bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Devils
Authors: Aquinas Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that devils do, for the following reasons: Augustine says in his Literal Commentary on Genesis: “Regarding the spirit of a rational creature, the very fact that it lives and gives life to bodies is good, whether ethereal bodies, as in the case of the spirit of the devil himself and other devils, or earthly bodies, as in the case of the souls of human beings.” But a body given life is by nature joined to the spirit giving life, since life is something natural. Therefore, devils have ethereal bodies joined to them by nature. Many memories of the same thing from past sense perceptions produce experience, as the opening of the Metaphysics says. And so there is sense perception wherever there is experience. And there is no sense perception without a body joined by nature to one with experience, since sense perception is the activity of a bodily organ. But devils have experience, for Augustine says in his Literal Commentary on Genesis that they know some truths in part because they thrive with more subtle mental powers, in part because of their shrewder experience, in part because they learn from holy angels. Therefore, devils have bodies joined to them by nature.
Mispricing of Mutual Funds
Authors: Singal Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The net asset values (NAVs) of mutual funds may be based on prices that are several hours old. That means the NAV may not reflect the most recent market movements. For small-cap funds with many illiquid stocks and international funds where markets close several hours before 4 P.M., the NAVs may be severely mispriced, especially on volatile days when large price movements occur.
Investors can use this information in at least one of two ways. They can construct a trading strategy to earn abnormal returns by buying funds when NAVs undervalue the stocks they hold and selling those funds a few days later. Second, they can protect themselves against other short-term traders by not investing in funds that use stale prices while not taking steps to restrict opportunistic trading.
The net asset value (NAV) of a mutual fund is the 4 P.M. price at which investors can purchase or redeem shares of the fund, usually at no additional cost. The NAV is calculated based on the last traded price of stocks that the fund holds. If the last trade does not take place close to 4 P.M., the NAV may be based on stale prices and could be incorrect.
Statistical Thermodynamics And Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quantum mechanics principles covered in the previous two chapters give the allowable energy states of matter. The number of allowable states in typical macroscopic matter is usually very large, and at any instant, the matter can be at any one of these states. Although our mathematical treatments in the previous two chapters were based on solving the steady-state Schrodinger equation for the energy states and the wave functions, matter will not stay at one particular quantum state (a microscopic state) for long because of the interactions among particles (atoms, molecules, electrons, and phonons) in the matter. For example, we assumed a harmonic potential between atoms to obtain the phonon dispersion relation. In reality, the interatomic potential is not harmonic, as one can easily infer from examining the Lennard-Jones potential. When the anhar monicity (the deviation from the harmonic potential) is small, the solutions of the Schrodinger equation for the quantum states based on the harmonic potential are approximately correct. Yet a small degree of anharmonicity can cause a rapid (10-9-10-13 s) change of the matter from one quantum state to another. Due to the large number of quantum states available in matter, it is impractical to follow the real time evolution of matter among its allowable quantum states. The bridge connecting the allowable quantum states to the macroscopic behavior is provided by statistical thermodynamics, which determines the probability that matter will be at a particular quantum state when it is at equilibrium. Through statistical thermodynamics, temperature enters into the picture of energy storage and transport.
Energy Conversion And Coupled Transport Processes
Authors: Chen Gang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collision of carriers may cause both energy and momentum transfer among them. Energy conversion processes must involve energy exchange between at least two different carriers. For example, Joule heating is due to the relaxation of energy from electrons to phonons, and thermal radiation from a solid results from the conversion of the energy of phonons or electrons in the solid into photons. The exchange of energy among electrons, phonons, and photons can in principle be determined by evaluating the collision integral in the Boltzmann equation. Discussions in the previous two chapters are based on the relaxation time approximation, which is strictly valid only for elastic scattering processes that do not involve energy exchange among carriers. The relaxation time approximation, however, is often used even for inelastic collision without rigorous justification. Traditionally, the constitutive equations obtained from the relaxation time approximation are used in combination with the energy conservation law to describe energy exchange processes. For example, in heat conduction processes involving Joule heating, one combines the Fourier law with the first law of thermodynamics to derive the heat conduction equation that determines the temperature distribution. Joule heating is included in the conservation law without consideration of how electrons deliver their energy to the lattice systems. This approach is adequate in most macro scale processes and in systems in which electrons and phonons are close to equilibrium and heat generation occurs over a region much larger than the carrier mean free path, but can fail when these conditions are not satisfied.
knowledge
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brain surgery is getting better all the time. Though we can’t do brain transplants yet, one day we may well be able to. Let’s imagine that we are living in a time when they are possible. Unlike other transplants, of course, the person who survives the operation is presumably the owner of the organ, not the owner of the body! But like all organ transplants, brain transplants involve an intermediate stage. For a while, a brain has to be stored outside its old body before it is connected into a new one. Now suppose that someone—call him Albert—is very badly injured in an accident. His body is hopelessly damaged. Fortunately, his brain was protected by a helmet, and it isunhurt. So a neurosurgeon sets about removing Albert’s brain from his body in order to transplant it to a new one
Morality
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose I asked you to pick one kind of action that was clearly and obviously wrong. You might well suggest, as an uncontroversial example, killing an innocent person. One reason why terrorism in the modern world is so shocking is that its victims are usually ordinary, apparently innocent people. There is no reason to believe they are responsible for the wrongs that terrorists claim they are trying to put right. Most people share this reaction. Most would agree, at least to begin with, that killing innocent people is clearly and obviously wrong. But by now you have done enough philosophy to know that this obvious answer to an apparently straightforward questionhides many difficulties. Let us consider just two of those difficultiesfor the principle:
Inventing Modern
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern is a word much used, but hard to pin down. In Inventing Modern, John H. Lienhard uses that word to capture the furious rush of newness in the first half of 20th-century America. An unexpected world emerges from under the more familiar Modern. Beyond the airplanes, radios, art deco, skyscrapers, Fritz Lang’s Metropolis, Buck Rogers, the culture of the open road—Burma Shave, Kerouac, and White Castles—lie driving forces that set this account of Modern apart. One force, says Lienhard, was a new concept of boyhood—the risk-taking, hands-on savage inventor. Driven by an admiration of recklessness, America developed its technological empire with stunning speed. Bringing the airplane to fruition in so short a time, for example, were people such as Katherine Stinson, Lincoln Beachey, Amelia Earhart, and Charles Lindbergh. The rediscovery of mystery powerfully drove Modern as well. X-Rays, quantum mechanics, and relativity theory had followed electricity and radium. Here we read how, with reality seemingly altered, hope seemed limitless. Lienhard blends these forces with his childhood in the brave new world. The result is perceptive, engaging, and filled with surprise. Whether he talks about Alexander Calder (an engineer whose sculptures were exercises in materials science) or that wacky paean to flight, Flying Down to Rio, unexpected detail emerges from every tile of this large mosaic. Inventing Modern is a personal book that displays, rather than defines, an age that ended before most of us were born. It is an engineer’s homage to a time before the bomb and our terrible loss of confidence—a time that might yet rise again out of its own postmodern ashes.
1846: Great-Grandpa and Manifest Destiny
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We finished the twentieth century living in what literary people were first to identify as a postmodern age. Seventy years earlier, I had been born into a world that we all knew was unambigu-ously modern. The word “modern” was so ubiquitous that I am still caught off guard when people use it to describe a time gone by. How did that world get away from me!
My father had good cause to use the word. Born in 1893 and raised in the small Swiss/Austrian/German farming community of Nauvoo, Illinois, he told me stories of the emergent twentieth century.
Short-Lived Technologies: Searching for Direction
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late-twentieth-century mathematics finally confirmed something we had always known in our bones—that no human future can ever be predicted. Insofar as we can cast the prediction of even modestly complex futures in mathematical terms, the outcome is hopelessly dependent upon specifying the present with perfect accuracy. And that, it turns out, is always impossible to do.
Think, for example, about pouring cream into tea—how the cream quickly spreads and diffuses in increasingly complicated patterns. Suppose we wanted to reproduce one such pattern. We might find a large glass tank, fill it with tea (or just water), and wait until the tea seems absolutely still. Then we might clamp a pipette filled with cream above the tank. Next, we might release one-tenth of a cubic centimeter of cream from a height of three centimeters and photograph the resulting pattern as soon as one second after impact. When that’s done, we replace the tea and repeat the experiment as precisely as we can. Finally, we compare the two photos.
“The Irruption of Forces Totally New”
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes it helps us to understand the past if we identify an annus mirabilis, a year of wondrous movement and change. One such year is 1776, when Americans declared their independence from Great Britain. The year 1776 was also when Boulton and Watt went into business making steam engines, thus declaring a kind of economic independence for British commoners. And it was the year that Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations, which repudiated the old mercantile economics of imperialism.
The world did not turn upside down precisely in 1776. Many of the important events that fix 1776 in our minds occurred before that year and after it. But 1776 was roughly when eighteenth-century revolution truly gelled and it gives us a good place to hang our hats when we think about that epoch.
A New Genus of Genius
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As our view of reality fragmented, we began seeing mental brilliance as a new kind of commodity. Genius of a most unorthodox kind had clearly uncovered the “forces totally new” that were reshaping the world. Since genius had yielded such bizarre shifts in human perception, we began to see it as a developable asset. I recall people talking about genius when I was a child. What I.Q. rating defined it? Who qualified? One popular criterion was the ability to read and understand Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. By the 1930s we had developed a kind of hyperawareness of genius.
Fires and the High-Rise Phoenix
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The summer of 1871 had been one of driest on record in the central states. Rainfall had been a scant 28 percent of normal. By autumn, Chicago’s wooden buildings were dry tinder, but so too were the forests of northern Wisconsin and Michigan. Sparks hit the tinder simultaneously in two places at once, around nine o’ clock on Sunday evening, October 8.
That was when Mrs. O’Leary’s cow supposedly kicked over a lantern and started the Great Chicago Fire. But we need to look more closely at the conventional history of the fire.
The Titan City
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Jencks’s book on skyscrapers offers a typology of tall buildings. He suggests three essential forms: skyprickers, skyscrapers, and skycities. The Empire State Building, rising into a spire, is a classic example of a skypricker. When Jencks uses the term skyscraper, he refers to a tall, slablike building with a flat top. We see them all around us today, rendered in steel and glass. The Flatiron Building, with its isosceles cross-section and flat top, is a much older example of what Jencks calls a skyscraper.
The Back Door into the Sky
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I suggest in chapter 3 that 1901 might serve as our annus mirabilis, the wondrous year in which Modern found its place upon the public stage. That was also the year the Wright brothers first flew. They were still two years from powered flight, but they made several successful glider flights in 1901, and they validated their new system for controlling an airplane in flight.
A Boy’s Life in the New Century
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin with a scene in the late 1930s. I am seated at a gas-fired iron stove in the basement laundry room of my house. I hold a small iron ladle over the flame. It is half-filled with lead scraps that I scavenged under the linotype machines at the St. Paul Dispatch and Pioneer Press newspaper building. I found the lead when my father, writer and sometime science editor at the paper, took me to see the machines.
The gas flame is turned up high, and the lead has become a silver pool, partly covered with an oxide scum. In my left hand, I hold the musket-ball mold that belonged to my great-grandfather in his days at Sutter’s Fort (described in chapter 1). It’s shaped like a pair of pliers.
War
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was early in the morning of August 10, 1915. Thirty thousand fresh Turkish troops came down off Sari Bair hill on the Gallipoli Peninsula. They fell upon the tired, badly positioned forces of the British and their allies. Twelve thousand Allied troops perished in furious hand-to-hand combat. While an even larger number of Turkish soldiers died that day, the Turks nonetheless won, and Allied hopes for moving on to secure the Dardanelles Straits were ended.
A Funeral in the Fifties
Authors: Lienhard John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern breathed her last during the 1950s, and we witnessed her passing without any real sense that she was ailing. Such a peculiar alchemy of change and contradiction enveloped us all—we were done with World War II and back to life where we had left off. How could anyone have realized that we were now somehow switched over to a completely different train, and that we were riding down an entirely new track?
No More Submit to Oppression
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ten years had passed since July 24, 1847—the day that Brigham Young and fellow Mormons first arrived in the Salt Lake Valley. They had been celebrating the anniversary of that “Pioneer Day” ever since. By 1856 Young became aware of a crystal lake in the mountains near the top of Big Cottonwood Canyon southeast of Salt Lake City. That year he hosted 450 Pioneer Day guests at the site, which became known as Silver Lake. He enjoyed the celebration so well that at its close he proposed “that we do not dissolve” the party “but adjourn it until the 23d day of July, 1857 . . . preparatory to celebrating the 24th.”2 Going ahead with his plans, Young sponsored the two-day picnic again, except that this year—the tenth anniversary of the Mormons’ arrival—everything was on a grander scale.
A Splendid Train
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The threat of war in Utah did little to slow the flood of emigrants who would pass through on the way to California— though for a time the weather did. After two years of drought, the winter of 1856/57 had brought ten feet of snow to some Utah communities. The snow pack in the mountains averaged twenty feet. At first winter refused to give up. Prairie grass east of South Pass was “six weeks later than ever known,” and some emigrant cattle died for the lack of feed. Then, suddenly, spring came, unleashing the pent-up emigration.
We Have Better Claim
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though most trains took the northern trail out of Salt Lake City in 1857, a few took the southern route. Among them was the large train later massacred at Mountain Meadows. About two weeks before the atrocity, these emigrants camped near the north-bound Jacob Hamblin in central Utah, where they told Hamblin that their “one train was made up near Salt Lake City of several trains that had crossed the plains separately; and being southern people had preferred to take the southern route.”
The Matrix of Turkish Islamic Movements
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nakşibendi order in its many different manifestations has been a part of Turkish history, culture, economics, politics, and individual identity for several centuries. Like other Sufi orders, this order has undergone an internal transformation and revival in recent decades, despite state-imposed secularization and repression. Not surprisingly, this revival has corresponded with the Turkish state’s gradual liberalization and integration into the global market. Nakşibendi religious, social, and cultural networks have become suffused with political and economic associations. In response to repression, most of these orders gradually transformed themselves from strictly religious associations into competing informal educational and cultural associations with religious underpinnings. They gathered support from sections of traditional society that regarded the Kemalist variant of secularization as too radical and destructive with respect to Turkish history and traditions. The Nakşibendi orders provided a structure and functioned as a catalyst for maintaining the religious-moral education and spiritual development of Muslim society in Turkey.
Print-Based Islamic Discourse
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nurcu groups have evolved into the most powerful and effective sociopolitical communities in contemporary Turkey. The writings of Said Nursi, particularly his magnum opus, Risale-i Nur Külliyati (RNK), constitute the base of this faith movement. Nursi’s work has marked Islamic political discourse indelibly, offering original ideas for addressing political and sociocultural problems. By studying the Nur community, one can understand the dynamics of religion and state on the one hand and modernity and identity on the other. The Nur groups’ dynamism as a social movement is rooted in their network of media, education, business, and publishing establishments. The text-based nature of the movement makes it unique; since Nursi’s death in 1960, no one has succeeded him, and the movement remains very much centered around his writings. This focus has resulted in a new idiom of communication and a new message of moral and ethical renewal for society. The Nur movement’s emphasis on text naturally has resulted in its involvement in the publishing and printing businesses.
The Securitization of Islam and the Triumph of the AKP
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s, Turkey’s religious and Kurdish groups used new opportunity spaces to assert their own identity claims. Since identitybased political systems tend to subsume all forms of class and ideological divisions in identity categories, in the case of Turkey political debate became dominated by the themes of Islam versus secularism, Sunni versus Alevi, and Kurd versus Turk. The state establishment, mainly the military and civilian bureaucracy, reacted to these identity claims as security threats, and the “securitization” of Kurdish and Islamic identity claims further politicized Turkish society. By “securitization” I mean a concept articulated by Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Philippos K. Savvides whereby the state brands certain religious, ethnic, class, or ideological groups and movements as a national security threat justifying coercive and often extrajudicial measures against them. This process defines ethnic and religious identity claims “as an existential threat, requiring emergency measures and justifying actions outside the normal bonds of political procedure.”
Travels in the North and West
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sally Thomas’s son’s reputation as an excellent barber spread even beyond Davidson County. In 1848, Sally listened as James told her how he had been summoned to a hotel in Nashville by Maury County slave owner Andrew Jackson Polk, brother of Episcopal clergyman Leonidas Polk and a distant relative of the President, James Knox Polk. Two years before, A. J. Polk had married the wealthy and attractive Rebecca Vanleer, a member of a prominent iron-manufacturing family. “They were,” one family member said, “the handsomest couple I have ever seen.” In 1847, with Rebecca’s money, Polk purchased from his brother the beautiful plantation Ashwood Hall, with its formal gardens, orchards, greenhouses, and a spacious mansion house. Now Polk was planning an extended summer trip to the North and asked James Thomas if he would accompany him as his personal body servant.
This Mighty Scourge of War
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a clear, chilly morning on January 10, 1863 as James Thomas stood on the deck of the steamboat Ruth and watched the Battle of Arkansas Post unfold. He had found work as a barber aboard the Ruth, the new elegant passenger steamer. On its maiden voyage, however, the ship had been commandeered by Union general Clinton B. Fisk to carry Union troops to fight against the Confederates along the White and Arkansas rivers. Years later, Thomas recalled how Fisk had walked into the boat’s barbershop, raked winnings off a table in the corner where a poker game was in progress, and put the money in a box marked “sanitary commission”—put aside to buy food, clothing, and medical supplies for war refugees. Erect and confident, with deep-set eyes and a full, heavy black beard, Fisk exuded power and authority.