bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding in Vivo Benzenoid Metabolism in Petunia Petal Tissue
Authors: Boatright Jennifer , Negre Florence , Chen Xinlu , Kish Christine M. , Wood Barbara , Peel Greg , Orlova Irina , Gang David , Rhodes David , Dudareva Natalia 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
In vivo stable isotope labeling and computer-assisted metabolic flux analysis were used to investigate the metabolic pathways in petunia (Petunia hybrida) cv Mitchell leading from Phe to benzenoid compounds, a process that requires the shortening of the side chain by a C2 unit. Deuterium-labeled Phe (2H5-Phe) was supplied to excised petunia petals. The intracellular pools of benzenoid/phenylpropanoid-related compounds (intermediates and end products) as well as volatile end products within the floral bouquet were analyzed for pool sizes and labeling kinetics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Modeling of the benzenoid network revealed that both the CoA-dependent, β-oxidative and CoA-independent, non-β-oxidative pathways contribute to the formation of benzenoid compounds in petunia flowers. The flux through the CoA-independent, non-β-oxidative pathway with benzaldehyde as a key intermediate was estimated to be about 2 times higher than the flux through the CoA-dependent, β-oxidative pathway. Modeling of 2H5-Phe labeling data predicted that in addition to benzaldehyde, benzylbenzoate is an intermediate between l-Phe and benzoic acid. Benzylbenzoate is the result of benzoylation of benzyl alcohol, for which activity was detected in petunia petals. A cDNA encoding a benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol/phenylethanol benzoyltransferase was isolated from petunia cv Mitchell using a functional genomic approach. Biochemical characterization of a purified recombinant benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol/phenylethanol benzoyltransferase protein showed that it can produce benzylbenzoate and phenylethyl benzoate, both present in petunia corollas, with similar catalytic efficiencies.
Characterization of the Arabidopsis Lysine-Rich Arabinogalactan-Protein AtAGP17 Mutant (rat1) That Results in a Decreased Efficiency of Agrobacterium Transformation
Authors: Gaspar Yolanda Maria , Nam Jaesung , Schultz Carolyn Jane , Lee Lan-Ying , Gilson Paul R. , Gelvin Stanton B. , Bacic Antony 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are a family of complex proteoglycans widely distributed in plants. The Arabidopsis rat1 mutant, previously characterized as resistant to Agrobacterium tumefaciens root transformation, is due to a mutation in the gene for the Lys-rich AGP, AtAGP17. We show that the phenotype of rat1 correlates with down-regulation of AGP17 in the root as a result of a T-DNA insertion into the promoter of AGP17. Complementation of rat1 plants by a floral dip method with either the wild-type AGP17 gene or cDNA can restore the plant to a wild-type phenotype in several independent transformants. Based on changes in PR1 gene expression and a decrease in free salicylic acid levels upon Agrobacterium infection, we suggest mechanisms by which AGP17 allows Agrobacterium rapidly to reduce the systemic acquired resistance response during the infection process.
Traffic Lights in Trichodesmium. Regulation of Photosynthesis for Nitrogen Fixation Studied by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Kinetic Microscopy
Authors: Küpper Hendrik , Ferimazova Naila , Šetlík Ivan , Berman-Frank Ilana 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
We investigated interactions between photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in the non-heterocystous marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium IMS101 at the single-cell level by two-dimensional (imaging) microscopic measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics. Nitrogen fixation was closely associated with the appearance of cells with high basic fluorescence yield (F 0), termed bright cells. In cultures aerated with normal air, both nitrogen fixation and bright cells appeared in the middle of the light phase. In cultures aerated with 5% oxygen, both processes occurred at a low level throughout most of the day. Under 50% oxygen, nitrogen fixation commenced at the beginning of the light phase but declined soon afterwards. Rapid reversible switches between fluorescence levels were observed, which indicated that the elevated F 0 of the bright cells originates from reversible uncoupling of the photosystem II (PSII) antenna from the PSII reaction center. Two physiologically distinct types of bright cells were observed. Type I had about double F 0 compared to the normal F 0 in the dark phase and a PSII activity, measured as variable fluorescence (F v = F m − F 0), similar to normal non-diazotrophic cells. Correlation of type I cells with nitrogen fixation, oxygen concentration, and light suggests that this physiological state is connected to an up-regulation of the Mehler reaction, resulting in oxygen consumption despite functional PSII. Type II cells had more than three times the normal F 0 and hardly any PSII activity measurable by variable fluorescence. They did not occur under low-oxygen concentrations, but appeared under high-oxygen levels outside the diazotrophic period, suggesting that this state represents a reaction to oxidative stress not necessarily connected to nitrogen fixation. In addition to the two high-fluorescence states, cells were observed to reversibly enter a low-fluorescence state. This occurred mainly after a cell went through its bright phase and may represent a fluorescence-quenching recovery phase.
Identification of Syn-Pimara-7,15-Diene Synthase Reveals Functional Clustering of Terpene Synthases Involved in Rice Phytoalexin/Allelochemical Biosynthesis
Authors: Wilderman P. Ross , Xu Meimei , Jin Yinghua , Coates Robert M. , Peters Reuben J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) produces momilactone diterpenoids as both phytoalexins and allelochemicals. Accordingly, the committed step in biosynthesis of these natural products is catalyzed by the class I terpene synthase that converts syn-copalyl diphosphate to the corresponding polycyclic hydrocarbon intermediate syn-pimara-7,15-diene. Here, a functional genomics approach was utilized to identify a syn-copalyl diphosphate specific 9β-pimara-7,15-diene synthase (OsDTS2). To our knowledge, this is the first identified terpene synthase with this particular substrate stereoselectivity and, by comparison with the previously described and closely related ent-copalyl diphosphate specific cassa-12,15-diene synthase (OsDTC1), provides a model system for investigating the enzymatic determinants underlying the observed difference in substrate specificity. Further, OsDTS2 mRNA in leaves is up-regulated by conditions that stimulate phytoalexin biosynthesis but is constitutively expressed in roots, where momilactones are constantly synthesized as allelochemicals. Therefore, transcription of OsDTS2 seems to be an important regulatory point for controlling production of these defensive compounds. Finally, the gene identified here as OsDTS2 has previously been mapped at 14.3 cM on chromosome 4. The class II terpene synthase producing syn-copalyl diphosphate from the universal diterpenoid precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate was also mapped to this same region. These genes catalyze sequential cyclization steps in momilactone biosynthesis and seem to have been evolutionarily coupled by physical linkage and resulting cosegregation. Further, the observed correlation between physical proximity and common metabolic function indicates that other such class I and class II terpene synthase gene clusters may similarly catalyze consecutive reactions in shared biosynthetic pathways.
Phycobilisome Diffusion Is Required for Light-State Transitions in Cyanobacteria
Authors: Joshua Sarah , Mullineaux Conrad W. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Phycobilisomes are the major accessory light-harvesting complexes of cyanobacteria and red algae. Studies using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching on cyanobacteria in vivo have shown that the phycobilisomes are mobile complexes that rapidly diffuse on the thylakoid membrane surface. By contrast, the PSII core complexes are completely immobile. This indicates that the association of phycobilisomes with reaction centers must be transient and unstable. Here, we show that when cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 are immersed in buffers of high osmotic strength, the diffusion coefficient for the phycobilisomes is greatly decreased. This suggests that the interaction between phycobilisomes and reaction centers becomes much less transient under these conditions. We discuss the possible reasons for this. State transitions are a rapid physiological adaptation mechanism that regulates the way in which absorbed light energy is distributed between PSI and PSII. Immersing cells in high osmotic strength buffers inhibits state transitions by locking cells into whichever state they were in prior to addition of the buffer. The effect on state transitions is induced at the same buffer concentrations as the effect on phycobilisome diffusion. This implies that phycobilisome diffusion is required for state transitions. The main physiological role for phycobilisome mobility may be to allow such flexibility in light harvesting.
Emission of Plutella xylostella-Induced Compounds from Cabbages Grown at Elevated CO2 and Orientation Behavior of the Natural Enemies
Authors: Vuorinen Terhi , Nerg Anne-Marja , Ibrahim M.A. , Reddy G.V.P. , Holopainen Jarmo K. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Several plant species defend themselves indirectly from herbivores by producing herbivore-induced volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Here we tested the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 (720 μmol mol−1) concentration on this indirect defense, physiological properties, and constitutive and induced emissions of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea ssp. capitata, cvs Lennox and Rinda). We monitored the orientation behavior of the generalist predator Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and the specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to plants damaged by Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in the Y-tube olfactometer. Elevated CO2 levels did not affect stomatal densities but reduced specific leaf area and increased leaf thickness in cv Lennox. In addition to enhanced constitutive monoterpene emission, P. xylostella-damaged cabbages emitted homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, sesquiterpene (E,E)-α-farnesene, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Growth at elevated CO2 had no significant effect on the emissions expressed per leaf area, while minor reduction in the emission of homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene and (E,E)-α-farnesene was observed at elevated CO2 in one of two experiments. The generalist predator P. maculiventris discriminated only between the odors of intact and P. xylostella-damaged cv Rinda plants grown at ambient CO2 concentration, preferring the odor of the damaged plants. The specialist parasitoid C. plutellae preferred the odor of damaged plants of both cultivars grown at ambient CO2 but did not detect damaged cv Lennox plants grown at elevated CO2. The results suggest that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration could weaken the plant response induced by insect herbivore feeding and thereby lead to a disturbance of signaling to the third trophic level.
Combined Transcript and Metabolite Analysis Reveals Genes Involved in Spider Mite Induced Volatile Formation in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Mercke Per , Kappers Iris F. , Verstappen Francel W.A. , Vorst Oscar , Dicke Marcel , Bouwmeester Harro J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Many plants have an indirect defense against herbivores by emitting volatiles that attract carnivorous enemies of the herbivores. In cucumber (Cucumis sativus) the production of carnivore attractants can be induced by herbivory or jasmonic acid spraying. From the leaves of cucumber plants with and without spider mite infestation, two subtractive cDNA libraries were made that were enriched in cDNA fragments up- or down-regulated by spider mite infestation. A total of 713 randomly selected clones from these libraries were used to make a cDNA microarray. Subsequently, cucumber plants were sprayed with jasmonic acid, mechanically damaged, infested with spider mites, or left untreated (control). Leaf samples were taken at a range of different time points, and induced volatile compounds and mRNA (from the same leaves) were collected. cDNAs prepared from the mRNA were hybridized to the clones on the microarray. The resulting gene expression profiles were analyzed in combination with volatile production data in order to gain insight in the possible involvement of the studied genes in the synthesis of those volatiles. The clones on the microarray and the induced cucumber volatiles could be grouped into a number of clusters in which specific biosynthetic genes clustered with the product of that pathway. For example, lipoxygenase cDNA clones clustered with the volatile (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and the volatile sesquiterpene (E,E)- α-farnesene clustered with an up-regulated sesquiterpene synthase fragment. This fragment was used to screen a cDNA library which resulted in the cloning of the cucumber (E,E)-α-farnesene and (E)-β-caryophyllene synthases. The use of combined global gene expression analysis and metabolite analysis for the discovery of genes involved in specific biosynthetic processes is discussed.
Jasmonic Acid Is a Key Regulator of Spider Mite-Induced Volatile Terpenoid and Methyl Salicylate Emission in Tomato
Authors: Ament Kai , Kant Merijn R. , Sabelis Maurice W. , Haring Michel A. , Schuurink Robert C. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) mutant def-1, which is deficient in induced jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation upon wounding or herbivory, was used to study the role of JA in the direct and indirect defense responses to phytophagous mites (Tetranychus urticae). In contrast to earlier reports, spider mites laid as many eggs and caused as much damage on def-1 as on wild-type plants, even though def-1 lacked induction of proteinase inhibitor activity. However, the hatching-rate of eggs on def-1 was significantly higher, suggesting that JA-dependent direct defenses enhanced egg mortality or increased the time needed for embryonic development. As to gene expression, def-1 had lower levels of JA-related transcripts but higher levels of salicylic acid (SA) related transcripts after 1 d of spider mite infestation. Furthermore, the indirect defense response was absent in def-1, since the five typical spider mite-induced tomato-volatiles (methyl salicylate [MeSA], 4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene [TMTT], linalool, trans-nerolidol, and trans-β-ocimene) were not induced and the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis did not discriminate between infested and uninfested def-1 tomatoes as it did with wild-type tomatoes. Similarly, the expression of the MeSA biosynthetic gene salicylic acid methyltransferase (SAMT) was induced by spider mites in wild type but not in def-1. Exogenous application of JA to def-1 induced the accumulation of SAMT and putative geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase transcripts and restored MeSA- and TMTT-emission upon herbivory. JA is therefore necessary to induce the enzymatic conversion of SA into MeSA. We conclude that JA is essential for establishing the spider mite-induced indirect defense response in tomato.
Oil outlook to 2025
Authors: Shihab‐Eldin Adnan , Hamel Mohamed , Brennand Garry 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the OPEC Secretariat's latest outlook to 2025 for oil supply and demand. The results have been developed using the OPEC World Energy Model, OWEM.The next two decades are expected to see increases in energy demand met predominantly by fossil fuels, with oil set to continue to maintain its major role. There is also a clear expectation that the oil resource base is sufficiently abundant to satisfy this demand growth. Global oil demand rises in the reference case by 12 million barrels per day to 89 mb/d from 2002 to 2010, an average annual growth rate of 1.5 mb/d, or 1.8 per cent per annum, over the period. In the following decade, demand grows by a further 17 mb/d to 106 mb/d by 2020, and then by another 9 mb/d to 115 mb/d by 2025. Almost three‐quarters of the increase in demand over the period 2002–25 comes from developing countries.In the short‐to‐medium term, overall non‐OPEC supply is expected to continue to increase—rising to a plateau of 55–57 mb/d in the post‐2010 period. The key sources for the increase in non‐OPEC supply will be Latin America, Africa, Russia and the Caspian. In the longer term, OPEC will increasingly be called upon to supply the incremental barrel.Uncertainties over future economic growth, government policies and the rate of development and diffusion of newer technologies raise questions over the future scale of investment that will be required. These uncertainties, coupled with long lead times, inevitably complicate the task of maintaining market stability. Medium‐term prospects suggest that there is a need to ensure that spare capacity is not too high and that it is consistent with sustained market stability. There are genuine risks of downward pressure on oil prices, and this could sow the seeds of instability.
Oil price movements and production agreements
Authors: Mazraati M. , Jazayeri S.M. Tayyebi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this technical exercise is to apply econometric modelling to study the relationship between movements in the oil price and compliance by the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) with its self‐assigned production agreements, whose purpose is to bring order and stability to the international oil market.After introducing various methods of measurement of compliance, the study applies these methods to monthly data for 1995–2002 for OPEC. It then identifies the method “over‐production as a percentage of ceiling” as the best‐fitting and most accurate criterion for measuring OPEC compliance. The paper then elaborates on intervention analysis, explains the various types of intervention in detail and introduces a number of econometric models to monitor oil price movements resulting from OPEC's intervention in the oil market, along with the extent of its compliance with its agreements.On applying the models to a set of historical monthly data, the study finds that higher oil prices have been achieved when the effective level of compliance lies in the range of 94–99 per cent, and that lower oil prices have been experienced when there is less compliance and more volatility.The paper notes that the achievement of order and stability is the responsibility of all parties in an international market that is inherently volatile.
Some risks related to the short‐term trading of natural gas
Authors: Mazighi Ahmed El Hachemi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTraditionally guided by long‐term contracts, the international natural gas trade is experiencing new methods of operating, based on the short term and more flexibility. Today, indeed, the existence of uncommitted quantities of natural gas, combined with gas price discrepancies among different regions of the world, gives room for the expansion of the spot‐trading of gas.The main objective of this paper is to discuss three fundamental risks related to the short‐term trading of natural gas: volume risk, price risk and infrastructure risk. The defenders of globalisation argue that the transition from the long‐term to the short‐term trading of natural gas is mainly a question of access to gas reserves, decreasing costs of gas liquefaction, the building of liquefied natural gas (LNG) fleets and regasification facilities and third‐party access to the infrastructure. This process needs to be as short as possible, so that the risks related to the transition process will disappear rapidly. On the other hand, the detractors of globalisation put the emphasis on the complexity of the gas value chain and on the fact that eliminating long‐term contracts increases the risks inherent to the international natural gas business.In this paper, we try to untangle and assess the risks related to the short‐term trading of natural gas. Our main conclusions are listed over the page:

the short‐term trading of gas is far from riskless;
volume risk requires stock‐building in both consuming and producing countries;
price risk, through the high volatility for gas, induces an increase in options prices; and
there is no evidence to suggest that money‐lenders' appetite for financing gas infrastructure projects will continue in a short‐term trading system, and this would be a threat to consumers' security of supply.
Nursing Interventions for a Chronically Ill, Nonadherent Teenager With a Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Sieben Diane , Steinmiller Elizabeth A. , Bertolino Jennifer 
Published: August 2004

ISSUES AND PURPOSE To describe the complex care of an adolescent with chronic psychiatric and medical problems.CONCLUSIONS The nonadherent, self‐abusing, adolescent was empowered to progress developmentally, as well as medically.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS A planned team approach helped the adolescent become more developmentally appropriate and independent in self‐care. The care plan designed by nursing staff included a change in nursing focus, creative problem solving, team nursing, and utilization of multidisciplinary resources.
Lack of Relationship Between Acceptance and Knowledge of Asthma in School‐Age Children and Early Adolescents
Authors: Kintner Eileen Kae 
Published: August 2004

ISSUES AND PURPOSE Early adolescents diagnosed with asthma have difficulty accepting their condition. This study is part of an ongoing program of research designed to increase understanding of the adolescent process of coming to acceptance. The purpose was to explore relationships among variables in the Acceptance of Asthma Model.DESIGN AND METHODS A cross‐sectional, theory‐testing design with a sample of 94 students ages 9 to 14 years.RESULTS Acceptance was dependent on psychosocial influences and disease characteristics rather than knowledge of asthma.PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Psychosocial interventions are needed to facilitate acceptance.
Origin of the in situ stress field in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: Sandiford Mike , Wallace Malcolm , Coblentz David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe in situ stress field of south‐eastern Australia inferred from earthquake focal mechanisms and bore‐hole breakouts is unusual in that it is characterised by large obliquity between the maximum horizontal compressive stress orientation (SHmax) and the absolute plate motion azimuth. The evolution of the neotectonic strain field deduced from historical seismicity and both onshore and offshore faulting records is used to address the origin of this unusual stress field. Strain rates derived from estimates of the seismic moment release rate (up to ∼10−16 s−1) are compatible with Quaternary fault–slip rates. The record of more or less continuous tectonic activity extends back to the terminal Miocene or early Pliocene (10–5 Ma). Terminal Miocene tectonic activity was characterised by regional‐scale tilting and local uplift and erosion, now best preserved by unconformities in offshore basins. Plate‐scale stress modelling suggests the in situ stress field reflects increased coupling of the Australian and Pacific Plate boundary in the late Miocene, associated with the formation of the Southern Alps in New Zealand.