bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong Sar
Authors: Fernandes Carl , LLP Linklaters 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA), the Offlce of the Commissioner of Insurance (OCI), and the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC) are the principal regulators of the banking, insurance, and securities industries in Hong Kong. The Banking Ordinance (BO) regulates banking business and deposit-taking activities in Hong Kong. Money lending (other than by locally licensed banking institutions) is regulated under the Money Lenders Ordinance (MLO), and also under the Securities and Futures Ordinance (see below) as the regulated activity of ‘securities margin financing’, to the extent that loans are used to facilitate the acquisition or continued holding of listed securities. The Securities and Futures Ordinance (SFO) is the principal piece of legislation regulating the Hong Kong securities and futures market. Areas covered include offers of investment products and licensing in respect of ‘regulated activities’ (covering areas such as dealing and trading in securities and derivatives, investment management, and investment advice). In addition to the SFO, the Companies Ordinance (CO) is also relevant to the public offerings of certain securities in Hong Kong.
Malaysia
Authors: Rajan Yohan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal regulatory authority that regulates the banking and the general insurance activities is the central bank of Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia. In relation to securities activities, the principal regulatory authority is the Securities Commission. The Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) has the following enforcement powers: Banking and Financial Institutions Act 1989 (BAFIA): The enforcement powers of the BNM are stipulated in Part XI of the BAFIA. Under Part XI, the BNM may appoint any of its officers or any other person to be an investigating officer. No person shall obstruct the exercise of powers by an investigating officer.
Sri Lanka
Authors: Wikramanayake Arittha R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal regulatory authority for Banks is the Department of Bank Supervision (DBS) of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka, established under the Monetary Law Act No 58 of 1949. The Insurance Industry is regulated by the Insurance Board of Sri Lanka (IBSL) and the securities industry is regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For further details on the Central Bank, the SEC, and the IBSL see para 3.1, below. The Department of Bank Supervision: The DBS is vested with the power to examine the books and accounts of every commercial bank in Sri Lanka and consequent to an examination of the affairs of any banking institution, may take all such measures necessary to prevent the continuance of business by the institution. Further, the Director of Bank Supervision is entitled to cause an application to be made to a competent court for the winding up of the institution. Insurance Board of Sri Lanka: The Regulation of Insurance Industry Act No 43 of 2000 empowers the Board may order an inspection or investigation of the activities of a company registered under the Act. An insurer is required to prepare and maintain accounts in a form and manner determined by the Board and furnish reports, quarterly returns, and copies of re-insurance as required by the Board. Under the Act the Board is also vested with the power to order re-evaluation, increase deposits, and order investigations into the affairs of the insurer. Section 69(2)(b) of the Act empowers the Board to apply to the District Court to order a winding up of an insurer if it is satisfied that the insurer has failed to comply with the provisions of the Act, and it appears from the returns furnished by the insurer that the insurer is insolvent or that the continuance of the insurer is prejudicial to the interests of the policy holders.
Linear Mechanics
Authors: Cullerne John P , Machacek Anton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kinematics is the study of motions within a framework of three-dimensional (3-D) space which are realized in the course of time. This study is made independently of the physical laws of these motions. Dynamics is the study of the physical laws of motion. It seems absolutely logical to study the different kinds of motion in space, before considering the reasons and according to what laws such and such a motion occurs in such and such a circumstance. In this chapter we will be following this quite traditional line of storytelling, but we will do so as a development of ideas rather than a compartmentalizing of the subject matter.
The Lives of Statues
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is curious that some of the smallest three-dimensional images in prehistoric Europe should have been treated in the same ways as the largest ones. It is still more striking that such practices occurred at opposite ends of the Continent(Scarre 2007b).With only a few exceptions, small models of human bodies are associated with Neolithic and Copper Age sites in Eastern Europe, while monumental sculptures occur mainly in the west.
In Open Country
Authors: Bradley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional term ‘megalithic art’ raises many problems. Some have been addressed in Chapters 3 and 4, and more of them will be considered here. These difficulties arise for three main reasons. Despite the claims of early scholars, it lacks a single style of imagery and is defined almost entirely by the contexts in which it is found. At the same time, the decorated panels can be entirely abstract and might have made quite different references from naturalistic designs. Even in areas where the same motifs were shared between separate tombs, they could be organized in very different ways. It is not a promising starting point for research.
The internationalization of minority rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debates regarding integration and accommodation are a familiar feature of the political life of many countries and, indeed, are often the most enduring and contentious aspect of domestic politics. But these debates are not solely domestic. The international community plays an increasingly important role in shaping these debates, endorsing some models of integration and accommodation while discouraging others. And this endorsement is not just a matter of exhortation or moral support. Countries that follow the recommendations of the international community may gain access to vital financial, technical, and even military assistance in addressing their ethnic conflicts. In short, international organizations influence both the policy choices that states make regarding diversity and the likelihood that the chosen policies will succeed.
The Atomic Nucleus (1911)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first decade of the twentieth century atoms were a reality to nearly every scientist. It was also known that they were not indivisible since, by ionization, one or more electrons could be removed from an atom. That meant that an atom contains one or more electrons. As we have seen (Episode 14), the size of atoms was known. But nothing was known about their inner structure. Several models of the atom were proposed but could not be subjected to severe experimental tests. The most popular model was one by J. J. Thomson, sometimes called the plum-pudding model [1]. It described the atom as a sphere filled out evenly with positive charge which contained the point-like electrons.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom (1913)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bohr [1,2] ranks among those few physicists who exert the strongest scientific influence on others. Many important theoreticians of the twentieth century regarded him their teacher, although, like Einstein, he did not have a single Ph.D. student. Bohr was the son of a professor of medicine and physiology at the University of Copenhagen; the Bohr family, for generations, had been one of teaching and learning. His mother was the daughter of a banker and philanthropist. His younger brother Harald, Niels’ closest friend, became an eminent mathematician and, as a young man, was an excellent soccer player and member of the Danish National team. Bohr began to study physics in Copenhagen in 1903. He solved a prize problem, requiring extensive experiments which he performed in his father’s laboratory (there was none for the physics chair) and won the prize in 1907. In 1909 he obtained a master’s degree with work on the electron theory of metals and in 1911 his Ph.D. with a thesis on the same subject.
Two Transuranium Elements Finally Found – Neptunium and Plutonium (1940/41)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1789, the Berlin chemist Klaproth discovered a new element in pitchblende ores from Johanngeorgenstadt in Saxony and from Sankt Joachimsthal in Bohemia. He called it uranium after the outermost planet then known. That planet, the seventh, had been discovered eight years earlier by Herschel in England and named uranus after Urania, the muse of astronomy and geometry. At that time the Periodic Table was still unknown. But after it was established in 1869 and generally accepted in the years to follow, the name uranium was considered fitting for the last in the list of elements. However, the analogy was spoiled a little because since 1846 an eighth planet, neptune, was known.
The Pi Meson Discovered by the Photographic Method (1947)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than twelve years after Yukawa had proposed the existence of a particle as carrier of the strong interaction between nucleons (Episode 57), a particle with properties expected by his theory was finally observed. The discovery was possible because important improvements had recently been made to one of the oldest techniques in the detection of ionizing radiation, the photographic method.
Strangeness – A New Quantum Number (1955)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Episode 68 we saw how, beginning in 1947, new particles were observed which were considered ‘strange’, because they were obviously produced by strong interactions but decayed only via the weak interaction. The first important step towards an understanding of these strange particles was done by Pais in 1952 with his idea of an associated production.
Parity – A Symmetry Broken (1957)
Authors: Brandt Siegmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1957, I attended my first conference, the annual meeting of the German Physical Society which was held in Heidelberg. I was in my sixth semester and had just begun to work on my diploma thesis under Paul in Bonn. The highlight was a talk by Weisskopf who reported on the ‘fall of parity’. I had never heard of parity, let alone that so far it had been tacitly taken to be conserved. Mirror-image symmetry or, as it was technically called, parity invariance had been taken for granted so much that it was not even mentioned in most text books. When it was found not to hold, Dirac was asked for a comment. His answer was [1]: ‘I never said anything about it in my book.’
Aggregating data
Authors: Heijden Hans Van Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we have seen how you can query databases to get result sets of individual instances. We shall now concern ourselves with generating data about groups of instances. We shall refer to this as aggregated data. Examples of such information include the total revenue on our sales orders, the average volume of sales, the maximum quantity in a particular month, and so on. It goes without saying that aggregating data effectively is an essential skill for a manager. A management information system should be able to support aggregation rapidly and accurately, and ideally in a somewhat flexible way, as there are many diﬀerent ways to aggregate data.
Conformal Field Theory of Free Bosonic and Fermionic Fields
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss two explicit examples of conformal field theories. We start our analysis with the free massless bosonic theory that we have already seen in the previous chapter. After, we discuss the conformal field theory of a complex fermion operator (a Dirac fermion) using its decomposition in the real Majorana components. The central charge of both bosonic and fermion theories is c = 1 and this suggests the existence of an equivalence between them. The transformation that maps a bosonic into a fermion theory and vice versa is known as bosonization: it provides a useful tool both for the comprehension of the conformal theories and for a wide range of applications, in particular in low-dimensional condensed matter systems.
Counter-Terrorism Law and Practice
Authors: Sambei Arvinder , Plessis Anton du , Polaine Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Counter-Terrorism Law and Practice provides in a single volume the core documents in international law relating to terrorism, together with analytical commentary. The detailed narrative provides the reader with an understanding of issues likely to arise in practice, for example competing jurisdiction; the impact of human rights law and practice; extradition; handling of MLA requests; and countering the financing of terrorism. The book also includes the key international and regional counter-terrorism instruments and coverage on the approach of other jurisdictions, particularly important when dealing with issues of international co-operation. The materials cover relevant case law from a range of jurisdictions as well as key documents from international organisations such as FATF.
Linear thermodynamics of irreversible processes
Authors: Pottier No¨elle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thermodynamics of irreversible processes is a macroscopic theory dealing with states and processes in out-of-equilibrium systems. It allows us, at least when the deviations from equilibrium are not too important, to have to hand a unified treatment of transport phenomena and relaxation processes. This theory thus goes beyond the framework of equilibrium thermodynamics, where only ‘reversible’ processes, in the course of which the system is supposed to be, at any time, in an equilibrium state, can be taken into account. Out of equilibrium, irreversible processes play an essential role. For instance, a system maintained out of equilibrium by applied constraints reacts in being subjected to ﬂuxes: the system is the place of transport phenomena. Or, after having been submitted to applied constraints, a system returns to equilibrium once these constraints are suppressed: this is a relaxation process.
The Boltzmann equation
Authors: Pottier No¨elle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statistical evolution of a classical system of N particles with pair interactions can in principle be studied by means of the BBGKY hierarchy for the reduced distribution functions. If no approximation is made, the evolution equation of the one-particle distribution function involves the two-particle distribution function, and so on. The study of the evolution of the one-particle distribution function is thus tricky. However, in some cases, it is possible, through proper approximations, to obtain a closed evolution equation for this distribution function. If the eﬀect of collisions leading to an irreversible evolution is taken into account by these approximations, the evolution equation thus obtained for the one-particle distribution function belongs to the class of kinetic equations. There are several types of such equations, each of them relating to a particular physical system placed in given conditions.
Master equations
Authors: Pottier No¨elle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin with, we consider those physical phenomena likely to be modelized by random processes. The processes which are most commonly used for this type of modelization are the Markov processes, often called picturesquely ‘processes without memory’. A Markov process is governed by its transition probabilities, which allow us, step by step, to determine its evolution from its initial distribution. The transition probabilities of a Markov process obey a non-linear functional equation, the Chapman– Kolmogorov equation. If we have independent information about the behavior of the transition probabilities over short time intervals, we can deduce from the Chapman– Kolmogorov equation a linear equation, called the master equation, describing the evolution of the transition probabilities over much longer time intervals.
Article 7: Provisional Measures
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Article 7 lays down the details with regard to the imposition of provisional anti-dumping duties. In the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement, the corresponding provisions concerning provisional measures can be found in its Articles 7 and 12.2.l. Other provisions concerning provisional antidumping duties are set out in Article 14 and Article 20(1) of Basic Regulation 384/96. The Commission is, according to Article 7(4), the competent institution for the imposition of provisional anti-dumping duties, but the last sentence of Article 7(6) entitles the Council to annul such Commission Regulation. Provisional duties are destined to prevent injury resulting from dumping for the period between provisional and definitive findings. Such need arises frequently because of the duration of the investigation.
Article 9: Termination Without Measures and Imposition of Definitive Duties
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem was discussed in Anonymos Etaireia Epicheiriseon Metalleftikon Viomichanikon kai Naftiliakon AE. The Court held that the Council was competent to rule on all of the conditions which must be satisfied for the imposition of an anti-dumping duty without being obliged to adopt every proposal made in that connection by the Commission. Thus, the Council may, for instance when deciding on the imposition of a definitive anti-dumping duty, embark on an examination as to whether the products imported and those produced by the Community producers were similar. The Council must however take any final decision in accordance with the findings made in the investigation.
Article 16: Verification Visits
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provisions contained in Article 16 are (like Article 15) basically self-explanatory. The corresponding provisions of the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement can be found in its Article 6.7 and Annex 1. The primary purpose of a verification visit is to verify the correctness of the reply which the party concerned has submitted in response to the Commission’s questionnaire. During this visit the company cannot, therefore, make substantial changes to its original reply, such as a completely revised transaction-by-transaction listing of its export and/or domestic sales. This was confirmed in EU—Antidumping duties on malleable cast iron tube or pipe fittings from Brazil. The Panel viewed the investigation essentially as a ‘documentary exercise’ that might be supplemented by a verification visit. Such verification visits are provided for, but not mandated by, the WTO Anti-dumping Agreement.
Article 19: Confidentiality
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to carry out anti-dumping proceedings, the parties concerned are usually asked to submit information of a highly sensitive nature, such as transaction-by-transaction listings of domestic and export sales, including, e.g. all details of customers, prices, rebates, detailed cost of production tables etc. It would be detrimental to the interests of any party providing such information if this information were to be divulged. It follows from this that there must be rules concerning the protection and the treatment of such information. Article 19 lays down the rules concerning the protection of confidential information. Article 19 is a more specific expression of the principle of confidentiality which is already generally recognized by Article 287 of the EC Treaty.
Article 23: Repeal of Existing Legislation and Transitional Measures
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to its first paragraph, the first paragraph of Article 23of Basic Regulation 3283/94, i.e. the predecessor of the current Basic Regulation, continued to apply. The latter provision basically stipulated that investigations which were pending on 1 September 1994 and which had not been concluded on 1 January 1995,should still be examined on the basis of Regulation 2423/88. It would seem that the application of Regulation 2423/88 to such pending cases is now a dead letter. The corresponding provision in the GATT Anti-dumping Code is Article 18.3. The legality of the rules set out in Article 23 of Basic Regulation 3283/94 had been disputed in Acme and the CECOM case. However, the Court rejected this.
On The Road To A Sustainable Transport Sector In South Africa: The Role Of Market-Based Instruments
Authors: Paterson Alexander Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Africa has approximately 6.5 million vehicles travelling on its everextending road network. All indications are that these numbers will rapidly increase owing to the country’s poor public transport infrastructure and the population’s material aspirations. The ? eet is generally ageing, in poor condition, devoid of emission control technology, and reliant on high octane fuels. Vehicle emissions are accordingly on the increase and contribute signifi cantly to the country’s air pollution crises. From a waste management perspective, vehicle carcasses and used components increasingly litter South Africa’s landscapes as formal waste disposal sites are unable to cope with the in?ux.
Partly as a result of the need to curb the growing environmental impacts caused by the road transport sector, the government has recently reformed the country’s outdated air pollution and waste management regimes. The new legal orders introduce many regulatory tools of potential relevance to the road transport sector, including ambient air quality standards, emission standards, clean fuel specifi cations, vehicle specifi cations, and differential waste management and disposal schemes. One notable trend permeating this legal reform is a shift away from the traditional command-and-control approach to regulation as provision is made for the introduction of an array of market-based instruments (MBIs).
The Song of Songs and the Eros of God
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern biblical scholarship interprets the Song as a collection of love lyrics. For Edmée Kingsmill, on the contrary, the essence of the Song is mystical. A principal concern of this study, however, is to uncover the relationship between the 117 verses of the Song and those biblical books to which they point. Beneath the metaphors a network of allusions is being woven, conveying a picture opposite to that we find in the prophets who, confronted with the continual ‘adultery’ of Israel, poured forth their condemnations with unwearying passion. In dramatic contrast, the Song presents a paradisal picture: ‘For, lo, the winter is past, the rain is over and gone. The flowers appear in the land, and the time of singing is come’ (Song 2: 11-12). Thus, in presenting the ideal, the intention of the Song’s author is shown to be encouragement. The inclusion of this poem in the biblical canon is understood, therefore, to be central to the purpose of the biblical literature: to bring all people to love the God of love. The book is in two parts. The first and longer part is concerned with themes, including the relationship of the Song to the early Jewish mystical literature. The second part is a short commentary intended for the reader interested in the text as much as in the related questions to which the text gives rise.