bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Proteins of Arabidopsis. A Multigene Family of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Johnson Kim L. , Jones Brian J. , Bacic Antony , Schultz Carolyn J. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that have, in addition to predicted AGP-like glycosylated regions, putative cell adhesion domains known as fasciclin domains. In other eukaryotes (e.g. fruitfly [Drosophila melanogaster] and humans [Homo sapiens]), fasciclin domain-containing proteins are involved in cell adhesion. There are at least 21 FLAs in the annotated Arabidopsis genome. Despite the deduced proteins having low overall similarity, sequence analysis of the fasciclin domains in Arabidopsis FLAs identified two highly conserved regions that define this motif, suggesting that the cell adhesion function is conserved. We show that FLAs precipitate with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, indicating that they share structural characteristics with AGPs. Fourteen of the FLA family members are predicted to be C-terminally substituted with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, a cleavable form of membrane anchor for proteins, indicating different FLAs may have different developmental roles. Publicly available microarray and expressed sequence tag data were used to select FLAs for further expression analysis. RNA gel blots for a number of FLAs indicate that they are likely to be important during plant development and in response to abiotic stress. FLAs 1,2, and 8 show a rapid decrease in mRNA abundance in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid. Also, the accumulation of FLA1 and FLA2 transcripts differs during callus and shoot development, indicating that the proteins may be significant in the process of competence acquisition and induction of shoot development.
An Arabidopsispex10Null Mutant Is Embryo Lethal, Implicating Peroxisomes in an Essential Role during Plant Embryogenesis
Authors: Sparkes Imogen A. , Brandizzi Federica , Slocombe Stephen P. , El-Shami Mahmoud , Hawes Chris , Baker Alison 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPeroxisomes participate in many important functions in plants, including seed reserve mobilization, photorespiration, defense against oxidative stress, and auxin and jasmonate signaling. In mammals, defects in peroxisome biogenesis result in multiple system abnormalities, severe developmental delay, and death, whereas in unicellular yeasts, peroxisomes are dispensable unless required for growth of specific substrates. PEX10 encodes an integral membrane protein required for peroxisome biogenesis in mammals and yeast. To investigate the importance of PEX10 in plants, we characterized a Ds insertion mutant in the PEX10 gene of Arabidopsis (AtPEX10). Heterozygous AtPEX10::dissociation element mutants show normal vegetative phenotypes under optimal growth conditions, but produce about 20% abnormal seeds. The embryos in the abnormal seeds are predominantly homozygous for the disruption allele. They show retarded development and some morphological abnormalities. No viable homozygous mutant plants were obtained. AtPEX10 fused to yellow fluorescent protein colocalized with green fluorescent protein-serine-lysine-leucine, a well-documented peroxisomal marker, suggesting that AtPEX10 encodes a peroxisomal protein that is essential for normal embryo development and viability.
Lipid Storage Metabolism Is Limited by the Prevailing Low Oxygen Concentrations within Developing Seeds of Oilseed Rape
Authors: Vigeolas Helene , van Dongen Joost T. , Waldeck Peter , Hühn Daniela , Geigenberger Peter 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether endogenous restrictions in oxygen supply are limiting for storage metabolism in developing oilseed rape (Brassica napus) seeds. Siliques were studied 30 d after flowering, when rapid lipid accumulation is occurring in the seeds. (a) By using microsensors, oxygen concentrations were measured within seeds and in the silique space between seeds. At ambient external oxygen (21% [v/v]) in the light, oxygen fell to 17% (v/v) between and 0.8% (v/v) within seeds. A step-wise reduction of the external oxygen concentration led within 2 h to a further decrease of internal oxygen concentrations, and a step-wise increase of the external oxygen concentration up to 60% (v/v) resulted in an increase in internal oxygen that rose to 30% (v/v) between and 8% (v/v) within seeds. (b) The increase in oxygen levels in the seeds was accompanied by a progressive increase in the levels of ATP, UTP, and the ATP to ADP and UTP to UDP ratios over the entire range from 0% to 60% (v/v) external oxygen. (c) To investigate metabolic fluxes in planta, 14C-sucrose was injected into seeds, which remained otherwise intact within their siliques. The increase in oxygen in the seeds was accompanied by a progressive increase in the rate of lipid (including triacylglycerol), protein and cell wall synthesis, and an increase in glycolytic flux over a range from sub- to superambient oxygen concentrations. In contrast to lipid synthesis, starch synthesis was not significantly increased at superambient oxygen levels. The levels of fermentation products such as lactate and glycerol-3P increased only at very low (0%-4% [v/v]) external oxygen concentrations. (d) When 14C-acetate or 14C-acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) was injected into seeds, label incorporation into triacylglycerol progressively increased over the whole range of external oxygen concentrations from 0% to 60% (v/v). (e) Stimulation of lipid synthesis was accompanied by an increase in sugar levels and a decrease in the levels of hexose-phosphates and acetyl-CoA, indicating sucrose unloading and the use of acetyl-CoA as possible regulatory sites. (f) Increased lipid synthesis was also accompanied by an increase in the maximal activities of invertase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase. (g) The developmental shift from starch to lipid storage between 15 and 45 d after flowering was accompanied by an increase in the seed energy state. (h) The results show that at ambient oxygen levels, the oxygen supply is strongly limiting for energy metabolism and biosynthetic fluxes in growing rape seeds, affecting lipid synthesis more strongly than starch synthesis. The underlying mechanisms and implications for strategies to increase yield and storage product composition in oilseed crops are discussed.
Rubisco Activase Is Required for Optimal Photosynthesis in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a Low-CO2 Atmosphere
Authors: Pollock Steve V. , Colombo Sergio L. , Prout Davey L. , Godfrey Ashley C. , Moroney James V. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
This report describes a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutant that lacks Rubisco activase (Rca). Using the Ble R (bleomycin resistance) gene as a positive selectable marker for nuclear transformation, an insertional mutagenesis screen was performed to select for cells that required a high-CO2 atmosphere for optimal growth. The DNA flanking the Ble R insert of one of the high-CO2-requiring strains was cloned using thermal asymmetric interlaced-polymerase chain reaction and inverse polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The flanking sequence matched the C. reinhardtii Rca cDNA sequence previously deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. The loss of a functional Rca in the strain was confirmed by the absence of Rca mRNA and protein. The open reading frame for Rca was cloned and expressed in pSL18, a C. reinhardtii expression vector conferring paromomycin resistance. This construct partially complemented the mutant phenotype, supporting the hypothesis that the loss of Rca was the reason the mutant grew poorly in a low-CO2 atmosphere. Sequencing of the C. reinhardtii Rca gene revealed that it contains 10 exons ranging in size from 18 to 470 bp. Low-CO2-grown rca1 cultures had a growth rate and maximum rate of photosynthesis 60% of wild-type cells. Results obtained from experiments on a cia5 rca1 double mutant also suggest that the CO2-concentrating mechanism partially compensates for the absence of an active Rca in the green alga C. reinhardtii.
Photoactivated Adenylyl Cyclase Controls Phototaxis in the Flagellate Euglena gracilis
Authors: Ntefidou Maria , Iseki Mineo , Watanabe Masakatsu , Lebert Michael , Häder Donat-Peter 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
Euglena gracilis, a unicellular freshwater protist exhibits different photomovement responses, such as phototaxis (oriented movement toward or away from the light source) and photophobic (abrupt turn in response to a rapid increase [step-up] or decrease [step-down] in the light fluence rate) responses. Photoactivated adenylyl cyclase (PAC) has been isolated from whole-cell preparations and identified by RNA interference (RNAi) to be the photoreceptor for step-up photophobic responses but not for step-down photophobic responses (M. Iseki, S. Matsunaga, A. Murakami, K. Ohno, K. Shiga, C. Yoshida, M. Sugai, T. Takahashi, T. Hori, M. Watanabe [2002] Nature 415: 1047-1051). The present study shows that knockdown of PAC by RNAi also effectively suppresses both positive and negative phototaxis, indicating for the first time that PAC or a PAC homolog is also the photoreceptor for photoorientation of wild-type E. gracilis. Recovery from RNAi occurred earlier for step-up photophobic responses than for positive and negative phototaxis. In addition, we investigated several phototaxis mutant strains of E. gracilis with different cytological features regarding the stigma and paraxonemal body (PAB; believed to be the location for the phototaxis photoreceptor) as well as Astasia longa, a close relative of E. gracilis. All of the E. gracilis mutant strains had PAC mRNAs, whereas in A. longa, a different but similar mRNA was found and designated AlPAC. Consistently, all of these strains showed no phototaxis but performed step-up photophobic responses, which were suppressed by RNAi of the PAC mRNA. The fact that some of these strains possess a cytologically altered or no PAB demonstrates that at least in these strains, the PAC photoreceptor responsible for the step-up photophobic responses is not located in the PAB.
A Genomic Analysis of the Shade Avoidance Response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Devlin Paul Francis , Yanovsky Marcelo Javier , Kay Steve A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPlants respond to the proximity of neighboring vegetation by elongating to prevent shading. Red-depleted light reflected from neighboring vegetation triggers a shade avoidance response leading to a dramatic change in plant architecture. These changes in light quality are detected by the phytochrome family of photoreceptors. We analyzed global changes in gene expression over time in wild-type, phyB mutant, and phyA phyB double mutant seedlings of Arabidopsis in response to simulated shade. Using pattern fitting software, we identified 301 genes as shade responsive with patterns of expression corresponding to one of various physiological response modes. A requirement for a consistent pattern of expression across 12 chips in this way allowed more subtle changes in gene expression to be considered meaningful. A number of previously characterized genes involved in light and hormone signaling were identified as shade responsive, as well as several putative, novel shade-specific signal transduction factors. In addition, changes in expression of genes in a range of pathways associated with elongation growth and stress responses were observed. The majority of shade-responsive genes demonstrated antagonistic regulation by phyA and phyB in response to shade following the pattern of many physiological responses. An analysis of promoter elements of genes regulated in this way identified conserved promoter motifs potentially important in shade regulation.
Host tree resistance against the polyphagous wood‐boring beetleAnoplophora glabripennis
Authors: Morewood W.D. , Hoover K. , Neiner P.R. , McNeil J.R. , Sellmer J.C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAnoplophora glabripennis(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiini) is an invasive wood‐boring beetle with an unusually broad host range and a proven ability to increase its host range as it colonizes new areas and encounters new tree species. The beetle is native to eastern Asia and has become an invasive pest in North America and Europe, stimulating interest in delineating host and non‐host tree species more clearly. When offered a choice among four species of living trees in a greenhouse, adultA. glabripennisfed more on golden‐rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculataLaxmann) and river birch (Betula nigraL.) than on London planetree (Platanus × acerifolia(Aiton) Willdenow) or callery pear (Pyrus calleryanaDecaisne). Oviposition rate was highest in golden‐rain tree, but larval mortality was also high and larval growth was slowest in this tree species. Oviposition rate was lowest in callery pear, and larvae failed to survive in this tree species, whether they eclosed from eggs laid in the trees or were manually inserted into the trees. Adult beetles feeding on callery pear had a reduced longevity and females feeding only on callery pear failed to develop any eggs. The resistance of golden‐rain tree against the larvae appears to operate primarily through the physical mechanism of abundant sap flow. The resistance of callery pear against both larvae and adults appears to operate through the chemical composition of the tree, which may include compounds that are toxic or which otherwise interfere with normal growth and development of the beetle. Unlike river birch or London planetree, both golden‐rain tree and callery pear are present in the native range ofA. glabripennisand may therefore have developed resistance to the beetle by virtue of exposure to attack during their evolutionary history.
Attraction of codling moth males to apple volatiles
Authors: Coracini Miryan , Bengtsson Marie , Liblikas Ilme , Witzgall Peter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe attraction of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, to apple volatile compounds known to elicit an antennal response was tested both in the field and in a wind tunnel. In the field, (E)‐β‐farnesene captured male moths. The addition of other apple volatiles, including (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, linalool, or (E,E)‐farnesol to (E)‐β‐farnesene did not significantly augment trap catch. Few females were caught in traps which also caught male moths, but female captures were not significantly different from blank traps. In the wind tunnel, males were attracted to (E,E)‐farnesol, but not to (E)‐β‐farnesene. The addition of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene to (E)‐β‐farnesene had a synergistic effect on male attraction. The male behavioural sequence elicited by plant volatiles, including upwind flight behaviour, was indistinguishable from the behaviour elicited by sex pheromone.
Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature
Authors: Leung M.D. Dr. Alice , Chue M. R. C. Psych. Dr. Pierre 
Published: December 2003

Objective: To comprehensively and critically review the literature on gender differences in schizophrenia. Method: An initial search of MEDLINE abstracts (1966–1999) was conducted using the terms sex or gender and schizophrenia, followed by systematic search of all relevant articles. Results: Males have consistently an earlier onset, poorer premorbid functioning and different premorbid behavioral predictors. Males show more negative symptoms and cognitive deficits, with greater structural brain and neurophysiological abnormalities. Females display more affective symptoms, auditory hallucinations and persecutory delusions with more rapid and greater responsivity to antipsychotics in the pre‐menopausal period but increased side effects. Course of illness is more favorable in females in the short‐ and middle‐term, with less smoking and substance abuse. Families of males are more critical, and expressed emotion has a greater negative impact on males. There are no clear sex differences in family history, obstetric complications, minor physical anomalies and neurological soft signs. Conclusion: This review supports the presence of significant differences between schizophrenic males and females arising from the interplay of sex hormones, neurodevelopmental and psychosocial sex differences.
On the corner of diverse/reverse globalization: the third stage of global 'urban studies'
Authors: Machimura Takashi 
Published: December 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (eds.) 2000:, Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (eds.) 2002:, Of States and Cities: The Partitioning of Urban Space.
Brief interventions for hazardous drinkers delivered in primary care are equally effective in men and women
Authors: Ballesteros Javier , González‐Pinto Asunción , Querejeta Imanol , Ariño Julen 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTBackground  Despite the accumulated evidence on the efficacy of brief interventions in hazardous drinkers some ambiguity remains regarding their differential effectiveness by gender.Methods  Meta‐analysis of independent studies conducted in primary health care settings with a follow‐up of 6–12 months which report results separately by gender. Two outcome measures were selected: the quantity of typical weekly alcohol consumption and the frequency of drinkers who reported consumption below hazardous levels after the intervention.Results  Seven studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The standardized effect  sizes  for  the  reduction  of  alcohol  consumption  were  similar  in  men  (d =− 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.34 to −0.17) and women (d = − 0.26; 95% CI = − 0.38 to − 0.13). The odds ratios (OR) for the frequency of individuals who drank below harmful levels were also similar (four studies; OR for men = 2.32; 95% CI = 1.78–2.93; OR for women = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.60–3.17). The difference between genders was negligible.Conclusion  Our results support the equality of outcomes among men and women achieved by brief interventions for hazardous alcohol consumption in primary care settings.
Different measures of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and all‐cause mortality: 11‐year follow‐up of the Whitehall II Cohort Study
Authors: Britton Annie , Marmot Michael 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the relationship between three measures of alcohol consumption obtained simultaneously in a large cohort and the validated risk of coronary heart disease and all‐cause mortality during follow‐up.Design  Prospective cohort study with median follow‐up of 11 years.Setting  The Whitehall II Cohort Study: London‐based civil service.Participants  A total of 10 308 (33% female) civil servants aged 35–55 years at baseline (1985–88).Measurements  Self‐reported volume of alcohol consumed during past week, frequency of drinking over past year, usual amount consumed per drinking session.Main outcome measures  Coronary heart disease and all‐cause mortality until 1999.Findings  A U‐shaped relationship was found between volume of alcohol consumed per week and outcome. Compared to those who drank moderately (10–80 g alcohol per week), non‐drinkers and those drinking more than 248 g per week had approximately a twofold increased risk of mortality. The optimal frequency of drinking was between once or twice a week and daily, after adjustment for average volume consumed per week. Those drinking twice a day or more had an increased risk of mortality (male hazard ratio 2.44 95% CI 1.31–4.52) compared to those drinking once or twice a week. Drinking only once a month or only on special occasions had a 50% increased risk of mortality. The usual amount consumed per drinking session was not indicative of increased health risk in this cohort.Conclusions  Epidemiological studies should collect information on frequency of drinking in addition to average volume consumed in order to inform sensible drinking advice.
‘You can’t go without a fag . . . you need it for your hash’—a qualitative exploration of smoking, cannabis and young people
Authors: Amos Amanda , Wiltshire Susan , Bostock Yvonne , Haw Sally , McNeill Ann 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the relationship between smoking tobacco and cannabis use among smokers in their mid‐to‐late teens.Design and participants  Two qualitative studies in Scotland. One study used semistructured paired interviews involving 99 16–19‐year‐old smokers, the other comprised eight focus groups involving 46 15–16‐year‐old smokers.Measurement  The interviews and focus groups explored the role and meaning of smoking in the participants’ lives, smoking histories and future cessation intentions and how these related to other aspects of their lives, particularly cannabis use.Findings  Cannabis use was regarded as an important and enjoyable aspect of many of the participants’ lives. Importantly, cannabis use and cigarette smoking were linked inextricably. Several reported how smoking joints had been a ‘gateway’ to smoking cigarettes. While most wanted to quit smoking cigarettes, cannabis use reinforced their cigarette smoking and few wanted to stop using cannabis.Conclusion  National studies need to be conducted to examine how widespread the problem identified is and tobacco control initiatives and smoking cessation treatment services need to consider urgently how to overcome the barrier that a desire on the part of young people to continue cannabis smoking poses to achieving a reduction in tobacco use.
Shape of the relapse curve and long‐term abstinence among untreated smokers
Authors: Hughes John R. , Keely Josue , Naud Shelly 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTObjective  To describe the relapse curve and rate of long‐term prolonged abstinence among smokers who try to quit without treatment.Method  Systematic literature review.Data sources  Cochrane Reviews, Dissertation Abstracts, Excerpt Medica, Medline, Psych Abstracts and US Center for Disease Control databases plus bibliographies of articles and requests of scientists.Study selection  Prospective studies of self‐quitters or studies that included a no‐treatment control group.Data extraction  Two reviewers independently extracted data in a non‐blind manner.Data synthesis  The number of studies was too small and the data too heterogeneous for meta‐analysis or other statistical techniques.Results  There is a paucity of studies reporting relapse curves of self‐quitters. The existing eight relapse curves from two studies of self‐quitters and five no‐treatment control groups indicate most relapse occurs in the first 8 days. These relapse curves were heterogeneous even when the final outcome was made similar. In terms of prolonged abstinence rates, a prior summary of 10 self‐quitting studies, two other studies of self‐quitters and three no‐treatment control groups indicate 3–5% of self‐quitters achieve prolonged abstinence for 6–12 month after a given quit attempt.Conclusions  More reports of relapse curves of self‐quitters are needed. Smoking cessation interventions should focus on the first week of abstinence. Interventions that produce abstinence rates of 5–10% may be effective. Cessation studies should report relapse curves.