bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured implementation of information systems for concurrent engineering
Authors: Chung Walter W.C. , Chik Stanley K.O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article presents a collaboration approach to assimilate the best practice of concurrent engineering (CE) in a small manufacturing enterprise for gaining sustainable improvements. The major challenge in CE is sharing a mental model of parallel working across departments in a company to shorten the cycle time, and across organizations to form a supply chain for global competition. Action learning is found useful to develop self‐discipline in individuals to initiate changes and align the views with others both inside and outside the company for a vested interest to use information systems to make innovations for gaining competitive advantage. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dorsal/ventral hippocampus, fornix, and conditioned place preference
Authors: Ferbinteanu Janina , McDonald R.J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConditioned place preference (CPP) is a learning paradigm requiring formation of associations between reward and particular locations. White and McDonald (Behav Brain Res 1993;55:269–281) demonstrated that amygdala (AMG) lesions impair, while fornix (Fx) lesions enhance learning of this task. In the present experiments, we replicated the effects of AMG and Fx lesions, but we also found that complete hippocampal (HPC) lesions interfere with normal performance. Thus, the effects of Fx and HPC lesions on CPP are opposite. This is in contrast with spatial learning in the water maze. Because it has been demonstrated that damage of dorsal HPC interferes to a greater extent with spatial learning than damage of ventral HPC, we also tested animals with either dorsal or ventral HPC disruptions on CPP. Lesions limited to dorsal HPC were followed by impairment on this task. In contrast, lesions limited to ventral HPC resulted in enhanced learning. We argue that Fx and HPC lesions do not have interchangeable effects in all learning paradigms. To explain the complex pattern of results presently obtained, we propose a novel hypothesis regarding behavioral functions of HPC neural circuits. Implications regarding the interaction between memory systems are also considered. Hippocampus 2001;11:187–200. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health sector reform and STD/AIDS control in resource poor settings—the case of Tanzania
Authors: Hanson Stefan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntegration in health sector reform tends to mean horizontal interaction between vertical programmes. This can result in a larger more complex system than a set of individual vertical programmes. This article looks at the HIV/AIDS programme in Tanzania and the possible impact of system‐wide health sector reform involving ‘decentralization’ and horizontal integration. It implies that the build‐up to reform is likely to be costly, at least initially (although eventually the system may become more cost‐effective). Integration can thus save resources, but it will also demand additional inputs, and may lead to reduced service output if operations depend on horizontal functions that fail to deliver. The objective of reform must be to create a reasonably sized, well‐balanced, system which aims to maximize the output of quality services, both preventive and curative, and to facilitate community efforts to improve health. It is doubtful whether present reform efforts in Tanzania will contribute to more effective services, if not based on a more thorough analysis adapted to the local situation and given considerably more resources, both human and financial. There is also a risk that key preventive programmes, such as those aimed at the control of STD/AIDS, will be further weakened because of both integration with subsequent dependence on poorly functioning horizontal units and reduction in allocated resources. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in health insurance and health service utilization among Asian Americans: method for using the NHIS to identify unique patterns between ethnic groups
Authors: Ryu Hosihn , Young Wendy B. , Kwak Hoil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to outline a method to identify the characteristics of socioeconomic variables in determining the differences in health insurance coverage and health services utilization patterns for different ethnic groups, using the behavioural model of health service utilization. A sample drawn from Asian American adult respondents to the 1992, 1993, and 1994 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) in the USA formed the data set. The results showed Asian Americans as not being homogeneous. There were distinctly different demographic and socioeconomic characteristics between six Asian American ethnic groups that affect health insurance coverage and health service utilization. The study method is useful for constructing health policy and services to address the general public need without adversely affecting smaller minority groups. Secondary analysis of well‐constructed national data sets such as the specific Asian ethnic groups in NHIS, offers a rich method for predicting the differential impact of specific health policies on various ethnic groups. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic alignment of training, transfer‐enhancing behaviors, and training usage: A posttraining study
Authors: Montesino Max U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis survey explored the alignment of an organization's specific training program with its strategic
direction and its practices to support usage of training on the job. The subjects, trainees and their immediate
supervisors, were participants in a targeted sales training program of a Fortune 200 pharmaceutical company
headquartered in the Midwest. This study found a low to moderate positive correlation between the perceived
alignment of training with the strategic direction of the organization and the presence of practices to support
usage of training. The group of trainees that self‐reported very high usage of training perceived a
significantly higher alignment of the training program with the strategic direction of the organization as
compared to the group of trainees that self‐reported low to high usage of training; field managers
did not differ significantly in that regard. Trainees who self‐reported very high usage of training also
reported a significantly higher presence of practices to support usage of training throughout the program than
the group of trainees that self‐reported low to high usage of training; field managers did not
differ significantly in that regard either. The study found a positive correlation between awareness of and
commitment to the strategic direction of the organization.
Managing Harassment
Authors: Bland Timothy S. , Stalcup Sue S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurvey says: Sexual harassment complaints went up about 10% each year between 1995 and 1998! And even worse, 2 out of 3 complaints had some merit! Clearly, organizations need to learn how to manage this issue, not just be compliant with the law. This article provides interpretations of recent Supreme Court decisions for HR practitioners and new methods for managing harassment in workplaces. It may stimulate those who are reading the article to “step outside the box” and be more innovative in their approach to managing harassment in their organizations so as to create self‐sustaining environments where harassment is unwelcome. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Large eddy simulation of passive scalar in complex turbulence with flow impingement and flow separation
Authors: Abe Ken‐ichi , Suga Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to reveal unknown characteristics of complex turbulent passive scalar fields, large eddy simulations in forced convection regimes have been performed under several strain conditions, including flow impingement and flow separation. By using the simulation results, relations between the dynamic and scalar fields are carefully examined. It is then confirmed that the scalar is transported by a large vortex structure near the examined regions wherever the mean shear vanishes, although in the high‐shear regions, the scalar transport is governed by a coherent structure due to the high shear strain. In addition, a priori explorations are attempted by processing the data, focusing on the derivation of a possible direction for modeling algebraically the passive scalar transport in a complex strain field. The a priori tests suggest that an expanded form of the GGDH model introducing a quadratic product of the Reynolds stresses is promising for general flow cases. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(5): 402–418, 2001
Caffeine (4 mg/kg) influences sustained attention and delayed free recall but not memory predictions
Authors: Kelemen William L. , Creeley Catherine E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to examine the influence of a moderate dose of caffeine (4 mg/kg) on delayed memory, metamemory, and sustained attention. One hundred and forty‐two volunteers ingested either caffeine or placebo during a study session which included three different memory tasks (free recall, cued recall, and recognition), and they made predictions of future memory performance. On day 2, participants again ingested either caffeine or placebo and completed memory tests. Sustained attention performance was measured on both days, and caffeine reliably improved hit rates and response latencies. A reliable drug‐state interaction was detected only in the free recall test of memory. Caffeine did not affect the magnitude or accuracy of memory predictions, but there was some evidence that expectancies about caffeine were related to cognitive performance. Overall, caffeine's impact on memory and metamemory was not robust in this study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caffeine levels in saliva: associations with psychosocial factors and behavioural effects
Authors: Brice Carolyn , Smith Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study had two main aims. The first was to examine associations between psychosocial factors, health‐related behaviours, regular level of caffeine consumption, time of day and levels of caffeine in saliva following acute caffeine challenges. The second aim was to determine whether individual differences in changes in performance following ingestion of caffeine were related to levels of caffeine in saliva. One hundred and forty‐four young adults participated in the study. Questionnaires were administered prior to the study to measure psychosocial characteristics, health‐related behaviours and habitual levels of caffeine consumption. Two double‐blind acute caffeine challenges were then carried out 1 week apart. Volunteers were given either placebo or 1.5 or 3 mg/kg of caffeine on each occasion. The challenges were carried out at 8 : 00, 11 : 00, 14 : 00 or 18 : 00 h so that the impact of time of day could be assessed. In the week between the two challenges the volunteers consumed either caffeinated or decaffeinated products. This allowed investigation of the effects of caffeine withdrawal on caffeine metabolism. Prior to each caffeine challenge volunteers performed a range of tasks, and a baseline saliva sample was taken. The tasks were repeated 1 h after ingestion of the caffeine, with saliva samples being taken at the start and end of the 1 h test battery. The results showed that the level of caffeine in the saliva was a good indicator of the dose of caffeine consumed and of compliance with the withdrawal manipulation. Caffeine levels were not influenced by time of day, habitual caffeine consumption, psychosocial factors or health‐related behaviours. Individual differences in caffeine levels in saliva were not related to the individual variation in the effects of caffeine on performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential effects of Ecstasy and cannabis on self‐reports of memory ability: a web‐based study
Authors: Rodgers J. , Buchanan T. , Scholey A. B. , Heffernan T. M. , Ling J. , Parrott A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGiven the legal status of MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine), or Ecstasy, face‐to‐face access to participants is sometimes difficult. The number of participants in studies of cognitive performance amongst Ecstasy users is variable, with the average being around 30. Access to a larger number of participants is clearly desirable. The present investigation accessed a larger sample size using a web‐based design. A website was developed and used for data collection. Prospective memory ability was assessed using the Prospective Memory Questionnaire. Self‐report of day‐to‐day memory performance was investigated using the Everyday Memory Questionnaire. The Drug Questionnaire assessed the use of other substances as well as Ecstasy, allowing a regression design to isolate the contribution of each substance to any variance on the cognitive measures. Preliminary findings (N = 488) indicate that there is a clear double dissociation between the impact of Ecstasy and cannabis. We found that cannabis was associated with reports of ‘here‐and‐now’ cognitive problems in short‐term and internally cued prospective memory. In contrast, Ecstasy was associated with reports of long‐term memory problems, which were more related to storage and retrieval difficulties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric disorders in Ecstasy (MDMA) users: a literature review focusing on personal predisposition and drug history
Authors: Soar K. , Turner J. J. D. , Parrott A. C. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) has been implicated in the onset of a number of psychological disorders and associated with a number of psychiatric symptoms that have persisted after cessation of the drug. This paper is a review of the published psychiatric case studies from the last 10 years involving MDMA. Only 24% of patients had a previous psychiatric history and 34% had a psychiatric illness amongst first degree relatives. The percentage of patients not having had a personal or family history of psychiatric illness and the temporal relationship between MDMA ingestion and the experience of recurring symptoms strongly suggest a causal relationship between the drug and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Further supporting evidence comes from several studies using non‐clinical samples. Ecstasy users that don't present themselves in healthcare settings as having clinical symptoms have significantly higher scores on certain subscales of the SCL‐90 compared with Ecstasy‐naive controls, with higher pathology scores in heavier Ecstasy users. The full‐blown psychiatric cases may represent the broad end of this problematic spectrum. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variations in annual balance of North Cascade glaciers, Washington 1984–2000
Authors: Pelto Mauri S. , Riedel Jon 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince 1984, annual glacier mass balance measurements have been conducted on eight glaciers by the North Cascades Glacier Climate Project (NCGCP). Since 1993 the National Park Service (NPS) has monitored the mass balance of four glaciers, and the NCGCP an additional two glaciers. This 14 glacier monitoring network, covering an area of 14 000 km2, represents the most extensive network of mass balance measurements for alpine glaciated areas in the world. The breadth of the record allows determination of the annual variability of annual balance from glacier to glacier, and from year to year.Data indicate a broad regional continuity in the response of these glaciers to climate. All cross‐correlation values between any pair of the 14 glaciers ranged from 0·80 to 0·98. This strong degree of correlation indicates that regional‐scale climate conditions, not local microclimates, are the primary control of glacier annual balance in the North Cascades.Data also indicate that the annual mass balance trend for glaciers was strongly negative from 1984 to 1994 and slightly positive from 1995 to 2000. The cumulative annual mass balance for eight glaciers between 1984 and 1994 was −0·39 m year−1. From 1995 to 2000 the cumulative annual mass balance of the same eight glaciers was +0·10 m year−1, and +0·15 m year−1 for all 14 glaciers in this study.The correlation coefficients indicate the strongly similar response, not that the specific magnitude of the annual mass balance for each glacier is the same. There is a significant annual range in the individual glacier balances, averaging 1·01 m, and in the mean annual mass balance between glaciers. All of the glaciers with more positive annual mass balances since 1995 had either significant accumulation areas extending above 2300 m, and/or are east of the zone of maximum precipitation. The glaciers with the most negative annual mass balance are those with the lowest mean elevation. The record is, as yet, too short to explain the variability of mass balance fully using climate data and seasonal mass balance data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of urbanization on streamflow in the Atlanta area (Georgia, USA): a comparative hydrological approach
Authors: Rose Seth , Peters Norman E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor the period from 1958 to 1996, streamflow characteristics of a highly urbanized watershed were compared with less‐urbanized and non‐urbanized watersheds within a 20 000 km2 region in the vicinity of Atlanta, Georgia: in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge physiographic provinces of the southeastern USA. Water levels in several wells completed in surficial and crystalline‐rock aquifers were also evaluated. Data were analysed for seven US Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauges, 17 National Weather Service rain gauges, and five USGS monitoring wells. Annual runoff coefficients (RCs; runoff as a fractional percentage of precipitation) for the urban stream (Peachtree Creek) were not significantly greater than for the less‐urbanized watersheds. The RCs for some streams were similar to others and the similar streams were grouped according to location. The RCs decreased from the higher elevation and higher relief watersheds to the lower elevation and lower relief watersheds: values were 0·54 for the two Blue Ridge streams, 0·37 for the four middle Piedmont streams (near Atlanta), and 0·28 for a southern Piedmont stream. For the 25 largest stormflows, the peak flows for Peachtree Creek were 30% to 100% greater than peak flows for the other streams. The storm recession period for the urban stream was 1–2 days less than that for the other streams and the recession was characterized by a 2‐day storm recession constant that was, on average, 40 to 100% greater, i.e. streamflow decreased more rapidly than for the other streams. Baseflow recession constants ranged from 35 to 40% lower for Peachtree Creek than for the other streams; this is attributed to lower evapotranspiration losses, which result in a smaller change in groundwater storage than in the less‐urbanized watersheds. Low flow of Peachtree Creek ranged from 25 to 35% less than the other streams, possibly the result of decreased infiltration caused by the more efficient routing of stormwater and the paving of groundwater recharge areas. The timing of daily or monthly groundwater‐level fluctuations was similar annually in each well, reflecting the seasonal recharge. Although water‐level monitoring only began in the 1980s for the two urban wells, water levels displayed a notable decline compared with non‐urban wells since then; this is attributed to decreased groundwater recharge in the urban watersheds due to increased imperviousness and related rapid storm runoff. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking what constitutes suspended sediment
Authors: Droppo Ian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough cohesive suspended sediment is now known to be transported primarily as flocculated material, there is still a misconception of what constitutes suspended sediment. Flocs represent a complex matrix of microbial communities, organic particles (e.g. detritus, extracellular polymers and cellular debris), inorganic particles (e.g. clays and silts) and substantial interfloc spaces (pores), which allow for the retention or flow through of water. Flocculation results in significant alteration of the hydrodynamics of the constituent particles (by modifying their effective size, shape, density and porosity), thereby affecting the transport of sediment and associated contaminants. The composition and structure of a floc is in a continuous state of change as the medium in which it is transported provides the floc with further building materials, energy, nutrients and chemicals for biological growth, chemical reactions and morphological development. As such, a floc's physical (e.g. transport), chemical (e.g. contaminant adsorption) and biological (community development and contaminant biotransformation) behaviour are also in a continuous state of change, with concomitant effects on their aquatic environment as a whole. Although it is recognized that floc form will influence floc behaviour, there is still a basic lack of knowledge of the complex links between the structural components of a floc and how their individual properties and behaviours in combination with others will influence a floc's physical, chemical and biological behaviour. This paper provides a comprehensive conceptual model that links the many interrelated structural components of typical flocs and their interrelated behavioural aspects, in order to enhance our understanding of what constitutes suspended sediment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA
Authors: Shanley James B. , Kendall Carol , Smith Thor E. , Wolock David M. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFactors controlling the partitioning of old and new water contributions to stream flow were investigated for three events in four catchments (three of which were nested) at Sleepers River Research Watershed in Danville, Vermont. In the 1993 snowmelt period, two‐component isotopic hydrograph separations showed that new water (meltwater) inputs to the stream ranged widely from 41 to 74%, and increased with catchment size (41 to 11 125 ha) (with one exception) and with open land cover (0–73%). Peak dissolved organic carbon concentrations and relative alkalinity dilution in stream water ranked in the same order among catchments as the new water fractions, suggesting that new water followed shallow flow paths. During the 1994 snowmelt, despite similar timing and magnitude of melt inputs, the new‐water contribution to stream flow ranged only from 30 to 36% in the four catchments. We conclude that the uncommonly high and variable new water fractions in streamwater during the 1993 melt were caused by direct runoff of meltwater over frozen ground, which was prevalent in open land areas during the 1993 winter. In a high‐intensity summer rainstorm in 1993, new water fractions were smaller relative to the 1993 snowmelt, ranging from 28 to 46%, but they ranked in the identical catchment order. Reconciliation of the contrasting patterns of new–old water partitioning in the three events appears to require an explanation that invokes multiple processes and effects, including:

topographically controlled increase in surface‐saturated area with increasing catchment size;
direct runoff over frozen ground;
low infiltration in agriculturally compacted soils;
differences in soil transmissivity, which may be more relevant under dry antecedent conditions.
These data highlight some of the difficulties faced by catchment hydrologists in formulating a theory of runoff generation at varying basin scales. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.