bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial redundancy elimination for access path expressions
Authors: Hosking Antony L. , Nystrom Nathaniel , Whitlock David , Cutts Quintin , Diwan Amer 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPointer traversals pose significant overhead to the execution of object‐oriented programs, since every access to an object's state requires a pointer dereference. Eliminating redundant pointer traversals reduces both instructions executed as well as redundant memory accesses to relieve pressure on the memory subsystem. We describe an approach to elimination of redundant access expressions that combines partial redundancy elimination (PRE) with type‐based alias analysis (TBAA). To explore the potential of this approach we have implemented an optimization framework for Java class files incorporating TBAA‐based PRE over pointer access expressions. The framework is implemented as a class‐file‐to‐class‐file transformer; optimized classes can then be run in any standard Java execution environment. Our experiments demonstrate improvements in the execution of optimized code for several Java benchmarks running in diverse execution environments: the standard interpreted JDK virtual machine, a virtual machine using ‘just‐in‐time’ compilation, and native binaries compiled off‐line (‘way‐ahead‐of‐time’). Overall, however, our experience is of mixed success with the optimizations, mainly because of the isolation between our optimizer and the underlying execution environments which prevents more effective cooperation between them. We isolate the impact of access path PRE using TBAA, and demonstrate that Java's requirement of precise exceptions can noticeably impact code‐motion optimizations like PRE. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationlog system prototype
Authors: Liu Mengchi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Relationlog system is a novel persistent deductive database system for advanced data and knowledge‐based applications. It directly supports the storage and inference of data with complex structures, especially data supported in nested relational and complex‐object models. The Relationlog system supports the Relationlog query language, which is a typed extension of Datalog with tuples and sets and stands in the same relationship to the nested relational and complex‐object models as Datalog stands to the relational model. It also supports an SQL‐like data definition language and a declarative data manipulation language. This article introduces the Relationlog language, discusses the system architecture, the design decisions incorporated within its implementation, and our experience in developing the system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and implementation of efficient communication abstractions on the Virtual Interface Architecture: Stream sockets and RPC experience
Authors: Shah Hemal V. , Madukkarumukumana Rajesh S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe emergence and standardization of system area networks (SANs) has provided distributed applications with a medium for high‐bandwidth, low‐latency communication. Standard user‐level networking architecture such as the Virtual Interface (VI) Architecture enables distributed applications to perform low overhead communication over SANs. The VI Architecture significantly reduces system processing overheads and provides each consumer process with a protected, directly accessible interface to the network hardware. Developing distributed applications using low‐level primitives provided by user‐level networking architecture like the VI Architecture is complex and requires significant effort.This paper describes how high‐level communication paradigms like stream sockets and remote procedure call (RPC) can be efficiently built over the VI Architecture. To evaluate performance benefits for standard client–server and multi‐threaded environments, our focus is on off‐the‐shelf sockets and RPC interfaces and commercially available VI Architecture‐based SANs. The key design techniques developed in this paper include credit‐based flow control, decentralized user‐level protocol processing, caching of pinned communication buffers, and deferred processing of completed send operations.In the experimental evaluation, the one‐way bandwidth achieved by stream sockets over VI Architecture was three to four times better than the bandwidth achieved by running legacy protocols over the same interconnect. On the same SAN, high‐performance stream sockets and RPC over VI Architecture achieve significantly better (between 2× and 3× less) latency than conventional stream sockets and RPC over standard networking protocols in a Windows NT™ 4.0 environment. Furthermore, our high‐performance RPC transparently improved the network performance of the distributed component object model (DCOM) by a factor of two to three. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software testing using model programs
Authors: Manolache L. I. , Kourie D. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA strategy described as ‘testing using M model programs’ (abbreviated to ‘M‐mp testing’) is investigated as a practical alternative to software testing based on manual outcome prediction. A model program implements suitably selected parts of the functional specification of the software to be tested. The M‐mp testing strategy requires that M (M ≥ 1) model programs as well as the program under test, P, should be independently developed. P and the M model programs are then subjected to the same test data. Difference analysis is conducted on the outputs and appropriate corrective action is taken. P and the M model programs jointly constitute an approximate test oracle. Both M‐mp testing and manual outcome prediction are subject to the possibility of correlated failure. In general, the suitability of M‐mp testing in a given context will depend on whether building and maintaining model programs is likely to be more cost effective than manually pre‐calculating P's expected outcomes for given test data. In many contexts, M‐mp testing could also facilitate the attainment of higher test adequacy levels than would be possible with manual outcome prediction.A rigorous experiment in an industrial context is described in which M‐mp testing (with M = 1) was used to test algorithmically complex scheduling software. In this case, M‐mp testing turned out to be significantly more cost effective than testing based on manual outcome prediction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐automatic grammar recovery
Authors: Lämmel R. , Verhoef C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose an approach to the construction of grammars forexistinglanguages. The main characteristic of the approach is that the grammars are not constructed from scratch but they are rather recovered by extracting them from language references, compilers and other artifacts. We provide a structured process to recover grammars including the adaptation of raw extracted grammars and the derivation of parsers. The process is applicable to possibly all existing languages for which business critical applications exist. We illustrate the approach with a non‐trivial case study. Using our process and some basic tools, we constructed in a few weeks a complete and correct VS COBOL II grammar specification for IBM mainframes. In addition, we constructed a parser for VS COBOL II, and were the first to publish a (Web‐enabled) grammar specification so that others can use this result to construct their own grammar‐based tools for VS COBOL II or derivatives. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of multimodal treatment in oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx cancer
Authors: Rudat Volker , Wannenmacher Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDue to recent advances in radiation fractionation, radiochemotherapy, and conservative surgical techniques, the concept of multimodal therapy in head and neck cancer is currently changing. The recently published RTOG Phase III trial 9003, with 1,113 patients accrued, showed that hyperfractionation and accelerated fractionation with concomitant boost are more efficacious than standard fractionation for locally‐advanced head and neck cancer. Acute, but not late, toxicity was also increased. Three meta‐analyses have suggested that the impact of chemotherapy in head and neck cancer is small but is highly associated with the timing of therapy. Concomitant administration of radiation therapy and chemotherapy led to an absolute benefit in 5‐year survival of about 10%. This finding has been further supported by recently published randomized prospective trials comparing concomitant radiochemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in advanced head and neck cancer. There is now clear evidence that radiochemotherapy provides a substantial and statistically significant improvement in survival and local‐regional control, as compared to radiotherapy alone. Radiochemotherapy should be considered an accepted standard of care in cancers of the oropharynx, particularly for patients with locally‐advanced disease who have a good performance status. Two randomized studies conducted by the Department of Veterans’ Affairs and the EORTC, with a total of 534 patients accrued, showed that induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy of responders yields survival rates equal to those of total laryngectomy with postoperative radiotherapy. After 4 years, one‐half to two‐thirds of survivors of the chemotherapy arm retained a functional larynx. Larynx preservation using induction chemotherapy can now be regarded as feasible but still investigational. Current phase II studies show excellent larynx preservation rates using a primary concomitant radiochemotherapy with an altered fractionation regimen. More clinical and laboratory research is required to further evaluate the different treatment options of the multimodality concept, and to develop prognostic models that will allow individualization of the therapy. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:66–74, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Seregni Ettore , Ferrari Leonardo , Martinetti Antonia , Bombardieri Emilio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of malignancies of any anatomic system in the body. An early detection of primary tumors of the bowel, pancreas, liver, stomach, and esophagus is often difficult in asymptomatic patients and for this reason these tumors are often detected at a relatively advanced stage, when symptoms lead to a diagnostic evaluation. Furthermore, gastrointestinal tract tumors have an extremely variable prognosis; thus, the identification of new prognostic parameters may be useful for selecting patients to more tailored therapies. In this work, the main molecular, genetic, tissular, and circulating tumor markers proposed for diagnosis and prognosis of gastrointestinal malignancies are reviewed and discussed. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:147–166, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minimal residual disease in non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Hosch Stefan B. , Scheunemann Peter , Izbicki Jakob R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEarly metastatic relapse after complete resection (R0) of apparently localized primary tumors is frequent in patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This observation indicates an occult tumor cell dissemination already present at the time of primary surgery but undetectable by current tumor staging methods. During the past 10 years ultrasensitive immunohisto‐/‐cytochemical and molecular assays have been developed that are able to detect single tumor cells and small tumor cell clusters present in lymph nodes classified as tumor‐free by conventional histopathologic analysis, bone marrow, or peripheral blood. Here we present an overview of the incidence and prognostic impact of such early disseminated tumor cells in patients with NSCLC. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:278–281, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of local excision in the treatment of rectal cancer
Authors: Rothenberger David A. , Garcia‐Aguilar Julio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLocal excision (LE) of properly selected rectal cancers can provide long‐term survival, with minimal morbidity, negligible mortality, and excellent functional results. The role of LE has evolved over the past century. Initially, to avoid the excessive mortality of abdominal surgery, aggressive LE was performed to control the symptoms of rectal cancer. As abdominal surgery became safer, LE was restricted for use in palliation or high‐risk patients. Better preoperative tumor staging resulted in an expanded role for LE, including curative‐intent treatment of selected T1‐2 rectal cancers. Techniques for LE include snare polypectomy, transanal excision, transanal endoscopic microsurgery, and posterior approaches. The high local recurrence rate and compromised survival reported in modern series, despite efforts to properly select patients with cancers suitable for LE, have convinced the authors to restrict the use of curative‐intent LE in good‐risk patients only to the most favorable rectal cancers. Close follow‐up after LE is critical, because radical surgical salvage is usually possible if recurrence is identified promptly. Whether adjuvant chemoradiation can expand the role of curative intent LE remains controversial. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:367–375, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration issues in implementation of structural control systems
Authors: Chu S. Y. , Soong T. T. , Reinhorn A. M. , Helgeson R. J. , Riley M. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost of the recent research activities in structural control have been focused on developing more robust and rigorous control algorithms to account for more realistic dynamic environment. Although a number of active, hybrid and semi‐active control systems have been implemented to control the vibration of buildings, and many experimental studies have been conducted, the necessary knowledge needed for implementation is still not sufficient to prepare general guidelines for structural control system design and installation. Furthermore, the whole implementation process which requires integration of research results from diverse interdisciplinary areas has not been well addressed. The purpose of this paper is to introduce necessary knowledge needed to successfully implement general control system to a structure for safeguarding it against environmental forces such as wind or earthquakes. The major requirements of the analog/digital control hardware are first addressed. A custom‐designed signal interface unit equipped with conditioning, filtering, monitoring, fail‐safe limit detection, signal communication, and remote activation subsystems is then required to deal with the integrated system through the help of a digital computer. The implicit software issues between theoretical development and actual implementation, such as overall system configuration, sampling rates setup, analog‐I/O interface, hardware offsets removal, noise rejection, signal error modification, engineering units scaling, control algorithm implementation, system status monitoring, automatic operations of power and force generators, multi‐protection fail‐safe measures, false‐alarm control command rejection, and real‐time signal manipulation, should be included in a modular design of any control software for real implementational design. The important hardware and software safety and compatibility features have to be identified, verified and adjusted in order to eliminate many of the common problems that may occur in practical implementation of a complex control system. The idea of using a real‐time structural simulator (RTSS) to perform integrated system testing as well as control performance verification is also introduced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Software agents in mobile telecommunication services
Authors: Bauer Bernhard , Müller Jörg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAgent technology has the potential to play a key role in building and supporting future telecommunication systems. In this article BERNHARD BAUER and JÖRG MÜLLER give an overview on the actual trends in telecommunication, namely on solutions, services, intelligent user interfaces, and networks and relate them to the current state in agent technology. Therefore, they first of all define the requirements that have to be satisfied to realize the potential created by actual technological innovations, next a closer look at the different kinds of software agents is given and afterwards their application and benefits in the above‐mentioned areas is shown. An assessment of agent technology in the area of telecommunication systems closes the considerations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors by repetitive stimulation in auditory cortex
Authors: Bandrowski A.E. , Moore S.L. , Ashe John H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo determine whether metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) contribute to the responses of neurons to repetitive stimulation in the rat auditory cortex in vitro, five stimulus pulses were delivered at 2–100 Hz which elicited five depolarizing synaptic responses, f‐EPSPs: f‐EPSPs1–5. Stimulus pulses 2–5 delivered at low frequencies (2–10 Hz) elicited f‐EPSPs2–5 that were about 15% smaller than the response elicited by the first pulse (f‐EPSP1). In the presence of the nonspecific mGluR agonist, ACPD, the amplitude of all f‐EPSPs was 40% smaller than predrug responses. APV, CNQX, or bicuculline (antagonists of NMDA‐, AMPA/kainate‐, and GABAA‐receptors, respectively) did not change this effect of ACPD. The mGluR antagonist, MCPG, had no effect on f‐EPSPs but did reduce the effect of ACPD. High‐frequency stimulation (50–100 Hz) elicited f‐EPSPs that were smaller with each successive stimulus. In ACPD, f‐EPSP1 was 40% smaller than predrug, but f‐EPSPs3–5 were not changed compared to pre‐ACPD f‐EPSPs3–5, indicating that ACPD occludes the effect of repetitive stimulation. MCPG increased f‐EPSP5 by 15%, indicating that a portion of the reduction of f‐EPSPs during high‐frequency stimulation is mediated by mGluRs. MCPG also partially blocked the effect of ACPD. In CNQX, ACPD only decreased EPSPs, but APV or bicuculline did not change the effect of ACPD. These results suggest that the successive reduction of f‐EPSPs during a high‐frequency train is partially a result of mGluR activation. Synapse 44:146–157, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of tetrabenazine on the striatal uptake of exogenous L‐DOPA in vivo: A PET study in young and aged rhesus monkeys
Authors: DeJesus Onofre T. , Shelton Steven E. , Roberts Andrew D. , Nickles Robert J. , Holden James E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of tetrabenazine (TBZ) pretreatment on the striatal uptake of exogenous L‐DOPA in vivo was assessed noninvasively in rhesus monkeys by positron emission tomography (PET) using the tracer [18F]‐FluoroDOPA (FDOPA). Paired studies were done comparing baseline vs. TBZ treatment on the uptake of FDOPA, a measure of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) activity. Results show increased AAAD activity with TBZ treatment. These results suggest that the action of TBZ as a dopamine antagonist dominates more than its expected action as a potent vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) inhibitor. Results also showed diminished responsivity of AAAD to TBZ challenge in aged monkey brain. Synapse 44:246–251, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
System design is an NP‐complete problem
Authors: Chapman William L. , Rozenblit Jerzy , Bahill A. Terry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe system design process translates the customers' needs into a buildable system design. It requires selecting subsystems from an allowable set and matching the interfaces between them. Designs that meet the top‐level input and output requirements are tested to see how well they meet the system's performance and cost goals. This paper proves that the System Design Problem is NP‐complete by reduction from the Knapsack Problem, which is known to be NP‐complete. The implication of this proof is that designing optimal systems with deterministic, polynomial time procedures is not possible. This is the primary reason why engineers do not try to produce optimal systems: They merely produce designs that are good enough. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 222–229, 2001
Inelastic analysis of steel frames with reduced beam sections
Authors: Kitjasateanphun T. , Shen J. , Srivanich W. , Hao H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present work addresses modelling issues in the inelastic analysis of steel frames with reduced beam sections (RBSs), and proposes two simple one‐dimensional structural models based on detailed three‐dimensional finite‐element analysis (FEA) and published testing behaviour of RBSs. The study begins with the FEA of a beam–column assembly with a reduced the beam section, which is compared with test results. More FEA models of RBS assemblies are generated with different configurations so that moment demand at column faces is in the range 80 to 100 per cent of the plastic moment capacity of the original beam section. The study extends to investigate the effect of panel zone when bilinear model is used in the simple structural model. The structural model of the RBS based on the combined FEA and test results captures the prevailing elastic and inelastic behaviour of the RBS assemblies, and correlates very well with the actual performance observed during testing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asian and Pacific Islander women scientists and engineers: A narrative exploration of model minority, gender, and racial stereotypes
Authors: Chinn Pauline W.U. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis qualitative study uses narrative methodology to understand what becoming a scientist or engineer entails for women stereotyped as “model minorities.” Interviews with four Chinese and Japanese women focused on the social contexts in which science is encountered in classrooms, families, and community. Interpretation was guided by theories that individuals construct personal narratives mediated by cultural symbolic systems to make meaning of experiences. Narratives revealed that Confucian cultural scripts shaped gender expectations even in families several generations in America. Regardless of parents' level of education, country of birth, and number of children, educational expectations, and resources were lower for daughters. Parents expected daughters to be compliant, feminine, and educated enough to be marriageable. Findings suggest K–12 gender equity science practices encouraged development of the women's interests and abilities but did not affect parental beliefs. The author's 1999 study of Hawaiians/Pacific Islander and Filipina female engineers is included in implications for teacher education programs sensitive to gender, culture, ethnicity, and language. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 302–323, 2002
Interactive animation of cloth‐like objects in virtual reality
Authors: Meyer Mark , Debunne Gilles , Desbrun Mathieu , Barr Alan H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractModeling and animation of cloth have experienced important developments in recent years. As a consequence, complex textile models can be used to realistically drape objects or human characters in a fairly efficient way. However, real‐time realistic simulation remains a major challenge, even if applications are numerous, from rapid prototyping to e‐commerce. In this paper, we present a stable, real‐time algorithm for animating cloth‐like materials. Using a hybrid explicit/implicit algorithm, we perform fast and stable time integration of a physically based model with rapid collision detection and response, as well as wind or liquid drag effects to enhance realism. We demonstrate our approach through a series of examples in virtual reality environments, proving that real‐time animation of cloth, even on low‐end computers, is now achievable. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.