bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of nickel and copper on growth and mycorrhiza of Scots pine seedlings inoculated with Gremmeniella abietina
Authors: Ahonen‐Jonnarth U. , Roitto M. , Markkola A. M. , Ranta H. , Neuvonen S. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryScots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were planted in soil originating from two localities with different background levels of nickel and copper. In addition, some of the seedlings were exposed to additional nickel (20.5 mg Ni/l of soil) or copper (63.5 mg Cu/l of soil), or a combination of both Ni and Cu, via soil without direct shoot exposure during their second growing period. The seedlings were either irrigated with spring water (pH 6) or got only natural rain during the whole field experiment. All seedlings were inoculated with conidia of a shoot‐pathogen Gremmeniella abietina during their third growing season, and harvested the following spring. Lengths of shoots of different year‐classes were used as growth estimates. In roots, the proportion of fungal (assumedly mycorrhizal) biomass was estimated by measuring ergosterol concentration. Guajacol peroxidase activity was measured. Short roots were classified into two groups according to their condition and the composition of the mycorrhizal community was expressed as a proportion of morphotypes in the roots. The seedlings exposed to additional Ni had higher shoot growth than the seedlings in the other treatments. The mean Ni concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Ni was 79 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 16 p.p.m. Additional Ni also decreased the frequency of clearly senescent short roots and the proportion of the mycorrhizal morphotype with the thinnest mantle. These results indicate that the Ni exposure levels used in this experiment had some positive effects on the seedlings. The relative fungal biomass was about 6% lower (p = 0.0981) in the fine roots of seedlings treated with additional Cu. The mean Cu concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Cu was 256 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 29 p.p.m. Peroxidase activity, which was used as a general stress indicator in this study, was not affected by any of the treatments. The shoot growth and the relative biomass of fungi in the fine roots were positively correlated in all seedlings, and this correlation was stronger in seedlings exposed to additional Ni that were not irrigated compared with seedlings not exposed to additional Ni that were irrigated. The frequency of asymptomatic infections of G. abietina was positively correlated with the proportion of senescent short roots in the irrigated seedlings but not in not‐irrigated seedlings. The general condition of seedlings may be an important factor for infection by G. abietina when moisture is high enough for the fungi to infect seedlings by conidia.
Screening wild cherry (Prunus avium) for resistance to bacterial canker by laboratory and field tests
Authors: Santi F. , Russell K. , Ménard M. , Dufour J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryCurrently, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a major cause of dieback and tree death in wild cherry (Prunus avium) plantations. The evaluation of breeding collections is needed to produce less susceptible clones or cultivars. Resistance tests were performed using excised shoots (1 and 2 years old) from 79 clones in the laboratory. A subset of 10 clones was also tested in the field. The clones were inoculated with four to seven isolates of a set of 15 isolates of P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. syringae pv. avii and P. fluorescens. In the laboratory tests, older and larger shoots were more susceptible. In the field test, size and age of the shoots were not related to girdling by the bacterial canker. Two‐year‐old shoots were best for clonal discrimination. Correlations between 1 and 2‐year‐old shoots were significant but not high. The isolates varied a lot between experiments, but as the clone × isolate interactions were always low, breeding could thus be facilitated. The ranking of clones was conserved quite well between two laboratory tests, but not between two others. Good agreement was found for the best clones in the laboratory tests and in the field test. However, the two worst clones in the latter were among the best in one laboratory test. At least two independent tests in the laboratory are needed to evaluate resistance/susceptibility of clones. Broad sense heritability for resistance varied from 0.27 to 0.51. Although moderate, such heritability clearly encourages a breeding approach to reduce the problem of bacterial canker.
Pathogenic ice‐nucleation active bacteria in willows for short rotation forestry
Authors: Nejad P. , Ramstedt M. , Granhall U. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryExtensive sampling of endophytically growing bacteria from shoots of diseased Salix viminalis clones were performed in trials at two experimental sites in central Sweden. Field, greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to identify and characterize the plant‐associated bacteria and determine their possible role in the severe dieback appearing in short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations in Sweden during the last few years. The most frequently isolated types were found to be non‐fluorescent Pseudomonas fluorescens (biotype A, C, G) and Sphingomonas spp. (23%). Erwinia spp., P. fluorescens, P. syringae and Xanthomonas spp. each constituted 11–14% of the bacterial isolates respectively. After biochemical characterization and screening for ice‐nucleation activity (INA) 78 of the originally 279 isolated bacterial strains were selected for pathogenicity tests and further analyses. Of the 78 selected isolates, 95% were found to be pathogenic, giving different degrees of necrotic reactions after inoculation to Salix plants. Half of these pathogens (46%) also showed strong INA (at temperatures between −2.5 and −5°C). With respect to both isolation frequency, clonal distribution in the field, ice‐nucleation ability and necrotic reactions of willow in laboratory tests, we consider the following types to be the most important pathogens in the field: Erwinia spp., P. syringae, Sphingomonas/P. fluorescens spp. (biotype A, C, G) and Xanthomonas spp. Reported damage and dieback in many SRF‐plantations are, according to our results, very likely to be a consequence of bacterial infections, particularly of pathogenic INA‐strains, which both initiate freezing stress and aggravate the frost damage of plants by subsequent invasion of plant tissues leading to complete death of plants under field conditions.
Influence of d‐lactate on Metabolic Acidosis and on Prognosis in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhoea
Authors: Lorenz I. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThree hundred bucket‐fed diarrhoeic calves up to the age of 21 days were used to investigate the degree in which d‐lactic acid contributes to metabolic acidosis in bucket‐fed calves with naturally acquired neonatal diarrhoea. Fifty‐five percent of all diarrhoeic calves had serum d‐lactate concentrations higher than 3 mmol/l. Mean (±SD) d‐lactate values were 5.7 mmol/l (±5.3, median: 4.1 mmol/l). d‐lactate values were distributed over the entire range of detected values from 0 to 17.8 mmol/l in calves with base excess of −10 to −25 mmol/l. Serum d‐lactate concentration was higher in patients with ruminal acidosis (6.6 ± 5.2 mmol/l; median: 5.9 mmol/l) than in those with physiological rumen pH (5.3 ± 5.4 mmol/l; median: 3.7 mmol/l). There was no evidence of a correlation (r = 0.051) between the serum levels of d‐lactate and creatinine (as an indicator of dehydration). d‐lactate was correlated significantly with both base excess (r = −0.685) and anion gap (r = 0.647). The proportion of cured patients was not significantly different between the groups with elevated (>3 mmol/l) and normal serum d‐lactate concentrations. This study shows that hyper‐d‐lactataemia occurs frequently in diarrhoeic calves, has no impact on prognosis but may contribute to the clinical picture associated with metabolic acidosis in these animals.
Immunohistochemical Studies Concerning the Neuronal Cell Cycle of the Cat using PCNA, Ki‐67 and p53 Markers
Authors: Gruber A. , Schmidt P. , Url A. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryRecent studies about parvovirus replication in mature neurones of cats indicate that even feline neurones do not seem to be terminally differentiated. For further determination of the proliferative capability of feline neurones, an immunohistochemical study investigating the neuronal expression of the cell cycle‐related proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki‐67 and p53 was initiated. Brains of 50 cats of different age and gender, dying of various diseases, were examined. Strong PCNA clone PC10 expression could be observed in neurones of the cerebellar cortex and the vestibular nuclei, whereas entorhinal cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus and cerebral cortex revealed only weak immunolabelling. The PCNA clone 19F4 labelled numerous neurones in vestibular nuclei and some Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Nuclear expression of Ki‐67 was sporadic in the vestibular nuclei, but p53 expression could not be detected anywhere in the feline brain. However, the presence of nuclear PCNA and Ki‐67 expression indicates that certain feline neurones are capable of re‐entering the cell cycle.
Congenital Bovine Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta: A Report of Three Cases from Iran
Authors: Dalir‐Naghadeh B. , Seifi H. A. , Farshid A. A. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryEpitheliogenesis imperfecta is a recessive hereditary condition characterized by the congenital missing of epithelium on the skin and oral mucosa. These lesions vary in size and location but usually consist of irregular patches of discontinuity of hair and squamous epithelium of skin usually on the distal extremities. Affected calves may also have patchy missing epithelium in the oral mucosa and tongue. The defect is usually incompatible with life. In this report, clinical, gross and histopathogical findings of epitheliogenesis imperfecta were described in two neonatal calves and one stillborn calf. Absence of epithelium over extensive areas of limbs, muzzle, nostrils, tongue, hard palate, cheeks and esophagus were among the remarkable findings.
Kidney Pathology in Non‐obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle
Authors: Ozmen O. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe objectives of the present study were to investigate the gross and histopathological findings in non‐obstructive urolithiasis. Pathological examinations were carried out on 102 cattle kidneys with non‐obstructive urolithiasis. The common gross lesions were cyst formations in the kidney lobes, hyperaemia and haemorrhage. The weight of the stones differed from 0.02 to 237.44 g and the colour changed brown to white. The calculi had different shapes. At histopathological examination of the kidneys slight to severe mononuclear cell infiltrations were commonly observed. Haemorrhage and connective tissue proliferations were also seen. Neutrophil leucocyte infiltrations caused by pyelonephritis were observed in some cases and multiple stone formations were found in these cases. Widening of the Bowman's space was a common histopathological finding especially when the stones were big or the inflammatory reaction was severe. Calcium deposits and eosinophylic material were found in the medullary tubules and pelvis renalis lumens in some kidneys. Giant cell formations around the stone reactions were rarely observed. Hyperplasia of the pelvis renalis and tubulus epithelium was another finding which occurred seldom. Whereas sand‐like material accumulation seen in urinary bladders in some cases, no obstruction was observed in the urinary canal in this study.
Working Practices of Cattle Foot Trimmers Used for Footcare in Dairy Cattle Compared with Those of Veterinary Surgeons for Treatment of Lameness in Large Animal Practice
Authors: O'Callaghan Lowe K. A. , Murray R. D. , Cripps P. J. , Ward W. R. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA questionnaire was sent to 270 veterinary surgeons and 135 cattle foot trimmers, investigating their perceptions on lameness and associated pain, with particular emphasis on dairy cattle. Response rates were 58 and 51%, respectively, but the number of respondents fully answering each question varied. Cattle foot trimming methods, opinions on pain associated with lameness and methods used to control pain were investigated. Responses of both groups were compared. No veterinary surgeon attended more than 50 lame cattle per month. The ‘Dutch Method’ of foot trimming was always used by 47% of veterinary respondents and 89% of trimmers. Both groups considered lameness to be potentially painful. Orthopaedic shoes were used by 79% of responding veterinary surgeons and 97% of trimmers (P < 0.001) to alleviate weightbearing by diseased digits. Housing lame cows on straw was regularly recommended by approximately one‐third of both groups. Around a third of veterinary surgeons used local anaesthetics when treating lame cattle. Only 27% used analgesics when treating lame cattle.
High‐tech rural clinics and hospitals in Japan: a comparison to the Japanese average
Authors: Matsumoto Masatoshi , Okayama Masanobu , Inoue Kazuo , Kajii Eiji 
Published: December 2004

AbstractContext:  Japanese medical facilities are noted for being heavily equipped with high‐tech equipment compared to other industrialised countries. Rural facilities are anecdotally said to be better equipped than facilities in other areas due to egalitarian health resource diffusion policies by public sectors whose goal is to secure fair access to modern medical technologies among the entire population. Objectives:  To show the technology status of rural practice and compare it to the national level. Design:  Nationwide postal survey. Setting, Subjects & Interventions:  Questionnaires were sent to the directors of 1362 public hospitals and clinics (of the 1723 municipalities defined as ‘rural’ by four national laws). Information was collected about the technologies they possessed. The data were compared with figures from a national census of all hospitals and clinics. Results:  A total of 766 facilities responded (an effective response rate of 56%). Rural facilities showed higher possession rates in most comparable technologies than the national level. It is noted that almost all rural hospitals had gastroscopes and colonoscopes and their possession rates of bronchoscopes and dialysis equipment were twice as high as the national level. The discrepancy in possession rates between rural and national was even more remarkable in clinics than in hospitals. Rural clinics owned twice as many abdominal ultrasonographs, and three times as many gastroscopes, colonoscopes, defibrillators and computed tomography scanners as the national level. Conclusions:  Rural facilities are equipped with more technology than urban ones. Government‐led, tax based, technology diffusion in the entire country seems to have attained its goal. What is already known on this subject:  As a general tendency in both developing and developed countries, rural medical facilities are technologically less equipped than their urban counterparts. What does this paper add?:  In Japan, rural medical facilities are technologically better equipped than urban facilities.
Lucian Leape on Patient Safety in U.S. Hospitals
Authors: Buerhaus Peter I. 
Published: December 2004

Purpose:

To describe and discuss the status of patient safety in U.S. hospitals.
Methods:

Personal interview. This report is part of a series of discussions with a leading expert on patient safety.
Findings and Conclusions:

Some improvements have been made in the past 10 years. But changes have not been adequate. Continuing barriers include the punitive environment in hospitals, physicians' denial of the scope of the problem, lack of national leadership, and lack of systems thinking.
Phase II Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Heavily Pretreated Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients
Authors: Lorusso D. , Naldini A. , Testa A. , D’Agostino G. , Scambia G. , Ferrandina G. 
Published: December 2004

<i>Objective:</i> Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has shown promising activity in the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer but skin toxicity remains the dose-limiting toxicity of the drug. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a different treatment schedule may improve the toxicity profile, especially in terms of dermatological and mucosal toxicity. <i>Methods:</i> It is an open-label phase II study in a population of heavily pretreated ovarian cancer patients. PLD was administered at the dose of 35 mg/m<sup>2</sup> q21 until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. <i>Results:</i> Thirty-seven heavily pretreated (median number of previous chemotherapy regimens 2, range 1–6) ovarian cancer patients were enrolled. All patients received at least two courses of chemotherapy and all were evaluated for response. No one showed complete response, while five partial responses (13.5%), 16 stabilizations of disease (48.6%) and 14 progressions of disease (37.8%) were observed. The median time to response was 12 weeks (range 8–16). The median duration of response was 22.8 weeks (range 4–68), the median duration of stabilization of disease was 17.6 weeks (range 4–28). Palmar plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE) occurred in 8 patients (21.6%) and was of grade 3 in one patient (2.8%). Grade 1 stomatitis occurred in 3 patients (8.1%). Grade 3–4 neutropenia occurred in only 4 patients (10.8%). <i>Conclusions:</i> PLD at the dose of 35 mg/m<sup>2</sup> q21 seems to translate into an acceptable skin toxicity profile with a response rate comparable to others obtained with a standard schedule.
Imprisonment in Pre-Classical and Classical Islamic Law
Authors: Schneider Irene 
Published: December 2004

AbstractImprisonment, a generally accepted form of punishment in modern legal systems, existed also in Islamic law in the pre-classical and classical periods (second-sixth/eighth-thirteenth centuries), although Muslim jurists devoted only limited attention to the subject and Islamicists have largely ignored it. Muslim jurists of pre-classical and classical times concentrated their attention on pre-trial and administrative detention, especially imprisonment for debt. The jurists mention punitive detention as a supplementary measure that was enacted mostly in conjunction with corporal punishments (ḥudūd and taʿzīr). Because state authorities established a monopoly over criminal jurisdiction at a very early stage, it is possible that punitive detention played a more important role in practice than it did in theory. However, inasmuch as I found only a few examples in historical sources, it seems safe to conclude that punitive detention did not have the same status in pre-modern Islamic law that it does in modern law.
Al-Nawawī's Typology of Muftīs and its Significance for a General Theory of Islamic Law
Authors: Calder Norman 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis essay offers, in Section 2, a translation of al-Nawawī's presentation of the hierarchy of Muftīs. The context of the passage and its terminology and arguments are explored in the other Sections in order to assess their implications for the general character of Islamic juristic activities. Section 1 identifies two themes central to the text, namely loyalty to madhhab and differentiation of the task of the teaching jurist and the muftī. The first of these is elaborated in Section 3, which points to formal qualities of presentation and argument which assert the hermeneutical continuity of the school tradition; and in Section 4, which deals with the pivotal role of the founding imām in the legitimation of the school tradition. Section 5 takes up the terms taqlīd and ijtihād and shows that al-Nawawī's usage points towards a complex resolution of the recent debate about the open/closed door of ijtihād. The last Section returns to the original two themes to make two suggestions: (1) that taqlīd may be assessed as a principal of vitality within a hermeneutical tradition; (2) that the author-jurist (not the practising muftī) is the dominant creative agent within the ongoing juristic traditions.
Systematic Changes of Northern Hemisphere Ozone and Their Relationship to Random Interannual Changes
Authors: Salby Murry L. , Callaghan Patrick F. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Northern Hemisphere ozone underwent a monotonic decline during the 1980s and 1990s. Systematic changes associated with that trend are shown to have a close relationship to random changes of ozone. These two components of interannual variability share a common structure. In it, ozone changes at high latitude are compensated at low latitude by changes of opposite sign. The out-of-phase relationship between ozone changes at high and low latitudes is consistent with a change of the residual mean circulation of the stratosphere, and so is the seasonality of systematic changes. Compensating trends at high and low latitudes amplify simultaneously—during winter, when the polar-night vortex is disturbed by planetary waves that force residual motion. Analogous relationships are obeyed by Northern Hemisphere temperature. The strong resemblance between systematic and random changes of Northern Hemisphere ozone implies that a major portion of its decline during the 1980s and 1990s involved a systematic weakening of the residual circulation.
Anomalous forcing of the residual circulation is strongly correlated to random changes of ozone, which in turn have the same structure as systematic changes. The magnitude and structure of the ozone trend are broadly consistent with the climate sensitivity of ozone with respect to a change of the residual circulation. Derived from random changes over a large population of winters, the climate sensitivity implies an ozone trend quite similar to the observed trend, but with about two-thirds of its magnitude. When account is taken of both the anomalous residual circulation and anomalous photochemistry, the climate sensitivity of ozone reproduces the major structure as well as the magnitude of the observed trend.
Biomechanical and Kinematic Influences of a Total Infrapatellar Fat Pad Resection on the Knee
Authors: Bohnsack Michael , Wilharm Arne , Hurschler Christof , Rühmann Oliver , Stukenborg-Colsman Christina , Joachim Wirth Carl 
Published: December 2004

Background This biomechanical study was performed to evaluate the consequences of total infrapatellar fat pad resection on knee kinematics and patellar contact pressure. Hypothesis Resection of the infrapatellar fat pad produces significant changes in knee kinematics and patellar contact pressure. Study Design Biomechanical cadaveric study. Methods Isokinetic knee extension was simulated on 10 human knee cadaveric specimens (6 men, 4 women; mean age at death, 44 years). Joint kinematics were evaluated by an ultrasound-based 3D motion analysis system, and retro-patellar contact pressure was measured using an electronic pressure-sensitive film. All data were taken before and after resection of the infrapatellar fat pad and statistically analyzed. Results A total resection of the infrapatellar fat pad resulted in a significant decrease of the tibial external rotation relative to the femur between 63° of flexion and full knee extension (maximum: 3° rotation difference at 0° knee flexion, P = .011), combined with a significant medial translation of the patella between 29° and 69° of knee flexion (range, 0.9-1.3 mm, P = .017-.028). Retro-patellar contact pressure was significantly reduced (from 20% to 25%, P = .008-.021) at all flexion angles. Conclusion A resection of the infrapatellar fat influences patellar biomechanics and knee kinematics. Clinical Relevance The infrapatellar fat pad may have a biomechanical function and may play a role in anterior knee pain syndrome.