bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Situ Ore Formation Experiment: Amino Acids and Amino Sugars Trapped in Artificial Chimneys on Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean
Authors: Takano Yoshinori , Marumo Katsumi , Ebashi Toshiomi , Gupta Lallan P , Kawahata Hodaka , Kobayashi Kensei , Yamagishi Akihiko , Kuwabara Tomohiko 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The present study reports on the bio-organic composition of a deep-sea venting hydrothermal system originating from arc volcanism; the origin of the particulates in hydrothermal fluids from the Suiyo Seamount in the southern Izu-Bonin (Ogasawara) Arc is discussed with regard to amino compounds. Chimney samples on deep-sea hydrothermal systems and core samples at Suiyo Seamount were determined for amino acids, and occasionally amino sugars. Two types of chimney samples were obtained from active hydrothermal systems by submersible vehicles: one was natural chimney (NC) on a hydrothermal natural vent; the other was artificial chimneys (AC), mainly formed by the growth and deposition of sulfide-rich particulate components in a Kuwabara-type in situ incubator (KI incubator). Total hydrolyzed amino acids (THAA) and hydrolyzed hexosamines (HA) in AC ranged from 10.7 nmol/g to 64.0 nmol/g and from 0 nmol/g to 8.1 nmol/g, respectively, while THAA in hydrothermally altered core samples ranged from 26.0 nmol/g to 107.4 nmol/g-rock. The THAA was thus of the same order of magnitude in AC and core samples. The representative biochemical indicator ratios of β-alanine/aspartic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid/glutamic acid were low. This is consistent with a large microbial population and labile subterranean biogenic organic compounds. A micro energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (μEDX) was used to show that the formation of massive pyrite- and chalcopyrite-ores, the major matrixes of the natural chimney structures, were processed during hydrothermal activity. These data suggest that labile particulate organic matter (POM) and/or dissolved organic matter (DOM) from hydrothermal fluid were continuously trapped to form concentrated organic matter in a sulfide-rich matrix.
Anomalous Salting-Out Effect of Sodium Perchlorate on fac-Tris(glycinato)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yoshimura Yasuki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The effect of NaClO4 on fac- and mer-isomers of tris(amino acidato)cobalt(III) ([Co(aa)3]) was examined by determining their solubilities in aqueous NaClO4 solutions. An addition of NaClO4 increased the solubilities of both the isomers of [Co(aa)3] except for tris(glycinato)cobalt(III) ([Co(gly)3]). While the solubility of mer-[Co(gly)3] was also increased by the addition of NaClO4, NaClO4 brought about abnormally large decrease in the solubility of fac-[Co(gly)3]. The addition of NaClO4 also produced a decrease in the solubility of tris(acetylacetonato)cobalt(III) ([Co(acac)3]). The salting-out effect of NaClO4 on fac-[Co(gly)3] was compared with that on [Co(acac)3]. While both the enthalpy (ΔtrH°) and entropy of transfer (ΔtrS°) from water to aqueous NaClO4 solutions for [Co(acac)3] were positive, those for fac-[Co(gly)3] were generally negative. On the basis of these results, an origin for the salting-out effect of NaClO4 on fac-[Co(gly)3] is discussed.
Novel Assembly of Resorcin[4]arene to Form a Self-Dimer Directly Linked via O–H···π Interaction in the Solid State
Authors: Aoki Katsuyuki , Shimizu Chiharu , Fujisawa Ikuhide 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
When tetraethylresorcin[4]arene is crystallized from dioxane, it forms a “head-to-head” arranged self-dimer directly connected by non-conventional O–H···π interaction. The resorcinarene molecule adopts the unusual flattened-cone conformation, where two of the four intramolecular hydrogen bonds are broken.
Magnetic Alignment of Fiber-Shaped Pseudoisocyanine J Aggregates in a Gelated Solution
Authors: Kitahama Yasutaka , Kimura Yasuyuki , Takazawa Ken , Kido Giyuu 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
An aqueous solution of 1,1′-diethyl-2,2′-quinocyanine bromide (PIC-Br) containing highly concentrated counter ions provided by NaCl was prepared by heating the solution at 90 °C. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature, it transformed into a gel-like state. Optical microscopy revealed that fiber-shaped J aggregates formed a network structure in the gelated solution. By cooling the solution in a magnetic field of 10 T, highly oriented J aggregates were obtained in the gel. Without any additional treatment, the alignment of the fibers was preserved after the gelated solution was removed from the magnetic field. The absorption spectra of the gelated solution showed a strongly polarized J-band, reflecting the high degree of orientation of the magnetically aligned J aggregates.
Novel Molecular Photo-resists Based on the Cyclodextrin Derivatives Containing Fluorine Atoms and t-Butyl Ester Groups
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Inoue Naomi , Nishimura Isao , Nishikubo Tadatomi 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the syntheses, properties, and photo-induced deprotection of β-CD derivatives containing t-butyl ester groups and fluorine atoms. The β-CD derivative was obtained from the reaction of β-CD and t-butyl-α-(trifluoromethyl)acrylate. The obtained β-CD derivative had excellent solubility, good film-forming property, high thermal stability, and good transmittance with the VUV spectra. When the photo-chemical reaction of the β-CD derivative was performed with a photo acid generator in the film state upon UV irradiation, it was found that the photoinduced deprotection of t-butyl ester groups and decomposition of acetal moieties of gluconopyranose unit proceeded smoothly. Furthermore, we examined the patterning property of the β-CD derivative as the photo resist using triphenylsulfonium fluorosulfonate as a photo acid generator, and 2-heptanone as the solvent. From this result, it was observed that the resolution of a 100 nm line and space pattern could be obtained.
Identification of Subtypes of CYP2D Gene Rearrangements among Carriers of CYP2D6 Gene Deletion and Duplication
Authors: Ledesma María C , Agúndez José AG 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background: Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is one of the best-known polymorphic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Rapidly evolving genotyping techniques permit the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and thereby a prediction of individual metabolic capacities for CYP2D6 substrates. A considerable part of interindividual variability in CYP2D6 enzyme activity, however, is not related to SNPs but to gene deletions and duplications. Currently used genotyping methods assume that these gene rearrangements are homogeneous.
Methods: We analyzed the interindividual variability in CYP2D6 gene arrangements in genomic DNA from 740 Caucasian individuals by allele-specific PCR to identify common SNPs of the CYP2D6 gene that correspond to the variant alleles CYP2D6*3, *4, and *9. We investigated the presence and variability of CYP2D6*5 (gene deletion), CYP2D6x2 (gene duplication), and CYP2D6xn (gene amplification) by EcoRI and XbaI restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses and by long PCR plus KpnI and BamHI digestion. The presence of new mutations at the CYP2D locus was analyzed by sequencing.
Results: CYP2D6 gene rearrangements were present in &gt;12% of individuals. Variability in the rearrangements regarding both gene deletion and gene duplication existed, and one of the unusual arrangements led to incorrect phenotype prediction. The frequency for carriers of unusual gene rearrangements was &lt;0.3% (95% confidence interval, 0%–0.6%) in the population studied.
Conclusions: Heterogeneity in CYP2D6 gene rearrangement exists, but the allele frequency indicates that the risk for an erroneous phenotype prediction related to such variability is extremely low and that this risk can be neglected in routine analyses.
The Use of Wavelength‐selective Plastic Cladding Materials in Horticulture: Understanding of Crop and Fungal Responses Through the Assessment of Biological Spectral Weighting Functions
Authors: Paul Nigel D. , Jacobson Rob J. , Taylor Anna , Wargent Jason J. , Moore Jason P. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTPlant responses to light spectral quality can be exploited to deliver a range of agronomically desirable end points in protected crops. This can be achieved using plastics with specific spectral properties as crop covers. We have studied the responses of a range of crops to plastics that have either (a) increased transmission of UV compared with standard horticultural covers, (b) decreased transmission of UV or (c) increased the ratio of red (R) : far‐red (FR) radiation. Both the UV‐transparent and R : FR increasing films reduced leaf area and biomass, offering potential alternatives to chemical growth regulators. The UV‐opaque film increased growth, but while this may be useful in some crops, there were tradeoffs with elements of quality, such as pigmentation and taste. UV manipulation may also influence disease control. Increasing UV inhibited not only the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea but also the disease biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum. Unlike B. cinerea, T. harzianum was highly sensitive to UV‐A radiation. These fungal responses and those for plant growth in the growth room and the field under different plastics are analyzed in terms of alternative biological spectral weighting functions (BSWF). The role of BSWF in assessing general patterns of response to UV modification in horticulture is also discussed.
Effects of Size Structure on Trophic Interactions between Age‐0 Smallmouth Bass and Juvenile Anadromous Alewives
Authors: Hanson S. Dale , Curry R. Allen 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAge‐0 alewivesAlosa pseudoharengusmay compete for food with age‐0 smallmouth bassMicropterus dolomieu, possibly resulting in declines to some smallmouth bass fisheries in the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. Such competition could dramatically influence the recruitment of smallmouth bass in this region because they are at their northern limit of distribution and age‐0 smallmouth bass must accumulate sufficient lipid reserves to survive the overwinter period. We examined the temporal patterns of diet and isotopes of carbon and nitrogen for age‐0 alewives and smallmouth bass in a natural lake and a reservoir where alewife escapement is managed. Multiple alewife spawnings occurred in the lake, and small‐bodied alewives were abundant throughout the summer. There was minimal diet overlap, age‐0 alewives became a significant component of the age‐0 smallmouth bass diet, and age‐0 bass grew larger in this system. In the reservoir, escapement of alewife spawners was truncated, and a single‐size age‐0 cohort was observed. Alewives were similar in size to age‐0 smallmouth bass, and by late summer their diets showed some overlap and δ13C and δ15N levels were similar. Both predation and the potential for competition existed for these species, and their interactions depended on body size relationships. This is an important consideration in alewife management strategies where coexisting fisheries for smallmouth bass are desired.
Fine‐Scale Behavioral Responses of Pacific Salmonid Smolts as They Encounter Divergence and Acceleration of Flow
Authors: Kemp Paul S. , Gessel Mike H. , Williams John G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe assessed fine‐scale behavioral responses of the smolts of four Pacific salmonid species to open and constricted channels in a flume. Natural migrants encountered two geometrically similar parallel channels with different hydraulic conditions representing constricted and open treatments. Observation of route selection under alternate discharge scenarios provided evidence of behavioral choice by smolts. As expected, the majority of smolts passed through the open channel in a ratio consistent with flow. After controlling for the influence of flow, both initial channel selection and subsequent channel rejection was higher for the constricted channel; rejection was probably due to fish detecting an area of rapidly accelerating flow. The majority of smolts traveled downstream headfirst and faster than the mean midcolumn water velocity. Those that faced the flow passed at a slower rate and tended to select the open treatment. The few yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch smolts that did not pass through the treatment channels, but held position within the flume, were larger than their conspecifics that passed downstream. Large steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout O. mykiss) smolts and subyearling Chinook salmon were more likely to pass the constricted channel than smaller fish. These results suggest that efforts to effectively guide fish with diversion structures will require understanding how the structures alter the local hydraulic environment and, thus, influence fish behavior.
A Target Strength and Length Relationship for Striped Bass and White Perch
Authors: Hartman K. J. , Nagy B. W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor hydroacoustic studies in which estimation of fish size and absolute abundance is desirable, researchers must either develop a relationship between target strength and fish length or borrow one from the literature. The purpose of this study was to provide a relationship between target strength and total length for two economically and ecologically important sympatric species: striped bass Morone saxatilis and white perch M. americana. We measured the dorsal aspect target strength of 12 white perch and 22 striped bass with a 120‐kHz split‐beam hydroacoustic system. The calculated target strength (TS (decibels)) to length (Lcm (cm)) relationships were as follows: white perch TS = 26.48 log10Lcm − 69.45 (r2 = 0.81, P < 0.001); striped bass TS = 15.37 log10Lcm − 56.26 (r2 = 0.80, P < 0.001); and a combined model TS = 15.613 log10Lcm − 56.47 (r2 = 0.82, P < 0.001). Each of these models differs substantially from the equations of Love (1971) and Foote (1987), which are commonly used in acoustic studies when the actualrelationships are lacking.
Competitive Ability and Mortality of Growth‐Enhanced Transgenic Coho Salmon Fry and Parr When Foraging for Food
Authors: Vandersteen Tymchuk W. E. , Abrahams M. V. , Devlin R. H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCoho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were genetically altered to produce growth hormone without regulation, causing them grow 11 times larger (on average) than control fish after 14 months. This technology has potential benefits for the aquaculture industry, but the environmental risk associated with the escape of transgenic fish into the wild is not known. To partially address this issue, we experimentally investigated how well transgenic salmon survive when given a choice to consume food in a predator's presence. If transgenic salmon are to retain their growth advantage, we predict that they must also be more effective at competing for food than wild salmon and be willing to suffer higher mortality rates when foraging. The relative competitive abilities of transgenic and control salmon at two different ages were tested with an unequal competitors ideal free distribution. A larger proportion of transgenic salmon fed within the system, although they were not overrepresented at a higher‐quantity food source. When feeding in the presence of a predator, there was no measurable difference in mortality rates between transgenic and control salmon at both the fry and parr stages. These data indicate that, under the limited environmental conditions we tested transgenic coho salmon are at least competitively equal to control fish and do not suffer higher rates of mortality to acquire food resources and maintain their enhanced growth.
Pathological and Clinical Response of a Primary Chemotherapy Regimen Combining Vinorelbine, Epirubicin, and Paclitaxel as Neoadjuvant Treatment in Patients with Operable Breast Cancer
Authors: Abrial Catherine , Van Praagh Isabelle , Delva Rémi , Leduc Bernard , Fleury Joël , Gamelin Erick , Sillet-Bach Isabelle , Penault-Llorca Frédérique , Amat Sophie , Chollet Philippe 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This phase II study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of a primary chemotherapy regimen combining vinorelbine, epirubicin, and paclitaxel (VEP protocol) in women with stage II/III operable breast cancer. Patients (n = 50) were treated with six cycles of VEP according to the following schedule: vinorelbine (Navelbine®; Pierre Fabre, Boulogne, France; http://www.pierre-fabre.com) 20 mg/m2, epirubicin (Farmorubicin®; Pharmacia, New York, NY; http://www.pnu.com) 35 mg/m2 given on days 1 and 8, paclitaxel (Taxol®; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY; http://www.bmsoncology.com) 175 mg/m2 given on day 9, and G-CSF 5 mg/kg/day given on days 10–20 of a 21-day cycle, followed by surgery and radiotherapy. After six cycles of VEP, the pathological response rate (pCR) in breast was confirmed in six patients (12%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3–21)) using Chevallier's classification and in nine patients (18%; 95% CI: 7.4–28.6) using Sataloff's classification. The clinical response rate was 42% (95% CI: 28.3–55.7), including 26% complete responses. Breast conservation was achieved in 68% of patients. After a median follow-up of 48 months (range, 34–62 months), 16 relapses were observed. The overall and disease-free survivals at 5 years were 54.1% (95% CI: 40.3–67.9) and 38% (95% CI: 24.1–51.9), respectively. The principal toxicities of VEP were grade 3/4 neutropenia observed in 30% of patients and grade 3 anemia observed in 12% of patients. There was no case of severe cardiac toxicity, thrombocytopenia, or any other serious adverse events. In conclusion, whereas this regimen was relatively well tolerated, it appears inferior to other regimens and its use is not recommended.
Critical Evaluation of Current Treatments in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Venook Alan 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the evolution of cancer chemotherapy for patients with colorectal cancer.Discuss the current relevance of VEGF as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.Discuss the current relevance of EGFR as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Fluorouracil (FU) has been the mainstay of treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) for many years. However, in recent years, newer chemotherapeutic agents, particularly irinotecan (Campostar®; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, http://www.pfizer.com) and more recently oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®; Sanofi-Aventis Inc., New York, NY, http://www.sanofi-aventis.com), have been shown to improve survival in combination with FU-based therapies. These agents were therefore incorporated into first- and second-line treatment strategies. The development of targeted agents that are tumor specific with better toxicity profiles than chemotherapeutic agents has widened the spectrum of therapies for this disease. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved two targeted agents for treating mCRC: an antivascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody (mAb), bevacizumab (Avastin®; Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, http://www.gene.com), in combination with first-line 5-FU-based chemotherapy regimens and the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER-1/EGFR)-targeted mAb cetuximab (Erbitux®; ImClone Systems, Inc., New York, NY, http://www.imclone.com) as monotherapy or in combination with irinotecan as second-line therapy in refractory cancer. These newer, more effective agents are improving clinical outcome for patients with mCRC. However, as the number of agents has increased, choosing the most effective treatment strategy has become increasingly complex. This review discusses the role of the individual agents in the treatment of mCRC and identifies the most effective regimens.
Liver Transplantation for Malignancy
Authors: Hertl Martin , Cosimi A. Benedict 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: List the indications for liver transplantation in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies.Describe the MELD and PELD system.Discuss the management and treatment algorithm of a patient with hepatobiliary malignancy.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Liver transplantation for hepatic malignancies has emerged from an exotic and desperate approach to a well-documented and proven treatment modality for these unfortunate patients. However, early unsatisfactory results emphasized that only a highly selected patient population would benefit from transplantation. Currently, &lt;10% of all liver transplants performed are for hepatocellular cancer (HCC). There is no controversy that hepatoblastoma is an excellent indication in pediatric patients with unresectable tumors. Similarly, liver transplantation for HCC in the adult population yields good results for patients whose tumor masses do not exceed the Milan criteria. It remains to be determined whether patients with more extensive tumors can be reliably selected to benefit from the procedure. Adjunctive procedures like radiofrequency ablation, chemoembolization, or cryotherapy might be indicated to limit tumor progression for patients on waiting lists. Epitheloid hemangioendothelioma is also an appropriate indication for liver transplantation, unlike angiosarcoma. Metastatic liver disease is not an indication for liver transplantation, with the exception of cases in which the primary is a neuroendocrine tumor, for which liver transplantation can result in long-term survival and even cure in a number of patients. And finally, while gallbladder cancers are never an indication for liver transplantation, rare cases of cholangiocellular cancer might qualify if aggressive combination therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by OLT, are carried through. Survival in these selected patients can approach that for patients with cholestatic liver disease.
Three Emerging New Drugs for NSCLC: Pemetrexed, Bortezomib, and Cetuximab
Authors: Dubey Sarita , Schiller Joan H. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the targets of new biologic anticancer drugs.Interpret pharmacodynamic characteristics of drugs and apply this information in clinical use.Identify approved indications for the use of these new drugs.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Despite advances made in cytotoxic chemotherapy, the prognosis for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) continues to be poor. New, more effective drugs must be identified and developed to improve the outcome of these patients. Three drugs with promising activity in NSCLC are pemetrexed (Alimta®; Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, http://www.lilly.com), bortezomib (Velcade®; Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, http://www.mlnm.com), and cetuximab (Erbitux®; ImClone Systems, Inc., New York, NY, http://www.imclone.com). Pemetrexed inhibits thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyl transferase, enzymes necessary for purine and pyrimidine synthesis, thus causing cell-cycle arrest in the S phase. Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor, interferes with the cytosolic protein degradation machinery, namely the ubiquitin-proteasome complex, causing breakdown of cell-cycle regulators and cell-cycle arrest. Cetuximab is a chimeric mouse-human antibody that inhibits ligand-dependent activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, resulting in receptor internalization and inhibition of downstream pathways that, in turn, causes cell growth and progression. All three drugs are approved for different tumor types, and studies defining their role in NSCLC are under way.