bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of (a)virulence in Meloidogyne hapla to resistance in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Roberts Philip , Chen Peichen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractNematode crossing experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that virulence in Meloidogyne hapla to a dominant major resistance gene in the bean Phaseolus vulgaris cv. NemaSnap is simply inherited by a single gene, with avirulence dominant to virulence (recessive). In a new procedure established for crossing M. hapla race A isolates, females of avirulent isolate K6 and males of virulent isolates AN and LM were used as parental lines. Virulence frequencies and segregation patterns in the F3 to F5 generations indicated cross-mating with virulent males, not selection and selfing, as the source of virulence in segregating progenies. In F3 progenies, three of 29 lines expressed virulence at levels of 10.6-36.6%. The percentage of virulence from the pooled F3 data from these three lines indicated monogenic inheritance of virulence. F4 families were established from single egg masses of the three virulent F3 lines. Cohorts of F5 juveniles derived from single egg masses of F3 and F4 families were tested for virulence. Due to the facultative parthenogenesis in M. hapla race A, tests were conducted of various genetic models for inheritance of (a)virulence based on different assumptions about the mode of reproduction, gamete duplication and recombination. A segregation pattern of three avirulent (AA, Aa): one virulent (aa) for the genotypes in the F4 was determined from the F5 virulence tests. The percentages of virulence at the F5 stage and their patterns of segregation strongly supported the hypothesis that avirulence in M. hapla is controlled by a single gene, with virulence recessive to avirulence. The M. hapla (a)virulence matches the dominant resistance in P.vulgaris cv. NemaSnap, thus conforming to a gene-for-gene relationship. Our findings indicated that the (a)virulence factor can be transferred within and between M. hapla populations that have the ability to reproduce sexually, thereby maintaining genetic variation for virulence. The inheritance of virulence also suggests that other important biological traits can be transferred through this process.
Identification, host range and infection process of Meloidogyne marylandi from turf grass in Israel
Authors: Karssen Gerrit , Oka Yuji , Mor Mishael 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA population of a root-knot nematode species was isolated from Zoysia japonica in a turf nursery in Israel. Measurements and morphology of the second-stage juveniles and adult females, including perineal pattern, indicated this nematode to be Meloidogyne marylandi. In addition, esterase (Est) and malate dehydrogenase (Mdh) isozymes were studied for the first time for this species which is shown to be characterised by VS1 Est band and a N1c Mdh pattern. Host range tests showed that the turf grasses Stenotaphrum secundatum, Dactyloctenium australe and Paspalum vaginatum, corn (Zea mays) and oat (Avena sativa) were non-hosts or resistant. Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), bristle oat (Avena strigosa), Siberian millet (Echinochloa frumentaceae) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) were susceptible to the nematode. The second-stage juveniles of M. marylandi penetrated the elongation zone of wheat roots but did not reach the meristematic zone and settled with their anterior end toward the root tip. This contrasted with M. javanica or M. incognita which migrated to the meristematic zone, and turned around with their anterior toward the root base. Meloidogyne marylandi juveniles induced giant cells from vascular parenchyma cells and caused no or only small galls on the roots.
Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from Andalucía Oriental, Spain. The genus Cervidellus Thorne, 1937 (Cephalobidae) with additional data on C. hamatus Thorne, 1937
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Abolafia Joaquín , Boström Sven , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThree known species of the genus Cervidellus Thorne, 1937 are described from natural areas in the SE Iberian Peninsula on the basis of light and scanning electron microscopy, viz., C. neftasiensis, C. vexilliger and C. hamatus. In addition, data on C. hamatus from the USA are given. Descriptions, measurements and illustrations, including SEM photographs, are provided for all three species. The systematics of the genus is briefly discussed and an identification key to the species is provided.
Effect of varying the pressurisation rate during noninvasive pressure support ventilation
Authors: Prinianakis G. , Delmastro M. , Carlucci A. , Ceriana P. , Nava S. 
Published: February 2004

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of varying the pressurisation rate during noninvasive pressure support ventilation on patients' breathing pattern, inspiratory effort, arterial blood gases, tolerance to ventilation and amount of air leakage.A total of 15 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients recovering from an acute episode of hypercapnic acute respiratory failure were studied during four randomised trials with different levels of pressurisation rate.No significant changes were observed in breathing pattern and arterial blood gases between the different runs. The pressure time product of the diaphragm, an estimate of its metabolic consumption, was significantly lower with all pressurisation rates than with spontaneous breathing, but was significantly lowest with the fastest rate. However, air leak, assessed by the ratio between expired and inspired tidal volumes, increased and the patients' tolerance of ventilation, measured using a standardised scale, was significantly poorer with the fastest pressurisation rate.In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients recovering from an episode of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure and ventilated with noninvasive pressure support ventilation, different pressurisation rates resulted in different reductions in the pressure time product of the diaphragm; this reduction was greater with the fastest rate, but was accompanied by significant air leaks and poor tolerance.
Quantifying pulmonary perfusion in primary pulmonary hypertension using electron-beam computed tomography
Authors: Jones A.T. , Hansell D.M. , Evans T.W. 
Published: February 2004

Traditionally, a gravitational distribution of pulmonary perfusion has been described in normal subjects. How this may vary in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), which is characterised by vascular obstruction due to intimal thickening, smooth muscle cell proliferation and episodes of thrombosis in small and medium sized pulmonary arteries, is unclear. In this study the potential of electron-beam computed tomography in quantifying the distribution of pulmonary perfusion in patients with PPH was investigated.Contrast-enhanced sections were obtained during inspiration in the supine position at baseline and during administration of the vasodilator adenosine in five healthy subjects and five patients with PPH. Under each experimental condition, regions of interest were placed along the nondependent-to-dependent axis and values for relative perfusion derived.In healthy individuals, a marked nondependent-to-dependent gradient in perfusion was observed. By contrast, in PPH, perfusion values were significantly lower and were uniform across the lung section, although the administration of adenosine resulted in increased perfusion in all regions of interest.Electron-beam computed tomography provides physiological and structural information about the pulmonary circulation in subjects with pulmonary vascular disease.
Quantitative analysis of 8‐isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate: Table 1—
Authors: Van Hoydonck P.G.A. , Wuyts W.A. , Vanaudenaerde B.M. , Schouten E.G. , Dupont L.J. , Temme E.H.M. 
Published: February 2004

Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides a noninvasive means of sampling the lower respiratory tract. Collection of EBC might be useful in the assessment of airway oxidative stress in smokers. The aim of this study was to determine 8‐isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide levels in EBC, and, in addition, to investigate the reproducibility of these measurements.EBC samples were collected from 12 healthy male smokers at three time points within 1 week. 8‐isoprostane and H2O2were measured in nonconcentrated EBC using immunochemical and colorimetric assays, respectively.8‐isoprostane and H2O2were detected in only 36 and 47% of all EBC samples, respectively. It was not possible to calculate the within-subject variation in a reliable manner since only three of the 12 smokers exhibited detectable 8‐isoprostane concentrations on all three occasions (mean 4.6 pg·mL−1; range 3.9–7.7 pg·mL−1), whereas H2O2could not be detected on all three occasions in any of the smokers. Spiking experiments revealed a recovery of 83.5–109.5% for 8‐isoprostane and 69.9–129.0% for H2O2in fresh EBC samples.It was concluded that levels of 8‐isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide cannot be reproducibly assessed in exhaled breath condensate from healthy smokers because of their low concentration and/or the lack of sensitivity of the available assays.
Inhaled iloprost is a potent acute pulmonary vasodilator in HIV‐related severe pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Ghofrani H.A. , Friese G. , Discher T. , Olschewski H. , Schermuly R.T. , Weissmann N. , Seeger W. , Grimminger F. , Lohmeyer J. 
Published: February 2004

As antiretroviral therapy has improved life expectancy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the life-limiting complication of HIV‐related pulmonary hypertension has come into focus. Inhalation of the stable prostacyclin analogue iloprost is an effective treatment for various forms of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of inhaled iloprost in HIV‐related pulmonary hypertension.In eight patients with severe pulmonary hypertension related to HIV infection, right heart and femoral artery catheterisation were performed. The acute effect of oxygen, inhaled nitric oxide and aerosolised iloprost was investigated. Four patients underwent long-term treatment with inhaled iloprost.The rank order of pulmonary vasodilatory potency was iloprost>NO>O2, with a maximum reduction (mean±sem) in pulmonary vascular resistance of 30.6±3.1% (p<0.001), 5.9±3.9% and −0.6±3.9%, respectively. Concomitantly, inhaled iloprost significantly increased the cardiac index and central venous oxygen saturation. Chronic treatment with inhaled iloprost tended to improve the 6 min walking distance and decreased pulmonary vascular resistance in all patients (although not significantly). No serious adverse events and no major interactions with the ongoing antiretroviral therapy were noted.In conclusion, inhaled iloprost is a potent pulmonary vasodilator in human immune deficiency virus-related pulmonary hypertension. Future studies are warranted to confirm the encouraging long-term beneficial results observed in the present limited number of patients.
Sympathetic activity is reduced by nCPAP in hypertensive obstructive sleep apnoea patients
Authors: Heitmann J. , Ehlenz K. , Penzel T. , Becker H.F. , Grote L. , Voigt K.H. , Hermann Peter J. , Vogelmeier C. 
Published: February 2004

There is increasing evidence that nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) lowers blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients, not only during sleep but also in the daytime. However, both the mechanisms of blood pressure reduction and the considerable differences in the magnitude of the effect in the studies presented to date are not fully understood.Therefore, the authors prospectively studied the effect of nCPAP on noradrenaline plasma levels (NApl), blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in 10 normotensive and eight hypertensive OSA patients before and after 41.6±16.9 days of nCPAP therapy. Polysomnography and invasive blood pressure were continuously monitored over 24 h in the supine position before and with nCPAP. NAplwere analysed every 15 min.In hypertensives, nCPAP reduced NAplby 36±25%, lowered mean arterial blood pressure substantially (night-time: −8.89±14.09 mmHg; daytime: −7.94±10.47 mmHg) and decreased HR by 6.6±5.4 beats·min−1, whereas in normotensives there were only minor changes.The decrease in heart rate was associated with a decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and noradrenaline plasma levels, suggesting a causal effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure therapy. This nasal continuous positive airway pressure effect occurs mainly in hypertensive obstructive sleep apnoea patients, whereas the effect is small in normotensives. This may explain, at least in part, some of the discrepant results in previous treatment studies.
Detection of expiratory flow limitation in COPD using the forced oscillation technique
Authors: Dellacà R.L. , Santus P. , Aliverti A. , Stevenson N. , Centanni S. , Macklem P.T. , Pedotti A. , Calverley P.M.A. 
Published: February 2004

Expiratory flow limitation (EFL) during tidal breathing is a major determinant of dynamic hyperinflation and exercise limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Current methods of detecting this are either invasive or unsuited to following changes breath-by-breath. It was hypothesised that tidal flow limitation would substantially reduce the total respiratory system reactance (Xrs) during expiration, and that this reduction could be used to reliably detect if EFL was present.To test this, 5‐Hz forced oscillations were applied at the mouth in seven healthy subjects and 15 COPD patients (mean±sd forced expiratory volume in one second was 36.8±11.5 % predicted) during quiet breathing. COPD breaths were analysed (n=206) and classified as flow-limited if flow decreased as alveolar pressure increased, indeterminate if flow decreased at constant alveolar pressure, or nonflow-limited.Of these, 85 breaths were flow-limited, 80 were not and 41 were indeterminate. Among other indices, mean inspiratory minus mean expiratory Xrs(ΔXrs) and minimum expiratory Xrs(Xexp,min) identified flow-limited breaths with 100% specificity and sensitivity using a threshold between 2.53–3.12 cmH2O·s·L−1(ΔXrs) and −7.38– −6.76 cmH2O·s·L−1(Xexp,min) representing 6.0% and 3.9% of the total range of values respectively. No flow-limited breaths were seen in the normal subjects by either method.Within-breath respiratory system reactance provides an accurate, reliable and noninvasive technique to detect expiratory flow limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Using geometric shape variations to create an inverse model for a sheet metal process
Authors: Rolfe B F , Cardew-Hall M J , Abdallah S M , West G A W 
Published: February 2004

The output of the sheet metal forming process is subject to much variation. This paper develops a method to measure shape variation in channel forming and relate this back to the corresponding process parameter levels of the manufacturing set-up to create an inverse model. The shape variation in the channels is measured using a modified form of the point distribution model (also known as the active shape model). This means that channels can be represented by a weighting vector of minimal linear dimension that contains all the shape variation information from the average formed channel. The inverse models were created using classifiers that related the weighting vectors to the process parameter levels for the blank holder force (BHF), die radii (DR) and tool gap (TG) of the parameters. Several classifiers were tested: linear, quadratic Gaussian and artificial neural networks. The quadratic Gaussian classifiers were the most accurate and the most consistent type of classifier over all the parameters.
Rates of GDP Referral of Complete Dentures to a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Lamb David , Walsh Jennifer , Ellis Bryan 
Published: February 2004

Purpose of study To identify areas and sites of excessive referral of complete dentures by GDPs, allowing for factors which might distort referral rates. Methods Two hundred and six consecutive valid referrals of patients over the age of 50 years with complete dentures to a local dental teaching hospital and originating from the 29 Sheffield electoral wards were audited from the beginning of 1995 to the end of 1997. The referring practitioner and electoral ward were recorded. Results Referral rates were calculated according to the size of the 50+ population within each ward and were found to be normally distributed, following exclusion of two wards with much higher referral rates than normal (3.5 and 6 SDs [standard deviations] from the mean). After calculating mean numbers referred per full-time equivalent (FTE) GDP for all wards, practices and practitioners originating excessive numbers of referrals within a high-referring ward could be identified. Conclusion After taking into account factors which might permit a high referral rate to be acceptable, practices with inappropriately high referral rates can be identified and remedial teaching need pinpointed.
Symbolic Action in the Homeric Hymns: The Theme of Recognition
Authors: García John F. 
Published: February 2004

The Homeric Hymns are commonly taken to be religious poems in some general sense but they are often said to contrast with cult hymns in that the latter have a definite ritual function, whereas "literary" hymns do not. This paper argues that despite the difficulty in establishing a precise occasion of performance for the Homeric Hymns, we are nevertheless in a position to identify their ritual function: by intoning a Hymn of this kind, the singer achieves the presence of a god before participants in a public festival. The key mechanism by which the hymnist does this is the evocation of a god via the elaboration of a typical unit of traditional hymnic discourse, what I call the "theme of recognition (before revelation)."The pragmatic operation of narrative such as this is similar to the device known in the study of magical texts as the historiola, or short narrative that serves as a verbal model for a desired outcome in the patient's world. This kind of operation is called, in this paper, "symbolic action," a term borrowed from the rhetorician Kenneth Burke. The theme of recognition is traced in the fabric of the expansive Hymns (II-V, VII), and the paper further argues that an important generic marker in the Hymns, the greeting of the god (χαíρεϵ), discloses their pragmatic function, the hymnist's skillful deliverance of the god before his hearers.
Vergil's Ajax: Allusion, Tragedy, and Heroic Identity in theAeneid
Authors: Panoussi Vassiliki 
Published: February 2004

This essay attempts a reevaluation of the use of Greek tragedy in Vergil's Aeneid, drawing on recent advances in the study of literary allusion and on current approaches to Greek drama which emphasize the importance of social context. I argue that extensive allusions to the figure of Ajax in the Aeneid serve as a subtext for the construction of the personae of Dido and Turnus. The allusive presence of Ajax attests to the existence of a tragic register in the epic, which intersects with and complicates the multiple allusive registers within the poem. Moreover, I propose that a detailed examination of Vergil's manipulation of tragedy's articulation of socio-political and ideological problems may in turn illuminate the Aeneid as a national epic and its much-contested relationship with Augustan ideology.More specifically, I argue that issues of identity and moral action explored in Sophocles' Ajax are crucial in the cases of Dido and Turnus, who similarly find themselves in conflict with and unable to adapt to the new social and political structure of Aeneas' new order. Like Ajax, Dido and Turnus define themselves through constant reference to their relationship with their people. All three, however, engage in action which pits them against the interests of their communities and which results in their complete isolation. Unable to adjust their behavioral code to ensure their survival, Dido and Turnus embody a heroic ideal which, though laudable, can have no place in Aeneas' Roman future. Vergil thus mobilizes a tragic allusive register in order to illustrate the tension between the celebration of this ideal and the realization that social change has rendered it obsolete. At the same time, the loss of the ideals that Dido and Turnus represent necessitates the articulation of a comparable, if not superior, ethical code which Aeneas is called on to embody. Allusive evidence linking Aeneas to the tragic Ajax, however, seems to indicate Aeneas' failure to emerge as a superior moral force in the poem.
Categorization and Schematization Processes Used in Music Perception by 10- to 11-Year-Old Children
Authors: Koniari Dimitra , Predazzer Sandrine , Mélen Marc 
Published: February 2004

This study investigates the role of the cue abstraction mechanism within the framework of cognitive processes underlying listening to a piece of music by 10- to 11-year-old children. Four experiments used different procedures to address three main processes: (a) the categorization of musical features, (b) the segmentation of the musical discourse, and (c) the elaboration of a mental schema of the piece. Two short tonal pieces from the classical piano repertoire were used as experimental material. Experiments 1 and 2 assessed children's capacity to classify segments from the same musical piece into the appropriate category and to evaluate the segments' degree of similarity. Experiment 3 investigated the segmentation process, which underlies the organization of musical events into groups. Experiment 4 explored children's ability to reconstruct a piece of music after hearing it. The influence of musical training is investigated by comparing musician and nonmusician children. In addition, the effects of different musical features are explored.La présente étude porte sur le mécanisme d'extraction d'indices dans le cadre des processus cognitifs sous-tendant l'écoute d'un morceau de musique chez des enfants de 10-11 ans. Les diverses procédures utilisées dans les quatre expériences portent sur trois processus: a) la catégorisation de caractéristiques musicales, b) la segmentation du discours musical et c) l'élaboration d'un schéma mental de la pièce. Deux courtes pièces du répertoire classique pour piano ont servi de matériel expérimental. Les expériences 1 et 2 évaluent la capacité des enfants à classer des segments issus d'un même pièce musicale dans leur catégorie respective et à apprécier leur degré de similarité. L'expérience 3 étudie le processus de segmentation qui sous-tend l'organisation des événements musicaux en groupes. L'expérience 4 explore l'aptitude des enfants à reconstruire la pièce après l'avoir entendue. L'influence de la formation musicale est prise en compte à travers une comparaison d'enfants musiciens et non-musiciens. De plus, l'effet de différents traits musicaux est exploré.