bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of excess fat and central fat patterning among Mongolian pastoral nomads
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. , Goldstein Melvyn C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents information on body size, body composition, and fat patterning in a sample of 750 pastoral nomads aged 5 to 84 years, native residents of Moost district, Mongolia and evaluates the results from the perspective of morphological adaptation to a cold climate. Mongolian nomad men and children have average BMIs close to the U.S. 25th percentile while women have average BMIs close to the U.S. reference median. The prevalence of excess fatness assessed by the Arm Fat Index rises from 5 to 15% during childhood to 65% or more in each adult age–sex group except women 70+ years. The pattern of fat deposition is markedly central (abdominal) among women and children while it is normally so among men: women and children have a very high ratio of waist‐to‐hip circumference and children have a moderately high ratio of subscapular‐to‐triceps skinfold compared with other populations. A body composition favoring centrally deposited fat may be adaptive to a cold stressed population because it would aid in heat production (abdominal fat is thermogenic) and heat conservation (more spherical body size and better insulation) in the age–sex groups that are usually at a thermal disadvantage because of small body size and/or low basal metabolic rate relative to men. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anthropometric estimation of bone mineral content in young adult females
Authors: Adams William C. , Deck‐Côté Kristin , Winters Kerri M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIt was hypothesized that improved prediction of bone mineral content (BMC) would be achieved by an expanded battery of anthropometric variables beyond height and the four extremity diameters used by previous investigators to predict skeletal mass (r = 0.74). Accordingly, sitting height, trunk diameters, chest depth, and head circumference, as well as whole body BMC and bone mineral density (BMD) via dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), were also measured on 52 young adult females (26 each Blacks and Whites), aged 18 to 30 years. The product of height and the squared sum of four extremity breadths, utilized by previous investigators, resulted in r values of 0.74 and 0.70 for the Black and White groups, respectively. Separate stepwise multiple regressions to predict BMC for each group resulted in a collectively different array of independent variables (though there was some overlap between groups). The multiple regression formula for the Black group (R = 0.88; SEE = 156 g) included height, chest depth, chest diameter at the sixth rib level, and knee bicondylar diameter. That for the White group (R = 0.83; SEE = 193 g) included two diameters (bicondylar and biepicondylar) and head circumference. When anthropometrically estimated values for upper‐arm muscle area or upper‐leg lean tissue area (which were better correlated to BMD than BMC) were added to these equations, prediction of BMC was further improved (R = 0.91; SEE = 144 g; and R = 0.85; SEE = 187 g, respectively, for the Black and White groups). The major observation in this study was a substantial improvement in the predictive precision of BMC, as assessed by DEXA, via easily obtainable anthropometric data. Further, the SEE values in this totally anthropometric prediction of whole body BMC closely approximate that recently reported for adult females, aged 18–49 years, when including the mid‐shaft radial BMC (assessed by single‐photon absorptiometry) with height, weight, and body mass index. It is concluded that anthropometric estimation of BMC may be a potentially useful tool to improve the accuracy of percentage body fat estimation assessed by hydrostatic weighing, and that it should be examined in other populations differing significantly in fat‐free mass density from the 1.10 g/ml value of the reference man. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in some health status characteristics of American Samoan men: Preliminary observations from a 12‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Bindon James R. , Crews Douglas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne of the concomitants of the rapid socioeconomic and medical changes which occurred in American Samoa beginning with World War II has been an increase in chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As part of the Samoan Studies Project, a 1976 survey focusing on obesity and blood pressure was conducted in American Samoa. A total of 624 men age 18 or greater were seen at that time. In 1989 we conducted a follow‐up examination of 31 of these men, reassessing blood pressure, and also examining blood glucose and previously diagnosed health problems, focusing on chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, cancer, and diabetes. In a prospective analysis of mortality, Crews (Hum. Biol. 60:417–433, 1988) found that 111 American Samoan men who had blood pressures measured in a public health department survey in 1975 and subsequently died between 1975 and 1981, had higher average systolic and diastolic blood pressures than the 2,588 survivors (140/88 vs. 129/84). Using these data, the 1989 sample was stratified according to the 1976 blood pressure measurement of the men and a sample of 14 normotensive men (1976 blood pressure <140/90) and 17 hypertensives (1976 blood pressure ≥140/90) was selected. The average age, weight, and number of cigarettes smoked per day was not significantly different for these two groups at the 12‐year follow‐up. However, several indicators of health status did differ. The hypertensive group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (P ≤ 0.001). Additionally, the hypertensive group had higher random blood glucose values (P ≤ 0.005) and were significantly more likely to be hypertensive and/or have impaired glucose tolerance (P ≤ 0.001). Change in weight was predictive of change in blood pressure, but not of absolute value of blood pressure. This paper notes the importance of elevated blood pressure as a predictor of future chronic disease risk for Samoan men. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress and changing lifestyles in the Pacific: Physiological stress responses of Samoans in rural and urban settings
Authors: Pearson Jay D. , James Gary D. , Brown Daniel E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lifestyles and social environments of Pacific Islanders have changed profoundly as a result of local development and migration to urban, cosmopolitan centers. These changes have often been accompanied by an increase in chronic diseases, alcoholism, and suicide. As a result, the health effects of psychological and physiological stress have become an increasing concern in Pacific Island nations and in countries with significant Pacific migrant communities. Several studies in the Samoan Studies Project have examined catecholamine excretion rates in order to understand how the behavioral, psychological, and environmental changes of modernization affect the physiological stress responses of young Samoan adults. The results of studies in rural and urban Western Samoa, American Samoa, and Honolulu, Hawaii show that several complex factors associated with urban, more cosmopolitan lifestyles tend to increase stress hormone levels. Specifically, lifestyle differences in physical activity, diet, and social interaction have significant independent and interactive contributions. These behavioral factors can lead to a high degree of day‐to‐day variability in catecholamine excretion. The implications of these findings for future research designs are discussed. However, the data suggest that it is a complex interaction of lifestyle factors, not any specific single factor, that determines the physiological stress responses of Samoans in different environments. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnicity, birth weight, and maternal age in infant mortality: Hawaiian experience
Authors: Park Chai Bin , Horiuchi Brian Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo investigate the role of ethnicity, birth weight, and maternal age in infant mortality, separately in neonatal and postneonatal phases, this study used linked birth and infant death certificates for a 10‐year period, 1979–1988, in the State of Hawaii. Log‐linear analysis was applied to the cross‐classified tables generated from the two files. Birth weight was a strong factor both in neonatal and postneonatal phases, but ethnicity was a factor only in the latter phase. Maternal age was not significant in infant survival in either phase, but it was strongly associated with the other two factors. Among the nine major ethnic groups residing in the state, black and Hawaiian women were more likely to have infants dying during the postneonatal period. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple influences on menstrual synchrony: Kibbutz roommates, their best friends, and their mothers
Authors: Weller Leonard , Weller Aron 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMenstrual onset dates of women living in kibbutzim were compared with those of their roomates, their best friends in the kibbutz, and their mothers. Since these three groups of women constitute the overwhelming number of the subjects' female interactions, this enabled the examination of multiple influences on menstrual synchrony. Synchrony was found between roommates and between best friends, but not between mothers and daughters. The relationships of friendship and joint activities to synchrony were also analyzed. The findings support a pheromonal, and not an environmental, explanation of menstrual synchrony. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The onset of puberty and the availability of sex steroids in female gymnasts
Authors: de Ridder C. M. , Zonderland M. L. , Thijssen J. H. H. , Bruning P. F. , Barth A. , Steenbruggen A. , Erich W. B. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlasma levels of gonadotropins, (sex) steroids, SHBG bound fractions of 17β‐estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T), and sex‐hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) were compared at the onset of puberty in female gymnasts (n = 7) and two groups of schoolgirls with similar anthropometric characteristics. Ten schoolgirls were matched to the gymnasts on the basis of a sum of skinfolds and the waist/hip ratio, while 12 other girls were selected on the basis of the stature and bicristal breadth of the female gymnasts. All girls were in the second stage of breast development (M2) and were classified as being in the first stage (M1) 6 months earlier. When female gymnasts were compared to nonathletic schoolgirls with similar physical characteristics at the same stage of early puberty, the former had significantly lower levels of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), total and available E2, and T. In conclusion, female gymnasts have significantly lower LH, E2, and T plasma levels than nonathletic schoolgirls in early puberty. The E2 and T plasma levels in early female gymnasts are not related to the individual physical characteristics, i.e., fat mass, short stature, or small bicristal breadth. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular change: Somatic comparisons of urban and rural black male children and youths living in central South Carolina
Authors: French Karen E. , Spurgeon John H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSomatic data were collected during 1988–1989 on 260 black males, ages 6, 9, and 15 years, living in Calhoun County in rural central South Carolina. Eight measures of body size, four estimates of body form, two skinfold thicknesses, and body mass index (BMI) were analyzed for central tendency and variability. Comparisons were made with earlier samples of black boys measured in Columbia City, South Carolina, during 1974–1977. At ages 9 and 15 years, the Calhoun County boys exceed Columbia City boys in standing height, sitting height, lower limb height, arm girth, and body weight. Measures of body form were similar for both groups. Among worldwide comparisons, Calhoun County boys exceed all groups in standing height and body weight. Comparisons with earlier means indicate secular gains and estimates of their magnitude. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weights of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen in healthy and apparently healthy adult Danish subjects
Authors: Garby L. , Lammert O. , Kock K. F. , Thobo‐Carlsen B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBased on a forensic material of 1,598 autopsies of Danish adults (1,086 males, 512 females ≥ 16 years of age), who prior to death were healthy or apparently healthy based on clinical evidence, the weights of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen were registered. The variability of organ weights was estimated. Relationships between organ weights and body size, and among organ weights were also evaluated. Males had larger organ weights than females. When organ weights were based on the same estimated fat free mass, interesting differences between the sexes were observed: weights of the heart and brain were smaller in females, but weights of the kidney were the same; weights of the liver were consistently larger in females than in males. Useful comparisons of the data with previous studies were impossible because of differences in the criteria of health and of insufficient numbers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resting energy expenditure and body composition in rural Sarawaki adults
Authors: Strickland S. S. , Ulijaszek S. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe resting energy expenditure (REE) of 43 men and 41 nonpregnant women aged 18–42, of the Iban tribe in rural Sarawak, was measured using the Oxylog and analyzed in relation to fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) derived from measurements of skinfold thickness, to estimates of the specific energy expenditure of the FFM, and to microclimatic variables. Measured REEs exceeded values predicted from FFM by 9–22%, but were consistent with the metabolic rates expected of Western adolescents of comparable body size and composition. In both sexes, body fat content significantly influenced REE after accounting for nonlinear effects of variation in FFM. This is consistent with reported high adipocyte metabolic rates in obese Westerners, and with the hypothesis that Iban may possess a relatively large capacity for fat mobilization and storage. Therefore, in some populations, terms representing both FM and FFM should be included in equations describing REE. These findings are consistent with postulated evolutionary advantages of efficiency in regulation of energy turnover. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnicity and disease prevention
Authors: Cooper Richard S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEthnic variations in health present a useful paradigm for the study of disease etiology. The knowledge base in this area has expanded dramatically in recent years, both as a result of research across cultures and studies within multiethnic societies. The growth in descriptive information, however, has not always been paralleled by an increase in causal explanations. At both the theoretical and practical levels confounding remains an unsolved problem. Because of the frequent correlation between ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and risk exposures it is often difficult to isolate the relative impact of genetics and external risk factors. The importance of variation in allele frequencies in determining ethnic diesease patterns is further complicated by the difficulty in providing precise ethnic group designations. Inference regarding causal relationships becomes particularly challenging for polygenic disorders like hypertension and non–insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus, where good candidate genes are not available. At the same time, exposures are often known before the genetic basis of susceptibility has been identified and provide a practical basis for prevention. Prevention campaigns should be merged with etiologic research whenever possible and close collaboration among scientists working in public health and epidemiology and those based in genetics and biology would facilitate development of an appropriately balanced strategy. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of atherosclerosis: Some strategies for studies of apolipoprotein E
Authors: Moll Patricia Peyser 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany genes are hypothesized to be involved in determining an individual's risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent efforts have focused on the genetic architecture of quantitative traits related to risk for CAD. Studies relating genetic variation in the structural gene for apolipoprotein E to plasma levels of apolipoprotein E illustrate strategies to begin to understand the genetic architecture of plasma levels of apolipoprotein E. Studies using a measured gene approach suggest that variability in the isoforms of apolipoprotein E explain some, but not all, of the variability in plasma levels of apolipoprotein E. Products of other genes may be associated with plasma apolipoprotein E variability. No studies to date have presented findings from an unmeasured gene approach to plasma levels of apolipoprotein E. Models most often used in the unmeasured gene approach are not appropriate for studies of plasma levels of apolipoprotein E and perhaps are inappropriate for the study of other traits. Variations of the models are suggested to ask if a single unmeasured gene is the same gene defined by the apolipoprotein E isoforms. Another model can be used to ask if there is evidence for genes influencing levels of apolipoprotein E after accounting for the effects of the isoforms. Both the measured gene and unmeasured gene strategies have limitations. The failure of most models to allow for the complexity of genotype‐phenotype relationships or the heterogeneity of genetic causes will slow the progress to understand the genetic architecture of quantitative traits associated with risk for CAD. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between physical growth and motor development in infancy and early childhood: Multivariate analysis
Authors: Livshits Gregory , Cohen Zvi , Otremski Itshak 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was based on a sample of 651 singleton infants, from 325 unrelated families. Body weight (WT), length (LT) and head circumference (HC) of each child were measured at day of birth and thereafter every 3 months during the first 2 years. The achievement of five developmental milestones was surveyed, the ages at which the infant could turn him‐ or herself over (TURN), sit up (SAT), stand up (STOOD), walk without support (WALK), and cut the first tooth (TOOTH). Principal component analysis showed several patterns, in particular: (1) PC1 includes all physical measurements of the infant at all specific ages, (2) PC2 is a factor of motor development and early growth rate; gestational age, birth weight, and body length also showed high negative correlations with this component, (3) PC4 is a factor that related the motor development variables with growth rate between 6 and 12 months, and (4) PC6 is a “late growth” component. Path analysis revealed that real relationships between the variables of motor development and growth rate are complicated. It showed the existence of direct relations between sequential motor milestones. However, most of the growth rate variables and birth measurements, in particular birth WT, had only an indirect contribution to rate of motor development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of pulsatile patterns of growth hormone release in humans: A brief review
Authors: Hartman Mark L. , Iranmanesh Ali , Thorner Michael O. , Veldhuis Johannes D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH) is an important metabolic hormone, which stimulates net protein anabolism, lipolysis, and linear bone growth. Pulses of GH secretion arise from interactions of hypothalamic GH‐releasing hormone and somatostatin at the somatotroph cell in the anterior pituitary gland. The frequency and amplitude of GH pulses are regulated by multiple factors including age, geneder, pubertal status, menstrual cycle phase, body composition, sleep, nutrition, and exercise. In diseases such as obesity, type I diabetes mellitus, hypo‐ and hyperthyroidism, Turner's syndrome, uremia, liver failure, and acromegaly the pulsatile secretion of GH and/or its metabolic clearance rate are altered. Deconvolution analysis of serum GH concentrations measured in blood obtained at frequent intervals has made it possible to simultaneously resolve subject‐specific metabolic clearance rates and the number, amplitude, duration, and mass of GH secretory bursts. Such analyses have provided new insights into the mechanisms regulating pulsatile patterns of GH release in human health and disease. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Children do not grow continuously but in spurts
Authors: Hermanussen Michael , Burmeister Jens 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe description of the human growth pattern in limited largely to the traditional vocabulary of “linear growth rates,” i.e., height or length increments divided by certain time intervals such as months or years. These studies have been performed using conventional techniques of body length or stature measurement with a technical error of approximately 1.5 mm. During the last 10 years, measurements of lower leg length (knemometry) have been performed with a significantly lower technical error (0.09–0.16 mm). Repeated determinations of lower leg length at short intervals are now feasible, and evidence indicates that “short term growth” is a phenomenon that includes both length increment and decrement. At measurement intervals of exactly 1 week, growth appears periodic showing marked spurts that alternate with intervals of decreased growth velocity with a peak‐to‐peak distance of 30–55 days (mini growth spurts). These spurts have significant clinical importance and can be used as predictive criteria for successful growth promotion in growth hormone therapy of short stature. Lower leg length measurements at 24‐hour intervals provide evidence for the existence of circaseptan periodicity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of saltatory growth in infancy
Authors: Lampl Michelle 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAuxological measurements were taken weekly (n = 10), semi‐weekly (n = 20), and daily (n = 3) during the first 21 months of life on a sample of normal infants (21 females and 12 males). The serial length measurements are reported. All subjects grew in length during episodic growth saltuses of short duration, with amplitudes of 0.5–2.0 cm during measurements intervals (1 day to 1 week), separated by periods of no measurable growth (2 days to 2 months). The periods of stasis between growth episodes are not positively associated with illness (P = 0.000). These data support the hypothesis that normal human growth during the first 2 years proceeds by pulsatile growth saltuses of substantial amplitude and rapid duration punctuating static intervals. Individual variability in the amplitude and frequency of growth saltuses may account for variation in attained length and growth velocity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement in the Roche‐Wainer‐Thissen stature prediction model: A comparative study
Authors: Khamis H. J. , Guo Shumei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Roche‐Wainer‐Thissen (RWT) prediction model, developed in 1975, predicts the adult stature of a child based on age, current stature, current weight, current skeletal age, and the average stature of the parents. Generally, the method has worked well; however, there are certain steps in the procedure that can be improved. Seven variations of the current version of the RWT prediction model are investigated and compared in terms of the accuracy and reliability of prediction, culminating in a recommendation for the prediction of adult stature in Caucasian Americans. The recommended method, called multivariate cubic spline smoothing [MCS2(1)], uses cubic splines in the smoothing part of the RWT prediction model, resulting in a simpler (i.e., fewer steps) method with smaller maximum deviations between predicted and actual adult statures than the current multivariate semi‐metric smoothing (MS2) method. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.