bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Spatial Degrees of Freedom of Natural Temperature Variability as a Function of Frequency
Authors: Kunz Torben , Laepple Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A fundamental statistic of climate variability is its spatiotemporal correlation function. Its complex structure can be concisely summarized by a frequency-dependent measure of the effective spatial degrees of freedom (ESDOF). Here we present, for the first time, frequency-dependent ESDOF estimates of global natural surface temperature variability from purely instrumental measurements, using the HadCRUT4 dataset (1850–2014). The approach is based on a newly developed method for estimating the frequency-dependent spatial correlation function from gappy data fields. Results reveal a multicomponent structure of the spatial correlation function, including a large-amplitude short-distance component (with weak time scale dependence) and a small-amplitude long-distance component (with increasing relative amplitude toward the longer time scales). Two frequency-dependent ESDOF measures are applied, each responding mainly to either of the two components. Both measures exhibit a significant ESDOF reduction from monthly to multidecadal time scales, implying an increase of the effective spatial scale of natural surface temperature fluctuations. Moreover, it is found that a good approximation to the global number of equally spaced samples needed to estimate the variance of global mean temperature is given, at any frequency, by the greater one of the two ESDOF measures, decreasing from ∼130 at monthly to ∼30 at multidecadal time scales. Finally, the multicomponent structure of the correlation function together with the detected ESDOF scaling properties indicate that the ESDOF reduction toward the longer time scales cannot be explained simply by diffusion acting on stochastically driven anomalies, as it might be suggested from simple stochastic-diffusive energy balance models.
Impact of Parameterized Convection on the Storm Track and Near-Surface Jet Response to Global Warming: Implications for Mechanisms of the Future Poleward Shift
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Keller Benny , Lachmy Orli , White Ian , Gerber Edwin P. , Jucker Martin , Adam Ori 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
While a poleward shift of the near-surface jet and storm track in response to increased greenhouse gases appears to be robust, the magnitude of this change is uncertain and differs across models, and the mechanisms for this change are poorly constrained. An intermediate complexity GCM is used in this study to explore the factors governing the magnitude of the poleward shift and the mechanisms involved. The degree to which parameterized subgrid-scale convection is inhibited has a leading-order effect on the poleward shift, with a simulation with more convection (and less large-scale precipitation) simulating a significantly weaker shift, and eventually no shift at all if convection is strongly preferred over large-scale precipitation. Many of the physical processes proposed to drive the poleward shift are equally active in all simulations (even those with no poleward shift). Hence, we can conclude that these mechanisms are not of leading-order significance for the poleward shift in any of the simulations. The thermodynamic budget, however, provides useful insight into differences in the jet and storm track response among the simulations. It helps identify midlatitude moisture and latent heat release as a crucial differentiator. These results have implications for intermodel spread in the jet, hydrological cycle, and storm track response to increased greenhouse gases in intermodel comparison projects.
Graduate Admissions in Psychology Before and After the Pandemic: GRExit Comes to Psychology
Authors: Charlton Shawn R. , Sobel Kenith V. , Rowe Jon M. 
Published: February 2024

Background Admission to graduate school in psychology is competitive. It is essential for both undergraduate students who seek graduate training and their professors to understand the key factors that contribute to successful applications for graduate study. Objective We aimed to see how the global COVID-19 pandemic affected graduate admissions decisions by comparing the results from nationwide surveys distributed in 2014 and 2022. Method A Qualtrics script asked respondents to rate the importance of 16 factors in admission to graduate school in psychology by reporting a percentage value for each factor, adding up to 100% across all factors. Results The importance of factors that had figured prominently in the initial sample (e.g., research experience, undergraduate GPA, recommendation letters, and personal statement) increased or remained stable in the recent sample, but all versions of the Graduate Record Exam decreased in importance. Conclusions Students who aspire to graduate study in psychology should engage in research and disseminate the results in papers and presentations. Teaching Implications Professors involved in training undergraduate psychology students need to provide opportunities for their students to engage in research, and to find outlets for the students to disseminate their findings such as undergraduate journals and regional conferences.
Efficacy and safety of transcatheter arterial embolization of omental artery aneurysm: A single-center experience
Authors: Nozawa Yosuke , Ono Shigeshi , Hasegawa Yasuaki , Igarashi Takao , Kusada Shun , Arahata Kyoko , Nakamura Kenji , Ikeda Koshi , Hasegawa Hirotoshi 
Published: February 2024

Background Omental artery aneurysm (OAA) is an extremely rare visceral artery aneurysm. Ruptured OAAs are associated with a high mortality rate. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) has been used to treat OAA in recent years. However, the risk of omental ischemia due to TAE remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of TAE of OAA as a first-line treatment. Methods Fifteen patients with true aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms who underwent OAA-TAE between 1 April 2010 and 31 December 2022 were included in this study. The technical and clinical outcomes, the incidence of omental infarction after TAE as a major complication, OAA-TAE techniques, radiological findings on computed tomography angiography and angiogram, and patient characteristics were evaluated. Results Fifteen patients (nine men, six women; age, 69.8 ± 18.59 years) underwent TAE of OAAs (mean aneurysm size of 9.30 ± 6.10 mm) located in the right gastroepiploic ( n = 9), left gastroepiploic ( n = 1), and epiploic ( n = 5) arteries. All patients with ruptured ( n = 6) and unruptured ( n = 9) OAA successfully underwent TAEs using coils, n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate, or gelatin sponges. Hepatic artery thrombosis and coil migration were observed during the procedure; however, these adverse events were manageable. Transfusion of red blood cell units (4.66 ± 1.63 units) was required only in cases with ruptured OAAs after TAE. Additional surgery or TAE due to rupture or rerupture of OAA and omental infarction was not required during the postoperative and follow-up periods. Conclusion The OAA-TAE can effectively treat ruptured and unruptured OAAs, and the risk of omental infarction after OAA-TAE may not be high.
Outcomes of Shoulder Instability Surgery in Competitive Wrestlers: Outcomes, Reoperations, and Return to Play at 5 Years’ Mean Follow-up
Authors: Marigi Erick M. , Lamba Abhinav , Boos Alexander , Wang Allen , Okoroha Kelechi R. , Barlow Jonathan D. , Krych Aaron J. , Camp Christopher L. 
Published: February 2024

Background: Wrestling is a physically demanding sport with young athletes prone to traumatic shoulder instability and a paucity of data evaluating the results of shoulder instability surgery (SIS). Purpose: To assess reoperation rates, patient-reported outcomes, and return to wrestling (RTW) after SIS in a cohort of competitive wrestlers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All competitive wrestlers with a history of shoulder instability and subsequent surgery at a single institution between 1996 and 2020 were identified. All directions of shoulder instability (anterior shoulder instability [ASI], posterior shoulder instability [PSI], and traumatic multidirectional shoulder instability [TMDI]) were analyzed. Exclusions included revision SIS and <2 years of follow-up. Athletes were contacted for determination of complications, RTW, and Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index scores. Results: Ultimately, 104 wrestlers were included with a mean age at initial instability of 16.9 years (range, 12.0-22.7 years), mean age at surgery of 18.9 years (range, 14.0-29.0 years), and a mean follow-up of 5.2 years (range, 2.0-22.0 years). A total of 58 (55.8%) wrestlers were evaluated after a single shoulder instability event, while 46 (44.2%) sustained multiple events before evaluation. ASI was the most common direction (n = 79; 76.0%), followed by PSI (n = 14; 13.5%) and TMDI (n = 11; 10.6%). Surgical treatment was most commonly an arthroscopic soft tissue stabilization (n = 88; 84.6%), with open soft tissue repair (n = 13; 12.5%) and open bony augmentation (n = 3; 2.9%) performed less frequently. RTW occurred in 57.3% of wrestlers at a mean of 9.8 months. Recurrent instability was the most common complication, occurring in 18 (17.3%) wrestlers. Revision SIS was performed in 15 (14.4%) wrestlers. Across the entire cohort, survivorship rates free from recurrent instability and revision surgery were 90.4% and 92.5% at 2 years, 71.9% and 70.7% at 5 years, and 71.9% and 66.5% at 10 years, respectively. Preoperative recurrent instability was an independent risk factor for postoperative recurrent instability (hazard ratio, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.33-11.03; P = .012). Conclusion: Competitive wrestlers with multiple dislocations before initial clinical evaluation were 3.8 times more likely to experience postoperative recurrent instability. Patients should be counseled that despite SIS, only 57.3% returned to wrestling after surgery.
Evaluation of Open Versus Arthroscopic Anterior Talofibular Ligament Reconstruction for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability With Talar and Subtalar Cartilage MRI T2 Mapping: A 3-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Hu Yiwen , Li Qianru , Li Xiangwen , Xie Yuxue , Liu Changyan , Fu Caixia , Tao Hongyue , Chen Shuang 
Published: February 2024

Background: Previous studies have examined patients with chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) undergoing open and arthroscopic anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) reconstruction, reporting equivalent clinical results between the 2 procedures. However, data on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes on cartilage health after the 2 procedures are limited. Purpose: To compare the cartilage MRI T2 values of the talar and subtalar joints between patients with CLAI undergoing open and arthroscopic ATFL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on patients who underwent open or arthroscopic ATFL reconstruction between January 2018 and December 2019, with a mean follow-up duration of 3 years. MRI scans and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) and Tegner score estimations were completed by patients ≤1 week before surgery, as a baseline measurement, and at a 3-year follow-up. A total of 21 healthy volunteers were included who underwent MRI at baseline. Cartilage health was evaluated using MRI T2 mapping. The talar and subtalar cartilage regions were segmented into 14 subregions. Results: At baseline, patients with CLAI had substantially higher T2 values in the medial anterior, medial center, medial posterior, and lateral center regions on the talus compared with the healthy controls ( P = .009, .003, .001, and .025, respectively). Remarkable increases in T2 values in the lateral posterior region on the talus were observed from baseline to follow-up in the open group ( P = .007). Furthermore, T2 values were considerably higher in the medial center, medial posterior, lateral posterior, and lateral posterior calcaneal facets of the posterior subtalar joint at follow-up in the arthroscopic group compared with the baseline values ( P = .025, .002, .006, and .044, respectively). No obvious differences in ΔT2 values were noted between the 2 groups at follow-up. The AOFAS and Tegner scores remarkably improved from baseline to follow-up for the 2 groups (open: 3.25 ± 0.58 vs 5.13 ± 0.81, P < .001; arthroscopic: 3.11 ± 0.90 vs 5.11 ± 1.08, P < .001), with no considerable difference between them. Conclusion: The elevated T2 values of cartilage could not be fully recovered after open or arthroscopic ATFL reconstruction. Both arthroscopic and open ATFL reconstruction displayed similar effects on cartilage health concerning ΔT2, but the arthroscopic group demonstrated more degenerative cartilage subregions than the open group.
Application of a nomogram from coagulation-related biomarkers and C1q and total bile acids in distinguishing advanced and early-stage lung cancer
Authors: Long Tingting , Zhu Xinyu , Tang Dongling , Li Huan , Zhang Pingan 
Published: February 2024

Background This study aimed to establish a nomogram to distinguish advanced- and early-stage lung cancer based on coagulation-related biomarkers and liver-related biomarkers. Methods A total of 306 patients with lung cancer and 172 patients with benign pulmonary disease were enrolled. Subgroup analyses based on histologic type, clinical stage, and neoplasm metastasis status were carried out and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied. Furthermore, a nomogram model was developed and validated with bootstrap resampling. Results The concentrations of complement C1q, fibrinogen, and D-dimers, fibronectin, inorganic phosphate, and prealbumin were significantly changed in lung cancer patients compared to benign pulmonary disease patients. Multiple regression analysis based on subgroup analysis of clinical stage showed that compared with early-stage lung cancer, female ( P < 0.001), asymptomatic admission ( P = 0.001), and total bile acids ( P = 0.011) were negatively related to advanced lung cancer, while C1q ( P = 0.038), fibrinogen ( P < 0.001), and D-dimers ( P = 0.001) were positively related. A nomogram model based on gender, symptom, and the levels of total bile acids, C1q, fibrinogen, and D-dimers was constructed for distinguishing advanced lung cancer and early-stage lung cancer, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.919. The calibration curve for this nomogram revealed good predictive accuracy ( P−Hosmer−Lemeshow = 0.697) between the predicted probability and the actual probability. Conclusions We developed a nomogram based on gender, symptom, and the levels of fibrinogen, D-dimers, total bile acids, and C1q that can individually distinguish early- and advanced-stage lung cancer.
Biaxial fatigue failure of short glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6,6: An in-depth investigation of stiffness drop and microstructural evolution
Authors: Irez Alaeddin Burak 
Published: February 2024

In the automotive industry, short glass fiber-reinforced thermoplastics are widely used under the hood and subjected to dynamic vibrations of the engine in multiple directions resulting in fatigue failure. Under fatigue loading, a significant portion of the strain energy is stored within the material, while the remaining portion is lost due to internal frictions and the damage occurrence. Internal friction results in heat generation, which in turn causes an increase in external temperature. This increase in temperature leads to thermal degradation of the polymer. Investigations on the cause of the stiffness drop are not widely available in the literature. Therefore, this study explores the source of the stiffness drop under biaxial fatigue loading of a polyamide 6,6 reinforced with 30 wt. % short glass fibers (PA66GF30) and distinguishes the contributions of thermal degradation and damage accumulation. The thermal evolution of the specimens was captured by means of thermography. In addition, the digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to measure the in situ strain field during the fatigue. Despite the temperature stabilization being observed around the 10,000th cycle, the reduction in the stiffness continued until failure which was attributed to the mechanical damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) were carried out to quantify the stiffness drop with the varying temperature. From the results, it is seen that the damage accumulation and cyclic creep during the fatigue tests were responsible for the major part of the stiffness drop. Finally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspection of the fracture surface was performed to identify fatigue damage mechanisms. Four unique features associated with the fatigue damage were identified: (1) debonding of fibers from the matrix, (2) polymer matrix crazing, and (3) cavitation and porosities, (4) pull out fiber ends and break on the fiber.
Clinical performance and utility: A microsimulation model to inform the design of screening trials for a multi-cancer early detection test
Authors: Dai James Y , Zhang Jing , Braun Jerome V , Simon Noah , Hubbell Earl , Zhang Nan 
Published: February 2024

Objectives Designing cancer screening trials for multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests presents a significant methodology challenge, as natural histories of cell-free DNA-shedding cancers are not yet known. A microsimulation model was developed to project the performance and utility of an MCED test in cancer screening trials. Methods Individual natural history of preclinical progression through cancer stages for 23 cancer classes was simulated by a stage-transition model under a broad range of cancer latency parameters. Cancer incidences and stage distributions at clinical presentation in simulated trials were set to match the data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. One or multiple rounds of annual screening using a targeted methylation-based MCED test (GalleriⓇ) was conducted to detect preclinical cancers. Mortality benefit of early detection was simulated by a stage-shift model. Results In simulated trials, accounting for healthy volunteer effect and varying test sensitivity, positive predictive value in the prevalence screening round reached 48% to 61% in 6 natural history scenarios. After 3 rounds of annual screening, the cumulative proportions of stage I/II cancers increased by approximately 9% to 14%, the incidence of stage IV cancers was reduced by 37% to 46%, the reduction of stages III and IV cancer incidences was 9% to 24%, and the reduction of mortality reached 13% to 16%. Greater reductions of late-stage cancers and cancer mortality were achieved by five rounds of MCED screening. Conclusions Simulation results guide trial design and suggest that adding this MCED test to routine screening in the United States may shift cancer detection to earlier stages, and potentially save lives.
Prevalence, Correlates and Subjective Experience of Emotional Abuse in Adolescents Presenting to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Services: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Rajan Tess Maria , Seshadri Shekhar P , Girimaji Satish Chandra , Kommu John Vijay Sagar , Sharma Eesha , KM Rajendra 
Published: February 2024

Introduction: The burden and impact of childhood emotional abuse (CEA) among children and adolescents utilizing psychiatry services is a less studied area, especially in the Indian context. This study aims to study the prevalence and correlates of CEA in adolescents attending psychiatry services and to understand the subjective experience of emotional abuse (EA) in this population. Methods: Adolescents aged between 12 and 18 years attending child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) services were recruited for the study. The prevalence of CEA was assessed using ICAST-C (ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool), temperament was assessed using the Malhotra Temperament Scale, and psychosocial adversities were assessed with the Parent Interview Schedule (PIS). From those reporting CEA, a few of them were interviewed to get narratives of subjective experiences of CEA, and this was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: In total, 81 adolescents were recruited for the study, and among them, 82.7% ( n = 67) reported at least 1 form of EA in the last year, and 93.8% ( n = 76) of them reported a lifetime history of at least 1 form of EA. The frequency of other psychosocial adversities like abnormal intrafamilial relationships ( n = 33; 40.7%) and inadequate or distorted intrafamilial communications ( n = 49; 60.5%) was high in this sample. There was a significant association between the presence of EA in the last year and physical abuse ( p = .00) and neglect ( p = .01) in the last year. Narratives for qualitative analysis were collected from 21 adolescents. The most common themes in the context of CEA were related to academics ( n = 10) and emotional and behavioral problems in the child ( n = 7). Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of EA among adolescents attending CAP services. There is a high co-occurrence of other forms of abuse and other psychosocial adversities with EA. As adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) pose a high risk for future physical and mental health sequelae, this needs to be identified early and intervened with.
Clinical Response to Third-Line Angiotensin-II vs Epinephrine in Septic Shock: A Propensity-Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Blankenship Caitlyn R. , Betthauser Kevin D. , Hencken Laura N. , Maamari Julie A. , Goetz Jenna , Giacomino Bria D. , Gibson Gabrielle A. 
Published: February 2024

Background: The appropriate third-line vasopressor in septic shock patients receiving norepinephrine and vasopressin is unknown. Angiotensin-II (AT-II) offers a unique mechanism of action to traditionally used vasopressors in septic shock. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of third-line AT-II to epinephrine in patients with septic shock. Methods: A single-center, retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients was performed between April 1, 2019 and July 31, 2022. Propensity-matched (2:1) analysis compared adults with septic shock who received third-line AT-II to controls who received epinephrine following norepinephrine and vasopressin. The primary outcome was clinical response 24 hours after third-line vasopressor initiation. Additional efficacy and safety outcomes were investigated. Results: Twenty-three AT-II patients were compared with 46 epinephrine patients. 47.8% of AT-II patients observed a clinical response at hour 24 compared with 28.3% of epinephrine patients ( P = 0.12). In-hospital mortality (65.2% vs 73.9%, P = 0.45), cardiac arrhythmias (26.1% vs 26.1%, P = 0.21), and thromboembolism (4.3% vs 2.2%, P = 0.61) were not observed to be statistically different between groups. Conclusions and relevance: Administration of AT-II as a third-line vasopressor agent in septic shock patients was not associated with significantly improved clinical response at hour 24 compared with epinephrine. Although underpowered to detect meaningful differences, the clinical observations of this study warrant consideration and further investigation of AT-II as a third-line vasopressor in septic shock.