bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eighteen microsatellite loci for endemic African weakly electric fish (Campylomormyrus, Mormyridae) and their cross species applicability among related taxa
Authors: FEULNER P. G. D. , KIRSCHBAUM F. , TIEDEMANN R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWe describe isolation and characterization of the first microsatellite loci specifically developed for African weakly electric fish (Mormyridae), for the genus Campylomormyrus. Seventeen of our 18 loci are polymorphic within the Campylomormyrus numenius species complex. The polymorphic loci showed four to 15 alleles per locus, an expected heterozygosity between 0.46 and 0.94, and an observed heterozygosity between 0.31 and 1.00. Most primers also yield reproducible results in several other mormyrid species. These loci comprise a set of molecular markers for various applications, from moderately polymorphic loci suitable for population studies to highly polymorphic loci for pedigree analysis in mormyrids.
Characterization of microsatellite loci isolated in midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor)
Authors: OYLER‐MCCANCE S. J. , JOHN J. ST. , PARKER J. M. , ANDERSON S. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPrimers for five polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the midget faded rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis concolor), a rare subspecies of western rattlesnake (Crotalus viridus) found only in parts of Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Five polymorphic microsatellites were isolated, four of which had relatively high levels of diversity (eight to nine alleles). We found only two departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and they occurred in different loci, so null alleles are likely not a problem. Moreover, we found that no two loci were linked. These loci will be applicable for population genetic analysis and perhaps analysis of paternity and mating systems.
WNT1 and WNT3a promote expansion of melanocytes through distinct modes of action
Authors: Dunn Karen Joyce , Brady Matthew , Ochsenbauer‐Jambor Christina , Snyder Sara , Incao Arturo , Pavan William J. 
Published: May 2005

SummaryWNT1 and WNT3a have been described as having redundant roles in promoting the development of neural crest‐derived melanocytes (NC‐Ms). We used cell lineage restricted retroviral infections to examine the effects of WNT signaling on defined cell types in neural crest cultures. RCAS retroviral infections were targeted to melanoblasts (NC‐M precursor cells) derived from transgenic mice that express the virus receptor, TVA, under the control of a melanoblast promoter (DCT). As expected, over 90% of DCT–TVA+ cells expressed early melanoblast markers MITF and KIT. However, by following the fate of infected cells in standard culture conditions, we find that only 5% of descendents were NC‐Ms. The majority of the descendents were not NC‐Ms, but expressed smooth muscle cell markers, demonstrating that mammalian melanoblasts are not committed to the NC‐M lineage. RCAS infection of DCT–TVA+ cells demonstrated that overexpression of canonical WNT signaling genes (βCAT, WNT3a or WNT1) can increase NC‐M numbers in an endothelin dependent manner. However, WNT1 and WNT3a have different modes of action with respect to melanoblast fate. Intrinsic over‐expression of βCAT or WNT3a can increase NC‐M numbers by biasing the fate of DCT–TVA+ cells to NC‐Ms. In contrast, the DCT–TVA+ melanoblasts cannot respond to WNT1 signaling and do not alter their fate towards NC‐M. Instead, WNT1 only increases NC‐M numbers through paracrine signaling on melanoblast precursors to increase the numbers of neural crest cells that become NC‐Ms.
Establishment of a Kit‐negative cell line of melanocyte precursors from mouse neural crest cells
Authors: Kawa Yoko , Soma Yoshinao , Nakamura Masayuki , Ito Masaru , Kawakami Tamihiro , Baba Takako , Sibahara Kuniko , Ohsumi Kayoko , Ooka Shiho , Watabe Hidenori , Ono Hirotake , Hosaka Eri , Kimura Satoko , Kushimoto Tsuneto , Mizoguchi Masako 
Published: May 2005

SummaryWe previously established a mouse neural crest cell line named NCCmelb4, which is positive for Kit and negative for tyrosinase. NCCmelb4 cells were useful to study the effects of extrinsic factors such as retinoic acids and vitamin D3 on melanocyte differentiation, but in order to study the development of melanocytes from multipotent neural crest cells, cell lines of melanocyte progenitors in earlier developmental stages are needed. In the present study, we established an immortal cell line named NCCmelb4M5 that was derived from NCCmelb4 cells. NCCmelb4M5 cells do not express Kit and are immortal and stable in the absence of Kit ligand. They are positive for melanocyte markers such as tyrosinase‐related protein 1 and DOPAchrome tautomerase and they contain stage I melanosomes. Interestingly, glial fibrillary acidic protein, which is a marker for glial cells, is also positive in NCCmelb4M5 cells, while NCCmelb4 cells are negative for this protein. Immunostaining and a cell ELISA assay revealed that 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol 13‐acetate (TPA) and cholera toxin (CT) induce Kit expression in NCCmelb4M5 cells. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis also demonstrated the induction of Kit mRNA by TPA and CT. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor mRNA is simultaneously enhanced by the same treatment. Kit induced by TPA/CT in NCCmelb4M5 cells disappeared after the cells were subcultured and incubated without TPA/CT. These findings show that NCCmelb4M5 cells have the potential to differentiate into Kit‐positive melanocyte precursors and may be useful to study mechanisms of development and differentiation of melanocytes in mouse neural crest cells.
An oxygen transporter hemocyanin can act on the late pathway of melanin synthesis
Authors: Adachi Kohsuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , Miyamoto Nari , Kokubo Takeshi , Nishioka Takaaki , Hirata Takashi 
Published: May 2005

Summary5,6‐Dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA) are precursors of eumelanin. The effects of crustacean hemolymph proteins on these eumelanin‐related metabolites were investigated. Zymogram analysis indicated that polymers of hemocyanin (Hc) subunits converted DHI into black pigment while no effects were observed using DHICA as a substrate. Spectrum changes for mixtures of purified Hc and DHI showed a profile similar to oxidized DHI by mushroom tyrosinase while Hc had only slight effects on DHICA. Typical inhibitors of tyrosinase and phenoloxidase severely hampered the production of oxidized DHI. Taken together with previous results, these data indicate that Hc plays a crucial role in the conversion of DHI in the hemolymph of crustaceans, which promotes late reactions in the melanin synthetic pathway as well as early reactions (oxidation of tyrosine and DOPA to dopaquinone).
Performance of Galia‐type melons grafted on to Cucurbita rootstock in Monosporascus cannonballus‐infested and non‐infested soils
Authors: COHEN R , BURGER Y , HOREV C , PORAT A , EDELSTEIN M 
Published: May 2005

SummaryGalia‐type melons grafted on to the Cucurbita rootstock‘TZ 148’and non‐grafted controls were evaluated for vegetative development under greenhouse conditions. In general, the development of grafted and non‐grafted plants was similar within a cultivar. The horticultural and pathological performances of the Galia‐type melons ‘Carrera’, ‘NUN‐5554’, ‘6003’ and ‘Arava’ were evaluated in experiments conducted in non‐infested and Monosporascus‐infested soils. In non‐infested soil, grafted and non‐grafted ‘Carrera’, ‘NUN‐5554’ and ‘Arava’ had the same yields. The yield of grafted ‘6003’ was significantly higher than that of its non‐grafted control. Responses of grafted and non‐grafted Galia‐type melons to Monosporascus cannonballus were evaluated and compared in the spring and autumn growing seasons. Significant differences in disease incidence were found among cultivars, between grafted and non‐grafted plants, and between growing seasons. Disease reduction and the beneficial effect of grafting on yield were more pronounced in the spring. The results indicate that Galia‐type melons can be grafted successfully, but the cultivation of the grafted plants should be adapted to each growing area and season.
Development of species‐specific primers for the ectoparasitic nematode species Xiphinema brevicolle, X. diffusum, X. elongatum, X. ifacolum and X. longicaudatum (Nematoda: Longidoridae) based on ribosomal DNA sequences
Authors: OLIVEIRA CLAUDIO M G , FENTON BRIAN , MALLOCH GAYNOR , BROWN DEREK J F , NEILSON ROY 
Published: May 2005

SummaryThe objective of this study was to develop single‐step PCR species‐specific primers that reliably discriminate four economically important Xiphinema species (X. brevicolle, X. elongatum, X. ifacolum and X. longicaudatum) and X. diffusum that is taxonomically very similar to X. brevicolle. Each species‐specific reverse primer was located in the ITS‐1 rDNA region and was used in combination with a universal forward primer located in the 18S rDNA gene. Primer reliability was confirmed by screening seven and 11 populations, respectively of X. diffusum and X. elongatum. Potential species‐specific primers were also identified for X. brevicolle, X. longicaudatum and X. ifacolum, however too few populations of these species were available to thoroughly assess their reliability. For all species‐specific primers, specificity was demonstrated by the absence of cross‐reactions with 14 non‐target Xiphinema species. Multiplex PCR was effective and reproducible for two (X. longicaudatum and X. ifacolum) or three (X. brevicolle, X. diffusum and X. elongatum) of the target nematode species, thus improving the applicability of the diagnostic primers.
Effects of light, temperature and water stress on germination of Artemisia sphaerocephala
Authors: ZHENG YUANRUN , XIE ZHIXIAO , GAO YONG , JIANG LIANHE , XING XUERONG , SHIMIZU HIDEYUKI , RIMMINGTON GLYN M 
Published: May 2005

Summary Artemisia sphaerocephala is widely used for vegetation rehabilitation, but its germination is very low after air seeding of achenes. We explored effects of light, temperature and water stress on germination. Results show that both final percent germination and germination rate were increased by temperature increment, with the highest values occurring at 15: 25°C (night: day) in dark and 20: 30°C under light. Light inhibited germination, especially at lower alternating temperatures (5: 15°C and 10: 20°C). The alternating temperature window for germination was slightly narrower under light than in dark, and germination was slower under light than in dark across the temperature range. Achenes incubated in the dark and at constant temperatures had over 80% germination at 10 to 25°C, with an optimum at 20°C. Under dark and 25μmol m‐2 s‐1 light flux density at 10: 20°C, final percent germination was over 94%, but if the light flux density was increased to 100 and 400 μmol m‐2 s‐1, final percent germination was significantly lower (64% and 38% respectively). However, achenes could keep their germination capacity for a long time (over 50 days) and germinate well after going back to the dark. Germination was also lower under water stress and few achenes germinated at ‐1.4 MPa. This was more pronounced at high and low temperatures. Given these findings and the prevailing climatic characteristics, the most suitable time for air seeding of achenes may be mid‐May.
Production and properties of monoclonal antibodies to Solanum nodiflorum mottle sobemovirus
Authors: JONES A TEIFION , COWAN GRAHAM H , McGAVIN WENDY J , ROBERTS IAN M , TORRANCE LESLEY 
Published: May 2005

SummaryBlack raspberry necrosis virus (BRNV) reaches only very low concentrations in herbaceous plants and is difficult to maintain in culture. However, in a mixed culture with an unrelated virus, Solanum nodiflorum mottle (SNMV), in the genus Sobemovirus, the concentration of BRNV particles increases about 1000‐fold. In attempts to produce monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to BRNV for diagnostic use, purified virus particles from the mixed virus culture were used as immunogen and the resultant antibodies screened against cultures of SNMV alone, BRNV+SNMV and healthy plant extracts. None of the virus‐specific MAbs obtained in this way was specific to BRNV but six were specific to SNMV. Although the original objective was not achieved, the SNMV MAbs were characterised and used to study serological properties of SNMV and other Sobemoviruses. Characterisation of the six SNMV MAbs showed that four were IgG3, one IgG1 and the other IgG2b. SNMV was detected by all six MAbs in ELISA, by five in Western blotting, by three in agarose gel double diffusion tests, but only one was suitable for trapping virus particles in immuno‐electron microscopy (IEM). In Western blotting using virus in sap extracts of Nicotiana clevelandii, each of the five MAbs detected a single major band of Mc. 31 000 in sap containing SNMV, and additional bands of lower mass attributed to degradation of coat protein. In various serological tests, no cross‐reactions were detected between SNMV and seven other viruses from the genus Sobemovirus. However, in IEM but not in Western blotting, significant cross‐reactions were observed between SNMV and Velvet tobacco mottle virus, another species from the genus Sobemovirus. The significance of these different findings is discussed.
Responses of potato cultivars to the common scab pathogens, Streptomyces scabies and S. turgidiscabies
Authors: HILTUNEN L H , WECKMAN A , YLHÄINEN A , RITA H , RICHTER E , VALKONEN J P T 
Published: May 2005

SummaryA glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the responses to Streptomyces scabies and S. turgidiscabies in potato cultivars Bellona, Matilda and Sabina (Solanum tuberosum). Potatoes were grown in a peat‐sand mixture inoculated with one of the two strains of either S. scabies or S. turgidiscabies. Logit models were used to analyse the data on disease incidence and severity, whereas the data on emergence and yield were tested by analysis of variance. S. turgidiscabies, a recently described potato pathogen in Finland, possessed a high ability to cause superficial, raised and pitted lesions on all three cultivars tested. Symptoms induced by S. turgidiscabies were similar to those of S. scabies, regardless of the cultivar, which suggests that the two causal organisms of common scab cannot be distinguished based on symptoms. Infection by S. turgidiscabies and S. scabies delayed emergence, had the tendency to decrease the yield, and increased the proportion of small tubers in the yield, regardless of the potato cultivar. Differences in the levels of resistance to common scab were evident between potato cultivars, since cvs. Matilda and Bellona showed higher disease incidence and more severe scab symptoms than cv. Sabina.
Broad‐based resistance to pigeonpea sterility mosaic disease in wild relatives of pigeonpea (Cajanus: Phaseoleae)
Authors: KUMAR P LAVA , LATHA T K S , KULKARNI N K , RAGHAVENDRA N , SAXENA K B , WALIYAR F , RANGASWAMY K T , MUNIYAPPA V , DORISWAMY SABITHA , JONES A TEIFION 
Published: May 2005

SummarySterility mosaic disease (SMD), an important biotic constraint on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in the Indian subcontinent, is caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus (PPSMV) transmitted by the eriophyid mite, Aceria cajani. Distinct PPSMV isolates occur in different geographical regions and broad‐based resistance to all these isolates is scarce in cultivated pigeonpea germplasm. Wild relatives of pigeonpea, which are known to possess resistance to several pests and diseases, were evaluated for broad‐based SMD resistance. One hundred and fifteen wild Cajanus accessions from six species (C. albicans, C. platycarpus, C. cajanifolius, C. lineatus, C. scarabaeoides and C. sericeus) were evaluated against three PPSMV isolates prevailing in peninsular India. Evaluations were done under greenhouse conditions in endemic locations of each isolate through mite‐mediated virus inoculation. Fifteen accessions showed resistance to all three isolates: ICP 15614, 15615, 15626, 15684, 15688, 15700, 15701, 15725, 15734, 15736, 15737, 15740, 15924, 15925 and 15926. Most of the wild accessions did not support mite multiplication. The majority of the accessions resistant to PPSMV following inoculations with viruliferous mites were susceptible by graft inoculation, suggesting that vector resistance is conferring resistance to infection with PPSMV. The 15 accessions identified as being resistant to infection to all three virus isolates tested are cross compatible with pigeonpea by traditional breeding. They are therefore useful for exploitation in breeding programmes to increase both the level of SMD resistance and to diversify its genetic base in the cultivated pigeonpea gene pool.
Long‐term effects of prey‐availability, partnering and temperature on overall egg capsule output of ‘New Zealand flatworms’,Arthurdendyus triangulates
Authors: BAIRD JOHN , FAIRWEATHER IAN , MURCHIE ARCHIE K 
Published: May 2005

SummaryArthurdendyus triangulatusis an invasive terrestrial flatworm that preys on earthworms. To assessA. triangulatusegg capsule production, flatworms were maintained in ventilated polypropylene tubs (7.5 L) kept in controlled environment (CE) chambers or outdoors in the ground. Controlled environment chambers were maintained at 8°C or 14°C, flatworms kept singly or paired within tubs and offeredEisenia fetidaaccording to a weight equalling one‐eighth or one‐half of the mean flatworm weight, or left unfed. The tubs were a successful method for keeping flatworms, with some surviving for over one year. The greatest number of egg capsules produced by an individualA. triangulatuswas nine over a 16 week period for a flatworm kept at 14°C and fed at the one‐half regime (0.56 egg capsules flatworm‐1week‐1). Although the effects of treatments varied with CE chambers, there was some evidence from flatworms kept outdoors, that feeding affected egg capsule output, with those flatworms fed at the one‐half regime tending to produce more egg capsules (P= 0.057). Flatworms at the one‐eighth regime or that were unfed produced progressively lighter egg capsules and substantially declined in weight themselves. Nevertheless, even unfed flatworms continued to produce egg capsules for 18 weeks. The lightest egg capsule weighed 8 mg, whilst the heaviest was 180 mg. In the CE chambers at 14°C, there was evidence for two different reproductive/survival strategies. Some flatworms produced cumulatively more egg capsules the longer they survived, whereas others lived longer but produced fewer egg capsules. Flatworms kept without a partner still produced egg capsules up to 35 weeks later. Egg capsules contained a mean of 4.14 (CE chambers) or 4.62 (outdoors) juveniles, with a maximum of 11. Overall, juveniles were 45% of the weight of egg capsules, although larger egg capsules had more juveniles, which comprised a greater proportion of the egg capsule. The conversion of earthworm prey to egg capsule production was estimated at 13%.
Patterns of spread of two non‐persistently aphid‐borne viruses in lupin stands under four different infection scenarios
Authors: JONES R A C 
Published: May 2005

SummaryPatterns of spread of Bean yellow mosaic virus (necrotic type, BYMV‐N) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were examined in stands of narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) where naturally occurring aphid vectors moved them from external or internal primary virus sources. The lupin stands were: commercial crops near BYMV‐infected clover pasture with or without an intervening non‐host barrier crop; a large rectangular block with BYMV‐N and CMV sources on opposite sides and a narrow, non‐host barrier crop facing the BYMV‐N source; and a plot within which seed‐infected lupin plants acted as internal CMV sources. When BYMV‐N spread into commercial crops in the absence of a non‐host barrier, there was a steep decline in its incidence with distance from the crop edge. However, when a 20 m‐wide perimeter barrier of oats intervened between the two, there was only a shallow decline. When CMV and BYMV‐N spread from opposite directions into a block with a 0.25 m‐wide oat barrier between it and the BYMV‐N source, the BYMV‐N incidence gradient was shallow but in the opposite direction the CMV gradient was steep. When CMV spread from primary sources within a plot, infection was concentrated in large internal patches. Spread of BYMV‐N was more diffuse with more isolated symptomatic plants and small clusters than occurred with CMV, spread of which was more comprehensive, reacting the near monocyclic and polycyclic patterns of spread with BYMV‐N with CMV respectively. Spread of both viruses was greater along than across rows, especially with CMV. With BYMV‐N, three different phased cycles of secondary spread were evident in the individual symptomatic plants within the small clusters that formed away from the edges of lupin stands. These findings help validate inclusion of perimeter non‐host barriers within an integrated disease management strategy for BYMV‐N in lupin.
Molecular genetic analysis of silencing in two lines of Triticum aestivum transformed with the reporter gene construct pAHC25
Authors: HOWARTH JONATHAN R , JACQUET JEAN N , DOHERTY ANGELA , JONES HUW D , CANNELL MARTIN E 
Published: May 2005

SummaryUnpredictable silencing of foreign genes introduced into wheat by particle bombardment transformation has been previously observed. To investigate the cause of this silencing, we selected two independent wheat lines that had been transformed via the particle gun with plasmid pAHC25 containing the genes uidA (GUS) and bar (BASTA herbicide‐resistance) each controlled by the maize ubiquitin promoterintron (Ubil). One of these lines (WT2) had shown progressive reductions in transgenic phenotype in successive generations until GUS activity and herbicide‐resistance were undetectable in all progeny of the T3 generation tested. A second line, (WT1) exhibited the expected levels of GUS expression and herbicide‐resistance up to the T3 generation except for the loss of transgenic phenotype in a single T1 segregant. Transgene stability, silencing and integration locus was investigated in three generations in both lines. The silencing observed in the WT2 line was found to be acting at the transcription level for both the uidA and bar genes. Analysis of transgene promoter methylation in selected T1, T2 and T3 individuals revealed a positive link between methylation status and gene silencing. The silenced T1 individual from line WT1 was also linked to promoter methylation and insertion locus rearrangement. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) revealed highly divergent transgene insertion loci for WT1 and WT2. WT1 was detected close to the telomere whereas the WT2 insertion was located in the region of the centromere. The effect of these findings on transgene silencing and stability are discussed.