bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Right of Inmates to Work
Authors: Martin Rex 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter argues that treatment and rehabilitation can be a mode of punishment only if it is required of convicted offenders, either in virtue of a legal sanction imposed on them or in virtue of their status as adjudged violators, and it can exhibit an essential tie with civil rights (as do the other two modes, penalty and compensation) only if convicts are, in virtue of their status, required to receive certain services or benefits that the violator (along with other citizens) has a right to. The argument is developed by reference to work in prisons.
One problem faced by this analysis is the widespread belief that convicts qua adjudged violators have forfeited certain important rights (or, indeed, all rights); this claim about forfeit is challenged. Another problem is to distinguish beneficial and rehabilitative work in prisons from hard labour conceived as a penalty or from remunerative work designed to help prisoners pay compensation to their victims. The case for work in prisons as
beneficial and rehabilitative, rests on the idea that work there can be not only a general expectation attached to prisoner status but also a putative right of prisoners (as one feature of a policy of full employment for all citizens, which is itself justified by the idea of a right to work).
This line of analysis completes the turn, begun with the discussion of compensation, toward emphasizing coercion of the adjudged law breaker (rather than emphasizing causing them pain) in one's characterization of punishment and, ultimately, of treating punishment in all its modes as integral to a system of rights. The chapter concludes by summarizing the place of punishment in such a system and the reforms needed to make it optimally suitable there.
Critical Justification
Authors: Martin Rex 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The internal coherence of any system of political institutions and ideas is only one of the considerations we must have in mind in an account of ultimate justification; there is also the idea of a critical moral justification for it. Thus, the book turns, last of all, to the subject of the possibility and character of such vindication for a system of rights.
Two principal theories are canvassed in this regard: the indirect utilitarianism of J. S. Mill and more recent utilitarian thinkers and the contractarian moral justification elaborated by John Rawls in his Theory of Justice (and for several years thereafter). The utilitarian theory is set aside first; it is fundamentally unable to provide a principled justification for the priority of basic rights over policies justified by considerations of aggregate benefit or general well being. And Rawls's contractarianism is set aside as failing in one of its own self‐appointed tasks: it cannot provide an objective basis for assessing competing political or moral theories
These two failures to provide, from among leading contemporary moral theories, a critical moral grounding for a democratic system of rights do not serve to establish the creditability of philosophical anarchism; but it is clear, nonetheless, that more than was initially thought to be involved will be required in order to do the job effectively.
The chapter and the book, conclude with a brief survey of the tasks of political theory and of what has been accomplished to date. The idea of a system of rights is one of the great ideas of political philosophy and, unlike many of these ideas, it is still a living one; so, some suggestions are made about the way forward.
Employment Protection
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter studies the political support for employment protection. It is shown to be stronger, the larger the employed's rents. Another result is that if employment protection is the sole instrument, and is a continuous variable, its welfare‐maximizing level is strictly positive. However, that level is lower than the one that the employed want to choose. Also, a more intense process of obsolescence reduces the support for employment protection.
The Identifiability Effect
Authors: Saint‐Paul Gilles 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDiscusses another source of status‐quo bias, namely the identifiability effect. This refers to the fact that the gainers and losers from an institution currently in place are better identified than those from an institution not currently prevailing. The identifiability effect leads to status‐quo bias provided uncertainty redistributes losses from non‐decisive to decisive voters. The concept is then applied to analysing the impact of business cycles on the optimal timing of labour market reform.
The Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The British monarchy is by far the oldest of all the constitutional monarchies. Its origins can be traced back to before the Norman Conquest. The influence of Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights are discussed. Cabinet government and the expansion of the suffrage in the nineteenth century affected the monarchy profoundly. It was during the reign of Queen Victoria that the monarchy took on its recognizably modern form. This was noticed and analysed by the most brilliant journalist of the age, Walter Bagehot, and by its most imaginative politician, Benjamin Disraeli. Bagehot laid down various constitutional precepts to which sovereigns after Queen Victoria sought to adhere.
The Basic Constitutional Rules: The Rules of Succession
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy governed by rules. In Britain, these rules are of two kinds—non‐statutory rules governing hereditary succession and statutory rules laying down certain conditions that the holder of the throne must meet. Although descent is the main criterion of succession, the great constitutional struggles of the seventeenth century, culminating in the Bill of Rights of 1689 and the Act of Settlement of 1701, confirmed that the succession could be regulated by parliament. The British monarchy is a parliamentary monarchy. Indeed, the succession can only be altered by Act of Parliament. Provision is also made by Act of Parliament for cases when the sovereign is incapable or a minor, where a Regent acts in place of the sovereign. The rules regulating the royal consort and the heir to the throne and the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 are analysed. The rules of succession, being a product of the religious struggles of the seventeenth century, are now ripe for reform. So also is the Royal Marriages Act.
Hung Parliaments and Proportional Representation
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Despite Britain's first past the post‐electoral system, which generally produces single‐party majorities, Britain has become more politically fragmented in recent years. This makes a hung parliament—a parliament in which no single party has a majority—much more likely. Hung parliaments pose a dilemma for the sovereign. For, it will often not be obvious in such a situation who is the most appropriate Prime Minister; nor whether a dissolution requested by a Prime Minister should be granted—there may well be an alternative combination capable of governing within the existing legislature. These problems can be illuminated by analysis of past hung parliaments—1923–24, 1929–31, and 1974. The problems would be exacerbated with the introduction of proportional representation, for this would mean that nearly every parliament would then be a hung parliament.
The Financing of the Monarchy
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The financing of the monarchy has always had constitutional implications. Indeed, control of finance was the crucial issue in the battles between the king and the parliament in the seventeenth century. Today, the financing of the sovereign and the Royal Household is complex. It is designed to ensure that the sovereign is largely, though not wholly, dependent upon Parliament for money. A careful balancing is needed. But the presentation of the royal accounts is far too opaque and more transparency is needed.
The Future of Constitutional Monarchy
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Until 1914, monarchy was the prevalent form of government in Europe. Only three European states—France, Portugal, and Switzerland—were republics. Today, by contrast, there are just eight monarchies in Europe. They comprise, however, some of the most stable and well‐governed states in the Continent. Monarchy has lost much of its magic, but retains support on utilitarian grounds as a practical solution to the problem of sustaining constitutional and democratic government. If the conjunction of monarchy and democracy might seem a contradiction, it would be as well to bear in mind Freud's dictum that it is only in logic that contradictions cannot exist.
Stochastic Specification in an Aggregate Demand Model of the United Kingdom
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEmpirical modelling is analysed and illustrated for a small system of aggregate demand relationships in the UK, using estimators specifically developed to tackle the problems of autocorrelation and simultaneity. The tests discriminate between cases where (vector) residual autocorrelation arose from autoregressive errors, or from mis‐specification of the dynamics of the observed data series. Tests also check if the dynamics of the pre‐specified model were adequate, but these should not be used constructively: that a null hypothesis is false does not imply that the postulated alternative must be true. Thus, generalizing initial simple models after test rejections does not provide a valid modelling strategy, partly because a later rejection invalidates all earlier inferences, and to correctly interpret any of the empirical evidence, one must account for all results. The final estimates seek to do that for a range of earlier specifications.
On the Time‐Series Approach to Econometric Model Building
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe ‘time‐series’ approach to econometrics is critically evaluated, and analytical test power response surfaces presented. Non‐stationarity, differencing and ‘error‐correction’ models (though not yet named) are discussed. Residual autocorrelation is reinterpreted using Sargan's common factor approach, and embryonic ideas presented on how to explain competing models’ findings to reduce the proliferation of conflicting results. Finally, the respective roles of criticism and construction are considered.
An Empirical Application and Monte Carlo Analysis of Tests of Dynamic Specification
Authors: Hendry David F. , Mizon Grayham E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCOMFAC is employed as a sequential simplification device in empirical analysis. Analysis of the finite‐sample statistical properties checked the power when a COMFAC representation of economic agents’ behaviour was valid. Improved test power response surfaces were proposed. Combined, the findings suggested using other model reduction devices, retaining COMFAC as a destructive testing device for invalid ‘autocorrelation correction’ claims. Diagnostic testing of the initial model was emphasized. Model selection (lag length, choice of simplification, and parameter) is investigated for highly seasonal data.
Monetary Economic Myth and Econometric Reality
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEvaluates and replicates an improved specification of the transactions’ demand for money model, and shows that some empirical econometric equations which appear to ‘break down’ out of sample, had already ‘broken down’ but had not been rigorously tested for constancy. New observations can highlight pre‐existing failure, so regime changes help evaluation. Congruence defines the null of model validity (matching the evidence in all salient respects), but the nature of destructive testing reveals that there are no sufficient conditions for model validity in an empirical social science. However, a stringent list of necessary conditions exists. Personal computers with powerful, friendly software (PcGive) facilitated a leap in productivity: model evaluation could be undertaken at home in one evening. The M1‐demand equation did not exhibit predictive failure on data, which included the new 1979 policy on monetary control.
The Structure of Simultaneous Equations Estimators
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOptimal estimation is necessary for empirical modelling, but can be summarized in an estimator generating equation (EGE). The EGE reduces a vast literature on estimating individual equations and linear simultaneous systems to a single, simple expression based on the ‘score’, namely, the first derivative of the log‐likelihood function for full information maximum likelihood (FIML). The EGE also reveals how to generate new estimators and whether any given estimator is consistent and/or efficient. Consequently, the computation of maximum likelihood estimators is related to the properties of numerical optimization algorithms: estimators are numerical algorithms for approximating the solution of the score, classified by their choice of initial values, numbers of iterations and approximations to the Hessian of FIML. Different statistical approximations must be distinguished from alternative numerical optimization methods, which implement FIML, but some estimators are just different optimization algorithms, emphasizing the inter‐dependence between computational considerations based on numerical analyses and on statistical analyses.
The Econometric Analysis of Economic Time Series
Authors: Hendry David F. , Richard Jean‐François 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis overview proposes a general framework linking economic analysis to a reduction‐based statistical methodology based on parameter change, expectations and contingent plans, conditioning and weak exogeneity. Both long‐run economic theory and dynamic adjustment are discussed and general‐to‐specific modelling is linked to the theory of reduction to clarify modelling and model‐related concepts. The statistical analysis extends the estimator generating formula to `incomplete’ linear models. A sequence of six expository themes interprets time‐series econometrics: models are derived as reductions from the process which actually generated the data, inducing parameter transformations which affect their constancy, invariance and interpretation; conditioning and weak exogeneity are linked to contingent plans of economic agents; an EGE covers estimation theory for linear sub‐systems; a typology of linear dynamic equations elucidates their relative properties; the efficient score describes diagnostic testing; and encompassing inter‐related empirical models.
Postscript: The Econometrics of PC‐GIVE
Authors: Hendry David F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe model class is summarized in terms of the properties of specific linear models, including cointegration and equilibrium (error) correction. Model evaluation is based on the associated information taxonomy, for sequential conditioning, exogeneity, invariance, constancy and recursivity, and encompassing. The theory of reduction provides a basis for general‐to‐specific modelling. Test types, modelling strategies, and system estimation are also briefly discussed.
Jobs as Assets
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBy giving to all as high an unconditional income as possible, is one not violating liberal neutrality by favouring leisure and sanctioning consumption? One would be if the taxation needed to fund the basic income could legitimately be seen as the extraction of part of the outcome of nothing but the workers’ effort. But it cannot. Reflecting on the message of efficiency‐wage theories of unemployment leads one to view it instead as a fee on the appropriation of assets very unequally divided between us: jobs.
Exploitation versus Real Freedom
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBy providing a modest income even to those who do not want to work, is one not institutionalizing the exploitation of hard workers by free riders? There would definitely be ‘Lockean exploitation’, and hence violation of the ‘Creators Keepers’ principle, and there would be ‘Lutheran exploitation’ and hence lack of proportionality between effort and reward. But neither of these conceptions of exploitation makes normative sense. By contrast, ‘Roemerian exploitation’, or asset‐based inequality, does make normative sense. But it does not endorse an ethical indictment of an unconditional income. Quite the contrary.
Capitalism Justified?
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIs there any reason to expect some form of socialism to do better than any form of capitalism in terms of securing a high sustainable level of basic income? None of the familiar arguments against capitalism—from market failures to cyclical crises and the reserve army of the unemployed— can justify the presumption that it will do worse than socialism in terms of efficiency. On the contrary, the fundamental fact that, unlike what happens under socialism, capitalist firms have to submit to the ruthless rule ‘Innovate or perish’ justify the presumption of capitalism's superior dynamic efficiency. But in a globalized capitalist economy, the sovereignty democratically exercised over this larger wealth keeps eroding, to the point that capitalist societies become unable to sustainably turn part of it into a higher basic income than would be possible under the best version of feasible socialism?
For Love of Country
Authors: Viroli Maurizio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In scholarly literature and common language, patriotism is often conflated with nationalism, which is associated with an exclusive, intolerant, and irrational attachment to one's nation. As the history of Fascism and Nazism shows, patriotism understood as nationalism can have disastrous consequences. Nevertheless, this book argues that the language of patriotism must be distinguished from that of nationalism. While nationalism values the cultural, religious, and ethnic unity of a people, patriotism is the love of a people's common liberty, which gives us the strength to resist oppression by the selfish ambitions of particular individuals. In addition, patriotism is a rational love, since civic virtue is instrumental to the preservation of law and order, which is the prerequisite of our liberty. The question we must address is how to make our particular love of one's own country compatible with the universal principles of liberty and justice. Through a historical interpretation of patriotism from classical antiquity to contemporary debates, Viroli explores the possibility of patriotism without nationalism; i.e. one that emphasizes political unity based on the republican commitment to the common good, rather than cultural, religious, or ethnic homogeneity.
Introduction
Authors: Viroli Maurizio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhile nationalism is an attachment to the ethnic, cultural, and spiritual homogeneity of a nation, patriotism refers to the love of the republic and the political institutions that sustain it. The language of patriotism avoids the dangers of intolerance inherent in a nationalistic conception of civic virtue by appealing to the non‐exclusive love of common liberty that is nevertheless rooted in the concrete culture and history of a particular people. The project of the book will be to explore the possibilities of political patriotism as an alternative to the rhetoric of nationalism through a historical interpretation of the evolution of patriotism.
The Legacy of Republican Patriotism
Authors: Viroli Maurizio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Surveys the conception of republican patriotism from Classical Greece and Rome to the civic humanism of the fifteenth century Italian city‐republics. In the classical Roman tradition, the love of the patria was a sense of compassion as overcoming private selfishness to respect the common good. Later, medieval thinkers like Aquinas and Ptolemy of Lucca combined patriotism with the theological virtue of charity. For Machiavelli, who admired Roman republicanism, patriotism is the source of honour and glory for the citizens, as well as of law and order, which maintains the liberty of the people.
Epilogue
Authors: Viroli Maurizio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues for the possibility of patriotism without nationalism. Contemporary debates on patriotism have focused on how to uphold patriotism after the disasters of the nationalistic patriotism of Fascism and Nazism. While Habermas disconnected the universal political principles from nationality, communitarians like MacIntyre have emphasized the importance of shared pre‐political identities. Instead of extreme, contemporary pluralistic societies require political unity based on the values of the republic in the tradition of Tocqueville, Walzer, and Taylor.
Rational Risk Policy
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIdeally, individual risk‐taking decisions and government risk policies should be based on a rational balancing of risk and cost. Unfortunately, private decisions are subject to a number of biases including overestimation of small probabilities and alarmist responses to ambiguous risks. Hazard warnings can potentially be effective, but are not always ideal, as the people now overestimate the risks of smoking. Labour market estimates of the value of life can provide a rational reference point for benefit‐cost tests of risk regulations. The pressures exerted by irrational public responses to risk often lead to regulations that impose inordinately high costs per life saved. Excessive regulation potentially makes society worse off from a health and safety standpoint as shown by the risk–risk analysis methodology developed in this book. Similarly, liability rules and social insurance systems also should be structured to reflect an efficient balancing of risk and cost.
Risk Beliefs and Individual Rationality
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Risk beliefs often reflect systematic biases, such as the overestimation of small risks and underestimation of large risks. The prospective reference theory model explains these and other anomalies and in many instances predicts these patterns of behaviour. Precautionary behaviour is subject to a paradox since people will tend to undervalue marginal decreases in risk but will overvalue improvements that completely eliminate the risk. Risk ambiguity aversion, as reflected in the Ellsberg Paradox, affects public responses to dimly understood risks such as Mad Cow disease and many carcinogens. Many other biases in risk beliefs are evident, such as overreaction to risk increases, overestimation of risk decreases that eliminate the risk, and overestimation of highly publicized risks.
Hazard Warnings and Risk Information
Authors: Viscusi W. Kip 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHazard warnings can potentially play a constructive policy role by providing risk information when people are not informed of the risk. Cigarette warnings are a principal example of how the public can be informed adequately of the risk and can form risk beliefs comparable to the actual product risk. Warnings can potentially alter discrete decisions, such as whether or not to use a product or take a job, as well as precautionary behaviour with respect to a product or a job. In Bayesian learning contexts, effective warnings are those that provide accurate new information in an effective manner.