bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is a Participant Culture Emerging in China?
Authors: Hjellum Torstein 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is an ongoing discussion among scholars about whether a civil society is developing in China, especially against the background of the mass protests of 1989. 1 The civil society concept refers to institutions, formal or informal, that exist and act independently of the state and are capable of developing their own views on local or national issues. They do not necessarily oppose the state, but they enjoy a great deal of autonomy.
Kinship Structures, Marriage Systems, and Reproductive Behaviour: The use of Anthropology and Demography in a Brazilian Case Study
Authors: Kaufmann Georgia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In families the greatest tension and disagreement often centre on similarities. In the family of social sciences, anthropology and demography have much in common, much to contribute to each other, and plenty to disagree over. Their respective approaches to the analysis of the social processes of reproduction are an example of this. Over the last twenty years many anthropologists have increasingly turned their backs on the study of kinship, even disavowing the existence of such a concept (Needham 1971; Schneider 1984). Demographers, on the other hand, have over the same period discovered the importance of the family in determining demographic behaviour both historically and in contemporary societies.
Male Protagonists In The ‘Commercialization’ Of Aspects Of The Female Life-Cycle In Ghana
Authors: Fayorsey John K Anarfi Clara Korkor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ghanaian cultural norms and values stress that a woman should have many children. This is couched in many Akan sayings such as awoo ye (‘it is good to procreate’) and awoo se wo na w’anwo ba a, yekyi (‘infertility of a fecund young woman is taboo’). A woman who dies without having had a child is considered an abomination (kukuba in Akan), and is not given full funeral rites. These tenets are in line with Fortes’ (1978, p. 45) observation that in West Africa there is the deeply ingrained idea that normal men and women should continue to beget and bear children throughout their fecund years. Fertility is considered to be uniquely distinctive of womanhood. A girl becomes a woman when she is able to bear children, and continued childbearing is irrefutable evidence of continued femininity.
The Educational Method: A Sociological Interpretation
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The educational method should be analysed not only as a method of pedagogy, but as a method of understanding how Chinese society functions in general. The themes of the educational method are the same themes as those we have already discussed in analysing the relations between tradition and modernization, integration and disintegration, etc. In particular, the themes of imitation and repetition appear to lie at the core of thinking about education and society in China.
Crime, Juvenile Delinquency, and Deterrence Policies
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In today’s China, the danger of crime has become a narrative also about the dangers of youth. In the 1980s China began to witness a substantial increase in criminal activity, mainly as a consequence of rapidly growing juvenile delinquency. Chinese deterrence policy vastly overreacted to this perceived threat to social order, in an effort to demonstrate the government’s defence of moral and cultural values at a time of dramatic economic and social change.
Dimensions of Transition
Authors: Ickes Barry W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the heady days after the failure of the coup in August 1991 many observers believed that transition from the planned to the market economy would be a straightforward process. Once the fetters of central planning were eliminated, the market economy would spring up. Of course, there were certain key steps that had to be implemented: liberalization of prices, stabilization, and privatization. But once these steps were taken reform would be achieved. With hindsight this consensus seems na”ive. Transition has proved to be more complex than was anticipated. Successes have been achieved, but the prices paid were not insubstantial.
Privatization and the Structure of Enterprise Ownership
Authors: Earle Johns S , Estrin Saul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Russia’s mass privatization has yielded a new ownership structure with important implications for Russia’s transition to a market economy. The rapidity of the privatization programme has been extraordinary, changing the ownership type of around 122,000 enterprises since 1992 (Goskomstat 1996). In this chapter, we consider who owns Russian firms, and whether there are systematic patterns to these ownership structures by sector, region, size, and privatization method. Since various types of insider ownership are hypothesized to be less effective than out sider ownership (Frydman, Gray, and Rapaczynski 1996), our findings arc relevant to expectations about the broader effects of Russian privatization on company performance.
Nuclear Disarmament: The Case for Incrementalism
Authors: Muller Harald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present controversies surrounding nuclear weapons do not only express different interests of nuclear-weapon states and some non-nuclear-weapon (and threshold) states, but they are also expressions of two different strategies towards nuclear disarmament: a plea for prompt, far-reaching measures such as a nuclear-weapons convention or a time-bound framework for nuclear disarmament that would fix the final date for arriving at a nuclear weapons-free world here and now; and a preference for a step-by-step approach that would start from an understanding that nuclear disarmament is the final objective, but would not try to impose a time-scale to arrive there. Both prompt disarmers and incrementalists start from the same assumptions:
Intra-industry Trade
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A large share of world trade consists of intra-industry trade. This type of trade takes place when traders both import and export goods that have similar characteristics. Wine producing regions import wines produced from the same varieties grown in competing regions. The United States imports Japanese and European autos while exporting American autos to Japan and Europe. These exchanges represent simultaneous imports and exports of different varieties of the same product. Observe that Xi Mi measures the amount of trade that does not involve intra- industry trade. Therefore, Xi Mi Xi Mi is the amount of intra-industry trade. If there is no trade overlap in industry i, so that either Xi or Mi is positive, but not both, the value of the index is equal to zero. For instance, if Xi &gt; 0 and Mi 0, the index ‘s numerator is Xi Xi 0. By the same token, if Mi &gt; 0 and Xi 0, the numerator is also equal to zero. By contrast, if there is complete trade overlap, so that Xi Mi, the index is equal to 1 (or 100 if the index is expressed as a percentage by multiplying by 100). The table also shows that intra-industry foreign direct investment (FDI) measured by a similar index is as important as intra-industry trade.
Networks and Outsourcing
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The shift from in-house production to outsourcing is a key element of the new eco- nomy. Outsourcing offers lower-cost specialized production and avoids the corporate governance costs attached to vertical integration. However, when quality is not verifiable, suppliers have incentives to save costs by lowering quality. Moreover, specialized component suppliers face a ‘hold-up ‘ problem as clients have incentives to lower prices after the supplier realizes relation-specific sunk investments. The outsourcing decision depends on the balance of these factors. In a world where intermediate input trade has so greatly expanded that products have multiple nationalities, firms must decide where to outsource. The outsourcing location decision hinges on the costs of searching for a partner abroad, the ‘thickness ‘ of the foreign market, and the quality of the foreign legal system (Grossman and Helpman, 2002a).
The Consequences of Female Empowerment for Child Well-Being: A Review of Concepts, Issues, and Evidence in a Post-Cairo Context
Authors: Hobcraft John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In writing this chapter there are a number of difficult issues facing an author. What is female empowerment? How do we operationalize the concept for measurement purposes? How do we measure child well-being? Are associations the same as consequences? As a demographer writing for a demographic audience, what particular aspects of child well-being should be considered? In examining the links, how far can we go in using symptomatic indicators of female empowerment? For example, female empowerment is often seen as being a key factor in the increased resort to divorce in developed countries (although incomplete empowerment in the domestic domain may be a major source of tension). Can we then examine the consequences of divorce for children as being symptomatic consequences of female empowerment? Inevitably, I shall be forced to consider many such partial and symptomatic linkages.
Finland The Consolidation of Parliamentary Governance
Authors: Nousiainen Jaakko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Finnish party system has been characterized by two features which are not always in good harmony: fragmentation and relative stability. For many decades the political field has been dominated, in genuine Scandinavian style, by five orientations: Conservatives, Liberals, Agrarians (Centre), Social Democrats, and Communists (the radical left). Distinctive aspects of the complexion are the strength of the agrarian centre, the clear division of the left into a moderate and a radical orientation, and its completion by a cultural and political minority movement, the Swedish People’s Party.
Source-vs.
Residence-based Taxation in the European Union: The Wrong Question?
Authors: Bird Richard M , Wilkie J Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Observations such as these raise questions about the usefulness of the traditional ‘source’ and ‘residence’ principles as devices to define the frame¬ work of neutrality and equity choices. Indeed, are these principles alternatives, or do they rather establish limits of a continuum on which the optimal position is in increasing doubt, owing to contemporary economic developments? We suggest in this chapter that ‘source’ and ‘residence’ are best understood as proxies for a practical paradigm to allocate world-wide income (and tax base] in line with underlying economic income and that we may need a new paradigm to achieve this goal more adequately in the world of today and, even more, that of tomorrow.
Labour: general discussion
Authors: Backhouse Roger E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Piero Ferri: I will say just two things. One is that I look at this story from a different perspective. I did not look at people who wrote about the Phillips curve but about the facts that made people theorize about the Phillips curve. To use a slogan, it is the inflation that created Friedman, not vice versa. Friedman, when he wrote his address, wrote when the rate of inflation was starting to increase, so I was looking at the inflation, not Friedman. The other point refers to the other paper. The basic question seems to be ‘How can you make the micro-research agree with the macro-results?’ I have been looking at this problem for twenty years and don’t have the answer. It is the basic question about macroeconomics because, nowadays, macroeconomics is nothing but general equilibrium. This is not macroeconomics. This comes up in Sims’s paper (2-3) but it is worth mentioning here. It is astonishing that Oswald and Trostel found a very robust coefficient. It is the first time in economics that you find a parameter that changes so little and, as far as I know, it is really new. However, in going from micro to macro, there are methodological jumps. There is the challenge that macroeconomics is not reducible to microeconomics.
Using government documents to assess the influence of academic research on macroeconomic policy
Authors: Mayer Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since many factors determine the choice of economic policies it is hard to pin down the role that economic analysis plays. One possibility is to see to what extent the work of academic economists is referred to in government documents. Do academic economists provide the reasons-or at least a least a rationale-for the policies that are adopted, or are they just disregarded kibitzers? More specifically, the organizers of this conference have asked me to address the following questions: do academic ideas enter official documents, and if so, how? What happens to them when they are used in official documents? Are they simplified? Is there any pattern to those that are accepted and those that are not? How long does it take for ideas to travel from the journals to official documents?
The Scope Of Lex monetaein International Transactions: A United States Perspective
Authors: Gruson Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Must a court, when enforcing a contract which by its terms is performable in a cur-23.01 rency other than the currency of the forum, give effect to the monetary laws of the country in which that currency is legal tender? For example, a plaintiff in a 1934 action before a US court had purchased prior to 1918 a life insurance policy payable in rubles. Is the insurer excused from paying on the policy because Russia has in the meantime issued a new currency without providing for a rate of exchange between the old and the new currency, thus making the old currency valueless? Recently, this issue has been much discussed in connection with the introduction of the Euro as a single currency for the Member States of the European Union that joined the third stage of the European Economic and Monetary Union and the establishment of fixed conversion rates between the replaced national currencies and the Euro.
The Nobel Prize and national politics
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
C. V. Raman won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for the discovery of the Raman effect. He once said that although scientists ‘are claimed as nationals by one or another of many different countries, yet in the truest sense, they belong to the whole world.’1 Raman studied physics in India and got his degrees from the University of Madras. He did not follow the usual route of Indian scholars and go to Britain to get a PhD degree. He worked in a government office and in 1917 accepted a physics professor-ship at the University of Calcutta. He and his associate, K. S. Krishnan, observed a phenomenon of light scattering, first with their naked eyes, later with some optical instruments. They communicated the discovery in 1928. Legend has it that as soon as Raman had submitted the manuscript on the new effect for publication, he booked his passage to Stockholm from Calcutta for the following December. This is believable to the extent that Raman was known to be self-confident and that his Nobel recognition followed his discovery with unusual speed.
Is there life after the Nobel Prize?
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Nobel Prize changes the lives of the laureates. They have control over some changes, and hardly any control over others. A case in point is Frederick Robbins (M54). He was a member of the team that succeeded in growing the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures. He was also a pediatrician, but from the day of the Nobel announcement he never received another request to see a patient in consultation. He was a professor at a university so his livelihood did not depend on it, but it is symptomatic of how high a pedestal is instantly created for the Nobel laureate as a consequence of the prize. As another winner stated succinctly: ‘Winning the Nobel Prize is hazardous to your health.’ Alfred Gilman (M94), on the other hand, compared the impact of the Nobel Prize on him to receiving a lifetime’s supply of Prozac injections.
Imagining Subjectivity
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The novels of this chapter are principally devoted to the dramatization of a particular individual’s life story, especially their career and their romantic history, and each of them is a retrospective narrative of their development, or autobiography, in which their author explains how they came to be who they are. These novels are a kind of confession or revelation in writing of their authors’ consciousness of themselves as Cartesian ‘subjects’ and they provide an account not only of the material circumstances of their lives but of the prevailing conditions that constitute them as individual American citizens. This romantic narrative has a prestigious American history with notable landmarks in Whitman’s ‘Song of Myself’ and Melville’s Moby Dick: ‘Call me Ishmael’. It is a process of representation that is intimately associated with imagination and with language, because any written account of a character’s consciousness must necessarily be predicated on the language that it employs and the larger cultural narratives that it subscribes to.
Europe In The Age Of The Wars Of Religion, 1559–1618
Authors: Bonney Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The war of 1562–3 in France was probably the first to be given openly the description of a ‘war of religion’, though (as has already been seen) the war of 1546–7 in Germany was a war of religion in fact, if not in name. Thereafter, there were to be many European wars which might be described by this label. Yet, it may be doubted whether there has ever been an age in which religious issues alone, without additional political, social or economic forces, caused wars or even crusades. Europe in the second half of the sixteenth century exemplifies this. Historians have professed to see the beginnings of radical religious parties in France and the Low Countries during this period, and ‘the ideological upsurge of the international Protestant community’ in the 1570s or thereabouts. The age generated its own powerful legends. Protestants imagined a great Catholic conspiracy, beginning with the meetings of the Council of Trent and extending to the ‘interview’ at Bayonne in 1565 between the French queen mother, Catherine de Medici, and the duke of Alba, representing Philip II of Spain. There, it was claimed, a plot had been formed to massacre the Protestants which came to its barbarous fruition in the St Bartholomew’s Day massacres in France in 1572. In fact, there was no Catholic con spiracy and the Bayonne meeting decided nothing of importance. The massacres of 1572 were chiefly a product of the volatile French domestic situation, not part of an international intrigue. Protestant states found it difficult to sink their political, economic and religious rivalries in a common ideological cause. There was much propaganda, but little practical co-operation: the separate political and religious rebellions of the later sixteenth century never became a single, generalized war of religion.
Territorial Consolidation, 1516-1559
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The unification of the Netherlands north of the rivers under the Habs-burgs during the years I 5I 6-49 was a complex political drama replete with implications for the future. It marked the culmination of a process reaching back three centuries whereby the outlying lesser states of the Low Countries were progressively absorbed into a power network dominated by the rulers, and now ruler, of the three big provinces—Flanders, Brabant, and Holland. During the course of these three centuries, the three large provinces had become more and more preponderant in terms of both population and economic influence. By the I 540s, the role of the States of these three in the affairs of the seventeen provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands was so overwhelming that they were providing around 75 per cent of the total revenue of the Habsburg Netherlands and the other fourteen provinces together a mere 25 per cent (see Table 2).
Repression under Alva, I 567-1572
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the collapse of the revolt of 1566-7, the reaction against Protestants gathered momentum. After its victory, in March, the government in Brussels felt strong enough to disperse its forces, sending garrisons to numerous towns and localities. Aremberg introduced garrisons into Leeuwarden, Sneek, and Sloten, and suppressed Protestant worship in Friesland. Many towns such as Haarlem, Venlo, and Roermond, which were still unoccupied, expelled their Calvinist preachers and terminated Protestant services both inside and outside their walls; during April, the exodus of Protestants began.
The Fall of the Oldenbarnevelt Regime,1616-1618
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years 1609--IO the Arminian-Gomarist dispute spread through the length and breadth of the United Provinces, throwing the public Church into turmoil and unsettling civic and provincial government. Following the intervention of Oldenbarnevelt, and the States of Holland, on the side of the Arminians, a series of political initiatives were taken between 1610 and 1614 which, for the moment, seemed to check the turmoil and stabilize state and society under the leadership of the Holland regents.
Art and Architecture, I 590-1648
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Dutch Revolt, a revolution in politics and religion, was also a revolution in art and architecture. The fighting devastated hundreds of castles, residences, churches, cloisters, and civic buildings. It involved the suppression of the Catholic Church, which meant confiscation of its buildings, and art treasures, and their reallocation for civic use. The new public Church, the Reformed, adopted a totally different approach to church architecture, and adornment of churches, than its predecessor. The Revolt also led to the expansion, and enhanced status, of the civic militias which became the guardians and standard-bearers of the Revolt. It forged a new political rhetoric which demanded novel forms of civic art replacing what had gone before.
Society
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dramatic changes in economic life set in in the late 1640s resulting from a general restructuring of overseas commerce and navigation. In the years around 1647, the Dutch-Spanish conflict ceased, and a new phase, Phase Four (1647-72) of Dutch world trade primacy, began, involving vast shifts in the pattern of maritime commerce which, in turn, had ramifications for all aspects of the Dutch economy, society, and culture.’ Since 1621, during Phase Three, Dutch overseas trade had lapsed into recession (1621-32) and then recovered in the 1630s, albeit without regaining some strands of the ‘rich trades’ lost after 162i. Overall, the period 1621-47 was one of hesitant growth, the setbacks in European trade being compensated for, on the one hand, by the demand for Dutch-supplied provisions of all kinds in Germany and the south Netherlands and, on the other, by the gains in colonial commerce.