bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trait values of growth, carcass and meat quality in Wild Boar, Meishan and Pietrain pigs as well as their crossbred generations
Authors: Müller E. , Moser G. , Bartenschilager H. , Geldermann H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe genetic diversity between European Wild Boar, Pietrain and Meishan and their crossbred generations are described on the basis of performance traits for growth, carcass composition and meat quality. Using the results of 1333 pigs, the highest growth rates were found in crossbred generations, indicating positive heterosis effects. In carcass composition, high meat content is associated with Pietrain and high fat content with Meishan alleles. Weights of organs were greatest in Wild Boar, the weight of the head was greatest in Meishan. Meat quality and stress resistance parameters point to superior gene effects in Wild Boar and Meishan. Crossbred animals of these genetically diverse pig sources generate the maximum variability for all traits, help to demonstrate the range of values for the specified breeds of pig and allow an efficient analysis of the genes influencing performance traits.
Effects of genetic groups on estimates of variance components for a maternally influenced trait in the Spanish Limousine
Authors: Díaz C. , Moreno A. , Carabaño M. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryResidual maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of variance components for standardized 210‐day weights were obtained in the Limousine breed from Spain under different animal models. All models were applied including (Gdm) or not (G00) genetic groups for the direct and the maternal components. Genetic groups were defined according to sex of progenitor and generation in two different approaches depending on whether the full pedigree information or reduced pedigree was used. For the most complex model, which included direct, maternal and permanent environmental variances as well as the direct–maternal covariance, genetic groups were imposed either to the direct (Gd0) or to the maternal (G0m) component treating genetic groups as covariates without the QP transformation. For the Gdm case (genetic groups for both direct and maternal effects) with the full pedigree information, the estimates of the direct genetic variance and the genetic covariance between direct and maternal genetic effects showed the largest reduction, while the estimate of maternal genetic variance was only slightly reduced, with respect to G00, a model without genetic groups. This result might be due to a less important variability among group effects for the maternal component, probably due to a lower selection intensity performed for this component. However, for the Gd0 case, estimates of genetic variances and especially the direct–maternal covariance were largely overestimated with respect to the Gdm case. Inclusion of direct and maternal grouping was deemed necessary for this population. Reduction of pedigree information did not seem to have a large impact on variance component estimation. Nevertheless, deeper pedigree information together with a correct definition of the generation to assign genetic groups is needed to accommodate the effect of selection on direct and maternal components of this trait, in this population.
Estimation of genetic parameters for non‐return rate (NRR) in German herdbook Pietrain and Landrace AI boars
Authors: Steinheuer R. , Hamann H. , Distl O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryBetween January 1993 and May 2000, 95 136 artificial insemination (AI) records of 445 Bavarian boars were recorded by three Bavarian AI stations. The analysis of the non‐return rate (NRR) was based on AI matings performed by AI technicians. The animal models applied for estimation of variance components for NRR included the fixed effects of AI station, breed of boar, first and subsequent insemination, type of insemination, duration of breeding period of the sow, and AI technician. Herd–year–season and permanent environment of the sow as well as the paternal additive genetic effects were taken into account as random effects. The estimation procedures employed for the described model were both linear and non‐linear. Genetic variances for the NRR (33‐55‐77 days after insemination) were small. Estimates of paternal heritability for NRR were low with (NRR33), (NRR55) as well as (NRR77) using the non‐linear model, and (NRR33), (NRR55) as well as (NRR77) employing the linear model. Due to the low heritabilities genetic progress on mating success for AI boars may be only possible, if sufficiently large numbers of observations are available.
Inheritance of congenital umbilical hernia in German Fleckvieh
Authors: Distl O. , Herrmann R. , Utz J. , Doll K. , Rosenberger E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe frequency of congenital umbilical hernia and its distribution by sires was investigated in German Fleckvieh calves being sold at livestock markets in Miesbach and Traunstein. Data included 53 105 calves from 77 livestock auctions in the years 1996 and 1997. The overall incidence for congenital umbilical hernia was 1.8%. Significant influences were the sex of the calf, the occurrence of multiple births, age of the calf at examination, the market place/market date, the herdmate incidence of congenital umbilical hernia, the sire and the sire line. The inheritance of congenital umbilical hernia could not be explained either by an autosomal recessive or by an autosomal dominant single gene. Testing for oligogenic models revealed that at least three gene loci may be involved. It also seemed likely that dominant alleles can play a role in the mode of inheritance. Congenital umbilical hernias have genetic implications, and thus they should be regarded in the selection of young sires.
Effective size of populations with unequal sex ratio and variation in mating success
Authors: Nomura T. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTo estimate the effective size (Ne) of populations with unequal sex ratio, a well‐known formula, Ne=4NmNf/(Nm + Nf), has been frequently used, where Nm and Nf are the numbers of male and female parents, respectively. In this paper, the formula was examined under typical mating systems in animals. It was shown that the formula holds only when there are no variations in the numbers of mates (mating success) of parents of each sex. More appropriate equations were developed by accounting for the variation in mating success. It was found that for animal populations with harem mating system, an equation Ne=4NmNf/(2Nm+Nf) gives a more accurate estimate than the well‐known formula. The effective population sizes of several wild, experimental and domestic animals are estimated by applying the derived equations to the published demographic and ecological data.
Einfluß technischer Behandlungen von Rapskuchen auf die Abbaubarkeit des Futterrohproteins im Pansen
Authors: Dänner Von E. , Schmidt J. , Kluge H. , Nonn H. , Jeroch H. 
Published: March 2003

1 Einleitung und ProblemstellungMit der Ausdehnung des Rapsanbaues in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland nahm auch das Angebot an entfetteten Nachprodukten der Rapssaat zu. Das im Rahmen der GATT‐Verhandlungen getroffene ‘Blair‐House‐Abkommen’ setzt jedoch einer Steigerung des Absatzpotentials und damit der Anbaufläche von Konsumraps in Europa entschiedene Grenzen. Neben der konventionellen Vermarktung als Konsumraps über die Handelsunternehmen kann auch die Ölgewinnung in dezentralen Anlagen ein zukunftsträchtiger Weg sein. Der beim Abpressen der Ölsaat in diesen Anlagen anfallende Rapskuchen stellt ein hochwertiges Eiweißfuttermittel für die Wiederkäuerfütterung mit einem Restölgehalt je nach Preßverfahren von 5–12% dar (H enkel und M
osenthin 1989). Für eine optimale Einbeziehung von Rapskuchen als Proteinkomponente in Wiederkäuerrationen sind jedoch umfassende Kenntnisse über die Abbaubarkeit des Rohproteins im Pansen sowie Möglichkeiten zu deren Beeinflussung Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund wurde am Institut für Tierernährung der Agrarwissenschaftlichen Universität Mosonmagyaróvár (Ungarn) untersucht, welchen Einfluß eine technische Behandlung von Rapskuchen mittels Expander bzw. Extruder auf die Abbaubarkeit des Futterrohproteins in den Vormägen bei wachsenden Rindern hat. Die Untersuchungsbefunde sollen einen Informationsgewinn für den sachgerechten Einsatz von Rapskuchen in der Wiederkäuerfütterung liefern.
Phytase and vitamin E in the feed of growing pigs: 2. Influence on carcass characteristics, meat and fat quality
Authors: Gebert S. , Bee G. , Pfirter H. P. , Wenk C. 
Published: March 2003

Lipid oxidation is one of the the major causes of deterioration in the quality of meat and meat products. In addition to its nutrition value, meat has other aesthetic attributes, including its attractive sensory properties and therefore, lipid oxidation in meat and adipose tissue is undesirable. It can be reduced by the addition of antioxidants to feeds.Vitamin E functions is a lipid‐soluble antioxidant in the cell membranes. One of the most potent forms is α‐tocopherol. It is capable of quenching free radicals and thus protects susceptible cellular structures, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, against oxidation and subsequent breakdown to potentially harmful, chemically reactive products (Packer and Fuchs 1993). Vitamin E supplementation above the physiological demand enhances the vitamin E concentration in tissue samples, milk and eggs (Leonhardt et al. 1997). Furthermore a positive effect on the various quality criteria of products of animal origin such as shelf life, colour, taste, etc. can be realized to meet the expectations of consumers (Asghar et al. 1991b; King et al. 1995).In another article it was demonstrated that supplementing diets with phytase had a positive effect on the digestibility of minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, iron and zinc (Gebert et al. 1999). The results indicated that dietary fat digestibility was significantly decreased due to the phytase supplementation. In addition, the α‐tocopherol digestibility had a tendency to be impaired in the phytase‐ or vitamin E (200 p.p.m. α‐tocopheryl acetate)‐supplemented diets, indicating that the released minerals of the phytic acid complex could act as bi‐ and trivalent cations and might damage those nutrients which are susceptible to oxidation (mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids) or could use up the antioxidative vitamins in the digesta.Therefore it was of interest to investigate the effect of phytase and vitamin E (α‐tocopheryl acetate) supplementation in pig diets on the carcass characteristics as well as meat and fat quality, mainly with respect to stability against oxidative destruction.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acids on the distribution of fatty acids in serum lipoprotein fractions and different tissues of growing pigs
Authors: Tischendorf F. , Möckel P. , Schöne F. , Plonné M. , Jahreis G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on blood lipids [total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and triacylglycerols (TAG)] and the fatty acid distribution of the lipoprotein fractions, backfat, muscle fat, and liver lipids were examined in an experiment with two groups of 40 pigs [Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White)] each. The 20 female and 20 male castrated pigs of each group were fed with isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets supplemented with either 20 g/kg rapeseed oil (control) or 20 g/kg CLA–TAG. The CLA preparation contained 54.2% pure CLA consisting of approximately two‐thirds cis,trans/trans,cis‐isomers and one‐third trans,trans‐isomers. The fatty acids of lipoproteins, backfat, muscle lipids and liver lipids were analysed by gas chromatograph (GC). CLA supplementation did not significantly influence blood lipids and the LDL to HDL ratio. In the CLA‐fed pigs the very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) contained higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations at the cost of the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) remained unchanged. The highest CLA content was analysed in VLDL (4.00%) followed by LDL (2.78%) and HDL (1.45%). The ratio of cis,cis to trans,trans isomers increased from VLDL over LDL to HDL. The content of SFA, probably in backfat and muscle lipids, increased whereas the part of MUFA decreased as a result of reduced Δ9‐desaturase activity. The percentage of PUFA (without CLA) was higher in backfat of the control group in accordance with the dietary PUFA supply. This shift in the fatty acid distribution was not observed in the liver lipids. In all the three tissues analysed, the CLA‐fed pigs had a significantly increased CLA content: the highest increase was in the backfat (5.65%), followed by liver lipids (2.41%), and muscle lipids (1.47%). An isomer‐specific accumulation was observed for cis,cis‐CLA isomers in muscle, and for trans,trans‐CLA isomers in backfat.We conclude that CLA supplementation results in a higher SFA content in backfat and muscle lipids but not in liver lipids. There is a discrimination of the trans‐10, cis‐12 isomer and the trans,trans isomers in the formation of the cell membranes.
Faecal bacterial profile, nitrogen excretion and mineral absorption in healthy dogs fed supplemental oligofructose
Authors: Beynen A. C. , Baas J. C. , Hoekemeijer P. E. , Kappert H. J. , Bakker M. H. , Koopman J. P. , Lemmens A. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn a cross‐over trial, five healthy dogs were fed a dry food without or with 1% (w/w) oligofructose to assess any oligofructose‐induced effects on the faecal bacterial profile, nitrogen excretion and mineral absorption. The diets were given for a period of 3 weeks. Oligofructose feeding significantly raised the number ofBifidobacteria,StreptococciandClostridiain faeces. The numbers of faecal anaerobic and aerobic bacteria were raised after ingestion of oligofructose. The faecal pH was unchanged. There was no effect of oligofructose feeding on the route of nitrogen excretion which was associated with a lack of effect on faecal ammonium and urinary urea excretion. It is suggested that the absence or presence of an effect of oligofructose on urinary and faecal nitrogen excretion depends on the background composition of the diet, in particular the content of non‐digestible, fermentable carbohydrates. In the diets used, the content of non‐digestible, fermentable carbohydrates was not measured. Both apparent magnesium and calcium absorption were significantly raised by oligofructose feeding, but phosphorus absorption was unaffected. The data presented may contribute to the qualification of the use of oligofructose in dog foods.
Age‐related fecundity and sex ratio variation in Apanteles galleriae (Hym., Braconidae) and host effect on fecundity and sex ratio of its hyperparasitoid Dibrachys boarmiae (Hym., Pteromalidae)
Authors: Uçkan F. , Gülel A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  Age‐related progeny production and sex ratio of Apanteles galleriae Wilkinson, a koinobiont, solitary, larval endoparasitoid of two lepidopteran species, Galleria mellonella (L.) and Achoria grisella Fabr., were studied at 25± 1°C, 60 ± 5% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 12 : 12 h (L : D). The effect of host type on fecundity and sex ratio of the hyperparasitoid Dibrachys boarmiae (Walker), an idiobiont, gregarious pre‐pupae or pupae ectoparasitoid on A. galleriae was also investigated. Total progeny produced by A. galleriae showed very little host‐dependent variation. The mean total number of offspring produced by a female was 232.6 and 239.7 on G. mellonella and A. grisella, respectively. Progeny production and proportion of females per host by A. galleriae decreased directly with parental age. Fecundity of D. boarmiae on A. galleriae pupae reared on G. mellonella and A. grisella was 3.3 and 2.9 respectively. Host type had no significant influence on progeny production and sex ratio of D. boarmiae.
A technique for continuous rearing of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hym., Diprionidae) in the laboratory
Authors: Baldassari N. , Martini A. , Baronio P. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The laboratory rearing of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) on Pinus sylvestris L. plants grown in vases was successfully achieved on a continuous basis. Larvae were seen to emerge on average after 106 days from egg clusters being kept on plants held at a temperature of 15 ± 1°C and with a 10‐h photophase until emergence. These larvae were then transferred to plastic containers and kept at a temperature of 20 ± 1°C with a 12‐h photophase where, under optimum hygiene conditions and being fed fresh pine branches, they completed their development on average in 30.6 days. Adults began emerging from the cocoons after about 30 days, continuing to do so for at least 7 months. Under these conditions the insect completes its life cycle in 179 days, thus permitting to obtain two generations a year in the laboratory. This staggered adult emergence pattern makes specimens available at all stages of development for experimental purposes throughout most of the year.
Characterization of Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyd. & Hans., Races 1‐6, by Cellular Fatty Acid Analysis
Authors: Hering O. , Nirenberg H. I. , Köhn S. , Deml G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFatty acid analysis, a common method for the identification of bacteria, was modified and applied to characterize isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. After evaluating the fatty acid profiles by means of cluster analysis and three‐dimensional plotting of the main fatty acids, the isolates were classified into five groups. Identical patterns were obtained for isolates of races 3 and 5 and for isolates of races 2 and 6. Isolates with so far unknown race determinations were arranged into their corresponding fatty acid groups.
Comparison and Characterization of Tomato Big Bud‐ and Sweet Potato Little Leaf‐Group Phytoplasmas
Authors: Schneider B. , Gibb K. S. , Padovan A. , Davis R. I. , De La Rue S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract EcoRI or HindIII‐restricted DNA from phytoplasmas associated with tomato big bud (TBB) and sweet potato little leaf (SPLL‐V4) was cloned into pBluescript and the recombinant plasmids were screened by reciprocal DNA hybridization with TBB‐ and SPLL‐V4 DNA. Most of the recombinant plasmids hybridized to DNA of both phytoplasmas. Southern hybridization analysis of EcoRI‐ or HindIII‐restricted TBB‐ and SPLL‐V4 DNA with two TBB probes (pTBB32 and pTBB87) gave identical restriction patterns. Southern hybridizations of HindIII‐ or EcoRI digested DNA from 10 phytoplasma‐positive field samples revealed a different restriction fragment pattern in two phytoplasmas from sweet potato. Three TBB probes which did not hybridize to SPLL‐V4 were selected for Southern blot analysis of samples. The pTBB42 and pTBB78 hybridized to nine of the 10 TBB‐symptomatic field samples producing identical patterns. pTBB88 contained extrachromosomal DNA and hybridized with two phytoplasmas from diseased sweet potato and perennial phlox. The SPLL‐V4‐specific probe pH 21 hybridized to five field samples generating different restriction patterns. About 80 field samples were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction using primers deduced from pH 21, pTBB42 and pTBB88. These phytoplasmas had been previously characterized and grouped by their 16S/23S spacer region restriction fragment pattern but this classification was in most cases different to the results obtained with these primers.
Characterization of Kenyan Isolates of Fusarium udum from Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] by Cultural Characteristics, Aggressiveness and AFLP Analysis
Authors: Kiprop E. K. , Baudoin J. P. , Mwang'ombe A. W. , Kimani P. M. , Mergeai G. , Maquet A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIsolates of Fusarium udum from pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) plants with wilt symptoms were collected from various districts in Kenya and were characterized using cultural characteristics, aggressiveness and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The 56 isolates of F. udum showed a high level of variability in aerial mycelia growth, pigmentation and radial mycelia growth (colony diameter) on potato dextrose agar. The aggressiveness of 17 isolates of F. udum on seven pigeonpea varieties varied and five aggressive groups were observed in the present study. There were no relationships among cultural characteristics and aggressiveness. AFLP analysis of the 56 isolates was tested for genetic variability using seven primer combinations. A total of 326 fragments was generated of which 121 were polymorphic. Ten AFLP groups were identified among the Kenyan isolates and, although they were not genetically distinct, six AFLP subgroups were genetically distinct. AFLP had no relationship with cultural characteristics, aggressiveness and geographical origin of the isolates. This is the first report on the study of genetic variability of F. udum using DNA analysis.
Biological Control of the Potato Tubers Dry Rot Caused by Fusarium roseum var. sambucinum under Greenhouse, Field and Storage Conditions using Bacillus spp. Isolates
Authors: Sadfi N. , Chérif M. , Hajlaoui M. R. , Boudabbous A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSelected isolates of Bacillus spp. from salty soils were evaluated for their ability to suppress a dry rot disease on potato tubers caused by Fusarium roseum var. sambucinum. Greenhouse trials undertaken in pots demonstrated that bacterial antagonists stimulated the emergence of potato tubers. Evaluation of yield parameters showed the efficiency of isolates I32 of B. licheniformis and X16 of B. cereus to reduce disease severity. Field experiments showed that the isolate X16 of B. cereus seems to be the most effective to control Fusarium rot on seed tubers and increase yield parameters. The seed tuber colonization by bacteria increased until 61 days after planting with a rate significantly higher for B. cereus X16 (2 ×103 CFU/cm2). After 75 days, it decreased for all the treatments applied. Moreover, traditional and cold storage assays run during 6 and 8 months respectively, showed that dry rot incidence was significantly lower in potato boxes treated with each antagonist alone or by the mixture (X16 + B. thuringiensis var. galleriae 55T and Trichoderma viride + 55T) as compared with pathogen inoculated control boxes and to those treated with the fungicide carbendazim.
Immunodetection and Characterization of Antigens Expressed by Uncinula necator
Authors: Markovic V. L. , Stummer B. E. , Hill A. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractConidia from four genetically distinct isolates of Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr. were used to raise a polyclonal antiserum. Immunofluorescent detection of the fungus on Vitis vinifera (cv. Chardonnay) indicated that the antiserum bound specifically to fungal antigens present on both conidia and hyphae, with no detection of underlying berry tissues. The antibody reacted with three antigens present on the conidia (Mr 21, 29 and > 250 kDa). Immunoreactivity with the 21 kDa antigen was dependent upon the preservation of at least one disulphide bond linkage. Evidence from immunoblot staining and enzyme immunoassay indicated that only a small proportion of the recognized epitopes contained carbohydrate moieties. The antibody detected homologous U. necator conidial antigens in a plate trapped antigen‐enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbent assay (PTA‐ELISA), with a linear range of detection extending from 1000 to 9000 conidia/ml at a 1/5000 dilution of serum. Under these conditions the immunoassay also detected antigens from pooled heterologous U. necator isolates. The antiserum exhibited cross‐reactivity with antigens present on Aspergillus, Pithomyces and Sporobolomyces species co‐isolated from powdery mildew‐infected grapes, which could not be removed by fractionation of the antiserum on antigen affinity columns. Monoclonal antibodies were subsequently produced to avoid the problems of cross‐reactivity associated with the polyclonal antibody. Antibodies produced from two clonal lines exhibited specificity for U. necator and were shown to detect a 21 kDa conidial antigen. Use of either of these antibodies enabled the differentiation of grapes grouped on the basis of powdery mildew disease levels.