bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrete Dynamical Modeling
Authors: Sandefur James T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents an introduction to the wide range of techniques and applications for dynamic mathematical modeling that are useful in studying systemic change over time. The author expertly explains how the key to studying change is to determine a relationship between occurring events and events that transpire in the near future. Mathematical modeling of such cause-and-effect relationships can often lead to accurate predictions of events that occur farther in the future. Sandefur’s approach uses many examples from algebra--such as factoring, exponentials and logarithms--and includes many interesting applications, such as amortization of loans, balances in savings accounts, growth of populations, optimal harvesting strategies, genetic selection and mutation, and economic models. This book will be invaluable to students seeking to apply dynamic modeling to any field in which change is observed, and will encourage them to develop a different way of thinking about the world of mathematics.
Neurobehavioral Disorders of Awareness and their Relevance to Schizophrenia
Authors: Barr William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinicians working in neurological settings have long observed that patients with acquired brain dysfunction may exhibit a range of peculiar disturbances of awareness and insight. Some patients may vehemently deny the presence of severe neurological symptoms while others may develop false beliefs about their immediate environment or those around them. Some of these behaviors have such a bizarre quality that patients may be erroneously diagnosed with a psychotic disorder until the results of a complete neurological workup reveal the presence of an acute brain disturbance. The purpose of this chapter is to describe a number of these unusual neurological conditions and discuss their relevance to our understanding of alterations in awareness and insight in schizophrenia. This chapter is written from a neurobehavioral perspective. A strong emphasis is placed on case descriptions and research coming from the neurological literature. The first section will include a review of the literature on various neurological syndromes affecting awareness. The term syndrome is used loosely in this context to refer to a combination of signs or symptoms that enables one to make inferences about pathological mechanisms underlying the behavior (Benton, 1977). Anosognosia is a term that is often used to describe a syndrome where a patient exhibits unawareness of the presence of a particular neurological disorder or a specific symptom.
Violent Behavior by Individuals with Serious Mental Illness The Role of Treatment Compliance and Insight
Authors: Torrey E Fuller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The perception of an association between violent behavior and serious mental illness is a major cause of stigma affecting individuals with these disorders. Advocates attempting to decrease stigma frequently claim that seriously mentally ill individuals are no more violent than the general population. Studies bearing on this question are reviewed in this chapter. As shall be seen, this review reveals that although the vast majority of seriously mentally ill individuals are not more dangerous than the general population, recent studies suggest that a subgroup is more dangerous. Noncompliance with medication and substance abuse are common in this subgroup, indicating that these factors may be important predictors of future violence. Relevant to the focus of this chapter are data that indicate that poor insight into mental disorder is strongly associated with non-compliance, and denial is a common feature of substance abuse. The role poor insight may play in the prediction of violence is discussed after a review of existing literature on violence in the seriously mentally ill. Until the problem of dangerousness among this subgroup of patients is understood, it will be difficult to substantially decrease stigma against individuals with these illnesses.
The Vanishing Climatic Role of Dimethyl Sulfide
Authors: Charlson R J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the factors that influence the heat balance of the globe, the amount, location, and microphysical properties of aerosol particles and water clouds pose some of the largest uncertainties for forecasting future climate change. Of the key microphysical properties of aerosols, the scattering of shortwave (solar) radiation and the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are of particular interest to chemists because most scattering particles and CCN are produced in the atmosphere through chemical reactions of reactive gases. Of these gases, dimethyl sulfide (OMS) produced by marine phytoplankton is of singular importance because it appears to dominate the natural CCN production over the oceans, which cover about two-thirds of the area of the globe.
CO2-Climate Feedbacks: Aspects of Detection
Authors: Enting I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The IPCC (1990) report includes a number of projections of CO2 concentrations resulting from various possible CO2 release scenarios. A common feature of these projections is the assumption that the processes determining atmospheric CO2 levels remain unchanged. In particular, various possible feedbacks between CO2 and climate are neglected. This approximation is probably adequate for short-term projections. However, some study of feedback processes is necessary for longer-term studies and even for defining what is actually short-term versus long-term (see also Broecker 1987).
“Born in His Majesty’s Dominions”
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When James Forten was born on September, 1766, in his family’s modest home on Third near Walnut in the section of Philadelphia known as Dock Ward, probably no one outside his immediate family bothered to take note of the event. And yet the birth was significant, not just because of who James Forten would become, but because of what he represented. He belonged to the fourth generation of his family to live in British North America and the third to be born in the colony of Pennsylvania. The Fortens (or Fortunes, as the name often appeared in the early records) were colonists of long standing. Most of their neighbors were immigrants or the children of immigrants. Later in life, James Forten would take great pride in pointing out that his family had lived in Pennsylvania since the days of William Penn. However, when they looked at him, what most white Philadelphians saw was not the scion of an old and deservedly proud family, but an “African.”
“A Gentleman of the Pave”
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trying To Put virtually any aspect ofJames Forten’s business career into perspective is like trying to assemble a jigsaw puzzle with many of the most important pieces missing and only a vague sense of what the finished picture should look like. The paper trail is woefully inadequate. The records of the firm ofJames Forren and Sons were presumably destroyed when the sail loft was sold. The family carefully preserved personal correspondence—there is a touching account in his granddaughter’s journal of her poring over his letters and reflecting on the high regard in which he was held—but receipts, ledgers, rent books, and so forth were most likely consigned to the kitchen fire or the sail loft stove.
Regrettable though the loss of Forten’s business papers is, some pieces of the puzzle have survived. There are the records of some of his customers. There are stray letters that people found worth keeping for one reason or another. One recipient noted on the back of a letter that he had kept it as a curiosity because “it was from a Negro-man; -a Negro-gentleman, I may say. He was in possession of a fortune made by his own industry.”
Sanity and Madness: Conventional and Unconventional Narratives of Emotional Life
Authors: Sarbin Theodore R , Keen Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our strategy is, first, to clarify the terms in our title, and then to offer a justification for employing the narrative as the overarching concept for conduct conventionally identified as “emotional” and also for conduct that is frequently identified with labels drawn from various psychopathological lexicons.
The Role of Anxiety in Psychopathology
Authors: McReynolds Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the emotional states that the human species is susceptible to, the most ubiquitous, with respect to the range of psychopathologies, is anxiety. This is true in the sense that, first, severe anxiety, in any of several manifestations, is itself severely disabling, and second, that certain disorders are traced, in conventional theory, to attempts of the individual to avoid or to attenuate anxiety, or to the breakdown of such efforts. Anxiety, then, is implicated in a wide variety of behavior disorders, and plays a unique theoretical role in attempts to explain many disorders.
The Role of Emotion in the Psychopathology and Treatment of the Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Rathus Jill H , Sanderson William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the role of the emotion of anxiety in the development and treatment of anxiety disorders. First, we highlight the significance of anxiety from an evolutionary perspective, portraying anxiety symptoms in terms of their adaptive roles. Specifically, we discuss the impact of anxiety on moment to moment functioning, outline the response systems involved in the emotion of anxiety, and differentiate various manifestations of anxiety. In the second part of this chapter we discuss the psychopathological manifestations of anxiety-the anxiety disorders. We postulate a specific function for each of the essential features of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; hereinafter DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) anxiety disorders, taking the perspective that each anxiety disorder represents an exaggerated form of an adaptive mechanism. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the theory and process of anxiety reduction.
Social Learning and Emotional Education: Emotional Expression and Communication in Behaviorally Disordered Children and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Buck Ross , Goldman Cheryl K , Easton Caroline J , Smith Nanciann Norelli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a model of the role of emotional expression and communication that seeks to explain how normal emotional development can go awry, contributing to emotional disregulation and to psychopathology; and a measurement procedure—the slide-viewing technique—that arguably provides reliable, valid, and efficient measures of emotional expression and communication that can be applied to psychiatric patients. We begin by presenting the general viewpoint and formally defining basic terms.
Reconstructing Population History Using PCR-Restriction Site Data
Authors: Georgiadis Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many recent advances in genetic technology have had almost instantaneous applications to conservation, as this volume attests. Examples include a growing variety of genetic markers, accessible with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), that are suitable for forensic detection, and the definition of systematically inclusive “units” for conservation at population and species levels (Morin et al., 1994, Moritz 1994, Volgler and de Salle, 1994). While many of these markers are informative in the sense that their presence or absence is diagnostic, or that degrees of phenetic similarity can be derived from the combined use of multiple markers, relatively few provide genealogically informative data in the sense that phylogenetic (as opposed to phenetic) relationships can be reconstructed for sets of alleles. Data that are suited to the derivation of genealogies include DNA sequence and restriction site data, but not isozyme, restriction fragment, minisatellite, microsatellite or random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data.
Functional Organization of the Auditory Pathways
Authors: Rouiller Eric M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurons of the spiral ganglion contact the hair cells of the cochlea through their peripheral processes (dendrites) and send their axons centrally to the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem. Together, these axons constitute the auditory nerve (AN). The acoustic information (mechanical energy) is transformed in the cochlea by a transduction process into bioelectrical energy in the receptor potentials of hair cells. The depolarization of hair cells leads to an increase of neurotransmitter release, eliciting graded generator potentials at the dendrite of primary auditory neurons. If these potentials reach the firing threshold, they generate action potentials along AN fibers. The temporal sequence and spatial distribution of action potentials in the populations of AN fibers code the physical properties of sounds, information that is transferred to the central auditory pathways.
E
Authors: Bunson Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ebers Papyrus one of the longest papyri from ancient Egypt, dating to the reign of amenhotep i of the 18th Dynasty (1525–1504 b.c.). The Ebers Papyrus is a medical text, measuring 65 feet, with 108 separate pages. The document is one of the modern world’s major sources of information concerning the medical knowledge and techniques of Egypt’s priest-physicians. These medical practitioners gained a considerable reputation throughout the ancient world.
G
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GABINIUS, AULUS (d. 48 B.c.) Legate, tribune and consul in 58 B.c., and a loyal supporter of POMPEY. Gabinius proposed in 67 B.c. that Pompey should receive greater powers to crush the pirates so common in the Mediterranean region. From 66 to 63 B.c. he served as a legate of Pompey and in 58 secured for himself a consulship, aiding CLODIUS in the exile of CICERO. In 57, Gabinius was given the powerful governorship of Syria, where he ruled effectively until 54. The supremacy of Jerusalem was ended when Gabinius broke apart the Jewish territories into five districts, with equal capitals at Jerusalem, Amathus, Jericho, Sepphoris and Gazara. He next aided the Parthian claimant MITHRIDATES III of Parthia in his battle with his brother Orodes, but soon turned to restore PTOLEMY XII AULETES to the Egyptian throne. Ptolemy promised a rich reward for Gabinius’ aid, and the governor marched into the Egyptian kingdom and forced the inhabitants to take back the ruler that they had just expelled. In 55 B.c., Gabinius refused to step down from office in favor of a legate of CRASSUS, one of the triumvirs, and soon came under attack from opponents in Rome. His administration in Syria had earned him enemies, and the bribe supposedly paid him by Ptolemy made him liable for trial on the charge of MAIESTAS, or treason. Pompey demanded that he be defended by Cicero, his enemy. Gabinius was initially acquitted of the charges but was convicted and exiled in 54. At the outbreak of the CIVIL WAR Gabinius found a new patron in Julius CAESAR, who gave him command over land forces. Gabinius took control of Salonae, holding it against the Pompeians for some time. He was killed in 48 B.C., in a plague that ravaged the city.
I
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IAMBLICHUS (c. 250-319/325 A.D.) Neoplatonic philosopher and theurgist; one of the most noted writers md pseudo-mystics of his time. He was born in Coele5yria to a family of Chalcis. Porphyry influenced his education at Rome, where he developed a knowledge of Neoplatonism, a subject that he later taught, perhaps at Apamea. Iamblichus earned his fame as both a writer and .a mystic. His extant works include a Life of Pythagoras (Vita Pythagorae),a defense of magic (de Mysteriis),several mathematical treaties, a book on rhetoric, and Protrepticus,using other authors. He is reported to have written commentaries on Plato and Aristotle (not extant) and a work on the oracles of Chaldea. As a mystic, Iamblichus supposedly possessed the power to perform miracles and to levitate. He displayed an interest in theurgy (supernatural Jr divine intervention in human affairs), ritualistic magic md ceremony. He differed with Porphyry in his disdain for Plotinus and his Neoplatonism. IAZYGES Tribe of Sarmatians who settled on the Danube frontier and had dealings with Rome from the 1st century A.O. They were probably among the first of the 5armatians to advance from their original homes around the Sea of Azov, being driven westward through southern Russia along the Dnieper. After several migrations the Iazyges reached the area along the Danube and the Theiss, where the plains afforded room and the surrounding mountains defense. The Iazyges were counted among the client states of the Roman Empire from the time of the Flavians into the 3rd century, with a number of incidents proving that imperial control was not always effective. During Domitian’s wars with Dacia, the Sarmatians joined their Germanic neighbors in raids followed by a full-scale invasion of Pannonia in 92. They defeated the local legion, the XXI Rapax, and required the personal efforts of the emperor in order to be subdued.
J
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
JAMES THE APOSTLE (d. 62 A.D.) Known to his contemporaries as James, the brother of Jesus; one of the 01-iginal Apostles. With Peter, James played an instrumenh1l role in the organization of the early Christian movement in JERUSALEM, serving as the head of the community u 1til his murder by the Sanhedrin in 62 A.D. He was probably stoned to death. JANUS The Roman god of doorways, beginnings, the p2,st and the future. Janus was an original Roman creation, not taken from any other pantheon. According to tradition, he was established in Rome by King Numa, who also built the so-called Temple of Janus. In times of war the temple gates were opened, and closed only when there was peace throughout the Roman world. So rare was this occurrence (Livy wrote that up until Augustus’ own day it h,1ppened only three times) that commemorative coins were issued with the head of Janus imprinted upon them. Janus’ visage normally showed two heads (Janus bifrons),one looking forward and the other behind. Such was the god’s function in Rome. He was invoked even before Jupiter to protect the beginning of all endeavors. A festival took place 011 New Year’s Day in which people gave gifts and coins of Janus to welcome another year. The first entire month of the calendar was under his auspices. An association with the past and the future made him the god of doorways. See also GODS AND GODDESSES OF ROME.
L
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LABEO, MARCUS ANTISTIUS (c. 54 B.c.-10/11 A.D.) One of the earliest of the Roman JURISTS; lived during the Augustan age (27 B.c.-14 A.D.). Trained by Ciolro and Ciceronian legalist C. Trebatius Testa, he was ,considered one of the finest legal minds in Rome, despite his firm Republicanism. Labeo became a rival of the other great jurist, G. Ateius Capito, opposing his monarchist tendencies. Augustus, who disliked both Labeo’s politics and his sharp wit, passed him over and granted Capito a consulship. Capito thus possessed greater social prominence than his senior, although Labeo was always considered his equal. Labeo authored some 400 books, including an early commentary on the Edicts. Always ready with a quick retort, he placed the name of Lepidus, the e:c-triumvir, on a list for the Senate. When Augustus threatened him with a charge of perjury, Labeo responded: “What have I done wrong by naming to the Senate one whom you allowed to remain High Priest?” Later, it was proposed that the senators should protect Augustus a,; a special guard, to which Labeo replied: “As for me, I snore, and thus should not sleep at Augustus’ chamber d:oor.” LABIENUS, QUINTUS (d. c. 39 B.c.) Son of Titus LABIENUS, who followed his father in opposition to Julius Caesar and in joining Cassius and Brutus, the LIBERATORS. He acted as an envoy for them to King ORODES II of PARTHIA, developing a rapport with the monarch. In 42 B.C., i,.hen the Republican cause was annihilated at the battle of Philippi, Labienus fled to Parthia, offering his services to Orodes. Two years later, Labienus returned to Roman territory but at the head of the Parthian army, invading SYRIA and PALESTINE. He captured Apamea and most of the Syrian cities, except for Tyre, subjugated Judaea, carried off the ethnarch Hyrcanus, and installed the Jewish daimant Antigones on the throne. His seizure of Cilicia was his military crowning achievement; but he had considerable influence on Jewish history.
0
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OBODAS (d. 9 B.c.) King of NABATAEA in the later years of the 1st century B.C. The successor of King Malachus, Obodas inherited a country absorbed into the Roman Empire. In 25 B.C., Obodas aided Aelius Gallus in his attempted conquest of Arabia by sending a force of 1,000 men to act as auxiliaries. His demise may have been the result of poison, administered by his vizier. OCTAVIA (d. 11 B.c.) Sister of Octavian (AUGUSTUS) and one of the most popular women in Roman history. Octavia was the daughter of OCTAVIUS and Atia, the mother of Octavian. At an early age she married the CONSUL (50 B.c.) Gaius Marcellus, by whom she had three children: a son, MARCELLUS, and two daughters. This union was endangered by Julius Caesar’s offering her to POMPEY THE GREAT as a political unifier and then terminated by her husband’s death sometime around 40 B.C. To cement the alliance between Octavian and Marc ANTONY, Octavia wed the general in 40 and bore him two daughters, the two Antonias, before Marc Antony became enamored of CLEOPATRA. In 32 B.c. he renounced the marriage completely. Octavia, very much respected by Rome, was seen as a victim of Antony’s ambition. After Antony’s defeat and death, Octavia remained loyal to his memory. She cared for all of his children, her own and those of his previous wife FULVIA and of Cleopatra. She lived as a Roman matron, much aggrieved by the death of her son Marcellus in 23 B.c.
X
Authors: Bunson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
XANTHUS Ancient, chief city of the province of LYCIA, near the mouth of the XANTHUS RIVER; besieged in 42 B.C. by Marcus BRUTUS, who wished to exact from the Lycians tribute for his war with ANTONY and Octavian (AUGUSTUS). The proud Lycians refused him, killed themselves and burned down the city. Marc Antony subsequently exempted the impoverished Lycians from TAXATION and invited them to rebuild Xanthus. They apparently refused. XANTHUS RIVER The most important river in the province of LYCIA; rose in the Taurus Mountains and cut its way across the country to the south. Because of its size and location, the Xanthus was used as part of the waterborne trade system of ROME. XENOPHON (fl. 1st century A.D.) Imperial physician to Emperor CLAUDIUS in the last years of his reign (c. 5354 A.O.). Xenophon was originally from Cos (Kos), where his family was held in high esteem. As a gift to him in 53, Claudius granted a special IMMUNITAS (tax exemption) to the entire island. TACITUS (1) wrote that Xenophon had been bought by AGRIPPINA and was part of the murder of Claudius in 54. When the poisoned mushrooms failed to bring about the emperor’s death, Xenophon was summoned to use a feather dipped in poison to ensure that Claudius died rapidly.