bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jaw transformation with gain of symmetry after Dlx5/Dlx6 inactivation: Mirror of the past?
Authors: Beverdam Annemiek , Merlo Giorgio R. , Paleari Laura , Mantero Stefano , Genova Francesca , Barbieri Ottavia , Janvier Philippe , Levi Giovanni 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: In modern vertebrates upper and lower jaws are morphologically different. Both develop from the mandibular arch, which is colonized mostly by Hox‐free neural crest cells. Here we show that simultaneous inactivation of the murine homeobox genes Dlx5 and Dlx6 results in the transformation of the lower jaw into an upper jaw and in symmetry of the snout. This is the first homeotic‐like transformation found in this Hox‐free region after gene inactivation. A suggestive parallel comes from the paleontological record, which shows that in primitive vertebrates both jaws are essentially mirror images of each other. Our finding supports the notion that Dlx genes are homeotic genes associated with morphological novelty in the vertebrate lineage. genesis 34:221–227, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caenorhabditis elegans Aurora A kinase AIR‐1 is required for postembryonic cell divisions and germline development
Authors: Furuta Tokiko , Baillie David L. , Schumacher Jill M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: Many kinases are required for progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. The Aurora kinases comprise a highly conserved family of serine/threonine kinases that have been implicated in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis in several organisms. We have isolated a sterile Caenorhabditis elegans mutant in which the majority of the locus encoding the Aurora A kinase air‐1 has been deleted. Complementation tests with previously isolated sterile mutations in the air‐1 genetic interval demonstrate that the air‐1 and let‐412 loci are identical. Previous analysis of AIR‐1 function by RNA‐mediated interference (RNAi) has shown that AIR‐1 is required for embryonic survival. The characterization of the three sterile air‐1 mutant alleles described here extends these studies by revealing an allelic series that differentially affects postembryonic cell divisions and germline development. genesis 34:244–250, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation of the function of DMRT1 regulatory sequences in mammalian sex differentiation
Authors: Boyer Alexandre , Dornan Saffron , Daneau Isabelle , Lussier Jacques , Silversides David W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: Among genes involved in sex determination and differentiation, DMRT1 is the only one characterized to date containing a domain (the DM domain) that is conserved between phyla. To study DMRT1 transcriptional regulation within mammalian phyla, we generated transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) or Cre‐recombinase (Cre) under the control of 2.6 kb of pig DMRT1 5′ flanking sequences (pDMRT1p‐GFP and pDMRT1p‐Cre, respectively). Within the pDMRT1p‐GFP positive mice, GFP expression was observed in the XY genital ridge by embryonic day 11.5 (e11.5) and remained detectable during testis embryonic development to birth. GFP expression was restricted within testis cords as soon as cords were detectable. No fluorescence was observed in developing ovaries, although more sensitive RT‐PCR analysis revealed transgene expression in embryonic ovaries from e13.5 to e15.5. RT‐PCR performed on fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS)‐purified GFP cells from e14.5, e17.5, and e19.5 developing testis showed that GFP expression was restricted to cells expressing the endogenous mouse Dmrt1. GFP cells also expressed Mis and Oct4, showing that the transgene is expressed in both Sertoli cell and germ cell compartments. In postnatal testis, transgene expression was detectable by GFP fluorescence from P0 to P21 in mice heterozygous for the transgene and through adulthood in mice homozygous for the transgene. In pDMRT1p‐Cre positive mice, Cre expression was detected within the genital ridges of both XY and XX embryos. We conclude that DMRT1 regulatory mechanisms during sexual differentiation are functionally conserved across mammalian evolution. The transgenic mouse lines described should provide useful marker systems for studies involving Dmrt1 gene expression during sex differentiation. genesis 34:236–243, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
vavCre Transgenic mice: A tool for mutagenesis in hematopoietic and endothelial lineages
Authors: Georgiades Pantelis , Ogilvy Sarah , Duval Hélène , Licence Diana R. , Charnock‐Jones D. Stephen , Smith Stephen K. , Print Cristin G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: Cre transgenic mice can be used to delete gene sequences flanked by loxP sites in specific somatic tissues. We have generated vavCre transgenic mice, which can be used to inactivate genes specifically in adult hematopoietic and endothelial cells. In these animals, a Cre transgene is expressed under control of murine vav gene regulatory elements. To assess their usefulness, vavCre transgenic mice were bred with R26R mice, which express a lacZ reporter gene only in cells where Cre‐mediated recombination has occurred. VavCre/R26R double‐heterozygous offspring were analyzed by β‐galactosidase histochemistry and flow cytometry. VavCre‐mediated recombination occurred in most hematopoietic cells of all hematopoietic organs, including the hematopoietic progenitor‐rich bone marrow. Recombination also occurred in most endothelial and germ cells, but only rarely in other cell types. The recombination in both hematopoietic and endothelial lineages may partly reflect their putative shared ontogeny and provides a unique tool for simultaneous pan‐hematopoietic and endothelial mutagenesis. genesis 34:251–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic in vivo imaging of postimplantation mammalian embryos using whole embryo culture
Authors: Jones E.A.V. , Crotty D. , Kulesa P.M. , Waters C.W. , Baron M.H. , Fraser S.E. , Dickinson M.E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: Due to the internal nature of mammalian development, much of the research performed is of a static nature and depends on interpolation between stages of development. This approach cannot explore the dynamic interactions that are essential for normal development. While roller culture overcomes the problem of inaccessibility of the embryo, the constant motion of the medium and embryos makes it impossible to observe and record development. We have developed a static mammalian culture system for imaging development of the mouse embryo. Using this technique, it is possible to sustain normal development for periods of 18–24 h. The success of the culture was evaluated based on the rate of embryo turning, heart rate, somite addition, and several gross morphological features. When this technique is combined with fluorescent markers, it is possible to follow the development of specific tissues or the movement of cells. To highlight some of the strengths of this approach, we present time‐lapse movies of embryonic turning, somite addition, closure of the neural tube, and fluorescent imaging of blood circulation in the yolk sac and embryo. genesis 34:228–235, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis is regulated by an Xist/Tsix‐independent mechanism in the mouse
Authors: McCarrey John R. , Watson Cathy , Atencio Julia , Ostermeier G. Charles , Marahrens York , Jaenisch Rudolf , Krawetz Stephen A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSummary: Transcriptional inactivation of the single X chromosome occurs in spermatogenic cells during male meiosis in mammals and has been shown to be coincident with expression of the Xist gene in spermatogonia and spermatocytes in mice. However, male mice carrying an ablated Xist gene show normal fertility. Here we examined expression from the Xist locus during spermatogenesis in wild‐type mice and detected sense (Xist), but not antisense (Tsix) transcripts. In addition, we examined expression and chromatin conformation of X‐linked structural genes in meiotic and postmeiotic spermatogenic cells from wild‐type and Xist‐ mice and found no differences associated with the absence of a functional Xist gene. These results, along with the formation of a morphologically normal XY body in primary spermatocytes in Xist‐ mice, indicate that a functional Xist gene is not required for X‐chromosome inactivation during spermatogenesis and that this process is therefore regulated by a different mechanism than that which regulates X‐chromosome inactivation in female embryonic cells. genesis 34:257–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ER‐based double iCRE fusion protein allows partial recombination in forebrain
Authors: Casanova Emilio , Fehsenfeld Sandra , Lemberger Thomas , Shimshek Derya R. , Sprengel Rolf , Mantamadiotis Theo 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in genesis (2002) 34(3) 208 – 214
Retrospective analysis of non‐A–E hepatitis: Possible role of hepatitis B and C virus infection
Authors: He Zhongping , Zhuang Hui , Wang Xiaohong , Song Shujing , Dong Qingming , Yan Jie , Buehring Gertrude C. , Luo Guangxiang 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn an effort to determine the cause of non‐A–E hepatitis, a retrospective study was undertaken on a group of patients with hepatitis but without serological infection markers of hepatitis viruses A–E. A total of 60 patients admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital during the period of September 1997 and September 1999 were chosen for this study. These patients were diagnosed as either acute or chronic hepatitis, but no serological markers of hepatitis viruses A–E were detected. Since TT virus (TTV), human parvovirus B19 (B19), SEN virus (SENV), and GB virus C/HGV were reported to be associated with hepatitis, attempts were made to detect the presence of these viruses in the sera of patients with non‐A–E hepatitis by a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) method. Also, more sensitive nPCR and RT‐nPCR methods were used to determine HBV DNA and HCV RNA in these patients. Results derived from these analyses demonstrate that HBV DNA was detected in most of these patients (47/60, 78.3%), suggesting that HBV infection played a major role in occult non‐A–E hepatitis and detection of HBV DNA by more sensitive PCR methods such as nPCR should be considered for diagnosis of HBV infection. In addition, HCV RNA was detected in three (5%) of these patients. However, GBV‐C (HGV) RNA was not detected, and TTV, B19, and SENV appear not to be associated with non‐A–E hepatitis, as the prevalence rates of these viruses in patients with non‐A–E hepatitis were similar to those in patients with viral hepatitis A–E. The results from this study indicate that co‐infection of TTV or B19 with HBV did not increase the severity of the disease. J. Med. Virol. 69:59–65, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TT virus infection in healthy children, children after blood transfusion, and children with non‐A to E hepatitis or other liver diseases in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Hong‐Yuan , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Chen Huey‐Ling , Kao Jia‐Horng , Chang Mei‐Hwei 
Published: November 2002

AbstractSerum samples from healthy and diseased children were studied for the presence of TTV DNA by nested PCR using primer sets generated from N‐22 region and from the untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome. N‐22 positive TTV DNA was detectable in 33 (27%) of 122 healthy children, 47 (73.4%) of 64 polytransfused thalassemic children, 37 (46.3%) of 80 children who received transfusion during cardiac surgery, 8 (42.1%) of 19 non‐A to E hepatitis, 10 (33.3%) of 30 HBV carrier children, and 5 (15.6%) of 32 infants with biliary atresia. A much higher prevalence of TTV DNA with rates varying from 78–100% in the above study groups was observed using the UTR primers. For children with N‐22 positive TTV DNA, biochemical assessment of isolated TTV viremia in thalassemic children or children transfused during surgery showed no convincing association between raised ALT levels and TTV viremia. Coinfection with TTV in chronic HCV‐infected or HBV‐infected children did not result in higher peak ALT levels during follow‐up, suggesting that TTV has no synergistic pathogenic effect. The phylogenetic analysis of the N‐22 positive TTV DNA isolates revealed that most isolates from healthy children, children transfused during surgery, and non‐A to E fulminant hepatitis children were type 1 TTV. These results indicate that TTV infection in children was significantly associated with transfusion. TTV infection is highly prevalent in early childhood in Taiwan but plays a minimal role in the induction of hepatitis in children. J. Med. Virol. 69:66–71, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological improvement of chronic liver disease after spontaneous serum hepatitis C virus clearance
Authors: Sugiyasu Yasunori , Yuki Nobukazu , Nagaoka Takayuki , Yamashiro Masatoshi , Kawahara Kunimitsu , Iyoda Kenya , Kakiuchi Yoshimi , Kaneko Akira , Yamamoto Keiji , Hikiji Kazumasa , Kato Michio 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe long‐term histological and virological outcomes of spontaneous circulating hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance were studied in chronic liver disease. Between 1979 and 1984, three patients underwent laparoscopy for chronic non‐A, non‐B liver disease, and two were found to have cirrhosis and one with chronic active hepatitis. After HCV assays became available in 1990, they were positive persistently for HCV antibody without serum HCV RNA. Reductions of antibody levels to HCV core and/or nonstructural proteins were observed, and liver biopsies were undertaken between 1995 and 2000. Liver biopsies at 11–19 years after laparoscopy disclosed marked alleviation of liver inflammation and fibrosis in each case although a low grade of inflammation remained. The two patients with cirrhosis no longer showed histological features of cirrhosis, and the poor liver function in one patient had been ameliorated. Liver specimens from two patients were subjected to polymerase chain reaction to detect positive and negative HCV RNA strands and hepatitis B virus DNA. Only the positive HCV RNA strand was detected for one patient who had previously cirrhosis. Liver specimens were examined from another six nonviremic HCV‐seropositive individuals without chronic liver disease. Five patients displayed low‐grade liver inflammation without evident fibrosis, but none had any viral genome in the liver. These findings suggest that spontaneous circulating HCV clearance in chronic liver disease confers favorable liver histological outcome, although occult HCV infection persists. J. Med. Virol. 69:41–49, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnic variation in type of genital herpes simplex virus infection in a South London genitourinary medicine clinic
Authors: Strutt M. , Bailey J. , Tenant‐Flowers M. , Graham D. , Zuckerman M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 in the study population and correlate the results with clinical and demographic details. Consecutive HSV isolates from 334 clinic attendees were typed by immunofluorescence. Patient information was collected from the case notes. Overall, HSV‐1 was isolated from 48 and HSV‐2 from 287 samples, respectively. There was no significant difference in isolation rates according to gender. However, 33% of white patients' isolates typed as HSV‐1, while only 6% of the isolates from the black population were HSV‐1 (P < 0.001). Initial infections were seen in 81% of HSV‐1 infections and 48% of HSV‐2 infections, respectively. A wide discrepancy was observed in the prevalence of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 infections between the ethnic groups in this population, which was not explained in terms of gender or age. This may reflect different exposure to HSV‐1 in childhood or different sexual practices. The increased prevalence in genital HSV‐1 reported in recent studies was not seen in this population. However, the differing proportions of primary and first episode infections may reflect a changing epidemiology. J. Med. Virol. 69:108–110, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory syncytial virus enhances respiratory allergy in mice despite the inhibitory effect of virus‐induced interferon‐γ
Authors: Barends Marion , Boelen Anita , de Rond Lia , Dormans Jan , Kwakkel Joan , van Oosten Marijke , Neijens Herman J. , Kimman Tjeerd G. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn mice, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection during allergic provocation aggravates the allergic Th2 immune response, characterised by production of interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13, and eosinophilic inflammation. This enhancement of the Th2 response occurs simultaneously with a strong RSV‐induced Th1 cytokine response (IL‐12 and IFN‐γ). The present study investigated whether IFN‐γ and IL‐12 are critically involved in this RSV‐enhanced OVA allergy. Therefore, IFN‐γR‐ and IL‐12‐deficient mice (both on a 129/Sv/Ev background) were sensitised and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and infected with RSV during the OVA challenge period. Neither gene deletion affected the development of ovalbumin‐induced allergic inflammation in mice. However, when OVA‐allergic IFN‐γR deficient mice were infected with RSV, an increased pulmonary eosinophilic infiltrate and increased IL‐4 and IL‐13 mRNA expression in lung tissue were observed compared with identically treated wild‐type mice. In contrast, deficiency of IL‐12 did not aggravate the Th2 immune and inflammatory response in OVA/RSV‐treated mice, compared with wild‐type. In conclusion, the virus‐induced IFN‐γ response diminishes the Th2 inflammatory response during OVA allergy but fails to prevent totally the enhancement of the OVA allergy by RSV. In contrast, IL‐12 is not involved in inhibiting nor increasing the RSV‐enhanced allergy in 129/Sv/Ev mice. J. Med. Virol. 69:156–162, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case report: Rapid ante‐mortem diagnosis of a human case of rabies imported into the UK from the Philippines
Authors: Smith Jemma , McElhinney Lorraine , Parsons Graham , Brink Nicola , Doherty Tom , Agranoff Dan , Miranda Mary Elizabeth , Fooks Anthony R. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe United Kingdom is free from rabies, with the last human death from indigenous rabies recorded in 1902. However, between 1946 and 2000, 20 deaths were reported in the United Kingdom in people who were bitten and infected while abroad in rabies endemic areas. The rapid diagnosis of suspected human rabies cases influences the use of anti‐rabies post‐exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts with the victim. In addition, the occurrence of a human rabies case requires urgent investigation to support patient management policies. In May 2001, a case of human rabies imported into the United Kingdom from the Philippines was identified. A 55‐year‐old man was admitted to University College Hospital, London, with clinical symptoms and a history consistent with exposure to rabies. Saliva, cerebrospinal fluid), and skin biopsies (from the wound site and nape of the neck) were submitted for conventional ante‐mortem diagnostic techniques. Established diagnostic techniques, including the fluorescent antibody test (FAT), mouse inoculation test, (MIT) and the rabies tissue culture inoculation test (RTCIT), failed to detect the virus. In contrast, hemi‐nested reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), followed by automated sequencing confirmed the presence of classical rabies virus (genotype 1) in both the saliva and skin specimens within 36 hr of sample submission. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this isolate was closely related to that of canine variants currently circulating in the Philippines. J. Med. Virol. 69:150–155, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Junin virus‐induced astrocytosis is impaired by iNOS inhibition
Authors: Gómez Ricardo M. , Yep Alejandra , Schattner Mirta , Berría María I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBecause Junin virus (JV) experimental encephalitis of mice and rats is characterized by mild histopathological changes that do not seem to justify per se lethality after intracerebral infection, such a murine model seems adequate to investigate the potential role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as a pathogenic factor. Concomitant with a predominant astrocyte reaction, increased immunoperoxidase expression of iNOS, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SODm) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was disclosed in brain of mice infected with JV strain #44. When specific inhibition of iNOS was achieved by intraperitoneal administration of amino guanidine (AG), significantly greater mortality was observed in treated animals (70% vs. 40%), together with similar infective titers (∼107 PFU/g) but lower astrocytosis, as shown by glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP) labeling. As regards SODm and GPX immunochemical expression in neurons, no differences were found between mice with or without AG treatment. The present results suggest that the apparent protective role of nitric oxide (NO), when synthesized by iNOS, is unrelated to reduced viral replication but rather to enhanced astrocyte activation behaving as a beneficial cell response to virus‐induced CNS damage. J. Med. Virol. 69:145–149, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous detection of influenza A, B, and C viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenoviruses in clinical samples by multiplex reverse transcription nested‐PCR assay
Authors: Coiras M.T. , Pérez‐Breña P. , García M.L. , Casas I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe clinical presentation of infections caused by the heterogeneous group of the respiratory viruses can be very similar. Thus, the implementation of virological assays that rapidly identify the most important viruses involved is of great interest. A new multiplex reverse transcription nested‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay that is able to detect and type different respiratory viruses simultaneously is described. Primer sets were targeted to conserved regions of nucleoprotein genes of the influenza viruses, fusion protein genes of respiratory syncytial viruses (RSV), and hexon protein genes of adenoviruses. Individual influenza A, B, and C viruses, RSV (A and B), and a generic detection of the 48 serotypes of adenoviruses were identified and differentiated by the size of the PCR products. An internal amplification control was included in the reaction mixture to exclude false‐negative results due to sample inhibitors and/or extraction failure. Detection levels of 0.1 and 0.01 TCID50 of influenza A and B viruses and 1–10 molecules of cloned amplified products of influenza C virus, RSV A and B, and adenovirus serotype 1 were achieved. The specificity was checked using specimens containing other respiratory viruses and no amplified products were detected in any case. A panel of 290 respiratory specimens from the 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 seasons was used to validate the assay. Accurately amplifying RNA from influenza and RSV prototype strains and DNA from all adenovirus serotypes demonstrates the use of this method for both laboratory routine diagnosis and surveillance of all these viruses. J. Med. Virol. 69:132–144, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a novel promoter in the E2 open reading frame of the human papillomavirus type 18 genome
Authors: Kim Kelly Y. , Taylor Milton W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNorthern blot and RT‐PCR analyses indicated that the human papillomavirus E4 open reading frame is expressed in HeLa cells. Because integration at the E1 or E2 open reading frame would place the viral upstream regulatory region downstream of the viral late genes, the expression of E4 in HeLa cells is most likely regulated by host cellular promoter(s) or unidentified viral promoter(s) in the E2 region. Primer extension analysis and transient transfection experiments with luciferase reporter constructs under the transcriptional control of various subgenomic fragments of HPV‐18 were carried out to identify and characterize functional promoters within the E2 region. The in vivo activity of a novel promoter located within the 5′‐end region of the E2 open reading frame of human papillomavirus type 18 is demonstrated. J. Med. Virol. 69:122–131, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.