bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic Panrhinosinusitis Without Nasal Polyps: Long‐Term Outcome after Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Giger Roland , Dulguerov Pavel , Quinodoz Didier , Leuba Daniel , Landis Basile Nicolas , Lacroix Jean‐Silvain , Friedrich Jean Paul 
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVEThe goal of this study was to evaluate the long‐term outcome after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) for chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps by using symptom scoring and an endoscopic outcome evaluation.STUDY DESIGNSeventy‐seven patients with chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (Kennedy computed tomography (CT) scan stages I to III) were followed up for at least 3 years after FESS. Preoperative evaluation included a CT scan and an immunoallergologic evaluation. Three years after FESS, all patients were interviewed and scored endoscopically.RESULTSNinety‐two percent of the patients showed a marked global improvement after FESS. The endoscopic control showed normal findings in 54% of all ethmoidal cavities. The postoperative endoscopic score correlated significantly with the subjective satisfaction ratings (P < 0.001). The preoperative CT staging proposed by Kennedy was predictive for necessity of revision surgery in 15% of the patients.CONCLUSIONSOur data suggest that FESS for chronic panrhinosinusitis without nasal polyps has a good long‐term outcome on subjective symptoms and endoscopic findings.SIGNIFICANCEAccording to this study, subjective improvement correlates significantly with the post‐operative endoscopic findings in the ethmoidal cavities of patients with chronic panrhinosinusitis without polyps at a long‐term follow‐up.
Transnational History
Authors: IRIYE AKIRA 
Published: June 2004

John Boli and George M. Thomas, eds., Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999), 363 pp., $22.95 (pb), ISBN 0-8047-3422-4.Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), 406 pp., $13.50 (pb), ISBN 0-8014-8784-6.Helen Laville, Cold War Women: The International Activities of American Women's Organizations (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 224 pp., £47.50 (hb), ISBN 0-7190-5856-2.Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink, eds., Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks, and Norms (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 400 pp., $24.95 (pb), ISBN 0-8166-3907 8.Gabriele Metzler, Internationale Wissenschaft und Nationale Kultur: Deutsche Physiker in der Internationalen Community, 1900–1960 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000), 304 pp., €29.90 (pb), ISBN 3-525-36246-3.Sarah E. Mendelson and John K. Glenn, eds., The Power and Limits of NGOs: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Russia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002), 300 pp., $16.00 (pb), ISBN 0-231-12491-0.
Impact of the heroin ‘drought’ on patterns of drug use and drug‐related harms
Authors: LONGO MARIE C. , HENRY‐EDWARDS SUSAN M. , HUMENIUK RACHEL E. , CHRISTIE PAUL , ALI ROBERT L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSince late 2000, anecdotal reports from drug users and health professionals have suggested that there was a reduction in the supply of heroin in Adelaide in the first half of 2001, referred to as a heroin ‘drought’. The aim of this paper was to critically review evidence for this, using data obtained from 100 injecting drug users surveyed for the 2001 Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). This project is carried out annually in all Australian jurisdictions, and collects up‐to‐date information on the markets for heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine and cannabis. This paper also investigates the possible implications of this ‘drought’ on patterns of drug use and drug‐related harms. The 2001 IDRS found consistent reports by users of an increase in the price of heroin, together with decreases in purity and availability. These factors resulted in a decrease in the frequency of self‐reported heroin use among those surveyed in 2001, and a concomitant increase in the use of other drugs, in particular methamphetamine and morphine. The heroin ‘drought’ appears to have had a substantial impact on several indices of drug‐related harm. There was a marked decrease in the number of opioid‐related fatalities, and hospital data also showed reductions in heroin‐related presentations. Treatment service data showed an increase in the number of admissions related to amphetamines. There is a need for health promotion and education on the adverse effects of methamphetamine use, and the development of improved treatment protocols for methamphetamine abuse and dependence.
A brief motivational intervention for substance misuse in recent‐onset psychosis
Authors: KAVANAGH DAVID J. , YOUNG ROSS , WHITE ANGELA , SAUNDERS JOHN B. , WALLIS JEFF , SHOCKLEY NATALIE , JENNER LINDA , CLAIR ANNE 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSubstance misuse is common in early psychosis, and impacts negatively on outcomes. Little is known about effective interventions for this population. We report a pilot study of brief intervention for substance misuse in early psychosis (Start Over and Survive: SOS), comparing it with Standard Care (SC). Twenty‐five in‐patients aged 18 – 35 years with early psychosis and current misuse of non‐opioid drugs were allocated randomly to conditions. Substance use and related problems were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks and 3, 6 and 12 months. Final assessments were blind to condition. All 13 SOS participants who proceeded to motivational interviewing reported less substance use at 6 months, compared with 58% (7/12) in SC alone. Effects were well maintained to 12 months. However, more SOS participants lived with a relative or partner, and this also was associated with better outcomes. Engagement remained challenging: 39% (16/41) declined participation and 38% (5/13) in SOS only received rapport building. Further research will increase sample size, and address both engagement and potential confounds.
Pilot randomized controlled trial of a brief alcohol intervention group for adolescents
Authors: BAILEY KYLIE A. , BAKER AMANDA L. , WEBSTER ROSEMARY A. , LEWIN TERRY J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify whether a brief motivational interviewing and cognitive ‐ behavioural‐based alcohol intervention group (AIG) programme is feasible with young people at risk of developing a problem with alcohol, and to assess the short‐term effectiveness of the intervention. Participants were assigned randomly to receive a group intervention of four sessions duration (n = 17; AIG) or no treatment (n = 17, control group). Participants were volunteers recruited from a youth centre on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, comprising youths aged 12 – 19 years who were interested in participating in the study. The Readiness to Change Questionnaire, items from the AUDIT, the DAP Quick Screen and a knowledge questionnaire were administered at pretreatment, post‐treatment and at 1‐ and 2‐month follow‐ups. Participants in the AIG programme showed an increase in readiness to reduce their alcohol consumption. They also reduced their frequency of drinking at post‐treatment and the first follow‐up assessment, while the control group reported increases at the second follow‐up assessment. The control group also increased their hazardous drinking and frequency of binge drinking compared to the AIG. The intervention appeared to improve the AIG participants' knowledge about alcohol and its effects. The results provide preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of the AIG programme in training young people to set limits on alcohol consumption, increase awareness of safe drinking levels and the effects of alcohol abuse. This pilot study also showed that young people who are identified as being ‘at risk’ of developing alcohol abuse, and who are also ambivalent about changing drinking behaviours, can be recruited and retained in a treatment programme.
A brief intervention for risky drinking—analysis of videotaped consultations in primary health care
Authors: SEPPÄ KAIJA , AALTO MAURI , RAEVAARA LIISA , PERÄKYLÄ ANSSI 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn order to study activity in conducting brief alcohol intervention, a total of 83 consecutive consultations by eight generalz practitioners were videotaped. The categorization included the nature of the patient's health problems and whether alcohol consumption was elicited. The discussions were compared to previously given instructions. Alcohol consumption was elicited in 9/34 of the consultations where enquiry was indicated by the instructions, and rarely in any other situations. The activity among the individual physicians varied, but none of them elicited systematically in all situations with indication. No information was given to any of these patients concerning the relation between their symptoms and alcohol consumption. In conclusion, enquiring and advising on alcohol were seldom performed. More training is needed, especially on how to inform individual patients of the health risks of alcohol.
Patterns and correlates of treatment: findings of the 2000 – 2001 NSW minimum dataset of clients of alcohol and other drug treatment services
Authors: COPELAND JAN , INDIG DEVON 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide an overview of the first year of the NSW Minimum Dataset for Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services data collection, including describing the patterns and correlates of people having received treatment in New South Wales. All closed treatment episodes for the 2000 – 2001 financial year were included for descriptive, univariate and multivariate analyses. There were 33 459 closed episodes of care in New South Wales in the 2000/2001 financial year. The majority of clients (69%) were male and the mean age was almost 34 years. The majority of treatment is sought for problems related to alcohol (37%) and heroin (33%) use. More than a third (40%) of clients were new to drug and alcohol treatment. Half the clients had a history of injecting drug use with 6.3% of those with heroin as their principal drug of concern, never having injected. The most common main service provided was in‐patient withdrawal (26%). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that being older, not homeless, non‐indigenous and having heroin as the principal drug of concern predicted receiving out‐patient withdrawal management. Analyses of length of stay in residential treatments and number of service contacts in non‐residential treatments are reported. The NSW MDS AODTS is a critical information source for policy development, service planning and surveillance. The results of this paper illustrate the utility of the data collection for identifying emerging issues in the patterns of drug use and service delivery for clients with alcohol and other drug problems.
Pharmacy customers' views and experiences of using pharmacies which provide drug misuse services
Authors: LAWRIE THANE , MATHESON CATRIONA , BOND CHRISTINE M. , ROBERTS KAY 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study aimed to determine whether pharmacy customers are deterred from using a pharmacy that offers services to drug misusers. If patients are deterred, what are their specific concerns? The study was qualitative and three different groups were interviewed about their views on pharmacies providing services to drug misusers (i) pharmacy customers, (ii) local community councils and (iii) local drug forums. This paper focuses on pharmacy customer interview results. Interviews were conducted in 10 pharmacies, five in Aberdeen and five in Glasgow, both areas of high drug misuse. The pharmacy customers were attending pharmacies with high, medium and low involvement with drug misusers and were located in city centre, suburban and rural locations. Pharmacy customers were generally supportive of pharmacies offering services to drug misusers. However, their support was often qualified by a wish to see a private area provided for methadone consumption. Pharmacy customers were more knowledgeable of the rationale for and supportive of needle exchange services compared to methadone maintenance and supervised consumption. The results of the study demonstrate that the majority of pharmacy customers are supportive of drug misuse services, provided there is adequate privacy in the pharmacy. These results should be used to encourage more pharmacists to provide drug misuse services.
An overview of the use of urine, hair, sweat and saliva to detect drug use
Authors: DOLAN KATE , ROUEN DAVID , KIMBER JO 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper provides a brief overview of qualitative drug testing procedures using urine, hair, saliva and sweat specimens. Issues related to collection, analysis and interpretation of each specimen as well as their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The biological detection of drug use involves a screening test which, if positive, is followed by a confirmatory test. Urine is the most widely used specimen in the detection of drugs. Urinalysis offers an intermediate window of detection (1 – 3 days). Hair analysis offers the largest window of detection (7 – 100 + days). Saliva analysis may be useful in determining very recent drug use (1 – 36 hours). The analysis of sweat may be useful for continuous monitoring of drug use (1 – 14 days). Drug testing has become a fast, convenient process with the development of point‐of‐collection drug testing devices.
A cost ‐ effectiveness analysis of buprenorphine‐assisted heroin withdrawal
Authors: DORAN C. M. , SHANAHAN M. , BELL J. , GIBSON A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to conduct a cost ‐ effectiveness analysis of detoxification from heroin using buprenorphine in a specialist clinic versus a shared care setting. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with a total of 115 heroin‐dependent patients receiving a 5‐day treatment regime of buprenorphine. The specialist clinic was a community‐based treatment agency in inner‐city Sydney. Shared care involved treatment by a general practitioner supplemented by weekend dispensing and some concurrent counselling at the specialist clinic. Quantification of resource use was limited to inputs for treatment provision. The primary outcome measure used in the economic analysis was the proportion of each group that completed detoxification and achieved an initial 7‐day period of abstinence. Buprenorphine detoxification in the shared care setting was estimated to be $24 more expensive per patient than treatment at the clinic, which had an average treatment cost of $332 per patient. Twenty‐three per cent of the shared care patients and 22% of the clinic patients reported no opiate use during the withdrawal period. These results suggest that the provision of buprenorphine treatment for heroin dependence in shared care and clinic appear to be equally cost ‐ effective.
Non‐injecting routes of administration among entrants to three treatment modalities for heroin dependence
Authors: DARKE SHANE , HETHERINGTON KATE , ROSS JOANNE , LYNSKEY MICHAEL , TEESSON MAREE 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA sample of 535 entrants to opioid dependence treatments across three treatment modalities were administered a structured interview to ascertain the prevalence of non‐injecting heroin use. Ten per cent of participants had used heroin primarily by smoking/inhaling in the month preceding interview, and 9% had used heroin and other drugs exclusively by non‐injecting routes. Non‐injectors were younger (25.3 vs. 29.5 years), had higher levels of eduction (10.6 vs. 10.0 years), were more likely to be employed (33 vs. 18%) and had lower levels of recent crime (31 vs. 56%). They also had shorter heroin using careers (5.1 vs. 9.9 years), fewer symptoms of dependence (5.1 vs. 5.6), had been enrolled in fewer previous treatment episodes (3.3 vs. 11.5) and had less extensive lifetime (8.0 vs. 9.1 drug classes) and recent (3.6 vs. 4.9) polydrug use. Non‐injectors were substantially less likely to report lifetime (13% vs. 58%) or recent (2% vs. 29%) heroin overdoses. There were no differences between the general physical and psychological health of the two groups. While non‐injectors had a lower level of post‐traumatic stress disorder (29% vs. 34%), there were no differences in levels of major depression, attempted suicide, antisocial personality disorder, or borderline personality disorder. A substantial minority of Australian treatment entrants are now using heroin exclusively by non‐injecting routes. While this group is younger, and has substantially reduced risk of overdose and blood borne virus transmission, the physical and psychological health of non‐injectors mirrors that of injectors.
Human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells are potent producers of IL‐6
Authors: Ng Edmond K. , Panesar Ninder , Longo Walter E. , Shapiro Marc J. , Kaminski Donald L. , Tolman Kym C. , Mazuski John E. 
Published: June 2004

Background: Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), a pluripotent cytokine, has traditionally been considered the product of proinflammatory cells. However, many other cell types have been shown to produce IL‐6. Since intestinal inflammation is commonly associated with a vigorous systemic inflammatory response, we hypothesized that intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells might contribute to that response by producing IL‐6. We therefore studied the capacity of differentiated human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cell lines to produce IL‐6 in response to various proinflammatory stimuli.Materials and methods: CCL‐241, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, and HISM, a human intestinal muscle cell line, were grown to confluency and then treated for 24 h with various concentrations of lipopolysaccharide,Clostridium difficile culture extract containing both toxin A and toxin B, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), or recombinant human interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β). Supernatants were then collected for IL‐6 determination using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Cell numbers were determined using a Coulter counter. For comparison, parallel studies were performed using phorbol ester‐primed U‐937 and THP‐1 human macrophage cell lines.Results: Both human intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells produced IL‐6 under basal conditions. In HISM cells, but not in CCL‐241 cells, IL‐6 release was increased slightly by treatment with C. difficile culture extract containing both toxin A and toxin B and with lipopolysaccharide. In both cell lines, IL‐6 production was profoundly stimulated by treatment with IL‐1β and less so with TNF‐α. Combinations of high‐dose TNF‐α and IL‐1β may have a slightly additive, but not synergistic, effect on IL‐6 release. The amount of IL‐6 produced by IL‐1‐stimulated intestinal cell lines was 70‐fold higher than that produced by stimulated macrophage cell lines.Conclusions: Both intestinal epithelial and smooth muscle cells demonstrate the ability to release significant amounts of IL‐6. The profound response to IL‐1β and TNF‐α stimulation by both cell lines suggests that human intestinal parenchymal cells, influenced by paracrine mediators liberated from proinflammatory cells, might significantly contribute to the overall systemic inflammatory response by producing IL‐6.
Acute effect of hemodialysis on serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Tarakçıoğlu Mehmet , Erbağci Ayşe Binnur , Usalan Celalettin , Deveci Rukiye , Kocabaş Ramazan 
Published: June 2004

Chronic inflammation is a common feature of end‐stage renal disease, which carries a heightened risk of atherosclerosis and other co‐morbid conditions. Dialysis treatment per se can bring additional risk factors for inflammation, such as increased risk of local graft and fistula infections, impure dialysate or bio‐incompatible membranes. Our study was designed to determine whether a hemodialysis session leads to an acute substantial alteration in the plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, the T‐lymphocyte activation factor soluble IL‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R), and an inflammation mediator and chemotactic granulocyte factor, IL‐8, in end‐stage renal disease patients receiving chronic intermittent HD. In this study, 21 (12 male/nine female) patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis were enrolled. The acute effect of a hemodialysis session on serum cytokine concentrations was assessed by comparison of pre‐hemodialysis and post‐hemodialysis determinations. Serum IL‐1β, sIL‐2R, IL‐6, IL‐8 and TNF‐α levels were determined with chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assays.A significant difference was not observed for IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and sIL‐2R concentrations in pre‐hemodialysis and post‐hemodialysis specimens (p > 0.05). Serum median (25th‐75th percentiles) IL‐8 concentration was 69.4 (34.9‐110.3) pg/ml before hemodialysis, and decreased to 31.5 (18.0‐78.8) pg/ml following hemodialysis (p : 0.006). Clearance of IL‐8 increased by 0.47±0.08 pg/ml for each unit increase in pre‐dialysis IL‐8 (p < 0.001) and decreased by 5.63±2.59 pg/ml for each unit increase in pre‐dialysis urea mmol/l (p < 0.05).In conclusion, the results of our study demonstrate that a hemodialysis session markedly decreases IL‐8 concentration, which is significantly affected by pre‐dialysis concentrations, indicating that removal of IL‐8 is a concentration gradient‐dependent action, but does not change the serum levels of IL‐1β, sIL‐2R, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, underlining importance of the structural characteristics of the molecules.
Dexamethasone prevents interleukin‐1β‐induced nuclear factor‐κB activation by upregulating IκB‐α synthesis, in lymphoblastic cells
Authors: Castro-caldas M. , Mendes A. F. , Carvalho A. P. , Duarte C. B. , Lopes M. C. 
Published: June 2004

Aims: Glucocorticoids (GCs) exert some of their anti‐inflammatory actions by preventing the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)‐κB. The GC‐dependent inhibition of NF‐κB may occur at different levels, but the mechanisms involved are still incompletely understood. In this work, we investigated whether the synthetic GC, dexamethasone (Dex), modulates the activity of NF‐κB in the lymphoblastic CCRF‐CEM cell line. We also evaluated the ability of Dex to prevent the activation of NF‐κB in response to the potent proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)‐1β.Results: Exposure of the cells to Dex (1 μM) induced the rapid degradation of IκB‐α, leading to the transient translocation of the NF‐κB family members p65 and p50 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, as evaluated by western blot. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that, in the nucleus, these NF‐κB proteins formed protein‐DNA complexes, indicating a transient activation of NF‐κB. Additionally, Dex also induced de novo synthesis of IκB‐α, following its degradation. Finally, when the cells were exposed to Dex (1 μM) prior to stimulation with IL‐1β (20 ng/ml), Dex was efficient in preventing IL‐1β‐induced NF‐κB activation. The GC antagonist, RU 486 (10 μM), did not prevent any of the effects of Dex reported here.Conclusion: Our results indicate that, in CCRF‐CEM cells, Dex prevents NF‐κB activation, induced by IL‐1β, by a mechanism that involves the upregulation of IκB‐α synthesis, and that depends on the early and transient activation of NF‐κB.