bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Events: A 10-Year Analysis
Authors: Evans R Scott , Lloyd James F , Stoddard Gregory J , Nebeker Jonathan R , Samore Matthew H 
Published: May 2005

BACKGROUND Many adverse drug events (ADEs) are the result of known pharmacologic properties, and some result from medication errors. However, some are the result of patient-specific risk factors. OBJECTIVE To identify inpatient risk factors for ADEs. METHODS Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze all pharmacist-verified ADEs by therapeutic class of drugs and severity during a 10-year study period. All inpatients ≥18 years of age from a 520-bed tertiary teaching hospital were included. Each case patient was matched with up to 16 control patients. Odds ratios for patient factors associated with ADEs were calculated from different therapeutic classes of drugs. RESULTS Odds ratios for numerous risk factors were identified for 4376 ADEs and were found to vary depending on therapeutic classification. The risk factors for the different classifications were grouped by (1) patient characteristics—female (OR 1.5–1.7), age (0.7–0.9), weight (1.2–1.4), creatinine clearance (0.8–4.7), and number of comorbidities (1.1–12.6); (2) drug administration—dosage (1.2–3.7), administration route (1.4–149.9), and number of concomitant drugs (1.2–2.4); and (3) patient type—service (1.2–4.9), nursing division (1.5–3.8), and diagnosis-related group (1.5–5.7). CONCLUSIONS Some risk factors are consistent for all ADEs and across multiple therapeutic classes of drugs, while others are class specific. High-risk agents should be closely monitored based on patient characteristics (gender, age, weight, creatinine clearance, number of comorbidities) and drug administration (dosage, administration route, number of concomitant drugs).
Polytype and Morphology Analyses of Kaolin Minerals by Electron Back-Scattered Diffraction
Authors: Kogure Toshihiro , Inoue Atsuyuki , Beaufort Daniel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) technique has been applied to fine-grained kaolin minerals to determine the polytypes (kaolinite, dickite and nacrite) of individual grains and their crystallographic orientations in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Because kaolin minerals are prone to radiation damage by the intense electron beam necessary to obtain EBSD patterns, the beam has to be rastered across the specimens during pattern acquisition. Kaolinite-dickite and nacrite are easily distinguished by their trigonal or hexagonal symmetry about the [001]* direction, respectively, of the Kikuchi bands with k = 3n. Dickite can be differentiated from kaolinite by mirror symmetry parallel to the a-c plane, and by the characteristic contrast of HOLZ rings.As EBSD analysis is performed using a SEM, morphological characters can be correlated with polytypes. Dickite fragments could be discerned as oriented overgrowths on nacrite plates. Dickite was observed to always adopt euhedral shapes in a diagenetic mixture of kaolinite and dickite. Lath-shaped dickite is elongated along the a axis direction. Rhombohedral dickite consists of crystals with {1̄11} indexed to the side facets.
Fabric Map for Kaolinite: Effects of pH and Ionic Concentration on Behavior
Authors: Palomino Angelica M. , Santamarina J. Carlos 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe behavior of fine-grained mineral systems is dependent on pore-fluid characteristics. The systematic analysis of previously published studies supports the development of a fabric map in the pH and ionic concentration space as a working hypothesis. This conceptual study is complemented with an extensive battery of tests where surface charge and particle interactions are controlled through pore-fluid characteristics. The macro-scale tests include sedimentation, viscosity and liquid limit, and involve a wide range of solid volume fractions (suspension to sediment) and strain levels. Experimental results permit the development of an updated fabric map on the pH-ionic concentration space which takes into consideration all experimental results. The fabric map is structured around a critical pH level and a threshold ionic concentration beyond which van der Waals attraction prevails.
Clay Mineralogy and Chemical Composition of Bentonites from the Gourougou Volcanic Massif (Northeast Morocco)
Authors: Ddani Mohamed , Meunier Alain , Zahraoui Mohamed , Beaufort Daniel , El Wartiti Mohamed , Fontaine Claude , Boukili Boubker , El Mahi Benacer 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Gourougou volcanic massif (northeastern Morocco) is actively prospected for bentonite deposits. Five bentonites originating from different environments were selected for the present study: hydrothermal alteration of obsidian perlite glass inside the volcanoes themselves (Providencia and Tribia deposits); alteration of pyroclastic flows in a marine shallow water to lagoonal lacustrine environment (Ibourhardayn deposit); ash falls in marine or lacustrine systems (Moulay Rachid and Melg el Ouidan (formerly Camp Berteau) deposits). All of these bentonites were probably formed from volcanic glass originating from a rhyolitic magma at different stages of differentiation as shown by slight variations of REE and incompatible element abundances. The crystal-chemical characteristics of the smectite vary according to alteration conditions: beidellite predominates in hydrothermal systems, whereas montmorillonite predominates in lagoonal and lacustrine environments, and mixed-layer beidellite-montmorillonite in the sea-water-altered pyroclastic flows. All these dioctahedral smectites exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of charge as shown by the presence of partially expandable (1 EG) or non- expandable (0 EG) layers in the K-saturation state. The proportion of the collapsed or partially expandable layers is not related to the average layer charge or to the cation exchange capacity. This militates for an overall heterogeneous charge distribution. Compared to other natural or experimental alteration systems of similar rhyolitic glass, the formation of beidellite or montmorillonite appears to be controlled by the amounts of Mg in the system.
Castor Toxin Adsorption to Clay Minerals
Authors: Jaynes William F. , Zartman Richard E. , Green Cary J. , San Francisco Michael J. , Zak John C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe extremely toxic protein, ricin, is derived from castor beans and is a potential terrorist weapon. Adsorption to clays might minimize the environmental persistence and toxic effects of this toxin. Ricin adsorption to clay minerals was measured using batch adsorption isotherms. Enzyme-linked immunoassay methods were used to quantify aqueous ricin concentrations. Montmorillonite, sepiolite and palygorskite effectively adsorbed ricin from aqueous solutions and yielded mostly Langmuir-type isotherms. The monolayer adsorption capacity from a Langmuir equation fit at pH 7 was 444 g ricin/kg for montmorillonite (SWy-2), but was only 5.6 g ricin/kg for kaolinite (KGa-1b). Monolayer capacities for sepiolite (SepSp-1) and palygorskite (PFl-1) at pH 7 were 59.2 and 58.1 g ricin/kg. The high-charge montmorillonite (SAz-1) effectively adsorbed ricin at pH 7, but yielded a linear isotherm with K = 5530 L/kg. At pH 5, both montmorillonites (SWy-2 and SAz-1) yielded Langmuir-type isotherms with monolayer capacities of 694 and 641 g ricin/kg. Clay samples with higher cation exchange capacities generally adsorbed more ricin, but adsorption also followed specific surface area. X-ray diffraction of <2 μm SWy-2 treated with 470 g ricin/kg indicated expansion up to 34.6 Å at buffered pHs of 4 and 7, but not at pH 10. Furthermore, ricin adsorption was greatest at pH 4 and 7, but minimal at pH 10. Treatment with 1.41 kg of purified ricin/kg clay at pH 5 yielded a 35.3 Å peak and adsorption of ~1.2 kg ricin/kg. Similar treatment with lower-purity ricin yielded less expansion and lower adsorption. The 35.3 Å peak interpreted either as a d002 or d001 reflection indicates a 70.6 Å or a 35.3 Å ricin/SWy-2 complex. This implies that adsorption and air drying have compressed interlayer ricin molecules by 18 to 65%. Effective ricin adsorption by montmorillonite suggests that it could be used to minimize the toxic effects of dispersed ricin.
Uranyl Surface Complexes in a Mixed-Charge Montmorillonite: Monte Carlo Computer Simulation and Polarized XAFS Results
Authors: Greathouse Jeffery A. , Stellalevinsohn Hannah R. , Denecke Melissa A. , Bauer Andreas , Pabalan Roberto T. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe report a combined experimental and theoretical study of uranyl complexes that form on the interlayer siloxane surfaces of montmorillonite. We also consider the effect of isomorphic substitution on surface complexation since our montmorillonite sample contains charge sites in both the octahedral and tetrahedral sheets. Results are given for the two-layer hydrate with a layer spacing of 14.58 Å. Polarized-dependent X-ray absorption fine structure spectra are nearly invariant with the incident angle, indicating that the uranyl ions are oriented neither perpendicular nor parallel to the basal plane of montmorillonite. The equilibrated geometry from Monte Carlo simulations suggests that uranyl ions form outer-sphere surface complexes with the [O=U=O]2+ axis tilted at an angle of ~45° to the surface normal.
Simulation of structural phase transitions by metadynamics
Authors: Martoňák Roman , Laio Alessandro , Bernasconi Marco , Ceriani Chiara , Raiteri Paolo , Zipoli Federico , Parrinello Michele 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
We describe here in detail the recently introduced methodology for simulation of structural transitions in crystals. The applications of the new scheme are illus trated on various kinds of crystals and the advantages with respect to previous schemes are emphasized. The relevance of the new method for the problem of crystal structure prediction is also discussed.
Crystallography of selected high pressure elemental solids
Authors: Tse John S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent advancements in instrumentations using high brilliance X-ray from 3rdgeneration synchrotrons have greatly improved the quality of powder diffraction data obtained from a diamond anvil cell. In conjunction with new and better structural refinement techniques, as a result many new structures of solids at high pressures have been discovered and characterized. These structures are often novel and sometimes not seen in any solids under ambient conditions. These observations challenge the conventional concept of chemical bonding for solids and provide a fertile ground for the investigation of new physical phenomena in materials under high pressure. In this article, high pressure structures and transformations of selected elemental solids is illustrated and discussed. The purpose is to develop a conceptual model for the description of the structures and the understanding of the nature of chemical bonding.
First-principles codes for computational crystallography in the Quantum-ESPRESSO package
Authors: Scandolo Sandro , Giannozzi Paolo , Cavazzoni Carlo , de Gironcoli Stefano , Pasquarello Alfredo , Baroni Stefano 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The Quantum-ESPRESSO package is a multi-purpose and multi-platform software for ab-initio calculations of condensed matter (periodic and disordered) systems. Codes in the package are based on density functional theory and on a plane wave/pseudopotential description of the electronic ground state and are ideally suited for structural optimizations (both at zero and at finite temperature), linear response calculations (phonons, elastic constants, dielectric and Raman tensors, etc.) and high-temperature molecular dynamics. Examples of applications of the codes included in the package are briefly discussed.
Marine Growth and Morphometrics for Three Populations of Atlantic Salmon from Eastern Maine, USA
Authors: Sheehan Timothy F. , Kocik John F. , Cadrin Steven X. , Legault Christopher M. , Atkinson Ernest , Bengtson David 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSignificant differences in growth and prespawning body morphology were detected among three stocks of Atlantic salmon reared in a common marine environment. Smolts originating from river‐specific broodstock of the Machias, East Machias, and Dennys populations were reared at two marine net‐pen facilities for 25 months. Significant differences in stock‐specific growth were observed among two stocks at both sites, suggesting a genetic basis for the observed phenotypic variation. There was a significant stock effect to the total measured phenotypic variation based on collected truss network analyses. Linear discriminant function analysis of a truss network of morphometric distances allowed for 73% accuracy of stock classification. A thin‐plate spline procedure characterized the Machias body form as having a shortened narrow caudal peduncle region, a compressed body with an elongated trunk, and a deeper head region relative to the other two stocks. Phenotypic variation may be associated with hydrological characteristics of the Machias watershed.
Digital Volume Tomography in the Diagnosis of Periodontal Defects: An In Vitro Study on Native Pig and Human Mandibles
Authors: Mengel Reiner , Candir Muhsin , Shiratori Kiyoshi , Flores‐de‐Jacoby Lavin 
Published: May 2005

Background: The aim of this study of native pig and human mandibles was to investigate the accuracy and quality of the representation of periodontal defects by intraoral radiography (IR), panoramic radiography (PR), computed tomography (CT), and digital volume tomography (DVT) in comparison with histologic specimens.Methods: Following the standardized preparation of periodontal defects (14 dehiscences, fenestrations, 2‐ to 3‐walled intrabony defects, respectively; Class I, II, and III furcation involvement) in six pig and seven human mandibles, IR, PR, CT, and DVT were performed. The histologic specimens were produced by cutting blocks with the individual defects out of the mandibles, embedding them in acrylic, and producing sagittal and axial microsections. The intrabony defects were measured using appropriate software on the digitized IR and PR images programs. The histologic sections were measured by reflecting stereomicroscopy. The statistical comparison between the measurements of the radiographic images and those of the histologic specimens was performed with Pearson's correlation coefficient. The quality of the radiographic images was determined through the subjective perception and detectability of the intrabony defects by five independent observers.Results: All intrabony defects could be measured in three planes in the CT and DVT scans. Comparison with the histologic specimens yielded a mean deviation of 0.16 ± 0.10 mm for the CT scans and 0.19 ± 0.11 mm for the DVT scans. On the IR and PR images, the defects could be detected only in the mesio‐distal and craniocaudal planes. In comparison with the histologic specimens, the IR images revealed a mean deviation of 0.33 ± 0.18 mm and the PR images a mean deviation of 1.07 ± 0.62 mm. The quality rating of the radiographic images was highest for the DVT scans.Conclusions: Overall, the CT and DVT scans displayed only a slight deviation in the extent of the periodontal defects in comparison with the histologic specimens. Both radiographic imaging techniques permitted imaging of anatomic osseous structures in three planes, true to scale, and without overlay or distortion. The DVT scans showed the best imaging quality. J Periodontol 2005;76:665‐673.
The Trans‐Chromosomic Mouse‐Derived Human Monoclonal Antibody Promotes Phagocytosis of Porphyromonas gingivalis by Neutrophils
Authors: Takauchi Ayano , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Tahara Tomoyuki , Nakazawa Kumiko , Hayakawa Mitsuo , Shibata Yasuko , Ishida Isao , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: May 2005

Background: As a safe immunotherapeutic approach, human monoclonal antibody (hMAb) may be effective in clearing periodontopathic bacteria. The trans‐chromosomic (TC) technology has recently been applied to construction of the TC mouse, which enables us to incorporate entire human chromosome fragments containing immunoglobulin (Ig) gene cluster. The aim of this study is to establish TC mouse‐derived hMAb, and to test the in vitro opsonophagocytic activity.Methods: Human Ig‐producing TC mouse was immunized by recombinant 40‐kDa outer membrane protein (r40‐kDa OMP) of Porphyromonas gingivalis 381, and the spleen cells were fused with the mouse myeloma cell line. The specificity of antir40‐ kDa OMP hMAb was evaluated with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and surface plasmon resonance assays. Flow cytometric analyses were performed to assess the opsonophagocytic activity.Results: We successfully constructed 99 IgG isotype clones (IgG1: 84; IgG2: 11; IgG4: four clones), which were specifically reactive with r40‐kDa OMP. The anti‐r40‐kDa OMP IgG1 hMAbs promoted phagocytosis of P. gingivalis by neutrophils. Futhermore, an increased opsonophagocytic activitity of anti‐r40‐kDa OMP IgG1 hMAbs was observed not only in P. gingivalis 381, but also in the W50, W83, and Su63 strains.Conclusion: Our results document the TC mouse‐derived hMAb to promote neutrophil phagocytosis of P. gingivalis, suggesting an immunotherapeutic option for clearance of P. gingivalis. J Periodontol 2005;76:680‐685.
Er:YAG Laser in Defocused Mode for Scaling of Periodontally Involved Root Surfaces: An In Vitro Pilot Study
Authors: Crespi Roberto , Romanos George E. , Barone Antonio , Sculean Anton , Covani Ugo 
Published: May 2005

Background: The Er:YAG laser may be used on periodontally involved teeth in combination with conventional periodontal therapy in order to improve the efficacy of root instrumentation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of hand instrumentation on root surfaces of periodontally involved teeth with Er:YAG laser application.Methods: Thirty freshly extracted, non‐carious, single‐rooted, periodontally diseased human teeth from adult humans with advanced periodontal disease were used in this study. The teeth were divided into three groups of 10 specimens each. Group A was treated with scaling and root planing (SRP) with curets only (control). In group B, the root surfaces were scaled with curets and then lased with an Er:YAG laser (wavelength 2.94 µm). A handpiece with a water spray was used in non‐contact mode (defocused) at a distance of 1 cm from root surface. Laser parameters were set at energy of 100 to 200 mJ/pulse, with 10 Hz of frequency. In group C, the root surfaces were lased only with power settings 250 to 300 mJ/pulse and 10 Hz frequency. An epon‐araldite plastic embedding technique was used for light microscopic investigation.Results: Histologic findings showed significant differences between the test and control sites. In control sites, after hand instrumentation, the surface was smooth, without a cementum layer, and the dentin layer presented opened tubules. Defects on the dentin layer were also present along root surfaces. In the test sites (B, C) root surfaces revealed no thermal damage; no cracking or tissue carbonization were observed. The superficial layers of lased surfaces appeared smooth and melted without alterations.Conclusion: Based on these findings, it appears that it may be feasible to use the Er:YAG laser for root instrumentation without prior root planing if the proper parameters are followed. J Periodontol 2005;76:686‐690.
Effect of Cyclosporin A on Apoptosis and Expression of p53 and bcl‐2 Proteins in the Gingiva of Renal Transplant Patients
Authors: Bulut Şule , Özdemir B. Handan , Alaaddinoĝlu Emine Elif , Oduncuoĝlu Füsun Bahar , Bulut Ömer Engin , Demirhan Beyhan 
Published: May 2005

Background: Gingival overgrowth (GO) is a common side effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy, but the exact mechanism for this is unknown. Apoptosis plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and mediators of this process may be involved in the pathogenesis of drug‐induced GO. This study compared p53 expression, bcl‐2 expression, and apoptosis in gingival samples from CsA‐treated renal transplant recipients to findings in controls with gingivitis.Methods: Twenty‐two kidney recipients with CsA‐induced GO and 15 systemically healthy subjects with gingivitis were included in the study. The 15 systemically and periodontally healthy volunteer control group were immunohistochemically analyzed for grades of p53 and bcl‐2 expression, and were processed using terminal TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) technique to identify and grade levels of apoptosis.Results: There were no differences between the CsA group and the control group with respect to grades of p53 and bcl‐2 expression (P >0.05 for both). However, the CsA group showed a lower apoptosis grade than the control group (P <0.05). None of the clinical parameters was significantly correlated with any of the immunohistochemical findings for p53 or bcl‐2 (P >0.05 for all). Similarly, grade of apoptosis was not correlated with any of the clinical parameters (P >0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between serum CsA level and level of bcl‐2 expression, but serum CsA was not significantly correlated with level of apoptosis or level of p53 expression.Conclusion: The results indicate that the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced GO might involve inhibition of apoptosis, and overexpression of bcl‐2 in the setting of high serum CsA. J Periodontol 2005;76:691‐695.
Identification of Periodontal Pathogens in Atherosclerotic Vessels
Authors: Fiehn Nils‐Erik , Larsen Tove , Christiansen Natalia , Holmstrup Palle , Schroeder Torben V. 
Published: May 2005

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that periodontitis may be associated with presence of atherosclerosis. DNA from periodontal pathogens has been detected in atherosclerotic lesions, but viable oral bacteria have not yet been isolated from atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of the present study was to determine if viable oral bacteria could be isolated from atherosclerotic lesions and if DNA from periodontal pathogens could be detected by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques.Methods: Seventy‐nine specimens of atherosclerotic plaque removed from carotid or femoral arteries during surgery were immediately transferred to reduced transport fluid and brought to the laboratory. The calcified tissue was meticulously cut into fine pieces and used for cultivation of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, P. nigrescens, Campylobacter rectus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythensis, and oral streptococci. The material from 24 of the specimens was homogenized, DNA was extracted, and PCR amplification of 16S rDNA with universal and specific primers was carried out. Finally, the PCR products were sequenced.Results: None of the samples yielded growth of the oral bacteria under investigation. In all the 24 specimens bacterial DNA was detected and likewise DNA of P. intermedia was found in the samples. P. nigrescens and P. gingivalis were found sporadically.Conclusions: Viable oral bacteria could not be isolated from the atheromas, but the data confirm that DNA of periodontal pathogens can be detected in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the finding that DNA from P. intermedia constantly occured in the examined samples was new. Further studies may focus on the simultaneous occurrence of identical clones of this species in subgingival plaque and atherosclerotic plaques. J Periodontol 2005;76:731‐736.