bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon emission rights: the key to an optimal regional approach to climate change?
Authors: Piddington Ken , Scrimgeour Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In policy terms, it could be said that the issue of climate change has within a remarkably short period moved to the very top of the political agenda. It is now of central concern to a greater number of countries than those who would still place terrorism in the position of highest priority. Developing countries, previously regarded as supine and resting on the exclusion from the Kyoto engagements granted under the Berlin Mandate, are voicing increasing concern as their populations suffer from drought, ?oods, and other extreme events. For instance, Margaret Okorodudu-Fubara made an eloquent appeal at the Eighth Global Conference on Environmental Taxation (GCET) for her country (Nigeria), which ?ares more gas to the atmosphere than any other oil-producing nation, to recognize that it has a generality of commitment to protect the atmosphere, completely separate from the Berlin Mandate, under the umbrella instrument which was adopted at the Earth Summit in 1992—the UNFCCC. Similarly, Cecil Morden has spoken out with a South African perspective.
Life’s Ups and Downs
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the reasons Thomas and Charles Macintosh decided not to continue with their application to extend Charlesߣ 1823 patent was the fall-off in demand for the (almost) eponymous mackintosh. For many years they had contended with the disapproval of the medical profession, which argued that close-fitting rubberized fabrics were injurious to the health of the wearer.
The Great Hose Controversy
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Thomas’ Narrative there are virtually no references to life outside his manufactory because, as he wrote in the introduction, ‘It is simply an account of my own progress in the manufacture . . .’. While it is reasonable that he did not write about Walter and Charles’ experiences with gutta percha, it does leave some gaps in his own activities which, when filled in, provide us with some additional insight into his character.
The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caught in the middle of the argument between his nephew, James Lyne Hancock, and the management of Charles Macintosh & Co., Thomas had little spare time as the second half of the nineteenth century dawned, and, while he certainly would not claim to have better things to do than protect James’ interests, he was deep in thought as to how best to display the achievements and ambitions of the Macintosh company in the greatest showcase event ever to have been seen in the British Isles, the Great Exhibition of 1851.
Marlborough Cottage and the Great Aunts
Authors: Loadman John , James Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Revd James Lyne B. James was the grandson of Eliza James, née Hancock, whose photograph appears as Fig. 16.13. the three ladies in Figs 14.1–14.3 were his great aunts. As we saw in the previous chapter, the two eldest sisters, Maria (1816–1902) and Frances (Fanny)(1818–95) inherited the lease to Marlborough Cottage in Thomasߣ will and lived there as spinsters until their deaths in 1902 and 1895 respectively.
The Garden Temple
Authors: Kingsmill Slg Edmée 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word gan, ‘garden’, occurs in the Hebrew Bible forty times, of which fourteen are in Genesis, where it occurs in varying ways as ‘a garden in Eden’ (2: 8), or ‘the garden of Eden’ (2: 15), and otherwise simply as ‘the garden’, except once when it is ‘the garden of the Lord’ (13: 10). In Ezekiel it occurs four times as ‘the garden of God’ and once as ‘the garden of Eden’, which it is also at Isaiah 51: 3 and Joel 2: 3. Otherwise we find only odd references to a garden in Deuteronomy, 1 and 2 Kings, Jeremiah, Lamentations, and Nehemiah, except in the Song, where it is a key word, occurring nine times. The first task, then, is to examine in what sense the poet is using ‘garden’ in this book.
Using Environmental Taxation For Transport Demand Management
Authors: Potter Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transport is a particularly problematic area for environmental policy. Good transport is a vital part of our economy and society, but transport activities have a range of negative environmental and other impacts. Direct physical effects include vehicle emissions, which have both a local impact on air quality but also global impacts in terms of CO and other climate change gasses. Other direct impacts include vehicle noise, land-take by roads, airports and railways, and the waste produced when vehicles are scrapped. But a distinctive feature of transport activities is that they also have ‘second-order’ system impacts. These relate to how societies and economies create and adapt to increasingly transport-intensive lifestyles. Such effects include changes in activity and settlement patterns which stimulate dispersed land-use patterns and high transport dependence. These second-order effects of transport developments can have long-term, entrenched, and often unanticipated social impacts. For example, health effects are not just traffic accidents or even traffic pollution contributing to respiratory illness, but poor health from an increasingly sedentary and obese society.
Petroleum Royalties And Municipal Development: The Case Of Campos Basin In Brazil
Authors: Campos Bruno Cesar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oil industry’s role in the Brazilian economy has grown considerably. Although started in the 1950s, it was from the 1970s that with the exploration of the Campos Basin, production became significant. Responsible for approximately 84 per cent of the oil production and natural gas in Brazil, the Campos Basin stretches out along the coast of two Brazilian states: Espirito Santo and Rio de Janeiro. Its daily production exceeds 1.5 million barrels.
Carbon Taxes Versus Cap-And-Trade: The Relative Burdens And Risks Of Market-Based Administration
Authors: Milne Janet E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Market-based environmental instruments originated with relatively straightforward economic theories. Government can raise prices through taxes in order to induce changes in decision-making, or it can limit the quantities through a cap-and-trade programme to allow the market to efficiently allocate the right to pollute up to a stated level.
The environmental fee-for-tax reform in china: a one-size-fits-all solution for environmental problems?
Authors: Qin Tianbao , Chen Ping 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
China faces a serious environmental situation. The environment’s limited load capacity and the need to meet energy-emission-reduction targets has led to the introduction of successful examples of environmental governance from economically advanced countries. Economic incentives are one such valuable example. Currently, the most significant economic incentive to control pollution emission is the pollution discharge fee (PDF) system. This system started in 1982. Over the past 20 years it has played an important role in pollution-emission control and environmental protection. However, many problems remain: for example, the low collection rate, the lack of transparency in procedures, the uncertainty of the scope and amount of charge, as well as arbitrariness and confusion in using the fee, etc. Compared to the existing fee system, the environmental taxation system has obvious advantages, with its mandatory implementation, stability, and standardization, and the use of the taxes as earmarked. In the light of the successful experiences of environment tax in foreign countries and China’s lack of success with the PDF, many have strongly argued that China immediately abolish the PDF system, and establish an environmental taxation system (‘feefor- tax reform’).
Symmetry and the solid state
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of man’s interest in symmetry goes back many centuries (Belov 1956b, Coxeter and Moser 1965, Steno 1669), but its study on a modern scientific basis can be considered to have been started by the Abbe HaÜy. HaÜy studied the behaviour of a specimen of calcite when it was cleaved and, by breaking it into smaller and smaller pieces and studying the angles between the faces of the fragments, he convinced himself that the crystal was made up by the repetition of a large number of identical units. HaÜy (1815a–d) studied many other crystals as well and summarized his conclusions in his so-called Loi de symmetrie. The study of symmetry developed through the nineteenth century with the formulation of ideas about point groups, Bravais lattices, and space groups.
The single-valued representations of the 230 space groups
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we tabulate the reps of each of the 230 space groups at each point of symmetry and along each line of symmetry in the basic domain of the appropriate Brillouin zone. The theory that has been used in the derivation of these reps was discussed in the later sections of Chapter 3 and, in more abstract terms, in Chapter 4. In addition to tabulating the results we shall include, in section 5.4, some examples to illustrate the extraction of information from the tables which are, of necessity, in a relatively condensed form.
The magnetic groups and their corepresentations
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 230 space groups (Fedorov groups) were discussed in Chapter 1 and a detailed classification of them was given in section 3.5. These groups were regarded as the ultimate development in the study of the symmetry of a crystal until Shubnikov in 1951 introduced the idea of operations of anti-symmetry. By considering an extra coordinate, with only two possible values, in addition to the ordinary position coordinates in a crystal, for example colour (black or white), sign ( + or − ), or direction of magnetic moment (parallel or anti-parallel to a given direction) it is possible to define the operation of anti-symmetry as the operation which changes the value of this coordinate, i.e. black to white and white to black for example. If this operation of anti-symmetry is denoted by ℛ it is possible to have compound operations of anti-symmetry corresponding to the performance of both an ordinary point-group or space-group operation { R | v} together with the operation of anti-symmetry ℛthis is analogous to an improper point-group operation that consists of the performance of a pure rotation operation together with the inversion operation.
Investigating the influence of PVDF binder crystallinity on the performance of LiFePO4 cathode in Li-ion batteries
Authors: Nishanth Joseph , Singh Dinachandra , Panja Santu , Chandran T Mani , Brajesh Kumar , Omar Shobit , Nalwa Kanwar S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been widely utilized as a binder material in cathode as well as anode preparation for Li-ion batteries. Recent reports on water-soluble and functional binders have firmly established that even though the binder consists of only a small part of the electrode, it can significantly boost cell performance. However, no previous report has specifically explored the role of PVDF crystallinity on the performance of the LiFePO4 cathode and cell. In the present work, LiFePO4 cathodes with two different binders PVDF 1 (Kynar HSV 900), and PVDF 2 (Solef 5130) have been prepared. The PVDF binder with higher crystallinity showed more viscosity (86.3 Pa.s), higher adhesion strength (11.42 N-cm−1), and minimal electrolyte uptake (11.3%) as compared to the low crystallinity binder (32.8 Pa.s, 1.30 N-cm−1, and 18.88%). Thus, the cell having more crystalline PVDF binder showed a higher initial capacity of ∼146 mAh-g−1 and stable cyclability performance (82% capacity retention after 500 cycles) as compared to the cell with less crystalline binder PVDF (∼136 mAh-g−1 and 64%). The post-mortem analysis performed after 500 cycles of charging and discharging revealed relatively smaller cracks formed in the cathode with higher crystallinity binder, which explains its better cyclability.
Oceanic and Continental Lithospheric Mantle in the 1.95-Ga Jormua Ophiolite Complex, Finland: Implications for Mantle and Crustal Evolution
Authors: Finlayson Valerie A , Haller Mitchell , Day James M D , Ginley Stephen , O'Driscoll Brian , Kontinen Asko , Hanski Eero , Walker Richard J 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT
The ca. 1.95-Ga Jormua Ophiolite Complex (JOC), Finland, is a rare Paleoproterozoic ophiolite that preserves a record of diverse upper mantle materials and melting processes. Meter-scale grid sampling of four JOC outcrops, as well as non-grid samples, permits evaluation of meter- to kilometer-scale mantle heterogeneity within the JOC. Significant heterogeneity is observed between the four grids, and also among a number of the non-grid samples examined. Variations in the concentrations of fluid-mobile elements are particularly large among different samples and locations. New whole-rock major, lithophile trace, and highly siderophile element data (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re), including 187Re–187Os isotopic data, for serpentinized harzburgites indicate the presence of two distinct compositional types and probable modes of origin within the JOC. This is consistent with prior findings. Type 1 is similar to modern refractory abyssal-type mantle. Type 2 is more highly refractory than Type 1, and most likely represents samples from sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Type 1 mantle is moderately heterogeneous with respect to major and trace element and Os isotopic compositions at both the meter and kilometer scales. By contrast, Type 2 mantle is considerably more homogeneous than Type 1 grids at the meter scale, but is more heterogeneous at the kilometer scale. The median initial γOs value for Type 1 mantle, calculated for 1.95 Ga, is ~ −2.0 (where γOs is the % deviation in 187Os/188Os relative to a chondritic reference calculated for a specified time). This isotopic composition is consistent with a moderate, long-term decrease in Re/Os relative to the estimate for primitive mantle, prior to JOC formation. The similarity in this γOs value to the value for the modern abyssal mantle, as well as the initial values for several Phanerozoic ophiolites, suggests that the upper mantle achieved a Re/Os ratio similar to the chondritic reference by ~2 Ga, then evolved along a subparallel trajectory to the chondritic reference since then. For this to occur, only limited Re could have been permanently removed from the upper mantle since at least the time the JOC formed. A localized secondary metasomatic event at ~2 Ga, concurrent with the estimated obduction age for the JOC and subsequent Svecofennian Orogeny, affected the HSE systematics of some Type 1 samples. By contrast, late Archean Os TRD model ages for Type 2 rocks indicate a depletion event superimposed upon the long-term Re depletion of the abyssal mantle. This event was established no later than ~2.6 Ga and may have occurred during a period of significant, well-documented crustal production in the Karelia craton at ~2.7 Ga.
Impact of different CRPS phenotypes and diagnostic criteria on quantitative sensory testing outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sobeeh Mohamed Gomaa , Hassan Karima Abdelaty , Silva Anabela G , Bruehl Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Objectives
This review and meta-analysis evaluated the impact of diagnostic criteria and clinical phenotypes on quantitative sensory testing (QST) outcomes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

Methods
Eight databases were searched based on a previously published protocol. Forty studies comparing QST outcomes between CRPS-I vs II, warm vs cold CRPS, upper vs lower limb CRPS, males vs females, or using Budapest vs older IASP criteria were included.

Results
Studies investigating QST differences between CRPS-I vs II (n = 4), between males vs females (n = 2), and between upper and lower limb CRPS (n = 2) showed no significant differences. Four studies compared QST outcomes in warm vs cold CRPS, showing heat hyperalgesia in warm CRPS, with thermal and mechanical sensory loss in cold CRPS. Although CRPS diagnosed using the Budapest criteria (24 studies) vs 1994 IASP criteria (13 studies) showed similar sensory profiles, there was significant heterogeneity and low quality of evidence in the latter.

Conclusions
Based on the findings of this review, classifying CRPS according to presence or absence of nerve lesion into CRPS-I and II, location (upper or lower limb) or according to sex might not be clinically relevant as all appear to have comparable sensory profiles that might suggest similar underlying mechanisms. In contrast, warm vs cold phenotypes exhibited clear differences in their associated QST sensory profiles. To the extent that differences in underlying mechanisms might lead to differential treatment responsiveness, it appears unlikely that CRPS-I vs II, CRPS location, or patient sex would prove useful in guiding clinical management.
Compassion Fatigue Syndrome in Social Workers and Its relationship with Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Barrera-Algarín Evaristo , Castro-Ibáñez Rebeca , Vallejo-Andrada Ana , Martínez-Fernández Rocío 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A study was conducted on how emotional intelligence and compassion fatigue (CF) interact in social workers. The hypothesis was that social workers with higher emotional intelligence were less likely to suffer/develop CF. A sample of 264 subjects was selected from among 2,014 active social workers in Seville (Spain). They were administered a sociodemographic questionnaire (α = .710), the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire–Short Form (α = .790), and the Compassion Fatigue Scale (α = .770). Authors carried out a reliability analysis (Cronbach’s alpha), a frequency study, contingency tables, a Pearson-type correlations analysis, a linear regression analysis, and analysis of variance–type significance tests (with values between p = .001 and p = .005). The social workers who participated in this study presented high emotional intelligence, yet high rates of CF were found. Specifically, the lower the social worker’s manifest level of emotional intelligence, the greater the suffering of CF. Overall, social workers with higher emotional intelligence were less likely to suffer or develop CF.
Frequency, Markers and Costs of Secondary Bacterial Infection in Pediatric Dengue
Authors: Salgado Doris , Silva Jennifer M. , Salcedo Arnold , Losada Paula Ximena , Niño Angela P. , Molano Milton , Bermeo Juan M. , Restrepo Ruby , Perdomo-Celis Federico , Narváez Carlos F. , Toro Jessica F. 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Secondary bacterial infection (SBI) occurs in a proportion of individuals with dengue and results in longer hospitalization, higher mortality, and increased health-related costs. However, the frequency, risk factors and predictive biomarkers of this comorbidity in pediatric dengue is partially known.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective multicenter study in a dengue hyperendemic region of Colombia, analyzing 1597 children from two pediatric cohorts. We included children with confirmed dengue (mild to severe disease) and evaluated the rate of SBI, their clinical characteristics, diagnostic predictors and attention costs. We also assessed the diagnostic performance of plasma interleukin (IL)-6 for detecting SBI in pediatric dengue.

Results:
The frequency of SBI in children with dengue with warning signs in cohorts 1 and 2 was 2.4% and 7.3%, respectively, and this rate reached 30.7% and 38.2% in children with severe disease. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the more frequent infectious agents. Increased total leukocytes and C-reactive protein levels, as well as high IL-6 at hospital admission, in children <48 months of age were early indications of SBI in dengue. Higher rates of organ dysfunction, the requirement of a longer hospitalization and a 2.3-fold increase in attention costs were observed in SBI.

Conclusions:
An important proportion of children with dengue course with SBI and exhibit higher morbidity. Elevated leukocytes, C-reactive protein and IL-6 in young children are early markers of SBI. Physicians should identify children with dengue and risk factors for SBI, microbiologically confirm the bacterial infection, and rationally and timely provide antimicrobial therapy.
Measurement of portal vein indices and splenic index by ultrasound and their association with gastroesophageal varices in cirrhosis of liver
Authors: Katwal Shailendra , Ansari Mukhtar A. , Suwal Sundar , Rayamajhi Surendra , Ghimire Prasoon , Ghimire Aastha 
Published: November 2023

Background and Objectives:
Esophageal and gastric fundic varices are common in liver cirrhosis patients. Ultrasound with the Doppler study assesses liver cirrhosis severity, measuring portal vein and splenic indices’ association with gastroesophageal varices.

Methodology:
This study was conducted on 64 subjects with sonographic features of chronic liver disease who were referred for routine follow-up scans. Portal vein diameter, average velocity, splenic index, congestion index (CI), and portal vein area and velocity were measured.

Result:
Subjects with gastroesophageal varices had significantly larger portal vein diameters (14.7±1.64 mm) compared to those without varices (12.05±1.26 mm) (P<0.05). Conversely, subjects without varices exhibited a higher portal vein velocity of (17.9±0.6 cm/s) than with varices (13.91±2.01 cm/s) (P=0.0005). The splenic index was higher in subjects with varices (1120±494 cm3) than those without varices (419 cm3) (P<0.05). The CI was also higher in subjects with varices. Portal vein velocity showed the highest sensitivity (94%) with a cutoff of 19 cm/s, while the CI had the highest diagnostic accuracy (93.75%) with a cutoff of 0.10 cm xsec. The splenic index demonstrated a sensitivity of 92.85% and diagnostic accuracy of 92.18% with a cutoff of 480 cm3. The splenic index followed by the CI is found to be a better predictor of esophageal varices (area under the curve of 96.8 and 96%, respectively).

Conclusion:
Ultrasonographic assessment of the portal vein and spleen is a reliable, noninvasive method for predicting gastroesophageal varices in liver cirrhosis. The splenic index and CI have high diagnostic accuracy.