bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chaos and fractal basin boundaries in engineenng
Authors: Thompson J M T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to sketch some of the applications of chaos, and more generally the global geometrical techniques of nonlinear dynamics, to practical problems in engineering. This is done in an informal, pictorial way, with a minimum of the underlying theory, which can be found elsewhere [1, 2). The material is based on recent research work at University College London directed towards current problems of marine technology encountered by the North Sea oil industry. This research has emphasized the importance of chaotic transients and the associated fractal basin boundaries, which are more important in an engineering context than the more familiar steady-state chaotic attractors. The only bit of theory that we shall need is given in Fig. 9.1, which shows the three-dimensional phase space of a general one-degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator under periodic forcing, spanned by the displacement, velocity, and time. Such oscillators are of continuous concern to mechanical and electrical engineers.
Nonlinearity and chaos in atoms and molecules
Authors: Child M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concepts of nonlinearity and chaos have been applied to two areas of atomic and molecular science. One, which is the subject of a recent text by Gray and Scott [I], relates to the sensitivity of certain complex reaction schemes to small changes in pressure, temperature, and concentration. The other, to which this chapter is devoted, concerns the internal dynamics of atoms and molecules at energies which approach their ionization or dissociation thresholds. To set the historical perspective, it has been known for many years that molecules undergo orderly normal mode vibrations in their lowest energy states [2]. On the other hand, modern theories of chemical dissociation [3] assume a statistical or chaotic distribution over all degrees of freedom. Hence a transition from order to chaos must have occurred at some intermediate energy. Experimental investigation of this interesting transitional region was until recently notoriously difficult but the advent of laser spectroscopy (see e.g. [41) has completely changed the picture. This chapter attempts to bring together the main theoretical insights stimulated by these new experiments.
Experimental Techniques
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic components of any ion trap experimental system are rather simple; they are: (i) a high vacuum enclosure wherein the trap is housed, (ii) the trap structure, (iii) an appropriate detector which detects the trapped ions, and (iv) associated electronics. In practice, however, depending on the nature and quality of information required, the experimental system can be extremely complex. In this chapter, we shall first present a brief and broad outline of general-purpose systems, and then, in order to provide some perception of the diversity in trap design, we shall describe a few actual traps. Some trap-based systems are described in later chapters on applications.
Collision Studies With Stored Ions
Authors: Ghosh Pradip K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collision studies using ion traps, involving reactions of either positive or negative ions with neutrals or electrons, or photon-induced processes, have been relatively few. These include studies of ion-molecule reactions, ionelectron recombination reactions, charge exchange processes, photo dissociation of positive ions, and photo detachment from negative ions. Ionmolecule reactions have been studied both at room temperature and at near liquid helium temperature. While the results obtained do not go beyond integral cross sections and the methods employed to date do not offer state-selectivity, the medium offers both certain convenience and high sensitivity for collision studies. In this chapter we present some examples of trap-based studies of: (i) ion-molecule reactions, (ii) charge exchange reactions, (iii) ion-electron recombination reactions, (iv) photo dissociation processes, and (v) photo detachment processes.
The Chrysidid Wasps of the World
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing field of conservation biology has placed a new value on cataloging the Earth's living creatures, even as many of them face extinction. In the first systematic revision of the Chrysidid wasp family since 1889, the authors present a worldwide overview of this colorful group. Some 3,000 valid species have been named and are arranged in 84 genera and four sub-families. This comprehensive treatment presents a reclassification of the generic and higher taxa. It also includes a summary of previously published information, indicated problems in need of further study, and detailed synonomic species lists for each genus. Discussions for each tribe and sub-family include ancestral characteristics, phylogenetically important characters and a corresponding cladogram, keys to genera, and relationships among taxa.
Materials and Methods
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have attempted to provide as much information on the Chrysididae as possible in this study. Due to space limitations we have used a variety of notations and abbreviations which require explanation. In addition, we feel that it is important to describe as fully as possible our approach to this study, as well as the facts which have led us to certain decisions. This will enable others to evaluate our conclusions for themselves. For each major taxonomic group we give a variety of information. Discussions for each tribe and subfamily include ancestral characteristics, phylogenetically important characters and a corresponding cladogram, keys to genera, and relationships among taxa. Generic discussions include generic synonymy and diagnostic features, relationships to other genera, and detailed species lists.
General Systematics
Authors: Kimsey Lynn S , Bohart Richard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The superfamily Chrysidoidea consists of the families Scolebythidae, Plumariidae, Sclerogibbidae, Dryinidae, Bethylidae, Embolemidae, and Chrysididae. The majority of these families are highly specialized, and all are parasitoids. A variety of phylogenetic studies have been made of the Aculeata (Brothers 1975; Koenigsmann 1978; Rasnitsyn 1980) or Chrysidoidea specifically (Carpenter 1986). Based on these studies, and particularly that of Carpenter, the Chrysididae is the sister-group of Bethylidae. The other relationships among these families are discussed in detail by Carpenter (1986).
Current status of captive breeding programmes
Authors: Boer Leobert E M De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past 15 years zoos and related institutions have increasingly become involved in the captive breeding of endangered animal species. Prerequisites to the success of captive propagation as part of the conservation of biodiversity are optimal achievements at three levels: that of individuals, which should be guaranteed long lives of sufficient quality; that of pairs and groups, which should reproduce sufficiently to guarantee continuity over the generations; and that of populations, which should be kept genetically and demographically healthy. Achievement of these goals requires co-operative management of zoo populations of the species concerned and appropriate population management procedures. Such procedures will depend upon the development of a sound theoretical basis for understanding the genetics and demography of small (and fragmented) populations, of ‘tools’ to bring theory into practice, and of organizational structures to implement management proposals. At each of these three levels considerable progress has been made in recent years. Theoretical knowledge has advanced and continues to be refined. A whole array of ‘tools’ has been developed in the form of computer software for keeping records, compiling studbooks, performing genetic and demographic analyses etc. Such tools enable population managers to formulate master plans for population management. Within the community of zoos and related institutions organizational structures have been set up for co-operative propagation of endangered species, involving a system of regional breeding programmes. Currently 175 such programmes are being conducted in the various regions of the world. In the past five years IUCN/SSC’s Captive Breeding Specialist Group has become increasingly involved in these programmes as a coordinating body. This has led to three important developments.
Advances in artificial insemination and semen freezing in mammals
Authors: Holt W V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breeding of endangered species is becoming increasingly co-ordinated within and between national boundaries as efforts to preserve genetic diversity are stepped up. Artificial insemination techniques have a valuable role in such management strategies, because they entail less stress to animals and lower transport costs, and because they offer the option of using genetic material after the death of donor animals.
Artificial insemination of scimitar¬ horned oryx at Orana Park with frozen semen from Metro Toronto Zoo
Authors: Garland Paul , Frazer Lindsay , Sanderson Neil , Mehren Kay , Kroetsch Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of this programme were to achieve positive pregnancies and the birth of living offspring in scimitar-horned oryx through the technique of non-surgical artificial insemination with frozen semen. Five female scimitar-horned oryx were prepared at Orana Park in March 1988 with intravaginal placements of 12% progesterone implants (CIDRs) and, 13 days later, with intramuscular injections of donoprost tromethamine (Lutalyse). Semen was collected from a male scimitar¬ horned oryx at the Metro Toronto Zoo by means of electro-ejaculation after this animal had been isolated and tested to a health status equivalent to that of any ruminant being shipped to New Zealand. The semen was diluted and extended, sealed into 0.5 ml straws and frozen into liquid nitrogen before being sent by air freight to New Zealand. Four females were artificially inseminated by a non-surgical procedure which entailed passing a pipette, designed for the artificial insemination of cattle, through the cervix, guided by rectal manipulation; 0.25 ml of prethawed semen was deposited in each uterine horn. Two of the females gave birth to live.
Detection of oestrous cycles and timing of ovulation
Authors: Hodges J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of techniques exist whereby ovarian function can be monitored, evaluated and, where appropriate, manipulated to facilitate management of fertility of endangered species. In recent years significant advances have been made in urinary hormone analysis and in real-time ultrasound imaging techniques. Advantages of the former include non-invasive sample collection and precision, although species differences in reproductive patterns and hormone metabolism necessitate careful validation of methods and interpretation of results. Recent advances in non-isotopic assays have simplified methodology whilst improving both accuracy and sensitivity. Urinary hormone analysis predominates but methods for faecal steroid determination are of increasing interest because sample collection is relatively easy, particularly in the wild. Real-time ultrasound enables direct visualization of ovaries and individual follicles and can be useful in allowing immediate diagnosis from a single observation. Since, however, restraint or sedation are often required, frequent observations may not be practical.
Ten years ago, ten years from now: summary remarks for the symposium
Authors: Soule Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me say first that these remarks are not intended to reflect everything that was said at this symposium, nor even all the major points made by the speakers. In other words, they are not a proper summary. Instead, they resemble more the reactions of a hungry man at a roadside fruit stall. The bite at each grape, or peach, or strawberry triggers sensations and associations, and if he is the sort of man given to verbal expression, he may utter whatever springs into his consciousness.
Genomic imprinting
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inheritance systems described in the last chapter were concerned with the faithful transmission of epigenetic information either in somatic cell lineages, or from one generation of unicellular organisms to the next. It is usually taken for granted that in multicellular organisms, unless reproduction occurs vegetatively, such systems do not operate between generations. Normally, epigenetic information is erased during gametogenesis. Consequently, the only ways in which information can be transmitted from parents to offspring are through DNA base sequences, or through the cytoplasm of the egg, or, in higher animals, through learning. Yet in spite of the widespread assumption that these are the only mechanisms of information transfer between generations, it has been known for many years that epigenetic information is sometimes transmitted from parents to their offspring. In this chapter and the next we shall review the evidence for this, and consider some of the ways in which it may occur. Obviously, if EISs operate between parents and their offspring, they must have relevance to the problem of the inheritance of acquired characters.
Torpor and hibernation
Authors: Altringham John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All animals have a daily cycle of activity, carrying out the tasks essential to their individual survival, and those required to pass on their genes to the next generation. All of these tasks consume energy, which comes from metabolising the food they eat. Life is a continuous attempt to balance the input:output equation: energy in-food, must equal energy out--the physiological and behavioural costs of life. To be successful, that is to survive and pass on its genes, an animal must operate efficiently, and evolution drives the animal towards optimal solutions for all its tasks. If one animal feeds more efficiently than another, it can spend more time looking for a mate or a safe roost, and might therefore have a competitive edge in the tight for survival. Optimal solutions may never be achieved in a changing world, but this drive towards optimality is strong, and the solutions we see today are often marvellously close to the optimal. So, life is governed by the energy balance equation-what does it mean to bats? Bats are most active between dawn and dusk, and spend much of the day asleep, or indulging in various social activities. On average, each night a bat much catch enough food to provide the energy needed to get it through to the next night. The greatest energy demand on a bat is collecting this food in the first place.
Reproduction, development and life histories
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural selection favours early breeding, high fecundity and low mortality rates, other things being equal. If other things are not equal, trade-offs exist between these life history variables. Collembola exhibit a wide range of development times, fecundities and life spans which do not appear to have a taxonomic basis. The life history characteristics of each species of springtail have evolved in response to selective pressures in the environment which have maximised their fitness for the particular ecological niche in which they reside.
Ecotoxicology
Authors: Hopkin Stephen p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecotoxicology is concerned with defining the potential or adverse effects of chemical agents (derived either directly or indirectly from human activity in industry and agriculture) on natural ecosystems (for recent reviews see Calow 1989, 1993, 1994; Hopkin 1993b; forgensen et al. 1991; Kula 1992; Walker et al. 1996). In the context of this book, ecotoxicology is the study of the effects of such chemical agents on Collembola. A comprehensive list of references to laboratory and field studies of the effects of chemicals on Collembola is given in Appendix C.
Selection and breeding
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the eucalypt plantations of the world are managed as short rotation coppice crops (5 to 15 years) to provide large quantities of roundwood at a low cost. Wood from young eucalypt plantations is used for firewood, charcoal, poles and posts, mine timbers, pulpwood for paper industries, and for reconstituted wood. Only a very small proportion of the world’s eucalypt plantations are allowed to grow to the greater age and large diameter required for sawn timber. As a broad generalization, the principal selection criteria for plantation eucalypts are health, growth rate, stem straightness, and wood density, in that order of priority. Selection for straighter stems provides better poles and some advantage in stacking and handling logs for firewood or pulpwood. Increased dry wood per unit area is a common goal, by seeking increased wood density as well as increased volume.
Models on metabolism of aquatic weeds and their application potential
Authors: Best E P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Models of plant growth are mathematical representations of the physiological processes associated with plant metabolism. It is important that the parameters of the model and the relationships which the model expresses (a) correspond with the biological system which is investigated; (b) agree with the generally accepted scientific theories, the equation coefficients depending on plant group and possibly species; (c) avoid as much as possible empirical equations which often lead to curve fitting. However, when a process is not understood, and theories are lacking, the use of empirical equations is the only possibility to fit the process into the model. Regrettably this decreases the predictive power of the model. Most models contain descriptive and predictive elements. Descriptive usually refers to equations describing an existing system, while predictive refers to equations which can be extrapolated outside the existing boundaries.
Practical uses of aquatic weeds
Authors: Joyce J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preparation for this chapter, the Center for Aquatic Plants’ computerized aquatic plant information retrieval system was queried in order to obtain a listing of articles on the utilization of aquatic plants on a world-wide basis. This literature search yielded 215 review citations and over 1 764 (1300 of which were written since 1975) individual citations covering reported uses of aquatic plants, which ranged from human food to wastewater treatment and the production of biogas. Attempts to review this wealth of literature and subjectively dete mine those uses which are ‘practical’ is difficult for two fundamental reasons; (a) the amount of material is exhaustive, and (b) the definition of ‘practical uses’ is subjective and open to potential bias as discussed below.
Aquatic weed problems and management in Asia
Authors: Gopal B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Asian landmass, the largest continent on earth, is unique in many respects. It is the most populated part of the world with more than half of humanity living there. It extends from the Equator to the Arctic: all climatic zones are represented. The continent exhibits a great diversity of landscapes: high mountains, vast alluvial plains, dense tropical and temperate forests, hot and cold deserts; innumerable ephemeral streams and seasonal ponds, mighty rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are all represented (Fig. 16.1).
Aquatic weed problems and management in Australasia
Authors: Mitchell D S , Bowmer K H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea, which together comprise Australasia, are remarkable for their degree of phytogeographic isolation from the rest of the world. They are, therefore, particularly at risk from invasions of plants and animals, which reproduce rapidly in the absence of their natural enemies. Thus, the growth of alien aquatic plants is a major cause of aquatic weed problems in the region. Other aquatic weed problems are caused by human impact on natural hydrogeological cycles, leading to permanence of otherwise intermittent water bodies and nutrient enrichment of aquatic ecosystems.
Mangroves
Authors: Adam Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mangroves are a major feature on many parts of the Australian coast. Although mangrove is one of the few technical terms of vegetation description which is widely recognized by the general public, it is difficult to formulate a simple universally applicable definition. Mangrove has, in fact, two separate meanings; as a description of a plant community, and as a category of species which occur in mangrove communities-thus A vicennia marina is a mangrove and the communities that it dominates are also referred to as mangroves. Several authors have proposed to differentiate between these two meanings by adopting the term ‘mangal’ to refer to the community (e.g. Macnae 1968; Chapman 1976), but this usage has not achieved any popularity and mangrove continues to be applied in both senses; in most cases the context serves to indicate which meaning is appropriate, and confusion is rare. Mangroves (in the community sense) can be defined by three criteria; habitat, structure, and floristics. In most cases the criteria co-vary, but there are many instances of stands which are conventionally regarded as mangroves, but which fail to satisfy the definition on at least one criterion.
Transformation, carcinogenesis, and progression
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neoplastic cells in a tumour have all arisen from one or more cells that have undergone a heritable process termed neoplastic transformation or, simply, transfonnation. When transformed cells are grown in tissue culture they differ from normal cells in respect of various morphological and cell surface features, and proliferative potential. Unlike normal cells, which stop proliferating in monolayers when they become overcrowded and can be maintained in culture for only a limited number of cell generations, transformed. cells are insensitive to overcrowding, as shown by their loss of contact and density-dependent inhibition of cell division, and may be maintained indefinitely in culture-a property termed immortalization.
Clonal composition of tumours
Authors: Woodruff Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The members of a clone are, by definition, all descendants of one cell. We can choose any cell we like as the founder of a clone (Micklem 1986), but need to state explicitly what category of cell we have chosen. What is usually implied, though rarely stated explicitly, in discussing the clonal composition of tumours, is that the founder cell of a neoplastic clone is an initially nonnal cell that talces one or more steps on the road to transfomiation before it divides, and some of whose descendants become fully transfonned. This corresponds to clonality as determined with X-linked markers (Section 3.2.1, pp. 29-31), and would be the only possibility worth considering if carcinogenesis were a one-step process. In so far as carcinogenesis is multistep, however, we could start instead with a fully transfonned cell, or, if a stable marker appears for the first time during the course of transformation, with a partly transfonned cell.