bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of temperature and pH on xylitol production from xylose by Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Converti Attilio , Domínguez José Manuel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe production of xylitol from concentrated synthetic xylose solutions (So = 130‐135 g/L) by Debaryomyces hansenii was investigated at different pH and temperature values. At optimum starting pH (pHo = 5.5), T = 24°C, and relatively low starting biomass levels (0.5–0.6 gx/L), 88% of xylose was utilized for xylitol production, the rest being preferentially fermented to ethanol (10%). Under these conditions, nearly 70% of initial carbon was recovered as xylitol, corresponding to final xylitol concentration of 91.9 gP/L, product yield on substrate of 0.81 gP/gS, and maximum volumetric and specific productivities of 1.86 gP/L · h and 1.43 gP/gx · h, respectively. At higher and lower pHo values, respiration also became important, consuming up to 32% of xylose, while negligible amounts were utilized for cell growth (0.8–1.8%). The same approach extended to the effect of temperature on the metabolism of this yeast at pHo = 5.5 and higher biomass levels (1.4–3.0 gx/L) revealed that, at temperatures ranging from 32–37°C, xylose was nearly completely consumed to produce xylitol, reaching a maximum volumetric productivity of 4.67 gP/L · h at 35°C. Similarly, both respiration and ethanol fermentation became significant either at higher or at lower temperatures. Finally, to elucidate the kinetic mechanisms of both xylitol production and thermal inactivation of the system, the related thermodynamic parameters were estimated from the experimental data with the Arrhenius model: activation enthalpy and entropy were 57.7 kJ/mol and −0.152 kJ/mol · K for xylitol production and 187.3 kJ/mol and 0.054 kJ/mol · K for thermal inactivation, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 39–45, 2001.
Discrete particle simulations predicting mixing behavior of solid substrate particles in a rotating drum fermenter
Authors: Schutyser M. A. I. , Padding J. T. , Weber F. J. , Briels W. J. , Rinzema A. , Boom R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA soft‐sphere discrete particle model was used to simulate mixing behavior of solid substrate particles in a slow rotating drum for solid‐state fermentation. In this approach, forces acting on and subsequent motion of individual particles can be predicted. The (2D) simulations were qualitatively and quantitatively validated by mixing experiments using video and image analysis techniques. It was found that the simulations successfully predicted the mixing progress as a function of the degree of filling and size of the drum. It is shown that only relatively large, straight baffles perpendicular to the drum wall (67% of the drum radius) increase the mixing performance of the rotating drum. Considering the different aspects of mixing dealt with in this work, it is concluded that the soft sphere discrete particle model can serve as a valuable tool for investigating mixing of solid substrate particles. Finally, it is expected that this model may evolve into a potential tool for design and scale‐up of mixed solid‐state fermenters. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 666–675, 2001.
Race, youth violence, and the changing jurisprudence of waiver
Authors: Feld Barry C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article analyzes the legal history and jurisprudential theory of legislative offense‐exclusion and prosecutorial waiver laws over the past quarter‐century. Initially concerns about racial discrimination and civil rights motivated the Supreme Court in Kent v. United States to require due process in judicial waiver hearings. Offense‐exclusion and “direct file” laws evolved and expanded in direct reaction to Kent as lawmakers sought simple and expedient alternatives to judicial waiver hearings. The “just deserts” sentencing movement of the 1970s, which advocated determinate and presumptive offense‐based sentences, provided a conceptual alternative to judicial discretion and a jurisprudential rationale for offense exclusion laws. Research on delinquent and criminal careers in the 1970s, which initially promised empirically grounded selective incapacitation sentencing strategies, provided another conceptual foundation for offense‐based waiver laws that focused on youths' prior records. Finally, offense exclusion provided a politically attractive strategy for “get tough” public officials who proposed to “crack down” on “baby boom” increases in youth crime. The jurisprudential shift in sentencing emphases from considerations of the offender to characteristics of the offense relocated waiver and sentencing discretion from judges to prosecutors. By the early 1990s, as a result of political “crack‐downs” on youth crime, the scope of excluded offense legislation increased substantially, became overly inclusive and excessively rigid, and exhibited many of the negative features associated with mandatory sentencing laws. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self–other representations and relational and overt aggression in adolescent girls and boys*
Authors: Moretti Marlene M. , Holland Roy , McKay Sue 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAggressive behavior in girls has received far less attention than similar problems in boys. This study examined self‐representation, and others' representation of self, as predictors of relational aggression, overt aggression, and assaultive behavior in 32 girls and 52 boys, 10 to 17 years of age, referred for assessment due to significant aggressive and delinquent behavior problems. As predicted, negativity of self‐representation predicted relational aggression in girls but not boys. Negativity of self‐representation also predicted overt aggression and assaultive behavior in both girls and boys. Parental representations of self were not predictive in this sample; however, negativity of peer representations of self, was associated with increased relational aggression in girls and decreased relational aggression in boys. Negativity of peer representations of self also predicted overt aggression and assaultive behavior in both girls and boys. Results suggest that the evaluation of self–other representations may be valuable in the assessment of risk for gender specific patterns of aggression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulley anatomy for the radial side of the wrist
Authors: Simovitch R. , Abel M. , Arslan O. , Frank C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is the first presentation in the literature of a radial tendon flexor pulley in the distal forearm adjacent to the flexor carpi radialis. The clinical significance is that in performing wrist tendon arthroplasty, this structure and, in close proximity, the sensory branch of the median nerve may be encountered. Whether cutting the pulley of the flexor carpi radialis is clinically significant in changing wrist biomechanics is unknown. Clin. Anat. 14:246–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Community psychology, millennium volunteers and UK higher education: a disruptive triptych?
Authors: Duckett Paul S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper I critically explore the ideological underpinnings of pedagogical and political practices in UK Higher Education (HE). I first map out the political and pedagogical features of community psychology and then describe the Millennium Volunteers project at the University of Northumbria—a scheme that integrates voluntary placements into undergraduate degree programmes, reflecting on the political and pedagogical premises upon which it is based. I consider the political context and recent social policy trends in UK HE. Through exploring the ideological underbellies of community psychology and Millennium Volunteers I describe the tensions created once both are situated within a HE student's learning and a lecturer's teaching portfolio. I reflect on how each appears to share similar wish lists but conclude that a surface comparison of the pedagogical practices of each can leave unrecognized serious ideological, ethical and political differences that can cause disruption at the interfaces of staff, students and HE institutions. I recommend making the political and ideological assumptions behind pedagogical practices and education policy initiatives more transparent to both students and lecturers alike and outline the reasons for doing so. I conclude by reflecting on implications for the widening access agenda in the present political climate from the standpoint of a community psychologist. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and clinical benefits of transsubxiphoidal left ventricular puncture
Authors: Zuguchi Masayuki , Shindoh Chiyohiko , Chida Koichi , Saito Haruo , Takai Yosihiro , Yamada Shogo , Iguchi Atsushi , Endo Masato , Akimoto Hiroji , Tabayashi Koichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe performed a transsubxiphoidal LV puncture (TSLVP) to evaluate left ventricular function in 21 patients with both mechanical prosthetic aortic and mitral valves and successfully obtained hemodynamic information on each patient. Analyzing cardiac hemodynamic information and ventriculographic findings obtained with TSLVP, we concluded that seven of the patients required repair of their prosthetic valves. Five of these seven patients agreed to replacement of their valves, whereas two did not. TSLVP was performed adequately and safely without severe complications, suggesting that this maneuver is easier than that of transapical LV puncture and should be recommended for the assessment of left ventricular hemodynamic functions instead of the transapical LV puncture, especially in patients requiring replacement of two valves. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:58–65. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interview with Michael Bevan: The Arabidopsis genome is sequenced, what next?
Authors: Bevan Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProfessor Michael Bevan is at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK, where he is Head of the Cell and Developmental Biology Department. He was the co‐ordinator of the European Union Arabidopsis Genome Sequencing Consortium, which contributed to the sequence and analysis of the complete Arabidopsis genome that was published late last year. He is the co‐ordinator of the EC funded EXOTIC program and is also a member of GARNet and UK CropNet. (For more background detail on these projects, please see our Featured Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana piece, also in this issue of CFG, or visit the websites listed below).
Can bibliographic pointers for known biological data be found automatically? Protein interactions as a case study
Authors: Blaschke Christian , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Dictionary of Interacting Proteins (DIP) (Xenarios et al., ) is a large repository of protein interactions: its March 2000 release included 2379 protein pairs whose interactions have been detected by experimental methods. Even if many of these correspond to poorly characterized proteins, the result of massive yeast two‐hybrid screenings, as many as 851 correspond to interactions detected using direct biochemical methods.We used information retrieval technology to search automatically for sentences in Medline abstracts that support these 851 DIP interactions. Surprisingly, we found correspondence between DIP protein pairs and Medline sentences describing their interactions in only 30% of the cases. This low coverage has interesting consequences regarding the quality of annotations (references) introduced in the database and the limitations of the application of information extraction (IE) technology to Molecular Biology. It is clear that the limitation of analyzing abstracts rather than full papers and the lack of standard protein names are difficulties of considerably more importance than the limitations of the IE methodology employed. A positive finding is the capacity of the IE system to identify new relations between proteins, even in a set of proteins previously characterized by human experts. These identifications are made with a considerable degree of precision.This is, to our knowledge, the first large scale assessment of IE capacity to detect previously known interactions: we thus propose the use of the DIP data set as a biological reference to benchmark IE systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meeting Highlights: Genome Sequencing and Biology 2001
Authors: Wixon Jo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe bring you a report from the CSHL Genome Sequencing and Biology Meeting, which has a long and prestigious history. This year there were sessions on large‐scale sequencing and analysis, polymorphisms (covering discovery and technologies and mapping and analysis), comparative genomics of mammalian and model organism genomes, functional genomics and bioinformatics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational and experimental studies of di‐ and tetrasubstituted calix[4]arenes
Authors: Banks Harold D. , Dondoni Alessandro , Kleban Martin , Marra Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCalixarenes are molecular bowls or baskets that have been demonstrated to serve as hosts for cations, anions, and neutral molecules. The central cavity and scaffolding of various functionalities on the upper and lower rims establishes this class of compounds as extremely important in supramolecular chemistry studies. In earlier studies, calixsugars (molecules that have sugar molecules appended to the upper rim of the calix) were prepared. Among the potential advantages of these molecules are increased water solubility and enhanced possibilities that these chiral attachments can promote enantiomeric selection. Computational studies, however, have indicated that the chosen calixsugars had significantly encumbered upper rims, suggesting that host–guest associations would be limited. In an attempt to understand those factors responsible for the favored conformations of calixsugars, a number of 5,17‐disubstituted and tetrasubstituted calix[4]arenes were prepared and studied experimentally as well as by molecular mechanics conformational searching techniques. Chirality 14:173–179, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of reversible and irreversible models for the determination of the enantiomerization energy barrier for N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐1,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐1‐oxide by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Oswald P. , Desmet K. , Sandra P. , Krupcik J. , Armstrong D.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been found that the interconversion of enantiomers on a chromatographic column during the separation process can be studied by the first‐order kinetic equations derived both for reversible and irreversible reactions in a stationary system if the extent of interconversion is not too high. The equation derived for irreversible reactions gives, however, results also for higher degrees of enantiomerization while that derived for reversible interconversion failed. The irreversible equation was used to determine the enantiomerization barrier of N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐l,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐l‐oxide enantiomers by supercritical fluid chromatography. The racemate of N‐(p‐methoxybenzyl)‐l,3,2‐benzodithiazol‐l‐oxide was separated by supercritical fluid chromatography on the (R,R)‐Whelk‐Ol column with supercritical carbon dioxide containing 20% methanol as a mobile phase. Peak areas of enantiomers prior to and after the separation used for the calculation of the enantiomerization barrier were determined by computer‐assisted peak deconvolution of peak clusters registered on chromatograms using commercial software. Chirality 14:334–339, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD exciton chirality method for determination of the absolute configuration of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acid derivatives
Authors: Lo Lee‐Chiang , Chen Jean‐Yin , Yang Chun‐Tzu , Gu Der‐Shang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe absolute configuration of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids was studied by CD exciton chirality method using 7‐diethylaminocoumarin‐3‐carboxylate as a red‐shifted chromophore. The CD spectra of bischromophoric derivatives of (S)‐serine and (2S,3R)‐threonine methyl esters (2 and 7) were compared with those of acyclic vic‐aminoalcohols and diols (3–6 and 8–9). This study indicates that the polar carboxylate group of β‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids makes them a unique subclass of vic‐aminoalcohols. By combining the data of CD and NMR coupling constants, we are able to correlate their preferred conformer B and positive CD to the corresponding absolute configuration. Chirality 13:266–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort
Authors: Calle Eugenia E. , Rodriguez Carmen , Jacobs Eric J. , Almon M. Lyn , Chao Ann , McCullough Marjorie L. , Feigelson Heather S. , Thun Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDLarge‐scale, prospective cohort studies have played a critical role in discovering factors that contribute to variability in cancer risk in human populations. Epidemiologists and volunteers at the American Cancer Society (ACS) were among the first to establish such cohorts, beginning in the early 1950s and continuing through the present, and these ACS cohorts have made landmark contributions in many areas of epidemiologic research.METHODS AND RESULTSThe Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort was established in 1992 and was designed to investigate the relation between diet and other lifestyle factors and exposures and the risk of cancer, mortality, and survival. The cohort includes over 84,000 men and 97,000 women who completed a mailed questionnaire in 1992. New questionnaires are sent to surviving cohort members every other year to update exposure information and to ascertain new occurrences of cancer; a 90% response rate was achieved for follow‐up questionnaires in 1997 and 1999. Reported cancers are verified through medical records, registry linkage, or death certificates. The cohort is followed actively for all cases of incident cancer and for all causes of death. Through a collaborative effort among ACS national and division staff, volunteers, and the American College of Surgeons, blood samples were collected from a subgroup of 40,000 cohort members and are in storage at a central repository for future investigation of dietary, hormonal, genetic, and other factors and cancer risk. Collection of DNA samples from buccal cells in an additional 50,000 cohort members is underway currently and will be completed in 2002.CONCLUSIONSThis new cohort of both men and women promises to be particularly valuable for the study of cancer occurrence, mortality, and survival as they relate to obesity and weight change, physical activity at various points in life, vitamin supplement use, exogenous hormone use, other medications (such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs) and cancer screening modalities. Cancer 2002;94:500–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Cancer pain management among underserved minority outpatients
Authors: Anderson Karen O. , Richman Stephen P. , Hurley Judith , Palos Guadalupe , Valero Vicente , Mendoza Tito R. , Gning Ibrahima , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMinority patients with cancer are at risk for undertreatment of cancer‐related pain. Most studies of patient‐related barriers to pain control have surveyed primarily non‐Hispanic Caucasian patients. The purpose of the current study was to explore barriers to optimal pain management among African‐American and Hispanic patients with cancer through the use of structured patient interviews. Structured interviews allowed the authors to probe for previously unidentified barriers to pain management in these populations.METHODSThirty‐one socioeconomically disadvantaged minority patients with cancer (14 African‐American patients and 17 Hispanic patients) who had cancer‐related pain completed structured interviews that assessed three main content areas: information and communication regarding cancer pain, treatment of cancer pain, and the meaning of cancer pain.RESULTSThe African‐American and Hispanic patients reported severe pain and many concerns about pain management. The majority of patients in both ethnic groups expressed a belief in stoicism and concerns about possible addiction to opioid medications and the development of tolerance. The patients described their physicians as the most frequent and trusted source of information about cancer pain. However, patients also reported difficulties with communication and a reluctance to complain of pain.CONCLUSIONSThe reported barriers to pain management indicate that socioeconomically disadvantaged African‐American and Hispanic patients can benefit from educational interventions on cancer pain that dispel myths about opioids and teach patients to communicate assertively about their pain with their physicians and nurses. Cancer 2002;94:2295–304. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10414
Evaluation of urine CYFRA 21‐1 for the detection of primary and recurrent bladder carcinoma
Authors: Nisman Benjamin , Barak Vivian , Shapiro Amos , Golijanin Dragan , Peretz Tamar , Pode Dov 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe urinary concentration of soluble cytokeratin 19 fragments, measured by the CYFRA 21‐1 assay, may be used for the noninvasive, early detection of bladder carcinoma.METHODSThis prospective study examined urine samples from 325 patients. The authors included 152 patients who presented with hematuria or irritative voiding symptoms (Group 1), 107 patients who were under surveillance after undergoing transurethral resection of bladder carcinoma (Group 2), 46 patients with urinary tract pathology other than bladder carcinoma (Group 3), and 20 healthy participants (Group 4). The urine concentration of CYFRA 21‐1 was measured by an immunoradiometric assay. The patients in Groups 1 and 2 underwent cytoscopy and urine cytopathology. Biopsies were obtained if a tumor was seen on cytoscopy or if there was a suspicion of carcinoma in situ (CIS).RESULTSThe optimal cut‐off concentration for the detection of primary bladder tumors, 4.9 μg/L, resulted in a sensitivity of 79.3% and a specificity of 88.6%. The optimal threshold for the detection of recurrent bladder tumors (excluding patients who had been treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guerin [BCG]), 4.04 μg/L, resulted in a sensitivity of 76.2% and a specificity of 84.2%. There was no significant advantage for centrifugation of the urine samples or for determination of the creatinine concentration in the urine samples. The CYFRA 21‐1 assay of urine samples provided a three‐fold greater sensitivity compared with the sensitivity of cytology for detecting Grade 1 transitional cell tumors. CYFRA 21‐1 detected 91.9% of Grade 3 tumors, 100% of CIS, and 92.8% of invasive bladder tumors (T2 or higher classification). The CYFRA 21‐1 assay detected all tumors that had positive cytology with the exception of only one tumor. Conversely, the assay identified 71% of primary tumors and 65% of recurrent tumors that were missed by cytopathology. Urinary stones, infection, and previous intravesical BCG immunotherapy caused many false positive results.CONCLUSIONSThe urinary CYFRA 21‐1 assay is a useful test for the noninvasive detection of bladder carcinoma and for surveillance of patients who were not treated previously with BCG. It may be used in combination with urine cytology and bladder ultrasound. Multi‐institutional trials are required to compare the accuracy as well as the cost of this combination of tests with cystoscopy. Cancer 2002;94:2914–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10565