bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insulin Secretagogues from Moringa oleifera with Cyclooxygenase Enzyme and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Francis Jayaraj A. , Jayaprakasam Bolleddula , Olson L. Karl , Nair Muraleedharan G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBioassay‐directed isolation and purification of the methanol extract of Moringa oleifera fruits yielded bioactive N‐benzyl thiocarbamates, N‐benzyl carbamates, benzyl nitriles, and a benzyl ester. Among these, methyl 2‐[4‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)phenyl]acetate (2), N‐[4‐(β‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]‐1‐O‐α‐D‐glucopyranosylthiocarboxamide (3), 1‐O‐phenyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranoside (5), and 4‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐(1→3)‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)]phenylacetonitrile (6) are novel, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. The known compounds isolated and characterized from the MeOH extract were niazirin (=4‐(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)phenylacetonitrile; 1), niazicin A (=methyl N‐{4‐[(4′‐O‐acetyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}thiocarbamate; 4), methyl N‐{4‐[(α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (7), and methyl N‐{4‐[(4′‐O‐acetyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl)benzyl]}carbamate (8). The combined yield of these compounds from dried M. oleifera fruits was 1.63%. In rodent pancreatic β‐cells (INS‐1), compounds 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 at 100 ppm significantly stimulated insulin release. Cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) enzyme inhibition assays revealed that 5 and 6 were most active at 83 ppm. Compound 6, however, demonstrated greater specificity for inhibition of COX‐2 enzyme (46%) than COX‐1 enzyme. Lipid peroxidation assays revealed that 4 and 6 at 50 ppm inhibited peroxidation reactions by 80 and 95%, respectively, while 3 and 8 inhibited lipid peroxidation by 35%. These compounds did not inhibit the cell growth when tested with human breast (MCF‐7), central nervous system (CNS, SF‐268), lung (NCI‐H460), or colon (HCT‐116) cancer cell lines. Moreover, these compounds were not cytotoxic at the concentrations tested.
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species during the Photolysis of 6‐(Hydroxymethyl)pterin in Alkaline Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Cabrerizo Franco M. , Thomas Andrés H. , Lorente Carolina , Dántola María L. , Petroselli Gabriela , Erra‐Balsells Rosa , Capparelli Alberto L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPhotochemical studies of the reactivity of 6‐(hydroxymethyl)pterin (=2‐amino‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)pteridin‐4(1H)‐one; HPT) in alkaline aqueous solutions (pH 10.2–10.8) at 350 nm and room temperature were performed. The photochemical reactions were followed by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and an enzymatic method for H2O2 determination. In the presence of O2, 6‐formylpterin (=2‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxopteridine‐6‐carboxaldehyde; FPT) was the only photoproduct detected. In the absence of O2, we observed a compound with an absorbance maximum at 480 nm, which was oxidized very rapidly by O2 in a dark reaction to yield FPT. The quantum yields of substrates disappearance and of photoproducts formation were determined. The formation of H2O2 during photooxidation was monitored, and the number of mol of H2O2 released per mol of HPT consumed corresponded to a 1 : 1 stoichiometry. HPT was also investigated for efficiency of singlet‐oxygen (1O2) production and quenching in aqueous solution. The quantum yield of 1O2 production (ΦΔ=0.21±0.01) was determined by measurements of the 1O2 luminescence in the near‐IR (1270 nm) upon continuous excitation of the sensitizer. The rate constant of 1O2 total quenching by HPT was determined (kt=3.1⋅106 M−1 s−1), indicating that this compound was able to quench 1O2. However, 1O2 did not participate in the photooxidation of HPT to FPT.
Angustilodine, an Unusual Pentacyclic Indole Alkaloid from Alstonia
Authors: Kam Toh‐Seok , Choo Yeun‐Mun 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo new indole alkaloids, angustilodine (1), with an unprecedented pentacyclic carbon skeleton, and angustilocine (2), belonging to the seco‐angustilobine‐B group of alkaloids, were obtained from the leaf extract of the Malayan species Alstonia angustiloba, and their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis.
Novel Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones and Their S‐Oxides
Authors: Siegemund Anja , Hartung Christine , Baumann Sven , Schulze Bärbel 
Published: February 2004

Abstract2‐Aryl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1,2‐benzisothiazol‐3(2H)‐ones 1a–e were synthesized by cyclocondensation of 2‐(thiocyanato)cyclohexene‐1‐carboxanilides 9 as a convenient new method. Their S‐oxides 10 were prepared by two routes, either by oxidation of 1 or dehydration of rac‐cis‐3‐hydroperoxysultims 11. Furthermore, compounds 1 have been identified by HPLCAPI‐MS‐MS as intermediates in the oxidation process of the salts 6. The hydroperoxides 12b and rac‐trans‐11b have been unambiguously detected by HPLCMS investigations and in the reaction of rac‐cis‐13b with H2O2 to the hydroperoxides rac‐trans‐11b and rac‐cis‐11b.
Two New Compounds from Dendrobium chrysotoxum
Authors: Yang Hong , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Zheng‐Tao , Guo Yue‐Wei , Hu Zhi‐Bi , Xu Luo‐Shan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo novel compounds, (9R)‐4‐methoxy‐9H‐fluorene‐2,5,9‐triol (1a) and 2,7‐dihydroxy‐8‐methoxyphenanthro[4,5‐bcd]pyran‐5(5H)‐one (2) were isolated from the stems of the orchid Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl. Their structures were established spectroscopically, by chemical derivatization, and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configuration of 1a was determined by Mosher's method. Neither compound showed antitumoral activity.
Parameter Study for the Pre‐Irradiation Grafting of Styrene/Divinylbenzene onto Poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) from Isopropanol Solution
Authors: Rager Timo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPre‐irradiation grafting of styrene/divinylbenzene (DVB) onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) films from isopropanol (iPrOH) solution was investigated with respect to the effect of irradiation dose, film thickness, cross‐linker concentration, and reaction temperature. A mathematical model was applied to the kinetic curves to extract information on the polymerization rate, the radical‐recombination rate, and the grafting through time. It turned out that the two closely correlated reaction rates for polymerization and radical recombination can be varied over a wide range by changing the irradiation dose, the cross‐linker concentration, and the reaction temperature. On the other hand, the time until the grafting front has progressed to the center of the film is mainly affected by the film thickness and the reaction temperature. The formation of homopolymer in the grafting solution increases steeply with temperature and cross‐linker concentration.
Reactions of α,β‐Enones with Diazo Compounds. Part 4
Authors: Anaç Olcay , Güngör Füsun Seyma , Kahveci Çiĝdem , Cansever M. Şerif 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this study, (E)‐ and (Z)‐enones carrying only a phenyl substituent at their C(β) atom were treaced with dimethyl diazomalonate in the presence of (acetylacetonato)copper(II). According to the configuration of the starting enones, the products were dioxole or dihydrofuran derivatives, significant heterocycles in natural products.
Pakistolides A and B, Novel Enzyme Inhibitory and Antioxidant Dimeric 4‐(Glucosyloxy)Benzoates from Berchemia pakistanica
Authors: Mukhtar Naveen , Malik Abdul , Riaz Naheed , Iqbal Kiran , Tareen Rasool Bakhsh , Khan Shamsun Nahar , Nawaz Sarfraz Ahmad , Siddiqui Juveria , Choudhary M. Iqbal 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPakistolides A and B, novel dimeric β‐(glucosyloxy)benzoates were isolated from Berchemia pakistanica and assigned structures 1 and 2 on the basis of extensive NMR studies. In addition, the known compounds 7,5′‐dimethoxy‐3,5,2′‐trihydroxyflavone (=3,5‐dihydroxy‐2‐(2‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxyphenyl)‐7‐methoxy‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one), 4′,5‐dihydroxy‐3,6,7‐trimethoxyflavone (=5‐hydroxy‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐3,6,7‐trimethoxy‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one), 5,6‐dihydroxy‐4,7‐dimethoxy‐2‐methylanthracene‐9,10‐dione, and 1,3,4‐trihydroxy‐6,7,8‐trimethoxy‐2‐methylanthracene‐9,10‐dione were reported for the first time from the genus Berchemia. Both 1 and 2 showed significant α‐glucosidase and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities, while 2 also showed antioxidant potential.
New Cholinesterase‐Inhibiting Steroidal Alkaloids from Sarcococca saligna
Authors: Atta‐ur‐Rahman  , Zaheer‐ul‐Haq  , Feroz Fareeda , Khalid Asaad , Nawaz Sarfraz Ahmad , Khan M. Riaz , Choudhary M. Iqbal 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSeven new steroidal alkaloids, 2‐hydroxysalignarine‐E (=(2′E,20S)‐20‐(dimethylamino)‐2β‐hydroxy‐3β‐(tigloylamino)pregn‐4‐ene; 1), 5,6‐dihydrosarconidine (=(20S)‐20‐(dimethylamino)‐3β‐(methylamino)‐5α‐pregn‐16‐ene; 2), salignamine (=(20S)‐20‐(methylamino)‐3β‐methoxypregna‐5,16‐diene; 3), 2‐hydroxysalignamine (=(20S)‐20‐(dimethylamino)‐2β‐hydroxy‐3β‐methoxypregna‐5,16‐diene; 4), salignarine‐F (=(2′E, 20S)‐20‐(dimethylamino)‐4β‐hydroxy‐3β‐(tigloylamino)pregn‐5‐ene; 5), salonine‐C (=(2′E,20S)‐20‐(dimethylamino)‐3β‐(tigloylamino)pregna‐4,14‐diene; 6), and N‐[formyl(methyl)amino]salonine‐B (=(20S)‐20‐[formyl(methyl)amino]‐3β‐methoxypregna‐5,16‐diene; 7) have been isolated from the MeOH extract of Sarcococca saligna, along with the six known alkaloids dictyophlebine (8), epipachysamine‐D (9), saracosine (10), iso‐N‐formylchonemorphine (11), sarcodinine (12), and alkaloid‐C (13). The structures of 1–7 were deduced from spectral data. Compounds 1–13 demonstrated significant activity against acetyl‐ and butyrylcholinesterase.
NMR Investigations into the Vase‐Kite Conformational Switching of Resorcin[4]arene Cavitands
Authors: Azov Vladimir A. , Jaun Bernhard , Diederich François 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe report the detailed investigation of temperature‐ and pH‐triggered conformational switching of resorcin[4]arene cavitands 1–10 (Figs. 1, 8, and 9). Depending on the experimental conditions, these macrocycles adopt a vase conformation, featuring a deep cavity for potential guest inclusion, or two kite conformations (kite 1 and kite 2) with flat, extended surfaces (Schemes 1 and 2). The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for the interconversion between these structures were determined by variable‐temperature NMR (VT‐NMR) spectroscopy (Figs. 2–7 and 10, and Tables 1 and 2). It was discovered that vase→kite switching of cavitands is strongly solvent‐dependent: it is controlled not only by solvent polarity but also by solvent size. Conformational interconversions similar to those of the parent structure 1 with four quinoxaline flaps are also observed when the octol base skeleton is differentially or incompletely bridged. Only octanitro derivative 2 was found to exist exclusively in the kite conformation under all experimental conditions. The detailed insight into the vase⇌kite conformational equilibrium gained in this investigation provides the basis for the design and construction of new, dynamic resorcin[4]arene cavitands that are switchable between bistable states featuring strongly different structures and functions.
Cyclobutanoid Amides from Piper arborescens
Authors: Lee Fan‐Pin , Chen Yu‐Chang , Chen Jih‐Jung , Tsai Ian‐Lih , Chen Ih‐Sheng 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo new cyclobutanoid amides, piperarborenine A (=1,1′‐{[(1α,2α,3β,4β)‐2,4‐bis(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl]dicarbonyl}bis[5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐one]; 1) and piperarborenine B (=1,1′‐{[(1α,2α,3β,4β)‐2‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl]dicarbonyl}bis[5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐one]; 2) were isolated from the stem of Piper arborescens, besides two known cyclobutanoid amides, piperarboresine (=1,1′‐{[(1α,2α,3β,4β)‐2‐(7‐methoxy‐1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐yl)‐4‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl]dicarbonyl}bis[5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐one]; 3) and piplartine‐dimer A (=1,1′‐{[(1α,2α,3β,4β)‐2,4‐bis(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl)cyclobutane‐1,3‐diyl]dicarbonyl}bis[5,6‐dihydropyridin‐2(1H)‐one]; 4). The structures of the two new compounds were determined by spectral analyses.
Synthesis of Acyclic Nitroazole Nucleosides and Their Incorporation into Oligonucleotides, and Their Duplex and Triplex Formation
Authors: Walczak Krzysztof , Wamberg Michael , Pedersen Erik B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAcyclic nucleosides of 4‐nitro‐1H‐imidazole and 4‐nitropyrazole have been synthesized by nucleophilic addition of the appropriate 4‐nitroazole to (−)‐(S)‐(hydroxymethyl)oxirane in the presence of a catalytic amount of potassium carbonate. (+)‐(R)‐3‐(4‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)propane‐1,2‐diol and (+)‐(R)‐3‐(2‐methyl‐4‐nitro‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)propane‐1,2‐diol were also obtained in an independent reaction starting from appropriate 1,4‐dinitro‐1H‐imidazole and (+)‐(R)‐3‐aminopropane‐1,2‐diol. (+)‐(R)‐3‐(4‐Nitropyrazol‐1‐yl)propane‐1,2‐diol was also obtained by direct noncatalyzed addition of 4‐nitropyrazole to (−)‐(S)‐(hydroxymethyl)oxirane, whereas the (S)‐enantiomer was obtained by reaction of 4‐nitropyrazole with (+)‐(S)‐1,2‐O‐isopropylideneglycerol under Mitsunobu reaction conditions, followed by a cleavage of the isopropylidene group with 80% AcOH. Racemization during any of these syntheses has not been observed. 3‐(4‐Nitroazol‐1‐yl)propane‐1,2‐diols were incorporated into a 26‐mer oligonucleotide. UV Thermal melting studies of duplexes of the oligonucleotides with 4‐nitropyrazole or 4‐nitro‐1H‐imidazole paired with four natural bases showed moderately decreased stabilities of the duplexes. A narrow range of melting temperatures, typically being within 2° for each acyclic nucleoside, fulfill one of the requirements of using acyclic 4‐nitroazoles as general bases. Single incorporation of 4‐nitroazoles into a 14‐mer triplex forming oligonucleotide resulted in considerably decreased triplex stabilities.
Two New Resveratrol (=5‐[(1E)‐2‐(4‐Hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol) Tetramers with a Tetrahydrofuran Ring from Dipterocarpus grandiflorus
Authors: Ito Tetsuro , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Iinuma Munekazu , Nakaya Ken‐ichi , Takahashi Yoshikazu , Sawa Ryuichi , Murata Jin , Darnaedi Dedy 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo new stilbene tetramers, grandiphenols A (1) and B (2), along with ten known stilbene oligomers and bergenin were isolated from the stem of Dipterocarpus grandiflorus. The structures of 1 and 2 composed of four resveratrol (=5‐[(1E)‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]benzene‐1,3‐diol) units had eight asymmetric C‐atoms in the partial structures of a tetrahydrofuran and two dihydrobenzofuran moieties. Detailed spectroscopic analyses, especially HMBC and NOESY experiments, allowed to differentiate the configurations of 1 and 2.
New Studies on [2+3] Cycloadditions of Thermally Generated N‐Isopropyl‐ and N‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐Substituted Azomethine Ylides
Authors: Urbaniak Katarzyna , Szymański Radosław , Romański Jarosław , Mlostoń Grzegorz , Domagała Małgorzata , Linden Anthony , Heimgartner Heinz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe thermal reaction of 1‐substituted 2,3‐diphenylaziridines 2 with thiobenzophenone (6a) and 9H‐fluorene‐9‐thione (6b) led to the corresponding 1,3‐thiazolidines (Scheme 2). Whereas the cis‐disubstituted aziridines and 6a yielded only trans‐2,4,5,5‐tetraphenyl‐1,3‐thiazolidines of type 7, the analogous reaction with 6b gave a mixture of trans‐ and cis‐2,4‐diphenyl‐1,3‐thiazolidines 7 and 8. During chromatography on SiO2, the trans‐configured spiro[9H‐fluorene‐9,5′‐[1,3]thiazolidines] 7c and 7d isomerized to the cis‐isomers. The substituent at N(1) of the aziridine influences the reaction rate significantly, i.e., the more sterically demanding the substituent the slower the reaction. The reaction of cis‐2,3‐diphenylaziridines 2 with dimethyl azodicarboxylate (9) and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (11) gave the trans‐cycloadducts 10 and 12, respectively (Schemes 3 and 4). In the latter case, a partial dehydrogenation led to the corresponding pyrroles. Two stereoisomeric cycloadducts, 15 and 16, with a trans‐relationship of the Ph groups were obtained from the reaction with dimethyl fumarate (14; Scheme 5); with dimethyl maleate (17), the expected cycloadduct 18 together with the 2,3‐dihydropyrrole 19 was obtained (Scheme 6). The structures of the cycloadducts 7b, 8a, 15b, and 16b were established by X‐ray crystallography.
Theoretical Elucidation of the Radical‐Scavenging‐Activity Difference of Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kong Ling , Sun Zhen‐Ling , Wang Lan‐Fen , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Yao Si‐De 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo elucidate the nitrogen dioxide radical‐scavenging‐activity difference of three hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCAs), i.e., caffeic acid (=3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid; 1), ferulic acid (=3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid; 2), and sinapic acid (=3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid; 3), a combined density‐functional‐theory (DFT) method, labeled as B3LYP/6‐31G(d)//AM1, was employed to calculate adiabatic ionization potentials (IPs) for parent molecules and anions derived by proton dissociation. It was found that not the IPs of the parent HCAs but those of the anions account well for the experimentally observed higher activity of caffeic acid as compared to those of the other two HCAs, suggesting that the antioxidant anion should be taken into consideration in the selection or rational design of novel antioxidants; this, however, was neglected in previous studies.
Six Novel 5α‐Adynerin‐Type Cardenolides from Parepigynum funingense
Authors: Hua Yan , Han Li Da , Chen Chang Xiang 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSix novel 5α‐adynerin‐type cardenolides, funingenosides K (1), L (2), M (3), N (4), O (5), and P (6), have been isolated from the roots of Parepigynum funingense. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques.
Atom Economy and Yield of Synthesis Sequences
Authors: Eissen Marco , Mazur Radoslaw , Quebbemann Heinz‐Georg , Pennemann Karl‐Heinz 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAtom economy (AE) or atom utilization was one of the first defining terms in the sustainable chemistry movement. In contrast to the often‐cited twelve (qualitative) principles of green chemistry, AE represents a metric for quantification purposes. The theoretical efficiency of a reaction expressed by its stoichiometric equation can be determined by AE=Product [g/mol]/(Substrate 1+Substrate 2+…︁) [g/mol] and compared with synthetic alternatives. Of course, the atom economy will be of limited use, if starting materials differ much in complexity, i.e., in the degree of refinement. In these cases, their syntheses have to be taken in consideration, too. But, the further the retrospect goes and the more preceding synthesis steps ramify, the more complex the calculation gets. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a stepwise approach that is enabled by a simple modification of the above formula (P=product; S=substrate; Syn.=synthesis): AE=P [g/mol]/((S1/AE(Syn. of S1))+(S2/AE(Syn. of S2))+…︁) [g/mol]. To illustrate this equation, which is derived mathematically, the convergent multistep synthesis of the natural product trans‐chrysanthemic acid is subjected to a stepwise method of calculation. The equation can be understood as a general expression for related ratios, i.e., there are corresponding modified equations for yield, selectivity, etc. In terms of the yield, it is no longer necessary to decide between the chains of the convergent synthesis, when possibly forced to ignore significant parts of the sequence. For demonstration purposes, the yield of the convergent synthesis of the natural product peridinin has been determined with a correspondingly modified equation.
Single‐Stranded DNA: Replacement of Canonical by Base‐Modified Nucleosides in the Minihairpin 5′‐d(GCGAAGC)‐3′ and Constructs with the Aptamer 5′‐d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG)‐3′
Authors: Rosemeyer Helmut , Mokrosch Verena , Jawalekar Anup , Becker Eva‐Maria , Seela Frank 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe minihairpin 5′‐d(GCGAAGC)‐3′ (1) was modified either in the loop region, in the base‐paired stem, or at the 5′‐terminus by incorporation of base‐modified nucleosides. The thermal melting was correlated to the structural changes induced by the various donor‐acceptor properties of the nucleosides. Overhanging nonpaired nucleosides at the 5′‐terminus stabilized the hairpin, while a reverse of the dG3⋅dA5 sheared base pair to dA3⋅dG5 severely affected the stability. The combination of the minihairpin 5′‐d(GCGAAGC)‐3′ (1) and the thrombin‐binding aptamer 5′‐d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG)‐3′ (2 (=46)) resulted in the new construct 5′‐d(GGTTGGGCGAAGCGGTTGG)‐3′ (43) arising by replacement of the 5′‐d(TGT)‐3′ loop of 2 by the minihairpin. The fused oligonucleotide 43 exhibits a two‐phase thermal transition indicating the presence of the two unaltered moieties. According to slight changes of the Tm values of the construct 43 as compared to the separate units 1 and 2, cooperative distorsions are discussed.
Donor participatory governance evaluation: initial trends, implications, opportunities, constraints
Authors: Kapoor Ilan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe article examines the current trend within international development agencies towards adopting participatory approaches to governance evaluation (GE). It argues that, while this trend is to be welcomed, there are important political, institutional and methodological implications and constraints worth considering. Donors appear not to have addressed as yet such questions as the institutional changes required for participatory GEs to be meaningful, the relationship between conventional and participatory GEs, issues of quality and power in participatory GEs, and relationships to broader governance structures in developing countries. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foreign aid: is it all consumed?
Authors: Durbarry Ramesh 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRecent studies have found evidence to suggest that aid's effectiveness on growth has improved. Yet the debate on aid and domestic savings is still inconclusive and aid fungibility continues to be particularly contentious. One of the problems with much of the earlier literature examining the relationship between aid and savings (or aid‐consumption) is that the relationship is not well embedded in a convincing theoretical framework. Although recent developments in fiscal response models have been made, the methodology applied when testing the model empirically is still not convincing. In this paper we use an alternative theoretical setting and start from a ‘normal income’ perspective that consumption and savings are driven by life cycle/permanent income factors. Using a panel setting, the model is tested on a sample of developing countries. We found limited support for life cycle/permanent income drivers but did find that changes in the policy environment, for instance stabilisation programmes, may have been influential. The hypothesis that aid has been fungible in the pre‐1980 era could not be rejected. However, for the post 1980 period, where policy reforms were common, aid inflows did not seem to have leaked to finance consumption contrary to the views of both the right and the left questioning the utility of foreign aid. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.