bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Civil Cleanliness
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘That the inhabitants of this kingdom have of late years changed their way of living in a very remarkable manner, and greatly increased in luxury, is a truth of which every person, who has lived any time in it, must be sensible,’ wrote the economist Adam Dickson in 1773.1 By then the age of ‘heroic’ sectarian Protestantism had long passed; Quaker Friends no longer interrupted sermons or went naked in the street while they were busy making their fortunes. Borrowing a phrase from John Bunyan, the old Dissenters were crossing ‘the plaine of Ease’, at the edge of which lay ‘a little hill called Lucre, and in that hill a silver mine’, beyond which stood ‘Doubting Castle ‘.
Health Crusaders
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legislative story of British public health reform has often been told; but the moral mission to cleanse and save the nation emerged from a whole penumbra of health reformers stretching far beyond the public façade of Sanitarianism. They included the many millions of silent consumers whose private health care arrangements were already making their contribution to the new health industries—and to demographic statistics. In nineteenth-century Europe the average population growth rate was roughly 60–70 per cent; but in Britain the growth rate was nearer a staggering 140 per cent (from c.15.5 million in 1801 to 41.4 million by 1901).
Is there more than one type of Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already shown that calculating the prevalence of TS (i.e. the number of subjects having TS at a certain time) is more complex than was once thought. Until fairly recently TS was thought to be a rare and, according to some, a psychogenically mediated bizarre curiosity. Prevalence depends, at least in part, on the definition of TS. The internationally accepted diagnostic criteria demand that a person must have both motor and vocal (phonic) tics for longer than a year to obtain the diagnosis of TS.
The Security Council And Terrorism
Authors: Boulden Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the United Nations Security Council it is sometimes difficult to determine whether agreement on action is a product of a truly collective understanding on the need for action or a reflection of the interests of one or more of the Permanent Members. Terrorism, unlike many, even most, international peace and security issues that surface on the Council’s agenda, has the rare quality of generating an apparent universality in perception of the threat, and a consequently consistently united response. What has this meant in terms of the nature of Security Council action on terrorism? The purpose of this chapter is to address that question.
Auditory monitoring of anuran populations
Authors: Dorcas Michael E , Price Steven J , Walls Susan C , Barichivich William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because anurans rely on vocalization for most communication, detection of species-specific calls provides relatively efficient mechanisms for studying and evaluating the status of anuran populations. Consequently, most amphibian monitoring programs focus on anurans and use call detection as their sole or primary monitoring technique. The overall goal of these programs is to determine and monitor the status of populations over time. Some monitoring programs may actually attempt some form of quantification of anuran population size or density, but this is often difficult when using only calling data. In this chapter we describe approaches for monitoring anuran populations based solely on auditory techniques. These approaches include manual calling surveys (MCS), automated recording systems (ARS), or some combination of the two. MCS can be used by researchers to monitor multiple amphibian populations, often over large spatial scales. ARS can be used by researchers interested in intensively monitoring populations of anurans at a single or a few locations. In this chapter, we describe both approaches and the potential costs and benefits of each. We also explain how data resulting from ARS can be used to optimize manual survey protocol and to interpret data resulting from MCS. Our goal is to provide an overview of these techniques and questions that can be addressed using them.
Quantifying abundance: counts, detection probabilities, and estimates
Authors: Schmidt Benedikt R , Pellet Jérôme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding temporal and spatial variation in distribution and abundance has been, and will remain, a central goal in amphibian ecology and conservation. Even though these two quantities, distribution and abundance, are so fundamental, we usually cannot observe them directly in the field. We rarely observe all individuals, all populations, or all species in an area of interest. Imperfect detection is the rule rather than the exception and is a characteristic that all field studies share. Imperfect detection is a trivial fact and herpetologists are often aware of it. For example, Hairston and Wiley (1993) attributed all fluctuations in salamander counts to variation in weather conditions (salamanders tend to remain underground during cold weather) and motivation of students (a class of highly motivated students found an exceptionally high number of salamanders). This implies that salamander detection was imperfect and, equally important, variable among years (Hyde and Simons 2001).
Violent Behaviour Among People With Schizophrenia: A Framework For Investigations Of Causes, Effective Treatment, And Prevention
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now robust evidence demonstrating that both men and women with schizophrenia1 are at elevated risk compared to the general population to be convicted of non-violent criminal offences, at higher risk to be convicted of violent criminal offences, and at even higher risk to be convicted of homicide (Wallace et al., 2004). For example, we examined a birth cohort composed of all the 358 180 persons born in Denmark from 1944 through 1947 who were followed until their mid-forties. We excluded those who had died or emigrated before the end of the follow-up period. The official criminal records of cohort members who had been admitted to a psychiatric ward at least once with a discharge diagnosis of schizophrenia were compared with those who had not had psychiatric admissions: the risk of a violent crime was elevated 4.6 (3.8–5.6) times among the men and 23.2 (14.4–37.4) times among the women with schizophrenia versus those with no admissions to a psychiatric ward (Brennan et al., 2000). Similar elevations in risk have been documented among persons with schizophrenia identified in other birth and populations cohorts (Hodgins, 1992; Tiihonen et al., 1997; Arseneault et al., 2000; Wallace et al., 2004). Although fewer women than men, both with and without schizophrenia, are convicted of crimes, schizophrenia confers a greater risk of offending among women than among men.
The Dynamics Of Threat, Fear, And Intentionality In The Conduct Disorders: Longitudinal Findings In The Children Of Women With Post-Natal Depression
Authors: Hill Jonathan , Murray Lynne , Leidecker, Vicki , Sharp Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conduct disorders among young children are common in the general population (prevalence 5-10% depending on the threshold). They are disabling, often leading to antisocial behaviours and multiple mental health and personality problems in later life (Moffitt et al., 2002). The causes involve an interplay between inherited characteristics such as emotional expression and regulation, and family and wider social influences (Hill, 2002). Commonly, conduct disorder symptoms develop in association with high levels of environmental threat in the form of parental hostility, physical abuse, and marital discord and violence. This is probably accounted for in part by correlated parental and child risks, but is also likely to reflect a direct causal relationship (Jaffee, Moffitt, Caspi, Taylor, & Arseneault, 2002; Jaffee et al., 2005). The implications of high levels of chronic threat for social information processing and emotion regulation were addressed by Dodge and colleagues in their hypotheses linking physical abuse to hostile attributional biases, anger, and reactive aggression (Orobio et al., 2002). However, studies of other social information processes, and the role of fear, in the conduct disorders have been conducted largely independently of consideration of the role of environmental threat. Deficits in emotion recognition (Denham et al., 2002), pragmatic language use (Gilmour et al., 2004), and social fear processing (Blair et al., 2006) have been conceptualized as risk factors for the conduct disorders without substantial environmental contributions. Two pathways to conduct disorders have thus been hypothesized: one involving anger and reactive aggression with a substantial threat contribution and the other characterized by limitations in social and emotional processing, arising without substantial environmental influences leading to callous-unemotional traits and proactive aggression. Studies of the neurobiology of aggression and conduct disorders have focused mainly on the second pathway implicating impaired social emotion processing arising without substantial environmental contributions.
Persistent Violent Offending Among Adult Men: A Critical Review Of Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Plodowski Anna , Gregory Sarah L , Blackwood Nigel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most criminally violent acts are committed by a small group of men who have displayed persistent aggressive behaviour from childhood (Kratzer & Hodgins, 1997). Most of these violent acts are emotionally charged and ‘reactive’ to a frustrating or threatening event, and are typically perpetrated by aroused, angry, and impulsive men who meet the diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder in childhood and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) in adulthood. A minority of these violent acts are predatory, purposeful, and goal-directed: such ‘instrumental’ acts are typically perpetrated by men who appear fearless and low in anxiety and who meet the diagnostic criteria for psychopathy (Crick & Dodge, 1996; Cornell et al., 1996; Barratt et al., 1999). The distinction between the groups is clearly one of degree: thus, instrumental acts of aggression will be perpetrated by antisocial men who do not meet the criteria for psychopathy; equally, reactive acts of aggression will be perpetrated by psychopathic men (Cornell et al., 1996). Nevertheless, the distinction between these types of aggression in the two clinical groups serves as a useful heuristic for neurobiological explanatory model development (see Chapter 7).
Brain Imaging Of Children With Conduct Disorder
Authors: Sterzer Philipp , Stadler Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of aggression and violence in modern societies has stimulated the search for factors that may predispose to aggressive behaviour. Despite the undisputable importance of socio-economic and political factors, the understanding of pathological aggression should benefit from identifying its biological basis (Davidson et al., 2000). The advent and ongoing refinement of modern neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and especially structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI and fMRI, respectively) over the past twenty years has considerably increased our knowledge about possible neural underpinnings of aggressive and violent behaviour. A number of neuroimaging studies have sought to identify structural and functional brain abnormalities in adult psychopaths and criminal offenders (for review, see McCloskey et al., 2005). To further the understanding of the neurobiological factors that predispose towards aggressive and violent behaviour, it seems particularly useful to investigate individuals in whom pathological aggression manifests as early as in childhood or adolescence. The purpose of this chapter is to selectively review brain imaging studies that investigated structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with aggressive behaviour in children and adolescents.
Quantitative Genetic Studies Of Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Viding Essi , Larsson, Henrik , Jones Alice P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year over 1.6 million people are killed through violence, and violence prevention is one of the most important global concerns (Krug et al., 2002). Governmental bodies everywhere in the Western world, including the United Kingdom, prioritize for prevention of antisocial behaviour (Bailey, 2002; Department for Employment and Skills, 2003). The political, social, or economic risk factors for antisocial behaviour (AB) are well studied; but more recently, the awareness has grown that biological risk factors, which may explain individual differences in predisposition to violence, also need to be explored. Furthermore, many environmental risk factors that are traditionally thought to be social may actually reflect genetic vulnerability (Moffitt, 2005). Finally, the vulnerability factors and their ‘modus operandi’ may differ for different subtypes of antisocial behaviour. Thus, the question is not really, ‘Is it in their genes?’ or ‘What environmental factors are to blame?’ It is, How do genetic and environmental factors interact to produce specific types of antisocial behaviour.
Reducing Personal Violence: Risk Factors And Effective Interventions
Authors: Mcguire James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal objectives of this chapter are to survey research on the outcomes of interventions designed to reduce personal violence, and to summarize what has emerged from that work with a view to identifying the most effective approaches to the problem that have been discovered to date. The emphasis will be primarily on aggression and violent behaviour among adolescents and adults, and although work with younger children will also be discussed, it is not the central focus of the chapter.
Red ochre, body painting, and language: interpreting the Blombos ochre
Authors: Watts Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas language leaves no material trace, collective ritual—with its formal characteristics of amplified, stereotypical, redundant display— might be expected to leave a loud archeological signature. Does the archeological record of ochre use provide such a signature, and can it indirectly contribute to our understanding of the evolution of language? I begin by highlighting the formal differences between language and ritual as modes of communication.
Theoretical underpinnings of inferences about language evolution: the syntax used at Blombos Cave
Authors: Botha Rudolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In empirical work, any inference about what the evolution of language involved needs to be underpinned by a range of theories. This idea is subscribed to at a general level in a substantive body of modern work on language evolution. But, the present chapter argues, the idea is not executed sufficiently fully. Hence, potentially interesting inferences about language evolution are less well-founded than they appear to be at first glance. To illustrate its argument, the chapter analyzes in some detail inferences drawn about language evolution on the basis of archeological findings made at Blombos Cave. The chapter will show, in addition, that the argument holds likewise for inferences drawn about language evolution in areas other than archeology. These include linguistics, musicology, and genetics.
Aporia 8
Authors: Broadie Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aporiai 5 and 8, the two problematics most directly concerned with the question whether there exist supra-sensible substances, show a striking difference of approach. Five, which focuses largely on the intermediates, does hint at reasons for postulating them. But far more marked is Five’s rough impatience over the system that results, with the two levels of supra-sensibles replicating sensibles. The criticism seems designed to guy this ontology as so intrinsically absurd that no solutions promised by it could be worth the price. On the other hand, Eight, which ignores the intermediates, says plenty that is specific about the grave difficulties facing any thinker who believes both that reality is knowable and explainable, and that it involves only sensible, perishable, particulars.
Aporia 11
Authors: Cavini Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most difficult of all even to study, and most necessary for knowledge of the truth, is whether (b) being and one are really the substances of beings (and (c) it is not by being something different that they are one and being respectively),1 or whether (d) it is necessary to inquire what being and one really are, on the supposition that another nature underlies them as subject.
Aporiai 13–14
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two aporiai of Metaphysics Bare stated very briefly, #13 at 1002b32-1003a5 and #14 at 1003a5–17. They appear almost as a perfunctory appendix, after the elaborate development of the aporiai about unity and being (#11, 1001a4–b25) and about mathematical objects (#12, 1001b26–1002b32).
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 9 (1151b23) – 10: (In)Continence in Context
Authors: Tieleman Teun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pages 1151b23– 1152a36, marked off— not unreasonably— by the editors (or at least Bekker and those who follow him in this regard) as chapter 11, show Aristotle wrapping up his discussion of continence, incontinence, resistance, and softness that takes up the first half of NE VII. This chapter takes the form of a collection of loosely related observations designed to fit some of the main results of his preceding inquiry into the wider context of the moral theory expounded in books I– VI. These few pages have remained somewhat marginal to most modern interpretations of Aristotle ‘s account of incontinence. But since one of the exegetical issues is precisely that of the definitive position taken by Aristotle, it seems ill-advised to leave aside this concluding chapter. It is well worth trying to establish which information of wider relevance may be elicited from this stretch of text, if pressed anew.
What if I forget a Pill?
Authors: Guillebaud John , Maccregor Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don’t panic if you forget to take a pill. This is one of the most common worries that any pill user ever has. It is unlikely that you will become pregnant. However, it is certainly not something to make a habit of it as it is the reason for most pill failures. To be as safe as can be you need to follow some simple recommendations. Firstly, you need to understand that the riskiest time to miss pills is either side of the pill-free interval.
Consent in the Communist GDR or How to Interpret Lion Feuchtwanger’s Blindness inMoscow 1937
Authors: Sabrow Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time he returned from the Soviet Union in February 1937 to his exile in France in Sanary sur Mer, the writer and poet Lion Feuchtwanger had had ample opportunity to feel the pulse of the Stalinist regime. For two months he had travelled through a country dominated by terror, in which anyone could be denounced from one day to the next, and in which the wave of persecutions had already taken the lives of millions of people— in the torture chambers of the cellars of the NKVD, in the gulag, or by way of the firing squad. Feuchtwanger had not left for Moscow unprepared. He had read André Gide’sRetour de l’URSS, published only a little before, which was an account of his impressions of Moscow life under Stalinism. And, while in Moscow, the German poet had looked into the eyes of power itself, having had a private conversation with Stalin lasting several hours. He had taken part in the second propaganda trial in Moscow and had been present at the ghastly hearings of the alleged Trotskyite plot against the elite of the Communist Party. And yet, on his return, he wrote an account of his journey—Moscow 1937— in which he praised the Soviet Union as an achievement ‘to which a man can say, ‘‘Yes,’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ ‘‘Yes,’’ with all his heart’.
The Semantics of Clause Linking A Cross-Linguistic Typology
Authors: Dixon R M W , Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a cross-linguistic examination of the different grammatical means languages employ to represent a general set of semantic relations between clauses. The investigations focus on ways of combining clauses other than through relative and complement clause constructions. These span a number of types of semantic linking. Three, for example, describe varieties of consequence - cause, result, and purpose - which may be illustrated in English by, respectively: Because John has been studying German for years, he speaks it well; John has been studying German for years, thus he speaks it well; and John has been studying German for years, in order that he should speak it well. Syntactic descriptions of languages provide a grammatical analysis of clause types. The chapters in this book add the further dimension of semantics, generally in the form of focal and supporting clauses, the former referring to the central activity or state of the biclausal linking; and the latter to the clause attached to it. The supporting clause may set out the temporal milieu for the focal clause or specify a condition or presupposition for it or a preliminary statement of it, as in Although John has been studying German for years (the supporting clause), he does not speak it well (the focal clause). Professor Dixon's extensive opening discussion is followed by fourteen case studies of languages ranging from Korean and Kham to Iquito and Ojibwe. The book's concluding synthesis is provided by Professor Aikhenvald.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Manambu
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linking clauses in Manambu involves a variety of means, including clause chaining, speech reports, conjoined dependent clauses, nominalizations, connectives, and apposition. Many clause linking techniques are polysemous; and some can be disambiguated if necessary. I start with an outline of typological features of Manambu, focusing on the parameters relevant for clause linking. I then turn to the clause linking techniques and their correlations with semantic types. The last section contains a brief summary.
The Semantics of Clause Linking in Mali
Authors: Stebbins Tonya N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clause linking in Mali is striking for the fact that there are no strategies of nominalization, no contrasts between finite and non-finite verbs, and no switch-reference marking, which would invite an analysis of clause linking in terms of subordination or make it possible to speak in terms ofstructurally distinctive main versus non-main clauses. Nevertheless there are functional differences between clauses, and a rich range of semantic contrasts in relations between clauses may be marked by grammatical words or clitics within the clause, generally in initial position. In the main these relations are marked by specialized particles but adverbs also play a significant role in organizing the semantic relations between clauses.