bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employee's turnover intentions and job destination choices
Authors: Kirschenbaum Alan , Weisberg Jacob 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEmployee's job destination choices, as part of the turnover process, reflect options for internal organizational or external labor market moves. A sample of 477 employees in 15 firms was used to decipher how bio‐demographic, job, plant, and labor market characteristics are related to five alternative job destinations. Multivariate logistic regression and odds–ratio analyses compared the five models confirming that different sets of variables influence each of the destination choices. Coworkers' intentions have a major significant impact on all destination options. The findings have implications for present turnover models, career paths, and promotion progression in the firm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Male and female in organizational behavior
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe human division of male and female sexes has profound unacknowledged consequences for behavior in organizations. Sex is not simply an individual difference (like eye color), but is an essential part played in life with others. This essay finds sex to be the main organizing principle of human life. Bringing this fact to light, the essay shows how we can begin to understand many perplexing problems of reconciling men and women in organizations today. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership self‐efficacy and managers' motivation for leading change
Authors: Paglis Laura L. , Green Stephen G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study develops and tests a leadership model that focuses on managers' motivation for attempting the leadership of change. The construct of leadership self‐efficacy (LSE) is defined, and a measure comprising three dimensions (direction‐setting, gaining followers' commitment, and overcoming obstacles to change) is developed. Based on Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory, the primary hypothesis is that high LSE managers will be seen by direct reports as engaging in more leadership attempts. Relationships are also proposed between LSE and several factors that are expected to influence this confidence judgment. Managers' organizational commitment and crisis perceptions are modelled as potential moderators of the relationship between LSE and leadership attempts.The model was tested through surveys distributed to managers (n = 150) and their direct reports (n = 415) in a real estate management company and an industrial chemicals firm. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) were found between the first two dimensions of LSE and managers' leadership attempts. An interaction effect involving organizational commitment was discovered for the LSE/overcoming obstacles dimension (p < 0.05). Several positive relationships were found between LSE dimensions and proposed antecedents, including self‐esteem (p < 0.05), subordinates' performance abilities (p < 0.05), and managers' job autonomy (p < 0.05). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational teams in the electronic age: are team identity and high performance at risk?
Authors: Shapiro Debra L. , Furst Stacie A. , Spreitzer Gretchen M. , Von Glinow Mary Ann 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe literature on effort‐withholding behaviors (e.g., loafing, shirking, free‐riding) in groups has generally focused on co‐located and single‐country settings. Drawing from a variety of literatures, we offer a causal model that shows why effort‐withholding behaviors may be particularly at risk in transnational teams (TNTs). We theorize that three characteristics of TNTs (cultural value diversity, reliance on electronic communications, and the lack of onsite monitoring) will reduce the salience of transnational team identity which, in turn, will increase members' propensity to withhold performance‐effort. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paid time off as a vehicle for self‐definition and sensemaking
Authors: Ford Lucy R. , Locke Karen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractQualitative data collected in a small manufacturing company following implementation of a new paid time‐off policy (PTO), demonstrates how organizational members use self‐conceptions in sensemaking about that policy. In turn, how they understand the policy results in application and enactment that is inconsistent with the intentions of the management team. Informed by the symbolic interactionist school of thought, we provide a micro‐level examination of the introduction of the policy, an examination of the processes by which these definitions of self and others are drawn upon and advanced, and an explication of the micro‐level processes by which the policy is implemented and responded to in ways other than those intended by its designers and promoters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where is the line between benign and invasive? An examination of psychological barriers to the acceptance of awareness monitoring systems
Authors: Zweig David , Webster Jane 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAs employees find themselves in geographically separated teams, the loss of face‐to‐face interaction has led to the development of new monitoring technologies that provide availability information for enhancing collaboration. Drawing on diverse literatures in electronic performance monitoring, computer supported cooperative work, privacy, and fairness, a comprehensive theoretical model of monitoring acceptance was developed to examine the effects of being monitored for availability. In the first study, over 600 employees from a large number of organizations responded to one of a variety of monitoring system characteristics. Although the model found strong support overall, results suggest that technical solutions, such as manipulating the characteristics of the awareness system, are not sufficient to ensure fairness and privacy. A second, focus group study, adds support for the theoretical model and provides an explanation for these quantitative results concerning system characteristics. Specifically, the qualitative evidence suggests that these systems can invade employees' psychological barriers ‐ and thus manipulating the technology will only have small effects on fairness and privacy because the technology has already crossed the line from benign to invasive. The paper concludes by presenting theoretical and practical implications for the consideration of psychological boundaries in the design and use of ubiquitous monitoring and communication technologies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of environmental magnetic measurements to validate the vertical extent of ice masses at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Walden John , Ballantyne Colin K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAnalysis of soil samples from above and below trimlines representing the upper limit of glacial erosion at the Last Glacial Maximum demonstrates that soils with prolonged weathering histories above such trimlines yield significantly different mineral magnetic signatures from soils below trimlines. The nature of the contrast is conditioned by lithology. Basalt soils above the trimline yield significantly higher values of concentration‐dependent magnetic parameters (χ, χarm, IRM3T, soft IRM and hard IRM) than those below the trimline, due probably to transformation of non‐magnetic iron‐bearing minerals into magnetic forms. Conversely, for sandstone soils most magnetic parameters yield significantly lower values for above‐trimline samples, probably reflecting loss of ferrimagnetic minerals by dissolution and oxidation to aniferrimagnetic forms. These significant contrasts represent a new approach to validating high‐level weathering limits as periglacial trimlines cut at the Last Glacial Maximum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligopeptide patterns produced from Theobroma cacao L of various genetic origins
Authors: Amin I , Jinap S , Jamilah B , Harikrisna K , Biehl B 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAcetone dry powder (AcDP) was prepared for six cocoa genotypes, namely Forastero (Amelonado type), Criollo, Trinitario, SCA 12, UIT1 and PBC 140. Hydrophobic oligopeptides were produced when autolysis of AcDP was carried out at pH 3.5. Comparative HPLC analysis showed that autolysis of AcDP from various genotypes revealed a similar pattern of oligopeptides. Most of the hydrophobic oligopeptides were not generated during autolysis of AcDP in the presence of protease inhibitor (Pepstatin A), indicating that the generation of these oligopeptides was due to the action of cocoa cotyledon aspartic endoprotease. This finding implies that the splitting action of aspartic endoprotease on vicilin (7S)‐class globulin (VCG) from various genotypes was the same. The information from the study provides additional evidence that there are no obvious differences in VCG composition between various genotypes.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on retention of aroma compounds
Authors: van Ruth Saskia M , Vries Geja de , Geary Mike , Giannouli Persephoni 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of the composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on aroma retention was examined for 20 volatile compounds. Compositional and structural parameters included the fraction of emulsifier phase, the fraction of lipid phase and the particle size distribution of the dispersed lipid phase in the emulsion. Air/liquid partition coefficients of dimethyl sulphide, 1‐propanol, diacetyl, 2‐butanone, ethyl acetate, 1‐butanol, 2‐pentanol, propyl acetate, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, ethyl butyrate, hexanal, butyl acetate, 1‐hexanol, 2‐heptanone, heptanal, α‐pinene, 2‐octanone, octanal, 2‐nonanol and 2‐decanone were determined by static headspace gas chromatography. The hydrophobicity of the compounds determined the influence of the compositional and structural parameters of the emulsions on air/liquid partitioning. Increase of the emulsifier fraction increased the retention of mainly hydrophilic aroma compounds and decreased the retention of hydrophobic compounds. Higher lipid levels led to increased retention of hydrophobic compounds and release of hydrophilic compounds. Emulsions with larger particles showed increased aroma retention, which was independent of the lipid fraction and the polarity of the aroma compounds. The data demonstrated a profound effect of both composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on the air/liquid partitioning of the 20 aroma compounds under equilibrium conditions.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of natural antioxidants on heat‐induced, copper(II)‐catalysed, oxidative degradation of quercetin and rutin (quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside) in aqueous model systems
Authors: Makris Dimitris P , Rossiter John T 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe citrate/Cu2+‐catalysed degradation of quercetin and rutin (1.0 mM) was studied in an aqueous model system, pH 8.0, at 97 °C, with respect to the addition of natural, water‐soluble antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (ASA), catechin (CT) and cysteine (CY). Quercetin decomposition was found to be inhibited to a significant extent by the addition of ASA and CY at millimolar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, but CT gave significantly lower inhibition (P < 0.05) compared with both ASA and CY. In rutin solutions, significant inhibition (P < 0.05) was achieved only with the addition of CT and CY at a millimolar ratio of 1:2. The addition of both ASA and CY to solutions of either flavonol also inhibited browning (A420) development, but CT provoked significant increases.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The content of chlorogenic acids in tropical fruits
Authors: Pontes Priscila V , Moreira Ricardo F A , Trugo Luiz C , Maria Carlos A B De 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis work investigates the content of feruloylquinic (FQA), caffeoylquinic (CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic (diCQA) acids in the peel, pulp and seed of 22 tropical fruits from Brazil. 3‐CQA, 4,5‐diCQA and 4‐ and 5‐FQA were not detected in any of the fruits analysed. Relatively small amounts of 4‐CQA (4.0–48.7 mg kg−1) were found in the peel and/or pulp of seven of the fruits; only the peel of Artocarpus heterophyllus was significantly (p < 0.05) richer in this acid (1000 mg kg−1). The distribution of 3,4‐ and 3,5‐diCQA in different parts of the fruits was relatively poor, only reaching levels of up to 16.4 mg kg−1. The peel of A heterophyllus also showed the highest amount of 5‐CQA (13 000 mg kg−1), while the seed of most fruits generally contained a lower amount of this acid than the peel or pulp. On the basis of the 5‐CQA content found in the pulp, 15 of the fruits were classified as follows: very low concentration (4.4–15.8 mg kg−1), low concentration (28.9–66.4 mg kg−1), medium concentration (132 mg kg−1), high concentration (473–474 mg kg−1) or very high concentration (1730 mg kg−1); however, no 5‐CQA was detected in the pulp of the other seven fruits. Thus 5‐CQA was the major chlorogenic acid present in most of the tropical fruits studied and was generally accompanied by small amounts of 4‐CQA and 3,4‐ and 3,5‐diCQA.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Neurotoxic effects of differential doses of lead on rat brain followed by recovery
Authors: Nehru Bimla , Sidhu Pardeep 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLong‐term exposure to lead has been shown to produce behavioral disturbances in human and animal models. These disturbances are shown to be associated with alterations in cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS. The present experiment was designed to study the effect of lead exposure on neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and the activity of acetycholinesterase along with alterations seen in memory and locomotor functions. Lead was administrated orally at doses of 10, 50, and 200 mg/kg for a period of 12 weeks, and a dose of 50 mg/kg was also given for a period of 8 weeks on alternate days; data were collected at the end of exposure and also after recovery of 8 weeks. The most significant change noticed was the decrease in activity of the acetylcholinesterase, which did not improve following withdrawal of lead exposure. The alterations seen in various neurotransmitters remain unchanged at the end of recovery of 8 weeks. Lead exposure affected the locomotor and cognitive functions; however, following the recovery period, a significant improvement was seen in locomotor as well as cognitive behavior. The short‐term memory remained unchanged following both lead exposure and after recovery. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:131–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by Raschig process: Kinetics of the oxidation of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by chloramine
Authors: Elkhatib M. , Duriche C. , Peyrot L. , Metz R. , Delalu H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by the Raschig process was undertaken in aqueous solution. The principal side reaction that occurs in the medium is the oxidation of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline formed by chloramine. To increase the yield of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline, its oxidation by chloramine was studied by GC and HPLC at various concentrations of reactants and for a pH interval ranging between 9.9 and 13.5. The reaction is bimolecular and exhibits a specific acid catalysis. In alkaline medium, 1‐amino‐2‐methylindole is the principal product. The enthalpy and entropy of activation were determined at pH 12.89. In unbuffered solution, the interaction was autocatalyzed by the ammonium ions formed, which indicates a competitive oxidation of neutral and ionic forms of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by chloramine. A mathematical treatment based on one implicit equation allows a quantitative interpretation of all the phenomena observed over the above pH interval. It takes both acid–base dissociation equilibrium and alkaline hydrolysis of chloramine into account. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 515–523, 2002
Role of phenoxy radicals in PCDD/F formation
Authors: Sidhu Sukh , Edwards Phil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this work, the role of phenoxy radicals in polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) formation was investigated by studying the slow oxidation of 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP) and 2‐chloroanisole (2‐CA) at a gas‐phase concentration of 4 ppm (∼2.1 × 104 μg/m3) over a temperature range of 400–800°C. Residence times were maintained at 2.0 ± 0.10 s. PCDD/F reaction products were dibenzofuran, dibenzo‐p‐dioxin, 4‐chlorodibenzofuran, 1‐chlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin, 4,6‐dichlorodibenzofuran, and 1,6‐dichlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (1,6‐DCDD). Major products observed in these experiments were 2,6‐dichlorophenol, 3‐phenyl‐2‐propenal, 1‐indanone, 1,3‐isobenzofurandione, and 3‐phenyl‐2‐propenoyl chloride. The 2‐CP and 2‐CA experiments, along with the variable concentration 2‐CA experiments, showed that the concentration of radicals present in the oxidation system has a significant effect on the PCDD/F product distribution and ultimately the PCDD/PCDF ratio. Also, the observation of dichlorinated phenoxy phenol and dichlorinated dihydroxybiphenyl, the proposed intermediate species in the radical–radical mechanism, suggests that radical–radical mechanism dominates gas‐phase PCDD/F formation. This information will be helpful in constructing a detailed kinetic mechanism of PCDD/F formation/destruction in combustor postcombustion zone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 531–541, 2002
Selective photothermolysis of the sebaceous glands for acne treatment
Authors: Lloyd Jenifer R. , Mirkov Mirko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a long pulse diode laser (Cynosure, Inc.) to target and destroy enlarged sebaceous glands that are preloaded with Indocyanine green (ICG) chromophore.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThis study was designed in three phases. First, preliminary studies were performed to determine the ability of ICG to penetrate into enlarged sebaceous glands. Once penetration of the sebaceous gland was confirmed, the second phase was to determine the necessary parameters for the diode laser to effectively target the ICG loaded glands. This was done using laser–tissue interaction analysis. The final phase was done with patients that had active acne on their back to determine if selective destruction of the sebaceous glands could be achieved and also to assess the safety and efficacy of this novel treatment for acne.ResultsFluorescence microscopy of biopsy samples show evidence of ICG penetration into the sebaceous glands. Histological examination of biopsy samples from the treated areas finds selective necrosis of the sebaceous glands. Preliminary clinical results demonstrate a decrease in acne noted in the treatment area at 3, 6, and 10 months follow‐up.ConclusionsICG and diode laser treatment is a new approach for the treatment of acne based on experimentally observed selective photothermolysis of the sebaceous glands. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:115–120, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acne treatment with a 1,450 nm wavelength laser and cryogen spray cooling
Authors: Paithankar Dilip Y. , Ross E. Victor , Saleh Bilal A. , Blair Mark A. , Graham Bradley S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesA laser with a wavelength in the mid‐IR range targeting the depth in skin where sebaceous glands are located in combination with cryogen spray cooling was evaluated for treatment of acne. In this non‐ablative treatment, the laser energy heats the dermal volume encompassing sebaceous glands whereas the cold cryogen spray preserves the epidermis from thermal damage.Study Design/Materials and MethodsMonte Carlo simulations and heat transfer calculations were performed to optimize the heating and cooling parameters. A variety of heating and cooling parameters were tested in an in vivo rabbit ear study to evaluate the histological effect of the device on sebaceous glands and skin. Similar experiments were performed on ex vivo human skin. A clinical study for the treatment of acne on backs of human males was also conducted.ResultsMonte Carlo simulations and heat transfer calculations resulted in a thermal damage profile that showed epidermal preservation and peak damage in the upper dermis where sebaceous glands are located. Ex vivo human skin histology confirmed the damage profile qualitatively. In vivo rabbit ear histology studies indicated short‐term thermal alteration of sebaceous glands with epidermal preservation. In the human clinical study on the back, a statistically significant reduction in lesion count on the treated side compared to the control side was seen (p < 0.001). Side effects were transient and few.ConclusionsThe studies reported here demonstrate the feasibility of treating acne using a photothermal approach with a mid‐IR laser and cryogen cooling. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:106–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarity of drug names: Comparison of objective and subjective measures
Authors: Lambert Bruce L. , Donderi Don , Senders John W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious research has shown that objective measures of orthographic (i.e., spelling) similarity can predict the probability of drug‐name confusion, but it is not clear how these objective measures relate to subjective judgments of similarity. This study examined the association between one objective measure of orthographic similarity, the Dice coefficient on trigrams, and one subjective measure, based on the Proscale multidimensional scaling system. Twenty‐seven participants, divided into three groups, performed a similarity grouping task on one of three sets of 70 drug names drawn at random from a larger set of similar and dissimilar name pairs. Subjective groupings were converted to dissimilarity scores with the use of the Proscale multidimensional scaling program. The association between subjective and objective measures was assessed by correlation and regression analyses. Correlations between subjective and objective measures were −0.70, −0.48, and −0.53 for the three groups, respectively (p < .001). Regression models with trigram similarity as the main predictor accounted for between 22 and 48% of the variance in subjective dissimilarity scores. It is concluded that objective measures of orthographic similarity between drug names are valid but incomplete measures of subjective similarity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of sleep and driving performance in six patients with Parkinson's disease reporting sudden onset of sleep under dopaminergic medication: A pilot study
Authors: Möller J. Carsten , Stiasny Karin , Hargutt Volker , Cassel Werner , Tietze Heiko , Peter J. Hermann , Krüger H.‐Peter , Oertel Wolfgang H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSix patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) reporting unusually fast or sudden onset of sleep under the addition of dopamine agonists to a previous levodopa‐containing therapy were examined using a sleep–wake diary, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), polysomnography, multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT), a standardized vigilance test, and driving simulation. In all patients, ESS scores were increased and polysomnography showed disruption of the sleep pattern, a tendency towards poor sleep efficiency, and reduced proportions of slow‐ wave and rapid eye movement sleep. Pathological results in the MSLT or the vigilance test were obtained in five cases. For evaluation of driving performance, the standard deviation from the mean lane position during driving simulation was calculated. Three of five patients had clearly increased mean SDLP values. With respect to the measurement of daytime sleepiness (ESS, MSLT, vigilance test, and driving simulation), each patient had pathological results in at least two of these examinations. However, only a limited transfer of the routine vigilance assessment to driving performance was possible. In summary, this pilot study indicates that unusually fast or sudden onset of sleep in PD patients is a phenomenon of daytime sleepiness. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.