bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process and Policy: Resource‐Bounded NonDemonstrative Reasoning
Authors: Loui Ronald P. 
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the appropriateness of formal dialectics as a basis for nonmonotonic reasoning and defeasible reasoning that takes computational limits seriously. Rules that can come into conflict should be regarded as policies, which are inputs to deliberative processes. Dialectical protocols are appropriate for such deliberations when resources are bounded and search is serial.AI, it is claimed here, is now perfectly positioned to correct many misconceptions about reasoning that have resulted from mathematical logic's enormous success in this century: among them, (1) that all reasons are demonstrative, (2) that rational belief is constrained, not constructed, and (3) that process and disputation are not essential to reasoning. AI mainly provides new impetus to formalize the alternative (but older) conception of reasoning, and AI provides mechanisms with which to create compelling formalism that describes the control of processes.The technical contributions here are: the partial justification of dialectic based on controlling search; the observation that nonmonotonic reasoning can be subsumed under certain kinds of dialectics; the portrayal of inference in knowledge bases as policy reasoning; the review of logics of dialogue and proposed extensions; and the preformal and initial formal discussion of aspects and variations of dialectical systems with nondemonstrative reasons.
Groups, Teams, and Creativity: The Creative Potential of Idea‐generating Groups
Authors: Paulus Paul 
Published: March 2003

On voit apparaitre une nouvelle litte´rature traitant de la cre´ativite´ et de l’innovation dans les groupes et les e´quipes. Bien que de nombreaux facteurs inhibent la cre´ativite´ des groupes, nos investigations et analyses indiquent que l’interaction dans les groupes et e´quipes serait une source fe´conde d’innovations et d’ide´es cre´atives. On pre´sente dans cet article un mode`le the´orique de la cre´ativite´ dans les groupes producteurs d’ide´es et l’impact sur le travail en e´quipe et les recherches a` venir.There is an emerging literature on group and team creativity and innovation. Although there are many factors that appear to inhibit creativity in groups, our review and analysis suggests that interaction in groups and teams can be an important source of creative ideas and innovations. A theoretical model of creativity in idea‐generating groups is developed and implications for teamwork and future research are presented.
Is there a Preferred Performance Rating Format? A Non‐psychometric Perspective
Authors: Tziner Aharon , Kopelman Richard E. 
Published: March 2003

Les échelles d’appréciation constituent une forme d’évaluation des performances qui a rencontré un grand succès ces dernières décennies. En particulier, de gros efforts ont été consacrés au développement d’échelles relativement insensibles aux erreurs et biais cognitifs. Mais on s’est beaucoup moins intéressé au fait de savoir si et comment le type d’évaluation affecte les attitudes professionnelles et les réactions des personnes évaluées. Des données en provenance de quatre études différentes avec des échantillons tirés dans deux pays (lsraël et le Canada) apportent des éléments en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle une évaluation de la performance basée sur le BOS peut être supérieure aux autres méthodes en ce sens qu’elle entraîne des conséquences plus positives au niveau des attitudes.One aspect of performance appraisal that has received considerable attention over past decades is the rating format. In particular, much effort has been devoted to developing rating scales that are relatively impervious to cognitive rating errors and biases. However, much less attention has been accorded the issues of whether and how an appraisal’s format affects work attitudes and reactions of ratees. Data collected in four separate studies and with samples in two nations (Israel, Canada) lend credence to the proposition that a BOS‐based performance appraisal and review may be superior to other appraisal methods in terms of yielding more favorable attitudinal effects.
The Impact of Short Overseas Business Trips on Job Stress and Burnout
Authors: Westman Mina , Etzion Dalia 
Published: March 2003

Dans cet article, on étudie l’impact des voyages d’affaire longue‐distance sur le stress professionnel et le burnout chez 45 hommes et 12 femmes: il s’agit de 57 salariés appartenant à six entreprises de haute technologie. Les déplacements à l’étranger font partie intégrante de leur travail. L’âge moyen est de 34 ans et l’ancienneté moyenne dans le poste de quatre ans. Les sujets ont rempli des questionnaires d’auto‐évaluation dans le but de mesurer leur niveau de stress et de burnout à trois reprises; dix jours avant le départ, pendant le séjour à l’étranger, et une semaine après le retour. On avait posé comme hypothèse principale que les voyages d’affaire longue‐distance avaient un impact sur le stress professionnel et le burnout et accessoirement que les niveaux de stress et de burnout étaient plus bas au retour. Les résultats montrent que les différences de niveaux de stress et de burnout avant et après le voyage sont significatives. Bien que ces salariés doivent beaucoup travailler durant leur voyage, ils éprouvent un déclin du stress et du burnout après leur retour au pays.The present paper examines the impact of overseas business trips on job stress and burnout in 57 employees (45 males; 12 females) of high‐tech companies who travel abroad as part of their job. The mean age of participants was 34 years and mean seniority on the job was four years. Participants were employed by six high‐tech companies and had gone abroad on business trips as part of the job. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires assessing their job stress and burnout at three points in time: 10 days prior to going abroad (pre‐trip), during their stay abroad (mid‐trip), and one week after their return (post‐trip). The main hypothesis was that overseas business trips have an impact on job stress and burnout. We hypothesised that levels of job stress and burnout are lower after the business trips. Results show that the differences in stress and burnout level before and after the business trips were significant. Although participants worked hard during their trip, they experienced a decline in job stress and burnout after returning home.
Future Interaction Expectation and the Use of Soft and Hard Influence Tactics
Authors: Van Knippenberg Barbara , Steensma Herman 
Published: March 2003

Les stratégies d’influence varient en fonction du contrôle qu’elles exercent sur la situation et la cible. Les stratégies “douces” laissent plus que les stratégies “dures” la possibilitié pour la cible d’accepter ou de rejeter la tentative d’influence. La solution “dure” engendre donc généralement une plus grande tension dans la relation entre la cible et l’agent d’influence. Cette recherche est centrée sur la conséquence que la représentation de l’interaction à venir peut avoir sur le choix d l’une ou l’autre stratégie. Les résultats d’une expérience indiquent que l’expectation d’une interaction diminue l’appel à l’influence en général et aux stratégies d’influence dure en particulier. On peur supposer que la perspective d’une interaction prolongée rend moins attractif le choix d’un comportement qui pourrait mettre la relation en danger. Les résultants ont aussi montré que les stratégies douces étaient plus employées que les dures et que les homes faisaient plus appel à l’influence que les femmes.The influence tactics that people use may vary in the extent to which they take control over the situation and the target. Soft tactics allow the target of influence more latitude in deciding whether or not to accept the employed influence than hard tactics. As a consequence hard influence tactics usually place more strain on the relationship between influencing agent and target. This study focused on the effect that the expectation of future interaction may have on the use of hard and soft influence tactics. The results of an experiment indicated that the expectation of a future interaction diminished the use of influence in general and of hard influence tactics in particular. Presumably, the expectancy of prolonged interaction made the display of behavior that might endanger the relationship less attractive. Furthermore, results showed that soft tactics were used more often than hard ones and that men employed more influence than women.
Developmental changes in sensitivity to vocal paralanguage
Authors: Friend Margaret 
Published: March 2003

Developmental changes in children’s sensitivity to the role of acoustic variation in the speech stream in conveying speaker affect (vocal paralanguage) were examined. Four‐, 7‐ and 10‐year‐olds heard utterances in three formats: low‐pass filtered, reiterant, and normal speech. The availability of lexical and paralinguistic information varied across these three formats in a way that required children to base their judgments of speaker affect on different configurations of cues in each format.Across ages, the best performance was obtained when a rich array of acoustic cues was present and when there was no competing lexical information. Four‐year‐olds performed at chance when judgments had to be based solely on speech prosody in the filtered format and they were unable to selectively attend to paralanguage when discrepant lexical cues were present in normal speech. Seven‐year‐olds were significantly more sensitive to the paralinguistic role of speech prosody in filtered speech than were 4‐year‐olds and there was a trend toward greater attention to paralanguage when lexical and paralinguistic cues were inconsistent in normal speech. An integration of the ability to utilize prosodic cues to speaker affect with attention to paralanguage in cases of lexical/paralinguistic discrepancy was observed for 10‐year‐olds. The results are discussed in terms of the development of a perceptual bias emerging out of selective attention to language.
Applying the choice/no‐choice methodology: the case of children’s strategy use in spelling
Authors: Lemaire Patrick , Lecacheur Mireille 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study illustrates the usefulness of the choice/no‐choice method to investigate age‐related changes in children’s strategies. This method enables independent assessments of strategy use and execution. It is applied in children’s spelling strategies. Third‐ and fifth‐grade children were asked to write down words using a dictionary or not (choice condition). Then, they were successively required to spell words using each strategy (no‐choice condition). Performance showed that (a) strategy choices and accuracy differed in younger and older children, (b) strategy effectiveness was the strongest predictor of children’s strategy use, and (c) having the choice resulted in higher level of spelling accuracy (especially in older children) than having no choice. We discuss the implications of these results on how the choice/no‐choice method can be useful for understanding and investigating children’s strategy choices in spelling and other cognitive domains.
Negative affect predicts performance on an object permanence task
Authors: Keenan Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent research has demonstrated a strong connection between an infant’s ability to regulate their affective states and their attentional processes. In particular, negative affect can disrupt attention to the environment. In the object permanence literature, attention has been implicated as a factor in performance on the A‐not‐B task, yet factors that may disrupt attention, such as negative affect, have been largely ignored as a possible factor which predicts correct search. In the present study, we examined the effects of negative affect and attention on correct search performance for a sample of 36 9‐month‐old infants in a two location A‐not‐B task with a 5‐second delay between hiding and search. Infants’ levels of negative affect and attention to the task were coded on the third A trial of the A‐not‐B task. It was predicted that infants who searched incorrectly on the B trial would show high levels of negative affect and low levels of attention whereas infants who searched correctly would show the opposite pattern and furthermore, that negative affect would mediate the association between attention and search performance. The results of the study supported the hypotheses and are taken as indicating the importance of emotion‐cognition interactions in the development of cognitive competence.
Evidence for ‘motionese’: modifications in mothers’ infant‐directed action
Authors: Brand Rebecca J. , Baldwin Dare A. , Ashburn Leslie A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe investigated the possibility that mothers modify their infant‐directed actions in ways that might assist infants’ processing of human action. In a between‐subjects design, 51 mothers demonstrated the properties of five novel objects either to their infant (age 6–8 months or 11–13 months) or to an adult partner. As predicted, demonstrations to infants were higher in interactiveness, enthusiasm, proximity to partner, range of motion, repetitiveness and simplicity, indicating that mothers indeed modify their infant‐directed actions in ways that likely maintain infants’ attention and highlight the structure and meaning of action. The findings demonstrate that ‘motherese’ is broader in scope than previously recognized, including modifications to action as well as language.
Shifting ontological boundaries: how Japanese‐ and English‐speaking children generalize names for animals and artifacts
Authors: Yoshida Hanako , Smith Linda B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPast research shows that young language learners know something about the different category organizations of animals, objects and substances. The three experiments reported here compare Japanese‐speaking and English‐speaking children's novel name generalizations for two kinds of objects: clear instances of artifacts and objects with ambiguous features suggestive of animates. This comparison was motivated by the very different nature of individuation in the two languages and by the boundary shift hypothesis that proposes that entities that straddle the individuation boundary of a language are assimilated toward the individuated side. The results of the three experiments support the hypothesis. An explanation in terms of mutually reinforcing correlations among language, perceptual properties and category structure is proposed.
Absolute pitch in infancy and adulthood: the role of tonal structure
Authors: Saffran Jenny R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDespite many similarities in infant and adult auditory processing, the literature suggests that two aspects of music perception, pitch processing and knowledge of tonal structure, change over development. The current experiments assess the use of absolute and relative pitch cues in a tone sequence statistical learning task containing tonal structure. The results suggest that infants preferentially process absolute pitch patterns in continuous tone sequences, supporting the hypothesis that absolute pitch is present in infancy, whereas adults tracked both absolute and relative pitch patterns. Infants and adults detected the tonal structure in the input, suggesting that humans are attuned to basic aspects of tonality early in life.
Infants’ ability to track and reach for temporarily occluded objects
Authors: Jonsson Bert , Von Hofsten Claes 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSix‐month‐old infants were presented with a moving object that temporarily became invisible. The object moved on a horizontal path and was made invisible for either 400, 800 or 1,200 ms before being within reach. Two kinds of events were used to make the object invisible: blackout of the room lights and occlusion behind a screen. First, infants saw 6 trials of the fully visible motion, then 12 trials of a temporarily invisible motion and finally 6 trials of the fully visible motion again. Each infant was presented with only one of the 6 experimental conditions. The results show that reaching is much more severely affected by a period of temporary non‐visibility than tracking. The effects of the two modes of non‐visibility were rather different. In general, blackout deteriorated tracking and made the gaze lag at reappearance. It inhibited reaching but this effect attenuated with experience. Longer periods of blackout deteriorated tracking and reaching more. Compared to blackout, occlusion had both a facilitating and an inhibiting effect on infants’ actions. Tracking had less tendency to lag but reaching showed more severe inhibition. The results are discussed in terms of graded representations. Furthermore, it is argued that an occluder facilitates tracking by providing information of where the moving object becomes visible again and it inhibits reaching by interfering with the representation of the object behind the occluder.
Functional brain imaging of childhood clinical disorders with PET and SPECT
Authors: De Volder Anne G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDuring the first years of life, the human brain undergoes repetitive modifications in its anatomical, functional and synaptic construction to reach the complex functional organization of the adult central nervous system. Over the last decade, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have provided further insight into these maturation processes. This article reviews clinical and research applications of PET and SPECT in childhood disorders, with an emphasis on the specific contribution of these techniques in improving our knowledge about the pathophysiology of the developing brain.
Monitoring brain development with quantitative diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Uluǧ Aziz M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractQuantifying changes that occur during brain maturation may help in diagnosing diseases that affect pediatric patients. By obtaining normative curves that define brain maturation, pathological changes may be easier to recognize. We assessed diffusion changes which are inherently related to the brain structure during maturation and obtained normative curves. MR scans were obtained for 26 pediatric subjects (ages 0 to 11 years) and four adults. The MR images were all normal. Maps of the average diffusion constant (Dav) were calculated for each subject. Changes in Dav were determined with distribution analysis for the entire brain and compared with regions of interest measurements from the periventricular white matter and thalamus. The mean diffusion constant of the whole brain changes quite rapidly as the brain matures. The data suggest that at least two distinct processes are responsible for the change. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging may provide means of quantifying overall human brain maturation that may be useful in diagnosing pathology.
Misanthropy Without Borders: The International Children's Rights Regime
Authors: Pupavac Vanessa 
Published: March 2003

The issue of children's rights has become key to human rights‐based international security strategies. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is being operationalised in complex political emergencies. Children's rights now inform humanitarian principles. Universal concern for children is viewed as transcending political and social divides and able to mobilise societies to confront social problems and prevent war. The operationalisation of child rights is accompanied by the development of psycho‐social programmes to rehabilitate the child victim. Critically analysing the implications of the children's rights regime for the right to self‐determination, the paper unpacks the assumptions underlying children's rights and psycho‐social intervention. The paper begins by examining the conceptualisation of the rights‐holding subject universalised under the UN Convention and then goes on to consider Article 39 on the right to psycho‐social intervention.Equally important as the novel conceptualisation of childhood and children's rights under the international children's rights regime is the (unspoken) mistrust of adulthood and political rights that informs the imperative to institutionalise children's rights as higher law. Moreover while the rights‐based approach consciously sought to move away from the earlier moralising child‐salvation model, psycho‐social rehabilitation reveals a similar preoccupation with deviancy, but conducted through the paradigm of psychological functionalism. Rather than representing a trend towards more humane international relations, the paper suggests that the elevation of children's rights is premised on a profound disenchantment with humanity. The logical implication of the international children's rights regime is to challenge both the moral and political capacity of individuals and their right to self‐determination and to institutionalise a more unequal international system.
New Humanitarianism: Does It Provide a Moral Banner for the 21st Century?
Authors: Fox Fiona 
Published: March 2003

There is a ‘new humanitarianism’ for the new millennium. It is ‘principled’, ‘human‐rights based’ and politically sensitive. Above all it is new. It marks a break from the past and a rejection of the traditional principles that guided humanitarianism through the last century. New humanitarians reject the political naivety of the past, assess the long‐term political impact of relief and are prepared to see humanitarian aid used as a tool to achieve human rights and political goals.New Humanitarianism is compelling, in tune with our times and offers a new moral banner for humanitarians to cling to as we enter the new millennium. Or does it? After outlining the key elements of new humanitarianism, including the human rights approach and developmental relief, the paper spells out some of the dangers. The author claims that new humanitarianism results in an overt politicisation of aid in which agencies themselves use relief as a tool to achieve wider political goals. The paper shows how this approach has spawned a new conditionality which allows for aid to be withheld and has produced a moral hierarchy of victims in which some are more deserving than others. The paper concludes with a plea for a revival of the principle of universalism as the first step to a new set of principles.
Civil Society and the State: Turkey After the Earthquake
Authors: Jalali Rita 
Published: March 2003

On 17 August 1999 Turkey was hit by a massive earthquake. Over 17,000 lives were lost and there was extensive damage to Turkey’s heartland. This paper examines how various public and private institutions, including state and civil society institutions such as NGOs and the media responded to the needs of earthquake survivors. It documents the extensive involvement of NGOs in the relief efforts immediately after the disaster and examines the impact of such participation on state‐civil society relations in the country.The data show that state response to the disaster went through several phases from a period of ineptitude to effective management. The paper credits the media and the NGOs for acting as advocates for survivors and forcing changes at the state level. The paper argues that an ideal response system, which fully addresses the needs of victims, can only be based on state‐civil society relations that are both collaborative and adversarial.