bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exerkines: A Crosstalk between Lactate Production, Exercise and Mental
Health
Authors: Sá Filho Alberto Souza , Barsanulfo Silvio Roberto , Faria Sara Socorro , Inacio Pedro Augusto , Ayatizadeh Farahnaz , Machado Sérgio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract:
Muscle skeletal striated cells secrete a wide range of proteins called myokines or
“exerkines”, which in turn perform autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions. For being able to act
in the communication between skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and mainly the brain, exerkines play a
prominent role and potential influence on health promotion. Furthermore, we detected in the literature
that one of these potential therapeutic substances derived from muscle contraction is a molecule
derived from glycolytic metabolism that in the past was largely marginalized, the lactate. Currently,
studies are dedicated to examining the target structures for exerkines that may contribute to the
maintenance and restoration of mental health. Thus, lactate appears to be recognized as a critical mediator
of exercise-related changes and their health benefits, particularly in their role in communication
and coordination between organs. It is inferred that the BDNF expression mechanism can be induced
by lactate, which in turn derives from the activation of SIRT pathways 1 and 2 and activates
the PGC1-α cascade. The behavior of lactate concentration is intensity-dependent, directly related to
the type of fast-twitch fibers (type IIb) and the recruitment of these fibers would potentiate the
responses in the brain. In this sense, high-intensity exercise would establish itself as an important
strategy to be considered. Despite this understanding, there is still much to be done. However, lactate
appears to be a highly promising exerkine for future research initiatives and a potential biomarker to
reduce illness and promote mental health.
Allo-polyherbal Approaches for Managing Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative
Review
Authors: Sharma Pratiksha , Singh Varinder , Baldi Ashish 
Published: October 2023

Abstract:
Metabolic syndrome (MS) represents a complex cluster of medical conditions with profound implications for global public health. This constellation of disorders substantially increases the
susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, obesity, thrombosis, cardiovascular disease, and hyperlipidemia.
The drugs currently prescribed for managing MS offer limited efficacy, likely due to their limited
scope of action. Owing to their restricted mechanisms of action, these medications often lead to significant side effects such as weight gain, bone marrow impairment, Raynaud's phenomenon, galactorrhea, and others. Consequently, these adverse effects contribute to poor patient adherence and
restrict the overall effectiveness of the treatment. Thus, developing new therapeutic strategies for
managing MS is certainly required. Recent investigations have been concentrated on formulating
strategies that combine conventional synthetic drugs with herbal medicines (which act via multiple
targets), aiming to enhance treatment efficacy and enhance patient adherence in the management of
MS. This concept of combining synthetic and herbal drugs is termed ‘Allo-polyherbal’ and has been
shown to improve the efficacy of synthetic drugs and reduction of adverse effects. The present review uncovers the concept of Allo-polyherbal and reveals the potential benefits of using Allopolyherbal in managing diabetes, cardiovascular, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and thrombosis leading to MS.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Heterocycles and their Anti-cancer Activities
Authors: Majhi Sasadhar , Mondal Pankaj Kumar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract:
One of the most efficient non-conventional heating methods is microwave irradiation. In organic synthesis, microwave irradiation has become a popular heating technique as it enhances product yields and purities, reduces reaction time from hours to minutes, and decreases unwanted side reactions. Microwave-assisted organic synthesis utilizes dielectric volumetric heating as an alternative activation method, which results in rapid and more selective transformations because of the uniform heat distribution. Heterocyclic compounds have a profound role in the drug discovery and development process along with their applications as agrochemicals, fungicides, herbicides, etc., making them the most prevalent form of biologically relevant molecules. Hence, enormous efforts have been made to flourish green routes for their high-yielding synthesis under microwave irradiation as a sustainable tool. Among the different clinical applications, heterocyclic compounds have received considerable attention as anti-cancer agents. Heterocyclic moieties have always been core parts of the development of anti-cancer drugs, including market-selling drugs, i.e., 5-fluoroura-cil, doxorubicin, methotrexate, daunorubicin, etc., and natural alkaloids, such as vinblastine and vincristine. In this review, we focus on the developments in the microwave-assisted synthesis of heterocycles and the anti-cancer activities of particular heterocycles.
Lightweight Privacy Preserving Scheme for IoT based Smart Home
Authors: Sharma Neha , Dhiman Pankaj 
Published: October 2023

Background:
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnection of physical devices,
controllers, sensors and actuators that monitor and share data to another end. In a smart home
network, users can remotely access and control home appliances/devices via wireless channels.
Due to the increasing demand for smart IoT devices, secure communication also becomes the biggest
challenge. Hence, a lightweight authentication scheme is required to secure these devices and
maintain user privacy. The protocol proposed is secure against different kinds of attacks and as
well as is efficient.

Methods:
The proposed protocol offers mutual authentication using shared session key establishment.
The shared session key is established between the smart device and the home gateway, ensuring
that the communication between the smart devices, home gateway, and the user is secure
and no third party can access the information shared.

Results:
Informal and formal analysis of the proposed scheme is done using the AVISPA tool.
Finally, the results of the proposed scheme also compare with existing security schemes in terms
of computation and communication performance cost. The results show that the proposed scheme
is more efficient and robust against different types of attacks than the existing protocols.

Conclusion:
In the upcoming years, there will be a dedicated network system built inside the
home so that the user can have access to the home from anywhere. The proposed scheme offers
secure communication between the user, the smart home, and different smart devices. The proposed
protocol makes sure that security and privacy are maintained since the smart devices lack
computation power which makes them vulnerable to different attacks.
Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of
Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity
Authors: Pedroza-Escobar David , Castillo-Maldonado Irais , González-Cortés Tania , Delgadillo-Guzmán Dealmy , Ruíz-Flores Pablo , Cruz Jorge Haro Santa , Espino-Silva Perla-Karina , Flores-Loyola Erika , Ramirez-Moreno Agustina , Avalos-Soto Joaquín , Téllez-López Miguel-Ángel , Velázquez-Gauna Sergio-Everardo , García-Garza Rubén , Vertti Rubén Daniel Arellano Pérez , Torres-León Cristian 
Published: October 2023

Background:
The immune system is able to recognize substances that originate from inside
or outside the body and are potentially harmful. Foreign substances that bind to immune system
components exhibit antigenicity and are defined as antigens. The antigens exhibiting immunogenicity
can induce innate or adaptive immune responses and give rise to humoral or cell-mediated
immunity. The antigens exhibiting mitogenicity can cross-link cell membrane receptors on B and T
lymphocytes leading to cell proliferation. All antigens vary greatly in physicochemical features
such as biochemical nature, structural complexity, molecular size, foreignness, solubility, and so
on.

Objective::
Thus, this review aims to describe the molecular bases of protein-antigenicity and those
molecular bases that lead to an immune response, lymphocyte proliferation, or unresponsiveness.

Conclusion:
The epitopes of an antigen are located in surface areas; they are about 880-3,300 Da
in size. They are protein, carbohydrate, or lipid in nature. Soluble antigens are smaller than 1 nm
and are endocytosed less efficiently than particulate antigens. The more the structural complexity
of an antigen increases, the more the antigenicity increases due to the number and variety of epitopes.
The smallest immunogens are about 4,000-10,000 Da in size. The more phylogenetically distant
immunogens are from the immunogen-recipient, the more immunogenicity increases. Antigens
that are immunogens can trigger an innate or adaptive immune response. The innate response is induced
by antigens that are pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Exogenous antigens, T Dependent
or T Independent, induce humoral immunogenicity. TD protein-antigens require two epitopes,
one sequential and one conformational to induce antibodies, whereas, TI non-protein-antigens require
only one conformational epitope to induce low-affinity antibodies. Endogenous protein antigens
require only one sequential epitope to induce cell-mediated immunogenicity.
Role of Alpha-7-Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Singh Sushma , Agrawal Neetu , Goyal Ahsas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide.
One of the leading hypotheses for the underlying cause of AD is a reduction in nicotinic receptor
levels in the brain. Among the nicotinic receptors, the alpha-7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(α7nAChR) has received particular attention due to its involvement in cognitive function.α7nAChR is
a ligand-gated ion channel that is primarily found in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, areas of
the brain responsible for learning, memory, and attention. Studies have shown that α7nAChR dysfunction
is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of AD. The receptor is involved in regulating amyloidbeta
(Aβ) production, a hallmark of AD pathology. Many drugs have been investigated as α7nAChR
agonists or allosteric modulators to improve cognitive deficits in AD. Clinical studies have shown
promising results with α7nAChR agonists, including improved memory and cognitive function. Although
several studies have shown the significance of the α7 nAChR in AD, little is known about its
function in AD pathogenesis. As a result, in this review, we have outlined the basic information of the
α7 nAChR's structure, functions, cellular responses to its activation, and its role in AD's pathogenesis.
The Prevalence of Video Games Addiction among Iraqi People in
2022
Authors: Hashim Hashim Talib , Hashim Ali Talib , Shah Asghar , Shah Jaffer , Tharwani Zoaib Habib , Islam Zarmina , Riaz Mehr Muhammad Adeel , Ahmad Shoaib , Abd al Khudair Mustafa Abd al Latif 
Published: October 2023

Background:
Video game Addiction Disorder, in addition to other dependency disorders,
seem to affect the pleasure center of the brain. The addictive behavior triggers a release
of dopamine to promote the pleasurable experience activating the release of this chemical.
Over time, more and more of the activity is needed to induce the same pleasurable response,
creating a dependency.

Methods:
It is a cross-sectional study conducted among 2500 participants (more than 18 years)
distributed in all the Iraqi provinces including both males and females. The questionnaire contains
demographic questions and an internet addiction special validated questionnaire in the
Arabic language.

Results:
The present study, comprising a predominantly male population (82%) showed a
mild-moderate level of internet addiction among 93% of its participants (62% mild and 31%
moderate), and an average internet usage score of 45. Race, particularly Kurdish, and the need
to socialize were statistically significant predictors of video gaming. Twenty percent of participants
in our study spent more than 3 hours a day playing video games using more than one
device. The majority of these participants played racing (16%), platform (12%), and stealth
(9.5%) video games.

Conclusion:
Everything is Internet-based. Adding an additional layer of confusion and distinction
is that another digital technology is taking over the world as well – making access to computers
even easier. But these benefits have a lot of consequences on humanity as well and it can
cause an addiction especially to video games that are spreading among adolescents and early
adults all over the world.
Patient Perceptions of In Vivo Versus Virtual Reality Exposures for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: Cross-Sectional Survey Study
Authors: Levy Amanda N , Nittas Vasileios , Wray Tyler B 
Published: October 2023

Background
Psychotherapy, and particularly exposure therapy, has been proven to be an effective treatment for many anxiety disorders, including social and specific phobias, as well as posttraumatic stress disorders. Currently, exposures are underused and mostly delivered in vivo. Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) offers a more flexible delivery mechanism that has the potential to address some of the implementation barriers of in vivo exposures while retaining effectiveness. Yet, there is little evidence on how patients perceive different exposure therapy methods.

Objective
This study aims to explore the perceptions of individuals with anxiety disorders toward in vivo and VRET. Our findings can inform therapists about the degree of patient interest in both methods while exploring the demand for VRET as an alternative and novel treatment approach.

Methods
Web-based survey assessing the (1) interest in, (2) willingness to use, (3) comfort with, (4) enthusiasm toward, and (5) perceived effectiveness of exposure therapy when delivered in vivo and through VR. Participants included individuals with specific phobia, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, or acute stress disorder or reaction. Participants were presented with educational videos about in vivo and VRET and asked to provide their perceptions quantitatively and qualitatively through a rated scale and free-text responses.

Results
In total, 184 surveys were completed and analyzed, in which 82% (n=151) of participants reported being willing to receive in vivo exposures and 90.2% (n=166) reported willingness to receive VRET. Participants reported higher interest in, comfort with, enthusiasm toward, and perceived effectiveness of VRET compared to in vivo. Most reported in vivo concerns were linked to (1) increased anxiety, (2) feelings of embarrassment or shame, and (3) exacerbation of current condition. Most reported VRET concerns were linked to (1) risk of side effects including increased anxiety, (2) efficacy uncertainty, and (3) health insurance coverage. The most frequently mentioned VRET benefits include (1) privacy, (2) safety, (3) the ability to control exposures, (4) comfort, (5) the absence of real-life consequences, (6) effectiveness, and (7) customizability to a wider variety of exposures.

Conclusions
On average, our participants expressed positive perceptions toward exposure therapy, with slightly more positive perceptions of VRET over in vivo exposures. Despite valid personal concerns and some misconceptions, our findings emphasize that VRET provides an opportunity to get much-needed therapy to patients in ways that are more acceptable and less concerning.
Resistance Training in Patients After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: Protocol for a Systematic Review
Authors: Elks Whitney , Rooks Adam , Schulte Spencer , Batra Kavita , Burke Jocelyn , Jain Varun 
Published: October 2023

Background
Resistance training has been consistently shown to have multiple health benefits, especially for patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery are recommended to participate in resistance exercise; however, protocols and guidelines for resistance training remain poorly implemented.

Objective
This is a protocol for a systematic review and possibly a meta-analysis that will synthesize evidence of the effects of resistance exercise on changes in body composition, muscular strength, overall weight loss or maintenance of weight loss, and quality of life in patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS). The findings of this study may provide practice recommendations for resistance training among patients who have undergone MBS.

Methods
We registered this systematic review on PROSPERO (CRD42023464928) on September 18, 2023. A systematic search of electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL) was conducted on studies published from January 1, 1991, to May 15, 2023, to identify English-language human studies on adult patients who have undergone MBS that include a resistance training intervention and describe outcome measurements of body composition or strength. Screening will be performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and relevant data elements will be extracted.

Results
Searches and screenings commenced in May 2023. Data extraction and analyses will be completed by the end of December 2023, after which findings will be synthesized and reported by the end of March 2024.

Conclusions
This systematic review will summarize the evidence regarding resistance training in patients after MBS. The findings from this systematic review and possible meta-analysis may provide practice recommendations for resistance training protocols in this patient population and identify characteristics of protocols with the best adherence and outcomes. With these results, we anticipate that we will gain a deeper understanding of the role of resistance training after MBS.

Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42023464928; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=464928

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/49513
The Multi-Stage Adoption of the 1992 Lithuanian Constitution in Comparative Perspective and Some Constitutional Paradoxes
Authors: Vaičaitis Vaidotas A. 
Published: October 2023

This article is the first attempt to analyse the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania of 1992 from the perspective of the comparative concept of multi-stage constitution-making. The article consists of three parts: the first two explain, why the 1992 Lithuanian Constitution is not only a result of the 1989–1992 political and legal events in the country, but also bears some conceptual similarities in the latter legal steps with those of 1918–1922. From a comparative perspective, we can see that the multi-stage constitution-making in Lithuania (as well as other Baltic states) in the late 1980s and beginning of 1990s differs from some countries in the region of Central Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland and Hungary), because it includes the concept of continuity with the inter-war republics and does not include the phenomenon of “round tables” between the Communist party and so-called new People’s Front movements. The third difference is that the new constitutions were adopted in Lithuania and Estonia (and re-adopted in Latvia) at the beginning of 1990s, i.e., during the so-called “constitutional moment”, while in Poland and Hungary this happened a bit later. The last chapter of the article shows some constitutional paradoxes of constitution-making, namely: the paradox concerning the legitimacy of the authority having the power to adopt a constituent act; the paradox of mutual inter-dependence between the constituent authority and the constituent act, adopted by this authority; the so-called paradox of “illegality of law” of the constituent act (including the constitution adoption process) and the paradox of retrospectivity of the constituent act.
25 Years of Fundamental Rights in the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia: Development, Significance and Content
Authors: Rodiņa Anita , Kārkliņa Annija 
Published: October 2023

Only in 1998, the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia – Satversme, which was adopted more than a hundred years ago and is one of the oldest constitutions in Europe, was supplemented with new Chapter 8 – regulation on fundamental rights. Until the adoption of Chapter 8 of the Satversme, only a few fundamental rights could be found in the Constitution.The current article discusses the development of the regulation of fundamental rights in the Satversme, the importance of fundamental rights in a democratic state, as well as reflects the catalogue of fundamental rights. The authors, looking at the catalogue of fundamental rights included in the Satversme, analyse the fundamental rights by dividing them in groups, i.e., civil, political, social, economic, cultural and solidarity rights. The publication outlines the most characteristic features of each group of rights, reveals the content of those rights and also provides the recent case law of the Constitutional Court.
Victim of Crime and the State’s Liability for the Result of Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Strada-Rozenberga Kristīne , Gurevičs Dāvids 
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the issues related to the state’s liability for such a result of criminal proceedings that impairs the victim’s right to a fair trial. The views presented in this paper follow the notion of the victim’s constitutional rights in Latvia and the principles established in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, particularly with respect to the victim’s right to an effective and thorough investigation of a crime. Consequently, this paper provides an analysis of Latvia’s regulative framework on reparation of harm caused by state’s unlawful actions in criminal proceedings and the implementation thereof in the case law.
Perspectives and Methodological Peculiarities in Developing the Form of Governance in the Republic of Armenia
Authors: Manasyan Anahit 
Published: October 2023

The current article considers the issues concerning perspectives and methodological peculiarities of developing the model of governance in the Republic of Armenia. The history of developing the form of governance in the Republic of Armenia, advantages and disadvantages of different forms of governance, factors and circumstances, which should underlie the selection of the form of governance are studied in the article. The author concludes that, while speaking on the forms of governance, we are often guided by fictional perceptions, which should be overcome and cannot serve as the basis for reforms concerning the aforementioned issue. Moreover, in the result of processes of legal convergence, the forms of governance have borrowed from each other the mechanisms that are not originally typical of them, and from this aspect their rapprochement can frequently be noted. The author notes that the problems, solution of which is the main reason for continuous changes of the form of governance, will not be solved in conditions of new reforms implemented by the same logic. Hence, the axis of the problem of the further improvement of the model of governance in the Republic of Armenia should be transformed from the issue of making a choice between this or that form of governance, and the attention should primarily be focused on improving the mechanisms of separation and balance of powers, as well as forming and strengthening constitutional and political traditions and culture.