bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choral Music
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Art Song Is Intended for the privacy of the salon or the intimacy of a lone singer’s Lieder recital. Choral compositions, however, have a public function involving a corporate body of singers usually assembled before a large audience for civic or ritual celebrations. We expect much less of the personal in choral music, although Beach managed to put her private stamp on the most ceremonial works.
“Lion Of The Hour!
Authors: Block Adrienne Fried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON 13 JANUARY 1915, A PHOTOGRAPH of a jubilant Amy Beach, head thrown back, face lit by a broad smile, appeared in the Musical Courier. Her concert manager had caught her walking in the Boston Common the morning after a recital of her compositions that celebrated her return to Boston.1 Perhaps she had already read the excellent reviews. Perhaps she had an inkling that the next few years would be the most successful of her entire life. One music magazine, reflecting on plans for performances of her works and her many invitations to play, recognized her as the “lion of the hour.”
The Challenges of Grassland Conservation
Authors: Bock Jane H , Bock Carl E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 3, 1805, the expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark reached the junction of Maria’s River and the Missouri, on the High Plains of what is now central Montana. The two men climbed out of the river valley onto adjacent highlands. In their own words, These were the North American High Plains as they existed less than two centuries ago: vast open grasslands, well populated by large numbers of herbivorous animals and their predators. Preceding chapters in this book review what is known about the ecological glue that holds (or once held) Plains and prairie ecosystems together. Careful field research has revealed much about factors such as the role of fire in maintaining certain grasslands, the nature of prairie soils, and the importance of predators in controlling populations of grassland herbivores. Yet many aspects of Great Plains ecology remain elusive, because the Plains cannot be studied as they once existed. Bison and prairie dogs doubtless were major ecological forces, but they and their most important predators are largely gone. Fires that swept the Plains no longer bum with anything like their prehistoric frequency or extent. Fertile soils, once plowed, have blown away.
Sortals
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Completely adequate analysis of persistence would have to take account of complications involving the fact that objects can be taken apart and put back together again, and also complications involving the fact that one object sometimes turns into another. But these are relatively peripheral problems which pertain to cases that are not entirely typical. The more fundamental problem is to be able at least to characterize properly those successions which correspond to persisting objects in the most unexceptional cases. I want first to concentrate on this problem and then return to the residual complications afterwards.
“Finely Aware and Richly Responsible”: Literature and the Moral Imagination
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The effort really to see and really to represent is no idle business in face of the constant force that makes for muddlement.”1 So Henry James on the task of the moral imagination. We live amid bewildering complexities. Obtuseness and refusal of vision are our besetting vices. Responsible lucidity can be wrested from that darkness only by painful, vigilant effort, the intense scrutiny of particulars. Our highest and hardest task is to make ourselves people “on whom nothing is lost.”
Stock and Recruitment
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regenerative process of a population is critical to the maintenance of the population. The mathematical modeling of the process is of fundamental importance in fish population dynamics. Much effort has been directed to the study of recruitment to the population at various stages of life history. It could be argued that little is yet understood. The major issue is whether recruitment is primarily related to spawning stock or environmental conditions. Empirical relationships between spawning stock and recruitment show extreme annual variability (Larkin 1973, Ricker 1975a, Hennemuth et al. 1980, Getz and Swartzman 1981, Rothschild 1986). Yet it is clear that there must be some bounds on recruitment due to limits in early life history, such as food, spawning area, rearing area, and cannibalism.
Age-structured Models: Per-Recruit and Year-Class Models
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Age-structured (also called dynamic pool) models explicitly represent a population as a group of different year-classes or cohorts. Dynamic models for such a population contain three basic components: growth, mortality, and recruitment. In a year-class model, we focus on the first two components-growth and mortality-by tracking the fate of a cohort from the length, lr (&gt; 0), or age, tr, of recruitment through its fishable life span. For our purposes, recruitment is the year-class abundance at the first possible age of exploitation, given by Nr = N(tr ). However, tr can be defined as any age of interest. Generally, Nr is chosen to be some value, such as 1 or 1000, so that all quantities are calculated on a relative or “per recruit” basis. Our goal is to develop a quantitative framework for examining the effects of fishing mortality rate, F, and length of entry, le, into the fishable stock on yield from a year-class of any given initial abundance.
Regulation of Expressive Activities for Reasons Unrelated to Content and Regulation of Activities That Are Not Inherently Expressive
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with prohibitions that differ importantly from suppression of particular sorts of oral or written communications discussed in earlier chapters. I now treat two situations: those in which a prohibition is in a sense directed against communicative acts, but for reasons that have nothing to do with the content of the communications; and those in which a prohibition is apparently not directed at communicative acts at all, but has a substantial impact on those who wish to communicate. The line between these two sorts of situations is blurred, but that does not matter greatly for our purposes, since in both settings legislatures should give considerable weight to the interests in free speech and should be especially careful not to end up suppressing particular sorts of messages.
The Developing law of the Free Speech and Free Press Clauses
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explore what the courts have said about freedom of speech. I concentrate mainly on the Supreme Court, whose cases provide the context against which the First Amendment is now interpreted and whose views are also heavily influential as state courts deal with state constitutional documents. I concentrate also on those areas of First Amendment law which are particularly important for this study, paying only slight attention to effects on expression of government actions that do not render forms of communication or other behavior illegal. Some cases and doctrines that have peripheral relevance for the book receive more intensive scrutiny in subsequent chapters than they are given here.
Encouragements of Crime
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers constitutional principles for encouragements to others that do not involve threats, orders, offers of agreement, or offers of benefits the speaker will confer. I have suggested in Chapters 3 and 6 that requests and other encouragements to action that are not strongly situation-altering fall to a greater degree within the justifications for freedom of speech than do situation-altering utterances like orders, offers, and manipulative threats. Some expressions of encouragement are virtually indistinguishable from evaluations, and many others are accompanied by explicit evaluations or statements of fact. In respect to influence on future action, distinguishing expressions of opinion from encouragements is much harder than distinguishing expressions of opinion from orders, offers, and threats. And requiring speakers to reformulate their thoughts and feelings in a manner that would purge explicit elements of encouragement would inhibit spontaneity and intensity of expression. Nevertheless, what I have called weak imperatives are not as fully within the ambit of liberty of speech as evaluations and statements of fact. A simple imperative, like “Kill him,” is certainly not the sort of utterance that a principle of free speech obviously embraces. The purpose of an imperative is to induce another to action and to do so in a much more direct way than by ordinary expressions of fact and value. If requests and encouragements are, as a class, less “action” than are orders and agreements, they are more “action” than are statements of fact and opinion.
Prohibition Not Ostensibly Directed at the Content of Communications
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up the constitutional dimension of subjects discussed in Chapter 9, prohibitions of expressive activities for reasons unrelated to what is communicated and prohibitions of activities that themselves need not be expressive but in which some people engage for reasons of expression. These subjects are a very important and complicated aspect of First Amendment law, and I shall barely scratch the surface. I consider in turn legislation that largely affects communicative activities, legislation that interferes with some communicative acts, and the ways courts determine whether legislation is designed to suppress messages or not.
Conclusion
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, I have offered an approach to political and constitutional issues of free speech. The approach is modest in three important aspects. It assumes that not every human action that “expresses” something about the actor qualifies as speech that is covered by a principle of free speech. It concentrates on what is special about communicative acts, suggesting criteria for evaluation that do not depend on an overall theory about appropriate domains of liberty. Legislators are often called upon to consider speech-restrictive legislation that deals with many discrete activities, for example, forbidding solicitation of crimes in general. Judges must review punishments of particular expressive behavior. Neither for legislators nor for judges acting in these contexts is it very helpful to say that communications relating to one activity or another should be permitted because the underlying activity ought to be allowed, even though as things stand now it is forbidden, its prohibition has been declared constitutional, and there is no chance of repeal in the foreseeable future. Without doubt, analysis of free speech does depend on some, largely liberal, assumptions about a just and desirable polity, but that analysis can leave unresolved other independent questions about liberty. The third sense in which my approach is modest is in not proposing any single key to First Amendment interpretation. Attempting to rely on one key produces either grave distortion of concepts or highly inappropriate results.
Needs, Values, and Reason
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued that the choices and preferences of societies can be evaluated on the basis of principles of rational choice. In this chapter, I propose a theory of “self-grounded” rational choice, called the “needs-and-values” theory. I suggest that it is the appropriate theory to use in developing the society-centered theory.
A theory of rational choice specifies a standard for choice and implies that the standard is appropriately justified. But there may be different kinds of justified standards for choice, and, if so, there are different kinds of reason. There may be moral reasons and epistemic reasons as well as the self-grounded reasons studied in the theory of rational choice. In order for a theory of reasons to suit our purposes in developing the society-centered theory, it must postulate reasons of a relevant kind.
Morality and Society
Authors: Copp David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to yield substantive moral implications, the characteristic J thesis of society-centered theory must be combined with a specific theory of societal rationality. In this chapter, I develop the societal analogue of the needs-and values theory and combine it with the J thesis. I call the result the “needs-based society-centered theory.”
In the course of the chapter, I will propose various minor amendments to the J thesis. I will postpone addressing technical meta-ethical issues until the concluding chapter.
Reprint Edition
Authors: Weamys Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF I had not observed that the greatest humilitie, reigns in the bosoms of the Noblest Personages, I should not presume to Dedicate this most unworthie Fabrick to your Honours; especially when I consider the poorness of my endeavours, and admire the Learned Sidney’s Pastimes; Whereof I beseech you charitably to believe, that my ambition was not raised to so high a pitch, as the Title now manifests it to be, until I received Commands from those that cannot be disobeyed.
Introduction
Authors: George Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Might the study of mathematics be important for an inquiry into mind, or vice versa? Philosophers have always been very interested in both, although sometimes this is only half granted. Occasionally one finds the philosophy of mathematics deemed an arcane area of specialization, rather off the main road, of little relevance to central and enduring areas of philosophical interest. Mathematics, on this view, is just another one of those tangential X’s for which we have a “Philosophy of X.” This conception is sometimes encouraged by the assumption that in philosophy a discussion’s degree of technicality is inversely proportional to its importance. But, of course, the view is thoroughly mistaken (and hence the assumption, ifit leads to that view, must be too): it is a challenge to think of major philosophers who have not grappled with problems arising from mathematics and whose reflections on the subject are not central to their views.
Conceptual Outline of Current Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are times in any science when one senses that a transformation to deeper understanding is pressing upward in some as yet poorly articulated form. We may be in such a period in biology. The recent achievements in molecular biology have brought us close to the molecular basis of evolution and ontogeny. Yet the organization which stands revealed is puzzling in its vast complexity. It is the hallmark of our present understanding of organisms to see this complexity as a result of historical accident, due to random mutations and to natural selection, which cobbles together jury-rigged contraptions.
The Origins of Life: A New View
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next three chapters we turn our attention to the wonderful problem of the origin of life. What more awesome problem could invite our attention? To many recent scholars—Wald (1954), Hoyle and Wickramasinghe (1981), and others— improbable features of current organisms imply improbable origins. If the probability that a protein catalyzes a given reaction is 10-20 and if a minimal contemporary organism such as a pleuromona-like organism has on the order of 1000 or 2000 enzymes, then the probability of their joint occurrence by chance is, say, 10-40 00°. More likely that, as Hoyle says, the whirlwind assemble a 747 from scraps in a junkyard. Yet here we are, in quite clear contravention to Hoyle’s unhappy conclusion.
The Origin of a Connected Metabolism
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metabolism is the connected flow of organic molecules through a web of transformations linking exergonic and endergonic reactions by which an organism harnesses the energy needed to drive the synthesis of molecular species. Figure 8.1 shows part of the familiarly complex web of human intermediate metabolism. I find it impossible to view this vast intricate network without wondering what principles might govern its structure and its capacity to have evolved.
Hypercycles and Coding
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers in more detail the opportunities and difficulties in envisioning life emerging from nude replicating RNA molecules. The possibilities discussed in the previous chapters for the spontaneous formation of autocatalytic sets of peptide or RNA catalysts and of a connected metabolism, even if demonstrable, are no reason to ignore the possibility that template-replicating DNA or RNA was the preeminent precursor to life.
Selection for Cell Types
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this chapter is to explore some of the issues which arise in considering either the evolution of novel cell types or the potential “perfection” of existing cell types. In Chapter 2, 3, 5, and 12 we examined the character of adaptive walks on rugged fitness landscapes, Ashby’s Ansatz for adaptive evolution in integrated dynamical systems, and the emergence of order in disordered Boolean models of genomic regulatory systems. In particular, in Chapter 12 we found that the spontaneous order in the canalyzing ensemble of Boolean networks closely mirrors a number of ontogenic features observed across many phyla. However, the “cell types” in such random networks are themselves random attractors in the dynamics of the regulatory systems. These preliminaries lead us to ask (1) whether natural selection can mold the genomic regulatory system in order to achieve particular patterns of gene expression in specific cell types and (2) whether and when the rugged character of adaptive landscapes may limit the capacities of selection.
Introduction
Authors: Murphy Liam B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In some areas of moral and political thought. something like a consensus exists. No one denies that it is wrong to kill a person for the sake of stealing his car. Other areas of normative thought, by contrast, are characterized by great disagreement and uncertainty. The issue of required beneficence is a salient example.* Most well-off people feel that they should “do something” to alleviate severe suffering, such as that caused by famine. But there is certainly no agreement about the extent of this obligation to promote the well-being of total strangers. Furthermore, and more important. most individuals have no settled view of their own about the question.
Moderate Beneficence?
Authors: Murphy Liam B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the problem of over-demandingness is to retain its force, we will need arguments that explain why extreme active demands are objectionable while what appear to be extreme passive demands are not, and why extreme active demands are objectionable only when they come from a principle of beneficence. I do not know what plausible arguments of either kind might look like, but neither do I think it obvious that such arguments are impossible. So it is appropriate to discuss further difficulties that emerge even for a version of the problem of over-demandingness that concerns just the active demands of beneficence.
The Possibility of Strict Akratic Action: Self-Contradiction and Compulsion
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contention that strict akratic action is impossible seems to fly in the face of experience. Philosophers who defend the contention are well aware of this; here, they claim, appearances are deceiving. Nor are they likely to be impressed by alleged examples of strict akratic action, such as those that fill the literature on the topic. What they rightly demand is that their arguments be met head on. Mere refutation, however, is not sufficient. Stalemates are rarely satisfying, and it is not obvious that when their arguments have been defeated ‘experience’ must carry the day. What is needed is an adequate explanation of the possibility of strict akratic action.
From Nothingness To Stars And Crystals
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science has not yet been able to probe back to the very first fraction of an instant, the real beginning of time before the raw material of the universe, intensely hot and almost infinitely concentrated, began to expand with an impetus so great that it is still continuing to move outward. No one knows exactly what happened at time zero, or in what state the world stuff existed before the expansion began. But as cosmologists work closer and closer to the boundary they expect to find ultimate simplicity and oneness. “The present model,” said theorist Alan Guth, “attempts to build the universe from almost nothing.”
From Amoeba To Man
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For at least a billion years after life first appeared, the earth was a harsh and inhospitable place, almost unbelievably different from the planet we know today. Deadly rays of solar energy shone through a poisonous atmosphere onto the bare rocks of the continents. Winds, laden with fumes and dust from active volcanoes, blew with unimpeded force across the lava fields and the dark face of the ancient seas. Far beneath this wave-tossed surface, in the semi-gloom where only dim blue light penetrated, the phenomenon of life was beginning in a very tentative and seemingly insignificant way to take hold. In spite of the great complexity of form embodied in these earliest single-celled organisms, they must have been very small indeed. Judging from the average size of the simplest life forms today-the bacteria 25,000 of them laid side by side would not have measured half an inch. But at first there was probably only one . . . then two . . . then four. . . . From such infinitesimal beginnings, step by step life grew, adapted to its demanding environment, bur­geoned into a million diverse and sturdy forms. But equally im­portant, it gradually molded the environment to suit its own needs.
Being and Becoming
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a universe in a state of genesis requires a level of sophistication that mankind has only recently attained. A human life is so brief; it is like a tiny candle flickering in the vast­ ness of cosmic time-snuffed out before the world has evolved enough for the changes to be apparent: before the oceans have moved halfway around the globe, before a new pole star has replaced Polaris in the northern sky, before the mountains have been returned grain by grain to the sea. But through language and writing, the ability to pass thought down from generation to generation has extended the little flame of thought at least a thousandfold. Mankind has also learned to play with the dimension of duration-to alter its rate of flow and thereby gain an intuitive understanding of the relativity of time. ·