bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representational Elaboration and Differentiation: A Clinical-Quantitative Approach to the Assessment of 2-to 4-Year-Olds
Authors: Greenspan Stanley I , Lieberman Alicia F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major problem in modem psychology has been the absence of a unified conceptual framework encompassing both emotional and cognitive development and the reciprocal influences between these two processes. Research on personality organization, particularly in the areas of assessment and outcome, has been hampered by the resulting inability to evaluate the emotional and cognitive development within a cohesive framework. The two most comprehensive theories of human development stem from separate attempts to understand each of these two developmental lines. Psychoanalytic developmental psychology delves most deeply into emotional processes, whereas Piaget’s cognitive developmental psychology offers an account of the unfolding of cognitive abilities. Both theories appear to probe different and incompatible realms of experience: the dynamic unconscious and rational intelligent thought. Wolff (1963, 1965) made an attempt to synthesize both theories by using the state of the organism as an explanatory link between them: He postulated that the Freudian system was a valid account of behavior under high drive states and that the Piagetian system accounted for behavior in states of low organismic arousal. But this view depends on a form of dualism involving two parallel systems rather than on a true synthesis of emotional and cognitive developmental processes.
Overview of Political Change
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of urban politics has changed dramatically since the early 1960s, which many regard as its heyday. Then, some of political science’s major figures mounted a counterattack against a loose assemblage of neo-Marxists, mostly sociologists, who had concluded that American cities, like the larger society, were governed by a “power elite.” The issue seemed important at the time. The efforts of the political scientists involved served as evidence that their discipline was capable of providing intellectual leadership in a period when national political leaders were showing increased concern for urban problems.
Improving the Operating Budget Process
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city of New York has hailed its recovery from the 1975 fiscal crisis with pride and relief, and it reserved its fullest celebration for the “sunset” of the state’s Financial Control Board (FCB) on June 30, 1986. In attendance at the plenary meeting of the board—which was held in open air on the steps of City Hall—were most of the dignitaries who had played powerful and public roles in the early structuring of the fiscal recovery. The recovery period, originally expected to take three years, was redefined in 1978, and in the end it took over ten years for the city to demonstrate, as required by law, that it had achieved recurring budget balance, recovery of market access, and repayment of debt guaranteed by the federal government in the years following the crisis.
Tax Policy
Authors: Brecher Charles , Horton Raymond D , Cropf Robert A , Mead Dean Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a framework for evaluating the tax policies of the city of New York.1 It is divided into five sections. The first examines the central but contested issue of the extent to which municipal tax policy affects local economic performance. The second section reviews how municipal tax revenues and the local economy have changed since the 1960s. A discussion of the standards that may be used in evaluating tax policy is found in the third section. The fourth section applies the standards to the major local taxes. The final section discusses the implications for New York City’s municipal tax system.
Feedback, Instability, and Bifurcation
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scenario for pattern formation set forth in Chapter 1 involved amplification of small deviations from the unpattemed state. Here feedback in a reaction-transport network is shown more explicitly to lead to the instability of the unpattemed state and the development of patterns. The tendency for instability is demonstrated qualitatively via an examination of several reaction-transport feedback loops. A more quantitative study involving stability analysis and bifurcation theory is also presented using stirred-tank and batch reactors as model systems. Generalizations needed for paiticular geochemical problems are given in application chapters.
Unstable Coarsening Fronts and Precipitate Patterning
Authors: Ortoleva Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many situations in geology where new solid phases are nucleated and the system is left in a state with many small precipitate particles. Examples include cooling magmas, metamorphic rocks undergoing changes in stress or temperature, sedimentary rocks under diagenesis, and rocks of all types that manifest reaction fronts in response to imposed flows or gradients of composition or temperature. When the precipitate particles are very small their surface-to-volume ratio can be very large and hence interfacial energy can play an appreciable role. In particular, grain solubility may depend strongly on grain size. In this chapter we demonstrate how such size dependence can lead to a self-organization mechanism for creating patterns of precipitate content.
More
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Carville famously reminded Bill Clinton throughout 1992 that “rit’s the economy, stupid.” Yet, for the last forty years, historians of modern America have ignored the economy to focus on cultural, social, and political themes, from the birth of modern feminism to the fall of the Berlin Wall. Now a scholar has stepped forward to place the economy back in its rightful place, at the center of his historical narrative. In More, Robert M. Collins reexamines the history of the United States from Franklin Delano Roosevelt to Bill Clinton, focusing on the federal government’s determined pursuit of economic growth. After tracing the emergence of growth as a priority during FDR’s presidency, Collins explores the record of successive administrations, highlighting both their success in fostering growth and its partisan uses. Collins reveals that the obsession with growth appears not only as a matter of policy, but as an expression of Cold War ideology—both a means to pay for the arms build-up and proof of the superiority of the United States’ market economy. But under Johnson, this enthusiasm sparked a crisis: spending on Vietnam unleashed runaway inflation, while the nation struggled with the moral consequences of its prosperity, reflected in books such as John Kenneth Galbraith’s The Affluent Society and Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. More continues up to the end of the 1990s, as Collins explains the real impact of Reagan’s policies and astutely assesses Clinton’s “disciplined growthmanship,” which combined deficit reduction and a relaxed but watchful monetary policy by the Federal Reserve. Writing with eloquence and analytical clarity, Robert M. Collins offers a startlingly new framework for understanding the history of postwar America.
Great Expectations: Anticipatory Responses Of The Heart And Brain
Authors: Putnam Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two classes of phenomena traditionally studied by autonomic psychophysiologists are particularly relevant to research on brain event-related potentials (ERPs): evoked responses of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to discrete stimuli (e.g., orienting, defensive, and startle responses) and anticipatory ANS responses that occur prior to expected events.
Event-Related Potentials In Populations At Genetic Risk: A Methodological Review
Authors: Friedman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for genetic markers has received increased attention with the advent of new techniques and innovations in molecular genetics. Such markers may make early identification of at-risk individuals possible. However, except for a very few and mostly rare diseases (e.g., Huntington’s disease; Gisella, et al., 1983), other diseases in which a genetic component has been implicated have not yielded such genetic markers.
Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons: Cytoarchitecture, Ultrastructure, and Biophysical Properties
Authors: Cabot J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sympathetic preganglionic neurons are found exclusively within spinal cord. They are the central nervous systems final common pathway responsible for the peripheral regulation of sympathetic function. Specifically, they are the last neuronal link contained within the central nervous system for the peripheral activation of sympathetic postganglionic neurons and adrenal chromaffin cells.
Vagal Preganglionic Neuronsv
Authors: Loewy A D , Spyer K M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vagal parasympathetic preganglionic fibers arise from two main nuclei in the medulla oblongata: ( l) the dorsal vagal nucleus and (2) the nucleus ambiguus. These fibers innervate parasympathetic ganglia that lie near, on the surface, or within the muscular walls of cervical, thoracic, and abdominal visceral organs. The vagus nerve supplies motor fibers that control the mucous glands and muscles of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the rest of the gastro intestinal tract, up to the point where the descending colon begins. The remaining lower gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sacral parasympathetic fi bers.
Neural Regulation of Vasopressin-Containing Hypothalamic Neurons and the Role of Vasopressin in Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Harris M C , Loewy A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vasopressin is a peptide hormone that is synthesized in the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. This peptide is transported along with its carrier protein, neurophysin I, in axons that project to the neural lobe of the pituitary gland. Here it is stored in axon terminals and, on physiological demand, released into the hypophysial capillaries. A variety of physiological stimuli, usually involving in creases in extracellular fluid osmolality or decreases in blood volume or blood pressure, trigger the re lease of this hormone.
Autonomic Changes in Affective Behavior
Authors: Jordan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to review what is known about the autonomic responses that accompany affective behavior and to provide a description of the neural mechanisms that integrate autonomic and somatic motor functions. In attempting this task, it is necessary to compare the neural sites responsible for producing patterns of behavior with those responsible for patterns of autonomic response. The discussion focuses on how these behavioral and autonomic sites coincide and interact to provide integrated responses appropriate for particular physiological situations.
Introduction Du Bois-Afro-American and American Political Thought
Authors: Adolph L. Reed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Edward Burghardt Du Bors is generally recognized as a central figure in the history of Afro-American politics, a major contributor to more than a half-century’s debate over the condition of and proper goals and strategies for blacks in the United States and, more broadly, peoples of African descent, worldwide. He enjoyed an unusually long and prominent career as a scholar, essayist, and activist. He was a pioneer in the formation of sociology as an academic discipline in the United States, author of one of the first revisionist histories of Reconstruction, a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NMCP), shaper-along with first Booker T. Washington and then Marcus Garvey-of two pivotal controversies over racial strategy, elder statesman of the Harlem Renaissance, hero of Nkrumahite PanAfricanism, militant foe and victim of McCarthyism. Moreover, among prominent Afro-American political actors in this century Du Bois is perhaps the most systematic thinker (at least insofar as coherent writing is the expression of systematic thought). No other black intellectual or activist has written so much or so widely, and few have been so insistent on grounding strategic thinking on clear normative and theoretical principles.
Three Confusions about Du Bois: Interracialism, Pan-Africanism, Socialism
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Du Bms’s Prominence in this century’s Afro-American political life is widely recognized. Yet attempts to categorize him with respect to the various strategic and ideological programs constitutive of black political debate have yielded an uncommonly confusing picture. The confusion about locating Du Bois programmatically has two sources. The first is quite simple: Du Bois lived and acted through several discrete social and political situations that seemed to him to require different strategic responses for the race. Sometimes, especially when sundered from the situations to which they were responses, the strategies that he proposed appear to contradict one another. Analysts, then, have chosen and defended one or another set of strategies or one or another period as authentically Du Boisian. This is a problem of temporal or contextual focus.
Hormones and Behavior at Puberty
Authors: Nottelmann Editha D , Inoff-Germain Gale , Susman Elizabeth J , Chrousos George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early adolescence (ages 10-14) is a period of important developmental transitions. Changes occur in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning and, most strikingly, with the onset of puberty, in physical stature and body contour. In recognition of accumulating evidence of the interrelatedness of psychological functioning and pubertal changes during early adolescence, researchers studying this period of development increasingly are examining psychological processes in relation to the processes of pubertal development. In particular, there is renewed interest in biological-psychosocial interactions (e.g., Lerner & Foch, 1987).
Trends in Adolescent Sexual Activity, Contraception, and Pregnancy in the United States
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Premarital sex among teenagers is a major issue in the United States today. Although this has been primarily due to concern over unwanted pregnancy, it has also taken on an increased importance since the spread of herpes, which is not curable, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is fatal. Highly personal sexual attitudes and practices have come under increased public scrutiny in the past 5 or 6 years. Given the documented negative consequences for teens of bearing children too early, and the increased risk of contracting incurable sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), it is of the utmost urgency to have up-to-date information on the sexual beliefs, values, and behavior of individuals, the trends in these behaviors, and their causes in order to better understand the population at risk.
Thermoelastic Parameters at High Compression
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin by listing the thermodynamic identities used in this book, many of which are well known {see Stacey, 1977a; Brennan and Stacey, 1979; Zemansky, 1943; and Bassett et al., 1968). Relationships of classical thermodynamics are very helpful in determining physical properties at extreme conditions because many of the needed experimental data cannot be obtained. The chief experimental information on the interior of the earth is taken from seismic data, so the thermodynamic relationships appropriate to geophysical problems are often recast emphasizing elastic properties. Compensating for the limited kinds of measurements available in high P-high T materials sciences is a set of relationships and approximations, set forth below, not customarily emphasized in thermodynamics as found in physics and chemistry textbooks. With these identities a temperature measurement, done isobarically, can be converted to pressure information. Conversely, an isothermal pressure measurement can be converted to temperature information. As we shall see, some thermodynamic identities can easily be transformed into differential equations to help construct a theory aimed at showing how a physical property can be defined at extreme P and T.
Thermal Expansivity at High P and T
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of knowing the value of the thermal expansivity of candidate materials of the earth’s mantle at P, T conditions of the lower mantle is well recognized. Attempts to find the high T, high P values of a for mantle minerals have been made by Anderson (1967), Knittle et al. (1986), Mao et al. (1991), Chopelas and Boehler (1992a), Hemley et al. (1992), Anderson et al. (1992b), and Wang et al. (1994).
General Monge-Kantorovich Problem And Its Applications In Measure Theory And Mathematical Economics
Authors: Levin V L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here x is a topological space, a function c and a measure p on x with px = () are assumed to be given, and .n1 and .n2 denote the projection operators of measures on X x X onto their marginals on X: We shall give a more precise statement of this problem by specifying the classes in which the space X, the cost function c, and the corresponding measures p on X andµ on Xx X are chosen.
A Case For Interactive Multiobjective Linear Programming (Molp)
Authors: Dror Moshe , Gass Saul I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The branch of mathematics known as linear programming (or more broadly as mathematical programming) has grown very rapidly because of its important economic and industrial implications. Such growth has been due, in part, to the early remarkable work of L. V. Kantorovich. By 1939, he had identified and formulated a number of problems in terms what we now call linear programming (LP) and developed mathematical procedures for solving them. From the outset his scientific inquiries in this area were aimed “ … to propagate the most scientific organization of production” [1] as quoted by Kantorovich in [2).
Peer Interaction and Cognitive Development
Authors: Rogoff Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have considered guided participation in which children interact with partners who are more skilled than they. Most of the research has involved adult partners. In Vygotsky’s perspective, skilled peers may serve a function like that of adults in interaction in the zone of proximal development. It appears from the findings reviewed in Chapter 8 that while peers can be expert in cognitive problem solving, adults are more likely to be.
The Oil Company Research Laboratory
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After leaving graduate school, I was employed by a government contractor, the Geotech Company in Alexandria, Virginia, where I analyzed oceanographic data. When I joined the company in 1967, the staff directory was reprinted, and we were 127 persons strong. Photoreduction was required to make the list of names fit on a single page. After about 6 months, however, I became concerned as I watched this work force being reduced. Friday seemed to be the day people were let go. On the Monday morning after each of these Fridays, I noticed that the staff directory did not have to be reduced as much. When the staff had dwindled to 61, I resigned and went to work for an oil company. I left believing that just about nobody was going to have an entire career and retire normally from the government-contracting business-not from this company and probably not from any contract research company on the beltway that surrounds the nation ‘s capital.
The Economists
Authors: Drew Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, a discussion of the motives of the different types of exploration firms within the context of exploration behavior was presented without using the formal vocabulary of microeconomics. In this chapter, my interaction with economists on oil and gas-resource assessment issues is told. This is a story of conflict between two academic disciplines that are based on very different analytical structures. As I became involved with economists in discussions on the future supply of oil and gas during the middle 1970s, I found that the only way I could hold my own was to study the field formally.
Waging Peace
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Waging Peace offers the first fully comprehensive study of Eisenhower’s “New Look” program of national security, which provided the groundwork for the next three decades of America’s Cold War strategy. Though the Cold War itself and the idea of containment originated under Truman, it was left to Eisenhower to develop the first coherent and sustainable strategy for addressing the issues unique to the nuclear age. To this end, he designated a decision-making system centered around the National Security Council to take full advantage of the expertise and data from various departments and agencies and of the judgment of his principal advisors. The result was the formation of a “long haul” strategy of preventing war and Soviet expansion and of mitigating Soviet hostility. Only now, in the aftermath of the Cold War, can Eisenhower’s achievement be fully appreciated. Waging Peace will be of interest to scholars and students of the Eisenhower era, diplomatic history, the cold war, and contemporary foreign policy.
Organizing for National Security
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No American president believed more strongly than Eisenhower in an orderly system for strategic planning and policy making, and that a well-conceived organization was essential for such a system. “Organization cannot make a genius out of an incompetent” or “make the decisions which are required to trigger necessary action,” he reflected in retirement. “On the other hand, disorganization can scarcely fail to result in inefficiency and can easily lead to disaster.” The cold war magnified the importance of this truism. “[S]ituations of actual or probable conflict change so rapidly and the weaponry of modern military establishments increase their destructiveness at such a bewildering speed,” explained Eisenhower, that the U.S. president “will always need the vital studies, advice, and counsel that only a capable and well-developed staff organization can give him.” Eisenhower developed these convictions, as discussed in chapter 2, over the course of his lengthy career in the military. During these years as well, he developed a critical perspective on the management styles of Presidents Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt, and, of course, Harry Truman. It was “inconceivable to me,” he wrote later, “that the work of the White House could not be better systemized than had been the case during the years I observed it.” Hence if elected president, he vowed throughout his campaign, he would make certain that America’s process for national security policy was indeed better systemized.