bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Elective Function
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on the role of the legislative assembly in selecting the government and other important office holders. By government we mean the political executive and specifically the members of the cabinet and the person identifiable as the head of government. In some political systems, the national legislature plays a key role in determining which individuals and parties comprise the government and for how long. In other systems, legislatures are less involved in selecting or removing the chief political executive, but may nevertheless play some role in executive appointments. Legislative assemblies commonly also have other elective functions, typically concerning high government offices not directly accountable to the cabinet, in the judicial branch, or in government enterprises. In this chapter, we focus on two such offices: the head of the highest court in the judiciary (or the constitutional court, where such courts exist) and the governor of the central bank. The elective functions of a national assembly depend in the first instance on whether the political regime is parliamentary, presidential, or some mix of these. Indeed, it is largely for this reason that one of the most fundamental constitutional decisions facing any country is whether to adopt a parliamentary form of government, a presidential one, or some mix of the two.
Legislative Assembly Types
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to measure more comprehensively the extent to which real-world legislative assemblies in the world’s major democracies correspond to the three ideal types we laid out at the outset. In other words, we want to understand to what degree each assembly resembles our ideal types of a members’ assembly, a leaders’ assembly, or a voters’ assembly, and the degree to which these different ideal types overlap in the real world. We identify the essential empirical features that we expect each ideal type to exhibit and use these to assess the fit between our theory and typologies on the one hand and real-world assemblies on the other. To do this, the chapter constructs an index for each ideal type of legislative assemblies. This chapter begins by exploring the rationales and rules we set for constructing these indices. We then introduce the component parts of each index as well as the placement of each of our 68 assemblies on each scale.
Democratic Assemblies and Contemporary Challenges
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter we discuss the circumstances that might lead legislative assemblies to resemble one or the other of the three ideal types we presented at the beginning of the volume: a Members’ assembly, a Leaders’ assembly, or a Voters’ assembly. We also discuss the place of legislative assemblies in autocratic societies, exploring the notion of a Dictator’s assembly. The chapter discusses paths that might lead democratic assemblies to transition into non-democratic ones. We conclude by exploring the prospects for democratic legislative assemblies in the contemporary world, including the need to function and meet capacity and accountability challenges in an ever-changing world.
Muddy Waters
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1, Muddy Waters: Populism and Democratic Defence explores the complex political context in which opposition to populist parties in Europe takes place. It discusses contested conceptions of populism, charts the rise of populist parties in Europe, discusses debates about populism and democracy and links between populism and ‘democratic backsliding’. The chapter argues that opponents to populist parties swim in ‘muddy waters’, especially compared with extremist opponents typically taking less ambiguous positions on the value of democracy. Opposing populist parties in the name of democratic defence is complicated by the attractiveness of appeals to popular sovereignty, the electoral success of populist parties in democratic elections, and by the fact that populist parties may mobilize genuine popular grievances. Opponents are therefore likely to enter a political minefield requiring constant reflection on taken-for-granted assumptions about the nature of democracy and to confront rival claims about who has the democratic high ground.
Manipulation of Voter and Party Choice
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3, Manipulation of Voter and Party Choice examines how initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs) may affect populist parties by reducing or increasing their support, diminishing or boosting their resources, inducing moderation or radicalization, and/or curbing their ability to implement illiberal or anti-democratic policies. IoPPs such as ostracism, coopting populist policies, inviting populist parties into government, and international sanctions targeting powerful supporters or core constituents, may reduce incentives to vote for, join, or retain membership of a populist party. Populist parties that want to win back voters or become more ‘coalitionable’ may have incentives to moderate. On the other hand, populist parties entering government may alienate voters won over by their anti-establishment appeals and face ‘costs of incumbency’. Polarizing IoPPs may increase support for populist parties by reinforcing anti-establishment critiques or boost the resources of unified or highly committed memberships. Data on a wide range of European populist parties illustrate these processes.
Leverage, International Sanctions, and Disruption
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5, Leverage, International Sanctions, and Disruption examines how initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs) may affect populist parties by reducing or increasing their support, diminishing or boosting their resources, inducing moderation or radicalization, and/or curbing their ability to implement illiberal or anti-democratic policies. Leverage works by mobilizing mutual interdependence. International sanctions, like EU Article 7 voting sanctions, and EU rule of law budget sanctions (used against Hungary), may, under certain conditions, allow states to pressure governing populist parties to curb illiberal or anti-democratic policies. Similarly, civil society actors may exploit dependence of public authorities on citizen consent and political stability by using disruptive protesters to block populist government policies or even force them from power. Alternatively, international interventions may strengthen targeted parties which ‘rally around the flag’. Examples of EU initiatives targeting populist-led governments in Poland and Hungary and civil society protests against these and other populist party-led governments illustrate these processes.
Right-Wing Challenges to Cosmopolitan Memory in Western Europe
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines four cases of memory distortion masked as patriotism and “setting the record straight” in Western Europe. The focus is on contestation of memory of three wartime events: the bombing of Dresden in February 1945, the liberation of northern Italy from Nazi control in April 1945, and the roundup of Jews in Paris by French authorities in July of 1942. The examination also includes a controversial commemoration not centered on a single event but rather on a specific group: Austrian war veterans, including combat units in Nazi Germany’s army. All four commemorations have been targeted by groups that wish to diminish the importance of Holocaust-centered memory and that seek to whitewash the fascist or collaborationist past. Memory manipulations by far-right actors often contain an explicit electoral challenge to ruling parties and mainstream governments and an implicit challenge to liberal democratic values.
August 23, 1939
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the construction of memory and memory eruptions around August 23, 1939, the date the Soviet Union and Germany signed a non-aggression agreement known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. The Baltic countries first revived the memory of August 23 in the early 1990s; the bitter memory of the pact’s devastating impacts on their sovereignty has become central not only to their commemorative calendars but also to the broader post-communist Eastern European memory. During the first decade of the new millennium, the new post-communist members of the European Union lobbied to place August 23 at the center of European memory of the war. In reaction to developments in Eastern European memory, Russian President Vladimir Putin reinterpreted the Pact, using deflection, disinformation, and distortion to construct a particular historical narrative inside Russia. That, in turn, provoked anger and fear in Eastern Europe.
Reflexive Practitioners? A Qualitative Assessment
Authors: Weinberg James 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes a deep dive into qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews with 51 national politicians about (a) how they understand trust, (b) the saliency of trust in their occupational lives, and finally (c) their perceptions of general public trust in politics at a time of immense upheaval: the Covid-19 pandemic. This initial assessment of how politicians interpret trust is an intuitive precursor to subsequent efforts at establishing how they see themselves as trustees. In other words, what are the benchmarks against which they might judge their trustworthiness in the eyes of the public they serve? For most politicians, trust equates with trustworthiness and can be assessed in terms of an individual’s competence, benevolence, and integrity in political office.
A Typology of Political Trustees
Authors: Weinberg James 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers how politicians might vary in their trust perceptions and with what consequences. Focusing on behaviours and leadership styles that relate to contemporary concerns about the health of democracy, the first half of the chapter outlines six hypothetical trustee ‘types’ that might arise from varying combinations of felt trust, distrust, and mistrust. The second half of the chapter presents cluster analysis of politicians’ responses to survey measures of the felt trust concepts. This analysis throws up three core groups of politicians that are identified as ‘conceited’, ‘sanguine’, and ‘faltering’ trustees. These categories help to make sense of when and why the trust gap in politics might be smaller or wider, and they provide an umbrella typology under which theoretical schemas of representation, such as the one offered in the first half of the chapter, might be developed further.
Under Pressure? The Link between Politicians’ Trust Perceptions and Behaviour in Office
Authors: Weinberg James 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Adding precision to broader causal propositions offered earlier in the book, this chapter details a linking mechanism, built around the concept of risk, that may connect politicians’ trust perceptions with behavioural choices in office. In essence, the felt trust concepts may act as heuristics that help politicians to make decisions in situations of uncertainty or, more specifically, situations entailing risk in either the policy or electoral domain of their job. As an example, this logic is used to explain when and why politicians might engage in blame avoidance behaviours, and subsequent hypotheses are then tested using survey experiments fielded to hundreds of locally elected politicians in the UK.
Revolution and the Question of Terror
Authors: Gill Graeme 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Revolution is one of those phenomena that provoke heightened passion and significant polarization. For many it is seen as an uplifting experience, a means for the oppressed to throw off their shackles and achieve the freedom that has long been denied them. For others it is seen as a catastrophe, perhaps conducted in the quest to achieve high ideals, but in the result leading to widespread hardship, dictatorship, and terror. It is this latter view that provides the focus of this book, in particular the argument that terror is an inevitable result of revolution. The chapter discusses and defines the two principal concepts in this study: revolution and terror. In discussing revolution, it not only defines revolution as a concept, but surveys views about why revolution occurs and how it unfolds. Turning to terror, it introduces a tripartite typology of terror—revolutionary, transformational, and inverted—which will be the basis of the subsequent analysis. The structure of the book is outlined.
The French Revolution
Authors: Gill Graeme 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the course of the French Revolution from 1789 into 1794. It shows how all three types of terror overlapped temporally, reflecting the truncated nature of the revolutionary process in France. It also shows how, central to the French revolutionary process, was the politics of the streets—popular meetings, riots, demonstrations—and how this both interacted with the politics of the elite, and helped shape the unrolling of revolutionary and transformational terror. In contrast, inverted terror owed more to Robespierre than it did to popular mobilization. This chapter explores the impact of Robespierre’s on ‘The Terror’ of 1793–1794.
Orientalism-as-Discourse and Orientalism-as-Experience
Authors: Rahim Sana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 conceptualizes a methodological approach that recognizes the difference and complexity from the position of the Other. To understand the methods used in social science by postcolonial scholars the chapter looks at different tools that critical discourse analysis (CDA) provides to show how Pakistan is Othered in the Western security discourse. Using insights from ethnography the chapter then moves on to focus on the colonial subject and consciousness, with particular emphasis on the role of the voice applied to the case of Pakistan asking if the Subaltern can speak in the global nuclear discourse. And finally, with these conceptual tools, it explores the power relations involved in conducting such research and writing it up. This means understanding in detail the methods and the researcher’s reflexivity.
Living with Orientalism
Authors: Rahim Sana 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5, the different experiences and perspectives of the individuals in the nuclear community are highlighted and analysed. The lived experiences of the participants and the implications of Orientalism on their opportunities are unpacked, as well as their identity and what this means for them. In everyday practices, Orientalism is pervasive, ever present, and frequently encountered. Individual stories, experiences, and concerns reveal the inner world of the participants, where they lose life chances and opportunities due to their ethnicity, identity, their religion, and their chosen careers. Participants are unable to travel, research using the latest technology and science, and progress in their careers, but, the feelings of inadequacy, the frustration, and the experiences of inequality are arguably worse.
Introduction
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Introduction offers general background to the questions about Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia that are taken up in each of the chapters, especially questions about the roles played in his conception by the activities of theoretical and practical intellect and the quality of our relations with others. Subtle changes in view between earlier and later essays are described, especially changes concerning the way in which Aristotle takes eudaimonia to be “complete” and the extent to which he allows contemplation to play a dominant role in the eudaimonia of at least some subjects. And thematic connections are made to essays in two companion volumes: those in First, Second, and Other Selves: Essays on Friendship and Personal Identity, which are inspired by the conception of “character-friendship” defended here; and those in Body and Soul: Essays on Aristotle’s Hylomorphism, in which Aristotle’s conception of phronêsis as the proper form of human desire plays a prominent role.
Aristotle’s Function Argument
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that common objections to Aristotle’s function argument rest on misunderstandings. He does not move from purely descriptive claims about human beings and what is “peculiar” to them to normative conclusions, either about what makes a human being good of its kind or about what is objectively good for human beings simply as such. He uses ‘idion’ in a technical sense tied to his essentialism and so ultimately to his natural teleology, in which the telos of an organism is its good. So the “proper” function of a human being is not like that of some instrument, or even some laborer, employed to serve ends other than its own. Rather, just as the nature of any living thing determines what constitutes health for members of its kind, so the human function determines what constitutes flourishing for (non-defective) members of the humankind.
Human Nature and Intellectualism in Aristotle
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter defends the internal consistency of the Nicomachean Ethics by arguing that EN X does not, despite appearances, break from the earlier books’ identification of eudaimonia at least partly with virtuous activity engaged in “for itself” and suddenly embrace the “intellectualist” identification of eudaimonia exclusively with contemplative activity. Many commentators suspect inconsistency, but John Cooper affirms it and hypothesizes that it is due to Aristotle’s changing views about the nature of human intellect, specifically his commitment to the De Anima account of “active intellect.” The chapter rebuts the alleged connection with the De Anima and defends a reading according to which EN X makes only a conditional claim—if a human being is identified exclusively with theoretical (as distinct from active) intellect, then eudaimonia consists exclusively in contemplation—but does not affirm the antecedent. Practical intellect belongs to the human essence, so its activities are components of eudaimonia.
Integrating body-worn cameras, drones, and AI: A framework for enhancing police readiness and response
Authors: Davies Amanda , Krame Ghaleb 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The combined use of body-worn cameras (BWCs), drones, and artificial intelligence (AI) within the context of policing represents a significant advancement in policing methodology. This article presents a comprehensive framework for (a) the integrated use of these technologies to promote real-time situational awareness, heightened evidence collection, enhanced officer and public safety, improved operational efficiency, cognizant of compliance with ethical and privacy standards; and (b) an evaluation approach to the combined technology application. Illustration of the framework application to historical high-profile events presents a unique lens to assess potential outcomes and advantages, fostering and informing on a comprehensive discussion on future policing policies. This examination aims to offer a practical approach for implementing a synergistic BWCs, drones, and AI framework to leverage policing initiatives.
Precision cardiac targeting: empowering curcumin therapy through smart exosome-mediated drug delivery in myocardial infarction
Authors: Chen Ming , Wang Shengnan , Chen Yihuan , Shen Han , Chen Lei , Ding Liang , Tang Qingsong , Yang Ziying , Chen Weiqian , Shen Zhenya 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery has emerged as a highly promising and effective therapeutic approach for addressing myocardial infarction. However, clinical translation tends to be a failure due to low cardiac retention as well as liver and spleen entrapment in previous therapies. Herein, we report a two-step exosome delivery system, which precludes internalization by the mononuclear phagocyte system before the delivery of therapeutic cardiac targeting exosomes (ExoCTP). Importantly, curcumin released by ExoCTP diminishes reactive oxygen species over-accumulation in ischemic myocardium, as well as serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, malonyldialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione, indicating better antioxidant capacity than free curcumin. Finally, our strategy was proven to greatly potentiate the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of curcumin without systemic toxicity. Taken together, our smart exosome-mediated drug delivery strategy can serve either as therapeutics alone or in combination with other drugs for effective heart targeting and subsequent wound healing.
Outcomes After Respiratory Extracorporeal Life Support in Teens and Young Adults: An Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry Analysis*
Authors: Brown Stephanie R. , Assy Jana , Anderson Michael P. , Thiagarajan Ravi R. , Brogan Thomas V. 
Published: December 2023

OBJECTIVES:
A recent study from Germany found that survival after respiratory extracorporeal life support (ECLS) was lower among patients 10–20 years old than 20–30 years old. The objective of this study was to compare survival between teenage and young adult patients who receive respiratory ECLS.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry, an international prospective quality improvement database.

PATIENTS:
All patients ages 16–30 years cannulated for respiratory indications from 1990 to 2020 were included. Patients were divided into two groups, teens (16–19 yr old) and young adults (20–30 yr old).

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Primary outcome was survival to discharge. Variables were considered for the multivariate logistic regression model if there was both a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) and a clinically meaningful absolute difference between the groups. A total of 5,751 patients were included, of whom 1,653 (29%) were teens and 4,098 (71%) were young adults. Survival to discharge was higher in young adults than teens, 69% versus 63% (p < 0.001). Severity of illness was higher among teens; however, survival within each stratum defined by Pao
2/Fio
2 ratio was higher in young adults than in teens. Use of venoarterial ECLS was higher in teens than in young adults, 15% versus 7%, respectively. Teens were more likely to receive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and this therapy was associated with a longer time from admission to ECLS initiation. After adjusting for variables that differ significantly between the groups, the odds ratio for survival in young adults compared with teens was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.004–1.3).

CONCLUSIONS:
In this large multicenter retrospective study, mortality was higher in teens than in young adults who received respiratory ECLS. This difference persisted after adjusting for multiple variables and the mechanism underlying these findings remains unclear.