bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology of Nutrient Balance Studies in the Preterm Infant
Authors: Cooke Richard J. , Perrin Fran , Moore Jamae , Paule Chuck , Ruckman Karen 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAlthough nutrient balances are used to determine nutrient assimilation, the balance technique is not well described in the preterm infant. Our purpose is to describe the balance technique; discuss factors that may interfere with complete balance collections; and determine the effects of intake, patient characteristics, and formula fed on nutrient assimilation in the preterm infant. Fifty‐four 84‐h balances were performed in a group of well premature infants receiving either a casein‐(Similac with Iron) or whey‐predominant (Similac with Whey plus Iron) infant formula. Mean (±SD; range) birth weight, gestation, postnatal age, and balance weight were 1,320g (±200; 820–1.720). 32.0 weeks (±2.0: 27–34). 36 days (±14.8; 15–87). and 1,729 g (±146; 1.435–2.070). respectively. Although absorption and retention varied, results were comparable with previous studies in the preterm infant. Results of linear regression analysis, using the stepwise regression procedure, indicate that variability in nutrient intake (mg/kg/day) accounted for 97 and 84% of the variability in nitrogen absorption and retention (mg/kg/day). Variability in nutrient intake (mg/kg/day) also accounted for 96 and 57% of the variability in phosphorus absorption and retention (mg/kg/day). Effects due to intake, birth weight, gestation, postnatal age. balance weight, and formula fed also accounted for a substantial part of the variability in calcium, zinc, and copper absorption and retention. The results of this study indicate that factors other than birth weight, gestation, and the type of formula fed have a significant effect on absorption and retention of nutrients and should be considered as confounding variables when interpreting effects due to treatment.
Plasma Levels of Somatostatin and Gastrin in Sick Infants and Small for Gestational Age Infants
Authors: Marchini G. , Lagercrantz H. , Milerad J. , Winberg J. , Uvnäs‐Moberg K. 
Published: January 2024

SummarySick neonates often have a disturbed gastrointestinal motility. As somatostatin inhibits various gastrointestinal functions, we investigated whether or not somatostatin levels are high in sick infants. Somatostatin and gastrin levels were measured in plasma samples collected from sick and healthy neonates. Somatostatin levels were found to be significantly elevated in sick infants when compared to healthy ones, both term (91 versus 5 pM) and preterm (35 versus 5 pM). We suggest that the gastrointestinal symptoms seen in infants during illness may be related to an enhanced secretion of gastric somatostatin.
Effects of Feeding Regimen on Blood Glucose Levels and Plasma Concentrations of Pancreatic Hormones and Gut Regulatory Peptides at 9 Months of Age
Authors: Salmenperä J. , Perheentupa J. , Siimes M. A. , Adrian T. E. , Bloom S. R. , Aynsley‐Green A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLittle is known about the development of gut endocrine responses to food intake in infants after the first postnatal month. To examine this question and to ascertain whether the mode of feeding from birth affects postprandial endocrine changes, blood glucose levels and the plasma concentrations of 11 regulatory peptides were measured at 9 months of age before and after a breast feeding in 13 exclusively breast‐fed infants and before and after a formula feeding in 7 infants infants weaned during the first 3 months of life. In the prefeeding concentrations of these substances, no significant differences were found between the two groups, with the possible exception of the plasma concentration of pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.06). Postprandially, the respnses were significantly smaller in the breast‐fed infants, whose plasma concentrations of insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and cholecystokinin were lower than in the formula‐fed infants. In addition, the overall level of the insulin–glucagon ratio was lower (p = 0.03) in the breast‐fed infants. A difference in the opposite direction was observed for plasma gastrin levels. No significant differences appeared between the groups for blood glucose, or plasma glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, motilin, enteroglucagon, secretin, or neurotensin concentrations after feeding. It is concluded that at 9 months of age, the gut regulatory responses to milk feeding are of lower magnitude than during the neonatal period, but even at this age the response patterns still depend on the mode of feeding.
Isolation and Characterization of an Amphiphilic Form of Human Intestinal Aminopeptidase N
Authors: Caporale Carlo , Troncone Riccardo 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAn amphiphilic detergent‐solubilized human adult intestinal microvillous aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) was purified by immunoadsorbent technique using meconial aminopeptidase N antibodies. Its molecular and kinetic properties were investigated to confirm the differences previously observed from the meconial enzyme.
Barrett's Ulcer and Campylobacter‐like Organisms Infection in a Child
Authors: De Giacomo Costantino , Fiocca Roberto , Villani Laura , Bertolotti Laura , Maggiore Giuseppe 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBarrett's esophagus is a gastrointestinal metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium occurring frequently in adults with long‐standing peptic esophagitis. Recent reports of Barrett's esophagus in children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) showed that also at the pediatric age intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus may occur in association with peptic esophagitis. Recently a close association between Campylobacter‐like organisms (CLOs) and gastritis has been found in the stomach of both adults and children with a variety of peptic diseases, but evidence of such infection in specimens of Barrett's epithelium has never been described in children. We report here a child with Barrett's esophagus and GER, treated with H2 blockers, who showed a Barrett's ulcer in association with CLO infection. The addition of amoxicillin to antireflux treatment was accompanied by healing of the ulcer, suggesting that bacterial infection of Barrett's epithelium may have an important role in determining its inflammation and possibly ulceration.
Propylthiouracil Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Jonas Maureen M. , Eidson Margaret S. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe have observed isolated hepatotoxicity in two children treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for hyperthyroidism. Neither patient had risk factors for or clinical evidence of preexisting liver disease. In one patient the drug was promptly discontinued when signs of liver disease were noted. This patient quickly recovered. The second patient continued to receive PTU for several days after developing symptoms. Her illness progressed to fulminant hepatic failure with encephalopathy, and she died. These are the third and fourth pediatric cases reported, and there have been 10 cases reported in adults in the English language literature. Thirteen of the 14 patients are female. The literature regarding all these patients is reviewed. Propylthiouracil may cause lethal hepatic damage. This drug should be discontinued immediately if signs or symptoms of hepatic injury are detected.
Hepatic Na, K‐ATPase Development in the Rat
Authors: Duffy Lynn F. , Karl Peter I. , Daum Fredric , Fisher Stanley E. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe development of the enzyme Na, K‐ATPase was studied in hepatic tissue from Sprague‐Dawley rats at 18–20 days of gestation. 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days, and young adulthood (45 days). A developmental pattern was demonstrated for total and membrane‐associated Na, K‐ATPase activity. The activity in tissue homogenate, expressed per gram tissue, increased from late fetal life, 43.4 ± 1.3 μmol Pig liver−1 h−1.until 21 days of age, when an adult level of 187.3 ± 19.6 μmol Pi g liver −1 h−1 was attained. A less pronounced ontogenic pattern was observed when enzyme levels were expressed as specific activity per milligram protein. The activity profile in a crude membrane preparation was similar. The potential for stimulation of enzyme activity by glucocorticoids was studied in 11‐day‐old animals injected with cortisone acetate (10 mg 100 g body weight−1) for 3 days. Enzyme specific activity was inducible: Specific activity was greater in cortisone‐treated animals, 1.794 ± .043 μmol Pi mg protein −1 h −1, versus controls, 1.258 ± 0.043 μmol Pi mg protein−1 h−1 (p < 0.01). We postulate that this developmental pattern for hepatic Na, K‐ATPase activity may be a reflection of, or a contributing factor in, the ontogeny of sodium‐dependent hepatic transport, such as that for bile salts.
Effects of Oral Administration of Tin and Zinc Protoporphyrin on Neonatal and Adult Rat Tissue Heme Oxygenase Activity
Authors: Vreman Hendrik J. , Hintz Susan R. , Kim Charles B. , Castillo Ricardo O. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate if oral metalloporphyrin treatment could suppress intestinal heme oxygenase (HO) activity and thus prevent HO‐mediated heme degradation in this organ. Six hours after a single 40 μmol/kg oral dose of tin protoporphyrin (TP). zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), or heme to adult rats, no significant difference in the HO activity of the intestine was observed relative to control tissues. Moreover, the activity was not inhibited by in vitro exposure to 40 μM TP or ZP. Liver and spleen HO activity was also not significantly inhibited in vivo after oral administration of metalloporphyrins: however, in vitro exposure to TP or ZP decreased the HO activity of preparations from these organs significantly. Like adults, the intestinal HO activity of neonates was not inhibited effectively by oral administration of either metalloporphyrin. The results of subsequent in vitro exposure of control neonatal tissue preparations to ZP or TP was similar to those using adult tissue preparations. Even at 100 μM, only ZP seemed to have some in vitro inhibitory effect on the intestinal HO of suckling rats. We conclude that intestinal HO is less inhibitable by TP or ZP reaching the intestine via the stomach in concentrations at least 30‐fold greater than those achieved after parenteral 40 μmol/kg doses, which cause significant hepatic and splenic HO inhibition. Intestinal absorption and enterohepatic circulation of heme, TP. and ZP do not seem to occur in amounts sufficient to consistently and significantly affect HO activity in liver or spleen.
Clinical Remission and Disappearance of Radiologic Manifestations in Crohn's Disease After Oligopeptide Diet Treatment
Authors: Pfeil Annette B. , Schuster Antje T. , Kemperdick Helmut 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 9.6‐year‐old patient was treated exclusively with an oligopeptide diet at initial diagnosis and at first relapse of Crohn's ileocolitis. The patient achieved complete remission in both episodes. Control radiologic examinations 14 months after diagnosis revealed complete disappearance of radiologic manifestations of Crohn's disease.
The Management of Enzymatic Therapy in Cystic Fibrosis Patients by an Individualized Approach
Authors: Costantini Diana , Padoan Rita , Curcio Lauretta , Giunta Annamaria 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe evaluated nutritional status, pulmonary impairment, nutritional intake, and fat absorption in 73 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients to identify the primary factors) influencing growth. In general, the growth pattern in our patients was satisfactory since 60/73 were not underweight. When caloric intake is greater than or equal to 95% of RDA, wasting does not occur regardless of the degree of malabsorption, dietary fat content, or lung involvement. In the group of patients who consume less than the RDA, underweight is related to the severity of pulmonary disease; indeed, 11/13 underweight patients have a chest x‐ray score over 15. Steatorrhea is well controlled in most patients; only 11 of 73 show a fat excretion >25% of fat intake. The daily number of capsules of Pan‐crease varies from 4 to 57. The amount of Pancrease to be given was individualized to meet each patient's requirements using fat balance studies to determine the necessary daily Pancrease dose, then distributing the total dose in proportion to the fat content of each meal.
Efficacy of Pancrease
Authors: Chazalette J‐P. , Dain M. P. , Castaigne J‐P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAn open crossover study in patients with documented cystic fibrosis (CF) compared the efficacy and acceptability of Pancrease (Cilag, PC), consisting of pH‐sensitive, enteric‐coated microspheres, with those of Eurobiol, consisting of lyophilized total pancreas. Eleven patients, age 6–17 years, were hospitalized for study. A hypercaloric, normal fat diet as well as previous antibiotic, vitamin, and other CF therapy were maintained during the 2‐week study period. During the first study week, eight patients were given four divided doses of either Pancrease, 8 capsules daily, and two patients were given Eurobiol, 2 bottles daily. One patient received six Pancrease capsules or 1.5 bottles of Eurobiol daily. Patients were switched to the alternate drug for the second study week. Stools were collected for analysis over the final 3 days of each week. Steatorrhea (mean ± 1 SD) with Pancrease was 11.8 ± 6.6 g/24 h and with Eurobiol was 17.9 ± 11.7 g/24 h. The coefficient of lipid absorption was 74.1 ± 13.3% for Pancrease and 58.6 ± 22.5% for Eurobiol (p < 0.02). The decrease in steatorrhea and increase in lipid absorption with Pancrease compared to Eurobiol were 33.9% and 26.5%, respectively. All patients considered the acceptability of Pancrease superior to that of Eurobiol. No adverse effects were seen with either drug.
Effect of Prednisone on DR‐Positive T Cells in Children with Chronic Active Hepatitis B
Authors: Pignata Claudio , Vajro Pietro , Vegnente Angela , Monaco Giuseppe , Fontanella Angiola , Nuzzo Vincenzo , Ciccimarra Filippo 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYThe effect of short‐term immunosuppressive treatment on the percentage of circulating DR‐bearing T cells was investigated in 16 children with HBsAg‐positive chronic active hepatitis. DR‐positive T cells, thought to represent activated T cells, were significantly increased in all patients as compared to 10 age‐matched controls [14.5 ± 4.2% (mean ± SD) vs. 0.4 ± 0.1%, p < 0.001]. Fifty‐six percent of patients showed a decrease in the percentage of DR‐positive T cells after 72 h of prednisone therapy. A response did not correlate with the presence of HBeAg, anti‐HBeAg, or anti‐delta antibodies. There was an inverse relationship (r = −0.56; p < 0.05) between the decrease of the percent of DR‐positive T cells during immunosuppression and pretreatment alanine aminotransferase levels. The persistence of high levels of circulating DR‐bearing T cells during therapy may represent the immunological counterpart of more severe disease, and of nonresponsiveness to corticosteroids.
Biliary Lipid Composition in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Becker Michael , Staab Doris , Leiss Ottmar , von Bergmann Klaus 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYLipid composition of gallbladder bile was determined in 20 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (9 females and 11 males, ranging in age from 3 to 18 years). The results were compared with 47 normal subjects matched for age, sex, and pubertal stage. In patients with CF, bile was undersaturated with cholesterol before puberty in both sexes and no differences with normal controls could be observed. After puberty, a similar increase in cholesterol saturation was noted in females with CF (85 ± 15% vs. 130 ± 38%, p < 0.01) and normal controls (82 ± 11% vs. 138 ± 31%, p < 0.01). No change in cholesterol saturation could be observed in male patients and controls after puberty. Molar percentage of chenodeoxy‐cholic acid (CDCA) was lower (p < 0.05) in postpubertal females (31 ± 9%) and males (36 ± 7%) with CF compared to controls (42 ± 8% and 40 ± 5%, respectively), while cholic acid (CA) was higher in all patients with CF. In females with CF, lithocholic acid (LCA) increased after puberty (2.2 ± 0.8% vs. 5.3 ± 2.6%, p < 0.05) and was higher compared to controls (2.2 ± 0.8%, p < 0.001). An increase was also noted for deoxycholic acid (DCA) in postpubertal females with CF (1.7 ± 2.6% vs. 10.8 ± 7%, p < 0.05), but it was lower in both sexes after puberty than in respective controls. The present results suggest that cholesterol saturation of bile in patients with CF is not different from respective controls. Thus, the higher incidence of gallstone disease in patients with CF reported in the literature might be related to other hepato‐biliary disorders known in this disease.
Effect of Cisapride on Esophageal pH Monitoring in Children with Reflux‐Associated Bronchopulmonary Disease
Authors: Saye Z. , Forget P. P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYClinical evaluation and prolonged esophageal pH monitoring were performed before and during treatment with cisapride (0.3 mg/kg t.i.d.) for 1 month in 19 children with reflux‐associated bronchopulmonary disease. Results (mean ± SEM) show that cisapride significantly decreases the frequency of long duration (>5 min) reflux episodes (from 9.7 ± 0.7 to 5.7 ± 1.2), the percentage of total time pH was <4 (from 15.9 ± 2.5 to 7.7 ± 1.1%), the percentage of time pH was <4 at night (from 18.0 ± 3.9 to 4.9 ± 1.5%), the duration of the longest reflux episodes (from 44.5 ± 6.4 to 19.7 ± 2.7 min), as well as the duration of reflux at night (from 100.1 ± 28.0 to 28.2 ± 10.1 min). The frequency of reflux episodes, however, remains unaffected by cisapride. Cough fits at night disappeared completely in 12 out of 13 children. We conclude that cisapride given for 1 month significantly decreased gastroesophageal reflux as well as cough episodes at night.
Does Proctosigmoiditis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Presage the Imminent Onset of Symptoms?
Authors: Daum Fredric , Markowitz James , Rosa Joanne , Kahn Ellen , Simpser Edwin , Aiges Harvey 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to determine if asymptomatic children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease and moderate to severe anorectosigmoid inflammation might remain symptom‐free for at least 12 months without specific intrarectal therapy. We prospectively studied 13 asymptomatic patients 6–21 years of age (four with Crohn's disease and nine with nonspecific colitis) with previously documented anorec‐tosigmoid inflammation. Of these 13, four had moderate to severe anorectosigmoid inflammation both endoscopi‐cally and histologically. These four patients (two with Crohn's disease and two with nonspecific colitis) were entered into the second phase of the study. Three were receiving sulfasalazine, and one received methylpredni‐solone, 4 mg/day, and 6‐mercaptopurine, 50 mg/day. None received intrarectal therapy. Clinical evaluation revealed that all four remained asymptomatic for 12 months despite the continued presence of moderate to severe anorectosigmoid inflammation. These results indicate that in children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease, the presence of inflammation of the anorectosigmoid does not necessarily correlate with or presage the onset of symptoms of proctosigmoiditis. Therefore, active inflammation of the anorectosigmoid is not the sole prerequisite for intrarectal therapy. The clinician should be guided by the symptoms of the patient, not by the presence or absence of active anorectosigmoid inflammation.
Intussusception
Authors: Lee Hung‐Chang , Yeh Horng‐Jen , Leu Yi‐Jang 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYDuring the past four years in our hospital, real‐time sonographic examinations were performed prior to barium enema reductions in 48 proven intussusception cases. Four major sonographic findings were noted. First, a length of target configuration consisting of two rings of low echogenicity separated by an intermediate hyper‐echoic ring was seen on the cross‐sectional image of the intussuscepted bowel. Second, a doughnut configuration consisting of a hypoechoic rim and a dense central echogenic core was noted on the cross section near the apex of the intussusceptum. Third, no demonstrable movement or change was observed in the target or doughnut configuration. Fourth, all of the exterior sonolucent rims of the target were thicker than 0.6 cm. Operative reductions were necessary in all 13 cases whose exterior rims were thicker than 1.6 cm. On the contrary, only 15 of the remaining 35 cases whose exterior rims were between 0.6 and 1.5 cm needed surgical management (p = 0.0033, Fisher's exact test).
Bilirubinuria
Authors: Friesen Craig A. , Gamis Alan S. , Riddell Laurel D. , Roberts Charles C. , Jackson Mary Anne 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYWe report four cases of gallbladder hydrops associated with Kawasaki disease diagnosed over a 7.5 year period. Despite varying clinical presentations, all four of these patients had the common finding of bilirubinuria prior to clinical symptoms or at the time of admission. Review of 40 other cases of Kawasaki disease without evidence of hydrops over this time period revealed that urinalysis had been performed in each and bilirubinuria was present in only one case. Bilirubinuria appears to be an early indicator of hydrops in these patients.
Solitary Ulcer Syndrome of the Rectum in Children
Authors: Figueroa‐Colon Reinaldo , Younoszai M. Kabir , Mitros Frank A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYWe present two children with solitary ulcer syndrome of the rectum (SUSR): a 7‐year‐old and an 11‐year‐old. Although well recognized in the adult literature, the pediatric experience with this condition is limited. We review the clinicopathologic features of SUSR with emphasis on the pediatric experience. Greater awareness of this syndrome by both the pediatrician and pathologist may lead to more diagnosed cases in children.
State of the Art Vitamin K in Human Milk
Authors: Canfield Louise M. , Hopkinson Judy M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryBreast‐feeding is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's children and breast‐fed infants are at risk for vitamin K‐responsive hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDNB). Recent advances in high performance liquid chromatography methodology have made possible the first quantitative studies of vitamin K in human milk. Although much progress has been made, much remains to be done. Innovative improvements in methodology are needed, as detection of nanogram quantities of vitamin K in milk is at the limit of current methodology. Additional studies are needed over the lactation period. A better understanding of colostrum is needed with regard to other nutrients as well as vitamin K. Vitamin K in the milk of mothers who gave birth prematurely has not been measured. The significance of menaquinones as a vitamin K source to the infant is undetermined. The mechanism regulating vitamin K secretion into milk has not been investigated. The localization of vitamin K in milk is undetermined as is the relationship of vitamin K to other milk lipids. The effects of fat‐soluble vitamins in the diet on vitamin K concentrations in milk is unknown. The pharmacokinetics of vitamin K supplementation of mothers is particularly important in cultures where vitamin K is not routinely administered at birth. Finally, most critical at this point is our ignorance about the relationship of the maternal vitamin K status to the vitamin K status of the infant. As breast milk is the sole source of vitamin K for most of the world's infants, HDNB remains a very real threat to the health of infants and warrants concentrated study.