bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rapid and precise technique for measuring δ13C‐CO2 and δ18O‐CO2 ratios at ambient CO2 concentrations for biological applications and the influence of container type and storage time on the sample isotope ratios
Authors: Mortazavi Behzad , Chanton Jeffrey P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA simple modification to a commercially available gas chromatograph isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC/IRMS) allows rapid and precise determination of the stable isotopes (13C and 18O) of CO2 at ambient CO2 concentrations. A sample loop was inserted downstream of the GC injection port and used to introduce small volumes of air samples into the GC/IRMS. This procedure does not require a cryofocusing step and significantly reduces the analysis time. The precisions for δ13C and δ18O of CO2 at ambient concentration were ±0.164 and ±0.247‰, respectively. This modified GC/IRMS was used to test the effects of storage on the 18O and 13C isotopic ratios of CO2 at ambient concentrations in four container types. On average, the change in the 13C‐CO2 and 18O‐CO2 ratios of samples after one week of storage in glass vials equipped with butyl rubber stoppers (Bellco Glass Inc.) were depleted by 0.12 and by 0.20‰, respectively. The 13C ratios in aluminum canisters (Scotty II and IV, Scott Specialty Gasses) after one month of storage were depleted, on average, by 0.73 and 2.04‰, respectively, while the 18O ratios were depleted by 0.38 and 1.20‰ for the Scotty II and IV, respectively. After a month of storage in electropolished containers (Summa canisters, Biospheric Research Corporation), the 13C‐CO2 and 18O‐CO2 ratios were depleted, on average, by 0.26 and enriched by 0.30‰, respectively, close to the precision of measurements. Samples were collected at a mature hardwood forest for CO2 concentration determination and isotopic analysis. A comparison of CO2 concentrations determined with an infrared gas analyzer and from sample voltages, determined on the GC/IRMS concurrent with the isotopic analysis, indicated that CO2 concentrations can be determined reliably with the GC/IRMS technique. The 13C and 18O ratios of nighttime ecosystem‐respired CO2, determined from the intercept of Keeling plots, were −26.11‰ (V‐PDB) and −8.81‰ (V‐PDB‐CO2), respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the effects of traffic mixtures in direct broadcast satellite networks
Authors: Alagoz Fatih , Vojcic Branimir , AlRustamani Amina , Pickholtz Raymond 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present a multi‐criterion control simulation in a realistically complex environment of a satellite network, involving non‐symmetric up and downlinks. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) networks carrying heterogeneous traffic is characterized with challenges, such as high traffic burstiness, wireless channel dynamics, and large, but limited capacity. On the other hand, there are system characteristics that can be leveraged to address these challenges such as in centralized topology, different levels in quality of service (QoS) and priorities, availability of side information about channel conditions, flexibility in delivery of delay insensitive traffic, etc. We have developed an adaptive resource allocation and management (ARAM) system that takes the advantage of such characteristics to maximize the utilization of the available capacity on the forward DBS link, while maintaining QoS in the presence of channel effects and congestion in the network. Since variable‐bit‐rate (VBR) video traffic is given priority over available‐bit‐rate (ABR) data traffic in the ARAM concept, in this paper we investigate the impact of the fraction of VBR load in overall load. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and evaluation of SHOKE2000: The PCI‐based FPGA card
Authors: Tanaka Koichiro , Arita Itsujiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a PCI‐based FPGA card, SHOKE2000, which was developed in order to study reconfigurable computing. Since the latest Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) consist of input/output (I/O) configurable blocks as well as internal configurable logic blocks, they not only realize various user logic circuits but also connect with popular I/O standard easily. These features enable FPGAs to connect several devices with different interfaces, and thus new reconfigurable systems would be realizable by connecting the FPGAs with devices such as Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) and analog devices. This paper describes the basic functions of SHOKE2000, which was developed for realizing hybrid reconfigurable systems consisting of FPGAs, DSPs, and analog devices. We also present application examples of SHOKE2000, including a simple image recognition application, a distributed shared memory computer cluster, and teaching materials for computer education. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 50–57, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10003
A dataflow computer which accelerates execution of sequential programs by precedent firing instructions
Authors: Nagase Hiroshi , Kameya Masakuni , Kawanami Takashi , Shiono Tomoki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the dataflow machine, it is important to avoid degradation of performance in sequential processing, and it is important from the viewpoint of hardware scale to reduce the number of waiting operands. This paper demonstrates that processing performance is degraded by sequential processing in the switching process, and presents a method of remedy. Precedent firing control is proposed as a means of remedy, and it is shown by a simulation that the execution time and the total number of waiting operands can be reduced by the precedent firing control. Then the hardware scale is examined as an evaluation of precedent firing control. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 33(9): 68–77, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1153
Infrared reflection investigation of ion‐implanted and post‐implantation‐annealed epitaxially grown 6H‐SiC
Authors: Chang W. , Feng Z. C. , Lin J. , Liu R. , Wee A. T. S. , Tone K. , Zhao J. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultiple energy Al+ and C+ ions were implanted into 6H‐SiC at room temperature (25°C) and elevated temperature (600°C), respectively, followed by 1550°C annealing for 30 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to evaluate the optical properties in the mid‐infrared range. An effective medium model, taking into account the presence of an implantation‐induced amorphous phase, was developed to establish the relationship between the changes of optical properties and modification of structure. Complete amorphization in the implanted layer was evidenced for room temperature implantation but no such case occurred at elevated temperature implantation. Elimination or decrease of the amorphous phase, via 1550°C annealing, was represented by the recovery of reflectance intensity and shape. Some structural and optical parameters, such as layer thickness and phonon damping constants of the amorphized SiC, were derived from fitting to measured data. Our work demonstrated the successful application of the Lorentz–Drude oscillator model in evaluating the lattice quality of the amorphous/crystalline SiC system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the absolute Auger parameter for vanadium in the study of the dielectric relaxation of cerium vanadate
Authors: Castle J. E. , Salvi A. M. , Decker F. , Moretti G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is known, mainly, as a technique for surface analysis. It is especially valued for interpretation of the chemical state by means of the chemical shift. This paper concerns the contribution to this shift from polarization of the ligands following core photoionization. Intercalation of ions such as lithium will influence the electronic polarizability of the oxygen ions and hence the value of the Auger parameter (AP). The AP is the difference in kinetic energy of the Auger peak in the spectrum and that of the principal photoelectron peak, calculated by an internationally accepted procedure. Thus, while obtaining the composition and chemical state of a compound one can also determine the polarizability of the material. Polarizability is crucial to the dielectric properties of oxides, such as refractive index, and is of value in optimizing intercalation compounds for use in optoelectronic devices. The use of this methodology will be illustrated using the vanadium ion in V2O5 and CeVO4, including its lithium‐intercalated form. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of the technique of density estimation in geographical epidemiology of goitre in the Muzaffarpur district of Bihar state of India
Authors: Mukherjee Ajit , Kumar Shiv , Mittal Rakesh , Saxena N. C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Gangetic plains in the Sub‐Himalayan belt of India are known endemic areas for goitre. The districts of Muzaffarpur and Sitamarhi in the eastern zone in the Bihar state of India showed a prevalence of over 30 per cent of goitre in a survey conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) during 1983–1986. In the present paper, the technique of density estimation is employed to estimate the probability density functions of goitre‐affected and normal (non‐goitre) populations of the district of Muzaffarpur. The likelihood ratio is then plotted against distance of the villages from the Indo‐Nepal border keeping their distances from the headquarters in the district of Sitamarhi at fixed level. Using the odds form of Bayes rule, the posterior odds of goitre are calculated and compared at two given points. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MaDViWorld: a software framework for massively distributed virtual worlds
Authors: Fuhrer Patrik , Kouadri Mostéfaoui Ghita , Pasquier‐Rocha Jacques 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe MaDViWorld project represents an original attempt to define an appropriate software architecture for supporting massively distributed virtual world systems. A non‐massively distributed virtual world system is typically engineered as a client–server application for which a single server or more rarely a small cluster of servers contain all the world pertinent data and assume the world accessibility, consistency and persistence. On the client side, many of them enable interaction with the other users and the various objects of the world. The main originality of our approach resides in the fact that the server part of the proposed system is no more limited to a few centralized servers, but can be distributed on arbitrarily many of them. Indeed, MaDViWorld, the prototypal software framework already implemented using Java and RMI by our group, allows for creating the rooms of a given world on several machines, each running the server application. It is then possible to connect the rooms by way of simple doors and to populate them with active objects. Finally, avatars managed by the client application visit the rooms and interact with the active objects either directly on the remote host or locally by cloning or transporting them first to the client machine. This paper draws from the experience gained with the development of our first prototype in order to discuss, both at the user's and the vi‐world developer's level, the main software engineering issues related to the implementation of such massively distributed virtual world systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of acute “binge” cocaine on preprodynorphin, preproenkephalin, proopiomelanocortin, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor mRNA levels in the striatum and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of mu‐opioid receptor knockout mice
Authors: Zhou Yan , Spangler Rudolph , Schlussman Stefan D. , Yuferov Vadim P. , Sora Ichiro , Ho Ann , Uhl George R. , Kreek Mary Jeanne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCocaine administration increases activity at dopamine receptors, increases preprodynorphin (ppDyn) gene expression in the caudate‐putamen (CPu), and activates the stress responsive hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. To examine the hypothesis that mu‐opioid receptors (MOR) may play roles in these cocaine effects, we tested the effects of acute “binge” pattern cocaine administration in mice with targeted disruption of the MOR gene. Wild‐type (+/+) and homozygous MOR‐deficient (−/−) mice received three injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine at 1‐h intervals. Mice were sacrificed 30 min after the last injection and mRNAs for ppDyn and preproenkephalin (ppEnk) in the CPu and nucleus accumbens (NAc), and for type I corticotropin‐releasing hormone receptor (CRH1 receptor) and pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the hypothalamus and pituitary, were measured by solution hybridization RNase protection assays. Cocaine elevated ppDyn mRNA in the CPu, but not NAc, of both the MOR −/− and wild‐type mice. ppEnk mRNA in the CPu, but not NAc, was lower in MOR −/− mice than in wild‐type mice following cocaine administration. Hypothalamic CRH1 receptor and POMC mRNAs were expressed at similar levels in untreated and in cocaine‐treated mice of each genotype. However, there were lower basal levels of CRH1 receptor mRNA in the anterior pituitary of the MOR −/− mice than in wild‐type mice and the MOR −/− mice failed to show the cocaine‐induced decreases in CRH1 receptor mRNA found in the wild‐type mice. Cocaine activated the HPA axis similarly in MOR −/− and wild‐type mice, as reflected in similar increases in plasma corticosterone levels in both genotypes. These results support a specific role for MORs in acute cocaine effects on striatal ppEnk gene expression and fail to support critical roles for these receptors in acute cocaine's effects on either ppDyn gene expression or HPA activation. MOR −/− mice are useful models for studying cocaine effects on ppEnk gene expression that could aid interpretation of the similar postmortem phenomena found in human cocaine addicts. Synapse 45:220–229, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frozen‐sectioning yields similar results as traditional methods for fetal cephalic examination in the rat
Authors: Astroff A. Barry , Ray Sylvia E. , Rowe Leanna M. , Hilbish Kim G. , Linville Alisha L. , Stutz John P. , Breslin William J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAn integral component of developmental toxicity studies is the evaluation of fetal anatomy, which consists of external, visceral, and skeletal examinations. The visceral examination includes an assessment of the fetal head which, in the rat, is typically completed after chemical fixation. Because chemical fixation requires approximately 7 days, a comprehensive visceral examination, including the head, of the fetal rodent cannot be completed at the time of cesarean section. An alternative method to chemical fixation was desired, whereby one could complete an overall visceral examination at the time of cesarean section. In addition, the method would also have to present fetal cranial structures in a manner consistent with that derived after chemical fixation.MethodsPregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were administered either 6‐aminonicotinamide (6AN), 6 or 12 mg/kg on gestation day 13, or all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) 5 or 25 mg/kg on gestation days 9 and 10, untreated dams served as a control group. On gestation day 20, fetuses were sacrificed and removed via cesarean section and one‐half of the fetuses from each litter were placed in Bouin's solution (chemical fixation) and the remaining fetuses maintained under refrigeration until just before frozen tissue preparation (freeze fixation). Sectioning of the fetal head was similarly conducted after either chemical or frozen‐fixation. Fetal cranial findings observed after chemical fixation were compared to those observed after frozen‐fixation in the untreated control and 6AN and RA‐treated groups.ResultsThe incidence and severity of the cranial findings, including effects on the eye, brain, and palate, were similarly observed, regardless of fixation method.ConclusionsA frozen sectioning method for evaluation of the fetal head, yielding results comparable to those derived after chemical fixation, is described. This procedure provides a viable alternative to chemical fixation, and allows the teratologist to complete a comprehensive fetal visceral examination at the time of cesarean section. Teratology 66:77–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research note: Sales force opportunism in emerging markets: An exploratory investigation
Authors: Li Lee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDo overseas‐based sales forces commit opportunism? Answer to the question is critical for exporting

manufacturers who are considering setting up sales offices in emerging markets. This inductive study of 15 British

manufacturers in China led to propositions exploring the question. It specifies various contexts in which sales

force employees in emerging markets may commit opportunistic behaviors. In those contexts, sales offices in emerging

markets may not necessarily combat channel opportunism or save monitoring costs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,

Inc.
An examination of key aerodynamic modelling issues raised by the NREL blind comparison
Authors: Coton Frank N. , Wang Tongguang , Galbraith Roderick A. McD. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn May 2000 the US National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) invited the international community to provide aerodynamic calculations for a range of test cases on its Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment (UAE) wind turbine. Prior to this, NREL had collected test data on the turbine for these same cases in the NASA Ames wind tunnel. The calculations were conducted in the blind, i.e. without knowledge of the measured data, and subsequently compared with the data. This article describes some recent work undertaken in the aftermath of this ‘Blind Comparison’. The data set collected in the NASA Ames tunnel represents a unique opportunity for aerodynamic modellers to enhance the capability of prediction schemes by comparison with ‘clean’ aerodynamic data. In this article the sensitivity of the results predicted by the Glasgow University prescribed wake model (HAWTDAWG) to a range of parameters is examined with reference to the measured data. The sensitivity of the calculations to the input blade section aerodynamic data is demonstrated. It is also shown that, despite differences in the measured and predicted results, the inclusion of a dynamic stall model generally improves the quality of predictions at large yaw angles even when the model is not optimized for wind turbine flows. Finally, it is shown that careful selection of appropriate tower shadow velocity deficits can result in predictions that agree well with the measured data in terms of the depth and duration of the response. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incoherent scattering functions for some elements with 23 ≤ Z ≤ 81
Authors: Yalçın P. , Kurucu Y. , Şahin Y. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIncoherent scattering functions were determined experimentally for a photon energy of 59.5 keV at an angle 110° for the elements V, Cr, Co Br, Sr, Cd, I, Cs, Ba, Ce, Nd, Sm, Hf, Os and Tl using a high‐resolution Ge(Li) detector. The experimental values of incoherent scattering functions at the momentum transfer x ≈ 2.74 Å−1 were compared with those estimated on the basis of the non‐relativistic Hartree–Fock wavefunctions. The present results were in good agreement with those of Hubbell et al. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coherent and incoherent scattering of 17.44 and 6.93 keV x‐ray photons scattered from biological and biological‐equivalent samples: characterization of tissues
Authors: Poletti M. E. , Gonçalves O. D. , Mazzaro I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe angular distribution of photons scattered by healthy (adipose and glandular) and cancerous human breast tissue and by tissue‐equivalent materials were measured for photon energies of 17.44 keV (Kα radiation of Mo) and 6.93 keV (Kα radiation of Co) using an x‐ray tube equipped with a graphite monochromator and a goniometer system. The measurements of 17.44 keV were performed in transmission geometry with an acceptance of ±0.3° and an uncertainty of ∼7%. The measurements at 6.93 keV were performed in reflection geometry with solid samples in order to detect crystal structures in the samples. All samples show scattering signatures similar to those of amorphous material, but some of them also present sharp peaks corresponding to crystalline structure. Strong differences between breast‐equivalent material and breast tissue occur at low and medium scattering angles. Healthy and cancerous breast tissue show considerable differences. The results demonstrate that x‐ray scattering signatures (coherent and incoherent) are good parameters for characterizing breast tissue. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Coster–Kronig transition probabilities (L1 → L2, L1 → L3 and L2 → L3) for Hg and Bi in molecules
Authors: Söǧüt Ömer , Büyükkasap Erdoǧan , Küçükönder Adnan , Ertuǧrul Mehmet , Erdoǧan Hasan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe f12, f13 and f23 Coster–Kronig (CK) transitions (that is L1 → L2, L1 → L3 and L2 → L3 transitions) in Hg and Bi in molecules were studied at 59.5 keV excitation energy using an Si(Li) detector. A change in the CK transition probabilities was observed for different molecules. The change in the values for Hg compounds were greater than those for Bi compounds. Because we did not have pure Bi in the laboratory and also were not able to have specimen preparation conditions for pure Hg, we did not obtain experimental values for elemental Bi and Hg. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient intake and apparent digestibility of diets consumed by captive duikers at the Dambari Field Station, Zimbabwe
Authors: Plowman Amy B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe nutrient intake and apparent digestibility of two diets fed to seven species of captive duikers at the Dambari Field Station, Zimbabwe, were examined. The original diet consisted of pellets, mixed grain, and fruit (approximately 11% protein, 21% NDF) and the revised diet of pellets and vegetables (approximately 14% protein, 31% NDF). The revised diet resulted in an increased intake of protein and fiber, and a reduced intake of nonstructural carbohydrate and fat, and was therefore more comparable to the natural diets of duikers. The revised diet also resulted in an increased intake of most minerals (except sodium). Total dry‐matter intake increased on the revised diet, but estimated digestible energy decreased. The revised diet was intended to provide 75% of calories from the pellets, but in fact the revised diet as consumed resulted in 85% of calories being derived from pellets. Achievement of the lower number is recommended to decrease the intake of iron and copper. Fecal quantity was significantly greater, and apparent digestibility of dry matter, protein, NDF, and ADF significantly less for all species on the revised diet compared with the original. Apparent digestibility of fiber by red duikers was comparable to that of common duikers, and was affected similarly by the diet change. However, it was less comparable to that of blue and yellow‐backed duikers, suggesting that the diet of free‐ranging red duikers may be more similar to that of common duikers than to that of the other forest duikers. Zoo Biol 21:135–147, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.