bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of five commonly prescribed antidepressants with particular reference to their behavioural toxicity
Authors: Sherwood Neil , Hindmarch Ian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFive antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline, dothiepin, lofepramine, fluoxetine and paroxetine) were examined for their effects on psychological function and skilled performance using a meta‐analytical technique for the combination of separate studies. Furthermore, the drugs were placed and contrasted upon dimensions of efficacy, side‐effects, safety in overdose and price in an attempt to formalize and provide a practical example of the considerations which should underlie the selection and use of such compounds. In both these analyses the profile of lofepramine, fluoxetine and paroxetine were found to be favourable compared to those of amitriptyline and dothiepin, suggesting that the prescription of older tricyclic compounds should be the exception rather than the rule in the pharmacotherapy of depression.
Use and awareness of effects of anabolic steroids and psychoactive substances among a cohort of nigerian professional sports men and women
Authors: Ohaeri Jude U. , Ikpeme Emmanuel , Ikwuagwu Princewill U. , Zamani Andrew , Odejide Olabisi A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn 1992, 250 professional sports people (72 per cent mean, males age 25 years), mostly among those invited for screening for the Olympics, completed a questionnaire, aimed at highlighting the prevalence of use of anabolic steroids and other psychoactive substances, and the factors associated with the use of drugs.The prevalence of life‐time use of drugs was as follows: 1.2 per cent for anabolic steroids, 0.8 per cent for amphetamines, 0.4 per cent for cocaine, 0.8 per cent for cannabis and 5.6 per cent for codeine. On the four‐item CAGE for screening for alcoholism, 3.6 per cent scored 1, while 1.2 per cent scored 2 and above. Those on steroids denied regular use of the drug, while one of them admitted having experienced DSM‐IIIR symptoms of dependence while on steroids.Compared with estimated rates in general population samples in Nigeria, drug‐use rate among our cohort is mostly lower, but not significantly different from what obtains in general society.Our cohort seemed largely ignorant of the deleterious effects of the use of anabolic steroids, they are liable to peer group pressure to use drugs, and seemed exposed to the temptation of being asked to be drug couriers. A programme of drug education for sports people is needed to address these issues, and keep the prevalence of drug‐use low.
Hair loss with antidepressants
Authors: Wheatley David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA 68‐year‐old woman complained of hair loss whilst taking fluoxetine which ceased when the drug was discontinued. This prompted a review of similar reports with other antidepressant drugs and it was found to have occurred with five representative tricyclic compounds and all four 5‐HT uptake‐inhibitors available in the UK. There were no reports of hair loss with trazodone or mianserin. Although extremely rare (0.01 per cent) hair loss has important social and psychological implications in the treatment of depression.
Metabolism of the PET ligand [11C]SCH 23390. Identification of two radiolabelled metabolites with HPLC
Authors: Swahn Carl‐Gunnar , Halldin Christer , Farde Lars , Sedvall Göran 
Published: December 2004

Abstract[11C]SCH 23390 is a radioligand used for PET determination of the D1‐dopamine receptor in the living human brain. An HPLC procedure was developed for analysis of [11C]SCH 23390 and its radiolabelled metabolites in plasma after injection of the radioligand into human subjects in realtion to PET studies. After i.v. injection [11C]SCH 23390 rapidly declined from plasma, about 50 per cent of the radioligand remaining unchanged after 4 min and about 10 per cent after 40 min. The decline followed a biexponential time course. Two of the probable metabolites, the O‐sulphate and the O‐glucuronide of SCH 23390 were synthesized and characterized. Two radioactive substances in plasma co‐migrated with these reference compounds.
Precision of measures of saccadic eye movements and conventional psychomotor function tests
Authors: Mannion M. F. , Lynch G. , King D. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMeasures of variability are rarely quoted in drug studies of psychomotor function. Five recent studies were therefore analysed to calculate the coefficients of variation for different tests of psychomotor function, both during and between study days. Saccadic eye movement analysis and critical flicker fusion threshold were found to have low coefficients of variation (ranging from 2·7 to 7·5 per cent) while visual analogue rating scales and the digit symbol substitution test were found to have much higher coefficients of variation (ranging from 7·9 to 17·6 per cent). It is suggested that measures of test variability be routinely assessed in psychomotor studies as a check on test methodology.
A trial of eltoprazine in the treatment of aggressive behaviours in two populations: Patients with epilepsy or Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Moriarty J. , Schmitz B. , Trimble M. R. , De Koning P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe describe an exploratory double‐blind placebo controlled trial of eltoprazine, a novel pharmacological agent, in the management of aggressive behaviours in two groups of patients: patients with epilepsy and patients with Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome (GTS). The study was brought to a premature close. Two psychotic reactions were observed. This may reflect interactions at the 5HT1receptor group. Observations are made about the conduct of drug trials of the treatment of aggression in general and the specific clinical response seen in these two groups. We do not find evidence of the clinical value of eltoprazine for the management of aggression in these two groups.
The use of psychotropic medication in people with learning disability: Towards rational prescribing
Authors: Deb Shoumitro , Fraser William 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBetween 20 per cent to 50 per cent of institutionalized people with a learning disability receive psychotropic medication. A similar or a slightly lower proportion of those who live in the community also receive these drugs. There is a decreasing rate of use of these drugs with the increasing age. The rate of psychotropic drug use seems to have declined in the last decade among the community‐based population. The two main reasons for the use of these drugs are psychiatric illness and behaviour disorder. These drugs cause unacceptable side‐effects in a proportion of patients. Recent double‐blind studies lend some support to the efficacy of zuclopenthixol in the treatment of behaviour disorder. Some drugs have been use on an experimental basis to treat behavioural problems with equivocal results. These include lithium carbonate, carbamazepine, sodium valproate, fluoxetine, buspirone, naloxone, naltrxone, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, fenfluramine, propranolol, nadolol, amantadine and midazolam. Non‐durg dietary regimes, such as folic acid, vitamin B6, magnesium, and specific amino‐acid rich diets have also been applied in the treatment of behavioural problems. Guidelines have been proposed for a common‐sense rational approach to the use of psychotropic drugs in people with a learning disability.
Resistance to lithium: What alternatives exist?
Authors: Vanelle J. M. , Leigh T. H. , Lǒo H. , Priest R. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLithium is highly valued for the treatment of mania and depression. Resistance may occur to one of its two main indications: firstly for the treatment of acute episodes of mania, and secondly for the prevention of relapse either of bipolar affective disorder (manic depression) or of unipolar affective disorder (recurrent depression).For the management of manic episodes, alternative possibilities include neuroleptics, carbamazepine, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and sodium valproate. Neuroleptics are effective, but may precipitate depression. Carbamazepine is effective either alone or as a supplement to the lithium. ECT is an impressively powerful treatment for mania. Valproate appears to be effective but more studies are desirable.Alternatives to lithium in the prevention of relapse of recurrent affective disorders include antidepressants, carbamazepine and ECT. For the prevention of relapses of bipolar affective disorder antidepressants have the disadvantage of increasing the frequency of manic episodes. In unipolar disorder they are a valid alternative to lithium but with some disadvantages. Carbamazepine is effective in the prophylaxis of bipolar affective disorder and should be considered especially in patients with rapid cycling or those with psychotic features.Only open studies are available on ECT and valproate as prophylactic agents. Preliminary work has been carried out on verapamil, flupenthixol, clonazepam, methylene blue, clorgyline, clonidine, tryptophan and 5‐hydroxy tryptamine.
Controlled comparison of paroxetine and fluvoxamine in major depression
Authors: Ansseau M. , Gabriëls A. , Loyens J. , Bartholomé F. , Evrard J. L. , De Nayer A. , Linhart R. , Wirtz J. , Bruynooghe F. , Surinx K. , Clarysse H. , Marganne R. , Papart P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA multicentre study compared the antidepressant efficacy and the tolerance of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, paroxetine (20–30 mg/d) and fluvoxamine (50–200 mg/d) in two parallel groups of respectively 56 and 64 patients with major depression, as defined by DSM‐III‐R criteria. The duration of the study was six weeks, with assessments at baseline and at the end of weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6. For efficacy the Hamilton depression, the Hamilton anxiety scales and the clinical global impressions were used; adverse events were assessed by means of a non‐leading question. Results showed a similar improvement in both groups on all rating instruments. The total number of patients reporting adverse events did not significantly differ between paroxetine (52 per cent) and fluvoxamine (64 per cent); severe adverse events were however significantly less frequently reported with paroxetine than with fluvoxamine (13 per cent versus 28 per cent), and resulted less frequently in the discontinuation of treatment (5 per cent versus 17 per cent).
Increased 5HT‐induced platelet aggregation in mania: Lack of change following neuroleptic medication
Authors: Meagher Joseph , Leonard B. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNineteen patients with mania were compared to a group of 15 schizophrenic patients and age, sex matched controls with respect to changes in 5HT‐induced platelet aggregation. In the manic patients aggregation rates were monitored immediately before the commencement of standard neuroleptic treatment (chlorpromazine, haloperidol), on days 4, 8, 15 and following discharge from hospital. The 5HT‐induced aggregation rate was increased in the manic patients compared with their controls and the schizophrenics and did not return to control levels at the end of the study period when the patients were apparently well. There was no correlation between the increased 5HT‐induced aggregation and the Young Manic Score. No change occurred in the aggregation rate to noradrenaline and adrenaline in either the manic or schizophrenia patients.The results suggest that increased 5HT‐induced platelet aggregation may be a trait marker of mania.
The value of single photon emission tomography in psychopharmacology
Authors: Moriarty John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging with SPET and PET offers the opportunity to visualize brain function either in terms of blood flow and metabolism or receptor function using specific ligands. SPET is a more widely available and cheaper technology than PET. Continuously developing and being refined, this technology will help the understanding of brain function generally and of brain dysfunction in psychiatric disorders specifically. SPET may also be used to study how these measures of brain function change with pharmacological intervention. Receptor imaging allows the study of drug‐receptor interactions in vivo. As yet, the precise role and value of these techniques have not been established, but they do provide complementary tools to structural imaging and may ultimately provide prognostic information and facilitate refinement of the pharmacotherapeutic rationale underlying clinical practice.
Electrochemical behavior of metals as stimulus electrodes
Authors: Levine Sumner N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA theory for the behavior of anodes as stimulus electrodes, particularly as pacemaker electrodes, is presented. Expressions are obtained for the minimum duration and energy of the stimulus. These expressions are applied to that for the dissolution of the anode and transport of the resulting ions in the tissue in order to obtain an estimate of the extent of penetration. Comparison with experimental data indicates good agreement.
Comparative studies of cyanoacrylate derivatives in vivo
Authors: Mori Shyunichi , Ota Kazuo , Takada Masayuki , Inou Tsunamasa 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeven surgical adhesives were prepared; n‐butyl, 2‐ethylhexyl, and isopropyl cyanoacrylate monomers and several combinations of ethyl cyanoacrylate and a plasticizer (either di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate or tricresyl phosphate). These were implanted as a thin film over the entire circumference of the adventitia of 48 canine carotid arteries. Vicissitude of cyanoacrylate polymers in vivo and tissue reaction to the polymers were traced for 6 months and investigated histologically. All adhesives tested in this study were insoluble in vivo and more resistant to biodegradation than methyl cyanoacrylate polymer. Tissue reaction against n‐butyl, 2‐ethylhexyl, or isopropyl cyanoacrylate was essentially the same as against ethyl cyanoacrylate in quality and was not less in degree than ethyl cyanoacrylate in spite of having longer side chains than ethyl radical.
Metallic and plastic prosthetic devices as vascular wall substitutes: Biophysical criteria and methods for evaluation
Authors: Sawyer P. N. , Srinivasan S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEvidence is presented for the view that intravascular thrombosis proceeds via an electrochemical mechanism. It is strongly substantiated by some recent work on electrical wire thrombosis. These experiments show that thrombosis occurs on noble metal electrodes at potentials more positive than 0.3 v (NHE) but tends not to occur on electrodes more negative than this interfacial potential. Further, the same factors which prevent intravascular thrombosis are shown to prevent thrombosis on electrodes maintained at all potentials up to + 1.0v. Thus occurrence or prevention of thrombosis appears related to electrical and electrochemical properties of both blood and blood vessel wall. Methods for the determination of these properties are described and experimental results briefly presented. The studies have proved useful in establishing criteria for the selection of metal and plastic vascular substitutes. A combination of several electrochemical and biophysical criteria have been discovered which aid in the selection of nonthrombogenic vascular substitutes. Unfortunately not all metals which satisfy anti‐thrombotic electrochemical criteria are suitable. Many, including magnesium, have cellular and proteolytic destructive characteristics. Certain metals and electrically treated Teflon tubes do not suffer from this defect and have proven useful in preliminary testing.
A hydraulic figure‐of‐merit for heart valve prostheses
Authors: Viggers Robert F. , Robel Stephen B. , Sauvage Lester R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe pressure losses in the currently available prostheses are too high. We believe an excellent way to focus designers' attention upon this fact is to rank the various designs according to their hydraulic efficiency. The proposal of this paper is for pressure drop vs. velocity data (pulsatile flow) to be taken similar to that of Figure 2, so that a pressure loss coefficient, Kv, based upon the valve lumen area can be found for each valve design; further, that this Kv be used to compare and rank the various valve designs. The fact that Kv is a dynamic loss coefficient guides designers toward its improvement, for this compares the prosthesis problem to many “solved” problems (propeller blade profiles, hydrofoil profiles, etc.) which are similar hydraulically. The confusion of the surgeon when confronted with conflicting claims regarding various prostheses would be largely eliminated by acceptance of Kv as a figure of hydraulic merit by those concerned with this aspect of biomedical engineering.
Tissue reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic implants
Authors: Laing Patrick G. , Ferguson Albert B. , Hodge Edwin S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
Blood clotting problems in the artificial heart devices
Authors: Nosé Yukihiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe clotting problem inside the artificial heart device is one of the major obstacles standing in the way of a successful long‐term implantation of the artificial heart. To date, there have been two artificial heart devices used clinically. One is the auxiliary ventricle and the other is the left heart bypass pump. The former is for permanent implantation and the other is implanted only temporarily. Several experimental results which had contributed to the successful implantation of the auxiliary ventricle are described, especially from the standpoint of avoiding the clotting inside the device. Basic experiments with the left heart bypass pump are also described. The valves are the foremost problem and the next is the junction of the two materials. It is ideal to have a smooth, seamless surface made entirely of one material. It is also necessary to have a flow pattern analysis inside the artificial heart device as well as a clotting pattern analysis. Since the pump oxygenator and heparinization are involved in the procedure, the clotting problems in the total heart experiment are usually less than in the left heart bypass experiments. Our most urgent requirement is the development of new antithrombogenic material. However, even with our present material a large part of the clotting could be avoided if the heart is carefully constructed.
Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives. (effect of triethyl citrate)
Authors: Rosenbluth S. A. , Guess W. L. , Autian J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInhibition of cultured mammalian cell growth was used to examine the biological activity of triethyl citrate, a common plasticizer for poly(vinyl chloride). Cell populations were determined by a sample extraction procedure and measurement of nucleic acid content (total purines and pyrimidines) by its absorbance at 268 mm̈. Triethyl citrate demonstrated strikingly different dose–effect characteristics from its theoretical hydrolysis products (ethanol and citric acid). The inhibitory effects of sodium citrate were reversed by calcium chloride while the action of triethyl citrate underwent little or no change under similar conditions. Triethyl citrate did not appear to produce resistant cell strains in culture but did seem to be degraded with time. Inhibitory action of triethyl citrate was shown to be independent of inoculum size within the ranges utilized in the study. The procedures described appear to have a number of advantages for the biological or toxicological evaluation of ingredients which might be added to a plastic formulation or to contaminates which might enter the plastic during manufacture of the item or device.
Strain on the framework of a mandibular free‐end saddle partial denture under load
Authors: Craig R. G. , Peyton F. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStrains were determined in a typical mandibular partial denture metal framework of the free‐end saddle type. The overall strain patterns were determined using a brittle lacquer coating technique and loads were applied vertically to positions on the saddles. The results from the coating study indicated the area of high strain were just anterior and posterior to the finishing lines. Strain gages were attached to positions anterior and posterior to the finishing lines and the strain was measured at these positions when the saddles were loaded either at a posterior or anterior position at intervals of 2 lb up to 20 lb. When a static load of 20 lb was applied to the posterior of the left saddle a strain of 750 μ in./in. was obtained, which for the alloy used was equivalent to a stress of 22,200 lb/in.2. The amount of strain observed was a function of the length of the saddle, the bulk of the framework, the relation of the site of the gage to the position of loading, the presence of an indirect retainer, and the position of the fulcrum for the loading conditions used.
X‐ray diffraction evidence for the presence of β(AgHg) in dental amalgam
Authors: Johnson Lewis B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSamples of (Ag + Hg) amalgam and of dental amalgam have been prepared and stored at temperatures of 23, 37.5, and 60°C for various lengths of time up to 10 years. X‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy have been employed to determine the approximate increase in the β(AgHg) phase as a result of the γ → β transition in the AgHg system. Data are presented to show that the transition occurs in both systems but much less rapidly in dental amalgam. Increases in storage temperature increase the rate of the transition in both systems.
Evolution of enzyme activities and fibrin formation after contact of plasma with glass
Authors: Kingdon Henry S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAt least ten proteins play a role in normal blood coagulation. Nine of these are important in coagulation promoted by contact with glass, and are probably involved in coagulation triggered by other surfaces. These proteins have been established as separate entities by the existence of human mutants who lack, on an inherited basis, the ability to synthesize one of them. They have been assigned Roman numerals until their chemistry and mode of catalysis are better understood. Several of them have been substantially purified. Experiments with purified preparations indicate that they interact in pairs. Thrombin (activated factor II) converts fibrinogen (factor I) to fibrin by controlled partial proteolysis; the same mechanism probably operates in the conversion of factor IX to activated factor IX by activated factor XI, and gel filtration experiments are presented here which support this view. Similarly, partial proteolysis is probably the mechanism whereby thrombin converts factor XIII to activated factor XIII. Activated factor XIII converts fibrin from a urea‐soluble form to a urea‐insoluble form by transpeptidation between a glutamine residue on one fibrin strand and a lysine e‐amino residue on an adjacent fibrin strand. In general, when a pair of coagulation proteins interacts, one of them, the enzyme, converts the second from enzyme, which then catalyzes yet another similar reaction. The probable exceptions to this rule are factors VIII and V, which interact with phospholipid and another protein in a more complex manner.