bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dipeptidase activity in the small intestinal mucosa during pregnancy and lactation in the rat
Authors: Rolls B. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Rats were mated and at weekly intervals during pregnancy and lactation, and after weaning, the dipeptidase activity in the supernatant fraction from small intestinal mucosa extracts was determined for two dipeptides: glycyl–L-leucine dipeptidase (EC 3.4.3.2) and L-alanyl–L-glutamic acid dipeptidase.2. Dipeptidase activity is found mainly in the soluble (supernantant) fraction of the mucosa homogenate.3. Compared with those values obtained for unmated controls, the food consumption of the animals and the nitrogen content, total and specific activities of the dipeptidases (per unit quantity of N) in the soluble fraction of the small intestinal mucosa extracts increased slightly during pregnancy and markedly during lactation. After the pups were weaned, values for all these measurements fell rapidly.4. Whether the increases found in enzyme activity were simply a response to increased food intake or were the result of hormonal stimulus is discussed.
Effects upon glucose metabolism of feeding a low-or high-roughage diet at two levels of intake to sheep
Authors: Evans Essi , Buchanan-Smith J. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. To determine the effect of diet and level of energy intake on glucose metabolism in sheep, four dietary treatments consisting of feeding a low-roughage (LR) and a high-roughage (HR) diet at each of two intake levels estimated to provide 586 and 1172 kJ (140 and 280 kcal) digestible energy (DE)/kg body-weight0·75 per d were given to each of eight yearling rams in four different time periods each of 4 weeks duration. Both diets contained 140 g crude protein/ kg using ground maize, mixed hay and soya-bean meal and were given in two meals/d. Estimated DE values of food were verified during the study and actual intakes of DE were within 9·5% of the estimated values.2. To study glucose metabolism, a single intravenous injection of [2-3H]glucose and subsequent withdrawal of nine venous blood samples within 3 h were made in each experiment. Two experiments were conducted on consecutive days for each sheep on each dietary treatment.3. Coefficients of determination (r2) for linear regressions to measure the effect of time after a single injection of [2-3H]glucose on log specific radioactivity of plasma glucose were calculated for fifty-eight experiments. In fifty-six of the experiments, r2 values exceeding 0·95 were obtained.4. Compared to the HR diet, the LR diet increased (P < 0·05) the pool size and decreased (P < 0·05) the half-life of glucose. At both intake levels, the LR diet increased (P < 0·05) the plasma concentration and the entry rate of glucose compared to the HR diet but interaction (P < 0·05) between diet and intake level was attributed to a greater difference obtained between diets at the higher compared to the lower level of food intake. Increasing the level of intake caused a greater (P < 0·05) pool size and space, and a shorter (P < 0·05) half-life of glucose.5. It was concluded that substitution of roughage by concentrate in a ruminant's diet may increase the rate of glucose entry during a short time period after eating.
The effect of raw soya bean on in vitro active and passive accumulation by rat small intestine
Authors: Pope H. O. , Patten J. R. , Lawrence A. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Sections of small intestine from rats given raw-soya-bean (RS) diets had a decreased capacity to actively accumulate L-methionine when compared to those taken from rats given heated soya bean (HS), and casein-fed controls. The extent of the reduction was small in comparison with pair-fed animals, but was statistically significant in comparison with rats restricted to the same weight gain as the RS group2. The differences in the passive uptake of D-mannitol appear to be directly related to differences in gut thickness between the control and RS groups3. Values for water movement and intestinal transmural potentials further support the results found in the active accumulation studies4. From this study it was concluded that the degree of starvation directly affects the magnitude of the effect of RS diets when comparisons are made against adequately fed controls.
Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency during late gestation on brain N-acetylneuraminic acid metabolism and behaviour in the progeny
Authors: Morgan Brian L. G. , Oppenheimer John , Winick Myron 
Published: May 2005

1. Rat dams given a diet containing 100 g maize oil/kg for approximately 2 weeks before mating and during the first 14 d of gestation, were given the same diet or one containing 100 g hydrogenated coconut oil/kg (essential fatty acid (EFA)-deficient) in place of maize oil until parturition. After parturition the dams were given the same diets and all progeny were weaned to the maize oil diet at 21 d of age. Brain N-acetylneurammic acid (NeuNAc) content as well as neuraminidase (sialidase; (EC3.2.1.18)) and cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CMP-NeuNAc synthetase) activities were measured at days, 7, 14, 21 and 168 in the progeny. Y-maze learning was measured at 168 d.2. Brain weight was independent of dietary fat at all ages.3. Lack of EFA in the maternal diet during gestation and lactation depressed ganglioside and glycoprotein NeuNAc levels and the activities of sialidase and CMP-NeuNAc synthetase.4. Maternal dietary deprivation of EFA irreversibly impaired learning behaviour of the progeny. A relationship exists between early exposure to EFA deficiency and learning potential of the progeny.
The effect of guar gum on the viscosity of the gastrointestinal contents and on glucose uptake from the perfused jejunum in the rat
Authors: Blackburn N. A. , Johnson I. T. 
Published: May 2005

1. Male Wistar rats were meal-fed for at least 10d a control semi-synthetic diet containing no guar gum, or one of three similar test diets containing 3, 10 or 20 g dry guar gum/kg.2. Rats were killed 6 h after feeding, and contents of stomach, small and large intestine were collected separately. The apparent viscosities of stomach and smalt intestine contents from animals fed on diets containing 10 and 20 g guar gum/kg were increased relative to control animals, but large intestine contents were unchanged3. In the second part of this study, male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and two consecutive lengths of jejunum were perfused, initially with Ringer only (control) or Ringer plus 5 or 6g guar gum/1 (test). Following this pre-perfusion, both segments were perfused with Ringer containing glucose (10 mM), [3H]glucose and [14C]inulin, and the rate of glucose absorption was determined4. The rate of glucose absorption was decreased relative to control values in segments pre-perfused with both 5 and 6g guar gum/I solution, but this reduction was significant only in the instance of the 6g/l solution (P< 0.001)5. These results provide evidence to support previous assumptions that ingestion of guar gum will increase the apparent viscosity of the contents of the stomach and small intestine. We propose that a possible mechanism by which guar reduces post-prandial glycaemia is a reduction of glucose absorption from the smali intestine, resulting from an increase in viscosity of the contents
High-fibre and low-fat diets in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dodson P. M. , Stocks J. , Holdsworth G. , Galton D. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Eight insulin-dependent and eight insulin-independent diabetic patients and twenty-eight non-diabetic essential hypertensive patients were given a high-fibre, high-unrefined carbohydrate and low-fat diet for 3 months duration.2. The effects of this dietary regimen on the patients' fasting blood glucose, hypoglycaemic therapy and weight was observed.3. Fasting lipid profiles were obtained before and after 3 months on the dietary regimen, and total serum lipids and lipoprotein fractions were analysed.4. The insulin-dependent and insulin-independent diabetic patients showed a reduction in hypoglycaemic therapy, with no significant change in fasting blood glucose. The insulin-independent and non-diabetic groups both showed significant weight loss.5. The three groups of patients showed a significant reduction in cardiovascular risk factors with either an elevation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol or a fall in low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and a reduction in the total cholesterol: HDL-cholesterol value.
The effect of grinding and pelleting on the digestion of Italian ryegrass and timothy by sheep
Authors: Beever D. E. , Osbourn D. F. , Cammell S. B. , Terry R. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Primary growths of Italian ryegrass and timothy were harvested in late May, high-temperature dried and either retained in the chopped form or ground through a 2 mm sieve and pelleted. All diets were fed to four sheep fitted with re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and measurements of the sites of energy and protein digestion and the synthesis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and microbial protein were made.2. Grinding and pelleting significantly reduced rumen digestion of organic matter and structural carbohydrate(P< 0·05) and the synthesis of rumen VFA (P< 0·01), whilst significantly more digestion occurred in the hind gut, although this was not sufficient to prevent a decline in over-all digestibility on the pelleted diets (P< 0·05). The magnitude of all responses was much larger on the Italian ryegrass diet.3. Net microbial protein synthesis was 15% less on the pelleted diets but efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was unaffected (mean 188g/kg rumen digested organic matter). Pelleting reduced the degradation of dietary protein from 69% to 47%, and dietary protein represented significantly more of the total protein flowing to the duodenum on the pelleted diets (chopped 28%, pelleted 41%).4. Over-all, grinding and pelleting reduced total absorbed energy supply by 10% but increased absorbed protein supply by 1 5% which may contribute to some of the improvements seen, in the net energy value of pelleted dlets.
Kinetics of large ciliate protozoa in the rumen of cattle given sugar cane diets
Authors: Leng R. A. , Gill M. , Kempton T. J. , Rowe J. B. , Nolan J. V. , Stachiw S. J. , Preston T. R. 
Published: May 2005

1. Experiments were undertaken to examine the kinetics of large ciliate protozoa in the rumen of cattle on sugar-cane diets.2. Three Zebu bulls were fed once daily on a diet of sugar cane and wheat bran. The diurnal patterns of volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentrations, and the numbers of protozoa in rumen fluid were determined. The numbers of protozoa reached values of 5 × 104/ml for holotrichs (large ciliates) mainlyIsoirichaandDasytrichaspp and 4 × 105for smaller protozoa, mainiyEntodinia(small ciliates)3. A method was developed which allowed large ciliate protozoa in rumen fluid to be separated from plant material and bacteria and concentrated in a relatively uncontaminated form. Analysis of these protozoa indicated that 1.8 × 105large ciliates contained 1 mg nitrogen and approximately 32 mg dry matter4. A labelled preparation consisting mainly of large ciliates (principallyIsotrichaspp.) was obtained by incubating isolated protozoa in rumen fluid (free of plant materials) containing [14C-methyl]choline and then isolating them by sedimentation and differential centrifugation5. A portion of the preparation containing labelled protozoa was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid to determine the turnover of14C-labelled metabolites. There was no apparent dilution of the label in the protozoa over a 22 h period6. A major portion of the preparation containing labelled protozoa was returned to the rumen of each of the donor cattle as a single injection. The specific radioactivity in the large protozoa (μCi/mg N) was monitored frequently for over 30 h, and thereafter daily for a further 12 d. The kinetics of tracer dilution were analyzed to give estimates of the size of the pool of these large ciliates in the rumen (24–46 g N), and of their apparent rate of turnover7. In contrast to the slow turnover of the large ciliates, the rate of turnover of the rumen fluid pool (approximately 54 l), estimated from the rate of dilution of polyethylene glycol, was considerably faster. Large ciliates were therefore selectively retained within the rumen
Intrinsic labelling of chicken meat with stable isotopes of zinc, for intended use in human feeding studies: feasibility and design considerations
Authors: Janghorbani Morteza , Ting Bill T. G. , Young Vernon R. , Steinke Fred H. 
Published: May 2005

1. The feasibility of intrinsically labelling poultry meat with the stable isotopes 68Zn and 70Zn was investigated.2. Chickens (I-d-old) were gavaged with solutions of 68Zn and 70Zn several times over a 42 d period.3. Isotopic analysis of edible tissues has shown that they were significantly enriched with respect to the gavaged isotope and that the extent of isotopic enrichment achieved was sufficient to permit their use in human feeding experiments designed to investigate availability of native Zn from such food models.4. The absolute efficiency of retention of the stable isotopes from gavage solutions in the edible tissues has been calculated to be 2–3%.of the administered dose; methods have been suggested to enhance this value, based on considerations of utilization of dietary Zn.
Adverse reactions to foods
Authors: Bender A. E. , Matthews Diana R. 
Published: May 2005

1. One thousand individuals were asked whether they avoided any foods. Of the 560 replies 33% stated that they avoided one or more foods because they caused ‘unpleasant physiological reactions’.2. Adverse reactions to one of thirteen foods were reported by 1–4% of the respondents and it is suggested that this number might be regarded as a standard with which to compare reactions to novel foodstuffs. A total of sixty-seven foods were specifically mentioned as a cause of an adverse reaction.
The ingestion of sow's faeces by suckling piglets
Authors: Sansom B. F. , Gleed P. T. 
Published: May 2005

1. Six sows were housed in solid-floored farrowing pens and fed daily with approximately 200 μCi 198Au, three of them from 3 d before farrowing until their piglets were 10 d old and three from 10 d after farrowing until their piglets were weaned at 21 d.2. The sows' faeces and sawdust bedding became radioactive but their milk remained free of radioactivity. The piglets' radioactivity was measured daily in a whole-body counter after they had been washed to remove external contamination.3. The piglets' mean whole-body radioactivity was equivalent to 20·9 ± 2·5 g (range 5·7–85 g) of faeces and bedding. If the average passage time of the digesta through the gastrointestinal tract is assumed to be 24 h these values are equal to the average daily intake of faeces and bedding by the piglets.4. This intake of faeces could possibly prevent the piglets becoming anaemic if the sow's diet were supplemented with iron to increase the Fe concentration of her faeces to approximately 2 mg Fe/g fresh faeces.
Intravenous administration of thiomolybdate for the prevention and treatment of chronic copper poisoning in sheep
Authors: Gooneratne S. R. , Howell J. McC , Gawthorne J. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Twenty-six sheep were used in experiments designed to test the effectiveness of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate in the prevention and treatment of chronic copper poisoning.2. Intravenous injections of 100 mg ammonium tetrathiomolybdate twice weekly (a) prevented the occurrence of haemolytic crisis in sheep repeatedly dosed with copper sulphate and (b) minimized tissue damage and prevented further haemolytic crisis when given to sheep already in haemolysis.3. Thiomolybdate prevented excessive depostion of Cu in the liver of sheep receiving orally large amounts of Cu and decreased liver Cu levels in sheep that were not given additional Cu. In the latter sheep, 50 mg ammonium tetrathiomolybdate given twice weekly did not produce histologically-detectable tissue damage even though liver and kidneys contained high levels of molybdenum, and kidneys contained elevated levels of Cu.4. It is concluded that chronic Cu poisoning can be successfully prevented or treated by intravenous injection of appropriate doses of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate.
Neonatal diarrhoea in calves given milk-substitutes differing in fat source and fed by different procedures
Authors: Abe M. , Takase O. , Shibui H. , Iriki T. 
Published: May 2005

1. The incidence of diarrhoea, digestibilities of nutrients and the faecal bacterial flora were compared among three groups of Holstein male calves up to 3 weeks of age. Two groups of four calves were given a milk-substitute containing tallow by nipple-pail (group TN) and by open-bucket (group TB). The third group of four calves was nipple-fed a milk-substitute containing soya-bean oil (group SN). Each of the milk-substitutes contained approximately 300 g milk-protein and 100 g fat/kg dry matter (DM).2. Mean faecal DM contents (g/kg) were 217, 185 and 112 for groups TN, TB and SN respectively and the corresponding pH values were 7·21, 7·00 and 6·50. The difference between groups TN and SN was statistically significant (P < 0·05).3. No difference was observed between groups TN and SN in the apparent digestibilities of DM, crude protein (CP; nitrogen × 6·25), diethyl ether extract (EE) and total reducing sugars. But in the group TB, the digestibility of EE was significantly lower (P < 0·05), and that of CP tended to be, though not significantly, lower than in the other two groups.4. Bacterial flora in faeces showed considerably wide quantitative variations among individual calves, but there was a tendency for increased viable counts of Lactobacilli in faeces of group SN.5. The present results suggested that an appreciable difference in the mechanism would exist between diarrhoea occurring when milk-substitute was offered by bucket and when highly-unsaturated vegetable oils were contained in it. Possible mechanisms were also discussed.
Bilateral Femoral Neuropathy Complicating Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Nicolle Michael , Doherty Timothy , Algahtani Hussein 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Simultaneous bilateral femoral neuropathies are uncommon and are usually seen as a consequence of pelvic surgery or related to pregnancy. This report describes the case of a young man with rhabdomyolysis after a drug-induced coma, which led to intramuscular dystrophic calcification and compression of the femoral nerves. Acute dystrophic calcification has been documented in the setting of rhabdomyolysis with renal failure. This is the first reported case of a compressive neuropathy occurring as a result of such dystrophic calcification.
Altered Expression of Costimulatory Molecules in Patients With Polymyositis
Authors: Takamure Miwa , Murata Ken-ya , Sugie Kazuma , Ueno Satoshi 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Objective:
The objective of this study was to characterize the involvement of costimulatory molecules in patients with polymyositis (PM).

Methods:
A multiparameter flow cytometry analysis was used to identify peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) subsets expressing CD8, CD4, and CD28 in 14 patients with PM, 10 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and 10 healthy controls. Patients with PM were divided into the following 2 groups: patients with untreated active PM and patients with posttreated inactive PM.

Results:
The percentage of CD8+CD28+/CD8+ T cells and the absolute number of CD8+CD28+ double-positive T cells was significantly lower in the 9 patients with untreated active PM than in the 5 patients with posttreated inactive PM, the 10 patients with DMD, and the 10 healthy controls.

Conclusions:
Our results show that the CD28 pathway plays a role in PM and that CD8+CD28+ subsets of PBMNC may represent a useful biomarker of patients with PM.
Enhancement of Contralateral Ptosis on Passively Holding an Eyelid in Mitochondrial Myopathy Resembling Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Owens William E , Gupta Devanshi , Bertorini Tulio 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Ptosis has long been recognized as a presenting sign of myasthenia gravis, and the appearance of ptosis or increasing ptosis with passive lid elevation of opposite eye is a useful bedside diagnostic test for this disease. We describe a patient whose ptosis worsened in either eye when the examiner passively held the opposite eyelid. She was initially thought to have myasthenia gravis, but ultimately it was discovered her ocular findings were caused by a mitochondrial myopathy.
Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Bromberg Mark B 
Published: May 2005

Abstract

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are rare causes of muscle weakness and may be difficult to diagnose and manage. The traditional classification of polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) has been expanded to include inclusion body myositis (IBM) and several other types as our knowledge of underlying immunopathologic mechanisms, specific antibodies, and clinical features has advanced. This has led to several modified and new classification systems and also to controversies over specific criteria required to make diagnoses of the several forms of inflammatory myopathies. The clinical response to treatment of PM and DM has been largely empiric, and IBM has proven to be refractory. There are efforts to formalize objective measures of treatment response to aid future randomized, controlled trials. This article reviews new information in the field of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies from the neurologic clinical perspective.
Arabidopsis thickvein Mutation Affects Vein Thickness and Organ Vascularization, and Resides in a Provascular Cell-Specific Spermine Synthase Involved in Vein Definition and in Polar Auxin Transport
Authors: Clay Nicole K. , Nelson Timothy 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Polar auxin transport has been implicated in the induction of vascular tissue and in the definition of vein positions. Leaves treated with chemical inhibitors of polar auxin transport exhibited vascular phenotypes that include increased vein thickness and vascularization. We describe a recessive mutant, thickvein (tkv), which develops thicker veins in leaves and in inflorescence stems. The increased vein thickness is attributable to an increased number of vascular cells. Mutant plants have smaller leaves and shorter inflorescence stems, and this reduction in organ size and height is accompanied by an increase in organ vascularization, which appears to be attributable to an increase in the recruitment of cells into veins. Furthermore, although floral development is normal, auxin transport in the inflorescence stem is significantly reduced in the mutant, suggesting that the defect in auxin transport is responsible for the vascular phenotypes. In the primary root, the veins appear morphologically normal, but root growth in the tkv mutant is hypersensitive to exogenous cytokinin. The tkv mutation was found to reside in the ACL5 gene, which encodes a spermine synthase and whose expression is specific to provascular cells. We propose that ACL5/TKV is involved in vein definition (defining the boundaries between veins and nonvein regions) and in polar auxin transport, and that polyamines are involved in this process.