bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian modelling studies of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) swarm formation
Authors: Hofmann Eileen E , Haskell A.G.Edward , Klinck John M , Lascara Cathy M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A two-dimensional Lagrangian particle model was developed to examine the spatial distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). The time-dependent location of particles, which represent krill individuals, is determined by random diffusion, foraging activity, and movement induced by the presence of neighbours. Foraging activity is based on prescribed food conditions and is such that krill swim slower and turn more frequently in areas of high food concentration. The presence or absence of neighbours either disperses krill, if the local concentrations become too dense, or coalesces krill, if concentrations become too dilute, respectively. Predation on krill is included and affects swarm characteristics by removing individuals. Sensitivity studies indicate that the rate of krill swarm formation and the total number of swarms formed are determined primarily by foraging response and nearest neighbour sensing distance. Simulations using food distributions that are representative of those encountered at boundaries, such as fronts, mesoscale eddies, or the sea ice edge, show that foraging activity can produce rapid swarm formation. Results from other krill swarm models show that attraction between individuals is the primary mechanism producing krill swarms. However, the parameterizations for krill interactions used in those models and that used in this model differ, thereby implying different biological dynamics. Thus, parameterization of the basic interactions in krill swarm models remains to be defined.
Achieving appropriate design and widespread use of health care technologies in the developing world
Authors: Free Michael J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives: To identify and describe constraints facing the development and dissemination of technologies appropriate for public health care challenges and solutions in the developing world. Methods: Review of lessons learned in development and introduction of numerous health technologies as experienced by a non‐profit organization working on technologies for 25 years. Results: Many obstacles prevent appropriate technologies from reaching widespread use and acceptance. These include low profit margins in developing world markets, regulatory constraints, and the need for systems changes. Strong public/private‐sector partnerships and realistic approaches to working in these environments make a difference. Conclusions: There is a growing awareness of the need for new technologies and experience with strategies that can make them happen. Some technologies with documented value for maternal care in developing world settings appear to be stuck short of widespread acceptance and use. Understanding the factors impeding their progress can enable the public sector and its collaborators to organize and facilitate their progress more effectively.
Puerperal sepsis and maternal mortality: what role can new technologies play?
Authors: Hussein J. , Fortney J.A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjective: To identify new and underutilized technologies to reduce maternal mortality related to puerperal sepsis in developing countries. Method: Review of current medical literature. Result: The literature indicates that infection‐control protocols and evidence‐based procedures—including prophylactic antibiotics for cesarean section or preterm rupture of membranes, and updated antibiotic regimens—should be widely adopted. Devices such as hand rubs, needle‐disposal systems, and rapid microbiological diagnostic tests can improve compliance and efficiency. Operational research on promising developments like vaginal cleansing with antiseptics, vitamin A supplementation, and prophylactic antibiotics in high‐risk women is needed. Conclusion: Sepsis management continues to depend on good implementation of established technologies. Program‐based approaches are required to improve uptake.
Obstructed labor: using better technologies to reduce mortality
Authors: Hofmeyr G.J 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjective: To identify, from the best available evidence, underutilized and promising technologies that may reduce maternal mortality from obstructed labor. Methods: The author sought systematic reviews of randomized trials, individual randomized trials, and, in the absence of randomized data, non‐randomized studies and clinical consensus. Data were presented according to the level of the evidence. Results: Obstructed labor causes approximately 8% of maternal deaths, and indirectly contributes to a greater percentage. Proven or widely accepted technologies that help reduce mortality from obstructed labor include contraception, external cephalic version, the partogram, augmentation of labor, selective amniotomy, selective episiotomy, vacuum extraction, caesarean section, symphysiotomy, and destructive procedures for non‐viable fetuses. Technologies of uncertain usefulness include maternal height and shoe size, vaginal cleansing, upright posture for delivery and vaginal lubrication. Unuseful technologies include pelvimetry, estimating fetal weight, early labor induction, routine amniotomy and augmentation, routine episiotomy, and starvation during labor. Conclusion: Access to well‐established technologies, particularly safe caesarean section, can reduce maternal mortality in resource‐poor countries.
Auxiliary technologies related to transport and communication for obstetric emergencies
Authors: Krasovec K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectives: To review the evidence on appropriate transport and communications technologies for obstetrical referrals in developing countries. Methods: Review of articles published in peer‐reviewed journals and gray literature, supplemented by email and telephone consultations with key informants and field programmers. Results: A wide range of transportation options have been attempted. Initial approaches—such as those relying on ambulances owned and operated by health systems—have evolved into recommendations that emphasize community‐based solutions. There are fewer options within the realm of communications technologies, and the recommendations are more consistent. Public health researchers are only beginning to evaluate the cost and effectiveness of different options. Conclusions: One of the greatest barriers to effective use of transport and communications for obstetric emergencies is the short time interval necessary for action, which limits options for obstetric referrals more than for other medical referrals. Although evidence is still scarce, experience suggests that motorized transport is likely to be the most acceptable and effective transportation option. More sophisticated communications technologies such as cell phones are both practical and effective, and are increasingly becoming the technologies of choice for low‐resource settings.
Vitamin A deficiency as a preventable cause of maternal mortality in undernourished societies: plausibility and next steps
Authors: West Jr K.P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMaternal vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in the developing world. Recent evidence from Nepal suggests that supplementing populations of rural, poor, and undernourished women with a recommended dietary amount of vitamin A—or its equivalent as beta‐carotene—can lower mortality risk related to pregnancy and childbirth, presumably by reducing the severity of conditions such as sepsis, tuberculosis, and diarrheal diseases. An adequate intake of beta‐carotene may also reduce some maternal health risks related to oxidative stress. These findings reveal the potential for vitamin A and other micronutrient interventions to improve maternal and infant health and survival. They also present important implementation challenges for the developing world.
Metrics and performance measurement in operations management: dealing with the metrics maze
Authors: Melnyk Steven A , Stewart Douglas M , Swink Morgan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMetrics provide essential links between strategy, execution, and ultimate value creation. Changing competitive dynamics are placing heavy demands on conventional metrics systems, and creating stresses throughout firms and their supply chains. Research has not kept pace with these new demands in an environment where it is no longer sufficient to simply let metrics evolve over time—we must learn how to proactively design and manage them. The intent of this paper is to convey the importance and need for metrics‐related research. An outline of the important characteristics of the metrics research topic is provided. Specifically, we address the functions of metrics; their focus and tense; their operational and strategic contexts; as well as discuss the distinction between metrics, metrics sets and metrics systems. Some initial theoretical grounding for the research topic is provided through agency theory. We conclude with a discussion of the intent and process of the special issue, and introduction of the associated articles.
Mesenchymal stem cells used for rabbit tendon repair can form ectopic bone and express alkaline phosphatase activity in constructs
Authors: Harris M. T. , Butler D. L. , Boivin G. P. , Florer J. B. , Schantz E. J. , Wenstrup R. J. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to repair connective tissue defects in several animal models. Compared to “natural healing” controls (no added cells), MSC–collagen gel constructs in rabbit tendon defects significantly improve repair biomechanics. However, ectopic bone forms in 28% of MSC‐treated rabbit tendons. To understand the source of bone formation, three studies were performed. In the first study, the hypothesis was tested that MSCs delivered during surgery contribute to bone formation in the in vivo repair site. Adjacent histological sections in the MSC‐treated repair tissue were examined for pre‐labeled MSCs and for cells showing positive alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Both cells were observed in serial sections in regions of ectopic bone. Contralateral “natural healing” tendons lacked both markers. In the other two studies, the effects of osteogenic supplements and construct geometry (monolayer vs. 3‐D) on ALP activity were studied to test three hypotheses: that rabbit MSCs increase ALP activity over time in monolayer culture conditions; that adding osteogenic inducing supplements to the culture medium increases cellular protein in monolayer culture; and that rabbit MSCs increase ALP activity both in monolayer and in 3‐D constructs, with and without media supplements. Culture in monolayer under similar conditions to in vivo (as in the first study) did not increase ALP at 2 or 4 weeks. Medium designed to increase osteogenic activity significantly increased cell numbers (cellular protein increased by 260%) but did not affect ALP activity either in monolayer or 3‐D constructs (p > 0.12). However, MSCs in 3‐D constructs exhibited higher ALP activity than cells in monolayer, both in the presence (p < 0.005) and absence of supplement (p < 0.045). These results suggest that in vitro conditions may critically influence cell differentiation and protein expression. Mechanisms responsible for these effects are currently under investigation. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Experimental ischemia of porcine growth cartilage produces lesions of osteochondrosis
Authors: Ytrehus Bjørnar , Haga H. Andreas , Mellum Cato N. , Mathisen Lene , Carlson Cathy S. , Ekman Stina , Teige Jon , Reinholt Finn P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOsteochondrosis is a disorder of growth cartilage in which a focal failure of blood supply has been proposed as an important initiating factor. In the present study we investigated the effect on epiphyseal growth cartilage of experimentally interrupting the blood supply to a limited area of the distal femur of growing pigs.In 12 pigs, a thin full‐thickness cartilage slab was removed from the abaxial margin of the medial condyle, thereby transecting a limited number of cartilage canals. The pigs were culled 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 29 days post‐surgery. The condylar cartilage was studied histologically, immunohistologically and by use of the TUNEL method.The transection induced cellular death of cartilage canal elements followed by cellular death of chondrocytes within the deep layers of the resting zone of the epiphyseal growth cartilage. However, in the superficial layers of the resting zone, chondrocytes appeared to proliferate into and subsequently chondrify some of the necrotic cartilage canals. The dying and dead cells were TUNEL‐positive, but active caspase 3‐negative. The loss of vascular supply induced increased VEGF‐immunostaining in chondrocytes surrounding the affected area.We conclude that transection of cartilage canals produces chondronecrosis in the deep resting zone of the epiphyseal growth cartilage similar to that observed in spontaneously occurring osteochondrosis. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Changes in Health Behaviors among Older Americans, 1990 to 2000
Authors: Mokdad Ali H. , Giles Wayne H. , Bowman Barbara A. , Mensah George A. , Ford Earl S. , Smith Suzanne M. , Marks James S. 
Published: May 2004

Objectives. The authors used a large population-based survey to examine changes from 1990 to 2000 in age distribution by sex and race or ethnicity, to estimate both state-specific and national trends in the proportion of older Americans, and to examine changes in risk factors and quality-of-life indicators among those Americans. Methods. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a cross-sectional telephone survey of adults aged ≥18 years. BRFSS data were analyzed for the District of Columbia and all states that participated from 1990 to 2000. SAS and SUDAAN were used in the analyses to account for the complex sampling design. Results. The percentage of Americans aged ≥75 years increased 23.0% from 1990 to 2000, with the magnitude of the increase varying by state. In 2000, Florida had the highest percentage of persons aged ≥75 (10.27%) and Alaska the lowest (3.49%). Compared with 1990, older Americans in 2000 were more likely to be obese (16.3% vs. 13.5%) or diabetic (14.3% vs. 11.0%). Older Americans in 2000 were also more likely to exercise, consume more fruits and vegetables daily, and to have recently obtained a routine medical checkup. In addition, they were less likely to smoke tobacco or drink any alcohol. Conclusions. Increases in the population of older people will have a tremendous impact on health care in the states and will affect their future plans for serving the elderly. Although older Americans are living more healthfully than previously, there is an enormous need for targeted health promotion programs to prevent chronic diseases in this age group.
UNBOUNDEDNESS OF THE BERGMAN PROJECTIONS ON $L^{p}$ SPACES WITH EXPONENTIAL WEIGHTS
Authors: Dostanić Milutin R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe prove that the Bergman projection on $L^p(w)$ $(p\neq 2)$, where $w(r)=(1-r^2)^A\textrm{e}^{-B/(1-r^2)^{\alpha}}$, is not bounded.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47B10
THE EMBEDDING OF A CYCLIC PERMUTABLE SUBGROUP IN A FINITE GROUP. II
Authors: Cossey J. , Stonehewer S. E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn two previous papers we established the structure of the normal closure of a cyclic permutable subgroup $A$ of a finite group, first when $A$ has odd order and second when $A$ has even order, but with an extra hypothesis that was unnecessary in the odd case. Here we describe the most general situation without any restrictions on $A$.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20D35; 20D40
AN ANALOGUE OF CIRCULAR UNITS FOR PRODUCTS OF ELLIPTIC CURVES
Authors: Baba Srinath , Sreekantan Ramesh 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe construct certain elements in the motivic cohomology group $H^3_{\mathcal{M}}(E\times E',\mathbb{Q}(2))$, where $E$ and $E'$ are elliptic curves over $\mathbb{Q}$. When $E$ is not isogenous to $E'$ these elements are analogous to circular units in real quadratic fields, as they come from modular parametrizations of the elliptic curves. We then find an analogue of the class-number formula for real quadratic fields, which specializes to the usual quadratic class-number formula when $E$ and $E'$ are quadratic twists.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11F67; 14G35. Secondary 11F11; 11E45; 14G10
THE CONTACT NUMBER OF A EUCLIDEAN SUBMANIFOLD
Authors: Chen Bang-Yen , Li Shi-Jie 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe introduce an invariant, called the contact number, associated with each Euclidean submanifold. We show that this invariant is, surprisingly, closely related to the notions of isotropic submanifolds and holomorphic curves. We are able to establish a simple criterion for a submanifold to have any given contact number. Moreover, we completely classify codimension-$2$ submanifolds with contact number ${\geq}3$. We also study surfaces in $\mathbb{E}^6$ with contact number ${\geq}4$. As an immediate consequence, we obtain the first explicit examples of non-spherical pseudo-umbilical surfaces in Euclidean spaces.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 53C40; 53A10. Secondary 53B25; 53C42
SINGULARITIES OF EVOLUTES OF HYPERSURFACES IN HYPERBOLIC SPACE
Authors: Izumiya Shyuichi , Pei Donghe , Takahashi Masatomo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe study the differential geometry of hypersurfaces in hyperbolic space. As an application of the theory of Lagrangian singularities, we investigate the contact of hypersurfaces with families of hyperspheres or equidistant hyperplanes.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 53A35. Secondary 58C27
LOWER ESTIMATES FOR THE GROWTH OF THE FOURTH AND THE SECOND PAINLEVÉ TRANSCENDENTS
Authors: Shimomura Shun 
Published: May 2004

AbstractLet $w(z)$ be an arbitrary transcendental solution of the fourth (respectively, second) Painlevé equation. Concerning the frequency of poles in $|z|\le r$, it is shown that $n(r,w)\gg r^2$ (respectively, $n(r,w)\gg r^{3/2}$), from which the growth estimate $T(r,w)\gg r^2$ (respectively, $T(r,w)\gg r^{3/2}$) immediately follows.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34M55; 34M10
THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AS A MUSIC-HISTORICAL PERIOD?
Authors: WEBSTER JAMES 
Published: May 2004

Period concepts and periodizations are constructions, or readings, and hence always subject to reinterpretation. Many recent scholars have privileged institutional and reception history over style and compositional history, and periodized European music according to the ‘centuries’; but these constructions are no less partial or tendentious than older ones. Recent historiographical writings addressing these issues are evaluated.If we wish to construe the eighteenth century as a music-historical period, we must abandon the traditional notion that it was bifurcated in the middle. Not only did the musical Baroque not last beyond 1720 in most areas, but the years c1720–c1780 constituted a period in their own right, dominated by the international ‘system’ of Italian opera, Enlightenment ideals, neoclassicism, the galant and (after c1760) the cult of sensibility. We may call this the ‘central’ eighteenth century. Furthermore, this period can be clearly distinguished from preceding and following ones. The late Baroque (c1670–c1720) was marked by the rationalization of Italian opera, tragédie lyrique, the standardization of instrumental genres and the rise of ‘strong’ tonality. The period c1780–c1830 witnessed the rise of the ‘regulative work-concept’ (Goehr) and ‘pre-Romanticism’ (Dahlhaus), and the Europe-wide triumph of ‘Viennese modernism’, including the first autonomous instrumental music and a central role in the rise of the modern (post-revolutionary) world, symbolized by Haydn’s sublime in The Creation.A tripartite reading of a ‘long’ eighteenth-century in music history along these lines seems more nearly adequate than either baroque/classical or 1700–1800 as a single, undifferentiated period.
Molecular diversity and phylogenetic analysis of mariner‐like transposons in the genome of the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Kumaresan G. , Mathavan S. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGenome‐wide screening of mariner‐like elements (MLEs) in the silkworm Bombyx mori has revealed the presence of five different types of MLEs (Bmmar1, Bmmar2, Bmmar3, Bmmar4 and Bmmar5). We isolated and characterized sixty copies of the MLEs representing the five Bmmar types. Their nucleotide sequences, nucleotide compositions, deduced transposase sequences, codon preferences, and the copy numbers showed extensive variations. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that Bmmar1, Bmmar2, and Bmmar3 have been in the B. mori genome for a long time, while Bmmar4 is probably a recent invader of the genome. Because of the long‐term association of Bmmar1 and Bmmar2 with the genome, highly mutated miniature Bmmar1 and Bmmar2 are widespread in the genome, and the footprints of these elements are also present in different silkworm genes. However, miniature copies of Bmmar4 were not detected. This recently acquired element has very few mutations. None of the characterized copies had functional transposase open reading frames. They essentially exist as fossils in the genome.
Molecular characterization of insulin‐like peptide genes and their expression in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae
Authors: Krieger M. J. B. , Jahan N. , Riehle M. A. , Cao C. , Brown M. R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractOf the seven genes encoding insulin‐like peptides (ILPs) in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, four are arrayed proximally as duplicate pairs on chromosome three. Amino acid substitutions encoded in the duplicate genes occur in the C peptide and not the B and A peptides. Except for one duplicated gene, sequence‐specific transcripts for all other AgamILPs were obtained from female mosquitoes. Transcript expression of each AgamILP was determined by RT‐PCR in the head, thorax, and abdomen of all life stages and both sexes of this mosquito. Two AgamILPs were ubiquitously expressed, suggesting a growth factor function, whereas the other AgamILPs were expressed primarily in heads, as confirmed by the immunostaining of ILPs in the neurosecretory cells of female brains, thus indicating a hormonal function.
Strain‐specific quantification ofWolbachiadensity inAedes albopictusand effects of larval rearing conditions
Authors: Dutton T. J. , Sinkins S. P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe density of the endosymbiontWolbachiacan influence the expression of the crossing sterilities known as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), and also its rate of maternal transmission.Aedes albopictusmosquitoes contain a superinfection with theWolbachiastrainswAlbA andwAlbB. A strain‐specific real‐time quantitative PCR assay was developed and used to quantify relativeWolbachiastrain densities within individual mosquitoes. ThewAlbB strain was consistently found to be at higher density thanwAlbA, which can explain a slightly lower rate of maternal transmission reported forwAlbA. The effects of larval crowding and nutritional stress were also examined. Larval crowding always reduced adult size, but reduced the density ofWolbachiastrains relative to uncrowded conditions only if crowding was accompanied by restricted nutrient availability. Crowded rearing conditions never resulted in strain segregation or in a reduction in the penetrance of CI, however. The rate of maternal transmission and the penetrance of CI are the two most important variables that determine relativeWolbachiapopulation invasion dynamics, and both are considerably higher here than have been reported in theDrosophila simulansmodel system.