bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of sensitivity to metocurine in exercised horses
Authors: White David A. , Hildebrand Sue V. , Jones James H. , Fung Dennis L. , Gronert Gerald A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
On the basis of results in dogs, conditioning exercise may increase sensitivity to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Five Thoroughbreds were exercised/conditioned 3 times weekly on a treadmill for 8 months. Increasing maximal rate of 02 consumption verified that the horses were responding to exercise conditioning. Six nonexercised Thoroughbreds served as the control group. Studies were done with horses under general anesthesia by use of halothane during partial paralysis by a brief constantrate infusion with the muscle relaxant, metocurine iodide. Quantification of degree of paralysis of the hoof twitch (eg, digital extensor) occurred with simultaneous quantification of blood values of metocurine. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses of the data were done by a nonlinear regression program, using the Hill equation. There were no differences in findings between exercised and nonexercised horses. The mean blood concentration for the 50% paralyzing dose of metocurine was 0.44 ± 0.11 (sd) μg/ml in exercised horses, and 0.58 ± 0.22 μg/ml in nonexercised horses. Despite evidence for a response to conditioning, a significant change in the sensitivity of the neuromuscular junction to metocurine was not found.
Differential activity of cythioate against female and male Ctenocephalides felis on cats
Authors: Dryden Michael W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was conducted to determine whether cythioate, a systemically active insecticide, has different activity against male and female Ctenocephalides felis, the cat flea.
Eighteen cats were allotted equally to 1 control and 2 treatment groups and infested on day 0 with fixed ratios of male and female cat fleas. Cats in the untreated control group and treatment group 2 were infested with 50 fleas with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 2:1. Cats in treatment group 1 were infested with 50 fleas with a female-to-male ratio of 1:1. Cythioate was administered orally to cats in the treatment groups at the dosage of 3.6 mg/kg of body weight once daily on days 0 and 3. Fleas remaining after treatment were removed, sexed, and counted on day 5.
The efficacy of cythioate after 2 dosings was 82.8 and 33.4% against female and male fleas, respectively. The greater activity against female fleas resulted in posttreatment female-to-male ratios in treatment groups 1 and 2 of 0.32:1 and 0.54:1, respectively. Fleas recovered from untreated control cats had a final female-to-male ratio of 2.27:1. Total population control efficacies for treatment groups 1 and 2 were 61.7 and 67.6%, respectively.
Comparison of intranasal and intratracheal oxygen administration in healthy awake dogs
Authors: Mann F. A. , Wagner-Mann C. , Allert J. A. , Smith J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Intranasal (in) and intratracheal (it) oxygen administration techniques were compared by measuring inspired oxygen concentrations () and partial pressures of arterial oxygen () in 5 healthy dogs at various in (50, 100, 150, and 200 ml/kg of body weight/min) and it (10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 ml/kg/min) oxygen flow rates. Intratracheal administration of oxygen permitted lower oxygen flow rates than in administration. Each it oxygen flow rate produced significantly higher and than the corresponding in flow rate. An it oxygen flow rate of 25 ml/kg/min produced and values equivalent to those produced by an in oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/kg/min. An it oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/kg/min produced and values equivalent to those produced by in oxygen flow rates of 100 and 150 ml/kg/min. All it oxygen flow rates ≥ 100 ml/kg/min produced and values that were greater than and values produced by in oxygen flow rates of 200 ml/kg/ min.
The lowest flow rates studied (50 ml/kg/min, in, and 10 ml/kg/min, it) produced capable of maintaining 97% hemoglobin saturation, which should be adequate for most clinical situations. Arterial blood gas analysis and measurements are necessary to accurately guide oxygen flow adjustments to achieve the desired and to prevent oxygen toxicity produced by excessive .
Microvascular circulation of the descending colon in horses
Authors: Dart Andrew J. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The microvascular circulation of the descending colon was studied in 5 adult horses, using microangiography and light microscopy combined with gross studies and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas. After heparinization, horses were euthanatized, and 3 segments of the descending colon and its mesentery containing 1 vascular arcade were removed from each horse. The fecal balls were gently massaged from the lumen, and the blood was flushed free of the circulation with isotonic NaCl.
In 5 segments, the vascular system was injected with a modified radiopaque medium and evaluated radiographically. Specimens examined radiographically also were prepared for histologic examination, using standard methods. Ten segments were injected with 1 of 2 types of plastics and studied grossly or by scanning electron microscopy.
Arcuate arteries gave rise to a descending colonic rete that surrounded the vein and supplied numerous descending colonic lymph nodes. The rete also supplied the mesocolon and the descending colonic tissue. Short filamentous vessels arising from the rete directly penetrated the mesenteric tenia to supply an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. Larger vessels arising from either side of the rete divided into the long- and short-terminal arteries that supplied an extensive submucosal plexus, which was continuous around the circumference. The submucosal plexus supplied the mucosa, the tunica muscularis, and the serosa. Vessels running centrifugally from the submucosal plexus formed an intermuscular plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the muscularis externa. The intermuscular plexus at the mesenteric angle also was supplied by vessels branching from the short-terminal arteries as they penetrated the muscularis externa. At the antimesenteric tenia, the submucosal plexus gave rise to larger vessels that formed a subserosal loop. From this loop, 5 vessels penetrated the longitudinal muscle layer to contribute to the intermuscular plexus. Vessels within the longitudinal and circular muscles of the muscularis externa ran parallel to the muscle fibers and, consequently, perpendicular to each other. Arteries supplying the mucosa penetrated the muscularis mucosa and branched into a capillary network at the base of the descending colonic glands. These capillary networks anastomosed with the networks around adjacent glands at the luminal surface, forming a honeycomb like pattern. Drainage was facilitated by more sparsely distributed venules that united with venules from adjacent areas and descended to the submucosal plexus. These veins were characterized by regular, helical, smooth muscle constrictions.
Effects of two adenoviruses (type 1 and type 8) on functional properties of bovine alveolar macrophages in vitro
Authors: Adair B. M. , McNulty M. S. , Foster J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cultures of bovine alveolar macrophages were inoculated with type-1 and type-8 adenoviruses, initially isolated from calves with respiratory tract disease, and functional properties of the cells were observed over a period of 10 to 11 days. Both viruses replicated in macrophages; viral titers were low (< 3.75 log10 tcid5O/0.1 ml), and intranuclear inclusions were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in 5 to 10% of the cells from 3 days after inoculation. Highest titers were induced by type-1 adenovirus, which also induced the greatest functional changes.
Expression of Fc and complement receptors was reduced by both viruses, although the greatest effects were seen with type 1. Phagocytosis of Candida krusei cells was reduced following type 1 infection, whereas phagocytosis in type-8-infected cells was not different from that of noninfected macrophages. Ability to kill ingested Candida cells also was reduced following type-1 infection, whereas type-8-infected macrophages had lower killing ability only at 2 to 4 days after inoculation. Neither virus had substantial effects on the production of neutrophil chemotactic factors by the macrophages.
Hematologic and serum biochemical effects of long-term administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone in dogs
Authors: Moore G. E. , Mahaffey E. A. , Hoenig M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Results of routine hematologic and serum biochemical analyses from 12 healthy adult male dogs that were given prednisone (0.55 mg/kg of body weight, po, q 12 h) for 35 days were compared with those of a control group of 6 dogs that were given gelatin capsules. Analyses were performed at 2-week intervals during and after prednisone administration. Lymphocyte and eosinophil counts were significantly (P < 0.005) decreased after 2 and 4 weeks of prednisone treatment, compared with controls. Two weeks after treatment, eosinophil counts in prednisone-treated dogs were similar to those of control dogs, whereas lymphocyte counts remained low 4 weeks after treatment in treated dogs (1,869 ± 145 cells/μl), compared with that in control dogs (3,662 ± 548 cells/μl). Neutrophil and monocyte counts did not significantly change during glucocorticoid administration. Mean platelet volume significantly (P < 0.001) decreased after 4 weeks of prednisone treatment, but returned to pretreatment values by 2 weeks after treatment. Four weeks of prednisone treatment did not cause significant increased activity in serum alanine transaminase, total alkaline phosphatase or the steroid-induced isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase. Significant increases in serum albumin (P < 0.001) and total protein (P < 0.05) concentrations were detected after 4 weeks of treatment, but mean values were not significantly different from those of controls 2 weeks after treatment ended. Results of our study indicate that eosinophil and lymphocyte counts are the most sensitive indicators of long-term glucocorticoid administration at anti-inflammatory dosages of 1.1 mg/kg daily.
Purification of a protein from serum of cattle with hepatic lipidosis, and identification of the protein as haptoglobin
Authors: Yoshino Kazuhiro , Katoh Norio , Takahashi Kiyoshi , Yuasa Akira 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A protein that has 2 subunits with molecular weight of 35,000 and 23,000 was detected in serum of cattle with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver). The protein was purified from serum obtained from a cow with fatty liver, and was identified as haptoglobin, which is known to have hemoglobin-binding capacity and to be an acute-phase protein. To assess the relevance of haptoglobin in fatty liver, cattle were classified in 3 groups (healthy control, haptoglobin-positive, and haptoglobin-negative); liver triglyceride content and several serum biochemical variables were evaluated for the 3 groups. Compared with the control and haptoglobin-negative cattle, haptoglobin-positive cattle had significantly (P < 0.01) higher liver triglyceride content, serum bilirubin concentration, and aspartate transaminase activity. Serum haptoglobin concentration was high in slaughter cattle (27 of 40 cattle tested), particularly in cows (20/28).
Induction of the acute-phase cytokine, hepatocyte-stimulating factor/interleukin 6, in the circulation of horses treated with endotoxin
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , Lester Guy D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Because hepatocyte-stimulating factor/interleukin 6 (il-6) is the principal inducer of acute-phase protein synthesis in the liver, quantification of its activity in blood provides an early and sensitive assessment of the acute-phase response. Circulating il-6 activity was monitored in 4 adult horses for 72 hours after iv administration of endotoxin. In 4 experiments performed at weekly intervals and in randomized order, each horse was given endotoxin—1,000, 30, 1, and 0 ng/kg of body weight. Plasma il-6 activity was quantified as the ability to promote growth of the il-6-dependent B-cell hybridoma, B13.29 clone B9. Interleukin-6 activity (171 ± 10.2 U/ml) was found in all pretreatment plasma samples and was significantly (P < 0.05) increased above baseline from 2 to 12 hours after 1,000 ng of endotoxin/kg was given and at 3 hours after 30 ng of endotoxin/kg was given. After 1,000- or 30-ng/kg dosage of endotoxin, peak plasma il-6 activity (10,128 ± 4,096 and 1,555 ± 1,326 U/ml, respectively) was observed for 3 hours. The il-6 response of endotoxin-treated horses began about 1 hour after tumor necrosis factor appeared in the circulation, and its course closely approximated the endotoxin-induced febrile reaction. Significant increase in plasma il-6 activity was not detected in horses given 1 ng of endotoxin/kg or control buffer.
Hemostatic defects associated with two infusion rates of dextran 70 in dogs
Authors: Concannon Kevin T. , Haskins Steve C. , Feldman Bernard F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We investigated changes in hemostatic function after infusion of 6% dextran 70 (high molecular weight dextran) at 2 rates. Six healthy dogs underwent 3 regimens: 20 ml of dextran/kg of body weight administered in 1 hour (trial A), 20 ml of dextran/kg administered in 30 minutes (trial B) and 0.9% sodium chloride solution as a control administered over 1 hour to achieve hemodilution equivalent to that for 20 ml of dextran/kg (trial C). Before and at 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours after the start of trials A and B, we measured pcv, total solids (ts) concentration, amount of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWf:Ag), factor VIII coagulant activity (VIII:C), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), platelet retention in a glass bead column, and buccal mucosa bleeding time (bmbt). Values were not obtained at 8 and 24 hours for trial C. Saline-induced changes in hemostasis were significant (P < 0.05) from baseline throughout the sample collection period. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between trial A and control were observed for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, bmbt, aptt, ts, and pcv values at 2 hours, and for VIII:C at 4 hours. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between trial B and control were observed for aptt, ts, and pcv values at 2 hours, and for vWf:Ag, VIII:C, bmbt, aptt, ts, and pcv values at 4 hours. During trials A and B, mean values of analytes infrequently deviated from reference intervals, and clinical signs of bleeding were not observed in any dog. Data for the dextran infusions paralleled each other and had a tendency to normalize, infrequently reaching baseline by 24 hours. Differences in overall hemostatic function were not detected between dextran infusions. Dextran 70 at a dosage of 20 ml/kg induces minimal hemostatic abnormalities when infused over 30 or 60 minutes to clinically normal dogs, but may precipitate bleeding in dogs with marginal hemostatic function.
Comparison of subjective and objective test evaluations for use of Mycobacterium phlei-adsorbed serum in a dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Bech-Nielsen S. , Shulaw W. P. , Frandsen P. L. , Jorgensen J. B. , Feld N. C. , Ahrens P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Use of a dot-elisa with serum adsorbed with Mycobacterium phlei or with nonadsorbed serum was compared. In addition, results attained using visual observation were compared with those obtained using a densitometer. Infection status of cattle was determined by results of culture of feces from a number of cattle with various degrees of exposure (low prevalence and test-negative) and disease manifestation (clinical suspect vs subclinical infection). Two paratuberculosis-negative herds, fecal culture-confirmed clinically suspect cases of paratuberculosis, and cows from 2 paratuberculosis-infected herds with diagnosis confirmed on the farm (low infection rate) were tested.
Significant (P < 0.05) increase in the dot-elisa response was found in cattle with heavy M paratuberculosis shedding when nonadsorbed and adsorbed sera were used, compared with the response in cattle that were fecal culture-negative or were shedding M paratuberculosis at lower amounts. Paratuberculosis was diagnosed by visual determination in 29 of 44 (65.9%) of fecal culture-positive, clinically suspect cattle when nonadsorbed serum was used. Results of the visual test were negative in 85 of 93 (91.4%) of the fecal culture-negative cattle when nonadsorbed serum was used. However, when using M phlei-adsorbed serum, the sensitivity of the visual determination decreased to 34.1% (15/44), and the specificity increased to 97.8% (91/93). When taking into consideration the amount of bacterial shedding (ie, colonies per gram of feces isolated by culture of feces), 22 of 29 (75.9%) cattle were heavy shedders, with > 1,500 colonies/g of feces at the time of serologic testing when nonadsorbed serum was used, and 11 of 15 (73.3%) cattle were heavy shedders when adsorbed serum was used. Thus, about 75% of paratuberculosis-positive cattle, detected by use of the dot-elisa, were heavy shedders.
Effects on sensitivity and specificity of using various cut-off points for the various test groups were determined by use of video densitometric measurement, because sera were not discretely segregated into distinct groups of positive and negative results. Specificity of the elisa in the 2 fecal culture-negative herds was 96.2% at elisa cut-off optical density value ≥ 0.4 (OD) for adsorbed serum. For nonadsorbed serum, specificity was 78.8% at similar OD cut-off value.
Comparison of dot-elisa results determined by visual vs objective densitometric measurement indicated compatible results for test specificity; adsorption of serum with M phlei increased test specificity. Test sensitivity using visual evaluation was 66%, and was 87.5% using the objective densitometric evaluation for nonadsorbed serum at elisa cut-off OD value of 0.2. This difference was even more pronounced when adsorbed sera were used—34.1 and 82.5%, respectively.
Effect of estradiol-17β treatment of gilts on blood mononuclear cell functions in vitro
Authors: Magnusson Ulf , Fossum Caroline 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Porcine blood mononuclear cells (bmc) were exposed to prepartum concentration of estrogen in gilts before acquisition (in vivo) and their subsequent reactivity (in vitro) was explored. In a cross-over experimental designed study, 6 ovariectomized gilts were injected once with 3.75 mg of estradiol-17β benzoate in arachidic oil or with arachidic oil only during 2 experiments. The ability of their bmc to proliferate in response to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitrogen was assayed in cultures of blood and in cultures of purified bmc. After 2 days of mitogen stimulation, activity of accessible interleukin 2 was quantified in supernatants obtained from cultures of purified bmc and supernatants of blood cultures stimulated with pokeweed mitogen. Also, production of immunoglobulins by purified bmc in response to polyclonal stimuli was measured.
Three days after treatment with estradiol, the proliferative response was suppressed in blood cultures stimulated with concanavalin A (P < 0.05) and phytohemagglutinin (P < 0.07). Effects of estradiol treatment were not found in any of the assays performed with purified bmc. We, therefore, assumed that in vivo exposure to estradiol can affect the function of porcine bmc; however, this was only evident when the in vitro assays were performed on blood cultures.
Evaluation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose for prevention of adhesions after uterine trauma in ewes
Authors: Moll H. D. , Wolfe D. F. , Schumacher J. , Wright J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Efficacy of a 1% solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) infused into the peritoneal cavity of ewes was evaluated for prevention of intraperitoneal adhesions resulting from surgery of the reproductive tract. Six ewes were assigned to each of 4 groups. Group-1 ewes were controls that underwent ventral midline celiotomy and exploration of the abdominal viscera. Group-2 ewes were treated similarly to group-1 ewes, except that a 1% solution of cmc (14 ml/kg of body weight) was infused into the peritoneal cavity. This group was studied to determine whether cmc would cause changes in the peritoneal cavity. Group-3 comprised ewes representing a uterine trauma model. Ewes underwent abdominal exploration, but in addition had a standard embryo collection technique performed on 1 uterine horn and hysterotomy performed on the opposite uterine horn. Group-4 ewes were treated like group-3 ewes, except that, similar to treatment of group-2 ewes, cmc was infused into the peritoneal cavity. All ewes were euthanatized and necropsied 12 to 14 days after surgery.
Abdominal adhesions were evaluated, and an adhesion severity score was assigned to each ewe on the basis of number and severity of the adhesions. Ewes of all groups had abdominal adhesions. Significantly (P < 0.05) lower adhesion score was observed in ewes given cmc (groups 2 and 4) than in the adhesion model (group 3). Significant difference was not observed in adhesion score when groups 1, 2, or 4 were compared. Though not statistically significant, fewer adhesions were observed in ewes of groups 2 and 4 than in group-1 ewes.
Kinetics of healing of grafted and nongrafted wounds on the distal portion of the forelimbs of horses
Authors: Schumacher J. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Honnas Clifford M. , Tarpley R. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Full-thickness, circular, cutaneous wounds (5 cm in diameter) were created on the distal portion of the forelimbs of 6 horses. One wound on each horse was treated with 6 full-thickness punch grafts that were obtained from the horse's neck with a 6-mm skin biopsy punch and inserted in the graft sites on day 14 after wounding. The wound on the contralateral limb was not grafted. A combination of ticarcillin disodium and clavulanate potassium was applied to the wounds when bandages were changed to control bacterial infection. Areas of each wound were measured on days 1, 7, 9, 11, 13 through 15, 17 through 22, 24, 26, 29, and 32 after wounding. Three distinguishable phases of healing were observed (expansion, contraction, and epithelialization), and the time course of each phase was evaluated, using formulas of first-order processes. Rate constants of each phase were not significantly (P < 0.05) affected by punch grafts.