bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of in situ hybridization macro-autoradiograms
Authors: Davenport Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization uses single-stranded polynucleotide probes to detect endogenous nucleic acids in slide-mounted sections of tissue. Incorporation of a radioactive reporter molecule within these probes permits the precise anatomical localization and quantification of mRNA encoding a range of biologically active molecules, including transmitters, receptors, and enzymes, using autoradiography and image analysis.
Sibthorp: The Years Between
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Sibthorp returned to Oxford in December 178 7 he was 29 years old and in comfortable circumstances: the income from his estates was supplemented by his salary as Sherardian Professor of Botany and his stipend from the Radcliffe Fellowship, which was to come to an end only three years late1 His botanical collections from the journey (about which more will be said in Chapter 15) had arrived safe and sound,1 and during his absence from England no losses had occuned among his family.
Hawkins: The Second Journey
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to Hawkins’s first journey, there is an account of his second. H was written by James Thoburn, who had earlier accompanied Sir Christopher Hawkins as servant on his Grand Tour to France and Italy and was now to join his younger brother John. It is clearly a fair copy summarizing scattered notes made earlier. Very dry and technical in approach, written in an often eccentric orthography with inconsistent spelling of place-names, Thoburn’s unpublished text offers insights into the world of a servant travelling abroad, a world entirely different from that of his master.
Sibthorp: The Final Months
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very little is known about the final months of Sibthorp’s life. The main sources are a few letters and Smith’s biography. Having returned to Oxford before 8 October 179 5, Sibthorp very likely lodged again at Cowley House, possibly with his half-sister Lady Sewell. He must have been to London and Brighton. where he ‘bathed only in the tepid Bath’, before writing to Smith, feeling, ‘since my Return ... very much indisposed and in a very infirm State of Health a nasty low Fever—with a Cough that alarms me from some Affection of the Lungs’. No appropriate medication being then available, Sibthorp relied on ‘gentle exercise on Horseback’ and, nursing himself at Oxford with ‘asses’ milk’, considered a cure at Bristol. Taking his poor health into account, it seems unlikely that Sibthorp was able to reassume his responsibilities as Sherardian Professor. as Keeper of the Physic Garden and as honorary physician; there is no evidence that he continued to work on his manuscript for the Proclromus or that he started the projected Flora Graeca. However, he was still interested in news from the botanical world, writing to Smith ‘in case You have an opportunity of sending down ye Icones pictae of Jacquin by any of your Friends that are coming thro’ Oxford I shall be obliged to You for the Conveyance if not send them by any of the Oxford Coaches.’
The Publication of the Results
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essence of science is publication; no research work is finished before the results are made known in print to the scientific community. This holds true for all fields, but it is particularly important in taxonomy. Unpublished names have no standing whatsoever; both the International Codes of botanical and zoological nomenclature agree on this point. There is a basic conformity between both Codes on the principle of priority, so that, within certain limitations, the oldest printed scientific name is the one which must be used.
The Eveolution, Classification and Identification of the Hymenoptera
Authors: Gauld Ian D , E.Hanson Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hymenoptera is a very distinctive group of holometabolous insects whose monophyly is attested by several synapomorphies including: the possession of two pairs of membranous wings, the smaller hind pair of which are coupled to the larger fore pair by one or more small hooks (the hamuli), and possession of a haplo-diploid sex determination mechanism whereby diploid fertilized eggs normally give rise to females and haploid unfertilized eggs normally give rise to males. Females primitively have a lepismatid form of ovipositor (Scudder, 1961), which may be a secondarily derived (apomorphic) feature, or may represent a retention of the ancestral condition for insects.
The evaniomorph parasitoid families
Authors: Gauld Ian D , Hanson Paul E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaniidae, Ceraphronidae and Megaspilidae. Although the features he used to characterize the group are prob ably symplesiomorphic (N.F. Johnson, 1988), evidence is mounting to support Rasnitsyn ‘s hypothesis. Johnson (op. cit.) found support for this group in the form of the mid coxal articulation. Gibson (1985) found evidence for the monophyly of Megaspilidae + Ceraphronidae in the form of the mesotrochanteral depressor muscle and the location of the occlusor muscle apodeme. He also found evidence for a sister group relationship between these families and the Megalyridae in the position of the mesothoracic spiracle and the form of the mesotergal trochanteral muscle. Whitfield et al. (1989) produced further evidence for the monophyly of Megaspilidae + Ceraphronidae in the form of the metapostnotal region, and found enlarged phragmal lobes in both the Aulacidae and Gasteruptiidae.
Sexual selection: theories of female mate choice
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual selection is based on variation in mating success. This variation has two components: intrasexual competition, which often is openly agonistic in nature, and competition to attract members of the opposite sex. In this chapter, the most controversial and thus most interesting aspect of sexual selectionmate choice by females-is considered. The key question here is the one that attracted Darwin’s interest, namely, how and why are the amazingly extravagant ornaments exhibited by males of many avian species attractive to females? The major theories addressing this question are presented below. This is followed by a discussion of an issue critical to sexual selection theory, namely, variance in the reproductive success of males. This chapter is meant to provide the theoretical background for the issues addressed in Chapters 3-6, in particular.
Sexual selection and speciation
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned briefly in Chapter 2, not long after Darwin elucidated the theory of sexual selection, and for many years thereafter, it was an ignored issue. West-Eberhard (1983) refers to this period as ‘The forgotten era of sexual selection’. During this time, most of the leading students of evolutionary theory focused on issues related to speciation. Thus, this neglect of the topic of sexual selection occurred during the same period that the phenomenon of speciation-the key concern of neo-Darwinism-was receiving intensive study and thought. With the benefit of hindsight, it is a bit puzzling to realize that so many of the foremost students of speciation almost completely ignored sexual selection and apparently made no connection between the two phenomena.
Social monogamy
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social monogamy, by far the most common mating system in the Class Aves (Lack 1968), can be recognized by the apparently exclusive association of one female and one male as mates over some definable period of time, such as a nesting cycle, a breeding season, or even a lifetime. In birds, monogamy is usually closely associated with biparental care. (Although biparental care and monogamy actually refer to two distinct suites of behaviour-parental care and mating system, respectively-the two terms are so closely linked that they are often used interchangeably.) As noted previously, unlike any other group of vertebrates, social monogamy is the prevalent mating system in birds, with well over 90 per cent of all species estimated to exhibit this form of male-female association (Lack 1968). In view of its rarity in other classes of vertebrates, the frequency of monogamy in birds is striking and is a key behavioural-reproductive characteristic that sets this group apart from all other vertebrate taxa.
Extra-pair copulations and their evolutionary significance
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 11, monogamy is the social mating system practised by the vast majority of birds. This chapter deals with the subject of copulations and fertilizations carried out by individual males and females that are not members of a social mateship. These phenomena are widely referred to as extra-pair copulation (EPC) and extra-pair fertilization (EPF), respectively. Extra-pair paternity (EPP) refers to chicks sired by a male other than the social mate. EPCs may occur with or without EPF, due, for example, to sperm competition. Because EPC is usually recognized by the detection of chicks in a brood that had not been sired by their apparent father, this term is commonly used to refer to extra-pair copulations that lead to fertilization of eggs, and this is the convention followed here.
Lek mating systems
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lekking behaviour is one of the most interesting issues in sociobiology. Lek mating systems are characterized by clusters of males, often at a ‘traditional’ site, which females visit for mating. In contrast to the territorial behaviour of most male birds during the breeding season, males of typical lekking species come together and conduct their courtship activities in close proximity. Thus, the central question posed by lek mating systems is, why do males congregate at a single site? Lekking behaviour is also interesting because it is thought that ‘The potential for sexual selection reaches full expression in species with lek mating systems’ (Trail 1990, p. 1837). The clustering of males, which leads to high variance in male reproductive success and thus to intense sexual selection, is the reason that lek systems have been so attractive to students of sexual selection.
Environmental variations in the south Turkana ecosystem
Authors: Little Michael A , Dyson-Hudson Rada , Dyson-Hudson Neville , Winterbauer Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the dry savanna Turkana environment is often characterized as cyclic in its seasonal and longer-range patterns of rainfall, actual rainfall and its corresponding effects are difficult to predict. The outlines of the Turkana climate and ecosystem have been presented in Chapter 3. In this chapter, we discuss the influences that rainfall variation have on Turkana vegetation and water resources, on the livestock, and on the behavior and biology of the people. As noted in Chapter 1, Turkana strategies in response to the low predictability of the dry savanna environment are opportunistic, but individuals have considerable environmental knowledge on which to base their actions. Their behavior reflects contingent responses of the people at a variety of social levels to the environmental conditions they encounter (see Chapter 1). There is also good evidence that the Turkana deal with the low predictability of temporal variation in rainfall by exploiting the great spatial variation in rainfall and resources that exists in South Turkana.
Damage to Needles and Leaves
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frost damage on conifers can cause various symptoms, depending on the time of year and the age of the needles. If temperatures below 0°C occur in May, when the new needles have begun to expand, the result is sudden wilting and-a day or two later-browning of most of the new flush. As a rule, only the newly forming needles are harmed by these ‘late frosts, ‘ whereas winter cold can affect older ones, especially those of the previous year ‘s growth. This ‘winter frost damage, ‘ as the term implies, is the result of freezing injury during the dormant season. It usually occurs over much of the crown, and the affected needles typically show a marked pale or medium brown discoloration either at their tips or along their entire length. They may remain attached until some time during the following summer. This kind of damage can be seen on spruces, Silver fir, pines, Douglas fir, and also on cedars.
Epiphytes, Symbionts, and Parasitic Flowering Plants
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epiphytes are organisms which use trees or other plants exclusively as support, without parasitizing them. Some are capable of synthesizing their own organic nutrients (e.g. algae and lichens), while others (mainly fungi) live saprotrophically on dead or non-living material accumulated on the bark. Although epiphytes are not parasitic on trees, there are some (e.g. Athelia, Trichonectria) which are nevertheless ‘parasitic, ‘ attacking other organisms that live on the tree bark. Among the epiphytes which occur in Europe, there are a few which attract the attention of the forester, or of others with an interest in trees because they are either economically important or have a particularly striking appearance.
Sustainable transport: how the Royal Commission sees the future
Authors: Houghton John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir John Houghton, CBE, FRS, has since 1992 been Chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, whose report, Transport and the environment, was published while this series of lectures was in progress. He took his first degree, and in 1955 was awarded his DPhil, as a member of Jesus College, Oxford, where he was elected to a Fellowship in 1960. After spending 3 years on the staff of the Royal Aerospace Establishment, Sir John was appointed to a Lectureship, and subsequently to a Readership, in Atmospheric Physics at Oxford University; in 1976 he became Professor in that subject. After four years as Deputy Director and then Director (Appleton) of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, he was appointed Director-General of the Meteorological Office and held this post from 1983 until 1991. Sir John is co-chairman of the Scientific Assessment Working Group of the interGovernmental Panel for Climate Change and a member of the UK Government Panel for Sustainable Development. He is the author of several books on atmospheric physics, including Global warming: the complete briefing (1994), and numerous scientific papers on atmospheric radiation, spectroscopy, and climate change.
The Channel Tunnel, fixed link and
positive choice
Authors: Morton Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Alastair Morton was educated at Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa and took an MA degree as a member of Worcester College, Oxford; he is now an Honorary Fellow of the College. After holding a succession of senior positions in finance and industry, Sir Alastair became the first Managing Director of the British National Oil Corporation ( BNOC) in 1976. In 1982, he was appointed Chief Executive and subsequently Chairman of the Guinness Peat Group. Five years later, Sir Alastair began his involvement in the project with which his name will always be associated, the Channel Tunnel: he has been the Co-Chairman of Eurotunnel pie since 1987 and was also Group Chief Executive of the company from 1990 to 1994. If, against current expectation, the Channel Tunnel achieves financial success to complement its undoubted status as an engineering triumph, this will be very much Sir Alastair’s personal achievement. He has always taken an active interest in technical and vocational training: he has been Chairman of the Kent Training and Enterprise Council since 1990.
Airlines, aviation, and the environment
Authors: Somerville Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr Hugh Somerville took his first degree, in chemistry, at the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in microbiology at the University of Shefjzeld. He undertook post-doctoral research at the University of California, Los Angeles before spending a year as an Assistant Professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr Somerville then joined Shell Research and was appointed Head of the Microbiology Research Division. He has held environmental posts with Shell in Houston, The Hague, and Aberdeen as well as with Occidental Petroleum. In 1989, he joined British Airways to take up the newly created post of Head of Environment, which he still holds. He has been active in a number of environmental groups and is currently ( August 1995) Chair of the International Air Transport Association ( IA TA) Environment Task Force.
Microregional tumour blood flow: heterogeneity and therapeutic significance
Authors: Chaplin David J , Trotter Martin J , Dougherty Graeme J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continued proliferation of tumour cells depends on an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients and removal of the waste products of cellular metabolism. These ‘services’ are provided by blood vessels. Thus, expansion of a solid tumour requires the acquisition of a vascular supply. There is evidence that tumours can acquire their vascularity, at least in part, by incorporation of existing host vessels, particularly arteriolar vessels (1-3). However, it is now evident that the majority of tumour vessels are acquired by angiogenesis and that this process is a prerequisite for the continued rapid growth of solid tumours beyond a size of I mm3 (4,5).
Mechanisms of stress-induced angiogenesis in tumours
Authors: Keshet Eli , Stein Ilan , Neeman Michal 
Published: November 2023

abstract
Tumour angiogenesis is generally viewed as the consequence of an ‘angiogenic switch’, i.e. a genetic event that endows the tumour with the ability to recruit blood vessels from the neighbouring tissue. Whether the up-regulation of angiogenesis stimulators (]) or the down-regulation of angiogenesis inhibitors (2), the ‘angiogenic switch’ is conceived as a stochastic event in the succession of genetic hits that underlie tumour progression.
The biphasic effects of transforming growth factors in angiogenesis
Authors: Madri Joseph A , Sankar Sabita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angiogenesis is a dynamic process which can be defined as the formation of new vessels. Angiogenesis is known to occur during development, in response to injury and tumour angiogenic factors and is thought to be controlled by many diverse, complex factors acting in concert in local environments over finite time periods. The principal cells involved in the process of angiogenesis are microvascular endothelial cells, which are distinct from endothelial cells lining the larger vessels of the circulatory system in their physiological functions as well as in their responses to injury, although both large vessel and microvascular endothelial cells are derived from the same stem cells (1-5). The differences between large vessel and microvascular endothelial cells are clearly noted when one compares their responses with injury. Large vessel endothelia respond to denudation injury caused by angioplasty, endarterectomy, and synthetic and autologous bypass grafting by undergoing sheet migration which is modulated, in part, by soluble factors and the existing and newly synthesized extracellular matrix components. In many instances re-endothelization is incomplete and the affected endothelial cells exhibit altered metabolic and adhesive behaviours which contribute to the development of stenotic lesions and ultimately compromise blood flow (2-4). In contrast, following injury microvascular endothelial cells initiate an angiogenic process also modulated by both existing and newly synthesized extracellular matrix components and soluble factors (6-9). This process consists of local disruption of the basement membrane investing the affected endothelial cells, migration of the endothelial cells into the local interstitial stroma, cell proliferation, new vessel formation, and stabilization.
Tumour necrosis factor α and angiogenesis
Authors: Fajardo L.G. Luis F , Allison Anthony C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) a (cachectin) is a cytokine synthesized mainly by cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage (I). Other sources are mast cells, T lymphocytes (CD4, CDS), natural killer cells, neutrophils, glial cells, and some tumour cells (1-3). The gene encoding TNF-a is located in chromosome 6, near the gene of a related cytokine, lymphotoxin, or TNF-f3 (2,4). Various stimuli induce the production of TNF, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In fact TNF is a major effector of toxic shock induced by LPS (1,2,5,6). The primary gene product, pro-TNF-a, is a 26 kDa type II integral membrane protein which can be localized to plasma membrane fractions (7). Proteolytic cleavage of pro-TNF at a specific site releases 17 kDa TNF, which binds to both TNF receptors and induces a variety of responses in many cell types. More than 95% of the TNF synthesized by rnonocytes in response to LPS is processed and secreted. Some metalloproteinase inhibitors block pro-TNF cleavage, but the converting enzyme has not been fully characterized (8). The three-dimensional structure of TNF, determined by X-ray crystallography, shows it to be a trimer of the 17 kDa form, each subunit consisting of an anti-parallel f3-sandwich (9). This cytokine, described in 1975 (10), has been sequenced, cloned, and produced by recombinant techniques: human in 1985, mouse in 1986 (11,12).
Endothelial cells transformed by polyomavirus middle T oncogene: a model for haemangiomas and other vascular tumours
Authors: Pepper Michael S , Cottier Fabienne Tacchini , Sabapathy T Kanaga , Montesano Roberto , Wagne Erwin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The establishment of a functional vascular system is an absolute requirement for the growth of normal and neoplastic tissues. However, like all other systems in the living organism, cells of the vascular system are susceptible to genetic and epigenetic changes which may ultimately lead to tumour formation. Recent studies on the endothelial cell-specific transforming ability of the polyoma virus middle T oncogene have defined a model for the study of endothelial cell tumours. The purpose of this chapter is to summarize these studies, and to place them in the context of what is known about the pathogenesis of vascular tumours in humans.
The biological background
Authors: Fogg G E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the effects of polar conditions on living systems in general, the ways in which microorganisms, plants, and animals are able to adapt to the stresses imposed, and how they come to be in these habitats. Stress is a difficult concept to define in precise physiological terms. Radical change in photoperiod is one stress but cold—both in itself and through its secondary effects—is the factor which we think of first as inflicting greatest stress in polar habitats. The impact is rather different on small organisms, termed ectotherms, whose internal temperature conforms to that of their environment, and on larger plants, which to a limited extent can achieve higher temperatures than their surroundings, and warm-blooded animals.