bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ancient ‘Economy’ and its Literature
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near the beginning of The Ancient Economy, Finley noted that ‘the inapplicability to the ancient world of a market-centred analysis was powerfully argued by Max Weber and by his most important disciple among ancient historians, Johannes Hasebroek; in our own day by Karl Polanyi’. But he added at once that it had all been ‘to little avail’.
The Iranian Tradition
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iranian evidence for the foundation of cities by Alexander the Great supports, I believe, the interpretation offered of the Alexandrian lists in the previous chapter. It is not possible in the context of the present topic to provide a complete background for the Alexander-traditions of the Sassanian and early Islamic worlds, but a few observations may help the reader to follow my account of the Persian and Arabic evidence.
Cosmology as Initiation vs. the Critique of Orphic Mysteries
Authors: Obbink Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us suppose that many detached papyrus fragments of a Greek philosophical treatise are unearthed by excavators from a tomb in Greece. A team of experts is set to reconstruct the work, but they are puzzled by the arrangement of topics and the disparity in style and treatment. Some fragments appear to discuss poetry, some the nature of souls, some physics and metaphysics, some the mythology of the underworld. Some contain banal exegesis of the meanings of words, others are affected in their style and syntax, containing elaborate rhetorical constructions; and in one passage those who establish the mysteries are said to ‘write in riddles ‘ (alv{-r-remi) about initiates. Techniques of reconstruction show that one topic-cult and initiation in connection with knowledge of the fate of the souloccurs in widely separated fragments. Since the beginning and end of the work are missing, and in the absence of a definitive critical text, scholars naturally are led to the conclusion that this work lacks thematic unity, that it is a rambling erratic composition by an inferior intellect, eclectically and capriciously ranging over different areas of the author ‘s learning.
Chronos in Column XII of the Derveni Papyrus*
Authors: Brisson Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I would like to question two of the principles which have governed some interpretations of the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus. The first is formulated by Jeffrey S. Rusten (1985: 122) in terms which admittedly are more cautious than the practice of certain commentators: The events of the Derveni Theogony (although not its individual verses) can be assumed to be largely identical with those in the later poem ascribed to Orpheus (called the Rhapsodies) which the Neoplatonists Proclus and Damascius quote and summarize at length. Therefore the fragments of these poems have considerable (although not absolute) authority for reconstructing the text of the poem which the commentator had before him. The second principle, which takes the preceding one for granted, is rarely stated but is implied by a well-known practice:1 the word-forward comparison between the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus and the one found in the version of the Rhapsodies. Until now, these principles have never been questioned. Here I would like to demonstrate on the basis of a specific example that the second principle of interpretation cannot be accepted, for only textual comparisons applying to more than one word and clearly definable narrative comparisons can justify resorting to the Rhapsodies to give an account of the theogony commented on in the Derveni papyrus.
Star Wars or One Stable World? A Problem of Presocratic Cosmogony (PDerv. Col. XXV)
Authors: Burkert Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dependence of the Derveni author upon Anaxagoras and Diogenes of Apollonia had been clear since the first partial publication by Kapsomenos, but expressions close to the language of the Atomists are also conspicuous. The peculiar position of the text in relation to Anaxagoras and Atomism comes out especially in one column unpublished before 1982, a passage fully immersed in questions of cosmology. It may repay closer scrutiny, especially since it sheds light on a text of Anaxagoras which has long remained controversial.
Sources
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The body of visual evidence available for a study of Dionysos in fifth century Athens is much richer than the contemporary textual sources; it has the added advantages of being quite datable and of not suffering corruptions at the hands of careless copyists. The god himself appears on more than 900 surviving fifth-century Attic vases, something over 3.5 per cent of the known total, which is more than any other god; he figures prominently in the sculpture from the east pediment, east frieze, and east metopes of the Parthenon; and he was the subject of monumental paintings in Athens of which we have written accounts. Yet, in spite of the volume of the evidence, its authenticity, and its datability, remarkably little effective use has been made of it in attempts to understand the nature and place of Dionysos in Athens. This study is intended to be a partial response to the question, what can surviving visual sources reveal about fifth-century Attic perceptions of Dionysos?
The Time of Writing and of Song
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I start from the premise that lyric time is the hie et nunc. But there are many different kinds of here and now. There is the now of the poet’s composition, the now of our reading, the now of the utterance represented in the poem. Are these the same or do we perceive them as separate but intertwined? ‘Apostrophe resists narrative because its now is not a moment in a temporal sequence but a now of discourse, of writing. The temporality of writing is scarcely understood, difficult to think, but it seems to be that toward which the lyric strives’ (Culler 1981: 152). Lyric strives for this temporality despite the framework of address. The ‘time of writing’ is an odd time that is no time but an atemporal possibility of iteration. It is the time of composition as well as of reception, whether reading or performance. The ‘time of writing’ has further implications in that it calls into question any originary time of utterance (to be distinguished from composition), which is the time rhetorical poetry purports to inhabit. The uniqueness of the time of utterance is at variance with the iteration that makes poetry possible and ensures its immortality. Horatian lyric is equally concerned with a transient and an eternal here and now, with the contemporary now of history and the timelessness granted by poetry.
Greek Forms of Address
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did an Athenian citizen address his wife? His children, his slaves, and his dog? How did they address him? This book is the first major application of linguistic theories of address to an ancient language. It is based on a corpus of 11,891 vocatives from twenty-five prose authors from Herodotus to Lucian, and on comparative data from Aristophanes, Menander, and other sources; the data are analysed using techniques and evidence from the field of sociolinguistics to shed light on some long-standing problems in Greek. A separate section discusses the theoretical problems which arise from the attempt to reconstruct conversational Greek on the basis of written texts and concludes that this enterprise is indeed possible, provided that the right sources are selected.
Conclusion
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our examination of Greek forms of address had three goals: to aid the interpretation of literature by discovering the connotations of specific addresses in Greek, to shed light on Greek social structure, and to test sociolinguistic assumptions based on modern languages (see p. 2). In addition, we promised to examine the question of how close the language of our texts is to any type of conversational language.
The Crazy Gang-Watching Caesar’s Centurions
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter extends the investigation of Lucan’s distanced and perhaps comic or burlesque modes of narration centred on the concepts of spectacle and spectatorship. In particular, it examines Lucan’s reflection of the theme in Caesar’s Commentaries of the deep loyalty of the centurions to their general and of their desire to fight in his sight. In Lucan, it is argued, this ambition is indicative not just of loyalty but of a closed and insane community, at one in its perversion of traditional military values. This perversion is most evident in the distortion of inherited attitudes to the body, to the proper stance of the warrior, and to honour and dishonour in wounding. It is finally exemplified in Scaeva’s reproduction of a second traditional mode of spectacular display-and one closely associated with the Marian tradition Caesar inherited-that is, the display of scars and wounds to the breast. In this display, it is possible to measure the distance at which Caesar’s men stand from Roman tradition, and the alienation which such a stance must provoke.
The Influence of Society and Religion
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polybius understood that there was more to a politeia than political institutions. In his comparison of the Roman constitution with those of other peoples in their military aspects, he points to the importance of Roman funerals in inspiring courage and patriotism, while in relation to political life he stresses, first, Roman disapproval of profiteering through political corruption and, secondly, their serious attitude to religion.
The Balance of the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already considered the nature of Polybius’ account of the Roman constitution, the probable influences on it, and some of its more obvious peculiarities. It is appropriate, now that we have reviewed the three chief elements-assemblies, senate, and magistrates-and examined other factors contributing to its nature, to look again at the Polybian concept, to see how helpful it is in formulating a general concept of the constitution.
Lysias
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most prolific and successful speechwriter before Demosthenes, Lysias maximized his opportunities to write with freshness and originality by free choice of clients. The development of forensic oratory in his hands was further advanced by two external factors: the growing recognition, to which he responded, of the genre as literature, which could be read, appreciated, and criticized like the established genres;2 and the speechwriter’s need to attract more clients, which led him to publish those of his speeches which most effectively displayed his skills. His productive life spanned a period exceeding twenty years, ample time in which to find and explore new means, adapted to the political climate and literary tastes of the age as well as to each client’s needs, of convincing Athenian juries. Twenty-three complete and twelve incomplete speeches survive,
Demosthenes Logographos
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biographers indicate an unbroken tradition of forensic speechwriting between Isaeus and his pupil Demosthenes. Indeed, the early start which his fraudulent guardians obliged him to make to his career in the courts caused doubt to be cast on the authenticity of his first speeches: some sources suspected their precocity, and concluded that Isaeus had written them. In this chapter, however, while clear echoes oflsaeus will be noted as they are found, attention will be directed mainly towards any signs of a new and individual approach to the standard procedures. Style also assumes particular importance in an author who had observed the growing acceptance of oratory as a literary genre, and was able to draw on his own studies of the best prose writers of recent years in creating for himself an individual voice.
Cataloguing Texts: Criticism in the Hellenistic Library
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem lies partly in the interpreter’s own outlook and his choice of words. The word κρíσlŞ is a highly specialized term in Greek medical literature, where it describes the state of a patient whose life hangs in the balance. Applying this term to the condition of an entire body of literature comes close to falling into the Romantic tn1p of treating literature and literary genres as if they wen:, biological organisms that pass through successive stages of birth, maturation, and death. Thus understood, a crisis could lead to the unnatural or premature death of the literary patient, for example clnssical literature.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans in the Third Sibylline Oracle
Authors: Gruen Erich s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jewish appropriation of pagan traditions took a multitude of forms. The Sibylline Oracles constitute an instance of the first order. No more dramatic example of the practice exists than the adaptation and recreation of those texts. Collections of the Sibyl’s pronouncements, duly edited, expanded, or invented, had wide circulation in the Graeco-Roman world—long before Jewish writers exploited them for their own purposes. But circumstances of transmission, as so often, produce peculiar ironies. The pagan originals that served as models have largely been lost, surviving only in fragments or reconstructions. The extant corpus of Sibylline Books, drawing upon but refashioning those models, derives from Jewish and Christian compilers who had their own agenda to promote. The role of Hellenized Jews in this development is pivotal. Rehabilitation of the originals may no longer be possible, but assessment of the means and motives for the transformation raises even more significant issues of Jewish self-image.
Jews, Christians and others in Palestine: The Evidence from Eusebius
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demography is one of those topics which are as important as they are frustrating to those interested in numbers in the ancient world. The absence of information is such that modern specialists consider any effort at serious study an idle undertaking. Palestine is known to have been populated by pagans, Jews, and Christians in the Roman and Byzantine periods. I shall not be dealing here with problems of social identity, nor will I attempt to reach any conclusions about numbers, which would seem an unprofitable enterprise in the absence of hard facts. My aim is to raise a related question that should at least be asked, even if no clear-cut answer can be given at this stage.
Where were the Jews of the Diaspora buried?
Authors: Noy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that in the first centuries BCE and CE the dead in the city of Rome and in most of the Roman empire were almost invariably cremated, although other practices were followed on the fringes of the empire, e.g. embalming and mummification in Egypt, secondary burial in ossuaries in Judaea. In the second century CE, starting in the city of Rome in the time of Trajan and Hadrian and gradually moving outwards into the provinces, there was a drastic change of practice: cremation was replaced by inhumation. From the third century, inhumation was the norm almost everywhere. The change is well documented, although no wholly satisfactory explanation has been offered: an alteration of fashion seems more plausible than any fundamental revision of religious beliefs.
Rhetoric and History (Thucydides 6. 16-18)
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the one hand, it presupposes a system of practical reasoning: the orator must be aware of the relevant factors in political deliberation and able, in the light of that awareness, to construct arguments for particular circumstances. An elementary form of such theory can be found in the Rhetorica ad Alexandrum and complex examples of it in Thucydides. So in his speeches recommending and rejecting an alliance or a war we can see in action arguments like those mentioned in the later treatise ( 1424 b 28ff.) ;1 we can also see an implicit discussion of larger questions such as the merits of foresight against experiment (6. 9-18), expediency against justice (1. 32--42; 3. 37-48) or prudence against honour (5. 85- 1 I 3). To this extent, then, rhetoric is the medium of thought about politics, embodying a rational approach to practical questions and designed to answer them in the best possible way;2 and Ta 8eovm is the application of this in any particular situation.
Posidonius as Philosopher-Historian
Authors: Kidd I G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posidonius, the Stoic philosopher and polymath of Apamea and Rhodes, one of the most dominant intellectual figures in the first half of the first century BC, had in general an astonishingly encyclopaedic range of interests and writings. In particular, he was the only major professional philosopher of the ancient world who also wrote a large and important historical work. This fairly obvious but interesting statement has been made before, of course, most recently by Jiirgen Malitz in his useful book, Die Historien des Poseidonios.;
Legalism and Lysias 12
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the finale to Aristophanes’ Clouds we find this climactic reversal of the rules. The violence that a son might do his father was condemned by current statute and ancient taboo. Then as now, domestic violence all too often ends in death, and kin-slaying holds a special horror. Parricide was so heinous an offence that even the allegation was actionable under Athenian law (which recognized few slanders). But either the crime or the allegation was common enough for Aristophanes to make comedy of it more than once. Thus to overturn the most hallowed of laws, Pheidippides appeals to the harsh reality.
Greek Tragedy as She-Tragedy
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the beginning of Beryl Bainbridge’s novel According to Queeney (2001), the hypochondriacal Dr Johnson suffers a terrible turn. Unshaven, distracted, convinced he is on the threshold of death or madness, he locks himself in his bedroom. He will not unbolt the door until the well-meaning Revd John Delap, paying a chance visit, is persuaded to go to him. Dr Johnson gabbles wildly; Delap declaims the Lord’s Prayer. In a crisis witnessed by John­ son’s servants and newly arrived visitors, the Thrales, Johnson falls to his knees and wrestles with the good clergyman. Delap flees from the house, his white stockings falling round his ankles. It is an emotional-indeed hysterical-scene, full of pain and terror, passions in the delineation of which the real Delap, a keen tragedian, saw himself as a specialist.
Eighteenth-Century Electra
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peggy Ashcroft, Fiona Shaw, Zoe Wanamaker-some of the most powerful actresses to perform on British stages during the second half of the twentieth century were drawn to play Sophocles’ Electra.1 In this chapter some of their stellar eighteenth-century fore­ bears-Anne Bracegridle, Claire Clairon, Mary Ann Yates, Ann Barry, Sarah Siddons-will appear performing the same Sopho­ clean heroine or roles fundamentally informed by her. Although Euripides’ Electra is one of the few Greek tragedies scarcely to register in performance history during the period covered by this book, Sophocles’ version has always been prominent (it was the only Greek tragedy on the syllabus of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1800), and has exerted a profound influence on both dramatic theory and performance practice.
Caractacus at Colonus
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the astonishing successes of the Seven Years War (1756-63), during which the British conquered Canada, drove the French out of West Africa, took Havana from the Spanish, and asserted the supremacy of the British navy over all its European rivals, the euphoria of acquired empire evaporated with speed. One anxiety was that the British empire was now supported by oppressive military might. The parallel with the militaristic Roman empire, which had grown out of the Roman republic so admired by the earlier eighteenth-century aristocracy, began to seem pressing; it was rendered unavoidable by Edward Gibbon’s The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-88), the idea for which was conceived as early as 1763.
Greek Tragedy in Late Georgian Reading
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theresidents of the Berkshire town of Reading might in 1821 have been tempted by the advertisement in their local newspaper for forthcoming attractions at the neighbourhood’s commercial theatre. Should their taste encompass Graeco-Roman themes, they might have wanted to see ‘:.Vlonsieur DECOUR, the renowned FRENCH HERCULES!! Who will perform ... Feats and evolutions ... ‘. If they preferred oriental stunts, they would choose ‘The Chinese jugglers from the Court of Pekin!!’ Such exhibitions are typical of the entertainments enjoyed during the late Georgian era in any fast industrializing provincial town. But what is surprising is that the same newspaper offers a review of a production in the town hall of Euripides’ then little­ known tragedy Orestes.
Page versus Stage: Greek Tragedy, the Academy, and the Popular Theatre
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst the impact of the Mendelssohn Antigone in Britain was enormous and long-lasting, its consequences were in many ways different from those of the German-speaking world. It did not lead in any unequivocal sense to Greek tragedy being immediately transported ‘into the wide open ground of live art, accessible to all’. There were in its wake, as we have already heard, a number of serious productions of Medea, whose success and ‘accessibility’ would have been unimaginable without the collective memory of the 1845 Antigone.
Prayer in Greek Religion
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this, the first book-length study of Greek prayer to appear in English, Simon Pulleyn presents a comprehensive treatment of an aspect of religion which together with sacrifice was at the centre of Greek cult. Through a full examination of all the relevant literary and epigraphic material available from the archaic and classical periods, Pulleyn seeks both to describe the ancient practices and explain their significance. Great stress is laid on the central role of reciprocity in Greek relations with the gods, and the various ways in which they addressed the gods are shown to be related to strategies used in dealing with each other. The book also features an examination of the language used in prayer, e.g. formulae, and rhetorical structures, and draws on Indo-European comparative material.
Reciprocity and Remembrance
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Homer's Iliad, the old priest Chryses, who has been insulted by Agamemnon, goes away on his own to the sea-shore and prays to Apollo (1. 37ff.): Hear me, you of the silver bow, who protect Chryse and holy Cilla and rule with might over Tenedos, if ever I have roofed over for you a pleasing temple or burnt up for you fat thighs of bulls or goats, fulfil for me this wish: may the Danaans pay for my tears by your arrows.