bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fate of water in the rumen
Authors: Warner A. C. I. , Stacy B. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. The51Cr complex of ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid was used as a soluble marker substance in sheep fed restricted amounts (700 g daily) of roughage diets. It was injected into the rumen at various stages of the feeding cycle and rumen volumes and flow rates were calculated.2. The average resting rumen volume for sixteen sheep (average body-weight 39 kg) was 3.9 l.; the average resting dilution rate was 0.077 h-1so that the net inflow rate averaged 0.29 l./h; the average rate of absorption of water from the resting rumen into the blood was 0.05 l./h.3. There were marked differences in all these values, both within sheep on different days (coefficient of variation nearly 20%) and between sheep (coefficient of variation more than 25%). The resting salivary inflow rate was also found to fluctuate considerably.4. During feeding, the salivary inflow rate increased; there was usually both an expansion of rumen volume and an increased rate of outflow. There was no evidence of diffusion of water from the blood into the rumen.5. Following eating, return to resting conditions was slow.6. When the sheep drank, there was an expansion of the rumen volume and usually an increased outflow rate. The rate of absorption of water from the rumen increased slightly, but only for a short time. Occasionally after drinking it was found that rumen marker concentrations were slightly higher than expected probably because a small part of the imbibed water bypassed the rumen down the reticular groove into the omasum.7. Most of the water drunk in a day was consumed in a few minutes. Compared with this rapid rate of drinking, the rate of absorption of water from the rumen was always a very slow process; this finding is in disagreement with recent views expressed in the literature. However, when considered over the whole day, the amount of water absorbed from the rumen may have been approximately equal to the amount of water drunk.8. During periods of both feeding and drinking, the mean outflow rate was about 0.7 l./h in several series of experiments.9. When sheep were held without food or water past their normal time for eating and drinking, the net inflow rate into the rumen soon started to decrease, but there was no immediate effect on rumen volume.10. The present work reveals the potential usefulness of the soluble marker technique in defining the changing patterns of fluid movement in the rumen throughout the day.
The effect of increasing amounts of dietary red palm oil on milk fat secretion in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Hall A. J. , Johnson V. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects, on the secretion in milk of fat and its component fatty acids, of supplementing a basal diet low in fat with red palm oil at three levels are reported.2. The secretion of total fat and of the fatty acids contained in the oil supplement was positively correlated with the dietary intakes, except for linoleic acid which was hydrogenated in the rumen before its absorption and secretion in milk.3. Evidence for the synthesisde novoof palmitic acid and for the possible depression of intramammaryde novosynthesis by high levels of dietary fat is discussed.
Nutrient intakes during pregnancy, lactation and after the cessation of lactation in a group of Australian women
Authors: English Ruth M. , Hitchcock Nancy E. 
Published: June 2005

1. The dietary intakes of twenty-six women were investigated during their first pregnancy, at 6–8 weeks post-partum and at 6 months post-partum or after the cessation of breast-feeding.2. Of this group, sixteen subjects were apparently breast-feeding satisfactorily at 6–8 weeks post-partum, as judged by the average weekly weight gain of their infants (202 g).3. Changes in food consumption and nutrient intake were studied, together with changes in body-weight and activity. The subjects did not consume more calories during pregnancy. It appeared that this was a result of dietary advice received plus some curtailment of activity during pregnancy. There was an increase in intake of nutrients during lactation.4. Intakes of iron during the third trimester of pregnancy and of ascorbic acid during lactation were 1.9 ± 0.3 mg (16%) and 26 ± 7.3 mg (26%) respectively below the allowances recommended by the (Australian) National Health and Medical Research Council. The significance of these intakes is discussed.5. No difference was detected in the diets during pregnancy of women who breast-fed compared with those who did not.
The determination of the true digestibilities of interesterified fats in young pigs
Authors: Freeman C. P. , Holme D. W. , Annison E. F. 
Published: June 2005

1. The true digestibilities of esterified lauric, palmitic, stearic and oleic acids in lard, coconut oil and soya-bean oil were determined by incorporating the [1-14C]-labelled acids into the fats by interestification. The true digestibilities of the labelled fats also were compared with the digestibilities of their unlabelled counterparts, corrected for endogenous fat by the conventional procedure.2. The true and corrected coefficients of digestibility of each of the fats were in good agreement, but there were significant differences between the true and corrected coefficients for individual fatty acids, particularly for palmitic and stearic acids.3. The amount of endogenous fat produced with each of the fats calculated from the values found with the labelled fatty acids was greatest when the fat supplement was lard, when a disproportionately high level of palmitic acid was excreted.4. Evidence was obtained of the extensive hydrogenation of oleic acid in the digestive tract of the pig.
Site differences in the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women
Authors: Pittet Ph. G. , Halliday D. , Bateman P. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Adipose tissue samples were obtained by needle biopsy from three subcutaneous sites (thigh, abdomen and upper arm) in twenty-two obese women. The fatty acid composition was determined using gas-liquid chromatography and the results presented relate to eleven component fatty acids.2. The fatty acid composition of adipose tissue obtained from the arm and abdomen was remarkably similar, with the exception of the levels of lauric acid.3. The analyses showed that the majority of the saturated fatty acids were present in smaller proportions whilist the majority of unsaturated fatty acids were present in larger proportions in the thigh than in the two other sites. Highly significant inter-site differences were demonstrated for six of the major fatty acids and also for both the total amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their ratios.4. No marked differences in the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue from obese subjects were revealed during this study when compared with previously reported results obtained from ‘normal-weight’ subjects.
The relationship between protein turnover and energy balance in lean and genetically obese (ob/ob)mice
Authors: Miller B. G. , Otto W. R. , Grimble R. F. , York D. A. , Taylor T. G. 
Published: June 2005

1. Groups of lean and genetically obese (ob/ob) mice were adapted to varying energy intakes and the rates of total protein turnover in liver, gut and kidney were measured.2. Lean mice gained less weight when fed above maintenance and lost less weight when fed below maintenance than obese mice.3. Hepatic protein turnover (mg/d) was sigmoidally related to digestible energy intake in lean mice but showed no significant changes with dietary intake in obese mice.4. The changes in protein turnover resulted from changes in both the half-lives of protein synthesis and catabolism and in tissue protein content.5. In the lean mice, protein turnover in kidney and gut was not significantly changed with increasing energy intake until the highest level was reached.6. The findings suggest that protein turnover may be an important cycle for the regulation of energy balance in mice and that this cycle is impaired in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mice.
Relation between erythrocyte selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activities of New Zealand residents and visitors to New Zealand
Authors: Rea Heather M. , Thomson Christine D. , Campbell Dianne R. , Robinson Marion F. 
Published: June 2005

1. Erythrocyte, plasma and whole blood selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase (EC I.11. 1.9; GSHPx) activities were measured (1) in 104 healthy New Zealand residents living in Otago, a low-soil-Se area (2) in sixty-four surgical patients, including nineteen patients on total parenteral nutrition and twenty-three cancer patients (3) in fifty-two ‘overseas subjects’ (twenty-five visitors to Otago from outside New Zealand and twenty-seven Otago residents on return from overseas travel).2. Blood Se concentrations reflected dietary Se intake; means for Otago patients, healthy subjects and overseas subjects were different (0043, 0.059, 0.136 μg Se/ml blood respectively) and mean for overseas residents was greater than for New Zealand overseas travellers.3. Erythrocyte Se concentration was always greater than plasma Se, and plasma Se was a smaller pro- portion of erythrocyte Se for patients compared with the controls.4. GSHPx activities were different in the three groups, and vaned directly with erythrocyte Se until a plateau was reached at approximately 0.14 μg Se/ml erythrocytes.5. Overseas subjects showed no relationship between erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activity. This agrees with some overseas studies and the significance of this finding is discussed.6. Plasma Se concentration remained the most sensitive index of short-term changes in Se status, and erythrocyte Se and GSHPx activities for long-term changes in New Zealand subjects. Use of these measure- ments for overseas subjects with higher blood levels is discussed.
Protein quality in cereals and pulses
Authors: Ford J. E. , Hewitt D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Polyethyleneglycol (PEG 4000) was examined for its influence on relative nutritional value (RNV) and available methionine in sorghum (Sorghum ulgare Pers.), field beans (Vicia faba L.) and barley, as measured microbiologically with Streptococcus zymogenes. The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins in the test samples.2. In grain of hybrid sorghum the RNV averaged 87 (range 79–92) for six low-tannin varieties and 41 (30–53) for eleven high-tannin varieties. The corresponding available methionine values averaged 17.0 (15.7–18.9) and 8.9 (6.7–11.0) g/kg protein. Addition of PEG 4000 to the test samples increased the average RNV of the high-tannin varieties from 41 to 78, and the average available methionine content from 8.9 to 16.2 g/kg protein.3. With seed of ten coloured-flowered varieties of field beans, treatment with PEG gave a small but consistent increase in the available methionine content, which resulted from the inactivation of tannins in the testa.4. In twenty-three samples of barley grain, treatment with PEG had no effect on the values obtained for available methionine.5. Treatment of high-tannin sorghum grain with ammonia has been reported to inactivate the tannins and increase the nutritional value for rats and chicks. This finding was confirmed. The present study showed that ammonia and PEG 4000 were equally effective in enhancing the nutritional quality as measured in the microbiological tests.
Protein quality in cereals and pulses
Authors: Ford J. E. , Hewitt D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two preceding papers in this series describe the application of microbiological and other in vitro tests in the evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers.), field beans (Vicia fabaL.) and barley, and in assessing the influence of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) on the nutritional availability of the methionine. The present paper gives for comparison the results of bioassays on some of the same test samples. Net protein utilization (NPU) in rats was measurd by the nitrogen balance method, and N digestibility in chickens by the ileal analysis procedure.2. In rat tests on sorghum, N in grain of high-tannin varieties was poorly digested. Supplementation of the test diets with 0.1 g PEG 4000/g protein gave a large improvement, which was partly offset by an apparent decrease in biological value (BV). With chickens N digestibility was even lower, and was similarly improved with PEG 4000. Treatment of high-tannin grain with ammonia solution was also effective in improving N digestibility.3. With low-tannin sorghum the amino acid digestibilities were uniformly high and were not affected by addition of PEG to the test diet. With high-tannin sorghums they were low and less uniform, and were much improved by PEG 4000.4. With field beans, the influence of the seed-coat tannin on protein utilization was much less pronounced than with sorghum. In chickens there was a significant effect (P< 0.05) of PEG 4000 on N digestibility in a high-tannin variety. With rats the effect was smaller and not significant.5. In four samples of barley, N digestibility was high (0.87–0.96) and was not further improved by PEG 4000. The BV of a high-lysine cultivar proved marginally inferior to that of a normal variety. Possible reasons for this are discussed.6. Over all, the results were closely consistent with those from microbiological tests withStreptococcus zymogenes.
Effect of zinc deficiency on muscle fibre type frequencies in the post-weanling rat
Authors: Maltin C. A. , Duncan L. , Wilson A. B. , Hesketh J. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. Male weanling rats were maintained on diets either deficient or adequate in zinc for a period of 4 weeks. The rats on the deficient diet showed a reduction in food intakesand growth.2. After 4 weeks both soleus muscles and the lateral portion of the diaphragm were studied histochemically to examine the relative frequencies of the fibre types.3. The soleus muscles of the deficient animals showed a significant change in the proportion of slow and fast fibres. The diaphragm muscles of the deficient animals had a significant increase in the proportion of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres and a significant decrease in fast-twitch glycolytic fibres compared with the controls.4. Stainable lipid increased in the diaphragm muscle of the deficient animals with respect to their pair-fed controls.
Nt-methyl histidine excretion by poultry: not all species excrete Nt-methyl histidine quantitatively
Authors: Saunderson C. Linda , Leslie S. 
Published: June 2005

1. The rate of elimination of administeredNτ-[14CH3]methyl histidine was used to assess the validity ofNτ-methyl histidine excretion as an index of muscle protein breakdown in poultry.2. Broiler chicks (2–3 and 4–5 weeks old), laying hens, adult quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), adult cockerels and turkey poults (2–4 weeks old) were tested.3. All except the turkey poults showed quantitative recoveries ofNτ-[14CH3]methyl histidine within 1 week.4. Turkeys showed a different pattern ofNτ-[14CH3]methyl histidine output; the mean total recovery after 14 d was less than 50% of the injected dose. The majority of the label remaining after this time was found in breast muscle.5. All birds tested excretedNτ-methyl histidine unchanged, although a small amount sometimes appeared as another metabolite.6. No significant oxidation ofNτ-[14CH3]methyl histidine by broiler chicks, turkey poults or adult quail was found.7. The results show that excretion ofNτ-methyl histidine is a useful measure of muscle protein breakdown in the domestic fowl and quail but not in turkeys.
Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Mineral balance and radioisotope studies have been carried out to test the adequacy of recent Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for calcium and phosphorus for pregnant and lactating ewes. At the same time, Ca metabolism was compared throughout pregnancy and lactation in ewes restricted to these recommendations and in ewes given a plentiful supply of dietary Ca and P.2. Irrespective of their Ca intake, ewes were unable to absorb enough dietary Ca in late pregnancy and early lactation to meet the high demands, and skeletal stores of Ca were mobilized to make good the deficit.3. Whereas ewes given the plentiful intake absorbed enough dietary Ca in mid- to late lactation to replace their lost skeletal Ca stores, ewes given the restricted Ca and P intake did not and, at the end of lactation, were still in deficit of about 10% of their total body Ca.4. Since Ca absorption in the restricted ewes occurred at the maximum efficiency (66%) expected from a hay and concentrates diet, the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for Ca, particularly in mid-to late lactation, must be inadequate.5. It is suggested that in calculating requirements, allowance must be made for the inevitable loss and subsequent replacement of skeletal stores.6. The endogenous faecal loss of Ca was found to vary in direct relation to the food intake, and the significance of this finding to calculations of Ca requirements is discussed.
Calcium and phosphorus requirements of the ewe during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: June 2005

1. Mineral balance and radioisotope studies have been carried out to test the adequacyof the recent Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for calcium and phosphorus for pregnant and lactating ewes. At the same time, P metabolism was compared throughout pregnancy and lactation in ewes fed according to these recommendations and in ewes fed a plentiful supply of dietary Ca and P.2. Bone mineral stores were mobilized in late pregnancy and early lactation, irrespective of the rate of P absorption. These stores were then replaced in mid- to late lactation in ewes given the plentiful Ca and P intake but not in the ewes given the restricted intake.3. Results suggest that these changes in bone stores occurred as a result of changes in Ca requirements rather than in P requirements, and that accretion of P into bone or resorption of P from bone occurred merely as a conseqence of this change in Ca requirements.Immediate demands for P for maintenance and fetal or milk production do not reflect net Pdemands, which also take into account changes in bone P metabolism.4. The rate of P absorption was directly related to net demands and the rate of endogenous excretion was inversely related to net demands.5. Absorption and endogenous faecal loss of P were also both directly related to P intake.6. A lack of dietary Ca, particularly in mid- to late lactation, makes it impossible to draw conclusions on the adequacy of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for P. Results do suggest, however, that P requirements ought to be calculated according to net demands for P rather than immediate demands.
Minerals and trace elements in total diets in The Netherlands
Authors: Dokkum W. Van , De Vos R. H. , Muys TH. , Wesstra J. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. During a period of 2·5 years, every 3 months 221 different food items forming a ‘market basket’ were purchased, prepared and divided into twenty-three food-commodity groups. The ‘market basket’ was based on a study of the dietary intake of 18-year-old male, Dutch adolescents. In the (homogenized) food groups various minerals and trace elements were determined.2. The mean daily amounts of cadmium (21 μg), mercury (0·7 μg), lead (32 μg), tin (0·65 mg), arsenic (38 μg) and bromine (8 mg) in the diet of adolescents, as calculated from the concentrations analysed in the food groups, were all (well) below the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization acceptable daily intake (ADI) value (Codex Alimentarius Commission, 1984).3. The mean daily amounts of zinc (14 mg) and selenium (72 μg) seemed to be adequate compared with the Dutch recommendations, (Voedingsraad (Dutch Nutrition Council) 1986). The amounts of copper (mean value 1·5 mg/d) and iron (mean value 14 mg/d) in the total diet were marginal. Contents of calcium (1340 mg/d), magnesium (433 mg/d) and iodine (402 μg/d) were all well above the Dutch recommendations for male adolescents. Sodium intake, corresponding to 11 g sodium chloride/d, was higher than advised.4. It is concluded that the amounts of As, Br and toxic heavy metals in Dutch total-diet samples of male adolescents are of little concern as regards health aspects. Among the essential trace elements, Fe and Cu contents seem to be marginal. Some concern regarding the salt content is indicated.
Effects of guar gum on plasma urea, insulin and glucose in the growing pig
Authors: MalmlÖf Kjell , Nunes Carlos Simoes , Askbrant Stefan 
Published: June 2005

1. Six growing pigs fitted with portal and arterial blood cannulas were given a barley-fishmeal diet, either alone or supplemented with guar gum at 60 g/kg basal diet. Blood samples were taken during 8 h following test meals given at 08.00 hours.2. Ingestion of the guar-gum-supplemented diet appeared to increase systematically portal and arterial levels of plasma urea. At peak values, 4 and 5 h after the test meal, this effect was statistically significant (P <0.05).3. Irrespective of which diet was given, portal and arterial blood samples, withdrawn at the same time, were found to have about the same concentration of urea. This was found throughout the 8 h studied and implies that no net exchange of urea between the circulation and the gastrointestinal tract, as a whole, took place.4. In the time-period 30–60 min following the test meal, guar gum significantly reduced the postprandial hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia in portal blood.
Associative effects between two fibre sources on ileal and overall digestibilities of amino acids, energy and cell-wall components in growing pigs
Authors: Laplace J. P. , Darcy-Vrillon Beatrice , PÉrez J. M. , Henry Y. , Giger Sylvie , Sauvant D. 
Published: June 2005

1. The associative effects of two fibre sources on ileal and overall digestibility of amino acids, energy and cell-wall components were studied by comparing wheat bran and soya-bean hulls in semi-purified diets given to growing pigs.2. Castrated male pigs were prepared with ileo-rectal anastomosis to measure ileal digestibility, and overall digestibility was measured in pigs without anastomosis.3. The three diets contained 190 g total fibre/kg dry matter (DM), derived from each fibre source or from a mixture of both fibre sources, so that each source provided half the amount of total fibre, and 170 g crude protein (nitrogen x 6·25)/kg DM by additions of casein.4. The effects of fibre sources on the ileal digestibility of amino acids were additive for most amino acids; the only significant interactions were found for threonine, methionine and aspartic acid. In contrast with ileal digestibility, systematic negative interactions between fibre sources on overall digestibility of amino acids were noted.5. There was no interaction between fibre sources in their effects on the digestibility of energy or of cell-wall components, irrespective of the site of digestion. The digestibility values were higher with soya-bean hulls than with wheat bran, especially at the faecal level.6. It is concluded that ileal digestibility of amino acids provides a better estimate of amino acid availability, as ileal measurements allow a better discrimination between diets than faecal measurements when distinct fibre sources are used alone or in combination at the same total fibre content. In contrast, for energy, the measurement of digestibility at both faecal and ileal levels permits the estimation of the partition of available nutrients between the small and large intestines.