bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergens of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Westwood Greg S , Huang Shih-Wen , Keyhani Nemat O 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Beauveria bassiana is an important entomopathogenic fungus currently under development as a bio-control agent for a variety of insect pests. Although reported to be non-toxic to vertebrates, the potential allergenicity of Beauveria species has not been widely studied.

Methods
IgE-reactivity studies were performed using sera from patients displaying mould hypersensitivity by immunoblot and immunoblot inhibition. Skin reactivity to B. bassiana extracts was measured using intradermal skin testing.

Results
Immunoblots of fungal extracts with pooled as well as individual sera showed a distribution of IgE reactive proteins present in B. bassiana crude extracts. Proteinase K digestion of extracts resulted in loss of IgE reactive epitopes, whereas EndoH and PNGaseF (glycosidase) treatments resulted in minor changes in IgE reactive banding patterns as determined by Western blots. Immunoblot inhibitions experiments showed complete loss of IgE-binding using self protein, and partial inhibition using extracts from common allergenic fungi including; Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum, Candida albicans, Epicoccum purpurascens, and Penicillium notatum. Several proteins including a strongly reactive band with an approximate molecular mass of 35 kDa was uninhibited by any of the tested extracts, and may represent B. bassiana specific allergens. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the in vitro results, demonstrating allergenic reactions in a number of individuals, including those who have had occupational exposure to B. bassiana.

Conclusions
Beauveria bassiana possesses numerous IgE reactive proteins, some of which are cross-reactive among allergens from other fungi. A strongly reactive potential B. bassiana specific allergen (35 kDa) was identified. Intradermal skin testing confirmed the allergenic potential of B. bassiana.
Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Homologous Desensitization of the Human and Mouse Melanocortin 1 Receptors
Authors: Sánchez-Más Jesús , Guillo Lidia A. , Zanna Paola , Jiménez-Cervantes Celia , García-Borrón José C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe melanocortin 1 receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase, is a key regulator of epidermal melanocyte proliferation and differentiation and a determinant of human skin phototype and skin cancer risk. Despite its potential importance for regulation of pigmentation, no information is available on homologous desensitization of this receptor. We found that the human melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) and its mouse ortholog (Mc1r) undergo homologous desensitization in melanoma cells. Desensitization is not dependent on protein kinase A, protein kinase C, calcium mobilization, or MAPKs, but is agonist dose-dependent. Both melanoma cells and normal melanocytes express two members of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, GRK2 and GRK6. Cotransfection of the receptor and GRK2 or GRK6 genes in heterologous cells demonstrated that GRK2 and GRK6 impair agonist-dependent signaling by MC1R or Mc1r. However, GRK6, but not GRK2, was able to inhibit MC1R agonist-independent constitutive signaling. Expression of a dominant negative GRK2 mutant in melanoma cells increased their cAMP response to agonists. Agonist-stimulated cAMP production decreased in melanoma cells enriched with GRK6 after stable transfection. Therefore, GRK2 and GRK6 seem to be key regulators of melanocortin 1 receptor signaling and may be important determinants of skin pigmentation.
Akt Activation Is Required at a Late Stage of Insulin-Induced GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane
Authors: van Dam Ellen M. , Govers Roland , James David E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInsulin stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane (PM). This involves multiple steps as well as multiple intracellular compartments. The Ser/Thr kinase Akt has been implicated in this process, but its precise role is ill defined. To begin to dissect the role of Akt in these different steps, we employed a low-temperature block. Upon incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes at 19 C, GLUT4 accumulated in small peripheral vesicles with a slight increase in PM labeling concomitant with reduced trans-Golgi network labeling. Although insulin-dependent translocation of GLUT4 to the PM was impaired at 19 C, we still observed movement of vesicles toward the surface. Strikingly, insulin-stimulated Akt activity, but not phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase activity, was blocked at 19 C. Consistent with a multistep process in GLUT4 trafficking, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation could be primed by treating cells with insulin at 19 C, whereas this was not the case for Akt activation. These data implicate two insulin-regulated steps in GLUT4 translocation: 1) redistribution of GLUT4 vesicles toward the cell cortex—this process is Akt-independent and is not blocked at 19 C; and 2) docking and/or fusion of GLUT4 vesicles with the PM—this process may be the major Akt-dependent step in the insulin regulation of glucose transport.
Distinct subcellular location of the Ca2+-binding protein S100A1 differentially modulates Ca2+-cycling in ventricular rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Most Patrick , Boerries Melanie , Eicher Carmen , Schweda Christopher , Völkers Mirko , Wedel Thilo , Söllner Stefan , Katus Hugo A. , Remppis Andrew , Aebi Ueli , Koch Walter J. , Schoenenberger Cora-Ann 
Published: January 2005

Calcium is a key regulator of cardiac function and is modulated through the Ca2+-sensor protein S100A1. S100 proteins are considered to exert both intracellular and extracellular functions on their target cells. Here we report the impact of an increased intracellular S100A1 protein level on Ca2+-homeostasis in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes in vitro. Specifically, we compare the effects of exogenously added recombinant S100A1 to those resulting from the overexpression of a transduced S100A1 gene. Extracellularly added S100A1 enhanced the Ca2+-transient amplitude in neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes (NVCMs) through a marked decrease in intracellular diastolic Ca2+-concentrations ([Ca2+]i). The decrease in [Ca2+]i was independent of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) activity and was probably the result of an increased sarcolemmal Ca2+-extrusion through the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX). At the same time the Ca2+-content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) decreased. These effects were dependent on the uptake of extracellularly added S100A1 protein and its subsequent routing to the endosomal compartment. Phospholipase C and protein kinase C, which are tightly associated with this subcellular compartment, were found to be activated by endocytosed S100A1.
By contrast, adenoviral-mediated intracellular S100A1 overexpression enhanced the Ca2+-transient amplitude in NVCMs mainly through an increase in systolic [Ca2+]i. The increased Ca2+-load in the SR was based on an enhanced SERCA2a activity while NCX function was unaltered. Overexpressed S100A1 colocalized with SERCA2a and other Ca2+-regulatory proteins at the SR, whereas recombinant S100A1 protein that had been endocytosed did not colocalize with SR proteins. This study provides the first evidence that intracellular S100A1, depending on its subcellular location, modulates cardiac Ca2+-turnover via different Ca2+-regulatory proteins.
Brachial plexus palsy secondary to birth injuries
Authors: Kirkos J. M. , Kyrkos M. J. , Kapetanos G. A. , Haritidis J. H. 
Published: January 2005

We describe the long-term results in ten patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy of anterior shoulder release combined with transfer of teres major and latissimus dorsi posteriorly and laterally to allow them to act as external rotators. Eight patients had a lesion of the superior trunk and two some involvement of the entire brachial plexus. The mean age at operation was six years, and the mean follow-up was 30 years. Before operation, the patients were unable actively to rotate the arm externally beyond neutral, although this movement was passively normal. All showed decreased strength of the external rotator, but had normal strength of the internal rotator muscles. Radiologically, no severe bony changes were seen in the glenohumeral joint. No clinically detectable improvement of active abduction was noted in any patient. The mean active external rotation after operation was 36.5°. This was maintained for a mean of ten years, and then deteriorated in eight patients. At the latest follow-up the mean active external rotation was 10.5°. The early satisfactory results of the procedure were not maintained. In the long term there was loss of active external rotation, possibly because of gradual degeneration of the transferred muscles, contracture of the surrounding soft tissues and degenerative changes in the glenohumeral joint.
Primary semi-constrained arthroplasty for chronic fracture-dislocations of the elbow
Authors: Mighell M. A. , Dunham R. C. , Rommel E. A. , Frankle M. A. 
Published: January 2005

We present six patients with chronic dislocation of the elbow who were treated by primary semiconstrained total elbow arthroplasty. All were women with a mean age of 65 years (51 to 76), the mean interval between dislocation and surgery was 17 weeks (5 to 52) and the mean follow-up 58 months (24 to 123). The most dramatic improvement was in function. The mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon score was 5.2 times better (p < 0.001) and the mean total range of movement increased from 33° to 121° (p < 0.001) after operation. Three patients developed wear of polyethylene. One required revision for a periprosthetic fracture, and another required a bushing exchange. Primary semiconstrained elbow arthroplasty provides significant, predictable functional improvement. Potential solutions for wear of polyethylene include a different operative technique or design of implant. Despite the high incidence of such wear, total elbow arthroplasty should be considered as a viable treatment option for chronic dislocation of the elbow in elderly patients.
A computer touch-screen version of the North American Spine Society outcome assessment instrument for the lumbar spine
Authors: Schaeren S. , Bischoff-Ferrari H. A. , Knupp M. , Dick W. , Huber J. F. , Theiler R. 
Published: January 2005

We validated the North American Spine Society (NASS) outcome-assessment instrument for the lumbar spine in a computerised touch-screen format and assessed patients’ acceptance, taking into account previous computer experience, age and gender. Fifty consecutive patients with symptomatic and radiologically-proven degenerative disease of the lumbar spine completed both the hard copy (paper) and the computerised versions of the NASS questionnaire. Statistical analysis showed high agreement between the paper and the touch-screen computer format for both subscales (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.94, 95% confidence interval (0.90 to 0.97)) independent of computer experience, age and gender. In total, 55% of patients stated that the computer format was easier to use and 66% preferred it to the paper version (p < 0.0001 among subjects expressing a preference). Our data indicate that the touch-screen format is comparable to the paper form. It may improve follow-up in clinical practice and research by meeting patients’ preferences and minimising administrative work.
Treatment of infected retained implants
Authors: Trebse R. , Pisot V. , Trampuz A. 
Published: January 2005

We have prospectively studied the outcome of infections associated with implants which were retained and treated using a standardised antimicrobial protocol. Over a period of four years, we studied 24 consecutive patients who had symptoms of infection for less than one year, a stable implant, no sinus tract and a known pathogen which was susceptible to recommended antimicrobial agents. The infections involved hip prostheses (14), knee prostheses (5), an internal fixation device (4), and an ankle prosthesis (1). Twenty patients had a successful outcome at a median follow-up of 3.7 years (1.8 to 4.7); four had failure of the implant after a median follow-up of 1.2 years (0.3 to 2.5). The probability of survival without failure of treatment was 96% at one year (95% confidence interval (CI) 88 to 100), 92% at two years (95% CI 80 to 100) and 86% at three years (95% CI 72 to 100). Patients with a short-term infection but with a stable implant, no sinus tract and a known pathogen may be successfully treated by retention of the implant and the use of a standardised regimen of antimicrobial treatment.
Is there a role for extended antibiotic therapy in a two-stage revision of the infected knee arthroplasty?
Authors: Hoad-Reddick D. A. , Evans C. R. , Norman P. , Stockley I. 
Published: January 2005

All major studies have incorporated the use of prolonged courses of parenteral or oral antibiotic therapy in the management of two-stage revision of an infected total knee arthroplasty. We present a series of 59 consecutive patients, all with microbiologically-proven deep infection of a total knee arthroplasty, in whom a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy was not routinely used. The mean follow-up was 56.4 months (24 to 114). Of the 38 patients who underwent a staged exchange, infection was successfully eradicated in 34 (89%) but recurrent or persistent infection was present in four (11%). Our rate of cure for infection is similar to that reported elsewhere. We conclude that a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy seems not to alter the incidence of recurrent or persistent infection. The costs of the administration of antibiotics are high and such a regime may be unnecessary.
Intron Retention: A Common Splicing Event within the Human Kallikrein Gene Family
Authors: Michael Iacovos P , Kurlender Lisa , Memari Nader , Yousef George M , Du Daisy , Grass Linda , Stephan Carsten , Jung Klaus , Diamandis Eleftherios P 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackground: All human kallikrein (KLK) genes have at least one splice variant, some of which possess clinical utility in cancer diagnostics/prognostics. Given that introns &lt;100 bp in length are retained in 95% of human genes and that splice variants of KLK3 and KLK4 retain intron III, we hypothesized that other proteins in this family, with a small intron III, may also retain it.Methods: Variant-specific reverse transcription-PCRs (RT-PCRs) for KLK1, KLK2, KLK5, and KLK15 were used to identify and clone the full coding sequence of intron III-containing splice variants. In addition, variant-specific RT-PCRs for the cloned KLK3 and KLK4 variants as well as for the “classical” forms of the six genes were used to determine their expression profiles in healthy tissues, their regulation by steroids, and their differential expression in prostate cancer.Results: KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, and KLK15 showed a common type of splice variant in which intron III is retained. Expression profiling of these splice variants revealed expression profiles similar to those of the classical mRNA forms, although the pattern of hormonal regulation was different. The KLK15 splice variant was up-regulated in 8 of 12 cancerous prostate tissues. All encoded variant proteins were predicted to be truncated and catalytically inactive because of a lack of the serine residue of the catalytic triad.Conclusions: The first six centromeric members of the KLK gene family have splice variants that retain intron III. Some variants show tissue-specific expression. The KLK15 splice variant appears to be a candidate biomarker for prostate cancer.
Determination of CYP2D6 Gene Copy Number by Pyrosequencing
Authors: Söderbäck Erik , Zackrisson Anna-Lena , Lindblom Bertil , Alderborn Anders 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background: Identification of CYP2D6 alleles *5 (deletion of the whole CYP2D6 gene) and *2xN (gene duplication) is very important because they are associated with decreased or increased metabolism of many drugs. The most commonly used method for analysis of these alleles is, however, considered to be laborious and unreliable.
Methods: We developed a method to determine the copy number of the CYP2D6*5 and CYP2D6*2xN alleles by use of Pyrosequencing™ technology. A single set of PCR and sequencing primers was used to coamplify and sequence a region in the CYP2D6 gene and the equivalent region in the CYP2D8P pseudogene, and relative quantification between these fragments was performed. The CYP2D8P-specific Pyrosequencing peak heights were used as references for the CYP2D6-specific peak heights.
Results: Analysis of 200 pregenotyped samples showed that this approach reliably resolved 0–4 genome copies of the CYP2D6 gene. In 15 of these samples, the peak pattern from one analyzed position was unexpected but could be solved by conclusive results from a second position. The method was verified on 270 other samples, of which 267 gave results that corresponded to the expected genotype. One of the samples could not be interpreted. The reproducibility of the method was high.
Conclusions: CYP2D6 gene copy determination by Pyrosequencing is a reliable and rapid alternative to other methods. The use of an internal CYP2D8P control as well as generation of a sequence context ensures a robust method and hence facilitates method validation.
Textile Technology
Authors: Wulfhorst Burkhard , Maetschke Oliver , Osterloh Markus , Büsgen Alexander , Weber Klaus‐Peter 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

General Introduction

2.

Spinning

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Steps in the Cotton‐Spinning Process

2.3.

Harvesting and Ginning

2.4.

Preparation for Spinning

2.5.

Spinning Methods

2.5.1.

Drawing

2.5.2.

Combing

2.5.3.

Conventional Spinning

2.5.4.

Unconventional Spinning

2.6.

Automation

2.7.

Recycling

3.

Weaving

3.1.

Introduction

3.2.

Steps in the Weaving Process

3.3.

Weaving Preparation

3.3.1.

Winding

3.3.2.

Twisting

3.3.3.

Preparation of the Warp Beam

3.3.4.

Sizing

3.4.

Weaving Methods

3.4.1.

Fabric Construction

3.4.2.

Loom Technology

3.4.2.1.

Shedding Systems

3.4.2.2.

Warp Let‐Off Systems

3.4.2.3.

Weft‐Insertion Principles

3.4.2.4.

Selvage Formation

3.4.3.

Fabric Defects

3.4.4.

Special Weaving Methods

4.

Braiding

4.1.

Introduction

4.2.

Definition of a Braid

4.3.

Production of Braids

4.3.1.

Principles of the Mechanical Braiding Technique

4.3.2.

Functional Elements of a Braider

4.3.3.

Mechanical Systems

4.4.

Interlacing Techniques

4.5.

Materials Used in Braiding

4.6.

Types of Braids and Their Applications

4.6.1.

Ribbon Braids

4.6.2.

Round Braids

4.6.3.

Packing Braids

4.6.4.

Three‐Dimensional Braids

5.

Knitting

5.1.

Introduction

5.2.

Classification of Knitted Fabrics

5.3.

Technology of Stitch Formation

5.4.

Structural Elements and Structures of Knitted Fabrics

5.5.

Classification of Stitch‐Forming Machines

5.5.1.

Flat‐Bed Knitting Machines

5.5.2.

Circular Knitting Machines

5.5.3.

Weft Knitting Machines

5.5.4.

Warp Knitting Machines

6.

Acknowledgement
Synthesis of Lignin in Transgenic and Mutant Plants
Authors: Dean Jeffrey F. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionPotential ApplicationsChallengesHistorical OutlineChemistryBiologyLignin MutantsBrown Midrib MonocotsLoblolly PineArabidopsisLignin TransgenicsThe Shikimate Pathway and Phenylalanine Ammonia LyaseCinnamate 4‐Hydroxylase and 4‐Coumarate‐3‐Hydroxylase4‐Coumarate:CoA LigaseO‐MethyltransferasesCinnamoyl‐CoA ReductaseFerulate 5‐HydroxylaseCinnamyl Alcohol DehydrogenaseConiferin β‐GlucosidasePeroxidases and Other OxidasesTranscription Factors and Other TargetsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Biotechnological Applications of Lignin‐Degrading Fungi (White‐Rot Fungi)
Authors: Scott Gary M. , Akhtar Masood 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineBiopulpingBiobleachingEffluent TreatmentBiopulpingMechanical PulpingChemical PulpingBiobleachingEffluent TreatmentApplication of Ligninolytic EnzymesBleachingEffluent TreatmentOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Aquatic Humic Substances
Authors: Frimmel Fritz H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction and Historical OutlineOccurrenceHydrophobic and Hydrophilic FractionsChemical StructureElemental CompositionMolecular Size Distribution and ChargeSpectral Absorbance and FluorescenceInfrared SpectraMass SpectrometryNMR SpectroscopySoft HydrolysisInteraction of Humic Matter with Other Water ConstituentsFate of Humics in Technical Application of WaterViewing the Function in Aquatic Ecosystems
Humic Substances, Medical Aspects and Applications of
Authors: Klöcking Renate , Helbig Björn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlinePharmacological Effects of Humic Substances with Potential Use in MedicineAntiviral ActivityAnti‐inflammatory Effect and Pro‐inflammatory PropertiesInfluence on Blood Coagulation and FibrinolysisEstrogenic ActivityVeterinary‐Medical Applications of Humic SubstancesHumic Substances and Environmental HealthMutagenicityProtection against Ionizing IrradiationBlackfoot DiseaseOutlook and Perspectives
Biotechnological Conversion of Coals into Upgraded Products
Authors: Meyrahn Horst , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineBiotechnological Conversion of Lignite to Liquid Products for the Energy and Chemical SectorsChemical versus Biotechnological ConversionChemical Lignite Conversion in Aqueous SolutionEnzymatically Induced, Chemical Coal ConversionEnzymatic Conversion of Coal into LiquidsUse of Biotechnologically Solubilized Lignite for Electricity GenerationUse of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Input Material in the Refinery SectorUse of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Chemical Feedstock for the Production of BioplasticsReasons to Investigate the Conversion of Coal into PHAsScreening of Laboratory Strains which Grow on Lignite Depolymerization Products and Convert them into PHAsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Chemical Conversion of Coals into Products
Authors: Schmiers Helmut 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

Fuels

Solid Fuels

Liquid Fuels

Gaseous Fuels

Tars

Hard Coal High‐Temperature Tar

Brown Coal Low‐Temperature Tar

Brown‐Coal Tar Processing

Chemical Feedstock

Paraffins

Phenols

Pyridines

Polycyclic Aromatics and Heteroaromatics

Other Products

Montan Wax

Humic Acids

Outlook and Perspectives
Chemical Structure and Occurrence of Natural Polyisoprenes
Authors: Tanaka Yasuyuki , Sakdapipanich Jitladda Tangpakdee 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHistorical OutlineRubber Production and ConsumptionStructure of RubberSynthetic RubberOutlook and PerspectivesRubber Production TechnologyRubber Protein AllergyPurification of Natural RubberChemical Structure of Isoprene UnitsGeometric Isomerism of Isoprene UnitStructure of the Chain‐Ends of Naturally Occurring PolyisoprenesMolecular Weight and Molecular Weight DistributionOccurrence of Polyisoprene in Living Organismscis‐Polyisoprene in Higher Plantstrans‐Polyisoprene in Other Higher Plants and Grassescis‐Polyisoprene in MushroomsNatural Rubber fromH. brasiliensisProduction of Commercial Natural Rubber and LatexComposition of Natural RubberStructure of both Chain Ends of Natural RubberStructure of Branch‐Points and GelStructure oftrans‐Polyisoprene from Higher Plantstrans‐Polyisoprene from Chicletrans‐Polyisoprene from Gutta Percha and Balatatrans‐Polyisoprene fromEucommia ulmoidesOther Natural PolyisoprenesStructure ofcis‐Polyisoprene from FungiStructure ofcis‐Polyisoprene from Other Higher Plants
Biosynthetic Routes Diverting from Intermediates of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis to Related Products of the Metabolism
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Wei , Koyama Tanetoshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistoryStructural DeterminationBiosynthesis of Isoprenoid CompoundsBiosynthesis Routes of Polyisoprenoid CompoundsSqualene and TriterpenesSteroidsCarotenoidsUbiquinones and MenaquinonesDolichols and Related CompoundsFuture ProspectsAcknowledgements