bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental styles in prospective fathers: A research carried out using a semistructured interview during pregnancy
Authors: Lis Adriana , Zennaro Alessandro , Mazzeschi Claudia , Pinto Marianna 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRecent reviews on research into fathers consistently have drawn attention to the increased knowledge and thinking of the multifaceted, complex, and changing nature of fathers' role. Paternal involvement has been studied with reference to a number of variables, including personality, attitudes, and family structure. The concept of “understanding mental states” and of mentalization and the notion and working definition of Reflective Self Function, as devised by Fonagy and colleagues, seem to have important implications for paternal and parental involvement, and for normal development of the infant–caretaker relationship. The aim of our research was to broaden current knowledge and thinking about fathering during pregnancy by investigating how 112 prospective fathers are involved in the transition to fatherhood and how they are able to reflect on their experience. Our aim was to identify parental styles according to May's concepts and to rate Reflective Self Function in The Clinical Interview for Parents During Pregnancy [Colloquio per Genitori in Gravidanza (CGG)]. The CGG is a semistructured clinical interview devised with the most recent psychoanalytic views on mental representations taken into account and is aimed at investigating feelings and attitudes toward the baby, the couple's inner and subjective world. Our results highlighted the complexity of paternal involvement in pregnancy and its relation with Reflective Self Function. Specific relations also were found between Reflective Self Function and the three styles of detachment/involvement identified by May. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
A French adaptation of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment
Authors: Bracha Ziva , Perez‐Diaz Fernando , Gerardin Prescille , Perriot Yvette , de la Rocque France , Flament Martin , Leroux Marie‐Claude , Reinert Philippe , Mazet Philippe , Carter Alice S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis article presents the psychometric properties of the French adaptation of the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA), named the Evaluation Sociale et Emotionelle de Jeunes Enfants (ESEJE). The French adaptation involved translation and backtranslation and was administered to 179 parents in pediatric well‐baby centers and 115 parents in childcare centers. Confirmatory factor analyses were employed to assess for latent factor structure, and model fit was assessed using three standard‐fit indices. Analysis of variance examined age and gender effects on mean domain and scale scores. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a comparable latent factor structure to that reported for the ITSEA. All domains and most scales show adequate intrascale reliability. Certain age and gender effects on mean score differed from those reported for the U.S. sample. Our preliminary results indicate that the ESEJE shares the same latent factor structure as its English counterpart and may be a promising tool for the early detection of problem behaviors and delays in the acquisition of competencies in a French population. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Maternal resolution of loss and abuse: Associations with adjustment to the transition to parenthood
Authors: Leon Kim , Jacobvitz Deborah B. , Hazen Nancy L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis study examined relationships between mothers' resolution of past loss and abuse and their adjustment to the transition to parenthood. Three groups of mothers were compared: 1) those who were unresolved with respect to loss or abuse (Unresolved Loss/Abuse), 2) those who had experienced loss or abuse, but were considered resolved (Resolved Loss/Abuse), and 3) those who had not experienced loss or abuse (No Loss/Abuse). Mothers in the Resolved Loss/Abuse group reported more negative perceptions of the transition to parenthood than did mothers in the No Loss/Abuse group, which may reflect a greater awareness of negative emotions and a greater ability to communicate openly about them. Although mothers who have experienced loss or abuse and appear to have resolved these experiences may be at risk for distress during the transition to parenthood, they do not appear to be at risk for insensitive care giving. Unresolved loss, however, was associated with less sensitive care giving. The findings of this study highlight the importance of examining current state of mind regarding past experiences when investigating relationships between childhood loss and abuse and adjustment to subsequent life transitions. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Comparing parents' perceptions of IVF conceived children's behavior with naturally conceived children
Authors: Sutcliffe Alastair G. , Edwards Philip R. , Beeson Claire , Barnes Jacqueline 
Published: March 2004

AbstractConception after assisted reproductive methods is associated with considerable emotional as well as physical stress. Parents often have to wait ten years or more before conceiving. As part of an ongoing U.K. study, we assessed 140 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) conceived children and 101 naturally conceived control children via parental completion of the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory when their children were two years old. Parents of children conceived after assisted reproductive methods reported fewer behavioral problems. Implications for long‐term development are discussed. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
The impact of domestic violence on mothers' prenatal representations of their infants
Authors: Huth‐Bocks Alissa C. , Levendosky Alytia A. , Theran Sally A. , Bogat G. Anne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between domestic violence during pregnancy and mothers' prenatal representations of their infants and themselves as mothers. Two hundred and six women were recruited from the community and interviewed during their last trimester of pregnancy. Forty‐four percent of women reported experiencing domestic violence during the current pregnancy, while 56% reported no domestic violence during the pregnancy. Maternal representations were assessed using the Working Model of the Child Interview (WMCI; Zeanah, Benoit, Hirshberg, Barton, & Regan, 1994). Multiple analysis of variance (MANCOVA) and χ2 analyses revealed that women who experienced domestic violence had significantly more negative representations of their infants and themselves as mothers and were significantly more likely to be classified as insecurely attached (either Disengaged or Distorted) than women who had not experienced domestic violence. These results, along with several excerpts from battered women's interviews, highlight the importance of domestic violence as a risk factor for maternal and infant well being. These findings and their clinical implications are discussed in light of attachment theory. ©2004 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Hybrid boundary element and finite difference method for solving the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation
Authors: Boschitsch Alexander H. , Fenley Marcia O. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA hybrid approach for solving the nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equation (PBE) is presented. Under this approach, the electrostatic potential is separated into (1) a linear component satisfying the linear PBE and solved using a fast boundary element method and (2) a correction term accounting for nonlinear effects and optionally, the presence of an ion‐exclusion layer. Because the correction potential contains no singularities (in particular, it is smooth at charge sites) it can be accurately and efficiently solved using a finite difference method. The motivation for and formulation of such a decomposition are presented together with the numerical method for calculating the linear and correction potentials. For comparison, we also develop an integral equation representation of the solution to the nonlinear PBE. When implemented upon regular lattice grids, the hybrid scheme is found to outperform the integral equation method when treating nonlinear PBE problems. Results are presented for a spherical cavity containing a central charge, where the objective is to compare computed 1D nonlinear PBE solutions against ones obtained with alternate numerical solution methods. This is followed by examination of the electrostatic properties of nucleic acid structures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 935–955, 2004
Calculation of electrostatic interaction energies in molecular dimers from atomic multipole moments obtained by different methods of electron density partitioning
Authors: Volkov Anatoliy , Coppens Philip 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAccurate and fast evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems is still one of the most challenging tasks in the rapidly advancing field of macromolecular chemistry, including molecular recognition, protein modeling and drug design. One of the most convenient and accurate approaches is based on a Buckingham‐type approximation that uses the multipole moment expansion of molecular/atomic charge distributions. In the mid‐1980s it was shown that the pseudoatom model commonly used in experimental X‐ray charge density studies can be easily combined with the Buckingham‐type approach for calculation of electrostatic interactions, plus atom–atom potentials for evaluation of the total interaction energies in molecular systems. While many such studies have been reported, little attention has been paid to the accuracy of evaluation of the purely electrostatic interactions as errors may be absorbed in the semiempirical atom–atom potentials that have to be used to account for exchange repulsion and dispersion forces. This study is aimed at the evaluation of the accuracy of the calculation of electrostatic interaction energies with the Buckingham approach. To eliminate experimental uncertainties, the atomic moments are based on theoretical single‐molecule electron densities calculated at various levels of theory. The electrostatic interaction energies for a total of 11 dimers of α‐glycine,N‐acetylglycine andL‐(+)‐lactic acid structures calculated according to Buckingham with pseudoatom, stockholder and atoms‐in‐molecules moments are compared with those evaluated with the Morokuma–Ziegler energy decomposition scheme. For α‐glycine a comparison with direct “pixel‐by‐pixel” integration method, recently developed Gavezzotti, is also made. It is found that the theoretical pseudoatom moments combined with the Buckingham model do predict the correctrelativeelectrostatic interactions energies, although the absolute interaction energies are underestimated in some cases. The good agreement between electrostatic interaction energies computed with Morokuma–Ziegler partitioning, Gavezzotti's method, and the Buckingham approach with atoms‐in‐molecules moments demonstrates that reliable and accurate evaluation of electrostatic interactions in molecular systems of considerable complexity is now feasible. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 921–934, 2004
Putting state‐formation first: some recommendations for reconstruction and peace‐making in Afghanistan
Authors: Wimmer Andreas , Schetter Conrad 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe authors suggest a revision of the current strategy of reconstruction and peace‐building in Afghanistan with reference to four points. (i) The programme of reconstruction should have a clear strategic focus and be designed as a state‐building project. The main problem Afghanistan faces is the absence of a monopoly of power and of other basic state functions, without which no sustainable economic development is to be expected. Fostering ‘civil society’—the standard pre‐occupation of many current development co‐operation programmes—may have a negative impact in the cases of countries suffering from state failure. (ii) A monopoly of power cannot be established only by building up a central army and disarming or integrating local armed forces. Rather, the loyalty of the country's citizens must be won through a long‐term process of providing them with equality before the law and protection from arbitrary violence in such a way as to make them independent of the ‘protection’ of local strong men or regional warlords. (iii) It is too early to achieve democracy in Afghanistan through elections. A democracy can only release the potential for political integration following successful political stabilization and institutional consolidation. And the institutional framework should be designed in such a way as to avoid an escalation of conflicts along ethno‐religious lines. An ethno‐religious quota system of the sort that many have in mind at the moment would tend rather to increase such conflict than to reduce it. (iv) A programme of reconstruction and peace‐making must necessarily take a long‐term perspective. Spending the resources that have now been approved over the next four years and hoping for a continuation of aid approvals in the future is too risky, given the dependence of these approvals on the future political climate. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prisons and the tuberculosis epidemic in Russia
Authors: Mercer A. J. , Jacobs B. , Moon S. , Kynch J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) occurred in Russia in the 1990s, in a period of general health crisis following the break‐up of the Soviet Union. Inter‐related increases in poverty, unemployment and unhealthy lifestyle probably contributed to increased incidence and mortality from TB among the civilian population. The number of prisoners increased dramatically in the 1990s and many come from socially marginalized groups at high risk of TB. There is a high prevalence of TB in prisons in Russia, with inadequate TB control measures, overcrowding and poor nutrition contributing to the problem. Many prisoners are released before completion of treatment, often into a social milieu that fosters transmission of TB. Prisoners and ex‐prisoners account for a very high proportion of TB cases in Russia and without adequate treatment for them the epidemic is unlikely to be brought under control. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practice, power and meaning: frameworks for studying organizational culture in multi‐agency rural development projects
Authors: Lewis David , Bebbington Anthony J. , Batterbury Simon P. J. , Shah Alpa , Olson Elizabeth , Siddiqi M. Shameem , Duvall Sandra 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCulture has received increasing attention in critical development studies, though the notion that there are important cultural differences within and between development organizations has received less consideration. This paper elaborates elements of a framework for studying organizational culture in multi‐agency development projects. It draws on selected writings in anthropology and in organizational theory and suggests that these two bodies of literature can be usefully brought together, as well as on insights from ongoing fieldwork in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso and Peru. At the centre of this framework is the analysis of context, practice and power. Where development projects involve multiple organizations (such as donors, government agencies, non‐governmental organizations and grassroots groups) an analysis of cultures both within and between organizational actors can help explain important aspects of project performance. The paper argues that organizational culture is constantly being produced within projects, sometimes tending towards integration, often towards fragmentation. This fragmentation, indicative of the range of cultures within development organizations, is an important reason why some projects fail, and why ideas stated in project documents are often not realized, especially in the case of the newer and more contentious objectives such as ‘empowerment’. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed exchange rates and sticky prices in emerging markets
Authors: Miles William 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn the wake of financial crises in emerging markets, firmly fixed exchange rates and even dollarization have been advocated as a means to decrease vulnerability. There are many important new issues related to fixing the exchange rate and financial vulnerability, but one long‐time vital concern for a fixed currency regime persists: the flexibility of domestic prices and wages. In the presence of high nominal rigidities, fixed rates can lead to large output costs in the aftermath of negative macroeconomic shocks. Employing a method previously applied to the gold standard fixed rate regime, we find generally flat aggregate supply curves in a sample of five emerging markets. This indicates substantial inflexibility of prices, and large losses in terms of income and employment in a fixed exchange rate regime subsequent to negative shocks. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making homes: the Ghanaian diaspora, institutions and development
Authors: Henry Leroi , Mohan Giles 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe paper analyses the impact of institutions and organizations on development of home through a case study of Ghanaians in the UK and Ghana. While individual or household level remittances are undoubtedly a key dimension of livelihood strategies we focus on the collective or institutional level. We examine the linkages between Ghanaian organizations in Southern England and various organizations in Ghana, including hometown, welfare, traditional leaders, church, and alumni. We examine the nature of these flows and offer preliminary analyses of their impacts. We address the impact of differing organizational cultures and how the rights and obligations embedded in identities impact on these practices, particularly, the ways in which status and sanctions operate in the networks. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who goes? Who stays back? Seasonal migration and staying put among rural manual workers in Eastern India
Authors: Rogaly Ben 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India, large numbers of rice transplanters and harvesters are seasonal migrant workers, who are unable to make a living in their home areas. They often come from households where other members have stayed put. This paper illustrates the interdependence between those who move and those who stay. It also shows that structural factors, such as age, gender, class and ethnicity, though important, do not determine who migrates or who stays put in a particular season. Indeed, the paper raises questions about the very categories ‘migrant’ and ‘person who stays put’ in relation to seasonal migration. This is because such migration inevitably involves doing both; and because for some of those who move and stay for longer, lifeworlds are ‘stretched’ between places. Moreover, whether a person stays put or migrates varies over the life course. Ironically, perhaps, migration for arduous manual work away from home can be part of a struggle to be able to afford to stay put. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sending money home: are remittances always beneficial to those who stay behind?
Authors: Bracking Sarah 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the importance of remittances from international migrants to those who stay behind. The paper looks in particular at the Zimbabwean case, and argues that while money sent from the ‘other side’ has a beneficial effect on close kin, remittances can also undermine the purchasing power of those households without migrating members. This is in part a result of asset price inflation, and in part due to the inflationary effects of parallel currency markets. The situation for those excluded from benefiting from foreign currency inputs is aggravated by chronic scarcity in the availability of consumables. The paper argues that further research is required to understand the costs, as well as the benefits, of money sent home by migrants, in terms of assessing the class and social agency of different groups of remittance senders and receivers. The paper suggests that one non‐economic, but significant effect, of remittance‐underwritten parallel markets might be an undermining of inclusive governance and democratic state accountability in the long‐run. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Staying put and staying poor?
Authors: Kothari Uma 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of conceptual understandings of the relationship between migration, staying put and poverty. While livelihood strategies are diverse and multiple, for many poor people, migration represents a central component of these. However, moving from one place to another has economic and social costs and requires a certain level of human, physical, social and economic capital, thus the option of moving is not available to all amongst the poor. This paper examines the characteristics of those who stay put or are left behind in an environment characterised by out‐migration, the processes by which they are excluded from adopting migration as a livelihood strategy and the circumstances under which not migrating sustains poverty or presents an opportunity to move out of poverty. These issues are examined through an analysis of social relations and processes of exclusion, and the ways in which these are structured around poverty‐related capitals. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic responses of a three‐dimensional framework due to a moving carriage hoisting a swinging object
Authors: Wu Jia‐Jang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe literature regarding the three‐dimensional responses of a structure due to moving loads(s) is rare and that due to the moving swinging object has not been found yet. The purpose of this paper is to provide some information in this area, where the axial (x̄), vertical (ȳ) and horizontal (z̄) dynamic responses of the three‐dimensional framework of a tyred overhead crane under the action of a moving trolley (mT) hoisting a swinging object (msw) were calculated using the finite element method and the direct integration method. Instead of the conventional moving force problem where only the vertical (ȳ) inertia effect of the moving trolley was considered, the three‐dimensional inertial effects due to the masses of both the moving trolley and the swinging object have been considered in this paper. To this end, an equivalent moving mass matrix has been presented and which is dependent on both the instantaneous swinging angle of the hoisted object (msw) and the instantaneous position of the moving trolley so that the contribution of the moving mass on the overall mass matrix of the entire structure itself is easily tackled. Finally, the title problem was solved by calculating the forced vibration responses of the three‐dimensional framework with time‐dependent overall mass and damping matrices and subjected to an equivalent moving force. Some factors pertinent to the title problem, such as the magnitude, velocity and acceleration of the moving trolley and the swinging angles of the hoisted object, were studied. Numerical results reveal that, in addition to the conventional dynamic responses in the vertical (ȳ) direction, the other two components in the axial (x̄) and horizontal (z̄) directions for a three‐dimensional structure are also significant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.