bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parties and Economic Policy
Authors: Brand Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a speech to the Parliamentary Labour Party in 1968, Harold Wilson said: All political history shows that the standing of a government and its ability to hold the confidence of the electorate at a General Election depend on the success of its economic policy. The indicators of a successful economic policy may have changed over the last twenty years, but Mr Wilson’s rule still applies. Where governments from the 1940s to the early 1970s were more concerned with the political effects of unemployment, inflation now seems to threaten them more directly. Both parties generally accepted the Keynesian model of the economy until about the late 1960s, but in the 1970s doubts were expressed on both sides of politics, in the universities, and among financial journalists. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, there were differences in emphasis.
Lions Around the Throne: The Expansion of Judicial Review in Britain
Authors: Marshall Geoffrey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A major feature of post-war constitutions in Europe has been the adoption of judicial review of legislation, and rejection of the unchallenged sovereignty of elected majorities. Germany and Italy, and later Spain and Sweden, followed this pattern. France was—with the United Kingdom—an exception, but in the 1970s the Conseil constitutionnel began to use the principles of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man as a guide to its control of Assembly measures before promulgation—a development called by one observer a ‘repudiation of Montesquieu’.1 Since then France has begun to move more explicitly in the same direction. In 1990 the Assembly debated a constitutional amendment and an organic law to extend the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Council, enabling it to rule on the constitutional propriety of laws after their promulgation on a reference from the ordinary courts.2
The World Outside
Authors: Carsten Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book was concerned with life inside houses. Some of the symbolic aspects of that life might be summarized as being about the production of similarity. Notions of kinship and shared substance tend to emphasize being the same rather than being different. The second part of the book attempts to explain why people in Langkawi put such a strong emphasis on being the same. It shows that the house and the actions of women have a significance in Langkawi that goes beyond what in anthro¬pology is often (and misleadingly) called the ‘domestic domain’. The present chapter is a rather rapid sketch of the world beyond the house. This is a world which contrasts in every way with what houses are about. Its essential qualities are division and difference, and the principal actors in it are men.
EU Cohesion and Territorial Restructuring in the Member States
Authors: Nanetti Raffaella Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ratification in 1987 of the Single European Act (SEA) was a momentous event in the evolution of the European Community (EC), now the European Union (EU). It made officil the adoption of a policy designed to expand the scope of EC functions, change the balance of power among its institutions and as a result democratize decision-making, and ultimately accelerate the pace towards economic and political integration. Yet, on closer analysis, the SEA was much more than a great step forward on the road to integration. It also substantially changed the nature of the process of integration by formally building into it the goal of social and economic cohesion (article 130a–e). The market-driven evolution envisioned by the 1957 Rome Treaties, according to which cohesion was little more than a desired outcome of integration, was thus to be reined in and guided by deliberate policies to achieve that newly defined goal.
The Liberal Democrats and European Integration
Authors: Clarke Scott , Curtice John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Liberal Democrats were formed in 1989, the party inherited from the Liberal Party a long tradition of consistent and enthusiastic support for European unification. The Liberals were amongst the first in Britain to back the European Coal and Steel Community, a European Defence Community, the Western European Union, the European Free Trade Area, and the European Economic Community (EEC). This chapter asks why this should be so. Although support for closer European integration was not inconsistent with the party’s ideological and historical traditions, neither did these point unambiguously towards such a position. Further, there is little evidence that its position has been electorally advantageous to the party or that it has come under strong pressure from its membership to maintain a strongly pro-European stance.
Inflation and Anti-Inflationary Policies
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1923 the Kaldor family spent the summer in the Bavarian Alps. At the age of fifteen, the young Nicholas therefore had ‘the rare opportunity to observe a state of on-going hyperinflation and the extraordinary features of behaviour to which it gave rise’.His curiosity was aroused by two phenomena in particular. First, he noticed the speed at which the inflationary process accelerated: shopkeepers revised their prices every week, then every day, and then several times a day. Secondly, he observed that, in conditions of accelerating inflation, the price level expressed in terms of a stable foreign currency like the dollar was lower than abroad. This first-hand experience of inflation made such an impression on the young Kaldor that he later said it became one of the decisive factors in his decision to study economics when he went to university.
The Criticism of Equilibrium Theory and New Theoretical Hypotheses on Growth and the Distribution of Income
Authors: Targetti Ferdinando 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s Kaldor’s thought came to the end of a long process of evolution that had begun in the 1930s with his membership-albeit only for a few years-of the Austrian school and his endorsement of the deductive method of neo-classical equilibrium. In his ‘The Irrelevance of Equilibrium Economics’, Kaldor denounced neo-classical equilibrium theory as an intellectual exercise condemned to infinite regression because it was incapable of becoming a scientific theory-meaning by that term a set of theorems derived from observable phenomena. From Walras to Debreu the theory had been constantly reworked; but because the problem of its verification had been ignored, rather than remove the theory’s scaffolding of unreal basic assumptions, this constant elaboration had only made it thicker and more impenetrable. And if abstract mathematical models were empirically barren, so too, Kaldor believed, was econometrics: sophisticated methods of statistical inference could not fill the void created by the absence of any theory on how the economy really works.
Value-Judgements and Welfare
Authors: Ryan* Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although economists and political theorists have much to say to each other, they do not always find it easy to communicate. The economist is likely to find the political theorist oddly unconcerned with questions of formalization and measurement; the political theorist is likely to find the economist lumping together considerations he is professionally committed to separating out. So here, economists will find my remarks about the concept of welfare quite unlike those they would find in a welfare economics text. My aim is to remind them how disparate the elements are that enter into ordinary non-technical assessments of ‘welfare’, before I embark on the main task of arguing for the primacy of non-welfare values in drawing the economic borders of the State. These include both negative and positive freedom, as understood in the liberal tradition from Mill down to Rawls and Nozick, as well as the non-liberal conception of freedom defended by Marx. I also argue for the importance of various distributive and justice-based values, egalitarianism, ‘maximin’ justice, and ‘baseline’ justice among them. This paper is barely a preface to a theory of the relative roles of market and State, but I hope I shall persuade my readers that the diversity of arguments for and against both State and market provision is interesting as well as daunting.
The Moral Standing of the Market
Authors: Sen* Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How valuable is the market mechanism for practical morality? What is its moral standing? We can scarcely doubt that as individuals we do value tremendously the opportunity of using markets. Indeed, without access to markets most of us would perish, since we do not typically produce the things that we need to survive. If we could somehow survive without using markets at all, our quality of life would be rather abysmal. It is natural to feel that an institution that is so crucial to our well-being must be valuable. And since moral evaluation can hardly be indifferent to our interests and their fulfilment, it might appear that there is nothing much to discuss here. The market’s moral standing ‘has to be’ high.
The Decentralized State: The Economic Borders of Local Government
Authors: Helm Dieter , * Stephen Smith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The borderline between the State and the private sector has come under intense political scrutiny during the 1980s. Other papers in this volume have analysed the philosophical basis of the recent reappraisal of the role of the public sector by the ‘new right’, and have discussed the economic basis for State involvement in various aspects of the economy. In the introductory paper, Helm argues that the appropriate division of activity between the State and the private sector is, at a deep level, a question of values. Nevertheless, once the objectives have been set, there remains the instrumental question of the most efficient method of achieving these objectives. This is essentially a matter for empirical and pragmatic resolution. Where the borderline between the State and the market should lie depends on weighing up the costs of leaving things to the market, against the likely improvements from government intervention.
The Response to Price Windfalls: Some Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One consequence of the coffee boom was that the relative prices facing peasants changed. Depending upon their expectations and opportunities peasants will respond to these altered incentives by reallocating their resources. We begin our analysis of this decision process with a simple taxonomy of boom-induced price changes, depicted in Table 5.1.
Responses to Price Changes in Kenya
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we attempt to quantify the behaviour responses of Kenyan peasants to the coffee boom. In Chapter 5 two types of behavioural response were distinguished, i.e. the resource reallocations triggered by relative price changes and the investment triggered by windfall income.
Introduction to Part IV
Authors: Bevan David , Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem , Bigsten Arne , Horsnell Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most important ways in which governments influence the lives of peasants is through the provision of public services. A major feature of our survey design was that it collected extensive data on access to and use of public services by rural households, and permitted these data to be related to other economic variables. This part of the book summarizes this information (Chapter 14) and analyses it (Chapter 15). This chapter provides a brief introduction, and discusses the problem of valuing public services.
1939—1945: Planning the War and Plans for Peace
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Slowly at first, but with gathering speed from 1940, the peace-time economy was transformed into a ‘war economy’. By the peak period of the war effort (1943/4) the military were using the output of 55 per cent of all manufacturing manpower, civilian consumption was about one-fifth below 1939 levels, and government was spending half the national income. In comparison with most belligerents, and especially the major Axis powers, this was an unparalleled level of devotion of resources to the war effort (Milward 1987, ch. 3). It necessarily involved a radical recasting of the instruments of economic policy, which, albeit to a contestable degree, left a permanent mark on the relations between the state and the economy. Parallel to this planning of the economy for war purposes was an increasing concern for planning the peace; and whilst much of this was only to reach fruition after 1945, it is in many ways as much a part of the history of the war as is the planning for war. Whilst the first half of this chapter deals with wartime planning, the second half outlines this planning for peace and its significance.
1979—1988: Renaissance or Retrogression?
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rhetoric of the Conservatives under Mrs Thatcher at the time of the election victory of 1979 committed them to a sharp reversal of the whole trend of post-war policy. Attempts to use macro-economic management to affect real variables like output and employment were to be abandoned as futile; a sharp reduction in inflation via tight control of the money supply was to be central, and the populace’s inflationary expectations were to be reversed; the productive potential of the economy was to be unleashed by rolling back the state, reducing government expenditure, borrowing and taxation.
Industrial Revolution and Demographic Revolution in the Eighteenth Century: The French-English Paradox
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In England, the Industrial Revolution begins in the eighteenth century and the demographic revolution in the nineteenth. Conversely, France has its demographic revolution in the eighteenth century and its Industrial Revolution the century following. In both cases, demographic and economic chronologies are largely dissociated. These facts, at first sight, would appear immediately and seriously to compromise transition theory. The theory was itself derived from European experience: yet apparently it is incapable of accounting for the two countries which dominated the European scene up to the last third of the nineteenth century. The French-English parallel-full of manifest paradoxes-does, however, lead to less damning conclusions when examined more circumspectly. Once social organization and certain institutional factors specific to each country are incorporated, the theory may even be strengthened.
Economic Progress and Demographic Transition in Poor Countries: Thirty Years of Experience, 1950-1980
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The simplest experimental approach to the relation between population and economic growth (although its use requires some care) is to calculate the correlation between population growth and increases in per capita income at constant prices over a given period. This is undertaken in the first section, where we bring together some statistical observations on these two phenomena; the second section presents a critical synthesis of the main works relating to such calculations.
Building the Models
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This first chapter will help me place the two parts of this book. It is itself divided into two sections. The first concerns individuals. How can those individuals who leave their specific imprint on economic and social self-organization, those individuals who are motors for change and brakes on adaptation, be fitted into a model? How can their choices and their behaviour be represented? That is the question for which I should like to try to draft a rough answer, adequate for the reflections in the present work. The second section enumerates the hypotheses structuring the field of research explored in the chapters which follow which must subsequently be called on to define the characteristics of the main families of models.
The Revelation of Quality Through Price
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter—the last in this first part—will deal with more subtle organizational properties of markets than the preceding ones. The best way to understand their nature is to start with the following apologue: a wine of either good or bad quality is brought to the market; certain agents know the quality, others do not; but the price which is established and which is dependent on the quality will nevertheless be the same as if all the agents were informed, since it allows the uninformed to deduce from it the quality of the wine and to act accordingly. In other words, the decisions of informed agents influence equilibrium prices in such a way that the latter reveal to the rest information which is held only by certain individuals.
Comments on the First Stage
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At this stage of analysis, four conclusions may be drawn: 1. There is no need for an auctioneer. For the market to sort out supply and demand and to make itself into an organized whole, it is sufficient that economic agents make random and sequential contacts and that their behaviour presents a certain degree of coherence. Our research does not yet allow us to give a general definition of the minimal coherence. It does, however, make possible a rough sketch of its contents: the nearly exclusive use of information obtained through individual research, recall of the recent past and a few more distant events, perseverance in the effort to improve the situation, the revision of demands in order to take past errors into account, and the safeguarding of acceptable situations.
Change in the Structure of Competition
Authors: Lesourne Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the dawning of their science, economists have never ceased to be concerned with competition. Not only have they, in the last fifty years, written entire libraries on the subject—whether it be on perfect competition, oligopoly, or monopoly—but they have, during the last decade, resuscitated the field by applying multiperiod game theory, and notably the concept of perfect equilibrium (Fudenberg and Tirole 1986), to oligopolistic situations. Progressively the gap between the reality experienced by the head of a firm and the microeconomist’s discourse—highly useful after all—has been reduced. But reduction does not mean disappearance.
Subsidies for Enterprises and Dirigistic Regulation
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We shall now analyse in greater detail the other types of public support of some significance granted to the Mezzogiorno, as shown in Table 7.1, in particular subsidies for enterprises, concentrating especially on tax concessions. The first column of Table 8.1 shows the data collected for us by Del Monte and Vittoria (1988) on capital grants and interest subsidies to firms in the South and relief from social-security contributions granted over the twenty-five years from 1959 to 1984 (at 1988 prices).
State Pensions, Education, and Health Care
Authors: Kostoris Fiorella Padoa Schioppa , Powell John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A more precise examination of the main items of welfare expenditure carried out within our research group appears to confirm some of the interpretations indicated above, but also shows that the attempt to win general consensus by means of indiscriminate measures aimed at satisfying everyone ultimately leads to universal (or almost universal) dissatisfaction. In their analysis of pensions policy in Italy over the past forty years, Vitali et al. (1988) assert that the primary public objective in the field of social security, namely to ensure that certain sections of the population enjoy a standard of living they would otherwise be unable to attain because of their age or for other reasons, should not inevitably lead to deficits in the social-security accounts and to constant recourse to special funding from the Treasury, as occurred in Italy, especially from the 1970s onwards.
1914-1918: War and Wasted Opportunity
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘The war to end wars ‘ did not, of course, do so, but it did mark the beginnings of industrial policy in Britain, from which the state has never entirely retreated. This was not, of course, an intended consequence of the war. It only emerged slowly and painfully from the undermining of initial belief that the war would be ‘over by Christmas ‘ and would be a war fought by professional soldiers and sailors without much affecting the rest of society. The transition to a total war which, at some remove, eventually meant nearly everyone was involved, brought an undermining both of the practices of the largely non-interventionist state and the ideas that underlay it. Above all, the state could no longer fail to be concerned with the capacity and efficiency of industry. In a world of competitive nation-states, such efficiency increasingly provided an unavoidable condition of success.
1918-1929: Recession and Rationalization
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The immediate aftermath of the war was a frenetic boom, as outlined in Chapter 3. This was followed by an economic collapse which, measured by the fall in GDP (6 per cent), was the most serious of the twentieth century. Unemployment rose from 2 per cent in 1920 to 11.3 per cent in 1921. This in turn was followed by a period of ‘doldrums ‘ (Pigou 1947) and then a considerable recovery in the late 1920s, reaching a peak in 1929. However this recovery was never sufficient to take unemployment much below the l 0 per cent mark.
1939-1945: Planning and Production
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Second World War entailed a radical shift in the relations between government and industry as ‘total war ‘ required a mobilization of economic resources on a wholly new scale under the direction of a vastly expanded state apparatus. This led to a government interest in expanding production and economic and industrial efficiency of unprecedented force. Industry was scrutinized in exceptional detail, and its shortcomings exposed to the public gaze. Remedial steps were taken directly to aid the war effort. But in addition the exposure of weaknesses was linked to plans for the post-war world, and for the industrial reconstruction which was widely assumed to be a necessary part of that post-war rebuilding.
A Case-Study: Cotton
Authors: Tomlinson Jim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A small number of sectors dominated the industrial landscape of Britain at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first census of production in 1907 showed that four such sectors-shipbuilding, iron and steel, coal-mining, and cotton-provided 60 per cent of manufacturing output and together formed a bloc of staple industries on which the industrial development of Britain in the half century before the Great War depended. None of these was so redolent of Britain ‘s pioneering role in industrialization as cotton. The key industry of the Industrial Revolution by many accounts, cotton remained a major industry by any standard up to 1914. Whilst smaller in employment and output than coal, it still employed over 600,000 workers. Above all, cotton represented British pre-eminence in international trade in manufactures (Tyson 1968). It was Britain ‘s largest export industry from the Napoleonic almost to the Second World War. At its peak in the l 880s, the Lancashire industry supplied 82 per cent of all the world ‘s trade in cotton-piece goods, the major export product of the industry (Table 13.1).