bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pito Pérez: Mexican Middleman
Authors: Stone Robert S. 
Published: October 2005

This article situates the popular picaresque novel La vida inútil de Pito Pérez (1938) in its context of literary and social history. As a comic text, the novel engages readers of all kinds in an attempt to foment change, despite the shortcomings of the protagonist and the revolution through which he lives. The work ensures the survival of the pícaro in Mexico as a sardonic hero who, nonetheless, will not wholly abandon revolutionary ideals and, indeed, wishes to pass these on to the growing middle class that spawned both Pito Pérez and his more fortunate author, J. Rubén Romero.Este artículo sitúa la conocida novela picaresca La vida inútil de Pito Pérez (1938) en su contexto de historia literaria y social. Como texto cómico, la novela atrae a toda clase de lectores en su intento de fomentar el cambio, a pesar de las fallas del protagonista y del contexto revolucionario en el que vive. La obra asegura la supervivencia del pícaro mexicano como un héroe sarcástico que, no obstante, no abandonará los ideales revolucionarios y, de hecho, desea transmitirlos a la creciente clase media que dio luz a ambos Pito Pérez y su autor más afortunado, J. Rubén Romero.
Immigrant Voting in Home-Country Elections: Potential Consequences of Extending the Franchise to Expatriate Mexicans Residing in the United States
Authors: Marcelli Enrico A. , Cornelius Wayne A. 
Published: October 2005

Despite widespread interest in the effects of expanding expatriate Mexicans' ability to vote in the 2006 Mexican presidential election, no systematic estimates of potential participation currently exist. Applying logistic regression techniques to 2001 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey data and 2002 Current Population Survey data, we find that 125,000 to 360,000 (1.5–4.2 percent of ) expatriate Mexican migrants residing in the United States may vote in 2006. Migrants who are less well integrated in the United States, have a Mexican political party affiliation, or attend religious meetings more frequently are estimated to be more likely to vote. And although a minority of expatriates is likely to vote for the PAN candidate in 2006, the expatriate vote is not likely to exceed one percent of the total Mexican vote; state and local, rather than national, electoral outcomes are more likely to be influenced. Still, instituting an absentee ballot and facilitating cross-border mobility could significantly expand expatriate participation in future Mexican elections.Pese al gran interés en torno a los efectos que tendría la capacidad de los expatriados mexicanos para votar en la elección presidencial de 2006, no existen estimaciones sistemáticas de una participación potencial. Al aplicar técnicas de regresión logística a los datos que arroja el estudio del estatus de migratorio de los mexicanos en el Condado de los Ángeles, así como al Censo de Población, encontramos que entre 125,000 y 360,000 (1.5 a 4.2 por ciento) de los expatriados mexicanos que viven en Estados Unidos, podrían votar en 2006. Los migrantes que no se hallan del todo integrados en Estados Unidos, que tienen una filiación política, o bien, que asisten a congregaciones religiosas son más propensos a votar. Y, aunque resulta plausible que una minoría de expatriados vote por el candidato del PAN en 2006, el voto no excederá un punto porcentual del voto mexicano total; los resultados estatales y locales, más que nacionales, son los que se revelarán susceptibles de influencia. Aún así, la instauración de una boleta para votar a distancia, o bien, de facilidades para el cruce de la frontera podría extender la participación de los migrantes de forma significativa en las futuras elecciones mexicanas.
Effect of release® herbicide on mortality, avoidance response, and growth of amphibian larvae in two forest wetlands
Authors: Wojtaszek Barbara F. , Buscarini Teresa M. , Chartrand Derek T. , Stephenson Gerald R. , Thompson Dean G. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Effects of Release® herbicide (triclopyr butoxyethyl ester, [TBEE]) on mortality, avoidance response, and growth of larval amphibians (Rana clamitans, Rana pipiens) were investigated using in situ enclosures deployed in two forest wetlands in northern Ontario, Canada. Release was applied at nominal concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 7.68 mg TBEE acid equivalents (AE)/L. No significant deleterious effects of this herbicide on larval growth were detected. However, concentration-dependent mortality and abnormal avoidance response were observed. Most mortality occurred within 96 h following treatment. Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for each species and experimental site ranged from 2.79 to 3.29 mg AE/L, while median effective concentration (EC50) values (abnormal avoidance response) ranged from 1.67 to 3.84 mg AE/L. The LC10 and EC10 endpoints approximated aqueous concentrations (0.59 mg AE/L) expected under direct aerial overspray scenarios, indicating a potential risk of impacts for a small proportion of native amphibian larvae. However, given the low frequency and limited use of this herbicide formulation in Canadian forestry, these risks are considered negligible. Changes in usage patterns would require concurrent chemical and biological monitoring of operational spray programs to accurately quantify the probability and magnitude of real-world exposures and to relate these exposure levels to concentration-response relationships including those described in this study.
Prediction and experimental validation of acute toxicity of β-blockers in Ceriodaphnia dubia
Authors: Fraysse Benoit , Garric Jeanne 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Acute toxicity of β-adrenoceptor blockers (β-blockers) was studied with β-blockers as single compounds or in mixture using the standardized acute 2-d Ceriodaphnia dubia immobility test. The tested compounds were selected according to their selectivity for the β1-adrenoceptor, with three β1-selective blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, and metoprolol) and three non-β1-selective blockers (nadolol, oxprenolol, and propranolol). The acute toxicity (median effective concentration) of the six single compounds ranged from 1.4 mg/L for propranolol to 163 mg/L for nadolol. According to European Union directive 93/67EEC, these values range from toxic for aquatic organisms to nonclassified. The more toxic compounds, propranolol and oxprenolol, are both characterized by a membrane-stabilizing activity, a strong affinity for the β1-adrenoceptor, and a high octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow). The property of β-receptor selectivity seems not to be involved in the observed acute toxicity of the single compounds for C. dubia. Nevertheless, the toxicity of the selected compounds in mixture can be defined according to the β1-selectivity. Two main joint effects have been detected: An independent action for the β1-selective blockers, and an additive effect when either the nonselective β1-selective blockers or the six compounds are tested together. The concentration addition model seems to be appropriate, providing a reasonable worst-case estimation of β-blocker mixture toxicity for regulatory purposes.
Effects of hydrogen sulfide to Vibrio fischeri, Scenedesmus vacuolatus, and Daphnia magna
Authors: Küster Eberhard , Dorusch Falk , Altenburger Rolf 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were tested in three ecotoxicological tests in order to evaluate its confounding potential in assessment of pore water and groundwater toxicity. The luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri, the water flea Daphnia magna, and the microalgae Scenedesmus vacuolatus often are part of a biotest battery. A new technique for the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide solutions of defined concentrations using an electrochemical generator instead of sodium sulfide solutions was used. Because hydrogen sulfide is volatile, the loss rate of H2S was studied over time to enable estimation of the mean test concentrations over the whole test duration. Loss rates were calculated to be 13 ± 6% after 30 min, and 39 ± 11% and 43 ± 16% after a 24- and 48-h exposure time, respectively. Sensitivities of the test organisms in terms of median effective concentration (EC50), corrected for the above loss rates, varied from 0.28 to 0.0036 and 0.055 mM for the luminescent bacteria, the crustacea, and the algae, respectively. A species-sensitivity distribution using EC and mean lethal concentration literature data for marine and freshwater crustaceans and phytoplankton showed a medium sensitivity of the water flea D. magna, though the bacteria V. fischeri and the algae S. vacuolatus were among the least-sensitive group of organisms. This demonstrates that only the algae and the bacteria are easy to use in the assessment of toxicity of matrices with H2S concentrations above 0.06 mM.
Functional and structural impact of linuron on a freshwater community of primary producers: The use of immobilized algae
Authors: Slijkerman Diana M.E. , Moreira-Santos Matilde , Jak Robbert G. , Ribeiro Rui , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
An approach in determining ecosystem integrity and stress on ecosystem level is to assess processes within ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential use of an in situ assay with immobilized Chlorella vulgaris as an indicator of effects on ecosystem functioning with regard to primary production. The herbicide linuron, applied in concentrations of 20, 60, and 180 μg linuron/L, was used to induce direct effects on primary producers. Direct and indirect changes in structure and function within outdoor model ecosystems of 3 m3 were monitored. The intermediate and highest concentration of linuron caused a decline in growth of the macrophyte Elodea sp., resulting in a significant increase of concentrations of nutrients. The increase in concentrations of nutrients caused an indirectly stimulated growth of immobilized C. vulgaris at the intermediate concentration, whereas similar concentrations of nutrients, at the highest treatment, did not stimulate Chlorella growth. It appeared that the direct effect of linuron on C. vulgaris growth was masked by nutrient availability at the intermediate but not at the highest linuron concentration. The observed immobilized algal growth was an accumulated effect of toxic and trophic pressures within the ecosystem, resulting in an integrative endpoint to detect actual impairment of ecosystem function.
Survival and reproduction of enchytraeid worms, Oligochaeta, in different soil types amended with energetic cyclic nitramines
Authors: Dodard Sabine G. , Sunahara Geoffrey I. , Kuperman Roman G. , Sarrazin Manon , Gong Ping , Ampleman Guy , Thiboutot Sonia , Hawari Jalal 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), a new polycyclic polynitramine, has the same functional nitramine groups (N-NO2) as the widely used energetic chemicals hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (royal demolition explosive [RDX]) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (high-melting explosive [HMX]). Potential impacts of CL-20 as an emerging contaminant must be assessed before its use. The effects of CL-20, RDX, or HMX on adult survival and juvenile production by potworms Enchytraeus albidus and Enchytraeus crypticus were studied in three soil types, including Sassafras sandy loam (1.2% organic matter [OM], 11% clay, pH 5.5), an agricultural soil (42% OM, 1% clay, pH 8.2), and a composite agricultural-forest soil (23% OM, 2% clay, pH 7.9) by using ISO method 16387 (International Standard Organization, Geneva, Switzerland). Results showed that CL-20 was toxic to E. crypticus with median lethal concentration values for adult survival ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 mg/kg dry mass (DM) when using the three tested soils. In addition, CL-20 adversely affected juvenile production by both species in all soils tested, with median effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 0.08 to 0.62 mg/kg DM. Enchytraeus crypticus and E. albidus were similarly sensitive to CL-20 exposure in the composite agricultural-forest soil, which supported reproduction by both species and enabled comparisons. Correlation analysis showed weak or no relationship overall among the soil properties and reproduction toxicity endpoints. Neither RDX nor HMX affected (p &gt; 0.05) adult survival of either species below 658 and 918 mg/kg DM, respectively, indicating that CL-20 is more toxic to enchytraeids than RDX or HMX. Examination of data shows that CL-20 should be considered as a potential reproductive toxicant to soil invertebrates, and that safeguards should be considered to minimize the potential for release of CL-20 into the environment.
The vengeance puzzle—retributive justice or hostile aggression?
Authors: Schmid Jeannette 
Published: October 2005

AbstractVengeance is understood as a blend of instrumental and hostile aggression. Taking the Berkowitz neoassociationistic aggression model as a basis, 84 students received a priming manipulation (anger, fear, or control condition). Afterwards, they judged one of four vengeance scenarios that differed in victim‐perpetrator relationship (coworker vs. stranger) and in the attributed motive of the perpetrator. Priming had an influence on judgments of injustice and on anticipated fury, but no effect whatsoever on aggression (measured as the decrease in well‐being wished for the perpetrator). The type of relationship had an effect only on anticipated disappointment. The main effects of motive were found on aggression and on the anticipated feeling of the perpetrator after the act. Aggression could be predicted from the motive of the perpetrator and well‐being of the victim after the transgression. Neither anticipated fury, importance of deterrence, nor judgment of injustice predicted aggression. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–12, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of an anti‐bullying programme in primary schools
Authors: O'Moore Astrid Mona , Minton Stephen James 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA nationwide programme to prevent and manage bullying in Irish schools, based on that implemented in Norway in 1996, is currently being developed, and pilot work with a sample of primary schools within a single county of Ireland has been conducted and evaluated (the staff and pupils of 42 primary schools having been involved). A network of professionals (11 teachers) were trained to co‐ordinate the anti‐bullying programme in the schools, subsequent activities involving their training teachers (a total of 197) and parents in three to five schools each. In evaluation, pupils from 22 of the schools completed modified versions of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire [Olweus, 1989; Whitney and Smith, 1993]. Teachers completed a questionnaire (concerning their knowledge and feelings about bullying [Rigby, 1997]) both before and after the implementation of the anti‐bullying training programme. Significant reductions were found in pupils' reports of having been victimised after the implementation of the programme. Overall, 19.6 per cent fewer children were victimised. There was a reduction of 50.0 per cent amongst those frequently victimised within the last school term, and of 43.0 per cent in reports of having been bullied within the last five school days. A reduction of 17.3 per cent in pupils' reports of having taken part in bullying others was also observed after the implementation of the programme. There were, in particular, significant reductions (69.2 per cent) in reports of frequently bullying others within the last school term, and of 51.8 per cent in reports of having taken part in bullying others within the last five school days. Whilst the programme was shown to reduce the incidence of pupils' involvement in bullying behaviour, the perennial challenge of attempting to increase the levels of pupils' reporting of bullying to teachers and parents remains a challenge for the authors to attend to in the further development of the nationwide anti‐bullying programme. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–14, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychological correlates of peer victimisation in preschool: social cognitive skills, executive function and attachment profiles
Authors: Monks Claire P. , Smith Peter K. , Swettenham John 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMost research into peer victimisation has focussed on children aged 8 years and above and has included a study of the correlates of victimisation, including cognitive and social skills, and attachment profiles. Recent research has started to investigate aggression and victimisation in younger groups and has found that the nature of aggression differs from that in older children in terms of the types of victimisation involved and the stability of the roles. This study investigated some of the correlates of roles taken in victimisation in 104 children aged 4–6 years, using a cartoon methodology to elicit peer nominations for aggressor, victim, and defender. It examined the social cognitive abilities, executive function skills, and attachment profiles of aggressors, victims, and defenders. Victims did not exhibit poor performance on the social cognitive tasks or have insecure attachment qualities as has been found with victims during middle childhood. Aggressors did not perform highly on the social cognitive tasks in contrast to older aggressors and bullies. Defenders were found to perform above average (although not significantly different from other groups) on the social cognitive tasks. These findings are related to the nature of aggression and victimisation at this age, and a developmental change hypothesis is proposed to accommodate them. Aggr. Behav. 00:1–18, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative anatomy of the facial motor nucleus in mammals, with an analysis of neuron numbers in primates
Authors: Sherwood Chet C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe facial motor nucleus (VII) contains motoneurons that innervate the facial muscles of expression. In this review, the comparative anatomy of this brainstem nucleus is examined. Several aspects of the anatomical organization of the VII appear to be common across mammals, such as the distribution of neuron types, general topography of muscle representation, and afferent connections from the midbrain and brainstem. Phylogenetic specializations are apparent in the proportion of neurons allocated to the representation of subsets of muscles and the degree of differentiation among subnuclei. These interspecific differences may be related to the elaboration of certain facial muscles in the context of socioecological adaptations such as whisking behavior, sound localization, vocalization, and facial expression. Furthermore, current evidence indicates that direct descending corticomotoneuron projections in the VII are present only in catarrhine primates, suggesting that this connectivity is an important substrate for the evolution of enhanced mobility and flexibility in facial expression. Data are also presented from a stereologic analysis of VII neuron numbers in 18 primate species and a scandentian. Using phylogenetic comparative statistics, it is shown that there is not a correlation between group size and VII neuron number (adjusted for medulla volume) among primates. Great apes and humans, however, display moderately more VII neurons that expected for their medulla size. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nature's experiments in brain diversity
Authors: Marino Lori , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis special issue of The Anatomical Record originates from a symposium on the evolution of neurobiological specializations in mammals held at the American Association of Anatomists annual meeting in San Diego in April 2005. The symposium, co‐organized by Patrick R. Hof and Lori Marino, provided the impetus for extending the discussion to a greater range of species. This special issue is the product of that goal and is fueled by the philosophy that it is largely against a backdrop of brain diversity that we can extract the higher‐order commonalities across brains that may lead us to uncovering general higher‐order principles of brain and behavioral evolution. Several major themes emerge from this issue. These are that there are no simple brains, that brains reflect ecology, and that brain evolution is a detective story. The 12 articles in this issue are outstanding reflections of these themes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity of mammalian photoreceptor properties: Adaptations to habitat and lifestyle?
Authors: Peichl Leo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAll mammalian retinae contain rod photoreceptors for low‐light vision and cone photoreceptors for daylight and color vision. Most nonprimate mammals have dichromatic color vision based on two cone types with spectrally different visual pigments: a short‐wavelength‐sensitive (S‐)cone and a long‐wavelength‐sensitive (L‐)cone. Superimposed on this basic similarity, there are remarkable differences between species. This article reviews some striking examples. The density ratio of cones to rods ranges from 1:200 in the most nocturnal to 20:1 in a few diurnal species. In some species, the proportion of the spectral cone types and their distribution across the retina deviate from the pattern found in most mammals, including a complete absence of S‐cones. Depending on species, the spectral sensitivity of the L‐cone pigment may peak in the green, yellow, or orange, and that of the S‐cone pigment in the blue, violet, or near‐ultraviolet. While exclusive expression of one pigment per cone is the rule, some species feature coexpression of the L‐ and S‐pigment in a significant proportion of their cones. It is widely assumed that all these variations represent adaptations to specific visual needs associated with particular habitats and lifestyles. However, in many cases we have not yet identified the adaptive value of a given photoreceptor arrangement. Comparative anatomy is a fruitful approach to explore the range of possible arrangements within the blueprint of the mammalian retina and to identify species with particularly interesting or puzzling patterns that deserve further scrutiny with physiological and behavioral assays. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study on immunocapture–chemiluminescence assay of lipase activity in a biological sample
Authors: Ichibangase Tomoko , Hamabe Chie , Ohba Yoshihito , Kishikawa Naoya , Nakashima Kenichiro , Kayamori Yuzo , Kang Dongchon , Hamasaki Naotaka , Kuroda Naotaka 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA new approach for the determination of lipase (triacylglycerol lipase, EC.3.1.1.3) activity in a biological sample was investigated by combining an immunocapture technique with a chemiluminescence (CL) assay method in order to eliminate interference with CL detection. The proposed method consists of an immunocapture step to trap lipase and a subsequent step for CL detection of the activity of the captured lipase. The CL detection is based on the luminol–hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reaction and utilizes a proenhancer substrate [a lauric acid ester of 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4,5‐diphenylimidazole (HDI)] which liberates an active enhancer, HDI, by enzymatic hydrolysis. A polyclonal antibody prepared with porcine pancreas lipase was used for the immunocapture. The proposed immunocapture–CL method effectively eliminated the interference with the CL reaction from biological components and enabled the determination of spiked porcine pancreas lipase activity in serum samples in the range 0.41–1.1 UHDI (1 UHDI corresponds to the amount which liberates 1 pmol HDI/min at 37°C from the substrate). The method was further applied to the assay of the activity for human pancreas lipase in serum and the results showed good correlation (r = 0.871) with those by the conventional colorimetric method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.