bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating policies and mechanisms to support distributed real‐time applications with CORBA
Authors: O'Ryan Carlos , Schmidt Douglas C. , Kuhns Fred , Spivak Marina , Parsons Jeff , Pyarali Irfan , Levine David L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo be an effective platform for performance‐sensitive real‐time systems, commodity‐off‐the‐shelf (COTS) distributed object computing (DOC) middleware must support application quality of service (QoS) requirements end‐to‐end. However, conventional COTS DOC middleware does not provide this support, which makes it unsuited for applications with stringent latency, determinism, and priority preservation requirements. It is essential, therefore, to develop standards‐based, COTS DOC middleware that permits the specification, allocation, and enforcement of application QoS requirements end‐to‐end.The real‐time CORBA and messaging specifications in the CORBA 2.4 standard are important steps towards defining standards‐based, COTS DOC middleware that can deliver end‐to‐end QoS support at multiple levels in distributed and embedded real‐time systems. These specifications still lack sufficient detail, however, to portably configure and control processor, communication, and memory resources for applications with stringent QoS requirements.This paper provides four contributions to research on real‐time DOC middleware. First, we illustrate how the CORBA 2.4 real‐time and messaging specifications provide a starting point to address the needs of an important class of applications with stringent real‐time requirements. Second, we illustrate how the CORBA 2.4 specifications are not sufficient to solve all the issues within this application domain. Third, we describe how we have implemented portions of these specifications, as well as several enhancements, using TAO, which is our open‐source real‐time CORBA ORB. Finally, we evaluate the performance of TAO empirically to illustrate how its features address the QoS requirements for certain classes of real‐time applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with using CORBA to implement a file caching coordination system
Authors: Sim A. , Nordberg H. , Bernardo L. M. , Shoshani A. , Rotem D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe our experience with using several CORBA products to interconnect the software modules of a fairly complex system for file caching coordination from a tertiary storage. The application area that the system was designed for is High Energy and Nuclear Physics (HENP). In this application area, the volume of data reaches hundreds of terabytes per year and therefore it is impractical to store them on disk systems. Rather the data are organized into large files and stored on robotic tape systems that are managed by some Mass Storage System (MSS). The role of the Storage Access Coordination System (STACS) that we developed is to manage the caching of files from the MSS to a large disk cache that is shared by multiple HENP analysis programs. The system design involved multiple components developed by different people at different sites and the modules could potentially be distributed as well. In this paper we describe the architecture and implementation of STACS, emphasizing the inter‐module communication requirements. We describe the use of CORBA interfaces between system components, and our experience with using multi‐threaded CORBA and using hundreds of concurrent CORBA connections. STACS development was recently completed and is being incorporated in an operational environment that started to produce data in the summer of 2000 [1]. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theory of tie‐set graph and its application to information network management
Authors: Shinomiya Norihiko , Koide Toshio , Watanabe Hitoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a new circuit theoretical concept based on the principal partition theorem for distributed network management focusing on loops of an information network. To realize a simple network management with the minimum number of local agents, namely the topological degrees of freedom of a graph, a reduced loop agent graph generated by contracting the minimal principal minor is proposed. To investigate the optimal distribution of the loop agents, a theory of tie‐set graph is proposed. Considering the total processing load of loop agents, a complexity of a tie‐set graph is introduced to obtain the simplest tie‐set graph with the minimum complexity. As for the simplest tie‐set graph search, an experimental result shows that the computational time depends heavily on the nullity of the original graph. Therefore, a tie‐set graph with the smallest nullity is essential for network management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a novel P2 receptor associated with cyclooxygenase‐2 upregulation and reactive astrogliosis
Authors: Brambilla Roberta , Schiller Paul , D’Ippolito Gianluca , Neary Joseph T. , Burnstock Geoffrey , Cattabeni Flaminio , Abbracchio Maria P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAstrocytes respond to trauma and ischemia with reactive astrogliosis. Although beneficial under certain conditions, excessive gliosis may be detrimental and contribute to neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. To evaluate the hypothesis that ATP may act as a trigger of reactive gliosis, we tested α,βmethyleneATP (α,βmeATP) in an in vitro experimental model (rat brain astrocytic cultures), where astrogliosis can be quantified as elongation of astrocytic processes, an event that reproduces one of the main hallmarks of in vivo gliosis. α,βmeATP induced a concentration‐dependent elongation of astrocytic processes, an effect which was counteracted by the P2 receptor antagonists suramin and pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS). Signaling studies revealed that α,βmeATP‐induced gliosis is mediated by a G‐protein‐coupled receptor (a P2Y receptor) characterized by an “atypical” pharmacological profile and coupled to an early release of arachidonic acid. In an earlier study we showed that challenge of cells with α,βmeATP also resulted in upregulation of inducible cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), whose activity has been reported to be pathologically elevated in neurodegenerative diseases characterized by inflammation and astrocytic activation. Upregulation of COX‐2 by α,βmeATP was causally related to reactive astrogliosis in vitro, since the selective COX‐2 inhibitor NS‐398 prevented both purine‐induced elongation of astrocytic processes and the associated increase in COX‐2 protein levels. Preliminary data on the putative receptor‐to‐nucleus pathways responsible for purine‐induced gliosis suggest that upregulation of COX‐2 may occur through the protein kinase C / mitogen‐activated protein kinase system and may involve the formation of AP‐1 transcription complexes. We speculate that antagonists selective for this novel P2Y receptor subtype may represent a new class of neuroprotective agents able to reduce neurodegeneration by counteracting the inflammatory events contributing to neuronal cell death. Drug Dev. Res. 53:148–157, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discharge occurring at a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud
Authors: Sugimoto Toshiyuki , Doi Shin‐Ichiro , Takahashi Makoto , Higashiyama Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElectrical discharge phenomena from a grounded electrode located in a charged particle cloud have been investigated. Soil conditioning particles charged by corona charging were blown to form a space charge cloud. A grounded sphere electrode was placed at the center of the charged cloud to produce an electrical discharge. A positive pulse discharge extended from the sphere electrode toward the charged cloud with a strong luminescence. A brushlike streamer with a maximum length of 170 mm appeared at an interval of 30 ms. The maximum pulse height of the discharge was 2.4 A. The distribution of the electric field around the sphere electrode was obtained from field analysis using a concentric spherical model. It was found that the magnitude of the discharge depends on the radius of the grounded electrode and the size and charge density of the clouds. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(4): 7–14, 2001
Space charge formation and breakdown in polyethylene influenced by the interface with semiconducting electrodes
Authors: Murakami Yoshinobu , Mitsumoto Shinichi , Fukuma Masumi , Hozumi Naohiro , Nagao Masayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper deals with the influence of interface between polyethylene and semiconducting electrode on the space charge formation and electrical breakdown. Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films attached with different semiconducting electrodes were subjected to the DC breakdown test, and corresponding space charge distribution was measured.A heat treatment to LDPE itself did not bring about a significant change in space charge profile; however, when a semiconducting electrode was hot‐pressed, the impurities would migrate into LDPE at high temperature, leading to the change in space charge profile. Furthermore, it was suggested from the comparison between the results with degassed and as‐received semiconducting electrodes that some carriers relating to impurities in the electrode would move into LDPE under the voltage. In addition, it was shown that the breakdown is not determined by the field at the cathode which can supply sufficient electrons, but by the maximum field across the specimen, suggesting that an increase in conduction current due to the generation and/or injection, rather than the electronic avalanche process, leads to the breakdown. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 19–25, 2002
Modeling of a sequential control system with cyclic scan by Petri net
Authors: Itoh Yoshiaki , Miyazawa Iko , Sekiguchi Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProgrammable Controllers (PCs) are widely applied in the control of manufacturing systems. The purpose of this paper is to give some basic concepts for the verification of sequential control systems. In particular, we propose the modeling method of the Ladder Diagram (LD) with cyclic scanning of the PC by Petri Nets (PNs). First, some experiments are conducted to examine the relationship between the cyclic scan and the behavior of the LD. Second, PNs are used for qualitative modeling of the behavior of the LD, based on IEC61131‐3. In addition to LD Boolean logic expressions, we consider PC operation, described by the cyclic scan, peripherals, memories, and scanning ladder rungs. It is shown that the difference between the LD description and the behavior caused by the cyclic scan can be represented by the proposed PNs. Moreover, the behavior of the PNs can be analyzed by firing sequences, and is confirmed to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 139(4): 79–86, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.1169
Transport and dispersal of organic debris (peat blocks) in upland fluvial systems
Authors: Evans Martin , Warburton Jeff 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper assesses the mechanisms and pathways by which peat blocks are eroded and transported in upland fluvial systems. Observations and experiments from the north Pennines (UK) have been carried out on two contrasting river systems. Mapping of peat block distributions and appraisal of reach‐based sediment budgets clearly demonstrates that macro‐size peat is an important stream load component. In small streams block sizes can approximate the channel width and much of the peat is transported overbank. Local ‘peat jams’ and associated mineral deposition may provide an important component of channel storage. In larger systems peat blocks rapidly move down‐channel and undergo frequent exchanges between bed and bank storage. Results of peat block tracing using painted blocks indicate that once submerged, blocks of all sizes are easily transported and blocks break down rapidly by abrasion. Vegetation and bars play an important role in trapping mobile peat. In smaller streams large block transport is limited by channel jams. Smaller blocks are transported overbank but exhibit little evidence of downstream fining. In larger rivers peat blocks are more actively sorted and show downstream reduction in size from source. A simple model relating peat block diameter (Dp) to average flow depth (d) suggests three limiting transport conditions: flotation (Dp < d), rolling (d < Dp > d/2) and deposition (Dp > d/2). Experiments demonstrate that peat block transport occurs largely by rolling and floating and the transport mechanism is probably controlled by relative flow depth (d/Dp ratio). Transport velocity varies with transport mechanism (rolling is the slowest mode) and transport lengths increase as flow depth increases. Abrasion rates vary with the transport mechanism. Rolling produces greater abrasion rates and more rounded blocks. Abrasion rates vary from 0 to 10 g m−1 for blocks ranging in mass from 10 to 6000 g. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of continuous‐monitoring device based on membrane extraction with sorbent interface and micro‐gas chromatograph
Authors: Ciucanu Ionel , Pawliszyn Janusz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA device for the continuous monitoring of the volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in air by membrane extraction followed by sorbent concentration and gas chromatographic separation is discussed. The device samples headspace and makes automatic injections followed by rapid separation and quantification. The main components of the system include membrane module, microtrap, and transfer line. A membrane module, microtrap, and fan are mounted in a housing, together constituting a MESI (membrane‐extraction sorbent interface) sampling unit. A heated silicosteel capillary column was used as the transfer line, avoiding adsorption and condensation of analytes and performing separation of the analytes prior to detection. The device demonstrated potential for field monitoring of aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated compounds, and terpenoids. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 69–74, 2001
Chemical variation in the essential oils of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth.
Authors: Zoghbi Maria das Graças B. , Andrade Eloisa Helena A. , da Silva Milton Helio L. , Maia José Guilherme S. , Luz Arnaldo Iran R. , da Silva João Domingos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEssential oils from Hyptis crenata growing wild in the Amazon Region were submitted to hydrodistillation and analysed by GC–MS. The main compounds identified in the oil of specimen A, collected at Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, were terpinolene (37.8%) and β‐caryophyllene (9.9%). The major components found in the oils of specimens B, collected at São Sebastião da Boa Vista, State of Par a, were 1,8‐cineole (23.9%), borneol (21.8%) and β‐caryophyllene (18.8%). The oils of specimens C and D, collected at Melgaço, Marajó Island, State of Pará, were dominated by α‐pinene (51.1%; 14.5%), 1,8‐cineole (16.5%; 36.7%), limonene (15.0%; −) and β‐pinene (10.3%; 7.9%), respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components of the essential oil from Glehnia littoralis
Authors: Miyazawa Mitsuo , Kurose Kohsuke , Itoh Akiko , Hiraoka Noboru , Kameoka Hiromu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oils from Glehnia littoralis of aerial and root parts growing cultivated in Niigata Collage of Pharmacy were examined by GC, GC–MS and 1H‐NMR. Sixty seven components were characterized of G. littoralis aerial parts, with β‐phellandrene (12.96%), propyl octanoate (16.89%), hexadecanoic acid (14.45%), linoleic acid (8.79%) and methyl linolenate (5.47%) as the major constituents. Sixty six components were identified in the oil of root parts, with α‐pinene (13.40%), β‐phellandrene (22.93%) and germacrene B (6.68%) as the major constituents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping of nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor‐suppressive activity to a 1.8‐megabase region of chromosome band 11q13
Authors: Cheng Yue , Chakrabarti Rita , Garcia‐Barcelo Merce , Ha Thomas J. , Srivatsan Eri S. , Stanbridge Eric J. , Lung Maria Li 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy that is particularly prevalent among populations from Southern China and Southeast Asian countries. Evidence for a genetic contribution to the disease has been documented, although the genetic basis for NPC development is not yet fully understood. Previous functional evidence of tumor‐suppressive activity on chromosome band 11q13 in NPC was obtained using a microcell‐mediated chromosome‐transfer approach with HONE1 NPC cells. In the present study, this region was subjected to a detailed investigation of microcell hybrids and their tumor segregants using microsatellite analysis to narrow down the region of tumor‐suppressive activity. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was also performed with BAC and cosmid probes to confirm the microsatellite data. The critical region responsible for tumor suppression was narrowed down to a 1.8‐Mb interval, which does not tolerate an additional normal allele by chromosome transfer. One or two alleles from either endogenous or exogenous chromosomes at 11q13 were consistently eliminated during tumor growth. Results of this study suggest that a candidate tumor‐suppressor gene, not the MEN1 gene, maps between D11S4907 and GSTP1 in NPC. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic organization and expression of the rearranged REL proto‐oncogene in the human B‐cell lymphoma cell line RC‐K8
Authors: Kalaitzidis Demetrios , Gilmore Thomas D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe human large B‐cell lymphoma cell line RC‐K8 has a rearranged REL locus that is transcribed into a chimeric mRNA, termed REL‐NRG (Non‐Rel Gene). By analyzing the recently completed human genome sequence, we have found that the normal REL and NRG loci are separated by approximately 28 megabase pairs on chromosome 2, suggesting that a deletion created the REL‐NRG locus in RC‐K8 cells. Using computer‐based and molecular approaches, we have determined the structure of the altered REL locus in RC‐K8 cells. The REL‐NRG transcript is encoded by 7 REL exons and 6 NRG‐derived exons. Direct DNA sequencing has identified the site of the REL‐NRG fusion in RC‐K8 cells. We also show that both wild‐type c‐Rel and c‐Rel‐Nrg proteins are expressed and in a complex in RC‐K8 cells. Furthermore, like c‐Rel, c‐Rel‐Nrg is a cytoplasmic protein when overexpressed in fibroblasts in culture and can bind to a κB DNA site in vitro. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bayesian approach to the transmission/disequilibrium test for binary traits
Authors: George Varghese , Laud Purushottam W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) for binary traits is a powerful method for detecting linkage between a marker locus and a trait locus in the presence of allelic association. The TDT uses information on the parent‐to‐offspring transmission status of the associated allele at the marker locus to assess linkage or association in the presence of the other, using one affected offspring from each set of parents. For testing for linkage in the presence of association, more than one offspring per family can be used. However, without incorporating the correlation structure among offspring, it is not possible to correctly assess the association in the presence of linkage. In this presentation, we propose a Bayesian TDT method as a complementary alternative to the classical approach. In the hypothesis testing setup, given two competing hypotheses, the Bayes factor can be used to weigh the evidence in favor of one of them, thus allowing us to decide between the two hypotheses using established criteria. We compare the proposed Bayesian TDT with a competing frequentist‐testing method with respect to power and type I error validity. If we know the mode of inheritance of the disease, then the joint and marginal posterior distributions for the recombination fraction (θ) and disequilibrium coefficient (δ) can be obtained via standard MCMC methods, which lead naturally to Bayesian credible intervals for both parameters. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:41–51, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A survey of the behavior of the hydroxybisphosphonic function in crystallized acids, metallic salts, and some related compounds
Authors: Silvestre J.‐P. , Dao Nguyen Quy , Leroux Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe flexibility and the different degrees of ionization of the hydroxybisphosphonic function provide numerous possibilities for the complexation of metallic and organic cations to molecules possessing these functions. The properties of this class of compounds are very interesting for different industrial and medical applications. They depend in a large part on the nature of the hydrocarbonated chain substituted to CH3 in hydroxyethylidenebisphosphonic acid and of the number and the position of the bisphosphonic groups grafted on this chain. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:73–89, 2001
Economic evaluations of hepatitis B immunization: a global review of recent studies (1994–2000)
Authors: Beutels Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA search was carried out for economic evaluations of hepatitis B (HBV) vaccination, published between 1994 and 2000. The results of these studies are discussed according to the level of HBV endemicity. The great majority of these evaluations were carried out for industrialized countries, for the most part situated in areas of low to very low HBV endemicity.In countries of very low endemicity economic evaluations have yielded contradictory results, depending on the type of epidemiological model they used. The cost‐effectiveness of adding universal to selective vaccination strategies in these countries depends on the selective strategies' ability to sufficiently identify, reach and fully vaccinate persons in various risk groups. In areas of low, intermediate and high endemicity, universal vaccination seems justifiable on the basis of economic evaluation. In general, the accuracy of the models has improved over the years, but still the transparency, completeness and comparability of analyses could improve considerably. By noting this, the suitability of different methodologies for different areas of endemicity and vaccination strategies is discussed. It is recommended that specific guidelines for economic evaluation of the prevention of infectious diseases be developed to guarantee the relevance of and to improve the comparability between studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How profitable is risk selection? A comparison of four risk adjustment models
Authors: Shen Yujing , Ellis Randall P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo mitigate selection triggered by capitation payments, risk‐adjustment models bring capitation payments closer on average to individuals' expected expenditure. We examine the maximum potential profit that plans could hypothetically gain by using their own private information to select low‐cost enrollees when payments are made using four commonly used risk adjustment models. Simulations using a privately insured sample suggest that risk selection profits remain substantial. The magnitude of potential profit varies according to the risk adjustment model and the private information plans can employ to identify profitable enrollees. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.