bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of Organic Sulphur in Coal by the Use of Anhydrous HF and Superacid HF/BF3
Authors: Shimizu Kiyoyuki , Shimamura Ken , Suganuma Akira , Saito Ikuo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and HF combined with a small amount of boron trifluoride(BF3) desulphurized high-sulphur coal in the presence of hydrocarbons without H2 in mild reaction conditions. HF removed mainly sulphidic and oxidized sulphur. HF/BF3 decreased thiophenic sulphur as well as sulphidic and oxidized sulphur although the extent of desulphurization was almost the same as that with HF alone.
A New and General Route to N-Unsubstituted Azomethine Ylides from N-(Silylmethyl)thioureas: Cycloaddition of Synthetic Equivalents of Nonstabilized Aminonitrile Ylides
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Hatta Taizo , Kakura Yoshikazu , Tashiro Hideki , Maeda Hironori , Kakehi Akikazu 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The S-methylation of N-(silylmethyl)thioureas followed by the desilylation generates N-unsubstituted azomethine ylides having both methylthio and amino groups at the ylide carbon. These azomethine ylides react with electron-deficient olefins to give formal aminonitrile ylide cycloadducts, novel 2-aminopyrrolines. Thus, the azomethine ylides can be synthetic equivalents of nonstabilized aminonitrile ylides which are otherwise relatively inaccessible.
Enhanced Nucleophilic Reactivity of a 4-Lithiophenoxide Ion and Its Application to the Synthesis of a Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylenecyclopentadiene and Its Dianion, a Novel Extended Trimethylenemethane Dianion
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomomi , Sauchi Toshihiro , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-lithiophenoxide ion has enhanced nucleophilic reactivity probably due to intramolecular electronic repulsion and its reaction with 6,6-bis(dimethylamino)fulvene affords a novel extended trimethylenemethane dianion with a fulvene moiety whose NMR spectra indicate substantially strong tetrapolar properties.
Chiral Bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl Rhodium and Palladium Complexes
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Makihara Nobuyuki , Mikami Yoshiharu , Aoki Katsuyuki , Nishiyama Hisao 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The transmetalation of Phebox-ip-SnMe3 [Phebox = 2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl] 1c with RhCl3(H2O)3 and PdCl2(PhCN)2 gave (Phebox-ip)RhCl2(H2O) 2a and (Phebox-ip)PdCl 3 under mild conditions in 45% and 96% yields, respectively. The crystal structures of (Phebox-ip)RhCl2(t-BuNC) 2b, which was obtained by the reaction of 2a with t-BuNC, and 3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Diamine - Iridium(I) Complexes
Authors: Inoue Shin-ichi , Nomura Kenji , Hashiguchi Shohei , Noyori Ryoji , Izawa Yasuji 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a range of aromatic ketones in 2-propanol was carried out by using the iridium(I) complexes, prepared from [IrCl(cod)]2 and a variety of chiral diamine ligands derived from α-amino acids. Good catalytic activity and enantioselectivity were observed in the presence of KOH at room temperature.
Glenohumeral arthrodesis in upper and total brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Chammas M. , Goubier J. N. , Coulet B. , Reckendorf G. M. Z. , Picot M. C. , Allieu Y. 
Published: July 2004

We have compared the functional outcome after glenohumeral fusion for the sequelae of trauma to the brachial plexus between two groups of adult patients reviewed after a mean interval of 70 months. Group A (11 patients) had upper palsy with a functional hand and group B (16 patients) total palsy with a flail hand. All 27 patients had recovered active elbow flexion against resistance before shoulder fusion. Both groups showed increased functional capabilities after glenohumeral arthrodesis and a flail hand did not influence the post-operative active range of movement. The strength of pectoralis major is a significant prognostic factor in terms of ultimate excursion of the hand and of shoulder strength. Glenohumeral arthrodesis improves function in patients who have recovered active elbow flexion after brachial plexus palsy even when the hand remains paralysed.
Valgus femoral osteotomy for hinge abduction in Perthes’ disease
Authors: Yoo W. J. , Choi I. H. , Chung C. Y. , Cho T.-J. , Kim H. Y. 
Published: July 2004

We studied, clinically and radiologically, the growth and remodelling of 21 hips after valgus femoral osteotomy with both rotational and sagittal correction for hinge abduction in 21 patients (mean age, 9.7 years) with Perthes’ disease. The exact type of osteotomy performed was based on the pre-operative clinical and radiological assessment and the results of intra-operative dynamic arthrography. The mean IOWA hip score was 66 (34 to 76) before surgery and 92 (80 to 100) at a mean follow-up of 7.1 years (3.0 to 15.0). Radiological measurements revealed favourable remodelling of the femoral head and improved hip joint mechanics. Valgus osteotomy, with both rotational and sagittal correction, can improve symptoms, function and remodelling of the hip in patients with Perthes’ disease.
Allograft impaction and cement penetration after revision hip replacement
Authors: Frei H. , Mitchell P. , Masri B. A. , Duncan C. P. , Oxland T. R. 
Published: July 2004

We studied various aspects of graft impaction and penetration of cement in an experimental model. Cancellous bone was removed proximally and local diaphyseal lytic defects were simulated in six human cadaver femora. After impaction grafting the specimens were sectioned and prepared for histomorphometric analysis. The porosity of the graft was lowest in Gruen zone 4 (52%) and highest in Gruen zone 1 (76%). At the levels of Gruen zones 6 and 2 the entire cross-section was almost filled with cement. Cement sometimes reached the endosteal surface in other Gruen zones. The mean peak impaction forces exerted with the impactors were negatively correlated with the porosity of the graft.
Foot function after subtalar distraction bone-block arthrodesis
Authors: Rammelt S. , Grass R. , Zawadski T. , Biewener A. , Zwipp H. 
Published: July 2004

Subtalar distraction bone-block arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fractures was performed in 31 patients (26 men, five women), with a mean age of 38.5 years. The mean time from injury to arthrodesis was 36 months. There were no cases of nonunion. One patient had an early dislocation of the bone block requiring a repeat arthrodesis, and one had a soft-tissue infection. The mean AOFAS hindfoot score improved significantly from 23.5 before operation to 73.2 at a mean follow-up of 33 months (p > 0.001). Compared with the unaffected side, the talocalcaneal height was corrected by 61.8%, the talus-first metatarsal axis by 46.5%, the talar declination angle by 38.5% and the talocalcaneal angle by 35.4%. Dynamic pedobarography revealed a return to normal of the pressure distribution during roll-over and a more energetic gait. The distribution of local transfer of load correlated well with the AOFAS score. The amount of correction of the heel height correlated with a normal pattern of pressure transfer on the heel (p < 0.05).
Calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic implants in bone tumour surgery
Authors: Matsumine A. , Myoui A. , Kusuzaki K. , Araki N. , Seto M. , Yoshikawa H. , Uchida A. 
Published: July 2004

We reviewed the results of 51 patients with benign bone tumours treated by curettage and implantation of calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic (CHA). The mean follow-up was 11.4 years (10 to 15.5). Post-operative fractures occurred in two patients and three had local recurrences; three had slightly limited movement of the adjacent joint and one had mild osteoarthritis. There were no allergic or neoplastic complications. In all cases, radiographs showed that the CHA was well incorporated into the host bone. Statistical analysis showed that absorption of the implanted CHA was greater in males (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 23.7) and younger patients (odds ratio, 0.6 for increase in age of 10 years; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99). However, the implanted CHA was not completely absorbed in any patient. We conclude that CHA is a useful and safe bone substitute for the treatment of benign bone tumours.
The combination of pamidronate and calcitriol reverses particle- and TNF-α-induced altered functions of bone-marrow-derived stromal cells with osteoblastic phenotype
Authors: Vermes C. , Chandrasekaran R. , Dobai J. G. , Jacobs J. J. , Andersson G. B. J. , An H. , Hallab N. J. , Galante J. O. , Glant T. T. 
Published: July 2004

Periprosthetic bone loss after total joint arthroplasty is a major clinical problem resulting in aseptic loosening of the implant. Among many cell types, osteoblasts play a crucial role in the development of peri-implant osteolysis. In this study, we tested the effects of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3) and the bisphosphonate pamidronate on titanium-particle- and TNF-α-induced release of interleukin-6 and suppression of osteoblast-specific gene expressions in bone-marrow-derived stromal cells with an osteoblastic phenotype. We monitored the expression of procollagen α1[1], osteocalcin, osteonectin and alkaline phosphatase mRNAs by Northern blots and real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analyses. The release of various cytokines was also analysed by ELISA. We found that calcitriol or pamidronate could only partially recover the altered functions of osteoblasts when added alone. Only a combination of these compounds restored all the tested functions of osteoblasts. The local delivery of these drugs may have therapeutic potential to prevent or to treat periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening of implants.
One in 13 ‘original’ articles in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery are duplicate or fragmented publications
Authors: Gwilym S. E. , Swan M. C. , Giele H. 
Published: July 2004

Duplicate publication in orthopaedic journals may further an author’s academic career but this is at the cost of both scientific integrity and knowledge. Multiple publications of the same work increase the workload of editorial boards, misguide the reader and affect the process of meta-analysis. We found that of 343 ‘original’ articles published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery in 1999, 26 (7.6%) had some degree of redundancy. The prevalence of duplicate publications in the orthopaedic literature appears to be less than that in other surgical specialties but it is still a matter of concern. It is the author’s responsibility to notify the editor of any duality when submitting a paper for publication.
Genetic influences in the aetiology of tears of the rotator cuff
Authors: Harvie P. , Ostlere S. J. , Teh J. , McNally E. G. , Clipsham K. , Burston B. J. , Pollard T. C. B. , Carr A. J. 
Published: July 2004

From a retrospective, cohort study of 205 patients diagnosed with full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, we determined, using ultrasound, the prevalence of such tears in their 129 siblings. Using 150 spouses as controls, the relative risk of full-thickness tears in siblings versus controls was 2.42 (95% CI 1.77 to 3.31). The relative risk of symptomatic full-thickness tears in siblings versus controls was 4.65 (95% CI 2.42 to 8.63). The significantly increased risk for tears in siblings implies that genetic factors play a major role in the development of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff.
Mechanical prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement
Authors: Pitto R. P. , Hamer H. , Heiss-Dunlop W. , Kuehle J. 
Published: July 2004

Routine prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement (THR) is recommended. Pneumatic compression with foot pumps seems to provide an alternative to chemical agents. However, the overall number of patients investigated in randomised clinical trials has been too small to draw evidence-based conclusions. This randomised clinical trial was carried out to compare the effectiveness and safety of mechanical versus chemical prophylaxis of DVT in patients after THR. Inclusion criteria were osteoarthritis of the hip and age less than 80 years. Exclusion criteria included a history of thromboembolic disease, heart disease, and bleeding diatheses. There were 216 consecutive patients considered for inclusion in the trial who were randomised either for management with the A-V Impulse System foot pump. We excluded 16 patients who did not tolerate continuous use of the foot pump or with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Patients were monitored for DVT using serial duplex sonography at 3, 10 and 45 days after surgery. DVT was detected in three of 100 patients in the foot-pump group and with six of 100 patients in the LMWH group (p < 0.05). The mean post-operative drainage was 259 ml in the foot-pump group and 328 ml in the LMWH group (p < 0.05). Patients in the foot-pump group had less swelling of the thigh (10 mm compared with 15 mm; p < 0.05). One patient developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. This study confirms the effectiveness and safety of mechanical prophylaxis of DVT in THR. Some patients cannot tolerate the foot pump.
Hallux valgus and cartilage degeneration in the first metatarsophalangeal joint
Authors: Bock P. , Kristen K.-H. , Kröner A. , Engel A. 
Published: July 2004

This study relates the extent of cartilage lesions within the first metatarsophalangeal joint to hallux valgus. We prospectively examined 265 first metatarsophalangeal joints of 196 patients with a mean age of 54.2 years at operation for the existence of cartilage lesions. Grade I lesions were found in 41 feet (15.5%), grade II in 82 (30.9%), grade III in 51 (19.3%), grade IV in 20 (7.5%). Only 71 (26.8%) showed no cartilage lesion. Cartilage lesions were found within the metatarsosesamoid and metatarsophalangeal compartments in 66 feet (34.0%), within the metatarsophalangeal compartment in 26 (13.4%) and within the metatarsosesamoid compartment in 102 (52.6%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the grade of cartilage lesion and the hallux valgus angle, both for the changes within the metatarsophalangeal and the metatarsosesamoid joints.
Food Additives
Authors: Friedman Leslie J. , Greenwald C. Gail 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Food additives provide many important benefits to food and beverage products. These benefits range from enhancement of the flavor and texture of the product, to safeguarding it from oxidative deterioration or microbial spoilage. Food additives are defined and closely regulated at the national level.
This chapter provides a brief overview of 24 categories of food additives and ingredients, excluding bulk ingredients such as flour, sugar, fats, and oils. These categories comprise hundreds of individual compounds, representing the majority of those in common use in the food system. Typical food applications of each additive are identified, and the important technical and functional properties are described. Data on the manufacturers and markets of food additives are also included.
Germanium and Germanium Compounds
Authors: Adams Jack H. , Thomas Dennis 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGermanium is a semiconducting metalloid element found in Group 14 (IVA), Period 4 of the Periodic Table. Although it looks like a metal, it has a diamond cubic crystal structure and is fragile like glass. Its electrical resistivity is about midway between that of metallic conductors and good electrical insulators. The first significant use was in solid‐state electronics, and, using germanium, the transistor was invented. The entire modern field of semiconductors owes it development to the early successful use of germanium. Whereas germanium is still used in the field of electronics, its use in infrared optics surpassed electronic applications in the 1970s. Germanium has also found widespread use in the fields of γ‐ray spectroscopy, catalysis, fiber optics, and photovoltaic cells. Germanium usually occurs widely dispersed in minerals. Most germanium production has been from zinc smelters and copper smelters.Germanium also occurs in significant concentrations in many coals around the world. Germanium is quite stable in air up to 400°C, where slow oxidation begins. The metal resists concentrated acid and alkali. Many Ge alloys have been prepared and studied.No mineral is mined solely for its germanium content. Almost all of the Ge recovered worldwide is a by‐product of other mining. Germanium compounds generally have a low order of toxicity.
High Performance Fibers
Authors: Polk Malcolm , Vigo Tyrone L. , Turbak Albin F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe preparation, processing, and properties of high performance fibers are critically reviewed. The principal classes of high performance fibers discussed are those derived from rigid‐rod polymers, gel spun fibers, modified carbon fibers, synthetic vitreous fibers, and poly(phenylene sulfide) fibers. Rigid‐rod polymers are derived from lyotropic crystalline polymers, such as the aramids Nomex and Kevlar or thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers, such as Vectran. These fibers are generally characterized by remarkable unit tensile strength and resistance to heat, flame, and chemical agents that normally degrade conventional fibers. Applications for these fibers are classified by structural aspects of the fiber, yarn, and fabric levels. Diversities in applications include uses in the aerospace, biomedical, civil engineering, construction, protective apparel, geotextile, and electronic areas.
Magnesium Compounds
Authors: Jackson L. C. , Levings S. P. , Maniocha M. L. , Mintmier C. A. , Reyes A. H. , Scheerer P. E. , Smith D. M. , Wajer M. T. , Walter M. D. , Witkowski J. T. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A variety of magnesium compounds and minerals are found both in seawater and in the earth's crust. Commercial magnesium compounds are widely used in chemical processing, whether in the production of paper or rayon fiber, or as a catalyst, filler, flame retardant, alkaline material, stable coating for magnetic recording media, or wastewater or flue gas scrubber. Magnesium hydroxide is a common over‐the‐counter antacid and laxative. Additionally, the branch of synthetic organic chemistry known as Grignard reactions is based on magnesium compounds. Magnesium forms stable salts with most common anions, such as acetate, carbonate, the halides, hydroxide, oxide, and sulfide, as well as with some less common ones such as vanadates. Many magnesium alkyls are also known. The production, properties, uses, safe handling, and analysis of the commercial magnesium compounds are described.
Potential New Matrix Alloys for production of PM Aluminium Foams
Authors: Lehmhus D. , Busse M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe powder compact melting technique for aluminium foam production as practised today accepts a certain mismatch between foaming agent decomposition and matrix alloy melting temperatures. This mismatch is believed to influence the pore structure in an unfavourable way. Adjustment of TiH2 decomposition as well as liquidus and solidus temperatures of matrix alloys can be used to counteract it. Effects of TiH2 thermal treatments are investigated using thermal analysis. TiH2 variants gained via annealing treatments were used to produce aluminium foam precursor materials. As matrix for these specimens, aluminium based alloys with low liquidus and solidus temperatures were selected. Alloy systems considered include established combinations of aluminium with Cu, Mg, Si and Zn as well as special quaternary mixtures of these elements. First examinations presented include thermal analysis of alloys as well as studies on expansion vs. time and temperature relationships of precursor material based on new alloys and foaming agent variants.
Production of Metallic Foams From Ceramic Foam Precursors
Authors: Verdooren A. , Chan H.M. , Grenestedt J.L. , Harmer M.P. , Caram H.S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA process has been developed for obtaining closed cell metallic foams using a ceramic foam precursor. In this approach, the major constituent of the ceramic foam precursor is iron oxide (Fe2O3), which is mixed with various foaming/setting additives. The mixture sets rapidly at room temperature to stabilize the foam generated by hydrogen release. The oxide foam is then reduced in a non‐flammable hydrogen/inert gas mixture to obtain a metallic foam with a cell diameter of 0.5–2 mm. Iron foams with a relative density of 0.23 were tested in compression and yielded an average compressive strength of ∼ 34 MPa. The compressive stress‐strain curves obtained were typical of cellular metals. The normalized strengths of the metal foams obtained in the present study compare very favorably with that of steel foams produced by other techniques.
Porous TiNi Biomaterial by Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis
Authors: Kim J.S. , Kang J.H. , Kang S.B. , Yoon K.S. , Kwon Y.S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPorous TiNi shape‐memory alloy (TiNi SMA) bodies with controlled pore structure were produced from the (Ti+Ni) powder mixture by self‐propagating high‐temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The effect of processing variables such as the kind of starting powders, ignition temperature and preheating schedule on the behavior of combustion wave propagation, the formation of phases and pore structure was investigated. The relationship between pore structure and mechanical properties was also investigated. An in vivo test was performed to evaluate bone tissue response and histocompatibility of porous TiNi SMA using 15 New Zealand white rabbits. No apparent adverse reactions such as inflammation and foreign body reaction were noted on or around all implanted porous TiNi SMA blocks. Bone ingrowth was found in the pore space of all implanted blocks.
Grain Size Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Open‐cell Nickel Foams
Authors: Goussery V. , Bienvenu Y. , Forest S. , Gourgues A.‐F. , Colin C. , Bartout J.‐D. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract The dependence of the mechanical behavior of nickel foams upon their grain size was studied. First, the grain coarsening phenomenon which occurs during the processing of foams was analyzed. A metallurgical characterization of the grain growth during heat treatment was performed. The grain size effects on the mechanical properties was then studied, namely, via the Hall‐Petch law. The foam walls being very thin, roughly 10 μm in thickness, grain growth and mechanical behavior might be different compared with conventional materials. The present results obtained with foams were compared with literature data on bulk pure nickel and with nickel foils of 10 and 50 μm in thickness which are good candidates for the modeling of the cell walls. The EBSD technique allowed observing the absence of preferred crystallographic orientations for both foams and foils. A mechanical model in the spirit of that by Gibson and Ashby was finally presented incorporating the grain size effect on yield strength and hardening modulus. This model provided a good estimation of the experimental data.