bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communicating membrane surfaces used in modern nanoanalytics
Authors: Galla Hans‐Joachim , Hinz Andreas 
Published: June 2003

AbstractEin zentraler Aspekt im Leben jedes zellulären biologischen Systems ist der ständige Informationsaustausch zwischen der Außenwelt und den inneren Zellkompartimenten. Chemische Botenstoffe erreichen die zelluläre Oberfläche und binden an ihren entsprechenden membranständigen Rezeptor. Dieser durchläuft eine komformative Änderung, die dann ein chemisches oder elektrisches Signal im Innenraum der Zelle oder an der Zellmembran freisetzt. Diesem Grundprinzip folgen alle unsere Wahrnehmungssinne wie Geruch und Geschmack, aber auch Nervenreizleitung, der Sehprozess, Tastsinn oder das Hörvermögen folgen letztlich diesem Prinzip der Signaltransduktion. Das Vorbild biologische Membran mit der einzigartigen Möglichkeit der parallelen Detektion verschiedener Eingangssignale nutzt die moderne Bioanalytik. Mit nanobiotechnologischen Methoden können rezeptive Areale mit molekularer Dimension auf Festkörpern, z. B. Elektroden oder Halbleitern, aufgebracht werden. Solche sog. Biochips oder Biosensoren erlauben die spezifische Detektion von bioaktiven Substanzen in geringsten Konzentrationen. Potentiell pharmakologisch aktive Wirkstoffe können, ebenso wie die entsprechenden Rezeptoren, ermittelt werden. Anwendungen im Bereich der Genomic aber auch der Proteomic sind heute realisierbar.Wesentliche Voraussetzung für einen solchen breiten Einsatz ist aber die gezielte Herstellung der rezeptiven Oberflächen. Dazu müssen Biomoleküle (Lipide, Proteine oder Nukleinsäuren) definiert so auf die Oberfläche aufgebracht werden, dass sie sowohl im Hinblick auf Orientierung als auch laterale Organisation die Bauprinzipien der biologischen Membran als rezeptive Oberfläche nachempfinden [1]. Die physikalischen Prinzipien, die zu einer solchen organisierten Oberflächenbelegung führen, sind bekannt. Die Kombination aus Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen sowie elektrostatischer und hydrophober Wechselwirkungen bestimmen den Aufbau der organisierten Schichten [2]. Die Synthese der Bausteine und die Entwicklung neuer Techniken zu deren Aufbringung auf die sonst unspezifische Sensoroberfläche sind Herausforderungen der Nanobiotechnologie. Die Kombination aus Kenntnis der biologischen Prinzipien, chemischer Synthesefertigkeit und Entwicklung neuer hochauflösender physikalischer Methoden erlaubt schon heute die Handhabung und die Analyse einzelner Moleküle.
Kostengünstige TiN‐Schichten für tribologische Anwendungen
Authors: Strauss G. N. , Pulker H. K. , Meyer M. , Hatto P. , Davis C. , Jehn H. , Balzer M. , Misiano C. , Silipo V. , Olzi E. , Molena R. , Passareti F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractEin Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war die Adaptierung bzw. Entwicklung eines plasma unterstützten PVD Prozesses zur Herstellung von kostengünstigen TiN Schichten für tribologische Anwendungen bei Prozessdrücken bis zu 10‐1 mbar. Dabei wurde ausgehend von industriell eingesetzten PVD Prozessen, wie Plasma unterstütztes Magnetron Sputtern, Reaktives Ionenplattieren bzw. Arc‐Verdampfung, versucht, durch Prozess‐Adaptierung und Wahl geeigneter Prozessfenster, beständige und qualitativ hochwertige TiN Hartstoffschichten, selbst bei hohen Prozessdrücken, zu erzeugen. Zur qualitativen Beurteilung der verschiedenen Prozesse bei den unterschiedlichen Prozessparametern wurde neben der Schichtcharakterisierung (Schichtdickenverteilung, Morphologie, Härte, tribologische Eigenschaften) auch eine Analyse der Prozessplasmen durchgeführt und versucht die erzielten Schichteigenschaften mit den eingestellten Prozessparametern und den gemessenen Plasmaeigenschaften, wie Ionenart, Ionenstromdichte und Energieverteilung der Ionen, in Korrelation zu bringen. Die unterschiedlichen Prozesse wurden mittels eines Plasmamonitoring Systems (PPM421 von Inficon) und eines Faraday Cup Systems untersucht und die ermittelten Plasmaeigenschaften gegenüber gestellt und diskutiert. Die Untersuchungen wurden im Rahmen eines europäischen BriteEuram Projektes TIPCOAT BE‐3815/Contract BRPR‐CT97‐0397 durchgeführt.
Ramanspectroscopic Characterization of ultra‐thin nano‐protective Carbon Films for the Magnetic Storage Industry
Authors: v. Gradowski M. , Schneider H.‐H. , Jacoby B. , Ohr R. , Hilgers H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractRaman‐Spektroskopie ist eine Standard‐Methode zur strukturellen Charakterisierung ultra‐dünner (<10 nm) amorpher Kohlenstoffschichten, die als Korrosions‐ und tribologische Schutzschichten in der Magnetspeichertechnologie eingesetzt werden. Sie basiert auf der inelastischen Streuung von monochromatischem Licht an Molekülen und liefert wertvolle Informationen über die Bindungsstruktur der Schichten.Das Raman‐Spektrum amorpher Kohlenstoffe ist im wesentlichen durch zwei Schwingungsmoden (D‐ und G‐Peak) im Bereich von 1350 cm‐1 – 1600 cm‐1 gekennzeichnet, deren Position und Intensität zur Analyse der Kohlenstoffbindung verwendet werden. Bei den hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen an ultra‐dünnen Kohlenstoffschichten, die bei grünem (λgrün = 514.5 nm) und ultraviolettem (λUV = 244 nm) Laserlicht stattfanden, wurde die Abhängigkeit des G‐Peaks von der einfallenden Wellenlänge (G‐Dispersion) zur Bindungscharakterisierung ausgenutzt. Dabei bedeutet eine hohe G‐Dispersion eine starke dreidimensionale Vernetzung der Kohlenstoffschicht und einen entsprechend hohen sp3‐Gehalt.Aufgrund des Hysterese‐Effektes, der zur Folge hat, dass sich zwei Raman‐Spektren ähneln können, obgleich die jeweiligen Kohlenstoffschichten ganz verschiedene Strukturen besitzen, sind diese Informationen bei reinen Einwellenlängen‐Untersuchungen nicht zugänglich. Die hier vorgestellte Duale‐Methode umgeht den Hysterese‐Effekt und ermöglicht durch Korrelationen mit den Ergebnissen verschiedener Analyseverfahren eine qualitative Abschätzung des sp3‐Gehaltes und der Massendichte beliebiger Kohlenstoffsysteme. Darüberhinaus bietet eine ramanspektroskopische Untersuchung im UV‐Bereich die Möglichkeit einer Stickstoffquantifizierung der Schutzschichten. Hierzu dient die relative Intensität einer Bande bei 2200 cm‐1 als Maß für den Stickstoffgehalt.Der große Vorteil der Raman‐Spektroskopie ist die Schnelligkeit der Methode. Die reine Messzeit beträgt maximal 1.5 min, weshalb sie sich hervorragend als Methode zur Prozeßkontrolle und Prozessoptimierung eignet. Außerdem ist sie eine zerstörungsfreie Technik, so dass die untersuchten Magnetspeicherplatten und ‐köpfe nach einer raman‐spektroskopischen Analyse unbeschadet weiter verwendet werden können.
Optical, electrical and acoustic films deposited by the Double Ring Magnetron
Authors: Bartzsch Hagen , Frach Peter , Goedicke Klaus 
Published: June 2003

AbstractFür zahlreiche Anwendungen in Optik, Elektronik und Sensorik werden dünne dielektrische Schichten eingesetzt. Üblicherweise werden diese durch Bedampfung, aktivierte Bedampfung, HF‐Sputtern oder CVD‐Techniken hergestellt. In vorliegender Veröffentlichung wird die Abscheidung solcher Schichten durch das reaktive Puls‐Magnetron‐Sputtern dargestellt. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht nicht nur die Schichtabscheidung mit einer zehnfach höheren Rate im Vergleich zu den konventionellen Verfahren, sondern bietet wichtige neue Möglichkeiten zur Beeinflussung des Schichtwachstums. So kann die Zusammensetzung der Schicht während des Abscheideprozesses verändert und ein komplettes optisches Schichtsystem ohne Unterbrechung des Plasmaprozesses erzielt werden. Auch lässt sich der Beschuss des Substrates mit energiereichen Teilchen in weiten Grenzen durch die Pulsparameter steuern, um beispielsweise durch starken Teilchenbeschuss besonders dichte Schichten zu erzielen oder Schichten bei geringem Beschuss auf temperaturempfindlichen Substraten abzuscheiden.Anhand von Beispielen aus der Abscheidung laseroptischer Schichten, elektrischer Isolationsschichten und funktioneller Schichten für Oberflächenwellenbauelemente wird gezeigt, wie diese neuen technologischen Möglichkeiten vorteilhaft für die Herstellung innovativer Schichtsysteme eingesetzt werden. Das zur Schichtabscheidung eingesetzte Doppel‐Ring‐Magnetron ermöglicht es dabei aufgrund der Überlagerung der Schichtdickenverteilungen zweier konzentrischer Entladungen, stationär Schichten mit einer Homogenität besser als ± 1 % auf 8”‐Substraten abzuscheiden.
Mass balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de Dôme (France) in winter
Authors: Sellegri K. , Laj P. , Peron F. , Dupuy R. , Legrand M. , Preunkert S. , Putaud J.‐P. , Cachier H. , Ghermandi G. 
Published: June 2003

The size‐segregated chemical composition of aerosols was investigated during winters 2000 and 2001 at Puy de Dôme (1465 m above sea level, France), a site most of the time located in the free troposphere. Aerosols have been sampled using low‐pressure cascade impactors (Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) and Small Deposition Impactor (SDI) 13 and 12 stages) and analyzed for inorganic (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) and organic (HCOO−, CH3COO−, and C2O42−) ions, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), insoluble dust, and total mass. Under cloudy conditions, the sampling includes interstitial aerosol as well as the residue of evaporated cloud droplets. Aerosols (and residues of cloud droplets) were sampled in different air masses, which can be classified into three different categories according to their aerosol load and composition: background (BG), anthropogenic (ANT), and specific events (EV) that include advection of Saharan dust and upward transport from the polluted boundary layer to the site. On the basis of the presence or absence of coarse sea‐salt particles, a further classification permits us to distinguish air masses that have or have not been exposed to the ocean. A closed mass balance is achieved on submicron ranges (mean departure of 18.5%) for the three main air mass categories, providing a reliable description of main aerosol types in the west European free troposphere. The total aerosol mass at 50% relative humidity is close to 2.7 ± 0.6 μg m−3 in BG, 5.3 ± 1.0 μg m−3 in ANT, and 15 to 22 μg m−3 in EV air masses. The aerosol mass distribution generally exhibits two submicron modes (Acc1 at 0.2 ± 0.1 μm and Acc2 at 0.5 ± 0.2 μm geometric mean diameter (calculated for every impactor stage) and a supermicron mode (2 ± 1 μm). Aerosols exhibit a high degree of external mixing with carbonaceous (EC and OC) and ionic species associated with Acc1 and Acc2. Concentrations of light carboxylates and mineral dust never exceed 4% of the total content of analyzed compounds, except for a Saharan dust event during which the contribution of insoluble dust reaches 26% of the total aerosol mass. Depending on the sampled air mass, bulk water‐soluble inorganic species and carbonaceous material account for 25–70% and 15–60% of the total mass, respectively. The OC fraction is higher in air masses with low aerosol load (53%, 32%, and 22% for BG, ANT, and EV, respectively). Conversely, the EC fraction is enhanced from 4% in BG to 10% in ANT and 14% in EV. The inorganic fraction is more abundant in EV (55%) and ANT (60%) than in BG (40%) air masses as a result of enhanced nit	.
Affective disorders in neurological diseases: a case register‐based study
Authors: Nilsson F. M. , Kessing L. V. , Sørensen T. M. , Andersen P. K. , Bolwig T. G. 
Published: June 2003

Objective: To investigate the temporal relationships between a range of neurological diseases and affective disorders.Method: Data derived from linkage of the Danish Psychiatric Central Register and the Danish National Hospital Register. Seven cohorts with neurological index diagnoses and two control group diagnoses were followed for up to 21 years. The incidences of affective disorders in the different groups were compared with the control groups, using competing risks to consider the risk of affective disorder and the risk of death in the same analysis.Results: We found an increased incidence of affective disorders in dementia, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, stroke and intracerebral haemorrhage compared with control groups. The association was found to be the strongest for dementia and Parkinson's disease. In hospitalized patients, with incident multiple sclerosis, the incidence of affective disorder was lower than the incidence in the control groups.Conclusion: In neurological diseases there seems to be an increased incidence of affective disorders. The elevated incidence was found to be particularly high for dementia and Parkinson's disease (neurodegenerative diseases).
Effects of therapeutic doses of 131I in thyroid papillary carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulin level and negative 131I whole‐body scan: comparative study
Authors: Koh Jung‐Min , Kim Eun Sook , Ryu Jin Sook , Hong Suck Joon , Kim Won Bae , Shong Young Kee 
Published: June 2003

Summaryobjective Previous studies have shown a high rate of visualization of uptake and a decrease in serum thyroglobulin (Tg) after therapeutic doses of 131I in well‐differentiated thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulinaemia but negative diagnostic 131I whole‐body scan (DxWBS), but its therapeutic effect remains controversial. We evaluate the effect of therapeutic doses of 131I in patients with elevated thyroglobulin level but negative DxWBS.design Among papillary thyroid carcinoma patients who underwent total or near‐total thyroidectomy and remnant ablation with radioiodine during 1996 to 2000 in our hospital, the patients who showed elevated serum Tg levels and no abnormal uptake in DxWBS were selected. The selection for treatment or no treatment was decided according to the preference of the patients, considering side‐effects of therapeutic doses of 131I, and the patients were thereafter studied retrospectively.patients Sixty papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with elevated thyroglobulinaemia but negative DxWBS were included. Twenty‐eight patients were treated, and 32 were untreated.measurements We compared serum Tg levels measured at less than 3 months before the administration of therapeutic doses of 131I or DxWBS with the levels at 6–12 months after administration between two groups. Comparable data on changes in serum Tg levels during TSH suppression (Tg‐on) and those in hypothyroid phase (Tg‐off) were available in 25 and 49 patients, respectively.results Percentage decreases in both Tg‐on and Tg‐off levels of the treated group [41·2 (10·1–94·1)% and 37·0 (−176·6–88·4)%, respectively] were significantly higher than those of the untreated group [−43·6 (−180·1–7·3)% and −66·6 (−10644·2–39·1)%, respectively] (P < 0·001). The treated patients were followed‐up for 23·8 ± 19·6 months after the administration of therapeutic doses of 131I. In four cases, serum Tg levels converted to negative (< 1·0 ng/ml) both on and off T4 15–22 months after the administration of therapeutic doses of 131I, and negative serum Tg levels persisted for 24–70 months. However, negative conversion of elevated serum Tg levels was not observed in any of the untreated group. Post‐treatment WBS revealed pathologic uptake in 12 of 28 cases (42·9%).conclusions This study revealed that the administration of therapeutic doses of 131I has a therapeutic effect, at least for palliation in short‐term observation, considering the serum Tg level as an index of tumour burden, and that it can disclose previously undiagnosed lesion in some patients with differentiated thyroid cancer who show elevated thyroglobulin level but negative diagnostic 131I whole‐body scan.
Scanning electron microscopic study of the cleaning ability of chlorhexidine as a root‐canal irrigant
Authors: Yamashita J. C. , Tanomaru Filho M. , Leonardo M. R. , Rossi M. A. , Silva L. A. B. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAim  To evaluate in vitro the cleaning of root‐canal walls after irrigation with different irrigants.Methodology  A total of 36 recently extracted human teeth were divided into four experimental groups according to the irrigating solution used: saline; 2% chlorhexidine; 2.5% sodium hypochlorite; and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite + EDTA. The cleaning of the apical, middle and coronal thirds of the root canals was evaluated by scanning electron microscope examination using a 4‐point scoring system.Results  The best cleaning was obtained using 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, followed by 2.5% sodium hypochlorite only (P < 0.05), whose cleaning was similar to chlorhexidine only in the cervical third. Cleaning by saline and 2% chlorhexidine was worse than the other two groups and was similar in all thirds. Better cleaning was found in the cervical and middle thirds for all groups with the worst results in the apical third.Conclusions  The apical third of the root canals was not cleaned as well as the middle and coronal thirds. Cleaning by chlorhexidine and saline was inferior compared to the cleaning by sodium hypochlorite with and without EDTA.
Technical quality of root canal treatment in Taiwan
Authors: Chueh L.‐H. , Chen S.‐C. , Lee C.‐M. , Hsu Y.‐Y. , Pai S.‐F. , Kuo M.‐L. , Chen C.‐S. , Duh B.‐R. , Yang S.‐F. , Tung Y.‐L. , Hsiao C. K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAim  To evaluate the current technical quality of root canal treatment (RCT) in Taiwan.Methodology  A total of 1085 RCT cases, randomly selected from a large sample and representative of the Taiwanese population from April to September 2000, were evaluated by eight endodontic specialists. The qualitative evaluation of RCT cases was based on two variables: length of the root filling and density of the obturation. A root canal with both adequate filling length (the apical termination of the root filling within 2 mm of the radiographic apex) and complete obturation (no lateral or apical canal lumen visible in the apical one‐third of the root canal) was defined as having good‐quality endodontic work (GQEW). A tooth was defined as having a GQEW when all its canals were categorized as GQEW.Results  From a total of 1867 root canals, overfilling occurred in 235 (12.6%), adequate filling length in 1152 (61.7%), underfilling in 466 (25.0%) and no filling in 12 (0.6%). Of the 1867 root canals, 710 (38.0%) demonstrated complete obturation and 1157 (62%) demonstrated incomplete obturation. GQEW was found in 650 (34.8%) root canals and 329 (30.3%) teeth. The percentage of teeth with GQEW in hospital cases (38.1%) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that in private clinic cases (24.3%). In addition, the frequency of teeth with GQEW in the anterior teeth (40.4%) or in the premolars (33%) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) than that in the molars (18.4%).Conclusions  Approximately 70% of the teeth receiving RCT in Taiwan were either of inadequate filling length or sealing density.
Orascopic visualization technique for conventional and surgical endodontics
Authors: Bahcall J. , Barss J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAim  To present a technique of integrating fibre optic orascope and rod‐lens endoscope for visualization in conventional and surgical endodontic treatments.Summary  Innovative advancements in fibre optic and rod‐lens endoscope technology have allowed for the development and evolution of orascopic endodontics. The use of orascopy in conventional and surgical endodontic treatments has enabled the endodontist to become more discerning about the endodontic aetiology and the treatment procedures.Key learning points

Orascopy is a procedure that uses an orascope or a rod‐lens endoscope for visualization in the oral cavity.
An orascope is made up of fibre optics and an endoscope is made up of glass rods.
Orascopic endodontics is the use of orascopy for visualization in conventional or surgical endodontic treatment.
A 0.8 mm lens diameter, 0°, 10K fibre optic orascope and a 4 mm lens diameter, 30°, 4 cm rod‐lens endoscope are used for visualization in conventional endodontics.
The 2.7 mm lens diameter, 70°, 3 cm long rod‐lens endoscope is used for visualization in surgical endodontics.
Older men's experiences of living with severe visual impairment
Authors: Weaver Moore Linda , Miller Margaret 
Published: June 2003

Background. Little is known about how men react to their health and illness experiences. Lack of information about the lives of older men is unfortunate considering the anticipated growth of the older male sector of society and the fact that older men age differently than older women. One health‐related experience common to many older men is severe visual impairment caused by macular degeneration, a chronic eye disease that affects central vision. Understanding the health experiences of older men is imperative if nurses are to provide quality care to this growing segment of society.Aim. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the experience of severe visual impairment from the perspective of older men with macular degeneration.Method. A phenomenological approach was used to investigate the experience of severe visual impairment in eight older men with macular degeneration. Data were gathered through audiotaped interviews and analysed using a modified Giorgi method.Findings. The resultant general structural description revealed six central themes: (1) older men's lives were circumscribed by what they could and could not see and could and could not do, (2) cherishing of independence, (3) creation of strategies, (4) acknowledgment of the progression of visual impairment, (5) confrontation of uncertainties, scepticisms, and fears about their diagnosis and treatment, and (6) persistence with hope and optimism.Conclusions. A thorough nursing history and assessment must be completed, including information about the progression of the visual impairment, strategies used for living with visual loss, and presence of other health problems that may complicate life with visual impairment. Nurses must be aware that older men with macular degeneration are often sceptical about their diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, careful education and clear communication are essential.
Exploring the beliefs and experiences of potential egg share donors
Authors: Rapport Frances 
Published: June 2003

Background.  To date there are few attitudinal studies of women's experiences of egg donation, motivation to donate or their thoughts about eggs donated. Studies are predominantly discussed in terms of a specific treatment option and the ethical implications of different treatments. These studies are mainly designed by professionals working in assisted reproductive technology in line with a clinical agenda.Aim.  This study aimed to explore the beliefs and experiences of potential egg share donors using an interpretative phenomenological methodology to equip health care practitioners to deal better with patients’ needs and desires.Method.  Open‐ended interviews were conducted immediately following introductory consultations with 11 potential egg share donors from one fertility centre in the United Kingdom (UK). The sample was opportunistic. Data collection took 8 months and van Manen's interpretative phenomenological method was used.Findings.  Analysis revealed six themes of egg sharing: motherhood (the predominant theme within which all other themes could be subsumed), context, doubt, coping, exchange and empathy. Themes illustrated women's continuation with the scheme despite fears about giving away eggs, the parenting skills of recipient couples and future repercussions of positive outcomes for donor and recipient.Conclusions.  Egg sharing could be seen as a marker of hope. Buoyed up by the possibility of a successful outcome, women are prepared to undertake repetitive treatment attempts despite continued failure to conceive and knowledge of a slim chance of a positive outcome. Implications for practice, policy and ethics result in recommendations for more in‐depth interview work by independent researchers to gain a clearer picture of women's responses to reproductive technologies and the development of services in line with patient need and individual expectation.