bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sécurité sanitaire internationale
Authors: Balmond Louis 
Published: January 2024

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International audience
Si le conflit en Ukraine conduit à considérer, comme l'a fait l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, les questions sanitaires à travers la sécurité humaine, la sécurité globale ainsi que l'approche « Une seule santé », la pandémie de Covid-19 demeure néanmoins au coeur des interrogations sanitaires. Alors que les États tentent de se situer au-delà du Covid-19, il est possible de procéder à un certain nombre de constats, sanitaires et politiques et sociaux, et de s'interroger sur les débats que l'action contre la pandémie a provoqués. Parmi les acteurs internationaux, l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé occupe toujours une place centrale : elle s'efforce à la fois de poursuivre la stratégie devant permettre de faire disparaître la pandémie mais également, elle entreprend un processus de réforme nécessaire pour répondre aux critiques formulées contre sa gestion de la crise.
If the conflict in Ukraine leads to consider, as the World Health Organization has done, health issues through human security, global security as well as the “One Health” approach, the Covid-19 pandemic nevertheless remains at the heart of health issues. While States are trying to position themselves beyond Covid-19, it is possible to make a number of health, political and social ob¬servations, and to question the debates that action against the pandemic has provoked. Among the international players, the World Health Organization still occupies a central place: it is striving both to pursue the strategy intended to make it possible to eradicate the pandemic but also to undertake a process of reform necessary to respond to the criticisms formulated against his handling of the crisis.
Stock des principaux conflits intéressant la sécurité internationale. État à la fin 2021
Authors: Guilhaudis Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

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International audience
The list of conflicts of international security significance to be monitored is longer than the list of currently active conflicts. Some conflicts that are still far from war may be the source of a new, large-scale war. Conflicts that were once violent seem to be dormant, or even over, but could reawaken. Beyond the active conflicts, there is a stock of conflicts to be constantly monitored. This is what this study does every year. After presenting the conception and construction of the stockpile, it reviews the conflicts by dividing them into six categories –potential conflicts / conflicts with the potential to escalate / active conflicts / frozen conflicts, not very active conflicts, dormant conflicts, forgot-ten conflicts / terminating conflicts / and outdated conflicts– 43 conflicts. For each conflict, “Benchmarks” are given –i.e. basic information on the conflict, its determinants, its motives, its scope (systemic, global/regional, etc., of interest to the state, international law, etc.), the context, the parties, the history, the relevant economic, political and legal elements, etc.– and then, in italics, the “conflict situation in 2021”. Tables by category and a general table bring together the significant data.
La liste des conflits importants du point de vue de la sécurité internationale, à surveiller, est plus longue que celle des conflits actuellement actifs. Certains conflits encore loin de la guerre peuvent être porteurs d'une nouvelle guerre de grande ampleur. Des conflits, qui furent violents, semblent endormis, voire terminés, mais pourraient se réveiller. Il existe, au-delà des conflits actifs, un stock de conflits à surveiller constamment. C'est ce que fait, chaque année, cette étude. Après avoir présenté la conception et la construction du stock, elle passe en revue en les répartissant en six catégories-conflits potentiels / conflits à potentiel d'aggravation / conflits actifs / conflits gelés, peu actifs, endormis, oubliés / conflits en voie de terminaison / et conflits dépassés-48 conflits. Pour chaque conflit sont donnés des « Repères »-c'est-à-dire des informations de base sur le conflit, ses déterminants, ses ressorts, sa portée (systémique, global/régional…, intéressant l'État, le droit international…), le contexte, les parties, l'histoire, les éléments économiques, politiques, juridiques pertinents etc.-, puis en italiques la « situation du conflit en 2021 ». Des tableaux par catégorie et un tableau général, rassemblent les données significatives.
Un « retour » inachevé : la relation entre la Russie et l’Afrique à l’épreuve de la guerre en Ukraine
Authors: Delanoë Igor 
Published: January 2024

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L’intérêt de la Russie pour l’Afrique sub-saharienne, avec une approche dominée par la géoéconomie, notamment dans le secteur des industries extractives, n’est apparu qu’à la fin des années 2010, alors que jusque-là, l’Afrique du Nord était privilégiée. La crise de 2014 en Ukraine l’a poussée à adopter une démarche géopolitique dans le contexte de ses relations de plus en plus conflictuelles avec l’Occident. Elle s’est présentée aux Etats africains comme une puissance sans passé colonial opposée au « néo-colonialisme » des occidentaux mais capable, contrairement notamment à la France, d’être un « pourvoyeur de sécurité » pour les pouvoirs en place. Avec le déclenchement du conflit ukrainien en 2022, sa diplomatie est devenue plus active, comme son investissement sécuritaire. Mais celui-ci s’appuie plutôt sur les activités du groupe Wagner que sur le ministère de la défense. Si la Russie en a retiré, devant l’ONU, un soutien indirect à son action en Ukraine, la question de l’intérêt pour les Etats africains de son offre de sécurité se pose néanmoins du fait de l’impact sur ses capacités financières des sanctions qui lui sont imposées et de l’affaiblissement de ses capacités sécuritaires, mobilisées sur le front ukrainien.
Russia's interest in Africa (if we consider only sub-Saharan Africa) only appeared at the end of the 2010s with an approach dominated by geoeconomics, particularly in the sector of extractive industries. The 2014 crisis in Ukraine pushed it to adopt a geopolitical approach in the context of its increasingly conflicting relations with the West. It has presented itself to African states as a power without a colonial past opposed to Western “neo-colonialism” but capable, unlike France in particular, of being a “provider of security” for the powers in place. With the outbreak of the Ukrainian conflict in 2022, its diplomacy has become more active, like its security investment. But this is based more on the activities of the Wagner group than on the Ministry of Defense. Although Russia has obtained, before the UN, indirect support for its action in Ukraine, the question of the interest for African States of its security offer nevertheless arises because of the impact on its financial capacities of the sanctions imposed on it and the weakening of its security capacities, mobilized on the Ukrainian front.
International audience
À propos des Rogue States
Authors: Garcia Thierry 
Published: January 2024

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The expression Rogue States appeared in the early 1980s in the United States and has been the object of constant use by successive American administrations. However, it is not based on a reliable definition and appears inconsistent from a legal point of view. The category that it is trying to identify is in reality of variable geometry, according to the interests of the States which use this expression. Its use is controlled by political motives, seeking the stigmatization of a competitor or an adversary, without its effectiveness in terms of changing the behavior of a State being really demonstrated.
International audience
L’expression de Rogue States est apparue au début des années 1980 aux Etats-Unis et elle a fait l’objet d’une utilisation constante de la part des Administrations américaines successives. Pourtant, elle ne repose pas sur une définition sûre et apparaît peu consistante sur le plan juridique. La catégorie qu’elle tente d’identifier est en réalité à géométrie variable, au gré des intérêts des Etats qui ont recours à cette expression. Son utilisation est commandée par des motifs politiques, recherchant la stigmatisation d’un concurrent ou d’un adversaire, sans pour autant que son efficacité quant au changement de comportement d’un Etat soit réellement démontrée.
Alliances ; coalitions ; organismes de sécurité collective ; bases… en 2015. (B74-B119)
Authors: Guilhaudis Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

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This chapter presents news from 2015 on alliances, coalitions, agencies of collective security, neutrality and non-alignment as well as bases, facilities and military installations abroad of the major powers. It provides essential, valid benchmarks on the subject, early 2016.
Ce chapitre présente l’actualité de 2015 en matière d’alliances, coalitions, organismes de sécurité collective, neutralité et non- alignement ainsi que les bases, facilités et installations militaires à l‘étranger des principales puissances. Il donne les repères essentiels, valables sur le sujet, début 2016.
International audience
Puissances et impuissances, acteurs de la sécurité et de l’insécurité internationale, 2015. (A1- A73)
Authors: Guilhaudis Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

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This chapter offers a presentation of the news of 2015 concerning the nuclear and the conventional powers as well as fragile, collapsed and Renaissance States and non-State actors security and international insecurity. It gives the main valid marks on the subject early 2016
Ce chapitre offre une présentation de l’actualité de 2015 concernant les puissances nucléaires et les puissances classiques ainsi que les Etats fragiles, effondrés et renaissants et les acteurs non-étatiques de la sécurité et de l’insécurité internationale. Il donne les principaux repères valables sur le sujet début 2016
International audience
Design of the HPV-automated visual evaluation (PAVE) study: Validating a novel cervical screening strategy
Authors: de Sanjosé Silvia , Perkins Rebecca B , Campos Nicole , Inturrisi Federica , Egemen Didem , Befano Brian , Rodriguez Ana Cecilia , Jerónimo Jose , Cheung Li C , Desai Kanan , Han Paul , Novetsky Akiva P , Ukwuani Abigail , Marcus Jenna , Ahmed Syed Rakin , Wentzensen Nicolas , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree , Schiffman Mark ,   On behalf of the PAVE Study Group
Published: January 2024

Background:The HPV-automated visual evaluation (PAVE) Study is an extensive, multinational initiative designed to advance cervical cancer prevention in resource-constrained regions. Cervical cancer disproportionally affects regions with limited access to preventive measures. PAVE aims to assess a novel screening-triage-treatment strategy integrating self-sampled HPV testing, deep-learning-based automated visual evaluation (AVE), and targeted therapies.Methods:Phase 1 efficacy involves screening up to 100,000 women aged 25–49 across nine countries, using self-collected vaginal samples for hierarchical HPV evaluation: HPV16, else HPV18/45, else HPV31/33/35/52/58, else HPV39/51/56/59/68 else negative. HPV-positive individuals undergo further evaluation, including pelvic exams, cervical imaging, and biopsies. AVE algorithms analyze images, assigning risk scores for precancer, validated against histologic high-grade precancer. Phase 1, however, does not integrate AVE results into patient management, contrasting them with local standard care.Phase 2 effectiveness focuses on deploying AVE software and HPV genotype data in real-time clinical decision-making, evaluating feasibility, acceptability, cost-effectiveness, and health communication of the PAVE strategy in practice.Results:Currently, sites have commenced fieldwork, and conclusive results are pending.Conclusions:The study aspires to validate a screen-triage-treat protocol utilizing innovative biomarkers to deliver an accurate, feasible, and cost-effective strategy for cervical cancer prevention in resource-limited areas. Should the study validate PAVE, its broader implementation could be recommended, potentially expanding cervical cancer prevention worldwide.Funding:The consortial sites are responsible for their own study costs. Research equipment and supplies, and the NCI-affiliated staff are funded by the National Cancer Institute Intramural Research Program including supplemental funding from the Cancer Cures Moonshot Initiative. No commercial support was obtained. Brian Befano was supported by NCI/ NIH under Grant T32CA09168.
Distribution and demographics of mysids (Crustacea: Mysida) as prey for gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) in northwest Washington state
Authors: Allyn Elizabeth Marina , Scordino Jonathan J. , Akmajian Adrianne M. 
Published: January 2024

Background
The movement and distribution of gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) during the feeding season is likely dependent on the quality of foraging opportunities and the distribution of prey species. These dynamics are especially important to understand for the Pacific Coast Feeding Group (PCFG) of gray whales which spend the feeding season along the coast from northern California, USA through northern British Columbia, Canada. In Washington state, no previous work has been done to describe available gray whale prey. The main goal of this research was to initiate studies on an important gray whale prey item in northwest Washington, mysid shrimp (Mysida), by establishing a baseline understanding of mysid swarm demographics in the area and investigating patterns in gray whale and mysid presence.

Methods
Prey samples were collected during June through November 2019 and June through September 2020 using a vertically-towed plankton net at seven sites in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and seven sites in the Pacific Ocean in areas where gray whales were known to feed. Mysids collected in the samples were counted and the sex, length, species, maturity, and gravidity were documented. Patterns in gray whale and mysid co-occurrence were explored through data visualization.

Results
Seven species of mysids were observed in the survey area. In 2019, the number of mysids per tow increased steadily through the season, the most abundant species of mysids were Holmesimysis sculpta and Neomysis rayii, and sampled mysids averaged 4.7 mm in length. In 2020, mysids were abundant in tow samples in June and July but were not abundant in the remaining months of the sampling season. The average length of mysids in 2020 was 13.3 mm, and a large portion were sexually mature males and brooded females identified as H. sculpta. Throughout the survey area, the majority of whale sightings occurred later in the season in 2019 and earlier in the season in 2020, coinciding with the trends of sampled mysids.

Discussion
This study provides the first description of mysid swarm composition and temporal variation in northwest Washington. Tows were dominated by a similar assemblage of mysid species as what is observed in other areas of the PCFG range. The differences in sampled mysid assemblages between years, and the presence of whales in the survey area in times and at sites where samples with high mysid counts were collected, suggest evidence for interesting predator-prey dynamics that warrant further investigation.
Antimalarial target vulnerability of the putative Plasmodium falciparum methionine synthase
Authors: Leela Nirut , Prommana Parichat , Kamchonwongpaisan Sumalee , Taechalertpaisarn Tana , Shaw Philip J. 
Published: January 2024

Background
Plasmodium falciparum possesses a cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase (MS). MS is putatively encoded by the PF3D7_1233700 gene, which is orthologous and syntenic in Plasmodium. However, its vulnerability as an antimalarial target has not been assessed.

Methods
We edited the PF3D7_1233700 and PF3D7_0417200 (dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase, DHFR-TS) genes and obtained transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing epitope-tagged target proteins under the control of the glmS ribozyme. Conditional loss-of-function mutants were obtained by treating transgenic parasites with glucosamine.

Results
DHFR-TS, but not MS mutants showed a significant proliferation defect over 96 h, suggesting that P. falciparum MS is not a vulnerable antimalarial target.
Digital Technology Improving Financial Inclusion in India: Post Covid Evidence
Authors: Sinha Aastha 
Published: January 2024

Technology is transforming the financial inclusion landscape and growing the digital infrastructure that is essential to accomplishing numerous national objectives. The Covid-19 pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns imposed in 2020–21 significantly impacted economies worldwide due to restricted mobility and disrupted goods and services, while also exposing the vulnerabilities of traditional financial systems. Amidst this challenging scenario, technology played a crucial role in bridging gaps and enhancing financial access.
There has been a pivotal role of digital technology in improving financial inclusion prospects, especially during the COVID-19 outbreak, when access to digital transactions and financial services became a necessity to prevent economic collapse. Governments around the world responded by offering financial support to citizens, creating both opportunities and difficulties for promoting financial inclusion.
Due to its ability to enhance the lives of those with low incomes, financial inclusion is still a subject of extensive investigation. Subsequent analyses highlight the mutually beneficial connections between digital technology, financial inclusion, and economic expansion.
This research has been carried out in the Indian context using only secondary sources of data, to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based analysis of the role of digital technology in improving financial inclusion with particular reference to the Pre- and Post-Covid eras. A variety of published reports and articles, including newspaper stories, journal articles, and policy papers, have been utilized to conduct the semi-systematic evaluation.
Drawing from secondary sources of data through documentary analysis, this study uncovers compelling evidence of how digital technology has expanded financial inclusion in India and the Covid-19 pandemic has acted as the prime catalyst of this process. The evidence presented herein also contributes to the growing body of research on financial inclusion's impact on low-income livelihoods and serves as a catalyst for future studies on leveraging technology for economic growth and improved financial well-being.
The study's overall conclusions indicate that there is a strong correlation between the acceleration of financial inclusion in India and the Covid-19 measures for the quick, simple, and widespread accessibility of digital technology. The post-COVID increase in the RBI's Digital Payments Index (RBI-DPI) underscores India's astonishing leap in digital payment usage, which has been fuelled mostly by the success of UPI. The use of Aadhaar and digital payment options, as well as increased competition, has increased financial inclusion, all made possible through contributions from the implementation of the JAM trinity (Jan Dhan, Aadhaar, and Mobile).
Antibiotics Prescriptions in the Otolaryngology Department of the Departmental and Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori in 2020
Authors: Attinsounon Cossi Angelo , Kouton Elmida , Yehouenou Carine , Ametonou Bruno , Bouraïma Fatiou , Flatin Marius 
Published: January 2024

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of antibiotic prescriptions in the ENT department of the Departmental and Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori (DTH-BA).
Study design: This was a prospective descriptive study.
Place and Duration of Study: Departmental and Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori (DTH-BA), from June 15 to September 15, 2020.
Methodology: All patients admitted to the department during the study period who had received a on for an antibiotic and had given informed consent were recruited exhaustively. A team of experts consisting of an infectious diseases physician and an ENT physician was responsible for analyzing and assessing the quality of antibiotic prescriptions.
Results: Of the 455 consultations recorded over the period, 141 patients were included, 132 of them treated on an outpatient basis and nine hospitalized. The most frequently diagnosed conditions were acute otitis media (AOM) in 36 patients (25%), chronic otitis media (COM) in 24 patients (16.7%) and sinusitis in 14 patients (9.7%). The most commonly prescribed antibiotics were penicillins (84 patients or 59.6%), followed by macrolides (30 patients or 21.3%) and cephalosporins (21 patients or 14.9%). Antibiotic therapy was justified in 54.6% of cases, and dosage and duration were correct in 73.9% and 37.7% respectively.
Conclusion: This study suggests that ENT doctors should be given more training in the basics and procedures for the proper use of antibiotics.
Morpho-physiological Evaluation of Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) Genotypes for Drought Tolerance
Authors: Bhavya M  , Dinesh Kumar M  , Girijesh G K  , Vidya N T  
Published: January 2024

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn.) is a nutritious and climate-resilient crop with a C4 type carbon fixation pathway. The present study was aimed to assess the drought tolerance capacities of twenty short medium-late duration finger millet genotypes under water stress (WS) for 15 days during reproductive stage to identify the traits and genotypes for drought tolerance using statistical analysis. The shoot length (16.74 %), leaf area (28.21 %), shoot dry weight (30.20 %), relative water content (32.70 %), membrane stability index (37.53 %), test weight (14.64 %), grain yield (36.48 %) and straw yield (31.34 %) were decreased and found sensitive to water stress, but the root length (by 13.45 %), root to shoot ratio by length (36.15 %) and proline (146.96 %) were increased. From the present investigation, among the 20 genotypes tested, KMR-204 and GPU-45 in short duration, ML-365, PR-202 and GPU-28 in medium duration, KMR-301 and L-5 in long duration showed identical performance for maximum number of traits under consideration. Hence, our results provide inputs to the breeders to select genotypes as parents and to design effective strategies in crop improvement programs.
Comparative Analysis of Income and Feasibility of Rice Farming Jajar Legowo in Tasuk Village, Sub District Gunung Tabur, Berau Regency
Authors: Galingging Herwan , Haq Arsyadani Sabilal , Candra Syaril Asnawi 
Published: January 2024

The research aims to determine productivity, income, feasibility, and break-even price for milled dry unhulled rice in lowland rice farming using the jajar legowo 5:1 system and the jajar legowo 6:1 system. The research was carried out from May–August 2022 in Tasuk Village, Gunung Tabur District, Berau Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The determination of the research location was carried out purposively based on the consideration that this village is one of the potential agricultural areas in lowland rice farming, namely as one of the lowland rice producing centers in Berau Regency. Data collection was carried out by interviewing farmers using questionnaires. The total population in this study was 28 respondents obtained from the "Slovin" calculation consisting of 14 farmers who carried out lowland rice farming using the jajar legowo 5:1 system and 14 farmers who carried out lowland rice farming using the jajar legowo 6:1 system. Data analysis methods, namely; statistical analysis of the difference between the means of two independent samples (independent t-test), productivity, break-even price (BEP), and analysis of farming feasibility (R/C ratio). The results of the research show that there is no significant difference between rice farming income from the jajar legowo 5:1 system and the jajar legowo 6:1 system, the average productivity of the jajar legowo 5:1 and 6:1 systems is 4,096.94 Kg ha-1 and 2,948.98 Kg.ha-1. The average BEP price for the jajar legowo system 5:1 and 6:1 are IDR Kg-1 5,268 and IDR Kg-1 5,765. The average R/C ratio values for the jajar legowo 5:1 and 6:1 systems are 2.06 and 1.84.