bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex pheromone blend of Manduca sexta: Responses of central olfactory interneurons to antennal stimulation in male moths
Authors: Christensen Thomas A. , Hildebrand John G. , Tumlinson James H. , Doolittle Robert E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecently, chemical analysis of solvent rinses of the external surfaces of pheromone glands from female Manduca sexta revealed a blend of 12 aldehydes, including the previously identified sex pheromone component, (E,Z)‐10,12‐hexadecadienal (bombykal). Previous electrophysiological studies showed that olfactory (deutocerebral) interneurons in the antennal lobes of males exhibited a wide range of responsiveness to pheromonal stimulation of the ipsilateral antenna. These experiments were performed with crude extracts of pheromone glands as well as two synthetic compounds: the major pheromone component, bombykal, and (E,Z)‐11,13‐pentadecadienal, a mimic of a second component of the female's pheromone blend. Using intracellular methods, we have now reexamined similar olfactory interneurons, using each of the 12 chemically identified components as well as synthetic blends of various combinations of them. Eight of the 12 components isolated from female glands elicited some form of response in olfactory interneurons in males. In accordance with biochemical and behavioral data, the most potent are bombykal and two trienals, (E,E,E)‐ and (E,E,Z)‐10,12,14‐hexadecatrienal. We also conclude that the C15 dienal is selective for one of the trienal receptors on the antenna, but is much less potent than the natural trienal stimulant.
Degradation of juvenile hormone and methylation of juvenile hormone acid by corpora cardiaca–corpora allata of the cockroach, Nauphoeta cinerea: I. Biochemical aspects
Authors: Meyer Walter R. , Lanzrein Beatrice 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCorpora cardiaca‐corpora allata (CC‐CA) from vitellogenic females of Nauphoeta cinerea degraded, in vitro, racemic and (10R)‐juvenile hormone III (JH III) at a rate of 249 pmol/CC‐CA/h and 786 pmol/CC‐CA/h, respectively. The major metabolite formed was JH III acid, together with some highly polar products. CC‐CA homogenates degraded racemic JH III to a small extent, whereas (10R)‐JH III was degraded efficiently to JH III acid. No highly polar products were formed by CC‐CA homogenates. When CC‐CA were incubated with racemic JH III acid, some of this substance was degraded to highly polar products, and a minor part was methylated to JH III. CC degraded very little JH III acid and did not methylate it to JH III. CC‐CA homogenates methylated JH III acid very efficiently; we measured an apparent Kmax of 37.8 μM and a Vmax of 1,260 pmol/4 h/ CC‐CA equivalent. The addition of JH III acid to CC‐CA in vitro increased the rate of biosynthesis of JH III, as determined by measuring incorporation of methyl[14C]methionine into JH III. These data indicate that the metabolite JH III acid can enter the CA and be methylated to JH III.
A high molecular weight diapause‐associated protein from the stem‐borer Busseola fusca: Purification and properties
Authors: Osir Ellie O. , Labongo Lanek V. , Unnithan Gopalan C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe hemolymph of diapausing larvae of the stem borer, Busseola fusca Fuller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), contains an electrophoretically distinct protein band on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The protein, called the Busseola diapause protein (BDP), was purified by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel permeation, and affinity chromatography. It is a high molecular weight protein (Mr ∼5 × 105; pl = 6.1) that is composed of two subunits, I (Mr ∼88,000 ± 4,000) and II (Mr ∼79,000 ± 1,000), which are not linked by disulfide bridges. The protein contains both lipids (2%) as well as covalently bound carbohydrates (1%). The inability to stain the fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated concanavalin A (FITC‐Con A) suggests that the carbohydrate moiety of BDP is not of the high mannose type. Amino acid analysis showed a high tyrosine plus phenylalanine content (16 mol%). Labeling studies using [35S]‐methionine showed that de novo synthesis by the fat body tissue occurs only in diapausing larval insects. It is proposed that the BDP could serve a storage function by providing the amino acids needed for the synthesis of pupal and adult structures.
Ovarian muscularis of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans: Its structural, motile, and pharmacological properties
Authors: Cook Benjamin J. , Peterson Tara 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe muscles of the ovary of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) appear to consist of two groups: (1) a network of stellate muscle cells that cover the surface of the ovary and (2) fibers that surround the ovarioles. Innervation of the ovaries was largely restricted to the region of the pedicels. The structural arrangements of the ovarian muscles provided the basis for two distinct patterns of movement. The contraction of the sheath that surrounds the ovary produced the appearance of a pulsing sphere, while the activation of muscle fibers that encompass the ovarioles may cause a vertical translation of eggs within the tubes. The various patterns of motility derived from the combined and separate actions of these two groups of muscles are described. Oscillations in the size of the ovary were the most prominent and frequent kind of spontaneous activity observed. A complete cycle of oscillation ranged from 200 ms to 4 s. Day‐old stable flies consistently had the highest rate (30%) of ovarian sheath compression of the three age groups examined, while 2‐day‐old flies had the lowest (less than 10%). Seven‐day flies had inconsistent rates that ranged from o to 25%. Two kinds of ovarian compression were recognized on impedance myographs on the basis of small and large amplitudes. Changes in tonus were also detected. Octopamine produced large increases in the amplitude of spherical compressions at 10−7 M. The neuropeptide proctolin (10−9 M) caused changes in both the frequency and amplitude of ovarian contractions. Glutamic acid consistently caused a marked reduction in the amplitude of ovarian compressions.
Glutathione peroxidase activity in insects: A reassessment
Authors: Ahmad Sami , Beilstein Michael A. , Pardini Ronald S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn vertebrate species, cytotoxic H2O2 and other lipid or organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) formed in aerobic metabolism are removed by a selenoprotein, glutathione peroxidase (GPOX). The GPOX activity in most rat tissues ranges from 100 to 1,000 units (1 unit = 1 nmol NADPH oxidized·mg protein−1·min−1), except for muscles (20–30 units). In contrast, GPOX activities of two strains of the housefly (Musca domestica), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania), and black swallowtail butterfly (Papilio polyxenes), were found to be in the range 2–12 units. Trivial GPOX activity was detected in the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum). In the earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris), banana slug (Ariolimax columbianus), and market squid (Loligo opalescens), the GPOX activity ranged from 1 to 5 units. Tissue selenium concentrations were about 500–1,000 ppb for adult M. domestica, 600 ppb in T. confusum, 32 ppb in T. ni, 17 ppb in S. eridania, and 31 ppb in P. polyxenes larvae. The form of selenium incorporated at such high levels in tissues of invertebrates such as M. domestica remains an unresolved issue. Peroxidase activity of non‐selenium glutathione‐S‐transferase (GT) against ROOH may compensate for the low GPOX activity. Catalase (CAT) has high activity and wide subcellular distribution in insects. This may be an evolutionary adaptation to GT's inability to catalyze the reduction of H2O2. The GT's peroxidase and CAT activities were not assessed for other invertebrate species, and warrants an investigation due to their reported low GPOX levels.
Cycles of protein synthesis during pupal diapause in the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis
Authors: Joplin Karl H. , Denlinger David L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractProtein synthesis is cyclic during pupal diapause in Sarcophaga crassipalpis. These cycles are in phase with infradian MO2 cycles, which have a periodicity of about 4 days at 25°C. Mean incorporation of [35S]methionine by diapausing pupae was 5.4% during the 2 days of highest MO2 but dropped to 1.7% during the 2 days of low MO2. Diapausing pupae treated with a juvenile hormone analog prior to pupariation had a constant high MO2 similar to peak values observed in untreated pupae, and such pupae consistently incorporated [35S]methionine at a high rate (7.7%). [35S]Methionine incorporation by nondiapausing pupae and pharate adults was eightfold higher than the peak rates observed during diapause. Autoradiography of in vivo labeled proteins indicated quantitative and qualitative changes in the synthesis of proteins by diapausing pupae during different phases of the MO2 cycle. Brains from diapausing pupae labeled in vitro showed higher incorporation at the peak of the MO2 cycle than at the nadir of the cycle, but no such differences were detected for integument, fat body, or fat body supernatant. Theses differences in tissue response indicate that control of protein synthesis during diapause is not cell autonomous, but is a function of the metabolism of the intact organism.
Sex pheromone biosynthesis in the housefly: Evidence for the regulation of the fatty acyl‐CoA desaturation and elongation system by 20‐hydroxyecdysone
Authors: Vaz Apollo H. , Brownson Elizabeth A. , Blomquist Gary J. , Reitz Ronald C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of age, sex, and 20‐hydroxyecdysone treatments on fatty acyl‐CoA desaturation and elongation, key reactions in sex pheromone biosynthesis in the housefly,Musca domestica, were investigated. Radio‐HPLC analyses of the elongation products of [1‐14C] 18: 1‐CoA in the presence of malonyl‐CoA and NADPH by microsomes prepared from 0‐, 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐day‐old males and 0‐ and 1‐day‐old female houseflies showed that all even‐numbered monounsaturated fatty acids up to 30 carbons were formed. Insects of these ages and sexes produce alkenes of 27 carbons and longer. When microsomes prepared from females 2, 3, and 4 days old (vitellogenic through postvitellogenic) were used, there was no elongation of [1‐14C] 18: 1‐CoA beyond the 24: 1 fatty acyl moiety. Similarly, neither [1‐14C]22: 1‐CoA nor [14, 15‐3H]24: 1‐CoA were efficiently elongated beyond the 24: 1‐acyl moiety in mature females. Females 2–4 days old produce, as their major alkene, the sex pheromone component (Z)‐9‐tricosene (“muscalure,” Z9‐23 Hy), and they use 24: 1‐CoA as the fatty acyl precursor. The initial precursor for the long chain monoenoic fatty acids is oleic acid. Males treated with 20‐hydroxyecdysone and 2–4‐day‐old females desaturated 18: O‐CoA to 18: 1‐CoA with 36–57% less efficiency than control males or previtellogenic females. These data demonstrate that 20‐hydroxyecdysone is involved in the regulation of (Z)‐9‐tricosene production by altering both desaturation and elongation activities.
Regional differentiation of fat bodies in larvae of the indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella
Authors: Shirk Paul D. , Malone Christine C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, contain two morphologically distinct fat bodies. Tan‐colored, highly tracheated fat body located posteriorly in the abdomen was the predominant fat body tissue during the early larval instars. White, sheet fat body located more anteriorly became the predominant type during the fifth (last) larval instar and eventually occupied most of the space of the hemocoel. Ultrastructural morphology of tan fat body showed the tissue to be composed of cells containing numerous, large, spherical mitochondria, with only few lipid, glycogen, or protein storage structures. In contrast, white fat body was composed of cells that in later larval stages had organelles typical of storage functions. Both fat bodies produced storage proteins during the late fifth instar, whereas only white fat body accumulated the storage proteins. Tan fat body dispersed and apparently autolyzed in pharate pupae, whereas the white fat body metamorphosed and persisted into the adult stage. These observations indicate that fat body of the Indianmeal moth is functionally and morphologically differentiated along the anterior‐posterior axis into two regional subgroups of cells.
High‐affinity uptake of [3H]serotonin in cultured neurones of the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Bermudez Isabel , Beadle David J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCultured central neurons from the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, have been used to investigate the uptake of [3H]serotonin. The neurones accumulate [3H]serotonin from the extracellular medium by both a high‐and a low‐affinity system. The activity of the high‐affinity mechanism is decreased by low temperature and metabolic poisons, and is dependent on sodium and chloride ions. Both depolarising levels of external potassium ions and veratridine decrease the high‐affinity uptake system, suggesting it is influenced by the transmembrane potential. The pyrethroid insecticides, deltamethrin and permethrin, enhance the inhibitory effect of veratridine. Pyrethroid enhancement is completely blocked by tetrodotoxin, and neither pyrethroid affects the uptake system in the absence of veratridine. Avermectin B1A is a powerful inhibitor of the high‐affinity uptake system, and its effect is blocked by picrotoxin. High‐affinity uptake of [3H]serotonin is inhibited by imipramine and amitriptyline; desipramine has no significant effect on this uptake. The activity of the high‐affinity system is also reduced by 8‐hydroxy‐dipropylaminotetralin, α‐methyl‐serotonin, and 1‐(3‐chlorophenyl)piperazine. Dopamine, noradrenaline, octopamine, and the formamidine insecticides, chlordimeform and demethylchlordimerform, are moderate inhibitors of the high‐affinity uptake system. The formamidine effect is not blocked by tetrodotoxin or picrotoxin.
Physiological interactions between the host genus Heliothis and its guild of parasitoids
Authors: Bradleigh Vinson S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFactors produced in Hymenopteran parasitoids from their poison gland or from calyx region of the ovary or from both effect changes in host growth. In this review, the sources of these factors from parasitoids of Heliothis spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are described and their effects on host growth are compared. An evaluation of protein, amino nitrogen, and trehalose levels in the hemolymph of parasitized Heliothis indicates that each parasitoid species exerts a different effect on Heliothis. A number of parasitoid genera still remain to be evaluated relative to their effects on host growth before a relationship can be established between parasitoid taxon and effects of their parasitism on hosts.
Venom proteins of the endoparasitic wasp Chelonus Near Curvimaculatus: Characterization of the major components
Authors: Jones Davy , Leluk Jacek 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe venom apparatus of Chelonus near curvimaculatus (Braconidae) has a simple (type 2) morphology. Most of the venom is accumulated in a thin‐walled venom reservoir at the distal end of the gland filament as a 10–17% protein solution. The best results for isolation of the proteins were obtained using 7.5% sucrose in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4. There are four major proteins, with respective Mr values of 32,500, 47,000, 53,000, and 131,000. Of these, those of Mr 32,500, 53,000, and 131,000 contain carbohydrate. Most of the venom proteins are acidic with pI values between 4.9 and 6.9. The venom does not show proteolytic activity corresponding to serine or thiol proteinases, nor does it show antitrypsin or antichymotrypsin activity. Using immunoblotting techniques, it was established that during parasitization of a single host egg (Trichoplusia ni) about 1/200 of a venom reservoir equivalent is injected. All major venom proteins have been found in stung T. ni eggs; thus, no detectable changes in their molecular weight occur during injection or shortly after injection into the host.
Viruslike particle proteins from a hymenopteran endoparasitoid are related to a protein component of the immune system in the lepidopteran host
Authors: Schmidt Otto , Andersson Kerstin , Will Annette , Schuchmann‐Feddersen Imke 
Published: February 2005

AbstractInsect endoparasitoids are able to circumvent the defense reactions of their habitual hosts. In the ichneumonid wasp Venturia canescens, viruslike particles found on the egg surface are responsible for the protection of the parasitoid against the encapsulation reaction of the host. Some of the particle proteins are structurally and probably functionally related to a protein in the host caterpillar Ephestia kühniella. The host protein is synthesized in hemocytes and fat body in low amounts and can be induced together with other proteins to higher levels of protein synthesis after bacterial infection. Hemocytes that show an increased expression of protein(s) are less likely to attach to a glass surface and are not involved in spreading.
The biochemical and physiological effects of insect hosts on the development and ecology of their insect parasites: An overview
Authors: Lawrence Pauline O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe behavior, development, morphology, and ecology of parasitic insects are known to be influenced by various aspects of their hosts. These aspects include chemical cues emanating from the potential host that influence host location and acceptance by the ovipositing parasite female, as well as the age, size, and general physiological state of the host in which the immature parasite develops. Some parasitic insects develop optimally in the host egg, others in early to mid‐larval instar hosts, and still others in late‐larval to pupal stage hosts. This niche partitioning among parasites likely reflects parasite strategies to minimize competition. However, important biochemical conditions mediated by endocrine and nutritional factors within the hosts themselves dictate the extent to which these strategies are successful. In this paper I suggest that endocrine‐mediated metabolic events in late‐larval through pupal stage insects render these stages to be a nutritionally distinct resource from the early through mid‐larval stage. Consequently, members of these two groups are exploited by insect parasites which themselves have different nutritional requirements. To support this hypothesis, selected aspects of insect nutrition and endocrinology that may influence the suitability of early to mid‐stage larval hosts vs. late‐larval to pupal hosts for parasite development are reviewed. The possible impact of host suitability on aspects of parasite ecology, e.g., sex ratios and voltinism, is also briefly addressed.
Variations of biogenic amine levels in the brain of Pieris brassicae pupae during nondiapausing and diapausing development
Authors: Puiroux Jacques , Moreau Robert , Gourdoux Lucienne 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe post‐embryonic development of Pieris brassicae can either be continuous (under a long photoperiod) or interrupted at the pupal stage (induced by a short photoperiod); this phenomenon is termed facultative diapause. Several studies have indicated that certain brain mechanisms could be directly involved in the perception of variations in the photoperiod and could mediate some physiological effects particular to dormancy. Biogenic amines have been particularly implicated in the response to photoperiod variations and also in the regulation of development, especially in diapause induction and termination.High performance liquid chromatography with dual electrochemical detection has therefore been used to measure several biogenic amines in pupal nervous tissues at various stages of nondiapausing and diapausing development.During direct development, the levels of dopamine (DA) and N‐acetyldopamine (NADA: a DA metabolite) in brain were relatively high in 3‐day‐old pupae and at the end of pupal life (on the 8th day). Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (another metabolite of DA) showed no variation. Serotonin was mainly observed in 2–3‐day‐old pupae but 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid was never detected. In young diapausing insects, similar variations of DA levels were observed even though a slight decrease of DA metabolites was noted. Serotonin appeared somewhat later (4–5 days) and attained higher levels. In late diapausing pupae, a marked increase in DA levels was observed, especially when pupae were kept at low temperature (4°C). During diapause, serotonin levels were reduced or even absent.
Effects of female wasp accessory secretions, host fat body, and host hemolymph on protein synthesis and egg viability in Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae)
Authors: Ferkovich Stephen M. , Dillard Charles R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEffects of female wasp reproductive gland secretions, host fat body and hemolymph, and mechanical constriction of the parasitoid egg on protein synthesis were studied in eggs of Microplitis croceipes (Braconidae) dissected from the wasp ovary. Protein synthesis was measured by 35S‐methionine incorporation in eggs held in tissue culture medium for 16 h after treatment. Synthesis was stimulated in oocytes obtained from three regions of the ovary (egg tube, reservoir, and calyx) by fat body and venom gland but not by calyx fluid. A combination of fat body, venom gland, and calyx fluid did not enhance the level of synthesis relative to that of fat body or venom gland alone. Host hemolymph inhibited protein synthesis when incubated directly with the dissected eggs but not when the eggs were collected from an artificial oviposition substrate (AOS) containing hemolymph. The inhibitory effect of the hemolymph is thought to be due to the occurrence of melanization. Mechanical constriction did not alter the rate of synthesis, confirming an earlier report that synthesis in newly deposited eggs is ongoing and is not dependent on mechanical activation during the act of oviposition. Mechanisms responsible for sustaining protein synthesis in eggs for 16 h in vitro after their exposure to host hemolymph in the AOSs or fat body and venom gland are not known. Only a small percentage (<2%) of dissected ovarial reservoir oocytes that were mechanically constricted and exposed to the venom gland, calyx fluid, and host fat body hatched in vitro. In contrast, an earlier study demonstrated that 38% of eggs oviposited by female wasps into AOSs developed and hatched.