bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sweden and Denmark Defending the Welfare State
Authors: Benner Mats , Vad Torben Bundgaard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The very generous, service‐oriented ‘social–democratic’ welfare states in Sweden and Denmark did consistently achieve higher levels of overall employment, extremely high levels of public services, greater equality in wages, and higher rates of female employment than either the ‘liberal’ or the ‘Bismarckian’ welfare states covered in this study. Following the liberalization of capital markets and errors of fiscal and monetary policy at the end of the 1980s, however, the Swedish economy went from an overheated boom into a deep recession, which then required significant cutbacks of social spending and public‐sector employment in the 1990s. By contrast, Denmark combined growth‐oriented macroeconomic policies with more flexible labour‐market regulations that allowed it to maintain the high level of public services while also increasing employment in private services. With the rapid recovery of the Swedish economy at the end of the 1990s, both countries are again successful in combining high competitiveness in the international economy with very high levels of social protection.
Any Way out of ‘Exit from Work’? Reversing the Entrenched Pathways of Early Retirement
Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
After the first oil‐price crisis, many (but not all) OECD countries used early retirement as an adaptation to industrial restructuration, mass unemployment, the social needs of older workers, and the employment needs of young and female job seekers. As the costs of an increasingly inactive population rose, however, while expected employment effects failed to materialize, reformers sought to reverse the course of ‘welfare without work’. Besides blocking the pathways of early retirement, disability, and long‐term unemployment, welfare states are now stressing new forms of part‐time pension, extension, and equalization of normal pension age, and they are trying to shift responsibilities and costs to individuals and firms.
Adjusting National Tax Policy to Economic Internationalization Strategies and Outcomes
Authors: Ganghof Steffen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While tax competition is widely regarded as a major fiscal constraint on the welfare state, in fact, very little is known about its real impact. How have advanced industrialized states reacted to the growing mobility of parts of their tax base? To what extent has tax competition resulted in a shift of burdens to less mobile tax bases? In answering these questions, the article identifies the different shape and force of tax competition in different areas of taxation, and the differing ways in which countries have responded. The conclusion is that the pressures of international tax competition are real, but so are countervailing economic and political pressures that work against a general ‘race to the bottom’ in the taxation of potentially mobile bases. At the same time, revenue‐preserving adjustment strategies have prevented large‐scale revenue losses at the price of creating politically more controversial structures of taxation.
Politics in the Vernacular
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book explores the rights and situations of ethnocultural groups in Western democracies. It presents essays that share three major themes: the dialectic of nation building and minority rights, the gap between theory and practice of liberal democracies; and the effectiveness of emerging forms of nation-building and minority rights in Western democracies. The book is divided into four parts. Part I presents debates on the rights of ethnocultural minorities. Part II discusses the requirements for ethnocultural justices in a liberal democracy. Part III examines liberals’ misconceptions about nationalism. Part IV focuses on how democratic citizenship can be sustained.
Do We Need a Liberal Theory of Minority Rights? Reply to Carens, Young, Pareth, and Forst
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter presents the author’s response to criticisms that the theory of minority rights developed in his book, “Multicultural Citizenship” relies on universal liberal values, and is insensitive to contextual factors and cultural differences. The author argues that any attempt to develop a theory of minority rights will contradict other conceptions on the nature and role of culture. Developing a coherent liberal theory of minority rights is essential to finding the answers to questions on ethnocultural pluralism.
Indigenous Rights and Environmental Justice
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the rights of indigenous peoples within the context of social justice and environmental protection. It argues that although indigenous peoples have inherent rights to self-determination, this does not absolve them from redistributive obligations. It presents two ways in which principles of justice can be adapted to accommodate that situation of indigenous peoples: extra resources may be required to rectify the disadvantages they face as minority cultures; indigenous peoples should be free to decide how to manage their traditional lands in accordance with the principles of justice.
A Crossroads in Race Relations
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the status of minorities in Canada and the United States. It proposes an immigration model of integration as a realistic policy goal for Blacks in Canada, and a new and complex model of accommodation for African-Americans. It argues that Blacks in Canada, mostly immigrants from the Caribbean, have been victims of racial bias, which is leading to the creation of a disaffected black subculture.
From Enlightenment Cosmopolitanism to Liberal Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the debate between traditional Enlightenment cosmopolitanism and liberal nationalism. Enlightenment thinkers view the state as a protector of individual liberties, rather than a defender of national culture or identities. Liberal nationalists expect the state to protect national cultures and to express people’s identities. It is argued that liberal nationalism involves a ‘redefinition’ of cosmopolitanism, given that these share many commonalities.
Cosmopolitanism, Nation‐States, and Minority Nationalism
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the claims regarding the importance of three separate levels of political community and political agency: sub-state minority nations, nation-states, and transnational institutions. It is argued that these levels are mutually reinforcing rather than mutually competing. Since nation-states can no longer protect the interests of their citizens on their own, establishing well-functioning transnational institutions can help states focus on the goals they can successfully pursue. Self-government of minorities should not be viewed as a threat but a precondition to long-term stability of states.
American Multiculturalism in the International Arena
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe consensus on American multiculturalism centres around three claims: that some or other form of multiculturalism is unavoidable, that the appropriate form of multiculturalism must be fluid in its conception of groups and group boundaries, and that the biggest challenge to such a conception is the disadvantaged and stigmatised status of African-Americans. It is argued that these conceptions have been explained in ‘contrast’ to minority nationalism. This contrast confuses rather than clarifies debates on American multiculturalism, and inhibits efforts to understand minority nationalism in other countries.
Citizenship in an Era of Globalization: Commentary on Held
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractDavid Held argues that globalisation has eroded the capacity for meaningful democratic citizenship at the domestic level, as nation-states lose some of their historic sovereignty. It is argued that globalisation has not undermined domestic political participation, and has mobilised otherwise apathetic people. The prospects for producing a meaningful form of transnational citizenship are discussed.
Liberal Egalitarianism and Civic Republicanism: Friends or Enemies?
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that civic republicanism and procedural liberalism are allies, and that exaggerating their conflict is philosophically suspect and politically counterproductive. It explains the reasons why Sandel exaggerates the differences between these two approaches. It further argues that under certain circumstances, procedural liberalism is preferable to civic republicanism.
The Facts to be Explained
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA summary is given of the chief relevant facts and background information about the UK and the other main economies in the period since 1920, showing what happens to the relation between costs and prices, and hence to profits and real wages, in the course of major recessions. Section 2.1 gives a first conspectus of the whole period covered by the book––1920–95. An analysis of fluctuations must confront the question of how best to separate trend and divergences from trend; this is discussed in Sect. 2.2. Section 2.3 provides a brief account of fluctuations and growth rates in the UK and other main countries. Section 2.4 notes the impact of major recessions of profits and factor income shares.
The Two Interwar Recessions
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThrough most of the interwar period, UK unemployment was high: it was high after the recession of 1921, and higher again during and after the Great Depression of 1929–32. It was argued in Ch. 3 that if the economy becomes underemployed, it tends to stay underemployed, and if that is so, the question is not why unemployment stayed high after 1921 or remained higher after 1929, but what caused the breaks at these two dates, checked output, and pushed unemployment higher then, and after 1932 brought unemployment down. Section 6.1 gives an overview of the whole interwar period, Sect. 6.2 looks at the 1921 recession and the following years, and then, since it is argued that the recession of 1929–32 was dominated by events in the USA, Sect. 6.3 discusses the US Great Depression. Section 6.4 then looks at the international transmission of that Depression and its manifestation in the UK, and Sect. 6.5 at the UK recovery after 1932, while conclusions of theoretical interest are stated in Sect. 6.6. Three appendices discuss Friedman and Schwartz's (1963) Monetary History of the United States, Eichengreen's (1992) Golden Fetters, and the international transmission of the US Depression, and there is also a statistical appendix.
The Credit Expansion of the Late 1980s and the Recession of the Early 1990s
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter covers the period of accelerating growth experienced the UK in the late 1980s, particularly the years 1985–8, which was followed by a protracted decline into deep recession; other industrial countries went through something like the same phases, though with many differences in degree and timing, and these developments were everywhere unexpected––each stage came as a surprise, and forecasts were repeatedly wrong. In hindsight, the recession is widely seen to have resulted from the boom, a view with which this survey agrees. Once more, this recession was very different from its predecessors––each of the two 1970s recessions seemed due in large part to external shocks, but on this latest occasion, it now seems clear that the causes of the recession grew out of previous developments in the domestic economy, which at the time lay undetected. The explanation proposed agrees with the common view that the recession was not due to exogenous shocks of the normal sort, but attributes the boom to over‐optimism rather than (as often argued) to financial deregulation. Section 9.1 sets out this thesis more fully before going on to describe the evidence that bears on it; Sect. 9.2 summarizes the parallel fluctuations in other industrial countries, since they are an important part of the background; Sect. 9.3 then gives an analysis of boom and recession in the UK; Sect. 9.4 considers what the experience of this decade contributes to our understanding of recessions; and Sect. 9.5 discusses the resumption of growth after the recession.
The Theoretical Model: The Economy's Behaviour in Major Fluctuations
Authors: Dow Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe discussion presented in previous chapters results in a view of the economy that appears novel in a number of ways, and by way of summarizing the discussion, this chapter aims to put the elements together, and to draw out some implications of the theoretical model that results. The next chapter summarizes the empirical results of the study, and this chapter and that one are designed to be self‐contained, and briefly repeat key facts and arguments from earlier chapters; they are intended to be read together, and to provide a background for the later discussion of policy in Ch. 12. Some elements of the model presented are more firmly grounded than others, but the different elements do not all stand or fall together as a bloc. Compared with many existing models of the economy, the model presented lacks some elements of self‐adjustment, and this aspect is described in Sect. 10.1; Sect. 10.2 describes how it is supposed that major recessions originate, and how the view here taken differs from that of other models; Sect. 10.3 notes how the shape taken by major recessions as here conceived differs from what is usually assumed, and goes on to set out the implications for the role of changes in expectations or confidence in determining major recessions. Appendix A10 sets out inter‐sectoral relationships more formally and, in particular, illustrates the financial implications of fluctuations and the key role of the banking system.
Propositions, Time, and Eternity
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractI argue that neither sentences nor sentential utterances nor token‐sentences, but propositions, conceived of as (possible) contents of certain speech acts and of certain mental acts and states, are the primary truth‐value bearers. Following Husserl, I make a point of taking the proposition that p to be the content, rather than the (intentional) object, of a thinker's V‐ing that p, and of assigning the latter role to states of affairs. Temporalists (such as the Stoics, Prior, and Kaplan) claim that truth is an unstable property of certain sayables and thinkables, whereas eternalists (like Bolzano, Frege, and Russell) deny this. After distinguishing different kinds of eternalism and of temporalism and locating Lukasiewicz's position on my map, I argue that we need the concept of indexically expressed propositions with stable truth‐values. Finally, I concede that the notion of sayables and thinkables with shifting truth‐values also serves some important explanatory purposes.
Two Pleas for Modesty
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter starts with an exposition and discussion of Paul Horwich's truth‐theoretical minimalism. I defend it against Davidson's objection, and I complain that it is not minimally contentious since it underwrites the tertium non datur. Then I present my own view. According to our workaday concept of truth, what we think is true if and only if things are as we think they are. I argue that this platitude can be spelt out in terms of higher‐order quantification over propositions, without invoking notions like correspondence, fact, or meaning. I unearth the roots of this conception in earlier work by Ramsey, Kotarbinski, Tarski and Kneale, and I try hard to defend it against various objections. The defence includes an extensive discussion of the contrast between substitutional and objectual quantification and several arguments for my contention that the proposition that p is different from the linguistic meaning of ‘p’ even if there is neither ambiguity nor context‐sensitivity in ‘p’.
The Politics of the Euro-Zone
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Euro‐zone represents the single most important step in European integration since 1957 and one of the boldest economic, monetary, and political projects in modern history. This book examines the main political questions raised by the birth of the Euro‐zone on 1 January 1999, and argues for a more informed analysis and assessment of its nature, operation, and prospects. How does it operate? What does it mean for European states and the strategies of their governments? What are its prospects for stability? What kinds of measures are needed to strengthen its capacity to withstand crises? The book stresses the central role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the Euro‐zone, and explains the extent of the ECB's authority and power as an engine of European integration. An innovative aspect of the book is its application of a strength–strain model for assessing the Euro‐zone's stability. It concludes that such stability will be a function of three factors: first, how far its political culture proves to be influenced by the principles of Kant, rather than of Locke or Hobbes; second, the quality of its policy instruments for tackling liquidity as well as debt traps; third, the speed and efficiency of its mechanisms for bench‐marking, policy‐transfer, and lesson‐drawing.
How the Euro‐Zone Operates: ‘Hollowing Out’ Or Rescue of the European State?
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter assesses and compares the ‘governance’ and ‘state‐centric’ models of interaction between member states and the operation of the Euro‐zone. The ‘governance’ model overemphasizes the functions of the European Central Bank and underemphasizes its dependence on a consensual political culture. Conversely, the ‘state‐centric’ model overemphasizes the role of states as ‘principals’ in the Euro‐zone and underemphasizes its derogation from their sovereignty over monetary policy. The chapter challenges the notion that the Euro‐zone states are in decline, and rejects the argument that the Euro‐zone is dictating a common set of ideas and practices. States continue to matter, and some states play a more pivotal role than others in shaping the politics of the Euro‐zone— but that role is to be defined more in Kantian terms than in Hobbesian terms, however imperfectly Kantian the EU continues to be.
Responsibility and Justice
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ch. 2 unpacks the notion of responsibility. It begins by pointing to the different senses in which people are said to be responsible for things and then goes on to examine why our responsibility for something matters in assessing the claims we advance. As part of this, two distinctions are drawn: between instrumental and non‐instrumental accounts of responsibility and between arguments about responsibility as these apply to individuals considered in isolation and as these apply to the regulation of relations between individuals.
Rules and Institutions in Multi‐Country Economies
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many economies are multi‐country, in the sense that their geographical area falls under the jurisdiction of more than one sovereign state. The search for paths along which international economic relationships could evolve towards a better order generally addresses specific problems, or attempts to devise comprehensive new arrangements. Instead, an analysis is made here of methods of international cooperation, with an explicit focus on the role to be played by rules and discretion, and the importance of the development of institutions.
Lessons from the European Monetary System
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFew proposals have been made for the reform of what used to be called the international monetary system, and academic economists have tended to ignore the experience of the European Monetary System (EMS) in their research. An account is given here of this experience. It addresses the functioning of the EMS, considers desirable developments, and examines the difficulties that such developments are likely to encounter.
The ECU's Coming of Age
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The main qualitative aspects of the past, present, and future development of the European Currency Unit (ECU) are discussed. Aspects covered are: the formal establishment phase of the ECU clearing system; the overcoming of the basket phase; the rate of return on the ECU; the ECU exchange rate; the policy instruments; a reassessment of the lender‐of‐last‐resort problem; and the need for a link between the private and the official ECUs.
After the Single European Act: Efficiency, Stability, and Equity
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe problems now facing the European Union are the result of the decisions taken in 1985 to enlarge the (then) European Community by accepting applications from Spain and Portugal, and to create a single market without internal frontiers by 1992. This chapter examines the problems posed by the Single European Act: actual implementation of the programme; the logical consistency of the programme; and the cohesion of the community and distribution of income within it. Guidelines and recommendations for action are proposed. These are based on the report ‘Efficiency, Stability and Equity’ prepared at the request of the EC Commission by a group of experts chaired by the author.
The EMS Is not Enough: The Need for Monetary Union
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe long‐term prospects of the European Monetary System (EMS) are examined from a non‐technical viewpoint, considering the system as a variable rather than a given. The prospects are seen as comprising three phases. The first phase, which has now concluded, is consolidation. The second phase is the current phase, and is the period in which the ‘inconsistent quartet’ emerges. This involves seeking to achieve the impossible task of reconciling free trade, full capital mobility, fixed (or managed) exchange rates, and national autonomy in the conduct of monetary policy. The third phase is starting to foresee European Monetary Union (EMU); in this phase full implementation of free trade and capital mobility will occur.
Monetary Union and Competition
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The publication of the Delors Report in 1989 revived the classic confrontation between the institutional and market components of monetary systems. In the institutional component, public action is fundamental and there is an element of monopoly; legislation, rules, and public bodies play a decisive role. In the market component, private action is fundamental, and there are individual decisions and competition; the customs and habits of individuals are key factors. In this chapter on monetary competition in the process leading to European Monetary Union, the discussion focuses on the discrete and complementary roles of public and private action, institutions and the market, and central banks and currencies.
Fiscal Compatibility and Monetary Constitution
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe issue is discussed of how much fiscal union (fiscal discipline and coordination) is needed among member countries’ budgets to ensure European Monetary Union. Aspects of the question addressed include budget deficits and European monetary policy, the distributive problem, the functions of the European Central Bank (ECB), and the coordination of fiscal policies.