bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
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Authors: Factors Growth , System Their Receptors in the Olfactory 
Published: March 2003

Received July, 1998; accepted for publication July, 1998The olfactory epithelium is unique in the mammalian nervous system as it is a site of continual neurogenesis. Constant turnover of primary sensory neurons in the periphery results in continuous remodeling of neuronal circuits and synapses in the olfactory bulb throughout life. Most of the specific mechanisms and factors that control and modulate this process are not known. Recent studies suggest that growth factors, and their receptors, may play a crucial role in the development and continuous regeneration of olfactory neurons, i.e. particularly in neuronal proliferation, neurite outgrowth, fasciculation and synapse formation of the olfactory system. The potential role of the following factors and their receptors in different species are reviewed: Nerve growth factor (NGF); insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs); fibroblast growth factors (FGFs); epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor α (TGF α); amphiregulin (AR) and transforming growth factors β (TGFs β).
Ein weiterer Beitrag zum Glykogen im fetalen Darmepithel
Authors: Wille K. H. , Winkler Fr. 
Published: March 2003

On the glycogen in the epithelium of the fetal intestine:In the first half of pregnancy the well‐known occurrence of glycogen incorporation in the supra‐ and infranuclear cytoplasm of the villous enterocytes was verified. This enormous glycan store is evidently of very little functional importance. It seems to be an expression of a disordered glycogenolysis. These masses of glycogen are incorporated into impressive glycogenosomes, which are the predominante cytoplasmic inclusions for a short period of time. According to the present results it is not certain whether lysosomal glycogenolysis happens. There is no morphological or functional evidence for a utilization og glycogen.
Struktur des Ligamentum synoviale infrapatellare beim Hund*
Authors: Sommer U. , Schnorr B. , Kressin M. 
Published: March 2003

Structure of the ligamentum synoviale infrapatellare in the dogThe knee joint of the dog is frequently the subject of surgery if the cruciate ligaments or the menisci are injured. In the knee joint of the dog we find a ligament, which is spread out between the anterior part of the fossa intercondylaris ossis femoris and the corpus adiposus infrapatellaris. This ligamentum synoviale infrapatellare has not previously been described and represents a homologous structure to the plica synovialis infrapatellaris of human knee joint. Just like the latter and just like the cruciate ligaments it is a rudiment of a septum articulare genu, which is spread out between an articulatio femorotibialis and an articulatio femorofibularis in the early phylogenesis of tetrapods. The ligamentum synoviale infrapatellare of the dog consists of a stratum synoviale and a stratum spinosum, which includes blood vessels, nerves, many collagenous fibres and some elastic fibres. We do not find evidence for sensory nerve endings or corpuscular receptors. Therefore a severing of the ligament during knee joint surgery does not affect the proprioceptive potential of the knee joint.
Vergleichende histologische Studie des weiblichen Geschlechtsapparates beim Lama (Lama guanicoe glama). II. Eileiter, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina
Authors: Feder F. ‐H. , González H. , Arias Und P. 
Published: March 2003

Comparative histological study of the reproductive system of the female llama (Lama guanicoe glama)The histological characteristics of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of the llama are described and compared with those of domestic mammals. There are differences between llama and domestic mammals in the type of placentation and the epithelium of the vagina, which seems to be a transitional epithelium.
Wachstum von Bursa Cloacalis (Fabricii) und Milz bei Enten
Authors: Gille U. , Salomon F. ‐V. 
Published: March 2003

Growth of the cloacal bursa (bursa of Fabricius) and spleen in ducksThe growth in weight of both the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen was investigated in different stocks of ducks between hatching and 154 days of age. The data were analysed by fitting the Janoschek growth curve and the allometric formula. Both organs showed rapid growth to their maximum dimensions and early points of inflection. The regression of the cloacal bursa started at about 12 weeks of age in Pekins and Mallards. In the Muscovy, the involution begins beyond the period of investigation. Allometrically, a biphasic relationship was found. Starting with positive allometry, the allometric exponent decreased to negative or isometric (Muscovies) values within the second week of age. If the organ weights are compared on the basis of these allometric relationships, Pekins had bursa weights that were about 30 % higher than those in Mallards. For the spleen, there was no difference between wild and domesticated ducks.
Anatomisch‐topographische Darstellung des Magens, des Dünndarmes, des Dickdarmes sowie deren arterielle GefäIversorgung beim GroIen Mara (Dolichotis patagonum Desmarest 1820)
Authors: Weissengruber G. E. 
Published: March 2003

Topographic‐anatomical description of the ventriculus, intestinum tenue, intestinum crassum and their arteries of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum Desmarest 1820)The abdominal parts of the alimentary canal and the associated arteries from seven male and nine female maras are described. The mara possesses a stomach with a single cavity and a glandular mucosa lining. The large stomach is situated caudal of the liver at right‐angles to the longitudinal body axis. The long jejunum is located on the left side of the body caudal of the stomach. The cecum has two teniae and numerous haustra which are proximal larger than distal. The smooth colon ascendens runs proximal parallel to the cecum and describes distal an U‐shaped double‐loop. The internal surface of the proximal part of the colon ascendens is characterized by two parallel mucosal ledges. Cecum and colon ascendens lie right caudal of the liver. The colon descendens is coiled and situated on the left body side. The A. gastrica sinistra and branches of the A. lienalis and the A. hepatica supply the stomach. The A. mesenterica cranialis which branches off separately from the A. coeliaca is a large and long vessel that supplies the major parts of the small intestine and the colon. The A. mesenterica caudalis supplies parts of the colon desendens and of the rectum.
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Peritoneal Mesothelium Covering the Genital Tract and its Ligaments in the Cow
Authors: Yániz J. L. , Santolaria P. , Rutllant J. , López‐Béjar M. , López‐Gatius F. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThis study was undertaken to describe the surface features of the peritoneal mesothelium covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments of the cow during the oestrous cycle. The relationship between mesothelial surface and spermatozoa was also evaluated after intra‐uterine and intraperitoneal insemination. Surface features of mesothelial cells from 25 cyclic cows were examined by scanning electron microscopy and by image analysis. Presence of spermatozoa was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy in seven additional cows. In the external side of the infundibulum, the oviductal mucosa exceeds the free margin, forming a continuous band measuring 2.5–10 mm in width. This oviductal epithelium shows cyclical variations with a predominance of ciliated cells during the follicular phase. In respect of the mesothelium, no clear morphological differences were observed associated with the side of ovarian bursa (internal versus external), or with the phase of the oestrous cycle. Mesothelial cells covering the uterus and mesometrium have a higher microvilli density and length and a smaller cell surface area than in the oviduct and adjacent structures. The presence of solitary cilia in the mesosalpinx and mesotubarium superius (infundibulo‐cornual ligament) of some specimens was also observed . When samples were processed without post‐fixation in osmium tetroxide, a layer of amorphous material covered all surfaces. After intra‐uterine insemination of five cows, no spermatozoa were found on their peritoneal mesothelium. Numerous spermatozoa were found after intraperitoneal insemination being attached throughout mesothelial surfaces. These results indicate that there are morphological differences between regions, but no cyclic changes, in the surface features of mesothelial cells covering the genital tract and adjacent ligaments of the cow, and that spermatozoa can bind to mesothelial surfaces after intraperitoneal insemination.
A Quantitative Study of the Aorta of the New Zealand Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.)
Authors: Dabanoğlu I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTen segments of the aorta of the rabbit were studied quantitatively. The thoracic and abdominal aorta of the rabbit were measured from proximal to distal and parallel to the reduced diameter, demonstrating a decreasing thickness of the tunica intima and tunica media that becomes physiologically apparent during adulthood in these commonly used laboratory animals. The ratio of intimal to medial thickness, multiplied by 100, was calculated and found to be between 2.56 and 3.74 for the thoracic aorta and 4.03 and 5.62 for the abdominal aorta of the rabbit. These findings are important for the better understanding of the development of atherosclerosis.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Neuropeptides in Bovine Pancreas
Authors: Myojin T. , Kitamura N. , Hondo E. , Baltazar E. T. , Pearson G. T. , Yamada J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe occurrence and density of distribution of nerves and endocrine cells that are immunoreactive for neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas were studied by immunohistochemistry. The six neuropeptides localized were galanin (GAL), substance P (SP), methionine‐enkephalin (MENK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The exocrine pancreas was shown to have an appreciable number of GAL‐ and SP‐immunoreactive nerve fibres but few fibres showing immunoreactivity for VIP and CGRP. Numerous MENK‐, GAL‐, SP‐, and NPY‐immunoreactive nerve fibres were seen in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. Nerve cell bodies in the intrapancreatic ganglia showed immunoreactivity for all of the neuropeptides except CGRP. Endocrine cells showing immunoreactivity for GAL and SP were observed in the large islets and islets of Langerhans, respectively. The present results indicate a characteristic distribution of neuropeptides in the bovine pancreas, which may regulate both exocrine and endocrine secretions of pancreas.
Aspects of the Functional Morphology of the Ductus Epididymidis in Domestic Anseriform and Galliform Birds
Authors: Aire T. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe structure of the ductus epididymidis, and its capacity to take up luminal particulate material (India ink) were studied, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in the domestic fowl, turkey and Japanese quail (Order Galliformes) and drake (Order Anseriformes). The epithelium appeared contractile and stable structurally, especially in the drake in which, among other cytoskeletal features, abundant perinuclear intermediate filaments radiated peripherally in the principal, non‐ciliated (Type III) cell. The Golgi complex was well developed, except in the turkey in which it was extremely inconspicuous. Sparsely granulated profiles were the main component of the elaborate endoplasmic reticulum, which was best developed in the drake and least in the turkey. The cell in the turkey was uniquely laden with large aggregates of lipid droplets. Generally, characteristics of a cell active in the synthesis and merocrine secretion of proteinaceous material were evident. There was no evidence of apocrine‐like secretion in well‐fixed tissues. The cell lacked the capacity to take up luminal India ink particles, and displayed very poorly developed endocytic structural features, which are also probably only selectively and minimally absorptive. Ultrastructural features varied between and within the orders studied, necessitating further studies.
Darstellung der Nerven am Flügel von Psittaciden (Amazone, Graupapagei) mit digitaler Phototechnik †
Authors: Hummel G. , Wenisch S. , Hörter‐Schmidt U. 
Published: March 2003

Representation of the nerves of the wings in the blue‐fronted Amazon and the African grey parrot using a digital photographic techniqueIn four blue‐fronted Amazon and five African grey parrots, the nerves innervating the muscles of the wings were carefully dissected and described. The preparation steps were recorded with a digital camera. This technique has now advanced so far that the image quality is almost the same as that of a normal camera. The pictures are stored in a computer. They can be enhanced and published via the Internet.
Growth‐Promoting Effects of Different Fractions of Extra‐Embryonic Coelomic Fluid on Embryonic Development
Authors: Karabulut A. K. , Layfield R. , Pratten M. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn the early stages of embryonic development, many growth‐promoting molecules must be provided by the maternal system. These factors may be supplied locally to the embryo, by the decidua, the placenta, or the yolk sac. In this study the growth‐promoting potential of extra‐embryonic coelomic fluid (EECF) and its fractions was investigated. The embryonic requirement of growth‐promoting molecules may be studied by reducing the growth‐supporting capacity of serum. Thus, ultrafiltration of rat serum was carried out for 8 h using Millipore filters with a molecular weight exclusion of 30 kDa. Rat embryos at 9.5 days of age were cultured for 8 days for anembryonic yolk sacs, and then EECF was collected and divided into three different molecular weight fractions by ultrafiltration. Rat embryos were cultured for 48 h in whole rat serum and the serum retenate (which has low growth‐supporting capacity) in the presence and absence of EECF, its fractions, or in EECF only. Embryos grown in retenate showed severe growth retardation, and the addition of EECF significantly improved embryonic growth. The fraction which contained the molecules with molecular weight between 10 and 30 kDa had significantly more effect on embryonic development than the other fractions. This fraction of EECF was analysed by gel electrophoresis. Three of the four protein bands observed in this fraction were identified by amino‐terminal sequencing as α‐fetoprotein precursor (22 kDa), apolipoprotein A1 precursor (24 kDa) and fetal haemoglobin Y2 chain (14 kDa), none of which are likely to be responsible for the growth‐promoting activity. To further investigate growth‐promoting proteins, EECF was Western‐blotted to nitrocellulose membranes and probed with antisera against rat prolactin, epidermal growth factor, insulin‐like growth factors I and II and human placental lactogen. No immunoreactive bands were detected in the EECF, suggesting that either these proteins are not present or are present at levels too low to be detected. Although the growth‐promoting effect of the EECF was demonstrated in this study, the molecules responsible remain uncharacterized.
Has Active Immunization Against Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone any Effect on Testis Innervation in the Pig? – An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Sienkiewicz W. , Molenaar G. J. , Kaleczyc J. , Falkowski J. , Lakomy M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe innervation of porcine testes was studied in intact animals and in boars undergoing active immunization against gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) by means of immunohistochemistry using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DβH), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), synaptosome‐associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Moreover, the distribution of luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors in clusters of Leydig cells was also investigated. To identify these cells easily, either the NADPH‐diaphorase histochemical technique or the Mayer counter‐staining procedure was applied. Differences in the distribution pattern and relative density of particular subsets of intratesticular nerve fibres were observed in immunized boars as compared to those found in the intact animals. In the testes of non‐treated animals, only single TH‐immunoreactive (TH‐IR) nerve fibres were observed. However, many DβH‐IR nerve terminals surrounded blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Very scarce VIP‐IR nerves occurred only in the tunica albuginea, mainly in close vicinity to blood vessels. Immunoreactivity to NPY occurred in single nerve fibres. Immunoreactivity to SNAP‐25 and PGP 9.5 was found in single nerve fibres distributed mainly in the tunica albuginea. The interstitial cells were heavily stained for LH‐receptors and NADPH‐diaphorase. In the testes of immunized animals, only single TH‐IR nerve fibres, scattered mainly in the tunica albuginea, were observed. Some TH‐IR nerve terminals were also encountered in the parenchyma of the organ, where they were always associated with blood vessels. DβH‐IR nerve fibres formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis in association with the capsule, vasculature and interstitium. Some fibres were observed to run between seminiferous tubules. VIP‐IR nerve fibres were located in the neighbourhood of blood vessels in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma. Only single VIP‐IR nerves were found between seminiferous tubules. Numerous NPY‐IR nerve fibres occurred in the tunica albuginea and parenchyma of the organ. SNAP‐25‐IR and PGP 9.5‐IR nerve terminals formed a dense network distributed throughout the testis and many fibres were observed between seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells were very weakly stained for LH receptors or NADPH‐diaphorase.
The Ultrastructure of the Subcommissural Organ Ependyma of the Goat
Authors: Kumar P. , Kumar S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe cells of pseudostratified columnar ciliated ependyma of the subcommissural organ in the goat were classified into two types on the basis of the distribution of chromatin material and nuclear clefts. Amongst the cell organelles the endoplasmic reticulum was highly developed and formed three types of Nebenkerne systems. The type‐I Nebenkerne had spiral concentric lamellae and was associated with round lipid droplets. The type‐II Nebenkerne, with widely spaced coils, was expanded towards its central and peripheral parts. The type‐III Nebenkerne, composed of a meshwork of lamellae, was modified into a vacuolated form. The concentration of mitochondria was greatly increased towards the basal processes of the ependymal cells. The inclusion bodies included small electron‐dense bodies, osmiophilic asteroid droplets, large round to spherical bodies and large round osmiophilic bodies with inner structures.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Inhibin and Steroidogenic Enzymes in the Ovary of Common Tree Shrew (Tupaia glis) and Northern Smooth‐tailed Tree Shrew (Dendrogale murina)
Authors: Kimura J. , Tsukise A. , Watanabe G. , Taya K. , Rerkamnuaychoke W. , Endo H. , Kurohmaru M. , Yamada J. , Nishida T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTo study the ovarian function of the Order Scandentia, the localization of inhibin and steroidogenic enzymes (3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase and aromatase) in the ovaries of common tree shrew (Tupaia glis) and northern smooth‐tailed tree shrew (Dendrogale murina) was immunohistochemically analysed. As in the results reported for other mammals, inhibin α‐chain was localized in the follicular epithelium of secondary or Graafian follicles in the two species. The localization of aromatase in the ovary of these two species, however, was different. In the common tree shrew, the aromatase was localized in the thecal cells, whilst in other mammals it is localized in the granulosa cells. These results indicate that in the ovary of the common tree shrew, the oestradiol may be synthesized in the thecal cells.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Cytochrome Oxidase in Different Parts of the Central Nervous System: a Comparative Experimental Study
Authors: Taskinalp O. , Aktas R. G. , Cigali B. , Kutlu A. K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the electron transport chain, is a marker of the functional activity of the cell. In this study; localization of cytochrome oxidase in cerebrum, cerebellum, hippocampus, substantia nigra and choroid plexus of adult rats was investigated using immunohistochemical methods. Neural bodies were immunoreactive while neuroglial cells and axonal areas did not show significant immunostaining. The cerebral cortical substantia grisea region was stained almost homogeneously with cytochrome oxidase. In the cerebellar cortex, immunolabelling was more intense in the granular layer than the molecular layer. There was significant immunostaining in Purkinje cells. White matter, both in cerebrum and cerebellum, did not show immunoreactivity for cytochrome oxidase. Neurones in the hippocampus showed variable immunostaining; some of them were negative while others revealed high immunoreactivity. The neurones in substantia nigra were heavily labelled. Immunostaining for cytochrome oxidase in plexus choroideus epithelial cells was also remarkable. The morphological findings demonstrate the regions which most require and produce energy and reflect the differences in cellular activity in these parts of the central nervous system.
Zur Entstehung und Funktion der Kunde, Infundibulum dentis, an den Schneidezähnen der Pferde
Authors: VOLLMERHAUS B. , ROOS H. , KNOSPE C. 
Published: March 2003

On the origin and function of the enamel cup (Infundibulum dentis) on the incisors of horses The enamel cups of equids originated phylogenetically through several phases in Oligocene and Miocene horses, which readjusted from hard to soft leaf food and from double nutrition (leaves and grass) to a pure grass intake. This has been proved experimentally. The resulting construction of the incisor is continually changed on its occlusal surface by erosion according to the pattern of the enamel crests. Referring to the whole incisor tooth, this results in an equid life cycle in which the good grip of the occlusal surface and the efficiency of ingestion favours the young, sexually mature horses, which are at the best age for food intake.
The Muscles of Mastication in the Caspian Seal (Phoca caspica)
Authors: Endo H. , Sakata S. , Arai T. , Miyazaki N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe muscles of mastication and their related skull characters in the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica) were anatomically examined and compared with those of the Baikal (Phoca sibirica) and ringed (Phoca hispida) seals. A well‐developed masseter muscle was observed in the Caspian seal, whereas the temporal muscle consisted of thin bundles. The skull of the Caspian seal possessed the same thin frontal bone and the dorso‐ventrally developed zygomatic arch found in the Baikal seal that are required to install the enlarged eyeball into the orbit. The temporal bone was not robust, and the digastric muscle was well‐developed in the ventral space of the auditory bulla. The present results suggest that the skull form of the Caspian seal has changed morphologically from its ringed seal‐like ancestors, and suggest that the evolutionary strategy of the muscles of mastication in the Caspian seal is principally consistent with that of the Baikal seal.