bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Participation in Social Regulation: the Case of European Occupational Health and Safety Policy
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To bring the debate about functional participation as an additional source of legitimacy in European governance beyond the general ‘civil society claims ‘, this book analyses institutionalized forms of functional participation within a particular policy-sector. This chapter will first explain why it is especially interesting to study functional participation within the European social dimension, and within the sector of occupational health and safety policy in particular. While it is not the aim of this book to deal extensively with the material law or substance of this policy-sector, the analysis of functional participation will gain in strength if one is aware of the general features of this policy area.
Functional Participation Across Stages and Modes of Policy-making
Authors: Smismans Stijn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters the features and normative underpinnings of the different institutionalized forms of functional participation have been described separately. It has already become apparent that some forms of functional participation are involved (mainly) in regulatory policy-making whereas others play (dominantly) a role in persuasive policy-making. However, the institutionalized forms of functional participation do not exist in complete isolation from each other.
Finale: London, March 1870
Authors: Andrews Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dickens was in Leeds in mid-April 1869, at the start of his Farewell Reading tour. It was ‘Farewell’ because he had finally yielded to family and friends and persuaded himself to bring his Reading career to an end before it brought an end to him. His friend Edmund Yates, son of the man who, half a century earlier, had partnered Charles Mathews in some of those bravura shows of impersonation, met Dickens in Leeds on 12th April and was shocked by the change in his appearance and manner: ‘He looked desperately aged and worn; the lines in his cheeks and round his eyes, always noticeable, were now deep furrows; and there was a weariness in his gaze, and a general air of fatigue and depression about him.
Insurable Interest, Illegality, and Public Policy
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A contract of insurance may be inherently invalid or unenforceable on the grounds of illegality or public policy. In particular, the doctrine of insurable interest, which originated in and continues to reflect the fundamental nature of a contract of insurance as a contract of indemnity, also implements public policy that a marine insurance contract is not employed as an instrument of wager. Public policy, in the form of fiscal legislation, is also the origin of the inadmissibility in evidence of a marine insurance contract not embodied in a policy. Alternatively, the insurance may be unenforceable by reason of the insured adventure being illegal or contrary to public policy.
Interpretation And Rectification Of Insurance Contracts
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with how one ascertains the content of the bargain between insurer and assured. This necessarily involves interpretation of the terms selected by the parties, in the same way as with any commercial contract. In addition, however, the insurance context raises the question of the utility of the slip as an aid to interpretation of any subsequent policy. The availability of rectification will also be considered. Phillips J once observed, in the context of a reinsurance dispute: ‘As is the way with hotly contested issues of construction, Counsel on each side has assured me that my task is a simple one and that the answer is obvious. I do not find the issue simple.
Marine Risks
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The standard market clauses for hulls and freight provide cover against loss of or, in the case of hull insurance, damage to the insured property on a named perils basis and divide the list of covered perils into two groups, a division necessitated by the fact that cover in respect of the second group of perils, but not the first, is subject to a due diligence proviso. For convenience, the term ‘marine risks’ is adopted to designate the first group of perils. This chapter is concerned with that first group, while the second group is considered in Chapter 11 below. The scope of cover under the Institute cargo clauses is also briefly considered.
Excluded Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Section 55(1) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 states the presumptive causation rule of the proximate cause. The three paragraphs of section 55(2) then provide that the insurer is not liable for certain losses. Technically, these paragraphs do not imply exclusion clauses into marine policies. Rather, they create rules of interpretation as to the scope of cover granted in the first place. This could have led to the assured carrying the burden of disproving the applicability of the losses listed in section 55(2) as part of proving a loss covered by the policy. It is, however, clear that the burden of proof in respect of the section 55(2) losses lies on the insurer, as if they were indeed contractual exclusions.
Duration Of Cover
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A marine adventure, the subject-matter of a marine insurance contract, consists in principle of the exposure of a ship, goods, or freight to marine perils. The relevant adventure is, however, further defined by reference to duration and nature. Section 25(1) of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 provides as follows: Where the contract is to insure the subject-matter at and from, or from one place to another or others, the policy is called a ‘voyage policy,’ and where the contract is to insure the subject-matter for a definite period of time the policy is called a ‘time policy.’ A contract for both voyage and time may be included in the same policy.
Losses
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Marine policies afford cover in respect of different types of loss. First, there is physical damage to or loss of the subject-matter insured. Secondly, the assured may also recover losses, charges, or expenditure incurred voluntarily or as a matter of law in order to avert or minimize a loss. Cover for such losses, charges, or expenditure is discussed in Chapter 24 below. Thirdly, the assured may incur loss in the form of liability to a third party, although commonly the relevant entitlement under a marine policy will be to indemnification of payment made in satisfaction of that liability. This chapter is concerned predominantly with loss in the first sense, although certain issues relating to liability cover are also considered.
Claims And Claims Handling
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the process of making a claim under an insurance policy and the handling of claims by insurers. A more developed set of clauses addressing claims and their handling is a feature, and constitutes Part 3, of the International Hull Clauses (01/11/03). After highlighting the potentially significant role of the leading underwriter, the chapter considers assureds’ obligations to inform the insurer of the possibility of a claim, the doctrine of abandonment and the notice of abandonment procedure, the time limits for bringing a claim, obligations that arise in connection with claims, the fraudulent claims doctrine, and issues relating to payment of claims.
Averting And Minimizing Loss
Authors: Bennett Professor Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with ancillary heads of cover under which an assured can recover in respect of losses and liabilities incurred voluntarily or by law in order to avert or minimize loss. It addresses the recoverability of sue and labour expenses, of losses and liabilities arising in general average, and of liability for the different awards that may be made at law and under contract to salvors. A final section then considers the issue of under-insurance in respect of each of these heads of ancillary loss.
The Indeterminacy of the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With its echoes and anticipations of Barthes, Debord, Perec, and Certeau, Blanchot’s essay is an invaluable source of thinking about the everyday. Yet it was prompted by the writings of Henri Lefebvre, and particularly the second volume, published in 1961, of Lefebvre’s mammoth Critique de la vie quotidienne (which registers Lefebvre’s encounter with Debord and Situationism).
Surrealism and the Everyday
Authors: Sheringham Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surrealism can claim a central place in any discussion of approaches to the everyday. Firstly, because through all its switches of emphasis, and even in its dissident forms, the movement always maintained a commitment to the transformation of daily life, in line with Rimbaud’s dictum: ‘changer la vie’. Secondly, because in its obsession with precursors, Surrealism retrospectively created a lineage, encompassing German Romanticism, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmè, Apollinaire, and Reverdy, in which we can now identify key elements in the valorization and exploration of the quotidien.
Security and the responsibilities of the public and private sectors
Authors: Gyarmati István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 21st century began with an event in the United States that signalled the end of an historic era. The aircraft that destroyed the New York World Trade Center and a part of the Pentagon demonstrated that the cold war era, and even the post-cold war era, has come to an end; that old concepts of security no longer apply; that new threats have emerged which are much more realistic and no less devastating than those of the cold war; and that defence against them has proved to be extremely difficult. The cold war era was characterized by threats that threatened to destroy much of humankind, if not all life on earth. However, those threats were relatively remote.
Gats and its Impact on Private Sector Participation in Water Services
Authors: Tuerk Elisabeth , Ostrovsky, Aaron , Speed1 Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The importance of water to all forms of life is undisputable, yet half a billion people suffer from severe water shortages and nearly one billion people do not have access to safe drinking water. The availability of water is also a limiting factor for many industries, in particular agriculture. Balancing ecological and human requirements for water with the requirements of economic development raises many difficult environmental, social, and legal issues. To meet these challenges, many countries are undergoing systemic changes to the management of water resources and the provision of water services. These changes include the privatization of water services. While privatization can be a useful tool to make domestic water services more functional and efficient, it should take place as part of strategies for sustainable development and not be deemed an end in itself.
Economics of Water Services and the Right to Water
Authors: Smets Henri 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the right to water is now generally recognized as a fundamental right, some States do not want to acknowledge its importance, as they are in favour of privatizing water utilities and/or wish to avoid any interference due to social concerns. The potential conflict between trade laws and the fundamental right to water should not be exaggerated and should be examined in the context of national practice. The majority of French water services is managed by the private sector and, at the same time, France acts in conformity with its obligations under international law concerning the right to water. This chapter shows that water services can be operated under public-private partnership or as a public service, without special difficulties concerning the right to access to water.
Water, Agriculture, and Subsidies in the International Trading System
Authors: Bernasconi-Osterwalder Nathalie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world ‘s fresh water resources are rapidly decreasing while per capita use of fresh water is increasing at an unprecedented rate•. 1 Large-scale farming and irrigation, the destruction of forests and wetlands, toxic dumping, and urban and industrial pollution are spoiling the Earth ‘s surface water and forcing us to use our water reserves faster than they can be replenished. Recent studies indicate that water-related subsidies can lead to the wasteful use of water for agricultural and other purposes.2 Instead of encouraging the con servation of existing water supplies, subsidies can encourage wasteful practices such as excessive irrigation. Too much irrigation can often lead to additional environmental problems, including the waterlogging and salinization of irrigated croplands. Also, the intensive use of-often subsidized-fertilizers and pesticides in irrigated (and other) areas contributes to the pollution of soils and water resources. While the problems related to water subsidies are numerous and cut across various policy areas, this chapter has a narrow legal scope: it examines whether international trade rules regarding subsidies apply to agricultural water-related subsidies, and whether they offer a framework that is useful for reducing and eliminating environmentally harmful agricultural water subsidies. The chapter only marginally addresses the very important social aspects of water subsidies.3
Equity of the Ineffable: Cultural and Political Constraints on Ethnomedicine as a Health Problem in Contemporary Tibet
Authors: Adams Vincanne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My goal in this chapter is to show that health can be understood in cultural terms—for everyone, not just for Tibetans, not just for cultural anthropologists. By this I mean not simply that culture is revealed in the subjective experience of suffering that can be understood as narrowly cultural-specific. Health is a product of social, economic, political, and religious social structures that are themselves shaped and constituted culturally and in contested political terrain. Health equity, then, must also be considered in cultural terms.
Conclusion:A Moment of Crisis and Opportunity
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So ‘1968’ was a period of roughly ten years (c.1966—c.1976) in which various material and socio-psychological changes suddenly and forcefully made headline news. After an intellectually vibrant preparatory period (c.1956—c.1966), a whole series of states experienced a range of momentous events which made it seem possible that a new society could be constructed, a society where individuals and communities could finally be in control of their own destiny. No longer did it seem preordained that traditional economic, political, and cultural elites would continue to set the narrow parameters within which millions of individuals had to run on the treadmill of their alienated lives. The horizon of a different way of organizing social life shone most brightly, I argue, in those parts of Europe where the challenges to the status quo affected a broad cross-section of society, most notably when the spirit of 1968 began to affect dependent wage workers on the factory and office floors of the late industrial First World. For a number of conflicting reasons, this tendency was most pronounced in Mediterranean Europe. To the north of Romance-language Europe, the process of questioning traditional authorities and received wisdoms for the most part affected young people—and in particular youth enrolled on various rungs of the educational ladder. While the relative isolation of radical experiments in university and secondary school environments in what I term the ‘northern European’ tier of states (including the United States) contributed to a particularly acute sense of ‘lived rebellion’, in effect the social depth of radical transformations was by and large far more pronounced in southern Europe than elsewhere.
Nonparametric Spline Regression with Autoregressive Moving Average Errors
Authors: Kohn Robert , Ansley Craig F , Wong Chi-Ming 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Suppose we observe a function with noise. When the noise is independent, spline or kernel nonparametric regression is a popular way of estimating the function which does not require specifying its functional form. If the data are collected in time order then the noise is likely to be correlated and the usual nonparametric regression estimators may perform poorly. See for example Diggle & Hutchinson (1989), Altman (1990) and Hart (1991).
Detrending, Stylized Facts and the Business Cycle
Authors: Harvey A C , Jaeger A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Establishing the ‘stylized facts’ associated with a set of time series is widely considered a crucial step in macroeconomic research (see e.g. Blanchard and Fischer, 1989, chapter 1). For such facts to be useful they should (1) be consistent with the stochastic properties of the data and (2) present meaningful information. Nevertheless, many stylized facts reported in the literature do not fulfil these criteria. In particular, information based on mechanically detrended series can easily give a spurious impression of cyclical behaviour. Analysis based on autoregressive-integrated-moving average (ARIMA) models can also be misleading if such models are chosen primarily on grounds of parsimony.
Time Series Models for Count or Qualitative Observations
Authors: Harvey A C , Fernandes C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not unusual to find time series consisting of count data. Such series record the number of events occurring in a given interval and are necessarily nonnegative integers. An example would be the number of accidents occurring in a given period. The number of goals scored by England against Scotland in international football matches also has the characteristics of count data. Count data models are usually based on distributions such as the Poisson or negative binomial. If the means of these distributions are constant or can be modeled in terms of observable variables, then estimation is relatively easy; see, for example, the book on generalized linear models (GLIM) by McCullagh and Nelder (1983). The essence of time series models, however, is that the mean of a series cannot be modeled in terms of observable variables but depends on some stochastic mechanism.
On Gibbs Sampling for State Space Models
Authors: Carter C K , Kohn R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Further details of the structure of the model are given in Section 2.1. Equation (1.1) is called the observation equation and (1.2) the state transition equation. When e(t) and u(t) are independent Gaussian sequences unknown parameters are usually estimated by maximum likelihood following Schweppe (1965). The Kalman filter and state space smoothing algorithms are used to carry out the computations.
Climate Change in Business
Authors: Cameron James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is no doubt that the threat of climate change is real and dramatic in scale. It looms large and full of foreboding. It can make one feel overawed, nihilistic, or depressed into inactivity. Those feelings are of little use if one also wants to do something about ‘anthropogenic‘ climate change. In so far as there is a global culture, it is one where business enterprise presents itself at centre stage. Over two decades now, what we simplistically describe as ‘business‘ has played a central role in the societal response to climate change. For much of that period, that role was, in the hands of vety powerful energy and natural resource interests, malevolent.
UK Emissions Trading Schemes
Authors: Dodwell Chris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UK plays a leading role in the fight against climate change and continues to press for a strong global response to climate change during international negotiations. In a key speech in September 2004, the UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, called climate change ‘The World‘s greatest environmental challenge‘, stating that it would be a top priority for the UK‘s presidency of the GB in 2005 and citing emissions trading as a key mechanism for reducing emissions (see further section 6 below). Over the last thirty years, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the UK has doubled and, while energy use has remained static, carbon dioxide emissions have fallen by more than 20 per cent, meaning that carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP have halved.
Pollution Permit Trading in Chile
Authors: S Marcela Main 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Santiago de Chile is situated in a valley surrounded by mountains as high as 3,000 metres. It encompasses an area of approximately 15,500 km2 in which nearly 6 million people live, 40 per cent of Chile‘s total population. Santiago accounts for around SO per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. The manufacturing sector is the second largest economic activity of the region. This combination of geographic and economic characteristics, given the weather conditions present in the area, contributes to an unfavourable dispersion of pollutants in the autumn and winter seasons. In fact, the valley significantly restricts the circulation of wind and, therefore, the renewal of air inside the basin.
Canada’s Experience in Emissions Trading and Participating in the Kyoto Mechanism
Authors: Gehring Markus , Chambers Bradnee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 17 December 2002, Canada became the ninety-ninth country to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Early in the Kyoto negotiations, Canadian policymakers realized that achieving its 6 per cent reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from 1990 levels would require a serious commitment one with potentially significant economic implications on its energy, transport, and manufacturing sectors. With this in mind, an advanced Canadian strategy was to develop experience in cost-effective, market-based systems. Particular emphasis was placed on emissions trading, which could lay the groundwork and prepare Canada for the eventuality of a future comprehensive implementation programme.
Personnel Economics and Non-Competitive Labour Markets
Authors: Garibaldi Pietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Personnel economics analyses personnel issues inside the firm. Yet, each firm operates inside a labour market, and the functioning of such a market has important consequences for personnel economics. The view of personnel economics analysed in this book is based on two key properties of the labour markets: In an imperfect labour market the traditional competitive view of the labour market does not hold. In a competitive labour market, the wage is fully set by market forces and firm–worker pairs have no control over its value. In addition, in a perfect labour market the workers are just indifferent between working for the firm or working for somebody else. The resulting equilibrium wage is fully flexible, and whenever business conditions change, wages can be adjusted in response.