bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence method for monitoring isothermal curing and shelf life of an epoxy–anhydride system
Authors: Vatanparast Ramin , Li Shuyan , Lemmetyinen Helge 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fluorescence technique with seven fluorescent probes was applied to monitor the curing and shelf life of an epoxy resin. As isothermal curing proceeded, the fluorescence emission bands of the probes exhibited blue shifts because of microviscosity and micropolarity changes. An intensity ratio method was applied in which ratios of the lowest and highest intensity changes in the emission bands were used to determine the degree of isothermal curing. A smooth and, in some cases, a linear correlation was found between the fluorescence intensity ratio and the degree of cure. This method enables the degree of cure to be monitored and allows comparable results from different types of probes to be monitored during the same curing process. The fluorescence technique and the ratio method offer the possibility of monitoring the precuring and the shelf life of the epoxy polymer. The method can be used to compare the kinetics of various monomers and resin formulations under constant curing conditions. Thus, the method would be useful for developing new resin formulations and technologies and could be applied to a variety of commercial and industrial uses of epoxy resins. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2607–2615, 2001
Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by porous polyacrylonitrile beads
Authors: Godjevargova T. , Simeonova A. , Dimov A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions on acrylonitrile copolymer sorbents was studied. We prepared five types of sorbents from polyacrylonitrile by varying its concentration in the initial polymer solution and the composition of the coagulation bath, aiming to achieve a different porous structure. The specific area, pore volume, and pore radius of the sorbents were determined on a porosimeter. The porous structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Modification of sorbents with sodium hydroxide and hydroxylamine was carried out to form amidooxyme and carboxylic groups with proven complex‐forming properties toward heavy metal ions. The optimal pH of the sorption of metal ions was found. The adsorption kinetics were investigated. The order of polymer sorbents toward the sorption of Pb(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) ions, and the order of heavy metal uptake were determined for all types of sorbents. The effectiveness of heavy metal desorption and the coefficient of recovery of sorption ability were determined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 3036–3044, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.2334
Community‐based management of the environment: lessons from the past and options for the future
Authors: Evans S.M. , Birchenough A.C. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. Traditional community‐based systems of managing coastal fisheries were (or in some cases are) successful in managing resources at sustainable levels. These systems are used as models in the present study.2. They were (or are) under‐pinned by a sense of ownership and intimate knowledge of the environment in local people.3. Such features have been largely lost, as subsistence economies have been replaced by capitalist ones, and environmental management responsibilities have shifted from local communities to national or international government.4. There are, nevertheless, some examples of community‐based management systems that still operate successfully and we believe that modern management practices, in general, would benefit from increased community involvement. This will require renewed emphases on feelings of ownership and increased knowledge of the environment in the general public.5. Environmental education will have a fundamental role to play in achieving this goal. However, its impact in schools and universities has been disappointingly ineffective so far in promoting a population that is sufficiently knowledgeable and well‐motivated to partake meaningfully in environmental management processes.6. It is argued that educational initiatives, which involve all ages and sections of society, are required. Five promising possibilities are: (i) the participation of community groups in scientific projects; (ii) increased emphasis on life‐long learning; (iii) educational campaigns; (iv) citizens' juries; and (v) the involvement of community groups in environmental planning and management processes.7. Wide‐scale adoption of innovations of these kinds will require funding and this will be achieved only by national re‐assessments of educational needs and priorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes and recovery of macrozoobenthic communities after restoration measures of the Orbetello Lagoon (Tyrrhenian coast, Italy)
Authors: Lardicci Claudio , Como Serena , Corti Serena , Rossi Francesca 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. This paper describes the long‐term dynamics of the macrozoobenthic communities in the Orbetello Lagoon, one of the largest Western Mediterranean lagoons, which was affected by eutrophication processes that began in the 1980s and peaked with two severe anoxic crises in 1992 and 1993.2. The aim of the present research was first to establish the characteristics of this basin prior to the anoxic crises, and second to assess the recovery of the lagoon after various restoration measures were completed in 1996. Investigations were carried out by studying macrozoobenthic communities in 4 years (1976, 1988, 1994, 1999) that were representative of the different (eu)trophic status in the lagoon.3. Results of multivariate analyses indicated that each year was significantly different from the others. The years 1976 and 1999 exhibited the highest number of species as compared with 1988 and 1994. The majority of species characterizing the 1976 communities were marine taxa whereas 1988 and 1994 showed a lower percentage of marine species and a higher percentage of opportunistic organisms in comparison with 1976. The species assemblage in 1999 showed an intermediate composition between 1976 and 1988–1994.4. Eutrophication processes caused a clear impoverishment of the macrobenthic communities in 1988 and 1994. The increase in overall number of species during 1999 may have been due to improved environmental conditions of the lagoon. However, the composition of the community suggested that still there were signs of disturbance in the lagoon in 1999, 6 years after the last intense anoxic crises and even after completion of the environmental restoration measures.5. It was hypothesized that secondary disturbance events, sustained by high seasonal release of nutrients from the sediments, could cause the deviations from the expected improvement in benthic conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive mapping for management and conservation of seagrass beds in North Carolina
Authors: Kelly Nina M. , Fonseca Mark , Whitfield Paula 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 12(2), 2002 577
This research extends techniques of predictive mapping from their application in terrestrial environments to marine landscapes by investigating the relationship between seagrass and hydrodynamics in Core Sound, North Carolina, USA.
An empirically derived logistic multiple regression model and a Boolean logic suitability model were used to produce several predictive map products, including: susceptibility of seagrasses to storms, probability of seagrass cover, and suitability of areas for restoration of seagrasses. A visual comparison between these maps and conventional seagrass polygon maps allows for a discussion of ‘field’ versus ‘object’ mapping, and the ramifications for management based on different cartographic techniques.
The predictive method used here showed that only a small portion (19%) of the seagrass bed in the study area would be expected to have a high probability of seagrass coverage. The majority of the seagrass habitat in the study area was predicted to have less than 50% probability of seagrass cover. In addition, 16% of the nearly 2000 ha of seagrass within the study area were predicted to be highly susceptible to acute storm events. Moreover, using a conservative set of site selection criteria, only 7% of the study area encompassed by seagrass habitat was predicted to have a high probability of successful restoration if injured.
This method provides for an inexpensive way to scale‐up from high‐resolution data to a coarser scale that is often required for conservation and management.
Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indirect‐collective referencing (ICR) in the elite journal literature of physics. II. A literature science study on the level of communications
Authors: Száva‐Kováts Endre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the author's three previous articles dealing with the ICR phenomenon (JASIS, 49, 1998, 477–481; 50, 1999, 1284–1294; JASIST, 52, 2001, 201–211) the nature, life course, and importance of this phenomenon of scientific literature was demonstrated. It was shown that the quantity of nonindexed indirect‐collective references in The Physical Review now alone exceeds many times over the quantity of formal references listed in the Science Citation Index as “citations.” It was shown that the ICR phenomenon is present in all the 44 elite physics journals of a representative sample of this literature. The bibliometrically very heterogeneous sample is very homogeneous regarding the presence and frequency of the ICR phenomenon. However, no real connection could be found between the simple degree of documentedness and the presence and frequency of the ICR phenomenon on the journal level of the sample. The present article reports the findings of the latest ICR investigation carried out on the level of communications of the representative sample. Correlation calculations were carried out in the stock of all 458 communications containing the ICR phenomenon as a statistical population, and within this population also in the groups of communications of the “normal” and the “letter” journals, and the “short communications.” The correlation analysis did not find notable statistical correlation between the simple and specific degree of documentedness of a communication and the number of works cited in it by ICR act(s) either in the total population or in the selected groups. There is no correlation either statistical or real (i.e., cause‐and‐effect) between the documentedness of scientific communications made by their authors and the presence and intensity of the ICR method used by their authors. However, in reality there exists a very strong connection between these two statistically independent variables: both depend on the referencing author, on his/her subjectivity and barely limited subjective free will. This subjective free will shapes the stock of the formal‐direct references of scientific communications, thereby placing the achievements cited in this way and their creators into the (indexed) showcase of present Big Science. The same free will decides on the use or nonuse of the ICR method, and in the case of use also on the intensity with which the method is used.
An algorithm for term conflation based on tree structures
Authors: Diaz Irene , Morato Jorge , Lloréns Juan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis work presents a new stemming algorithm. This algorithm stores the stemming information in tree structures. This storage allows us to enhance the performance of the algorithm due to the reduction of the search space and the overall complexity. The final result of that stemming algorithm is a normalized concept, understanding this process as the automatic extraction of the generic form (or a lexeme) for a selected term.
Collaborative relevance judgment: A group consensus method for evaluating user search performance
Authors: Zhang Xiangmin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRelevance judgment has traditionally been considered a personal and subjective matter. A user's search and the search result are treated as an isolated event. To consider the collaborative nature of information retrieval (IR) in a group/organization or even societal context, this article proposes a method that measures relevance based on group/peer consensus. The method can be used in IR experiments. In this method, the relevance of a document is decided by group consensus, or more specifically, by the number of users (or experiment participants) who retrieve it for the same search question. The more users who retrieve it, the more relevant the document will be considered. A user's search performance can be measured by a relevance score based on this notion. The article reports the results of an experiment using this method to compare the search performance of different types of users. Related issues with the method and future directions are also discussed.
CYP3A inductive potential of the rifamycins, rifabutin and rifampin, in the rabbit
Authors: Weber Allan , Kaplan Mindy , Chughtai Shazia A. , Cohn Leah A. , Smith Arnold L. , Unadkat Jashvant D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRifabutin is effective in the treatment and prevention of Mycobacterium avium infection in people with HIV infection. Rifabutin is structurally related to another rifamycin, rifampin, a well‐known inducer of the human P‐450 isoform 3A. The rabbit isoform CYP3A6 and the human isoform CYP3A4 have similar P‐450 predominance and substrate specificity and are both induced by rifampin. Our goal was to predict the CYP3A induction capacity of rifabutin and to determine if ex vivo CYP3A induction potential of rifamycins is predictive of that obtained in vivo. We determined the in vivo and ex vivo CYP3A6 induction by 4 days of treatment with rifabutin (100 mg/kg), rifampin (100 mg/kg), or vehicle (DMSO) in the rabbit. The ex vivo measures were CYP3A6 activity (N‐demethylation of erythromycin and hydroxylation of triazolam) and CYP3A content in rabbit hepatic microsomes preparations. The in vivo measures were oral clearance of triazolam and its formation clearance to its hydroxylated metabolites, α‐hydroxytriazolam and 4‐hydroxytriazolam. Rifampin increased CYP3A6 activity by 2‐ to 3‐fold in hepatic microsomes compared to vehicle. Rifabutin increased CYP3A content 1.7‐fold, but did not significantly increase microsomal CYP3A6 activity. Oral triazolam clearance and formation clearances to the two hydroxylated metabolites were 2‐ to 3‐fold greater in rabbits treated with rifampin. These clearances were unaffected by rifabutin administration. Ex vivo enzyme activities correlated with in vivo changes in clearance of triazolam and the formation clearance to its hydroxylated metabolites. Rifabutin is a weaker inducer of CYP3A6 than rifampin. These data suggest that ex vivo enzyme activity is a viable approach to predict in vivo inductive potential of CYP3A inducers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal trends and misclassification in residential 60 Hz magnetic field measurements
Authors: Banks Robert S. , Thomas William , Mandel Jack S. , Kaune William T. , Wacholder Sholom , Tarone Robert E. , Linet Martha S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research addressed the question of how well measurement data collected during a single visit, made at an arbitrary hour of day, day of week, and season, estimate longer term residential 60 Hz magnetic field levels. We made repeat spot and 24 h measurements in 51 children's home, located in the Detroit, MI, and the Minneapolis‐St. Paul, MN metropolitan areas, on a regular bimonthly schedule over a 1 year period, as well as a single 2 week measurement, for total of eight visits, producing 21 days of data for each residence. We defined the long term estimate (LTE) as the geometric mean of all available 24 h geometric means from the first six bimonthly visits. The LTE served as the reference level for assessing seasonal, day of week, and diurnal effects, as well as the potential for misclassification. We found a small, but statistically significant (P < .05), seasonal effect, with levels approximately 3% lower than the LTE in the spring and about 4% greater during the summer. No effect was found for day of week. However, we did find a systematic and appreciable diurnal effect, suggesting that, for example, an evening spot measurement may overestimate the LTE by 20% or more. We also assessed how well the 24 h measurement from the last visit, which was not used in calculation of the LTE, estimated the LTE. We found a high degree of correlation (r = .92) and fair to good agreement using four exposure categories (κ = .53). Thus, the 24 h measurement appears to be a satisfactory LTE estimator. However, this finding must be interpreted with caution since considerable unexplained variability was present among the repeat 24 h measurements in about one‐third of the homes. While the 2 week measurement does somewhat decrease exposure misclassification, its added intrusiveness and cost are likely to outweigh the improved precision. Bioelectromagnetics 23:196–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual molecules of thermostable alkaline phosphatase support different catalytic rates at room temperature
Authors: Dyck Ashley C. , Craig Douglas B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThermus thermophilus cells were grown at 70°C, lysed and the lysate subjected to single molecule alkaline phosphatase assays, using a capillary electrophoresis laser‐induced fluorescence detection‐based method. The enzyme was found to be heterogeneous with respect to catalytic rate when assayed at room temperature. Turnover numbers ranged 12‐fold, with an average of 400 ± 200 reactions/min for the 80 molecules assayed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a chaperone‐based refolding method to two‐ and three‐dimensional off‐lattice protein models
Authors: Gorse Denise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA model of protein–chaperone interaction as a two‐phase (unfolding/refolding) iterative annealing mechanism able to promote structural segregation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers and thereby facilitate access to nativelike states has recently been applied successfully to two 22‐mers of the Honeycutt and Thirumalai BLN (hydrophobic, hydrophilic, neutral) heteropolymer model. This technique is here applied to a much wider data set: 94 8‐mers of the off‐lattice protein model originally presented in two dimensions by Stillinger and Head‐Gordon, and later extended into three dimensions by Irbäck and Potthast; the model chaperone is shown to be equally successful, and by progressive elaboration of the chaperone model as in the earlier BLN model work, to be utilizing very similar underlying mechanisms. It is demonstrated that on average, contacts with the model chaperone give rise to a consistent movement in structure space in the direction of more nativelike structures; this method of global minimization does not therefore rely fundamentally on random search. Insofar as the responses to the chaperone of the two‐ and three‐dimensional forms of the substrate model do differ, this can be interpreted as reflecting the different handling of hydrophilic monomers in the models—in particular, whether there is active repulsion between these and monomers of hydrophobic character. The chaperone‐induced refolding method is also tested on a set of 220 9‐mer chains of each version of the substrate model, where it is seen that the two‐dimensional model, with its more clearly distinguished roles for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers, shows a more favorable scaling behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 146–160, 2002
Toward an enzyme‐based oxygen scavenging laminate. Influence of industrial lamination conditions on the performance of glucose oxidase
Authors: Andersson Mats , Andersson Thorbjörn , Adlercreutz Patrick , Nielsen Tim , Hörnsten Erik Gunnar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe laminate consisted of several polymer layers, aluminium, and one cellulose‐based layer containing the active enzymatic system (e.g., glucose oxidase, catalase, glucose, and CaCO3). During the industrial lamination process, the enzyme layer was exposed to three temperature spikes up to 325°C without significant enzyme inactivation. Ninety‐seven percent of the glucose oxidase activity still remained after the lamination process. The best laminate had an oxygen absorbing capacity of 7.6 ± 1.0 L/m2. A reference that was not laminated expressed a corresponding oxygen absorbing capacity of 7.1 ± 0.8 L/m2. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 37–42, 2002.
Effect of temperature, medium composition, and cell passage on production of herpes‐based viral vectors
Authors: Wechuck James B. , Ozuer Ali , Goins William F. , Wolfe Darren , Oligino Thomas , Glorioso Joseph C. , Ataai Mohammad M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOur work uses replication‐defective genomic herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1)‐based vectors to transfer therapeutic genes into cells of the central nervous system and other tissues. Obtaining highly purified high‐titer vector stocks is one of the major obstacles remaining in the use of these vectors in gene therapy applications. We have examined the effects of temperature and media conditions on the half‐life of HSV‐1 vectors. The results reveal that HSV stability is 2.5‐fold greater at 33°C than at 37°C and is further stabilized at 4°C. Additionally, a significantly higher half‐life was measured for the vector in infection culture conditioned serum medium compared to fresh medium with or without serum. Synchronous infections incubated at 33°C produced 2‐fold higher amounts of vector than infected cells incubated at 37°C, but with a lag of 16–24 h. Vector production yielded 3‐fold higher titers and remained stable at peak levels for a longer period of time in cultures incubated at 33°C than 37°C. A pronounced negative effect of increased cell passage number on vector yield was observed. Vector production at 33°C yielded similar levels regardless of passage number but was reduced at 37°C as passage number increased. Together, these results contribute to improved methods for high‐titer HSV vector production. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 112–119, 2002.
Kinetics of the lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of glucose esters in acetone
Authors: Arcos Jose A. , Hill Charles G. , Otero Cristina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple kinetic model derived from a ping‐pong bi‐bi mechanism is proposed to describe the lipase‐catalyzed esterification of glucose with fatty acids. The mathematical expressions derived from this model have been tested using several sets of data obtained from reactions carried out under different reaction conditions. The predicted values provide very good fits of the experimental data for temperatures from 30 to 60°C, enzyme loadings from 90 to 180 mg, and fatty acid concentrations from 0.33M to 1M. Experiments conducted at different temperatures permit one to estimate an activation energy of ∼12 kcal/mol for the rate‐limiting step of the reaction (formation of the acyl‐enzyme complex). The model also considers the kinetics of inactivation of the biocatalyst during the reaction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 104–110, 2001.