bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10 What Role Could Old/Heritage Genetics Play in Climate adaptation?
Authors: Armstrong Eileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creole or Criollo breeds descend directly from cattle introduced by the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors in the XVth century, being the only cattle breeds in the Americas that have endured 500 years of natural selection to local conditions. Their genetic background includes Iberian and African taurine breeds. This ancestry combined with local adaptations to a very wide variety of environments throughout all the continent created the wide spectrum of American Criollo breeds that we see today, from USA to the Patagonian region. Criollo cattle was the basis of colonial times livestock industry until they were displaced by more specialized European and cebuine type cattle breeds at the end of the 19th century. Efforts by local producers and research institutions helped to preserve Criollo populations and to avoid their extinction. Most of Criollo animals were relegated to marginal regions unsuitable for commercial breeds, which reinforced their ability to adapt to unfavorable environments. Their adaptation to different environments allowed the expression of high levels of genetic variability, being a source of hidden alleles of potential use in animal production and thus very important to study and preserve. The analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic markers, such as SNP, microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA, has allowed estimations of genetic diversity, admixture events with other breeds, and the elucidation of genetic relationships within Criollo breeds and with European and African breeds. Criollo breeds differ considerably from each other, and most have their own identity or group with others from neighboring regions. These results indicate that Criollo breeds represent important reservoirs of cattle genetic diversity and that appropriate conservation measures should be implemented for these heritage breeds to minimize inbreeding and uncontrolled crossbreeding. Several studies have demonstrated that these animals can produce high quality meat, are more resistant to diseases and heat stress, and emphasize their high fertility, calving ease, longevity and ability to adapt to harsh environments, including arid regions. More studies are needed to elucidate the genetic basis of these traits. Properly managed, Criollo cattle “old genetics” can certainly be part of the solution to modern livestock production problems.
395 Maternal Supplementation with Different Sources of Trace Minerals and Its Effects on the Offspring
Authors: Cruz Vinicius Alves , Marques Rodrigo S , Kvamme Keenan , Ogg Makayla A , Cidrini Iorrano A A , Nascimento Keuven S , McCoski Sarah , Posbergh Christian , Bradberry Amanda , Gouvea Vinicius N , Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of supplementing three sources of trace minerals to late-gestating beef cows and its impact on offspring productivity. Seventy-two pregnant cows were sorted by BW and BCS in three treatments at Red Bluff Ranch (Norris, MT). Seventy-two non-lactating, pregnant Angus cows [initial body weight (BW) = 637 ± 13 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 5.5 ± 0.07; and age = 6.1 ± 0.57; exposed to AI = 54 and Bull = 18] were selected and assigned to this experiment at the end of their second trimester of gestation. Before beginning treatment application (d-10), cows were ranked by BW and BCS and allocated (d 0) to 1,000 acres pasture. At this time, cows were assigned to receive supplements containing 1 of 3 treatments: 1) Cu, Mn, and Zn sulfate trace mineral source (INR; n = 24), 2) Cu, Mn, and Zn organic trace mineral source (ORG; n = 24), and 3) Cu, Mn, and Zn hydroxychloride trace mineral source (HXD; n= 24). Cows were fed individually three times a week, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Cow full BW and BCS were recorded before the beginning of the experiment (d -11 and -10). On d -10 and at birth, liver biopsies were performed in all cows and calves via needle biopsy. After calving, cow-calf pairs were assigned to the general herd management, including inorganic mineral supplementation. Calves were weaned at 6 months of age and backgrounded for 85 d. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.17) among HDX, INR, and ORG cows for initial liver concentrations of trace minerals. At calving, no differences were observed (P ≥ 0.25) in liver concentrations of Se, Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.81) in calf birth BW, crow to rump, and hearth girth measurements between treatments. No treatment effect was observed (P ≥ 0.35) on the liver concentration of calves born to cows receiving treatment. At weaning, no treatment differences were detected (P ≥ 0.25) weaning BW and ADG from birth to weaning. Supplementing different sources of trace minerals to beef cows during the last trimester of gestation yielded similar cow-calf productive responses until weaning and backgrounding program.
PSXII-5 Genetic Parameters for Dry Matter Intake in Beef Cattle as a Function of Water Restriction: Insights into Environmental Sensitivity and Genetic-By-Environment Interactions
Authors: Shaffer Will , Hidalgo Jorge A , Bello Nora , Noland Rylie , Bormann Jennifer M , Weaber Robert L , Krehbiel Clint , Calvo-Lorenzo Michelle S , Richards Chris , Place Sara E , DeSilva Udaya , Kuehn Larry A , Rolf Megan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic selection for animals more tolerant or less sensitive to inadequate water availability may become critical to beef production, particularly as water resources become scarce or represent a meaningful cost to producers. The objectives of this study were 1) to explore the genetic component and environmental sensitivity (ES) of dry matter intake (DMI) to water restriction (WR), and 2) to evaluate genetic-by-environment interactions (G×E) with respect to WR using a reaction norm. A group of 788 crossbred steers arranged across seven cohorts were provided feed and water whereby daily water intake (WI) and DMI values were recorded automatically on an individual basis. After an initial acclimation period, data were collected for 70 days in which ad libitum water was provided and baseline WI was determined on each steer. Next, steers were restricted by approximately 10% of their baseline WI every seven days until 50% WR was achieved and subsequently maintained for 42 days. The reaction norm was modeled with a linear random regression allowing for additive genetic animal-specific intercepts and slope parameters as a function of the WR environmental covariate. The relationship covariance matrix for the additive genetic animal parameters was estimated using genotypes. The model was fit using the THR3GIBBSf90 program in the BLUPf90 software. The additive genetic variances for animal-specific intercepts and WR-driven slopes, as well as their covariance, were estimated. The estimated (posterior median and 95% highest posterior density) ES to WR, represented by the regression coefficient on the WR covariate, was -0.410 (-0.422, -0.399) kg daily DMI per 10% WR, indicating evidence for population-level DMI sensitivity to WR. The estimated additive genetic correlation between animal-specific intercept (i.e., ad libitum WI) and animal-specific slope (i.e., sensitivity to WR) was -0.75 (-0.88, -0.59), supporting an association between selection for increased DMI at ad libitum WI and ES. The additive genetic correlation between DMI at 0% and 25% WR was estimated at 0.96 (0.94, 0.99) and at 0% and 50% WR was 0.78 (0.65, 0.91), thereby indicating G×E had limited influence on the overall EBV ranking of animals as WR increased. The results of this study do not indicate major G×E concerns in DMI with respect to WR in the overall population; however, ES to WR may be important to producers as selection on DMI at ad libitum WI could increase ES.
PSXII-1 Genetic Regions Associated with Cryptorchidism in Related Wagyu Cattle
Authors: Herrick Allison L , Kiser Jennifer N , Neibergs Holly L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wagyu cattle have gained popularity in recent years due to their increased amounts of intramuscular marbling and their calving ease in crossbred cattle. The small effective population size of Wagyu cattle outside of Japan has led to inbreeding and an increased presentation of autosomal recessive traits. Cryptorchidism, the absence of at least one testicle from the scrotum, is the most common genital defect in males and is seen more commonly in inbred populations suggesting an autosomal recessive inheritance. The objective of this study was to identify genetic regions associated with unilateral cryptorchidism in related Wagyu cattle. All individuals in the study shared a common cow ancestor in their pedigree. Fourteen individuals, three cases and eleven controls, were genotyped using the Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (San Diego, CA). There were 450,083 SNPs that remained for the haplotype analysis after SNPs were removed for quality control parameters of genotyping call rate (&lt; 90%), minor allele frequency (&lt; 1%) and failure to meet Hardy Weinberg equilibrium testing (P &lt; 1 x 10-5). No animals were removed due to low call rate (&lt; 90%). Haplotypes were detected within the SNP and Variation Suite v8.2 (Golden Helix, Bozeman, MT) for an association with cryptorchidism using a chi-square test (P &lt; 0.05) and false discovery rate (FDR &lt; 0.05). There were 107,439 different SNP haplotype combinations among 49,627 haplotypes identified in the Wagyu cattle. The average haplotype size was 21.7 kb in Wagyu cattle. Prior to multiple testing correction, 1,233 haplotypes were associated (P &lt; 0.05), with 6 haplotypes on BTA7 (P = 0.001 to P = 0.002) being of particular interest as the SNPs for those haplotypes were identical and homozygous, whereas none of the controls were homozygous for the SNPs. The SNP haplotype pattern observed on BTA7 was consistent with an autosomal recessive trait. When applying multiple testing corrections (FDR &lt; 0.05), none of the haplotypes were significant. Additional unilateral cryptorchid bulls that share the same common cow ancestor have been identified and will be tested to see if the haplotypes on BTA7 are segregating with the phenotype. Identifying genetic regions associated with cryptorchidism will allow the identification of carriers for this trait that can then be used for choosing mates that are not carrying this trait. Reducing the number of cryptorchid males in a breed with a small effective population size would allow breeders to utilize the genetics of carriers without increasing the frequency of cryptorchidism.
PSI-9 Efficacy of Electrolyte Chews in Horses
Authors: Handlos Grace , Discepelo Dakota , Apgar Gary , Crowell Cierra N , Perry Erin B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral supplementation with electrolytes is commonly practiced among horse owners. However, practical ease of administration can be challenging due to palatability issues. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a novel electrolyte product form during routine exercise. Protocol approval (21-029) by Southern Illinois University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee was obtained before initiation of this work. Privately-owned local foxhunting horses (n = 15) were evaluated. Treatment groups were identified based on voluntary consumption of chews and include control (CON) = 0 chews; light (LIG) 6 to 9 chews; and moderate (MOD) 15 to 20 chews. Jugular venipuncture and vitals assessments were completed 30 minutes before and 30 minutes following a 2-hour ride. Electrolyte chews were offered in two sessions: 30 minutes pre-ride and immediately post-ride. Serology values for Na, K, Cl, Ca, HCO−3, Mg were measured as well as respiratory rate (RR), skin turgor (SKN), and rectal temperature (BT). Categorical variables included body condition score (BCS), sex, and breed (BRD). Data were analyzed via PROC GLM, PROC FREQ and PROC CORR dependent on test with SAS (v. 9.5). Significance for all tests was set at P &lt; 0.05. Serological values were unaffected by electrolyte consumption (P &gt; 0.05). Body temperature was significantly higher for all horses following exercise, regardless of treatment group (P = 0.0005). Skin turgor showed significantly more time before return to original state during post-ride evaluation (P = 0.0013). Respiratory rate was noted to decrease post-exercise, suggesting an increased baseline due to recent transport (P = 0.0158). Directional serum changes between Cl and K were correlated (P = 0.0227) as well as Mg and Cl (P = 0.0316). Correlations of relational change between Ca and HCO−3 in addition to Ca and Na were approaching significance (P = 0.0707; P = 0.0800). Mares demonstrated a greater ability to maintain lower post-ride serum calcium levels than geldings (P = 0.013). Preliminary effect of breed on serological calcium change may also be considered (P = 0.0312). To conclude, differences in sex may alter electrolyte use pathways, such as calcium. The exercise challenge was sufficient based on vitals assessments. These data suggest key factors associated with chewable electrolyte form administration. Further research is needed to identify the impacts of electrolyte form on efficacy as well as improve palatability.
PSVI-12 Comparison of a Visual Health Scoring System with Vaginal Temperatures of Newly Received Feedlot Heifers
Authors: Smithyman Mackenzie M , Duff Glenn C , Sowers Consuelo , Steiner Robert , Loest Clint A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newly received feedlot cattle frequently succumb to bovine respiratory disease (BRD), which can be visually diagnosed and medically treated by employing a 4-point scoring system based on depression, appetite, respiration, and temperature (DART). Using this system, cattle are treated with antimicrobial medications for BRD if they have a rectal temperature (RT) ≥ 40°C and a DART score of 2 (scale = 1 to 4), or if they have a DART score of 3 or 4 regardless of the 40°C RT threshold. However, cattle often exhibit several visible clinical symptoms of BRD but do not have an RT above the 40°C threshold to warrant medical treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate if DART scoring could be used to identify cattle with elevated vaginal temperatures (VT) throughout a 28-day receiving period. Upon feedlot arrival, 198 crossbred heifers (primarily Angus influence; initial BW = 219 ± 63 kg) were initially processed, weighed, and allocated to one of 10 soil-surfaced pens (12 x 35 m; 20 heifers per pen). A blank Controlled Intravaginal Drug Release (CIDR) device attached with an indwelling temperature probe (iButton DS1925L) was inserted vaginally into each heifer to collect and store VT every 10 minutes for 28 days. All heifers were evaluated daily (0700 h) for signs of morbidity by three individuals (blinded from each other) implementing the DART scoring system. Individual DART evaluations were then pooled prior to determination of heifers needing further evaluation for medical treatment. Results confirmed that DART score increases as VT increases (P &lt; 0.001). Similarly, mean time DART ≥ 2 (TDART≥2) increased as mean time VT ≥ 40°C (TVT≥40) increased (P &lt; 0.001). Accuracy of DART ≥ 2 to VT ≥ 40°C analogous by day is denoted as (MATCH). Simple regression analysis of MATCH and TVT≥40 for determining accuracy of visually diagnosing clinical BRD, was MATCH = 0.89 – 0.71 × TVT≥40 (r2 = 0.70; P &lt; 0.001). The accuracy to visually diagnose BRD decreases as the number of days spent with a VT ≥ 40°C increases. Average daily gain decreased (P &lt; 0.001) as TDART≥2 and TVT≥40 increased. The BRD symptoms indicating high VT and DART score (P ≤ 0.01) were nasal discharge, anorexia, abnormal respiration, and teeth grinding. Additionally, weakness, cough, lowered head, and ocular discharge indicate greater DART score (P ≤ 0.01). Basophils and hemoglobin decreased with elevated VT and DART score (P ≤ 0.02). Monocytes increased with increased DART score (P ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, data from this evaluation employing VT sensors and the DART scoring method provided an overview of how effective clinical BRD can be visually diagnosed, therefore contributing to the improvement and development of more effective strategies for identifying respiratory diseases in feedlot cattle.
PSXII-20 Differences in Fat Accretion Rate of Different Depots of Angus, Brahman and Charolais Feedlot Steers
Authors: Burgess Jillian E M , Imaz Jose A , Gonzalez Luciano A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding accretion rate of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat in feedlot steers is crucial to ensure that carcasses are meeting market specifications and therefore optimizing profitability. Intramuscular fat (marbling) and subcutaneous fat (P8 and rib) are key areas of assessment on the live animals and carcasses determining quality. The objective of the present study was to determine fat accretion rate in three popular breeds of cattle with contrasting accretion rate throughout the feedlotting period. We hypothesized that Angus would have the fastest fat accretion rate being early maturing. Thirty of each Angus, Brahman and Charolais steers were entered into a feedlot (344 ± 5.3 kg initial BW) and six of each breed randomly selected for slaughter at 50-day intervals for 200 days on feed (DOF). Ultrasound scanning and BW were measured at each slaughter point, measuring fat thickness at the rib and P8 site, intramuscular fat (IMF), kidney fat and the eye muscle area (EMA). Body weight, intramuscular fat (%), P8 and rib fat (mm) all had significant interactions between DOF and breed (P &lt; 0.001). At the start of the feeding period, Charolais were lighter than Angus and Brahman (P &gt; 0.001). However, Charolais (663.7 ± 9.31 kg) and Angus were the heavier (680.4 ± 8.68 kg) than Brahman (539.4 ± 8.68 kg) at 200 DOF (P &lt; 0.05). The interaction for P8 and rib fat was due to all breeds having similar fat thickness at 0 DOF (P &gt; 0.05) but Angus had greatest (21.38 ± 0.882 mm, 17.12 ± 0.549 mm), Brahman intermediate (16.73 ± 0.883 mm and 10.38 ± 0.550 mm) and Charolais thinnest (9.97 ± 0.966 mm, 7.23 ± 0.600 mm) P8 and rib fat, respectively, at 200 DOF (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, IMF was similar between breeds at 0 DOF (P &gt; 0.05), but Angus had greater IMF (7.76 ± 0.287 %; P &lt; 0.001) compared with Brahman (5.08 ± 0.287 %) and Charolais (5.18 ± 0.314 %), which were not different amongst them (P &gt; 0.10). Results of the present study demonstrated the contrasting fat metabolisms of each genotype with Angus steers showing the fastest fat accretion rate for all fat depots, whereas Brahman steers showed intermediate and Charolais slowest subcutaneous fat accretion rate. However, both Brahman and Charolais steers showed similarly low IMF and kidney fat accretion rates. Fat accretion rate of each depot and whole body should be considered in mathematical simulation models of animal growth.
PSXII-18 The Probiotic Containing Bacillus Licheniformis and Bacillus Subtilis Improves Feed Efficiency in Beef Cattle
Authors: Cordeiro Matheus , De Melo Natalia , De Oliveira Ana , Cappellozza Bruno I , Bernardes Thiago 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a probiotic containing B. licheniformis and B. subtilis on fecal characteristics, blood parameters, and performance in feedlot cattle. One hundred and forty-four single-sourced Angus x Nellore bulls (initial shrunk BW = 401 ± 45.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (4 bulls per pen; 18 pen replicates per treatment). Treatments consisted of a finishing diet containing no probiotic (CONTROL) or a diet with 2 g of probiotic/bull/d (PROB). The probiotic was composed of B. licheniformis CH200 and B. subtilis CH201 (3.2 x 109 CFU/g; BOVACILLUS). The diet was formulated using NASEM (2016) to provide an ADG of 1.9 kg/d (23% of corn silage, 65% of ground corn, 8% of soybean meal, 1% of urea, and 3% of mineral mix; DM basis). Bulls were adapted to the finishing diet over a 15-d period and fed for a total of 84 d. Fecal samples were collected on d 33 and 63. Blood samples were collected on the day of shipping to slaughter. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. An α of 0.05 determined significance and an α of 0.06 to 0.10 was considered a tendency. No differences were obtained for initial BW, final BW, ADG, hot carcass, and dressing. Dry matter intake was reduced by 4% (P = 0.002) and G:F was increased by 6.3% (P = 0.036) in bulls consuming PROB diet. Regarding blood parameters, no differences were observed for glucose, haptoglobin, and LBP. There was a tendency of greater plasma urea (P = 0.09) in bulls consuming CONTROL diets. Fecal characteristics (DM, starch, N, pH, and scoring) were not different between treatments. Overall, dietary supplementation with B. licheniformis and B. subtilis improves feed efficiency in feedlot cattle.
PSXII-23 Performance of Nellore Bulls Fed Snaplage in Fishing Diets
Authors: Bernardes Thiago , Lima Elizanne , Justino Tulio , Domingues Edmilson , Ferreira Robson , Casagrande Daniel R , Gionbelli Mateus P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of snaplage on fecal characteristics, feeding behavior, and performance in fishing bulls. Seventy-two single-sourced Nellore bulls (initial shrunk BW = 400 ± 27.4 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (3 bulls per pen; 8 pen replicates per treatment). Treatments consisted of finishing diets with the following sources of fiber and energy: 1) corn silage, reconstituted corn grain silage, and dry-ground corn (CONTROL), 2) snaplage (inclusion of 65% of DM) and dry-ground corn (SNAP65), and 3) snaplage only (inclusion of 85% of DM; SNAP85). All diets contained the same inclusion of soybean meal, cotton meal, urea, and mineral mix. Diets were formulated using NASEM (2016) to provide an ADG of 1.8 kg/d. Bulls were adapted to the finishing diets over a 15-d period and fed for a total of 86 d. Fecal samples were collected on d 42, 65, and 73. Feeding behavior was assessed on d 51 and 69. Statistical analysis of experimental data was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. An α of 0.05 determined significance and an α of 0.06 to 0.10 was considered a tendency. No differences were obtained for initial BW, G:F, hot carcass, and dressing. SNAP85 had a greater intake, followed by SNAP65 and CONTROL diets (P = 0.02). There was a tendency of greater ADG and final BW (P = 0.07 and 0.08, respectively) for SNAP65 diets (2.0 kg/d and 572 kg), followed by SNAP85 (1.95 kg/d and 567 kg) and CONTROL (1.85 kg/d and 558 kg). A tendency (P = 0.07) was also observed for greater ribeye area in bulls consuming SNAP65 (85 cm2), followed by CONTROL (81 cm2), and SNAP85 (77 cm2). Bulls consuming SNAP65 and SNAP85 spent more time chewing (on average, 249 min/d) than those consuming CONTROL diets (177 min/d; P = 0.01). Regarding fecal characteristics, pH and fecal starch were greater for SNAP85 (P = 0.01 for both variables). Overall, snaplage is a suitable ingredient for high-starch diets for providing energy and physically effective fiber. The inclusion of 65% of snaplage and 20% of dry-ground corn (DM basis) showed a slight superior performance in Nellore bulls.