bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Depression
Authors: Dowrick Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there an epidemic of depression sweeping the world, or are we radically altering our interpretation of normal human experiences? Do we need a dose of medication or a renewed sense of meaning? In Beyond Depression, Christopher Dowrick - an academic general practitioner - takes a critical insider's look at commonly held views about the diagnosis and management of depression. He argues that our belief in depression as a medical condition is based on some shaky theoretical and functional foundations. He shows how commercial, professional, organisational and cultural factors combine to sustain the popularity of depression as a concept, which is based more on our values than on science. He considers alternative ways of understanding the thoughts and feelings that we currently describe as depression, drawing on cross-cultural, religious, political and literary sources. He proposes a conceptual framework based on the central importance of purpose and meaning for understanding ourselves as active, creative and engaged. This framework provides a means of moving beyond depression as a medical concept and as a personal problem. When applied to encounters between doctors and patients in primary care it leads us towards enabling narratives, with an emphasis on listening and understanding rather than diagnosis and prescription. Beyond Depression combines a comprehensive analysis of current scientific evidence with an impressive review of linguistic, literary and philosophical perspectives. Moving seamlessly between controlled trials and Camus, from prescribing to Proust, the book is informed throughout by a series of sensitive case studies drawn from the author's personal experience.
Clinical trials in psychiatry
Authors: Everitt Brian S , Wessely Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health problems account for a quarter of all physician consultations, and place an enormous financial burden on society. For this reason, the search for effective treatments in psychiatry continues apace. But as they are developed, it is essential that we have effective and rigorous methods of assessing the benefits and safety of new treatments. The randomised-controlled trial (RCT) is accepted as being the best method for doing this. In order to understand what does and does not work, mental health professionals' needs to understand how treatments have been assessed and evaluated. Clinical Trials in Psychiatry is the first book to explain RCTs for mental health professionals. It starts by discussing why we need trials and why they are the best way of deciding if a treatment works. It then describes the different types of trial, how to analyse the results, and how to conduct a trial. For anyone working in the mental health field, this book will be an essential source of reference, allowing them to make informed decisions about treatment.
Analysing and presenting simulation output from probabilistic models
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore exactly how probabilistic models, with all parameters being represented by their respective distributions, should be handled in terms of producing, analysing and then presenting the results of the probabilistic analysis. The chapter starts by looking at how to analyse and present large numbers of Monte Carlo simulation results of the output parameters of interest for the straightforward comparison of two alternative treatments. We then turn to the issue of calculating the sensitivity of the overall results to individual parameter values using standard analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) methods. These methods are illustrated using the AIDS/HIV model that was developed in the previous chapters based on the work by Chancellor et al. (1997). The cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC) is introduced and the advantages over the standard presentation of interval estimates of uncertainty are outlined.
Generic Versus Disease-Targeted Instruments
Authors: Hays Ron D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are designed to be applicable across a wide range of populations and interventions. Disease-targeted measures, in contrast, are designed to be relevant to a particular disease, such as diabetes or lupus. This chapter compares and contrasts generic and disease-targeted HRQoL instruments, discussing the pros and cons of both kinds of measures. Generic measures are designed to be relevant to anyone. They are analogous to intelligence tests in that different people can be compared to one another because they have taken the same test. Generic measures have two basic forms: (1) profile.
Context Effects And Proxy Assessments
Authors: McColl Elaine , Fayers Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responses to subjective questions – such as those concerning quality of life – are open to external influences, and a patient may answer the same question very differently according to the context. Thus, for example, previous questions might influence answers by focusing attention on specific issues, or by affecting the patient ‘s mood or attitude; perhaps the setting (home/hospital) or mode of administration (e.g. self-completed paper-based questionnaire, computer touch-screen, or interview) might have an impact. This chapter reviews the literature regarding the impact of such effects on HRQoL assessment. This is a rapidly changing field, and we make no pretence of having carried out a formal systematic review – but we believe that the conclusions faithfully represent current knowledge on this subject.
Analysing Longitudinal Studies Of Qol
Authors: Fairclough Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Longitudinal data occur in most QoL investigations because we are interested in how a disease or an intervention affects an individual ‘s functioning and well-being over time. These studies of health-related QoL consider measurement from one of two perspectives. In the first, the end points are expressed in the metric of the QoL scales, whereas in the second group the end point is expressed in the metric of time. The latter group includes outcomes such as Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) that are discussed elsewhere in this book (Chapter 6.2). In studies where the end points are expressed in the metric of the QoL scales, QoL assessment is generally incorporated into the study by administering questionnaires at multiple time points before, during, and sometimes after an intervention, with the goal of characterizing the patient ‘s health-related QoL in a longitudinal fashion.
Preventing Missing Data
Authors: Revicki Dennis A , Fairclough Diane L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and other patient reported outcomes are frequently incorporated into clinical trial protocols to evaluate the effects of treatments on patient functioning and well-being. The value of HRQoL data is in extending the understanding of safety and clinical efficacy end points, and in providing the patient ‘s perspective in assessing the outcomes of health care interventions. Although there are some unique challenges to including HRQoL measures in randomized clinical trials, these end points should be treated no differently than clinical effectiveness end points. It is important to ensure that there is a rationale for including HRQoL outcomes in clinical studies and that there are clearly articulated research questions regarding the HRQoL end points.
Opioid-resistant pain
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioid responsive pain is determined by patient type, drug type, dose and pain characteristics. Several different terms have been used to describe pain that is poorly responsive to opioids; opioid resistant pain, opioid unresponsiveness, opioid insensitive pain, paradoxical or opioid facilitated pain. There are difficulties in determining just when opioid responsiveness ends, since differences in opioid dose requirements are significant between individuals, and what dose titration will relieve pain (rendering an opioid ‘refractory’ pain responsive). Under-dosing, poorly prescribed or ineffective dosing strategies, and dosing errors lead to continued severe pain in some patients despite the use of potent opioids.
Bird Families of the World
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book covers the evolution, biology and natural history of the group of flightless birds that includes ostriches, emus, cassowaries and kiwis - the Ratites and their relatives, the Tinamous. It reviews the scientific studies that have been made of their ecology, behaviour, physiology, husbandary, evolution, mythology and conservation. Each of the 55 species is described in detail, with maps of the present known distribution, accounts their food and nesting habits, calls, field identification, habitat and relationship with humans, including farming. It is the first such comprehensive account of the groups since 1877, and the first to bring together comprehensive information about the tinamous, little known birds of the America. It reviews the long debated subject of the evolution of these groups, highlighting new evidence that has turned many old theories on their head. Both the interested amateur and the professional should find it rewarding to read.
Molecular motion and hydrogen-bond transformations in crystals of 1,3-cyclohexanedione
Authors: Katrusiak Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thermal motion is an attribute of all crystals and it has profound effects on their properties. In most cases the analysis of molecular motion in molecular crystals is somewhat more complicated than in ionic or covalently bonded crystals. This arises from the strong anharmonic effects in non-rigid molecules and from the complex nature of intermolecular forces. In polymers or proteins the contributions of internal modes of molecular vibrations are of major significance for their temperature-dependent properties and transformations. One form of molecular motion is the transformation of hydrogen bonds, a phenomenon of particular importance in physical, chemical and biological sciences (Barnes and Ratajczak, 1992).
The symbolic thesis
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the centrality of the symbolic thesis in Cognitive Grammar, I devote this chapter to examining some general aspects of it. I begin by looking at Saussure’s conception of the linguistic sign. The symbolic thesis can be seen as a natural development of this aspect of Saussure’s thought. I then examine in more detail the notion of the symbolic sign in contrast to other kinds of signs—i.e. icons and indexes—in order to better appreciate the essentially symbolic nature of human language. Finally, I address an important point of divergence between what appears to have been Saussure’s views concerning the status of phonological and semantic structures in a language, and the Cognitive Grammar position on these issues.
Syntagmatic relations: Combining semantic units
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, especially Chapters 7–9, I focused on the ‘vertical’ relations between linguistic units, that is, the relations between a more abstractly characterized schema and its more fully characterized instances. In this and the next chapter I turn to ‘horizontal’ relations between units, that is to say, the syntagmatic combination of simpler units into larger, internally more complex units. (On ‘vertical’ vs. ‘horizontal’ relations, refer to the précis of Cognitive Grammar in section 2.I.I.)
Tense and aspect
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I turn to the second category of grounded expressions: finite clauses. Grounding, in a clause, is effected by tense inflection on the verb, alternatively (in English) by the modal auxiliaries. Whereas a grounded nominal designates an instance of a thing (identifiable from the perspective of the speech-act situation), a grounded clause designates an instance of a process.
Alternatives to metaphor
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I consider some themes in Cognitive Linguistics which, independently of their inherent interest, offer alternative ways of approaching metaphor (or, rather, phenomena which the Lakovian theory takes to involve metaphor). The fact that a linguistic expression can be used of both an abstract and a concrete domain does not entail that the one is construed metaphorically in terms of the other. It is conceivable that both are structured in terms of a schematic conceptualization that abstracts what is common to the two domains.
Privatization: Principles, Problems, and Priorities
Authors: Beesley Michael , Littlechild Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What principles should guide a further programme of privatization? What kinds of problems will be encountered, and where should the priorities lie? Economists have not written much on these issues. We hope to provide an explicit structure in which relevant questions can be identified and answered.
‘Privatization’ is generally used to mean the formation of a Companies Act company and the subsequent sale of at least 50 per cent of the shares to private shareholders. However, the underlying idea is to improve industry performance by increasing the role of market forces. Many other measures can contribute to this, notably freeing of entry to an industry, encouraging competition, and permitting joint ventures. Market forces can also be increased by restructuring the nationalized industry, to create several successor companies which may be publicly owned. To secure maximum benefits, a whole set of measures must be designed for each industry, including privatization as a key element.
Privatization of British Steel
Authors: Aylen Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British Steel was privatized in December 1988 with the government retaining a ‘golden share’ as a barrier to take-over until the end of 1993. Since then, British Steel plc has maintained its profitability in boom and recession and held its position as one of the world’s lowest-cost steel producers.
This paper was written as part of the privatization debate during 1988. By then, the British Steel Corporation had made a remarkable turnround from record-breaking losses to being highly cost efficient and profitable. The paper develops two themes. The first is the importance of a competitive product market as a source of efficiency. The second theme is the significance of a market for corporate control-take-overs and mergers-as an element in the restructuring of European steel. Privatization exposes British Steel to the market for corporate control.
Mergers and Economic Performance in the UK: A Survey of the Empirical Evidence 1950-1990
Authors: Hughes* Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws together the results of empirical research on the impact of merger on market structure and economic performance in the UK.1 It concentrates almost exclusively on the post-war period. The chapter is organized in four sections. In Section l, possible approaches to assessing the impact of mergers on market structure and company performance and their implications for economic welfare are briefly set out. In Section 2, the principal characteristics of post-war merger activity in the UK are described. Section 3 looks at the relationship between mergers and concentration and diversification as indicators of structural change, whilst Section 4 concentrates upon the impact of merger upon corporate performance. The final section draws the discussion of structure and performance effects together and makes some brief points relevant to competition policy matters.
The Market for Corporate Control: Divestments and Buy-outs
Authors: Wright* Mike , Chiplin† Brian , Thompson‡ Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The merger wave of the second half of the 1980s was marked by several features not seen in previous upsurges in acquisition activity. Besides the unprecedented size of some take-overs, new sources of transactions and new organizational forms, accompanied by new initiators and enabled by innovations in financing techniques, appeared. Divestment of subsidiaries, whilst an important component of previous merger waves (Chiplin and Wright (1980)), took on a much higher profile as the size of subsidiaries being sold off rose significantly. A major development in the market for corporate control, particularly for divestment, was the acquisition of such subsidiaries by their own managers-the management buy-out. For example, three of the largest management buy-outs in the UK arose on the shift of core activities by their respective parents. MFI-Hygena was divested to management by Asda in 1987 for £717 million. Reedpack was the subject of a £690 million management buy-out as the parent Reed International shifted the focus of its attention. Similarly, Bricom was sold to its management by B % C.
Continental Mergers are Different
Authors: Davis* Evan , Shore† Graham , Thompson‡ David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, business has been heavily preoccupied with two themes: merger and acquisition activity, and the development of the European Single Market. The topic of this chapter combines the two: continental mergers. The authors argue that the costs and benefits of continental mergers are different from those of their domestic counterparts, and they need to be handled in different ways. This has implications both for the form of integration and for the way in which it is implemented. Most important, it is relevant to the selection of the right partner.
Estimating Time-Varying Risk Premia in the Term Structure: the ARCH-M Model
Authors: Engle Robert F , Lilien, David M , Robins Russell P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expectation of the excess-holding yield on a long bond is postulated to depend upon its conditional variance. Engle’s (1982a) ARCH model is extended to allow the conditional variance to be a determinant of the mean and is called ARCH-M. Estimation and inference procedures are proposed and the model is applied to three interest-rate data sets. In most cases the ARCH process and the time varying risk premium are highly significant. A collection of LM diagnostic tests reveals the robustness of the model to various specification changes such as alternative volatility or ARCH measures, regime changes, and interest rate formulations. The model explains and interprets the recent econometric failures of the expectations hypothesis of the term structure.
Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity
Authors: Bollerslev Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A natural generalization of the ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic) process introduced in Engle (1982) to allow for past conditional variances in the current conditional variance equation is proposed. Stationarity conditions and autocorrelation structure for this new class of parametric models are derived. Maximum likelihood estimation and testing are also considered. Finally an empirical example relating to the uncertainty of the inflation rate is presented. While conventional time-series and econometric models operate under an assumption of constant variance, the ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic) process introduced in Engle (1982) allows the conditional variance to change over time as a function of past errors leaving the unconditional variance constant.
Multivariate Stochastic Variance Models
Authors: Harvey Andrew , Ruiz, Esther , Shephard Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in variance, or volatility, over time can be modelled using the approach based on autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH). However, the generalizations to multivariate series can be difficult to estimate and interpret. Another approach is to model variance as an unobserved stochastic process. Although it is not easy to obtain the exact likelihood function for such stochastic variance models, they tie in closely with developments in finance theory and have certain statistical attractions. This article sets up a multivariate model, discusses its statistical treatment and shows how it can be modified to capture common movements in volatility in a very natural way. The model is then fitted to daily observations on exchange rates.
Stock Market Volatility and the Information Content of Stock Index Options
Authors: Day Theodore E , Lewis Craig M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous studies of the information content of the implied volatilities from the prices of call options have used a cross-sectional regression approach. This paper compares the information content of the implied volatilities from call options on the S&P 100 index to GARCH (Generalized Auto regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) and Exponential GARCH models of conditional volatility. By adding the implied volatility to GARCH and EGARCH models as an exogenous variable, the within sample incremental information content of implied volatilities can be examined using a likelihood ratio test of several nested models for conditional volatility. The out-of-sample predictive content of these models is also examined by regressing ex post volatility on the implied volatilities and the forecasts from GARCH and EGARCH models.
Meteor Showers or Heat Waves? Heteroskedastic Intra-Daily Volatility in the Foreign Exchange Market
Authors: Engle By Robert F , Ito, Takatoshi , Lin Wen-Ling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper seeks to explain the causes of volatility clustering in exchange rates. Careful examination of intra-daily exchange rates provides a test of two hypotheses-heat waves and meteor showers. The heat wave hypothesis is that the volatility has only country-specific autocorrelation. Alternatively, the meteor shower is a phenomenon of intra-daily volatility spillovers from one market to the next. Using the GARCH model to specify the hetero skedasticity across intra-daily market segments, we find that the empirical evidence is generally against the null hypothesis of the heat wave. Using a volatility type of vector autoregression we examine the impact of news in one market on the time path of per-hour volatility in other markets.
Joint Ventures
Authors: Buckley Peter J , Casson Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joint ventures (JVs) have always been an important aspect of business organization. The partnership, which is so common in the professions, is an example of a joint venture between individuals. Inter-firm joint ventures have played an important role in the expansion of MNEs into new markets as when a sales affiliate is established with an indigenous distribution company as a partner. Recently joint ventures have become a popular form of alliance between established MNEs, and the high profile of these ventures means that JVs have attracted much more attention (Contractor and Lorange, 1988; Harrigan, 1985; Hladik, 1985; Killing, 1983).
Economic Theories Of the firms: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Milgrom Paul , Roberts John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When economists today write about the firm, they most often proceed by comparing its characteristics with those of markets. The reason is not hard to understand: As economic historians have repeatedly argued (Innis, 1938; North and Thomas 1973; Rosenberg and Birdzell, 1985); the emergence, expansion and eventual dominance of the market system in western economies since the Middle Ages crucially contributed to economic growth and the resulting accumulation of wealth and rising standards of living for much of the population. More recently, the spectacular successes of the market oriented economies of the rapidly industrializing nations of Asia have shown that the strengths of the market as a basis for organizing economic activity are not limited to western societies.