bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Protected Areas on the High Seas: Some Legal and Policy Considerations
Authors: Scovazzi Tullio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe 2003 meeting of the United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea made a call to explore a range of tools for the protection and management of vulnerable and threatened marine ecosystems and biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. To achieve this aim, the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the high seas not only fully complies with customary international law, but is also the subject-matter of specific obligations arising under a number of treaties (starting from UNCLOS Art. 194, para. 5). Today the time-honoured concept of freedom of the sea is to be understood in the context of the present range of marine activities and in relation to all the potentially conflicting uses and interests, such as the protection of the marine environment and the sound exploitation of marine living resources. The 1995 Protocol Concerning Specially Protected Areas and Biological Diversity in the Mediterranean is an interesting precedent on the issue of MPAs on the high seas.
Multilateral Hot Pursuit and Illegal Fishing in the Southern Ocean: The Pursuits of the Viarsa 1 and the South Tomi
Authors: Jaap Molenaar Erik 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIllegal fishing for toothfish (Dissostichus spp.) in the maritime zones around sub-Antarctic islands in the Southern Ocean has been a considerable problem for many years. Enforcement of fisheries regulation is problematic as the remoteness of these islands has enormous logistic and financial implications. Multilateral hot pursuit, meaning hot pursuit involving pursuing vessels, aircraft or officials with different nationalities, can contribute to making enforcement, and thereby regulation, more effective. The article discusses the hot pursuits of the South Tomi and the Viarsa 1 in the context of applicable international law and state practice. Some of the conclusions are that these types of hot pursuits are not inconsistent with Article 111 of the LOS Convention, that they do not erode the freedom of the high seas or affect the LOS Convention's jurisdictional balance and that they are fully consistent with the objectives of the IPOA on IUU Fishing.
Not Quite a Sure Thing: The Maritime Areas of Rocks and Low-Tide Elevations Under the UN Law of the Sea Convention
Authors: Lavalle Roberto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis article deals with the entitlements to maritime areas of what the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea calls "rocks" and the features known as "low-tide elevations". The former are islands that "cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own". Low-tide elevations are features that would be islands were they not submerged at low tide. Islands other than rocks generate the five maritime areas for which the Convention provides, i.e. internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone and continental shelf. The two features dealt with, which generate no maritime areas other than the first three, do so either on their own or as supports for straight baselines. The article studies these entitlements, together with the problems they raise, in either mode and in the contexts of both the normal coastal state and the archipelagic state.
Loss of strength contributes more to physical disability after stroke than loss of dexterity
Authors: Canning Colleen G , Ada Louise , Adams Roger , O'Dwyer Nicholas J 
Published: April 2004

Objective: The major contributors to physical disability after stroke are considered to be the negative impairments of loss of dexterity (defined here as loss of the ability to co-ordinate muscle activity in the performance of any motor task) and loss of strength. The aims of this study were: (1) to determine the relative contributions of strength and dexterity to function during recovery after stroke; and (2) to determine the predictive value of initial strength, dexterity and function on long-term function after stroke. Design: A longitudinal descriptive study. Setting: The inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation departments of two metropolitan hospitals. Subjects: Twenty-two patients undergoing rehabilitation after acute stroke participated. Main outcome measures: Strength and dexterity of the elbow flexors and extensors were measured, along with arm function, at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, 23 and 27 weeks after stroke. Results: Standard multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that strength and dexterity in total contributed significantly to function at all times (r2 = 0.66-0.82, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, strength always made an additional separate contribution to function (r2 0.05-0.26, p<0.05). Function at week 3 was the best clinical predictor of function at week 27 (r2 0.55, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Loss of strength is a more significant contributor than loss of dexterity to physical disability after stroke. This suggests that, where significant weakness is present, exercise designed to increase strength will be required to decrease disability.
Moral Professional Personhood: ethical reflections during initial clinical encounters in nursing education
Authors: Lemonidou Chryssoula , Papathanassoglou Elizabeth , Giannakopoulou Margarita , Patiraki Elisabeth , Papadatou Danai 
Published: April 2004

Moral agency is an important constituent of the nursing role. We explored issues of ethical development in Greek nursing students during clinical practice at the beginning of their studies. Specifically, we aimed to explore students’ lived experience of ethics, and their perceptions and understanding of encountered ethical conflicts through phenomenological analysis of written narratives. The process of developing an awareness of personal values through empathizing with patients was identified as the core theme of the students’ experience. Six more common themes were identified. Development of the students’ moral awareness was conceptualized as a set of stages, commencing with empathizing with patients and nurses, moving on to taking a moral stand and, finally, concluding by becoming aware of their personal values and showing evidence of an emerging professional moral personhood. The notions of empathy, caring and emotion were in evidence throughout the students’ experience. Implications for practice and nurse education are discussed.
A Possibility of XANAM (X-ray Aided Non-contact Atomic Force Microscopy)
Authors: Suzuki Shushi , Koike Yuichiro , Fujikawa Keisuke , Chun Wang-Jae , Nomura Masaharu , Asakura Kiyotaka 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
We have measured a frequency shift of the noncontact atomic force microsocpy (NC-AFM) cantilever above Au islands when we scanned the X-ray energy around the Au L3 absorption edge. We have found a clear peak of the frequency shift just above the Au L3 absorption edge. This novel phenomenon suggested that the combination of energy-variable X-rays and NC-AFM provides us a new way of nano level chemical mapping of surfaces.
Information management and informatics: need for a modern pathology service
Authors: Jones Rick , O'Connor John 
Published: April 2004

Requirements for information technology in pathology now extend well beyond the provision of purely analytical data. With the aim of achieving seamless integration of laboratory data into the total clinical pathway, 'informatics' - the art and science of turning data into useful information - is becoming increasingly important in laboratory medicine. Informatics is a powerful tool in pathology - whether in implementing processes for pathology modernization, introducing new diagnostic modalities (e.g. proteomics, genomics), providing timely and evidence-based disease management, or enabling best use of limited and often costly resources. Providing appropriate information to empowered and interested patients - which requires critical assessment of the ever-increasing volume of information available - can also benefit greatly from appropriate use of informatics. General trends in medical informatics are reflected in current priorities for laboratory medicine, including the need for unified electronic records, computerized order entry, data security and recovery, and audit. The increasing demands placed on pathology information systems in the context of wider developmental change in healthcare delivery are explored in this paper.
Value of laboratory studies in assessment of dehydration in children
Authors: Shaoul R , Okev N , Tamir A , Lanir A , Jaffe M 
Published: April 2004

Background: Due to the lack of a reliable way of clinically measuring dehydration, laboratory tests are usually used to improve the accuracy of clinical assessment of dehydration in children. The purpose of this study was to compare the relationship between clinical and laboratory parameters in the assessment of dehydration and to evaluate the improvement of those parameters over time. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to assess the relationship between clinical assessment of dehydration and laboratory findings. Results: Three hundred children were eligible for the study. Twenty-six per cent of those with mild dehydration had serum urea concentrations greater than 14.3 mmol/L, compared with 38% and 5% of those with moderate or no dehydration, respectively. Urea concentration showed a good specificity, 95%. Creatinine concentrations and mean pH were similar whether or not dehydration was present. Bicarbonate and base excess concentrations decreased with the increasing severity of dehydration and were significantly greater in subjects with moderate dehydration than in those without. The sensitivity (71%) and specificity (74%) of both tests were rather poor. All groups had an abnormal anion gap, which was significantly greater in those with mild or moderate dehydration. Conclusion: This study confirms that there is a discrepancy between clinical assessment and laboratory parameters of dehydration. Urea showed good specificity, and anion gap was the most sensitive laboratory parameter for assessment of dehydration. These findings need further validation.
Subclinical hypothyroidism: a comparison of strategies to achieve adherence to treatment guidelines
Authors: Lock RJ , Marden NA , Kemp HJ , Thomas PH , Goldie DJ , Gompels MM 
Published: April 2004

Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism is an entity based on the laboratory findings of a raised serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentration and a normal free thyroxine (FT4) concentration. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism who also have anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies have a higher conversion to overt hypothyroidism than those without, and treatment with thyroxine is recommended. Method: We audited anti-TPO assay requests within two NHS Trust hospitals, against consensus standards, to ascertain whether a cascade approach to anti-TPO testing and direct advice leads to more appropriate prescribing of thyroxine in general practice. Results: Our data show that where anti-TPO status was automatically tested for and clear advice for treatment given, >85% of patients were treated according to the standard required by the consensus document, with >90% of those recommended to be commenced on thyroxine actually doing so. In contrast, where anti-TPO was not routinely assessed, treatment was started in 46% of patients, without clear evidence that this was appropriate. Conclusion: In order to better advise clinicians and in accordance with the agreed protocol, laboratory-generated cascade testing for anti-TPO antibodies should be an integral part of the investigation of subclinical hypothyroidism, and reports should contain appropriate interpretation and advice.
Comparison of total, complexed and free prostate-specific antigens and their ratios in the detection of prostate cancer in a non-screened population
Authors: McArdle PA , Pollock MA , Wallace AM , McMillan DC , Crooks JE , Underwood MA 
Published: April 2004

Background: The role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) isoforms in the detection of prostate cancer in a non-screened population in the UK remains to be determined. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate were studied. Prior to biopsy, a blood sample was obtained and total, complexed and free PSA concentrations measured. Results: Of the 171 patients included in the study, 103 were found to have prostate cancer. There were significant differences in total and complexed PSA concentrations and in the ratio of free-to-total PSA (all P <0.001) between patients with prostate cancer and those with benign disease. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed that the corresponding areas under the curves were similar. Restricting the analysis to the 77 patients who had total PSA concentrations between 2 and 10 µg/L, ROC curve analysis showed that total and complexed PSA concentrations failed to discriminate between benign and malignant disease. In contrast, the areas under the ROC curve were greater for the free-to-total ratio ( P = 0.033). Conclusion: These results show that in patients with total PSA concentrations between 2 and 10 µg/L, the free-to-total PSA ratio was superior to total PSA concentration in discriminating between patients with benign and malignant disease.
Comparability of serum prostate-specific antigen measurement between the Roche Diagnostics Elecsys 2010 and the Abbott Architect i2000
Authors: Gray Marion A , Cooke Russell R , Weinstein Philip , Nacey John N 
Published: April 2004

Background: Most prostate cancers are characterized by a significant rise in the production of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is used widely in screening for prostate cancer. Within New Zealand, PSA is measured on automated immunoassay analysers, including models by Abbott Laboratories (Architect i2000) and Roche Diagnostics (Elecsys 2010). These assays produce similar, but not identical, results. Objective: To compare the measurement of PSA between the Elecsys 2010 and the Architect i2000 assay. Methods: We measured PSA concentrations in each of 194 serum samples using both the Roche Elecsys 2010 and the Abbott Architect i2000 and compared the results using various statistical methods. Results: PSA concentrations measured on the Architect i2000 system were less than those on the Elecsys 2010 system, by an average of 11%. Conclusion: Because the results from the two assays are different, reference intervals appropriate to the method of PSA measurement should be used.
Faecal calprotectin: a new marker for Crohn's disease?
Authors: Wassell Julie , Dolwani Sunil , Metzner Magda , Losty H , Hawthorne Anthony 
Published: April 2004

Background: Gastroenterologists are often hampered by the lack of a reliable, non-invasive index of bowel inflammation when establishing a differential diagnosis for patients presenting with chronic diarrhoea. Investigations aim to distinguish between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). As an acute phase protein, faecal calprotectin measurement may be useful in this context. Methods: A new ELISA-based assay for calprotectin was evaluated. The ability of calprotectin to distinguish between patients with IBS and Crohn's disease was studied. Results: The assay showed adequate inter- and intra-batch imprecision and was suitable for routine use in the laboratory. Calprotectin concentration was significantly greater in patients with Crohn's disease compared with controls ( n = 25, P <0.001) and patients with IBS ( n = 25, P <0.001). Conclusion: A single calprotectin measurement may aid gastroenterologists in the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease and IBS. Its use could decrease the number of invasive or radiological investigations undertaken in the latter group of patients.
Limitations of 17-hydroxyprogesterone in investigating neonatal hyponatraemia
Authors: Ismail Adel AA , Cawood Marion , Ufodiama E Bertram , Jones Steve T 
Published: April 2004

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is a possible cause of hyponatraemia in the neonate. Elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) is considered diagnostic of the condition, although there have been reports of anomalous high concentrations, up to 110 nmol/L, in premature, sick infants subsequently shown to have normal adrenocortical function. We describe a case of a 6-week-old girl with a chest infection and hyponatraemia whose plasma 17-OHP concentration was 300 nmol/L, well within the range associated with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. However, there was no genital ambiguity and plasma cortisol was also significantly elevated, raising the possibility of generalized adrenal hyperstimulation rather than CAH. The patient was treated with antibiotic and saline infusions but no steroids. CAH was subsequently excluded by normal 17-OHP and cortisol responses to Synacthen stimulation. In sickness, an increased plasma 17-OHP concentration may not be synonymous with 21-hydroxylase deficiency, even when grossly raised. Simultaneous measurement of plasma cortisol could aid interpretation and avoid potential misdiagnosis, especially in male infants.
Testicular germ cell tumour presenting as thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Tilbrook LK , Slater J , Blainey AD 
Published: April 2004

A case is reported of a patient who presented to his family doctor with a short history of cough with signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Carbimazole treatment had little effect and his symptoms worsened to include severe shortness of breath. He was investigated further and found to have multiple lung and liver metastases from an unknown primary site. Biopsy and subsequent post-mortem investigations revealed a testicular tumour and a grossly elevated serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) concentration. The biochemical and clinical thyrotoxicosis is presumed to be due to the thyrotrophic activity of excess hCG secretion, in a situation analogous to that seen in hydatidiform mole or in hyperemesis gravidarum.
Determination of Basicities of Organic Solvents and Absolute Electrode Potentials (E
0-Values) of Monovalent Ions in Organic Solvents based on Absolute Values of Gibbs Energies of Solvation of Single Ions
Authors: Bhattacharyya Ranjana , Lahiri S. C. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Single ion Gibbs energies of monovalent ions in fourteen solvents (water, methanol, NMF, PC, ethanol, n-propanol, iso-propanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, ethylene glycol, acetone, THF, 1,4-dioxan, acetonitrile) with or without (ion–dipole, ion–induced dipole, ion–quadrupole) interactions were determined. The basicity of the solvents was determined from the absolute values of ΔG
0
solvation(H+) or ΔG
0
solution(H+) based on single standard state utilising the modified Born equation suggested by Lahiri. The method involves no arbitrary assumptions. A single scale for the absolute electrode potentials (E
0 values) has been determined based on calculated Gibbs energies of solvation or solution of single ions. Appropriation of Gibbs energies of solvation of electrolytes into single ion values is not possible. Gibbs energies of formation of electrolytes in solvents must be taken into consideration. Stabilisation energies of electrolytes (MX) in solvents akin to lattice energies in solids were determined.
Dialkyl Sulfates and Alkylsulfuric Acids
Authors: Weisenberger Karl , Mayer Dieter , Sandler Stanley R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.From Ethers and Sulfur Trioxide4.2.From Olefins and Sulfuric Acid4.3.From Alcohols and Chlorosulfuric Acid4.4.From Alcohols and Sulfuryl Chloride or Thionyl Chloride4.5.From Alcohols and Sulfuric Acid5.Quality Specifications and Analysis6.Storage, Transportation, and Handling7.Environmental Protection8.Uses8.1.Alkylation8.2.Other Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.1.Dimethyl Sulfate10.2.Diethyl Sulfate
Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Rebsdat Siegfried , Mayer Dieter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Catalysts4.2.Mechanism of Catalysis4.3.Technology5.Environmental Protection and Ecology6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Handling, Storage, and Transportation9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health12.Acknowledgement
Investigations Towards the Chemoselective Thioacetaliztion of Carbonyl Compounds by Using Ionic Liquid [bmim]Br as a Recyclable Catalytic Medium
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Chouhan Gagan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe ionic liquid based on the 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation has been prepared and used as an efficient catalytic medum for the chemoselective thioacetalization of carbonyl compounds. Furthermore, recycling and reuse of this ionic liquid medium has been demonstrated. Moreover, the use of this catalytic medium not only avoids the generation of waste but also provides a green process with minimal hazards.
Chemoenzymatic Preparation of Enantiopure Homoadamantyl β‐Amino Acid and β‐Lactam Derivatives
Authors: Gyarmati Zsuzsanna Cs. , Liljeblad Arto , Argay Gyula , Kálmán Alajos , Bernáth Gábor , Kanerva Liisa T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRacemic cis‐10‐azatetracyclo[7.2.0.12,6.14,8]tridecan‐11‐one was prepared from homoadamant‐4‐ene by chlorosulfonyl isocyanate addition. The transformation of the β‐lactam to the corresponding β‐amino ester followed by Candida antarctica lipase A‐catalyzed enantioselective (E>>200) N‐acylation with 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl butanoate afforded methyl (1R,4R,5S,8S)‐5‐aminotricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane‐4‐carboxylate and the (1S,4S,5R,8R)‐butanamide with>99% ee at 50% conversion. Alternatively, transformation of the β‐lactam to the corresponding N‐hydroxymethyl‐β‐lactam and the following Pseudomonas cepacia (currently Burkholderia cepacia) lipase‐catalyzed enantioseletive O‐acylation provided the (1S,4S,6R,9R)‐alcohol (ee=87%) and the corresponding (1R,4R,6S,9S)‐butanoate (ee>99%). In the latter method, competition for the enzyme between the (1R,4R,6S,9S)‐butanoate, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl butanoate and the hydrolysis product, butanoic acid, tended to stop the reaction at about 45% conversion and finally gave racemization in the (1S,4S,6R,9R)‐alcohol with time.