bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicare for the Middle Class
Authors: Rothman David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the New Deal until the mid-1960s, health insurance remained, at its core, a private responsibility. Exactly as Blue Cross and an expanding number of commercial insurers, like Metropolitan Life, had hoped, and in accord with the demonstrated abilities of voluntary organizations like the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, there seemed little need to bring government into the health care field. Not just ideology but performance confirmed the adequacy of the marketplace. It was not only that Americans shared a persistent distrust of government, but that in their own lives and in their everyday experiences, they felt no need to change the system. Periodically, legislation would be introduced to expand government health programs, but whether the initiative came from Congress, as in the 1943 Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, or from the White House, as in the case of Harry Truman, it suffered defeat. The United States remained almost alone among industrialized countries in not providing national health insurance. In this framework, the passage of Medicare in 1965 outwardly represented a new departure in American health policy. For the first time, the federal government guaranteed that all citizens over the age of 65 would have access to hospital services. Repudiating allegations that it was socializing medicine, Congress enacted and Lyndon Johnson signed a bill that provided the funding to enable the elderly to forgo reliance upon private health insurance and enter hospitals at little expense to themselves.
Although proponents expressed the belief, at the time privately and later more publicly, that its passage was to represent the first step on the road to national health insurance, in fact, Medicare turned out to be a dead end. It was not unreasonable to anticipate that once the government provided health insurance to those over 65 it would eventually come to serve those under 65, but the expectation proved wrong. In the aftermath of the 1965 legisla-tion, only the elderly (and the very poor, through the very differently administered and far less liberal program of Medicaid) experienced a shift in health care costs from the marketplace to the government. Everyone else still had to turn to the private sector to buy protection or otherwise pay their own medical bills. For the great majority of the country’s citizens, Medicare made no difference.
Potential Uses of the Revenue from a Tobin Tax
Authors: Kaul Inge , Langmore John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent turbulence in the financial markets of Europe, the United States, Mexico and other developing countries has rekindled debate over the proposal for a levy on international currency transactions-the Tobin tax. The levy would be beneficial not only in creating an incentive for longer-term capital flows and reducing the risk of unwanted financial volatility. It would also generate a large amount of revenue. Not surprisingly, then, both financial market experts and public finance-notably development-specialists are contributing to the debate. The latter see the Tobin tax (and other, similar global policy measures) as an innovative way to mobilize resources and alleviate budgetary constraints of both nation-states and international organizations. Although the revenue-raising aspect of the Tobin tax has recently received considerable attention, it has not yet been systematically analysed. Here, we explore different dimensions of this topic and suggest issues requiring further research and policy discussion.
Empires Of Trade, Hinterlands Of Settlement
Authors: Gitlin Jay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antoine Le Page du Pratz left the French port of La Rochelle in May 1718 and arrived in America-at the entrance to Mobile Bay-on 25 August. Le Page was an educated man, a professional architect with training in mathematics and engineering. He had fought for Louis XIV in the War of the Spanish Succession. He came to Louisiana as a concessionaire, a man of means with a grant from John Law’s Company of the West, ready to invest his energy, capital, and skills in this New World.
The Federal Presence
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The federal government pervades the contemporary American West. Federal lands stretch from the fires of Kilauea to the ice cliffs of Glacier Bay, from the nation’s highest peak in Alaska to its lowest point in Death Valley. Federal properties range in size and complexity from roadside picnic tables to Hoover Dam. Federal funds protect the ancient homes of the Anasazi on the Colorado Plateau, pay for the scientific research at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and support the search for nuclear-waste depositories in the sparsely settled hinterlands of Nevada and New Mexico. Westerners are still known to proclaim their independence of the governmental octopus, but they now live in a region whose every corner is linked into networks of federal programs, regulations, spending, and employment.
Landscapes Of Abundance And Scarcity
Authors: Cronon William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just after midnight on 24 March 1989, the Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. Its captain, his judgment clouded by alcohol, had maneuvered the supertanker out of ordinary shipping lanes in an effort to avoid icebergs floating south from the great Columbia Glacier. Accelerating into a mile-wide gap between the ice and the reef, and apparently forgetting that the ship (itself nearly one-fifth of a mile long) required over half a mile to turn, he had already left the bridge when the tanker shuddered to a halt, its hull ripped open as if by an enormous can-opener. So began the worst oil spill in American history.
Animal Models of Angiogenesis in Cardiovascular Tissues
Authors: Meszaros J Gary , Brunton Laurence L , Bloor Colin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assessment of the physiologic triggers of angiogenesis and growth factors with therapeutic potential in myocardial ischemia (described elsewhere in this hook) have depended on the use of large animal models of myocardial ischemia and collateral flow. Understanding the rationale behind, and the limitations of, these animal models is important for interpreting the results of interventions that alter angiogenesis. In this chapter, largeanimal models of coronary collateral formation and angiogenesis will be described, along with a model of peripheral ischemia.
Reconstruction: Ultraconservative Revolution
Authors: Mckitrick Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been understood for some time that the American Civil War was a revolution. But more than a hundred years have had to pass before Americans can finally begin to understand what sort of revolution it actually was. Not so many years ago our historians were still arguing that the Civil War-”the Second American Revolution,” as the late Charles Beard called it­ represented the final victory of Northern capitalism in its re­ lentless aggressions against the agrarian economy of the South, and that slavery was in no true sense the central issue. Such a point of view was first encouraged by Marx and Engels, who observed the war and followed its course with great interest, and arguments based on some version of that same view point have not entirely disappeared from the discussions of historians even today.
The Coming of Big Business
Authors: Chandler Alfred D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Big business has become an integral part of the economies of all major industrial urban nations where means of production and distribution are in private hands. There are great private business enterprises in all but the smallest of the non-Communist countries of western Europe, in Japan, and even in India. In the United States, however, there are more giant business enterprises than in any other national economy, and some of these are larger than the biggest businesses of other nations. In the United States, too, these great enterprises play a more significant role in the nation’s economy than do similar private firms in other economies. A few statistics reflect the dominating position which the giant business enterprises have achieved in the American economy. In 1960, 600 American corporations had annual earn­ ings of over $10 million. These 600 constitute one-half of 1 per cent of the total corporations in the country; yet they accounted for 53 per cent of the total corporate income.
Value and the Flow of Money
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To a large extent the transactions of the building culture are economic ones that involve labor and the production of wealth, the flow of money, the value given to different things in the culture. Buildings and the built world represent a good part of the wealth of modern societies, and construction activity represents a good part of ongoing economic production. However, in the United States, and other countries as well, the total square footage of new construction has greatly increased, even as its total cost has slipped—raising questions about how the value of buildings is understood.1
Ordering The One-Party Regime
Authors: Staloff Darren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The suppression of Antinomian dissent had required the concerted effort of all of the orthodox elements of Massachusetts’s one-party state. In the spring of 1637 the culturally virtuous freemen of the outer party, with the urgent blessing of the ministerial intellectuals, had purged those deputies and assistants suspected of dissident sympathies during the Court of Elections in Newtown. In the late summer, the magistrates prompted the elders to condemn the theory and practice of Antinomianism in New England’s first full-blown synod. Finally, in early winter all three elements of the one-party regime—ministerial intellectuals, magisterial intelligentsia, and representatives of the culturally virtuous outer party—cooperated at the General Court in banishing the Antinomians’ ringleaders and extracting recantations from the bulk of the dissidents. Only with such cooperation and unity had orthodoxy been secured in Massachusetts. In the decades ahead, every significant threat to orthodoxy and the system of cultural domination, either from dissidents within the colony or from heterodox forces without, was met by a unified and determined regime.
Gender and Research
Authors: Kass Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is curious that the inclusion of women in biomedical research should have become an issue of justice. Women are different from other subpopulations addressed in this volume: unlike minority populations, women compri’se 51% of the population; unlike children and mentally disabled persons, women are competent adults; and unlike prisoners, women have no legal constraints on their autonomy. Women are legitimately a focus of concern about justice, however, for reasons that will be described and there have been increasing efforts to expose this area in recent years. National expert panels have been convened,1 individual commentators have argued for greater participation of for women,2 data have been collected on the extent to which women have been included in clinical research,3 and federal policy has changed in order to be more inclusive of women.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs James B , Potter Kimberly 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the united states is one of the most successful 21 multiethnic, multireligious (if not multiracial) societies, its history is also blighted by many deplorable incidents—sometimes campaigns— of anti-Semitic, anti-black, xenophobic, homophobic, and anti-Catholic violence, and all kinds of criminal conduct motivated by other prejudices. Only recently, however, have such incidents been defined as “hate crime.”
The City Praetorships, 122-50
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fully three-quarters of the urban praetors of the years 122-82 B.C. are lost to us. There are just seven or so individuals who definitely or almost certainly can be placed in this provincia during these years, and another three or four for whom a case can be made. After Sulla, matters improve significantly. For that period, only about one-third of the urban praetors have gone missing. We are particularly well informed on the urban province in the 70s and reasonably so for the next decade as well. But then, starting in the 50s (somewhat surprisingly), the quality of our information becomes noticeably worse. I should note that direct attestation of this provincia-or any other city province-is not all that common for this entire period. Too often, an individual’s tenure of the urban jurisdiction has to be inferred from the nature of his activities. The holding of the Ludi Apollinares is of course a reliable indicator. The superintendency of unnamed “games” perhaps is not, since, starting in 81 B.C., a praetor (not the urban one) had responsibility for the Ludi Victoriae Sullanae.1 Even presidency of the Senate (really found only in the preSullan period) is somewhat slippery. But it seems positively poor methodology to infer that a praetor had the urban provincia merely from his reported activity in the sphere of the civil law. The range and volume of the legal matters that might come to a praetor’s attention in this period was stupefying, as Cicero explicitly tells us. It is surely preferable to leave preconceptions at the door when investigating how such responsibilities were handled, especially since the praetorship is such a spottily attested office.
“Between The Devil and The Deep Blue”,Black Historical Authority and the Vietnam War
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Near the end of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the protagonist worries about the fate of black Americans living outside the patterns of recorded history, “too distant from the centers of historical decision, to sign or even to applaud the signers of historical documents[.] We who write no novels, histories, or other books. What about us?” In Vietnam War texts by African American writers, this exclusion from recorded history occasions the trope of friendly fire. The image of Americans killing Americans in these works is distinguished from those considered in previous chapters by the overt ideological critique made possible by an articulate black nationalist consciousness. Such scenes of violent confrontation, however, are not a new feature of African American war narratives. In increasingly self-conscious and aggressive form since the Civil War, African Americans have viewed military service as a way to place themselves within the mainstream of American history. One thinks of Richard Wright’s account in Black Boy of his grandfather’s painstaking attempts to document his service in the Union army in order to claim his rightful pension. The trials of Richard Wilson, rechristened “Vinson” by a white officer’s careless inscription, all too vividly captures the frustrating reality of service in Jim Crow institutions. The regimental histories of segregated units such as the 54th and 55 th Massachusetts Volunteers in the Civil War or the “Buffalo Soldiers” of the 9th and 10th cavalry in the West and the Spanish-American War became curiosities of military history, just as the soldiers themselves had been relegated to the most obscure and distant posts.
Grunts, The Vernacular of Postmodernism
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The story of the Vietnam War has been most often told from the “grunt’s” point of view. In privileging the foot soldier’s perspective, representations of the war have been violent and profane to an unprecedented degree. The boundaries of the grunt’s narrative become quite literally the boundaries of the body and its obscene violation. This bodily narrative centers a deep tension in Vietnam War literature between realism and postmodernism, or, perhaps, within postmodernism itself. As Elaine Scarry argues, the need to claim the “incontestable reality of the body” is fundamental to the structure of war (62). In the face of the profound loss of public faith in the government and the media during Vietnam, the veteran alone has become charged with the responsibility to tell us “what the war was really like.” Bodily dismemberment and atrocities serve as markers of realism, evidence that the narrator has “been there.”At the same time, however, the self-conscious turn in Vietnam War literature to what critics most commonly call “American myth” suggests an ideological crisis, that the American “imagined relation to the real” was ultimately the war’s crucial scene of battle.
Humping The Boonies, Women and the Memory of War
Authors: Kinney Katherine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The landmark collection, Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writing from the Women’s Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan and published in 1970, includes a reworking of a contemporary advertisement for the Women’s Army Corps. The ad features a smiling, fresh-faced young woman wearing fatigues with surgical scissors sticking out of her pocket and carries the accompanying appeal, “Help run the United States Army.” “Girls are one of the secrets of running a modern army,” the ad confides, “Willing, cheerful, energetic girls.” After making the still familiar promises of education, job training, opportunity for advancement, and “ change of scene,” the ad closes with a more curious line of encouragement: “It’s great training for running a home someday.” Beneath the picture appears a feminist elaboration of the connection the ad asserts between the military and the home. Where the ad presents the military as an enlightened bureaucracy in which “girls” can “become personnel specialists, or learn to figure the payroll, or type a decent letter,” the added text reclaims the young woman’s voice and asserts direct connections between the Vietnam War and domestic space, protest against the war, and the contemporary Women’s Liberation Movement.
The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When bioethicists from the United States call for recognition of the rights of patients, are they simply expressing their unique American adherence to individualism? The familiar charge of “ethical imperialism” is leveled against proposals that patients in other countries, where individualism is not a prominent value, should nevertheless be granted a similar right to informed consent. While it is true that the doctrine of informed consent focuses on the rights of individual patients, it is not rooted solely in the cultural value of individualism. Rather, it stems from a value many cultures recognize, especially those that aspire to democracy and a just social order: the notion that powerful agents, be they from governmental or nongovernmental organizations, may not invade the personal lives, and especially the bodies, of ordinary citizens.
Human Rights Health and Medicine
Authors: Macklin Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IT is indisputable that the experiments conducted by German doctors during the Nazi era were gross violations of the human rights of their victims. If anything counts as a human right-one that is universally applicable to all humans-it is the right not to be forced to undergo medical experiments intended to result in death. However, the sweeping claim that unethical research undermines human rights signals a move from charging that something is unethical to alleging that it is a violation of a moral standard of the highest order. Although it is true that research subjects have rights that deserve protection, an additional argument is needed to show that the rights of research subjects should be classified under the heading of “human” rights. In an article entitled “Human Experimentation and Human Rights,” Jay Katz acknowledges that the contours of human rights are still illdefined.1 Yet Katz cites the many United Nations resolutions on human rights in support of his contention that current research regulations in the United States fail to protect the human rights of subjects of research. He asserts that research subjects possess human rights that are inviolate, but stops short of providing a full-blown argument linking the concept of human rights with the rights of research subjects. The closest he comes is to invoke the idea that “human beings possess rights to inviolate dignity.”2 However, appeals to human dignity are not intuitively more clear than appeals to human rights. If anything, they are more obscure.
Why Did Europeans Emigrate?
Authors: Hatton Timothy J , Williamson Jeffrey G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter conducts a quantitative analysis of decade rates of emigration across 12 European countries between 1860 and 1913.1 We seek answers to three of the questions raised in chapter 2. Why do emigration rates differ across countries? Can the same model account for rising emigration rates in some countries and falling emigration rates in others? Is the model equally effective in accounting for southern and northern European experience?The late-nineteenth-century European emigration experience is presented in table 3.1. These decade emigration rates were constructed from the authoritative study by Ferenczi and Willcox (1929).
A Setting
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Backdrop a mural, with the terrified faces of Chinese men running away from an explosion, their long hair ponytailed into distinctive queues, flapping in the wind of their flight. Behind them, torching the buildings and homes of the Chinese laborers, stands a lynch mob of bearded white men, carrying shotguns and makeshift clubs. The scene might have a date marked in bold letters, perhaps 1877, perhaps 1885. The specific location? It could be Tacoma, Washington, or Rock Springs, Wyoming, or Snake River, Idaho, or a dozen small towns in California, from Redding to Bakersfield. It does not matter, as long as the image is retained: a memory of Chinese workers and merchants being driven out of frontier towns, herded in a long march to the ghettos of San Francisco and Vancouver, British Columbia.
The Survey’s Ends
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Survey of Race Relations on the Pacific Coast marked the beginning of American social science’s long-term interest in Orientals. Originally defined by the outlook and concerns of Protestant missionaries and reliant upon their social networks, the survey’s construction of the Oriental Problem was eventually built upon the needs of the sociologists. Their understandings of Orientals in America would structure the way American intellectuals thought about Asian immigrants for most of the twentieth century. The goal of the missionaries was to reeducate the public about Asian immigrants and therefore lessen anti-Asian hostility; the sociologists’ ambitions ended with their acquisition of knowledge about Orientals. What they learned would serve less to enlighten Americans than to elaborate and validate their own theories. This disagreement over the survey’s purpose would fracture the alliance between the missionaries and sociologists and lead to the survey’s premature end.
American Orientalism as a Theory of Race, Space, and Identity
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Chicago sociologists’ evaluation of knowledge underwent a change between the 1920s and the 1950s as they acquired what they perceived to be better and better informants and information. They used two criteria for adjudging the worth of such information. One was an initial valuation of the exotic identity of Oriental intellectuals and their knowledge; the other was a judgment regarding the degree of inside access these Orientals were perceived to possess. By constructing a situation where information about Orientals was seen to be contained within closed Chinatowns and Little Tokyos, sociologists made Chinese American and Japanese American informants valuable.