bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Burning of Liquid Fuel
Authors: Peabody Ernest H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses not only the burning of liquid fuels, but also the supplies of oil, including shale oil, available. Interesting figures on the distribution of fuel oil to industries are included. That portion devoted to the actual burning of the fuel opens with a discussion of the oil-burning locomotive. The types of burners available, and the tendency of railway engineers to avoid the mechanical atomizer for locomotive work., are pointed out. The success of this type, both as to economy and degree of atomization, is offered as an argument in its favor. In that portion devoted to power plants, interesting data appear on the subjects of boiler efficiency with oil fires, size of units, furnace volume, forced and natural draft, flame impingement, settings, and furnace walls. Interesting information on colloidal fuels also appears.
Properties of Ferrous Metals at Elevated Temperatures as Determined by Short-Time Tensile and Expansion Tests
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the properties, as determined by short-time tensile and expansion tests, of plain carbon steels and Enduro metal at elevated temperatures. It opens with a section devoted to the need for information in this field. It next mentions the research work in progress in this country and points out the need for greater refinement in methods of testing. The tests at elevated temperatures are then reviewed.
The original work reported covers short-time tensile and expansion tests on 0.13 and 0.37 and 0.38 per cent carbon steels and Enduro metal at elevated temperatures. In the case of the 0.37 and 0.38 per cent carbon steels, comparative tests on bar and tubular stock are given.
The paper ends with a discussion of the relative merits of five classes of steels at elevated temperatures on the basis of proportional-limit findings. The outstanding steels of each group are then compared and recommendations made as to steels best fitted for high-temperature duty.
Production Control in a Wrought-Brass Mill
Authors: Clark W. R. , Brewer Arthur 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the scheduling system which has been worked out satisfactorily during the past two or three years in a brass mill. The object of this system is to give better service to customers, to reduce inventories, and to stabilize employment. The paper contains flow sheets of the operations involved and is illustrated by charts and tables showing the variations of flow of material and the mechanism of control. The detailed procedures are outlined. The system accomplishes the following results: it enables careful prediction of the rate of production and means for planning it to meet current business; it enables prompt notification to the customers of the expected date of shipment and insures the fulfilment of this promise; in keeping productive facilities elastic, it permits the control of semi-finished and finished stocks, the control and reduction of inventories, and an accurate determination of mill hours and number of employees, the whole stabilizing the production rate and ironing out the fluctuation in cost due to variation in the volume of orders.
Systems of Workman Payment in Porcelain Factories
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the application of Standard Time and several other incentive systems as applied specifically to an electric porcelain plant. It points out the necessity of detailed study of the various operations in determining the applicability of the systems to these operations. It also points out the disadvantages of the simple piece-work system so much used in porcelain plants where Standard Time and other such wage-payment plans have not been studied.
Sugar-Warehouse Conveying Systems
Authors: Buzzo Joseph T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author describes conveying equipment installed at the Crockett, Calif., plant of the California and Hawaiian Sugar Refining Corp. First, a general description of the plant layout is given, together with an explanation of certain conditions which demand large storage facilities for both raw and refined sugar. Among the types of conveyors described are belt conveyors, depressed floor conveyors, slat conveyors, a specially designed screw conveyor, and various portable and semi-portable conveyors. The duty to be performed by each of these types is mentioned, and the maintenance problem is discussed. An interesting weighing conveyor, which receives the bagged sugar directly from the steamer, is described. A part of the paper deals in an explanatory manner with the very interesting central-control board, through which the entire system is under instant control. An interesting comparison of manual and conveyor handling is given, with the figures well in favor of the latter method.
Characteristics of Hydraulic Feed and Drive for Cutting Tools
Authors: Ferris Walter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author attempts to show that the application of hydraulic feed and drive for cutting tools has been made possible by the return to the principles of the hydraulic method as it existed before the introduction of the accumulator, and through the introduction of the multiple-plunger pump. The general principles of hydraulic devices used for driving or feeding apparatus for machine tools are presented, particular attention being given to speed control and adaptability to control of inertia forces. The hydraulic drive may be applied either as a straight-line device or as a rotary device. Actual experience during the past five years has developed some peculiarities in the application of hydraulic feeding as compared with geared units, and these are described and discussed by the author. These peculiarities affect more the design of the tools than their field of application. In this connection the author describes the regulating devices and the various types of the application of hydraulic drive, in particular, variable-delivery pumps with closed hydraulic circuits vs. constant-delivery pumps with bypass circuits. He considers flexibility to be the most obvious peculiarity of hydraulic feeds, and illustrates by examples its value.
The Prerequisites of Successful Polishing
Authors: Divine Bradford H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author discusses those conditions which must be obtained in the polishing department to procure the highest quality of work with the least cost of material and wages. The most important consideration in successful polishing is the glue used in bonding the abrasive to the wheel and its treatment. The next most important consideration is the selection of the abrasive. These are discussed in detail. Other important factors are: the design of the article to be polished, relation of operations preceding polishing, absence of vibration, housing of the polishing department, polishing machines, automatic polishing, and polishing tools.
Diesel-Fuel-Oil Specifications
Authors: Michler G. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author gives examples of the various specification requirements encountered by the oil refiners, and points out the impossibility of carrying several grades of Diesel fuel oil at distributing points which are not also refining centers. Unless Diesel engines are constructed which can operate efficiently on a standard grade of oil of broad specification, ship operators will be unduly restricted to limited points of fuel supply and may be precluded from operating in the most desirable trade services. He suggests that three specifications would be sufficient: a minimum gravity of 24 deg. A.P.I., a maximum sulphur content of 1.5 per cent, and a minimum flash of 150 deg., closed cup.
The Motor Truck and L.C.L. Freight
Authors: Scarr F. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The railroads are economically best suited for the wholesale movement of freight. The controlling factor in their operation is terminal capacity, and terminal costs and delays are the chief obstacles to their greater participation in the short-haul movement of less-than-carload traffic.
Under the present methods and conditions, the highway operator can move most less-than-carload freight for considerable distances cheaper than the railways. He will continue to maintain an economic advantage for the shorter terminal hauls, but a new instrument of freight transportation, the unit freight container, will permit the profitable rail handling of much of the traffic now trucked greater distances. This will necessarily result in the restoration of this traffic to the railways.
The container will use both the highway vehicle and the railroad in the portions of the total movement for which they are best fitted. The rail cost of less than one cent per ton-mile—or about one-seventh of the cost of movement by motor truck—will apply to the road-haul portion, and the terminal cost will be decreased because of the elimination of at least four man-handlings of the freight. The most important collateral benefits are:
1 Faster handling of freight from shipper to consignee
2 Relief of terminal congestion
3 Elimination of theft and damage claims
4 Reduction in packing and carting costs
5 Reduction in rolling stock devoted to L.C.L. service.
Increasing the Production of Cotton Padders
Authors: Longfield Reynolds 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When floor space becomes cramped and production throttled in certain departments of a growing business, the management is confronted with the task of enlarging capacity.
The author discloses the procedure followed in the dye house of a cotton-finishing plant for increasing production per man-hour and per machine-hour without investment for additional equipment.
He describes the psychological background and existing handicaps, and outlines methods of overcoming both with results of noteworthy improvements.
The Need of Research on Tropical Woods Before Marketing Them
Authors: Koehler Arthur 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After establishing the value of research in woods over cut-and-try methods of determining their properties and values, the author discusses two main lines of research which should be carried on with tropical woods, the determination of the normal properties of the species of wood, and the determination of means of overcoming objectionable qualities that may appear in the species.
Historical Sketch of the Development of Aerodynamic Theory
Authors: Durand W. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is intended to give, in brief historical outline, a sketch of the development of aerodynamic theory from the time of Newton to the present day. Newton’s theory of fluid motion and the resulting formula for the force reaction resulting between an inclined plane and a fluid in relative motion are briefly stated and the insufficiency of the formulas noted. Reference is then made to the various mathematical aids which were developed during the next century, and which made possible the investigation of fluid motion based on the concept of continuous change and the “perfect fluid” of the mathematician. The limitations of this concept, especially with reference to the explanation of force reactions between the body and the fluid, are then noted, together with the introduction of the idea of “circulation” and generally of the physical picture as developed by Lanchester and then in mathematical form by Prandtl and his school. These are then briefly sketched and the results of the introduction of these new ideas indicated.
Reference is then made to the problem of the drag, only in part taken care of by the Lanchester-Prandtl vortex theory, and to von Karman’s work leading to his concept of the “Karman vortex street” and thence to the measurement of a further element of the drag; and finally to the third element (depending on skin friction) as at present dependent chiefly on direct physical measurement. In addition to the problem of lift and drag, the problems of stability and control in the air are briefly referred to, followed by mention of the dependence of theory on experimental research and to the vast amount of wind-tunnel investigation which has been made during the past two decades. Brief mention is then made of the two problems introduced by such work—the correction for “wall interference” and the “scale factor” due to the imperfect fulfilment of the conditions for kinematic similitude. This section closes with a mention of some of the problems which characterize the advancing fringe of progress in aerodynamic theory and which in large part still remain for future examination and study.
Then follows a brief section dealing with the screw propeller with reference to the chief stages of the development of propeller theory as suggested by the names Rankine, Froude, Drzewiecki, Prandtl, and closing with a suggestion of some of the problems which characterize the advancing fringe of this phase of general aerodynamic theory.
Production Problems of the Commercial-Aircraft Manufacturer
Authors: Porterfield E. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author divides the problems confronting the manufacturer of commercial airplanes into those of production and sales, and confines himself to the first of these. The problems of production include inadequate supply of motors and lack of an outstanding standard type, unreliability of supply of materials of construction, uncertainty of schedule to follow in large-scale production, difficulties arising out of the certification required by the Department of Commerce, standardization of product, methods, and materials, and the coordination of production and distribution.
Scientific Studies of Natural Flight
Authors: Boel Maurice 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author gives the results of studies and experiments in bird flight with a view to bringing out features that can be used to advantage in future construction of airplanes. Birds can remain stationary in the air, they can rise and descend almost vertically, and can alight on a particular spot slowly. These are maneuvers not yet possible with airplanes.
The author has also developed a new theory of flapping flight. He renounces the analogy between wings and oars, and shows that flapping flight consists of a succession of short descents in gliding flight. The bird by flapping its wings is lifted a certain amount, and when released moves forward by gliding.
Various classes of flight by birds are discussed under four general headings. They are gliding flight, soaring flight, propulsion flight, and flapping flight. The mechanics, speed, stability, and useful power of the various classes are worked out by typical examples to show how the various types of birds are adapted to particular types of flying. The exterior anatomy of birds, problems of flight, and resistance of air are discussed, and examples are given to show the influence of the lines of the bird on its aerodynamic characteristics.
Short Flanged-Tube Cantilevers Under Concentrated Radial Load
Authors: Roop Wendell P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author gives results of tests of a short thin-walled tube fixed at one end and reinforced at the free end by a flange, which was loaded radially at the free end. The elastic deflections and ultimate strength were observed, and the author devises formulas for their expression. The strength and stiffness of an elastic ring are discussed mathematically in an appendix.
Deflection of a Round-End Strut Subjected to a Constant Moment or a Transverse Force at the Middle
Authors: Boyd James E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
When a loaded strut is subjected to a transverse force or any other bending moment in addition to that caused by the longitudinal load, the additional deflection is greater than it would be if the additional moment were applied to the strut as a beam. In this paper an equation is derived for the deflection of a loaded round-end strut subjected to a transverse force at the middle and a moment which is constant throughout the length. To experimentally investigate the theory, tests were made on a cold-rolled steel strut 60 in. long and 1.25 in. in diameter with transverse forces of 5 lb. and 10 lb. at the middle. Measurements were taken for a series of longitudinal loads with positive, negative, and nearly zero eccentricity. Other experiments were made with a constant moment alone.
For both sets of experiments the additional deflections agree so closely with the theory as to leave no doubt in regard to the validity of the equations.
For the application of the theory, a formula which gives the ratio of the additional deflection of a loaded strut to its deflection as a beam in terms of the ratio of the longitudinal load to Euler’s critical load is derived for each of these two moment conditions. A similar formula is derived for a uniformly distributed transverse force. Tables and curves are given which show the relation of these ratios with sufficient accuracy for practical computations.
Calculation of Flywheels for Air Compressors
Authors: Goss H. R. , Putman H. V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The authors present a short history of the application of low-speed synchronous motors direct connected to ammonia compressors. It is shown how the use of XY curves has brought about a practical solution of the flywheel problem and how in practically all present-day cases the necessary flywheel effect can be incorporated in the rotor of the synchronous motor. A short history of the application of synchronous motors to air compressors is also given, and the special problems encountered due to the unbalanced weights of reciprocating parts and to part-load operation of air compressors are discussed.
A derivation of the fundamental differential equation of the XY curve is given and a simple method presented for its solution. An example illustrating the method of making XY curves is given. Curves and data are given which materially reduce the labor involved in making XY curves. A set of eight XY curves for two-cylinder double-acting two-stage air compressors is included. These curves cover full-load, no-load, and six different part-load conditions. A second set of two XY curves is presented covering full-load and no-load operation for single-cylinder double-acting single-stage compressors.
The paper has two appendixes. Appendix No. 1 presents formulas for calculating the theoretical indicated horsepower for single- or for two-stage multi-cylinder compressors. Appendix No. 2 presents methods of calculation of the theoretical torque curves for compressors. An expression for the inertia torque due to the reciprocating parts of a compressor is given. Tables are presented giving the results of the harmonic analysis of the torque curves due to the gas forces at full load, half load, and no load for the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders. It is shown how these harmonics of the separate cylinders can be combined to give the harmonics in the torque of the complete machine when operating at full load or under part-load conditions.
Stresses in Heavy Closely Coiled Helical Springs
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper more exact formulas are derived for computing stress in heavy closely coiled helical springs of the type used frequently in railway work. These formulas indicate that the maximum stress in such springs may, in many practical cases, be from 40 to 60 per cent greater than the stress computed by the use of ordinary helical-spring formulas. The new formulas are verified by strain measurements, using special extensometers on semi-coils of actual springs loaded so as to simulate the axial loading of a complete spring, and on complete springs loaded in compression. The work indicates that the frequent failures of this type of spring in service may, at least in part, be due to the existence of higher stresses than has been thought possible on the basis of ordinary spring formulas.
Design and Construction of Substructures of Steam Power Stations
Authors: Stevens P. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses the substructures used under varying conditions in several localities. One located in an old river bed required the solution of many difficult problems. Another located 350 ft. from a river bank was constructed on a site which was overflowed to a depth of several feet during high-water stages. Still another developed an interesting method for solving the problem of wet excavation through pit and tunnel work.
Condition Curves and Reheat Factors for Steam Turbines
Authors: Franck Clarence C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper offers a theory for “condition curves and reheat factors” developed by a study of the basic thermodynamic principles involved. A method is developed which makes possible the construction of “condition curves” for any turbine, when certain operating or guarantee characteristics are known. The question of “condition curves” immediately presents the closely related “reheat factor,” and the theory developed for the “condition curve” has been applied to determine values for “reheat factors.”
Coal Pulverizers
Authors: London W. J. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Commercial coal pulverizers vary greatly in their performance. While there are two principles of attrition and impact on which pulverizing mills are based, there are such radical differences of design as to raise the question of correct fundamentals. Guarantees are given on performance when the engineering problems are difficult of determination with any degree of accuracy. Analysis of what actually takes place in a mill leads to a suggested design.
Low-Temperature Distillation of Low-Grade Fuels, Especially Lignites
Authors: Toltz Max 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is not intended to be a description of the various types of apparatus which are used in low-temperature distillation of low-grade fuels. On the contrary, its main purpose is to point out the advantages which inhere in these processes, and which result in greater usefulness and economies, particularly with reference to the lignite as found in the northwestern portion of the United States.
A Laboratory Slagging Test for Boiler-Furnace Refractories
Authors: Hursh R. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives particulars of a simulative service test of refractories with coal-ash slag made in a laboratory furnace in which the test brick form the lining of a cylindrical chamber rotated about a vertical axis. Powdered slag or a mixture of slag with powdered coal is fed at a uniform rate through the gas burner which heats the furnace, impinging on the vertical faces of the brick and flowing out through the bottom of the furnace. Temperature and atmospheric conditions are controlled and the test brick receive equal slag treatment. Comparison of slag effect on the refractories is made by volume loss per unit area of exposed surface.
Tests have been made with slags representing coals used at five power stations where field tests were conducted, and the results are presented by the author. He finds that the relative effects of these different slags at a furnace temperature of 2900 deg. fahr. varies with the composition and fusibility of the coal ash. Further, the erosion of the refractory is dependent on the viscosity of the slag and increases in direct proportion to the furnace temperature. Tests made at temperatures corresponding to those in the boiler furnaces produce similar action on the refractories, as indicated by petrographic examinations. The relative resistance of refractories of different composition and physical structure is not the same for different slags.