bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manigaults and Heywards
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first part of the nineteenth century-even after slavery had been put on the road to extinction in the North-a number of great Southern planters resided in Pennsylvania, New York, and Rhode Island, and married into the top stratum of Northern society. Charles Izard Manigault was an offshoot of this transsectional alliance, his maternal grandfather, Ralph Izard (who later became a U.S. senator from South Carolina), having married into New York’s well-known DeLancey family (see genealogical table 4). Margaret Izard, the eldest child of this union, spent twelve impressionable early years in Europe,1 and she wrote and spoke French as fluently as English. Unusually well educated, she implanted a French-speaking tradition so firmly into the family of her husband Gabriel Manigault II that their son Charles Manigault and their grandson Louis Manigault both cherished it. Margaret Izard Manigault regarded herself (through her DeLancey mother) as a Northern woman; and finding Charleston dull, she finally persuaded her husband to move to the North in 1805. The family soon acquired an estate north of Philadelphia. And from about 1809 until her death in 1824, Margaret established a free-thinking salon in Philadel-phia itself-her winter residence there becoming (according to a contemporary) “the resort ofall the [city’s] intellectual and refined society. [The orthodox in Philadelphia considered her] to have had no very good influence on the religious sentiments of her entourage.” Her son Charles Manigault further unsettled matters when, upon returning from South America in 1823, he introduced a “Spanish dance ... , the first insinuation of the waltz into [Philadelphia’s] precise society.” Margaret bequeathed to Charles, her favorite son, her library of French and English classics; and he inherited from her his cultivated tastes.
Privilege
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Manigaults, of course, did not govern their slaves solely with the whip, the Charleston “dark hole,” and the threat of sale. Less important in securing subordination-but often effective in winning the grin which was supposed to accompany subordination-was their granting of privileges. For most bonds-men and women these might do little more than slightly ease their straitened circumstances, but for a few slaves privileges opened substantial opportunities to escape the full rigor of bondage. The concept of “privilege” has led to two much-discussed theories about slavery. The principal source of human rights, Edmund Burke had argued in the eighteenth century, was the gradual transformation of a privilege, by long usage, into a claim so firmly established in custom that the grantor of the privilege could no longer easily withdraw it: a “privilege” had become transmuted into a “right.” Burke’s idea has been fruitfully applied to the history of slavery. Slaves surely acquired certain de facto prerogatives, limiting their masters’ power. In the colonial period, for example, some masters might grant their slaves the privilege of not working on Sundays, and in due course the custom of a Sabbath holiday (or a holiday on another day, if the harvest demanded labor on a particular Sunday) became deeply embedded in local custom. Few masters would then deny their slaves what the latter had come to regard as their right.
Mothers and Children
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kemble was appalled by her experiences on the Butler estate. Child mortality was frightful. The health of female slaves was shattered by the field labor required of them until soon before, and again soon after, their frequent pregnancies. Not even the most estimable slave woman could defend herself against the sexual demands of white overseers. Slaves were subject to revolting physical punishment and to degrading callousness. Both children and the aged were shockingly neglected. Worst of all, slaves were systematically taught to devalue themselves, and their demoralization often expressed itself in filth, nervelessness, and a brutalized style of life. If certain admirable slaves managed to preserve self-respect against every force tending to undermine it, their condition was the more deplorable: conscious of degradation, they showed in their countenances sadness, fear, and pathos.
Morale
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The physical and mental tyranny-the brutality, “contempt and neglect” to which the blacks were habitually exposed-were consciously and unconsciously employed by the masters to shape the slaves’ character for life. That slavery left a permanent mark was understood, in both the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries, by many blacks who knew whereof they spoke. The sharecropper Nate Shaw realized that his father, born in 1850, suffered a “back yonder ‘ism’ “ bred into him by slavery, that impelled him to flinch before white neighbors like Jim Flint and to lead an improvident life. The Northern-born black clergyman Henry Turner (later bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church) lamented in 1865-from his observation as an army chaplain in the South-that the “old servile fear still twirls itself around the heart strings [of many freedmen and women], and fills with terror the entire soul at a white man’s frown. Just let him say stop, and every fibre is palsied, and this will be the case till they all die.”
White Supremacy and Paternalist Theory
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In October 1856, a few weeks before James Buchanan’s election to the presidency, and less than two months before Allston’s own election as governor, the Carolinian “sat some 2 hours” with Buchanan at the latter’s Pennsylvania home. Allston’s visit gratified him, for he discovered among Buchanan’s Northern Democratic colleagues-such as Judge George Woodward (later the gubernatorial nominee of Pennsylvania’s Democratic Party in the wartime year of 1863)-a more resolute proslavery stance than he had dared hope. The contest over slavery in Kansas, which he heard Buchanan’s friends discussing “as fearlessly & fairly as it could be done in Carolina,” had been causing Allston to reflect upon his own principles.
The Rice Kingdom
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many causes have conspired to obscure from modern vision the doubly tragic role once played by rice on the American stage. Doubtless the principal factor has been the death of low-country rice planting itself. For years no person has lived at Gowrie. If occasionally a family of three raccoons can be perceived stirring the rank overgrowth of cane, not one among thousands of those motorists crossing the flat island on U.S. 17 is likely to reflect that human beings once lived in what is now a wildlife refuge; and that slaves like the persistently intractable house servant Jane, her cousin the compromising driver Robert, and the indomitable carpenter Jack Savage once aspired to a better life than was here afforded them. Sixty miles south, at Butler Island, a highway marker does indeed (though misleadingly) mention Frances Kemble; and the ruin of a steam pounding mill reminds one of a distant era. These are mementos, however, to the remarkable white mistress and to an abandoned plantation technology, not to the social system Kemble briefly experienced. One hundred and seventy miles north of Gowrie, at Chicora Wood, one can discover two gravestones commemorating bondsmen of Robert Allston’s Mulatto Joe and the “faithful” carpenter Thomas; and one can observe the beautifully restored house where each winter Governor Allston once resided, which his angry former slaves gutted in March 1865. “Captain Sandy’s” riverboat still takes passengers on a fascinating journey among overgrown, uninhabited islands between the Pee Dee and the Waccamaw Rivers, where Allston’s bondsmen and women labored. Yet on the Waccamaw peninsula now almost wholly occupied by the comfortable dwellings of retired white people, and by thousands of pleasure seekers at the shimmering Atlantic.
Slavery
Authors: Dusinberre William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Self-esteem once beclouded Americans’ vision of human bondage, and to some extent it still does. More than 125 years after the end of slavery, the Georgetown (South Carolina) Rice Museum’s valuable display of plantation technology yet testifies to white people’s unquenchable thirst to think well of their ancestors. The museum’s model of a slave settlement features a little building labeled “School”-as though the typical rice planter thus ostentatiously defied Carolina’s law of 1834 which banned any free person from teaching a slave to read and write. The labels on the museum’s exhibition say that oxen or mules plowed the rice fields, ignoring the fact that some planters like Nathaniel Heyward never used a plow to lessen the arduousness of his slaves’ labor in breaking the soil. These labels imply that only seed rice was hand threshed, failing to acknowledge that the exhausting toil of hand threshing the whole rice crop lasted almost universally in the low country until 1830, and usually later than that date. The word “malaria” is never named on the museum’s displays, despite the profound effect of this disease upon both the lives of the slaves and the social structure of the white community; nor is the appalling rate of slave child mortality mentioned. Indeed the word “slavery” never appears in the Rice Museum’s exhibition, even though slavery was central to the history of tidal rice culture.
The First Congress of Ottoman Opposition in Paris and Its Consequences
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most momentous events in the life of the Young Turk movement was undoubtedly the First Congress of Ottoman Opposition, held in Paris in 1902. This meeting yielded two significant results. First, various member groups that had banded together under the framework of the CUP split apart. Second, several Turkish nationalist organizations and the group surrounding the positivist leader Ahmed Riza merged in opposition to a policy adopted by the majority of the congress. This meeting is thus pivotal in the history of the CUP.In late 1901, Sabahaddin and Lutfullah Beys reprinted their appeal for a general congress of Ottoman opposition, previously published only in journals; this time they put it out in both Turkish and French and distributed it among the opponents of the regime of Abdülhamid II; they also began to work on the election of representatives. Before examining this process and its relevance, let us consider the activities of the various groups within the movement just prior to the convention. The Young Turk organization in Egypt had nearly collapsed, and the one in the Balkans was faltering. The others however, were still engaging in political activities.
The Jurisprudence of Incapacitation
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the jurisprudence of imprisonment for the purpose of incapacitation, that is, with the justification and limits in the criminal law of prison sentencing based either on special findings of dangerousness for particular offenders, or on a general theory that prison sentences should be administered with the primary purpose of restraining future criminal behavior. The four-part organization of the chapter is a response to the somewhat curious pattern of coverage that characterizes the literature dealing with these topics.
Incapacitation and Imprisonment Policy
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to address directly the relationship between incapacitation as a penal purpose and imprisonment policy. We intend this as a valedictory analysis, drawing on the issues developed in the previous chapters to consider the linkage of purposes with policy choices in contemporary criminal justice. Section I attempts to put incapacitation as a motive in the broader policy contexts of crime control, criminal punishment generally, and imprisonment. Section II contrasts the different roles of incapacitation in two offense categories-drugs and property crime-where the choice between prison and other sanctions is of particular importance in imprisonment policy. Section III examines how different processes that may impose limits on the size of prions affect the way in which incapacitation influences the size and character of a prison population. A concluding note predicts two future developments in the impact of incapacitation on penal policy.
The Pleasures and Perils of Practice
Authors: Kay Fiona , Hagan John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Leaving the practice of law turned out to be the best career decision I could have made. But I didn t know it at the time. At the time that I left, the profession had a veneer of welcoming women, but its structures made it a very inhospitable environment. Although I ‘made it’ and became a partner in a distinguished downtown law firm, I never felt entirely comfortable in that role. I never felt I really belonged, or that any success was due to my own accomplishments. When I left, I thought it was because I needed a job that allowed more time for family, personal, and social activities. I work as many hours at my present job, but I am happier in my work. I think it is because the daily stress of accommodating to a foreign (male) environment is gone.
Direct Democracy
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The optimal federalist structure divides the work of government into several jurisdictional levels, and assigns functional responsibilities to each in accordance with the geographic impacts of each public service provided. The geographic spillovers of most public goods and externalities are sufficiently large to preclude defining the polity so that citizens can assemble and vote directly on public issues. But some issues may have a small enough geographic impact to make direct democracy feasible for their resolution. Moreover, many observers have argued that there are public-good benefits from the direct participation of citizens in the democratic process. If so, one might want to tailor the dimensions of at least one level of government to allow direct democracy to be used, even if that led to political jurisdictions somewhat smaller than might otherwise be optimal. We explore the issues involved in this chapter.
Representative Democracy: Two-Party Government
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Under proportional representation (PR), citizens vote for individuals or parties with the expectation that these representatives will vote in the legislative assembly in accordance with the views of the citizens who support them. Those voting for the Green party are not under the illusion that this party will be able to induce the legislative assembly to accept without compromise the radical policies to protect the environment espoused by the Greens. Rather, they hope that the Greens ‘ presence in the assembly and their radical stance on environmental issues shift the set of outcomes in the direction of greater protection for the environment. The success of the Green party in this endeavor will depend on its size, the size and constellation of views of the other parties, its skill at parliamentary maneuvering, the voting rule and democratic procedures employed by the assembly, and perhaps still other factors. In choosing a party to support, the voter cannot predict the legislative outcomes his vote will help produce, but he should be able to make a reasonable prediction of the stance his party will take on the issues at stake.
The Referendun1
Authors: Mueller Dennis C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The referendum is a sort of halfway house between a pure form of direct democracy in which the citizens assemble and discuss the issues before taking a direct vote on them, and representative democracy in which the citizen ‘s direct participation is limited to going to the polls and casting a ballot for one ‘s preferred candidates. As in the latter, the citizen goes to the polls and casts a ballot, but in a referendum the ballots cast decide the issue directly. Voting is on issues, not candidates. Not surprisingly, the arguments brought forward for and against the referendum are a mixture of those employed in debate over direct versus representative democracy.
James Joyce Adulterous Books
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Joyce’s most flamboyant, entirely overt display of apparatus comes in what his readers call the “Lessons” or the “Schoolroom” chapter of Finnegans Wake (II.2), a chapter heavily encumbered with marginalia and footnotes. And these pages’ florid borders blossom further when we return the “Lessons” to transition, when we place II.2 beside the first book devoted solely to “Work in Progress”: Our Examination Round His Factijicationfor Incamination of Work in Progress (1929), and when we search also for the origins of these glosses in the drafts of the chapter. These additional framings perfectly suit Joyce’s “Lessons;’ since II.2, in conjunction with its focus on rambunctious children being schooled and eluding their teachers’ designs, concerns itself more generally with all readers-those unrestrained, irrepressible generators of literal and metaphorical apparatus whose interpretive and misinterpretive activity adds unpredictably to the dimensions of every text over time. I turn to the details of II. only after looking at the issue of transition in which the first annotated “Lessons” appeared, as well as at Our Exagmination, attending to the apparatus loosely attached to Joyce’s text by other hands. In addition to providing a sociopolitically relevant frame for “Work in Progress;’ transition constitutes a crucially important theater for the elaborate, elaborative production of Finnegans Wake and for many of the first exegeses of Joyce’s demanding book.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are clonal proliferations of B or T lymphocytes that are distinguished from lymphoid leukemias by lack of consistent involvement of the blood and bone marrow. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are nodal or extranodal clonal proliferations of lymphoid cells that are distinguished from the lymphoid leukemias principally by the lack of early, regular involvement of the blood and bone marrow. Marrow involvement may occur during the course of the disease and may be present at presentation. Bone marrow biopsy is frequently performed in patients with an established diagnosis of nonHodgkin’s lymphoma as a staging procedure in order to determine the extent of disease. In occasional patients presenting with bone marrow involvement, the bone marrow biopsy provides the initial diagnostic material. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are staged according to the Ann Arbor staging classification developed for Hodgkin’s disease (Carbone et al, 1971). The presence of bone marrow involvement indicates disseminated (stage IV) disease. The incidence of marrow involvement varies among the histologic types of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (Coller et al, 1977). The incidence of marrow involvement at presentation ranges from 10% for diffuse large-cell lymphoma to over 70% for small lymphocytic lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Pathologic Classification Project, 1982). The superiority of bone marrow biopsy over marrow aspiration for the staging of lymphomas is well established.
Plasma Cell Disorders
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Plasma cells are terminally differentiated B cells that synthesize and secrete immunoglobulin. Plasma cell disorders are characterized by serum or urine monoclonal protein abnormalities (monoclonal gammopathy or paraproteinemia) due to production of monoclonal immunoglobulin by neoplastic cells. The disorders considered in this group include plasma cell myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, the heavy chain diseases, monoclonal gammopathies of unknown significance, and amyloidosis. Plasma cell myeloma is a systemic clonal proliferation of plasma cells associated with a serum or urine monoclonal protein abnormality and skeletal disease. Plasma cell myeloma (multiple myeloma) is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells. The clinical features of the disorder are dominated by skeletal manifestations due to production of osteoclast-activating factor (OAF) by neoplastic plasma cells resulting in diffuse osteopenia or lytic bone lesions. Neoplastic plasma cells, like their normal counterparts, synthesize immunoglobulin. A monoclonal serum or urine protein abnormality (monoclonal gammopathy or paraprotein) is detectable by serum or urine electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, or immunofixation in nearly all patients. Unbalanced immunoglobulin chain synthesis by neoplastic plasma cells results in an excess of light chains, which are filtered in the urine as Bence-Jones protein.
In Defense of Casuistry
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I offer two arguments against rules. Both of these arguments are intended to challenge the virtue claimed for rules—that they operate as mid- or low-level generalizations that settle all cases in advance.
First: Rules cannot do what they are supposed to do, since substantive disagreements may break out at the moment of application. Rules are not quite what they appear to be. They do not settle all cases in advance. The inevitability of interpretation undermines the aspiration to rule-bound justice.
Toward a New Masculinity?
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Second World War did not bring about any immediate change in the normative masculine stereotype. Even if the new fascist man had been an ideal to aim at, and had attracted attention in all of Europe, he did not truly survive into the postwar world. Nevertheless, a certain nostalgia for such a heightened manly ideal could be found on the fringes of post war society, where the Nazi SS stirred the imagination, informing, for example, some German memoirs and postwar popular fiction: sober, sovereign figures of manhood. But there was no longer much talk about fashioning a “new man” who would guide the nation into a brighter future. Instead, in western Europe, a consensus emerged that the tom fabric of society must be mended as soon as possible, and as part of this new traditionalism, prosaic, normative masculinity was at first reaffirmed.
Afterword
Authors: Miller James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It seems somehow fitting that the last book Mark Twain published in his lifetime was Extracts from Captain Storm.field’s Visit to Heaven, a work which occupied him, off and on, over a period of forty years. First published in two installments in the December 1907 and January 1908 issues of Harper’s Monthly, the tale was subsequently issued as a Christmas gift book by Harper and Brothers in October 1909 six months before Twain’s death. Profits from the 1907-8 publication in Harper’s helped to pay for the construction of one wing of Twain’s last house, in Redding, Connecticut, where he moved in june 1908a house he named, appropriately enough, Stormfield. Never completed by Twain, Captain Storm.field exists in several versions: a manuscript written in the early 1870s, with later additions and notebook entries; the “extract” selected and edited by Twain himself for publication in Harper’s Monthly and then as the Christmas gift book; a 1952 version assembled and edited by Dixon Weeter, literary editor of the Mark Twain estate, before his death in 1950; and a text edited by Ray Browne in 1970, with added materials from Twain’s notebooks. New versions will undoubtedly circulate as scholars continue to mine the Twain archives, but the present text is a facsimile of the 1909 book that Twain chose to present to his public.