bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unity through the Language of Worship
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the various forms and shapes that the seer’s language takes, the language of worship stands out. Even a cursory reading of the Book of Revelation shows the presence of liturgical language set in worship. Moreover, as we shall see, the language of worship plays an important role in unifying the book, that is, in making it a coherent apocalypse in both form and content. The scenes of worship are not just “interludes” or “interruptions” in the dramatic narration of eschatology; they take their place alongside these narrations of eschatology to make of the book some¬ thing more than visions of “things to come.” The language of worship can usually be distinguished from the language around it, yet the elements of that language cannot be described with absolute precision. If liturgical language is introduced by a phrase such as They worshipped, saying, it is easily identified. Sometimes, however, the language of worship (liturgical language) appears in the Book of Revelation without such an introduction. Then it is identifiable only by analyzing the form of the language.
The Book of Revelation in Asian Society
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadly conceived, the previous nine chapters have been concerned with religious language and society, specifically with the language of the Book of Revelation and the society of the Roman province of Asia. In actuality the language of Revelation is a part of Roman society: language (chaps. 3-5) and society (chaps. 6-9) form the script and stage, respectively, of the “play”—a larger whole that embraces them both. We are now in a position to begin to look at the play. In considering the social order, I have analyzed conditions in the reign of Domitian, local conditions in the province of Asia, and the place of Jews and Christians in those local conditions. A coherent order of society in Asia has emerged from an analysis of relevant social and historiographic elements. With regard to Domitian, the standard portrait of him in the Roman sources, written after his reign, does not square with literary, epigraphic, numismatic, and prosopographical evidence from the Domitianic period. From sources written in Domitian’s reign, it is clear that Domitian did not modify the imperial cult by demanding greater divine honors than his predecessors (or successors). Nor is there evidence from those sources that Domitian turned into a cruel tyrant, suspicious of those around him and fearful of sharing power.
Policemen and Prosecutors: Crime without Punishment
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constraints in Japan’s criminal justice system parallel the relative weak­ ness of Japan’s judiciary in terms of institutional presence and the range of effective coercive sanctions other than those for collection of monetary awards against unconcealable assets. With fewer than 2200 procurators [kensatsukan] to handle not only all criminal prosecutions but also administrative and civil litigation involving Japanese governmental entities, institutional incapacity is at least as serious a problem for Japan’s criminal justice system as it is for civil law enforcement.
Self-Defense in the Gothic Tradition: Radcliffe, Brockden Brown, Henry James
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
". . . when, with fainting spirits, you attempt to fasten your door, you discover, with increased alarm, that it has no lock" (Austen, Northanger Abbey 128). With these words Henry Tilney evokes the classic scenario of Gothic terror. The heroine trembles at a door as footsteps approach. The door is locked and she cannot open it; or it is unlocked and she cannot fasten it; or it is fastened with a lock that is rusty and insecure; or she fastens it only to hear the ominous creak of yet another door.
The Mystery of Knowledge: Frankenstein, Melmoth, Pierre
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richardson was undoubtedly the inspiration for the passages cited at the beginning of the preceding chapter, but Radcliffe added to the formula she learned from him something special to Gothicism: the fact that in neither of these scenes does the heroine know who or what threatens her. In Richardson the heroine and the reader know only too well who it is at the door-the same person it has been for hundreds of pages and will be for hundreds more. Radcliffe’s heroines hear breathing, see something move, discern a shape indistinctly; they are not sure.
Villette: Demystifying Women’s Gothic
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the air of an optimistic parable, Jane Eyre ends, if not in unqualified fairy-tale wish fulfillment, in an idealized marriage and “safe haven.” Villette presents a more pessimistic and claustrophobic version of the “fear­ spent, spectre-ridden life” and a grimmer view of the possibilities of transcendence for those whom society, for whatever reason, consigns to personal littleness.
Constitutional Dissolution and Reconstruction in Northern Ireland
Authors: Finn John E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The state of Northern Ireland was formally created with the passage in 1920 of the Government of Ireland Act (GoA), which partitioned Ireland into two distinct legal states, each with its own parliament, executive, and judiciary, and both subordinate to Westminster.’ The act also created a Council of Ireland, “with a view to the eventual establishment of a parliament for the whole of Ireland.”2 The council was to include members from both the Northern and Southern legislatures and was given jurisdiction over less contentious matters, such as fisheries and railroad services between the provinces.
“Daughter of Very Good Hope”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 27 October 1561, Mary Sidney was born at Tickenhall near Bewdley in Worcestershire, on the border of Wales. Previously a royal palace, “Ticknell” had become, like Shrewsbury and Ludlow, a standard meeting place for the Council in Wales.1 The family Psalter recorded: Mary’s godfather, the most important of the Welsh earls, was an ally whom Henry Sidney needed to cultivate as he began his tenure in Wales; the alliance was, of course, strengthened fifteen years later, when Mary married Pembroke’s son.
“As You Begine,”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Sidney arrived at the court as one of the most eligible maidens in England; beautiful, witty, learned, and well connected, she began to attract attention immediately. One of her first experiences of court spectacle was Leicester’s entertainment of the queen at Kenilworth. Present with her parents and Philip, young Mary was a guest honored by her host and by the queen. Kenilworth, a magnificent twelfth-century castle of warm pink-brown limestone enlarged by John of Gaunt and later by Henry V, was partially bordered by a large artificial lake that served both for defense and for pleasure. Leicester made significant alterations: a gateway on the northern side, by the village; a new stable block near the northern gate; a tiltyard on a long causeway across the water; a timber bridge 14 feet wide and 600 feet long to reach the hunting park on the western side; and Leicester’s Buildings, magnificent guest accommodations in a tower on the southern corner of the inner court, overlooking the lake and connected to the great hall. Robert Langham, who served Lady Sidney and probably her daughter during the festivities, said that the castle was built Few of the sumptuous furnishings have survived, but one can reconstruct their extravagance from Leicester’s possessions that do remain, such as a tapestry that depicts the bear and ragged staff, and a small box whose exterior is damascened in gold and silver, with David and Bathsheba in a rondel, and interior shows the bear and ragged staff.
“This Moses and this Miriam”
Authors: Hannay Margaret P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Simon van de Passe portrayed the Countess of Pembroke holding a volume clearly labeled “Davids Psalmes,” the iconography reflected the value placed on this unpublished work by her contemporaries.1 Her brother had ranked “the holy David’s Psalms” as “a heavenly poesy, wherein almost he showeth himself a passionate lover of that unspeakable and everlasting beauty to be seen by the eyes of the mind, only cleared by faith”: the greatest poems were “they that did imitate the unconceivable excellencies ofGod.”2 With such a valuation of the Psalms themselves, it is not surprising that Sidney began to translate them into a more elegant English than that of the ubiquitous Sternhold and Hopkins Psalter.
Reading Wordsworth’s Revisions: Othello and the Drowned Man
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shifts from the recounting of childhood experience as if from the child’s perspective to the commenting voice of the adult narrator in The Prelude usually mark Wordsworth’s attempt to achieve closure of the recalled incident, his declaration of its meaning for him. The confident, detached tone of this passage, which moves easily from consideration of narrative alternatives to the concluding affirmation of “know no decay,” seems to perform the same function. Yet its rhythm and its syntax remain curiously at odds with each other, for the long single sentence depends from a conditional that is never re-solved.
Eckhart, Gezücken and the Ground of the Soul
Authors: Forman Robert K C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his presentation of the thesis that all experience is, in part, constructed or mediated by the subject’s conceptual system, Jerry Gill points to the purported intentionality of all experience as a fundamental truth. According to him, all human experience is vectorial in nature. That is to say, “[o)ur consciousness is always consciousness of some concrete aspect of the world, of some particular aspect whose reality for us is constituted by our intentional activity in relation to it. This intentionality is clearly a mediational factor which undercuts the possibility of unmediated experience.” Gill clarified what he means by vectorial character of experience in his “Religious Experience as Mediated.”
Of Form and Genre
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conceptual structures haunt the human mind, and their syntax takes many forms. On the grandest scale mythologies, synchronizing independent legend and history into enfolding structures, resonate through all art, subdividing into encoding systems, each of which will ultimately possess an independent integrity. Thus the symbolic referentiality of Christian iconography underpins the medieval world over many centuries, self-evidently so in painting, often more subtly in literature, but ingeniously nuanced even in the structures of music.
The Alexandrian Period: The Reemergence of Arithmetic and Algebra
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us go back for a moment to pick up the threads of arithmetic in the classical period. The classical Greeks called the art of calculation logistica; they reserved the word arithmetica for the theory of numbers. The classical mathematicians scorned logistica because it was concerned with the practical calculations needed in the trades and commerce. We, however, shall consider both logistica and arithmetica in order to see what the Alexandrian Greeks had at their disposal.
The Demise of the Greek World
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the Alexandrian Greek civilization lasted until A.D. 640, when it was finally destroyed by the Mohammedans, it is apparent, from its decreasing productiveness, that the civilization was already declining in the early centuries of the Christian era. Before investigating the reasons for the decline, we shall summarize the achievements and deficiencies of Greek mathematics and note the problems it left for subsequent generations. The Greeks accomplished so much, and the pursuit of mathematics when taken over by the Europeans, after minor interpolations by the Hindus and Arabs, was so completely determined by what the Greeks bequeathed, that it is important to be clear as to where mathematics stood.
The Mathematization of Science
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1600 the European scientists were unquestionably impressed with the importance of mathematics for the study of nature. The strongest evidence of this conviction was the willingness of Copernicus and Kepler to overturn the accepted laws of astronomy and mechanics and religious doctrines for the sake of a theory which in their time had only mathematical advantages. However, the astonishing successes of modern science and the enormous impetus to creative work that mathematics derived from that source probably would not have come about if science had continued in the footsteps of the past. But in the seventeenth century two men, Descartes and Galileo, revolutionized the very nature of scientific activity. They selected the concepts science should employ, redefined the goals of scientific activity, and altered the methodology of science. Their reformulation not only imparted unexpected and unprecedented power to science but bound it indissolubly to mathematics. In fact, their plan practically reduced theoretical science to mathematics. To understand the spirit that animated mathematics from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, we must first examine the ideas of Descartes and Galileo.
Partial Differential Equations in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in the case of ordinary differential equations, the mathematicians did not consciously create the subject of partial differential equations. They continued to explore the same physical problems that had led to the former subject; and as they secured a better grasp of the physical principles underlying the phenomena, they formulated mathematical statements that are now comprised in partial differential equations. Thus, whereas the displacement of a vibrating string had been studied separately as a function of time and as a function of the distance of a point on the string from one end, the study of the displacement as a function of both variables and the attempt to comprehend all the possible motions led to a partial differential equation. The natural continuation of this study, namely, the investigation of the sounds created by the string as they propagate in air, introduced additional partial differential equations. After studying these sounds the mathematicians took up the sounds given off by horns of all shapes, organ pipes, bells, drums, and other instruments.
The Calculus of Variations in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in the areas of series and differential equations, the early work on the calculus of variations could hardly be distinguished from the calculus proper. But within a few years after Newton’s death in 1727 it was clear that a totally new branch of mathematics, with its own characteristic problems and methodology, had come into being. This new subject, almost comparable in importance with differential equations for mathematics and science, supplied one of the grandest principles in all of mathematical physics. To gain some preliminary notion of the nature of the calculus of variations, let us consider the problems that launched the mathematicians into the subject. Historically the first significant problem was posed and solved by Newton. In Book II of his Principia,he studied the motion of objects in water; then, in the Scholium to Proposition 34 of the third edition, he considered the shape that a surface of revolution moving at a constant velocity in the direction of its axis must have if it is to offer the least resistance to the motion. Newton assumed that the resistance of the fluid at any point on the surface of the body is proportional to the component of the velocity normal to the surface. In the Principiaitself he gave only a geometrical characterization of the desired shape, but in a letter presumably written to David Gregory in 1694 he gave his solution.
Mathematics as of 1800
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the seventeenth century has correctly been called the century of genius, then the eighteenth may be called the century of the ingenious. Though both centuries were prolific, the eighteenth-century men, without introducing any concept as original and as fundamental as the calculus, but by exercising virtuosity in technique, exploited and advanced the power of the calculus to produce what are now major branches: infinite series, ordinary and partial differential equations, differential geometry, and the calculus of variations. In extending the calculus to these several areas, they built what is now the most extensive domain of mathematics, which we call analysis (though the word now includes a couple of other branches upon which the eighteenth-century men barely touched). The progress in coordinate geometry and algebra, on the other hand, was hardly more than a minor extension of what the seventeenth century had initiated. Even the major problem of algebra, the solution of the nth degree equation, received attention because it was needed for analysis, as for example, in integration by the method of partial fractions.
Functions of a Complex Variable
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the technical standpoint, the most original creation of the nineteenth century was the theory of functions of a complex variable. The subject is often referred to as the theory of functions, though the abbreviated description implies more than is intended. This new branch of mathematics dominated the nineteenth century almost as much as the direct extensions of the calculus dominated the eighteenth century. The theory of functions, a most fertile branch of mathematics, has been called the mathematical joy of the century. It has also been acclaimed as one of the most harmonious theories in the abstract sciences. As we have seen, complex numbers and even complex functions entered mathematics effectively in connection with integration by partial fractions, the determination of the logarithms of negative and complex numbers, conformal mapping, and the decomposition of a polynomial with real coefficients. Actually the men of the eighteenth century did far more with complex numbers and functions.
Ordinary Differential Equations in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary differential equations arose in the eighteenth century in direct response to physical problems. By tackling more complicated physical phenomena, notably in the work on the vibrating string, the mathematicians arrived at partial differential equations. In the nineteenth century the roles of these two subjects were somewhat reversed. The efforts to solve partial differential equations by the method of separation of variables led to the problem of solving ordinary differential equations. Moreover, because the partial differential equations were expressed in various coordinate systems the ordinary differential equations that resulted were strange ones and not solvable in closed form. The mathematicians resorted to solutions in infinite series which are now known as special functions or higher transcendental functions as opposed to the elementary transcendental functions such as sin x, ex,and log x.
The Theory of Numbers in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to the nineteenth century the theory of numbers was a series of isolated though often brilliant results. A new era began with Gauss’s Disquisitiones Arithmeticae1 which he composed at the age of twenty. This great work had been sent to the French Academy in 1800 and was rejected but Gauss published it on his own. In this book he standardized the notation; he systematized the existing theory and extended it; and he classified the problems to be studied and the known methods of attack and introduced new methods. In Gauss’s work on the theory of numbers there are three main ideas: the theory of congruences, the introduction of algebraic numbers, and the theory of forms as the leading idea in Diophantine analysis. This work not only began the modern theory of numbers but determined the directions of work in the subject up to the present time. The Disquisitiones is difficult to read but Dirichlet expounded it.
Algebraic Geometry
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While non-Euclidean and Riemannian geometry were being created, the projective geometers were pursuing their theme. As we have seen, the two areas were linked by the work of Cayley and Klein. After the algebraic method became widely used in projective geometry the problem of recognizing what properties of geometrical figures are independent of the coordinate representation commanded attention and this prompted the study of algebraic invariants.
Integral Equations
Authors: Kline Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under an integral sign and the problem of solving the equation is to determine that function. As we shall soon see, some problems of mathematical physics lead directly to integral equations, and other problems, which lead first to ordinary or partial differential equations, can be handled more expeditiously by converting them to integral equations. At first, solving integral equations was described as inverting integrals. The term integral equations is due to Du Bois-Reymond.
Introduction
Authors: Huang Chichung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than 2,400 years, the great majority of the Chinese, except for a small number of Ru (Confucian) scholars, never even knew the Master’s real name, Kong Qiu; they always called him Kong Fuzi. Fuzi was not part of his name but a title of respect applied to the ministers at court in ancient times, equivalent to “Your Excellency” or “His Excellency” in the English language. His disciples addressed him by this title because he had once served as minister of justice in his native state, Lu. Later, the title was applied to all teachers, and it gradually picked up the connotation “master” or “teacher.” So, to posterity, Kong Fuzi means Kong the Master, or Master Kong.
The Analects of Confucius(Lun yu)
Authors: Huang Chichung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Master’ said: “To learn• something and3 regularly practice it-is it not a joy? To have schoolfellows come from distant states-is it not a pleasure? Not to resent when men do not know you-is it not like a gentleman?”4 Master You’ said: “Those who are filial to their parents and obedient to their elder brothers but are apt to defy their superiors are rare indeed; those who are not apt to defy their superiors, but are apt to stir up a rebellion simply do not exist. The gentleman applies himself to the roots. Only when the roots are well planted will the Way• grow.
The Preservation of Amoraic Argumentation
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extent to which we understand the amoraim of the middle generations to have distanced themselves from earlier models depends heavily on our view of their involvement in the preservation of argumentation. There is of course no question that they participated in argumentation; there is ample evidence of the fact that they did. But there is also little question that their amoraic predecessors, or the tannaim before them, also participated in argumentation.