bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of SNP/haplotype map in gene discovery and drug development: An overview
Authors: Shastry Barkur S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRecent advances in genomics provide an opportunity to understand a detailed history of human genes and common diseases, and to predict the effectiveness and safety of medications for each individual. In order to accomplish this goal, it is thought that a high‐density map of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human genome is needed. By comparing SNP patterns in various patients and control populations, it may be possible to identify unique variants that predispose to disease and predict the effectiveness of drug therapy. But it will take a considerable amount of time and effort to develop new medicines. Additionally, diagnostic application of variants in clinics requires an understanding of their functional significance and appropriate clinical studies. Moreover, it is important that this rapidly developing genome information be incorporated in the continuing education of medical professionals so that the results of basic research can be translated to the welfare of patients. Drug Dev. Res. 62:143–150, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of inhibitory KIR is confined to CD8+ effector T cells and limits their proliferative capacity
Authors: Arlettaz Lionel , Degermann Sylvie , Rham Casimir De , Roosnek Eddy , Huard Bertrand 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA subset of effector/memory CD8+ T cells expresses natural killer cell receptors (NKR). Expression of inhibitory NKR at that stage of T cell differentiation is poorly understood. Interestingly, recent studies in mice indicated that transgenic expression of an inhibitory NKR induced the accumulation of memory T cells by inhibiting activation‐induced cell death (AICD). To further understand the role of inhibitory NKR on T cells, we characterized the subset of human peripheral T cells expressing the inhibitory NKR, CD158b, and studied the modulation of antigen‐driven T cell expansion by an endogenous inhibitory NKR. We found that CD158b expression was confined to a population of CD8+TCRαβ+ effector T cells as defined by a CD45RA+CCR7– phenotype and high constitutive expression of granzyme B1. Few cells expressed the activating form CD158j in the absence of CD158b. Functionally, engagement of CD158b by MHC ligands diminished early TCR signaling, as well as AICD. However, the reduced AICD did not rescue cells for proliferation, since T cell expansion in the presence of CD158b triggering was impaired. Expression of inhibitory NKR on effector CD8+ T cells may explain in part the poor replicative capacity of T cells at that stage of differentiation.
Vaccination with autoantigen protects against aggregated β‐amyloid and glutamate toxicity by controlling microglia: effect of CD4+CD25+ T cells
Authors: Avidan Hila , Kipnis Jonathan , Butovsky Oleg , Caspi Rachel R. , Schwartz Michal 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases differ in etiology but are propagated similarly. We show that neuronal loss caused by intraocular injection of aggregated β‐amyloid was significantly greater in immunodeficient mice than in normal mice. The neurodegeneration was attenuated or augmented by elimination or addition, respectively, of naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg). Vaccination with retina‐derived antigens or with the synthetic copolymer glatiramer acetate (Copolymer‐1, Cop‐1), but not with β‐amyloid, reduced the ocular neuronal loss. In mouse hippocampal slices, microglia encountering activated T cells overcame the cytotoxicity of aggregated β‐amyloid. These findings support the concept of “protective autoimmunity”, show that a given T cell‐based vaccination is protective at a particular site irrespective of toxicity type, and suggest that locally activated T cells induce a microglial phenotype that helps neurons withstand the insult. Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases might be arrested or retarded by vaccination with Cop‐1 or related compounds or by treatment with compounds that weaken Treg suppression.
Microbial colonization induces oligoclonal expansions of intraepithelial CD8 T cells in the gut
Authors: Helgeland Lars , Dissen Erik , Dai Ke‐Zheng , Midtvedt Tore , Brandtzaeg Per , Vaage John Torgils 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo populations of CD8+ IEL generally express restricted, but apparently random and non‐overlapping TCR repertoires. Previous studies in mice suggested that this could be explained by a dual origin of CD8+ IEL, i.e. that CD8αβ+ IEL derive from a few peripheral CD8+ T cell lymphoblasts stimulated by microbial antigens in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue, whereas CD8αα+ IEL descend from an inefficient intestinal maturation pathway. We show here that the gut mucosa, instead, becomes seeded with surprisingly broad and generally non‐overlapping CD8 IEL repertoires and that oligoclonality is induced locally after microbial colonization. In germ‐free (GF) rats, both CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL displayed surprisingly diverse TCR Vβ repertoires, although β‐chain diversity tended to be somewhat restricted in the CD8αα+ subset. CDR3 length displays in individual Vβ‐Cβ and Vβ‐Jβ combinations generally revealed polyclonal distributions over 6–11 different lengths, similar to CD8+ lymph node T cells, and CDR3β sequencing provided further documentation of repertoire diversity. By contrast, in ex‐GF rats colonized with normal commensal microflora, both CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL displayed oligoclonal CDR3 length distributions for most of the Vβ genes analyzed. Our data suggest that microbial colonization induces apparently random clonal expansions of CD8αβ+ and CD8αα+ IEL locally in the gut.
A synthetic HIV‐1 Tat protein breaches the skin barrier and elicits Tat‐neutralizing antibodies and cellular immunity
Authors: Partidos Charalambos D. , Moreau Emmanuel , Chaloin Olivier , Tunis Mélanie , Briand Jean‐Paul , Desgranges Claude , Muller Sylviane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe HIV‐1 Tat protein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV and has been considered as a candidate vaccine antigen. In an effort to design a non‐invasive vaccination strategy against HIV‐1 that stimulates the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses, we studied the transcutaneous delivery of a synthetic Tat protein using cholera toxin as an adjuvant. Following immunization of BALB/c mice with various doses of Tat, IgG and IgA antibody responses were measured in the serum and vaginal washes, respectively. Serum antibodies predominantly recognized the N‐terminal and basic functional domains of the protein and exhibited neutralizing capacity against Tat‐driven transactivation. Transcutaneous immunization also elicited potent cellular immune responses against Tat and the secretion of high levels of IL‐2, IFN‐γ and IL‐6. These findings demonstrate for the first time that by using a simple and safe immunization procedure, a synthetic Tat protein can elicit potentially protective immune responses. Transcutaneous immunization may be advantageous for the non‐invasive delivery of other HIV candidate vaccine antigens.
A posteriori pointwise error estimation for compressible fluid flows using adjoint parameters and Lagrange remainder
Authors: Alekseev A. K. , Navon I. M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe pointwise error of a finite‐difference calculation of supersonic flow is discussed. The local truncation error is determined by a Taylor series with the remainder being in a Lagrange form. The contribution of the local truncation error to the total pointwise approximation error is estimated via adjoint parameters. It is demonstrated by numerical tests that the results of the numerical calculation of gasdynamics parameter at an observation point may be refined and an error bound may be estimated. The results of numerical tests for the case of parabolized Navier–Stokes are presented as an illustration of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leveraging diversity to improve business performance: Research findings and recommendations for organizations
Authors: Jayne Michele E. A. , Dipboye Robert L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractResearch findings from industrial and organizational psychology and other disciplines cast doubt on the simple assertion that a diverse workforce inevitably improves business performance. Instead, research and theory suggest several conditions necessary to manage diversity initiatives successfully and reap organizational benefits. This article reviews empirical research and theory on the relationship between workforce diversity and organizational performance and outlines practical steps HR practitioners can take to manage diversity initiatives successfully and enhance the positive outcomes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mu‐class glutathione S‐transferase from the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: Molecular cloning and active‐site structural modeling
Authors: Contreras‐Vergara Carmen A. , Harris‐Valle Citlalli , Sotelo‐Mundo Rogerio R. , Yepiz‐Plascencia Gloria 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA cDNA clone coding for a mu‐class glutathione S‐transferase (GST) was isolated from a hepatopancreas cDNA library from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The deduced amino acid sequence (215 amino acids) has >50% identity to rodents and other mammals mu‐class GSTs. Using RT‐PCR, the shrimp GST transcript was detected in hepatopancreas, hemocytes, gills, and muscle, but not in pleopods. The shrimp GST sequence was computer modeled and found to fit the classical two‐domain GST structure. Domain I, containing the glutathione (GSH) binding site, is more conserved compared to the flexible C‐terminal domain II. Residue Q208 appears to be a key to substrate specificity by comparison with mammalian GST mutants. This position is commonly occupied by serine or threonine in mammalian mu‐class GSTs, and shrimp Q208 may affect the affinity to substrates like aminochrome or 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐cyano‐1‐nitrosoguanidine. This is the first report of molecular cloning and structural modeling of a crustacean GST and provides new insights into the nature of the detoxification response on marine invertebrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 18:245–252, 2004 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20033
Leis' conundrum: Homology of the clavus of the ocean sunfishes. 2. Ontogeny of the median fins and axial skeleton of Ranzania laevis (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes, Molidae)
Authors: Johnson G. David , Britz Ralf 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOne of the most conspicuous characters of the ocean sunfishes, family Molidae, is the punctuation of the body by a deep, abbreviated, caudal fin‐like structure extending vertically between the posterior ends of the dorsal and anal fins, termed the clavus by Fraser Brunner. Homology of the clavus has been a matter of debate since the first studies on molid anatomy in the early 1800s. Two hypotheses have been proposed: 1) It is a highly modified caudal fin; 2) It is formed by highly modified elements of the dorsal and anal fins. To resolve this homology issue, we studied the ontogeny of the molid vertebral column and median fins and compared it to that of a less morphologically derived gymnodont (see Part 1 of this study), a member of the family Tetraodontidae. We show that in molids the chorda never flexes during development, that the claval rays form from the posterior ends of the dorsal and anal fins toward the middle, thus closing the gap inward, and that elements of the molid clavus have an identical development and composition as the proximal‐middle and distal radials of the regular dorsal and anal fins. We thus conclude that the molid clavus is unequivocally formed by modified elements of the dorsal and anal fin and that the caudal fin is lost in molids. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leis' conundrum: Homology of the clavus of the ocean sunfishes. 1. Ontogeny of the median fins and axial skeleton of Monotrete leiurus (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes, Tetraodontidae)
Authors: Britz Ralf , Johnson G. David 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe describe the ontogeny of the axial skeleton and median fins of the Southeast Asian freshwater puffer Monotrete leiurus, based on a reared developmental series. Most elements of the axial skeleton in M. leiurus arise in membrane bone. Only the base of the anterior three neural arches, the base of the hemal arches of the third preural centrum, the neural and hemal arches and spines of the second preural centrum, the parhypural, the two hypural plates, and the single epural are preformed in cartilage. In contrast to most teleosts, the proximal‐middle radials of the dorsal and anal fins are upright and symmetrical and their distal tips coalesce during development to form a deep band of cartilage, from which the spherical distal radials are spatially separated. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microcontroller implementation of direct torque control
Authors: Mahfouz Ahmed A. , Sarhan Gamal M. , Nafeh Abdel‐Nasser A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe switching frequency of a conventional direct torque control (DTC) strategy which is based on hysteresis controllers results in a variable switching frequency which depends on the mechanical speed, stator flux, stator voltage, and the hysteresis band of the comparator. In this paper, a DTC scheme using space vector modulator (SVM) and fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is suggested. A comparison with the classical DTC is presented. The suggested control strategy guarantees very good dynamic and steady state characteristics with low sampling rate and a constant switching frequency. The experimental results are presented to validate the scheme. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Epstein–Barr virus associated post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder with hemophagocytosis in a child with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Wang I Jen , Lu Meng Yao , Chiang Bor Leun , Lin Wei Chou , Lin Don Tsamn , Lin Kai‐Hsin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA 23‐month‐old boy with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) received human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐one locus mismatched, unmanipulated allogeneic bone marrow graft from his mother. An Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) of donor cell origin and hemophagocytosis syndrome with fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, seizures, involuntary movements and pancytopenia developed 52 days after transplantation. It was difficult to decide on the treatment strategy because the patient presented with B‐cell hyperplasia that morphologically appeared malignant but was oligoclonal by heavy‐chain analyses. Despite of donor leukocyte transfusion, low dose chemotherapy, and anti‐B cell monoclonal antibody immunotherapy, the patient died 107 days after transplantation. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The 2000 Burkitt lymphoma trial in Malawi
Authors: Hesseling Peter , Broadhead Robin , Mansvelt Erna , Louw Mercia , Wessels Glynn , Borgstein Eric , Schneider Johann , Molyneux Elizabeth 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundWe previously reported 57% 12‐month event free survival (EFS) in Malawian children with stage I to III Burkitt lymphoma (BL) with an intermediate dose chemotherapy protocol lasting 77 days. This protocol was shortened to 42 days and evaluated in children with stage I to IV disease for EFS and toxicity.MethodsAll Malawian children admitted to Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, from 03/08/2000 to 12/03/2002 with confirmed BL were eligible. A fine needle aspirate, bone marrow aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid cytology, haemoglobin (Hb), white cell count (WCC), malaria smear, ELISA for HIV, and abdominal ultrasound were performed routinely. Murphy staging was used. The first dose of chemotherapy (COP1) consisted of 300 mg cyclophosphamide (CPM), 1 mg vincristine, and 60 mg prednisone given on day 1 and followed by COP2 on day 8 (only for patients with larger tumour volumes, stage III or IV disease). The vincristine dose in COP2 was 2 mg. COMP1 and 2 given on days 22 and 36 consisted of 500 mg CPM, 2 mg vincristine, 60 mg prednisone, and 2 g methotrexate. All doses were calculated per body surface area. Intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone were given with COP1 and 2.ResultsForty‐two patients, 30 boys and 12 girls median ages 6 and 7.5 years, respectively, had Murphy stage I(n5), II(n8), III(n21), and IV(n8) disease. The face was involved in 74%, abdomen in 55%, bone marrow in 14%, kidneys in 24%, and 12% had paraplegia. Fourteen children died during or shortly after completion of chemotherapy. Three of these were disease related. Twelve patients suffered a local relapse after 57–328 days, and one a CNS relapse at 76 days. The projected EFS at 12 months is 50% in stage I, 50% in stage II, 24% in stage III, 25% in stage IV, and 33% for all patients. The cumulative mean dose of CPM was 62 mg/kg in survivors and 64 mg/kg in children who relapsed. One third of patients experienced significant marrow suppression, and infections after COMP1.ConclusionsThirty‐three percent of children are in first remission at 12 months. The morbidity and mortality of treatment was high. The high relapse rate in all stages may be due to the low cumulative dose of CPM. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic determination of zinc in vegetables using apocarbonic anhydrase
Authors: Demir Nazan , Demir Yaşar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new enzymatic method has been developed to determine trace amounts of Zn2+ in vegetables. The basis of the method is that apocarbonic anhydrase regains its activity in proportion to the concentration of Zn2+ present in solution. Bovine carbonic anhydrase was puriﬁed from erythrocyte haemolysate by afﬁnity chromatography and the bound Zn2+ removed by dialysis of puriﬁed enzyme against a solution of pyridine‐2, 6‐dicarboxylic acid. Pure (100%) apoenzyme was obtained. The concentration of Zn2+ in vegetable samples was determined using the enzymatic method and by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Determinations made using the two methods were not signiﬁcantly different one from another. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two validated HPLC methods for the quantiﬁcation of alizarin and other anthraquinones in Rubia tinctorum cultivars
Authors: Derksen Goverdina C. H. , Lelyveld Gerrit P. , van Beek Teris A. , Capelle Anthony , de Groot Æde 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDirect and indirect HPLC‐UV methods for the quantitative determination of anthraquinones in dried madder root have been developed, validated and compared. In the direct method, madder root was extracted twice with reﬂuxing ethanol–water. This method allowed the determination of the two major native anthraquinone glycosides lucidin primeveroside and ruberythric acid. In the indirect extraction method, the anthraquinone glycosides were ﬁrst converted into aglycones by endogenous enzymes and the aglycones were subsequently extracted with tetrahydrofuran–water and then analysed. In this case the anthraquinones alizarin, purpurin and nordamnacanthal may be determined. The content of nordamnacanthal is proportional to the amount of lucidin primeveroside originally present. The indirect extraction method is easier to apply. Different madder cultivars were screened for their anthraquinone content. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industry helps the community with table top drills
Authors: Holloway Larry G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper covers a subject much different from that usually found in PSP, but one that is quite important. Some may question the value of such a paper in a technical journal. My position (and the editors of PSP) is that we, as professionals, have a duty to provide assistance to the localities where we work and live. This paper shows a method of doing just that.It has long been recognized that collaborative efforts for fire and hazardous materials response benefits both industry and the community. However, other potentially fruitful areas of cooperation have not been generally recognized or exploited. This paper describes an effort to use a common industry practice, the table top exercise, as a means for improving security procedures in public and private schools.The process described here was developed to address a need to minimize the potential adverse consequences of violence and terrorism in schools, as was experienced at Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colorado. A team consisting of local school representatives, police, fire, EMS, and industry were assembled to create and implement “Active Shooter” Table Top Exercises for all city schools in Kingsport, Tennessee. The primary customer for these exercises was the school system but a synergy developed early into the process for these groups to become an interactive team.This presentation will describe a “how to” approach, which includes the selection of the team, creation of a master scenario, conducting an orientation seminar, adaptation of scenario to each school (elementary, middle, and high), conducting the Table Top Exercise, critique, summary of lessons learned, procedure/policy/practices updates, follow‐up training for remaining staff, and auditing protocol.The three major learning points from this process were the identification of areas and operations where minor and in most cases inexpensive changes would have a significant positive effect on the security of the facility, the significantly improved lines of communication between the participating organizations and the expectations they have of each other, and the experience of how to modify a basic industrial technique to develop a security/vulnerability assessment methodology for the community. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Minimum amount of flammable gas for explosion within a confined space
Authors: Jo Young‐Do , Park Kyo‐Shik 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLeaking of flammable gas in a confined space creates a flammable atmosphere, giving rise to a potential explosion. Accident analysis suggests that some explosions are caused by a quantity of gas significantly much less than the lower explosion limit amount required to fill the whole confined space, which might be attributed to inhomogeneous mixing of the leaked gas. The minimum amount of leaked gas for an explosion is highly dependent on the degree of mixing in the confined space. This paper proposes a method for estimating the minimum amount of flammable gas for explosion, referred to as the Gaussian distribution explosion model (GDEM). The GDEM assumes Gaussian distribution of flammable gas along the height of an enclosure, combustion of gas within flammable limits, and adiabatic mixing in the enclosure. The predicted gas volume for an explosion is tied to the explosion pressure that results in a given building damage level. The results can be applied to estimate the minimum amount of flammable gas and ventilation rate to mitigate the explosion hazard. The GDEM shows that only a very small amount of gas remaining in the confined space may result in a serious gas explosion accident. The results could be applied not only to set the leaking criteria for developing a gas safety appliance but also to determine the ventilation rate and investigate gas accidents under certain conditions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004