bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming the thermal limits of photon counting CT resolution using focal spot multiplexing: A feasibility study
Authors: Hsieh Scott S. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundThe spatial resolution of new, photon counting detector (PCD) CT scanners is limited by the size of the focal spot. Smaller, brighter focal spots would melt the tungsten focal track of a conventional X‐ray source.PurposeTo propose focal spot multiplexing (FSM), an architecture to improve the power of small focal spots and thereby enable higher resolution clinical PCD CT. In FSM, the source rapidly alternates between multiple focal spot locations. The dwell time at each focal spot location is much shorter than the readout interval of the PCD, and each location is visited many times during the readout interval so that heat can be effectively distributed over a larger surface area. The PCD accumulates recorded events on the detector (prior to slip ring transmission) into multiple spatial bins, as a second dimension to conventional energy bins.MethodsWe estimated the maximum power permissible for a square, 0.2 mm focal spot assuming a maximum allowed surface temperature of 2900 K and a maximum transient temperature increase at the focal spot of 1400 K. This was performed using two separate thermal simulation codes: first, a commercial finite element method (FEM) was used to estimate bulk heating; second, a custom solver linearizing the heat equation was used to estimate track heating. FSM was simulated assuming that focal spot locations lay on parallel focal tracks, that instantaneous switching between tracks was possible, and that the space charge limit was never reached. We assumed a focal track velocity of 100 m/s and a 1 mm tungsten focal track layer with TZM alloy backing. The tube power was constant over a 4 s acquisition period.ResultsWithout FSM, the 0.2 mm focal spot could attain a maximum power output of 17 kW before reaching the thermal limit. FSM required a minimum switching frequency of 0.5 MHz to produce benefit. With two focal tracks and a switching frequency of 4 MHz, the power could be increased to 28 kW, and with eight focal tracks and a switching frequency of 16 MHz, the power could be increased to 98 kW. In all cases, the 1400 K transient increase thermal limit was reached before the 2900 K maximum surface temperature constraint. The relationship between maximum power, switching frequency, and number of focal tracks is discussed in relation to the underlying physics of heat transport.ConclusionsFocal spot multiplexing is an architecture that exploits the digital nature of photon counting to improve the power of high‐resolution CT X‐ray sources. With fast switching and several parallel focal tracks, it may be possible to halve the size of the focal spot while maintaining source power. This work motivates the development of new source technologies that can achieve fast electronic switching.
Potential for Misdiagnosis of Detrusor Underactivity Due to Urodynamic Voiding Position and Seating Characteristics
Authors: Vancavage Rachel , Ilaka Oyenike , Patel Shreya , Zurlo Rosalie , Feustel Paul , Rogers Rebecca G. , De Elise J. B. , Roberts Brittany L. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundDetrusor underactivity (DUA) is a lower urinary tract (LUT) diagnosis that is diagnosed with multichannel urodynamic studies (UDS). The effect of voiding position and DUA detection is unclear.ObjectivesWe investigated whether moving individuals from the UDS chair to their typical voiding position would more accurately assess detrusor function in cases of absent or nonrepresentative voiding. We hypothesized that patients unable to achieve a representative void while on the UDS chair may be misdiagnosed with DUA, and that changing position may reveal intact detrusor function.MethodsWe retrospectively studied patients who underwent UDS with a single provider over 2 years. Studies were included if a patient was moved to a new position after unsuccessful or unrepresentative void attempts on the UDS chair. Two neurourologists reanalyzed the studies and recorded: time spent attempting to void on UDS chair and after moving position, whether a bladder contraction occurred on UDS chair, pdet Q max and Q max when voiding occurred, presence of a bladder contraction in new position, and pdet Q max and Q max in new position, and Valsalva effort.Results503 patients underwent UDS; 94/503 patients were moved to a new position and 81/94 studies were interpretable. 71% of patients without a bladder contraction on the UDS chair demonstrated contraction in new position.ConclusionUDS voiding position and surface can impact whether patients produce a bladder contraction and representative void during urodynamic testing. Positional change to more natural voiding positions and surfaces improves detection of intact detrusor function.
Incorporating Spatial and Spectral Saturation Modules Into MR Fingerprinting
Authors: Trimble Christopher G. , Sørland Kaia I. , Wu Chia‐Yin , Riel Max H. C. van , Bathen Tone F. , Elschot Mattijs , Cloos Martijn A. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn this work, we introduce spatial and chemical saturation options for artefact reduction in magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) and assess their impact on T1 and T2 mapping accuracy. An existing radial MRF pulse sequence was modified to enable spatial and chemical saturation. Phantom experiments were performed to demonstrate flow artefact reduction and evaluate the accuracy of the T1 and T2 maps. As an in vivo demonstration, MRF of the prostate was performed on an asymptomatic volunteer using saturation modules to reduce flow‐related artefacts. T1, T2 and B1+ maps obtained with and without saturation modules were compared. Application of spatial saturation in prostate MRF reduced streaking artefacts from the femoral vessels. When saturation is enabled T1 accuracy is preserved, and T2 accuracy remains acceptable up to approximately 100 ms. Chemical and spatial saturation can be incorporated into MRF sequences with limited impact on T1 accuracy. Further sequence optimisation may be needed to accurately estimate long T2 components. Spatial saturation modules have potential in prostate MRF applications as a means to reduce flow‐related artefacts.
Relaxin‐2 Alleviated Ferroptosis and Inflammation in TNF‐α‐Treated Chondrocytes via Regulating the Nrf2/NF‐κB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Fan Yuwei , He Yazhou , Ma Da , Chen Ke , Wu Qun , Xu Wanzhong 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTExcessive inflammatory responses and ferroptosis‐associated dysfunction of chondrocytes are significant pathological features of osteoarthritis (OA). Relaxin‐2, a well‐known hormone involved in metabolic regulation across various tissues and cells, has not been extensively studied in the context of chondrocyte dysfunction and OA. T/C‐28a2 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) (10 ng/mL) with or without recombinant human relaxin‐2 (rh relaxin‐2) (25, 50 nM) for 48 h. Various techniques, including 2′,7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH‐DA) staining, real‐time PCR, western blot analysis, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and luciferase activity assays, were employed. We discovered that exposure to TNF‐α decreased the expression of Relaxin‐2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Further investigation revealed that treatment with rh relaxin‐2 mitigated lipid peroxidation by reducing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4‐HNE), while increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content. Notably, rh relaxin‐2 restored iron metabolism balance disrupted by TNF‐α in human T/C‐28a2 chondrocytes by decreasing Fe2+ levels, downregulating transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) gene expression, and upregulating ferritin gene expression. Additionally, rh relaxin‐2 alleviated ferroptosis induced by TNF‐α in these cells by increasing glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression, decreasing acyl‐CoA synthetase long‐chain family member 4 (ACSL4) expression, and reducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Rh relaxin‐2 also inhibited the TNF‐α‐induced expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Interestingly, rh relaxin‐2 attenuated TNF‐α‐induced chondrocyte degeneration by suppressing matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) expression and preventing degradation of collagen type II alpha1 chain (Col2α). Mechanistically, these effects of rh relaxin‐2 were found to be mediated through the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)/NF‐κB signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that rh relaxin‐2 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for OA.
Referral Rates for School Threat Assessment
Authors: Cornell Dewey G. , Kerere Jordan , Konold Timothy , Maeng Jennifer , Afolabi Kelvin , Huang Francis , Cowley Deanne 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAlthough behavioral threat assessment and management (often shortened to “threat assessment”) has become widely used in US schools, no studies have systematically examined how frequently schools conduct threat assessments and how threat assessment rates vary as a function of student and school demographics. Of particular concern is that students with disabilities receive threat assessments at disproportionately high rates. This study examined the 1‐year frequency of threat assessments in a statewide sample of 611 elementary, 341 middle, and 269 high schools reporting 15,301 threat assessments, of which 41% concerned students with disabilities. We identified threat assessment rate differences associated with student grade, gender, race/ethnicity, and disability status. We further examined the association between threat assessment rates and school‐level demographic characteristics including racial/ethnic composition, prevalence of economically disadvantaged students, and proportion of students with a disability. To place these results in context, we compared findings for threat assessment with out‐of‐school suspension rates. We discuss reasons why students with disabilities might be referred for BTAM at a high rate and recommend practices for assuring their educational rights and needs are safeguarded. Evolving school threat assessment policies should recognize the practice demands placed on school staff to evaluate a substantial number of students.
Functional independence trajectories over 5 years in older veterans with traumatic brain injury: A model systems study
Authors: Dini Mia E. , Wallace Rachel E. , Klyce Daniel W. , Tyler Carmen M. , Vriesman Michael , Juengst Shannon B. , Liou‐Johnson Victoria , Gary Kelli W. , Dams‐O'Connor Kristen , Kumar Raj G. , Venkatesam Umesh M. , Merced Kritzia , Perrin Paul B. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundResearch on older adults who sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI) has predominantly been on civilian, nonveteran populations. Military populations experience higher rates of TBI and often experience the additive effects of TBI and other comorbid disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder and/or substance use that may increase disability over time.ObjectiveTo investigate predictors of functional independence trajectories over the 5 years after TBI in veterans 55 years or older at injury.SettingFive Veterans Affairs (VA) polytrauma rehabilitation center (PRC) inpatient rehabilitation programs.ParticipantsVeterans who experienced their TBI at 55 years or older and had completed one or more Functional Independence Measure (FIM) Motor and Cognitive measure at 1, 2, or 5 years after TBI (n = 184) from the VA TBI Model Systems national database.DesignRetrospective analysis of observational data using hierarchical linear models.Main MeasuresFIM Motor and Cognitive scores at 1, 2, and 5 years after TBI.ResultsMotor and cognitive functioning decreased over time. Lower FIM Motor trajectories occurred in participants who had pre‐TBI functional limitations in going out of the home and with longer posttraumatic amnesia (PTA). FIM Motor scores decreased over time, and the decrease was steeper for those with a moderate or severe injury. Lower FIM Cognitive trajectories occurred in participants who had problematic substance use at baseline and among those with longer PTA. FIM Cognitive scores decreased at a steeper rate for participants with greater injury severity.ConclusionsSimilar to previously published studies in civilian populations, older veterans with TBI may be at risk for functional and cognitive decline. This study's findings increase the field's understanding of functional trajectories after TBI in older adults and may help identifty those who are at risk for lower functional outcomes.
Cryo‐EM SPR structures of Salmonella typhimuriumArnC; the key enzyme in lipid‐A modification conferring polymyxin resistance
Authors: Patel Dhruvin H. , Karimullina Elina , Guo Yirui , Semper Cameron , Patel Deepak T. , Emde Tabitha , Borek Dominika , Savchenko Alexei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPolymyxins are last‐resort antimicrobial peptides administered clinically against multi‐drug resistant bacteria, specifically in the case of Gram‐negative species. However, an increasing number of these pathogens employ a defense strategy that involves a relay of enzymes encoded by the pmrE (ugd) loci and the arnBCDTEF operon. The pathway modifies the lipid‐A component of the outer membrane (OM) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by adding a 4‐amino‐4‐deoxy‐l‐arabinose (L‐Ara4N) headgroup, which renders polymyxins ineffective. Here, we report the cryo‐EM SPR structures of glycosyltransferase ArnC from Salmonella typhimurium determined in apo and UDP‐bound forms at resolutions 2.75 Å and 3.8 Å, respectively. The structure of the ArnC protomer comprises three distinct regions: an N‐terminal glycosyltransferase domain, transmembrane region, and the interface helices (IHs). ArnC forms a tetramer with C2 symmetry, where the C‐terminal strand inserts into the adjacent protomer. This tetrameric state is further stabilized by two distinct interfaces formed by ArnC that form a network of hydrogen bonds and salt bridges. The binding of UDP induces conformational changes that stabilize the loop between residues H201 to S213, and part of the putative catalytic pocket formed by IH1 and IH2. The surface property analysis revealed a hydrophobic cavity formed by TM1 and TM2 in the apo state, which is disrupted upon UDP binding. The comparison of ArnC structures to their homologs GtrB and DPMS suggests the key residues involved in ArnC catalytic activity.
Balancing Immediate Relief and Resilience: Centring Local Voices for Disaster Aid and Capacity Building in Climate‐Conflict Vulnerable Communities
Authors: Delina Laurence L. , Shi Lei , Gaviola Jon , Cagoco‐Guiam Rufa 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTClimate change exacerbates fragility and security risks; however, the intersectional vulnerabilities arising from climate and conflict in fragile regions remain insufficiently studied, particularly from local perspectives. While development practices have increasingly shifted towards capacity‐building approaches, traditional aid distribution is often criticised for fostering dependency and lacking transparency. These critiques usually stem from country‐level studies that inadequately capture locally grounded realities. This article investigates the lived experiences of compounding climate and conflict shocks in the Bangsamoro region of southern Philippines through interviews and focus groups. The findings corroborate existing literature, indicating that extreme weather events and violence disrupt agricultural livelihoods, precipitate displacement and exacerbate food insecurity. Semi‐permanently displaced residents rely heavily on immediate relief, locally referred to as ayuda, as a coping mechanism; however, locally designed, long‐term capacity‐building initiatives frequently struggle to secure adequate funding. Perspectives on balancing ayuda with long‐term capacity development suggest a potential for complementarity between these approaches. Proposed resilience strategies emphasise strengthening local governance, enhancing infrastructure, promoting climate‐smart agriculture and fostering inclusive planning. However, gaps in state support hinder progress. By foregrounding the perspectives of marginalised communities affected by climate and conflict, this article offers nuanced insights into addressing compound fragilities often overlooked by top‐down policy discourses. Centring local voices illuminates the grounded realities necessary for a more balanced theoretical discourse regarding ayuda versus capacity building in climate‐fragile, post‐conflict regions, advocating for participatory, tailored and synergistic methodologies to strengthen climate resilience, food security and peacebuilding efforts.
Much Ado About Nothing? Background Anomalies Without Accompanying Primary Peaks in X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Low Energy Ion Scattering
Authors: Pinder Joshua W. , Malatinova Michaela , Kovařík Martin , Austin Daniel E. , Šikola Tomáš , Tougaard Sven , Morgan David J. , Isaacs Mark , Průša Stanislav , Linford Matthew R. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low energy ion scattering (LEIS) are important methods for identifying and quantifying the elements at surfaces. XPS largely deals with zero‐loss peaks produced by unattenuated photoemission, and the focus of LEIS is similarly surface peaks resulting from direct scattering from surface atoms. However, the backgrounds of these spectra also contain information. They can help reveal the structures and distributions of the atoms and layers at surfaces. Here, we show abnormalities in XPS and LEIS backgrounds that are not accompanied by zero‐loss photoemission or surface peaks. These features are due to buried atoms that are far enough from the surface that they cannot produce zero loss or surface peaks but close enough to affect spectral backgrounds. This Insight Note was written to alert the reader to the existence and usefulness of these backgrounds. Spectra with background abnormalities were poorly modeled by multiple linear regression, that is, as linear combinations of the pure‐material spectra. However, XPS backgrounds with anomalies can be well modeled using the QUASES software, even when zero‐loss peaks are not apparent. With QUASES, it is also possible to correct the substrate spectrum for distortions caused by inelastic electron scattering. When unusual baseline features appear in XPS or LEIS spectra, it can be helpful to use a complementary technique that probes at a greater depth to confirm the presence and identity of the atoms causing the anomaly. The effects in this work were demonstrated via a lighter coating of SiO2 on a heavier stainless‐steel substrate.
Structural and Thermodynamic Consequences of Base Pairs Containing Pseudouridine and N1‐methylpseudouridine in RNA Duplexes
Authors: Dutta Nivedita , Deb Indrajit , Sarzynska Joanna , Lahiri Ansuman 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPseudouridine (Ψ) is one of the most common post‐transcriptional modifications in RNA and has been known to play a significant role in several crucial biological processes. The N1‐methyl derivative of pseudouridine, that is, N1‐methylpseudouridine has also been reported to be important for the stability and function of RNA. The critical contribution of N1‐methylpseudouridine in the efficiency of the COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines requires a better understanding of the role of these modifications in the structure, stability, and function of RNA. We have previously studied the structural and thermodynamic properties of RNA duplexes with an internal Ψ‐A pair and reported the stabilizing effect of Ψ over U. In the present study, we have extended our work to understand the properties of RNA duplexes with an internal m1Ψ‐A pair. Additionally, we theoretically demonstrate the effect of substituting internal U‐G, U‐U, and U‐C mismatches with the Ψ‐G, Ψ‐U, and Ψ‐C mismatches and also with the m1Ψ‐G, m1Ψ‐U, and m1Ψ‐C mismatches, respectively, within dsRNA. Our results indicate the context‐dependent stabilization of base stacking interactions by N1‐methylpseudouridine compared to uridine and pseudouridine, presumably resulting from the increased molecular polarizability due to the presence of the methyl group.
A Comparative Study of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Olive Oil and Sunflower Oil
Authors: Paschou Vasiliki , Emmanouilidou Elissavet , Lazaridou Anastasia , Kokkinos Nikolaos C. , Mitkidou Sophia 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWaste cooking oils are commonly utilized as feedstock in biodiesel synthesis. However, there has been limited research on the perspective of using waste cooking olive oil for biodiesel production. This study explores the potential of household waste frying olive oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production andcomparing it with sunflower oil. The biodiesel samples were evaluated according to European standard specifications and test methods EN 14214. However, the water content and oxidation stability did not meet the required criteria. To address this, the Rancimat method was used to investigate the potential of essential oils and plant extracts as antioxidants. Oregano essential oil and rosemary plant extracts significantly improved the oxidation stability of both olive and sunflower oil biodiesel. The analysis of the fatty acid profile of the feedstock through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry proved to be a critical determinant of biodiesel properties. Moreover, the use of ultrasound‐assisted biodiesel synthesis enhanced the yield of biodiesel. The research findings have indicated that olive oil is a sustainable option to produce high‐yield biodiesel with a noteworthy antioxidant stability when natural antioxidants are incorporated into the mixture.
Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Vepdegestrant (ARV‐471) via Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Neerasa Jayaprakash , Kim Bongsu , Chung Hunsuk 
Published: January 2025

AbstractVepdegestrant (ARV‐471) is a novel estrogen receptor (ER) degrader currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of ER‐positive and HER2‐negative breast cancer. We have developed an efficient catalytic stereoselective synthetic route to produce this important compound. The key step involves a Ruthenium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation, which establishes the critical stereocenter with exceptional diastereoselectivity(>99% de). This method obviates the need for chiral chromatographic separation, thereby significantly improving the efficiency and scalability of the synthetic sequence compared to previously reported approaches.
Analytische Perspektiven
Authors: Lammers Klara 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Die nachfolgenden Kapitel beginnen mit der Darstellung von soziologischen Rollentheorien als Ausgangspunkt der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung (Abschn. 3.1), beziehen das Identitätsverständnis aus der Theorie des Symbolischen Interaktionismus mit ein (Abschn. 3.2) und münden schließlich im Diskurs zu sozialen Beziehungen im Allgemeinen (Abschn. 3.3) und – nach einem Exkurs zu Professionalisierung und professionellem Handeln (Abschn. 3.3.1) – unterstützenden, (professionellen) Beziehungen im Besonderen (Abschn. 3.3.2). Als weitere relevante analytische Perspektive hat sich im Verlauf des Forschungsprozesses der Blick auf die Organisation herausgestellt, in die der Peer-Ansatz eingebunden ist. Aus diesem Grund erfolgt in Abschnitt 3.4 eine theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit dem Organisationsbegriff, an die sich eine Darstellung des konkreten Organisationskontextes der Jobcenter anschließt (Abschn. 3.4.1). Dabei wird die Perspektive insbesondere auf die Beratungssituation (Abschn. 3.4.2) und auf die Situation von Menschen mit psychischen Beeinträchtigungen im Leistungsbezug nach dem SGB II gerichtet (Abschn. 3.4.3). Abschließend werden in Abschnitt 3.5 das Erkenntnisinteresse dieser Arbeit und die zugrundeliegenden Forschungsfragen – im Prozess ihrer Konkretisierung – dargelegt.