bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Photophysical, and AIE Properties of 2H-Imidazole-Derived Push-Pull Fluorophores
Authors: Varaksin Mikhail V. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Lavrinchenko Igor A. , Nikiforov Egor A. , Moseev Timofey D. , Tsmokalyuk Anton N. , Nechaev Thomas V. , Charushin Valery N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractA four-stage method for the synthesis of 2H-imidazole-derived push-pull fluorophores was developed. The synthesized compounds are characterized by absorption in the range of 250–400 nm, emission of up to 617 nm, and quantum yields of up to 99%. Compounds bearing a tetraphenylethylene fragment demonstrated the AIE effect in a solution with a water fraction fw >90% and significant increase in the emission intensity of up to 20 times and quantum yields of up to 22%. The ICT states for these fluorophores were confirmed by calculating the excited state dipole moments (>23D). The reported synthetic method enables fine-tuning of the fluorescent properties for the developed photoactive molecular systems by varying donor fragments. The obtained compounds could be of particular interest in the design of photoactive organic and hybrid materials.
Impact of China’s financial development on the sustainable development goals of the Belt and Road Initiative participating countries
Authors: Li Chenggang , Zhao Gang , Koh Keumseok Peter , Xu Zhenci , Yue Mu , Wang Weiyan , Tan Yuanyuan , Wu Liang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractChina’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aims to strengthen regional economic and policy cooperation and achieve the rapid development among the participating countries. While the impact on the financial development of the economic growth and energy environment of BRI participating countries has garnered close attention among scholars, few studies focus on the impact of financial development on the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the BRI participating countries. To address this gap, we utilized panel regression models to quantitatively assess the impact of China’s financial development scale, structure, and efficiency on the SDGs of the BRI participating countries, and adopted Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model to explore the spatial-temporal effects of China’s financial development scale, structure, and efficiency on the SDGs of the BRI participating countries. Our findings indicate that China’s financial development has significantly promoted the SDGs of the BRI participating countries. This study further reveals that the scale and efficiency of China’s financial development have had a more pronounced impact on the SDGs of Asian countries, low- and middle-income countries, and the Land Silk Road participating countries, compared to those of European countries, high-income countries, and the Maritime Silk Road participating countries, respectively. In contrast, the structure of financial development primarily promotes the SDGs of European and high-income BRI participating countries in the land silk belt. The role of China’s financial development in promoting the SDGs of most BRI participating countries has gradually increased over time. This study provides valuable insights for decision-makers in China to facilitate the sustainable development of BRI participating countries and foster a shared community within the BRI framework.
Speaking up on attending ward rounds: a qualitative study of internal medicine residents
Authors: Choi Justin J. , Mhaimeed Nada , Leung Peggy Bk. , Contractor Jigar H. , Majid Adrian , Gudi Kirana , Martinez William , Robbins Laura , Shapiro Martin F. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAttending rounds are a core educational component of learning in teaching hospitals. Speaking up in this context has not been explored among medical residents. We aimed to understand residents’ perspectives on speaking up about their own clinical reasoning during attending rounds. This was a qualitative study performed at a single teaching hospital. We selected a random sample of 45 internal medicine residents among 141 in the training program, among whom 21 accepted the invitation to participate. Semi-structured interviews were conducted over Zoom. We performed thematic analysis within a social constructionist epistemology to develop codes, categories, and themes. Analysis continued until thematic saturation was achieved. We interviewed 21 residents, including 9 interns, 7 junior residents, and 5 senior residents. Residents described factors related to team culture, team dynamics, knowledge and experience, domain of patient care, and structure of rounds that influence speaking up during rounds. We identified four themes that were critical for speaking up: (1) promoting a culture of learning; (2) creating psychological safety; (3) developing self-efficacy; and (4) fostering resident autonomy. Feedback from the attending, particularly nonverbal cues perceived as negative, played a prominent role in preventing residents from speaking up. We identified factors for speaking up among residents during attending rounds. Feedback conveyed during attending rounds influenced the culture of learning, psychological safety, and residents’ self-efficacy, which impacted residents’ motivation to speak up. Ward attendings should be mindful of verbal and nonverbal forms of feedback on rounds.
The Simons Observatory: Cryogenic half wave plate rotation mechanism for the small aperture telescopes
Authors: Yamada K. , Bixler B. , Sakurai Y. , Ashton P. C. , Sugiyama J. , Arnold K. , Begin J. , Corbett L. , Day-Weiss S. , Galitzki N. , Hill C. A. , Johnson B. R. , Jost B. , Kusaka A. , Koopman B. J. , Lashner J. , Lee A. T. , Mangu A. , Nishino H. , Page L. A. , Randall M. J. , Sasaki D. , Song X. , Spisak J. , Tsan T. , Wang Y. , Williams P. A. 
Published: February 2024

We present the requirements, design, and evaluation of the cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate (CHWP) for the Simons Observatory (SO). SO is a cosmic microwave background polarization experiment at Parque Astronómico de Atacama in northern Chile that covers a wide range of angular scales using both small (⌀0.42 m) and large (⌀6 m) aperture telescopes. In particular, the small aperture telescopes (SATs) focus on large angular scales for primordial B-mode polarization. To this end, the SATs employ a CHWP to modulate the polarization of the incident light at 8 Hz, suppressing atmospheric 1/f noise and mitigating systematic uncertainties that would otherwise arise due to the differential response of detectors sensitive to orthogonal polarizations. The CHWP consists of a 505 mm diameter achromatic sapphire HWP and a cryogenic rotation mechanism, both of which are cooled down to ∼50 K to reduce detector thermal loading. Under normal operation, the HWP is suspended by a superconducting magnetic bearing and rotates with a constant 2 Hz frequency, controlled by an electromagnetic synchronous motor. We find that the number of superconductors and the number of magnets that make up the superconducting magnetic bearing are important design parameters, especially for the rotation mechanism’s vibration performance. The rotation angle is detected through an angular encoder with a noise level of 0.07 μrad s. During a cooldown process, the rotor is held in place by a grip-and-release mechanism that serves as both an alignment device and a thermal path. In this paper, we provide an overview of the SO SAT CHWP: its requirements, hardware design, and laboratory performance.
Connection between partial pressure, volatility, and the Soret effect elucidated using simulations of nonideal supercritical fluid mixtures
Authors: Fields Brandon , Schelling Patrick K. 
Published: February 2024

Building on recent simulation work, it is demonstrated using molecular dynamics simulations of two-component fluid mixtures that the chemical contribution to the Soret effect in two-component nonideal fluid mixtures arises due to differences in how the partial pressures of the components respond to temperature and density gradients. Further insight is obtained by reviewing the connection between activity and deviations from Raoult’s law in the measurement of the vapor pressure of a liquid mixture. A new parameter γsS, defined in a manner similar to the activity coefficient, is used to characterize differences deviations from “ideal” behavior. It is then shown that the difference γ2S−γ1S is predictive of the sign of the Soret coefficient and is correlated to its magnitude. We hence connect the Soret effect to the relative volatility of the components of a fluid mixture, with the more volatile component enriched in the low-density, high-temperature region, and the less volatile component enriched in the high-density, low-temperature region. Because γsS is closely connected to the activity coefficient, this suggests the possibility that measurement of partial vapor pressures might be used to indirectly determine the Soret coefficient. It is proposed that the insight obtained here is quite general and should be applicable to a wide range of materials systems. An attempt is made to understand how these results might apply to other materials systems including interstitials in solids and multicomponent solids with interdiffusion occurring via a vacancy mechanism.
Derivation of the Schrödinger equation from QED
Authors: Efthimiades Spyros 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Schrödinger equation relates the emergent quantities of wavefunction and electric potential and is postulated as a principle of quantum physics or obtained heuristically. However, physical consistency requires that the Schrödinger equation is a low-energy dynamical condition we can derive from the foundations of quantum electrodynamics. Due to the small value of the electromagnetic coupling constant, we show that the electric potential accurately represents the contributions of intermediate low-energy photon exchanges. Then, from the total nonrelativistic energy relation, we see that the dominant term of the electron wavefunction is a superposition of plane waves that satisfies the Schrödinger equation. Our derivation shows that the Schrödinger equation is not an energy conservation relation because its middle term does not represent the electron kinetic energy as assumed. We analyze the physical content of the Schrödinger equation and verify our assessments by calculating and evaluating the physical quantities in the ground state of the hydrogen atom. Furthermore, we explain why nonrelativistic quantum dynamics differs from classical dynamics. Undergraduate students can follow the derivation because it involves fundamental physical concepts and mathematical expressions, and we explain every step.
Generalized variational framework with minimax optimization for parametric blind deconvolution
Authors: Cao Qichao , Han Deren , Wang Xiangfeng , Zhang Wenxing 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Blind deconvolution (BD), which aims to separate unknown convolved signals, is a fundamental problem in signal processing. Due to the ill-posedness and underdetermination of the convolution system, it is a challenging nonlinear inverse problem. This paper is devoted to the algorithmic studies of parametric BD, which is typically applied to recover images from ad hoc optical modalities. We propose a generalized variational framework for parametric BD with various priors and potential functions. By using the conjugate theory in convex analysis, the framework can be cast into a nonlinear saddle point problem. We employ the recent advances in minimax optimization to solve the parametric BD by the nonlinear primal-dual hybrid gradient method, with all subproblems admitting closed-form solutions. Numerical simulations on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the compelling performance of the minimax optimization approach for solving parametric BD.
High-resolution characterization technology for micro-/nano-plastics
Authors: Cao Ke , Sun Yuwei , Zhang Jingru , Su Hailei , Wang Fanfan , Ji Ningning , Ye Mai , Lu Huanliang , Zhao Wensi , Liu Xuesong , Wei Yuan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are plastic residues with a size <5 mm, which are often further broken into micro/nano size particles in the environment. Owing to their minute scale, widespread distribution, and substantial toxicity potential, MPs has emerged as a critical environmental concern. Therefore, accurate characterization of these particles becomes a formidable yet imperative challenge in environmental science. In this review, a comprehensive overview on current MP characterization techniques, including microscopy/electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, have been summarized and discussed. We assess their applicability, strengths, limitations, as well as recent advancements. We also highlight the features offered by different techniques and the particles size range for which each technique is suitable. Furthermore, the combination of different characterization techniques and some novel techniques that can be used in MP characterization are also mentioned. This work offers a reference for MP characterization, which will facilitate the detection of MP in the environment.
Generalized bulk-boundary correspondence in periodically driven non-Hermitian systems
Authors: Ji Xiang , Yang Xiaosen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We present a pedagogical review of the periodically driven non-Hermitian systems, particularly on the rich interplay between the non-Hermitian skin effect and the topology. We start by reviewing the non-Bloch band theory of the static non-Hermitian systems and discuss the establishment of its generalized bulk-boundary correspondence (BBC). Ultimately, we focus on the non-Bloch band theory of two typical periodically driven non-Hermitian systems: harmonically driven non-Hermitian system and periodically quenched non-Hermitian system. The non-Bloch topological invariants were defined on the generalized Brillouin zone and the real space wave functions to characterize the Floquet non-Hermtian topological phases. Then, the generalized BBC was established for the two typical periodically driven non-Hermitian systems. Additionally, we review novel phenomena in the higher-dimensional periodically driven non-Hermitian systems, including Floquet non-Hermitian higher-order topological phases and Floquet hybrid skin-topological modes. The experimental realizations and recent advances have also been surveyed. Finally, we end with a summarization and hope this pedagogical review can motivate further research on Floquet non-Hermtian topological physics.
Effects of surface elasticity and surface viscoelasticity on liquid inclusions in solid materials
Authors: Mao Dong , Zhao Jiaxi , He Jin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The effects of surface elasticity and surface viscoelasticity as well as surface tension on the deformation of solids with liquid inclusions are investigated using a finite element (FE) method. Both surface tension and surface elasticity stiffen the solids with liquid inclusions. The surface tension in elastic capillary number is replaced with surface Young’s modulus to define the second elastic capillary number. The aspect ratio of the included liquids is used to indicate the stiffening effect for both numbers. A smaller aspect ratio corresponds to a larger stiffening effect. In a typical FE analysis, when either number is 1 and the applied strain is 4%, the aspect ratio decreases by 7.4% due to surface tension and 2.6% due to surface elasticity. Compared to surface tension, surface elasticity has a similar but smaller influence on the deformation of solids with liquid inclusions. Extensive FE calculations are performed to establish the fitting formula for the aspect ratio as a function of elastic capillary number, the second elastic capillary number, and the applied strain. Surface viscoelasticity is modelled in the FE method by converting surface viscoelastic properties into the viscoelastic properties of the equivalent shell. The time-dependent aspect ratio due to surface viscoelasticity is presented and FE results show the same trend as those calculated from the approximated theory. The internal pressure of the included liquid is obtained from FE analysis and is compared with the theoretical estimation employing the Young–Laplace equation.
Amorphous/crystalline RhFeP metallene for hydrazine-assisted water splitting
Authors: Wang Ziqiang , Li Xinmiao , Zhang Hugang , Yang Guanghui , Deng Kai , Yu Hongjie , Xu You , Wang Hongjing , Wang Liang 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Replacing the slow oxygen evolution reaction with favorable hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) is a green and efficient way to produce hydrogen. In this work, we synthesize amorphous/crystalline RhFeP metallene via phase engineering and heteroatom doping. RhFeP metallene has good catalytic activity and stability for HER and HzOR, and only an ultralow voltage of 18 mV is required to achieve 10 mA cm−2 in a two-electrode hydrazine-assisted water splitting system. The superior result is mainly ascribed to the co-doping of Fe and P and the formation of amorphous/crystalline RhFeP metallene with abundant phase boundaries, thereby adjusting electronic structure and increasing active sites.
Stability analysis of WEST L-mode discharges with improved confinement from boron powder injection
Authors: Bodner G , Bourdelle C , Manas P , Gallo A , Afonin K , Diallo A , Lunsford R , Moreau Ph , Nagy A , Clairet F , Gil C , Tsitrone E , Vermare L ,   the WEST Team
Published: February 2024

Abstract
WEST L-mode plasmas with dominant electron heating and no core torque source have observed improvements in confinement during boron (B) powder injection. These results are reminiscent of previous powder injection experiments on other devices and gaseous impurity seeding experiments on WEST. During powder injection, the stored energy increased up to 25% due to enhanced ion and electron heat and particle confinement. The improvements in confinement were not indicative of an L-H transition. To identify the dominant mechanisms and the causality chain behind these improvements in confinement, we employ interpretative modeling using METIS, predictive integrated modeling using a high-fidelity plasma simulator (HFPS), and stand-alone gyrokinetic simulations using quasi-linear gyrokinetic code. Interpretative modeling with METIS allowed for the estimation of missing data while maintaining good overall consistency with experiment. These results provided the initial conditions for fully predictive flux driven simulations using the HFPS. From these simulations, quasi-linear gyrokinetic analysis was performed at

ρ
=
0.5

and

ρ
=
0.65

. Collisionality was found to be a strong candidate for the turbulence suppression mechanism at

ρ
=
0.5

, while a combination of collisionality and the

T
e

/

T

i

ratio was found to be the likely mechanism at

ρ
=
0.65

. The results additionally suggested that increased

Z

eff

(through main ion dilution) could play a role in the improved confinement, but this could not be confirmed due to a lack of experimental measurements. The modeling framework established here can now be used to evaluate and exploit a variety of future powder injection experiments.
Theoretical analysis of perturbative high harmonic wave mixing from plasma surfaces
Authors: Xia Fan , Tang Haocheng , Tang Weiqi , Wen Zihang , Li Zhengyan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High harmonic generation modulated by a weakly perturbing laser field enables new wave mixing frequency components, thus allowing in-situ spatiotemporal measurements and wavefront control of attosecond optical pulses. However, perturbative high harmonic wave mixing from plasma surfaces has not been investigated extensively. In this study, we theoretically analyze the plasma high harmonic generation process in the relativistic regime modulated by a perturbing laser field with an arbitrary frequency. New wave mixing frequency components satisfying the conservation laws of photon energy and momentum are observed. The wave mixing component intensities adhere to a power law for the perturbating laser photon number as the perturbing laser intensity increases, thereby revealing perturbative behaviors in the nonperturbative, extremely nonlinear optical process of high harmonic generation. Detailed studies reveal the polarization selection rule and physical mechanism of high harmonic wave mixing. The modulation of the relativistic factor or mass enhancement of electrons on the plasma surface by the perturbing laser field is believed to result in high harmonic wave mixing in the relativistic regime.
Design and performance analysis of a flexible-hinged piezoelectric driving dispenser
Authors: Wu Min , Zhao Run-Mao , Chen Jian-Neng , Zheng Jun-Jie , Shao Bo-Kai 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Piezo-driven dispensers are precision dispensing devices for trace amounts of fluid and are widely used in the microelectronics packaging field. However, the preloading mechanism of piezo-driven dispensers easily loosens in high-frequency operation, and the design accuracy of the transmission ratio of the flexible displacement transmission mechanism (DTM) requires improvement. To address the aforementioned problems, we designed a self-locking preloading mechanism with an adjustable preloading amount for piezo-driven flexible transmission dispensers and investigated the method of designing the transmission ratio considering the non-expected directional deformation (parasitic deformation). First, the principle of the preloading mechanism was analyzed, and a method for adjusting the droplet diameter based on the preloading amount was proposed. Second, an asymmetric flexible-hinge compliance matrix calculation method was proposed, a transmission ratio model of the DTM was established, and the influence law of the structural parameters on the transmission ratio was comparatively analyzed using ANSYS software. Based on the output displacement requirement, transmission ratios were designed and structural parameters were determined. Finally, based on the piezoelectric coupling simulation, a piezo-driven dispenser was manufactured, and a test platform was built to conduct the relevant tests. The simulation and test results demonstrated that the maximum relative errors of the transmission-ratio calculated by the proposed transmission-ratio model were 1.54% and 3.6%, respectively, compared to the simulation and test results, confirming that the model was correct. Single-factor tests confirmed that a preloading mechanism can fix and preload the piezostack and that the droplet diameters can be adjusted with the preloading amounts. The operating frequency was up to 800 Hz with a diameter of 0.30 mm and a consistency of 4.32%, which meet the requirements of dispensing efficiency in the microelectronics packaging field. This study has practical significance for enhancing the transmission ratio design accuracy and dispensing performance of dispensers.