bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous prostanoids control ion transport across neonatal porcine ileum in vitro
Authors: Argenzio Robert A. , Liacos James A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In contrast to the net absorption of Na and Cl ions observed in vivo, porcine small intestine had a net secretion of these ions in vitro. These discrepancies between in vivo and in vitro results have led to difficulties in interpretation of studies investigating mechanisms of intestinal secretion and diarrhea in this species. To examine the influence of endogenous prostanoids on ion transport in neonatal porcine ileum in vitro, tissues were prepared and studied in indomethacin. Net absorption of Na, reversal of net Cl secretion to net absorption, and decreased short circuit current were observed. Conversely, addition of prostaglandins to indomethacin-treated tissues reversed these effects and reestablished conditions similar to those observed in control tissues. Control tissue was essentially refractory to the effects of exogenous prostaglandins. Results indicate that under in vitro conditions, ion transport in neonatal porcine ileum is tightly regulated by endogenous prostanoids that abolish the neutral NaCl absorptive mechanism and elicit electrogenic Cl secretion. However, concentrations of these prostanoids may have been artificially high as a result of tissue preparation for in vitro study.
Hypermetabolic priming of canine neutrophils by 7-S nerve growth factor
Authors: Gruber Dale F. , O'Halloran Kevin P. , D'Alesandro Michele M. , Farese Ann M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Canine circulating neutrophils, isolated by a blood lysing technique, were incubated with 7-S nerve growth factor (ngf), at final concentrations between 12.5 and 800 ng/ml, for 30 minutes at 37 C. Neutrophil cytosolic H2O2 production, measured by flow cytometry, after 7-S ngf incubation was not significantly different from that produced at 37 C (baseline temperature controls) alone. Phorbol myristate acetate (pma; 100 ng/ml) stimulation of neutrophils produced cytosolic H2O2 concentrations almost 13 times that of baseline temperature control neutrophils. Preincubation of neutrophils with 7-S ngf (100 to 800 ng/ml, 30 minutes, 37 C) and subsequent stimulation by pma resulted in augmented H2O2 production in excess of twice that of neutrophils treated with pma alone, and almost 30 times that of baseline temperature controls.
Fibrin/fibrinogen in lungs and respiratory secretions of horses with chronic pulmonary disease
Authors: Winder N. Christine , Grünig Gabriele , Hermann M. , von Fellenberg R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The concentration of soluble fibrinogen derivatives (sfd) and protease and procoagulant activities were determined in cell-free supernatants of equine respiratory secretions obtained from horses with chronic pulmonary disease. The concentration of neutrophils was estimated from direct smears of the secretions. Lung specimens and smears of the secretions were evaluated for the presence of fibrin or fibrinogen by use of immunohistochemical methods.
Thirty-five of 80 specimens tested contained sfd. Respiratory secretions from horses with moderate or severe chronic pulmonary disease contained sfd more frequently than did secretions from mildly affected horses (P < 0.05). Respiratory secretions with vast numbers of neutrophils had significantly (P < 0.05) higher sfd concentrations than respiratory secretions with fewer neutrophils. Protease and procoagulant activities in respiratory secretion specimens were positively correlated with neutrophil content, clinical diagnosis, and sfd concentration.
Immunohistochemically, macrophages that stained for fibrin or fibrinogen were observed in direct smears of respiratory secretions from horses with moderate and severe chronic small airway disease, but not in smears from mildly affected horses. Fibrin or fibrinogen was detected in a few thickened alveolar septa from 10 horses with moderate or severe chronic small airway disease, but not in lungs from horses with mild or no evidence of chronic small airway disease. Fibrin or fibrinogen was detected in alveolar septa, granulomas, and on alveolar macrophages in lungs of all horses with chronic granulomatous and chronic bronchointerstitial pneumonia.
The presence of sfd in equine respiratory secretions may be an indicator of pulmonary inflammation.
Comparative blood characteristics of ranched and free-ranging American bison (Bison bison)
Authors: Sikarskie James G. , Schillhorn van Veen Tjaart W. , van Selm Gijsbertus , Kock Michael D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Blood samples were obtained from 20 bison (Bison bison) from a ranch in northern lower Michigan, as well as from 20 free-ranging bison of the same sex and similar age from the Badlands National Park in South Dakota. Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined. The values were comparable in both groups, except for those for bun, aspartate transaminase, and phosphorus, which were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the ranched bison than in the free-ranging bison. These differences were attributed to nutritional effects. Impact of age on blood characteristics was assessed in the ranched bison only by comparing values from calves weighing less than 185 kg with those from bison weighing more than 185 kg. Calves had significantly (P < 0.001) higher values for phosphorus and rbc counts and lower total protein values than adults. Adult bison had higher eosinophil and neutrophil counts with lower numbers of lymphocytes, suggestive of a stress leukogram, whereas calves had the typical bovine neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio.
Chromogenic assay for equine plasminogen
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Prasse Keith W. , Duncan Alexander 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A functional assay for equine plasminogen was established, using urokinase as the activator, a synthetic chromogenic substrate, a computer-assisted centrifugal analyzer, and acidified/neutralized plasma. One documented effect of plasma acidification appears to be inactivation of alpha-2-antiplasmin. Intra- and interassay precision testing yielded coefficients of variation of 4.1% (n = 10) and 5.6% (n = 26), respectively. Plasminogen was stable in equine plasma stored up to 1 week at 4 C and up to 5 months at − 70 C. Plasminogen in nonacidified equine plasma was not activated by urokinase, streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator, or tissue plasminogen activator plus soluble fibrin. Streptokinase also failed to activate plasminogen in acidified/neutralized equine plasma.
Experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented dairy cows
Authors: Erskine Ronald J. , Eberhart Robert J. , Scholz Richard W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Ten Holstein cows were fed a selenium-deficient (SeD) diet containing 0.04 mg of Se/kg of dry matter for 3 months before and throughout their first lactation. A selenium-supplemented (SeS) group of 10 cows was fed an additional 2 mg of Se/head/d to increase dietary Se concentration of the dry matter to approximately 0.14 mg/kg of body weight. An intracisternal challenge exposure of 40 to 60 colony-forming units (cfu) of Staphylococcus aureus was administered into 1 or 2 quarters of the udder of each trial cow at about the twenty-second week of lactation. Blood Se concentration (μg/ml±sem) at the time of challenge exposure was 0.035±0.002 in SeD and 0.139±0.006 in SeS cows. Infections were established in 14/16 of the challenge-exposed quarters in SeD and 16/19 of the challenge-exposed quarters in SeS cows. The infection in 1 quarter of each Se group cleared without treatment by the end of the 8-week trial period.
Log10 peak bacterial concentrations in milk from infected SeD quarters (5.04±0.25 cfu/ml) were higher (P < 0.05) than those of infected SeS quarters (4.40±0.12 cfu/ml). Log10 peak somatic cell count (scc) in milk from infected SeD quarters (7.18±0.08 cells/ml) did not differ from that of SeS quarters (7.17±0.05 cells/ml). Peak bacterial concentrations were attained sooner (P < 0.05) in SeD quarters (9.5±4.0 days) than in SeS quarters (20.7±3.1 days). Similarly, peak scc were reached earlier (P < 0.05) in SeD (4.3±1.1 days) than in SeS quarters (13.3±3.8 days). The Se groups did not differ significantly with respect to peak milk concentrations of bovine serum albumin or IgGl. Throughout the 8-week trial, the Se groups did not differ significantly in milk bacterial concentration, scc, bovine serum albumin, or IgGl. Selenium status did not affect the percentage of challenge exposures resulting in infection, duration, or severity of experimentally induced S aureus mastitis.
Comparison of bile porphyrin concentrations in cattle and human beings with protoporphyria
Authors: Bloomer Joseph R. , Straka James G. , Hill Hazel , Weimer Mary K. , Ruth George R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood and bile porphyrin concentrations were measured in cattle with protoporphyria and compared with those in human beings with the disease. Whereas the mean rbc porphyrin concentration in cattle was 18-fold greater than in human beings, the mean bile porphyrin concentration was only 78% greater. Sequential measurements over a 30-hour period in 1 animal with a bile fistula indicated that the ratio of total porphyrin to total bile acid in bile varied minimally. When the animal was given an iv infusion of taurocholate, the biliary excretion rate of porphyrin increased in parallel with that of bile acid, because of enhancement of bile flow.
Thus, in cattle with protoporphyria, the concentration of porphyrin in bile is low compared with that of porphyrin in rbc, in contrast with findings in human beings, and adequate amounts of bile acids are secreted to maintain efficient protoporphyrin excretion. This explains, in part, why hepatobiliary disease has not been observed in cattle with protoporphyria, but has been seen in human beings with the disease.
In vitro migration responses of neutrophils from cows and calves
Authors: Olson D. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The directional (chemotactic) and random migration activities of neutrophils from cows and newborn and 2-week-old calves were determined by use of the chemotaxis-under-agarose assay. Blood samples were stored for 2, 24, or 48 hours and at 4 or 25 C before testing. During the assay, cells were incubated at 17, 27, or 37 C.
The assay was found suitable for testing the directional and random migration activities of neutrophils from cattle. Directional migration of neutrophils was diminished (P ≤ 0.05) when cells were incubated at 17 or 27 C, compared with data from incubation at 37 C. Random migration of neutrophils was unaffected by test incubation temperature. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were found between cows and calves regarding the percentage number and viability and the directional and random migration activities of neutrophils. Neutrophils from cows were adversely affected to a greater extent by prolonged sample storage times or low storage temperature than were neutrophils from calves. Results indicate that a sample storage time of up to 24 hours, a sample storage temperature of 25 C, and a test incubation temperature of 37 C provided optimal conditions for testing the migratory activities of neutrophils from cattle.
Induction of neutralizing antibodies against bovine leukosis virus in rabbits by vaccination with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing bovine leukosis virus envelope glycoprotein
Authors: Ohishi Kazue , Suzuki Hidemi , Maruyama Tadashi , Yamamoto Toshiko , Funahashi Shin-ichi , Miki Keizaburo , Ikawa Yoji , Sugimoto Masanobu 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three kinds of recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv)—mO-ha/ati, LO1-ha/ati and mO-ha/7.5kD—expressing bovine leukosis virus (blv) envelope glycoprotein (gp60) were constructed. The blv envelope gene of rvv mO-ha/ati and LO1-ha/ati or of rvv mO-ha/7.5kD was expressed under control of the promoter of A-type inclusion body (ati) protein gene of cow-pox virus or vaccinia virus 7.5-kD protein gene, respectively. The vaccinia virus strain, LC16mO, was used as vector for rvv mO-ha/ati and mO-ha/7.5kD, and strain LO-1 was used for rvv LO1-ha/ati. Strains LC16mO and LO-1 are attenuated vaccine virus strains originating from the Lister original vaccinia virus.
All 3 kinds of constructed rvv expressed gp60 in cultured rabbit kidney cells after infection; mO-ha/ati expressed more antigen than did mO-ha/7.5kD. Rabbits vaccinated with rvv produced considerable antibody capable of inihibiting syncytium formation, as well as antibody with virion-binding ability. The rvv that used ati promoter induced higher antibody titer than did the rvv that used 7.5-kD promoter. Results indicate that blv gp60 is responsible for induction of neutralizing antibodies that suppress in vitro formation of syncytia among blv-infected cells.
Applicability of rvv, especially those using ati promoter, was evaluated in a vaccine against bovine leukosis.
Temporal appearance of structural and nonstructural bluetongue viral proteins in infected cells, as determined by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry
Authors: Whetter L. E. , Gebhard D. H. , MacLachlan N. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The temporal appearance of 4 viral proteins was detected in bluetongue virus (btv)-infected Vero cells by indirect immunofluorescence staining with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to btv structural proteins VP2 and VP7 and nonstructural proteins NS1 and NS2. Bluetongue viral proteins were detected at distinct intervals after inoculation of Vero cells; VP7 was first detected 3 hours after inoculation, NS1 and NS2 at 5 hours after inoculation, whereas VP2 was not detected until 8 hours after inoculation. Patterns of fluorescence varied with the fixative used, but each MAb induced a distinct pattern of fluorescence in infected cells.
Flow cytometry, which was used with each of the 4 MAb, proved to be an accurate and sensitive method of detecting btv-infected P3 mouse myeloma cells. The temporal appearance of each viral protein in btv-infected P3 cells was similar to that detected in btv-infected Vero cells. Advantages of flow cytometry over conventional immunofluorescence staining to detect btv-infected cells included: (1) enumeration of the proportion of infected cells in a population; (2) further characterization of infected cells, including estimates of their viability; and (3) computer-assisted storage and analysis of data obtained.
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inspired oxygen fraction in halothane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Cuvelliez Sophie G. , Eicker Steven W. , McLauchlan Charlene , Brunson David B. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Anesthesia of equids is associated with pulmonary dysfunction. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of inhalation anesthetic agents and duration of anesthesia have been studied, using oxygen as the carrier gas. To our knowledge, the effects of inspired oxygen have not been determined. We studied the cardiovascular and respiratory effects of 2 inspired oxygen fractions (0.30 and > 0.85) in 5 laterally recumbent, halothane-anesthetized horses. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, arterial pH, and arterial base excess were similar in horses of the 2 groups during 4 hours of anesthesia at constant end-tidal halothane concentration. End-tidal partial pressure of CO2, arterial partial pressure of CO2 and O2, and alveolar-to-arterial O2 tension difference were greater in horses exposed to the higher oxygen concentration. On the basis of the data obtained, we suggest that greater hypoventilation and ventilation/perfusion mismatch occur when horses are breathing high-oxygen fraction. Arterial partial pressure of O2 was not different between the 2 groups of horses after they were disconnected from the anesthesia circuit and allowed to breathe room air. Horses recovered from anesthesia without complications.
Electromyographic evaluation of the external urethral sphincter during cystometry in male cats
Authors: Sackman Jill E. , Sims Michael H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Electromyographic (emg) evaluation of the external urethral sphincter (eus) was conducted during cystometry in 11 adult male cats sedated with xylazine and ketamine. A percutaneously placed antepubic catheter was used for bladder infusion and recording intravesicular pressures during cystometrography (cmg). A fine-wire electrode was placed percutaneously into or near the eus for recording emg during cmg. The bladder was infused with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution at a rate of 2 to 3 ml/min until a detrusor reflex was initiated. Intravesicular pressures at the onset of infusion, immediately prior to micturition, at the onset of urine flow, and at the maximal voiding pressure were recorded. The time from infusion to micturition, from opening pressure to return to baseline, and from the beginning to the end of the cmg were also recorded. The total volume of 0.9% NaCl solution infused and the residual bladder volume after micturition were also measured. Recordings were replicated once during each trial in all cats, and trials were replicated once approximately 1 week later in 4 cats.
Micturition patterns were characterized by slight to moderate eus emg activity during vesicular filling, with reduction in activity during emptying. Maximal emg activity was recorded at the completion of the reflex and was associated with pulsatile expulsion of small amounts of urine. The simultaneous recording of cmg and eus emg with fine-wire electrodes was simple and reliable for assessing the neuromuscular integrity and synchrony of detrusor and eus muscles. There were no significant differences in variables between recordings within trial 1, but there were differences (P ≤ 0.05) between trials for pressure at the onset of urine flow and maximal voiding pressure.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolic inertness of doxycycline in young pigs
Authors: Riond Jean-Luc , Riviere J. Edmond 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The disposition of doxycycline hyclate after iv administration of 20 mg/kg of body weight was studied in 6 pigs. Median elimination half-life, estimated in 4 pigs, was 3.92 hours. Mean (± sem) total body clearance was 1.67 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg, and mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.53 ± 0.04 L/kg. In 2 pigs, secondary peaks in the logarithmic serum concentration-time profile suggested discontinuous enterohepatic cycling, and precluded using these pigs in the pharmacokinetic analysis. The extent of doxycycline binding to serum protein was 93.1 ± 0.2%. Serum or urine from 3 of the pigs was analyzed by use of photodiode array detection and mass spectrometry of a high-performance liquid chromatographic column effluent. These procedures documented lack of doxycycline biotransformation in pigs. It is concluded that, despite an elimination half-life shorter than that reported in other species, doxycycline may be a valuable antimicrobial drug for use in swine practice, pending the development of appropriate formulations.
Development and infectivity of Anaplasma marginale in Dermacentor andersoni nymphs
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Yellin Theodora N. , Claypool P. L. , Barron Selwyn J. , Ewing S. A. , Hair Jakie A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The development of Anaplasma marginale was studied in Dermacentor andersoni nymphs after they had fed on a calf with ascending Anaplasma infection. Gut tissues were collected on day 4 of tick feeding, from newly replete (fed) nymphs and on postfeeding days (pfd) 5, 10, 15, 20, and were processed for light and electron microscopy to determine density of A marginale colonies. Homogenates of gut tissues were prepared from nymphs collected on the same days and inoculated into susceptible, splenectomized calves to test for infectivity. Anaplasma colonies were detected in gut cells on pfd 5, 10, 15, and 20. Although colony density appeared to be higher on pfd 10 and 15, differences were not significant. Nymphal type-1 colonies were detected in highest numbers on pfd 5 and 10, transitional colonies were seen in highest numbers at pfd 10 and 15, and nymphal type-2 colonies were observed only on pfd 20. Gut homogenates that were collected from ticks at 4 days of feeding, when newly replete, and on pfd 20 caused anaplasmosis when injected into susceptible calves, but homogenates made from ticks collected on pfd 5, 10, and 15 were not infective. The data indicate that of the colony types of A marginale that develop in replete nymphs, nymphal type-1 and transitional colonies may contain organisms that are not infective for cattle.
Amplitude and latency characteristics of spinal cord motor-evoked potentials in dogs
Authors: Cook J. R. , Konrad P. E. , Tacker W. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The motor-evoked potential can be reliably recorded in anesthetized dogs by use of percutaneous placement of active recording electrodes near the dorsal lamina of the vertebral column. Two types of responses were observed in this study; short (< 5.5 ms at T9-10)- and long (> 5.8 ms at T9-10)-latency waves. Short-latency waves are larger in amplitude and appear with higher stimulus intensities than do long-latency waves. Short-latency waves are conducted at > 80 m/s and may not reflect pyramidal tract activation. The safety of using higher intensity stimuli to generate short-latency waves has not been determined.
Plasma, tissue, and urine carnitine concentrations in healthy adult cats and kittens
Authors: Jacobs Gilbert , Keene Bruce , Cornelius Larry M. , Rakich Pauline , Shug Austin 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Mean carnitine concentrations ([carnitine]) were higher (P < 0.05) in adult cats than in kittens for skeletal muscle (total and free carnitine), myocardium (free carnitine), and urine (total and free carnitine). The free/total carnitine ratio was lower (P < 0.05) in kittens than in adults for liver, myocardium, and urine. Carnitine concentrations were similar between genders in kittens, but in adult cats, [carnitine] in plasma (total, free, and esterified carnitine) and liver (total and free carnitine) were higher (P < 0.05) in female than in male cats. Total and free plasma [carnitine] were correlated to total and free liver [carnitine], respectively. Skeletal muscle [carnitine] was not correlated to plasma [carnitine]. Correlations in [carnitine] between plasma and myocardium, kidney, or urine were inconsistent.
Fetal membranes and ancillary structures of llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Fowler Murray E. , Olander Harvey J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The placenta of llamas is epitheliochorial, with patchy areas of dense folded papillation serving as the placentome. The amnion of the full-term placenta is closely adhered to either the allantois or the chorion and remains with these structures at the time of parturition.
Llamas and alpacas, like dromedaries, have an extra fetal membrane that is derived from the epidermis of the fetus. In association with the watery amniotic fluid of llamas, the epidermal membrane is slippery, facilitating delivery of the fetus.