bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-1 Impact of Slow-Release Nitrogen Or Regular Protein-Based Supplementation During Late Gestation on Maternal and Offspring Performance in Beef Cattle
Authors: Gionbelli Mateus P , Devia Diana , Nascimento Karolina B , Costa Thais Correia , Santos Luana , Ramirez-Zamudio German , Duarte Marcio S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether supplementing pregnant beef cows with regular nitrogen or a slow-release nitrogen source at the late gestation could enhance the use of a low protein basal diet and improve the performance of cows and their offspring until weaning. Thirty-five pregnant Brahman cows (556 ± 47 kg and 4.5 ± 1.4 years old) were individually housed in covered pens and randomly divided into three groups. From 180 ± 19 days of gestation until calving, cows were fed either a control (CON, n = 12) low crude protein (CP) basal diet (6% of CP, ad libitum) plus mineral mixture (130 g·cow-1·d-1), or the CON treatment supplemented with protein concentrate supplements (40% CP, fed 2 g·kg of BW-1·d-1 in the morning) based either on a regular (REG, n = 11) composition (corn, soybean meal, and urea) or on a slow-release N (SRN, n = 12) source (Timafeed Boost, Roullier Group, Saint-Malo, France) which replaced 60% of soybean meal and urea in the supplement composition. The MN, fetal sex (FS), and MN×FS were used as fixed effects in the statistical model, while the number of previous calvings was considered as a random effect. Maternal initial BW was used as a covariate. Statistical differences were declared at P &lt; 0.05. Supplementation with REG and SRN increased total dry matter intake (DMI) and basal diet intake compared with the control treatment (P &lt; 0.01). Protein supplementation allowed the cows to have a higher average daily gain (P &lt; 0.01; 0.177 and 0.193 kg/day, respectively, for REG and SRN) than the CON treatment (-0.255 kg/day). Body condition score (BCS) also increased (P &lt; 0.01) when cows received protein supplementation in late pregnancy, but with no differences between REG and SRN cows (P = 0.31). Interactions between MN and FS were observed for calf birth weight (CBW, P &lt; 0.01) and calves' average daily gain up to 120 days of age (ADG120, P = 0.01), but not at weaning weight (P = 0.69). Male calves born from REG and SRN cows were born heavier and gained more weight up to 120 days after birth than calves born from CON cows (P &lt; 0.05) but did not differ from each other (P = 0.94 and 0.92, respectively, for CBW and ADG120). Female calves had no differences in CBW and ADG120 as a function of maternal dietary treatment during pregnancy. The REG and SRN calves weaned heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than CON calves. In conclusion, supplementing protein to pregnant beef cows during periods of low CP pasture improves maternal and progeny performance. The SRN-based product can replace the major part of soybean and urea in the protein supplement, achieving same level of improvement in forage utilization and animal performance as the regular protein-based supplement.
PSXIII-11 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus on Growth Performance, Frequency of Diarrhea, Nutrient Digestibility, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Park Youngmin , Kyoung Hyunjin , Park Kyeong Il , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Nam Jinwook , Kim Kimoon , Kang Yonggu , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The swine industry has to find ways to make diets more efficient in terms of growth performance and swine intestinal health. Thus, this study was carried out to verify the effect of dietary supplementation of the probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, on growth performance, frequency of diarrhea, nutrient digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters of weaned pigs. A total of 40 weaned pigs [6.21 ± 0.55 kg of initial body weight (BW)] were assigned to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block: initial BW). This experiment was performed for 4 weeks. Dietary treatments were a commercial basal nursery diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.02% Lactobacillus rhamnosus IDCC 3201 (PRO; ILDONG Bioscience Co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek, Republic of Korea). Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were measured on day 1, 7, 14, and 28. The frequency of diarrhea was measured for the first 2 weeks after weaning. Diarrhea score of each pen was visually estimated from 1 to 5 (1 = normal feces, 2 = moist feces, 3 = mild diarrhea, 4 = severe diarrhea, and 5 = watery diarrhea). For the last week of experimental period, pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromium oxide. Fecal samples from randomly selected one pig per pen were collected daily by rectal palpation for the last 3 days. The samples from the diet and feces of each treatment were used to measure the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), energy (EN), and crude protein (CP). Serum samples were collected for blood biochemical parameters. Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters were analyzed by the General Linear Model of SAS. The frequency of diarrhea was analyzed by the Chi-square test. The experimental unit was a pen. Statistical model for growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and biochemical parameters included dietary treatment as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. Pigs fed PRO had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F than those fed CON from day 1 to 7, and The PRO had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than CON from day 15 to 28. The PRO increased ADG during overall the experimental period (P &lt; 0.10), nutrient digestibility of DM, EN, and CP (P &lt; 0.05) compared with CON. However, no differences were found on frequency of diarrhea and blood biochemical parameters between dietary treatments. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus improved growth performance and nutrient digestibility.
PSXIII-1 Proof of Concept of Feeding Non-Protein Nitrogen Based Special Liquid Product (StimGain) Improve the Performance and Production in Swine and Poultry
Authors: Mahfuz Abdullah A , Doppenberg Kevin , Dasari Mohan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feed is generally the greatest expense for animal production today. Improved feed formulations and new approaches of feeding existing feedstuffs are being explored to increase total protein production. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an energy-based Special Liquid (StimGain) containing non-protein nitrogen (NPN), alcohol, and distiller grain solubles monogastric diets without critically affecting growth and performance. The Study 1 (Swine grow-finish test) test included 24 pigs (average purchase weight 19.1 kg) per treatment group with three replications were placed for 90 days. The treatments were: 1) Control diet with 16% protein, 2) Protein Check: Control diet with 15% protein, 3) StimGain: same as protein check including 22.7 kg of StimGain product per ton feed. The Study 2 (Laying Hen test) test included 100 pullets per treatment group, with 10 pullets per cage 10 weeks. At 10 weeks of age, pullets were placed in layer cage 2 birds per cage for 30 weeks. The treatments were: 1) Control diet, 2): Control diet + 22.7 kg StimGain product per ton feed. Each group of hens received identical amounts of minerals and vitamins. The Study 3 (Broiler Chicken test) test included 110 birds per treatment group, with 10 birds per cage for 42 days. The treatments were: 1) Control diet, 2): Control diet + 22.7 kg of StimGain product per ton feed. Each group of hens received identical amounts of minerals and Vitamins. Differences in growth performance between groups were analyzed for significance using ANOVA then used PostHoc test. Kruskal-Wallis test was done to confirm if there is a significant difference among treatments, and normality was tested by using the Wilcoxon rank sum test to do pairwise comparisons. Significance was considered at P ≤ 0.05 . The pig study (Study 1), StimGain improved average feed to gain (Control = 3.240, Protein check = 3.391, StimGain = 3.016), salable meat production (Contro l= 78.47%, Protein check = 80.02%, StimGain = 82.22%), lard formation (Control = 14.33%, Protein check = 12.39%, StimGain = 11.58%).In Study 2, StimGain increased average laying percent of hens (StimGain hens = 80.47%, Control hens = 79.34%). In the broiler chicken study (Study 3), StimGain improved Feed to Gain (StimGain = 2.590, Control = 2.911) and salable meat weight (average dressed weight to live weight percentage for StimGain birds = 69.93%, Control birds = 69.01%). Diets formulated with StimGain in pigs improved feed to gain ratio and improved the efficiency of proteins, rather than addition of protein to a conventional swine diet. Also, StimGain improved efficiency of metabolism by reducing lard formation and increasing salable meat formation in pigs. StimGain increased average laying percent of hens, and improved feed to gain and salable meat in broilers.
PSXI-5 Impact of Different Vaccine Formulations in Reducing Methane Production in Beef Cattle
Authors: Muntari Musah , Poliakiwski Brette , Vilches Mario , Polanco Odile , Smith Damon , Walker Ryon , Pohler Ky G , Lamb Cliff C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ruminants are the main contributor to agricultural emissions of the greenhouse gas methane (CH4), which is one of the main greenhouses causing global warming. The objective of this pilot study was to test the effectiveness of 4 different vaccine formulations (VF) on methane abatement in beef cattle. Two weeks before the start of the trial, steers aged between 9 to 10 months with body weights (236.57 ± 20,61 kg) were trained to use the GreenFeed (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD, USA) system for methane measurement. At the end of the adaptation period, animals that best accepted the GreenFeed system were selected (n = 20) for the experiment. Animals were randomly assigned to one of four different formulations of vaccine treatments as well as a control group. Each treatment group had the following number of steers: Control/Untreated (UTD, n = 4), F1/OVA_ adj (n= 4), F2/Ag1_adj (n= 4), F3/pep1_Ag1_adj (n = 4), F4/pep2_Ag1_adj (n = 4). On day 0, vaccine was administered followed by booster injections on day 20 with 2mL injected intramuscularly in the anterior region of the neck both times. Through jugular venipuncture, blood was collected into a 10 mL vacutainer tube (Becton Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ) to obtain serum on day 34 post-treatment to determine methanogen-specific IgA and IgG concentration. Rumen fluid (14 mL) was collected on pre-treatment (d0), and post treatments (d 20 and d 34) into a glass jar using an esophageal stomach tube connected to a vacuum and occurred pre-feeding to determine the relative abundance of total archaea and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium. Methane production was sampled on individual animals using the GreenFeed system pre-treatment (d -8 to -1) and post treatment (d 22 to d 29). The GreenFeed system estimates daily methane production (DMP, g/day) by measuring gas concentration for 3 to 5 mins on individual animals. Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD post-hoc analysis. Preliminary results showed overall mean methane emission pre-treatment (165.853 ± 2.69 g/d) compared with post-treatment (192.164 ± 2.33 g/d) increased by 16%. However, methane emissions between treatment groups showed statistical difference (P &lt; 0.001) specifically between treatment group F2 and F4. Serum concentration of IgA and IgG, ruminal relative abundance of total archaea and Methanobrevibacter ruminantium did not show significant difference (P &gt; 0.10). From the results, vaccine formulation F2 and F4 showed effects in the methane emission between the treatment groups. Future research will consider increasing the vaccine dosage and analyzing more samples. This project was supported by HelixNano.
PSXII-13 The Design of Equipment That Combines a High-Pressure Jet and a Translational Scraper to Improve the Manure Treatment Efficiency of Pig Barn Cleaning Machine
Authors: Jeon Jintack , Won Jin-ho , Lee Sangho , Yang Changju , Kim Gookhwan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livestock farming generates a significant amount of manure, which must be effectively managed to prevent environmental pollution and ensure the health and well-being of animals. The cleaning machine is a commonly used tool for removing manure from pig barns: however, it often leaves behind residual waste that is difficult to remove. To address this issue, a new equipment design that combines a high-pressure jet and a translational scraper has been proposed. This design aims to improve the efficiency of manure treatment by weakening the adhesion and removing stubborn waste particles, making it easier for the cleaning machine to collect the manure. The high-pressure jet provides a powerful stream of water that can dislodge even the most stubborn waste particles. For high-pressure washing, a DC 10V/10A standard water pump and a 70L water tank are included. The translational scraper, on the other hand, can move left and right across the surface of the slatted floor, effectively scraping away any remaining waste. For this work, an actuator was installed to move the blade part and the hook type work part. These two components work together to improve the efficiency of manure treatment and reduce the amount of waste left behind. By improving the efficiency of manure treatment, this new equipment design can help to reduce environmental pollution and improve the overall health and well-being of pigs. In addition, it can also reduce labor costs and improve the profitability of pig farming operations. In conclusion, the design of equipment that combines a high-pressure jet and a translational scraper has the potential to significantly improve the manure treatment efficiency of a pig barn cleaning machine. This new design can help to address the challenges associated with manure management in pig farming and promote a more sustainable and efficient approach to livestock farming. This achievement was made by the support of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, R&D project(421044043HD030)
PSXII-12 Partial Indicators Monitoring in Dairy Farm: Effect of Feed Efficiency Improvement on Gross Margin
Authors: Sechi Gian Simone , Atzori Alberto S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of partial indicators helps to improve technical and economic efficiency of dairy farms. Nevertheless, complete monitoring of farm cash flow and economic balances is needed to better support the decision making. The aim of this work was to propose a practical approach to monitor farm costs and incomes and related indicators of profitability. A methodological framework to calculate farm gross margin was developed and applied to a dairy cattle farm with 227 milking cows from Arborea (Or, Italy). Farm data were gathered at daily scale and elaborated twice per month. Replacement and dry cattle, other costs were monitored separately. Considered variables included: diet formulas, dry matter (DM) and costs of the produced and purchased feeds, milk delivered and price, meat and cattle sold (culled cows, live animals). Through the management software Ecostallawere collected the other costs concerning health and reproduction cost, energy and other costs that included: fuel, electricity and other materials. The farmer was asked daily to input in an excel spreadsheet for lactation groups feed and milk delivered, milking cows, feed orts and for all the groups: consistency, feed delivered and weekly the unifeed DM. Partial indicators were calculated for feed efficiency as milk/feed (FE), cost in €/kg of DM, IOFC, gross margin (revenues –considered costs). All the calculations were referred to the year 2022 the average milk price and cost per kg of DM was 0.465 €/l 0.39 €/kg respectively. The average milk production and DMI per cow was 33 l and 25.5 kg respectively, with a FE of 1.29 . Pooling daily data over the whole year a variation of ± 0.1 in FE corresponded to ±1.01 €/head daily change in IOFC. At the end of the year the feeding costs were equal to 817,798 € for lactating cows, 229,354 € for heifers, dry cows and calves, health and reproduction cost were 60,852 € and energy and other cost were 212,132 € . The final gross margin was 18,461 €, ranging from a max of 14,282 € in March and a min of – 15,501 € in September. Improving FE from 1.29 to 1.43 with 26.5 kg/DM and 38 l/d with other costs that remain equal except improving cost per kg of DM of . 0.02 € it will be a gross margin about 128,707 € more than 110,246 € respect the actual situation. This approach can be useful to stimulate farmer nutirionist and vet to improve a discussion to research goal to economic sustainability of farm.
PSI-21 The Role of N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation During Last Third of Gestation in Nutrient Restricted Twin-Bearing Ewes
Authors: Sales Francisco A , Parraguez Victor H , McCoard Susan A , Sandoval Camila , Chandia Francisca , Maclean Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutrient restriction in sheep during pregnancy normally occurs in Patagonia with negative effects on ewe body condition (BCS) and reproductive performance. N-carbamylglutamate (NCG), an analogue of N-acetylglutamate, is postulated to improve urea recycling, nitrogen utilization and antioxidant capacity in ruminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral NCG supplementation in naturally nutrient restricted grazing twin-bearing ewes, on maternal body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS), serum biochemical indexes and antioxidant capacity in mid-late gestation. Ten twin-bearing ewes were orally dosed once-daily with 60 mg/kg BW NCG in a water carrier from 100 to 140 days of gestation (dg) and were compared with unsupplemented controls (CON; n = 8). Maternal BW, and BCS were recorded every 10 days, from 100 to 140 dg. Blood samples were collected at the same time points to evaluate plasma metabolites (NEFA, urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, P, Mg, Cholesterol, ASAT, CK, GGT, GLDH, total bilirubin and triglycerides), antioxidant status [malondialdehyde (MDA)], and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Ewes were managed as a single mob in a paddock with natural pasture (3.3% CP, 1.9 Mcal/kg ME), supplemented with alfalfa hay (600 g· ewe-1· /day-1; 13% CP and ME 2.2 Mcal/kg ME) from 130 dg, with a stocking rate of 0.9 ewes per hectare and a dry matter availability of 525 kg per hectare, representative of Patagonian prairie conditions. The effect of treatment on ewe BW, BCS and plasma metabolites were analyzed using REML analysis in R using lme4 R package with time (dg) and treatment (and their interaction) as fixed effects and animal as the random effect. Ewe BW increased (P &lt; 0.0001) and BCS decreased (P = 0.005) with advancing gestation, but there was no effect of treatment. There was a tendency for a treatment effect (P = 0.07) on plasma urea with ~10% less concentrations in NCG than CON ewes at 130 dg (P = 0.08) and 140 dg (P = 0.04). There was a treatment by time interaction for total bilirubin (P = 0.005), phosphorus (P = 0.02), and a similar trend for albumin (P = 0.09). Ewes supplemented with NCG had~10% lower concentrations of bilirubin at 100 (P = 0.01) and 120 dg (P = 0.04), less concentrations of phosphorus (P = 0.003) and albumin (P = 0.02) at 140 dg compared with CON ewes. No other effects of treatment on blood metabolites or antioxidant status or capacity were observed. Collectively these results suggest that supplementation of nutritionally restricted ewes with 60 mg/kg BW from 100 to 140 dg did not influence BW or LWT but may have some effects on liver function, protein metabolism, urea recycling, feed intake and/or feed efficiency which warrant further investigation.*Funded by FONDECYT Project N°1221042; AgResearch Strategic Science Investment Fund.
PSII-26 Feeding Behavior and Feed Conversion in Roughage-Lacking Diets Containing Ionized Amino Acids as Antibiotic Alternative
Authors: Neto Geraldo Balieiro , Jorge Marcio , Berndt Alexandre , Munhoz Marcela S J , Amancio Bruna R , Jordao Carlos E K M C , Gianvecchio Sarah B , Rabelo Marcio D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To improve animal performance there has been an increase of starch amounts in the ruminant diets; however, feeding high-grain diets can induce metabolic disturbs, needs to include antibiotics in the diet to avoid acidosis and control the growth of lactic acid producing microorganism. In this study was used ionized amino acids to replace monensin and withdraw all forage of diet. Twenty-four Nellore young bulls were allocated into two groups. The first group was fed with high-grain diet containing Brachiaria brizantha hay (15% of DM) and sodium monensim (120 mg/d). The second group was fed with high-grain diet without forage and without antibiotics, containing 82 mg/kg of ionized amino acids (no-forage diet, MJ Nutricao Animal). The feeding lasted 100 d before slaughter, at the end of period l rumen fluid was collected for VFA and lactic acid measurements. The Penn State Particle Separator has been used to monitor feeding sorting, the dry matter intake (DMI) was monitored daily in GrowSafe system and body weight (BW) was measured monthly. A completely randomized design was used. In the forage plus monensin diet the animals sorted larger particle (7.8 to 19 and &gt; 19 mm), the proportion of larger particles decrease after feeding, the proportion of particles from 1.7 to 7.8 mm increased and there was no effect on smaller particles (&lt; 1.7 mm). The animals feeding with no-forage diet avoided the whole cottonseed, the proportion of particles from 1.7 to 7.8 mm decreased and smaller particles (&lt; 1.7 mm) did not change, before or after feeding (Table 2). The feeding behavior was changed; there were visits in the Growsafe feeder, the visits were faster and there was greater consumption per visit, in no-forage diet (Table 1). However, there were greater concentrations of propionic acid (50.9 vs 16.0 mM), smaller acetic:propionic ratio (1.1 vs 3.4), a trend to increased lactic acid (0.3 vs 0.2 mM), and the pH decreased in no-forage diet (6.29 vs 6.68), reducing the DMI (2 vs 2.5% of BW). There was a trend to reduce the BWG (1.7 vs 2.0 kg/d) in no-forage diet. There was no difference in feed conversion (6.43 in forage diet vs 6.08 no forage diet). In conclusion, the faster starch consumption of no-forage diet can induce greater propionic acid concentration, reducing DMI, on the other hand, the no-forage diet representing advantage to become the management of feedlot diets easier, allowing supply concentrate with less frequency, reducing dependence of forage production on farm, with the same feed conversion, without use of antibiotics. We hypothesize that fast passage rate reduces the hind gut starch digestibility, thus, further investigation can include supplies to improve alfa-amylase, to achieve even better feed conversion.