interdigitation ectocranially in older pigs, whereas the anterior interparietal suture remained butt‐ended. Mineralization apposition rate (MAR) decreased with age in both sutures and was unrelated to strain. Bone mineralization was most vigorous on the ectocranial surface of the frontal and the parietal bones. Unlike the sutures, with age bone strain remained constant while bone MARs significantly increased and were correlated with bone thickness. Fusion had occurred in the interparietal suture of some pigs. In all cases fusion was ectocranial rather than endocranial. Fusion appeared to be associated with increased suture strain and enhanced bone growth on the ectocranial surface. Collectively, these results indicate that age is an important factor for strain and growth of the cranium. Anat Rec Part A 276A:150–161, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virtual study of the endocranial morphology of the matrix‐filled cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Groden Christoph , Gröning Flora , Kroll Angelika , Kupczik Kornelius , Mbua Emma , Pommert Andreas , Schiemann Thomas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper provides the first endocranial description of the matrix‐filled archaic Homo sapiens cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya. Using CT‐based 3D reconstruction, the virtually cleaned endocranial surface allowed for the assessment of more than 30 metrical and nonmetrical features, most of which are considered of phylogenetic importance. The VOXEL‐MAN program used was most valuable in describing and analyzing the morphological conditions. Since many of the features have not been widely or virtually studied, a small sample of late Pleistocene/early Holocene skulls from East Africa was similarly analyzed for insight into recent variation. The comparisons between Eliye Springs and the modern African specimens showed that the endocranial morphology of this probably later Middle Pleistocene hominid falls into, or close to, the modern ranges of variation for most features. This study also addresses the problems of variation and phylogenetic significance of many of the features, and highlights the need for basic studies on the variability and relevance of such endocranial traits in human evolution. Anat Rec Part A 276A:113–133, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What happened in the origin of human consciousness?
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAt some point in its evolutionary history, our species Homo sapiens ceased to be a nonlinguistic, nonsymbolic organism, living in the world as presented to it by Nature, and instead began to exist in a world that it reconstructs in its own mind. Most scientists since Darwin have been content to explain this extraordinary transformation in human consciousness by the operation of natural selection. However, the human fossil and archaeological records indicate that modern human symbolic consciousness is not the culmination of the long trend that natural selection would predict. Instead, it shows that major change in the human past has been episodic and rare and that, as far as can be determined from the archaeological record, the passage from nonsymbolic to symbolic cognition is a recent event as well as an unprecedented one. So recent, indeed, that it significantly postdates the acquisition of modern human anatomy as expressed in skeletal structure. It, thus, appears most likely that the biological (neural) capacity underwriting the radically new behavioral mode arose as an incidental exaptation in the same process that produced the new skeletal structure of Homo sapiens, but that it lay unexpressed until it was “discovered” by means of a cultural innovation, plausibly the invention of language. As in the case of the modern anatomical structure, it appears that the new capacity was initially expressed in Africa and that its various behavioral potentials were sequentially discovered in a drawn‐out process that is continuing today. An “accidental” origin of the human capacity helps understand why so many human behaviors have proven self‐destructive and contradictory, a feature of our species that reductionist, selection‐based scenarios are hard‐put to explain. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:19–26, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preserving and sharing examples of anatomical variation and developmental anomalies via photorealistic virtual reality
Authors: Nieder Gary L. , Nagy Frank , Wagner Lynn A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractComputer graphics technology has made it possible to create photographic‐quality virtual specimens from real anatomical material. One technique for doing this, QuickTime™ Virtual Reality (QTVR), results in virtual specimens that are easily shared on the Internet and displayed as standalone entities or incorporated into complex programs or Web sites. A compelling use of this technology is the sharing of rare specimens such as unusual variations, developmental anomalies or gross pathology. These types of specimens have traditionally been confined to anatomical museums, but could serve a much more useful existence as freely shared virtual specimens. An example presented here is a relatively rare developmental defect in the embryonic aortic arches that results in a right‐sided aortic arch coursing posterior to the trachea and esophagus. In a time of ever increasing restraints on the practical side of anatomy education, an Internet‐based library of human variation and other rare specimens would be a useful supplement to students' limited exposure to the human body. Since the discovery and preparation of specimens would be the rate‐limiting step in producing such a collection, we propose the establishment of a center for virtual specimen creation and preservation through a cooperative effort by gross anatomists and pathologists in contributing the source material. This collection, a work in progress, is available at www.anatomy.wright.edu/qtvr. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:15–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A social biography of Carnegie embryo no. 836
Authors: Morgan Lynn M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA tiny, sectioned embryo specimen known as Carnegie no. 836 has served as the prototype for Stage 13 (28‐32 days) since the 1910s. Recently digitalized and reanimated for the 21st century, this singular specimen is now being used to develop 3D and 4D visualizations. Yet the social origins of the specimen have been largely forgotten. This essay traces the biography of 836 from its origins in a young woman's life, through sectioning and transformation into a scientific specimen, to its contemporary manifestations as a symbol of life. By reuniting the specimen with its story, we can appreciate how cultural attitudes toward embryo specimens have changed over the past century. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:3–7, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gunther von Hagens and Body Worlds part 1: The anatomist as prosektor and proplastiker
Authors: Moore Charleen M. , Brown C. Mackenzie 
Published: January 2004

AbstractRecent calls to reintegrate the sciences and humanities are challenged by the contemporary work of anatomist Gunther von Hagens and his Body Worlds exhibits of plastinated cadavers. The anatomical quest to understand our physical interior has long been in tension both with aesthetic ideals and religious sensitivities regarding the metaphysical significance of the human body. Part I of this two‐part Historical Note examines tensions epitomized by Goethe's figures of the prosektor and proplastiker. The former, driven by scientific curiosity, is willing to destroy, even desecrate, the human form to obtain knowledge. The latter demurs at such mutilation of our physical body, wondrous even in death — seeking instead to rejoin what the prosektor has pulled apart, to restore human dignity. In the confrontation between prosektor and proplastiker, roles disturbingly fused in the person of von Hagens himself, questions arise regarding the authenticity of models as well as the appropriate recipients of such mediated yet intimate anatomical knowledge. Part II will focus on religious perspectives on the human body, variously interpreted as God's handiwork, habitation for the soul, and vehicle of resurrection. Consideration also is given to the role of anatomist as priest, prophet, and Promethean creator, roles self‐consciously embraced by von Hagens. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:8–14, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural motifs in ribosomal RNAs: Implications for RNA design and genomics
Authors: Zorn Julie , Gan Hin Hark , Shiffeldrim Nahum , Schlick Tamar 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe various motifs of RNA molecules are closely related to their structural and functional properties. To better understand the nature and distributions of such structural motifs (i.e., paired and unpaired bases in stems, junctions, hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops) and uncover characteristic features, we analyze the large 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs of Escherichia coli. We find that the paired and unpaired bases in structural motifs have characteristic distribution shapes and ranges; for example, the frequency distribution of paired bases in stems declines linearly with the number of bases, whereas that for unpaired bases in junctions has a pronounced peak. Significantly, our survey reveals that the ratio of total (over the entire molecule) unpaired to paired bases (0.75) and the fraction of bases in stems (0.6), junctions (0.16), hairpin loops (0.12), and bulges/internal loops (0.12) are shared by 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs, suggesting that natural RNAs may maintain certain proportions of bases in various motifs to ensure structural integrity. These findings may help in the design of novel RNAs and in the search (via constraints) for RNA‐coding motifs in genomes, problems of intense current focus. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73: 340–347, 2004
Calculation of ligand‐nucleic acid binding free energies with the generalized‐born model in DOCK
Authors: Kang Xinshan , Shafer Richard H. , Kuntz Irwin D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe calculation of ligand‐nucleic acid binding free energies is investigated by including solvation effects computed with the generalized‐Born model. Modifications of the solvation module in DOCK, including introduction of all‐atom parameters and revision of coefficients in front of different terms, are shown to improve calculations involving nucleic acids. This computing scheme is capable of calculating binding energies, with reasonable accuracy, for a wide variety of DNA‐ligand complexes, RNA‐ligand complexes, and even for the formation of double‐stranded DNA. This implementation of GB/SA is also shown to be capable of discriminating strong ligands from poor ligands for a series of RNA aptamers without sacrificing the high efficiency of the previous implementation. These results validate this approach to screening large databases against nucleic acid targets. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73:192–204, 2004
DNA sequence‐dependent deformability—insights from computer simulations
Authors: Lankaš Filip 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe article reviews some recent developments in studying DNA sequence‐dependent deformability, with emphasis on computer modeling. After a brief outline of available experimental techniques, we proceed to computational methods and focus on atomic‐resolution molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A sequence‐dependent local (base‐pair step) force field inferred from MD is compared with force fields obtained by other techniques. Various methods for establishing global (flexible‐rod) DNA elastic constants are reviewed, including an approach based on atomic resolution MD. The problem of defining the global deformation variables, as well as the question of anisotropy and nonlocal effects, are discussed. As an example, both local and global deformability calculations from atomic‐resolution MD of EcoRI dodecamer are presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73:327–339, 2004
Effect of phosphorothioate chirality on the grooves of DNA double helices: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Mukherjee Shayantani , Bhattacharyya Dhananjay 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPhosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS–ODNs) have gained considerable attention in drug therapy, primarily as potent antisense or antigene oligomers, which bind to specific DNA or mRNA sequences and lead to transcriptional or translational arrest. These are obtained by substituting one of the anionic oxygen of the phosphate group by a sulfur atom, which introduces chirality to the phosphorus atom of the DNA backbone. In this molecular dynamics simulation study, structural parameters like groove widths, environmental parameters like hydration or cation binding, and electrostatic energy surfaces of both the chiral forms of DNA/PS–DNA duplexes were assessed and compared with that of a normal DNA. Results indicate that, PS‐S form with its sulfur atoms facing the minor groove has a widened minor groove, while the scenario is reverse for the PS‐R form. Further analysis reveals the existence of several factors like large van der Waals radius of sulfur and the effect it has on its neighboring hydration pattern along with the net electrostatic environment, influencing such structural alterations. This also indicates, for the first time, the effect of absolute phosphorothioate chirality on the global structure of a DNA/PS–DNA hybrid that otherwise resembles a regular B‐DNA structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73: 269–282, 2004
Microbioreactor arrays with parametric control for high‐throughput experimentation
Authors: Maharbiz Michel M. , Holtz William J. , Howe Roger T. , Keasling Jay D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA scalable array technology for parametric control of high‐throughput cell cultivations is demonstrated. The technology makes use of commercial printed circuit board (PCB) technology, integrated circuit sensors, and an electrochemical gas generation system. We present results for an array of eight 250 μl microbioreactors. Each bioreactor contains an independently addressable suite that provides closed‐loop temperature control, generates feed gas electrochemically, and continuously monitors optical density. The PCB technology allows for the assembly of additional off‐the‐shelf components into the microbioreactor array; we demonstrate the use of a commercial ISFET chip to continuously monitor culture pH. The electrochemical dosing system provides a powerful paradigm for reproducible gas delivery to high‐density arrays of microreactors. Growth data are presented forEscherichia colicultured in the array with varying microaerobic conditions using electrochemically generated oxygen. Additionally, we present data on carbon dioxide generation for pH dosing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of cobalt on the anaerobic thermophilic conversion of methanol
Authors: Paulo Paula L , Jiang Bo , Cysneiros Denise , Stams Alfons J. M , Lettinga Gatze 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe importance of cobalt on the anaerobic conversion of methanol under thermophilic conditions was studied in three parallel lab‐scale UASB‐reactors and in cobalt‐limited enriched cultures. Reactors R1, R2, and R3 were fed with methanol in a bicarbonate‐buffered medium, supplied with iron and macronutrients: in R1 all metals were supplied (control), R2 was cobalt deprived, and in R3 all metals were deprived. In the 136 days of continuous experiment, a drop in performance was observed over the last 30 days. Particularly in R3, both methanol removal and methane formation dropped by 7.1% and 13.7%, respectively, compared to the control reactor, R1. When the medium was cobalt‐deprived, acetate was not produced and, as a consequence, the enriched consortium lost its capacity to degrade acetate, indicating that the acetotrophic microorganisms were washed out. The addition of 0.5 μM of cobalt to a cobalt‐deprived enrichment culture led to acetate accumulation. The results obtained in this study indicate that the mixed consortium requires a proper amount of cobalt, and its addition to a concentration of 0.1 μM leads to the highest methanol conversion rate, with methane as the sole end product from methanol. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of gene dosage, promoters, and substrates on unfolded protein stress of recombinant Pichia pastoris
Authors: Hohenblum Hubertus , Gasser Brigitte , Maurer Michael , Borth Nicole , Mattanovich Diethard 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe expression of heterologous proteins may exert severe stress on the host cells at different levels. Depending on the specific features of the product, different steps may be rate‐limiting. For the secretion of recombinant proteins from yeast cells, folding and disulfide bond formation were identified as rate‐limiting in several cases and the induction of the chaperone BiP (binding protein) is described. During the development of Pichia pastoris strains secreting human trypsinogen, a severe limitation of the amount of secreted product was identified. Strains using either the AOX1 or the GAP promoter were compared at different gene copy numbers. With the constitutive GAP promoter, no effect on the expression level was observed, whereas with the inducible AOX1 promoter an increase of the copy number above two resulted in a decrease of expression. To identify whether part of the product remained in the cells, lysates were fractionated and significant amounts of the product were identified in the insoluble fraction containing the endoplasmic reticulum, while the soluble cytosolic fraction contained product only in clones using the GAP promoter. An increase of BiP was observed upon induction of expression, indicating that the intracellular product fraction exerts an unfolded protein response in the host cells. A strain using the GAP promoter was grown both on glucose and methanol and trypsinogen was identified in the insoluble fractions of both cultures, but only in the soluble fraction of the glucose grown cultures, indicating that the amounts and distribution of intracellularly retained product depends on the culture conditions, especially the carbon source. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CGRAPHIC: Educational software for learning the foundations of programming
Authors: Fernández Antonio J. , Sánchez Jesús Millán 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe present CGRAPHIC, an original software for learning the basic concepts of implementing (possibly educational) software. CGRAPHIC is being used in first‐year university courses in engineering studies, and its main aim is to complement the role of the teacher and improve the quality of teaching foundations of programming. CGRAPHIC is a virtual tutor, a programming textbook (online), and an interpreter as well as a debugger of the programming language C, and can be executed on any navigator program in Internet or locally. This software enables different levels of learning (theoretical and practical) and allows the student to study—intuitively, graphically, and gradually—the principles of programming that are crucial to developing new software. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 167–178, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10048
Java applet on computation of thermodynamic properties of steam and R134a refrigerant
Authors: Tan F. L. , Chua Patrick S. K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the application of Java programming on the computation of thermodynamic properties of steam and the HFC‐134a, 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (R134a) refrigerant through the Java applets. The Java applets can compute thermodynamic properties of steam and R134a refrigerant, such as specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy in the phases of saturated mixture, compressed liquid, and superheated vapor. The calculated values are accurate compared to the standard reference properties tables for steam and refrigerant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 211–225, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10049
Educational software for gas–solid and liquid–solid separation equipment
Authors: Fernandes Fabiano A. N. , Rodrigues Sueli 
Published: January 2004

AbstractComputer‐aided design has become extremely popular and its use in classroom can be very helpful, adding more analysis capabilities to all engineering areas. This article presents AmbientPro, an educational software, developed to introduce gas–solid and liquid–solid processes to undergraduate students and to provide unit operation courses with realistic exercises involving simulation of chemical processes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 226–232, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10051
Interactive Groundwater (IGW): An innovative digital laboratory for groundwater education and research
Authors: Li Shu‐Guang , Liu Qun 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn this study, we present an award‐wining software environment for groundwater education and research. The software functions as a “digital laboratory” in which students can freely explore: visually creating an aquifer of desired configurations and then immediately investigating and visualizing the groundwater system. Students learn by active exploration and interaction. The software allows introducing routinely research and complex problem‐solving into the classroom. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 179–202, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10052
Holistic but customized resources for a course in numerical methods
Authors: Kaw Autar , Collier Nathan , Keteltas Michael , Paul Jai , Besterfield Glen 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPrototype web based resources have been developed for an undergraduate course in Numerical Methods. The web modules are holistic, that is they include pre‐requisite information, real‐life applications, presentations and notes, simulations, and self‐assessment. The student interest and learning are maximized by providing customization of content based on a student's engineering major and computational system of choice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 203–210, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10053
Stenting of anomalous left carotid artery using a radial artery approach
Authors: Harjai Kishore J. , Quenneville Renne , Safian Robert D. , Schreiber Theodore 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA 90‐year‐old male presented with symptomatic severe stenosis of an anomalous left carotid artery originating from the brachicephalic trunk. A previous attempt at selective cannulation of the left carotid artery was unsuccessful using a transfemoral approach. We performed successful carotid artery angioplasty and stenting using a right radial artery approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:286–288. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.