bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P36  Use of n‐butanol as an odourant to standardize the organoleptic scale of breath odour judges
Authors: Saad S , Greenman J , Duffield J 
Published: March 2005

The alcohol n‐butanol has been recommended for use as a standard odorant by various groups for the training or standardization of breath odor judges and sensory evaluation panels.Objective  To assess the use of n‐butanol as a suitable odorant for use in organoleptic training of breath judges.Methods  One judge with full smell acuity was trained in the method of organoleptic assessment using odorant solutions of all chemical classes (acids, amines, indole, sulphides) with the exception of alcohols. The subject was proficient in scoring odorant solutions, standard gas mixtures and human breath using the Rosenberg 0–5 organoleptic scale. The judge had gained over 5 years experience of assessment and for the purposes of this work was considered to be the gold standard. A wide range of n‐butanol solutions were prepared from 0 up to 90 000 ppm and dispensed as replicate 12 ml volumes in Universal bottles (24 ml) leaving a headspace of 12 ml. Sets of odorants were prepared, labelled by code, randomised and presented to the judge in a completely blind fashion. The judge scored each concentration. This process was repeated on 32 occasions over a period of 12 weeks. Means of data for each determination for each concentration series were plotted against the log concentrations of odorant. Linear regression slope analysis was used to measure slope, the 95% CI of slope and the scatter of points (R2 value). Head space concentrations of odorant were determined using GC analysis.Results  The n‐butanol regression slope gave a high R2 value (0.971) and low scatter. However, the data did not correspond to that of other workers using an ASTM method where the range of recommended butanol concentrations was insufficient at the high end to determine the top of the organoleptic scale and insufficient at the low end to determine threshold. Moreover, headspace analysis using GC confirmed the published gas concentrations to be in error by a factor of 10. It was also observed that high concentrations of odourants were irritant causing desensitization if used for prolonged periods.Conclusion  A previously described method had erroneous headspace calculations listed and n‐butanol could not be recommended as a training odorant because of its irritancy.
O6  The occurrence and cause of extra‐oral halitosis
Authors: Tangerman A , Winkel EG 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Oral malodor is now generally accepted to be the main cause (about 90%) of bad breath. Bacterial formation of the volatile sulfur compounds hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methylmercaptan (MM, CH3SH) within the oral cavity is the main cause of oral malodor. The objective was to study the occurrence and cause of the less well‐known extra‐oral halitosis.Methods  We investigated the mouth‐ and nose‐breath of 59 subjects complaining of bad breath and visiting our bad breath clinic. The methods used were gas chromatography and organoleptic scoring (OLS).Results  Six of 59 patients (10 %) were found to have extra‐oral halitosis. The concentrations of H2S and MM in mouth‐breath of patients with extra‐oral halitosis were very low and below critical odorous levels. H2S and MM were absent in nose‐breath of all patients. The concentration of dimethylsulfide (DMS, CH3SCH3) in mouth‐ and nose‐breath in the six patients with extra‐oral halitosis amounted to 1.57 ± 1.31 (s.d.) and 1.64 ± 1.29 nmol l−1 (range: 0.50–4.50), respectively, compared to 0.29 ± 0.19 and 0.21 ± 0.12 nmol l−1, respectively, in patients with oral malodor. The critical odorous concentration of DMS is about 0.5 nmol l−1. Simulated DMS gas‐mixtures had the same smell as observed in the extra‐oral halitosis patients. In these six patients good to perfect correlations were found between the OLS of mouth‐ and nose‐breath (simple correlation coefficient r = 0.840, P < 0.05), between mouth‐OLS and the concentration of DMS in mouth‐breath (r = 0.794, P < 0.05) and in nose‐breath (r = 0.824, P < 0.05) and between nose‐OLS and the concentration of DMS in mouth‐breath (r = 0.963, P < 0.001) and in nose‐breath (r = 0.955, P < 0.001). A perfect correlation was obtained between mouth‐ and nose‐DMS (r = 0.994, P < 0.001), indicating that DMS does not originate in the mouth . The origin of DMS must be found elsewhere, most probably in the blood.Conclusions  About 5–10% of patients with chronic halitosis has extra‐oral halitosis. In all patients with extra‐oral halitosis seen thus far, DMS was always the cause of bad breath. Other causes known, such as trimethylamine in the fish‐odor syndrome, are very rare.
P39  Evaluation of patient oriented outcome using SF‐36 in halitosis therapy
Authors: Kishi M , Abe A , Yonemitsu M 
Published: March 2005

Objective  To evaluate the patient oriented outcome of medical interventions, Medical Outcome Study Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) is a widely used, self‐administered questionnaire. The SF‐36 has eight dimensions of health status consisting of Physical Function (PF), Role‐ Physical (RP), Bodily Pain (BP), General Health (GH), Vitality (VT), SF (Social Function), Role‐ Emotion (RE) and Mental Health (MH). Furthermore, each dimensional score and two summary scores about physical and mental regions can be calculated by the algorithm. The aim of this study was to examine the application of SF‐36 to the clinical parameter of halitosis.Subjects and methods  Seventy patients visiting our special clinic for halitosis were the subjects. In this study, we defined the healed persons as follows. They received our therapy two or more times, and the duration was over 2 months. After our therapy, they declared that the oral malodor of themselves could not bother them. In addition, they accepted to receive the general dental check‐up regularly after the initial therapeutic period. The SF‐36 was filled by the subjects at the first visit of our clinic and the first time of the regular check‐up. The content of our therapy was mainly involved measurement of oral malodor, supporting for oral self‐care, professional oral cleaning and counseling. All management concerning SF‐36 was performed according to the manual of SF‐36, version 1.2, Japanese edition.Results and discussion  Among all 70 subjects, GH, VT, SF, RE, MH and mental summary scores were significantly lower than national averages. Among the healed persons (n = 17), only SF score significantly rose after receiving our therapy. These results suggest that the consciousness of the improvement in social function could be an important outcome of halitosis therapy. In conclusion, measuring health related QOL using SF‐36 might be useful for evaluating the efficacy of halitosis therapy.
P40  Measurement of VSC and organoleptic scores and subjective patients’ opinion about halitosis – a questionnaire study
Authors: Iwanicka‐Grzegorek E , Michalik J , Kepa J , Wierzbicka M , Aleksinski M , Pierzynowska E 
Published: March 2005

Objectives  The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of interest in fetor ex ore among respondents, patients of the Department of Conservative Dentistry in Warsaw.Methods  A questionnaire was completed by 295 patients, 202 female and 93 male aged 18–74 (avg 38.73). Each person was also examined for organoleptic score and VSC by halimeter. Halitosis was diagnosed if the average level of VSC measured by halimeter was ≥125 ppb and the organoleptic measurement using a 5‐point scale was ≥2. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi square test.Results  Incidence of halitosis was greatest in age ranges 25–34 (29.68%) and 45–54 years (24.52%). People from these age groups are more careful about oral heath, so they are more likely to be interested in checking for halitosis. Among 295 respondents 25.42% often had a problem with bad breath, 39.66% sometimes, and 34.91% rarely or never. Persons with diagnosed halitosis frequently reported having a problem with bad breath (47.73%), and only 5.76% persons with halitosis did not notice this problem (P < 0.001). Among 76 healthy persons five (6.6%) reported having a problem with halitosis (P < 0.001). Clinical tests for halitosis allowed a diagnosis of halitophobia in four cases. Respondents noticed a problem with bad breath in their relatives in 46.0%. The frequency of malodor observed in relatives of patients with halitosis was similar to that in relatives of healthy subjects (P = 0.58). No correlation was found between cigarette smoking and a diagnosis of halitosis (P = 0.22).Conclusions  A statistically significant correlation was found between clinical diagnosis of halitosis and VSC level by halimeter, organoleptic measurement and subjective patients’ opinion.
P41  Tongue cleaning habits in Italians: results of a survey in a sample population
Authors: Abati S , Ferrieri G , Strohmenger L 
Published: March 2005

Background and objectives  Mechanical cleaning of the tongue is suggested as an effective method for reducing cultivable flora of the tongue and teeth and decreasing oral malodor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the general attitude, knowledge and behaviour of a representative sample of Italian population regarding the hygienic tongue procedures.Methods  The survey has been conducted in January and February 2003 through structured phone interviews using CATI (computer aided telephone interviews) methods by EuriskoOmnibus, a specialized agency, on commission by GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare S.p.A.‐Italy. The sample has been randomly chosen among urban and rural residents from age 15 onwards with a nationwide distribution in proportion to the last demoskopic feature of general Italian population. Relevant data has been processed with MSExcel and StatView software in an Apple G4 Powerbook PC.Results  The sample is composed by 2000 individuals, 52% females and 48% males. Of these, 6% have an academic degree, 23% high school and 71% lower middle school Over one‐third (39%) of Italians interviewed declared to perform specifically tongue cleaning: 40% of them every time they perform oral hygiene twofold or more daily, 24% once a day and 36% less than daily; the tongue cleaning habits are more diffuse in younger people. Seventy‐one per cent of tongue cleaners perform the procedure with an ordinary toothbrush, 22% declared to clean tongue with an oral rinse and only 4% utilize specific tongue instruments. In our sample main reasons for tongue cleaning practices were reaching a better oral hygiene (60%) and fighting bad breath (25%).Conclusions  In Italians tongue cleaning is more diffuse than expected but the reasons are not principally related to the reduction of halitosis.
O7  The treatment of oral malodor
Authors: Kazor CE , Loesche WJ 
Published: March 2005

Objective  Because the increase in the bacterial load on the tongue is paramount in the etiology of malodor, we sought to reduce this load by debriding the tongue in combination with short‐term usage of antimicrobial mouthrinses.Methods  Subjects with oral malodor had an OR score >2, had whole mouth volatile sulfur (VSCs) levels ≥200 ppb (Halimeter®), and had a positive tongue BANA test. The subjects were given a tongue scraper and a 16 oz bottle of mouthrinse (Listerine® or Ther‐a‐sol®, single blind design). They were instructed to debride their dorsal tongue surface, to brush and floss the teeth, to rinse with 1 oz of the mouthrinse for 1 min, instructed not to eat or drink for 2–3 h thereafter, and to repeat the protocol in the morning and evening for 7 days. After 1 week all malodor measurements were repeated. The patients were then given a zinc containing tongue gel and instructed to debride the tongue surface, repeating this procedure twice a day.Results and discussion  Thirty‐two subjects entered this program, 31 returned 1 week later, and 20 returned for a follow‐up examination (average of 37 weeks). The OR score decreased from 2.8 to 0.9 after 1 week of treatment, and to 0.6 for those who returned for the follow‐up. The VSCs decreased from 339 ppb prior to treatment to 120 ppb after 1 week and to 53 ppb 37 weeks later. Eighty‐one percent of the tongues were BANA positive prior to treatment, 16% after 1 week and 0% after 37 weeks. The microbial flora changed from one dominated by asaccharolytic species to one dominated by saccharolytic species such as S. salivarius.Conclusions  This report describes a long‐term beneficial effect of treatment on oral malodor.
O8  Impact of periodontal therapy (including antiseptics) on tongue coating and malodour
Authors: Van Steenberghe D , Zhao H , Soers C , Pauwels M , Quirynen M 
Published: March 2005

Background  Bad breath is often caused by periodontitis and/or tongue coating. This study aimed to follow, over a 6 months period, the impact of periodontal therapy on several parameters linked with oral malodour.Methods  In this double‐blind, randomized, long‐term, parallel study 45 moderate periodontitis patients without obvious tongue coating were enrolled. Besides a ‘one‐stage, full‐mouth’ disinfection and oral hygiene improvement (including tongue scraping), patients were instructed to rinse with one of the following products (randomly allocated): CHX 0.2% + alcohol (Corsodyl®), CHX 0.05% + CPC 0.05% and no alcohol (Perio.Aid®Maintenance, a new formulation), or the placebo of the latter for 6 months. At baseline and after 3 and 6 months, a serious of parameters was recorded including VSC rating (Halimeter), tongue coating and an estimation of the microbial load (anterior & posterior part tongue, saliva, supragingival plaque).Results  Even though the initial VSC values were not high (±90, only 18 patients >100), significant (P < 0.05) reductions could be recorded in the CHX and CHX+CPC group, but only to a minor extent in the placebo group. Tongue scraping resulted in a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) of the coating up to month 6 in the placebo and CHX+CPC group, but not in the CHX group. The microbial changes in the placebo group were never significant (≤0.3 log values), even though the tongue had been scraped daily. The CHX and CHX‐CPC group showed, in comparison to baseline, significant (P < 0.001) reductions in the number of anaerobic species in the supra gingival plaque, in the saliva and on the anterior part of the tongue. For the posterior part of the tongue the microbial changes remained ≤0.3 log values.Conclusions  The results of this study indicate that, in patients with moderate periodontitis, periodontal therapy including tongue scraping did not have a significant effect on the microbial load of the tongue or the VSC level, except when combined with a mouthrinse.
Workshop 1  Odor measurements using human judges (including judge training and standardization)
Authors: Nachnami Sushma 
Published: March 2005

This group consisted of participants from various academic institutes and industry:Most of the academic research groups had no formal training program in place. Several of the group members had worked with John Greenman's group to train and standardize. Also, a couple of academicians did set up some type of training where they at least worked together smelling human breath to train and calibrate before they began seeing patients. However the industry had elaborate training programs in place.Samples used by industry for training were mostly garlic and onions; some of the groups used scratch & sniff tests or essential oils.Organoleptic judges should have training documentation after completion of training. This should be recommended to the ADA.Airborne infections:  Concern about sniffing patients in close proximity was raised. Some people in industry monitor their judges closely by conducting medical exams on an ongoing basis. Medical histories of the patients should be looked at closely. Universal precaution laws should be followed closely.How to sniff:  Different methods were discussed, ‘blinding’ helps. Different ways of sniffing – some used glass tube, breathing out, e.g. counting out loud to twenty or saying ha ha ha etc.Descriptors should be provided to the group for training as it is difficult for organoleptic judges to come up with appropriate phrases. While most of the academic groups trained directly with subjects, several academic groups reported developing training programs based on ASTM standards. The people from Industry all used ASTM standards. Certification was provided after 1 year of training with subjects.
Differential Degradation of Nonylphenol Isomers by
Sphingomonas xenophaga
Bayram
Authors: Gabriel Frédéric L. P. , Giger Walter , Guenther Klaus , Kohler Hans-Peter E. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Sphingomonas xenophaga
Bayram, isolated from the activated sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant, was able to utilize 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol, one of the main isomers of technical nonylphenol mixtures, as a sole carbon and energy source. The isolate degraded 1 mg of 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol/ml in minimal medium within 1 week. Growth experiments with five nonylphenol isomers showed that the three isomers with quaternary benzylic carbon atoms [(1,1,2,4-tetramethylpentyl)phenol, 4-(1-ethyl-1,4-dimethylpentyl)phenol, and 4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenol] served as growth substrates, whereas the isomers containing one or two hydrogen atoms in the benzylic position [4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-
n
-nonylphenol] did not. However, when the isomers were incubated as a mixture, all were degraded to a certain degree. Differential degradation was clearly evident, as isomers with more highly branched alkyl side chains were degraded much faster than the others. Furthermore, the C
9
alcohols 2,3,5-trimethylhexan-2-ol, 3,6-dimethylheptan-3-ol, and 2-methyloctan-2-ol, derived from the three nonylphenol isomers with quaternary benzylic carbon atoms, were detected in the culture fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, but no analogous metabolites could be found originating from 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-
n
-nonylphenol. We propose that 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol and 4-
n
-nonylphenol were cometabolically transformed in the growth experiments with the mixture but that, unlike the other isomers, they did not participate in the reactions leading to the detachment of the alkyl moiety. This hypothesis was corroborated by the observed accumulation in the culture fluid of an as yet unidentified metabolite derived from 4-(1-methyloctyl)phenol.
Development of Procedures for Direct Extraction of
Cryptosporidium
DNA from Water Concentrates and for Relief of PCR Inhibitors
Authors: Jiang Jianlin , Alderisio Kerri A. , Singh Ajaib , Xiao Lihua 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Extraction of high-quality DNA is a key step in PCR detection of
Cryptosporidium
and other pathogens in environmental samples. Currently,
Cryptosporidium
oocysts in water samples have to be purified from water concentrates before DNA is extracted. This study compared the effectiveness of six DNA extraction methods (DNA extraction with the QIAamp DNA minikit after oocyst purification with immunomagnetic separation and direct DNA extraction methods using the FastDNA SPIN kit for soil, QIAamp DNA stool minikit, UltraClean soil kit, or QIAamp DNA minikit and the traditional phenol-chloroform technique) for the detection of
Cryptosporidium
with oocyst-seeded samples, DNA-spiked samples, and field water samples. The study also evaluated the effects of different PCR facilitators (nonacetylated bovine serum albumin, the T4 gene 32 protein, and polyvinylpyrrolidone) and treatments (the use of GeneReleaser or ultrafiltration) for the relief from or removal of inhibitors of PCR amplification. The results of seeding and spiking studies showed that PCR inhibitors were presented in all DNA solutions extracted by the six methods. However, the effect of PCR inhibitors could be relieved significantly by the addition of 400 ng of bovine serum albumin/μl or 25 ng of T4 gene 32 protein/μl to the PCR mixture. With the inclusion of bovine serum albumin in the PCR mixture, DNA extracted with the FastDNA SPIN kit for soil without oocyst isolation resulted in PCR performance similar to that produced by the QIAamp DNA minikit after oocysts were purified by immunomagnetic separation.
Validation of a Flour-Free Model Dough System for Throughput Studies of Baker's Yeast
Authors: Panadero Joaquin , Randez-Gil Francisca , Prieto Jose Antonio 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Evaluation of gene expression in baker's yeast requires the extraction and collection of pure samples of RNA. However, in bread dough this task is difficult due to the complex composition of the system. We found that a liquid model system can be used to analyze the transcriptional response of industrial strains in dough with a high sugar content. The production levels of CO
2
and glycerol by two commercial strains in liquid and flour-based doughs were correlated. We extracted total RNA from both a liquid and a flour-based dough. We used Northern blotting to analyze mRNA levels of three stress marker genes,
HSP26
,
GPD1
, and
ENA1
, and 10 genes in different metabolic subcategories. All 13 genes had the same transcriptional profile in both systems. Hence, the model appears to effectively mimic the environment encountered by baker's yeast in high-sugar dough. The liquid dough can be used to help understand the connections between technological traits and biological functions and to facilitate studies of gene expression under commercially important, but experimentally intractable, conditions.
Induction of Shiga Toxin-Converting Prophage inEscherichia coliby High Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Aertsen Abram , Faster David , Michiels Chris W. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTSince high hydrostatic pressure is becoming increasingly important in modern food preservation, its potential effects on microorganisms need to be thoroughly investigated. In this context, mild pressures (<200 MPa) have recently been shown to induce an SOS response inEscherichia coliMG1655. Due to this response, we observed a RecA- and LexA-dependent induction of lambda prophage upon treatingE. colilysogens with sublethal pressures. In this report, we extend this observation to lambdoid Shiga toxin (Stx)-converting bacteriophages in MG1655, which constitute an important virulence trait in Stx-producingE. colistrains (STEC). The window of pressures capable of inducing Stx phages correlated well with the window of bacterial survival. When pressure treatments were conducted in whole milk, which is known to promote bacterial survival, Stx phage induction could be observed at up to 250 MPa inE. coliMG1655 and at up to 300 MPa in a pressure-resistant mutant of this strain. In addition, we found that the intrinsic pressure resistance of two types of Stx phages was very different, with one type surviving relatively well treatments of up to 400 MPa for 15 min at 20°C. Interestingly, and in contrast to UV irradiation or mitomycin C treatment, pressure was not able to induce Stx prophage or an SOS response in several natural Stx-producing STEC isolates.