bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature gradients between the jugular vein blood and rectum in anaesthetized, intubated pigs
Authors: Einer‐Jensen N. , Hunter R. H. F. , Bo gh I. B. , Greve T. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  A current focus in the Reproduction Department at the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University (KVL) is on the relevance of pre‐ovulatory temperature gradients to procedures of in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. More specifically, there is a desire to establish appropriate in vitro culture temperatures for resumption of meiosis in oocyte–cumulus complexes aspirated from Graafian follicles and the subsequent oocyte–sperm suspension microdrops that are a feature of most in vitro fertilization systems. The overall objective would be to generate a high proportion of viable embryos capable of developing into a viable foetus after transplantation into a suitable recipient (foster mother).Core temperature may be defined as ‘the body’s temperature in deep structures such as the liver or heart, as opposed to the peripheral areas such as the mouth or axilla’ (C layton 1993). The core temperature is not an easy concept, as it may vary depending on the organ and type of measurement chosen. The rectal temperature is commonly used. Although it is not a ‘deep’ temperature, it is probably not very different from ‘core temperature’. Temperature gradients between different tissue compartments of the mammalian ovary have been reported several times during the last 25 years (e.g. B
enoit et al. 1976; G
rinsted et al. 1980; G
rinsted et al. 1985). In a study on mature domestic pigs, instantaneous infrared sensing of ovarian tissue was used to reveal the surface temperature during mid‐ventral laparatomy. The ovaries were always cooler than deep rectal temperatures, and large follicles were always cooler (1.7 ± 0.4° C) than adjacent stroma (H
unter et al. 1997).In an extension of these studies in domestic pigs, simultaneous measurements of jugular vein temperatures and those at a deep rectal site have also been collected. This study was conducted to investigate whether the jugular vein temperature could be taken as representative of core temperature.
Estimates of genetic parameters for triacylglycerol fatty acids in beef castle at weaning and slaughter
Authors: Malau‐Aduli A. E. O. , Edriss M. A. , Siebert B. D. , Bottema C. D. K. , Deland M. P. B. , Pitchford W. S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAdipose tissues from the 12th–13th rib interface were sampled at weaning (324 cattle) and slaughter (310 cattle). The animals were progeny from Hereford dams sired by Angus, Belgian Blue, Hereford, Jersey, Limousin, South Devon and Wagyu. Fatty acid composition of the triacylglycerol fraction at both stages was measured by gas‐liquid chromatography. Estimates of heritability and genetic and phenotypic correlations at weaning and slaughter were computed by restricted maximum likelihood using a sire model in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results indicated that generally, there were strong, positive genetic correlations between fatty acids at weaning and slaughter (as high as 0.98). Phenotypic correlations were however, low and poor (0.04–0.44). Heritability (h2) estimates at weaning were low to moderate, ranging from 0–0.31. However, at slaughter, h2 estimates were generally higher than at weaning: Stearate, oleate and total monounsaturates had h2 estimates of 0.43, 0.37 and 0.40, respectively. Other carcass traits such as marbling score and melting point of fat had h2 estimates of 0.20 and 0.52, respectively. Significant breed, sex and location differences in fatty acid composition were also observed at weaning and slaughter.
l‐carnitine supplementation and lipid metabolism of rats fed a hyperlipidaemic diet
Authors: Eder K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryUntil now, there has been no clear knowledge about the effect of dietary carnitine supplementation on lipid metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of a dietary l‐carnitine supplementation (500 mg/kg) onx the lipid metabolism of adult rats. Rats fed a hyperlipidaemic basal diet containing 15% lard and 1% cholesterol were used as an animal model. The feeding period was 6 weeks. As parameters of lipid metabolism, the concentrations of individual lipids in plasma, lipoproteins and liver and the fatty acid composition of liver and erythrocyte total lipids were determined. There were no significant differences between the control group and the group receiving the diet supplemented with carnitine on parameters of animal performance (daily body weight gains and feed conversion ratio). As expected, plasma, very low‐density lipoproteins (VLDL) and liver exhibited high concentrations of cholesterol. Concentrations of triglycerides and phospholipids in plasma and individual lipoproteins as well as the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids in the liver were not significantly altered by dietary carnitine supplementation. The concentration of cholesterol in plasma and liver was increased by dietary carnitine. The fatty acid composition of liver and erythrocyte total lipids was not influenced by dietary carnitine supplementation. In conclusion, this study does not indicate a lipid‐lowering effect of dietary carnitine supplementation in hyperlipidaemic rats. Probably, the essential functions of carnitine in metabolism were realized by carnitine which was synthesized endogenously.
Effects of dietary Ca/P ratio, P level and microbial phytase supplementation on nutrient digestibilities in growing pigs: breakdown of phytic acid, partition of P and phytase activity along the intestinal tract
Authors: Seynaeve M. , Janssens G. , Hesta M. , Van Nevel C. , De Wilde R. O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryEight female pigs (26–61 kg) provided with a simple T‐cannula about 10 cm proximal to the ileo‐caecal valve, were used in two experiments to investigate the effects of Ca/P ratio, P level and supplementation with phytase (500 FTU/kg) on the breakdown of phytic acid (IP6), partition of P and phytase activity along the alimentary tract in pigs. In experiment 1, two Ca/P ratios (1.5/1 and 2.2/1) and two P levels (0.34 and 0.47%) were tested according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement within a Latin square design. In experiment 2, the maize‐tapioca‐soybean meal‐based diets of experiment 1 were supplemented with phytase (500 FTU/kg). No lower inositolphosphates, but substantial phytase activities were detected in the ileal digesta and faeces. Significant faecal amounts of IP6 were found only for diets with a wide Ca/P ratio, due to its antagonistic effect on phytase activity. The addition of feed phosphate increased the proportion of inorganic P (Pi), but reduced the phytase activity in the small intestine. Breakdown of IP6 at the terminal ileum was 16.2% for the diets without phytase supplementation and was due to microbial activity. Supplementation with phytase tripled the pre‐caecal breakdown of IP6. However, the liberated Pi along the small intestine was not absorbed by the animal, but incorporated in microbial biomass as shown by lower organic matter (OM) disappearance and unaffected P disappearance ( Seynaeve et al.; J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 83, 36–48, 2000 ), increased phytase activity (+28%), higher organic nonphytate P fraction (+36%) and higher amounts of bacterial residues or intestinal cell debris residues (+43%) in the small intestine. The digestibility experiments indicate that P absorption from feed phosphate takes place to a large extent proximally to the ileo‐caecal valve. The phosphorus that is liberated by added microbial phytase from phytate in feedstuffs causes an increase in the microbial population in the small intestine of pigs but only becomes available for absorption by the pig in the caecum/colon region.
Effect of β‐carotene on health status and performance of sows and their litters
Authors: Kostoglou P. , Kyriakis S. C. , Papasteriadis A. , Roumpies N. , Alexopoulos C. , Saoulidis K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA total of 48 sows were allocated to four groups (12 sows per group) at the 99th day of pregnancy and were treated throughout two consecutive breeding cycles, as follows: (a) control group: no treatment; (b) group BC1: 400 mg β‐carotene/sow/day via feed from 7 days prior to the expected farrowing, until the 30th day postservice; (c) group BC2: 400 mg β‐carotene/sow/day via feed from 7 days before weaning up to service, followed by 200 mg β‐carotene until the 30th day postservice; and (d) group BC inj: four intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 200 mg β‐carotene/sow (on the 100th day of pregnancy, on the day of farrowing, on the day of weaning and on the first day of oestrus). Serum β‐carotene equivalents, vitamin A and IgG concentrations were determined in sows at several times of the breeding cycle. Moreover, serum IgG concentrations were determined in piglets on the second day of lactation and at weaning. Data relating to sow reproductive parameters and litter parameters were also recorded. It was shown that concentrations of serum β‐carotene equivalents were elevated only in the BC inj group during lactation and at service, while serum vitamin A concentrations were also elevated in the BC inj group only at oestrus. There was no effect of β‐carotene on the oestrus intensity score, the weaning‐to‐oestrus interval, the number of returns to oestrus per sow and the farrowing‐to‐farrowing interval. The number of piglets born alive was greater in the BC inj group compared with the controls, while the litter size at weaning was greater in the groups BC1, BC2 and BC inj compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Supplementation of β‐carotene did not appear to influence the serum IgG concentration in sows and piglets.
Metabolic changes during the perinatal period in dairy sheep in relation to level of nutrition and breed. II. Early lactation
Authors: Bizelis J. A. , Charismiadou M. A. , Rodkais E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of level of nutrition during pregnancy was investigated on various plasma parameters, on energy intake, body weight, energy balance and milk yield, after parturition in two Greek dairy breeds. Thirteen Chios (CH) and 17 Karagouniko (K) pregnant ewes were assigned to groups A and B, which received 110% of their energy requirements for maintenance plus pregnancy for two foetuses and 90% of their maintenance energy requirements, respectively. After parturition all ewes were fed ad libitum. Body weights of group A and K ewes were higher (p 0.05) compared with group B and CH ewes, during lactation, although daily energy intakes tended to be greater in group B than in A ewes, during the first 3 weeks and in CH than K ewes (p 0.05), after the second week post‐partum. Total mean milk production was 114 ± 11 l and 82 ± 10 l for groups A and B (p 0.05) and 120 ± 12 l and 70 ± 7 l for CH and K ewes (p 0.001), respectively. Positive energy balance appeared after the day 15 and 7 of lactation, for groups A and B ewes and after the day 15 and 5 of lactation, for CH and K ewes, respectively. The group B and K ewes tended to have higher mean plasma glucose concentrations than group A and CH ewes, during early lactation. There were no significant differences in free fatty acids, β‐hydroxybutyric acid, insulin and T4 concentrations between A and B ewes. CH had higher free fatty acids (p 0.05) and β‐hydroxybutyric acid (p 0.05), and lower T4 (p 0.01) and insulin (p 0.05) concentrations than K ewes. It was concluded that under‐nutrition during pregnancy results in low milk yields of ewes fed ad libitum in early lactation, due to the poor development of the udder during late gestation.
Searching and oviposition behaviour of Amitus fuscipennis, a parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly
Authors: Manzano M. R. , van Lenteren J. C. , Cardona C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Amitus fuscipennis MacGown & Nebeker (Hym., Platygasteridae) is a parasitoid of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on some crops as bean and snap bean (both Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Colombia. The searching and oviposition behaviour of A. fuscipennis was studied in the laboratory, using T. vaporariorum as a host on bean leaves. The parasitoid's basic search pathway consisted of walking, encountering the host, and drumming and probing it. While walking, the parasitoid stopped for short periods of time, partly to preen itself. Walking while searching comprised 61% of the adults’ time budget and probing hosts represented 16%. After a host nymph was parasitized by A. fuscipennis, the parasitoid remained close by and continued searching for new hosts in the immediate vicinity. Such behaviour suggests area‐restricted searching. The parasitoid preferred first instars of T. vaporariorum for oviposition, resulting in long developmental times. Amitus fuscipennis had a high percentage of host acceptance resulting in a high percentage parasitism (60%) of all encountered hosts. Amitus fuscipennis, on average, walked faster before an oviposition (1.4 mm/s) than other whitefly parasitoids. The implications of these findings for the control of T. vaporariorum are discussed.
Trap position and fruit presence affect visual responses of apple maggot flies (Dipt., Tephritidae) to different trap types
Authors: Rull J. , Prokopy R. J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  We compared responses of apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in a commercial apple orchard in Massachusetts with three different types of visual traps baited with synthetic fruit volatiles. The traps were red spheres, Ladd traps (a rectangular yellow panel between two red hemispheres) and rectangular yellow panels. Traps were placed either in optimal position (Drummond, F.; Groden, E.; Prokopy, R. J., 1984: Environ. Entomol. 13, 232–235.) or sub‐optimal position (not surrounded by foliage and fruit from all sides). The study was performed over 3 years. Early in the fruiting season, when apples were small and green, red spheres followed by Ladd traps attracted more flies than yellow panels. Ladd traps were the most sensitive to trap positioning, losing effectiveness when placed in sub‐optimal position. Late in the fruiting season, in years yielding crops of large red apples, red spheres in optimal position (surrounded by growing red fruit) lost some effectiveness relative to Ladd traps in optimal position. Red spheres in sub‐optimal position were not similarly affected, perhaps because of the lack of fruit in the background. Red sphere performance relative to Ladd traps was re‐established after removal of competing fruit from trees at harvest. Because Ladd traps are more expensive to purchase and more difficult to position, red spheres are a better option for commercial growers in eastern North America. Conceivably, loss of capturing power of red spheres because of visual competition from red apples towards harvest could be mitigated by adjusting trap positioning.
Occurrence, Distribution and Relative Importance of Viruses Infecting Hot Pepper and Tomato in the Major Growing Areas of Ethiopia
Authors: Hiskias Y. , Lesemann D.‐E. , Vetten H. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHot pepper and tomato fields in the main growing areas in the Rift Valley and the west of Ethiopia were surveyed for virus infections in 1994. A total of 286 samples from hot pepper and 222 samples from tomato plants and associated Datura stramonium L. and Nicandra physalodes Gaertn. weeds with symptoms suggestive of virus infections were collected and analysed using electron microscopy, serology and test plant reactions. Potato virus Y (PVY), Ethiopian pepper mottle virus (EPMV), pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) were detected in hot pepper samples while tomato samples were shown to be infected with tomato mild mottle virus (TMMV), PVY and ToMV. The most widespread and predominant viruses which also occurred frequently in mixed infections were PVY and EPMV in hot pepper and PVY and TMMV in tomato. TMMV was also found in many samples of D. stramonium and N. physalodes. ToMV was identified in only few samples from both crops in the Rift Valley by its characteristic particle morphology, serological properties and symptomatology. PVMV was found in hot pepper samples only from western Ethiopia, but no natural infection of tomato with this virus was revealed. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of TMMV in tomato, D. stramonium and N. physalodes, as well as of ToMV in hot pepper and tomato in Ethiopia.
Pathogenic Variability in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum and Evaluation of Resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris in the North‐Western Himalayan Region of India
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Kumar A. , Sharma O. P. , Sud D. , Tyagi P. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEightyfive isolates of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (bean anthracnose) collected from different kidney bean growing areas of a hilly state (Himachal Pradesh) of India, were characterized on the basis of their reaction types on International and CIAT differentials. On international differentials, 12 races viz., Alpha‐Brazil, Beta, Gamma and Ind I to Ind IX were characterized. The races designated as Ind I to Ind IX were different from those identified in Europe and USA, thus forming a new race group from the Indian subcontinent. On the CIAT differential set the 85 isolates have been grouped into 19 races. Of these, only races 65 and 73 resembled the North American races. Exotic accessions AB 136 and G 2333 were resistant to all the Indian races. However, race specific resistance has been found in a number of indigenous and exotic genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris.
Plant Growth‐Promoting Rhizobacteria‐Elicited Alterations in Phenolic Profile of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Infected by Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: SARMA B. K. , SINGH D. P. , MEHTA S. , SINGH H. B. , SINGH U. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEfficacy of seven strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pfs1–7), plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), were tested under field conditions for their ability to protect Cicer arietinum against Sclerotium rolfsii infection. Best protection was observed in strain Pfs3 where 23% seedling mortality was recorded in comparison to 44% in non‐treated control. To correlate the induction of phenolic compounds by the PGPRs with disease resistance, qualitative and quantitative alterations of phenolic compounds in different parts of C. arietinum were estimated following PGPR application as seed treatment. High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of the leaves, collars and roots of the PGPR‐treated and non‐treated (control) plants showed the presence of gallic, ferulic, chlorogenic and cinnamic acids with varied amounts in the PGPR‐treated as well as non‐treated (control) plants. Maximum accumulation of cinnamic acid was observed in plants treated with Pfs3 strain (1660 ng g–1 fresh wt.) which was almost 19.5 times higher than untreated control plants and also significantly high when compared to other PGPR treatments. Pfs3 also caused maximum accumulation of total phenolics and gallic acid in all chickpea plant parts as compared to other treatments and untreated control. A direct relationship between the level of total phenolics and seedling survivability was observed. PGPR‐mediated induction of phenolic compounds as a biochemical barrier in C. arietinum against S. rolfsii infection is envisaged.
Resistance Against the Damping‐off Fungus Rhizoctonia solani Systemically Induced by the Plant‐Growth‐Promoting Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IE‐6S+) and P. fluorescens (CHA0)
Authors: Siddiqui I. A. , Shaukat S. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBare‐root‐dip treatment or soil drench with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain IE‐6S+ and P. fluorescens CHA0 significantly suppressed Rhizoctonia solani and the bacterial efficacy was more pronounced in the presence of low inoculum level of the fungus. The two bacteria afforded better protection to tomato roots against R. solani during early growth stages of the roots. There was a significant difference in the level of protection between root‐dip treatment and soil drench with both the bacterial inoculants. The ability of the antagonistic bacteria to induce systemic resistance against R. solani was demonstrated in split‐root trials, where the root system of a single tomato plant was spatially divided into two separate parts. Root infection caused by R. solani was substantially lower in both bacterized and non‐bacterized halves. However, the level of protection was greater in the bacteria‐treated half compared with the bacteria‐free half. Viable and dead cells of the two bacteriashowed similar activity against R. solani, while the culture filtrate of P. fluorescens induced systemic resistance of a higher degree towards R. solani compared with P.aeruginosa. In general, populations of the two bacteria in the rhizosphere declined by tenfold at each harvest and colonization of P. aeruginosa was slightly greater compared with that by P. fluorescens. Initially (day 0), both the bacterial inoculants had almost a similar pattern of rhizosphere colonization, whereasat first (day 7) and second harvest (day 14) P.aeruginosa colonized more heavily than P. fluorescens. At final harvest (day 21), the two bacteria did not differ significantly in their colonization pattern. Whereas P.fluorescens specifically colonized the rhizosphere, P.aeruginosa also colonized the inner root tissues of tomato.
Energy Dissipation and Photoinhibition in Douglas‐Fir Needles with a Fungal‐Mediated Reduction in Photosynthetic Rates
Authors: Manter Daniel K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dissipation of absorbed light and potential for photooxidative damage was explored in Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii ) seedlings with and without Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii infection. The presence of P. gaeumannii significantly reduced net CO2 assimilation rates from ca. 6 μmol/m2/s to 1.5 μmol/m2/s, without any significant impact on chloroplast pigments. The partitioning of absorbed light‐energy to photochemistry or thermal dissipation was determined from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Maximum thermal dissipation for both control and infected needles was ca. 80%, consistent with the similar xanthophyll pool sizes in the two treatments. At high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), when thermal dissipation was maximized, the lower photochemical utilization in infected needles resulted in greater amounts of excess absorbed light (ca. 20 and 10% for the infected and control needles, respectively). A second experiment, monitoring changes in photosystem II (PSII) efficiency (Fv/Fm) in response to a 1 h high light treatment (PPFD=2000 μmol/m2/s) also suggests that infected needles absorb greater amounts of excess light. In this experiment, declines in Fv/Fm were 1.5 times greater in infected needles, despite the similar xanthophyll pool sizes. Furthermore, increases in minimum fluorescence (178 and 122% of initial values for the infected and control needles, respectively) suggest that the reduction in PSII efficiency is largely attributable to photooxidative damage. Finally, reductions in PSII efficiency under high light conditions provide a plausible explanation for the greater pathogenicity (e.g. premature needle abscission) of P. gaeumannii in sun‐exposed foliage.