bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bactericide
Authors: Sundin George W. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Bactericides, compounds that are bactericidal or capable of killing bacteria, have been used for several decades in plant disease management programs. On most agricultural crops, copper‐containing compounds are the most commonly utilized bactericide, with antibiotics, most notably streptomycin, applied in situations in which phytotoxicity problems occur with copper usage or in which disease suppression is insufficient when copper compounds are used alone. There are a large number of copper‐containing bactericides. Field trials with them generally yield favorable results.
Antibiotics
Authors: Sundin George W. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Antibiotics are products of microbial origin that are inhibitory to another microorganism or group of microorganisms. Compared to pesticides, antibiotics used for plant disease control have several desirable properties, including reduced effects on nontarget organisms, limited mammalian toxicity, and reduced environmental persistence. However, other aspects such as lack of systemic transport of antibiotics within plants, and inactivation by abiotic environmental factors have limited the effectiveness of antibiotics in certain plant pathosystems. Thus, the promise of antibiotic usage in human medicine as first viewed in the 1940s has led to the reality of the antibiotic‐resistance problem and the difficulty of new antibiotic development.
Chemotherapy
Authors: Maloy Otis C. , Baudoin Anton 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Chemotherapy is the treatment or cure of diseased plants by the application of chemical compounds. Chemotherapy differs from chemical properties by killing or inactivating the pathogen after it has infected the plant. The chemical compound is called a chemotherapeutant and may act locally at the site of infection as a topical therapeutant or may be distributed through the plant system as a systemic therapeutant.
Ethylene
Authors: Krupa Sagar V. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Ethylene is a unique air pollutant, because it is also a naturally occurring plant hormone responsible for regulating growth and senescence. It is even produced in response to stress. Ethylene is released directly into the atmosphere and is defined as a primary air pollutant. Ethylene is also unique, because of its positive or negative physiologic or growth‐regulating effects on flowers and fruits.
LD
50
Authors: Felsot Allan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

LD
50
(or median lethal dose) is a statistically derived estimate of a single dose of a substance that can be expected to cause death in 50% of animals when administered by the oral route or when applied directly to the skin (dermal route). LD
50
is useful for determining hazards of pesticides resulting from short‐term exposure by either oral, dermal, or inhalational routes. The Environmental Protection Agency has somewhat arbitrarily ranked the oral, dermal, and inhalational LD
50
values into four toxicity categories that define labeling of pesticide products.
Phytoalexin
Authors: Nicholson Ralph L. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are found in all plants; some occur constitutively and function as preformed inhibitors of microorganisms. They are often thought to function in warding off attacks by nonpathogens or weak pathogens. These compounds have been referred to as phytoanticipins and are considered as part of the plant's defense system. If the compounds formed are new or different from those normally synthesized by the plant, they are considered as phytoalexins. Considerable literature exists on phytoalexins in host–parasite interactions involving dicots, but there is little information on their role in disease of monocots.
Chlorocarbons and Chlorohydrocarbons, Toxic Aromatics
Authors: Safe Stephen H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractChlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated naphthalenes, benzene hexachloride, 608‐73‐1, and chlorinated derivatives of cyclopentadiene are no longer in commercial use because of their toxicity. However, they still impact the chemical industry because of residential environmental problems. This article discusses the toxicity and environmental impact of these materials.
Genetic Engineering, Plants
Authors: Edwards Janice W. , Kishore Ganesh M. , Stark David M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral discoveries in the 1980s and 1990s permitted the transition of plant molecular biology from a fledgling science to commercial reality. These discoveries ranged from the identification of biologically important genes to the development of methods to introduce new genes into plants and regulate gene expression. The former process is commonly referred to as transformation. Nearly five dozen plant species have been transformed, and more than 500 field tests have been conducted.
Regulatory Agencies, Survey
Authors: Passow Nancy R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Regulations change continuously with updates and reauthorizations, and the specifications of these regulations quickly become outdated. Therefore, the discussions in these articles on regulatory agencies provide only an introduction and summary of the U.S. Federal laws and regulations covering health, safety, and environmental issues. These articles should not be used in lieu of legal services. Current copies of the laws and regulations must be consulted in order to deal with specific situations.
Repellents
Authors: Carlson D. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRepellants are materials that affect insects and other organisms by disrupting their natural behavior of bloodseeking through biting of humans and animals, and are the first line of defense that can be readily used for this purpose. Newer, chemically appealing formulations of chemical repellants have become popular in the United States since the mid‐1980s, and interest in personal protection against biting arthropods has been renewed. The use of insecticides has led to the rise of widespread resistance in areas where residual insecticides were applied for malaria eradication and in some locations that have widespread irrigation, as in California, or that practice flooding for rice production.
Rodenticides
Authors: Buckle Alan , Müller Franz 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe order Rodentia is the largest mammalian order with ca. 1500 species, although barely 100 of these are important as pests. Pest rodents belong mainly to the families Sciuridae, Cricetidae, and Muridae. Rodenticides are used in the control of all these animals and, occasionally, for the control of those belonging to the closely related order Lagomorpha. Rodents are pests in both commensal and agricultural situations.
Evolution of Metabolic Pathways for Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: van der Meer Jan Roelof 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIt is undisputed that microorganisms can adapt to changes in their environment. One of the types of changes microbial communities are currently exposed to is the release of large quantities and varieties of organic and inorganic substances into the environment. These substances can act as the “triggers” for different kinds of adaptation of microbial communities. Thus, various evolutionary mechanisms at work in adapting bacterial populations can be observed. From an environmental viewpoint, adaptation of microbial communities is beneficial when microorganisms that can completely degrade polluting substances evolve (e.g., natural attenuation).
Agricultural Hygiene
Authors: Popendorf, Ph.D., CIH William , Donham, DVM Kelley J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAgriculture was and in most places still is, a disciplined life style that has bred strong character and high morals in virtually every culture. But such attributes are probably more the necessities of successful agriculture than its natural benefit. Modern agriculture, as practiced by Western cultures, is not the bucolic, healthful working environment fantasized in media classics such as Laura Ingalls Wilder'sFarmer Boy. Whatever it was, agriculture is changing or facing change everywhere. While some cultures (and indeed some crops within all cultures) have yet to make the transition from human to animal to mechanized power, or from chemical to genetically engineered tools, where these transitions have occurred, production per farmer has increased. Unfortunately, so too have health and safety stresses upon farmers. Twenty years ago agriculture was the third most hazardous occupation. Although conditions within general industry improved during the intervening years, agriculture has been exempt of mandated safety and health services. Today agriculture is the most hazardous occupational group in the United States. In fact, modern farm life has recently been described as “A Harvest of Harm.”This chapter hopes to address the needs and interests of industrial hygienists, as opposed to other reviews of agricultural hazards. It first describes the dilemma of agriculture as both an industry and as a way of life. Selected health hazards that are either characteristic of or unique to agriculture are then reviewed. A topical overview of hazardous processes, physical, biological and chemical agents, and diseases of concern in agriculture is given. The selected topics have been organized into acute and cumulative trauma, respiratory hazards, pesticides, veterinary chemicals, zoonoses, dermatoses, physical hazards, cancer, and mental stresses. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the traditional industrial hygiene components of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control might be applied to agriculture, potential policies to stimulate industrial hygiene and safety services on the farm and ranch, and approaches employed in other countries to deliver such services. While the problems discussed are world wide, this chapter will focus on U.S. agriculture.
Biomass: Soil Microbial Biomass
Authors: Horwath William R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The soil microbial biomass plays an important role in ecosystem function primarily through the regulation of nutrient cycles. In their search for energy to grow, the soil microbial biomass relies on nutrients in the plant litter and soil. Because of its competitive ability, the soil microbial biomass is often considered the source and sink of essential plant nutrients. The wide diversity and function of the soil microbial biomass exemplifies its role in a wide variety of processes, including parasitism, pathogenesis, and symbiosis. This wide functionality has made the study of soil microbial biomass problematic and often leads to misinterpretation of its importance in ecosystem function.
Viscoelastic Liquids in Stirred Vessels – Part I: Power Consumption in Unaerated Vessels
Authors: Seyssiecq I. , Tolofoudyé A. , Desplanches H. , Gaston‐Bonhomme Y. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDifferent shear‐thinning and elastic fluids (STE fluids) have been stirred under unaerated conditions, in vessels equipped with Rushton disc turbines. Their power consumption has been evaluated over a wide range of stirring rates and their Metzner‐Otto constant (ks) has been measured. A correlation has then been proposed to predict ks values for a Rushton turbine operating in non‐Newtonian solutions. Power curves of STE fluids have been drawn and compared with reference curves (Newtonian, shear‐thinning inelastic and elastic with constant shear viscosity fluids). The STE fluids have thus been divided into two categories. The STE fluids of the first category (STE I fluids), which are concentrated viscous solutions of polymers (guar, CMC) reducing the power consumption at the beginning of the transitional region and connecting with the Newtonian reference at higher Reynolds numbers. In contrast, STE solutions of the second category (STE II fluids), which are solutions of drag reducing polymers (PAA), are less viscous and more elastic. They reduce the power consumption at the end of the transitional region and do not connect with the Newtonian reference, at least until Re = 6000. A general correlation has finally been proposed to model the power curve of STE fluids stirred by a Rushton turbine from the laminar to the turbulent regions, as a function of their elasticity.
The Influence of Liquid Head and Liquid Circulation on Weeping Rates at a Submerged Orifice
Authors: Zhang W. , Tan R.B.H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA detailed study of the liquid weeping accompanying bubble formation at a submerged orifice, has shown that the liquid head has a significant effect on weeping rate at low submergence. At increasing values of the liquid head, a critical value will eventually be reached, above which the liquid head has no further influence on weeping rates. In the region where liquid head effects on weeping occur, the presence or absence of stabilizing baffles has a pronounced effect on weeping rates. Experimental evidence suggests that the nature of this influence is related to the magnitude of bulk liquid circulation induced by the upward gas momentum.
Solid‐Liquid Mass Transfer at Gas Sparged Tube Bundles
Authors: Nosier S.A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe solid‐liquid mass transfer characteristics of an in‐line tube bank immersed in a gas‐liquid bubble column were investigated by measuring the rate of diffusion‐controlled dissolution of copper surface in acidified dichromate solution. Variables studied were the number of rows in the tube bank, physical properties of the solution, and nitrogen flow rate. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with increasing nitrogen flow rate. Increasing the number of rows in the tube bank was found to decrease the mass transfer coefficient. The data were correlated for the following conditions: 0.0021 < Fr.Re < 0.1603, 1 < Nr < 5 and 850 < Sc < 1370 by the equation J = 0.15 ( Fr.Re )–0.15. Comparison was made between the present mass transfer data and previous heat and mass transfer studies conducted in packed and empty bubble columns.
Meteorological and land use controls on past and present hydro‐geomorphic processes in the pre‐alpine environment: an integrated lake–catchment study at the Petit Lac d'Annecy, France
Authors: Foster G. C. , Dearing J. A. , Jones R. T. , Crook D. S. , Siddle D. J. , Harvey A. M. , James P. A. , Appleby P. G. , Thompson R. , Nicholson J. , Loizeau J.‐L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA wide range of environmental records is integrated in order to reconstruct the mechanisms of flooding and sediment transport within the 170 km2 Petit Lac catchment, Annecy, France, over time scales of 10−1 to 102 years. These records include sequential lake sediment trap samples and cores, floodplain stratigraphies, dated landform assemblages, hydro‐meteorological records, and documented histories of river channel and land‐use change. Mineral magnetic measurements are used as the basis for classifying catchment sediment sources and tracing sediment movements through time. Records of magnetic susceptibility for monthly sediment trap samples (1998–99) track seasonal discharge, peaking in winter and spring. Magnetic records in lake sediment cores are compared against and tuned to precipitation records to provide dated proxy records for past discharge spanning sub‐annual to decadal time scales back to 1826. Calculated sediment accumulation rates in lake sediment cores are used as proxies for time‐averaged catchment sediment load. Analysis of the results reveals that climate and land‐use controls on the hydrological and sediment system are complex and vary according to the time scale of observation. In general, cycles of agricultural expansion and deforestation appear to have been the major cause of shifts in the sediment system through the late Holocene. Deforestation in the 18th century may have caused a number of high‐magnitude flood and erosion events. As the time scale of observation becomes shorter, changes in climate and hydro‐meteorological conditions become progressively more important. Since the mid‐19th century, smoothed records of discharge roughly follow annual precipitation; this is in contrast to sediment load, which follows the trend of declining land‐use pressures. Episodic erosion events during this recent period seem to be linked to geomorphic evidence for slope instability in the montane and sub‐alpine zones, triggered by intense summer rainfall. At the annual scale, changes in seasonal rainfall become paramount in determining sediment movement to downstream locations. The study demonstrates that the connections between forcings and responses span a four‐dimensional array of temporal and spatial scales, with strong evidence for dominantly nonlinear forcing–response mechanisms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child and family correlates of toddlers' emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap
Authors: Garner Pamela W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study evaluated the unique and joint contributions of internal state language, externalizing behavior, and maternal talk about emotions to the prediction of toddlers' empathy‐related responsiveness. The empathy‐based guilt reactions of 47 toddlers (27 boys) were observed in response to distress that they thought they had caused. In addition, mothers reported on the children's internal state language, externalizing behavior, and empathy‐based guilt. In a separate observation, the mothers discussed emotional expressions with their children, and the functional significance of their emotional discourse was considered. Results revealed that toddlers' internal state language ability was positively related to their attempts to comprehend another's affective state and to maternal reports of children's sympathy reactions. There was also an unexpected inverse relation between externalizing behavior and arousal level. In terms of the parent measures, maternal explanations of emotions were positively related to children's attempts to comprehend another's affective state, whereas mothers' directives for children to label emotions were positively related to children's expressed emotional concern for others. The implications of these findings for understanding empathy and guilt development in young children are discussed. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Comparison between the enzymatic vitros assay for creatinine determination and three other methods adapted on the olympus analyzer
Authors: Badiou S. , Dupuy A.M. , Descomps B. , Cristolead J.P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo evaluate the relationship between the enzymatic Vitros assay for creatinine determination and other methods, we determined creatinine concentration in 400 heparin samples. Plasma creatinine level was successively determined on the Vitros 750 analyzer (Johnson & Johnson Co., Rochester, NY) and on the Olympus AU2700 analyzer (Olympus France, Rungis, France), using three reagents in the same assay: Olympus‐Jaffé and two enzymatic commercial kits—Crea Plus (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) and Enzymatic Creatinine (Randox, Mauguio, France). Comparison of Jaffé and enzymatic measurements of plasma creatinine levels revealed a high correlation when considering all values ranged from 20–1,000 μmol/l (r > 0.99). However, for values <60 μmol/l, enzymatic reagents provided best results. Enzymatic methodology is a better clinical choice for the accurate measurement of creatinine, especially for neonates, pediatrics, and hematology units. Because analytical performance and the costs of Randox creatinine were satisfactory for our laboratory, this method, adapted on the Olympus analyzer, was chosen for routine determination of creatinine levels. According to the Valtec protocol (8), no interferences such as hemolysis, lipemia, or bilirubin were detected for Enzymatic Creatinine Randox. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:235–240, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment of ELISA on 384‐well microplate for AFP, CEA, CA 19‐9, CA 15‐3, CA 125, and PSA‐ACT: Higher sensitivity and lower reagent cost
Authors: Wu Tsu‐Lan , Sun Yu‐Chen , Chang Pi‐Yueh , Tsao Kuo‐Chien , Sun Chien‐Feng , Wu James T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe 384‐well microplate contains four times as many wells as the regular 96‐well microplate. Establishing enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on 384‐well microplate should lead to savings in reagents and specimens. To determine that ELISAs on 384‐well microplate have acceptable assay precision, ELISAs for tumor markers, including AFP, PSA‐ACT, CEA, CA 125, CA 15‐3, and CA 19‐9, were compared to the same ELISAs established on 96‐well microplate. We found that ELISAs established on 384‐well microplate had similar sensitivity and covered similar concentration ranges as ELISAs on 96‐well microplate. All within‐day and day‐to‐day precisions for the 384‐ELISA had %CV less than 10%. Compared to ELISA on 96‐well microplate, 384‐ELISA used less reagents, less specimen, and exhibited approximately a two‐fold increase in sensitivity. Overall cost of the 384‐384‐ELISA was also greatly reduced. Our results suggest that 384‐ELISA is suitable for use in routine clinical laboratories. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:241–246, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐II gene polymorphism is associated with primary open angle glaucoma
Authors: Tsai Fuu‐Jen , Lin Hui‐Ju , Chen Wen‐Chi , Chen Huey‐Yi , Fan Seng‐Sheen 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHypoxia and ischemia play important roles in the onset and progression of glaucoma. Insulin‐like growth factors (IGF) are important neurotrophic agents that respond to hypoxia‐ischemia. In this study, we enrolled 60 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and 104 healthy volunteers from the China Medical College Hospital. Among the polymorphism of IGFs gene, exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism is the most frequently seen. The polymorphism was observed following polymerase chain reaction based restriction analysis used to to resolve the relationship between IGF‐II exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism and POAG. The distribution of the IGF‐II exon 9 gene polymorphism showed statistical differences in the distribution of genotype frequencies between POAG patients and normal controls (P=0.010). The odds ratio of C/C homozygote was 0.266 (95% confidence interval=0.636∼0.111). IGF‐II is an important neurotrophic agent and regulates the suffering of POAG. C/C homozygote of IGF‐II exon 9 Apa I C/T gene polymorphism is a useful marker of POAG in Chinese. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:259–263, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarities in outcomes for men and women after drug misuse treatment: results from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)
Authors: STEWART DUNCAN , GOSSOP MICHAEL , MARSDEN JOHN , KIDD TARA , TREACY SAMANTHA 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS) is a prospective, multi‐site treatment outcome study of drug misusers in the UK. This paper reports the characteristics and problems of male and female clients at intake to treatment, and changes in substance use, health problems, and criminal behaviour at follow‐up. The sample comprised 753 subjects (552 men and 201 women) followed‐up 1 year after starting treatment in 54 programmes chosen to be representative of the main national treatment modalities. Men and women presented to treatment with different problems and characteristics. Women reported more frequent cocaine use, greater health problems, and were more likely to have a drug‐using partner and be responsible for children. Despite different profiles of problems, men and women both made significant reductions in their problem behaviours following treatment. At 1‐year follow‐up, men and women reported reductions in drug use, health problems and criminal behaviour. However, women did not reduce their alcohol consumption significantly, and improvements in crime were less pronounced than for men. After controlling for pretreatment differences, gender was not predictive of any of the outcome measures reported.