bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privatization and Domestic Consumers
Authors: Winward John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On first inspection, discussion of privatization from the point of view of domestic consumers appears an unrewarding prospect; consumer organizations have generally viewed ownership as one of the less interesting aspects of industrial organization. In practice, however, the privatization programme has been about much more than ownership, raising questions about the potential for liberalization of markets, industrial restructuring, and the extended regulation (or re-regulation) of particular sectors. It is these aspects that have been of most significance for domestic consumers, and the organizations that represent them.
Popular Capitalism
Authors: Grout Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1979 the proportion of the adult population of the UK that directly owned shares in companies was 9 per cent. In the last thirteen years this has risen dramatically and it is estimated that 25 per cent of the adult population now own shares. In many ways this has been a spectacular change and one that, in 1979, would have appeared almost impossible to achieve. This seems to indicate that ‘popular capitalism’ has arrived in abundance and has been an unmitigated success. There is, however, another side to the story. In 1975 the percentage of the UK equity market in direct personal ownership was 37.5 per cent. By 1981 this had fallen to below 30 per cent and by the end of the decade was barely above 20 per cent.
Management Buy-outs and Privatization
Authors: Wright Mike , Thompson Steve , Robbie Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most discussion about privatization appears to assume, explicitly or implicitly, that it will be effected by stock market flotation to create a dispersed ownership PLC (Vickers and Yarrow 1988). This focus of attention has been despite the large number of other forms of sale, such as buy-outs and sales to third parties, which have taken place (Wright, Thompson, and Robbie 1989). The benefits to be derived from privatization may be extended if these other forms of private-sector ownership are considered. This chapter critically examines the merits of the management buy-out (MBO) and its close relations as a privatization device. It is suggested that agency-cost arguments, supported by a growing body of empirical evidence, indicate that the MBO form is effective in improving firm performance, at least in the short to medium term.
Introduction
Authors: Bishop Matthew , Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europe stands at the start of its first great merger wave. Growing international trade, accelerated by the 1992 ‘Single Market’ programme, has seen a sharp increase in mergers across national borders between European based firms. During the 1990s, this increase in European mergers will almost certainly continue. As it does, it is sure to raise important questions for industrial policy-makers and business strategists. Should, for instance, leading national firms merge to form ‘European champions’? When does merger make good business sense, and with which firm? Are hostile take-overs a sound method for ensuring top management accountability; are alternative ownership controls preferable? What are the proper grounds for politicians to prevent a merger, and which politicians? Many of these issues will be all too familiar to British managers, investors, and politicians, who, unlike their European counterparts, have extensive experience of the costs and benefits of mergers and take-overs. As Europe’s first great merger wave begins, those guiding it should draw heavily on this British experience. Britain itself has just come to the end of its third great merger boom of the twentieth century. The first was in the 1920s when the development of mass production techniques created a steep change in the scale of production, and firms such as Unilever and ICI, which have continued to dominate the British industrial scene ever since, were brought together. The marked rise in industrial concentration in the 1920s was the product both of mergers and of internal growth.
The Empirical Analysis of Market Structure and Performance
Authors: Fairburn* James , Geroski† Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In evaluating any horizontal merger, a central concern is the likely effect of that merger on industry performance. Although many performance crieria might be thought relevant-level of costs and efficiency, standards of inventiveness and innovation-much attention is typically given to the apparently more direct and tractable effects on prices and thence profits. Will the reduction of competition arising from the merging of competing firms, and the corresponding changes in the concentration of sales within an industry, elevate prices over costs and thus increase profits? A potentially fruitful approach to this question is to consider the past performance of a range of industries which differ in their configuration of firms and in other attributes, and to isolate and measure the general effect on observed prices or profits of varying levels of sales concentration. Research of this type is the subject of this chapter.
The Evolution of Merger Policy in Britain
Authors: Fairburn* James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the operation of merger policy in Britain from the introduction of controls on mergers in 1965 to the end of 1986. The structure of the paper broadly reflects the two-stage procedure characteristic of British policy, whereby a limited number of the many merger proposals falling within the scope of the legislation are first selected by the authorities for further consideration, and these few are then examined by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission against a broad public interest standard. Thus, following a brief description of the legislation, Section 2 will examine the initial selection decision: which types of mergers have been referred to the Commission, and how the types and number of references have changed over time. The section is concerned with establishing the broad pattern of policy. Section 3 then focuses on the operation of the Commission: how it has dealt with the various issues it has been required to consider, for example, how it establishes the effect of a particular merger on competition. Section 4 contains some concluding comments on the overall operation of this two-stage policy, and offers some tentative policy recommendations.
European or National? The Community’s New Merger Regulation
Authors: Bishop* Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since September 1990, mergers taking place in the European Community (EC) have been regulated under a new merger regulation. After sixteen years of unsuccessful negotiations, undertaken with varying degrees of enthusiasm and occasional hostility, the EC member states agreed, in December 1989, to this new system of community-wide merger regulation, based around the Competition Directorate of the European Commission. The negotiation of this regulation raised questions reaching to the heart of current debates about the future economic and political development of the Community, and particularly issues of national sovereignty. These questions will continue to be debated. A central plank of the new merger regulation is to be reassessed in the years to 1994. The new merger regulation has, however, been broadly welcomed, and its practice mostly uncontroversial. UK Trade Minister, John Redwood, called the regulation ‘very important . . . providing more certainty for companies about who exactly is determining the fate of their mergers’. Leon Brittan, the European Commissioner responsible for competition policy, emphasized the link between merger control and the single market programme, and that the European Community has ‘for the first time a single framework in which take-overs and mergers with a Community dimension can be dealt with, recognizing the importance of maintaining fair competition throughout the single market’.
Other Dynamic Pitfalls
Authors: Bell Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility that a lax debt policy will lead to a headlong march, or a series of stumbles, into fiscal instability was treated at length in Chapter 6. This is far from the only hazard that can await an economy in a many period setting. Whilst there is no space here to deal with all the issues that arise, two others merit particular attention.
IT and Economic Development: International Competitiveness
Authors: Kraemer Kenneth L , Dedrick Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a growing recognition among economic development specialists that investments in technology can play a critical role in stimulating economic growth and productivity. The rapid economic expansion of Newly Industrializing Economies (NIEs) in East Asia is at least partially attributable to their investment in technologies to upgrade the productivity and competitiveness of export-oriented industries (Amsden 1989; Ranis 1990). The economic stagnation of other developing countries has been blamed in part on government policies which restricted the importation of advanced technologies from abroad (Lail 1985; Dahlman and Frischtak 1990).
The Base Model
Authors: Macho-Stadler Ines , Perez-Castrillo J David , Watt Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we analyse a reference situation that we will compare with the results of the following chapters in order properly to understand the consequences of the existence of asymmetric information. We consider a relationship between two individuals (or institutions) in which one works for the other, and in which a random result, depending in part on the effort supplied by the agent who is responsible for the activity in question, is obtained. Both participants have the same information, both before establishing the relationship and during it.
Networks and Virtuality
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms ‘strategic network’ and ‘strategic alliance’ are often used interchangeably, and indeed there are situations in which they do overlap—as, for example, in the Japanese keiretsu form. However, there is a clear distinction between the idea of a network with its implication of close but non-exclusive relationships, and that of an alliance which, however loosely, implies the creation of a joint enterprise at least over a limited domain. A virtual corporation generally carries some of the impression of both.
Negotiation and Valuation
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If strategic alliances are to continue to grow in number and importance, as is the trend in the 1990s, it is important to be clear on some ground rules for negotiating them, and in particular for valuing the contribution each partner is able to make to the joint enterprise, in a way acceptable to both or indeed all the partners.
The Evolving Alliance
Authors: Child John , Faulkner David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alliances do not stand still, at least if they are to survive. As partnerships, often formed in response to challenging competitive conditions, they are founded upon relationships that have a dynamic of their own and are subject to the influence of external changes bearing not only directly upon the alliance but also on the parents separately. They have to transform and adapt with a sense of direction. The main exception are those partnerships, such as oil-exploration consortia, which are designed for one-off purposes rather than to evolve into long-term relationships. Thus, only 4 per cent of these partnerships in the petroleum industry normally last longer than five years, according to a 1995 survey published in the Oil and Gas Journal (cited in De Rand and Faulkner 1997).
Accounting as a Representational Craft Lessons for Research on Information Systems
Authors: Boland Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to deal with the broad topic of how the traditions of research in accounting can provide lessons for our approach to thinking about research in information systems, I have found it necessary to narrow the scope of this study considerably. I will focus on financial and managerial accounting, and will not be touching on other topics of accounting re search, such as taxation or auditing. I have also chosen to avoid accounting research based on agency theory, behavioural decision-making, capital markets, and so-called positive theory. This narrowing still leaves a large domain, and as an organising theme for considering that body of research I will focus on the construction and use of accounting representations such as income statements, balance sheets, funds flow statements, budgets, and cost statements.
Information Technology Outsourcing What Problems are we Trying to Solve?
Authors: Lacity Mary C , Hirschheim Rudy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Eastman Kodak announced that it was outsourcing its information systems (IS) function in 1989 to IBM, DEC, and Business land (now Entex Information Services) it created quite a stir in the IS industry. Never before had such a well-known organisation, where IS was considered to be a strategic asset, turned it over to third party providers. Since then both large and small companies have found it acceptable, indeed fashionable, to transfer their IS assets, leases, and staff to outsourcing vendors.
Calibration
Authors: Favero Carlo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The calibration approach takes the inter temporally optimized model to the data to answer specific economic questions1. The essence of this methodology can be described in six steps; see Canova and Ortega (1997) and Cooley (1997): 1. formulation of an economic question; 2. selection of a model design which bears some relevance to the question asked; 3. choice of functional forms for the primitives of the model to find a solution for the endogenous variables in terms of the exogenous variables and the parameters; 4. choice of parameters and stochastic processes for the exogenous variables and simulation of paths for the endogenous variables of the model; 5. selection of a metric to compare the outcomes of the model relative to a set of ‘stylized facts’; 6. policy analyses, if required.
HRM and the ethics of commodified work in a market economy
Authors: Walsh Adrian J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work is a central feature of our lives and an area of human activity that provides genuine possibilities for individual development and flourishing. At the same time it is a site of great economic and political conflict and, moreover, for many workers is nothing but drudge, the ‘toad god work’ as the English poet Philip Larkin once called it.
Stakeholder theory and the ethics of HRM
Authors: Greenwood Michelle , Cieri Helen De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the ethical implications of HRM is fairly recent but appears to be increasing (Winstanley and Woodall 2000a, 2000b). There are many possible explanations for this growing interest: the rise of the size and power of the corporate form, the decrease in regulation in the workplace and demise of unionization in industrialized countries, the growing use of employment in Third World countries, the increasing interest and power by advocacy groups in curtailing corporate excess and holding corporations accountable for their actions.
Ethics and work in emergencies: the UK fire service strike 2002–3
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Talk of employee relations has become more common than talk of IR in HRM, but collective action organized by trade unions has not disappeared from employment relationships. Collective action by trade unions operating in emergency services has traditionally been regarded as morally sensitive: it has taken on new significance throughout the West since September 11. In this chapter, I consider ethical issues raised by the strike in 2002–3 carried out by the UK fire services.
Jurisdiction Based on Defendant’s Location in England
Authors: James Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jurisdiction of the English courts can, in many cases, be based on the location of the defendant, or a connected entity, in England. Each of the following might be sufficient, as discussed in detail below: References to England in this book are to England and Wales and their territorial waters, but not the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man. See paragraphs 2.35–2.38 for further explanation. The traditional common law concept of domicile is connected with the idea of a person’s permanent home.
Jurisdiction Based on Procedural Connection with England
Authors: James Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jurisdiction of the English courts can often be based on a procedural connection between a claim and England. Thus, the courts will have jurisdiction over a claim against a Maltese defendant if the claim is closely connected with a claim against another defendant who is domiciled in England (even if the case has no other connection with England). Jurisdiction over third party claims and counterclaims can similarly be based on the claim’s connection with the original claim brought before the English courts. Finally, the English courts will sometimes assume jurisdiction if the claim is for an injunction to do or refrain from doing an act in England.
Introduction
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Henry Tudor, a moderately obscure magnate of Welsh descent, triumphed at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, few would have given much for his chances of long survival. Princes, nobles, and notables, if not kings, had recently been coming and going with bewildering frequency, and there was no reason to suppose that the latest arrival, boasting only the most tenuous claim to the English throne, would fare better than his immediate predecessor. The times were not deemed propitious for dynastic stability.
The Consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the initial round of public ceremonies, marking the stages whereby Henry VII secured his position on the English throne, had been completed, there was a marked decline in the spectacular aspect of kingship. Henry was content now to play the part of a dignified monarch, displaying his regality at recognized ceremonial occasions such as the festival of the Order of the Garter, and displaying his liberality and patronage of court life at the recognized festive season of Christmas. But the king did not again appear as the central figure in a great public spectacle.1 The scene was now set for a second series of ceremonies and public displays, marking the various stages of the consolidation of the Tudor dynasty by the advancement to honours, first of Henry VII’s elder son and heir, Prince Arthur, and then of his second son Henry, in exactly the same manner as that which had signalized the foundation of the Tudor dynasty.
Mary, and Philip and Mary
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While Edward VI lay coughing on his death-bed, Northumberland was busy preparing for the future-a future which only really existed for him if the succession to the English throne could be diverted from the daughters of Henry VIII. The Duke must have played upon Edward’s religious susceptibilities with ruthless insistence, and prevailed upon him to devise the Crown not to his sisters but to Lady Jane Grey, his second cousin, who was rapidly married to the Duke’s son in a series of dynastic knots intended to tie the English succession firmly to the Dudley family. The whole process was neither legal nor logical. It was merely a desperate attempt by Northumberland to impose his will upon the King, Council, and country; and though he was able to cajole the King, and browbeat the Council, he failed utterly to convince the nation at large. He was universally hated and, in the testing fortnight after Edward’s death, he was unable to muster requisite strength to enforce his idiosyncratic view of the succession. On 19 July Mary was proclaimed Queen amidst wild enthusiasm-’all the belles ryngyng thrugh London, and bone-fyres, and tabuls in evere strett, and wyne and here and alle, and evere strett full of bon-fyres, and ther was money cast a-way’-and there was more rejoicing on 3 August when Mary entered London in triumph.1 Preparations were now afoot for the Queen’s coronation, but a number of formalities had first to be disposed of. On 8 August, Edward VI was interred at Westminster; on 18 and 19 August, Northumberland and his associates were arraigned and condemned : and on the 22nd the executions began with the Duke himself, whose craven recantation at the block set the seal on an unsavoury and ineffectual career.
Introduction
Authors: Guy Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aims to help the reader understand the economic, political, and technological context in which international business operates. That is a lot to bite off when reading (or writing) one book. In order to make the material manageable, I have approached it from three different angles, progressing from one to the next; we can call them “global,” “historical,”and“comparative.”
The first, or global, part of the book (Chapters 2–6), deals with the multinational corporation and with the politics and economics of international business. I ask why it is that many businesses, in both manufacturing and services, now operate so freely across international borders: why do they make everyday products out of parts from several different countries, enter into joint ventures with companies on the other side of the world, and outsource customer services to people who will never meet their customers? Easy answers to this would be “because they can” or “because it is profitable”: improved transport and communication have effectively reduced distances.
Technological Change and International Production
Authors: Guy Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, the international economy has rapidly become more integrated. Trade in goods and services, cross-border investment, and the organization of production networks across borders, all have blossomed. This chapter explores the nature of these developments. It also considers some explanations for what has caused the rise in international economic integration. But there’s no simple answer to the causation question (or perhaps it would be better to say that there are too many simple answers, several of which have something to add to our understanding of events), and some pieces of the puzzle will have to wait for later chapters. Here I will focus on the effects of technological change.
Empire
Authors: Guy Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter concerned ways in which states interact to shape the international trading system. In the history of the international system, however, it has often been the case that certain states have chosen not to interact diplomatically with others, but to simply conquer them. Krasner uses the heading of “regionalization” to cover anything that brings two or more states together in a single market. This category includes regional blocs like the EU; systems of regional hegemony, such as once exercised by the US in the western hemisphere (those schooled in American history may know it by the anodyne title of the Monroe Doctrine); and the formation of empires through outright conquest. For Krasner, this serves a useful analytical purpose, because he’s concerned with the formation of large “regional” markets as an alternative to global liberalization – it doesn’t matter if they are voluntary unions or empires.