bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seroprevalence of human T‐lymphotropic virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus in Asian American potential bone marrow donors
Authors: Sun M. , Chao K.H. , Modahl L.E. , Leoung G. , Khayam‐Bashi H. , Ng V.L. , Murphy E.L. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Asian Americans are generally underrepresented both as volunteer blood and bone marrow donors.Study Design and Methods: To investigate the risk of transfusion transmission of viruses that is associated with increasing participation by Asian American donors, antibodies to human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV), hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus in Asian American volunteers recruited as potential bone marrow donors were measured. A total of 1354 Asian Americans were enrolled in the study, of whom 54 percent were Chinese, 26 percent Japanese, 9 percent Filipino, 4 percent Korean, 3 percent Indian, and 5 percent of other Asian or mixed Asian and other ethnicity. The majority of the study population was aged 20 through 49 and of high socioeconomic status, as indicated by education and income. Viral antibodies were measured with both screening enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and supplemental testing, and polymerase chain reaction was used to resolve discrepant HTLV results.Results: Confirmed seroprevalence rates for HTLV were 0.15 percent with one manufacturer's Western blot and 0.3 percent with the other; however, no sample was positive for HTLV types I or II in polymerase chain reaction. Confirmed seroprevalence to hepatitis C virus was 0.5 percent. No subject was seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus.Conclusion: On the basis of the moderate size and high education level of this study population, it is concluded that Asian American volunteer bone marrow donors do not pose a greater risk for transmission of HTLV type I or II, human immunodeficiency virus, or hepatitis C virus than does the average American blood donor.
Detection and characterization of hepatitis C virus RNA in immune globulins
Authors: Yu M.Y. , Mason B.L. , Tankersley D.L. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was measured in immune globulins and its chemical and physical properties were characterized.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study examined 69 immune globulin lots from 7 manufacturers, including 44 intravenous and 25 intramuscular immune globulin preparations. In addition, 8 experimental intravenous immune globulin preparations were investigated. Detection and quantitation of HCV RNA were achieved by reverse transcription and nested polymerase chain reaction at limiting dilution. A multi‐antigen anti‐HCV enzyme immunoassay was also used to test these immune globulins.RESULTS: The highest level of HCV RNA was found in an experimental immune globulin lot derived from a plasma pool made up of 186 anti‐c100‐3‐reactive units. HCV RNA was detected only in 1 of 7 manufacturers' experimental intravenous immune globulin preparations derived from a pool made up of 2887 anti‐c100‐3‐negative units. It was also detected in commercial intravenous immune globulin lots prepared by the same manufacturer from source plasma, but not from recovered plasma. More than half of the commercial intramuscular immune globulin lots, including specific immune globulin products, were HCV RNA positive. All immune globulin products examined were reactive for anti‐ HCV. Certain similarities were found for HCV RNA present in an immune globulin product and plasma. Ethanol at 20 or 25 percent had no effect upon the buoyant density of HCV RNA.CONCLUSION: Many immune globulin preparations contained HCV RNA, with levels depending upon both the type of starting plasma and the manufacturing process. Exposure to ethanol did not appear to affect the physical characteristics of HCV RNA.
Lea and Leb tissue glycosphingolipids
Authors: Hauser R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The Lea and Leb antigens are synthesized by cells making exocrine secretions, but it is not well‐defined where plasma and red cell Le(a) and Le(b) antigens are made.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study uses chromatographic and immunochemical methods to extract Lea and Leb glycolipids from human tissues.RESULTS: Lea and Leb antigens may be synthesized by both epithelial and mesodermal tissues. Expression of Lewis transferase activity was demonstrated in various tissues, confirming the epistatic interaction by Le and H genes to form the Leb antigen.CONCLUSION: The Lea and Leb substances found in plasma might originate from the epithelial cells of the digestive tract.
Posttransfusion purpura‐like syndrome associated with CD36 (Naka) isoimmunization
Authors: Bierling P. , Godeau B. , Fromont P. , Bettaieb A. , Debili N. , El‐Kassar N. , Rouby J.J. , Vainchenker W. , Duedari N. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: CD36 deficiency, which could lead to CD36 isoimmunization, has been reported in the Japanese population. CD36 isoantibody has been involved in platelet transfusion refractoriness. CASE REPORT: A 50‐year‐ old woman originally from Corsica developed severe acute thrombocytopenia after massive transfusion. She was found to be CD36 deficient, and platelet immunoassays revealed a CD36 (Naka) platelet isoantibody. Although the involvement of another mechanism could not be entirely ruled out, the thrombocytopenia was attributed to posttransfusion purpura‐like syndrome. The antibody was also involved in platelet transfusion refractoriness. CD36 deficiency was present in two members of the patient's family as well. Flow cytometry studies demonstrated the absence of CD36 expression on the surface of blood monocytes and cultured erythroblasts and megakaryocytes from one of the two CD36‐deficient family members studied, but, in the absence of previous immunization, these CD36‐deficient patients were not isoimmunized. In contrast, CD36 deficiency was not found in a population of 808 healthy blood donors in the Paris, France, area.CONCLUSION: CD36 isoantibody might be involved in some cases of posttransfusion purpura and platelet transfusion refractoriness. These findings also confirm the extremely low frequency of CD36 deficiency among whites.
Large‐volume leukapheresis in pediatric patients: processing more blood diminishes the apparent magnitude of intra‐apheresis recruitment
Authors: Gorlin J.B. , Vamvakas E.C. , Cooke E. , Galacki D. , Geha R. , Humphreys D. , Kent P. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Recruitment of progenitors during a large‐volume collection, as defined by increasing relative and absolute numbers of progenitors (colony‐forming units‐granulocyte‐macrophage [CFU‐GM] of CD34+ cells), has been reported previously.Study Design and Methods: To ascertain whether intra‐apheresis recruitment occurs in pediatric patients who have undergone mobilization with chemotherapy and granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF), each hour's portion of a 4‐hour leukapheresis was collected into separate bags, and assessed by complete blood count, CFU‐GM, and CD34+ cell assays. Seven pediatric patients (median age, 7; range, 2–19) were studied in connection with 2 to 4 collections each, for a total of 21 collections (with hourly samples). The collections lasted for 4 hours, at an inlet rate of 1 to 3 mL per kg per minute, for daily processing totals of 5 to 12 blood volumes. (One blood volume [mL] is estimated by the patient's weight in kg × 70 mL/kg.) Smaller (younger) patients had inlet rates exceeding 2 mL per kg per minute, and larger (older) patients had rates of 1 to 1.5 mL per kg per minute. CFU‐GM and CD34+ cell counts obtained each hour of the collection and divided by the first hour's value were compared by nonparametric repeated‐measures ANOVA.Results: Second‐, third‐ and fourth‐hour CD34+ progenitor cell counts were arithmetically higher than first‐hour counts, but the trend did not reach significance (p = 0.1561). Second‐hour counts were higher than first‐hour counts in the overall analysis (mean ± standard error [SE], 1.00 and 1.39 ± 0.1, respectively; p = 0.0525) and in children older than 5 years (1.00 vs. 1.70 ± 0.30, respectively; p = 0.0259), but not in children younger than 5 years (p = 0.8125). CFU‐GM counts did not differ among the 4 hours of collection (p = 0.1717) or between the first and second hour (p = 0.9587).Conclusion: In larger (older) patients, from whom fewer blood volumes were collected, there is a trend toward intra‐apheresis recruitment, although less than reported previously. In the smaller (younger) patients, from whom more blood volumes were collected, no trend was observed. Lack of (or submaximal) prior mobilization in previously reported studies may have facilitated intracollection recruitment. Alternatively, the larger number of blood volumes collected from the smaller (younger) patients may have masked intra‐apheresis recruitment. The study documents the feasibility of large‐volume, 4‐hour leukapheresis in pediatric patients.
Kinetics of peripheral blood mononuclear cell mobilization with chemotherapy and/or granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor: implications for yield of hematopoietic progenitor cell collections
Authors: Webb I. J. , Eickhoff C. E. , Elias A. D. , Ayash L. J. , Wheeler C. A. , Schwartz G. N. , Demetri G. D. , Anderson K. C. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) are commonly collected and used to reconstitute hematopoiesis after high‐dose chemotherapy. However, strategies for optimal collection and assessment of leukapheresis components are not standardized.STUDY DESIGN and METHODS: Hematopoietic progenitor cell assays were performed on 369 leukapheresis components collected from 95 patients who had received doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy and/or granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Precollection patient hematologic values, leukapheresis collection values, component hematopoietic progenitor cell assays, and patient outcome measures were summarized. The kinetics of mononuclear cell (MNC) and PBPC mobilization were assessed among four patient groups.RESULTS: Patient group was a significant predictor of the peripheral blood MNC count on the day of collection (p<0.0001), and that value was a significant predictor of granulocyte‐macrophage– colony‐forming unit (CFU‐GM) yield (p<0.0001). This relationship between the peripheral blood MNC count on the day of collection and CFU‐ GM yield differed according to patient group (p<0.0001). CFU‐GM made up a larger fraction of peripheral blood MNCs collected from patients who received chemotherapy plus G‐CSF than collected from those who received G‐CSF alone. Moreover, the peripheral blood MNC count and the corresponding CFU‐GM yield increased significantly on consecutive days of collection in patient groups receiving chemotherapy and G‐CSF but were unchanged or decreased in patients receiving G‐CSF alone.CONCLUSION: The relationship between peripheral blood MNC count and leukapheresis component CFU‐GM yield differed significantly between patients who received chemotherapy and G‐CSF and those who received G‐ CSF alone for the mobilization of PBPCs. Patient peripheral blood MNC count and component CFU‐GM yield are useful for both assessing and suggesting revisions to PBPC mobilization and collection strategies.
Distribution of HIV type 1 (HIV‐1) in blood components: detection and significance of high levels of HIV‐1 associated with platelets
Authors: Lee T. H. , Stromberg R. R. , Heitman J. W. , Sawyer L. , Hanson C. V. , Busch M. P. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Although inactivation of enveloped viruses transmitted by plasma derivatives has been successful, no methods for virus inactivation or removal have been established for platelet concentrates or red cell (RBC) components. Relatively little is known regarding the extent or significance of virus interactions with the cellular constituents in these components.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Units of whole blood were collected from six HIV type 1 (HIV‐1)‐positive, asymptomatic individuals and separated into peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), cell‐free plasma, white cell‐reduced platelet concentrate, and white cell‐reduced RBCs. DNA and RNA polymerase chain reaction and virus culture methods were used to study the compartmentalization of HIV‐1 immediately after component preparation and after storage.RESULTS: As expected, HIV DNA and infectious virus were detected in fresh blood and in PBMNCs, and virion‐ associated RNA was detected in fresh plasma from all six donors. The levels of viral nucleic acids in these preparations remained relatively stable with 4 degrees C storage, whereas infectivity of PBMNCs was rapidly lost. Washed RBCs tested negative for HIV in all assays at all time points. Platelets retained high levels of HIV RNA (but not infectivity) after extensive washing, as well as after storage at 4 and 22 degrees C. High‐level platelet‐associated HIV‐1 was also demonstrated in samples collected during early seroconversion. Periseroconversion and postseroconversion levels of platelet‐associated HIV‐1 correlated with the level of plasma viremia and with the rate of progression to AIDS. Cell‐free virus from donor plasma and tissue culture fluid rapidly and firmly attached to platelets from noninfected donors. Infectivity of tissue culture virus bound to platelets was demonstrated in vitro.CONCLUSION: Significant levels of HIV‐1 are associated with platelets during all stages of infection. Platelet‐ associated HIV could either mediate virus clearance or facilitate virus dissemination and expanded tropism. Finally, virus inactivation research must address virus associations with platelets.
CD36 deficiency is frequent and can cause platelet immunization in Africans
Authors: Lee K. , Godeau B. , Fromont P. , Plonquet A. , Debili N. , Bachir D. , Reviron D. , Gourin J. , Fernandez E. , Galactéros F. , Bierling P. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: CD36 is expressed on several cell lineages. About 5 to 10 percent of Asians lack platelet membrane CD36 (pCD36), but the frequency of pCD36 deficiency in other ethnic groups is not known. Persons who are pCD36‐negative are apparently healthy but can develop CD36 isoimmunization.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The pCD36 phenotype was studied in 1885 subjects belonging either to a group of 1127 healthy French blood donors (almost all of whom were white Europeans) or to a group of 758 patients of known ethnic origin.RESULTS: No pCD36‐negative persons were found among the blood donors. Only 1 of the 301 white European patients was pCD36‐negative. In contrast, 16 of the 206 sub‐Saharan Africans was pCD36‐negative, a proportion higher than that among that black Caribbeans (1/148, p<0.01). The frequency of pCD36‐negative patients was similar in blacks with and without sickle cell disease. Monocyte CD36 (mCD36) expression was studied in 15 of 22 pCD36‐negative individuals: it was <10 percent in 7 subjects (type I deficiency) and between 12 and 100 percent in 8 others (type II deficiency). Thirteen pCD36‐negative individuals had risk factors for immunization, and 4 had anti‐CD36. Some had a history resembling posttransfusion purpura (n = 2), platelet transfusion refractoriness (n = 1), and recurrent miscarriage (n = 1). No correlation was found between immunization and the amount of mCD36. Anti‐CD36 from an immunized type II‐deficient woman reacted with monocytes from normal controls but not with monocytes from type I‐ or type II‐deficient individuals, and thus it is postulated that mCD36 could be structurally different in normal and type II CD36‐deficient individuals.CONCLUSION: CD36 deficiency is frequent in sub‐Saharan Africans; development of anti‐CD36 can lead to serious complications in multiply transfused patients, such as those with sicke cell disease.
Fresh, liquid‐preserved, and cryopreserved platelets: adhesive surface receptors and membrane procoagulant activity
Authors: Barnard M.R. , MacGregor H. , Ragno G. , Pivacek L.E. , Khuri S.F. , Michelson A.D. , Valeri C.R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A study in humans showed that the transfusion of previously frozen human platelets after cardiopulmonary bypass, despite decreased survival, resulted in better hemostatic function than that of liquid‐preserved platelets stored at 22°C for 3 to 4 days.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In this study, fresh, 3‐ to 4‐day‐old liquid‐preserved, and cryopreserved human platelets were studied by the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against p‐selectin, glycoprotein (GP)Ib, activated GPIIb/IIIa, and coagulation factor V in a three‐color flow cytometric method.RESULTS: The fresh and liquid‐preserved platelets had normal surface levels of GPIb, while the cryopreserved platelets were composed of distinct subpopulations of GPIb‐normal and GPIb‐reduced platelets. On the basis of the binding of factor V, both subpopulations of cryopreserved platelets exhibited greater surface binding of factor V than did fresh and liquid‐preserved platelets. Activated GPIIb/IIIa was elevated on GPIb‐normal platelets, but not on GPIb‐reduced platelets. Baboon platelets frozen by a procedure identical to that used to freeze human platelets also had GPIb‐normal and GPIb‐reduced subpopulations after the freezing‐thawing‐washing procedure. Autologous cryopreserved baboon platelets labeled with biotin‐X‐N‐hydroxysuccinimide showed a rapid removal of GPIb‐reduced platelets during the 5‐minute postinfusion period, whereas GPIb‐normal platelets had an in vivo recovery of 48 percent and a lifespan of slightly less than 6 days.CONCLUSIONS: Improved in vivo function of cryopreserved platelets may be related to the rapid hemostatic effect of the GPIb‐reduced subpopulation secondary to increased binding of factor V and expression of p‐selectin.
Molecular analysis of secretor type α(1,2)‐fucosyltransferase gene mutations in the Chinese and Thai populations
Authors: Chang J.G. , Yang T.Y. , Liu T.C. , Lin T.P. , Hu C.J. , Kao M.C. , Wang N.M. , Tsai F.J. , Peng C.T. , Tsai C.H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The human Lewis histo‐blood group system belongs to a family of structurally related oligosaccharides. The mutations of fucosyltransferase genes α(1,2)‐fucosyltransferase (FUT2 or Se) and α(1,3/1,4)‐fucosyltransferase (FUT3 or Le), are responsible for the polymorphism of Lewis blood group phenotypes. However, a population study of the FUT2 mutation in Chinese and Thais has not yet been done, and there is some controversy about the phenotypes of Le(a+b+) and Le(a+b‐).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: One hundred twenty‐four Chinese and 70 Thais were phenotyped for Lea and Leb. DNA samples were studied by polymerase chain reaction and then by a restriction enzyme digestion method to distinguish wild‐type and six known mutations. Direct sequencing was done for controls and some uncertain cases.RESULTS: A new mutation, C302T mutation, was found in 2 of 136 chromosomes in the Thai population; none were discovered in Chinese. The frequencies of the normal and six mutant alleles among Chinese and Thais, respectively, were as follows: 134 (54.0%) of 248 and 58 (41.4%) of 140 were wild‐type (Se); 0 of 248 and 2 of 140 (both 1.4%) had the G428A mutation; 120 (48.4%) of 248 and 75 (53.6%) of 140 had the A385T mutation; 2 (0.81%) of 248 and 0 of 140 had the C571T mutation; and 1 (0.4%) of 248 and 3 (2.2%) of 140 had the G849A mutation. Only 1 Chinese (0.4%) of 248 had the C628T mutation, and none had fusion gene mutation.CONCLUSION: The FUT2 genes encoding for the phenotypes Le(a+b+) and Le(a+b‐) are the same. The function and character of the mutant enzyme may play an important role in the phenotype. The methods used in this study are clinically applicable in population studies of the FUT2 gene polymorphism to explore relationships among different ethnic groups and correlations between phenotype and genotype.
Trends in the incidence of delayed hemolytic and delayed serologic transfusion reactions
Authors: Pineda A.A. , Vamvakas E.C. , Gorden L.D. , Winters J.L. , Moore S.B. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: An increasing incidence of delayed hemolytic and delayed serologic transfusion reactions (DHTRs/DSTRs) has been seen at the Mayo Clinic since 1978. Recently, the average length of stay (LOS) for inpatients and the average number of red cell transfusions per inpatient (TPI) decreased, and the albumin and papain technique for RBC antibody detection was replaced by a polyethylene glycol technique. These changes may have affected the incidence of DHTRs/DSTRs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The diagnoses of DHTR and DSTR made at the Mayo Clinic from 1993 through 1998 were reviewed. These data were compared with previously published Mayo Clinic data from 1980 through 1992. The LOS for inpatients and the average TPI were also obtained from hospital data.RESULTS: The incidence of DHTR/DSTR increased from 1 in 1899 in 1980 through 1992 to 1 in 1300 in the 1993 through 1998 period (p<0.05). Similarly, DSTR increased from 1 in 2990 in 1980 through 1992 to 1 in 1612 in the 1993 through 1998 period (p<0.05). The incidence of DHTR showed a trend toward decrease, from 1 in 5405 in 1980 through 1992 to 1 in 6715 in 1993 through 1998. No alloantibody specificities were statistically associated with DHTRs in 1993 through 1998, unlike in the 1980 through 1992 period. Moreover, the incidence of Jka antibodies increased in 1993 through 1998, while the incidence of other alloantibodies remained stable. Average LOS and TPI declined by 24.5 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively, between the two periods.CONCLUSION: Recently, a trend toward a decrease in the incidence of DHTR and a significant increase in DSTRs has occurred at the Mayo Clinic. These changes are most likely due to a combination of factors, including a decrease in average LOS and the adoption of the polyethylene glycol antibody detection system.
Immunoglobulin administration to fetuses with anemia due to alloimmunization to D
Authors: Ulm B. , Kirchner L. , Svolba G. , Jilma B. , Deutinger J. , Bernaschek G. , Panzer S. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine fetal tolerance of high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), given directly at the time of intravascular transfusion, and its effects on fetal hemolysis and pregnancy outcome in the setting of alloimmunization to D.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirteen consecutive D+ fetuses requiring transfusion for maternal alloimmunization received high‐dose IVIG (1.0 g/kg) and red cell transfusions. Twenty‐four previous, consecutive fetuses with maternal anti‐D served as controls. The schedules for subsequent transfusions were the same in the two groups.RESULTS: High‐dose IVIG was well tolerated by all fetuses. In the IVIG group, daily decreases in hematocrit were smaller than those in controls after the second administration of IVIG (mean hematocrit decrease, 0.72 percent/day vs. 1.45 percent/day; p = 0.007). No significant difference was found in the total number of fetal transfusions, the gestational age at delivery, the duration of neonatal intensive care, the number of neonates requiring postnatal transfusion therapy, and perinatal mortality.CONCLUSION: In this small pilot study, direct administration to fetuses of IVIG with red cell transfusions was well tolerated and appeared to have a beneficial effect on fetal hemolysis.