bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of Trichodorus gilanensis n. sp. from a forest park in Iran and observations on Paratrichodorus tunisiensis (Siddiqi, 1963) Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Diphtherophorina)
Authors: Maafi Zahra , Decraemer Wilfrida 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA new trichodorid species, Trichodorus gilanensis n. sp. is described from a forest park in northern Iran. The new species is characterised in the male by three ventromedian cervical papillae with the anterior two at the level of the onchiostyle region, the posterior-most ventromedian procloacal supplement (SP1) at the level of the retracted spicule head, spicules smooth and manubrium continuous with shaft, and in the female by large triangular vaginal sclerotised pieces close to one another in lateral view, a barrel-shaped vagina, a transverse slit-like vulva in ventral view and a slightly swollen tail region. Three other trichodorid species found, T. primitivus, Paratrichodorus porosus and P.tunisiensis represent new records for Iran.
Isolation of flavipin, a fungus compound antagonistic to plant-parasitic nematodes
Authors: Nitao James , Meyer Susan , Chitwood David , Schmidt Walter , Oliver James 
Published: January 2003

AbstractAn isolate of the fungus Chaetomium globosum produced culture broths that inhibited in vitro egg hatch and juvenile mobility of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and hatch of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Extraction and bioassay-directed fractionation of the culture broth filtrate determined that flavipin, a low molecular weight compound, was the fungus metabolite responsible for most of the nematode-antagonistic activity. Synthesis of flavipin permitted evaluation of the compound as a suppressor of nematode populations on plants in glasshouse studies. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) plants in steamed and unsteamed soil were inoculated with root-knot nematodes and various concentrations of flavipin were applied to the soil. Contrary to expectations from the in vitro studies, the number of galls per g of roots increased with flavipin treatment at the 14-day harvest. No effect of flavipin on nematode populations was found at the 55-day harvest. In general, plant growth and nematode populations were greater in plants grown in steamed soil.
Use of ammonia-releasing compounds for control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Oka Yuji , Pivonia Shimon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe nematicidal activities of ammonia-releasing and ammonium compounds were tested against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in pot, microplot and field experiments. Among ten compounds tested, NH4OH, (NH4)2HPO4 and NH4HCO3 showed greatest nematicidal activity at concentrations of 300 mg N/kg of NH4 or NH2 in pots. NH4OH was found to be the most nematicidal of these compounds. Enclosure of pots containing NH4OH-treated soils in plastic bags reduced the concentration of NH4OH needed to kill the nematodes from 200 mg N/kg in open pots to only 75 mg N/kg. In a microplot experiment, treatment of nematode-infested soil with NH4OH at 70 mg N/kg reduced the root-galling index to 0. In one field experiment, the nematicidal efficacy of NH4OH on tomato plants at doses of 1000 and 2000 kg N/ha was equivalent to those of Telopic C35® or metham sodium in combination with cadusafos. In another field experiment, NH4OH at 500 and 1000 kg N/ha increased tomato yield and at 1000 kg N/ha reduced the galling index, compared with untreated controls. The results suggest that NH4OH may serve as a nematicide in alkaline sandy soils.
Importance of the O-antigen, core-region and lipid A of rhizobial lipopolysaccharides for the induction of systemic resistance in potato to Globodera pallida
Authors: Reitz Martina , Oger Peter , Farrand Stephen , Hallmann Johannes , Meyer Andreas , Sikora Richard , Niehaus Karsten 
Published: January 2003

AbstractLipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the rhizobacterium Rhizobium etli strain G12 are involved in the induction of systemic resistance in potato roots towards the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida. In the present study, the wild type strain G12 and three LPS-mutant strains with truncated O-antigens all reduced nematode infection of potato plants to about 30% that of untreated controls. Therefore, the O-antigen of the bacterial LPS cannot be the sole inducer of the resistance mechanism. In further search of the mode of action, the isolated core-region and lipid A-fraction of the LPS of one O-antigen-mutant strain R. etli #4-153 were tested for elicitor activity. Using a split-root system, which provides spatial separation of the inducing agent from the parasite, it was shown that both the entire LPS and its core-region systemically reduced G. pallida infection to 45% that of the untreated control. In contrast, the lipid A-fraction was less effective; the 20% reduction in nematode infection was not different from the control nor from the LPS and core region treatments. It is concluded that the oligosaccharides of the core-region are the main trigger of systemic resistance in potato roots towards G. pallida infection.
Physiological ageing and behavioural plasticity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora infective juveniles
Authors: Brown Ian , Cohen Nancy , Gaugler Randy 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHeterorhabditis bacteriophora is a cruiser strategist that exhibits long distance ranging searches for insect hosts in soil. We characterised age-based variations in constituent behaviours and total lipid reserves of laboratory-aged H. bacteriophora infective juveniles. Individuals demonstrated extensive behavioural variability within the first 7 days, followed by accentuated ranging behaviour during the next 14 days and, finally, a decline in activity during the last 15 days. Frequency, bout duration and total time investment decreased almost 50% for forward crawling but almost doubled for backward crawling and curling. Both pausing and head waving frequency, a theoretical correlate of searching intensity, varied considerably without relation to age. Lipid content declined steadily, decreasing by 56% after 28 days. Behavioural changes became apparent after a 20% reduction in total lipid, and performance continued to decline with further lipid depletion. These findings emphasise the combined influences of environmental and physiological factors on behavioural plasticity in entomopathogenic nematodes.
The effect of osmotic stress on desiccation survival and water content of four nematode species
Authors: Wyss Urs , Fisher John , Charwat Suzanne 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe effects of osmotic stress on water loss and subsequent desiccation survival of Anguina funesta second stage juveniles (J2), Rhabditis strongyloides (J2-J4), Aphelenchus avenae (J2-adult) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (J3) were investigated by incubating nematodes in sucrose gradients before exposure to 0% relative humidity (RH). Survival of A. funesta J2 was unaffected by osmotic stress and subsequent desiccation and juveniles seemed pre-adapted to both forms of dehydration. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora showed high tolerance to osmotic stress but all J3 were killed by exposure to 0% RH. Pre-exposure to osmotic stress improved desiccation tolerance in R. strongyloides and A. avenae but the stress levels that induced protective adaptations against desiccation were different for each species. Osmotically induced water loss was rapid in all four species and nematodes reached equilibrium after 4-12 h, their final water content being dictated by the osmotic pressure of the medium. A unique mechanism of osmotic adaptation occurred in R. strongyloides J2-J4 allowing juveniles to regain their initial hydration level.
Differential chemotactic responses of two plant-parasitic nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis, to some inorganic ions
Authors: Quénéhervé Patrick , Le Saux Ronan 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe orientation of juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis was studied in salt gradients created in a linear agarose gel. Twelve combinations of calcium, potassium, sodium or ammonium cations and chloride, nitrate or sulphate anions were tested. The orientation of juveniles of M. incognita was induced by the constitutive cation of the salt, e.g., calcium salts had no effect while the other salts and especially ammonium salts and ammonium nitrate were strongly repellent. In contrast, the orientation of juveniles of R. reniformis was induced by the constitutive anion of the salt, e.g., chloride salts were found to be repellent while sulphate and nitrate salts were attractive. These results are discussed as possible novel control strategies for economically important plant parasitic nematodes. In other respects, these differences in chemical preferences may partly explain the observed geographical distribution of these nematode species according to the ionic content of the soils.
The Question of Validity in Qualitative Research
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIt seems that many qualitative researchers have still not contextualized the role of validity in qualitative analysis.This article enumerates three factors that must be taken into account: (1) The philosophy of science within which one works, (2) the discipline to which one belongs, and (3) the subfield of specialization that one pursues. Most researchers have encountered the question of validity within the context of empirical science, but validity does not have the same role within a phenomenological philosophy of science. Within the discipline of psychology, certain subfields ignore the validity issue for good reasons (e.g., experimentation in psychophysics) and other subfields specialize in developing strategies for validity. This article analyzes the reasons that the specialty of "test construction" focuses so strongly on validity issues and concludes that phenomenological qualitative research is not at all similar to the situation one finds in test construction. Rather, phenomenological qualitative research is closer to experimental situations and so the validity issue is not as pressing as is often supposed. The article ends with two different Husserlian perspectives on a theory of knowledge.
Making Phenomenology Accessible to a Wider Audience
Authors: Halling Steen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractPhenomenological research is of great value to clinicians, policy makers, and ordinary persons because of its distinctive emphasis on making human behavior and experience intelligible with reference to the point of view of the actor. Unfortunately, the phenomenological tradition is not readily accessible to readers who are unfamiliar with it. This article discusses specific ways that researchers within this tradition can reach more of the readers who might benefit from their findings without compromising the integrity of their scholarship.
An Experience of International Terrorism: Reflections on the Meanings of September 11th
Authors: Wertz Frederick 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis lecture, delivered in the "Transcending Tragedy" series at Fordham University in New York City, in February, 2002, presents reflections on the recent experience of international terrorism. A temporal unfolding of meanings experienced during and after the September 11th attacks is described beginning with that fateful morning and concluding with the changed post-9/11 world. This analysis reveals the fragility and plasticity of the social dimension of individual experience as well as our responsibility to create a global order of peace in the face of inimical difference.
Psychotherapy and Existential Therapy
Authors: Colaizzi Paul 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe aim of this essay is to provide an overview of how Existential Therapy is fundamentally different from every kind of psychotherapy, including existential psychotherapy. Existential Therapy is no kind of psychotherapy. Confusing the practicing of the two can harm people and thoughts. Existential Therapy is therapy for existence, whereas psychotherapy is therapy for life, a remedy for the problems of living. The adequate distinction between life and existence is an issue that shamefully has gone unaddressed in existential philosophy, existential psychology and research, and existential psychotherapy. This essay describes the main differences between life and existence, and then takes a look at what is healthy for existence versus what is healthy for life. What is found to be most unhealthy for existence is metacarnalizing, recoiling from carnal limits. Metacarnalizing is a primary existential reversal. Existential therapy unreverses existential reversals. Existential therapy unreverses metacarnalizing. Existential therapy essentially de-metacarnalizes. The issue of metacarnalizing and de-metacarnalizing is absolutely alien to all forms of psychotherapy for life. The essay is followed by an appendix, "An Existential View of Physics," which mainly describes the metacarnalizing basis of physics throughout its history.
The Study of Religious Belief after Donald Davidson
Authors: Schilbrack Kevin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractScholars in religious studies are increasingly drawing important insights from Davidson's philosophy of language. Unfortunately, the most prominent of Davidson's interpreters in religious studies have been Rortian neopragmatists who, I argue, have read into Davidson views which are not his own. This essay seeks to disentangle Davidson's stance from its neopragmatist interpretations. The goal is to understand his stance in order to see how one might approach the study of religious beliefs, and in particular religious metaphysical beliefs, from a Davidsonian perspective.
"BUT TOUCH THE LAW AND THE SECT WILL SPLIT:" LEGAL DISPUTE AS THE CAUSE OF SECTARIAN SCHISM
Authors: Baumgarten Albert 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMy intention in this paper is to take issue with a view widely held among scholars in the field, an opinion I shared in the past but that I have also questioned and ultimately come to reject. To set the stage for accomplishing this goal let me begin with a definition of a historian offered by my late teacher, Professor Elias Bickerman. He called a historian a "digger in texts." The comparison to an archeologist, who digs in the ground, is enlightening. Every layer of a site contributes something to the complete history of its occupation, and that total picture can only be drawn on the basis of information from every layer, in which each layer teaches us something about any and all of the other layers. Nevertheless, an archeologist digging at a particular site is usually most interested in the remains from one particular stratum. For that archeologist, these remains are of the greatest importance.
Valores personales individualistas y colectivistas y su relación con la autoestima colectiva
Authors: Ros María , Gómez Angel 
Published: January 2003

El Individualismoy el Colectivismo como orientaciones generales de valores en los que prima el interés por la persona o el interés por la colectividad ha sido objeto de distintas contribuciones teóricas. Algunas de las más recientes, Triandis y col. (1988), Schwartz (1992) Ros y Schwartz (1995, 1996) divergen en la consideración de la unidimensionalidad o bidimensionalidad de estas orientaciones valorativas. Es más también se encuentran divergencias de matiz entre Hinkle y Brown (1992) y Triandis (1992) en la relación entre identificación endogrupal y la orientación individualista o colectivista de valores. Dos grupos, uno de estudiantes jugadores de baloncesto y otro sólo estudiantes, ambos de distintos institutos y de la misma edad y nivel socio-cultural contestaron la escala de los tres factores de Triandis (1988) así como el SVS, cuestionario de valores personales de Schwartz (1987) y la escala de Autoestima Colectiva de Luthanen y Croker (1992). Nuestra investigación muestra que los valores individualistas y colectivistas siguen la orientación bidimensional propuesta por Schwartz y que la Autoestima colectiva, a través del factor de identificación grupal, está asociada a un perfil de valores tanto individualistas, como colectivistas y de orientación mixta.
Representaciones sociales o la orientación hermenéutica en la Psicología
Authors: Rojas José Oriol 
Published: January 2003

En este trabajo se va a intentar determinar la utilidad de las representaciones sociales para la Psicología. Para ello, en primer lugar se analizan las metodologías más utilizadas para su estudio, destacando la técnica del análisis del discurso, técnica que se aplica a un texto deJodelet en el que se define la entidad de las representaciones sociales. De este estudio se concluye que la noción de representación social que se maneja en la comunidad científica es difusa y poco operativa, por lo que, en primer lugar, se propone una definición alternativa, y en segundo lugar se procede a dividirla en tres entidades: construcciones representacionales, construcciones personales y construcciones circunstanciales. Señalando finalmente su constitución semiótica que incorpora tanto al lenguaje como a las prácticas sociales.
Components of respiratory resistance monitored in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: Babik B. , Peták F. , Asztalos T. , Deák Z.I. , Bogáts G. , Hantos Z. 
Published: January 2003

The interrupter technique is commonly adopted to monitor respiratory resistance (Rrs,int) during mechanical ventilation; however,Rrs,intis often interpreted as an index of airway resistance (Raw).This study compared the values ofRrs,intprovided by a Siemens 940 Lung Mechanics Monitor with total respiratory impedance (Zrs) parameters in 39 patients with normal spirometric parameters, who were undergoing elective coronary bypass surgery.Zrswas determined at the airway opening with pseudorandom oscillations of 0.2–6 Hz at end inspiration.Rawand tissue resistance (Rti) were derived from theZrsdata by model fitting;Rtiand total resistance (Rrs,osc=Raw+Rti) were calculated at the actual respirator frequencies. Lower airway resistance (Rawl) was estimated by measuring tracheal pressure.Although good agreement was obtained betweenRrs,oscandRrs,int, with a ratio of 1.07±0.19 (mean±sd), they correlated poorly (r2=0.36).Rtiand the equipment component ofRawaccounted for most ofRrs,osc(39.8±11.9 and 43.0±6.9%, respectively), whereas only a small portion belonged toRawl(17.2±6.3%).It is concluded that respiratory resistance may become very insensitive to changes in lower airway resistance and therefore, inappropriate for following alterations in airway tone during mechanical ventilation, especially in patients with relatively normal respiratory mechanics, where the tissue and equipment resistances represent the vast majority of the total resistance.
Regulation of E-cadherin expression by dexamethasone and tumour necrosis factor-α in nasal epithelium
Authors: Carayol N. , Vachier I. , Campbell A. , Crampette L. , Bousquet J. , Godard P. , Chanez P. 
Published: January 2003

Asthma and rhinitis often coexist and share many clinical features. The extent of epithelial alteration in nasal inflammation is controversial. Cell-cell adhesion plays an important role in tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis and is mediated by the cadherin family. In human bronchial epithelial cells the authors have shown that tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced a significant decrease of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression. The addition of dexamethasone inhibited this decrease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of TNF-α and dexamethasone on the regulation of E-cadherin, γ-catenin and β-catenin in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEC).A primary culture of HNEC, obtained from human nasal turbinates after surgery, was used. The quantitative and qualitative modulation of E-cadherin, γ-catenin and β-catenin expression was assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. In order to assess the TNF-α-induced activation of HNEC, interleukin-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) release was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The results showed that TNF-α induced, a decrease in γ-catenin and β-catenin expression, but had no effect on E-cadherin expression. Immunofluorescence showed that TNF-α induced cytoplasmic localisation of E-cadherin, γ-catenin and β-catenin. Dexamethasone inhibited the effect of TNF-α and induced a three-fold increase in E-cadherin expression.These results suggest that the difference in nasal and bronchial epithelial cohesion may be due to the differential effect of tumour necrosis factor-α and dexamethasone on E-cadherin expression.
Diaphragmatic function after intense exercise in congestive heart failure patients
Authors: Kufel T.J. , Pineda L.A. , Junega R.G. , Hathwar R. , Mador M.J. 
Published: January 2003

Respiratory muscle strength and endurance is reduced in patients with congestive heart failure, making these patients susceptible to diaphragmatic fatigue during exercise.In order to determine whether or not contractile fatigue of the diaphragm occurs in patients with congestive heart failure following intense exercise, twitch transdiaphragmatic pressures (twitchPtdi) were measured during unpotentiated and potentiated cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) of the phrenic nerves before and at intervals after cycle endurance exercise.Ten patients aged 65.7±6.0 yrs (mean±sd) with an ejection fraction of 31.2±9.8% performed a constant-load symptom-limited exercise test at 60% of their peak work capacity. TwitchPtdiat baseline were 15.9±6.3 cmH2O (unpotentiated CMS) and 28.8±10.7 cmH2O (potentiated CMS) and at 10 min postexercise were 16.4±4.7 cmH2O (unpotentiated CMS) and 27.6±10.1 cmH2O (potentiated CMS). One patient demonstrated a sustained fall in twitchPtdiof ≥15%, considered potentially indicative of diaphragmatic fatigue.Contractile diaphragmatic fatigue is uncommon in untrained patients with congestive heart failure following high-intensity constant-workload cycle exercise. Therefore, diaphragmatic fatigue is an unlikely cause of exercise-limitation during activities of daily living in heart failure patients.
Hypertonic saline increases tight junction permeability in airway epithelium
Authors: Högman M. , Mörk A-C. , Roomans G.M. 
Published: January 2003

Asthmatics are known to react to inhaled hyperosmolar solution. Therefore, the effect of hyperosmolar salt solutions on tight junctions of the airway epithelium was investigated by electron microscopy.Rat trachea was perfused with different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) and then fixed from the luminal side with glutaraldehyde to which the electron dense tracer lanthanum chloride had been added.Lanthanum penetrated 3±1% of the tight junctions in trachea perfused with 295 mOsm Krebs-Ringer's buffer (KRB). Adding NaCl to the KRB (KRB-NaCl) increased osmolarity of the solution. After perfusion with 589 or 876 mOsm KRB-NaCl, lanthanum was observed in the lateral intercellular spaces in 50±11 and 57±6%, respectively. The effect of hyperosmolarity was reversible and only 6±1% of the tight junctions were penetrated after perfusion with 295 mOsm KRB solution following 589 mOsm KRB-NaCl perfusion. Adding mannitol to the KRB to an osmolarity of 589 mOsm only caused 5±1% of the tight junctions to open, even though osmotic effects were observed.Opening the tight junctions with hyperosmolar salt solutions may play a role in exercise-induced asthma. It may also open the prospect for increased penetration of inhaled drugs into the interstitium and the circulation.