bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salivary Gland Cancers
Authors: Califano Joseph , Spiro Ronald H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Malignant salivary gland tumors are remarkable for their relative infrequency as compared to other solid tumors, and their wide diversity in histologic appearance, clinical presentation, and biologic behavior. By virtue of the slow growth rates of some of these tumors, posttreatment surveillance must continue for a decade or more in order to accrue reliable data regarding locoregional control and survival. Fortunately, useful prognostic information can be derived from assessment of clinical stage, and tumor histology.
Gastric Cancer
Authors: van Krieken J. Han J. M. , Sasako Mitsuru , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The incidence of gastric cancer is decreasing worldwide, but the prognosis is still generally poor. Insight in pathogenesis (the role of Helicobacter Pylori and Epstein‐Barr virus) and molecular genetics (p53 en RAS mutations) has increased in recent years. Important new data exist on treatment: the role of local surgical treatment, extended lymphadenectomy, and chemotherapy. Outcome is clearly dependent on many factors, but complete surgical excision is still central in the treatment. This chapter deals with clinical, pathological, and genetic factors that are related to survival, especially those that can influence clinical management. An important caveat has been formulated recently: criteria to diagnose cancer of the stomach vary, clearly leading to differences in patient populations in studies. In particular, this might partially explain the higher incidence and better prognosis of gastric cancer in Japan. But then, when staged similarly using the same prognostic factors, there was no difference between the prognosis for German and Japanese patients. Where prior gastric surgery is concerned (gastric stump carcinoma) prognosis is very poor, but dependant on stage. Histology and DNA index in these cases are the same as for other upper‐third stomach cancer cases. In a retrospective study on 2654 patients from Japan, it was found that from the early 1960s to the early 1980s the percentage of proximally located tumors increased from 17% to 27% and signet‐ring‐cell carcinoma increased from 2% to 22%. Although proximally located tumors behaved more aggressive, survival was more associated with stage than with primary site in the stomach.
Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hobday Timothy J. , Erlichman Charles 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of site‐specific cancer mortality in Western nations. Over 130,000 new cases and 56,500 deaths were expected in the United States in 1998. Approximately 70–80% of patients will present with apparently localized disease that is surgically resectable. A proportion of these patients harbor occult micrometastases and will relapse after initial therapy. Randomized, Phase III clinical trials evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy (combined with radiotherapy in rectal cancer) for patients with local/regional lymph‐node involvement have clearly shown some of these patients can be cured with adjuvant therapy.
A recent pooled analysis as well as the individual prospective randomized clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Stage II disease (no involvement of local/regional lymph nodes) have not clearly shown a survival benefit in these patients. Yet a significant minority of these patients will relapse and eventually die of their disease. A review by the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) of four consecutive adjuvant chemotherapy trials in Stages II and III colorectal cancer argues that adjuvant chemotherapy does improve survival for Stage II patients. The use of molecular markers that have prognostic significance in addition to pathologic and clinical factors has the potential to identify high‐risk patients who may benefit from therapy. This may allow treatment of those at highest risk while sparing those with minimal risk the toxicity and expense of adjuvant chemotherapy.
Prognostic factors can also serve a useful role in advanced disease. Some factors may be predictive of response to therapy, thereby aiding in the choice of palliative treatment. In a small subset of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, patient‐and tumor‐related factors impact on the potential for curative resection of metastatic disease.
Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma
Authors: Heenan Peter J. , Yu Lawrence L. , English Dallas R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The most important prognostic factor in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) is the anatomic extent of disease and, specifically, presence of metastasis. In those patients without clinical metastasis at the time of diagnosis, direct measurement of tumor thickness by the method of Breslow remains the most accurate single prognostic factor. The improvement in survival rates recorded over time has been associated with a decrease in tumor thickness, and geographical differences in prognosis have been related to differences in tumor thickness. Furthermore, the prognostic effects of such features as the histologic type and level of invasion are overridden by the effect of tumor thickness. The measurement of tumor thickness by means of an ocular micrometer is also more reproducible among pathologists than the recognition of histologic subtypes and the assessment of level of invasion according to anatomical landmarks, both of which are more prone to subjective interpretation and interobserver variation.
It is also apparent, however, that although tumor thickness remains the best available single prognostic index, it provides only a rough guide to the outcome for an individual patient. Increasing efforts have been made, therefore, to discover more accurate means of assessing the risk of metastasis in patients with melanoma by using multifactorial prognostic models and by searching for molecular markers of metastatic potential. Prognostic models, however, although yielding impressive results in some studies, may not always be accurate in their application to individual patients, and the search for molecular markers of metastatic potential, although providing initially promising results, has as yet failed to identify prognostic factors that are as accurate or as practically applicable as the measurement of tumor thickness.
Vulvar Cancer
Authors: Lou Benedet J. , Ehlen Thomas G. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Vulvar cancer is an uncommon malignancy accounting for approximately 4–5% of all gynecologic cancers. It used to be thought of as predominantly a disease of the elderly, although reports of young, reproductive‐age‐group women with this disease increasingly appear in the literature. The external location of the vulva should prompt early presentation, but traditionally significant delays in diagnosis have been associated with this cancer.
The past decade has seen a better understanding of the prognostic factors for vulvar cancer, which, in turn, has led to a more individualized approach to therapy. This has led to less aggressive surgery in the earlier stage of the disease with better cosmetic and functional results. It might be expected that, with the increasing life expectancy in many countries and the concomitant aging of the population, an increase in the number of cases being diagnosed would occur in the future.
Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Lou Benedet J. , Miller Dianne M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In many industrialized countries, endometrial cancer has surpassed cervical cancer as the most common form of malignancy affecting the female genital tract. This has occurred due to the effectiveness of screening programs in reducing both the incidence and mortality rates for cervical cancer. Improvement in life expectancy for many women also has led to an increased number of patients being diagnosed with endometrial cancer, which is predominantly a disease of postmenopausal women.
Endometrial cancer most often presents with the symptom of postmenopausal bleeding. Because this manifestation is often found early in the course of the disease and is significantly alarming, women generally present themselves promptly to their physicians for investigation. The majority of endometrial cancers are thus diagnosed as stage I lesions. In certain situations, however, this condition has the potential to behave in an aggressive fashion, resulting in recurrence and ultimately death. The identification of those factors that place patients at high risk for recurrence has been the primary focus of much of the research on this condition in the past 20 years.
Although endometrial cancer is predominantly a disease of postmenopausal women, approximately 20–25% of cases will occur before menopause and a further 5% occur before age 40. Obesity, particularly upper body obesity, nulliparity, and late menopause have all been associated with an increase in risk for endometrial cancer. Use of exogenous unopposed estrogen and tamoxifen have also been associated with an increased risk for the development of endometrial cancer. Use of oral contraceptive tablets and smoking, however, have been associated with a decrease in the risk for endometrial cancer and women who develop endometrial cancer while on exogenous estrogen appear to have favorable prognosis.
Pharynx
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Ampulla of
V
ater
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Morphology evolution of immiscible LDPE/PVC blends in the presence of compatibilizer and phase dispersant
Authors: Fang Zhengping , Ma Guowei , Liu Chao , Xu Chengwei 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPhase dispersion and coalescence in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (70/30) blends influenced by compatibilizer and phase dispersant was studied. It was found that the morphology evolution of blends is sensitive to not only processing conditions (shear strength and mixing time) but also the added compatibilizer or phase dispersant. In our conditions, the stable phase morphology of each blend is obtained after mixing 15–25 min. In addition, the dispersed PVC phase in blends is easy to aggregate when the mixing rotor speed changed from high to low for the binary blends. As a compatibilizer, chlorided polyethylene (CPE) or nitrile rubber (NBR) can stabilize the morphology and hinder the coalescence of the dispersed PVC phase when added to the blends. However, the phase dispersant butadiene rubber (BR) or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) could not stabilize the phase structure, although it could accelerate phase dispersion. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 763–772, 2004
Tannin antioxidant characteristics in leather versus leather light stability: Models
Authors: Pizzi A. , Simon C. , George B. , Perrin D. , Triboulot M. C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe variation of leather color as a function of aging time on prolonged irradiation with UV light of the leather produced by tanning with different polyflavonoid and hydrolyzable vegetable tannins is reported. A predictive model and two equations for the variation of leather color as a function of UV‐irradiation time and as a function of the different vegetable tannins used was also established. This technique appears to describe well the overall phenomenon of oxidation and color change in situ observable in vegetable‐tanned leathers. The variation of leather color as a function of aging time on prolonged irradiation with UV light of the leather produced based on different vegetable tannins was found to be composed of two main effects: The first one of these is the darkening reaction of the leather. This is due to the formation of quinones on the phenolic structure of the vegetable tannin. The second one is the leather‐lightening reaction due to the photodegradation of the system. These two phases were equated and correlated with the radical uptake reaction and radical stabilization/decay reaction observed by ESR for UV‐irradiation of pure tannin in the solid form and of the leather produced using the same. Thus, correlation among the antioxidant capability of tannins in the solid form, their antioxidant capability once included in the leather, and the color variation (darkening and lightening) of leather by colorimetry was established. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1030–1040, 2004
Complex processing–morphology interrelationships during the reactive compatibilization of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) with epoxide‐ containing rubber
Authors: Martin P. , Devaux J. , Legras R. , Leemans L. , Van Gurp M. , Van Duin M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractReactive processing of blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) with the ethene–(methyl acrylate)–(glycidyl methacrylate) terpolymer (E–MA–GMA) is known to present a very complex reactivity since two competitive reactions take place spontaneously during melt blending, that is, blend compatibilization and rubber‐phase crosslinking. In this article, the effects of several processing parameters, such as the shear rate, the processing temperature, and the matrix viscosity, on the reactive processing of those blends were investigated in terms of the blend morphology and of the amount of copolymer formed at the blend interface. It was shown that the morphology development could be divided in two successive regimes: In the early stages of the mixing process, the particle size is essentially determined by the physical dispersion process, that is, breakup and coalescence, while, at longer mixing times, a further decrease in particle size is obtained as a result of the compatibilization reactions. The shift between the two regimes is progressive and intimately related to the processing conditions. Despite such a complexity, not only the blend morphology but also the elastic properties of the rubber particles can be controlled in a broad range by an adequate adjustment of the relative kinetics between both physical and chemical processes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 703–718, 2004
Thermal decomposition kinetics of thermotropic copolyesters made from trans‐p‐hydroxycinnamic acid and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid
Authors: Tang Wei , Li Xin‐Gui , Yan Deyue 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA series of thermotropic copolyesters were synthesized by direct thermal melt polycondensation of p‐acetoxybenzoic acid (PHB) with trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamic acid (PHC). The dynamic thermogravimetric kinetics of the copolyesters in nitrogen were analyzed by four single heating‐rate techniques and three multiple heating‐rate techniques. The effects of the heating rate, copolyester composition, degradation stage, and the calculating techniques on the thermostability and degradation kinetic parameters of the copolyesters are systematically discussed. The four single heating‐rate techniques used in this work include Friedman, Freeman–Carroll, Chang, and the second Kissinger techniques, whereas the three multiple heating‐rate techniques are the first Kissinger, Kim–Park, and Flynn–Wall techniques. The decomposition temperature of the copolyesters increases monotonically with increasing PHB content from 40 to 60 mol %, whereas their activation energy exhibits a maximal value at the PHB content of 50 mol %. The decomposition temperature, activation energy, the order, and the frequency factor of the degradation reaction for the thermotropic copolyester with PHB/PHC feed ratio of 50/50 mol % were determined to be 374°C, 408 kJ/mol, 7.2, and 1.25 × 1029 min−1, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 445–454, 2004
Methyl methacrylate and acrylamide crosslinked macroporous copolymers
Authors: Nikolić Ljubiša , Skala Dejan , Nikolić Vesna , Stamenković Jakov , Babić Dragan , Ilić‐Stojanović Snežana 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this work the synthesis of a crosslinked macroporous copolymer was effected from methyl methacrylate and acrylamide. The synthesis process began with emulsion prepolymerization, followed by sol–gel copolymerization until a hard block was obtained. Determination of the properties of the obtained material was carried out by FTIR, mercury porosimetry, and SEM microscopy. The material was characterized by a porous structure with open pores. The macroporous copolymer obtained can be used for polymer–analog reactions and the transformation of amide and ester groups into acyl azide groups. It can be used as a hard inert support for the immobilization of enzymes, or other proteins, by condensation of acyl azide group on polymer with the free amino group from the base amino acid of enzyme/protein. For the immobilization of microorganisms it can be used by vacuum diffusion of microorganism suspension into the porous structure, without active group transformation reactions. With microorganisms in the polymer pores, microorganism colonies form within the copolymer by microbial fermentation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 387–395, 2004
Influence of electron beam irradiation on properties of fluorine‐containing poly(aryl ether ketone)s
Authors: Kimura Kunio , Tabuchi Yumi , Nishichi Ai , Yamashita Yuhiko , Okumura Yasunori , Omote Kazushi , Morita Yosuke , Kudo Hisaaki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe influence of electron beam irradiation on the properties of fluorine‐containing poly(aryl ether ketone)s (F‐PEK), derived from 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzoic acid, was examined. Irradiation was performed with an electron beam at a dose of 3.63 × 103 Gy s−1 for which the corresponding doses were 29.0, 51.0, and 94.5 MGy. Tensile strength at break increased up to a dose of 29.0 MGy and then decreased very slightly with irradiation. Elongation at break was more susceptible to irradiation and decreased drastically to one tenth at a dose of 29.0 MGy. Young's modulus was enhanced by the irradiation. F‐PEKs were changed from elastic materials to strong and brittle materials by irradiation. Relaxation of the viscoelastic property shifted toward higher temperature by irradiation. These tensile and viscoelastic property changes were attributed to the formation of a bulkier and more rigid structure by crosslinking. The fluorine atoms attached to the 1,4‐phenylene moiety in F‐PEKs were surprisingly susceptible to the irradiation and were completely lost at a dose of 29.0 MGy. The π‐electron conjugated aromatic structure was concurrently developed during irradiation. Further, polar functional groups such as carboxyl group and ester group were generated by chain scission and rearrangement. The F‐PEKs retained their good transparency and the thermal stability was significantly improved after irradiation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 157–166, 2004
Modeling of creep and shrinkage behavior of polymeric films used in magnetic tapes
Authors: Bhushan Bharat , Jayantha‐Rao Ravichander 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFor ever increasing high recording densities of magnetic tape drives, improved dimensional stability of the polymeric films used as magnetic tape substrates is required. During storage and use, creep and shrinkage occur simultaneously and it needs to be minimized. To obtain constitutive relationships for creep and shrinkage, these contributions need to be separated and modeled. A mathematical model based on Kelvin–Voigt models has been developed to characterize simultaneous creep and shrinkage behavior to obtain the constitutive relationships for creep and shrinkage. Experiments have been performed to separate out creep and shrinkage effects and this model has been used to compensate the effect of shrinkage on creep data and to get true creep data. The experimental creep and shrinkage data of various films have been modeled to obtain viscoelastic parameters. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 78–88, 2004
Synthesis, characterization, and swelling responses of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐ and hydroxypropyl cellulose‐based environmentally sensitive biphasic hydrogels
Authors: Chauhan Ghanshyam S. , Lal Harinder , Mahajan Swati 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThermosensitive networks based on hydroxypropyl cellulose and N‐isopropylacrylamide crosslinked with N,N‐methylene bisacrylamide were synthesized by a simultaneous gamma radiation technique. The network yield was optimized by the variation of reaction parameters such as the total radiation dose, concentration of crosslinker and monomer, and amount of water. The hydrogels had a biphasic structure and good mechanical strength, even in the fully swollen state, and could be synthesized in any shape and size. Volume transitions as a function of time and temperature were studied for these hydrogels in water, and the effects on swelling in different media such as 0.5N NaOH, 0.5N HCl, and 5% NaCl at the optimum time and temperature were also studied. The response of the hydrogels to these diverse changes in the swelling media was observed, and the volume transitions due to environmental changes in the hydrogels were not sharp and discontinuous as a maximum volume collapse occurred at a temperature higher than the reported lower critical solution temperature of 32.5°C for N‐isopropylacrylamide. These hydrogels were environmentally sensitive and responded to changes in their thermal and ionic environment and have potential applications in diverse fields such as drug delivery, enzyme technology, and environmental management. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 479–488, 2004