bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of urea in sheep
Authors: Cocimano M. R. , Leng R. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The entry rates of urea into the urea pool of the body fluids have been measured in sheep given rations varying in crude protein percentage from 3.5 to 27.3.2. Results obtained with a single injection and with continuous infusions of [14C]urea were essentially the same.3. The difference between the entry rate and the rate of excretion of urea in the urine was taken to indicate the quantity of urea degraded in the alimentary tract.4. Plasma concentrations and urea entry rates were significantly and linearly related.5. The relationship between excretion rate and plasma urea concentration was best described by a cubic equation.6. Degradation of urea in sheep was found to be extensive in all the animals studied; as the protein intake increased, the quantity of urea degraded also increased but the percentage of urea entering the body pool that was degraded was decreased. Animals given a ration containing 3.5% crude protein degraded 76–92% of the urea entering the body pool.7. A rectilinear relationship was found between pool size and plasma urea concentration. The urea space in animals given low-protein rations was significantly less than in animals on high-protein rations.8. The effects of starvation for 2, 4 and 6 days on urea metabolism in sheep were investi-gated. In a11 the sheep starved for 2 days there was a significant increase in urea pool size, but the entry rate was markedly depressed indicating a retention of urea in the body pool on starvation.9. A significant amount of nitrogen was found to go through the system: rumen ammonia → portal blood ammonia→blood urea→rumen ammonia.10.Urea excretion rate, urea clearance by the kidney, urine flow rate and the ratio of the concentration of urea in urine to that in plasma (urea U:P ratio) were also examined.11. There were significant correlations between urine flow rate and urea excretion and between plasma urea concentration and urine flow rate.
Nutritional effects of autoxidized fats in animal diets
Authors: L'estrange J. L. , Carpenter K. J. , Lea C. H. , Parr L. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments, 100 pigs were fed from age 4 or 5 weeks to age 16–19 weeks on practical-type diets containing 10% of meat meal (15–17% lipid) of either low (3–17) or high (114–150 μmoles/g lipid) peroxide value. The cereal basis of the diet in the first experiment was wheat and maize and in the second barley. Other variants were the inclusion of a stabilized vitamin E supplement in the diet of one of the groups in Expt 1, the presence of 100 (Expt1) or 250(Expt 2)ppm of copper, and storage of a diet containing oxidized meat meal for 6–21 weeks before feeding to one of the groups in Expt 2.2. Apart from an unusually high incidence of stomach ulcers which, however, were almost equally distributed between the control and oxidized fat groups and did not appear to affect the health and nutrition of the animals, the pigs grew well, with no significant difference between the groups in weight gain, food conversion ratio, liver weight, vitamin A storage in the liver, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in the serum.3. Changes in the lipids of the diets during storage were studied and samples of back fat from the carcasses examined for fatty acid composition, tocopherol content and susceptibility to autoxidation. Moisture content appeared to be a major factor influencing the oxidative stability of the meat meals used. Tocopherol content and oxidative stability of the pig fat were highest in the group given a vitamin E supplement, and generally lower in Expt 2 than in Expt 1.
Some effects of feeding sheep on low-sodium hay with and without sodium supplement
Authors: Jones D. I. H. , Miles D. G. , Sinclair K. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. After a preliminary period on pelleted perennial ryegrass hay (0.28% sodium in dry matter) groups of sheep were fed on timothy hay (0.04% Na) with and without added sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate.2. When the sheep were fed on timothy hay, the Na content of urine and faeces fell and balances were negative. Na content of saliva fell markedly and potassium content increased.3. Supplementary N a prevented these changes.4. The low levels of dietary Na appeared to have no effect on the well-being of the sheep.
The concentration of copper in the liver of African children with marasmus
Authors: Godette L. , Warren P. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The concentration of copper in the liver of six African children suffering from marasmus has been compared with the values found for six children from the same area suffering from other diseases.2. No significant difference was found in the concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus compared with the values for the controls when the results were expressed either on a dry whole tissue basis or on a dry fat-free basis.3. A highly significant difference was found in the concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus when these values were compared, on a dry fat-free basis, with those found in an earlier study for children with kwashiorkor. The concentration of Cu in the livers of children with marasmus was twice that in the children with kwashiorkor.
Changes in skinfolds during pregnancy
Authors: Taggart Nan R. , Holliday Ruth M. , Billewicz W. Z. , Hytten F. E. , Thomson A. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Skinfold thicknesses at seven sites were measured during and after pregnancy in eighty- four women; in forty-eight of these, total body water was measured concurrently.2. Early in pregnancy (10 weeks) the skinfold measurements were highly correlated with each other and with maternal weight, ratio of observed weight to standard weight-for-height,‘dry’ (water-free) weight, and with calculated estimates of body fat.3. At nearly all sites, skinfold thicknesses increased up to about 30 weeks of pregnancy. Increases were greater at ‘central’ and least at ‘peripheral’ sites, and were not proportional to the initial skinfold thickness.4. From 30 to 38 weeks of pregnancy, the patterns were variable: the mid-thigh skinfold continued to increase and at the other sites there was little change or a decrease.5. All sites decreased by a surprisingly large amount between 38 weeks of pregnancy and the end of the first post-partum week. The evidence suggests that this change, which was not related to the presence or absence of oedema, occurred about the time of parturition.6. From the end of the first post-partum week to 6–8 weeks post partum, the changes were again variable.7. The increase of skinfolds during pregnancy was greater in underweight than in overweight women, and in primiparae than in multiparae. The pattern of change was not affected in any consistent manner by oedema.8. The changes in skinfold thicknesses during pregnancy, especially up to about 30 weeks, showed patterns similar to those of total body-weight and ‘dry’ body-weight. A formula is given by means of which ‘dry’ weight can be predicted from five skinfolds, height and duration of gestation.
On the existence and significance of lipid peroxides in vitamin E-deficient animals
Authors: Bunyan J. , Murrell Elspeth A. , Green J. , Diplock A. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. A micro-adaptation of the iodimetric method has been used to determine lipid peroxides in the tissues of vitamin E-deficient rats and chicks.2. No increases in lipid peroxide were found in liver, kidney or adipose tissue of rats with nutritional liver necrosis due to deficiency of vitamin E and selenium. When liver necrosis was induced by giving rats a casein diet and silver acetate solution to drink, the peroxide value of the adipose tissue was not increased.3. Degeneration of the testes of vitamin E-deficient rats was not accompanied by a rise in the peroxide value of the tissue lipids.4. There was an increase in cathepsin activity of the kidneys of rats displaying the phenomenon of renal autolysis (post mortem), but there was no increase in lipid peroxide content.5. No rise in lipid peroxide was found in dystrophic chick breast muscle, in cerebellum, brain and adipose tissue of chicks with encephalomalacia nor in the liver of chicks with exudative diathesis.6. In rat liver, kidney, testis and leg muscle, peroxide values in the range 10–40 µ-equiv./g lipid were found, and these values were not altered either by a substantial change in the degree of unsaturation of the dietary lipid or by the addition of vitamin E to the diet. Dietary addition of N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) or 6-ethoxy-1, 2-dihydro-2,2,4-trime-thylquinoline (ethoxyquin) also failed to affect the peroxide value of liver. The possibility that lipid peroxide is a normal metabolite of these tissues is discussed.7. Peroxide values of rat adipose tissue were never found to be greater than 40 µ-equiv./g lipid and were readily decreased by the addition of vitamin E to the diet or by a decrease in the unsaturation of the dietary lipid. The peroxide content of this tissue may depend upon the up-take of peroxidized dietary lipid.8. The conclusion from this study of true lipid peroxides in animal tissues is that the biological role of vitamin E is not connected with lipid peroxidation in vivo, in agreement with our previous studies on the metabolism of the fatty acid substrates of peroxidation and of α-tocopherol and other postulated biological antioxidants.
Vitamin D and manganese in the nutrition of the chick
Authors: Hill R. 
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments with chicks given diets of different manganese content, the effects of vitamin D on the Mn contents of bone and liver and on the retention of54Mn in bone, liver and the whole body were determined.2. Vitamin D slightly increased the Mn content of dry fat-free bone but the proportion of Mn to ash remained unchanged and the Mn content of bone was influenced much more by the level of dietary Mn than by the presence of vitamin D.3. Vitamin D, when given over a 3-week period, increased slightly the Mn content of the liver, but again the level of dietary Mn had a greater effect than the presence of vitamin D.4. The retention of an oral dose of54Mn was not uniformly influenced by vitamin D, but in birds given the hign-Mn diet retention was reduced by vitamin D, indicating a decrease in the turnover of Mn.
Nutritive value of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Chopra A. K. , Sidhu G. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Nine important varieties of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaLinn.) were analysed for amino acid composition by an ion-exchange chromatographic procedure. Cystine, as cysteic acid, and methionine and tryptophan were determined by colorimetric methods.2. Small, but statistically significant, differences in the contents of nitrogen, serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, lysine, methionine and cystine were found in the varieties.3. A positive correlation (P< 0.05) between methionine any cystine was observed.4. There was, however, no indication that selection from the varieties studied would permit development of a variety of superior protein quality.
The effect of streptomycin and erythromycin on vitamin B12nutrition in rats in which coprophagy was prevented
Authors: Armstrong B. K. , Curnow D. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Vitamin B12nutrition was studied in normal, coprophagy-prevented and antibiotic-treated rats on Vitamin B12-deficient diets with and without a vitamin B12supplement; the indices used were excretion of total urinary ether-soluble acid (TUESA) and methylmalonic acid, and vitamin B12assays on the liver and intestinal tract.2. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.61) was found between TUESA excretion and weight of rats, and a significant negative correlation (r= −0.89) between TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents.3. Although prevention of coprophagy reduced the contents of vitamin B12in the stomach and small intestine, no effect on vitamin B12nutrition, as assessed by TUESA excretion and liver vitamin B12contents, was found. Rats in which coprophagy was permitted became vitamin B12-deficient, when given a diet in which vitamin B12was low.4. The amounts of TUESA and methylmalonic acid excreted indicated that streptomycin and erythromycin administered orally prevented vitamin B12deficiency in rats on a diet deficient in vitamin B12. Liver vitamin B12contents were, however, very low in these rats. this anomaly was thought to be due to the non-specificity of theEuglena gracilisassay for vitamin B12.5. It was concluded that, under the conditions of these experiments, coprophagy was not necessary to the vitamin B12-sparing action of antibiotics.
Effect of ethanol on rat liver
Authors: Kiessling K.-H. , Pilström L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Feeding rats with a 15% ethanol solution for several weeks caused structural and functional changes in their liver mitochondria, although their intake of solid food was about the same as that of the controls.2. Attempts were made to counteract these effects of ethanol by increasing the intake of amino acids, vitamins, lipotropic compounds and electrolytes beyond that which is adequate when water is the drinking fluid.3. An increased intake of nicotinic acid, together with aqueous ethanol, caused a further enlargement of the mitochondria above that obtained with ethanol solution alone. the diluted matrix observed with the ethanol and nicotinic acid treatment suggested that water imbibition by the mitochondria caused this further enlargement.4. In rats receiving ethanol fortified with magnesium sulphate and lipotropic compounds (choline, methionine) there was a further increase in mitochondrial size, as compared with those receiving ethanol alone. The matrix was, however, of the same density as in the mitochondria from the rats receiving ethanol alone. the oxidation rate of pyruvate and succinate was unchanged, but α-glycerophosphate and β-hydroxybutyrate were oxidized at a higher rate than in mitochondria from rats drinking ethanol or water.5. When the ethanol solution was supplemented with amino acids (casein hydrolysate), vitamins and electrolytes, the mitochondrial enlargement after 120 days of treatment was less than with ethanol alone and was completely absent after 300 days. the oxidation rate of pyruvate and succinate was, however, not fully restored to normal.
Vitamin A esterase activity in various organs of the chick
Authors: Nir I , Bruckental I , Ascarelli I 
Published: September 2005

1. The distribution of vitamin A esterase activity for vitamin A acetate, palmitate, and alcohol was studied in various tissues of the chick.2. Liver and kidneys were highly active in the hydrolysis of acetate, and showed only slight activity in the hydrolysis of palmitate or in the synthesis of vitamin A esters.3. Pancreas was highly active in both acetate and palmitate hydrolysis and in the synthesis of vitamin A esters.4. The small intestine showed a moderate and equal activity in all three reactions.5. Sodium taurocholate enhanced the hydrolysis of vitamin A palmitate by pancreas and small intestine. It also enhanced the hydrolysis of vitamin A acetate by pancreas, but had no effect on the hydrolysis of acetate by liver, and even inhibited this reaction in kidneys and intestine. It also inhibited the synthesis of vitamin A esters by pancreas and small intestine.
Effect of dietary protein level on in vivo and in vitro vitamin A esterase activity in the chick
Authors: Nir I. , Bruckental I. , Ascarelli I. , Bondi A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The efficiency of absorption of and liver storage from a single oral dose of 10000 i.u. vitamin A palmitate decreased in chicks reared on a diet containing 10% protein as compared to the efficiency in chicks reared on a diet in which the protein level was adequate. When the chicks were given orally an equivalent dose of vitamin A alcohol, the absorption was equally efficient at both dietary protein levels.2. The vitamin A alcohol content of this intestine, plasma and liver of chicks dosed with vitamin A palmitate was decreased by protein restriction. The physiological change responsible for this decrease seems to be the lowering of the hydrolysing activity for vitamin A palmitate in pancreas and in the duodenal mucosa.3. The importance of the enzymic step in the absorption of an oral dose of vitamin A palmitate is shown by the finding that protein malnutrition reduced only slightly the final liver stores when vitamin A in its different forms (palmitate, acetate or alcohol) was injected directly into the blood stream.4. The uptake of injected vitamin A from the blood was much delayed when the vitamin was injected as palmitate, i.e. the ester of a long-chain fatty acid, instead of the acetate ester of the free alcohol.5. When vitamin A was injected, the liver content did not rise continuously with time, but showed a temporary decrease after a certain period. The phenomenon was apparently due to changes in the rate of the two inverse processes of uptake of the vitamin by the liver and liberation from it.
Nutritive value of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Chopra A. K. , Sidhu G. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. The nutritive values of nine varieties of groundnut were determined by the nitrogen balance method in diets containing 10% protein. The results indicated that the varietal differences did not affect the biological values significantly.2. Three varieties showing small but significant differences of approximately 5% in methionine content were further assayed for protein efficiency ration at the 10% level of protein for a period of 4 weeks. No significant differences in per were obtained, but the least significant difference that could have been detected under these conditions was approximately 8%.
The influence of dietary molybdenum on the xanthine oxidase activity of the milk of ruminants
Authors: Hart L. I. , Owen E. C. , Proudfoot R. 
Published: September 2005

1.The oral administration of sodium molybdate caused a rapid rise of molybdenum in the milk of cows and goats fed on a low-molybdenum diet, but did not affect the xanthine oxidase activities of the milk of either species.2.In the milks of cows not dosed with sodium molybdate, the regression of the xanthin oxidase activity (y) on the molybdenum content (x) was found to be y = 170.7x+43.86 (r = +0.9386; P < 0.0001), suggesting that all the molybdenum of such milk is bound to enzymically active xanthine oxidase.3.The molybdenum contents of the milk of goats not does with sodium molybdate varied from animal to anumal and the xanthine oxidase activites were much lower than those of cow' milk. there was no correlation between xanthine oxidase activity and the molybdenum contend of the milks of the goats.4. These results are discussed in relation to previous work of the authors and others.
Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Field A. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. The excretions of magnesium, calcium, potassium and faecal dry matter (DM) by sheep grazing the same pasture have been determined at intervals throughout two grazing seasons. Two groups of four wethers, 2 and 7 years old, were used. Collections of faeces were total and of urine only partial; creatinine was used as an indicator of urine volume.2.The overall mean outputs of DM in the faeces of the young and old sheep were 509 and 387 g/day respectively.3. The values for the percentage digestibility of herbage DM ranges from 81.1 in spring to 63.2 in winter. The overall means for the estimated intake of DM by the young and old sheep were 1859 and 1405 g/day respectively and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.001).4. The mean values for overall excretion of Mg by the young and old sheep were respectively 0.452 and 0.292 g/day in the urine and 2.70 and 2.21 g/day in the faeces. For all sheep there was a highly significant rectilinear relationship between the amount in urine and in faeces, but there were significant differences between the regression coefficients for the individual sheep.5. The values for the excretion of Ca in urine and faeces were significantly higher for the young than for the old sheep; the respective means were 0.385 and 0.306 g/day for urinary Ca and 13.02 and 10.8 g/day for faecal Ca.6.The mean values for the excretion of K by the young and old sheep were respectively 28.2 and 29.1 g/day in the urine and 7.1 and 3.9 g/day in the faeces, the latter differences being highly significant.7.High values for the total excretion of Mg, Ca and K occurred in June and low values in winter.8. Intakes of Mg, Ca and K by the sheep have been calculated from the information on intake of DM and chemical composition of the cut herbage and compared with total excretion in urine and faeces. Good agreement between the two sets of values was obtained for Mg, but not for either Ca or K. The possible causes of these findings have been discussed and it was concluded that the sheep selected herbage with concentrations of Ca and K different from those in the samples of cut herbage.
Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks
Authors: Ashley John H. , Fisher Hans 
Published: September 2005

1. Body-weight changes and nitrogen balance were studied, together with the concentration of various nitrogenous muscle components, in adult cocks before and after a 6-day period on a N-free diet and again after a 16-day repletion period on diets supplying various amounts and types of dietary N.2. In the first experiment a comparison was made during the repletion period between a fish-protein supplement and a supplement of glycine + glutamic acid added to an essential amino acid mixture.3. During the depletion period the muscle concentration of RNA, DNA and of two transaminase enzymes decreased significantly; during the repletion period these components increased again significantly, and usually to levels greater than the pre-depletion concentration. There were no differences in these responses obtained during repletion with the two N supplements, although the cocks given the glycine–glutamic acid supplement differed from those receiving fish protein in being in Negative N balance and in losing body-weight during the repletion period.4. In the second experiment one group of depleted cocks was given an essential amino acid mixture alone as the dietary N source and a second group this mixture supplemented by aspartic acid.5. A decrease in RNA and in the transaminase enzymes during depletion was followed by a significant increase during repletion, but the increase was greater for the group receiving the aspartic acid than for that receiving only the essential amino acid mixture.6. It was concluded that adding non-essential amino acids to a maintenance mixture of essential amino acids will permit greater repletion in mature cocks.7. The fluctuations in concentration of RNA and of certain enzymes with dietary protein supply may well be controlling factor in the regulation of N losses and accretions during protein deficiency and sufficiency.5. The relative constancy of muscle DNA in contrast to the fluctuations in other nitrogenous muscle constituents provides additional support for the concept of protein reserves.