bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
371 Effect of Calcium Magnesium Carbonate And/Or Tylosin Phosphate Supplementation on Behavior, Rumination Activity, Feedlot Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Yearling Beef Steers
Authors: Grimes Becca , Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R , Norman Thomas , Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Hanson Santana , Ross Cassidy , Compart Devan Paulus , Rusche Warren C , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of calcium magnesium carbonate (CMC) and/or tylosin phosphate (TYL) supplementation on behavior, rumination activity, growth performance and carcass characteristics of yearling beef steers. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial including CMC and TYL. Beef steers (n = 156; 469 ± 18 kg) were randomly assigned to treatment pens (7 to 8 steers/pen) with pen (n = 20 pens total, 10 pens/main effect mean, and 5 pens/simple effect mean) as experimental unit. Cattle were transitioned from a 30% roughage diet to a 7% roughage finishing diet based on dry-rolled corn, dried distillers grains plus solubles, liquid supplement, and oat silage over the initial 20 d period. The CMC was included at 1.5% of the diet (DM basis) in replacement of dry-rolled corn and TYL was provided at 90 mg·animal·d-1. Behavior and rumination activity were monitored during a 24 h period on d 42. Data was collected on a pen-basis, every 10 min from 0800 h to 0750 h the next day and included minutes spent drinking (DR), eating (EA), active (AC), ruminating (RU), and resting (RE). Cattle were shipped for harvest on d 105 to a commercial beef abattoir. Growth performance was calculated on a carcass-adjusted basis (HCW/0.625). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with fixed effects of CMC, TYL, or their interaction; block was a random effect. An interaction was observed between CMC and TYL for time spent DR (P = 0.03) and RU (P = 0.01). Control steers ruminated 28% longer compared with CMC/-TYL steers (P = 0.05) and 20% longer than -CMC/TYL steers (P = 0.05). The main effect of CMC tended to increase time spent EA by 19.3% (P = 0.06). Dry matter intake was decreased (P ≤ 0.02) by 4.57% when CMC was fed and increased by 1.96% when TYL was fed. However, no difference (P ≥ 0.26) was observed for G:F or gain efficiency in either treatment. No differences (P ≥ 0.28) were observed in any dietary net energy utilization outcomes in either main effect treatment. Carcass weight tended (P = 0.07) to be lighter with CMC supplementation compared with CON (432 vs 439 kg). Supplementation of TYL resulted in a 11.7% reduction (P = 0.04) in percentage of abscessed livers. No differences (P ≥ 0.12) were observed in DP, marbling, YG, or EBF in either main effect treatments. These results indicate that supplementation of CMC did not result in any appreciable improvements in growth, carcass or dietary net energy utilization performance, but TYL supplementation resulted in a positive effect on liver abscess prevalence.
369 Effects of Supplementing Sources of Zinc on Digestibility Parameters of Beef Steers
Authors: James Arminda S , Rude Brian , Smith Trent , Boyer Angela R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zinc (Zn) has numerous functions and many life-sustaining processes depend on the presence of Zn within the body. The objective of this study was to determine if apparent digestibility differed by Zn source. In this study, Angus steers (n = 12, 226 kg ± 16.17) underwent three isozinc treatments: Organic Zn glycinate, Inorganic Zn sulfate (ZnSO4), and Zn hydroxychloride (Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ). On day 1, steers were weighed, rumen fluid collected, liver biopsy performed, and blood collected. Steers were then placed in metabolism crates for a 4-day adaptation period. Each steer was assigned a source of Zn in a completely randomized design (4 steers/treatment). Steers had ad libitum access to hay and treatments were fed once daily. Treatments contained the assigned source of Zn 0.063 g/d, soybean pellets 0.063 g/d, ground corn 0.063 g/d, and molasses 0.2 g/d. Orts were quantified daily, and total fecal samples were collected and sampled daily at time of feeding (0600h) for 5 consecutive days (d 5 to d 10). On d 10, steers were removed from metabolism crates, weighed, rumen fluid collected, liver biopsy performed, and blood collected. Feed and fecal samples were composited for the entirety of the collection period. Each sample was dried, ground, and analyzed to determine DM, NDF, ADF, fat, protein, and mineral content. Data were analyzed using the proc mixed procedure of SAS. Digestibility results for Organic Zn, Inorganic ZnSO4, and Zn hydroxychloride were DM (70.74, 70.64, 72.46, respectively), NDF (75.98,76.03, 77.79, respectively), ADF (83.00, 82.47, 84.00, respectively), Fat (67.28, 66.00, 70.04, respectively), and protein (69.14, 68.56, 70.12, respectively). Hemicellulose and organic matter (OM) were calculated and determined, with digestibility of Organic Zn, Inorganic ZnSO4, and Zn hydroxychloride to be OM (74.13,73.50, 75.67, respectively), and hemicellulose (57.66, 59.27, 61.65, respectively). The results of proximate analysis reported digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF, fat, protein, OM, and hemicellulose, were not affected (P &lt; 0.05) by treatment. Mineral analysis was performed by Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Treatment did not affect Zinc liver concentrations. However, numerical differences indicate additional research is needed on rumen dynamics to fully understand the impact of mineral source within the animal, and ultimately its final environmental impact.
376 Effects of Mineral Supplementation During Range Grazing on Ovine Performance
Authors: Spurling Ryan A , Petty Dillon , Gasser Chad , Violett Randall , Christensen Morgan , Heaton Andrew , Thacker Eric , Sweat Alexis , Rood Kerry , Thornton Kara J , Page Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western US sheep production systems are dependent on rangeland forages to meet nutritional needs for animal production. While many native rangeland soils and forages are deficient in minerals like Cu, Se, and Zn, it is unknown whether ewes will alter forage selection if they receive a mineral supplemented diet and if alternative forages will affect performance on range. The objectives of this study are to quantify the effects of mineral supplementation on ewe forage selectivity on rangeland, range utilization, and animal performance. We hypothesized ewes who receive a trace mineral supplement will have a more diverse diet, greater rangeland utilization, and improved performance characteristics than their non-supplemented contemporaries. In this study, (n = 59) ewes were grazed across four summer pastures on Cedar Mountain near Cedar City, Utah. Ewes between the ages of 1 and 6 with an average weight of 87 Kg ± 13 Kg were stratified by initial weight and breed into one of two different treatment groups: 1) trace mineral supplement ad libitum (TRT; n = 30), or 2) no mineral supplement (CON; n = 29). Ewe breed types consisted of black face type breeds (BLF; Suffolk) and white face type breeds (WF; Targhee, Rambouillet, and their crosses). All ewes received a similar diet of alfalfa hay and triticale without access to ad libitum mineral supplementation 30 days before the start of the trial. A solar powered C-lock inc. pro was used to track individual animal mineral intake. Back fat (BF) and loin eye depth (LED) were measured at day 0 and day 116 of the trial via ultrasound. Additionally, fecal samples were collected and used for fecal metabarcoding (fDNA) at approximately 30% pasture utilization, which measures the proportion of plant DNA in the feces to determine forage species consumed. Plant species were sorted into functional groups (forbs, grass likes, grasses, shrubs, and trees). The GLM procedure of SAS was used to analyze BF, LED, and fDNA. The mixed procedure of SAS with day as a repeated measure was used to analyze percentage change in body weight. Control ewes had greater BF by 0.08 cm (P = 0.02). No difference in BF was observed by breed (P = 0.8). Loin eye depth was greater by 0.2 cm (P = 0.01) in BLF ewes than WF ewes. Supplemented ewes maintained 1% more of their initial body weight than CON ewes (P = 0.01). No forage selection differences were observed by treatment or breed (P&gt; 0.2). The current study results indicate that mineral supplementation on range may not affect forage selectivity but can benefit animals by maintaining body weight over the grazing season.
382 The Effect of Natural Products on the Metabolism of Boar Taint Compounds in Porcine Hepatocytes
Authors: Bone Christine , Squires E James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boar taint is a meat quality issue that develops in entire male pigs resulting from the accumulation of androstenone and skatole in the fat, which is dependent on the balance between their rate of synthesis and hepatic metabolism. Prior research from our lab showed that transactivation of the nuclear receptors pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) can alter gene expression in porcine hepatocytes to increase the metabolism androstenone and skatole. Many plant species and herbal medicines contain active compounds that function as ligands for these nuclear receptors and could be developed into dietary treatments for boar taint unlike the classic agonists used in our previous work, which have known cytotoxic effects in vivo. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different natural product (NP) treatments on the hepatic metabolism of androstenone and skatole. Hepatocytes were isolated from 5-month-old crossbred [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] boars (n = 7) and pretreated for 24 hours with one of three NP treatments, which included the PXR agonist hyperforin (HYP) from Hypericum perforatum or St. John’s Wort, diallyl sulfide (DAS), an active ingredient found in garlic and an agonist of CAR, and oleanolic acid (OA), a selective modulator of FXR present in various plant species. Control incubations were pretreated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Next, all pretreated hepatocytes were treated with androstenone or skatole for 3 hours. The metabolism of androstenone and skatole was evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography and boars were classified as rapid (RM, n = 4) or slow (SM, n = 3) metabolizers according to natural threshold values established from the percentage of androstenone (&lt; 5% RM; &gt;5% SM) or skatole (&lt; 50% RM; &gt;50% SM) remaining in control incubations with DMSO. Statistical analysis was conducted using a two-way ANOVA in SAS with Dunnett’s post hoc test. NP treatments differentially regulated androstenone metabolism in SM and RM boars but had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on skatole metabolism. In SM boars, androstenone metabolism was increased 1.43, 1.75, and 1.67-fold by HYP, DAS, and OA, respectively, but was significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by all NPs in RM boars relative to control incubations with DMSO. These results indicate that SM boars respond more favorably to NP treatments than RM boars suggesting that these NPs may be a viable dietary treatment for boar taint if provided exclusively to SM boars. This targeted treatment approach will require additional research to identify predictive biomarkers associated with the SM profile.
75 Do Real Work
Authors: Lambrakis Leah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preparing for a career in the food, agriculture and manufacturing industries involves a combination of academic and practical training, industry partnerships, and professional development opportunities. Building strategic collaborations with industry partners is critical to this equation, as experiential learning programs offer several benefits to both the students and the organizations. Programs such as internships, onsite industry-based research and career development opportunities are valuable to providing practical hands-on experience through observing the application of the theory learned in the classroom to the real world. Students obtain insights through real-world projects, create meaningful relationships in their field of interest and develop skills that are highly valued by potential employers. At Simmons Foods, our journey of building a culture of learning and development has become the cornerstone of our first corporate value of Put People First. Based on the approach called "Do Real Work," the internship program at Simmons is built to not only work on current problems to be solved, but also provide the opportunity for students to focus on their professional development and learn skills that allow them to grow their confidence and sense of accomplishment. Further, as we seek to develop leaders in our manufacturing facilities, Simmons’ Career Leadership Program is a strategic six-month training course investing in the growth and development of future leaders, rotating them through all areas across the business units and manufacturing plants. Both of these programs are equally valuable to the company, as the students often provide a curious and fresh perspective through brainstorming and problem-solving sessions. They are the source of practical training for supervisory employees and they leave with an edge-up on future recruitment opportunities. All in the spirit of developing the next generation of skilled experts and effective leaders!
PSV-21 Evaluation of the Effect of Daily Probiotic Administration on the Prevalence of Shiga Toxigenic E.Coli and Select Serum and Immune Parameters During Pre and Peri-Weaning Period in Goat Kids
Authors: Ndegwa Eunice , Richey Caitlyn , Ali Doaa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probiotics are microorganisms generally regarded as safe (GRAS) that have a beneficial effect when ingested by a host. While research on the benefits of probiotics in farm animals has mainly concentrated on major livestock species, little is documented on potential benefits in small ruminants. Probiotics in goats and sheep could offer a dual benefit of reducing pathogenic bacteria loads and resulting in improved immunity and overall health. In this study, we evaluated the effect of one-month daily commercial probiotic administration followed by weekly administration until weaning and daily administration for one week after weaning on select serum parameters, and also the prevalence of pathogenic E.coli in healthy pre-weaned goat kids beginning at two days of age. Overall, the general health of the animals in both groups remained the same throughout the study period. No significant difference in total lactic acid bacteria was detected between probiotic supplemented and control group. Probiotic administration generally improved the total serum protein and immune markers. The difference was significant after twenty-eight days of administration and two days after weaning for total serum protein and immune markers, respectively. Shiga toxin E.coli (STEC) was detected in both control and probiotic-treated goats in early life, but no significant differences were detected between treatment groups on prevalence. These results suggest that daily probiotic administration may have some health benefits in pre-weaned goats.
PSI-5 Potential Involvement of Ferroptosis in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Broilers
Authors: Chen Yi-Ting , Lin Yuan-Yu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered form of programmed cell death that is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Several studies have indicated that ferroptosis might be involved in various intestinal disease, including intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In poultry, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) resulting from pathogen invasion, nutritional deficiencies or environmental factors, might significantly reduce productivity and feed conversion rates of broilers, leading to economic losses for the industry. However, it is unclear whether ferroptosis contributes to the development of IBDs in broilers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the potential involvement of ferroptosis in the development of intestinal inflammation in broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old Ross308 broilers were randomly divided into four treatments, with 4 pens per treatment and 12 birds per pen. The treatments consisted of intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% sterile saline as control (CON) and 0.5, 1.0, 5.0mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively (LL, ML, HL). The results showed that the administration of LPS decreased body weight of broilers compared with CON group at 21d of age (P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, at 1 to 21 d of age, the average daily gain of broilers was significantly decreased relative to CON group (P &lt; 0.05). Histological examination revealed that treatment with LPS decreased the villi lengths while increased the crypt depths of ileum in HL group compared with CON group (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the relative mRNA expression of lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation-associated genes were significantly increased in jejunum and ileum in HL group (P &lt; 0.05). Importantly, the untargeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples showed that cysteine and methionine metabolism was the most significant pathway differences between HL and CON groups, indicating that the key antioxidant in ferroptosis mechanism, glutathione, might be affected after the administration of LPS. The results suggested that ferroptosis might be involved in LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in broilers. Further investigations are required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of how ferroptosis contributes to inflammatory bowel disease in broilers.
PSIII-15 Use of Ultrasound Technology to Estimate Final Carcass Composition in Harvested Beefmaster Steers
Authors: Price Ainslea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this research study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound scanning to predict post-harvest carcass data. Beefmaster steers (n = 47) representing two different sires were ultrasounded 62 d before harvest using an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit, equipped with a 17.2cm probe to collect 12th rib fat thickness (FTU), 12th rib longissimus muscle area (LMAU), intramuscular fat (%FatU) and rumpfat (RFU). Beef Image Analysis (BIA) software was used to determine FTU, REAU, %FatU and RFU using chuteside captured ultrasound images on all steers. Carcass data collection included 12th rib fat thickness (FTC), 12th rib longissimus muscle area (REAC) and marbling score (MS). Additionally, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and ether extraction (EE) estimates were determined on 12 to 13th longissimus muscle samples. All carcass data were collected by the Beef Carcass Research Center at West Texas A&M University. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. Simple descriptive statistics were 1.03 ± 0.25 cm, 90.1 ± 8.64 cm2, 457.3 ± 74.7, 1.35 ± 0.38, 5.75 ± 1.83, 3.86 ± .64 kg for FTU, REAU, %FatU, RFU, EE and WBSF, respectively. Simple descriptive statistics were 18 ± 0.35 cm, 89.72 ± 7.74 cm2, and 504.7 ± 67.2 for FTC, REAC and MS, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.72 (P &lt; 0.0001) between FTU and FTC, 0.52 (P &lt; 0.0002) between REAU and REAC, and 0.45 (P &lt; 0.0017) between %FatU and MS. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.45 (P &lt; 0.0017) between EE and %FatU and 0.72 (P &lt; 0.0001) between EE and MS. These results suggest that ultrasound measures of final body composition should be taken closer to the final harvest date to better estimate endpoints of fat thickness, longissimus muscle area and intramuscular fat in harvest ready beef cattle.
PSIII-18 Effect of Industrial Hemp Supplementation on the Salivary Melatonin Concentrations of Angus Cattle at Different Phase of Reproductive Cycle
Authors: Samuel Felix U , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Simpson Monya D , Jones Kendra , Hering Josh , Abdelrahim Gamal-Eden , Verghese Martha , Cerbet Ernst , Kuang Xianyan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melatonin is an indoleamine, a neurotransmitter and neurohormone mainly produced in pineal gland but also in the ovary. It has an important role in reproduction, antioxidant, immune system and circadian behavior. Industrial hemp is increasingly being included in animal feeds and it is therefore important to evaluate the effect of industrial hemp supplementation on the profiles of melatonin following different phases of reproductive cycle. Twenty apparently healthy Angus heifers, aged 19 months with average body weight of 363 kg and body condition score of 6.5 were randomly divided into two groups of ten heifers each in a completely randomized design. Group 1 (n = 10) were supplemented with grounded industrial hemp at 20/200mg of the concentrate, and group 2 (n = 10) no industrial hemp supplementation. Hay and water were provided ad libitum. The animals were acclimatized for 1 week after which they were synchronized using the 7-day CO-Synch protocols. Salivary samples were collected at preestrus, during estrus and at post estrus. Melatonin in the saliva was assayed with a competitive ELISA kit. The salivary melatonin concentrations were greater (P &gt; 0.05 in the treated groups at estrus (25.29 ± 1.48 pg/mL), pro-estrus (23.98 ± 2.3 pg/mL) and post-estrus (20.31 ± 3.0 pg/mL) compared with the untreated groups at pre-estrus (18.9 ± 1.5 pg/mL), estrus (20.4 ± 2.22 pg/mL) and post estrus (17.22 ± 2.6 pg/mL).The profiles of the salivary melatonin were greater (P &gt; 0.05) at estrus phase in the hemp treated groups compared with the pre-estrus and post estrus phase of the treated groups; however, numerical but non-significant increases were observed in the untreated group at estrus phase compared with the pre-estrus and post estrus phases. It was concluded that industrial hemp supplementation could improve melatonin concentrations and hence improve reproductive, antioxidant and immune function of the cattle.