bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pallidal Stimulation for Dystonia
Authors: Krause Martin , Fogel Wolfgang , Kloss Manja , Rasche Dirk , Volkmann Jens , Tronnier Volker 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is a new and promising treatment option for severe dystonia. Yet only few studies have been published to date regarding this treatment. We present the results of DBS of the GPi in 17 patients with severe dystonia of different causes.

METHODS:
In our study, we included 10 patients with primary generalized dystonia, six patients with secondary generalized dystonia, and one patient with a severe dystonic cervical tremor. In all patients, DBS electrodes were implanted bilaterally within the GPi. Mean follow-up time was 36 months (range, 12–66 mo). Preoperative and postoperative evaluations (at least annually) were performed using the Burk-Fahn-Marsden scale.

RESULTS:
The best improvement was achieved in patients with DYT1-positive dystonia. Patients with DYT1-negative generalized dystonia showed inhomogeneous results. There was no significant change in patients with tardive dystonia. One case of Hallervorden-Spatz disease improved dramatically within the first 2 years. The improvement in the cervical dystonic tremor was disappointing, however. Three years after DBS implantation, we found a secondary worsening of symptoms in one patient with a DYT1-positive dystonia and in the patient with Hallervorden-Spatz disease.

CONCLUSION:
DBS of the GPi is a new and promising treatment option for dystonia. Secondary worsening may limit this therapy.
Multiple cone visual pigments and the potential for trichromatic colour vision in two species of elasmobranch
Authors: Hart Nathan S. , Lisney Thomas J. , Marshall N. Justin , Collin Shaun P. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY
Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates and rays) are the modern descendents of the first jawed vertebrates and, as apex predators, often occupy the highest trophic levels of aquatic (predominantly marine) ecosystems. However, despite their crucial role in the structure of marine communities, their importance both to commercial and to recreational fisheries, and the inherent interest in their role in vertebrate evolution, very little is known about their visual capabilities, especially with regard to whether or not they have the potential for colour vision. Using microspectrophotometry, we show that the retinae of the giant shovelnose ray (Rhinobatos typus) and the eastern shovelnose ray (Aptychotrema rostrata) contain three spectrally distinct cone visual pigments with wavelengths of maximum absorbance(λmax) at 477, 502 and 561 nm and at 459, 492 and 553 nm,respectively. The retinae of R. typus and A. rostrata also contain a single type of rod visual pigment with λmax at 504 and 498 nm, respectively. R. typus, living in the same estuarine waters as A. rostrata, were found to have identical visual pigments to R. typus inhabiting coral reef flats, despite a considerable difference in habitat spectral radiance. This is the first time that multiple cone visual pigments have been measured directly in an elasmobranch. The finding raises the possibility that some species are able to discriminate colour – a visual ability traditionally thought to be lacking in this vertebrate class – and it is evident that the visual ecology of elasmobranchs is far more complex than once thought.
Sequence and expression of a constitutive, facilitated glucose transporter (GLUT1) in Atlantic codGadus morhua
Authors: Hall Jennifer R. , MacCormack Tyson J. , Barry Catherine A. , Driedzic William R. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYA putative glucose transporter, GLUT1, is reported for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. A combination of RT-PCR, RLM-RACE and genome walking were used to articulate a 4560 bp cDNA (GenBank accession number AY526497). It contains a 149 bp 5′ UTR, a 1470 bp open reading frame and a 2941 bp 3′ UTR. At the nucleotide level, the cod GLUT1 ORF shares 78.2% sequence identity to human GLUT1 and the deduced amino acid sequence clusters with GLUT1s from rainbow trout and carp. GLUT1 transcript is highly expressed in brain, gill, heart and kidney and expressed to a lower level in at least six other tissues. Expression is evident immediately upon fertilization of eggs. Six hours of hypoxia at 40% DO2 did not alter expression levels in brain, gill, heart or kidney. The level of expression is not substantially altered in heart during low temperature challenge, although there is a suggestion that colder temperature could lead to lower levels of expression,consistent with the concept that the cold-acclimated heart has a reduced dependence upon glucose as a metabolic fuel. Two months of starvation did not significantly alter the level of expression of GLUT1 in heart. This is in marked contrast to the rat heart where fasting leads to a substantial decrease in GLUT1 levels. Overall, there is a ubiquitous tissue distribution of GLUT1,consistent with other species, and the level of gene expression, especially in heart, is relatively constant over a range of physiological conditions.
Lactate availability is not the major factor limiting muscle glycogen repletion during recovery from an intense sprint in previously active fasted rats
Authors: Raja Ghazala , Mills Sally , Palmer T. Norman , Fournier Paul A. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYIt is not clear whether the amount of accumulated lactate is the main factor limiting muscle glycogen accumulation during recovery from an intense sprint performed by previously active fasted laboratory rats. To address this question, groups of fasted rats swam at moderate intensity for 30 min, each animal with a lead weight equivalent to 0.5% body mass attached to its tail,followed by a 3 min high intensity swim with a 10% lead weight and a recovery period of up to 2 hours afterwards. Moderately intense exercise for 30 min caused a decrease in muscle glycogen levels in the mixed, white and red gastrocnemius and the mixed quadriceps muscles, and a further rapid fall occurred in response to the 3 min sprint effort. During recovery, glycogen increased to comparable or above pre-sprint levels across all muscles, and this occurred to a large extent at the expense of net carbon sources other than lactate, with these carbon sources accounting for at least 36–65%of the glycogen deposited. The sustained dephosphorylation-mediated activation of glycogen synthase, but not the changes in glucose 6-phosphate levels, most probably played an important role in enabling the replenishment of muscle glycogen stores. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the amount of glycogen deposited during recovery from high intensity exercise in fasted animals is not limited by the amount of accumulated lactate.
A procedure and criterion for bone cement fracture toughness tests
Authors: Guandalini L , Baleani M , Viceconti M 
Published: December 2004

Nowadays, two procedures, based on the recommendation of two American standards (ASTM E399 and ASTM D5045), are used to determine the fracture toughness, KIC, of bone cement. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the equivalence of the two testing methods applied to bone cement. Additionally, in spite of the recommendation of several authors to introduce a rejection criterion for specimens based on the size of defects found in the fracture surface, no data are available about the effect of porosity within the material on the KIC of bone cement. The aims of this study were to verify whether the KIC values calculated for bone cement using the two procedures are comparable and whether macroporosity within the tested samples affects the KIC value of bone cement, and, if so, to establish a rejection criterion for specimen selection. Samples of pure polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were tested by both procedures. Additionally, samples showing defects (macroporosity) of different sizes and located in different positions within the specimen were tested. The KIC value determined following the ASTM E399 procedure was 13 per cent lower than that calculated following the ASTM D5045 procedure. In the first series a lower data scatter was observed. Also, the presence of macroporosity on the fracture surface of the specimen affected the KIC value of bone cement. Therefore, the mechanical behaviour of samples was affected by defects within the material. Since it is possible to mould specimens without macroporosity, it seems recommendable to reject specimens with macroporosity on the fracture surface before calculating the KIC value of bone cement.
Alkali-guided Synthesis of Polyaniline Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Wang Xing , Liu Na , Yan Xue , Zhang Wanjin , Wei Yen 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Polyaniline hollow microspheres with conductivity of 9.7 × 10−3 S/cm were synthesized with alkali-guided method. The alkali (NaOH)-guided oxidation of aniline with ammonium peroxydisulfate as well as doping sulfate anion onto polyaniline.
Monooxomolybdenum(IV) Complex with Extremely Bulky Dithiolate Ligands — Acceleration of O-atom Transfer by Distorted Square Pyramidal Conformation
Authors: Baba Koji , Okamura Taka-aki , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Yamamoto Tetsuo , Ohama Mitsuo , Ueyama Norikazu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Q2[MoIVO{1,2-S2-3,6-(Ph3CCONH)2C6H2}2] (Q = NEt4 (1), PPh4 (2)) was synthesized and characterized as a model for Mo-enzymes. The crystal structure of 2 shows the slightly distorted square pyramidal core, MoIVOS4. The O-atom transfer reaction from Me3NO to Me3N in the presence of 1 proceeds at 30 to 48 times higher rates than in the presence of [MoIVO{1,2-S2-(C6H4)}2]2− (3).
Effect of Sm Addition on Ni–MgO Catalysts for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes via Methane Decomposition
Authors: Li Ke , Lu Gongxuan , Wang Weiping , Li Jianzhong , Liu Jianfu 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized over Ni–MgO and Ni–Sm–Mg catalysts by decomposition of CH4 at 923 K. The addition of Sm into Ni–MgO catalyst promotes its catalytic activity and lifetime. The yield of CNTs obtained over the optimized Ni–Sm–Mg catalyst reaches 1260 wt % relative to the weight of the catalyst, which is more than 4 times that of the Ni–MgO catalyst. The possible interaction between Sm and Ni species is discussed.
A Thermal Reduction–Nitridation Route to Nanocrystalline Chromium Nitride (CrN)
Authors: Ma Jianhua , Du Yihong 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Nanocrystalline CrN was synthesized via thermal reduction–nitridation route by the reaction of CrCl3 with NH4Cl and Na in an autoclave at 400 °C. X-ray powder diffraction pattern indicated that the product was cubic CrN. An atomic ratio of Cr to N of 1.08:1 was determined from X-ray photoelectron spectra. Transmission electron microscopy image showed that the sample consisted of particles with the diameters of 20–40 nm.
A Room Temperature Self-sacrificing Template Route to Ag2Te Fibers
Authors: Mu Li , Wan Junxi , Ma Dekun , Zhang Rui , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Tellurium fibers are first synthesized through the reduction of Na2TeO4 by hydrazine hydrate. The as-prepared tellurium fibers are used as templates for further reaction with aqueous AgNO3 solution to get Ag2Te fibers at room temperature.
Police Officer Frustrations about Handling Domestic Violence Calls
Authors: Johnson Richard R. 
Published: December 2004

Police officers have reported that their work is often stressful and responding to domestic violence calls is often viewed with frustration. Frustration can lead to poor health, low morale and behaviour problems. The primary sources of these frustrations have yet to be fully identified. A non-random sample of 74 Illinois police officers was surveyed to determine their greatest frustration about handling domestic violence calls. Their responses indicated that the officers were most frustrated by the behaviours of victims, the operation of the criminal courts, their department's operations and informal policies, and the complexities of applying the law. However, the majority of the responses indicated an attitude of seriousness toward the crime of domestic violence. The responses focused mainly on behaviours and circumstances that thwarted attempts to see batterers prosecuted.
Criminal justice, cultural justice: The limits of liberalism and the pragmatics of difference in the new south africa
Authors: Comaroff John L. , Comaroff Jean 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTWhat are the limits of liberalism in accommodating the growing demands of difference? Can a Euromodernist nation‐state, founded on One Law, infuse itself with another, with an African jurisprudence? And how is it to deal with cultural practices deemed “dangerous” by the canons of enlightenment reason? These questions are especially urgent in postcolonies like South Africa, with highly diverse populations whose traditional ways and means are accorded constitutional protection. Here we examine how South Africans are dealing with such “dangerous” practices in an era in which their nation is becoming ever more policultural; how, in the process, an Afromodernity is taking organic shape in the interstices between new democratic institutions and the kingdom of custom; how the confrontation between Culture, in the upper case, and a state founded on liberal universalism is beginning to reconfigure the political landscape of this postcolony—as it is, we argue, in many places across the planet.
No past, no present: A critical‐Nayaka perspective on cultural remembering
Authors: Bird‐David Nurit 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTBy means of an ethnographic analysis of Nayaka life stories and trance invocations, I revisit the common wisdom that cultures classed as “immediate‐return hunter‐gatherers” show little interest in the past. I argue that Nayaka are not interested in the past in the common Eurocentric understanding thereof. They are interested, however, in a past filtered through their own sensibilities. Their specific case supports a broader critique of studying ways of remembering the past in terms of a Eurocentric past–present distinction.
Life of the mind: The interface of psychopharmaceuticals, domestic economies, and social abandonment
Authors: Biehl João 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article, I address the embroilment of medical science in the lifeworlds of the urban poor in Brazil, particularly the place of psychopharmaceuticals within households. I explore how psychiatric diagnostics and treatments are integrated into a domestic “dramaturgy of the real” and how family members use them to assess human value and to mediate the disposal of persons considered unproductive or unsound. I focus on the life of Catarina, who was deemed mad and left by her family in an asylum in southern Brazil. Disabled and abandoned, Catarina began to compile a “dictionary” of words that have meaning for her. By tracing Catarina's words back to the people, households, and medical institutions that she had once been a part of, I illuminate the complex network in which her abandonment and pathology took form as well as the edges of human imagination that she keeps expanding. From this examination, one comes to understand how economic globalization, state and medical reform, and acceleration of claims over human rights and citizenship coincide with and impinge on a local production of social death. One also sees how mental disorders gain form at the juncture between the subject, her biology, and the technical and political coding of her sense of being alive. Hers is not just bare life, though: Thinking through her condition, Catarina anticipates social ties and one more chance. This is also a story of the methodological and ethical challenges I faced as I supported Catarina's search for consistency and her demands for continuity.
M.F.K. Fisher in France: The First Insouciant Spell (1929––1932)
Authors: reardon joan 
Published: December 2004

The First Insouciant Spell
"The First Insouciant Spell" is one of the key chapters from Joan Reardon's Poet of the Appetites: The Lives and Loves of M.F.K. Fisher in which the newly-married Mary Frances Kennedy sails from California with her husband Alfred Fisher to study in France. They enroll at the University of Dijon, where she learns the language and literature of the country and is initiated into the gastronomy of Burgundy, one of the famous wine-growing regions of France. Living in a pension in the midst of family celebrations and crises gave Fisher an intimate knowledge of the closed circle of French family life, and it supplied her with a cast of characters she would introduce into her books over the years. It was in Dijon also that she developed her special fondness for waiters, shopkeepers, and taxi drivers, and the experience inspired her earliest writings about food and wine.
Comparing the Linkage Maps of the Close Relatives Arabidopsis lyrata and A. thaliana
Authors: Kuittinen Helmi , de Haan Anita A , Vogl Claus , Oikarinen Sami , Leppälä Johanna , Koch Marcus , Mitchell-Olds Tom , Langley Charles H , Savolainen Outi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
We have constructed a genetic map of Arabidopsis lyrata, a self-incompatible relative of the plant model species A. thaliana. A. lyrata is a diploid (n = 8) species that diverged from A. thaliana (n = 5) ∼5 MYA. Mapping was conducted in a full-sib progeny of two unrelated F1 hybrids between two European populations of A. lyrata ssp. petraea. We used the least-squares method of the Joinmap program for map construction. The gross chromosomal differences between the two species were most parsimoniously explained with three fusions, two reciprocal translocations, and one inversion. The total map length was 515 cM, and the distances were 12% larger than those between corresponding markers in the linkage map of A. thaliana. The 72 markers, consisting of microsatellites and gene-based markers, were spaced on average every 8 cM. Transmission ratio distortion was extensive, and most distortions were specific to each reciprocal cross, suggesting cytoplasmic interactions. We estimate locations and most probable genotype frequencies of transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDL) with a Bayesian method and discuss the possible reasons for the observed distortions.
Drosophila crinkled, Mutations of Which Disrupt Morphogenesis and Cause Lethality, Encodes Fly Myosin VIIA
Authors: Kiehart Daniel P , Franke Josef D , Chee Mark K , Montague R A , Chen Tung-ling , Roote John , Ashburner Michael 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Myosin VIIs provide motor function for a wide range of eukaryotic processes. We demonstrate that mutations in crinkled (ck) disrupt the Drosophila myosin VIIA heavy chain. The ck/myoVIIA protein is present at a low level throughout fly development and at the same level in heads, thoraxes, and abdomens. Severe ck alleles, likely to be molecular nulls, die as embryos or larvae, but all allelic combinations tested thus far yield a small fraction of adult “escapers” that are weak and infertile. Scanning electron microscopy shows that escapers have defects in bristles and hairs, indicating that this motor protein plays a role in the structure of the actin cytoskeleton. We generate a homology model for the structure of the ck/myosin VIIA head that indicates myosin VIIAs, like myosin IIs, have a spectrin-like, SH3 subdomain fronting their N terminus. In addition, we establish that the two myosin VIIA FERM repeats share high sequence similarity with only the first two subdomains of the three-lobed structure that is typical of canonical FERM domains. Nevertheless, the ∼100 and ∼75 amino acids that follow the first two lobes of the first and second FERM domains are highly conserved among myosin VIIs, suggesting that they compose a conserved myosin tail homology 7 (MyTH7) domain that may be an integral part of the FERM domain or may function independently of it. Together, our data suggest a key role for ck/myoVIIA in the formation of cellular projections and other actin-based functions required for viability.
Rapid Evolution Through Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization of the Testes-Specific α4 Proteasome Subunits in DrosophilaSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY542377, AY542378, AY542379, AY542380, AY542381, AY542382, AY542383, AY542384, AY542385, AY542386, AY542387, AY542388, AY542389, AY542390, AY542391, AY542392, AY542393, AY542394, AY542395, AY542396, AY542397, AY542398, AY542399, AY542400, AY542401, AY542402, AY542403, AY542404, AY542405, AY542406, AY542407, AY542408, AY542409, AY542410, AY542411, AY542412, AY542413, AY542414, AY542415, AY542416, AY542417, AY542418, AY542419, AY542420, AY542421, AY542422, AY542423, AY542424, AY542425, AY542426, AY542427, AY542428, AY542429, AY542430, AY542431, AY542432.
Authors: Torgerson Dara G , Singh Rama S 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Gene duplication is an important mechanism for acquiring new genes and creating genetic novelty in organisms. Evidence suggests that duplicated genes are retained at a much higher rate than originally thought and that functional divergence of gene copies is a major factor promoting their retention in the genome. We find that two Drosophila testes-specific α4 proteasome subunit genes (α4-t1 and α4-t2) have a higher polymorphism within species and are significantly more diverged between species than the somatic α4 gene. Our data suggest that following gene duplication, the α4-t1 gene experienced relaxed selective constraints, whereas the α4-t2 gene experienced positive selection acting on several codons. We report significant heterogeneity in evolutionary rates among all three paralogs at homologous codons, indicating that functional divergence has coincided with genic divergence. Reproductive subfunctionalization may allow for a more rapid evolution of reproductive traits and a greater specialization of testes function. Our data add to the increasing evidence that duplicated genes experience lower selective constraints and in some cases positive selection following duplication. Newly duplicated genes that are freer from selective constraints may provide a mechanism for developing new interactions and a pathway for the evolution of new genes.
The Amino Terminus of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Helicase Rrm3p Modulates Protein Function Altering Replication and Checkpoint Activity
Authors: Bessler Jessica B , Zakian Virginia A 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The Pif1 family of DNA helicases is conserved from yeast to humans. Although the helicase domains of family members are well conserved, the amino termini of these proteins are not. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes two Pif1 family members, Rrm3p and Pif1p, that have very different functions. To determine if the amino terminus of Rrm3p contributes to its role in promoting fork progression at &gt;1000 discrete chromosomal sites, we constructed a deletion series that lacked portions of the 249-amino-acid amino terminus. The phenotypes of cells expressing alleles that lacked all or most of the amino terminus were indistinguishable from those of rrm3Δ cells. Rrm3p deletion derivatives that lacked smaller portions of the amino terminus were also defective, but the extent of replication pausing at tRNA genes, telomeres, and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was not as great as in rrm3Δ cells. Deleting only 62 amino acids from the middle of the amino terminus affected only rDNA replication, suggesting that the amino terminus can confer locus-specific effects. Cells expressing a fusion protein consisting of the Rrm3p amino terminus and the Pif1p helicase domain displayed defects similar to rrm3Δ cells. These data demonstrate that the amino terminus of Rrm3p is essential for Rrm3p function. However, the helicase domain of Rrm3p also contributes to its functional specificity.