bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is a Mental Status Examination?
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The beginning student of the mental status examination (MSE) faces a task like that of an aspiring music critic. Anyone can listen to and even enjoy a symphony orchestra. However, professionally reviewing its performance takes special knowledge, vocabulary, and skills. The critic requires both textbook facts (e.g., Which instruments are which? Who are the Baroque composers?) and an adequate vocabulary to describe unambiguously musical or technical observations. In addition, skilled music critics have learned a higher level of auditory observation: attending to nuances of individual notes while placing them in the context of melodics and harmonies; recognizing and analyzing the product of individual instruments while simultaneously considering the interplay of the entire orchestra; and understanding the piece’s structure and themes. Similarly, anyone can have a conversation with a patient, but appropriate knowledge, vocabulary, and skills can elevate the clinician’s “conversation” to a “mental status examination.” This textbook provides the basic knowledge and vocabulary that students require to organize and describe an MSE; it also provides some guideposts to the performance of the examination. This book should serve as a starting point and reference point for the MSE; however, skillful performance of the examination is honed with practice, experience, and supervision.
Speech and Language
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human communication occurs through verbal and nonverbal mechanisms. Nonverbal modalities include sign language, pictures, symbols, gestures, facial expressions, actions, and body positions. This chapter focuses on verbal communications, expressed through speech and language. Verbal communication involves letter symbols, words, phrases, and sentences, put together so that grammatical rules of structure, or syntax, will allow meaningful communications, or semantics, to occur.
There are both semantic and motoric (expressive) components to language. The semantic content of language refers to its ability to convey meaning. The motoric aspects of language include the proper articulation and assembly (according to rules of grammar) of the building blocks of words (phonemes and morphemes), facial and gestural (e.g., sign language) expressions, and writing. The left frontal lobe (see Figure 4-1) is particularly important for the motoric aspects of language, whereas the left temporal area is vital to the semantic aspects. The prefrontal cerebral cortex has also recently been hypothesized to play some role in semantic processing of language. As discussed further in this chapter, left frontal injury is associated with Broca’s aphasia, and left temporal injury is associated with Wernicke’s aphasia.
Over and above its grammatical, semantic, prosodic, and phonologic components, pragmatics is the aspect of language concerned with its overall communicative value. Whereas the dominant hemisphere (typically left) controls most aspects of language, the right side contributes to its communicative value. According to Cutting, the right hemisphere plays an important role in allowing a person to use metaphor and grasp the meaning of abstract verbal communications (see Abstraction and Conceptualization, in Chapter 6). This is an example of the right hemisphere’s integrative functions, necessary to appreciating the “whole” picture and the implied meanings that underlie the overt content of communications (see Chapter 1, under The Interview as a Means To Elicit Information, content vs. process).
Thought Process, Thought Content, and Perception
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we cannot directly know another person’s thoughts, inferences can be made based on what is said and observed. Assuming that there is no gross brain damage, which would cause language deficits (see Aphasias, in Chapter 4), evaluation of thought content and processes is critical to evaluating a patient’s psychiatric state. Serious disorders of thought content and process, also known as psychotic disorders, are among the most severe and most disabling of psychiatric illnesses.
A classic example of thought disorder is schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients can display any of a variety of disorders of thinking, including delusions, hallucinations, loose associations, ideas of reference, and thought blocking.
Insight and Judgment
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insight and judgment are complex cognitive tasks that require the utilization and integration of several different mental functions, especially higher-level conceptual thinking. Prerequisites for insightfulness include the capacity for abstraction, ability to communicate (speech and language), intact cognitive function, absence of a thought disorder, euthymic mood, and stable affect (see Chapters 2 to 6). Even patients without disturbance of these functions may have poor insight as a result of using maladaptive psychologic defense mechanisms that distort the perception of internal and external realities or alter the motivation to relate openly with another person. In addition, the examiner needs to use his or her own abstract thinking in order to determine how insightful the patient is during the interview, because this determination is itself a subjective judgment. Evaluation of the patient’s insight and ability to make sound judgments is based on both the content and the process of the interview (see Chapter 1 ). In general, the more severely ill a psychiatric patient is, the more likely it is that his or her capacity for insight will be impaired.
In order more fully to explore these constructs of insight and judgment, this chapter introduces the concepts of defense mechanisms and personality. These factors may adversely impact on decision making and insight, even in the setting of intact language and cognition. Although there are slightly different psycho-analytic views about defense mechanisms and their definitions, we have chosen to mostly rely on Vallaint’s (1977) descriptions. Even though specific personality styles or disorders are not documented in the MSE (but, rather, in the Assessment section of a written psychiatric evaluation because they represent diagnoses), predominant defense mechanisms should be described in the Insight and Judgment section of the MSE if they impact on the patient’s capacity for attaining adequate insight and judgment about his or her illness and life events.
Case Examples
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following examples are fictional case descriptions, with relevant historical information in the form of a vignette (as opposed to the standard format for a medical history as listed in Chapter 1) to serve as background information to illustrate sample MSEs as they might be written in a medical chart. The Appendix at the end of the book lists an outline of the headings and major topics for each section of an MSE and can be used as a general guide while writing MSEs.
Anna Black, a 43-year-old married woman, presented to the emergency room on her wedding anniversary with suicidal ideation and a plan. She has been thinking about locking herself in the garage with the car engine running to kill herself. Two months ago, her husband of 20 years told her he was having an affair and wanted a divorce. He moved out of the house and has not been sending her money for household expenses. Their children are away at college and Anna is alone. She has few friends because she had devoted herself to her husband’s needs, and now feels helpless and unsupported. For two months she has had insomnia, decreased appetite, a 12-pound weight loss, anergy, decreased libido, low self-esteem, reduced concentration, decreased motivation, and suicidal ideation. She repeatedly mulls over how she has been a bad wife, that the divorce is all her fault, that she is not pretty enough, and so on. She feels she deserves to be denigrated.
The Coup Plot and Its Aftermath
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within days of the Italian Control Commission’s arrival in Beirut, reports began to circulate of subversive activity by the Italians. It was confirmed that they had established contact with the notorious anti-British Palestinian leader, the Mufti al-Husseini, in Baghdad, and possibly with the Syrian nationalist leadership that had taken refuge there as well. The Italian Control Commission was also trying to organize Syrian guerrilla bands that could be used to foment trouble for the British in Iraq and Palestine. In its official capacity, the commission was also making itself obnoxious, as it began actively demanding the transfer to its control of large stocks of French military equipment, in accordance with the terms of the Franco-Italian armistice agreement.
The Development of the Power Struggle
Authors: Roshwald Aviel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tension created in Syria and Lebanon by the overlapping of British and Free French political authority was heightened by the wartime economic problems afflicting the region. The shortage of goods which had been created by the British blockade was compounded by the sudden influx of Allied military forces, resulting in an inflationary spiral. This was only partially alleviated by the resumption of trade relations between the Levant and its neighbors and by the integration of Syria and Lebanon into the sterling bloc. The fragility of the economic situation and the danger it posed to military security by its potential for sparking off public unrest, created a need for close governmental oversight of all imports and exports as well as of the distribution of foreign currency. To this end, the Commission Superieure du Ravitaillement was set up to regulate all foreign trade.
Fleeting Moments
Authors: Barth Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gunther Barth's book focuses on the relation between nature and culture in American history. He begins with the search for a Northwest Passage by Spanish and English explorers and describes how they learned about American natural phenomena. There is a section showing how nature was adapted to urban settings in cemeteries and in city parks like New York's Central Park and San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
On Nature’s Edge
Authors: Barth Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘‘WHAT AM I TO SAY, my dear Hakluyt, when I see nothing but desolation,” the Hungarian poet Stephen Parmenius asked his Oxford friend Richard Hakluyt in a letter sent from New­ foundland on August 6, 1583. Six years later, Hakluyt translated Parmenius’s “praeter solitudinem” as “very wildernesse” to make the Latin news from St. John’s Harbour more intelligible to English readers of his collection of voyages to the New World. In 1972, the modem translator of the letter rendered the phrase as “desolation. “ Hakluyt, the compiler of the Principall navigations, preferred “wildernesse.” He knew that word described what his Hungarian friend had been seeing: a wild, dense, and trackless stretch of land.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before contact with Europeans, Native Americans developed elaborate cultural systems to help them order their physical and meta physical world. They maintained diversified subsistence systems of their own design. They were hunters, gatherers, horticulturists. They in habited varied environments and had different ways of explaining, using, regulating, and altering their surroundings as necessary or desirable. In turn the land shaped them, prescribing certain physical realities as well as opportunities for human action. It gave them a sense of place and identity. Euro-Americans, however, saw only wilderness and savagism and set about civilizing the land and people of the New World. Epidemic diseases, trade, the introduction of market values, and the appropriation of Indian land and resources all contributed to the transformation of native cultures. American policy makers sought to facilitate that evolutionary process through an agrarian-based program for Indian settlement and civilization. Indians were to become self-supporting yeomen farmers and farm families and then disappear into mainstream American society.
Hupa, The People Of Natinook
Authors: Lewis David Rich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1851, Treaty Commissioner Redick McKee learned about a people his Yurok informants called “Hoopah,” a geopolitical name for the people living “where there is water” along the hupa-sr or Trinity River in northwest California. The people called themselves Natinook-wii, “the people of Natinook”-”the place by the river to which the trails lead back.” Federal officials adopted variations of the Yurok appellation, designating these people the Hupa and their residence Hoopa Valley. Lin guistically Hupas are members of the Athapaskan language family of the Na-Dene stock. Historically they inhabited twenty-five villages along the Trinity from its junction with the Klamath River on the north to where the South Fork of the Trinity meets Grouse Creek on the south. Their hunting and gathering territories extended from the divide be tween Pine and Redwood creeks on the west to the Trinity Alps and Red Cap Creek on the east. Today Hupas control a 12-mile-square reservation centered around the thirteen villages of Hoopa Valley.1 In Hupa cosmology there are six universes, each containing a complete physical world. Then there is Deddeh Ninnisan, “This Earth,” at the center of which is Hoopa Valley. This Earth has always existed except in certain details. In the first of three epochs, YĪmantūwiñiyai(“the one lost across [the ocean]” or “old man over across”), the Creator• and Hupa culture hero, sprang from the earth in the entryway of a xonta (a semisubterranean split cedar plank house). Following his emergence came the Kīxuˆnaia race of Immortals who preceded humans on This Earth. YĪmantūwiñiyaitraveled throughout the world establishing its order and condition.
The Imperfect Art
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This stimulating and perceptive study of jazz relates the work of jazz artists such as Louis Armstrong, Bix Beiderbecke, Lester Young, Duke Ellington, Charlie Parker, John Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman to such subjects as primitivism in the arts, neoclassicism, good and bad taste, improvisation and recordings and the imperfection of art, and aesthetics in general.
Boredom and Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few critics, one supposes, would share Andy Warhol’s sentiments on boring art. In fact, surprisingly few major writers on art seem to have had much of anything to say on the subject of boredom. Audiences should be so lucky! Certainly as an empirical fact, “the Boring” is every bit as prevalent as “the Beautiful” or “the Sublime”-alas, perhaps even more prevalent. But in the world of art criticism, empirical reality seems to have been bested by the remnants of an ancient, but still lingering faith in aesthetics as a meditation on Platonic ideals of perfection.
Europe
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Portugal is host to a wide variety of regional folk musics, many of which continue to be lively performance traditions in spite of the increasing popularity of Western commercial musics. Fado is perhaps the single most visible and well-known Portuguese genre. In its traditional form, it is a sophisticated urban folk music primarily of Lisbon and Coimbra, which continues to be heard in tavernas in those cities and elsewhere. In this century, however, Jada has also adapted to mass media dissemina¬ tion, and a commercialized form of the genre has established itself as an indigenous popular music which competes with imported mainstream European and American pop styles. Since little has been written in English about traditional Jada, it merits some discussion by way of back¬ ground to its contemporary evolution as a popular music.
The White Paper and the Fate of European Jewry
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British policy was among the most influential factors shaping aliyah bet, and at the same time, the British stance weighed heavily on the positions the Zionists adopted toward illegal aliyah. In seeking to understand British policy, several questions arise. How clear and consistent was British policy? How accurately did Zionist leaders assess the importance of the immigration issue to British policymakers--or the value of illegal aliyah for Zionist interests?
The Struma
Authors: ofer Dalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the security of the Jews in Rumania was already in doubt, the inauguration of the Fascist-leaning Ion Antonescu dictatorship in September 1940 marked a new deterioration in their situation. Street violence and anti Semitic looting reached new heights in the pogrom that swept Bucharest during the Iron Guard (a paramilitary Fascist organization) putsch of January 1941.
Building in Egypt
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stone architecture rose suddenly in Egypt with the construction of the mortuary complex of King Djoser at Saqqara c.2700 BC. The reasons for its meteoric rise and its immediate development into superhuman dimensions are not known, but knowledge of the technical aspects of construction has advanced considerably in recent decades, drawing upon excavation reports as well as comparative studies of the construction methods of Pre-Classical, Greco-Roman, medieval and Inca architecture. Dr Arnold's book considers these advances in a systematic description of the planning and building of pharaonic stone masonry (the pyramids at Giza and Dashur, and the temples at Karnak and Luxor are examples), covering the production, quarrying, and transport of the stone and the tools used in building.
Preparations
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the walls of the rock tombs and temples of the New Kingdom, Egyptian artists drew accurate and detailed elevations of pylons, chapels, palaces, private houses, and other buildings. Such artists were certainly capable of drawing architectural plans and elevations for building purposes as well, but few drawings of this type have survived; in fact, no true building plan as executed by an architect for construction purposes has been preserved.
Tools and Their Application
Authors: Arnold Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cubit Rods Richard Lepsius—after a few less important predecessors— and Petrie were the first and last authors to study seriously the Egyptian cubit rod.1 Lepsius collected information about fourteen more or less complete cubits. Most of these examples were not actually used as tools, but as votives, or were made for the funerary equipment and therefore made of hard stone. Some, however, are of wood, the material actually used for cubit rods by architects.
A Philosophy of Conducting
Authors: Schuller Gunther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conducting is surely the most demanding, musically all-embracing, and com plex of the various disciplines that constitute the field of music performance. Yet, ironically, it is considered by most people—including, alas, most orchestral musicians—to be either an easy-to-acquire skill (musicians) or the result of some magical, unfathomable, inexplicable God-given gifts (audiences). It is actually neither, the skills required in conducting at the highest artistic levels being any thing but easy to acquire—many conductors never achieve them at all—while what the public mostly perceives as the magic and majesty of the baton is, but only in the best hands, a result of many years of intensive study and hard work, as well as talent, of course.
The Rejuvenation of Whiggery
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON DECEMBER 12 Congressman James A. Garfield of Ohio gave Governor Hayes his estimate of the situation as it appeared in Washington and suggested a course of action. After describing the “ugly” conduct of “the more violent Democratic leaders” who were “trying to create as much sensation and popular clamor as possible,” he pointed out some hopeful signs. “In the meantime two forces are at work,” he wrote.
The Crisis Renewed
Authors: Woodward C Vann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AFTER nearly a month of labour two bipartisan committees, one of the Senate and one of the House, brought forth jointly an Electoral Commission bill on January 18. The plan it contained was ingeniously contrived to avoid the appearance of giving so much as a hair’s weight of advantage to one party or the other. It was entirely noncommittal on all the fine points of constitutional law involved in the dispute.
Spouse Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan , Flitcraft Anne H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spouse abuse (or interspousal violence) is defined as the use of physical force in intimate relationships among adults. Battering is defined as a syndrome of control and increasing entrapment attendant upon spouse abuse and characterized by a history of injury, general medical complaints, isolation, stress-related psychosocial problems, and unsuccessful help-seeking. Among the most commonly reported psychosocial problems linked to battering are rape, substance abuse, attempted suicide, depression, and child abuse. Either partner or both may be abused. To date, however, the syndrome of entrapment associated with battering has been identified as a problem only among women.
Traces and their Antecedents
Authors: Epstein Samuel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study investigates the distribution of traces and their antecedents. The first chapter outlines the Government and Binding theory, enabling those unfamiliar with this framework to understand the ensuing discussion. The second chapter concerns the Empty Category Principle. Argument/adjunct asymmetries are shown to follow from an independently motivated indexing algorithm, which entails that adjuncts display an impoverished indexing. The third chapter deduces the properties of A-chains from independently motivated principles, offering a thorough examination of Super-Raising, Improper Movement, and the Local Binding Condition. The final chapter challenges the standard assumptions regarding Case requirements on traces.
Determining the Properties of A-Chains
Authors: Epstein Samuel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we attempt to determine the nature of the principles of UG governing the structure of A-chains. Throughout, it is our intention to eliminate, or at least simplify, chain-specific conditions, showing that, to a large extent, the properties of A-chains follow from independent principles of grammar. In the first section, the role of the ECP and Condition C in determining A-chain structure is discussed. Following this, the Local Binding Condition, a chain-specific condition, is motivated, and its proper formulation is investigated in detail. In the following section, this condition is substantially simplified, certain properties being reducible to independent principles.
Trader To The Eastward
Authors: Johnson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When John Nelson reached America in the late 1660s, little in his early life had prepared him for what lay before him. Nelson himself left no record of his childhood or upbringing, but enough fragments survive to be pieced together. To judge by the coat of arms he set upon documents in New England, his ancestors descended from a cluster of Nelson families long established in central Lancashire in northern England. How and when his branch of the family moved south to live in London remains uncertain, but they surely responded to the same magnetic attractions of opportunity and professional advancement that were drawing other ambitious provincials to the capital in the early seventeenth century: John Winthrop, for example, exchanged his native East Anglia for government office as a lawyer in London before leaving crown and country in 1630 to become the first governor of Massachusetts.