bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicine and the Limits of Knowledge
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I set out to write a book about clinical judgment: how, given the uncertainty of its knowledge, medicine is taught and practiced and how its identification with science affects both patients and physicians. Before I was well into it, my 28-year-old daughter found a breast lump and had an excisional biopsy. Physical symptoms are read narratively, contextually, and interpreted in cultural systems. A physician’s diagnosis is a plot summary of a socially constructed pathophysiological sequence of events. The lump is there. It is a sign, caught in medias res, a clue to a natural history that is unfolding. Science describes and explains it and determines what can be done about it. But the importance of that lump, the acts its discovery entails, and what those acts will mean are social and cultural matters. Although for turn-of-the-millennium North Americans, culture is shaped by—of a piece with— Western scientific medicine, within that culture, as Lynn Payer pointed out, there are significant national variants. The French like breasts, she observed, and not surprisingly, surgeons in France regularly performed lumpectomies long before the English and Americans, who like randomized clinical trials. Is there a fixed, invariant truth about breast cancer and its treatment, a reality that has nothing to do with culture? Certainly there are scientific facts, refinements in knowledge, improvements in care.
“What Brings You Here Today?”: The Idea ofCause in Medical Practice
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My daughter’s illness sent me on a quest to understand the idea of cause. To know the cause of disease is to have control. Medicine is driven by it, and patients and their families are part of that drive. And yet, as I discovered, the idea of cause in medical practice bears as odd a relation to science as clinical medicine itself. The physician’s investigation of cause, even as it seems to confirm clinical medicine’s status as a science, undercuts that claim at every turn. The idea of cause fits right into the misdescription of medicine because it is central to the profession’s conventional, positivist ideal of science. Yet in the physician’s office or the emergency room, cause is the object of a retrospective, narrative investigation that more nearly resembles investigation in history or economics than experiments in microbiology or chemistry. The face-to-face encounter with a patient gives what the physician knows about biological cause a practical, taken-for-granted, confirmatory role. What science has yet to discover seldom comes to mind—and then only in truly puzzling cases. Physicians instead are in pursuit of a diagnosis, the cause of the patient’s illness, and this causal pursuit is framed as science rather than as simply a rational inquiry. Yet a look at the clinical uses of cause reveals some of the important ways clinical medicine differs from a Newtonian science and highlights instead medicine’s practical rationality, the clinical judgment essential to the work of diagnosis and treatment.
Clinical Knowing
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical medicine shares both its epistemological predicament and its rational method with history, economics, anthropology, and the other human sciences—all disciplines less certain than the physical sciences and far more concerned with meaning. Unlike those disciplines, medicine does not reflect on (because it does not readily acknowledge) its interpretive character or the intermediate rules it uses to reach its conclusions. Instead, claiming a “technical rationality” based on science, medicine takes little notice ofeither the tensions inherent in its practical reasoning or the ingenious means it has devised for expressing and mediating those tensions. Chief among these are the competing and counterweighted but thoroughly common sensical maxims and aphorisms described in chapter 7. In uncertain circumstances, they guide the real-life clinical rationality that is ignored or misdescribed in the profession’s claim to be (or to be on its way to becoming) an old-fashioned positivist science.
Knowing One’s Place: The Evaluation ofClinical Judgment
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a kind of visual field defect obscures not only medicine’s knowledge of the nature of its knowing but also an awareness of that lack, how is clinical judgment evaluated? If medicine were only a science, physicians could establish their clinical competence by answering test questions correctly. But because it is a practice, its evaluation is a much more complicated exercise. I stumbled on this realization by chance when I invited second-year medical students in my “Sherlock Holmes and Clinical Judgment” seminar to attend a hospital case conference in internal medicine so they could observe residents and attending physicians solving clinical problems out loud. Two years before, soon after the arrival of a new chief, the department had been organized into three “firms.” For its British originators, the word “firm” is a nonsports synonym for “team.” And while Americans hear its corporate, money-making connotations, the advantages of the new arrangement soon made “firm” seem, locally at least, an entirely different word.
Meaning and Thought Literal or Figurative?
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relationship between literal and figurative meaning, on the one hand, and concrete and abstract meaning, on the other? (The first half of this chapter is based on Kovecses 20056.) Traditionally, the answer is that literal meaning goes together with concrete meaning and figurative meaning with abstract meaning. Thus, for example, the meaning of the word ship is both literal and concrete. We typically and normally talk about ships as ships and not as, say, plows of the sea, although exceptionally we can talk about ships this way. The second assumption is that figurative meaning commonly goes together with abstract meaning. Thus, for example, the abstract meaning of ‘losing control over one’s emotions’ gains expression in such figurative phrases (or through such figurative meanings) as ‘going crazy’, ‘becoming wild’, ‘flying off the handle’, ‘flipping one’s lid,’ ‘blowing one’s top’, and ‘going into a frenzy’.
The Embodied Mind the Role of Image-Schemas
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As was noted in chapter 2, the first step in acquiring a category is forming a structural description of an entity. Structural descriptions consist of the most elementary properties of entities. As we saw, these elementary properties include lines, surfaces, weight, vertical or horizontal extension, roughness or softness, sweetness or bitterness, and so on. When these experiences occur repeatedly, certain schematic structures begin to emerge and get represented in the brain/mind. The structures that emerge this way are what are called image-schemas.
Prejudice
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz helped to start the erosion of racial prejudice in America. The music was a strong magnet to those who had ears for it, and it drew whites and blacks together into a common experience. It was difficult to admire the music without admiring the musicians, and for many whites, educated in prejudice, it was their first chance to discover that blacks could be admirable. The process continued in other popular venues like professional sports and pop music. In the 1920s and ‘30s, black and white musicians enjoyed the social freedom they constructed for themselves within the jazz world, so different from the state of affairs in the rest of the United States at that time. Jazz musicians formed many warm and enduring interracial friendships. But it took a while longer for a few white bandleaders to risk presenting black musicians with their bands. The black pioneers in those bands told many stories of the bitter resistance in the music business to this change. Meanwhile all traveling black musicians faced the hard realities of going into hostile territory to work.
Pranks
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the jazz world there is a tradition of pranks, practical jokes, and general devilment. Most bands have had at least one prankster. Sometimes pranks become epidemic, especially on long road trips. Jimmy Rushing never forgot one that Count Basie played on him while they were in Dallas with the Blue Devils. Basie said: Jimmy Rushing got in touch with a girlfriend of his who worked in a restaurant, and during a certain time of day he could go around there and get himself a free meal. I had been there and had seen him do it a few times. So one day while he was fooling around in the pool room or somewhere I got hungry and slipped around there and told his girl friend that Jimmy said he won’t be around today and said for me to eat his meal. I ate my head off and cut out, and later on he went around there and sat at the table. She kept walking by without bringing him anything. At first he thought she was just busy and then he started wondering. She finally came and stood looking at him.
Charlie Parker
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charlie Parker upset the jazz world with the beauty and inventiveness of his playing, in the same way Louis Armstrong had upset it twenty-five years earlier. Like Armstrong, Parker added a whole new set of melodic phrases to the standard jazz vocabulary. As Lennie Tristano remarked when Parker died, “He could sue almost everybody who’s made a record in the last ten years.” Al Cohn tried to explain the impact that Parker had on his contemporaries: The thing about Charlie Parker was that he was such a giant, he was so much better than everybody else. It’s not like there was this guy, and that guy. There was everybody else, and then there was Charlie! You could take his solos, if you would put them down on paper and analyze them, they really had substance, creativity, the way he used changes. There wasn’t anybody else doing that then.
John Birks Gillespie
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dizzy Gillespie never saw a reason to limit himself to any narrow application of his musical talent; he discovered early in his career that he could entertain the soul, the intellect, the feet, and the funnybone at the same time. Even though his early admirers created a cult of modernity around him, Dizzy established himself as one of the most ecumenical artists in the jazz world. Although Gillespie and Charlie Parker had a rare musical rapport, Parker didn’t understand Dizzy’s urge to make his audiences laugh. Privately, Charlie had a good sense of humor, but he felt Dizzy’s capers on the bandstand detracted from his artistic dignity. Standing at the bar in Birdland one night, Bird watched Dizzy “cutting the fool” to the delight of his audience. Charlie said with genuine concern, “How can he do that?” John Coltrane worked with Dizzy, and years later made this comment: I don’t make a habit of wishing for what I don’t have, but I often wish I had a lighter nature. Dizzy has that beautiful gift. I can’t say, “Be happy, people.” It’s something I can’t command. But you have to be true to your own nature.
Miles Davis and John Coltrane
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miles Davis was in the vanguard of modern jazz through several major periods of its development. At the beginning of his career, while jamming with Charlie Parker and the other innovators of the bebop era, he was already finding a sound and style that broke away from Dizzy Gillespie’s powerful influence on young trumpet players. Miles was impressed with the sound of men like Freddie Webster and Shorty Baker, and developed a fat, smoky middle-register sound and a sparse style all his own. Davis grew uncomfortable whenever he felt he was repeating himself, continually changing his groups in search of something new to play. He was very successful in finding and shaping new talent, and in choosing the right combination of music and musicians to take the next interesting step forward. Miles was one of the first jazz stars since the days of the haughty piano ticklers to refuse to ingratiate his audience. He spoke little onstage, never announced his musicians or the names of the tunes that were played, and often played with his back to the audience and then left the stage while others were soloing. His music was so strong that his listeners accepted it on his terms.
Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Authors: McCarthy Mark I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Epidemiological Perspective on Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Increasingly, the twin threats of diabetes and obesity are perceived as amongst the most important global contributors to human disease and death (Kopelman, 2000; Zimmet et al., 2001). The rise in the prevalence of both conditions has been staggering. Over the course of less than a generation—from 1995 to 2010—the total number of people with diabetes is projected to double (from approximately 110 to 220 million) (Fig. 12–1). This burden of increased prevalence will fall disproportionately in the societies least able to deal with the social and economic costs of this new ‘‘epidemic,’’ since prevalence rates are climbing fastest in Asia, Africa, and South America (Zimmet et al., 2001). These increases in diabetes prevalence are following similar trends in rates of obesity. According to the latest figures from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in the USA, 65% of adults are overweight [body mass index (BMI) exceeding 25 kg m 2], 30% obese (BMI &gt; 30), and 5% extremely obese (BMI &gt; 40) (Hedley et al., 2004).
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Authors: McVey John H , Tuddenham Edward GD 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vertebrates have evolved a complex system to prevent blood loss that involves coordinate vascular wall muscle contraction, cell aggregation (platelets), and the deposition of a clottable protein (fibrin). To achieve this, a complex network of positive and negative regulated reactions have evolved that result in controlled fibrin deposition and platelet activation only at the site of vascular injury without compromising blood flow through either the uninjured or damaged blood vessels.
Genomics and Cancer: Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Davies Mark , Sampson Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cancer is diagnosed in one in three of those living in the ‘‘developed world’’ and causes the death of one in four. Longevity is a major factor in the health impact of cancer since the incidence of most common cancers shows a log-linear relationship with age (Hanson et al., 1980). Environmental and social factors including smoking, diet and the trend to a delay, and reduction in numbers of pregnancies are also of striking importance in determining the pattern of cancers seen in contemporary society. Nonetheless, cancer is fundamentally a genetic disease. Its development is determined by the accumulation of mutations in genes that normally coordinate the birth and death of cells to ensure that they are produced only as and when they are required and their regulate behavior such that they remain under control at the level of tissue, organ, and organism. Over the last three decades, our understanding of cancer has been transformed by the identification of many genes that are mutated, or whose expression is altered in cancers, and by the characterization of their functions that are lost or changed as a cancer develops. Key mechanisms of tumorigenesis have been established, and many of the signaling and regulatory pathways that are hijacked by cancers have been elucidated, often through genetic approaches. Many advances that have impacted on knowledge of cancer have come initially from genetic studies of simple organisms, notably bacteria and yeast where comprehensive experimental strategies could be adopted.
Hematological Malignancies: The Paradigm of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Mills Kenneth I , Burnett Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and molecular heterogeneous set of hematopoietic disorders (Lowenberg et al., 1999) which account for 77% of acute leukemia (Walker et al., 1994). It is the most common form of acute leukemia in adults but forms only a minor fraction (10%–15%) of childhood leukemia (Lightfoot, 2005). The overall incidence of AML is approximately 4 in 1,00,000 in the United States and United Kingdom, and increases with age from 1 in 1,00,000 in people younger than 35 years old at diagnosis to 15 in 1,00,000 in those older than 75 years. The incidence rates are slightly higher in males and in Whites.
Genomics and Infectious Diseases: Susceptibility, Resistance, Response, and Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Jamieson Sarra E , Peacock Christopher S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mankind has been afflicted with infectious diseases throughout history and, at the start of the third millennium, the global burden of infectious disease is still extremely high, with World Health Organization (WHO) figures indicating that infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases (WHO, 2004) (see Fig. 25–1). Of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2002, an estimated 14.9 million ( 26%) were due to infectious or parasitic disease, with the majority of this burden falling on children in the African and South East Asian regions (Black et al., 2003; Bryce et al., 2005). Of those 14.9 million deaths, large proportions were due to well-known infectious diseases, namely HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) (2.77 million deaths in 2002), tuberculosis (TB) (1.57 million deaths), and malaria (1.27 million deaths) as illustrated in Figure 25–2. As well as mortality figures, the overall burden placed on a population by a particular disease can also be measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (Murray and Acharya, 1997). This measurement takes into account not only the number of years of healthy life lost due to early mortality, but also the number of years of healthy life lost due to disability or poor health, which are combined and used to quantify the overall disease burden. Using this measure, the global burden of infectious and parasitic diseases was 445 million DALYs in 2002, as compared to cardiovascular diseases with a burden of approximately 148 million DALYs in 2002 (WHO, 2004).
Learning and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Raymond Lucy , Cox James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At present, compared to many areas of medicine, relatively little is known about the underlying cellular mechanisms that lead to learning and behavioral disorders in humans. The reasons for this are many, including social, political, medical, and practical issues. The advent of the Human Genome Project and developments in molecular genetics over the last 20 years now means that, from a practical point of view, this area can be considered in detail, which was not possible previously.
Gastroenterology
Authors: Buscaglia Jonathan , Jagannath Sanjay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oropharynx can provide diagnostic clues to a variety of GI diseases. Some examples are noted below. A potentially pre-malignant white thickening of the tongue or oral mucosa. When in doubt, refer all intra-oral white lesions. Causes: Poor dental hygiene; smoking; sepsis; aphthous stomatitis; squamous papilloma; verucca vulgaris; 2° syphilis. Oral hairy leukoplakia is a painless, shaggy whitish streaky patch on the side of the tongue due to EBV which is often seen in patients with AIDS.
Surgery
Authors: Gearhart Susan L , Jacobs Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An abnormal communication between 2 epithelial surfaces, eg enterocutaneous between the bowel and the skin; endothelial in arteriovenous fistulae), eg gastrocolic fistula (stomach/colon). Fistulae commonly close spontaneously but will not do so in the presence of chronic inflammation, distal obstruction, epithelialization of the track, foreign bodies, or malignant tissue.
Hematology
Authors: Moliterno Alison R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the underlying cause or to the anemia itself: Fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, headache, tinnitus, anorexia, dyspepsia, bowel disturbance and angina if there is pre-existing coronary artery disease. Patients who have developed their anemia rapidly are often more symptomatic than those who have developed anemia slowly, in which case there has been time for physiologic compensations for their anemia to occur.
Geriatric medicine
Authors: Christmas Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many aspects regarding older adults make them a challenging and rewarding patient population to work with. Most of the care of older adults consists of chronic disease management. The course of their medical conditions will be punctuated by episodes of exacerbation of acute illness. With each successive exacerbation, prognosticating the amount of recovery becomes increasingly difficult. Another challenge in providing care to geriatric patients is that quality of life, risks of treatment, and functional disability take on greater importance in making treatment decisions.
Contemporary Issues in Qualitative Research and Music Education
Authors: Flinders David J , Richardson Carol P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first edition of the Handbook of Research on Music Teaching and Learning, Donald Casey (1992) used the broad term “descriptive research” to include common forms of qualitative inquiry. In the introduction to his chapter, Casey said: “Despite some speculation to the contrary, descriptive research should by no means be conceived as any less vigorous, worthwhile, or useful than other research modes” (p. 115). Although critics remain (e.g. Shavelson & Towne, 2002), qualitative researchers today face less “speculation to the contrary.” Leading universities, journals, and book publishers now give qualitative studies an increasingly high profile. Professional organizations, such as the American Educational Research Association, have institutionalized qualitative approaches as a viable alternative to large-sample, statistical studies, and doctoral programs now provide expanded training in qualitative methods. Together with these opportunities, the number of qualitative researchers has multiplied. Their ranks have grown so quickly over the past decade that it is difficult to find a more prominent trend in the field of educational research. Who and what have contributed to this trend are among the questions raised in this chapter.
Embryonic, Developmental, and Postnatal Perspectives
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neural tube is formed by fusion of the neural folds (Fig. 3-1). The process of neurulation is complex and involves proliferation of neuroblasts or matrix cells, development of the neuroepithelium and surface ectoderm, formation of the neural plate median hinge point, apical constriction of neuroepithelial cells, and expansion of the mesoderm and extracellular matrices. Four stages can be discerned: (a) induction of the neural plate by the notochord; (b) rostrocaudal lengthening and mediolateral narrowing; (c) lateral folding of the neural plate; and (d) apposition and fusion of the apical surfaces of the neural folds. There are three initiation sites of neural tube closure (81, 82) (Fig. 3-2).