bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Race, Class, and Residential Preferences in the Neighborhood Racial Composition of Middle‐Class Blacks and Whites*
Authors: Adelman Robert M. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. This analysis extends the residential attainment literature by examining the neighborhood racial composition of middle‐class blacks and whites while controlling for residential preferences.Methods. Using the Multi‐City Study of Urban Inequality and 1990 Census data, the spatial assimilation and place stratification theories of locational attainment are tested.Results. As in previous research, support is shown for both theories; for blacks, stronger human capital characteristics translate into neighborhoods that are less racially segregated. However, even when middle‐class blacks prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods, on average, they live in neighborhoods that are about 60 percent black and 30 percent white, while middle‐class whites who prefer to live in integrated neighborhoods reside in neighborhoods that, on average, are 10 percent black and 85 percent white.Conclusions. Although incorporating residential preferences into models that predict neighborhood racial composition proves important, the relative inability of middle‐class blacks to implement their preferences indicates powerful social forces that maintain “American apartheid.”
Participation of RANTES and T‐Cell Apoptosis in Human Renal Allograft
Authors: Racca A. , Bailat A. , García M. I. , Soutullo A. , Gaite L. , Malan Borel I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the serum RANTES (Regulated upon Activation of Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) levels and the expression of CCR5, as well as the percentage of apoptotic cells, in peripheral T lymphocytes from renal transplanted patients with acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR) or stable evolution (SE). RANTES serum levels were determined by enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay and CCR5 expression, as well as the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes, on a FACScan flow cytometer. After staining with different antibodies, the cells were subjected to three‐colour flow cytometric analysis. Data analysis was performed using winmdi 2.5 software. The serum RANTES level and percentages of CCR5/CD4 and CCR5/CD8 T lymphocytes in CR, AR and SE were lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The level of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in early apoptosis was higher in AR patients than in CR, SE or C groups (P < 0.05). In the case of late apoptosis, the percentage of apoptotic/necrotic cells was higher in the CR than AR, SE or C groups (P < 0.05). The RANTES serum levels and the percentage of peripheral CCR5 T lymphocytes would not indicate the renal allograft state. The increase of early apoptotic T lymphocytes could be a marker of AR process and could also indicate the initial step in reducing the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus favouring the graft evolution.
Phase determination and microstructure of oxide scales formed on steel at high temperature
Authors: WEST G. D. , BIROSCA S. , HIGGINSON R. L. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryEven in simple low‐alloy steels the oxide scales that form during hot working processes are often a complex mixture of three iron oxide phases: haematite, magnetite and wüstite. The mechanical properties, and hence descalability, are intimately linked with phase distribution and microstructure, which in turn are sensitive to both steel composition and oxidation conditions. In this study electron backscatter diffraction in the SEM has been used to characterize the microstructures of oxide scales formed on two compositions of low‐alloy steel. The technique can unambiguously differentiate between the candidate phases to provide the phase distribution within the scale. This is used to investigate grain orientation relationships both within and between phase layers. It has been found that the strength of the orientational relationship between the magnetite and wüstite layers is dependent on steel composition, and in particular Si content. In a low‐Si (0.01 wt%) alloy only a very weak relationship was found to exist for a range of oxidation temperatures (800–1000 °C), whereas for the higher Si (0.37 wt%) alloy a strong relationship was observed under the same oxidation conditions. These orientational relationships are particularly important because, in this temperature range, the majority of oxide scale growth occurs at the magnetite/wüstite interphase boundary.
Time evolution of sigma 3 annealing twins in secondary recrystallized nickel
Authors: BOOTH M. , RANDLE V. , OWEN G. 
Published: January 2005

SummarySamples of commercially pure nickel have been annealed in air at 0.68Tm (900 °C) for 1, 2 and 3 h in order to study the relationship between the grain growth characteristics and grain boundary misorientation, particularly annealing twins (Σ 3). Orientation mapping by electron backscatter diffraction was used to obtain the experimental data. Anomalous grain growth was observed in commercially pure nickel after each of the anneals. The main findings are as follows. The texture was mainly {100}<001> and {112}<111> and it was more pronounced in coarse‐grained areas than in fine‐grained areas. The length fraction of Σ 3s (annealing twins) increased with annealing time and therefore with the level of anomalous grain growth. Two to three twins per grain were sited in coarse‐grained regions whereas less than one twin per grain was sited in fine‐grained regions. It is suggested that the nucleation and growth of twinning is mechanistically linked to anomalous grain growth.
The use of combined cathodoluminescence and EBSD analysis: a case study investigating grain boundary migration mechanisms in quartz
Authors: PIAZOLO S. , PRIOR D. J. , HOLNESS M. D. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryGrain boundary migration is an important mechanism of microstructural modification both in rocks and in metals. Combining detailed cathodoluminescence (CL) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis offers the opportunity to relate directly changes in crystallographic orientation to migrating boundaries. We observe the following features in naturally heated quartz grains from the thermal aureole of the Ballachulish Igneous Complex (Scotland, U.K.): (a) propagation of substructures and twin boundaries in swept areas both parallel and at an angle to the growth direction, (b) development of slightly different crystallographic orientations and new twin boundaries at both the growth interfaces and within the swept area and (c) a gradual change in crystallographic orientation in the direction of growth. All these features are compatible with a growth mechanism in which single atoms are attached and detached both at random and at preferential sites, i.e. crystallographically controlled sites or kinks in boundary ledges. Additionally, strain fields caused by defects and/or trace element incorporation may facilitate nucleation sites for new crystallographic orientations at distinct growth interfaces but also at continuously migrating boundaries. This study illustrates the usefulness of combined CL and EBSD in microprocess analysis. Further work in this direction may provide detailed insight into both the mechanism of static grain growth and the energies and mobilities of boundaries in terms of misorientation and grain boundary plane orientation.
EBSD study of the orientation dependence of substructure characteristics in a model Fe−30wt%Ni alloy subjected to hot deformation
Authors: CIZEK P. , BAI F. , PALMIERE E. J. , RAINFORTH W. M. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe aim of the present investigation was to determine the orientation dependence of substructure characteristics in an austenitic Fe−30wt%Ni model alloy subjected to hot plane strain compression. Deformation was carried out at a temperature of 950 °C using a strain rate of 10 s−1 to equivalent strain levels of approximately 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8. The specimens obtained were analysed using a fully automatic electron backscatter diffraction technique. The crystallographic texture was characterized for all the strain levels studied and the subgrain structure was quantified in detail at a strain of 0.4. The substructure characteristics displayed pronounced orientation dependence. The major texture components, namely the copper, S, brass, Goss and rotated Goss, generally contained one or two prominent families of parallel larger‐angle extended subboundaries, the traces of which on the longitudinal viewing plane appeared systematically aligned along the {111} slip plane traces, bounding long microbands subdivided into slightly elongated subgrains by short lower‐angle transverse subboundaries. Relatively rare cube‐orientated grains displayed pronounced subdivision into coarse deformation bands containing large, low‐misorientated subgrains. The misorientation vectors across subboundaries largely showed a tendency to cluster around the sample transverse direction. Apart from the rotated Goss texture component, the stored energy levels for the remaining components were principally consistent with the corresponding Taylor factor values.
Identification of Armillaria isolates from Bhutan based on DNA sequence comparisons
Authors: Coetzee M. P. A. , Wingfield B. D. , Kirisits T. , Chhetri D. B. , Bloomer P. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: January 2005

Armillaria root rot is a serious disease in fir and mixed conifer forests of Bhutan, Eastern Himalayas. The species causing this disease have, however, never been identified. The aim of this study was to identify field isolates collected at four localities in Bhutan. Identification was based on RFLP analysis of the IGS‐1 region, comparisons of ITS and IGS‐1 sequence data with those available on GenBank, cladistic analyses and sexual compatibility studies. Isolates were found to reside in two distinct RFLP groups. RFLP group 1 isolates from Pinus wallichiana at Yusipang had RFLP profiles and IGS‐1 sequences similar to those of Armillaria mellea ssp. nipponica. Although ITS sequence data are not available for A. mellea ssp. nipponica, sequences from this DNA region were most similar to the closely related A. mellea from Asia. The RFLP profile and IGS‐1 sequences for RFLP group 2 isolates from Abies densa at Changaphug, Tsuga dumosa at Chimithanka as well as Picea spinulosa and T. dumosa in the Phobjikha valley were similar to those published for Armillaria borealis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gemina and Armillaria ostoyae. Distance analysis based on IGS‐1 and ITS sequence data indicated that these isolates are closely related to A. cepistipes, Armillaria gallica and Armillaria sinapina. The isolates were, however, sexually incompatible with tester strains of A. cepistipes, A. gallica and A. sinapina. Although closely related to these species, they appear to represent a distinct taxon that will be referred to as Bhutanese phylogenetic species I (BPS I) until basidiocarps are found and the species can be described.
Diversity and population dynamics ofPenicilliumspp. on apples in pre‐ and postharvest environments: consequences for decay development
Authors: Amiri A. , Bompeix G. 
Published: January 2005

Isolates ofPenicilliumspp. were collected regularly from 2001 to 2003 from the surfaces of apple fruit pre‐ and postharvest, and from the atmosphere of orchards and storage rooms in France.Penicilliumspp. were not detected from the atmosphere of conventional orchards, while their density did not exceed 50 spores m−3in the atmosphere of organically managed orchards.Penicilliumspp. were seldom detected on apple surfaces in the orchard. The density ofPenicilliumon apples increased from 10 to 50 spores cm−2after 1 month in storage to 300–400 spores cm−2after 6 months. The level of airbornePenicilliumincreased by up to 2 × 104and 2·5 × 103spores m−3within nondisinfected and previously disinfected warehouses, respectively.Penicillium expansum(30–62%) andP. solitum(6–45%) were the most prevalent species on apple or in storage rooms. Other species ofPenicilliumisolated includedP. commune,P. verrucosum,P. chrysogenum,P. rugulosumandP. digitatum. Apple fruit were also surveyed for wounds and the number of open lenticels using the sulphur dioxide test. The incidence of wounding at harvest varied from 12 to 36%, depending on cultivar and locality. When apples were inoculated at harvest by either aqueous or aerial inoculum ofP. expansum, the decay incidence was constantly higher than the incidence of wounding. The number of open lenticels per cm2of apple surface varied from 0·5 on cv. Boskoop to 4·4 on cv. Golden Delicious. An average of 13 and 2·1% of lenticels, respectively, were infected when they were inoculated byP. expansumandP. verrucosum. Cultivars of apple fruit that showed a greater number of open lenticels, combined with a large diameter varying from 100 to 200 µm, were more susceptible toP. expansum.
Psychosocial implications of Thalassemia Major
Authors: Aydinok Yesim , Erermis Serpil , Bukusoglu Nagihan , Yilmaz Deniz , Solak Ufuk 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: Many causes including the chronicity of disease, burden of treatment modalities, morbidities, and the expectation of early death resulting from the disease complications, may lead to psychosocial burden in Thalassemia Major (TM) patients.
Methods
: A total of 38 patients with TM and their mothers were recruited to evaluate the psychosocial burden as well as to disclose whether the psychological status of the patients contribute to the compliance with the therapy or to the contrary. Demographic and disease variables were obtained. Child Behavior Check‐list (CBCL) was completed by the mothers of the patients. A detailed psychiatric interview based on the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnostic criteria was performed for each patient. Symptom Distress Checklist 90 (SCL‐90) scale was given to all mothers for evaluating their psychopathology.
Results
: Although CBCL scores remained between the normal ranges, desferrioxamine mesylate (DFO)‐compliant patients and the patients with lower ferritin values had significantly higher scores. A total of 24% of the patients had a psychiatric diagnosis including major depression, anxiety disorder, tic disorder, and enuresis nocturnal. The psychiatric diagnosis was significantly higher in the patients who were compliant with desferrioxamine compared with the non‐compliant group (P = 0.007). The SCL‐90 scores indicated that the mothers who had a child with good adherence to DFO had higher scale scores than the mothers with a poor adherent child.
Conclusions
: The increase risk of psychosocial and behavioral problems in thalassemics and their parents indicated the importance of a lifelong psychosocial support for the prevention of mental health issues. The patients and their parents, who were more conscious of the illness, were more worried but more compliant with the therapy and need stronger psychiatric support.
Recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in low‐birthweight preterm infants: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Arif Bahar , Ferhan Karademir 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: This study aimed to detect the effectiveness of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in preventing premature anemia in low‐birthweight preterm infants.
Methods
: A total of 292 premature infants who were born earlier than 33 gestational weeks and smaller than 1500 g birthweight were enrolled into the study. In addition to their conventional supportive therapy (medications), recombinant human erythropoietin 200 U/kg twice a week, subcutaneously, was given to randomly selected 142 premature infants for 6 weeks. The blood count variables and need for transfusions were compared with the remaining 150 premature infants during 6 months follow up.
Results
: Serum erythropoietin levels were 11.3 ± 6.1 mU/mL and 38.3 ± 19.1 mU/mL in the erythropoietin group before and at the fourth week of the study, respectively (P < 0.001). Reticulocyte counts of the group treated with erythropoietin were 146 × 106 ± 28 × 106/mL and 122 × 106 ± 27 × 106/mL at the fourth and seventh week of the study, respectively, and these values were significantly higher when compared with the control group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). At the same period, hematocrit values were also found to be higher in the treatment group than the control group (P < 0.001). Serum ferritin levels were lower in the treatment group compared with the control group at the fourth week of the study. No side‐effects related to erythropoietin usage were encountered. The need for packed cell transfusions were 47% in the group treated with erythropoietin and 62.6% in the control group. A statistically significant difference was found for transfusion needs between the control and treatment groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusion
: Recombinant erythropoietin is effective therapy for maintaining stable hematocrit levels in low‐birthweight preterm infants and prevents the need for blood transfusions.
Women's health after plastic surgery
Authors: Englert H. , Joyner E. , Mcgill N. , Chambers P. , Horner D. , Hunt C. , Makaroff J. , O'Connor H. , Russell N. , March L. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Background: Allegations that exposure to endogenous silicone, especially related to breast implants, might be causally related to connective tissue disease originated from case studies. More recent comparative studies have implied no such increased risk. The aims of the present study were to compare the prevalence and/or incidence of autoimmune and connective tissue disorders in a population‐based cohort of female Sydney residents stratified by augmentation mammoplasty status. Methods: In this population‐based retrospective cohort study, the health status of female Sydney residents who had augmentation mammoplasty for cosmetic reasons between 1979 and 1983 was compared with that of female Sydney residents who had non‐silicone‐ associated plastic surgery over the same period. Both groups were matched for age (± 5 years), year of plastic surgery (± 2 years), plastic surgeon, anaesthetist and mode of anaesthesia. Outcome measures comprised rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, sicca symptoms polymyositis/ dermatomyositis, connective tissue disease overlap, digital vasospasm, abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy, elevated antinuclear antibody titre, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, livedo reticularis, thyroid disease, multiple sclerosis, axillary lymphadenopathy, fibromyalgia and breast carcinoma. Results: There was no difference in the occurrence of connective tissue diseases or connective tissue disease‐related parameters, thyroid disorders, fibromyalgia or multiple sclerosis between cohorts. However, axillary adenopathy and low titre positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) occurred with a significantly greater frequency in the exposed cohort (odds ratio (OR) = 3.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.10–5.84 and OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.03–1.62, respectively). Axillary adenopathy correlated with capsular contracture (relative risk (RR) = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.22–3.51) and also the self‐reported development of digital vasospasm (RR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.46–7.03) after breast augmentation. Conclusions: No association was found between augmentation mammoplasty exposure and various connective tissue diseases and/or their related features. However, axillary adenopathy and low titre ANA were detected more frequently in the exposed cohort. Women with axillary adenopathy were more likely to have breast capsular contracture and report digital vasospasm post‐dating surgery. Given comparable frequencies of higher titre ANA of both cohorts, the finding of elevations of low titre ANA is of dubious clinical significance. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 77–89)
Lung volume reduction surgery: The Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Snell G. I. , Peacock M. , Garrett J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLung volume reduction surgery involves the removal of emphysematous lung tissue with the aim of palliating symptoms in selected patients with severe emphysema. This form of surgery is being practised in Australia with favourable short‐term outcomes, similar to those reported in the literature. Large multicentre trials are currently underway in North America and the United Kingdom to clarify issues of safety and long‐term efficacy. As a result, it is too early to apply an evidence‐based approach to this procedure. In the meantime, local audits of practice need to be undertaken to define patient subgroups at higher risk of morbidity and mortality. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 112–115)
Modelling the interplay between pest movement and the physical design of trap crop systems
Authors: Hannunen Salla 
Published: January 2005

Abstract  1 The interplay between pest movement and trap crop physical design is modelled in a situation where the pest moves by a random walk with spatially variable mobility. Questions addressed are: (i) how does the proportion of trap crop area of the total field area influence the equilibrium distribution of pests among the crop and the trap crop and (ii) how do crop patch size and shape influence the speed of pest redistribution from the crop to the trap crop.2 When pest mobility in the trap crop is clearly lower than that in the crop, the pest population in the crop decreases very sharply for small trap crop proportions. When mobility in the trap crop is slightly closer to that in the crop, the pest population in the crop decreases much more gradually with increasing trap crop proportion. Thus finding a trap crop that the pest distinctly prefers over the crop appears to be crucial for developing efficient trap crop systems.3 The rate of decay in the pest population in the crop increases with increasing perimeter to area ratio of the crop patch. Hence, designing field layouts to increase the perimeter to area ratio of crop patches may be beneficial.
Biogeography of bacteria associated with the marine sponge Cymbastela concentrica
Authors: Taylor Michael W. , Schupp Peter J. , De Nys Rocky , Kjelleberg Staffan , Steinberg Peter D. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryRecent debate regarding microbial biogeography has focused largely on free‐living microbes, yet those microbes associated with host organisms are also of interest from a biogeographical perspective. Marine eukaryotes and associated bacteria should provide ideal systems in which to consider microbial biogeography, as (i) bacteria in seawater should be able to disperse among individuals of the same host species, yet (ii) potential for adaptation to particular hosts (and thus speciation) also exists. We used 16S rDNA‐DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) to examine geographic variability in bacterial community composition in the marine sponge Cymbastela concentrica. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis banding patterns (and phylogenetic analysis of excised DGGE bands) indicated different communities in Cymbastela concentrica from tropical versus temperate Australia. In contrast, communities were very similar over a 500‐km portion of the sponge's temperate range. Variation in bacterial community composition was also considered with respect to ocean current patterns. We speculate that the divergent communities in different parts of the sponge's range provide evidence of endemism attributed to host association, although variation in environmental factors such as light and temperature could also explain the observed results. Interestingly, bacterial communities in seawater varied much less between tropical and temperate locations than did those in C. concentrica, supporting the concept of widespread dispersal among these free‐living microbes.