bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Holmberg and Platzack present a theory of the role which subject-verb agreement and case morphology play in syntax. Their theory is based mainly on a detailed comparison and inflectional properties in the various Scandinavian languages, although many other languages are discussed as well. The theoretical issues discussed include abstract vs. morphological case, functional heads, verb-second, null subjects and other empty categories, pronouns and clitics, various impersonal constructions, long distance reflexives, and the double object construction. Probably the most detailed and comprehensive study to date of the interplay of case, subject-verb agreement, and other grammatical properties in the syntax of related languages, this book offers important insights for professional linguists and students with an interest in generative grammar, typology/comparative grammar, or Scandinavian and Germanic languages.
Collapse and the Art of Diplomacy
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the decline and fall of the Soviet empire will one day produce its own Edward Gibbon. This second historian might (reasonably) be convinced by this observation from his predecessor: “There is nothing more contrary to nature than the attempt to hold in obedience distant provinces.” George Kennan certainly approved of Gibbon’s insight, especially as it anchored his ideas about containing the USSR. Broader interpretations will place the Soviet empire in the context of European disorder since 1789 and its varieties of brutality. The essential problem arose from the European decision to break with traditional metaphysical moorings. Idolatry of state power resulted. The intellectual and spiritual aridity of this situation ulti-mately caused the Soviet edifice to collapse. Moreover, as a second Gibbon might prefer to emphasize, the vengeful national idea that had already scattered into oblivion those empires that the USSR most closely resembled could be stayed only temporarily. The ramshackle, multiethnic, multireligous Habsburg and Ottoman empires vanished at precisely the moment when Lenin secured for Bolshevism the czarist patrimony of diverse lands and peoples. The subsequent arrangement was makeshift. It depended for decades on police power and vague promises of a bright future, but eventually imploded. The empire that John Quincy Adams had first visited broke into its national component parts during the ambassadorship of Jack Matlock. His successor, Robert Strauss, arrived in a Moscow that was no longer communist or the heart of a confident imperium. In this connection, Gibbon’s words also resonate: “The decline was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.... The causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest.”2
The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal
Authors: Thayer Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the interplay between physiological and psychological states in light of increasing evidence that they exert subtle, long-term influences not only on mood, but also perception, judgement, and cognitive processes in general; these, in turn, affect behaviour. Drawing on his own data from subjective assessments of mood and research by others, the author addresses questions such as what determines a person ‘s mood and its changes; what is the relationship between mood and sugar snacking, smoking, coffee drinking, late-night worry, depression, and insomnia; what effect do exercise, time of day, nutrition, and sleep have on mood. This book will be of interest to researchers in personality, clinical, and physiological psychology and to laypersons interested in the topic.
Natural Hybridization in Louisiana Irises: Genetic Variation and Ecological Determinants
Authors: Arnold Michael L , Bennett Bobby D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early studies of natural hybridization were traditionally directed either toward understanding species relationships based on the pattern and extent of natural hybridization or toward understanding the process of hybridization itself, often as a means for unraveling the component parts of speciation (e.g., Wiegand, 1935; Anderson and Stebbins, 1954). Rather than being mutually exclusive, these approaches have been complementary and have led to a greater understanding of both species relationships and the dynamics of hybridization. Many studies concerned with inferring evolutionary process from patterns of natural hybridization have relied on previous, systematic studies to provide the framework on which to evaluate alternate evolutionary hypotheses (e.g., Aesculus: Hardin, 1957; dePamphilis and Wyatt, 1989; Helianthus: Heiser, 1951; Rieseberg et al., 1990a; Iris: Riley, 1938; Anderson, 1949; Arnold et al., 1990a). The reverse relation between these two approaches, in studies of natural hybridization, is also apparent. Thus observations of hybrid genotypes and clinal variation (Huxley, 1938; Endler, 1977) have led to identification and characterization of previously unrecognized taxa (e.g., Uroderma: Baker et al., 1975; Baker, 1981; Greenbaum, 1981; Geomys: Pembleton and Baker, 1978; Baker et al., 1989; Caledia: Shaw et al., 1980).
After the Ice: Parallelus Meets Erythropus in the Pyrenees
Authors: Hewitt Godfrey M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pleistocene Ice Ages greatly modified the geographic distributions of most organ isms, with changes in distributions particularly marked in the temperate regions, including Europe and North America for which we have a growing amount of info mation. At the last glacial maximum in western Europe (18,000-20,000 BP) the Arctic ice sheet extended down across England and North Germany, with separate ice sheets on the Alps, Pyrenees, and other high mountains scattered across from Iberia to Transylvania. There was tundra vegetation in France and largely treeless steppe over much of Spain and southern Europe (Huntley and Birks, 1983; Huntley, 1988). Today in western Europe tundra conditions are found only in northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia.
Hybridization and Hybrid Zones in Pocket Gophers (Rodentia, Geomyidae)
Authors: Patton James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of hybrid zones of pocket gophers of the genera Thomomys and Geomys are among the earliest of such endeavors with mammals. It is particularly true for analyses employing relatively sophisticated methodologies to identify individuals of mixed ancestry and to examine the nature of hybridization from genetic and ecological per spectives. Thaeler ‘s (1968a) analysis of three zones of hybridization between taxa of Thomomys in California based on multivariate morphometry illustrated that hybrids could be identified by their morphological intermediacy, and that qualitative differences existed in the extent of hybridization in different contact populations despite similarities in local ecology and zone widths. Patton was the first to use both chromosomal (Patton and Dingman, 1968; Patton, 1973) and allozymic markers (Patton et al., 1972) as genetic tools to define the nature and extent of hybridization in another Thomomys zone in southern Arizona. He and his coworkers showed that F1 hybrids could be differentiated from subsequent filial or backcross individuals, and that the genetic composition of hybrid populations gave direct evidence about hybrid fitness.
Concepts of Human Memory
Authors: Tulving Endel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific study of human memory has been proceeding apace for over a hundred years. Original experiments on normal memory by Ebbinghaus, early clinical observations of pathological memory by Korsakoff, and pioneering studies of conditioning and learning in animals by Pavlov and Thorndike laid the foundations of a science of memory that has been expanding ever since and that now has branched out in many directions. Today, learning and memory are explored at several levels of analysis in different organisms from a number of complementary perspectives.
Levels of selection among interactors
Authors: Williams George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural selection must always act on physical entities (interactors) that vary in aptitude for reproduction, either because they differ in the machinery of reproduction or in that of survival and resource capture on which reproduction depends. It is also necessary that there be what Darwin (1859, Chapter 4) called ‘the strong principle of inheritance’, so that events in the material domain can influence the codical record. Offspring must tend to resemble their own parents more than those of other offspring. Whenever these conditions are found there will be natural selection. Wherever they are found to great degree: inheritance strong enough, differences in fitness great enough, competing alternatives numerous enough, selection may produce noteworthy cumulative effects. To Darwin and most of his immediate and later followers, the physical entities of interest for the theory of natural selection were discrete individual organisms.
Some recent issues
Authors: Williams George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss five miscellaneous issues on which I believe my opinions to be a minority view among contemporary biologists: the lek paradox, the female pheromone fallacy, Schreckstoff, the helpful stress effect, and abuses of the species concept. My model for this and the final two chapters is Darwin’s (1859) Chapter 6 (Difficulties of the Theory’) and Chapter 7 (Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection’). With hindsight we can see that Darwin’s chapters successfully surmounted most of the difficulties and answered most of the objections. I expect no comparable success, but hope that I can at least convince some others that evolutionary biology today, no less than in Darwin’s time, faces some serious anomalies and conceptual challenges.
Stasis
Authors: Williams George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics of the theory of natural selection since its first announcement have attacked it with a time-shortage argument. How could one really believe that accidental variations could combine to produce anything as complex as an amoeba, let alone a human being, in even the most liberal estimate of the duration of the Earth’s history? The critics offer such analogies as: how long would you have to wait for a monkey playing with a typewriter to produce a perfect copy of Hamlet’s soliloquy? They thus show how totally they have failed to understand the logical structure of the theory. They fail to see the elementary distinction between evolution by the survival of the fittest, and spontaneous generation followed by survival or extinction. This folly misleads not only the untutored, but can be found in the publications of supposedly expert scholars. Waddington (1953) provides one example, the book Mathematical Challenges to the neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (Moorhead and Kaplan 1985) several others.
The Person-Environment Relationship, Motivation, and Coping
Authors: Lazarus Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two kinds of relationships may be distinguished. In the first, we think of a relatively stable arrangement between a person and the environment. Marriage is such a relationship at a societal or sociological level, but at the psychological level, we think of stable mutual affection or resentment as relational. The second kind of relationship consists of relatively unstable or transient arrangements that are in flux from one moment to another; with the flux come changes in the emotional state. Here, too, there are societal or sociological versions - as in the playing of social roles that may change from context to context- and psychological versions-as when attitudes change, making for altered appraisals that transform the consequent emotions.
Introduction:Where Judicial Politics Are Legislative Politics
Authors: Stone Alec 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If we allow the Constitutional Council’s jurisprudence to develop as it has recently,” the French minister of justice complained, “we will find ourselves in a situation where the governments of tomorrow . . . will no longer have anything to do.”1 Albin Chalandon’s voice was only one in a chorus of protests orchestrated by the majority during the 1986 parliamentary sessions and directed at the French constitutional court. The view, expressed as forcefully on the Right as on the Left in the 1980s, holds that policymakers are in danger of losing their power to legislate, power being restricted by a constantly expanding spiral of constitutional constraint, jurisprudential precedent, and legal debate.
Publius’s Liberalism and Civic Virtue
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This sir, is my great objection to the Constitution, that there is no true responsibility-and that the preservation of liberty depends on the single chance of men being virtuous enough to make laws to punish themselves. -Patrick Henry, The Virginia Ratifying Convention Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.... It may be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? -James Madison, Federalist 51 Patrick Henry’s “great objection to the Constitution”1 is fascinating on a number of counts. Supporters of the Constitution2 are derided for their facile faith that the virtue of those in power is a sufficient safeguard of liberty. It is an objection he turns to time and again. Thus, he informs his fellow convention delegates that “notwithstanding what gentlemen say of our representatives, I dread the depravity of human nature,” wishing to protect against it “by proper checks.” He “will never depend on so slender a protection as the possibility of being represented by virtuous men.”3 Moreover, “all checks founded on anything but self-love will not avail” to protect liberties.
Responsive Regulation
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing extensively on empirical studies from the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, John Braithwaite and Ian Ayres offer an well-argued addition to the comparative literature on government regulation. In an effort to transcend the ongoing debate between those who favour strong state regulation and those who call for deregulation, they argue that regulation does not have to proceed with an adversarial tone, nor does it have to be `soft’ or `hard’ to be effective.
Outward Movement
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The signals division was an outgrowth of the growing complexity of military communications during the course of the long war. As this function became increasingly important, specialized units were formed to provide it. The Hanover regiment (Nachrichten Abteilung 10)that Hans Krebs entered had only recently been established, and a new barracks had been built for it. He found himself, therefore, in exceptionally comfortable living conditions for a trainee.’ Plunged immediately into the routines of basic training, Hans learned how to dress properly in his uniform, to drill, to fire a carbine, to fit himself into a rigid system of discipline, and to take orders. Each day he attended lessons in communication skills. He learned Morse code and used it to send messages by telegraph.
Moves Toward Autonomy
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his quest for a clinical position with research opportunities Hans Krebs faced multiple obstacles in early 1930. Not only would his Jewish background count against him, but he was seeking to launch his career in the midst of a deepening economic crisis that was causing widespread unemployment in Germany and threatening to bankrupt the government. The clinics to which he applied for assistantships had many applications for few positions. Moreover, although his 4 years with Warburg had given him an exceptional scientific experience, it had left him in an unfavorable position to compete for medical posts.
A Christian Perspective on Political Thought
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evangelical scholar Stephen Mott seeks to advance the role of biblical and theological values in the political lives of individual Christians and the public discourse of American society. Pointing to the research of Robert Bellah et al., Mott argues that Americans want to make choices in terms of a general standard of right and wrong, but tend to lack a sound objective foundation for such values. As Bellah has proposed, Christian biblical and theological tradition are important resources for the construction of such a much needed foundation. Mott’s endeavour is the formulation of a Christian political theory that can supply the norms essential to the informed evaluation of political choices. In contrast to recent Christian writings on politics that stress the social scientific evidence, Mott here draws primarily on theological and biblical sources. From this perspective he discusses such topics as power, human nature, the nature of group life, justics, government and time. Significant attention is also given to questions of property and freedom. Although deeply influenced by the writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Mott brings a more biblical and evangelical perspective to the consideration of these issues. In the second part of the book Mott goes on to apply his normative theory to an evaluation of specific political ideologies, including traditional conservatism, liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, Marxist socialism, socialism, and fascism.
Doing Human Nature Justice
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting upon politics as a Christian requires a theological and ethical understanding of the basic dynamics of life as they relate to politics. In the first chapter we encountered power, which involves fundamental aspects of society and the individual. Now we focus more broadly on the nature of human life. Human nature provides the roots of political thought. On one hand there is the objective reality of what human beings actually do have in common-biologically, psychologically, and socially. On the other hand, there are the various perceptions that people have of what that reality is, as well as the differing expectations for life that they relate to these ideas.
Unfolding the Possibilities of Humanness: Marxist Socialism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Karl Marx in his Critique of the Gotha Program in describing the standard of justice [das Recht] states that the goal is to bring society to a point where “the narrow horizon of bourgeois right [can] be crossed in its entirety and society [can] inscribe on its banners: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!’” This central theme of Marxism is taken from the New Testament. In both contexts the concern is the highest standard for human relationships in material things.
Inventing the Field: Michael Faraday and the Creative “Engineering” of Electromagnetic Field Theory
Authors: Tweney Ryan d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a given tenet of folk wisdom that engineering and science are separate endeavors, dependent on each other but driven by inherently different needs and methods. Both fields, however, are seen as dependent (to greater or lesser degree) on certain creative geniuses for their greatest achievements. In the popular view, Edison and Einstein are both geniuses, more alike in this than different in their goals. Einstein “invents” the theory of relativity just as Edison invents the phonograph-by a spectacular leap of insight. In the right frame of mind, any attempt to understand such incidents of insight can be seen as misguided. Creativity is a special term, used only when something surpasses understanding: if it’s analyzable then it ain’t creative, and if it’s creative then it ain’t analyzable.
Fine Structure Of The Neuron
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All neurons in the central nervous system, the various sensory organs, and the autonomic system have an exceedingly thin envelope, the fundamental, limiting, or plasma membrane. In addition, neurons of the autonomic and spinal ganglia are invested with a second, very different covering, the connective tissue endothelial capsule, which is a feature characteristic of only these particular cell types. We must therefore examine two kinds of membrane or covering associated with neurons, The Plasma Membrane. Most authorities deny the existence of such a membrane, claiming that neurons in the gray matter are merely naked aggregates of cellular organelles whose irregular outlines reflect the absence of an envelope, reminiscent of what has been claimed for white blood cells, This claim is unfounded; there is no doubt whatsoever that the neuron has a membrane. If one examines the perimeter of a neuron closely with a powerful objective (a 1.30 or 1.45 apochromat), a limiting zone is in fact observed; this zone looks like the thin coating that several authors have noted around the axon, rather than a clear membrane.
The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now reviewed the most important features of cell types that form neural tissue. Our next task will be to consider the special area dealing with the organs formed by these cells, which are referred to as neural centers. All neural centers consist of two tissues or substances that differ in appearance and color; one is referred to as white matter and the other as gray matter. White matter is made up of myelinated axons and glial cells with lengthy processes, whereas gray matter consists of neurons that are intermingled to a greater or lesser extent with nerve fibers and glial cells having rather shorter processes.
The Medulla
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spinal bulb, also known as the medulla oblongata, is a cone-shaped thickening lying just rostral to the spinal cord and just caudal to the pons and cerebellum, partly within the cranial cavity. Its rostral border is formed by the caudal end of the pons, whereas its caudal border is indicated by the exit point of the first pair of cervical spinal nerves. The medulla is really just an expanded part of the spinal cord because, like the spinal cord, it gives rise to sensory and motor roots, has white matter arranged around the periphery, and has regions of gray matter forming dorsal and ventral horns. However, these various components have undergone displacements and distortions, so that the medulla has acquired its own distinctive morphology. Before undertaking a detailed account of these internal modifications, we should consider briefly the surface features of this organ. To facilitate the description, we shall view the medulla as a pyramid, with a quadrilateral base that lies rostrally and four surfaces (one ventral, two lateral, and one dorsal).