bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enlightenment of old ideas from new investigations: more questions regarding the evolution of bacteriogenic light organs in squids
Authors: Nishiguchi M. K. , Lopez J. E. , Boletzky S. v. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryBioluminescence is widespread among many different types of marine organisms. Metazoans contain two types of luminescence production, bacteriogenic (symbiotic with bacteria) or autogenic, via the production of a luminous secretion or the intrinsic properties of luminous cells. Several species in two families of squids, the Loliginidae and the Sepiolidae (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) harbor bacteriogenic light organs that are found central in the mantle cavity. These light organs are exceptional in function, that is, the morphology and the complexity suggests that the organ has evolved to enhance and direct light emission from bacteria that are harbored inside. Although light organs are widespread among taxa within the Sepiolidae, the origin and development of this important feature is not well studied. We compared light organ morphology from several closely related taxa within the Sepiolidae and combined molecular phylogenetic data using four loci (nuclear ribosomal 28S rRNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 12S and 16S rRNA) to determine whether this character was an ancestral trait repeatedly lost among both families or whether it evolved independently as an adaptation to the pelagic and benthic lifestyles. By comparing other closely related extant taxa that do not contain symbiotic light organs, we hypothesized that the ancestral state of sepiolid light organs most likely evolved from part of a separate accessory gland open to the environment that allowed colonization of bacteria to occur and further specialize in the eventual development of the modern light organ.
SHORT REVIEWS
Authors: Biddlecom Ann E. , Bongaarts John , Brockerhoff Martin , Greenhalgh Susan , McNicoll Geoffrey 
Published: January 2004

Books reviewed in this article: Roderic Beaujot, Earning and Caring in Canadian Families Gareth Dale And Mike Cole (eds.), The European Union and Migrant Labour Andrew Dobson (ed.), Fairness and Futurity: Essays on Environmental Sustainability and Social Justice Jean Drèze (ed.), The Economics of Famine James W. Hughes and Joseph J. Seneca (eds.), America's Demographic Tapestry: Baseline for the New Millennium Robert D. Kaplan, The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War Matthew Lockwood, Fertility and Household Labour in Tanzania: Demography, Economy, and Society Yahya M. Sadowski, The Myth of Global Chaos John B. Williamson, Diane M. Watts‐Roy, And Eric R. Kingson (eds.), The Generational Equity Debate
SHORT REVIEWS
Authors: Bongaarts John , Greenhalgh Susan , McNicoll Geoffrey , Petersen William , Todaro Michael P. , Zimmer Zachary 
Published: January 2004

Books reviewed in this article: Iris Chi, Neena L. Chappell, and James Lubben (eds.), Elderly Chinese in Pacific Rim Countries: Social Support and Integration Wayne A. Cornelius, Thomas J. Espenshade, and Idean Salehyan (eds.), The International Migration of the Highly Skilled: Demand, Supply, and Development Consequences in Sending and Receiving Countries Bimal Ghosh (ed.), Managing Migration: Time for a New International Regime? Institute of Medicine, Forum on Emerging Infections, Emerging Infectious Diseases from the Global to the Local Perspective: Workshop Summary Hans‐Peter Kohler, Fertility and Social Interaction: An Economic Perspective David Kyle and Key Koslowski (eds.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives Brian C. O'Neill, F. Landis Mackellar, and Wolfgang Lutz, Population and Climate Change Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences Thomas Spira, Nationalism and Ethnicity Terminologies: An Encyclopedic Dictionary and Research Guide, vol. 1 Li Zhang, Strangers in the City: Reconfigurations of Space, Power, and Social Networks within China's Floating Population
Nutritive constituents of Silky fowl eggs: comparison with hen eggs of White Leghorn origin
Authors: KOKETSU Mamoru , TOYOSAKI Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTIn the present study, proportional parts, amounts of major constituents, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids composition of Silky fowl eggs were examined compared with those of hen eggs. The ratio of egg yolk weight to whole egg weight of Silky fowl egg was significantly larger than that of egg yolk of hen egg. The amount of cholesterol of Silky fowl eggs were significantly (P < 0.01) less than those of hen eggs. The amount of vitamins (B2, B6, D and E), calcium and potassium in Silky fowl eggs were significantly higher than those of hen eggs. Unsaturated fatty acids in Silky fowl eggs were 62.5% among total fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids of hen eggs were 53.9%. Especially, the contents of arachidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in Silky fowl eggs were significantly larger than in hen eggs.
Production of germ‐line chimeras by the transfer of cryopreserved gonadal germ cells collected from 7‐ and 9‐day‐old chick embryos
Authors: TAJIMA Atsushi , MINEMATSU Takeo , OHARA Mutsuo 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTGonadal germ cells (GGC) were collected from the gonads of 7‐ or 9‐day‐old White Leghorn chick embryos and suspended in freezing medium containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The cell suspension was frozen at −1°C/min. until the temperature reached −80°C. Then, the cells were immersed in liquid nitrogen at −196°C and stored for 3–4 months. Approximately 50 frozen/thawed GGC were injected into the dorsal aorta of each 2‐day‐old Rhode Island Red (RIR) embryo, from which blood was drawn before germ‐cell injection. The injected embryos were incubated until they hatched and the chicks were raised until sexually mature. On reaching sexual maturity, a progeny test was performed by mating recipient chicks with normal RIR of the opposite sex. Progenies were obtained from male germ cell recipients that were injected with germ cells collected from 7‐ and 9‐day‐old embryos. The results demonstrated that frozen/thawed GGC collected from 7‐ or 9‐day‐old fertilized eggs can be used to produce male germ‐line chimeras.
Oral health status and related behaviours of U.S. nursing home residents, 1995
Authors: Gift Helen C. , Cherry‐Peppers Gail , Oldakowski Richard J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSetting: The 1995 U.S. National Nursing Home Survey. Aims: A descriptive overview of reported oral health status and related behaviours for residents. Design:Cross‐sectional survey. Subjects:8,056 residents. Intervention:Interviews by knowledgeable staff, examination of charts and/or personal knowledge. Main outcome measures: Information on the overall condition of oral health, edentulous status, presence/absence of dentures, difficulty chewing or biting, dental care received in past month, and method of payment for dental services in addition to personal characteristics and medical information. Results:Fifteen percent of the residents were described as having excellent or very good oral health. Forty‐one percent of the residents had difficulty chewing and biting. Almost one half of nursing home residents (47%) were totally edentulous. Twenty‐six percent of residents had dental services paid for during the past month. Nursing home residents have multiple known barriers to oral health: ability to pay, extended periods of time without direct access to the dental care delivery system, and serious chronic medical conditions. Conclusions:There are serious deficiencies in acheiving one of the US national health objectives: ensuring adequate oral health care for institutionalized individuals.
Attitudes to the importance of retaining natural teeth in an adult Swedish population
Authors: Nederfors T. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives. To evaluate the attitudes to retaining natural teeth in an adult Swedish population, and to correlate the attitude to retaining natural teeth with some presumed influencing background factors. Design: Cross‐sectional study using a newly developed questionnaire. Subjects: From the national census register of four municipalities in the southern part of the province of Halland, Sweden, with a total population of 126,878 adult (≥20 years) inhabitants, 4,200 persons were selected at random. The sample was randomised by age and sex, and 300 men and 300 women from the age groups 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years were included. Intervention and main outcome measures: The questionnaire aimed to evaluate the number of remaining natural teeth, the dental care habits, the self‐estimated quality of natural teeth, and the attitude t o retaining natural teeth In the studied population, and also to evaluate the possible correlation between those factors, in particular, the attitude to retaining natural teeth versus the other factors. Results: It was found that the attitude to the importance of retaining natural teeth was strongly correlated with the number of remaining natural teeth, the dental care habits, and the self‐estimated quality of natural teeth. Also sex had an influence on this attitude but not age. Conclusions: The attitude to the importance of retaining natural teeth in an adult Swedish population is correlated with the number of remaining natural teeth, the dental care habits, the self‐estimated quality of natural teeth, and sex, but not with age.
Maryland veterans' knowledge of risk factors for and signs of oral cancers and their use of dental services
Authors: Canto M.T. , Horowitz A.M. , Goodman H.S. , Watson M.R. , Cohen L.A. , Fedele D.J. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate outpatient veteran'í knowledge about risk factors for and signs of oral cancers, and their utilization of dental services. Design: Patients receiving primary health care services were surveyed during August 1997. Setting: Primary health care services at three medical centres within the VA Maryland Health Care System (VAMHCS). Subjects: A total of 135 outpatient veterans were interviewed. Intervention: Questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Main outcome measures: Fifteen percent of the sample were eligible for dental care at the VA, while over 40% of those veterans participating in the study were unaware of their VA eligibility for dental services. Fifty six percent of the total sample received dental services from a private dentist, while 13% reported they had no provider of dental care. Of those not eligible for dental care at the VA (n=115), the majority (67%) received dental care from a private dentist. Current use of tobacco and alcohol was reported by 27% of the sample. Nonsmokers were more likely to visit the dentist in the previous year than smokers (OR=2.39, 95%C.I. 1.11,5.12). Although 84% correctly identified tobacco use as a risk factor, only 39% correctly identified regular alcohol use as a risk factor. Conclusions: Veterans at higher risk for oral cancers were less likely to have visited the dentist in the previous year, and, overall, were ill informed and misinformed about these cancers.
A study of the impact of oral health on the quality of life of older people in the UK‐ findings from a National Survey.
Authors: McGrath C. , Bedi R. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to was to determine whether older adults perceive oral health as affecting their life quality and to identify variations in impacts in relation to socio‐demographic factors, dental service utilisation and method of payment. Design This study formed part of the Office for National Statistics Omnibus Survey, which utilised a random probability sample of addresses from the British Postcode Address File (PAF). Setting 3,000 homes were selected from one hundred post sectors across Britain. Respondents were interviewed in their homes about how oral health affects their quality of life. Subjects 454 older people (aged 65 and over) took part in the survey. Main outcome measures The study group perceived oral health as impacting on their quality of life in general (negative and/or positive impact) (70%, 318), enhancing (53%, 241) and detracting (44%, 199) from their life quality. The most frequently perceived way in which oral health affects life quality was its effect on eating and comfort. Older people from higher socio‐economic groups reported that oral health had a greater impact on their quality of life in general (positive and/or negative impacts), (OR=1.77,95% CI= 1.22,2.78) and specifically, enhancing their quality of life (OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.01,2.30). Those who reported attending the dentist within the last year perceived that their oral health enhanced their life quality (OR=1.55, 95% CI=1.01,2.38). Conclusions Socio‐economic background and dental attendance pattern are associated with how older people perceived oral health as affecting quality of life. These findings may have implications for promoting regular dental attendance and auditing dental services for older people.
Utilisation of Domiciliary Dental Services
Authors: Kinsey J G , Winstanley R B 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives: To develop undergraduate dental student understanding of the attitudes of elderly people towards dentistry and of the barriers which prevent them from seeking treatment. Design: Each student interviewed a) an elderly person already known to them and b) an elderly person at a Day Rehabilitation Unit using a questionnaire. Students were not trained nor standardised. Setting: a) in the student's home locality, b) in a Rehabilitation Unit in Sheffield. Subjects: 161 people were interviewed with mean ages a) 78 years and b) 85 years. Main outcome measures: Perceptions of treatment need and domiciliary treatment by these elderly people. The results are summarised but not analysed because of the inherent limitations of data derived by unsupervised students. Conclusions: This educational exercise successfully engaged the studentsí minds and, for some, generated enthusiasm. They achieved valuable insight into the topic and realised that many people who inevitably have dental problems either feel that this is acceptable or do not know that they can obtain domiciliary dental care.
Socio‐medical condition and oral functional status in an older institutionalised population
Authors: Kossioni A E , Karkazis H C 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives: To investigate the association between the general medical condition, the socio‐economic status, and some factors related to the functional status of the stomatognathic system. Design: A survey in an elderly population. Subjects: 257 older adults, with a mean age of 83.7 years. Setting: Residential homes for the elderly. Intervention: Examination of the medical records on the overall health and the drugs consumed, a structured interview on the socio‐economic status, the complaints for xerostomia, the subjective chewing difficulties, and a clinical evaluation of the number of natural teeth and the number of posterior occluding pairs of teeth contacts (premolars and molars). Results: Multiple pathology and polypharmacy were recorded. 25% of the residents had no occluding posterior tooth contact (natural or prosthetic) and 62% were edentulous. 43% of the residents reported complaints for xerostomia, and 46% for chewing difficulties when eating specific food types. Xerostomic feelings and chewing problems were not related to age. Chewing difficulties were not related to the number of natural teeth, but to the number of posterior occluding teeth contacts, natural or prosthetic (less than two). From all medical conditions examined, only the psychiatric disorders were significantly related to dental status (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of remaining natural teeth was related to socio‐economic status, while the number of posterior occluding teeth contacts was also inversely related to the duration of institutionalisation (p<0.05). Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders, low socio‐economic status and increased duration of institutionalisation were most closely related to poor dental status. The presence of more than two posterior occluding teeth contacts, natural or prosthetic, benefit the very old patient in terms of reduced subjective chewing difficulty. A formal oral care delivery system for the institutionalised elderly, and particularly for those suffering from psychiatric disorders, is imperative.
Factors which are associated with dental decay in the older individual
Authors: Loesche W.J. , Taylor G.W. , Dominguez L.D , Grossman N.S. , Stoll J. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives:To improve reliability of salivary bacterial cultures as a surrogate for plaque levels of cariogenic bacterial species by reporting the salivary CFUs of these organisms as a function of the number of teeth. Design:Cross‐sectional collection of data in a convenience sample of adults over 60 years of age. Setting:Hospital Dental clinic, University bacteriology laboratory. Subjects:523 older dentate subjects, average age 70, including 412 subjects who were in an independent living status and 111 in a dependent‐living situation. Main outcome measures: Subjects were examined for decay and the presence of salivary factors including the levels of S. mutans, lactobacilli, yeast and other bacteria. The salivary levels of the bacteria were adjusted for the number of teeth in the mouth, and the resultant values were entered into multivariable logistic regression models along with clinical and other salivary parameters. Results:Mutans streptococci levels reported as CFUs/ml saliva per tooth were significantly associated with coronal surface decay, and lactobacilli, reported in a similar way, were significantly associated with root surface decay. Salivary levels of yeasts, which had previously been associated with decay in this population, were no longer significant using this construct. Conclusions: This construct of reporting salivary bacteriological data as a function of tooth number and per ml saliva could improve the reliability of bacteriological data obtained in epidemiological studies investigating the role of bacteria in dental decay in the elderly.
The effectiveness of 10% chlorhexidine varnish treatment on dental caries incidence in adults with dry mouth
Authors: Banting David W. , Papas Athena , Clark D. Christopher , Proskin Howard M. , Schultz Miklos , Perry Ross 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjectives: This study compared a 10% chlorhexidine varnish treatment with placebo and sham treatments for preventing dental caries in adult patients with xerostomia (dry mouth).Design: The study was a multicentred, randomized, parallel group, double blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial.Setting: All examinations and procedures were performed at Tuft's University, Boston, MA, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC or the University of Western Ontario, London, ON.Subjects: Subjects were adults with recent or current dental caries experience, high salivary levels of cariogenic microorganisms and low salivary flow rates.Results: 236 subjects completed at least one post‐treatment examination. There were 697 new carious lesions diagnosed, 446 (64%) located on coronal surfaces and 251 (36%) located on root surfaces. The mean attack rate was 0.23 surfaces/100 surfaces at risk. A treatment difference observed between the Active and Placebo groups was statistically significant for root caries increment (p=.02) and total caries increment (p=.03). A treatment difference observed between the Active and Sham groups was not statistically significant for coronal, root or total caries increment. Analysis of variance of treatment group differences was performed using mutans streptococci counts, salivary flow rates, age, sex, caries prevalence, medications, time to first event and early withdrawal as co‐variables. These factors did not meaningfully alter the findings.Conclusions: The difference between the 10% chlorhexidine varnish and placebo treatments is considered to be highly clinically significant for root caries increment (41% reduction) and for total caries increment (25% reduction) but only for coronal caries increment (14%).
Oral mucous membrane flora in patients using saliva substitutes
Authors: Johansson G. , Andersson G. , Attstöm R. , Edwardsson S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSalivary substitutes are sometimes valuable for elderly people and radiotherapy patients, and may be used indefinitely. It is possible that this change in the ecology may effect the oral flora.Objective: To analyse the presence of micro‐organisms on oral mucous membranes during use of saliva substitutes.Design: Cross‐over single‐blind study.Setting: Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery, Malmö University Hospital and Department of Oral Microbiology, Malmö University.Subjects: 19 patients with low salivary secretion who had been radiated for cancer in the head and neck region. Intervention Two saliva substitutes: linseed extract and a carboxymethyl cellulose preparation (Salinum and MAS‐84) were used for 3 week periods.Measurements: Microbial samples taken, processed and analysed.Results: No differences were observed when comparing baseline values with the results after the saliva substitutes and no significant differences between the use of different agents.Conclusion: The study suggests that use of linseed extract and carboxymethyl cellulose preparation during periods of weeks does not influence flora commonly related to caries, periodontitis or infections in the oral mucous membranes.
The influence of rinsing routines on fluoride retention after toothbrushing
Authors: Sjögren K , Melin N‐H 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: An important determinant of the anticaries effect of brushing with a fluoride dentifrice is the retention of fluoride in the oral fluids. This study measured the influence of various post‐brushing rinsing routines on fluoride retention.Setting: The Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, Sweden.Subjects: Twenty‐one healthy dental students, aged 23±2 yr.Desing: A randomised, cross‐over protocol, comparing various post‐brushing rinsing procedures, with the following variables: volume of rinsing water (5 mL vs. 10×3mL) and duration of rinsing (10 vs. 60 s). Samples of whole saliva, interdental fluid and interdental plaque were analysed for fluoride content.Results: The duration of rinsing did not influence fluoride retention in whole saliva, interdental fluid or interdental plaque. Rinsing with a higher volume of water substantially decreased fluoride retention in all samples.Conclusion: Brushing with a fluoride dentifrice should be followed by rinsing procedures which enhance the retention of fluoride. Rinsing with large volumes of water decreases fluoride retention in the oral fluids, and should be discouraged.