bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuroanatomical Investigations
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years between 1877 and 1880 Golgi’s prodigious scientific activity achieved remarkable results in widely disparate areas. Nevertheless, as in Abbiategrasso, the central nervous system remained at center of his research interests. During these years Golgi’s work with the black reaction had acquired a certain recognition in Italy but his theory of the diffuse neural net was already encountering opposition. In February 1880, Giuseppe Bellonci presented a paper to the Accademia dei Lincei in which he criticized Golgi’s theory and sided with the old protoplasmic net of Gerlach. [1] In his studies, Bellonci used mostly osmic acid. He believed in fact that even though the black reaction allowed the demonstration of fine details, it was unreliable because it produced incomplete or illusory images. Less than one year later Bellonci reported, again at a meeting of the Accademia dei Lincei, the presence of anastomoses between the protoplasmic processes of Purkinje cells.
The Secret Of The Intermittent Fevers
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Golgi’s experimental interest on intestinal parasites and the transmission of anthrax in the early 1880s was not a momentary whim after many years of almost exclusive focus on the nervous system. Indeed, his long-standing attention in the study of infectious diseases had been overshadowed only by his passion for neurohistology. The electrifying discoveries made in microbiology at the beginning of the 1880s, however, would be instrumental in transforming what had been only a latent interest into the main focus of his research activity.
The Prophets Of The Neuron
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid 1880s, the black reaction had already been discovered more than a decade before and nevertheless was known to only a small number of researchers. Just a few years later, in the early 1890s, the most important neurobiologists were hailing it as a breakthrough. It was an irony of fate that a crucial role in this dramatic change was played by a young Spanish scientist, who would later become Golgi’s most formidable scientific opponent.
Seemingly A Matter Of Priority
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of 1890 Golgi had certainly become aware of the triumphal success of his black reaction at the Congress of Berlin. At the same time, however, he must also have realized the threat that Ramón y Cajal now represented for his theory of the diffuse neural net—all the more so because Ramoón y Cajal’s heresy found favorable ground in a scientific environment already prepared by the work of His Sr. and Forel, and by the perplexities of Kölliker.
Protoplasmic Pantheism
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1890s, support for Golgi’s diffuse neural net was confined to the circle of his direct or indirect pupils. Gerlach’s version of the reticular theory continued to be much more popular in Italy and elsewhere. There were also other reticular theories, sometimes touching on the bizarre. The Lithuanian Alexander Stanislavovič Dogiel, for example, wishing to mix oil and water, maintained that in the retina there existed a double intercellular reticulum; one was inter-cylindraxial (similar to that of Golgi); the other inter-dendritical (similar to that of Gerlach). And then there was even a suggestion that there might be three reticula, with the third consisting of a connection between dendrites and axons. [1] The most important scientists, however, were embracing the theory of the neuron with more and more conviction.
The historical paradox of neurosciences
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuroanatomical revolution at the end of the 1800s represents one of the founding events in the neurosciences. Only with identification of nerve cells was it possible to understand the complex architecture of the nervous system and to lay the foundation for first working models of cognitive functions. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy could finally begin to be understood in terms of neural circuitry.
Years Of Sorrow
Authors: Mazzarello Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1909, Georges Marinesco, who had briefly visited the Laboratory of General Pathology, published La cellule nerveuse in which, remembering his time in Pavia, he wrote: During my brief sojourn in Pavia, I had the honor of visiting the celebrated histologist who kindly showed me a series of his beautiful preparations. I could not be convinced that the net he describes exists.
Introduction
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welcome! We are so glad you decided to take this step toward board certification in clinical neuropsychology or, if you are a supervisor, toward preparing your trainees to take that step. This book has been written for you. It provides support and down-to-earth advice for practicing neuropsychologists who are pursuing board certification via the American Board of Clinical Neuropsychology (ABCN), a specialty board of the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP). It also provides neuropsychology supervisors and their trainees with information that will give a “leg up” on the preparation process. We (the authors) share the belief that the discipline of clinical neuropsychology and the consumers of neuropsychological services are best served by the board certification of qualified clinicians. We also know that qualified clinicians, like you, lead busy lives and need practical information and advice if you are to become board certified. Consequently, we take a decidedly pragmatic tone in this book.
The Written Application and Credential Review Taking the Plunge
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that you understand the various steps of the ABPP/ABCN process, you’re ready to take the first concrete step toward board certification. In our experience, this first step often feels much harder for people than it needs to be. To some degree, this might be due to some myths about the written application and credential review; we will deal with those in a minute. Mostly, though, the bottleneck seems to be emotional. As we noted in Chapter 1, working through the ABPP/ABCN certification process can feel as though you are risking your personal and professional identities. In that light, taking the first real step in the process is understandably anxiety provoking. It doesn’t need to be. This stage can be a lot of things—tedious, annoying, and somewhat costly, to name a few—but it is not challenging, and it sure isn’t risky.
The Oral Examination One More Hurdle to Go
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congratulations! You have made it to the last stage of the ABCN certification process: the oral examination. As you may already know, this step consists of three separate, but equally important parts. Although each element emphasizes different approaches and content, they will all be used to judge your depth of clinical knowledge, neuropsychological skills, and your general clinical practice. The three parts of the exam are described in Box 5.1. Oral examinations are held twice a year, in May and October. In order to verify specific dates, you can either check the ABCN webpage or call the ABCN office (see Chapter 1 for contact information). When we wrote this book, the oral exams were held in Chicago and only in Chicago. This means that, unlike the written examination, you will not be able to take the orals at a conference when it comes near you. The odds are you will have to travel. Still, Chicago is centrally located and generally quite easy to fly to. As such, it is the most geographically accessible location available for the majority of the United States and Canada. So, rather than complaining that you have to travel to Chicago to take your orals, be thankful that ABCN did not decide to offer the examination in Sitka, Alaska.
Staying Motivated Surviving Bumps in the Road
Authors: Armstrong Kira , Beebe Dean W , C.Hilsabeck Robin , Kirkwood Michael W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we hope it does not happen to you, we know it happens to other competent neuropsychologists. Good, qualified neuropsychologists sometimes do not pass a part (or parts) of the ABPP/ABCN board certification process on the first or even the second try. When this happens, it is frustrating, to say the least, and usually upsetting and deflating. You may feel shocked, angry, and indignant for a while or even embarrassed and depressed. Of course you are going to feel that way; chances are that you have never failed anything in your life! Furthermore, you have put a lot of time and energy into this process. Consequently, it may feel as though all of that hard work was just an enormous waste of your time! You may even feel like throwing in the towel and forgetting the whole thing. We hope you don’t. Instead, we hope that after these feelings pass, you will muster up the energy and courage to jump back in and use the knowledge and experience you have gained to be successful on your next attempt.
American Opossums Order Didelphimorphia, Family Didelphidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All marsupials were formerly considered to belong to the order Marsupialia; however, this large group has recently been split into 7 orders. New World opossums are repre- sented by 3 orders and Australian marsupials by 4 orders. The Didelphimorphia contains a single family, which includes all Central American opossums. The family Didelphidae consists of about 18 genera and 91 species, with 10 genera and 14 species in Central America and southeastern Mexico.
Anteaters And Sloths Order Pilosa
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Order Pilosa consists of 4 families, with 5 genera and 10 species, all of which are restricted to the New World. Although anteaters and sloths are externally dissimilar, they share certain skeletal characteristics and were formerly grouped with armadillos into the Order Xenarthra. The name “xenarthra” refers to extra articulations in the lumbar verte- brae, which are found only in members of these groups. These mammals diverged early from the main placental mammal lineage, when South America was an island continent. Their extinct relatives included giant ground sloths and glyptodonts.
Monkeys Order Primates
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primates are mainly tropical in distribution and are native throughout the world except Australia. They include primitive lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, and bushbabies, in addition to the more familiar monkeys and apes. Higher primates are divided into 2 ancient lin- eages, the New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys and great apes, including humans. New World monkeys were confined to South America when it was an island continent. A few species have since dispersed northward and are now among the more conspicuous Middle American mammals.
Rodents Order Rodentia
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rodentia is the largest order of mammals, with nearly 2300 species worldwide. More than 40% of all mammalian species belong to this order. Additional species of small rodents may be described in the future, especially in the Neotropics, based on chromosomal and biochemical studies. Rodents are found on all land masses and occupy almost all available habitat types except polar regions. They exhibit a range of body sizes and shapes, with adult weights ranging from 4 g to 60 kg. Most species are small and rat- like in form, with short legs and long tails, although a few larger species have long, thin legs and short tails. Most rodents have 4 toes on the front feet and 5 on the hind feet. All rodents have similar teeth: 2 pairs (one upper, one lower) of incisors, a gap, or diastema, and several pairs of chewing teeth (molars only in mouselike rodents, premolars and molars in squirrels and cavylike rodents). The dental formula is i 1/1, c 0/0, p 0–2/0–2, m 2–3/2–3. The incisors grow continuously throughout life, have a chisel-like cutting edge, and are used for gnawing.
Rabbits And Hares Order Lagomorpha, Family Leporidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lagomorphs are distributed worldwide and include 2 families, 1 of which occurs in the Neotropics. With about 61 species in 11 genera, this family is represented in south- east Mexico and Central America by only 4 species in 2 genera. Originally classified as rodents because of their constantly growing incisors, lagomorphs differ in having a second pair of small incisors behind the long upper incisors. The dental formula is i 2/1, c 0/0, p 3/2, m 3/3. Rabbits and hares have long, narrow ears, slitlike nostrils, soft fur, short tails, and long, fully furred hind feet. There are 5 toes on the forefoot and 4 on the hind foot. Both jackrabbits and hares are members of the genus Lepus (with 1 represen- tative in southeast Mexico); other Central American rabbits are in the genus Sylvilagus. Most rabbits and hares are nocturnal. They are herbivores and have a modified di- gestive system for handling large amounts of vegetation.
Even-Toed Ungulates Order Artiodactyla
Authors: Reid Fiona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Artiodactyla includes peccaries, deer, pigs, hippopotamuses, camels, giraffes, ante- lope, and cattle and is the most diverse order of hoofed mammals. Even-toed ungulates have 2 weight-bearing toes on each foot. They probably are only distantly related to the odd-toed ungulates; they are thought to be more closely related to cetaceans (whales and dolphins). Two families are native to Central America.
Compelled Release of Interviews
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eyes of a court, either state or federal, a recording or transcript of an oral history interview is hearsay. Although there are numerous exceptions to the rules of evidence that bar the introduction of hearsay evidence, none of these exceptions usually apply to the out-of-court statements that are made by an interviewee in the course of an oral history interview. The primary means by which oral history does make it into court is through the opinion testimony of expert witnesses.Rule 703 of the Federal Rules of Evidence provides that an expert witness may rely upon inadmissible evidence “if of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions and inferences upon a subject, . . .”While state rules of evidence vary somewhat from the Federal Rules of Evidence, there are provisions in most state evidence codes for similar reliance by experts on hear- say evidence such as oral history. Under Rule 703, a trial judge does have the authority to exclude an expert’s testimony if the court determines that the hearsay evidence upon which he or she is basing his opinion is not the type of evidence that can be “reasonably relied upon,” but such authority is rarely exercised.
Privacy Issues:The Stealth Torts
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of “stealth” as the defining adjective is quite appropriate for the three privacy torts that could possibly result in the filing of a lawsuit against an oral history program. Since there is much more limited awareness of these types of legal challenges, it is easy to overlook them. Their relatively low profile is due in part to the relatively small number of case filings that are based on one or more of these privacy torts. As a result, they generally receive far less attention from the news media than do the far more common lawsuits for defamation.
Copyright
Authors: Neuenschwander John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The top ten lists were first used by David Letterman in 1985 as a way to heighten viewer interest in his Late Show. Since that time, top ten lists have become a staple in American culture. They apparently satisfy a craving to rank virtually everything from actors to athletes. Not surprisingly, there are even top ten lists of the greatest copyright myths. Although there are at least a half dozen of such lists, a law firm that specializes in intellectual property law culled through five of these and produced a more condensed meta-list entitled “Four Most Mythical Copyright Myths.
Introduction
Authors: Field Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2001, eight critically acclaimed writers, including Amiri Baraka and Chinua Achebe, gathered at Lincoln Center in New York City to pay homage to the life and work of James Arthur Baldwin. Fourteen years after Baldwin’s untimely death at the age of sixty-three, the writers assembled could not agree on his legacy or literary reputation. “It was hard to decide,” the Irish novelist Colm Tóbín noted, “what part of him came first” (Tóbín 15). Was it, Tóbín pondered, his race or his sexuality? Should Baldwin be remembered for his eloquent early novels or his fiery and polemical essays? Was he a religious writer or an embittered secular artist who used the cadences of the King James Bible for aesthetic effect?
The discussion at Lincoln Center highlights the diMculties of defining this prodigious writer whose work spanned four decades, culminating in one hundred and twenty-four book reviews, six novels, seven works of nonfiction, two plays, a children’s book, a scenario, a collection of short stories, and two books of poetry.
Facts and Myths about American Voters: An Introduction
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every election season comes with an abundance of myths and conventional wisdoms that political analysts, self-anointed experts, news anchors, reporters, consultants, and academics use to explain democracy at work. Most election coverage relies on stories about a political process in which success or failure at the polls depends heavily on the clever strategies employed by candidates and parties. The notion that elections are generally won by good campaign strategies and that voters are perennially up for grabs makes for exciting journalism and television commentary, but it often strays afield from what political scientists know about American voters and their behavior. As a matter of fact, most voters identify with one of the two major parties and, when all is said and done, most partisans (even having flirted with defection) come back to their own parties when November rolls around. There are a few exceptional elections in which economic downturns, domestic unrest, and unpopular military engagements are powerful enough to shake even strong party identifers from their normally steadfast party moorings.
Americans Hate to Love Their Party, but They Do!
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Party affiliation continues to be the primary shaper of American electoral politics, despite a common belief—frequently emphasized in media commentary—that party matters relatively little to voters. Public opinion surveys typically reflect discontent with the parties, often as a reflection of unhappiness with current officeholders or events, but partisanship, as we show in this chapter, is alive and well in American politics. This does not means that Americans are boosters of party government. According to the 2000 American National Election Study (ANES), 23 percent of Americans supported having one party control the Congress and presidency while a majority (51 percent) voiced a preference for divided government. Not only do Americans seem to distrust the notion of unified party government but they also exhibit substantial distaste for the parties themselves.
Soccer Moms and Other Myths about the Gender Gap
Authors: Kaufmann Karen M , Petrocik John R , Shaw Daron R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mothers have been regularly touted as swing voters in recent presidential elections, and the notion that various kinds of mothers are more fluid in their partisan attachments than are other groups of voters is a mainstay of popular election commentary. In particular, the security concerns of women were a theme of the 2004 election because various preelection polls indicated that women were more concerned with national security than were men. As the gender gap varied over the course of the campaign, “security moms” became the swing voter célèbre of the election season, seized on by many media stories despite limited evidence that they existed in numbers or behavior not seen in previous elections.
Optimal and Pathological Development in Childhood: A General Theory
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on this understanding of the nature of emotions and emotional development, I would now like to propose an emotion-based theory of optimal and pathological development in childhood. In this model, the psychopathology of childhood and adolescence, whether expressed as a disturbance of mood or behavior, results from the persistence of negative emotions—and the complex transformations of these emotions—in the mind of the child.
Theories of Pathological Development: A Brief Review
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, I presented a general theory of optimal and pathological development in childhood. Pathological development was understood to result from negative emotions that remain active in the mind of the child and the persistence of modes of thought and behavior associated with negative affects, especially, persistent demands and avoidances. Before I describe, in greater clinical detail, emotional processes that, in interaction with biological risk and vulnerability, eventuate in pathological outcomes in childhood and adolescence, I will offer a brief review of existing models of pathological development in childhood, making note of their strengths and limitations.
Empathy
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of the therapist’s empathy is universally acknowledged, at least as an essential precondition, for all effective psychotherapy, including psychotherapy with children and families. In recent years, however, clinical and theoretical interest in empathy—with some exceptions (see, especially, Bromfield, 2007; Greene and Ablon, 2006)—appears to have waned, and this trend is particularly apparent in writing about children. The concept of empathy is regarded by many as vague, unscientific, and subject to frequent misuse. Contemporary psychoanalytic child therapists have focused attention on processes related to empathy (for example, mentalization and reflective functioning, Fongay and Target, 1998; Fongay et al., 2002) recognition and intersubjectivity, Frankel, 1998; or insightfulness, Koren-Karie, Oppenheim, and Goldsmith, 2007 but tend to eschew empathy as an organizing theoretical concept. Empathy also plays a small role in the theory and technique of cognitive and behavioral approaches to child therapy.
Child Psychotherapy as a Socializing Process II: Winning and Losing
Authors: Barish Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues my discussion of psychotherapy as a socializing process, taking up one of the most common problems encountered in child therapy—winning and losing at games. To facilitate engagement with child patients and to lessen the burden of excessive or potentially threatening inquiry, child therapists have traditionally offered the child an opportunity to play structured games. Many children readily accept this offer. If the child is a boy, he is likely to eagerly anticipate these contests—and he will arrange to win, at least most of the time.