bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of high affinity human neutralizing antibodies to VEGFR2 from a large antibody phage display library for antiangiogenesis therapy
Authors: Lu Dan , Jimenez Xenia , Zhang Haifan , Bohlen Peter , Witte Larry , Zhu Zhenping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCompelling evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors play an important role in angiogenesis associated with tumor growth and metastasis. VEGF exerts its biologic activities through 2 transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptors: the fms‐like tyrosine kinase receptor (Flt‐1, or VEGFR1) and kinase insert domain‐containing receptor (KDR or VEGFR2). We have previously produced a panel of antibodies directed against KDR from mice immunized with the recombinant form receptor. These antibodies efficiently neutralized VEGF‐induced KDR activation and mitogenesis of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Murine antibodies, however, may not be suitable candidates for human therapy because of their propensity to elicit human anti‐mouse antibody response. Here we isolated several high‐affinity human Fab antibody fragments directed against KDR from an antibody phage display library constructed from the pooled B lymphocytes of nonimmunized healthy human donors. These human Fab fragments bind specifically to KDR with nanomolar affinity and block KDR/VEGF interaction with IC50 of approximately 2–20 nM. Further, they effectively inhibit VEGF‐stimulated mitogenesis of HUVEC and migration of human leukemia cells. Epitope mapping studies demonstrated that all neutralizing human antibodies bound the epitope(s) located within the first 3 N‐terminal immunoglobulin‐like domains of KDR, the same region that encompasses the binding site of VEGF. Our results suggest that these human anti‐KDR antibodies may have potential application in the treatment of cancer and other diseases in which pathologic angiogenesis occurs. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 3 gene, alcohol consumption and oral cancer risk
Authors: Zavras Athanasios I. , Wu Tianxia , Laskaris George , Wang Yue‐Fen , Cartsos Vassiliki , Segas John , Lefantzis Dimitris , Joshipura Kaumudi , Douglass Chester W. , Diehl Scott R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated effects on oral cancer (OC) risk of an interaction between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) gene and alcohol consumption levels using a hospital‐based study of 93 cases and 99 controls conducted in Athens, Greece. This SNP affects ethanol metabolism in vitro and appeared to interact with alcohol consumption in a previous OC study. We also evaluated a SNP in CYP2E1, another gene involved in ethanol metabolism, reported to be associated with OC risk in a European population. Data on genotypes and risk factors obtained from interviews were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression, accounting for potential confounders. No overall (marginal) association was found between OC risk and ADH3 genotypes. An interaction between ADH3 genotypes and alcohol consumption levels, however, was suggested. In non‐drinkers, the ADH31‐1 genotype has higher risk than ADH31‐2 or ADH32‐2 genotypes, but for subjects consuming alcohol, lower risk was observed for ADH3 We fit a logistic regression model to estimate the increase in OC risk associated with each alcohol drink consumed per week. We estimated that OC risk increased by 31.5% per drink/week for the ADH32‐2 genotype, 4.1% for the ADH31‐2 genotype and 1.6% for the ADH31‐1 genotype. Evidence of genotype‐environment interaction was suggestive (p = 0.048, Wald χ p = 0.145, likelihood ratio). This finding is opposite to that reported for a population in Puerto Rico, where the ADH31‐1 genotype seemed more sensitive to ethanol exposure. In Greece, genetic variation at the CYP2E1 SNP is almost entirely absent, with only 1 case and 1 control heterozygous for the variant. By contrast, in a population in France where an OC association was reported, the frequency of CYP2E1 heterozygotes was 5% in controls and 9% in OC cases. These findings illustrate the importance of replicating SNP associations both within and between different racial and ethnic groups and geographic regions. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Importance of technical and fundamental analysis in the European foreign exchange market
Authors: Oberlechner Thomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents findings of a questionnaire and an interview survey on the perceived importance of chartist/technical and fundamental analysis among foreign exchange traders and financial journalists in Frankfurt, London, Vienna, and Zurich. Results confirm that most traders use both forecasting approaches, and that the shorter the forecasting horizon, the more important chartist/technical analysis is. Financial journalists put more emphasis on fundamental analysis than do foreign exchange traders. Results indicate that the importance of chartism may have increased over the last decade. Regarding the use of chartist/technical and fundamental analysis on seven forecasting horizons, four distinct clusters of traders can be identified. Forecasting styles and the overall importance attached to fundamental versus chartist/technical analysis vary across different trading locations. Foreign exchange traders mention a series of psychological motives and consequences of the use of chartism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of the ‘urban penalty’: exploring urban and rural mortality patterns in Spain during the demographic transition
Authors: Reher David S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMaking use of data on age‐specific mortality and cause of death patterns for rural and urban areas of Spain during the first third of the twentieth‐century, this paper explores the meaning of the ‘urban penalty’ and how it changed over the course of the demographic transition. The author finds ample proof of the existence of this penalty, especially visible among adult males in urban areas, where respiratory and other diseases, many of which were related to urban environments and lifestyles, took their toll on people's health. Despite these disadvantages, mortality decline, for the most part, was also much faster in towns than in the countryside. The author suggests that both the existence of the ‘urban penalty’ and the pioneering role of towns for mortality decline can best be understood in terms of the nature of towns and of urban life, society and government. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What future for whites? Population projections and racialised imaginaries in the US
Authors: Ellis Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPopulation projections forecast that the US will have a white minority by the middle of this century. This paper argues that changes in racial and ethnic categorisation, most notably the creation of the Hispanic category in 1977, have accelerated the projection of this date. These uncertainties illustrate a larger problem of projections of the future size of the white population: how can we know who will be white in the future if the criteria for whiteness shift as they have done in the past? It is possible, for example, that regions of immigration may see new forms of whiteness — or non‐blackness — as whites, Asians and Latinos hybridise into a new dominant group whose members will be advantaged relative to a black ‘other’. In the light of past modifications in racial constructions, and the potential for change in the future, why bother to project the populations of today's racial categories? The paper attempts to answer this question by reviewing the history of the practice of racial population projection. What this reveals is that racial population projections can be thought of as ‘racial projects’ — efforts to frame and thereby influence the racial future through the imposition of contemporary racial categories and meanings. Although this racial imagining has important consequences for contemporary political action, it is not politics alone that motivates projections by race. Other motivations include the mundane practices of categorisation and counting by race — racial governmentality — that make racial population projections possible to begin with. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pediatric screening instrument to detect problematic infant–parent interactions: Initial reliability and validity in a sample of high‐ and low‐risk infants
Authors: Fiese Barbara H. , Poehlmann Julie , Irwin Martin , Gordon Michael , Curry‐Bleggi Ellen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the initial reliability and validity of a screening instrument developed to detect problematic interactions between infants and parents as part of a pediatric well‐baby exam. Participants included 117 infant–mother dyads (57 preterms and 60 full terms) assessed when infants were 6 to 9 months old. Mothers and infants were observed playing an interactional game such as peek‐a‐boo during the course of the pediatric exam. The game was scored for degree of interactional reciprocity using the Pediatric Infant Parent Exam (PIPE). Acceptable levels of interrater reliability were achieved. As predicted, higher risk infants and their mothers exhibited more problematic interactions than lower risk infants and their mothers. Results indicated that the PIPE was a reliable means of screening for interactional difficulties, that was sensitive to, but not synonymous with, neonatal health indices. ©2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Compared effects of morphine and nickel chloride on NK cell activity in vitro in rats and monkeys
Authors: Condevaux Fabienne , Guichard Jocelyne , Forichon André , Aujoulat Michel , Descotes Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe measurement of natural killer (NK) cell activity often is recommended as an endpoint for inclusion in the non‐clinical immunotoxicity evaluation of environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals. To date, most data on the impact of immunotoxicants on NK cell activity have been obtained in the rat. Because non‐human primates often are used in the safety evaluation of new medicinal products, there is a need to compare chemically induced changes in NK cell activity between rats and primates. In this study, the in vitro effects of nickel chloride and morphine hydrochloride were investigated on NK cell activity in the rat and the cynomolgus monkey. Despite some species‐specific differences in the techniques used, rather similar results were obtained in the two species. At the higher concentration, nickel chloride induced a significant decrease in NK cell activity in the ranges of 21.6–24.3% (rat) and 34.4–42.2% (monkey), depending on the effector‐to‐target cell ratio used, and morphine hydrochloride induced a decrease in the ranges of 23.7–34.7% (rat) and 59.1–68.0% (monkey). These results suggest that NK cell activity can be used as a reliable endpoint for the assessment of immune effects during safety evaluation studies in the cynomolgus monkey. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of short‐term high‐dose and low‐dose dermal exposure to Jet A, JP‐8 and JP‐8 + 100 jet fuels
Authors: Monteiro‐Riviere Nancy , Inman Alfred , Riviere Jim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOccupational and environmental exposures to jet fuel recently have become a source of public and regulatory concern. This study investigates the cutaneous toxicity of three fuels used in both civilian and military aircraft. Pigs, an accepted animal model for human skin, were exposed to low‐dose (25 µl or 7.96 µl cm−2) or high‐dose (335 µl or 67 µl cm−2) Jet A, JP‐8 and JP‐8 + 100 under occluded (Hill Top® chamber or cotton fabric) and non‐occluded conditions for 5 h, 24 h and 5 days. To mimic occupational exposure, fuel‐soaked fabric (high dose) was used. Erythema, edema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and epidermal thickness were quantified. High‐dose fabric occluded sites had slight erythema at 5 h with increased erythema at 5 days. No erythema was noted in any of the occluded (Hill Top) or non‐occluded sites at any of the time points. Morphological assessments depicted slight intracellular epidermal edema at all time points. An increase in change in TEWL (ΔTEWL) was observed at the 5‐h and 24‐h fabric and Hill Top occluded treatments and a decrease at the 5‐day fabric and Hill Top occluded sites. In all 5‐day JP‐8 + 100 fabric sites, intracorneal microabscesses filled with inflammatory cells were observed. Epidermal thickening was significant (P < 0.05) in all three jet fuels at the high‐dose fabric sites, with JP‐8 + 100 being the thickest. The epidermal rete peg depth increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 24 h and 5 days with Jet A, JP‐8, and JP‐8 + 100 in the fabric sites. No significant differences were noted in the 5‐day non‐occluded fabric and Hill Top occluded and non‐occluded sites. Jet fuel JP‐8 + 100 tended to have the greatest proliferative response. In conclusion, the high‐dose fabric‐soaked exposure at 5 days to Jet A, JP‐8 and JP‐8 + 100 fuels caused the greatest increase in cutaneous erythema, edema, epidermal thickness and rete peg depth compared with high‐dose non‐occluded or low‐dose exposure under Hill Top occluded and non‐occluded conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, degradation, and in vitro cell responses of sodium phosphate glasses for craniofacial bone repair
Authors: Gough J. E. , Christian P. , Scotchford C. A. , Rudd C. D. , Jones I. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis report outlines the initial synthesis, degradation, and short‐term biocompatibility of sodium phosphate glasses, for use in the drawing of fibers and manufacture of biodegradable composites. Biocompatibility studies were performed using a macrophage cell line and primary human craniofacial osteoblasts. Sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate glass synthesized for less than 1 h, resulted in a higher degradation rate than glass synthesized for 3 h or more (0.015 mg cm−2 h−1). Glasses with high and low ratios of hydrogen phosphate to dihydrogen phosphate had very similar degradation rates. A condensation route for the formation of the glass should give rise to varying degradation rates with varying ratios of starting materials. It is suggested that the degradation rate of the glass is independent of the concentrations of the initial reagents and that ring‐opening polymerization, which reaches an equilibrium state, occurs. Biocompatibility studies suggest minimal macrophage activation (low levels of peroxide and interleukin‐1β release and rounded morphology) and high osteoblast biocompatibility. The ultimate aim of our studies is to produce a biocompatible soluble phosphate glass that can be drawn into fibers for incorporation into a polycaprolactone matrix for craniofacial bone repair. This report demonstrates the successful production of a soluble glass, which is biocompatible with regard to osteoblasts and macrophages. Recent data from our laboratory have demonstrated successful fiber drawing and production of a novel polycaprolactone. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 481–489, 2002
Fabrication of porous biodegradable polymer scaffolds using a solvent merging/particulate leaching method
Authors: Liao Chun‐Jen , Chen Chin‐Fu , Chen Jui‐Hsiang , Chiang Shu‐Fung , Lin Yu‐Ju , Chang Ken‐Yuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study developed a solvent merging/par‐ ticulate leaching method for preparing three‐dimensional porous scaffolds. Poly(L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and sodium chloride particles were dry‐mixed and cast into a special mold, through which a liquid could pass due to a pressure difference. An organic solvent was then poured into the mold to dissolve and merge the PLGA particles under negative pressure. A nonsolvent was conducted into the PLGA/salt composite to solidify and precipitate the merged PLGA matrix. Finally, a large amount of water was passed through the mold to leach out the salt particles so as to create a porous structure. The results revealed that a highly porous three‐dimensional scaffold (>85 vol %) with a well interconnected porous structure could be achieved by this process. Porosity and the pore size of the scaffold were controlled using the ratio and the particle size of the added salt particles. A larger‐volume scaffold was produced using a larger mold. This work provides a continuous and simple procedure for fabricating a bulk three‐dimensional porous scaffold for tissue engineering. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 676–681, 2002
Effect of sodium content on the crystallization behavior of fluoramphibole glass–ceramics
Authors: Denry I. L. , Holloway J. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium content on the crystallization behavior of glass–ceramics in the system SiO2‐MgO‐CaO‐Na2O‐K2O‐F. Five glass compositions were prepared with increasing sodium content. The compositions were melted at 1400 °C for 2 h and cast into 60 × 12‐mm ingots. Differential thermal analyses were performed on the glasses up to 1400 °C. Discs (1.5 × 12 mm) were cut from the ingots, nucleated in the temperature range 600–650 °C for 1–2 h, and crystallized in the temperature range 900–1000 °C for 0.5–4 h. The crystalline phases were analyzed by x‐ray diffraction. The microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Differential thermal analyses showed that the crystallization exotherm occurred in the temperature range 600–750 °C. There was a linear relationship between the amount of sodium and the transformation temperatures. X‐ray diffraction revealed the presence of mica and diopside as major crystalline phases in the sodium‐free composition. Mica, diopside, and fluorrichterite were present in all other glass–ceramics. The microstructure of the sodium‐free glass–ceramic was characterized by the presence of hexagonal mica crystals and prismatic diopside crystals. All other compositions exhibited needle‐shaped fluorrichterite crystals (2–5 μm in length) in addition to mica and diopside crystals. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 48–52, 2002
Engineering vascular networks in porous polymer matrices
Authors: Peters Martin C. , Polverini Peter J. , Mooney David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnhanced vascularization is critical to the treatment of ischemic tissues and the engineering of new tissues and organs. We have investigated whether sustained and localized delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) combined with transplantation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) can be used to engineer new vascular networks. VEGF was incorporated and released in a sustained manner from porous poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLG) matrices to promote angiogenesis at the transplantation site. VEGF could be incorporated and released in a biologically active form from PLG matrices, with the majority of VEGF release (64%) occurring within 2 weeks. These matrices promoted a 260% increase in the density of host SCID mouse‐derived capillaries invading the matrices after 7 days of implantation, confirming the activity of the released VEGF. HMVECs were transplanted into SCID mice on PLG matrices, and organized to form immature human‐derived vessels within 3 days. Functional vessels were observed within 7 days. Importantly, when HMVECs were transplanted on VEGF‐releasing matrices, a 160% increase in the density of human‐derived blood vessels was observed after 14 days. These findings suggest that combining elements of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis provides a viable and novel approach to enhancing local vascularization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 668–678, 2002
Application of magnetic resonance microscopy to tissue engineering: A polylactide model
Authors: Burg K. J. L. , Delnomdedieu M. , Beiler R. J. , Culberson C. R. , Greene K. G. , Halberstadt C. R. , Holder W. D. , Loebsack A. B. , Roland W. D. , Johnson G. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAbsorbable polymers are unique materials that find application as temporary scaffolds in tissue engineering. They are often extremely sensitive to histological processing and, for this reason, studying fragile, tissue‐engineered constructs before implantation can be quite difficult. This research investigates the use of noninvasive imaging using magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) as a tool to enhance the assessment of these cellular constructs. A series of cellular, polylactide constructs was developed and analyzed using a battery of tests, including MRM. Distribution of rat aortic smooth muscle cells within the scaffolds was compared as one example of a tissue engineering MRM application. Cells were loaded in varying amounts using static and dynamic methods. It was found that the cellular component was readily identified and the polymer microstructure readily assessed. Specifically, the MRM results showed a heterogeneous distribution of cells due to static loading and a homogenous distribution associated with dynamic loading, results that were not visible through biochemical tests, scanning electron microscopy, or histological evaluation independently. MRM also allowed differentiation between different levels of cellular loading. The current state of MRM is such that it is extremely useful in the refinement of polymer processing and cell seeding methods. This method has the potential, with technological advances, to be of future use in the characterization of cell–polymer interactions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 380–390, 2002
Control of in vivo microvessel ingrowth by modulation of biomaterial local architecture and chemistry
Authors: Sanders J. E. , Baker A. B. , Golledge S. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe developed a method for controlling local architecture and chemistry simultaneously in biomaterial implants to control microvessel ingrowth in vivo. Porous polypropylene disks (5 mm in diameter and 40 μm thick) were plasma‐coated with a fluoropolymer and then laser‐drilled with 50‐μm‐diameter holes through their thickness. We then oxidized the disks to create hydroxyl functionality on the exposed polypropylene (inside the holes). Acrylamide was grafted to the hydroxyl groups through polymerization in the presence of activating ceric ions. Staining with toluidine blue O demonstrated that grafting occurred only inside the holes. We used the Hoffman degradation reaction to convert the amide groups of acrylamide to amine groups, and then we used ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether to attach biomolecules of interest inside the holes: secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) peptide Lys‐Gly‐His‐Lys (KGHK; angiogenic), thrombospondin‐2 (TSP; antiangiogenic), or albumin (rat; neutral). In vivo testing in a rat subcutaneous dorsum model for a 3‐week interval demonstrated a greater vessel surface area (p = 0.032) and a greater number of vessels (p = 0.043) in tissue local to the holes with KGHK‐immobilized disks than with TSP‐immobilized disks. However, differences between KGHK‐immobilized and albumin‐immobilized disks were less significant (p = 0.120 and p = 0.289 for the vessel surface area and number of vessels, respectively). The developed methods have potential applications in biomaterial design applications for which selective neovascularization is desired. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 36–43, 2002