bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of psychopathology
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question why psychopathology exists can be approached from various, mutually complementary, scientific angles. The traditional one is restricted to the proximate causation of disorders (see also Chapter 1) such as genetic susceptibility (inherited risks), adverse experiences in early childhood (compare Chapter 3), other psychologically traumatizing events that may occur at any time during an individual’s lifetime, overt brain injuries, or senescence. There is nothing fundamentally wrong with this approach. Knowledge about the different possible causes of psychopathology has greatly increased over the last two decades, primarily due to advances in psychiatric genetics, brain imaging technology, and improved understanding of the relationship between adverse early childhood experiences and the development of psychopathology later in life. However, a modern conceptual framework useful for both clinical psychiatry and experimental neuroscience has to tackle additional, to date unresolved, problems. One relates to the fact that subspecialties within psychiatry tend to drift apart and to lead separate lives with limited mutual exchange.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many theories about how personality develops, including quite divergent approaches from different ‘schools’. In general, personality can be referred to as a construct to describe cognitive, emotional, and behavioural traits that are peculiar to a particular person. These traits are assumed to be relatively stable and enduring rather than changing over time. Current conceptualizations of personality traits favour the distinction of five major dimensions according to which a personality can be described. These are termed ‘extraversion’, ‘neuroticism’, ‘agreeableness’, ‘conscientiousness’, and ‘openness’. ‘Temperament’and ‘character’ are also widely used to describe aspects of personality. The term ‘temperament’ largely refers to the biological dimension of personality, whereas ‘character’ is more related to environmental influences, above all, the socialization process during the formative years (infancy, childhood, and adolescence). Commonly used labels are ‘novelty seeking’, ‘harm avoidance’, ‘reward dependence’ and ‘persistence’ to describe temperament, and ‘self-directedness’, ‘cooperation’ and ‘self-transcendence’ as the main character dimensions.
Suicidal and Self-Injurious Behaviour
Authors: Brüne Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suicidal behaviour is defined as a conscious, intentional act that aims at terminating one’s life. Attempted suicide is common in patients with psychiatric disorders, and may also occur in individuals with physical health problems. Suicide, even when completed, is not without meaning. Suicidal ideation is often triggered by feelings of hopelessness or social isolation. Individuals who commit suicide have usually indicated their wish to die either directly or indirectly prior to the suicide attempt. Persons who undertake suicide attempts usually go through the stages of contemplating suicidal ideas as a possibility to terminate intense suffering, which is followed by a period of ambivalence and narrowing of perceived alternative options before a final decision is made. Suicide attempts with terminal intent can be classified as desperate or impulsive. In a minority of cases, suicide is altruistically motivated, and such behaviour may not necessarily be associated with psychopathology.
Comparing the Incommensurable: Another Look at Convergent Realism
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Kant’s era, there was only one physical theory— Newton’s. Physics was regarded as historically closed. A fundamental fact which epistemologists of science have had to learn to contend with in the (post-Einsteinian) twentieth century is that physical science— and in particular physics, which I shall take as my paradigm— is essentially historically open. Theories succeed one another, and there are compelling reasons to suppose that they will inevitably continue to do so.
Wilfrid Sellars’ Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowhere within philosophy is it more difficult to draw lines of demarcation than in an attempt to isolate the philosophy of mind as a coherent subregion of the total philosophical terrain. The philosophy of mind grades off smoothly into questions of epistemology (the structure of sensory awareness and perceptual cognition), of ontology (the nature and multiplicity of substances), of the theory of action, of the philosophy of language and representation, of moral and social and political philosophy, and nowadays even into questions centered in the philosophy of science, in the theory of theories.
Forging Legacy: The Pact between Empire and Historiography in Ancient China
Authors: Mittag Achim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout pre-modern China there has been a close interconnection between ‘empire’ and ‘historiography’, meaning that one could not do without the other and vice versa. What is meant here by ‘empire’ was more than a political and social order, or, if political and social, was always part of a larger cosmic order commonly expressed by the idea of All-under-Heaven (dianoia). Toward one side, as concerns the often noted state-centeredness of Chinese historiography, the interconnection between ‘empire’ and ‘historiography’ is rather evident; one only needs to make reference to the Twenty-Five Dynastic Histories (Ershiwushi) as the spine of traditional Chinese historiography, the greater part of which was compiled under the auspices of the Bureau of Historiography (shiguan) set up in ad 629. And earlier ‘standard histories’ (zhengshi) as well were either officially commissioned, compiled by stateemployed historians, or written by historians who, in one way or the other, were part of or dependent on the imperial state.
Text and Image Mapping the Roman World
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems particularly appropriate that a cross-cultural, international, intercontinental collaboration should take as part of its theme the Roman Empire, which itself spanned so many diverse peoples and all the known continents. It is precisely this phenomenon of vast, unprecedented spatial extent, and how it could be conceptualized, imagined, and depicted that forms the subject of my paper. We all know how vague our mental geographies of lands unknown are; we have some sense of the shape of the continents, we have some sense of where the countries within them lie and perhaps, for our own country and those parts of the world which we visit regularly or in which we have a scholarly interest, Ancient Greece for example, a more detailed picture of the location of key cities, mountain ranges, and rivers. But having lived in the relatively small island of Britain all my life I still have difficulty in trying to locate all the English counties—Herefordshire and Hertfordshire, for example, with similar names, regularly confuse themselves on my mental map, perhaps because they hold no particular for me. Conversely, I could draw from memory an extraordinarily detailed map of the villages and footpaths of the Chiltern Hills near to my home, and mark on it the location of herds of wild deer, or rare birds of prey, or where one can find woods full of spring or I could mark on a map historical features such as the crucial bridge over the River Thames at the local town of Wallingford, by which William the Conqueror made his tortuous way to London after his victory at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
New Tendencies, Religious and Philosophical, in the Chinese World of the Third through Sixth Centuries
Authors: Jansen Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of the unified empire of the Han (206/202 bc–ad 220) was one of the most momentous events in Chinese history. Its origins go back to the first half of the second century ad, while its repercussions were being felt during the entire Six Dynasties period (220–589) and even beyond. If I had to choose just three events to highlight the main themes and images influential in the intellectual and religious developments in the centuries after the breakdown of the imperial order, I would suggest the following dates: The first is ad 190, the year the Han capital Luoyang was devastated by the warlord Dong Zhuo (d. 192), an event that included the complete destruction of the Han imperial library and archives. The History of the Later Han Dynasty (Hou-Han shu) relates that the books and documents of these two institutions were torn apart and scattered; the silken scrolls were cut up and used as bags or canopies when the emperor was forcibly moved to Chang’an. What had been saved was either lost enroute or destroyed during the ensuing in Chang’an.
Social brains, simple minds: does social complexity really require cognitive complexity?
Authors: Barrett Louise , Henzi Peter , Rendall Drew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social brain hypothesis is a well-accepted and well-supported evolutionary theory of enlarged brain size in the non-human primates. Nevertheless, it tends to emphasize an anthropocentric view of social life and cognition. This often leads to confusion between ultimate and proximate mechanisms, and an over-reliance on a Cartesian, narratively structured view of the mind and social life, which in turn lead to views of social complexity that are congenial to our views of our-selves, rather than necessarily representative of primate social worlds. In this paper, we argue for greater attention to embodied and distributed theories of cognition, which get us away from current fixations on ‘theory of mind’ and other high-level anthropocentric constructions, and allow for the generation of testable hypotheses that combine neurobiology, psychology and behaviour in a mutually reinforcing manner.
The evolution of animal ‘cultures’ and social intelligence
Authors: Whiten Andrew , Schaik Carel P van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decades-long field research has flowered into integrative studies that, together with experimental evidence for the requisite social learning capacities, have indicated a reliance on multiple traditions (‘cultures’) in a small number of species. It is increasingly evident that there is great variation in manifestations of social learning, tradition and culture among species, offering much scope for evolutionary analysis. Social learning has been identified in a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, yet sustained traditions appear rarer, and the multiple traditions we call cultures are rarer still. Here, we examine relationships between this variation and both social intelligence— sophisticated information processing adapted to the social domain—and encephalization.
Did farming arise from a misapplication of social intelligence?
Authors: Mithen Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origins of farming is the defining event of human history—the one turning point that has resulted in modern humans having a quite different type of lifestyle and cognition to all other animals and past types of humans. With the economic basis provided by farming, human individuals and societies have developed types of material culture that greatly augment powers of memory and computation, extending the human mental capacity far beyond that which the brain alone can provide. Archaeologists have long debated and discussed why people began living in settled communities and became dependent on cultivated plants and animals, which soon evolved into domesticated forms. One of the most intriguing explanations was proposed more than 20 years ago not by an archaeologist but by a psychologist: Nicholas Humphrey suggested that farming arose from the ‘misapplication of social intelligence’.
Social intelligence, human intelligence and niche construction
Authors: Sterelny Kim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is about the evolution of hominin intelligence. I agree with defenders of the social intelligence hypothesis in thinking that externalist models of hominin intelligence are not plausible: such models cannot explain the unique cognition and cooperation explosion in our lineage, for changes in the external environment (e.g. increasing environmental unpredictability) affect many lineages. Both the social intelligence hypothesis and the social intelligence–ecological complexity hybrid I outline here are niche construction models. Hominin evolution is hominin response to selective environments that earlier hominins have made. In contrast to social intelligence models, I argue that hominins have both created and responded to a unique foraging mode; a mode that is both social in itself and which has further effects on hominin social environments.
On the lack of evidence that non-human animals possess anything remotely resembling a ‘theory of mind’
Authors: Penn Derek C , Povinelli Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After decades of effort by some of our brightest human and non-human minds, there is still little consensus on whether or not non-human animals understand anything about the unobservable mental states of other animals or even what it would mean for a non-verbal animal to understand the concept of a ‘mental state’. In the present paper, we confront four related and contentious questions head-on: (i) What exactly would it mean for a non-verbal organism to have an ‘understanding’ or a ‘representation’ of another animal’s mental state? (ii) What should (and should not) count as compelling empirical evidence that a non-verbal cognitive agent has a system for understanding or forming representations about mental states in a functionally adaptive manner?
Some Literature and Its Genres
Authors: Dalley Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different kinds of ancient literature have been described by modern scholars as epics, letters, building inscriptions, chronicles. Such categories are helpful in giving a focus for questions of authorship and educational training, of audience and the context of reception. For example, the scribe who writes simple administrative lists for the palace may have a different training from that of the scholar who composes manuals of divination or the rubric for rituals in a temple; and foreign guests who are entertained at court banquets with epics or the rude and witty stories of the court jester do not read divination manuals or temple rituals. Nevertheless the genres are not hermetically sealed units.
Alice Barnham in the Rebuilt World
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were this a conventional biography of Alice Barnham, a study of her material world would detail the landmarks of London as she surely knew them: Whitehall in the west and the Tower in the east, symbolic of court culture and royal power; St Paul ’s Cathedral, dominant on the central skyline even without the steeple lost in 1561; the Thames, crossed by the busy water traffic that Francis Barnham routinely joined in making his way to St Thomas ’s Hospital in Southwark; Cheapside, periodically transformed by the passage of the city ’s ceremonial processions; the great gates in the old walls, some opening to fields spread with drying linens; the meat market at Smithfield, where Alice may have seen John Bradford martyred; the parish churches of St Mildred Poultry and St Clement Eastcheap, with their records of her family ’s life passages; the Royal Exchange, for the construction of which Francis lobbied and to which he contributed five pounds; Newgate and the compters, objects of Alice ’s charity; and Guildhall, site of such municipal occasions as the feast which celebrated the Barnhams as Master and Mistress Sheriff.
The Barnhams ’ Business Secrets
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Barnham participated in uncounted controversies of personality, politics, and property. Most he adjudicated in his public roles: churchwarden in the parish of St Mildred Poultry, member of the Drapers ’ Court of Assistants, governor of the Bridewell and St Thomas ’s Hospital, alderman of the City of London, and Sheriff. But, as seems to have been impossible to avoid in the Tudor and Stuart years, he also had extensive private experience of ‘variances ’, disputes, and allegations. There were the 1554 quarrel with William Beswicke over a jeweled pendant, a 1556 argument with former apprentice John Kydd, a 1560 complaint filed against clothworker Henry Broune, and the 1568 petition of Robert Collet about the ‘round compassed window ’ in St Clement ’s Lane. To none of these was as much jeopardy attached as a 1574 accusation that he had violated the Statute against Usury. As Alderman, Barnham was one of the Queen ’s agents for the governance of the city; he had been installed as Sheriff before others of her delegates for order in the country, the Barons of the Exchequer; now, he came before the Exchequer charged with malfeasance, and his private business practices were opened to public scrutiny.
Deri Vatives And Integrals
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Landen, an East Anglian surveyor and later a Fellow of the Royal Society, is now hardly remembered, but in the eighteenth century his efforts to base the fluxional calculus on purely algebraic principles were noted by both Lagrange and Lacroix. Landen’s first book, A discourse concerning the residual analysis, published in 1758, was just 44 pages long, but offered a method of differentiation that avoided (or so Landen thought) any recourse to the infinitely small and could be successfully applied to the usual range of problems solved by calculus: tangents to curves, and maxima and minima.
Complex Analysis
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A treatise of algebra Wallis proposed no fewer than ten geometric representations of complex numbers. In the first of them he suggested that the construction of the geometric mean of two positive numbers, which gives rise to a sine (see 1.2.2), could be replaced by a similar construction for the mean of a positive and a negative number, giving rise to a tangent. An alternative construction (see below) led him to observe that representations of imaginary numbers must move away from the real line and out into the plane.
The Uses of Orthodoxy and Jacobean Erudition: Thomas James and the Bodleian Library
Authors: Nelles1 Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was the Bodleian library for when it opened its doors in 1602? This question has gone more or less unasked: a university library explains itself. Scholarship on the Bodleian has long focused on the internal history of the library and the personality of its founder, Sir Thomas Bodley. It is only very recently that serious attention has been given to the immediate constituency for the library at Oxford and the wider complex of books, libraries, and scholarship of which the Bodleian was part. Regardless of Bodley’s own motives in founding the library – personal, intellectual, religious – as an institution the Bodleian had a life, as well as a librarian, of its own. How did the library function within the sphere of its community of users? What was its status as a public library both at Oxford and nationally? And what was its position within the spider’s web of religious, political and cultural motivations which entangled early Stuart rule? In considering many such questions, we may have recourse to the Bodleian’s wonderful embarrassment in the form of its first librarian, Thomas James. A scholar and rabid anti-papist, James frequently occupies an awkward position in treatments of the library. Though James was Bodley’s chosen librarian, modern discomfort with his extreme antiCatholicism – he eagerly chased down Jesuits in the Oxfordshire countryside – has allowed him to be gently excused from many accounts of the library’s history. Considered unbecoming of the worthy intentions of the library’s founder, James’s stridently polemical outlook fits poorly with modern ideas of the disinterested nature of a university library. Few, however, have looked beyond the bombast to consider the nature and purpose of James’s scholarship. The scholarly work James carried out as Bodley’s librarian affords a rare glimpse of the interaction of libraries, manuscripts, printed books, and the readers who used them.
Image and Representation in the Pottery of Magna Graecia*
Authors: Lissarrague François 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oliver Taplin’s recent book Pots and Plays has revisited in masterly fashion the vase painting of Magna Graecia as it is related to the tragic theatre. It has moved the debate on from the entrenched positions of two scholarly camps in radical opposition. On one side the ‘philodramatists’, who see a strong link between pottery and theatrical representation –– an approach from classical philologists’ attempt to reconstruct lost tragedies with the aid of images, and reaching its climax in the already outdated collection of Trendall and Webster, with the significant title Illustrations of Greek Drama. On the other side the iconocentrics who deny any relationship between these two types of representation, and preserve the universe of potters and painters as a world apart. In this debate, it is as well not to confuse Attic production with that of the workshops of Magna Graecia; to be sure there are initial continuities between Attic and Lucanian pottery, for example, and people have sometimes confused the Niobid and Pisticci Painters, but the traditions diverge very quickly, and the Apulian and Campanian repertoires do not exactly follow those of Athens.
Can the Odyssey Ever be Tragic? Historical Perspectives on the Theatrical Realization of Greek Epic
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the modern senses of the term, the most ‘tragic’ reading to which the Odyssey has ever been subjected was that of Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer. It formed a central thesis of their collaborative Dialektik der Aufklärung (The Dialectic of Enlightenment), first published in North America in the dark days of 1944. They saw the world as increasingly irrational, and sought to activate every resource made available through philosophical reasoning, but simultaneously identified the deadly role played by reason in the creation of humankind’s problems, at least in the form of means-end calculations and the specious objectivity of ideologically motivated science. When they mapped out the genealogy of the dark underbelly of Western rationality, it was the voyage of Odysseus which they selected for their allegorical case study, thus tracing the destructive potential of reason to the Odyssey, one of the earliest charter texts of Western identity and culture. They argued that this ‘Odyssean’rationality inevitably represses singularity and difference, symbolized by (amongst other things) the mistreatment of the Cyclops. Reason offers humans unhoped-for success in dominating nature through scientific and intellectual advancements, but inevitably leads to the domination of some men by others, and of most women by most men. The Frankfurt School, then, in identifying the Odyssey as the founding text of imperialism, capitalism, and fascism, certainly allocated it an incomparably tragic role within cultural history.
Urne-Buriall, Cultural Difference, and the Question of Jewish Readmission
Authors: Guibbory Achsah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A remarkable generosity of spirit pervades Browne’s survey of the burial customs in Urne-Buriall (1658). A tendency towards inclusivity and a preference for ‘flexible’ definitions (or to put it a different way, his reluctance to draw firm boundaries) characterize much of his writing. We see these qualities in the opening sections of Religio Medici (1643), and even in the skeptical Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646), which seeks to determine ‘vulgar errors’ in popular beliefs but is often inconclusive.