bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-27 Effect of Feed Additives in the Production of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Ubeda Emanuely Zequim , Filho Edson Martins Ribeiro , Miranda Matheus Alves , Ferreira Reginaldo Nassar , Figueiredo Cibelle Borges , Nunes Gabriela Vitória Pinto , Peron Hugo Jayme Matias Coelho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mitigation of greenhouse gases is a strong trend in promoting the intensification of ruminant production through greater efficiency in the use of dietary energy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture containing feed additives to replace the regular mineral mixture in corn-based substrates on the production of gases and methane. The experiment was carried out under anaerobic conditions using ANKOM Gas Pressure Monitor bottles at 39 ºC containing artificial saliva, ruminal fluid, and two grams of substrates from each treatment: (MI) Control, 1.62 g of corn and 0.38 g of mixture mineral; and (MM) 1.28 g of corn and 0.72 g of NC Conf Engorda Greentech (Suplemento Nutrição Animal) containing 0.326% of glucomannans, 0.253% of mannans, 0.200% monensin and 1x106· kg-1 UFC of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Duplicate substrates and duplicate blanks were fermented for each treatment in two runs, with a total of four repetitions per treatment. The accumulated pressure resulting from the fermentation was measured automatically over 48 h using the Gas Monitor software connected to the ANKOM modules of each bottle. The conversion of pressure to gas volume was calculated as follows: Volume (mL) = 2.3932 + 3.4053 × pressure (R2 = 0.9146; n = 1.151). At the end of each run, a gas sample was collected from each bottle to measure methane concentration using gas chromatography. To obtain the methane production for every 100 mL of gas produced, the total volume of methane produced was multiplied by 100 and divided by the total gas production. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. There was a 24.53% decrease in the total gas production in the MM treatment (64.79 mL) compared with the MI substrate (48.90 mL; P = 0.0084; Table 1). Methane production decreased from 46.5 to 14.91 mL in the presence of MM (P &lt; 0.001). A reduction from 71.96 to 30.59 mL of methane was observed for every 100 mL of gas produced when feed additives were included (P &lt; 0.001). The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain is a precursor of mannans, which, like glucomannans, acts as a prebiotic, and together with monensin, influences the selection of the ruminal microbiota and modifies the volatile fatty acid profile, increasing the molar proportion of propionate, and consequently reducing methane production. The addition of the NC Conf Engorda Greentech mineral mixture with glucomannans, mannans, monensin, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae decreased the production of gases and methane in a corn-based substrate.
PSXIII-21 Effects of Bacterial Direct-Fed Microbial Mixtures on Beef Cattle Feeding Behavior
Authors: Silva Kaliu Gabriel Scaranto , Sarturi Jhones O , Johnson Bradley J , Rodrigues Barbara , Dos Reis Beatriz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects of bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) mixtures on beef cattle feeding behavior were evaluated. Six ruminally cannulated crossbred Angus steers (BW = 520 ± 30 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin Square design. Steers were offered a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet to ad libitum during three, 28 d periods (21-d adaptation and 7-d collection). Treatments assigned were: 1) Control (no DFM, lactose carrier only); 2) Treat-A [L. animalis, P. freudenreichii; B. subtilis; and B. licheniformis, at 1:1:1:3 ratio, respectively; totaling 6 × 109 CFU (50mg)/animal-daily minimum (Chr.Hansen]; and 3) Treat-B, the same DFM combination, but with doses at 1:1:3:1 ratio. Bacterial counts were approximately 30% greater than the minimum expected. The DFM diluted mixtures and carrier (Control) were pre-weighed and stored at -20°C until incorporated into the diet (2 g· animal-1· /day-1) 10 min prior to feeding. For mixing, approximately 1 kg (as is) of the diet being offered was removed from the individual recipient, DFM was mixed by hand, and the mixture was incorporated into the feed allocated for the day. The feeding behavior assessment consisted of a 24 h continuous visual observation (every 5 min) performed by trained personnel. Animals were assessed on d 26 of each period (no other management other than cleaning of the stall), while time spent eating, ruminating, resting, active, and drinking were taken. Time spent chewing was accounted for by adding time spent eating and ruminating. In addition, records allowed the count of the number of meals taken, as well as the time spent on each meal. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with animal considered as the experimental unit, the fixed effects of treatment, and random effect of square, period, and animal (square). F-test protected pre-planned orthogonal contrasts was used to compare Control vs. Treat-A and Control vs. Treat-B. Meal number (16/d) and length (8 min/meal) were not affected by treatments (P ≥ 0.54). Main feeding behavior variables consisting of rumination (198 min/d), eating (117 min/d), chewing (315 min/d), drinking (22 min/d), resting (929 min/d), and active (174 min/d) were not affected (P ≥ 0.24) by treatments. A tendency was observed (P = 0.08) where animals offered the Treat-B spent numerically less time ruminating per unit of digestible DM and OM intake compared with Control (13.5 vs. 15.5, and 13.7 vs 15.6 min/kg, respectively). Other behaviors measured in min/kg of DM, NDF, and ADF intake were not affected (P ≥ 0.17) by treatments [rumination (11.5, 60.2, and 181), eating (6.5, 34.4, and 104), chewing (18, 94.6, and 285), and drinking (1.2, 6.6, and 19.8) min/kg, respectively]. The bacterial DFM mixtures offered appear not to directly affect the feeding behavior of beef cattle consuming a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet.
PSV-27 Serum Mineral and Vitamin Concentrations in Central Performance Tested Rambouillet Rams with and Without Angular Limb Deformities
Authors: Laverell Dylan , Murphy Tom W , Smylie Jacob , Kersh Aaron , Engle Terry E , Stewart Whit C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angular limb deformities (ALD) have historically affected 3 to 18% of Rambouillet ram lambs enrolled in central performance tests in the Northern great plains. Osteochondrosis, the underlying pathology of ALD, results in varying degrees of abnormal ossification in long bones and limits ram welfare and performance under extensive rangeland conditions. The objective of this research was to quantify serum mineral and 25-hydroxyvitamin D differences in rams with and without (non-affected) ALD. A total of 25 ram lambs (age = 189 ± 19 d; n = 13 ALD, n = 12 non-affected) were evaluated. Serum and body weight (BW) were collected on d 0, 28, 56, 83, and 112 of the test. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, macrominerals (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, P, and S), and microminerals (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, and Zn) were quantified. Traits were analyzed as repeated measures with fixed effects of ALD status, sampling timepoint, and their interaction. An autoregressive type-I covariance structure with heterogenous variance was used to model the random ram effect. The ALD status x sampling timepoint interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.03) for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Mg concentrations. Rams with ALD had greater 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at d 83 and 112 and greater Mg concentration at d 28 and 112 (P ≤ 0.05; Table 1). The main effect of ALD status was significant for serum Cl and greater for ALD than non-affected rams (3,672 ± 38.8 vs. 3,500 ± 38.3 mg/L; P &lt; 0.001). Ram BW and serum concentration of all other minerals were similar between ALD and non-affected. Sampling timepoint affected several serum mineral concentrations as Ca generally increased with time, Co peaked at d 28, and Na decreased with time (P ≤ 0.03). Not surprisingly, BW also increased over time (P &lt; 0.001). The range in serum mineral concentrations and percentage of rams deficient were: 25-hydroxyvitamin D (non-affected 32 to 241 mmol/L, 17%; ALD 35 to 160 mmol/L, 15%), Mg (non-affected 10.7 to 44.1 mg/L, 14%; ALD 11.7 to 45.0 mg/L, 14%), Cl (non-affected 3,066.3 to 4,024.5 mg/L, 21%; ALD 3,068.4 to 4,072.5 mg/L, 12%). While ALD and non-affected rams differed in key serum vitamin and mineral element concentrations, it’s a multifaceted disorder in which perinatal, endocrine, genetic, and nutritional conditions need to be researched to fully understand the etiology and mitigate its incidence.
PSVII-25 Utilization of a Small Ruminant Model for Teaching/ Learning Scientific Approaches to Nutritional and Reproductive Management
Authors: Brackett Maggie M , Baptiste Raquel Q , Hite John , Baptiste Quinn , Knights Marlon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study used Spanish Kiko goats as a small ruminant model (SRM) for teaching animal science courses via experiential laboratory-based methods at a small liberal arts college in the Southeastern United State. Perceivably, the SRMs presents an accessible and sustainable teaching tool for undergraduate education at institutions with limited resources, such as cattle facilities. The use of mature (&gt; 3 years old) bucks (male model 1, 2 & 3), does (female model 1 & 2), and kids (kid model 1, 2, 3; 8 months old) as SRMs in 4 courses and resultant learning is reported herein. SRMs were fed, late weaned, and continuously bred to simulate the nutritional and reproductive management practiced in rotationally grazed strictly forage-fed cattle. Growth performances amongst bucks (pre and post pubertal; Figure 1), does (pre- and post-partum Figure 2), and kids (pre and post weaning Figure 3) were recorded and analyzed. Feed intake trials (Figures 4 and 5), fecal analysis, and apparent DMD were conducted. The benefits of continuous suckling and postweaning management of does and kids were realized as 100% of does and kids successfully transited each breeding period. In addition, kids approached market weights (15.53 kg) at 136 days postpartum (Figure 3) and does were rebred at first postpartum estrus (62 days). The use of pre-breeding season reproductive tract examinations via ultrasound and BSE in female and male SRMs enabled effective evaluations of the poor reproductive performance of the cattle herd (59.3% pregnancy rate in 2022). The use of SRMs allowed for learning ruminant gastrointestinal and reproductive system physiology. Subsequently, comprehension of the impact of mineral and vitamin deficiencies on the annually declining reproductive performance of rotationally grazed cattle was enhanced. Conclusively, the use of SRMs supported my learning and is recommended for teaching/learning in animal sciences at institutions with limited resources.
Reflections on Law in Context
Authors: Twining William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During 1958–9 Patrick Atiyah was my neighbour in Khartoum. This was my first year of full-time teaching and he closely affected my academic development as mentor, colleague, and friend. That friendship has survived our various wanderings, a second period as colleagues at Warwick, and another recent phase as neighbours in Iffley. Like many others, I owe him an enormous intellectual debt. This paper explores one phase of our relationship: the genesis of the ‘Law in Context’ series
Conceptions of Public Policy
Authors: Bell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 24 of the Social Security Act 1975 provided that, if a woman was under pensionable age when her husband died and he had made sufficient national insurance contributions, ‘[a] woman who has been widowed shall be entitled to a widow’s allowance at the weekly rate specified in relation thereto in Schedule 4, Part I, paragraph 5 …’ Along came Mrs Connor, who satisfied the age requirement and her husband had satisfied the contribution requirements. Yes, he was dead and she was a widow, so could she please have the widow’s allowance? One snag, a jury at Leeds Crown Court had found her guilty of the manslaughter of her husband, in that the cause of his death was a wound made by a knife which Mrs Connor was wielding. The Divisional Court in R. v. National Insurance Commr., ex. p. Connor2 had no difficulty in refusing Mrs Connor her widow’s allowance on the ground that ‘public policy demands the court to drive the applicant from the seat of justice’
Abstract Payment Undertakings
Authors: Goode Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is concerned with a particular form of undertaking which appears to break every principle of law governing the formation of contracts. I refer to the abstract payment undertaking, a money promise which is independent of the transaction that gives it birth and which is considered binding when received by the beneficiary (or sometimes even when issued by the promisor) without acceptance, consideration, reliance, or execution in solemn form. The type of contract (if it be such) generated by an abstract payment undertaking fits neither the bilateral nor the unilateral model. It is not bilateral, for no promise is given in exchange; nor is it unilateral in the ordinary sense, for its irrevocability does not depend on the performance, or even the commencement of performance, of a designated act or forbearance
The Basis of Tortious Liability
Authors: Cane Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important, fruitful, and controversial lines of argument conceived by Patrick Atiyah goes as follows: it is an over-simplification to divide the law of obligations according to whether the obligation in question is imposed by law or voluntarily assumed. ‘A more adequate and more unifying conceptual structure for the law of obligations can be built around the interrelationship between the concepts of reciprocal benefits, acts of reasonable reliance, and voluntary human conduct.,1 In developing this argument Atiyah has concentrated on the law of contract, and he issued a very important disclaimer: I do not, of course, want to suggest that the whole law of obligations can be rewritten in terms of a few simple principles drawn from notions of benefit and reliance. Society and social and economic relationships are too complex in the modern industrial world for over-simplifications of this nature.
Ireland
Authors: McGovern Patricia , Matthews Áine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ireland was slow to implement Council Regulation (EEC) No 3842/86 of 1 December 1986 laying down measures to prohibit the release for free circulation of counterfeit goods (‘the 1986 Regulation’).In fact, it was only with the implementation of the European Communities (Counterfeit Goods) Regulations 1990that EC Regulation 3842/86 was, rather belatedly, given effect to in Ireland. However, failure to secure uniform implementation of the 1986 Regulation throughout the European Communities resulted in a limited operation of external border controls and undermined the functioning of this Regulation.
Italy
Authors: Barbuto Raffaella , Arista Raffaella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a Member State of the European Union, Italy must apply the European Community legislation. In the past, the Italian legislator failed to adopt immediately provisions necessary to put in practice the first generation of Community Regulations on border measures, that is, Regulations (EEC) No 3842/86and 3077/87. In fact, these Regulations became applicable by the Italian customs authorities as late as 1991, when Article 35 of Law No 428 of 29 December 1990appointed the Direzione Generale delle Dogane e Imposte Indirette (General Directorate of Customs and Indirect Taxes), a section of the Ministry of Finance, as the Italian administrative body competent to process applications for action by customs authorities under the Regulations.
Slovak Republic
Authors: Hák Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National legislation on border measures in respect of goods suspected of infringing an intellectual property right already existed in the Slovak Republic prior to the entry into force of EC Regulation No 1383/2003(‘the Regulation’) in the form of Law No 271/2001 Coll. Further to the adoption of the new Regulation and its Implementing Regulation,this Law was replaced by Law No 200/2004 Coll, ‘laying down the measures to be taken against imported, exported and parallel imported goods which infringe an intellectual property right’(‘the 2004 Law’).
Adaptation and implementation of an employee mental health disclosure decision aid tool in a real-world sample
Authors: Stratton Elizabeth , Glozier Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making decisions about disclosing mental health conditions in the workplace is complicated. A previous randomized controlled trial showed that web-based decision aid tool (READY?) helped employees make decisions and improved mental health. We aimed to evaluate the implementation of this tool and its outcomes when scaled up by a governmental health and safety agency. We used website analytics and event data of those using the decision aid tool, and self-report stage of decision-making, distress, engagement, and usability data from consenting users of READY? over the first year of it being made publicly available. Over the year 2021, 100 adults opted in to be involved in the research evaluation of the program. This study replicated the previous Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT) that showed at post-intervention; a later stage of decision-making (t1,99 = 6.308, P &lt; .001) with a large effect size (d = 0.87), and psychological distress was significantly reduced (t1,99 = 3.088, P &lt; .001) with a moderate effect size (d = 0.41). READY? facilitated disclosure with 36.3% deciding to disclose after use. Disclosure was associated with a greater reduction in mental ill-health symptoms than non-disclosure [F(2,31) = 18.67, P &lt; .001] with a moderate effect size (d = 0.64). Engagement, usage, and attrition rates were favourable when compared with other digital mental health approaches in community samples. This study shows that READY? is successfully implemented in a real-world sample. Aligning with the RCT results, for many, disclosure can be positive, research should continue to focus on developing organization-wide tools to create better supported and safe workplaces that promote disclosure.
Mechanistic toxicology in light of genetic compensation
Authors: Elizalde Mary Jane , Gorelick Daniel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mechanistic toxicology seeks to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which toxicants exert their deleterious effects. One powerful approach is to generate mutations in genes that respond to a particular toxicant, and then test how such mutations change the effects of the toxicant. CRISPR is a rapid and versatile approach to generate mutations in cultured cells and in animal models. Many studies use CRISPR to generate short insertions or deletions in a target gene and then assume that the resulting mutation, such as a premature termination codon, causes a loss of functional protein. However, recent studies demonstrate that this assumption is flawed. Cells can compensate for short insertion and deletion mutations, leading toxicologists to draw erroneous conclusions from mutant studies. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms by which a mutation in one gene may be rescued by compensatory activity. We will discuss how CRISPR insertion and deletion mutations are susceptible to compensation by transcriptional adaptation, alternative splicing, and rescue by maternally derived gene products. We will review evidence that measuring levels of messenger RNA transcribed from a mutated gene is an unreliable indicator of the severity of the mutation. Finally, we provide guidelines for using CRISPR to generate mutations that avoid compensation.
Comment on ‘A standardized terminology of spines in the order Siluriformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)’ by Ballen and de Pinna (2021)
Authors: Kubicek Kole M , Britz Ralf , Conway Kevin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homology is the foundation of any comparative evolutionary study, and as structures previously considered homologous are found to be convergent, and vice versa, terminology needs to be changed to reflect homology. The dorsal- and pectoral fin-spines of catfishes (order Siluriformes) are morphologically diverse and ornamentations adorning the anterior and posterior edges of the spines have regularly been used in systematic studies of the group. Building on Vanscoy et al. (2015), Kubicek et al. (2019) showed that some of the ornamentations of siluriform fin-spines previously considered homologous result from two different developmental pathways, and presented a terminology based on the homology of these structures. In their recent paper, Ballen and de Pinna (2021) proposed a new terminology for various catfish fin-spine structures, including fin-spine ornamentation. However, homology was not considered and, instead, their terminology is based on the general shape of the ornamentation to allow for ‘unambiguous use’ in various applications, including the placement of fossil fin-spines into well-defined clades of catfishes. We show that the terminology proposed by Ballen and de Pinna (2021) is problematic as it confuses non-homologous conditions into the same state and thus undermines the usefulness of fin-spine ornamentation as a character in comparative evolutionary studies of siluriforms.
A new genus and species of toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African montane biogeography
Authors: Liedtke H Christoph , Malonza Patrick K , Wasonga Domnick V , Müller Hendrik , Loader Simon P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discoveries of new species can greatly impact our understanding of the biogeography of a region. For example, groups of amphibian lineages restricted to the Afrotemperate forests of Tanzania and Ethiopia are indicative of a shared biogeographical history of this highly discontinuous ecosystem. Curiously, many of these lineages are absent from the geographically intermediate Kenyan highlands. This phylogeographical interval is generally considered to be attributable to the younger, volcanic origins of much of the Kenyan highlands, and thus an amphibian fauna that is derived largely from recent colonization events rather than comprising older relicts. Contrasting with this view, here we report on the discovery of a single specimen of Bufonidae (true toad) from Mount Kenya. The specimen belongs to a species new to science and deserves recognition at the generic level owing to its notable molecular phylogenetic and morphological divergences from other described taxa. It is most closely related to the Tanzanian genera Churamiti and Nectophrynoides. The discovery of this new toad and its association with Afrotemperate species is significant because it links Kenya to the biogeographically more ancient Tanzanian mountains and supports the potential longevity of the Afrotemperate forests in Kenya. Broadly, it highlights that we are still adding major branches to the phylogeny of anurans.