bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization, pattern recognition, and forward search: effects of playing speed and sight of the position on grandmaster chess errors
Authors: Chabris Christopher F. , Hearst Eliot S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA new approach examined two aspects of chess skill, long a popular topic in cognitive science. A powerful computer‐chess program calculated the number and magnitude of blunders made by the same 23 grandmasters in hundreds of serious games of slow (“classical”) chess, regular “rapid” chess, and rapid “blindfold” chess, in which opponents transmit moves without ever seeing the actual position. Rapid chess led to substantially more and larger blunders than classical chess. Perhaps more surprisingly, the frequency and magnitude of blunders did not differ in rapid versus blindfold play, despite the additional memory and visualization load imposed by the latter. We discuss the involvement of various cognitive processes in human problem‐solving and expertise, especially with respect to chess. Prior opposing views about the basis of general chess skill have emphasized the dominance of either (a) swift pattern recognition or (b) analyzing ahead, but both seem important and the controversy appears currently unresolvable and perhaps fruitless.
Intra‐sentential context effects on the interpretation of logical metonymy⋆
Authors: Lapata Mirella , Keller Frank , Scheepers Christoph 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVerbs such as enjoy in the student enjoyed the book exhibit logical metonymy: enjoy is interpreted as enjoy reading. Theoreticalwork [Computational Linguistics 17 (4) (1991) 409; The Generative Lexicon, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1995] predicts that this interpretation can be influenced by intra‐sentential context, e.g., by the subject of enjoy. In this article, we test this prediction using a completion experiment and find that the interpretation of a metonymic verb is influenced by the semantic role of its subject. We present a Bayesian model that accounts for the interpretation of logical metonymy and achieves a good fit on our experimental data. We show that the parameters of the model can be estimated from completion data or from corpus data.
The effects of self‐explaining when learning with text or diagrams
Authors: Ainsworth Shaaron , Th Loizou Andrea 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSelf‐explaining is an effective metacognitive strategy that can help learners develop deeper understanding of the material they study. This experiment explored if the format of material (i.e., text or diagrams) influences the self‐explanation effect. Twenty subjects were presented with information about the human circulatory system and prompted to self‐explain; 10 received this information in text and 10 in diagrams. Results showed that students given diagrams performed significantly better on post‐tests than students given text. Diagrams students also generated significantly more self‐explanations that text students. Furthermore, the benefits of self‐explaining were much greater in the diagrams condition. To discover why diagrams can promote the self‐explanation effect, results are interpreted with reference to the multiple differences in the semantic, cognitive and affective properties of the texts and diagrams studied.
Multidisciplinary creativity: the case of Herbert A. Simon
Authors: Dasgupta Subrata 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn the twentieth century, no person epitomized more dramatically the “Renaissance mind” than Herbert A. Simon (1916–2001). In aworking life spanning over 60 years, Simon made seminal contributions to administrative theory, axiomatic foundations of physics, economics, sociology, econometrics, cognitive psychology, logic of scientific discovery, and artificial intelligence. Simon's life of the mind, thus, affords nothing less than a “laboratory” in which to observe and examine at close quarters the phenomenon of multidisciplinary creativity. In this paper, we attempt to shed some light on the nature of Simon's creativity and the nature of his particular Renaissance mind. In particular, we have attempted here to articulate the cognitive style underlying Simon's multidisciplinary creativity.
How toddlers represent enclosed spaces
Authors: Huttenlocher Janellen , Vasilyeva Marina 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRecent findings indicate that toddlers can use geometric cues to locate an object hidden in a corner of a rectangular room after being disoriented [Cognition 61 (1996) 195]. It has been suggested that locating the object involves reestablishing one's initial heading. The present experiments examine search behavior after disorientation. We find that toddlers go directly to a particular corner, indicating that they do not have to reestablish their original heading. It also has been suggested that toddlers ability to use geometric cues is limited to surrounding spaces. We find that toddlers can locate an object from outside as well as from inside a space, although the task is harder from outside. Based on these results, we argue that while toddlers do not represent their position relative to a particular portion of a space, they nevertheless may represent their position relative to the entire space (i.e., outside vs. inside).
The ghost of Christmas future: didn't Scrooge learn to be good? Commentary on Magnuson, McMurray, Tanenhaus, and Aslin (2003)
Authors: McQueen James M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMagnuson, McMurray, Tanenhaus, and Aslin [Cogn. Sci. 27 (2003) 285] suggest that they have evidence of lexical feedback in speech perception, and that this evidence thus challenges the purely feedforward Merge model [Behav. Brain Sci. 23 (2000) 299]. This evidence is open to an alternative explanation, however, one which preserves the assumption in Merge that there is no lexical–prelexical feedback during on‐line speech processing. This explanation invokes the distinction between perceptual processing that occurs in the short term, as an utterance is heard, and processing that occurs over the longer term, for perceptual learning.
Renal regulation of plasma glucose in the freshwater rainbow trout
Authors: Bucking Carol , Wood Chris M. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThis study examined the effects of prolonged hyperglycemia on renal handling of glucose and explored the in vivo pharmacological effects of phlorizin on glucose transport in the rainbow trout. The transport of glucose was examined by experimentally elevating the rate of renal glucose reabsorption via infusion of the fish with exogenous glucose at a rate of 70 μmol kg–1 h–1 and by inactivating the glucose transporters via the simultaneous administration of phlorizin (1 μmol kg–1h–1). Glucose was reabsorbed against a concentration gradient, until plasma glucose levels reached ∼22 μmol l–1 and the transport maximum of glucose in the kidney(∼145 μmol kg–1 h–1) was exceeded. At this point, glucose was lost to the urine, resulting in glucosuria. Glucosuria affected water reabsorption, approximately doubling the water clearance ratio,and resulted in osmotic diuresis. This in turn reduced Na+reabsorption, increasing the amount lost to the urine from 0.5% to 2% of the filtered load. Glucose reabsorption was found to be correlated with Na+ reabsorption, though the latter was almost 10-fold higher than glucose transport rates. Phlorizin treatment reduced glucose reabsorption,although it did not block it entirely until 48–72 h of infusion. The glucosuria resulting from the blockade of the glucose transporters resulted in a similar osmotic diuresis and a greater Na+ loss to the urine (9%of filtered load). The results are discussed with respect to the net renal`wasting' of glucose and the detrimental osmoregulatory and ionoregulatory effects associated with glucosuria caused by carbohydrate-rich diets.
The effects of acclimation to reversed seasonal temperatures on the swimming performance of adult brown troutSalmo trutta
Authors: Day N. , Butler P. J. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYAdult brown trout (Salmo trutta) were acclimatised to and maintained at seasonal temperatures (5°C in winter; 15°C in summer)and acclimated to reversed seasonal temperatures (15°C in winter; 5°C in summer) while exposed to the natural (i.e. seasonally variable)photoperiod. The mean critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) of animals acclimatised to the seasonal temperatures were similar, but more than 30% greater than those for fish acclimated to the reversed seasonal temperatures. The lower values of Ucrit that accompanied acclimation to reversed seasonal temperatures appeared largely to result from the inability of white muscle to function maximally, since the concentrations of lactate and ammonia in white muscle of fish swum to Ucrit at reversed seasonal temperatures were significantly lower than those in fish swum at seasonal temperatures. These observations,together with biochemical and morphometric attributes of muscle tissue,suggest that swimming ability is influenced, at least in part, by seasonal factors other than temperature. These data have important implications for the design of experiments using fish that experience predictable, usually seasonal, changes in their natural environment (temperature, dissolved oxygen,changes in water levels, etc.).
Alkaline tide and nitrogen conservation after feeding in an elasmobranch(Squalus acanthias)
Authors: Wood Chris M. , Kajimura Makiko , Mommsen Thomas P. , Walsh Patrick J. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYWe investigated the consequences of feeding for acid–base balance,nitrogen excretion, blood metabolites and osmoregulation in the Pacific spiny dogfish. Sharks that had been starved for 7 days were surgically fitted with indwelling stomach tubes for gastric feeding and blood catheters for repetitive blood sampling and were confined in chambers, allowing measurement of ammonia-N and urea-N fluxes. The experimental meal infused via the stomach tube consisted of flatfish muscle (2% of body mass) suspended in saline (4% of body mass total volume). Control animals received only saline(4% of body mass). Feeding resulted in a marked rise in both arterial and venous pH and HCO3– concentrations at 3–9 h after the meal, with attenuation by 17 h. Venous ṖO2 also fell. As there were negligible changes in ṖCO2,the response was interpreted as an alkaline tide without respiratory compensation, associated with elevated gastric acid secretion. Urea-N excretion, which comprised &gt;90% of the total, was unaffected, while ammonia-N excretion was very slightly elevated, amounting to &lt;3% of the total-N in the meal over 45 h. Plasma ammonia-N rose slightly. Plasma urea-N,TMAO-N and glucose concentrations remained unchanged, while free amino acid and β-hydroxybutyrate levels exhibited modest declines. Plasma osmolality was persistently elevated after the meal relative to controls, partially explained by a significant rise in plasma Cl–. This marked post-prandial conservation of nitrogen is interpreted as reflecting the needs for urea synthesis for osmoregulation and protein growth in animals that are severely N-limited due to their sporadic and opportunistic feeding lifestyle in nature.
V-ATPase inhibition prevents recovery from anoxia inArtemia franciscanaembryos: quiescence signaling through dissipation of proton gradients
Authors: Covi Joseph A. , Treleaven W. Dale , Hand Steven C. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe metabolic downregulation critical for long-term survival of Artemia franciscana embryos under anoxia is mediated, in part, by a progressive intracellular acidification. However, very little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the pH transitions associated with exposure to, and recovery from, oxygen deprivation. In the present study, we demonstrate with 31P-NMR that incubation of intact embryos with the V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 severely limits intracellular alkalinization during recovery from anoxia without affecting the restoration of cellular nucleotide triphosphate levels. Based on these data, it appears that oxidative phosphorylation and ATP resynthesis can only account for the first 0.3 pH unit alkalinization observed during aerobic recovery from the 1 pH unit acidification produced during 1 h of anoxia. The additional 0.7 pH unit increase requires proton pumping by the V-ATPase. Aerobic incubation with bafilomycin also suggests that V-ATPase inhibition alone is not enough to induce an acute dissipation of proton gradients under anoxia. In intact embryos, the dissipation of proton gradients and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation with carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) leads to an intracellular acidification similar to that seen after 1 h of anoxia. Subsequent exposure to anoxia, in the continued presence of CCCP, yields little additional acidification, suggesting that proton gradients are normally dissipated under anoxia. When combined with protons generated from net ATP hydrolysis, these data show that the dissipation of proton chemical gradients is sufficient to account for the reversible acidification associated with quiescence in these embryos.
The effects of cortisol administration on social status and brain monoaminergic activity in rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: DiBattista Joseph D. , Anisman Hymie , Whitehead Megan , Gilmour Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe hypothesis that circulating cortisol levels influence the outcome of social interactions in rainbow trout was tested. Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.)implant containing either cortisol (110 mg kg–1 fish), or cortisol plus the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486 (mifepristone; 1100 mg kg–1 fish), and sampled after 5 days of social interactions with either a similar sized (&lt;1.5% difference in fork length)or smaller conspecific (&gt;5% difference). Within size-matched pairs of fish,cortisol treatment significantly increased the probability that the treated fish within each pair became subordinate, an effect that was abolished by simultaneous administration of RU486. Cortisol treatment also reduced the usual success of the larger fish within a pair to preferentially become dominant from 86% to 40% of pairs. To investigate one potential mechanism underlying the apparent effect of cortisol in predisposing trout to low social status, fish were treated with cortisol or cortisol+RU486 for 5 days, after which brain monoamines [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); dopamine (DA)] and their major metabolites [5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA);3,4-dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid (DOPAC)] were measured. Significant increases of serotonergic activity ([5-HIAA]/[5-HT] ratio) were detected in the telencephalon with cortisol treatment, an effect that was eliminated by simultaneous administration of RU486. Also, cortisol treatment significantly decreased dopaminergic activity in the telencephalon. Somewhat surprisingly,the effects of cortisol treatment on monoaminergic activity in the hypothalamus were opposite to those in the telencephalon. Moreover, in no case did administration of RU486 abolish these effects. These results suggest that the effects of cortisol on social status in rainbow trout may be mediated via the modulation of central signaling systems and subsequent changes in behaviour and/or competitive ability, although the exact site of action in the brain remains uncertain.
Sprint running: a new energetic approach
Authors: di Prampero P. E. , Fusi S. , Sepulcri L. , Morin J. B. , Belli A. , Antonutto G. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
The speed of the initial 30 m of an all-out run from a stationary start on a flat track was determined for 12 medium level male sprinters by means of a radar device. The peak speed of 9.46±0.19 m s–1 (mean± s.d.) was attained after about 5 s, the highest forward acceleration (af), attained immediately after the start,amounting to 6.42±0.61 m s–2. During acceleration, the runner's body (assumed to coincide with the segment joining the centre of mass and the point of contact foot terrain) must lean forward, as compared to constant speed running, by an angle α=arctang/af(g=acceleration of gravity). The complement (90–α) is the angle, with respect to the horizontal, by which the terrain should be tilted upwards to bring the runner's body to a position identical to that of constant speed running. Therefore, accelerated running is similar to running at constant speed up an `equivalent slope' ES=tan(90–α). Maximum ES was 0.643±0.059. Knowledge of ES allowed us to estimate the energy cost of sprint running (Csr, J kg–1m–1) from literature data on the energy cost measured during uphill running at constant speed. Peak Csr was 43.8±10.4 J kg–1 m–1; its average over the acceleration phase (30 m) was 10.7±0.59 J kg–1 m–1, as compared with 3.8 for running at constant speed on flat terrain. The corresponding metabolic powers (in W kg–1) amounted to 91.9±20.5 (peak) and 61.0±4.7(mean).
The effect of spinning forces on spider silk properties
Authors: Pérez-Rigueiro J. , Elices M. , Plaza G. , Real J. I. , Guinea G. V. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
A new forced silking procedure has been developed that allows measurement of the low forces involved in the silking process and, subsequently, retrieval and tensile testing of the samples spun at the measured silking forces. A strong correlation between silking force and tensile behaviour of spider silk has been established. Fibres spun at high silking force – compared with the conventional yield stress – are stiff and show stress–strain curves previously found in forcibly silked fibres. By contrast, fibres spun at low and very low silking forces are more compliant, and their tensile behaviour corresponds to that of fibres naturally spun by the spider or to fibres subjected to maximum supercontraction, respectively. It has also been found that samples retrieved from processes with significant variations in the silking force are largely variable in terms of force–displacement curves, although reproducibility improves if force is re-scaled into stress. Fibres retrieved from processes with constant silking force show similar tensile properties both in terms of force–displacement and stress–strain curves.
Ectothermy and endothermy: evolutionary perspectives of thermoprotection by HSPs
Authors: Shabtay Ariel , Arad Zeev 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYLiving organisms respond to heat exposure by selectively expressing heat shock proteins (HSPs). Accumulation of HSPs confers thermotolerance in cell cultures and in ectotherms and is an important component of the heat shock response. This response, however, has not been directly examined in relation to different `thermal states', namely ectothermy vs endothermy. By using avian development as a model system for transition from ectothermy to endothermy, we show that, in contrast to the ectothermic state, in the endothermic state the organism is more resistant to heat but relies less on HSPs as a first-line thermoprotective mechanism. Moreover, intraspecific,real-time, in vivo measurements in genetically diverse fowl strains relate improvement of thermoresistance in endotherms to improved body temperature (Tb) regulation, with a concomitant delay in the expression of HSPs. The time course of this delay and the Tb at which it occurs imply that the ontogenetic and evolutionary pathways leading to improved thermoresistance may have followed two, apparently non-related, parallel routes – cellular and peripheral(non-cellular). In search of other cellular components that differentially participate in the heat shock response, we revealed a significant expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) in heat-exposed endotherms but not in ectotherms.
Dorsal and anal fin function in bluegill sunfishLepomis macrochirus: three-dimensional kinematics during propulsion and maneuvering
Authors: Standen E. M. , Lauder G. V. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYDorsal and anal fins are median fins located above and below the centre of mass of fishes, each having a moment arm relative to the longitudinal axis. Understanding the kinematics of dorsal and anal fins may elucidate how these fins are used in concert to maintain and change fish body position and yet little is known about the functions of these fins. Using three synchronized high-speed cameras (500 frames s–1) we studied the three-dimensional kinematics of dorsal and anal fins during steady swimming(0.5–2.5 TL s–1, where TL=total length) and during slow speed maneuvers (0.5 TLs–1). By digitizing points along every other fin ray in the soft-rayed portion of the fins we were able to determine not only the movement of the fin surface but also the curvature of individual fin rays and the resulting fin surface shape. We found that dorsal and anal fins begin oscillating, in phase, at steady swimming speeds above 1.0 TLs–1 and that maximum lateral displacement of the trailing edge of the fins as well as fin area increase with increasing steady swimming speed. Differences in area, lateral displacement and moment arm between the dorsal and anal fin suggest that dorsal and anal fins produce balancing torques during steady swimming. During maneuvers, fin area is maximized and mean lateral excursion of both fins is greater than during steady swimming,with large variation among maneuvers. Fin surface shape changes dramatically during maneuvers. At any given point in time the spanwise (base to tip)curvature along fin rays can differ between adjacent rays, suggesting that fish have a high level of control over fin surface shape. Also, during maneuvers the whole surface of both dorsal and anal fins can be bent without individual fin rays exhibiting significant curvature.
Spatial and temporal patterns of water flow generated by suction-feeding bluegill sunfishLepomis macrochirusresolved by Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Day Steven W. , Higham Timothy E. , Cheer Angela Y. , Wainwright Peter C. 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYThe suction-feeding fish generates a flow field external to its head in order to draw prey into the mouth. To date there are very few empirical measurements that characterize the fluid mechanics of suction feeding,particularly the temporal and spatial patterns of water velocity in front of the fish. To characterize the flow in front of suction-feeding bluegill sunfish Lepomis macrochirus, measurements with high spatial (&lt;1 mm) and temporal (500 Hz) resolution were taken using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). In an analysis separate from the PIV, high-speed video sequences were used for a novel method of visually tracking every seed particle for the duration of each feeding in order to determine directly the total parcel of water that the fish ingests. PIV measurements and particle tracking show that water is drawn from all around the mouth. Fluid velocity decreases rapidly with distance from the mouth and is only significant (&gt;5%of speed at the mouth) within roughly 1 mouth diameter of the fish. Suction feeders gain little in terms of extending this flow field by even substantial increases in the fluid speed at the mouth opening. Instead, the chief advantage of increased flow speed at the mouth may be the increased magnitude of generated forces within the space very close to the mouth. After scaling of the velocity field based on size of the mouth opening and the measured fluid speed at a fixed position, the measured velocity profiles for all feedings are very similar to one another, so that a functional relationship for the magnitude of fluid speed as a function of distance from the predator mouth is presented and shown to be accurate over the range of kinematic variables tested. This relationship describes the velocity field both along the centerline of the fish and along transects lying at an angle to the centerline within both the mid-sagittal and frontal planes. Comparison of the time-resolved fluid velocity measurements to gape kinematics demonstrate that peak fluid speed occurs simultaneously with 95% of peak gape, showing that the bluegill maximizes nearly simultaneously both the generated forces and size of the region over which these forces act. The magnitude of peak fluid speed during each strike decreases as a function of increasing time to peak gape(r2=0.87), demonstrating a strong relationship between the rate of buccal cavity expansion and maximum generated flow speed.