bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Natural Potential and Saturated-Position Feedback
Authors: Arimoto Suguru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A class of quasi-natural potentials is introduced, which brings in the concept of saturated-position feedback and renders the pair of an SP-D (saturated proportional and differential) output signal and the torque input passive. Then hyperstability theory suggests a negative feedback connection of such a non-linear passive block with a linear positive real block, which enables the overall system to be globally asymptotically stable for set point regulation. This consideration is extensively applied to non-linear robot dynamics under holonomic constraint or coordination control of multiple arms.
Non-Linear Position-Dependent Circuits: Another Language for Describing Robot Dynamics
Authors: Arimoto Suguru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Important mechatronic systems can be regarded as physical structures characterized by interaction of electromagnetic fields with inertial bodies. The motion of an electromechanical system can be described by Lagrange’s equation in terms of its configuration space (joint space) and the actuator dynamics can be represented as an electric circuit. This chapter first introduces a class of non-linear circuits consisting of a generalized inductor block (retaining kinetic energy), resistance block (consuming energy), virtual resistance block, and gravity capacitor block (retaining potential energy), which can express Lagrange’s equation of motion. All these blocks are treated as non-linear operators that operate on joint velocities (current) and induce torques (voltage drop). These concepts can be extended to describe motions under holonomic constraints and couplings of Lagrange’s equation (motion) with actuator dynamics (electric circuit). Thus the interaction of electromagnetic fields with inertial bodies is expressed by a constitutive circuit describing the coupling between mechanical motions and electric circuits. Subsequently, the universality of these concepts and their usage in the design of controllers are discussed by reinterpreting control methodologies presented in previous chapters in circuit-theoretic terminology and by exploring novel design concepts in a more visible way by construction of non-linear position-dependent circuits. Instead of the Fourier transform, the passivity approach becomes a basic tool for analysing such non-linear circuits and hence passivity can be regarded as a generalized concept of impedance.
Finite Elements for Solids, Fluids, and Optimization
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The finite element method is a numerical procedure for solving ordinary and partial differential equations which arise in engineering and mathematical physics. This is a complete self-contained introduction to the theory and applications of finite element methods in solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and optimization. The authors' extensive experience of the application of finite element methods gives the book a practical slant. Worked examples are scattered throughout the text. Care is taken to explain and demonstrate techniques for formatting finite element apparatus to problems. Programming techniques for solving the resulting FEM problems are also thoroughly covered. the book also contains 14 MegaBasic programs, ranging from very short introductory programs to more general programs for analysis and optimization of plane stress, plates, and shells, and fluid flows.
Steady Laminar Wake
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The so-calledcreeping flow around a cylinder at lowRe is dominated by viscous forces to such an extent that all disturbed regions remain laminar. The creeping flow L1 past a cylinder persists without separation up toRe ≃ 5, see Fig. 1.4. The most notable feature of L2 regime in the range 5 &lt;Re &lt; 40 is a steady separated region in the form of a laminarclosed near-wake behind the cylinder.
Yawed Cylinders
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some engineering applications, circular cylinders have not been positioned perpendicular to the free stream, but rather at a certain yaw angle. For example, electrical transmission lines may be exposed to an oblique wind; offshore structural members submerged in slanted waves and currents; tubes in heat exchangers fitted with baffle plates; and missiles flying at high angle of incidence.
From Quantum Cohomology to Integrable Systems
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum cohomology has its origins in symplectic geometry and algebraic geometry, but is deeply related to differential equations and integrable systems. This text explains what is behind the extraordinary success of quantum cohomology, leading to its connections with many existing areas of mathematics as well as its appearance in new areas such as mirror symmetry. Certain kinds of differential equations (or D-modules) provide the key links between quantum cohomology and traditional mathematics; these links are the main focus of the book, and quantum cohomology and other integrable PDEs such as the KdV equation and the harmonic map equation are discussed within this unified framework. Aimed at graduate students in mathematics who want to learn about quantum cohomology in a broad context, and theoretical physicists who are interested in the mathematical setting, the text assumes basic familiarity with differential equations and cohomology.
Mixture Models in Phylogenetic Inference
Authors: Pagel Mark , Meade Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional models of gene sequence evolution for use in phylogenetic inference presume that sites evolve according to a common underlying model or allow the rates of evolution to vary across sites. In this chapter, we discuss how a general cla..”‘8 of approaches known as “mixture models” can be used to accommodate heterogeneity across sites in the patterns of gene sequence evolution. Mixture models fit more than one model of evolution to the data, but do not require prior knowledge of the patterns of evolution across sites. It can be shown that partitioning of gene-sequence data such that different models are applied to different sites is a special case of a more general mixture model, as is the popular gamma rate-heterogeneity model. We apply a mixture model based upon unconstrained general time reversible rate matrices to a 16.4 kb alignment of 22 different genes, to infer the phylogeny of the mammals. The trees we derive broadly agree with a previous study of these data that used a single rate matrix in conjunction with gamma rate heterogeneity. However, the mixture model substantially improves the likelihood, suggests a different placement for some mammalian orders, and repositions the hyrax as the nearest neighbour to elephant as suspected from morphological investigations. The tree is also significantly longer than the tree derived from simpler models. Taken together, these results suggest that mixture models can detect heterogeneity across sites in the patterns and rates of evolution and improve phylogenetic inference.
Reconstructing Phylogenies from Gene-Content and Gene-Order Data
Authors: Moret Bernard M E , Tang, Jijun , Warnow Tandy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene-order data have been used successfully to reconstruct organe11ar phylogenies; they offer low error rates, the potential to reach farther back in time than through DNA sequences (because genome-level events are rarer than DNA point mutations), and immunity from the so-called gene-tree versus species-tree problem (caused by the fact that the evolutionary history of specific genes is not isomorphic to that of the organism as a whole). They have also provided deep mathematical and algorithmic results dealing with permutations and shortest sequences of operations on these permutations. Recent developments include generalizations to handle insertions, duplications, and deletions, scaling to large numbers of organisms, and, to a lesser extent, to larger genomes; and the first Bayesian approach to the reconstruction problem. We survey the state-of-the-art in using such data for phylogenetic reconstruction, focusing on recent work by our group that has enabled us to handle arbitrary insertions, duplications, and deletions of genes, as well as inversions of gene subsequences. We conclude with a list of research questions (mathematical, algorithmic, and biological) that will need to be addressed in order to realize the full) potential of this type of data.
Musicality: Communicating the vitality and interests of life
Authors: Malloch Stephen , Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four decades ago scientific interest began to focus on a new theory of how human will and emotion are immediately shareable with others through gestures of the body and voice. The handful of researchers who contributed to this new way of looking at human nature, paediatricians, child psychiatrists, ethologists, anthropologists and social linguists, independently making observations of mothers and infants in natural, mutually enjoyable communication, considered the vitality of the communicative gestures themselves to be sufficient for the creation of memorable stories. From these beginnings comes the account of communicative musicality explored in this book.
Therapeutic dialogues in music: Nurturing musicality of communication in children with autistic spectrum disorder and Rett syndrome
Authors: Wigram Tony , Elefant Cochavit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of clinical music therapy over the past 50 years has equipped the trained practitioner with methods and techniques for using both precomposed and improvised music in ways that have wide application (Bruscia 1987; Wigram 2004; Wigram et al. 2002). In Europe, a tradition of improvised music-making—stimulating dialogues of expression in musical form— promotes the development of a musical relationship between a therapist and a patient or group of patients (Alvin 1975; Nordoff and Robbins 1977; Priestley 1994). Listening to precomposed music, and singing or composing songs, is frequently used in palliative care and for the management of terminal illness (Aasgaard 2005; O’Brien 2005).
Protein Misfolding, Aggregation, And Fibril Formation: Common Features Of Cerebral And Non-Cerebral Amyloidosis
Authors: Rostagno Agueda , Lal Ratnesh , Ghiso Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral amyloidosis is primarily associated with neurodegeneration and dementia; in cases in which vessels are largely compromised, the vascular pathology translates to ischaemia and/or cerebral haemorrhage. The molecular mechanisms involved in the fibrillization process are slowly starting to emerge. Unexpected misfolding of normal proteins, a process shared by a variety of unrelated amyloid subunits including those producing systemic forms of amyloidosis, generates a diversity of intermediate assemblies in the form of oligomers and protofibrils with the capability to induce cell toxicity. Amyloidogenesis and cell toxicity are complex highly intermingled processes regulated by a variety of structural and environmental factors.
Challenges in Geometry
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) is the World Championship Mathematics Competition for High School students and is held annually in a different country. More than eighty countries are involved. Containing numerous exercises, illustrations, hints and solutions, presented in a lucid and thought-provoking style, this text provides a wide range of skills required in competitions such as the Mathematical Olympiad. More than fifty problems in Euclidean geometry involving integers and rational numbers are presented. Early chapters cover elementary problems while later sections break new ground in certain areas and are a greater challenge for the more adventurous reader. The text is ideal for Mathematical Olympiad training and also serves as a supplementary text for students in pure mathematics, particularly number theory and geometry. Dr. Christopher Bradley was formerly a Fellow and Tutor in Mathematics at Jesus College, Oxford, Deputy Leader of the British Mathematical Olympiad Team and for several years Secretary of the British Mathematical Olympiad Committee.
Modern mathematics as a cultural phenomenon
Authors: Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
One of the most significant changes mathematics has experienced in its long history is the transformation into ‘modern mathematics’. As with all major changes, some historians look for, and find, much that did not change, while others accentuate significant differences from the immediately preceding period. The conflicting claims of continuity and disruption can both serve as guiding metaphors in the historical analysis of the period, and here they frame another question: where is history of modern mathematics to be placed? Is it, because of the nature of the mathematics, part of mathematics? Is it an island, just off the shore of the mainland of mathematics? Or is it part of the territory of history of science? Although the arrival of modern mathematics is a well-attested phenomenon, for obvious reasons most accounts of it are heavily internal. It is interesting, however, to discuss how the history of modern mathematics can be approached by proposing an analysis of modern mathematics as a particular case of Modernism, and this essay suggests some of the benefits that might come to the history of mathematics by adopting such an analysis.
Stochastic Processes and Models
Authors: Stirzaker David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stochastic Processes and Models provides a concise and lucid introduction to simple stochastic processes and models. Including numerous exercises, problems and solutions, it covers the key concepts and tools, in particular: randon walks, renewals, Markov chains, martingales, the Wiener process model for Brownian motion, and diffusion processes, concluding with a brief account of the stochastic integral and stochastic differential equations as they arise in option-pricing. The text has been thoroughly class-tested and is ideal for an undergraduate second course in probability for students of statistics, mathematics, finance and operational research.
Data Analysis
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics lectures have been a source of much bewilderment and frustration for generations of students. This book attempts to remedy the situation by expounding a logical and unified approach to the whole subject of data analysis. This text is intended as a tutorial guide for senior undergraduates and research students in science and engineering. After explaining the basic principles of Bayesian probability theory, their use is illustrated with a variety of examples ranging from elementary parameter estimation to image processing. Other topics covered include reliability analysis, multivariate optimization, least-squares and maximum likelihood, error-propagation, hypothesis testing, maximum entropy and experimental design. The Second Edition of this successful tutorial book contains a new chapter on extensions to the ubiquitous least-squares procedure, allowing for the straightforward handling of outliers and unknown correlated noise, and a cutting-edge contribution from John Skilling on a novel numerical technique for Bayesian computation called 'nested sampling'.
Assigning probabilities
Authors: Sivia D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding three chapters, we have seen how pdfs can be manipulated, with the sum and product rule of probability, to address data analysis problems; little was said, however, about their assignment in the first place. We now turn to this basic question. In addition to justifying the earlier use of the binomial, Gaussian and Poisson distributions, we will have our first encounter with the principle of maximum entropy. In Section 1.2, we outlined how Cox showed that any method of plausible reasoning, which satisfies elementary requirements of logical consistency, must be equivalent to the use of probability theory. While the sum and product rule specify the relationship between pdfs, they do not tell us how to assign them. Are there any general principles to help us do this?
The oldest idea dates back to Bernoulli (1713), in what he called the ‘principle of insufficient reason ‘; Keynes (1921) later renamed it the ‘principle of indifference ‘. It states that if we can enumerate a set of basic, mutually exclusive, possibilities, and have no reason to believe that any one of these is more likely to be true than another, then we should assign the same probability to all. If we consider an ordinary die, for example, we can list the six potential outcomes of a roll,
where the background information I consists of nothing more than the enumeration of the possibilities. Although our everyday intuition tells us that this assignment is very reasonable, can we justify it in a more fundamental way? The reason for asking this question is that a better understanding of this easy problem might shed light on how to deal with more complicated situations later.
Contrasting domains in the control of action: The routine and the non-routine
Authors: Shallice Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Supervisory System model, in which there are two cognitive levels in the control action, is assessed. It is argued that there is a modulatory relation between the levels. It is further argued that standard connectionist variables, such as age of acquisition, familiarity, and frequency, are particularly useful for characterizing behavior produced by contention scheduling, the lower-level system, when Supervisory System function is impaired. By contrast, an analogy with symbolic AI models is used to theoretically motivate a fractionation of Supervisory System processing as created by a set of functionally selective and anatomically partially separable subsystems.
The emergence of cognitive specialization in infancy: The case of face preference
Authors: Simion Francesca , Turati Chiara , Valenza Eloisa , Leo Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies suggest that newborns’ face preference might be explained as the result of the combined effect of non-specific perceptual constraints that stem from the general properties of visual processing shortly after birth (Simion et al. 2001, 2003) rather than by an innate mechanism triggered by the specific structure of the face (Johnson and Morton 1991). In particular, it has been demonstrated that a perceptual property, which is defined by the presence of more patterning in the upper than in the lower part of the configuration, determines newborns’ preference in the case of both geometric stimuli (Simion et al. 2002) and faces (Macchi Cassia et al. 2004; Turati et al. 2002).
Age-related changes in infant memory retrieval: Implications for knowledge acquisition
Authors: Hayne Harlene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most consistent findings in the area of infant memory development is that memory retrieval occurs if, and only if, the cues present at the time of retrieval are virtually identical to stimuli encountered during original encoding. The specificity of the cues required to initiate memory retrieval means that infants’ ability to use their prior knowledge to solve new problems is very limited, particularly early in development. Over the course of both age and experience, however, infants begin to exploit a wider range of effective retrieval cues, applying potentially useful memories to situations different from those encountered when those memories were originally established.
Connectionist models in developmental cognitive neuroscience: Critical periods and the paradox of success
Authors: Seidenberg Mark S , Zevin Jason D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connectionist models have made significant contributions to understanding developmental phenomena, mainly by providing novel computational accounts of behavioral emergence and change. What is the fate of such models given the increasing interest in, and information about, the biological bases of development? We consider this issue with respect to the classical idea of a critical period for acquiring language. The standard view is that neurobiological developments on a strict maturational timetable create limits on language learning capacity.
Spatial–temporal statistical modeling and prediction of environmental processes
Authors: Chen Li , Fuentes Montserrat , Davis Jerry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental data usually have both spatial and temporal components. Therefore, it is essential to have statistical models to describe how the data vary across space and time. The techniques from geostatistics and time series are powerful tools to study spatial–temporal processes where the spatial and temporal structure can be modeled separately (separable models), and the spatial–temporal structure does not change with location and time (stationarity).
Molecular evolution of Foraminifera
Authors: Bowser Samuel S , Habura Andrea , Pawlowski Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Foraminifera are numerically abundant, widely distributed, and highly diverse protists, comprising approximately 10 000 modern and 40 000 fossil species (Haynes 1981; Sen Gupta 1999; Lee et al. 2000). In most species, the protoplasmic mass, or sarcode, is covered by a shell (test). Traditionally, test morphology has served as the main criterion for the classification of Foraminifera (Loeblich and Tappan 1964, 1987; Sen Gupta 1990). Four broad types of test construction are recognized in modern species (Fig. 5.1a–d). In ‘‘naked’’ reticulate species (athalamids), such as Reticulomyxa (Pawlowski et al. 1999), the cell body is housed in a thickened glycocalyx. Soft-walled, thecate foraminiferans (Order Allogromiida) secrete a proteinaceous cover (Schwab and Plapp 1983).
Genome evolution of anaerobic protists: metabolic adaptation via gene acquisition
Authors: Andersson Jan O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The textbook view of early eukaryote evolution is that the last common eukaryotic ancestor was a primitive anaerobic organism that lacked many key eukaryotic cellular functions (Prescott et al. 2005). The cell architecture has been thought to have become more complex in a step-wise fashion through the modification of existing genetic material and endosymbiotic events (introduction of mitochondria and plastids), finally resulting in multicellular eukaryotes such as animals and plants. Accordingly, some eukaryotes (i.e. anaerobic protists) are more ‘‘primitive’’ (i.e. more similar to prokaryotes) since they branched off the eukaryotic lineage early in evolution (Prescott et al. 2005).
Comparative genomics of the trypanosomatids
Authors: Stuart Kenneth D , Myler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The protozoan clade Trypanosomatidae contains a number of parasitic genera and species with various similarities and differences in morphology, life cycle, insect vector, and disease pathology in humans and animals. The draft genome sequences and annotation of three ‘‘Tritryp’’ species, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major, have been recently completed (Berriman et al. 2005; El-Sayed et al. 2005a; Ivens et al. 2005), and the variation among the life cycles and disease pathologies of each species is generally reflected in the similarities and differences between their genomes.
Genome reduction in microsporidia
Authors: Keeling Patrick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microsporidia are a highly diverse group of obligate intracellular parasites, closely related to fungi, with a number of unique characteristics which have simultaneously sparked interest in the cell, molecular, and evolutionary biology of the group, and at the same time hindered our understanding because of the unusual nature of these parasites on many levels. With the exception of their complex infection apparatus, they are relatively simple cells that have lost or reduced a variety of structures.