bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ECK FISTULA LIVER SUBNORMAL IN PRODUCING HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEINS ON DIETS RICH IN LIVER AND IRON
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Hawkins W. B. 
Published: June 2004

The Eck fistula shunts the portal blood around the liver which receives its blood only by way of the hepatic artery. There are slight gross and histological changes in the Eck fistula liver of the dog. There is evidence at times of some functional abnormalities of the liver due to the Eck fistula but the dog can tolerate this fistula for 1 to 8 years and appear normal.
Chloroform is tolerated by the Eck fistula dog, which may take twice a lethal dose for the control dog without evidence of significant liver injury. Acacia given by vein is deposited in the Eck fistula liver and impairs further its functional capacity to contribute to hemoglobin production.
The stress of anemia brings out the fact that the anemic Eck fistula animal cannot utilize standard diet factors and iron as efficiently as the anemic non-Eck control dog. The output of new hemoglobin in some instances may drop to one-fourth of normal.
When hypoproteinemia alone or combined with anemia is produced in the Eck fistula dog, we observe at times very low production of plasma protein—seven a drop to one-tenth of normal.
This interrelation of liver abnormality, liver dysfunction, and lessened plasma protein and hemoglobin production is significant. It is generally accepted that the liver is concerned with the production of several plasma proteins—fibrinogen, prothrombin, and albumin.
The experiments above indicate that the liver is concerned directly or indirectly with the production of new hemoglobin. Our belief is that the liver contributes to the fabrication of hemoglobin by means of the mobile plasma proteins which to a large extent derive from the liver.
PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CHIMPANZEE
Authors: Howe Howard A. , Bodian David 
Published: June 2004

A series of 6 chimpanzees was inoculated orally with stool from a poliomyelitis patient.
Three of these animals had been given 170 cc. of homologous, hyperimmune monkey serum prior to inoculation, while three were unprotected.
All 6 of the animals were subsequently shown to have poliomyelitis virus in their stools and characteristic lesions in their central nervous systems although none of them developed paralytic poliomyelitis.
All of the immunized animals had demonstrable blood antibody at the time of inoculation although it was present in only one case 30 days later.
NON-PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CHIMPANZEE
Authors: Bodian David , Howe Howard A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Thirteen cases of non-paralytic poliomyelitis infection in chimpanzees are described. Nine of these animals were excreting virus in. their stools at periods of from 3 days to 8 weeks following inoculation.
2. All animals killed during the acute stage showed lesions in the brain distributed in centers usually involved in, and compatible with the presence of, poliomyelitic infection. In 2 chimpanzees typical cord lesions were also present. No lesions were found in the brains of 4 control chimpanzees which had had no virus contact as far as known. The occurrence of a purely systemic or peripheral form of poliomyelitis, without lesions in the central nervous system, has thus not been established.
3. Four instances of arrest of the pathological process near the portal of entry into the brain, indicating partial resistance, are included in this series. One was a chimpanzee inoculated intranasally (A1-75) who had severe tuberculosis at the time of inoculation. The second was an animal convalescent after intracerebral inoculation (A1-74), who sustained a second infection limited to the olfactory bulbs when inoculated intranasally 2 months later with homologous virus. The third (A5-01) was inoculated orally with human stool, but contammation of the olfactory area resulted with infection of the olfactory bulbs and of the forebrain; virus was present in the stools of this animal. The fourth chimpanzee (A48) had suffered an initial non-paralytic attack after stomach tube inoculation, followed by a second attack about 9 months later after oral inoculation with part of the same virus-containing pool (human stools). The second attack consisted of a facial paralysis, with arrest of the pathological process near the facial nucleus.
4. Although cerebral lesions were light in some of the non-paralytic and inapparent infections, their presence in all indicates the action of virus on the central nervous system with the possibihty of production of at least partial local resistance. It is not unreasonable to assume that this may occur in inapparent human cases, although the point is, of course, not susceptible to critical proof in man.
5. The degree of severity of pathological involvement in non-paralytic cases varies from a fully developed distribution of lesions in brain and spinal cord in some chimpanzees, to mild and scattered lesions in the brains of others. This suggests that if the extent of pathological reaction is an indicator of subsequent local resistance to reinfection, the degree of protection afforded by a non-paralytic attack of poliomyelitis to even homologous virus must be variable.
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Binkley Francis , Perlman Ely 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods for the isolation of the specific antigens of Types V, W, Z, and Newcastle Shigella paradysenteriae are given.
2. The physical, chemical, toxic, and immunological properties of these substances are described.
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER IN "DONOR" DOGS FED A HIGH FAT DIET AND SUBJECTED TO REPEATED BLEEDINGS
Authors: Holman Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

1. In 13 dogs used repeatedly as donors for plasmapheresis and plasma injection experiments and fed a kennel diet that for a period of over a year consisted chiefly of bones with much adherent fat, cirrhosis of the liver occurred in 10. Marked fatty change without definite fibrosis occurred in 2 of the dogs.
2. In control dogs fed the same kennel diet during the same period but not subjected to repeated bleedings, no instance of cirrhosis was observed.
3. In previous plasmapheresis and plasma injection experiments "donor dogs" subjected to similar bleedings over comparable periods but maintained on a different kennel diet did not develop cirrhosis.
4. This series of events suggests that in dogs maintained on a relatively high fat diet repeated bleedings predispose them to cirrhosis of the liver. No data are available to decide the more fundamental question: Do the repeated bleedings remove something (other than hemoglobin) necessary for continued integrity of the liver, or is the cirrhosis the result of relative anoxia or increased lipemia occasioned by the repeated bleedings or perhaps of both combined?
A COMPARISON OF HUMAN AND GUINEA PIG COMPLEMENTS AND THEIR COMPONENT FRACTIONS
Authors: Bier Otto G. , Leyton Graciela , Mayer Manfred M. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. Defects in methods previously proposed for the estimation of complement components are: failure to ensure an excess of the desired components and failure to ensure absence of anticomplementary effects in the dilution ranges used. Existing data are therefore subject to these uncertainties.
2. Methods are proposed for controlling the adequacy of the reagent for each component, for using it in dilutions below its anticomplementary range, and for reinforcing it with necessary components if these are present in inadequate amounts.
3. Titrations are given of the four components in human and guinea pig complements and in "midpiece," "endpiece," and in the various reagents used, including one with C'3 reactivity, solely, and one withC'4 reactivity.
4. C'3 is shown to be the component which usually limits the titer in guinea pig complement, and C'2 the component of lowest titer in human complement.
5. In immune hemolysis, each component of human complement may be replaced by the corresponding component of guinea pig complement and vice versa.
THE REGENERATIVE CYCLE OF MOTONEURONS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Bodian David , Mellors Robert C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The regenerative cycle of motoneurons after axon amputation is described, and an attempt made to correlate morphological and chemical events in cell bodies with the growth requirements of regenerating axons.
2. The "normal" pattern of Nissl material in the cell is considered to be the resultant of a steady state in cytoplasmic nucleoprotein. Chromatol is then interpreted as a shift of the balance of nucleoprotein turnover in fa of degradation. The rapid early depletion of Nissl substance in chromatolysis is ascribed to the increased growth requirements created by the active early sprouting of the regenerating axon. Acid phosphatase activity begins to increase above normal levels during this period in the region of nucleopro degradation.
3. The recovery period of chromatolysis due to axon section coincide in time with the phase of gradual lengthening of the regenerating axon, and is thought to represent a gradual restoration of the balance of nucleoprotein degradation and synthesis. During this period acid phosphatase activity is at its height in the region of transformation of Nissl substance, later declines to normal levels when the original pattern of Nissl bodie is restored.
4. The transformation of cytoplasmic nucleoprotein which occurs in chromatolysis after axon section, with the probable liberation (46), and depletion (44), of nucleotides, associated with acid phosphatase activity, suggests the hypothesis that liberated nucleotides or nucleotide compounds may pass down the axon in which they take part in enzymatic activity associated with growth and organization of the newly formed axon. This type of activity would not be incompatible with the ideas previously expressed (30, 81) of a continual function of Nissl substance in maintaining the integrity of the large volume of cytoplasm represented by the axon, as well perhaps as the associated myelin sheath.
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE IN NORMAL AND REGENERATING NEURONS
Authors: Howe Howard A. , Mellors Robert C. 
Published: June 2004

Manometric determinations of cytochrome oxidase activity were carried out on grey matter from the thalamus and anterior horn of cats and monkeys under various experimental conditions. The thalamus of the cat was studied following the degeneration of virtually all the thalamic neurons secondary to decortication. In comparing the deneuronated thalamus with the normal one, it was found that approximately 34 per cent of the cytochrome oxidase activity was contributed by the neurons and the balance by neuroglia and mesodermal tissues which on the operated side remained comparable to that of the normal side. Total activity of the normal thalamus averaged 5.52 units per mg. of dry weight where I unit is defined as the amount of cytochrome oxidase required to produce a net oxygen consumption of 10 c.mm. per hour under the specified conditions of the experiment.
The grey matter of the anterior horns of the spinal cord was isolated by a special technique and its cytochrome oxidase activity was compared with anterior horns in which motoneurons had been stimulated to regenerative activity by section of peripheral nerves. Each animal was studied in relation to an anterior horn which was normal and one in which only the functional state of the motoneurons had been changed. Average normal levels of 2.23 units were found for cat anterior horn and 0.69 units for the monkey. Reductions of cytochrome oxidase activity in the range of 22 to 23 per cent were observed for both cat and monkey following nerve section. In the latter the time sequence was carefully studied in relation to the cytological cycle known as chromatolysis and a virus refractory state previously described by us. It was found that maximal reduction of cytochrome oxidase activity coincided with maximal refractoriness of the cells to poliomyelitis virus (30 to 70 days following nerve section). Neither of these states could be correlated in time with maximal chromatolysis (10 to 15 days).
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PYRIDOXINE AND PANTOTHENIC ACID DEFICIENCIES ON THE NERVOUS TISSUES OF SWINE
Authors: Follis Richard H. , Wintrobe Maxwell M. 
Published: June 2004

1. When pigs were fed diets deficient in pyridoxine or pantothenic acid, ataxia developed and lesions were found in the sensory neuron.
2. The morphological pattern of the lesions differed in the early stages of the two deficient states. Degeneration of the peripheral process of the sensory neuron was the initial and most prominent feature in pyridoxine deficiency. Chromatolysis was the first evidence of damage to the afferent neuron in pantothenic acid-deficient animals.
3. The possible significance of this evidence of damage to different portions of the sensory neuron is discussed.
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Smith William E. 
Published: June 2004

A method has been devised whereby the transplanted epidermis of mouse embryos can be selectively exposed to the action of a chemical carcinogen. Scharlach R was dissolved in olive oil with the aim of stimulating and attracting the epidermal cells, methylcholanthrene was added to the solution, and numerous fine globules of it were injected into the thigh muscles of adult mice together with fragments of embryo skin. Much of the oil underwent primary inclusion in the resulting cysts, and the proliferating epidermis, while forming them, extended to not a few of the outlying droplets with result that they too were added to the cyst contents. During these activities the methylcholanthrene came into direct contact with many of the epithelial cells, and later on the layer lining the cyst was continually exposed to the influence of the carcinogen.
The epidermis underwent neoplastic changes with great rapidity; often in less than 4 weeks papillomas and carcinomas had arisen like those deriving from adult epidermis. The growths were punctate in origin and usually multiple. Many were transplanted to adults of the same homologous breed of mice that furnished the embryo material (mice of C strain). The grafts did not uniformly succeed as was the case with those of normal skin of embryos of the same stock,—which regularly grew at first in the new hosts and remained alive long after. The benign papillomas failed to live or barely survived, and the apparently malignant papillomas, though rapidly forming nodules of considerable size, usually regressed later. Some of the carcinomas also regressed or wholly failed, while others gave rise to progressively enlarging tumors. The best results were obtained with grafts in which several neoplasms were intermingled, these flourishing together in the new hosts.
Methylcholanthrene in olive oil exerts an influence on epidermal cells like that of Scharlach R, stimulating them to multiply, attracting them, and causing them to mimic carcinomatous elements.
PROTEIN METABOLISM AND PROTEIN RESERVES DURING ACUTE STERILE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Madden S. C. , Clay W. A. 
Published: June 2004

Adult dogs were given a proteinless diet plus casein, 80 calories/kilo, 0.4 gm. nitrogen/kilo/day. Sterile controlled inflammation was produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine. The reaction is characterized by local swelling, induration, and abscess formation, terminated by rupture or incision after 3 to 5 days and by general reactions of malaise, fever, leucocytosis, and increased urinary nitrogen. For 3 to 6 days after turpentine the nitrogen intake was provided in seven experiments by amino acids given parenterally (a solution of the ten essential amino acids (Rose) plus glycine).
A normal dog with a normal protein intake showed a negative nitrogen balance after turpentine—urinary nitrogen doubled even as in inflammation during fasting.
A protein-depleted dog (low protein reserves produced by very low protein intake) given a normal protein intake after turpentine maintained nitrogen balance—urinary nitrogen rose only slightly. With a high (doubled) protein intake the depleted dog showed strongly positive balance.
Normal dogs with high (doubled) protein intakes react to turpentine with doubled urinary nitrogen outputs on individual days and therefore are maintained in approximate nitrogen balance and weight balance. This end may be achieved equally well or better by oral feeding, when such is possible and absorption unimpaired.
The increased nitrogen excretion after injury is again shown directly related to the state of body protein reserves. Increased catabolism not inhibition of anabolism best explains the excess urinary nitrogen. Protection during injury of valuable protein reserves appears possible through an adequate intake of protein nitrogen.
BACTERIOSTATIC EFFECT OF HUMAN SERA ON GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rothbard Sidney 
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific M extracts and group-specific C carbohydrate of group A streptococci inhibited bacteriostasis of these microorganisms in the presence of normal whole blood and of sera from patients convalescent from streptococcal infections. The inhibition was not specific with respect to streptococcal types and depended merely on the formation of precipitates in the system. The extracts had no antagonistic action in themselves.
2. Preformed precipitates derived from the interaction of an antigen and its homologous antibody or from finely divided coagulated particles of human plasma or ascitic fluid also interfered with the bacteriostasis. The supernatant fluid in which one of these precipitates was formed did not inhibit bacteriostatic activity; therefore, it seems that other possible products of the antigen-antibody reaction were not inhibitory. The relative size of the precipitate particles was a conditioning factor since small particles of one precipitate inhibited bacteriostasis, but large ones of the same precipitate failed to do so.
3. Stained films of blood cells treated with antigen-antibody mixtures which formed a precipitate revealed large cytoplasmic vacuoles containing precipitates in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes; such engorged cells subsequently failed to phagocytize streptococci in homologous serum. Blood cells treated in the same manner, except that the antigen-antibody mixtures formed no precipitate, contained no vacuoles, and these cells were able to phagocytize the streptococci.
4. Leukocytes studied in the living state in the presence of colored precipitate and streptococci sensitized by convalescent human serum showed unselective phagocytosis of both precipitate and bacteria. The capacity of these leukocytes to ingest material however was limited.
5. As a result of non-selective saturation of their phagocytic capacity in the bacteriostatic systems containing both streptococci and precipitate, the limited number of leukocytes phagocytized only a fraction of the streptococci; consequently the remainder were able to multiply.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE OCCURRENCE OF Rh SUBSTANCES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Mohn James F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Lucille F. Collins and Doris J. Howles
Published: June 2004

1. Rh substances are found in amniotic fluid. Not all anti-Rh sera seem to be suitable for the detection of Rh substances in amniotic fluid. Careful selection of Rh antisera, as well as quantitative considerations, determine success or failure of their demonstration.
2. The baby's Rh type and not the mother's determines the occurrence of Rh substances in amniotic fluid.
3. There are Rh secretors and Rh non-secretors. At least four out of five individuals are secretors.
4. The secretion of Rh substance into the amniotic fluid would seem to be entirely independent of the secretion of the blood group specific substances.
5. The majority of Rh-positive amniotic fluids seem to contain both Rh1 and Rh2 substances. However, in certain instances fluids belonging to the pure Rh1 type or pure Rh2 type were found.
6. Three cases of erythroblastosis were described. All three came from Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive babies. The amniotic fluids of all three failed to reveal the presence of Rh substances.
PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION INFLUENCED BY AMINO ACID MIXTURES AND LACK OF ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Madden S. C. , Anderson F. W. , Donovan J. C. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of red cells suspended in saline (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and intoxication and probably to vitamin deficiency.
When the diet nitrogen is provided by certain mixtures of the ten growth essential amino acids plus glycine, given intravenously at a rapid rate, plasma protein production is good. The same mixture absorbed subcutaneously at a slower rate may be slightly better utilized. Fed orally the same mixture is better utilized and associated with a lower urinary nitrogen excretion.
An ample amino acid mixture for the daily intake of a 10 kilo dog may contain in grams dl-threonine 1.4, dl-valine 3, dl-leucine 3, dl-isoleucine 2, l(+)-lysine·HCl·H2O 2.2, dl-tryptophane 0.3, dl-phenylalanine 2, dl-methionine 1.2, l(+)-histidine·HCl·H2O 1, l(+)-arginine·HCl 1, and glycine 2. Half this quantity is inadequate and not improved by addition of a mixture of alanine, serine, norleucine, proline, hydroxyproline, and tyrosine totalling 1.4 gm.
Aspartic acid appears to induce vomiting when added to a mixture of amino acids. The same response has been reported for glutamic acid (8).
Omission from the intake of leucine or of leucine and isoleucine results in negative nitrogen balance and rapid weight loss but plasma protein production may be temporarily maintained. It is possible that leucine may be captured from red blood cell destruction.
Tryptophane deficiency causes an abrupt decline in plasma protein production. No decline occurred during 2 weeks of histidine deficiency but the urinary nitrogen increased to negative balance.
Plasma protein production may be impaired during conditions of dietary deficiency not related to the protein or amino acid intake. Skin lesions and liver function impairment are described. Unidentified factors present in liver and yeast appear to be involved.
PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION AS INFLUENCED BY PARENTERAL PROTEIN DIGESTS, VERY HIGH PROTEIN FEEDING, AND RED BLOOD CELL CATABOLISM
Authors: Madden S. C. , Kattus A. A. , Carter J. R. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet nitrogen is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications.
Certain protein digests given by vein may favor good production of plasma protein, as well as nitrogen and weight equilibrium, over long periods in these standardized dogs. These digests may be equally effective when given subcutaneously or intraperitoneally and more effective orally (one dog). Certain other digests may not be well utilized.
The total nitrogen of the protein digests is better retained upon oral feeding than parenteral injection. Most of the excess nitrogen excretion is not in the urea and ammonia fraction of the urine.
The rate of plasma protein production may reach as high as 1 gm./kilo/day in the dog when ample protein of good quality is fed.
The products of catabolism of red blood cells in vivo may add to the production of plasma protein, at least during the administration of casein digest by vein.