bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Emergence of SARS-CoV2 Infection and Scientific Interventions to
Contain its Spread
Authors: Ajmera Himanshu , Lakhawat Sudarshan Singh , Malik Naveen , Kumar Akhilesh , Bhatti Jasvinder Singh , Kumar Vikram , Gogoi Himanshu , Jaswal Sunil Kumar , Chandel Sanjeev , Sharma Pushpender Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
The global pandemic caused by COVID-19 posed a significant challenge to public
health, necessitating rapid scientific interventions to tackle the spread of infection. The review discusses
the key areas of research on COVID-19 including viral genomics, epidemiology, pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and therapeutics. The genome sequencing of the virus facilitated the tracking of
its evolution, transmission dynamics, and identification of variants. Epidemiological studies have
provided insights into disease spread, risk factors, and the impact of public health infrastructure
and social distancing measures. Investigations of the viral pathogenesis have elucidated the mechanisms
underlying immune responses and severe manifestations including the long-term effects of
COVID-19. Overall, the article provides an updated overview of the diagnostic methods developed
for SARS-CoV-2 and discusses their strengths, limitations, and appropriate utilization in different
clinical and public health settings. Furthermore, therapeutic approaches including antiviral
drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and repurposed medications have been investigated to alleviate
disease severity and improve patient outcomes. Through a comprehensive analysis of these scientific
efforts, the review provides an overview of the advancements made in understanding and
tackling SARS-CoV-2, while underscoring the need for continued research to address the evolving
challenges posed by this global health crisis.
Neurobiochemical Disturbances in Psychosis and their Implications for Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Panov Georgi , Panova Presyana 
Published: January 2024

:
Psychosis, marked by the emergence of psychotic symptoms, delves into the intricate
dance of neurotransmitter dynamics, prominently featuring dopamine as a key orchestrator. In individuals
living with psychotic conditions, the finely tuned balance of dopamine becomes disrupted,
setting off a cascade of perceptual distortions and the manifestation of psychotic symptoms. A lot
of factors can impact dopamine metabolism, further complicating its effects. From genetic predispositions
to environmental stressors and inflammation, the delicate equilibrium is susceptible to
various influences. The sensorium, the origin of incoming information, loses its intrinsic valence
in this complex interplay. The concept of the “signal-to-noise ratio” encapsulates dopamine's role
as a molecular switch in neural networks, influencing the flow of information serving the basic biological
functions. This nuanced modulation acts as a cognitive prism, shaping how the world is
perceived. However, in psychosis, this balance is disrupted, steering individuals away from a
shared reality. Understanding dopamine's centrality requires acknowledging its unique status
among neurotransmitters. Unlike strictly excitatory or inhibitory counterparts, dopamine's versatility
allows it to toggle between roles and act as a cognitive director in the neural orchestra. Disruptions
in dopamine synthesis, exchange, and receptor representation set off a chain reaction, impacting
the delivery of biologically crucial information. The essence of psychosis is intricately woven
into the delicate biochemical ballet choreographed by dopamine. The disruption of this neurotransmitter
not only distorts reality but fundamentally reshapes the cognitive and behavioral field of
our experience. Recognizing dopamine's role as a cognitive prism provides vital insights into the
multifaceted nature of psychotic conditions, offering avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions
aimed at restoring this delicate neurotransmitter balance.
Fog Computing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Applications: A Survey of
Challenges and Scope
Authors: Kaur Gurtej , Khurana Meenu , Kaur Amandeep , Popli Renu , Kumar Rajeev 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
The use of computationally intensive applications requiring substantial storage resources
in vehicular ad hoc networks is on the rise due to the technology shift from smart, intelligent vehicles
to autonomous vehicles. Cloud computing addresses this problem to some extent by providing
computational and storage facilities for the significant amount of data generated by vehicular
nodes. However, it still cannot meet the stringent requirements of highly dynamic vehicular nodes
in a real-time environment. The delay-sensitive applications of vehicular ad hoc networks instill
the need for computing facilities in the closest possible proximity to the vehicular nodes. Therefore,
fog computing has found potential in vehicular ad hoc network applications. Fog computing
brings storage and computing resources closer to vehicles. Fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks
can help improve the issues of first-generation vehicular ad hoc networks, such as latency, location
perception, and concurrent response. Based on existing research, using fog computing decreased
the delay by 50-60% and 60-70% in vehicular ad hoc network safety and entertainment
and commercial applications, respectively, compared to cloud computing. An extensive study of
the amalgamation of fog computing and vehicular ad hoc networks should be conducted to understand
the underlying challenges of fog-based vehicular ad hoc networks. Existing surveys only
include specific applications of this technology. However, we present an extensive survey focusing
on the architecture of these two technologies, their integration, use cases of fog vehicular ad
hoc networks, simulation tools, important performance metrics, the challenges in multiple contexts,
and the gaps that need to be addressed, as well as suggest prominent journals in this field.
This paper will not only impart knowledge to researchers in this area but also provide them with
insights to identify the challenges and pursue their work further in fog-based vehicular ad hoc
networks.
PENGARUH VARIASI CAMPURAN LIMBAH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR TERHADAP DINAMIKA POPULASI ARTHROPODA PADA TANAMAN KACANG TANAH
Authors: Damayanti Nurul Ainunnisa , Suhartini Suhartini 
Published: January 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: pengaruh variasi campuran limbah POC pada pupuk organik cair terhadap famili arthropoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah, pengaruh variasi konsentrasi POC terhadap keberadaan Arthropoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah, dan pengaruh variasi campuran limbah buah, sayur, serta kotoran ternak pada pupuk organic cair terhadap dinamika populasi Arthropoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen rancangan acak lengkap dengan mengamati dinamika populasi Arthtopoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode hand sweeping. Penelitian ini berlangsung selama sebelas bulan dari bulan Juni 2022-Mei 2023 dengan pengambilan data Arthropoda tanah sebanyak 12 kali. Data yang diambil meliputi data klimatik dan edafik pada setiap pengamatan serta seluruh jenis Arthropoda tanah pada pot penelitian. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman, indeks kemerataan, indeks dominansi, dan indeks kekayaan jenis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 7 famili Arthropoda tanah yang ditemukan. Dinamika populasi Arthropoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah mengalami perubahan dari waktu ke waktu dengan menunjukkan hasil yang fluktuatif. Modifikasi habitat dengan variasi campuran limbah buah, sayur, dan kotoran ternak pada pupuk organik cair sebagai perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh yang efektif terhadap dinamika populasi Arthropoda tanah pada tanaman kacang tanah.The effect of waste mixture variation on the liquid organic fertilizer to population dynamics of arthropods on peanut plantsAbstract: The reaserch aims to determine: the effect of variations in the mixture of fruits, vegetables, and livestock waste in liquid organic fertilizer to the families of soil Arthropods found in peanut plants, the effect of variations in the mixture of fruits, vegetables, and livestock in liquid organic fertilizer on the population dynamics of soil arthropods on peanut plants. This reaserch was a completely randomized design experiment, data were collected by observing the population dynamics of soil Arthropods found in peanut plants. Data were collected using the hand-sweeping method. The research lasted for eleven months from Juni 2022 to May 2023 with data collection of Arthropods for 12 times. Data included climatic data at each observation and all types of soil arthropods on peanut plants. The data obtained were analyzed using diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, and species richness index. The results showed that there appeared to be 7 families of soil arthropods. The population dynamics of soil arthropods in peanut plants changed from time to time by showing ups and downs. Habitat modification with various mixtures of fruit, vegetable, and livestock waste in liquid organic fertilizer as treatments did not have a effective effect on the population dynamics of soil arthropods in the plant peanut (Arachis hypogaea).
Transformasi Digital pada Pemerintahan Gampong Lampasi Engking melalui Aplikasi SIGAP
Authors: Aini Faradilla , Haidi Muhammad Luthfi , Arbianti Siti 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRAK
Pemerintah Gampong Lampasi Engking telah memulai perjalanan transformasi digital sejak diberlakukan aplikasi SIGAP. Artikel ini membahas dampak positif dari transformasi ini, dengan penekanan pada efisiensi operasional, transparansi, dan partisipasi masyarakat. Selain itu, transformasi digital menyoroti tantangan yang dihadapi selama proses ini, seperti perlindungan data dan aksesibilitas teknologi. Dalam kesimpulan, artikel ini memberikan wawasan tentang peran SIGAP dalam meningkatkan kualitas pemerintahan Gampong dan memberikan saran untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut, termasuk evaluasi berkelanjutan, pengembangan kapasitas, dan pendorong partisipasi masyarakat. Transformasi digital melalui SIGAP telah membuka peluang besar untuk menciptakan pemerintahan yang lebih efisien dan inklusif di Gampong Lampasi Engking.
Kata Kunci : Transformasi Digital, SIGAP
Atrial fibrillation in halothane- and isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Freeman Lisa C. , Ack James A. , Fligner Michael A. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Programmed electrical stimulation techniques were used to evaluate the effects of halothane and isoflurane on induction of atrial fibrillation in anesthetized dogs. Experiments were performed in 16 dogs anesthetized with α-chloralose. Critically timed premature stimuli were applied to the right atrial appendage and Bachmann bundle to determine the atrial fibrillation threshold, defined as the minimal current required to induce rapid, irregular atrial electrical activity of at least 8 seconds' duration, Atrial fibrillation thresholds were determined at baseline (0.0% inhalational anesthetic), 0.5 minimal alveolar concentration (mac), and 1.0 mac of halothane (n = 8) and isoflurane (n = 8).
In the absence of inhalation anesthetic, it was significantly (P < 0.01) easier to induce atrial fibrillation at the Bachmann bundle vs the right atrial appendage. Atrial fibrillation threshold at the Bachmann bundle was not affected by increasing concentrations of halothane, but was increased by 1.0 mac of isoflurane (P < 0.05). It was concluded that at 1.0 mac isoflurane, but not halothane, has antifibrillatory effects in atrial tissue.
Protection of cattle and swine against foot-and-mouth disease, using biosynthetic peptide vaccines
Authors: Morgan Donald O. , Moore Douglas M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A single dose of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus protein 1 (vp1) peptide, expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with 190 amino acids (aa) of the LE' protein of the tryptophan operon of E coli, elicited an immune response in steers sufficient to withstand the challenge of exposure to animals with acute fmd. The 58-μg dose of viral peptide, composed of a segment of the vp1 from the A12 strain (A12) of FMD virus (fmdv; A1232dimer) in a tandem repeat configuration of aa137 through 168 and emulsified with oil adjuvant, elicited a serologic response in cattle equivalent to that obtained using conventional whole virus vaccines. Two groups of swine were vaccinated, 1 with the A12-32dimer as used in cattle and 1 with aa131 through 157 from vp1 of the A24 strain (A24) of fmdv (A24-peptide), expressed in the same system as A12-32dimer, but as a single copy per molecule. In swine, the 58-μg dose of the A12-32dimer repeated at 28 days was an effective immunogen; all swine were protected against A12 and, in addition, the vaccine protected 50% of the swine against A24. The 29-μg dose of A24-peptide, administered according to the same schedule, elicited protection against A24 in 50% of the vaccinates and, in addition, protected 25% of those vaccinates against A12. The serologic response elicited by A12-32dimer against A24 virus was considerably greater than the response elicited by A24-peptide against A12 virus. The evidence of multiple immunogenic epitopes between aa131 and aa168 was evaluated.
Adherence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae to cell monolayers
Authors: Zielinski Gustavo C. , Young Theresa , Ross Richard F. , Rosenbusch Ricardo F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
This work was an attempt to develop an in vitro adherence model for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, using monolayers of human and porcine lung fibroblasts and porcine kidney cells. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae grown in Friis mycoplasma broth was radiolabeled with 35[S]-methionine, washed, concentrated, and inoculated on the monolayers. After 15 minutes of centrifugation to facilitate adherence, monolayers were washed 3 times, dissolved with 0.1N NaOH, and suspended in scintillation liquid, and the radioactivity was determined in a liquid scintillation counter. Adherence, measured as a percentage of counts added, varied according to the mycoplasma strain and the cell line used. Comparison of strains J, 144L, and 232 of M hyopneumoniae revealed 7.5 ± 5.9, 31.9 ± 13, and 9.6 ± 5% adherence to porcine kidney cells, respectively. Slightly different, but proportionally the same relationships were obtained with swine or human fibroblasts. Adherence was decreased slightly by repeated washings of the mycoplasma-treated cell monolayers; however, a plateau was reached, indicating irreversibility of the adherence process. Pretreatment of cell monolayers with nonlabeled organisms substantially blocked adherence by labeled organisms. Dilution of labeled organisms resulted in an increased proportion adhering. Therefore, it appears that the adherence was a receptor-dependent event. Treatment of the mycoplasmas with trypsin prior to the inoculation of monolayers resulted in a marked reduction in adherence. Treatment of the mycoplasmas with hyperimmune swine serum against M hyopneumoniae or normal swine serum resulted in 80 to 90% reduction of adherence; however, no inhibition occurred when mycoplasmas were treated with purified IgG from the hyperimmune serum.
Topically applied benzathine cloxacillin for treatment of experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Daigneault Josée , George Lisle W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The efficacy of an ophthalmic ointment containing benzathine cloxacillin for treatment of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was determined in 2 experiments. In the first experiment, Holstein calves (n = 6/group) were inoculated with Moraxella bovis and treated on postinoculation days 3 and 6 with either topically applied benzathine cloxacillin (250 mg/eye) or long-acting oxytetracycline formulation (20 mg/kg of body weight, im). A third group of inoculated calves remained untreated as controls. For the second experiment, 4 groups of calves (n = 6/group) were inoculated and treated on postinoculation days 3 and 6 with 50, 125, 250, or 375 mg of benzathine cloxacillin; a fifth untreated group served as controls. Ocular specimens were obtained for microbiologie culture, and eyes were observed and assigned a clinical score daily. Eyes were photographed on alternate days. Ulcer surface area was measured, using a planimeter.
In experiment 1, the week-2 ulcer surface area measurements for both groups of treated calves were smaller than those for controls. There was a greater frequency of M bovis isolation from the ocular secretions of controls than from those of benzathine cloxacillin-treated calves during postinoculation weeks 2 and 3. The number of M bovis isolations from the benzathine cloxacillin- and oxytetracycline-treated calves was not significantly different at any sample collection interval. On week 3, the scores of the benzathine cloxacillin-treated calves were smaller than those of controls.
In experiment 2, calves of the 250- and 375-mg groups had smaller ulcer surface area measurements than did controls on week 2. By week 3, calves of the 375-mg group had smaller scores than did controls. During postinoculation weeks 1 through 3, M bovis was isolated less frequently from the ocular secretions of calves of the 250- and 375-mg groups than from those of the control calves.
Pharmacokinetic and tissue residue characteristics of fenprostalene, a prostaglandin F2α analog, in swine
Authors: Spires H. R. , Bowen J. L. , Tomlinson R. V. , Donahue D. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Fenprostalene, a prostaglandin F2α analog, can be used to induce parturition in swine. As part of the approval process for that indication, pharmacokinetic characteristics of the absorption and elimination of fenprostalene and the depletion of drug residues from the principal edible tissues of swine were studied. Blood samples, urine, and feces were collected from 8 gilts (body weight, 95 ± 1.7 kg) for up to 72 hours after a single dose of 0.5 mg of 13,14-[3H]-fenprostalene in polyethylene glycol-400 was administered sc. At intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours after dosing, 2 gilts each were killed, and samples of liver, kidney, muscle, and abdominal fat were obtained for analysis. The mean (± sem) maximal concentration of fenprostalene radioequivalents in plasma (0.41 ± 0.05 nanogram-equivalents/ml; n = 8) was observed at 12 hours and decreased biexponentially, with half-lives of approximately 8 hours and 9 days. Mean cumulative recovery (n = 4) of the administered dose by 72 hours was 61.2 ± 5.9% in urine and 18.5 ± 2.6% in feces. The highest tissue fenprostalene concentration was in kidneys and liver, probably reflecting the role of those organs in excreting fenprostalene. Rates of depletion of fenprostalene equivalents from the injection site, kidneys, and liver were comparable with those previously observed in cattle.
The composition of residue in the liver of 2 gilts slaughtered 12 hours after sc administration of [3H]-fenprostalene was examined in a second study. Results suggested that approximately 4% of the total residue was pharmacologically potent fenprostalene or the carboxylic acid form of fenprostalene. Approximately 29% of the residue was extensively degraded to acidic metabolites. The remaining 67% was bound, nonextractable material.
Pharmacokinetics, inhibition of lymphoblast transformation, and toxicity of cyclosporine in clinically normal pigs
Authors: Vaden Shelly L. , Riviere J. Edmond 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated from time-concentration data obtained after iv (10 mg/kg of body weight; n = 9) and oral (12.5 mg/kg to group A [n = 3]; 25 mg/kg to group B [n = 3]; and 50 mg/kg to group C [n = 3] pigs) cyclosporine (formerly, cyclosporine A) administration. Resulting mean (± sd) pharmacokinetic variables were as follows: half life of distribution, 0.96 (± 0.7) hours; half life of elimination, 7.71 (± 2.6) hours; volume of distribution at steady state, 4.47 (± 2.22) L/ kg; volume of the central compartment, 1.71 (± 0.78) L/ kg; and systemic clearance, 8.95 (± 2.7) ml/kg/min. Oral bioavailability was: overall 57 (± 19) %; group A, 44 (± 11) %; group B, 78 (± 15) %; group C, 48 (± 6) %. Time to peak concentration was 3.55 (± 0.88) hours. During the 22 days of daily oral cyclosporine administration, blood 24-hour trough concentrations were: group A, 224.3 (± 78.4) ng/ml; group B, 640.7 (± 174.6) ng/ml; and group C, 2,344 (± 1,095) ng/ml. Lymphoblast transformation stimulation index was suppressed in all pigs except 1, which had a corresponding cyclosporine concentration of 92.4 ng/ml. Minimal, although statistically significant, decreases in serum albumin and magnesium concentrations and increases in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen concentrations were evident in pigs of some treatment groups. Histologic examination of necropsy specimens revealed mild hepatic necrosis (n = 1 pig), renal tubular dilatation (n = 5), and pulmonary inflammation (n = 2). Pigs given 25 and 50 mg of cyclosporine/kg failed to gain weight.
Suspected ciliary dysfunction in Chinese Shar Pei pups with pneumonia
Authors: Dhein Cheryl R. , Prieur David J. , Riggs Michael W. , Potter Kathleen A. , Widders Philip R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Chronic pneumonia was investigated in a litter of young Chinese Shar Pei in which 4 of 6 dogs were affected. Serum immunoglobulin concentrations (IgA, IgG, IgM) determined by radial immunodiffusion varied over time, but were not consistently lower in affected dogs, compared with control dogs. Two dogs that died had hydrocephalus and lymphoid depletion, in addition to severe bronchopneumonia. Evaluation of ciliary ultrastructure in 2 affected dogs revealed random orientation of adjacent respiratory tract or oviductal cilia and a greater number of microtubular disarrangements, compared with control dogs. In vivo tracheal mucociliary clearance of 99mtechnetium macroaggregated albumin was absent in 1 dog examined. The ciliary abnormalities were suspected to have resulted in an inefficient mucociliary transport system predisposing to the development of pneumonia. Further evaluation of 1 Chinese Shar Pei revealed lymphocyte mitogenesis results that were not consistently less than those of a control dog, normal total hemolytic complement values, and normal blood neutrophil chemotaxis.
Peroxidase-antiperoxidase and immunogold labeling of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in tissues of experimentally infected swine
Authors: Pospischil Andreas , Wood Richard L. , Anderson Timothy D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunoenzymatic labeling and immunogold labeling techniques were evaluated for microscopic detection and location of Salmonella organisms in tissues of experimentally infected swine. Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf were labeled specifically by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique in paraffin-embedded tissues of infected swine for conventional light microscopy and by postembedding immunogold labeling on ultrathin sections for electron microscopy. Salmonella typhimurium had a low tendency to invade the enteric mucosa and did not reveal any predilection for a specific intestinal location. Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf, however, was located preferentially in colon and on the luminal surface of ileal M cells of Peyer patches and had a tendency to invade the enteric mucosa there.
Identification of a free skin flap from the region vascularized by the deep circumflex iliac artery of horses
Authors: Lees Michael J. , Bowen C. Vaughan , Fretz Peter B. , Leach Douglas H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Areas of skin vascularized by large axial vessels potentially suitable for microvascular anastomosis were investigated in 10 horse cadavers. Eleven such areas were dissected, and the skin over the flank region vascularized by the deep circumflex iliac artery was most suitable. The anatomy of this area was further defined, using angiography and latex injection studies on 10 cadavers.