bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV and sexual dysfunction: a patient’s view
Authors: Kramer Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ian Kramer was a California attorney and English barrister until medical retirement in 1997. He has been living with HIV since about 1982. He has served as Vice-Chair of the UK Coalition of People Living with HIV/AIDS, and a member of the board of the Global Network of Positive People. He sat as a member of the Department of Health’s Steering Group on the National Strategy on Sexual Health and HIV for England. He now advises and trains for the National Health Service’s Modernisation Agency’s Clinical Governance Support Team. Ian would like to thank Professor Ian Everall, of the HIV Mental Health Team at the South London and Maudsley Mental Heath Trust, and Dr Chris Taylor of the Caldecot Centre, Kings Healthcare for their tender and expert care of his mind and body.
The spectrum of peripheral neuropathies in AIDS
Authors: Keswani Sanjay C , Luciano Carlos , Pardo Carlos , Cherry Catherine L , Hoke, Ahmet , McArthur Justin C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), peripheral neuropathies have become the most common neurological complications in HIV infection and AIDS. The frequency and spectrum of these neuropathies are changing as various toxic and immune factors are modified by new antiretroviral strategies. The number of people living with HIV infection has continued to increase to a total of 42 million by the end of 2002, and we should anticipate rising rates of neuropathic disease Recent studies have provided a better understanding of risk factors, markers, and relevant pathogenic mechanisms in the current era, and this review will cover both the common and uncommon neuropathies (Brinley Jr et al. 2001; Manji 2000; Verma 2001; Wulff et al. 2000). Apart from cytomegalovirus (CMV) polyradiculitis, other infectious neuropathies such as leprosy and herpes zoster will not be covered in this review.
Hepatitis C
Authors: Soriano Vincent , Barreiro Pablo , González-Lahoz Juan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share multiple biological properties (see Table 1), including similar routes of transmission by parenteral and sexual exposure, which explains the high number of co-infected individuals. Overall, around one-third of HIVinfected persons suffer from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), but it goes up to 75% among intravenous drug addicts and other individuals exposed to HIV parenterally (Wasley and Alter 2000). Worldwide, up to 10 million people may be co-infected with both HIV and HCV (Fig. 1). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly improved the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients over the last few years.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of animal models of neuroAIDS
Authors: Greco Jane , González R Gilberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroimaging is essential for the evaluation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient with neurological and/or cognitive symptoms. While structural neuroimaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important for the diagnosis of cerebral opportunistic infections and mass lesions, these techniques are limited in the evaluation of early cognitive changes (Dooneief et al. 1992). During the later stages of HIV-associated dementia, MR images may demonstrate atrophy and white matter hyperintensity. Quantitative structural neuroimaging techniques may be used to measure basal ganglia and cortical atrophy in advanced neuroAIDS (Aylward et al. 1993; Broderick et al. 1993; Dal Pan et al. 1992; Heindel et al. 1994; Hestad et al. 1993; McArthur et al. 1990; Paley et al. 1994).
Clinical features
Authors: Mintz Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has created a devastating international public health crisis for children (Association Francois Bagnoud &lt; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1994a). Although children with HIV-1 infection represent a relatively small percentage of the overall epidemiological rates, there are well over one million children presently infected with HIV-1 worldwide, with over 1000 new pediatric infections occurring daily. Furthermore, parental deaths have left over 11 million children orphaned, 95% of them in Africa (Association Francois Bagnoud &lt;). In some countries, children have accounted for the majority of HIV-1 infection (Mintz et al. 1995). Thus, the prevention, identification, and treatment of pediatric HIV-1 infection is an important component of the battle against HIV/AIDS.
Antiretroviral therapy in children
Authors: Wood Lauren V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of HIV disease remain a constantly emerging and evolving dynamic. Nowhere is this more evident than among the population of children with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Beginning in the mid-1980s and through the early 1990s, increasing numbers of HIV-infected children were being born to women with HIV acquired as a consequence of intravenous drug use or heterosexual transmission. Perinatally acquired AIDS cases peaked in 1993 and have been declining ever since (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997), subsequent to the landmark PACTG 076 study demonstrating a 68% reduction in transmission rates associated with the use of zidovudine during pregnancy (Connor et al. 1994). Development of guidelines for prenatal testing and the use of antiretroviral agents and elective Cesarean section during pregnancy have resulted in the unprecedented decline in US perinatal transmission rates to their present levels of less than 2% (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1994a, 1995).
Topology and Category Theory in Computer Science
Authors: Reed G M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Topology Symposium was held in June 1989. Since techniques from topology and category theory have been used increasingly by theoretical computer scientists in recent years, it was decided to hold a special session at the symposium which would be devoted to the application of these topics in computer science. By holding this session in the context of the topology symposium, the organisers hoped to achieve a cross-fertilization between the communities they brought together - giving one a course of new problems with a more practical flavour, and the other a source of solutions and ideas. The session itself proved successful, attracting a large audience of mathematicians as well as computer scientists. The organizing committee decided to produce two separate proceedings for the conference. All those who had presented papers, plus a very few others, were invited to submit papers for these proceedings of the special session on topology and category theory in computer science.
On topological characterization of behavioural properties
Authors: Kwiatkowska Marta Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural properties of programs are usually expressed as formulae of temporal logic interpreted over a suitable structure that models the program’s behaviour (for example, a set, a tree, or a partial order). Each formula thus gives rise to a subset of behaviours that have that property. An interesting question arises as to how the sets of behaviours corresponding to different classes of behavioural properties may be characterized semantically, as opposed to a syntactic characterization in terms of the language of a given logic.
An Algebraic Equation for the Halting Probability
Authors: Chaitin Gregory J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. We outline our construction of a single equation involving only addition, multiplication, anf1 exponentiation of nonnegative integer constants and variables with the following remarkable property. One of the variables is considered to be a parameter. Take the parameter to be 0, 1, 2, ... obtaining an infinite series of equations from the original one. Consider the question of whether each of the derived equations has finitely or infinitely many nonnegative integer solutions. The original equation is constructed in such a manner that the answers to these questions about the derived equations are independent mathematical facts that cannot be compressed into any finite set of axioms.
Gandy’s Principles for Mechanisms as a Model of Parallel Computation
Authors: Dahlhaus Elias , Makowsky Johann A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
R. Gandy, in 1980, discusses some philosophical aspects of the Church Turing Thesis related to mechanistic realizability (hardware implement ability)of computable functions. Gandy postulates four principles concerning models of computability from which, in contrast to Church’s Thesis, it is provable that functions in these models are totally recursive. In other words, whatever is computable by a mechanistic machine (a Gandy machine) is also computable by a Turing machine. He also proves the minimality of those four principles in the sense that no three of them suffice to prove this result. The universe of discourse in Gandy 1980 are the hereditary finite sets with urelements (cf. Barwise 1975), which also form the background of our Dahlhaus and Makowsky 1986, 1986a, 1987 and Shepherdson 1987. We assume the reader is familiar with Gandy 1980 and Shepherdson 1973.
The Fifth Generation’s Unbridged Gap
Authors: Michie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Fifth Generation” planning decisions (JIPDEC 1981) of 1979-80 by the Japan Information Processing Development Centre (JIPDEC) embodie da number of primary themes, subsequently institutionalized in the ICOT laboratory in Tokyo. In addition to improvements to the general run of man machine communication aids, such as visual and speech input-output, sensory robot interfaces, natural language database query and the like, cognitive compatibility between the new ultra-powerful machines and their users was to be ensured by use of knowledge-based programming techniques. Taken together with radical approaches to the design of computing hardware, the Fifth Generation plans exceed present-day machines in power, instructability, and task-oriented intelligence by margins which leave the reader of the Japanese material somewhat dazed.
Turing Naturalized: Von Neumann’s Unfinished Project
Authors: Schnelle Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turing’s enterprise must be seen in its historical context: the Turing machine is the result of an attempt to establish an epistemologically absolute foundation of mathematics and, through it, of science. Since it was realized that an absolute foundation of science is impossible, a program of a relative foundation seemed to be appropriate, based on the assumption that successful parts of science are true. In this perspective we are free to naturalize logic and perception of obvious facts by specifying psycho-physical mechanisms of logic and of perception and by investigating whether science could be reconstructed in all its ramifications on the basis of such mechanisms. The obvious charge of circularity has lost its force since it was agreed upon that certain kinds of circularity are unavoidable. This naturalization of logic may take Turing’s proposal as a first step and continue along the lines indicated by von Neumann and other neo-intuitionists, who consider mental mechanisms as the basis of logic, mathematics, and science. Let me explain these introductory remarks in further detail.
Partial Gaggles Applied to Logics with Restricted Structural Rules
Authors: Dunn J Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Dunn (1991) a class of algebraic structures called ‘gaggles’ were investigated with an idea to abstracting out an algebraic structure common to a wide class of logics. But one feature, although common to many of the logics and abstracted into the notion of a gaggle, still is inessential to the main ideas. This feature is that there be a distributive lattice underlying the family of gaggle operations. This is an appropriate assumption to make for many logics, and leads to a representation theory where ‘conjunction’ (meet) is interpreted as intersection and ‘disjunction’ (join) as union.
Logical Operators In English
Authors: Ranta Aarne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall look at some examples of English sentences that can be formalized as propositions of Σ, II, and +forms.No mechanical rules of formalization will be given, just general principles concerning various modes of expression. The formalizations are intended to be, as often as possible, compositional in the sense of Section 1.8; that is, the formalizations of smaller expressions are constituents of the formalizations of larger expressions of which those smaller expressions are parts.
Introduction to this book
Authors: Mackinnon John , Phillipps Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Greater Sunda Islands—Borneo, Sumatra,Java, and Bali—are biologically one of the richest and most complex areas of our planet. Their complexity led to a large extent the Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace to identify the process of evolution by natural selection, which then prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own conclusions on the subject. These form the foundations of modern biology. Yet 150years later, our knowledge of the precise relationships of the bird faunas of these important islands remains only a little better than it was when Wallace was collecting in northern Borneo. Worse, the forests are now being destroyed, and if we do not document quickly which species occur where, the information content of the region may be lost for ever.
Early Palaeozoic
Authors: Hallam Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the general acceptance of plate tectonics, studies have shown that the disposition of continental areas in the Early Palaeozoic was totally different from that seen today. Based on a combination of biogeographic, palaeoclimatic, and palaeomagnetic data, it is widely believed there was a series of relatively small continents occupying mainly low palaeolatitudes and one large continent; Gondwana. In the east, components of Gondwana including the present Australia and adjacent parts of eastern Asia occupied a low latitude zone, while further west, the present Africa and South America occupied high southern latitudes (Figs 5.1-5.3.
France
Authors: Crampon N , Roux J C , Bracq P , Delay F , Lepiller M , Mary G , Rasplus L , Alcaydé G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artois-Picardy includes the French départements of the Nord (Dunkerque, Lille, Valenciennes), Pas de-Calais (Calais, Boulogne, Arras) and also Picardy (Amiens, Saint Quentin), as far as the Oise in the south-east and the Bray anticlinal axis in the south-west. A dominant physical feature is the Artois Horst, which runs from north-west to southeast, at an average height of 140 m. It is dissected by numerous dry valleys and, in places along the Channel coast, by hanging valleys (valleuses). In the north-west this massif ends against the eroded core of the Boulonnais—Weald Anticline, from which the Chalk has been eroded. Picardy is also dissected by dry valleys, although it lies at a lower elevation. One of the geomorphological characteristics of the area is the numerous ‘steps’, abrupt and sharp breaks of slope with the axes parallel to the thalwegs, several metres high, sometimes accentuated by the presence of a hedge. Although the presence of colluvium deposited behind the hedge suggests a man-made origin for the features, a structural element is clearly present (Lasne 1890; Leriche 1926; Roux 1963), at least for the ‘steps’ that are cut into the Chalk. Their trends are commonly similar to those of other geomorphological features of the area, which are themselves related to the regional fracture pattern.
Mississippi Valley-type epigenetic deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mississippi Valley-type deposits are stratiform concentrations predominantly of galena and sphalerite, most commonly but not exclusively, in carbonate host rocks. Fluorite and/or barite, pyrite and chalcopyrite, are usually also present. The host rocks are exclusively shallow water, marine carbonate-dominated sequences, and they always occur on the rim of a large sedimentary basin or over basement highs at or near limestone/dolomite or limestone/shale interfaces, and at any depth (Hutchison, 1983a). The deposits are truly epigenetic, that is not formed contemporaneously with the host rocks. The low temperature hydrothermal solutions are considered to have moved laterally out of a major sedimentary basin towards its margins, where the change in salinity caused the deposition. Mississippi Valley-type deposits are therefore considered to be laterally secreted epigenetic deposits. The fluorite in such deposits often contains hydrocarbon globules, suggesting that large scale brine migration up-dip from the basin may also have carried the metals. These then became concentrated on the basin margins where the saline solutions encoumered fresh or less saline water and sedimentary facies changes, for example to carhonates, which provided suitable host rocks for mineral deposition.
Iron ore deposits
Authors: Hutchison Charles S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iron ore deposits are widespread throughout the Circum Pacific (Park, 1972). However significant production has been confined to three areas: the south-east China province from Hainan island through Kwangtung and Fukien, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines (Fig. 9.1). They are predominantly of contact pyrometasomatic type with associated sedimentary deposits occurring in China.
Mainly about railways, writers, and wildwood
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wood is squashed between a railway line and a lane. Its nearly square shape, and neat internal subdivision into four quarters, suggest it is of recent origin rather than a wood which has existed since medieval times or earlier. The coming of the railway may have led to the original planting. In the golden age of railway building the line at the bottom of the wood effectively cut off farmland at the western extremity of the sprawling Steventon estate. With access impaired (even now the link, Waltham lane, can only boast a narrow bridge with 11 feet 1 inch headroom), it seems that four fields were eventually put down to trees to form the wood. Obviously trees do not require the same daily attention as farming, making it a sensible change of land use.
Ruth’s gloves
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For us, it is just under half-an-hour’s drive to the wood; for John it is a little bit less. The route through the north Hampshire downs is a reward of rural, almost rustic, peacefulness marred only by going under the M3 where the lane from Axford approaches the Wheatsheaf Inn at North Waltham. There are two other small villages on the way, one of which is Dummer, where the greatest open-air preacher of the eighteenth century, George Whitefield, held his first curacy, and now is famous for ‘Fergie’, Duchess of York. I can claim no other link with the Duchess apart from the meaningless one of coincidence: as she was courted by a prince, John and I were falling for a wood.
Encounters of the rural kind
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I grew up a surburbanite with strong rural connections. By the teenage years, home had become ‘sarf ease Lunnon’ with the ‘f’ almost aspirate. Herds of ‘How now brown cows?’ sorted out the vowels-though this oft repeated question was never answeredand research and teaching in the Third World, of necessity, added the consonants and completed the re-instatement of ‘south-east London’. This was hardly preparation, however, for encounters in refined rural Hampshire-at least, not for some of them.
Mother-in-law’s dustbin
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Forestry Commission’s grant not only helped with the planting, but a small sum was used for improving the patch of sycamore where Taid’s plaque is found. Cleaning out of undergrowth, getting rid of some tired hazel, and some early thinning among the coppice shoots were all needed. Provided woodland is under 20 years old, the Forestry Commission helps with the costs of the unremunerative work of rehabilitation. This assistance was introduced in 1985 and is a real help with what has often been dismissed silviculturally as worthless scrub.
Oak
Authors: Evans Julian , Stephen White , Evans John , Stephen White , Titchmarsh Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oak standards in Nain’s copse were ready for thinning. The dense canopy of the copse with tall, drawn-up sycamores jostling with the spreading crowns of the over-stocked oaks heavily shaded the woodland floor. A few emaciated primroses struggled to glean what little sunlight penetrated, their leaves distended, pale and flaccid, and even the aggressive Dog’s mercury hadn’t colonised everywhere. Parts of the floor were bare with dead leaves, twigs, and fallen branches. Clumps of ash and sycamore coppice, which hadn’t seen open sky either, languished etiolated1 in terminal decline, denied their share of radiation and warmth. There was little point in delaying thinning, and a start was made shortly after Nain’s copse became ours.
Introduction
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that marketing is one of the most crucial aspects of farm management and, within the context of full membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), the significance of marketing in UK agriculture is increasing even further. It is also widely accepted that marketing is one of the least understood aspects of agriculture. It is the overall aim of this book to undertake a practical consideration of agricultural marketing, in order to improve that level of understanding.
In an attempt to make the book as meaningful and useful as possible it is divided into two sections. The first examines the background to agricultural marketing, discussing the basic principles of marketing, and the applicability of these to farming. In the light of this examination, various marketing techniques applicable to farming are considered, with particular emphasis being placed on the position of the farmer as an operator in the market. In addition, domestic and EEC legislation which has affected, and affects, the marketing of agricultural products is discussed.
Possibilities for direct marketing by the farmer
Authors: Barker John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable emphasis has been placed in earlier chapters of this book on the fact that, in general, the farmer has an indirect demand for his output; in other words, his produce is not bought directly by the final consumer. The way in which the producer and the consumer are linked is often referred to as the marketing chain. All marketing chains in agriculture can be defined as beginning with production on the farm, and from there on can vary considerably in length, depending on the use to which the commodity is put.
Musc Ovite Russia 1450–1598
Authors: Kollmann Nancy Shields 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was long-term geographical, institutional, and cultural realities that shaped Muscovy’s drive to mobilize its human and natural resources. So we will try to see the realm as Moscow’s rulers saw it, again evoking Braudel with a focus on long-term sources of change (geography, climate, settlement patterns, trade routes, and other aspects of Braudel’s ‘la longue durée’) and middle-level ones (social and religious structures, ideational systems, etc.) in preference to individuals, wars, and events. But we need to start briefly with Braudel’s ‘histoire événementielle’ to define the constantly expanding territory with which we will be concerned.