bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einfluß von thermophysikalischen Stoffdaten auf die Auslegung und den Betrieb von Destillationskolonnen
Authors: Zeck Sebastian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInfluence of thermophysical data on the design and operation of distillation columns. It has become common practice in the petrochemical industry to utilize highly developed process simulators for the design of individual pieces of equipment or entire processes. Apart from actual model development, attention focusses on the calculation and use of efficient solution and converging algorithms in the development of such process simulators. Although frequent reference is made to the importance of the underlying material data in the literature and in practical applications there exist only scattered studies giving a suitable choice of the available substance data models and the sensitivity of the process variables to inaccuracy and uncertainty of the material data and the material data models. The present article illustrates the influence of material data (choice of model, sensitivity) for the example of the design and operation of distillation columns and several methods and recommendations are given for fast estimations. With the aid of appropriate examples, the influence of uncertainties in the underlying measured data and the phase equilibrium models on various process variables (plate number, reflux ratio, distillate and sump concentrations) is demonstrated.
Qualitätssicherung in der Feststoffverfahrenstechnik
Authors: Polke Reinhard 
Published: December 2004

AbstractQuality assurance in process engineering with solids.The properties of solid products depend not only on chemical composition but also on the state of dispersion. The knowledge of the effect of the state on the product quality is necessary for the development, production, and handling of disperse systems. The most important step of quality assurance and quality improvement is to find a way to define the quality of product by objective criteria, allowing a reproducible control based on measurements. After defining the criteria and tolerances for quality assurance, a layout for a reproducible and controllable processing must be developed and realized on a suitable plant. It is important to define quantifiable criteria for the product state in early stages in order to recognize deviations as early as possible. This is necessary to compensate fluctuations by the means of process control. It is not sufficient to do this separately for each process step but the whole process must be considered. Nevertheless a model for the whole process, which is able to describe the correlations between product properties, processing properties, and product quality, should be available in order to recognize the quality‐sensitive parameters.
Kontinuierliche Wirbelschicht‐Sprühgranulation
Authors: Uhlemann Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractContinuous fluidized bed spray granulation. Spray granulation in a fluidized bed can transform originally liquid products (suspensions, melts, solutions) into freeflowing, largely dust‐free granular solids. In the ideal case, the process steps of nucleation, drying/crystallization, shaping, and selective exiting of those particles which have reached the desired size proceed simultaneously in a single unit. The present contribution describes the state of the art of this process as presented in the literature.
Prozeßführung und Verfahrenstechnik zur schadstoffarmen Verbrennung von Abfällen
Authors: Scholz Reinhard , Jeschar Rudolf , Schopf Norbert , Klöppner Gerd 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProcess control and engineering of essentially pollutant‐free combustion of wastes. The avoidance, reduction, and utilization of wastes are recognized as exploitable strategies. In spite of these measures, in the future wastes remain which still require treatment. Combustion is possible way substantially converting complex chemical compounds in an environmentally compatible manner. The present paper deals in a general manner with the possibilities of influencing combustion control (primary measures) for wastes in order to obtain minimum levels of pollutants. A difference is made between gaseous, liquid, or powdered wastes and those comprising mixtures of coarse, pasty, and liquid components. The paper deals with mixing mechanisms, temperature control, burn out, pollutant limitation, and the resulting fundamental possibilities of process control and engineering.
Leckanalyse bei der Anwendung der Störfall‐Verordnung
Authors: Strohmeier Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLeakage analysis in application of the breakdown ordinance. The breakdown ordinance places certain demands on safety analysis of chemical plant. An important component of such a safety analysis is accordingly a description of the sources of danger which can trigger a breakdown and information about the effects of a breakdown. In this connection, it is particularly important that not all conceivable sources of danger should be considered but only those which cannot be reasonably excluded. Plant‐based sources of danger of this kind are, e.g., mechanical failure, failure of walls as a result of corrosion, leakage, etc. If the leak cross sections to be expected are known, then the prescribed propagation calculation for a possible breakdown can be performed. The leaks to be expected for various highly stressed plant components such as pipework, vessels, tanks, pipe‐cylinder joints, flanged joints are presented.
Projektierung im Anlagekapitalbedarf von Chemieanlagen
Authors: Fingrhut Helmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInvestment capital requirements for chemical plant. In addition to the cost situation, temporary manpower requirements are of considerable importance in the planning of plant, and in this account especially chemical plant. Depending on the kind of plant, estimation of the planning hours is necessary and consideration of specific empirical values lead to the absolute engineering costs. These are usually presented as part of the total capital requirements. On taking recourse to recalculated projects, which have to provide the density function of personnel deployment and diverse cost structures, particular attention must be paid to time‐based changes.
Erfindungsschutz an der Schwelle des EG‐Binnenmarktes
Authors: Laufhütte Hans Dietrich 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIndustrial property protection on the threshold of the european single market. The protection of technical results obtained in research and development is important in order to guarantee the competitiveness of an enterprise. Patents and utility models serve this purpose. There is a plurality of possible parallel ways to obtain protection between which an applicant can choose. Besides the national patent and utility model supranational patent protection may be obtained for a plurality of European states in a common granting procedure, the so‐called European patent. With the advance of the common market common supranational European patent protection is likely to become more important. Setting out from the situation to gain protection in the Federal Republic of Germany these different possible ways of obtaining industrial property protection will be explained.
Die thermische Bodenreinigung am Beispiel ausgewählter Sanierungsfälle
Authors: Fortmann Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSelected cases of recycling as examples of thermal soil cleaning. The term „contamination”︁ is used to describe various soil and water contaminants which may engender considerable risks for the environment and the health of man and animal. Among soil cleaning processes, thermal processes have reached the most advanced development stage. With regard to their efficiencies, they are superior to physicochemical and biological processes. Thermal soil‐cleaning methods are being applied successfully on an industrial scale. The soil is heated in a rotary kiln, and the escaping gas is treated by thermal afterburning and flue gas scrubbing. The plant operated by RUT have capacities of 20–30 and 30–50 t/h respectively. Ruhrkohle's pyrolysis plant with a capacity of 7 t/h is the only German thermal plant operated on an industrial scale. RUT has set up test fields and has proven that soils may be easily recultivated after thermal treatment. The clean‐up of 15 000 to 80 000 t of soil is described. The largest project carried out so far (in Bingen) involved a total order volume of approx. 28 million DM. Comprehensive safety measures and measurements in the environment as well as on the construction site guarantee the protection of the population and the people employed at the site.
100 Jahre technische Alkalichlorid‐Elektrolyse – Technologiewandel unter Umweltaspekten
Authors: Schadow Ernst , Bergner Dieter , Russow Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA century of industrial alkali chloride electrolysis – Technological transformation from an environmental viewpoint. Since the beginning of industrial chemical production, caustic soda and chlorine have represented important basic products in the chemical industry. For 100 years electrochemical processes have been almost exclusively used in the production of these two linked products. The rapid spread and technical development of the processes have been marked by continuous improvement of the individual process steps under the constraints of economic and environmental requirements. The safety and economy of the processes have been improved decisively by a multitude of technical innovations. This is demonstrated most clearly by the reduction in energy consumption. The environmental pollution has been reduced considerably by specific measures. With the newly developed membrane method a process is available today which combines the advantages of the two classical process variations – low power consumption and high product purity – with an exemplary environmental compatibility.
Aerosolabscheidung durch Ionisationswäscher
Authors: Siebenhofer Matthäus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAerosol precipitation by ionisation scrubbers. The precipitation efficiency of an ionisation scrubber was investigated. The design of this type of precipitator is based on the principles of a flat plate film absorber. The scrubbing liquid is continuously distributed on top of the plates by forming the collecting film. The gas, which is saturated with water along the flow straighteners, is led countercurrently to the scrubbing liquid film. Between the plates discharge electrodes are mounted. The objective of this work was the testing of the design and scale up fundamentals. Besides, it was found that there must be a relation between the gas velocity and the electrical discharge field, which is part of the Deutsch equation.
Einsatz von alternativen Reaktionsmedien für eine umweltverträglichere chemische Produktion
Authors: Zlokarnik Marko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractUse of alternative reaction media for an environmentally safer chemical production. The way in which a chemical reaction is carried out and the composition of the reaction mixture diotate the degree of difficulty of downstream processing operations, not only in terms of energy consumption but also with respect to environmental pollution. A specific environmental protection that is an integral part of the production process must therefore begin with the examination of the chemical rection step. Restructuring a process from a reaction engineering point of view includes two important aspects of which the technical implementation has not yet been systematically examined and which therefore should promise a significant potential for innovation. These are the integration of modern separation operations in the chemical reactor with the aim of shifting the chemical equilibrium and the choice of an alternative reaction medium; although the latter also serves the same purpose, it can bring about a significant reduction in environmental pollution. This aspect is the focus of this paper, in which the advantages of molten salts, supercritical fluids and microemulsions as alternative reaction media are discussed.
Laserspektroskopische Bestimmung thermophysikalischer Eigenschaften transparenter Fluide
Authors: Leipertz Alfred 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDetermination of thermophysical properties of transparent fluids by laser spectroscopy. This review deals with the determination of thermophysical properties of transparent fluids by laser‐spectrometric methods. On the basis of the phenomena of laser‐Rayleigh and laser‐Brillouin scattering the paper demonstrates that the transfer coefficients thermal conductivity, diffusion coefficient, and viscosity, as well as the velocity of sound, sound attenuation, specific heats, and compressibility are fundamentally derivable at thermodynamic equilibrium over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Typical measurements show that the methods used for measuring some of the quantities have already reached standards maturity while others are still in their initial stages.
Laser in der Reaktionstechnik – Analytik und Manipulation
Authors: Wolfrum Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLaser in reacton engineering – analysis and manipulation. In recent years several new linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopic techniques have been developed. The high sensitivity of these methods allows the detection of single atoms and molecules as well as non‐intrusive measurements of concentrations, temperatures and velocities of reacting species in technical processe with high temporal, spectral and spatial resolution in point as well as in multidimensional measurements. Focussing of UV‐ and IR‐laser radiation into a microscope allows manipulation of biological material by a laser microbeam and an optical tweezer.
Transportvorgänge in Festbetten Geschichte, Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung
Authors: Tsotsas Evangelos 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTransport phenomena in packed beds: History, state of the art, and research outlook. This review tries to give an impression about the history, the state of the art, and the research outlook for heat, mass, and momentum transfer in packed beds. The methodology of model development and experimental analysis is thoroughly discussed on the basis of examples; several postulates are introduced for its codification. This methodology is not restricted to packed beds but can also be applied to other disperse systems with or without chemical reaction. Formulas and guidelines for calculations are not given; handbooks and other related papers are quoted for this purpose.
Zuverlässigkeitsmodelle für verfahrenstechnische Anlagen
Authors: Lorenz Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractReliability models of process plants.On the basis of a representation of typical redundant circuits and parameters characterising reliability, the models used for calculation the process plant reliability are explained and compared with regard to their applicability. In particular, the description of partial failures and effects of storage tanks on availability is taken into consideration. The application of reliability models is illustrated by simple examples.
Mikrobielle Sensoren auf Basis von Respirationsmessungen
Authors: Riedel Klaus , Neumann Barbara , Scheller Frieder 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMicrobial sensors based on respiration measurements. Microbial sensors based on the direct contact of microbe and a transducer convert the chemical composition of the sample into a quantitative electrical signal. They are useful for the determination of a wide range of substrates but also of “group effects” for bioprocess control and environmental protection. Starting from the physiological fundamentals – including various ways of influencing sensor performance ‐ this paper reviews the present state of the development of microbial sensors. Different sensor types developed by the authors's group are presented.
Solarthermische Kraftwerke und Erzeugung von Hochtemperaturprozeßwärme
Authors: Becker Manfred 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSolar‐Thermal Power Plant and the Production of High Temperature Process Heat. A description of the general energy scenario is followed by a discussion of the fundamentals of solar radiation and a discussion of the problems surrounding the coupling of solar energy with technical processes. A number of physical fundamentals relating to efficiencies and temperature are supplemented. The present status of solar‐thermal technology is described for various systems and their components and a comparison made between the possible types of power plants with regard to their annual power production and the power production costs. The author then presents alternatives for the utilisation of solar energy as process heat and for conducting endothermic chemical reactions. The article closes with a brief account of the experimental possibilities offered by the DLR solar furnace at Cologne.
Organische Werkstoffe in Massivbauweise
Authors: Bertelmann Lothar 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMakromolekulare organische Werkstoffe unterscheiden sich von konventionellen Werkstoffen insbesondere dadurch, daß sie für den jeweiligen Verwendungszweck maßgeschneiderte Eigenschaften besitzen. So begünstigen z.B. die ausgezeichnete Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber aggressiven Medien und die relativ hohen mechanischen Festigkeitswerte ihren Einsatz im chemischen Apparate‐ und Rohrleitungsbau. Neue Technologien in der Produktionsgüter‐Industrie und im industriellen Umweltschutz bieten interessante Wachstumsperspektiven für Werkstoffe mit hoher Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber korrosivem Angriff bei gleichzeitiger hoher thermischer Belastbarkeit. Herausragende Bedeutung haben in diesem Zusammenhang faserverstärkte Phenolharze und Fluorpolymere als Auskleidungswerkstoffe in Faserverbund‐Konstruktionen. Beanspruchungsgerechte Werkstoffauswahl und Bauteilausführung sind Voraussetzungen für den erfolgreichen Einsatz von Komponenten und Anlagen aus polymeren Werkstoffen.
Welttrend 2000 – Zur Struktur und Eigendynamik moderner Gesellschaftssysteme
Authors: Kernig Claus D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWohin steuert die Menschheit? Sind katastrophale Fehlentwicklungen unvermeidlich? Kann noch gegengesteuert werden? In vielen Szenarien wurde in den vergangenen Jahren dieses Thema untersucht. Mit Statistiken und der Betrachtung der Wechselwirkung verschiedener Einflußparameter versuchte man, Möglichkeiten zu finden, den heraufzie henden Kollaps zu vermeiden. Die GVC · VDI‐Gesellschaft Verfahrenstechnik und Chemiengenieurwesen widmete auf ihrem Jahrestreffen 1992 in Wien diesem Thema eine Sonderversanstalltung “Welttrend 2000”. Damit sollte darauf hingewiesen werden, daß auch der Ingenieur über seine Tagesarbeit hinaus sich heute mit den globalen Problemen unserer Menschheit beschäftigen muß, und daß er aus seiner spezifischen, naturwissenschaftlichtechnischen Sicht heraus seinen Beitrag zur Lösung einbringen sollte. Professor Dr. Claus D. Kernig, Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Politikwissenschaft an der Univ. Trier, hielt auf dieser Sonderveranstaltung einen Vortrag, der so viel Anklang fand und so lebhaft diskutiert wurde, daß wir ihn unseren Lesern nicht vorenthalten wollen. Um ein wenig von dem Schwung und dem Temperament des Vortrags zu erhalten, haben wir ihn – entgegen unserer sonstigen Gewohnheit – nicht in einen Bericht umgewandelt, sondern in der Originalform der gesprochenen Rede belassen.
Berechnung des minimalen Energiebedarfs nichtidealer Rektifikationen
Authors: Köhler Jürgen , Pöllmann Peter , Blaß Eckhart 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMinimum Reflux Calculation for Nonideal Distillations. The minimum reflux ratio is the lower limit of operation for a distillative separation. Due to rising energy costs one is increasingly forced to approach this thermodynamically defined minimum energy consumption. This paper presents an overview of the important methods of calculation published to date. First, a concise physical and mathematical description of the problem is given to introduce the concept of pinch points. These are characteristic regions in separation profiles of distillation columns where an infinite number of stages would be required under minimum reflux conditions. Then, shortcut and rigorous problem solutions for both ideal and non‐ideal mixtures are reported. Ideal mixtures can be computed using the well‐known Underwood equations, which also cover complex column designs (multiple feeds/products, sidestream strippers and enrichers). However, pronouncedly non‐ideal systems still require time‐consuming simulations of columns with a large number of stages. Hence, recent developments attempt to avoid column simulations and to compute pinch points directly.
Verfahrenstechnische und statische Aspekte der Siloauslegung
Authors: Wilms Harald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractProcess Engineering Aspects and Statics of Silo Design. Design of silos for flow is described, starting from the flow profiles developing during discharge. The respective flow profile depends on the flow properties of the bulk solids and on the silo geometry. Based on measured flow properties the determination of the maximum permissible hopper wall inclination to achieve mass flow and of the minimum dimension of the outlet to prevent arching and ratholing is demonstrated, taking into account time consolidation aspects. This yields the size of a feeder and the position of discharge aids. The flow properties are required additionally for structural design of silos. Flow of bulk solids in silos, especially the development of asymmetric flow channels, has a significant influence on the pressure distribution.
Methoden zur Verminderung der Ablagerungsbildung in Wärmeübertragern
Authors: Müller‐Steinhagen Hans 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMethods for Reducing Deposits in Heat Exchangers. The formation of deposits has long (too long) been considered to be unavoidable and to lie outside the responsibility of the designer. Owing to the enormous operating and investment costs caused by deposit formation and to the development of new processes which are precluded by deposit formation, a number of methods have been developed for reducing or completely preventing the fouling of heat exchangers. The lowest investments are required for chemical fluid processing, which can be retro‐fitted to an existing plant. However, for long term operation with large flow volumes or on use of toxic additives this advantage can shift towards mechanical cleaning processes. Consideration of the reduction of fouling already during the design of a heat exchanger means that it becomes feasible to build much smaller (and hence also lighter) heat exchangers.
Rohstoff‐Recycling und Energie‐Gewinnung von Kunststoffabfällen
Authors: Geiger Thomas , Knopf Hans , Leistner Gerhard , Römer Rainer , Seifert Helmut 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFeedstock Recycling and Energy Recovery from Plastics Waste. The disposal concept of the plastics industry comprises the following four steps: prevention/reduction, recycling of material (mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling), energy recovery and dumping. Feedstock recycling or chemical recycling stands for the chemical conversion of polymer materials with reduction of macromolecular structure to low‐molecular raw materials. The combustion of plastics waste uses the high calorific value of plastics for energy recovery. This paper describes some of the processes for feedstock recycling and for energy recovery from plastics waste.