bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The combined pill: weighing up the pros and cons
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than 60 million women world-wide are on the pill, and 200 million are estimated to have used it since it was first introduced. No other medication has been taken regularly by so many women, nor has any medication been studied so closely. There are both risks and benefits in taking the pill, which you will want to consider, taking into account your own family and medical history, and the sort of life you lead. These are the kinds of things you will need to think about when making a decision about any form of contraception, not just the pill. There have been numerous scares about the pill—some justified, but most blown up our of all proportion by the media. It is important to remember that there are positive health benefits as well as some dangers. We will look at the risks first, and then the benefits.
Natural family planning
Authors: Szarewski Anne , Guillebaud John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Natural family planning is what most people think of as the ‘rhythm method’, although this is a bad name because in fact it involves much more than just counting days. It has tended to have a poor image, partly because it involves relatively long periods of abstinence, and also because (since these are often not actually observed) it can have a high failure rate. However, in highly motivated, properly taught couples, the failure rate in use can be comparable to that of barrier methods. Many people dabble in the rhythm method: what woman has not at one time tried to calculate whether last night was ‘safe’ or not? However, this is precisely the worst way to go about it. If you are serious about using natural family planning, then it becomes a combination of an art and a science, with a proper training period. Indeed, it is quite impossible to learn this technique from a book, since practical guidance and learning on yourself are of paramount importance. At the back of this book you will find the address of organizations which offer teaching: most of the people involved in this are not in fact doctors, but lay people who are long-term users themselves and want to pass on their knowledge, experience, and enthusiasm to others.
The role of families, family caregivers, and nurses
Authors: Hallberg Ingalill Rahm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effective counselling and support of family members of elderly people in a delirious state requires knowledge of recognition, causes, and available treatments (Hallberg 1999). This knowledge has been provided in the previous chapters. It is not enough, however, to know about the antecedents and treatment of the delirium. It is also necessary to know what it means for people to have a close family member be acutely confused, and what it means for the patient. In addition, one must know about problems which caregivers (families or nurses) face in providing care for a delirious individual.
Common presenting problems
Authors: Kimura Yukiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to guide the reader in formulating a logical work-up of the extensive differential diagnosis of childhood arthritis, using symptom-based algorithms and tables, with emphasis on pattern recognition. This chapter is the key to the rest of this textbook. Ideally, it will guide the reader through some common clinical situations towards a working differential diagnosis of a child presenting with musculoskeletal complaints. Once candidate diagnoses have been determined, the reader will then be referred to the disease-specific chapters in the book, which will describe each disorder in more detail, allowing the reader to decide whether a given diagnosis fits the clinical picture at hand.
Early Greek Philosophy
Authors: West Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the eighth and seventh centuries BC the Greeks appear as a lively and talented people, active in trade and exploration, endowed with no little skill and individuality in the visual arts, rich in heroic legend, and above all remarkable for a poetry in which a wide range of human experience and feeling was given highly articulate expression. If they had achieved nothing more than that, they would still claim our attention as the most interesting and sympathetic of ancient peoples. In fact they went on to add immensely to that claim. They added to it in many fields: art, literature, mathematics, astronomy, medicine, government, to name half a dozen. But the most significant single addition was perhaps philosophy. Its origins and develop¬ment make an essential strand in the cultural history of the sixth and fifth centuries.
Hellenistic Culture and Literature
Authors: Fox Robin Lane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After Alexander the horizons of the Greek world extended as far as India. Even Alexander had been surprised by the size of it all: he wondered if the Caspian Sea was the outer ocean of the world, and in India he began by thinking that the River Indus ran cosily round into Egypt’s Nile. The new horizons were not altogether lost on those whom the Greeks bordered. Around 260 BC the Indian king Asoka dispatched an edict for inscription throughout his realm which referred to the ‘world my children’. It listed exactly the Hellenistic kings from his Asian border through Egypt and Macedon to Cyrene in north Africa. A copy stood in Greek near the Greek and Macedonian settlement at Kandahar.
The Last Imaginary Place
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The location of a tropical paradise, the graveyard of ships straying too close to where the polar ocean drains into the earth’s hollow interior, the source of unimaginable quantities of gold, the home of a lost ‘Aryan’ civilization - for those who do not live there, the Arctic has over the course of time been all of these things. It is the last imaginary place on Earth. Now, renowned archaeologist Robert McGhee lifts the veil to reveal the true Arctic. Combining anthropology, history, and personal experience, this book dispels the romanticized notions of the Arctic as a world apart, exotic and isolated, revealing a land far more fascinating than we had imagined. McGhee paints a vivid portrait of the movement of Viking farmers across the North Atlantic islands, and of the long and arduous searches for sea-passages to Asia. We meet the fur-traders who pioneered European expansion across the northern forests of Canada and Siberia, the whalers and ivory-hunters who ravaged northern seas, and patriotic explorers racing to reach the North Pole. Above all, McGhee offers a fascinating insight into the native peoples of the Arctic, societies that other histories usually neglect. We discover how northerners have learned to exploit a rich ‘hunter’s world’ where game is, contrary to our expectations, far easier to find than in more temperate lands. He takes us to a thousand-year-old Tuniit campsite perfectly preserved in the Arctic cold, follows the entrepreneurial Inuit as they cross the Arctic in search of metal, and reveals the dangers that native people face today from industrial pollution and global warming.
Towards The Standing Army 1485–1660
Authors: Roy Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of the fifteenth century England was no longer a great military power. The Angevin kings had ruled both England and much of France; the Lancastrian Henry V had renewed that claim after Agincourt. But in the years that followed the nation lost her French possessions, with the exception of Calais, and her kings, although in the long run capable of quelling their ‘overmighty subjects’ and preserving the authority of central government in spite of widespread disorder and rival claims, had not begun to build a standing army, and the semi-permanent military administration to maintain it, of the kind being developed on the Continent. Nor had the internal wars—the Wars of the Roses—been sufficiently severe and continuous to change the long-term, generally peaceful development of the country, which had no need to build new castles to match those of the past, improve existing fortifications, or even repair the ancient walls which most towns still possessed. Country houses were increasingly built for comfort and not for their capacity to withstand attack. The nation sheltered behind the 20 miles of water which protected her from foreign invasion, and for which a small navy seemed the most useful and inexpensive form of defence.
The Army and The Challenge Of War 1939–1945
Authors: D ‘este Carlo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, her army was unprepared to fight an enemy equipped with modern weaponry and innovative new tactics. Its fighting formations were scattered in small garrisons around the country, training lacked purpose, and the government and military leadership could not even agree on the mission of Britain’s armed forces in the event of war. Transportation, communications equipment, artillery, engineer, and logistical support units were in such short supply that it was often impossible to train or conduct exercises. When Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 the German army had over a million men under arms and three and a half million more available for immediate activation. By contrast, the British Expeditionary Force that was ordered to France consisted of four infantry divisions, which by May 1940 had risen to only twelve.
The Technical Innovations
Authors: Ashton T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘ABOUT 1760 a wave of gadgets swept over England.’ So, not inaptly, a schoolboy began his answer to a question on the industrial revolution. It was not only gadgets, however, but innovations of various kinds—in agriculture, transport, manufacture, trade, and finance—that surged up with a suddenness for which it is difficult to find a parallel at any other time or place. The quickened pace of development is attested by the catalogue of new patents, the lengthening list of Acts of enclosure, the expanding figures of output and exports, and the course of prices, which, after remaining roughly steady for two generations, now began an ascent that was to continue for more than half a century.
The Making of the Jewish Middle Class
Authors: Kaplan Marion A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This comprehensive study of Jewish women in Imperial Germany (1871-1918) addresses the complex interrelationships of ethnicity, sex, and class. It examines the changing lives and roles of women who were part of an urbanizing, economically mobile, but socially spurned minority group, and also looks at their relationship with the rest of society. The author identifies German-Jewish women's `double burden' as females - discriminated against in both German and Jewish traditions - and as Jews - objects of the increasing anti-Semitism of their era. She also points out the ambiguous, often contradictory role that Jewish women played: they were powerful agents of acculturation, encouraging their families to adapt outwardly to German customs and norms, and also determined upholders of tradition, maintaining family rituals, kin networks, and Jewish communal organizations.
The United States and the State Of Israel
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From Truman to Bush, the United States has assured Israel's existence, while providing billions in military and economic support. Over the same period, no US president has ever submitted a formal treaty of alliance to the Senate, or even moved the American embassy from Tel-Aviv to Jerusalem. Cross-purposes and mutual doubts have always coexisted with shared values, interests, expectations, and achievements. Schoenbaum's book traces Israeli-American relations from their roots in both the American and Jewish experiences to the current peace process. It also examines the relationship in the perspective of two world wars, the Cold War, the Gulf War, European colonialism and Middle Eastern nationalisms, global policy, and domestic politics in both countries.
Broadcasting Finance in Turmoil: An Introduction
Authors: Blumler JAY G , Nossiter T J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the history of broadcasting, the late 1980s may rank as a formative landmark period with the early 1920s, when radio was becoming established as a novel vehicle of home entertainment, and the late 1940s, when television was poised to become the most heavily patronized and the most multi-functional mass medium of all time. At present many cross-currents of change are impinging on all sectors of the electronic media, and broadcasting structures, technologies, markets, channels of distribution and relations of providers to audiences are undergoing apparently profound transformations. As a significant part of this restructuring process, formerly settled patterns of broadcast-ing finance are also in flux and under debate in societies around the globe.
The Economics of Broadcasting
Authors: Garnham Nicholas , Locksley Gareth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What questions does economics pose for a broadcasting system? Economics analyzes the ways in which human societies allocate the resources at their disposal among different social activities and different social groups. Since resources are, by definition, scarce, allocative choices cannot be avoided, and economics is therefore centrally concerned with how these allocative choices are made, their efficiency and their social impact.
British Television: A Mixed Economy
Authors: Nossiter T J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When in March 1985 the Government announced a committee to inquire into the financing of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) under the chairmanship of the liberal economist Professor Alan Peacock, there was criticism that its terms of reference were too narrowly conceived-putting, as it were, the funding cart before the purposive horse. The specific issue the committee was charged to consider was whether the BBC ‘s main source of revenue, the licence fee, should be replaced or supplemented by reliance on other in come-e.g., from advertising or sponsorship.
The United States and the End Of the Cold War
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the light of recent events indicating the collapse of the Cold War, this collection of essays by a leading authority on American post-war foreign policy has an added relevance and urgency today. Individual essays discuss the American style of diplomacy in the twentieth century, the ambiguous nature of morality in American foreign policy, the role of intelligence and espionage, the ‘relevance’ of nuclear weapons in post-war diplomacy, revisionist essays on John Foster Dulles’s and Ronald Reagan’s Cold War diplomacy, and several essays dealing with questions involving the end of the Cold War.
The Rise Of Public Woman
Authors: Matthews Glenna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book describes the public role of women in American life. It begins with the differing connotations of `public man’ and `public woman’: the former implying public-spiritedness, the latter a woman who is sexually available. It discusses factors such as changes in internal dynamics of the family and the new religious roles for women that served to undermine patriarchal patterns of authority and made women feel capable of moving into the area of public terrain in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. Matthews argues that by the twentieth century women, (including women of colour) had staked out a wide claim for public roles. The role of women in public life in the twentieth century is also examined, particularly contemporary feminism of women’s public role.
Properties of Cardiac Cells
Authors: Milnor William R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiac function depends in part on the physiological properties of individual cells and in part on the arrangement and interaction of those cells in the heart as a whole. The physiological characteristics of cardiac cells will be considered here and the overall performance of the four-chambered mammalian heart in the next chapter. The two most important characteristics of the cells are their electrical activity and their ability to contract. The gross and microscopic structures of the tissues play a major role in both phenomena, and morphology is therefore the first topic to be considered.
Human Evolution and the Sexual Behavior of Female Primates
Authors: Wolfe Linda D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how the study of the sexual behavior of female alloprimates (primates other than ourselves, Count, 1973; Wolfe and Gray, I 989) contributes to understanding the sexual behavior of women. Among primates, the Old World monkeys and apes are our closest evolutionary relatives, and therefore the discussion in this chapter will, for the most part, be limited to the behavior of the allocatarrhines (the catarrhine primates other than ourselves).
Primates and the Origins of Aggression, Power, and Politics among Humans
Authors: Chapais Bernard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Any morphological characteristic, the human hand, for example, is the result of a long phylogenetic history. This is a widely accepted fact, documented both by paleontology and by comparative anatomy, which together make it possible to recount part of that history. Nonetheless, the idea that a species’ behavioral traits are also the outcome of an evolutionary trajectory has been accepted only recently and with a good deal of reluctance. Although this idea was proposed long ago (e.g., Darwin 1871, 1872), it matured in the 1940s with the rise of modern ethology, which explicitly defined the evolution of behavior as one of its main research questions.
Conflicting Stories
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ammons argues that the long fiction by American women from the early 1890s until the late 1920s forms a diverse yet unified body of work. Her aim is to pull together the work of writers who were contemporaries but who, in criticism, are almost always treated independently. The project identifies the turn of the century as a remarkable period of artistic achievement for women, and restructures the American literary past by uniting women writers of this era. The writers dealt with include: F. E. W. Harper, Edith Wharton, Willa Cather, Alice Dunbar-Nelson, Pauline Hopkins, Gertrude Stein, and Edith Summers Kelly.
The German Army League
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The German Army League was the last in a chain of patriotic societies created to combat socialism and pacifism in pre-World War I Germany. Founded in 1912, it was important in strengthening the resolve of those in Germany who wanted war, mostly as a panacea for the country's ills. In her in-depth study of this organization, the author addresses the questions hotly debated by German historians: to what de gree did the masses support Wilhelmine militarism? to what degree can the course of German history be described as a Sonderweg, a path distinct from that of other European countries?
Courts, Corrections, and the Constitution: A Practitioner’s View
Authors: Cripe Clair A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that there are two approaches for federal courts in institutional or public law litigation: the traditional approach, which sees the function of the courts as concentrating on dispute resolution; and the activist or reform approach, which uses litigation and its remedies as a means to accomplish needed change, usually for the protection of individuals’ rights, and usually based on constitutional guarantees for the protection of those rights.
Adherence: Legitimacy and Normative Hierarchy
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Do not take scepticism too seriously. A true sceptic will be diffident of his philosophical doubts, as well as of his philosophical conviction; and will never refuse any innocent satisfaction, which offers itself, upon account of either of them. In his book The Concept of Law, the Oxford legal philosopher Professor H. L. A. Hart compares the international system with the organization of a small, primitive tribe. He observes that “the rules for states resemble that simple form of social structure, consisting only of primary rules of obligation, which, when we find it among societies of individuals, we are accustomed to contrast with a developed legal system.
Patterns of Expression and Potential Functions of Cellular Oncogenes and Heat Shock Protein Genes During Germ Cell Development
Authors: Wolgemuth Debra J , Gruppi Carol M , Vambutas, Vida , Wadewitz Axel G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Major developmental processes are involved in gametogenesis, including mitotic and meiotic division, genetic recombination, and morphological differentiation (reviewed by Bellve, 1979). The expression of specific genescoincident with these events suggests that they play key roles in these processes. Spermatogenesis, in particular, provides a useful model system to identify the genetic basis of cellular differentiation within a defined cell lineage. Several features of spermatogenesis in mouse facilitate the study of lineage-specific gene expression in a mammalian system. Because there is a gradual temporal progression of spermatogenic cell types (Nebel et al., 1961), cells at later stages can be eliminated by using animals at specific stages of fetal or postnatal development. Also, enriched populations of germ cell types can be prepared readily (e.g., Wolgemuth et al., 1985). Several sterile male mouse mutants, in which germ cell development is arrested at different stages, are also known (Searle, 1982). The use of transgenic animals to elucidate gene function should also become extremely valuable as stage-specific promoters could be used either to overexpress or interfere with the function of specific genes at precise developmental stages (Hanahan, 1988; Jaenisch, 1988).
Crisis at the Turn of the Century, 1895-1901
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early days of cables it seemed miraculous to send a message over thousands of kilometers in a matter of hours. Pulpits, podiums, and editorial pages resounded with paeans of praise for the “annihilation of time and space.” By the 1880s, when cables had reached every continent, telegraphy was no longer celebrated as a miracle but had become a daily necessity of business and governments in an age of expanding global trade. In Europe and America, the years from 1871 to 1898 were a time of peace. In the tropics, to be sure, Europeans quickly and almost effortlessly conquered whole empires.
The War at Sea
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When he launched his offensive in September 1939, Hitler, like Philip II, Napoleon, and the German General Staff before him, was playing out an age-old scenario: an ambitious ruler tries to conquer Europe but finds himself confronted by a small island nation that commands the sea and cannot be defeated by the largest armies. For the fourth time in as many centuries, Great Britain held out long enough to witness and assist the crumbling of yet another would-be European Empire. Yet Britain could not have done it alone, for each challenge to its mastery of the sea was more dangerous than the last, and in World War II as in World War I, Britain needed the help of its daughter-nation the United States.