bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical nature of morphological integration and modularity in the human posterior face
Authors: Bastir Markus , Rosas Antonio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMorphological integration and modularity are important points of intersection between evolution and the development of organismal form. Identification and quantification of integration are also of increasing paleoanthropological interest. In this study, the “posterior face,” i.e., the mandibular ramus and its integration with the associated midline and lateral basicranium, is analyzed in lateral radiographs of 144 adult humans from three different geographic regions. The null hypothesis of homogenously pervasive morphological integration among “posterior‐face” components is tested with Procrustes geometric morphometrics, partial least squares, and singular warps analysis. The results reveal statistically significant differences in integration. Only loose integrative relationships are found between midline and lateral components of the basicranium, which may indicate the presence of at least two different basicranial modules. This modularity can be interpreted in terms of spatiotemporal dissociation in the development of those basicranial structures, and gives support to hypotheses of independent phylogenetic modifications at the lateral and midline basicranium in humans. In addition, morphological integration was statistically significantly stronger between the middle cranial fossa and the mandibular ramus than between the ramus and the midline cranial base. This finding confirms previous hypotheses of a “petroso‐mandibular unit,” which could be a developmental consequence of well‐known phylogenetic modifications in coronal topology of the posterior face and base in hominoid evolution, related to middle cranial fossa expansion. This unit could be involved in later evolutionary tendencies in the hominid craniofacial system. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:26–34, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of RARβ isoforms in the mouse striatum during development: A gradient of RARβ2 expression along the rostrocaudal axis
Authors: Liao Wen‐Lin , Tsai Hsiu‐Chao , Wu Chen‐Ying , Liu Fu‐Chin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe retinoic acid receptor RARβ is highly expressed in the striatum of the ventral telencephalon. We studied the expression pattern of different RARβ isoforms in the developing mouse striatum by in situ hybridization. We found a differential ontogeny of RARβ2 and RARβ1/3 in embryonic day (E) 13.5 lateral ganglionic eminence (striatal primordium). RARβ2 mRNA was detected primarily in the rostral and ventromedial domains, whereas RARβ1/3 mRNAs were enriched in the caudal and dorsolateral domains. Notably, by E16.5, a prominent decreasing gradient of RARβ2 mRNA was present in the developing striatum along the rostrocaudal axis, i.e., RARβ2 was expressed at higher levels in the rostral than the caudal striatum. No such gradient was found for RARβ1/3 and RARβ3 mRNAs. The rostrocaudal RARβ2 gradient gradually disappeared postnatally and was absent in the adult striatum. The differential expression pattern of RARβ isoforms in the developing striatum may provide an anatomical basis for differential gene regulation by RARβ signaling. Developmental Dynamics 233:584–594, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene trap screening as an effective approach for identification of Wnt‐responsive genes in the mouse embryo
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshifumi , Ogura Satoshi , Ishida Mio , Karasawa Mika , Takada Shinji 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn this study, we examined whether gene trap methodology, which would be available for systematic identification and functional analysis of genes, is effective for screening of Wnt‐responsive genes during mouse development. We screened out two individual clones among 794 gene‐trapped embryonic stem cell lines by their in vitro response to WNT‐3A proteins. One gene was mainly expressed in the ductal epithelium of several developing organs, including the kidney and the salivary glands, and the other gene was expressed in neural crest cells and the telencephalic flexure. The spatial and temporal expression of these two genes coincided well with that of several Wnt genes. Furthermore, the expression of these two genes was significantly decreased in embryos deficient for Wnts or in cultures of embryonic tissues treated with a Wnt signal inhibitor. These results indicate that the gene trap is an effective method for systematic identification of Wnt‐responsive genes during embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 233:484–495, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic Gd‐DTPA enhanced MRI as a surrogate marker of angiogenesis in tissue‐engineered bladder constructs: A feasibility study in rabbits
Authors: Cheng Hai‐Ling Margaret , Chen Jun , Babyn Paul S. , Farhat Walid A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the potential of dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) to assess angiogenesis in tissue‐engineered bladder constructs in a blinded animal study, and compare different analysis approaches and their correlation with microvessel density (MVD).Materials and MethodsConstructs fortified with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for enhanced vascularity were grafted onto the bladder in nine rabbits. DCE‐MRI of Gd‐DTPA uptake was performed and analyzed using Tofts' model, the area under the concentration time curve (AUC), and the uptake slope. DCE‐MRI parameters were compared to MVD determined with CD31 immunohistochemistry.ResultsSignificantly increased MVD was found in the high VEGF group (20 ng/g of tissue) but not at low VEGF (10 ng/g) (2.3× increase, P = 0.035 vs. 1.1× over control). Enhanced permeability at low VEGF was suggested by elevated Ktrans, but overall correlation to MVD was poor. Significant correlation to MVD was obtained with AUC8min (r = 0.705, P = 0.034). Furthermore, AUC8min provided the most precise discrimination between different VEGF preparations and was the only parameter to show a significant increase (P = 0.0058) consistent with MVD changes at high VEGF.ConclusionFindings support DCE‐MRI for evaluating angiogenesis in bladder constructs and suggest vessel changes other than density. Future studies should incorporate larger contrast agents and permeability assessment to devise an optimal DCE‐MRI strategy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:415–423. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields reduce knee osteoarthritic lesion progression in the aged Dunkin Hartley guinea pig
Authors: Fini M. , Giavaresi G. , Torricelli P. , Cavani F. , Setti S. , Canè V. , Giardino R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn experimental in vivo study was performed to test if the effect of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) on chondrocyte metabolism and adenosine A2a agonist activity could have a chondroprotective effect on the knee of Dunkin Hartley guinea‐pigs of 12 months with spontaneously developed osteoarthritis (OA). After a pilot study, 10 animals were randomly divided into two groups: PEMF‐treated group (6 h/day for 3 months) and Sham‐treated group. Microradiography and histomorphometry were performed on the entire articular surface of knee joints used in evaluating chondropathy severity, cartilage thickness (CT), cartilage surface Fibrillation Index (FI), subchondral bone plate thickness (SBT) and histomorphometric characteristics of trabecular epiphyseal bone. The PEMF‐treated animals showed a significant reduction of chondropathy progression in all knee examined areas (p < 0.05). CT was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the medial tibia plateaus of the PEMF‐treated group when compared to the Sham‐treated group. The highest value of FI was observed in the medial tibia plateau of the Sham‐treated group (p < 0.05). Significant lower values were observed in SBT of PEMF‐treated group in comparison to Sham‐treated group in all knee examined areas (p < 0.05). The present study results show that PEMFs preserve the morphology of articular cartilage and slower the progression of OA lesions in the knee of aged osteoarthritic guinea pigs. The chondroprotective effect of PEMFs was demonstrated not only in the medial tibial plateau but also on the entire articular surface of the knee. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Wounds of Love
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
An in-depth study of St. Rose of Lima (1586–1617), canonized in 1671 as the first saint of the New World, serves to explore the meanings of female mysticism and the ways in which saints are products of their cultures. The opening chapter analyzes trends in scholarship on mysticism and the interrelations of sanctity and insanity. Rose and flower poetics are then pursued into the odor of sanctity, “deflowering,” edenic imagery, and the miracle by which Rose of Lima received her name. Two historical chapters analyze the politics of Rose of Lima’s canonization, exploring how mystical union bypasses sacramental and sacerdotal channels, poses an implicit threat to the bureaucratized church, and may be co-opted to integrate a competing claim into the Catholic canon. Virginity, austerity, mortification, eucharistic devotion, visions, expression of love through suffering, ecstasy, and mystical marriage are then studied both in themselves and in their relations to eroticism and to modern psychological disorders.
Russian Orthodoxy on the Eve of Revolution
Authors: Shevzov Vera 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book explores the religious lives of Orthodox Christians in Russia before the revolution. It examines how Orthodox communal identity was fostered and sustained through the spaces, places, times, and images around which believers ordered their religious lives. It looks at debates between ecclesiastical officials. It argues that the challenge to Orthodoxy not only came from outsiders such as Marxists revolutionaries, but also from the faith community itself.
Spinoza's Necessitarianism Reconsidered
Authors: Curley Edwin , Walski Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we defend the view that Spinoza is committed to allowing for the existence of a plurality of possible worlds, that his necessitarianism is merely moderate, not strict enough to exclude the possibility of other worlds (in the Leibnizian sense of the expression, which requires that a “world” include all the things existing at all times and not merely all the things existing at some time). To show that evidence for attributing strict necessitarianism to Spinoza is lacking, we shall concentrate on Don Garrett's article, “Spinoza's Necessitarianism,” in the conviction that his case for attributing strict necessitarianism to Spinoza is the strongest one available.
Integrating Electrical Power Systems
Authors: Fredrik Tell 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Deals with the management of the development, production, and marketing of electrical power systems. In considering the history of the electrical manufacturing industry, the aim is to outline general patterns of systems integration during different stages of the product life cycle of electrical power systems. Discusses how different degrees of complexity relating to organisation, technology, and markets affect the capability needs of various forms of systems integration during different stages in the life cycle of electrical power systems manufacture.
Specialization and Systems Integration
Authors: Pavitt Keith 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Argues that the Systems Integration firms are progressively replacing the large, established manufacturing firm, described by Penrose and Chandler, as the major motor of technical change in advanced, high‐wage countries. This shift reflects in part the unexpected difficulties faced by large industrial firms in exploiting new technological opportunities. It also reflects the following combined effects of advances in IT and globalisation: the acceleration of offshore manufacturing, facilitated by improvements in monitoring and control, in modular interfaces, and in the transmission of codified skills; modularity; digitally‐based systems.
Corporate Strategy and Systems Integration Capabilities
Authors: Prencipe Andrea 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Identifies two analytical categories of systems integration in multitechnology multicomponent products, namely, synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic systems integration refers to the technological capabilities required to set the product concept design, decompose it, co‐ordinate the network of suppliers, and then recompose the product within a given family. Diachronic systems integration refers to the technological capabilities to envisage and move progressively towards different and alternative paths of product architectures (i.e. new product families) to meet evolving customer requirements.
Towards a Dynamics of Modularity
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Our understanding of the interaction between technological structure and organisational structure has made many advances. Argues that a more dynamic conception of the relationship is necessary in order to capture important elements that otherwise go unnoticed. Illustrations of a dynamic conception are offered, based on empirical research in the disk‐drive industry. Organisational traps may emerge, in that companies are not properly aligned with their technologies, but adaptation is difficult. Path dependent behaviours can result, which intensify these traps.
The Geography of Systems Integration
Authors: Best Michael H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A new model of technology management and regional innovation based on the principle of systems integration is presented. The principle of systems integration is manifested in the organisational capability of firms, individually and networked, to foster rapid technological change. The effect is a network or cluster of entrepreneurial firms in which design is decentralised within the enterprise and diffused amongst networked enterprises. The combination of entrepreneurial firms and inter‐firm networks is shown to foster a range of dynamic cluster processes that, in turn, underlie the growth of Silicon Valley and the unexpected resurgence of Boston's Route 128.
Annuities and Retirement Well-Being
Authors: Panis Constantijn W. A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of annuitisation on retirement well-being. It focuses on two measures of well-being: self-reported satisfaction with retirement, and the number of self-reported depressive symptoms. Retirees with greater annuitisation were more satisfied with retirement, and maintained their satisfaction throughout retirement. Retirees without lifelong annuities become less satisfied over the years.
National Taxation, Fiscal Federalism and Global Taxation
Authors: Boadway Robin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter, together with chs. 2 and 10, approaches the question of development funding in a theoretical way, rather than by examining individual proposals for sources. One purpose of the book is to bring to bear on this accumulated knowledge in the field of national public finance, and more generally public economics. This chapter looks at the lessons to be learned from the fiscal federalism literature. It highlights some of the similarities and some of the differences between fiscal institutions in federations and those that might apply in a global setting, and draws a number of conclusions about sources of new revenues for development, dealing specifically with taxes on nations, taxes on global externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases. The three main sections of the chapter look at: revenue‐raising in a federal setting – assignment of revenue‐raising authority, intergovernmental transfers, cooperative behaviour by subnational governments, and freeriding by subnational governments; revenue‐raising in federations with no central government – non‐cooperative and cooperative subnational redistribution; and the implications for global revenue sources – taxes on nations (a global equalisation scheme), taxes on international externalities, and taxes on internationally mobile tax bases.
FcγRIIIb Genotypes and Smoking in Periodontal Disease Progression Among Community‐Dwelling Older Adults in Japan
Authors: Yoshihara Akihiro , Sugita Noriko , Yamamoto Kouji , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Hirotomi Toshinobu , Ogawa Hiroshi , Miyazaki Hideo , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: March 2005

Background: FcγRIIIb genotypes and smoking are risk factors for periodontal disease. However, the interaction of FcγRIIIb‐ NA1‐NA2 polymorphism with smoking remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine if FcγRIIIb‐NA1‐NA2 polymorphism and smoking are associated with periodontal disease progression among elderly people.Methods: Among 70‐year‐old subjects, 164 with neither diabetes mellitus nor blood sugar ≥140 mg/dl, who had more than 20 teeth and who could participate in both the baseline and the follow‐up examinations were included in the study. The NA1 group comprised subjects with FcγRIIIb‐NA1NA1 genotype (N = 53), while the NA2 group included subjects with FcγRIIIb‐NA1NA2 or NA2NA2 genotype (N = 111). We examined the progression of periodontitis by measuring attachment loss during 3 years.Results: The frequency of subjects who showed ≥4 mm additional attachment loss at one or more sites was 55.6% for smokers and 37.2% for non‐smokers. The odds ratio (OR) was 2.13 (confidence interval [CI]: 0.92 to 4.76). We found a better association between periodontal progression and smoking in the NA2 group. The OR for smokers was 3.03 (CI:1.12 to 8.33, P = 0.028). Additionally, the mean number of sites with ≥4 mm additional attachment loss per person between smokers and non‐smokers in the NA2 group or between smokers and non‐smokers in the NA1 group was 2.90 ± 3.42 and 0.74 ± 1.53 or 0.57 ± 0.79 and 0.68 ± 1.03, respectively (P <0.001; analysis of variance [ANOVA]).Conclusion: Our results may suggest an association between smoking and periodontal disease progression in elderly people with FcγRIIIb‐NA2 polymorphism. J Periodontol 2005;76:250‐255.
Proteins
Authors: Nambudripad Raman , Smith Temple F. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Proteins are biopolymers built up from 20 different amino acids. Their diversity derives from the different combinations of the amino acids that form the sequence. The function of a protein depends on its unique three‐dimensional structure, which is itself determined by the amino acid sequence. The principal forces that drive proteins to their folded structure are the hydrophobic effect and backbone hydrogen bonding. The latter gives rise to the two elements of secondary structure, α‐helix and β‐sheet, commonly observed in proteins. The number of ways that these structures can pack is finite, giving rise to a limited number of folding motifs that recur in proteins of even unrelated structure. The function of proteins is carried out by a few residues in an active site which interacts with other molecules. Prediction of protein structure from its amino acid sequence is an active area of research. Different approaches include energy minimization, comparative modeling, and inverse protein folding. Progress in molecular biology and molecular modeling have made the study of the function and design of proteins a reality. With the sequencing of the human genome, much research is being done in the area of comparative genomics to understand the molecular basis of the diseased state and “personalized” medicine. Systems biology is another area which has drawn a lot of attention.
Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Guinée Jeroen B. , Heijungs Reinout 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEnvironmental Life Cycle Assessmen (LCA) of products has become an important tool for assessing the environmental impact of products and services from cradle‐to‐grave. One of LCA’s Leitmotivs is to get a full picture of the impacts of a product or service in order to find the best solutions for their improvement without shifting the impacts to other fields. LCA has become a core topic in the field of environmental management. In this article, the topic of LCA is introduced. The focus is on a discussion of LCA methodology. The four methodological phases (goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation) are explained. Steps distinguished within each phase are discussed with respect to methodological issues. These issues are illustrated with brief examples. Aspects of data, software, and procedures are separately discussed. Finally, LCA applications and the future of LCA are addressed.
Gas‐Phase Catalysis by Atomic and Cluster Metal Ions: The Ultimate Single‐Site Catalysts
Authors: Böhme Diethard K. , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: March 2005

AbstractGas‐phase experiments with state‐of‐the‐art techniques of mass spectrometry provide detailed insights into numerous elementary processes. The focus of this Review is on elementary reactions of ions that achieve complete catalytic cycles under thermal conditions. The examples chosen cover aspects of catalysis pertinent to areas as diverse as atmospheric chemistry and surface chemistry. We describe how transfer of oxygen atoms, bond activation, and coupling of fragments can be mediated by atomic or cluster metal ions. In some cases truly unexpected analogies of the idealized gas‐phase ion catalysis can be drawn with related chemical transformations in solution or the solid state, and so improve our understanding of the intrinsic operation of a practical catalyst at a strictly molecular level.
Altered parcellation of neocortical somatosensory maps in N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Lee Li‐Jen , Erzurumlu Reha S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe body map in the parietal neocortex is built by inputs from the brainstem and thalamic somatosensory nuclei. Receptor density in the sensory periphery and neural activity play a major role in allocation of cortical tissue to different components of the somatosensory body map. Here we present evidence that neural activity mediated via N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a major role in parcellation of the cortical body map subdivisions. In mice with genetically lowered NMDA receptor function along the trigeminal pathway, subcortical trigeminal nuclei shrink and, consequently, the face representation area of the primary somatosensory cortex diminishes in size. In contrast, dorsal column subcortical paw representation areas that are not as severely affected by the genetic manipulation of NMDA receptors do not show any areal changes, yet their cortical projection zones expand. Our findings indicate that both subcortical and cortical mechanisms contribute to cortical parcellation of body map subdivisions in an NMDA receptor‐dependent manner. J. Comp. Neurol. 485:57–63, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.