bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and cognitive, neuropsychological, and behavioral deficits: A critical appraisal
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V. , Kaufman Alan S. , Sparrow Sara S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOur purpose in this report is to evaluate scientifically that body of literature relating the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) upon neurobehavioral, health‐related, and cognitive deficits in neonates, developing infants, children, and adults. The data derive from seven cohorts: six cohorts of mothers and their offspring who were exposed to PCBs, and one composed of adults who were also exposed to PCBs. We applied six fundamental sets of scientific criteria to evaluate the claims of each study deriving from each cohort: (1) The level of reliability and validity of assessment instruments; (2) The appropriateness of the reliability assessments made on study variables; (3) The adequacy of controlling for chance findings when multiple comparisons were made; (4) The necessity to distinguish between clinically meaningful and statistically significant results; (5) The level of success in controlling for fundamental confounding variables, and; (6) The extent to which studies were longitudinally designed and appropriately analyzed. We conclude that the studies of these cohorts failed to meet reasonable scientific standards. Studies deriving from the more recent cohorts used better research designs than those based on the early (about 1980) cohorts in Michigan and North Carolina, and produced occasional interesting hypotheses that need to be tested on new cohorts. However, the numerous claims and conclusions regarding the deleterious effects of maternal PCB exposure upon subsequent cognitive, neuropsychological, and behavioral development in their offspring, whether the exposure is in utero or postnatal, are not tenable; nor are the claims that PCBs affect the neuropsychological functioning of adults. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 589–624, 2004.
Commentary on polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), toxins, and neuropsychological deficits: Good science is the antidote
Authors: Hebben Nancy 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe seven cohort studies of the relation between prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to cognitive, neuropsychological and behavioral development have suggested that exposure to PCBs can cause persistent changes in cognitive functioning. D.V. Cicchetti, A.S. Kaufman, and S.S. Sparrow (this issue) apply six scientific criteria to the design, methodology, and data analysis of the seven cohort studies and demonstrate that numerous flaws limit the reliability and validity of the results and the subsequent conclusions that can be drawn. Their analysis highlights the following general issues for both clinical and research neuropsychologists: (a) self‐report may not be the most reliable indicator of exposure to a toxin or of history; (b) statistical results are limited by the appropriateness and reliability and validity of test instruments; (c) clinical examiners must be appropriately trained; (d) some significant findings occur by chance alone, and; (e) the error of overinterpretation of findings—statistical significance does not mean clinical significance and population statistics cannot be applied directly to individuals. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 681–685, 2004.
Relationship of perinatal PCB exposure to neurodevelopmental outcomes: Reply to appraisal
Authors: Gladen Beth C. , Rogan Walter J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractD.V. Cicchetti, A.S. Kaufman, and S.S. Sparrow (this issue) examine various technical issues related to six studies of perinatal PCB exposure and neurodevelopment and one study of adult PCB exposure and motor function. They raise questions about possible imperfections of the studies, but many of their assertions are unsupported or frankly incorrect, and they do little to assess the potential impact of the issues that they raise; we find none of their arguments about flaws in our study compelling. Their stated purpose is to scientifically evaluate the body of literature, but their narrow focus does not allow a genuine evaluation of the scientific evidence. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 687–691, 2004.
Evidence for neuropsychological effects of PCBs in environmental studies: Getting better all the time
Authors: Rice Deborah C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis invited response to the paper by D.V. Cicchetti, A.S. Kaufman, and S.S. Sparrow (CKS), and the responses by the investigative teams of the studies criticized by them, addresses specific errors of logic and interpretation by CKS, and integrates comments made by the study investigators. CKS provide a flawed analysis of the literature on the neuropsychological effects of PCBs identified in epidemiological studies. Arguments regarding the inadequacy of study design and data analysis are for the most part factually in error, unimportant, superceded by later testing or analysis within a study, or if true, would bias results toward the null rather than finding spurious effects. They also fail to differentiate between small effects in an individual and the societal consequences of such effects, and fail to recognize the overall consistency of effects among studies. In fact, the literature is remarkably consistent in documenting adverse consequences of developmental exposure to PCBs in humans. In addition, contrary to assertions by CKS, developmental studies in monkeys documented cognitive effects at body burdens observed in human studies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 693–707, 2004.
Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Implications for school psychologists
Authors: Cook‐Cottone Catherine 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPediatric exposure to polychlorinated biphynels (PCBs) is a national health concern with significant implications for school psychologists. According to the healthcare collaboration model, the school psychologist plays a key role in the provision of services to children affected by environmental teratogens. To effectively function as healthcare collaborators, school psychologists must have an understanding of the nature of PCBs, the current state of PCB research, and implications for practice. This article provides a brief and critical update of empirical findings and posited developmental implications as well as an empirically guided overview of PCB‐related school psychology practice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 709–714, 2004.
Modification of data processing and interpretation of results related to the use of multiparameter correlation analysis: introduction of additional characteristics and criteria. Part 1—Application to the treatment of solvent effects
Authors: Palm V. , Palm N. , Tenno T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeveral problems with multilinear regression analysis in chemistry are discussed. These problems are connected with the establishment of scales and their inclusion in the model of significant and, as usually desired, physically or chemically meaningful descriptors. The detection of abundant and interrelated descriptors and of the presence and the mode of elimination of strongly deviating data are discussed, as well as the estimation of absent values for incomplete (considering a set of rows treated) descriptor scales. They were studied using an incomplete data matrix for 359 solvent‐dependent processes and solvent parameter scales for 45 solvents. Some non‐traditional problems, related to the formalism of application of the basic principles of correlation analysis, are discussed and corresponding characteristics and criteria specified. A quantitative measure of the orthogonality of correlation matrices was introduced. As a result of the realization of this approach, it was found that for multiparameter correlation analyses of the solvent‐dependent processes under consideration, seven residual (i.e. free from mutual contributions) descriptors are significant and sufficient. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleophilic attack on ketene, 6‐methylene‐2,4‐cyclohexadienylideneketene, 6‐oxo‐2,4‐cyclohexadienylideneketene and 4‐oxo‐2,5‐cyclohexadienylideneketene: an ab initio study
Authors: Keeffe James R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNucleophilic attack of cyanide anion at the carbonyl carbon was studied computationally at the MP2/6–311+G** level for ketene and at the MP2/6–31+G* and MP2/6–31+G*//HF/6–31+G* levels for all four title compounds. Heats of addition were computed for formation of in‐plane adducts and perpendicular adducts where the terms ‘in‐plane’ and ‘perpendicular’ indicate the direction of nucleophilic attack relative to the ketene plane. Heats of activation were also computed for the two modes of attack. For ketene (1) the in‐plane adduct is favored by 37.6 kcal mol−1 and the in‐plane transition state by 18.8 kcal mol−1. For the 6‐methylene compound (2) the in‐plane adduct is favored by 20.1 kcal mol−1 and the in‐plane transition state by 7.3 kcal mol−1. For the 6‐oxo compound (3) the in‐plane adduct is more stable by 11.2 kcal mol−1 whereas the in‐plane transition state is preferred by 8.8 kcal mol−1. For the 4‐oxo compound (4) the in‐plane adduct is favored by 19.3 kcal mol−1 but its transition state by only 2.8 kcal mol−1. The in‐plane adduct for ketene is the enolate of acetyl cyanide while the perpendicular adduct is a pyramidalized carbanion attached to a cyanocarbonyl group. Calculated NPA charges support this conclusion. The perpendicular adduct is actually the transition state for rotation about the CC bond of the ketene moiety in the in‐plane adduct, and the 37.6 kcal mol−1 enthalpy difference is closely matched by the calculated activation enthalpy for rotation about the CC bond of acetaldehyde enolate: ΔH‡ = 33.6 kcal mol−1. The smaller differences found for in‐plane vs perpendicular adduct formation for the 6‐methylene, 6‐oxo and 4‐oxo compounds are correlated with decreases in bond length alternation within the six‐membered rings which occur upon addition of the nucleophile. Less alternation may be associated with an approach to aromaticity, hence an increase in stability. Both modes of attack lead to reduced bond length alternation, but the amount of alternation is lowered more for the perpendicular adducts than for the in‐plane adducts. Changes in the CO bond lengths are also diagnostic. For all four ketenes the ketenyl CO length in the in‐plane adducts is greater than in the perpendicular adducts reflecting more single bond (enolate) character in the former and more double bond (carbonyl) character in the latter. On the other hand the lengths of the 6‐oxo and 4‐oxo CO bonds in their in‐plane adducts are smaller than in the perpendicular adducts, consistent with increased conjugation with the oxo substituent in the latter. The greater NPA charge on the 6‐oxo and 4‐oxo oxygens of the perpendicular adducts supports this conclusion. Calculated enthalpies of activation are in the order ketene > 6‐methyleneketene > 6‐oxoketene, in qualitative agreement with experimentally determined rates of hydration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase behavior, crystallization, and morphology in thermosetting blends of a biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)‐type epoxy resin and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)
Authors: Guo Qipeng , Slavov Sophie , Halley Peter J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThermosetting blends of a biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)‐type epoxy resin (PEG‐ER) and poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared via an in situ curing reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE) and maleic anhydride (MAH) in the presence of PCL. The miscibility, phase behavior, crystallization, and morphology of these blends were investigated. The uncured PCL/PEGDGE blends were miscible, mainly because of the entropic contribution, as the molecular weight of PEGDGE was very low. The crystallization and melting behavior of both PCL and the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment of PEGDGE were less affected in the uncured PCL/PEGDGE blends because of the very close glass‐transition temperatures of PCL and PEGDGE. However, the cured PCL/PEG‐ER blends were immiscible and exhibited two separate glass transitions, as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. There existed two phases in the cured PCL/PEG‐ER blends, that is, a PCL‐rich phase and a PEG‐ER crosslinked phase composed of an MAH‐cured PEGDGE network. The crystallization of PCL was slightly enhanced in the cured blends because of the phase‐separated nature; meanwhile, the PEG segment was highly restricted in the crosslinked network and was noncrystallizable in the cured blends. The phase structure and morphology of the cured PCL/PEG‐ER blends were examined with scanning electron microscopy; a variety of phase morphologies were observed that depended on the blend composition. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2833–2843, 2004
Two new radiological findings to improve the diagnosis of bronchial foreign‐body aspiration in children
Authors: Girardi Guido , Contador Ana M. , Castro‐Rodríguez José A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOur objective was to report on two new chest X‐ray signs (hyperinflation or obstructive emphysema with atelectasis in the same hemithorax, and aeration within an area of atelectasis) in children with foreign‐body aspiration (FBA). We performed a retrospective review of clinical characteristics and chest X‐ray films of 133 children with FBA. Of 133 children, 45% were under 3 years old. History of a choking crisis was present in 101 (75.8%); however, it was only elicited upon follow‐up questioning in 33 children (32.7%). Early foreign‐body (FB) extraction (<24 hr) was performed in 17.3%; removal took place between 1–7 days in 29.3%. The site of aspirated FBs was bronchial in 78.9%, laryngeal in 6%, and tracheal in 4.5%, with mobile FB in the trachea/bronchi in 4.5%. The chest X‐ray was normal in 11.3%. Positive findings included: radiopaque FB (23.3%); hyperinflation or obstructive emphysema (21.8%); hyperinflation or obstructive emphysema with atelectasis in the same hemithorax (18%); lobar atelectasis (12.8%); whole‐lung atelectasis (6.8%); shift of mediastinal shadow (11%); and aeration within an area of atelectasis (6%). In conclusion, if a history of choking crisis is not present in a child with suspected FBA, two previously undescribed radiological signs (hyperinflation or obstructive emphysema with atelectasis in the same hemithorax, and aeration within an area of atelectasis) should be sought in order to improve the utility of chest‐X ray for early diagnosis of FBA. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nasal corticosteroids for children with snoring
Authors: Alexopoulos Emmanouel I. , Kaditis Athanasios G. , Kalampouka Efthimia , Kostadima Eleni , Angelopoulos Nikiforos V. , Mikraki Vasiliki , Skenteris Nikolaos , Gourgoulianis Konstantinos 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNasal corticosteroids improve polysomnography indices but not symptoms in children with mild to moderate sleep‐disordered breathing. We hypothesized that administration of nasal corticosteroids for 4 weeks to snoring children with only mild elevation in their apnea‐hypopnea index would improve both polysomnography findings and symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing. Budesonide 50 mcg per nostril twice daily was administered for 4 weeks to children (2–14 years old) with habitual snoring and an apnea‐hypopnea index of 1–10 episodes/hr. Subjects were evaluated before treatment and at 2 weeks and 9 months after its completion. Primary outcome variables were changes in apnea‐hypopnea index and symptom score. Twenty‐seven children were studied. At 2 weeks, the mean apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 5.2 (±2.2) episodes/hr to 3.2 (±1.5) episodes/hr, and median oxygen desaturation of hemoglobin index fell from 3.1 (0.4–8.2) to 1.9 (0.2–5.4) (P < 0.0001). Mean symptom score was 1.33 (±2.11) at baseline, and decreased to −0.008 (±2.24) at 2 weeks after treatment and to −1.08 (±1.75) at 9 months after treatment (P < 0.05). Four weeks of nasal budesonide improved both polysomnography findings and symptoms in children with mild sleep‐disordered breathing. The clinical effect is maintained for several months after treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 38:161–167. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of experimental meconium aspiration syndrome with surfactant lung lavage and conventional vs. asymmetric high‐frequency jet ventilation
Authors: Sevecova‐Mokra Daniela , Calkovska Andrea , Drgova Anna , Javorka Michal , Javorka Kamil 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRespiratory failure caused by meconium aspiration requires combined strategies. We hypothesized that surfactant lung lavage with asymmetric high‐frequency jet ventilation (AHFJV) can increase the removal of meconium and improve lung function. During conventional ventilation (CV), a suspension of human meconium (25 mg/ml, 4 ml/kg) was instilled into the tracheal tube of anesthetized rabbits to cause respiratory failure. Animals were then divided into four groups: saline lavage + CV (Sal‐CV), surfactant lavage + CV (Surf‐CV), saline lavage + HFJV (Sal‐HFJV), and surfactant lavage + HFJV (Surf‐HFJV). Lung lavage (10 ml/kg in 3 portions) was performed with diluted surfactant (Curosurf, 100 mg of phospholipids/kg) or saline during CV (frequency (f), 30/min; inspiration time (Ti), 50%) or AHFJV (f, 300/min; Ti, 70%). Animals were ventilated for an additional hour with either CV or HFJV (Ti, 50%). Surfactant lavage with both CV and AHFJV removed more meconium than saline lavage. However, the highest removal was found in the Surf‐HFJV group vs. all other groups (P < 0.05). The oxygenation index decreased after surfactant lavage in both groups compared to controls (P < 0.001), and more prominently in the Surf‐CV group. Elimination of CO2 was significantly higher in the Surf‐HFJV group vs. all other groups (P < 0.05). The ventilation efficiency index increased after lavage in both surfactant groups vs. saline controls (P < 0.05). Dynamic lung‐thorax compliance gradually increased, and right‐to‐left pulmonary shunts decreased in both surfactant groups vs. saline controls after lavage (P < 0.05). Combination of surfactant lavage with both CV and AHFJV was beneficial in rabbits with meconium aspiration syndrome. While AHFJV was more effective in the removal of meconium, CV had a more favorable effect on lung function in the postlavage period. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 38:285–291. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and phloem mobility of acidic derivatives of the fungicide fenpiclonil
Authors: Chollet Jean‐François , Rocher Françoise , Jousse Cyril , Delétage‐Grandon Céline , Bashiardes Georges , Bonnemain Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA series of derivatives of the phenylpyrrole fungicide fenpiclonil was synthesized in which a carboxyl group was present at various sites of this non‐phloem‐mobile molecule. Using the Kleier model, all these acidic analogues were predicted to be moderately phloem‐mobile, especially the N‐substituted derivatives. One of these latter molecules, N‐carboxymethyl‐3‐cyano‐4‐(2,3‐dichlorophenyl)pyrrole, exhibited some fungicidal activity on the pathogenic fungus Eutypa lata, and was then tested as a phloem‐mobile pesticide in the Ricinus system. The compound was indeed mobile in the sieve tubes and was not degraded to fenpiclonil in the phloem sap under our experimental conditions. Its concentration in the sap was closely correlated to the percentage of the undissociated form of the molecule in the external medium, and was similar under acidic conditions (external pH 4.6–5.0) to that of the herbicide glyphosate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the systemic activity of simeconazole in comparison with that of other DMI fungicides
Authors: Tsuda Mikio , Itoh Hiroyuki , Kato Shigehiro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe systemic activity of simeconazole (RS‐2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐trimethylsilylpropan‐2‐ol) in plants was compared with those of eight other sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides. Simeconazole prevented the infection of Blumeria graminis (DC) Speer f sp hordei Marchal on barley leaves within a radius of several centimeters from the edge of local treatment on the leaves when the compound was separated from the leaves by glass coverslips. This reveals that simeconazole has prominent vapour‐phase activity. Simeconazole showed excellent curative activity against barley powdery mildew when treated 1–3 days after inoculation. Furthermore, this indicates that simeconazole has notable translaminar activity because, when the compound was applied onto either the adaxial or abaxial leaf surface, it showed excellent efficacy against powdery mildew on the opposite side of the leaf surface of barley and cucumber. Simeconazole also showed excellent efficacy against barley powdery mildew by soil drench 24 h after inoculation. This suggests that simeconazole was absorbed very quickly into the barley plant after treatment. The permeability of the compound through cuticular membranes prepared from tomato fruits was about 20% at 22 h after the treatment and was much superior to that of the other DMI fungicides tested. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Systemic activity of simeconazole and its derivatives in plants
Authors: Tsuda Mikio , Itoh Hiroyuki , Kato Shigehiro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe systemic activity of simeconazole (RS‐2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐1‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐trimethylsilylpropan‐2‐ol) and a number of its derivatives in plants has been investigated to establish which portion of the structure of the molecule contributes to this outstanding activity. The results revealed that the hydroxyl group of the simeconazole moiety is essential for vapour‐phase activity and translocation from roots of the compound. They showed that the presence of a fluorine atom in the structure was not indispensable for vapour‐phase activity or translocation from roots, although the fluorine atom contributed to these systemic movements. In addition, it was found that the fungicidal activity of simeconazole against Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and Blumeria graminis DC f sp hordei Marchal is potentiated by the fluorine atom, since the activity of a compound which lacked fluorine in the 4‐position of the phenyl ring was inferior to that of simeconazole. A compound in which the silicon atom of simeconazole was replaced by a carbon atom showed lower antifungal activity than simeconazole, while phytotoxicity was caused in rice plants by soil drench of the compound. Therefore, the silicon atom of simeconazole may contribute to its selectivity between fungi and plants. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Attractiveness of brown rice baits to non‐target birds in harvested corn and soybean fields
Authors: Linz George M , Knutsen Gregory A , Homan H Jeffrey , Bleier William J 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBrown rice is used as a bait‐carrier for the avicide DRC‐1339 (3‐chloro‐4‐methylaniline) when baiting blackbirds (Icteridae). In March and April 1996 and 1997, we assessed non‐target granivorous bird use of rice‐baited plots placed in harvested corn and soybean fields in eastern South Dakota for 168 observation hours. In both years combined, we identified 10 and 14 granivorous species in corn and soybean fields, respectively. In 1996 (X = 0.2, SE = 0.04) and 1997 (X = 1.2, SE = 0.38), total numbers of granivores min−1 were similar between crops (P ≥ 0.322). In 1996, bird numbers were higher (P = 0.069) in rice‐baited fields (X = 0.3, SE = 0.07) than in unbaited reference fields (X = 0.1, SE = 0.04). In 1997, bird numbers (X = 1.2, SE = 0.38) did not differ between treatments (P = 0.456). Our data show that small numbers of non‐target birds visited the rice‐baited plots. However, total number of different individual birds using the plots was unknown. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry