bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The complete Kaluza-Klein spectra of $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 and $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 0 M-theory on AdS4 × (squashed S7)
Authors: Karlsson Joel , Nilsson Bengt E. W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The squashed seven-sphere operator spectrum is completed by deriving the spectrum of the spin-3/2 operator. The implications of the results for the AdS4$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supermultiplets obtained from compactification of eleven-dimensional supergravity are analysed. The weak G2 holonomy plays an important role when solving the eigenvalue equations on the squashed sphere. Here, a novel and more universal algebraic approach to the whole eigenvalue problem on coset manifolds is provided. Having obtained full control of all the operator spectra, we can finally determine the irreps D(E0, s) for all supermultiplets in the left-squashed vacuum. This includes an analysis of possible boundary conditions. By performing an orientation flip on the seven-sphere, we also obtain the full spectrum for the non-supersymmetric right-squashed compactification which is of interest in the swampland context and in particular for the AdS swampland conjecture. Here, a number of boundary condition ambiguities arise making the analysis of dual marginal operators somewhat involved. This work is a direct continuation of [1] and [2].
JT gravity in de Sitter space and the problem of time
Authors: Nanda Kanhu Kishore , Sake Sunil Kumar , Trivedi Sandip P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We discuss the canonical quantisation of JT gravity in de Sitter space, following earlier work by Henneaux, with particular attention to the problem of time. Choosing the dilaton as the physical clock, we define a norm and operator expectation values for states and explore the classical limit. We find that requiring a conserved and finite norm and well-defined expectation values for operators imposes significant restrictions on states, as does the requirement of a classical limit. However, these requirements can all be met, with the dilaton providing a satisfactory physical clock. We construct several examples and analyse them in detail. We find that in fact an infinite number of states exist which meet the various conditions mentioned above.
Matter correlators through a wormhole in double-scaled SYK
Authors: Okuyama Kazumi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We compute the two-point function of matter operators in the double-scaled SYK (DSSYK) model, where the two matter operators are inserted at each end of the cylindrical wormhole. We find that the wormhole amplitude in DSSYK is written as a trace over the chord Hilbert space. We also show that the length of the wormhole is stabilized in the semi-classical limit, by the same mechanism worked for the JT gravity case.
Extraction, purification, and investigation of the antibacterial potential of lysozyme isolated from the latex of Calotropis procera
Authors: Muthu Sakthivel , Gopal Venkateshbabu , AL-Younis Zena Kadhim , Altemimi Ammar B. , Perumal Palani , Lakshmikanthan Mythileeswari , Krishnan Kathiravan , Najm Mazin A. A. , Giuffrè Angelo Maria , Govindan Lakshmanan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCalotropis procera produces a latex used in traditional medicine because of its components which are found to be biologically active. The latex of C. procera has many benefits such as pain reduction, antimicrobial attitude and other precious attributes. Latex lysozyme (LL) is a particular protein contained in C. procera plant having a promising antibacterial property. The process applied for extraction implicated ammonium sulfate precipitation, water extraction, ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography evidencing 14.4 kDa for LL as a molecular mass. LL after purification showed 397.18 U mg−1 as specific activity (10.30 purification fold), and with 37.9% as a yield. In addition, the chemical and physical analyses showed that LL had its best realization when the pH was 5.5 at 50 °C. Moreover when metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ were incorporated the relative activity of the enzyme resulted ampliflied. When a purification was conducted with CM-Cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography, LL revealed an antibacterial property versus both Escherichia coli (MICs 14 µg ml−1) and Bacillus cereus (MICs 13 µg ml−1). HR-TEM analysis displayed an antimicrobial potential of LL after its purification; that analysis showed the deterioration of the cell wall (external membrane of the cell) of both E. coli and B. cereus. Therefore, the LL obtained from C. procera maintains ability as an antibacterial enzyme applicable in various domains such as biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries.
Graphical abstract
The microbial biosynthesis of noncanonical terpenoids
Authors: Ma Mengyu , Li Mingkai , Wu Zhenke , Liang Xiqin , Zheng Qiusheng , Li Defang , Wang Guoli , An Tianyue 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Terpenoids are a class of structurally complex, naturally occurring compounds found predominantly in plant, animal, and microorganism secondary metabolites. Classical terpenoids typically have carbon atoms in multiples of five and follow well-defined carbon skeletons, whereas noncanonical terpenoids deviate from these patterns. These noncanonical terpenoids often result from the methyltransferase-catalyzed methylation modification of substrate units, leading to irregular carbon skeletons. In this comprehensive review, various activities and applications of these noncanonical terpenes have been summarized. Importantly, the review delves into the biosynthetic pathways of noncanonical terpenes, including those with C6, C7, C11, C12, and C16 carbon skeletons, in bacteria and fungi host. It also covers noncanonical triterpenes synthesized from non-squalene substrates and nortriterpenes in Ganoderma lucidum, providing detailed examples to elucidate the intricate biosynthetic processes involved. Finally, the review outlines the potential future applications of noncanonical terpenoids. In conclusion, the insights gathered from this review provide a reference for understanding the biosynthesis of these noncanonical terpenes and pave the way for the discovery of additional unique and novel noncanonical terpenes.

Key points
•The activities and applications of noncanonical terpenoids are introduced.
•The noncanonical terpenoids with irregular carbon skeletons are presented.
•The microbial biosynthesis of noncanonical terpenoids is summarized.
ESR Essentials: diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma—practice recommendations by ESGAR
Authors: Cannella Roberto , Zins Marc , Brancatelli Giuseppe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy and a leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Current guidelines for the noninvasive diagnosis of HCC are provided by the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) which endorsed the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) algorithm, the Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center (KLCA-NCC), and the Asian-Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL). These allow the diagnosis of HCC in high-risk patients in the presence of typical imaging features on contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, or contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Size, non-rim arterial phase hyperenhancement, non-peripheral washout, enhancing capsule, and growth are major imaging features and they should be combined for the diagnosis of HCC. This article provides concise and relevant practice recommendations aimed at general radiologist audience, summarizing the best practice and informing on the essential imaging criteria for the diagnosis of HCC, while also discussing the high-risk population criteria, imaging modalities, and imaging features according to the current guidelines.

Key Points
• Noninvasive diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be provided only in patients at high risk.
• Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI are the first-line imaging exams for the diagnosis of HCC.
• Major imaging features should be combined to provide the diagnosis of definitive HCC.
Two-week step-reduction has limited negative effects on physical function and metabolic health in older adults
Authors: Walker Simon , Sahinaho Ulla-Maria , Vekki Sakari , Sulonen Mari , Laukkanen Jari A. , Sipilä Sarianna , Peltonen Heikki , Laakkonen Eija , Lehti Maarit 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose
This study determined the effects of a 2-week step-reduction period followed by 4-week exercise rehabilitation on physical function, body composition, and metabolic health in 70–80-year-olds asymptomatic for injury/illness.

Methods
A parallel-group randomized controlled trial (ENDURE-study, NCT04997447) was used, where 66 older adults (79% female) were randomized to either intervention or control group. The intervention group reduced daily steps to < 2000, monitored by accelerometer, for two weeks (Period I) and then step-reduction requirement was removed with an additional exercise rehabilitation 4 times per week for 4 weeks (Period II). The control group continued their habitual physical activity throughout with no additional exercise intervention. Laboratory tests were performed at baseline, after Period I and Period II. The primary outcome measure was leg lean mass (LLM). Secondary outcomes included total lean and fat mass, blood glucose and insulin concentration, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentration, maximal isometric leg press force (MVC), and chair rise and stair climb performance.

Results
LLM remained unchanged in both groups and no changes occurred in physical function nor body composition in the intervention group in Period I. HDL cholesterol concentration reduced after Period I (from 1.62 ± 0.37 to 1.55 ± 0.36 mmol·L−1, P = 0.017) and returned to baseline after Period II (1.66 ± 0.38 mmol·L−1) in the intervention group (Time × Group interaction: P = 0.065). MVC improved after Period II only (Time × Group interaction: P = 0.009, Δ% = 15%, P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Short-term step-reduction in healthy older adults may not be as detrimental to health or physical function as currently thought.
Revisiting the isolation and characterisation of Entamoeba histolytica lipopeptidophosphoglycan
Authors: Nagode Anna , Vanbeselaere Jorick , Duchêne Michael 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the cause of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in humans. On the protozoan cell surface, a variety of glycosylated molecules are involved in the interaction with the environment, such as attachment to the colonic mucus. One of these molecules is the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG), a complex surface component with antigenic properties. Its structure is only partly known, it is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked glycoprotein with a large amount of O-glycosylation. To date, the sequence of a core protein has not been identified. In this study, we further investigated this complex surface molecule aided by the availability of the monoclonal antibody EH5, which had been raised in our laboratory. We studied the extraction of LPPG in various solvent mixtures and discovered that 2-butanol saturated water was simple and superior to other solvents used in the past. The isolated LPPG was subjected to treatment with several proteases and the Ser/Thr specific cleavage agent scandium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (scandium triflate). The products were probed with antibody EH5 and the blots showed that the LPPG preparation was largely resistant to standard proteases, but could be cleaved by the scandium compound. These observations could point to the existence of a Ser- or Thr-rich core protein structure.
Ecological determinants of spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta occupancy in Comoé National Park, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Aglissi Janvier , Sogbohossou Etotépé A. , Soro Fatoumata , Ouattara Soulemane , Sinsin Brice , Bauer Hans 
Published: February 2024

AbstractKnowledge of the large carnivore guild is important in view of a possible lion reintroduction into the Comoé National Park (CNP), northern Côte d’Ivoire. We used camera trapping to assess activity patterns, habitat selection, and ecological factors influencing the occupancy of the spotted hyena Crocuta crocuta. Our results showed that the presence of leopard Panthera pardus, the only current other large carnivore and thus potential competitor, did not influence hyena occupancy. Hyena occupancy was only significantly related to Euclidian distance to nearest water point. Manly’s alpha habitat selection index values show a preference of spotted hyena for shrub savannah (αSa = 0.71), and Pianka’s overlap index showed low spatial competition with leopard (OIJ(PNC) = 0.12). Our findings showed that spotted hyena were mostly nocturnal, and generally active at the same time slots with leopard, leading to a high index of temporal overlap (OIJ(time) = 0.78). The kernel density estimation confirmed that spotted hyenas and leopard shared almost half of their activity patterns (Δ1 = 0.49 and 95% CI = 0.26–0.71). Prey diversity is high in CNP but anthropogenic threats appear to suppress population growth of prey and predators. Conservation efforts should continue to reduce pressures before contemplating a potential lion Panthera leo reintroduction.
Ecological factors influencing invasive predator survival and movement: insights from a continental-scale study of feral cats in Australia
Authors: Menon Vishnu , McGregor Hugh , Giljohann Kate , Wintle Brendan , Pascoe Jack , Robley Alan , Johnston Michael , Fancourt Bronwyn , Bengsen Andrew , Buckmaster Tony , Comer Sarah , Hamer Rowena , Friend Tony , Jansen Jeroen , Zewe Frances , Fleming Peter , Ballard Guy , Moseby Katherine , Gentle Matthew , Scomparin Cyril , Speed James , Clausen Lucy , Le Pla Mark , Hradsky Bronwyn 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFeral cats (Felis catus) pose a significant global threat to biodiversity, primarily through predation, disease and competition. A key gap in parameterizing models for improving management decisions for feral cat control relates to factors that drive feral cat survival and movement in the wild. Our study objective was to conduct the first continental-scale analysis of survival rates and displacement distances for feral cats. We collated data on 528 feral cats from telemetry studies in naturally-vegetated landscapes across Australia. Using Cox-proportional hazards models, we investigated the effects of sex, presence of larger predators (dingoes, Canis familiaris and introduced foxes, Vulpes vulpes), presence of introduced prey (rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus), body mass, landscape productivity and feral cat density on feral cat survival. We also analysed the effects of sex, body mass and landscape productivity on feral cat displacement using linear mixed model analysis. Feral cat survival was positively associated with presence of dingoes and increasing body mass, whereas there was no clear association between feral cat survival and sex, presence of rabbits, or cat density. Presence of foxes had a strong negative effect on feral cat survival, but the hazard ratio was associated with considerable uncertainty. Net displacement of male feral cats was nearly two times further than that of females, and the proportion of feral cats making long-distance movements was greater in landscapes with low productivity. Increasing body mass of feral cats was positively related to net displacement, with heavier cats moving further. Analysis of metadata from telemetry studies can provide valuable insights into wildlife survival rates and movement behaviour. Our findings will help inform the development of effective management strategies and improve feral cat management for biodiversity conservation.
Complex waste management in Myanmar: role of the actors, relationships, and social capital
Authors: Nesheim Ingrid , Szulecka Julia , Phoo May Thazin , Nøklebye Emmy , San Kyaw Min 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAdequate waste management is a pressing global problem that undermines sustainability efforts in many countries. Controlling solid waste, recycling, and reducing waste including plastics, are essential policy objectives. This is especially relevant in countries like Myanmar, scoring poorly on waste-related indicators. This paper adopts a holistic system perspective, looking at the formal and the informal sectors’ contribution to waste collection and recycling efforts. By studying waste management in the Bago Township, we investigate the actors’ relationships by identifying bonding mechanisms between the actors. Central in the informal system are medium and larger scrap dealers that not only serve as waste trade intermediaries, but function as banks, social security agents, and fora for information exchange. The study shows that relationships between scrap dealers and waste pickers are regulated by different types of bonding mechanisms contributing to the social capital variables, trust, predictability, transparency and openness. In contrast, a few bonding mechanisms were established by the formal sector actors. It is the formal system that has the mandate to assure waste collection and that the waste is treated appropriately without posing any environmental and health risks. The informal system contributes to impressive levels of circularity, while also supporting livelihoods. Strengths and responsibilities should be adequately recognized and included in the governance arrangements. Identification of a governance system that addresses both formal and the informal sector needs to consider the local context by involving local stakeholders and build on the existing networks, knowledge, and skills.
Genome-wide association study for resistances to yellow rust, powdery mildew, and Septoria tritici blotch in cultivated emmer
Authors: Miedaner T. , Afzal M. , Longin C. F. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEmmer is a progenitor of bread wheat and evolved in the Levant together with the yellow rust (YR), powdery mildew (PM) fungi, and a precursor of Zymoseptoria tritici causing Septoria tritici blotch (STB). We performed a genome-wide association mapping for the three disease resistances with 143 cultivated emmer accessions in multi-environmental trials. Significant (P < 0.001) genotypic variation was found with high heritabilities for the resistances to the two biotrophs and a moderate heritability for STB resistance. For YR, PM, and STB severity nine, three, and seven marker-trait associations, respectively, were detected that were significant across all environments. Most of them were of low to moderate effect, but for PM resistance a potentially new major gene was found on chromosome 7AS. Genomic prediction abilities were high throughout for all three resistances (≥ 0.8) and decreased only slightly for YR and PM resistances when the prediction was done for the second year with the first year as training set (≥ 0.7). For STB resistance prediction ability was much lower in this scenario (0.4). Despite this, genomic selection should be advantageous given the large number of small QTLs responsible for quantitative disease resistances. A challenge for the future is to combine these multiple disease resistances with better lodging tolerance and higher grain yield.
Course design as a stronger predictor of student evaluation of quality and student engagement than teacher ratings
Authors: Levinsson Henrik , Nilsson August , Mårtensson Katarina , Persson Stefan D. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractResearch on Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET) has indicated that course design is at least as important as teachers’ performance for student-rated perceived quality and student engagement. Our data analysis of more than 6000 SETs confirms this. Two hierarchical multiple regression models revealed that course design significantly predicts perceived quality more strongly than teachers, and that course design significantly predicts student engagement independent of teachers. While the variable teachers is a significant predictor of perceived quality, it is not a significant predictor of student engagement. In line with previous research, the results suggest it is important to highlight the vital impact of course design. The results are discussed particularly in relation to improved teaching practice and student learning, but also in terms of how student evaluations of teaching can be used in meaningful ways.
Words as Archaeological Objects: A Study of Marine Lifeways, Seascapes, and Coastal Environmental Knowledge in the Yagan-English Dictionary
Authors: Eidshaug Jo Sindre P. , Bjerck Hein B. , Lohndal Terje , Risbøl Ole 
Published: February 2024

AbstractReverend Thomas Bridges’ Yagan-English dictionary (1879) has hitherto been little explored outside of linguistics but is highly valuable as a complementary source to archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic records in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina and Chile). The dictionary contains 22,800 entries and yields rich information concerning the marine lifeways of the Yagan and their and intimate knowledge about Fuegian seascapes. The idea behind this paper is that environments have strong bearings on linguistic vocabularies. Treating words as archaeological objects that map onto landscapes, we identify important landforms for Yagan marine foragers and Norwegian fisher-farmers in a comparative study of word frequencies in Bridges’ dictionary and Ivar Aasen’s Norwegian dictionary (1850). Moreover, we explore in detail how marine lifestyles and Fuegian seascapes emerge in Bridges’ dictionary and discuss the dictionary’s relevance for historical archaeology in Tierra del Fuego.
Integrating patch stability and network connectivity to optimize ecological security pattern
Authors: Jiang Hong , Peng Jian , Liu Menglin , Dong Jianquan , Ma Caihong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Context
Designing and optimizing ecological security pattern (ESP) is an effective solution to formulate landscape planning. The commonly used network analysis for ESP optimization abstracts ecological sources and ecological corridors as homogeneous nodes and edges, ignoring the differentiated landscape pattern and patch stability.

Objectives
It is aimed to construct ESP considering pattern and function, to explore the relationship of patch stability and network connectivity conservation objectives, and to optimize ESP with the integration of the two objectives.

Methods
We proposed a framework for constructing ESP based on ecosystem health and human footprint, and optimizing ESP with network robustness analysis. Land use conflict analysis and node/ edge removal method were further used to assess patch stability and network connectivity, respectively.

Results
ESP of Ningxia was composed of 71 ecological sources covering an area of 10970.25 km2, and 150 ecological corridors covering an area of 3950.88 km2. The ecological sources and ecological corridors along the Yellow River had high patch stability but low network connectivity, while the largest ecological source had both high values of the two indicators. With the removal of nodes and edges, connectivity robustness, global efficiency, and equivalent connectivity of the ESP decreased from 1, 0.29, and 342.80 to 0, respectively. The variation trends of the three indicators under different removal scenarios were inconsistent. There was a distinct trade-off between the conservation objectives of patch stability and network connectivity.

Conclusions
This study highlighted how to balance different conservation objectives in landscape planning. Our framework can provide guidance for conservation planners to construct and optimize ESP without losing information due to the element abstraction in network analysis.