bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle metabolic economy is inversely related to exercise intensity and type II myofiber distribution
Authors: Hunter Gary R. , Newcomer Brad R. , Larson‐Meyer D. Enette , Bamman Marcas M. , Weinsier Roland L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is not known what causes the well‐established inverse relationship between whole‐body exercise economy and exercise intensity. The purpose of this study was to: (1) evaluate muscle exercise economy at 45%, 70%, and maximum isometric strength using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P‐MRS); and (2) determine the relationship between percent type II muscle fiber cross‐section, whole‐body exercise economy, and muscle exercise economy. Subjects included 32 premenopausal women. Muscle exercise economy was significantly different across the three exercise intensities (28.1 ± 10.4, 24.8 ± 8.2, and 20.2 ± 7.5 N/cm2 · mmol/L adenosine triphosphate [ATP] for the 45%, 70%, and maximum intensities, respectively). Percent type II muscle area was significantly related to whole‐body metabolic economy during activities of daily living (r = −0.68) and 31P‐MRS muscle metabolic economy during isometric plantar flexion (r = −0.53). These data suggest that skeletal muscle becomes less economical as force production increases, and that these decreases in metabolic economy may be related to increased dependence on inefficient type II muscle. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 654–661, 2001
Acquired neuromyotonia and peripheral neuropathy in a patient with Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Lahrmann Heinz , Albrecht Gerhard , Drlicek Markus , Oberndorfer Stefan , Urbanits Sabine , Wanschitz Julia , Zifko Udo A. , Grisold Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAcquired neuromyotonia is characterized by hyperexcitability of motor nerves resulting in continuous muscle fiber activity. It occurs most often as a paraneoplastic syndrome in patients with cancers of the immune system. Antibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channels (VGKCs) have been detected in some patients. Peripheral neuropathy is sometimes present. We report on a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma in complete remission who developed paresthesias followed by neuromyotonia with bulbar involvement. Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy was diagnosed electrophysiologically and evidence of axonal degeneration and demyelination was detected by sural nerve biopsy. The patient's complaints, including dysarthria, improved after carbamazepine treatment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 834–838, 2001
Contralateral reinnervation of midline muscles in facial paralysis
Authors: Gilhuis H. Jacobus , Beurskens Carien H.G. , Marres Henri A.M. , de Vries Joost , Hartman Ed H.M. , Zwarts Machiel J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report on a patient with recovery of activity of the left orbicularis oris and nasalis muscles 3 months after a complete left facial palsy. Stimulation of the affected facial nerve evoked no responses, whereas contralateral facial nerve stimulation showed polyphasic responses with very long latencies in the nasalis and orbicularis oris muscles. Needle electromyography (EMG) revealed abnormal spontaneous activity in the left orbicularis oris muscle. The motor unit action potentials on the left side of the face could be recruited only during marked contraction of the corresponding muscles on the right and were of low voltage and polyphasic (“nascent potentials”). Contralateral reinnervation is probably due to sprouting of terminal branches crossing the midline of the face and innervating bundles of muscle fibers on the affected side. This phenomenon seems unfamiliar to most clinicians. Whether the activity is due to conduction along nerve fibers or muscle fibers crossing the midline is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24:1703–1705
Microstructural deformation mechanisms of unsaturated granular soils
Authors: Gili J. A. , Alonso E. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA discrete model for unsaturated granular soils has been developed. Three discrete entities have been defined: particles, water menisci and pores. Local interaction forces and water transfer mechanisms have been integrated into a model through the appropriate equilibrium and balance equations. The results of several numerical tests using this model have been described and discussed. Simulations include wetting and drying under load tests, the application of suction cycles and the effect of a deviatoric stress ratio on wetting‐induced collapse. The model reacts just as true granular soil samples behave in laboratory tests. The model provides a new insight into the internal mechanisms leading to large‐scale features of behaviour such as wetting‐induced collapse or the increase in soil strength provided by suction. The paper also stresses that matric suction changes acting on a granular structure are capable of explaining most of the macroscopic features of stress–strain behaviour. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A linear‐size zero—one programming model for the minimum spanning tree problem in planar graphs
Authors: Williams Justin C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new linear zero‐one programming model is presented for the problem of finding minimum spanning trees (MSTs) in undirected planar graphs. Existing MST solution algorithms, which are applicable to both planar and nonplanar graphs, have strong computational advantages over existing MST integer‐linear programming (LP) models. The latter tend not to be amenable to LP solution methods except for relatively small problems, but may, nevertheless, be desirable for reasons of convenience, exibility, and adaptability to related and difficult problems such as the network Steiner tree problem. The purpose of this paper was to present a zero—one model whose size and solvability more closely resemble the properties of existing algorithms than do other proposed integer‐LP models. This new model exploits the special primal‐dual structure that exists for planar graphs. The model's constraint matrix is both unimodular and linear in size relative to graph size. Hence, LP solution methods become practical for solving large planar graph MST problems exactly. A bi‐objective generalization of the model is presented and the model's LP dual is briefly discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Injury‐induced spinal motor neuron apoptosis is preceded by DNA single‐strand breaks and is p53‐ and Bax‐dependent
Authors: Martin Lee J. , Liu Zhiping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanisms of injury‐induced apoptosis of neurons within the spinal cord are not understood. We used a model of peripheral nerve‐spinal cord injury in the rat and mouse to induce motor neuron degeneration. In this animal model, unilateral avulsion of the sciatic nerve causes apoptosis of motor neurons. We tested the hypothesis that p53 and Bax regulate this neuronal apoptosis, and that DNA damage is an early upstream signal. Adult mice and rats received unilateral avulsions causing lumbar motor neurons to achieve endstage apoptosis at 7–14 days postlesion. This motor neuron apoptosis is blocked in bax−/− and p53−/− mice. Single‐cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay), immunocytochemistry, and quantitative immunogold electron microscopy were used to measure molecular changes in motor neurons during the progression of apoptosis. Injured motor neurons accumulate single‐strand breaks in DNA by 5 days. p53 accumulates in nuclei of motor neurons destined to undergo apoptosis. p53 is functionally activated by 4–5 days postlesion, as revealed by immunodetection of phosphorylated p53. Preapoptotically, Bax translocates to mitochondria, cytochrome c accumulates in the cytoplasm, and caspase‐3 is activated. These results demonstrate that motor neuron apoptosis in the adult spinal cord is controlled by upstream mechanisms involving DNA damage and activation of p53 and downstream mechanisms involving upregulated Bax and cytochrome c and their translocation, accumulation of mitochondria, and activation of caspase‐3. We conclude that adult motor neuron death after nerve avulsion is DNA damage‐induced, p53‐ and Bax‐dependent apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 181–197, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10026
Calcium transients in subcompartments of the leech Retzius neuron as induced by single action potentials
Authors: Beck Andreas , Lohr Christian , Deitmer Joachim W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRegional Ca2+ influx into neurons plays an essential role for fast signal processing, yet it is little understood. We have investigated intracellular Ca2+ transients induced by a single action potential (AP) in Retzius neurons in situ of isolated ganglia of the leech Hirudo medicinalis using confocal laser scanning microscopy in the cell body, in different axonal branches, and in dendrites. In the cell body, a single AP induced a Ca2+ transient in submembrane regions, while in central regions no fluorescence change was detected. Burst activity evoked a much larger Ca2+ influx, which elicited Ca2+ signals in central somatic regions, including the cell nucleus. A single AP induced a Ca2+ transient in distal branches of the axon and in dendrites that was significantly larger than in the proximal axon and in the cell body (p < .05), and the recovery of the Ca2+ transient was significantly faster in axonal branches than in dendrites (p < .01). The AP‐induced Ca2+ transient was inhibited by Co2+ (2 mM). The P/Q‐type Ca2+ channel blocker ω‐agatoxin TK (500 nM) and the L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker nifedipine (20 μM) had no effect on the Ca2+ transient, whereas the L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker methoxyverapamil (D600, 0.5–1 mM) irreversibly reduced the Ca2+ transient by 37% in axons and by 42% in dendrites. Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores following inhibition of endoplasmic Ca2+‐ATPases by cyclopiazonic acid (10 μM) decreased the AP‐induced Ca2+ transient in the dendrites by 21% (p < .01), but not in axons, and increased the Ca2+ recovery time constant (τ) in the axonal branches by 129% (p < .01), but not in dendrites. The results indicate that an AP evokes a voltage‐gated Ca2+ influx into all subcompartments of the Retzius neuron, where it produces a Ca2+ signal of different size and/or kinetics. This may contribute to the modulation of electrical excitation and propagation of APs, and to different modes of synaptic and nonsynaptic processes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 1–18, 2001
Error norm estimation and stopping criteria in preconditioned conjugate gradient iterations
Authors: Axelsson Owe , Kaporin Igor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSome techniques suitable for the control of the solution error in the preconditioned conjugate gradient method are considered and compared. The estimation can be performed both in the course of the iterations and after their termination.The importance of such techniques follows from the non‐existence of some reasonable a priori error estimate for very ill‐conditioned linear systems when sufficient information about the right‐hand side vector is lacking. Hence, some a posteriori estimates are required, which make it possible to verify the quality of the solution obtained for a prescribed right‐hand side. The performance of the considered error control procedures is demonstrated using real‐world large‐scale linear systems arising in computational mechanics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On elimination of shear locking in the element‐free Galerkin method
Authors: Kanok‐Nukulchai W. , Barry W. , Saran‐Yasoontorn K. , Bouillard P. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, a method for completely eliminating the presence of transverse shear locking in the application of the element‐free Galerkin method (EFGM) to shear‐deformable beams and plates is presented. The matching approximation fields concept of Donning and Liu has shown that shear locking effects may be prevented if the approximate rotation fields are constructed with the innate ability to match the approximate slope (first derivative of displacement) fields and is adopted. Implementation of the matching fields concept requires the computation of the second derivative of the shape functions. Thus, the shape functions for displacement fields, and therefore the moving least‐squares (MLS) weight function, must be at least C1 continuous. Additionally, the MLS weight functions must be chosen such that successive derivatives of the MLS shape function have the ability to exactly reproduce the functions from which they were derived. To satisfy these requirements, the quartic spline weight function possessing C2 continuity is used in this study. To our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to address the root cause of shear locking phenomenon within the framework of the element‐free Galerkin method. Several numerical examples confirm that bending analyses of thick and thin beams and plates, based on the matching approximation fields concept, do not exhibit shear locking and provide a high degree of accuracy for both displacement and stress fields. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assumed strain triangular curved solid shell element formulation for analysis of plates and shells undergoing finite rotations
Authors: Hong Won I. , Kim Jong H. , Kim Yong H. , Lee Sung W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA formulation for 36‐DOF assumed strain triangular solid shell element is developed for efficient analysis of plates and shells undergoing finite rotations. Higher order deformation modes described by the bubble function displacements are added to the assumed displacement field. The assumed strain field is carefully selected to alleviate locking effect. The resulting element shows little effect of membrane locking as well as shear locking, hence, it allows modelling of curved shell structures with curved elements. The kinematics of the present formulation is purely vectorial with only three translational degrees of freedom per node. Accordingly, the present element is free of small angle assumptions, and thus it allows large load increments in the geometrically non‐linear analysis. Various numerical examples demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present formulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Remarks on tension instability of Eulerian and Lagrangian corrected smooth particle hydrodynamics (CSPH) methods
Authors: Bonet Javier , Kulasegaram Sivakumar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper discusses the problem of tension instability of particle‐based methods such as smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) or corrected SPH (CSPH). It is shown that tension instability is a property of a continuum where the stress tensor is isotropic and the value of the pressure is a function of the density or volume ratio. The paper will show that, for this material model, the non‐linear continuum equations fail to satisfy the stability condition in the presence of tension. Consequently, any discretization of this continuum will result in negative eigenvalues in the tangent stiffness matrix that will lead to instabilities in the time integration process. An important exception is the 1‐D case where the continuum becomes stable but SPH or CSPH can still exhibit negative eigenvalues. The paper will show that these negative eigenvalues can be eliminated if a Lagrangian formulation is used whereby all derivatives are referred to a fixed reference configuration. The resulting formulation maintains the momentum preservation properties of its Eulerian equivalent. Finally a simple 1‐D wave propagation example will be used to demonstrate that a stable solution can be obtained using Lagrangian CSPH without the need for any artificial viscosity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale¶
Authors: Berger Barbara E. , Ferrans Carol Estwing , Lashley Felissa R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn instrument to measure the stigma perceived by people with HIV was developed based on the literature on stigma and psychosocial aspects of having HIV. Items surviving two rounds of content review were assembled in a booklet and distributed through HIV‐related organizations across the United States. Psychometric analysis was performed on 318 questionnaires returned by people with HIV (19% women, 21% African American, 8% Hispanic). Four factors emerged from exploratory factor analysis: personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self‐image, and concern with public attitudes toward people with HIV. Extraction of one higher‐order factor provided evidence of a single overall construct. Construct validity also was supported by relationships with related constructs: self‐esteem, depression, social support, and social conflict. Coefficient alphas between .90 and .93 for the subscales and .96 for the 40‐item instrument provided evidence of internal consistency reliability. The HIV Stigma Scale was reliable and valid with a large, diverse sample of people with HIV. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:518–529, 2001
A conceptual framework for understanding the process of family caregiving to frail elders in Taiwan*
Authors: Shyu Yea‐Ing Lotus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis descriptive, correlational study of family caregivers (N=125) tested a conceptual framework for family caregiving to frail elders in Taiwan, using the concept of “finding a balance point” derived from a previous qualitative study. It was hypothesized that caregivers who were better able to find a balance point among competing needs would provide better‐quality care to frail elders, which would lead to more positive caregiver and family outcomes. After controlling for the influence of caregiving characteristics and caregiving factors, finding a balance point significantly explained 7% of the variance in overall caregiving consequences. The findings of this study add a new perspective to the caregiving process in Taiwan. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:111–121, 2002
Rethinking cultural safety while waiting to do fieldwork: Methodological implications for nursing research*
Authors: Kirkham Sheryl Reimer , Smye Vicki , Tang Sannie , Anderson Joan , Blue Connie , Browne Annette , Coles Ruth , Dyck Isabel , Henderson Angela , Lynam M. Judith , Perry JoAnn , Semeniuk Pat , Shapera Leah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe concept of culture has been widely applied as an explanatory concept within health care, often within a framework representing culture as a fixed, reified entity, with cultural groups existing in a binary sense vis‐´‐vis mainstream culture. However, if our scholarship is to generate knowledge that addresses longstanding patterns of inclusion and exclusion along lines such as race, ethnicity, class, and gender, interpretive frames are needed that account for culture as embedded in fields of power relations; as mediated by social forces such as economics, politics, and historical patterns of oppression and colonization; and as being constantly renegotiated. In this article we trace a series of theoretical explorations, centered on the concept of cultural safety, with corresponding methodological implications, engaged in during preparation for an intensive period of fieldwork to study the hospitalization and help‐seeking experiences of diverse ethnocultural populations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:222–232, 2002
Levels and applications of qualitative research evidence
Authors: Kearney Margaret H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEvaluation of qualitative findings for application to nursing practice can go beyond the rigor with which the evidence was developed to the characteristics of the findings themselves. Five categories of qualitative findings are described that vary in their levels of complexity and discovery: those restricted by a priori frameworks, descriptive categories, shared pathway or meaning, depiction of experiential variation, and dense explanatory description. Four modes of clinical application of qualitative evidence are proposed—insight or empathy, assessment of status or progress, anticipatory guidance, and coaching—that vary in their degree of visibility and patient involvement. The greater the complexity and discovery within qualitative findings, the stronger may be the potential for clinical application. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24: 145–153, 2001
Traditional Rotuman fishing in temporal and regional context
Authors: Allen Melinda S. , Ladefoged Thegn N. , Wall Jonathan J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFew archaeological sites in the central western Pacific (i.e., Fiji–Samoa–Tonga region) have provided large and temporally well‐controlled archaeofaunal assemblages. Therefore, three sizable Rotuman assemblages, dating to the ca. 7th–11th century ad, provided an opportunity to improve our understanding of the region's traditional fishing practices. The assemblages are analysed in terms of taxonomic composition, abundances, and ecological associations of the taxa. Indications are that the foraging range and intensity of Rotuman fishing may have declined through time, although the results from this single site are interpreted with caution. Comparison with other Pacific assemblages suggests that this may be a common trajectory, one which is to varying degrees intertwined with agricultural intensification, the growth of animal husbandry systems, increased competition, and possibly resource depression. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing dietary and environmental history from enamel isotopic analysis: time resolution of intra‐tooth sequential sampling
Authors: Balasse Marie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of the mineral phase of tooth enamel is linked to diet and environment. Enamel is not remodelled once formed. Several studies of intra‐tooth isotopic variability in hypsodont mammal teeth have involved sequential sampling of enamel in order to detect changes in diet and environment during tooth formation. The possibility of exploring individual history opens the door to many applications, particularly in palaeoenvironment and herd management reconstruction. However, previous histological investigations have shown that enamel mineralization is a progressive and discontinuous process. The goal of the present study is to determine if this pattern significantly influences the time resolution of an intra‐tooth sequential sampling. Isotopic analyses (δ13C) were performed on tooth enamel from steers (Bos taurus) that had changed from a C3 plant‐based diet to a C4 plant‐based diet with very different carbon isotopic compositions. The change of diet was reflected in the mineral phase of enamel. The pattern of intra‐tooth isotopic variation suggests that completion of enamel mineralization required six to seven months. Such a lag in enamel mineralization will decrease the time resolution of enamel sequential sampling. The effects of prolonged mineralization of enamel have to be considered when interpreting patterns of intra‐tooth isotopic variations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telomerase and cancer: time to move from a promising target to a clinical reality
Authors: Nicol Keith W. , Jeffry Evans T. R. , Glasspool Rosalind M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe past 25 years have seen unparalleled advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of cancer. As a result, novel molecular targets have been identified that provide great potential for the development of new cancer diagnostics and therapies. Four key features of cancer cells distinguish them from their normal counterparts: loss of cell‐cycle regulation, loss of control over invasion and metastasis, failure of apoptotic mechanisms, and bypass of senescence. This review examines our understanding of the bypass of senescence and the process of immortalization during carcinogenesis. In addition, the realistic opportunities for telomerase in cancer diagnostics and the challenges faced in clinical trial design for telomerase therapeutics are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.