bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sigmund Spaeth, Someone You Should Know
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sigmund Spaeth. The name hardly seems real. Yet it was real enough between the 1920s and the early 1960s, four decades during which he wrote thirty-two books—good sellers, most of them—and hundreds of articles in newspapers and such magazines as Esquire, The New Yorker, and The Saturday Evening Post. He was friendly with George Gershwin and recalled the afternoon when he dropped in on the composer just as he was writing the last notes of An American in Paris. He turned pages for Richard Strauss on the stage of Philadelphia’s Academy of Music while the great soprano Elisabeth Schumann sang the composer’s lieder. He was a dinner companion to Albert Einstein, played chess with the violinist Mischa Elman, and appeared at the White House, twice, at the request of Franklin Roosevelt. As “The Tune Detective,” he took to the stage at Radio City Music Hall. For years he was a regular on the Metropolitan Opera Quiz, the intermission feature of the Met’s radio broadcasts. On television he appeared with Jack Benny, Steve Allen, Art Linkletter, Mike Wallace. He died in 1965, a year that continues to recede, as bygone years will do; but figures from the past sometimes seem even larger to us than they did to those who encountered them every day—Gershwin, perhaps, or FDR. You can’t say that about Sigmund Spaeth. During his lifetime, he seemed to be everywhere you looked. Who knows him today? Yet Sigmund Spaeth’s life is more than an object lesson in the temporary nature of human glory.
Vienna Trilogy: Vignettes from the City of Music
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had my first taste of Vienna attitude in the summer of 1996, when my family and I spent a few days there visiting our friends Luna and Richard. Luna, who has become a proper Viennese lady, picked up her name when she was a hippie and felt a special kinship with the moon. Her birth name is Gertrud, but even today only Richard calls her that. They pass their winters in an old high-ceilinged apartment in Vienna’s First District, near the Rathaus and University, a residence Richard found years ago and which is kept within their means by rent control. During the summer their home base is at the edge of the Vienna Woods, in Baden, a spa town where the Romans once diverted the hot springs into baths, where Constanze Mozart went to take the waters while Wolfgang was working on The Magic Flute and the Requiem, and where Beethoven composed parts of his Ninth Symphony. Midsummer temperatures in the resort are rarely as incapacitating as Vienna’s, which is one of Baden’s many attractions. So it was from here that we set out to explore the big city, boarding the blue tram called the Badener Bahn one morning for the hourlong ride that terminated near the busy intersection of Kärntnerstrasse and the Opern-Ring. When we disembarked, we found ourselves diagonally across from the Vienna State Opera, a grand temple of art that was bombed in World War II, restored to its original splendor, and today wears a cassock of Ringstrasse soot and the residue of pollutants unknown when it opened its doors in 1869.
Music, True or False
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I discovered concert music when I was sixteen, after watching a Wonderful World of Disney life of Beethoven, with the German actor Karl-Heinz Böhm portraying the composer. Beethoven’s rage against his deafness, his struggle to write a kind of music that would be the ultimate obscene gesture to a Fate that had dealt him a lousy hand of cards—all this appealed to my adolescent sense of injustice and isolation and defiance. The idea of Beethoven-as-hero was appealing. To me he seemed a role model, with a disdain of manners and social convention that could match any teenager’s, and with a moral and artistic superiority that set him apart and made him untouchable. Who would dare take on the composer of the Fifth Symphony for having a messy room? I discovered music, you see, through unmusical means. I saw it as a human being’s stance in relation to his life, something to be worn as a label that listed the ingredients of the soul. I came to music by identifying its beauties and dramas with a kind of ethical position. That sounds severe and Germanic and pompous but, when you come to think of it, is really the only way to approach music if you approach music through Beethoven, who is not pompous at all. Music, and what it could say and where it could lead: all this was a discovery like one of the many discoveries that teenagers continue to make, believing that certain facts about life have lain in hiding for centuries. And I suppose those facts actually do remain hidden, awaiting detection just as a volume of Keats or a recording of Bach sits dormant until a reader or a listener comes along.
How Do Species Survive?
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of some changes in the atmosphere and in water quality, most practical problems of ecology are on a relatively small scale. Particular ecosystems, watersheds, and very often particular kinds of organisms are our concern. Some broad generalities emerge from the facts of natural history. Some of these “laws” and “rules” are named after their proposers, for example, Bergmann’s rule, Allen’s rule, and Dollo’s law. Bergmann’s rule states that closely related animals tend to be larger in higher latitudes and sometimes at higher altitudes. This is perfectly plausible for birds and mammals given the dangers of heat loss in cold situations and the necessity for heat loss in excessively warm ones.
Introduction
Authors: Jen Erica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a world of uncertainty, adversity, and rapid change, it might be thought that failure of systems, whether natural or designed, should prove the rule rather than the exception. And yet we are surrounded by examples of phenomena on all scales that we instinctively label as robust to failure, whether because of the agility with which they have responded to changing circumstances, or because of their resilience in the face of internal or external attack, or merely because they have proved so long-lived. Robustness is a term that captures our intuitive sense of one of the key determinants of long-term success or failure, but what do we mean by robustness, and what specific features of a phenomenon contribute to its robustness or fragility? In the past few years, the concept of robustness has been the subject of growing interest in the natural and engineering sciences.
Directing the Evolvable: Utilizing Robustness in Evolution
Authors: Voigt Christopher A , Mayo Stephen L , Wang Zhen-Gang , Arnold Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of directed evolution techniques has greatly accelerated the discovery of new and useful biological molecules and systems [10]. Through iterative cycles of diversity creation (e.g., mutation or recombination) and selection, proteins, antibodies, pathways, viruses, and organisms have been evolved to perform tasks optimized for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Before directed evolution became established, it was unclear how successful such an approach would be. It was not obvious that randomized mutagenesis and selection would find improvements, due to a combinatorial explosion in the number of possible offspring and the observation that few of these are functional, much less have improvements in desired properties.
Assessment of Endocrine Function
Authors: Griffin James E , Auchus Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first step in the laboratory assessment of endocrine function is usually to determine if hormone production is within the normal range. The ability to measure hormone concentrations accurately in plasma, urine, and saliva has allowed us to define normal endocrine function and to diagnose abnormalities in hormone production. Perhaps the single most important advance in modern endocrinology has been the development of immunoassays to measure the small quantities of hormones that circulate in the blood. Static hormone measurements, however, may not provide conclusive evidence of dysfunction in a given endocrine system. Therefore, dynamic or provocative endocrine tests have been developed to stimulate or suppress production of a particular hormone. As our understanding of the role of receptors in mediating hormone action has grown, assays that assess target tissue responsiveness to hormones have been developed. Advances in chromatographic and analytical chemistry techniques have also allowed more precise measurements of some hormones for which good immunoassays have not yet been developed. This chapter describes the various methods for quantifying hormone concentrations and thus assessing endocrine function.
Female Reproductive Function
Authors: Ojeda Sergio R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The production of germ cells is essential for the continuation of a species. In the female this function is accomplished by the ovaries. In addition, the ovaries secrete steroidal and nonsteroidal hormones that not only regulate the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones but also act on various target organs including the ovaries themselves, the uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, mammary gland, and bone.
Modeling Viability of Fish Populations: An Overview
Authors: Wood Chris C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fish is a poikilothermic, aquatic chordate with appendages (when present) developed as fins, whose chief respiratory organs are gills and whose body is usually covered in scales (Berra 2001). Allowing for a few exceptions, fish are classified in three phyla comprising about 25,000 species (Nelson 1994). Although not as rich in species as plants or invertebrates, fish account for about half of all vertebrate species (the subject of Parts III to VI of this book). Fish lineages are over 400 million years old (Carrol 1988), and fish occur in virtually all aquatic habitats on Earth. Marine species are found from tropical reefs to sunless abyssal plains; freshwater species may occur in frozen arctic lakes or as resting stages in ephemeral desert ponds; others are diadromous, negotiating both marine and fresh-water habitats at different life history stages. Slightly less than half (41%) of fish are freshwater species, but these live in only 0.01% of the Earth’s visible water (Horn 1972). From a modeling perspective, fish exhibit life histories that span most of those encountered in vertebrates, enough to tax even the flexibility of RAMAS. Longevity ranges from a few months in some cyprinodonts to more than a century in some rockfishes (Sebastes). Most fish lay eggs, but ovovivipary and vivipary occur in some taxa so that fecundity (in the sense of litter size) spans at least seven orders of magnitude; for example, the basking shark and the manta ray produce only one to two “pups” per year, whereas the ocean sunfish and greasy grouper may produce 300 million eggs.
Modeling Amphibians and Reptiles: &gt;An Overview
Authors: SjöGren-Gulve Per 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population viability analyses of amphibians and reptiles are few but will probably increase greatly in the future due to improved computer software and more case studies that highlight useful modeling approaches for a variety of species. In this section, six case studies provide examples of how population viability analyses (PVAs) of amphibians and reptiles can be implemented with different data sources, varying uncertainty in the data, and various management questions and conservation problems. They illustrate how the PVA process reveals uncertainties and needs of complementary data collection, as well as suggest management actions and further investigations (Akşakaya and Sjögren-Gulve 2000, Burgman and Possingham 2000). Reptiles and amphibians have a wide variety of life histories (e.g., Spellerberg 1982, Stebbins and Cohen 1995, Pough et al. 2001), of which this overview and the section’s case studies cover just a small sample. Two of these case studies are on amphibians (Griffiths, Chapter 25 on great crested newt; Hatfield et al., Chapter 26 on Houston toad), and four are on reptiles (Breininger et al., Chapter 27 on eastern indigo snake; Brook and Griffiths, Chapter 28 on frillneck lizard; Berglind, Chapter 29 on sand lizard; and Chaloupka, Chapter 30 on green sea turtle). However, the modeling approaches of these studies may be relevant for other taxa in similar situations. This overview provides a brief, but not exhaustive, review of published PVAs of amphibians and reptiles.
Florida Key Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium): Effects of Urban Development and Road Mortality
Authors: Lopez Roel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) are the smallest subspecies of white-tailed deer in the United States and are endemic to the Florida Keys on the southern end of peninsular Florida (Hardin et al. 1984). Due to uncontrolled hunting, Key deer numbers were estimated to be less than 50 by the 1940’s (Hardin et al. 1984). As a result, increased law enforcement and the establishment of the National Key Deer Refuge (NKDR) in 1957 provided protection for the deer and its habitat. Currently, Key deer occupy 20 to 25 islands within the boundaries of the NKDR with approximately 75% of the deer population occupying two islands: Big Pine and No Name keys (Lopez 2001) (Figure 40.1). Since 1960, urban development and habitat fragmentation have threatened the Key deer’s recovery (Lopez 2001). For example, between 1968 and 1998 the human population on Big Pine and No Name increased nearly 10–fold (Monroe County Growth Management Division 1992). In addition to a loss of habitat, increase in urban development is of particular concern because highway mortality accounts for the majority of the total deer mortality (Hardin 1974, Folk 1991). For example, over half of all road mortalities occur on US 1, the only road linking the Keys to the mainland (Lopez 2001). Safe and expedient evacuation during hurricanes depends on the level of service or traffic on US 1. In 1995, Monroe County authorities imposed a building moratorium due to the inadequate level of service on the US 1 segment servicing Big Pine and No Name keys. In an effort to improve the level of service and lift the building moratorium, highway improvements such as intersection widening and adding a third lane northbound (traffic direction toward the mainland) have been proposed (Calvo 1996, Lopez 2001).
Sindh Ibex(Capra aegagrus blythi) in Kirthar National Park, Pakistan: Sensitivity of a Habitat and Population Model
Authors: Yamada Kuniko , Ansari Mahboob , Harrington Rhidian , Morgan David , Burgman Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ibex are found in most high elevation and relatively extensive arid-zone mountain ranges in Pakistan, occurring at altitudes up to 3350 m. The Sindh ibex, Capra aegagrus blythi, is restricted to parks, reserves, and remote areas near Karachi in southern Pakistan. It is a large game animal and the most common native ungulate in Kirthar National Park (KNP) (Edge and Olson-Edge 1990) and has a high public profile not only among the locals but also among overseas trophy hunters. The curving horn of adult males may grow to over 102 cm in length (Roberts 1997). The ibex population in KNP is largely or completely isolated from other populations of the subspecies in Pakistan. The animals are closely associated with the mountain ranges, and they venture to lowland terrain only rarely, usually when they are moving between ranges. Ibex form loosely connected groups that focus around springs and other freestanding water sources within the mountain ranges. Their main requirements seem to be precipitous crags, which are safe from direct disturbance because the terrain is inaccessible to domestic goats and shepherds. Ibex are able to climb or descend vertical rock cliffs, especially when they are threatened (Roberts 1997). Ibex have experienced pressures of hunting, human encroachment on habitat, and overgrazing of habitat by domestic livestock (Edge and Olson-Edge 1990), and the total population of ibex in KNP decreased to as few as 200 before legal protection was introduced in 1967 (Roberts 1997). Schaller (in Edge and Olson-Edge 1990) estimated the density of animals within patches of habitat in 1972 and 1973 to be between 3.3 and 4.1/km2. Protection has resulted in significant increases in the population since 1971 (Mirza and Asghar 1980).
A New Raising Mystery
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At issue inter alia was the superficial clausal status of the highlighted DPs, hereafter the pivot DPs. Principal works involved include Bach (1977), Bresnan (1976), Chomsky (1973, 1981), Lightfoot (1976), and Postal (1974, 1977). Under the view defended in Postal (1974, 1977) and a bit in Postal and Pullum (1988), the pivot DPs were in one aspect of the structure of such sentences subjects of the complement clauses but in another aspect of that structure objects of the main clause. Under the view advocated in Chomsky (1973), the pivot DPs were exclusively subjects of the complement in every relevant structural aspect. Other positions are logically possible; for example, Pollard and Sag (1994: chapter 3) claim that the pivot DPs in (1) are exclusively main clause objects.
Junk Reasoning 1: If It Doesn’t Follow Automatically, Then It’s Pretty Much Got to at Least Virtually Follow, and If Not, Don’t Worry; It Is Still Unquestionably Natural
Authors: Postal Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There follow a few entirely random quoted examples of the usages in a. Chomsky ([1955], 1975a: 566) “And it will also automatically give ‘no improvement was for seen by anyone’ as the passive of case (h), thus eliminating one discrepancy in what appears to be a simple and intuitively correct manner.” Chomsky (1965: 104) “First of all, it accounts automatically for the restriction of passivization to Verbs that take Manner Adverbials freely.” c. Postal (1972b: 221) “This could be an automatic consequence of a higher trigger cyclic formulation .”
The California Professor As Teacher
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ever there was a period during which Robert was happy, those were his California years of the 1930s, I would think. It was the time in which he single-handedly created, in Bethe’s words, “the greatest school of theoretical physics that the United States has ever known. More than any other man he was responsible for raising American theoretical physics from a provincial adjunct of Europe to world leadership. The majority of the best American theoretical physicists who grew up in those years [the 1930s] were trained by Oppenheimer at one stage of their lives.” It was also the time in which he made important research contributions, to quantum electrodynamics, nuclear physics, and astrophysics. I shall first sketch his role as teacher, thereafter his further research.
The Institute Prior To Oppenheimer’s Arrival
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1950s, Oppenheimer, then director of the Institute, commissioned Mrs. Beatrice Stern (1895-1987) to write the Institute’s early history. During 1955-1957 she interviewed a number of people, including me. In 1964 she had completed a 700-page typed manuscript, “A History of the Institute for Advanced Study, 1930-1950,” which has never appeared in print because Robert felt that some of the material was too personal to be made public. I understand why he thought so but have never considered it a reasonable position, particularly because that document is well written and contains quite valuable information on the origins and early years of one of the most important American institutions of higher learning. Since I find this material so interesting-I own a copy of the manuscript-I thought it would be fitting to use it for giving at this point a few glimpses of the Institute’s history up to the time that Oppenheimer took over as director. I shall go easy on personal matters, which would cause no raised eyebrows anyway, since the persons involved are all deceased by now. I may also note that in 1980 the Institute has published a book, A Community of Scholars, published by Princeton University Press.
Further On Oppenheimer the Man
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9 I referred to Bethe and Weisskopf for an account of Oppenheimer’s role as leader of the Los Alamos enterprise. As repeatedly stated, since I had not been there myself, I do not feel competent to form a personal judgment of that role. I am further constrained because reminiscences by others on science at Los Alamos are of course restricted by rules on classified information as they existed at the time those recollections were written down. That last restriction does not, however, apply to the numerous reminiscences of Oppenheimer’s personality, not only by physicists but also by others. Moreover, I am in a position to confront those readily with my own memories of the years immediately after the war. What follows next is therefore an excerpt of others’ observations of Oppenheimer the man in Los Alamos.
The Sources of Narrative Medicine
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine has grown significantly in its ability to diagnose and treat biological disease. Doctors can be proud of their ability to eradicate once fatal infections, prevent heart attacks, cure childhood leukemias, and transplant failing organs. But despite such impressive technical progress, doctors often lack the human capacities to recognize the plights of their patients, to extend empathy toward those who suffer, and to join honestly and courageously with patients in their struggles toward recovery, with chronic illness, or in facing death. Patients lament that their doctors don’t listen to them or that they seem indifferent to their suffering. Fidelity and constancy seem to have become casualties of the cost-conscious bureaucratic marketplace. Instead of being accompanied through the uncertainties and indignities of illness by a trusted guide who knows them, patients find that they are referred from one specialist and one procedure to another, perhaps receiving technically adequate care but being abandoned with the consequences and the dread of illness.1
Telling One’s Life
Authors: Charon Rita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have had in my practice for many years a now 89-year-old African American woman with hypertension, breast cancer, spinal stenosis, insomnia, and uncontrollable anxiety. She lost her husband to congestive heart failure, her son to lung cancer, and a granddaughter to a hit-and-run accident near Jones Beach. For years, she took Librium for her nerves, unwilling to enter psychotherapy and unable to really talk about the source of her anxiety. She has considered her-self sickly ever since she fell off a horse as a girl on a farm in South Carolina. I realized that her great-grandfather must have been born into slavery.