bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navy Bean Supplementation in Obesity Increases Akkermansia muciniphila Abundance and Attenuates Obesity Related Impairments in Gut Barrier Function
Authors: Monk Jennifer M , Lepp Dion , Wu Wenqing , Graf Daniela , Hutchinson Amber L , Robinson Lindsay E , Power Krista A 
Published: November 2023

Fiber‐rich dietary pulses, such as common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) have the potential to modify the colonic microenvironment (microbiota and host epithelial barrier) which can mitigate the severity of gut‐associated pathologies. Obesity is associated with impairments in the mucosal barrier (leaky gut) and specific changes in the abundance of bacteria communities within the gut microbiota. The objective was to assess the gut health promoting effects of 20% cooked navy bean flour supplementation in both the lean healthy and obese states. Two studies were conducted wherein male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a low fat control (LF, 10% fat as kcal) or an isocaloric bean supplemented diet (LF+B) for 3 weeks (Study 1: lean healthy), or a high fat diet (HF, 60% fat as kcal) or isocaloric bean supplemented (HF+B) diet for 12 weeks (Study 2: diet induced obesity). In lean mice, using fecal 16S rRNA sequencing, LF+B altered the abundance of critical gut microbial families including increased abundance of S24–7 (1.5‐fold) and Prevotellaceae (71‐fold) and decreased abundance of Peptococcaceae (3.7‐fold), Streptococcaceae (8.4‐fold), Clostridiaceae (12‐fold), Rikenellaceae (2.5‐fold) and Porphyromonadaceae (2.5‐fold) versus LF. These changes were associated with increased microbial activity (i.e, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production) and colonic tissue expression of the SCFA receptors GPR41, 43 and 109a. LF+B improved gut barrier integrity and function by increasing i) mucus production, ii) anti‐microbial defenses, iii) tight junction protein expression, and iv) reducing serum lipopolysaccharide levels. These beneficial effects were sustained in obesity wherein HF+B fed mice exhibited improvements in both gut microbiota activity and community structure and aspects of the obese phenotype. Specifically, fecal abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, whose abundance is inversely related to the severity of the obese phenotype, was increased in the HF+B group versus HF by 20‐fold, which was associated with a reduction in visceral adipose mRNA expression of the inflammatory mediators MCP‐1 and IL‐6 and increased expression of adiponectin. Colon epithelial barrier integrity was improved in the HF+B group versus HF, as evidenced by increased mRNA expression of tight junction components (ZO‐1, occludin, JAM‐A and claudin‐2) and functionally by reduced serum FITC‐dextran concentration in an in vivo gut permeability test. Additionally, evidence of an enhanced mucus barrier and anti‐microbial defence was apparent in the HF+B group versus HF based on increased goblet cell number and upregulated expression of Muc1‐3 and Reg3γ, respectively. In conclusion, bean supplementation enhanced gut barrier integrity and exerted a beneficial colon‐function priming effect that helps mitigate the severity of the obese phenotype.Support or Funding InformationORF, AAFC Pulse‐Cluster
The Effect of a Low‐Glycemic Index Pulse‐Based Diet on Performance and Body Composition in Soccer Players
Authors: Mizelman Eliran , Chilibeck Philip , Hanifi Abdullah , Kaviani Mojtaba , Brenna Eric , Zello Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Low‐glycemic index foods, such as pulses (i.e. lentils, peas, chickpeas, beans), have potential to improve endurance exercise performance because they do not induce a large release of insulin; this allows greater fat oxidation and preservation of muscle glycogen during endurance exercise. In addition to containing low‐glycemic index carbohydrate, pulses are a good source of protein and contain low levels of fat; therefore, they have potential to improve body composition. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of a one‐month pulse‐based diet on endurance performance and body composition in soccer players. Seventeen soccer players (11 females) who were university or city‐league players were randomized to consume their regular diet or were given a pulse‐based diet (i.e. 25% of daily caloric intake, as calculated from 3‐d food logs, was given as pulses, including beans, lentils, chickpeas, or peas) for one month, followed by a wash‐out of 2 weeks, and then the opposite diet for another month. Before and after each one‐month phase body composition was assessed by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. During each diet phase soccer performance was assessed as distance the players were able to cover during games by a global positioning system (Catapult Sports Optimeye X5). An hour before each game, players consumed 1.0 g available carbohydrate per kg of body mass, from either a pulse‐based sport nutrition bar (i.e. during the pulse‐diet phase) or a commercially‐available high‐glycemic index sport nutrition bar (i.e. during the regular diet phase). Distance covered during games was analyzed by magnitude‐based inferences, assuming a smallest substantial change in distance of 102 meters, based on game‐to‐game variability in distance covered.ResultsMale soccer players significantly decreased percent body fat during the pulse‐based diet phase (14.3 SD 2.2 to 13.4 SD 2.2%) compared to the regular‐diet phase (13.7 SD 2.1 to 14.1 SD 2.2%) (p=0.01); whereas, change in percent body fat was not different for females between the two diet phases (i.e. 24.5 SD 3.4 to 23.2 SD 4.3% during the pulse diet phase vs. 24.0 SD 3.8 to 23.1 SD 4.6% during the regular diet phase). During the pulse diet phase the soccer players covered an average of 9590 SD 1450 m during 90‐minutes of match time compared to 9360 SD 1471 m during the regular diet phase. The mean difference in distance covered between the pulse diet and regular diet phase (230 m, 90% CI −206 to 667 m) represents a 70% chance that the pulse diet was superior to the regular diet for increasing distance covered per game. We conclude that a pulse‐based diet improves body composition in male, but not female soccer players and that a pulse‐based diet may allow players to run a greater distance during soccer matches.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers and the Western Grains Research Foundation
Are Chromium (Cr) Supplements Efficacious for Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM)?
Authors: Dwyer Johanna T , Costello R B , Bailey RL , Wambogo E 
Published: November 2023

Chromium (Cr)‐containing dietary supplements are claimed to improve glycemic control in T2DM. We conducted a systematic literature search of randomized clinical trials (RCT) of adults with T2DM to document changes in glycemic control from pre‐ to post‐supplementation with Cr. The search included studies from 1/1991–1/2014 with the following terms: blood glucose, blood sugar, glucose metabolism disorders, or metabolic syndrome; randomized clinical trial, systematic review or meta‐analysis; trials with adults (>18yr.); T2DM defined by self‐report, clinical diagnosis or biochemical determination of elevated fasting plasma glucose [FPG ] or hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c];with and without concurrent treatment with hypoglycemic agents; and RCT design having a placebo or comparator control along with the Cr dietary supplement. Exclusions were studies in children, or solely in patients with T1DM; presence of unstable chronic disease and/or acute conditions; studies of combination therapies without a separate Cr supplement; observational, non‐randomized or un‐blinded studies; and those not reporting results pre vs. post‐supplementation. We defined elevated FPG as >126 mg/dL, or elevatedHbA1c as > 6.5%, and treatment goals as FPG ≤ 130 mg/dL, or ≤7.0% HbA1c, and a clinically substantial decrease as ≥0.5% HbA1c (or 60 mg/dL, a criterion based on reduction achieved by successful drug therapy; no similar criterion was available for a single FPG). A total of 20 RCT (22 arms) were identified. Many different doses and forms of Cr were used. 16 of 20 RCT continued hypoglycemic medications and lifestyle modifications during Cr supplementation, which confounded the interpretation of the cause of changes during supplementation. Many studies failed to show decreases compared to controls and in others decreases were small. Glycemic treatment goals were reached after Cr supplementation in 5/20studies using the mean FPG criterion, 3/14 using HgA1c, and 1/14 using both FPG and HgA1c. Mean HbA1c declined by ≥0.5% in 5/14 RCT, but in 4/5 of those with a drop concurrent hypoglycemic medications were also administered. Neither dose nor duration of Cr supplementation appeared to be associated with effectiveness. Also, we discovered that many of the RCT had features that threatened their quality, including heterogeneous study populations, small study size, high drop‐out rates, and short study duration. Moreover, in many studies the advantages of randomization for causal inference were lost due to high dropout rates and analyses solely of completers (per protocol analysis) rather than by intent to treat. The low strength of the evidence to date makes it unlikely that Cr supplements are efficacious for glycemic control. Future meta‐analyses should be selective and use similar inclusion criteria, similar forms of Cr, and include only high quality studies to provide scientifically sound recommendations.Support or Funding InformationFunding: Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
Inclusion of 100% Concord grape juice reduces glucose release following in vitro digestion of a model carbohydrate rich meal
Authors: Moser Sydney Elizabeth , Lim Jongbin , Whiteman J. D. , Hamaker Bruce , Ferruzzi Mario 
Published: November 2023

Growing evidence suggest that phenolics from fruits and juices including 100% grape juice (GJ) may impact glucose homeostasis by independently inhibiting carbohydrate digestion and modulating intestinal glucose transport. However, the extent to which these effects are extendable to 100% GJ in the context of interaction within a meal remains unclear. To determine the influence of 100% GJ from purple American grapes (V. labrusca; Concord) on starch digestion and intestinal glucose release from a meal, GJ was combined (5 and 10% w/w) with a milk and cornstarch‐based pudding (MSP) providing protein and complex carbohydrates simulating a meal. This combination was introduced to an in vitro digestion model mimicking oral, gastric and small intestinal digestion. Phenolic bioaccessibility and extent of glucose release from starch were assessed following digestion. Concord GJ is rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids (806 to 845 μM total phenolics) including catechin, quercetin and isorhameritin, as well as anthocyanins (80 to 103 μM total anthocyanins) with cyanidin and delphinidin most abundant. Co‐digestion of GJ with MSP did not significantly impact bioaccessibility of total phenolics suggesting the food matrix did not impact digestive stability and ultimate bioaccessibility in the GI tract. Total glucose content in final digesta was decreased by 12% following co‐digestion of MSP with 10% Concord GJ (~55 μM phenolics) compared to sugar match control. No significant effect was observed from 5% Concord GJ. GJ phenolic extracts also demonstrated modest inhibition of a‐amylase at 500 μM phenolics (3.4–8.8%) and of glucoamylase activity at 300 and 500 μM phenolics (4.9 and 9.3%, respectively). Combined these data suggest that consumption of 100% GJ, compared to a sugar sweetened beverage, with a carbohydrate‐rich meal may delay digestive release of glucose in the upper GI through inhibition of glucoamylase leading to a modest reduction in glycemic response from a meal.Support or Funding InformationFunding support by Welch Foods
Effect of Decaffeinated Green and Black Tea Extracts on Energy Metabolism in Mice Fed a High Fat/High Sucrose/Western Diet
Authors: Henning Susanne M , Yang Jieping , Grojean Emma M , Lee Ru‐Po , Hsu Mark , Heber David , Li Zhaoping 
Published: November 2023

Although green tea (GT) and black tea (BT) are chemically very different, both reduce body weight and fat depots in male C57BL/6J mice fed a high‐fat/high‐sucrose (HF/HS) diet. A portion of GT polyphenols is absorbed in the small intestine while the majority of high molecular weight polyphenols from BT reach the large intestine. In the colon all tea polyphenols are converted to smaller phenolic compounds by the microflora. We have demonstrated that GT and BT dramatically change the composition of the intestinal microflora. It is the objective of the present study to determine intestinal and hepatic targets of tea polyphenols contributing to the anti‐obesogenic activity of GT and BT.48 C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: control HF/HS (Western) diet (32% kcal from butter fat and corn oil, 25% kcal from sucrose), or a HF/HS‐diet supplemented with either GT or BT extract providing 0.25% polyphenols, or a low fat diet (10.6% kcal from fat) for 4 weeks. All observations are in comparison to the HF/HS‐diet fed control mice. GT and BT administration decreased body weight, epidydimal, mesenteric and subcutaneous fat as determined by weight. Only BT significantly increased propionic acid and i‐butyric acid in the cecum as determined by gas chromatography. Real‐time quantitative PCR demonstrated that GT and BT decreased gene expression of fatty acid transporters in ileum tissue of fatty acid binding protein 2 (Fabp2) significantly and BT induced a trend to decrease gene expression of fatty acid binding protein 4 (Fatp4) and cluster of differentiation/fatty acid translocase (Cd36/Fat). Gene expression of the following hepatic key regulatory enzymes of fatty acid β‐oxidation was increased significantly by GT: 1) Carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 and 2 (Cpt1a, Cpt1b, Cpt2), that regulate transport of cytosolic fatty acids to mitochondria and 2) long chain and very long chain acetyl CoA dehydrogenase (Lcad, VLcad), that catalyze the first step in FA β‐oxidation in the mitochondria. In the liver of mice consuming the HF/HS‐BT diet AMPK protein phosphorylation was increased significantly as determined by Western blot.In summary, the anti‐obesity effects of GT and BT were induced through different mechanisms. Only GT stimulated liver energy expenditure directly, while BT increased SCFA formation significantly leading to stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation and both teas reduced intestinal fatty acid transport.Support or Funding InformationSupported by NIH RO3CA171583 and departmental funds of the Center for Human Nutrition Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
Cocoa Increases Postprandial GLP‐1 Response in Adults with Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Strat Karen , Davy Brenda M , Hulver Matthew W , Davy Kevin P , Neilson Andrew Peter 
Published: November 2023

Prediabetes (elevated fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) is an intermediate state in the development of type‐2 diabetes. Strategies are needed to prevent progression from this “at‐risk” state to fully developed disease. Cocoa flavanols offer a unique potential solution to improve glucose homeostasis by inhibiting digestive enzymes and stimulating an incretin hormone response. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute cocoa consumption on postprandial blood glucose, insulin, and incretin hormone levels following a mixed meal in adults. Sixteen adults at risk for developing type‐2 diabetes were enrolled: n=11 had normal glucose tolerance (NGT, blood glucose < 140 mg/dl 2 h after 75 g OGTT) and n=5 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT, 140–199 mg/dl 2 h after OGTT). Subjects completed two meal challenges consisting of a meal replacement shake blended with a cocoa beverage powder (10 g cocoa) or placebo beverage powder (0 g cocoa) in a randomized crossover design. Intravenous blood samples were taken at baseline and over 4 h post‐meal. For all subjects pooled together, cocoa significantly increased postprandial C‐peptide excursion from baseline compared to placebo (p = 0.0463). When data were split by phenotype (NGT vs. IGT subjects), the IGT cohort had slightly (but not significantly) lower fasting GLP‐1 levels and postprandial GLP‐1 response compared to the NGT cohort. Furthermore, the IGT cohort had significantly increased maximum postprandial GLP‐1 levels (p = 0.0452) with cocoa vs. placebo. In IGT subjects, GLP‐1 area under the curve and excursion from baseline approached significance with cocoa vs. placebo (p = 0.0759 and p = 0.0642, respectively). There were no differences in GLP‐1 response between treatments for the NGT group. There were no effects of cocoa on glucose, insulin, GIP, or adiponectin for either cohort or pooled subjects. Our data suggest that natural cocoa may rescue an impaired GLP‐1 response seen in adults with impaired glucose tolerance; NGT individuals may not experience these improvements, as their incretin and glycemic responses are not impaired. In conclusion, natural cocoa may be helpful in maintaining glucose homeostasis by enhancing the incretin response in a subset of adults at risk of developing type‐2 diabetes.Support or Funding InformationFunding was provided by The Hershey Co., Hershey, PA.
The Hypoglycaemic Potential of Antioxidant‐Rich Food Extracts
Authors: Chepulis Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Background/AimsPrediabetes and Type 2 diabetes are highly prevalent in the USA as well as Western countries, and both conditions are associated with impaired glucose control. Research suggests that low GI diets and reduced HbA1c values can be one means by which disease progression can be slowed, and antioxidants have been identified as having the ability to regulate plasma glucose levels. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of specific high‐antioxidant food extracts on postprandial glucose responses to sugar (glucose) and a basic carbohydrate meal.MethodsTen healthy individuals were recruited into a randomized, single‐blinded study. Participants were asked to consume various high‐antioxidant food extracts that were matched for total antioxidant content 10 mins prior to 50g of available carbohydrate from either glucose or white bread (with ham) after an overnight fast. Blood glucose levels were measured using capillary sampling every 15 mins for two hours, and the incremental area under the glucose curve (IAUC) measured. The IAUC values for the test food extracts were compared to the glucose‐only and bread/ham‐only controls.ResultsAmla berry‐, Grape seed‐ Rooibos tea‐ and Green tea‐ extracts as well as Propolis tincture were all strong glycemic modulators, significantly decreasing the IAUC by 25–39% compared to the glucose‐only or bread‐only controls (all p < 0.05). All extracts were well tolerated, and no more than one gram of extract was required to achieve the aforementioned results.ConclusionsAntioxidant‐rich food extracts are able to reduce the postprandial response of glucose and white bread with ham; thus they may offer a potential means by which glycemic control could be managed in individuals who have impaired glucose control.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by in part by Manuka Health New Zealand Ltd, and in part by Waiairki Institute of Technology, New Zealand
Ingested Capsaicinoids Can Prevent Low‐Fat/High‐Carbohydrate diet and High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Obesity by Regulating the Expression of Genes for Metabolism
Authors: Sahin Kazim , Orhan Cemal , Tuzcu Mehmet , Sahin Nurhan , Ozdemir Oguzhan , Juturu Vijaya 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUNDWe previously found that ingested capsaicinoids (CAPs) inhibit pancreatic lipase and the mRNA levels of adipogenic genes such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐gamma) and CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein‐alpha (C/EBP‐alpha) decreased in in vitro models. The aim of this study was to investigate the capsaicinoids (CAPs) effects on regulating the gene protein levels in low fat/high carbohydrate diet (LF/HCD) and high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in rats.METHODSEight week male Wistar rats were fed on a LF/HCD and HFD with and without capsaicinoids compared with control group (CTL, +/− CAPs) for 8 weeks to induce obesity. Subsequently they were divided into different groups and were maintained on a CTL (+/− 0.2mg CAPs, 10 mg/kg bw CapsimaxTM, LF/HCD (+/− 0.2mg CAPs, 10 mg/kg bw CapsimaxTM) and HFD (+/−0.2 mg CAPs, 10 mg/kg bw CapsimaxTM) for 8 weeks. Changes in the gene protein levels of gp91phox (NOX2), Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), nuclear factor NF‐κB, endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), NFkB, p22phox Protein (CYBA) and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) were analyzed. Serum and liver TBARS and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were analyzed in all treatments.RESULTSExperimental diets supplemented with CAPs lowered the levels of mRNA levels of gp91phox (NOX2), NFkB, p22phox Protein (CYBA) and However, the mRNA levels of SIRT an important regulator of energy metabolism, Nrf2 an emerging regulator of cellular resistance to oxidant, eNOS a vasoprotective molecule nitric oxide (NO·) were significantly increased. CAPs treated groups had significant decrease in TBARS in serum and liver tissue and an increase in serum TAC were observed.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that CAPs effectively reduces TBARS and increased TAC. These effects might be at least partially mediated via regulation of the gene proteins involved in energy metabolism, oxidative stress and vasoprotection.Support or Funding InformationOmniActive Health Technologies Inc.