Scaling a Gas Phase Residual Lithium Conversion Process on Ni-Rich NMC Cathode Materials in Commercial Fluidized Bed Reactors
Authors: DuMont Jaime W , Herbert-Walters Meghan , Martinez Madison , Lewis Drew , Hughes Barbara K , Dameron Arrelaine A 
Published: February 2024

‘Residual lithium’, the LiOH and Li2CO3 surface contamination that is ubiquitous to Ni-rich NMC manufacturing, is a significant obstacle in the large-scale production and handling of high-nickel layered oxides. These hydroxide and carbonate surface phases influence reproducibility and shelf stability of the NMC powder and cause gelation and particle aggregation during electrode casting. There is ample evidence in the literature that atomic layer deposition (ALD) possesses a two-fold solution to this problem.1-3 First, reactive organometallic species such as trimethylaluminum (TMA) can convert insulating residual lithium to a Li-rich LixAlyO conducting layer. Customizable ALD layers can then be added to inhibit the re-formation of the carbonate layer and to deter negative side reactions of the CAM surface with the liquid electrolyte. While highly impactful, these studies have mostly been relegated to small, lab-scale demonstrations of <50 g. As such, there remains a need to enable this ALD-assisted-technology for high-throughput commercial applications.
In this talk, we will explore the progression of a residual lithium conversion process from lab (10 – 1000 mL) to industrial-scale (10 L – 100 L) fluidized bed equipment and how scale and material-dependent parameters can impact performance. Using a commercial NMC 811 cathode as a case study, we first applied aluminum phosphate ALD coatings on a lab-scale fluidized bed reactor to examine the interfacial and electrochemical changes of the CAM material under various process conditions. ICP-OES measurements confirmed linear and reproducible deposition versus ALD cycle number between 200- 300°C. XPS analysis showed the ALD coated NMC 811 powder had an 80% reduction in Li2CO3 versus the pristine material and that a reduction persisted even after 10 days of storage in atmospheric conditions. At standard (0.5C/1C) cycling to 4.4V, AlPO4 coatings increased cycle life by 44% versus the uncoated powder. Under optimized conditions, the process was scaled first to 1 kg and finally to 10 kg in a pilot-scale reactor. In-situ mass spectrometry indicated that residual lithium conversion byproducts such as CO2 could be used to monitor reaction progress and optimize chemical usage efficiency. Fluidization aids including vibration and mechanical stirring were used to inhibit and break up powder agglomerates. ICP-OES and electrochemical cycling data confirmed reproducible deposition and cycle life benefits versus the small scale runs and pristine materials, demonstrating a pathway for these ALD-enhanced materials to transition from lab-scale demonstration to viable product. We will discuss strategies for continuing the scaling process to 100 kg batches for commercial applications.
[1] M. Young et al., The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2019
123 (39), 23783-23790
[2] P. Darapaneni et al., ACS Applied Energy Materials
2022, 5, 8, 9870–9876
[3] J. Li et al., Coatings
2022, 12(1), 84