bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotective effects of prostaglandin E2 or cAMP against microglial and neuronal free radical mediated toxicity associated with inflammation
Authors: Kim Eun Joo , Kwon Kyoung Ja , Park Jee‐Young , Lee Soo Hwan , Moon Chang‐Hyun , Baik Eun Joo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProstaglandin E2 (PGE2), a product of the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid released from membrane phospholipids, plays a critical role in inflammatory neurodegenerative conditions. Despite its classic role as a proinflammatory molecule, exogenous PGE2 was suggested to have protective roles against neuronal death, although the exact protective mechanisms of PGE2 are not yet defined. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of exogenous PGE2 on inflammatory neurotoxicity. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced neuronal toxicity, which was associated with terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive neuronal death with increased caspase‐3 activity. In neuron‐glial coculture, LPS markedly induced inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide (iNOS/NO) release from microglial cells, but not from neurons; however, LPS‐induced oxidative stress such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), measured with 2,7‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation, was increased in neurons, but not in microglial cells. Exogenous PGE2 (1 μg/ml) rescued the neurons, reducing iNOS/NO release from microglial cells and ROS formation from neurons. PGE2 has been known to increase intracelluar cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. In this study, we found that intracellular cAMP elevating agents, forskolin, and cAMP analogue, dbcAMP and 8‐Br‐cAMP, also prevented LPS‐induced neuronal death. Thus, these results indicate that exogenous PGE2 protects against LPS‐induced neuronal apoptotic cell death through the intracellular cAMP system, and is associated with the modulation of NO from microglial cells and ROS production from neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in neuronal DNA damage and repair in rat brain following a transient cerebral ischemia
Authors: Yang Zeng‐Jin , Bao Wei‐Li , Qiu Mei‐Hong , Zhang Ling‐Mei , Lu Shi‐Duo , Huang Ya‐Lin , Sun Feng‐Yan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe antisense knockdown technique and confocal laser scanning microscopic analysis were used to elucidate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induction and its effect on DNA damage and repair in rat brain following a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Immunohistochemical study and in situ hybridization showed that the expression of VEGF and its mRNA was enhanced in the ischemic core and penumbra of ischemic brain. Western blot analysis further illustrated that VEGF induction was time‐dependently changed in these areas. Double‐staining analysis indicated that VEGF‐positive staining existed in the neuron, but not in the glia, and it colocalized with excision repair cross‐complementing group 6 (ERCC6) mRNA, a DNA repair factor. VEGF antisense oligodeoxynucleotide infusion reduced VEGF induction and resulted in an enlargement of infarct volume of the brain caused by ischemia. Moreover, it also increased the number of DNA damaged cells and lessened the induction of ERCC6 mRNA in ischemic brains. These results suggest that the induction of endogenous VEGF in ischemic neurons plays a neuroprotective role probably associated with the expression of ERCC6 mRNA. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelin proteolipid protein, basic protein, the small isoform of myelin‐associated glycoprotein, and p42MAPK are associated in the Triton X‐100 extract of central nervous system myelin
Authors: Arvanitis Dina N. , Yang Wenhong , Boggs Joan M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTo further our understanding of the functions of the major myelin proteins, myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP), and other myelin proteins, such as 2′3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP) and myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG), bovine brain myelin was extracted with Triton X‐100, and protein complexes in the detergent‐soluble fraction were isolated by coimmunoprecipitation and sucrose density gradient sedimentation. MBP, PLP, and the small isoform of MAG (S‐MAG) were coimmunoprecipitated from the detergent‐soluble fraction by anti‐PLP, anti‐MBP or anti‐MAG monoclonal antibodies. Additionally, a 30 kDa phosphoserine‐containing protein and two phosphotyrosine‐containing proteins (Mr 30 and 42 kDa) were found in the coimmunoprecipitates. The 42 kDa protein is probably p42MAPK, in that MAPK was shown also to be present in the immunoprecipitated complex. CNP, the small PLP isoform DM20, the large MAG isoform L‐MAG, MOG, CD44, MEK, p44MAPK, and actin were not present in the immunoprecipitates, although they were present in the detergent‐soluble fraction. Lipid analysis revealed that the PLP–MBP–S‐MAG coimmunoprecipitated with some phospholipids and sulfatide but not cholesterol or galactosylceramide. However, the complex had a high density, indicating that the lipid/protein ratio is low, and it was retained on a Sepharose CL6B column, indicating that it is not a large membrane fragment. Given that MAG is localized mainly in the periaxonal region of myelin, where it interacts with axonal ligands, the PLP–MBP–S‐MAG complex may come from these regions, where it could participate in dynamic functions in the myelin sheath and myelin–axonal interactions. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SERRS of free base porphyrin in laser‐ablated colloids: evidence for three different spectral porphyrin forms
Authors: Procházka M. , Turpin P.‐Y. , Štěpánek J. , Vlčková B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe report a new spectral form of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(1‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)porphyrin (H2TMPyP) observed in laser‐ablated Ag colloids. The appearance of this form can be induced by the addition of thiosulfate ions to the Ag colloid–H2TMPyP system. Factor analysis of time‐evolved SERRS spectra enabled us to extract a pure spectrum of this form that differs from previously reported SERRS spectra assigned to the free base and Ag+ metalated forms of the porphyrin. Referring to the well known ability of thiosulfate ions to remove silver cations from Ag surfaces, we tentatively attribute the new spectral form to H2TMPyP metalated by neutral silver. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of charge transfer on bandshape analysis for low‐wavenumber Raman spectra of alkali metal halide aqueous solutions
Authors: Amo Yuko , Annaka Masahiko , Tominaga Yasunori 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLow‐wavenumber Raman scattering spectra of aqueous NaI solutions were measured with 488.0 and 514.5 nm excitation. The enhancement of the spectral intensity caused by I− ion does not depend on the excitation wavelength. We can apply the phenomenological analysis to the low‐wavenumber Raman spectra of alkali metal halide aqueous solutions even when the ‘pre‐resonance effect’ of proton transfer changes the mode intensity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra and surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering of palladium phthalocyanine evaporated films
Authors: Gaffo L. , Constantino C. J. L. , Moreira W. C. , Aroca R. F. , Oliveira O. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe vibrational spectra of palladium phthalocyanine (PdPc) evaporated thin solid films are reported, including the resonance Raman scattering, surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) and SERRS mapping of the film surface using micro‐Raman spectroscopy with 633 nm laser radiation. SERRS of PdPc was obtained by evaporating an overlayer of Ag nanoparticles on to the PdPc film on glass. The SERRS enhancement factor is estimated as ∼104 with reference to PdPc evaporated films on glass. The molecular organization of the PdPc evaporated films was probed using transmission and reflection–absorption infrared spectra. It was established that a random molecular distribution found in PdPc evaporated films is independent of temperature. No evidence of thermal degradation due to thermal annealing was found in the films. Electronic absorption and emission spectra are also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualisation of starch granule morphologies using confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM)
Authors: van de Velde Fred , van Riel Jan , Tromp R Hans 
Published: October 2002

AbstractConfocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) is a powerful tool for the visualisation of starch granules from their botanical source, during processing into their final application. CSLM allows the visualisation of the starch gelatinisation process and of granule remnants in starch pastes in their original environment and without modification. In this study, CSLM has been used to study the granule morphology of starch from different botanical sources. CSLM is a suitable technique to obtain, under mild conditions, 2D and 3D images of the granules. The samples for observation by CSLM do not require complicated preparations such as drying and metal coating as in the case of electron microscopy. Moreover, the CSLM technique is not limited to the observation of native starch granules, as the gelatinisation process and the remnants of granules in starch pastes can be monitored in their original environment. In this way, starch granules can be visualised from their botanical sources to the final application with a single microscopic technique.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors influencing anthocyanin content in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea var capitata L f rubra (L) Thell)
Authors: Piccaglia Roberta , Marotti Mauro , Baldoni Guido 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn North and Central Italy an experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to optimise the anthocyanin yield of red cabbage. Two hybrids (‘Roxy’ and ‘Gradur’) were grown under a factorial combination of increasing rates of potassium sulphate (0, 50, 100 kg K ha−1) and superphosphate (0, 39, 78 kg P ha−1) applied before planting. Cabbages were transplanted at the beginning of August and harvested in winter. Anthocyanins were extracted from cabbage heads with HCl in methanol (1% v/v solution) and quantified by absorption spectrophotometry at 530 nm. Results showed that red cabbage can give high yields of anthocyanins (more than 90 kg ha−1) which are characterised by strong acylation and therefore, presumably, by good stability. However, differences over sites and years were marked. In the first year, yields in North Italy were reduced by a heavy infection of soft rot disease. The choice of variety, linked to a different anthocyanin content in the heads, appeared to be the major factor for a successful crop. P and K fertilisation had only a small influence. On clay soils in Central Italy the highest rates of both elements had a negative effect on the anthocyanin concentration in cabbage heads.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of muscle biochemical constituents on the meat texture of cultured yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) at different anatomical locations
Authors: Thakur Dhirendra Prasad , Morioka Katsuji , Itoh Yoshiaki , Obatake Atsushi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate meat texture (breaking strength), muscle proximate composition and muscle collagen content at three anatomical locations in cultured yellowtail. We report here the contribution of muscle biochemical constituents to the raw meat texture of cultured yellowtail, and the variation in muscle biochemical composition as well as meat texture with the anatomical location of the meat. Meat breaking strength decreased significantly with the anatomical location of the meat from head to tail. Muscle proximate composition also varied with anatomical location; in particular, a large variation was observed in muscle lipid content, which decreased significantly from head to tail. Muscle collagen content was significantly lower in dorsal part meat than in pre‐dorsal part and tail part meat. Meat breaking strength was correlated negatively with muscle lipid content and positively with muscle collagen content. It was concluded that muscle lipid and collagen are the two primary muscle constituents having a direct influence on the raw meat texture of cultured yellowtail. It was also demonstrated that the muscle biochemical composition and raw meat texture of cultured yellowtail vary with the anatomical location of the meat and with season.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Chlorophyll disappearance and chlorophyllase activity during ripening of Capsicum annuum L fruits
Authors: Hornero‐Méndez Dámaso , Mínguez‐Mosquera María Isabel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe disappearance of chlorophyll pigments and involvement of chlorophyllase during fruit ripening of seven Capsicum annuum cultivars (Delfin, Mana, Belrubi, NuMex, Agridulce, Bola and Negral) have been studied. Chlorophyll pigments decreased and eventually disappeared from the red cultivars during ripening. In contrast, the green cultivar Negral, a chlorophyll‐retaining variety, showed reduced disappearance of chlorophyll pigments, and the fully ripe fruits retained chlorophylls. Chlorophyllase activity followed a consistent pattern of variation in all the red cultivars which was concomitant with the disappearance of chlorophyll. In the ripe stage the six red cultivars preserved their chlorophyllase activity, reflecting a high rate of chloroplast‐to‐chromoplast transformation. The green cultivar (Negral) showed maximum chlorophyllase activity in the late stages of ripening. Thus increasing activity of chlorophyllase, a constitutive chloroplast enzyme, could be associated with a new genesis of both chloroplast (regreening) and chromoplast constituents. The coexistence of chlorophyll and a high level of chlorophyllase activity in ripe fruits of the Negral cultivar suggests that chlorophyll catabolism may be affected in several ways, eg by the presence of other chlorophyll‐degrading enzymes, by restricted chlorophyll and chlorophyllase contact or by delayed degeneration of chloroplast structures.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of carboxypeptidases on free amino acid, peptide and methylpyrazine contents of under‐fermented cocoa beans
Authors: Yusep I , Jinap S , Jamilah B , Nazamid S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study of the action of two carboxypeptidases on free amino acids, peptides and methylpyrazines in under‐fermented cocoa beans was carried out. Carboxypeptidase B from porcine pancreas and carboxypeptidase Y from baker's yeast were used separately for digestion. Hydrophobic free amino acids (alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine and tyrosine) were predominantly produced in samples digested with both carboxypeptidase B and Y. The peptide patterns of samples digested with both carboxypeptidases were similar to that of the control. The concentration of 2,3,5,6‐tetramethylpyrazine in samples with carboxypeptidase B addition was significantly higher than those of 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and 2,3,5‐trimethylpyrazine; the concentration of 2,3,5‐trimethylpyrazine was highest (1727.86 µg per 100 g) in the sample with carboxypeptidase B addition that had been incubated for 24 h. These findings indicate that carboxypeptidase B from porcine pancreas was more prominent in the formation of cocoa‐specific aroma.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Requirements for success of reforestation projects in a semiarid low‐mountain region of the Jinsha River Basin, southwestern China
Authors: Zhang J. , Tian G. , Li Y. , Lindstrom M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMost of reforestation projects have not been successful in the low‐mountain region of the Jinsha River Basin, which has a harsh environment (high temperatures and lack of available water). Analysis of few successful reforestation cases in Yuanmou, Yunnan Province of China, a typical semiarid region of the Jinsha River Basin, reveals that a holistic approach is needed for successful reforestation in the region. Techniques of tree planting need to be taken into account to ensure normal growth during the early stages after transplanting from the nursery in such a dry and hot environment. More important are the follow‐up management of trees and the implementation of management policies in reforestation areas, of which after‐care and forest watching are important measures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation of uric acid calculi with the holmium: YAG laser produces cyanide
Authors: Zagone Robin L. , Waldmann Todd M. , Conlin Michael J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo independently test previously reported findings of cyanide evolution under holmium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) (holmium) lithotripsy of uric acid calculi, determine if this occurs with other forms of intracorporeal lithotripsy, and establish if this occurs due to a photothermal, photochemical, or photoacoustic reaction.Study Design/Materials and MethodsHuman uric acid calculi were fragmented in vitro through exposure to holmium, ultrasound, and electrohydraulic (EHL) energy sources. The following parameters were varied: total laser energy, individual laser pulse energy, ultrasonic energies, and EHL energies. Uric acid powder was suspended in solution and exposed to holmium laser energy in vitro. Serum and irrigant samples from a human patient were collected following intrarenal holmium lithotripsy of a uric acid calculus. All samples were analyzed for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) content.ResultsHolmium lithotripsy of solid uric acid calculi produces cyanide. The yield is linearly dependent upon total laser energy delivered. Pulse energy does not affect cyanide yield. Photothermal mechanisms coupling laser energy to the solid crystal lattice are responsible for the production of cyanide. Ultrasound and EHL lithotripsy do not produce cyanide. A clinically insignificant level of cyanide was detected in the blood of a single patient following laser lithotripsy of a uric acid calculus.ConclusionsOur study confirms that cyanide is produced by a photothermal mechanism during holmium laser lithotripsy of uric acid calculi, and that the amount produced is clinically insignificant. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:230–232, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of experimentally induced transient cerebral ischemia with low energy laser inhibits nitric oxide synthase activity and up‐regulates the expression of transforming growth factor‐beta 1
Authors: Leung Mason C.P. , Lo Samuel C.L. , Siu Flora K.W. , So K.‐F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be neurotoxic while transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) is neuroprotective in the stroke model. The present study investigates the effects of low energy laser on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and TGF‐β1 activities after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.Study Design/Materials and MethodsCerebral ischemia was induced for 1 hour in male adult Sprague–Dawley (S.D.) rats with unilateral occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Low energy laser irradiation was then applied to the cerebrum at different durations (1, 5, or 10 minutes). The activity of NOS and the expression of TGF‐β1 were evaluated in groups with different durations of laser irradiation.ResultsAfter ischemia, the activity of NOS was gradually increased from day 3, became significantly higher from day 4 to 6 (P < 0.001), but returned to the normal level after day 7. The activity and expression of the three isoforms of NOS were significantly suppressed (P < 0.001) to different extents after laser irradiation. In addition, laser irradiation was shown to trigger the expression of TGF‐β1 (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLow energy laser could suppress the activity of NOS and up‐regulate the expression of TGF‐β1 after stroke in rats. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:283–288, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal and chemical modification of dentin by 9–11‐μm CO2 laser pulses of 5–100‐μs duration
Authors: Fried Daniel , Zuerlein Michael J. , Le Charles Q. , Featherstone John D.B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that dentin can be thermally modified by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation to form a more highly mineralized tissue. The implications are important for the potential laser modification or removal of dentinal and root caries and the transformation of dentin to a more acid resistant mineralized tissue.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTime resolved radiometry measurements with TEA CO2 laser pulses were used to determine the magnitude of the absorption coefficients of dentin at the highly absorbed CO2 laser wavelengths and to measure the temperature excursions during λ = 9.3, 9.6, 10.3, and 10.6 μm laser irradiation at irradiation intensities of 0.1–8 J/cm2 per pulse. In addition, photoacoustic and transient reflectance measurements were used to monitor the loss of water and organics and to detect the thresholds for surface modification and tissue ablation.ResultsThe absorption coefficients were measured to be 5,000; 6,500; 1,200; and 800 cm−1 at λ = 9.3, 9.6, 10.3, and 10.6 μm, respectively. The surface temperatures of dentin were markedly higher than those measured on enamel for similar irradiation intensities due to the lower reflectance losses of dentin and the lower thermal diffusivity of dentin at the respective wavelengths. Hence, lower fluences are required for the thermal decomposition of dentin. Ablation typically occurred with the first few laser‐pulses during multiple pulse irradiation and eventually ceased after modification of dentin to a more highly mineralized enamel‐like tissue. The debris ejected during the initial laser pulses shielded the surface by as much as 60% at the low fluences employed in this study. Optical and electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy indicated that incident laser pulses with incident fluence as low as 0.5 J/cm2 at 9.3 and 9.6 μm wavelengths with a duration of 5–8‐μs were sufficient to induce chemical and morphological changes in dentin.ConclusionsIn this study, the laser parameters for the efficient thermal modification of dentin with minimum heat deposition at CO2 laser wavelengths were firmly established. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:275–282, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.