bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techniques for hand‐rearing tree‐shrews (Tupaia belangeri) from birth
Authors: Tsang W. N. , Collins P. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn captivity, Tupaia belangeri (Thailand tree‐shrew) frequently show aberrant patterns of maternal care which result in the death of offspring. In order to maximize the potential of the tree‐shrew as an animal resource for experimental studies we have developed a program for hand‐rearing tupaiidae from birth. Newborn tree‐shrews were removed from mothers with a history of poor parental care to a nursery maintained under conditions of controlled relative humidity (70 ± 10%) and temperature (25 ± 1°C) on a 12 h dark: 12 h light cycle. The young tree‐shrews were fed on a liquid formula until the eyes opened (Day 18–23) and for the subsequent 10 days on a transitional diet until they could feed themselves on solid food. Our hand‐rearing protocol appears to conform to the natural weaning pattern of tupaiids. Food consumption during the liquid diet phase was linearly related to age and the increase in body weight in both sexes. The initial growth rate of male and female hand‐reared tree‐shrews was slower than that of maternally reared animals during the liquid diet phase. The growth rate accelerated subsequently and the body weight of hand‐reared tree‐shrews eventually reached that of maternally reared animals of the same sex. Various developmental changes occurred during the same period in artificially and naturally reared animals. In both hand‐reared and maternally reared groups, the growth rate of male tree‐shrews exceeded that of females from about Day 40 onward. The accelerated growth rate of male tree‐shrews was in apparent association with an increase in androgen secretion at the onset of puberty. The high fecundity of tree‐shrews in captivity reinforced with a program for hand‐rearing the young make T belangeri a potential alternative to more conventional laboratory species in specific areas of biomedical research.
Regurgitation/reingestion and coprophagy in captive gorillas
Authors: Akers Jean S. , Schildkraut Deborah S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of wild animals can be significantly affected by captivity. Among the least documented adaptations are (1) the regurgitation and reingestion of food and (2) coprophagy. This paper reviews the occurrence of the two phenomena in captive lowland gorilla populations. In addition, data and speculations based on wild populations are discussed. Data from a preliminary study at the Stone Zoo are reported, and several causal relationships are explored.
Utilization of space by adult and juvenile groups of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Traylor‐Holzer Kathy , Fritz Paul 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA systematic analysis of space utilization in the home enclosures of four adult and three juvenile social groups of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was conducted at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. The locations of all members of each group (excluding nursing infants) were recorded several times per week over a 3‐month period. Adult chimpanzees were observed significantly more often in small vs large cages, on upper vs lower levels, and near cage perimeters vs cage centers. Analyses of sex differences in adults revealed that adult females are largely responsible for these space use patterns; adult males show only a significantly higher usage of perimeter areas. Individual differences were found in the habitual use of certain enclosure sites. Juveniles show no spatial patterns with regard to the above parameters but appear to evenly use all available space. Both adults and juveniles were observed to be in contact with mesh barriers more often than with solid walls. These findings suggest important elements that should be incorporated into the caging design of captive chimpanzee facilities.
Design and perception: Making the zoo experience real
Authors: Coe Jon C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to encourage the application of theories of human behavior to zoo design so that zoo visitors are environmentally predisposed to learn from and enjoy what they experience. The ultimate goal is to increase public awareness and appreciation of the importance of habitat and its protection to wildlife conservation and to present zoo animals in such a way that their reason for being and rights to existence are intuitively self‐evident to viewers. Many of the concepts and guidelines presented appear to be suitable subjects of behavioral research, whose findings would assist designers and other zoo professionals in continued improvement of the zoo visitor's experience.
The species survival plan and the conference on reproductive strategies for endangered wildlife
Authors: Conway William 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe application of advanced reproduction technology to the breeding of vanishing species in captivity, as planned by the Species Survival Plan (SSP) of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, may be crucial to practical longterm propagation of some species. However, current techniques are usually specific to domestic animals and man. Major modifications and new approaches, on a species‐specific basis, will be required for broad application to specialized wild animals. Prerequisites include basic studies of unique species' physiology and basic care requirements. The current SSP program needs a major research component.
Management‐related stress in the red‐shouldered hawk
Authors: Patton Kevin T. , Croonquist Mary Jo , Crawford Walter C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDisturbance stress can prevent or disrupt successful management of captive birds of prey. Using heart rate as an indicator of stress, two female red‐shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus) were monitored via radio telemetry. Spontaneous heart rate fluctuations in response to stressors involved in management‐related activities, as well as some in response to naturally occurring activities, were recorded. In nearly every case, stressors caused dramatic increases in the heart rate of each bird, the magnitude of which was directly related to the degree of human contact involved. The increased heart rates occurred in response to stressors whether or not any behavioral stress symptoms were exhibited. Under the conditions of this study, the use of a falconer's hood did not completely eliminate stress in restrained hawks.
Regional (north american) studbook for the Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi
Authors: Skinner C. A. , Vitantonio M. N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA regional (North American) studbook of Saguinus geoffroyi, Geoffroy's tamarin, is presented. Supplemental information regarding range, habitat, status in the wild, taxonomy, husbandry, level of inbreeding, and international holdings is included. Living animals are cross‐indexed by holding institution.
Husbandry and breeding of the Puerto Rican toad (Peltophryne lemur) with comments on its natural history
Authors: Miller Tracy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe methods used in the breeding and rearing of Peltophryne lemur along with comments on reintroduction efforts are described. Breeding was induced by injections of leutinizing releasing hormone, and fertile eggs were produced. Eggs hatched in approximately 24 h. Newly hatched tadpoles were small (5.0 mm) and delicate. Metamorphosis occurred in 20–30 days, and newly metamorphosed toads grew evenly and quickly to maturity in about 1 yr. Seventy‐five 20‐mm young were returned to Puerto Rico in May 1983. These toads were released at a pond where adult and young P lemur were seen. The successful maintenance and breeding of this species indicate it can survive in captivity. Future work on P lemur should concentrate on its status and survival in the wild.
Effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles , Fragaszy Dorothy Munkenbeck 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate simple behavioral enrichment procedures for a captive group of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We examined the effects of providing a manipulatable substrate (straw) and a variety of portable objects in the monkeys' home cage. The animals were observed across three conditions in two replications: 1) No portable objects were present; 2) a set of six identical portable objects was present; and 3) a set of six varied portable objects was present. The cage floor was bare in the first replication; straw was uniformly spread on the cage floor in the second replication. An 18‐month period of qualitative note taking followed completion of the initial data collection phase.The presence of straw and portable objects affected patterns of affiliation by decreasing quiet contact and close proximity. Providing additional manipulative opportunities affected both the form and frequency of object‐directed activities. Object contacts were directed toward a greater variety of targets, and some objects were spontaneously used as tools. Manipulation of provided objects and use of objects as tools have become routine activities in this group of monkeys. We conclude that providing straw and portable objects in an already well equipped cage is an effective means of long‐term behavioral enrichment for captive capuchin monkeys. Enabling captive capuchins to express species‐typical manipulative tendencies is apparently conducive to the monkeys' optimal physical and psychological well‐being as well as interesting to the human observer.
Intra‐ and interspecies comparison of sperm migration through polyacrylamide gel as an index of spermatozoal viability
Authors: Hall Laura L. , Bush Mitchell , Howard Jogayle , Wildt David E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSperm migration distance through a polyacrylamide gel mimicking cervical mucus was compared among seven species: dog, cat, goat, ram, clouded leopard, dorcas gazelle, and Eld's deer. Freshly collected spermatozoa were evaluated microscopically and then assayed for migration distance in gel‐filled capillary tubes in raw or diluted concentrations or after longevity declines in sperm motility and progressive status. Sperm count per milliliter of ejaculate and sperm percent motility ratings varied (P < 0.05) among selected species. Undiluted ejaculated spermatozoa from all species, except the clouded leopard, penetrated the polyacrylamide gel. Migration distance (mm) was different (P < 0.05) among species and not clearly correlated to concentration or motility factors. Although sperm concentrations in the dog and Eld's deer were similar, average migration distance of deer sperm was more than fourfold greater (P < 0.01) than that of dog sperm. The sperm motility rating for the gazelle was greater (P < 0.05) than that for the cat; however, penetration distance in the cat was more than twice as great (P < 0.05) as that in the gazelle. Species also varied in migration response after altering sperm concentration: Halving the sperm count of the dog, gazelle, and Eld's deer had no effect, but the same procedure decreased (P < 0.05) penetration distance in the goat and ram. No migration was observed in any species at a sperm concentration of 25 × 106 cells or less. Within species a decline in sperm percent motility‐progressive status ratings was correlated (P < 0.05) to a subsequent decrease in penetration distance. These results provide a comparative assessment of sperm cell migration through a synthetic cervical mucus and suggest that this test may be a useful adjunct in evaluating reproductive potential. However, the assay is specific in interpretive merit, as sperm penetration distance within a single batch of gel is markedly variant among species and in some species dependent on sperm concentration. This interspecies specificity in sperm migration through a homogeneous gel suggests intrinsic species variance in sperm cell‐cervical mucus interaction, suggesting that this assay could be valuable in future studies of the mechanism of sperm transport.
The Bielefeld teaching program in zoo biology
Authors: Immelmann Klaus , Volger Katrin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe teaching program in zoo biology of the University of Bielefeld offers a 4‐week course that aims at providing special knowledge of zoos and zoo animals from theoretical, educational, and applied points of view. The course includes 1 week each of seminar‐type lectures, a 1‐week visit to one particular zoo, “comparative” 1‐day visits to different zoos, and reports and seminars to be given by the participants. During the “zoo week” the students are required to select one of the exhibits and to make full‐day behavioral observations of the animals. Requirements include seminar talks, a protocol about the observations, and the design of a label.
Enclosure utilization, activity budgets, and social behavior of captive chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) during the rut
Authors: Quick Debra L. Forthman , Pappas Todd C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn observational study of chamois behavior during the rut was conducted at the Los Angeles Zoo. The herd consisted of an adult male, two adult females, two subadult females, and two kids (1.1). During the 13‐week study, observers collected scan data on all animals and recorded all occurrences of selected social behaviors during interactions which involved the adult male. Scan observations showed that open areas of the enclosure close to the public were the least preferred, and areas with good rest places were used most. Overall the herd spent 73% of their time stationary, 13% foraging/feeding, 6% moving, and less than 5% each in object investigation, maintenance, play, and social behavior. The adult male rested and fed less, and stood vigilant and engaged in social behavior more frequently than the others. Nearest neighbor data showed clear patterns of kin association beyond the mother‐last kid bond. The adult male interacted most often with the regular keepers, the subordinate female and the oldest subadult female. Interactions with the females consisted mostly of herding and sexual behaviors, while those with keepers were almost exclusively competitive/aggressive. While most findings paralleled those from studies of wild chamois, no study has previously reported long‐lasting associations among kin.
Objective evaluation of a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Bloomstrand M. , Riddle K. , Alford P. , Maple T. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA quantitative evaluation was made of a food puzzle designed to be a behavioral enrichment device for captive chimpanzees. Subjects were two social groups of chimpanzees housed in semifree‐ranging conditions at the University of Texas Science Park in Bastrop. Subjects used the device for a mean of 91.6 minutes after it was filled with peanuts. Group levels of agonistic interactions, displays, coprophagy, regurgitation, excessive grooming, and consumption of wood were not significantly altered by the use of the peanut box. However, the data indicate that some of these categories of behavior were significantly increased or decreased in individual animals. Although the food puzzle box appears to be a promising behavioral enrichment tool, the necessity of recognizing individual differences in response to environmental manipulations must be emphasized.
Effects of housing differences upon activity budgets in captive sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi)
Authors: Macedonia Joseph M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractActivity budgets of captive sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli and Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) were assessed from 500 hours of observational data obtained at the Duke University Primate Center (Durham, NC). Data were examined for behavioral differences according to gender, availability of intergroup contact, subspecies, indoor/outdoor housing, and enclosure size. Results showed few differences between the activity budgets of males and females. Several differences found in conjunction with availability of intergroup contact appeared to relate more to subspecific, than to contact, differences. Sifakas housed outdoors were more active, spending less time resting and more time in locomotion, feeding, and playing than sifakas housed indoors. The findings of this study implicate outdoor housing as a primary factor in stimulating activity in these rare prosimian primates.
Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii): A discussion of the first live birth within a marine zoological park
Authors: Joseph Brian E. , Antrim James E. , Cornell Lanny H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSix adult Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) have been housed at Sea World, San Diego, since 1983. Details of their husbandry at Sea World are briefly presented. Pregnancy was determined in one of the females by means of radioimmunoassay, following observations of copulation. Food consumption of the pregnant female decreased beginning 5 days prior to parturition and ceased entirely 6 hours prior to delivery. A single male calf, 55–65 cm in length and weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, was delivered after 35 minutes of labor. Details of the delivery, calf's appearance, suckling behavior, and early respiratory pattern are presented. Similarities between the birth of the Commerson's dolphin calf and previous births of bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) calves are discussed. The successful propagation of new species, such as Commerson's dolphins, permits documentation of the event with greater detail and accuracy than is possible in the wild. Details of growth and reproduction thus gained may provide information applicable to the natural history and proper management of the species in question.
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana): A review as a model for development of a “Species Management Plan” format, Part I
Authors: Moore Don 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA format is suggested for a “Species Management Plan”; the model for this presentation is the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). By using the Species Management Plan format, the captive maintenance of pronghorn is analyzed in relation to habitat and microhabitat needs, behavioral requirements, and nutritional needs. A strategy for captive maintenance of pronghorn in relatively wet climates is presented. It is suggested that development of a Species Management Plan is necessary before any new species is acquired for captive maintenance and reproduction.
Pregnancy diagnosis in zoo animals by estrogen determination in feces
Authors: Safar‐Hermann Nina , Ismail Mohammed N. , Choi Han Sun , Möstl Erich , Bamberg Elmar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstrogen concentration in feces was investigated in five different herbivorous species of zoo animals. Using a nonspecific estrogen radioimmunoassay, in four species (red buffalo, yak, Grevy's zebra, and Nubian ibex) pregnancy was revealed by measuring estrogen concentration in feces. In hippopotamus, the levels of fecal estrogens were not different between pregnant and nonpregnant animals.
Effect of outbreeding on weight and growth rate of captive infant rhesus macaques
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Lorey Fredrick W. , Suzuki Juri , Abe Masamitsu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe introduction of unrelated conspecifics into captive groups of primate species is desirable to inhibit inbreeding. However, for many species, such groups increasingly represent highly inbred isolate populations that are analogous to regionally isolated populations of the same species among whom the effects of outcrossing on fitness are unknown.A study of potentially adverse effects of cross‐breeding between regionally isolated populations of rhesus macaques was conducted to assess the maximum advantage or disadvantage to be expected for cross‐breeding such populations of other cercopithecoid primates. For this purpose, the infant weights and rates of growth of hybrid Chinese/Indian rhesus macaques were compared to those of their nonhybrid Indian peers and to those of consanguineously inbred Indian rhesus macaques from several other captive breeding groups.Neither adverse nor advantageous effects of such hybridization were detected, suggesting that outcrossing between isolates of other cercopithecoid primates with a similar social structure and mating pattern should not affect the fitness of resulting offspring. Since levels of inbreeding are roughly inversely proportional to levels of genetic diversity within populations, such outcrossing should be intensified by zoos and other captive breeding centers to ensure the continued survival of captive species, especially those that are endangered or otherwise irreplaceable.
Undergraduate animal behavior program: Teaching and research
Authors: Daniel Stephen A. , Perelle Ira B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present strategies for teaching animal behavior within a mixed traditional and nontraditional format. Based on our experience, it is very useful to use zoological parks as convenient locales for observational studies. Students gain many valuable experiences in a nontraditional course such as this. Various suggestions are made for animal behavior courses and student projects. Some of the potential pitfalls and problems associated with an animal behavior course are also discussed. Finally, future directions are suggested.
In vitro capacitation of Siberian tiger spermatozoa
Authors: Byers A. P. , Hunter A. G. , Hensleigh H. C. , Kreeger T. J. , Binczik G. , Reindl N. J. , Seal U. S. , Tilson R. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree experiments were designed to determine optimum conditions for capacitation of Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) sperm in vitro using the zona‐free hamster egg sperm penetration assay (SPA) as a verification of capacitation. Sperm collected from a 9‐year‐old captive Siberian tiger were subjected to different in vitro washing conditions, preincubation times, and temperatures to induce capacitation. Sperm were able to penetrate zona‐free hamster ova after 2 hours preincubation at 37°C but not at time 0. Preincubation at room temperature was not sufficient to prepare sperm for fertilization. The presence of seminal plasma during the 2‐hour, 37°C preincubation did not affect the ability of tiger sperm to penetrate zona‐free hamster eggs. The SPA can provide a means for evaluation of in vitro capacitation of Siberian tiger sperm.
Descriptive accounts of the behavior of breeding and nonbreeding pairs of golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster)
Authors: Mitchell G. , Soteriou Susan , Towers Steve , Kenney Lynne , Schumer Cara 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour adult heterosexual pairs of golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) were observed at the Sacramento Zoo. The behaviors of the pairs differed with the histories of the individuals involved, degrees of swelling of the females, presence of offspring in their cages, and the nature of distractions near their enclosures. Young wild‐born adults without a nursing‐aged infant displayed sexual behavior and observer‐directed threats. Experienced wild‐born breeders with nursing‐aged infants and older juveniles showed intense interest in the sexual behavior of the young pair. These breeders displayed mild aggression, both protective and punitive, toward the juveniles and the infant living with them. Captive and abnormally behaving adults displayed self‐biting, bizarre postures, and other stress‐related behaviors as well as large amounts of visitor‐directed aggression. An experienced breeder male paired with the captive female was unable to achieve copulation. To reduce stress in these and other relatively aggressive primate species, careful attention should be paid to housing location, social history, stage of estrus, and presence of offspring.