bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of hamster tracheal epithelium: I. A quantitative morphologic study in the fetus
Authors: McDowell Elizabeth M. , Newkirk Carnell , Coleman Bill 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe development of the tracheal epithelium was studied in hamsters, beginning on fetal day 10 and ending on fetal day 16, shortly after birth. The epithelial morphology was characterized and as soon as the cells could be recognized by type (day 14) their proportions were quantified along dorsal and ventral surfaces from larynx to carina. At all times, columnar cells of the dorsal surface were taller than those of the ventral surface. On days 10 and 11 the simple epithelium was composed of poorly differentiated columnar cells, but on day 12 organoid clusters, consistent with the morphology of neuroepithelial bodies, were observed; four clusters were seen along the dorsal epithelium in one section. The epithelium was pseudostratified on day 13, composed of short and columnar cells. Most columnar cells were poorly differentiated but a few preciliated and ciliated cells were recognizable dorsally, especially at the tracheal poles. Hemidesmosomes were seen at the base of some short cells on day 14, and rough endoplasmic reticulum was moderately developed in some columnar cells, suggesting that these cells were prebasal and presecretory cells, respectively. Preciliated and ciliated cells, which were most prevalent caudally, accounted for about 14% of all dorsal epithelial cells on day 14, but they were rare in the ventral surface, about 0.1%. The epithelial cells were sufficiently specialized by days 15 and 16 to allow quantification by type. Proportions of basal, presecretory, and preciliated‐ciliated cells were similar on both days but the cellular makeup of dorsal and ventral surfaces was significantly different. There were more basal cells ventrally (36–40%) than dorsally (22–23%), and more preciliated‐ciliated cells dorsally (18–21%) than ventrally (about 1%). On days 15 and 16 differences also existed along both surfaces between cranial and caudal parts of the trachea. Basal cells were more prevalent cranially and preciliated‐ciliated cells were more prevalent caudally.
A mathematical method for estimating paired testes weight from in situ testicular measurements in three species of hamster
Authors: Watson‐Whitmyre Marcia , Stetson Milton H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLinear regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between testicular volume (calculated from measurements of length and width) and weights of paired testes. Line equations that can be used to predict weights of paired testes from the volume of one or both testes are given for three species of hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, Mesocricetus brandti, and Phodopus sungorus sungorus). Because these parameters are highly correlated (r ≥ 0.97), the line equations provide a highly reliable means of estimating weights of paired testes from in situ surgical measurements. Weights of testes predicted in this manner are highly correlated with actual weights of paired testes (r ≥ 0.96). The surgical method for measurement of the gonads is also described. This technique for estimating paired testicular weight allows considerable reduction in the number of animals required for longterm experiments and also permits longitudinal studies of individual animals.
The sinus of the dorsum sellae
Authors: Schnitzlein H. N. , Murtagh F. Reed , Arrington John A. , Parkinson Dwight 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDissections of cadaver heads and studies of specimens sectioned in horizontal (axial), coronal, or sagittal planes at low (5×) magnification revealed a frequent venous sinus within the bone of the dorsum sellae in addition to the true dural sinuses. This sinus interconnected the cavernous sinuses on either side of the sella turcica and was continuous with the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses and the basilar plexus. The sinus was quite evident on venograms of five patients. In sagittal sections of 37 adult cadaver heads, the sinus was identified in 28 (76%) and was absent in nine (24%) in which there was pneumatization of the dorsum sellae by the sphenoid sinus. The intracranial sinus of the dorsum sellae is not a true dural sinus but is comparable to the basivertebral veins of the spine.
Plasma membrane reregionalization in cultured mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Watanabe Jun , Kanamura Shinsuke , Kanai Kazuo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cytochemical localization of alkaline phophatase (ALPase) activity and the autoradiographic distribution of glucagon receptors were examined in the plasma membrane of cultured mouse hepatocytes. After 24 hours of culture, ALPase activity was exclusively localized on the plasma membrane in areas of cell‐cell contact, and glucagon receptors were more numerous in the plasma membrane at the periphery of re‐formed cell trabeculae. These results indicate that plasma membrane regionalization of hepatocytes, lost by cell isolation, reappeared during culture. The cells maintained this plasma membrane regionalization until 48 hours of culture. By 72 hours of culture, however, ALPase activity was seen on the external surface of all regions of plasma membrane, and the glucagon receptors decreased markedly in number and became scattered in all regions of plasma membrane. Thus, the re‐formed plasma membrane regionalization disappeared in the cells by 72 hours of culture.
The effects of vagotomy on compensatory ovarian hypertrophy and follicular activation after unilateral ovariectomy
Authors: Burden Hubert W. , Lawrence Irvin E. , Smith Carlton P. , Hoffman Jeanne , Leonard Marilyn , Fletcher Donald J. , Hodson Charles A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFollowing unilateral ovariectomy in the rat, the remaining ovary undergoes rapid compensatory changes including an increase in the number of antral follicles (follicular activation) and an increase in ovarian weight (compensatory ovarian hypertrophy). The ovary is innervated by the vagus nerve (Burden et al., 1983). In the present study, the effects of right and left cervical vagotomy and abdominal vagotomy on follicular activation and compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in the remaining right or left ovary were compared 15 days after unilateral ovariectomy. Neither right nor left cervical vagotomy affected compensatory ovarian hypertrophy of the right or left ovaries but abdominal vagotomy depressed compensatory ovarian hypertrophy in both the right and left ovaries. Left cervical vagotomy did not inhibit follicular activation, but right cervical vagotomy prevented follicular activation in the right but not left ovary. Also, abdominal vagotomy inhibited follicular activation in the right but not the left ovary. In animals with both ovaries which were subjected to the left or right cervical vagotomy or abdominal vagotomy follicular counts in both right and left ovaries were similar. Collectively, these data indicate that the vagus nerve participates in follicular activation after unilateral ovariectomy. The data also indicate that the right ovary is more dependent on vagal influences for follicular activation than the left ovary.
Sialographic investigations on the anatomy of mouse parotid glands
Authors: Omon Masaharu , Shiga Yasuaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anatomic structure of the mouse parotid gland was investigated by a sialographic method. The mouse parotid was infused with 0.4–0.6 μm grains of barium sulfate sol as an x‐ray contrast medium and extirpated. The excised gland was flattened and imaged by using 10 or 25 kVp x‐rays. Twelve different strains of male mice 12 weeks old were investigated. It was found that the mouse parotid gland has the club‐shaped major lobe and the accessory lobe and that the major lobe is further divided into three lobes: the superior lobe which extends underneath the ear, the middle lobe, and the inferior lobe which extends toward the submandibular gland. The accessory lobe began from the proximal part of Stensen's duct and extended to underneath the eye. The presence of the accessory lobe, the shape of the major lobe, and the branching pattern of the parotid duct tree were mouse strain dependent.
Immunofluorescence antigen localization on boar sperm plasma membranes: Monoclonal antibodies reveal apparent new domains and apparent redistribution of surface antigens during sperm maturation and at ejaculation
Authors: Saxena N. K. , Russell L. D. , Saxena N. , Peterson R. N. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurified boar sperm plasma membranes (PM) and PM proteins were used as antigens to produce 58 monoclonal antibodies against surface antigens. Fluorescence labelling (biotin‐avidin‐FITC) was used to determine the distribution of antigens in caput and cauda epididymal and in ejaculated spermatozoa with hybridoma supernatants and/or 1:100 diluted ascites fluid after subcloning. Sixteen areas (subdomains) of apparent restricted antigen mobility were identified and significant differences in the localization of most antigens in caput, cauda, and ejaculated PM were recognized. While localization patterns were highly reproducible with a given protocol for sample preparation and immunolabelling, localization patterns were markedly affected by changes in protocols. Fluorescence patterns were affected by the manner in which sperm were labelled (live sperm or sperm labelled at various steps), by washing, and by temperature or by addition of seminal plasma. These results indicate that the dynamic properties of the sperm PM or the surrounding fluids can easily mask or unmask or reconfigure binding sites for highly site‐specific monoclonal antibodies and that antigen distribution is probably underestimated when these labelling techniques are used. Such changes in the accessibility of antigenic sites to monoclonal antibodies limited determining the extent of distribution of a given antigen on epididymal sperm. However, the reproducibility of patterns when a given protocol is used and the large number of antibodies (39/42) displaying marked differences in localization on caput, cauda, and ejaculated PM suggest that changes in the organization of the PM constituents, whether by addition or subtraction of antigen or through configurational changes in proteins, are a major consequence of sperm maturation in the epididymis.
The development of the ovine small intestine
Authors: Trahair Jeff , Robinson Peter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIntestinal development was noted from 27 days gestation. By 50 days gestation the ovine small intestine shows the beginnings of villus formation. The lumen becomes patent by 70 days. Proximal regions mature earlier than distal regions. Vacuolation of enterocytes occurs in all regions of the small intestine at some stage during development. Mature‐looking enterocytes can be found in proximal regions by 125 days gestation while in distal regions immature vacuolated cells can still be found just prior to birth. Enterocytes lining the villi are more mature at the villus tip than those at the base in all regions. This gradient of maturation is consistent with a suggestion of the early establishment of adult patterns of proliferation and migration of enterocytes in the sheep fetus.
Testicular histology in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes
Authors: Anderson Judy E. , Thliveris James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe use of the streptozotocin rat model for diabetes has been questioned by the appearance of extrapancreatic cytotoxicity, notably renal and hepatic. In this study the model was made specific to diabetic, drug‐induced, and starvation effects n parameters of testicular histology. Formulation of orthogonal contrast expressions permitted the statistical separation of these influences. Tubules from moderately diabetic animals showed frequent thinning, and permature desquamation of pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids from the germinal epithelium. Results showed that only diabetes significantly decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and increased testicular blood vessel numbers. In addition, significant alteration from the control pattern of tubule stage distribution was noted, particularly at stages IX–XI. Due to the inclusion of a drug‐treated but nondiabetic group, streptozotocin itself was shown to have no significant effect on these parameters.
Effect of carrageenan on the histology of the bursa of fabricius and the humoral immune response to SalmonellaO antigen
Authors: Olah Imré , Glick Bruce 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBursal secretory cells have been studied with light and electron microscope after prolonged carrageenan treatment. Intravenous injected carrageenan decreased the number of secretory cells as early as 4 days after the first carrageenan administration. Degranulation of the secretory cells may have made it difficult to identify these cells. The discharge of granules from the secretory cells was indicated by the appearance of a large amount of extracellular substance on the cell surface. The carrageenan may have accelerated the IgM‐IgG switch after immunization with SalmonellaO antigen. The rapid IgM‐IgG switch was preceded by degranulations of the secretory cells. Therefore, the secretory products of the cells might have contributed to the switch. The number of secretory cells in the carrageenan‐treated birds increased by the secondary immunization. Many of these secretory cells were immature and located close to the corticomedullary border. The young cells revealed a large blastlike nucleus and bulky cytoplasm with granules surrounding the cytocentrum and Golgi zone.
Unusual variation of the arterial pattern of the human upper limb
Authors: Jurjus Abdo , Sfeir R. , Bezirdjian R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe anomalous brachial artery, after giving off a profunda brachii artery with no collaterals, divides in its upper one‐third into two equal‐sized arteries, brachial arteries #1 and 2. These arteries lie next to each other in the normal path of the brachial artery. Brachial arteriy #1 is possibly a high‐origin and persisting radial artery. It gives no collaterals in the arm. At the cubital fossa, it becomes subcutaneous and divides into two equal‐sized radial and ulnar arteries. These arteries run completely superficial to flexor muscles of the forearm and are terminated by branches running above the thenar and hypothenar eminences, respectively. Brachial artery #2 is possibly a high‐origin artery of the common interosseous. The course of this artery resembles the course of the brachial axial artery of the embryo. It supplies the anterior compartment of brachial muscles and continues as the common interosseous artery. This common interosseous artery in turn branches into the superior and inferior ulnar collaterals, and the anterior and posterior intersossei. It does not regress, but has a major role in forming the deep palmar arterial arch in the hand. The clinical implications of such an anomaly are discussed.
Antigenic phenotyping of isolated and in situ rodent follicular dendritic cells (FDC) with emphasis on the ultrastructural demonstration of Ia antigens
Authors: Kosco Marie H. , Tew John G. , Szakal Andras K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe antigenic phenotype of mouse lymph node follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) was studied by immunocytochemical techniques. Indirect fluorescence was used in conjunction with monoclonal antibodies to localize FDC surface antigens on FDC‐enriched cell preparations and in cryostat sections. Lymph nodes from rats and mice were also labeled directly for Ia antigens with fluorescein‐ or peroxidase‐conjugated Ia‐specific monoclonal antibodies (i.e., MRC Ox4 and 10‐2.16, respectively). Lymphoid tissue was also prepared for electron microscopy to allow clear distinction between Ia antigens of B lymphocytes and FDCs in situ. In these experiments, gold‐labeled antigen was used to clearly identify FDCs and their processes among the Ia‐positive cells of lymph node follicles. The labeling observed by light and electron microscopy showed that FDCs expressed Ia in situ and in vitro. Additional surface determinants shown to be expressed by FDCs included H2‐K, common leukocyte antigen, and the receptor for the Fc portion of IgG1 and IgG2b. Neither macrophage antigens, such as Mac‐1, Mac‐2, Mac‐3, and F4/80, nor the lymphocyte markers Ly‐1, Ly‐2, and Thy‐1 were expressed by FDCs. Thus, the antigenic phenotype of FDCs, along with their distinctive dendritic morphology, their nonphagocytic and nonadherent nature, and their ability to trap and retain immune complexes on their plasma membrane, identifies them as a unique cell population.
Demonstration of a catecholaminergic innervation in human perirenal brown adipose tissue at various ages in the adult
Authors: Lever Jeffrey D. , Jung Roland T. , Nnodim Joseph O. , Leslie Peter J. , Symons Deborah 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFrom light and electron microscopic studies on perirenal fat from human donors 27, 39, and 47 years old, unequivocal evidence is found for the presence of islands of multilocular adipocytes. After glyoxylic acid condensation for visualisation of biogenic amines, catecholaminergic nerve plexuses were demonstrated around the arteries of supply to these islands and within the intercellular spaces between their constituent adipocytes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the cytology of these adipocytes to be similar to that of brown adipocytes in rodents. These findings are viewed in the light of a possible energetic potential for brown adipose tissue in the human adult.
Development of the apical ectodermal ridge in the chick leg bud and a comparison with the wing bud
Authors: Todt William L. , Fallon John F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHistologic examination of the leg bud of stage‐18 to stage‐23 chick embryos was carried out with special reference to the development of the apical ectodermal ridge. The leg bud apical ectoderm, initially an irregular columnar epithelium with an overlying simple squamous periderm, began to thicken during stage 18 and was a pseudostratified epithelium by stage 19. A notch in the base of the thickened ectoderm was seen as early as stage 19. The notch represented the cross‐sectional view of a groove, which developed in the base of the ridge. As development proceeded, the ridge and its associated groove lengthened. In addition, the groove became more prominent, and irregularities were seen in its width and depth along the apex. Ectodermal cell death was not consistently seen until stage 21 at which time most of the length of the thickened ectoderm had evidence of necrosis. Development of the leg bud ridge and wing bud ridge were compared. The temporal sequence of ectodermal thickening and ridge development was very similar in both the leg and wing buds with one exception; namely, that leg bud ridge development preceded wing bud ridge development by several hours. In addition, ectodermal cell death was not evident until stage 20 in the leg bud ridge, but could be seen at late stage 18 in the wing bud apical ectoderm. However, by stage 21, cell death was associated with most of the ridge in both the wing and leg buds. Finally, with respect to the axial line, the ridge with its associated groove extended further preaxially in the leg bud than in the wing bud, making the leg bud ridge more symmetrical.
Osteodentin formation in rat incisor as visualized by radioautography after 3H‐proline administration
Authors: Karim A. C. , Pylypas S. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOsteodentin formation was studied in rat incisor pulp after adriamycin administration. Male Sprague Dawley rats (100 ± 5 gm) were injected intravenously with adriamycin (5 mg/kg body weight), and after 7 days they were again injected intravenously with 3H‐proline (3 μCi/gm). These animals were killed in groups of three from 5 minutes to 4 hours after proline injection by perfusion with 3% phosphate‐buffered formaldehyde followed by 2.5% phosphate‐buffered glutaraldehyde. Control animals injected with only physiological saline, and 7 days later with 3H‐proline (3 μCi/gm), and were killed at the same time intervals. Radioautography on sections showing osteodentin formation revealed that at 5 minutes after 3H‐proline injection the labeling was located over the cells associated with the osteodentin matrix. At 1 hour after injection the labeling was located over the cells and the matrix, while at 4 hours the labeling was seen only over the matrix. It therefore appears that at least a proline‐containing component of the osteodentin matrix is synthesized and secreted by the cells associated with it.
Endocytic traffic in trophectoderm and polarised blastomeres of the mouse preimplantation embryo
Authors: Fleming Tom P. , Goodall Harry 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEndocytosis from apical and basolateral cell membranes of mouse blastocyst trophectoderm was examined morphologically by using unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP, fluid phase marker), cationized ferritin (membrane marker, bound ionically), and protein A‐HRP conjugate (membrane marker, identifying antigens recognised by antimouse species serum). The markers were applied in single and double labelling procedures designed to reveal the derivation, sorting site, and fate of all the major endocytic pathways. Endocytosis at the apical surface led to the obligate fusion of labelled elements with prelysosomal endosomes prior to the redistribution of membrane into lysosomal, transcellular, or recycling pathways, and to the passage of internalised fluid into lysosomes only. Complementary routes appear to operate following endocytosis at the basolateral domain. Thus, endocytic trafficking within the trophectoderm, regulated by “sorting” mechanisms localised at the endosome compartment, may be responsible for the maintenance of polarised membrane domains. The polarised transcellular pathway involving obligatory endosome fusion is present in cleavage‐stage, peripheral 16‐cell blastomeres prior to zonular tight junction formation. Nocodazole treatment to depolymerise microtubules in many cases induced a bypass of the endosomal sorting compartment during transcytosis, indicating that microtubules contribute to the spatial organization of endocytic membrane traffic.
Strategies of hemopoietic stress adaptation within the medullary cavity
Authors: Giuliani Dennis C. , Hall James C. , Morse Bernard S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGravimetric determination of total bone water space was used as an index of available bone marrow space in mice following various specific stressors, i.e., splenectomy, hypoxia, bone fracture, and estrone‐induced osteosclerosis. Data was corrected for bone weight and was reported as specific bone marrow volume (total bone water space/mg dry bone × 100).A direct relationship was observed between specific bone marrow volume and medullary hemopoietic activity induced by stress. Absolute and/or relative marrow space increased following splenectomy, hypoxia, and fracture. Osteosclerotic animals shift most hemopoietic activity from marrow to spleen, and splenectomized osteosclerotic animals become anemic. Both intact and splenectomized hypoxic animals develop increased specific bone marrow volume and successfully compensate for hypoxia with enhanced erythropoiesis. Animals sustaining a fracture callus increase both specific bone marrow volume and hemopoietic activity at the callus without an increase in hemopoietic demand.Increased specific bone marrow volume extends the marrow bone interface, where primitive stem cells accumulate, while expanding marrow stromal space, where stem cells lodge, proliferate and differentiate. Therefore, it would appear that availability of competent marrow space may play an integral part in passively permitting hematopoiesis and in determining hemopoietic reserve capacity.Stem cell migration increases during intensified hemopoietic demand, which also may be related to available marrow space. Mice have a low medullary hemopoietic reserve capacity; subsequently, when available medullary hematopoietic stroma becomes occupied, stem cells are more likely to migrate from the marrow to extra‐medullary sites where they mature before entering the circulating pool.