bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Book Reviews
Authors: Wilcox Clyde , Brown Donald R. , Nelson John S. , Klotz Audie 
Published: January 2004

Book Reviewed The Politics of Cultural Differences. By David C. Leege, Kenneth D. Wald, Brian S. Krueger, and Paul D. Mueller. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2002. 304 pp. $21.95 paper, $60 cloth. The Psychological Assessment of Political Leaders. Edited by Jerrold M. Post, M.D. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2003. 412 pp. FDR's Body Politics: The Rhetoric of Disability. By Davis W. Houck and Amos Kiewe. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. 2003. 141 + xii pp. The Power of Legitimacy: Assessing the Role of Norms in Crisis Bargaining. By Christopher Gelpi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2003. 232 pp. $39.50.
Decentring the NHS: A Case Study of Resource Allocation Decisions within a Health District
Authors: Deeming Chris 
Published: January 2004

Abstract The aim of New Labour's health policy is to shift more of the balance of power and responsibility for services to the local level. But, while the government proclaims a new decentralized NHS, doubts exist about the extent to which the reality on the ground matches the tone of policy. This article reports empirical work examining the level of autonomy purchasers have over budgetary allocation. A case study analysis of purchasing within a single district was undertaken for the financial year 2001/2 which included semi‐structured interviews with key officers responsible for budget allocation. Purchasers approach a new financial year with a starting position that matches the previous year's allocation—the “baseline”, this is adjusted for inflation and, as has happened over the last few years, increased further in real terms by “growth funds” for service modernization and government initiatives. The analysis shows a clear dissonance between policy and practice; although purchasers have complete control over their “baseline budgets”, the study found that this does not “ring true” at the local level. Only about a fifth of growth funds were at the discretion of purchasers as most are taken by national priorities and pay and price inflation. Further decentralization is planned, which includes transferring more control of funds to primary care trusts by 2004, the extent to which these measures will change the perceptions of those working in the service remains to be seen—only then will the government be able to claim a truly decentred service.
A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA
Authors: Swenson J. B. , Person M. , Raffensperger J. P. , Cannon W. F. , Woodruff L. G. , Berndt M. E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a suite of two‐dimensional mathematical models of basin‐scale groundwater flow and heat transfer for the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System. The models were used to assess the hydrodynamic driving mechanisms responsible for main‐stage stratiform copper mineralization of the basal Nonesuch Formation during the post‐volcanic/pre‐compressional phase of basin evolution. Results suggest that compaction of the basal aquifer (Copper Harbor Formation), in response to mechanical loading during deposition of the overlying Freda Sandstone, generated a pulse of marginward‐directed, compaction‐driven discharge of cupriferous brines from within the basal aquifer. The timing of this pulse is consistent with the radiometric dates for the timing of mineralization. Thinning of the basal aquifer near White Pine, Michigan, enhanced stratiform copper mineralization. Focused upward leakage of copper‐laden brines into the lowermost facies of the pyrite‐rich Nonesuch Formation resulted in copper sulfide mineralization in response to a change in oxidation state. Economic‐grade mineralization within the White Pine ore district is a consequence of intense focusing of compaction‐driven discharge, and corresponding amplification of leakage into the basal Nonesuch Formation, where the basal aquifer thins dramatically atop the Porcupine Mountains volcanic structure. Equilibrium geochemical modeling and mass‐balance calculations support this conclusion. We also assessed whether topography and density‐driven flow systems could have caused ore genesis at White Pine. Topography‐driven flow associated with the Ottawan orogeny was discounted because it post‐dates main‐stage ore genesis and because recent seismic interpretations of basin inversion indicates that basin geometry would not be conductive to ore genesis. Density‐driven flow systems did not produce focused discharge in the vicinity of the White Pine ore district.
Quantitative basin modeling: present state and future developments towards predictability
Authors: Tuncay K. , Ortoleva P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA critique review of the state of quantitative basin modeling is presented. Over the last 15 years, a number of models are proposed to advance our understanding of basin evolution. However, as of present, most basin models are two dimensional (2‐D) and subject to significant simplifications such as depth‐ or effective stress‐dependent porosity, no stress calculations, isotropic fracture permeability, etc. In this paper, promising areas for future development are identified. The use of extensive data sets to calibrate basin models requires a comprehensive reaction, transport, mechanical (RTM) model in order to generate the synthetic response. An automated approach to integrate comprehensive basin modeling and seismic, well‐log and other type of data is suggested. The approach takes advantage of comprehensive RTM basin modeling to complete an algorithm based on information theory that places basin modeling on a rigorous foundation. Incompleteness in a model can self‐consistently be compensated for by an increase in the amount of observed data used. The method can be used to calibrate the transport, mechanical, or other laws underlying the model. As the procedure is fully automated, the predictions can be continuously updated as new observed data become available. Finally, the procedure makes it possible to augment the model itself as new processes are added in a way that is dictated by the available data. In summary, the automated data/model integration places basin simulation in a novel context of informatics that allows for data to be used to minimize and assess risk in the prediction of reservoir location and characteristics.
Molecular transport of methane, ethane and nitrogen and the influence of diffusion on the chemical and isotopic composition of natural gas accumulations
Authors: Schloemer S. , Krooss B. M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractLaboratory experiments have been performed to determine diffusion coefficients of natural gas components (methane, ethane and nitrogen) and isotope fractionation effects under simulated in situ pressure (up to 45 MPa effective stress) and temperature conditions (50–200°C) in water‐saturated pelitic and coarse‐grained rocks. Effective diffusion coefficients of molecular nitrogen (0.39 × 10−11 to 21.6 × 10−11 m2 sec−1 at 90°C) are higher than those for methane (0.18 × 10−11 to 18.2 × 10−11 m2 sec−1 at 90°C). Diffusive flux rates expressed in mass units are generally higher for N2 than for CH4. Both methane and (to a lesser extent) nitrogen diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing total organic carbon (TOC) content of the rock samples because of sorption processes on the organic matter. This effect decreases with increasing temperature. Effective diffusion coefficients increase upon a temperature increase from 50 to 200°C by a factor of four. Effective diffusion coefficients and steady‐state diffusive flux decrease with effective stress. Stationary diffusive fluxes drop by 50–70% for methane and 45–62% for nitrogen while effective diffusion coefficients are reduced by 38% (CH4) and 32–48% (N2), respectively. Isotope fractionation coefficients of diffusive transport are higher for methane (−1.56 and −2.77‰) than for ethane (−0.84 and −1.62‰). Application of the experimental results to geological systems show that diffusive transport has only a low transport efficiency. Significant depletion of natural gas reservoirs by molecular diffusion is only expected in cases of very poor caprock qualities (in terms of thickness and/or porosity) and over extended periods of geological time. Under these circumstances, the chemical and isotopic composition of a gas reservoir will change and maturity estimates based on these parameters may be deceptive. To account for these potential effects, nomograms have been developed to estimate diffusive losses and apply maturity corrections.
Regional bone mineral density after resistive training in young and older men and women
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Ivey Fred M. , Hurlbut Diane E. , Martel Gregory F. , Lemmer Jeffrey T. , Sorkin John D. , Metter E. Jeffrey , Fleg Jerome L. , Hurley Ben F. 
Published: January 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 months of whole‐body resistive training (RT) on total and regional bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) by age and gender in young and older men and women.Methods: Younger men (n=10) and women (n=7) aged 20–29 years (25±1 years) and older men (n=10) and women (n=10) aged 65–74 years (69±1 years) participated in 6 months of progressive whole‐body RT. Upper‐ and lower‐body strength was assessed by the one repetition maximum (1RM) test, and total body fat, lean tissue mass, femoral neck BMD, Ward's triangle BMD, greater trochanter BMD, total‐body BMD, and L2–L4 spine BMD were determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry before and after 6 months of RT.Results: Percent body fat decreased only in the young men (P<0.05). Lean tissue mass increased after training in young men and women and older men (P<0.05) but did not change significantly in older women. Upper‐ and lower‐body 1RM strength increased in all groups (P<0.01). Overall, there was a significant increase in BMD at the femoral neck, ward's triangle and greater trochanter BMD, as well as total body BMC and leg BMC (P<0.05). Total‐body BMD and L2–L4 spine BMD did not change with RT. There were no gender differences in the training response between men and women for any of the BMD regions and no age differences in the training response, except for a trend between young and older subjects for femoral neck (P<0.08).Conclusion: A 6‐month RT program increases muscle mass and improves BMD of the femoral region in young and healthy older men and women as a group, with a trend for this to be greater in young subjects.
Muscle strength correlates with total body bone mineral density in young women but not in men
Authors: Ribom E. , Ljunggren Ö. , Piehl‐aulin K. , Ljunghall S. , Bratteby L.‐E. , Samuelson G. , Mallmin H. 
Published: January 2004

Background: Osteoporosis is a growing health problem. One of the proposed reasons for this is a more sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between muscle strength and total body bone mineral density (TBMD) in young adults at expected peak bone mass.Methods: Sixty‐four women and 61 men (total 125) 21 years of age were included. Handgrip strength, isokinetic knee‐flexion and ‐extension muscle strength, TBMD, and body composition were measured.Results: Univariate regression analyses showed that knee flexion and extension explained almost 30% of the variation in TBMD in women, whereas handgrip strength was not associated with TBMD. In men, no correlation between any measures of muscle strength and TBMD was evident.Stepwise regression analysis showed that knee‐flexion and ‐extension muscle strength in women were associated with TBMD, R2=0.27. In men, lean body mass, fat mass, weight, and height were predictors for TBMD, R2=0.43, whereas muscle strength did not affect the prediction of TBMD.Conclusions: Muscle strength at weight‐bearing sites is related to TBMD in women, whereas body composition is related to TBMD in men. The association of lower limb strength on TBMD only in young women indicates a gender difference.
Cation site distribution in clinochlores: a NIR approach
Authors: Ferrage E. , Martin F. , Micoud P. , Petit S. , De parseval P. , Beziat D. , Ferret J . 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy approach was undertaken to collect information on the Al cationic distribution in tetrahedral and octahedral sites in natural chlorite (clinochlore) samples. Structural formulae were established using electron microprobe and Mössbauer spectroscopy. A band located near 7115 cm–1was attributed to the overtone of OH fundamental stretching mode of Mg2AlOH and increases with the total Al amount. Good correlation was obtained between the (SiAl)O–OH vibration band area and tetrahedral Al content, making it easy to partition Al (and thus Fe3+) between octahedral and tetrahedral sites.
Rythmic changes in crystal chemistry of trioctahedral Cr-chlorites and Cr entrapment: a SEM, EM and Raman study
Authors: Prieto A. C. , Boiron M. -C. , Cathelineau M. , Mosser-ruck R. , Lopez J . A. , García C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBack-scattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Cr-chlorite crystals from Erzerum (Turkey) reveal that the crystals are chemically inhomogeneous and display complex but well defined crystal zoning characterized by growth bands with contrasting chemical features. The chemical zoning has been investigated at the micron scale using an integrated approach, combining BSEM images, in situ chemical analysis by electron microprobe and Raman spectroscopy. Enrichment in Cr, due to octahedral Al substitution, reaches up to 0.7 atoms per half formula, especially in bands where the Mg content is depleted. These substitutions are also depicted at the micron scale on Raman spectra by changes in the v(OH) band intensities and positions that correlate with the Cr content. The Cr-enrichment occurs thus during specific stages of crystal growth, probably in response to changes in the fluid chemistry controlling the relative availability of Cr, Mg and Al in solution.
NMR study of surfactant molecules intercalated in montmorillonite and in silylated montmorillonite
Authors: Grandjean J . , Bujdák J . , Komadel P . 
Published: January 2004

Abstract13C CP MAS NMR and 29Si MAS NMR were used to characterize silylated montmorillonites and to estimate the extent of the silylation reaction. Indirectly-detected proton relaxation times of the intercalated surfactant were measured in both silylated and non-silylated clay systems to monitor the dynamics of intercalated species. A greater degree of mobility in the silylated montmorillonites was found. The lack of NMR information resulting from paramagnetic interaction brought about by structural Fe(III) ions was considered. The resulting broadening can prevent the estimation of the trans/gauche conformer ratio of the intercalated surfactant alkyl chain.
Geochemical and mineralogical approaches to assessing provenance and deposition of shales: a case study
Authors: Cavalcante F. , Fiore S. , Piccarreta G. , Tateo F. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMineralogical and geochemical studies of Cretaceous segments of Argille Varicolori and Flysch Rosso successions from the southern Apennines allow their provenance and history to be evaluated.The occurrence of detrital kaolinite and fine-grained Fe-oxyhydroxides, the strong depletion of Na2O, K2O and CaO, and the enrichment in the transition elements document severe alteration in the source areas. Nevertheless, mineralogical and geochemical features able to discriminate the shale families are still preserved. The presence/absence of rock fragments derived from a ‘crystalline’ source, the significant chemical differences as well as the characteristics of clay minerals, discriminate the studied shales. The absence of indications suggestive of mixing of the detrital components favour the hypothesis that the two shales were deposited in distinct basins which probably received contributions from continent-ocean convergent areas (Argille Varicolori) and from more stable areas (Flysch Rosso).
Pyrometamorphic breakdown of cordierite - muscovite intergrowths
Authors: Grapes R. H. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackscattered electron imaging of cordierite-muscovite intergrowths near the margin of a schist xenolith in trachytic tephra of the Wehr Volcano, East Eifel area, Germany, show that they have undergone disequilibrium melting to form spinel + biotite + sillimanite/?mullite + peraluminous melt. Textures indicate that in the initial stage of reaction, spinel, biotite and sillimanite/?mullite formed with melt produced in cordierite and spinel + ?mullite with melt after muscovite, providing evidence of two different reaction pathways. Fe-Mg distributions between biotite/spinel, cordierite/spinel, cordierite/ biotite suggest a melting temperature of ∼770°C, implying overstepping of various calculated and experimentally determined mineral breakdown curves of between 30 and 170°C during short-term heating before the xenolith was quenched on eruption.
Potassic glass and calcite carbonatite in lapilli from extrusive carbonatites at Rangwa Caldera Complex, Kenya
Authors: Rosatelli G. , Wall F. , Le Bas M. J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe ∽16 Ma Rangwa Caldera Complex, part of the large Kisingiri nephelinite-carbonatite volcano, Homa Bay District, western Kenya (0º34’S; 34º09’E) contains carbonatitic lapilli and ash tuffs, agglomerate and tuffisite, and a number of intrusive calcite carbonatites. A detailed petrographic and electron microprobe study has been performed on 20 fresh samples from the collection at The Natural History Museum, London.Most of the juvenile lapilli and ash particles are either predominantly composed of devitrified silicate glass (now biotite/phlogopite but probably also originally potassic silicate) or calcite carbonatite, which suggests that two molten liquids were erupted simultaneously. Some 10 mm-diameter lapilli contain quench-textured calcite crystals set in devitrified glass. They are interpreted as having crystallized from a molten silicate-carbonate melt at, or very near, the surface.The extrusive carbonate is mostly composed of calcite, consistent with intrusive calcite compositions at Rangwa. Other key minerals are magnetite, two types of mica (magnesian-biotite phenocrysts and phlogopite xenocrysts) and fluorapatite.The pyroclastic rocks contain many calcite carbonatite clasts, and fragments of calcite, aegirine and diopside, fluorapatite, magnetite, plus some phlogopite, titanite, K-feldspar, fenite and glimmerite; ijolite lithics are rare. Thus, there is no evidence for a cognate nephelinitic (ijolitic) or melilitic magma nor evidence for a direct relationship with the nephelinites of the Kisingiri volcano.Two hypotheses are discussed. A rising silicate and K-rich carbonatite liquid may have evolved towards a carbonate-rich K-silicate liquid after crystallization of calcite, phlogopite, apatite and magnetite. Preservation of the the potassic component may be rare, with a more usual scenario being that potassic component separates as fenitizing fluids. The alternative is that the silicate component is remobilized fenite, formed from country rock that was mobilized by supercritical K-rich, fenitizing fluids associated with the carbonatite. Both scenarios require generation of a K-rich carbonatite magma, probably from a carbonated phlogopite-rich metasomatized mantle.
A Global‐to‐Basic Trend in Early Categorization: Evidence From a Dual‐Category Habituation Task
Authors: Younger Barbara A. , Fearing Dru D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA series of 3 experiments are reviewed in which infants between 4 and 10 months of age were familiarized with members of 2 basic‐level object categories. The degree of distinctiveness between categories was varied. Preference tests were intended to determine whether infants formed a single category representation (at a more global level) or 2 basic‐level representations. Across 3 experiments, 10‐month‐old infants appeared to have formed multiple basic‐level categories, whereas younger infants tended to form broader, more inclusive representations. The tendency to form multiple categories was influenced to some extent by category distinctiveness. Whereas 10‐month‐olds formed separate categories for all contrasts, 7‐month‐olds did so only when the 2 familiarized categories were from separate global domains. A perceptual account of the global‐to‐basic shift in early categorization is offered. Task dependencies in early categorization are also discussed.
Six‐Month‐Olds' Detection of Clauses Embedded in Continuous Speech: Effects of Prosodic Well‐Formedness
Authors: Nazzi Thierry , Kemler Nelson Deborah G. , Jusczyk Peter W. , Jusczyk Ann Marie 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThree experiments investigated the role of prosodic structure for infants' recognition of embedded word sequences. Six‐month‐olds were familiarized with 2 versions of the same sequence, 1 corresponding to a well‐formed prosodic unit and the other to a prosodically ill‐formed sequence (although a successive word series). Next, infants heard 2 test passages. One included the well‐formed unit, and the other included the ill‐formed sequence. In Experiment 1, infants listened longer to the passage containing the well‐formed unit, suggesting that such units, even when they are embedded, are better recognized. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that this better recognition does not depend on an acoustic match between the familiarized sequences and their later embeddings. This suggests that the advantage of the well‐formed unit is at least partially due to infants' use of prosody to parse continuous speech.
Spatially Specific Changes in Infants' Muscle Coactivity as They Learn to Reach
Authors: Spencer John P. , Thelen Esther 
Published: January 2004

AbstractInfants first reach out and touch objects between the ages of 3 and 5 months. This article reports changes in muscle coactivity associated with this transition. A group of 4 infants were observed weekly from 3 to 30 weeks and every 2 weeks from 30 to 52 weeks. Hand kinematics of both prereaching and reaching movements were collected, as was electromyographic activity from the trapezius, deltoid, biceps, and triceps. Before infants first reached for toys presented at midline, they used biceps and triceps to move their hands near the toy in front of them and 45° to the side of midline. After the transition, they used trapezius and deltoid to move the hand toward the toy and combinations of multiple muscles when their arms were high and extended near the toy. Thus, infants showed a dramatic change in which muscles worked together across the transition to reaching, even though their hands moved in similar spatial regions.
Competition for Infants' Attention: The Interactive Influence of Attentional State and Stimulus Characteristics
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Tellinghuisen Donald J. , Tjebkes Terri L. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe interactive effects of stimulus characteristics and attentional state on infants' distraction latency were studied. As 7‐month‐old infants explored initial stimuli that were composed of either a single nonmoving component or multiple moving components, one of several types of distractors was presented in the periphery. Infants' distraction latencies (the amount of time they took to turn from the initial stimulus to the distractor) varied as a function of the interaction between the infants' attentional state at distractor onset and the characteristics of the stimuli. Variations in the visual characteristics of the distractor stimulus (solid rectangle vs. checkerboard) had a larger effect on distraction latency when infants were in a focused attentional state than when they were in a casual attentional state. Similarly, variations in the auditory characteristic of the distractor stimulus (1 intermittent tone vs. 2 alternating tones) had a larger effect when infants were engaged in a focused attentional state toward the multicomponent toys. Thus, infants' distractibility in this context reflects an interaction between the infants' attentional state and the competition between external stimuli for their attentional focus.