bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multiplanar anatomic study of the cervical proximal nerve roots and spinal nerves
Authors: Yug David P. , Sether Lowell A. , Komorowski Richard A. , Haughton Victor M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn anatomic study focused on the proximal cervical spinal nerves has not been reported. Therefore, we dissected the cervical spinal nerves of three cadavers and examined stained sections in parasagittal and axial planes through the proximal cervical spinal nerves and root sheaths. These studies documented distinct segments of the spinal nerve which had not been completely described in the previous anatomic studies. The sheath originates from the dural sac as a common sleeve, divides into two sleeves, one containing the ventral root and one the dorsal root, and then distal to the dorsal root ganglion fuses again into one sleeve. A space, the interradicular cleft, separates the dorsal and ventral portions of the sleeve. The proximal segment of the spinal nerve proper distal to the dorsal root ganglion is composed of multiple small fascicles surrounded by a dense epineurium. The presence of an interradicular cleft in the cervical nerve root sheath and of fascicles in the cervical spinal nerve has significance for imaging of the cervical spinal nerves and for the pathogenesis of symptoms in cases of partial compression. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two cases of non‐rotation in adults: Its anatomical analysis
Authors: Susuki Keiichiro , Baba Masaya , Sasaki Katsunori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo adult cases of non‐rotation were anatomically analysed. The small intestine occupied the right flank and the colon the left. The ileum crossed the midline to enter the cecum from the right. The appendix vermiformis rested on the front of the cecum and extended upwards. The cecum was located in the lesser pelvis. They had no Ladd's bands, but in the first case fibrous bands from the posterior abdominal wall caused kinking. The colon of the first case had an intricate twist under the left kidney. The second case was also complicated with three loops, the third loop posed between the first and the second, accompanied by a rare vascular anomaly, a double inferior mesenteric artery. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periosteal and Intraosseous arteries of the human femur: Sphincter‐arteries in the medullary cavity
Authors: LüDinghausen Michael Von , Pahnke Jan , McNamara S. , Boot Christine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMicroanatomic injection and corrosion casts were made of 30 human femora of all ages to study the distribution of periosteal and intraosseous arteries; additionally, the marrow of 85 femora (also from all ages) was harvested for histological examination of these vessels. Examination of the diaphyseal and metaphyseal periosteal arteries revealed slight rarefication in density during the lifespan, whereas endosteal arteries were significantly changed in appearance. Two broad dense arterial trees (one located in the proximal half and the other in the distal half) with regular branching crowns were found in the fetal femur. By the second decade of life, the two vascular trees were reduced to an irregular, sparse structure that often showed glomuslike convolutions. Histologically, the intraosseous arteries often developed single or grouped axially oriented smooth muscle cells located in any of the layers of the arterial wall or were sometimes found included within the internal elastic lamina. In about 10% of the glomuslike convolutions, circumscribed intra‐arterial cushions and sphincters of modified epithelioid smooth muscle cells were found. These structures may be part of arteriovenous anastomoses that serve to regulate blood pressure and may release humoral agents. The transformation of the arterial distribution pattern and the occurrence of arterial cushions and sphincters parallel the change of red haematopoetic marrow into yellow marrow. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of collagenous and elastic fiber systems and microvasculature of human cruciate ligaments: An electronmicroscopic and stereologic study
Authors: Neurath Markus F. , Stofft Eckart 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cruciate ligaments of 35 human knee joints were analyzed by the combined use of immunohistochemistry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results were verified by morphometric analyses. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) had a more twisted and complex architecture compared to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The PCL showed significantly (p < 0,05) thicker fibril diameters (x = 84,2 nm, s = 25,8 nm vs. x = 79,3 nm, s = 19,9 nm) and a higher total cross‐sectional area (252,00 mm2 vs. 208,0. 5 mm2) than the ACL. In both ligaments, type III collagen was detected using monoclonal antibodies. The ACL revealed more type VI but less type IV collagen than the PCL. The vascularization of the ACL revealed an age‐dependent pattern and was significantly (p < 0,001) less well marked than in the PCL. The results reflect the poor vascular supply of the ACL in the human knee joint. The complex collagen architecture and the lower vascularization of the ACL in comparison with the PCL may contribute to poor surgical results after traumatic anterior cruciate ligament rupture. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two years' experience of assessment of anatomy teachers and courses by preclinical and clinical students
Authors: Monkhouse W. S. , Lee T. C. , Clarke E. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStudents at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland completed a questionnaire at the end of the anatomy course assessing teachers and teaching in the department of anatomy. Individual teachers were rated on a five‐point scale for their performance as lecturers, demonstrators, and examiners. Anatomy teaching was considered in its various subdivisions: regional anatomy, the dissection room course (gross laboratory), radiological anatomy, embryology, neuroanatomy, and histology, and each was scored on a similar five‐point scale for relevance and interest. Constructive criticism of both staff (faculty) and course was invited. The results of this survey have been used to counsel staff to good effect, and to improve course structure and content. Resultant changes were made in the teaching of histology, neuroanatomy, and embryology, and the restructuring of surface anatomy tutorials. Numerical scores for teachers provide indices of teaching abilities for comparative purposes and for professional advancement. A similar questionnaire given to clinical students 1 year after completion of the anatomy course is shown to have been of little value. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common variations in muscles and tendons of the human hand
Authors: Perkins Randolph E. , Hast Malcolm H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCommon variations in muscles and tendons of the hand were determined by dissecting 40 pairs of hands (20 male, 20 female). Contrary to some anatomy textbooks which describe only three palmar interossei, with the thumb lacking one, this study found four palmar interossei present in 85% of hands and 90% of bodies. This first palmar interosseous typically arose from the base of the first metacarpal and inserted along with the tendon of the oblique head of adductor pollicis into the base of the proximal phalanx. Forty hands (50%) did not have the usual arrangement of lumbricals. Twenty‐seven (34%) third lumbricals and four (5%) fourth lumbricals split at their insertions; four third lumbricals and four fourth lumbricals inserted on the ulnar side of the middle and ring fingers, respectively. The abductor pollicis longus inserted by 2 or 3 tendons in 91% of hands. The tendon of extensor digiti minimi split into 2 or 3 slips in practically all of the hands studied (96%). The tendon of extensor indicis split into 2 slips in more than a third (38%) of hands. In almost a third (30%) of hands there were accessory extensor muscles present deep to the tendons of extensor digitorum. Lastly, extra slips of origin of the abductor digiti minimi were present in 10% of hands. This study confirms the presence of a palmar interosseous muscle for the thumb and demonstrates that some variations occur more frequently than was expected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional anteversion of the femur in healthy children and its measurement
Authors: Aujla R. K. , Burnwell R. G. , Kirby A. S. , Moulton A. , Wallace W. A. , Wemyss‐Holden S. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the concept of functional anteversion of the femur and its positional change. It emerged from studies using B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound to determine femoral anteversion in two knee positions. Twenty healthy children were scanned at the hips whilst lying supine with knees extended and then with the knees flexed to about 90°. The “anteversion” angle between the head‐trochanter line and the horizontal measured with knees extended and feet together is determined by three factors: 1) anatomical femoral anteversion, 2) femoro‐tibial rotation at the knee, and 3) tibial torsion. This is one type of “functional anteversion” of the femur.The best reproducibility for functional femoral anteversion was obtained by scanning with real‐time ultrasound and the knees extended (95% confidence limits within ± 2.8°); the use of B‐mode ultrasound in the knees‐extended position is significantly less reproducible (95% confidence limits within ± 6.1°). In the flexed‐knee position, the reproducibility is similar with both B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound (± 2.6–3.5°). Both positions have limitations in attempts to measure anatomical femoral anteversion by ultrasound.The functional femoral anteversion angle measured by B‐mode and real‐time ultrasound is significantly larger (by 9–10°) with the knees flexed than with the knees extended. This positional change of measured femoral anteversion involving axial rotation at the hip is attributed mainly to 1) lateral rotation (unlocking) of the femur at the knee during flexion from the fully extended position and 2) any lateral tibial torsion which rotates the femur nedially in the knees‐extended position with the feet vertical. The considerable individual variation and asymmetry of this axial rotational change may have relevance to the etiology of certain clinical disorders of the spine, hip, and knee joints. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of the vena cava at postmortem examination, from the upper end of the superior vena cava via the right atrium to the lower end of the inferior vena cava
Authors: Takayama Toshimasa , Hirai Saburo , Ishihara Teruo , Yamaguchi Kazuyoshi , Fukuda Junya , Kishimoto Hiroshi , Yoshimura Hirokuni 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis report describes the length of the entire vena cava in Japanese subjects. This length is important for the use of the new intravenous oxygenator (IVOX). The IVOX is used as an intravascular artificial lung. Situated in the vena caval system, IVOX extends from the upper end of the superior vena cava via the right atrium to the lower end of the inferior vena cava. It was first reported by Mortensen (1987) and has been used clinically in the United States and Europe. The IVOX has four sizes, which range in length from 30 to 40 cm. When using the IVOX for Japanese subjects, a vena cava size that accommodates the IVOX should be chosen. We measured the length of the entire vena cava in 34 cases at postmortem examination. These lengths varied from 30 to 46 em. The calculated average caval distance was 37 cm with a standard deviation of ± 4 cm. Among three corporal indexes of weight, height, and body surface area, the most significant statistical correlation was between vena cava length and patient height. The regression equation for this is as follows: Y = −13. 0 + 0. 31 × X, where Y is predicted length of the vena cava (cm), and X is patient height (cm). This finding should serve as a relatively simple means for calculating the length of the entire vena cava, and it should be useful in clinical practice with the IVOX in Japan. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of splenogastric vessels in patients with schistosomal portal hypertension
Authors: Petroianu Andy , Petroianu Sonia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe literature describes the short gastric vessels as branches of the splenic pedicle. However, in our surgical practice, we verified the maintenance of splenic vitality and function even after dividing the splenic artery and vein. In order to understand this phenomenon, we studied the architecture of the splenogastric vessels during subtotal or total splenectomies performed to treat esophageal and gastric variceal bleedings due to portal hypertension. We observed that these vessels were independent of the splenic pedicle and their number ranged between zero and 13. These findings are important in different surgical procedures and should be better investigated in order to understand the splenic vessels. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo location of the human vermiform appendix
Authors: O'Connor Catherine E. , Reed William P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomic position of the appendiceal tip is cited in many surgical and anatomical texts as being fixed in the retrocecal position in as many as two‐thirds of cases studied. The reference most often quoted to support this observation is Wakeley (1933), but this frequency did not correspond to the clinical experience of the surgical staff at the authors' institution. Accordingly, a prospective survey of the in vivo location of the vermiform appendix was undertaken over a 6‐month period. The results demonstrated that the retrocecal position was indeed the most common location, but occurred in only 33% of instances. This observation may encourage greater utilization of laparoscopic appendectomy, since it suggests that retroperitoneal dissection will not be necessary to locate the appendiceal tip in the majority of cases. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular anomalies of first and second unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta: A case study
Authors: Lewis S. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA description is given of anomalies in the first two unpaired midline branches of the abdominal aorta. The celiac trunk was unusually long. It gave a small branch which passed to the left crus of the diaphragm. This branch also gave the left superior suprarenal artery. The main trunk of the celiac trunk ended in a T‐shaped bifurcation; one limb of the T was the right gastric artery and the other gave off the hepatic artery proper and continued as the gastrorduodenal and pancreatico‐duodenal system, as usual. No left gastric artery was found. Of special note is the particularly rare anomalous origin of the splenic artery from the superior mesenteric artery. The vessels involved in this anomalous system were measured. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dorsal plate in the joints of the toes: Patella or meniscus?
Authors: Weber Andrew B. , Eizenberg Norman , Slattery Philip G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDeep to the extensor expansion of the interphalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints of the toes, there exists a structure of dense irregular connective tissue that corresponds to the opposite volar plate. This plate is a constant finding, is meniscoid, and challenges previous descriptions of the anatomy and function of these joints. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical considerations on arytenoid cartilage dislocation
Authors: Reidenbach Martina Maria , Schmidt Hans‐Martin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cricoarytenoid joints of 12 human adult male and female larynges were studied with regard to the anatomical reasons for arytenoid cartilage dislocation. The specimens were impregnated with curable polymers as a whole and then cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. The articulating surface at the upper border of the cricoid lamina revealed a striking extension backward and occasionally even slightly distalward. This may allow the arytenoid cartilage to glide in a posterior direction until it partially looses its contact to the cricoid facet. In physiologic conditions, the arytenoid position is balanced along a sagittal plane between the posterior cricoarytenoid ligament dorsally and the thyroarytenoid muscle ventrally. If one of these structures is damaged, i.e., by medical disease or trauma, the arytenoid cartilage may be pushed easily in the opposite direction. Arytenoid dislocation mainly in a posterior direction is described in literature as a possible complication of endotracheal intubation. Preparatory pharmacological muscle relaxation leads to paralysis of the thyroarytenoid muscle and its ventrally directed traction on the arytenoid cartilage. As the shape of the articulating surfaces, especially the peculiarities of the cricoid facet, even facilitates a dorsally directed movement of the Arytenoid cartilage, it may be easily displaced in a posterior direction during the procedure of endotracheal intubation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The left renal vein: A major collateral system
Authors: Satyapal Kapil S. , Kalideen Jaikrishna M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the collateral flow emanating from and around the renal veins in the adult. Experimental venous occlusion was performed along several venous pathways under the influence of the renal veins. Radiological techniques were used to investigate renal venous collateral flow. The importance and contribution of these collaterals are discussed with reference to their diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic implications. The left renal vein is a major venous collateral pathway, whereas the right renal vein contributes little. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An educational method to bridge a gap between histology and gross anatomy in learning microvascular structure
Authors: Sasaki Katsunori 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe combined method injecting silicon rubber into vessels and magnifying them on a TV monitor with a video macroscope can demonstrate three‐dimensional vascular structure of organs. This study compared it with a corrosion casting method observing renal glomeruli, and implied that as it is easy to prepare samples, magnifying 200 times on the TV monitor and operating the machine, students can treat it in the dissection course and in a limited schedule. It leads students to be interested in histology as well as gross anatomy, and is helpful for them to perceive human structures. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus as an indicator of handedness and humeral length
Authors: Vettivel Selvakumar , Chandi G. , Indrasingh I. , Selvaraj K. G. , Chandi S. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMeasurements of the maximum width and depth of the intertubercular sulcus (ITS), angles of the medial and lateral walls with the floor of the ITS, as well as the length of the humerus in 100 right and 100 left matched, unpaired dry humeri of 100 adults were statistically analyzed. Since 90–95% of the general population is right handed, on the basis of altered size of the dimensions of the right ITS relative to the left, it is proposed that greater width and smaller angles of the medial and lateral walls of the ITS of one side are indicative of handedness on that side. Handedness can further be deduced by the presence of a <50° angle of the medial wall and of a supratubercular ridge of Meyer on that side. The length of the humerus correlated with the width and depth of the ITS (P < 0.001). Regression equations of the length of the humerus on width, depth, as well as width and depth of the ITS have been derived. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Sonographic assessment of normal spleen volume
Authors: Rodrigues Aldo Junqueira , Rodrigues Consuelo Junqueira , Germano Marco Antonio , Rasera Irineu , Cerri Giovanni Guido 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThirty‐two morphologically normal spleens from adult corpses were excised and immersed into a graduated water tank and the water volume displaced was considered as the actual spleen volume. after that, the splenic maximal height, width, and breadth were determined by a pachimeter. all the reference points were marked with a metal clip. utilizing the metal clip references ultrasound maximal height, width, and breadth were determined. it was assumed that the ultrasound spleen volume was the result of the multiplication of the three ultrasonographic measurements previously obtained.There was no significant difference between pachimeter and ultrasound determinations. The mean actual spleen volume was 147.5 cm3 (SD = 81.46). The mean ultrasound spleen volume was 283.8 cm3 (SD = 168.27). A roughly linear correlation between actual spleen volume (y) and ultrasound spleen volume (x) was found, y = 14.23 + 0.469 × (R2 = 0.94, P < 0.01). © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical aspects of postintubational subglottic stenosis
Authors: Reidenbach Martina Maria , Schmidt Hans‐Martin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe subglottic regions of 54 human adult male and female larynges were studied with regard to anatomical aspects of postintubational stenosis. Fourteen specimens were impregnated with curable polymers and cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. Forty formalin‐fixed hemilarynges were dissected. Measurements of the upper cricoid lamina and the thickness of the endocricoid soft tissues were taken for statistical analysis. Immediately beneath the glottis, the upper part of the cricoid lamina consists of two lateral plates with an average angle of 110°. Distally, the cricoid adopts a more and more rounded lumen. At the level of the cricothyroid joint, the definite airway lumen is always laterally narrowed by a prominent thickening of the endocricoid soft tissue. Large amounts of loose connective tissue facilitate the development of edema in case of injury in this region. Dorsally, the submucous stratum is smaller and consists mainly of dense connective tissue. The blood vessels are fixed to the cricoid perichondrium by collagenous fibers. Any pressure applied from the airway lumen will force the vessels against the nonresilient cartilage, resulting in occlusion and ischemia. These pathophysiologic mechanisms are important for the development of early laryngeal damage during endotracheal intubation, possibly resulting in posterior stenosis due to scarring later on. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous origins of colic arteries
Authors: Amonoo‐Kuofi Harold S. , El‐Badawi Mohamed G. Y. , El‐Naggar Mahmoud E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe topography of the celiac trunk and superior and inferior mesenteric arteries was studied by dissection in 27 embalmed cadavers. Variant vascular patterns were noted in four subjects. These consisted of: (1) an accessory right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery, (2) an anomalous middle colic artery from the proximal segment of the splenic artery, and (3) two instances of an accessory left colic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery. The precarious course of the middle colic artery (coming from the splenic artery) and its dominance in the formation of the marginal artery were thought to predispose the ascending and transverse colon to an increased risk of vascular damage. These cases also illustrate two variant patterns of formation of the marginal artery. In the case of the anomalous middle colic artery, the only contribution of the superior mesenteric artery to the marginal artery was through the anastomosis of its ileocolic branch with the right branch of the aberrant middle colic artery. In subjects with accessory left colic arteries, the superior mesenteric artery played a dominant role in the formation of the marginal artery by contributing the accessory left colic artery, which supplied the splenic flexure and the proximal part of the descending colon. These arterial variations underscore the importance of doing vascular studies prior to major abdominal surgery. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.