bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in antibiotic resistance in equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis (1991–2000): 65 horses
Authors: Sauer P. , Andrew S. E. , Lassaline M. , Gelatt K. N. , Denis H. M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To document changes in antibiotic resistance of organisms in cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis over a 10‐year time period.Design A retrospective study.Participants Medical records of equine patients with bacterial ulcerative keratitis seen at the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000 were reviewed.Materials and methods All cases of equine bacterial ulcerative keratitis for the above mentioned years were examined. Bacterial isolates were identified and subjected to Kirby‐Bauer disc diffusion method sensitivity tests. Antibiotics used in the sensitivity tests included bacitracin, ampicillin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, polymyxin B, trimethoprim‐sulfa, neomycin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, tobramycin and enrofloxacin.Results A total of 65 bacterial isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing. Of these isolates,Pseudomonas aeruginosaaccounted for 14 of the bacterial isolates (22%),Streptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusaccounted for 13 of the bacterial isolates (20%), andStaphylococcus aureusaccounted for four of the isolates (6%). A statistically significant increase in resistance ofPseudomonas aeruginosaisolates to the antibiotics gentamicin and tobramycin was found between the isolates from 1992 to 1998 and those from 1999 to 2000. An increase in resistance ofStreptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusto gentamicin was found between the isolates from 1993 to 1997 and those from 1998 to 2000.Conclusions Streptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusandPseudomonas aeruginosawere the most common organisms isolated from cases of equine bacterial keratitis referred to the University of Florida's VMTH for the years 1991–2000. There appears to be an increase in resistance ofStreptococcus equisubspecieszooepidemicusto gentamicin over the past 10 years. In addition, there is a significant increase in resistance ofPseudomonas aeruginosato both gentamicin and tobramycin over the same time period.
Effect of topical tropicamide on tear production as measured by Schirmer's tear test in normal dogs and cats
Authors: Margadant D. L. , Kirkby K. , Andrew S. E. , Gelatt K. N. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To evaluate the effect of a single dose of topical 1% tropicamide on tear production as measured by the Schirmer tear test (STT) in the normal dog and cat.Material and methods Twenty‐eight dogs and 32 cats received 50 µl : l of 1% tropicamide in one eye and the opposite eye served as the control. STTs were performed immediately before instillation of tropicamide and then at 1, 4, 8 and 24 h post drug instillation. STT results were compared between the control and treated eyes at the different times.Results Aqueous tear production in dogs, measured by STT, was not significantly reduced. The mean ± SEM STTs for the baseline time for control and tropicamide‐treated eyes were 19.9 ± 0.8 and 20.3 ± 0.8 mm wetting/min, respectively. For the control eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 20.3 ± 0.9 (1 h), 21.1 ± 0.8 (4 h), 20.1 ± 0.9 (8 h), and 18.7 ± 0.7 (24 h). For the tropicamide‐treated eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 19.4 ± 0.9 (1 h), 19.3 ± 0.9 (4 h), 20.0 ± 0.9 (8 h), and 18.4 ± 0.8 (24 h). Aqueous tear production of both eyes was significantly reduced in cats at 1 h but returned to baseline by 4 h post tropicamide instillation. The mean ± SEM STT levels for the baseline time in cats for control and tropicamide‐treated eyes were 14.9 ± 0.8 and 14.7 ± 0.8 mm wetting/min, respectively. Subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels for the control eyes were 6.4 ± 1.1 (1 h), 11.9 ± 1.0 (4 h), 13.9 ± 0.8 (8 h), and 16.4 ± 1.0 (24 h). For the tropicamide‐treated eyes, the subsequent mean ± SEM STT levels were 5.3 ± 0.8 (1 h), 10.2 ± 0.8 (4 h), 14.7 ± 1.0 (8 h), and 16.6 ± 1.0 (24 h).Conclusion Single dose 1% tropicamide does not significantly lower tear production rates, as measured by the STT, in normal dogs. However, in normal cats single doses of 1% tropicamide in one eye cause significant reductions in tear production of both eyes at 1 h that recovered to baseline levels by 4 h.
Detection of anti‐lens crystallin antibody in dogs with and without cataracts
Authors: Denis Heidi M. , Brooks Dennis E. , Alleman Arthur R. , Andrew Stacy E. , Plummer Caryn 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective To determine if antilens crystallin (ALC) serum and aqueous humor antibodies were present in normal dogs and dogs with cataracts, whether antibody incidence varied with stage of cataract, and whether antibody titer had a relationship to the presence of lens‐induced uveitis.Methods Serum and aqueous humor samples were obtained from normal dogs and dogs with cataracts. Lens crystallin was separated by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and antilens crystallin antibodies were detected by Western immunoblot analysis. An indirect ELISA using crystallin protein as antigen was also used to detect antilens crystallin antibodies in serum and aqueous humor. Test groups included normal, incipient, immature, mature, hypermature and diabetic cataract.Results SDS‐PAGE identified bands with molecular weights of lens crystallin subunits. Western immunoblotting demonstrated reaction between canine serum and these protein bands. The five canine serum samples that reacted with crystallin subunits on Western blots had corresponding reactivity on the ELISA. All aqueous humor samples (30) were negative. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 59.3% (16/27) of controls, 66.7% (16/24) of incipients, 50.0% (10/20) of immatures, 37.9% (11/29) of matures, 28.6% (6/21) of hypermatures, and 26.7% (4/15) of diabetics. Serum ALC antibodies were detected in 43.1% (47/109) of all cataract samples. There was a statistically significant negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies. In the immature and hypermature cataract groups, there was a statistically significant negative association between ALC serum antibody titer and severity of uveitis (95% confidence interval).Conclusions There is a negative association between the presence (P = 0.004) and maturity (P = 0.004) of cataract and presence of ALC serum antibodies.
The effect of topical administration of atropine sulfate on the normal equine pupil: influence of age, breed and gender
Authors: Davis J. L. , Stewart T. , Brazik E. , Gilger B. C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives  The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of age, breed and gender on vertical pupil diameter (VPD) following a single dose of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye.Animals studied  Thirty‐two horses of various ages, breeds and genders were included. The horses had no history or clinical signs of ophthalmic disease. All horses studied had darkly pigmented irides.Procedures  Two milligrams of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution was topically administered as a single dose in the right eye of each horse on Day 0. The VPD (mm) was measured in both eyes using digital calipers prior to treatment and every 24 h after administration for 2 weeks (Days 1–14). Duration of effect on VPD was then calculated for treated and untreated eyes. Data were also analyzed for effect of age, breed and gender on mean VPD, maximum VPD and time to maximum VPD.Results The VPD in the treated eye was significantly elevated compared to baseline measurements and compared to the untreated eye at all time points. Arabians had a greater mean VPD at Day 0 and on several days following treatment. Females had greater mean VPD compared to males on 5 out of 15 days.Conclusions  Duration of mydriasis after administration of 1% atropine sulfate ophthalmic solution in the normal equine eye is greater than 14 days. Horses of the Arabian breed and female horses may be more sensitive to effects of cholinergic blockade in the eye.
An in vitro evaluation of various Rosa damascena flower extracts as a natural antisolar agent
Authors: Tabrizi H. , Mortazavi S. A. , Kamalinejad M. 
Published: December 2003

SynopsisThe aim of this work was to evaluate ultraviolet (UV) absorption ability of various extracts of Rosa damascena flowers as an antisolar agent. Extracts were prepared using the following solvent mixtures: water:ethanol (50 : 50), ethyl acetate:ethanol (80 : 20) and ether. The hydroalcoholic and ethyl acetate:ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration, and ether extract was prepared by soxhletion. Preliminary studies on the extracts prepared confirmed the presence of flavonoids as the major components of all extracts. Next, the UV absorption spectra (in the range of 200–400 nm) of all extracts were obtained. Results show that all three extracts can effectively absorb UV radiation in the range of 200–400 nm. However, the range giving maximum absorption for the hydroalcoholic, ethyl acetate:ethanol and ether extracts were 200–320, 250–360 and 230–370 nm, respectively. In the next stage, extracts prepared were incorporated into an oil in water cream base (prepared based on preliminary studies), at two concentrations of 5 and 8%. The sun protection factor (SPF) of these creams were determined. Based on the findings, the hydroalcoholic extract seems to give the highest SPF among the three extracts evaluated, when incorporated to the cream base. On the other hand, by performing a few physicochemical tests on the prepared creams, cream containing 5% ether extract showed the most desirable appearance and stability among the creams investigated. The UV absorption ability of these extracts is suggested to be because of the presence of flavonoid compounds within the extracts. However, it should be noted that in order to obtain an effective suncare product with high SPF values, these extracts could be used along with other synthetic antisolar agents.
Effect of residence time on the efficacy of antidandruff shampoos
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Uhoda E. , Loussouarn G. , Saint‐Léger D. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: December 2003

SynopsisDandruff is known to be controlled by fungistatic shampoos active against Malassezia spp. These products also remove the loosely attached scales. This study was performed to assess the effect of a 5‐min residence time on the efficacy of antidandruff shampoos. Two commercially available shampoos were used in two groups of 21 panelists with severe dandruff. They contained either 1% ketoconazole or 1% piroctone olamine. In each group, intraindividual comparisons were made by a split‐scalp design between the effect of a 5‐min residence time versus no residence time. Both shampoos induced significant reductions in scaliness and yeast colonization. The beneficial effects were obvious immediately after one single shampooing and 3 days later as well. The improvement was greater with a 5‐min residence time. The piroctone olamine treatment benefited more than the ketoconazole treatment from the extension of shampoo‐exposure time. In conclusion, the benefit of a residence time in treating dandruff is documented. The level of improvement in efficacy may vary according to the nature of the shampoo.
Odor and color of cosmetic products: correlations between subjective judgement and autonomous nervous system response
Authors: Barkat S. , Thomas‐Danguin T. , Bensafi M. , Rouby C. , Sicard G. 
Published: December 2003

SynopsisThe color and odor of cosmetics have been shown to be crucial for affective states and able to influence autonomic responses. We report an original procedure to measure the effect on subjects of the color and odor of cosmetic products, and to quantify the correlation between objective (psychophysiological recording) and subjective (psychophysics) responses. Several cosmetic products (lipsticks and nail varnishes) of different colors (white, brown, red, orange, and pink) and odors (two per product) were presented. In a first step, autonomous parameters (skin conductance (SC) and heart rate (HR)) were recorded, and in the second step, subjects rated their sensations on subjective scales (overall appreciation, pleasantness, and emotional arousal). Results indicated that certain color and odor additives in cosmetics act on relaxation, excitation, perceived pleasantness, and emotional arousal. It was also found that certain colors, perceived as pleasant, decreased HR, and that the perception of an ‘arousing’ perfume significantly increased SC.
Moisture retention in a (in vitro) porcine skin substrate
Authors: Adamy S. T. 
Published: December 2003

SynopsisModel porcine skin samples were evaluated for moisture retention when subjected to various cosmetic treatments. Moisture retention was evaluated by two methods – via the Nova™ Dermal Phase Meter (DPM), and via weight loss measurements during moisture evaporation. In both measurements, skin samples were placed in dry‐air environments. Although it is rare that skin in vivo would be subjected to such dry conditions, the evaluation proved useful in differentiating: (1) factors affecting the two types of measurements, and (2) the types of treatments. In initial experiments of the DPM method, it was found that the DPM level, usually attributed to the moisture level of the skin, was highly susceptible to the ionic strength of the skin treatment. Skin samples treated with solutions having higher salt concentrations exhibited higher DPM levels. It was also found that the duration of the DPM signal, during evaporative moisture loss from the skin sample, was relatively constant with changes in ionic strength. The duration could thus be used as a gauge of how well the skin retained moisture in the dry environment. A number of measurements of DPM duration were performed for skin samples treated with simple mixtures and more complex formulated products. The durations were correlated with water loss rates determined from gravimetric experiments.
The hair eclipse phenomenon: sharpening the focus on the hair cycle chronobiology
Authors: Piérard‐Franchimont C. , Petit L. , Loussouarn G. , Saint‐Léger D. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: December 2003

SynopsisChronobiology governing the hair cycle is a fascinating and complex process. Both the hair growth cycle and the hair shaft growth are coordinated and depend on the interplay of different biological signals and various exogenous stimuli. A latency period may occur between hair shedding (teloptosis, exogen phase) and the early emergence of the next anagen VI stage. This lag time referred to on the hair eclipse phenomenon likely depends on the influence of a series of distinct synchronizers, and does not represent per se a peculiar hair cycle phase. It is the result of some dysregulations of the hair cycling, involving early teloptosis, delayed anagen I initiation or stunted hair growth at any stage between the anagen I and anagen V phases. As such, the hair eclipse phenomenon may be an erratic process occurring in physiopathological conditions affecting hair follicles singly or in focal to generalized patterns. It may be more frequent when it follows synchronized teloptosis occurring in telogen effluvium (newborn alopecia, post‐partum alopecia, seasonal alopecia and alopecia areata). It may also be prominent when microinflammation is abutted on the permanent portion of the hair follicle as in dandruff, seborrhoeic dermatitis, androgenic alopecia and photoageing baldness. Local synchronizers such as growth factors and other mediators may eventually be lacking or involved in the hair eclipse phenomenon. Their identification and characterization might drive new corrective or preventive applications.
Internal and External Factors Affecting the Development of Neuropathic Pain in Rodents. Is It All About Pain?
Authors: Vissers K. , De Jongh R. , Hoffmann V. , Heylen R. , Crul B. , Meert T. 
Published: December 2003

▪ Abstract:  It is important to know the factors that will influence animal models of neuropathic pain. A good reproducibility and predictability in different strains of animals for a given test increases the clinical relevance and possible targeting. An obligatory requirement for enabling comparisons of results of different origin is a meticulous definition of the specific sensitivities of a model for neuropathic pain and a description of the test conditions.Factors influencing neuropathic pain behavior can be subdivided in external and internal factors. The most important external factors are; timing of the measurement of pain after induction of neuropathy, circadian rhythms, seasonal influences, air humidity, influence of order of testing, diet, social variables, housing and manipulation, cage density, sexual activity, external stress factors, and influences of the experimenter. The internal factors are related to the type of animal, its genetic background, gender, age, and the presence of homeostatic adaptation mechanisms to specific situations or stress. In practice, the behavioral presentations to pain depend on the combination of genetic and environmental factors such as accepted social behavior. It also depends on the use of genetic manipulation of the animals such as in transgenic animals. These make the interpretation of data even more difficult. Differences of pain behavior between in‐ and outbred animals will be better understood by using modern analysis techniques. Substrains of animals with a high likelihood for developing neuropathic pain make the unraveling of specific pathophysiolocal mechanisms possible. Concerning the effect of stress on pain, it is important to differentiate between external and internal stress such as social coping behavior. The individual dealing with this stress is species sensitive, and depends on the genotype and the social learning.In the future, histo‐immunological and genetic analysis will highlight similarities of the different pathophysiological mechanisms of pain between different species and human subjects. The final objective for the study of pain is to describe the genetics of the eliciting pain mechanisms in humans and to look for correlations with the knowledge from basic research. Therefore, it is necessary to know the genetic evolution of the different mechanisms in chronic pain. In order to be able to control the clinical predictability of a putative treatment the evolutionary pharmacogenomic structure of specific transmitters and receptors must be clarified. ▪
Chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain in older adults: clinical issues and opioid intervention
Authors: Podichetty V K , Mazanec D J , Biscup R S 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMusculoskeletal pain is common, frequently under-reported, and inadequately treated in the older adult. The objective of this article is to review the management of musculoskeletal pain syndromes in older adults emphasising the potential role of opioid agents in carefully selected patients. Systematic analysis of the relevant literature was done. Even in cognitively impaired patients, assessment of musculoskeletal pain is mandatory. An algorithm for musculoskeletal pain is presented emphasising a stepwise pharmacological approach in combination with an array of non-pharmacological therapies. Comorbid conditions may limit therapeutic choices, particularly in the elderly. Repeated assessment of pain levels as well as functional status is critical for optimal pain management.
Thermochemical behavior of dissolved carboxylic acid solutes: Solubilities of 3-methylbenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzoic acid in organic solvents
Authors: Daniels Charlisa R , Charlton Amanda K , Wold Rhiannon M , Acree, Jr. William E , Abraham Michael H 
Published: December 2003

The Abraham general solvation model is used to correlate the solubility behavior of 3-methylbenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzoic acid in alcohol and ether solvents. The mathematical correlations take the form of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] where CS and CW refer to the solute solubility in the organic solvent and water, respectively; CG is a gas-phase concentration; R2 is the solute excess molar refraction; Vx is the McGowan volume of the solute; ΣαH2 and ΣβH2 are measures of the solute hydrogen-bond acidity and hydrogen-bond basicity; πH2 denotes the solute dipolaritypolarizability descriptor; and L(16) is the solute gas-phase dimensionless Ostwald partition coefficient into hexadecane at 298 K. The remaining symbols in the above expressions are known solvent coefficients, which have been determined previously for a large number of gassolvent and watersolvent systems. The Abraham general solvation model was found to describe the experimental solubility data and published literature partitioning data of 3-methylbenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzoic acid to within overall standard deviations of 0.079 log units and 0.085 log units, respectively. Key words: 3-methylbenzoic acid solubilities, 4-chlorobenzoic acid solubilities, alcohol solvents, partition coefficients, molecular solute descriptors, solubility predictions.
EXTENDING OPENMP FOR TASK PARALLELISM
Authors: MAROWKA AMI 
Published: November 2003

In a wide variety of scientific parallel applications, both task and data parallelism must be exploited to achieve the best possible performance on a multiprocessor machine. These applications induce task-graph parallelism with coarse-grain granularity. Nevertheless, using the available task-graph parallelism and combining it with data parallelism can increase the performance of parallel applications considerably since an additional degree of parallelism is exploited. The OpenMP standard supports data parallelism but does not support task-graph parallelism. In this paper we present an integration of task-graph parallelism in OpenMP by extending the parallel sections constructs to include task-index and precedence-relations matrix clauses. There are many ways in which task-graph parallelism can be supported in a programming environment. A fundamental design decision is whether the programmer has to write programs with explicit precedence relations, or if the responsibility of precedence relations generation is delegated to the compiler. One of the benefits provided by parallel programming models like OpenMP is that they liberate the programmer from dealing with the underlying details of communication and synchronization, which are cumbersome and error-prone tasks. If task-graph parallelism is to find acceptance, writing task-graph parallel programs must be no harder than writing data parallel programs, and therefore, in our design, precedence relations are described through simple programmer annotations, with implementation details handled by the system. This paper concludes with a description of several parallel application kernels that were developed to study the practical aspects of task-graph parallelism in OpenMP. The examples demonstrate that exploiting data and task parallelism in a single framework is the key to achieving good performance in a variety of applications.