bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Adjustments To Isometric Contractions
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the cardiovascular adjustments to isometric contractions-also called isometric or static exercise-and to contrast these adjustments with those already described for dynamic exercise. This will provide background and set the stage for later chapters dealing with the reflexes that govern the cardiovascular responses to dynamic exercise (Chapters 10-12).
The National System for Technical Innovation in Germany
Authors: Keck Otto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Germany is a special case, for several reasons. One is its recent political history. After World War II the country was divided into two states with opposed political-economic systems, the Federal Republic of Germany in the West (with a capitalist economy and a pluralist democracy) and the German Democratic Republic in the East (with a centrally planned economy and an authoritarian socialist political system).
Organizing for Continuous Improvement: Evolutionary Theory Meets the Quality Revolution
Authors: Winter Sidney G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The producers of management advice operate in an economic environment where the tides of fad and fashion run strong. Frameworks, slogans, and buzzwords are brought forth in great profusion with attendant fanfare and claims of novelty. Although large rewards often accrue to successful fashion leaders, it is open to question whether organizations actually perform much better as a result of this activity. To the jaded eye, the latest widely acclaimed insight often looks suspiciously like a fancy repackaging of some familiar platitude or truism. Alternatively, it may be that this year’s fashionable ideas are genuinely valuable-but largely because they help to correct a misallocation of attention that was itself produced by an excess of enthusiasm for ideas fashionable in the recent past. Quality is now a very fashionable word in the management vocabulary. Not too long ago, Business Week devoted a special issue to “The Quality Imperative,” declaring in its introduction that a focus on quality is producing a “global revolution, affecting every facet of business” (1991:7). Skeptics are not hard to find, however.
The Improvers
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the Fourth of July 1826, Americans celebrated their nation’s Golden Jubilee, the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. They observed the occasion with a holiday, speeches, toasts, and cannon salutes. Most remarkably, however, the day was hallowed by an unforeseeable combination of events. At fifty minutes past noon Thomas Jefferson, eighty-two-year-old author of the Declaration and third president, died at Monticello, his home in Albemarle County, Virginia. His last words had been, “Is it the Fourth?” Five hours later ninety-year-old John Adams, congressional advocate of the Declaration and second president, likewise died at his home in Quincy, Massachusetts. Friends in youth, the two men had become political adversaries, only to resume their friendship in old age and engage in a philosophical correspondence. Adams’s last words were “Thomas Jefferson still survives,” though in fact he was mistaken. Couriers traveling by steamboats and relays of galloping horses carried the news of the deaths north from Virginia and south from Massachusetts. Compounding the coincidence, the riders bearing these tidings met in Philadelphia, where it had all started at Independence Hall fifty years before. In Washington, John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, learned of Jefferson’s death on the sixth; he learned of his father’s on the ninth in Baltimore, having started north to visit the old man. The president pronounced the juxtaposition of events a “visible and palpable mark of Divine favor” to the nation, and most of his countrymen agreed.
Jacksonian Democracy and the Rule of Law
Authors: Howe Daniel Walker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Andrew Jackson defended his own authority with resolute determination, he did not manifest a general respect for the authority of the law when it got in the way of the policies he chose to pursue. This character trait, already apparent in his military career, continued to manifest itself during his years in the White House. Jackson’s removal of the federal deposits from the Bank of the United States proved but one of a number of presidential actions illustrating his impatience with legal restraints. His reactions to the Supreme Court’s decision on Cherokee rights, to abolitionist use of the mails, and to the epidemic of public violence that raged during his presidency all contribute to the pattern. Old Hickory’s admirers, in his own time and since, have extolled his willpower and leadership. Yet, although he set an example of an activist presidency, Jackson’s administration was also an unusually divisive one. He remains the only president to have been formally censured by the Senate. No wonder the opposition party took up the name that traditionally stood for resistance to abuses of executive authority: “Whigs.”
Antebellum Legal Education
Authors: LaPiana William P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most honored of all antebellum legal scientists, Joseph Story, defined common law in this way: “It is rather a system of elementary principles and of general juridical truths, which are continually expanding with the progress of society, and adapting themselves to the gradual changes of trade, and commerce, and the mechanic arts, and the exigencies and usages of the country.’’ The first part of this definition is the reflection in the law of a central idea in early and mid-nineteenth-century culture. The second played an important role in the rhetoric of justification often used by antebellum lawyers. Taken together, however, these two elements do not create a complete picture of the antebellum view of law. Law is a profession, as well as a science; it is practiced, as well as analyzed. The practical aspect of law was bound up with procedure, the part of law that governs practice in the courts. The science of principles and the practical study of procedure together formed an amalgam that defined American legal education before the Civil War. The first section of this chapter out-lines the nature of the science of principles; the second section does the same for procedure. The consequences for antebellum legal education are set out in the third section.
The Analysis Of Japanese Factories Located Overseas
Authors: Abo Tetsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analytical Perspectives On Japanese Overseas Plants To understand how Japanese firms have transferred their management and production systems to subsidiaries operating in the United States, it is important first to understand the context in which it has occurred. This chapter will begin by discussing the general phenomenon of foreign direct investment (FDI) as practiced in Japan since the early 1970s. It then describes two theories of multinational enterprises and contrasts them with the emerging model of the Japanese multinational enterprise. It concludes with an explanation of the theoretical framework and methodology of the research on which this book is based. Foreign Direct Investment By Japanese Manufacturing Companies In The United States The aggregate macroeconomic value of overseas business activity is usually described in terms of FOi. Accordingly, Figure 1-1 shows that the flow of FOi from Japan, on a reported basis, began to surge after the 1970s. (Regarding the historical development of Japanese FOi, see the Epilogue.) Japan’s performance in this area soon ranked among that of the other industrially advanced countries. Growth in Japan’s FDI was particularly pronounced in the 1980s. A sharp and persistent increase in the current account surplus gave rise to fundamental changes in the economic structure of Japan and her trading partners, and although it does not compare with the dramatic growth in foreign securities investment stimulated by the money-boom, Japanese FDI did increase in two very conspicuous stages. In 1986, FDI had doubled from the previous year to the U.S.$20 billion level in spite of economic pressure in the form of trade friction and the sharply appreciated yen; by 1989 it had more than tripled over the previous 3 years to reach US$67 billion while domestically, the “bubble” economy triggered a boom in stock and foreign realestate investment.
Sdm.k3=f/k3(=f) Sdm=f as Contingent Future
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been observed that the insertion of jr nfr-n wnn m:-!Jt=t “If you have nothing (to give)” in a variant of a formula exhorting the living to make food offerings to the dead coincides with the appearance of the form d,d.k3=fn. One obtains the impression that the added conditional clause triggered the use of sdm.k3=f, evidencing the latter’s contingent character.
Constitutional Adjudication: Law or Politics?
Authors: Perry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the title of this book, “the Constitution” is the Constitution of the United States, and “the courts” are both the federal courts and the courts of the states. The court with which I am principally concerned in this book, however, is the Supreme Court of the United States: Among the federal courts and the courts of the states, the Supreme Court has the last word about the meaning of the Constitution and is therefore the most powerful court in the country. This book is about what approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow. It is also about what role the Court should play-in particular, about how large or active a role it should play, or how small or passive a role-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Although I focus on the Supreme Court, much of what I say in this book about constitutional adjudication-that is, about interpreting the constitutional text and bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving the conflict at hand-is applicable to every court, state as well as federal, charged with protecting the United States Constitution.
Origi Does Not Entail Minimalism, II: The Indeterminacy of Morality
Authors: Perry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An originalist approach to the interpretation of the constitutional text does not entail a minimalist judicial role-a role in which the exercise of judicial discretion is negligible-because, as I explained in the preceding chapter, (1) there is often more than one plausible conclusion to the inquiry into the original meaning of a constitutional provision, more than one conclusion an originalistjudge can plausibly reach; in that sense, the historical inquiry constitutive of the originalist approach is often indeterminate; and (2) according to at least one of those conclusions the directive represented by the provision as originally understood is often relatively indeterminate in the context of the conflicts, or of many of them, to which it is relevant. In the preceding chapter, I asked what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional history-the indeterminacy of historical inquiry into original meaning. Now the question is what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional morality-the indeterminacy of a constitutional directive.
’When They Produce Reasons for Delay’ Devising the Remedy
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court’s request for a third argument on remedy could not dampen spirits within the NAACP. The argument was unlikely to be helpful, though. Twice the lawyers had laid out the only position they reasonably could take, but the first two arguments made it clear that many justices wanted a more gradual remedy than the NAACP offered. Yet the NAACP position was unassailable on the terms the justices were willing to state in open court. Marshall said the Court should ignore threats of resistance and, taking administrative concerns into account, no more than a year would be needed to desegregate. If the Court ignored the prospect of resistance, Marshall was clearly right. None of the justices was willing to say in public that the remedy ought to take resistance into account. The result was a peculiar sort of oral argument. The justices said they agreed with the NAACP’s premises, from which the conclusion--quick desegregation-inexorably followed. Yet they persistently rejected that conclusion, sometimes expressing irritation that the lawyers had not gotten the point. Because the justices could not say openly that they expected resistance, however, the argument had people talking at cross-purposes. The real action occurred inside the Court, and the lawyers could do little to influence its outcome. The reargument took place in April 1955, nearly a year after the Court’s initial decision. The reargument was first scheduled for the fall of 1954, but it was postponed. Frankfurter suggested a delay until after the fall elections. More im-portant, Jackson died on October 8, 1954. Warren did not want to decide the remedy issue until the Court was at full strength. Eisenhower nominated John Marshall Harlan, a patrician New York lawyer whose grandfather was the only dissenter in Plessy v. Ferguson. Southerners used the nomination to vent their spleen at Brown, and delayed Harlan’s confirmation until late March 1955.1 In the year between the initial decision and the third argument much had happened. In 1953 the board of education in Topeka voted to eliminate segregation. Most children could attend the schools nearest their homes, although African-American children were ’given the privilege of attendir the nearest Negro
’’I’d Kind of Outlived My Usefulness’ The Changing Context of Civil Rights Litigation
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the attack on the NAACP took shape, new forces entered the civil rights field. The NAACP’s lawyers found it sensible to delay some strategic litigation. They also found that other participants in the civil rights movement changed what the lawyers could do. The lawyers eventually assumed new roles in seeking to guarantee voting rights and access to public transportation and private restaurants, but the path toward these new roles was tortuous. Working out what the lawyers could do took time, and they were sometimes called upon to play roles with which they were not entirely comfortable at the start. By the time of the 1960-{;l sit-ins, the time had come for Marshall to move on. As he put it, ’I thought I’d kind of outlived my usefulness, in original ideas, in the NAACP hierarchy, what have you.
Managerial Control
Authors: Oster Sharon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A well-designed financial reporting system is key for both planning and control in nonprofit organizations. Yet, as Anthony and Young suggest, in many nonprofits financial controls are woefully inadequate. Moreover, the financial information used by staff and given to trustees is often unnecessarily confusing. This chapter focuses on fundamental principles of the financial reporting and control process as a way of showing how a welldesigned, well-constructed budgeting process can help nonprofits grow and develop.
Introduction
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back on the work of the Constitutional Convention, Thomas Jefferson wrote James Madison in 1789 that “we have already given ... one effectual check to the Dog of War by transferring the power of letting him loose from the Executive to the Legislative body, from those who are to spend to those who are to pay.” He was referring not only to the power to declare war, vested in Congress by the Declaration Clause, but also to the power of appropriating money for exercises of war power, vested in Congress by the Spending, Army and Navy, and the Necessary and Proper Clauses. The Appropriations Clause reinforces this power of the purse by prohibiting the spending of public revenues without appropriation. The Statement and Account Clause, in turn, complements the Appropriations Clause by requiring periodic accounts of how public money is spent.
The Power of the Purse in Pre-Constitutional America
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of the purse in national security affairs traced a distinctly American course in the colonies and was influenced by the apparent failure of legislative conduct of the Revolutionary War. After describing the colonial model of government, we examine how the lower houses of the colonial legislatures used the power of the purse against the colonial governors and the status of that power on the eve of the Revolution. We then examine the power of the purse in the states during the Revolution and the evolution of legislative conduct of the Revolutionary War, before drawing lessons from the war.
The Mechanics of National Security Spending
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would tell only part of the story to describe the preenactment national security appropriation process-the procedural path to a budget and the limitations or prescriptions contained in a bill. One of the most significant aspects of the national security appropriation process is much less visible. In this chapter we examine the spending discretion vested in the executive by Congress and explain how the defense agencies and Congress interact in the exercise of that discretion In particular, we examine four broad categories of congressionally conferred discretion in national security appropriations: lump-sum appropriations, reprogramming, budget transfers, and impoundment.
Legitimating Appropriations
Authors: Banks William C , Raven-Hansen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradigm of what we have called legitimating appropriations-appropriation measures from which the executive infers authority for national security actions-is the succession of appropriations for military activities in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. In this chapter, we therefore use the Vietnam War appropriations as an example of legitimating appropriations and begin by applying the general force-and-effect analysis presented in chapter 11 to these appropriations. We then consider four general objections to the use of national security appropriations to legitimate national security actions.
To War with Words: British Propaganda in the United States during the Phoney War, September 1939 to May 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 11:15 on the morning of Sunday, September 3, 1939, Neville Chamberlain broadcast to the people of Britain. In somber tones he delivered the long-dreaded message: Britain was at war with Germany. Moments later, air raid sirens wailed across the city. A German preemptive strike seemed at hand. Inside the Ministry of Information, members of the staff were clustered around office radio sets. At the sound of the siren, they moved en masse into the specially prepared basement shelter. At Broadcasting House, the American correspondents waited, ready for the story that many believed would transform the foreign policy of their country. But the deluge didn’t come that day. The siren was a false alarm, and the war at first proved little more substantial. Allied forces assumed their defensive positions in France and waited. In the meantime, Hitler devastated Poland.
Their Finest Hour: Projecting the Battle of Britain, May to September 1940
Authors: Cull Nicholas John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of May 15, 1940, the German army broke through French lines at Sedan. Now no Allied forces stood between the Germans and the English Channel. In mounting anxiety, Churchill and the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, begged Roosevelt to make more supplies available for purchase. They also requested the loan of fifty or so destroyers to cover mounting naval losses. FDR agreed to try to provide more material for sale, but he insisted that Congress would block any more substantial aid. In place of destroyers, Churchill was offered “the best of luck.” He needed it.
Introduction: Gender and Feminism in Bioethics
Authors: Wolf Susan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was too young—I had never heard of Lou Gehrig’s disease until my grandmother Ruth returned from Minnesota with the diagnosis. Her hand already cramped and frozen, she explained that “the Mayo” predicted the rest of her would follow, in a neuromuscular degeneration called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. I remember thinking that a trip so far from Washington, D.C., must mean they were right.
Supplier and Buyer Networks
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro , Anderson Erin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many discussions of “Japanese business practices” center around the complex and (by Western standards) unusual manner in which Japanese manufacturers are thought to deal with their suppliers. Many anecdotal accounts of Japanese practice paint a picture of a tightly woven web characterized by elevated levels of service, innovation, and efficiency. These impressive results of Japanese buyer-supplier transactions are usually achieved with little of the well-publicized rancor that often characterizes the ever-changing lineup of players in many conventional supplier-buyer transactions. It is tempting to conclude that Japanese buyer-supplier relationships operate as smoothly as though everyone involved worked for the same company. However, that conclusion is tempered by the observation that such results are not often achieved even when it really is all one company.
Obviously, not all Japanese supplier-buyer relationships are as successful as the growing mythology of Japanese management prowess would have it. Yet so many Japanese buyer-supplier relationships achieve such impressive results that the thoughtful manager must ask how they do it.
Corporate Success and Corporate Failure
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I describe three legendary stories of business success. The revival of the Disney Corporation was one of the most impressive business achievements of the 1980s. BMW–in 1959 a company on the edge of bankruptcy–recovered to become one of the world’s most profitable automobile manufacturers. Honda’s attack on the U.S. motorcycle industry is one of the most famous episodes in business history and became the prototype of Japanese success in Western markets.
Cooperation and Coordination
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a theoretical interlude that introduces tools, arguments, and concepts used extensively in my later analysis. The essence of a firm is the set of relationships among its stakeholders and between itself and other firms. This chapter describes the principal functions of these interactions. The most important objectives of commercial relationships are cooperation (the joint activity toward a shared goal), coordination (the need for mutually consistent responses), and differentiation (the avoidance of mutually incompatible activities).
Suffixaufnahme in Kartvelian
Authors: Boeder Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kartvelian or South Caucasian languages form a family of genetically closely related languages which, as far as we know, have always been spoken in approximately the same area: the western and middle regions of Transcaucasia, including parts of present-day northeastern Turkey. Kartvelian comprises Georgian in the eastern and middle regions, Svan in the northwestern mountain region, Mingrelian in the northwest, and Laz in the southwest of the area. Whereas the latter two languages have been attested mainly since the nineteenth century, Georgian has a written tradition from the fifth century onward.