bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II. APLASIA OF MARROW AND FATAL INTOXICATION IN DOGS PRODUCED BY ROENTGEN RADIATION OF ALL BONES
Authors: Shouse Samuel S. , Warren Stafford L. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

Constant findings were obtained in the acute reaction to the specified amount of heavily filtered radiation over the bony skeleton.
1. There develops without warning a short and fatal intoxication on the 8th or 9th day after the exposure to the radiation.
2. A profound leucopenia appears after 5 to 6 days and is maintained in the peripheral blood (200 white blood cells or less per c. mm.) for the 2 to 3 days before death.
3. The platelets suddenly disappear from the blood smears the day before death. This has some bearing on the life cycle of the platelet.
4. All of the organs and body structures present extensive and generalized capillary hemorrhage of recent origin.
5. The substance of the spleen and lymph nodes is greatly reduced and the germinal centers are visible only as remnants.
6. The red cell hematocrit reading drops from about 50 per cent or normal to approximately 40 per cent.
7. The bone marrow is depleted of all its cells except the connective tissue and fat cells, blood vessel endothelium, phagocytes filled with brown granules, and occasional normoblasts.
III. THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF COLLOIDAL SILVER AND HIGHLY FILTERED ROENTGEN RADIATION UPON THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM IN DOGS
Authors: Shouse Samuel S. , Warren Stafford L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The individual destructive effects of colloidal silver and heavily filtered radiation are still evident when the two are used together.
2. The combined effects are cumulative in that small doses are more destructive than when either is used alone.
3. The leucocytosis resulting from the injection of the colloidal silver affords no protection against the terminal leucopenia following the radiation.
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GLOMERULITIS
Authors: Lukens Francis D. W. , Longcope Warfield T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Both focal and diffuse glomerulitis has been produced in rabbits by the injection directly into the left renal artery of suspensions of heat killed hemolytic streptococci.
2. Similar lesions in the glomeruli could not be obtained by the injection of suspensions of bismuth oxychloride into the left renal artery of normal rabbits.
3. The acute glomerulitis occurred in only about one-half of the rabbits employed for the experiments.
4. Glomerulitis was observed much more frequently in rabbits in which an acute localized streptococcus infection had been produced by the intracutaneous injection of living hemolytic streptococci, than in normal rabbits. The occurrence of acute glomerulitis was usually associated with a well marked skin reaction to the filtrates of hemolytic streptococci.
METABOLISM OF S AND R FORMS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Finkle Philip 
Published: June 2004

In the present paper are given the results of studies on the respiratory and glycolytic metabolism of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III, and of the R forms derived from these. The metabolism of the S and R forms are compared, and the relationship between changes in virulence, changes in chemical constitution, and changes in metabolism is discussed.
1. There is no respiration in Ringer solution unless sugar is added.
2. The pH (7.8) that is optimal for growth of pneumococcus is also the pH at which the maximum respiration occurs.
3. The intensity of respiration varies with type in the strains used. The respiratory capacity of Type I is 56 per cent of that of Type III, which in turn is 71 per cent of that of Type II.
4. The anaerobic glycolysis is approximately the same for all three groups.
5. Pneumococcus Type I is capable of aerobic glycolysis.
6. Pneumococcus Types II and III do not effect glycolysis aerobically.
7. The energy set free in respiration is considerably greater than that set free in glycolysis.
8. The oxidation quotient for lactic acid is of the same order as found by Meyerhof in muscle and by Warburg for mammalian tissues.
9. The respiratory capacities of Types I and III are changed on conversion of the smooth to the rough form. (a) For Type I the respiration is increased 110 per cent. (b) For Type III the respiration is diminished 45 per cent. (c) For Type II there is only a slight diminution in respiratory activity (16 per cent).
10. The anaerobic glycolysis is increased about 25 per cent on the average for all R forms irrespective of type derivation.
11. Type I on being converted to the R form, loses its capacity for aerobic glycolysis.
12. Type III, on being converted to the R form, gains the capacity for aerobic glycolysis.
13. The oxygen consumption by Pneumococcus compared with that of the human tubercle bacillus and of mammalian tissue, for the same time intervals, weight for weight, is as follows: (a) Pneumococcus Type I consumes thirteen times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus (H37). (b) Pneumococcus Type II consumes thirty-four times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus. (c) Pneumococcus Type II consumes over twenty times as much oxygen as does isolated rat kidney tissue, and almost 100 times as much oxygen as does isolated dog muscle.
THE NEUTRALIZATION OR DESTRUCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN BY TISSUE
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Hoppe Ella N. 
Published: June 2004

As determined by the intracutaneous test in guinea pigs, diphtheria toxin is not altered in the presence of cardiac tissue obtained from the fetal or from the adult heart of the guinea pig.
Tissue cultures were apparently uninjured by the presence of the toxin in the dilutions used in these experiments, and, when washed with embryo extract after removal of the diluted toxin, continued to grow.
Embryonic guinea pig cardiac muscle tissue growing in cultures in vitro possesses the power of neutralizing, binding, or destroying diphtheria toxin so that it is no longer toxic for normal guinea pigs.
Such neutralization takes place through the intervention of growing tissue and is a property which is lacking in similar surviving tissue not in a state of cultivation.
Thus, it appears that the living, growing cells of the tissues neutralize or destroy limited quantities of toxin; only when the quantity of toxin exceeds a certain limit is its action injurious.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME AGAINST TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

The bacterial enzyme which decomposes the purified capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus in vitro also destroys the capsules of the living organisms growing in media and in the animal body.
Potent preparations of this same enzyme protect mice against infection with virulent Type III Pneumococcus. The protective action is type-specific.
The protective activity of the specific enzyme is destroyed by heat (70°C. for 10 minutes).
The enzyme remains in an effective concentration 24 to 48 hours after its injection into normal mice.
The enzyme has been found to exert a favorable influence on the outcome of an infection already established at the time of treatment.
A definite relationship has been found to exist between the activity of the enzyme in vitro and its protective power in the animal body.
The mechanism of the protective action is discussed with special reference to the relation between the decapsulation of the bacteria by the enzyme and the phagocytic response of the host.
TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

Study of two strains of epidemic (European) typhus and two strains of endemic (American) typhus in laboratory animals has shown their essential identity.
.The characteristic typhus brain lesions can be shown to occur in all four strains after subcutaneous inoculation and Rickettsiae-filled cells can be found in the scrotal sac in all four strains after intraperitoneal inoculations.
A strain of European typhus, which for 8 years has yielded no obvious scrotal reaction in guinea pigs, afterwards gave rise to a periodic scrotal reaction of variable severity. At present it occupies an intermediate position in this respect between the recently isolated European strain and the American strains.
Variations in the scrotal reaction in guinea pigs appear to be correlated with strain variations in virulence in the human host.
The incubation period in guinea pigs after intraperitoneal inoculation depends largely on the number of Rickettsiae injected.
THE INDUCED DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOGENESIS OF PLASMA CELLS
Authors: Miller Franklin R. 
Published: June 2004

As result of finding numerous plasma cells in the omenta of rabbits injected with tuberculo-protein, a method to induce the production of large numbers of these cells has been discovered. The tissues in which they were pronouncedly increased were the subserosal connective tissues of the omentum, body wall, and intestinal wall.
The precursor of the plasma cells is a primitive connective tissue cell. As this cell develops into the typical Marshalkó plasma cell there is a progressive increase in the basophilia of the cytoplasm, the nucleus becomes eccentric, a condensation of the chromatin occurs near the nuclear membrane, and there is a loss of the nucleoli. At the time when the nucleus assumes the eccentric position, the clear area appears in the center of the cytoplasm. The early cells are capable of reproducing themselves by mitosis, while the typical mature cells divide by amitosis.
The mature plasma cells often have muddy, spongy cytoplasm which contains acidophilic or hyaline granules as the cells grow old or begin to degenerate. The cells with granules or hyaline bodies usually have pycnotic or fragmented nuclei. These cells are the final stage reached by some plasma cells. Others, when degenerating, show vacuoles and signs of senility. Those with the granules and hyaline bodies are the so called Russell body cells.
Plasma cells developed in greatest numbers after our largest injections of tuberculo-protein. The differentiation into young, mature, and senile forms was most clearly recognizable when some days had been allowed to elapse after the last large injection of the stimulating agent.
A description of the plasma cell as viewed supravitally has been given. The cells are met in the blood stream as well as in the tissues. They are characterized by their deep yellowish gray cytoplasm, indistinct eccentrically placed nuclei, and large numbers of mitochondria.
The plasma cells differ from lymphocytes, in that they did not develop in large numbers after direct stimulation of the lymph nodes with tuberculo-protein. The young plasma cells also differ in morphology from the young lymphocytes. When plasma cells were found in the lymph nodes they were in the connective tissue cords.
The plasma cell is a definite entity, having a maturation cycle. It is stimulated to great proliferation by certain toxic irritants.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Swine influenza has been induced in pigs by the intranasal instillation of material from spontaneous cases of the disease as occurring epizootically in eastern Iowa. The experimental disease has the same features as the epizootic. It has been maintained for study by serial passages accomplished either by intranasal instillation or by pen contact. Eight strains of the virus have been established experimentally during three epizootic periods. The clinical disease induced by these eight strains has been in general the same although its severity and mortality have varied.
The principal features of the pathology of swine influenza are an exudative bronchitis accompanied by marked damage of the bronchial epithelium and its cilia, a peribronchial round cell infiltration, and massive pulmonary atelectasis. The latter is modified somewhat by a round cell infiltration of the alveolar walls. The lymph nodes, especially the cervical and mediastinal ones, are hyperplastic and edematous. There is usually a mild to moderate, acute splenic tumor. The mucosa of the stomach and colon is congested.
The pneumonia following swine influenza is, characteristically, lobular in type and of the same general distribution as the atelectasis. The non-pneumonic areas of lung are extremely edematous and congested.
SWINE INFLUENZA
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A hemophilic bacillus has been regularly obtained in culture from the respiratory tract of a series of swine experimentally infected with swine influenza and from a small number of spontaneous field cases of the disease. It has not been observed in respiratory tract cultures from a group of swine free from influenza.
2. The cultural and morphological characters of the organism have been described and the name Hemophilus influenzas (variety suis) suggested. The organism exhibits marked serological diversity, since only two out of eight strains studied were serologically identical. It is usually non-pathogenic for rabbits and white rats, and irregularly pathogenic for white mice. One strain of the organism was pathogenic for guinea pigs while two others were not.
3. Eleven out of thirteen attempts to induce symptoms of disease in swine by intranasal inoculation with pure cultures of H. influenzae suis were entirely negative. The remaining two attempts which suggested a positive result have been discussed.
4. Attention has been called to the marked similarity which exists between non-indol-producing strains of H. influenzae and H. influenzae suis.
CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS FOR JENNERIAN PROPHYLAXIS IN MAN
Authors: Rivers T. M. ,   With the Technical Assistance of S. M. Ward
Published: June 2004

1. A dermal strain of vaccine virus has been adapted to a simple culture medium consisting of minced chick embryo suspended in Tyrode's solution.
2. The bacteria-free culture virus, thus obtained, produces in lower animals and in man typical vaccinia that renders them refractory to infection with ordinary vaccine virus harvested from calves.
SPECIFICITY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION IN TOBACCO MOSAIC DISEASE
Authors: Beale Helen Purdy 
Published: June 2004

1. Leaf extracts of Sudan grass, Hippeastrum equestre Herb., lily, and Abutilon striatum Dicks. (A. Thompsoni hort.), each affected with its respective mosaic disease, and peach affected with yellows disease, were tested for their ability to precipitate antiserum for virus extract of tobacco mosaic disease. No precipitate occurred.
2. Nicotiana glutinosa L., N. rustica L., and Martynia louisiana Mill. were added to the list of hosts of tobacco mosaic virus which have been tested with antiserum for the same virus in N. tabacum L. var. Turkish. The object was to determine the presence or absence of material reacting with the specific precipitins such as that already demonstrated in extracts of tomato, pepper, and petunia affected with the same virus. The presence of specific substances was demonstrated in every case.
3. The viruses of ringspot and cucumber mosaic diseases were multiplied in Turkish tobacco and leaf extracts of the affected plants were used in turn as antigens in precipitin tests with antiserum for tobacco mosaic virus extract of Turkish tobacco. A slight precipitation resulted in the tubes containing undiluted antiserum and virus extract such as occurs when juice from normal tobacco is used with undiluted antiserum. No precipitate was demonstrable that was specific for virus extracts of tobacco affected with either ringspot or cucumber mosaic disease.
4. The results favor the interpretation that the specific antigenic substance in virus extract of tobacco mosaic disease is foreign antigenic material, possibly virus itself, not altered host protein.
THE GRADIENT OF VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Authors: Smith Frederick , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The permeability of the venules of the skin of the mouse greatly exceeds that of the capillaries. A mounting gradient of permeability exists along the further portion of the latter.
The significance of these facts is discussed with relation to conditions in human skin. The cutaneous venules are differentiated for several functions besides those ordinarily attributed to them, and must be considered as specialized organs.
THE USE OF MICE IN TESTS OF IMMUNITY AGAINST YELLOW FEVER
Authors: Sawyer W. A. , Lloyd Wray 
Published: June 2004

1. A method of testing sera for protective power against yellow fever is described and designated as the intraperitoneal protection test in mice.
2. The test consists essentially of the inoculation of mice intra-peritoneally with yellow fever virus, fixed for mice, together with the serum to be tested, and the simultaneous injection of starch solution into the brain to localize the virus. If the serum lacks protective power the mice die of yellow fever encephalitis.
3. The test is highly sensitive. Consequently it is useful in epidemiological studies to determine whether individuals have ever had yellow fever and in tests to find whether vaccinated persons or animals have in reality been immunized.
4. When mice were given large intraperitoneal injections of yellow fever virus fixed for mice, the virus could be recovered from the blood for 4 days although encephalitis did not occur. If the brain was mildly injured at the time of the intraperitoneal injection, the symptoms of yellow fever encephalitis appeared 6 days later, but the virus was then absent from the blood.
5. Strains of white mice vary greatly in their susceptibility to yellow fever.
STUDIES ON THE FILTRABILITY OF BACTERIUM GRANULOSIS
Authors: Olitsky P. K. , Knutti R. E. , Tyler J. R. 
Published: June 2004

The evidence hitherto reported concerning the filtration of trachomatous material, and inoculation of man and monkeys with the filtrates points to the conclusion that the incitant of trachoma is not, as a rule, filtrable. Our findings confirm this view and indicate further that no virus causing the disease is adsorbed to Bacterium granulosis. On the other hand, Bacterium granulosis itself in heavy suspensions is irregularly filtrable through Berkefeld V candles, like some other bacteria (14), but it is present in the filtrates in only small numbers. When suspensions were used of trachomatous human and monkey tissues, which contain much fewer organisms than do actual cultures, Bacterium granulosis was never recovered from the filtrates.
The conception that trachoma is a disease caused by an ultramicroscopic virus is based on (a) the positive results of filtration in two animals, as reported by Nicolle and his coworkers, and (b) the presence of so called "inclusion bodies" in some of the cells of the lesions. One can state definitely that the evidence is now greatly against the filtrability of the etiological agent of trachoma. Furthermore, filtrability does not in itself suffice for the classification of an agent as an ultramicroscopic virus. Concerning (b), a vast literature has accumulated which indicates that the "inclusion bodies" of trachoma are not specific for the disease and that the bodies themselves may be bacterial in origin (15). We have not as yet found bodies of the kind characteristic of many filtrable viruses in the tissues of man or of monkeys with the experimental disease.
CUTANEOUS REACTIONS IN RABBITS TO THE TYPE-SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Francis Thomas , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of the type-specific capsular polysaccharides of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III into the skin of rabbits, actively or passively immunized to one of these types of Pneumococcus, elicits a type-specific cutaneous reaction. The form of reaction resembles that described by Arthus. The reaction is produced only when type-specific precipitins for the homologous polysaccharide are demonstrable in the blood of the rabbit. In 84 per cent of actively immunized rabbits, the serum of which contained type-specific precipitins, a reaction was elicited. A positive result was obtained in 100 per cent of rabbits passively immunized with antipneumococcus horse serum whereas, attempts passively to transfer reactivity from immune rabbit to normal rabbit were unsuccessful. The recipients, in the latter group, possessed no demonstrable circulating type-specific precipitins. The reaction produced by specific capsular carbohydrates is always associated with a well grounded type-specific immunity.
A brief summary of the relation of hypersensitiveness and immunity to pneumococcus is given.
DURATION OF DEMONSTRABLE ANTIBODIES IN THE SERUM OF RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH HEAT-KILLED TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

In rabbits immunized by the injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci the results obtained as regards not only the development of agglutinating and mouse protective antibodies, but also the persistence of these bodies in the blood depend to a considerable extent upon the route of immunization and the size of the inocula. Agglutinins may appear in the sera of all the rabbits except those inoculated subcutaneously, but in most instances they disappear within a short time.
Protective antibodies appear in the sera of all rabbits, no matter which route of injection be employed and they persist much longer than do the agglutinins. They persist longest when the injections are made intravenously or intraperitoneally and are of briefest duration when the injections are made subcutaneously.
LOCALIZATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI IN THE LUNGS OF PARTIALLY IMMUNIZED MICE FOLLOWING INHALATION OF PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Branch Arnold 
Published: June 2004

1. When mice are passively immunized by the intraperitoneal injection of antipneumococcus horse serum or actively by the injection of heat-killed pneumococcus cultures, and are then alcoholized and sprayed with a culture of pneumococci of the same type as that of the bacteria employed in immunization, a considerable number die with localized lesions in the lungs.
2. If instead of injecting immune serum of the type corresponding to that of the bacteria employed in producing the infection, normal horse serum or immune serum of a heterologous type be injected, or if the animals be previously immunized by the injection of killed pneumococci of a heterologous type, none of the animals which die show any evidence of localization of the infection in the lung.
3. The occurrence of pulmonary lesions in alcoholized mice after spraying with a culture of pneumococci is the consequence of a general immunity of a very mild grade.
ARTIFICIAL ACIDOSIS IN TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI INFECTIONS, AND ITS BEARING ON THE PATHOGENIC ACTION OF TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM
Authors: Linton Richard W. , Poindexter H. A. 
Published: June 2004

When the alkali reserve is artificially lowered in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi, the number of parasites in the blood is increased. The increase is large in the early stages of the disease, and becomes less marked as the number crisis is approached. Near the crisis, and after it, a lowered alkali reserve does not affect the number of trypanosomes.
It has been shown that the observed increase does not result from a contraction of the capillaries of the inner organs, which would throw a large number of trypanosomes into the peripheral circulation; nor is the increase due to a greater reproductive activity on the part of the trypanosomes. The increase must, therefore, be due to an inhibition of the destructive forces of the host.
It is suggested that the known production of organic acids by the pathogenic trypanosomes plays a similar rôle in inhibiting the destructive mechanism of the host, and is therefore of significance in the pathogenic activity of these organisms.