bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organometallic Chemistry of Carbon Dioxide Pertinent to Catalysis
Authors: Darensbourg Donald J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transition-metal mediated transformations of carbon dioxide have attracted increased attention from the organometallic chemist. The search for alternate uses of carbon dioxide is motivated by two principal concerns: the increase in carbon dioxide concentration levels over the past four centuries and the depletion of fossil fuels. Indeed the two problems represent both the cause and effect, where the increased burning of fossil fuels has been implicated as one of the primary causes of the rise of CO2 concentration levels (Idso 1988; Abrahamson 1989). The controversy over global climate changes are subsiding, with the consensus of opinion being that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will sooner or later lead to global warming (∼0.3 °C per decade). Of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide contributes most to global warming, i.e. approximately 55 per cent. An issue which is now open to debate is how to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in an economically feasible manner. Some of the easier measures to take would be to control CO2 emissions in manufacturing and electricity generation processes, and to recover part or all of the cost of doing this with production of value added chemicals.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide by Catalysts
Authors: Souma Yoshie , Fujiwara Masahiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Huge amounts of CO2 have been emitted by the consumption of fossil fuel, accompanied by the development of industry. The total amounts of emitted CO2 from fossil fuels are assumed to be 19 x 109 ton year-’, of which 60 per cent are emitted from thermal power stations or factories. Although CO2 should be recovered and fixed in order to prevent global warming, at the same time, CO2 is an important carbon source to be reused as a chemical or fuel. Various methods are known for the fixation of CO2. However, a rapid conversion rate of CO2, which is comparable to the combustion rate of fossil fuel, is indispensable. From this viewpoint the hydrogenation of CO2 is expected to be the best method to fix huge amounts of CO2. Carbon dioxide is emitted in comparatively high concentrations from power stations, factories, and ironworks and is therefore suitable for recovery and recycling use. The concept of recycling technology for CO2 by hydrogenation is shown in Fig. 11.1. Although many reports of CO hydrogenation have been published for the synthesis of an alternative fuel after the oil crisis of the last decade (Fujimoto et al. 1988; Inui et al.1985; Liu et al. 1984), the study of CO2 hydrogenation is by no means sufficient. The research on CO2 hydrogenation is expected to be developed rapidly by referring to the results of CO hydrogenation.
Electrochemical Syntheses Involving Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Silvestri Giuseppe , Gambino Salvatore , Filardo Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early speculations on the possibility of carbon dioxide being the starting material for chemical synthesis of organic compounds are due to one of the founders of modem organic chemistry, Justus Liebig. In 1847 he suggested that in the future a laboratory mimesis of the natural pathway to complex molecules such as carboxylic acids, alcohols or sugars would be possible. In 1861 two other illustrious German chemists, Kolbe and Schmitt, described the occurrence of formates by addition of carbon dioxide and water vapour to metallic sodium or potassium, thus confirming the hypothesis Liebig had proposed ‘mit prophetischem Geiste’. Following an analogous procedure, but in anhydrous conditions, Drechsel (1868) reduced carbon dioxide to oxalates. The electro chemical approach was an obvious extension of those findings: soon afterwards Beketov (1869) and Royer (1870) reported the formation of formic acid by cathodic reduction of aqueous alkaline solutions of carbon dioxide. Further investigations involved both the chemical reduction with metals of the I and II groups, free or amalgamated (Lieben 1895) and electrochemical reduction in aqueous media (Cohen and Jahn 1904; Ehrenfeld 1905; Fischer and Prziza 1914).
Photochemical Electron Transfer Applied to the Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Meyer Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological systems which utilize carbon dioxide are well represented in this book. Progress in this area is impressive, our understanding of the mechanism is growing, and there are interesting prospects for tinkering with the photosynthetic apparatus to improve its efficiency. I will take the opposite tack. What happens if we turn our backs on natural photosynthesis and start over again? Do we have sufficient understanding of chemistry and chemical systems to design total artificial systems which use visible light to reduce carbon dioxide? In thinking about this problem it is useful to consider model systems and reaction schemes.
Structure-Activity Correlations in Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetases
Authors: Rubio Vicente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although all CPSs catalyse reaction (1), many have a low affinity for ammonia and use glutamine as an endogenous source of ammonia. However, CPS I, which is involved in urea synthesis and thus in the detoxification of ammonia, exhibits considerable affinity for ammonia and cannot use glutamine (Marshall 1976).
Parental care
Authors: Sargent Robert Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parental care is generally defined as an association between parent and offspring that enhances offspring development and survival (e.g. Sargent and Gross 1986). Although fishes exhibit a considerable diversity of kinds of parental care, by far the most common form of parental care is brooding the eggs on a substratum (Blumer 1982; Sargent and Gross 1986, 1993). Substrate brooding may be subdivided into care performed directly at the eggs, such as aeration (e.g. fanning), and care that can be provided at a distance from the eggs, such as protecting the eggs from predators. After substrate brooding, the three next most common forms of parental care in descending frequency of occurrence are mouthbrooding, external egg carrying and carrying the eggs in a brood pouch; however, these three forms of parental care combined account for only a small fraction of the taxonomic families that exhibit substrate brooding (Blumer 1982; Sargent and Gross 1986, 1993).
Introduction
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biogeography means many things to many people depending on their outlook and purposes of enquiry. As data accumulated over the last two centuries it became clear that organisms exhibit particular distribution patterns over the surface of the earth. Given that picture, biogeographers ask the question ‘What lives where and why?’ The answers given invoke either ecological or historical explanations, or both.
Methodological developments
Authors: Humphries Christopher J , Parenti Lynne R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developments in the theory of continental drift and its general acceptance during the 1960s and 1970s confirmed the idea that disjunct biotic patterns and corresponding geological patterns are due to the same events in earth history. That the earth, including relative sizes and composition of land masses, constantly changes means that many, if not all, migration or dispersal solutions to biogeographic questions are wrong, or, at least, overstated. To us, a more realistic solution came when Brundin (1966) applied Hennig’s (1950) definition of phylogenetic relationship to the problems of vicariant distribution of southern hemisphere chironomid midges.
Competition for open space
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An open space, to an organism, can be defined as 'a space which when invaded will allow reproductive growth'. According to this definition, a new continent to an invading species from another continent could constitute a large open space. Likewise, freshly deglaciated grounds that appeared after the retreat of ice-sheets in the northern hemisphere during the Quaternary Period were also large open spaces. By analyzing the fossil pollen record taken from lake sediments, Davis (1981) showed that the open space (tundra) that appeared in North America after the last ice age (16,000 years ago) was consecutively invaded from the southeast by spruce (Picea), oak (Quercus), white pine (Pinus), hemlock (Tsuga), beech (Fagus) and somewhat later chestnut (Castanea dentata), etc., and that each took a different route, advancing its range northward or westward at the rate of about 100-400 m/year (Fig. 7.1; see also Bennett, 1983, 1986; Jacobson et al., 1987). One of the most rapid migrants among them is oak (350 m/year), although the acorns from a parent oak are disseminated usually by only a few metres per year.
Diversity in the past: comparing cladistic phylogenies and stratigraphy
Authors: Benton Michael J , Storrs Glenn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of biodiversity involves the dimension of time, whether short- or long-term. Most research in biodiversity is based on observations on human time scales, either experimental protocols lasting for one or two years, or data collation from historical records spanning back a few hundred years. The scale of regional or global diversity change at present is great enough, however, to require comparison with information based on geological time scales of thousands or millions of years. There are many problems in bridging the gap from experimental and field-based studies to the palaeontological work which extends into the depths of the geological past. Many of these problems, often gathered together under the heading ‘the incompleteness of the fossil record’, are geological, and they will be outlined briefly. Other issues are, however, more biological, and are concerned with phylogenetic reconstruction; these may offer insights into understanding the past history of life.
Overview
Authors: Clobert Jean , Gliddon Chris , Hawkins Bradford A , Hochberg Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the increasing impact of humanity on the ecological processes of this planet, we find ourselves in a position, much like Noah, of attempting to save some semblance of the existing biodiversity of the earth. Human activities are modifying a large proportion of Earth’s ecosystems by both reducing their geographical size and altering their functioning. Noah’s solution of saving one pair of each species, albeit pragmatic, is inconsistent with current theories of population biology and, even if possible today, would simply be expected to fail as a global conservation strategy. Given the limited resources we have to maintain biodiversity, how should we choose which species or assemblages to conserve and, having made this first decision, how should we put our conservation aims into practice?
To begin to derive strategies aimed at conserving species and communities of species we must first understand how diversity is manifested at the eco system level. The problem is that the utter complexity of ecosystems impedes our progress in understanding. It is evident that we must break down the problem into smaller, more tractable parts, while remembering that the sum of the parts do not necessarily equal the whole. Part 1 of the book dealt with evolutionary patterns and processes. This part simplifies approaches to understanding the ecological processes governing the diversity of commu nities and ecosystems.
Biology and Ecology
Authors: Hayward P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bryozoa, and especially the Cheilostomatida, are uniquely a major part of the marine benthic community over large areas of the Antarctic continental shelf. In parts of the North Sea, and in Tasman Bay, New Zealand (Bradstock and Gordon 1983), bryozoan communities constitute the larger part of the sessile, benthic biomass, but nowhere except Antarctica do they achieve such a conspicuous presence over such wide geographical areas. Together with sponges they are the most significant occupiers of space (Bullivant 1961) and bryozoan skeletons and sponge spicules may comprise the larger part of the coarse bottom sediment (Bullivant 1967).
Ontogeny of asymmetry and phenodeviants
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Swaddle John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term developmental stability denotes the reproducible (constant) development of a genotype under given environmental conditions. The nature of ontogenetic processes, and their aberrations, is central to the study of developmental stability and, hence, there is a long history of interest in this subject. The developmental origins of phenodeviants and fluctuating asymmetries were originally considered a 'black box'. For example, Mather (1953) suggested that asymmetries arose as a consequence of differences in the environment or disruption of the development of cells. Later work suggested that random deviations in the activity of molecules or smaller particles were responsible for the formation of developmental instabilities (Reeve 1960; Soule and Cuzin-Roudy 1982; Lewontin 1983). This explanation may seem akin to the most recent developments suggesting that the accumulation of initially small deviations from perfect symmetry leads to major deviations from perfect symmetry (Emlen et al. 1993; Graham et al. 1993c). However, all developmental systems may not necessarily be organised in the same way. Different species may have different ways of ensuring developmental stability and so exhibit different vulnerabilities to the loss of bilateral symmetry.
Causes of developmental instability. Genetic factors
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Swaddle John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The factors that cause fluctuating asymmetry can be either genetic or environmental in origin. As fluctuating asymmetry represents the ability of an individual to resist genetic and environmental factors during growth and development, then it could be viewed as a general health certificate of an individual. In this chapter we will review the heritability of developmental stability (as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, frequency of phenodeviants, and coefficient of variation) as well as detail the various genetic factors that can cause a breakdown in developmental stability.
Developmental stability and signalling
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Swaddle John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Signals are either morphological structures or have a morphological basis. There are frequently considerable intra- and interspecific differences in signal design, particularly for those involved in sexual selection, but also for signals used in other contexts. Current differences in the efficiency of signals and large degrees of signal divergence during evolutionary history suggest that signals have experienced a recent history of consistent directional selection. The role of developmental stability in signalling theory in general and in sexual selection in particular is described (section 8.2).
Developmental stability and fitness
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Swaddle John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental instability per se and its causes are often assumed to result in reduced performance in domains of fitness other than sexual competition (sexual selection was discussed in Chapter 8). The consequences of such reductions in fitness have often been presumed rather than estimated. Here we present a large body of evidence for a negative association between fitness and individual asymmetry. Significant correlations between morphological asymmetry and various fitness components do not demonstrate a causal relationship, and many potentially confounding variables may obscure attempts to unravel real relationships. Individuals with asymmetric phenotypes may be characterised by poor overall quality. For example, they may have experienced poor environmental conditions during their development, or they may have genotypes that make them less efficient in terms of growth, survival, or reproduction. Random experimental assignment of individuals to treatments will unravel the direct relationships between developmental instability and fitness components.
The role of flying foxes (Pteropodidae) in oceanic island ecosystems of the Pacific
Authors: Rainey William E , Pierson Elizabeth D , Elmqvist Thomas , Cox Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With accumulating evidence that flying foxes (Pteropodidae) are important seed dispersers and pollinators in Palaeotropical ecosystems, we examine their role, focusing on the relatively simple forest communities on remote oceanic islands.
A review of ecological interactions of fruit bats in Australian ecosystems
Authors: Richards G C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 13 species of fruit bats in Australia can be separated into five ecological groups: large-sized (&gt;300 g) and small-sized ( &lt;60 g) specialist frugivores and nectarivores, and large-sized generalists. Each group contains only one abundant species and one or more rare species. Large nectarivores have a wide distribution which is related to the extent and species diversity of eucalypt forests and woodlands. The frugivorous species have restricted distributions that correspond to the similarly restricted and diminished distribution of rainforest. All identifiable ecological niches available in forest in Australia appear to be filled by at least one frugivorous and nectarivorous species.
Chiropteran nocturnality
Authors: Speakman John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite their diverse feeding habits almost all bats are exclusively nocturnal. Explanations of chiropteran nocturnality have focused on three potentially negative consequences of feeding in daylight: competition with insectivorous (and frugivorous) birds, risk of avian predation and risk of hyperthermia. A survey of daylight flying by bats in the UK suggested that the risk of avian predation might be the most significant factor, and this was supported by observed predation rates on bats deliberately released to fly during daylight in south-eastern Australia. There are many island groups where bats are found but where there are no avian predators likely to take bats. If avian predation is the most significant factor influencing nocturnality then I predict that these bats should fly in daylight. One group of islands where this behaviour would be predicted is the Azores. Early observations of the indigenous Azorean bat (Nyctalus azoreum) suggested that this bat flies in daylight. However, more recent detailed studies of temporal patterning of activity in the Azorean bat indicate that it is primarily nocturnal, thus contradicting the predation hypothesis. Anecdotal records of several other island populations of insectivorous bats also indicate that they have retained nocturnality in the absence of diurnal predators. In contrast, several studies of activity patterns in pteropodid bats suggest that they fly during the day when predators are absent. A heat balance model was constructed to evaluate the significance of the hyperthermia hypothesis. Although there is a high endogenous heat production during flight, incoming solar radiation may place a heat burden on a flying bat an order of magnitude greater.
Introductory overview
Authors: Beynon J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviews of the ways in which mass spectrometry has developed often concern themselves with its applications within certain specialized areas. But it is also important to remember that developments made in one research field may find their most important applications in another and to note that collaboration between scientists trained in different disciplines is often the key to progress; the more ways we can look at how to solve a problem the better. By the same token, we should not isolate mass spectrometry from other analytical techniques such as NMR, IR, UV, and XRF spectroscopies whose findings are complementary to those of mass spectrometry.
Recent and projected developments in mass spectrometric techniques
Authors: Gaskell Simon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pace of recent developments in mass spectrometry and related techniques has been extraordinary; there is no sign of a slackening of that pace. Many of the recent advances have significantly improved our capabilities of analysing biologically significant molecules. Indeed, the needs of biological research have provided the driving force for many of the most important developments. This chapter attempts to review in broad outline the most significant recent advances and projects the direction of future work.
Mass spectrometry of plant hormones
Authors: Moritz Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant hormones are a group of naturally occurring organic compounds that play a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. The term ‘hormone’ was adapted from the use in mammalian physiology, in which it describes compounds with localized site of synthesis, transport in the bloodstream to specific target tissues, and the control of physiological events at low concentrations. No compound in plants can fulfil all the definition of a hormone in the mammalian sense, but the term is often used for describing the compounds that control the growth and development of plants at very low concentrations, i.e. pg to ng/g fresh weight.
Mass spectrometric analysis of cyclic nucleotides and related enzymes
Authors: Newton Russell P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides perform a vital role in the regulation of cellular metabolism. Structurally they are composed of a heterocyclic base, a ribose sugar, and a cyclic phosphate moiety (Fig. 11.1). The latter can be linked to the ribose ring at either the 3’,5’-positions or the 2’,3’-positions, giving rise to two sets of isomers; of these two sets it is the 3’,5’-cyclic nucleotides which are of importance in the context of metabolic regulation, with the 2’,3’isomers arising merely as intermediates in the catabolism of ribonucleic acids.
A comparison of FAB MS, HPLC-MS, and CZE-ES MS in the characterization of the alcoholic extracts of Haplophyllum patavinum
Authors: Favretto* D , Traldi* P , Hamdamt M , Curcuruto† O , Innocenti+ G , Caniato+ R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several species of Haplophyllum are known to contain coumarin-related compounds including umbelliferone, scopoletin, xanthyletin, seselin, and 5- hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin. Due to the biological relevance of these substances, both the chemotaxonomic rationalization of the content of coumarins and the search for new active compounds in these botanic species present a stimulating aim. In this context, our interest has recently been focused on Haplophyllum patavinum, whose spontaneous growth is more and more rare. For such reason, in vitro cultures have been undertaken; interestingly, they have been found to produce angelicin, the angular isomer of psoralen, a compound which has not been found in the in vivo grown plant. In order to gain a deeper knowledge of the compounds present in extracts of this plant, and to compare them with the ones produced by in vitro cultures, we employed different mass spectrometry-based analytical methods. The combination of several methods resulted in comprehensive characterization of a number of coumarin-related compounds, already described in other Haplophyllum species. Furthermore, other compounds, including non-coumarin-like substances with molecular weights ranging from 280 to 550 Da, have been found and some structural information has been gained about them by comparing the data obtained by different methodologies.