bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vedic Tribes
Authors: Oberlies Thomas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From the time they entered India in the first half of the second century bc, the Vedic tribes were constantly in conflict with the indigenous population. Thus a constitutive aspect of their society was the alternation between warlike raids and migratory movements to gain land and other goods on the one hand, and more peaceful phases of settlement on the other. This alternation, called yoga-kṣ ema, had a direct bearing on the organisation of this society, which is in turn also reflected in its religion. During settled phases (kṣ ema), rulership is taken over by several leaders—or one might say, no one individual is the leader. In the nomadic phases (yoga), all are ruled by a single leader, who is ʻelectedʼ by winning contests, such as chariot races or verbal competitions. The victor is legitimised as the human Indra and embodies this war god.
Unpacking revenue bargaining
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. , Bak Ane Karoline , Kjær Anne Mette 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we present in detail the analytical framework informing the empirical chapters of the book. This includes careful conceptualization of micro-level revenue bargaining and fiscal contracts, paying attention to distinguishing these two often conflated concepts. We elaborate on central political settlement concepts including the sources of bargaining power of revenue providers and ruling elites, and, specifically, we conceptualize a fiscal dimension of revenue providers’ bargaining power. This enables us to develop a model to assess the relative bargaining power of revenue providers vis-à-vis ruling elites (or representatives hereof), which is valuable for understanding how and under which conditions revenue bargaining emerges, evolves, and leads to fiscal contracts. Finally, the chapter presents the book’s methodological approach and briefly introduces the empirical Chapters 3–12.
Maximizing tax and other revenues for strategic rents in Uganda’s petroleum sector
Authors: Ngabirano Dan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how Uganda’s ruling elite has sought to maximize oil revenues for strategic rents through the formulation and passage of petroleum legislation and a deliberate effort to monopolize the petroleum sector and influence how it is regulated and taxed. Consequently, Uganda has earned close to USD 1 billion from the sector before commencement of commercial oil production. Of this, an estimated USD 777.4 million has been spent on mainly those activities that give the ruling elite and the National Resistance Movement political mileage and on enhancement of the military machinery. Petroleum revenues have also helped to reduce on the pressure to tax politically influential groups mainly from the informal sector.
Who should pay?
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. , Myamba Flora , George Constantine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore bargaining between the Tanzanian government and international aid agencies over the design and funding of the Productive Social Safety Nets (PSSN) programme. In a context of diverging preferences (donors favouring PSSN; the government being sceptical), the government tried to limit its own contributions with tactical delays based on the knowledge that donors would want the PSSN to continue. Concurrently, the government tried to modify the programme design to have stronger ‘productivist’ elements, which they saw as fitting its development vision. We show that although the international aid agencies are of financial importance to the government, they cannot push the government to take over funding responsibility of just any programme. Hence, while the government may concede in terms of programme design, it has been able to induce international aid agencies to remain the main revenue providers of the PSSN.
Brokered fiscal contracts
Authors: Bak Ane Karoline 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces three decades of revenue bargaining in Senegal’s informal commercial sector. It focuses on brokers’ influence on processes and specifically outcomes of revenue bargaining around: the attempts to generalize value-added taxation (VAT) in the 1990s; the reforms of the informal sector tax contribution globale unique in the 2000s and 2010s; and lastly, advance payments on imports. The chapter provides a nuanced description of power relations inside Senegal’s commercial sector and argues that what essentially become brokered fiscal contracts can be explained by shifts in the relative bargaining positions of the ruling elites vis-à-vis the informal commercial sector and their brokers, in particular Union Nationale des Commercants et Industriels du Sénégal (UNACOIS). The chapter demonstrates the instrumental value of a long-term historical approach and the importance of recognizing the distinct role of brokers when studying revenue bargaining in clientelist political settlements, in Senegal and beyond.
Educating Theodosius II
Authors: McEvoy Meaghan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the representation of Theodosius II as a pious ruler, enshrined by the accounts of the ecclesiastical historians Sozomen and Socrates. Their narratives of the child-emperor’s upbringing and education at the hands of his devout sister Pulcheria give the impression that other aspects of imperial performance, such as martial training and the pursuit of victories, were irrelevant to Theodosius’ self-presentation. However, as this chapter shows, poetry, coinage, statuary, and public ceremonial emphasized that the non-campaigning emperor remained responsible for the security of the Roman empire and the victory of its armies. Without the ecclesiastical sources, our image of Theodosius might be more military; without the evidence of statues and coins, our image of him might be predominantly religious. This chapter shows that, in fact, the military and religious were intimately connected in representations of Theodosius. Although Theodosius never campaigned in person, the empire’s martial successes were portrayed as the direct result of his Christian piety.
Jordanes and the End of the Roman Empire
Authors: Bjornlie M. Shane 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the legacy of emperors and the end of Roman imperial rule in the works of the sixth-century author Jordanes. It argues that Jordanes’ two contributions to historical writing, the Getica and the Romana, operate in tandem with each other to produce a narrative of Roman and Gothic history that is reflective of a contemporary discourse for both the end of the western Roman empire and the potential for crisis in the eastern empire. According to Jordanes’ narrative, Roman emperors are primarily culpable for crisis in the imperial state as agents of tyranny and civil war. In the Romana, Jordanes attributes Roman imperial success to specific political virtues and institutions, especially the republican institution of the consulship, which become eclipsed by the rise of government by emperors. The Getica provides a narrative for translatio imperii by which the Goths acquire the same political virtues lost by Roman emperors, thereby positioning the Gothic Amal family of Italy as potential sponsors for the rejuvenation of the western Roman empire. This configuration of the Roman and Gothic past is sensitive to both the outcome of the Gothic War in Italy and discourses of political decline current in Justinian’s Constantinople.
‘Per voler del primo amor ch’i’ sento’
Authors: Carlà-Uhink Filippo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIt is generally assumed that before the rediscovery and publication of Procopius’ Secret History, the empress Theodora was virtually unknown, especially in Western Europe. When she was recognized, she was seen as a just and chaste empress, while Justinian was generally known as a good emperor, the perfect example of a duteous Christian sovereign. This chapter aims to investigate the reception of the imperial couple in both Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean from the sixth to the sixteenth centuries, in order to problematize and nuance such a picture. It is shown that the idea of an ‘enthusiastic’ reception of Justinian mostly depends on one very prominent text, Dante’s Divine Comedy. The image proposed by other authors is much more complex and definitely more ambiguous, as Justinian’s reception cannot be disentangled from the great success of the Belisarroman, a narrative in which the emperor was often shown as displaying negative traits. At the same time, Justinian and Theodora were understood and represented throughout the century very often as a couple, in a deep entanglement—it is this inseparability that constitutes a major aspect of their post-antique reception.
Cross-Country Econometric Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 first re-examines the relationship between growth and poverty reduction using updated data, multiple poverty lines, and time periods, and different measures of growth and poverty. Growth (semi) elasticities of poverty are calculated, and sensitivity analysis conducted adjusting for outliers, measurement error, and endogeneity due to reverse causation. The findings generally support the view that growth reduces poverty on average. Next, the chapter investigates correlates and causes of immiserizing growth, using descriptive statistics and cross-country econometric analysis. Results suggest that immiserizing growth is primarily a shorter-term phenomenon, occurring in around 15 per cent of five-year spells, mainly in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa with greater frequency in the 1990s. The econometric results generated few robust, statistically significant findings, and counterintuitive results. Some evidence emerged, however, for an association of immiserizing growth with either corruption or the interaction of corruption and high natural resource rents (so-called ‘natural resource curse’ situations).
Typology Construction for Case Study Selection
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 develops a methodology for selecting the matched country cases analysed in Chapter 8. Case studies are first situated within a typological framework based on patterns of growth in sub-Saharan Africa and subsequently cluster analysis is used to improve the matching of cases with respect to a number of ‘weakly exogenous’ variables. Such an approach performs a taxonomic function, distinguishing different types of cases, and an explanatory function, by facilitating the comparison of similar cases in terms of variables in the typology (‘like with like’ comparisons) or of cases with one or more known differences with respect to these variables. Of the many possible matches, two pairs were selected for further analysis in Chapter 8: Côte d’Ivoire (2008–15) and Ghana (2006–13); and Zimbabwe (2011–17) and Eswatini (2009–16).
Thermal Activation Effects
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The behaviour of particulate and granular materials are particularly affected by thermal activation. Hence single particle activation is discussed along with the phenomenon of superparamagnetism and blocking. Because particulate and granular materials never contain a single particle size, a detailed discussion of the effects of a particle or grain size distribution are presented and the resulting phenomena of coercivity and remanence. The principal effect of thermal activation results in time and frequency effects on the magnetic properties and these are described together with the overall concept of a switching field distribution. This is followed by a detailed discussion of the fluctuation field model of thermal activation which leads to the activation volume of reversal the measurement of which is described in detail. Finally the role of intergranular interactions in thermal activation is presented together with the effects on magnetic susceptibility and phenomena such as minor hysteresis loops.
Fiscal responsibility between the Fiscal Compact and the Recovery Fund
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Between the sovereign debt crisis and the coronavirus pandemic, eurozone countries witnessed two different logics for preserving fiscal sustainability, with austerity being dominant for most of the 2010s, and a more expansive-oriented approach coming to the foreground in more recent years. This chapter highlights how this gradual change over time runs parallel to the shift from responsibility to responsiveness analysed in previous chapters. It theorizes that a paradigmatic change occurred among key actors in European economic governance and finds empirical corroboration for this insight. The analysis focuses on the arguments by which budgetary policies are justified in the name of long-term fiscal sustainability and traces the variations in content. The chapter ends with a reflection on the implications of changing notions of fiscal responsibility for responsiveness.
Psychosocial occupational health
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic notion of psychosocial occupational health as a concept of growing importance in the world of modern work and employment. Distinct from the traditional focus on material aspects of work environments and their effects on workers’ health, as mainly analysed by occupational medicine and safety sciences, psychosocial work environments address social and psychological aspects that affect workers via sensory input, triggering their cognitions, emotions, motivations, behaviours, and bodily responses. Environmental demands and threats operate at different levels, where most pervasive effects on health are due to distinct adverse exposures at the meso-social level of organizations and enterprises. These exposures are identified with the help of theoretical models, and they are tackled by the workers’ appraisals and coping resources. As work-related health is analysed in a biopsychosocial perspective, different disciplines are engaged in this research. In a further section, the main features of leading disciplines in this field are briefly described: occupational medicine, epidemiology, psychology, sociology, and economics. Cumulative research conducted by these scientific disciplines provides essential knowledge on psychosocial occupational health. The final part of this chapter illustrates the practical relevance of this new knowledge by discussing three major challenges of occupational public health: the COVID-19 pandemic, the widespread prevalence of mental disorders and addictive behaviours in working populations, and the pronounced socioeconomic inequalities in health that persist even in the workforces of economically most advanced societies.
Evidence from cohort studies
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims at informing readers on essentials of the current state of the art in research on psychosocial work environments and their effects on health. By and large, evidence is based on prospective observational cohort studies. In this account, no attempt is made to provide a systematic review or meta-review of a field of research characterized by dynamic growth. Rather, the content focuses on the main theoretical models, with the intention to offer explanations based on robust data. Four major chronic disorders are selected as health outcomes (cardiovascular diseases, depression, metabolic disorders, musculoskeletal disorders), and we illustrate some promising expansions of knowledge of other, less frequently studied disorders (addictive disorders, sleep disturbances, reduced cognitive functioning (including dementia), and infectious diseases, in particular COVID-19). Taken together, despite some obvious heterogeneity of findings, a solid basis of new knowledge results from this review. Two additional aspects are included. Firstly, the social distribution of psychosocial work environments across employed populations is illustrated, using data from a European-wide survey. Finally, a core research question is addressed: the contribution of adverse working conditions towards explaining health inequalities, referring to the notions of mediation and moderation analysis.
Courts’ review of monetary and financial stability decisions
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter deals with case law on the substantive review of monetary and financial stability decisions. As seen in Chapter 4, these decisions present problems of justiciability. When they are eventually reviewed by courts, these tend to adopt a deferential standard of review. Even so, the expansion of the role and powers of authorities entrusted with monetary and financial stability after the 2007–2009 crisis presented new challenges, which, in the European Union, resulted in several landmark cases (Gauweiler and Weiss). The chapter also discusses open issues, such as lender of last resort (LoLR) powers, or the appointment of central bank members.
An Anatomy of Issues in Private Law Disputes
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides an overview or ‘anatomy’ of disputes in private law, which serves as an introduction for the analysis of case law in Chapters 9 to 11, mirroring Chapter 3 for public law disputes, anayzed in Chapters 4 to 7. It delineates the main problems that courts are called upon to address in private law disputes. First, courts must address issues of vertical allocation of powers between the federal level (e.g. securities or banking law) and the state level (e.g. contract, tort, or corporate law) in the US, and between supranational and national level in the EU. Secondly, courts must address issues of jurisdiction and applicable law, under conflicts of law rules. Thirdly, courts must determine how (mandatory) regulatory provisions can affect private law rules and doctrines in contract, tort, or property. Fourthly, courts have often been called upon to analyse private plaintiffs’ access to justice through class actions and collective redress mechanisms. Fifthly, courts have had to ponder the mechanisms of contract interpretation in cases where such contracts are based on ‘boilerplate’ clauses or market-wide standards.
Courts and the Law of Liability for Misstatements in Securities Offerings
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses how courts and their case law have developed the law of securities liability, or liability for misstatements in securities offerings in the US, and are in the process of doing so in the EU. First, the chapter analyses how US courts ‘implied’ a private right of action in securities’ regulatory provisions, like section 10b of the Exchange Act, and how they shaped a doctrine of liability and its elements, including materiality, causation and reliance, with the ‘fraud-on-the-market’ theory, the respective role of federal and state levels, and the limited role of insider trading rules in civil liability. Secondly, the chapter analyses the incipient state of case law in the EU on liability for misstatements, centred in prospectus liability, and the initial obstacles, such as the need to remedies that vary by jurisdiction, or the different approaches to ‘causation’ and ‘reliance’, as well as the role of other provisions, notably insider trading, as a basis for civil liability. Thirdly, the chapter analyses the specialties of the liability of ‘secondary actors’ or ‘gatekeepers’, such as underwriters, auditors or rating agencies, including its constitutional dimension (free speech and opinions), private law dimension, with the different approaches to limit damages, and regulatory dimension, with the possibility that gatekeepers may be responsible for the statements by listed companies, and/or under specific rules on secondary actor liability.
Courts in insolvency, collateral, and creditor coordination disputes
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the disputes over insolvency and property in a financial context, but also, more generally, inter-creditor coordination disputes under contract, and it complements, in that way, Chapter 10. First, the chapter analyses insolvency’s ‘claw-back risk’ where assets are transferred to a special purpose vehicles (SPVs), including avoidance, recharacterization, or substantive consolidation. Secondly, it analyses insolvency disputes over derivatives, and their collateralization. Thirdly, it analyses more generally insolvency disputes over financial collateral, and the challenges of segregating money and instruments, and of characterizing the proprietary or security interest. Fourthly, the chapter analyses inter-creditor disputes, and the enforcement of clauses that seek to ensure the bankruptcy-remoteness of an SPV, used to shield assets or cash flows. Fifthly, it analyses inter-creditor coordination disputes over enforcement ‘triggers‘, and restructuring disputes, where creditors allege disenfranchisement or oppression. Finally, the chapter analyses the role, in creditor coordination disputes of agent banks and trustees, including their duties and responsibilities, and the clauses used to shape their discretion and liability.
COMBEE
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This book offers the first full account of Harriet Tubman's Civil War service and the Combahee River Raid. It details how Tubman commanded a ring of spies, scouts, and pilots and participated in military expeditions behind Confederate lines. It also recounts the story of enslaved families living in bondage and fighting for their freedom, using their own distinct and individual voices. The book uses more than 175 US Civil War pension files of the regiments of Second South Carolina Volunteers, including Tubman's. It is based on original documentation and written by a descendent of the enslaved men and women who fought in it, and in the process liberated themselves.
Two of Us
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Harriet Tubman as the only Black Northern volunteer to participate in the Port Royal Experiment until Charlotte Forten arrived in October 1862. It describes Tubman as a 40-year-old married woman that was old enough to have been Charlotte Forten’s mother, while Forten thought of Tubman as a favorite aunt. It also points out Tubman’s contrast to Charlotte, such as Tubman’s inability to read or write while Forten was highly educated and classically trained. The chapter mentions John Greenleaf Whittier, a stalwart of Massachusetts’ abolition movement and long-time close friend of the Forten family, who suggested that Charlotte go to Port Royal. It reviews the discrimination Charlotte faced despite her distinguished heritage in Northern states, pointing out how she and her parents were barred from restaurants and stores.
Day Clean
Authors: Fields-Black Edda L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter talks about Minus Hamilton’s inability to provide an official military report of his experience on the plantation where he was held in bondage. It touches on the illiteracy of Harriet Tubman, the overwhelming majority of soldiers in the First and Second South Carolina Volunteers, and those people enslaved on the Combahee rice plantations. It also recounts Colonel Thomas Higginson’s recording of Hamilton’s story, noting how it was a rare privilege to view the raid through the eyes of an enslaved person who secured liberation from bondage. The chapter points out Hamilton’s view on how the usual enslaved person would not look a white person in the eye and how the Black soldiers who wore the Union blue coats, in contrast stood with their backs straight and held their heads up. It reveals what Hamilton saw after the Second South Carolina Volunteers left the Yankee gunboats, describing how they set ablaze the slaveholder’s barn.