bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syndiotactic Polystyrene Containing ortho‐Dichlorobenzene: Crystal Structure of the Clathrate Form
Authors: Tarallo Oreste , Petraccone Vittorio 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSummary: The crystal structure of the clathrate form of syndiotactic polystyrene containing ortho‐dichlorobenzene has been determined, and compared with those of the other crystalline clathrate structures of s‐PS already known. This guest molecule, characterized by a quite different shape and volume from the others already described, gives rise to the only example of clathrate form of s‐PS presenting a statistical orthorhombic symmetry (cell constants a = 17.5 Å, b = 22.9 Å, c = 7.8 Å and space group Ccmb). This symmetry is generated by the random coexistence in the crystals of domains, with the same monoclinic P21/a symmetry found for the other clathrate forms, that can be realized by two different but energetically equivalent packings of the chains. The unit cell constants are a = 17.5 Å, b = 14.4 Å, c = 7.8 Å and γ = 127.4°. The shape of the guest molecule produces a significant modification of the cavities (if compared to δ form) realized mainly through a shift of the ac layers of chains delimiting the cavities along the a axis direction that turns out in the highest γ value found for these kinds of structures.Schematic representation of the arrangement of the chains according to the orthorhombic (solid line) and to the monoclinic (dotted line) unit cells proposed for the crystal structure of the clathrate form of s‐PS containing o‐DCB.magnified imageSchematic representation of the arrangement of the chains according to the orthorhombic (solid line) and to the monoclinic (dotted line) unit cells proposed for the crystal structure of the clathrate form of s‐PS containing o‐DCB.
Investigation of multiple binding sites on ribonuclease A using nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Sundqvist Gustav , Benkestock Kurt , Roeraade Johan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMultiple non‐active site interactions between ribonuclease A (RNAse) and selected target molecules were investigated using nano‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nano‐ESI‐MS). Among the building blocks of RNA, phosphate and ribose showed such multiple interactions. Multiple phosphate interactions survived a high cone voltage, while multiple interactions with D‐ribose disappeared already at a low cone voltage. Using nano‐ESI‐MS, only cytosine among the individual bases appeared to interact with RNAse. Interestingly, guanosine binds to the RNAse surface at high cone voltage, probably as a result of cooperative binding of the sugar and the guanine base. Upon binding of deoxycytidine oligonucleotides with six (dC6), nine (dC9) and twelve (dC12) deoxycytidine nucleotide units to RNAse, the dC12 unit showed the strongest interaction. Upon collision‐induced dissociation (CID) of the RNAse/dC6 complex, this complex survived dissociation at an energy level where covalently bound cytosine from dC6 was lost. This is in contrast to CID of RNAse complexed with mononucleotide cytidine 2′‐monophosphate (CMP), which dissociates from the protein without breaking of covalent bonds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular cloning, expression and pharmacological characterization of the canine cholecystokinin 1 receptor
Authors: Morton Magda Francesca , Pyati Jayashree , Dai Heng , Li Lina , Moreno Veronica , Shankley Nigel Paul 
Published: March 2005

The full‐length, canine cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptor was cloned from gallbladder tissue using RT–PCR with a combination of primers designed to interact with conserved regions of the human and rat CCK1 receptor, which also shared homology with the canine genomic sequence.
Analysis of the sequence of the canine CCK1 receptor revealed a 1287 base pair product, which encoded a 429 amino‐acid protein. This protein was 89% identical to the human and 85% identical to the rat CCK1 receptor.
The canine CCK1 receptor was expressed in CHO‐K cells for pharmacological characterization. In competition studies, using [125I]BH‐CCK‐8S as radioligand, the affinity values estimated for CCK receptor‐selective compounds were not significantly different between the canine and human CCK1 receptors (pKI±s.e.m. at canine CCK1 receptor; L‐364,718=8.82±0.08, L‐365,260=6.61±0.05, YF476=7.91±0.15, YM022=8.28±0.06 and dexloxiglumide=7.53±0.11). Furthermore, the selectivity of these compounds between canine CCK1 and CCK2 receptors was consistent with the selectivity between the human CCK1 and CCK2 receptors.
Two additional forms of the canine CCK1 receptor were identified during the cloning procedure. These had three (variant #1) and six (variant #2) amino‐acid differences from the wild‐type canine CCK1 receptor. Variant #1 bound [125I]BH‐CCK‐8S and displayed an identical pharmacological profile to the wild‐type receptor using the ligands described above. No significant binding was measured with variant #2.
In conclusion, we have cloned and pharmacologically characterized the canine CCK1 receptor. The data obtained will facilitate the interpretation of numerous pharmacological experiments that have been performed using canine tissue to elucidate the actions of CCK and gastrin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 374–384. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706196
In Defense of Sentimentality
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPhilosophy has as much to do with feelings as it does with thoughts and thinking. It requires sensitivity and a kind of devotion as well as curiosity about the world and a critical spirit. It is a fascination not only with abstract ideas and logically possible worlds but with concrete and very real human concerns and engagements, “the human condition” To be a philosopher is to be steadfastly attentive to what it means to be human, to the passions as well as to much-celebrated “rationality” It is to be concerned with what it means to “exist,” to the satisfactions and worries and real life joys and confusions that affect us all. That is why one of the canonical exhortations in philosophy, inherited from the Delphic Oracle via Socrates, has always been “know thyself,” for it is through unusually rigorous self-examination that we come to know not only ourselves but our Selves, our deepest feelings, fears, and hopes. Philosophy, accordingly, in its concern for feelings, requires not only emotional sensitivity but an understanding of the emotions, not as curious but marginal psychological phenomena but as the very substance of life. And yet, philosophy and philosophers have much more often than not shunned the emotions and defined their profession and themselves strictly in terms of reason and rationality. In the history of philosophy sensitivity is often dismissed as mere “sentimentality.” Sentiment and sentimentality are to be avoided. In this book I am concerned to defend sentimentality and the emotions–at least, some emotions–as essential to life. Foremost among the essential emotions are the sentiments of love and compassion. Not all of the sentiments are so kindly, however. Accordingly, I discuss not only such “moral sentiments” as sympathy and compassion but also grief, gratitude, love, horror, and even vengeance. All of these have suffered from considerable abuse, though from different quarters, but all of them play a central if not essential role in our experience and our lives.
In Defense of Sentimentality
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractToo often, since the 19th century, sensitivity is dismissed as mere “sentimentality” in philosophy and in literature. It is charged that sentimentality is distorting, self-indulgent, self-deceptive. I argue that all of these charges are misplaced or themselves distorted and betray a suspicion of emotions and the tender sentiments that is unwarranted.
On Kitsch and Sentimentality
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFinally, I return to the theme of sentimentality with a particular focus on art and what is often called “kitsch” I ask, as I did for sentimentality in general, What's wrong with kitsch? And I defend it, as I did for sentimentality, by suggesting that the attacks on kitsch are often not what they seem to be.
The Cosmological Case for Intelligent Design
Authors: Shanks Niall 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe cosmological case for intelligent design, the idea that certain anthropic coincidences in the initial conditions of the universe at the big bang are evidence of an intelligent creator, is examined. Since no good account has ever been offered of how a nonphysical substance could act on a physical one, it is not clear that the hypothesis that the universe has been “fine-tuned” by an intelligent designer to produce creatures like us is even coherent. Even if it is, the possibility that our universe is one amongst many that exist or have existed – the multiverse hypothesis, which would render anthropic coincidences unremarkable – is at least as worthy an explanation of the existence of our universe as the ideas that it resulted either from design or chance. It is concluded that cosmology does not represent the extraordinary evidence from which it would be possible to infer the existence of a supernatural creator.
Natural Resources and Economic Growth: Towards a Definition of Sustainability
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter presents a rationale for a conservationist policy, but argues against the preservation of all renewable natural resources. Production becomes more sensitive to resource degradation the more fragile the resource base. When conservation investments are less effective, the adoption of shut-down practices will be optimal for resource users, and the lower long-run (steady-state) stock of the resources becomes even under conservation practices.
Co‐Ordination and Leadership in the Unregulated Common Property: Some Lessons from Game Theory
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the contribution of game theory in understanding the problems of unregulated common property. It argues that the problems of resource exploitation may or may not be adequately described as prisoner’s dilemma games. Emphasis is given to heterogeneous situations in which different types of actors interact. The threat posed by small and large groups of minority actors to the stability of coordinated solutions is examined.
The Possibility of Co‐Operation: Lessons from Experimental Social Psychology
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe findings on non-cooperative game theory from the previous chapters are analysed within context of social experimental psychology. It covers cooperation in repeated games, cooperation in game with communication, and cooperation in one-shot games. It argues that people often fail to behave in ways that do not support the universal free-riding hypothesis, even when interactions are not repeated.
The Regulated Common Property
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses the regulated common property regime, wherein human groups impose sufficient discipline upon their members to save common property resources from destruction or degradation. It discusses the efficiency of regulated common property, the distributive effects of regulating common property, and common property resources in the context of pervasive factor-market imperfections. It identifies two problems with regulation: its difficulty to achieve and carry out, and its impact on income distribution which could prompt opposition from some users.
Were People Traditionally Conservationists?
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter analyses resource management by traditional rural communities. It argues that traditional rural communities are not inherently conservationists despite their ability to perceive and solve distributive problems in the use of natural resources. They have been less efficient in preventing the depletion/degradation of common property resources because they view their natural environment and their relations with it differently from people in modern, rationalist societies.
General Conclusion
Authors: Baland Jean‐Marie , Platteau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter discusses the most significant findings or propositions of this study on managing village or local resources, and their policy implications. Given the variety of situations that can occur in the field, researchers play a key role in determining the theoretical model that best suits a specific situation, by identifying the relevant characteristics of the resource, of the users, and the social structure in which these belong.
Democracy and Western Strategic Interests
Authors: Youngs Richard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines Western powers’ democracy promotion strategies. It contrasts Western perceptions on democratic change in relation to three conceptually distinct security logics: managing states of strategic concern, the preservation of alliances, and the management of conflict within developing states. Support was forthcoming for very gradual processes of political change, through a combination of bottom-up direct initiatives and support for top-heavy political structures to manage reform processes.
Why Has the Income Distribution Changed?
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLooks at some of the causes of the rapid growth of inequality between the 1970s and 1990s, and of more recent trends. Looks at the widening distribution of earnings for those in work in the UK and other countries, and at the factors that are suggested to have led to changes in it, such as ‘skill-biased technological change’ and breakdown of social norms. It looks at other key elements in determining how much income households receive from earnings – the levels of unemployment, worklessness, and economic inactivity. This shows the complexity of the relationship between the levels of unemployment and of poverty, for instance. Discusses other sources of market income, the impact of tax and benefit policy, and of changes in them, such as in the level of cash benefits relative to other incomes.
Social Spending and the Boundaries Between Public and Private Sectors
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses social spending, its extent, and issues in the design of social security programmes, examining both public and private spending on areas that have traditionally come under the heading of the ‘welfare state’. Looks at public social spending in the UK, recent trends in it, and its relationship with government spending as a whole, including issues connected with the changing structure of social security, particularly the balance between ‘universal’ and means-tested benefits. Compares trends in social spending in the UK with those in other industrialized countries. Presents information on the changing roles over the last 20 years of public and private sectors in education, health care, income maintenance, housing, and personal care, distinguishing their roles in three different ways, depending on who is the provider of a service, who pays for it, and who is in control. Finally, examines public attitudes to social spending and its distribution, particularly towards means-testing, perceived problems in the social security system, and at whether the views of those using private welfare services towards the welfare state differ from others.
Tax and Welfare
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses tax policy and its relationship with social security. Sets out trends in taxation in the UK over the last 25 years, how these compare with those in other countries, and the relationship between the totals of tax and public spending. Describes Britain’s overall tax structure, the changing role of tax reliefs and what are now known as ‘tax credits’, and at how much tax people at different points in the income distribution pay. Looks at the changing interaction between tax and social security, at how the reforms of the last few years have affected incomes, and the implications of these changes for work incentives. The final section presents public attitudes towards taxation, in terms of its overall level, its links to particular spending items, and its progressivity – the evidence suggests some important differences between how people think the tax system works, how they think it ought to work, and how it actually does.
The current practice of tracheostomy in the United Kingdom: a postal survey
Authors: Krishnan K. , Elliot S. C. , Mallick A. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryA postal questionnaire was sent to 228 intensive care units throughout the United Kingdom to determine aspects of current tracheostomy practice. From the number of units responding (n = 178, 78%), the majority (n = 173, 97%) practised percutaneous tracheostomy as opposed to open surgical tracheostomy. The Blue Rhino single dilator was the most popular technique (n = 114, 64%). Percutaneous tracheostomy is increasingly carried out under bronchoscopic guidance (n = 148, 83%); however, there remains considerable variation in the timing of tracheostomy and only 61 units (34%) have set follow‐up procedures.
Two Naked Emperors?* Concerns about the Stability & Growth Pact and Second Thoughts about Central Bank Independence
Authors: BUITER WILLEM H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper addresses two sets of issues relevant to current and prospective future E(M)U members: the consequences of the Stability & Growth Pact for fiscal‐financial sustainability and macroeconomic stability, and some risks associated with operational independence of the central bank. To be effective as a lender of last resort or to stabilise demand when short nominal interest rates are close to their zero lower bound, the central bank must coordinate and cooperate with the fiscal authorities. Central bank independence is unlikely to survive if such coordination and cooperation are not forthcoming.
Targeting Social Assistance
Authors: BRADBURY BRUCE 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews the normative welfare economic literature on income‐based targeting and contrasts its assumptions with those underlying current policy discourse. One current policy debate concerns the potential role for Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) income tests. In general, economic models within the standard (for economists) ‘welfarist’ approach provide little support for such policies. However, much policy discourse is explicitly non‐welfarist, placing a negative social value on the leisure or home production of the poor. From this perspective, EITC or workfare‐type programmes may be socially optimal. The normative foundations of this policy discourse, however, have yet to be subject to the rigorous analysis that underlies the welfarist approach.
Designing Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: Some Insights from the Recent Italian Reform
Authors: ARACHI GIAMPAOLO , ZANARDI ALBERTO 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDuring the last decade, the Italian system of intergovernmental fiscal relations has been involved in a radical process of reform that is still under way. The reform has assigned Regions new taxing powers and has introduced a new system of interregional transfers. This paper provides a review of the recent reform and offers some tentative answers to the issues still open, relying on a series of simulations and projections. A number of conclusions have been reached. First, when the long‐run performance of the new financing systems is investigated, regional resources may no longer be adequate to meet future health needs. Second, the incentives for active tax policies seem either to prove too weak or even to cause undesirable results. Finally, the complete devolution to the Regions of some significant public expenditure functions risks strengthening the polarisation of financial flows between the Northern and Southern Regions in the long run.
Time Discounting and of the Cost of Capital in Government
Authors: SPACKMAN MICHAEL 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe literature on public sector discounting has brought important insights, but there remain wide differences on some fundamental issues. This paper reviews the main conflicts and the reasons underlying them. It suggests practical procedures for discounting in government which are consistent with most of the literature but not with the ‘efficient market’ thesis that financial markets provide all the information needed to define these procedures.
Taking the Keys from Grandpa
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. , Johnson Paul E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRecent highly publicized traffic accidents involving older drivers have led to renewed interest in state policies and administrative practices that award and renew drivers’ licenses in the American states. Because the probability of traffic accidents is linked to the medical conditions that are more prevalent among the elderly, and because the number of older drivers is expected to rise over the next several decades, one might expect that this will be an increasingly important policy issue. This article discusses variations that are observed across states in law and administrative practice. A longitudinal analysis of data on crashes involving elderly drivers in fifteen states indicates that crash rates are directly related to the length of the renewal cycle for older drivers and inversely related to the stringency of testing at renewal. It is also likely that states requiring physicians to report conditions that would impair driving will experience lower crash rates. A secondary analysis of policy impacts on the licensing rates is not conclusive, a finding that is attributable to inaccuracies in the reported numbers of licensed drivers.
Can birds be ammonotelic? Nitrogen balance and excretion in two frugivores
Authors: Tsahar Ella , Martínez del Rio Carlos , Izhaki Ido , Arad Zeev 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARYWe measured minimal nitrogen requirements (MNR), total endogenous nitrogen loss (TENL) and the effect of protein and water intake on the nitrogenous waste composition in two frugivorous bird species: yellow-vented bulbuls Pycnonotus xanthopygos and Tristram's grackles Onychognathus tristrami. The nitrogen requirements of both species were much lower than expected for their body mass. The two species differed in the composition of the nitrogenous waste that they produced. The grackles were uricotelic, and the chemical composition of their nitrogenous waste products was relatively independent of water and protein intake. In contrast, the bulbuls were`apparently ammonotelic'. Their ammonotely was related to low protein intake and high water flux, and was the result of post-renal urine modification. We suggest two non-exclusive mechanisms for the post-renal modification of urine in these birds: bacterial catabolism of uric acid and reabsorption of uric acid in the hindgut. As uric acid functions both as a nitrogenous waste product and as an antioxidant, birds might benefit from its reabsorption.
Formation of Self-assembled Tubular Structures by Mixing Cyclodextrin and Polymers without Solvents
Authors: Harada Akira , Okada Miyuko , Kawaguchi Yoshinori 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Cyclodextrin has been found to form inclusion complexes with some polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) with high selectivity only by mixing powdered crystals of cyclodextrins and polymer samples without any solvents under ambient conditions.
Molecular Design of Squaraine Dyes for Efficient Far-red and Near-IR Sensitization of Solar Cells
Authors: Li Chao , Wang Weibo , Wang Xuesong , Zhang Baowen , Cao Yi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The introduction of short carboxyl anchoring groups into anilino-squaraines resulted in a much improved photosensitization on nanocrystalline TiO2 electrode over far-red/near-IR region, yielding a maximum monochromatic incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 73% at 670 nm.