bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Error analysis of TMI rainfall estimates over ocean for variational data assimilation
Authors: Bauer Peter , Mahfouf Jean‐FrançOis , Olson William S. , Marzano Frank S. , Michele Sabatino Di , Tassa Alessandra , Mugnai Alberto 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn intercomparison of retrieval errors from different Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) passive microwave rainfall products was carried out to assess the definition of observation error for experiments of rainfall assimilation in a variational framework. Depending on algorithms and their spatial resolution and sampling, a large variety of error estimates occurred. The error propagation to the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model grid (here 45 and 60 km) was investigated from error simulations and observed data with and without accounting for spatial error correlation.All algorithms used in this study (TRMM standard product 2A12 V.5 and two alternative algorithms, namely PATER and BAMPR) employ a Bayesian retrieval framework. The Bayesian errors obtained from each algorithm from different case‐studies showed values well above 100% at low rain rates (0.1 mm h−1) and around 50% at high rain rates (20–50 mm h−1) at the original product resolution and sampling. These Bayesian errors corresponded very well with those from an independent evaluation which was carried out by comparing TRMM microwave radiometer (TMI) estimates to precipitation radar retrievals at the same (here ≈27×40 km2) resolution.The impact of spatial averaging on retrieval errors was simulated using fits to the Bayesian errors and realistic log‐normal rainfall probability distributions. By neglecting spatial correlation, the range of errors is reduced from 70–200% to 20–50% at low rain rates and from 25–70% to 5–20% at high rain rates. To account for spatial data correlation, TMI observations were first averaged to the ECMWF model grid. Then the decorrelation of rain rates as a function of separation distance from all products was calculated. The introduction of spatial error correlation affected both error reduction and dispersion of errors per rain‐rate interval. The final error estimates ranged from 50–150% at low rain rates to 20–50% at high rain rates. The analysis suggests that once the spatial correlation pattern of a product is known, the probability density distribution of real observations inside the model grid does not produce larger scatter and therefore a simple scaling may suffice to calculate rainfall retrieval errors at the model resolution. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Determinants of environmental management systems standards implementation: evidence from Greek industry
Authors: Halkos George E. , Evangelinos Konstantinos I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper employs logistic regression analysis to test a model that predicts the implementation or non‐implementation of Environmental Management Systems Standards (EMSSs) by considering various factors as explanatory variables. The dependent variable is dichotomous: industrial firms either implementing or not implementing EMSSs. From past experience we identify 15 major variables contributing to implementation of EMSSs. A sample of 259 respondents (84 implementing and 175 not) is used to estimate the parameters of the logistic regression model employing maximum likelihood. The results show an overall significant model with four of the 15 variables significant. The significance of management perception of environmental issues on their decision to implement EMSS was confirmed with regards to their perception on win–win possibilities. Pressure on companies to improve their environmental performance does not result in higher uptake of the standards. Company image and size are important factors in its decision to implement EMSS. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Effect of delay interval on classical eyeblink conditioning in 5‐month‐old human infants
Authors: Klaflin Dragana I. , Stanton Mark E. , Herbert Jane , Greer Jennifer , Eckerman Carol. O. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAssociative learning was evaluated in human infants with simple delay classical eyeblink conditioning. A tone conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with an airpuff unconditioned stimulus (US) at three different delay intervals (250, 650, and 1,250 ms). Independent groups of healthy, full‐term 5‐month‐old human infants were assigned to these three paired conditions and received two identical training sessions 1 week apart. The two longer delays resulted in associative conditioning, as confirmed by comparison with unpaired control groups. However, only at the 650‐ms delay were associative eyeblinks adaptively timed to avoid the airpuff. The delay function at 5 months of age appears much sharper than is observed in adults. Together with the findings of A. H. Little, L. P. Lipsitt, and C. Rovee‐Collier (1984), the present study suggests a downward shift in the optimal delay interval for associative eyeblink conditioning between 1 and 6 months of age. However, this delay remains longer than what is typically reported in adults. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 329–340, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10050
Holmium laser for management of ureterocele calculi
Authors: Jones J. Stephen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlthough most ureteral calculi will pass spontaneously, those in a ureterocele will usually not pass beyond the stenotic orifice. We address both the stone and the underlying anatomic abnormality of a ureterocele using the holmium:YAG laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe report the first use of the holmium laser to treat ureteral calculi and the ureteroceles responsible for their retention.ResultsTwo patients have been successfully treated using the described procedure.ConclusionsThe flexibility to treat both the underlying anatomic abnormality and the resultant stone with a single minimally invasive device makes the holmium laser ideal in this situation. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:297–298, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of pulse‐duration on purpuric threshold using extended pulse pulsed dye laser (cynosure V‐star)
Authors: Tanghetti Emil , Sierra Rafael A. , Sherr Evan A. , Mirkov Mirko 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPulsed dye lasers (PDL) with extended pulse‐durations create new opportunities in the treatment of vascular lesions. Development of extended pulse methods requires understanding of tissue effects of extended pulse‐durations. We evaluated tissue effects of extended pulse‐duration PDL (EPDL) with cooling. Effects of increasing pulse‐duration, fluence, and multiple passes were evaluated to determine purpuric threshold and delayed purpuric response.Study Design/Patients and MethodsTen patients were treated with EPDL and air‐cooling on normal buttocks skin. Exposure pulse‐durations of 0.5, 2, 20, and 40 milliseconds and increasing fluences 3–20 J/cm2, pulse‐duration dependent. Exposures were evaluated 0.5, 1, and 24 or 48 hours determining purpuric threshold and side effects.ResultsImmediate purpuric threshold increased from 6.2 to 8, 10.4, and 13.8 J/cm2 at pulse‐durations of 0.5, 2, 20, and 40 milliseconds, respectively. Purpuric threshold dropped after 24 hours to 5.2, 7.1, 9.3, and 11.9 J/cm2, respectively. Multi‐pass treatment lowered purpuric threshold by 1 J/cm2. EPDL purpura resolved in less time than traditional PDL. No side effects were noted.ConclusionsEPDL exhibits increasing purpuric threshold with increasing pulse‐durations, and risk of delayed onset of purpura. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:363–366, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Child Neuropsychology and Neurophysiology
Authors: Butler Robert W. 
Published: November 2002

The Handbook of Clinical Child Neuropsychology
(2nd ed.), as is obvious from the title, is an updated
edition of the editors' first book, originally published
in 1989. At that time the subspecialty of child neuropsychology
was just beginning to unfold its wings, and little was
available in terms of a broad and encompassing handbook
resource.The book Biological and Neuropsychological Mechanisms:
Life-Span Developmental Psychology is an example of how the
above problems can be manifested even with a good attempt at
execution. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of topics
within developmental neuropsychology, including a developmental
theory of behavior, mathematical modeling, electrophysiology,
lateralization, and adolescent substance abuse.
Mosaic Organization of Orthologous Sequences in Grass Genomes
Authors: Song Rentao , Llaca Victor , Messing Joachim 
Published: November 2002

Although comparative genetic mapping studies show extensive genome conservation among grasses, recent data provide many exceptions to gene collinearity at the DNA sequence level. Rice, sorghum, and maize are closely related grass species, once sharing a common ancestor. Because they diverged at different times during evolution, they provide an excellent model to investigate sequence divergence. We isolated, sequenced, and compared orthologous regions from two rice subspecies, sorghum, and maize to investigate the nature of their sequence differences. This study represents the most extensive sequence comparison among grasses, including the largest contiguous genomic sequences from sorghum (425 kb) and maize (435 kb) to date. Our results reveal a mosaic organization of the orthologous regions, with conserved sequences interspersed with nonconserved sequences. Gene amplification, gene movement, and retrotransposition account for the majority of the nonconserved sequences. Our analysis also shows that gene amplification is frequently linked with gene movement. Analyzing an additional 2.9 Mb of genomic sequence from rice not only corroborates our observations, but also suggests that a significant portion of grass genomes may consist of paralogous sequences derived from gene amplification. We propose that sequence divergence started from hotspots along chromosomes and expanded by accumulating small-scale genomic changes during evolution.[GenBank Accession Numbers: Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)php200725 region: AF119222; rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) php200725 region: AF128457; sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) php200725 region: AF114171,AF527807, AF727808, AF527809; maize (Zea mays)php200725 region: AF090447, AF528565; rice chromosome 10 region (2.9 Mb): AC073391, AC087549, AC027657, AC087547, AC027658,AC087546, AC027659, AC087550, AC025905, AC087545, AF229187, AC027660,AC087544, AC027661, AC027662, AC087543, AC073392, AC087542, AC025906,AC073393, AC025907.]
Factors Influencing the Identification of Transcription Factor Binding Sites by Cross-Species Comparison
Authors: McCue Lee Ann , Thompson William , Carmack C. Steven , Lawrence Charles E. 
Published: November 2002

As the number of sequenced genomes has grown, the questions of which species are most useful and how many genomes are sufficient for comparison have become increasingly important for comparative genomics studies. We have systematically addressed these questions with respect to phylogenetic footprinting of transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the γ-proteobacteria, and have evaluated the statistical significance of our motif predictions. We used a study set of 166Escherichia coligenes that have experimentally identified TF binding sites upstream of the gene, with orthologous data from nine additional γ-proteobacteria for phylogenetic footprinting. Just three species were sufficient for ∼74.0% of the motif predictions to correspond to the experimentally reportedE. colisites, and important characteristics to consider when choosing species were phylogenetic distance, genome size, and natural habitat. We also performed simulations using randomized data to determine the critical maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) values for statistical significance of our motif predictions (P = 0.05). Approximately 60% of motif predictions containing sites from just three species had average MAP values above these critical MAP values. The inclusion of a species very closely related toE. coliincreased the number of statistically significant motif predictions, despite substantially increasing the critical MAP value.[Supplemental material is available online athttp://www.genome.org. In addition, our motif predictions for the study set and the entireE. coligenome are available online athttp://www.wadsworth.org/resnres/bioinfo/.]
Polycapillary focusing optic for small-sample neutron crystallography
Authors: Gibson W. M. , Schultz A. J. , Chen-Mayer H. H. , Mildner D. F. R. , Gnäupel-Herold T. , Miller M. E. , Prask H. J. , Vitt R. , Youngman R. , Carpenter J. M. 
Published: November 2002

The relatively low flux from neutron sources means that structural analysis using neutron diffraction requires large crystals that are often not available. The feasibility of a polycapillary focusing optic to produce a small intense spot of size < ∼0.5 mm for small crystals has been explored and such an optic has been tested both on a monochromatic and on a polychromatic beam. In a diffraction measurement from an α-quartz crystal using a 2.1° convergent beam from a pulsed neutron source, six diffraction peaks in the 1.5–4 Å wavelength bandwidth transmitted by the optic were observed. These diffraction spots show an intensity gain of 5.8 ± 0.9 compared with a direct beam diffracting from the same sample volume as that illuminated by the convergent beam.
Normal modes of deep atmospheres. II: f–F‐plane geometry
Authors: Thuburn John , Wood Nigel , Staniforth Andrew 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNumerical results have shown that, for a rotating spherical atmosphere with terrestrial parameters, making the shallow‐atmosphere approximation has only a very small impact on the frequency of linear, unforced normal modes, compared with those obtained from the full, unapproximated equations. In nearly all cases the normal‐mode frequencies are smaller in magnitude when the shallow‐atmosphere approximation is relaxed. Relaxing the approximation was also found to have only a small impact on the structures of normal modes, with the exception of long‐zonal‐wavelength internal acoustic modes. These results are particularly surprising in the tropics where the inclusion of the F = 2Ω cosϕ Coriolis terms (which are dropped in the shallow‐atmosphere approximation) might be expected to dominate the usual f=2Ωsinϕ Coriolis terms. The complexity of the full equations, however, prevents analysis of why this insensitivity to the extra terms arises.In this paper normal modes are examined under the f–F‐plane approximation and compared with those on the more usual f‐plane. The resulting equations are more amenable to analysis than the full equation set, and analytic expressions for the dispersion relation and for the normal‐mode structures are obtained for the particular case of an isothermal reference profile. This simplified geometry allows the effects of the F Coriolis terms to be examined while eliminating the geometrical effects of relaxing the shallow‐atmosphere approximation, giving some insight into the relative importance of the two types of effect as well as the physical mechanisms at work. The F Coriolis terms are found to be responsible for the structural changes to long‐zonal‐wavelength internal acoustic modes, and can also affect extremely shallow and extremely deep gravity modes. However, these terms are found to have only a small effect on normal‐mode frequencies, and geometrical effects, rather than these Coriolis terms, are responsible for the systematic reduction in the magnitude of normal‐mode frequencies in a deep spherical atmosphere.In planar geometry the inclusion of the F terms gives rise to a new kind of normal mode in addition to the usual Rossby, gravity, and acoustic modes. The new modes are inertial in character, have frequency very close to f, and have extremely strong vertical tilt. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2002. N. Wood's and A. Staniforth's contributions are Crown copyright.
Effects of changing baroclinicity on the southern hemisphere extratropical circulation
Authors: Murphy B. F. , Pettré P. , Simmonds I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractExtratropical cyclones of the southern hemisphere provide the primary mechanism of poleward horizontal heat and moisture transport. Their behaviour is influenced by the strength of the meridional temperature gradient in the mid troposphere. As the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO) in the annual cycle of this gradient has become less dominant in recent years, we investigate the impact of modifying the gradient in two simulations with the Arpège general‐circulation model. Model temperatures at 50°S near the 500 hPa level are increased (strengthening the gradient) or decreased (weakening the gradient) in two different simulations T50+ and T50−, respectively.The temperature nudging had a greater impact on the temperature gradient in T50+, but both simulations showed significant surface warming on the Antarctic coast in winter. In T50+, 500 hPa temperature and surface pressure gradients had weaker SAOs, as the circumpolar trough contracted and intensified and cyclone numbers increased along the Antarctic coast. The SAOs strengthened in T50−, and the trough became more disperse, but cyclone numbers increased north of 50°S.Baroclinicity increased (decreased) with a stronger (weaker) meridional temperature gradient, but the static stability of the atmosphere also changed with the opposite impact on baroclinicity. Thus, in T50+ the increase in cyclone numbers was greatest near the Antarctic coast but this was counteracted somewhat by the static stability increase north of 60°S. In T50− cyclone numbers increased north of 50°S because baroclinicity was increased by a stronger meridional temperature gradient and reduced static stability. Hence, the effect on the Antarctic surface climate was nonlinear, with a warmer coast in both cases in winter, and a windier East Antarctica in T50+ but calmer katabatic flow in T50−. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Financial comparability and environmental diversity: an international context
Authors: Edwards Pamela , Birkin Frank K. , Woodward David G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAccounting and environmental management both hold improved resource‐use efficiency as an ultimate goal, but intermediate processes and objectives vary and consequently it is separately assessed within each discipline. This paper intends to make visible the globalizing trends in accounting practice, which aim to standardize financial reporting to produce comparable information so that shareholders can maximize their economic wealth. This paper seeks to contrast this comparability strategy with the apparent need for diversity in accounting information exhibited by actual accounting practices, the information needs of environmental management and, ultimately, the cultural needs of sustainable development. We argue that a more pluralistic model, that enables a holistic assessment of corporate performance and balances diverse stakeholder objectives, is better suited to an uncertain future. Implementation requires accountants and environmental managers jointly to create and test a new order of reporting. There are many practical challenges but most significantly accountants and environmental managers must combine to enhance the visibility and credibility of these diverse performance measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Environmental reporting in Australia: current practices and issues for the future
Authors: Burritt Roger L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis briefing addresses a number of current practices in environmental reporting in Australia. It is limited to consideration of mandatory and voluntary initiatives at the national level (rather than state or territory levels). Three initiatives are explored. Two of these are mandatory requirements—section 299 corporate disclosures required under the 2001 Corporations Act and section 516 disclosures by Commonwealth government organizations under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. One other initiative is voluntary—Public Environmental Reporting—and is aimed at all organizations. Links with the Global Reporting Initiative are considered, followed by a brief comment on incentives and users of environmental reports. The briefing concludes by raising three issues that need to be addressed in the future—sustainable development; education, training and communication; and environmental accounting. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Sweet and sour preferences during childhood: Role of early experiences
Authors: Liem Djin Gie , Mennella Julie A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe investigated the effects of early experience on sweet and sour preferences in children. Eighty‐three children were divided into four groups based on the type of formula fed during infancy and age. By using a forced‐choice, sip‐and‐swallow procedure, we determined the level of sweetness and sourness preferred in juice. Children who were fed protein hydrolysate formulas, which have a distinctive sour and bitter taste and unpleasant odor, preferred higher levels of citric acid in juice when compared to older children who were fed similar formulas. No such difference was observed between the groups for sweet preference. However, the level of sweetness preferred in juice was related to the sugar content of the child's favorite cereal and whether the mother routinely added sugar to their foods. These data illustrate the wide variety of experiential factors that can influence flavor preferences during childhood. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 388–395, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10067
Optoelectronic chip on film (OE‐COF) packaging technology
Authors: Takahara Hideyuki , Ishibashi Shigeki , Ishizawa Suzuko , Hirata Hirooki , Koshoubu Nobutatsu , Tsunetsugu Hideki 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAs a next‐generation film carrier packaging technique intended for applications to high‐speed large‐capacity optical modules, OE‐COF (Optoelectronic Chip on Film) packaging is proposed, in which LSIs and optical devices are installed on an optoelectronic compound film (OE film) by means of solder bumps. Its realizability is discussed. A 10‐channel VCSEL of the 0.85‐µm band with a 250‐µm pitch is flip‐chip mounted on an OE film by using thirty‐six 80% Au‐Sn solder bumps with a diameter of 40 µm. In regard to the basic configuration that couples an optical waveguide via a 45° mirror formed on the OE film, a mechanically strong flip‐chip mounting of the VCSEL on an OE film and a low‐loss optical coupling structure of the VCSEL and the OE film are discussed. As a result, a low‐ thermal‐expansion OE film (11 × 10−6/°C) with low‐thermal‐expansion materials laminated on both sides has been developed. By reducing the thermal expansion coefficient to 1/6 of the usual one while the excellent optical guiding property is retained, mechanically strong flip‐chip mounting is realized. Further, by filling the gap between the VCSEL and the OE film with silicon resin so that reflected light is suppressed, an OE‐COF packaging with a low coupling loss of 0.4 dB is realized. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(12): 59–66, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10026