bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has not been a history; the evidence for significant change in attitudes to pollution is too sparse. If we look forward briefly beyond the fourth century, we still find more evidence for continuity than transformation. One familiar figure does, it is true, seem to disappear, that of the polluted murderer. Little is known at all about the legal and social responses to homicide in this period, but it is probable that, if pollution had been much spoken of, it would in some way have intruded upon the sources. The function of ‘purification’, or the restoration of normality by a positive and public act, had been taken over by legal process, and it gradually ceased to be necessary to think of the killer as significantly different from any other malefactor whose offences were dealt with by the courts. Something similar can perhaps be observed in respect of certain forms of sacrilege. In historical times, cutting sacred wood no longer evokes a savage punishment from the gods, as it does in myth, but a comparatively modest fine.1a The gods could afford to be more lenient because they now had precinct governors who provided effective practical protection for their groves.
Cicero’s Translations from Greek
Authors: Powell J G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of passages in Cicero’s philosophical works are translated directly from Greek. Apart from this, Cicero devotes considerable attention to the problems of rendering individual Greek words and concepts in Latin. In this chapter I shall examine these two aspects of Cicero’s literary activity, with a view to enabling the reader to assess more accurately Cicero’s contribution to the development of the Latin language as a medium for the expression of abstract thought. I do not aim to provide a commentary on the translated passages or to catalogue in detail every item in Cicero’s philosophical vocabulary, but merely to identify the central issues and suggest some possible lines of thought about them.
Cicero the Historian and Cicero the Antiquarian
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero’s views on history and historians, and his general conceptions of the past, have received a good deal of attention - some, most recently, in Rambaud’s short book Ciceron et l’Histoire Romaine; but his historical practice has had less consideration. True, practically every passage in which he refers to an event of the past has been somewhere thoroughly elucidated, and the sources to which he turned in any particular work have been investigated by a crowd of commentators. But the general accounts of Cicero’s knowledge of and relation to the historiographical tradition of his time are either antiquated or disappointing, and estimates of Cicero’s scholarship range from the enthusiastic admiration displayed, but hardly justified, by most recent writers, to the contempt of older ones, most extravagantly Munzer, who stigmatized the De senectute as a historical fantasy, or Zingler, who even accused Cicero of inventing his exempla.
Scipio, Laelius, Furius, and the Ancestral Religion
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the anxieties of the Second Punic War the Romans sought divine aid alike from new Greek and even oriental cults and from ancient Italian rites. But in the subsequent decades a deeper-and to some extent a disenchanted-knowledge of Greece and things Greek combined with the nationalistic pride of a conquering people (and one already committed to reverence of its ancestors) to create a new consciousness of the Roman religious tradition, and of the need to keep it free from the contamination of foreign cults-or foreign scepticism. In 186 BC the Bacchanals were suppressed, and in 181 the books of Numa; in 161 philosophers and rhetors were expelled; either in 173 or 154 two Epicureans were thrown out of Rome by a consul, L. Postumius; in I 5 5 the embassy of the Athenian philosophers caused some concern; and in 139 Chaldaeans (astrologers) and possibly Jews were banned by the praetor and Xvir, Cn. Cornelius Scipio Hispanus. The new Latin-writing historians of the period, Cato and after him the so-called early annalists, Cassius Hemina and Pisa, recorded and explained ancient rites in a doubtless unsystematic fashion, but probably more fully than their predecessors who used the Greek language. And it appears that some time around the middle of the century a Lex Plaetoria may have set up IIviri to restore the decrepit altars of traditional cults.
The Interpretation of Cicero’s De legibus
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero is not usually thought of as an enigmatic author. His style is generally full and explicit; he is sufficiently self–conscious to explain in detail his intentions in writing many of his literary works, which also often act as mutual commentaries. But the De legibus forms the exception; uncertain in date, debated as to its sources, fragmentary in preservation, ignored, it seems, both in the letters and the other treatises, in parts oracular and mock–archaic in style (and, partly as a result, seriously corrupt in text), it poses innumerable problems. As a result, too many students of its author bypass it altogether, or devote to it only a few conventional words; and though it has recently had a fair amount of special attention devoted to it, and has been edited several times, it is depressing to see how little solid advance has been made in the last hundred years, since Vahlen’s edition laid the basis for the text and the last full commentary was made by A. du Mesnil. All too often, since then, good ideas have been dropped, while new ones have been wrong-headed.
Religion and Politics In the Late Second Century BC at Rome
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polybius and Cicero, in well-known passages, assert the importance of religion in Roman public life; 1 and the ways in which the nobility controlled and used religion for political ends have been amply demonstrated for the period where our evidence is fullest, the first century BC. It is very hard to suppose that their predecessors were not attempting to do the same thing in the late second century, an age of vital political struggles. But though the social and political aspects of the Senated’s objection to the influx of oriental religions, and also to the growth of scepticism, have been noted, and the importance of the leges Aelia et Fufia, by which obnuntiatio was extended for use against tribunes, has not been overlooked, the part which religion played in the political debate from about 135, and its place in the programme of optimate or popularis propagandists, have not been studied in detail.
Homo Novus Arpinas ex M. Crassi Familia, [Sallust], Cic 3
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hesitates to make even the smallest contribution to the vastly over-swollen literature on the Invective against Cicero attributed to Sallust; and indeed, if one does not regard it as genuine, one cannot care very much what it says. It is, however, at the worst a reasonably well-informed work, showing, perhaps, some knowledge of Cicero’s own writings, though also the tendency of its genre to violent exaggeration; for example, it knows that Cicero practised speaking in youth with M. (Pupius) Pisa-though it naturally makes an obscene suggestion in connection with him. It is then perhaps worthwhile trying to make sense of its oddest remark.
Caesar, Etruria, and the Disciplina Etrusca
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In investigating the workings of the Roman clientela system in the first century nc, we are accustomed to finding a complex pattern. Within a province or other area, different cities or even different families inside a city may look to different Roman magnates, or even have a plethora of patrons, who can be played off against each other. For example, Sicily in Cicero’s time was particularly richly provided; various branches of the patrician and plebeian Claudii, notably the Marcelli, also Pompey, Cicero himself, and others. After the Mithridatic War, as I have tried to argue, Pompey’s view of his influence and responsibilities in the East clashed head-on with that of the patrician Claudii, who had long-established interests in many parts of the area. A great dynast might indeed control a city, though he would probably have some opponents in it; given inter-city and other rivalries he would find it hard to control a whole province, though his influence might be strong and widespread within it.
Chariot-Racing in the Roman Republic
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal is known about the institutions connected with chariotracing in Rome and elsewhere m the imperial period, and there has been much interesting recent work on the subject, notably by Alan Cameron. But there has been no detailed discussion of the Republican period, for which of course there is far less evidence. In spite of Regner’s article on the ludi circenses in RE Suppl. 7, we are still largely dependent on the work of Mommsen, Friedlander, and Drexel. But some questions have never been asked, and certain pieces of possible new evidence have appeared. In particular, there are problems and conflicts of evidence which are worth investigating, since a not unimportant aspect of Roman social, or even political, life is involved.
The Life and Death of Asclepiades of Bithynia
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can be argued that there was no intellectual figure at work in Rome in the period of the late Republic who had more originality and influence than the Bithynian doctor Asclepiades, who founded an important medical school and was still being attacked nearly three hundred years after his death by Galen, and two hundred years later still by Caelius Aurelianus. His claims to originality rested both on his theory of the causes of disease, and on his methods of treatment. Turning away from the Empiricism recently fashionable, he argued that experience without Jc6yoi;-, theory or reason, was useless. His own theory was based on the scientific ideas of the late fourthcentury philosopher Heraclides Ponticus, and seems to have postulated not awµa, tiny indivisible particles, but oyxot, masses, which are continually in motion and splitting into innumerable fragments, 0Qavaµara, of different shapes and sizes, which re-form to create perceptible bodies. The particles were separated by invisible gaps, TCOQOl or pores; friction between particles created the heat of the human body, but jamming of its pores was often the cause of pain and disease.
Cicero and the Areopagus
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman historians and Greek epigraphists do not always talk to each other as much as they should; in particular, Athenian inscriptions of the first century BC arc for outsiders an alarmingly difficult field. Y ct co-operation may throw some light on the history of both the states concerned, and on the relations of Rome with one of her most venerable, if not her most powerful allies. It is in that hope that the present study is offered.
Theatrical Life in Republican Rome and Italy
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rome, by the early third century, was obviously the dominant state in Italy both militarily and politically. She was not, however, dominant either economically or culturally. Where the last field is concerned, T. P. Wiseman has recently written stimulatingly on activity in the Italian cities in the Hellenistic period, but though recognizing in general terms that there was a busy theatrical life he docs not discuss this in detail; and the paper in the same collection that does consider the Italian background to Roman drama is disappointing.1 It is of course well known that the Greek cities of Magna Graecia on the one hand and Oscan-speaking Campania on the other were theatrical centres, and that since Livius Andronicus originated from Tarentum, and Naevius most probably from Capua, the very roots of the Roman theatre were in these areas. It is equally well known that Plautus came from Umbrian Sarsina, and the influence of his Italian background is usually recognized (though its precise nature is disputed, and certainly the plays we have were written for Rome, as topical references show).
Sallust on the Eighties?*
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Lucan’s second book, an old man looks back to the atrocities perpetrated in the civil strife of the eighties, chiefly on the return of Marius and Cinna to Rome in late 87 and on that of Sulla in 82 (lines 70-233). The episodes that Lucan briefly refers to arc all otherwise known, and there seems no particular reason to assume that he is not drawing on Livy as his principal source, as he does for the events of his main narrative, the civil war between Pompey and Caesar. The scholia to the passage may be a different matter.
The First Fifty Years
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘EGONE equestri et provinciali loco ortus proceribus civitatis adnumeror ?’ In these words Tacitus’ Seneca expresses, at the moment when he was about to lose his great power and position, his amazement at what he had achieved. By comparison, his start as the son of a wealthy gentleman and scholar of Corduba in Spain seemed modest indeed.
The Philosopher On The Principate
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Seneca says of the last years of the Republic shows that he lamented its demise but regarded the change to the Principate as irrevocable. What was lost with the Republic was libertas and the rule of law; what was gained was peace and security. Seneca docs not compare the two constitutions. Did he approve of the Principate as a form of government? It is a common view that the Stoics of the first century A.D. can have had, on philosophical grounds, only sympathy for the Principate as they favoured monarchy as a constitution. One of the main texts cited in support of this view is Seneca’s condemnation of Brutus for failing to behave ‘ex institutione Stoica’: Caesar’s assassin feared the name of king ‘cum optimus civitatis status sub rcge iusto sit’.
The Philosopher On Political Participation
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the issues treated in the Greek philosophical schools, none had more appeal for the Romans than the choice between a life of service to the res publica and a life of otium devoted to philosophy. The thesis ‘sitne sapientis ad rem publicam accedere’ was in the late Republic and the Empire one of the favourite exercises taken over by the rhetorical schools from the philosophers. The prominence of this theme in Seneca’s works and the complexity of his views alone would recommend it for study, but it is particularly relevant to the present inquiry as a theme on which Seneca’s work might well be expected to reflect his own political career and friendships, and the political climate of the reign of Nero. But before we can examine the relation of his various works on the subject to the political and personal circumstances in which they were composed (III, IV, V), we must first try to give a clear account of what Seneca actually wrote on the subject (I) and then establish where he stood in relation to Stoic doctrines and Roman attitudes as they had evolved (II).
Hecuba and Troades
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Hecuba and Troades culminate in an agon in which a vindictive and rhetorically expert Hecuba attempts, before a son of Atreus, to demolish the case of a plausible adversary. The two plays generally have much in common. They are set in the period between the defeat of Troy and the departure of the Greek fleet for home, as the Greeks wait for a favourable wind (Hec. 900, 1289 f.; Tro. 19 f., 456). This period contains fresh suffering for the Trojans, and also gives scope for both retrospect and foreboding. There are also hints, at the end of Hecuba and the beginning of Troades, of troubles in store for the Greeks. Hecuba is a paradigm of suffering at the beginning of both plays (Hec. 55-8, Tro. 36-44), and must suffer even more during them. In Hecuba, she must face the deaths of her last two children, while in Troades she has to endure a series of disasters, each worse than the last, in which every hope and consolation is knocked away.She is on stage, as the embodiment of Trojan suffering, almost throughout the two plays, and her constant presence is an important unifying element.
Aristotle and Slavery
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the Greeks and Romans and all peoples known to them slavery was ubiquitous. In many communities slaves were doubtless employed only or chiefly as household servants, but in those which were economically most advanced, such as Athens, where Aristotle passed much of his life, or Rome, they also worked in the fields and the mines, and as craftsmen, traders, secretaries, accountants, teachers, doctors and public servants; they shaped and decorated the most admired vases of antiquity, and transcribed its literary master pieces. We cannot determine their numbers for any period or region, nor the exact proportion of the labour force that they constituted. Probably free workers always preponderated, peasants, craftsmen, and labourers who worked for a daily wage; it was not profitable to employ slaves who had to be maintained throughout the year in seasonal or merely intermittent work, though a large household establishment might be kept up for the splendour that it shed on the owner.
Comedy and Iconography
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New York Goose Play, 10.2, is a kalyx-krater by the Tarporley Painter, who almost certainly worked in Taras. It is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, of the South Italian comic vases to survive, dated by Trendall to close to 400, well within the lifetime of Aristophanes. It is also one of the most interesting, if not the most interesting.
Dining in Round Buildings
Authors: Cooper Frederick , Morris Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the landscape of Greek architecture, dominated by rectangular structures, circular buildings make isolated but significant appearances. Many can be classified as round towers, altars, funerary monuments, monopteroi, or sculptural pedestals, but a special class of them demonstrates an association with ritual dining in sanctuaries. In our contribution to this symposium, the foremost purpose is a presentation of archaeological and literary evidence for the existence of dining in round buildings. This argument expands beyond its architectural aspect with the demonstration that such dining took place in a seated position, introducing significant implications for the domain of the ancient symposion. Our observations here are preliminary to a future and fuller investigation of the Greek tholos.
Ritual Dining in the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth: Some Questions
Authors: Bookidis Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her stimulating analysis of the cult of Persephone at Locri, C. Sourvinou-Inwood1 calls for a re-examination of Greek religion at the level of the polis in order to focus on local views of divine personalities without the encumbrances of Panhellenic generalizations. The importance of such an approach-and, at the same time, the difficulty of it-is only too apparent when one attempts to restore cult practice in a single place on the basis of extant arte facts. I speak now with reference to the practice of dining in the sanctuary of Demeter and Kore at Corinth. We know a good deal from literary and epigraphical sources about ritual meals, among which festivals of Demeter and Kore play a prominent part. We also can draw from a growing corpus of publications on individual dining-buildings at various sites.
Around the Krater: An Aspect of Banquet Imagery
Authors: Lissarrague Franqois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be rash of me to attempt to synthesize here the iconography of the komos and the symposion, a task for which I have neither the space nor indeed the necessary competence; moreover general surveys are available, at least on the subject of the banquet, which can readily orientate the reader in the vast corpus of material. Before I broach my own subject-the iconography of the krater-I should like to offer some very brief and doubtless rather over-simplified guide-lines to the way in which one may undertake the reading of images.2 It does not seem wise to treat the images on Attic vases, however precise and detailed they may be, simply as ‘photographic documents’ transmitting to us an immediate and ‘objective’ view of everyday life in Greece.
The Play of Reflections between Literary Form and the Sympotic Theme in the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus
Authors: Lukinovich Alessandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sympotic literature, the dialogue of the Deipnosophistae by Athenaeus deserves a place of honour not only because of the wealth of evidence which it offers us about the customs of the symposion in antiquity, but also by virtue of the very real qualities of its literary formulation. Unfortunately, these qualities have often been overlooked in comparisons made between Athenaeus’ dialogue and analogous works born of quite different literary and aesthetic conceptions, such as Plato’s and Xenophon’s Symposia or Plutarch’s Quaestiones Convivales. The abridged and mutilated form in which the work has come down to us increases the difficulties of critical understanding and evaluation. None the less, even in its present form the work should be accorded greater consideration than is the case while it continues to be judged as the work of a mere man of letters, rather than as that of a writer.
The Greek Wars
Authors: Cawkwell George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek Wars treats of the whole course of Persian relations with the Greeks from the coming of Cyrus in the 540s down to Alexander the Great's defeat of Darius III in 331 BC. Cawkwell discusses from a Persian perspective major questions such as why Xerxes' invasion of Greece failed, and how important a part the Great King played in Greek affairs in the fourth century. Cawkwell's views are at many points original: in particular, his explanation of how and why the Persian invasion of Greece failed challenges the prevailing orthodoxy, as does his view of the importance of Persia in Greek affairs for the two decades after the King's Peace. Persia, he concludes, was destroyed by Macedonian military might but moral decline had no part in it; the Macedonians who had subjected Greece were too good an army, but their victory was not easy.
Catullus and his Renaissance Readers
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first general study of the fortunes of Catullus in the Renaissance. After a brief introduction tracing the transmission of the poet from antiquity to the middle of the fifteenth century, the book follows his reception and interpretation by editors, commentators, university lecturers, and poets from the first edition (1472) through the sixteenth century. The focus is on Catullus but also on his Renaissance readers. Their text and interpretations not only influenced the ways in which later generations (including our own) would read the poet, but also provide windows into their own intellectual and historical worlds, which include Poliziano's Florence, Rome under the Medici Pope Leo X and his puritanical successor Adrian VI, the Paris of Ronsard and Marc-Antoine de Muret, post-Tridentine Rome, and sixteenth-century Leiden - as well as fifteenth-century Verona, where Catullus was an object of patriotic veneration, and Pontano's Naples, where poets learned to read and imitate him through Martial's imitations.