bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Kilbourne Edwin D. ,   With the Technical Assistance of L. M. Daves Burch and Barbara Ann Pokorny
Published: June 2004

The administration of cortisone to chicken embryos infected with influenza B virus results in (a) an initial inhibition of viral synthesis and (b) an eventual increase in the final yield of virus attained. Increased yields of virus are attained regardless of the number of viral particles in the infecting inoculum or the proportion of particles which are infective.
Changes in the distribution ratios of allantoic fluid and intramembrane virus are effected by cortisone only as the secondary result of reduction in viral synthesis.
The manifest effect of cortisone on influenza A virus increase is inhibitory unless inocula containing relatively high proportions of inactive viral particles are used.
SURFACE PHAGOCYTOSIS
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Experiments recently reported (18) have been interpreted to indicate that surface phagocytosis plays no significant part in natural antipneumococcal defense. A repetition of these experiments has revealed: (a) that the cellular content of the leucocytic suspensions used in the phagocytic tests was of a different order of magnitude from that of the exudates which usually exist in infected tissues, (b) that the suspensions were too dilute to allow surface phagocytosis of pneumococci to occur, and (c) that the ratio of bacteria to leucocytes. was such that, when a sufficiently concentrated exudate was employed, the pneumococci injured the leucocytes and thus prevented phagocytosis from taking place.
When conditions of the tests were suitably controlled, and conventional quantitative methods were employed to measure the end results of the phagocytic reaction, the essential observations relating to surface phagocytosis were fully confirmed. The significance of this non-antibody mechanism of defense in pneumococcal infections was thus further substantiated.
MELIOIDOSIS: PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNITY IN MICE AND HAMSTERS
Authors: Dannenberg Arthur M. , Scott Eva M. 
Published: June 2004

The pathogenesis of acute respiratory melioidosis mice and hamsters is described. Inhaled organisms giving rise to lesions seemed to be first engulfed by the mononuclear alveolar phagocytes, but in less than 1 day polymorphonuclear cells made their appearance. In spite of this defense reaction, the bacteria continued to multiply and their products caused focal necrosis. These foci enlarged and gave rise to septicemia, toxemia, and eventually death, which usually occurred in 3 to 10 days depending on the dose. Melioidosis, is, therefore, an acute septicotoxemic disease resembling plague and anthrax in this respect.
In hamsters the disease process developed more rapidly than in mice and death occurred sooner. The course of the disease in hamsters was sometimes complicated by intraglomerular deposits resembling "fibrinoid," which were similar to those of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon. This phenomenon may have been an indirect cause of both the perifocal hemorrhage and the extremely large number of bacteria in some of the hamster lesions.
When low infecting doses of organisms were employed, mice, but not hamsters, developed a chronic type of disease, lasting 2 to 8 weeks. This was characterized by large abscesses in the spleen or lung, marked proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes and plasma cells, and increased immunity against reinfection (about 40-fold against respiratory challenge).
When mice and hamsters inhaled high infecting doses of organisms, a peracute disease resulted with death in 1 to 3 days. Increased numbers of bacteria were observed in the lesions, and the histological changes in the spleen resembled those following the intravenous injection of Malleomyces pseudomallei toxin or the intramuscular injection of large doses of cortisone. These changes were characterized by a swelling of the phagocytes of the white pulp with nuclear debris.
The peracute, the acute, and the chronic forms of melioidosis in mice are similar to analogous clinical forms found in man.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF TRITON (WR-1339) ON GUINEA PIG TISSUES
Authors: Hudgins Paul C. , Patnode Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

Guinea pig red cells exposed to triton WR-1339 either in vitro or in vivo demonstrate an increased sensitivity to hemolysis by thermal shock. Although the sensitivity of guinea pig leucocytes to thermal shock remains unchanged after a single injection of triton, their resistance to disruption by acetone and by sonic vibration is increased significantly. Resistance to sonic vibration appears to be maximum within a few hours after injection and then it gradually wanes. Paraffin oil-induced peritoneal exudate cells (monocytes) and leucocytes from whole blood are rendered more resistant to disruption by sonic vibration when exposed to triton in vitro.
These findings are discussed briefly in relation to the therapeutic effect of triton in experimental tuberculosis.
THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Hobson Derek , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Low concentrations of hemoglobin (0.1 µg./ml. or less) exert a lethal action on some Gram-negative bacteria under certain conditions in vitro. Hemoglobins from various mammals and the distinct genetic types of human hemoglobin all manifest similar bactericidal activity.
The bactericidal effect is a function of the globin moiety of the molecule; native and acid or acid-alcohol denatured globins have the same degree of activity.
Hemoglobins kill enterobacteriaceae only under precisely controlled conditions. The test medium must be low in ionic concentration and acid in reaction. Various strains of Escherichia and Salmonella are susceptible to the lethal effect of hemoglobin, while the few strains of Shigella, Klebsiella, and Proteus examined were resistant.
Certain acid polysaccharides and basic amines or proteins block the bactericidal effect when incorporated in the test in low concentration. Present evidence also suggests that exposure of the microorganisms to certain cations such as magnesium renders them resistant to the lethal action of globin. Hemoglobin loses its bactericidal power when complexed with haptoglobin, and serum fractions rich in free haptoglobin protect otherwise susceptible bacteria from killing by hemoglobin.
The reaction appears to be a bactericidal rather than a bacteriostatic one. At 38°C. maximal killing requires approximately 30 minutes; at temperatures of 28°C. or 0°C. the bactericidal action does not take place. The minimal concentration of hemoglobin required to kill 50 per cent of the microorganisms in the test is unrelated to the size of the bacterial inoculum.
Under conditions suitable for bactericidal action, hemoglobin is adsorbed onto heat-killed susceptible strains of coliform bacteria; material possessing bactericidal activity can be eluted with dilute mineral acid.
COLICINE K
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Barry Guy T. 
Published: June 2004

By chemical fractionation a substance having colicine K activity has been obtained from the culture medium of E. coli K235 L+O.
Colicine K activity was found associated with the O antigen of this microorganism.
When the O antigen was dissociated, colicine K activity remained with the protein component of the antigen.
STUDIES ON THE FORMATION OF COLLAGEN
Authors: Gross Jerome 
Published: June 2004

The total amount of neutral salt-extractible collagen in the skin of growing, suckling guinea pigs amounted to about 10 per cent of the total collagen of the dennis. This is roughly equivalent to a 1 to 2 day increment in dermal collagen incident to growth.
Fourteen days of static weight maintained by limited caloric intake reduced the neutral salt-extractible collagen to very low levels. Following this period, 5 to 7 days of steady weight gain induced by ad lib. feeding was required to produce significant increases in this collagen fraction. Return to control levels occurred within 12 days of continuous growth.
The amount of collagen extracted from the dermis of young guinea pigs with cold neutral salt solutions varied directly with growth rate (weight gain) and was greatly diminished after short periods of restricted caloric intake. Two days of fasting diminished the total extracted collagen by one-half.
Three consecutive extractions with citrate buffer pH, 3.5, of the residues remaining after exhaustive saline extraction removed 40 per cent more collagen from the skins of actively growing animals than from those of animals fasted for 2 days. However, subsequent extraction of residues with dilute acetic acid equalized the total amount of collagen extracted at acid pH from the two groups.
The viscosity of cold neutral extracts was unrelated to the concentrations of non-collagenous proteins and carbohydrates but varied directly with the collagen content.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: King M. Kenton , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

The evolution of an acute inflammatory exudate produced in rabbits by the intraperitoneal injection of saline has been described. Evidence has been presented that polymorphonuclear leucocytes release endogenous pyrogen into the cell-free fluid of the exudate. Leucocytes from such exudates have also been shown to release pyrogen into the surrounding medium during incubation in vitro at 37°C. The results of parallel cytological studies have provided evidence which suggests that the leucocytes give up their pyrogen while functionally intact.
These observations add further support to the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leucocytes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of fever.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER WITH INFLUENZAL VIRUSES
Authors: Atkins Elisha , Huang Wei Cheng 
Published: June 2004

Tolerance to the pyrogenic action of intravenously injected virus has been studied in rabbits given either PR8 strain of influenza A virus or Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The following findings suggest that the capacity of the animal to release an endogenous pyrogen is a critical factor.
(a) Viruses produce fever by the release of endogenous pyrogen.
(b) Tolerance to the pyrogenic effect of reinjected virus is associated with a decrease or absence of endogenous pyrogen production.
(c) Tolerance to virus fever may be induced by the prior injection of endogenous pyrogen.
(d) Cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between virus and bacterial endotoxin (typhoid vaccine), both of which cause the release of endogenous pyrogen.
A difference has been noted in the mechanism of tolerance to successive injections of virus and of bacterial endotoxin. Repeated injections of endotoxins bring about an accelerated clearance of these substances from the blood stream with the result that there is a diminished stimulus to endogenous pyrogen production. Tolerance to virus, on the other hand, is unaccompanied by changes in the rate at which virus disappears from the circulation. It is postulated that circulating endogenous pyrogen, induced by the injection of a number of pyrogenic agents including viruses, temporarily suppresses the further release of endogenous pyrogen and thereby contributes to virus tolerance.
EFFECT OF SECONDARY INJECTIONS OF ANTIGEN UPON THE RETENTION IN LIVER OF A PRIMARY INJECTION
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: June 2004

The retention of antigen in rabbit liver tissue, resulting from a primary intravenous injection, is influenced by immunization brought about by subsequent intravenous injections of the same antigen. In rabbits given a single primary intravenous injection of radioactive antigen, the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue, after a period of 21 days, was greater than when the primary injection was followed by secondary injections of the same, but non-radioactive antigen. The results were similar for both S35-azohemocyanin and S35-azo-bovine-serum-albumin, except the hemocyanin was retained to a greater extent than the albumin.
There was very little if any correlation between the number of secondary injections and retention of the initial injection. Quantitative antibody nitrogen data, obtained for the serum of each rabbit showed, in general, an inverse relationship between circulating antibody and radioactivity retained, i.e. the higher the circulating antibody titer, the lower the retention of radioactivity in liver tissue.
Passively administered homologous antibody did not produce a change in the retention of the primary injection of antigen nor did secondary injections of a heterologous native protein injected according to the same immunization schedule as the homologous azoprotein. From these results it may be concluded that an intracellular antibody-forming activity influences the loss (or retention) of antigen deposited in liver tissue and that the mechanism is immunologically specific.
THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL CONSTITUENTS ON THE RESISTANCE OF MICE TO HETEROLOGOUS INFECTION AND ON THE ACTIVITY OF THEIR RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: Boehme Diethelm , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Administration of small amounts of salmonella endotoxin (20 µg.) or of acetone-extracted BCG cells (100 µg.) increases the resistance of mice to infection with Myco. fortuitum as well as their ability to clear carbon particles from their blood stream. Whereas the increased resistance to infection persists for many weeks, the clearing power returns to a normal level within a few days.
When normal mice are infected with Myco. fortuitum, there occurs during the first phase of the infectious process a rise in clearing power for carbon particles followed by a fall during the terminal phase of the disease. The rise occurs more rapidly and is more pronounced in animals previously treated with salmonella endotoxin or with killed BCG cells. This acceleration and intensification of the phagocytic response to infection can be detected even in animals which exhibit a normal phagocytic index when tested several weeks after administration of endotoxin or of BCG.
Although increase in resistance to infection is correlated with activation of the so called reticulo-endothelial system, there is no evidence of any direct causal relationship between the two phenomena.
STUDIES ON BACTERIEMIA
Authors: Rogers David E. , Melly Marian Ann 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits given an intravenous injection of an 18 to 24 hour broth culture of E. coli commonly died within 28 hours. The injection of a 4 hour broth culture of the same strain of E. coli containing equal numbers of living bacilli produced only an occasional death.
Initial clearance rates and subsequent bacteriemias were similar in animals receiving either culture. Study of changes in circulating leukocytes or the temperature response to washed bacterial cells or culture filtrates failed to reveal obvious differences in host response to young or old cultures.
It was found that both living bacterial cells and some substance or substances present in culture filtrates were required to produce subsequent death. The injection of whole old cultures containing both these factors produced hypothermia instead of the endotoxin type fever response which followed the injection of whole young cultures.
Subsequent experiments revealed that this hypothermia appeared to be secondary to a period of transient but profound shock which occurred soon after the injection in rabbits receiving old cultures. No significant alterations in arterial pressure accompanied injections of young cultures.
Evidence is presented which suggests that this period of hypotension rendered animals more likely to die with a persisting bacteriemia tolerated without event by non-shocked animals. The mechanisms which operate to increase mortality during the post shock period are as yet unclarified.
ADSORPTION AND MATURATION OF POLIOVIRUS IN SINGLY AND MULTIPLY INFECTED HELA CELLS
Authors: Darnell James E. 
Published: June 2004

Studies with polio-infected HeLa cells using cell disruption techniques during the early stages of infection have shown that:
The inoculum of poliovirus adsorbed on HeLa cells is largely inactivated. Infective virus accumulates in a monolayer sheet of cells in advance of release into the medium.
The eclipse period is shorter in multiply infected cells than in those infected with a single particle.
THE NATURE OF ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES FORMED IN RABBITS DURING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: Weigle William O. 
Published: June 2004

The immune elimination of soluble BSA, following an intravenous injection, is accompanied by the appearance of circulating antigen-antibody complexes. The pattern of the appearance of circulating antigen-antibody complexes and the immune elimination of antigen probably depends on the amount of antigen injected, the rate of antibody synthesis, and perhaps, the quality of antibody produced.
There is no relationship between the I* antigen-antibody complexes detected during the immune response in rabbits by ammonium sulfate precipitation and the material precipitated from immune sera as a result of treatment with alkali. Alkali-precipitable material present in the serum of rabbits at a time when I* antigen is also present contain at most only traces of the antigen.
THE DEVELOPMENT IN VITRO OF PARTICLES FROM CYTOPLASM
Authors: Nelson Eric L. 
Published: June 2004

Spherical particles, 1 to 10 microns in diameter, resulted from the incubation at 37°C. of distilled water lysates of erythrocytes with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The particles consisted of 88 per cent hemoglobin and 12 per cent DNA (dry weight basis).
An unknown factor, presumably an enzyme, present only in fresh red cell lysates, was required for particle development. Particle size was a function of the pH of the reaction mixture. The pH range was 4.8–5.8.
It was possible to trap extraneous proteins and polysaccharides in pockets within the hemoglobin particles during their development to the exclusion of some of the hemoglobin. The amount of any one substance so trapped was proportional to its concentration in the reaction mixture.
Some practical applications of the particles, as a means for making particulate various soluble substances (enzymes, antigens, antibiotics), are suggested.
REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN THE LIVER: THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FATS
Authors: Linazasoro José M. , Hill R. , Chevallier François , Chaikoff I. L. 
Published: June 2004

Rats were fed, for 3 days, four synthetic diets, all of which contained the same proportion of carbohydrate (50 per cent) and were of equal caloric value per gram. These diets contained either 0 or 15 per cent fat. The fats used were lard, corn oil, Wesson oil, and a hydrogenated vegetable oil. The feeding of the fat-containing diet for 3 days increased the liver's capacity for incorporating acetate carbon to cholesterol. The fats tested were of about equal value in stimulating hepatic cholesterogenesis.
The various diets fed had no effect on the lipide or glycogen content of the liver nor on the lipide content of plasma.
EARLY CHANGES AT THE EPIPHYSIS OF RACHITIC CHICKS, FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF VITAMIN D
Authors: Bélanger Leonard F. , Migicovsky B. B. 
Published: June 2004

One day old chicks were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for 3 weeks. Some were then given an oral dose of vitamin D and sacrificed at various times thereafter. The tibiae were x-rayed; demineralized sections were stained for neutral polysaccharides and sulfated mucopolysaccharides; other specimens were ashed; and others still were autoradiographed to determine their uptake of Ca45 in vitro.
Mineralization reappeared in the treated animals after 2 days, along with new P.A.S.-positive spicules.
Earlier, the immature cartilage rapidly matured morphologically. At the same time, the rachitic matrix, highly concentrated in cation binder, presumably chondroitin sulfate, lost this material progressively.
ANTIGENIC VARIANTS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS (PR8 STRAIN)
Authors: Loosli Clayton G. , Hamre Dorothy , Gerber Paul 
Published: June 2004

Two series of variants of influenza PR8-S virus have been described. While all retain the same degree of pathogenicity for mice and fertile eggs, there was a progressive loss in the ability of the variants to provoke antibody following vaccination or infection of mice and ferrets. The immunogenicity of the variants was, therefore, less than that of the original strain. Although little or no serological relationship could be demonstrated between some of the variants and the PR8-S virus a considerable degree of cross-immunity could be demonstrated in the cross-protection tests with these viruses if observations were based solely on death or survival of the mice. By employing the occurrence of lesions in the lung and the titer of virus in the lung 48 hours after challenge, the amount of cross-protection in mice could be related to the amount of serological cross-reaction. In general mice vaccinated with PR8-S virus were less resistant to infection with the variant viruses than mice vaccinated with variants and challenged with the PR8-S parent virus.
The role of the immune environment of the host in the production of the variant influenza viruses with their serological differences, decreasing antigenicity, and persisting pathogenicity as well as the epidemiological implications of these findings with respect to epidemic influenza in man are discussed.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "REACTANT" (GAMMA GLOBULIN FACTOR) IN THE F II PRECIPITIN REACTION AND THE F II TANNED SHEEP CELL AGGLUTINATION TEST
Authors: Christian Charles L. 
Published: June 2004

The material in gamma globulin ("reactant") which reacts with rheumatoid sera in the F II precipitin and F II tanned sheep cell agglutination tests was concentrated by precipitation with sodium sulfate. The concentrated "reactant" appeared to consist of polydispersed molecular aggregates of gamma globulin with s20 constants as high as 40, as well as the previously described inhomogeneous aggregated material.
Aggregated gamma globulin precipitated readily with most rheumatoid sera regardless of the reaction volume, and in low concentration inhibited the F II tanned sheep cell agglutination reaction and sensitized tanned erythrocytes to the agglutinating action of a positive rheumatoid serum. On the other hand, non-aggregated gamma globulin (7S) did not precipitate with rheumatoid sera and in low concentration did not inhibit the F II tanned sheep cell agglutination reaction, or sensitize tanned erythrocytes.
Non-aggregated gamma globulin in large excess inhibited the precipitin reaction of aggregated gamma globulin with "rheumatoid factor," and accounted for the characteristic shape of the whole F II precipitin curves and the volume effect described by Vaughan (relation of increased precipitate yield relative to the reaction volume in whole F II precipitin studies).
In serological systems other than the F II tanned sheep cell and F II precipitin reactions, the sensitization involves an antigen-antibody combination; i.e., sheep erythrocyte plus hemolysin in the sensitized sheep cell test, and egg albumin plus anti egg albumin in the absorption experiments with specific precipitates. The aggregation of gamma globulin that was essential for sensitization in the F II tanned sheep cell and F II precipitin tests may have simulated the aggregation of antibody gamma globulin that occurs with antigen-antibody union.
The present information has been incorporated into a schematic hypothesis for the basis of the rheumatoid serological reactions.