bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Magic Lantern
Authors: Cuellar Jose Tomas De , Carson Margaret , Glantz Margo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
José Tomas de Cuéllar (1830-1894) was a Mexican writer noted for his sharp sense of humor and gift for caricature. Having a Ball and Christmas Eve are two novellas written in the costumbrista style, made popular in the mid-nineteenth century by the periodical press in which these sketches of contemporary manners were first published. The stories are a sensitive reflection of the effects of modernization brought by an authoritarian regime dedicated to order and progress. Christmas Eve describes a volatile middle class in which people pursue pleasure and entertainment without regard to morality. Having a Ball depicts women and their dedication to fashion. It is through them that Cuellar examines a society susceptible to foreign values, the importation of which radically altered the face of Mexico and its traditional customs.
Religion and Science
Authors: Russell Bertrand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this timely work, Russell, philosopher, agnostic, mathematician, and renowned peace advocate, offers a brief yet insightful study of the conflicts between science and traditional religion during the last four centuries. Examining accounts in which scientific advances clashed with Christian doctrine or biblical interpretations of the day, from Galileo and the Copernican Revolution, to the medical breakthroughs of anesthesia and inoculation, Russell points to the constant upheaval and re-evaluation of our systems of belief throughout history. In turn, he identifies where similar debates between modern science and the Church still exist today. Michael Ruse's new introduction brings these conflicts between science and theology up to date, focusing on issues arising after the Second World War. This classic is sure to interest all readers of philosophy and religion, as well as those interested in Russell's thought and writings.
Suffering and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the duty to relieve suffering. Jamie Mayerfield argues that this duty is far stronger than most of us acknowledge—an argument with far-reaching implications for how we should live. He begins by offering an account of the meaning of suffering. From there he moves on to a discussion of the measurement and moral significance of suffering. Mayerfield argues that the prima facie duty (which may be overridden by other duties) to relieve suffering arises directly from the badness of suffering. The alleviation of suffering, he claims, is morally more important than the promotion of happiness. He goes on to examine the proper resolution of trade-offs internal to the duty to relieve suffering: e.g., what should we do when we can eliminate the suffering of one group of people or another, but not both? Finally, Mayerfield addresses the question of how to identify those occasions when the relief of suffering is not morally required or is indeed wrong.
The Skeptic’s Argument
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now ready to embark on an explicit discussion of our topic, skepticism about the external world. I shall devote this chapter to an exposition and defense of what I regard to be the skeptic’s strongest argument. But it cannot be fully appreciated without a discussion of the numerous objections to it and of several ways they can be answered, which will require strengthening the argument in what may be unfamiliar ways. Hence the length of the chapter. But I think it is unavoidable if the skeptic’s argument is to be done justice. In the remaining three chapters I shall try to answer it, though not to refute it.
Morality without Foundations
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Timmons defends a metaethical view that exploits certain contextualist themes in philosophy of language and epistemology. He advances what he calls assertoric non-descriptivism, a view that employs semantic contextualism in giving an account of moral discourse. This view, which like traditional non-descriptivist views stresses the practical, action-guiding function of moral thought and discourse, also allows that moral sentences, as typically used, make genuine assertions. Timmons then defends a contextualist moral epistemology thus completing his overall program of contextualism in ethics.
Fungal Associations Of Protozoa And Animals
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morn than 1 million species of fungi are estimated to exist, but only about 69,000 species have been described. Most of the undescribed fungi occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Hawksworth and Rossman, 1997). Some fungi are large, like mushrooms, but most of them are microscopic. Armillaria bulbosa, a fungal parasite of the roots of conifers and hardwoods, may be one of the largest and oldest living organisms. One individual strain of this fungus occupies more than 30 acres of Michigan forest, weighs more than 11.0 tons, and is estimated to be 1500 years old (M.L. Smith et al., 1992). Fungi grow practically everywhere and produce large numbers of asexual spores that float in the air, are buried in soil and water, and cling to plants and animals. Under favorable conditions, the spores germinate and produce colonies. About two-thirds of all fungal species live in symbiotic associations with a wide variety of organisms. The major groups of filamentous fungi are ancient in origin, with a fossil record from the Precambrian and early Paleozoic (Sherwood-Pike, 1991).
Parasitic And Mutualistic Protozoans
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protozoans live in oceans, lakes, streams, soils, and around the roots of plants. They also live in the alimentary canal, bloodstream, liver, lungs, brain, and other organs of animals.. Some protozoans cause serious human illnesses, such as malaria, African sleeping sickness, and Chagas’s disease (Roizman, 1996; Wills, 1996); others are pathogens of domesticated animals, such as horses, cattle, and poultry. Flagellate protozoa cause diseases in plants such as coffee, coconut palm, and oil palm (Dollet, 1984). The red tides that kill fish along coastal areas of the eastern United States are caused by large populations of toxin-producing dinoflagellates (Anderson, 1994). A newly discovered killer offish is the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida. Its toxins have killed millions of fish along the North Carolina coast (Russell, 1998; Burkholder, 1999).
“A Test for the Individual Viewer”: Bonnie and Clyde’s Violent Reception
Authors: Hoberman J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To posit sexual display and violent action as the two most universal “attractions” of Hollywood movies is merely to state the obvious. In a practical sense, success for American movies may be gauged by the degree to which they are able to mass-produce audience excitement. There have, however, been instances in which that mass excitement has itself been deemed dangerously overstimulating.
The Presence of Violence 1n Religion
Authors: Bloch Maurice m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter concerns the place of violence in religion and more particularly in religious rituals. Although much of the discussion will refer to peoples living outside the industrial world, in societies that would often be qualified as simple, peasant, or even primitive, the conclusions apply to religious practices in general. To talk of violence in religion may at first seem surprising, especially to North American or European audiences, which often have a some what sentimental view of religion and a totally negative view of violence, in the abstract at least. That being so, the question for them seems to be how the two things can be mixed together. In fact, violence and religion are intimately linked all over the world. For example, a moment’s reflection about the familiar Semitic religions-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam-reveals the great role that violence has always played for them. The Old Testament is full of the celebrations of wars and killings, of maledictions and blood-curdling threats. The same is true of the Koran and the New Testament, in which we are told, for example, how, in the Acts of the Apostles, a couple who had not disclosed the full profit they had made on a property transaction to Saint Peter and to an early Christian congregation were immediately struck dead by God in an episode that seems to make matters worse by adding an element of grim humor. The presence of violence, or the evocation of it, is also very clear in rituals, such as the Muslim celebration of Abraham’s sacrifice or the Christian evocation of the crucifixion.
Information and Organisms
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one can escape a sense of wonder when looking at a living being from within. From the humblest unicellular organism to man, from the smallest cell organelle to the stupendous human brain, living things present us with example after example of highly ordered matter, precisely shaped and organized to perform coordinated functions. Where does this order spring from? How does a living organism manage to do what nonliving matter cannot dobring forth and maintain order against the ever-present disordering pressures in the universe? The order prevailing in living beings strikes the eye at every level of their organization, even at the level of their molecular building blocks. These macromolecules are made of the same kind of atoms the molecules of nonliving things are made of and are held together by the same kind of forces, but they are more complex. Take a hemoglobin molecule, for example, the major protein of our blood, and set it against a sodium chloride molecule, the common salt from the inanimate mineral world. Both are orderly structures. The salt is an array of sodium and chloride atoms-always the same two atoms in an endless crystal repeat.
Syndromes of the Head and Neck
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This classic text, one of the true anchors of our clinical genetics publishing program, covers over 700 different genetic syndromes involving the head and neck, and it has established itself as the definitive, comprehensive work on the subject. The discussion covers the phenotype spectrum, epidemiology, mode of inheritance, pathogenesis, and clinical profile of each condition, all of which is accompanied by a wealth of illustrations. The authors are recognized leaders in the field, and their vast knowledge and strong clinical judgment will help readers make sense of this complex and burgeoning field. Dr. Gorlin retires as editor in this edition and co-editor Raoul Hennekam takes over. Dr. Hennekam is regarded as one of the top dysmorphologists--and indeed one of the top clinical geneticists--in the world. Judith Allanson is new to the book but is a veteran OUP author and a widely respected geneticist, and Ian Krantz at Penn is a rising star in the field. Dr. Gorlin's name has always been closely associated with the book, and it has now become part of the title. As in all fields of genetics, there has been an explosion in the genetics of dysmorphology syndromes, and the author has undertaken a complete updating of all chapters in light of the discoveries of the Human Genome Project and other ongoing advances, with some chapters requiring complete rewriting. Additional material has been added both in terms of new syndromes and in updating information on existing syndromes. The book will appeal to clinical geneticists, pediatricians, neurologists, head and neck surgeons, otolarynologists, and dentists. The 4th edition, which published in 2001, has sold 2,600 copies.
Syndromes with Unusual Facies: Well-Known Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frontonasal malformation (frontonasal dysplasia, median cleft face syndrome) Frontonasal malformation, probably first described by Hoppe (31) in 1859, consists of hypertelorism, broad nasal root, lack of nasal tip, widow’s peak, and anterior cranium bifidum occultum. Associated defects may include midline clefting of nose and/or upper lip, rarely, the palate, and defects of the alae nasi (Figs. 24–1 to 24–5).
Scientific Controversies: An Introduction
Authors: Machamer Peter , Pera Marcello , Baltas Aristides 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle disputed with his precursors and predecessors about atoms, void, space, movement, celestial spheres, and so on. Galileo argued against Ptolemy and contemporary seventeenth-century Aristotelians about the fundamental laws of motion, the structure of the universe, the causes of tides, floating bodies, and so on. Newton quarreled with Descartes, Hooke, Boyle, and many others about colors, light, and other topics. Einstein had controversies with Poincare and Lorentz about absolute space and time, and with Bohr, Born, and many others about quantum mechanical laws.
The Structure of a Scientific Controversy: Hooke versus Newton about Colors
Authors: Mamiani Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The controversy between Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton about colors may be regarded both from a factual point of view and from a theoretical one. Newton’s Ven Theory about Light and Colours was read at the meeting of the Royal Society on 8 February 1672, and Hooke was asked to peruse it and bring a report to the society. A week after, at the next meeting, Hooke read his brief report. A copy of it was immediately sent to Newton.1 There arose a quarrel, which went on until the beginning of 1676. Despite its short duration and the restricted nature of the scientific topic under discussion, this quarrel is very significant theoretically, because of its gradual development toward more and more general issues concerning the meanings of the scientific research. For this reason, I believe that the quarrel between Hooke and Newton about colors includes some items typical of scientific controversies, which may be isolated from the historical background. Consequently, I suggest that the analysis of historical cases of scientific controversies is also the key to detecting their theoretical structure.
Controversies and the Becoming of Physical Chemistry
Authors: Gavroglu Kostas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That controversies have had a rather pronounced role in disciplinary politics is something implicit to the character of the controversies themselves. But controversies were quite decisive in defining (sub)disciplinary boundaries as well. In this chapter I assess the role of controversies in defining such boundaries through their role in forming the discourse of a particular (sub)discipline. Assessing the dynamics of a controversy between British chemists and physicists at the end of the nineteenth century concerning claims over the atom and understanding the controversy surrounding the discovery of argon in 1894-1895 will clarify issues related to the processes of legitimizing the language of physical chemistry and the praxis of its practitioners. I also comment on quantum chemistry.
Revising with Feedback
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Revising with feedback is the most powerful way to revise, and happily enough it is also the most interesting and enjoyable technique. No-revising relies on a magical polishing process inside you-using luck and your unconscious. Quick revising relies on a detached critical consciousness: you step out of your involvement with your writing and clean it up with dispassionate pragmatic eyes; you can make quick harsh decisions because you haven’t got time to vacillate, you must cut your losses. Thorough revising relies most of all upon time-more time for careful wrestling and more time in addition for setting your writing aside, which gives you newer, fresher eyes than you could get by mere will power or any vow to be dispassionate. Cut-and-paste revising (next chapter) relies on aesthetic intuition. When you revise with feedback you are of course trying to use all these faculties, but in addition you are using the most powerful tool of all: the eyes of others.
Breathing Experience into Words
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Go to the pine if you want to learn about the pine, or to the bamboo if you want to learn about the bamboo. And in doing so, you must leave your subjective preoccupation with yourself. Otherwise you impose yourself on the object and do not learn. Your poetry issues of its own accord when you and the object have become one “Leave your subjective preoccupation with yourself.” I’ve been talking so much about self, self, self in the chapters on voice. What if that’s all wrong: incorrect; immoral. I don’t think it is, but since what I am seeking in this section of the book is a central mysterylife or power or magic in words-there is probably more than one path to it. I pursue now another approach, another line of attack, a different set of terms.
The New Red Negro
Authors: Smethurst James Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Red Negro surveys African-American poetry from the onset of the Depression to the early days of the Cold War. It considers the relationship between the thematic and formal choices of African-American poets and organized ideology from the proletarian early 1930s to the neo-modernist late 1940s. This study examines poetry by writers across the spectrum: canonical, less well-known, and virtually unknown. The ideology of the Communist Left as particularly expressed through cultural institutions of the literary Left significantly influenced the shape of African-American poetry in the 1930s and 40s, as well as the content. One result of this engagement of African-American writers with the organized Left was a pronounced tendency to regard the re-created folk or street voice as the authentic voice--and subject--of African-American poetry. Furthermore, a masculinist rhetoric was crucial to the re-creation of this folk voice. This unstable yoking of cultural nationalism, integrationism, and internationalism within a construct of class struggle helped to shape a new relationship of African-American poetry to vernacular African-American culture. This relationship included the representation of African-American working class and rural folk life and its cultural products ostensibly from the mass perspective. It also included the dissemination of urban forms of African-American popular culture, often resulting in mixed media high- low hybrids.
Soil Sampling, Preparation, Archiving, and Quality Control
Authors: Boone Richard D , Grigal David F , Sollins Phillip , Ahrens Robert J , Armstrong David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The saying “‘The devil is in the details”‘ appropriately describes the many decisions that must be made when conducting soils research, particularly long-term investigations where consistency over time and among scientific staff is essential. In addition to technical and often sophisticated analytical methods, soils research also includes the basic sampling and processing of samples as well as adherence to general standards for quality control in the laboratory. Though many decisions about the more nonanalytical steps of soils research may seem inconsequential at the time, they often largely determine the quality of data and their general utility later on.
Soil Water and Temperature Status
Authors: Jarrell Wesley M , Armstrong David E , Grigal David F , Kelly Eugene F , Monger H Curtis , Wedin David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soil water status and temperature are critical factors that affect the activity of organisms in soils. Soil water content also has important effects on the quantity of water that eventually becomes available to surface water, both through its influence on infiltration/runoff relationships (wet soils have lower infiltration rates) and because of its potential contribution to the groundwater. Soil temperature influences soil water availability, the growth rates of plants and microorganisms, and rates of chemical/biochemical reactions.
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Availability Nitrogen Mineralization, Nitrification, and Soil Respiration Potentials
Authors: Robertson G Philip , Wedin David , Groffman Peter M , Blair John M , Holland Elisabeth A , Nadelhoffer Knute J , Harris David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
soil’s capacity to transform organic nitrogen in soil organic matter to inorganic nitrogen-its nitrogen mineralization potential-is often used as an index of the nitrogen available to plants in terrestrial ecosystems. It is perhaps the most common and best means available to assess nitrogen fertility (e.g., Keeney 1980; Binkley and Hart 1989; Palm et al. 1993), related as it is to both the size of the labile soil organic matter (SOM) pool and the activity of the organisms responsible for its oxidation. Mineralization potentials (the net production of inorganic nitrogen under standard conditions) are superior to inorganic soil nitrogen concentrations (pool size) as an indicator of site fertility simply because the supply rate of a limiting nutrient is more important to its availability than is its instantaneous concentration. Most mineralization assays are designed to exclude plant uptake and leaching, and most also ignore immobilization (microbial uptake) and denitrification, so net mineralization potentials provide a good general index of the capacity of a soil to make nitrogen available to plants via the soil solution.
Characterizing Soil Microbial Communities
Authors: Sinsabaugh Robert L , Klug Michael J , Collins Harold P , Yeager Phillip E , Petersen Søren O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The soil microbial community is intimately linked to primary production, soil structure, and biogeochemical cycling. The analyses described in this chapter provide structural or functional information about the soil microbiota beyond that provided by integrative measures of biomass or respiration. These methods of community analysis can be separated into two categories: those that generate phenotypic data and those that generate genotypic data {Fig. 16.1). The former includes lipid analysis, substrate utilization profiles, and extracellular enzyme activity assays. The latter includes a variety of techniques for analyzing extracted nucleic acids. With all these approaches, the objective is to acquire an unbiased “‘snapshot”‘ of the whole microbial community, bypassing the well-known problems of culture-based methods. Unfortunately, whole-community analyses also have limitations; these are discussed within each section.
Recent Problems of Induction
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the philosophical discussion of induction, one problem has long occupied the center stage—so much so, indeed, that it is usually referred to as the problem of induction. That is the problem of justifying the way in which, in scientific inquiry and in our everyday pursuits, we base beliefs and assertions about empirical matters on logically inconclusive evidence. This classical problem of justification, raised by Hume and made famous by his skeptical solution, is indeed of great philosophical importance. But more recent studies, most of which were carried out during the past two or three decades, have given rise to new problems of induction, no less perplexing and important than the classical one, which are logically prior to it in the sense that the classical problem cannot even be clearly stated—let alone solved—without some prior clarification of the new puzzles.