bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomy, Prophecy, and Gender in Early Christianity
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the pagan critic Celsus denigrated Christianity in the second century C.E. as a religion of women, children, and slaves, he articulated a connection between women and early Christianity that has only recently received serious and critical attention.1 As we have already seen, the association of women and religion was rampant in Greco-Roman antiquity, particularly the association of women with the wrong sorts of religion, such as “superstition.”2 By his equation of Christianity with women, children, and slaves, Celsus may have meant merely to confirm what elite, educated men already knew: obnoxious new religions are the provenance only of the intellectually and socially inferior. To take his observation as a useful historical datum would then be to miss the polemical effect of such calumny. Yet it is interesting to consider Origen’s refutation, less than a century later, of this particular accusation from Celsus. He does not deny that Christianity appeals to ‘“the foolish, dishonourable and stupid, and only slaves, women and little children.”‘ He merely asserts, “Not only does the gospel call these that it may make them better, but it also calls people much superior to them.”3 Origen’s reply might thus be taken to concede that many Christians did fall under Celsus’s unflattering rubric.
Genesis
Authors: Smith Theophus H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These verses announce the Genesis theme in James Weldon Johnson’s collection of sermonic poems, God’s Trombones (1927). Easily recognizable, as the poem proceeds, is the fact that “The Creation” is Johnson’s retelling of Genesis chapters 1–2. It is also, we learn in the preface, the seminal composition in this classic work of black religious expression. Each of the eight chapters in God’s Trombones is exquisitely crafted and presented in its provenance: black America’s folk preaching tradition, with its rich appropriation of biblical narrative and symbolism. The book as a whole, moreover, aims to circumscribe a broad span of biblical themes with selections that extend from “The Creation” to “The Judgement Day.” By virtually encompassing the Hebrew and Christian Scriptures within the range of a single work, God’s Trombones offers a rare, even a unique, literary production. At the same time, black culture is replete with kindred impulses and projects. Many observers have noted this enduring cultural intention: to represent black experiences and perspectives by means of a diverse selection of biblical texts and themes. In this study I use the concept of “conjuring culture” as the vehicle for analyzing some of those representations, and the role they play in the historical projects and cultural strategies of black North Americans.
Studying a System in Formation
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second half of the thirteenth century was a remarkable moment in world history. Never before had so many regions of the Old World come in contact with one another-albeit still only superficially. At the beginning of the Christian era, the Roman and Chinese empires had been in indirect contact, but the connections between them declined when both empires fragmented. In the seventh and eighth centuries, Islam unified many parts of the central region that lay between the European and Chinese extremities, reaching out in both directions, but the peripheral areas of this reviving world economy still remained relatively isolated from one another. By the eleventh and, even more, twelfth century, many parts of the Old World began to become integrated into a system of exchange from which all apparently benefited. The apogee of this cycle came between the end of the thirteenth and the first decades of the fourteenth century, by which time even Europe and China had established direct, if decidedly limited, contact with each another.
All the Sillks of China
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most extensive, populous, and technologically advanced region of the medieval world was China. Its impressive strength had accumulated over the course of its long history of state organization, intellectual sophistication, and efficient peasant production. During the Sung dynasty period (960 until 1234 in the north, continuing to 1276 in the south), in spite of successive “barbarian” threats from the northern fringes that eventually culminated in Mongol conquest and rule of the entire country under the Yuan dynasty (1276-1368), China may have reached her highest level of premodern achievement.
Revolution in the Making
Authors: Bayat Mangol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the year A.H. 1323/February 1906, all groups involved in the political disturbances in the capital, covertly or overtly, had set aside their ideological or personal differences to concentrate on one issue, the establishment of a house of justice, by now commonly referred to as a majles. Although at this stage the term meant different things to different individuals, it served as a rallying point for all parties interested in bringing about the fall of Ain al-Daula from power, either as an end in itself or as a means to attain broader goals.
Searching For The Light
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines a central element of social welfare, old age security, exploring the history of policies in both developed and underdeveloped countries to assess their structure, ideology and effectiveness. The authors test five theoretical perspectives on old-age security policy in four industrial nations (the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany) and three developing countries (India, Nigeria, Brazil), challenging the view that old age policy is the outcome of class conflict between capital and labour. Instead, the authors adopt a neo-pluralist perspective which emphasizes the influence of ethnic religious and regional groups, as well as “the grey lobby”, over that of class-based groups. The authors attempt to test ideas derived in part from these historical case studies by analysing quantitative data from a broader sample of countries (18 industrial nationa and 32 developing nations), and they use these results to anticipate future policy developments in the U.S.
The Annales School and Social Theory
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our conference has heard something of a sociological analysis of the diffusion of the work of the Annales school. The analysis ought to be worthy of the work of the Annales historians when they study the spread of mentalites; that is, it ought to begin in concrete data. My own contact with the work of the school began when I was a graduate student in sociology at Harvard University from 1947 to 1952. George Homans had begun his career as a historical sociologist, and he insisted to anyone who cared to listen that they ignored the work of the Annales group at their peril. Not many listened. The reading of graduate students in sociology at Harvard those days was not broad, since it was the view that that tradition of social thought had reached its culmination-if not perfection itself-in the work of our distinguished teacher, Talcott Parsons. Pious footnotes, in principle, could be added to the canon. That other and very different approaches might be of value was not an idea that many entertained.
Students, Professors and Philosopher Kings (1973)
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The invitation to prepare a chapter giving “a critical view of the university: academia as a defender of the existing social order and its potentialities as a critic” was both an honor and an embarrassment. Honors are easily dealt with; embarrassments tend to prolong themselves. Have not much ink, typewriter ribbon, photocopy, and print been expended to treat precisely this theme? Universities in the United States, in Western and Eastern Europe, in Latin America, in Asia, and in Africa have been discussed in extenso (if not ad absurdum). Heads of state, ministers of education, rectors, presidents, and deans have delivered opinions of varying degrees of ponderosity and ponderability. The working professoriat has been heard from. Indeed, a new academic specialty has arisen from the ashes of academic conflagration: the study of universities themselves. The image of the phoenix comes to mind, but it is not entirely appropriate, as the fires which burned in some universities were never all-consuming.
Collections: The Essence of the Museum
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In planning for the growth of its collections, we urge each museum to set, clear, rational and appropriate goals for the contribution it can make to the stewardship of our cultural and natural heritage. It is important that every museum collect both carefully and purposefully. Each museum must exercise care by collecting within its capacity to house and preserve the objects, artifacts and specimens in its stewardship; each must collect purposefully by continuing its own traditions of quality and diversity. A periodic review of the collections policy will ensure that it is in keeping with current professional standards and the purposes of the institution.
Architectural Preservation: Maintaining the Historic House Exterior
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preservation means stabilizing a structure in its existing form by preventing further change or deterioration. This Chapter Concerns the preservation of existing historic structures. The term preservation, as used here, describes the process of continual maintenance of a property in a historically concerned and sensitive manner to ensure its survival. Preservation is different than restoration, which refers to the “recreating of the original architectural elements in a building so that it closely resembles the appearance it had at some previous point in time.” Issues of restoration will not be covered here, since this book presupposes the historic house has been restored. However, general references on the subject can be found at the end of the book.
Telling the Story: Interpreting the Historic House
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After The Historic house has been saved and restored, its financial future secured, the collections organized and documented, it is time to concentrate on interpreting the house. But what is “interpretation,” and how can it be accomplished in a way that presents historical information accurately, holds the visitor’s interest, and meets a sound educational objective? Interpretation, the structure in which information about the historic house is presented, is an attempt to stimulate the senses and arouse the imagination. It can be an interchange with a costumed interpreter portraying a pioneer woman churning butter. It is the realization that the butter that she is making looks, smells, and tastes like the unsalted butter one buys in grocery stores today.
Volunteers in the Historic House Museum
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When French Statesman and writer Alexis de Tocqueville traveled in the United States in 1831 and 1832, he was amazed by the generosity of Americans in lending their time and expertise voluntarily. Today that same spirit persists for the benefit of individuals, institutions, and communities. In this tradition, volunteers continue to fill vital roles in American museums, with some 70,000 serving throughout the country.1 Without volunteers the majority of smaller museums, especially historic houses, would not be able to open their doors.
Cities Of The Gods
Authors: Dawson Doyne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cities of the Gods is a historical study of the theory of Utopian communism in ancient Greek thought, identifying and assessing its several currents. The author looks at the reason for the decline of the Utopian traditions after c. 150 BC and suggests that the main factor was the Roman conquest of the Greek world, which produced a more conservative intellectual climate. He concludes by looking at the evidence for the survival of utopian traditions, particularly their influence on early Christianity.
Beyond Mass Production
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1980s and continuing into the 1990s, more than 1,000 Japanese firms established `transplant’ manufacturing operations in the US. Many of these have been in mature industries like steel and automobiles, but many have also been in high technology industries as well. The success of these ventures is the result of the sweeping revolution in the organization of technology, work, and production that lies at the heart of the Japanese model of production. This book explores the rise of the Japanese model and provides a detailed examination of the processes which have brought about its transfer to the US. It presents new and original data on the extent of Japanese investment in both US heavy industry and high technology. It suggests that Japanese capitalism has developed a new world-class standard of production organization which is transferable and is in the process of being transferred to other advanced industrial nations.
Casuistry and the Case for Business Ethics
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you put your ear to the ground of history and listen closely, you will hear a variety of ongoing conversations about the moral problems of everyday life. Sometimes strange and sometimes familiar, these discussions take place at the crossroads of the humanities. Philosophers, theologians, historians, poets, and playwrights each, in their own way contribute to the dialogue. Today, real-life ethical problems sell newspapers and glue people to TV soap operas. As the stuff of gossip, moral problems titillate. As the foundation of comedy and tragedy, they move us to laughter and tears—reminding us that we are not simply spectators but participants in the human condition. Against the backdrop of this long-standing fascination with morality, it is odd to think that a subject such as business ethics is new.
Cultures In Organizations
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is essentially a textbook in organizational culture. But, unlike most textbooks authors, Professor Martin is making a contribution to the field in that she focusses on a way of looking at the field that is new. In the past, those who have studied organizational culture have usually done so from one of three perspectives: 1) “Integration” - all members of an organization share a consensus of values and purpose; 2) “Differentiation” - there are frequent conflicts among groups in organizations with limited consensus; 3) “Fragmentation” - there is considereable ambiguity in organizations with consensus coexisting with conflict, and much change among groups. The author argues that the best way to view organizations is to see them through all three perspectives - each revealing a different kind of truth. The author has done extensive research studying the organizational culture of a large California high technology firm (which is not identified in the book). She interviewed many employees at different levels and in different departments, and used surveys to extend the interviews. Her work is like an ethnography in which the researcher’s own perspectives and cultural norms have to be accounted for. As a result, the book explores what she learned from her studies and how she learned it.
Seeing Cultures from Different Points of View
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to say that an organization has a culture or cultures? It is the purpose of this book to give an extended answer to that question. However, it would be useful to get an intuitive sense, at the beginning, of what culture can mean in organizations. It is a rare person who has not had experience with a variety of organizations-schools, clubs, teams, charities, as well as the government bureaucracies and business organizations-that are the primary focus of this book. As individuals come into contact with organizations, they come into contact with dress norms, stories people tell about what goes on, the organization’s formal rules and procedures, its informal codes of behavior, rituals, tasks, pay systems, jargon, and jokes only understood by insiders, and so on. These elements are some of the manifestations of organizational culture. When cultural members interpret the meanings of these manifestations, their perceptions, memories, beliefs, experi-ences, and values will vary, so interpretations will differ-even of the same phenomenon. The patterns or configurations of these interpretations, and the ways they are enacted, constitute culture. The word patterns, like the word cultures in the title of this book, is plural. This book is about differences in perspective.
OZCO: An Integration View
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the first of three views of OZCO, summarizes these data in the form of a matrix, and explains the ways this matrix framework can be used to represent and understand the differences among widely disparate ways of under-standing cultures. In the first part of this chapter, OZCO employees talk about the ways the firm encourages egalitarianism, fosters innovation, and expresses concern about employees’ physical and mental well-being. In accord with the Integration perspective, cultural manifestations are consistent with these espoused values, little dissent is evident, and little mention of ambiguity is made. In this cultural view, consistency, consensus, and clarity are evident.
The Integration Perspective: Harmony and Homogeneity
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies written from the Integration perspective describe a cultural unity that has no place for doubt, uncertainty, or collective dissent. Many, but not all, Integration studies portray leaders as culture creators and culture transformers-high-ranking managers who have the capacity to envision and enact a culture that inspires intense loyalty, strong commitment, increased productivity, sometimes even greater profitability. Many managers would like to create a culture, reflective of their own values, that would generate both loyalty and productivity. No wonder, then, that the Integration perspective has become so popular among researchers who write primarily to a managerial audience. It is misleading, how-ever, to imply that only managerially oriented researchers produce studies written from an Integration point of view. As outlined below, this perspective has a wide range of adherents, particularly in the United States.
OZCO: A Differentiation View
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the second of the three views of OZCO. In this account employees challenge OZCO’s commitment to the values of egalitarianism, innovation, and concern for employee well-being, espoused in the first, Integration view of this firm. In accord with the Differentiation perspective, this account exposes inconsistencies and views organization-wide consensus as a myth. Difference and conflict replace homogeneity and harmony.
The Differentiation Perspective: Separation and Conflict
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Differentiation perspective, the apparently seamless unities of the Integration perspective mask a series of overlapping, nested organizational subcultures. These subcultures co-exist, sometimes in harmony, sometimes in conflict, and sometimes in indifference to each other. The Differentiation perspective unveils the workings of power in organizations, acknowledges conflicts of interest between groups, and attends to differences of opinion. This chapter introduces the Differentiation perspective and extends it to incorporate insights about environmental influences on the development of cultures in organizations. Differentiation views of organizational culture have three defining characteristics. First, interpretations of content themes, practices, and forms are often inconsistent. Second, the Differentiation perspective is suspicious of claims of organization-wide consensus. To the extent that consensus exists, it is seen as located primarily within subcultural boundaries. Third, within subcultural boundaries, clarity reigns, while ambiguity is relegated to the periphery. These defining elements of the Differentiation perspective (inconsistency, subcultural consensus, and the relegation of ambiguity to the periphery of subcultures) are explored in more detail below, using quotations from studies that illustrate this viewpoint.
Giving Up the Authority Game: A Postmodern Critique of the Three-Perspective Framework
Authors: Martin Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OZCO was selected as a pseudonym in part because Baum’s classic tale, The Wizard of Oz, captures much of the spirit of this multi perspective approach to understanding cultures in organizations. Dorothy’s long journey on the yellow brick road ended at the gates of the Emerald City of Oz, where she hoped to find the Wizard and ask him to send her back to Kansas. The guard at the gate of the city would not let her enter until she had put on some spectacles. She was given a box of spectacles to choose from: all of which had green lenses.
The Story Of Deborah And Barak
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Against the complex reconstruction of many latter-day khorizontes (such as Richter, Schulte, Boling),1 D. W. Gooding2 has shown convincingly that the Book of Judges is a coherent text, perfectly structured, and possibly written, from beginning to end, as an autonomous unit by a single author (or possibly, I would add, by a single “school”). In spite of this, there is no way to deny that the book contains many distinct stories, and that the stories were surely not in vented by the author (or “school”). They go back to traditions of various types and origins; and some of them are surely mythical.
Wheatstone Bridge
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the potentiometric circuit, shown in Fig. 5.1 and discussed in Chapter 4, possesses many desirable characteristics for use with strain gages, nevertheless, it does present the difficulty that the strain signal, L1E, must either be measured in combination with a very much larger voltage, E, or first isolated and then measured by itself.
Transducers
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one or more strain gages are used to measure some quantity whose magnitude can be determined by the indication of strain on some load bearing member, the whole unit is frequently described as a transducer. The load-bearing member may have one, two, three, or more strain gages mounted on it, depending on the quantity to be measured, the precision desired, and the influence of extraneous effects, some of which can be eliminated or reduced to negligible proportions.
In the Wake of War
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first comprehensive study of the rebuilding of West Germany’s cities following the Second World War. Most major urban centres had been reduced to rubble by the end of the war, yet they were rebuilt faster than anyone thought possible. Diefendorf presents a wealth of material on all aspects of reconstruction - from the bombing itself and removal of debris, to urban planning, architecture, and execution. Using the designs of city planners, the author examines continuities in urban planning and architecture that lead back into the Nazi era and before. The text is accompanied by numerous photographs selected from hundreds in Diefendorf’s collection.