bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humble Bits
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was lecturing members of YLEM, the California-based organization of artists who use science and technology. “The humble bits that lie at the very foundation of computing have a special beauty all their own. It takes just a little logical coddling to bring the beauty out. Who would guess, for example, that intricate fractal patterns lurk within the OR operation applied to the bits of ordinary numbers?”A huge man with an orange punk hairdo and Mortal Kombat® tattoos got up out of his seat. “Binary numbers! Those are the ones that are made up of just the digits 1 and 0.”
Apocalyptic Powers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Werner Knoeppchen of Glenwood Springs, Colorado, sent Dr. Googol a printout of the number 25’000’000. Werner writes: The number contains six 6s in a row. Therefore it is an apocalyptic power. I do not know if it is the lowest. The printout for 25,000’000 is over 500 pages long, and the number contains 1,505,150 digits. It required two weeks for a Mac IICI to calculate this number running Mathematica.
The Leviathan Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Palmer from the United Kingdom was the first person on Earth to determine the first 6 digits of • Interestingly, you don’t have to compute all the digits of the Leviathan to determine just the first 6. The reasoning is as follows. Factorial functions can be approximated by Stirling’s formula. It’s named after James Stirling (1692-1770), a Scot who began his career in mathematics amid political and religious conflicts. He was friends with Newton but devoted most of his life after 1735 to industrial management.
The Aliens from independence Day
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you want to use the computer programs at to compute sexes for a large number of years, it’s important to have a high-precision value for /5, and you might want to check the value that is used in your particular computer language. (You don’t have to worry about this issue if you only want to compute the sex of the first few thousand abductees.) For example, many people who tried to use the Mulcrone formulation computed that a female would be the billionth person taken.
Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far in the book my focus has been on the experiences of positive and negative emotions that we all have in common. In this chapter I discuss two types of emotional disturbances that, when severe enough, are diagnosed as affective disorders: depression and anxiety. Just about everyone has had the most prominent symptoms of depression: loss of pleasure in everyday life events, feelings of profound sadness, and hopelessness. There are other symptoms also, ranging from loss of appetite (or overeating) to sleep disturbance and suicidal thoughts. If these symptoms last day in and day out for at least 2 weeks, the person could receive a diagnosis of major depression, unless he or she has experienced a precipitating event such as the death of a loved one or a major physical injury that provoked the depressive symptoms. Community studies have estimated that 24% of women and 15% of men will, at some time in their lives, be clinically depressed (Kessler et al., 1994). About 10% of the adult population are clinically depressed at any one time, even without counting those who disguise their depressive illness by denying the symptoms and selfmedicating with alcohol or another drug. There is no doubt that depression is a major mental health problem in our communities.
Head’S Areas
Authors: Doel Ernst M H van den 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the great merit of the English neurologist Henry Head to have drawn our attention to the fact that diseases of the inner organs frequently produce painful sensations (referred pains) or even hyperesthesias of the skin in those radicular areas that correspond to the spinal segment from which the said internal organ draws its rami communicantes. Thus the Swiss neurologist Robert Bing summarized in his Textbook of Nervous Diseases (1952)1 the work to which Henry Head (1861-1940) had devoted the greater part of his life. For the modern neurologist, especially at a time when complaints not directly understood can be analyzed with the help of innumerable diagnostic devices, the concept that a pain need not originate at the place of the body where it is felt may seem superfluous. Yet the common medical knowledge that pain between the shoulder blades may originate in the thoracic aorta is largely due to Henry Head. “The dwarf sees farther than the giant, when he has the giant’s shoulder to mount on” (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 1772-1834). We present-day dwarfs sometimes seem to have lost sight of our giants altogether.
Horner’S Syndrome
Authors: Bruyn George W , Gooddy William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1869 has something of a neuro-ophthalmological vintage: Argyll Robertson described “his” pupil and Johann Friedrich Horner (1831-1896) reported his symptom triad.1 Parallels between the two men can be extended: both trained further in ophthalmology in Albrecht von Graefe’s clinic in Berlin during their Wanderjahr, a popular customar following graduation in those times; both became attached to von Graefe by ties of lifelong friendship; both initiated (in their respective countries) teaching of ophthalmology; both were the first to introduce Lister’s antisepsis in their operating theaters. Neither published many papers, but what they published was to the point, exemplifying the old multum, non multa.
Wilson’S Disease
Authors: Pearce John M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878-1937) was born in Cedarville, New Jersey, on 6 December 1874. When he was a child his family moved to Scotland, where he was educated at George Watson’s College and qualified in medicine in 1902 at Edinburgh University. He became house physician to Byrom Bramwell, whose strong leanings toward neurology probably encouraged Wilson later to extend his training with Pierre Marie and Joseph Babinski in Paris.
A Deniable Plan
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At tiie end or tiie eisen iower administration the Pentagon set down n:quin:nu:nts for an In-er1 invasion of Cuba ahk to secure a “lodgement” undertaken by volunteers, properly trained and supported by the United States. It would need a minimum force of five thousand plus air cover, and would take seven months to train to minimum standards. A force substantial enough ror the task “would require a sustained source or sup ply in such quantity and by such means, that it would obviously be beyond the capabilities or Cuban e.,i]es and beyond the U.S. capability to provide covertly.”1 On this basis General David Gray or the Joint Chiers or Staff, the main point or contact between the Joint Chiers and the CIA on this project, concluded tlut the only :iction with &lt;l ccruin outcome was &lt;l unibteral inv:ision by the United States.
Laos
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiiese issues, present in the Cuba case, proved decisive in Indochina. They were first met in Laos. The crisis over this small country now tends to be forgotten because it was eventually suhsunu:d into the larger Viet nam problem and did not result in any direct 1\J1u:rican military commitments, but until the last frw months of his lifr it took up more of Kennedy’s time than Vietnam and served as a test bed for the dcvdopment or relevant military doctrines, local political deals, and superpower diplomacy.
Deciding not to Decide
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie initial policy deilate had served to narrow rather than extend the range of options. The basic diknuna of American policy was encapsulated rather than resolved by NS.i\lvl 52. Vietnam must not fall to the com munists, but the administration was unpn:pan:d to move hard against Dii.:m or introduce American forces in a combat rok. For the monH:nt there was little chmcc hut to do more of the s:nne, hut how much more was undecided. From the middle or May, the Viet Cong began operating with greater numbers, rreque1KT, and effectiveness. The continuing use or l,aos as a communist supply mute reduced Diem’s chances or ever eliminating the communist threat. In March the Viet Cong had been at around 9,000 fighters. Hy the end or June the estimate had moved up to 12,000, with as many as 15,000 troops rrnm the North g-etting themsdves in position in Lws.
Kennedy to Johnson
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie assassination or president kennedy on 22 November 1963 canu:kss than thn.T weeks after that of Diem. \Vhich was the turning point in the American involvement in Vietnam? The argunll:nt that it was Diem’s death presumes that the rdationship between the two countries had undergone a fundamental change. So long as Diem was in power, the United States could claim to be operating in the country at the invitation or an independent regime. The degree or American responsibility ror the over throw or the regime created an obligation to deal with the consequences. Furthermore, the rapid deterioration orrhe political and military position in the counffy demanded action. lt was impossible ror \;Vashington to walk aw:iy. H:iving stressed the char:icter of Diem’s reg-ime-:md his re lucunce to uke :idvice-as the hig-g-est ohsuck to the successful prose cution of the w:ir, there was now Ml ohlig-ation of sorts to extr:ict the best from the new politic:li situ:ition and support the new leadership.
Toward a Biology of Social Support
Authors: Taylor Shelley E , Dickerson Sally S , Klein Laura Cousino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People are, by nature, social animals, and group living is thought to be one of the most significant evolutionary mechanisms by which human beings have survived and thrived (Caporael, 1997). Living in social groups has enabled people to avoid the ill effects of clear physical limitations relative to other species that are larger, have endogenous weapons such as teeth and claws, and have greater mobility and speed. Group living affords collective enterprises such as gathering, hunting, and defense that also fa- cilitate survival.
Sharing One’s Story: On the Benefits of Writing or Talking About Emotional Experience
Authors: Pennebaker Kate G Niederhoffer & James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One approach to positive psychology is to document the psychological factors that promote physical and mental health. Consistent with this approach, in the past few years we have been exploring the psychological factors that operate when individuals cope with major emotional upheavals. We have been intrigued by the variety of processes that individuals endure following a traumatic event. For example, some individuals are able to shrug it off and move on; others may talk about the event in detail for several days or weeks before getting on with their lives.
Positive Psychology at Work
Authors: Turner, Nick , Barling Julian , Anthea Zacharatos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The move to push psychology toward “the best things in life” (Seligman, 1998) comes at an interesting time with regard to the changing nature of work and the role psychology can play in helping us understand it. As researchers, we have only recently started to examine the shape of new employment relations (Barling, 1999; Tetrick & Barling, 1995), focusing mainly on the negative implications in our studies. Stress and burnout, violations of psychological contracts, workplace violence, job insecurity, and downsizing, to name but a few, remain the most popular topics for study.
Weaving Gold Out of Straw: Meaning-Making in Families Who Have Children With Chronic Illnesses
Authors: Patterson Joän M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a family member has a chronic health condition, the family as a group is drawn into an ongoing set of challenges that can inextricably change their life course and affect the health and well-being of all members. In the past, the primary focus in published research was on how chronic conditions negatively affect functioning—in the person with the condition, in other family members, and in family system functioning and structure. An equally important set of research questions, to which investigators are increasingly turning their attention, includes the following: Why and how do some families successfully adapt to this chronic source of stress? What accounts for the observation that many of these families actually appear to function better than relevant comparison groups who are not living with a chronic condition? In this chapter, my focus is primarily on these latter two questions—what do we know from family research about successful or adaptive family processes and outcomes when a child in the family has a chronic illness or disability? I organize my observations of family research about childhood chronic conditions using a family stress theoretical model, the family adjustment and adaptation response (FAAR) model (Patterson, 1988).
Normalization: A Key to Children’s Recovery
Authors: Jagodic Gordana Kuterovac , Kontac Ksenija 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day for Jasna, and for many other children around the world, extreme events change their daily routines and ordinary life, disrupt their psychological equilibrium, and demand new ways of dealing with the social and physical world in which they are growing up. Disasters, whether created by humans or natural, can involve the destruction of homes, kindergartens, schools, and hospitals; can cause injuries and loss of life; and can adversely affect large groups of people, not the least of whom are children, who are one of the most vulnerable groups in the population. Most important, disasters are out of the realm of ordinary human experience and therefore capable.
Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Likelihood Methods
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of using a maximum likelihood (ML) method for phylogenetic inference was first presented by Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards (1967) for gene frequency data, but they encountered a number of problems in implementing the method. Later, considering nucleotide sequence data, Felsenstein (1981) developed an algorithm for constructing a phylogenetic tree by the ML method. Kishino et al. (1990) extended this method to protein sequence data using Dayhoff et al.’s (1978) transition matrix. In ML methods, the likelihood of observing a given set of sequence data for a specific substitution model is maximized for each topology, and the topology that gives the highest maximum likelihood is chosen as the final tree. The parameters to be considered are not the topologies but the branch lengths for each topology, and the likelihood is maximized to estimate branch lengths. In this chapter, we present an outline of these ML methods and discuss some aspects of the theoretical foundation of the methods.
Molecular Clocks and Linearized Trees
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecular clock hypothesis asserts that the rate of amino acid or nucleotide substitution is approximately constant over evolutionary time, although the actual number of substitutions is subject to stochastic errors. Strictly speaking, no gene or no protein would evolve at a constant rate for a long evolutionary time, because the function of a gene is likely to change over time, particularly when the number of genes in the genome increases from simple organisms to complex ones or when environmental conditions change. The mechanisms of DNA damage and its repair may also vary among different groups of the organisms (Britten 1986).
Vanishing Voices
Authors: Nettle Daniel , Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few people know that nearly 100 native languages once spoken in what is now California are near extinction, or that most of Australia’s 250 aboriginal languages have vanished. In fact, at least half of the world’s languages may die out in the next century. What has happened to these voices? Should we be alarmed about the disappearance of linguistic diversity? The authors of Vanishing Voices assert that this trend is far more than simply disturbing. Making explicit the link between language survival and environmental issues, they argue that the extinction of languages is part of the larger picture of near-total collapse of the worldwide ecosystem. Indeed, the authors contend that the struggle to preserve precious environmental resources-such as the rainforest-cannot be separated from the struggle to maintain diverse cultures, and that the causes of language death, like that of ecological destruction, lie at the intersection of ecology and politics. And while Nettle and Romaine defend the world’s endangered languages, they also pay homage to the last speakers of dying tongues, such as Red Thundercloud, a Native American in South Carolina, Ned Mandrell, with whom the Manx language passed away in 1974, and Arthur Bennett, an Australian, the last person to know more than a few words of Mbabaram. In our languages lies the accumulated knowledge of humanity. Indeed, each language is a unique window on experience. Vanishing Voices is a call to preserve this resource, before it is too late.
Originalism Does Not Entail Minimalism, I: The Indeterminacy of History
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, originalism is a position about constitutional interpretation, not about constitutional specification. Judicial “minimalism”, as I shall call it, comprises two distinct but complementary positions. The first position, which we may call “interpretive minimalism”, is about the Court’s proper role in interpreting the constitutional text. The second position-”normative minimalism”-is about the Court’s proper role in specifying the indeterminate directives represented by the text. I discuss the two positions-their complementarity, the considerations supporting or opposing them, and related matters-in chapter 6. For now suffice it to say that grounding each of the two positions is the view that there should be relatively little opportunity for a judge’s own “subjectivity”-for her own political-moral values, her own “tastes,” “preferences,” etc.-to influence her resolution of the constitutional conflicts with which she must deal. As Robert Bork has put the point: “In a constitutional democracy the moral content of law must [never] be given ... by the morality of the judge That abstinence from giving his own desires free play, that continuous and self-conscious renunciation of power, that is the morality of the jurist.”
Suprerne Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, I: Equal Protection
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now in a position to pursue the implications both of originalism and of normative minimalism for the constitutional doctrine the modern Supreme Court has fashioned in the name of “equal protection” and for the doctrine it has fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. No modern constitutional doctrines are more controversial. lo what extent are modern equal protection doctrine and modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? And to what extent are they consistent with the minimalist, or Thayerian, approach to the constitutional specification? Although I do not discuss, in this or in the next chapter, every doctrinal development the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process, I do discuss the most important doctrinal developments, including the two that are probably the most controversial: those concerning affirmative action and abortion. My concern here is not with every detail of the developments I discuss, but only with the basic features of those developments: I want to inquire into the implications of originalism and of normative minimalism for the basic features of the most important doctrinal developments the modern Court has fashioned in the name either of equal protection or of substantive due process. In surveying the basic features both of the Supreme Court’s modern equal protection doctrine and of its modern substantive due process doctrine, I aim to determine the extent to which, if any, Robert Bork is right in asserting that “[o]f the [Fourteenth Almendment’s three clauses, two have been pressed into the service of judicial imperialism-the due process and equal protection clauses My concern here is not with formal, as distinct from substantive, matters.
The Supreme Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, II: Substantive Due Process
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, we considered mainly issues the Supreme Court has addressed and doctrinal developments it has fashioned in the name of “equal protection”. I now want to turn to issues addressed and developments fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. To what extent is modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? To what extent is it consistent with the minimalist (Thayerian) approach to constitutional specification? (As I emphasized at the beginning of the preceding chapter, that the Court has traditionally invoked the due process clause to support decisions that are supported, if at all, by the privileges or immunities clause presents a minor formal problem, not a major substantive one.)
Person Morphemes and Reflexives in Italian, French, and Related Languages
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helke (1973), Pica (1987), Iatridou (1988), Safir (1996) and others have emphasized the importance of the internal structure of reflexives of the English himself type and the Italian se stesso type. In this article, I would like to extend that line of thought to the apparently monomorphemic non-clitic reflexives found in French and Italian (and many other European languages). More specifically, I will argue that French soi and Italian sé are themselves bimorphemic and that each subcomponent makes a distinct syntactic contribution.
People in a Forested Lake District
Authors: Jorgensen Bradley S , Nowacek David , Stedman Richard C , Brasier Kathy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human-lake interactions in the largely forest landscapes of northern Wisconsin and the urban agricultural landscapes of southern Wisconsin (Chapter 12) are important components of the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research program. Some of the research questions in the north concern attitudes and behaviors toward lake-centered recreation and lakeshore dwellings, impacts on lake ecology, and feedbacks to human activities. Bringing together the social and natural sciences is recognized as a necessity in ecosystem research where both the human and the biophysical systems interact in significant ways (Lee et al. 1990, Force and Machlis 1997, Machlis et al. 1997). Such an enterprise can be difficult (Heberlein 1988), but it provides opportunities for changing the way environmental questions are conceived and studied in each of the sciences.