bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
272 Effects of Increasing Dose of a Novel Hybrid Bacterial 6-Phytase on Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility, Release of Free Myoinositol, and Retention of Calcium and Phosphorus in Pigs
Authors: Choi Hyunjun , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing dose of a novel hybrid bacterial 6-phytase on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, plasma concentrations of free myoinositol, and retention of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). A total of 15 barrows (21.5 ± 1.4 kg BW) were allotted to a triplicate 5 × 5 Latin square design with 5 dietary treatments and 5 periods per each square. Pigs were individually housed in a metabolism crate. Five dietary treatments consisted of 5 levels of phytase-supplemented diets with increasing phytase units (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 FTU/kg). Diets contained nutrients meeting the requirement except for Ca and P. Degree of deficient Ca and P content in the NC diet were 0.22 and 0.17%, respectively. Each period lasted 10 days consisting of a 5-d adaptation period and 5-d collection period for total collection. Data were analyzed using orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the Proc MIXED and optimal phytase levels were determined using the NLMIXED of SAS. The increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (651 to 695 g/d) and tended to linearly increase (P = 0.072) gain to feed ratio (0.53 to 0.56). Increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca and P and retention of Ca and P and also showed quadratic effects (P &lt; 0.01). Increasing phytase supplementation linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) myoinositol content in plasma and also showed quadratic effects (P &lt; 0.05). Broken line analyses showed that ATTD of Ca (P &lt; 0.01) and retention of Ca (P &lt; 0.01) were increased until phytase supplementation were increased (79.4 to 92.1% and 77.4 to 91.4%) from 0 to 671 FTU/kg (SE = 67; P &lt; 0.01) and 0 to 668 FTU/kg (SE = 72; P &lt; 0.01), respectively. Broken line analyses showed that ATTD of P (P &lt; 0.01) and retention of P (P &lt; 0.01) were increased (59.0 to 80.1% and 55.7 to 78.2%) until phytase contents were increased from 0 to 783 FTU/kg (SE = 91; P &lt; 0.01) and 0 to 776 FTU/kg (SE = 76; P &lt; 0.01), respectively. The broken line analyses showed that myoinositol contents in plasma (P &lt; 0.01) were increased (13.2 to 23.2 µmol/L) until phytase supplementation were increased from 0 to 624 FTU/kg (SE = 174; P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, increasing phytase supplementation up to 2,000 FTU/kg feed improved ATTD of Ca and P, retention of Ca and P, complete hydrolysis of phytate, and growth performance of pigs compared with a P-deficient diet. Phytase supplementation at a range of 600 to 800 FTU/kg feeds provided the optimal improvement of Ca, P, and phytate utilization.
269 Copper Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Chelate as a Reduce and Replace Cu Strategy in Growing Pigs
Authors: Lawrence Bradley V , Hintz Alex , Torres David , Fernandez-Dueñas Demian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research has shown that minerals supplied in the methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MHAC; MINTREX Trace Minerals [Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO]) form are more available than inorganic trace minerals. Research in weaned pigs demonstrated improved pig performance when Cu was provided in the Cu-MHAC form compared with inorganic Cu sources. In the growing pig it may be desirable to reduce the amount of total Cu fed to minimize Cu excretion while maintaining animal performance. Data from 8 studies, 4 studies per Cu source comparison, was used to compare 50 mg/kg of Cu as Cu-MHAC with either 125 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 or 150 mg/kg Cu supplied in the tri-basic copper chloride (TBCC) form. There were 44 pens of 23 pigs per pen for each Cu source in the Cu-MHAC vs TBCC comparison and 39 pens of 22 pigs per pen for each Cu source for the Cu-MHAC vs. CuSO4 comparison. Cu-MHAC was compared with CuSO4 in separate trials from those comparing Cu-MHAC vs TBCC. Trials were conducted across all seasons. Pigs had previously received either CuSO4 or TBCC during the nursery phase. Data were analyzed with the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS using trial as a random effect. Outlier analysis was conducted for each parameter with any observation greater than 3 standard deviations from the treatment mean removed. Pigs in the Cu-MHAC vs CuSO4 comparisons averaged 29.3 + 2.18 kg of BW while those used in the Cu-MHAC vs TBCC comparisons averaged 31.0 + 2.33 kg of BW. Average study duration was 105 days. Average market weight sold was 0.45 kg/pig (P = 0.52) and 0.59 kg/pig (P = 0.46) less for Cu-MHAC than CuSO4 and TBCC pigs respectively. Adjusted feed conversion was 4 points lower (P = 0.12) and 2 points lower (P = 0.25) for the Cu-MHAC vs CuSO4 and TBCC pigs respectively. Removal percentage during the studies ranged from 3.63% to 4.91% with the Cu-MHAC pigs having 0.6 percentage points less removals than the CuSO4 (P = 0.52) and 0.7 percentage points less removals than the TBCC (P = 0.38) treatment. The fewer removals resulted in the Cu-MHAC treatment having 3 points decreased feed conversion (P = 0.25) than TBCC pigs and 6 points decreased feed conversion (P = 0.12) than CuSO4 pigs on a pen basis. The combined Cu-MHAC analysis vs combined inorganic Cu source analysis showed that Cu-MHAC pigs had 4 points less feed conversion on both an adjusted (P = 0.06) and closeout (P = 0.06) basis than pigs fed inorganic Cu. The cumulative removal rate was 0.7 percentage points less for the Cu-MHAC pigs (P = 0.29). These results indicate supplying Cu as 50 mg/kg Cu-MHAC can reduce feed conversion compared with 125 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 and 150 mg/kg Cu as TBCC in growing-finishing diets.
279 Impact of Increasing Additions of Choline Chloride on Broiler Chicken Body Weight Variability
Authors: Gregg Caroline R , Abascal-Ponciano Gerardo A , Stefanello Catarina , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previously, we observed a linear improvement in feed conversion and no difference in body weight (BW) in broiler chickens fed increasing additions of choline chloride in a diet with reduced digestible methionine (dMet) reared under summer environmental conditions. Poor uniformity in broiler carcass weights can negatively impact processing yields and profitability. The objective was to evaluate the impacts of increasing choline concentration on BW variation of broilers from the previous study. Yield Plus × Ross 708 male broilers (n = 2,232) were reared for 41 d on used litter in floor pens (n = 31 birds per 2.3 m2 pen). Birds were fed 1 of 6 corn and soybean meal-based, reduced dMet diets containing 0, 400, 800, 1,200, 1,600, or 2,000 mg added choline chloride per kg of feed (n = 12 pens per treatment). Diets were provided in 3 phases: starter from d 0 to 15 with 0.42% dMet, grower from d 16 to 28 with 0.42% dMet, and finisher from d 29 to 41 with 0.37% dMet. Rearing temperatures began at 34.4 °C, were reduced over 21 d to 26.7 °C and maintained there until d 41. Individual weights were collected at 15, 28, and 41 d. Broilers (n = 10 per pen based on proximity to pen median BW) were processed on d 43. The distance of each bird from both mean and median of the pen, added choline treatment, and whole flock BW over time was calculated. Uniformity was reported comparing within a pen to the pen, treatment, and flock averages. Intra-pen CV was calculated using pen mean and median weights. Data were analyzed as a 1-way ANOVA using SAS PROC GLIMMIX with added choline as main effect. Means were separated at P ≤ 0.05 with tendencies declared at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10 using the PDIFF option, and orthogonal contrasts were evaluated. Supplementing the diet with choline increased individual bird distance from the treatment and flock average BW from d 15 to 41 (P ≤ 0.0244). Intra-treatment and flock uniformity showed a quadratic response to increasing additions of choline at d 41 (P ≤ 0.0214) as did the CV within pens at d 41 (P = 0.0455). Variability of carcass part weights of birds selected for processing was not impacted by choline addition. While supplementing dMet-deficient diets with choline chloride can improve broiler feed efficiency without impacting BW, it may alter variation among individual birds depending on the concentration in the diet. These results indicate that there is variation in how individual birds respond to choline chloride additions and highlight the importance of analyzing variation as part of comprehensive feed additive evaluation to deepen the understanding of its impacts.
289 Postnatal Obesity Amplifies the Effect of Prenatal Testosterone Excess in Reducing the Progesterone Negative Feedback Sensitivity in First-Generation Ewes
Authors: Gurule Sara C , Sustaita-Monroe Jessica F , King Leslie , Garza Viviana , West Sarah , Weynand Morgan , Ecord Emily , Padmanabhan Vasantha , Cardoso Rodolfo C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the leading cause of anovulatory infertility in women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS exhibit reduced sensitivity of the GnRH neuronal system to the inhibitory effects of both progesterone and estradiol. Additionally, obesity amplifies the severity of the PCOS phenotype. In sheep, testosterone (T) excess during gestational days (GD) 30-90 and 60-90 reduces neuroendocrine sensitivity to the progesterone negative feedback and recapitulates the PCOS phenotype. This study investigated the contribution of postnatal obesity in amplifying or mitigating the effects of mid-gestational T excess in disrupting the responsiveness to progesterone negative feedback in sheep. Suffolk ewes received T propionate (T; 100 mg i.m.) or corn oil (CO; vehicle) twice weekly from GD 60-90 (term = 147 d). At 5 mo of age, F1 T lambs were assigned randomly to either a maintenance (100% of NRC requirements) or overfed diet (130% of NRC requirements) and control lambs were fed the maintenance diet. At 22 mo of age, F1 ewes (n = 8/group) were synchronized with two injections of PGF2α 11 d apart. After the second PGF2α administration, blood samples were collected daily for 14 d and progesterone concentrations were determined via radioimmunoassay. Ewes that were confirmed to be cycling and in the mid-luteal phase based on progesterone concentrations (progesterone ≥ 1 ng/ml on day 10 and ≥ 0.5 ng/ml on days 8-9 and 11-12) were used for LH pulse characterization. On day 10 after PGF2α synchronization (mid-luteal phase), blood samples were collected every 15 min for 6 h to characterize LH pulsatile secretion via radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc analysis. Frequency of LH pulses was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in T maintenance (3.75 ± 0.41 pulses/6h) and T overfed ewes (3.50 ± 0.34 pulses/6h) compared with controls (2.00 ± 0.37 pulses/6 h). Luteinizing hormone pulse amplitude was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in T overfed (2.03 ± 0.15 ng/mL) compared with T maintenance (1.44 ± 0.17 ng/mL), but not to controls (1.74 ± 0.21 ng/mL). Also, average LH concentration was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in T overfed (2.03 ± 0.24 ng/mL), but not T maintenance (1.31 ± 0.35 ng/mL), compared with controls (0.93 ± 0.30 ng/mLl). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the activational role of postnatal obesity in amplifying prenatal T-induced alterations in tonic LH secretion during progesterone negative feedback. The activational effect of postnatal obesity in increasing LH secretion and consequently thecal androgen production is likely a contributor to the severity of hyperandrogenic status in women with PCOS. Research support: NIH-NICHD (R01HD099096).
329 Evaluation and Prediction of Site and Extent of Protein Digestion of Feedstuffs Commonly Fed in Beef Cattle Finishing Diets
Authors: Proctor Jarret A , Beck Matthew R , Kasuske Zachery A , Foster Ryan C , Long Nathan S , Wickersham Tryon A , Gouvea Vinicius N , Smith Jason K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meeting metabolizable protein requirements of finishing cattle without overfeeding protein requires reliable estimates of site and extent of digestion. Current estimates of rumen degradable (RDP) and undegradable protein (RUP), as well as intestinal digestibility of RUP (dRUP) may be inadequate. Thus, the objectives of this experiment were to quantify RDP, RUP, and dRUP of common feedstuffs and evaluate nutrient composition as a predictor of RDP, RUP, and dRUP. Ruminally cannulated steers (n = 6) consuming a finishing diet were enrolled in replicated 3 × 3 Latin squares. Within each Latin square period, steers were assigned a feedstuff classification for in situ ruminal incubation. Single-source ingredients were classified as grain (steam-flaked and whole-shelled corn, wheat, and milo), protein (wet and dried corn distillers grains, Sweet Bran, cottonseed meal, canola meal, and soybean meal), and roughage (cotton burrs, alfalfa hay, wheat hay, sorghum × sudangrass hay, wheat silage, and corn stalks). Nutrient composition was determined for all feedstuffs using wet chemistry procedures. Feedstuffs were lyophilized, ground through a 2-mm screen, aliquoted into in situ bags, and ruminally incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h. Samples were composited within incubation time point, analyzed for crude protein (CP), corrected for microbial contamination, and fit to non-linear models to estimate RDP and RUP using calculated passage rate. Subsamples of in situ digested feedstuffs underwent in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion and CP analysis to estimate dRUP. Statistical analyses were conducted using JMP Pro 16.0 and R (v4.1.0). On average, RUP estimates were 37.0% decreased (P &lt; 0.05) for protein ingredients, yet grains and roughages were not different (P &gt; 0.73) compared with NASEM (2016) empirical values, respectively. However, average dRUP was 11.9% and 33.1% reduced (P &lt; 0.01) for protein ingredients and roughages, yet grain dRUP was not different (P = 0.16) compared with NASEM (2016) values, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and CP explained a substantial portion of the variation in RDP (P &lt; 0.01, R2 = 0.94, RMSE = 2.26). Acid detergent fiber, NDF, and CP explained considerable variation in dRUP (P &lt; 0.01, R2 = 0.91, RMSE = 5.43). Models were predictive when applied to independent data from the literature for estimates of RDP (R2 = 0.93; RMSE = 3.72) and dRUP (R2 = 0.83; RMSE = 6.06). There was slope (-0.09; P &lt; 0.05) and mean bias (-1.30; P &lt; 0.01) for RDP prediction validation but only mean bias (4.90; P &lt; 0.01) in dRUP prediction validation models. Collectively, these data suggest that dRUP of protein ingredients and roughages are less than values reported by the NASEM (2016). Furthermore, CP and NDF may be useful for predicting RDP, RUP, and dRUP.
48 Does Automated Behavioral Monitoring Inevitably Lead to Improved Pig welfare?
Authors: Siegford Janice M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academics, producers, veterinarians, technology developers, and even the general public seem to be talking about using technology to solve agricultural problems. The starting point for many proposed technological solutions to help manage pigs is the automated detection of specific behaviors. These behavioral data then need to be translated into actionable information to assess welfare, and ideally to provide a management solution to ensure good welfare for the monitored pigs. However, detecting behavior of animals, particularly of relatively homogeneous animals living in large groups at high densities, such as pigs on commercial farms, is not a trivial problem. Most functional behaviors are complex and made of multiple smaller elements, including postures and simple motions. Training technology to detect behaviors with accuracy that mimics a human expert is difficult, due to behavioral complexity as well as to variation in how each individual does a behavior and how physical and social environmental context affect performance of a behavior. Disappointingly, many technologies that claim to detect performance of behaviors are in fact only detecting the proximity of the pigs to resources or to each other and then assuming that pig is interacting with the resource or social partner in a particular way. However, a pig standing near a feeder is not always eating, nor is a pig near another pig always deliberately interacting with that other animal. It is necessary to closely evaluate automated behavior detection solutions to determine if these do directly detect the behavioral outcomes of interest. The next problem is connecting the detected behavior to a specific welfare outcome. Animals typically perform behaviors for biologically motivated reasons related to maintaining physiological homeostasis, responding to disease challenges, or to expressing their emotional state. Yet making a direct link between performance of a certain behavior and a subsequent welfare state is not straightforward. For example, grooming is often thought of as a comfort behavior, but animals that are distressed may groom as a displacement behavior. Therefore, context and other measures are needed to complement the behavioral information before drawing a welfare conclusion. A final problem to consider is whether detection of a welfare problem inevitably leads to improved welfare. In some cases, such as when a technology identifies the start of an outbreak of treatable illness, action is possible. In other cases, the technology may detect a more intractable problem, such as lameness in a sow. If we cannot effectively cure the underlying problem or eliminate the associated pain or distress, does this raise ethical dilemmas or reduce trust in the swine industry? While technologies do hold promise to better monitor and manage pigs in labor efficient ways, we must mindfully develop solutions that monitor pigs' behavior and cautiously evaluate their ultimate impacts on pig welfare.
393 Impact of Concurrent Enrollment in Laboratory and Lecture Sections of an Animal Reproduction Course on students’ Final Course Percentages
Authors: Hartman Ashley R , Fike Karol E , Grieger David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As undergraduate animal science student populations shift to more diverse backgrounds, hands-on learning activities have been shown to increase engagement and are necessary for students with diverse backgrounds in animal exposure. Student feedback and engagement in the classroom suggest that students value and seek hands-on learning opportunities. The outcomes of lecture courses with concurrent enrollment in laboratory or hands-on style courses warrant evaluation. Thus, our study aimed to investigate potential impacts of concurrent enrollment in lecture and laboratory sections on final course percentages. Data were collected from students enrolled in the farm animal reproduction lecture and (or) laboratory courses in the spring semesters of 2021 and 2022 including final course percentage in lecture, college classification (sophomore, junior, senior), gender, and degree option (science or production focus). Student learning outcomes and structure of the laboratory course were designed to provide hands-on learning opportunities that coincided with concepts discussed in lecture. A total of 193 students majoring in Animal Science were included in the analysis, of which 65 were concurrently enrolled in the laboratory and lecture, and 128 were enrolled in the lecture alone. Students concurrently enrolled in laboratory and lecture had a greater (P &lt; 0.03) final course percentage in the lecture as compared with those enrolled in lecture alone. Students in the science degree option had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) final lecture course percentage when compared with those in the production degree option. Neither student gender nor college classification affected (P &gt; 0.10) final lecture course percentage. At the end of the semester, students were surveyed about perceived value of the laboratory course on their learning. Among students enrolled in laboratory sections, only 1.6% indicated the hands-on activities did not improve their learning of course concepts in lecture. In 2022, 82.2% of students enrolled in lecture, but not in a laboratory section indicated they wished they had enrolled in a laboratory section, because they believe it would have improved their grade in the lecture course. These student beliefs are supported by our results which indicate that not only did taking the laboratory and lecture together improve student final course percentages, but that students valued the hands-on learning opportunities provided in laboratory sections. Benefits of hands-on learning activities warrant providing student access to these types of activities and incorporating them in lecture courses when laboratory classes are unavailable to improve student performance and experiences.
8 Impacts of Future Climate Scenarios on the Beef Industry of the Great Plains and Western Us
Authors: Place Sara E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Global average temperatures have increased by 1.1 degrees Celsius compared with pre-Industrial times and future temperature increases will be driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions trends. Impacts of climate change vary by geographic regions, with the Great Plains and Western US likely to experience increased temperatures, increased frequency of drought, and more extreme precipitation events. These climate impacts can affect the beef industry in those regions in multiple ways from increasing heat stress, decreasing forage availability, impacting forage quality, and reducing water availability for drinking water and feed production. In the southwestern US, increasing temperatures are likely to increase evapotranspiration, reduce snow cover, and lead to earlier snow melts, all of which can contribute to the aridification of the region. For cow-calf production within the region, aridification will reduce the forage biomass available for grazing cattle operations and reduce carrying capacity, creating potential vulnerabilities to rangeland ecosystems and rural communities dependent upon the cattle industry. Increased incidence of heat waves in the Great Plains and Western US can negatively impact vulnerable cattle populations, such as finishing cattle, particularly those housed in environments with minimal heat stress mitigation measures. Decreased water availability can potentially shift cattle production and feed production away from arid regions dependent upon vulnerable water resources, such as the Colorado River and Ogallala aquifer. In general, the increased climate variability and aridification of some parts of the Great Plains and Western US will create risks for the beef industry that will likely necessitate changes, from shifting cattle population to increased use of heat stress mitigation strategies.