bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Defence of Transcendental Arguments
Authors: Sacks Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcendental arguments standardly attempt to argue from some undeniable facts about experience, or the psychological realm, to conclusions about how the world beyond that merely psychological domain must be. Such arguments attempt-as we might put it-to cross the appearance-reality gap: to cover the distance between our beliefs and the world they are about, or between how things seem to us and how they really are.1 Clearly, so construed, transcendental arguments hold out the promise of significant anti-sceptical mileage: they start from premisses drawn from the domain paradigmatically held to be beyond doubt, and end up with conclusions firmly within the domain paradigmatically held (by the sceptic) to be beyond knowledge. But transcendental arguments, on this standard construal, face two salient problems. There is, first, the problem of the inference to reality. Secondly, there is the problem of the universality of inference. The first concerns the spectre of idealism: the worry that in fact no argument is going to enable us to break out of the domain of how things appear to us, to bridge the gap between appearances and reality. The second is the relativist worry that, however persuasive the inference might seem, and however undeniable the conclusion, that argument might not always and in all places seem so persuasive, nor might there be some other leading to just that set of conclusions.
Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During most of the Christian millennia Aristotle has been the most influential of all philosophers. This selection of essays by the eminent philosopher and Aristotle scholar Anthony Kenny traces this influence through the ages. Particular attention is given to Aristotle's ethics and philosophy of mind, showing how they provided the framework for much fruitful development in the Middle Ages and again in the present century. Also included are some contributions to the most recent form of Aristotelian scholarship, computer-assisted stylometry. All who work on Aristotle and his intellectual legacy will find much to interest them in these Essays on the Aristotelian Tradition.
Aquinas on Aristotelian Happiness
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’ s treatment of happiness in books 1 and 10 of the Nicomachean Ethics has been in recent decades the subject of intense discussion by philosophers. It is perhaps surprising that contemporary writers should find so much to say about chapters that are in themselves tolerably dear and that have been carefully studied for centuries. Some recent readings of the texts are so perverse that they can only be explained by the desire to bring Aristotle’ s thought into line with contemporary fashion. It provides a useful antidote to any such temptation to play close attention to the Aristotle commentaries of medieval writers who had preoccupations very different from our own.
Duns Scotus on Freewill
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now generally agreed that Scotus made important innovations in the theory of modality. I wish in this essay to examine in detail the passages which contain these innovations; they come from his discussion of the relation between divine foreknowledge and contingency in human actions, and in particular, from his treatment, in that context, of certain theorems about the relation between time and necessity contained in the ninth chapter of Aristotle’ s De Interpretatione.
The Methodology of the Second Voyage and the Proof of the Soul’s Indestructibility in Plato’s Phaedo
Authors: kanayama Yahei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phaedo 96–I07 is oneof the most controversial passages in Plato’s corpus, where topics that constitute the essential part of his philosophy are concentrated: the methodology of Socrates’ so-called second voyage, i.e. the method of studying in logoi (henceforth, ‘the logoi method’) and the method of hypothesis, in contrast with the methodology of the natural philosophers; teleological and Formal aitiai in contrast with material aitiai; and the proof of the soul’s indestructibility. Although 96–I07 contains such a variety of topics, it has a unity in that all its parts are supposed to work together to accomplish the task of proving the soul’s indestructibility, through enquiring into the whole question of the aitia for coming-to-be and destruction (95 E). Socrates’ or Plato’s careful choice of the logoi method in 99 D–I00 A shows that deciding what methodology to adopt is essential to the success of his enterprise, and I suppose that 96-107 cannot be properly understood without exact understanding of the new methodology of the second voyage. The aim of this paper is to elucidate it and thereby to shed some new light on 96-107.
Flux and Language in the Theaetetus
Authors: silverman Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Want to examine again Plato’s refutation of the Heracliteans at 181 B 8–183 c 4 of the Theaetetus. About how we are to read this argument in particular, and about how we are to view the dialectic of the first part of the Theaetetus of which it is a part, there are wellknown differences of opinion. One side, carrying the banner of a tradition dating back deep into antiquity, finds continuity between the Theaetetus and the middle-period dialogues. Another contingent finds dissonance between the earlier metaphysics and epistemology and the conclusions to be drawn from the arguments of the Theaetetus. While there are many different interpretations within each camp, a main, though surely not the only, source of contention between the two can be put in simple terms: Does the argument at 181 show that Forms are needed to save the phenomena of language or not? A representative of the first side answers affirmatively. Representatives of the other camp answer in the negative. I answer in the affirmative.
Epicurean Immortality
Authors: Warren James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of Epicurean theology is, and has been for some time, a battleground. Great effort has been expended in the discussion of what, and how θ ϵoι … ϵισι ν (Ep. Men. 123), but despite the vast majority of writing on this topic being concerned with the ontological and epistemological issues which arise from Epicurean theism, the major role played by the gods in Epicurus’ thought is ethical. They are, however they ‘are’, perfect Epicureans in the sense that they enjoy constant pleasure.
How to Forge a Musical Work
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult for the younger philosophers of art to quite realize what state the discipline was in when the students of my generation entered graduate school in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It was, frankly speaking, a desert with one great oasis: Monroe Beardsley’s Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism (1958). Further more, the British analytic philosophers of those years, whom we wished so to emulate, had declared Aesthetics a non-subject. Taste, criticism, art, and beauty were, they argued, not susceptible of a philosophical critique. For a graduate student in philosophy to declare an interest in Aesthetics, the ‘dreary science,’ was an embarrassment.
Rule Consequentialism
Authors: Mulgan Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consequentialism derives much of its initial appeal from its apparent sim- plicity: it gives me the single moral project of making the world a better place. Complexities multiply as soon as I ask what this project involves. The division between Parts Two and Three of this book turns on a prior question: in what sense does Consequentialism give this project to me? In the Consequentialist tradition, two standard answers are interwoven. On the one hand, the Consequentialist project is seen as an individual project given to me as a single moral agent. Alternatively, Consequentialism may be a group pro- ject, which is mine only because (and in so far as) I belong to some particular group (which may be the set of all moral agents, or some subset of them). For generality, I shall refer to these approaches as Individual Consequentialism and Collective Consequentialism respectively.
Introduction
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence has been used to draw inferences for as long as there have been human beings. The aim of the present enquiry is to explore some of the more important attempts that were made to understand the nature of evidence after it became an object for theoretical reflection in the ancient Greek and Roman world. Although the word is an ancient one, the nature of evidence was not discussed under the head of ‘evidence’ in antiquity. Cicero introducedevi dentia as a rendering of lνaργεια, the quality of being evident(Luc. 17). In this sense it entered European languages, including English, where, however, one tends to speak of ‘self-evidence’ because English uniquely recognizes the sense of ‘evidence’ at issue in this enquiry, viz. an item that is the basis of an inference or the ground for a conclusion. The relation between the two senses seems to be this: to serve as evidence for a conclusion, apart from supporting it, an item must be evident, or at least more evident than the conclusion. Only in this way can it permit us to infer a conclusion that we do not know from grounds that we do, thus adding to our stock of knowledge.
Epicurean Sign-inference in Philodemus
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, the framework Sextus Empiricus used to classify the epistemological positions that he examines divides objects of knowledge into two classes: knowledge of evident matters is treated by the philosophers in their theories of the criterion, while the transition (µετaβασισ) from the evident by means of which non-evident matters are apprehended is discussed under the head of signs and demonstrations (σηµεlα, aποδεdξεισ)(M. 7. 24–6, 396; 8. 140, 319;PH 2. 96).
Conclusion
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philippson compared ancient testimony about signs to the River Alpheus, which disappears from view to flow underground for part of its course. Much of the subject’s history is invisible to us and can only be conjectured. Were it not for the accident that preserved part of Philodemus’ De signis, for example, we would not know about the later Epicureans’ views or even that sign-inference had been an especially important concern of theirs. Sextus’ single mention of Epicurus and his followers as adherents of the view that the sign is a sensible is so plainly meant as a doxographical counterweight to the Stoic view that the sign is a lekton and, therefore, intelligible that we might have been forgiven for thinking that there was little to Epicurean sign theory had we had no other evidence (M. 8. 177).
Sidgwick and the Boundaries of lntuitionism
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid 1980s I attended a series of graduate seminars, run by Derek Parfit, on Sidgwick’s Methods of Ethics. Parfit began the first seminar by claiming that the Methods was the greatest book on ethics ever written. This was not to say that Sidgwick was the greatest moral philosopher ever, since he had had the advantage of reading the works of past philosophers. Parfit went on to describe the common experience of thinking of some philosophical point, and then later finding it in Sidgwick. This struck a chord with me at the time. Writing a thesis on utilitarianism, I had found a central claim in my argument anticipated by Sidgwick-and, to make matters worse, hidden deep in a footnote.
An Unconnected Heap of Duties?
Authors: McNaughton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its name, the school of ethical intuitionism which flourished between the world wars, and whose greatest proponents were H. A. Prichard and W D. Ross, was not distinguished from its competitors by a distinctive epistemology. The dispute between intuitionism and its main rival, the utilitarian tradition, revolved around the issue of whether there was more than one fundamental moral principle.1 The utilitarian tradition in ethical thought can be represented as holding that there is just one fundamental duty or moral principle: the duty of beneficence. In the hands of G. E. Moore, whom Ross and Prichard saw as their main opponent, the theory had developed into a sophisticated consequentialism which subscribed to a pluralist account of the good.
The Three Phases of lntuitionism
Authors: Baldwin Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Methods of Ethics Sidgwick distinguishes between three ‘phases’ of intuitionism, the ‘Perceptional’, the ‘Dogmatic’, and the ‘Philosophical’ phase. For Sidgwick these phases have a teleology-they are ‘three stages in the development of Intuitive Morality’;2 but one does not have to endorse his teleology to find his threefold distinction helpful in the context of critical reflection on ethical intuitionism.
Dictionaries and the Dictionary
Authors: Béjoint Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is traditional to start with definitions, and this is particularly appropriate in the circumstances, since the main object of lexicography is to define words and terms. Of course, the central notion to be defined is the notion of ‘dictionary’. According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the word dictionary is derived from the Latin forms dictionarius, used in 1225 by the English poet and grammarian Joannes de Garlandia (John of Garland) as the ‘title of a collection of Latin vocables’, and dictionarium, used about a century later by Peter Bechorius (or Becharius). The first recorded appearance of the word dictionary as such is dated 1526 by the OED; after that the word was used by Sir Thomas Elyot in 1538. The French word dictionnaire seems to have been used for the first time by Robert Estienne in 1539.
Phonetic Representations in the Mental Lexicon
Authors: Coleman john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall argue that (i) our mental representations of the form of words are essentially phonetic, rather than symbolic-phonological; (ii) phonological competence includes and makes use of statistical properties of the time-course of phonetic representations; and (iii) a combination of phonetic, statistical, and semantic knowledge is sufficient to explain many aspects of phonological structure. Since generative grammar claims to be concerned with real linguistic knowledge, generative phonologists might regard the mental existence of phonological representations as pretty incontrovertible. Many psychologists of language too, though rarely so concerned with the kind of relatively abstract relations that phonologists focus on, are happy to speak of phonemes, syllables, and the phonological lexicon (see e.g. Dell 1986, Ellis and Young 1988, Cutler and Norris 1988, Fear, Cutler, and Butterfield 1995 ). It would be odd to deny the reality of such things.
Children’s Overregularization and its Implications for Cognition
Authors: Marcus Gary f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In particular, I propose that humans have both a statistical mechanism which extracts, collects, and tabulates statistical contingencies in the environment, and a rule mechanism which suppresses variation between examples within a category, thereby treating all instances of a category as equal members. Of course, neither mechanism is entirely novel; indeed, much of the debate in cognitive psychology concerns such mechanisms. My goal here is to argue that both mechanisms are necessary. Section 8.2 presents detailed arguments for the existence of both mechanisms within a single narrow linguistic domain, inflection. Section 8.3 proposes that these same two types of mechanisms are used in many other domains of cognition.
Downslope Flows into a Stratified Environment - Structure and Detrainment
Authors: Baines Peter G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Observations of dense downslope flows into a density-stratified environment are described, and these observations are interpreted quantitatively in terms of dynamical processes. The system is two-dimensional (x -z), the slope is at 6° to the horizontal, and the dense fluid is released at a uniform rate at the top of the slope for a finite period of time. The main down flow has the form of a gravity current with a distinct upper interface, with some similarities to the flow into a homogeneous environment described by Ellison and Turner (1959), but with major differences.
Richardson Number Dependence of Three-Dimensional Motions in Shear Flows
Authors: Caulfield* C P , Peltier** W R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spontaneous development of spatially incoherent “turbulent” motion within an initially laminar state of fluid flow is a problem of fundamental importance [1-2] in physics, with applications in both the geophysical sciences [3-4], and engineering [5-6]. An archetypical specific example concerns the onset of “mixing” in a free shear flow within which the background horizontal velocity varies solely in the vertical direction, and over a finite length scale [7]. Such mixing layers are primarily susceptible to the two-dimensional “Kelvin-Helmholtz” instability [8], and are observed to become turbulent only after the occurence of a secondary bifurcation has induced the appearance of three-dimensional motion, which takes the form of streamwise vortex streaks, in both unstratified ([5], [9-16]) and stratified ([4], [17-21]) flows.
Aspects of Turbulent Mixing at Density Interfaces
Authors: Strang* E J , Fernando* H J S , Kit** E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A summary of an experimental program designed to study the nature of zero-mean-shear turbulence near a density interface is presented. The experimental results are discussed vis-a-vis previous theoretical and direct numerical simulation work on the distortion of homogeneous turbulence by a solid plate with different boundary conditions at the plate. The nature of turbulence near the interface, entrainment at the interface and the fate of entrained parcels as they move in the turbulent environment are discussed.
An Experimental/Numerical Study of Internal Wave Transmission Across an Evanescent Level
Authors: Sutherland B R , Linden P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical and experimental studies show that a wavepacket of internal gravity waves may be partially reflected from and transmitted into a region where the wave intrinsic frequency is comparable to the background buoyancy frequency. The departure of the propagation behaviour from that predicted by ray theory is examined in detail. In particular, weakly nonlinear effects are shown to play a significant role when horizontally periodic waves are of moderately large amplitude, though such effects are inhibited for waves that are horizontally as well as vertically compact. Some qualitative results of these analyses are presented here.
Experiments on Two-Dimensional Lee-Wave Breaking in Stratified Flow
Authors: Bonneton* P , Auban** O , Perrier** M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past several years, a large research effort has been devoted to the understanding of internal waves generated by stratified flows over topography. Extensive reviews may be found in Smith [1] and Baines [2]. This research is motivated by the importance of the lee-wave dynamics on a wide range of spatial scales in the atmosphere and also in the ocean. On the mesoscale, Clark and Peltier [3] and Peltier and Clark [4] have demonstrated, from numerical simulations, that leewave breaking plays an important role in the development of severe atmospheric downslope winds. Subsequently, The present paper describes new experimental results on lee-wave breaking. In Section 2, the experimental facilities and procedures are described. In Sections 3 and 4, the influence of the non-hydrostatic effects on wave breaking over two-dimensional obstacles is analysed.
Fluid Mud Transport in the Laboratory and in the Field
Authors: Ali* K H M , Crapper** M , O’Connor* B A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of sediment dynamics in estuaries have commonly been performed in the past through field studies and physical and numerical modelling. Such studies have generally been carried out using an appropriate combination of the above methods, their choice being conditioned by the purpose of this study, the costs involved and, in the case of engineering studies, the desired degree of accuracy of the project.
Interleukin- I receptor antagonist
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) has been administered to healthy human volunteers, patients with septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, graft versus host disease and multiple sclerosis. IL-lra is clearly safe and is without significant impairment of natural host defenses. Although there is only a modest benefit in patients with septic shock, IL-lra reduces disease activity and progression of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This chapter updates the current knowledge on IL-lra, with particular emphasis on human disease and the effect of IL-lra in clinical trials.
Liver and lung
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines are important mediators, not only of primary liver diseases such as hepatitis or chemical injury, but also in liver injury associated with sepsis and multiple-organ failure. The liver is the tissue that contains the largest mass of macrophages in the whole organism. Liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) have a key role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification. Very early it was clear that Kupffer cells could play a role in hepatotoxicity through the release of soluble mediators that included ‘pyrogens’ and ‘tumoricidal factors’ (reviewed in: Nolan, 1975, 1981; Nolan and Camara, 1982). Although the most important effect of cytokines on the liver is probably the induction of acute-phase proteins, the liver is a target organ of the pathogenic action of cytokines.
Configuration of monosaccharides
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glucose is extremely soluble in water: 0.5 kg can be dissolved in 250 mL of hot water. The addition of acetic acid to this solution brings about a slow precipita tion of crystals. This is one of various tautomers, referred to in the official nomenclature as ‘α-D-glucopyranose’, a word whose exact meaning will be defined later in this chapter. The absolute configuration of this solid is known through the association of X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses which give the 23 bond lengths, the 42 valency angles, and the 69 torsion angles of this molecule (Brown and Levy 1979). In the schematic representation 1.1 of this configuration, carbons 2 and 3 of the chain are assumed to be in front of the molecule and carbons 1 and 4 in the plane of the drawing. The other carbons and the ring oxygen are at the back of the molecule.
Reactions of carbonyl groups and hemiacetals
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When protection of hydroxyl groups prevents the transformation of a carbonyl into a hemiacetal by cyclization, the reactivity of a sugar cannot be distinguished from that of an aldehyde or an ordinary ketone, linked to very electronegative groups possibly with an oxygen atom at the /3-position. Thus, we can observe the formation of hydrates stable in water and /3-elimination, if the stereochemistry allows it, in an alkaline medium. As for the usual hemiacetal sugar, all the reactions of the carbonyl compounds are possible due to the rate at which tautomeric equilibrium is established. In fact, it is rather the possible instability of a reagent in the solvent used which limits its application. We have already seen a typical hemiacetal reaction, glycosidation. Another example is the oxidation by halogens, with which we will begin.