bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prohibition on Torture and the Rights to Life and Security of the Person
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Together with the prohibition on torture and on inhuman and degrading treatment, the rights to life, to liberty, to security of the person, and to procedural fairness form the very core of the law and politics of international human rights. They appear in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, signed in 1948, and also in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, agreed in 1996.The Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a version of these various rights, as do the regional human rights instruments that define the subject for the Americas and for Africa. The European Convention on Human Rights prohibits torture in absolute terms in Article 3, guarantees the right to life in Article 2, and the rights to liberty and security of the person in Article 5. Article 6 deals with the guarantee of fair proceedings. Many contemporary domestic constitutions include these rights within the human rights sections of their basic law. Their centrality to human rights is immediately obvious: as we have seen, the subject has its roots deep in the autonomy of the individual and these are the entitlements that make real the very personhood that is at the core of human identity. We need to live our lives and to enjoy our physical integrity if we are truly to flourish as individual persons.
Fair Trial Rights
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a reprint of the Chapter on Fair Trial Rights from the authors' major practitioner text, The Law of Human Rights; its separate publication in this form is intended to make it accessible to those who might not want to buy the larger work. It provides a comprehensive and systematic treatment of human rights law and practice in the UK in relation to fair trial rights, including detailed analysis of the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998. The book contains a discussion of the pre-existing status of the right in English law, a thorough analysis of the European Convention case law, and full examination of the likely impact of incorporation on English law. This impact is considered in relation to the applicable general principles but also in respect of a number of specific subject areas, including business and commerce, criminal law and justice, education, employment, immigration, media, mental health, police and prisoners. There are detailed appendices drawing out lessons from the experience under the Canadian Charter and the New Zealand Bill of Rights as well as discussion of fair trial rights in other jurisdictions. It is the only book which provides a detailed analysis of this centrally important Convention right, and is likely to be of interest to criminal practitioners, public lawyers and anyone involved in professional discipline or regulation.
Brokerage and Closure
Authors: Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social Capital, the advantage created by location in social structure, is a critical element in business strategy. Who has it, how it works, and how to develop it have become key questions as markets, organizations, and careers become more and more dependent on informal, discretionary relationships. The formal organization deals with accountability; Everything else flows through the informal: advice, coordination, cooperation friendship, gossip, knowledge, trust. Informal relations have always been with us, they have always mattered. What is new is the range of activities in which they now matter, and the emerging clarity we have about how they create advantage for certain people at the expense of others. This is done by brokerage and closure. Ronald S. Burt builds upon his celebrated work in this area to explore the nature of brokerage and closure. Brokerage is the activity of people who live at the intersection of social worlds, who have a vision advantage of seeing and developing good ideas, an advantage which can be seen in their compensation, recognition, and the responsibility they're entrusted with in comparison to their peers. Closure is the tightening of coordination in a closed network of people, and people who do this do well as a complement to brokers because of the trust and alignment they create. Brokerage and Closure explores how these elements work together to define social capital, showing how in the business world reputation has come to replace authority, pursued opportunity assignment, and reward has come to be associated with achieving competitive advantage in a social order of continuous disequilibrium.
Didache 1. 1–6. 1, James, Matthew, and the Torah
Authors: Kloppenborg John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of the Didache and James is perhaps an odd choice for this conference commemorating the 1905 publication of The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, whose purpose it was to inquire into the likelihood that the Apostolic Fathers displayed some acquaintance with books of the New Testament.1 Kirsopp Lake found no reason to mention James in his chapter on the Didache; James is in fact discussed only in the chapters on the Shepherd and 2 Clement.2 Even in the more recent index, Biblia patristica, which adopts generous deWnitions of ‘citation’ and ‘allusion’, there are no entries for the Didache in the section that compiles early patristic citations of James.3 There are indeed no good grounds for believing that James and the Didache enjoyed any direct literary relationship.
First-Fruits And The Support Of Prophets, Teachers, And The Poor In Didache 13 In Relation To New Testament Parallels
Authors: Draper Jonathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few today would pronounce with as much condense as Adolf Harnack, in his pioneering commentary Die Lehre der Zwolf Apostel,1 on the saying found twice in slightly dive rent forms in Did. 13. 1–2, ‘The laborers is worthy of his food’: ‘Der Verfasser fuss auchhier auf einem Herrnwort in der Fassung des Matthaus.’ For one thing, scholarly opinions on the dependence of the Didache on Matthew’s Gospel remain deeply divided,2 and therefore an opinion on a particular logion will partly depend on one’s judgement on the situation as a whole. For another, the possibility that individual logia set by the evangelists on the lips of Jesus may have originated from more general Jewish tradition is more widely accepted. So, on this saying, Rudolf Bultmann remarks that it is ‘evidently a proverb which has been turned to use by the Church for the instructional material it provided’.3 It is indeed a saying which is found not only in Q (Matt. 10. 10 Luke 10. 7) but also in 1 Tim. 5. 18, and it probably also underlies the argumentation of Paul in 1 Cor. 9. 1–18 as well as the Gospel of Thomas, 88. In such a case, it seems that the balance of the evidence must favour caution, so that Helmut Köster’s conclusion is probably right in this case:
Comparative Localization of Academic and Industrial Spillovers
Authors: Adams James D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An expanding literature in economic geography studies the spatial concentration of production and innovation and the role that geographic clustering plays in urban and regional growth. Geographic limits on knowledge spill overs, where spillovers are defined as flows of ideas between agents at less than the original cost (Griliches, 1992), are one factor that may cause geographic localization of innovation and output. According to this hypothesis, knowledge spillovers are an externality that is at least temporarily bounded by geography. As a result, the spillovers confer disproportionate benefits on nearby firms. This, in turn, contributes to regional scale economies and growth (Feldman, 1999). As with more general agglomeration economies Qacobs, 1969; Mills, 1972), geographic limits on knowledge spillovers become a policy issue. If the limits matter then growth depends on aspects of region building that exceed the decision-making abilities of individual firms and industries.
Cross-Border Consumer Contracts
Authors: Hill Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until relatively recently, almost all contracts were domestic: both the consumer and the supplier were from the same country and the situation involved no substantial foreign elements. Technological changes (in terms of international travel, means of communication and information technology) have meant that it is a more frequent occurrence for consumer contracts to involve a cross-border dimension. This book explores the legal regimes which seek to deal with disputes which arise out of such cross-border consumer contracts. In terms of private international law, English law traditionally treated consumer contracts no differently from commercial contracts. However, at European level, jurisdictional and choice of law issues arising out of certain consumer contracts are subject to specific rules. The first part of the book focuses on these European developments and seeks to explain why the private litigation model for the resolution of disputes arising out of cross-border consumer contracts has failed to deal adequately with the problems generated by such contracts. Subsequent to these failures, alternative mechanisms for resolving contractual disputes have a particular significance in the consumer context. The second part of the book focuses on an evaluation of these alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, including online dispute resolution.
Content and Process Approaches to Studying Strategy and Management Control Systems
Authors: Chenhall Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with developing our understanding of the role of management control systems (MCS) in formulating and implementing strategy. Strategy has become a dominant influence in the study of organizations. Researchers in areas such as economics (Milgrom and Roberts 1992; Seth and Thomas 1994), human resource management (Miller 1991; Kochan and Osterman 1994), information technology (IT) (Grover et al. 1997), and organizational behaviour (Knights and Morgan 1991; Rowe et al. 1994; Rouleau and Seguin 1995) all seek to understand the ways in which their disciplines assist in understanding how managers use strategy to achieve desired outcomes.
The Making of the Corporate Acolyte: Some Thoughts on Charismatic Leadership and the Reality of Organizational Commitment
Authors: Hopfl Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He enters the room, assured and confident. A wry smile plays on his lips. He casts an indulgent eye over his audience. They in turn stop their chatter and take their measure of the man. This after-dinner speech has been well publicized. Most of those present are there because they fear the consequences of being absent, but they have not articulated this thought. The man is middle- aged. He is not handsome but, at the same time, he is not unattractive. His clothes are expensive and conservative: they make a statement. The man stands before them, examines his manicured nails and then, with the same perceptive eye, scrutinizes the menage of middle management gathered to hear him.
Computer Crimes And Digital Investigations
Authors: Walden Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer and network-based crime is a rapidly growing phenomenon and problem for individuals, organisations and society as a whole, whether in the form of viruses or the distribution of child pornography. Following September 11th 2001, the horrific terrorism attacks on the London transport system in July 2005, and the threat of further attack through chemical and biological weapons, there is a broad governmental recognition of the vulnerability of society to attacks against critical infrastructure, which includes computer and communications systems. As a consequence, governments have placed computer crime laws high on the political agenda. This text provides a comprehensive legal analysis of the substantive and procedural rules relating to computer crime, and offers a clear explanation of the relevant technical aspects of computer crime, from types of attacks launched through to forensic techniques. The text places computer crime firmly in its international context, through comparative discussion of laws in other jurisdictions, international harmonisation initiatives, and mechanisms for co-operation between law enforcement bodies in different jurisdictions.
A tale of three constitutions: Ethnicity and politics in Fiji
Authors: Ghai Yash , Cottrell Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of Fiji provides valuable insights into the debates regarding the dynamics of politics and the appropriate ways of structuring the state in multiethnic societies. Fiji’s multiethnic origins lie in colonialism, which, globally, has not only been the greatest creator of multiethnic political entities but has also fashioned policies and institutions tailored to such societies. In contemporary studies of multiethnic states, too little attention is paid to colonial origins and policies. The constitutional framework for the organization of the state and state power in Fiji, since independence, has been of greater critical importance than economic or social frameworks because of ethnic fragmentation and the dominance of the public sphere. Our view—not universally shared in Fiji—is that the country would have done better to pursue its destiny through integrative policies. However, given Fiji’s colonial history, which bred distrust and discord between the two major communities as a matter of policy and a syndrome of perceived vulnerability on the part of indigenous Fijians, integration would have required considerable sensitivity and sympathy, qualities that have been in short supply.
Explaining Policy Change: The Role Of Scientific Actors And Policy Entrepreneurs In Theory And Environmental Policy Practice In Germany
Authors: Böcher Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hahn’s statement about the role played by environmental economists in the design of environmental policy practice seems to present the perfect introduction to this chapter. It deals with the in?uence of economic and other scientists as policy actors on environmental policy. In the opinion of environmental economists, policy-makers all too often choose inefficient command-and-control instruments instead of applying market-based instruments. A certain frustration can therefore be observed amongst economists due to their lack of in?uence on policy practice. Environmental economists commonly explain this lack of market-based instruments in environmental policy by choosing the public choice approach: the ‘homo oeconomicus’ impedes an efficient environmental policy. This chapter aims to show that this interpretation is too simplistic. Not only do policy actors’ short-term interests impede policy change in environmental policy, but environmental economic advice cannot be applied, since economists fail to consider the following equally important questions adequately: How can in?uence be exerted over the political process through new scientific knowledge? How can it become widely accepted? Which determinants may hinder the use of scientific knowledge in the policy process? Which kinds of actor are able to spread new scientific knowledge in the policy process?
Adaptive Optics Microscopy with Wavefront Sensing Based on Neighbor Correlation
Authors: Miura Noriaki , Ashida Yusuke , Matsuda Yuya , Shibuya Takatoshi , Tamada Yosuke , Hatsumi Shuto , Yamamoto Hirotsugu , Kajikawa Ikumi , Kamei Yasuhiro , Hattori Masayuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Complex structures in living cells and tissues induce wavefront errors when light waves pass through them, and images observed with optical microscopes are undesirably blurred. This problem is especially serious for living plant cells because images are strikingly degraded even within a single cell. Adaptive optics (AO) is expected to be a solution to this problem by correcting such wavefront errors, thus enabling high-resolution imaging. In particular, scene-based AO involves wavefront sensing based on the image correlation between subapertures in a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor and thus does not require an intense point light source. However, the complex 3D structures of living cells often cause low correlation between subimages, leading to loss of accuracy in wavefront sensing. This paper proposes a novel method for scene-based sensing using only image correlations between adjacent subapertures. The method can minimize changes between subimages to be correlated and thus prevent inaccuracy in phase estimation. Using an artificial test target mimicking the optical properties of a layer of living plant cells, an imaging performance with a Strehl ratio of approximately 0.5 was confirmed. Upon observation of chloroplast autofluorescence inside living leaf cells of the moss Physcomitrium patens, recovered resolution images were successfully obtained even with complex biological structures. Under bright-field illumination, the proposed method outperformed the conventional method, demonstrating the future potential of this method for label- and damage-free AO microscopy. Several points for improvement in terms of the effect of AO correction are discussed.
The Genome of Vitis zhejiang-adstricta Strengthens the Protection and Utilization of the Endangered Ancient Grape Endemic to China
Authors: Li Huayang , Liu Yongbo , Fan Peige , Dai Zhanwu , Hao Jiachen , Duan Wei , Liang Zhenchang , Wang Yi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitis zhejiang-adstricta (V. zhejiang-adstricta) is one of the most important and endangered wild grapes. It is a national key protected wild, rare and endangered ancient grape endemic to China and used as a candidate material for resistance breeding owing to its excellent significant disease resistance. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-level assembly of V. zhejiang-adstricta (IB-VB-01), comprising 506.66 Mb assembled into 19 pseudo-chromosomes. The contig N50 length is 3.91 Mb with 31,196 annotated protein-coding genes. Comparative genome and evolutionary analyses illustrated that V. zhejiang-adstricta has a specific position in the evolution of East Asian Vitis and shared a common ancestor with Vitis vinifera during the divergence of the two species about 10.42 (between 9.34 and 11.12) Mya. The expanded gene families compared with those in plants were related to disease resistance, and constructed gene families were related to plant growth and primary metabolism. With the analysis of gene family expansion and contraction, the evolution of environmental adaptability and especially the NBS-LRR gene family of V. zhejiang-adstricta was elucidated based on the pathways of resistance genes (R genes), unique genes and structural variations. The near-complete and accurate diploid V. zhejiang-adstricta reference genome obtained herein serves as an important complement to wild grape genomes and will provide valuable genomic resources for investigating the genomic architecture of V. zhejiang-adstricta as well as for improving disease resistance breeding strategies in grape.
Who Governs Now?
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional wisdom holds that local democracy is more responsive because it is closer to the people. Political science research suggests we should not be so optimistic. Scholars have long been studying American local governments, but, for a generation the field was relegated to the sidelines of political science. A new generation of scholars is bringing it back to the center, using an increasingly sophisticated set of research methods. Sarah Anzia has been a leader in this field rebirth, and her new book, Local Interests: Politics, Policy, and Interest Groups in U.S. City Governments, examines how local interests groups engage in local political decision-making, shaping electoral outcomes and policy. Her sharp, highly quantitative analysis identifies what factors make engagement and influence by local interest groups more likely. When read alongside classics in the literature as well as the new generation's emerging work, scholars and engaged practitioners alike can understand why the most optimistic views of local democratic action are unrealistic. Some of the same democratic shortcomings in representation and responsiveness that occur at the national level are also present in local politics. But the renewed interest in local analysis presents opportunities for scholars to learn from other fields and for local actors to build new organizations and institutions to increase the quality of local democracy in the United States. This essay assesses what is gained and lost in the quantitative rebirth of local politics analysis and how the field as a whole can continue to focus on the core issues of democracy, inequality, and public policy that will keep the field fresh and relevant.
Irisin-loaded electrospun core-shell nanofibers as calvarial periosteum accelerate vascularized bone regeneration by activating the mitochondrial SIRT3 pathway
Authors: Hua Xi , Hou Mingzhuang , Deng Lei , Lv Nanning , Xu Yong , Zhu Xuesong , Yang Huilin , Shi Qin , Liu Hao , He Fan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scarcity of native periosteum poses a significant clinical barrier in the repair of critical-sized bone defects. The challenge of enhancing regenerative potential in bone healing is further compounded by oxidative stress at the fracture site. However, the introduction of artificial periosteum has demonstrated its ability to promote bone regeneration through the provision of appropriate mechanical support and controlled release of pro-osteogenic factors. In this study, a poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanofibrous membrane was fabricated using the coaxial electrospinning technique. The incorporation of irisin into the core-shell structure of PLLA/HA nanofibers (PLLA/HA@Irisin) achieved its sustained release. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes exhibited favorable biocompatibility. The osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) was improved by PLLA/HA@Irisin, as evidenced by a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Mechanistically, PLLA/HA@Irisin significantly enhanced the mitochondrial function of BMMSCs via the activation of the sirtuin 3 antioxidant pathway. To assess the therapeutic effectiveness, PLLA/HA@Irisin membranes were implanted in situ into critical-sized calvarial defects in rats. The results at 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery indicated that the implantation of PLLA/HA@Irisin exhibited superior efficacy in promoting vascularized bone formation, as demonstrated by the enhancement of bone matrix synthesis and the development of new blood vessels. The results of our study indicate that the electrospun PLLA/HA@Irisin nanofibers possess characteristics of a biomimetic periosteum, showing potential for effectively treating critical-sized bone defects by improving the mitochondrial function and maintaining redox homeostasis of BMMSCs.