bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making the Welfare State Work: Changing Conceptions of Legal Remedies Within the British Welfare State
Authors: Goriely Tamara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legal aid has a dual relationship with the welfare state. On one hand it is a welfare provision. The level and nature of help which legal aid provides will be influenced by general societal attitudes to welfare. On the other hand, providing legal help to the poor may also play a part in enforcing welfare provision and other social rights. It may be a mechanism to make the welfare state work.
The Lawyers’ Lobby and the Welfare State: The Political Economy of Legal Aid
Authors: Blankenburg Erhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter analyses and accounts for the different amounts spent on legal aid in a selection of developed countries. It starts by describing the limits and success of three legal aid movements: the right to counsel codification in European Continental codes, the peace of law movement in Germany around the turn of the century and the legal aid movement in some of the welfare states of the 1970s. Explanations are sought for why legal aid grows in some countries but meets resistance in others under similar circumstances. As main factors, the prosperity of the welfare state and the success of lawyer lobbies in defending professional privilege are singled out. They provide the key to explaining why Canadian provinces or Australian states have, but American states have not (and why Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands have, but Germany or France have not) invested in legal aid infrastructures. The way legal aid institutions are embedded within the welfare system and in the legal profession also explains why current austerity politics have managed to put a ceiling on Dutch and Scandinavian expenditures but not on the British legal aid scheme.
Why Do Legal Aid Services Vary Between Societies? Re-examining the Impact of Welfare States and Legal Families
Authors: Regan Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent comparative legal aid research presents us with a puzzle. While a number of fascinating patterns have been identified between different societies’ legal aid services, little progress has been made in explaining their origins or appreciating their significance. For example, the proportion of the population eligible for legal aid varies widely between groups of societies as does the range of services. Most of the population are, for example, usually eligible in Northern Europe but in English-speaking societies it is usually targeted at the poor. Meanwhile, the latter often provide surprisingly extensive services for problems that are unlikely to end in court while the Continental schemes usually assist their citizens primarily in relation to court cases.
Patterns of Fusion
Authors: Getzler Joshua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a system of mathematics where there were blue numbers and red numbers, descended from two historically distinct sources of arithmetic. The red numbers were developed chiefly in order to supplement and vary func tions performed with blue numbers. Blue and red numbers could be com bined validly in some functions and operations, but not in others. The rules for permissible combinations were complicated and arcane. Mathematicians differed over which combinations were permissible: some insisted on tradi tional compartmentalisations; others favoured increased blending of the two number systems; others still wanted the historical distinction abolished and replaced with one unified set of black numbers.
Negotiating Domestic Violence: Police, Criminal Justice and Victims
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the factors which shape the criminal justice response to domestic violence in the light of policy changes at the beginning of the 1990s which aimed to increase arrest rates. In particular, the book discusses the needs and expectations of victims and examines how their choices impact on decisions made by police and prosecutors. Many books on the criminal justice response to domestic violence start from the premise that withdrawal of complaints by victims and the subsequent discontinuance of cases, represents some kind of failure on the part of the agencies involved and that victims would benefit from greater determination by police to prosecute offenders wherever possible. Implicit in this approach is the assumption that the criminal justice system as it presently operates is capable of responding effectively to the needs of victims of domestic violence. This book throws doubt on the validity of these assumptions.
From Wrongs to Rights: International Human Rights and Legal Protection
Authors: Herr Stanley S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with intellectual disabilities are an integral focus of a growing international human rights movement. Although this movement gained momentum after the Second World War, it only made explicit reference to people with intellectual disabilities after the 1968 passage of the Declaration on the General and Special Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons in Jerusalem by the International League of Societies for the Mentally Handicapped. There is now growing recognition by scholars and advocates of the applicability of human rights law and UN human rights activities to people with intellectual disabilities and of the increased power that human rights bring to this most vulnerable population.
Disability as a Subject of International Human Rights Law and Comparative Discrimination Law
Authors: Degener Theresia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disability law has not been a field of legal research and teaching at many universities around the world. As a subject of law in most European countries and in North America, the issue of disability has commonly been included in social security and welfare legislation, health law, or guardianship law. Thus, persons with disabilities were depicted, not as subjects of legal rights, but as objects of welfare, health, and charity programs. The underlying policy has been to segregate and exclude people with disabilities from the mainstream of society and provide them with special schools, sheltered workshops, special housing and transportation-if any services at all. This policy was deemed just because persons with disabilities were believed incapable of coping with society at large and with all or most of the major life activities.
Smart Regulation
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Grabosky Peter , Sinclair Darren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite decades of policy experimentation, the ultimate goal of efficient and effective environmental regulation has continued to elude policy-makers and regulatory theorists. The less than satisfactory performance of both government and market approaches to environmental protection has led to the introduction of a broader range of policy mechanisms, such as education, information-based strategies, economic instruments and self-regulation. Yet these various policy instruments are usually treated as alternatives to one another rather than as complementary. Drawing from studies in North America, Europe and Australia, the authors show how the design of complementary combinations of policy instruments, tailored to particular environmental goals and circumstances, will produce more effective and efficient policy outcomes. They also confront the critical problem of how, at a time of fiscal constraint and small government, environmental policy might still be designed in ways that improve outcomes both for the environment and for business.
The Agriculture Industry*
Authors: Grabosky Peter , Gunningham Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture is one of the world’s oldest industries. It is basic to human civilisation, fundamental to human survival, and a major contributor to the economy of many nations. Yet it is also one of the principal causes of environmental degradation. Many contemporary agricultural practices, which have achieved substantially higher yields and lower prices, have also exacted a high environmental cost in terms of land degradation, loss of habitat and biodiversity, and non-point source pollution. At the extreme, unsustainable agriculture poses the danger of irreversible harm which can produce major environmental catastrophe or system collapse.
The Wrongness of Rape
Authors: Gardner John , Shute Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That rape is wrong, and seriously wrong at that, can scarcely be doubted. Arguably, rape is among those wrongs which are never excusable. Probably, it is among those wrongs which are never justifiable. Certainly, it is among those wrongs which ought to be forbidden and punished by the criminal law. Joel Feinberg is right to place it on his shortlist of wrongs which are crimes ‘everywhere in the civilised world’ and the decriminalization of which ‘no reasonable person could advocate’. In view of all this, one might expect it to be obvious to every reasonable person what is wrong with rape. Many writers and commentators, including Feinberg, seem to imagine that this is indeed obvious, and do not give the question detailed attention. Some writers, for example, just take rape as a settled paradigm of wrongdoing in need of no explanation, and work towards the conclusion that certain other actions are wrong simply by pointing out their resemblance to rape. But unless we know what exactly is wrong with rape, how do we know whether such a resemblance is resemblance in a relevant respect – that is to say, in a respect which makes the rape-resembling action wrong too? Other writers concentrate on difficult test cases which seem to lie at or near the borderline of rape. Of a fascinating and burgeoning recent philosophical literature on rape, a very large proportion has been concerned with tricky issues about the precise demarcations of consent in rape, or the difficulties of relying on the concept of consent to settle particular classes of case (e.g. those involving false promises or emotional blackmail on the part of the alleged rapist).
Seeing the Inside
Authors: Taylor Luke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seeing the Inside is the first detailed study of one of the world's great visual art traditions and its role in the society that produces it. The bark painting of Aboriginal artists in western Arnhem Land is the product of a unique tradition of many thousands of years' duration. In recent years it has attracted enormous interest in the rest of Australia and beyond, with the result that the artists, who live primarily as hunters in this relatively secluded region of northern Australia, now paint for sale to the world art market. Though the richness and power of Aboriginal arts are now, belatedly, finding wide recognition, they remain insufficiently understood. In this thoroughly illustrated book Luke Taylor examines the creative methods of the bark painters and the cultural meaning of their work. He discusses, on the one hand, the arrangements which allow the artists to project their culture on to an international stage, and on the other, the continuing social and religious roles of their paintings within their own society. The result is a remarkable and fascinating picture of artistic creativity in a changing world.
An Explanatory Framework for the Study of Federated States as Foreign-policy Actors
Authors: Soldatos Panayotis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of a crisis at the level of the nation-state’s systemic process and foreign-policy performance, as well as a process of reacting to and attempting to remedy this crisis, the ‘many voices’ phenomenon in foreign policy (called here ‘segmentation’) appears most often within advanced industrial federations in which individual federal governments and federated states (in this study often called ‘federated units’) compete for foreign-policy roles. It is, moreover, more pronounced in societies such as Canada, where the ‘nation-building process’ is unfinished and de jure and de facto decentralization allows for a more active provincial, regional, and even municipal role in external relations.
Freedom, Autonomy and Liberal Community
Authors: Macedo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalism is, first and foremost, about certain political values and institutions, and so that is where my argument began. We have, to this point, been concerned with articulating and defending liberal institutions committed to preserving freedom and promoting public reasonableness. These dual commitments run through the complex practices and institutions of liberal constitutionalism.
I have avoided prejudging the nature of the liberal personality but will, here and in the next chapter, consider the personal traits liberalism presupposes and the attributes conducive to flourishing in a liberal milieu. Laying down metaphysical or universal foundations for liberal politics is not my aim. I proceed from what has already been said about liberal politics, not from a special theory of the ‘nature’ of persons in the abstract. My aim is not to disparage or deflect all communitarian concerns, but to argue that liberal ideals accommodate reasonable and attractive forms of shared identity, interpersonal commitment, and community. Communitarian values are implicit in the idea of a pluralistic community governed properly by liberal justice.
Is American Public Policy Exceptional?
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because public policy links the act1v1t1es of government with the problems of society, there are grounds on both counts for expecting America to be exceptional. Its government was founded by a constitutional compact unique in the world at that time, and American government today remains very different from the parliamentary system normal to most advanced industrial nations. The ‘new’ nation was a novel mixture of immigrants from different parts of Europe and of African slaves too; contemporary Latin and Asian immigration adds to the very distinctive ethnic mixture of American society.
Shamans And Elders
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Onon Urgunge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shamans and Elders is a major study of Mongolian shamanism and society, past and present. It presents a wealth of new information, and offers a fresh understanding of the widespread phenomenon of shamanism. This unique and detailed analysis of a fascinating subject combines a discussion of Urgunge Onon's memories of shamanism with Caroline Humphrey's text- and field-based analytical knowledge of Central and North Asian shamanism. It covers among other things: notions of gender in Mongolian society, including male and female traditions in ritual, female shamans, and goddess worship; attitudes to death, and funeral rituals; the importance of old men and of ancestors; and Daur notions of landscape within their direct experience (the importance of the sky, of themountains, of the forest, rivers, etc.) and beyond. In covering these diverse areas, the authors depart from the general cultural models usually offered in discussions of shamanism, providing a new vision of 'shamanism' as made up of fragmentary, non-formularized parts. It presents much-needed insight on a little-known world, and points to an original new way of doing anthropology.
Union Dissolution in Sweden
Authors: Trussell James , Rodríguez Germán , Vaughan Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In sharp contrast to marital dissolution, about which there are many articles and books, the study of non-marital union dissolution has received relatively little attention. The reason for such an omission in the literature is largely due to the absence of high-quality data. Whereas numerous fertility surveys have collected the dates of marriages and separations (or divorces), the collection of such dates for non-marital unions is uncommon, except in those developing countries (largely in the Caribbean) where such unions are prevalent and can be viewed as marriage equivalents. As it does for many types of data, Sweden provides a refreshing exception. A 1981 fertility survey entitled Women in Sweden collected a union history, in addition to pregnancy and occupation histories and information on numerous other background variables. However, the rich variety of analyses of these data has included only one study of union dissolution, and it focused on the relatively narrow question of whether premarital cohabitation increased or decreased subsequent marital dissolution rates (Bennett, Blanc, and Bloom 1988). This focus is understandable, since a marked trend toward increased non-marital cohabitation has been evident in many countries, particularly those in Scandinavia. For example, in Sweden non-marital unions comprised 1% of all unions in 1960, 6–7% in 1969, and 15–16% in 1979 (Trost 1980). As such unions become more prevalent, it becomes more important to study their role in the life cycle of families.
Industrial Democracy In Europe Revisited
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Industrial Democracy in Europe project offers a unique opportunity to assess the changes in European industrial relations systems in general, and participation schemes in particular. In 1981 the Industrial Democracy in Europe team (IDE) reported their findings on the extent of industrial democracy in ten European countries during the 1970s. The present volume reports the findings for the subsequent decade. It is particularly useful to have a longitudinal research project that analyses the changes in participation schemes. The research team have looked at ten European countries (including Poland) and also comment on the situation in Israel and Japan. Contributors: B. Wilpert, E. Rosenstein, P. Drenth, R. Peccei, F. Heller, M. Warner
Walrasian Equilibrium without Survival: Existence, Efficiency, and Remedial Policy
Authors: Coles Jeffrey l. , Hammond peter j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unquestionably true, that in no country of the globe have the government, the distribution of property, and the habits of the people, been such as to call forth, in the most effective manner, the resources of the soil. Consequently, if the most advantageous possible change in all these respects could be supposed at once to take place, it is certain that the demand for labour, and the encouragement to production, might be such as for a short time, in some countries, and for rather a longer time in others, to lessen the operation of the checks to population which have been described.
Playing the Devil’s Advocate: Limits to Influence Sharing in Theory and Practice
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Playing the devil’s advocate, we will now explore the varied evidence on problems associated with the democratization of organizational life over the last half century. It will be shown that organizational democracy has spread very slowly, if at all, and has had many setbacks. The literature is full of contrasts. There is near euphoria about the achievements of employee involvement and similar influence-sharing measures in some circumstances and despondency in others. It is not easy to come to a balanced judgement, because the variability of circumstances under which different forms of participation operates is considerable.
This chapter sets out to find and explore the shadow side of organizational developments trading under a variety of names, such as participation, involvement, influence- and power-sharing, industrial democracy, self-management, and empowerment, to name only the best known. Conforming to our overall plan, we will use the term ‘participation’ to describe the variety of influence-sharing phenomena, although occasionally other terms are used to specify particular variations.
Participation Works— If Conditions are Appropriate
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of this chapter is that, despite its ‘dark side’, just discussed, participation frequently ‘works’. True it works in a variety of ways. But this is understandable given its many forms. Further, it does not always ‘work’. For it to work, certain conditions must be met. Some of these requirements are quite substantial. Participation will not succeed if viewed as merely rhetoric or a gimmick. Success typically requires substantial changes in organizational relationships and values. Nevertheless, taken as a whole, the evidence for participation’s success is rather impressive.
This chapter consists of three main parts. The first deals with methodological issues, while the second reviews the evidence as to participation’s success. The last and longer one sketches the conditions necessary for this success. In so doing it links up with the caveats of the previous chapter.
Market Structure, Corporate Performance and Innovative Activity
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation - in products and processes - is an increasingly significant source of competitive advantage for firms and nations. Analysing extensive data on major innovations in the UK, this book examines the role of innovative activity in the structure of markets and the performance of firms. From this the author draws lessons on strategies for innovation for governments and firms alike. In particular, he addresses four questions which have long attracted the interst of economists: - does the structure of product markets affect the pace of innovative activity? - what are the effects of innovative activity on market structure? - how large a contribution does innovative activity make to productivity growth? - how does innovative activity affect corporate performance? In answering these important questions the author draws lessons for makers of public and business policy towards innovation.
Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many developments in economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s depended on the assumption that economic agents make decisions on the basis of `rational expectations' about economic developments, government action, and individual behaviour. These rational expectations are based on experience but how do economic agents behave in new situations in which previous experience is less useful? The concept of `bounded (or limited) rationality' is being developed to analyse behaviour in such situations. Sargent, a distinguished economist and author of two influential advanced economics books, has contributed significantly to the literature and in this book he describes and interprets some of the recent work in the area, especially in statistics and econometrics, and in networks and artificial intelligence. He focuses on a number of examples designed to illustrate the issues involved. He describes two laboratory experiments testing versions of the models and concludes by pointing to some promising applications of the methods surveyed as well as to some of their limitations.
Learning through Intermediaries: The Case of Inter-Firm Research Collaborations
Authors: Lutz Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of network-like institutional arrangements, of multilateral forms of collaboration between a number of economic actors, has received increasing attention by researchers in the fields of management and business theory, organization theory, or economic sociology (for the most recent synopses of the field, see e.g. the special issue of Research Policy on ‘Networks of Innovation’, 20 (5), October 1991; Axelsson and Easton 1992; Nohria and Eccles 1992; Sydow 1992; Powell 1990; Powell and Smith-Doerr 1994). Inter-firm networks, for example, research collaborations, strategic alliances, or technological partnerships, are perceived as a major source of a firm’s innovation capacity and competitive strength. Conversely, industry’s lack of interest or ability to engage in inter-firm co-operative arrangements is repeatedly presented as a powerful explanation of nations’ difficulties in regaining the productive edge (Dertouzos 1989: 94).