bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution chromosome banding studies in Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Lagothrix lagothricha: Comparison with the human karyotype
Authors: Clemente I. C. , Garcia M. , Ponsà M. , Egozcue J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKaryotypes of three species of South American primates (Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, and Lagothrix lagothricha) were studied using high‐resolution banding techniques, and were compared to the human karyotype. The number of homologies was very high for the three species. Some of the breakpoints implicated in chromosome rearrangements corresponded with human fragile sites. The fragile sites in human chromosomes often correspond with the localization of latent centromeres in the platyrrhines or with large heterochromatic regions that may have been lost or newly added during evolution.
Red howler monkey birth data I: Seasonal variation
Authors: Crockett Carolyn M. , Rudran Rasanayagam 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA large set of birth data from a population of red howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in two habitats found a consistent birth “dip,” with births occurring less frequently in early wet season (May–July) than during the remaining months. In one of two habitats, births were negatively correlated with rainfall, and viable conceptions were positively correlated with rainfall. The observed degree of within‐troop birth synchrony appeared to reflect populational synchrony with environmental factors. Correlations between births and the phenology of plant foods were not striking, but there was weak support for the hypothesis that births are timed to maximize the availability of weaning foods. Reduced births in early wet season also minimize the number of Infants who would experience the transition to independent locomotion and feeding during the peak of the dry season when probable low moisture content of foods and high daytime temperatures might be disadvantageous. However, there was no relationship between season of birth and infant mortality.
Red howler monkey birth data II: Interannual, habitat, and sex comparisons
Authors: Crockett Carolyn M. , Rudran Rasanayagam 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData presented in this paper are derived from the births and subsequent histories of red howler infants born in two habitats. Overall the sex ratio of infants at birth was about 1:1. Infant survivorship (at 1 yr) was about 80%, and 44% of infant mortality was attributed to infanticide by males. Survivorship curves indicated a dramatic sex difference, with far fewer females than males known to be alive at age 7 yr. However, this sex difference may be inflated because emigrant males are more easily identified than emigrant females, and females may be dispersing beyond the boundaries of the study area at a higher rate. Annual birthrate varied somewhat from year to year and was positively related to rainfall. Annual birthrate tended to be higher in the habitat with lower density and higher growth rate. Consistent with the trends, in annual birthrate, variation in interbirth interval length (TBR after births of surviving infants was related primarily to habitat differences and annual variation in rainfall. Season of birth and maternal age class had no effect on IBI. Infant sex had mostly nonsignificant effects on IBI. A small sample indicated that IBI's were significantly longer after the births of females who eventually became natal breeders than after the births of females who eventually emigrated. This difference might reflect differential parental (maternal) investment of some sort.
Vocal behavior of captive Sichuan golden monkeys (Rhinopithecus r. roxellana)
Authors: Tenaza R. R. , Fitch H. M. , Lindburg D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVocal behavior of four pairs of adult Sichuan golden monkeys was studied at the San Diego, Seattle, Los Angeles, and San Francisco zoos between November 1984 and October 1986. Four call types made up 86% (1,357/ 1,578) of vocalizations that occurred during 45 h of tape‐recording. All four major vocalization types were made by both sexes. There was, however, significant sexual asymmetry in their production: 82% to 99% of each type was produced by one sex or the other. Frequently, duets developed when an individual male or female responded to the vocalizations of its cagemate. Males vocalized more than did females in each of the four pairs, and males responded vocally to female calls more than twice as frequently.
Diet of the northern bearded saki (Chiropotes satanas chiropotes): A neotropical seed predator
Authors: Van Roosmalen Marc G. M. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Fleagle John G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on the diet of Chiropotes satanas chiropotes, the northern bearded saki, has been collected during several years of primate field observations in the Raleighvallen‐Voltzberg Reserve in Suriname. This species feeds predominantly on immature seeds and ripe fruit, mainly the former. Chiropotes is especially fond of the members of the Brazil nut family, Lecythidaceae, and other species with exceptionally hard or tough seed pods. Concomitantly, Chiropotes shows striking dental and gnathic adaptations that facilitate opening and ingesting these well‐protected food items. Seed predation in the Old World colobine, Colobus satanas, has been discussed primarily as a strategy for survival in forests characterized by leaves with low nutrient content and high toxicity; however, it now appears that arboreal seed predation is a relatively widespread primate dietary strategy found among higher primate species in a variety of forest types on three continents. It is yet another way of “making a living” in a tropical rain forest.
Enzootic hepatitis A infection in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Slighter R. G. , Kimball J. P. , Barbolt T. A. , Sherer A. D. , Drobeck H. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring a toxicology study in cynomolgus (long‐tailed or crab‐eating) monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), a randomly distributed incidence of significantly increased hepatic enzyme activity was observed. Premedication hepatic enzyme activity in all monkeys of this study was normal, but increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was found in 4 of the 24 animals 2 weeks after initiation of the study and in 10 of 24 at 4 weeks. A drug‐related effect was considered unlikely initially because the increases were not doserelated, and a 3‐year review of 655 cynomolgus monkeys revealed a 15–20% incidence of increased hepatic enzyme activity. Good correlation was subsequently established between increased hepatic enzyme activity, active hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, and histomorphologic confirmation of hepatitis (chronic periportal inflammation). Follow‐up viral serodiagnostic screening of resident macaques revealed an overall incidence of anti‐HAV IgG in 80% (155/193) of cynomolgus and in 70% (14/20) of rhesus monkeys. Serial screening demonstrated that several initially negative monkeys became seropositive for anti‐HAV IgG, and a few acquired active infection (anti‐HAV IgM). Among newly acquired cynomolgus monkeys, 2.5% (2/80) had an acute HAV infection, and 35% (28/80) eventually tested positive for anti‐HAV IgG while quarantined in the primate facility. The characterization of an enzootic HAV infection in incoming monkeys posed a significant risk for the primate colony and handlers. Rigorous sanitation, isolation, and quarantine procedures, including personnel training and additional protective clothing for personnel working in the primate colony, reduced tho potential for transmission and arrested the outbreak. Experimenters should be cautious in ascribing toxicity to a test article based solely on increased hepatic enzyme activity associated with chronic periportal inflammation.
Glucose disappearance rate in rhesus monkeys: Some technical considerations
Authors: Jen K‐L. C. , Hansen B. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) has been widely used as a tool to assist in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Glucose disappearance rate (KG) is calculated as an indicator of relative glucose tolerance; however, a standardized dose, consistent sampling times, and a consistent formula for the calculation of KG have not yet been established for rhesus monkeys. Interpretation of results reported by different laboratories has, therefore, been rendered difficult. In the present study, 48 IVGTTs obtained from 33 male rhesus monkeys ranging widely in glucose tolerance have been analyzed. Various formulas for calculating KG values have been tested in all experiments including a range of different pairs of time points, as well as the t1/2. Regression analysis revealed that the loge transformation of the plasma glucose levels obtained after an intravenous glucose load were best fitted with a straight line during the period between five and 20 minutes (R2 = 0.97 ± 0.005). The use of time points prior to the five‐minute value tended to produce spuriously larger KG values, while sampling points that were later than 30 min occasionally produced an invalid KG because in some monkeys the plasma glucose levels had already returned to basal levels. The advantages of using the five‐ and 20‐minute glucose levels in calculating the KG include (1) the optimal reflection of tissue uptake of glucose; (2) the relatively short sampling time required to obtain an accurate, consistent, and meaningful value for KG; and (3) the relative ease in the calculation of KG.
Preliminary observations on squirrel monkey (Saimiri oerstedi) vocalizations in Costa Rica
Authors: Boinski S. , Newman J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was an initial attempt to analyze quantitatively vocalizations from the Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedi. Vocalizations were recorded in the wild at P. N. Corcovado (S. o. oerstedi). and at P. N. Manuel Antonio (S. o. citrinellus). Additional recordings were made from captive individuals of both subspecies. The acoustic structure of analyzed vocalizations resembled most closely the vocal repertoire of South American Saimiri with the “gothic arch” phenotype, in agreement with the prominent gothic arch facial pattern of S. oerstedi. New structural subtypes of the twitter (“dog‐tooth twitter”) and the chuck (“bent‐mast chuck”) not previously found in an extensive library of South American Saimiri sound spectrograms were documented. Calls used by older infants when socially separated and when approaching an adult male were essentially identical (sharing typical “isolation peep” structural features) but had significantly different duration and peak frequency. Analysis of recordings from an escaped captive female calling outside her compound over a 3‐day period indicated the presence of numerous structural intermediates between typical chuck, twitter, and peep calls.
Leptospiral agglutinins in the Cayo Santiago macaques
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Everard C. O. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe colony of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, was surveyed for leptospiral agglutinins. Only 5 (3%) of 169 monkeys (25% of the population) were seropositive (titers of ⩾ 1:100). An additional 29 animals (17%) had titers ⩽1:50. The proportions of seropositive males and females were 22% and 18%, respectively, and twice as many adult as immature animals (32% vs. 15%) were positive. In most seropositive monkeys a single serogroup predominated, Icterohaemorrhagiae being recorded in nearly 60% of these animals. In a follow‐up survey conducted a year later, 4% of 158 of the original monkeys were seropositive, with titers of from 1:100 to 1:200. None of 22 Rattus rattus captured on Cayo Santiago had agglutinins to pathogenic serovars. Despite contact with rats and ingestion of stagnant water, the serological evidence, the excellent clinical condition, low mortality, and high reproductive rates of the Cayo Santiago macaques indicate that leptospirosis is not a health problem in this free ranging monkey colony.
Population densities and geographic distribution of night monkeys (Aotus nancymai and Aotus vociferans) (cebidae: Primates) in Northeastern Peru
Authors: Aquino Rolando , Encarnación Filomeno 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPopulation densities of two species of night (or owl) monkeys (Aotus nancymai and Aotus vociferans) were estimated using transect census methods. Densities of Aotus nancymai were approximately 46.3 individuals/km2 in lowland forests and 24.2 individuals/km2 in highland forests. For Aotus vociferans densities were 33.0 individuals/km2 in lowland forests and 7.9 individuals/km2 in highland forests. A. vociferans occurs north of the Río Amazonas‐Marañon and A. nancymai south of it, except for the northern enclave between the Ríos Tigre and Pastaza. The two species are nowhere sympatric. However, the two known karyotypic forms of A. vociferans occupy the same habitats throughout the Peruvian range of the species.
Intergroup interactions in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus), Ghomaran Rif mountains, Morocco
Authors: Mehlman P. T. , Parkhill R. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData are presented on intergroup interactions between six groups of Macaca sylvanus in the Ghomaran region of the Moroccan Rif mountains. Intergroup encounters (0.026/observation hour) were defined as two groups being near each other (< 150 m). Encounters were further classified into: 1) neutral (indeterminate) encounters, in which very little intergroup interaction took place, with the exception of male monitoring (N = 7); 2) approach‐retreat encounters with intergroup displacement, in which, without any overt agonism, members of one group slowly approached another and caused it to retreat (N = 3); and 3) agonistic encounters with intergroup displacement (N = 3). These results are compared to the only other study of intergroup interactions in wild Barbary macaques, and it is concluded that 1) observations of intergroup unification and/or coordination of movement in Barbary macaques (“herding”) probably resulted from observer error, or if these phenomena do occur, they are rare throughout the range of this species; 2) approximately half of all intergroup encounters in both studies resulted in intergroup displacement and/or intergroup agonism, evidence of intergroup competition; and 3) current data on intergroup interactions in Barbary macaques conform to the predictions of Wrangham's model of mutually competitive female‐bonded, multimale groups.
Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in the Manu National Park, Peru
Authors: Symington M. McFarland 
Published: June 2005

AbstractResults of a long‐term field study on the ecology and social organization of two groups of black spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus chamek) in Peru are reported. Demography, ranging patterns, and activity budgets provide insight into some of the proximate determinants of fission‐fusion social organization in this species and illustrate the different strategies used by males and females to gain access to critical resources. Longitudinal data on known individuals provide evidence for male natal philopatry and female emigration at sexual maturity in this population. Interbirth intervals are long (mean = 34.5 months) in comparison with most other primate species, and 5 of 15 infants seen within a few days of birth died or disappeared before they were a year old. Home ranges are large (150–250 ha) and fairly discrete; overlap with neighboring groups is on the order of 10–15%. Males and females differed substantially in their ranging patterns; females, particularly those with infants, restricted much of their ranging to a “core area” 20–33% the size of the total group range, whereas males ranged more evenly over the entire area occupied by the group. Daily path length varied over almost an order of magnitude from 465 m to 4,070 m, with a mean of 1977 m. Males spent more time traveling and less time feeding than most females. These results are compared with those obtained in previous studies of Ateles and with similar data from other primate species to assess their implications for the evolution of fission‐fusion sociality in spider monkeys. The ecological factors responsible for the evolution of very similar social organizations in spider monkeys and chimpanzees are discussed.
Effect of tetanus toxoid inoculation on mortality in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Berard John D. , Rawlins Richard G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTetanus was a major cause of mortality in the free‐ranging population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. From 1977 to 1984 the mean (±1 SD) annual total mortality rate (excluding neonatal deaths within 48 h postpartum, abortions, and stillbirths) was 6.39% ± .94%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was 1.33% ± .45%. Tetanus deaths accounted for 19.5% of the total mortality in the colony. In 1985, all monkeys on the island, except infants and six adult monkeys, were given primary inoculations of tetanus toxoid. The following year, boosters were administered, and yearlings received primary inoculations. One fatal case of tetanus and one recovery from mild disease occurred in uninoculated adult monkeys in 1985, but no additional cases have been observed since. For 1985–1986 the mean annual total mortality rate was 3.69% ± .05%, and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate was .08% ± .08%. Thus, during the 2 years after inoculation against tetanus, the mean annual total mortality rate and the mean annual tetanus mortality rate declined by 42.2% and 94.0%, respectively, when compared to the 8‐year period (1977–1984) prior to inoculation. These differences were significant [(χ2 = 12.48; P < .005), (χ2 = 16.94; P < .005)]. The elimination of tetanus infections through mass inoculation of the Cayo Santiago colony is expected to have a profound impact on the demography of the population by increasing the rate of population growth, by decreasing the differential rates of increase of the component social groups, and by changing the age distribution of the population.
Age estimation in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) based on mandibular dimensions
Authors: Bouvier Marianne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new technique has been developed for estimating age in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that is based on mandibular measurements and has several advantages over presently available techniques. First, the new technique is relatively quick and inexpensive because a single measurement or radiograph suffices to produce an age estimate. Second, mandibular growth represents a more continuous phenomenon than either epiphyseal union or dental eruption; therefore, age estimates may be made throughout the period of growth without significant gaps in the process. Finally, the new technique may be used on incomplete or even fragmentary skeletal material because it requires that only a portion of the mandible be preserved. The new technique produces age estimates with a prediction error of ±5.08 months in males and ±7.29 months in females. These errors are only slightly higher than those found previously for dental eruption or epiphyseal union data.
Environmental influences on mountain gorilla time budgets
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData on the time budgets of mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei) were collected during field studies in the Virunga Volcanoes region of Rwanda and Zaire. Focal sampling was used to determine the proportion of time that individuals of different age/sex classes spent in several mutually exclusive activity states. The gorillas spent the majority of daylight hours feeding; most of the rest of the day was devoted to resting, with little time spent moving or engaged in social activity. The time budget varied among the different subhabitats used by the gorillas, and the gorillas satisfied subsistence needs more quickly when in areas where food was more abundant and/or of better nutritional quality. Silverbacks spent more time feeding than all other age/sex classes, but age/sex class differences were not great. All age/sex classes responded to variability in habitat quality in similar fashion. Unlike the case for many other primates, there was no significant seasonal variation in time budgets. There was a direct relationship between group size and time spent feeding, although variation in relation to group size was lower than that in relation to variation in habitat quality. These results are consistent with the relationship of feeding time to body size in primates. They are also consistent, with other evidence that social foraging entails a cost to gorilla females, but that this cost is low in comparison to those faced by many other primates. Permanent association with males apparently offers little ecological disadvantage to females, who are likely to be more than compensated by mutualistic benefits.
New material of Qatrania from Egypt with comments on the phylogenetic position of the parapithecidae (primates, Anthropoidea)
Authors: Simons E. L. , Kay R. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew material of the early anthropoid primate Qatrania wingi and a new species of that genus are described. Several features of the dental anatomy show that Qatrania, while quite primitive relative to other anthropoids in many ways, is most likely a parapithecid primate. The new material suggests that several dental features previously thought to ally parapithecids with the catarrhine primates were actually evolved in parallel in catarrhines and some parapithecids. Furthermore, all nonparapithecid anthropoids (including platyrrhines and catarrhines) share a suite of derived dental and postcranial features not found in parapithecids. Therefore, parapithecid origins may predate the platyrrhine/catarrhine split.
Responsiveness to objects in two social groups of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Visalberghi Elisabetta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe responses of two social groups of Cebus apella to novel or familiar objects were examined, both in scarce and in abundant conditions. The aim was to obtain a description of capuchins' general norms of behavior toward objects, focusing on the variability across sex/age classes. Plain wooden blocks were presented to each group of monkeys in four phases. In phase I, the blocks were scarce and novel; in the following phases the blocks were abundant and increasingly more familiar. Several categories of behaviors directed toward the blocks were scored. The blocks elicited high levels of responsiveness throughout the experiment. In both sexes, responsiveness tended to decrease across phases. In all phases, males interacted with the blocks more than did females. Age was a significant determinant of responsiveness. Furthermore, age‐classes showed different trends in level of responsiveness across phases. Sex and age significantly affected the behavioral pattern of interaction with the blocks. Dominance did not seem to constrain monkeys' responsiveness. The high and sustained responsiveness toward objects by Cebus apella is consistent with their manipulative skills and their varied habitat exploitation.
Food‐reinforced yawning in Macaca tonkeana
Authors: Anderson James R. , Wunderlich Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn operant conditioning paradigm comprising continuous food‐reinforcement, fixed‐ratio responding, and extinction procedures was used to evaluate the possibility that adult male macaques can control their rate of yawning. Two non‐food‐deprived Macaca tonkeana quickly learned to produce yawns for food rewards. They also increased the rate of production according to fixed‐ratio requirements, and showed initial response peaks followed by diminished rates of yawning during extinction. The results indicate that adult male macaques can yawn voluntarily. Further work along these lines may help distinguish among different types of yawning as indicated in the literature.