bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and Cell Distribution of Group I and Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtypes in Taylor‐type Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Aronica Eleonora , Gorter Jan A. , Jansen Gerard H. , Van Veelen Cees W. M. , Van Rijen Peter C. , Ramkema Marja , Troost Dirk 
Published: June 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is known to be a major cause of intractable epilepsy. The cellular mechanism(s) underlying the epileptogenicity of FCD remain largely unknown. Because recent studies indicate that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes (mGluRs) play a role in epileptogenesis, we investigated the expression and cellular distribution pattern of mGluRs in FCD specimens. Methods: Immunocytochemical expression of group I and group II mGluR subtypes was investigated in 15 specimens of human FCD obtained during epilepsy surgery. Results: Strong mGluR1α and mGluR5 (group I mGluRs) immunoreactivity (IR) was observed in the majority of FCD specimens in dysplastic as well as in heterotopic neurons. mGluR1α was expressed in a subpopulation of neurons (mainly large dysplastic cells), whereas mGluR5 was represented in a higher percentage of dysplastic neuronal cells. Group II mGluRs (mGluR2/3) IR was observed less frequently than that in group I mGluRs and generally appeared in <10% of the dysplastic neurons. IR for all three mGluR subtypes was observed in balloon cells. mGluR2/3 appeared to be most frequently expressed in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive balloon cells (glial type), and mGluR1α, in microtubule‐associated protein (MAP)2‐positive cells (neuronal type). mGluR5 was present in the majority of balloon cells. Occasionally glial mGluR1α IR was observed in bizarre glial cells with di‐ or multinuclei. Reactive astrocytes were intensively stained, mainly with mGluR5 and mGluR2/3. Conclusions: The cellular distribution of mGluR subtypes, with high expression of mGluR1α and mGluR5 in dysplastic neurons, suggests a possible contribution of group I mGluRs to the intrinsic and high epileptogenicity of dysplastic cortical regions.
Calorie Restriction and Ketogenic Diet Diminish Neuronal Excitability in Rat Dentate Gyrus In Vivo
Authors: Bough Kristopher J. , Schwartzkroin Philip A. , Rho Jong M. 
Published: June 2003

Summary:  Purpose: The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for intractable epilepsy. However, little is known about its underlying mechanisms. Methods: In this study, in vivo extracellular field responses to angular bundle stimulation were recorded in the dentate gyrus of Sprague–Dawley rats fed one of three diets: ketogenic calorie‐restricted (KCR), normal calorie‐restricted (NCR), or normal ad libitum (NAL). Input/output curves and paired‐pulse relations were used to assess network excitability. A maximal dentate activation (MDA) protocol was used to measure electrographic seizure threshold and duration. Results: Animals fed calorie‐restricted (CR) diets exhibited greater paired‐pulse inhibition, an elevated MDA threshold, and an absence of spreading depression‐like events compared with ad libitum‐fed controls. In the MDA model of epileptogenesis, the rate of increase in electrographic seizure duration after repeated stimuli was markedly reduced in KCR‐fed animals compared with NCR‐ and NAL‐fed controls. Conclusions: These data suggest that CR, by itself, can be anticonvulsant, and treatment with a KCR diet may be both anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Clinical Series of Adult Epilepsy Patients: Frequency and Features of the Comorbidity
Authors: Manni Raffaele , Terzaghi Michele , Arbasino Carla , Sartori Ivana , Galimberti Carlo Andrea , Tartara Amelia 
Published: June 2003

Summary:  Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate and features of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adult epilepsy patients. Methods: Two hundred eighty‐three adult epilepsy patients (137 men; mean age, 33 years; range, 18–70  years) were prospectively screened for OSA by means of a structured interview. Those in whom OSA was clinically suspected were monitored for a full night by using a portable device (Polymesam), and OSA was diagnosed when they had an Apnea/Hypopnea Index greater than five. Results: Coexistence of OSA with epilepsy was found in 10.2% (15.4% of the male and 5.4% of the female) epilepsy patients investigated. The OSA was mild in 66.6%, moderate in 22.2%, and severe in 11.1% of the cases. The “epilepsy + OSA” patients were older, heavier, more frequently male, and sleepier (p < 0.05) than those with “epilepsy only.” Furthermore, they experienced their first seizure at an older age (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Systematic investigation reveals that OSA is frequent in epilepsy patients. The major risk factors for OSA in our epilepsy patients were the same as those typically found in the general population. Of the epilepsy‐related factors, older age at onset of seizures appears to be significantly related to comorbidity with OSA (p < 0.05). The presence in epilepsy patients of these features should alert the clinician to the possibility of an underlying OSA.
The Ketogenic Diet: Adolescents Can Do It, Too
Authors: Mady Mackenzie A. , Kossoff Eric H. , McGregor Amy L. , Wheless James W. , Pyzik Paula L. , Freeman John M. 
Published: June 2003

Summary: Purpose:To determine both the efficacy of and compliance with the ketogenic diet in the adolescent population.Methods:A retrospective study of 45 patients, aged 12–19 years, consecutively enrolled in a ketogenic diet program from 1994 to 2002, was performed. Thirty‐seven patients were from The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; eight were from The University of Texas at Houston. Charts were reviewed, and patients were contacted by telephone.Results:Six months after diet initiation, 28 (62%) of 45 remained on the ketogenic diet, with six (21%) of 28 having 50–90% seizure reduction, and eight (29%) of 28 having >90%. At 12 months, 20 (44%) of 45 remained on the diet, with seven (35%) of 20 having 50–90% seizure reduction and six (30%) of 20 achieving >90% efficacy. Only 22% discontinued the diet for perceived restrictiveness. The mean diet duration was 1.2 years. Patients with multiple seizure types did best, whereas gender, prior seizure frequency, diet ratio, and age did not influence outcome. Patients dependent on parents for daily care were more likely to remain on the diet at 6 months, but had less efficacy. Weight loss (60%) and menstrual dysfunction (45% of female subjects) were the most commonly reported side effects.Conclusions:The ketogenic diet is as well tolerated and efficacious for adolescents with epilepsy as for the general childhood population.
Clinical and Neuroimaging Features of Good and Poor Seizure Control Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Atrophy
Authors: Andrade‐Valença Luciana Patrízia , Valença Marcelo Moraes , Ribeiro Luciana Torres , Matos André Luís Mendes , Sales Letícia Viana , Velasco Tonicarlo Rodrigues , Santos Antônio Carlos , Leite João Pereira 
Published: June 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Hippocampal atrophy (HA) and signal changes, detected at magnetic resonance imaging, have been associated with intractable seizures. Such a relation has been established by tertiary centers, where the prevalence of more severe cases tends to be higher. We evaluated the clinical and imaging variables that may have relevance to seizure control in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and HA. Methods: MTLE patients from the outpatient clinic of University of São Paulo School of Medicine at Ribeirão Preto were evaluated with protocols for the temporal lobe. Patients were considered to have good seizure control (GC; n = 42) if they had three of fewer seizures per year. Patients with pharmacoresistance and who did not fit the criteria for GC were considered to have poor seizure control (PC; n = 44). We made group comparisons and correlations of clinical data and hippocampal volume (HV) with seizure frequency. Results: No statistical differences were observed between the GC and PC groups in the following parameters: age at the time of study, age at the time of the initial precipitating injury (IPI) or first epileptic seizure, epilepsy duration and follow‐up, and family history of epilepsy. No differences were found in HV between GC (male, 2.04 ± 0.60 cc; female, 2.00 ± 0.70 cc) and PC (male, 2.26 ± 0.47 cc; female, 2.15 ± 0.48 cc) groups. Regression analysis indicated no correlation between seizure frequency and HV (p = 0.33). Conclusions:These findings suggest that the intensity of HA does not have a direct correlation with seizure frequency in patients with MTLE with HA and that the detection of HA in MTLE patients does not mean an unequivocal indication of intractability.
Restricted Frontomesial Epileptogenic Focus Generating Dyskinetic Behavior and Laughter
Authors: Chassagnon Serge , Minotti Lorella , Kremer Stephane , Verceuil Laurent , Hoffmann Dominique , Benabid Alim Louis , Kahane Philippe 
Published: June 2003

Summary:  Purpose: Substantial data are missing about the anatomic location of frontal regions supporting gelastic seizures. Methods: We report the results of stereo‐electro‐encep halographic recordings performed over several distinct functional premotor and executive fields in a patient whose seizures were characterized by dyskinetic behavior and ictal laughter, in the absence of cerebral MRI abnormalities. Results: The epileptogenic zone was circumscribed in the anterior and ventral part of the supplementary motor area and the underlying dorsal cingulate cortex. There were no or little spreading to cortical neighboring areas. The patient is seizure‐free (follow‐up of 27 months) after a stereotactic electric radiofrequency lesion of the epileptogenic focus. Conclusion: The present data suggest that pericingulate premotor areas are involved in the triggering of the motor component of laughter. In this case, the coexistence of paroxysmal dyskinesias during laughter might reflect the involvement of specific compartment(s) of the basal ganglia.
Recording architecture at the archaeological site of Uxmal, Mexico: A historical and contemporary view
Authors: Desmond Lawrence G. , Bryan Paul G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractArchitecture at the Maya archaeological site of Uxmal in Yucatan, Mexico has been documented since the 17th century by historians, archaeologists, illustrators, photographers, and most recently photogrammetrists. This paper reviews the work of the major contributors to recording of architecture at Uxmal with a particular focus on the 19th century stereophotography of Alice and Augustus Le Plongeon who worked to record all the standing architecture at Uxmal, and the close range stereophotogrammetric projects that recorded the Adivino Pyramid during the late 20th century.
Practical experiences with automatic aerial triangulation using different software packages
Authors: Büyüksali̇h Gürcan , Li Zhang 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDigital photogrammetry and softcopy workstations have added a new dimension to aerial triangulation, and some of the previously manual procedures are now available in automated form. Also, commercial software packages for automatic aerial triangulation came on to the market in the last decade. In this study, the results of automatic aerial triangulation using four triangulation software packages, Z/I Imaging's MATCH‐AT (ISMAT) and ISAT, LH Systems’ MST and VirtuoZo AAT, are presented. For the comparison of the results of the tie point extraction and the bundle block adjustment for triangulation, a sub‐block from the Uster block in Switzerland was selected and used. Differences between these software packages are discussed with respect to their functionality and performance in detail. The achieved standard deviation of image coordinates varies between 0·2 and 0·5 pixel for the systems tested. The more signalised control points and check points to be used, the better the σ0 estimate which could be expected. The average number of extracted tie points varied from system to system with respect to the matching method and the resolution of the images used in the programs. The digital aerial triangulation of the Uster sub‐block was faster than analytical triangulation and the elapsed time for triangulation of one image using different systems varies between about 0·5 and 6 min. Nevertheless, results also show that automated aerial triangulation is still prone to error in all systems. Image matching produces many blunders, which can only be handled efficiently by using a sophisticated blunder detection procedure, as is available with robust estimation. This is not the case for all the systems tested, however. There still remains a lot to be done in terms of development (improvement of matching, for example, by integrating robust estimation for error detection at an early stage, implementation of on‐line triangulation, better internal quality control procedures, more transparent and simple user interfaces and more useful information for the user with better software manuals). However, it was shown that automatic aerial triangulation provides higher redundancy and reliability of results and much more economical photogrammetric practice than ever before.
Asynchronous Cell Cycle and Asymmetric Vacuolar Inheritance in True Hyphae of
Candida albicans
Authors: Barelle Caroline J. , Bohula Erin A. , Kron Stephen J. , Wessels Deborah , Soll David R. , Schäfer Annette , Brown Alistair J. P. , Gow Neil A. R. 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
forms unconstricted hyphae in serum-containing medium that are divided into discrete compartments. Time-lapse photomicroscopy, flow cytometry, and a novel three-dimensional imaging system were used to demonstrate that the kinetics and cell cycle events accompanying hyphal development were correlated with dynamic changes in vacuole morphology and the pattern of vacuole inheritance. Apical cells of hyphae underwent continuous extension before and after the first cytokinesis event. However, the resulting mother cell and sub-apical compartments did not immediately reenter the cell cycle and instead underwent cell cycle arrest before reentering the cycle. Vacuole was inherited asymmetrically at cytokinesis so that the distal, arrested compartments inherited most vacuole and the growing apical cell inherited most cytoplasm. Hydroxyurea release experiments demonstrated that the arrested, vacuolated hyphal compartments were in the G
1
phase of the cycle. The period of cell cycle arrest was decreased by the provision of assimilatable forms of nitrogen, suggesting that the hyphal cell cycle is regulated by nitrogen limitation that results in sup-apical cell cycle arrest. This pattern of growth is distinct from that of the synchronous, symmetrical development of pseudohyphae of
C. albicans
and other yeast species. These observations suggest that the cellular vacuole space correlates with alterations in the cell cycles of different cell types and that the total organelle space may influence size-regulated functions and hence the timing of the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Candida albicans VPS11
Is Required for Vacuole Biogenesis and Germ Tube Formation
Authors: Palmer Glen E. , Cashmore Annette , Sturtevant Joy 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

The
Candida albicans
vacuole has previously been observed to undergo rapid expansion during the emergence of a germ tube from a yeast cell, to occupy the majority of the parent yeast cell. Furthermore, the yeast-to-hypha switch has been implicated in the virulence of this organism. The class C
vps
(vacuolar protein sorting) mutants of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
are defective in multiple protein delivery pathways to the vacuole and prevacuole compartment. In this study
C. albicans
homologues of the
S. cerevisiae
class C
VPS
genes have been identified. Deletion of a
C. albicans VPS11
homologue resulted in a number of phenotypes that closely resemble those of the class C
vps
mutants of
S. cerevisiae
, including the absence of a vacuolar compartment. The
C. albicans vps11Δ
mutant also had much-reduced secreted lipase and aspartyl protease activities. Furthermore,
vps11Δ
strains were defective in yeast-hypha morphogenesis. Upon serum induction of filamentous growth, mutants showed delayed emergence of germ tubes, had a reduced apical extension rate compared to those of control strains, and were unable to form mature hyphae. These results suggest that Vps11p-mediated trafficking steps are necessary to support the rapid emergence and extension of the germ tube from the parent yeast cell.
A Gene Expressed during Sexual and Asexual Sporulation in
Phytophthora infestans
Is a Member of the Puf Family of Translational Regulators
Authors: Cvitanich Cristina , Judelson Howard S. 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

A gene from
Phytophthora infestans
that was previously identified as being induced during the development of sexual spores was also found to be active during asexual sporulation. The gene,
M90
, was expressed as a 3.1-kb primary transcript containing two introns and was predicted to encode a member of the Puf family of translational regulators. The protein showed up to 51% amino acid identity to other Puf proteins within its 353-amino-acid RNA-binding domain. Little similarity extended beyond this region, as noted for other members of the family. Expression of
M90
was measured by using RNA blots and transformants of
P. infestans
expressing a fusion between the
M90
promoter and the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. A 1.3-kb promoter fragment conferred the normal
M90
pattern of expression to the GUS reporter in transformants. In matings, expression was first detected in male and female gametangial initials and persisted in mature oospores. Expression was also observed in hyphal tips just prior to asexual sporulation, in sporangiophores, in mature sporangia, and in zoospores. The signal quickly disappeared once spores made the transition to hyphae after germination. Nutrient limitation did not induce the gene. Potential roles for a translational regulator during both sexual development and asexual sporulation are discussed.
Expression of Conventional and Unconventional Actins in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
upon Deflagellation and Sexual Adhesion
Authors: Hirono Masafumi , Uryu Satomi , Ohara Akio , Kato-Minoura Takako , Kamiya Ritsu 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

Chlamydomonas
has two actin genes, one coding for a conventional actin and the other coding for a highly divergent actin. The divergent actin NAP (for “novel actin-like protein”) is expressed only negligibly in wild-type cells but abundantly in a null mutant of conventional actin, the
ida5
mutant. The presence of the dormant NAP gene suggests that NAP may also have its own function in wild-type cells under some conditions. However, no specific functions have been suggested. In this study, we examined the expression of actin and NAP in wild-type and
ida5
cells under conditions where actin function has been shown to be important. We found that deflagellation induces the expression of NAP as well as that of actin in wild-type cells. The expressed NAP becomes localized to the regrown flagella, apparently without being associated with dynein. Mating of gametes also increased the expression of actin in wild-type cells and that of NAP in
ida5
cells, resulting in accumulation of these proteins in flagella (in both wild-type and
ida5
cells) and the fertilization tubule (only in wild-type cells). However, it did not induce significant NAP expression in wild-type cells. These and other observations suggest that the expression of actin and NAP mRNAs is controlled by two discrete mechanisms and that NAP plays a role in flagellar formation in wild-type cells.
Pheromone-Induced G2Arrest in the Phytopathogenic FungusUstilago maydis
Authors: García-Muse Tatiana , Steinberg Gero , Pérez-Martín José 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACTIn the corn smut fungusUstilago maydis, pathogenic development is initiated when two compatible haploid cells fuse and form the infectious dikaryon. Mating is dependent on pheromone recognition by compatible cells. In this report, we set out to evaluate the relationship between the cell cycle and the pheromone response inU. maydis. To achieve this, we designed a haploid pheromone-responsive strain that is able to faithfully reproduce the native mating response in nutrient-rich medium. Addition of synthetic pheromone to the responsive strain induces the formation of mating structures, and this response is abolished by mutations in genes encoding components of the pheromone signal transduction cascade. After recognition of pheromone,U. maydiscells arrest the cell cycle in a postreplicative stage. Visualization of the nucleus and microtubule organization indicates that the arrest takes place at the G2phase. Chemical-induced cell cycle arrest and release in the presence of pheromone further support this conclusion.
Scw1p Antagonizes the Septation Initiation Network To Regulate Septum Formation and Cell Separation in the Fission Yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Jin Quan-Wen , McCollum Dannel 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

Cytokinesis in the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
is regulated by a signaling pathway termed the septation initiation network (SIN). The SIN is essential for initiation of actomyosin ring constriction and septum formation. In a screen to search for mutations that can rescue the
sid2
-
250
SIN mutant, we obtained
scw1
-
18
. Both the
scw1
-
18
mutant and the
scw1
deletion mutant (
scw1
Δ mutant), have defects in cell separation. Both the
scw1
-
18
and
scw1
Δ mutations rescue the growth defects of not just the
sid2
-
250
mutant but also the other temperature-sensitive SIN mutants. Other cytokinesis mutants, such as those defective for actomyosin ring formation, are not rescued by
scw1
Δ.
scw1
Δ does not seem to rescue the SIN by restoring SIN signaling defects. However,
scw1
Δ may function downstream of the SIN to promote septum formation, since
scw1
Δ can rescue the septum formation defects of the
cps1
-
191
β-1,3-glucan synthase mutant, which is required for synthesis of the primary septum.
Novel Rho GTPase Involved in Cytokinesis and Cell Wall Integrity in the Fission Yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Santos Beatriz , Gutiérrez Javier , Calonge Teresa M. , Pérez Pilar 
Published: June 2003

ABSTRACT

The Rho family of GTPases is present in all eukaryotic cells from yeast to mammals; they are regulators in signaling pathways that control actin organization and morphogenetic processes. In yeast, Rho GTPases are implicated in cell polarity processes and cell wall biosynthesis. It is known that Rho1 and Rho2 are key proteins in the construction of the cell wall, an essential structure that in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
is composed of β-glucan, α-glucan, and mannoproteins. Rho1 regulates the synthesis of 1,3-β-
d
-glucan by activation of the 1,3-β-
d
-glucan synthase, and Rho2 regulates the synthesis of α-glucan by the 1,3-α-
d
-glucan synthase Mok1. Here we describe the characterization of another Rho GTPase in fission yeast, Rho4.
rho4
Δ cells are viable but display cell separation defects at high temperature. In agreement with this observation, Rho4 localizes to the septum. Overexpression of
rho4
+
causes lysis and morphological defects. Several lines of evidence indicate that both
rho4
+
deletion or
rho4
+
overexpression result in a defective cell wall, suggesting an additional role for Rho4 in cell wall integrity.
rho4
Δ cells also accumulate secretory vesicles around the septum and are defective in actin polarization. We propose that Rho4 could be involved in the regulation of the septum degradation during cytokinesis.