bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking of Necessity
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis book sets out a Kant-inspired theory of modality, driven by a methodology which takes seriously questions about the function of modal judgment as a guide to a metaphysics of modality. It argues that we need logical modal concepts as a condition on our ability to think, and metaphysical modal concepts as a condition on our ability to think objectively. Concordant with this, it argues that logical necessity has its source in the laws of thought and that metaphysical necessity is relative to conditions on objective thought. This this account of metaphysical necessity, which is termed “Modal Transcendentalism”, is then further developed, covering questions concerning necessary and contingent existence, de re necessity, essentialism, and modal epistemology.
Objectivity and Modality
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that there is a kind of modality that is relative to conditions on objective thought, and that having a conception of that kind of modality is itself a condition on having objective thoughts. The chapter introduces the Problem of Reality, and introduces conditions on objective thought as a solution to that problem. It is then argued that the objective/subjective distinction is not a true dichotomy, and that there is a third option of being neither objective nor subjective (nonjective). In order to grasp this three-way distinction, it is contended that one needs modal concepts and, in particular, concepts of a kind of modality relative to conditions on objective thought. Next, it is argued that we need a conception of objectivity in order to have objective thoughts. From which it follows that we need the selfsame conception of modality in order to have objective thoughts.
Essence, Existence, and Modal Knowledge
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter considers some typical cases of metaphysical necessity. First, it is argued that nothing exists metaphysically necessarily, and so everything exists contingently. This requires a comment on the Barcan Formulas: it is argued that we should reject the Barcan Formulas for logical, and hence for metaphysical, modality, by rejecting an existence assumption in classical logic. The chapter then considers the extent to which essentialist necessity claims, such as the essentiality of kind, can be accommodated by the account of metaphysical necessity. It is proposed that essentialist claims may be accommodated as claims of generalized identity. The chapter also addresses some epistemological issues. Metaphysical necessity is often associated with the necessary a posteriori. The chapter explains where a posteriori knowledge might figure in knowledge of conditional metaphysical necessities, using the template of deduction models of modal knowledge. It is further suggested that the distinction between thinking and objective thinking can help to shed light on the notion of conceivability as a guide to possibility. We may distinguish between conceivability understood in terms of what is thinkable, and conceivability understood in terms of what is objectively thinkable. Logic helps us to explore the first kind; transcendental philosophy helps us to explore the second.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe chapter summarizes the results of the book, and indicates some points that would benefit from further study. For example, it would be interesting to see other, less Kantian, developments of the proposed function-based methodology. Much of the discussion of the function of modal judgment is underpinned by the claim that the distinction between objective and subjective is not exhaustive: this claim, and its consequences, may be worthy of further exploration. The suggestion that conceivability approaches to modal epistemology could be enhanced in relation to an account of transcendental philosophy also has scope for further development.
Conclusion
Authors: de Boer David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The craft of employing the printing press to alleviate distant suffering has a long history that takes us deep into Europe’s age of confessional strife. As the press became the predominant medium through which to express concern about distant strangers, early modern humanitarianism rhetorically transcended the strict confessional parameters within which it had emerged. This did not mean that all confessional groups had equal access to the Dutch printing presses. Throughout the period discussed in this book, countless victims of persecution failed to receive support, despite inclusive languages of common humanity, reason, and the rule of law. This inconsistency between word and deed remained a recurring phenomenon in humanitarian practices in the centuries that followed. The conclusion therefore argues that to understand the dynamics of moral outrage, we should not only examine the norms of a given society, but also when, how, and why these norms were or were not activated for specific situations.
Quantum mechanics is born
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The events that led to the formulation of the laws of quantum mechanics are presented. Quantum revolution took place in two phases. In the first phase, three important developments took place. Max Planck explained the radiation emitted by heated objects via a quantum postulate, Albert Einstein explained the emission of electrons when light shines on metals by treating light as consisting of photons, and Niels Bohr developed a model for the hydrogen atom by invoking a quantum postulate. In the second phase, Heisenberg and Schrödinger formulated the laws of quantum mechanics that could not only explain all the known phenomena but predict many others.
What is light?
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A brief history of how light has been perceived since antiquity is presented. The understanding of light underwent tremendous changes over time. We have therefore come a long way from the earliest studies on light, trying to understand vision as light emanating from our eyes, to the description of light as rays, then as particles, and then waves, and finally exhibiting both particle and wave natures. The picture of light quanta as both waves and particles is an incomprehensible but correct picture. It is an irony that the greatest strides taken in the scientific understanding have come in our time, yet we feel least certain of our understanding of what light is, what a photon is.
Big bang—Birth of the universe
Authors: Zubairy M. Suhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the big bang model that explains how and when our universe was created. According to the model, the universe came into being about 13.8 billion years ago. It seems unbelievable but, at that moment, all the trillions of galaxies and the clusters of galaxies with each galaxy consisting of billions of stars were concentrated at a single point, a point much smaller than the smallest object we can think of. Space and time were created as a result of an expansion and the universe, as we see around us, came into being. We discuss how Hubble discovered the expansion of the universe that led to the big bang model. Another piece of evidence came from the discovery of the microwave background radiation left over from the moment of creation. What happened in the initial moments after the big bang is explained. The vast expansion called inflation is also discussed.
Critiques of Constitutional Identity
Authors: Scholtes Julian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Both the concept of constitutional identity and the wider notion of ‘constitutional pluralism’ have come under mounting criticism in recent years. Especially in the light of the ‘democratic backsliding’ of EU Member States such as Poland and Hungary, it has been argued that allowing Member States to contest the authority of EU law on the basis of constitutional identity is both corrosive to the European legal order and opens up constitutional adjudication to populist and nativist considerations. This chapter will discuss these criticisms in context, putting special focus on calls to abandon the concept of constitutional identity as a vessel for constitutional dialogue. I argue that many of the criticisms calling for ‘abandoning’ constitutional identity, while rightly pinpointing a problem, draw the wrong conclusions. Instead of abandoning either constitutional identity or constitutional pluralism as such, we ought to think more closely about the abuse of constitutional identity.
Beyond the Jesuit College
Authors: Davies Eloise 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of two Cambridge colleges — Emmanuel and Sidney Sussex — in European politics and diplomacy. Emmanuel became the source of diplomatic chaplains appointed in the reign of James VI and I, all of whom made important contributions to European diplomacy and promoted the Church of England as a model for emulation abroad. Meanwhile, other members of both colleges promoted James’s diplomatic agenda from England, by assisting in the composition of defences of the English Royal Supremacy for a European readership. The chapter then looks at these colleges as a crucial institutional underpinning to Jacobean foreign policy and as evangelical institutions with ambitions to promote Reformation both within and beyond the British Isles. The ‘puritan’ colleges of Cambridge bore certain similarities to the early modern Jesuit colleges, but their significance for the divergent histories of Catholic and Protestant missionary endeavour has been almost entirely overlooked.
‘Minimizing’ Marin Mersenne
Authors: Kent Emily 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses Marin Mersenne’s relationship with the institution that was his physical and spiritual home for nearly half his life: the Couvent de l’Annonciade, more commonly referred to as the Couvent de la Place Royale. It looks at Mersenne’s Traité de l’harmonie universelle (1627), situating some of its characteristics with reference to the Minim Order and the Place Royale convent. Although this text never reached the renown of the Harmonie universelle (1636–7) published a decade later, the Traité is a powerful embodiment of Mersenne’s vision for the scope of musical philosophy. In fact, many of the questions that Mersenne examines in the Traité, especially those which outline his metaphysical conception of harmony and the place of mathematics in the divine mind, are far less pronounced in his later works on music. Ultimately, interpreting Mersenne’s conformity to or deviation from his monastic community requires one to understand the Minim Order and the Place Royale as two related yet distinct categories. While Mersenne may not have been the most typical member of his order, he still embodied the intellectual culture of an exceptional and atypical Minim convent which differed in its resources, personnel, and general activities.
David A. Lines, The Dynamics of Learning in Early Modern Italy. Arts and Medicine at the University of Bologna. I Tatti Studies in Italian Renaissance History. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press, 2023
Authors: Marchiori Silvia M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a commentary on David Lines’s The Dynamics of Learning in Early Modern Italy. Arts and Medicine at the University of Bologna (2023). This book on the history of the University of Bologna presents an excellent overview of the activity of the studium from its first formal statutes in the fifteenth century to its developments in the late eighteenth century. Lines examines the centuries-long unfolding of a multifaceted institution, building convincing arguments about the gradual but continuous changes that affected teachings in the arts, medicine, and theology. Questioning Bologna’s political, cultural, and spiritual subjugation to Rome, he moves towards a new understanding of centre-periphery relationships within the Papal States, uncovering oscillating dynamics between the university, the city, and the Papacy. Crossing disciplinary boundaries, Lines’s book offers insights into the social history of universities and urban areas; the history of philosophy, science, and medicine; Renaissance studies; and the history of the book.
H2O2-dependent oxidation of the transcription factor GmNTL1 promotes salt tolerance in soybean
Authors: Zhang Wenxiao , Zhi Wenjiao , Qiao Hong , Huang Jingjing , Li Shuo , Lu Qing , Wang Nan , Li Qiang , Zhou Qian , Sun Jiaqi , Bai Yuting , Zheng Xiaojian , Bai Mingyi , Van Breusegem Frank , Xiang Fengning 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in plant growth and responses to environmental stresses. Plant cells sense and transduce ROS signaling directly via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)–mediated posttranslational modifications (PTMs) on protein cysteine residues. Here, we show that the H2O2-mediated cysteine oxidation of NAC WITH TRANS-MEMBRANE MOTIF1-LIKE 1 (GmNTL1) in soybean (Glycine max) during salt stress promotes its release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and translocation to the nucleus. We further show that an oxidative posttranslational modification on GmNTL1 residue Cys-247 steers downstream amplification of ROS production by binding to and activating the promoters of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG B (GmRbohB) genes, thereby creating a feed-forward loop to fine-tune GmNTL1 activity. In addition, oxidation of GmNTL1 Cys-247 directly promotes the expression of CATION H+ EXCHANGER 1 (GmCHX1)/SALT TOLERANCE-ASSOCIATED GENE ON CHROMOSOME 3 (GmSALT3) and Na+/H+ Antiporter 1 (GmNHX1). Accordingly, transgenic overexpression of GmNTL1 in soybean increases the H2O2 levels and K+/Na+ ratio in the cell, promotes salt tolerance, and increases yield under salt stress, while an RNA interference–mediated knockdown of GmNTL1 elicits the opposite effects. Our results reveal that the salt-induced oxidation of GmNTL1 promotes its relocation and transcriptional activity through an H2O2-mediated posttranslational modification on cysteine that improves resilience of soybean against salt stress.
Forest conservation effectiveness of community forests may decline in the future: Evidence from Cambodia
Authors: Ota Miwa , Ota Tetsuji , Shimizu Katsuto , Onda Nariaki , Ma Vuthy , Sokh Heng , Mizoue Nobuya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Community forests (CFs) have been widely established in tropical countries as a tool to achieve forest conservation. Many studies have shown that CFs can contribute to the reduction of deforestation, yet studies that evaluate the contribution of CFs to reducing forest degradation and facilitating forest recovery remain scarce. We investigated the ability of CFs to prevent deforestation and forest degradation and to facilitate forest recovery by using a country-scale longitudinal tree canopy cover and forest cover data set in Cambodia. We found that CFs can prevent both forest degradation and deforestation, but we did not observe a forest recovery effect. We also found that recently established CFs are not effective for forest conservation compared with older CFs. We conclude that, to date, CFs are an effective forest conservation tool; however, this does not necessarily mean that new CFs will be as effective as established ones.
Relationship Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Postpartum Diastasis Recti Abdominis in Women in the First Year Postdelivery
Authors: Du Jingran , Ye Juntong , Fei Hui , Li Mengxiong , He Juan , Liu Yun , Liu Lixiang , Ye Yangliu , Li Juanhua , Hou Lili , Xu Yang , Zhang Haixia , Zhang Changlin , Li Tian 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective
Postpartum diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) influences women’s appearance and health. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can affect the structure of the rectus abdominis muscles. However, the relationship between GDM and postpartum DRA is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between GDM and postpartum DRA.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included 241 women in the first year postdelivery. Women with GDM were matched with those without GDM using propensity score matching. They underwent an oral glucose tolerance test during pregnancy and a random blood glucose test before delivery. At follow-up, DRA was diagnosed by palpation, and interrectus distance was measured using ultrasound to evaluate the severity of DRA. The strength of the rectus abdominis was evaluated using the manual muscle testing method.

Results
Among the 241 participants, 174 (72.2%) had postpartum DRA, and 46 women with GDM were matched with 46 women without GDM on the basis of propensity scores. Women with GDM had higher odds of experiencing postpartum DRA (adjusted odds ratio = 4.792; 95% CI = 1.672 to 13.736) and larger interrectus distance values at the upper part of the rectus abdominis than those without GDM. There was a weak and positive correlation between the fasting oral glucose tolerance test level and the interrectus distance values (0.267 ≤ r ≤ 0.367).

Conclusion
GDM was associated with postpartum DRA in women in the first year of delivery. Women with GDM had larger interrectus distance values at the upper part of the rectus abdominis than those without GDM. The fasting oral glucose tolerance test level showed a positive and weak correlation with the severity of postpartum DRA.

Impact
Women with GDM have higher odds of experiencing postpartum DRA than those without GDM. The upper part of the rectus abdominis deserves increased focus during and after rehabilitation. Controlling the fasting oral glucose tolerance test level may help reduce the severity of postpartum DRA.
The economic impact of biofuel policy on the agricultural sector in the Great Plains region, 1997–2017
Authors: Barkley Andrew , Aseete Paul , Sampson Gabriel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Global biofuel production has increased over tenfold since 2000 and numerous biofuel production plants have been built in the Great Plains region. We estimate the impact of biofuel plants on the agricultural economy with county-level data on the number of farm operators, net farm income (NFI), and agricultural land values during 1997–2017 for 798 counties in twelve Great Plains states. We find that biofuel production facilities have a small negative association with the number of farm operators, but positive associations with NFI and farmland values in the county where the biofuel plant is located and neighboring (adjacent) counties. Sustained positive associations of biofuel production with farm income and land values are likely to depend on the continuation of national and state government programs of ethanol blend mandates and tax credits. Diminished government bioenergy support could lead to declining farm income and land values in areas near plants.
Structural brain changes in emotion recognition across the adult lifespan
Authors: Karl Valerie , Rohe Tim 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Emotion recognition (ER) declines with increasing age, yet little is known whether this observation is based on structural brain changes conveyed by differential atrophy. To investigate whether age-related ER decline correlates with reduced grey matter (GM) volume in emotion-related brain regions, we conducted a voxel-based morphometry analysis using data of the Human Connectome Project-Aging (N = 238, aged 36–87) in which facial ER was tested. We expected to find brain regions that show an additive or super-additive age-related change in GM volume indicating atrophic processes that reduce ER in older adults. The data did not support our hypotheses after correction for multiple comparisons. Exploratory analyses with a threshold of P &lt; 0.001 (uncorrected), however, suggested that relationships between GM volume and age-related general ER may be widely distributed across the cortex. Yet, small effect sizes imply that only a small fraction of the decline of ER in older adults can be attributed to local GM volume changes in single voxels or their multivariate patterns.
Determination of the water-use patterns for two xerophyte shrubs by hydrogen isotope offset correction
Authors: Chen Zhixue , Wang Guohui , Pan Yanhui , Shen Yuying , Yang Xianlong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope technique is typically used to explore plant water uptake; however, the accuracy of the technique has been challenged by hydrogen isotope offsets between plant xylem water and its potential source water. In this study, the soil hydrogen and oxygen isotope waterline was used to correct the hydrogen isotope offsets for Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii, two typical shrub species on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Five different types of isotopic data [(i) δ18O, (ii) δ2H, (iii) combination δ18O with δ2H, (iv) corrected δ2H and (v) combination δ18O with corrected δ2H] were separately used to determine the water-use patterns of the two shrubs. The δ2H offset values of S. psammophila and C. korshinskii did not show significant temporal variation among the sampling months (May, July and September) but showed notable differences between the two shrubs (−0.4 ± 0.5‰ in S. psammophila vs −4.3 ± 0.9‰ in C. korshinskii). The obtained water absorption proportion (WAP) of S. psammophila in the different soil layers (0–20, 20–60 and 60–200 cm) did not differ significantly among the five different input data types. However, compared with the input data types (iii) and (v), the data types (i), (ii) and (iv) overestimated the WAP of C. korshinskii in the 0–20 cm soil layer and underestimated that in the 60–200 cm layer. The data type (iii) overestimated the WAP of C. korshinskii in 0–20 cm soil layer (25.9 ± 0.8%) in July in comparison with the WAP calculated based on data type (v) (19.1 ± 1.1%). The combination of δ18O and corrected δ2H, i.e., data type (v), was identified as the best data type to determine the water use patterns of C. korshinskii due to the strong correlation between the calculated WAP and soil water content and soil sand content. In general, S. psammophila mainly used (57.9–62.1%) shallow soil water (0–60 cm), whereas C. korshinskii mainly absorbed (52.7–63.5%) deep soil water (60–200 cm). We confirm that the hydrogen isotope offsets can cause significant errors in determining plant water uptake of C. korshinskii, and provide valuable insights for accurately quantifying plant water uptake in the presence of hydrogen isotope offsets between xylem and source water. This study is significant for facilitating the application of the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope technique worldwide, and for revealing the response mechanism of shrub key ecohydrological and physiological processes to the drought environment in similar climate regions.