bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signaling of short‐ and long‐term regulation of intestinal epithelial type 1 Na+/H+ exchanger by interferon‐γ
Authors: Magro Fernando , Fraga Sónia , Soares‐da‐Silva Patrício 
Published: February 2005

The present study evaluated the effect of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) on intestinal Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) activity and the intracellular signaling pathways set into motion after IFN‐γ receptor activation.
Caco‐2 cells express endogenous NHE1, NHE2 and NHE3 proteins, as detected by immunoblotting. Short‐ (0.5 h) and long‐ (24 h) term exposure of Caco‐2 cells to IFN‐γ resulted in a concentration‐dependent decrease in NHE activity. Inhibition of NHE activity by IFN‐γ was absent in cariporide‐treated cells, but not in cells treated with S‐3226. The long‐term exposure to IFN‐γ was accompanied by a 20% increase in surface NHE1 abundance and no changes in total NHE1 abundance.
Inhibition of Raf1, mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK/MEK) and p38 MAPK with, respectively, GW 5074, PD 98059 and SB 203580 and downregulation of protein kinase C (PKC) with phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate (100 nM for 24 h) prevented inhibition of NHE activity by IFN‐γ (0.5 and 24 h exposure). The signal transducer and activator transcription factor 1 (STAT1) inhibitor epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) prevented inhibition of NHE activity by long‐ but not the short‐term treatment with IFN‐γ.
Treatment with IFN‐γ activated phospho‐p38 MAPK, this effect being detected as early as 1 h, persisting over 3 h and decreasing after 24 h. IFN‐γ produced a sustained action of phospho‐STAT1 that was prevented by EGCG and partially attenuated by SB 203580 and insensitive to downregulation of PKC.
In conclusion, short‐ and long‐term inhibition of NHE1 activity by IFN‐γ involves a complex signaling pathway that includes PKC activation and STAT1 phosphorylation, respectively, but is not accompanied by downregulation of NHE1.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 93–103. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706167
Absorption of homocitrulline from the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Evered D. F. , Vadgama J. V. 
Published: February 2005

1. Transport ofL-homocitrulline, an amino acid which occurs in milk products, was studied with rat small intestine in vitro and from the human mouth in vivo. Absorption was partially dependent, in both systems, on the presence of sodium ions.2. Metabolic inhibitors decreasedL-homocitrulline uptake across the small intestine. Transport across the intestine did not occur against the concentration gradient but did show saturation kinetics.3. The barbiturate, amytal, did not inhibit buccal absorption. Saturation kinetics were demonstrated.4. Experiments were conducted withL-citrulline, or other amino acids, as possible inhibitors ofL-homocitrulline transport. Results were compatible with Na+-dependent carrier-mediated uptake across the buccal mucosa. Active transport could be involved with the small intestine assuming thatL-homocitrulline has a low affinity for the carrier system.
Intestinal absorption of calcium in rats given diets containing casein or amino acid mixture: the role of casein phosphopeptides
Authors: Lee Yeon Sook , Noguchi Tadashi , Naito Hiroshi 
Published: February 2005

1. In an attempt to investigate calcium absorption in the rat during the postprandial period, with the least alteration of the physical environment, the undisturbed small intestine was ligated in situ 2·5 or 3·0 h after ingestion of a diet containing 200 g casein/kg or an equivalent amino acid mixture, or 925 g casein/kg. Estimation of Ca absorption was made by comparing the amount of soluble 40Ca or 45Ca in the contents of segments from the rats receiving 45Ca by intubation 30 min after withdrawal of food, ligated after a further 30 min, then killed after 0 or 30 min.2. Under conditions such that the estimated amount of a marker, polyethylene glycol, in segments ligated in a defined position was little changed in rats killed 30 min apart, the difference in the amount of soluble 40Ca was much higher in the rats fed on the basal diet containing 200 g casein/kg than in other groups.3. This specific effect on Ca absorption, particularly in the distal portion of the small intestine, could be seen also after 45Ca was directly injected into ligated segments in situ. The amount of 45Ca in the portal blood 15 min after injection of the label was also highest in the rats given the basal diet.4. The results were in agreement with our previous findings that the formation and accumulation of casein phosphopeptides causes an increase in the amount of soluble Ca in the distal small intestine.
The influence of dietary iron and molybdenum on copper metabolism in calves
Authors: Humphries W. R. , Phillippo M. , Young B. W. , Bremner I. 
Published: February 2005

1. Twenty heifer calves were allocated to four groups and maintained for 32 weeks on a diet based mainly on barley and straw and containing 4 mg copper/kg. The diet was supplemented with 0 or 800 mg iron/kg and 0 or 5 mg molybdenum/kg.2. Liver and plasma Cu concentrations, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (EC1.15.1.1) and plasma caeruloplasmin (EC1.16.3.1) activities decreased greatly and rapidly in all calves given the Fe or Mo supplements or both. Levels indicative of severe Cu deficiency were attained within 16 weeks. There were no significant differences in values in animals given Fe, Mo or Fe plus Mo.3. Clinical signs of Cu deficiency developed after 20 weeks in the calves given the Mo supplement. Growth rates were reduced, skeletal lesions developed and hair texture and colour were affected. No such effects were observed in the calves given only the Fe supplement.4. Plasma and liver Fe concentrations increased in calves given the Fe supplement but were not greatly affected by Mo, even when the calves were severely Cu-deficient.5. The significance of the effects of Fe and Mo on Cu metabolism are discussed with special regard to the influence of soil ingestion on Cu availability and to the frequent lack of correlation between the Cu status of animals and their clinical condition.
Digestion of rumen bacteria in vitro
Authors: Wallace R. J. 
Published: February 2005

1. A pepsin + pancreatin method was used to assess the digestibility of pure cultures of rumen bacteria and mixed bacteria prepared from rumen fluid.2. Individual species of Gram-negative rumen bacteria were highly digestible, whereas Gram-positive species, especially cocci, were more resistant to digestion.3. A similar difference was observed microscopically with mixed rumen bacteria, but the influence of the relative proportions of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the digestibility of bacterial protein in rumen fluid was small.
Effects of exogenous glucose on glucose metabolism in the lactating goat in vivo
Authors: Chaiyabutr N. , Faulkner Anne , Peaker M. 
Published: February 2005

1. Glucose turnover in fed and 48 h-starved lactating goats was determined during a glucose load of 500 μmol/min using a continuous infusion of [U-14C]- and [3-3H]glucose.2. Endogenous rates of irreversible glucose turnover (i.e. total rates of irreversible glucose turnover minus the rate of exogenous glucose supply) were depressed during glucose loading by 14 and 62% in the fed and starved animals respectively.3. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly by 57 and 88% in the fed and starved goats respectively. Plasma insulin concentrations increased by 108 and 128% in the fed and starved animals respectively.4. Milk yields increased significantly (41%) in the starved animals during glucose loading, but were unaffected in fed animals.5. In both the fed and 48 h-starved goats, mammary glucose metabolism via glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway appeared to be stimulated by glucose loading.
The Ethnography of Children
Authors: Friedl Erika 
Published: February 2005

More than half the population of Iran is under the age of seventeen, but despite these more than 30 million children and adolescents, social scientists know little about their experiences, culture, or history.This ignorance is a reflection of what social scientists deem important. The dismissive attitude toward research with children is similar to earlier attitudes toward research with women: at best women were quantified and described. Most social scientists were male, seeing women from a male point of view. Out of the innocent arrogance that a male-dominated science breeds in its practitioners, women's own culture was largely ignored; “culture” was male culture. This changed only when women social scientists started to look at women through their own eyes.
The Significance of Economic History, and the Fundamental Features of the Economic History of Iran
Authors: Katouzian Homa 
Published: February 2005

Just as natural history is the mother of the biological sciences, social history is the mother of the social sciences. Classical political economy was developed in a dynamic era, a period of European history where a series of long-term social developments were approaching their peak in the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution of England. It is not at all surprising that Adam Smith and David Hume spent time with the French Physiocrats, notably Quesnay and Turgot, and with the Frenchphilosophes, especially though not exclusively Voltaire and Rousseau.It was precisely the dynamic quality of the era that led economic and social and political theorists alike to look into the nature and causes of change, and therefore regard history as a principal source of the foundations of their knowledge. A similar process was taking place, but more slowly, among biologists who were trying to discover the nature of life and the origin of species, and the causes of long-term biological changes through time. Darwinism was in fact the end, not the beginning, of this process.
Kalman filter and neural network‐based icing identification applied to A340 aircraft dynamics
Authors: Aykan Rahmi , Hajiyev Chingiz , Çalişkan Fikret 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to maintain safe flight and to improve existing deicing (in‐flight removal of ice) and anti‐icing (prevention of ice accretion) systems under in‐flight icing conditions.Design/methodology/approach– A recent academic research on aircraft icing phenomenon is presented. Several wind tunnel tests of an experimental aircraft provided by NASA are used in the neural network training. Five ice‐affected parameters are chosen in the light of these experiments and researches. An offline artificial neural network is used as an identification technique. The Kalman filter is used to increase the state measurement's accuracy such that neural network training performance gets better. A linear A340 dynamic model is selected in cruise conditions. This linear model is simulated in time varying manner in terms of changing icing parameters in a system dynamic matrix. The obtained data are used in neural network training and testing.Findings– Airframe icing can grow in many ways and many points on aircraft. In this research, wing leading edge ice occurrence is only considered at the same level in both left and right wings. During ice growth other faults or anomalies are ignored.Originality/value– Existing icing sensors can only provide an indication about possible ice presence. They cannot give information of the exact level of ice. However, the efficiency of current control system of changed model decreases. The proposed technique offers a method to find out the model changes under icing conditions.
On‐line monitoring and diagnosis for satellite telemetry data
Authors: Long Bing , Song Zhengji , Jiang Xingwei 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo improve the speed and precise of online monitoring and diagnosis for satellite using satellite telemetry data.Design/methodology/approach – In monitoring system, a fuzzy range which gives the probability of alarm for telemetry channels using fuzzy reasoning is outlined. A failure confidence factor is presented to modify the traditional real‐time diagnosis algorithm based on multisignal model to describe the relative failure possibility for suspected components. According to the modified real‐time diagnosis algorithm based on multisignal model, it rapidly generates the states for all the components of the system such as good, bad, suspected and unknown. Then the failure probability for suspected components is obtained by Mamdani fuzzy reasoning algorithm.Findings – The experimental results reveal that the diagnosis system can not only improve diagnosis of speed but also can improve the diagnostic precision by giving failure probability for suspected fault components which may be potential failure components.Research limitations/implications – It requires the clear fault dependency relationship between components and tests.Practical implications – A very useful method for researchers and engineers who are engaged in satellite online monitoring and diagnosis.Originality/value – This paper presents a new method combining multisignal model and fuzzy theory to give the failure probability for suspected components which improves the speed and precision for fault diagnosis.
Dynamic stability characteristics of doubly curved panels with circular cutout subjected to follower edge load
Authors: Ravi Kumar L. , Datta P.K. , Prabhakara D.L. 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo predict the critical flutter load and frequencies of doubly curved panels using first‐order shear deformation theory considering the effects of shear deformation and rotary inertia.Design/methodology/approach – A finite element analysis procedure is based on the extension of dynamic, shear deformable theory initially according to Sanders' theory, which can be reduced to Love's and Donnell's theories by means of tracers.Findings – Flutter is observed to be more common than divergence under follower loading; the magnitude of the flutter load is gradually decreasing with the increasing cut‐out size; load bandwidth and type of load conditions have significant influence on flutter and divergence characteristics of both isotropic and laminated curved panels; damping is perceived to have significant effect on flutter behaviour; the effect of direction control parameter with damping significantly affects the critical load.Practical implications – The practical behaviour of follower forces involving: aerodynamic drag; engine thrust; cantilever pipe conveying fluid; gas turbine rotor; automatic control system application; and automobile disk brakes can be monitored more successfully.Originality/value – Will assist students of elastic systems, both conservative and non‐conservative.
A robust approach to employee skill and knowledge development
Authors: Lyons Paul 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo explain and demonstrate an interactive approach to skill development and knowledge attainment that may serve varied purposes for employee learning and development.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explains in detail and demonstrates the process of skill charting. Skill charting is an interactive, constructivist approach to learning. The process, as a training design, is contrasted with a more traditional training design to demonstrate how performance was improved.FindingsTeam leaders trained with skill charting performed more effectively, in general, with regard to several performance behaviors than did a comparable group of team leaders trained with other methods. The findings support the efficacy of skill charting as a process.Practical implicationsThe skill charting process as presented in this paper adds to the tool‐box of the professional trainer, the human resources specialist, and managers. The process, as a sequence of events, offers a template for a variety of employee development activities. The process can be used for training purposes, for exploration of new skills, for some change initiative, and for other purposes. The approach involves employees directly in performance improvement as well as increasing the likelihood that changes in work practices will achieve greater employee acceptance.Originality/valueThe skills‐charting process offers a practical tool and multi‐faceted resource. While related to quality improvement tools such as the Affinity Diagram and the Relationship Diagram, the process offers a wide range of training and development possibilities that spring from graphical and representational origins. The grounding of the approach in transformative and constructivist learning concepts establishes strong motivational prompts for participants.
ROI on a shoe‐string: strategies for resource‐constrained environments
Authors: Burkett Holly 
Published: February 2005

PurposeDespite heightened interest in return on investment (ROI) and increased accountability for training professionals to prove their bottom‐line organizational value, many practitioners are deterred from comprehensive measurement and ROI evaluation due to concerns about the cost, time, and human resources necessary to fully implement the process. The purpose of this two‐part series is to present ten best practice, cost‐saving approaches for developing a credible, economical ROI strategy.Design/methodology/approachA systemic approach to measuring training's impact begins with an evaluation framework. For the purposes of this article, Jack Phillips’ five‐level framework for capturing the financial impact of training programs was referenced. Based on over 20 years of research and global applications, Phillips’ ROI model also includes techniques for isolating the impact of other variables, besides training, on performance improvement.FindingsMany organizations around the globe are using cost‐saving approaches so they can begin conducting ROI evaluation within their current budget, while others use cost‐saving approaches in order to increase the number of ROI studies they conduct. The ten cost‐saving approaches for measuring programs at the ROI level have been proven to significantly decrease resource requirements while still providing sound, credible data. Despite these factors, establishing an evaluation culture is no easy task. In many ways, implementing a system‐wide ROI effort is similar to implementing a large‐scale change initiative.Practical implicationsPractical application of these cost‐saving approaches allows the resource‐constrained training function to present their work in terms of financial benefits that leaders understand and have come to expect. It is a vital step in establishing business partnerships that will enhance commitment for training programs, products, and services going forward.Originality/valueBy evaluating training programs with the ROI in mind, training functions can be perceived in a more credible light. Programs aligned with organization strategy are offered, while others that add little value are redesigned and sometimes eliminated. Trainers, designers and developers can use the findings of an ROI evaluation to increase training alignment with business needs and to improve the efficiency of the training design, development, and delivery life cycle.
Fight past the jargon and find the benefits
Authors: Humphries David 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to inform businesses about the best practice in getting the most out of the government‐funded Knowledge Transfer Partnerships – a method of transferring university expertise to the benefit of business.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes how these Knowledge Transfer Partnerships work, the kind of projects that get funded, and the benefits that surveyed companies have experienced. It then gives three case studies of Knowledge Transfer Partnerships to illustrate how they work.FindingsKnowledge Transfer Partnerships significantly improve productivity and profitability in most businesses where the projects take place. They also cover a broad range of projects than simply technology transfer.Originality/valueThe paper is valuable to businesses, especially SMEs, who might be looking to undertake projects that involve some innovative or research element as it explains how to obtain significant government funding.
The economics of repository libraries in the context of the future conventional libraries
Authors: O'Connor Steve 
Published: February 2005

PurposeThis paper sets out to explore the place of the repository library in today's information world.Design/methodology/approachThis paper argues that it is important to view repository libraries anew and to re‐invigorate the debate as to their value and their place in the digital world. The paper is also set in the context of the Caval Archival Records Management Centre (CARM), located in Melbourne, Australia.FindingsThere seem to be three basic roles for the repository in the emerging digital world. First, there is a role managing the low‐use legacy collections that will never be digitised, providing access to them in some defined service and pricing model. Second, there is a role to manage the vast array of learning objects that are being developed institutionally for online learning programs on behalf of existing institutional libraries and their learning and teaching units. Third, it can be argued that the peer review process is under severe pressure in the emerging digital world.Originality/valueAscertains that repository libraries need to debate a new, more active and involved role in their information communities. Much will be gained from a rigorous re‐examination of the economics of systems rather than of individual repositories.
Preserving African digital resources: is there a role for repository libraries?
Authors: Johan Lor Peter 
Published: February 2005

PurposeTo determine whether repository libraries in developed countries have a role to play in the preservation of the digital resources of developing countries.Design/methodology/approachLiterature‐based conceptual analysis of: categories of digital resources produced in developing countries; capacity of African institutions and stakeholders to preserve African digital resources; and issues and challenges to be faced by repository libraries in preserving these resources.FindingsThe volume of digital material being published in sub‐Saharan Africa is relatively small but it is growing and it is of significance as a part of Africa's heritage. African institutions currently do not have the capacity to collect and preserve this material. It is possible for repository libraries in the north to play a role in ensuring the long‐term preservation and accessibility of digital material from Africa, provided that they take into account certain technical, organisational, economic, political, legal and ethical aspects, especially the “soft” issues. Projects should as far as possible be undertaken in consultation and collaboration with digital resource creators and African heritage institutions.Research limitations/implicationsBased on conditions in sub‐Saharan Africa, with emphasis on South Africa.Practical implicationsIssues that may otherwise be overlooked by institutions in developed countries are identified.Originality/valueProvides caveats and guidelines for institutions in developed countries that may want to embark on projects to preserve African digital heritage.