bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Priority of Actuality in Aristotle
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many puzzles surround Aristotle’s distinction between potential and actual being (Met. Δ, 1017a35-bg). How are we to understand his typical illustrations of the distinction—a capacity and its exercise (like sight and seeing), and an undeveloped substance and a mature substance (like unripe and ripe corn)? How are the two kinds of examples like one another? And how do the two additional important examples of potential and actual being—matter and form, perishable and eternal substances-—Fit in? One of the most interesting and central puzzles, it seems to me, is what Aristotle means when he says that actual being is prior to potential being, and why he thinks it is so.
The Essence of a Human Being and the Individual Soul in Metaphysics
Z and H
Authors: Woods Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I raise, at a fairly general level, some questions about the hylomorphic conception of the relation of the soul to the body; in particular, as it appears in Metaphysics Z and H. I was stimulated to approach the issues in this way by Bernard Williams’s article ‘Hylomorphism’ (1986). I do not attempt to respond to this article in detail, and I shall in fact be occupied with certain aspects only of Williams’s arguments. Williams argued that hylomorphism ‘earns its reputation as everybody’s moderate metaphysics of mind’ by wobbling between two options: on the first of these, it is in fact a version of materialism—a version that, in essentials, treats human beings as physical bodies in a certain state, though it preserves certain features of the ordinary conceptual scheme by allowing that, when Callias dies, something has gone out of existence.
Aristotle’s Conception of Metaphysics as a Science
Authors: Bolton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of his exposition of his own positive metaphysical doctrine in Metaphysics Г. 1, Aristotle announces that the subject is a science the ‘distinct science which investigates being qua being and the things which pertain to this in itself’ (1003321). This account of some features of some typical sciences, features which metaphysics may well seem to us to lack, is, of course, one which many philosophers would now wish to reject. The idea that a science requires and aims to find objectively fundamental brute principles which uniquely explain why all of the other truths of that science hold involves a realist conception of theoretical scientific truth and of explanation which some would now reject. Some would also question the idea that we need or even can possess a testing procedure which relies on a relatively theory-neutral body of empirical or other data which we can and should use to evaluate competing theories in a given science. However, these are not features of a genuine science to which Aristotle would obviously object.
Understanding The Theaetetus’
Authors: Brown Lesley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Theaetetus remains a challenge. Acknowledged by all as a philosophical and literary masterpiece, it is packed with arguments of astonishing depth, subtlety, and originality. The claims of perception to be incorrigible, relativism in more than one guise, the idea of the unity of consciousness, the problem of the epistemological regress of reasons, the relation of thought to its objects-all these and more make a brilliant first (or early) appearance on the philosophical stage in the Theaetetus.
Aristotle’s Philosophy of the Sciences
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Posterior Analytics plays Cinderella in the Aristotelian pantomime. Two decades ago, she languished in the kitchen, uncounted and unrewarded, a scholarly Buttons or two her only beaux. Now it is all different: those ugly sisters, £7Vand Met., still have their studious suitors; but Cinderella has come out, and rival Prince Charming offer her glass slippers by the carriage-load. In short and dropping the frigid fantasy-the last twenty years have seen a renewed interest in the Posterior Analytics. Some of the interest has been primarily philological or historical; but much of it has had a philosophical drive-and the ideas of the Posterior Analytics are widely taken to be as estimable and as sophisticated and as modern as anything in Aristotle’s oeuvre. If most of this recent work has been tedious or tawdry (such is the way we live now), it is nevertheless not hubristic to claim that our present understanding of the Posterior Analytics matches that of the scholars of the Renascence.
When Worlds Collide
Authors: Lewis Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collective writings of Furley contain so many passages at which one can only exclaim; “Why didn’t I think of that?” This is partially due to Furley’s rare ability to present the muddled clearly, the complex simply, the garbled elegantly. Moreover, the volume under review is partially intended for students, and so the above virtues are particularly manifest. Yet at the same time this book, and its still unwritten companion (which will venture into the still relatively uncharted waters of post-Aristotelian natural philosophy), offer a coherent picture of a continuous tradition of debate concerning the formation and structure of the universe.
The History of the Earth, Life, and Man: Whewell and Palaetiological Science
Authors: Hodge M J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any part of Whewell brings us to confront the whole. But Whewell as a whole is a daunting prospect. He was a very big man was Whewell, perhaps a great one; and they do not make them like that any more. Only by grafting Cassirer, the historical philosopher, on to Conant, the scientific educator, could we have in our day a comparable combination of intellectual stride and institutional clout, of polymathic savant and academic supremo. But no such reflections can help us as historians. Great man theories of history, let alone big man theories, are in no better repute than myths of giants who walked the earth, or at least the quadrangles, in distant days.
Deductivist Versus Inductivist Approaches in the Philosophy of Science as Illustrated by some Controversies Between Whewell and Mill
Authors: Buchdahl Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contrast between the two approaches listed in the title has over the years gained a certain prominence in discussions on the philosophy of science. With the knowledge of hindsight it will be of interest therefore to study its incidence during an earlier period, and in particular, in the writings of Whewell and Mill which may yield added significance for a later generation. For the moment I shall not attempt to define the two schools of thought delineated by these labels, partly because at this stage—being controversial—any account of necessary and sufficient criteria would be difficult to come by, and partly because it may be more fruitful in the present context to evaluate the differences by way of a study of the philosophical positions held by Whewell and Mill themselves. So for the moment we may use them simply as convenient reference labels. The situation is in any case complicated by the fact that, on the one side, despite Whewell’s apparently explicit attachment to deductivism, he also elaborated a nominally inductive type of methodology; whilst on the other side, Mill’s explicitly inductive approach did not prevent him from attributing considerable importance to deductive methods in the development of scientific theorizing, especially in the realm of physics.
Whewell’s Problematic Heritage
Authors: Wettersten John , Agassi Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Whewell is a very important writer whose contribution to the philosophy of science is enormous. Ignoring him presents a gap in our understanding of the history of the field. Yet he is ignored, and though he was famous and influential in both philosophical and scientific circles, he was maligned to the degree that he had to be rediscovered.
Wise Choices, Apt Feelings
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
`Choices can be wise or foolish, and feelings can be apt or off the mark.' Since this is how we judge, it would be good to know what content these normative judgements carry. Gibbard offers an answer, and elaborates it. His theory explores what is at issue in narrowly moral questions, and in questions of rational thought and conduct in general. It helps to explain why normative thought and talk so pervade human life, and why our highly social species might have evolved to be gripped by these questions. Gibbard asks how, if his theory is right, we can interpret our normative puzzles, and thus proceed toward finding answers to them. What claims to objectivity could we make for these answers, if once we had them? Gibbard maintains that normative philosophical inquiry is a refinement of a central human activity: working out in discussion how to live, and how to feel about things in our lives and in the lives of others. Not available from OUP in the USA, Canada or the Phillippines.
Pragmatic Support
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With norms as with facts, we can tell stories of what makes a person a good judge. From time to time we have to ask whether a person is silly or sagacious, whether his judgment is worth heeding and why. In response to demands for coherence, we might elaborate our answers and systematize them. We might inch, then, toward a full fledged normative epistemology, a coherent story of what constitutes being a better or a worse normative judge.
Piety and the Unity of Virtue in Euthyphro 11e-14c
Authors: Warren Calef Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Constructivists such as Brickhouse and Smith and Mark McPherran find in Euthyphro 11 E-14 c positive Socratic teaching on piety. According to the implicit view they find contained in the passage, piety is the part of justice concerned with service to the gods ( πηρϵτℓk θϵoís). We serve them by helping them to bring about some truly beneficial end which pleases them or which they desire. What exactly the gods’ ϵργoν is is usually held to be left unspecified in the Euthyphro —though some have identified it with ‘order and good in the universe’, ‘knowledge’, and ‘good human souls’ —and it is Euthyphro’s inability to state accurately the gods’ ϵργoν that accounts for Socrates’ sudden dissatisfaction with his interlocutor’s progress at 14B-C. Euthyphro wrongly brings up the knowledge of how to sacrifice and pray, which he alleges helps to preserve private houses and public affairs of state, and the discussion is diverted in the (to Socrates) unprofitable direction of orthodox religious practice.
Activity and Change in Aristotle
Authors: Heinaman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary linguists interested in delineating differences between types of verb often look to Aristotle’s discussion of change (κíνησιS) and activity ( ν ργϵια) in Metaphysics Θ 6 as a source of important contrasts between two categories of verb and verb-phrase. Words falling into the category intended to match Aristotle’s class of activities have been variously labelled ‘activity’, ‘nonbounded’, ‘non-limited’, or ‘irresultative’ verbs; while verbs which are supposed to fall under the category corresponding to change have been called ‘accomplishment’, ‘performance’, ‘bounded’, or ‘terminative’ verbs. These linguistic differences have in turn been used by philosophers as the basis for drawing metaphysical distinctions between types of states of affairs and events. For example, Anthony Kenny writes: ‘Where “A is ϕing” implies “A has not ϕd” I shall call the verb a “performance-verb” and say that it stands for a performance; where “A is ϕing” implies rather “A has ϕd” I shall call the verb an “activity-verb” and say that it stands for an activity.’
Eros and the Wise: The Stoic Response to a Cultural Dilemma
Authors: Nussbaum Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An older man stands close to a younger man, who looks up (or as the case may be down) at him, often with fond affection. The older man beams beneficently at the young man’s beardless face, and with one hand he cups the younger man’s chin, in a gesture expressive of tender personal affection. His other hand, however, has other ideas: it fondles the young man’s genitals, which are usually exposed. The older man’s penis is often erect, the younger man’s almost never.’ The young man sometimes repels the groping hand, but often, too, contentedly allows it.
The Proofs of the ΠEPI IΔEΩN
Authors: Shields Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE author of the Πϵρì ìδϵ ν reproduces five polemical arguments, each intended to unmake an Academic argument for the theory of Forms. When he recounted these critical appraisals in his commentary on Aristotle’s Metaphysics, Alexander saw little need to scrutinize their authorship or assess their philosophical purport. By contrast, because she wishes to determine what the Πϵρì ìδϵ ν teaches us about Plato, his theory of Forms, Aristotle, and his attacks on that theory, Professor Fine needs to say a great deal about these issues, including especially the ways in which questions of authorship and intended target interact to create serious obstacles to eventual philosophical appraisal. We know that the critical arguments of the Πϵρììδϵ ν hit their mark only if we know their intended target; and we know their intended target for the most part only to the extent that it is explicitly stated by the argument’s author or reflected in the writings of a named adversary whose theory we can read for ourselves. Unfortunately, the portion of the Πϵρì ìδϵ ν preserved by Alexander does little to characterize the theory under attack in any neutral way; nor does it ever mention Plato by name.
States of Affairs
Authors: Woods Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a variety of semantical and metaphysical reasons, some better than others, philosophers have found it convenient to postulate extra-linguistic entities called states of affairs to serve as the descripta of sentences (closed formulae). In the somewhat vague terminology of these traditional theorists, each state of affairs is a logical complex having as ‘constituents’ the entities relevant for the truth of any sentence describing it. Some states of affairs obtain; such states of affairs are facts; and a sentence is true precisely in case it describes a fact.
The Enigmas of Derveni
Authors: Hussey Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than thirty-five years have passed since the discovery at Derveni near Thessaloniki of the charred papyrus which is now known by the name of the place. Official publication of the text is still awaited. In 1982 unofficial action provided scholars with a provisional and still very incomplete text. Now, with the appearance of Studies on the Derveni Papyrus, edited by Andre Laks and Glenn W. Most [Studies], the amount of publicly available information is increased significantly. The officially designated editor of the papyrus, Kyriakos Tsantaanoglou, provides a text of the first seven columns, plus improved readings and supplements for some of the later ones. The editors give a provisional English translation, which has been checked by Tsantsanoglou against his latest readings (including unpublished ones). All in all, by no means a definitive publication of the text, but at least a welcome step forward, a stimulus, and a reasonably firm basis for further scholarship.
Memory Processes Underlying Humans’ Chronological Sense of the Past
Authors: Friedman William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we remember the times of past events? What information in memory allows us to know when an event occurred? Usually, we take for granted that memory is infused with chronology. The term ·autobiographical memory’, used by some cognitive psychologists to describe memory for personal events, seems to imply a particular metaphor: that memory is like a narrative of one’s life, organized by chronology, much as the sequence of chapters and pages of a book might reflect the order in which the events of a life unfold. In this chapter I wil1 try to show that events are not chronologically organized in memory nor is there even a special system for assigning temporal codes to individual memories. Personal memories, instead, are individual episodes-islands in time. Only by recon structing when an event must have occurred or by assessing the vividness of a memory can we place it in time. And even this latter, intuitive sense of how long ago an event took place is distorted, with considerable compression of the subjective ages of events beyond the recent past.
Aware and Unaware Memory: Does Unaware Memory Underlie Aware Memory?
Authors: Mayes Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people think that provided one can explain how information is stored in the human brain there is no extra problem that must be solved to explain why we usually know that we are remembering. In this section, it will be argued that even if the processes of storage were understood, there is an extra problem requiring solution.
Transcendental Arguments: Strategies
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will draw on the results of the preceding two, and consider how far the kinds of scepticism highlighted in Chapter I (epistemic scepticism, reliabilist justificatory scepticism, and normativist justificatory scepticism) require to be met by the types of transcendental argument we have distinguished (truth-directed, belief directed, experience-directed. and concept-directed), given the conclusion of Chapter 2, that truth-directed transcendental arguments face insuperable difficulties. Thus, if it turns out that a particular form of scepticism can only be met using a transcendental argument of the truth-directed type. then we would have to conclude that transcendental arguments cannot be of any use in overcoming scepticism of that form; and if it turns out that this is true of all of the forms of scepticism we have specified, then (since the 1ist seems exhaustive), we would have to conclude that transcendental arguments cannot be used to counter scepticism at all. If. on the other hand. it turns out that one or other of the forms of scepticism specified can be met by one or other of the weaker kinds of transcendental argument which do not face the difficulties raised by Stroud, then a workable role for transcendental arguments against scepticism wil1 have been found. The aim of this chapter is therefore to examine in a general way how various forms of scepticism and various types of transcendental argument “line up\ to see if there are any anti sceptical strategies that use these arguments in a way that does not leave them open to the standard objections, by allowing them to be used in one of the more modest (non-truth-directed) forms.
Searle’s Arguments against Cognitive Science
Authors: Block Ned 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searle’s strategy is one of avoiding quibbles about specific programs by imagining that cognitive science of the distant future can come up with the program of an actual person who speaks and understands Chinese, and that this program can be implemented in a machine. Unlike many critics of the computer model, Searle is willing to grant that perhaps this can be done so as to focus on his claim that even if this can be done, the machine will not have intentional states.
Nixin’ Goes to China
Authors: Hauser Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Searle always describes the Chinese Room as targeting ‘Strong AI’: what this phrase is invoked to mean, however, varies. At the outset of his original presentation, Searle says, ‘My discussion here will be directed at the claims I have defined as those of strong AI, specifically the claim that the appropriately programmed computer literally has cognitive states and that the programs thereby explain human cognition’ (Searle 1980a: 417). ‘Strong AI’, here, seems to denote the conjunction of the metaphysical claim, ‘the appropriately programmed computer literally has cognitive states’, and the methodological one ‘that the programs thereby explain human cognition’.
Do Virtual Actions Avoid the Chinese Room?
Authors: Taylor John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a set of very hard-working and obedient ‘slaves’ locked inside a room. They carry out faithfully a set of rules that they have been furnished with by their captors to respond, by typing certain symbols on a set of keyboards, whenever other similar symbols are observed at their terminal displays. The symbols they see are Chinese, and the outputs are recognizably good answers, in good Chinese, as assessed by the native Chinese speakers inputting them to the slaves. Yet the slaves have no inkling that they are producing intelligent answers in Chinese to Chinese questions. All they are doing, so they think, is performing automatic responses to meaningless strings of symbols so as to keep themselves alive and unpunished by their captors.
Alien Encounters
Authors: Warwick Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A species-related viewpoint in how humans think generally about the world, whether through philosophy, science, or the arts is difficult to avoid. The human perspective is based on who we are, how we got to be so, and how we exist at present. As an example, for a parent it might be difficult to imagine that your own child could do any terrible wrong to any other person or thing. Indeed, even what is conceived as being right or wrong is very much a view dependent on a standpoint within an individual culture. Wars are fought over problems when both sides concerned are certain that they are completely right and their foe is completely wrong.
Introduction
Authors: Bradley Keith , Taylor Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The need to manage employees as an asset, not a cost, is becoming a prominent theme of management thinking. In many industries the basis of competition is shifting away from economies of scale, towards flexibility and rapid response to changing market requirements. These capabilities may be enhanced by technology, but they rest fundamentally on the efforts of employees who commit their best energies to corporate endeavours. Recognizing the value of increasing workers’ involvement, companies have experimented with a variety of programmes, such as profit-related pay, employee share ownership, and quality circles, over the last two decades. Many of these initiatives have been consciously modelled on the practices of Japanese companies. Japan has no monopoly on effective human resource management, however, nor is enlightened thinking in the West restricted to high-tech industries and advanced manufacturing environments. The John Lewis Partnership, an employee-owned British retail chain, exemplifies a human resource strategy that could well be applied in other sectors. As this book will show, the distinctive John Lewis Partnership approach has been associated with considerable commercial success, as well as unusual stability in the workforce, in an industry where turnover is typically very high.