bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of the p75 neurotrophin receptor in acute leukaemia
Authors: Beutel Gernot , Meyer Johann , Ma Liping , Yin Songmei , Eder Matthias , von Neuhoff Nils , Wilkens Ludwig , Wei Jing , Hertenstein Bernd , Heil Gerhard , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Ganser Arnold , Li Zhixiong , Baum Christopher 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe dLNGFR is a cytoplasmically deleted form of the low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR, also known as p75NTR). Recently, we observed a myeloid leukaemia in mice transplanted with dLNGFR‐modified bone marrow cells. Retroviral‐mediated expression of dLNGFR was suspected to contribute to the murine leukaemia. This led us to investigate the expression of p75NTR in human leukaemia. Expression of p75NTR was observed in nine of 119 (8%) adult patients with acute leukaemia by flow cytometry analysis, particularly in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (26%). These results support further detailed analyses of neurotrophin receptors and downstream signalling pathways in haematological malignancies.
Specialist educational intervention for acute inpatient mental health nursing staff: service user views and effects on nursing quality
Authors: Richards David , Bee Penny , Loftus Samantha , Baker John , Bailey Lorna , Lovell Karina 
Published: August 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to evaluate the impact of an innovative 18‐day educational intervention for acute ward‐based mental healthcare nursing staff on documented quality of nursing care and on service user views of that care.Background.  There are grave concerns internationally about the quality of inpatient mental health care for people with acute psychiatric problems. It is claimed that specialist educational courses are needed to improve these services. However, whilst such courses may lead to positive learning outcomes for participants, the impact on the actual care of service users is unknown.Method.  An uncontrolled before‐and‐after evaluation of three acute mental health wards from different United Kingdom National Health Service trusts was carried out. Quality of nursing care was evaluated by extracting documentary evidence from service user records, assessed by two independent researchers according to predefined quality criteria. The views of a purposive sample of mental health service users, currently receiving services from the three designated wards, were ascertained by semi‐structured interview.Results.  Both documentary evidence and service user views revealed some important baseline deficiencies in the quality of care offered at the study sites. Following the educational intervention, statistically significant improvements were observed in the quality of care planning, initial assessments and the provision of therapeutic care. No statistically significant changes were observed in the quality of risk assessments, medication management or external agency involvement.Conclusions.  Education can have an impact on nursing care but may not be sufficient alone to change mental healthcare practices on acute inpatient wards in the radical manner demanded by policymakers and service user lobby groups. Educational interventions need to be implemented in conjunction with organizational changes that are specifically designed to maximize the opportunities presented by a newly skilled and positive workforce.
Sympathetic nervous control of the cerebral circulation in sleep
Authors: LOOS NATHALIE , GRANT DANIEL A. , WILD JENNENE , PAUL SEANA , BARFIELD CHARLES , ZOCCOLI GIOVANNA , FRANZINI CARLO , WALKER ADRIAN M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCerebral vessels are extensively innervated by sympathetic nerves arising from superior cervical ganglia, and these nerves might play a protective role during the large arterial pressure surges of active sleep (AS). We studied lambs (n = 10) undergoing spontaneous sleep–wake cycles before and after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia (SCGx, n = 5) or sham ganglionectomy (n = 5). Lambs were instrumented to record cerebral blood flow (CBF, flow probe on the superior sagittal sinus), carotid arterial pressure (Pca), intra‐cranial pressure (Pic), cerebral perfusion pressure (Pcp = Pca−Pic) and cerebral vascular resistance (CVR). Prior to SCGx, CBF (mL min−1) was significantly higher in AS than in Quiet Sleep (QS) and Quiet Wakefulness (QW) (17 ± 2, 13 ± 3, and 14 ± 3 respectively, mean ± SD, P < 0.05). Following SCGx, baseline CBF increased by 34, 31, and 29% respectively (P < 0.05). CVR also decreased in all states by ∼25% (P < 0.05). During phasic AS, surges of Pca were associated with transient increases in Pcp, Pic and CBF. Following SCGx, peak CBF and Pic during surges became higher and more prolonged (P < 0.05). Our study is the first to reveal that tonic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) constricts the cerebral circulation and restrains baseline CBF in sleep. SNA is further incremented during arterial pressure surges of AS, limiting rises in CBF and Pic, possibly by opposing vascular distension as well as by constricting resistance vessels. Thus, SNA may protect cerebral microvessels from excessive distension during AS, when large arterial blood pressure surges are common.
Performance and alertness effects of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil during sleep deprivation
Authors: WESENSTEN NANCY J. , KILLGORE WILLIAM D. S. , BALKIN THOMAS J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryStimulants may provide short‐term performance and alertness enhancement during sleep loss. Caffeine 600 mg, d‐amphetamine 20 mg, and modafinil 400 mg were compared during 85 h of total sleep deprivation to determine the extent to which the three agents restored performance on simple psychomotor tasks, objective alertness and tasks of executive functions. Forty‐eight healthy young adults remained awake for 85 h. Performance and alertness tests were administered bi‐hourly from 8:00 hours day 2 to 19:00 hours day 5. At 23:50 hours on day 4 (after 64 h awake), subjects ingested placebo, caffeine 600 mg, dextroamphetamine 20 mg, or modafinil 400 mg (n = 12 per group). Performance and alertness testing continued, and probe tasks of executive function were administered intermittently until the recovery sleep period (20:00 hours day 5 to 8:00 hours day 5). Bi‐hourly postrecovery sleep testing occurred from 10:00 hours to 16:00 hours day 6. All three agents improved psychomotor vigilance speed and objectively measured alertness relative to placebo. Drugs did not affect recovery sleep, and postrecovery sleep performance for all drug groups was at presleep deprivation levels. Effects on executive function tasks were mixed, with improvement on some tasks with caffeine and modafinil, and apparent decrements with dextroamphetamine on others. At the doses tested, caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil are equally effective for approximately 2–4 h in restoring simple psychomotor performance and objective alertness. The duration of these benefits vary in accordance with the different elimination rates of the drugs. Whether caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil differentially restore executive functions during sleep deprivation remains unclear.
Sleep paralysis episode frequency and number, types, and structure of associated hallucinations
Authors: CHEYNE J. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySleep paralysis (SP) episodes are often accompanied by vivid hallucinoid experiences that have been found to fall into three major categories thought to be organized according to intrinsic rapid eye movement (REM) processes. Prior research has, however, combined data for individuals with varying degrees of experience with SP episodes, rendering interpretations of the source of this structure ambiguous. The present study of 5799 current SP experients compares the nature and structure of the hallucinations of novice SP experients with those reporting varying numbers of episodes. Both qualitative and quantitative differences were found in reported hallucinations as a function of episode frequency, although the underlying three‐factor structure of the hallucinoid experiences was highly similar for all groups. Novice experients’ reports were, however, characterized by clearer differentiation of factors, likely because of a tendency of experienced SP experients to conflate experiences across episodes. Age and age of onset of SP episodes were associated with differences in the variety and types of hallucinations but not their underlying structure. Earlier onset of SP episodes was also associated with more frequent episodes. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the basic form and patterning of hallucinatory experiences is a result of intrinsic processes, independent of prior experience, likely associated with underlying REM neurophysiology.
Mapping the actual and original distribution of the ecosystems and the chorological types for conservation planning in Colombia
Authors: Van Wyngaarden Willem , Fandiño‐Lozano Martha 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTA key requirement for systematic conservation planning is the availability of good quality and comparable data about the biodiversity. However, for many highly diverse countries, this information is not available. Here we present the methodology and the results of the three‐part construction of a conservation planning database in Colombia: (1) the actual distribution of the ecosystems; (2) their original‐potential distribution, which is important to calculate fixed targets for conservation; and (3) the chorological types, which are groups of spatial related ecosystems that account for biodiversity process that operate at larger scales. The procedure consists of integrating the results of the interpretation of satellite images, and the construction of ecological diagrams and biogeographical regions. The limits of the original‐potential ecosystems in the transformed landscapes can either still be seen on the images or are reconstructed on the base of the information from the ecological diagrams. The chorological types are constructed by clustering of ecosystems on the base of the shared boundary length. The implementation for Colombia resulted in maps of 337 ecosystems and 63 chorological types. This database was successfully used for the identification of the priorities for conservation.
Local species richness of Central European hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): a lesson taught by local faunal lists
Authors: Keil Petr , Konvicka Martin 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPublished quantitative descriptions of local species assemblages represent a rich and little explored source of information exploring macroecological patterns. We used this source of data to estimate determinants of syrphid species richness in Central Europe. We examined the influence of three census‐related covariates and five environmental variables on the observed or standardized (by rarefaction) species richness of 163 local syrphid assemblages. We also compared a large data set collected by a single author with a compilation of various sources. The covariates had mostly significant effects: increasing sample size and increasing sampling effort caused an asymptotic increase in species richness. The most effective collecting technique was entomological net, followed by malaise and colour traps. After taking into account the influence of covariates, the effects of geographical environmental variables (altitude, latitude and longitude) were more important than the effects of habitat variables. Syrphid richness exhibited a hump‐shaped response to altitude and a latitudinal peak in the central areas of Central Europe. Our approach illustrates the potential of literature data for studying large‐scale variation among local species assemblages.
Species introduced from nearby sources have a more homogenizing effect than species from distant sources: evidence from plants and fishes in the USA
Authors: McKinney Michael L. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTBiotic homogenization is occurring in many biota as widespread introduced species are replacing unique native species. Although efforts to document homogenization have increased, no studies have explicitly compared the homogenizing effects of species introduced from distant areas to the homogenizing effects of species introduced from more proximate areas. The author analysed three data sets, at different scales and in different taxa, that distinguish species introduced from distant sources (e.g. outside the US) from species introduced from less distant sources (e.g. within the United States). These data include: plant introductions among eight major US cities and fish introductions among 12 US states and among 10 watersheds from New York state. The authors found that, for all data sets, species introduced from less distant sources (within the US) have a greater homogenizing effect on community composition than species from more distant sources (outside the US). In agreement with other studies, the author also find that, in terms of absolute numbers, introductions from nearby sources are far more frequent than introduction of species from distant sources. While tentative, these findings point out the importance of considering species introduced from nearby areas (e.g., extralimital native species) when discussing biotic homogenization from human activities.
Prenatal Development of the Caudal Vena Cava in Mammals: Review of the Different Theories with Special Reference to the Dog
Authors: Cornillie P. , Simoens P. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySeveral items of the development of the caudal vena cava in domestic animals are still controversial. In particular, the origin of the lumbar segment of the caudal vena cava is equivocally described. According to different theories it originates from the right‐sided supracardinal, caudal cardinal, sacrocardinal, lateral sympathetic or subcardinal veins. In this review, all five theories are compared with each other and discussed in the light of anatomical variations observed in eight dogs. Species‐specific diversity, erratic observations because of technical artefacts, and biased interpretation of the original data are three major reasons for the dissimilarity between the five theories, but they cannot explain all differences. Further studies by using modern techniques such as microvascular corrosion casting and non‐invasive three‐dimensional microtomography are necessary to better understand the normal development and to explain the variations in domestic animal species.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Distribution and Relative Frequency of Endocrine Cells in the Stomach of the Malayan Pangolin, Manis javanica
Authors: Nisa C. , Kitamura N. , Sasaki M. , Agungpriyono S. , Choliq C. , Budipitojo T. , Yamada J. , Sigit K. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe distribution and relative frequency of six kinds of endocrine cells in the stomach of the Malayan pangolin, Manis javanica were studied immunohistochemically using the avidin–biotin–peroxidase complex method. The stomach of the pangolin has three regions of mucous gland, one oxyntic gland and one pyloric gland. Cells immunoreactive for chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, BPP and glucagon were detected in all of the gastric glands, while gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were found in the entire gastric gland except for the oxyntic gland. The distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the mucous gland and pyloric gland was mainly from the middle to apical portions of the glands. The endocrine cells were rare or not detected in the basal portion of all of the mucous glands and pyloric gland, but they were also found in the basal portion of the oxyntic gland. The distribution pattern of the endocrine cells in the mucous and pyloric glands suggested that this position facilitates a quick response to the luminal ingesta. The wide distribution of gastrin‐immunoreactive cells in all of the mucous glands and pyloric gland was the most remarkable finding. This distribution suggests a major function of gastrin‐immunoreactive cells for the digestive process in the Malayan pangolin stomach.
Morphoquantitative Aspects of NADH‐Diaphorase Myenteric Neurons in the Ileum of Diabetic Rats Treated with Acetyl‐l‐Carnitine
Authors: Alves A. M. P. , Alves É. P. B. , Fregonesi C. E. P. T. , Defani M. A. , Stabille S. R. , Evangelista C. C. B. , Dos Santos C. A. , de Miranda Neto M. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn this work, we investigated the effect of the acetyl‐l‐carnitine (ALC) supplementation (200 mg/kg/day) on the myenteric neurons of the ileum of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.v.). Four groups were used: diabetic (D), diabetic supplemented with ALC (DC), control (C) and control supplemented with ALC (CC). After 15 weeks of diabetes induction the animals were killed and the ileum was collected and subjected to whole‐mount preparation to evidence the myenteric neurons through the histochemical technique of the NADH‐diaphorase. The density of neurons seen in 12.72 mm2 of ileum showed no difference among the groups, although in group D it was 22% smaller than in group C, while group DC was 9% smaller to group CC. The profiles of the cell bodies (PC) of 1000 neurons per group were analysed. The neurons PC in group D decreased (P < 0.0001) when compared with other groups and increased (P < 0.0001) when compared with group DC. The incidence of neurons with a PC inferior to 200 μm2 was larger in group D. The frequency of neurons with a PC higher than 200 μm2 in group DC was close to those seen in groups C and CC. We concluded that ALC eases the loss of neurons and makes the incidence of myenteric neurons with a PC higher than 200 μm2 similar to the control rats.
Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Canine Temporal Bone
Authors: Probst A. , Kneissl S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThis study aims to identify and describe structures of the temporal bone in normal dogs that can be depicted using computed tomography (CT). Five normal dogs of different breeds and both sexes ranging from 0.5 to 8 years were used as the study material. CT images of 2 mm thickness without abnormalities in the temporal bone were reviewed and analysed in bone and soft tissue settings. All images were compared with corresponding E 12 plastic‐embedded cross sections of 3 mm thickness, which were acquired from anatomic cross sections of frozen beagles. The sections were provided from the Department of Pathobiology (Institute of Anatomy). CT is able to image all relevant bony structures within the temporal bone. Concerning soft tissue structures, CT allows their localization by using bony markers, i.e. the internal acustic meatus for the cranial nerves VII and VIII or the canals for the internal carotid artery and the temporal sinus. The provided reference images are meant to improve orientation within the complex anatomy of the temporal bone. On condition that slice thickness is equal to or smaller than 2 mm and bony setting is supplied, CT is able to visualize all relevant structures within the temporal bone. However, in clinical settings the combined look on air, liquids and bone as well as the contrast enhancement of soft tissues might prefer magnetic resonance imaging to CT.
A Method for Purifying Cochliobolus sativus Cultures Contaminated with Bacteria
Authors: Arabi M. I. E. , Jawhar M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA simple method was developed for purifying Cochliobolus sativus cultures contaminated with bacteria. In this method the contaminated fungal culture is scraped from the surface of the potato dextrose agar (PDA) growth medium. Small leaf pieces (approximately 0.5 cm) of a highly susceptible genotype of barley were placed on the scraped surface of PDA and incubated for 72 h. Disease symptoms of C. sativus were detected on the leaf pieces. Colonies that developed from these pieces on new PDA medium were free from bacteria.
Cascading effects of predator diversity and omnivory in a marine food web
Authors: Bruno John F. , O'Connor Mary I. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOver‐harvesting, habitat loss and exotic invasions have altered predator diversity and composition in a variety of communities which is predicted to affect other trophic levels and ecosystem functioning. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating predator identity and diversity in outdoor mesocosms that contained five species of macroalgae and a macroinvertebrate herbivore assemblage dominated by amphipods and isopods. We used five common predators including four carnivores (crabs, shrimp, blennies and killifish) and one omnivore (pinfish). Three carnivorous predators each induced a strong trophic cascade by reducing herbivore abundance and increasing algal biomass and diversity. Surprisingly, increasing predator diversity reversed these effects on macroalgae and altered algal composition, largely due to the inclusion and performance of omnivorous fish in diverse predator assemblages. Changes in predator diversity can cascade to lower trophic levels; the exact effects, however, will be difficult to predict due to the many complex interactions that occur in diverse food webs.
The association between hyperglycaemia on admission and 180‐day mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes
Authors: Ainla T. , Baburin A. , Teesalu R. , Rahu M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  To evaluate the association between hyperglycaemia on admission, previously known diabetes and 180‐day mortality in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients.Methods  The study population consisted of 779 consecutive AMI patients from the Myocardial Infarction Registry in Estonia who had an admission venous plasma glucose level recorded and who were admitted to the Tartu University Clinics within a period of 2 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI).Results  In patients without a history of diabetes, glucose level was ≤ 11.0 mmol/l in 556 patients (group 1) and > 11.0 mmol/l in 109 patients (group 2). Of those with diabetes, glucose level was ≤ 11.0 mmol/l in 30 patients (group 3) and > 11.0 mmol/l in 84 patients (group 4). Non‐diabetic hyperglycaemic patients underwent more resuscitations outside of hospital (group 2, 31.2% vs. group 1, 2.0% vs. group 3, 6.7% vs. group 4, 6.0%, P < 0.0001) and had a higher 180‐day mortality compared with other groups (group 2, 47.7% vs. group 1, 14.1% vs. group 3, 26. 7% vs. group 4, 29.8%, P < 0.0001). After adjustment for potentially confounding factors, hyperglycaemic non‐diabetic (OR 4.35, 95% CI 1.79–10.59), but not diabetic (OR 1.79, 95% CI 0.62–5.15) status, remained an independent predictor of 180‐day mortality.Conclusions  AMI patients with hyperglycaemia on admission, independent of a history of diabetes, represent a high‐risk population for 180‐day mortality. The worst outcome occurs in non‐diabetic hyperglycaemic patients. Further studies are warranted to clarify the questions of hyperglycaemia treatment in AMI patients.