bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gibson Method and Apparatus for Measuring the Flow of Water in Closed Conduits: As Applied in Testing the Efficiencies of Water Wheels in Hydroelectric Power Plants
Authors: Gibson Norman R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to explain a new method of determining the rate of discharge or quantity of water flowing in a pipe or other closed conduit and to describe the apparatus used for the practical application of this method in testing the efficiencies of water wheels in hydroelectric power plants.
The theory of this method of measurement is based on Newton’s second law governing the relation between the mass and motion of bodies, and on the principles attributed to Joukovsky relating the rise of pressure in a column of water to the retardation of its velocity.
The paper explains the procedure in the field and describes the apparatus employed and the manner of recording, delineating, and measuring the pressure-time diagram from which the discharge is calculated. The fundamental principles and theory are briefly discussed and a complete typical numerical example is computed. In conclusion, the results of tests made at Cornell University to determine the accuracy of the method are given.
A Graphical Study of Journal Lubrication
Authors: Howarth H. A. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper visualizes the characteristics of the oil film and the pressures within it for a journal completely surrounded by its bearing. The influences of clearance and viscosity upon the journal friction are quantitatively shown by means of a chart that can readily be used for designing bearings. Several interesting examples are solved by means of this chart.
A few of the characteristics of the journal partially surrounded by the bearing are also shown by curves. The study of partial bearings is not yet completed.
Principles of Long–Distance Air Navigation
Authors: Willson Robert W. , Hersey Mayo D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper contains a general account of the scientific principles of long-distance air navigation, including dead reckoning, astronomical observations, and radio methods. It has been prepared at the invitation of the Aeronautic Division and is addressed to those who may be interested in a broad way in the problems and possibilities of commercial aeronautics. Hence it has not been thought necessary to enter into detail except where the methods presented are believed to be new. As a guide to those who will wish to pursue the subject farther, the paper concludes with a fairly complete outline of the most recent sources of technical information.
The Emmet Mercury-Vapor Process
Authors: Emmet W. L. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author first gives an account of the early experiments made, after which the thermodynamic possibilities of the process are taken up. The 1800-kw. installation in the plant of the Hartford (Conn.) Electric Light Co. is then described, following which boiler problems, leakage, packing, and related topics are discussed, as well as the question of mercury supply. An appendix to the paper includes a table of the properties of mercury vapor at absolute pressures ranging from 0.4 to 180 lb. per sq. in. abs., a Mollier chart for mercury, and a chart showing the available energy of mercury vapor in watt-hours per lb. for expansions from absolute pressures of from 20 to 85 lb. per sq. in. to back pressures of from 0.4 to 1.6 lb. abs.
The Temperatures of Evaporation of Water into Air: An Experimental Determination of the Laws Governing the Deviation of the Actual Temperature of Evaporation From the Theoretical
Authors: Carrier W. H. , Lindsay Daniel C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper contains a report of experiments carried on at Cornell and at the Case School of Applied Science to show that under ideal conditions permitting true adiabatic saturation the wet-bulb temperature is actually the temperature of equilibrium represented in the heat-equilibrium equation, and also to show how and to what extent the wet-bulb temperature observed under ordinary conditions varies from the theoretical equilibrium temperature.
Appendices deal with the process of adiabatic saturation, an approximation of the effect of radiation in raising the wet-bulb temperature above the theoretical, a description of the adiabatic saturator and the experimental methods, and a description of the apparatus and experimental methods used in determining the variation of error in the wet-bulb temperature with variation in air velocity and wet-bulb temperature.
Radiation in the Pulverized-Fuel Furnace
Authors: Wohlenberg Walter J. , Morrow Donald G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the fundamentals concerning radiation in the pulverized-fuel furnace. It is shown that the radiating power through the flame surface depends primarily on the size of the particle and that based on the flame-surface area, its magnitude relative to black radiation is low. The heat-absorption intensity at the cold surface, however, may be considerably higher than the relative radiance of the flame. This factor depends on both the amount and the disposition of the refractory furnace lining. Application of the method outlined enables, by an analytical process, quantitative evaluation of the furnace energy process, and the data yielded are of such a nature as to indicate by comparison which furnace proportions will give the best results.
Comparative Performance of Air Preheaters
Authors: Funk Nevin E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives the results of tests on a number of boiler units equipped with air preheaters and one unit using unheated air. All of the boilers are of approximately the same size, are of the same type, and have furnaces and stoker equipments which are similar. Some are equipped with economizers. Different types of air preheaters are used and the areas of the heaters are not the same. The curves which are presented show the comparative performances of the units, the relation between coal fed and flue-gas temperature, the relations between gas-temperature drop and air-temperature rise and percentage of rating, and the relation between the percentage of combustible in the ash and the coal fed.
The Influence of Radiation in Coal-Eired Furnaces on Boiler-Surface Requirements, and a Simplified Method for its Calculation
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Lindseth E. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper includes a simplified method of dealing with the energy problem of the boiler furnace. Its application yields information concerning that division of total surface between cold furnace walls and convection zone which results in the greatest overall energy absorption. The influences of fuel type, air preheat, and certain other factors on furnace conditions and surface requirements are also discussed.
The Development of Large Commercial Rigid Airships
Authors: Arnstein Karl 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the safety of the airship, which he considers to be very high because of the multiplicity and overlap of various means of achieving the same end. He then analyzes the various types of load, aerostatic and aerodynamic, which an airship experiences, and makes well-based recommendations for methods of structural analysis, and for load factors. On the basis, partly of past experience, partly of careful investigation of many projects, he studies the variation in weight with volume of various structural elements. He finds that the specific dead-weight still decreases for airships up to 15,000,000 cu. ft. capacity, although only slightly beyond this point. From the point of view of transportational efficiency, the improvement with larger sizes continues almost indefinitely, at any rate well beyond the 15,000,000 cu. ft., which is the largest volume contemplated at present. The author’s final conclusion is that it is possible to construct airships of any size which may be required to meet transportation problems; and that economy will improve from every point of view with larger sizes.
Gluing Wood in Aircraft Work
Authors: Truax T. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author discusses the glues used in aircraft, and describes the gluing operation and its application to different species of wood. He also makes recommendations for the gluing of different woods with both animal and casein glues, giving data on glue-water proportions, glue spread, temperature of wood, pressure to be applied to joint, and time the joint should remain under pressure.
An Investigation of the Performance of Waste-Packed Armature Bearings
Authors: Karelitz G. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Some of the observations made while experimenting with full-size armature bearings are recorded in this paper. The importance of taking care in the packing of bearings is brought forth. The advantages of a constant oil lift are pointed out, while the effect of grooving is discussed. Bearing-shell temperatures for varying loads and speeds are given. The data collected may be of interest to designers as well as to engineers in charge of maintenance of railway motors.
The Effect of Entrance and Discharge Angles on the Performance of a Centrifugal Fan
Authors: Wilson Georges Samuel , Dudley William Lyle , McIntyre Harry John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the authors discuss tests conducted by them to determine the variations in the operating characteristics of a back-ward-curved-blade fan as affected by (a) blade entrance angles, (b) blade discharge angles, and (c) fixed entrance and discharge angles but with different wheel diameters. A brief discussion of static pressure in a centrifugal fan, with the development of equations, opens the paper. Then follows a description of the test unit, and the method of conducting the tests. A discussion of observed results, in which several sets of curves are introduced, forms the body of the paper. The authors reach the conclusion that loss by shock at entrance is influenced by the entrance angle. With constant entrance blade angles and diameter of wheel, the pressure and capacity are increased with increase in the value of the blade discharge angle. The shape of the passage way through the wheel is recognized as a factor in fan losses. Increasing diameter of symmetrical wheels, used in the same housing and operated at constant tip speed, was found to increase the pressure-capacity characteristics and greatly improve the efficiency.
Vibration of Frames of Electrical Machines
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In connection with the attempts to reduce the noise of electrical machinery in general, and more especially of small motors for domestic use, it is of importance to be able to calculate the natural frequency of the vibration. It is shown that the frame, which usually emits a large portion of the total noise, can, in many cases, be regarded as a part of a ring with rigid ends. Formulas and curves are given in the paper for the calculation of this fundamental frequency. The derivation of these formulas is not given in the body of the paper, but in an appendix.
Higher Steam Pressures
Authors: Funk Nevin E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the following study of cycle efficiencies the author shows that the point is being rapidly approached where it is possible that the large additional investment cost necessary to go to higher steam pressure may not be warranted in obtaining high operating efficiencies. Hitherto it has been possible to obtain greater economy with so small an increase in investment cost that systems were warranted in building new stations for base-load operation and in using the older ones only on the peak-load periods. However, as the limit of economy is approached the differential between new and old station economy becomes so small that it does not pay to drop load from the old stations in order to carry base load on the new. In this case the building of peak-load stations, of small investment cost, might be warranted at intervals as an alternative to the present policy of base-load installations.
Pulverized-Coal Firing of Marine Water-Tube Boilers: Following Upon an Appreciation of the Results Secured in the Stationary Power-Plant Field With Pulverized Coal, a Series of Tests Were Conducted to Determine the Value of This Method of Firing to Marine Boilers
Authors: Stillman T. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tests tend to indicate that if satisfactory operating results are to be secured in using pulverized coal in the smaller furnaces available in marine practice, it is imperative that the fusing point of the ash in the coal burned be above the flame temperatures existing near the walls and boiler tubes and that the coal be finely pulverized.
An Accurate Method for Measuring Steam
Authors: Härlin Axel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author shows that when measuring the quantity of steam flowing through a pipe by means of a diaphragm, the method deduced and theoretically established by Odqvist is in regard to accuracy far superior to any other method.
However, as Odqvist’s method requires that the pressure be taken out in a manner that makes the method difficult to use and jeopardizes the desired accuracy, a simple modification is indicated which, without appreciably affecting the accuracy, allows a convenient and reliable arrangement for the pressure connections. With this modified method a mean error of only about 1 per cent has to be reckoned with.
The relatively complicated formulas for steam flow are transformed by means of a diagram into a number of factors which, multiplied by each other, give the steam quantity. An approximate diagram is also given which, without further calculation, can be used in making rough estimates.
The paper concludes with a few instructions for carrying out the measurements.
Ball-Bearing Machine-Tool Spindles
Authors: Barish Thomas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is a review of the three types of ball-bearing machine-tool spindles now in use, showing how rigidity is obtained in each type and what results are secured. There is also a historical review of the first type, which was originally put into service over ten years ago and has since received minor improvements. The three main groups are:
(a) Two-bearing, manually adjusted spindles
(b) Automatically spring-adjusted spindles
(c) Three-bearing spindles, adjustable and non-adjustable.
Comparisons are made between the various types for their rigidity, and some deflection curves and actual measurements of rigidity are quoted.
The Piston-Crosshead Motion of the Oilgear Pump
Authors: Benedek Elek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Oilgear pump is a variable-delivery radial pump which converts mechanical power into hydraulic power in the form of an oil stream under pressure. An oil motor is used to reconvert the power into mechanical form and apply it to the work to be done. For services requiring greater power than the applications so far made, improvements are needed which will reduce noise and vibration. The present paper derives equations for determining the path, velocities, and accelerations of any point in the piston-crosshead unit of the Oilgear pump, as investigation has shown that an accurate knowledge of the accelerations of the mechanical parts and of the oil in the cylinders and ports is necessary as a basis for further improvements in design.
Stress Distribution and Hysteresis Losses in Springs: Progress Report No. 4 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committe on Mechanical Springs (Technological)
Authors: Sayre M. F. , Hoadley Anthony 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The present report covers the first year of investigations carried on by the Committee at Union College, Schenectady, New York. The purpose of these investigations is to examine more closely than heretofore the fundamental characteristics of spring action in order that more reliable constants for a code of design on mechanical springs (see Bibliography, No. 18) might ultimately be established. The experiments were conducted by Anthony Hoadley under the direct supervision of M. F. Sayre. Certain of the results were covered in Progress Report No. 3, which report was not published. It should be considered as a progress report, in that, while a number of valuable results have been obtained, the field opened up is so wide that much of the work must be considered as preliminary only.
Particular points of interest are: (1) A study of distribution of stresses in bending in spring steel, at the very high unit stresses often used in practice. This has practical importance in furnishing a partial explanation of the large discrepancy between theory and practice as to allowable unit stresses, in furnishing a theoretical guide as to the amount of recoil to be expected when winding a spring about a mandrel of a given size, and in determining the effect of the initial stresses induced in a spring during the winding operation, upon the future behavior of the spring. (2) A comparison of proportional limit and of modulus of elasticity for the same material in bending and in tension at high and at low stresses, both in virgin condition and after a cyclical state has been reached. This has a possible importance in determining what weight should be attached to tensile tests in measuring the suitability of a proposed spring material. It also was done in order to investigate certain theoretical and practical discrepancies between properties in bending and tension. (3) A study of the comparative internal friction in spring material in bending and in tension, for varying stress ranges, up to very high loads. This has a bearing in its effect on the possible accuracy of spring-controlled measuring instruments, and a smaller bearing on the energy losses in power springs. It is also highly desirable to know accurately how this internal friction or hysteresis varies with the load range and the position of the load range in order to determine what relation may exist between it and both the proportional limit and the fatigue limit of the material, as governing allowable safe loads. An unexpected result of the investigation is that the hysteresis in tension was found to be far less in proportion to that in bending than was expected. This result should be considered as tentative only. Every effort is being made to discover any instrumental defects which may have contributed to this result, and lacking this, to find satisfactory theoretical reasons.
Studies of Moisture at High Rates of Evaporation
Authors: Mumford A. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author gives particulars of studies made in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the moisture in steam from boilers operated at the high evaporative rate of 25 lb. per sq. ft. of boiler and furnace surface, using 90 per cent make-up and full chemical treatment in the boiler for scale elimination. From these studies he concludes that:
1 The concentration of the hydroxyl radical is a factor in the production of wet steam which acts independently of the rate of evaporation, or of the concentration of other solid or dissolved chemical substances, and which has a critical value varying with the boiler design.
2 The production of dry steam at high rates of evaporation is partly a problem of reentrainment of the separated water due to inadequate drainage.
3 If it is assumed that the physical condition of the water-steam mixture on any boiler heating surface varies only with the rate at which heat is being absorbed by that surface, then the problem of moisture elimination is reduced to one of steam-path design applicable to boilers in general.
Materials Handling in the Foundry
Authors: Pardee L. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Methods used to double the production of a foundry are described in this paper. As floor space was limited the mechanical-handling equipment selected differs from what would be used if buildings and equipment were designed at the same time. Conveyors were installed for handling castings, for continuous moulding, pouring, and sand handling, and for taking raw materials from the yard to the cupolas.
Materials Handling in General Assembly
Authors: Febvre Gordon Le 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In assembly work sufficient parts must be provided at the proper time and place. The conveyor systems for accomplishing this at the Oakland plant are described by the author. A major manufacturing schedule is based on the forecast of sales. Monthly manufacturing schedules are made up for the large units, and a daily schedule provides for immediate requirements. The policy of the Oakland Motor Company is to use the most modern types of materials-handling equipment.
Material Routing to the Car-Assembly Line
Authors: Churgay L. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author tells how the particular problem of delivering parts to the car-assembly line, that can not be handled efficiently by conveyors, is taken care of in the Chrysler plant. The quantities of materials to be handled are obtained from the daily-production schedule. Loads were standardized, and moved at regular intervals by jitneys. Requisition sheets for material are made up according to specified loads to meet transportation requirements, and are issued to the stock man at pick-up points. A copy of the requisition serves as a transportation order for the jitney operators.
Diamonds as Metal-Cutting Tools
Authors: Bausch C. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author recites the history of the use of diamond tools in the plant of the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., which he believes to be quite representative of the use of diamonds in general. Diamonds were first used in the turning of materials which were too hard for steel tools. Their next use was in obtaining high finishes on non-ferrous metals, and this was followed by their use on work requiring extreme accuracy. In all cases, high speed was obtainable, although heavy cuts have never been possible with diamond tools. Data are given regarding the proper selection and setting of diamonds in relation to the cleavage plane of the material, as well as on cutting speeds and feeds, life of diamond tools, limitations due to vibration, etc.
Combustion in High-Speed Oil Engines
Authors: Joachim William F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper discusses some of the more important physical and chemical aspects of the combustion problems of the high-speed Diesel engine of today from the oil-spray and oil-mixture standpoints. Of considerable importance also are other aspects of the general combustion problem from the standpoints of detail fuel-injection methods, rates of injection, processes of atomization, spray-particle mass distribution, and cylinder design and combustion-air movement. While a near approach to the high thermal efficiencies indicated by theory may not be at once completely reached in high-speed oil engines, rapid advances in the art of combustion control are being made.
Research Problems in Lithographic Printing—The Lithographic Technical Foundation
Authors: Hawkins L. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The great brother industry of lithography has pioneered the way in research by endowing the Lithographic Technical Foundation. It aims to solve the major problems of the industry as a whole, rather then the individual problems of isolated plants. The history of the five-year operation, although that time is a brief period in the field of research, indicates that the Foundation was begun on the proper basis.