bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The future of gross anatomy teaching
Authors: Malamed Sasha , Seiden David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA survey of U. S. departments of anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry shows that 39% of the respondent anatomy departments reported declines in the numbers of graduate students taking the human gross anatomy course. Similarly, 42% of the departments reported decreases in the numbers of graduate students teaching human gross anatomy. These decreases were greater in anatomy than in physiology and in biochemistry. The percentages of departments reporting increases in students taking or teaching their courses was 6% for human gross anatomy and 0% to 19% for physiology and biochemistry courses. To reverse this trend the establishment of specific programs for the training of gross anatomy teachers is advocated. These new teachers will be available as the need for them is increasingly recognized in the future. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Three years of experience with a dissection table ventilation system
Authors: Martin William D. , Nemitz James W. , Fisk Robert M. , Wells James P. , Hendley Al 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA dissection table ventilation system that draws air across the cadaver and away from the table top was designed to fit the Shandon‐Lipshaw AN‐52 dissection table. Each U‐shaped unit consists of a pair of hollow collection arms that attach to a collecting manifold at one end. During dissection the manifold is coupled to a central ventilation system through a flexible duct. The air from the table ventilation system is exhausted after passing through a heat recovery system. The unit is raised from the table surface during dissection of the body cavities to increase the efficiency of fume/odor removal. Eight hour exposure data for formaldehyde concentrations are presented. Data were collected from detectors positioned at selected levels above the cadaver during dissection, and above a tray on the table top containing a known volume of 4% formaldehyde or the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine embalming fluid under varying airflow conditions. The results demonstrate that the table ventilation system is effective in reducing exposure to formaldehyde in the dissection laboratory. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The buccal pad of fat: A review
Authors: Tostevin P. M. J. , Ellis H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWithin the cheek, wedged between masseter and buccinator, is a biconvex pad of fatty tissue, the corpus adiposum buccae, or buccal fat pad (of Bichat). It contributes significantly to the prominence of the cheek of the newborn infant and is sometimes encountered in surgical procedures in the region of the ramus of the mandible or the maxillary tuberosity.This paper reviews the history of the study of the buccal pad of fat, its anatomical location, blood supply, and comparative anatomy. We have also reviewed the pathology of the buccal pad of fat, including traumatic herniation. The fat pad is of interest surgically as it can be used as a free or pedicled graft to close maxillary defects after excision of tumors. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
A graphic, three‐dimensional teaching model to demonstrate the topography of the human heart
Authors: Johnson David , Whitaker Robert H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA three‐dimensional graphic model of the human heart and an accompanying description are presented as a teaching aid. Each of the four chambers is represented by a cube of equal size. Drawings of the model from various angles give views of each of the surfaces and show the interatrial, interventricular, and atrioventricular grooves, and superimposed coronary arteries and cardiac veins. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis presenting as a painful palmar mass: A case report
Authors: Grant Shawn D. , Due Thomas M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis case study presents an anomalous flexor digitorum superficialis indicis. The patient presented with a painful palmar mass. Physical exam and exploratory surgery were used to describe this anomaly. The anomalous muscle was intrinsic to the hand. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Mixed‐Valence, Mixed‐Spin‐State, and Heterometallic [2×2] Grid‐type Arrays Based on Heteroditopic Hydrazone Ligands: Synthesis and Electrochemical Features
Authors: Uppadine Lindsay H. , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Kyritsakas Nathalie , Nättinen Kalle , Rissanen Kari , Lehn Jean‐Marie 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn extended family of heterometallic [M12M22(L−)4]n+ [2×2] grid‐type arrays 1–9 has been prepared. The three‐tiered synthetic route encompasses regioselective, redox and enantioselective features and is based on the stepwise construction of heteroditopic hydrazone ligands A–C. These ligands contain ionisable NH and nonionisable NMe hydrazone units, which allows the metal redox properties to be controlled according to the charge on the ligand binding pocket. The 2‐pyrimidine (R) and 6‐pyridine (R′) substituents have a significant effect on complex geometry and influence both the electrochemical and magnetic behaviour of the system. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies show that the FeII ions in the grid can be low spin, high spin or spin crossover depending on the steric effect of substituents R and R′. This steric effect has been manipulated to construct an unusual array possessing two low‐spin and two spin‐crossover FeII centres (grid 8). Electrochemical studies were performed for the grid‐type arrays 1–9 and their respective mononuclear precursor complexes 10–13. The grids function as electron reservoirs and display up to eight monoelectronic, reversible reduction steps. These processes generally occur in pairs and are assigned to ligand‐based reductions and to the CoIII/CoII redox couple. Individual metal ions in the heterometallic grid motif can be selectively addressed electrochemically (e.g., either the CoIII or FeII ions can be targeted in grids 2 and 5). The FeII oxidation potential is governed by the charge on the ligand binding unit, rather than the spin state, thus permitting facile electrochemical discrimination between the two types of FeII centre in 7 or in 8. Such multistable heterometallic [2×2] gridlike arrays are of great interest for future supramolecular devices incorporating multilevel redox activity.
Zirconium Bis(indenyl) Sandwich Complexes with an Unprecedented Indenyl Coordination Mode and Their Role in the Reactivity of the Parent Bent‐Metallocenes: A Detailed DFT Mechanistic Study
Authors: Veiros Luis F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mechanisms of three closely related reactions were studied in detail by means of DFT/B3 LYP calculations with a VDZP basis set. Those reactions correspond to 1) the reductive elimination of methane from [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(CH3)(H)] (Ind=C9H7−, indenyl), 2) the formation of the THF adduct, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η6‐Ind)(thf)] and 3) the interconversion between the two indenyl ligands in the Zr sandwich complex, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η9‐Ind)], which forms the link between the two former reactions. An analysis of the electronic structure of this species indicates a saturated 18‐electron complex. A full understanding of the indenyl interchange process required the characterisation of several isomers of the Zr–bis(indenyl) species, corresponding to different spin states (S=0 and S=1), different coordination modes of the two indenyl ligands (η5/η9, η5/η5 and η6/η9), and three conformations for each isomer (syn, anti, and gauche). The fluxionality observed was found to occur in a mechanism involving bis(η5‐Ind) intermediates, and the calculated activation energy (11–14 kcal mol−1) compares very well with the experimental values. Two alternative mechanisms were explored for the reductive elimination of methane from the methyl/hydride complex. In the more favourable one, the initial complex, [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(CH3)(H)], yields [Zr(η5‐Ind)2] and methane in one crucial step, followed by a smooth transition of the Zr intermediate to the more stable η5/η9‐species. The overall activation energy calculated (Ea=29 kcal mol−1) compares well with experimental values for related species. The formation of the THF adduct follows a one step mechanism from the appropriate conformer of the [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η9‐Ind)] complex, producing easily (Ea=6.5 kcal mol−1) the known product, [Zr(η5‐Ind)(η6‐Ind)(thf)], a species previously characterised by X‐ray crystallography. This complex was found to be trapped in a potential well that prevents it from evolving to the 3.4 kcal mol−1 more stable isomer, [Zr(η5‐Ind)2(thf)], with both indenyl ligands in a η5‐coordination mode and a spin‐triplet state (S=1).
Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Homoleptic Tellurium Cyanides Te(CN)x: Crystal Structure of Te(CN)2.
Authors: Klapoetke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Galvez‐Ruiz Juan Carlos , Noeth Heinrich , Schwab Ingo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Aminoethanethiol Trityl Ether Ligands for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.
Authors: Harfouche Joyce , Herault Damien , Tommasino M. Lorraine , Pellet‐Rostaing Stephane , Lemaire Marc 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of C2‐Symmetric and Unsymmetrically Substituted 2,2′‐Dipyridylamines and Crystal Structure of a Chiral 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine Copper(II) Complex.
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Frison Jean‐Cedric , Le Paih Jacques , Moessner Christian , Raabe Gerhard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Polystyrene‐Bound Dichlorotitanium Dialkoxide and Its Application as a Polymer‐Supported Lewis Acid Catalyst in Organic Syntheses.
Authors: Fujita Ken‐ichi , Muraki Takahito , Hashimoto Shigeru , Oishi Akihiro , Taguchi Yoichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Lewis Acid Promoted Cyclization of Ethenetricarboxylate Derivative Aromatic Compounds. Novel Syntheses of Oxindoles and Benzofuranones via Friedel—Crafts Intramolecular Michael Addition.
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Morikawa Satoshi , Iwata Yuko , Yamamoto Machiko , Kuramoto Kaori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
γ‐Cyclodextrin‐Bicapped C60‐Mediated Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones with NaBH4.
Authors: Nishimura Takahiro , Nakajima Mitsuru , Maeda Yasunari , Uemura Sakae , Takekuma Shin‐ichi , Takekuma Hideko , Yoshida Zen‐ichi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphaadamantanes as Ligands for Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Chemistry: Library Synthesis, Characterization, and Screening in the Suzuki Coupling of Alkyl Halides and Tosylates Containing β‐Hydrogens with Boronic Acids and Alkylboranes.
Authors: Brenstrum Tim , Gerristma David A. , Adjabeng George M. , Frampton Christopher S. , Britten James , Robertson Alan J. , McNulty James , Capretta Alfredo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mild and Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Dimerization of Terminal Alkynes to Form Symmetrical (Z,Z)‐1,4‐Dihalo‐1,3‐dienes.
Authors: Li Jin‐Heng , Liang Yun , Xie Ye‐Xiang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Allylation of Aromatic Compounds and Allylic Ether Formation.
Authors: Onodera Gen , Imajima Hiroaki , Yamanashi Masashi , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki , Hidai Masanobu , Uemura Sakae 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sequential Olefinations on 2‐Arylmethylidene‐2‐phosphonoacetates: A One‐Pot Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted 1,3‐Butadienes.
Authors: Date Sonali M. , Ghosh Sunil K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) as a Mild and Highly Chemoselective Catalyst for Deprotection of tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl Ethers.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Zamani Asghar , Zareyee Daryoush 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organocatalyzed Solvent‐Free Aza‐Henry Reaction: A Breakthrough in the One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Bernardi Luca , Bonini Bianca F. , Capito Elena , Dessole Gabriella , Comes‐Franchini Mauro , Fochi Mariafancesca , Ricci Alfredo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Monodentate Chiral Spiro Phosphonites and the Electronic Effect of Ligand in Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Fu Yu , Hou Guo‐Hua , Xie Jian‐Hua , Xing Liang , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Combination Strategy Using Pure Enzymes and Whole Cells as Biocatalysts for the Preparation of 2‐Hydroxyesters and Lactones from 2‐Oxoglutaric Acid.
Authors: Rustoy Eduardo M. , Pereyra Elba N. , Moreno Silvia , Baldessari Alicia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unnatural Amino Acids. Part 2. Simple Method of Obtaining Esters of Aziridine‐2‐carboxylic Acids by a Transesterification Reaction.
Authors: Shtrumfs B. , Chernyak D. , Kums I. , Kalvins I. , Trapencieris P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Gewald Synthesis of 2‐Aminothiophenes Catalyzed by Ethylenediammonium Diacetate.
Authors: Hu Yi , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Le Zhang‐Gao , Zheng Qin‐Guo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interaction of Hydroxylamine with Esters of 2‐Oxobutenoic Acids. Synthesis of 3‐Hydroximino‐1‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidinones.
Authors: Katkevics M. , Korchagova E. , Ivanova T. , Slavinska V. , Lukevics E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Number of Sulfoalkanoic and Sulfamido Acids on the Basis of N‐Acylated Indoline Derivatives.
Authors: Shalygina E. E. , Kobylinskii D. V. , Skorenko A. V. , Korikov P. V. , Solov'ev M. Yu. , Balakin K. V. , Dorogov M. V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Enantiopure Imidazolines Through a Ritter Reaction of 2‐(1‐Aminoalkyl)aziridines with Nitriles.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Riego Estela , Suarez Jose Ramon , Garcia‐Granda Santiago , Diaz M. Rosario 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Some 2‐[(Benzazole‐2‐yl)thio]‐diphenylmethylacetamide Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Turan‐Zitouni G. , Kaplancikli Z. A. , Ucucu Ue. , Oezdemir A. , Chevallet P. , Tunali Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A One‐Pot Synthesis of Alkyl 5‐Amino‐2‐mercaptothiazole‐4‐carboxylates and Sulfur‐Claisen Type Rearrangement Reactions of the Corresponding S‐Allyl/Propargyl Compounds.
Authors: Ray Sibdas , Ghosh Sukla 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Synthetic Approach to Cyclopenta‐Fused Heterocycles Based upon a Mild Nazarov Reaction. Part 2. Further Studies on the Torquoselectivity.
Authors: Prandi Cristina , Ferrali Alessandro , Guarna Antonio , Venturello Paolo , Occhiato Ernesto G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 4‐Substituted 3‐Cyano‐6,6‐dimethyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐2‐pyranones.
Authors: Leite L. , Jansone D. , Fleisher M. , Kazhoka H. , Popelis J. , Veretennikova N. , Shestakova I. , Domracheva I. , Lukevics E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 12‐Hydroxy‐12H‐benzo[b]thioxanthene‐6,11‐diones from 1,4‐Naphthoquinone and o‐Acylbenzenethiols.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Umakoshi Hironobu , Matsunaga Akihiro , Tanmatsu Miyuki , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electroreductive Intramolecular Coupling of Aromatic β‐ and γ‐Imino Esters: A New Synthetic Method for N‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐2‐aryl‐3‐ones and cis‐2‐Aryl‐3‐ols of Pyrrolidines and Piperidines.
Authors: Kise Naoki , Ohya Kengo , Arimoto Kie , Yamashita Yutaka , Hirano Yuuki , Ono Tadahiro , Ueda Nasuo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 6‐Phenanthridinones and Their Heterocyclic Analogues Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Sequential Aryl—Aryl and N‐Aryl Coupling.
Authors: Ferraccioli Raffaella , Carenzi Davide , Rombola Ottavio , Catellani Marta 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a New Tricyclic 3‐(Tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyridine System from 2‐(Azidomethyl)nicotinonitriles.
Authors: Bliznets Igor V. , Shorshnev Sergey V. , Aleksandrov Grigory G. , Stepanov Aleksandr E. , Lukyanov Sergey M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid Promoted Annulation of o‐Quinonediimines by Allylstannane: A Facile Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Dhanya R. , Rajesh C. , Bhadbhade Mohan M. , Manoj K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Quinoline‐8‐selenol, Its Complex Compounds with Metals and Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Ashaks J. , Bankovsky Yu. , Zaruma D. , Shestakova I. , Domracheva I. , Nesterova A. , Lukevics E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of γ‐Siloxyallyltributylstannanes and Their Use in the Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐1‐Deoxy‐6,8a‐di‐epi‐castanospermine.
Authors: Chevallier Floris , Le Grognec Erwan , Beaudet Isabelle , Fliegel Florian , Evain Michel , Quintard Jean‐Paul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Sesterterpenes from Leucosceptrum canum of Nepalese Origin.
Authors: Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Ranjit Rosa , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman , Hussain Sajjad , Devkota Krishna Prasad , Shrestha Tirtha Maiya , Parvez Masood 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Protocol for the SmI2‐Promoted C‐Alkylation of Peptides: Degradation and Functionalization of Serine Residues in Linear and Cyclic Peptides.
Authors: Blakskjaer Peter , Gavrila Adina , Andersen Lisbeth , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
CamTHP*OH: A Camphor‐Derived δ‐Lactol Auxiliary for the Effective Desymmetrization of Attached Glycinamide Residues. Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Dixon Darren J. , Horan Richard A. J. , Monck Nathaniel J. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Haloethyl 1‐Thioglycosides as New Tools in Glycoside Syntheses. Part 1. Preparation, Characteristics, General Reactions.
Authors: Krueger Andreas , Pyplo‐Schnieders Jutta , Redlich Hartmut , Winkelmann Paer 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐galactopyranosyl‐ (1→4)‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐galactopyranosides: Using Various 2‐Deoxy‐2‐phthalimido‐D‐galactopyranosyl Donors and Acceptors.
Authors: Vesely Jan , Ledvina Miroslav , Jindrich Jindrich , Trnka Tomas , Saman David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparison of mRNA Expression Levels Determined with TAQ—Man and Competitive Template RT—PCR
Authors: Mauritz R. , Schwabe W. , Haeusler P. , Noordhuis P. , Smid K. , McLeod H. L. , Behnke D. , van Groeningen C. J. , Peters G. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antiproliterative Activity and Mechanism of Action of Fatty Acid Derivatives of Arabinosylcytosine (ara‐C) in Leukemia and Solid Tumor Cell Lines
Authors: Bergmann A. M. , Kuiper C. M. , Myhren F. , Sandvold M. L. , Hendriks H. R. , Peters G. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Combination Chemotherapy of BCNU and Didox Acts Synergystically in 9L Glioma Cells
Authors: Horvath Zsuzsanna , Bauer Wolfgang , Hoechtl Thomas , Saiko Philipp , Fritzer‐Szekeres Monika , Tihan Tarik , Szekeres Thomas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tubulin content and synthesis in differentiating drosophila cells in culture
Authors: Berger Edward M. , Sloboda Roger D. , Ireland Robert C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDrosophila Kc cells exposed to physiological doses of the moulting hormone, β‐ecdysone, elongate, become motile, and subsequently aggregate. This pattern of morphogenesis was found to require the assembly of a microtubular cytoskeleton. Tubulin content was significantly increased in hormone‐treated cells when compared to controls, as measured by a 3H‐colchicine‐binding assay. However, determinations of rates of tubulin synthesis and breakdown revealed no difference between control and hormone‐treated cells for either parameter. When tubulin content was assayed by methods that do not depend on colchicine‐binding activity, no difference between hormone‐treated and control cells was observed. These results are discussed in terms of a model in which β‐ecdysone affects the distribution of tubulin in “assembly‐active” and “assembly‐inactive” pools.
Invited review: Guidance cue patterns and cell migration in muiticeliuiar organisms
Authors: Katz Michael J. , Lasek Raymond J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn multicellular organisms, guidance cues are either diffusible molecules or cellular or extracellular surfaces that are found in reproducible locations and that orient migrating cells and cell processes. The pattern of the guidance cues usually determines the complex in vivo migration routes of motile cells and cell processes. Within organisms, guidance cues are found to be organized in two general patterns: (a) broad gradients ‐ such as diffuse chemotactic gradients; (b) discrete routes (substrate pathways) ‐ such as chemotactic gradients confined to long channels, and such as the axon surface which represents a long specific highway for migrating Schwann cells.
Distribution of tubulin and actin in neurites and growth cones of differentiating nerve cells
Authors: Spooner Brian S. , Holladay Carter R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEmbryonic chick nerve cells, from dissociated dorsal root ganglia, were cultured on polylysine substrata and examined for tubulin and actin distribution by indirect immunofluorescence.Antibodies generated against chick brain tubulin produced specific fluorescence in growth cones, neurites, and cell bodies without revealing distribution differences or substructure in the nerve cells. However, at reduced antitubulin concentrations, differences were resolved. Tubulin fluorescence remained uniform and intense in neurites and cell bodies, but exhibited reduced intensity and patterning in growth cones. Nonneuronal cells in the reduced intensity and patterning in growth cones. Nonneuronal cells in the cultures served as controls for typical cytoplasmic tubulin fluorescence distribution. Straining controls demonstrated that fluorescence resulted from tubulin‐antitubulin binding.Analogous studies, using antibodies generated against chick brain actin, demonstrated distribution differences at reduced antiactin concentrations, including “hot spots” of intense fluorescence in growth cones and a paucity of fluorescence in neurites.