bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereophony and Spirals
Authors: Salem Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Premiered less than one year apart, Doubles and Poésie pour pouvoir are two large-scale orchestral works that represent distinct trends in Boulez’s output. Doubles demonstrates Boulez’s growing exploration of blocs sonores as the basis for a variety of compositional techniques, including “diagonal” polyphony, pulsed and non-pulsed duration, and “virtual” themes, all of which connect to poststructuralist tendencies in his music. By contrast, Poésie is based in the exploration of the spiral as a figurative, graphic, and literal concept. This chapter treats each composition in turn. As a successful composition that was later expanded, Doubles exhibits postmodern notions of time and repetition that imbue numerous future works. Meanwhile, Poésie is connected to the spiraling sea shells of Paul Valéry in a critique of Boulez’s reliance on modernist influences as a backward tendency that parallels his earliest experiments in integral serialism.
Slavery and Race
Authors: Jorati Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions about the morality of slavery are a central part of the history of early modern philosophy. This book explores the philosophical ideas, theories, and arguments that occur in eighteenth-century debates about slavery, with a particular focus on the role that race plays in these debates. This exploration reveals how closely Blackness and slavery had come to be associated and how common it was to believe that Black people are natural slaves, or naturally destined for slavery. The book examines not just well-known authors like David Hume, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, but also less widely studied philosophers like Quobna Ottobah Cugoano, Lemuel Haynes, and Olympe de Gouges. By presenting philosophically important aspects of debates about slavery in eighteenth-century North America and Europe, the book aims to be a valuable resource for scholars, instructors, and students who are curious about a topic that historians of philosophy have so far neglected.
Singing Mantras and Visualizing Flowers
Authors: Cantú Keith Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the aesthetic dimensions of Sabhapati’s literature and teachings, with regard to both aural and visual culture. The first part treats the role of lyrical compositions and poems set to music, and analyzes Sabhapati’s identity as a poet and the function that such compositions served in temple culture in Tamil Nadu more generally. The second part analyzes the phenomenon of incantation of the musical tones (svaras) and their connection with mantras in Sabhapati’s work, including the ways in which mantras were both sung aloud and recited silently and the connection of these practices to Sabhapati’s cosmological system. The final part of the chapter analyzes the multivaried and lavishly illustrated visual diagrams in Sabhapati’s work, an aspect of his literature that distinguishes it from other works on yoga published during this time, and treats their connection with Sabhapati’s teachings on svarūpa or “inherent nature.”
Dissecting the Nature of Śivarājayoga
Authors: Cantú Keith Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the role of “science” in Sabhapati’s literature, with special attention to his engagement with emerging scientific views on the material elements and how these views were or were not integrated into his cosmology. The chapter begins with Sabhapati’s analysis of phenomena into spiritual and physical components, which is then followed by the way “ether” (ākāśa) is framed and how it is informed by a discourse on “pure ether” or śuddhākāśa. The third and final part of the chapter analyzes an introduction written by his Bengali translator Ambikacharan Bandopadhyay that compares Sabhapati’s system of yoga with philosophers and scientists whose writings formed part of the Victorian naturalist worldview.
Introduction
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the concept of nationalization and outlines its well-documented increase in recent elections. Nationalization refers to top-down forces, such as presidential vote choice, informing voters’ decisions in subnational elections rather than candidate-specific factors or local forces. For example, in the 2016 elections, every state won by Hillary Clinton also elected a Democratic senator, and every state won by Donald Trump elected a Republican senator. This led pundits to declare the 2016 Senate elections the most nationalized ever. By 2020, only one state split its vote between the presidential and Senate election, nearly repeating what was witnessed four years prior. Even though many states do not provide a straight-ticket voting option on the ballot, voters consistently offer support for only one party’s candidates. These high levels of partisan loyalty are similar to that of votes cast under party ballots during the 19th century.
Nationalization and the Electoral Connection
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between nationalization and the electoral connection from 1840 and 2020 and finds that no level of nationalization completely inhibits the ability of candidates to cultivate a personal vote with constituents. Some work suggests that nationalization has the potential to weaken the relationship between constituents and voter, while other research shows that it is possible for congressional candidates to establish an electoral connection with voters despite highly nationalized politics. Even though the party ballot made it extraordinarily difficult for voters to split their ticket in many races, differential election timing mitigated nationalization in some cases throughout the 19th century. In more recent elections, open seats change party control more often. As such, there is still an opportunity for candidate-specific factors like incumbency to exert an influence on election outcomes even during eras of high nationalization; it is just less likely for those candidate-level characteristics to change the outcome.
The Light of Learning
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the aftermath of World War I, the Hasidic movement appeared to be in shambles. Hasidic rebbes and their followers had dispersed, their courts lay in ruins, and the younger generation seemed lost to secularization. Yet over the course of the interwar period, Hasidic leaders reinvented themselves as educators charged with rescuing the youth. During the ensuing pedagogical revolution, the Hasidic yeshiva effectively displaced the Hasidic court, rebbes became known more for scholarship than miracle-working, and Hasidic young men and often women became, above all, students of Torah. By mobilizing devotional Torah study, Hasidic leaders subverted the “civilizing” projects of the Polish state and its perceived secularist Jewish allies and began to win back the youth. Torah study was thus not only a spiritual-intellectual endeavor but a potent political act, and it persisted in underground ghetto bunkers throughout the Holocaust. The revival of Hasidic learning transformed the movement and continues to define Hasidism to this day.
Work Hard for the Money
Authors: Brock Clare R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 details the evolving, pivotal role of interest groups in the policy process and suggests hypotheses for how lobbying organizations have adapted to a changing congressional environment. Polarization has led to a prolonged policy process. In this environment, interest groups have become non-partisan negotiators, often specializing in coalition-building as a tactic to mediate between legislators who are barely civil to one another. This theory suggests that, frequently, coalition building occurs externally to Congress, not within it. Increasingly, interest groups are doing the work of finding, building, and negotiating coalitions around policy as legislators face ideological splits on nearly every issue. This chapter shows that, as the institutional capacity of Congress has declined, interest groups have increasingly taken on the work of committees. This theory moves beyond the traditional view of interest groups as providing informational subsidies and expands their roles into providing legislative work subsidies, including coalition building and negotiating.
Foundations of American Contract Law
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reconsiders the foundations of American contract law by clarifying the meaning of fairness and choice. It shows how these ideas were muddled with the rise of voluntarism and conceptualism in the nineteenth century. Contract was defined in terms of the will of the parties, even though parties were often bound by terms to which they had not consciously assented; at other times, they were not bound by the harsh terms to which they had assented. Rules were formulated without regard to the purposes that contract law serves. Current theory and practice recognize these problems but cannot resolve them because they lack a clear idea of fairness in exchange. They approach them by manipulating the idea of choice, or by creating exceptions to previously accepted rules, or by introducing vaguely conceived policy considerations. Economic approaches entirely disregard fairness. This book revives a pre-nineteenth-century idea of fairness in exchange. This idea is consistent with modern economic thought and can reconcile concerns about fairness, party autonomy, and the purposes of contract for the parties as well as for society. The book presents an account of contract law that is principled, comprehensive, systematic, and operational in the sense that it explains or criticizes what courts actually do. It seeks to explain the enforceability of contracts, unconscionability, the effect of mistake, and changed circumstances, and problems of assent, interpretation, good faith, and remedies.
Duties
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The parties are bound by what they actually intended the terms of their contract to mean. When the meaning is not clear, a court should consider the context in which a term was used, trade custom, prior dealing between the parties, negotiations between them, or the plausibility that a party would intend terms that did not answer to their purpose or were patently disadvantageous. When a situation arises which the parties did not actually consider, they are bound by what they hypothetically intended: that is, by the terms they would have chosen had they considered the situation. A court should determine what terms best accomplish the purpose that they actually intended to achieve when they made the contract. Sometimes the parties wish to be bound by terms which they could not have specified in advance because they want their obligations to be more flexible or they want to cooperate on terms that they cannot yet specify. In that situation they are bound by the terms that promote this flexibility or cooperation Courts say that such terms are binding as a matter of good faith.
Compensation for the Value of Benefits Conferred
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the normal rule of contract law, in some situations a party is liable on a promise made for benefits already received in the past. The making of a new promise may remove an obstacle to enforcing an old one as in the case of an obligation contracted by a minor, a time-barred debt, or aa debt discharged in bankruptcy. The new promise may indicate the value of a benefit received to the promisor and so remove an obstacle to allowing recovery for unjust enrichment. In other situations, the principles of unjust enrichment allow a party who has conferred a benefit to recover even though performance was incomplete because of a breach of contract by the other party.
Introduction
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Introduction explains the goal of the book, namely, to examine arguments that aim to show that there is somet especially problematic about belief in morality or objective moral truths. The book does not attempt to answer more general forms of skepticism. And although each of the issues discussed could be investigated further, the book aims only to say enough to establish that it is indeed intellectually respectable to believe in the existence of morality.
Building “the Common Destiny for Humankind”
Authors: Tsang Steve , Cheung Olivia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The common destiny for humankind” in Xi Thought is essentially a contemporary rendition of the old tianxia (literally “all-under-heaven”) paradigm as Xi sees it. Xi plans to adapt and “re-create” tianxia or a Sino-centric world order through a five-pronged strategy. The five drivers in this strategy, from the most to least important, are: first, take regime security and leadership security as the overriding factor to guide foreign policy; second, double down on party-centric nationalism; third, places China’s interests and values, as defined by the Chinese Communist Party, above those of other countries and the international system; fourth, establish and consolidate Chinese leadership in international organizations and throughout the world; and fifth, vindicate the superiority of Sino-centric socialism or Xi Thought. It requires the Chinese Government to adopt a Sino-centric approach to interact with the rest of the world, one that always puts China first and is fundamentally transactional.
Wild West Subjects to 1910
Authors: Abel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the Wild West subjects produced from 1903 to 1910, establishing a series of tropes that also will help frame Chapters 2 and 3. Those tropes include, first, stories of the bitter conflicts between white settlers and Indians or Mexicans as to who would eventually control the North American continent. A second trope highlighted location filming in the West’s spectacular landscapes, from which Indians and Mexicans were being subdued or eliminated so as to envision an empty space whose rich resources would be open for expropriation. Another involved the central figures that defined this struggle over land, from heroic cowboys and rival “bad men” to threatening Indian warriors or Mexican outlaws and “Indian maidens” who betrayed their own peoples. As a fourth trope, the nostalgic concept of the Indian as a generic term began to emerge as the “Vanishing American.” In short, all of these tropes soon came to characterize the Manifest Destiny of early westerns.
International Investment Jurisprudence and Africa
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the contemporary debate is primarily doctrinal in nature and seeks to find a balance between protection of investment and regulatory power regardless of the stage of development of the host or the home state, its essence and direction could only be fully understood in the context of the post–World War II economic expansion and decolonization of territories that were under the control of the advanced economies of the Global North. This chapter begins with a historical note on Africa’s ICSID participation and sets forth the framework for the detailed analysis of the procedural and substantive principles that have emerged out of and/or consolidated in the African ICSID cases in the chapters that will follow.
Decision-Makers and Representation
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identity of the decision-makers in the African cases is the subject that is discussed most frequently relative to any other topic in ISDS discourses. This chapter identifies all of the arbitrators and party representatives in each case. Unlike most prior studies, it presents it in a narrative form rather than in a statistical chart. It finds that out of the total 88 appointments, only four have been women and only eight have been non-Western. Only one tribunal had majority woman. No tribunal was chaired by a non-Westerner. This sample is appears indicative of a broader trend and confirms many previous studies. It also suggests that the extent of the diversity deficit in the African cases might be even greater than cases from other regions.
The Eight African Regional Economic Communities in Context
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proliferation of Regional Economic Communities is not unique to Africa; however, the number of regional communities with investment chapters or protocols in Africa is large by any standard. Of the many such communities, the African Union has recognized eight. Many of these economic communities seek to promote trade, investment, and transnational commerce. The primary focus of most of these economic communities is trade. Many do, however, have investment regimes. Some have more robust investment regimes than others. This chapter offers a brief background on these communities to set the stage for a more detailed discussion of the selected three economic communities with more advanced investment regimes that are profiled separately in the next three chapters.
Protocol to the Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area on Investment
Authors: Kidane Won L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AIP assumed the difficult task of encouraging intra-Africa investment by balancing the investor’s rights with the state’s right to regulate. It is informed by more than six decades of intense treaty activity and arbitral jurisprudence. Although it is a significant improvement on all of the previous regional attempts that have overcorrected the perceived inequities and excesses of arbitral jurisprudence, it could not avoid adding its own share of uncertainties through the inclusion of policy-related statements and modification of established rules such as expropriation. This chapter identifies and critically appraises those areas and AIP’s contributions to contemporary international investment law.
Union Citizenship and the Host State
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the intersection of equal treatment and lawful residence. The right to be treated equally with host State nationals is how the ‘fundamental status’ of Union citizenship was conceived by the Court of Justice in the first place. However, it is being ‘lawfully resident’ that unlocks access to equal treatment. Lawful residence shapes not just the right to reside in a host State but the right to reside there securely. Its legal arc exemplifies the complicated relationship between the rights conferred by the Treaties and the conditions and limits established in secondary law, and underlines the significance of judicial review. The tendency of both case law and legislative reform to react to specific flashpoints—for present purposes, deepening agitation about the impact on public finances when Union citizens are not economically autonomous—can disturb established legal principles. It can also expose groups of tolerated Union citizens: Member State nationals who might be (but are not necessarily) unlawfully present in a host State and are therefore not fully recognised and protected under EU citizenship law. The role of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in such circumstances is also considered.
The Right to Move and Reside
Authors: Nic Shuibhne Niamh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 considers the right to move and reside in circumstances not addressed by Directive 2004/38. Article 3(1) of the Directive defines its ‘beneficiaries’ as ‘all Union citizens who move to or reside in a Member State other than that of which they are a national’. Thus, (continuing) residence in a host State is a necessary precondition for the Directive’s application and neither can its provisions be invoked against a Union citizen’s home State. In this chapter, two main instances of movement and residence that do not meet that threshold are examined: first, where Union citizens have current multi-State lives; and second, where past cross-borderness remains legally meaningful after Union citizens return to their home States. These situations evoke the degree of flexibility expected of freedom of movement and raise questions about the adaptability of the legal framework to economic and social developments. As a distinctive example of multi-State life, the chapter also examines rights based on Article 10 of Regulation 492/2011, which enable the child(ren) of a former migrant worker to remain in the host State after the worker has ceased economic activity (and who has normally, though not always, left the State) so that the child(ren)’s education can be completed. These rights, which also protect the child(ren)’s primary carer irrespective of nationality, are the only residence rights for Union citizens based on secondary EU law other than the Directive. However, even in situations formally outside the scope of Directive 2004/38, its provisions are increasingly applied ‘by analogy’.
Identifying Deprivations of Liberty
Authors: McGregor Lorna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the engagement of the right to liberty as a baseline question for the examination of the international law on detention and its alternatives. While noting that the name given to a place of confinement is not determinative, it analyses a range of factors that can contribute to a finding that a person has (not) been deprived of their liberty, including length, control, coercion, surveillance, consent, and purpose. The chapter examines practices that have given rise to debate on whether the right to liberty is engaged, such as quarantines at home, geographical lockdowns, and on grounds of mental health and social care.
Introduction
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the first extensive comparative analysis of party evolution through the lens of electoral candidate change. This chapter conceptualizes candidates as ‘party genes’ and develops a candidate-based view of party evolution. Most importantly, the approach suggests that parties, like their candidate pools, are fluid and transient, always going through changes at a slower or faster pace—just as genes mutate in evolving species. This notion challenges the binary distinction between completely new and old parties and highlights the phenomenon of partially new parties. The chapter also discusses links between candidate change and other types of party change, and candidate movements between parties. It also briefly introduces a new data set, Electoral Candidates in Central and Eastern Europe (ECCEE), covering 200,000 candidates in nine countries and more than sixty elections. This ‘big but thin data’—extensive in coverage but limited in detail—can be used to resolve complexity in party system evolution. Finally, the chapter discusses how the book uses ideas from evolutionary biology to advance our understanding of party politics and, more generally, suggests tracking change at the ‘micro level’ to understand ‘macro-level’ change even beyond the realm of party politics.