bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food fortification with folic acid and rate of multiple births, 1994–2000
Authors: Lawrence Jean M. , Watkins Margaret L. , Chiu Vicki , Erickson J. David , Petitti Diana B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDSince fortification of cereal grain products with synthetic folic acid (FA) became mandatory in January 1998, women in the United States who have become pregnant have been exposed to a higher level of FA than women who became pregnant previously. Some studies have suggested that increased FA consumption might increase the risk of multiple gestation pregnancies.METHODSWomen who had a live birth in Kaiser Foundation Health Plan hospitals from January 1, 1994 through December 31, 2000; all multiple births; and the use of ovulation‐inducing drugs were ascertained from electronic databases. Medical records of a sample of women with multiple births who did not use ovulation‐inducing drugs were reviewed to determine whether they used assisted reproductive technology. Exposure to FA‐fortified foods was based on date of delivery.RESULTSThe rate of multiple births increased from 13.6 to 14.8 per 1000 live births from 1994 through 2000. The percentage of women who had a multiple birth and who filled a prescription for an ovulation‐inducing drug in the 12 months before delivery increased from a low of 6.6% in 1994 to a high of 14.9% in 2000. After excluding women using ovulation‐inducing drugs, the increased rate of multiple births was no longer observed.CONCLUSIONSWhile the rates of multiple births have increased since FA fortification became mandatory, this increase can be explained by the increased use of ovulation‐inducing drugs. Our findings show no relationship between food fortification with FA and the rates of multiple births in this large, managed health care population. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent assays as innovative prospects for mycotoxin determination in food and feed
Authors: Sarter Samira , Zakhia Nadine 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMycotoxin contamination of food and feedstuffs is among the top priorities for human and animal safety. The currently used techniques for mycotoxin determination, either chromatography or ELISA, are unsuitable for routine in‐ﬁeld assessment. There is an urgent need for other accurate, simple and cost‐effective techniques that can be used as a screening tool for a rapid estimation of mycotoxin contamination in commodity lots. This paper reviews the literature on the use of chemiluminescence (CL) and bioluminescence (BL) assays for direct or indirect mycotoxin assessment. The chemiluminescence immunoassays, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence and bioassays are reviewed and their advantages and limitations discussed. These techniques used in food testing and the pharmaceutical industry offer promise as rapid techniques for mycotoxin determination. Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence bioassays are the most innovative alternatives to the conventional techniques used for mycotoxin determination in food and feed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binding of histone H1 to DNA is described by an allosteric model
Authors: Mamoon Naila M. , Song Yuguang , Wellman Susan E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEquilibrium binding data were analyzed to characterize the interaction of the linker histone H1° with unmodified T4 phage DNA. Data were cast into the Scatchard‐type plot described by McGhee and von Hippel and fit to their eponymous model for nonspecific binding of ligand to DNA. The data were not fit by the simple McGhee–von Hippel model, nor fit satisfactorily by the inclusion of a cooperativity parameter. Instead, the interaction appeared to be well described by Crothers' allosteric model, in which the higher affinity of the protein for one conformational form of the DNA drives an allosteric transition of the DNA to the conformational form with higher affinity (form 2). At 214 mM Na+, the observed affinity K for an isolated site on unmodified T4 bacteriophage DNA in the form 2 conformation is 4.5 × 107 M−1. The binding constant for an isolated site on DNA in the conformation with lower affinity, form 1, appears to be about 10‐fold lower. Binding affinity is dependent on ion concentration: the magnitude of K is about 10‐fold higher at 14 mM (5.9 × 108 M−1 for form 2 DNA) than at 214 mM Na+ concentration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Lithium Beryllium Deuteride Li2BeD4.
Authors: Bulychev Boris M. , Shpanchenko Roman V. , Antipov Evgeny V. , Sheptyakov Denis V. , Bushmeleva Svetlana N. , Balagurov Anatoly M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
o‐Phenylenediamine as a New Catalyst in the Highly Regioselective Conversion of Epoxides to Halohydrins with Elemental Halogens.
Authors: Eshghi Hossein , Tayyari Sayyed Faramarz , Sanchuli Esmaiel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The (Schiff Base)vanadium(V) Complex Catalyzed Oxidation of Bromide — A New Method for the in situ Generation of Bromine and Its Application in the Synthesis of Functionalized Cyclic Ethers.
Authors: Greb Marco , Hartung Jens , Koehler Franz , Spehar Kristina , Kluge Ralph , Csuk Rene 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of α,β‐Epoxy Carbonyl Compounds in Acetonitrile: Darzens Condensation of Aromatic Aldehydes with Ethyl Chloroacetate.
Authors: Wang Zong‐Ting , Xu Li‐Wen , Xia Chun‐Gu , Wang Han‐Qing 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Preparation of Novel 5‐Fluoropyrazolin‐3‐one Derivatives from α‐Trifluoromethylated α‐Arylacetates.
Authors: Park No Kyun , Kim Bum Tae , Moon Surk Sik , Jeon Sung Lan , Jeong In Howa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Rotamerism of 9,10‐Diaryl‐Substituted 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10‐Decahydroacridine‐1,8‐diones.
Authors: Chebanov V. A. , Saraev V. E. , Kobzar K. M. , Desenko S. M. , Orlov V. D. , Gura E. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate, Methyl Acrylate, and Ethyl Acrylate to 4,5‐Dihydro‐5‐methyl‐3H‐spiro[benz‐2‐azepine‐3,1′‐cyclohexane] N‐Oxide.
Authors: Varlamov A. V. , Chernyshev A. I. , Zubkov F. I. , Turchin K. F. , Levov A. N. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Retrograde double‐labeling study of common afferent projections to the dorsal raphe and the nuclear core of the locus coeruleus in the rat
Authors: Lee Hyun S. , Kim Myung‐A , Waterhouse Barry D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCommon afferent projections to the dorsal raphe (DR) and locus coeruleus (LC) nuclei were analyzed in the rat by making paired injections of retrograde tracers, gold‐conjugated and inactivated wheatgerm agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐apo‐HRP‐gold) and Fluorogold (FG), into the DR and the nuclear core of the LC. Our results demonstrate that the largest number of double‐labeled neurons was located at various preoptic regions including medial preoptic area, lateral preoptic nucleus, and ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. The majority of labeled cells were also observed at the lateral hypothalamus, where the number of labeled cells was comparable to that of neurons at the medial preoptic area or lateral preoptic nucleus. A few double‐labeled cells were observed at various hypothalamic regions including anterior, medial tuberal, posterior, and arcuate nuclei, as well as mesencephalic areas including substantia nigra compacta and ventrolateral/lateral periaqueductal gray matter. Cells were also observed at prelimbic/infralimbic prefrontal cortices, diagonal band of Broca, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, and pontine/medullary regions including various raphe nuclei, Barrington's nucleus, gigantocellularis, paragigantocellularis, prepositus hypoglossi, subcoeruleus, and dorsomedial tegmental area. Although electrophysiological studies need to be performed, a large number of double‐labeled neurons located at preoptic regions as well as lateral hypothalamus might have their major role in simultaneous control over these monoaminergic nuclei as a means of influencing various sleep and arousal states of the animal. Double‐labeled cells at the other locations might be positioned to influence a variety of other functions such as analgesia, cognition, and stress responses. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:179–193, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of the parabrachio‐amygdaloid pathway by immune challenge or spinal nociceptive input: A quantitative study in the rat using Fos immunohistochemistry and retrograde tract tracing
Authors: Richard Sabine , Engblom David , Paues Jakob , Mackerlova Ludmila , Blomqvist Anders 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPeripheral nociceptive stimulation results in activation of neurons in the pontine parabrachial nucleus (PB) of rats. Electrophysiological studies have suggested that noxiously activated PB neurons project to the amygdala, constituting a potential pathway for emotional aspects of pain. In the present study we examined this hypothesis by combining retrograde tract tracing with Fos immunohistochemistry. Cholera toxin subunit B was injected into the amygdala of rats. After a minimum of 48 hours the rats were given a subcutaneous injection of 100 μl of 5% formalin into one hindpaw and killed 60–90 minutes later. A dense aggregation of retrogradely labeled neurons was seen in the external lateral PB. Fos‐expressing neurons were present preferentially in the central, dorsal, and superior lateral subnuclei as well as in the lateral crescent area, as described previously. There was little overlap between the retrogradely labeled and Fos‐expressing populations and double‐labeled neurons were rare. In contrast, systemic immune challenge by intravenous injection of bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide resulted in a Fos expression that overlapped the retrograde labeling in the external lateral PB, and many double‐labeled neurons were seen. While these data provide direct functional anatomical evidence that nociceptive information from the hindlimb is relayed to the amygdala via the parabrachial nucleus, the number of parabrachio‐amygdaloid neurons involved is small. Considering the widespread activation of parabrachio‐amygdaloid neurons by a variety of visceral and humoral stimuli, the parabrachio‐amygdaloid pathway thus appears to be more involved in the mediation of information related to viscerally and humorally elicited activity than in transmission of spinal nociceptive inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:210–219, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Ge9O14(OH)12](C6N2H16)2·H2O: A Novel Germanate with Ge−O Helical Chains Formed by Hydrothermal Synthesis that Can Separate trans and cis Isomers in Situ
Authors: Xu Yan , Fan Wei , Elangovan S. P. , Ogura Masaru , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA novel germanate [Ge9O14(OH)12](C6N2H16)2·H2O (1; UTM‐4) has been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and its structure characterized by X‐ray crystallography [a = 9.293(2), b = 12.164(2), c = 14.564(3) Å, β = 94.96(3)°, V = 1640.1(6) Å3, Z = 2, monoclinic, space group P21/c]. The structure consists of Ge−O layers of helical chains, which are linked by hydrogen bonds to form a soft, open framework that exhibits a selectivity for cis‐1,4‐diaminocyclohexane during the synthesis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Electronic Structure of High‐Spin Iron(IV) Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 23/2004)
Authors: Ghosh Abhik , Tangen Espen , Ryeng Hege , Taylor Peter R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows DFT‐optimized models of a nonheme high‐spin iron(IV)−oxo intermediate and of Collins′ stable high‐spin FeIV complex. A. Ghosh, P. R. Taylor and co‐workers show in their article on p. 4555 ff. that these species, although both are high‐spin FeIV, exhibit radically different electronic configurations and spin density profiles (green). Moreover, the authors present some of the first high‐level ab initio calculations aimed at benchmarking the triplet‐quintet energy difference for FeIV species.
Aspects of the Chemical Degradation of PFSA Ionomers used in PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Healy J. , Hayden C. , Xie T. , Olson K. , Waldo R. , Brundage M. , Gasteiger H. , Abbott J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe chemical degradation of perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) membranes was studied both in‐situ (during fuel cell operation) and ex‐situ (by Fenton's test). During fuel cell operation, the degradation rate was quantified by monitoring the rate of fluoride release. The rate of degradation was found to be strongly dependent on operating conditions. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to identify degradation products other than fluoride generated during fuel cell operation. Strong similarities were found between the organic fragments generated from both the in‐situ (fuel cell operation) and ex‐situ (Fenton's test) degradation processes. The chemical structure of the fragment is consistent with that of the side chain on the PFSA ionomer used in the experiments. The implications of the existence of this product for the chemical degradation mechanism are discussed.
Relationship Between Methanol Permeability and Structure of Different Radiation‐Grafted Membranes
Authors: Kallio T. , Kisko K. , Kontturi K. , Serimaa R. , Sundholm F. , Sundholm G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractStyrene grafted and sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) films are candidates as electrolytes in direct methanol fuel cells. Their behaviour in water, 1 and 3 mol dm–3 aqueous methanol, and pure methanol were studied. According to SAXS results, water and methanol‐water solutions have similar effects on the membranes, i.e., the lamellar period increases and the ionic domains enlarge. Furthermore, differences in the ionic domain structures in pure methanol and water were observed. These structural changes together with dissimilar liquid uptakes in water and in methanol are reflected as changes in the conductivities. An increase in the SAXS intensity and changes in the Bragg distance of the ionic peak were observed in methanol compared to aqueous solutions. This may be related to the hydrophobicity of the CH3 group on methanol. Dissimilarities in methanol permeability through the radiation‐grafted membrane can be related to structural differences in membranes observed with SAXS. Permeabilities were observed to be lower for the radiation‐grafted membranes compared to Nafion® 115, which compensates for the higher area resistance of the experimental membranes and thus improves their performance in a fuel cell.
Effect of salinity on expression of branchial ion transporters in striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Tipsmark Christian Kølbæk , Madsen STEFFEN Søndergaard , Borski Russell John 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe time course of osmoregulatory adjustments and expressional changes of three key ion transporters in the gill were investigated in the striped bass during salinity acclimations. In three experiments, fish were transferred from fresh water (FW) to seawater (SW), from SW to FW, and from 15‐ppt brackish water (BW) to either FW or SW, respectively. Each transfer induced minor deflections in serum [Na+] and muscle water content, both being corrected rapidly (24 hr). Transfer from FW to SW increased gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity and Na+,K+,2Cl− co‐transporter expression after 3 days. Abundance of Na+,K+‐ATPase α‐subunit mRNA and protein was unchanged. Changes in Na+,K+,2Cl− co‐transporter protein were preceded by increased mRNA expression after 24 hr. Expression of V‐type H+‐ATPase mRNA decreased after 3 days. Transfer from SW to FW induced no change in expression of gill Na+,K+‐ATPase. However, Na+,K+,2Cl− co‐transporter mRNA and protein levels decreased after 24 hr and 7 days, respectively. Expression of H+‐ATPase mRNA increased in response to FW after 7 days. In BW fish transferred to FW and SW, gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was stimulated by both challenges, suggesting both a hyper‐ and a hypo‐osmoregulatory response of the enzyme. Acclimation of striped bass to SW occurs on a rapid time scale. This seems partly to rely on the relative high abundance of gill Na+,K+‐ATPase and Na+,K+,2Cl− co‐transporter in FW fish. In a separate study, we found a smaller response to SW in expression of these ion transport proteins in striped bass when compared with the less euryhaline brown trout. In both FW and SW, NEM‐sensitive gill H+‐ATPase activity was negligible in striped bass and ∼10‐fold higher in brown trout. This suggests that in striped bass Na+‐uptake in FW may rely more on a relatively high abundance/activity of Na+,K+‐ATPase compared to trout, where H+‐ATPase is critical for establishing a thermodynamically favorable gradient for Na+‐uptake. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:979–991, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genital structures in the entelegyne widow spider Latrodectus revivensis (Arachnida; Araneae; Theridiidae) indicate a low ability for cryptic female choice by sperm manipulation
Authors: Berendonck Bettina , Greven Hartmut 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe female genital structures of the entelegyne spider Latrodectus revivensis are described using semithin sections and scanning electron microscopy. Apart from the tactile hairs overhanging the opening of the atrium, the contact zones of the female epigynum are devoid of any sensilla, indicating that the female does not discriminate in favor or against males due to their genital size or stimulation through copulatory courtship. The dumb‐bell shape and the spatial separation of the entrance and the exit of the paired spermathecae suggest that they are functionally of the conduit type. Not described for other entelegyne spiders so far, the small fertilization ducts originating from the spermathecae of each side lead to a common fertilization duct that connects the spermathecae to the uterus externus. During oviposition, it is most likely that spermatozoa are indiscriminately sucked out of the spermathecal lumina by the low pressure produced by the contraction of the muscle extending from the epigynal plate to the common fertilization duct. As no greater amounts of secretion are produced by the female during oviposition, and no activated sperm are present within the female genital tract, the secretion produced by the spermathecal epithelium does not serve in displacement or (selective) activation of spermatozoa. These findings suggest that female L. revivensis are not able to exert cryptic female choice by selectively choosing spermatozoa of certain males. J. Morphol. 263:118–132, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NAD+ as a metabolic link between DNA damage and cell death
Authors: Ying Weihai , Alano Conrad C. , Garnier Philippe , Swanson Raymond A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDNA damage occurs in ischemia, excitotoxicity, inflammation, and other disorders that affect the central nervous system (CNS). Extensive DNA damage triggers cell death and in the mature CNS, this occurs primarily through activation of the poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) cell death pathway. PARP‐1 is an abundant nuclear enzyme that, when activated by DNA damage, consumes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)+ to form poly(ADP‐ribose) on acceptor proteins. The mechanisms by which PARP‐1 activation leads to cell death are not understood fully. We used mouse astrocyte cultures to explore the bioenergetic effects of NAD+ depletion by PARP‐1 and the role of NAD+ depletion in this cell death program. PARP‐1 activation was induced by the DNA alkylating agent, N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), using medium in which glucose was the only exogenous energy substrate. PARP‐1 activation led to a rapid but incomplete depletion of astrocyte NAD+, a near‐complete block in glycolysis, and eventual cell death. Repletion of intracellular NAD+ restored glycolytic function and prevented cell death. The addition of non‐glucose substrates to the medium, pyruvate, glutamate, or glutamine, also prevented astrocyte death after PARP‐1 activation. These studies suggest PARP‐1 activation leads to rapid depletion of the cytosolic but not the mitochondrial NAD+ pool. Depletion of the cytosolic NAD+ pool renders the cells unable to utilize glucose as a metabolic substrate. Under conditions where glucose is the only available metabolic substrate, this leads to cell death. This cell death pathway is particularly germane to brain because glucose is normally the only metabolic substrate that is transported rapidly across the blood–brain barrier. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Towards automation of palynology 2: the use of texture measures and neural network analysis for automated identification of optical images of pollen grains
Authors: LI P. , Treloar W. J. , Flenley J. R. , Empson L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe automation of palynology (the identification and counting of pollen grains and spores) will be a small step for image recognition, but a giant stride for palynology. Here we show the first successful automated identification, with 100% accuracy, of a realistic number of taxa. The technique used involves a neural network classifier applied to surface texture data from light microscope images. A further significance of the technique is that it could be adapted for the identification of a wide range of biological objects, both microscopic and macroscopic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems approach to error prevention in medicine
Authors: Wieman Thomas Jeffery , Wieman Eric Andrew 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMinimization of medical errors is at the core of all clinical medical practices. The first tenet of care is to do no harm. The enormous complexity of modern medical care has made error detection and management extremely difficult. Traditional deterministic methods of solving the “error issue” cannot cope with the huge number of potential errors that are possible. Systems thinking and approach to error reduction provides a different avenue for tackling this challenging dilemma. The intent of this article is to introduce a systems view of medical errors and to explain how it can provide new insights about dealing with massively complex organizations such as the healthcare system. Important features include an understanding of system relationships, sources of error, human components, optimization versus perfection in systems and the interrelationships between human and system processes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:115–121. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Another look at medical error
Authors: Deskin William C. , Hoye Robert E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMedical error continues to be a topic of discussion. Blaming the physician or nurse for error is too simplistic and may serve to blur larger system problems from being identified and addressed. This article considers recent history of assignment of errors from a quality assurance perspective, multiple paths which result in error, reviewing the 1999 Institute of Medicine report and looking beyond the numbers to issues that can only be assigned to systems. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:122–129. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.