bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult bone marrow stromal stem cells express germline, ectodermal, endodermal, and mesodermal genes prior to neurogenesis
Authors: Woodbury Dale , Reynolds Kathleen , Black Ira B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBone marrow stromal stem cells (MSCs) normally differentiate into mesenchymal derivatives but recently have also been converted into neurons, classical ectodermal cells. To begin defining underlying mechanisms, we extended our characterization of MSCs and the differentiated neurons. In addition to expected mesodermal mRNAs, populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed germinal, endodermal, and ectodermal genes. Thus, the MSCs are apparently “multidifferentiated” in addition to being multipotent. Conversely, the differentiating neurons derived from populations and clonal lines of MSCs expressed the specific markers β‐III tubulin, tau, neurofilament‐M, TOAD‐64, and synaptophysin de novo. The transmitter enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase were localized to neuronal subpopulations. Our observations suggest that MSCs are already multidifferentiated and that neural differentiation comprises quantitative modulation of gene expression rather than simple on–off switching of neural‐specific genes. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective and restorative effects of intrastriatal grafting of encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Shingo Tetsuro , Date Isao , Yoshida Hideyuki , Ohmoto Takashi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGlial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to possess potent neurotrophic effects on dopaminergic (DA) neurons. We attempted the transplantation of encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells to generate a stable supply of GDNF in the brain to promote neuroprotective and restorative effects for DA neurons. We established baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells and introduced GDNF cDNA to produce human GDNF (BHK‐GDNF). These BHK‐GDNF cells, or nontransfected BHK cells (BHK‐Control), were encapsulated into hollow fibers, and the polymer encapsulated cells were unilaterally implanted into the striatum of adult rats, either before or after the administration of 6‐hydroxydopamine into the same striatum. The encapsulated BHK‐GDNF cells produced GDNF continuously in the striatum for up to 6 months. The rats that received a BHK‐GDNF capsule showed a significant decrease in rotational behaviour compared to those that received a BHK‐control capsule. Preservation of the nigrostriatal pathway was significantly greater in those that received a BHK‐GDNF capsule than in those that received a BHK‐control capsule. This indicates that encapsulated GDNF‐producing cells can supply GDNF in a stable fashion and have protective and restorative effects on host DA neurons. Our results support a role for this grafting technique in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tau EGFP embryonic stem cells: An efficient tool for neuronal lineage selection and transplantation
Authors: Wernig Marius , Tucker Kerry Lee , Gornik Volker , Schneiders Angelika , Buschwald Rachel , Wiestler Otmar D. , Barde Yves‐Alain , Brüstle Oliver 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPluripotency and the capacity for continuous self‐renewal make embryonic stem (ES) cells an attractive donor source for cell‐replacement strategies. A key prerequisite for a therapeutic application of ES cells is the generation of defined somatic cell populations. Here we demonstrate that a targeted insertion of the EGFP gene into the tau locus permits efficient fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS)‐based lineage selection of ES cell‐derived neurons. After in vitro differentiation of heterozygous tau EGFP ES cells into multipotent neural precursors, EGFP is selectively induced in postmitotic neurons of various neurotransmitter phenotypes. By using FACS, ES cell‐derived neurons can be enriched to purities of more than 90%. Because neuron‐specific EGFP fluorescence is also observed upon transplantation of ES cell‐derived neural precursors, the tau EGFP mutant represents a useful tool for the in vivo analysis of grafted ES cell‐derived neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein nutritive quality during production and storage of dietetic biscuits
Authors: Horvatić Marija , Ereš Marija 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA comparative investigation of the changes in available lysine content during industrial production of two dietetic hard biscuits based on whole grain wheat flour/grits and a standard hard biscuit based on white wheat flour was performed. Dough preparation did not significantly affect the available lysine content. However, after baking, a significant loss (27–47%) of available lysine was found in all three types of biscuit. The average relative decrease in available lysine in proteins of each type of biscuit correlated highly significantly with technological parameters, mainly with the interaction between baking temperature and baking time (r = 0.980, p = 0.001). Physical characteristics of the biscuits, such as thickness, surface area, weight and density, also contributed considerably to the extent of damage to available lysine. The two dietetic biscuits were characterised by a higher available lysine content than the standard biscuit, and accordingly by a higher protein nutritive quality, with average chemical scores (calculated for adults) of 97 and 105 as against 60 for the standard biscuit. Storage for a long time (1 year) had no significant influence on the chemical scores.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical properties of an elite rice hybrid
Authors: Tan Yifang , Sun Mei , Corke Harold 
Published: October 2002

AbstractQuality parameters of both flour and starch of an elite Chinese rice hybrid (Shanyou 63) and its parental lines (Zhenshan 97B and Minghui 63) were studied. Significant differences in most traits were observed between flour and starch and between the hybrid and the parents. The paternal parent Minghui 63 had lower amylose content (AC) (11.6%), softer gel consistency (GC) (55.5 mm), lower alkali spread value (ASV) (1.0) (high gelatinisation temperature by DSC, 81.0 °C) and lower protein content (7.1%) than the maternal parent Zhenshan 97B, which had higher AC (29.8%), harder GC (29.3 mm), higher ASV (7.0) (but also high gelatinisation temperature by DSC, 78.4 °C) and higher protein content (9.2%). Minghui 63 had higher retrogradation than Zhenshan 97B and the hybrid, but they all seemed not fully retrograded after 42 days of storage at 4 °C. The pasting property differences between the hybrid and the parents and between flour and starch were complex, whereas the textural differences were relatively simple to explain. The hybrid had much in common with the maternal parent, but differences were also noted. Most of the differences were due to the amylose content, but this did not explain all the variation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of fat and sugar replacement on cookie properties
Authors: Zoulias E I , Oreopoulou V , Kounalaki E 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFat mimetics, namely Raftiline, Simplesse, C*deLight and polydextrose, diluted in water to give a gel with 200 g kg−1 concentration, were used for partial fat replacement and polyols, namely lactitol, sorbitol and maltitol, for sugar replacement in low‐fat, sugar‐free cookies. Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with lactitol or sorbitol in 35% fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies resulted in products with hardness and brittleness comparable to those of the control. Polydextrose as fat mimetic and maltitol as sugar substitute resulted in very hard and brittle products. Further fat replacement to 50% was achieved using Raftiline, Simplesse or C*deLight combined with a blend of lactitol and sorbitol; however, the final products were hard, brittle and did not expand properly after baking. Cookies prepared with Simplesse had the least acceptable flavour, while cookies prepared with C*deLight were rated as the most acceptable by a sensory panel. The textural properties were improved by either decreasing the amount of alternative sweetener or increasing the concentration of fat mimetic in the gel which was added to the cookies. All fat‐reduced, sugar‐free cookies prepared in this study had higher values of moisture content and water activity than the control, but these values were below the upper limit that affects cookie shelf‐life.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant activity of sage (Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa) and oregano (Origanum onites and O indercedens) extracts related to their phenolic compound content
Authors: Pizzale Lorena , Bortolomeazzi Renzo , Vichi Stefania , Überegger Eva , Conte Lanfranco S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of oregano and sage samples was tested. Samples of oregano belonged to Origanum onites and O indercedens species, whilst samples of sage belonged to Salvia officinalis and S fruticosa species. Two methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of sage and oregano extracts: the crocin test and the Rancimat test. The methanolic extracts were also analysed by HPLC for the qualitative/quantitative determination of phenolic compounds. The total phenolic compound content of oregano samples showed no significant differences between the two species, but rosmarinic acid was present in higher amount in O indercedens. Carvacrol content sharply differentiated flowers from leaves. Samples of O indercedens had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test, whereas no differences were evidenced by the Rancimat test. For sage samples, carnosic acid and methyl carnosate showed a significant difference between the two species, with S fruticosa samples having a higher content than S officinalis samples. Samples of S fruticosa also had a higher antioxidant activity evaluated by the crocin test. The antioxidant activities of sage samples were, on average, higher than those of oregano samples. Some samples of sage had a very high antioxidant activity, with induction times more than 10‐fold higher than that of lard used as the reference sample.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of extrusion process to transform hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L) into a useful product
Authors: Milán‐Carrillo J , Reyes‐Moreno C , Camacho‐Hernández I L , Rouzaud‐Sandez O 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe objective of this work was to determine the optimum conditions for the production of extruded flour from hardened chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L). Hardened chickpeas were produced using accelerated storage at 33–35 °C and 76% relative humidity for 160 days. Hardened chickpeas were broken, dehulled and softened with a salt solution (2.5 g l−1 NaCl + 7.5 g l−1 NaHCO3 in distilled water) prior to extrusion. The single‐screw extruder operation conditions were selected from factorial combinations of process variables: extrusion temperature (ET, 130–160 °C), feed moisture content (FMC, 200–300 g H2O kg−1, wet basis) and screw velocity (SV, 150–200 rpm). Response surface methodology was applied as optimisation technique over four response variables: in vitro protein digestibility (PD), total colour difference (ΔE), water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI). Predictive models for response variables were developed as a function of process variables. The conventional graphical method was applied to obtain maximum PD and WAI and minimum ΔE and WSI. Contour plots of each of the response variables were utilised, applying superposition surface methodology to obtain three contour plots for observation and selection of the best (optimum) combination of ET (150.5 °C), FMC (265 g H2O kg−1) and SV (190.5 rpm) for the production of extruded flour from hardened chickpeas with a single‐screw extruder. Extrusion significantly improved the in vitro protein digestibility (21.7%) and protein efficiency ratio (36.9%) of hardened chickpeas.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimisation of solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham
Authors: Gianelli María Pia , Flores Mónica , Toldrá Fidel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSolid phase microextraction (SPME) has been shown to be an effective tool for analysing volatile compounds. The aim of this study was to optimise the conditions for the application of SPME in the analysis of volatile compounds in dry‐cured ham. The effects of exposure time and fibre coating were investigated while maintaining the dry‐cured ham at 30 °C to avoid artefact generation due to possible temperature effects. A divinylbenzene/Carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) coating showed the best extraction performance for medium‐ and high‐molecular‐weight analytes, whilst a Carboxen on polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) coating gave the best results for low‐molecular‐weight compounds. A total of 70 different compounds were extracted by the two fibre coatings and identified. Sixty compounds were extracted by the DVB/CAR/PDMS fibre, whilst only 41 of these were found with the CAR/PDMS fibre. On the other hand, 10 additional volatile compounds were extracted by the CAR/PDMS coating, all of them being of low molecular weight. Two of the major compounds extracted, hexanal and 2‐pentanone, were found in high proportion in both fibre coatings. The extraction yields of dry‐cured ham volatile compounds varied according to the fibre coating used and the time of exposure. Therefore extraction conditions should be selected depending on the objective of the study.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling the kinetics of tea and coffee infusion
Authors: Stapley Andrew G F 
Published: October 2002

AbstractData from infusion experiments with tea and coffee are commonly fitted to an equation derived by Spiro from a lumped parameter mass transfer model. However, this equation is generally modified by adding an intercept term in order to achieve acceptable fits to data. Spiro has since reported a Fick's second law analysis using a ‘long‐time approximation’ which yields the same form as the modified fit equation, including the non‐zero intercept term. This successfully predicts the high initial rates of mass transfer due to high initial concentration gradients at the surface of the solid. In this paper the value of the intercept is evaluated for both tea leaf (infinite slab) and coffee particle (sphere) geometries under combined boundary conditions of non‐zero interfacial mass transfer resistance and finite volume of extracting solution. Predicted intercepts are similar to experimental values reported in the literature; however, the analysis suggests that fits to data should ignore ‘early’ points where the solution concentration is less than 35% of its final value. This may not be the case with some literature values and this limits the conclusions that may be drawn from them. Solute diffusivities calculated from the observed rate constant using this model differ slightly from those obtained using the original Spiro method.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome following medial pectoral to long thoracic nerve transfer for scapular winging: A case report
Authors: Tomaino Matthew M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe use of nerve transfers (neurotization) in the reconstruction of nerve palsy is not new, but its clinical efficacy is still largely based on reports of successful restoration of elbow flexion and shoulder abduction following brachial plexus avulsion. Although its potential application extends beyond the brachial plexus, little has been written about additional indications or associated postoperative outcomes. The case described in this report illustrates yet another indication for which neurotization may be a useful technique. Medial pectoral nerve transfer to the long thoracic nerve was performed via an 11‐cm sural nerve graft to treat scapular winging 4 months following nerve injury caused during axillary node dissection. Neurophysiologic and clinical outcome 18 months postoperatively revealed successful reinnervation of the serratus anterior muscle, decreased scapular winging, and symptomatic improvement from the patient's perspective. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:254–257 2002
Local heparin is superior to systemic heparin in preventing arterial thrombosis
Authors: Andresen Dorthe M. , Barker John H. , Hjortdal Vibeke E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThrombosis poses a significant problem in microvascular surgery, despite antithrombotic therapy. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a topical application of unfractionated heparin is equally efficient as a systemic bolus in avoiding thrombosis. A rat femoral artery model was used. Three different doses of systemic heparin (50, 100, and 200 U/kg) and one dose of locally administered heparin (100 U/ml) were evaluated and compared to a control group receiving isotonic saline. A thrombogenic injury, simulating poor microsurgical technique, was applied to the artery. The thrombus area was visualized by transillumination, and recorded for 60 min on video, for subsequent measurement. In addition, the level of activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and of anti‐activated clotting factor X (aXa) was determined. Local heparin significantly reduced thrombus size as compared to isotonic saline and systemic heparin (50 and 100 U/kg). High‐dose systemic heparin (200 U/kg) was equally potent, but local heparin had significantly less influence on the hemostatic parameters.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:265–272 2002
Effect of Timolol vs. a postural orthotic on hand tremor during microsurgery
Authors: Lubahn John D. , Dickson Brian G. , Cooney Timothy E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe efficacy of beta blockers to control hand tremor remains equivocal. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Timolol®, as well as a postural orthotic, in reducing movement deviation during a laboratory exercise. Eleven volunteers completed three randomized trials involving administration of Timolol®, a placebo, or a postural orthotic. Drug administration was blinded. Each trial consisted of a simulated 2‐hr clinical procedure, punctuated by video recordings of the subject's hand motion during a standardized pattern of instrument movement. ECRL EMG activity and digital oxygen perfusion were also measured. Recordings were converted into estimates of linear variance at baseline and 1 and 2 hr. A repeated‐measures ANOVA, or the Freidman test, were used to assess significant differences. Movement deviation, EMG activity, and oxygen perfusion were unaffected by the duration of exercise or treatment (P ≥ 0.454). We conclude that none of the treatments accorded a significant benefit in allaying hand tremor. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22: 273–276 2002
Mode I crack propagation in concrete under fatigue: microscopic observations and modelling
Authors: Toumi A. , Bascoul A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, three‐point bending tests were carried out on notched beams to investigate mode I crack propagation in plain concrete under fatigue. The first part of the study focused on microscopic observations of the crack growth features. Microscopic observations were made using the replica method associated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Observations of fatigue crack growth both on the surface and inside the specimens are presented as a comparison between the observed crack lengths and those estimated by the compliance calibration method. In the second part, a finite element model of mode I crack propagation under fatigue is presented. According to the cohesive crack concept, a cohesive force distribution on the crack at various loading stages is assumed, according to both the stress‐crack opening relation worked out by Hordijk (1991; Thesis, Technische Universiteit) and a new proposed relation with hysteresis loop. Finite element computation is used to evaluate the crack extension in the bending beams. Numerical predictions are discussed in comparison with experimental results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles
Authors: Kitiyodom Pastsakorn , Matsumoto Tatsunori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit J2‐bounding surface plasticity using Prager's translation rule
Authors: Montáns Francisco J. , Borja Ronaldo I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA bounding surface J2‐plasticity model that uses Prager's translation rule is presented. The model preserves Masing's rules and is developed from the same ideas as classical infinitesimal J2‐plasticity, resulting in the same formulation with the exception of the algorithm for the computation of the hardening function. Instead of utilizing a loading surface as in a previous formulation, hardening surfaces are introduced; the formulation is similar to that of multilayer plasticity using Prager's rule, presented in previous work. An implicit algorithm based on the radial return concept is used, and the consistent elastoplastic tangent is also developed in closed form. Examples illustrating anisotropic behaviour are presented and compared to that predicted by a multilayer J2‐plasticity model. The model is also applied to a soil dynamics problem to show the robustness of the algorithm and its applicability to complex loading. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient mixed Timoshenko–Mindlin shell elements
Authors: Kulikov G. M. , Plotnikova S. V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe precise representation of rigid body motions in the displacement patterns of curved Timoshenko–Mindlin (TM) shell elements is considered. This consideration requires the development of the strain–displacement relationships of the TM shell theory with regard to their consistency with the rigid body motions. For this purpose a refined TM theory of multilayered anisotropic shells is elaborated. The effects of transverse shear deformation and bending‐extension coupling are included. The fundamental unknowns consist of five displacements and eight strains of the face surfaces of the shell, and eight stress resultants. On the basis of this theory the simple and efficient mixed models are developed. The elemental arrays are derived using the Hu–Washizu mixed variational principle. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the developed 4‐node shell elements and to compare their performance with other finite elements reported in the literature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.