bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important thing to learn is how to practice. If you learn how to practice, you will certainly learn how to play. Many students (and professionals too, for that matter) don’t like to practice, don’t do it enough, and don’t use their practice time productively. Many students don’t even know what to do when they are supposed to be practicing. A lot of doodling and messing around masquerades as practicing. We all know players who assert that they practice three or four hours a day, and yet they are rarely prepared for lessons, much less concerts. This chapter is intended to help with these problems. While reading this, some may feel that the suggestions are excessively strict and that there must surely be some sort of a shortcut. On the contrary, these suggestions are the shortcut. Anything else will take longer and not work as well.
Extended Techniques
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past few decades, music has ventured beyond the traditional arrangement of notes and rhythms into realms of sound requiring new techniques of tone production. Books by Peter Veale, Libby Van Cleve, and Bruno Bartolozzi give a comprehensive picture of the possibilities.1 I cannot improve on these, but I can offer a few practical suggestions for the novice.
Reed Evaluation and Adjustment
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are at least two, and maybe three, golden rules of oboe reed making. The two 24-karat ones are: Sharpen your knife. Don’t make any mistakes. Early in my career, I remember reading a statement by Ray Still asserting that it takes thirty years to learn how to make reeds.1 Of course, I devoutly hoped he was mistaken—that there was some possible shortcut that he had overlooked—but it turned out that he was nearly correct. After twenty years or so, I started to feel like I could make a reed whenever I needed one. I could make reeds in the interim, too, but it did take about twenty years for the process to become reliable and consistent. So I reflected: what had I learned? Apart from the experience of making thousands of reeds, which counts for a lot, the only things I had really learned, taken to heart, and become slightly obsessive about (unusual for me), were the two statements listed earlier.
Instrument Selection, Care, and Adjustment
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Buying an oboe or English horn is a little different from making a major domestic purchase like an appliance, and even a little different from buying a more popular wind instrument like a saxophone or a clarinet. Before moving to more specific tips for buying an oboe, let me make a few points right at the outset. If you only read the rest of this section, you’ll already do well with your selection and purchase. Include your teacher in the purchase process. Unless you are an experienced oboist, you should never buy an instrument without advice from a teacher or professional player. In my experience, every time a young student (or a well-meaning parent buying a Christmas gift) has bought an instrument without seeking advice, they did not find the best instrument at the best price. Include your teacher in the purchase process. If you don’t have a teacher, get advice from an oboe professional. Some experienced consumers feel confident in their research capabilities and think that they can make a wise oboe purchase based on their investigations alone. While this will almost certainly work when purchasing an automobile or a television, oboes have a musical component which only oboists are qualified to evaluate. Find a trustworthy
Selection and Care of Tools and Equipment
Authors: Schuring Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will describe basic standards for the oboist’s tool kit, along with some recommendations for care and feeding of these often expensive and fragile items. I will not make recommendations favoring specific brands; this would be unfair to the many other makers who also provide quality items. Nor will I mention specific dollar figures, as these fluctuate (mostly upward) pretty regularly. Since the oboe market is small, nobody will sell enough of anything to get rich. And there is no luxury market of oboe goods, where makers justify very high prices by maintaining a certain prestige for their merchandise. In other words, you almost always get what you pay for. Costlier items are better than cheaper ones. But they may not be better in a way that matters to you, so be smart in your purchases. If you have never made reeds before, buying expensive gold-plated staples individually machined to very close tolerances won’t make any difference to your results yet. I do suggest avoiding the least expensive of anything, not because I think the vendor wants to cheat his customers, but because there has to be a reason for the very low cost.
Euripides Trojan Women
Authors: Shapiro Alan , Burian Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among surviving Greek tragedies only Euripides’ Trojan Women shows us the extinction of a whole city, an entire people. Despite its grim theme, or more likely because of the centrality of that theme to the deepest fears of our own age, this is one of the relatively few Greek tragedies that regularly finds its way to the stage. Here the power of Euripides’ theatrical and moral imagination speaks clearly across the twenty-five centuries that separate our world from his. The theme is really a double one: the suffering of the victims of war, exemplified by the woman who survive the fall of Troy, and the degradation of the victors, shown by the Greeks’ reckless and ultimately self-destructive behavior. It offers an enduring picture of human fortitude in the midst of despair. Trojan Women gains special relevance, of course, in times of war. It presents a particularly intense account of human suffering and uncertainty, but one that is also rooted in considerations of power and policy, morality and expedience. Furthermore, the seductions of power and the dangers both of its exercise and of resistance to it as portrayed in Trojan Women are not simply philosophical or rhetorical gambits but part of the lived experience of Euripides’ day. And their analogues in our own day lie all too close at hand. This new powerful translation of Trojan Women includes an illuminating introduction, explanatory notes, a glossary, and suggestions for further reading.
The Earth Is Still Hot and Mobile
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People in Maryland knew something was up when the snows of late spring were brown, blue, even red. It was 1816, an unusually cold year. Brown snow fell in Hungary that year, and for the citizens of Taranto in southern Italy, where any snow is unusual, the red and yellow snows that season caused consternation and alarm. The world had gone awry. “During the entire season,” wrote one observer, “the sun arose each morning as though in a cloud of smoke, red and rayless, shedding little light or warmth and setting at night behind a thin cloud of vapor, leaving hardly a trace of its having passed over the face of the Earth.”
In New England, 1816 was called “the Year Without a Summer” and also, with Yankee wryness, “Eighteen Hundred and Froze to Death.” As the spring wore on into summer, there were successive cold waves and frosts every month. We know just how cold because the presidents of Yale University during this period—a succession of clergymen and scholars— were willing to rise each morning at 4:30 to read and record the temperature. In June 1816, the average temperature was 7 degrees Fahrenheit below normal for the preceding years and those that followed. The temperature fluctuated wildly: from a low of 35 degrees at sunset on June 7 to a high of 88 at two in the afternoon on June 24.
. . . With the Potential for Equally Great Changes on a Global Scale
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1988, the ozone was in the wrong place. There was too much of it in American cities and not enough over Antarctica. Unusual weather, in combination with auto and other emissions, had led to the highest ozone concentrations in ten years in many cities. The American public raised a hue and cry for tougher clean air regulations, many of which had been relaxed in the past decade. Fortunately, the 1970 Clean Air Act and its subsequent amendments have produced the desired effects: emissions of some toxic gases have dropped more than 90 percent. Despite the fact that the United States leads the world carbon dioxide emission, recent improvements have disproved the notion that the American public is lethargic on certain environmental matters. Indeed, in both the matter of ozone in urban air and the ozone hole in the stratosphere, the public led its leaders.
About 97 percent of all of the ozone in the atmosphere is found in the upper reaches of the stratosphere, where it absorbs otherwise dangerous ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, thus providing an effective blanket for life. The ozone layer presumably has existed throughout much of geologic time, and the Earth’s flora and fauna, including the human species, have evolved without having to contend with extreme doses of ultraviolet radiation. A marked thinning of the layer would cause, at the least, a corresponding increase in skin cancers, along with adverse effects on other forms of life.
Erotic City
Authors: Sides Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s, San Francisco has been America’s capital of sexual libertinism and a potent symbol in its culture wars. In this highly original book, Josh Sides explains how this happened, unearthing long-forgotten stories of the city’s sexual revolutionaries, as well as the legions of longtime San Franciscans who tried to protect their vision of a moral metropolis. Erotic dancers, prostitutes, birth control advocates, pornographers, free lovers, and gay libbers transformed San Francisco’s political landscape and its neighborhoods in ways seldom appreciated. But as sex radicals became more visible in the public spaces of the city, many San Franciscans reacted violently. The assassinations of Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk were but the most brazen acts in a city caught up in a battle over morality. Ultimately, Sides argues, one cannot understand the evolution of postwar American cities without recognizing the profound role that sex has played. More broadly, one cannot understand modern American politics without taking into account the postwar transformation of San Francisco and other cities into both real and imagined repositories of unfettered sexual desire.
Patient-Centered Care
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sylvia Stultz, who died of a rare form of disseminated sarcoma in June, 2006, was a clinical psychologist who taught social skills to autistic children. As she went in and out of hospitals and clinics while seeking treatment for her cancer, she discovered a new calling. She found her- self trying to teach social skills to health-care workers instead. As recounted by her friend Susan Okie, a journalist and contrib- uting editor to the New England Journal of Medicine, Ms. Stultz on one occasion visited the surgical oncology clinic at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. She reported to the clinic, as she had been instructed, at 10:15 a.m. When, after waiting several hours, she began to ask for estimates of when she might be seen, the staff seemed puzzled that she would ask such a question. She finally met the specialist she was supposed to see at 3:30 p.m.
Evidence-Based Medicine and Pay-for-Performance
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over roughly the past fifteen years, there has been a revolution in how both academic physicians and medical practitioners view medical knowledge. This in turn has led to a revolution in how physicians and hospitals are reimbursed. Both revolutions have considerable potential to alter the face of medicine and how it treats patients. If one were to peruse the bioethics literature during this period, one would have to conclude that neither revolution occurred. When I began working on the project that has led to this book, I did a PubMed search on “ethics” and “pay-for-performance” and retrieved no articles.1 Bioethics, during this time, has remained occupied with old issues, such as contro- versial aspects of end-of-life care, and new issues, such as neuroethics and nanotechnology. Why bioethics has found evidence-based medicine (EBM) and pay-for-performance (P4P) so unworthy of its attention should give us pause. I will offer some hypotheses at the end of the chapter.
Community Dialogue
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Smith lies in the intensive care unit. There is a dispute about whether he should be maintained on a ventilator, or started on renal dialysis. Would these measures be of benefit to him? Would they merely prolong the dying process? We bioethicists are called to the bedside for a consultation. Our initial response to the consultation request will be both unanmous and vociferous. Let Mr. Smith speak for himself. We must hear the voice of the patient—the voice that for too many decades or centuries, the paternalistic practice of medicine sought to ignore or suppress. As the playwright eloquently phrased it: Whose life is it, anyway? Perhaps we will find upon further inquiry that the voice of Mr. Smith cannot now be heard. Perhaps he is comatose or delirious. In that event, ironically, we demand even more that we somehow manage to find his voice and listen to it. Perhaps he has executed an advance directive. Perhaps he had conversations about his wishes with his loved ones. Perhaps twenty years ago he once made a passing comment to a stranger on the street. No matter; we will move mountains to find that voice and then to listen to what it said.
New Technologies
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those of us who became involved in bioethics in the 1970s heard a certain message repeated ad nauseam. It seemed to assume qualities of a ritualistically invoked mantra. As one of the two major bioethics think tanks dating from those days already has a mantra named after it, I will call this mantra the “Hastings mantra.”1 The Hastings mantra has two parts: • The development of novel medical technologies confronts us with ethical challenges of a sort never before encountered. • It is vitally important that we address those emerging ethical challenges pro-actively, before the technology has come into wide- spread use. (The mantra seldom proceeds to answer the logical follow-up question, “Or else what?” since one cannot provide any very long list of technologies that were not put into use merely because pro-active bioethical analysis objected.)
Defiance
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevailing image of European Jews during the Holocaust is one of helpless victims, but in fact many Jews struggled against the terrors of the Third Reich. In Defiance, Nechama Tec offers a riveting history of one such group, a forest community in western Belorussia that would number more than 1,200 Jews by 1944-the largest armed rescue operation of Jews by Jews in World War II. Tec reveals that this extraordinary community included both men and women, some with weapons, but mostly unarmed, ranging from infants to the elderly. She reconstructs for the first time the amazing details of how these partisans and their families-hungry, exposed to the harsh winter weather-managed not only to survive, but to offer protection to all Jewish fugitives who could find their way to them. Arguing that this success would have been unthinkable without the vision of one man, Tec offers penetrating insight into the group’ s commander, Tuvia Bielski. Tec brings to light the untold story of Bielski’ s struggle as a partisan who lost his parents, wife, and two brothers to the Nazis, yet never wavered in his conviction that it was more important to save one Jew than to kill twenty Germans. She shows how, under Bielski’ s guidance, the partisans smuggled Jews out of heavily guarded ghettos, scouted the roads for fugitives, and led retaliatory raids against Belorussian peasants who collaborated with the Nazis. Herself a Holocaust survivor, Nechama Tec here draws on wide-ranging research and never before published interviews with surviving partisans-including Tuvia Bielski himself-to reconstruct here the poignant and unforgettable story of those who chose to fight. “ The saga of the Bielski partisans is one of the most elevating and inspiring stories in the chronicle of death and despair that is the Holocaust.... Defiance is an accomplished and startling work of Holocaust documentation.” --Los Angeles Times “ Powerful and meticulous. This story is like almost no other.” --Leon Wieseltier, The New Republic
Introduction
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time Americans spoke very freely about the importance of constructing oneself properly. They encouraged people, especially the young, to “self-improvement” and “self-culture,” to “make something of themselves.” As examples for imitation, they pointed to individuals they called “self-made men.” Today the language for speaking about the self has changed enormously, and it is not even clear to us what was meant by the old-fashioned terminology.
Shaping the Selves of Others
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Men must be subjected to some law,” William Ellery Channing observed, “and unless the law in their own breast, the law of God, of duty, of perfection, be adopted by their free choice as the supreme rule, they will fall under the tyranny of selfish passion, which will bow their necks for an outward yoke.” Concern with self-improvement, that is, making one’s own character, led quite naturally to a concern with the improvement of the characters of others. Since a failure to subdue the passions in human nature posed a political threat, there was a collective, as well as an individual, impulse toward the imposition of self-control. This was a generation whose reformers were extraordinarily successful in embodying their values in institutions that were designed to shape human character. Common (public) schools for children, professional schools for adults, penitentiaries, workhouses, insane asylums, Indian reservations—all professed didactic objectives. Even the age-old institution of the family came under renewed examination as the locus for character-formation.
The Platonic Quest in New England
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about a particular kind of self-cultivation: the pursuit of spiritual self-transcendence. Unlike many other mysticisms, this one did not despair at the corruption of the world but expressed rather the opposite attitude: a boundless optimism that believed all things possible—even the attainment of the divine. Still more remarkably, it appeared where one might least expect to find mysticism: in a prosperous young nation, within a region where the market revolution was far advanced, and among members of a religious denomination dedicated to thoroughgoing rationalism.
Margaret Fuller’s Heroic Ideal of Womanhood
Authors: Edwards Jonathan , Lincoln Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Margaret Fuller (1810–1850) was fifteen years old, a famous hero came to town. Hoping to meet him, she made bold to write a letter to the Marquis de Lafayette. “Sir, the contemplation of a character such as yours fills the soul with a noble ambition. Should we both live, and it is possible to a female, to whom the avenues of glory are seldom accessible, I will recal [sic] my name to your recollection.” Alexander Hamilton or Benjamin Franklin would have understood such feelings of virtuous ambition in a young person—but, as this writer acknowledged, the path to fame would be countless times harder for a girl. The young Margaret Fuller derived her heroic ambition in part from the classical republicanism in which she was educated but also from Neoplatonic and Romantic aspirations that would have been alien to Hamilton and Franklin. Her goal was no mere passing adolescent phase; at the age of thirty she shared her deepest feelings with a friend: “I must die if I do not burst forth in genius or heroism.” The juxtaposition of “genius” and “heroism” suggests the blending of Romantic with classical ideals in her mind.
Postscript
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word had been abroad, a day or two before he died, that he was soon to. A phone-call from a London newspaper broke to me the likelihood, and asked if I would write something. Against his dying. I said no, because I was bespoken in that I had already set down my say. A couple of years ago the Sunday Times had asked me to write, not an obituary, but a tribute, to wait the day. I remember that it was a discomposing experience, writing it, and new to me, this speaking of someone as if he or she were already dead. I haven’t ever written a pickled obituary for The Times proper; haven’t been asked to.
A Roman Experience: Virgil, Augustus, and the Future
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been studying Virgil’s vision of nature, history, and process, and finding it bound up with his idea of what it is to be an Italian and a Roman. Such a conception is, in modern terms, an ideology; indeed it is in the large sense a political ideology, since it concerns the individual’s relation to his society, affirms the emotional as well as practical importance of the city and its institutions, and explores the character of nationhood. This raises the question of its relationship to politics in the more obvious sense—that is, to the figure of Augustus and, perhaps more interestingly, to his constitutional settlement and to the moral and social outlook associated with his name. It has often been asked how far Virgil was a genuine admirer of Augustus and a believer in his cause. In looking for an answer, we should also ask how far Virgil was creating his own ideology, and inviting Augustus to follow that, if he should so choose.
Direction of the Script and Methods of Inscribing
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North Semitic inscriptions were written continuously from right to left; this has been amply demonstrated, at least from the time of our earliest surviving examples in the second millennium B.C. It is also evident from the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions that, in adopting the Semitic alphabet, the Greeks naturally accepted with it the basic principles (a) that the correct direction of the letters, following each other in the abecedarium, was from right to left, and (b) that therefore any writing ought to begin in this retrograde way.
Materials Used
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As wood was the material from which the Greeks of the eighth and early seventh centuries made their cult-statues and the structural parts of their buildings, before they mastered the art of carving in stone on a monumental scale, so it was one of the earliest materials used for public inscriptions of any length. The most famous example of this practice, the set of wooden &#x91;axones&#x92; on which Solon&#x91;s law-code was inscribed at Athens, has been so well discussed already that little need be said here.