bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dot-age: Newton's Mathematical Legacy in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Guicciardini Niccolò 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAccording to the received view, eighteenth-century British mathematicians were responsible for a decline of mathematics in the country of Newton; a decline attributed to chauvinism and a preference for geometrical thinking. This paper challenges this view by first describing the complexity of Newton's mathematical heritage and its reception in the early decades of the eighteenth century. A section devoted to Maclaurin's monumental Treatise of Fluxions (1742) describes its attempt to reach a synthesis of the different strands of Newton's mathematical legacy, and compares it with contemporary Continental work. It is shown that in the middle of the eighteenth century academic Continental mathematicians such as Euler and Lagrange were driven by local cultural assumptions in directions which sensibly diverged from the ones followed by Maclaurin and his fellow countrymen.
Skaergaardite, PdCu, a new platinum-group intermetallic mineral from the Skaergaard intrusion, Greenland
Authors: Rudashevsky N. S. , McDonald A. M. , Cabri L. J. , D. Nielsen T. F. , Stanley C. J. , Kretzer Yu. L. , Rudashevsky V. N. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSkaergaardite, PdCu, is a new mineral discovered in the Skaergaard intrusion, Kangerdlugssuaq area, East Greenland. It occurs in a tholeitiic gabbro associated with plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, titanian magnetite, fayalite and accessory chlorite-group minerals, ferrosaponite, a member of the annite–phlogopite series, hornblende, actinolite, epidote, calcite, ankerite, apatite and baddeleyite. The mineral is found in composite microglobules composed of bornite, chalcocite, digenite, chalcopyrite, with rare cobalt pentlandite, cobaltoan pentlandite, sphalerite, keithconnite, vasilite, zvyagintsevite, (Cu,Pd,Au) and Pt-Fe-Cu-Pd alloys, unnamed PdCu3, (Pd,Cu,Sn), Au3Cu and PdAuCu. Skaergaardite occurs as droplets, equant grains with rounded outlines, subhedral to euhedral crystals and as irregular grains that vary in size from 2 to 75 μm, averaging 22 μm. It is steel grey with a bronze tint, has a black streak, a metallic lustre and is sectile. Neither cleavage nor fracture was observed. The mineral has a micro-indentation hardness of VHN25= 257. It is isotropic, non-pleochroic and exhibits neither discernible internal reflections nor evidence of twinning. Skaergaardite varies from bright creamy white (associated with bornite and chalcopyrite) to bright white (associated with digenite and chalcocite). Reflectance values in air (and in oil) are: 58.65 (47.4) at 470 nm, 62.6 (51.1) at 546 nm, 64.1 (52.8) at 589 nm and 65.25 (53.95) at 650 nm. The average of 311 electron-microprobe analyses gives: Pd 58.94, Pt 1.12, Au 2.23, Cu 29.84, Fe 3.85, Zn 1.46, Sn 1.08, Te 0.28 and Pb 0.39, total 99.19 wt.%, corresponding to (Pd0.967Au0.020Pt0.010)Σ0.997(Cu0.820Fe0.120Zn0.039Sn0.016Te0.004Pb0.003)Σ1.002. The mineral is cubic, space group Pm3m,a= 3.0014(2) Å,V= 27.0378 Å3,Z= 1. Dcalcis 10.64 g/cm3. The six strongest lines in the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are: 2.122(100)(110), 1.5000(20)(200), 1.2254(50)(211), 0.9491(20)(310), 0.8666(10)(222), 0.8021(70)(321). The mineral has the CsCl-type structure. It is believed to be isostructural with wairauite (CoFe), synthetic CuZn (β-brass) and is structurally related to hongshiite (PtCu). Skaergaardite developed from a disordered Pd-Cu-rich metal alloy melt that had exsolved from an earlier Cu-(Fe) sulphide melt. Ordering of Pd and Cu (beginning atT≈ 600°C) results in development of the CsCl structure from a disordered face-centred cubic structure.
The analcime problem and its impact on the geochemistry of ultrapotassic rocks from Serbia
Authors: Prelević D. , Foley S. F. , Cvetković V. , L. Romer R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTertiary ultrapotassic volcanic rocks from Serbia occasionally display low levels of K2O and K2O/ Na2O. In these rocks, analcime regularly appears as pseudomorphs after pre-existing leucite microphenocrysts. The process ofleucite transformation in Serbian ultrapotassic rocks is very thorough: fresh leucite survives only in ugandites from the Koritnik lava flows as well as in rare inclusions in Cpx. This paper focuses on the impact of ‘analcimization’ on the mineralogy and geochemistry ofthe Serbian ultrapotassic rocks, using the samples where leucite survived as a monitor for the process.Analcimization has had a great impact on the geochemistry of the rocks, but affects only a restricted number of chemical parameters. These are the falsification of the original K2O/Na2O ratio, the decoupling oflarge-ion lithophile elements resulting in considerable depletion of Rb and K2O, but not ofBa, and sporadic, but extreme enrichment ofCs in some analcime-bearing samples (up to 900 ppm). Analcimization is also recognized by an increase in whole-rock δ18O values of ∼3% compared to fresh rocks, which correlates with the level of whole-rock hydration. Finally, the 87Sr/86Sr enrichment at nearly constant 143Nd/144Nd demonstrated by some rocks can also be explained by the analcimization ofleucite. For samples with variable 87Sr/86Sr from the same lava flow, 87Sr/86Sr values correlate with modal analcime abundance (ex-leucite), loss on ignition of whole-rock and whole-rock δ18O values. The extreme depletion in K and enrichment in Na, together with modification of other geochemical parameters, may have led to the misinterpretation of the origin and geodynamic affiliations of the Serbian ultrapotassic rocks, had the effects of analcimization not been taken into account.
A new graphical presentation and subdivision of potassium micas
Authors: Tischendorf G. , Rieder M. , Förster H.-J. , Gottesmann B. , Guidotti Ch. V. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA system based on variation of the octahedrally coordinated cations is proposed for graphical presentation and subdivision of tri- and dioctahedral K micas, which makes use of elemental differences (in a.p.f.u.): (Mg – Li) [= mgli] and (Fetot + Mn + Ti – VIAl) [= feal]. All common true tri- and dioctahedral K micas are shown in a single polygon outlined by seven main compositional points forming its vertices. Sequentially clockwise, starting from Mg3 (phlogopite), these points are: Mg2.5Al0.5, Al2.167□0.833, Al1.75Li1.25, Li2Al (polylithionite), Fe22+Li, and Fe32+ (annite). Trilithionite (Li1.5Al1.5), Li1.5Fe2+Al0.5, Fe22+ Mg, and Mg2Fe2+ are also located on the perimeter of the polygon. IMA-siderophyllite (Fe2+2Al) and muscovite (Al2□) plot inside.The classification conforms with the IMA-approved mica nomenclature and differentiates among the following mica species according to their position in a diagram consisting of mgli and feal axes plotted orthogonally; trioctahedral: phlogopite, biotite, siderophyllite, annite, zinnwaldite, lepidolite and tainiolite; dioctahedral: muscovite, phengite and celadonite. Potassium micas with [Si] <2.5 a.p.f.u. including IMA-siderophyllite, KFe22+ AlAl2Si2O10(OH)2, and IMA-eastonite, KMg2AlAl2Si2O10(OH)2 seem not to form in nature.The proposed subdivision has several advantages. All common true, trioctahedral and dioctahedral K micas, whether Li-bearing or Li-free, are shown within one diagram, which is easy to use and gives every mica composition an unambiguously defined name. Mica analyses with Fe2+, Fe3+, Fe2+ + Fe3+, or Fetot can be considered, which is particularly valuable for microprobe analyses. It facilitates easy reconstruction of evolutionary pathways of mica compositions during crystallization, a feature having key importance in petrologically oriented research. Equally important, the subdivision has great potential for understanding many of the crystal-chemistry features of the K micas. In turn this may allow one to recognize and discriminate the extent to which crystal chemistry or bulk composition controls the occurrence of some seemingly possible or hypothetical K mica.
Synthesis and crystal structure of a new microporous silicate with a mixed octahedral-tetrahedral framework: Cs3ScSi8O19
Authors: Kolitsch U. , Tillmanns E. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractDuring investigations of the system Sc2O3-Al2O3-TiO2-SiO2, a new, unusual microporous compound, Cs3ScSi8O19, was synthesized as colourless plates from a CsF-MoO3 flux. The crystal structure was determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα radiation, CCD area detector). The compound is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with a = 11.286(2), b = 7.033(1), c = 26.714(5) Å, and Z = 4 (R1(F) = 2.6% and wR2all(F2) = 7.3%, using 3066 ‘observed’ reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo)). The crystal structure of Cs3ScSi8O19 represents a new microporous framework structure type (‘MCV-1’), and the compound is exceptional in being the first representative of a mixed octahedral-tetrahedral framework structure, in which the [TO4]:[MO6] ratio is >6:1. The structure is based on isolated, nearly regular ScO6 octahedra [dav(Sc—O) = 2.112 Å] sharing corners with SiO4 tetrahedra to form an open framework with four-, six- and eight-membered rings; the latter are formed by SiO4 tetrahedra only. Two fully occupied Cs positions are located in large framework voids close to the six-membered rings, whereas four partly occupied and disordered Cs positions are close to very large framework voids bordered by the puckered eight-membered rings. The cavities are linked into channels parallel to [100] and [010]. The structure is compared with that of Cs2TiSi6O15 and related microporous scandium-, REE-, titano- and zirconosilicate minerals and compounds. Cs3ScSi8O19 or derivatives may be important in the context of immobilization of radioactive 137Cs waste, cationic conductivity or catalysis.
Ratios of involved nodes in early breast cancer
Authors: Vinh-Hung Vincent , Verschraegen Claire , Promish Donald I , Cserni Gábor , Van de Steene Jan , Tai Patricia , Vlastos Georges , Voordeckers Mia , Storme Guy , Royce Melanie 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Introduction
The number of lymph nodes found to be involved in an axillary dissection is among the most powerful prognostic factors in breast cancer, but it is confounded by the number of lymph nodes that have been examined. We investigate an idea that has surfaced recently in the literature (since 1999), namely that the proportion of node-positive lymph nodes (or a function thereof) is a much better predictor of survival than the number of excised and node-positive lymph nodes, alone or together.

Methods
The data were abstracted from 83,686 cases registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of women diagnosed with nonmetastatic T1–T2 primary breast carcinoma between 1988 and 1997, in whom axillary node dissection was performed. The end-point was death from breast cancer. Cox models based on different expressions of nodal involvement were compared using the Nagelkerke R2 index (R2N). Ratios were modeled as percentage and as log odds of involved nodes. Log odds were estimated in a way that avoids singularities (zero values) by using the empirical logistic transform.

Results
In node-negative cases both the number of nodes excised and the log odds were significant, with hazard ratios of 0.991 (95% confidence interval 0.986–0.997) and 1.150 (1.058–1.249), respectively, but without improving R2N. In node-positive cases the hazard ratios were 1.003–1.088 for the number of involved nodes, 0.966–1.005 for the number of excised nodes, 1.015–1.017 for the percentage, and 1.344–1.381 for the log odds. R2N improved from 0.067 (no nodal covariate) to 0.102 (models based on counts only) and to 0.108 (models based on ratios).

Discussion
Ratios are simple optimal predictors, in that they provide at least the same prognostic value as the more traditional staging based on counting of involved nodes, without replacing them with a needlessly complicated alternative. They can be viewed as a per patient standardization in which the number of involved nodes is standardized to the number of nodes excised. In an extension to the study, ratios were validated in a comparison with categorized staging measures using blinded data from the San Jose–Monterey cancer registry. A ratio based prognostic index was also derived. It improved the Nottingham Prognostic Index without compromising on simplicity.
No hemoglobin but NO: the icefish (Chionodraco hamatus) heart as a paradigm
Authors: Pellegrino D. , Palmerini C. A. , Tota B. 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARY
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cardio-vascular homeostasis is now known to include allosteric redox modulation of cell respiration. An interesting animal for the study of this wide-ranging influence of NO is the cold-adapted Antarctic icefish Chionodraco hamatus, which is characterised by evolutionary loss of hemoglobin and multiple cardio-circulatory and subcellular compensations for efficient oxygen delivery. Using an isolated,perfused working heart preparation of C. hamatus, we show that both endogenous (l-arginine) and exogenous (SIN-1 in presence of SOD)NO-donors as well as the guanylate cyclase (GC) donor 8Br-cGMP elicit positive inotropism, while both nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and sGC inhibitors, i.e. l-NIO and ODQ, respectively, induce significant negative inotropic effects. These results therefore demonstrate that under basal working conditions the icefish heart is under the tonic influence of a NO-cGMP-mediated positive inotropism. We also show that the working heart,which has intracardiac NOS (shown by NADPH-diaphorase activity and immunolocalization), can produce and release NO, as measured by nitrite appearance in the cardiac effluent. These results indicate the presence of a functional NOS system in the icefish heart, possibly serving a paracrine/autocrine regulatory role.
Voluntary running in deer mice: speed, distance, energy costs and temperature effects
Authors: Chappell Mark A. , Garland Theodore , Rezende Enrico L. , Gomes Fernando R. 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARYThe energetics of terrestrial locomotion are of considerable interest to ecologists and physiologists, but nearly all of our current knowledge comes from animals undergoing forced exercise. To explore patterns of energy use and behavior during voluntary exercise, we developed methods allowing nearly continuous measurements of metabolic rates in freely behaving small mammals,with high temporal resolution over periods of several days. We used this approach to examine relationships between ambient temperature(Ta), locomotor behavior and energy costs in the deer mouse, a small mammal that routinely encounters a large range of temperatures in its natural habitat. We tested for individual consistency in running behavior and metabolic traits, and determined how locomotor costs vary with speed and Ta. Because of the importance of thermoregulatory costs in small mammals, we checked for substitution of exercise heat for thermostatic heat production at Ta below the thermal neutral zone and determined the fraction of the daily energy budget comprising exercise costs.Locomotor behavior was highly variable among individuals but had high repeatability, at least over short intervals. We found few temperature-related changes in speed or distance run, but Ta strongly affected energy costs. Partial substitution of exercise heat for thermogenic heat occurred at low Ta. This reduced energy expenditure during low-temperature running by 23–37%, but running costs comprised a fairly minor fraction of the energy budget, so the daily energy savings viasubstitution were much smaller. Deer mice did not adjust running speed to maximize metabolic economy, as they seldom used the high speeds that provide the lowest cost of transport. The highest voluntary speeds (4–5 km h-1) were almost always below the predicted maximal aerobic speed,and were much less than the species' maximal sprint speed. Maximum voluntarily attained rates of oxygen consumption(V̇O2) were highest at low Ta, but rarely approached maximal V̇O2 during forced treadmill exercise. Mean respiratory exchange ratios coincident with maximal voluntary V̇O2increased slightly as Ta declined, but were always below 1.0 (another indication that metabolic rate was less than the aerobic maximum). Individuals with high running performance (cumulative distance and running time) had high resting metabolism, which suggests a cost of having high capacity or propensity for activity.
Motor units are recruited in a task-dependent fashion during locomotion
Authors: Wakeling James M. 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARYMuscle fibres have a range of contractile properties from fast to slow. Traditional understanding of muscle fibre recruitment suggests that the slower fibres within a mixed muscle are used for all contractions including those at rapid speeds. However, mechanical arguments predict that some locomotor tasks are best performed by solely the faster fibres. Motor recruitment patterns can be indicated by the spectral properties of the myoelectric signals. High- and low-frequency myoelectric spectra that have similar spectral power indicate the activity of faster and slower motor units, respectively. In this study,the myoelectric signals in humans were measured from nine muscles of the leg during walking and running at 1.5, 3 and 4.5 m s–1. The myoelectric spectra for 20 points in each stride were calculated using wavelet techniques, and the spectral properties quantified using principal component analysis. Bursts of muscle activity were characterized by hysteresis in the myoelectric frequencies, with different frequencies occurring at different times, indicating time-varying shifts in the motor recruitment patterns. This hysteresis occurred at all locomotor speeds tested. It is likely that the different types of motor unit are recruited in a task-dependent fashion during locomotion.
The energetic cost of variations in wing span and wing asymmetry in the zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata
Authors: Hambly C. , Harper E. J. , Speakman J. R. 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARY
Asymmetry is a difference in the sizes of bilaterally paired structures. Wing asymmetry may have an effect on the kinematics of flight, with knock-on effects for the energetic cost of flying. In this study the 13C-labelled bicarbonate technique was used to measure the energy expended during the flight of zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata,prior to and after experimental manipulation to generate asymmetry and a change in wing span by trimming the primary feathers. In addition,simultaneous high-speed video footage enabled differences in flight kinematics such as flight speed, wing amplitude, up- and downstroke duration and wing beat frequency to be examined. In 10 individuals, the primary feathers on the right wing were trimmed first, by 0.5 cm, and then by an additional 0.5 cm in six of these individuals. In a separate `control' group (N=7),approximately 0.25 cm was trimmed off the primary feathers of both wings, to produce the same reduction in wing span as 0.5 cm trimmed from one wing, while maintaining symmetry. When birds were manipulated to become asymmetric they maintained flight speed. They also increased the left wing amplitude and decreased the right up- and downstroke durations to counteract the changes in wing shape, which meant that they had an increase in wing beat frequency. When the wing area was reduced while maintaining symmetry, birds flew with slower flight speed. In this case wing amplitude did not change and wing upstroke slightly decreased, causing an increased wing beat frequency. The mean flight cost in the pre-manipulated birds was 1.90±0.1 W. There was a slight increase in flight cost with both of the asymmetry manipulations (0.5 cm,increase of 0.04 W; 1.0 cm, increase of 0.12 W), neither of which reached statistical significance. There was, however, a significantly increased flight cost when the wing span was reduced without causing asymmetry (increase of 0.45 W; paired t-test T=2.3, P=0.03).
A set of female pheromones affects reproduction before, during and after mating inDrosophila
Authors: Marcillac Fabrice , Ferveur Jean-François 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARYSex pheromones are chemical signals used for mate attraction and discrimination in many invertebrate species. These compounds are often complex mixtures with different components having different effects. We tested live Drosophila melanogaster mutant female flies genetically depleted for unsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons, which were then perfumed with these substances to measure their influence on various aspects of reproduction. Female pheromones of the control Cs strain enhanced female attractivity,copulation duration and tended to decrease the number of female progeny of mutant females mated with Cs males, but no dose-dependent effect was found. Cs and variant males showed different response to Cs female pheromone, suggesting a strain-specific coadaptation of female and male characters. The fact that female pheromones induced reciprocal effects on the frequency of the genes contributed by females and males suggests that these substances regulate coevolutionary processes between the sexes.
Hydrodynamics of surface swimming in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Johansson L. Christoffer , Lauder George V. 
Published: October 2004

SUMMARYThe kinematics of swimming frogs have been studied extensively in the past and, based on these results, hypotheses regarding the hydrodynamics of frog swimming can be generated. To test these hypotheses we used digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to quantify the flow structure of the wake produced by the feet during the propulsion phase of the kick of surface swimming frogs(Rana pipiens). These frogs use two different gaits, asynchronous and synchronous kicking, and the magnitude of the thrust produced by the feet differs between asynchronous (34±5.4 mN foot–1) and synchronous kicking (71±13.3 mN foot–1), as does maximum swimming speed, with higher swimming speed and forces produced during the synchronous kicks. Previous studies have suggested that an interaction between the feet, resulting in a single posteriorly directed fluid jet, as the feet come together at the end of synchronous kicks, may augment force production. Our results show, however, that each foot produces its own distinct vortex ring, in both asynchronous and synchronous kicking of the feet. There is no evidence of a central jet being produced even during powerful synchronous kicks (maximum thrust calculated was 264 mN foot–1). An alternative mechanism of force production could be the lift-based paddling recently suggested for delta-shaped feet of swimming birds. However, the orientation of the vortex rings generated by the feet is almost perpendicular to the swimming direction for both gaits and there is only a slight asynchrony of the shedding of the distal (start) and proximal (stop) vortex rings, which is different from what would be expected by a dominantly lift-based mechanism. Thus, our results do not support lift as a major mechanism contributing to thrust. Instead, our data support the hypothesis that propulsion is based on drag and acceleration reaction forces where the thrust is generated by separated, but attached, vortex rings on the suction side of the feet, resulting in vortices that are shed behind the frogs during both asynchronous and synchronous kicking.
External Quality Assessment of Molecular Biology-Based Methods Used in Laboratories of Clinical Chemistry and Human Genetics
Authors: Braun Andreas , Deufel Thomas , Geilenkeuser Wolf-Jochen , Neumaier Michael , Röhle Gerhard , Roscher Adelbert , Wagener Christoph 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The Reference Institute of Bioanalysis of the German Society of Clinical Chemistry has performed the first external assessment of molecular genetics methods used in medical diagnosis. The following procedures were tested: (I) DNA preparation from whole blood, (II) PCR amplification using “standard” primers, and (III) submarine agarose gel electrophoresis. Out of 50 participants, 45 returned samples for evaluation.