bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Definition of effective diversity gain and how to measure it in a reverberation chamber
Authors: Kildal Per‐Simon , Rosengren Kent , Byun Joonho , Lee Juhyung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe performance of cellular phones and other mobile or wireless terminals operating in multipath propagation environment can be greatly improved by introducing different diversity schemes. The improvement is characterized in terms of a diversity gain. An effective diversity gain is defined here. This is an absolute measure of diversity gain and can therefore be used to compare different diversity antennas. The Letter also shows how the effective diversity gain can be measured in a reverberation chamber. Measured effective diversity gains agree much better with theoretical diversity gains than measured values published previously. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 56–59, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10372
A shorted microstrip antenna for 2.4/5.2 GHz dual‐band operation
Authors: Tung Hao‐Chun , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel dual‐band shorted microstrip antenna suitable for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz operation is presented. The obtained impedance bandwidths for the two operating frequencies meet the bandwidth requirements of the wireless LAN (2400–2484 MHz) and HIPERLAN (5150–5350 MHz) systems. The lower and upper operating frequencies are the first two resonant frequencies of the proposed antenna, and the antenna length is approximately equal to one‐quarter wavelength of the lower operating frequency at 2.4 GHz. The antenna has a low profile (4 mm in height), and occupies a small area of 18×27 mm2. The design considerations and radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 401–402, 2001.
Prevalence of thrombophilia and central venous catheter‐associated neck vein thrombosis in 41 children with cancer—a prospective study
Authors: Ruud Ellen , Holmstrøm Henrik , Natvig Solveig , Wesenberg Finn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to prospectively evaluate the prevalence of thrombophilia and central venous catheter‐associated neck vein thrombosis in children with cancer.ProcedureChildren with cancer and central lines, treated at the National Hospital in Norway, were consecutively enrolled in the study. Biochemical analysis of thrombophilia and Doppler ultrasonography of neck veins were performed at inclusion, and ultrasonography was repeated 3–5 months later. We recorded systematically positive blood‐cultures and days with intravenous antibiotics. In a subgroup of 13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the thrombophilia parameters were re‐evaluated during asparaginase therapy.ResultsForty‐one children were included in the study and observed for a mean of 266 days (range 95–569 days). Eighteen patients (44%) developed venous thrombosis (VT), visualized by Doppler ultrasonography of the catheterized vein. Some clots were transient, but blood clots with diameters  > 0.5 cm (n = 11) had a tendency to remain (P = 0.14). Twelve children (29%) were classified as thrombophilic at inclusion, with elevated serum levels of homocysteine and lipoprotein (a) as the most frequent alterations. Transient thrombophilia developed in all patients during asparaginase‐therapy. Within the limitations of our study, we did not find any significant correlation between thrombophilia and development of VT, nor thrombosis and infectious disease.ConclusionsVT develops frequently in paediatric cancer patients with central lines, but the clinical implication of this observation remains to be clarified. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:405–410. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: Twenty‐six years of experience in Slovenia
Authors: Pohar‐Marinšek Živa , Anžič Jožica , Jereb Berta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy (Cht) for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) given before local treatment can prevent mutilating surgery and high‐dose irradiation (RT). Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) can confirm the diagnosis and neoadjuvant treatment can start without delay. The purpose of our study was to assess the role of FNAB in the management of childhood RMS in Slovenia.ProcedureA total of 78 children and young adults were included. FNAB provided the pre‐treatment diagnosis in 37 and surgical biopsy in 41 patients. In 61 cases recurrent/metastatic disease was aspirated. Cytological diagnoses were compared to the original histological diagnoses. All case histories, cytological and histological material were reviewed and immunocytochemical staining performed when necessary.ResultsFNAB provided a correct diagnosis of malignancy in all 37 primary tumours, a specific diagnosis of RMS was given in 29 (78%). With the use of immunocytochemistry during the last 15 years, the accuracy has risen to 87%. FNAB provided the diagnosis of recurrence/metastasis in 57/61 cases. No complications of FNAB were noted. Review of histology reclassified five original diagnoses of RMS into one malignant rhabdoid tumour and four sarcomas NOS. In review of cytology we were able to sub classify 80% of RMS.ConclusionsFNAB is a safe method, which enables us to establish the pre‐treatment diagnosis of RMS, and to some extent even its type, without delay. In our study, FNAB successfully replaced surgical biopsy in 87% of RMS patients during the last 15 years. Neoadjuvant Cht was started immediately, surgery was delayed and more conservative. Consequently, the risk for treatment sequelae was considerably reduced. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;38:416–420. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel alternatively spliced mRNA &lpar;1c&rpar; of the protein kinase A RI&alpha; subunit is implicated in haploid germ cell specific expression
Authors: Dahle Maria K. , Reinton Nils , &Oslash;rstavik Sigurd , Task&eacute;n Kristin A. , Task&eacute;n Kjetil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBy using 5&prime; RACE on rat testis cDNA we identified three alternatively spliced mRNAs of the RI&alpha; subunit of cAMP&hyphen;dependent protein kinase that differed in their 5&prime; untranslated regions. Two of these 5&prime;&hyphen;regions showed similarity with the human RI&alpha; exons 1a and 1b, while the third &lpar;1c&rpar; constituted a novel mRNA splice variant. Northern blot analysis showed that the 1c mRNA was specifically expressed in testis and only in postmeiotic germ cells. In contrast, the RI&alpha; 1b and RI&alpha; 1a mRNAs were present both in premeiotic germ cells and somatic cells of the testis, and the expression of both RI&alpha; 1a and 1b mRNAs were stimulated by cAMP in Sertoli cells. In sperm, the RI&alpha; protein was expressed after meiosis, and targeted to various subcellular structures via anchoring proteins. The RI&alpha; 1c haploid&hyphen;specific mRNA, therefore, may be important for the regulation of RI&alpha; expression in sperm. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:11&ndash;16, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Assessment of metabolism of equine morulae and blastocysts
Authors: Lane M. , O'Donovan M.K. , Squires E.L. , Seidel G.E. , Gardner D.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNutrient uptakes and metabolite production by equine morula and blastocyst stage embryos were determined by non&hyphen;invasive microfluorometry. Equine morula took up equal amounts of both pyruvate and glucose. However, at the early blastocyst there was a small increase in glucose uptake and, by the expanded blastocyst stage, glucose was the predominant nutrient. Expanded blastocysts took up five times more glucose than pyruvate. Expanded blastocysts exhibited an exponential increase in glucose uptake and lactate production with respect to both diameter and surface area. As less than 50&percnt; of the glucose was accounted for by lactate production, the equine blastocyst appears to have a significant capacity to oxidize glucose. Embryos with a higher morphological grade consumed more nutrients than those with a poorer morphology. However, there was a large range in nutrient consumption within the highest grade blastocysts. This suggests that nutrient uptake may be useful as a viability marker of equine blastocysts. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:33&ndash;37, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Stage of the estrous cycle at the time of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin injection affects the quality of ovulated oocytes in the mouse
Authors: Tarín Juan J. , Pérez‐Albalá Sonia , Cano Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study aims to analyze the effect of the stage of the estrous cycle at the time of pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) injection on number and quality of mouse oocytes retrieved from oviducts after exogenous ovarian stimulation. Cellular and morphological traits of ovulated oocytes from hybrid (C57Bl/6JIco female X CBA/JIco male) female mice of 12, 40–42, 50–52 or 57–62 weeks of age were analyzed. Superovulation was induced by a priming injection of PMSG at different stages of the estrous cycle followed after a 48‐hr interval by human chrorionic gonadotropin. Injection of PMSG at diestrus‐1 was associated with: (1) increased percentage of cumulus‐free oocytes; (2) raised total percentage of oocytes without polar body; (3) increased total percentage of oocytes with intracytoplasmic mitochondrial aggregates; (4) decreased percentage of oocytes with a normal distribution of chromosomes in the metaphase II plate; and (5) raised percentage of oocytes with chromosome scattering when compared to injection at estrus, diestrus‐2, and proestrus stage. On the contrary, estrus females displayed the highest percentage of oocytes with a normal distribution of chromosomes in the metaphase II plate and the lowest percentage of oocytes denuded of cumulus cells, without polar body, with intracytoplasmic mitochondrial aggregates and/or with chromosome scattering. These data suggest that administration of gonadotropins in mice should be synchronized with the innate estrous cycle of females to optimize the quality of oocytes collected from oviducts.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 61: 398–405, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of sea urchin egg lipid rafts and their possible function during fertilization
Authors: Belton Robert J. , Adams Nikki L. , Foltz Kathy R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpecialized membrane microdomains called rafts are thought to play a role in many types of cell–cell interactions and signaling. We have investigated the possibility that sea urchin eggs contain these specialized membrane microdomains and if they play a role in signal transduction at fertilization. A low density, TX‐100 insoluble membrane fraction, typical of lipid rafts, was isolated by equilibrium gradient centrifugation. This raft fraction contained proteins distinct from cytoskeletal complexes. The fraction was enriched in tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and contained two proteins known to be involved in signaling during egg activation (an egg Src‐type kinase and PLCγ). This fraction was further characterized as a prototypical raft fraction by the release of proteins in response to in vitro treatment of the rafts with the cholesterol binding drug, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD). Furthermore, treatment of eggs with MβCD inhibited fertilization, suggesting that egg lipid rafts play a physiological role in fertilization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:294–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soluble tubulin complexes in oocytes of the common leopard frog, Rana pipiens, contain γ‐tubulin
Authors: Lessman Charles A. , Kim Haekwon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOocytes of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens, contain soluble tubulin which was previously shown to exist predominately in megadalton (MDa) fractions and that fails to readily assemble in vitro. In order to further characterize these tubulin complexes, DEAE Sepharose chromatography, Sephacryl S‐300 size exclusion columns and specific immunoprecipitation were used. The results revealed the presence of α‐, β‐, and γ‐tubulin associated with several other proteins in the soluble fraction of Rana pipiens ovarian oocytes. These Rana oocyte tubulin complexes appear to be analogous to those recently reported in Xenopus ovulated eggs as γ‐tubulin ring complexes. This seems true since both size (estimates, i.e. ∼2MDa) and protein components are similar. Furthermore, both α‐ and γ‐tubulin antibodies immunoprecipitated identical protein bands from Rana oocyte soluble fraction. These putative Rana γ‐tubulin ring proteins include 107, 97, 95, 90 and 75 kDa components which are similar in size to those found in Xenopus and other species. Rana appears to belong to a select group in which γ‐tubulin complexes contain significant α‐ and β‐tubulin (i.e., Xenopus and sheep), while other species such as Drosophila, Aspergillus, Saccharomyces, human cells and many other mammalian cells tested lack the other tubulin components. The heterogeneity in both size and protein components of Rana oocyte γ‐tubulin ring complexes may reflect different states of tubulin complex assembly. The lower vertebrate oocyte is hypothesized to act as a repository and prestaging point for the assembly of γ‐tubulin ring complexes which will become the maternal contribution to the centrosomes of the embryo. While the γ‐tubulin ring complexes of vertebrate eggs have been described previously, this is the first report biochemically characterizing soluble γ‐tubulin complexes in vertebrate ovarian oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 60: 128–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between diffusion tensor andq‐space MRI†
Authors: Basser Peter J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFundamental relationships between diffusion tensor (DT) and 3Dq‐space MRI are derived which establish conditions when these two complementary MR methods are equivalent. It is shown that the displacement distribution measured byq‐space MRI in both the large displacement (i.e., large r) and the long‐wavelength (i.e., smallq) limits is the same 3D Gaussian displacement distribution assumed in DT‐MRI. In these limiting cases,q‐space MR yields a dispersion tensor that is identical to the effective DT,D, measured in DT‐MRI. An experiment is then proposed to measureDusingq‐space methods. These findings establish that the effective DT, measured in DT‐MRI, characterizes molecule motions on a coarse length‐scale. Finally, the feasibility of and requirements for performing 3Dq‐space MRI on a clinical scanner are considered. Magn Reson Med 47:392–397, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mohr diagram representation of anisotropic diffusion tensor in MRI
Authors: Bilgen Mehmet , Elshafiey Ibrahim , Narayana Ponnada A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith current approaches, it is difficult to visually comprehend the complete information contained in a diffusion tensor (DT) measured from a microscopically heterogeneous biological tissue. Therefore, in this work the Mohr diagram is introduced to graphically display the key aspects of DTs and to interpret the underlying anisotropy, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Specifically, the mathematical basis for the construction of the Mohr diagram from the elements of DTs is described, the merits of the approach are illustrated with examples of DTs reported for various biological tissues, and the results are discussed in the context of relating the diffusion anisotropy to the tissue structures. Magn Reson Med 47:823–827, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biexponential modeling of multigradient‐echo MRI data of the brain
Authors: Speck O. , Ernst T. , Chang L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFunctional MRI (fMRI) using fast multigradient‐echo acquisition methods allows the quantitative determination of the relevant parameter T. Previously, the TE‐dependent signal decay has been modeled with a monoexponential function despite the complex composition of the brain. In this study, biexponential modeling was used to evaluate the relaxation of brain parenchyma and blood separate from that of cerebrospinal fluid. Single‐shot multigradient‐echo data acquired with spiral or EPI techniques were analyzed. In phantom experiments the biexponential method proved to be accurate. Compared to the biexponential procedure, the monoexponential model overestimated T (72.2 msec vs. 65.3 msec) and underestimated ΔT (2.96 msec vs. 3.19 msec) during visual stimulation. The biexponential method may allow intrinsic correction for partial volume effects due to cerebrospinal fluid. The activation‐induced parameter changes are detected with a sensitivity equal to that of a monoexponential method. The resulting T and ΔT values describe the experimental data more accurately. Magn Reson Med 45:1116–1121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous acquisition of multiple resolution images for dynamic contrast enhanced imaging of the breast
Authors: Song Hee Kwon , Dougherty Lawrence , Schnall Mitchell D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn imaging technique is described that allows the reconstruction of a series of images at high temporal rates, while simultaneously providing images at high spatial resolution. The method allows one to arbitrarily choose from among several combinations of temporal/spatial resolutions during postprocessing. This flexibility is accomplished by strategically interleaving multiple undersampled projection reconstruction datasets (or subapertures), in which each set can be used to reconstruct a high temporal resolution image. Images with increasingly higher spatial resolutions can subsequently be formed by combining two or more subaperture datasets. The technique is demonstrated in vivo to assess the kinetics of contrast enhancement and to visualize the architectural features of suspicious breast lesions. Magn Reson Med 46:503–509, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel expression of neurotrophic factors and their receptors in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Yamamoto Masahiko , Ito Yasuhiro , Mitsuma Norimasa , Li Mei , Hattori Naoki , Sobue Gen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mRNA levels of nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were examined in sural nerves of 22 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). The mRNAs for NGF, GDNF, LIF, and IL‐6 were upregulated, whereas CNTF mRNA was downregulated significantly in the nerves. The NGF, GDNF, and CNTF, but not LIF mRNA expressions were parallel to those of the cognate receptors, suggesting that these cognate soluble receptors effectively present these factors to maintain and regenerate the axons. Furthermore, IL‐6 mRNA expression was significantly parallel to both binding and signal‐transducing receptor expression, implying a role of the IL‐6 signal for non‐neuronal cells in CIDP. These findings indicate that multiple neurotrophic growth factors and cytokines are expressed cooperatively with their concomitant receptors in the nerve lesions of CIDP and play an important role particularly in nerve repair. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 25: 000–000, 2002
Adaptations in maximal motor unit discharge rate to strength training in young and older adults
Authors: Patten Carolynn , Kamen Gary , Rowland Daniel M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix young (mean = 23 years) and 6 older (mean = 76 years) adults participated in isometric resistance training 5 days/week for 6 weeks. The task involved isometric fifth finger abduction. Maximal motor unit discharge rates (MUDRs) were obtained from the abductor digiti minimi of each hand at 0, 2, 14, and 42 days of training using a quadrifilar needle electrode and automatic spike recognition software. In agreement with previous findings, maximal MUDR at baseline was significantly lower in older adults (P < 0.001), averaging 51.5 (±17.13) HZ in young and 43.3 (±14.88) HZ in older adults. In response to resistance training, maximal voluntary force increased 25% in young and 33% in older subjects (P < 0.001). Maximal MUDR increased significantly (11% young, 23% older) on day 2 [F(3,36) = 2.58, P < 0.05], but in older subjects returned to baseline levels thereafter. These adaptations in abductor digiti minimi MUDR suggest a two‐part response to strengthening fifth finger abduction: early disinhibition followed by altered MU activation.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24:542–550, 2001
More on the search for an infiltrator
Authors: Pavlović Ljiljana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have asymptotically solved a discrete search game on an array of n ordered cells with two players: infiltrator (hider) and searcher, when the probability of survival approaches 1. The infiltrator wishes to reach the last cell in finite time, and the searcher has to defend that cell. When the players occupy the same cell, the searcher captures the infiltrator with probability 1 − z. The payoff to the hider is the probability that the hider reaches the last cell without getting captured. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 49: 1–14, 2002; DOI 10.1002/nav.1047
Measurement of intravascular Na+ during increased CBF using 23Na NMR with a shift reagent
Authors: Ronen Itamar , Kim Seong‐Gi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSodium ions are intimately involved with neural activity. Thus, it is highly desirable to devise a way of mapping brain activity via sodium imaging. Sodium ions exist in the extravascular and intravascular spaces. To separate the two components, the shift reagent Tm(DOTP)5− was intravenously introduced into rats. Intravascular sodium changes in the rat brain were measured during increased blood flow induced by hypercapnia using volume‐localized 23Na‐NMR. The intravascular sodium changes, equivalent to cerebral blood volume changes, are significant during hypercapnia conditions and correlate well with the increase in arterial pCO2. This suggests that the intravascular sodium change is dominant in total 23Na spectroscopy or imaging of the brain during blood flow increase induced by external perturbation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The function and the expression of forebrain GABAA receptors change with hormonal state in the adult mouse
Authors: Jorge Juan Carlos , McIntyre Kerry L. , Henderson Leslie P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurotransmission mediated by gamma‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors in the mammalian medial preoptic area (mPOA) plays a pivotal role in the expression of hormone‐sensitive behaviors. Hand in hand with GABAergic control of reproduction, hormone treatments that activate gonadal steroid signaling pathways in gonadectomized rats are known to regulate the expression of specific GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs. While the effects of exogenous hormone treatments have been well documented, little information is available as to how GABAA receptor‐mediated transmission in the mPOA is altered by endogenous changes in hormonal state in gonadally‐intact adult animals or if those changes can be ascribed to hormone‐dependent changes in receptor subunit composition. In the present study, we found that both the peak amplitudes of GABAA receptor‐mediated synaptic currents in the mPOA, as well as the ability of the endogenous neurosteroids to modulate those currents, varied as a function of the estrous cycle. Moreover, we found that the degree of neurosteroid modulation was also significantly different between wild‐type and the androgen‐insensitive testicular feminization (Tfm) mutant male mice. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis performed to assess levels of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs indicated that levels of specific subunits varied over the course of the estrous cycle and between wild‐type and Tfm male mice. The variations in GABAA receptor expression and function in the mPOA that are associated with differences in gonadal steroid signaling may contribute to the dynamic nature of GABAergic control of neuroendocrine pathways. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 137–149, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10021