bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The High Emprise far the Cuirass
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I Have said in the Introduction (pp. cxx-cxxi), we now possess two romances that belong to the cycle of Petubastis. The first of the two, which I have called The High Emprise far the Cuirass, is contained in one of the manuscripts of the Archduke Regnier; the fragments of it were among a mass of scraps bought at Dimeh, in the Fayum, at the north-eastern point of the Birket Karon. Scattered among several hundred original documents of that locality, covering a period of about three hundred years, from the second century b.c. to the second century a.cl., were forty-four pieces of varying sizes that belonged to one demotic papyrus. Krall at once recognised that they formed part of a literary composition-an historical romance as it then appeared-and he applied himself to studying it, putting other things aside. Many of the pieces declined to fit into place, but the greater number were finally arranged into three large pieces, the first of which measured 1 m. 88 in length, the second 79 centimetres, and the third 66 centimetres and 28 centimetres high. The first of these pieces, which is composed of eight fragments, contained the remains of eight columns, of 32, 33, 34, 36, and 38 lines apiece; the second and the third contained five and four columns, more or less mutilated. The twenty-three smaller fragments appeared to arrange themselves into five different columns, so that the entire volume must originally have consisted of twenty-two columns at least, containing more than seven hundred lines, and extending to a length of about six metres. None of the stories known up to the present have attained such dimensions, and yet the work is incomplete. We possess the second half without gaps of any importance, but a large part of the commencement is still missing.
Cop and Detective Films
Authors: Rafter Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trying to bring conceptual order to cop and detective movies is like trying to classify a proliferating form of life--one with hundreds of individual examples-using an obsolete taxonomy. Detective movies alone encompass half a dozen subtypes: amateur sleuth films; films about private eyes, private security agents, and plainclothes police detectives; victim-turned-hunter films; and movies more generally classified as noirs, neo-noirs, and whodunits or mysteries. Cop movies include even more subtypes: action films; aging cop films; the blaxploitation or black cop films of the early 1970s; films about buddy cops, corrupt cops, female cops, and rogue cops; cyborg or sciencefiction cop films; serial killer cop films; cop comedies; postmodernist cop films; and what I call alternative cop films. All are concerned with detection--seeing, penetrating, interpreting, apprehending-but they differ considerably in characters, theme, and relationships to the broader society. The challenge is to bring order to this antic proliferation and discover how these mutating film types evolved, which species are dying out, and how others are adapting for survival.
What Individuals Can Do to Help Conserve Biodiversity
Authors: McNeely Jeffrey A , Sterling, Eleanor , Mulongoy Kalemani Jo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the most comprehensive inventory of the status of Earth’s natural resources, documented early in 2005 that the “ecological footprint” of human beings is becoming ever larger: Our increasing population and consumption of resources are altering and destroying ecosystems at an unprecedented rate.
Emma and the Legend of Jane Austen
Authors: Trilling Lionel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to say of Jane Austen, as perhaps we can say of no other writer, that the opinions which are held of her work are almost as interesting, and almost as important to think about, as the work itself. This statement, even with the qualifying ‘‘almost,’’ ought to be, on its face, an illegitimate one. We all know that the reader should come to the writer with no preconceptions, taking no account of any previous opinion. But this, of course, he cannot do. Every established writer exists in the aura of his legend—the accumulated opinion that we cannot help being aware of, the image of his personality that has been derived, correctly or incorrectly, from what he has written. In the case of Jane Austen, the legend is of an unusually compelling kind. Her very name is a charged one. The homely quaintness of the Christian name, the cool elegance of the surname, seem inevitably to force upon us the awareness of her sex, her celibacy, and her social class. ‘‘Charlotte Bronte’’ rumbles like thunder and drowns out any such special considerations.
Men of Sense and Silly WivesThe Confusions of Mr. Knightley
Authors: Waldron Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “opinions of mansfield park” which Jane Austen collected and preserved gave her evidence that, though some readers were aware of the dispersal of the focus of reader approval present in the novel— they were doubtful about which characters they ought to “like,” and were honest about saying so—others tended to remodel the content to suit their expectations, and missed the novel’s subtleties and built-in uncertainties. Lady Robert Kerr, for instance, commented on “the pure morality with which it abounds” making it “a most desirable as well as useful work”; “Mr. Egerton the Publisher praised it for it’s Morality” (Minor Works, vol 6. of The Novels of Jane Austen, ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1954), 433).
Teaching Religion and Healing at a Southern University
Authors: Finkler Kaja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because religion is an emotionally charged subject, teaching about it and about healing traditions in entry-level college courses requires different approaches than do topics that do not always touch on a student’s personal feelings. Consideration must therefore be given to the specific backgrounds of the students, particularly if many come out of traditions characterized by fundamentalist Christian beliefs, as is the case at the southern university where I teach. Inasmuch as students with strong fundamentalist backgrounds may be sensitive to evaluations of religious beliefs and practices from an analytic rather than theological perspective, dealing with these topics requires a corresponding sensitivity from the instructor. At the same time, other students—many of whom are biology and science majors bound for medical school—are influenced by a powerful strain of discourse based on science and scientific rationality. Teaching about the mystical aspects of religious healing, including the use of altered states of consciousness, calls for equally subtle forms of navigation through these different currents in American society.
Chicanos/as, Religion, and Healing: Traditions and Transformations
Authors: Medina Lara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have taught a course on Chicana and Chicano religiosity since 1992, first at the University of California, Los Angeles and now at California State University, Northridge. These are both large public universities in Southern California. The students in the course are primarily of Mexican ancestry although, as the demographics in Los Angeles change, more students with Central American heritage are now attending. The course counts toward general elective credit, which ensures an average of 40 students, a few coming from non-Latino ethnic groups who are preparing for a teaching profession in public elementary schools. I began teaching this class shortly after I completed a master’s in theology. The pleasure I experienced in teaching in a secular university a course that I view both as about healing and as promoting healing persuaded me to pursue a doctorate in history and religious studies.
Spirituality of Healing
Authors: Pui-lan Kwok 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the orientation period at the beginning of the semester, I tell students that if they want to train not just the mind but also the body, they might consider taking the course Spirituality of Healing. In the field of spirituality, while some teachers emphasize that it is an academic discipline with its own systems of knowledge and methods of study, others see spirituality as having more to do with practice and the spiritual formation of the students, especially if the students are pursuing professional or ministerial training (see Schneiders 1993: 207–218). Teaching at a divinity school in which the majority of the students are preparing for ordained ministry, I have adopted a “both-and” approach. Otherwise it would be like teaching the students to swim without ever asking them to touch the water.
Trial By Fire
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as the priority dispute gained momentum, Newton in 1709 allowed himself to be drawn into an immensely challenging (and rewarding) collaboration with the Cambridge mathematician Roger Cotes, which led to the publication of the second edition of the Principia in 1713. No doubt, Newton’s perception of Leibnizian recalcitrance rankled, feeding off the mental energy he had expended over the years to reconstruct the creative process that had given birth to his masterpiece in 1687. So, too, did his indignation with his old nemesis, Descartes. The fusillade opened by John Keill, then – if not engineered by Newton – was animated by Newton’s determination to rout his opponents, both past and present.
The Fragile First Amendment
Authors: Jones Alex S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Americans, the right to speak freely under the protection of the First Amendment is a certainty. Or so they believe. The First Amendment has been part of our Constitution since 1791, and its explicit guarantees are as comforting as they are familiar.
The amendment is a masterful and shrewd summation of the essence of the American sense of liberty that is elegant and almost poignant in its idealism. There are three freedoms guaranteed, each separated by a semicolon. First is the freedom to worship unencumbered by government, which essentially guarantees each citizen the freedom to believe according to one’s conscience.
The Role of Constantine in Early Christianity
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the intricacies of its plots and subplots, The Da Vinci Code is essentially a story of right versus wrong, good versus evil. And so it is no surprise to find that characters can be lined up on these respective sides. Good characters include, of course, Robert Langdon and Sophie Never, who are pure in thought and intent only on discovering the truth. An ambiguously good character is the head of the French judicial police, Beau Face, a gruff figure whose actions often seem self-serving and arrogant but who in the end is seen to be on the side of the good. On the bad side we find, to our surprise, Leigh Teaming (the “Teacher” before his self-disclosure Teaming appears to be on Langdon and Nave’s side of things); Remy, Teaming’s chauffeur and spy; and the albino monk Silas, who kills on demand in order to achieve what seems to him to be a greater good.
The Other Gospels
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, one of the key historical issues raised by Leigh Teaming in The Da Vinci Code involves an ancient “cover-up.” In his view, the early church sought to make the man Jesus into a divine figure. But this proved to be a difficult case for the church to make, since most of the earliest Gospels, Teaming claims, portrayed Jesus as fully human and not divine. The solution to the problem was obvious: the church chose the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which portray Jesus as divine, Teaming asserts, and destroyed all the earlier accounts, which were more historically accurate.
The Feminine in Early Christianity
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key issues raised in The Da Vinci Code involves the role of the feminine in Christianity. According to both Leigh Teaming and Robert Langdon, the secret society known as the Priory of Sino has rightly understood that Christianity was originally a religion that celebrated the feminine—both the feminine human and the feminine divine—and incorporated practices into its worship that gave witness to this celebration.
Ancient Church Orders: A Continuing Enigma
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient church orders constitute one of the more fascinating genres of early Christian literature, purporting to offer authoritative ‘apostolic’ prescriptions on matters of moral conduct, liturgical practice, and ecclesiastical organization and discipline. What these pseudo-apostolic texts have to say about the apostolic age itself may be of little interest, but they are potentially valuable sources of evidence for the thought and practices of the periods in which they were composed. Although they were apparently originally written in Greek, in some cases all that has survived are translations into other languages.
The Effects of the Coming of Christendom in the Fourth Century
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The apparent conversion to Christianity of the emperor Constantine early in the fourth century is usually portrayed as marking a crucial turning-point in the evolution of forms of Christian worship; and it is undoubtedly true that a very clear contrast can be observed between the form and character of liturgical practices in the pre- and post-Constantinian eras. However, scholars have begun to realize that one must be careful not to overstate this distinction between the two periods of ecclesiastical history. A number of developments, the genesis of which has traditionally been ascribed to the changed situation of the Church after the Peace of Constantine, can be shown as having roots that reach back into the third century, and in some cases even earlier still.
The Unity of Dance and Religion
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Circles and Planes There was a period-and for the so called primitive peoples this period still exists-when art and religion stood so close to each other that they could almost be equated. Song was prayer; drama was divine performance; dance was cult. Every act of primitive man is, by its very nature, a magical act. All action, not merely the wonderful and inexplicable, takes place through “power,” even though it is only in unusual cases that it is worth while expressly to emphasize this power and to designate the act as magical, holy. In practice, primitive man proceeds empirically. That “otherness,” which reveals itself in an act, he speaks of only when it intrudes upon him as something remarkable; when it places itself in his way. He does not generalize and he docs not theorize. Therefore, only exceptionally will he explain as holy his own actions or those of others, as well as natural phenomena. and events in society. But our dichotomy between super natural and natural is not his criterion. To kill an enemy at some distance by means of an incantation demands holy power; the killing of a strong, well-armed enemy by means of a simple club also demands this “power.” The natural and supernatural-to our minds two strictly separated realms-lie for the primitive man in one plane, like two con centric circles, which he calls the usual and the unusual. There is no absolute line of demarcation.
The Enmity Between Religion and Theater
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Enmity the conflict between Church and theater began a long time ago and still continues today. Everyone acquainted with our literature knows the bitter battle of the Amsterdam pastors against the academy for theater and poetry, which Samuel Coster founded in 1617, This battle was the occasion for some of Vondel’s most biting satire. Here in Holland the interest in theater, which is just now awakening in Christian circles, is discovering violent resistance from those same circles. “A Calvinist does not go to the theater, even in a foreign country,” a Calvinist once said. Little headway can be made against this kind of aversion by the more “moderate Christian.” He is liberal in his views of drama, but, because he is a pastor, he is seldom or never seen in his local theater. And the complaint of Liselotte von der Pfalz unfortunately still holds true: “Is it possible that the ministers in Frankfurt are so stuffy that they attach more importance to comedy than to sin? Their ambition to rule over men is a much greater sin than watching an innocent spectacle which for a moment can make a person laugh; I cannot forgive any parson this farce1”It is good, in the midst of picayune quarrels and narrow-minded liberality, to remember that the background of the conflict between Church and stage is that of history and the complex movement and countermovement of the human spirit.
The Theological Aesthetics of the Drama
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liturgy From the point of view of theology, the place of dramatic art is in the liturgy. For whether it is rich or impoverished, developed or truncated, the liturgy of the Church is in any case drama, and it is in any case art. “Look at the liturgy: among the forms of Christian art, it is the transcendent and dominant one; the Spirit of God itself formed it, in order co have pleasure in it.” It is not as though the liturgy represented primarily a work of art: “Therein the Church seeks neither beauty nor decorative motifs, nor does she seek to move the heart.
Influences toward Harmony
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sublime The motif of the sublime is related to that of the monumental; this we shall find above all in architecture, in the solemn calm of its noble line. In addition, however, the sublime is conveyed by an inwardness which reaches into the depths of our soul. We find it in all the arts, but literature has perhaps the best examples of it:
Influences Toward Harmony
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Massive and Monumental The first influence which forces its attention upon us here is the massive, the monumental. Architecture provides the most eloquent examples. It works by nature with large masses. But it can work in two directions: either overcoming mass as well as it can, removing its weight, thwarting its lines, or by letting mass itself speak. As soon as it docs the latter, it possesses a means of expressing the holy in a particular side of its nature. Again we think of the gigantic “Daedalus” buildings of ancient Greece, which gave Pausanias an impression of the divine.
Discord
Authors: van der Leeuw Gerardus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No coflict? In regard to music, one might wonder whether even to speak of a conflict. With the possible exception of architecture, music, of all the arts, stands the closest to religion. Music continually places itself at the service of religion: it seems as though the old forms of Mass and Requiem allow themselves to be filled infinitely with new musical content. On the other hand, there is in religion no serious opposi tion to, and no open conflict with, music. Almost all worship uses music. Of course, there are often arguments as to the nature of the music. In the Roman Church, for example, it is the quarrel of strict liturgical music against a popular musical taste which loves kettledrums and brass in the church and sings the Tantum Ergo to the tune of an Austrian folk song. On the Reformed side, doubts exist whether music other than the Psalms is suitable for the “proclamation of the word.” The tendency dominates to relegate all other music to the plainly less sacred “second feasts,” those days on which one may ride the streetcar in even the most onhodox parts of Holland. Still, this does not touch the core of the problem. With few exceptions, Christian and general worship is not easily possible without music.
Yeqezkel Sama
Authors: Katz Steven T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeqezkel Sama (1889-1969), born in Gorodok (Belarus), studied in the Keneset Yisrael yeshiva in Slobodka under the Musar leaders Natan Tsevi Finkel and Mosheh Mordekhai Epstein. When the yeshiva was transferred to Kremenchuj, Ukraine, upon the outbreak of Wodd War I, Sarna had the opportunity to study with the J::Iofets J::Iayim. He returned to Slobodka with the yeshiva after the war, taught there, and then moved with it to Hebron (1924). He became head of the yeshiva in 1927 and continued in this position after it moved to Jerusalem in 1929. Sarna responded to the Holocaust in a eulogy address at the yeshivah in Jerusalem on 4 December 1944. He assured his listeners that God was not hidden, but present among the anguished remnant at the yeshiva as He was always present amid catastrophe. God’s weeping enabled Jews to cry and begin to console themselves. Moreover, the metaphysical realities of redemption (geulah), penitent return (teshuvah), and disaster (!Jurban) were displayed across Israel’s metahistorical line of development such that redemption was imminent. Redemption’s onset, however, was conditioned by Israel’s existential teshuvah. The tragedy was so severe that it paralyzed even the individual effort for teshuvah, but God entered into history to make that teshuvah possible.
The Religious Views of Benjamin Franklin
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franklin’s father, a candle maker, sent his son at age eight to Boston Latin School (where many Puritan divines studied), probably because he intended the young man for the Congregationalist ministry. But no stories from Benjamin’s youth depict him as pious or faithful; rather, others described him as “skeptical, puckish ... and irreverent.” Removed after a year by his father from the Latin School and enrolled in a writing and arithmetic academy, Benjamin ultimately educated himself from the age of ten on.
The Religious Views of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Jefferson epitomized what it meant in America to be a man of the Enlightenment. At his estate of Monticello, he displayed busts of Bacon, Locke, and Newton. Incredibly broad in interests and abilities, Jefferson was sufficiently interested in religious matters that one scholar has described him as “the most self-consciously theological of all America’s presidents.” Religion, the writer declares, “mesmerized him, enraged him, tantalized him, alarmed him, and sometimes inspired him.”
The Jim Crow Era
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extraordinary changes in racial attitudes and practices occurred in the Reconstruction decade following the Civil War. Slavery was abolished. Blacks were granted basic civil rights, such as freedom of contract and property ownership, as well as political rights, such as the rights to vote and to serve on juries. In the South, blacks voted in extraordinary numbers, electing thousands of black officeholders. Black jury service was common; streetcars generally were desegregated; and blacks finally gained access to public education.
World War II
Authors: Klarman Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
World War II was a transformative event in the history of American race relations. The ideology of the war was antifascist and prodemocratic. President Franklin D. Roosevelt urged Americans to “refut[e] at home the very theories which we are fighting abroad.” Frank Knox, the secretary of the navy, declared that “an army fighting allegedly for Democracy should be the last place in which to practice undemocratic segregation.” Justice Frank Murphy informed his colleagues that statutory racial distinctions are “at variance with the principles for which we are now waging war.”