bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a History of Latin American Exile in the Nineteenth Century. Introduction
Authors: Blumenthal Edward , Sánchez Romy 
Published: February 2024

This dossier seeks to examine the role of exile in nineteenth-century
Latin America, in order to give historical perspective to the growing literature
on exile in the region in the twentieth century and provide a wider
perspective to European-centered studies of exile in the period. Ranging
from the independence period to the early twentieth century, it explores the
continuities and the evolution in the practice of exile during the formative
century that saw the birth of independent republics and the emergence of
modern nation-states. The introduction highlights this historiographical
contribution, exploring the particularities of Latin American exile. Using
a broad definition of exile, it also addresses the legal and social categories
used to understand and regulate exile in the period, independent of political
ideology, and explores how the study of the mechanisms of exile can shed
new light on the familiar political historiographies, or those of war, class,
race, and gender. Finally it examines how exile intersects with questions
of sovereignty, nation-building, and territorial dynamics, underscoring the
transnational and foundational aspect of exile in the national and international
politics of the region.
Expatriados en la madre patria: El estado de limbo de los emigrados realistas en el imperio español, 1790-1830
Authors: Chambers Sarah C. 
Published: February 2024

Este artículo examina las solicitudes de socorro y compensación presentadas
por los realistas desplazados por los distintos conflictos en curso
a lo largo del imperio español en un período en que las fronteras estaban
porosas. Se analizará la terminología empleada tanto por los emigrados
como por las autoridades en España, Cuba y Puerto Rico para establecer el
límite entre inclusión y exclusión. El vocablo “patria” podía expresar una
pertenencia ambigua al lugar de nacimiento, a la comunidad de vasallos
españoles, o a una nación incipiente. Cuando los emigrados se quejaban de
ser tratados como forasteros por sus supuestos compatriotas, ellos expresaban
una identidad bifurcada similar a la manifestada por exiliados extranjeros.
Exilio, política y guerra: Los emigrados orientales en Argentina y Brasil en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX
Authors: Reali María Laura 
Published: February 2024

La circulación de civiles y militares entre Uruguay, Argentina y Brasil en
contextos conflictivos ha sido objeto de estudio hasta la Guerra del Paraguay,
pero aparece menos visible en la producción sobre las últimas dos décadas
del siglo XIX, interesada primariamente en la migración transatlántica y
en las transformaciones políticas al interior de los espacios nacionales.
Ese fenómeno transnacional es aquí considerado a partir de la articulación
entre la dimensión colectiva del exilio político uruguayo hacia los países
limítrofes (volumen y prácticas políticas de la emigración, iniciativas de
repatriación) y la presentación del itinerario individual paradigmático del
Coronel Diego Lamas.
The Boundaries and the Bonds of Citizenship: Race, Empire, and Exile in Cuba, 1898-1902
Authors: Caraballo Muller Dalia Antonia 
Published: February 2024

This article explores the challenges that Cubans exiled abroad and
internally exiled Africans in Cuba posed to the entwined processes of US
empire- and Cuban nation-state formation at the turn of the twentieth century.
While exiled Cubans made demands on state and empire concerning their
rights of citizenship and inclusion, internally exiled Africans made demands
on state and imperial officials concerning their rights to self-determination
and non-belonging. Both sets of challenges threatened to disrupt the capitalist,
white supremacist national/imperial projects of Cuban state- and United
States empire-formation. Highlighting these cases while juxtaposing them
reveals how exile was used as a preemptive technology of control during
empire- and nation-state-building in U.S.-occupied Cuba at the turn of the
twentieth century.
De la hacienda a la comunidad: la sierra de Piura, 1934-1990
Authors: Irurozqui Victoriano Marta 
Published: February 2024

KAREN APEL: Lima, IEP-CNRS-IFEA, 1996. Uno de los temas centrales de la investigación antropológica, histórica y económica del Perú desde los años sesenta han sido las comunidades indígenas o campesinas. Sin embargo, el empleo de ejemplos provenientes exclusivamente de los Andes centrales y sureños ha dado lugar a modelos difíciles de aplicar a la zona norte del país. Los pocos estudios que hay sobre ella coinciden en que los rasgos "típicos" de la cultura andina son muy débiles y casi inexistentes en la región piurana de Frías, que es el objeto de estudio de Karen Apel. El propósito de esta autora es analizar las transformaciones fundamentales experimentadas por el sector agrario en Piura. Mediante la insistencia y demostración de la particularidad de la sierra norte del Perú, intenta reconstruir la situación de los campesinos dependientes de las haciendas y su conversión en comuneros.
Teknik Pendederan Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus goramy) di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar (BPBAT) Sungai Gelam Jambi
Authors: Nurhendra Novelin Nanda Nandita 
Published: February 2024

Ikan gurami (Osphronemus goramy) merupakan ikan air tawar yang banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat, karena rasa yang enak dan kandungan gizi yang tinggi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Teknik pendederan ikan gurami yang dilakukan di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar (BPBAT) Sungai Gelam. Studi ini dilaksanakan pada Januari s/d Februari 2022 di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar (BPBAT) Sungai Gelam, Provinsi Jambi. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dan praktik langsung dengan mengikuti semua kegiatan yang ada di lapangan yang berkaitan dengan pendederan ikan gurami. Pendederan ikan gurami diawali dengan mempersiapkan kolam berukuran 15 x 16 m2 serta ketinggian air 1 m dari dasar kolam yang meliputi kegiatan pengeringan air kolam, pembalikan tanah kolam, pengapuran, pengisian air kembali, pemupukan dengan menggunakan molase untuk menumbuhkan pakan alami, dan penebaran benih. Benih yang ditebar di sampling terlebih dahulu dan didapatkan padat tebar sebesar 75 ekor/m2. Dari hasil kegiatan, sampling dilakukan setiap 5 hari sekali dan didapatkan panjang mutlak 1.403 cm dan bobot mutlak 0.473 g. Selama masa pemeliharaan dilakukan pengecekan kualitas air dan didapatkan hasil berupa suhu 26-30C, pH 5,8-6,3, DO 3,6, dan kadar ammonia 0,0011-0,0017 mg/L.
Pemeliharaan Larva Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar (BPBAT) Sungai Gelam Jambi
Authors: Sentosa Rara Desfila 
Published: February 2024

Budidaya gurami memiliki potensi yang tinggi untuk dikembangkan untuk memenuhi permintaan masyarakat. Tujuan dari studi ini untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan pada pemeliharaan ikan gurami. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah metode survei. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Berdasarkan hasil studi yang telah dilakukan bahwa pemeliharaan ikan gurami di Balai Perikanan Budidaya Air Tawar Sungai Gelam Jambi diperoleh pertumbuhan panjang mutlak larva ikan gurami selama 7 hari sebesar 9,24 mm. Dan pertumbuhan bobot mutlak sebesar 0,0088 mg
Correlation of Morphological Characteristics of Nyamplung Seedling (Calophyllum inophyllum L) with The Performance at Field Condition
Authors: Ratna Ratna Damayanti Siantur , Dede Dede J Sudrajat 
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to assess the correlation of morphological characteristics of nyamplung seedling (Calophyllum inophyllum L) on field growth of two years age after outplanting in Parungpanjang, Bogor. Three seedlots collected from Carita, Pangandaran and Purworejo were grown in seedbeds with different ages (four months and six months). The seedlings are mixed and grouped according to their height and root collar diameter. Each group of seedlings is divided into 5 height classes and each class is divided into two diameter classes, so there are 10 classes of seed morphology. The parameters of seedling were observed on sturdirness quotient, dry weight, root length, shoot-root ratio, and number of leaves. The seedlings were planted in randomized completely block design (three seeds origins, 10 morphological class, three blocks, 30 seedlings per block). Seedling survival, height, and root collar diameter growth were assessed on two years after outplanting. The result showed that morphological classification affected on seedling survival, height and root collar diameter growth. Seedling height and root collar diameter were significantly correlated with other parameters and also with field growth. Two-year-old Nyamplung on field can grow significantly if we use seedling with a height above 31 cm and a diameter more than 5.1 mm. In addition, the ratio of height and diameter and seed quality index are become important consideration in seed selection.
Timber Volume Estimation Model for Commercial Tree Species in the Logging Area Concession of PT. Tunas Timber Lestari in Boven Digul, Papua
Authors: Freddy Freddy Jontara Hutapea , Kuswandi Relawan Kuswandi 
Published: February 2024

The volume estimation model is one of the most important components in developing sustainable forest management. Nowadays, various models for various types of forests in Indonesia have developed. Nevertheless, these models do not represent the type of forest ecosystem in Papua. Therefore, numerous studies are still needed to develop volume estimation model for various types of forests in Papua. This study was aimed to develop timber volume estimation model for commercial tree species in logging concession of PT. Tunas Timber Lestari in Sesnukt District, Boven Digul Regency, Papua Province. A total of 164 trees were chosen to develop the model and 50 trees for model validation. The result showed that diameter did not have a strong correlation with tree height. Therefore, the model should be developed using the combination of diameter and tree height. The best model in the development stage was selected based on the value of coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of the estimate (SEE), and Ftest. The best model in the validation stage was selected based on the value of bias (e), root mean square errors (RMSE), average deviation (SR), aggregative deviation (SA), and χ2test.. The best model for timber volume estimation in PT. Tunas Timber Lestari are V = 0.00007594 D1.978 H0.923.
Diversity and Potential of Herb Vegetation in Forest Area With Special Purpose (KHDTK) Kaliurang Yogyakarta as Medicines
Authors: Yuskianti Vivi Yuskianti , Miladiyah Miladiyah Hutami Saadi , Handayani Trikinasih Handayani 
Published: February 2024

Information on the diversity of plants, especially herbs and their potential as medicines is not widely known. This study aims to determine the diversity of herbs and their potential as medicines in the research forest area of Mount Merapi, KHDTK Kaliurang, Yogyakarta. The study in three areas found 27 species herbs with Centhoteca lappacea (L) Desv had the highest average Important Value Index (79.26 %) and Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl as the lowest (2.66 %). The Diversity Index (H’) of herbs in KHDTK Kaliurang is low (0.58-0.78). Its use and potential as medicines are found in 21 out of 27 herbs species. These herbs have been widely used for traditional medicine in many countries and further research also show the potential of these herbs for various diseases such as treatment of wounds, urinary problem, fever, diarrhea, anti-oxidant, diabetes, and cancer. Results of this study are expected to provide information on the potential of herbs for traditional and modern medicine. Furthermore, information on the diversity of these herbs can also complement the type of plants in the Mount Merapi region and increasing awareness on the importance of supporting efffort to utilize and preserve the herbs of the Merapi Mountain region, especially in the KHDTK Kaliurang.
Iris colour distribution and its relation with Refractive Errors in Gilgit-Baltistan
Authors: Armia Mishal , Khalid Shiza , Akhlaq Iqra , Taj Iqra , Batool Zahra 
Published: February 2024

Background: The study’s goal is to assess the iris colour distribution and its relation with refractive errors.
Objective(s): The main purpose of this study is to find out the assessment of iris colour distribution and its relation with refractive errors in Gilgit Baltistan.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, 214 individuals of age range from 15 to 35 were selected from Gilgit Baltistan through the process of random sampling. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were included in this study. The iris colour was classified into 5 groups I.e. light brown, dark brown, green, grey and blue. All individuals were examined for visual acuity, objective and subjective refraction.
Results: Out of the 214 selected individuals 159 (74.3%) individuals were myopic, 21 (9.8%) individuals were hyperopic and 34 (15.9%) were astigmatic. Light brown 135 (63.1%) was the most common iris colour in myopic individuals 114(84.4%) followed by dark brown 38(17.8%) in myopic individual 32 (84.2%), individuals with green 22(10.3%) had myopia 10 (45.5%), iris colour grey 10 (4.7%), blue 9 (4.2%) were least common iris colour in astigmatic individuals 6 (60.0%) and 8 (88.9%) respectively.
Conclusion(s): Individual with light and dark brown iris colour are at higher risk of myopia. Individuals with grey and blue iris colour have more chances to develop astigmatism
Nonpharmacological pain relief for labour pain: knowledge, attitude, and barriers among obstetric care providers
Authors: Abdel-Fatah Ibrahim Heba , Alshahrani Majed Said , Al-Qinnah Amlak Jaber , Elgzar Wafaa Taha 
Published: February 2024

Background
Labor pain is considered the worst pain in a woman’s life. Hence, pain control should be essential to labor management at any level. There is scarce information, and there are gaps regarding the knowledge, attitude, and barriers to the utilization of nonpharmacological approaches for pain relief in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the current study aims to evaluate nonpharmacological pain relief (NPPR)-related knowledge, attitudes, and barriers among obstetric care providers in Najran, Saudi Arabia.

Methods
A cross-sectional analytical study was performed at maternity departments in Maternal and Children Hospital (MCH), Najran, Saudi Arabia, from April 1 to May 26 2023. The study involved 186 obstetric care providers (OPCs), physicians (19), nurses (144), and midwives (23). A structured self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data and involves five main sections: demographic data, work-related data, nonpharmacological pain relief-related attitude, perceived barriers, and knowledge quiz. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) along with 95% CI was estimated to determine the factors associated with nonpharmacological pain relief-related knowledge and attitude using multivariate analysis in the binary logistic regression.

Results
Over three-quarters (79%) of obstetric care providers had adequate knowledge of nonpharmacological pain relief methods. The majority (85.5%) of the participants had a positive attitude toward NPPR in labour pain management, with the mean scores ranging from 3.55–4.23 for all sub-items. Obstetric care providers acknowledged that patient belief, lack of time, and workload were the strongest barriers to offering nonpharmacological pain relief methods for labour pain 67.6%, 64.5%, and 61.3%, respectively. In binary logistic regression analysis, the in-service training related to nonpharmacological pain relief (AOR = 5.871 (2.174–15.857), p = 0.000), (AOR = 3.942 (1.926–11.380), p = 0.013) and years of work experience (AOR = 1.678 (1.080–2.564), p = 0.019), (AOR = 1.740 (1.188–2.548), p = 0.003) were significantly associated with obstetric care providers’ knowledge and attitudes regarding nonpharmacological pain relief (p ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion
Although most OPCs have adequate knowledge and a positive attitude regarding NPPR, they need motivational strategies to enhance their utilization. In addition, an effort should be made to decrease OPCs’ workload to provide more time for NPPR application and patient education. Training courses and in-service training can play an important role in enhancing NPPR knowledge and attitude and, consequently, its application. Also, in each working unit, the policymakers should provide clear guidelines and policies that enhance and control the utilization of NPPR.
Mycoplasma and Neisseria Prevalence in Asymptomatic Women and Investigation of their Susceptibility to Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum Aqueous Extracts
Authors: Djinou Hermann Joe Djeukoua , Yemele Didiane Mefokou , Nodem Steve Francky Sohanang , Talom Benjamin Tangue , Newe Rosine Dicko , Yangai Sodea , Fodouop Simeon-Pierre Chegaing 
Published: February 2024

Neisseria and Mycoplasma are two prevalent bacteria in the female urogenital tract leading to gynecological infections and infertility. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Tamarindus indica and Syzygium aromaticum extracts against Neisseria and Mycoplasma isolates. It was a cross cectional study on 60 asymptomatic women at the Protestant and Regional Hospital of Ngaoundere. For this reason, a large consecutive sample of patients with several well-defined characteristics was assembled and urine and cervical-vaginal swab were collected using standard procedures. After being isolated on a specific medium, several strains of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was tested using the agar-well diffusion method. It was discovered that 70% of asymptomatic women had overall infection, with varying prevalence rates. The prevalence rates of Neisseria and Mycoplasma were 14.29% and 85.71% respectively. The aqueous extracts of Syzygium aromaticum against Neisseria produced inhibitory diameters of 43 mm, 40 mm and 32 mm at doses of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively while, at the same doses, the aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica produced inhibitory diameters of 16 mm, 14 mm and 13 mm, respectively. The combined extract of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica exhibits inhibitory diameters of 25, 23, and 30 mm at 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Syzygium aromaticum extract alone showed efficacy against Mycoplasma, with diameters of 16.5 mm, 13 mm and 10.5 mm at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL respectively. Inhibition diameters of 18 mm (for fosfomycin and ofloxacin), 22 mm (for chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone) and 26 mm (for levofloxacin) were found using Neisseria isolates. The only drugs that demonstrated efficacy against Mycoplasma were Minocycline and Josamycin. Given these findings, extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Tamarindus indica can be investigated and used to treat infections caused by Niesseria and Mycoplasma.
Statistical Approaches to the Design of Toxicology Studies
Authors: Gad Shayne C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractApplication of statistics to toxicological studies involves hypothesis testing, model fitting, and reduction of dimensionality. This unit reviews statistical approaches to data (i.e., descriptive statistics, experimental design, outliers and rounding of numbers, and specific applications) and includes a set of decision trees to assist in choosing the appropriate methods.
Transgenic Animals in Toxicology
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , Ware Carol B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTransgenic animals are a powerful tool in the exploration of the interaction of specific genes with the environment and/or toxins to understand the relation between biochemical and metabolic pathways and toxic effect. This overview discusses DNA construct design, methods for production of transgenic animals, including pronuclear fusion, gene targeting and chimera production, animal husbandry, and colony management.
Detection of Covalent Binding
Authors: Bruno Mary K. , Cohen Steven D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractImmunochemical detection of xenobiotics covalently bound to cellular proteins can provide information about toxic mechanism and is more specific than the alternative radiochemical studies. Both immunoblotting and immunohistochemical methods are used to pinpoint the target protein(s) and to identify the tissue targets. Also included in this unit are protocols for synthesizing artificial antigens, immunizing suitable host species, and using noncompetitive and competitive ELISA assays to characterize the antibodies produced.
Mutagenesis Assays in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Klein Catherine B. , Broday Limor , Costa Max 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMutagenesis assays in mammalian cells are frequently used to complement bacterial mutagenesis assays. This unit describes a mutagenesis assay using either Chinese hamster V79 cells or V79‐derivative gpt transgenic cell line to assess the effects of chemical agents on mammalian cells.
Measurements of UDP‐ Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Activities
Authors: Coffman Birgit L. , Rios Gladys R. , Tephly Thomas R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMammalian UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases are a family of isoenzymes that catalyze the reaction of endobiotics and xenobiotics with glucuronic acid resulting in the formation of hydrophilic glucuronides. This pathway is an important step in the metabolism and subsequent excretion of many compounds that would otherwise have toxic effects. This unit describes three methods for measuring UGT activity. Thin layer chromatography is a powerful screening method and may be used to analyze multiple substrates simultaneously. The Sep‐Pak C18 cartridge extraction method has been developed to specifically separate opioid glucuronides from UDP‐glucuronic acid. Finally, the ethyl acetate extraction method is used to separate the glucuronides of bilirubin, sterols, and vile acids from UDP‐glucuronic acid. These methods may be applied to a microsomal fraction or to cultured cells transformed with cDNA for UGT.
Detection of Metabolites Using High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: McClure Thomas D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit provides a discussion of high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐API‐MS) for separation, detection, and identification of products from xenobiotic metabolism. It includes an introduction and important technical information for electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization methods as well as scan modes. Emphasis has been placed on each method as related to phase I and phase II metabolite identification and there are listings of specific applications (and references) to reduce method development time.
Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap
Authors: Baynes Ronald E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe isolated porcine skin flap is used to determine the rate and extent of absorption of chemicals through skin. This ex vivo model system allows cutaneous toxicology and pharmacology studies to be conducted in viable skin that has a normal structure and intact microvasculature. Porcine skin is also anatomically and physiologically similar to human skin, therefore data from studies using this ex vivo system can in some cases to predict dermatopharmacokinetics and dermotoxicity to test compounds in humans.
Porcine Skin Flow‐Through Diffusion Cell System
Authors: Baynes Ronald E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPorcine Skin Flow‐Through Diffusion Cell System (Ronald E. Baynes, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina). Porcine skin can be used in a diffusion cell apparatus to study the rate and extent of absorption of topically applied chemicals through the skin. Although the skin of a number of animals can be used in this system, that of the pig most closely approximates human skin anatomically and physiologically.