bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of
Streptococcus pyogenes
Two-Component Response Regulators in the Temporal Control of Mga and the Mga-Regulated Virulence Gene
emm
Authors: Ribardo Deborah A. , Lambert Thomas J. , McIver Kevin S. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

We examined the role of
Streptococcus pyogenes
two-component response regulators (SptR) in expression of Mga and the Mga-regulated gene
emm
. Both serotype M6 and serotype M1 mutants in 12 of the 13 identified
sptR
genes exhibited levels of
emm
transcripts and Mga protein comparable to those of the wild type during exponential and stationary phases of growth. Thus, temporal control of these virulence genes does not require Spt response regulators.
Anaplasma phagocytophilumInfection Induces Protracted Neutrophil Degranulation
Authors: Choi Kyoung-seong , Grab Dennis J. , Dumler J. Stephen 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTAnaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophil degranulation could exacerbate inflammation. Thus, the degranulation of infected neutrophils was assayed. Infected neutrophils expressed CD11b and CD66b, and supernatants of infected neutrophils showed more proMMP-9 and MMP-9 activity than controls and continued to do so for ≥18 h. Degranulation-related inflammatory tissue injury may account for some clinical manifestations in human granulocytic anaplasmosis.
Growth of
Piscirickettsia salmonis
to High Titers in Insect Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Birkbeck T. Harry , Griffen Angela A. , Reid Helen I. , Laidler L. Anthony , Wadsworth Simon 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Piscirickettsia salmonis
was grown in established insect, frog, and fish tissue culture cells. The yield of
P. salmonis
in Sf21 cells was up to 100 times that obtained in CHSE-214 cells, and virulence for Atlantic salmon was retained. The ceiling temperature for growth of
P. salmonis
in Sf21 cells was 24°C.
The Hierarchical Transformation of Event Knowledge in Human Cultural Transmission
Authors: Mesoudi Alex , Whiten Andrew 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThere is extensive evidence that adults, children, and some non-human species, represent routine events in the form of hierarchically structured 'action scripts,' and show superior recall and imitation of information at relatively high-levels of this hierarchy. Here we investigate the hypothesis that a 'hierarchical bias' operates in human cultural transmission, acting to impose a hierarchical structure onto descriptions of everyday events, and to increasingly describe those events in terms of higher hierarchical levels. Descriptions of three everyday events (going to a restaurant, getting up and going shopping) expressed entirely in terms of basic low-level actions were transmitted along ten chains each containing four adult human participants. It was found that the proportion of low-level information showed a significant linear decrease with transmission generation, while the proportions of medium- and high-level information showed significant linear increases, consistent with the operation of a hierarchical bias. The findings additionally provide support for script theory in general, and are discussed in relation to hierarchical imitation in non-human primates.
Descent Versus Design in Shuar Children's Reasoning about Animals
Authors: Barrett H. Clark 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe ability to make inductive inferences is important because without it, generalization of knowledge to new circumstances would be impossible. One context in which such inductive skills are likely to have been important over evolutionary time is encounters with animals. Previous research suggests that children take into account at least two kinds of relationships between animals when making inductive inferences about them: descent relationships (i.e., taxonomic relationships), and design relationships (i.e., ecological relationships). Because descent and design relationships are sometimes orthogonal, making correct inferences about particular traits sometimes requires overlooking one kind of relationship in favor of the other. In this study, I used a base-to-target induction task to examine the use of two inference rules in 5 to 12 year old Shuar children from the Amazon region of Ecuador. The descent rule uses taxonomic relationships when the function of the trait being judged is ambiguous or unknown, and the design rule privileges ecological relationships (in this case, predator) over taxonomic relationships when the function of the trait is relevant to the ecological category in question. The results show that Shuar children do employ both of these rules, and are able to switch between them for different kinds of traits, as the descent/design mode hypothesis predicts. Children in both the younger age group (5 to 8) and the older age group (9 to 12) were able to use these rules, but the older children showed a slightly different pattern due to the use of specific acquired knowledge about some of the taxa.
Causal Reasoning about Illness: A Comparison between European- and Vietnamese-American Children
Authors: Nguyen Simone , Rosengren Karl 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
These studies examine children's understanding of the causes of illness cross-culturally. In Study 1, European- and Vietnamese-American 4- to 5-year-olds, 6- to 7-year-olds, and adults were asked to make causal attributions for a series of illness related stories. In Study 2, European- and Vietnamese-American 6- to 7-year-olds and adults were asked about the causes and remedies of illness. The results show that biological causality was the dominant form of reasoning about illness across the different ages and cultural groups, although there was some acceptance of magical causality among the Vietnamese-Americans (children and adults) and the European-American children. These results are discussed in terms of the coherence of illness beliefs.
Effect of inoculations with single and multiple juveniles on release of progeny of Meloidogyne graminicola from susceptible rice
Authors: Reversat Georges , Fernandez Luzviminda 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSeedlings of susceptible rice were inoculated with single or with 86 second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne graminicola. After inoculation in a sandy substrate, rice seedlings were grown hydroponically to recover progeny. Following inoculation with a single juvenile (SJI), 71-73% of seedlings released J2 progeny at 84 days after inoculation (DAI). This confirmed the ability of this species to reproduce by parthenogenesis. After SJI, the proportion of inoculated seedlings releasing J2 increased steadily from 21-63 DAI. On the contrary, after inoculation with 86 J2, release of progeny was high for all seedlings as early as 28 DAI. Thus progeny formed after SJI remained captive in galls for a longer time. In the same sandy substrate, J2 were able to invade rice roots and develop in flooded conditions as well as in non-flooded conditions.
Activity of fungal culture filtrates against soybean cyst nematode and root-knot nematode egg hatch and juvenile motility
Authors: Meyer Susan , Huettel Robin , Liu Xing Zhong , Humber Richard , Juba Jean , Nitao James 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Fungi were isolated from soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines)
eggs collected in China, and 253 fungal isolates were assayed for production
of compounds active against SCN and root-knot nematode (RKN, Meloidogyne
incognita). Fungal isolates were grown for 3 and 7 days in potato dextrose
broth (PDB), the culture broths were sterile-filtered to remove fungal
biomass, and the filtrates were placed into 24-well plates to test for
effects on egg hatch and juvenile motility. Meloidogyne incognita egg hatch
ranged from 2 to 121% of hatch in PDB controls and H. glycines hatch from 15
to 224%. Activities of filtrates harvested after 3 and 7 days were
significantly correlated. Only four isolates produced filtrates that
significantly inhibited juvenile motility of SCN, RKN or both nematodes.
This study identified fungal isolates capable of producing compounds active
against these nematodes, and demonstrated that there was a low correlation
in activity against SCN and RKN. The active fungal isolates are candidates
for studies on identification of potential nematicides.
The relationships of time and temperature to body weight and numbers of endospores in Pasteuria penetrans-infected Meloidogyne javanica females
Authors: Darban Daim Ali , Pembroke Barbara , Gowen Simon 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Tomato plants inoculated with Meloidogyne javanica juveniles infected with
Pasteuria penetrans were grown in a glasshouse (20-32°C) for 36, 53, 71 and
88 days and in a growth room (26-29°C) for 36, 53, 71 and 80 days. Over
these periods the numbers of P.penetrans endospores in infected M. javanica
females and the weights of individual infected females increased. In the
growth room, most spores (2.03 106) were found after 71 days. However, in
the glasshouse the rate of increase was slower and spore numbers were still
increasing at the final sampling at 88 days (2.04 106), as was the weight of
the nematodes (72 μg). Weights of uninfected females reached a maximum of
36.2 and 43.1 μg after 71 days in the growth room and glasshouse,
respectively.
Characterisation of potato cyst nematode populations from Portugal
Authors: Da Cunha Maria José , Da Conceição Isabel Luci , De O. Abrantes Isabel Maria , Evans Ken , De A. Santos M. Susana 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Populations of potato cyst nematode (PCN) were assembled from all of the
potato growing regions of Portugal, either by direct sampling of fields or
from cyst samples sent to the University of Coimbra for identification. When
30 or more cysts were available, isoelectric focusing of species-specific
protein bands was used to identify which PCN species were present. PCN was
present in 35% of a set of 226 soil samples. PCN was also identified in a
larger set of 423 populations. Of the 423 populations, 83% were pure
Globodera rostochiensis, 8% were pure G. pallida and 9% were mixtures of the
two. PCN was found in all of the main potato growing areas but G. pallida
was not detected in Coimbra, Setúbal or Viana do Castelo districts.
Description of Meloidogyne minor n. sp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode associated with yellow patch disease in golf courses
Authors: Karssen Gerrit , Bolk Robert Jan , Van Aelst Adriaan , van den Beld Ineke , Kox Linda , Korthals Gerard , Molendijk Leendert , Zijlstra Carolien , Van Hoof Richard , Cook Roger 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A relatively small root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne minor n. sp., is described
and illustrated from tomato from the Netherlands. This new species is
characterised by the following features: female with dorsally curved stylet,
14 μm long, with transversely ovoid knobs slightly sloping backwards from
the shaft; perineal pattern rounded; male stylet 18 μm long, large
transversely ovoid knobs slightly sloping backwards from the shaft; head
region not set off, labial disc elevated, lateral lips prominent; and
secondstage juvenile 377 μm long, with hemizonid posterior adjacent to
excretory pore; tail 54 μm long; and a distinct hyaline tail terminus 16 μm
long. Additionally, distinguishing information on isozymes, DNA,
cytogenetics and host plants is presented. Meloidogyne minor n. sp. has so
far been found on potato in the Netherlands and has been detected in the
British Isles on several golf courses, associated with yellow patches, often
together with M. naasi.
Micro-moulded substrates for the analysis of structure-dependent behaviour of nematodes
Authors: Otobe Kazunori , Itou Kenji , Mizukubo Takayuki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMicrostructures, consisting of networks of channels of rectangular cross sections (50 μm high, 40-200 μm wide), were formed in 5 mm square areas on transparent substrates made of silicon rubber. An experimental set-up using the network sealed with a flat glass plate has the potential to function in a way similar to the pore space in soil, and is therefore useful for studies of nematode migration. The set-up allowed the migratory activity of nematodes in water-filled, porous and transparent microstructures to be observed with a microscope. By means of substrates with two different channel dimensions, the structure-dependent behaviour of second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita was visually demonstrated. Their behaviour was examined on the basis of the migration patterns obtained by superimposing recorded serial images of individual juveniles. In a micro-channel network with 40 μm high channels of 200 μm wide elements, juveniles showed marked activity in migration, forming consistent zigzag patterns spread over the network area. In contrast, in a micro-channel network with 80 μm high channels of 400 μm wide elements, migration showed thick, sparse patterns, restricted around the area where the juveniles were initially deposited. This comparison showed that M. incognita juveniles in a narrow, fine network tended to migrate actively and, in contrast, those in a wide, coarse network were prevented from migrating by the network configuration.
Nematostatic effects of a leaf extract from Crotalaria virgulata subsp. grantiana on Meloidogyne incognita and its use to protect tomato roots
Authors: Jourand Philippe , Rapior Sylvie , Fargette Mireille , Mateille Thierry 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
An aqueous extract from leaves of Crotalaria virgulata subsp. grantiana was
assayed for its effects on second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita.
The biological activity was nematostatic; nematodes were not killed but were
completely paralysed in a 1 mg/ml (w/v) extract: the LD50 equivalent was
estimated to be 0.5 mg/ml. The effect was reversible: juveniles previously
paralysed by C. grantiana extract recovered complete mobility in water and
were able to infest a susceptible tomato plant. Freeze-dried aqueous extract
from C. grantiana leaves added to a sterile sandy substrate at 1 mg/ml
protected susceptible tomato plants from M. incognita infestation. This
suggests a promising use of C. grantiana as both a green manure and natural
alternative to synthetic chemicals in nematode population control,
especially in integrated pest management for vegetable crops in organic
agriculture of tropical and temperate areas.
Enzyme phenotypes and genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes parasitising Musa in Brazil
Authors: Cofcewicz Elis , Carneiro Regina , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe , Quénéhervé Patrick 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Esterase phenotypes were used to characterise 25 populations of Meloidogyne
spp. collected on bananas from different banana producing areas in Brazil,
using a simplified technique for routine analysis. Meloidogyne javanica, M.
incognita, M. arenaria, and Meloidogyne spp. were detected at percentages of
61.7, 32.2, 4.3 and 1.8, respectively. The Meloidogyne populations
represented mixed species in 80% of the samples, M. javanica and M.
incognita prevailing under field conditions. Genetic analyses were conducted
using RAPD markers which provided, alone or in combination, reliable
polymorphisms both between and within species. Based on the presence or
absence of bands, RAPD analysis of the data resulted in clustering of
species and isolates congruent with esterase phenotype characterisation. The
intraspecific variability in M. javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria
represented 29.1, 19.5 and 40.2% of the polymorphic amplified fragments,
respectively. A general lack of correlation was observed between banana
cultivar group, geographical origin and differentiation of the
nematodes.
Host suitability of some crucifers for root-knot nematodes in southern Spain
Authors: Liébanas Gracia , Castillo Pablo 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Six crucifer species as potential cover crops, Ethiopian mustard (Brassica
carinata line C-101), turnip (Brassica rapa cv. Norfolk), radish (Raphanus
sativus), wild rocket (Eruca vesicaria), wild cabbage (Moricandia
moricandioides) and white mustard (Sinapis alba), were tested for
susceptibility to Meloidogyne arenaria race 2, M. incognita race 1 and M.
javanica. Experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions at 22-28°C
for 2 months after inoculation of plants with eggs and second-stage
juveniles. All crucifers were infected by Meloidogyne spp. The nematode and
crucifer species significantly influenced the severity of root galling and
nematode reproduction. Among the plants tested, turnip was the most suitable
host for all three Meloidogyne spp. as indicated by severity of root galling
and nematode reproduction. The least suitable hosts were wild rocket for M.
arenaria, radish for M. incognita and white mustard for M. javanica. The
reproduction fitness of M. javanica was greater than that of M. arenaria
race 2 and M. incognita race 1 on all plants.
Anguina woodi sp. n. (Tylenchida: Anguinidae) from dune grass, Ehrharta villosa, in South Africa
Authors: Swart Antoinette , Subbotin Sergei , Tiedt Louwrens , Riley Ian 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Anguina woodi sp. n. was found in galls on dune grass, Ehrharta villosa var.
villosa, on Milnerton Beach, South Africa. Mature galls varied in colour
from purplish to brown and formed elongated to round elevations on the
stems, leaf sheaths and, occasionally, the leaf blades. The adult females of
Anguina woodi sp. n. are 1.6-2.7 mm long and coiled into a circle or spiral.
Adult males were 1.4-2.1 mm long, straight or slightly curved ventrad or
dorsad. Second-stage juveniles (J2) were more or less straight with a
prominent mucro on the tail. A few larger juveniles, probably J3 and J4,
with developing gonads were also found. Morphological, morphometric and
molecular analyses showed that Anguina woodi sp. n. is closely related to A.
australis Steiner, 1940 and, to a lesser extent, to A. microlaenae (Fawcett,
1938) Steiner, 1940. From A. australis it differs mainly in a slightly
longer female stylet (9.5-15.5 vs 8.0-11.1 μm) and wider female head (8.6-11
vs 7.4 μm); a slightly longer male stylet (10.5-12.0 vs 10-11 μm) and longer
spicule (33-36 vs 26.5-35.3 μm), and a longer tail (72-96 vs 49-68 μm) and
slightly higher c-value (7.3-12 vs 6.1-8.1) in the J2. The mucro on the tail
tip of the J2 of A. woodi sp. n. is also more prominent and, on average,
longer than the mucro in A. australis (3.3 vs 1.5 μm). Anguina woodi sp. n.
differs from A. microlaenae mainly in the appearance of the galls incited
(roundish elevations attached to the substrate by a flattened base vs
pedunculate galls attached to the substrate by a narrow base), a longer
stylet in both females and males (8-9 μm long in females and males of A.
microlaenae), body of male curved ventrad or dorsad in A. woodi sp. n.
(dorsad in males of A. microlaenae) and female tail in A. woodi sp. n.
tapering gradually to a sub-acute tip vs a prominent peg-like process in A.
microlaenae. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 sequences of 19 anguinid
populations and species using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood
methods revealed that A. woodi sp. n. clustered with high bootstrap support
with A. australis. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment sequence differed between
these species by 20 nucleotides (2.6%). The J2 of A. australis is herein
described for the first time and is compared with the J2 of A. woodi sp. n.
Phylogenetic relationships of A. woodi sp. n. with other anguinids
parasitising grasses are presented.
Confirmation of the synonymy of Paratrichodorus christiei (Allen, 1957) Siddiqi, 1974 with P.minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Triplonchida) based on sequence data obtained for the ribosomal DNA 18S gene
Authors: Boutsika Konstantina , Blok Vivian , Phillips Mark , Lewis Steve , Robbins Robert , Ferraz Luiz , Brown Derek 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Sequence data were obtained for the full length of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA)
18S gene of specimens from three populations of Paratrichodorus christiei
from the USA and four populations of P. minor from Brazil and Portugal.
Alignment of the sequences and their application in a phylogenetic analysis
revealed that the populations of P.christiei and P.minor formed a single
cluster that differentiated from a second cluster comprising P.anemones and
P.pachydermus. Previously, P.christiei had been proposed as a junior synonym
of P.minor, but this synonymy had not been universally accepted, with many
reports, particularly from the USA, continuing to refer to P. christiei. The
results obtained here with the sequences of the rDNA 18S gene from the
various populations confirm the validity of the synonymy of P.christiei with
P.minor.
The Other Half of the Globalization Story: Reverse Leverage As Witnessed in the Manufacturing Sector of Taiwan IT Industry
Authors: Tsai Su-Lee 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGlobalization as a corporate strategy has a long history and involves many facets of an economy. The conventional theory of globalization is concerned with the strategy of multinational corporations (MNCs) based in the traditional industrialized countries (TICs) with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or other forms of expansion leveraging of foreign resources to sustain their growth and competitiveness in the world marketplace. Leveraging, however, is never a one-directional process. The leveraging company will inevitably provide capital and knowhow to companies in the host nations, and thereby create an opportunity of reverse leveraging for the latter, even at the expense of the former. In the long term, this leveragereverse leverage process gives rise to a cycle where the original leveraging MNCs inadvertently help develop new competing MNC's that leverage on others. There is clearly a gap in the existing literature. Therefore, this study intends to explore the processes and mechanisms of reverse leveraging employed by NIC-based companies and hopefully to develop a formal model and theory appropriate to NICs. The particular questions addressed in this study are: How did companies in Taiwan make the transition from local to global? What globalization strategies did these companies employ? Were these strategies consistent with the conventional theory of globalization? How do they differ?
The African Information Society Initiative: A Seven-year Assessment (1996-2002)
Authors: Hafkin Nancy 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper provides a contemporary historical analysis of the African Information Society Initiative (AISI), the first systematic and comprehensive effort by African governments to bring their countries into the information age. Covering the period 1996- 2002, it is based on interviews, documentary and statistical sources, press reports, parliamentary records, and participant observation. For the first five years of the time-span of the study, the author was a senior official of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, in charge of coordinating the AISI. While this may put the objectivity of the author in question, it also brings the advantages of direct personal knowledge of the events and processes described. The paper examines the origins of the Initiative, its content, the process of its implementation, its achievements, and its constraints. The paper's narrative looks at how and why the Initiative developed as it did, in particular with relation to policy decisions. Additionally, the paper presents an AISI progress index, which represents an attempt to measure the relative positions of African countries on each of the major dimensions of the Initiative. It concludes with a brief analysis of how Africa stands in relation to the rest of the world in the utilization of information technology for development and what it needs to do to accelerate its progress.