bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meningiomas Invading the Superior Sagittal Sinus: Surgical Experience in 108 Cases
Authors: DiMeco Francesco , Li Khan W. , Casali Cecilia , Ciceri Elisa , Giombini Sergio , Filippini Graziella , Broggi Giovanni , Solero Carlo L. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Radical resection of meningiomas invading the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) presents several hazards. Some surgeons consider SSS invasion a contraindication for complete resection, and others advocate total resection with venous reconstruction. There is a lack of published large series to provide definitive guidelines for the surgical treatment of these complex cases. We report our 15-year experience with surgery of parasagittal meningiomas invading the SSS.

METHODS:
Between 1986 and 2001, 108 patients (73 women, 35 men; age range, 22–83 yr; mean age, 56.2 yr) underwent surgery at the Neurological Institute “C. Besta” of Milan for tumors invading the SSS. Parasagittal meningiomas not invading the SSS were excluded from this series.

RESULTS:
Simpson Grade I to II removal was achieved in 100 patients. Thirty patients with meningiomas totally occluding the SSS had complete resection of the encased portion of the sinus. Histological examination revealed 86 benign (79.6%), 16 atypical (14.8%), and 4 malignant (3.7%) meningiomas along with 2 hemangiopericytomas. There were two perioperative deaths. Serious complications included brain swelling (nine patients; 8.3%) and postoperative hematoma (two patients; 1.85%). Follow-up ranged from 19 to 223 months (mean, 79.5 mo). One patient was lost to follow-up. Tumors recurred in 15 patients (13.9%). After multivariate analysis, histological type, tumor size, and Simpson grade were confirmed as significant independent prognostic factors for recurrence.

CONCLUSION:
On the basis of our results, we conclude that if the sinus is partially invaded, it can be opened to obtain as complete a resection as possible and to attempt to preserve the patency of the sinus. If the sinus is obstructed, the portion of the sinus involved can be resected completely. In both situations, extreme care is vital to preservation of cortical veins, which may offer important collateral drainage. With our approach, good results are achieved and it is not necessary to reconstruct the sinus.
A cephalic projection neuron involved in locomotion is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network in the medicinal leech
Authors: Crisp Kevin M. , Mesce Karen A. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYIt is widely appreciated that the selection and modulation of locomotor circuits are dependent on the actions of higher-order projection neurons. In the leech, Hirudo medicinalis, locomotion is modulated by a number of cephalic projection neurons that descend from the subesophageal ganglion in the head. Specifically, descending brain interneuron Tr2 functions as a command-like neuron that can terminate or sometimes trigger fictive swimming. In this study, we demonstrate that Tr2 is dye coupled to the dopaminergic neural network distributed in the head brain. These findings represent the first anatomical evidence in support of dopamine (DA) playing a role in the modulation of locomotion in the leech. In addition, we have determined that bath application of DA to the brain and entire nerve cord reliably and rapidly terminates swimming in all preparations exhibiting fictive swimming. By contrast, DA application to nerve cords expressing ongoing fictive crawling does not inhibit this motor rhythm. Furthermore, we show that Tr2 receives rhythmic feedback from the crawl central pattern generator. For example, Tr2 receives inhibitory post-synaptic potentials during the elongation phase of each crawl cycle. When crawling is not expressed, spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic potentials in Tr2 correlate in time with spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the CV motor neuron, a circular muscle excitor that bursts during the elongation phase of crawling. Our data are consistent with the idea that DA biases the nervous system to produce locomotion in the form of crawling.
Ion-motive ATPases and active, transbranchial NaCl uptake in the red freshwater crab,Dilocarcinus pagei(Decapoda,Trichodactylidae)
Authors: Weihrauch Dirk , McNamara John Campbell , Towle David W. , Onken Horst 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYThe present investigation examined the microanatomy and mRNA expression and activity of ion-motive ATPases, in anterior and posterior gills of a South American, true freshwater crab, Dilocarcinus pagei. Like diadromous crabs, the anterior gills of this hololimnetic trichodactylid exhibit a highly attenuated (2–5 μm), symmetrical epithelium on both lamellar surfaces. In sharp contrast, the posterior gill lamellar epithelia are markedly asymmetrical. Their proximal side consists of thick (18–20μm) cells, displaying features typical of a transporting epithelium, while the distal epithelium is thin (3–10 μm) and formed entirely by apical pillar cell flanges. Both anterior and posterior gills express Na+/K+- and V-ATPases. Phylogenetic analysis of partial cDNA sequences for the Na+/K+-ATPase α-subunit and V-ATPase B-subunit among various crab species confirmed the previous classification and grouping of D. pagei based on morphological criteria. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR clearly showed that mRNA for both ion pump subunits is more intensely expressed in posterior gills. Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the posterior gills was nearly fourfold that of anterior gills, while V-ATPase and F-ATPase activities did not differ. A negative short-circuit current (Isc) was measured using the distal side of split, posterior gill lamellae, mounted in a modified Ussing chamber and perfused symmetrically with identical hemolymph-like salines. Although hemolymph-side ouabain did not affect this current, concanamycin significantly reduced Isc without altering preparation conductance, suggesting V-ATPase-driven Cl– absorption on the distal side of the posterior gill lamellae, as known to occur in diadromous crabs adapted to freshwater. These findings suggest that active Na+ uptake predominates across the thick proximal epithelium, and Cl– uptake across the thin,distal epithelium of the posterior gill lamellae.
Exposure to air, but not seawater, increases the glutamine content and the glutamine synthetase activity in the marsh clamPolymesoda expansa
Authors: Hiong Kum C. , Peh Wendy Y. X. , Loong Ai M. , Wong Wai P. , Chew Shit F. , Ip Yuen K. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYPolymesoda expansa spends a considerable portion of its life exposed to air in mangrove swamps where salinity fluctuates greatly. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerial exposure (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to air) or salinity changes (transfer from 10‰ brackish water directly to 30‰ seawater) on nitrogen metabolism in P. expansa. We concluded that P. expansa is non-ureogenic because carbamoyl phosphate (CPS) III activity was undetectable in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle when exposed to brackish water (control), seawater or air for 17 days. It is ammonotelic as it excretes nitrogenous wastes mainly as ammonia in brackish water or seawater. After transfer to seawater for 17 days, the contents of total free amino acids(TFAA) in the adductor muscle, foot muscle, hepatopancreas and mantle increased significantly. This could be related to an increase in protein degradation because exposure to seawater led to a greater rate of ammonia excretion on days 15 and 17, despite unchanged tissue ammonia contents. Alanine was the major free amino acid (FAA) in P. expansa. The contribution of alanine to the TFAA pool in various tissues increased from 43–48% in brackish water to 62–73% in seawater. In contrast, in clams exposed to air for 17 days there were no changes in alanine content in any of the tissues studied. Thus, the functional role of alanine in P. expansa is mainly connected with intracellular osmoregulation. Although 8.5–16.1% of the TFAA pool of P. expansa was attributable to glutamine, the glutamine contents in the adductor muscle, foot muscle,hepatopancreas and mantle were unaffected by 17 days of exposure to seawater. However, after exposure to air for 17 days, there were significant increases in ammonia content in all these tissues in P. expansa, accompanied by significant increases in glutamine content (2.9-, 2.5-, 4.5- and 3.4-fold,respectively). Simultaneously, there were significant increases in glutamine synthetase activities in the adductor muscle (1.56-fold) and hepatopancreas(3.8-fold). This is the first report on the accumulation of glutamine associated with an upregulation of glutamine synthetase in a bivalve species in response to aerial exposure, and these results reveal that the evolution of glutamine synthesis as a means for detoxification of ammonia first occurred among invertebrates.
Appropriate Adults Provided for Vulnerable People Who are Questioned under Caution by the Police: Implications for Public Policy in the Criminal Justice Review in Northern Ireland
Authors: Brewin Sheree , Bailey Andrew 
Published: December 2004

Although the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and equivalent provisions in Northern Ireland (PACE NI Order 1989) provide powers of arrest, search and detention, it is the codes of practice, which are associated with the provisions that are of particular relevance to vulnerable adult and juvenile detainees. The focus of this paper is on the protection that the codes of practice offer to two classes of detained person: those who are aged 17 years and below and those adults who are mentally vulnerable according to the definitions established in the code. The current system in Northern Ireland is facing a number of challenges and the introduction of an independently managed volunteer- based scheme funded by central government and which is considered herein, would address many of the current concerns The authors wish to acknowledge the kind help of Chief Inspector Kevin Lea (Derbyshire Constabulary).
The Rape of a Label Why it Would Be Wrong to Follow Canada in Having a Single Offence of Unlawful Sexual Assault
Authors: Warburton Damian 
Published: December 2004

With the enactment of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the UK has just had its biggest shake-up of the existing law on sexual offences. Rape has been widened to include oral sex, a new offence of assault by penetration has been created, and what was indecent assault has been renamed sexual assault. Twenty-one years ago the Canadians did away altogether with the legal term of rape and created an all-encompassing offence of sexual assault. While the UK is experiencing an all-time low in securing convictions for rape, this article asks what can be done to reverse this. Could doing away with the label of rape make it easier to obtain a conviction in rape trials? Perhaps reversing the burden of proof, or tightening up the requirements for obtaining consent, or tackling the biggest new phenomenon in sexual offences, date rape, is the way forward. What we call something may not seem all that important, but this article aims to show that the social stigma attached to the word rape is as important as the sentence itself.
Big ideas: Feminist ethnographies of reproduction
Authors: Taylor Janelle S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThis review essay considers five recent books—three single‐authored ethnographies and two edited volumes—that present feminist ethnographic analyses of reproduction. I highlight the volumes' common themes and approaches and offer critical reflections on the current state of the anthropology of reproduction as exemplified in these works. I argue that feminist anthropologists pursuing ethnographic studies of reproduction have amply demonstrated what anthropologists in general have long sought to demonstrate: that to study ordinary people in their everyday lives is, indeed, to address “the big ideas”. In the process, these feminist anthropologists have also offered to our discipline an ambitious new vision of what a better world might look like and of how ethnographic research might help bring that world about.
Domestic violence and difference
Authors: Adelman Madelaine 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe four monographs reviewed here signal both a critical shift and the value of diversity in domestic violence studies. The authors of the works consider the meaning and policing of, as well as resistance to, domestic violence within specific historical and cultural contexts, of rurality, of immigration, and of the cultural and political economy of colonialism. These ethnographic and historical works document women's experiences of battering and how the state distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable levels of violence within marriage.
Art‐writing in the modern Maya art world of Chichén Itzá: Transcultural ethnography and experimental fieldwork
Authors: Castañeda Quetzil E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article I examine the modern Maya art world of Chichén Itzá, México. My ethnographic focus is the political history and technical and aesthetic development of the Pisté Maya art “tradition” that emerged within the transcultural contexts of the anthropological fascination with and touristic consumption of the Maya. I also describe the experimental ethnography project that was developed to study the transcultural dynamics of the Chichén art world.
“Praise the Lord”: Popular cinema and pentecostalite style in Ghana's new public sphere
Authors: Meyer Birgit 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article I examine the elective affinity between Pentecostalism and the vibrant video‐film industry that has flourished in the wake of Ghana's adoption of a democratic constitution. I argue that, as a result of the liberalization and commercialization of the media, a new public sphere has emerged that can no longer be fully controlled by the state but that is increasingly indebted to Pentecostalism. Pentecostalism and video‐films come together and articulate alternative, Christian imaginations of modernity. Seeking to grasp the blurring of boundaries between religion and entertainment, I examine the pentecostalite cultural style on which these alternative visions thrive. My main concern is to investigate the specific mode through which Pentecostal expressive forms go public, thereby transforming the public sphere.
Theorizing modernity conspiratorially: Science, scale, and the political economy of public discourse in explanations of a cholera epidemic
Authors: Briggs Charles L. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTWhen some five hundred people in eastern Venezuela died from cholera in 1992–93, officials responded by racializing the dead as “indigenous people” and suggesting that “their culture” was to blame. Stories that circulated in affected communities talked back to official accounts, alleging that the state, global capitalism, and international politics were complicit in a genocidal plot. It is easy to attribute such conspiracy theories to differences of culture and epistemology. I argue, rather, that how political economies position different players in the processes through which public discourses circulate, excluding some communities from access to authoritative sources of information and denying them means of transforming their narratives into public discourse, provides a more fruitful line of analysis. In this article I use—and talk back to—research on science studies, globalization, and public discourse to think about how conspiracy theories can open up new ways for anthropologists to critically engage the contemporary politics of exclusion and help us all find strategies for survival.
Transnational perspectives on sociolinguistic capital among Luso‐Descendants in France and Portugal
Authors: Koven Michèle 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTI argue in this article that language practices and ideologies are central to French–Portuguese transmigrants’ efforts to obtain recognition of legitimate identities in both French and Portuguese national contexts. Drawing on ethnographic work, I describe the encounters of Luso‐Descendants, the adult children of Portuguese migrants, with French and Portuguese monolingual language ideologies. Although these actors’ lives are led transnationally, their life possibilities are structured by sociolinguistic norms centered within two ideologically monolingual nation‐states. This article thus contributes to scholarship about the sociolinguistics of migration by advocating a more transnational approach to the study of migrant populations. Similarly, it contributes to discussions of transnationalism by looking specifically at how language becomes an important site for the enactment of identities within and across multiple national boundaries in the context of the European Union.
Miniaturizing Atatürk Privatization of state imagery and ideology in Turkey
Authors: Özyürek Esra 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTSince the late 1990s Turkish consumers have purchased pictures of Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey and the most potent symbol of the Turkish state, as popular commodities, displaying them in homes and private businesses. In this article, I argue that these consumer citizens seek to reconcile the memory of Atatürk's state‐led modernity of the 1930s with recent international pressure to achieve a market‐based modernity. As citizens try to mask the authority of secularist state institutions with consumer choice, the market carries state symbolism into new, private spheres, which it previously had not been able to infiltrate.
Real time: Unwinding technocratic and anthropological knowledge
Authors: Riles Annelise 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT“The Bank of Japan is our mother,” bankers in Tokyo sometimes said of Japan's central bank. Drawing on this metaphor as an ethnographic resource, and on the example of central bankers who sought to unwind their own technocratic knowledge by replacing it with a real‐time machine, I retrace the ethnographic task of unwinding technocratic knowledge from those anthropological knowledge practices that critique technocracy. In so doing, I draw attention to special methodological problems—involving the relationship between ethnography, analysis, and reception—in the representation and critique of contemporary knowledge practices.
The Mapuche man who became a woman shaman: Selfhood, gender transgression, and competing cultural norms
Authors: Bacigalupo Ana Mariella 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThrough the life experiences of Marta, a Mapuche male transgendered shaman in Chile, I analyze how selfhood is gendered dynamically by individual desire and competing cultural and religious norms. Marta's unique identity as a divine heterosexual woman is based on a spiritual transformation, her manner of dressing, and her gender performances. It challenges conventional notions of transvestism, transgenderism, and homosexuality linked to sexed bodies. At the same time, Marta's self is shaped and constrained by the normative gender ideologies of the Virgin Mary, shamanic lore, the Mapuche, and dominant Chilean society.
Accountable democracy: Citizens' impact on public decision making in postdictatorship chile
Authors: Paley Julia 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTUsing a Santiago, Chile, health group as an ethnographic case study, I propose “accountable democracy” as an alternative normative project to the theory of deliberative democracy outlined by Habermas inBetween Facts and Norms. Accountable democracy has at its center the impact of public‐sphere opinion formation on decision making by officials in elected governments.
Open towns and manipulated indebtedness among agricultural workers in the New South
Authors: Bletzer Keith V. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTReselling consumable commodities like food, alcohol, and cigarettes to agricultural workers has long been a strategy of control and indebtedness used by North American labor bosses to manage workers in situations of demanding and risky work. Recent inclusion of crack cocaine among advanced commodities has brought new risks for workers, as it has permitted them a precarious means to enter a once‐restricted resale domain, and it has altered strategies of control and profit by labor contractors by conferring a veneer of independence on workers. Discussion emphasizes an inside view of crack distribution amidst the shifting agencies and counteragencies between labor and management.
Fresh contact in Tamatave, Madagascar: Sex, money, and intergenerational transformation
Authors: Cole Jennifer 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article, I explore practices of transactional sex among young women in contemporary Tamatave, Madagascar. As young men remain suspended in part‐time jobs, young women have been able to embrace the possibilities offered by the informal sexual economy, which links Tamatave to France, RÉunion Island, and beyond as well as creating complex redistributions of resources within Tamatave, shifting the balance of power in gendered and generational relations. Drawing on Karl Mannheim's concept of “fresh contact,” I argue that a focus on the ways in which youthful practice refigures relations between generations works to complicate and nuance recent discussions of youth culture and youth agency.
The Budding Yeast Mei5 and Sae3 Proteins Act Together With Dmc1 During Meiotic Recombination
Authors: Tsubouchi Hideo , Roeder G Shirleen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Here we provide evidence that the Mei5 and Sae3 proteins of budding yeast act together with Dmc1, a meiosis-specific, RecA-like recombinase. The mei5 and sae3 mutations reduce sporulation, spore viability, and crossing over to the same extent as dmc1. In all three mutants, these defects are largely suppressed by overproduction of Rad51. In addition, mei5 and sae3, like dmc1, suppress the cell-cycle arrest phenotype of the hop2 mutant. The Mei5, Sae3, and Dmc1 proteins colocalize to foci on meiotic chromosomes, and their localization is mutually dependent. The localization of Rad51 to chromosomes is not affected in either mei5 or sae3. Taken together, these observations suggest that the Mei5 and Sae3 proteins are accessory factors specific to Dmc1. We speculate that Mei5 and Sae3 are necessary for efficient formation of Dmc1-containing nucleoprotein filaments in vivo.
Gene Interactions in Caenorhabditis elegans Define DPY-31 as a Candidate Procollagen C-Proteinase and SQT-3/ROL-4 as Its Predicted Major Target
Authors: Novelli Jacopo , Ahmed Shawn , Hodgkin Jonathan 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Zinc metalloproteases of the BMP-1/TOLLOID family (also known as astacins) are extracellular enzymes involved in important developmental processes in metazoans. We report the characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene dpy-31, which encodes the first essential astacin metalloprotease identified in this organism. Loss-of-function mutations in dpy-31 result in cuticle defects, abnormal morphology, and embryonic lethality, indicating that dpy-31 is required for formation of the collagenous exoskeleton. DPY-31 is widely expressed in the hypodermal cells, which are responsible for cuticle secretion. We have investigated the dpy-31 function through reversion analysis. While complete reversion can be obtained only by intragenic suppressors, reversion of the Dpy-31 lethal phenotype also can be caused by dominant extragenic suppressors. Nine extragenic suppressors carry mutations in the uniquely essential collagen gene sqt-3, which we show is the same gene as rol-4. Most mutations exhibit the unusual property of exclusively dominant suppression and all affect the sequence of the SQT-3 collagen C terminus. This suggests that DPY-31 is responsible for C-terminal proteolytic processing of collagen trimers and is therefore a structural and functional homolog of vertebrate BMP-1. The results also demonstrate the critical importance of the collagen C-terminal sequence, which is highly conserved among all 49 members of the SQT-3 subfamily.