bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Monastic Renaissance at St Albans is a study of intellectual life at the abbey of St Albans - one of Britain's greatest Benedictine monasteries - during the lifetime of Thomas Walsingham (c.1340-1422), one of the most prolific scholars of the later middle ages. It has always been assumed that the monasteries fell into decline long before the dissolution and that cultural and intellectual activities were largely abandoned as the monks surrendered themselves to high living and low morals. This study challenges this view. Drawing on a wide variety of manuscript sources, it shows that education, independent study, and even the co-ordinated copying of books continued to flourish at St Albans (and its affiliate houses) for much of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. In fact the abbey emerged as one of the country's most influential centres of learning, a clearing-house for books and ideas in Ricardian and Lancastrian England. Thomas Walsingham himself played a key part in this renaissance in monastic studies; his works were copied and circulated throughout the St Albans network and his influence acted upon the next generation of monastic readers and writers. Walsingham was not only a compiler of contemporary chronicles but also a Classical scholar of extraordinary originality. His commentary on Ovid's Metamorphoses, his re-working of the histories of Alexander of Macedon and the Trojan War, and his Genealogia deorum gentilium, are discussed in detail here for the first time. Walsingham's interest in the Classics was shared by many of his St Albans colleagues, and they in turn were members of a wider circle of literary scholars, which included the London schoolmaster, John Seward. The work of these scholars, monastic and secular, points towards a revival of Classical and literary scholarship in England long before Italian humanism and other traces of the continental Renaissance first found their way into the country.
Patterns of Reading
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book collections at St Albans not only served the practical needs of the community in administration, education, and observance, but also under-pinned a programme of reading, reflection, and independent study pursued by many of the monks themselves. There had always been a place for such reading in the monastic horarium. Benedict himself had regarded daily reading primarily as a spiritual exercise, a source of nourishment for the Opus Dei, but later monastic reformers overlaid his concept of lectio divina with their own concerns about education, formation, and uniform observance.¹ With the advent of the monastic studia at the end of the thirteenth century the reading hours came to be regarded as a time for a wide range of intellectual activities as the canon of expressed it: ‘studendo, legendo librosque scribendo, corriegen-do, illuminando, ligando ‘.²
Classicism
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writings of Thomas Walsingham stimulated an interest in classical literature at St Albans which endured for much of the fifteenth century. Walsingham ‘s own writings remained popular, but the generation of monks that followed him were also attracted to new trends in classical scholarship, and in particular to the grammatical and rhetorical studies associated with the Italian humanists and their disciples. The first St Albans monk to show an interest in this new classicism, Simon Southerey, had actually worked alongside Walsingham, advising him on the revised version of the Archana deorum.¹
Personhood, Transcendence, Immanence
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may have heard the radio play; seen the TV series; and/or read the book The Hitchhikers ‘ Guide to the Galaxy. In one incident in that story, a computer that has been working away—for thousands of years if I remember correctly—on finding the answer to ‘the great question of life, the universe and everything ‘ dramatically reports that it has found the answer but worryingly warns those who are speaking to it that they won ‘t like it.
Creator of the World, Creator of Value
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You’ll remember that as well as agreeing over the essential properties of God, theists are also agreed that he has these accidental properties: he has the property of being creator of the world (that is to say the physical universe plus any non-physical things (other than himself) that might exist, e.g. souls or angels, if there are any); he has the property of being the creator of value for us; he has the property of having revealed himself to us; and he has the property of having offered us everlasting life.
The Argument from Reports of Apparent Miracles
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gospels tell us that Jesus was crucified, died, and was buried. So far, there’s nothing particu1arly unusual about their story. But the Gospels go on to tell us something else: that three days later, Jesus was raised from the dead. Surely only God could have performed such a feat; and thus surely the Gospels give us reason to believe that there’s a God; and indeed to believe that this God has endorsed one religion—Christianity—over and above the others. This is a version of the Argument from Reports of Apparent Miracles. Our friend David Hume is the most significant critic of this line of argument and in this chapter I’m going to be focusing on what he has to say. First, we have what I’m going to call Hume’s A Priori Argument Against the Rationality of Believing in Miracles on the Testimony of Others.
Sets, Properties, and Unrestricted Quantification
Authors: Linnebo Øystein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Call a quantifier unrestricted if it ranges over absolutely all things: not just over all physical things or all things relevant to some particular utterance or discourse but over absolutely everything there is. Prima facie, unrestricted quantification seems to be perfectly coherent. For such quantification appears to be involved in a variety of claims that all normal human beings are capable of understanding. For instance, some basic logical and mathematical truths appear to involve unrestricted quantification, such as the truth that absolutely everything is self-identical and the truth that the empty set has absolutely no members.
There’;s a Rule for Everything
Authors: McGee Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing in sociology is certain, but a sociological thesis that is about as sure as anything we’;ll find is that human beings use language to communicate, and one of the ways they accomplish this is by expressing judgments that are capable of being true or false. To understand how communication is possible, we have to understand what makes true statements true. The first duty of a theory of truth is to provide truth conditions that appropriately reflect speakers’; dispositions to assertion and denial and to assent and dissent.
Absolute Identity and Absolute Generality
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to tighten our grip on some issues about quantification by analogy with corresponding issues about identity on which our grip is tighter. We start with the issues about identity. In conversations between native speakers, words such as ‘same’; and ‘identical’; do not usually cause much difficulty. We take it for granted that others use them with the same sense as we do. If it is unclear whether numerical or qualitative identity is intended, a brief gloss such as ‘one thing not two’; for the former or ‘exactly alike’; for the latter removes the unclarity.
The policy of exclusion: repression in the Nazi state, 1933–1939
Authors: Wachsmann Nikolaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key elements of Nazi ideology and propaganda was the pledge to create a new Germany. This promise of national rebirth resonated particularly strongly in the early 1930s, when the Weimar Republic was shaken to the core by economic and political crisis. At the centre of the Nazi vision stood the ‘national community’, depicted as the complete opposite of the conflict-ridden Weimar society. In a widely publicized speech in January 1932, one year before his appointment as German chancellor, Adolf Hitler concluded that the resurgence of Germany depended on the creation of a ‘healthy, national, and strong’ community.
Painful Bodies Of Thought
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Still, there is an important way in which the image of Artaud as a marginal writer whose thought is revelatory of the dissolution of the thinking and linguistic subject does hold good. In countering certain conceptual myopia—thinking, for example, is not just the smooth, homogenous process that the Western tradition was long prone to dress it up as, but may instead be legitimately seen as subject to secret, hidden pressures exerted by linguistic and conceptual systems–Artaud allows repressed aspects of ideas and accounts to come to the fore.
Creating Identity And Meaning
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early Rodez period Artaud’s writing principally expounds his theologically dominated world view, and his letters treat mainly of angelic and demonic bodies and their relationship to his identity. But his correspondence is also concerned, at first parenthetically but with increasing purpose over the course of 1944, with how a philosophy of language might fit the theological superstructure.
Lexicographic evidence
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter (see Figure 3.1) explains how to design, acquire, and process a collection of linguistic data which will form the raw material for your dictionary. We will look first at citations and then – in greater detail – at lexicographic corpora. Software for querying the data in a corpus is discussed in the next chapter (§4.3.1), and the process of analysing corpus data to create dictionary text is covered in Chapters 8 and 9.
Planning the dictionary
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the major decisions that have to be made about what the dictionary will contain. At this point, we have already determined the type of dictionary we plan to produce, and we have clear ideas about who will use it and what they will use it for (Chapter 2). We have collected the linguistic data that will form our raw material (Chapter 3). And the other resources we will need – software, Style Guide, template entries – are in place (Chapter 4). When we talk about the content of a dictionary (as opposed to the resources which underpin its creation), the terms ‘macrostructure’ and ‘microstructure’ are often used. Deciding on the types of entry the dictionary will include, and organizing the headword list, are macrostructure decisions, and these are the issues we address in this chapter. Planning the entries in the dictionary and deciding on their structure and components are microstructure decisions, and these form the focus of Chapter 7.
Vilna: Politicians and Partisans
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1939 the Vilna resident A. I. Grodzenski was preparing an almanac documenting Jewish life in the city. The articles he had assembled included reports about literary organizations, sport, religious activities, social institutions, and musical life; many proudly emphasized the glowing reputation that the Vilna community enjoyed among Jews not only in the local area, but also in major Polish cities, and as far away as Paris and New York. The sudden outbreak of war in September prevented publication of the book, but it was recovered after the war by a former community member, Isaac Kowalski. The progress reports that made up the almanac would, in different circumstances, probably have enjoyed no more auspicious a fate than gathering dust along with others of their predictable and prosaic kind.
Songs Confront the Past: Life in Sachsenhausen
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1936 the Inspector of Concentration Camps and SS Guard Units Theodor Eicke authorized the establishment of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Oranienburg, 35 kilometres north of Berlin. Sachsenhausen held a special importance in the camp system, particularly when the Camp Inspectorate was transferred from Berlin to Oranienburg in 1938. In Himmler’s 1941 classification, it fell into the same ‘moderate’ category as camps such as Dachau and Auschwitz I. The establishment of Sachsenhausen came at a time when the camp system was undergoing fundamental restructuring. The earliest camps, rather than being organized centrally by the new government in Berlin, came under the authority of state agencies or local party groups, and some facilities were totally shielded from state supervision.
Causal Perspectivalism
Authors: Price Huw 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As objects go, foreigners are a pretty respectable bunch. They are not figments of our collective imagination, or social constructions, or useful fictions. They are not mind-dependent, and they do not disappear when we don’t keep an eye on them. Our ‘folk theory’ about foreigners is not subject to some global error, and the term ‘foreigner’ certainly manages to refer. Some of our beliefs about foreigners are mistaken, no doubt, but only by failing to accord, case-by-case, with the objective reality to which they are certainly answerable.
Introduction
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are parts of the world today where philosophy takes the form of history of philosophy. In France and Germany and other countries in their cultural orbit, philosophical positions developed in the twenty-first century regularly unfold as commentary on philosophers or philosophical views from the past. In this tradition, it is rare for a philosopher not to have elaborate interpretations of Hegel, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, who in turn self-consciously reacted against or reinterpreted their predecessors.
Why Should Analytic Philosophers Do History of Philosophy?
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘To say “thus spake the Master” is unworthy of a philosopher; better to trust our own native wit.’ Thus Francisco Sanches, in his Quod Nihil Scitur, published in Lyon in 1581 (one year after Montaigne’s Essays). The pioneers of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries had a robust disrespect for the history of philosophy, which sometimes calls to mind what one finds among many analytic philosophers today. Although they might not have been prepared to sign up to the slogan found on car stickers on some American campuses—‘Just Say “No” to the History of Philosophy!’—they certainly believed that far too much time was spent retailing the views of long-dead philosophers. Sanches had a healthy impatience with the kind of adulation that said of Aristotle natura locutus est ex ore ejus (‘nature spoke out of his very mouth’). Instead, homo sicut nos, insisted Sanches: Aristotle was just a human being, like us.
Conclusion
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forman wrote constantly but he almost never finished anything. He read extensively but never articulated a philosophy of medicine. He fashioned himself as a physician while condemning those who earned this title through formal study. He disregarded the voices of his patients but used his astrological judgements to encourage them to be forthright and frank with him. While others promoted a new philosophy he reinvigorated the study of the occult.
Step-by-step to grammar
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will draw on two quite different lines of evidence that have been used to make inferences about the stages by which syntax developed. On the one hand, I will ask which aspects of syntax would have been useful without other aspects, and in that way suggest what must have come first. On the other hand, I will consider a set of well-known historical processes that, I am sorry to say, are known by the cumbersome term “grammaticalization.” By using these together it is possible to make some reasonable guesses about the stages of linguistic evolution.
The Role of Guest-Word Properties∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is best introduced by an anecdote. Olivier, a 5-year-old French-English bilingual boy, comes up to his mother and is overheard by a bilingual onlooker as saying, “Maman, tu peux me tailler mes chaussures?” (Mummy, can you sharpen my shoes?). With no apparent hesitation, the mother kneels down and starts to tie his shoelaces, while the onlooker strives to understand what Olivier said: “tailler des chaussures (sharpen shoes)? No, that doesn’t make sense ... ah, he’s asking to have his shoes tied.” Any reader who knows both English and French will have understood the predicament the onlooker was in: by inserting the English “tie” into his French sentence and adapting it morphologically and phonetically, Olivier unwittingly brought the English guest word (“tier”) into conflict with an existing word in French (“tailler”) and led the onlooker down a word recognition garden path. The mother, used to hearing Olivier employ “tie” in French, accessed the English meaning with no problem and went about the job of lacing Olivier’s shoes. In the present study we will explore the underlying processes that take place when bilinguals have to recognize different types of guest words such as the word “tie” in the above example.
Urban Narratives of Modernity
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the modern Arab world ‘[t]he newspaper is a "second articulation’‘ of the city’. This articulation is not restricted to providing information or establishing an urban mode of communication. Rather the press act[s] on the city: at certain times it becomes the city itself ... If the paper seeks to be the artful image of the city, it invites the city to incarnate the paper. Tirelessly, it exhorts the city to repeat these ready-made phrases, to resemble these many pictures on each page, to conform to these models of behavior, to remake its universe to these specifications. The exhortation re-echoes in successive readings and group discussions in coffee shops. The junior official begins his day going through the whole bundle, before even tasting his horse bean sandwich. On finishing his day he would not think of going back to his home neighborhood without a periodical, or preferably several, under his arm. Until quite late at night porters, artisans, the people of modest station will solemnly spell out these communications laden with modern power. The city has become information; information rebuilds the city.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one in 1985 expected that within the space of seven years Communist rule would have ended in Europe and the Soviet Union would have ceased to exist. Yet when this happened, there was no shortage of observers who were quick to see such an outcome as little short of inevitable. It is true that a system as inefficient in many (though not in all) respects as that of Communism could not have lasted for ever, but it was also a system that had seen off numerous threats over seventy years and one which had strong political as well as military defences.
Various oversimplifications or misunderstandings concerning perestroika and the end of the Soviet Union have gained more currency than they deserve. Among them have been the idea that the Soviet system was on its last legs and doomed to imminent collapse by the 1980s; the rather different view that the transformation of the Soviet system, the ending of the Cold War, and the breakup of the USSR were mainly brought about by the Reagan Administration; the no less fallacious notion that Boris Yeltsin was primarily responsible for dismantling a Communist system in Russia; as well as the widespread misconception that Yeltsin’s rule was a continuation of perestroika but in a more democratic form. Each of these oversimplifications or fallacies will be discussed at various points in this book and, in particular, in the final chapter.
The Story of ‘Fred’
Authors: Jackson Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Captains of fishing fleets draw closed figures on maps to indicate where they think the fish are. In the terminology of representation, they represent where they think the fish are by dividing a map into a region where the fish may be according to them, and a region where, according to them, there are no fish. They do the same sort of thing using words, as in ‘The fish are somewhere inside the rough circle I have just drawn on the map’ or ‘The fish are in the area between so and so latitudes and such and such longitudes’ or ‘The fish are five miles ahead’. Words and sentences represent much as maps, diagrams, semaphore and the like do, and they do so by making divisions among possibilities.
Brecht and Political Theatre: The Mother on Stage
Authors: Bradley Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This production history of The Mother provides substantial new insights into Bertolt Brecht’s theatre and drama, his impact on political theatre, and the relationship between text, performance, and politico-cultural context. As the only play which Brecht staged in the Weimar Republic, during his exile, and in the GDR, The Mother offers a unique opportunity to compare his theatrical practice in contrasting settings and at different points in his career. Through detailed analysis of original archival evidence, Bradley shows how Brecht became far more sensitive to his spectators’ political views and cultural expectations, even making major tactical concessions in his 1951 production at the Berliner Ensemble. These compromises indicate that his ‘mature’ staging should not be regarded as definitive, for it was tailored to a unique and delicate situation. The Mother has appealed strongly to politically committed theatre practitioners both in and beyond Germany. By exploiting the text’s generic hybridity and the interplay between Brecht’s ‘epic’ and ‘dramatic’ elements, directors have interpreted it in radically different ways. So although Brecht’s 1951 production stagnated into an affirmative GDR heritage piece, post-Brechtian directors have used The Mother to promote their own political and theatrical concerns, from anti-authoritarian theatre to reflections on the legacies of state Socialism. Their ideological and theatrical subversion have helped Brecht’s text to outlive the political system that it came to uphold.
Indo-European Flora
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with animals, there is also an extensive reconstructed vocabulary relating to the various forms of plant life in Proto-Indo-European.
The general name for ‘tree’, *do´ru, is attested in eleven different groups, either under its root form (e.g. OIr daur ‘oak’, Grk do´ru ‘tree trunk; wood; spear’. Hit ta¯ru ‘tree, wood’. Av da¯uru ‘tree, tree trunk; wooden weapon’. Skt da´¯ru ‘wood’. Toch AB or ‘wood’) or in derivation (NE tree is a derived form as are, e.g. Grk drus ‘tree, oak’, OCS druva ‘wood’, Alb dru ‘wood, tree’, drushk ‘oak’, OCS dreˇvo ‘tree’). In Celtic and Greek, it tends to mean specifically the ‘oak’ and has religious connotations, e.g. a druid is a ‘tree-knower’.