bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Steam Pressures in Locomotive Cylinders
Authors: Fry Lawford H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author attempts an extended survey of the efficiencies obtainable with various steam pressures, and examines the effect of the ratio of expansion on the efficiency. The Rankine cycle, it is pointed out, does not offer a satisfactory basis of comparison for the locomotive; therefore a modification is suggested, known throughout the paper as the “locomotive cycle,” and all calculations of the paper are based on this cycle. Changes in boilers to permit operation at high pressures and temperatures are discussed, and it is pointed out that such a boiler would probably require some form of water-tube firebox. Detailed compulations and comparisons of theoretical indicator diagrams are made, and the “locomotive cycle” is applied to various admission and release pressures. It is concluded that it is possible to secure a considerable increase in the thermal efficiency of the cylinders by increasing the boiler pressure. The use of three cylinders, one operating on high pressure and two low, makes compounding a very simple matter, permitting the greatest return to be received from the high pressures. For the present, however, it is not felt to be expedient to use boiler pressures much in excess of 450 lb. per sq. in. gage.
Back Pressure and Cut-Off Adjustment For the Locomotive
Authors: McBride Thos. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This subject is discussed from the operating standpoint only. The author presents data showing the indicated horsepower, the steam consumed, and the dry coal fired as functions of the back pressure. He points out that for each locomotive there is a certain back pressure at which maximum power can be obtained at the lowest cost. He advocates a method to determine the best back pressure experimentally, and the use of back-pressure gages for the guidance of the locomotive engineers.
Vibration of Bridges
Authors: Timoshenko S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It is well known that a rolling load produces in a bridge or in a girder a greater deflection and hence greater stresses than the same load acting statically. This “impact effect” of live loads on bridges is of great practical importance. In this paper the following kinds of impact are analyzed:
1 “Live-load effect” of a smoothly running load
2 “Impact effect of balance weights” of locomotive driving wheels
3 “Impact effect due to irregularities.” These irregularities include irregularities in the track and also flat spots on wheels.
It is shown that the “live-load effect” of a smoothly running load is small and can be always neglected. The “impact effect of balance-weights” may be of considerable importance, especially under conditions of resonance, and is most severe on bridges of the shortest span which will allow resonance conditions to occur. For the assumptions made in this paper the minimum length of the span to allow such resonance will be about 100 ft.
The “impact effect due to irregularities” of track may attain considerable magnitude in the case of short girders and rail bearers. By removing such discontinuities in the track as rail joints a considerable decrease in impact stresses produced in bridge parts directly subjected to the dynamical effect of mooing wheels can usually be accomplished.
Locomotive Sparks
Authors: Wallace L. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The annual loss due to fires alleged to have been started by locomotive sparks is stated in the paper to be approximately 12 million dollars. Numerous locomotive and laboratory tests have been made for the purpose of determining the behavior of such spares, and the author presents some of the findings relating to the subject. It is his belief that under the most favorable circumstances it is very unlikely that a spark of sufficient size and temperature ever reaches the ground in a condition that will ignite even the most inflammable material beyond 65 ft. from the center of the track. Further, there is no direct relationship between wind velocity and spark distribution. Other facts which the author sets forth clearly disclose that it is exceedingly difficult to ignite inflammables with spares of the size that pass through the ordinary locomotive netting, even at temperatures far exceeding those at which they escape from the locomotive stack. He also discusses other factors with regard to the distribution of sparks, their behavior under conditions of high temperature, color as a basis for judging the temperature of sparks, fire-weather forecasts, moisture content as a reliable index to a degree of inflammability, etc. He is of the opinion that sufficient data have now been accumulated from which fixed laws relating to the behavior of locomotive sparks may be formulated.
The Pulp and Paper Industry and the Northwest
Authors: Hockley C. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is not to disclose the details of any one process, but rather to furnish a glimpse of the industry as a whole, and in particular that part of the industry using wood fiber, and consequently standing timber, with its relation to the Northwest, its present extent of production and consumption, and its hopes for the future.
A picture of the continental, and in fact the world production and consumption, is given, together with a glimpse of our population and rate of growth. There is also a short description of the different processes used. In the latter part of the paper a few of the points in a mill where waste occurs are enumerated, and means for avoiding at least part of these wastes are suggested.
Problems of Commercial-Plane Production
Authors: Beech Walter H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The author compares conditions in the aircraft industry today with those which obtained in the automobile industry during its infancy; there are no precedents to guide, no sources of supply established, and no types determined. He then discusses six factors which enter the construction of a commercial plane—safety, airworthiness, performance, durability, comfort, and appearance. Considerable attention is paid by the author to the airplane-engine situation, which is unfavorable to airplane manufacturers. This is followed by a discussion of factory machinery and equipment, labor, and a brief description of the straight-line production system of the Travel Air factory. The paper closes with a short discussion of production methods of the future.
Air-Mail and Express Traffic
Authors: Ireland R. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The organization of most of the air-transport lines of the country is patterned somewhat after the organization of the railroads, as it is only a newer and faster method of moving persons or things. The number of air-transport lines is increasing with each year. The twenty-five existing lines are supported by private capital. An average of 42,000 miles is flown over these lines every 24 hours. The Department of Commerce has completed the lighting on over 9000 miles of the 20,000 miles of airways now in operation.
Aerial Photography Engineering
Authors: Polley E. R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aerial photographic surveying is described, and its advantages over ground work are given. Maps may be made with almost perfect detail and at far less cost of time and money than required by survey work in the usual manner. The methods by which the many overlapping photos are taken and then assembled in the scale map are outlined, together with the supplying of stereoscopic photos for studying the contour and physical features of the terrain. Maps made from the air have a value to municipalities in zoning and taxation problems and to counties and states for highway and park and reforestation and waste-land activities.
Application of Advanced Methods to Airplane Structural Analyses
Authors: Watter Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper urges the necessity of wider use of finer methods of structural analysis. It illustrates the importance of use of advanced methods not only from standpoint of structural safety, but also as a means of evolving new forms.
It outlines briefly some results from the author’s experience, and in connection with the desirability of finer methods urges closer coordination between aerodynamical facts and structural requirements.
Certain present requirements are criticized and a suggestion is made to revise the conception of load factors in their relation to individual members.
Recent Developments in Aircraft Instruments
Authors: Brombacher W. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aircraft instruments are separated into four groups by the author, (1) for the power plant, (2) for speed, (3) for altitude, and (4) for navigation. General performance requirements are outlined, and testing equipment and procedure used at the Bureau of Standards are described. Among operating problems the author considers instrument-board vibration as most serious. The variation in temperature to which aircraft instruments are subjected causes a severe lubrication problem.
Standard dimensions for some of the instruments have been adopted. This makes these instruments interchangeable on the instrument board, and this is considered an outstanding achievement.
Some Aerological Principles Applying to Airship Design and Operation
Authors: Reichelderfer F. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses some of the problems of wind structure and of vertical air currents. Data are presented on local wind fluctuations of great frequency, on less-frequent, wide-spread wind shifts, and on local vertical air movements. The discussion is not primarily of strong winds and gales as a navigational problem affecting cruising radius, but of those properties of wind structure which may be obstacles to air navigation because of the excessive forces which they may exert on airship structures.
Combined Stresses in Thick-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Norris Earle B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper describes some tests which were made on 11 thick-walled cylinders of high-quality gun steel, ranging in bore from 3 in. to 9.5 in., and with ratios of outside to inside diameters of 1.5, 2, and 3. To the author the evidence seems to warrant the conclusion that the maximum-strain theory of St. Venant is correct for cases of tension and compression in mutually perpendicular planes where the tension stress is the greater of the two.
Power-Plant Substructure Problems
Authors: Sanderson J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Varying conditions that are encountered in power-plant substructures are illustrated by discussing the problems that arose in the construction of four power plants at Mexico City, Pekin, Ill., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Chicago, Ill. The first was on soil of low bearing capacity, the second in water-bearing sand with a special cofferdam construction, the third required a deep foundation on water-bearing gravel, and the fourth was on a clay foundation.
Metals Used in Power Plants
Authors: White A. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with metallurgy as applied to power plants. It is divided into two major sections, one concerning the metals used in this field, together with special processes for producing certain desired results, while the other considers the tests applied to metals in order to determine their suitability for the various required applications.
The metals considered in the first section are divided into two groups, ferrous and non-ferrous. Under ferrous metals, cast iron, wrought iron, plain carbon steels, and certain selected alloy steels are considered. The metals in the non-ferrous group considered are copper, lead, brass, bronze, babbitt, and monel. Special emphasis is placed on the field of use of each of these materials in power-plant work rather than on their characteristics. The special processes considered in the first section are welding, plating, and nitriding.
In the second section, the tests applied to metals made to determine their suitability for power-plant use are discussed. Among the tests considered are surface examination, including both visual and macroscopic, tensile tests, impact tests, hardness tests, metallographic examination, magnetic tests, X-ray examination, strain determinations, heat tests, fatigue tests, corrosion tests, corrosion, fatigue tests, and high-temperature tests.
Application of Refrigeration to the Preservation of Foods
Authors: Authenrieth A. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper tells how the application of refrigeration to perishables has brought about a very marked betterment in the standards of living throughout the country. It has placed the products of a nation of diversified soils and climates in the home of every one. The health of the whole people has been safeguarded in increasing measure as more and belter products are being made available. The applications of refrigeration to perishables have made possible the agricultural development of sections of the country which would otherwise lay as wasted useless land.
Research as Applied to Heating and Ventilation
Authors: Lewis Samuel R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper gives the results that are being accomplished, through various research programs, that are being conducted, in the field of heating and ventilation, by the research laboratory of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Cooperative arrangements are in effect with many universities, colleges, and departments interested in this research work and these enable the work to be carried on, at a cost, very much less than would be necessary otherwise.
Commercial Problems in Steam-Turbine Design
Authors: Allen R. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses developments in steam-turbine design. Concentration of power, in modern turbines, has led to an increase of operating stresses of turbines parts. The tendency now is toward higher blade speeds and reduced size and cost of machines. Manganese copper is used for blades of low stress and of small size; for the larger and more important blades, stainless steel is used. It can be forged and machined without difficulty.
Centrifugal-Pump Economics
Authors: Scherzer A. F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author presents some developments in the theory of the centrifugal pump with which he has been connected and shows their application to pump practice. In reviewing the technical and theoretical aspects of the problem, he refers to the fact that the performance of the centrifugal pump is shown best graphically by the quantity-head curve. In the extensive centrifugal-pump literature existing there are to be found a number of theoretical analyses of the action of such pumps, all of which are based on somewhat similar assumptions. In each case the striking fact is the wide difference between the so-called theoretical curve and the one actually obtained by a test. To bring about any sort of an agreement it is necessary to assume in some cases large and disproportionate losses. To show this difference the author presents a chart showing the theoretical quantity-head curve and the actual curve obtained by a test of the pump. Around the point of zero discharge there was a discrepancy of about 100 per cent between so-called theory and practice. At or near the shut-off point the head actually obtained from the pump was nearly twice as much. A careful study of these matters resulted in the discovery of a surprising error in the derivation of the fundamental theory for the centrifugal pump.
Another interesting point brought out in the paper is that the use and the benefits claimed for guide vanes are founded on a misconception of theory. The same is true of the so-called volute or spiral casing into which the runner discharges the water.
The author states that the real function of the pump case is that of compelling the water to revolve in a more or less circular path. Thus the natural form of a case should not be volute or spiral, but rather a plain concentric circular case of constant cross-sectional area. Tests of a circular case pump and a good design of the volute type showed a remarkable increase in head development by the former. At its point of maximum efficiency the circular case pump developed an excess head of 50 per cent over a similar volute design.
Welding of Power-Plant Piping
Authors: Outcalt F. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the author discusses the possibilities offered for reducing costs of installation of power-plant piping, through welding. Erection problems are simplified when welded construction is used. Heavy fittings are eliminated and the piping is easier to handle and can be installed in less space. Many engineers are unwilling to use welded designs due to difficulty in telling when welds are not made properly. The author describes improved methods which insure that the work is of high quality and uniform character.
High-Pressure Turbine Installation of Kansas City Power and Light Company
Authors: Jowett Edwin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the high-pressure turbine installation at the Northeast station of the Kansas City Power and Light Company. An operating pressure of 1200 lb. at the turbine throttle and a total temperature of 725 deg. are used. It is believed that the heat consumption of the station will be lowered 1830 B.t.u. by the operation of the high-pressure equipment. With an annual output of 530,201,400 kw-hr. and with fuel at 67,000 B.t.u. for one cent, the saving in fuel will result in an annual reduction in cost of $144,700. This is nearly three times the fixed charges on the difference in cost of the two installations.
Balancing Heat and Power in Industrial Plants
Authors: Kleinschmidt R. V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to indicate the importance of various factors in increasing the amounts of by-product power that can be generated in industrial plants using process heat. It has been shown that there are opportunities for economies in increased boiler pressures, higher superheats, and particularly by reducing the back pressure on turbines and engines to the lowest possible point. Utilization of waste heat from furnace gases offers an opportunity for additional power generation in mixed-pressure turbines or in low-pressure condensing turbines. It is shown that hot air can be most economically used by returning it to the boiler furnace and heating air for process work with exhaust steam.
Two curves are presented which give the results of a detailed analysis of the problem of water heating, one showing the advantages of two-stage water heating as compared with heating by exhaust steam only, and the other giving the best condenser vacuum for various initial and final temperatures of water in a two-stage process. Attention is called to the importance of an adequate study, both of the heat and power requirements of the process and of possible improvements or alterations of the process as a basis for the improvement of the heat-power balance.
A Graphical Treatment of Heat-Exchange Problems
Authors: Stepanov Jos. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author points out that the graphical method has been an important tool in engineering calculations and investigations. Applying this method to the investigation of certain heat-transfer problems, he finds it convenient to introduce some new relations between the variables involved in heat transfer and to give them corresponding mathematical expression, thus simplifying the graphical presentation of the heat-transfer equations. An arrangement of interconnected diagrams around the origin of a coordinate system furnishes the numerical values of the variables pertaining to the given set of heat-transfer equations and simultaneously satisfying them. Picturing the change of variables for different conditions, these diagrams can be used for calculations as well as for investigations and for analysis of experimental data.
In the paper are given and explained equations and diagrams for handling the heat-transfer problems pertaining to surface heat exchangers and direct-contact heat exchangers, using counter-current and parallel flow of substances, and their applications in general calculations and investigations, and in the analysis of experimental data.
Heat-Insulation Practice in the Modern Steam-Generating Plant
Authors: McMillan L. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper outlines briefly the engineering principles of heat-insulation design. Especial emphasis is given to the fact that the heat dissipated by so-called “radiation” losses is from the most valuable portion of the heat, and that these losses frequently result in the lowering of heat potential or temperature head, with a resulting loss in the value of all of the heat as measured by its remaining effectiveness.
A distinction is drawn between the cost of average heat and the value of a particular portion of the heat in terms of what it will accomplish in the way of useful results. The higher value of high-potential heat is demonstrated, and a specific evaluation in the case of heat in superheated steam used for power generation shows that the high-potential increments of such heat may be 1-1/2 or even 2 times as valuable as the average heat content of the steam.
Results accomplished by the insulation of various units of power-plant equipment are discussed and typical installations are shown.
The factors involved in determining the most economical thickness of insulation are discussed and a chart is given on which each of the factors may be taken separately into account. The resulting economical thickness may quickly and conveniently be determined directly from the chart.
Thermodynamic Theory of the Air Lift
Authors: Stepanoff Alexey J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The air lift as a method of pumping from deep wells is subject to no generally accepted theory that will serve as a basis for practical design. Treating the air-lift pump as hydraulic apparatus, the thermodynamic side of the phenomenon has been neglected, and this method will explain many points in the operation that now are obscure. In his conclusions the author decides that the efficiency of the air does not depend upon the form of the footpiece if the air-inlet devices do not obstruct the flow of water, if the openings for the air are sufficiently large to cause no impact, and if the air and water are so introduced as to secure uniform mixture. Attempts to introduce jet action of the air are due to misunderstanding the method of action. Slip losses are usually due to incomplete expansion of the air, the slip as such being not of much importance. No “single coefficient” experimental formula can express the variables involved in the air lift, as its operation depends upon factors which vary differently for various submergences, air-to-water ratios, sizes of pipes, etc.