bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS BY TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS
Authors: Syverton J. T. , McCoy O. R. , Koomen J. 
Published: June 2004

In experiments in which guinea pigs were infected concurrently with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis and the parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis, proof was obtained that trichinella larvae, after maturation in the muscles, had acquired the virus and were capable of transmitting it to new susceptible hosts. Transmission resulted both when living larvae were fed to normal guinea pigs and when triturated dead larvae were injected subcutaneously.
Control experiments and other tests made plain that transmission of the virus was not due to mere adherence of it to the outer surface of the larvae but that these actually harbored it.
The significance of these experiments in relation to natural transmission of the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis remains to be determined.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AGENT OF FELINE PNEUMONITIS GROWN IN THE ALLANTOIC CAVITY OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Hamre Dorothy , Rake Helen , Rake Geoffrey 
Published: June 2004

The agent of feline pneumonitis has been grown in the allantoic cavity for 50 serial passages. During this time the amount of agent in allantoic fluid increased about 100-fold. The titer of the agent in the allantoic fluid of the individual embryo reached a peak on the 5th day and then declined. Large inocula were required in order to obtain maximal titers. The toxic factor was present in suspensions of chorioallantoic membranes in allantoic fluid from heavily infected eggs, and could be neutralized by the specific antitoxin produced in rabbits by injection of toxin in yolk sac suspensions.
Electron micrographs of the agent of feline pneumonitis grown in the allantoic cavity show that the elementary body is composed of a dense centrally located substance surrounded by a thinner material, part or all of which is the limiting membrane. Separation of these two portions of the body may be due partially or entirely to distortion during drying. The wrinkled surface of the elementary bodies is evidence that such distortion does occur. The average diameter of gold-shadowed bodies is 525 mµ.
CYTOCHONDRIA OF NORMAL CELLS, OF TUMOR CELLS, AND OF CELLS WITH VARIOUS INJURIES
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Bodies that may be designated cytochondria occupy the greater part of the cytoplasm of the normal and tumor cells that have been studied. They are characterized (a) by their behavior as discrete particles with surface properties that cause osmotic changes in the presence of water; (b) by reactions to stains which show that they have a rim surrounding a clearer (lipoid) center; (c) by their varying, relation to the basophile substance (ribonucleic acid) of the cytoplasm.
Mitochondria which have characteristic reactions to stains promptly lose their distinctive reactions in the presence of solvents or as the result of pathological changes, becoming apparently indistinguishable from other cytochondria.
Changes that occur in cytochondria give insight into the pathogenesis of a variety of pathological lesions. Hydropic swelling of cytochondria caused by chloroform, butter yellow, and other agents, representing one variety of parenchymatous degeneration or cloudy swelling, results in changes similar to those following the immersion of fresh tissues in water.
When parenchymatous cells undergo fatty degeneration as the result of injury fat accumulates within cytochondria.
THE NATURE OF NON-SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF VIRUS HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Miller Edward S. , Whatley L. Ross 
Published: June 2004

A study of the component in serum and tissue extracts responsible for non-specific inhibition of hemagglutination with mumps virus and the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus has yielded the following results:
1. The inhibitory factor was found in high titer in human serum and in saline extracts of various organs procured at autopsy (lung, liver,kidney, spleen). The inhibition titers of extracts of these organs were usually higher than the serum titers, whereas the titers of muscle extracts were invariably lower.
2. Similar results were obtained with serum and tissue extracts from normal rabbits and guinea pigs.
3. The serum inhibition titers were not affected by heating to 75°C. for 30 minutes, whereas the titers of the tissue extracts were usually reduced by heating at 65°C. or 75°C. for 30 minutes.
4. Saline extracts of human and chicken red blood cells also contained an inhibitory substance in high titer, and these cells showed marked agglutination with influenza and mumps viruses. Rabbit red cells, on the other band, underwent little or no agglutination with these viruses and extracts of these cells failed to cause inhibition. Sheep red cells varied in their capacity to agglutinate and also in their yield of the inhibitory substance.
5. When the virus receptor substance was removed from chicken red cells by adsorption and elution with influenza virus, extracts of the cells no longer yielded the inhibitory factor.
6. The inhibitory substance did not neutralize influenza virus in mice and it failed to fix complement when mixed with influenza or mumps viruses.
7. Evidence was obtained that some virus was released from the inhibitory substance after incubation for 6 hours at 22°C. or 37°C.
The implications of these findings are discussed.
ON THE ORIGIN OF HEPARIN
Authors: Oliver Jean , Bloom Frank , Mangieri Carmen 
Published: June 2004

1. The spontaneous mast cell tumor of the dog contains heparin.
2. The cytoplasmic particulate content of the tumor mast cells varies with their anaplasia. This conclusion is based on the following findings: (a) in the immature cell of the more malignant tumor the particulate matter appeared in the living cells by phase microscopy to be composed of greyish illdefined particles or as a fine, weakly metachromatic granulation in the fixed and stained preparation; (b) in the mature cells of a relatively benign mast cell tumor, both in the living cell and in stained preparations, the particulate matter occurred in the form of discrete, dense, and strongly metachromatic granules, resembling those of the normal mast cell.
3. The heparin content was large (fifty times that of dog liver) in the growth with mature cells and only moderate (1.7 times) in that with immature cells.
4. Since there may be a great amount of greyish particulate matter (or fine stained granules) in a tumor of relatively low heparin content, it is suggested that this material represents an early or precursor phase in the development of heparin.
5. This possibility and the fact that the blood stream may be invaded by mature tumor mast cells of large heparin content without evident disturbance in the coagulability of the blood suggest the value of a comprehensive biochemical study of the heparin of mast cell tumors.
THE MORPHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF NEOPLASTIC MAST CELLS CULTIVATED IN VITRO
Authors: Paff George H. , Bloom Frank , Reilly Christopher 
Published: June 2004

Fragments from two mast cell tumors of the dog have been cultured in vitro. Studies on the living and on fixed and stained preparations revealed the following:
Only mast cells grew out from the original tumor fragments though these contained other types of cells. They grew in some of the roller tube cultures in a sheet resembling an epithelium but in hanging drop cultures they lay separate and were irregularly spindle or star-shaped with long protoplasmic processes.
The cytoplasmic granules of the proliferating mast cells varied in size, number, and tinctorial properties. In most of the cells they stained metachromatically, in occasional cells some of the granules only could be stained, and in a few none could be stained.
THE SUPERINFECTION OF THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA (SHOPE) BY EXTRANEOUS VIRUSES
Authors: Syverton Jerome T. , Berry George Packer 
Published: June 2004

1. The potentialities that viruses have for the superinfection of virus tumors have not been recognized nor has the fact that a single cell can harbor more than one virus.
2. Rabbit papillomas, induced by the papilloma virus (Shope), were superinfected by B virus, myxoma virus, vaccinia virus, and probably, virus III. Similar attempts at superinfection by herpes virus were without success. The criteria for parasitization included the histopathological finding of specific inclusion bodies, the recovery of each virus by suitable animal passage, and the immunological identification of each virus.
3. Papillomas and probably the individual cells thereof were readily infected simultaneously by two viruses when the combination of B virus and myxoma virus was used.
4. Cells of the Shope papilloma have a selective affinity for certain extraneous viruses introduced at a site distant from the tumor growths. It was found that exceptionally few cells in the basal layers of the epidermis escaped when myxoma virus was used as the superinfecting agent.
5. The cells of an epidermoid carcinoma which terminated the rabbit papilloma-to-carcinoma sequence were readily infected by B virus with resultant multiple intranuclear inclusion bodies in single cells.
6. Attempts to establish a prolonged superinfection of cells of the Shope papilloma by virus III were unsuccessful. This rabbit tumor differs therein from the Brown-Pearce tumor, an epithelioma of rabbits, in its susceptibility to infection with virus III.
MULTIPLE VIRUS INFECTION OF SINGLE HOST CELLS
Authors: Syverton Jerome T. , Berry George Packer 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented to show that two or more viruses can simultaneously manifest their characteristic activities within individual epithelial cells of the normal rabbit's cornea. This evidence, together with that previously presented (1, 5, 6), makes plain that multiple virus infection of a single host cell can take place in corneal cells, in the cells of chick embryos, and in those of rabbit tumors, both benign (Shope's papilloma) and malignant.
Certain implications of the findings are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS HEMOGLOBIN ON THE KIDNEYS OF NORMAL AND DEHYDRATED ANIMALS
Authors: Lalich Joseph J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Dehydration, if sufficiently prolonged, favors the accumulation of hemoglobin or its derivatives in the kidneys of rabbits, principally casts formed in the distal convoluted tubules.
2. Once pigment casts have been produced in the distal convoluted tubules, there is obstruction, with atrophy and dilatation of the tubules proximal to the obstruction.
3. When the involvement is sufficiently extensive, there is elevation of the non-protein nitrogen and some animals die because of renal failure.
VIRULENCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Middlebrook Gardner , Dubos René J. , Pierce Cynthia 
Published: June 2004

Experimental infection of the mouse can be used for the determination of virulence of cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli. The relative virulence of such cultures for the mouse is approximately the same as for the guinea pig.
Cultures of virulent and avirulent variants of mammalian tubercle bacilli grown in the depth of Tween 80-albumin liquid medium, on the surface of solid agar modifications of this medium, and on the surface of a liquid modification of this medium exhibit consistent morphological differences. All virulent cultures tend to form microscopically demonstrable serpentine cords of varying thickness and length consisting of highly acid-fast bacilli oriented in parallel along the long axis of the cord. The formation of cords appears to be an important factor in conditioning the ability of cultures to spread on the surface of liquid and solid media. It can be inhibited by the addition to the medium of the surface-active water-dispersible oleic acid ester, Tween 80. Avirulent variant bacilli grow in a more or less non-oriented fashion. They have never been observed to form cords under any condition of growth and are much less acid-fast than the virulent cultures when grown in Tween-albumin medium.
Two strains of mammalian tubercle bacilli which are intermediate in degree of virulence between the fully virulent and the avirulent variants also exhibit intermediate morphological characteristics.
THE BINDING OF FATTY ACIDS BY SERUM ALBUMIN, A PROTECTIVE GROWTH FACTOR IN BACTERIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Authors: Davis Bernard D. , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Serum albumin is a protective bacterial growth factor; by binding traces of fatty acid in the media it permits initiation of growth by the smallest possible inocula of tubercle bacilli. Each molecule of albumin binds 3 to 6 molecules of oleic acid (1 to 2 per cent of the weight of the albumin) tightly enough to prevent bacteriostasis, and 9 molecules of oleic acid in equilibrium with a saturated neutral solution. The property requires undenatured albumin. Crystalline ß-lactoglobulin has a smaller capacity, and a number of other proteins no perceptible capacity to bind oleic acid.
The inhibitory effect of the commercial product Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate) on the growth of small inocula of tubercle bacilli in liquid media is caused by its content of unesterified oleic acid (0.6 per cent by weight). Purified Tween 80, freed of this contaminating fatty acid, not only permits growth of small inocula, but protects against small amounts of added oleic acid.
The implications of the binding capacity of albumin for its possible physiological significance in the animal body (transport; protection against cytotoxins), and for the structure of the protein, are briefly discussed.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CLOTS FORMED FROM PURIFIED BOVINE FIBRINOGEN AND THROMBIN: A STUDY WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Van Zandt Hawn Clinton , Porter Keith R. 
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been described for the preparation of clots from purified fibrinogen and thrombin of bovine origin which are suitable for study with the electron microscope. Experiments have been carried out to compare the fine structure of clots prepared at various values of pH.
2. The clots are composed of meshworks of single and compound fibers. At pH 8.5 the unit fibers have a smaller average diameter than those formed at pH 7.6 or pH 6.3. The tendency for the lateral association of unit fibers into compound fibers is markedly increased as the pH is decreased.
3. A striking feature of all the clots studied is cross-striation of the unit fibers. The periodicity of these striae is quite constant throughout (approximately 250 Å). There is a precise coincidence of the striations of the individual unit fibers where these are associated side by side to form compound fibers.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE RENAL INJURY PRODUCED IN THE DOG BY HEMOGLOBIN OR METHEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Harrison H. E. , Bunting H. , Ordway N. K. , Albrink W. S. 
Published: June 2004

Severe and persistent impairment of kidney function has been produced in dogs by intravascular hemolysis due to arsine, or by the intravenous injection of solutions of dog hemoglobin and methemoglobin.
The kidneys of these animals have been examined by the usual histological methods and also by means of the ferrocyanide histochemical method to determine the pathogenesis of the renal injury. These observations indicate that obstruction to flow of urine through the renal tubules is an important factor in the early reduction of kidney function. The material filling the lumina of the renal tubules was found to be chiefly methemoglobin in concentrated solution of gel-like consistency. No evidence of formation of a pigment insoluble at the pH of the urine such as hemochromogen or hematin was found. The cessation of urine flow is most readily explained by the increased viscosity of the tubule contents.
The intravenous administration of methemoglobin was found to produce more severe renal injury than the injection of equal amounts of oxyhemoglobin. Necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubule cells was present as a late lesion in animals injected with methemoglobin, large amounts of hemoglobin, or following extensive intravascular hemolysis. Such injury is probably a contributing factor in the persistent severe depression of renal function seen in these animals. Following disappearance of most of the intratubular pigment, a large number of collapsed tubules lined by hemosiderin-filled cells were found. The ferrocyanide histochemical studies indicated that these represented non-functioning nephrons although no obstructing intratubular material was present.
Direct measurements in two animals failed to reveal any reduction of renal blood flow following the injection of methemoglobin in amounts sufficient to produce renal injury.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF ADAPTATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS TO MICE
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

1. When strains of influenza A virus which have been isolated in chick embryos are introduced into the mouse lung, the virus multiplies readily and achieves initially a titer which is as high as is even obtained, even after repeated passage. The high initial titer of virus may be unaccompanied by any lethal or visible pathogenic effects; but with four or five mouse passages the agent becomes lethal in high titer and causes extensive pulmonary consolidation, though its capacity to multiply in the lung has not increased. In one example the adaptation to mouse lung was accompanied by increasing capacity to agglutinate guinea pig red cells without a corresponding increase in agglutinating power for chicken cells. Influenza B virus, in preliminary tests, did not behave in a similar fashion.
2. The adaptation of influenza A virus to mice is accompanied by changes in antigenic pattern, as detected by cross-tests with the agglutination inhibition method. Two strains, initially similar, with passage, changed in pattern along divergent paths so that they became not only unlike the parent strains but unlike each other. This finding has important implications for the interpretation of the strain difference problem in human influenza.
TRANSMISSION OF EPIDEMIC GASTROENTERITIS TO HUMAN VOLUNTEERS BY ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF FECAL FILTRATES
Authors: Gordon Irving , Ingraham Hollis S. , Korns Robert F. 
Published: June 2004

Epidemic gastroenteritis was transmitted to human volunteers by the oral administration of fecal filtrates. The original inocula were obtained from patients in a natural outbreak which occurred at Marcy State Hospital in the winter of 1946–47. The experimental disease closely resembled that of the donors. The incubation period ranged from I to 5 days, with a mean of 3 days. The disease was carried through three generations, in the last two by means of fecal filtrates.
Oral administration of unfiltered throat washings from experimental cases of the disease likewise induced gastroenteritis but subjects who inhaled a portion of the same throat washings remained asymptomatic. Volunteers who inhaled throat washings taken from patients in the epidemic at Marcy State Hospital also failed to develop the disease.
Five volunteers who had previously been inoculated with fecal filtrates were reinoculated with the same material. Gastroenteritis followed in one of the two subjects who had failed to contract the disease the first time. The others remained well.
Embryonated hens' eggs were inoculated with one of the two unfiltered stool suspensions used in the pool which had induced gastroenteritis in each of the three volunteers to whom it was fed. Three sets of eggs were inoculated: one on the chorioallantoic membrane, another into the yolk sac, and a third into the amniotic sac. Three serial passages were carried out by each method at varying time intervals. Penicillin and streptomycin were employed as antibacterial agents. Tissue and extraembryonic fluids from the third passage were non-infective for volunteers.
CHEMICAL STUDIES IN HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS
Authors: Fowler Catherine B. , Cohen Seymour S. 
Published: June 2004

Using the one-step growth technique the production of the virus T2 in its host, measured by latent period and burst size, was shown to depend on the nutritional environment of the host cell.
When E. coli, grown in broth, was transferred to a simple medium, single organic compounds such as some amino acids and nucleosides were found to increase or accelerate the synthesis of virus.
An antimetabolite of glutamic acid, an amino acid important for virus synthesis, was shown to be inhibitory.
Several naturally occurring amino acids, leucine, serine, and cysteine, inhibited virus synthesis in the simple medium.
A chemically defined mixture was found which supported a rate of virus synthesis very nearly comparable to that found for host cells in nutrient broth.
PRODUCTION OF PROTEINASE BY HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI IN VARIOUS CLINICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Rothbard Sidney , Todd Edgar W. 
Published: June 2004

The proteinase activity of strains of group A streptococci isolated from patients in acute and convalescent phases of illness was found to be remarkably constant. Sulfadiazine therapy of patients did not affect proteinase production by the infecting streptococci.
The ability to produce streptococcal proteinase would appear to be related to the strain and not necessarily to the serological type.
No relationship could be found between the capacity of group A streptococci of different serological types to produce proteinase and the various clinical responses to infection with these microorganisms.
FOOD PROTEIN EFFECT ON PLASMA SPECIFIC GRAVITY, PLASMA PROTEIN, AND HEMATOCRIT VALUE
Authors: Addis T. , Gray Horace , Barrett Evalyn 
Published: June 2004

When the protein consumption of normal human individuals is increased from 0.5, to 1.5, to 2.5 gm. of protein per kilo body weight, the specific gravity of the plasma rises and the hematocrit value falls.
The analysis of variance demonstrates that the change in protein consumption is a significant but minor factor in determining the total variability of the observations.
When albino rats were given diets containing a small, a moderate, and a large amount of protein, there was an increase in serum protein concentration but no change in hematocrit value.
During the period over which the most rapid changes in rate of urea excretion and serum urea concentration occurred as normal human individuals passed from a 2.5 to an 0.1 gm. of protein per kilo body weight consumption, there was no change in serum protein concentration.
Over a 5 day period during which a diet that was adequate in calories but almost wholly devoid of protein was taken, the serum protein concentration of normal individuals steadily rose. This was associated with a slight increase in hematocrit value but no change in blood or plasma volume.
The protein effect is one of the minor factors that contribute to the variability of serum protein and hematocrit measurements in normal individuals.
The general conclusion is reached that we shall have to measure the rate at which red cells and protein enter and leave the circulating blood stream before we can hope to comprehend the mechanism of the protein effect.