bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This second part of the book turns to an examination of the conditions under which it is morally justifiable to exercise political power to enforce international law in the pursuit of justice. Ch. 5 develops a justice‐based conception of political legitimacy, where “political legitimacy” is defined as follows: An entity has political legitimacy if and only if it is morally justified in exercising political power, where the exercise of political power may, in turn, be defined as the (credible) attempt to achieve supremacy in the making, application, and enforcement of laws within a jurisdiction. It is argued that an entity that exercises political power is morally justified in doing so only if it meets a minimal standard of justice, understood as the protection of basic human rights. The conception of political legitimacy offered is meant to be perfectly general, and applies to any entity that wields political power, whether at the state, regional, or international level; it is used again in Chs 6–8. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. Political Legitimacy and the Morality of Political Power; The Irrelevance of the Idea that We Owe Compliance to the Government; III. Explaining the Preoccupation with the Government's Right to be Obeyed; IV. Toward a Theory of Political Legitimacy; V. Why Should Some Persons Rather than Others Wield Political Power?; VI. Democracy and Mutual Obligations among Citizens; and VIII. Conclusions.
Recognitional Legitimacy
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Ch. 5 outlined an argument for a justice‐based general conception of what might be called internal political legitimacy: the conditions under which the exercise of political power within a political entity's own borders is morally justified. This conception of internal political legitimacy is used in Ch. 6 as a component of an account of recognitional legitimacy (also called international legitimacy). The concept of recognitional legitimacy plays a central role in international legal institutions and international affairs, where states, governments, and insurgency movements may all be recognized or not recognized as legitimate by individual states, groups of states, or regional or international organizations. The primary focus of this chapter is recognitional legitimacy as applied to states—i.e. on the judgement that a particular entity should or should not be recognized as a member in good standing of the system of states, with all the rights, powers, liberties, and immunities that go with that status; the guiding idea of the approach is that recognition is an act with serious moral implications and, as such, ought to be governed by rules that are themselves morally justifiable. The three sections of the chapter are: The Concept of Recognitional Legitimacy; II. Justifying the Justice‐Based Theory of Recognitional Legitimacy; and III. Legitimacy of States Versus Legitimacy of Governments.
The Legitimacy of the International Legal System
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Completes the second part of the book, and relies on the conception of political legitimacy delineated in Ch. 5 to advance a justice‐based, rather than a consent‐based, account of system legitimacy: a set of criteria that the international legal system would have to meet in order to be legitimate. Building on groundwork already laid in Chs 1 and 5, it is shown why, contrary to the dominant view among international lawyers, the consent of states cannot confer legitimacy on the international legal system. In addition, it is argued that it is a mistake to assume that political equality among states is a necessary condition for system legitimacy, and that the international legal system, like any system for the exercise of political power, ought to be democratic. It is also shown that the idea of democratizing the international legal system is an ambiguous one and should not be equated with increasing state majoritarianism in the workings of the system; the charge that the international legal system has a “democratic deficit” is valid, but it is a mistake to assume that the remedy is to make the system conform more closely to the ideal of democracy as state majoritarianism. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. The Question of System Legitimacy; II. The Case for Having an International Legal System; III. A Justice‐Based Conception of System Legitimacy; IV. The Consent Theory of System Legitimacy; I. Moral Minimalism and the Consent Theory of System Legitimacy. VI. The Instrumental Argument for State Consent as a Necessary Condition for System Legitimacy; VII. Is Democracy a Necessary Condition of System Legitimacy?; and VIII. The Pursuit of Justice in an Imperfect System.
Principled Proposals for Reform
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Briefly restates the central argument of the book and then summarizes the main proposals for reforming the international legal system that the preceding chapters have developed on its basis. It sets the stage for Ch. 11, which explores morally accessible ways of undertaking the proposed reforms. The four sections of the chapter are: I. A Justice‐Based Approach; II. An International Legal Order Grounded in Obligation, not Mere Permissibility; III. Linking Justice, Legitimacy, and Self‐Determination; and IV. Needed Reforms.
Governing with Judges
Authors: Sweet Alec Stone 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAdvances the thesis that legislative processes are increasingly influenced by constitutional judges and the discursive practices of constitutional adjudication. Parallel to this process, the ordinary judiciary has been carving out wide‐ranging powers of judicial review for itself, seeking to alter statutes deemed unconstitutional. As Stone Sweet argues forcefully, these phenomena have combined to undermine parliamentary sovereignty and to transform the very nature of European government and society. These arguments are illustrated by the detailed comparative examination of five pivotal cases: France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the EU.The discussion of the immediate subject matter takes place, embedded into a wider set of concerns: what are the sources and consequences of judicial power? Why is judicial rule making often basic to institutionalization and political change? Already a classic in the ongoing debate about constitutional politics, this book offers important contributions to the literature on new institutionalism, rational choice theory, and the new constitutionalism in Continental legal theory.
Norms, Dispute Resolution, and Judicialization
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe regular and effective settlement of disputes by a third‐party dispute resolver leads to the evolution of a set of behavioural norms, which become authoritative in society. In turn, normative evolution shapes how interests are formed and power operates. In the context of constitutional law and politics, this system of reciprocal influence has led to the judicialization of European politics and the constitutionalization of European law. The final section of this chapter surveys a variety of perspectives on European constitutional politics, including a principal‐agent framework, the legislative politics approach, judicial decision‐making and conceptualizing legal normative autonomy.
Constitutional Adjudication and Parliamentary Democracy
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFocuses on how and why parliamentary systems of governance have accommodated constitutional review. The American and European models of constitutional review are contrasted, and the history, structure, and function of European constitutional courts are surveyed. The necessity of review in defending human rights and its conceptualization as a means of completing the constitution over time are found to be particularly important across these cases, but factors explaining the variance in the judicialization of European law‐making are also identified. The chapter ends with a discussion of the main determinants of European constitutional politics.
Theory of Constitutional Politics
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe book's main findings are integrated into a theory of the dynamics of constitutional politics. Politicization and judicialization are expected to be found taking place together, and the conditions under which one produces the other are spelt out, both at the normative macro‐level and the strategically driven micro‐level. The analytically distinct features of the four stages that comprise this circular path are examined individually. In the final evaluation, the techniques of constitutional adjudication are argued to tend to diffuse; therefore, governing with judges also means governing like judges.
Finite Sample Econometrics
Authors: Ullah Aman 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This book presents a comprehensive and unified treatment of finite sample theory, and its application to estimators and test statistics used in various econometric models. Time series, cross section, and panel data models are considered. The results are explored for linear and nonlinear models, as well as models with normal and nonnormal errors. The book contains seven chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to finite sample econometrics. Chapter 2 gives methods of obtaining the moments of econometric statistics. Chapter 3 provides methods for analysing distributions. Finite sample results for various econometric models are discussed in Chapters 4-7.
Finite Sample Moments
Authors: Ullah Aman 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter derives techniques for obtaining exact and approximate moments of a function of random vector/matrix. A special case of the function considered is the ratio of quadratic forms, which contains a large class of econometric estimators and test statistics. Results are analysed for both the i.i.d and non-i.i.d observations, and for linear and nonlinear models.
Market Integrators for Rural‐based Industrialization: The Case of the Hand‐Weaving Industry in Laos
Authors: Ohno Akihiko 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter discusses how traders in Laos emerge as market integrators in the hand-weaving industry. It presents a profile of the Lao handloom industry, the marketing process and contractual arrangements in the weaving sector, case studies of master weavers, and case studies retailers. It argues that community relations facilitate market integration by deterring agents’ opportunism. This also ensures efficient transactions for the relational contracting system when combined with measures such as process-based trust and governance over the products.
State, Community and Market in the Deterioration of a National Irrigation System in the Philippines
Authors: Kikuchi Masao , Fujita Masako , Hayami Yujiro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the state, community and market in deterioration of a national irrigation system in the Philippines. It cites the danger in hastily handing over systems from state to community management without considering the limits of local communities’ organizational capacity. It highlights the need for community-enhancing policies for the efficient management of relatively large-scale local commons.
Liberal Reforms and Community Responses in Mexico
Authors: de Janvry Alain , Dutilly Céline , Muñoz‐Piña Carlos , Sadoulet Elisabeth 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The ejido communities in Mexico were the product of the state as part of the settlement of a bloody peasant-led revolution at the beginning of the century. The reforms of 1992 devolved to the communities control over the management of common property resources (CPR) and delivery of local public goods, giving them control over the appropriation or preservation of the commons. This chapter examines how communities adjusted their behaviour from state-led to community-led cooperation, and how they took advantage of opportunities offered by the reforms to appropriate CPR as individual tenures, and incorporate new members with decision making rights.
Comments
Authors: North Douglass C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This section presents Douglass North’s comments on the drafts of the chapters discussed during the final conference leading to the current book. He discusses the fundamentals of human interaction, and argues that a useful common denominator of human interaction is a transaction cost approach. Human beings are concerned with costs of measurement, enforcement, and different kinds of exchange conditions. Thus, they follow very different patterns, which have been elucidated in a number of papers in the conference. He makes special mention of several papers, namely those of Yujiro Hayami on vegetable marketing in Indonesia, Akihiki Ohno on hand-weaving in Laos, Jonathan Morduch on China, and Jean-Phillipe Platteau on cooperative.
The Black Sea
Authors: King Charles 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Black Sea has long formed a zone of interaction—sometimes cordial, sometimes conflictual—among the peoples and states around its shores, from the Balkans to the Caucasus, from Russia to Turkey. To the ancient Greeks, the sea lay at the edge of the known world. In time the growth of Greek trading colonies linked all the coasts into a web of economic relationships. In the Middle Ages the sea was tied to the great commercial cities of the Mediterranean. Later the Ottomans used the region's resources to build their own empire. In the late eighteenth century the sea was opened to foreign commerce, and the sea coasts were part of a genuinely global system of trade. After the collapse of the Russian and Ottoman empires, the coastline was carved up among a number of newly formed nation-states, with each asserting its right to a piece of the coast and a section of the coastal waters. Today, efforts to resurrect the idea of the Black Sea as a unified region are once again on the international agenda. Based on extensive research in multiple languages, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the history, cultures, and politics of the sea, and its future at the heart of Europe and Eurasia.
Mare Maggiore, 500–1500
Authors: King Charles 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Byzantine empire, with its capital in Constantinople, was a quintessentially Black Sea power, yet profiting from the empire's own geography proved difficult. Relations with northern barbarians were a constant concern. In time the Byzantines ceded control of the sea to the commercial Mediterranean empires of Venice and Genoa. The Italians helped to revive the trading relations that had flourished under the ancient Greeks.
Kara Deniz, 1500–1700
Authors: King Charles 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Ottomans guarded the Black Sea as a great prize and, after their conquest of Constantinople, gradually restricted access by outside ships. For the first time all the sea's coasts were brought into a single commercial and political network. Trade, especially in slaves, enriched the empire. In time, however, the rise of the Cossacks and, later, Russia turned the sea and its northern coast into a source of insecurity.
Facing the Water
Authors: King Charles 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Despite the effort to deconstruct the Black Sea region in the twentieth century, there are still vestiges of the sea as a unified space. Since the end of the cold war, politicians have promoted regionalism as a way of building a cooperative economic zone, but poverty and interstate rivalries have remained as obstacles. The legacy of cultural interaction over the centuries is evident, however, and emigration from the region has produced communities abroad with some sense of common identity and a connection to the sea.
Properties of seasonal time series
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 2 aims to convince the reader that economic time series show marked seasonality and an obvious trend, and, foremost, that the patterns of these trends and seasonal fluctuations do not seem to be very stable over time, nor do they seem to be similar across time series. We illustrate this for a range of quarterly US industrial production series, but other quarterly series from other countries would have yielded the same qualitative conclusion, as a glance at the relevant literature will indicate. We use graphical techniques and recently developed tests for seasonal unit roots. When economic data show evidence of unit roots, then one can conclude that the trend or the seasonal patterns are of a stochastic nature. This observation provides motivation for considering periodic models for economic data with a stochastic trend.
Periodic models for trending data
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we address the issue of how to incorporate descriptions of trends in periodic models. It is well known that the trend in many economic time series may be characterized by a so-called unit root in the autoregressive part of the model, together with a non-zero intercept, although several series allow for a purely deterministic trend. For periodic models, the notions of unit roots and deterministic trends become a little more complicated as there might be different trends across the seasons, thereby, for example, allowing for increasing or decreasing seasonal variation. If a periodic autoregression has a single unit root, this will appear as a function of all parameters in the model. If this restriction does not coincide with the well-known (1,-1) filter, that is, the first-differencing, then the data are periodically integrated. We discuss testing for periodic integration and the role of deterministic terms in periodic models. All material is illustrated using quarterly US industrial production series.
Model
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAmbrose models his text on the three books of Cicero's De officiis, written by Cicero to his son Marcus in 44 BC, under the influence of the Stoic philosopher Panaetius (with some further debts to Posidonius and other thinkers). Ambrose highlights the parallels between Cicero's work and his own, retaining a comparable three–book structure and addressing himself to his clerical ‘sons’. He discusses the honourable in Book 1, arranging this around the classical scheme of the cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, courage, temperance); the beneficial follows in Book 2; and Book 3 addresses the relationship between the honourable and the beneficial. The honourable is defined with reference to knowing and pleasing God, and the beneficial as that which contributes to the attainment of eternal life. The two cannot be in tension since both relate to the purposes of God, though the honourable is depicted as the supreme good.
Purpose of the Work
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAmbrose's purpose is not to build bridges between Cicero and Christ, but to replace Cicero's work with a new Christian account of duties, designed to show the gospel's social triumph in a transformed Roman Empire. His text is intended for a variety of readerships: the clergy of Milan and Northern Italy; educated lay Christians; and interested secular sophisticates such as Symmachus.
The Influence of De Officiis
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEvidence of the text's influence in the early church is actually quite sparse, though it was certainly known by Augustine and Cassiodorus. It was much cited in medieval times, and exercised a very strong interest for many in the Renaissance and the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It may have been more popular for its use of Cicero than for its prescriptions for pastoral theology.
Latinity
Authors: Davidson Ivor J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAmbrose's Latin is saturated with biblical influence. In addition to Cicero, there are also debts to several other classical authors, especially Vergil. While he professed to shun adornment in his style, there are many rhetorical flourishes in his text, and a significant use of imagery. Overall, however, his preoccupation is to ‘sound’ biblical, and to commend biblical material to his readers.
Introduction: Capability and Valuation
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStarts with an overview of the problem of capability and valuation in the context of Amartya Sen's capability approach. It describes the book as an attempt to operationalize the capability approach, and takes as a focal problem the need for a methodology by which Oxfam field staff in Pakistan could identify which ‘valuable’ capabilities a development activity had expanded or contracted. The rest of the chapter identifies the problem more precisely: Sen's capability approach is introduced, and several salient criticisms of it are reviewed; the need for a framework is discussed; and the approach taken by John Finnis summarized. Finally, the key terms and sources used in the book are introduced, and the structure of the book is outlined, showing the relation of each chapter to the overall topic. The chapters are tethered to the problem of how to identify, obtain, and process the information that is required to implement the capability approach in the assessment of poverty reduction initiatives at the micro‐economic level.
Poverty and Human Development
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEach of the four chapters of Part I of the book synthesizes one aspect that must be specified in the operationalization of the capability approach, then proposes a framework for doing so. The issue of this second chapter is how one ‘specifies’ the dimensions of valuable functioning or capability. Martha Nussbaum's work on central human capabilities and John Finnis's work on basic human reasons for action are both presented, and then alternative accounts of universal human needs and values are briefly considered. The theoretical conception of basic human values that has been developed by Finnis is proposed as being a conception that enables and requires participatory dialogue in application, has objective foundations, and can also coherently engage with and be refined by the large and growing empirical literatures on happiness, subjective well‐being, quality of life indicators, and views of the poor—which have not been well‐integrated with poverty reduction approaches. This conception can also mesh well with methodological literatures on participation, and be used by persons with diverse philosophical approaches and opinions. Ends with a table listing the dimensions of human development from 39 different disciplines.