bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dowries And Daughters
Authors: Hills Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventual urbanism and architecture were fashioned by the weft and warp of daughters and dowries. The dowry system, the heart of the social ideology of this period, lurks behind and within convents’ high walls. It simultaneously generated the demand for conventual places for young women while excluding others, and it positioned daughters safely off-center in terms of inheritance while binding the fortunes of convents indissolubly to those of their inmates’ families.
Living Like Ladies: Conventual Patronage
Authors: Hills Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inside Naples’s grandest convents, nuns could live like ladies and behave like aristocratic barons. This chapter explores the social and economic arrangements that made this possible and shows how nuns used these resources to found convents and patronize art and architecture. Conventual incomes varied enormously. Many were rich, and some were very rich indeed. Property owners in their own right, convents received income from land leases (canoni), government bonds (luoghi di monte), perpetual bequests (legati perpetui), tax farms (arrendamenti), indirect taxes (gabelle), rents, real and personal estate, and charges for boarders (educande). Moveable property was their most important source of income. In 1642 it represented 79.5 percent of the income of S. Giuseppe delle Eremitane, 66.7 percent of that of S. Maria Donnaregina, 63.1 percent of S. Giovanni Battista’s income, and 61.4 percent of the Consolazione. Most convents owned substantial property within the city and beyond, including vineyards and mills. Real estate provided 53.9 percent of the total income of S. Andrea and 48.3 percent of that of S. Gregorio Armeno in 1642. Most convents rented out shops and houses in the city, often clustered around the convent itself, as at SS. Marcellino e Festo and the Consolazione. Rents, or property appropriated because of rent failure, constituted important financial resources. Significant income came, too, from bequests, especially frequent from nuns and their families.
Surface Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surface chemical kinetics encompass the time-dependent processes observed during equilibration between an adsorbate and the two phases it contacts. These processes are conditioned on pressure, temperature, composition, and whether the system observed is open (flowthrough reactor) or closed (batch reactor) with respect to the adsorptive. The time scales of observation vary widely, from microseconds to millennia, because the processes themselves equilibrate over a broad range of time scale, with ion exchange reactions generally being fastest and mineral dissolution reactions generally being slowest. A variety of experimental techniques and apparatus has been developed to address this variability and to provide quantitation of the kinetic species involved under controlled conditions.
Contemplation:The Spirituality of the Personal Narrative and Diary
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A Review of publications in the field of American religious history during the 1980s, Martin Marty noted the “astonishingly few titles to be noticed” under the rubric of “spirituality.”‘ This scholarly lacuna in what Marty otherwise refers to as “a decade of achievement” is difficult to explain in light of the recent boom in academic books on spirituality in Christendom and in world religions generally. Two imposing English-language book series, together comprising more than a hundred volumes, attest to both the depth and breadth of the current revival of scholarship in the field of spirituality.
Narration: Drama and Discernment in History of Redemption
Authors: McClymond Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History,” According To Edward Gibbon, “is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies and misfortunes of mankind.” Another eminent representative of the Enlightenment, Voltaire, said that “history is just the portrayal of crimes and misfortunes” and often is “no more than accepted fiction.”1 Such cynicism regarding history, expressed here by two of the leading secular minds of the eighteenth century, followed from a sense that human affairs are too muddled and multifarious to fit into any comprehensive scheme.2 Prima facie, there seems no reason to assume that history shows a grand plan rather than a disconnected series of unrelated episodes.
Abortion and the Emergence of Life
Authors: Goodman Lenn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have already intimated that our theory of deserts bears entailments with regard to the issue of abortion. What are those entailments? If beings deserve to be treated in accordance with what they are, does a human fetus deserve treatment as a full-fledged person, or does its empiric status limit its deserts? After all, no one urges the vote or the right to hold office for the as-yet unborn. I would argue that our approach yields something like the middle ground that many have been seeking between the polarized extremes of the ongoing abortion struggle. The desire for such a middle ground is expressed in calls for tolerance and the avoidance of extreme and inflammatory rhetoric on all sides of the dispute. Such irenic postures are hard come by in a polemic that pits the absolute claims of individual freedom and protection from the threat of an “alien” or “invading” organism against the claims of fetal personhood and the myth of instantaneous ensoulment.
On Liberty Reconsidered
Authors: Goodman Lenn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Timelessness is the signature of revelation in Judaism. Thus an ancient gloss on the Amidah’s striking phrase Attah gibbor le-’olam, “Thou art mighty eternally,” explains that God’s voice does not dwindle over time. One way for the Mosaic canon to make good its revelatory claims and for the rabbinic tradition to validate its grasp on an inspired continuity with Mosaic revelation is by demonstrating its timeless relevance.
Anharmonic Properties and the Equation of State
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general form of this function is clear from a consideration of some simple observations on the condensation of gases and on the compressibility of solids. Since cooling a gas reduces the kinetic energy of its atoms, this means that when they are far apart the atoms attract one another. At high temperatures the attractive forces are not strong enough to overcome the kinetic energy, but as the temperature is lowered the kinetic energy decreases, the attractive forces take over, and condensation occurs. But at very large distances from each other, the attractive forces must be small. Thus, we infer an attractive force between atoms that increases in strength as the atoms come closer together.
Critical Exponents and the Renormalization Group
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order-disorder transition and ferromagnetism have their origins in quite different manifestations of atomic interactions and are exhibited in quite different kinds of material. But, as shown in chapter 9, both can be described by the Ising model with considerable success. In fact, there are other phenomena that are different from either magnetism or order-disorder that can also be described by similar models. These include adsorption of atoms or molecules on surfaces, absorption of gases in solids, and the attachment of impurities to dislocation cores. A simple description of such phenomena is provided by the lattice gas model, and this model is easily shown to be equivalent to the Ising model. The fact that the same model can describe such varied systems implies that there are some important similarities among them that do not depend on the specific nature of the systems or the interaction energies involved. This, in fact, turns out to be the case and is most clearly apparent in the neighborhood of critical points. The statistical mechanics of the lattice gas is described in appendix 7, and specific applications are given in chapter 12. Here, the model and its connection to the Ising model are described.
Diffusion in Simple Crystals
Authors: Girifalco Louis A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenological description of diffusion is embodied in Fick’s two laws, which are empirical statements that relate the diffusive flow of matter to concentration gradients. To illustrate these laws, consider a single-phase dilute binary alloy in which the constituents are inhomogeneously distributed and let C be the concentration of the minor constituent. The concentration is a function of position and time and the concentration gradient induces a flow of matter. Fick’s first law states that the flux of the diffusing species in a given direction has a magnitude proportional to the concentration gradient in that direction. That is, if j1 is the flux along the x1 axis, then where D1 is a proportionality factor called the diffusion coefficient. The negative sign expresses the fact that diffusion occurs from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration.
But Does God Exist?
Authors: Brockelman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now have such a long tradition of treating God as a hypothetical inference rather than a directly encountered phenomenon ubiquitous to human experience that readers are bound to ask the familiar question, “Does God exist?” What is it that we encounter in wonder? If wonder is the experience of God as the inexplicable and therefore mysterious power of things to exist, how does that happen? Obviously, we don’t “see,” “hear,” or “touch” God in the ordinary sense of those words. What then? How do we perceive him? What are we encountering in wonder? And when it does happen, are we experiencing a reality or a mere figment of human imagination, a construct of the human need and desire for meaning projected on a mute and meaningless nature? These questions presuppose several basic beliefs and attitudes toward life-in other words hermeneutical assumptions that we have inherited from the Enlightenment, for the most part unquestioned assumptions that deeply characterize our modern culture.
Within Sight of the Promised Land
Authors: Brockelman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are living on an obscure but beautiful planet in an equally obscure solar system on the Orion arm of the Milky Way. There are billions of other suns in this single galaxy, not to mention the universe. The earth of course is our immediate home, and it seems to have provided an appropriate milieu for our evolution and the recent opportunity to understand the more encompassing universe of which we are part. Like Moses and his people wandering in the desert, we seem unquestionably on the way, on the way toward something, perhaps a fresher and brighter future, perhaps our own form of “promised land.”
Foreign Powers Plutarch and Discourses of Domination in Roman Greece
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch’s position as a wealthy Greek, living in a Hellas under Roman rule in the late first to early second centuries A.D., has often been stressed as a factor in his thinking. Reconciling the glories of the past with the mundane subjection of his present has frequently been pinpointed as an inspiration of Plutarch’s intellectual project. Indeed, in the large and varied body of his preserved work we have almost unparalleled access to the views of a member of the provincial elite, offering a personal glimpse of the impact of the Roman empire.
Closed Timelike Curves in a Gödelian Universe
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“We’ve got to be careful,” Constantia says. “People are thieves. They’re selling ancient artifacts. Valuable ones. The newspapers are talking of black markets in Babylonian clay tablets, Mayan and Costa Rican jade ornaments, and gold eagle pendants from the Veraguas area of Panama. They look so new that they could all be fakes. No one knows for sure if they’re actually stolen from the past.” You nod, trying to ignore the stench coming from Mr. Veil’s meal. “We’ve got to hurry with our lessons.
Marriage in Men’s Lives
Authors: Nock Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two marriages in every marital union, his and hers. Men and women live in worlds that are organized around gender, and their marriages reflect differing realities. As life companions, they respond to each other; but they also respond to the cultural definitions of what it means to be a husband and a wife. What has fascinated social and behavioral scientists for several years, however, is not only that husbands' and wives' experiences are different, but also that 'his' marriage is better than 'hers'. Numerous findings have reported that married men are better off than married women on measures of both physical and mental health, but the reasons are not yet fully understood. In Marriage in Men's Lives Dr. Nock proposes an explanation to this issue. He focuses on marriage as a system of rules, customs, and expectations. The book shows that marriage changes men on basic dimensions of achievement, participation in public social life, and philanthropy because marriage reinforces such behaviors as part of adult masculinity. Men in modern society crave well-being, comfort, luxury, and prestige, and marriage affords a means of achieving these things within circumscribed legitimate boundaries. Using a huge data base of over 6,000 interviews with men the author has studied since 1979, Nock draws some interesting and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of marriage, and predicts that marriage is definitely here to stay.
Introduction
Authors: Nock Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My goal in this book is to answer two questions: How and why does marriage change men? The many beneficial effects of marriage are well-known. Married people are generally healthier; they live longer, earn more, have better mental health and better sex lives, and are happier than their unmarried counterparts. Further, married individuals have lower rates of suicide, fatal accidents, acute and chronic illnesses, alcoholism, and depression than other people (Crago, 1972; Crum, Helzer, and Anthony, 1993; Ernster, Sacks, Selvin, and Petrakis, 1979; Layne and Whitehead, 1985; Lillenfield, Levin, and Kessler, 1972; Lynch, 1977; Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 1957; Morowitz, 1975; Pearlin and Johnson, 1977; Smith, Mercy, and Conn, 1988; Stack, 1992; Verbrugge, 1979; see Waite, 1995, for a review). Some disagreement may exist about the magnitude of such effects, but they are almost certainly the result of marriage, rather than self-selection. Married people do not simply appear to be better off than unmarried people; rather, marriage changes people in ways that produce such benefits (Coombs, 1991).
The History of Physics A Series of Unifications
Authors: Klein Étienne , Lachièze-Rey Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for unity did more than just bring about the birth physics. It has remained at the forefront physicists’ preoccupations ever since. Perhaps it is only a dream, but it has nevertheless captured an enormous amount of attention during the course of the centuries, and often with dramatic results. The few examples we are about to review in this chapter should inspire us to be more circumspect about the current state of physics and its prospects for a more profound unification. The rise of modem physics is best summed up as a series of unifications.
George Washington’s Mount Vernon
Authors: Dalzell Robert F , Dalzell Lee Baldwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Washington's Mount Vernon brings together--for the first time--the details of Washington's 45-year endeavor to build and perfect Mount Vernon. In doing so it introduces us to a Washington few of his contemporaries knew, and one little noticed by historians since. Here we meet the planter/patriot who also genuinely loved building, a man passionately human in his desire to impress on his physical surroundings the stamp of his character and personal beliefs. As chief architect and planner of the countless changes made at Mount Vernon over the years, Washington began by imitating accepted models of fashionable taste, but as time passed he increasingly followed his own ideas. Hence, architecturally, as the authors show, Mount Vernon blends the orthodox and the innovative in surprising ways, just as the new American nation would. Equally interesting is the light the book sheds on the process of building at Mount Vernon, and on the people--slave and free--who did the work. Washington was a demanding master, and in their determination to preserve their own independence his workers often clashed with him. Yet, as the Dalzells argue, that experience played a vital role in shaping his hopes for the future of American society--hope that embraced in full measure the promise of the revolution in which he had led his fellow citizens. George Washington's Mount Vernon thus compellingly combines the two sides of Washington's life--the public and the private--and uses the combination to enrich our understanding of both. Gracefully written, with more than 80 photographs, maps, and engravings, the book tells a fascinating story with memorable insight.
Time, Evil, Authority
Authors: O’leary Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter advanced the claim that the essential topoi of apocalyptic discourse are authority, time, and evil, and that this discourse functions as a symbolic theodicy, a mythical and rhetorical solution intended to “solve” the problem of evil through its discursive construction of temporality: To support and explicate this claim, it is necessary to define what is meant by the term topoi in the context of this study, and to examine the problems of authority, time, and evil as they appear from the perspective of topical argument.
Job The Silent
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This remarkable work offers a brilliantly original reading of the book of Job, one of the great classics of biblical literature, and in the process develops a new formula for understanding how biblical texts evolve in the process of transmission. Zuckerman presents the thesis that the book of Job was intended as a parody the stereotypical righteous sufferer. In his most extended analogy, Zuckerman compares the book of Job and its fate to that of a famous Yiddish short story, ‘Bontshe Shvayg’, another covert parody whose protagonist has come to be revered as a paradigm of innocent Jewish suffering. The history of this story is used to show how a literary text becomes separated from the intention of its author, and comes to have a quite different meaning for a specific community of readers.
The Akedah Model
Authors: Zuckerman Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunately, there is an important precedent to which we can tum for guidance. The situation noted above for Job is not an isolated case: There is another righteous biblical figure, tested by God, whose circumstance is relevant to our inquiry-the Abraham of Genesis 22, the Akedah.8 For here, too, we find a similar curious situation: The biblical account makes an emphatic point of telling us that although God commanded Abraham to sacrifice his son, He dispatched-just in time-an angel to stay the patriarch from his dreadful deed. In fact, the countermanding charge constitutes the climax of the biblical story: “Do not lay your hand on the boy, and do not do anything to him!” (Gen. 22:12).
Aphrodite, Ancestor of king
Authors: Moon Beverly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient Greek art and literature the goddess Aphrodite is praised for her beauty and her power to awaken love. As the standard of feminine comeliness, many a beautiful woman was compared to her, Helen’s daughter, for example, the “rose-lipped Hermione, a girl like the palegold goddess Aphrodite” (Odyssey 4.14-15). Yet Aphrodite’s ability to awaken desire did not depend on beauty alone. She possessed a magical amulet covered with potent symbols that made the bearer irresistible: “the passion of sex is there; and the whispered endearment that steals the heart away, even from the thoughtful” (Iliad 14.216-217).
Sovereignty and the Great gooddess of Japan
Authors: Brown Delmer M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than 1,300 years Japanese sovereignty has been sanctified by the most powerful of Japanese deities, the Great Goddess Amaterasu (Amaterasu Omikami). Sanctification comes in two special ways: first, by making certain that each emperor or empress of Japan is a person born in the “single and unbroken” line of descent from the Great Goddess; second, by making certain that each occupant of the throne celebrates a Great Enthronement Ceremony (daijo-sai) in which the spirit of the Great Goddess enters the occupant’s body and makes him or her the sacred sovereign of Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Sands Kathleen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Americans have subjected ourselves to many a public conjunction of religion and sex. First came the Moral Majority in 1979, the rise of the Religious Right, and the minting of family values as the new currency of politics. Religious and moral values were invoked by Supreme Court justices in 1986 when they decided that homosexual sodomy was not entitled to constitutional privacy. Since the Defense of Marriage Act became federal law in 1996, religious authority has been called upon by social conservatives as they attempt, state by state, to legislate an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage. Opposition to sex education in public schools has become a key organizational point for the Religious Right, which often establishes school boards as its local base. Abortion and gay rights remain the social issues in regard to which religious groups are most politically visible and have become ideologically (if not logically) linked with the whole agenda of religious conservatism, from school prayer to reduced taxation and diminished government. In the 1990s teen pregnancy and single motherhood in general have been invested with tremendous social significance and, particularly with the Personal Responsibility Act of 1996, remanded to the special care of “faith-based” organizations.
Why Sexual Regulation?: Family Values and Social Movements
Authors: Jakohsen Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are ‘“family values”? Invocations of “family values” have become virtually ubiquitous in mainstream U.S. political discourse, so much so that their meaning has become “common sense.” There is apparently no need for anyone to specify what is meant by the term and from its various and sundry uses it can mean anything and everything. Such elasticity and elusiveness in meaning is often the case with powerful symbols, and the political power of ““family values” was more than evident in the Republican victories in the 1994 congressional elections. Although this historically important victory was not followed by the election of a Republican in the presidential elections of 1996, it did bring about a Republican control of Congress that signaled the denouement of both the New Deal and Great Society programs as frameworks for federal government in the United States Moreover, much of the rhetoric of the 1994 victory was taken up by candidates across the political spectrum, such that in the 1996 elections ““family values” was espoused by both political parties.