bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of surgical techniques for preparation of in vitro-isolated perfused porcine skin flaps for percutaneous absorption studies
Authors: Bowman K. F. , Monteiro-Riviere Nancy A. , Riviere J. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
We developed a single-pedicle, axial pattern tubed skin flap that could be transferred to an in vitro perfusion apparatus. On the basis of results of prosections, angiography, contact radiography, and surviving-length studies, it was concluded that a single-pedicle, axial pattern skin flap measuring 4 cm × 12 cm incorporating the caudal superficial epigastric artery would survive to its entire length. Subsequently, a surgical (stage 1) procedure was developed for the routine preparation of single-pedicle, axial pattern tubed skin flaps. Healing after the stage-1 procedure was evaluated by visual inspection and fluorescein angiography. Stage-1 procedures were performed successfully 149 of 160 (93%) times. A second surgical (stage 2) procedure was developed for routine cannulation of the caudal superficial epigastric artery and harvest of the tubed skin flap. Stage-2 procedures were performed successfully 136 of 144 (94%) times.
Evaluation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in ponies
Authors: Moll H. David , Schumacher John , Wright James C. , Spano Joseph S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Twelve ponies were used to evaluate the reliability of an abdominal adhesion model and the efficacy of intraperitoneal infusion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in preventing abdominal adhesions. A celiotomy was performed on each of the 12 ponies and the serosa of the distal portion of the jejunum was abraded with a dry gauze sponge at 5 locations. In addition to the serosal damage, a single 2-0 chromic gut suture was placed through the seromuscular layer of the jejunum in the center of the abraded area. After closure of the celiotomy, a 1% solution of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (7 ml/kg of body weight) was infused into the peritoneal cavity of 6 ponies. The other ponies served as untreated controls. All ponies were euthanatized 14 days after surgery.
All ponies in the control group had abdominal adhesions at the time of necropsy. Four of the 6 ponies in the treatment group were free of adhesions. There was a significant (P < 0.0001) difference in the total number of adhesions between the 2 groups.
Characterization by restriction endonuclease analysis and seroagglutination of strains of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellular obtained from farmed deer
Authors: Wards Barry J. , de Lisle Geoffrey W. , Yates Gary F. , Dawson David J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Restriction endonuclease analysis and seroagglutination were used to characterize strains of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellular (collectively, mai) recovered from 1 local herd and 2 imported shipments of red deer (Cervus elaphus) that developed sensitization to bovine tuberculin during skin testing. A total of 31 mai strains were isolated from lymph node pools (head, thorax, abdomen, and peripheral regions) of 21 of 29 local deer. Similarly, 15 mai strains were isolated from the lymph node pools of 12 deer from the 2 imported shipments. Mycobacterial strains were isolated from more than 1 of the lymph node pools of 9 local and 2 imported deer. Most of the strains (59% from local deer, 46% from imported deer) were recovered from the lymph nodes of the head region. After restriction endonuclease analysis of these isolates using the enzymes Bcl I, BstEII, and Pvu II, 26 of the strains from the local herd were separated into 3 groups, each consisting of strains with indistinguishable or closely related patterns. Seroagglutination results indicated that the first of these groups contained strains belonging to serotype 1, the second group contained strains belonging to serotype 8; and the third group of strains belonged to serotypes 3 and 9. The 5 remaining strains from the local herd had unrelated restriction patterns. One of these belonged to serotype 3, whereas the remaining 4 could not be serotyped. Restriction analysis of the 15 strains from the imported deer identified 2 groups. Seroagglutination results indicated that 1 group contained strains belonging to serotype 2 and the other group contained strains belonging to serotype 8. Some deer were infected with 2 or more strains that differed in serotype and/or restriction pattern. Results indicate that a single source of infection was not apparent for either herd and that a number of mai strains may possibly have contributed to tuberculin sensitization.
Quantitation of bovine immunoglobulins in culture fluids by use of sandwich radioimmunoassay with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Srikumaran S. , Kluever E. A. , Onisk D. V. , Hariharan K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine immunoglobulin isotype-specific murine monoclonal antibodies were used in sandwich radioimmunoassays to detect and quantitate bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA in culture fluids. The concentrations of bovine immunoglobulins in unknown samples were extrapolated from standard curves generated with bovine monoclonal immunoglobulins. The lowest detection limits for the bovine immunoglobulin isotypes ranged from 65 to 270 ng/ml.
Electrophysiologic studies of the cutaneous innervation of the pelvic limb of male dogs
Authors: Haghighi S. S. , Kitchell R. L. , Johnson R. D. , Bailey C. S. , Spurgeon T. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The area of skin supplied by the afferent fibers in one cutaneous nerve is called the cutaneous area (ca) for that nerve. The ca of peripheral branches of lumbar and sacral spinal nerves responsive to the stimulation of hair follicle mechanoreceptors were mapped in 27 dogs.
The amount of overlap among the ca was similar to that found for other ca of the body. The ca of peripheral branches of the sciatic nerve were restricted to the lateral, cranial, and caudal aspects of the pelvic limb distal to the stifle. The ca of the saphenous nerve was located on the medial side of the limb, except for a small area located on the lateral side of the crus. The distal part of the ca of the saphenous nerve was completely overlapped in the hind paw by branches of the superficial peroneal nerve laterally and the medial plantar branch of the tibial nerve medially. The ca for the deep peroneal nerve was located on the dorsal surface of the webbing between digits 2 and 3 and the adjacent skin of these digits.
The ca of the plantar branches of the tibial nerve were small in comparison with the diameter of the nerve, suggesting that these branches contained nerve fibers supplying other, deeper structures in the hindpaw and that damage to these nerves would interfere with cutaneous sensation in only a small region on the plantar surface of the hindpaw.
Knowledge of the ca of the various branches of the sciatic nerve allows more accurate localization of injury to the sciatic nerve or its branches by using areas of anesthesia.
Decreased respiratory burst activity in neonatal bovine neutrophils stimulated by protein kinase C agonists
Authors: Doré Monique , Slauson David O. , Neilsen Nancy R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Newborn calves have a high susceptibility to bacterial infections, which may be related to the impaired neutrophil defense functions in newborns. The oxygen-dependent production of the free radical superoxide anion (O2-) represents an important part of the leukocyte respiratory burst central to neutrophil-directed defenses against bacterial infection. Because protein kinase C (pkc) activation is considered to be an important step in the signal transduction pathway for the O2- generating system, we compared O2- production by newborn and adult bovine neutrophils stimulated with 3 different pkc agonists. When the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) was used, pkc-dependent O2- generation from newborn neutrophils was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) for all concentrations of pma tested (10, 100, and 500 ng/ml). In addition, newborn neutrophils had a significantly (P < 0.01) reduced lag time for O2- generation. Similar significantly (P < 0.01) reduced O2- generation from newborn neutrophils was observed with an additional phorbol ester (phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate); lag times were not calculated for phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate. When O2- generation was stimulated with a synthetic diacylglycerol analogue (1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol), less O2- was generated from both adult and newborn neutrophils than was obtained with the phorbol esters, and newborn neutrophils produced significantly (P < 0.01) less O2- only at 50 μM 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol. To assess the importance of pkc and cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases in the O2--related signal-transduction pathways of bovine neutrophils, we determined the influence of a pkc inhibitor, H-7, and a cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor, HA-1004, on the respiratory burst of adult and newborn bovine neutrophils. Preincubation of neutrophils (15 minutes) with 100 or 500 μM H-7 inhibited subsequent pma-induced O2- generation from newborn and adult neutrophils in a dose-dependent fashion, but preincubation with HA-1004 did not affect subsequent pma-induced O2- generation from either newborn or adult neutrophils. The pkc inhibitor, H-7 (100 and 500 μM), induced a significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged lag time in adult, but not newborn, neutrophils; HA-1004 had no effect on lag time. These results indicate that pkc, but not cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, is important in the signal-transduction pathway leading to O2- generation in appropriately stimulated adult and newborn bovine neutrophils, and that deficient respiratory burst activity in newborn neutrophils may be explained by altered activation of pkc.
Effects of topical administration of timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in dogs
Authors: Wilkie David A. , Latimer Claire A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of topical administration of a single dose of timolol maleate on intraocular pressure (iop) and pupil diameter were evaluated in normotensive eyes of 11 clinically normal dogs over 12 hours (7:00 am to 7:00 pm). Mean (± sem) normal iop was 15.5 (± 1.1) mm of Hg and diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest iop seen in the morning. Mean normal pupil diameter was 8.5 (± 0.3) mm. Topical treatment with 0.5% timolol resulted in reduction of iop in the treated and nontreated eyes. Mean reduction of iop in the treated eye was 2.5 mm of Hg, a reduction of 16.1%, with maximal reduction of 3.7 mm of Hg. Mean reduction of iop in the nontreated eye was 1.4 mm of Hg, a reduction of 9.0%. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, which persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction of pupil diameter in the treated eye was 2.9 mm, a reduction of 34.1%. In addition, a contralateral effect on pupil diameter was seen in the nontreated eye, with mean reduction of 1.2 mm, a reduction of 14.1%.
Topical administration of timolol maleate resulted in reduction of iop and pupil diameter in treated and contralateral eyes, thus supporting the use of timolol for treatment of glaucoma in dogs. Miosis indicates possible β-adrenergic inhibition or β-adrenergic activation of the sphincter muscle. β-Adrenergic blockade would then result in miosis.
Effects of topical administration of timolol maleate on intraocular pressure and pupil size in cats
Authors: Wilkie David A. , Latimer Claire A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Effects of topical administration of a single dose of timolol maleate, a nonselective β-adrenergic blocking agent, on intraocular pressure (iop) and pupil diameter were evaluated in the normotensive eyes of 10 clinically normal cats over 12 hours. Mean (± sem) normal iop was 17.1 (± 1.1) mm of Hg and diurnal fluctuation was observed, with the highest iop seen in the evening. Mean (± sem) normal pupil diameter was 10.1 (± 0.5) mm. Topical treatment with 0.5% timolol resulted in reduction of iop in treated and nontreated eyes. This effect was time-dependent and was first observed at 6 hours after treatment. Mean reduction of iop was 22.3% in the treated eye and 16.3% in the nontreated eye. The treated eye had reduced pupil diameter at 30 minutes after treatment, and miosis persisted throughout the 12 hours of the study. Mean reduction of pupil diameter was 38.7%. A contralateral effect on pupil diameter was not seen in the non-treated eye.
Topical administration of timolol maleate results in a reduction of iop in treated and contralateral eyes, which supports the use of timolol for treatment of glaucoma in cats. In addition, the treated eye becomes miotic. This effect may indicate β-adrenergic inhibition or α-adrenergic activation of the iris sphincter muscle. β-Adrenergic blockade would then result in miosis.
Abortifacient property of bovine herpesvirus type 1 isolates that represent three subtypes determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA
Authors: Miller J. M. , Whetstone C. A. , Van Der Maaten M. J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1) isolates are classified into 3 subtypes by use of restriction endonuclease analysis. Isolates from aborted fetuses have been either subtype 1 or 2a, whereas subtype 2b viruses have not been associated with abortion. We assessed the abortifacient property of isolates representing each of the 3 bhv-1 subtypes by iv inoculation of heifers with the virus 25 to 27 weeks after breeding. Three heifers were given Cooper (subtype 1) isolate, 3 heifers were given FI (subtype 2a) isolate, and 5 heifers were given K22 (subtype 2b) isolate. All heifers developed fever and viremia 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Heifers given Cooper or FI isolate aborted between 17 and 85 days after inoculation. The 5 heifers given K22 isolate delivered full-term calves. Placenta was obtained from 4 of the 5 heifers, and K22 virus was isolated from each placenta. Four calves had bhv-1 neutralizing antibody in precolostral serum, with titer ranging from 1:4 to 1:512.
Effect of colostrum ingestion on gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities in neonatal pups
Authors: Center Sharon A. , Randolph John F. , ManWarren Trenna , Slater Margaret 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Analysis of hepatic enzyme activities in serum samples from 1- to 3-day-old pups revealed alkaline phosphatase (alp) activities that were 30 times higher and γ-glutamyltransferase (ggt) activities that were 100 times higher than activities in clinically normal adult dogs. A study was conducted to investigate high enzyme activity in pups and to determine whether there is any association between serum enzyme activity and colostrum ingestion, passive transfer of maternal serum enzyme (in colostrum or in utero), or excessive renal or hepatic tissue enzymes. Serum enzyme activity was quantified in 15 neonatal pups before and after ingestion of colostrum and in 3 colostrum-deprived neonates fed a milk substitute. Serum samples were collected on postpartum days 0, 1, 10, 15, and 30. Enzyme activity was also quantified in serum from pregnant and lactating bitches (collected on days -2, 0, 1, 10, 30), hepatic and renal tissue from clinically normal adult dogs and 1-day-old pups, colostrum, milk (collected on days 10 and 30), and milk replacer.
Significant (P < 0.01) differences in serum ggt and alp activities between colostrum-deprived and suckling pups did not exist before initial feeding. Significant (P < 0.001) increases in serum ggt and alp activities developed within 24 hours in suckling pups, but not in the colostrum-deprived pups. At 10 and 30 days after birth, serum ggt and alp activities were less than values before suckling in all pups.
Enzyme activities in bitches’ serum remained within the normal range for adult dogs throughout whelping and lactation. Renal ggt and alp activities were substantially greater than hepatic enzyme activities in neonates and adults. Renal tissue from adults contained 3 times greater ggt and 2 times greater alp activities than that from neonates. Hepatic tissue from neonates contained 5 times more ggt activity than did hepatic tissues from clinically normal adults; however, hepatic alp activity was similar in adults and neonates.
Colostrum and milk had substantially higher enzyme activities than did bitches’ serum. Activities of ggt and alp in milk were 100 times and 10 times greater, respectively, than activities in serum through day 10. By day 30, ggt and alp activities in milk were less than before suckling. Enzyme activity was not detected in the milk substitute.
These studies reveal an association between colostrum ingestion by suckling and acute, profound increases in serum ggt and alp in 1- to 3-day-old pups. Although this phenomenon might be useful as an indicator of colostrum ingestion, it precludes the diagnostic use of either enzyme as an indicator of hepatobiliary disease in 3-day-old pups.
Comparison of the hemodynamic effects of halothane alone and halothane combined with epidurally administered morphine for anesthesia in ventilated dogs
Authors: Valverde Alexander , Dyson Doris H. , Cockshutt Joanne R. , McDonell Wayne N. , Valliant Anne E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The hemodynamic effects of 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane alone (1.6% end-tidal) and 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration of halothane (1.1% end-tidal concentration) combined with epidurally administered morphine were compared during controlled ventilation in 10 dogs used on 2 occasions and randomly allocated to 2 groups. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume, left ventricular work, and pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs of the morphine-treated group before administration of morphine. After epidural administration of morphine (0.1 mg/kg of body weight diluted in 0.26 ml of saline solution/kg), hemodynamic changes were not observed, and the aforementioned variables remained significantly (P < 0.05) higher than values in dogs of the halothane only group. Compared with halothane (1.6%) alone, the reduction in halothane end-tidal concentration (1.1%) associated with epidurally administered morphine is beneficial in maintaining hemodynamic function.
Cardiovascular and respiratory effects of thiopental administration in hypovolemic dogs
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Haskins Steve C. , Patz John D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary effects of thiopental sodium were studied in hypovolemic dogs from completion of until 1 hour after administration of the drug. Hypovolemia was induced by withdrawal of blood from dogs until mean arterial pressure of 60 mm of Hg was achieved. After stabilization at this pressure for 1 hour, 8 mg of thiopental/kg of body weight was administered iv to 7 dogs, and cardiopulmonary effects were measured. After blood withdrawal and prior to thiopental administration, heart rate and oxygen utilization ratio increased, whereas mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary wedge pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, mixed venous oxygen tension, and mixed venous oxygen content decreased from baseline. Three minutes after thiopental administration, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, and mixed venous oxygen tension increased, whereas oxygen utilization ratio and arterial and mixed venous pH decreased from values measured prior to thiopental administration. Fifteen minutes after thiopental administration, heart rate was still increased; however by 60 minutes after thiopental administration, all measurements had returned to values similar to those obtained prior to thiopental administration.
Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in rabbits, sheep, and dogs
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Benthuysen James A. , McNeal D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The central arterial pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, a short-acting opioid agonist, were studied in rabbits, sheep, and dogs after short-duration infusion of the drug. Alfentanil was infused until a set end point (high-amplitude, slow-wave activity on the eeg) was reached. This required a larger alfentanil dose and a higher alfentanil arterial concentration in sheep, compared with rabbits and dogs. The plasma concentration-time data for each animal were fitted, using nonlinear regression, and in all animals, were best described by use of a triexponential function. In this study, differences in the disposition kinetics of alfentanil among the 3 species were found for only distribution clearance and initial distribution halflife. In dogs, compared with rabbits and sheep, the first distribution half-life was longer, probably because of pronounced drug-induced bradycardia (mean ± SD, 48 ± 21 beats/min). Distribution clearance was faster in sheep, compared with dogs, also probably because of better blood flow in sheep. Elimination half-life was similar in all species (rabbits, 62.4 ± 11.3 minutes; sheep, 65.1 ± 27.1 minutes; dogs, 58.3 ± 10.3 minutes). This rapid half-life resulted from a small steady-state volume of distribution (rabbits, 908.3 ± 269.0 ml/kg; sheep, 720.0 ± 306.7 ml/ kg; dogs, 597.7 ± 290.2 ml/kg) and rapid systemic clearance (rabbits, 19.4 ± 5.3 ml/min/kg; sheep, 13.3 ± 3.0 ml/min/kg; dogs, 18.7 ± 7.5 ml/min/kg). On the basis of these pharmacokinetic variables, alfentanil should have short duration of action in rabbits, sheep, and dogs. This may be beneficial in veterinary practice where rapid recovery would be expected after bolus administration for short procedures or after infusion for longer procedures.
Immunocytochemical study of tissues from clinically normal dogs and of neoplasms, using keratin monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Sandusky G. E. , Wightman K. A. , Carlton W.W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Three commonly used keratin monoclonal antibodies (mab)-AE1:AE3, CAM 5.2, and MAK-6—were compared with routinely used cytokeratin antibody. The expression of these antibodies was analyzed in several tissues obtained from clinically normal dogs and in a variety of neoplasms from dogs. Using appropriate enzymatic digestion, paraffin-embedded tissues processed in routine manner retained their typical keratin expression. Differentiated and poorly differentiated epithelial neoplasms, lymphomas, and melanomas were studied by use of the avidin- biotin-peroxidase technique. All 4 of the aforementioned antibodies had similar staining profiles. Of 3 anaplastic carcinomas, 2 had positive reaction to all 4 antibodies. All lymphomas, plasma cell tumors, and amelanotic melanomas had negative reaction to MAK-6, CAM 5.2, AE1:AE3, and cytokeratin mab. Three basal cell epitheliomas had positive reaction to all 4 antibodies, whereas 1 basal cell tumor with a solid pattern had negative staining reaction. Two carcinoids had negative reaction to all markers and 1 of 2 malignant chemodectomas and 1 transitional cell carcinoma had staining reaction to only AE1:AE3 mab. Comparing the 4 antibodies, use of AE1:AE3 mab produced the strongest staining intensity followed by cytokeratin, MAK-6, and CAM 5.2 mab. All 4 antibodies had low background staining. In conclusion, AE1:AE3 and MAK-6 mab are as useful as cytokeratin mab for identification of poorly differentiated epithelial neoplasms in dogs and cats.