bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonia adsorption behavior of polypropylene nonwoven fabric grafted with acrylic acid
Authors: Kim Sang Yool , Choi Chang Nam 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAn attempt was made to synthesize an adsorbent by the photoinduced grafting of acrylic acid (AA) onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics using benzophenone (BP) as a photosensitizer in a CH3OH/H2O medium. As the BP concentration was increased, the graft yield was increased up to a specific value and then decreased, and the effect of AA concentration showed the same tendency. It was also found that the graft yield increased with the reaction time and temperature. The amounts of ammonia adsorbed onto polypropylene nonwoven fabrics grafted with AA (PP‐g‐AA) were dependent on the graft yield, adsorption time, and ammonia gas pressure. The adsorption capacity of PP‐g‐AA was 5.86 mmol/g at the graft yield of 116.6%, which was much higher than that of active carbon or silica gel. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 295–301, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10328
Organophosphorous additive for fortification, processibility, and flame retardance of epoxy resins
Authors: Zerda Adam S. , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAmine‐cured epoxy resins are prepared containing an aliphatic phosphonate additive which aids in the processing of the epoxy by reducing the viscosity of the resin mixture. The additive also acts as an antiplasticizer in the cured epoxy by increasing the modulus and yield strength under uniaxial tension and compression. Additionally, phosphonates are known to behave as flame retardants and dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) demonstrates a reduction in the rate of thermal degradation and the heat‐release rate upon pyrolysis. Addition of the antiplasticizer reduces the Tg and suppressed β‐relaxations, while effectively increasing the density of the material. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 302–309, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10329
Syntheses and properties of carboxymethyl chitosan/urea–formaldehyde snake‐cage resins
Authors: Qu Rongjun , Sun Yanzhi , Wang Chunhua , Lu Shulai , Yu Huimei , Cheng Guoxiang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of novel snake‐cage resins were synthesized using carboxymethyl chitosan (CM‐CTS) as the snake resin and urea–formaldehyde resin (UF) as the cage resin. Such factors as the optimal synthesis conditions, content of the crosslinking agent, and sorption capacities for metal ions of the above‐mentioned resins were investigated. The experimental results show that these resins have appropriate swelling properties and good mechanical stability. They do not run off in water, HCl, and NaOH aqueous solutions. To form a stable network system, NH4Cl was used as a crosslinking agent to crosslink urea and formaldehyde in synthesis. The sorption experiment showed that the sorption properties of the resins in the presence of the crosslinking agent NH4Cl are better than those without a crosslinking agent. The investigation of the FTIR spectra indicated that the chelate groups, such as —OH, —CO and NHCH2CO, in snake‐resin molecules participated in the coordination with the metal ions, but the —CO bonds in the cage resin UF did not. The snake resin CM‐CTS in the snake‐cage resins was the major contributor of sorption. The sorption dynamics showed that the sorption was controlled by liquid film diffusion. The isotherms can be described by Freundlich and Langmuir equations. The saturated sorption capacities of the resins for Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+ were 1.48, 0.78, 0.13, and 0.02 mmol g−1, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 310–317, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10331
Influence of HZSM‐5 catalyst on the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) in solution
Authors: Chattopadhyay Sujay , Madras Giridhar 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in solution was investigated at various temperatures (210–250°C). The degradation rate coefficients were determined from the time evolution of the molecular weight distribution (MWD). The energy of activation, determined from the temperature dependence of the rate coefficient, was 26.6 kcal/mol. The degradation of PVC was also studied in the presence of a catalyst (HZSM‐5 zeolite). The results indicated that increase of the degradation rate of PVC is first order with the HZSM‐5 concentration up to 50 g/L and zero order at higher concentrations. The thermal degradation kinetics of PVC in the presence of 50 g/L of the catalyst was studied at various temperatures. The temperature dependency of the rate coefficient was used to calculate the activation energy (21.5 kcal/mol). This is consistent with the observation that the presence of a catalyst generally decreases the activation energy and promotes degradation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 791–796, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10332
Synthesis of anionic water‐borne polyurethane with the covalent bond of a reactive dye
Authors: Wang Huei‐Hsiung , Gen Chi‐Tzon 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe successfully synthesized an anionic water‐borne polyurethane (PU) capable of reacting with a reactive dye to form a covalent bond with the dye molecule. The anionic water‐borne PU was synthesized and grafted with the reactive dye to form a dyed PU. First, the PU prepolymer was synthesized from 4,4′‐methylene bis(isocyanatocyclohexane), poly(tetramethylene glycol), 2,2′‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (as an anionic center), and triethyleneamide (as a neutralizer). Then, pure water was added to emulsify and disperse the prepolymer to form an anionic water‐borne PU prepolymer. Finally, the extender N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) ethylene diamine was used to extend the anionic water‐borne prepolymer to form a PU polymer with hydroxyl groups that could further react with the reactive dye molecule. With respect to the heating properties, the dyed PU polymers exhibited higher glass‐transition temperatures of the hard segment than those without dye molecules. However, neither the glass‐transition temperature of the soft segment nor the melting temperature of the soft segment varied in the presence of dye molecules, but they were changed with various chain lengths of the soft segment. As for the mechanical properties, the modulus and strength of the dyed PU polymers decreased because of the bulkiness of their dye molecules, but the breaking elongation increased. Moreover, the inherent viscosity decreased in the presence of the dye molecules. As for the dyeing properties, the percentage of dye grafting was greater than 90%. The dye‐grafted PU exhibited a lower percentage of migration than PU extended with ethylene diamine (without hydroxy groups) and also showed a higher grade of colorfastness to light. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 797–805, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10336
Synthesis and flocculation properties of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride–vinyl trimethoxysilane) and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride–acrylamide–vinyl trimethoxysilane)
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Zhang , Luan Zhao‐Kun , Gao Bao‐Yu , Yue Qin‐Yan 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPoly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride–vinyl trimethoxysilane) [P(DADMAC–VTMS)] and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride–acrylamide–vinyl trimethoxysilane) [P(DADMAC–AM–VTMS)], the latter a new cationically charged and hydrophobically modified flocculant, were obtained by radical polymerization initiated by potassium persulfate. The effects of the vinyl trimethoxysilane (VTMS) feed ratio on the intrinsic viscosity and solubility of the polymers were examined. The effects of the flocculants on turbidity removal, decolorization, and oil removal in water treatment were also studied. The introduction of VTMS increased the intrinsic viscosities of P(DADMAC–VTMS) and P(DADMAC–AM–VTMS) in comparison with the viscosities of poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride–acrylamide), respectively, but reduced their solubilities. The introduction of VTMS also enhanced the flocculation properties of P(DADMAC–VTMS) and P(DADMAC–AM–VTMS), including turbidity removal, decolorization, and oil removal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 335–342, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10339
A study on the synthesis and application of an inverse emulsion of amphoteric polyacrylamide as a retention aid in papermaking
Authors: Lu Shaojie , Liu Ruixian , Sun Ximing 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of amphoteric polyacrylamides with different molecular weights and charges were prepared by the copolymerization of acrylamide with sodium acrylate and a subsequent Mannich reaction. The copolymerization was carried out with a redox initiation system via inverse emulsion polymerization. Reaction conditions, factors affecting emulsion stability, and applications as retention aids in papermaking were studied. Experiments showed that an ideal retention aid and a stable latex with wheat‐straw pulp of a shorter fiber length could be obtained under the following conditions: the acrylamide/formaldehyde/dimethylamine ratio was 1/1/1.2, a medium of aldehyde and amine was prepared first and then was dropped into an inverse emulsion of anionic polyacrylamide, the reaction temperature was 45°C, the reaction time was 4 h, and the pH was 5.0. When the anionic degree was 5%, the cationic degree was greater than 20%, the molecular weight was between 2 and 3 million, and the filler retention was higher. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 343–350, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10340
Kinetics of the solid‐state polymerization of nylon‐6
Authors: Xie Jian‐Jun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of the thermally induced solid‐state polymerization (SSP) of nylon‐6 were examined in both a fixed‐bed reactor and a rotary reactor. Factors such as the regulator content, the reaction temperature and time, the particle size, the type and geometry of the nylon‐6 prepolymer, the nitrogen gas flow rate, the water content of the nitrogen gas flow, and the polymerization process were studied. The results showed that the regulator content, the reaction temperature and time, and the particle size were the primary factors, and that the others were negligible. Moreover, the SSP rate and number‐average molecular weight (Mn) increased with increasing reaction temperature and time and decreasing particle size. The SSP rate and Mn had maximum values with increasing regulator content in an experimental range of 0.03–0.07 wt %. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 616–621, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10341
Effect of interfacial interaction on the mechanical properties of electron beam irradiated HDPE/STC blend
Authors: Xu Wen , Liu Pengbo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSome oxygen‐containing groups (mainly CO group) are introduced on the molecular chain of HDPE during electron beam irradiation in air. The affinity between HDPE and sericite–tridymite–cristobabite (STC), the dispersion of STC in HDPE matrix are improved owing to the polar groups introduced. By treating STC with amino‐containing silane coupling agent, the interfacial adhesion between irradiated HDPE (e‐HDPE) and treated STC (t‐STC) is further improved, the mechanical properties of e‐HDPE/t‐STC blend are improved quite a lot. The experimental results show that due to the improvement of interfacial interaction, the interfacial phase can transmit the stress subjected to the HDPE matrix and make the matrix absorb energy by plastic yield or deformation; the impact strength of e‐HDPE/t‐STC blend is thus improved. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 814–820, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10345
Chain‐extended polyurethanes—Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Kendagannaswamy B. K. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: October 2004

AbstractChain‐extended polyurethanes (PUs) were prepared using castor oil and different diisocyanates such as toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate and 4,4′‐methylene bis(phenylisocyanate) as a crosslinker and different aromatic diamines like 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulphone as chain extenders. The effect of aromatic diamines on the swelling and thermal degradation behavior of PU have been discussed. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) curve shows that all the chain‐extended PUs are stable up to 194°C and that maximum weight loss occurs at 490°C. The TGA thermograms show that the thermal degradation of the PUs was found to proceed in two steps. The average molecular weight between crosslinks (M̄c) was determined by swelling studies. The properties imparted by the aromatic chain extenders are explained on the basis of groups present in the diamines. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 359–369, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10347
Thermoplastic elastomeric composition based on maleic anhydride–grafted ground rubber tire
Authors: Naskar Amit K. , De S. K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGround rubber tire (GRT) powder was maleated in an internal mixer using maleic anhydride and dicumyl peroxide at 160°C. Maleated GRT was characterized by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wettability, and differential scanning calorimetry. The physical properties of the dynamically vulcanized 60 : 40, rubber : plastic composition based on acrylated high‐density polyethylene as the plastic phase and ethylene propylene diene rubber containing maleated GRT as the rubber phase were found to be greater than the corresponding composition containing nonmaleated GRT. The blend was found to be reprocessable, like themoplastic elastomers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 370–378, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10348
The influence of silane treatment on nylon 6/nano‐SiO2in situpolymerization
Authors: Li Ying , Yu Jian , Guo Zhao‐Xia 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSilane treatment has been applied to the preparation of nylon 6/nano‐SiO2composites throughin situpolymerization. The influence of such treatment on the reactivity of silica, polymerization of nylon 6, and the mechanical properties of the achieved composites has been studied. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of silicas isolated from the composites have shown that the conversion of surface silanol groups to amino and epoxy groups did not cause a significant change in the reactivity of silica and that the percentage of silica surface grafting was around 15% for all treated and untreated silicas. End group analysis has shown that the presence of silica (pretreated or not) in the composite system resulted in the decrease of the average molecular weight of the polymer matrix. However, dynamic mechanical analysis and mechanical tests revealed that treating silica with silane improved the strength and toughness of the composite materials, while untreated silica improved their strength at the expense of toughness. This can be attributed to the existence of the flexible interlayer introduced by silane treatment. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 827–834, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10349
Effect of components (acrynitril and acrylate acid) on damping properties of poly(styrene‐acrynitril)/poly(ethylacetate‐n‐butylacrylate) latex interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Zeng Wei , Li Shucai 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA series of poly(styrene‐acrynitril)/poly(ethylacetate‐n‐butylacrylate) latex interpenetrating polymer networks (LIPNs) have been synthesized by varying the content of AN and the distribution of acrylate acid. The damping temperature range of the LIPNs was broadened and the damping value increased distinctly when the content of acrynitril was 10%. In low or high temperature range, the damping value of the LIPNs would have a different level of increase with the different distribution of AA in both the networks. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 821–826, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10350
Fiber formation from semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks consisting of polycaprolactone and a poly(ethylene glycol) macromer
Authors: Yang K. S. , Park S. H. , Choi Y. O. , Cho C. S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) macromer was prepared to improve tensile property in developing biodegradable sutures. When the PEG macromer formed SIPNs with PCL, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and hydrophilicity were improved. The SIPNs fibers formed from the dry spinning process showed an increase of not only tensile strength but also water content with an increase of PEG content. These results represent an increase of the crosslinking density of the PEG network with hydrophobic property. The drawing of SIPNs fibers also further enhanced the tensile strength and the crystallinity of the SIPNs fibers. Unimelting temperature of the SIPNs fiber was observed as an indication of the polymer network without phase separation. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 835–841, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10351
Melt‐processable rubber: Chlorinated waste tire rubber‐filled polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Naskar Amit K. , Bhowmick Anil K. , De S. K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractChlorinated ground rubber tire (Cl‐GRT) particles were used as filler in a plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC) to develop a melt‐processable rubber composition. Physical properties of the Cl‐GRT‐filled PVC compound showed improvement compared to the nonchlorinated counterpart. Interaction between Cl‐GRT and PVC was examined on the basis of results of stress relaxation, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and solvent swelling studies. The Cl‐GRT could be loaded upto 40 parts per hundred parts of PVC, and the composition still retains the elastomeric characteristics. The Cl‐GRT‐filled composite was found to be reprocessable like the unfilled PVC compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 622–631, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10352
Preparation and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene)‐modified clay nanocomposites
Authors: Z. Chen  , Gong K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPolybutyl acrylate (PBA) was intercalated into clay by the method of multistep exchange reactions and diffusion polymerization. The clay interlayer surface is modified, and obtaining the modified clay. The structures of the clay‐PBA, clay‐GA (glutamic acid), and the clay‐DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The new hybrid nanocomposite thermoplastic elastomers were prepared by the clay‐PBA with poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene) block copolymer (SBS) through direct melt intercalation. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) curves of the SBS/modified clay nanocomposites show that partial polystyrene segments of the SBS have intercalated into the modified clay interlayer and exhibited a new glass transition at about 157°C (Tg3). The glass transition temperature of polybutadiene segments (Tg1) and polystyrene segments out of the modified clay interlayer (Tg2) are about −76 and 94°C, respectively, comparied with about −79 and 100°C of the neat SBS, and they are basically unchanged. The Tg2 intensity of the SBS‐modified clay decreases with increasing the amounts of the modified clay, and the Tg3 intensity of the SBS‐modified clay decreases with increasing the amounts of the modified clay up to about 8.0 wt %. When the contents of the modified clay are less than about 8.0 wt %, the SBS‐modified clay nanocomposites are homogeneous and transparent. The Tgb and Tgs of the SBS‐clay (mass ratio = 98.0/2.0) are −78.39 and 98.29°C, respectively. This result shows that the unmodified clay does not essentially affect the Tgb and Tgs of the SBS, and no interactions occur between the SBS and the unmodified clay. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1499–1503, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10353
Intercalation and exfoliation behavior of epoxy resin/curing agent/montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Xu Wei‐Bing , Bao Su‐Ping , He Ping‐Sheng 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe epoxy resin/curing agent/montmorillonite nanocomposite was prepared by a casting and curing process. The intercalation and exfoliation behaviors of epoxy resin in the presence of organophilic montmorillonite were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). For the diethylenetriamine curing agent, the intercalated nanocomposite was obtained; and the exfoliated nanocomposite would be formed for tung oil anhydride curing agent. The curing condition does not affect the resulting kind of composite, both intercalation or exfoliation. For intercalated nanocomposite, the glass transition temperature Tg, measured by DMTA and affected by the curing temperature of matrix epoxy resin is corresponded to that of epoxy resin without a gallery. The α′ peak of the loss tangent will disappear if adding montmorillonite into the composite. It was also found that the Tg of the exfoliated nanocomposite decreases with increasing montmorillonite loading. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 842–849, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10354
Controlling the morphology of polyurethane/polystyrene interpenetrating polymer networks for enhanced blood compatibility
Authors: Kim J. H. , Kim S. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPolyurethane (PU)/polystyrene (PS) IPNs were simultaneously synthesized at 80°C, controlling the reaction kinetics to change the morphology. Polymerization kinetics of styrene was controlled by the content of initiator, and that of polyurethane by the catalyst concentration. The effect of the initiator and the catalyst on the polymerization rate was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy and FTIR. Gelation time was also measured by using the advanced rheometric expansion system (ARES). Samples with sea‐and‐island morphology were obtained, when the polymerization rate of PS was relatively slow, and the phase separation time was long. When the polymerization rate of PS was relatively fast, and the phase separation time was short, cocontinuous morphology was obtained. The degree of phase separation and surface roughness decreased, as the rate of PU network formation was increased, and the phase‐continuity was increased. The in vitro blood‐compatibility tests showed that the surface roughness was an important factor on the adsorption of fibrinogens and platelets. A large amount of fibrinogens and platelets were adsorbed on the relatively rough surface of samples showing sea‐island morphology. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 379–387, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10358
Conducting systems based on styrene–butadiene‐block–copolymers: Microstructural characterization
Authors: Acosta J. L. , González L. , Del Río C. , Ojeda C. , Rodríguez A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis work reports on the preparation and structural and electrical characterization of composites consisting of HSBR, polypropylene (PP), and carbon black (CB) blends, comparing the data obtained from more or less rich PP samples. Structural analysis provided evidence of the plasticizing or crosslinked effects on the properties of composites, when CB is present in the initial system, as well as of the excellent conducting properties of CB composites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 646–653, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10360