bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal progressive antigen expression in radial glia after contusive spinal cord injury in adult rats
Authors: Shibuya Sei , Miyamoto Osamu , Itano Toshifumi , Mori Satoshi , Norimatsu Hiromichi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the development of the CNS, radial glial cells are among the first cells derived from neuroepithelial cells. Recent studies have reported that radial glia possess properties of neural stem cells. We analyzed the antigen expression and distribution of radial glia after spinal cord injury (SCI). Sprague‐Dawley rats had a laminectomy at Th11‐12, and spinal cord contusion was created by compression with 30g of force for 10 min. In the injury group, rats were examined at 24 h and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after injury. Frozen sections of 20‐μm thickness were prepared from regions 5 and 10 mm rostral and caudal to the injury epicenter. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using antibodies to 3CB2 (a specific marker for radial glia), nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). At 1 week after injury, radial glia that bound anti‐3CB2 MAb had spread throughout the white matter from below the pial surface. From 4 weeks after injury, 3CB2 expression was also observed in the gray matter around the central canal, and was especially strong around the ependymal cells and around blood vessels. In double‐immunohistochemical assays for 3CB2 and GFAP or 3CB2 and nestin, coexpression was observed in subpial structures that extended into the white matter as arborizing processes and around blood vessels in the gray matter. The present study demonstrated the emergence of radial glia after SCI in adult mammals. Radial glia derived from subpial astrocytes most likely play an important role in neural repair and regeneration after SCI. GLIA 42:172–183, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Slit and glypican‐1 mRNAs are coexpressed in the reactive astrocytes of the injured adult brain
Authors: Hagino Seita , Iseki Ken , Mori Tetsuji , Zhang Yuxiang , Hikake Tsuyoshi , Yokoya Sachihiko , Takeuchi Mayumi , Hasimoto Hiromi , Kikuchi Shinichi , Wanaka Akio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe slit family serves as a repellent for growing axons toward correct targets during neural development. A recent report describes slit mRNAs expressed in various brain regions in adult rats. However, their functions in the adult nervous system remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated whether slit mRNAs were expressed in the cryo‐injured brain, using in situ hybridization. All slit family members were expressed at the lesion. Slit2 mRNA was the most intensely expressed in the cells surrounding the necrotic tissue. A double‐labeling study showed that slit2 mRNA was expressed in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive reactive astrocytes. In addition, glypican‐1, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that serves as a high‐affinity receptor for Slit protein, was coexpressed with slit2 mRNA in the reactive astrocytes. These findings suggested that slit2 might prevent regenerating axons from entering into the lesion in concert with glypican‐1. GLIA 42:130–138, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of differentially expressed proteins in human glioblastoma cell lines and tumors
Authors: Zhang Rulin , Tremblay Tammy‐Lynn , Mcdermid Angela , Thibault Pierre , Stanimirovic Danica 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn in‐frame deletion of 801 bp in exons 2–7 (type III mutation) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is detected at high incidence in primary glioblastoma tumors. A proteomic approach was used to generate differential protein expression maps of fetal human astrocytes (FHA), human glioblastoma cell lines U87MG and U87MG expressing type III EGFR deletion (U87MGΔEGFR) that confers high malignancy to tumor cells. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by in‐gel digestion of separated spots and protein identification by LC‐MS‐MS and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) identified 23 proteins expressed at higher levels or exclusively in FHA and 29 proteins expressed at higher levels or exclusively in U87MG cells. Three proteins, ubiquitin, cystatin B, and tissue transglutaminase (TTG), were upregulated in U87MGΔEGFR relative to U87MG. Four proteins highly expressed by U87MG cells, Hsp27, major vault protein, TTG, and cystatin B, were analyzed by Western blot, ELISA, or RT‐PCR in cell extracts and in tissue samples of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; grade IV), low‐grade astrocytomas (grades I and II), and nonmalignant brain lesions. All four proteins were highly expressed in GBM tissues compared to nonmalignant brain. These proteins may be used as diagnostic or functional (e.g., multiple drug resistance, invasiveness) markers for glioblastoma tumors. GLIA 42:194–208, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Active Src expression is induced after rat peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Zhao Ying‐Luan , Takagawa Kiyoshi , Oya Takeshi , Yang Hong‐Fa , Gao Zhi‐Yang , Kawaguchi Makoto , Ishii Yoko , Sasaoka Toshiyasu , Owada Koji , Furuta Isao , Sasahara Masakiyo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe non–receptor‐type Src tyrosine kinases are key components of intracellular signal transduction that are expressed at high levels in the nervous system. To improve understanding of the cascades of molecular events underlying peripheral nerve regeneration, we analyzed active Src expression in the crushed or cut rat sciatic nerves using a monoclonal antibody (clone 28) that recognizes the active form of Src tyrosine kinases, including c‐Src and c‐Fyn. Western blots showed that active Src expressed in the normal sciatic nerve transiently increased up to threefolds after both types of injury. Immunohistochemistry using clone 28 showed that axonal components are the primary sites of active Src expression in the normal sciatic nerve. Soon after both types of injury, active Src was abundantly expressed in Schwann cells of the segments distal to the injury site. The expression of active Src in the cells decreased with restoration of the axon‐Schwann cell relationship and eventually became depleted to very low levels after crushing, but was sustained at high levels in the cut model until the end of the experiment. Regenerated axons consistently expressed active Src throughout nerve regeneration and these eventually became the major sites of active Src expression in the crushed nerve. Among the Src tyrosine kinases, active c‐Src selectively increased after crushing according to immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analyses. Due to its potent biological activity, the increased amounts of the active form of Src probably enhance axonal regrowth, the Schwann cell response, and axon‐Schwann cell contact for peripheral nerve regeneration. GLIA 42:184–193, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the ontogeny of Leptodora kindtii (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Cladocera), with notes on the phylogeny of the Cladocera
Authors: Olesen Jørgen , Richter Stefan , Scholtz Gerhard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLeptodora kindtii, a large predaceous cladoceran, is among the most deviant species of the Cladocera. Therefore, its phylogenetic position has traditionally proven difficult to determine. Its many peculiar features include, among others, long, stenopodous, forwardly directed trunk limbs, a posteriorly placed dorsal brood pouch, a tri‐lobed lower lip, and a long, segmented abdomen. This study describes the ontogeny of L. kindtii (Haplopoda), including general body proportions, appendages, the carapace, and other external structures in an attempt to facilitate the comparison of its aberrant morphology to that of other branchiopods. In general, the early embryos are similar to the early embryos of other cladoceran taxa with respect to body shape and size and position and orientation of the early limb buds. Many of the unusual features of L. kindtii appear late in ontogeny. The carapace appears at an early stage as a pair of dorsolateral swellings in a position corresponding to the gap between the mandibles and the first pair of trunk limbs; it later becomes posteriorly transposed by a gradual fusion of its more anterior parts to the dorsal side of the thorax. The tri‐lobed “lower lip,” under the labrum of the late embryo and the adult, develops as a fusion of the first maxillae (lateral lobes) to an elevated sternal region behind the mouth (median lobe). The stenopodous, segmented trunk limbs in the adult develop from embryonic, elongate, subdivided limb buds, similar to those seen in early stages of other branchiopods. Two conflicting possibilities for the phylogeny of the Cladocera, involving two different positions of L. kindtii (Haplopoda), are discussed. Several characters support a sister‐group relationship between the Haplopoda and Onychopoda. However, some characters support the Anomopoda and Onychopoda as sister groups, leaving the Haplopoda outside this clade. In contrast to recent suggestions, we prefer to retain the term “Cladocera” in its original sense as comprising the Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Anomopoda, and Onychopoda. J. Morphol. 256:235–259, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Craniofacial variation of the Chinese macaques explored with Morphologika
Authors: Pan Ruliang , Wei Fuwen , Li Ming 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to analyze, separately and dynamically, the variation in cranial size and shape of Chinese macaques, a new method, Morphologika, was used to illustrate 3D profiles based on the coordinates of 26 landmarks on the skull. Striking image variation between the two sexes was detected on the facial region: males exhibited a larger and more protrusive facial structure. Males also displayed a bigger cranium than females. The two sexes also showed quite different images in skull shape. However, they expressed the same allometric pattern with regard to the relationship between size and shape, which was significantly positively associated with each other along the first axis. The same relationship was negatively displayed along the second axis when the two sexes were analyzed together. However, only the relationship for females reached a significant level when the two sexes were studied separately. This was considered to be related to their differentiation in growth trajectory. This study also tested the concept of size revealed by the second axis of principal components analysis based on traditional morphometric methods on the same taxa. J. Morphol. 256:342–348, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surface glycoconjugates in the olfactory system of Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: Franceschini Valeria , Lazzari Maurizio , Ciani Franco 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLectin binding histochemistry was performed on the olfactory system of neotenic and metamorphosed Ambystoma mexicanum to investigate the distribution and density of defined carbohydrate residues on the cell surface glycoproteins of the olfactory and vomeronasal receptor cells and their terminals in the olfactory bulbs. The lectin binding patterns indicate that the main olfactory system possesses a high density of N‐acetyl‐galactosamine and N‐acetyl‐glucosamine residues, while the vomeronasal system contains a high density of N‐acetyl‐galactosamine and galactose moieties and a moderate density of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine. The presence of specific glycoproteins, whose terminal sugars are detected by lectin binding, might be related to the chemoreception and transduction of the odorous message into a nervous signal or to the histogenesis and development of the olfactory system. In fact, the olfactory and vomeronasal receptor cells are neurons that undergo a continuous cycle of proliferation not only during development but also in mature animals. J. Morphol. 256:301–305, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of testes structure, spermatogenesis, and spermatocytogenesis in young, aging, and hybrid cichlid fish (Cichlidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Fishelson Lev 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTestis structure, spermatogenesis, and spermatocytogenesis were compared in 13 species of cichlid fishes, belonging to the subfamilies Haplochrominae and Tilapinae. The species studied were either mouth brooders, in which fertilization occurs mostly inside the mouth of the brooding fish, or substrate brooders, whose eggs adhere to a substrate over which the sperm is ejaculated. In this study, the embryogenesis of testes anlagen and sperm production was followed in embryos and in fish up to 15 years old, as well as in hybrids of the two subfamilies. In cichlids, the testes are of the unrestricted type and primary spermatogonia develop along the entire length of the developing sperm tubule. The first primary spermatogonia are observed in the testes anlagen 2–5 days after fertilization and they continue to develop in cysts formed by the enveloping Sertoli cells and the intertubular elements. The dimensions of such primary and secondary spermatocysts are correlated with the number of spermatogonia they contain and the corresponding number of mitotic multiplications. The largest mature cysts attained 300 μm, and contained 2,200–2,400 spermatids in the mouth‐brooding species and 2,600–3,200 in the substrate‐brooding species. Despite the fact that in such cysts cytoplasmic bridges connect only the isogamete spermatids, the maturation of all cells and consequent spermiation is synchronized. Meristic characters distinguish the sperm of mouth brooders from those of substrate brooders, especially in the number of mitochondria and length of the flagellum. In older fish and hybrids, various changes can be seen in the gametogenic epithelium and intertubular cells. These include thickening of the connective tissue, formation of “yellow” groups of Leydig cells, cell apoptosis and degeneration, and, especially, formation of large spermatogonia, with large, electron‐dense nucleoli, that have the cytological characteristics of oocytes. The intra‐ and interspecific variability of sperm dimensions in the studied cichlids poses an interesting question in the context of sperm competition. J. Morphol. 256:285–300, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered histology of the thymus and spleen in contaminant‐exposed juvenile American alligators
Authors: Rooney Andrew A. , Bermudez Dieldrich S. , Guillette Louis J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMorphological differences in spleen and thymus are closely related to functional immune differences. Hormonal regulation of the immune system has been demonstrated in reptilian splenic and thymic tissue. Spleens and thymus were obtained from juvenile alligators at two reference sites in Florida, USA: Orange Lake and a National Wildlife Refuge, Lake Woodruff, as well as from a contaminated lake, Lake Apopka. Lake Apopka has been extensively polluted with agricultural pesticides. Tissues were prepared for histological analysis to determine if previously detected endocrine abnormalities associated with contaminant exposure might also be reflected in morphological differences in splenic and thymic structures important for immunological response. Similar tissues were taken from captive‐raised juvenile female alligators (3 years old) that were hatched from eggs collected on Lake Woodruff and Lake Apopka. Differences in thymic ratios (medulla/cortex) were found among alligators collected from the two lakes (P = 0.0051). Alligators from Lake Apopka had smaller thymic ratios than animals from either reference lake. Males from Lake Woodruff had significantly smaller lymphocyte sheaths in the spleen than females (P = 0.0009), indicative of a normal sexual dimorphism. Lymphocyte sheath width differed among females obtained from the three lakes, with females from Lake Apopka having the smallest sheath width and those from Orange Lake having the largest. Malpighian body area was largest in alligators from Orange Lake, intermediate in Lake Woodruff, and smallest in Lake Apopka. In contrast to that observed for wild‐caught animals, no difference was found in the thymic medulla/cortex ratio of captive‐raised female alligators (P = 0.378). Captive‐raised female alligators from Lake Apopka and Lake Woodruff displayed lake‐associated differences in lymphocyte sheath width as observed in wild animals; Lake Apopka alligators had smaller lymphocyte sheath width compared to Woodruff alligators (P = 0.0396). In contrast to wild‐caught animals, area of the Malpighian bodies did not differ by lake in the captive‐raised female alligators (P = 0.066). The enlarged thymic cortex suggests a change in T‐lymphocyte maturation within the thymus of alligators from a contaminated environment, Lake Apopka. The results point to alterations in the histology of the thymus and spleen. Further studies are required to examine the functional significance of these observations. J. Morphol. 256:349–359, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcanine dental form in the mustelidae and viverridae (Carnivora: Mammalia)
Authors: Popowics Tracy E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study investigates whether the gross morphology of mustelid and viverrid postcanine dentitions corresponds with differences in diet. For each species, the predominant foods ingested are used to form predictions of dental form and measurements of the carnassial and molar teeth determine the extent of shearing and crushing surfaces on the postcanine teeth. Principal components analysis distinguishes species according to morphological differences in the dentition and these differences are compared with predictions of dental form based on diet. Dietarily specialized species are more likely to be correspondingly specialized in the dentition and species with varied food sources are more likely to possess dental characteristics that are generalized in function. Consumers of foods with high fracture resistance, such as vertebrate tissue and hard‐surfaced invertebrates, possess specialized shearing or crushing postcanine teeth. On the other hand, species that consume foods of lesser fracture resistance, such as fruit and soft invertebrates, differ greatly in dental form and are more generalized in dental function. A few species possess postcanine dentitions that do not correspond with diet; the absence of dental–dietary correlation in these species suggests that other factors, such as phylogeny, are important in determining dental form. J. Morphol. 256:322–341, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formation of the arthrodial membrane in the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus
Authors: Williams C.L. , Dillaman R.M. , Elliott E.A. , Gay D.M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this study the pattern of arthrodial membrane deposition in Callinectes sapidus was determined by histological and ultrastructural examination of tissues from the carpus joint of the cheliped collected during premolt, ecdysis, postmolt, and intermolt. Apolysis in the arthrodial membrane occurs at stage D0 and is synchronous with apolysis of the calcified cuticle. Epicuticle formation begins at early stage D1 and is completed in late stage D1. Procuticle deposition starts at D2 and continues until ecdysis. Numerous cytoplasmic extensions occur throughout the lamellae. Component fibers of the arthrodial membrane are intimately associated with dense plaques on the apical membrane of the underlying hypodermal cells, suggesting a site for fiber polymerization. Deposition of the arthrodial membrane continues after ecdysis, with most of the cuticle thickening occurring during stage C. When stained with PAS and counterstained with hematoxylin, a difference can be discerned between preecdysial and postecdysial procuticle of the arthrodial membrane, a distinction not made in previous studies. The boundary between the arthrodial membrane and calcified cuticle is thicker than either of the two layers and the layers overlap rather than butting up against one another. This pattern suggests that underlying hypodermal cells have to produce multiple types of cuticle over the molt cycle. A summary of the various molting patterns in C. sapidus suggests that the control of these diverse events may prove to be complex. J. Morphol. 256:260–269, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional morphology of prey capture in the sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus
Authors: Carroll Andrew M. , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAcipenseriformes (sturgeon and paddlefish) are basal actinopterygians with a highly derived cranial morphology that is characterized by an anatomical independence of the jaws from the neurocranium. We examined the morphological and kinematic basis of prey capture in the Acipenseriform fish Scaphirhynchus albus, the pallid sturgeon. Feeding pallid sturgeon were filmed in lateral and ventral views and movement of cranial elements was measured from video sequences. Sturgeon feed by creating an anterior to posterior wave of cranial expansion resulting in prey movement through the mouth. The kinematics of S. albus resemble those of other aquatic vertebrates: maximum hyoid depression follows maximum gape by an average of 15 ms and maximum opercular abduction follows maximum hyoid depression by an average of 57 ms. Neurocranial rotation was not a part of prey capture kinematics in S. albus, but was observed in another sturgeon species, Acipenser medirostris. Acipenseriformes have a novel jaw protrusion mechanism, which converts rostral rotation of the hyomandibula into ventral protrusion of the jaw joint. The relationship between jaw protrusion and jaw opening in sturgeon typically resembles that of elasmobranchs, with peak upper jaw protrusion occurring after peak gape. J. Morphol. 256:270–284, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical study of the middle ear epithelium in the chicken, Gallus gallus domesticus
Authors: Giannessi Francesco , Giambelluca Maria A. , Scavuzzo Maria C. , Fattori Bruno , Ruffoli Riccardo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe fine structure of the epithelium lining the tympanic cavity of the chicken was studied by TEM and SEM. In addition, the distribution of nonspecific esterase activity in the epithelium was investigated by TEM. Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of disk‐like apical protrusions of the epithelial cells, previously not observed in other cell types. The protrusions contained some cytoplasmic organelles and were characterized by a ring‐shaped thickening around their periphery. The ring was made up of a granulo‐filamentous material. Our observations clearly indicate the existence of an apocrine secretory mechanism, consisting of a progressive detachment of disk‐like protrusions from the apex of the epithelial cells. The ultracytochemical study demonstrated nonspecific esterase activity on the epithelial surface and in the secretory vesicles. We propose that nonspecific esterase is a marker for middle ear surfactant in birds. J. Morphol. 256:371–378, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.