bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reversible Gas Adsorption in Coated Wall Flow Tube Reactors. Model Simulations for Langmuir Kinetics
Authors: Behr P. , Terziyski A. , Zellner R. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A kinetic model has been developed to simulate reversible gas adsorption in coated wall flow tube reactors (CWFTs). The motivation of this work is to provide the theoretical framework for modelling studies in support of the results obtained from CWFT studies on the adsorption and desorption behaviour of atmospheric trace gases on ice surfaces at temperatures relevant to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (190–230 K). The model consists of an axial sequence of individual flow tube sections of equal volumes in which the gas phase is homogeneously mixed and interactions with the coated wall occur by adsoption and desorption exclusively. The adsorption rate is assumed to be kinetically controlled and not to be transport limited. Moreover, chemical reactions are not considered. Simulations have been performed for the temporal behaviour of the gas phase concentration at the exit of the flow tube as a function of laboratory time for typical operation procedures of CWFTs with moveable injectors i.e. (i) instantaneous injection of the gas, (ii) instantaneous termination of the gas flow and (iii) movements of the injector with constant velocities. It is found that the temporal profiles show complex behaviours due to the overlap of adsorption and desorption upon successive exposure of the gas to different length of the ice surface. The validity of the model is demonstrated for the adsorption of acetone on an ice surface at 200 K as a case study.
The Influence of St. John's Wort on the Pharmacokinetics and Protein Binding of Imatinib Mesylate
Authors: Smith Patrick , Bullock Julie M. , Booker Brent M. , Haas Curtis E. , Berenson Charles S. , Jusko William J. 
Published: October 2004

Study Objective. To determine the effect of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib mesylate.Design. Open‐label, complete crossover, fixed‐sequence, pharmacokinetic study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Ten healthy adult volunteers.Intervention. Single 400‐mg oral doses of imatinib were administered before and after 2 weeks of treatment with St. John's wort 300 mg 3 times/day.Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics of imatinib were significantly altered by St. John's wort, with reductions of 32% in the median area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (p=0.0001), 29% in maximum observed concentration (p=0.005), and 21% in half‐life (p=0.0001). Protein binding ranged from 97.7–90.3% (mean 94.9%), was concentration independent, and was not altered by St. John's wort. Therapeutic outcomes of imatinib have been shown to correlate with both dose and drug concentrations.Conclusion. Coadministration of imatinib with St. John's wort may compromise imatinib's clinical efficacy.
Frequency of New‐Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Use of Antipsychotic Drugs Among Central Texas Veterans
Authors: Barner Jamie C. , Worchel Jason , Yang Min 
Published: October 2004

Study Objectives. To determine whether the frequency of new‐onset diabetes mellitus differs between patients taking atypical antipsychotic agents and those taking typical agents, whether the frequency of new‐onset diabetes differs among those taking the atypical antipsychotic agents, and what clinical and demographic factors influence the occurrence of new‐onset diabetes.Design. Retrospective analysis.Setting. Central Texas Veterans Health Care System.Patients. Continuously enrolled adult (≥ 18 yrs) patients with no previous (6 mo) antipsychotic use and no history (previous 1 yr) of diabetes.Measurements and Main Results. Data from the Central Texas Veterans Health Care System were extracted from September 1995—November 2002. Clinical and demographic factors used in the analysis were antipsychotic agent taken, body mass index, diabetes‐related risk factors, type of mental health comorbidity, age, sex, and race. Among those who met the inclusion criteria (3469 patients), χ2 analyses revealed no significant difference in the frequency of diabetes between the typical and atypical groups (p=0.5553) or among those taking atypical agents (p=0.6520). Multivariate logistic regression (1587 patients) revealed that increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.213, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.016–1.447, p=0.0324), nonwhite race (OR 1.761, 95% CI 1.174–2.640, p=0.0062), and hyperlipidemia (OR 1.606, 95% CI 1.064–2.425, p=0.0242) were significantly related to new‐onset diabetes.Conclusions. Among veterans taking antipsychotic agents, no difference was noted in the frequency of diabetes between patients who took typical agents and those who took atypical agents. After controlling for demographic and clinical variables, still no significant difference was noted among the agents. The main factors (increasing age, nonwhite race, and hyperlipidemia) related to new‐onset diabetes were those that are typically associated with the disease.
Heart rate and blood pressure responses to a competitive role‐playing game
Authors: Ricarte J. , Salvador A. , Costa R. , Torres M.J. , Subirats M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe effects of the outcome of competitive encounters on physiological parameters have been studied, especially testosterone levels, but hardly on other systems that, however, present a high sensitivity to stress. This study assessed the effect of a competitive game on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in a sample of university students. In addition, the influence of anxiety and attributions of the outcome was also explored. Only winners significantly showed a rise in HR during the competition followed by a decrease along the posttask phase in addition to more internal attributions. On the contrary, the average HR for losers during the competition was lower compared with their baseline values. No differences depending on the outcome were found in BP. The cardiovascular response as well as the subjective interpretation of the outcome suggest a more active strategy employed by winners vs. a more passive strategy of losers. Future studies should specifically investigate the importance of coping strategies for psychophysiological adaptation to contests and for the outcome reached. This would permit an advance in the understanding of the role of individual differences in the processes of stress and in associated diseases. Aggr. Behav. 27:351–359, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiaggressive and motor effects of the DA release inhibitor CGS 10746B
Authors: Felip C.M. , Rodríguez‐Arias M. , Aguilar M.A. , Miñarro J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn the present study the effects of a wide range of doses of the dopamine release inhibitor CGS 10746B were evaluated in spontaneous activity and in aggressive behaviour using the paradigm of isolation‐induced aggression. The two higher doses (8 and 16 mg/kg) produced a decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Antiaggressive effects were observed after administration of doses from 4 mg/kg upwards. At this dose, CGS 10746B diminished threat and attack, and although an increase in immobility was observed, no impairment of other motor behaviours was presented. With higher doses, aggression was practically abolished but with a concomitant effect on many other behaviours. When animals were separated depending on their latency of attack, those that showed a long attack latency (LAL) presented a stronger response to 4 mg/kg than those that had a short attack latency (SAL), which were not affected in their aggression by this dose. We can conclude that presynaptic dopamine function is necessary for the normal expression of aggressive behaviours, since CGS 10746B reduces aggression at doses that do not affect spontaneous motor activity. Aggr. Behav. 27:382–390, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proactive and reactive aggression among school bullies, victims, and bully‐victims
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Nieminen Eija 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBullies, victims, bully‐victims, and control children were identified from a sample of 1062 children (530 girls and 532 boys), aged 10 to 12 years, participating in the study. Their reactive and proactive aggression was measured by means of peer and teacher reports. Peer and teacher reports were more concordant with respect to reactive than proactive aggression. Comparing the children in different bullying roles in terms of their reactive and proactive aggression, bully‐victims were found to be the most aggressive group of all. For this group, it was typical to be highly aggressive both reactively and proactively. Although bullies were significantly less aggressive than bully‐victims, they scored higher than victims and controls on both reactive and proactive aggression. However, observations at the person level, i.e., cross‐tabulational analyses, indicated that bullies were not only overrepresented among children who were both reactively and procatively aggressive but also among the only reactively aggressive as well as the only proactively aggressive groups. Victims scored higher than control children on reactive aggression, but they were not proactively aggressive. Furthermore, even their reactive aggression was at a significantly lower level than that of bullies and bully‐victims. Aggr. Behav. 28:30–44, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Col2‐GFP reporter mouse—A new tool to study skeletal development
Authors: Cho Jae Y. , Grant T. Dawn , Lunstrum Gregory P. , Horton William A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTransgenic mice were generated that harbor a Col2‐GFP reporter that marks chondrocytes and their immediate precursors during skeletal development. Cells engaged in chondrogenesis were identified by conventional fluorescence microscopy and confocal optical sectioning within their native environments in live embryos and in thick tissue slices. The use of these mice offers a novel approach for studying the role of chondrocytes in skeletal development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between schizophrenia and the phospholipase‐A2 genes cPLA2 and sPLA2
Authors: Frieboes Ralf M. , Moises Hans W. , Gattaz Wagner F. , Yang Liu , Li Tao , Liu Xiehe , Vetter Peter , Macciardi Fabio , Hwu Hai G. , Henn Fritz 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe well‐established role of genetic factors in the etiology of schizophrenia together with reports of allelic association with cPLA2, a phospholipase‐A2 gene, a reported increase of phospholipase‐A2 activity, and the phospholipase‐A2 hypothesis of Horrobin et al. [1995: Med Hypotheses 45:605–613] strongly support cPLA2 (PLA2G4A) and sPLA2 (PLA2G1B) as candidate genes for schizophrenia. In search for allelic association between these phospholipase‐A2 genes and schizophrenia, two samples of Chinese and European origins, in total 328 unrelated schizophrenic patients and their parents, were investigated using Falk and Rubinstein's haplotype relative risk method. Both genes showed marginally significant evidence for association in the total sample (P ≤ 0.05), which, however, did not survive the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. In conclusion, our results do not provide support for the phospholipase‐A2 hypothesis of schizophrenia. Additional studies will be necessary to rule out a possible confounding effect of niacin sensitivity as postulated by Hudson et al. [1999: Biol Psychiatr 46:401–405]. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone
Authors: Bruzek Jaroslav 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new visual method for the determination of sex using the human hip bone (os coxae) is proposed, based on a revision of several previous approaches which scored isolated characters of this bone. The efficacy of the methodology is tested on a sample of 402 adults of known sex and age of French and Portuguese origins. With the simultaneous use of five characters of the hip bone, it is possible to provide a correct sexual diagnosis in 95% of all cases, with an error of 2% and an inability to identify sex in only 3%. The advantage of this new method is a reduction in observer subjectivity, since the evaluation procedure cannot involve any anticipation of the result. In addition, this method of sex determination increases the probability of a correct diagnosis with isolated fragments of the hip bone, provided that a combination of elements of one character is found to be typically male or female. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:157–168, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Masticatory form and function in the african apes
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study examines variability in masticatory morphology as a function of dietary preference among the African apes. The African apes differ in the degree to which they consume leaves and other fibrous vegetation.Gorilla gorilla beringei, the eastern mountain gorilla, consumes the most restricted diet comprised of mechanically resistant foods such as leaves, pith, bark, and bamboo.Gorilla gorilla gorilla, the western lowland gorilla subspecies, consumes leaves and other terrestrial herbaceous vegetation (THV) but also consumes a fair amount of ripe, fleshy fruit. In contrast to gorillas, chimpanzees are frugivores and rely on vegetation primarily as fallback foods. However, there has been a long‐standing debate regarding whetherPan paniscus, the pygmy chimpanzee (or bonobo), consumes greater quantities of THV as compared toPan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee. Because consumption of resistant foods involves more daily chewing cycles and may require larger average bite force, the mechanical demands placed on the masticatory system are expected to be greater in folivores as compared to primates that consume large quantities of fleshy fruit. Therefore, more folivorous taxa are predicted to exhibit features that improve load‐resistance capabilities and increase force production.To test this hypothesis, jaw and skull dimensions were compared in ontogenetic series ofG. g. beringei,G. g. gorilla,P. t. troglodytes, andP. paniscus. Controlling for the influence of allometry, results show that compared to both chimpanzees and bonobos, gorillas exhibit some features of the jaw complex that are suggestive of improved masticatory efficiency. For example, compared to all other taxa,G. g. beringeihas a significantly wider mandibular corpus and symphysis, larger area for the masseter muscle, higher mandibular ramus, and higher mandibular condyle relative to the occlusal plane of the mandible. However, the significantly wider mandibular symphysis may be an architectural response to increasing symphyseal curvature with interspecific increase in size. Moreover,GorillaandPando not vary consistently in all features, and some differences run counter to predictions based on dietary variation. Thus, the morphological responses are not entirely consonant with predictions based on hypothesized loading regimes. Finally, despite morphological differences between bonobos and chimpanzees, there is no systematic pattern of differentiation that can be clearly linked to differences in diet. Results indicate that while some features may be linked to differences in diet among the African apes, diet alone cannot account for the patterns of morphological variation demonstrated in this study. Allometric constraints and dental development also appear to play a role in morphological differentiation among the African apes. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:133–156, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental and general health in a population of wild ring‐tailed lemurs: A life history approach
Authors: Sauther Michelle L. , Sussman R.W. , Cuozzo F. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractData are presented on dental and general health for seven groups of wild ring‐tailed lemurs, Lemur catta, from the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, in southern Madagascar. As part of a study of population demography, adults were captured, collared, and tagged, and biometric measurements, dental casts, and analyses of dental and general health were made. Results indicate that patterns of dental health vary by individual, age, sex, and habitat. Prime adults show more dental attrition than young adults. Prime males living in more marginal habitats show greater mean attrition than those living in richer habitats. Dental damage, specifically to the toothcomb, indicates that mechanical stresses to this region may include the initial harvesting of foods, in addition to grooming. Males exhibit more evidence of past trauma, including scars and chipped teeth. These results indicate that environmental as well as social factors, such as female dominance, may lead to sex differences in health patterns among lemurs. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:122–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thin‐plate spline analysis of allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex
Authors: Rosas Antonio , Bastir Markus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe relationship between allometry and sexual dimorphism in the human craniofacial complex was analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Thin‐plate splines (TPS) analysis has been applied to investigate the lateral profile of complete adult skulls of known sex. Twenty‐nine three‐dimensional (3D) craniofacial and mandibular landmark coordinates were recorded from a sample of 52 adult females and 52 adult males of known age and sex. No difference in the influence of size on shape was detected between sexes. Both size and sex had significant influences on shape. As expected, the influence of centroid size on shape (allometry) revealed a shift in the proportions of the neurocranium and the viscerocranium, with a marked allometric variation of the lower face. Adjusted for centroid size, males presented a relatively larger size of the nasopharyngeal space than females. A mean‐male TPS transformation revealed a larger piriform aperture, achieved by an increase of the angulation of the nasal bones and a downward rotation of the anterior nasal floor. Male pharynx expansion was also reflected by larger choanae and a more posteriorly inclined basilar part of the occipital clivus. Male muscle attachment sites appeared more pronounced. In contrast, the mean‐female TPS transformation was characterized by a relatively small nasal aperture. The occipital clivus inclined anteriorly, and muscle insertion areas became smoothed. Besides these variations, both maxillary and mandibular alveolar regions became prognathic. The sex‐specific TPS deformation patterns are hypothesized to be associated with sexual differences in body composition and energetic requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:236–245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of metapodials in primates with rudimentary digits: Ateles geoffroyi, Colobus guereza, and Perodicticus potto
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA tenet of evolutionary theory is that, within a species, phenotypic variability is inversely related to the intensity of stabilizing selection. A corollary is that a rudimentary or vestigial structure should be highly variable. This relationship between rudimentation and variability, however, may simply be part of a continuum, as several studies have shown that variability and size of a structure are inversely related. This study tests whether the first metacarpal (MC1) in Ateles geoffroyi and Colobus guereza and the second metacarpal (MC2) in Perodicticus potto are highly variable in their lengths relative to their other metapodials. The former two species have rudimentary thumbs, and the latter species has a rudimentary index finger. Fourteen other species of primates are included in the comparison. The results show that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza and MC2 in P. potto are the relatively shortest first and second metapodials, respectively, in this sample of primates. However, an intraspecific analysis shows that neither MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza nor MC2 in P. potto is significantly more variable than the other metapodials. Nevertheless, an interspecific analysis shows that MC1 in A. geoffroyi and C. guereza is relatively the most variable among the first metapodials (i.e., MC1 and first metatarsal) in this study. MC2 in P. potto, however, is of relatively low variability compared with the other primates. These contrasting results are interpreted in terms of the developmental and evolutionary biology of digits. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:195–208, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and hormonal parameters in two species of macaques: Impact of seasonal breeding
Authors: Muehlenbein Michael P. , Campbell Benjamin C. , Murchison Mark A. , Phillippi Kathrine M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo compare physiological and developmental differences between two cogeneric species that differ by seasonal vs. aseasonal breeding, values for morphological measurements, testicular volume, serum testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate levels were obtained from 53 rhesus during the early breeding season, as well as 41 pig‐tailed macaque males maintained at the Tulane Primate Center. The two species exhibited similar body size, testosterone, and estradiol levels, but differed substantially in testicular volume (3.00 ± 1.7 vs. 1.72 ± 1.3 cc), abdominal skinfold measures (15.7 ± 9.2 vs. 9.0 ± 7.7 mm), and DHEA‐S levels (18.0 ± 11.7 vs. 7.6 ± 5.4 μg/dl). Significant interaction effects for species by age group were found for weight, tricep circumference, length, and estradiol level. In addition, length was more closely related to testicular volume among rhesus compared to pig‐tailed macaques, suggesting different developmental patterns between the species. Predictors of hormonal levels differed between the two species. In the rhesus, estradiol levels were related to testicular volume and testosterone levels while there were no anthropometric predictors of testosterone or DHEA‐S. For the pig‐tailed macaques, testicular volume was related to tricep circumference, testosterone to triceps skinfold and testicular volume, and estradiol to weight. It is argued that rhesus have larger testes for body size and more abdominal fat deposits during the early breeding season relative to pig‐tailed macaques reflecting the increased demands of sperm competition in a seasonally breeding species. Hormonal differences associated with the difference in breeding system appear to be primarily related to adrenal rather than testicular activity. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:218–227, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.