bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Alcohol Intoxication During Hemorrhagic Shock: Impact on Host Defense From Infection
Authors: Zambell K. L. , Phelan H. , Stouwe C. Vande , Zhang P. , Shellito J. E. , Molina P. E. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract: Background: Acute alcohol intoxication is a frequent underlying condition associated with traumatic injury. Our studies have demonstrated that acute alcohol intoxication significantly impairs the immediate hemodynamic, metabolic, and inflammatory responses to hemorrhagic shock. This study investigated whether acute alcohol intoxication during hemorrhagic shock would alter the outcome from an infectious challenge during the initial 24 hr recovery period.Methods: Chronically catheterized male Sprague Dawley® rats were randomized to acute alcohol intoxication (EtOH; 1.75 g/kg bolus followed by a constant 15 hr infusion at 250–300 mg/kg/hr) or isocaloric isovolemic dextrose infusion (dex; 3 ml + 0.375 ml/hr). EtOH and dex were assigned to either fixed‐volume (50%) hemorrhagic shock followed by fluid resuscitation with Ringer's lactate (EtOH/hem, dex/hem) or sham hemorrhagic shock (EtOH/sham, dex/sham). Indexes of circulating neutrophil function (apoptosis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst) were obtained at baseline, at completion of hemorrhagic shock, and at the end of fluid resuscitation. Bacterial clearance, lung cytokine expression, and myeloperoxidase activity were determined at 6 and 18 hr after an intratracheal challenge with Klebsiella pneumoniae (107 colony‐forming units).Results: Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower in acute alcohol intoxication‐hemorrhagic shock animals throughout the hemorrhagic shock. In sham animals, acute alcohol intoxication alone did not produce significant changes in neutrophil apoptosis or phagocytic activity but significantly suppressed phorbol myristic acid (PMA)‐stimulated oxidative burst. Hemorrhagic shock produced a modest increase in neutrophil apoptosis and suppression of neutrophil phagocytic capacity but significantly suppressed PMA‐stimulated oxidative burst. Acute alcohol intoxication exacerbated the hemorrhagic shock‐induced neutrophil apoptosis and the hemorrhagic shock‐induced suppression of phagocytosis without further affecting PMA‐stimulated oxidative burst. Fluid resuscitation did not restore neutrophil phagocytosis or oxidative burst. Acute alcohol intoxication decreased (−40%) 3‐day survival from K. pneumoniae in hemorrhagic shock animals, impaired bacterial clearance during the first 18 hr postinfection, and prolonged lung proinflammatory cytokine expression.Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the early alterations in metabolic and inflammatory responses to hemorrhagic shock produced by acute alcohol intoxication are associated with neutrophil dysfunction and impaired host response to a secondary infectious challenge leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny
Authors: Smith Vincent S. , Page Roderic D. M. , Johnson Kevin P. 
Published: April 2004

Smith, V. S., Page, R. D. M. & Johnson, K. P. (2004). Data incongruence and the problem of avian louse phylogeny. —Zoologica Scripta, 33, 239 –259.Recent studies based on different types of data (i.e. morphological and molecular) have supported conflicting phylogenies for the genera of avian feather lice (Ischnocera: Phthiraptera). We analyse new and published data from morphology and from mitochondrial (12S rRNA and COI) and nuclear (EF1‐α) genes to explore the sources of this incongruence and explain these conflicts. Character convergence, multiple substitutions at high divergences, and ancient radiation over a short period of time have contributed to the problem of resolving louse phylogeny with the data currently available. We show that apparent incongruence between the molecular datasets is largely attributable to rate variation and nonstationarity of base composition. In contrast, highly significant character incongruence leads to topological incongruence between the molecular and morphological data. We consider ways in which biases in the sequence data could be misleading, using several maximum likelihood models and LogDet corrections. The hierarchical structure of the data is explored using likelihood mapping and SplitsTree methods. Ultimately, we concede there is strong discordance between the molecular and morphological data and apply the conditional combination approach in this case. We conclude that higher level phylogenetic relationships within avian Ischnocera remain extremely problematic. However, consensus between datasets is beginning to converge on a stable phylogeny for avian lice, at and below the familial rank.
Prevalence of domestic violence when midwives routinely enquire in pregnancy
Authors: Bacchus Loraine , Mezey Gill , Bewley Susan , Haworth Alison 
Published: April 2004

Objective  To assess the prevalence of domestic violence in pregnancy when midwives are trained to enquire about it routinely.Design  A cross sectional study during a period after midwives had been trained to routinely enquire about it and a retrospective case note survey at an earlier period.Setting  The maternity services of Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Hospital Trust in South London.Sample  Women aged 16 and over booking for maternity care between 14th September 1998 and 21st January 1999.Methods  Midwives were required to routinely enquire about domestic violence at booking, 34 weeks of gestation and postpartum (within 10 days) using a series of structured questions.Main outcome measures  The lifetime and annual rates of domestic violence. The prevalence of domestic violence in pregnancy.Results  The prevalence of domestic violence in pregnancy was 1.8% at booking, 5.8% at 34 weeks of gestation and 5.0% at 10 days postpartum. Eight hundred and ninety‐two women were asked about domestic violence on at least one occasion, of whom 22 (2.5%) reported domestic violence in pregnancy. Two hundred and sixty‐five maternity notes were reviewed for the retrospective case note survey and one (0.37%) case of domestic violence in pregnancy was identified. Routine questioning increased the rate of detection of domestic violence by 2.1% (95% CI = 0.1–3.4%; P= 0.03). The lifetime prevalence of domestic violence was 13%, and 6.4% in the previous 12 months.Conclusions  Routine enquiry for domestic violence can increase the rate of detection in maternity settings, thereby providing an opportunity for women to access help early.
Appraisal and coping strategy use in victims of school bullying
Authors: Hunter Simon C. , Boyle James M.E. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Transactional models of coping (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984) can contribute to our understanding of why some children cope effectively with bullying while others suffer negative outcomes. However, previous research has relied on coping measures that are not comparable with adult measures, restricting investigation of developmental trends. Additionally, previous research has not included appraisals when measuring coping using an established coping measure.Aims: To examine the factor structure of a coping measure that is directly comparable with the adult literature; to examine the content of pupils' threat and challenge appraisals concerning bullying; and to examine the relationships between appraisals and coping strategy use within the victims of school bullying.Sample: Participants were 459 children aged 9 — 14 years.Method: A self‐report bullying questionnaire, incorporating Halstead et al.'s (1993) adolescent version of the Ways of Coping Checklist, was completed by participants. Also included were control, threat and challenge appraisal items.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that Halstead et al.'s four‐factor model of coping is valid for a population of school bullying victims. Content validity of items used to measure threat and challenge appraisal was demonstrated. Ambiguity of challenge appraisal influenced the use of Wishful Thinking, Seeks Social Support and Problem Focused coping. Wishful Thinking was also influenced by control appraisal. Avoidance coping was not influenced by the appraisals measured.Conclusion: Halstead et al.'s Revised Ways of Coping Checklist can be used to measure coping amongst child and adolescent victims of bullying. Furthermore, including appraisal variables improves our understanding of individual differences between victims' coping strategy choices.
Market Valuation of Research and Development Spending under Canadian GAAP*
Authors: CALLIMACI ANTONELLO , LANDRY SUZANNE 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTSection 3450 of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) Handbook requires Canadian firms to capitalize development costs that meet certain criteria and to expense those that relate to research. International Accounting Standard (IAS) No. 38 favours a similar approach. In the United States, Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 2 recommends the immediate expensing of all research and development (R&D) spending. The only exception is SFAS No. 86, which requires software development costs to be capitalized when a product successfully passes a technological feasibility test. Consequently, the Canadian financial disclosure regime provides a rich setting for testing the market valuation of capitalized R&D.Our primary research question asks whether capitalized R&D provides useful information to market participants investing in Canadian firms. We use price‐level and return models to assess the value relevance of capitalized R&D disclosed in the financial statements under Canadian GAAP. In line with expectations, using a price‐level model, we find that capitalized R&D and R&D expense as disclosed in the financial statements provide information that is value relevant to market participants. However, we find that R&D capitalized during the year helps explain returns while R&D expense does not. Thus we conclude that the application of section 3450 of the CICA Handbook produces value‐relevant information.
Template‐Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles
Authors: Wu P. , Zhu J. , Xu Z. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA new concept is proposed to synthesize mesoporous magnetic nanocomposite particles of great scientific and technological importance. Mesoporous silica coatings were created on micrometer‐sized magnetite (Fe3O4) particles using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride micelles as molecular templates. The characterization by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, diffuse‐reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and zeta‐potential measurements confirmed the deposition of mesoporous silica thin layers on the magnetite particles. The synthesized particles showed a drastic increase in specific surface area with an average pore size of 2.5 nm. The coating material showed a negligible effect on the saturation magnetization of the original particles that were fully protected by silica coatings. The synthesized mesoporous magnetic nanocomposite particles have a wide range of applications in toxin removal, waste remediation, catalysis, reactive sorbents, and biological cell separations.
Comparison of Linear, Nonlinear and Semiparametric Mixed‐effects Models for Estimating HIV Dynamic Parameters
Authors: Wu Hulin , Zhao Caixia , Liang Hua 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe potency of antiretroviral agents in AIDS clinical trials can be assessed on the basis of an early viral response such as viral decay rate or change in viral load (number of copies of HIV RNA) of the plasma. Linear, parametric nonlinear, and semiparametric nonlinear mixed‐effects models have been proposed to estimate viral decay rates in viral dynamic models. However, before applying these models to clinical data, a critical question that remains to be addressed is whether these models produce coherent estimates of viral decay rates, and if not, which model is appropriate and should be used in practice. In this paper, we applied these models to data from an AIDS clinical trial of potent antiviral treatments and found significant incongruity in the estimated rates of reduction in viral load. Simulation studies indicated that reliable estimates of viral decay rate were obtained by using the parametric and semiparametric nonlinear mixed‐effects models. Our analysis also indicated that the decay rates estimated by using linear mixed‐effects models should be interpreted differently from those estimated by using nonlinear mixed‐effects models. The semiparametric nonlinear mixed‐effects model is preferred to other models because arbitrary data truncation is not needed. Based on real data analysis and simulation studies, we provide guidelines for estimating viral decay rates from clinical data. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Estimating a Population Proportion via Ranked Set Sampling
Authors: Terpstra J. T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the use of the rank set sampling (RSS) protocol as it pertains to the estimation of a population proportion. The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the sample proportion, both based on the RSS data, are discussed and their corresponding asymptotic distributions are derived. Based on these results the MLE is found to be uniformly more efficient than the sample proportion. Nevertheless, both estimators are more efficient than the simple random sample proportion. The greatest gains in efficiency are obtained at the center of the parameter space. Finally, these results remain valid in the presence of judgment error. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Granulin‐epithelin precursor is a novel prognostic marker in epithelial ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Davidson Ben , Alejandro Emilyn , Flørenes Vivi Ann , Goderstad Jeanne‐Mette , Risberg Björn , Kristensen Gunnar B. , Trope Claes G. , Kohn Elise C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe granulin‐epithelin precursor (GEP) was preferentially expressed in invasive ovarian tumor epithelium specimens compared with specimens of borderline ovarian tumors. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the anatomic site‐related and cellular expression of GEP and its association with clinicopathologic parameters and survival in patients with advanced‐stage ovarian carcinoma.METHODSEffusions (n = 190), corresponding primary tumor specimens (n = 64), and specimens of metastatic lesions (n = 125) were analyzed using immunohistochemistry with a specific polyclonal antipeptide antibody. In addition, 36 effusions were analyzed using immunoblotting.RESULTSGEP was detected in tumor cells in 171 of 190 (90%) effusions and demonstrated both focal membrane and cytoplasmic localization. Mesothelial cells were often GEP positive (81%). GEP was found in carcinoma cells in 180 of 189 (95%) tumor biopsy specimens, with stromal and endothelial cell expression in 93 of 180 (52%) and 124 of 185 (67%) specimens, respectively. Lower GEP expression in stromal cells was observed in metastases sampled during or after chemotherapy (P = 0.034). The presence of GEP‐positive stromal cells in untreated primary tumor specimens correlated with worse overall survival (P = 0.014). Significantly more frequent GEP expression was observed in tumor cells of both primary (P = 0.002) and metastatic (P < 0.001) tissue specimens compared with malignant effusions.CONCLUSIONSGEP expression was observed in primary and metastatic epithelial ovarian carcinoma specimens, with down‐regulated expression in tumor cells of malignant effusions. The poor outcome associated with stromal GEP expression suggests a prognostic role for this growth factor in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 American Cancer Society.
A distributed dynamic channel assignment method with packet‐data transmission during the silent periods of circuit‐switched‐voice communications for cellular systems
Authors: Fujii Hiroyuki , Ishida Jun , Akaiwa Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChannel efficiency can be improved by transmission that integrates voice and the data. When this idea is applied to multicellular systems, channels must be assigned so that the intercellular interference power is minimized. Furthermore, channels must be provided with priority for voice calls, since real‐time transmission is required. As a system that considers these requirements, this paper investigates a method of reducing intercellular interference in a circuit‐switching system with channel segregation in which data are transmitted with priority, using the silent period of voice calls. It is shown by computer simulation that the proposed method can improve performance characteristics such as the interference rate, blocking rate, forced termination rate, and hand‐off rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 87(10): 93–101, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10148
Enhancing the selenium content of bovine milk through alteration of the form and concentration of selenium in the diet of the dairy cow
Authors: Givens D Ian , Allison Richard , Cottrill Bruce , Blake Jonathon S 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSince estimated dietary selenium intake in the UK has declined steadily from around 60 µg day−1 in 1975 to 34 µg day−1 in 1997, there is a need to increase selenium intake from staple foods such as milk and milk products. An experiment was therefore done to investigate the relationship between dietary source and concentration of selenium and the selenium content of bovine milk. In a 3 × 3 factorial design, 90 mid‐lactation Holstein dairy cows were supplemented over 8 weeks with either sodium selenite (S), a chelated selenium product (Selenium Metasolate™) (C) or a selenium yeast (Sel‐Plex™) (Y) at three different dietary inclusion levels of 0.38 (L), 0.76 (M) and 1.14 (H) mg kg−1 dry matter (DM). Significant increases in milk selenium concentration were observed for all three sources with increasing inclusion level in the diet, but Y gave a much greater response (up to +65 µg l−1) than the other two sources of selenium (S and C up to +4 and +6 µg l−1 respectively). The Y source also resulted in a substantially higher apparent efficiency of transfer of selenium from diet to milk than S or C. Feeding Y at the lowest dietary concentration, and thus within the maximum level permitted under EU regulations, resulted in milk with a selenium concentration of 28 µg l−1. If the selenium concentration of milk in the UK was increased to this value, it would, at current consumption rates, provide an extra 8.7 µg selenium day−1, or 11 and 14% of daily recommended national intake for men and women respectively. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing insecticide resistance and aversion to methomyl‐treated toxic baits in Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southern California
Authors: Darbro Jonathan M , Mullens Bradley A 
Published: April 2004

AbstractProgeny of house flies (Musca domestica L) from ten California poultry operations, three dairies and one horse‐riding facility were tested for methomyl‐ and muscalure‐treated bait resistance using up to three different assays: a topical assay, a no‐choice feeding assay and a choice feeding assay. LD50 resistance factors from the topical assay, compared with a locally‐derived susceptible colony, ranged between 1 and 4. LC50 resistance factors from the no‐choice feeding assay ranged mostly between 2 and 5, with one value of 18. Measurable LT50 resistance ratios for female flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 43 to 159; two populations had <10% mortality at 48 h and could not be measured. LT50 resistance ratios for male flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 26 to 96, and one population was too resistant to measure. A behavioral assay tested the feeding preference of male and female flies provided a dish of sugar and a dish of methomyl‐ and muscalure‐treated bait. Of eight strains tested, females from seven strains and males from six strains showed significant preference for sugar over bait. Behavioral factors appear to be important in the severe resistance of house flies to baits in California. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Black cumin seed essential oil, as a potent analgesic and antiinﬂammatory drug
Authors: Hajhashemi Valiollah , Ghannadi Alireza , Jafarabadi Hadi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe steam‐distilled essential oil of Iranian black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) was investigated for its composition and analgesic and antiinﬂammatory properties. After oil analysis by GC/MS, 20 compounds were identiﬁed in the oil, obtained in 0.4% (v/w) yield. Among them, para‐cymene (37.3%) and thymoquinone (13.7%) were the major components. Acetic acid‐induced writhing, formalin and light tail ﬂick tests were used for assessment of analgesic activity. Antiinﬂammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan‐induced paw oedema in rats and croton oil‐induced ear oedema in mice. Black cumin seed essential oil (BCSEO) was found to produce a signiﬁcant analgesic effect in acetic acid‐induced writhing, formalin and light tail ﬂick tests. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, could not reverse the analgesic effect observed in the formalin test. Although oral administration of BCSEO at doses of 100, 200 and 400 µL/kg did not exert a signiﬁcant antiinﬂammatory effect in the carrageenan test, i.p. injection of the same doses signiﬁcantly (p < 0.001) inhibited carrageenan‐induced paw oedema. BCSEO at doses of 10 and 20 µL/ear could also reduce croton oil‐induced oedema. It seems that mechanism(s) other than opioid receptors is (are) involved in the analgesic effect of BCSEO since naloxone could not reverse this effect. Both systemic and local administration of BCSEO showed antiinﬂammatory activity. Thymoquinone, as one of the major components of BCSEO, probably has an important role in these pharmacological effects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Paeonia lactiﬂora root extracts on the secretions of monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 and ‐3 in human nasal fibroblasts
Authors: Leem K. , Kim H. , Boo Y. , Lee H. S. , Kim J. S. , Yoo Y. C. , Ahn H. J. , Park H. J. , Seo J. C. , Kim H. K. , Jin S. Y. , Park H. K. , Chung J. H. , Cho J. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn the ﬁeld of Oriental medicine, the root of Paeonia lactiﬂora (Paeoniae Radix) has been prescribed usually to treat the common cold, and it was thought to alleviate upper respiratory infection or nasal inﬂammation. Monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP)‐1 and MCP‐3 are known as the most potent chemokines to mediate allergic inﬂammation. The object of the study was to investigate the effect of Paeoniae Radix on the release of the chemokines such as MCP‐1 and MCP‐3. To detect the secretion of MCPs, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed for human nasal mucosal ﬁbroblasts after stimulation with several cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). The secretion of MCP‐1 was increased after stimulation with TNF‐α or IL‐1β treatment. Co‐treatment of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ, or IL‐1β and IFN‐γ increased the secretion of MCP‐1 and MCP‐3. Paeoniae Radix was tested with inﬂammatory cytokines, and the results showed that the Paeoniae Radix signiﬁcantly decreased the secretion of MCP‐1 and MCP‐3. In our study, Paeoniae Radix may play an important role in nasal inﬂammation with a modulation of MCP‐1 and MCP‐3. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.