bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of candidate change
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the determinants of candidate turnover: the effects of party size, changes in party popularity, socio-economic factors, and corruption. It starts by testing the theoretical model proposed at the end of Chapter 2 using the ‘Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe’ (ECCEE) data set and finds support for the model regarding the effect of party size and our notion of feasible and non-feasible candidates. Electoral change affects candidate dropout and novelty differently: a larger change increases the dropout rate regardless of whether parties lose or gain support; higher novelty is only associated with increasing party support, while stagnant and decreasing levels of support are associated with a similar (lower) novelty. The final section of the chapter provides an example of a practical application of the model by discussing the impact of corruption on candidate turnover and testing two competing hypotheses: (1) rejuvenation, whereby increased perceptions of corruption trigger the renewal of candidate lists; and (2) renomination, whereby corruption leads to the renomination of old candidates and the stagnation of the candidate pool. The rejuvenation hypothesis receives more support, but only among governing parties.
Leadership change
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the relationship between candidate turnover and change in party leadership—one of the most visible dimensions of internal party change. Existing studies on party leaders have largely focused on the increasing (electoral) importance of leaders as well as their selection and survival, and less on how these impact on parties internally. However, a change in leadership can signal or lead to changes in policy and organization. Using a quasi-quantitative scale, this chapter distinguishes between more significant forms of leadership change (outsiders taking over) and more trivial forms (insiders replacing incumbents). Overall, leadership change is associated with higher candidate turnover when the new leader has significant novelty; deputy leaders and heirs apparent becoming party leaders do not affect candidate turnover to the same extent. In fissions and fusions, higher candidate congruence between slates (i.e. parties, electoral coalitions, and other formations) generally corresponds to higher leadership congruence.
Milton's Theological Process
Authors: Kerr Jason A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book proposes a method for reading Milton’s De Doctrina Christiana as an artifact of his process of theological thinking rather than as a repository of his doctrinal views. Such reading involves attention to the complex material state of the manuscript along with Milton’s varying modes of engagement with scripture and various theological interlocutors, and it reveals that Milton’s approach to theology underwent significant change in the course of his work on the treatise. Initially, Milton set out to use Ramist logic to organize scripture in a way that drew out its intrinsic doctrinal structure. This method had two unintended consequences: it drove Milton to an antitrinitarian understanding of the Son of God, and it obliged him to reflect on his own authority as an interpreter and to develop an ecclesiology capable of sifting divine truth from human error. Consequently, the book explores the complex interplay between Milton’s preconceived theological ideas and his willingness to change his mind as it develops through the layers of revision in the manuscript. The book concludes by considering Paradise Lost as a vehicle for Milton’s further reflection on the foundations of theology—and by showing how even this epic presents challenges to the fruits of these reflections. Reading Milton theologically means more than working to ascertain his doctrinal views; it means attending critically to his messy process of evaluating and rethinking the doctrinal views to which his prior study had led him.
Capitalism and Crises
Authors: Mayer Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is encountering multiple crises—climate, droughts, floods, energy, food, and pandemics. This book is about how capitalism can fix them—how it can solve not cause them. The reason why it has caused them is that we have misconceived the nature of our capitalist system. We have failed to understand the key institution at the heart of it—business—and as a result we have allowed it to cause as well as solve problems. This book describes why this has happened and what needs to change to address it. It will demonstrate that at the core of the problem is the key driver of capitalism and that is profit—the way in which we resource and reward those who run the system. Currently, profit comes from causing as well as solving problems. It must not, if we are to prevent the problems. At the centre of the book is the notion of organizations as existing to solve problems, not cause them, and the way in which they should be designed, owned, governed, measured, and incentivized to do that. The book discusses how financial institutions should contribute to this, and how the public sector can work with the private on a common purpose of solving problems and creating shared prosperity.
Criminal Law
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the EU law on harmonization of criminal procedure, in particular the laws on fair trials (information about charges, translation and interpretation for suspects and defendants, access to a lawyer, presumption of innocence, in absentia trials, child suspects’ rights, legal aid in criminal cases, ‘soft law’ on pre-trial detention, and bail) and crime victims’ rights, in the context of human rights rules on these issues (set out in Article 6 ECHR and the fair trials case law of the European Court of Human Rights). This includes a discussion of the extensive case law on these topics, particularly on the presumption of innocence (including cases on bail), in absentia trials, translation rights, access to a lawyer, crime victims’ rights, and information about criminal charges.
Civil Cooperation
Authors: Peers Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the EU law on civil cooperation, in particular on jurisdiction and choice of law (Brussels Regulation on jurisdiction and enforcement; Rome Regulations on choice of law on contractual, non-contractual, and divorce issues), but also on related fields like the service of documents, legal aid, the exchange of evidence, simplified enforcement (European enforcement order, order for payment, small claims) and proposed litigation against journalists. It discusses EU law on specialized issues such as inheritance, insolvency, and family law (child custody and access, divorce, maintenance proceedings, marital property and property of partnerships, proposal on recognition of parenthood). This includes the extensive CJEU case law on these subjects, and the EU’s external relations in this field.
Survey and Science
Authors: Gillin Edward J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1818 and 1839, a series of Royal Navy expeditions searched the Arctic in hope of finding a North-West Passage that would connect the North Atlantic with the Pacific. Ostensibly intended to expand Britain’s trade routes and commerce, these voyages were also moments of considerable scientific activity. In particular, the magnetic research of Edward Sabine, John Franklin, and James Clark Ross transformed these expeditions into celebrated inquiries into natural phenomena. Most famously, Ross’s discovery of the north magnetic pole in 1831 stirred unrivalled enthusiasm in British audiences for further magnetic investigation. The problem, however, with furthering philosophical understanding of terrestrial magnetism, was the limits of nineteenth-century instrumentation. So when John Franklin read of Robert Were Fox’s design of a new, robust dipping needle, he travelled down to Falmouth to see it for himself. Subsequently, throughout the 1830s, Fox’s instrument gained increasing reputation with Britain’s scientific elites through its performance on the ongoing magnetic survey of the British Isles. This chapter examines the rise of Fox’s dipping needle from its Cornish origins to becoming the nation’s premier device for obtaining magnetic measurements. By 1839, it was the obvious choice for future magnetic research.
The Biological Weapons Taboo
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The non-use of biological weapons has been described as the ‘great mystery of biological warfare’. This book solves that mystery by analysing the bioweapons taboo—in the first comprehensive study of the concept. Bioweapons are so vile, obnoxious, and morally abhorrent that they are deemed to be pariah. Biological armaments are not just another weapon in our minds, and actors do not treat them as such. In applying this understanding of biowarfare to what those actors do (or not) in relation to biological violence, this study explains precisely why actors find bioweapons repulsive and how this sentiment is then expressed in the form of political behaviours, including the refusal to engage in biological aggression. Drawing on extensive archival evidence, this book looks back on United States’ foreign policy decision-making (particularly in relation to the Geneva Protocol and the Biological Weapons Convention) to demonstrate how and why the taboo has comprised a decisive factor in shaping both biowarfare strategy and political rhetoric—and why the taboo needs to be recognized as a necessary consideration in the study of bioweapons. In analysing a taboo, the book also takes the debate on international norms forward by questioning and challenging the wider analytic comprehension of ‘taboo’ itself. Rejecting current definitions of the concept as inadequate, the book proposes a new and original model of understanding based on the normative characteristics of disgust, stigmatization, and fetishization.
Renunciation
Authors: Bentley Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines President Richard Nixon’s 1969 renunciation of bioweapons. This case study is a crucial example as it represents an explicit and total rejection of biowarfare. Renunciation is typically attributed to self-interested calculations of military utility. In contrast to this accepted thinking, the chapter offers an original and alternative interpretation of events based on the taboo. The analysis identifies a range of causative factors pertaining to the taboo: scandal relating to biowarfare (e.g. Vietnam); public opinion, which was galvanized by (what is termed within this book) ‘taboo advocates’; and the continued international stigmatization of biological aggression. The chapter also considers the dynamics between the perceptions of biowarfare among the military and in the wider public to ascertain how transparency relates to the taboo.
American and British Jewish POWs in German POW Camps
Authors: Linenberg Yorai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter discusses the interactions American and British Jewish POWs had with their captors during their time in captivity, from the time of capture to their stay in the POW camps and in the labour detachments. The interactions include those with camp commandants, interrogators, and camp guards, as well as with other groups they came into contact with, such as forced labour workers and German civilians. Interactions that occurred outside the camp, for example when they were brought in front of a military court, or were treated in a hospital, are also discussed. The chapter examines how Jewish POWs were treated by these different groups, and attempts to explain their treatment by assessing whether the National Socialist indoctrination and individual anti-Semitic beliefs of the German soldiers they encountered were strong enough to overcome specific orders to treat these POWs according to the 1929 Geneva Convention.
Rational Leadership
Authors: Brooker Paul , Hayward Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This sixteen-chapter book is a second, much expanded edition of Rational Leadership: Developing Iconic Corporations. The new edition, subtitled Developing and Redeveloping Corporations, looks at the redeveloping as well as developing of corporations by rational leaders. Rational leadership inspires confidence by capably using appropriate rational means, and the book highlights two important versions of rational leadership: where a rational leader is either developing or redeveloping a business corporation. The Part I chapters present seven cases of rational leaders who have developed iconic corporations. These best-practice leaders include Sam Walton of Walmart, Meg Whitman of eBay, and Jeff Bezos of Amazon. In all seven cases, the leaders used appropriate adaptive, calculative, and deliberative rational methods to develop their corporations. In Part II, the focus shifts from development to redevelopment. The Part II chapters present five classic cases of rational leaders redeveloping—remedially renewing—problematic corporations. The leaders include Lou Gerstner of IBM and Steve Jobs of Apple. In all five cases the leaders used appropriate organizational tools, which transformed, reoriented, or hybridized the corporation. Both Parts I and II also present supplementary cases of other rational leaders developing or redeveloping a corporation. These leaders include Sheryl Sandberg, Marcel Dassault, Giorgio Armani, Anita Roddick, Satya Nadella, Carly Fiorina, Marissa Mayer, and Jack Welch. In total there are more than twenty supplementary or main cases of rational leadership. Most of these case studies are based on a leader’s memoir and leader’s-eye view, validated and expanded by additional biographical and historical sources.
The Debate about Consciousness
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As it turns out, it was Wigner who articulated and vigorously defended the role of consciousness in the context of the ‘measurement problem’ and in this chapter his views and arguments are presented. Also described are his interactions with Polanyi, who famously developed the notion of ‘tacit’ knowledge, and Margenau, with whom he collaborated in the well-known debate with Putnam and Shimony. This was a pivotal moment in the history of philosophical reflections on the foundations of quantum physics and when the dust had cleared, the idea that definite outcomes were obtained through the intervention of consciousness had apparently been firmly dismissed. The bulk of the chapter deals with the ins and outs of that debate, covering Putnam’s and Shimony’s arguments and Wigner and Margenau’s responses. Both sides cite London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ (as it was called by Wigner), even repeating passages from it, but as we shall see, both sides misunderstood the core idea (although Shimony later acknowledged that his criticisms had missed the point).
London and Bauer Revisited
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here a ‘blow-by-blow’ account of London and Bauer’s ‘little book’ is presented, beginning with their central claim that quantum mechanics should itself be understood as a theory of knowledge. It counts as such precisely because it sets at its very core the aforementioned relationship between mind and the world. This is revealed through a careful analysis of the measurement situation, presented in detail by London and Bauer. In particular, they insist that the observer is able to know her own state because she has with herself a relationship of a special character, as manifested through the faculty of introspection. By virtue of this immanent knowledge she is then able to separate herself from the quantum superposition and establish her own objectivity. However, this is not to be equated with her consciousness mysteriously ‘causing’ the wave-function to collapse; rather, her ego thereby emerges as one pole of the relationship, with the system, now also in a definite state, as the ‘object-pole’. The terms used in the text are redolent of phenomenological language and with that understanding we can see just how wide of the mark Putnam and Shimony’s criticisms are (and also Margenau and Wigner’s interpretation, to be fair!). It is then suggested that this ‘little book’ may serve as the basis for a novel phenomenological understanding of quantum physics.
Completing the Crisis
Authors: French Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A phenomenological understanding of quantum theory offers an entirely new perspective on scientific objectivity and our relationship with the world more generally. However, it is important to recognize that it sits askew to the usual realist and empiricist stances that are debated within the philosophy of science. This becomes apparent when we consider Husserl’s great unfinished work, The Crisis of the European Sciences. In this chapter, following Trizio’s recent analysis, Husserl’s account of the nature of science and its relationship to the everyday ‘life-world’ is described. In particular, the ‘crisis’ is understood as arising from the mathematization of science, with its inherent idealization, which has produced a kinds of ‘psychophysical’ splitting of material nature. London and Bauer’s account is then presented as offering a way to overcome this ‘split’ through the correlation between mind and world and thereby complete Husserl’s final project.
Electromagnetism in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 discusses the rigorous incorporation of electromagnetism in quantum mechanics via minimal substitution and the inclusion of spin, which leads to the Pauli equation. The gauge invariance of this formulation is inspected more closely, which leads us to understanding quantum mechanics as a gauge theory, and on to fascinating geometric effects such as the Aharonov-Bohm effect and the discovery of geometric phases such as the Berry phase and the Aharonov-Anandan phase. To give a better context to these effects, a compact introduction to the mathematical background of differential geometry is provided, introducing concepts such as differentiable manifolds, tangent and cotangent spaces, and maps between them, as well as from their elements to the real numbers, arriving at tensors and differential forms. With these tools at hand, we first define fibre bundles before formulating the previously discussed geometric phases as well as the so-called Dirac monopole in this language
Quantum Teleportation
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. , Friis Nicolai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 14 discusses the quantum communication protocol called quantum teleportation, which uses the quantum correlations in an entangled particle pair shared between two observers to transmit the information stored in the (unknown) quantum state of a target system from one of the observers to the other. After reviewing the theoretical basics we showcase some of the important experimental demonstrations of teleportation. We then turn to more general protocols related to teleportation such as entanglement swapping, and the general formalism of isometries, before inspecting the option of delayed-choice entanglement swapping. In the light of these findings we compare teleportation to classical information transfer and inspect the related dense-coding protocol. Finally, we give an overview of basic quantum key distribution protocols is given, including the Bennett-Brassard-84 protocol based on conjugate coding and the entanglement-based Ekert-91 protocol
WUSCHEL-related homeobox transcription factor SlWOX13 regulates tomato fruit ripening
Authors: Jiang Guoxiang , Li Zhiwei , Ding Xiaochun , Zhou Yijie , Lai Hongmei , Jiang Yueming , Duan Xuewu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fruit ripening is a complex, genetically programmed process involving the action of critical transcription factors (TFs). Despite the established importance of WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) TFs in plant development, the involvement of WOX and its underlying mechanism in the regulation of fruit ripening remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SlWOX13 regulates fruit ripening in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Overexpression of SlWOX13 accelerates fruit ripening, whereas loss-of-function mutation in SlWOX13 delays this process. Moreover, ethylene synthesis and carotenoid accumulation are significantly inhibited in slwox13 mutant fruit but accelerated in SlWOX13 transgenic fruit. Integrated analyses of RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-seq identified 422 direct targets of SlWOX13, of which 243 genes are negatively regulated and 179 are positively regulated by SlWOX13. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay, RT-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and ChIP-qPCR analyses demonstrated that SlWOX13 directly activates the expression of several genes involved in ethylene synthesis and signaling and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, SlWOX13 modulates tomato fruit ripening through key ripening-related TFs, such as RIPENING INHIBITOR (RIN), NON-RIPENING (NOR), and NAM, ATAF1, 2, and CUC2 4 (NAC4). Consequently, these effects promote fruit ripening. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SlWOX13 positively regulates tomato fruit ripening via both ethylene synthesis and signaling and by transcriptional regulation of key ripening-related TFs.
RNA m6A modification facilitates DNA methylation during maize kernel development
Authors: Luo Jin-Hong , Guo Ting , Wang Min , Liu Jing-Han , Zheng Lei-Ming , He Yan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in mRNA and 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in DNA have critical functions for regulating gene expression and modulating plant growth and development. However, the interplay between m6A and 5mC is an elusive territory and remains unclear mechanistically in plants. We reported an occurrence of crosstalk between m6A and 5mC in maize (Zea mays) via the interaction between mRNA adenosine methylase (ZmMTA), the core component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, and decrease in DNA methylation 1 (ZmDDM1), a key chromatin-remodeling factor that regulates DNA methylation. Genes with m6A modification were coordinated with a much higher level of DNA methylation than genes without m6A modification. Dysfunction of ZmMTA caused severe arrest during maize embryogenesis and endosperm development, leading to a significant decrease in CHH methylation in the 5′ region of m6A-modified genes. Instead, loss of function of ZmDDM1 had no noteworthy effects on ZmMTA-related activity. This study establishes a direct link between m6A and 5mC during maize kernel development and provides insights into the interplay between RNA modification and DNA methylation.