bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Health
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the health problems in the developing world can be tackled or prevented through public health measures such as essential health care, improving living conditions, water, sanitation, nutrition, immunization and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. This book is an action guide to improving public/community health in low-income countries. It is unique in its comprehensive coverage within the public health framework. It explains how you can use public health approaches to develop effective health and prevent disease. Practical methods are given for assessing health needs and working within communities to develop and evaluate district and community-based health services. Clear language is used to describe key skills in chapters on epidemiology, managing medicines, communicable disease control, mother and child epidemiology, health promotion, health financing, managing and implementing public health programmes. Issues such as appropriate health policy, social inequalities, gender and power relationships are explored in an approach which places the participation and empowerment of communities at the core of an effective response. The challenge for public health professionals is to work within health services to monitor disease and ill health and to ensure good access to effective and appropriate health care for all. The challenge is to work outside the health services with our agencies to tackle the wider determinants of poverty and ill-health. Today's public health professionals need a broad focus and an armoury of skills from epidemiology and needs assessment health planning, medicines management and intersectional working. This book provides a foundation for public health professionals in training as well as those in practice. It is directed at health professionals working in developing countries and managing provinvial and district health services. These services may be general health services or specific programmes, such as TB or AIDS. It will be useful for undergraduates during their community and public health courses. The authors use real examples, illustrations and case histories to bring important subject to life for the reader.
Polymers and Neutron Scattering
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book written specifically to introduce the new-comer and the non-expert to the experimental techniques and basic theory necessary to understand the results obtained when using various neutron scattering techniques. Neutron scattering has become widely applied to the study of problems in polymer science and technology and yet there is no other textbook for newcomers to refer to. This is therefore a unique introduction to the basic theory and techniques making the advantages of neutron scattering, as a tool for studying polymer behaviour, much more accessible to the newcomer and non expert.
Introductory survey
Authors: Schülke Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inelastic X-ray scattering experiments, including both energy and directional analysis of scattered photons, comprises a very powerful tool for investigating the correlated motion of electrons in a many-particle system by looking at the excitation of this system left behind in the inelastic scattering process. The purpose of this chapter is to give an introductory survey of the dynamics and excitations of electronic systems in condensed matter that have been recently investigated by inelastic X-ray scattering. Hence, I cover the nature of the relevant techniques, namely nonresonant inelastic scattering in the low-momentum transfer regime and nonresonant inelastic scattering in the regime of high momentum and energy transfer (Compton limit), as well as resonant inelastic scattering, and representative examples of materials that have been investigated.
Introduction
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Symplectic topology is the study of the global phenomenon of symplectic geometry. In contrast the local structure of a symplectic manifold is, by Darboux’s theorem, always equivalent to the standard structure on Euclidean space. Hence there cannot be any local invariants in symplectic geometry. This should be contrasted with Riemannian geometry where the curvature provides such local invariants. These local invariants severely restrict the group of isometries and give rise to an infinite dimensional variety of nonequivalent Riemannian metrics. In symplectic geometry the absence of local invariants gives rise to an infinite dimensional group of diffeomor- phisms which preserve the symplectic structure and to a discrete set of nonequivalent global symplectic structures in each cohomology class.
Linear Symplectic Geometry
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geometry of a bilinear skew form is very different from that of a symmetric form and its main features, for example compatible complex structures and Lagrangian subspaces, appear later as significant elements of the global theory. Moreover, it is increasingly apparent that the linear theory is a profound paradigm for the nonlinear theory.
Constructing Symplectic Manifolds
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at various ways to construct symplectic manifolds. It is also possible to do various kinds of surgery, though the possibilities have been explored more in the contact case. We begin by studying blowing up and down in both the complex and the symplectic contexts. This has turned out to have interesting applications.
Generating Functions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in Chapter 8 how generating functions can be used to prove existence theorems for periodic orbits of monotone twist maps. Some of the most exciting recent developments in symplectic geometry, such as the Arnold conjecture, the Weinstein conjecture, Gromov’s nonsqueezing theorem, symplectic rigidity, and Hofer’s metric, are centred around such existence statements. For example, we shall see in Chapter 11 that the Arnold conjecture is a natural generalization of the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem, and that it provides an example of symplectic rigidity.
The Arnold Conjecture
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up the study of the geometric behaviour of symplectomorphisms which was started in Chapter 8. Now in general we cannot expect symplectomorphisms of a compact symplectic manifold to have any fixed points at all. This simple and compelling conjecture has proved to be a powerful motivating force in the development of the modern theory. Symplectic topology aims to understand global symplectic phenomena, and this transition from a symplectomorphism near the identity to an arbitrary one is a particularly transparent example of globalization.
Symplectic Capacities
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we return to the problems which were formulated in Chapter 1, namely the Weinstein conjecture, the nonsqueezing theorem, and symplectic rigidity. As we shall see, these questions are all related to the existence and properties of certain symplectic invariants. Roughly speaking these invariants measure the 2-dimensional size of a symplectic manifold just as the length spectra determined by geodesics measure the 1-dimensional size of a Riemannian manifold.
Surface Analytical Techniques
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are numerous techniques available for providing detailed compositional information of the surface of materials. This volume aims to clarify those techniques which use particles as various kinds of probes for surface analysis. For each technique it provides a description of the physical principle, the method of operation, the nature of information, the range of application, and the advantages and disadvantages of each of the current techniques of surface compositional analysis. The techniques are grouped according to the nature of the incident radiation: electron excitation, photon excitation, ion excitation, and neutral excitation.
Instrumentation
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of the properties of emitted particles is central to all the techniques in Table 1.1, and it is therefore important to give details not only of the characteristics of the analysers themselves but also of the other instrumental aspects that are involved in the analysis. These must include, where appropriate, the necessary vacuum conditions, the sources of incident or exciting particles, the various ancillary devices usually found, and the methods of sample insertion, positioning and treatment. Some of these are common to the majority of the listed techniques, but where they are not the techniques to which they apply will be indicated.
Electron excitation: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secondary electrons ejected from the sample surface will have all kinetic energies from the primary energy to zero, as shown in the lower curve of Fig. 4.1. Superimposed on the continuous inelastic distribution will be peaks due to Auger emission at energies characteristic of the sample material, according to the process described in Fig. 2.1. The technique of AES still to an overwhelming extent records the Auger peaks as the differential distribution of which a portion is shown in the upper part of Fig. 2.1. Although the primary energy may be several keV, the kinetic energy range normally covered in AES is typically from 20-1000 eV. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, nearly all elements will have usable Auger features in that region, and there is little point when carrying out a routine analysis in using peaks at higher energies, particularly since the electrons of higher energy will have greater average escape depths and therefore be less typical of the surface.
Electron excitation: cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CLS)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cathodoluminescence has been known for many years, but its use as a surface analytical technique is only fairly recent. Even now its use in this way is uncommon, but, as will be seen later, it may have some unique contribution to make in the study of interfaces that cannot easily be reached by the more conventional techniques.
Ion excitation: ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of ion scattering from solids as an analytical technique has now a long history because in fact ‘ion scattering’ actually encompasses several techniques according to the chosen energy range of the ion. According to the classification of Armour,1 these techniques can be labelled Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS}, with primary ion energies in the range 100 eV to 10 keV, Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS) from 100 to 200 keV, and High Energy Ion Scattering (HEIS), from 1 to 2 MeV. Of these LEIS is more usually called Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS) and HEIS is always called Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS). For the reasons given later ISS is the only surface-specific variation, although the higher energy forms are certainly surface sensitive, and this chapter is therefore devoted to ISS alone.
High field excitation: inelastic electron tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although certainly a surface-specific technique, JETS is unique amongst the techniques described in this volume in that it does not require an ultra-high vacuum environment for its operation, and has hardly ever been used in vacuum. The description that follows below will make it clear why vacuum is not necessary, and also why it should be regarded as a high field technique. JETS was originated in 1966 by Jaklevic and Lambe, and measures the vibrational spectra of molecules adsorbed on the insulator surface of a metal/insulator/metal sandwich, usually called a junction. The technique therefore has very close affinities with those other techniques such as HREELS and RAIRS (q.v.) that also measure vibrational spectra. As will be seen later, there are advantages and disadvantages in each of the vibrational spectroscopic techniques when inter-compared, and the choice of which to use depends on the particular system to be analysed.
Solid Helium Three
Authors: Dobbs E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the hottest topics in low temperature physics during the last two decades has been the revelation of the astonishing properties of crystals of the rare isotope of helium, helium three. This book provides the first complete account of these properties. In it, experimental measurements are described and the development of their interpretation is discussed. Beginning with the phase diagram and thermal properties of this uniquely quantum crystal, Professor Dobbs introduces current theories of solid helium and compares their predictions with measurements of the ground state, elastic and thermal properties, and phonon spectra. the extraordinary magnetic properties are described and discussed in chapters on the paramagnetism, antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism of the different phases of solid heliu. the text concludes with chapters on the growth of crystals, their defects and studies of monolayers, bilayers, and multilayers grown on a variety of substrates. This book provides an introduction to the extensive literature, particularly that published since 1980, for research staff and students in physics and physical chemistry with an interest in current developments in condensed matter.
Ferromagnetism in the h.c.p. phase
Authors: Dobbs E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the basal plane of the h.c.p. lattice the atoms are arranged in triangles, as shown in Fig. 6.1. There are two kinds of three-particle exchange cycle: in Fig. 6.1(a), the nearest neighbours in the upper and lower basal planes (shown by the smaller solid circle) are central, while in Fig. 6.1(b) they are peripheral.
The Theory of Critical Phenomena
Authors: Binney J J , Dowrick N J , Fisher A J , Newman M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful calculation of critical exponents for continuous phase transitions is one of the main achievements of theoretical physics over the last quarter-century. This was achieved through the use of scaling and field-theoretic techniques which have since become standard equipment in many areas of physics, especially quantum field theory. This book provides a thorough introduction to these techniques. Continuous phase transitions are introduced, then the necessary statistical mechanics is summarized, followed by standard models, some exact solutions and techniques for numerical simulations. The real-space renormalization group and mean-field theory are then explained and illustrated. The final chapters cover the Landau-Ginzburg model, from physical motivation, through diagrammatic perturbation theory and renormalization to the renormalization group and the calculation of critical exponents above and below the critical temperature.
Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Krauth Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting with this chapter, we embark on a journey into the fascinating realms of statistical mechanics and computational physics. We set out to study a host of classical and quantum problems, all of value as models and with numerous applications and generalizations. Many computational methods will be visited, by choice or by necessity. Not all of these methods are, however, properly speaking, computer algorithms. Nevertheless, they often help us tackle, and understand, properties of physical systems. Sometimes we can even say that computational methods give numerically exact solutions, because few questions remain unanswered. Among all the computational techniques in this book, one stands out: the Monte Carlo method.
Neighbourhood scale effects of species diversity on biological invasions and their relationship to community patterns
Authors: Levine J M , Kennedy T , Naeem S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concern over the consequences of species loss has generated tremendous interest in how species diversity affects ecosystem processes (Naeem et al. 1994; Tilman and Downing 1994; Chapin et al. 1998; Hector et al. 1999). Resistance to biological invasions has been a process of particular interest because exotic species are well documented to have large ecological and economic impacts (Mooney and Drake 1986; Drake and Mooney 1989; Vitousek et al. 1997). Furthermore, that diverse communities better resist biological invasions is a classic notion in ecology, credited to Elton (1958), but also implicit in island biogeography (MacArthur and Wilson 1967) and species packing (MacArthur 1970, 1972) theories. Recently, however, this commonly held notion has become controversial (Enserink 1999).
Contributions of aquatic model systems to our understanding of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning
Authors: Petchey O L , Morin P J , Hulot F D , Loreau M , McGrady-Steed J , Naeem S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biodiversity has been shown to affect ecosystem functioning in an assortment of ecosystems (McGrady-Steed et al. 1997; Naeem and Li 1997; van der Heijden et al. 1998b; Hector et al. 1999; Petchey et al. 1999; Hulot et al. 2000; Naeem et al. 2000a; Norberg 2000; Emmerson et al. 2001; Ruesink and Srivastava 2001). These studies continue to guide the development of theories that relate diver sity to the magnitude and stability of ecosystem functioning (Loreau 2000a). In a simple world, the existence of comparable findings from a wide range of systems would suggest a general relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, reviews show that effects of diversity vary widely among systems (Schlapfer and Schmid 1999; Schwartz et al. 2000; Loreau et al. 2001). For example, increasing plant diversity increases grass land primary productivity across Europe (Hector et al. 1999), while the diversity of soil microbes has affected functioning in some experiments (van der Heijden et al. 1998b) but not in others (Mikola and Seta.la 1998a).
Implementations of the renormalization group
Authors: Yeomans J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 8 we gave an introduction to the formalism of the renormalization group. A renormalization transformation changes the scale of a system by a factor b. Systems at criticality flow to fixed points under the transformation and their critical exponents and scaling behaviour are determined by linearizing the recursion equations about the fixed point. The aim of this chapter is two-fold: firstly to illustrate these ideas by giving several examples of renormalization group transformations and secondly to demonstrate the ways in which they can be used to calculate critical properties. Our examples are divided into three classes. In Section 9.1, we shall consider a one-dimensional model where the recursion relations can be written down exactly. The drawback of this as a canonical example is that any critical behaviour is at zero temperature. The decimation transformation presented in one dimension is an example of a real-space transformation and the second task, in Section 9.2, is to show how these may be used approximately to treat models in higher dimensions. Thirdly, in Section 9.5, we shall mention the E-expansion where the renormalization takes place in momentum space. This enables an understanding of the crossover to mean-field behaviour. However, the formalism is somewhat involved and the details are beyond the scope of this book.
X-Ray Scattering and Absorption by Magnetic Materials
Authors: Lovesey S W , Collins S P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book devoted to the use of X-ray beam techniques to study magnetic properties of materials. It covers both experimental and theoretical issues. The three main topics are dichroism, elastic scattering (both non-resonant and resonant diffraction) and spectroscopy. In the past decade there has been an expansion of activity in the field, driven by the availability of intense, tuneable and highly polarized X-ray beams from synchrtron facilities. The pace of events is likely to continue with the start of new (3rd generation) facilities, including the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, and the Advanced Light Source, Argonne National Laboratory. USA.
Theoretical framework
Authors: Lovesey S W , Collins S P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At various points in the book, e.g. § §1.1, 4.2.4, we have mentioned that there is a unifying concept in photon absorption and scattering, in so much as they are derived from a common scattering amplitude. The latter is the bedrock of a theoretical framework, firmly based on quantum electrodynamics, for the interpretation at an atomic level of detail of the measured signals. In consequence, it is appropriate to devote a chapter to a discussion of the scattering amplitude, and the measurable quantities derived from it, namely the attenuation coefficient, and elastic and inelastic cross-sections.
Magnetic Measurements
Authors: Chikazumi Sōshin , Graham, Jr C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are various methods of producing magnetic fields. The appropriate method depends on the intensity, the volume, and the uniformity (in space and in time) of the field required. In this book, magnetic fields are measured in amperes per meter (Am−1 ), although for high magnetic fields the tesla (T) is a more convenient unit. For conversion factors between Am−1 and Oe or T, see Appendix 6.
Ferromagnetism
Authors: Chikazumi Sōshin , Graham, Jr C D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The termferromagnetismis used to characterize strongly magnetic behavior, such as the strong attraction of a material to a permanent magnet. The origin of this strong magnetism is the presence of a spontaneous magnetization produced by a parallel alignment of spins. Instead of a parallel alignment of all the spins, there can be an anti-parallel alignment of unequal spins. This also results in a spontaneous magnetization, which we callferrimagnetism.In this book we describe either of these cases, both of which lead to the presence of spontaneous magnetization, as ferromagnetism in a wide sense; this term then includes both ferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism. In this section we discuss the origin and nature of ferromagnetism in a narrow sense.
Quarks Bound by Chiral Fields
Authors: Ripka Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure of light hadrons is dominated by the spontaneously broken chiral symmetry of the strongly interacting (QCD) vacuum. Low energy properties of light hadrons can be described in terms of quarks interacting with chiral fields. This book gives a comprehensive account of a large class of models which describe the restoration of chiral symmetry at high temperature and density, the effective interactions between quarks, mesons as solutions of the Beth-Salpeter equation, and baryons in terms of solitons which rotate in flavor space. An in-depth analysis of regularization is given, including regularization by delocalized fields. Symmetry conserving approximations are formulated using both path integral and Feynmann graph methods. The style is pedagogical and well suited to graduate and PhD students who want to learn the techniques used in present day research. It can also serve as a reference for research and lecture courses.
Microstructure and magnetic domains
Authors: Hadjipanayis G C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hard magnetic materials are characterized by large coercive fields. The progress in developing coercivity has been remarkable [Liv80]; values have increased from 20 kA/m in magnet steels to over 3 MA/min SmCo5 [Str78, Liv81] and 18 MA/m in SmCos- xNi x at cryogenic temperatures [Oes78]. Advances have been achieved by an interplay between theoretical models, experimental measurements and microstructure studies, all aimed at understanding the mechanisms of magnetization reversal.