bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete.
Women’s Survival StrategiesGifts and Giving as Methods of Resistance, 1846 –1880
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The widow Chaves was blessed, luckier than many women of the postwar generation. She was born into a prominent Santa Fe family, had inherited land and livestock, and had managed to preserve and improve her estate. Wealthy, but in poor health in 1871, unable to read or write English, the widow turned to the law clerk Edwin Dunn, whom she asked to draw up her will. Having found her attorney absent, she hired Dunn because he seemed capable and was interested in helping her. Luckily, though to her horror, as she later told a friend, her son returned from a trip and examined the will, only to dis- cover that the law clerk and an unscrupulous priest were colluding to dupe her. Apparently, the will Dunn recorded contained unapproved donations to the church and the poor, as well as a substantial sum of money for the clerk’s law office.
The Politics of Disidentification and RecuperationNotations about the “New” Western American History
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has suggested a framework for unraveling historically the positions and situations of Chicanas by examining their history in one com- munity across a relatively short expanse of time last century (relative, that is, to their presence in the region studied). Its structure and its arguments have made the point that a different angle of vision is necessary if we are to unpack the implications of colonization. Becauses they were persistent, accommodating survivors, it is not surprising that the Spanish-Mexican women I have writ- ten about persevered and that their grandchildren, the Chicanas of Santa Fe, presently endure ongoing colonization. What is surprising, however, is how hidden female ancestors have been in the stories men have told of Santa Fe— how undervalued or invisible they have been in these renderings, even in re- cent decades. This chapter situates these oversights in the context of newer writings that deal with the racial and sexual politics surrounding the “encoun- ters “ between westering Euro-American and Spanish-Mexican frontiers- people. It offers a critique of that literature and proposes different possibili- ties—as each chapter has in this book—for examining the lives of women on this and other colonized frontiers of the world.
Before and After the Social War
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the 350s two developments altered the degree of power exercised by the Athenians in the Aegean area. One of these was the revolt of some of their major allies. The other was the growth in the power of Philip II, as he consolidated his inherited kingdom and intervened repeatedly in Thessaly and Thrace. The fortunate preservation of several Athenian speeches from this period makes it possible to assess the state of opinion in the city, survey many of the political leaders, and observe the unsuccessful efforts of Demosthenes to attain prominence.
That Old Black Magic Called Love
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“[I declare] … by means of the present contract that I obligate myself to the prince Lucifer and all the princes of Hell. I call him my Lord and am his slave until the final judgement under the agreement and condition that he grant me a grace: that he make Madonna Paolina di Modesta … be inflamed with love for me. So much so that she will have no content, no repose of her spirit or her body unless she is with me. Moreover I pray to those most wise and prudent princes of Hell that they make me this grant. In return I promise my body and my soul at death. I Andrea have written this with my own hand.”
Revolution in South Carolina
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Part Of the story which follows, while it pertains to the whole South in ways that will become clear, has mostly to do with South Carolinians and their struggle to see themselves in history. The ever-narrowing parochialism of South Carolina in the thirties and forties is revealed in their reflections on the idea of revolution-in their attempts to reckon with contemporary revolutionary movements abroad and with revolutionary change, both threatened and actual, at home. The growing isolationism of the state, like that of the South at large, was not the result of parochial ignorance or indifference to what was occurring elsewhere any more than it resulted from an absence of men of universal spirit. There were South Carolinians enough who were characterized by sophistication, a broad acquaintance with politics and a knowledge of history.
The Virtues In Medical Practice
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book constructs a virtue-based ethics for medicine and health care. Beginning with the problem of relating virtues to principles, the authors develop a theory that this linkage lies in the goals of medicine and the nature of medical practice as a moral community. Specific virtues such as trust, compassion, prudence, justice, courage, temperance, and self-effacement are discussed in separate chapters. The book ends by examining how a virtue-based ethic of medicine makes a difference in analysing problems like caring for the poor, research on human subjects, whether the medical virtues can be taught in professional training, and how a refurbished philosophy of medicine can enhance medicine and health care in the future.
The Link Between Virtues, Principles, and Duties
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it remained the central concept in ethics for so long, and although it is now being refurbished, there are certain limitations to any ethical system based solely on virtue. One such limitation, as the preceding chapter shows, is the variety of definitions of virtue and of the virtues in different philosophical systems. To unravel or reconcile these differences is a formidable task, requiring nothing less than a reconciliation of opposing philosophical systems. MacIntyre has recently shown how difficult-perhaps impossible-such an enterprise must be, since so many of the differences are, to use his terminology, “incommensurable and untranslatable.”
A True Lover of Man
Authors: Costa Emilia Viotti da 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whoever replaced John Wray at Le Resouvenir would have to face a situation even more tense than the one Wray had found in 1808. In spite of Wray’s deliberate efforts to gain the support of the planters and to convert the slaves into an obedient, disciplined, and hard-working people, the actual effect of his work had been to intensify the conflicts that pitted slaves against masters. It had antagonized planters, managers, and local authorities and made them even less willing to accept evangelical missionaries in their midst. And, by seeking and obtaining the British government’s support for his mission whenever he met with serious opposition from the colonists, Wray also had deepened the gulf that separated them from the mother country. His disputes with his fellow missionaries left a religious community divided and even more vulnerable to the attacks of its enemies.
Socialization: Creating a Chinese Working Class
Authors: Kaple Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949, it immediately turned its attention to transforming China into a modern, industrialized, socialist state. One of its first acts, as seen in Chapter 4, was to draw up and circulate a management blueprint for managers in their new roles. The CCP’s plan of socialist industrialization would mean not only building new factories and enterprises and implementing a new socialist management regimen, but it would also require an industrial proletariat. Millions of new workers needed to be trained and educated, for they had to learn to work in the new, socialist environment.
Introduction
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the beginning of his history of the Persian Wars, Herodotus tells a parable about ends. Croesus, the king of Lydia, was at the height of his wealth and power when Solon the wise Athenian visited his court. The rich oriental king entertained the simple Athenian in lavish style, gave him a tour of his treasuries, and then asked him who was the happiest man on earth. Solon disappointed Croesus by naming an Athenian, Tellus, who was fortunate enough to have lived in a prosperous city with fine sons and healthy grandchildren, and who died a brave death in battle that was rewarded with public burial on the battlefield. When Croesus in annoyance asked who came in second, Solon told the story of Cleobis and Biton, who performed a remarkable feat of strength and piety and then died at the height of their glory. The king became angry that the wise Athenian was not impressed with his own good fortune, so Solon patiently explained the famous Greek paradox that no man is happy before he is dead: the wealth or happiness we enjoy today may be lost tomorrow, and only the man whose fortune remains to the end can truly be called happy. “One must look at the end of each thing and see how it will turn out,” Solon concluded, “for god often gives men a glimpse of happiness and then destroys them entirely.” To Croesus, this talk about ends was foolish and he sent Solon away, but events that followed proved Solon correct: with a similar false confidence in his own power and in the meaning of an oracle, Croesus attacked Persia, only to lose his empire, his city, and apparently his life. Croesus was taken prisoner and placed on a pyre by Cyrus, king of the Persians, and there he remembered how Solon had said that no one could be happy while still alive. Only in suffering his own disastrous reversal did he recognize the importance of waiting for the end.
Reversal: Trojan Women
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hippolytus, the unusual symmetry of closing gestures in prologue and epilogue is more than a curious detail. The repetition that seems to enhance the play’s formal perfection succeeds instead in paralyzing the plot; an exceptional play that is often judged Euripides’ best makes drama impossible. So it is with a certain sense of critical symmetry that I turn to a play that has often been considered Euripides’ worst and that deploys its closing gestures in a decidedly unbalanced and asymmetrical manner. “The Troades, produced in 415, is perhaps the least interesting of the extant tragedies. The plot consists merely of unconnected scenes, depicting the miserable fate of the Trojan captives; and the execution is not in the best style of Euripides.”A. E. Haigh’s condemnation is not entirely typical. More recent scholars, rather than dismiss the play out of hand, try to defend or justify its disconnected and episodic plot. Gilbert Murray, for example, argues that emotional intensity upstages dramatic coherence: this is “a study of sorrow, a study too intense to admit the distraction of plot interest.”2 G. M.A. Grube insists that pathos rather than plot or characterization gives the play “its beauty and appeal.”3 Gennaro Perrotta suggests that if we look not to Aristotelian notions of plot but to the “invisible” realm of feeling and emotion, we will find that “the unity of Trojan Women is perfect and absolute.”4 And Shirley Barlow argues that the play’s unity consists in a network of recurring themes and in the central role of Hecuba.5 This ambivalence is summed up in Richmond Lattimore’s conclusion that “in candor, one can hardly call The Trojan Women a good piece of work, but it seems nevertheless to be a great tragedy.”6 Rather than plead for the play’s redeeming virtues (which certainly exist), I want to begin with its defects, which are acknowledged by the scruples of its defenders no less than by the criticisms of Haigh: the plot is not a single action but a sequence of episodes, it contains no major reversal of fortunes, and it lacks movement or direction. Troy has fallen, the war is over, the city has been sacked and the women taken into slavery; pathos may remain, but no events worth telling. Whatever this play’s virtues, they are not those of Hippolytus.
Erasure: Heracles
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My third trope-and the phenomenon it intends to describe-is more subtle. In Hippolytus, the gestures of closure are doubled, repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the work; in Trojan Women, they are moved, displaced from the end of the work to its beginning; and in Heracles these gestures are uncertain, seeming to appear-and seeming not to appear-where we expect them. The trope, like erasure itself, is a complex one: not a simple absence, but a presence that is somehow denied or effaced or rendered uncertain. At the end of Trojan Women, the lyric antistrophe precludes the use of Euripides’ closing gestures. The end of Heracles, however, both gives and takes away; the familiar closing gestures seem to be present until we look more closely and find that they have been emptied of force. Yet as we shall see, these partial or incomplete gestures are multiplied, thus “erasing” the end in a more radical manner.Heracles ends, as a tragedy well might, with burials, farewells, and departure. After agreeing to go with Theseus to Athens, Heracles says goodbye to his father Amphitryon (1418). He bids his father bury the bodies of his children and promises to bury Amphitryon in turn (1419-22). And then Heracles leaves the stage. These familiar closing themes, however, are in various ways robbed of their proper force. After Heracles in half a line reminds his father to bury the children (0a&lt;p0’ &lt;001tEp 1::inov miioai; 1419), Amphitryon changes the subject to ask who will bury him (eµe M 1:i.i;, 1:fa:vov; 1419). Heracles answers that he will, and when his father asks how (since Amphitryon will presumably stay in Thebes to bury the children while Heracles goes to Athens with Theseus), Heracles says he will have him brought to Athens after the children are buried (1420-21).
Helen and Romance
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the epigraph to this chapter, Shaw registers annoyance at those who assume Eliza will marry Higgins for two reasons. The first is the ending itself: if we consider Eliza’s self-interest and her instincts (Shaw assures us), and if we ask what she might do when faced with the choice between a lifetime of fetching Higgins’s slippers and a lifetime of Freddy fetching hers, “there can be no doubt about the answer.” Given a woman like Eliza who knows what she wants, the sequel is clear and to remove any possible doubts, Shaw spends fourteen pages describing Eliza’s choices, her marriage, her later contacts with Higgins, and the flower stand she eventually opens in Covent Garden. But there is more at stake than simply correcting the record. Shaw’s second reason has to do with what the ending implies: a hand-me-down ending can only come from the ragshop of romance. Pygmalion advertises itself as “A Romance in Five Acts,” according to the subtitle, but does so with typically Shavian irony. The mythical conceit of the title and the dramatic conceit of a play about phonetics make it clear that this is no ordinary romance, and Shaw drives the point home in his epilogue, contrasting the expectations of feeble imaginations with the calculus of benefits in real life. “Complications ensued; but they were economic, not romantic.. . . But when it comes to business, to the life that she really leads as distinguished from the life of dreams and fancies, she likes Freddy and she likes the Colonel; and she does not like Higgins and Mr Doolittle.” The stakes are high indeed. If Shaw cannot convince us of his realistic sequel, he cannot convince us that his play, like all great art (and unlike ordinary romance) is “intensely and deliberately didactic.” The proof of the play is in the ending.
Orestes and Tragicomedy
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The baffling Helen generates confusions about the nature of the drama just as it generates confusion about the identity of Helen; the radically uncertain course of events threatens to reduce the action to an unintelligible chaos, while the happy end pro vides the reassuring frame of romance. In the predictable plots that Shaw reviles, the two impulses reinforce one another: the damsel must first be threatened with demons and dangers in order to justify the happy end. But in Helen, as we have seen, the two impulses are severed: profound uncertainty and comforting conclusion are connected in a purely artificial manner; the end does not seem to warrant the means, and the viewer is unable to make sense of the whole. If the play, in the end, is neither a hand me-down from the ragshop of romance nor an illustration of the unintelligibility of life, we are left wondering what sort of play it is. Four years later, in Orestes, Euripides posed similar problems in a more spectacular way. Rather than sever means from ends, he constructed an action that leads relentlessly towards two contradictory endings, toward a comic and a tragic resolution. Ionesco discovered that tragedy and comedy are really the same thing, two different aspects of the same situation: domestic life in The Bald Soprano, for example, is so utterly banal that we can’t decide whether to laugh or cry. Orestes, however, is at each moment both tragedy and comedy; it is not one situation with two different faces, but two competing actions in one. This violent contradiction, and the contrasting expectations it generates, leaves tragedy unable to give coherent shape to events not because these events lead to ends that are gratuitous, but because they lead to ends that are completely at variance with one another. Whereas Helen realizes expectations in an artificial manner, Orestes generates and realizes contradictory expectations. A detailed reading both of the ending and of the ends that the plot anticipates will show that Orestes advertises the end of tragedy-and heralds some thing entirely new.
Too Marvelous for Words
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Art Tatum was the greatest virtuoso performer in the history of jazz piano; his technique overwhelmed almost every jazz player who heard him and caused classical virtuosos to take notice. Gunther Schuller called him `one of the most complex, enigmatic and elusive figures in jazz - and a phenomenon'. Through extensive interviews with Tatum's friends and fellow musicians, James Lester captures the complexities of this remarkable talent and the vibrant jazz world of the 1930s and 1940s in which he played. Covering his virtual blindness, extraordinary technique, and inexhaustible lifestyle, the picture that emerges is of cheerful, fun-loving, outgoing man, with none of the demonic self-destructiveness that seemed to haunt the other jazz greats of his era.
1945-1949: The Be-Bop Years
Authors: James LR 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry minton had once been a sax player himself but had moved from music-making to a job as a union administrator, the first black delegate to New York Local 802. Devoted to jazz, he converted a dilapidated room in the old Hotel Cecil, on W. 118th Street, into a club and, according to Leonard Feather, “made the place an open house for musicians, where jam sessions were practically a nightly event” (Inside Be-Bop). The now legendary Minton’s Playhouse became another hothouse, in which young plants could grow fast. Among established musicians, Marlowe Morris, who played more like Tatum than anyone else according to some, was almost always there on piano.
Households Within Households: Masters And Slaves
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Jones lived with his master on a farm near Natchez. His wife, Diana, lived nearby. When sold and carried to a farm on the Big Black, Jones determined to run away. He asked Diana to go with him, but she refused, perhaps out of fear of her master, who suspected Jones’s scheme and had already questioned her about it. Or perhaps she simply accepted the undeniable authority of her master. In any case, she would have nothing more to do with her husband. Enraged, Jones lashed out violently, not at the master who had persuaded the woman to stay, nor at his new master who was taking him away, but at Diana. He caught her early one morning as she was milking cows, kicked her in the stomach, knocked her in the head, and fatally plunged a knife eight inches into her right breast.1
Organization a county community Neighborhoods, Parties, and the Politics of Development
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new constitution did alter county politics. In earlier days local government mirrored informal structures of authority. That is to say, they acknowledged the importance of kinship and neighborhood leadership. In 1820 the state legislature confirmed Jacob Hyland’s unofficial position of prominence as head of one of the wealthiest and best-connected families in the county by appointing him justice of the quorum. The next year Hyland’s brother-in-law took a place on the bench as judge of probate. Andrew Glass, for several years a partner in business with Hyland’s brother, and also connected to the Hyland family by marriage, won the most powerful local elected office, that of sheriff. The three men thus stood atop family, neighborhood, and county. Of course, other neighborhoods had their leaders, and not all could hold public office. But at that time public office meant little, particularly to those who lived at a distance from the county seat. It was no coincidence that Jacob Hyland’s plantation abutted the seat of justice. But his position as justice of the quorum gave him little authority in neighborhoods other than in his own, where he was already leader even before he took his place on the bench.44
Sources of Contaminants
Authors: Lippmann Morton , Cohen Beverly S , Schlesinger Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a variety of ways to classify the contaminants found in the environment. They can be divided as follows: (1) natural and anthropogenic; (2) according to the medium in which they are dispersed-air, water, soil, food; (3) by specific elements and/or compound classes; or (4) by their state of matter-solid, liquid, gas, or dispersion (colloid, suspension, etc.). In this chapter the contaminants are classified according to their sources, and it, therefore, becomes necessary to consider all physical and chemical forms and all media simultaneously. This approach provides the best opportunity to associate specific contaminants with the activities that generate them. Furthermore, it permits an appreciation of the total impact of a given sphere of activity, and of the possible implications of alternative control strategies in those cases where current environmental contamination levels are excessive.