bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collaborative Research on Grouted Pile-Leg Sleeve Connections Enabled Life Extension of Aged Platforms
Authors: Rao Aita Raja. S. , Sarkar Anjan , Eissa M. , Qian X. D. 
Published: October 2023

Background
For an older fleet of the bottom founded steel jacket type platforms which has been operating in Abu Dhabi offshore oil & gas fields, each of the platforms is secured by pile-leg grouted connections with shear keys provided on the outside of the pile only. · As the leg diameter was about 800mm, this precluded the provision of shear keys· on the inside of the leg. This connection design pre-dated the API or ISO recommended practice, which specifies the provision of shear keys on the pile and leg to offer a more direct load transfer mechanism.
Majority of existing fixed offshore platforms in offshore Abu Dhabi have non-conventional grouted connection between pile and jacket where grout is the only medium for load transfer between the two components. Due to their confinement these connections are not inspectable. Moreover, grout parameters associated with these structures do not comply with codal provisions. Hence the applicability of codal formulations to fixed jacket structures in offshore Abu Dhabi is a major uncertainty. Many Fields in offshore Abu Dhabi have significant life extension necessitating many structures in operation beyond their original design life. Quantification of grout performance considering ageing effect plays vital role in life extension of these structures and is currently beyond industry knowledge. In addition to this, continuous requirements of significant load additions make this problem more intense. This has raised a major concern for ensuring integrity of these structures while allowing life extension of these aged structures.
To address the above, ADNOC Offshore entered into a collaborative research program with one of the leading offshore Institutions at Centre for Offshore Research & Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS) aimed at conducting experimental investigations supported by analytical simulations to develop ADNOC Offshore specific grout strength design equations which will be helpful in assessment of strength of aged grouted connections.
Repurposing Networks for Hydrogen
Authors: Peace C. , Waple N. , Haghighi Hooman , Cotton Harry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper presents an overview for repurposing and the potential blockers with respect to current code compliance based on Wood case studies of international code requirements and recent repurposing study work.
Based on rudimental calculations, comparing both energy Natural Gas (NG) and H2 carriers, repurposed pipelines can be capable of achieving circa 80-90% of the energy flow rate if design pressure can be maintained, or 50-60% if the design pressure is de-rated. If other operational restrictions are considered, such as flow velocity it can potentially have additional knock-on effect on the achievable flowrate and consequently to energy ratio.
The feasibility of pipeline repurposing for hydrogen service is critical to the energy transition. Careful consideration of code requirements, and further research and development currently ongoing is required in order to remove over-conservatisms in design to maximise the achievable energy flow rate when repurposing to hydrogen service.
Vehicle Detection and Tracking for the Gas Station Digital Twin System
Authors: Yue F. , Ma J. , Qian Z. , Xu T. , Jiang W. , Dong J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
A digital twin is a virtual representation of a real-world system used to digitally model performance, identify inefficiencies, and design solutions to improve its physical counterpart. With the success of digital twin systems in various scenarios, the digital twin system of gas station is expected to effectively improve the management efficiency and intelligence level of gas stations. Some typical applications include data analysis, traffic prediction, and route planning in gas station, etc.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The key part of the digital twin system of gas station is how to achieve accurate and efficient vehicle detection and tracking under various environmental conditions. Aiming at this goal, this paper proposes a practical vehicle detection and tracking method for gas station scenarios. We assume the digital twin system consists of a number of digital cameras and precisious 3D models of scene and facilities in gas station. We then present the proposed vehicle detection and tracking pipeline which includes the following three steps: 1) camera internal and external parameters calibration with known scene; 2) vehicle detection and real-time multi-target tracking, and 3) cross-camera re-identification and occlusion handling.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
We have conducted extensive experiments on several datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good robustness to lighting and occlusion, and can effectively solve the problem of vehicle detection and tracking for the digital twin system of gas station.

Novel/Additive Information
In a real gas station scenario, real-time tracking of multiple vehicles can be achieved with an accuracy over 90%.
Impact of Solids on Topside Operations in EOR Context
Authors: Blazquez C. , Klopffer M.-H. , Kohler E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The presence of solids in the hydrocarbon treatment and separation equipment downstream the choke can have a great impact on the process operability, assets risks, flow assurance, thus on the economics of the operation. It has been well documented that solids can highly stabilize emulsions, sometimes even better than surfactants. In fact, solids can be attached to the oil/water interface in an almost irreversible way that impedes droplets coalescence mainly by steric repulsion. Moreover, naturally surfactant molecules present in the crude oil (e.g., asphaltenes, naphthenic acids, resins, carboxylic acids) or production chemicals (e.g., anticorrosion, antiscales, demulsifiers, antifoamers) can enhance the ability of solids to promote emulsification and emulsion stability. In addition, the interaction of chemical EOR with the produced solids can lead to production issues like wellbore blockage, emulsion stabilization, increase of waste streams, equipment clogging, and so on.
In this work, the impact of solid particles on oil/water separator (i.e., emulsion stability) and on the produced water treatment has been studied. On the one hand, the impact of the solid concentration has been evaluated through rapid emulsification tests founding that, as a general trend, the increase of the solid concentration led to more stable emulsions. The impact of the presence of polymer (Xanthan) has also been tested through bottle testing. The interaction between the solids, the polymer, the demulsifier, and the fluids is quite complex as their presence either has no impact or hinders separation. Furthermore, the solid partitioning between both phases depends on their size and wettability, leading in some cases to the formation of rag layers. On the other hand, the impact of these solids on different techniques of water treatment in presence of polymer has also been evaluated such as water clarification (gravity settling) in presence of water clarifiers or dead-end filtration. In the first case, the presence of solids enhanced water clarification either by enhancing agglomeration or by increasing the droplet density. In the case of the filtration, the main factor affecting the filtration is the polymer itself while the presence of the solid particles can enhance this behavior.
H2 and H2 Blends with Natural Gas Transportation in Offshore Pipelines: An Overview from Flow Assurance Perspective
Authors: Felice A. Di , David D. , Mosci E. , Canestrari A. , Masi O. , Arcangeletti G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The use of offshore existing or new pipeline is a solution to deliver the blue / green hydrogen at reduced transport cost and in proximity of final users.
Pipeline design and repurposing for hydrogen transportation require the use of commercial design tools, originally developed for hydrocarbons. The applicability of available design tools shall be assessed versus. available experimental data and academic studies findings to understand the current applicability range of the design tools and the areas of further improvements of commercial software to model green H2 and H2 + Natural Gas blends, with focus on thermophysical properties relevant to transport and hydrate estimation capabilities in the identified operating ranges.
Thermodynamic tools are used to evaluate the phase behavior, thermodynamic data, and potential operational issue (like hydrate formation risk). Fluid dynamic tools are needed for the assessment of hydraulic performance and to generate inputs for mechanical sizing. The combination of both tools to develop models is the first step for the pipeline design.
This work will present the results obtained for multiple case studies of H2 and H2 blends transportation in offshore pipelines. Sensitivities have been performed with available EOSs considering different H2 rich mixture compositions and up to date available software. The results obtained with the models and typically used for the design, like pressure, temperature, density, velocity profiles, are compared and discussed.
The outcome of this work is to present the status of available tools in the industry and open the discussion with interested parties about areas of improvement and the future development to cover the design requirements for H2 and H2 blends pipelines.
Automatic Estimation of Reservoir Properties Using 3D Machine Learning Workflow Independent of Well Alignment in the Presence of Geological Complexes
Authors: Gupta Kinjal Dhar , Di Haibin , Abubakar Aria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most important steps for reservoir characterization is estimating its properties. The machine learning workflows developed in recent years to automate the process mostly capture 2D context of seismic and are capable of using information from vertical wells only. In this work we propose a new machine learning workflow to automatically estimate the properties that not only uses 3D seismic context in the presence of geological complexes but also is applicable to both vertical and deviated wells.
Our proposed workflow consists of a machine learning model that estimates the property at each point of the survey by learning the 3D context around it. To build this model, 3D cubes of seismic and salt bodies are extracted around each point of the wells and fed as inputs into a multi-layered convolutional neural network architecture, with the corresponding properties at those well points as outputs. Once the model has been trained, it is used for estimating all properties at any point on the survey simultaneously by feeding it 3D cubes of seismic and salt bodies extracted around that point.
To evaluate our method, we use the publicly available dataset from Groningen gas field. We train our model on 35 wells and use 4 other wells as test wells. We used seismic and salt as inputs and sonic and gamma ray logs as output. We observe that the predicted property values by our machine learning workflow for every test well match with the true property values of the wells, thus concluding that our workflow is capable of successfully estimating the properties automatically from seismic and salt information. We also observe that our workflow is capable of predicting properties at the well location that has no properties measured. As our workflow predicts properties at points, it can be used for both vertical and non-vertical wells. We also used the model to predict entire slices which pass through the test wells and observed that the distinct patterns followed by the predicted values coincide with the true values of the wells and the inputs, seismic and salt.
The novelty of our approach involves two aspects. The first aspect is using the 3D context of seismic and salt as input. And the second aspect is estimating the properties only at points, thus generalizing the workflow across wells with various alignments – vertical or non-vertical.
Step into Geological Samples Digital Twins
Authors: Tishechkin Dmitriy , Agbor Yannick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Energy industry digitalization is emerging in greater importance due to higher demands to understand and characterize the Earth’s surface and subsurface structure. This urge drives the need to improve efficiency of conventional processes in data acquisition, rock modeling and data management workflow associated with it. The recent advancements in the technology for data acquisition, information technology, cloud, and high-performance computing in both software and hardware have positively impacted our ability to collect, store, classify, manage and process rock data.
In this paper, we aim to demonstrate a streamlined workflow from field data acquisition to characterization of rock samples acquired by variety of ways. Acquisition itself made a leap in recent years. Today, difficult to reach outcrop samples can be acquired with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) (Carlos Alberto Villarreal, 2022) such as drones, quadcopters, etc. In combination with LiDAR technology, it became possible to acquire three dimensional models of outcrop rock structures in higher resolution and use them with 3D geomodelling and structural modeling software solutions.
A typical oil and gas company, would acquire many thousands of images of geological samples via variety of ways, including LIDAR, UAV, drilling cores via laboratory equipment, etc. All these images are stored at the acquisition site or at the scattered storage facilities around the world, making it hard to access, manipulate, process and collaborate. Traditionally, if images need to be accessed, it takes a long time to procure them to the asset team. We will address a centralized ingesting, storage, indexing data platform that facilitates data as asset methodology to treat data just like an important company asset.
One of the ways to consume and contribute to the geological samples data platform is to enrich data contained in the platform. In oil and gas, deep understanding of flow and transport phenomena in rocks is essential to help asset managers, geoscientists, geologists, and reservoir engineers to optimize production. The availability of X-ray microtomography and high-resolution tomographic images of rock samples, produced by photogrammetry and LiDARs, make it possible to study the flow and transport phenomena at the pore scale, allowing for non-destructive assessment of different scenarios which would not possible with existing laboratory experimental methods. Additionally, traditional lab tests are costly, time-consuming, and inconsistent, presenting uncertainties and risks to key business decisions. We will demonstrate how to speed up the processing with highly parallel methodology and open-source software (OpenFOAM) running in the cloud’s virtually unlimited compute and storage.
How to Evaporate Heavy Hydrocarbon in a Natural Gas Stream Within a Short Distance -The AIM Concept
Authors: Maktar Fariz , Chauvet Christian , Sabey John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evaporating heavy hydrocarbons has always been a challenging aspect, especially in a limited space area that required rapid vaporization of these LPG (liquified Petroleum Gas) fractions within a short distance. Annular Injection Mixer (AIM) has proven to have superior performance in providing immediate and uniform vaporization of LPG fractions into natural gas. This article focuses on the use of AIM in vaporizing heavy hydrocarbon (C4 to C9) fractions into natural gas streams and the evaluation of evaporation performance via computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
By means of CFD, the thermal and dynamic aspect of the evaporation of heavy hydrocarbon was tackled in two steps. The first step was the determination of droplet size distribution. Multiphase modelling was conducted with the Volume of Fluid (VoF) model. An in-house script was developed to instruct the CFD software to generate droplets size based on the incoming liquid characteristics such as liquid volume, surface tension, and liquid velocity.
The second step was modelling the droplet secondary breakup and evaluating the droplet evaporation. Based on each individual hydrocarbon fraction properties such as the latent heat of vaporization, molecular diffusivity, saturated vapor pressure, critical pressure, critical temperature, and other local flow conditions surrounding each droplet, droplet break up and later evaporation into natural gas were evaluated. Quasi-steady droplets evaporation model with Ranz Marshall correlation was used for the evaluation.
Droplets evaporation length and homogeneity of heavy hydrocarbon vapor within the natural gas were among other crucial criteria evaluated. Position of each liquid droplets were track explicitly with the position of last droplet before being evaporated were measured over time. In the case study presented, with the worst operating condition used, all droplets have managed to evaporate before reaching the heat exchangers. Comparison checks were performed with conventional wafer type static mixer. Based on this comprehensive understanding of the droplet evaporation phenomenon within the AIM, whenever necessary, an appropriate recommendation can be provided to ensure that complete droplet evaporation is achieved within the required distance.
The proven AIM technology of evaporating heavy hydrocarbons in LPG streams offers significant cost benefits for plant development, as it could prevent the installation of an evaporator and increase the market value of the product.
Fracture Traversing Optimization Design for Longitudinally Strongly Heterogeneous Continental Shale in the Fuxing Area
Authors: Lu Qianli , Liu Zhuang , Guo Jianchun , Zhang Hang , Xiao Jialin , Bai Jiejing , Gong Xinwei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The continental shale in the Dongyuemiao formation of the Fuxing area have strong longitudinal heterogeneity with limestone interlayers, which inhibits hydraulic fracture traversing behaviors in the multi-layer heterogeneous shale and leads to multi-cluster fracturing challenges in this area. To improve the traversing effectiveness of hydraulic fractures, in this paper, a multi-cluster fracture traversing model is established based on the PFM approach, with the multi-layer fine geo-mechanical model of X-1 well, a study on the influence of continental shale geological and engineering parameters on the fracture traversing behavior has been conducted. The results show that limestone interlayers with high geo-stress in the continental shale formation limit the multi-cluster fracture traversing, and the layers between layers can arrest hydraulic fractures. Affected by the interlayers, the average fracture height of multi-cluster fracture decreased obviously, the Pay zone 2 is a more reasonable perforation position for multi-cluster fracture initiation and penetration. The perforation parameters with fewer cluster numbers and larger cluster spacing are more conducive to stimulating more layers longitudinally.
Operational Excellence Digital Assessment Platform
Authors: Poopaiboon Tanthai 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To achieve top-quartile and sustainable performance for oil and gas operations, the company (PTTEP) established a comprehensive operating management system in 2010: Operational Excellence Management System (OEMS). The OEMS integrates, standardizes, and improves existing management systems to all operating assets. It is structured around 11 elements covering most functions for operating oil and gas production, and it provides the framework to achieve safe, reliable, sustainable, and cost-effective operations (figure 1).
The OEMS is designed to elevate PTTEP Group's operations to a world-class standard. OEMS standardizes processes and drives high performance. It is an integrated asset and resource management system with principles to Protect, Engage, Operate, Partner, Lead, and Evolve (PEOPLE principles). The PEOPLE principles build a common platform that captures more synergies, unlocks significant value, and inspires sharing among PTTEP operating assets regarding skills, innovation, and best practices through an assessment process to reinforce the Continuous Performance Improvement culture. As a result, resources continue to produce satisfactory returns regarding maximum profits, safe operations, and sustainable performance.
Advanced Thin Bed Evaluation to Unlock Hydrocarbon Potential in Offshore Malaysian Fields
Authors: Ramly N. A. , Hendraningrat L. , Sedaralit M. F. , Trianto A. , Kasim F. H. , Baharuddin S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant fraction of the reservoirs across the world as well as in East & West Malaysia consist of thinly bedded deposits in Fluvial, Deltaic, Deep-water sediments and Channel system. It is estimated that approximately 30-40% of hydrocarbon in place resources are deposited in thin laminated reservoirs that typically laminated formation with sand and shale alternate layers. These thinly bedded reservoirs have lots of hydrocarbon potential which cannot be evaluated by conventional logs, thereby causing underestimation of reserves. This paper presents a new technique to unlock hydrocarbon potential reserves in thinly bedded reservoir using an innovative high-resolution technology (HiRes).
The workflow consists of two main steps: first, to create HiRes resistivity log from conventional deep resistivity and high resolution (resistivity image) log, and second, to generate high resolution density and neutron log utilizing HiRes resistivity log created in earlier step. Then standard petrophysical workflow to compute porosity and water-saturation can be continued with developed HiRes resistivity, density, and neutron logs. Currently this workflow has been developed on resistivity image logs, such as Oil Based Mud Imager (OBMI) or Oil Mud Reservoir Imager (OMRI) typically run-in wells drilled with oil-based mud. This new technique was then tested in few wells from different offshore fields having different environment of depositions, in the East and West Malaysia basins.
The HiRes technology has been tried on many wells in various Malaysian fields. Those wells were selected based on the available complete well-log suite data including its core data. The outcome processed logs were then verified with the core-laboratory analysis results i.e., with routine core analysis (grain density, porosity, permeability), and with Dean Stark analysis for water saturation. The results showed remarkable results thus proving the robustness of the technology. A non-pay is reinterpreted as pay zone using this technology thus enhance the volume estimation. The HiRes technology provides behind casing perforation opportunity as the new zones could be added which were considered as non-pay by conventional methods. Since HiRes method produces high resolution resistivity, density, and neutron curves, and thereby provides better lithology and bed boundary definition.
The HiRes, an innovative in-house technology, not only addresses the problem in thin beds but also provides quantitative petrophysical solution of thinly bedded reservoirs which aligns with the core results. Consequently, HiRes certainly improves the accuracy in the geological interpretation and resulting geological model.