bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm
Authors: Reichstein Markus , Falge Eva , Baldocchi Dennis , Papale Dario , Aubinet Marc , Berbigier Paul , Bernhofer Christian , Buchmann Nina , Gilmanov Tagir , Granier André , Grünwald Thomas , Havránková Katka , Ilvesniemi Hannu , Janous Dalibor , Knohl Alexander , Laurila Tuomas , Lohila Annalea , Loustau Denis , Matteucci Giorgio , Meyers Tilden , Miglietta Franco , Ourcival Jean‐Marc , Pumpanen Jukka , Rambal Serge , Rotenberg Eyal , Sanz Maria , Tenhunen John , Seufert Günther , Vaccari Francesco , Vesala Timo , Yakir Dan , Valentini Riccardo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods that separate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its major components, gross ecosystem carbon uptake (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). In particular, we analyse the effect of the extrapolation of night‐time values of ecosystem respiration into the daytime; this is usually done with a temperature response function that is derived from long‐term data sets. For this analysis, we used 16 one‐year‐long data sets of carbon dioxide exchange measurements from European and US‐American eddy covariance networks. These sites span from the boreal to Mediterranean climates, and include deciduous and evergreen forest, scrubland and crop ecosystems.We show that the temperature sensitivity of Reco, derived from long‐term (annual) data sets, does not reflect the short‐term temperature sensitivity that is effective when extrapolating from night‐ to daytime. Specifically, in summer active ecosystems the long‐term temperature sensitivity exceeds the short‐term sensitivity. Thus, in those ecosystems, the application of a long‐term temperature sensitivity to the extrapolation of respiration from night to day leads to a systematic overestimation of ecosystem respiration from half‐hourly to annual time‐scales, which can reach >25% for an annual budget and which consequently affects estimates of GEP. Conversely, in summer passive (Mediterranean) ecosystems, the long‐term temperature sensitivity is lower than the short‐term temperature sensitivity resulting in underestimation of annual sums of respiration.We introduce a new generic algorithm that derives a short‐term temperature sensitivity of Reco from eddy covariance data that applies this to the extrapolation from night‐ to daytime, and that further performs a filling of data gaps that exploits both, the covariance between fluxes and meteorological drivers and the temporal structure of the fluxes. While this algorithm should give less biased estimates of GEP and Reco, we discuss the remaining biases and recommend that eddy covariance measurements are still backed by ancillary flux measurements that can reduce the uncertainties inherent in the eddy covariance data.
Dynamic and complex microclimate responses to warming and grazing manipulations
Authors: Klein Julia A. , Harte John , Zhao Xin‐Quan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSynthesis efforts that identify patterns of ecosystem response to a suite of warming manipulations can make important contributions to climate change science. However, cross‐study comparisons are impeded by the paucity of detailed analyses of how passive warming and other manipulations affect microclimate. Here we document the independent and combined effects of a common passive warming manipulation, open‐top chambers (OTCs), and a simulated widespread land use, clipping, on microclimate on the Tibetan Plateau. OTCs consistently elevated growing season averaged mean daily air temperature by 1.0–2.0°C, maximum daily air temperature by 2.1–7.3°C and the diurnal air temperature range by 1.9–6.5°C, with mixed effects on minimum daily air temperature, and mean daily soil temperature and moisture. These OTC effects on microclimate differ from reported effects of a common active warming method, infrared heating, which has more consistent effects on soil than on air temperature. There were significant interannual and intragrowing season differences in OTC effects on microclimate. For example, while OTCs had mixed effects on growing season averaged soil temperatures, OTCs consistently elevated soil temperature by approximately 1.0°C early in the growing season. Nonadditive interactions between OTCs and clipping were also present: OTCs in clipped plots generally elevated air and soil temperatures more than OTCs in nonclipped plots. Moreover, site factors dynamically interacted with microclimate and with the efficacy of the OTC manipulations.These findings highlight the need to understand differential microclimate effects between warming methods, within warming method across ecosystem sites, within warming method crossed with other treatments, and within sites over various timescales. Methods, sites and scales are potential explanatory variables and covariables in climate warming experiments. Consideration of this variability among and between experimental warming studies will lead to greater understanding and better prediction of ecosystem response to anthropogenic climate warming.
Pubertal development in Danish children: comparison of recent European and US data
Authors: JUUL A. , TEILMANN G. , SCHEIKE T. , HERTEL N. T. , HOLM K. , LAURSEN E. M. , MAIN K. M. , SKAKKEBÆK N. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo recent epidemiological studies (PROS and NHANES III) from the USA noted earlier sexual maturation in girls, leading to increased attention internationally to the age at onset of puberty. We studied the timing of puberty in a large cohort of healthy Danish children in order to evaluate differences between USA and Denmark, as well as to look for possible secular trends in pubertal development. Healthy Caucasian children from public schools in Denmark participated in the study which was carried out in 1991–1993. A total number of 826 boys and 1100 girls (aged 6.0–19.9 years) were included, and pubertal stages were assessed by clinical examination according to methods of Tanner. In boys testicular volume was determined using an orchidometer. We found that age at breast development 2 (B2) was 10.88 years, and mean menarcheal age was 13.42 years. Girls with body mass index (BMI) above the median had significantly earlier puberty (age at B2 10.42 years) compared with girls with BMI below the median (age at B2 11.24 years, p < 0.0001). Similarly, menarcheal age was significantly lower in girls with BMI above the median compared with girls with BMI below the median (13.12 vs. 13.70 years, p = 0.0012). In Danish boys we found that age at genital stage 2 (G2) was 11.83 years. Both sexes were significantly taller compared with data from 1964, but timing of pubertal maturation seemed unaltered. Finally, puberty occurred much later in Denmark compared with recent data from USA. We could not detect any downwards secular trend in the timing of puberty in Denmark between 1964 and 1991–1993 as seen in the US. Obesity certainly plays a role in the timing of puberty, but the marked differences between Denmark and USA cannot be attributed exclusively to differences in BMI. A possible role of other factors like genetic polymorphisms, nutrition, physical activity or endocrine disrupting chemicals must therefore also be considered. Therefore, we believe it is crucial to monitor the pubertal development closely in Denmark in the coming decades.
The marine East Indies: diversity and speciation
Authors: Briggs John C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  To discuss the impact of new diversity information and to utilize recent findings on modes of speciation in order to clarify the evolutionary significance of the East Indies Triangle.Location  The Indo‐Pacific Ocean.Methods  Analysis of information on species diversity, distribution patterns and speciation for comparative purposes.Results  Information from a broad‐scale survey of Indo‐Pacific fishes has provided strong support for the theory that the East Indies Triangle has been operating as a centre of origin. It has become apparent that more than two‐thirds of the reef fishes inhabiting the Indo‐Pacific are represented in the Triangle. An astounding total of 1111 species, more than are known from the entire tropical Atlantic, were reported from one locality on the small Indonesian island of Flores. New information on speciation modes indicates that the several unique characteristics of the East Indian fauna are probably due to the predominance of competitive (sympatric) speciation.Main conclusions  It is proposed that, within the East Indies, the high species diversity, the production of dominant species, and the presence of newly formed species, are due to natural selection being involved in reproductive isolation, the first step in the sympatric speciation process. In contrast, speciation in the peripheral areas is predominately allopatric. Species formed by allopatry are the direct result of barriers to gene flow. In this case, reproductive isolation may be seen as a physical process that does not involve natural selection. Allopatric species formation often takes millions of years, while the sympatric process is generally much faster. Following species formation, dispersal from the East Indies appears to take place according to the centrifugal hypothesis.
Montane Andean rain forests are a global diversity hotspot of geometrid moths
Authors: Brehm Gunnar , Pitkin Linda M. , Hilt Nadine , Fiedler Konrad 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  Andean forests are known to be a major diversity hotspot for vascular plants and vertebrates, but virtually nothing is known about the diversity of arthropods. We examined whether montane rain forests in southern Ecuador are also a diversity hotspot for arthropods, and chose geometrid moths as a model group.Location  The study area in southern Ecuador (Province Zamora‐Chinchipe, 79° W, 04° S) covers c. 40 km2, with 39 collecting sites within an elevational range of 1040–2677 m a.s.l. Thirty‐five of the sites were situated in an area c. 2.5 km2. Additional qualitative sampling was carried out in the same area and up to an elevation of 3100 m.Methods  Nocturnal moths were collected quantitatively and qualitatively using portable light towers consisting of two 15 W fluorescent tubes, and diurnal moths were collected qualitatively using an insect net. Insects were sampled in six fieldwork periods in the years 1999–2003. As diversity measures, Fisher's alpha of the log‐series distribution as well as eight estimators of total species richness were applied.Results  A total of 1266 species were recorded, 63% of which were identified to named species, whereas the remainder are likely to include many undescribed species. Quantitative samples at light towers collected 35,238 specimens representing 1223 species. The extrapolated species number for these data is 1420 (incidence coverage estimator). Twenty‐one additional nocturnal species and 22 exclusively diurnal species were sampled qualitatively at elevations between 1040 and 3100 m. The pooled value of Fisher's alpha for all quantitative samples is 246 ± 3.Main conclusions  The diversity of Geometridae documented here is much higher than anywhere else in the world, even without the inclusion of additional species from adjacent lowland rain forests. The number of recorded species in this small area corresponds to more than 6% of the known world fauna of geometrid moths. Our study emphasizes the importance of protecting the remaining montane Andean rain forests. For setting priorities in conservation, more studies on insect diversity are urgently required in other regions of the Andes, since montane forests are being destroyed at an alarming rate.
Phenotypic differences between electrocardiographic and echocardiographic determination of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in genetically affected subjects
Authors: KONNO T. , SHIMIZU M. , INO H. , FUJINO N. , HAYASHI K. , UCHIYAMA K. , KANEDA T. , INOUE M. , MASUDA E. , MABUCHI H. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  In the molecular era, two types of phenotypic differences are recognized between electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); ECG abnormalities in carriers without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and normal ECG patterns in carriers with LVH. The goal of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of ECG for detecting carriers without LVH, and also to assess normal ECG patterns in carriers with LVH from the genetic standpoint of HCM.Setting.  A matched case–control study in a university hospital and general hospitals in Japan.Patients and design.  ECG and echocardiographic findings were analysed in 173 genotyped subjects (107 genetically affected, 66 unaffected) from families with disease‐causing mutations in four genes.Results.  ECG abnormalities were found in 18 (54.5%) of 33 nonhypertrophic carriers, but only nine (13.6%) of 66 noncarriers (P < 0.001). For detecting nonhypertrophic carriers, ST‐T abnormalities showed the highest accuracy amongst the three major ECG criteria. In contrast, normal ECG patterns were found in eight (10.8%) of 74 carriers with LVH. The sensitivity of ECG for detecting carriers with LVH in families with the cardiac myosin‐binding protein C, cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin I gene mutations was 83%, 88% and 94% respectively.Conclusion.  These findings suggest that ECG may have favourable diagnostic value even for detecting nonhypertrophic carriers. Furthermore, diagnostic value of ECG may differ according to the genes involved. Our data may contribute to interpretation of phenotypic differences between ECG and echocardiography from the viewpoint of molecular genetics of HCM.
Current treatment strategies for pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: LEE S. H. , RUBIN L. J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.  Lee SH, Rubin LJ (University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA). Current treatment strategies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (Review). J Intern Med 2005; 258: 199–215.Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease characterized by an elevation in pulmonary artery pressure that can lead to right ventricular failure and death. Although there is no cure for PAH, newer medical therapies have been shown to improve a variety of clinically relevant end‐points including survival, exercise tolerance, functional class, haemodynamics, echocardiographic parameters and quality of life measures. Since the introduction of continuous intravenous prostacyclin, the treatment armamentarium of approved drugs for PAH has expanded to include prostacyclin analogues with differing routes of administration, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, and a phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor. Selective endothelin‐A receptor antagonists have shown promise in clinical trials and are likely to be added to the list of options. As the number of medications available for PAH continues to increase, treatment decisions regarding first‐line therapy, combination treatments, and add‐on strategies are becoming more complex. This article reviews the current treatments strategies for PAH and provides guidelines for its management.
Circulating adiponectin reflects severity of liver disease but not insulin sensitivity in liver cirrhosis
Authors: KASER S. , MOSCHEN A. , KASER A. , LUDWICZEK O. , EBENBICHLER C. F. , VOGEL W. , JASCHKE W. , PATSCH J. R. , TILG H. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract.Background.  The adipocytokine adiponectin has been proposed to play important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and shows anti‐inflammatory properties.Aim.  In this study we investigated the role of circulating adiponectin in different chronic liver diseases, its regulation by systemic anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α treatment and its hepatic metabolism.Patients and methods.  Plasma adiponectin levels were determined in 87 patients with liver cirrhosis of different aetiologies, seven patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis undergoing systemic anti‐TNF‐α treatment, in 11 patients with liver cirrhosis receiving transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt implantation and in 21 healthy controls.Results.  Adiponectin levels were significantly higher in all subjects with liver cirrhosis of different aetiologies when compared with healthy controls and increased dependent on Child‐Pugh classification. In subjects with alcoholic steatohepatitis, systemic anti‐TNF‐α treatment caused a significant decrease in circulating adiponectin. Adiponectin concentrations were similar in portal, hepatic and peripheral veins. No correlation between adiponectin levels and insulin resistance was found in any patient group.Conclusions.  Our data suggest that circulating adiponectin is increased in liver cirrhosis independent of the aetiology of liver disease. We suggest that high adiponectin levels in chronic liver disease might reflect one of the body's anti‐inflammatory mechanisms in chronic liver diseases.
A prospective longitudinal study of social, psychological and obstetric factors in pregnancy: response rates and demographic characteristics of the 8556 respondents
Authors: KEEPING J. D. , NAJMAN J. M. , MORRISON J. , WESTERN J. S. , ANDERSEN M. J. , WILLIAMS G. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis paper introduces the Mater Misericordiae Mothers' Hospital‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a prospective study of 8556 pregnant women interviewed at their first clinic visit, and subsequently interviewed some days after the birth of the baby and again 6 months later. Additional data were derived from the medical record of the pregnancy and delivery. The study was designed to assess the impact of social, psychological and obstetric factors on pregnancy outcome. We present here details of the study design, sampling, response rates and demographic characteristics of the sample.
Meconium aspiration syndrome: a 6‐year retrospective study
Authors: COLTART T. M. , COLTART T. M. , BYRNE D. L. , BATES S. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe incidence and outcome of babies suffering from meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) has been analysed in a 6‐year review of 38 395 births at Guy's Hospital and Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital. One in 533 births (0·2%) was complicated by MAS, the mortality rate for which was 1 in 12. There was also a number of babies identified as possibly suffering from ‘subclinical MAS’ but no deaths occurred in this group. Males were more affected than females.
Changes in fetal monitoring practice in the UK: 1977–1984
Authors: WHEBLE A. M. , GILLMER M. D. G. , SPENCER J. A. D. , SYKES G. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA postal survey was undertaken between 1985 and 1987 to assess the changes that have taken place in fetal monitoring practice since 1977. Replies were received from 253 (92%) of 276 consultant obstetric units canvassed. Biophysical methods of assessing fetal well‐being in the antepartum period are almost universally employed and are accepted as the best discriminators of the need to deliver the pregnancy. The number of fetal heart rate monitors on labour wards has increased by 88%. Overall, 63% of units monitor more than 60% of their patients in labour, and 87% permit suitably trained midwives to apply fetal scalp electrodes, which must now be regarded as standard practice. There is still a need for a simplified technique for fetal blood sampling. The perinatal mortality rate correlates with a prematurity factor and probably bears a greater relation to the population served than to the degree of monitoring provided.
Direct chromosome analysis in the second and third trimesters by placental biopsy in 30 pregnancies
Authors: SAURA R. , LONGY M. , GRISON O. , HOROVITZ J. , VERGNAUD A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryDirect chromosome analysis was performed on placental villi obtained by ultrasound‐guided transabdominal needle aspiration in 30 women at between 23 and 37 weeks gestation. Placental biopsy is simple in the presence of severe oligohydramnios where fetal blood sampling is usually more difficult. Direct karyotyping of placental villi is more rapid than chromosomal analysis from fetal blood and from amniotic fluid. Two chromosomal anomalies were discovered: one trisomy 18 and one 6p+. Villus sampling failed in one woman and two samples obtained at 36 and 37 weeks gestation could not be karyotyped. The procedure did not affect the outcome of the pregnancy.
A randomized study of a domiciliary antenatal care scheme: the effect on hospital admissions
Authors: DAWSON A. J. , MIDDLEMISS C. , GOUGH N. A. J. , JONES M. E. , COLES E. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA preliminary randomized study has been made of a domiciliary management scheme which incorporates telephonic fetal heart rate monitoring for women with high‐risk pregnancies. In this paper we report effects of the scheme on the pattern of hospital admissions. Sixty women were randomized 2:1 for domiciliary surveillance or for conventional hospital care, with 40 and 17 records finally available for analysis. The groups were well matched for maternal, obstetric and socio‐economic characteristics. In the domiciliary group, 21 (53%) of the women avoided hospital admission altogether, the admission rate was more than halved, and the mean proportion of the time spent in hospital was reduced from 50% to 16% of the observation period. The women who received domiciliary care were generally satisfied with the scheme. Our study confirms expectations that carefully planned domiciliary surveillance can reduce the number and duration of hospital admissions.
Ultrasound fetal femur length measurement in the screening for Down's syndrome
Authors: CUCKLE H. , WALD N. , QUINN J. , ROYSTON P. , BUTLER L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe fetal femur length determined by an ultrasound examination at between 13 and 39 weeks gestation in 83 pregnancies associated with Down's syndrome was statistically significantly less than the expected value for pregnancies with the same biparietal diameter examined in the same ultrasound department (P<0.0001). Expected values were based on linear regressions of femur length on biparietal diameter in 1340 control pregnancies from 27 ultrasound departments. The median value for the affected pregnancies was 0.94 times the expected value (95% CI 0.92 to 0.97). Eleven per cent of affected and 14% of control pregnancies had values ≤0.85 times the expected. The reduction in femur length in affected pregnancies was not related to biparietal diameter or to maternal age. Fetal femur length may be useful as an ancillary screening variable in the antenatal screening for Down's syndrome.
Gynaecological impact of sexual and physical abuse by spouse. A study of a random sample of Norwegian women
Authors: SCHEI BERIT , BAKKETEIG LEIV S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA sample of 150 women aged between 20 and 49 was randomly selected from the census of the city of Trondheim, Norway. Of the 131 eligible for the study, 13 refused to participate; the participating 118 women were interviewed by a gynaecologist. Detailed information about their present and previous spouse(s) and about sexual problems and gynaecological symptoms was obtained. Physical abuse by spouse had occurred in 20 (18%) of the 111 women who had ever lived in a relationship, and sexual abuse in 19 (17%). Eleven (10%) had experienced both physical and sexual abuse. A history of physical abuse with or without sexual abuse by spouse was associated with sexual problems in the present or in previous relationships. Reported abuse by spouse was also associated with a higher frequency of gynaecological symptoms at the time of interview.