bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Adverse Drug Events Among Older Adults in the Ambulatory Setting
Authors: Field Terry S. , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Harrold Leslie R. , Rothschild Jeffrey , DeBellis Kristin R. , Seger Andrew C. , Auger Jill C. , Garber Leslie A. , Cadoret Cynthia , Fish Leslie S. , Garber Lawrence D. , Kelleher Michael , Bates David W. 
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To gather information on patient‐level factors associated with risk of adverse drug events (ADEs) that may allow focus of prevention efforts on patients at high risk.Design: Nested case‐control study.Setting: Large multispecialty group practice in New England.Participants: All Medicare enrollees cared for by a multispecialty group practice during 1 year (N=30,397 person‐years from July 1, 1999, through June 30, 2000). For each patient with an ADE, a control was randomly selected.Measurements: Data were abstracted from medical records on age, sex, comorbidities, and medication use at the time of the event.Results: ADEs were identified in 1,299 older adults. Independent risk factors included being female and aged 80 and older. There were dose‐response associations with the Charlson Comorbidity Index and number of scheduled medications. Patients taking anticoagulants, antidepressants, antibiotics, cardiovascular drugs, diuretics, hormones, and corticosteroids were at increased risk. In the analysis of preventable ADEs, the dose‐response relationship with comorbidity and number of medications remained. Patients taking nonopioid analgesics (predominantly nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and acetaminophen), anticoagulants, diuretics, and anti‐seizure medications were at increased risk.Conclusion: Prevention efforts to reduce ADEs should be targeted toward older adults with multiple medical conditions or taking multiple medications, nonopioid analgesics, anticoagulants, diuretics, and antiseizure medications.
Age‐Related Changes in Treatment Strategies for Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Barchielli Alessandro , Buiatti Eva , Balzi Daniela , Santoro Giovanni M. , Carrabba Nazario , Fabiani Plinio , Maci Marcella , Margheri Massimo , Mangani Irene , Monami Matteo , Marchionni Niccolò ,   for the AMI‐Florence Working Group
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To compare across four age groups (<65, 65–74, 75–84, ≥85) the determinants of coronary reperfusion therapy (CRT) use in ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STE‐AMI).Design: Population‐based, observational study.Setting: Performed in the health district of Florence, Italy, where percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred CRT.Participants: Nine hundred thirty patients with STE‐AMI prospectively enrolled in the Florence AMI registry.Measurements: Use of CRT, clinical factors associated with CRT use.Results: CRT use was reduced from 71% at younger than 65 to 31% at aged 85 and older (P<.001). After adjusting for chronic comorbidity, Killip class, admission hospital category, hospitalization delay, and AMI location, CRT use was 29% (P=.17) lower at age 75 to 84 and 63% (P<.001) lower at age 85 and older than at younger than 65. Within each age group, the probability of receiving CRT was three to five times greater in patients directly admitted to the hospital with PCI facilities. Acute cardiac failure and chronic comorbidity were associated with lower CRT use only in patients aged 65 and older. Patients aged less than 85 years who received reperfusive therapy had a significantly lower risk of death (−44%, P=.045) at 1 year, whereas it was less evident and nonsignificant (−27%, P=.27) in patients aged 85 and older.Conclusion: Results confirm that, although they might substantially benefit from CRT during STE‐AMI, older patients are excluded from CRT even when eligible. This further indicates that clinicians are not yet completely prepared to manage most efficiently frail elderly with AMI, a task requiring a specific interdisciplinary training program in geriatric cardiology.
The Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha −308G>A Polymorphism Is Associated with Dementia in the Oldest Old
Authors: Bruunsgaard Helle , Benfield Thomas L. , Andersen‐Ranberg Karen , Hjelmborg Jacob v. B. , Pedersen Agnes N. , Schroll Marianne , Pedersen Bente K. , Jeune Bernard 
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) −308 G>A promoter gene polymorphism is a risk factor in age‐related dementia and longevity.Design: A cross‐sectional and a longitudinal study.Setting: A population‐based sample of Danish centenarians.Participants: One hundred‐year‐old Danes (n=122) from “The Longitudinal Study of Danish Centenarians.” Octogenarians (n=174) and healthy volunteers aged 18 to 30 (n=47) served as reference groups.Methods: Whether the distribution of TNF −308 GG/GA/AA genotypes were different in centenarians than in younger age groups was investigated (Fischer exact test). Furthermore, whether the TNF −308 G>A polymorphism was associated with the prevalence of dementia (logistic regression analysis), the plasma level of TNF‐α (analysis of variance), and mortality in the following 5 years (Cox regression analysis) within the cohort of centenarians was tested.Results: The distribution of TNF −308 genotypes was not different across the three different age groups, but the GA genotype was associated with decreased prevalence of dementia in centenarians. The few centenarians with AA carrier status had higher mortality risk and tended to show higher plasma levels of TNF‐α, but the significance was questionable due to a low number of subjects with this genotype.Conclusion: It is possible that the TNF −308 A allele is maintained during aging because subjects who are heterozygous for this polymorphism possess the optimal inflammatory response with regard to protection against age‐related neurodegeneration.
Normal Values of Balance Tests in Women Aged 20–80
Authors: Isles Rosemary C. , Choy Nancy L. Low , Steer Marie , Nitz Jennifer C. 
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To determine normal values for four commonly used clinical functional balance tests from community‐dwelling women aged 20 to 80 and to identify any significant decline due to aging.Design: A cross‐sectional study was undertaken to provide normative values for four clinical balance tests across 6 decade cohorts.Setting: The Betty Byrne‐Henderson Center for Women and Aging, Royal Womens' Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.Participants: Four hundred fifty‐six community‐dwelling, independently ambulant women with no obvious neurological or musculoskeletal‐related disability, aged 20 to 80, were randomly recruited from a large metropolitan region.Measurements: The clinical balance measures/tests were the Timed Up and Go test, step test, Functional Reach test, and lateral reach test. Multivariate analysis was used to test the effect for age, height, and activity level.Results: Normal data were produced for each test across each decade cohort. Gradual decline in balance performance was confirmed, with significant effect for age demonstrated.Conclusion: New normative data across the adult age decades are available for these clinical tests. Use of clinical balance tests could complement other balance tests and be used to screen women aged 40 to 60 whose performance is outside the normal values for age and to decrease later falls risk.
The Identification of Genetically Related Bacterial Isolates Using Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis on Nursing Home Units: A Clinical Experience
Authors: Drinka Paul J. , Stemper Mary E. , Gauerke Cathy D. , Miller Janice M. , Reed Kurt D. 
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To describe a laboratory‐based technique to track nursing home infections.Design: Retrospective data analysis.Setting: A 721‐bed skilled care facility with 14 nursing units.Participants: Residents in a nursing home, average age 76±10, 78% male.Measurements: Bacterial isolates were listed for each nursing unit. Clusters of identical species and antibiotic susceptibility were identified followed by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). If the genetic analysis yielded related strains, the director of nursing performed a clinical investigation. PFGE is available through reference laboratories at a cost of approximately $75/isolate.Results: Twenty‐four clinical clusters of phenotypically identical bacteria (species, antibiotic susceptibility) were identified. Fourteen included genetically related isolates.Conclusion: Approximately half of the phenotypically identical clusters contained genetically related isolates. The identification of genetically related bacterial isolates on nursing units by PFGE provides staff with a specific circumstance to review secretion precautions. Genetic analysis may also demonstrate that apparent clusters are unrelated.
Accuracy of Nursing Home Medical Record Information about Care‐Process Delivery: Implications for Staff Management and Improvement
Authors: Schnelle John F. , Bates‐Jensen Barbara M. , Chu Lily , Simmons Sandra F. 
Published: July 2004

Arguments have been made that the culture of nursing homes (NHs) must change to improve the quality of care, and two initiatives have been designed to accomplish this goal. One initiative is to provide resident outcome information (quality indicators) to NH management and consumers via public reporting systems. This initiative is based on the assumptions that resident outcomes are related to care processes implemented by NH staff, the NH industry will respond to market forces, and there are management systems in place within NHs to change the behavior of direct care staff if outcomes are poor. A separate staffing initiative argues that NH care will not improve until there are resources available to increase the number of direct care staff and improve staff training. This initiative also assumes that systems are in place to manage staff resources. Unfortunately, these initiatives may have limited efficacy because information useful for managing the behavior of direct care providers is unavailable within NHs. Medical record documentation about daily care‐process implementation may be so erroneous that even the best‐intentioned efforts to improve the care received by residents will not be successful.A culture of inaccurate documentation is largely created by a discrepancy between care expectations placed on NHs by regulatory guidelines and inadequate reimbursement to fulfill these expectations. Nursing home staff have little incentive to implement the technologies necessary to audit and assure data quality if accurate documentation reveals that care consistent with regulatory guidelines is not or cannot be provided. A survey process that largely focuses on chart documentation to assess quality provides further incentive for care‐process documentation as opposed to care‐process delivery. This article reviews methods to improve the accuracy of NH medical record documentation and to create data systems useful for staff training and management.
Building Academic Geriatric Capacity: An Evaluation of the John A. Hartford Foundation Centers of Excellence Initiative
Authors: Reuben David B. , Lee Ming , Katz Diane , Warshaw Gregg , Medina‐Walpole Annette , Bragg Elizabeth , Frank Janet C. 
Published: July 2004

Almost 15 years ago, the John A. Hartford Foundation began its Centers of Excellence (CoE) program. In summer 2002, a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the CoE program was conducted. The evaluation used previously collected quantitative data from surveys of program directors and graduates of fellowship programs, as well as interviews and surveys of currently funded CoEs.Since its inception, the CoE program has supported 163 geriatrics fellows, of whom 63% entered academic geriatrics. Almost half of these graduating fellows have gone to new academic institutions. CoEs have also supported 222 faculty, including some who were in disciplines other than geriatrics. The vast majority (82%) have remained in academics, and nearly two‐thirds are currently in geriatrics. As the priorities and needs of the institutions and geriatrics programs changed, most centers shifted their CoE priorities. These changes predominantly took two forms: a refocus from one activity to another or an expansion of outreach or levels of support.Based upon this formal evaluation, the Hartford‐supported CoE program has been successful in strengthening academic geriatrics, particularly in attracting, developing, and retaining geriatrics faculty.
Overview of genetic evaluation in dairy cattle
Authors: TOGASHI Kenji , LIN Ching Yonn , YOKOUCHI Kunio 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTIt is costly and time‐consuming to carry out dairy cattle selection on a large experimental scale. For this reason, sire and cow evaluations are almost exclusively based on field data, which are highly affected by a large array of environmental factors. Therefore, it is crucial to adjust for those environmental effects in order to accurately estimate the genetic merits of sires and cows. Index selection is a simple extension of the ordinary least squares under the assumption that the fixed effects are assumed known without error. The mixed‐model equations (MME) of Henderson provide a simpler alternative to the generalized least squares procedure, which is computationally difficult to apply to large data sets. Solution to the MME yields the best linear unbiased estimator of the fixed effects and the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP) of the random effects. In an animal breeding situation, the random effects such as sire or animal represent the animal's estimated breeding value, which provides a basis for selection decision. The BLUP procedure under sire model assumes random mating between sires and dams. The genetic evaluation procedure has progressed a long way from the dam‐daughter comparison method to animal model, from single trait to multiple trait analysis, and from lactational to test‐day model, to improve accuracy of evaluations. Multiple‐trait evaluation appears desirable because it takes into account the genetic and environmental variance‐covariance of all traits evaluated. For these reasons, multiple‐trait evaluation would reduce bias from selection and achieve a better accuracy of prediction as compared to single‐trait evaluation. The number of traits included in multiple‐trait evaluation should depend upon the breeding goal. Recent advances in molecular and reproductive technologies have created great potential for quantitative geneticists concerning genetic dissection of quantitative traits, and marker‐assisted genetic evaluation and selection.
Estimation of dominance genetic variances for reproductive traits and growth traits of calves in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: ISHIDA Takafumi , MUKAI Fumio 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe dominance genetic effects for reproductive and calf growth abilities in the practical Japanese Black populations were examined using average information (AI) algorithm restricted maximum likelihood (REML) under animal models. The reproductive traits were observed in Japanese Black cattle maintained at Tottori and Okinawa prefectures, and growth traits of calves were observed in cattle at Okinawa. The average of dominance relationships in Tottori ranged from 0.2 to 0.4%, while the level in Okinawa was lower and sparse compared with Tottori. The proportions of the dominance variances to sum of additive and dominance variances () were all 0.02 for reproductive traits in Tottori. In contrast, the proportion was 0.02–0.64 in Okinawa regardless of the level of dominance relationships. These proportions suggested that the dominance might affect the expression of calving interval, days open and gestation length in Okinawa, where breeding units were spread over many islands. Although the dominance variances could not estimate birthweight, w as 0.34 for calf market weight and 0.27 for average daily gain from birth to calf market in Okinawa. These values also suggested that the dominance might affect the early growth of calves. In the near future, genetic relationships will become more complicated with continuation of the current selection and mating systems. Therefore, genetic evaluation accounting for dominance effects would be necessary for particular traits and populations.
Analysis of mitochondrial DNA protein‐coding region in the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)
Authors: WADA Kenta , YOKOHAMA Michinari 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTIn the present study, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the Yeso Sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) were studied. Specifically, protein‐coding genes as mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunits (ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4L, ND4, ND5 and ND6), cytochrome c oxidase subunits (CO I and CO III), ATP synthase subunits (ATPase8 and ATPase6) and cytochrome b. Also, phylogenetic analyses on eight mammalian species were performed, including the Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). The rate of amino‐acid substitution was lowest (3.74%) between Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer, and the values between Yeso Sika deer and other species (sheep, cattle, horse, pig, mouse, human and chimpanzee) were 6.63%, 7.30%, 12.55%, 13.03%, 23.59%, 24.82% and 25.04%, respectively. Among them, the highest value of divergence was recognized in ATPase8, and the second structure of ATPase8 showed a difference between the Yeso Sika deer and Muntjac deer as a result of the substitution of 34His→Tyr and 49Thr→Ile. In addition, we identified a substitution of an amino‐acid sequence (19Thr→Ala) between the Yeso Sika deer and Yakushima Sika deer (C. n. yakushimae). From these results, ATPase8 was also a variable region in Cervidae.
Polymorphism and evolutionary profile of mitochondrial DNA control region inferred from the sequences of Pakistani goats
Authors: SULTANA Saira , MANNEN Hideyuki 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTComplete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region of 30 Pakistani domestic goats was sequenced to investigate the genetic diversity and organization. Twenty‐two new haplotypes were observed and all were classified into mt‐lineage A. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two distinct clusters in mt‐lineage A, A1 and A2. A 17 bp deletion and a 76 bp insertion were detected in the L‐domain and observed 10 and one animals, respectively, in 232 Pakistani domestic goats. These remarkable deletion/insertion events would be useful to investigate mtDNA diversity within the highly divergent mt‐lineage A. In analysis of the control region feature, the caprine mtDNA was A/T rich as observed for other artiodactyls. Four conserved regions, Block A in the L domain, the C‐domain, Block B and CSB1 in the R domain, were defined as well as in the other species.
Effect of growth hormone on estrogen receptor binding properties in the chick oviduct in vivo
Authors: TAKAHASHI Tetsuya , OGAWA Hiroshi , KAWASHIMA Mitsuo 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) and the maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of estrogen receptor in cytosolic and nuclear fractions in oviduct of pullets following various daily injections (1–10 times) of growth hormone (GH: 50 µg/chick) were examined by Scathchard analysis of specific [3H]estradiol‐17β (E2) binding. The Kd values of receptor in both fractions decreased after three times of GH‐injection. In the Bmax values, three times of the injection caused a marked decrease in that value in the cytosolic fraction with a concomitant increase in that in the nuclear fraction, whereas the total Bmax (sum of Bmax in the cytosolic and nuclear fractions) did not change. A similar relationship between the Kd values in the binding of the two fractions was also observed in 4–10 times of GH‐injection. However, in 4–10 times of GH‐injection the Bmax of the both fractions and total Bmax was greater than that in vehicle‐injection (control). When the chicks were injected with 6–10 times of GH‐injection, the weight of oviduct was increased. No change in the plasma concentrations of E2 was found following GH‐ and vehicle‐injections into the chicks. The results suggest that growth hormone stimulates the growth of the chick oviduct by increasing the binding affinity and capacity of estrogen receptor.
Partial characterization of structure and function of a xylanase gene from the rumen hemicellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium ruminantium
Authors: TAGUCHI Hidenori , KOIKE Satoshi , KOBAYASHI Yasuo , CANN Isaac K. O. , KARITA Shuichi 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTA gene encoding for xylanase activity in the rumen hemicellulolytic bacterium Eubacterium ruminantium was cloned into pBR322 in Escherichia coli (E. coli ). The primary clone had a 5.7 kb insert produced by Eco RI partial digestion. Subcloning followed by sequencing allowed for the discovery that this enzyme has a glycosyl‐hydrolase family 10 catalytic domain with a family 9 carbohydrate binding module at C‐terminus and a region partially homologous to a family 22 carbohydrate binding module at N‐terminus. Cloned xylanase is specifically active against xylan and oligoxyloside to produce xylobiose and xylotriose, showing optimal pH and temperature at 7.0 and 50°C, respectively. Molecular size of the xylanase (91 kDa) was confirmed by zymogram analysis of the E. coli clone, which agreed with the predicted size from the DNA sequence. Functions of the two modules at C‐ and N‐termini were evaluated by using xylanase variants with and without the respective module and the C‐terminal module was found to be functional in binding to acid‐swollen cellulose and insoluble oat‐spelt xylan, whereas the N‐terminal module was inactive for binding them.
Diversity of chemical composition, dry matter intake, in vivo digestibility and in situ dry matter degradability of oat hay (Avena sativa)
Authors: MAZUMDER Md. Arifur Rahman , KUMAGAI Hajime , MITANI Katsunosuke 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTDiversity of chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and in situ dry matter degradability of oat hay (Avena sativa) were studied. Oat hay samples obtained from 22 batches imported were analyzed for chemical composition. The result showed a wide range of variations in crude protein (3.9–8.8%, on a dry matter basis), crude fiber (22.1–35.2%), nitrogen free extract (50.0–66.0%), organic cellular contents (23.4–40.0%), organic cell wall (53.1–70.8%), organic a (4.1–9.8%), organic b (49.0–63.8%) fractions and the estimated total digestible nutrients (50.3–63.8%) from the organic components. Of these, four oat hay samples were used for the measurement of dry matter intake, in vivo digestibility and in situ dry matter degradability in sheep. Significant differences were observed for the dry matter intake, in vivo digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract, dry matter disappearance at 48 h and effective degradability at k = 0.05 h−1 of the samples (P < 0.05). The results revealed a wide range of diversity of nutritional quality of the imported oat hay that could have an affect on production potential in animals.
Diet supplied with L‐lysine and L‐arginine during chronic stress of high stock density normalizes growth of broilers
Authors: SRINONGKOTE Saksit , SMRIGA Miro , TORIDE Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTThe effects of fortifying a diet with L‐lysine HCl (Lys) and L‐arginine (Arg) in broilers housed under conditions of high stock density, were studied in an experiment that measured bodyweight, feed intake, feed conversion, body temperature, serum protein, immune parameters and neutrophils. A diet fortified with Lys and Arg increased bodyweight gain in broilers housed under high stock density conditions, but not in normally housed controls. The diet fortified with Lys and Arg decreased the feed conversion ratio and abdominal fat, as compared to the effects of a control diet, without regard to housing conditions. No effects of amino acid fortification or stock density on body temperature, serum protein or immune parameters were recorded. The results indicate that an increase in the dietary supply of Lys and Arg is beneficial to broilers during stressful conditions of high stock density, potentially contributing to an enhancement of animal welfare in broiler farms.