bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Software Cluster in Bangalore
Authors: Balasubramanyam V. N. , Balasubramanyam Ahalya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The software cluster in Bangalore, South India, represents in a microcosm several of the developments associated with globalization identified in Ch. 1. It is a knowledge‐oriented or human‐capital‐intensive industry that has attracted multinational firms to Bangalore, both as producers and consumers of software, turning the city into an international gateway for trained labour. The state has actively assisted the growth of the industry. This chapter addresses the reasons for the success of the software cluster. The main sections provide a brief description of the size and structure of the software cluster in Bangalore, discuss the Bangalore cluster in the light of received explanations of clusters from geographers and regional economists, and analyse the cluster in the context of the economics of agglomeration and developments associated with globalization.
The Changing Nature of Foreign Investment Policy in Europe: From Promotion to Management
Authors: Brown Ross , Raines Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Begins with an overview of foreign investment promotion in Western Europe by examining the importance of attracting investment as a goal from a national‐level perspective, emphasizing the change in attitudes that has taken place over the last decade; this section also includes a brief overview of the role of the European Commission in controlling competition between EU member states. Following this, the motives and policy instruments underpinning sub‐national actors in promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) in Western Europe are examined. To show these processes at work, case studies are used to compare the promotional policies of two European regions with very different approaches to attracting investment: Scotland and Nordrhein‐Westfalen. The final section addresses the future of FDI promotion policy.
EMU's Impact on National Institutions: Fusion Towards a ‘Gouvernance Économique’ or Fragmentation?
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang , Linsenmann Ingo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTaking the new treaty provisions and subsequent acts as independent variables, this chapter considers the impacts of three sets of significantly different modes of governance— supranational policy‐making, ‘hard’ coordination, and ‘soft’ coordination—on domestic actors and institutions in the 15 member states with varying politico‐institutional as well as socioeconomic backgrounds. Following ‘top‐down’ institutionalist approaches, the core assumption is that, the institutional developments on the European level will trigger changes in domestic institutions. However, two alternative scenarios serve as points of reference for examining empirical developments at both European and domestic levels: first, the possibility of common trends towards a vertical and horizontal fusion leading to a ‘gouvernance économique’; second, the emergence of fragmentation trends across policy areas and levels of interaction.
Experience and Reason
Authors: Brewer Bill 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers the Switching Argument for the claim, (2), that only reason‐giving relations between perceptual experiences and empirical beliefs could possibly serve the content‐determining role required by (1). Non‐reason‐giving relations between perceptual experiences and basic empirical beliefs would necessarily leave the subject quite ignorant of which mind‐independent object his belief is supposed to be about, in a way that is incompatible with his having the understanding required for this to be a belief of his, about just that thing, at all. Along with the assumption that we have beliefs about a mind‐independent spatial world, (1) and (2) entail (R), that perceptual experiences provide reasons for empirical beliefs, the main thesis of Part I of the book.
Certitude Sustained: Portrait of G. E. Moore as a Perspectivalist
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers an internalist and perspectivalist reading of G. E. Moore's epistemological views. Challenges Barry Stroud's influential interpretation and defends Moore's rejection of scepticism, his ‘defence of common sense’ and his ‘proof of an external world’ against Stroud's criticisms. The conception of knowledge‐yielding enquiry, as addressed to determinate questions, within a setting of defeasible agreements regarding epistemic methods, norms, and background beliefs, is worked out in greater detail.
Peircean Enquiry: Knowledge Without Truth
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDevoted to an explicit exploration of the relationships between knowledge and truth. Opens with a critique of reliabilist externalist views of epistemic justification and defends the characteristically pragmatist conclusion that truth cannot function as the goal of enquiry. What is arguably wanted is not truth but objectivity, and C. S. Peirce's appeal to the ‘abductive’ method of science, as a fallible and inter‐subjective means of fixing beliefs, yields a useful analysis of the latter notion.
Ontological Elimination
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although science often posits new entities and features of the world, scientific progress is also made by moves that eliminate previously posited features. Such eliminativist programme within science are always motivated by specific difficulties (mathematical, conceptual, and empirical) with existing theories. The eliminativist programme has many aspects in common with the philosophical positivist programme of eliminating unobservables from our theoretical posits, in principle. Looking closely at this may cast some doubt on ‘naturalist’ views about how science can do without ‘first philosophy’. But we may also come to a clearer understanding of the limits and legitimacy of philosophical global eliminationism by seeing how such programmes work locally within science.
Conclusions
Authors: Sklar Lawrence 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Abstract, philosophical scepticism about the truth of theories can rest on doubts about positing unobservables, doubts arising out of the role played by idealization in theories, and doubts arising from the transient place of our theories in our corpus of accepted theories. But each of these kinds of scepticism can play a role within scientific theory construction and evaluation. As a local project within ongoing science, each mode of sceptical argument has a far richer and more interesting structure than is evident from the role played by these arguments in abstract philosophy.
Reasonable Self‐Interest
Authors: Hill Thomas E. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractContrasts common‐sense ideas of what is reasonable with current philosophical ideas of rational choice: (1) maximizing self‐interest, (2) efficiency and coherence in pursuit of one's ends, (3) maximizing intrinsic value, and (4) efficiency and coherence constrained by a Kantian ideal of co‐legislation. Contrary to the usual assumptions, the last corresponds more closely to common‐sense ideas than any of the other models do. This is not a proof of the Kantian ideal, or of common sense, but it calls for rethinking assumptions about self‐regarding and other‐regarding reasons for action.
The Meaning of Life
Authors: Shields Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractShields defends Aristotle's claim that life is homonymous, specifically, a core‐dependent homonym. Shields argues that Aristotle's account of the homonymy of life is a clear and compelling illustration of the fruitfulness of the methodology of homonymy. Aristotle's account of life reflects various facts about living things without making them definitional of life; which, as Shields argues, is desirable, as definitions of life should be neither univocal nor disjunctive.
India as Rescuer? Order Versus Justice in the Bangladesh War of 1971
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the justifications, motives, and outcomes surrounding India's use of force against Pakistan in December 1971. It shows how international society as reflected in the positions taken by the Security Council and the General Assembly interpreted India's action as a breach of the legal rules prohibiting the use of force rather than as a rescue of the Bengali people.
A Solidarist Moment in International Society? The Case of Safe Havens and No‐Fly Zones in Iraq
Authors: Wheeler Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCharts how the Western powers came to intervene in Iraq after the Gulf War to protect Kurds in the north and Shiites in the south. Charts how the Security Council adopted in Resolution 688 a new understanding of Chapter VII of the UN Charter that provided the legitimating ground for Western action in the form of the safe havens and no‐fly zones.
Social Indicators
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSocial indicators are an important tool for evaluating a country's level of social development and for assessing the impact of policy. Such indicators are already in use in investigating poverty and social exclusion in several European countries and have begun to play a significant role in advancing the social dimension of the EU as a whole. The purpose of this book is to make a scientific contribution to the development of social indicators for the purposes of European policy‐making. It considers the principles underlying the construction of policy‐relevant indicators, the definition of indicators, and the issues that arise in their implementation, including that of the statistical data required. It seeks to bring together theoretical and methodological methods in the measurement of poverty/social exclusion with the empirical practice of social policy. The experience of member states is reviewed, including an assessment of the National Action Plans on Social Inclusion submitted for the first time in June 2001 by the 15 EU governments. The key areas covered by the book are poverty, including its intensity and persistence, income inequality, non‐monetary deprivation, low educational attainment, unemployment, joblessness, poor health, poor housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, and restricted social participation. In each case, the book assesses the strengths and weaknesses of different indicators relevant to social inclusion in the EU, and makes recommendations for the indicators to be employed. The book is based on a report prepared at the request of the Belgian government, as part of the Belgian presidency of the Council of the EU in the second half of 2001, and presented at a conference on ‘Indicators for Social Inclusion: Making Common EU Objectives Work’ held at Antwerp on 14–15 Sept 2001.
Indicators in Principle
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins with an examination of the principles underlying the construction of social indicators to be used for the express purpose of assessing performance in achieving the social agenda of the EU. The end product in this context is a portfolio of common indicators applied across the EU, and the principles involved in its construction may concern either the single indicators or the portfolio as a whole. Indicators can take different forms, and the second part of Ch. 2 considers indicator properties; since any portfolio of indicators involves selecting from a range of competing alternatives, it is essential to understand the full set of possibilities. Choice of indicators involves compromise over objectives, but will also be constrained by data limitations and by institutional differences across countries; these are the subjects of the third part of Ch. 2.
Financial Poverty
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChs. 5–8 examine individual indicators, beginning in Ch. 5 with a single field: the risk of financial poverty. A whole chapter is devoted to this one indicator for two reasons: poverty is intrinsically important, and estimates of the extent of poverty in Europe have played a major role in the evolution of EU social policy; moreover, the design of poverty indicators serves to illustrate the issues that arise with indicators in general. Reviews the many different approaches that have been adopted to the measurement of poverty, and sets out the choices that have to be made in arriving at a concrete implementation. The indicators of financial poverty described in the chapter provide a measure of the degree to which people face the risk of serious deprivation in terms of their standard of living or to which they fall below a specified minimum level of resources. To measure the seriousness of the poverty risk that people face, or the depth of their poverty, further indicators need to be added, and these are discussed in Ch. 6.
Education, Employment, and Unemployment
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the fields of education, employment, and unemployment. It starts from the social indicators on low education, joblessness, long‐term unemployment and regional disparities proposed by the European Commission. However, it goes beyond these, covering also differential access to education, employment activation, and the working poor and low pay.
Health, Housing, and Wider Dimensions
Authors: Atkinson Tony , Cantillon Bea , Marlier Eric , Nolan Brian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConsiders indicators of health, housing and homelessness, functional illiteracy and innumeracy, access to essential services, financial precariousness, and social participation. These are all potentially important fields that are not covered by the European Commission's original proposals. In each case, the interest is in indicators relevant to social inclusion. Homelessness, e.g. is clearly a major reason for concern about social exclusion. In the case of health, however, it is not mortality as such that is of concern, but differential mortality according to socioeconomic or other characteristics, and the impact that poor health or disability has in exacerbating social exclusion.
Ideal Code, Real World
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins by explaining and arguing for certain criteria for assessing normative moral theories. Then argues that these criteria lead to a rule‐consequentialist moral theory. According to rule‐consequentialism, acts should be assessed morally in terms of impartially justified rules, and rules are impartially justified if and only if the expected overall value of their general internalization is at least as great as for any alternative rules. In the course of developing this theory, the book discusses impartiality, well‐being, fairness, equality, and the question of how ‘general internalization’ of rules is to be interpreted. It also considers the main objections to rule‐consequentialism. The book also discusses contractualism, utilitarianism, act‐consequentialism, Ross‐style pluralism, and the question of which moral prohibitions and which duties to aid others rule‐consequentialism endorses. The last part of the book considers the implications of rule‐consequentialism for some current controversies in practical ethics.
Questions of Formulation
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that rule‐consequentialism should be formulated in terms of expected value rather than in terms of actual consequences. Also, argues that the theory should be formulated in terms of acceptance value (including the various costs incurred in getting the code internalized) and not merely in terms of the value of compliance with the code. Rule‐consequentialism can be formulated so that its rules must be suitable as a public code, and must be universal as opposed to relative.
Truth and Correspondence
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Talk of truth as ‘correspondence to reality’ can be a platitude or a substantial and controversial philosophical theory. The chapter argues that pragmatists can accept the platitude of correspondence, but that they reject the substantial metaphysics or truth as correspondence and metaphysical realism. The second half of the chapter argues that Peirce's account of the role of iconic representations, such as diagrams—in cognition and ordinary language—can capture some important insights of the traditional correspondence theory of truth.
Metaphysics, Science, and Self‐Control
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores the role of metaphysics in Peirce's philosophy and discusses some themes in Karl Otto Apel's interpretation of his thought. Apel claims that Peirce's is a sort of transcendental philosophy, that he defended ‘transcendental semiotic’. The chapter challenges Apel's claim, arguing that Peirce rejected transcendental arguments, claiming that at best they establish that we are justified in hoping that their conclusions are true. It is argued that the role of Peirce's metaphysics in his philosophy is to provide a general scientific account of what the world must be like for the regulative ideas or hopes adopted in logic to be absolutely true. It concludes with a discussion of how metaphysical ideas provide guidance in constructing hypotheses in science.
Sentiment and Self‐Control
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPeirce argued that the use of induction depended upon the possession of altruistic sentiments. This chapter explores these arguments and considers Hilary Putnam's reasons for thinking that Peirce has provided a flawed answer to an important and previously unknown problem. This problem concerns the application of probability judgements in particular cases. The core of the chapter is an exploration of Peirce's cognitive account of emotions and sentiments and his account of the role of such states in the rational self‐control of action and inquiry.
The Marks of an Incarnate God
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
If God became incarnate in order to provide atonement for human sins, to identify with our suffering, and to reveal truth, he would need to live a certain sort of life. He would need to live a perfectly good life (culminated perhaps by a perfect death), provide moral and theological guidance, show that he believed himself to be God Incarnate, teach that that life (with his death) provided a means of atonement, and found a church to continue his work. God would need also to put his signature on that life by culminating it with a super‐miracle. Of no prophet in human history, with the possible exception of Jesus, is there good evidence that he led the requisite sort of life culminated in the right way.
The Life and Moral Teaching of Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Jesus led a morally perfect life, teaching and healing (probably performing miracles), and died as a result of an unjust judicial verdict. He taught the importance of supererogatory love, prayer, and repentance; and that there would be a judgement that would separate the good from the bad. Almost inevitably, there are one or two incidents in the life of Jesus and one or two aspects of his teaching, about the morality of which we have some doubts; but there are so few such incidents and aspects that we reasonably doubt our moral intuitions about them.
Jesus Implied His Divinity
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An explicit claim by Jesus that he was God would have been totally misunderstood by first‐century Jews. If Jesus was to make it clear to his followers that he was God Incarnate, he would have to leave many clues, subsequent reflection on which would lead them to see who he was. There are such clues. He accepted worship, forgave sins, and claimed a special intimacy with God his Father, and acted so as to be accused at his trial of ‘blasphemy’. In various strands of the New Testament, the writers implicitly acknowledge Jesus’ divinity; and so it is natural to look for a common source for this in the actions or teaching of Jesus.
The Appearances of the Risen Jesus
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Gospels, Acts, and Epistles, while all agreeing that Jesus rose from the dead and appeared to his followers, give different accounts of to whom Jesus appeared, where, and when. The account that has the greatest claim to reliability is the credal‐type account given by St Paul in 1 Corinthians. But this account lists only official witnesses whose witness would be credible to first‐century Jews. I develop a detailed hypothesis of how the other accounts of the appearances can be fitted into Paul's account without having to suppose any of the accounts misleading except in very small details, easily explicable by minor errors of memory.
The Gender Closet
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter focuses largely on lesbian feminist theorizing in the 1990s, and argues that although it was committed to articulating differences between women, it nevertheless failed to make room for fully lesbian feminist theorizing. The assumption is challenged that if only feminist thinking began from the right conception of ‘woman’, it would then be adequate to the task of theorizing lesbians.
Defending Marriage
Authors: Calhoun Cheshire 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe positive arguments for same‐sex marriage are discussed. The first argument links marriage rights to a normative ideal of long‐term, monogamous, sexually faithful intimacy, and defends marriage rights based on the value of that ideal. The second argument presses the connection between homophobia and sexism, stressing the way that securing same‐sex marriage rights might reduce sexism. The third argument links the denial of marriage rights to the cultural construction of gay men and lesbians as outsiders to the family, who are for that reason defective citizens. In pursuing this third line of argument, the US House and Senate arguments supporting the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) of 1996 are addressed.
Individual Responsibility in a Global Age
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
By attaching significance to the distinction between doing and failing to prevent and by recognizing special obligations to family members and others, common‐sense morality limits the size of an agent's moral world. Consequentialism, by contrast, upholds a more expansive notion of normative responsibility that neither assigns intrinsic moral significance to the distinction between doing and failing to prevent nor recognizes special obligations as a fundamental moral category. The conflict between restrictive and expansive notions of normative responsibility has a parallel in modern political life, in the opposition between nationalism and other varieties of particularism, on the one hand, and globalism or universalism, on the other. The opposing pulls of global integration and ethnic fragmentation pose a political problem that, Scheffler argues, we are unlikely to resolve without attaining greater stability in our thinking about normative responsibility more generally.
Families, Nations, and Strangers
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Scheffler's main aim in this essay is to explore the nature of ‘associative duties’—the special duties that participants in close personal relationships and members of significant social groups are thought to have to one another. These duties occupy a central position in common‐sense moral thinking, even though their precise content is often unclear. Scheffler considers two objections to associative duties: the voluntarist objection, rooted in an ideal of freedom and autonomy; and the distributive objection, rooted in a principle of equality. Like associative duties themselves, the values of freedom and equality exert genuine authority within common‐sense moral thought, and so there are deep internal conflicts in our thinking about the extent of our responsibilities to different individuals and groups.