bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic Factors Affecting Acceptability of COVID 19 Vaccination: Experience from Community Members in Iringa Municipality
Authors: Haule Rufina Carlos , Msomba Given , Pesha John 
Published: October 2023

COVID 19 vaccination was fast key intervention against the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine acceptance among community members is essential to promote uptake. This study, aimed to examine how demographic factors affected accessibility of COVID 19 vaccination in Tanzania among community members. The study was mixed method research approach in nature where cross section research design was used to capture data at one time. The study employed a sample size of 120 respondents, including vaccinated, non vaccinated, key informants and respondents for focus group discussion from three wards in Iringa Municipality 0n June to July 2022. Simple random sampling was used to select 54 non vaccinated and 10 respondents for focus group discussion, snow ball for 54 vaccinated and purposively for 2 key informants. Both qualitative and quantitative data gathering techniques were employed in the study. Using descriptive statistical analysis, findings revealed that demographic factors such as elderly people, men, people with low education and entrepreneurs have an effect on public acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccine. In fact, administering vaccines has a big influence on the success of handling the Covid-19 pandemic. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out further studies regarding the effect of these factors in receiving the Covid-19 vaccine.
Lead Extraction and Mortality Among Patients With Cardiac Implanted Electronic Device Infection
Authors: Pokorney Sean D. , Zepel Lindsay , Greiner Melissa A. , Fowler Vance G. , Black-Maier Eric , Lewis Robert K. , Hegland Donald D. , Granger Christopher B. , Epstein Laurence M. , Carrillo Roger G. , Wilkoff Bruce L. , Hardy Chantelle , Piccini Jonathan P. 
Published: October 2023

ImportanceComplete hardware removal is a class I recommendation for cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, but practice patterns and outcomes remain unknown.ObjectiveTo quantify the number of Medicare patients with CIED infections who underwent implantation from 2006 to 2019 and lead extraction from 2007 to 2019 to analyze the outcomes in these patients in a nationwide clinical practice cohort.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study included fee-for-service Medicare Part D beneficiaries from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2019, who had a de novo CIED implantation and a CIED infection more than 1 year after implantation. Data were analyzed from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2019.ExposureA CIED infection, defined as (1) endocarditis or infection of a device implant and (2) documented antibiotic therapy.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes of interest were device infection, device extraction, and all-cause mortality. Time-varying multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to evaluate the association between extraction and survival.ResultsAmong 1 065 549 patients (median age, 78.0 years [IQR, 72.0-84.0 years]; 50.9% male), mean (SD) follow-up was 4.6 (2.9) years after implantation. There were 11 304 patients (1.1%) with CIED infection (median age, 75.0 years [IQR, 67.0-82.0 years]); 60.1% were male, and 7724 (68.3%) had diabetes. A total of 2102 patients with CIED infection (18.6%) underwent extraction within 30 days of diagnosis. Infection occurred a mean (SD) of 3.7 (2.4) years after implantation, and 1-year survival was 68.3%. There was evidence of highly selective treatment, as most patients did not have extraction within 30 days of diagnosed infection (9202 [81.4%]), while 1511 (13.4%) had extraction within 6 days of diagnosis and 591 (5.2%) had extraction between days 7 and 30. Any extraction was associated with lower mortality compared with no extraction (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.90; P &amp;lt; .001). Extraction within 6 days was associated with even lower risk of mortality (AHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.61-0.78; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, a minority of patients with CIED infection underwent extraction. Extraction was associated with a lower risk of death compared with no extraction. The findings suggest a need to improve adherence to guideline-directed care among patients with CIED infection.
Janus Kinase Inhibitors and Adverse Events of Acne
Authors: Martinez Jeremy , Manjaly Cyriac , Manjaly Priya , Ly Sophia , Zhou Guohai , Barbieri John , Mostaghimi Arash 
Published: October 2023

ImportanceJanus kinase (JAK) inhibitors are increasingly used across a range of dermatologic conditions. Adverse events of acne have been noted in some studies in clinical practice, but the scope of this outcome across JAK inhibitors has not been established.ObjectiveTo systematically analyze all published phase 2 and 3 placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of JAK inhibitors for the risk of acne as an adverse effect of these medications.Data SourcesComprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed databases through January 31, 2023.Study SelectionInclusion criteria were phase 2 and 3 placebo-controlled RCTs of JAK inhibitors published in English with reported adverse events of acne.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo reviewers independently reviewed and extracted information from all included studies.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome of interest was the incidence of acne following JAK inhibitor use. A meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models.ResultsA total of 25 unique studies (10 839 unique participants; 54% male and 46% female) were included in the final analysis. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated to be 3.83 (95% CI, 2.76-5.32) with increased ORs for abrocitinib (13.47 [95% CI, 3.25-55.91]), baricitinib (4.96 [95% CI, 2.52-9.78]), upadacitinib (4.79 [95% CI, 3.61-6.37]), deucravacitinib (2.64 [95% CI, 1.44-4.86]), and deuruxolitinib (3.30 [95% CI, 1.22-8.93]). Estimated ORs were higher across studies investigating the use of JAK inhibitors for the management of dermatologic compared with nondermatologic conditions (4.67 [95% CI, 3.10-7.05]) as well as for JAK1-specific inhibitors (4.69 [95% CI, 3.56-6.18]), combined JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitors (3.43 [95% CI, 2.14-5.49]), and tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors (2.64 [95% CI, 1.44-4.86]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, JAK inhibitor use was associated with an elevated odds of acne. Patients should be properly counseled on this potential adverse effect of these medications before treatment initiation. Future studies are needed to further elucidate the pathophysiology of this association.
Coordination and Gapping in Words
Authors: Chaves Rui P. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis is a survey entry on a phenomenon whereby sub‐lexical units can be omitted/coordinated, in apparent violation of standard assumptions about Lexical Integrity, which states that syntactic operations cannot access the internal structure of words. What is perhaps most remarkable about the process in question is that it blurs the distinction between syntax and morphology. There are also subtle morphophonological constraints at work which restrict the data in complex ways, such as degree of grammaticalization, sense identity and phonological independence. Section 1 provides an overview of the main empirical facts surrounding the phenomena. Section 2 focuses on cases where initial word‐parts are coordinated/omitted (‘Backward Word Gapping’), highlights its connection to so‐called Right‐Node Raising phenomena, and discusses the various analyses proposed for these constructions in the literature. Conversely, Section 3 focuses on cases where non‐initial word‐parts are coordinated/omitted (‘Forward Word Gapping’), its similarity with Dependent Cluster Coordination, and extant accounts.
Morphophonological Asymmetries in Affixation
Authors: Raffelsiefen Renate 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMorphophonological asymmetries in affixation concern systematic correlations between morphological properties of affixes (e.g. combination with bound versus free stems, position relative to stem (suffixes versus prefixes)) and their phonological properties (e.g. stress behaviour). The arguably most insightful approach to capturing relevant asymmetries invokes a notion of affix coherence, first introduced by Dixon in connection with his work on Yidiɲ, a nearly extinct language spoken in Northern Australia. This notion is based on a categorical division of affixes into ones that integrate into the phonological word of the stem and ones that do not. The integration of affixes is envisioned as being fully determined by phonological and morphological structure in a given language and verifiable by diagnostics relevant to phonological word domains (primarily the syllable and the foot structure). The assumption of two types of prosodic domains characterized by integrated versus non‐integrated affixes is manifest in consistent asymmetries that pertain to morphophonological, phonological, and phonetic rules. This consistency constitutes compelling evidence for the structure‐based analysis of the impact of various affixes on derived words, as opposed to alternative approaches to capturing these effects by associating affixes with diacritics (morpheme versus word boundary, class 1 versus class 2, stratum 1 versus stratum 2). The present entry aims to demonstrate, mostly on the basis of data from Germanic languages, the breadth of the empirical evidence in support of a fundamental role of affix coherence. Moreover, it aims to draw attention to the various implications of affix coherence for modeling relevant generalizations, in particular the necessary reference to a level of phonological representation characterized by a specific degree of abstractness (‘phonemic’).
Polysemy of Affixes
Authors: Janda Laura A. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractPolysemy is defined as a multiplicity of related meanings connected by a single linguistic form. Polysemy can be understood in relation to both homonymy and contextual variation. Homonymy presents unrelated inventories of meanings connected by a given form, while contextual variation describes meanings that can be attributed to the effects of context. Polysemy borders on both homonymy and contextual variation, and the boundaries between these three phenomena may be indistinct. Polysemy is recognized as a network of meanings structured via various kinds of association, such as metaphor and metonymy. This entry provides concrete examples of such semantic networks connected with affixes. Two systems of affixation illustrate the polysemy of affixes: Russian aspectual prefixes and Czech derivational suffixes. Polysemy is the norm in both systems, and individual affixes are singled out for more detailed analysis. Each Russian prefix expresses a prototypical ‘path’ or trajectory in combination with motion verbs, and these meanings are variously extended when prefixes are combined with other verbs. Together the meanings form a radial category network. The meanings of Czech derivational suffixes are characterized by metonymy patterns such asaction for agent, and each suffix has a profile of metonymy patterns that are also related to one another. In addition to presenting these two case studies, I suggest possible future venues for research on the typological and empirical extent of the polysemy of affixes. The examination of entire systems of polysemous affixes can facilitate typological comparisons across languages. Corpus‐based analyses of type and token frequencies of polysemous affixes and of the relative frequencies of their meanings can shed light on the empirical extent of the phenomenon and help to identify its most common patterns.
Priscianic Word Formation
Authors: Steriade Donca 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry analyses forms of syncretism whose participant expressions – lexically related words or stems, or affixes – appear to be arbitrarily selected. The entry evaluates the evidence for these phenomena and considers some independently justified alternatives for their analysis, including non‐automatic phonological processes and conditions on the optimal mapping between morphosyntactic structures and their phonological exponents.
Root and Pattern in Semitic – and Beyond
Authors: Faust Noam , Lampitelli Nicola 
Published: October 2023

AbstractRoot‐and‐pattern morphology (R&P), a central feature of Semitic languages, refers to the combination of two types of morphs: (i) roots that are never surface‐true, pronounceable sequences, and (ii) prosodically‐determined templates, with arbitrary prosody and melody. This combination makes these languages typological outliers, of relevance to determining the range of possible rationales in morphological systems. This entry surveys work on several formal aspects of R&P morphology, from approaches that merely formalize the relation between these two types of morphological entities, to approaches that attempt to bring the data closer to more concatenative, universal principles. The second part of the entry illustrates how both templaticity and internal changes occur outside this language family; and yet, none of the cases surveyed qualifies as involving R&P morphology.
Syncretism
Authors: Hein Johannes , Weisser Philipp 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry presents and discusses various patterns of syncretism, understood to be morphological markers that have a common form but serve different functions. The delineation of different syncretisms will largely be based on the theoretical concepts that have been employed to describe them. In this vein, we distinguish elsewhere syncretisms, natural‐class syncretisms based on cross‐classification and subclassification, directional syncretisms, and morphomic syncretisms. The entry concludes with a brief discussion of the broader impact that the research on syncretism has on our conception of grammar.
Word‐Internal Inflection
Authors: Punske Jeffrey 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis entry examines phenomena related to word‐internal inflection. In particular, it looks at apparent counter‐examples to Greenberg's Universal 28, which states that inflection must always occur outside of derivation, and compound‐internal inflection. It examines how different morphological models define inflection and derivation and how models capture the distributional facts related to inflection.
Cucurbit[7]uril‐Mediated Organ‐Specific Delivery of Ultrasmall NIR‐II Luminescent Gold Nanocarriers for Therapy of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: He Kui , Ding Yuan‐Fu , Zhao Zhipeng , Liu Ben , Nie Wenyan , Luo Xiaoxi , Yu Hua‐Zhong , Liu Jinbin , Wang Ruibing 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe design of nanocarriers that selectively target the liver or kidney is a significant challenge in drug delivery due to the diverse physiological structures and inherent characteristics, as well as their distinct requirements for nanocarriers. Herein, a strategy to synthesize a series of second near‐infrared region (NIR‐II) emitting gold nanocarriers for fine‐tuning liver or kidney‐specific delivery via altering their surface chemistry using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) and Cys‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp (CRGD) peptide is reported. Accordingly, it shows that ultrasmall nanocarriers can facilitate kidney‐targeted delivery in cisplatin‐induced acute kidney injury (AKI) mice, which significantly boosted the accumulation of dexamethasone (DXM) loaded onto the nanocarriers at the site of injured kidneys, thereby achieving improved therapeutic results. Thus, this organ‐specific delivery strategy holds tremendous promise for improving drug delivery efficiency and providing new perspectives and methods for personalized treatments.
Bulk In Situ Reconstruction of Heterojunction Perovskite Enabling Stable Solar Cells Over 24% Efficiency
Authors: Hou Shanyue , Ma Zhu , Li Yanlin , Du Zhuowei , Chen Yi , Yang Junbo , You Wei , Yang Qiang , Yu Tangjie , Huang Zhangfeng , Li Guomin , Wang Haoyu , Liu Qianyu , Yan Guangyuan , Li Haimin , Huang Yuelong , Zhang Wenhua , Abdi‐Jalebi Mojtaba , Ou Zeping , Sun Kuan , Su Rong , Long Wei 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHeterojunction perovskite solar cells combine the stability of 2D perovskites and the high efficiency of 3D perovskites, making them an excellent photovoltaic candidate. While heterojunctions with intermixed or gradient perovskites can reduce surface recombination, the aggregation and phase distribution of 2D perovskite induce transport losses, thereby limiting device fill factors. Accordingly, a bulk in situ reconstruction (BISR) strategy is proposed to induce the reconstruction of 3D perovskites on a minim self‐assembled 2D crystal seed, forming heterojunction perovskite that runs through the entire active layer. This facilitates charge extraction, relieves tensile stress, and avoids the decomposition of perovskite on grain boundaries. As a result, the best‐performing heterojunction perovskite solar cells show a high‐power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.06% with 82.9% FF for the small‐area device (0.105 cm2) and a superior PCE of 19.2% for the large‐area module (5 × 5 cm2). Importantly, the unencapsulated device shows dramatically improved operational stability, maintaining 87% of its initial efficiency after 8000 h of storage under ambient atmosphere at room temperature. This work provides an effective and simple approach to establish heterojunction perovskite to simultaneously boost the efficiency and stability of PSCs.
Digital Mechanical Metamaterial: Encoding Mechanical Information with Graphical Stiffness Pattern for Adaptive Soft Machines
Authors: Choe Jun Kyu , Yi Jiyoon , Jang Hanhyeok , Won Heejae , Lee Suwoo , Lee Hajun , Jang Yeonwoo , Song Hyeonseo , Kim Jiyun 
Published: October 2023

AbstractInspired by the adaptive features exhibited by biological organisms like the octopus, soft machines that can tune their shape and mechanical properties have shown great potential in applications involving unstructured and continuously changing environments. However, current soft machines are far from achieving the same level of adaptability as their biological counterparts, hampered by limited real‐time tunability and severely deficient reprogrammable space of properties and functionalities. As a steppingstone toward fully adaptive soft robots and smart interactive machines, an encodable multifunctional material that uses graphical stiffness patterns is introduced here to in situ program versatile mechanical capabilities without requiring additional infrastructure. Through independently switching the digital binary stiffness states (soft or rigid) of individual constituent units of a simple auxetic structure with elliptical voids, in situ and gradational tunability is demonstrated here in various mechanical qualities such as shape‐shifting and ‐memory, stress–strain response, and Poisson's ratio under compressive load as well as application‐oriented functionalities such as tunable and reusable energy absorption and pressure delivery. This digitally programmable material is expected to pave the way toward multienvironment soft robots and interactive machines.
Growth, Distribution, and Photosynthesis of Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii in 3D Hydrogels
Authors: Oh Jeong‐Joo , Ammu Satya , Vriend Vivian Dorine , Kieffer Roland , Kleiner Friedrich Hans , Balasubramanian Srikkanth , Karana Elvin , Masania Kunal , Aubin‐Tam Marie‐Eve 
Published: October 2023

AbstractEngineered living materials (ELMs) are a novel class of functional materials that typically feature spatial confinement of living components within an inert polymer matrix to recreate biological functions. Understanding the growth and spatial configuration of cellular populations within a matrix is crucial to predicting and improving their responsive potential and functionality. Here, this work investigates the growth, spatial distribution, and photosynthetic productivity of eukaryotic microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) in three‐dimensionally shaped hydrogels in dependence of geometry and size. The embedded C. reinhardtii cells photosynthesize and form confined cell clusters, which grow faster when located close to the ELM periphery due to favorable gas exchange and light conditions. Taking advantage of location‐specific growth patterns, this work successfully designs and prints photosynthetic ELMs with increased CO2 capturing rate, featuring high surface to volume ratio. This strategy to control cell growth for higher productivity of ELMs resembles the already established adaptations found in multicellular plant leaves.
Charge Dispersion Strategy for High‐Performance and Rain‐Proof Triboelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Sun Qizeng , Ren Guozhang , He Shunhao , Tang Biao , Li Yijia , Wei Yuewen , Shi Xuewen , Tan Shenxing , Yan Ren , Wang Kaili , Yu Liuyingzi , Wang Junjie , Gao Kun , Zhu Chengcheng , Song Yaxin , Gong Zhongyan , Lu Gang , Huang Wei , Yu Hai‐Dong 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is becoming a sustainable and renewable way of energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing because of low cost, simple structure, and high efficiency. However, the output current of existing TENGs is still low. It is proposed that the output current of TENGs can be dramatically improved if the triboelectric charges can distribute inside the triboelectric layers. Herein, a novel single‐electrode conductive network‐based TENG (CN‐TENG) is developed by introducing a conductive network of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in dielectric triboelectric layer of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this CN‐TENG, the contact electrification‐induced charges distribute on both the surface and interior of the dielectric TPU layer. Thus, the short‐circuit current of CN‐TENG improves for 100‐fold, compared with that of traditional dielectric TENG. In addition, this CN‐TENG, even without packing, can work stably in high‐humidity environments and even in the rain, which is another main challenge for conventional TENGs due to charge leakage. Further, this CN‐TENG is applied for the first time, to successfully distinguish conductive and dielectric materials. This work provides a new and effective strategy to fabricate TENGs with high output current and humidity‐resistivity, greatly expanding their practical applications in energy harvesting, movement sensing, human–machine interaction, and so on.
Band Structure Engineering and Orbital Orientation Control Constructing Dual Active Sites for Efficient Sulfur Redox Reaction
Authors: Lao Zhoujie , Han Zhiyuan , Ma Jiabin , Zhang Mengtian , Wu Xinru , Jia Yeyang , Gao Runhua , Zhu Yanfei , Xiao Xiao , Yu Kuang , Zhou Guangmin 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe kinetics difference among multistep electrochemical processes leads to the accumulation of soluble polysulfides and thus shuttle effect in lithium−sulfur (Li−S) batteries. While the interaction between catalysts and representative species has been reported, the root of the kinetics difference, interaction change among redox reactions, remains unclear, which significantly impedes the catalysts design for Li−S batteries. Here, this work deciphers the interaction change among electrocatalytic sulfur reactions, using tungsten disulfide (WS2) a model system to demonstrate the efficiency of modifying electrocatalytic selectivity via dual‐coordination design. Band structure engineering and orbital orientation control are combined to guide the design of WS2 with boron dopants and sulfur vacancies (B−WS2−x), accurately modulating interaction with lithium and sulfur sites in polysulfide species for relatively higher interaction with short‐chain polysulfides. The modified interaction trend is experimentally confirmed by distinguishing the kinetics of each electrochemical reaction step, indicating the effectiveness of the designed strategy. An Ah‐level pouch cell with B−WS2−x delivers a gravimetric energy density of up to 417.6 Wh kg−1 with a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 3.6 µL mg−1 and negative/positive ratio of 1.2. This work presents a dual‐coordination strategy for advancing evolutionarily catalytic activity, offering a rational strategy to develop effective catalysts for practical Li−S batteries.