bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel technique for repair of symmastia using external negative pressure therapy for continuous pre-sternal compression
Authors: Lawrence Zachary , Stroman Joel C , Karu Heather 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Symmastia, a term used to describe the medial intermammary confluence that may appear as a complication following breast augmentation or reconstruction, is a cosmetic issue breast surgeons occasionally encounter and must be prepared to correct. Over-dissection of medial structures, oversized implants, and forces applied to implants in the sub-pectoral space have all been proposed as potential causes of the development of symmastia. Numerous techniques to correct symmastia have been described in previous literature, including capsulorrhaphy, dermo-sternal adhesion, neo-pocket creation, and techniques based on muscle repair. However, these methods are susceptible to recurrence. In this case report series, we present three cases in which symmastia was successfully corrected following surgical repair with post-operative external negative pressure therapy over the intermammary sulcus.
Prohibiting commercial surrogacy in Ireland
Authors: Bracken Lydia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Health (Assisted Human Reproduction) Act 2024 regulates surrogacy for the first time in Ireland. The Act is based on a model of altruistic surrogacy, which applies to both domestic and international arrangements undertaken by Irish intending parents. The definition and prohibition on ‘commercial’ surrogacy in the legislation are broad, covering virtually all payments connected with surrogacy. Certain exceptions to the prohibition on commercial surrogacy apply in respect of international surrogacy, but not domestic surrogacy. Most notably, intending parents are permitted to make payments to surrogacy intermediaries in international surrogacy, but no such payments can be made domestically. In fact, the prohibition on commercial surrogacy appears to prohibit all payments other than the payment of legal fees and the surrogate’s reasonable expenses in the domestic context. As a result, this article argues that the definition and prohibition on commercial surrogacy under the 2024 Act will stymie domestic surrogacy in practice and create a two-tier approach to the prohibition on commercial surrogacy. At the same time, notwithstanding the exceptions that apply in respect of payments in international surrogacy, it is suggested that the 2024 Act will also restrict attempts by Irish intending parents to engage in surrogacy outside of the State due to the unworkable nature of the relevant provisions.
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Mahowald Madeline , Sinak Lawrence J. , Chandrasekaran Krishnaswamy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Multiplane transesophageal echocardiography provides excellent visualization of cardiac structures and the great vessels. The common clinical indications for transesophageal echocardiography are a need to visualize fine cardiac structures with higher spatial resolution than transthoracic echocardiography offers, evaluation of the posterior structures of the heart and vasculature, and real-time guidance during surgical and transcatheter procedures.
Cardiac Imaging: CT and MRI
Authors: Ryan Samantha M. , Bois John P. , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are rapidly evolving fields of cardiac imaging. These individual modalities will be reviewed in detail in this chapter. A summary of the strengths and weaknesses of cardiac computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging compared to other cardiac imaging modalities such as transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and nuclear imaging are discussed.
Antiarrhythmic Agents and Mechanistic &#x2028;Effects,
Authors: DeSimone Christopher V. , Noseworthy Peter A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Reentrant arrhythmias are sustained by a propagating wavefront that can excite a region of myocardial tissue. After the propagating wavefront has depolarized the myocardium, the tissue is refractory to further stimulation and requires time to recover before reexcitation from the encircling wavefront. The amount of tissue in the reentrant circuit that is repolarized at any given time (and is, thus, subsequently able to be depolarized) is known as the excitable gap. In broad mechanistic terms, antiarrhythmic drugs work by either 1) slowing conduction velocity or 2) increasing refractoriness. Through these 2 actions, these antiarrhythmic agents alter the myocardial-electrical substrate to change the reentrant circuits. However, in some circumstances, these drugs may exert a proarrhythmic effect. For instance, they may slow conduction such that they actually increase, rather than decrease, the stability of the reentrant circuit.
Renal Artery Disease
Authors: Sabbah Michael , Mathew Verghese , Barsness Gregory W. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Obstructive disease of the renal arteries can be broadly categorized as resulting from either atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia and may lead to hypertension and/or ischemic nephropathy. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis affecting the proximal, juxta-aortic renal arterial segment is one of the most commonly identified causes of secondary hypertension in persons aged 65 years and older. The true prevalence of renal artery stenosis in the general population is unknown, although the prevalence in select patient populations with atherosclerosis in other vascular beds has been reported to be 10% to 30%, and conversely, obstructive renal artery stenosis is often accompanied by abnormalities in other vascular beds.
Coronary Artery Disease Epidemiology
Authors: Mankad Rekha , Allison Thomas G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Coronary heart disease refers to the development of atherosclerosis within the coronary tree and may or may not be obstructive. Atherosclerosis is a progressive condition if risk factors are not modulated or controlled. Fatty streaks and some raised lesions have been identified in various autopsy studies of men as young as their late teens and early 20s and women in their late 20s and early 30s. The development of atherosclerosis appears to follow a complex pathway. Ischemic cardiomyopathy also can be a manifestation of coronary heart disease. Congestive heart failure is a frequent problem for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart failure is essentially an end-stage process characterized by exercise intolerance; pulmonary or peripheral edema, or both; and a high mortality rate.
Chronic Stable Angina
Authors: Waterbury Thomas M. , Brozovich Frank V. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
An estimated 20 million Americans over 20 years of age have coronary artery disease. The lifetime risk of coronary artery disease after the age of 40 years is 49% for men and 32% for women. Half of the patients with coronary artery disease present with chronic stable angina. William Heberden gave one of the earliest descriptions of angina pectoris: “They who are afflicted with it are seized while they are walking with a painful and most disagreeable sensation in the breast.”
Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Al-Hijji Mohammed A. , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Adjunctive medical therapies for patients with acute myocardial infarction are essential for decreasing postinfarction complications, subsequent cardiovascular events, and death. Various therapies are used to stabilize plaque and electrical rhythm and to prevent further myocardial injury and remodeling. The primary therapies used are antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents; anti-ischemic and analgesic drugs; and heart failure treatment.
Hemodynamic Classification and Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Prasad Megha , Anavekar Nandan S. , Murphy Joseph G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction leading to cardiogenic shock are less common in the current era of aggressive coronary revascularization strategies than in earlier years, but they remain a leading cause of in-hospital morbidity and mortality in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock and heart failure are the most common causes of death among patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiogenic shock reflects the most severe hemodynamic compromise of several hemodynamic classifications of myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic classification of acute myocardial infarction is based on findings of cardiac examination, specifically Killip class, and invasive monitoring, specifically Forrester classification.
Pregnancy and the Heart
Authors: Connolly Heidi M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Approximately 2% of pregnancies occur in women who have heart disease. Congenital heart disease is the predominant form of heart disease among pregnant women in developed countries. Heart disease does not preclude successful pregnancy, but it does increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby and therefore requires special management. This chapter discusses the normal hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy and the resultant effect on common cardiovascular diseases.
Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Saric Petar , Hubers Scott A. , DeSimone Daniel C. , Sohail M. Rizwan , Anavekar Nandan S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Infective endocarditis is an infection on the endocardial surface of the heart, usually affecting the heart valves, a congenital heart shunt, or an intravascular device. Acute endocarditis has a fulminant course with high fever, systemic toxicity, and death within days to weeks if left untreated; subacute and chronic endocarditis have an indolent course with low-grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, embolic and immunologic phenomena, and death within weeks to months if left untreated. Acute endocarditis is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and the subacute and chronic forms are usually due to viridans streptococci.
Heart Failure With Preserved &#x2028;Ejection Fraction
Authors: Borlaug Barry A. , Boilson Barry A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans and represents the leading cause of hospitalization among patients aged 65 years and older. Of the total heart failure population, approximately 50% have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction relative to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, or “systolic” heart failure, is increasing at an alarming rate of 1% per year. With the population of developed countries aging overall, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction will become the most common form of heart failure in the next 2 decades. In contrast to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, in which abundant trial evidence is available to guide diagnosis and treatment, evidence-based data to guide optimal management of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction are more limited.
Mechanical Ventricular Assist Devices,
Authors: Boilson Barry A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cardiogenic shock is defined as persistent hypotension; severely decreased cardiac index; and increased filling pressures. Cardiogenic shock is associated with an almost 50% mortality rate at 30 days. The standard treatment of cardiogenic shock is temporary mechanical support. The goal of temporary mechanical support is LV offloading, which decreases energy consumption. Inotropic support increases energy consumption, and although effective in the short term, with prolonged use it worsens outcomes.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Boilson Barry A. , Chen Horng H. , Dandamudi Sanjay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a descriptive term for a myocardial disease phenotype characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles. Dilated cardiomyopathy is actually a collective term for many different disease processes that result in this phenotype. Dilated cardiomyopathy presents clinically with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, although some asymptomatic patients may be diagnosed through screening and in some it may be detected incidentally. Dilated cardiomyopathy is an important topic to review for cardiovascular board examinations, and special attention should be paid to the general features, causes, and evaluation of this disease process.
The World Is Too Complex To Perceive Directly
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Our world is too complex to perceive directly or completely. Perceptual capacities have evolved to enhance our survival, which means that our image of the world is not complete and not entirely reliable. Awareness of this situation is important in our understanding of patients and scientific problems. Similarly, our brain evolved the capacity for appreciation of stories because they are valuable for our survival. Therefore, the construction of stories enhances learning for all of us. Making stories out of our learning is a valuable method for enhancing the power of our memory. It is also critical to appreciate the importance of the unique story presented by every patient and every scientific problem. Being fierce in the pursuit of your education is necessary because it enhances the power of our memory of what happens to us. Doctors should also be fierce in the pursuit of their patient’s benefit and scientists must be fierce in the pursuit of the scientific questions they are addressing.
Never Whisper in the Presence of Wrong
Authors: Friedland Robert P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
History shows us that we must be responsible for our own actions at all times. We cannot allow institutions or governments to take over our own accountability. We need to consider the consequences of our actions for society, as well as for our patients. These considerations include social factors, which are highly related to health outcomes. We must not allow our understanding of how patients contribute to their disease to lead to the conclusions that they are not deserving of compassionate care. Compassion is part of our fundamental nature and a key part of healthcare. Excessive stress in providing care can lead to empathy fatigue, with effects on care delivery as well as on the health of the provider. Bias against older persons is widespread in our societies and needs to be rejected.
GEMCAT—a new algorithm for gene expression-based prediction of metabolic alterations
Authors: Sharma Suraj , Sauter Roland , Hotze Madlen , Prowatke Aaron Marcellus Paul , Niere Marc , Kipura Tobias , Egger Anna-Sophia , Thedieck Kathrin , Kwiatkowski Marcel , Ziegler Mathias , Heiland Ines 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The interpretation of multi-omics datasets obtained from high-throughput approaches is important to understand disease-related physiological changes and to predict biomarkers in body fluids. We present a new metabolite-centred genome-scale metabolic modelling algorithm, the Gene Expression-based Metabolite Centrality Analysis Tool (GEMCAT). GEMCAT enables integration of transcriptomics or proteomics data to predict changes in metabolite concentrations, which can be verified by targeted metabolomics. In addition, GEMCAT allows to trace measured and predicted metabolic changes back to the underlying alterations in gene expression or proteomics and thus enables functional interpretation and integration of multi-omics data. We demonstrate the predictive capacity of GEMCAT on three datasets and genome-scale metabolic networks from two different organisms: (i) we integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics data from an engineered human cell line with a functional deletion of the mitochondrial NAD transporter; (ii) we used a large multi-tissue multi-omics dataset from rats for transcriptome- and proteome-based prediction and verification of training-induced metabolic changes and achieved an average prediction accuracy of 70%; and (iii) we used proteomics measurements from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and verified the predicted changes using metabolomics data from the same patients. For this dataset, the prediction accuracy achieved by GEMCAT was 79%.
Detection of plasma circulating GD2 ganglioside in patients with neuroblastoma and age-matched healthy children. Diagnostic and prognostic evaluation
Authors: Morini Martina , Barco Sebastiano , Ardito Martina , Cafaro Alessia , Pigliasco Federica , Rossi Lucilla , Fragola Martina , Segalerba Daniela , Conte Massimo , Garaventa Alberto , Ponzoni Mirco , Cangemi Giuliana , Corrias Maria Valeria 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
GD2 ganglioside, a known specific marker for neuroblastoma (NB), exists in different lipoforms, including C18 and C20, which are distinguished by the length of their fatty acid chains. C18 and C20 GD2 lipoforms can be simultaneously measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We evaluated the diagnostic and prognostic performance of circulating GD2 levels in children with NB.

Methods
Thirty microliters of peripheral blood (PB) plasma samples from 83 children with NB at diagnosis and 83 age-matched healthy controls were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. From stage M patients, 29 additional PB plasma samples were collected after induction therapy, 7 before and after immunotherapy, and 6 at relapse. For 22 stage M patients, bone marrow (BM) plasma samples were also collected at diagnosis.

Results
C18 and C20 GD2 concentrations were significantly higher in children with NB than in controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed a cut-point of 44.1 and 0.47 nM for C18 and C20, respectively, able to discriminate with high specificity and sensitivity in patients with NB from controls. Circulating C18 and C20 levels in PB strongly correlated with those in BM. At diagnosis, C18 and C20 GD2 concentrations were significantly higher in stage M, deceased patients, and in those bearing tumors with MYCN amplification. ROC analysis identified prognostic cut points for the whole population, whereas only C20 concentrations above the cut points were significantly associated with a worse event-free survival of patients with stage M disease or with MYCN-amplified tumors. C18 and C20 plasma concentrations strongly decreased during treatment but increased at relapse.

Conclusions
Measurement of circulating GD2 seems to have prognostic power in the subsets of patients with stage M disease and with MYCN-amplified tumors, and be able to early detect relapse, thus its ability to monitor disease should be prospectively evaluated in future studies.
Anti-citrullinated procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer antibody (anti-PCOLCE): a potential biomarker for seronegative rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lin Hongying , Xie Yang , Wei Xihua , Wei Chaonan , Li Zhanguo , Hu Fanlei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
Although with great advances, the biomarkers used in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are still challenging, especially in seronegative RA. Recently, procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer (PCOLCE) was revealed as a potential autoantigen of seronegative RA by our group. This study aimed to further analyse the B-cell autoantigenic epitopses of PCOLCE and the diagnostic value of its antibody in seronegative RA.

Methods
The B-cell epitopes of PCOLCE were elucidated by the Immune Epitope Database and molecular mimicry analyses. The anti-citrullinated PCOLCE271-284 antibody (anti-PCOLCE) was tested in a total of 612 serum samples including RA patients, healthy controls and patients with other rheumatic diseases. The diagnostic value of anti-PCOLCE in RA, especially for seronegative RA, was evaluated by ROC curve, sensitivity and specificity. Anti-PCOLCE in combination with anti-CCP for RA diagnosis was also demonstrated. The correlations of anti-PCOLCE with RA patient features were further analysed.

Results
Anti-PCOLCE was significantly elevated in RA serums with a sensitivity of 51.53% and specificity of 93.60%. More importantly, anti-PCOLCE had a favorable diagnostic value in seronegative RA, revealing a positive rate of 40.00% in anti-CCP negative RA, 38.76% in RF negative RA and 36.46% in anti-CCP and RF negative RA. The combination of anti-PCOLCE with anti-CCP demonstrated a high sensitivity of 82.14% and specificity of 90.21%. Anti-PCOLCE also has good diagnostic value in RA patients with normal inflammatory factors and early RA. Moreover, anti-PCOLCE was positively correlated with CRP, anti-CCP and RF.

Conclusion
Anti-PCOLCE could serve as a novel biomarker for RA, especially for seronegative RA.
The Status of the Surveilled: Hyper Surveillance and Status Attainment among Gangs
Authors: Leverso John , Lee Sou 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Using a case study of Latino gangs in Chicago over a 15-year period and original data compiled from gang cassette mixtapes, CDs, and DVDs, this research analyzes highly ritualized interactions in public media to investigate how status rituals change over time. Specifically, we focus on how factors external to the gang space, such as hyper-surveillance and enhanced policing techniques, influence status attainment in gangs. To date, research on hyper-surveillance focuses on justice system avoidance and crime rates in hot spots, but largely unaddressed are the consequences on the culture of urban gangs. We find that gangs have normalized and incorporated hyper-surveillance into their interaction rituals. Rather than avoidance, increased surveillance is associated with elevated status both at the individual and gang levels. In addition, due to intensified policing practices, even simple loitering on street corners is now associated with elevated status because of the threat of discovery and sanction. These new status attainment methods are encompassed in what we term the “status of the surveilled.” These results shed light on unique, unintended consequences of hyper-surveillance and enhanced policing in urban areas, as well as how they are incorporated into group processes related to status attainment within the urban street gang.
Examining risk assessment implications of genetic and dose-dependent dynamics of lead exposure in breastfeeding using the collaborative cross mouse population
Authors: Cuomo Danila , Song Zhuolin , Nitcher Megan , Lynch Rachel , Barba Estefania , Feinberg Andrew P , Rusyn Ivan , Wright Fred A , Chiu Weihsueh A , Threadgill David W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Breastfeeding offers well-documented advantages but may inadvertently introduce lead (Pb) exposure to infants. Scarce data exist on the risks of Pb exposure for breastfed infants, and strategies for risk mitigation are needed, particularly considering the heightened susceptibility of children to adverse effects from Pb exposure. To investigate the potential influence of breastfeeding on blood Pb levels (BLL) in offspring, population variation in BLL between nonparous and parous mouse dams was quantified, as well as in dams exposed to low and high dose while breastfeeding, and their offspring. Female mice from 14 distinct collaborative cross (CC) mouse strains were mated with sires from different CC strains to produce 14 F1 hybrids. Subsequently, dams were administered either low- (100 ppm) or high- (1,000 ppm) dose Pb through ad libitum access drinking water starting the day of delivery for a duration of 4 wk, leading to the subsequent exposure of the offspring via lactation. Genetic background emerged as a predominant factor contributing to variation, with substantial interstrain variability observed in both CC dams and F1 hybrids exposed to low and high doses of Pb. Crucially, the degree of variation in BLL among CC dams exceeded the default variability estimate (geometric SD = 1.6) utilized in regulatory standard settings. These findings underscore the importance of integrating population variability in risk assessment. Ultimately, this study provides critical insights to guide public health decision-making processes concerning Pb exposure through breastfeeding and its potential implications for infants’ health.