bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Household Economy
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Revisits welfare regimes through the analytical lens of the family, first making the point that modernization theory should not have been taken at face value, since even if history has, in general, eroded the role of households in welfare production, this is perhaps less salient than specific international variations (some nations are characterized by their advanced level of de‐ familialization of welfare responsibilities, others for their sustained adherence to familialism). In other words, some societies may have brought the idealized Parsonian family into being; others reproduce many of the features of the ‘pre‐industrial’ household. Most welfare state theory provides little help in understanding such variation, and the real problem begins with the association of the nuclear family with industrialism, for it is simply wrong to assume that it lost its welfare functions with the advent of welfare states. The second point addresses the prevailing, often feminist, arguments that models of welfare regimes that have been specified via a political economy perspective fail to hold up when subject to a gendered analysis. Alternative gendered typologies do, in fact, often contradict political economy typologies, but the contradiction may be spurious because different phenomena are being explained and compared. The objective of this chapter is not to debate gender theories, but to understand the position of the (changing) family in the overall infrastructure of welfare production and consumption: what happens to our political economy models of welfare regimes when we insert the family; what are the effects of family change on welfare states and, ultimately, on post‐industrial change? However, since household‐welfare production is largely—but far from exclusively—based on women's unpaid labour, gender differences in the family‐welfare nexus clearly must be addressed. The three sections of the chapter are: Households and Welfare Production; The Family and Comparative Welfare Regimes; and Familialism and the Low‐Fertility Equilibrium.
Managing Divergent Employment Dilemmas
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe macroscopic changes to post‐industrial employment that were examined in the previous chapter are unlikely to affect all nations similarly. Job loss through de‐industrialization, e.g., will be more massive where existing industries are uncompetitive (as in Britain or Spain) and less devastating elsewhere—perhaps because firms are more adaptable (as in much of Danish, Italian, or German industry), but possibly also because wage costs decline (as in the US). De‐industrialization may or may not cause heavy unemployment, depending on skill and production structure, and also on how labour markets are managed; most of Europe has,e.g., transformed mass lay‐offs into early retirement. Similar root causes of post‐industrial employment will, therefore, have radically divergent outcomes—there is no such thing as one post‐industrial model because the institutional make‐up of nations differs, and so also does their choice of how to manage change. The different sections of this chapter are: Industrial Relations; Labour Market Regulation; The Dilemmas of Flexibilization; The Welfare State and the Reservation Wage; Wage Regulation; Employment Protection; The Regulatory Infrastructure and the Management of Industrial Decline; Managing the Equality—Jobs Trade‐Off; The Hump‐Shaped Curve—a quadratic measure of labour market rigidities; and National Idiosyncrasies and Welfare Regimes.
Recasting Welfare Regimes for a Postindustrial Era
Authors: Esping‐Andersen Gøsta 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The introduction to this chapter discusses the question of why nations respond so differently to a set of social risks that are similar over various countries, and analyses three typical homines: Homo liberalisimus, Homo familias, and Homo socialdemocraticus. When the instincts of these ideal typical homines are combined, moral conflicts result, although a sufficient mass manages to profile itself in collective expression and sways society towards its preferred welfare regime. Old risks may fade and new ones emerge, but the response of a welfare regime will be, more likely than not, normatively path dependent. It is argued that since core institutional traits appear to be so unyielding to change, it is unlikely that the contemporary welfare state crisis will produce revolutionary change: there may be a blueprint for an ideal post‐industrial regime, but unless it is compatible with existing welfare regime practice, it may not be practicable. The author argues that, nonetheless, optimizing welfare in a post‐industrial setting will require radical departures, and these are discussed under the following headings: What is to be Optimized; Rival Reform Strategies; The Market Strategy; A Third Way?; and Equality with Inequality?
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Mackie J. L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Mackie examines the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. It is argued that Locke's distinction supports the claim that he held a representative theory of perception. Mackie discussed Locke's arguments for the distinction. The relation of Locke's account to Molyneaux's problem is considered. Mackie critically compares his reformulation of the primary/secondary distinction with that of Jonathan Bennett.
Personal Identity
Authors: Mackie J. L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Mackie attempts to revise Locke's theory of the identity of persons. Locke's equation of personal identity with the unity of consciousness is set out. Mackie examines various objections to Locke's theory and his use of puzzle cases is highlighted. Recent theories of personal identity, such as Parfit's, are critically discussed. Mackie suggests that the equation of personal identity with the continuity of neurophysiological structure would resolve some of the difficulties associated with an account of personal identity.
Truth
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book presents a deflationary perspective called ‘minimalism’—a reaction against the traditional and widespread idea that the property of truth has some sort of underlying nature and that our problem as philosophers is to say what that nature is, to analyse truth either conceptually or substantively, to specify, at least roughly, the conditions necessary and sufficient for something to be true. In contrast, minimalism makes three correlated claims. First, the function of our concept of truth is merely to permit the formulation of certain generalizations (e.g. we are able to say ‘Every instance of “p→p” is true’, but without such a concept it is unclear how one might articulate the logical law whose instances are ‘dogs bark → dogs bark’, ‘Killing is wrong → killing is wrong’, etc.). Second, the meaning of the word ‘true’ derives, not from any explicit definition of the familiar kind, but rather from the fact that we are disposed to infer ‘It is true that ‘p’ from ‘p’, and vice versa. Third, such a mundane logical notion cannot play the fundamental role in philosophical theorizing to which it is often assigned within debates surrounding the nature of meaning, vagueness, normativity, reality, etc. Thus minimalism has ramifications throughout the subject. The book begins by articulating these claims and proceeds to refine and defend them in the course of responding to 39 potential objections (which are set out in the Contents).
Value and Nature
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Can value judgements be ‘correct’ or ‘true’ and, if so, in what sense? This chapter argues for the proposal in the preceding chapter that any plausible account of how we identify prudential values is more complex than is indicated by a simple reductive naturalist model, the Humean model or certain forms of intuitionist model. The chapter argues that the most plausible account will give a role to both recognition and reaction, but without the sharp separation between them or the priority to one of them that the Humean model makes central. It develops an error theory for judgements about human interests and for a kind of realism about these interests and events of their being met or not met.
Agents
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOnce moral norms are of concern, action is too; once action is of concern, the nature of agents is too. This chapter investigates the limits of human motivation and of human understanding, and how, if at all, these limits constrain the content of moral norms. It decides how we should understand the principle (obviously correct on some interpretation of it) that ‘ought’ implies ‘can’.
Some Complex Moral Ideas
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTurns to more complex moral norms than the ‘simple’ ones discussed in Ch. 5: e.g. the prohibition ‘Don’t deliberately kill the innocent’ and the injunction ‘save more people's lives rather than fewer’. Some morality consists ultimately of various independent moral norms; or is there some system behind this variety? The chapter expresses doubts about three major systematic traditions in ethics: utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. It ends with the proposal of a less systematic alternative, one that takes seriously the limits of human motivation and knowledge, along with the demand that ethics be effective in society, and constrains the content of moral norms and the extent of the system.
How Can We Improve Our Ethical Beliefs?
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This concluding chapter returns to our opening methodological question: how can we improve our ethical beliefs? It sets out a procedure: the identification of beliefs of high reliability (e.g. certain beliefs about basic human interests, certain basic moral beliefs, and certain factual beliefs). These beliefs of high reliability can come together to form a single, rather rough picture of forms of a good life for the likes of us living, as we do, in large societies in modern conditions. It was this picture, and not the foundationalist form of coherentist programmes, that began in the previous chapter to eliminate possible accounts of moral norms—for instance, familiar forms of utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics.
Goods and Processes
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theoretical rationale behind the book and presents an overview of its three parts. Part I introduces a method called ‘neo-Austrian’, based on the ‘Austrian theory of capital’ — the theory of B öhm-Bawerk that was subsequently elaborated by Wicksell and Hayek. The neo-Austrian theory differs from the old Austrian theory in one essential respect. Like Böhm-Bawerk (or Hayek), the general productive process is composed of a number of separable elementary processes. The separability is essential, and it is of course not wholly realistic. It is a leaving-out of one kind of complication, in the hope that by doing so we shall be able to see the rest of the problem more clearly. Part II, by contrast, launches out from the Steady State, and examines the paths along which the model can adjust itself to new conditions. Part III discusses some controversial issues on which the book may be found to throw some light.
The Process and Its Profiles
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the productive process, which is defined as a scheme by which a flow of inputs is converted into a flow of outputs. It then examines the viability of time-shapes, considering the conditions that must be satisfied by the time-profile of a process in order that it should be viable. The chapter presents a Fundamental Theorem and argues that if capitalization is performed at the rate of interest which belongs to the process, the forward measures of capital are the same. But if a process with yield that is greater than the market rate of interest is considered — and if the discounting (and accumulating) at the market rate of interest is performed — the value of capital, measured forward, will be greater than the backward (or cost) measure, at every stage of the process.
Social Accounting
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter constructs a model of an economy in terms of its productive processes. It presents the Social Accounting Equation, and argues that it should be viewed as a definition of profits. It draws a clear distinction between the ‘ideal’ social accounting system, such as it is natural to use in theory, and the practical system which inevitably stands proxy for it in applied economics. The former is based upon a forward-looking valuation of capital; the latter upon a backward-looking valuation. The former is self-consistent, automatically; the latter is not automatically self-consistent.
The Full Employment Path
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the full employment path. It begins from a steady state under an old technique, and supposes that at time 0 a new and more profitable technique is introduced. It keeps all the Standard assumptions. Each technique has a Simple Profile; the durations of the constructional period and of the utilizational period are the same in the two techniques. But whereas in the last chapter the wage was fixed and employment variable, in this chapter the wage may be variable but employment is constrained to move as it did in the old steady state. There is full employment of a labour supply which increases at this given growth rate.
The Measurement of Capital—Value and Volume
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins by reviewing discussions in the preceding chapters. It then considers what can be done towards relaxing those basic assumptions which have been used for so long — the single homogeneous final product,called Good, and the one original factor, called Labour. These are familiar assumptions, common to many forms of growth theory; but they are very strong assumptions, and should surely at some stage be called in question.
The Accumulation of Capital
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The idea of a capital aggregate was not really used in Part II of this book. This chapter looks at what would happen if capital aggregates were used; or at least to examine what would have happened to the aggregates in the course of the Traverse. This is an exercise that can be performed on the model, taking it quite strictly, with all its assumptions intact. Since the path of the economy was fully determined by the book's previous analysis, no difference can be made to the earlier results by this re-statement. These are merely be placed in a different way, so as to make them more comparable with the results reached by others.
Methods of Dynamic Economics
Authors: Hicks J. R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Capital and Growth by John Hicks was published in 1965 and rapidly established itself as a landmark in economic theory. This book takes earlier work and examines it critically for its present-day value. The theme, now more clearly identified, is a comparative study of the economics of change, and brings in many of Hicks's subsequent developments and refinements — in particular a ‘neo-Austrian’ theory of capital which he developed in Capital and Time (1973). A new chapter on Keynes's methods has been added. This book presents a complete classification of the family of models appropriate for analysing dynamic economics.
Method, Dynamics, and Statics
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter defines the terms methods and models. A method is a family or class of models. A model is a piece of theory, a theoretical construction, which is intended to be applied to a certain range of facts. Models may thus be classified according the facts to which they are intended to refer; so there are models of international trade, of labour relations, of the money market, and so on. But a class of models, when the grouping was of this character, would not at all conveniently be called a method. The definition of ‘economic dynamics’ must follow from the definition of ‘economic statics’: when we have defined one, we have defined the other. A static condition is one in which certain key variables (the quantities of commodities that are produced and consumed, and the prices at which they are exchanged) are unchanging. A dynamic condition is then, by inevitable opposition, one in which they are changing; and dynamic theory is the analysis of the processes by which they change.
The Method of Marshall
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the method of Marshall. Marshall knew that static method (hitherto the only method of economic theory) led, when carried right through, to the stationary state, and no further. The theory of a stationary state seemed to him to be of little interest; if it was worthwhile to elaborate it at all, that was chiefly in order that it should not be mistaken for something else. What then was to be done? There was, he thought, no alternative to statics. If a complete static theory led nowhere, we must make do with an incomplete static theory. That, in short, is the method of Marshall. There is no question that it is a powerful method; for many problems of economics it is as good a method as we are likely to get. It is not at all a dynamic method; it is a resuscitation of statics. It was a special method which would only work in special cases. It would only work so long as the things that had been put into the ‘pound’ would stay there.
Stochastic Trend and Overview of Part I
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The emergence of stochastic trend has enriched the framework of analysis to investigate economic time series. This chapter explains the meaning of stochastic trend, considers whether it can be derived from existing economic theories, and illustrates its impact on empirical studies of empirical theories. It then presents a brief overview of the chapters included in Part I of this two-part volume.
Trend Stationarity vs. Difference Stationarity
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter introduces difference stationarity (DS) and trend stationarity (TS) as two non-nested, separate hypotheses. TS is represented as an MA unit-root in Δxt, and as a limit of a sequence of the DS models. The DS is represented as a limit of a sequence of TS models. Data relevant to the discrimination between the DS and TS are explained.
Unit‐Root Asymptotic Theories (I)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter introduces extended asymptotic theories on the unit root developed in Fuller (1976), Dickey and Fuller (1979), Phillips (1987), and Phillips and Perron (1988) among others. The theories are explained in two steps. The first deals with the elementary but fundamental case where Δxt is i.i.d with zero mean. The second step is given in Chapter 6. It explains more advanced aspects including the case where Δxt is an ARMA.
Unit‐Root Asymptotic Theories (II)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter brings together three unrelated topics of asymptotic theories. It presents a mathematical analysis of tests on the case where {Δxt} is i.i.d., possibly with a non-zero mean. It explains the mathematics used for the case where {Δxt} is serially correlated. The asymptotic theory of the MA unit-root test is then discussed.
Regression Approach to the Test for Difference Stationarity (II)
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reintroduces a non-zero mean for Δxt, and tests for difference stationarity against trend stationarity with serially correlated Δxt and possible presence of a linear trend in xt. It considers the cases where Δxt is an AR and Δxt is an MA or an ARMA. Applications of the method are discussed.
Maximum‐Likelihood Inference Theory of Co‐Integrated VAR
Authors: Hatanaka Michio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines inference procedures for the co-integration developed by Johansen (1988, 1991a, 1992b, 1992c, 1994) based on maximum-likelihood analysis of the VAR error-correction representation. It discusses the determination of co-integration rank from data, and hypothesis testing on the co-integration space. It criticises a misleading practice of listing the estimates of co-integrating vectors, and presents a condition for weak exogeneity. It reviews empirical applications of the maximum-likelihood analysis of VAR.
The Vector Autoregressive Model
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Deals with the classical statistical analysis of the unrestricted vector autoregressive model. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for stationarity and a representation for the stationary solution. We derive the ordinary least squares estimators as maximum likelihood estimator and find the asymptotic properties of the estimators for stationary processes to compare them with the results for non‐stationary processes. Finally, we give a brief description of some misspecification tests for the unrestricted model and analyse two real‐life examples.
The I(1) Models and Their Interpretation
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We define the basic reduced form error correction model for I(1)variables where cointegration is modelled in terms of a reduced rank hypothesis on the impact matrix. This defines the cointegrating vectors and adjustment coefficients. A discussion of linear hypotheses on the cointegrating relations and the identification problem is given. We also discuss hypotheses on the adjustment coefficients and discuss the hypothesis of Granger non‐causality. The deterministic terms give rise to a number of models describing different properties of the process.
The Asymptotic Distribution of the Test for Cointegrating Rank
Authors: Johansen Søren 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio test for cointegrating rank is given. The limit distribution depends on the model for the deterministic terms, and we give the different formulae that can be obtained for a constant and a linear term in the equation under various restrictions. The limit distribution is a multivariate version of the Dickey–Fuller test, which is tabulated by simulation.
The Laissez‐Faire Revolution and Smithian Economics
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The contribution of the Physiocratic School and the Italian School (Milan and Naples) is analysed. This is followed by a thorough investigation of Smithian's theoretical system, at both the philosophical level and the economic one. The Smithian orthodoxy is compared to the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham.
The Construction of Neoclassical Orthodoxy
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces the rapid diffusion of the neoclassical paradigm in Europe and the USA. In particular, considers the birth of the ‘national schools’ during la belle époque: the Marshallian School in England; the Swedish; the Austrian; the American; the Italian—each characterized by some peculiar elements of specificity.
Contemporary Economic Theory: I
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto , Zamagni Stefano 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first of three chapters dedicated to the post‐war period. Compares and contrasts the ‘neoclassical synthesis’ and the monetarist counter‐revolution. Shows the rational expectation revolution as an offspring of Friedman's approach. Considers the non‐Walrasian equilibrium theory and analyses the research programme of microfoundations of macroeconomics in some detail. Finally, assesses the post‐Keynesian and new Keynesian approaches.