bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Debut of European Peace Movements, 1815- 1850: From Elite Prescriptions to Middle-Class Participation
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing inspires interest in a durable international peace quite as effectively as decades of murderous, debilitating warfare. In April 1792, France, in its third year of revolution, went to war against the Hapsburgs and eventually all the crowned heads of Europe. In the next twenty-three years, ending with the Battle of Water loo, there were few years of peace as the peoples of Europe and, eventually, the new United States battled for a host of new causes, such as liberty, national freedom, the rights of neutrals, and the abolition of feudalism, or in defense of older causes, such as privilege, imperial control and the salvation of the old regimes. The wars commingled ideological and material motives. At the end; besides the traditional diplomatic meeting to shape the formal peace, there was an unexpected outcome: a critical citizen consciousness that challenged the necessity as well as morality of this presumably legal form of mass murder.
Arbitration: The Search for Persuasive Propaganda
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the centennial of the French Revolution, the founding congresses of the Inter-parliamentary Conference and the Universal Peace Congress in Paris celebrated the promise of international arbitration. Frederic Passy articulated the sentiment:
His peroration derived from real experience mixed with a dash of hope. By 1889, peace activists and legal scholars counted ninety successful cases of arbitration during the century. From 1871 to 1890, despite rising tensions-the creation of the Triple Alliance, the intractable hostility between France and the German Empire, conflicts over imperial acquisitions-arbitration was used three times as frequently as in the preceding seven decades.2 From 1890 to 1900, sixty-three more successful arbitration decisions were reached.3 After two decades of meetings of the International Law Association and the Association for the Reform and Codification of International Law, more than half a dozen serious scholarly projects for systematizing international arbitration existed, all carefully couched to pre serve national sovereignty. The prestigious Revue de droit international et legislation comparee treated international law as if it were a reality in the process of becoming positive law-as medieval customary practice once became common law.
The Endings and Beginnings of Persons: Death, Abortion, and Infanticide
Authors: Engelhardt H Tristram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Persons are central to morality. As chapter 4 recounted, only persons have moral problems and moral obligations. The very world of morality is sustained by persons. The problem is that not all humans are persons in terms of general secular morality. To be a person for secular morality, one must be able to give morally authoritative permission. Or, to put matters somewhat differently, only those entities who can give permission, who can convey moral authority concerning themselves and their possessions will be termed persons. Person in the strict sense will be used to identify those entities who can establish by their agreements a web of moral authority for their collaboration, or who can refuse to be involved with others. Persons in the strict sense are the active participants in the morality that can bind moral strangers, for only persons can negotiate their areas of joint labor and by their refusals set limits to the intrusions of others. As such, per sons in the strict sense are moral agents who may be held responsible for their actions.
Means and Ends: Workers and the Value of Work
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate over the mechanized factory system in antebellum New England can not be reduced to simple biographical, chronological, or demographic categories. Workers did not criticize or praise the factories simply on the basis of their age, sex, occupation, location, or any other single factor. Nor were they always likely to paint the factories in stark black-and-white terms-the debate spread over a broad spectrum of attitudes, ranging from outright condemnation, to profound ambivalence, to enthusiastic support. Workers from similar backgrounds could stand on opposite ends of this spectrum, and a single worker could pass through various emotional stages in the course of years working in the factories. Some workers, struggling to make sense of the changes taking place on the shop floor, could find themselves whether they realized it or not-trying to hold contradictory ideas within their own world view of the factories.
“Ethiopia Shall Stretch Forth Her Hands”: Black Christianity And The Politics Of Liberation
Authors: Fredrickson George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The black Americans and South Africans who struggled for the suffrage in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century did not rest their appeal primarily on an eighteenth-century notion of humanity’s inalienable right to self-government. More often they claimed equal political rights as people who had attained, or were capable of attaining, a level of “civilization” that made them qualified to perform the duties of democratic citizenship. For many, the most important element in this acquired competence was their belief in Christianity, which not only attested to their moral enlightenment and sense of responsibility, but also allowed them to claim membership in a spiritual community composed of those, of whatever race or previous condition of servitude, who had accepted Christ and were willing to obey his commandments. The abolitionist movement in the United States and missionary-led campaigns against forced labor in early-to midi nineteenth-century South Africa had been based on the assumption that the Golden Rule forbade the enslavement or enserfment of human beings who had souls to be saved. Blacks who had themselves become Christians were therefore able to condemn white oppressors and discriminators for violating a color-blind system of ethics to which whites themselves supposedly subscribed. Biblical passages such as Acts 18:26-”He created of one blood all the nations of men to dwell on the face of the earth”-were interpreted as providing divine sanction for interracial struggles against slavery and legalized white supremacy in the nineteenth century.
Protest Of “The Talented Tenth”: Black Elites And The Rise Of Segregation
Authors: Fredrickson George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first two decades of the twentieth century, the relatively new term “segregation” was at the center of public discourse about race relations in both the United States and South Africa. Its principal use was to describe new laws and public policies designed to increase the physical separation of blacks and whites. In the United States, the word was first used in this way during the 1890s when southern states began passing laws that required separate accommodation for blacks and whites in railroads, passenger boats, and streetcars. In South Africa, it originated shortly after the turn of the century, and from the beginning referred mainly to proposals for controlling interactions between whites and Africans by dividing the country up between “native reserves” and the much larger area where white interests and prerogatives would be firmly entrenched. The common element of both forms of segregation was the use of law and governmental action, in a more systematic and comprehensive way than had been attempted previously, to prevent any mixing of the races that might conceivably engender conflict and threaten white dominance or social superiority. If segregation means simply the enforced social or territorial separation of dominant and subaltern “races,” the practice (if not the term) had a long history in both countries. As Alexis de Tocqueville noted in the 1830s, black and white Americans lived thoroughly separate social lives in cities like Philadelphia, a division that prevailed even among incarcerated criminals and beyond the grave in the form of separate burial grounds.
“Self-Determination For Negroes”: Communists And Black Freedom Struggles, 1928-1948
Authors: Fredrickson George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the late 1920s and the late ‘40s, the Communist parties of the United States and South Africa made strenuous efforts to place themselves in the forefront of black protest against white supremacy. Although they never achieved the mass support that the Garvey movement or the ICU had attracted during the ‘20s, Communists did manage to play a significant role in the struggle against white racism. The orthodox Leninist conception of the party did not require it to be a mass movement like the ICU or the UNIA; it was meant to be an elite or “vanguard,” composed of carefully selected and highly disciplined revolutionaries who would give direction to the masses at appropriate times but needed to be wary of admitting to actual membership people who had not fully assimilated the Marxist-Leninist ideology. If such people were willing to accept Communists as allies in the struggle against racial oppression, antiimperialist or anti-racist “fronts” of one kind or another could be established, within which Communists could hope to exert an influence far beyond their actual numbers. The parties generally enforced ideological and tactical consensus in their own ranks through the practice of “democratic centralism,” which meant that once a decision was made no one could question it. This policy was a strength in the sense that it gave the party cohesion and ideological coherence, especially in comparison with populist-type movements, but it could also be an obstacle to cooperation with non-Communists who shared some but not all of its goals. If at any given time the party was turning “leftward” and refusing to have any truck with democratic socialists or “bourgeois nationalists,” it limited its influence over other movements seeking change; if it was moving to the right and seeking to ally itself with the broader progressive tendencies through “popular front” activities, it aroused suspicions of ulterior motives and conspiratorial aims. Radical black intellectuals who were attracted by Communist opposition to capitalism and racism often found it difficult or impossible to surrender their minds and talents to a party bureaucracy that had little respect for the free play of the intellect and the imagination. If they cooperated with Communists at all, their affiliation as members or “fellow travelers” was likely to be troubled and brief (although there were some conspicuous exceptions, especially in cases where the Communists deliberately and pragmatically refrained from imposing their usual discipline over particularly prominent members or fellow-travelers from the intellectual and artistic world).
“A Measure to I{ill Anarchy and Keep Down Socialists”: The Income Tax and the Meaning of Reform, 1881-1894
Authors: Stanley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scene in the House of Representatives on February 1, 1894, astonished even hardboiled newspaper reporters used to occasional demonstrations from spectators. On that day “the largest audience ever gathered in the House” witnessed the passage of the Wilson tariff bill with its income tax provision-a major effort by the Democratic party to demonstrate its mastery of the rapidly deteriorating economic and political environment following the Panic of 1893. The galleries and lobbies were filled with “a maelstrom of restless, pushing, impatient men and women” so tightly jammed together that the elevators could not discharge their passengers and “a score of ladies” had to be carried from the building in what the Victorian reporter referred to as a “more or less demoralized state.”
The Court Confronts the Problem of “Practice”:The Pollock Compromise and the Dynamics of Reaction, 1894-1900
Authors: Stanley Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deeply compromised Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act became law without Grover Cleveland’s signature on August 28, 1894. During the autumn plans were swiftly laid for a series of constitutional challenges to the income tax components of the law, and by early winter three separate suits were in progress under the sponsorship of wealthy taxpayers and eminent counsel. On January 28, 1895, the Supreme Court consolidated the cases for early hearing, and by May 20 had rendered its judgment in two separate decisions.
The Anglican Refortnation
Authors: Solt Leo F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “Anglican Reformation” applies best to those two periods in the mid-sixteenth century which cover the six years of King Edward VI (1547-1553) and the first five years of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1563). They are the periods when Archbishop Cranmer, Parliament, and Convocation created, and Elizabeth, Parliament, and Convocation selected, those important Protestant reforms, especially in worship and belief, which form the historic base of the Anglican Church essentially as we know it today. In the decade before Edward’s six years, Henry VIII had reformed the Church minimally, and in the four decades after Elizabeth’s first five years, the queen resisted practically all suggestions for change.
The Laudian Counter-Reformation
Authors: Solt Leo F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Synod of Dort had rejected the Arminian Remonstrants in 1619. But a number of English clergymen like John Hales, who “bade John Calvin ‘good night,” welcomed the Arminianism which had been slowly growing ever since Whitgift’s attempt to check loose Calvinism at the Lambeth Conference. In the 1630s, adherents to Arminianism held-besides “all the best bishoprics and deaneries in England”-views about free will and good works that led Puritans to fear a doctrinal return to the Thomistic synthesis of the Catholic Church.
On the Sheep Ranges
Authors: Sheldon Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Charles Sheldon (1867-1929) arrived in the Yukon’s Ogilvie Mountains in June 1904, he was al-ready a self-made millionaire, having retired two years earlier at the age of 35 after making a fortune in a Mexican mining venture. Accompanying him on this now-historic trip was the artist Carl Rungius and Wilfred H. Osgood, a naturalist with the Biological Survey (the precursor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). A graduate of Yale University, an activist in the Boone and Crockett Club, and an acquaintance of President Theodore Roosevelt, Charles Sheldon brought with him to the far north one of the curious ironies of his time: many, if not all, of the leading conservationists-including Roosevelt-were trophy hunters determined, above all, to save their aristocratic sport from ruin. This paradox is evident in this selection from The Wilderness of the Upper Yukon (Scribner’s, 1911), Sheldon’s first book.
One Man’s Wilderness
Authors: Proenneke Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DickProenneke (1917-) has led the sort of life many dream of. Born in Iowa, he served in the U. S. Navy during World War II, worked as a sheep herder in
Oregon for a few years, and then eventually came to Alaska for the first time in 1950. In 1967, after having lived and worked around Kodiak Island and King Salmon on the Alaska Peninsula, Proenneke stayed at a friend’s cabin on Lake Clark. The area impressed him and the next summer he returned to construct his own cabin in this remote wilder ness, a story related in One Man’s Wilderness (Alaska Northwest Publishing Company, 1973). Today Dick Proenneke is a living legend around what has since become Lake Clark National Park.
The Alaskan Journal
Authors: Merton Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968 Thomas Merton (1915-1968) was permitted to travel beyond the walls of Gethsemoni Abbey, located in the rolling green hills of northern Kentucky, for the first time in many years. A member of the Cistercion Order, Merton had quietly built on international reputation as a lyric poet, philosophical essayist, and commentator on contemporary affairs (including nuclear weapons, human rights, and the Viet Nam War). He remained in Alaska for two weeks before continuing on to a Buddhist convention in Bang kok, Thailand, where he died in a bizarre accident involving an electrical fan and a running shower.
An Expedition to the Pole
Authors: Dillard Annie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Pittsburgh and educated in the creative writing program at Hollins College in Virginia, Annie Dillard (1945-) has been one of her country’s most distinguished authors for nearly two decades. Her first book of prose, Pilgrim at Tinker Creek (Harper & Row, 197 4), was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction. Later works have included poetry, literary criticism, familiar essays, and a personal memoir. She lives in Middletown, Connecticut.
Haida Hunters and Legend of the Two Fin Killer Whale
Authors: hamilton George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Hamilton, a Haida Indian from Craig, Alaska, died in 1984 at the age of 101. The Haida, together with the Tlingit Indians, historically were present throughout the many islands and mainland of southeastern Alaska. They are perhaps best known for their elaborately carved cedar totem poles, free standing wood sculptures used for ceremonial purposes throughout their homeland. Both the Haida and the Tlingit made their livings primarily from the sea, and early Russian explorers were often met by large numbers of their dugout war canoes. The Tlingit and Haida felt a special kinship with various animals-including the raven and the bear-as well as the more prominent sea mammals, as is evidenced here as fishermen come back transformed, in a process resembling that which informs Ovid’s Metamorphoses, as killer whales.
Henryk Gorecki
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Górecki composed his Symphony No. 3 in the last three months of 1976 on commission from the Southwest German Radio, BadenBaden. The texts are taken from a fifteenth-century Lamentation of the Holy Cross Monastery at Lysa Gora; a prayer inscribed on the wall of a prison cell at Gestapo headquarters in Zakopane, Poland, by the eighteen-year-old Helena Wanda Bla±usiak6wna; and a folk song in the dialect of the Opole region of Upper Silesia. It was first performed on 4 April 1977 at Royan, France, by the orchestra of the Southwest German Radio under Ernest Bour with Stefania Woytowicz, soprano. The score is dedicated to the composer ‘s wife.
Howard Hanson
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hanson composed his Symphony No. 4 in 1943 and led the Boston Symphony Orchestra in its first performance on 3 December that year. Before that, Hanson had conducted the orchestra of the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, in an informal reading. The dedication reads “In memory of my Beloved Father. “ The work was awarded the Pulitzer Prize.
Gustav Mahler
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mahler once said he was thrice homeless--as a Bohemian among Austrians, as an Austrian among Germans, and as a Jew everywhere in the world. The village where he was born is about sixty miles southeast of Prague, and the trumpet calls he heard from its military garrison ghost through his music. His father, first a carter, then the owner of a small liquor store which he parlayed into a reasonably successful distillery, was an intellectually awake, unhappy, brutal man; his mother, sweet, plain, and with a limp, was forced by her parents to marry Bernhard Mahler whom she did not know and even though she loved someone else. Not surprisingly, she was wretched. Gustav was the second of Bernhard and Marie Mahler ‘s fourteen children; of the fourteen, eight died in infancy or childhood. When Mahler wrote his Kindertotenlieder, his two daughters were alive and well, but he was an expert on the deaths of children. In addition, his sister Leopoldine died at twenty-six of a brain tumor or meningitis, and his brother Otto, also a talented musician, committed suicide at twenty-one. His brother Louis, at various times also known as Alois and Hans Christian (!), emigrated to Chicago, where he became a baker and eventually vanished.
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mendelssohn is the most astonishing of all the composing prodigies. Mozart was to go much farther, but as a teenager not even he surpasses or often equals Mendelssohn in assurance and certainly not in individuality. To think of the young Mendelssohn is to think first of all of the Octet for Strings, written 1825, the year he turned sixteen, and of the Midsummer Night ‘s Dream Overture, the work of a boy of seventeen. He had found a voice unmistakably his own and he used it with the confidence of a seasoned professional. In a way he was just that. By the time of the Octet, he had seen, heard, read a lot. He had composed a lot, too.
Introduction
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Injury is important not only in relation to other health conditions but also in the absolute magnitude of the problem. More than six million people alive today in the United States can be expected to die from injuries (Whitfield et al. 1983). The risk of injury while traveling, working, playing, or even sleeping is so great that most people sustain a significant injury at some time during their lives. Few escape the tragedy of a fatal or permanently disabling injury to a relative or friend. Nevertheless, this widespread human damage too often is taken for granted, in the erroneous belief that injuries occur by chance and are the result of unpreventable ‘‘accidents.’’
Injuries in Relation to Other Health Problems
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter documents the importance of injuries in relation to other health problems. Health expenditures in the United States in recent years have been rising much faster than the gross national product. Increasingly, policymakers and health professionals recognize that the resources needed for health care are limited and that available resources must be used more efficiently. Allocations of resources for research and for prevention and treatment of disease and injury should be made on the basis of the relative importance of various causes of morbidity and mortality in the population and the potential for effective intervention.
Overview of Injury Mortality
Authors: Baker Susan P , O’Neill Brian , Ginsburg Marvin J , Li Guohua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike diseases, injuries are often classified on the basis of the behaviors and events that preceded them and the imputed intent of the people involved. The commonly used major subdivisions of injury deaths are homicide, suicide, and unintentional (accidental).1 Although the events leading to intentional and unintentional injuries may differ widely, the mechanisms of injury and the injuries themselves are typically similar. For example, ingesting a toxic substance produces the same outcome even though the spectrum of behavior can range from completely unintentional, as when a person is not aware of the presence or nature of a drug or its potential effect, to overtly suicidal self-poisoning. In addition, many of the basic preventive strategies are the same. Reductions in the carbon monoxide content of cooking and heating gas in England reduced both unintentional and suicidal deaths without corresponding increases in suicide by other means (Alphey and Leach 1974; Hassall and Trethowan 1972). Similarly, the crashworthy fuel systems that have virtually eliminated postcrash fire deaths in Army helicopters are equally effective regardless of whether a crash occurs on training maneuvers or as a result of combat (Springate et al. 1989).