bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transnational character of Caribbean kinship in Britain
Authors: Goulbourne Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with aspects of transnational kinship characteristics among British families of Caribbean backgrounds. While some other features are mentioned, the discussion principally focuses upon two key aspects of Caribbean transnationality: first, the provision of care and support across national boundaries and, second, the sense of self and national identity that is expressed through kin membership and participation. The purpose of the chapter is to increase academic and public understanding of forms of Caribbean living arrangements through an empirically informed discussion of issues which have significant theoretical and policy implications. The policy implications are beyond the scope of this discussion and not entered into here.
Older people in three urban areas: household composition, kinship, and social networks
Authors: Phillipson Chris , Bernard Miriam , Phillips Judith , Ogg Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research reported here examines changes to the social and family networks of elderly people in three urban areas of England: Bethnal Green, Wolverhampton, and Woodford. The areas were the locations for major research studies in the 1940s and 1950s which provided rich material about the lives of elderly people (Sheldon 1948; Townsend 1957; Young and Willmott 1957; Willmott and Young 1960). These studies were carried out during a period when major concerns were being raised about the growing numbers of elderly people in the population. A variety of reports focused on the problems associated with population ageing, specifically its impact on economic growth, and expenditure in areas such as pensions and health (Royal Commission on Population 1949).
Transaction (In)Ejficienry) Value (In)Ejficienry) and Inter-Firm Collaboration
Authors: Madhok Anoop 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade or so has witnessed the distinct emergence of collaboration in all its various forms as a critical element of firms’ strategies. It has even been suggested that collaborative organizational forms (the C-form?) are a ‘new and dramatic organizational innovation’ (Teece, 1992: 24) of potentially far-reaching significance. Collaborations are especially pervasive in fastchanging and knowledge-intensive sectors (Hagedoorn, 1993; Mowery, Oxley, and Silverman, 1997) where, due to difficulties in contracting and in measurement and evaluation, the cost of transacting tends to be high. This suggests a different dynamic underlying collaboration formation, one that goes beyond mainly economizing on transaction costs (Williamson, 1985).
Reflections on the Stucfy Of Strategic Alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay , Zajac Edward J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is hard to think of any issue that has been the subject of greater research in the last decade than that of strategic alliances. Scholars from a variety of backgrounds have chosen strategic alliances as an arena for scholarly inquiry, reflecting the fact that strategic alliances themselves have grown dramatically in number and in importance for many organizations. The significant scholarly attention paid to strategic alliances has resulted in valuable insights into the antecedents and consequences of strategic alliances that, in turn, have resulted in contributions to both theory and practice. Perhaps it is not so much the number of scholars pursuing this field of inquiry that make it interesting and exciting, as the heterogeneity of their backgrounds. The diverse theoretical orientations of alliance scholars has resulted in a rich stream of research that crosses disciplinary chasms to further our under¬ standing of this important phenomenon. This book exemplifies very well this rich diversity of perspectives and the new insights emerging from such interdisciplinary approaches.
Motivation-Selection-Connection: An Evolutionary Model of Career Development
Authors: Nicholson Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Careers research has lately been much absorbed with the radical changes to employment we have been witnessing, wrought by the information revolution and the globalizing of the economy. Writers have sought, successfully in the main, to reinvigorate the concept of career itself in the face of potentially dissolving forces, by a renewed emphasis upon aspects of career identity and contractual relationships in employment. At the same time both traditional and new themes have enjoyed enhanced attention: career decision-making processes, determinants of mobility, workplace socialization and mentoring, commitment dynamics, race and gender issues, and lifespan development (Arnold 1997). Career-development interventions-counseling and educational for the individual, structural and contractual for the organization have also figured strongly.
Promotion Policies and Knowledge Bases in the Professional Service Firm
Authors: Morris Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The professional service firm (PSF) is a classic example of the knowledge¬ based or knowledge-intensive organization. In spite of this, the role that knowledge plays has received little research attention. It has been treated as a basic building block of the firm but in a somewhat oversimplified fashion with the result that our models of organization and careers are of limited use in describing or explaining practices inside the PSF. This short¬ coming has been highlighted by the fact that those managing PSFs (and other organizations, too) have become preoccupied with defining and managing their knowledge base: believing every other asset is susceptible to replication, they have turned to their stock of proprietary knowledge in the search for uniqueness and competitive advantage. Theory has lagged changes in policy and practice.
Career as Life Path: Tracing Work and Life Strategies of Biotech Professionals
Authors: Eaton Susan C , Bailyn Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to traditional depiction, professional careers are not purely individual, linear, and primarily determined by human capital. Rather, they are profoundly shaped by family and other extra-work relationships in which individual employees are embedded, are anything but linear over the life span, and are determined partly by circumstance, luck, and the actions of others as well as by one’s education and training. In this chapter, we argue that, at least in the industry we examine, an individualistic, linear, human capital intensive view does not explain work experiences well. We propose a more complex, textured explanation of factors influencing work outcomes, along with a more fluid, evolving conception of career.
Exploring Boundaryless Careers in the French Context
Authors: Catlin Loïc , Bailly-Bender Anne-Francoise , Saint-Giniez V éronique de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past few years, research in careers has questioned the supremacy of the organizational career, and proposed a new concept to refer to the discontinuities and new forms of mobility experienced by an increasing number of people in their professional lives. This ‘new career’ has also been called the ‘boundaryless career’ (Arthur and Rousseau 1996) and the ‘post¬ corporate career’ (Peiperl and Baruch 1997). In a similar way to the ‘protean career’ (Hall 1976), the new career is no longer shaped by organizational needs but emerges from actions and choices of individuals, who act as inter-organizational players in the market for competencies (Arthur et al. 1999). They manage their careers in a more autonomous fashion, moving between jobs, companies, or professions, in order to accumulate competencies and increase their employment value.
Are Refugees Social Capitalists?
Authors: Loizos Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE are several ways of thinking about refugees: victims of trauma, needy persons, development resources, political integration problems, and many more. This essay approaches refugees from the framework of their potential for the conservation and creation of social capital. Some authors who have used this term are concerned with institution-building, democracy, effective service delivery, political and administrative accountability, and ideas about citizen participation. Others are concerned with even broader issues in societal integration, and with the differences between those for whom a political system works and those whom it might be said to fail, and who fail to thrive in it.
Social Capital and Human Capital Revisited
Authors: Field John , Schuller Tom , Baron Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this concluding chapter we address directly the relationship between human capital and social capital. In part this reflects the origins of the volume, which lie in our participation in the ‘Learning Society’ Research Programme, sponsored by the UK Economic and Social Research Council in the late 1990s. The second, more contentious, reason is this: the later decades of the twentieth century saw a massive swing towards the view of human capital as the royal road to economic success and social cohesion. This was based on rather simplistic linear models, which imply that investing in education yields returns in the same way as investing in stocks or bonds, with measurable, tangible results. This view is being challenged by recognition that more complex processes are at work, with multiple interactions between different social forces, and with the possibility that not all learning is individually or socially beneficial in a straightforward, aggregate fashion. In particular, we cannot simply tot up the numbers of people achieving educational qualifications and assume that we are progressing-or not-towards a ‘Learning Society’.
On the Tangled Discourse between Transaction Cost Economics and Competence-Based Views of the Firm: Some Comments
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Marengo Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The insightful and thorough (albeit, in our view, somehow ‘imperialist’) comparative discussion by Oliver Williamson of the governance and competence views of economic organizations (Williamson, 1999a), as well as the daring ‘counter reformation manifesto’ by Foss and Foss, trying to reinterpret most views on organization in terms of property rights (Foss and Foss this volume, Chapter 3), provide a valuable background for an overall assessment of similarities, convergence, controversies, and unexplored issues in one of the most lively fields of current socio-economic theory.
The Growth of Firms
Authors: Kay Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One major issue emerging from the conference around which this collection of papers is based is the prospect of progressing with work into the existence, boundaries, and internal organization of the firm by drawing together insights from the capabilities and post-Coasian literatures. If possible, this could provide an invaluable corrective to the natural tendency to Balkanization that has developed in the study of the economics of organization.
Religion and the Persistence of Identity
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the malaise discussed in the foregoing essay may be greater in liberal Protestantism, it is not confined there. The role played by religion in the identities of many people is undergoing change-a mark of secularization to be sure, but one that reverberates differentially in various regions of America and among the various religious traditions. This essay explores these themes.
When the Sacred Returns: An Empirical Test
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thesis of the previous essay-that the meaning of religious involvement can change even if the level of that involvement does not-finds further support in this essay. It was written as a chapter in a festschrift honoring Bryan Wilson.’’- As the most articulate and prolific exponent of the secularization thesis, Bryan Wilson has been called upon to do battle with those who challenge the thesis. ‘Secularization’, Wilson consistently maintains, ‘is that process by which religious institutions, actions, and consciousness, lose their social significance’. Since, in the eyes of many, religion is still around, and in many places even vibrant, critics claim that this thesis must be in error.
Tocqueville’s Lessons from the New World for Religion in the New Europe
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The religious atmosphere of the country was the first thing that struck me on arrival in the United States.’ So wrote Alexis de Tocqueville soon after his extended visit in 1831. Expecting to find in America the situation he had known in France, with ‘the spirits of religion and of freedom almost always marching in opposite directions’, he instead found that ‘the most free and enlightened people in the world zealously perform all the external duties of religion’. After repeatedly questioning the ‘faithful of all communions’, Tocqueville found that the Americans themselves attributed religion’s ‘quiet sway over their country’ to ‘the complete separation of church and state’. Though accepting this explanation as essentially correct, the French observer none the less investigated further; what was it about church-state separation that led to religion’s increased vitality in society? ‘I wondered’, Tocqueville wrote, ‘how it could come about that by diminishing the apparent power of religion one increased its real strength’ .
Can Religion Be Religious in Public?
Authors: Hammond Phillip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rhetorical question that is my title must be answered with a qualified ‘Yes’, but that qualification is a crucial one. It depends upon how one answers this question: is the essence of religion thought to be its public authority? Since religion’s public authority is precisely what must be relinquished when religion engages in public debate, persons who answer positively this second question will look upon religion in public as tamed to the point of becoming non-religion. Others, however, see the matter in a different way. They can imagine religion having authority over individuals if, in a society such as our own, such individuals voluntarily accept it. What is prohibited is the use of governmental authority to enforce religion’s authority. To do that is to violate the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause.
Neutron interferometers and apparatus
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the various areas of neutron optical research, neutron interferometry has provided some of the most challenging and spectacular developments. In most cases, separated coherent beams are used which are produced either by wavefront division (Young’s type) or by amplitude division (Mach− Zehnder type). These beams are subsequently coherently superposed after passing through regions of space where the neutron wavefunction is modified in phase and amplitude by various interactions: nuclear, magnetic, electromagnetic, gravitational, or by geometry and topology (as in Aharonov−Bohm-type experiments). Various types of neutron interferometers that have been tested are shown in Fig. 2.1. The first neutron interferometer was based upon wavefront division and biprism deflection, but it had several constraints for interferometric applications mainly due to the small beam separation (100 μm) (Maier-Leibnitz and Springer 1962). Nevertheless, this method gained further interest for diffraction experiments from macroscopic objects and for the detection of weak interaction effects where the long flight paths (10 m) enhance the sensitivity for the measurements of these effects (Gähler et al. 1980; Klein et al. 1981a). The perfect-crystal interferometer (Rauch et al. 1974) provides widely separated coherent beams and has become a standard method for advanced neutron optical investigations. The development of diffraction and phase grating interferometers extended the Mach-Zehnder interferometer method to very slow neutrons (loffe et al. 1985; Gruber et al. 1989). The superposition of spin-up and spin-down states in the longitudinal direction provides the basis for Larmor and Ramsey interferometry, where no lateral beam splitting is necessary. The well-known spin-echo systems (Mezei 1972) and zero-field spin-echo systems (Gähler and Golub 1987; Dubbers et al. 1989) are examples of such interferometers, which also play an important role in atom interferometry (Bord é 1989; Kasevich and Chu 1991; Riehle et al. 1991).
Topological and geometric phases
Authors: Rauch Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Topological and geometrical effects appear in the solution of the Schrödinger equation due to special geometrical forms of the interaction, or due to interactions which do not result from conservative forces acting on the system (see Section 1.2). A conscientious reader may point out that all these effects could be entirely explained using the Schrödinger equation only. But the geometrical phase formalism is useful because it sometimes plays a role in fundamental quantum phenomena and it shows that additional phase factors exist which are easily overlooked, making the interpretation of measured effects more mysterious than necessary. Thus, our understand-ing of quantum mechanics has deepened since the existence of geometrical phases was explicitly revealed (Shapere and Wilczek 1989). This happened due to the seminal works of Pancharatnam (1956), Berry (1984), Anandan (1992), and Bhandari (1997). It also shows that a wavefunction often carries much more information than is usually extracted in a standard experiment. A typical example is the assumption of adiabaticity, where the magnetic moment of the neutron produces (inside a slowly varying magnetic field) a dynamical phase shift proportional to the path integral ∫ B ds, but when the direction of the field varies slowly an additional, i.e. geometrical, phase also appears. The back reaction of a quantum measurement can also be described as a kind of an induced topological phase (Aharonov et al. 1998).
Some model theory
Authors: Cori René , Lascar Daniel , Pelletier Donald H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Model theory studies the class of models of a given theory. We have already encountered two theorems that tend in this direction: the completeness theorem and the powerful compactness theorem, both of which assert that, under certain conditions, this class is not empty. The central notion in this chapter and for the kind of model theory that we will develop here is the notion of elementary substructure. Intuitively, M is an elementary substructure of N if, obviously, M is a substructure of N and if, for every finite sequences of elements of M and for every property F[s] that is expressible by a first-order formula, it is equivalent to verify that s satisfies F in M or that s satisfies F in N. This notion will be our concern for the first two sections; the important results will be the Lowenheim-Skolem theorems and their corollaries which imply that a countable theory that has an infinite model must have infinite models of every infinite cardinality.
Energy for animal life
Authors: Alexander R McNeill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford Animal Biology Series is an innovative new series of supplementary undergraduate texts in comparative animal biology. Topics within each book are addressed using examples from throughout the animal kingdom, looking for parallels that transcend taxonomy. Further reading sections will guide the student into the literature at greater depth. The series will be international in scope, both in terms of the species used as examples and in references to scientific work. Energy for Animal Life, the first book in the series, is about how animals get energy, and how they use it, a central topic in our understanding of animal biology. Life depends on energy, and much of the activity of animals is devoted to getting the food which is their energy source. It encompasses the food chain, from solar radiation and photosynthesis to food sources for herbiviores and for carnivores, and compares the merits of different designs of digestive system, and of different strategies for finding and choosing food. Of course, animal energy isn't simply a question of feeding, and several chapters in turn look at energy use. The energy costs of motion - of running, swimming, and flight - are discussed in one chapter, and the energetic demands of growth and reproduction in another. A chapter on body temperature shows how the processes of life go faster at higher temperatures, and discusses how animals regulate their temperature. A final chapter draws all of these aspects of energy use together, and considers the energy budgets of several different animals, assessing the different energy gains and costs of their everyday activities in the wild. The book is truly comparative, drawing on examples from a wide range of animal species, and lots of practical information on relevant experiments is included. The style is very accessible, and suitable as supplementary reading for first and second year undergraduates taking a degree course in biological sciences.
Feeding
Authors: Alexander R McNeill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plants capture energy from solar radiation, herbivores get their energy supplies by eating plants, and carnivores get theirs by eating herbivores or, in some cases, other carnivores. We will start this chapter by looking at this energy flow in two ecosystems, a grassland and an ocean. Then we will consider how the guts of carnivores and herbivores are adapted to break down different kinds of food and make their energy available. Then we will examine the energy costs of feeding. Finally, we will discuss how animals should choose what they eat, to get as much energy as possible.Our first example of an ecosystem is the Serengeti, 25 000 km2 of grassland that is mainly in Tanzania but extends into the Mara region of Kenya. The most plentiful plants are grasses, but there are also stands of Acaciaand Commiphoratrees. The grasses are eaten by ungulate mammals, principally buffalo, wildebeest, zebra, and Thomson ‘s gazelle. Also, some grass is eaten by rodents and grasshoppers, and a great deal is destroyed in frequent grass fires. Detritus (remains of dead plants) is eaten by termites, or used by them for building their mounds. The ungulates are eaten by large carnivores, principally lions and hyenas, and the rodents and grasshoppers are eaten by jackals. Hyenas kill much of their own food, but also scavenge on carcasses of animals that have been killed by lions or (more important) have died for other reasons. Vultures soar over the Serengeti, finding and scavenging carcasses in enormous quantities. Flesh-fly maggots and beetles also consume carcasses, and what remains is decomposed by bacteria. Dung beetles depend principally on the dung of the ungulates, and parasites are nourished by food eaten by their hosts.
Growth And Reproduction
Authors: Alexander R McNeill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the energy costs of growth and reproduction. It asks, what can be achieved, with a given amount of energy? When is it better to use available resources for growth, and when for reproduction? If for reproduction, how can the resources best be used-to produce a few large eggs or many small ones, to produce males or females, and so on?As an animal grows, it adds to the energy content of its body. Any energy gained from food and not used in any other way can be retained for growth:We will see that this is a modified version of eqn 2.2. The principle of conservation of energy tells us that it must balance. Excreted energy is the enthalpy of combustion not only of the faeces but also of the ammonia, urea, and other compounds in the urine and, if the animal ferments its food, any methane or other combustible gases that are produced.