bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeography of the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus: a molecular perspective
Authors: WEIGT LEE A. , CRAWFORD ANDREW J. , RAND A. STANLEY , RYAN MICHAEL J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Physalaemus pustulosus, a small leptodactylid frog with South American affinities, ranges across northern South America through Middle America to southern Mexico. To investigate its geographic variation and evolutionary origins, we analysed the presumptive gene products of 14 allozyme loci and sequenced a portion of the mitochondrial COI gene from individuals sampled throughout the distribution. Generally, allozyme dissimilarities and sequence divergences are correlated with each other and with geographic proximity. The greatest discontinuity in genetic variation was found between populations in Middle America vs. South America + Panama. Based on two Bayesian MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) divergence time estimates involving two independent temporal constraints, the timing of the separation of northern and southern túngara frog lineages is significantly older than the time since completion of the current Panama land bridge. P. pustulosus first invaded Middle America from South America about 6–10 million years ago giving rise to the northern lineage. The southern lineage then invaded Panama independently after land bridge completion. Despite millions of years of independent evolution, the multilocus allozyme data revealed that western Panama populations represent a contact zone containing individuals with alleles from both groups present.
Growth at elevated CO2 concentrations leads to modified profiles of secondary metabolites in tobacco cv. SamsunNN and to increased resistance against infection with potato virus Y
Authors: MATROS ANDREA , AMME STEFFEN , KETTIG BARBARA , BUCK‐SORLIN GERHARD H. , SONNEWALD UWE , MOCK HANS‐PETER 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe effect of elevated CO2 concentrations on the levels of secondary metabolites was investigated in tobacco plants grown under two nitrogen supply (5 and 8 mm NH4NO3) and CO2 conditions (350 and 1000 p.p.m.) each. High CO2 resulted in a dramatic increase of phenylpropanoids in the leaves, including the major carbon‐rich compound chlorogenic acid (CGA) and the coumarins scopolin and scopoletin at both nitrogen fertilizations. This was accompanied by increased PAL activity in leaves and roots, which was even higher at the lower nitrogen supply. Hardly any change was observed for the structural phenolic polymer lignin and the sesquiterpenoid capsidiol. In contrast, elevated CO2 led to clearly decreased levels of the main nitrogen‐rich constituent nicotine at the lower N‐supply (5 mm NH4NO3) but not when plants were grown at the higher N‐supply (8 mm NH4NO3). Inoculation experiments with potato virus Y (PVY) were used to evaluate possible ecological consequences of elevated CO2. The titre of viral coat‐protein was markedly reduced in leaves under these conditions at both nitrogen levels. Since PR‐gene expression and free salicylic acid (SA) levels remained unchanged at elevated CO2, we suggest that the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, for example, the major compound CGA and the coumarins scopolin and scopoletin may result in an earlier confinement of the virus at high CO2. Based on our results two final conclusions emerge. First, elevated CO2 leads to a shift in secondary metabolite composition that is dependent on the availability of nitrogen. Second, changes in the pool of secondary metabolites have important consequences for plant–pathogen interactions as shown for PVY as a test organism.
Microfacies of detrital event layers deposited in Quaternary varved lake sediments of the Piànico‐Sèllere Basin (northern Italy)
Authors: MANGILI C. , BRAUER A. , MOSCARIELLO A. , NAUMANN R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA Quaternary interglacial lake sediment record from the Piànico‐Sèllere Basin (northern Italy) consists of biochemical calcite varves with intercalated detrital layers. At the end of the Piànico Interglacial, continuous varve formation was replaced by predominantly detrital sedimentation. However, 427 varve‐years before this shift, an abrupt increase in the frequency and thickness of detrital layers occurred. Microfacies analyses reveal a total of 152 detrital layers, ranging from 0·2 to 20·15 mm in thickness, deposited during the last 896 years of the Piànico Interglacial. Three microfacies types are distinguished: (i) graded layers, (ii) non‐graded silt layers, and (iii) matrix‐supported layers. The position of detrital layers within an individual varve provides additional information on the season in which they have been deposited. Microfacies analyses in combination with varve counting further enabled precise varve‐to‐varve correlation of the detrital layers for two sediment sections cropping out ca 130 m apart. The detailed intra‐basin correlation allows the source regions of detrital layers to be inferred. Moreover, micro‐erosion at sub‐millimetre scale has been established. Of the described facies types, only the accumulation of summer and spring graded and non‐graded silt layers abruptly increased before the end of interglacial varve formation whereas non‐graded winter silt and matrix‐supported layers are randomly distributed over the entire study period. Heavy rainfalls are assumed to have triggered spring and summer graded layers, so that the occurrence of these layers is thought to be a proxy for extreme precipitation events in the past.
Influence of waves and horseshoe crab spawning on beach morphology and sediment grain‐size characteristics on a sandy estuarine beach
Authors: JACKSON NANCY L. , NORDSTROM KARL F. , SMITH DAVID R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effects of wave action and horseshoe crab spawning on the topography and grain‐size characteristics on the foreshore of an estuarine sand beach in Delaware Bay, New Jersey, USA were evaluated using data collected over six consecutive high tides. Data were gathered inside and outside a 25 m long exclosure constructed to create a control area free of disturbance by crabs. The density of crabs in the swash zone outside the exclosure was 8·1 organisms m−2. The maximum depth of sediment activation on the upper foreshore where spawning occurred was 0·103 m during periods characterized by low significant wave heights: < 0·08 m. This depth is greater than the depth of activation by waves alone during moderate significant wave heights of 0·16–0·18 m but less than the maximum depth (0·127 m) recorded when spawning occurred during periods of moderate wave heights. Spawning, combined with moderate wave heights, creates a concave upper foreshore that is similar to the type of profile change that occurs during storms, thus lowering the wave‐energy threshold for morphological response. Spawning during low wave heights increases the mean grain size and sorting of surface sediments caused by the addition of gravel to the swash. Sedimentological differences are most pronounced on the upper foreshore, and data from this location may be most useful when using grain‐size characteristics to interpret the effect of spawning in the sedimentary record. Depths of sediment reworking by horseshoe crabs can be greater than those by subsequent storm waves, so evidence of spawning can be preserved on non‐eroding beaches. Greater depth of activation by horseshoe crab spawning than by waves alone, even during moderate‐energy conditions, reveals the importance of crab burrowing in releasing eggs to the water column and making them available for shore birds.
Prostate‐specific antigen, Gleason sum and clinical T stage for predicting the need for radionuclide bone scan for prostate cancer patients in Japan
Authors: ISHIZUKA OSAMU , TANABE TOMOAKI , NAKAYAMA TSUYOSHI , KAWAKAMI MASAKO , KINEBUCHI YOSHIAKI , NISHIZAWA OSAMU 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Aim: In the present study, we evaluated the relationships between prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level and bone metastasis, between Gleason sum and bone metastasis, and between clinical T stage and bone metastasis in Japanese patients. Methods: Between November 1998 and June 2004, we performed ultrasound‐guided biopsies on 709 patients (mean age: 70.5 years, range: 39–90). Prostate cancer was detected in 339 patients (47.8%), 297 (87.6%) of whom underwent a radionuclide bone scan. In close collaboration with orthopedists, bone computed tomography scans, bone magnetic resonance imaging and/or plain rentogenograms were performed for cases that were difficult to diagnose as bone metastasis through radionuclide bone scans only. Results: We detected 61 (20.6%) bone metastasis cases in 296 patients. A simple linear regression analysis between log[PSA] and bone metastasis (n = 296) produced a significant relationship (P < 0.05). When we set the cut‐off PSA value for the indication for a bone scan at 15 ng/mL, the possibility of bone metastasis was 10%. However, from our experience, there was no bone metastasis in the patients whose Gleason sums were less than five, and in the patients whose Gleason sum were five or more, and the PSA levels were less than 15, there was no bone metastasis. The rate of bone metastasis increased with the increase of PSA level. In the clinical T1–T2 stage cases, there were significant higher PSA levels in the cases with bone metastasis. In the T1–T2 patients whose PSA levels were less than 16, there was no bone metastasis. Conclusions: From the analysis of PSA, Gleason sum and clinical T stage, we suggest that bone scan is unnecessary for patients whose PSA level is less than 15 ng/mL or Gleason sum is less than five.
Age‐associated increase of prostate‐specific antigen in a high level of men visiting urological clinics
Authors: KOBAYASHI TAKASHI , KINOSHITA HIDEFUMI , NISHIZAWA KOJI , MITSUMORI KENJI , OGAWA OSAMU , KAMOTO TOSHIYUKI 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the distribution of serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels as a function of age in men with no evidence of prostate cancer who visited urological clinics. Methods: Simultaneous measurements of total PSA and PSA‐α‐1‐antichymotrypsin (PSA‐ACT) were performed on patients who presented at urological clinics in Japan. After excluding 490 patients because of follow‐up biopsy findings indicating prostate cancer, patients’ history of prostatic surgery and medication affecting the serum PSA level, 1520 patients with PSA levels of less than 20.0 ng/mL were available for the study. Results: Medians (95th percentile) of the total PSA levels were 0.9 (4.7), 1.2 (5.6), 1.7 (11.0), 2.1 (9.8) and 2.8 (11.0) ng/mL in men in their 40s (n = 37), 50s (n = 211), 60s (n = 488), 70s (n = 609) and 80s (n = 175), respectively, whereas those of PSA‐ACT were 0.5 (2.9), 0.7 (3.7), 1.1 (7.4), 1.2 (5.9) and 1.6 (6.4) ng/mL, respectively. Both total PSA and PSA‐ACT increase with aging, although comparison between the 10‐year age groups showed a significant difference in the two molecular forms only between men in their 50s and 60s. Conclusions: The PSA ranges of men who visited urological clinics were higher than those of men participating in prostate cancer screening programs reported in other published studies. An age‐associated increase in PSA similar to screening populations was also observed in urological outpatients. The results of the present study indicate that age‐adjusted PSA cut‐off levels can be used in outpatient settings, although the PSA reference value derived from the screening population should be carefully applied to symptomatic men of clinical practices.
Morbidity of prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy with saphenous vein preservation for squamous cell penile carcinoma
Authors: MILATHIANAKIS CONSTANTINE , BOGDANOS JOHN , KARAMANOLAKIS DIMITRIOS 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Background: Inguinal lymphadenectomy has an essential role in the cure of patients with inguinal metastasis from penile cancer; however, this procedure is associated with a significant morbidity. In recent years, modified lymphadenectomy with saphenous vein preservation has been postulated to reduce morbidity. Herein, we present our recent experience with prophylactic inguinal lymhadenectomy and saphenous vein preservation in patients with invasive penile carcinoma and non‐palpable inguinal lymph nodes. Methods: Seven patients with invasive squamous cell penile carcinoma, who underwent bilateral prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy with saphenous vein preservation between 1995 and 2001, were reviewed retrospectively. Mean age was 67.7 years. The pathological stage of the primary tumor was pT2 in four and pT3 in three patients respectively. Postoperative complications were defined as minor – wound infection, seroma formation requiring drainage, and skin necrosis, and major – deep venous thrombosis, persistent seroma formation, flap necrosis requiring a skin graft, as well as permanent and disabling leg lymphedema. Results: Minimum follow up was 2 years. Minor complications – wound infection – occurred in one patient (one groin). No major complications occurred. All patients are alive without evidence of disease recurrence. Conclusions: Prophylactic inguinal lymphadenectomy seems to offer reduced morbidity in high risk penile cancer patients without compromising survival outcome.
Effectiveness of an anti‐inflammatory drug, loxoprofen, for patients with nocturia
Authors: SAITO MOTOAKI , KAWATANI MASAHITO , KINOSHITA YUKAKO , SATOH KEISUKE , MIYAGAWA IKUO 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Aim: There is increasing evidence that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are effective for the treatment of nocturia. In this study, we attempted to investigate the role of loxoprofen sodium (loxoprofen) in the therapeutic management of patients with nocturia. Methods: Fifteen benign protastatic hyperplasia and/or overactive bladder patients (13 males and 2 females, 71.1 ± 1.5 years old) with three or more voids per night were involved. These patients had received standard drug therapy. Although these patients had received standard drug therapy for more than half a year, they had still three or more episodes of nocturia. The patients took a single dose of 60 mg of loxoprofen at night prior to sleep. Before and 1 week after the initiation of this therapy, the effects of this treatment were assessed by frequency volume chart and a questionnaire. Results: In the questionnaire, seven patients answered as excellent, six patients demonstrated improvement of their symptoms, two patients did not show a significant change in their symptoms and no patients demonstrated a deterioration in the symptoms. In frequency volume chart, total void per day, total void per night, total urine volume per day, total night urine volume per day and single voided volume in the night before and after this treatment were 9.97 ± 0.81 and 8.99 ± 0.74 per day, 3.82 ± 0.25 and 1.82 ± 0.27 per night, 1349 ± 81 and 1258 ± 91 mL per day, 567 ± 46 and 325 ± 51 mL per night, and 143 ± 13 and 149 ± 10 mL, respectively. Conclusions: Loxoprofen can be effective and useful for patients with nocturia. Our data suggest that the main mechanism of this effect is to decrease urine production during a night's sleep.
Primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney
Authors: PERLMUTTER ADAM E , SAUNDERS SUSAN E , ZASLAU STANLEY , CHANG WILLIAM WL , FARIVAR‐MOHSENI HESAM 
Published: September 2005

Abstract Primary renal synovial sarcomas (SS) are rare tumors of the kidney. Faria first described primary renal synovial sarcoma in 1999. Twenty‐one cases of primary renal synovial sarcoma have been reported to date. Primary renal synovial sarcomas can exist in either a monophasic or a biphasic pattern. The monophasic variant of primary renal synovial sarcoma is more common and tends to have a better prognosis than the biphasic variant. We present the case of a 61 year‐old woman with a monophasic variant of primary renal synovial sarcoma.
Reduction of Prussian Blue by the two iron‐reducing microorganisms Geobacter metallireducens and Shewanella alga
Authors: Jahn Michael K. , Haderlein Stefan B. , Meckenstock Rainer U. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryCyanide or cyanide–metal complexes are frequent contaminants of soil or aquifers at industrial sites, which can be released from such sites by outgassing or transport with the groundwater. They form very stable complexes with iron, which may occur in the subsurface as an insoluble blue mineral, the so‐called Prussian Blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3). In this study, we show that the insoluble and colloidal Fe(III)–cyanide complex Prussian Blue can be reduced and utilized as electron acceptor by the dissimilatory iron‐reducing bacteria Geobacter metallireducens and Shewanella alga strain BrY. The microbial reduction of the dark blue pigment Prussian Blue leads to the formation of a completely colourless solid mineral, presumably Prussian White (Fe2[Fe(CN)6]), which could be reoxidized through exposure to air, regaining the dark blue colour. In addition, the microorganisms were able to grow with Prussian Blue, using it as the sole electron acceptor. Geobacter metallireducens could also reduce Prussian Blue coatings on sand, which was sampled from a contaminated site.
Fatigue among HIV‐infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Henderson M , Safa F , Easterbrook P , Hotopf M 
Published: September 2005

ObjectiveTo describe the prevalence of operationally defined fatigue in an ethnically diverse HIV‐infected population in south London, and to examine the association of fatigue with demographic characteristics, stage of disease, antiretroviral therapy and psychological factors.MethodsA descriptive comparative cross‐sectional study of HIV‐infected patients attending a London HIV clinic over a 5‐month period in 2002 was performed. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the local database. Participants completed four self‐administered questionnaires–the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), a measure of physical and mental fatigue; the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) to detect anxiety and depression; the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36) to measure functional status, and the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ). Fatigue ‘cases’ were defined as those scoring at least 4 on the CFS. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the presence of fatigue.ResultsTwo hundred and five patients were approached and 148 (72%) agreed to participate. Overall, 65% of patients were defined as fatigued. Significant psychological distress on the GHQ‐12, functional impairment on the SF‐36 and a higher CD4 count were all independently associated with the presence of fatigue. There was no association with use of antiretroviral therapy or demographic characteristics.ConclusionsThe presence of fatigue in HIV‐infected patients is most strongly associated with psychological factors and not with more advanced HIV disease or the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. This highlights the importance of investigation and management of underlying depression and anxiety in patients presenting with fatigue.
Clinical benefit of interventions driven by therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Rendón AL , Núñez M , Jiménez‐Nácher I , González de Requena D , González‐Lahoz J , Soriano V 
Published: September 2005

BackgroundAdequate plasma concentrations of antiretroviral drugs are key to achieving and maintaining long‐term suppression of HIV replication. Multiple factors may influence drug levels, causing increases or reductions that may, respectively, result in toxicity or virological failure. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) might help to detect and correct such abnormalities.ObjectiveTo evaluate the usefulness of TDM in the care of HIV‐infected patients in an out‐patient clinical setting.MethodsAll the requests for TDM of protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) for patients attending our HIV out‐patient clinic from October 2000 to August 2003 were analysed. Blood samples were collected before the morning dose. Drug concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography by ultraviolet waves (HPLC‐UV).ResultsA total of 151 requests from 137 patients were assessed. The reasons for requesting TDM were drug toxicity (59%), virological failure (39%) and possible drug interactions (2%). NNRTI levels were more often requested because of toxicity, while PI levels were more often requested because of virological failure. Elevated drug levels were confirmed in 36% of patients with suspected drug toxicity, while subtherapeutic levels were found in 37% of patients failing virologically. Based on the results of TDM, dose modifications were made in 37% of patients, allowing correction of such abnormalities in 80% of cases. Moreover, adequate plasma concentrations were confirmed in 79% of patients whose levels were assessed again.ConclusionsTherapeutic drug monitoring may be a useful tool to identify toxic levels of NNRTI and subtherapeutic concentrations of PI. Dose adjustments following TDM may ameliorate drug‐related toxicities or improve virological response rates.
Long‐term utility of measuring adherence by self‐report compared with pharmacy record in a routine clinic setting
Authors: Fairley CK , Permana A , Read TRH 
Published: September 2005

ObjectivesTo compare long‐term adherence to antiretroviral therapy in an HIV service, as measured by self‐report and by pharmacy records. To determine the level of adherence by each measure required to suppress viral load in a majority of patients.MethodsThe percentage of prescribed doses taken was calculated from (a) the number of missed doses in the previous 28 days reported by patients in a questionnaire at each clinic visit, and (b) pharmacy dispensing records. These were compared with each other and with HIV viral load data.ResultsMean adherence was 96.2% by pharmacy record over 44 months and 98.6% by self‐report over 25 months. The two methods correlated with each other (P<0.001) and the proportion of patients with viral load <400 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL increased with adherence as measured by self‐report (P=0.001) and pharmacy record (P=0.004). Fewer than 60% of patients always had viral loads <400 copies/mL if adherence fell below 95% (pharmacy record) or 97% (self‐report). Adherence was higher for once‐daily than for twice‐daily therapy (by pharmacy record: 97.2% vs. 96.0%; P<0.001). Adherence by both measures increased over time.ConclusionsSelf‐reported antiretroviral adherence correlates with pharmacy dispensing records and predicts suppression of viral load at levels ≥97%. It is practical to adopt this into routine HIV clinical care.
Increased processing of APLP2 and APP with concomitant formation of APP intracellular domains in BDNF and retinoic acid‐differentiated human neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Holback Sofia , Adlerz Linda , Iverfeldt Kerstin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe amyloid precursor protein (APP) belongs to a conserved gene family, also including the amyloid precursor‐like proteins, APLP1 and APLP2. We have previously shown that all members of the APP protein family are up‐regulated upon retinoic acid (RA)‐induced neuronal differentiation of SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Here, we demonstrate that RA also affects the processing of APLP2 and APP, as shown by increased shedding of both sAPLP2 and sAPPα, as well as elevated levels of the APP intracellular domains (AICDs). Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been reported to induce APP promoter activity and RA induces expression of the tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) in neuroblastoma cells. We show that the increase in shedding of both APLP2 and APP in response to RA is not mediated through the TrkB receptor. However, BDNF concomitant with RA increased the expression of APP even further. In addition, the secretion of sAPLP2 and sAPPα as well as the levels of AICDs were increased in response to BDNF. In contrast, the levels of membrane‐bound APP C‐terminal fragment C99 significantly decreased. Our results suggest that RA and BDNF shifts APP processing towards the α‐secretase pathway. In addition, we show that RA and BDNF regulate N‐linked glycosylation of APLP1.