bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Essence of a Modern Law Firm
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out to explore two fundamental and related questions of legal practice: why do law firms exist, and why do they adopt the form that they do? I will describe what I believe are the first principles of what law firms are all about. These are the five preconditions to the creation and maintenance of a successful law firm which, when combined with a purpose for being in business, create the idea of a law firm and, consequently, also define the roles of equity partners. These principles provide the foundations on which any discussion of strategy, competitive advantage, and valuation must be based.
Matching Strategic Context and Response
Authors: Mayson Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Strategy is a matching operation (see paragraph 4.3 above). The strategic response therefore seeks to match the firm and its future with its strategic context.
In this chapter, I shall review the elements of developing an understanding of the firm’s context, the questions that must be answered as it begins to formulate hypotheses about its future from that understanding, and the steps in framing a strategic response.
Composite Policies, Warranties, Terms, And Conditions
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Where more than one individual is insured under the same policy, the insurance is said to be either ‘joint’ or ‘composite’ depending on the insurable interests of the co-Insureds in the subject matter of the insurance. Where parties insure property in which their insurable interest is co-extensive and indivisible the insurance is said to be joint, eg where a husband and wife insure the home that they jointly own. Where insurance is joint, any breach of the policy by one Insured affects the other Insured.
Design And Build Professional Indemnity Insurance
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at typical professional indemnity insurance for contractors. Design and build (or design and construct) professional indemnity insurance is a species of claims-made insuranceavailable to contractors who undertake some element of design or specification work, perhaps under a JCT 2005 Design & Build Contract or a traditional contract with a design portion supplement. Design and build insurance has many similarities to professional indemnity insurance for architects, engineers and surveyors. For convenience we have made this chapter self-contained (and therefore slightly repetitive of matters covered else- where). There are, however, a number of unique features that this chapter will explain in more detail. In particular, the treatment of mitigation costs, the excluion of cover for inspecting the work, the ‘pricing risk’, and minimum competency requirements.
Employer’s Liability Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is compulsory for all employers to maintain employer’s liability insurance. It is this insurance which will usually respond to accidents on site which result in injury to the Insured ‘s employees. All employers are under a duty to ensure the health and safety of their employees and there is in place a raft of health and safety legislation which sets out the guidelines for employers for various tasks. Any breach of the legislation, by the employer or an individual employee, which causes injury to another employee or member of the public could give rise to a claim.
Directors’ & Officers’ (D&O) Insurance
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many consultants and contractors will find themselves acting as directors of their own companies/LLPs or of client companies/LLPs in the course of their business. PI policies do not generally cover these activities and instead engineers would be well advised to obtain specific D&O insurance. This chapter focuses on the type of cover afforded to the directors and officers for any personal liability they may face as directors from undertaking their role. A D&O policy is bought by companies for the benefit of their directors and officers, insuring them against their potential liabilities as directors and officers. Most policies also reimburse the companies themselves to the extent they have lawfully indemnified the directors and officers and may provide separate cover to the company for securities claims that are also brought against their directors. The analysis set out below is based on a standard wording produced by Markel International.
Standard Form Professional Appointments
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Introduction This section addresses the obligations to take out policies of insurance that are contained in the standard form professional appointments. Unsurprisingly given the professional nature of the work to which these appointments relate, the relevant policies are for the most part for professional indemnity insurance ( ‘PII’). PII cover, in simple terms, is insurance against a professional’s failure to exercise the skill, care, and diligence which is reasonably to be expected of him or her. However in the case of three of the professional appointments addressed in this section (NEC Professional Services Contract, ACE Civil/Structural Engineer B(1)2002 and FIDIC Client/Consultant Model Services Engineer), there is also an obligation to take out public liability insurance. In the case of the FIDIC Client/Consultant Model Services Engineer alone, there is a further obligation to insure the Client’s property. The NEC contract also stipulates the consultant must carry employers’ liability insurance. For detailed analysis of the relevant insurances see the following chapters:
The Springs of Desire
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of all the inventions put to metaphor in early political economy, none seems more appropriate than the clock. It was a major technological accomplishment of the pre-industrial era. Once designed and set in motion, a clock operates in an orderly way under its own power, much as we would like societies to behave. Its very purpose is social: to coordinate the activities of individuals seeking to find one another at the same place at the same time. One could describe the agreement to observe a common demarcation of time as one of the first and most important social contracts. The concept of a contract, a set of explicit rules more formal than the traditional covenant was as much a product of mercantile society as the clock itself. Like clocks, contracts are driven by a spring—the pursuit of mutual self-interest.
Defining Virtues
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The notion that men could renegotiate a social contract, rather than taking it as a given, required a certain confidence in human reason. Such confidence could be weakened by uncertainties regarding both means and ends. Were men’s desires selfish or beneficent? Addressing this question, many eighteenth-century thinkers replayed the Christian drama of the contest between vice and virtue. The spokesmen of the French Enlightenment were more likely than their British counterparts to worry that the pursuit of self- interest might lead men astray.
Free Trade but Not Free Love
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
British advocates for the “interests” were even more eager than their French counterparts to please themselves as well as God. With a more commercial economy, and greater religious diversity, they cheerfully believed that God himself, or at least a God-Given Nature, would sanctify the pursuit of self- interest. One of the more naive efforts at such reconciliation came from the Earl of Shaftesbury, who insisted that men were naturally benevolent. One of the more cynical efforts came from Bernard Mandeville, who laid religious concerns entirely aside to urge uninhibited self-indulgence. The clergyman Joseph Butler and his chaplain Josiah Tucker outlined the most successful formula: God himself ordained that self-interest and morality should coincide.
The Greatest Happiness
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pursuit of self-interest could lead to good results if selves were good. How, then, to promote social virtues that rationality could rely upon? The American Revolution showed that even a stable democracy could enforce slavery. The French Revolution showed that social conflict could topple into terror and imperial aggression. The British, looking first to their former colony and then across the channel to their closest neighbor, had reason to worry. Trade and commerce had expanded, putting the wealth of nations easily within their reach. Yet the governance of nations—and of families— began to seem more difficult. Confronting these problems, some urged the benefits of tradition, a return to—or at least a more concerted defense of what remained of—the patriarchal order.
Production and Reproduction
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fear of contraception offered vivid illustration of the gendered double standard of self-interest. More profound evidence of the effect of patriarchal ideology on classical political economy lay in oversimplification of the relationship between production and reproduction. The two mechanisms emphasized by Malthus in his analysis of population growth—level of wages and age at marriage—represented a small subset of the factors affecting fertility decisions. Particularly significant were changes in the contribution of women and children to family income in the course of early capitalist development. None of the classical political economists recognized these changes, although they impinged directly on important policy issues, such as regulation of factory employment and reform of the poor laws.
Equal Opportunities
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The early French socialists, like their counterparts in Britain, clung to family values even as they rejected patriarchal norms. Prosper Enfantin—who called himself Father—published the announcement above in Black’s Morning Chronicle in April 1832, hoping to recruit English-speakers to his cause. Critiques of individualism flew back and forth across the channel. Anna Wheeler served as an important go-between and John Stuart Mill an occasional translator. The French socialists put greater emphasis than their British counterparts on the simple principle of equal opportunity. They imagined grand communitarian schemes with an exuberance that Americans found particularly attractive.
The Sacred Sphere
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Socialism and feminism were creative responses to destabilization of the traditional patriarchal order, but they were not particularly popular ones. Most people found it easier to reiterate the traditional moral division of labor and to condemn the indulgence of greed and lust everywhere except the masculine marketplace. Queen Victoria, who ruled the British Empire from 1837 to 1901, assumed a traditionally male prerogative but also encouraged the notion that women and men were essentially different. Victorian values encouraged separate spheres for men and women that reflected contrasts between selfishness and altruism, the market and the family. This social cosmology offered men the possibility of inhabiting both worlds, buying their cake and having it homemade for them, too. It created a sacred space in which traditional moral values remained exempt from the demands of economic rationality.
Beyond Economic Man
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the 1990 meetings of the American Economics Association a group of dissident women formed a network that evolved into the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE). European members organized a meeting in Amsterdam with the title “Out of the Margin” challenging the economic profession’s tendency to marginalize women and resist challenges to mainstream approaches. The title of an important collection of feminist economic essays published in 1993 also conveyed a message: Beyond Economic Man.
What is Money?
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The definition of ‘money’ is a natural starting point for any comprehensive monograph or textbook on monetary theory and monetary policy. Unfortunately, although a myriad of books and articles have been written on these issues, the definition of money can still be regarded as an almost unresolved issue: If a principal purpose of definition is to bring ‘peace at mind’... monetary economics has failed us.
The Money Supply Process: Starting Point of the Transmission Process
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The money supply process deals with the interface between the central bank and the commercial banks. At this point the indirect and complex processes of monetary policy transmission always start independently of the theories on the subsequent stages of this process, which are discussed in Chapter 4. It is, therefore, of crucial importance that the right starting point is chosen.
Monetary Policy Transmission
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the description of the money supply process, we have already made the first steps into the difficult area of monetary policy transmission. In this chapter the subsequent stages will be discussed. The main objective of all theories on monetary transmission is the analysis and description of the long, indirect, and complex relationship between monetary policy actions of a central bank (e.g. an increase in the repo rate) and their effect on the final targets of macroeconomic policy (e.g. the price level).
The Institutional Framework of Monetary Policy II: The Design of the Central Bank Legislation
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The central bank constitution determines the incentive structure of central bankers. Given the long lags of monetary policy, it is important that the central bank constitution guarantees a long-term horizon of the central bank management. Such a ‘conservatism’ is generated by insulating monetary policy from the political process and by long terms of office for the members of a central bank’s decision making body.
The Conduct of Monetary Policy by the World’s Major Central Banks
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It explains how central bankers in the world’s most important central banks have been able to reach the main targets of monetary policy. After the discussion of ‘simple rules’ in the last chapter, it is especially interesting to analyse the policy frameworks that were used by decision-makers in Germany Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Monetary Policy Strategies in an Open Economy
Authors: Bofinger Peter , Reischle Julian , Schachter Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Part II monetary policy was presented from the perspective of a closed economy. This final part of the book will show that in general it is useful for large currency areas (e.g. the United States, the euro area, Japan) to adopt such a closed-economy perspective for their overall monetary policy strategy. This implies above all that the short-term interest rate is determined only by domestic considerations, e.g. according to a Taylor rule. However, as the example of Japan has shown (Section 9.5), even for such large currency areas it is neither necessary nor advisable to adopt a policy of‘benign neglect’ vis-d-vis the exchange rate.
Plan and Market in China’s Agricultural Commerce
Authors: Sicular Terry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The change in leadership following the death of Mao Zedong brought with it a shift in accepted views about the role of markets in a socialist system. For much of the previous three decades, Chinese leaders believed that markets should play a minimal role. Instead, output should revert to the state, which would then arrange for its distribution. Domestic commercial policies reflected this view. A large proportion of trade was carried out through state channels in accordance with economic plans. Quotas governed the procurement of agricultural and industrial goods, and rationing or direct allocation governed their distribution. Procurement and distribution prices were set by the state.
The Nature of the Township-Village Enterprise
Authors: Chang Chun , “Wang Yijiang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the past 15 years, the total output of the township-village enterprises (TVEs) in China has grown at an average rate of 30 per cent per annum. In 1993 TVEs produced about 40 per cent of the nation’s total industrial product and provided employment to 112 million people. Questions have been raised regarding the nature of township-village enterprises: Are they private firms or state-owned enterprises disguised under nominal collective ownership? How do they differ from producer cooperatives? What explains their ownership structure?
Public versus Private Ownership of Firms: evidence from rural China
Authors: Jin Hehui , Qjan Yingyi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In studying economies in transition from planned to market, no single issue has received more attention from economists and policymakers than the one of property rights and ownership of firms. In Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, one observes mass privatisation of old state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the emergence of new private (including newly privatised) enterprises. In China, old SOEs also declined even without privatisation, and new private enterprises flourish. However, there is a puzzle concerning China’s successful Township-Village Enterprises (TVEs).
Towards a Labour Market in China
Authors: Knight john , Song Lina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a sense, China does not yet have a ‘labour market’. The Chinese labour system, set up in the 1950s and based on the Soviet model, is characterised by state direction of labour, immobility, lack of incentives, overstaffing, and underemployment. On the other hand, it has avoided open unemployment and serious urban-isation problems, it has provided employees with security, and it has achieved egalitarian objectives. The Chinese government has begun a process of reform designed to improve the mobility, flexibility, incentives, and efficiency of labour. By comparison with other market reforms in China, however, labour market reform is tardy and limited.
Income and Inequality in China: composition, distribution and growth of household income, 1988 to 1995
Authors: Khan Azizur R ahman , Riskin Carl 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first comprehensive effort to estimate household income and its distribution in China according to standard international definitions was made for the year 1988 by an international group of economists working with members of the host institution, the Economics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS). The sample survey designed by this team produced estimates of household income that were substantially different from those of the State Statistical Bureau (SSB), based on its annual surveys, with different implications for both the average standard of living and the degree of inequality of income distribution. The study found that per capita household income was both substantially higher and more unequally distributed than suggested by the SSB estimates. It also provided insights into sources of inequality in China that were unobtainable from the published official data on income and its distribution.
China’s WTO Membership: what’s at stake?
Authors: Ytmg Yongzheng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is nearly ten years since China launched its campaign to enter the GATT/WTO. Although significant progress has been made, there are still key issues dividing China and its major developed economy trading partners. The sticking point is whether China should join the WTO as a developing or developed economy. China insists that its low per capita income warrants developing economy status, while developed economies, especially the United States, argue that China’s huge size means that it is not an ordinary developing economy, and that it should take the responsibility of a developed economy in its commitments to trade liberalisation. The impasse on this issue has stalled membership negotiations in the WTO.
China’s Integration into the World Economy
Authors: Garnaut Ross , Huang Yiping 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
China has roughly quadrupled its annual output of goods and services since 1978. Real growth has averaged 9 per cent, and foreign trade has grown substantially more rapidly (Figure 1). The accommodation of sustained, rapid, internationally oriented growth in China is one of the greatest challenges facing the world economy over the next decade. Success will increase the gains from trade, while failure will lead to corrosion of the open international system.
Rapid Economic Growth and Its Effects
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the gloomy prospects immediately following the end of the Second World War, the Japanese economy started its genuine economic growth from 1955, based upon a number of major socioeconomic reforms during the occupation period. In fact, it continued its rapid surge of economic growth until the early 1970s, with one of the highest rates compared to many of the advanced countries in the world. This growth pattern, which lasted for about two decades, attracted worldwide attention because it was practically unparalleled in history (see, for instance, Boltho 1975).
Structural Changes Towards a New Dimension
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Japanese economy, with its high rates of growth and overall stability, has attracted worldwide attention in the post-war period. In fact, Japan successfully caught up with the West by 1970 due to a sustained surge of rapid economic growth. It is, however, widely acknowledged that a new era has emerged for Japan since the early 1970s, particularly in the context of international relations.
How Financial Resources were Generated in a Growing Economy
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most remarkable features about Japan, seen from the rest of the world, was the unstoppable phenomenon of its rapid economic growth. This was true at least until the beginning of the 1990s. Obviously, the fiscal performance or behaviour of the government must have been substantially affected by this post-war economic growth. In general, government fiscal activity interacts with the workings of the economy in many ways; that is to say, fiscal policy changes influence the growth performance of the economy while at the same time fiscal performance tends to be determined by a nation’s economic growth.
Ageing and the Social Security System
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ageing structure of Japan’s population is moving sharply towards an aged society—one where the ratio of elderly people to non-elderly people is rising. No doubt, the process of societal ageing now under way will continue in the twenty-first century, and furthermore the speed of population ageing is considered to be faster in Japan than in any other developed country. Such a rapid ageing phenomenon must impose economic costs. In particular it will place a financial burden on all its members to support this aged-group through the expansion of the public pension system and medical and health care services. Generally speaking, the outcome looks profoundly pessimistic, because an aged society may lead to a proportionally reduced labour force, lower saving and growth rates, and higher levels of taxes or social security contributions. Obviously, the emergence of population ageing seems to generate a reduction in living standards and a social tension across all the generations.