bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Parametric Decay Instability on the Morphology of Coronal Type III Radio Bursts
Authors: Sishtla Chaitanya Prasad , Jebaraj Immanuel Christopher , Pomoell Jens , Magyar Norbert , Pulupa Marc , Kilpua Emilia , Bale Stuart D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The nonlinear evolution of Alfvén waves in the solar corona leads to the generation of Alfvénic turbulence. This description of the Alfvén waves involves parametric instabilities where the parent wave decays into slow mode waves giving rise to density fluctuations. These density fluctuations, in turn, play a crucial role in the modulation of the dynamic spectrum of type III radio bursts, which are observed at the fundamental of local plasma frequency and are sensitive to the local density. During observations of such radio bursts, fine structures are detected across different temporal ranges. In this study, we examine density fluctuations generated through the parametric decay instability (PDI) of Alfvén waves as a mechanism to generate striations in the dynamic spectrum of type III radio bursts using magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar corona. An Alfvén wave is injected into the quiet solar wind by perturbing the transverse magnetic field and velocity components, which subsequently undergo the PDI instability. The type III burst is modeled as a fast-moving radiation source that samples the background solar wind as it propagates to emit radio waves. We find the simulated dynamic spectrum to contain striations directly affected by the multiscale density fluctuations in the wind.
Day–Night Transport-induced Chemistry and Clouds on WASP-39b: Gas-phase Composition
Authors: Tsai Shang-Min , Moses Julianne I. , Powell Diana , Lee Elspeth K. H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
JWST has recently detected the first robust photochemical product on an exoplanet: sulfur dioxide (SO2) on WASP-39b. The data from the NIRISS instrument also reveal signs of partial coverage of clouds. Most of the previous studies have focused on interpreting spectral data with 1D models. To explore how the chemical species and cloud particles are altered by global circulation, we applied a 2D photochemical model and a 2D microphysical cloud model separately to postprocess the thermal and dynamical structures simulated by a 3D general circulation model of WASP-39b. We found that SO2 produced by photochemistry on the dayside can be transported to the nightside owing to the efficient replenishment of horizontal transport. The morning–evening limb differences in methane (CH4) abundances predicted by the 1D models disappeared after horizontal transport is included. Similarly, the inclusion of horizontal transport also reduced the limb differences in SO2. Our modeling results suggest that the fast zonal wind results in minimal or negligible limb asymmetry in composition. Based on the synthetic spectra generated by our 2D atmosphere simulations, we propose that observing SO2 absorption in the emission spectra of WASP-39b at different phases may offer opportunities to probe the horizontal quenching process of photochemical products. We will focus on the gas-phase chemistry in this paper and leave the results regarding clouds in the subsequent paper as part of the series.
Dettonville et les données
Authors: Maronne Sébastien 
Published: December 2023

J’étudie la théorie des données proposée par Pascal dans les Lettres de A. Dettonville en la comparant aux Données d’Euclide éditées en 1625 par Claude Hardy. J’analyse en particulier la nouvelle définition de « raison donnée ou connue » dans laquelle Pascal considère la raison de la circonférence d’un cercle à son rayon. J’examine ensuite l’usage qui est fait par Pascal de la syntaxe des données dans les Lettres de A. Dettonville , au niveau global et au niveau local, pour analyser et résoudre les problèmes portant sur la roulette sans effectuer tous les calculs.
Some Thoughts on Pascal’s and Galileo’s “Indivisibles” and the Infinite Divisibility of Extension
Authors: Malet Antoni 
Published: December 2023

Nous analysons la manière dont Blaise Pascal comprend le thème classique de la divisibilité infinie de l’extension (DIE). Nous montrons le rôle qu’elle joue dans la présentation pascalienne des « indivisibles » et, plus généralement, dans ses résultats géométriques. L’article décrit le contexte de la pensée de Pascal en analysant comment la DIE avait été discutée par Marin Mersenne, Galilée et René Descartes. Dans ce contexte, les idées de Pascal sur la DIE et l’infini actuel sont revisitées, en les mettant en contraste avec les vues critiques exprimées par le chevalier de Méré (Antoine Gombaud).
Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection
Authors: Silva Elvia E , Moioffer Steven J , Hassert Mariah , Berton Roger R , Smith Matthew G , van de Wall Stephanie , Meyerholz David K , Griffith Thomas S , Harty John T , Badovinac Vladimir P 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience variable disease susceptibility, and patients with comorbidities such as sepsis are often hospitalized for COVID-19 complications. However, the extent to which initial infectious inoculum dose determines disease outcomes and whether this can be used for immunological priming in a genetically susceptible host has not been completely defined. We used an established SARS-like murine model in which responses to primary and/or secondary challenges with murine hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) were analyzed. We compared the response to infection in genetically susceptible C3H/HeJ mice, genetically resistant C57BL/6J mice, and genetically diverse, variably susceptible outbred Swiss Webster mice. Although defined as genetically susceptible to MHV-1, C3H/HeJ mice displayed decreasing dose-dependent pathological changes in disease severity and lung infiltrate/edema, as well as lymphopenia. Importantly, an asymptomatic dose (500 PFU) was identified that yielded no measurable morbidity/mortality postinfection in C3H/HeJ mice. Polymicrobial sepsis induced via cecal ligation and puncture converted asymptomatic infections in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice to more pronounced disease, modeling the impact of sepsis as a comorbidity to β-coronavirus infection. We then used low-dose infection as an immunological priming event in C3H/HeJ mice, which provided neutralizing Ab-dependent, but not circulating CD4/CD8 T cell–dependent, protection against a high-dose MHV-1 early rechallenge. Together, these data define how infection dose, immunological status, and comorbidities modulate outcomes of primary and secondary β-coronavirus infections in hosts with variable susceptibility.
Effector-Phase IL-2 Signals Drive Th1 Effector and Memory Responses Dependently and Independently of TCF-1
Authors: Charley Krystal R , Ramstead Andrew G , Matous Joseph G , Kumaki Yohichi , Sircy Linda M , Hale J Scott , Williams Matthew A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Following viral infection, CD4+ T cell differentiation is tightly regulated by cytokines and TCR signals. Although most activated CD4+ T cells express IL-2Rα after lymphocytic choriomeningtis virus infection, by day 3 postinfection, only half of activated T cells maintain expression. IL-2Rα at this time point distinguishes precursors for terminally differentiated Th1 cells (IL-2Rαhi) from precursors for Tfh cells and memory T cells (IL-2Rαlo) and is linked to strong TCR signals. In this study, we test whether TCR-dependent IL-2 links the TCR to CD4+ T cell differentiation. We employ a mixture of anti–IL-2 Abs to neutralize IL-2 throughout the primary CD4+ T cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection in mice or only after the establishment of lineage-committed effector cells (day 3 postinfection). We report that IL-2 signals drive the formation of Th1 precursor cells in the early stages of the immune response and sustain Th1 responses during its later stages (after day 3). Effector-stage IL-2 also shapes the composition and function of resulting CD4+ memory T cells. Although IL-2 has been shown previously to drive Th1 differentiation by reducing the activity of the transcriptional repressor TCF-1, we found that sustained IL-2 signals were still required to drive optimal Th1 differentiation even in the absence of TCF-1. Therefore, we concluded that IL-2 plays a central role throughout the effector phase in regulating the balance between Th1 and Tfh effector and memory cells via mechanisms that are both dependent and independent of its role in modulating TCF-1 activity.
Inhibition of the C1s Protease and the Classical Complement Pathway by 6-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)Pyridine-3-Carboximidamide and Chemical Analogs
Authors: Xu Xin , Herdendorf Timothy J , Duan Huiquan , Rohlik Denise L , Roy Sourav , Zhou Hinman , Alkhateeb Haya , Khandelwal Sanjay , Zhou Qilong , Li Ping , Arepally Gowthami M , Walker John K , Garcia Brandon L , Geisbrecht Brian V 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The classical pathway (CP) is a potent mechanism for initiating complement activity and is a driver of pathology in many complement-mediated diseases. The CP is initiated via activation of complement component C1, which consists of the pattern recognition molecule C1q bound to a tetrameric assembly of proteases C1r and C1s. Enzymatically active C1s provides the catalytic basis for cleavage of the downstream CP components, C4 and C2, and is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in CP-driven diseases. Although an anti-C1s mAb has been Food and Drug Administration approved, identifying small-molecule C1s inhibitors remains a priority. In this study, we describe 6-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridine-3-carboximidamide (A1) as a selective, competitive inhibitor of C1s. A1 was identified through a virtual screen for small molecules that interact with the C1s substrate recognition site. Subsequent functional studies revealed that A1 dose-dependently inhibits CP activation by heparin-induced immune complexes, CP-driven lysis of Ab-sensitized sheep erythrocytes, CP activation in a pathway-specific ELISA, and cleavage of C2 by C1s. Biochemical experiments demonstrated that A1 binds directly to C1s with a K d of ∼9.8 μM and competitively inhibits its activity with an inhibition constant (K i) of ∼5.8 μM. A 1.8-Å-resolution crystal structure revealed the physical basis for C1s inhibition by A1 and provided information on the structure–activity relationship of the A1 scaffold, which was supported by evaluating a panel of A1 analogs. Taken together, our work identifies A1 as a new class of small-molecule C1s inhibitor and lays the foundation for development of increasingly potent and selective A1 analogs for both research and therapeutic purposes.
Dose–Effect Relationship of Motor Nerve Inexcitability on Outcome in Guillain–Barré Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kumar Mritunjai , Tiwari Ashutosh , Kumar Shakti , Singh Rajni 
Published: December 2023

Objective:
One or more inexcitable motor (IM) nerves are common during electrodiagnostic (EDx) study in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). This study assessed the dose–effect relationship of IM nerves on outcome in patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and acute motor and/or sensory axonal neuropathy (AMAN and AMSAN).

Materials and Methods:
Eighty-eight GBS patients admitted during May 2018–June 2023 underwent detailed clinical evaluation and EDx study. Admission and follow-up disability were assessed on a 0–10 Clinical Grading Scale (CGS). Outcome was recovery at 6 months, defined as good (CGS <3) and poor (CGS ≥3). Binary multivariate logistic regression with backward elimination was used to calculate independent predictors of outcome.

Results:
Proportion of patients with complete recovery decreased significantly with increasing numbers of IM nerves (P < 0.01). Seventy-six patients were followed for 6 months. Among patients with IM nerves (n = 28), complete recovery was similar between AIDP and axonal GBS (70% vs. 50%, respectively; P = 0.40). However, in patients with recordable compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) in all the motor nerves (n = 26), axonal GBS had significantly poor recovery compared to AIDP (75% vs. 9.1%; P = 0.01). Among patients receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg; n = 42), poor recovery was seen in 53.6% with IM nerves compared to 35.7% without (P = 0.28), while it was 37.5% versus 5.6% (P = 0.04), respectively, in those who did not receive IVIg (n = 34). However, only admission disability (odds ratio [OR] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81–0.97; P = 0.007) was found to be an independent predictor of outcome.

Conclusion:
Although increasing numbers of IM nerves were associated with poor outcome on univariate analysis, they did not predict 6 months’ outcome independently. Outcome did not differ between axonal GBS and AIDP among those with IM nerves. IVIg improved outcome in patients with IM nerves.
The impact of the COVID pandemic on publication disciplines among major general medical journals: A bibliometric analysis using natural language processing and traditional statistics
Authors: Sellers Austin R. , Fierstein Jamie L. , Gray Geoffrey M. , Miller Alexandra M. , Caberto A. J. , Ahumada Luis M. , Jallo George , Ford Daniel E. , Goldenberg Neil A. 
Published: December 2023

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic has altered the design, conduct, and dissemination of medical and scientific research; yet, little is known regarding the changes in publication trends as a result of the pandemic. The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the representation of medical disciplines among top-ranking journals.

Materials and Methods:
PubMed was queried from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2021, to identify the articles published in five high-impact factor general medical journals. Extracted data included publication type, publication date, and major MeSH terms. Journal Descriptor Indexing software produced a “discipline” per article for the analysis. Time periods of 01/2019–12/2019 (pre-COVID-19), 04/2020–12/2020 (early intra-COVID-19), and 1/2021–12/2021(late intra-COVID-19) were used to compare publication frequencies, by discipline (e.g., virology) and by article type (e.g., regular article, commentary, and letter).

Results:
8706 articles were identified in the pre-COVID-19 period and 6611 and 8094 were identified in the early- and late-intra-COVID-19 period, respectively. During the periods of interest, 5203, 4248, and 4960 publications produced an indexed discipline. The distribution of publications by discipline differed significantly overtime, with “virology” increasing in rank from 18th to 1st (71 vs. 1364) pre versus early intra-pandemic, and remaining first late intra-pandemic (436 articles).

Conclusions:
These analyses provide a framework to quantify the shift in publishing practices toward virology-related articles during the pandemic. Virology was the most common topic in the early- and late-intra-pandemic periods. Future study should evaluate specialty-specific journals, as well as the examination of the broader impact of decreased non-pandemic specific articles during times of pandemic.

The following core competencies are addressed in this article:
Medical knowledge.
A case of vitamin-D dependent type-1A rickets
Authors: Gupta Ashish , Mukherjee Soham , Bhadada Sanjay Kumar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Rickets is a disease of growing bones characterized by softening of bones as a result of defective mineralization of cartilage in the epiphyseal growth plate. The predominant cause is a deficiency or impaired metabolism of vitamin D. Some forms of rickets do not respond to regular doses of cholecalciferol, which leads to suspicion of vitamin D-dependent rickets (VDDR). VDDR is of two types: type I is due to defective renal tubular 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1-α hydroxylase, and type II is due to end-organ resistance to the active metabolite of vitamin D. Here, we describe a child with seizures and calcipenic rickets with biochemical profile suggestive of VDDR type 1 worsened by phenytoin which responded completely to calcium and calcitriol supplementation. Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous missense mutation in exon 7 of the TRPV4 gene (chromosome 12,c.1292C>A), whereas no mutations in CYP2R1, CYP27B1, VDR, and CYP3A4 were detected.
Macroprolactinoma and empty sella: Swinging pendulum and lessons for dopamine agonists therapy
Authors: Rastogi Ashu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Prolactinomas account for nearly 40% of all pituitary tumors with a remarkable response to dopamine agonist (DA) therapy, rendering surgical intervention unnecessary in most cases. Clinical guidelines recommend discontinuing DA therapy two years after achieving normalized prolactin levels and without tumor visibility on MRI. We report a middle-aged man with a macroprolactinoma who presented with apoplexy and panhypopituitarism. The patient responded remarkably to cabergoline with normalization of prolactin and complete tumor disappearance with radiological empty sella within 18 months, and subsequently, he discontinued cabergoline. The patient presented lately (after 10 years) with a recurrence of macroprolactinoma, for which he was reinitiated on cabergoline therapy. Patients with an empty sella remain susceptible to tumor recurrence, as pituitary adenomas may arise from residual pituitary tissue or microscopic tumor remnants may persist, which is not discernible radiologically. This case is a poignant reminder of the importance of diligent and long-term clinical and biochemical monitoring in patients with prolactinomas.
Histopathological Spectrum of Leiomyoma of the Uterus with an Emphasis on Pathological Technique to Avoid the Misdiagnosis: A Single Tertiary Centre Experience
Authors: Kumari Suman , Yadav Gajendra Kumar , Kaushik Bhoomika , Kumar Arvind , Phulware Ravi Hari , Singh Ashok , Durgapal Prashant , Mundhra Rajlaxmi , Kishore Sanjeev 
Published: December 2023

Background:
The most typical uterine tumour that develops from smooth muscle is a leiomyoma. It might be challenging to provide an accurate diagnosis when it exhibits abnormal gross features or artefacts. The fixation, grossing, taking sections, tissue processing, sectioning and staining are all aspects that might alter the histological spectrum, which varies from benign to malignant. Therefore, careful consideration must be given to all advantages and disadvantages in specimen handling, processing, evaluating gross examination and obtaining sections to arrive at a definitive diagnosis.

Aims:
To identify the pathological factors that affect the diagnostic accuracy in resection specimen of uterine mass, clinico-radiologically suggestive leiomyoma.

Patients:
All female patients (352) who underwent surgery for clinically suggestive uterine leiomyoma in a period of two years were included in the study.

Materials and Methods:
It was a retrospective observational study in a tertiary care centre that spanned 2 years, from January 2019 to January 2021. All patients who had undergone surgery for leiomyoma in this duration were included. All big specimens underwent customised pathology techniques.

Results:
A total of 352 cases, including 348 leiomyomas, three uterine smooth-muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and one case of leiomyosarcoma, were studied. A majority of patients were in the age group of 36–45 years (49.04%). Total hysterectomy was the most common type of surgery performed for leiomyoma (62.06% cases). The most common site of occurrence is intramural. The average size of leiomyoma was 4.72 cm. A majority (88.21%) of leiomyomas were of typical type without any degeneration or variation in histology. Hyalinised collagen (5.75%) is the most frequent finding encountered as a histopathological variant, followed by myxoid change (1.43%). Associated pathology with leiomyoma was adenomyoma (10.91%), followed by uterine malignancy. Adopting the pathology techniques, three cases of uterine smooth-muscle tumours of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) and one case of leiomyosarcoma could be identified.

Conclusion:
A pathologist needs to be skilled in troubleshooting lacunae, whether they are caused by fixing the gross or by cutting sections and staining tissue processing. These variables affect the accuracy of the diagnostic process.
The Effect of Auditory Stimulation on the Nonlinear Dynamics of Heart Rate
Authors: Dimitriev Dmitri , Indeykina Olga , Dimitriev Aleksey 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Although it is known that sound exposure evokes changes in autonomic activity, the effects of noise and music on the nonlinear behavior of heart rate fluctuations remain poorly understood and controversial. This study aims to assess the influence of sound subjective emotional valence and arousal on the nonlinear characteristics of the autonomic nervous system during passive listening.

Methods:
In this study, 42 subjects listened to four sounds: (1) white noise, (2) road traffic noise, (3) excitatory music, and (4) a lullaby. The experiment consisted of two consecutive sessions: 5 minutes of rest, followed by 5 minutes of listening. RR intervals were recorded during both sessions. The following linear and nonlinear heart rate variability (HRV) indices were computed: Standard deviation of NN (SDNN), The root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), F, high frequency (HF), approximate entropy (ApEn) and sample entropy (SampEn), correlation dimension (D2), Poincaré plot indices (SD1, SD2), fractal scaling exponents (alpha1, alpha2), and recurrence plot indices (mean line length [Lmean], maximum line length [Lmax], determinism [DET], laminarity [LAM], maximal vertical length [Vmax], trapping time [TT], Shannon entropy of line length distribution [ShanEn]).

Results:
Excitatory music was associated with a significant decrease in SDNN (from 47.3 ± 3.59 to 38.31 ± 3.16, P < 0.01), RMSSD (from 51.07 ± 4.75 to 42.53 ± 3.9, P < 0.05), HF (from 1516.26 ± 245.74 to 884.07 ± 183.44, P < 0.001), and low frequency (LF; from 973.33 ± 176.09 to 760.28 ± 150.35, P < 0.05). Excitatory music exposure induced significant increases in DET (P < 0.01), SD1 (P < 0.05), and SD2 (P < 0.05), but changes in detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), SampEn, and D2 were nonsignificant. Traffic noise, white noise, and the lullaby did not cause significant changes in the measures of HRV.

Conclusion:
Presentation of excitatory music that evokes strong negative emotions elicits a prominent decrease in respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Poincaré plot and recurrence plot measures possess high sensitivity to excitatory music. Contrary to previous studies, we did not find the effects of relaxing music on HRV.