bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Exemptions and the Constitutionality of Vaccine Mandates in the Philippines
Authors: Dayag Florian Kim P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government responses to the covid-19 pandemic raise various legal concerns otherwise inconceivable in recent memory. One of the many implemented policies is the requirement of inoculation or vaccination to achieve herd immunity, similar to other diseases that have been eradicated by intensive vaccination programmes. Vaccine hesitancy, nevertheless, remains a persistent State concern which is complicated by reference to constitutionally protected rights. Refusal to be vaccinated on religious grounds has led various countries to provide religious exemptions to avoid judicial scrutiny. The Philippines, as the largest Christian nation in Asia, has a complex legal relationship with the church. This article discusses the State-church relationship from a constitutional and human rights law perspective and, using approaches formulated by the Philippine Supreme Court in religion clause analysis, attempts to assess, and possibly bridge, the perceived conflict between religious freedom and the Philippine government’s covid-19 vaccination policies.
Evaluating rhyme annotations for large corpora
Authors: BALEY Julien 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent methods have been proposed to produce automatic rhyme annotators for large rhymed corpora. These methods, such as Baley (2022b) greatly reduce the cost of annotating rhymed material, allowing historical linguists to focus on the analysis of the rhyme patterns. However, evidence for the quality of those annotations has been anecdotal, consisting of a handful of individual poem case studies. This paper proposes to address the issue: first, we discuss previously proposed metrics that evaluate the quality of an annotator’s output against a ground-truth annotation (List, Hill, and Foster; 2019) and we propose an alternative metric that is better suited to the task. Then, sampling from Baley’s published annotated corpus and re-annotating it by hand, we use the sample to demonstrate the lacunae in the original approach and show how to fix them. Finally, the hand-annotated sample and source code are published as additional data, so that other researchers can compare the performance of their own annotators.
Negation in Hlai
Authors: LEE Hui-chi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper investigates various negation strategies in Hlai. The analysis is carried out within the framework of language typology. The most common negation in Hlai is expressed with vei11, immediately preceding the element it negates. The nominal and imperative predications are negated by the nonstandard negators guai121 and zou55. Each type of modal has its own specific suppletive form for negative expression. As previous studies contain little information on this topic, this paper contributes to the field by introducing, clarifying, and analyzing these divergent negative markers.
Immediate anteriority construction in Cantonese
Authors: LUI Pun Ho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study explores the immediate anteriority (“IMANTE”) construction in Cantonese, in which two events form an “as soon as” relationship. By collecting examples from corpora, three types of IMANTE construction are categorized, based on the subordinate events: (i) achievement, (ii) completion point of a durational event, and (iii) inchoative point of a durational event. This study argues that (iii) is the default usage of a subordinate event when it is durational because it is unmarked and historically emerged earlier than (ii). Second, (iii) is seemingly a defining property of IMANTE besides “zero-time interval between two events”.
Evaluating the ability of desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria) to grow when feeding on tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum) versus wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Yakti W. , Widjaja E. , Förster N. , Mewis I. , Ulrichs C. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria) is a notorious swarm-forming agricultural pest widely collected for its use as food and feed. Its ability to grow on tomato leaf waste as a sole nutritional source was investigated given its ability to consume a wide range of plants. The growth and nutrient composition of desert locusts and their generated frass were compared in nymphs reared on tomato leaves versus wheatgrass. The desert locusts demonstrated higher growth on wheatgrass diet, but they also thrived on tomato leaves without observed mortalities. An average production of 14.38 g desert locust biomass consumed 375.8 g of fresh tomato leaves. Desert locusts fed with tomato leaves had higher crude protein content (61% compared to 58% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts) and lower fat content (8% compared to 14% in wheatgrass-fed desert locusts). The diet also influenced the levels of Ca, Cu, Mn, S, and Zn in the desert locust biomass. Furthermore, the analysis of the generated frass revealed significant differences in the levels of B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na, P, S, Zn, and N, depending on the plant material provided. The findings suggest that the desert locust can be reared efficiently on tomato leaves, transforming this waste stream into a protein-rich insect biomass and frass.
Study of nutritional content and antioxidant activity of prepupae and pupae stages of Samia ricini
Authors: Swargiary A. , Daimari M. , Roy M.K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sericulture is a common practice around the globe. The silk produced by moths is widely known, but the nutritional potential of silkworms for human consumption is not well recognized. The present study analyses the nutritional contents and antioxidant properties of the prepupae and pupae stages of Samia ricini. Proximate analysis was carried out following AOAC methods. The antioxidant activity was studied by Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, and 2,2’-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) assays. The study observed substantial quantity of nutritional content in both the prepupae and pupae stages of S. ricini. The moisture content was found to be 70-72% in wet tissue weight. Protein content was 13-15% and 46-51% in wet and dry tissue, respectively. The study observed significant increase in protein content from prepupae to pupae stages. Fats and carbohydrate content also showed significant differences between the two stages of S. ricini. The pupae showed more potent antioxidant activity compared to prepupae. The IC50 values for pupae were 3.29 ± 0.12 mg/mL and 1.79 ± 0.32 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assay. In contrast, prepupae stage showed weaker antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 7.26 ± 0.52 mg/mL and 3.11 ± 0.12 mg/mL. The present study suggests that the pupae of S. ricini could be an alternative source of proteins, antioxidants, and beneficial food to incorporate into daily diet compared to the prepupae stage.
Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction of silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) oil and its quality characterisation
Authors: Patil A.R. , Wadje P. , Meenatchi R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (USAE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MWAE) methods on the quality parameters and yield of silkworm pupae oil. The selected key independent variables that impact the extraction process, such as power levels, liquid-solid (L/S) ratio, and time for the extraction of SPO (silkworm pupae oil), were optimised. The extracted silkworm pupa oil was further characterised for oil quality, thermal behaviour using DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter), colour values and fatty acid profile for its suitability for various food applications. USAE resulted in a maximum oil yield of 36.60 ± 0.20% at 400 W with an L/S ratio of 6 ml/g at 20 min pulsation time. The fatty acid profile of SPO through GC-MS revealed significant amounts of linoleic acid and linolenic acid (6.50% and 67.18%) in USAE, followed by MWAE (34.40 ± 0.20%). Further, the FTIR spectra revealed high-intensity bands ranging between 2300-3000 cm−1, associated with functional groups from long-chain alkyl groups and triglycerides. It was observed that SPO had Omega-3 and Omega-6 long chain fatty acids and triglycerides which are essential for human health. Antioxidant activity exhibited high free radical scavenging in USAE (27.46 ± 0.15%) followed by MWAE (26.63 ± 0.15%). The morphology of SEM images of USAE exhibits microstructural damage to cells resulting in the release of more oil. DSC thermograph displayed that crystallisation and melting curve temperatures for USAE and MWAE were lower than SXLE (soxhlet extraction) alone due to higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. SPO extracted using USAE exhibited higher oil yield with significant antioxidant capacity and good thermal properties for its application in food products.
African edible insects as human food – a comprehensive review
Authors: Siddiqui S.A. , Aidoo O.F. , Ghisletta M. , Osei-Owusu J. , Saraswati Y.R. , Bhardwaj K. , Khalid W. , Fernando I. , Golik A.B. , Nagdalian A.A. , Lorenzo J.M. , De Palo P. , Maggiolino A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Africa, food insecurity seems to be a continual problem as a result of various factors such as extreme poverty, water scarcity, land degradation, and climate change. As a result, chronic hunger and malnutrition are still prevalent in many African countries. Consequently, the utilization of available and affordable natural food sources is needed to accommodate the energy and nutritional requirements of the people, such as edible insects. Edible insects are abundant and locally available throughout Africa, hence could be utilized as low-cost, nutritious, and sustainable foods. Around 500 species have been recorded in sub-Saharan Africa out of the 2,100 known edible insect species worldwide. The consumption of insects, also known as entomophagy, has been historically practiced by indigenous people of Africa. To date, edible insects are seen in Africa as a good opportunity, particularly for rural households, to improve their livelihoods at an economic and nutritional level. Edible insects are a great source of energy and nutrients – and their rearing only requires a small amount of water, land and feeding resources. Entomophagy may also serve as an ecologically sound control measure for insect pests, such as locusts, that periodically wreak havoc on agricultural fields. The combination of being a highly nutritious food source and having economic advantages made edible insects very attractive in all the African regions. Their promotions into the diet would ameliorate the well-being of the population and boost economic growth in Africa. However, African countries need local and regional legal frameworks to achieve smooth functioning of marketing of edible insects and their products.
The effect of adult density on the reproductive output and hatching performance of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Ormanoğlu N. , Baliota G.V. , Rumbos C.I. , Athanassiou C.G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commercial availability of insect biomass for food and feed calls for the methodical investigation of all the complications that can deteriorate the insect farming efficiency. An appropriate stocking density is thus instrumental for the establishment of sustainable and cost effective insect farming protocols; high densities may lead to reduced insect fitness and reproduction, while low densities will result to a proportionally lower per capita yield. The present study deals with the estimation of the optimum adult density of the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), a species with great potential as food and feed source based on its high growth performance and reproductive output. However, limited data is available so far regarding the effect of adult density on its reproductive performance. Four different adult densities, ranging from 1.1 to 8.2 cm2 per adult, were evaluated in laboratory experiments in terms of reproductive output (number of eggs) and larval emergence for a period of 45 days of continuous oviposition. According to our results, the reproduction output, expressed as the cumulative number of eggs per adult and the cumulative larval hatching rate, was not affected by the adult densities tested here. Although high hatching rates that in most of the cases exceeded 85% were observed within the initial oviposition interval, these rates were in all treatments drastically reduced to 48-56% after 30 to 36 d. High adult survival (over 93%) was observed during the trial. In this experiment, the maximum reproductive output was observed in the highest density of adults that were left to oviposit continuously for a month. Data as such provide an opportunity to further exploit A. diaperinus in high-throughput production systems.
Understanding attitudes and associations of Costa Ricans towards insect consumption
Authors: Fallas P. , Quirós-Ramı́rez A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insect-based foods are still considered a novelty in Costa Rica. Although there is no tradition of entomophagy in this country, some insect-based products are being recently introduced as innovations into the market. Pioneering in creating nutritious and appealing insect-based foods represents an important opportunity to cater to a growing population and promote a sustainable local food system development. Consumer perception is one of the main barriers for introducing edible insects in Costa Rica, as in many other occidental countries. Costa Rican consumers in this and previous studies showed resistance to consuming and accepting insects as part of their everyday diet. This exploratory qualitative study aimed at revealing the patterns explaining such resistance. In this study, twelve potential consumers from urban settings, aged between 25 and 45, were selected to complete a structured survey and attend a one-on-one in-depth interview session where different projective techniques were applied. The data were analysed systematically to gain a deeper understanding of thoughts, perceptions, reservations, and motivations to consume insect-based foods. Five different patterns were identified and unpacked: whole insects, movement, texture, dirt, and bad taste. These patterns are based on expectations from previous experiences with insects in non-edible contexts, are drivers of disgust, and prevent the participants from thinking of insects as food.
Performance of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, l.) on different feed substrates
Authors: Somarny W.W.M.Z. , Kuppusamy G. , Samat N. , Azam-Ali S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study assessed the nutrient composition of Sesbania grandiflora (SG) and Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves, and agro-industrial by-products, including soybean waste (SBW), wheat pollard (WP), rice bran (RB), and milk-extracted coconut meat (MECM) to determine the potential of these resources as feed substrates for rearing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). Developmental studies of BSFL were conducted for three weeks with four replicates for each substrate. The nutrient composition and growth performance data were collected until half of the larvae had transformed into prepupae. The crude protein (CP) content of BSFL ranged from 26 to 57 g/100 g on a dry matter (DM) basis. The CP levels of larvae declined significantly () as the development time progressed. The ether extract (EE) or crude fat levels of larvae ranged between 6 and 55 g/100 g DM and were significantly () different between substrates. In all samples, larval amino acid profiles were characterised by high levels of glutamic acid (4.08 g/100 g DM) and leucine (2.48 g/100 g DM). The SBW-fed larvae showed a shorter development time (12.75 ± 0.25 days); the longest was MECM-fed larvae (28.5 ± 0.29 days). Larvae on the higher protein feed (SG, MO, and SBW) had the highest feed reduction and larval yield compared to the lower protein group (WP, RB, and MECM). The study demonstrated that BSFL can thrive on a range of substrates where all six feedstuffs (SG, MO, SBW, WP, RB, and MECM) have the potential to be employed in mass production of BSFL with high nutritional values. The selection of a good quality substrate for BSFL production is critical since the substrate’s nutrient composition influences the development and nutrient composition of the larvae.
Socio-economic analysis of edible insect species collectors and vendors in Nagaland, North-East India
Authors: Mozhui L. , Kakati L.N. , Ao B. , Kezo V. , Meyer-Rochow V.B. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Nagaland insects like the Eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini and the Indian honey bee Apis cerana indica are reared for commercial purposes rather than just household uses. Of the marketed edible insects in India, Hymenoptera contribute 34% followed by Orthoptera (25%), Coleoptera (16%), Hemiptera (12%), and Lepidoptera (9%) while Odonata and Blattodea contribute 2% each. The present study estimates that an insect seller may earn Rs. 600-800 (US $7.51-10.01) per kg from various types of insects such as grasshoppers, crickets, katydid, water and diving beetles, ants, stink bugs and tent caterpillars. For 1 litre of honey an insect seller may earn Rs. 532-1600 (US $6.66-20.02) and for 1 kg of wood larvae (largely beetle larvae), carpenter “worms” (= Cossus spp. moth larvae) and hornets the vendor can demand Rs. 3,300-3,750 (US $41.29-56.31). The contribution of the edible insect sector towards the socio-economy and livelihood improvement of the people in both rural and urban communities is highlighted and discussed. Given the insect bio-resource in the region, the consumption of edible insects, coupled with mass production, processing, and marketing (as successfully implemented in countries like Thailand, Vietnam, and some African countries like Cameroon and Nigeria), can be a boon to Nagaland.
Identifying the optimal combinations of temperature and macronutrient balance for rearing Tenebrio molitor larvae
Authors: Rho M.S. , Lee K.P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), is one of the few edible insects commercially produced around the globe as alternative protein sources for food and feed. Temperature and nutrition are the two most influential environmental determinants of growth and development in insects, but little is known about their combined effects in T. molitor. Here we examined how temperature and dietary protein:carbohydrate (P:C) balance act in concert to influence key performance traits in T. moltior larvae reared on one of the 36 treatment combinations of six temperatures (19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C) and six protein:carbohydrate ratios (P:C = 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 5:1, and 1:0). Apart from females accumulating higher lipid content than males, there were no sex differences in all measured traits. Survivorship was high at low temperatures (<25 °C) and high P:C ratios (>1:1), but decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing P:C ratio. An increase in temperature accelerated development but resulted in reduced pupal mass. Thermal optimum for pupal mass (19.3 °C) was thus much lower than that for development time (28.1 °C). Growth rate peaked at 27.9 °C and P:C 1.65:1 and decreased as both temperature and P:C ratio deviated from their optimum. All four key performance traits (survivorship, development time, pupal mass, and growth rate) were expressed at high levels and, hence, optimized at temperatures between 25.7 °C and 27.4 °C and P:C ratios between 1.17:1 and 2.94:1. Food consumption rate was the highest at a high P:C ratio of 8.4:1, whereas post-ingestive food utilization was the most efficient at a moderate P:C ratio of 1:1.27. The rate and efficiency of food processing were optimized at temperatures between 24.5 °C and 29.9 °C and P:C ratios between 1:1.01 and 3.98:1. Our results have implications for improving the production and nutritional value of T. molitor larvae.
Standardisation of fermented pellet feed of Tenebrio molitor larvae for use as a biodiesel raw material
Authors: Hwang D. , Lee S.H. , Goo T.-W. , Lee K.-S. , Yun E.-Y. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To use mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) as a raw material for biodiesel production, after selecting three raw materials (wheat bran, mealworm frass, food waste) among 10 raw materials, WB50-FW50 (wheat bran:food waste = 50:50), which had the highest weight gain rate (WGR) and body fat content increase efficacy, was determined to be the optimal raw material combination. As a result of fermenting WB50-FW50 using microorganisms (Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Pediococcus acidilactici) with excellent enzymatic activities to increase the absorption rate in the body, WGR was increased by 40% compared to non-fermented WB50-FW50. To increase the value of the product and the convenience of distribution and use, we attempted to manufacture a pellet-type feed with a diameter of 6 mm and length of 10 mm. Based on the selection of inexpensive raw materials without adversely affecting viability and WGR, 0.05% sorbic acid was added as a preservative, and 20% agar was added as an excipient. The drying time after pellet moulding was determined to be 50 min, considering the high WGR, and the final pellet-type fermented mixed feed with sorbic acid and agar (PFMF) preparation was completed. Finally, compared to powdered wheat bran, a conventional mealworm feed, PFMF fed to mealworms increased WGR by 25.6% and body fat content by 18.8%. In conclusion, we suggest that the PFMF is a valuable feed with high economic feasibility, eco-friendliness, and convenience for breeding of mealworms for biodiesel production.
Rheological, textural properties and storage stability of mayonnaise formulated with protein hydrolysate derived from yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)
Authors: Phuah E.-T. , Lee Y.-Y. , Tang T.-K. , Lim S.A. , Rambli M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), the larva stage of darkling beetle, confers high nutritional and functional protein and it can serve as a sustainable protein source. The present study therefore evaluated the effect of replacing the egg yolk as emulsifier with yellow mealworm protein hydrolysate powder (YMPH) (0-100%) at 20% increment levels on the rheological and textural properties, colour attributes, emulsion microstructure and storage stability of mayonnaise. The emulsion stability results demonstrated that mayonnaise with up to 60% substitution of YMPH displayed excellent storage stability for 3 weeks (<2% phase separation). In terms of textural properties, all samples showed no significant difference () in firmness whereas consistency decreased steadily with increasing YMPH concentration levels. Microstructure observation of all mayonnaise formulations demonstrated a gradual increase in oil droplet size in parallel with the increase in YMPH concentration. For rheological properties, all mayonnaise exhibited similar gel-like behaviour with greater storage modulus (G’) than loss modulus (G”) and loss tangent (tan δ) less than 1.0. For the colour attributes, increasing YMPH level led to significant decrease () in the L* and b* factors from 73.0 to 27.2 and 23.9 to 8.1, respectively. However, the overall a* factor value increased significantly () from 1.11 to 5.10 as the YMPH concentration increased. This study revealed that insect-based protein hydrolysate has a good potential to serve as an emulsifier.