bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine in crayfish and other crustaceans: Distribution in the central nervous system and physiological functions
Authors: Tierney Ann Jane , Kim Taylor , Abrams Reilly 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDopamine is widely distributed in the crustacean nervous system and has a diverse array of physiological effects. Immunocytochemical studies of several species have shown that dopamine‐ and/or tyrosine hydroxylase–containing cells occur in all ganglia of the central nervous system and that processes from some of these cells link ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. This study describes the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase–containing cells in the central nervous system of a crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) and compares this information to available data from other species. The distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme in the synthetic pathway between tyrosine and dopamine) in O. rusticus is similar to that reported for marine species. However, differences were observed in the number of neurons in some ganglia and in the axonal projections of the L cell, which were more extensive in O. rusticus than in other species studied thus far. We also review the physiological effects of dopamine in crayfish and other crustaceans, focusing on the amine's actions in the endocrine, cardiovascular, and nervous systems, and on behavior when injected into freely‐moving animals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:325–335, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural basis of a simple behavior: Abdominal positioning in crayfish
Authors: Larimer James L. , Moore Darrell 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCrustaceans have been used extensively as models for studying the nervous system. Members of the Order Decapoda, particularly the larger species such as lobsters and crayfish, have large segmented abdomens that are positioned by tonic flexor and extensor muscles. Importantly, the innervation of these tonic muscles is known in some detail. Each abdominal segment in crayfish is innervated bilaterally by three sets of nerves. The anterior pair of nerves in each ganglion controls the swimmeret appendages and sensory supply. The middle pair of nerves innervates the tonic extensor muscles and the regional sensory supply. The superficial branch of the most posterior pair of nerves in each ganglion is exclusively motor and supplies the tonic flexor muscles of that segment. The extension and flexion motor nerves contain six motor neurons, each of which is different in axonal diameter and thus produces impulses of different amplitude. Motor programs controlling each muscle can be characterized by the identifiable motor neurons that are activated. Early work in this field discovered that specific central interneurons control the abdominal positioning motor neurons. These interneurons were first referred to as “command neurons” and later as “command elements.” Stimulation of an appropriate command element causes a complex, widespread output involving dozens of motor neurons. The output can be patterned even though the stimulus to the command element is of constant interval. The command elements are identifiable cells. When a stimulus is repeated in a command element, from either the same individual or from different individuals, the output is substantially the same. This outcome depends upon several factors. First, the command elements are not only identifiable, but they make many synapses with other neurons, and the synapses are substantially invariant. There are separate flexion‐producing and extension‐producing command elements. Abdominal flexion‐producing command elements excite other flexion elements and inhibit extensor command elements. The extension producing elements do the opposite. These interactions insure that interneurons of a particular class (flexion‐ or extension‐producing) synaptically recruit perhaps twenty others of similar output, and that command elements promoting the opposing movements are inhibited. This strong reciprocity and the recruitment of similar command elements give a powerful motor program that appears to mimic behavior. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:346–359, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficacy of interleukin‐10 gene electrotransfer into skeletal muscle in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Saidenberg‐Kermanac'h Nathalie , Bessis Natacha , Deleuze Virginie , Bloquel Carole , Bureau Michel , Scherman Daniel , Boissier Marie‐Christophe 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy is very promising in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Electrotransfer is a recent method reported to enhance in vivo intramuscular DNA transfection. Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) has antiinflammatory effects in RA and in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), a murine model of RA. In order to improve our strategy of gene therapy, we used electrotransfer to enhance penetration into skeletal muscle with CIA of plasmids encoding IL‐10.MethodsCIA was induced in DBA/1 mice by immunization with bovine type II collagen. Injection into the tibial cranial muscle of low‐dose (200 ng) pCOR plasmid encoding murine IL‐10 (pCOR‐CMV‐mIL‐10) was immediately followed by application of square‐wave electric pulses (8 pulses of 200V/cm, 20 ms duration at 2 Hz). Control groups received empty plasmid or saline before electrotransfer.ResultsWhen electrotransfer was performed twice on days 10 and 25 postimmunization, CIA was significantly delayed (P < 0.05) and attenuated (P < 0.001) in groups treated by electrotransfer or pCOR‐CMV‐mIL‐10 plasmid vs. control groups. When electrotransfer of pCOR‐CMV‐mIL‐10 plasmid was performed on days 25 and 40 postimmunization, at disease onset, the clinical severity of CIA was reduced (P < 0.05). All groups which had been electrotransferred early or late by pCOR‐CMV‐mIL‐10 plasmid showed suppression of histological signs of arthritis.ConclusionsTaken together, these data indicate that administration of an antiinflammatory plasmid‐born gene by electrotransfer of naked DNA is effective in vivo in an arthritis model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer to the transplanted piglet heart after intracoronary injection
Authors: Griscelli Frank , Belli Emre , Opolon Paule , Musset Karine , Connault Elisabeth , Perricaudet Michel , Serraf Alain , Mazmanian Guy‐Michel , Ragot Thierry 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe advent of cardiac gene therapy in clinical practice requires a more efficient and safer myocardial gene delivery in large animals. A new approach to adenovirus‐mediated intracoronary gene transfer in the piglet, using a heterotopic heart transplantation model, was designed to maximize the duration of contact between the vector and the heart in noncoronary flow conditions.MethodsRecombinant adenoviruses harboring a nucleus‐localized β‐galactosidase gene under the control of a viral promoter were injected into the coronary vessels of the harvested hearts at a dose ranging from 1010 to 2 × 1011 pfu. The graft was maintained for 75 min in saline solution and then implanted in the abdomen of recipients. Gene transfer to allografts was evaluated 4 days after grafting by immunohistochemical and enzymatic analysis of β‐galactosidase expression.ResultsTransgene expression was detected in all cardiac areas and up to 64, 44, 32, and 15% of positive nuclei were estimated in the left ventricle wall in four animals out of eleven. In the remaining animals, transgene expression was focally distributed, mainly in the left ventricle wall. PCR analysis revealed the presence of adenoviral sequences, albeit minimal, in exposed organs such as the liver and lung.ConclusionsThis procedure demonstrated that direct intracoronary gene transfer can be achieved using an ex vivo gene transfer strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between the physical shape and the efficiency of oligomeric chitosan as a gene delivery system in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Köping‐Höggård M. , Mel'nikova Y. S. , Vårum K. M. , Lindman B. , Artursson P. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBackgroundChitosans of high molecular weights have emerged as efficient nonviral gene delivery systems, but the properties and efficiency of well‐defined low molecular weight chitosans (<5 kDa) have not been studied. We therefore characterized DNA complexes of such low molecular weight chitosans and related their physical shape and stability to their efficiency as gene delivery systems in vitro and in vivo.MethodsIndividual complexes between six different chitosan oligomers (6‐, 8‐, 10‐, 12‐, 14‐ and 24‐mers) and fluorescence‐labeled T4 DNA were visualized and classified into six physical shapes using video‐enhanced fluorescence microscopy. The effects of chitosan chain length, charge ratio (+/−) and solvent properties (pH and ionic strength) on the stability and structure of the complexes were studied. Gene expression in vitro and in vivo were studied using a luciferase reporter gene.ResultsFree DNA appeared as extended coils. Chitosan complexes had a variety of physical shapes depending on the experimental conditions. In general, the fraction of complexes that had nonaggregated, globular structures increased with increasing chain length of the chitosan oligomer, increasing charge ratio and reduction of pH (from 6.5 to 3.5). A further increase in charge ratio for globular complexes or a further reduction in pH (to 2.5) increased the fraction of aggregates, indicating a window where pharmaceutically desirable globules are obtained. Gene transfection efficiencies in vitro and in vivo were related to the physical shape and stability of the complexes. Only the 24‐mer formed stable complexes that gave a high level of gene expression comparable to that of high molecular weight ultrapure chitosan (UPC) in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionsChitosan oligomers form complexes with DNA in a structure‐dependent manner. We conclude that the 24‐mer, which has more desirable physical properties than UPC, is more attractive as a gene delivery system than the conventional high molecular weight chitosans. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the intra‐annual variation and the spatial distribution of precipitation amount and duration over Greece on a 10 day basis
Authors: Bartzokas A. , Lolis C. J. , Metaxas D. A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe intra‐annual variation of precipitation amount and duration and their spatial distribution during the year are studied on a 10 day basis for the Greek region, using S‐mode and T‐mode factor analysis. (i) For the intra‐annual variation of precipitation amount, two modes were revealed: the first shows one broad maximum during the conventional winter in stations affected by the sea; the second presents two maxima, the first during late autumn–early winter and the second during late spring, corresponding to the northern mainland stations. (ii) For the spatial distribution of precipitation, three main patterns were revealed: the first one is the ‘winter’ pattern, with the maximum over the west windward area; the second is the ‘summer’ pattern, with a maximum over the north inland region; and the third is the ‘autumn’ pattern, with the maximum over northwestern Greece. (iii) For precipitation duration, two types of intra‐annual variation were revealed. The first one is similar to the first of the analysis for precipitation amount; the second presents two maxima, the first during the beginning of December and the second during the middle of February, corresponding to the areas of northwestern and northeastern Greece. (iv) For the spatial distribution of precipitation duration, three main patterns were revealed: the first is the ‘summer’ pattern, which is similar to the second of the analysis for precipitation amount; the second is the ‘winter’ pattern, with the spatial maximum located over the eastern mainland and western Crete; finally, the third one is the ‘autumn’ pattern, with the maximum in northwestern Greece. During the third 10 day period of October and the second 10 day period of February, precipitation seems to present singularities, possibly due to fluctuations in atmospheric circulation. The above intra‐annual variations and spatial distribution patterns are connected to the seasonal variations of the depression trajectories, the atmospheric instability, the influence of sea‐surface temperature as a cyclogenesis factor, and the windward or leeward character of the various areas (orographic effect). Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Leg muscle strength is reduced in Parkinson's disease and relates to the ability to rise from a chair
Authors: Inkster Lisa M. , Eng Janice J. , MacIntyre Donna L. , Stoessl A. Jon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIndividuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulties rising from a chair; however, factors contributing to this inability have never been investigated. We compared lower extremity strength between individuals with PD and healthy controls and quantified the relationships between strength and the ability to rise from a chair. Ten men with mild PD and 10 sex‐ and age‐matched controls performed maximal concentric, isokinetic knee and hip extensor torque on an isokinetic dynamometer to quantify muscle strength. Subjects also rose from a chair at their comfortable pace without the use of their arms and the duration of this task provided a measure of sit‐to‐stand (STS) ability. Subjects with PD were tested in an on‐ and off‐medication state on different days. Mean hip and knee extensor torques were lower in subjects with PD, with greater deficits found at the hip. Greater hip strength was related to better STS ability in subjects with PD while greater knee strength was related to better STS ability in controls. These results show that individuals with mild PD generate smaller extremity forces compared to controls. Reduced strength, particularly at the hip, may be one factor that contributes to the difficulty of persons with PD to rise from a chair.
Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease: A case‐controlled study
Authors: Krishnan Pudukode R. , Bhatia Manvir , Behari Madhuri 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRestless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder of motor activity with a circadian pattern, occurring frequently in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). We sought to estimate the prevalence of RLS in Indian PD patients. One hundred twenty‐six consecutive PD patients and 128 healthy age‐ and sex‐matched controls were evaluated using a predesigned questionnaire. RLS was present in 10 of 126 cases of PD (7.9%) and 1 of 128 controls (0.8%, P = 0.01). PD patients with RLS were older than those without RLS (63.70 ± 7.80 years vs. 57.37 ± 10.04 years; P = 0.05) and had higher prevalence of depression (40% vs. 10.3%; P = 0.023). No demographic factors or factors related to PD correlated with the presence or severity of RLS. RLS is more common among patients with PD than controls. A greater medical recognition of this disorder is needed in view of available effective treatment. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Familial blepharospasm is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene
Authors: Defazio Giovanni , Brancati Francesco , Valente Enza Maria , Caputo Viviana , Pizzuti Antonio , Martino Davide , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Livrea Paolo , Berardelli Alfredo , Dallapiccola Bruno 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBlepharospasm (BSP) is a common form of primary torsion dystonia (PTD). Although most cases are sporadic, an increased familial incidence of BSP has been reported. Precisely how blepharospasm is inherited remains unclear. We report on two Italian families with adult‐onset focal BSP inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with reduced penetrance. None of the affected family members had the 3‐bp (GAG) or the 18‐bp deletion in the DYT1 gene. In one family, linkage analysis allowed us to exclude segregation of the disease with the known PTD loci (DYT1, DYT6, DYT7, and DYT13). These findings suggest that primary familial adult‐onset BSP is a distinct entity among inherited PTD and is caused by a novel, unmapped gene. ©
Movement Disorder Society
Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 is reduced in multiple system atrophy but normal in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Holmberg Björn , Johnels Bo , Blennow Kaj , Rosengren Lars 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe 42‐amino–acid isoform of β‐amyloid Aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has recently been proposed as a biochemical marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and subcortical white‐matter dementia (SWD). In both of these conditions, concentration of CSF‐Aβ42 is reduced. We quantified CSF‐Aβ42 from patients fulfilling strict clinical criteria for multiple system atrophy (MSA; n = 36), Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 48) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 15). The study groups were consecutively recruited among patients referred to a movement disorder unit, and 32 healthy, age‐matched volunteers were used as controls. The CSF concentration of Aβ42 was significantly reduced in the MSA group (P < 0.001), whereas the PD and PSP groups did not differ from controls. On an individual basis, low content of Aβ42 was seen in 9 MSA patients regardless of age and disease duration. Three PD patients with long disease duration also had low concentrations but all PSP patients were normal. We conclude that the reduced CSF‐Aβ42 concentration may be a clue to the pathogenesis of MSA. There is a decreased production, or more possible, an increased consumption of CSF‐Aβ42. The analysis of this protein may also become a supplement to the clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes in a movement disorder unit.
Dopaminergic response in Parkinsonian phenotype of Machado‐Joseph disease
Authors: Buhmann Carsten , Bussopulos Alexandra , Oechsner Matthias 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe report on a patient with genetically proven Machado‐Joseph Disease (MJD) presenting with signs indistinguishable from Parkinson's disease (PD), including levodopa response and typical levodopa‐induced motor fluctuations. Only after 10 years of prolonged benefit from levodopa and different dopamine agonists (DA), the patient developed cerebellar ataxia and pyramidal signs. Preferential D3‐receptor–stimulating dopamine agonists especially showed a benefit at the time, when D2 receptor binding was reduced in IBZM SPECT. This is the first report of a meaningful response to DA in MJD. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Secondary progressive chronic manganism associated with markedly decreased striatal D2 receptor density
Authors: Kessler Kirn R. , Wunderlich Gilbert , Hefter Harald , Seitz Rüdiger J. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe describe a patient with chronic manganism due to intoxication 40 years ago. Whereas previous reports on acute or subacute intoxication have shown no or only small reductions in striatal D2 receptor density, we found markedly decreased D2 receptor density using 18F‐methylspiperone PET in this very late stage of chronic manganism, supporting the hypothesis that manganese intoxication may trigger a neurodegenerative disease process. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Teismann Peter , Tieu Kim , Cohen Oren , Choi Dong‐Kug , Wu Du Chu , Marks Daniel , Vila Miquel , Jackson‐Lewis Vernice , Przedborski Serge 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn erratum for this article appears in the January, 2004 issue of Movement Disorders (Mov Disord 2004;19:119).Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). The loss of these neurons is associated with a glial response composed mainly of activated microglial cells and, to a lesser extent, of reactive astrocytes. This glial response may be the source of trophic factors and can protect against reactive oxygen species and glutamate. Alternatively, this glial response can also mediate a variety of deleterious events related to the production of pro‐oxidant reactive species, and pro‐inflammatory prostaglandin and cytokines. We discuss the potential protective and deleterious effects of glial cells in the SNpc of PD and examine how those factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Substantia nigra lesions in viral encephalitis
Authors: Savant Charulata Sankhla , Singhal B.S. , Jankovic Joseph , Khan Mak , Virani Amin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPost‐encephalitic parkinsonism is a well‐known entity, but involvement of the basal ganglia is rarely documented. We describe a 21‐year‐old man who developed parkinsonism following encephalitic illness presumed to be of viral origin with substantia nigra lesions evident on magnetic resonance imaging scan.
Genetic association of Huntington's disease and restless legs syndrome? A family report
Authors: Evers Stefan , Stögbauer Florian 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe report on a family with comorbidity of Huntington's disease (HD) and idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS). All family members investigated and affected by RLS are also affected by HD, but not vice versa. The association of HD and RLS is discussed with respect to dopaminergic dysfunction. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Intensity distribution inside scatterers with negative‐real permittivity and permeability
Authors: Ruppin R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe electric field distribution inside a cylindrical or spherical scatterer with negative‐real permittivity and permeability is investigated. For large‐size parameters, intensity tends to focus on the main axis at a location shifted from the center towards the front surface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 150–154, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10705
Multi‐wavelength Yb‐doped fiber‐ring laser
Authors: Chi Ronghua , Lu Kecheng , Chen Shengping 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA multi‐wavelength ytterbium‐doped fiber‐ring laser is obtained using a spatial‐mode beating filter, placing a section of a G.652 fiber sample into the single Yb‐doped fiber ring cavity. Up to six stable laser wavelengths can be obtained in the region of 1030 nm at room temperature. By changing the states of the polarization controller, the amount of lasing wavelength and the space can be controlled. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 170–172, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10711
Multiwavelength fiber laser using a Sagnac loop filter
Authors: Das Gautam , Lit John W. Y. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA Sagnac interferometer has been used in the ring cavity to produce a multiwavelength fiber laser. The results show that an elliptical‐core erbium‐doped fiber can produce more stable lasing lines compared to a normal erbium‐doped fiber. The principle of operation is based on polarization‐dependent gain phenomena in erbium‐doped fiber. The number of lasing lines and stability may be adjusted by using a polarization controller to control the polarization of the wave inside the cavity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 200–202, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10719