bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of CD147 on monocytes/macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis: its potential role in monocyte accumulation and matrix metalloproteinase production
Authors: Zhu Ping , Ding Jin , Zhou Jun , Dong Wei-Jia , Fan Chun-Mei , Chen Zhi-Nan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMonocytes/macrophages play an important role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis. They can activate fibroblasts through many molecules, including IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but there have been very few reports on the role of CD147 in RA. In our study, the results of flow cytometry reveal that the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD147 expression on CD14+ monocytes of peripheral blood from RA patients was higher than that in normal control and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. The MFI of CD147 expression on the CD14+ monocytes in RA synovial fluid was higher than that in RA peripheral blood. Immunohistochemical staining shows that CD147 expression in RA synovium correlated with matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression. A double immunofluorescent assay shows that CD147 was expressed on CD68+ cells in RA synovium. The potential role of CD147 in cyclophilin A (CyPA)-mediated cell migration was studied using a chemotaxis assay in vitro and it was found that the addition of anti-CD147 antibody or a CD147 antagonistic peptide significantly decreased the chemotactic index of the mononuclear cells. The role of CD147 in MMP production and cell invasion in vitro were studied through the co-culture of human CD14+ monocytes or monocytic line THP-1 cells and human fibroblasts, as well as by gel zymography and an invasion assay. Significantly elevated release and activation of MMP-9 and/or MMP-2 were seen in the co-culture of human monocytes/THP-1 cells and fibroblasts compared with cultures of the cells alone. An increased number of cells invading through the filters in the invasion assays was also observed in the co-cultured cells. The addition of CD147 antagonistic peptide had some inhibitory effect, not only on MMP production but also on cell invasion in the co-culture. Our study demonstrates that the increased expression of CD147 on monocytes/macrophages in RA may be responsible for elevated MMP secretion, cell invasion and CyPA-mediated cell migration into the joints, all of which may contribute to the cartilage and bone destruction of RA. These findings, together with a better understanding of CD147, CyPA and RA, will help in the development of innovative therapeutic interventions for RA.
Protective effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on bone destruction in the collagen-induced arthritis model of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Juarranz Yasmina , Abad Catalina , Martinez Carmen , Arranz Alicia , Gutierrez-Cañas Irene , Rosignoli Florencia , Gomariz Rosa P , Leceta Javier 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the presence of inflammatory synovitis accompanied by destruction of joint cartilage and bone. Treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) prevents experimental arthritis in animal models by downregulation of both autoimmune and inflammatory components of the disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the protective effect of VIP on bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. We have studied the expression of different mediators implicated in bone homeostasis, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11 and IL-17. Circulating cytokine levels were assessed by ELISA and the local expression of mediators were determined by RT-PCR in mRNA extracts from joints. VIP treatment resulted in decreased levels of circulating IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα, and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10. CIA-mice treated with VIP presented a decrease in mRNA expression of IL-17, IL-11 in the joints. The ratio of RANKL to OPG decreased drastically in the joint after VIP treatment, which correlated with an increase in levels of circulating OPG in CIA mice treated with VIP. In addition, VIP treatment decreased the expression of mRNA for RANK, iNOS and COX-2. To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved, we tested the activity of NFκB and AP-1, two transcriptional factors closely related to joint erosion, by EMSA in synovial cells from CIA mice. VIP treatment in vivo was able to affect the transcriptional activity of both factors. Our data indicate that VIP is a viable candidate for the development of treatments for RA.
Measured energy consumption and carbon emissions of air-conditioning in UK office buildings
Authors: Knight Ian , Dunn Gavin 
Published: June 2005

With the EU Energy Performance in Buildings Directive imminent in 2006, attention is focusing on how to reduce carbon emissions from buildings in practice. This research was undertaken to try to establish some ‘real’ buildingbased figures for the energy performance of air-conditioning systems in UK office buildings. One of the major questions to be answered is whether chilled beam and ceiling systems really are more efficient than traditional air-conditioning systems when used in the real world.1,2 This paper presents findings of a two-year field monitoring study investigating the energy performance of airconditioning (AC) systems in UK office buildings. The findings shown in this paper include: 1) the cooling power demand for the various air-conditioning systems monitored; 2) comparison of national energy consumption and carbon emissions bench-marks to the monitored systems; 3) comparison of the energy consumption and carbon emissions of reverse-cycle AC systems with traditional heating-only systems. The results show that chilled ceiling systems typically consume significantly less energy than the other generic AC types in the heating and cooling of office buildings. However, all the generic AC system types studied appeared capable of meeting current ‘good practice’ standards for energy use in the UK. Practical application: The work provides an insight into the energy performance achieved by real AC systems as operated in UK Offices. When the EC Energy Performance in Buildings Directive becomes law in January 2006 the practically achievable energy and emissions performance of building services will fall more sharply into focus for designers. It is hoped that this paper will provide information useful to both designers and operators of AC systems in the UK as they attempt to reduce the impact of AC systems on the environment.
Airtightness testing of very large buildings: a case study
Authors: Sharples S , Closs S , Chilengwe N 
Published: June 2005

The airtightness of a building envelope impacts upon uncontrolled air leakage, associated ventilation energy losses and occupant thermal comfort. The scale of these problems in large buildings would be expected to increase in relation to the potential size of possible leakage areas. Recent changes to UK Building Regulations have required new, large, nondomestic buildings (/ 1000 m2 floor area) to meet a specified standard of airtightness. A building’s airtightness is conventionally assessed using a steady state fan pressurization technique. There was some discussion in the airtightness testing industry that the upper practical limit of large buildings capable of being tested might be around 5000 m2 due to technical issues relating to fan size, power requirements, transportation and noise. The feasibility of testing very large buildings (over 5000 m2) with a steady state fan technique has been questioned. This paper demonstrates that such testing is feasible by describing the development, calibration and application of a 2 m diameter fan pressurisation system. The fan was tested on the largest building in the world (floor area 57 440 m2) ever to have its airtightness determined by steady state fan pressurization. Practical Application: The changes to Building Regualtions Part L2 that came into effect on 1st April 2002 raised the profile of the pressure testing of large buildings for airtightness. There were doubts raised concerning the feasibility of pressure testing very large buildings but the paper demonstrates that it is technically and practically possible.
Pressure transient control: Part I — criteria for transient analysis and control
Authors: Swaffield J A , Campbell D P , Gormley M 
Published: June 2005

Pressure transient propagation is a wholly natural consequence of any change in operating conditions for a fluid carrying system. Rapid changes in flow conditions generate surge conditions that may result in system failure. The analysis of these phenomena has progressed over the past 100 years from empirical research aimed at the protection of large-scale pipeline and plant networks to the development of computing simulations to support system design. Pressure surge analysis is therefore a consideration in the design and operation of all fluid systems: the objective of such an analysis being the prediction, control and suppression of transients. This paper presents the background to the development of surge alleviation, from traditional pipeline protection to applications within building drainage and vent systems, thereby stressing that the system failure consequences of transient propagation are dependent on the particular system, independent of absolute surge pressure, and that system protection criteria may be developed that apply regardless of the system or the severity of the transient. Practical application: The control of air pressure transients in building drainage systems has been limited due to the need to attenuate positive pressure propagation via an open termination at roof level - a poor solution as the transient will have affected all system trap seals before reaching the relief vent. The Positive Air Pressure Attenuator - an expandable bag that controls the rate of change of entrained airflow within the system - reduces the possibility of trapseal loss due to positive transient propagation. Potentially this is a major contribution to vent system design that could revolutionize 150 years of design methodology.
Experimental-based study of the aerodynamics of super-high-speed elevators
Authors: Bai Hong-lei , Shen Gongxin , So Albert 
Published: June 2005

Elevators can be considered to be the most important building services system in a modern super-high-rise building. At the same time, the speed record has also been elevating with recent record of 1010 m/min. The design and construction of super-high-speed elevators are thus demanded. The primary experimental measurements for the aerodynamic characteristics of super-high-speed elevators were conducted using a physical model for simulation. The instantaneous speed of a falling elevator car at five different positions as well as the average pressure in front of and behind the car along the hoistway were measured while four scenaria with different shapes of car design were tested. Parameters associated with the hoistway, including the open ratio and the blockage ratio, varied in the experiments. Results were produced with respect to the car having different shapes and hoistway parameters. The nondimensional pressure differences for different shapes of car and hoistway parameters were analyzed so that several instructive conclusions were arrived at. Finally, a new concept of ‘tunnel effected shape drag’ was introduced based on these experiments and this effect clearly differentiates the aerodynamic performance of a car moving inside a hoistway from a race-car moving on a race-track. Practical application: The speed record of elevators keeps increasing because building are getting taller. The major hurdles to the development of super-high-speed elevators are the aerodynamics. The experiments detailed in this article help us to understand ways to handle the problems and to design elevator cars with shapes that are more aerodynamically friendly. 1 Introduction
Assessment of side exhaust systems for residential kitchens in Taiwan
Authors: Lai Chi-ming 
Published: June 2005

In response to concerns about the health of housewives who are regularly exposed to excessive quantities of air pollutants when cooking, a number of domestic documents have recommended solutions such as: ‘decreasing the installation height of the range hoods’ or ‘using desk-top ventilators’. However, few if any studies have addressed the issue of how to make improvements to the traditional Taiwanese style of range hood. This study investigated the design and experimental assessment of side exhaust systems in a full-scale model kitchen. Tests were carried out to understand how different exhaust configurations could affect the overall exhaust performance. It was found that single-slot, twin-slot, and fence-slot exhausts close to the pot rims performed well in air exhalation, and ensured the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained an acceptable level. Practical application: That innovative side-sucking exhausts, installed closer to the pot rim in the residential kitchens, considered the pathway of the aerosol and made improvements to the traditional style of range hood. The proposed prototypes ensured that the indoor air quality in the kitchen was maintained at an acceptable level.
An improved use of cooling degree-days for analysing chiller energy consumption in buildings
Authors: Day A R 
Published: June 2005

Cooling degree-days have not commonly been used in building energy analysis due largely to a lack of understanding of how they should be defined. The extra complexity of cooling systems, including the existence of latent loads, means that simplified energy analysis techniques have been deemed too crude to be meaningful. This paper presents a detailed analysis of measured cooling energy data from a large air-conditioned site in Perth, Western Australia, which builds on previous theoretical work to develop a robust definition of cooling degree-day base temperature. The results show that not only do cooling degree-days give results suggested by the theory, but that the use of cooling energy performance lines can be used for more sophisticated energy analysis. Practical application: The energy performance of buildings is becoming increasingly important to define. Energy monitoring and analysis techniques using degree days have usually been confined to heating systems. This paper sets out how cooling degree-days can be used to assess the operational performance of a refrigeration plant, using real data to demonstrate the potential of the method.
A Multitasking General Executive for Compound Continuous Tasks
Authors: Salvucci Dario D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs cognitive architectures move to account for increasingly complex real‐world tasks, one of the most pressing challenges involves understanding and modeling human multitasking. Although a number of existing models now perform multitasking in real‐world scenarios, these models typically employ customized executives that schedule tasks for the particular domain but do not generalize easily to other domains. This article outlines a general executive for the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture that, given independent models of individual tasks, schedules and interleaves the models' behavior into integrated multitasking behavior. To demonstrate the power of the proposed approach, the article describes an application to the domain of driving, showing how the general executive can interleave component subtasks of the driving task (namely, control and monitoring) and interleave driving with in‐vehicle secondary tasks (radio tuning and phone dialing).
Rational Analyses of Information Foraging on the Web
Authors: Pirolli Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article describes rational analyses and cognitive models of Web users developed within information foraging theory. This is done by following the rational analysis methodology of (a) characterizing the problems posed by the environment, (b) developing rational analyses of behavioral solutions to those problems, and (c) developing cognitive models that approach the realization of those solutions. Navigation choice is modeled as a random utility model that uses spreading activation mechanisms that link proximal cues (information scent) that occur in Web browsers to internal user goals. Web‐site leaving is modeled as an ongoing assessment by the Web user of the expected benefits of continuing at a Web site as opposed to going elsewhere. These cost–benefit assessments are also based on spreading activation models of information scent. Evaluations include a computational model of Web user behavior called Scent‐Based Navigation and Information Foraging in the ACT Architecture, and the Law of Surfing, which characterizes the empirical distribution of the length of paths of visitors at a Web site.
Human Symbol Manipulation Within an Integrated Cognitive Architecture
Authors: Anderson John R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson & Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson, Silk, Stenger, & Carter (2004) in which children learn to solve linear equations and perfect their skills over a 6‐day period. Functional MRI data show that: (a) a motor region tracks the output of equation solutions, (b) a prefrontal region tracks the retrieval of declarative information, (c) a parietal region tracks the transformation of mental representations of the equation, (d) an anterior cingulate region tracks the setting of goal information to control the information flow, and (e) a caudate region tracks the firing of productions in the ACT–R model. The article concludes with an architectural comparison of the competence children display in this task and the competence that monkeys have shown in tasks that require manipulations of sequences of elements.
Modeling Parallelization and Flexibility Improvements in Skill Acquisition: From Dual Tasks to Complex Dynamic Skills
Authors: Taatgen Niels 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEmerging parallel processing and increased flexibility during the acquisition of cognitive skills form a combination that is hard to reconcile with rule‐based models that often produce brittle behavior. Rule‐based models can exhibit these properties by adhering to 2 principles: that the model gradually learns task‐specific rules from instructions and experience, and that bottom‐up processing is used whenever possible. In a model of learning perfect time‐sharing in dual tasks (Schumacher et al., 2001), speedup learning and bottom‐up activation of instructions can explain parallel behavior. In a model of a complex dynamic task (Carnegie Mellon University Aegis Simulation Program [CMU‐ASP], Anderson et al., 2004), parallel behavior is explained by the transition from serially organized instructions to rules that are activated by both top‐down (goal‐driven) and bottom‐up (perceptually driven) factors. Parallelism lets the model opportunistically reorder instructions, leading to the gradual emergence of new task strategies.
A Strategy‐Based Interpretation of Stroop
Authors: Lovett Marsha C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMost accounts of the Stroop effect (Stroop, 1935) emphasize its negative aspect, namely, that in particular situations, processing of an irrelevant stimulus dimension interferes with participants' performance of the instructed task. In contrast, this paper emphasizes the fact that, even with that interference, participants actually can (and usually do) exert enough control to perform the instructed task. An Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) model of the Stroop task interprets this as a kind of learned strategic control. Specifically, the concept of utility is applied to the two processes that compete in the Stroop task, and a utility‐learning mechanism serves to update the corresponding utility values according to experience and hence influence the competition. This model both accounts for various extant Stroop results and makes novel predictions about when people can reduce their susceptibility to Stroop interference. These predictions are tested in three experiments that involve a double‐response variant of the Stroop task.
An Activation‐Based Model of Sentence Processing as Skilled Memory Retrieval
Authors: Lewis Richard L. , Vasishth Shravan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present a detailed process theory of the moment‐by‐moment working‐memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sentence parsing. The resulting theory construes sentence processing as a series of skilled associative memory retrievals modulated by similarity‐based interference and fluctuating activation. The cognitive principles are formalized in computational form in the Adaptive Control of Thought–Rational (ACT–R) architecture, and our process model is realized in ACT–R. We present the results of 6 sets of simulations: 5 simulation sets provide quantitative accounts of the effects of length and structural interference on both unambiguous and garden‐path structures. A final simulation set provides a graded taxonomy of double center embeddings ranging from relatively easy to extremely difficult. The explanation of center‐embedding difficulty is a novel one that derives from the model' complete reliance on discriminating retrieval cues in the absence of an explicit representation of serial order information. All fits were obtained with only 1 free scaling parameter fixed across the simulations; all other parameters were ACT–R defaults. The modeling results support the hypothesis that fluctuating activation and similarity‐based interference are the key factors shaping working memory in sentence processing. We contrast the theory and empirical predictions with several related accounts of sentence‐processing complexity.