bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring and information system applied to the bottling area
Authors: Cavalli Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bottleshop has become a key part of the brewery where competitiveness is gained under the technical, economical and quality point of view. Good information is the base for a correct decision making process. The complexity and wideness of the problems has brought to the development of a computer-based system for the optimization of production lines. Two plants 7 lines (5 bottles, 1 keg and 1 can) have been linked to the system for several years. A substantial performance improvement has been reached with the help of a wide variety of analysis functions and with tools for processing data which are then turned into useful information.
Chemical speciation - a new factor in product and process management
Authors: Williams David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of why living systems and the products of living systems respond differently to the same chemical inputs can lead to greater efficiency, enhanced safety and reduced environmental impact. The secret lies in the chemical speciation of the elements - the different chemical forms (or species) in which the elements can be present. The chemical species present in a system frequently differ from the chemical forms added; in addition, knowledge of the chemical species that are present is also vastly more useful than a simple analysis of total elemental content.
Interactive dosing of filter aid in response to particle assessment
Authors: Hammond R V , Freeman G J , Reed R J R , Smedley S M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Variation in solids loading during filtration presents difficulties for the brewer. Our aim is improved efficiency of filter-aid utilization following laser-based measurement of suspended solids in rough beer. Reliable measurement of differently-sized particles has been achieved for unfiltered beer, containing yeast (0-2500 mg/1) and trub (0-300 mg/1). In-line optical measurements are continuously applied to a mathematical model within the process control system. This adjusts feed rates of the filter-aids most suited to filtration of the particles present for optimum solids loading. Extended filter runs and reductions in filter-aid usage and disposal are predicted.
Relation between wort DMSO and DMS concentration in beer
Authors: Leemans Christine , Dupire Stéphane , Macron Jean-Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the addition of deuterated DMS - which can be quantified by GC-MS - at the beginning of fermentation on a pilot scale, the evaporation ratio has been determined. As a result of this, the origin of DMS in beer could be precised. It becomes evident that the DMS produced during the fermentation is in the majority of the cases more important than the DMS originating from the degradation of SMM during brewing processes. By the addition of deuterated DMSO in wort at pitching, a direct relation between malt DMSO concentration and beer DMS quantity has been demonstrated.
Cellular and cell-free assays for Tat
Authors: Laspia M F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-I) encodes a novel regulatory protein known as Tat. Tat greatly increases the expression of genes linked to the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the virus. It does so by binding to a structured RNA element, called TAR RNA (see Chapter 9), located in the 5’ untranslated region of all HIV mRNAs (1-3). The mechanism of tran activation by Tat appears complex, but the principal level at which Tat acts is transcriptional. Based on results obtained in a model system consisting of COS cells transiently expressing replicating plasmids, Peterlin and colleagues (4) were the first to obtain evidence that Tat stimulates transcriptional elongation. By contrast, Tat was found to increase both transcriptional initiation and the efficiency of transcriptional elongation in a recombinant adenovirus HeLa cell model system (5, 6). In this system, in the absence of Tat the level of HIV-I transcription is low and the density of transcribing RNA polymerases declines as a function of the distance downstream of the promoter. Tat increases the number of RNA polymerases in the immediate vicinity of the promoter and also suppresses transcriptional polarity in downstream sequences leading to a large increase in transcription rates overall (Figure 1). A general trans-activator protein, the adenovirus ElA 13S protein, elevates HIV-I promoter proximal transcription, but does not significantly stimulate elongation. Thus, Tat appears to stimulate both transcriptional initiation and elongation. Recently, a cell-free transcription system has been developed (7) that faithfully reproduces in vitro important aspects of trans-activation by Tat observed in vivo (8).
Analysis of HIV-1 LTR DNA binding proteins
Authors: Ou S -H I , Wu F , Gaynor R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) acts as a promoter and contains numerous regulatory elements that are critical for activation of gene expression in both the presence and absence of the trans-activator protein, Tat (1). Mutagenesis of the HIV-1 LTR has been performed and these mutants were used to direct the expression of a variety of reporter genes such as chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or luciferase. These constructs have been used to define critical regulatory domains which modulate HIV-1 gene expression either in the presence or absence of Tat. Some of these regulatory elements are involved in the control of gene expression in a variety of different cells while others appear to be tissue-specific. In addition to DNA regulatory elements, HIV-1 contains an additional element known as TAR (trans-activating region), which is capable of forming a double-strand RNA structure (see Chapter 9) (2, 3). This RNA element, which is critical for Tat activation, serves as the binding site for both Tat and cellular proteins (2, 3). This review will be on cellular factors that bind to DNA regulatory elements in the HIV-1 LTR.
Use of fluorescent indicators to measure intracellular Ca2+ and other ions
Authors: Sage Stewart O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) play a major role in platelet activation. Elevation of [Ca2+]i alone can stimulate shape change, aggregation, and secretion, although physiologically other second messengers such as diacylglycerol may contribute to these events. As with other nonexcitable cells, platelet agonists stimulate a rise in [Ca2+L by promoting the entry of Ca2+ into the cytosol from two sources. Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores in the dense tubular system, a structure analogous to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells, and Ca2+ enters the platelet across the plasma membrane.
Preparation of highly purified human platelet plasma and intracellular membranes using high voltage free flow electrophoresis and methods to study Ca2+ regulation
Authors: Authi Kalwant S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of experimentalists to harvest and study purified fractions of plasma and intracellular membranes and organelles has contributed tremendously to our knowledge of platelet structure and to our understanding of the mechanisms associated with platelet activation and its control. The platelet is a delicately poised cell capable of rapid activation upon contact with a stimulus. The ease with which a relatively homogeneous population of platelets can be obtained, its importance in the cardiovascular system, and the surprising magnitude of signalling mechanisms that are present has made this cell one of the most thoroughly studied within the body. Its size (being one of the smallest of mammalian cells) and rapid excitability has prompted the development of new strategies in both its handling and disruption. Indeed, these techniques have allowed a study of platelet structure and membrane organization at a level of sophistication that in some respects has not been possible for other cell types.
Study of proteins associated with the platelet cytoskeleton
Authors: Fox Joan E B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The platelet cytoskeleton is made up of a network of cross-linked actin filaments that exists throughout the cytoplasm, a microtubule coil that is wound tightly on itself just beneath the membrane, and a membrane skeleton that coats the inner surface of the phospholipid bilayer. There appear to be interconnections between each of these components of the cytoskeleton. Further, the membrane skeleton associates with the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane receptors. In this way the network of cytoplasmic filaments functions as a scaffold that is linked to the plasma membrane and serves to regulate the contours of the membrane and thus the shape of the cell.
Methods for detecting signalling via MHC class II molecules which can lead to either activation or programmed cell death
Authors: Mooney N , Truman J P , Charron D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transmission of signals by MHC class II molecules has been extensively examined. A number of studies have demonstrated either an augmentation or a decrease in cell proliferation (assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation) after treatment of B lymphocytes with anti-MHC class II monoclonal anti bodies (mAbs). Initial studies in the mouse described the activation and nuclear translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) and the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) (1) after stimulation of B lymphocytes with anti-MHC antibodies. Later studies in humans revealed the activation of phospholipase C (PLC), increased intracellular calcium [Ca++L and production of diacylglycerol (DAG) (2, 3, 4). Interestingly, the involvement of PKC in signalling via HLA class II antigens did not necessarily involve translocation, since increased membrane and cytosol associated PKC activity was detected as well as increased levels of PKC a and PKC mRNA (5, 6). A later study revealed that PKC a, and 6 are all increased at the mRNA level following signalling via HLA class II (7).
Analysis of MHC class II-specific T cell clones
Authors: Pawelec Graham , Obata Fumiya , Sansom David , Friccius Hilke , Daikeler Thomas , Adibzadeh Medi , Schaudt Kurt , Pohla Heike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of T cell cloning in immunogenetics at the end of the 1970s (1) enhanced an early awareness of the complexity of functionally relevant lymphocyte stimulating determinants, mostly associated with MHC class II, and cytotoxic lymphocyte targets, mostly associated with MHC class I, and proved instrumental in establishing the mechanism of T cell recognition of antigen and alloantigen. Techniques for the generation, propagation and utilization of monoclonal strains of lymphocytes-T have become established as vital tools in diverse areas of immunology, but, with the exception of some early necessity-driven studies on the optimization of culture conditions (e.g. see ref. 2), there are relatively few published data on the practical details of establishing and maintaining human T cell clones (TCC). In fact, standard techniques work well enough, if not perfectly, that they have changed little since they were first established (1, 3). However, there seems to remain a widespread assumption, at least amongst those cellular and molecular immunologists with less personal experience in the area, that once T cell clones have been established, and provided that culture conditions are favourable, cultures can be maintained as permanent cell lines. While this may be true of a relatively small number of T cell clones, probably most experienced cloners will agree that, at least in humans, this is not the case for the majority of normal T cell lines (which should therefore be referred to as strains, not lines, according to tissue culturists’ standard nomenclature). Thus, the majority of T cells maintained in culture are found to have finite lifespans, and those examples of immortal lines in the literature may represent rare, not completely normal, variants.
The molecular basis of alloreactivity
Authors: Lightstone Liz , Deacock Sarah , Heaton Tricia , Lechler Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Allogeneic major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules are capable of stimulating uniquely strong primary immune responses. This is illustrated in vitro in the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and in vivo leads to organ graft rejection, and graft versus host disease in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. The strength of the allo-response is due to the very high frequency of T cells in the ‘normal’ T cell repertoire which are able to react with MHC alloantigens. Whilst this phenomenon was observed many years ago (1) it is only relatively recently that the tools have become available to characterize the molecular basis of allo-recognition. In this chapter, the methods used by ourselves and others to elucidate the structure-function relationships between allo-reactive T cells and their ligands are described.
Elution and analysis of peptide pools from MHC class I molecules
Authors: Powis Simon J , Butcher Geoffrey W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are widely distributed polymorphic cell surface glycoproteins involved in the presentation of antigens to CD8+ T-lymphocytes. They function by binding short peptides in the environment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER): these peptide-class I complexes are then transported to the cell surface where intercellular interaction with T-cell receptors can occur. It is a requirement for recognition by T-lymphocytes that protein antigens are degraded into small fragments prior to MHC binding. The ability to predict what fragment of any given protein antigen would bind to a class I MHC molecule and become a T-cell epitope would therefore be of great use in the development of novel vaccine strategies. In recent years several important features of the class I MHC antigen presentation pathway have been elucidated which make identifying putative epitopes a viable experimental goal.
Sequencing of proteins isolated by one-or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Authors: Ferrara Pascual 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One-dimensional (1D), and especially two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), are generally considered as the highest resolving techniques for the analysis of complex protein mixtures. Both techniques have been extensively used for the study of cell protein changes in biological processes such as proliferation and differentiation (1). In 2D PAGE the power of electrophoresis analysis is enhanced when individual spots on the gel are identified. However, the identification of the spots is not a trivial task; several direct and indirect methods have been developed (2, 3). A straightforward approach is the production of sequence information.
Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant soluble MHC class I molecules
Authors: Brunmark Anders , Jackson Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional MHC class I molecules are made up of three components, transmembrane MHC class I heavy chain, soluble rmicroglobulin, and a short peptide which is typically eight to ten amino acids long. This trimolecular complex is assembled within the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell surface to which it is anchored via the transmembrane domain. Initial attempts to solve the structure of this complex utilized proteolysis to release a soluble class I fragment from the surface of human cells. Using this material the structure of the extracelluar domain of an MHC class I molecule containing a heterogeneous mixture of peptides was solved in 1987 (1).
Investigating the effects of oxygen free radicals on carbohydrates in biological systems
Authors: Griffiths H R , Lunec J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbohydrates are a large family of related molecules defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, and their derivatives. They perform a diverse range of biological functions, both in their own right, in the derivation of energy for cellular maintenance and survival, or as conjugates to larger macromolecules such as proteins or lipids. In addition, the 5-C sugar deoxyribose is an integral component of the DNA backbone and its oxygenated form is critical to the integrity of RNA.
Protein transport to the nucleus and its regulation
Authors: Jans David a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eukaryotic cells by definition possess a nucleus (karyon) and the existence of a nuclear subcellular compartment means that the genetic information, the DNA, is separated from the site of protein synthesis, i.e. the cytoplasm. Separation is effected by a double membrane structure, the nuclear envelope, which is both contiguous with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and largely ER-like in terms of lipid and enzyme composition. Since gene transcription and translation take place in separate compartments, specific transport events must occur: first, mRNA must make its way from the nucleus into the cytoplasm in order to be translated into protein; and secondly, the proteins that are required in the nucleus need to be specifically transported from their site of synthesis in the cytoplasm into the nucleus. Nucleocytoplasmic transport processes in both directions are precisely controlled, whereby the regulation of the subcellular distribution of proteins which regulate gene transcription, RNA processing, or other nuclear events is integral to many cellular processes (1). Since nuclear localization of transcription factors (TFs) (2-5), morphogens (6, 7), or oncogene products (8-11) appears to precisely accompany changes in the differentiation or metabolic state of eukaryotic cells, it is clear that nuclear protein import is a key control point in regulating gene expression and signal transduction (1).
Protein sorting during endocytosis
Authors: Ktistakis Nicholas t. , Roth michael g. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Movement and sorting of proteins along the endocytic pathway is complex. At most branching points in the pathway movement can potentially be multidirectional. For example, a protein passing through the endosomal membrane system has access to transport routes that could take it ‘back’ to the cell surface, ‘forward’ to the lysosomes, or in a ‘lateral’ direction towards the trans Golgi network (TGN). Secondly, movement along the endocytic pathway involves multiple terminal destinations, most notably the cell surface (either apical or basolateral in polarized cells), the lysosomes, or the TGN. Thirdly, in some instances multiple pathways can be used to achieve the same final destination. This is most evident in the case of some lysosomal proteins where targeting to lysosomes can be either intracellular (directly from the TGN) or via the cell surface following internalization.
Baculovirus expression systems
Authors: Merrington Claire L , King Linda A , Possee Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The baculovirus expression system has provided an efficient and effective way to synthesize foreign proteins in eukaryotic cells. Analysis of the baculovirus genome has identified genes which are dispensable for the propagation of the virus in cell culture. Additionally, the promoters associated with these genes are exceptionally active, leading to the production of high levels of protein in virus-infected cells. As a result, baculoviruses have been successfully employed as vehicles for the production of large amounts of recombinant proteins which are structurally, functionally, and antigenically authentic. The material produced using the baculovirus expression system is therefore suitable for a number of applications, such as structure-function studies, therapeutics, and vaccines.
Linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci in plants and animals
Authors: Haley Chriss. , andersson leif 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the variation within populations, or between lines or breeds, is quantitative in nature. That is, variation between individuals does not fall into discrete classes in Mendelian proportions but is continuous, showing a gradation from one extreme to the other. Examples include growth rate and leanness in livestock. hypertension and intelligence quotient in man, and yield and flowering time in plants. To the extent that differences between populations are maintained, and that there is a tendency for offspring to resemble parents, there is evidently some genetic component to this variation. The genetic basis of such phcnotypic variation lies in the combined effects of variation at several or many loci. Environmental influences are superimposed upon (and may interact with) these genetic contributions to variation.
Primed in situ DNA synthesis (PRINS)
Authors: Gosden John R , Speel, Ernst J M , Shibasaki Yoshiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Techniques for visualizing DNA sequences on chromosomes have come a long way since Pardue and Gall (1,2) and John et al. (3) first showed that repeated sequences could be visualized in nuclei or on chromosomes by isotopic in situ hybridization. In those first experiments, the probe (RNA or DNA) was made radioactive with 3H by growing cells in the presence of labelled precursors, purifying the nucleic acid, and hybridizing it in situ to cytological preparations. Later came the use of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase to make a complementary RNA from a known DNA template (4,5). Refinements of this process, and the introduction of cloned DNAs labelled by nick translation, permitted the localization of single-copy genes (6). However, because all these methods used autoradiography of either3H- or 125I-labelled probes, mapping was a tedious process, involving the analysis of grain distribution over large numbers of metaphase spreads before genuine signals could be distinguished from background. It was only with the introduction of non-isotopic labelling methods and, in particular, the use of fluorescence, that cytological mapping of unique DNAs by in situ hybridization became a simple and standard laboratory technique (7), now referred to almost universally as FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization).
Microsatellites
Authors: Schlotterer Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microsatellites are highly polymorphic DNA markers with discrete loci and co dominant alleles. They have a wide range of applications which previously were difficult to address experimentally. Microsatellites are almost uniformly distributed over the entire genome, which is what makes them so useful for genome mapping projects (1,2). Their high variability has made them a marker of choice in behavioural ecology, as they allow the determination of paternity and kinship (3,4). Finally, they are becoming increasingly important in studying the structure of natural populations. This chapter provides information on how to get started with microsatellite cloning and analysis, and provides some back ground information on the interpretation and analysis of the data.
One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Shi Qinwei , Jackowski George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the approach of the post-genome era and the popularity of recombinant DNA technology, there has been a resurgence in the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to identify and characterize various gene products. Electrophoresis is a relatively simple, rapid, and highly sensitive tool to study the properties of proteins. The separation of proteins by electrophoresis is based on the fact that charged molecules will migrate through a matrix upon application of an electric field usually provided by immersed electrodes. Generally the sample is run in a support matrix such as agarose or polyacrylamide gel. Agarose is mainly used to separate larger macromolecules such as nucleic acids whereas a polyacrylamide gel is widely employed to separate proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis can be used to analyse the size, amount, purity, and isoelectric point of polypeptides and proteins. Therefore this technique has become the principle tool in analytical chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology.