bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the major γ‐aminobutyric acidA receptor subunits in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the adult rat
Authors: Schwarzer Christoph , Berresheim Ulrike , Pirker Susanne , Wieselthaler Anna , Fuchs Karoline , Sieghart Werner , Sperk Günther 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWithin the basal ganglia, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) exerts a fundamental role as neurotransmitter of local circuit and projection neurons. Its fast hyperpolarizing action is mediated through GABAA receptors. These ligand‐gated chloride channels are assembled from five subunits, which derive from multiple genes. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of 12 major GABAA receptor subunits (α1–5, β1–3, γ1–3, and δ) in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the rat. Immunoreactivity for an additional subunit (subunit α6) was not observed. The striatum, the nucleus accumbens, and the olfactory tubercle displayed strong, diffuse staining for the subunits α2, α4, β3, and δ presumably located on dendrites of the principal medium spiny neurons. Subunit α1‐, β2‐, and γ2‐immunoreactivities were apparently mostly restricted to interneurons of these areas. In contrast, the globus pallidus, the entopeduncular nucleus, the ventral pallidum, the subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra pars reticulata revealed dense networks of presumable dendrites of resident projection neurons, which were darkly labeled for subunit α1‐, β2‐, and γ2‐immunoreactivities. The globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata, all areas receiving innervations from the striatum, displayed strong subunit γ1‐immunoreactivity compared to other brain areas. In the substantia nigra pars compacta and in the ventral tegmental area, numerous presumptive dopaminergic neurons were labeled for subunits α3, γ3, and/or δ. This highly heterogeneous distribution of individual GABAA receptor subunits suggests the existence of differently assembled, and presumably also functionally different, GABAA receptors within individual nuclei of the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:526–549, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unipolar brush cells form a glutamatergic projection system within the mouse cerebellar cortex
Authors: Nunzi Maria Grazia , Birnstiel Susanne , Bhattacharyya Bula J. , Slater N. Traverse , Mugnaini Enrico 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnipolar brush cells (UBCs) of the mammalian vestibulocerebellum receive mossy fiber projections primarily from the vestibular ganglion and vestibular nuclei. Recently, the axons of UBCs have been shown to generate an extensive system of cortex‐intrinsic mossy fibers, which resemble traditional cerebellar mossy fiber afferents and synapse with granule cell dendrites and other UBCs. However, the neurotransmitter used by the UBC axon is still unknown. In this study, we used long‐term organotypic slice cultures of the isolated nodulus (lobule X) from postnatal day 8 mouse cerebella to identify the neurotransmitter and receptors at synapses of the UBC axon terminals, relying on the notion that, in these cultures, all of the cortex‐extrinsic fibers had degenerated during the first few days in vitro. Quantification of glutamate immunogold labeling showed that the UBC axon terminals have the same high gold‐particle density as the glutamatergic parallel fiber varicosities. Furthermore, UBCs identified by calretinin immunoreactivity expressed the glutamate receptor subunits GluR2/3, NMDAR1, and mGluR2/3, like they do in the mature mouse cerebellum in situ. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), spontaneous EPSCs, and burst discharges were demonstrated in UBCs and granule cells by patch‐clamp recording. Both the evoked and spontaneous EPSCs were blocked by ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and D‐AP5. We conclude that neurotransmission at the UBC axon terminals is glutamatergic. Thus, UBCs provide a powerful network of feedforward excitation within the granular layer, which may amplify vestibular signals and synchronize activity in clusters of functionally related granule cells which project vertically to patches of Purkinje cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:329–341, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polarized distribution of α5 integrin in dendrites of hippocampal and cortical neurons
Authors: Bi Xiaoning , Lynch Gary , Zhou Jun , Gall Christine M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution of immunoreactivity for the α5 subunit of the fibronectin receptor was evaluated in adult rat brain with particular interest in the cellular localization of immunostaining in the hippocampal formation and neocortex. Beyond localization to neuronal perikarya and short dendritic fragments within most brain areas, α5 immunoreactivity (‐ir) was particularly dense within primary apical dendrites of pyramidal cells in both hippocampus and neocortex and within the dendritic arbors of cerebellar Purkinje cells. In hippocampal and cortical pyramidal cells, immunostaining was clearly polarized: α5‐ir was not detectable in basal dendrites in hippocampal neurons and was limited to proximal arbors or absent from basal dendrites in pyramidal cells in superficial and deep layers of neocortex. Beyond this, α5‐ir was distributed within the dendritic ramifications of the dentate gyrus granule cells and within perikarya and dendrites of occasional nonpyramidal neurons. Developmental studies demonstrated that, in both hippocampus and neocortex, α5‐ir appears first within perikarya and is distributed to dendrites during the second postnatal week. These results are in accord with the broad hypothesis that integrins contribute to apical‐basal differences in dendrites and that the integrin fibronectin (α5β1) receptor, in particular, contributes to some late developing features of dendritic structure or function. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:184–193, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Architectonic identification of the core region in auditory cortex of macaques, chimpanzees, and humans
Authors: Hackett Troy A. , Preuss Todd M. , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to determine whether the architectonic criteria used to identify the core region in macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina) could be used to identify a homologous region in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens). Current models of auditory cortical organization in primates describe a centrally located core region containing two or three subdivisions including the primary auditory area (AI), a surrounding belt of cortex with perhaps seven divisions, and a lateral parabelt region comprised of at least two fields. In monkeys the core region can be identified on the basis of specific anatomical and physiological features. In this study, the core was identified from serial sets of adjacent sections processed for cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, acetylcholinesterase, and cytochrome oxidase. Qualitative and quantitative criteria were used to identify the borders of the core region in individual sections. Serial reconstructions of each brain were made showing the location of the core with respect to gross anatomical landmarks. The position of the core with respect to major sulci and gyri in the superior temporal region varied most in the chimpanzee and human specimens. Although the architectonic appearance of the core areas did vary in certain respects across taxonomic groups, the numerous similarities made it possible to identify unambiguously a homologous cortical region in macaques, chimpanzees, and humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:197–222, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Substance P and nitric oxide signaling in cerebral cortex: Anatomical evidence for reciprocal signaling between two classes of interneurons
Authors: Vruwink Megan , Schmidt Harald H.H.W. , Weinberg Richard J. , Burette Alain 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParvalbumin‐containing fast‐spiking interneurons in the cerebral cortex exhibit widespread electrical coupling, as do somatostatin‐containing low‐threshold spiking interneurons. Besides the classical neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid, these cortical interneurons may also release various neuropeptides including substance P (SP), as well as the freely diffusible messenger nitric oxide (NO). To investigate whether these two networks of interneurons might interact via these nonclassical messengers, we performed immunocytochemistry for SP and NO signaling pathways in rat somatic sensory cortex. SP was found in a subset of parvalbumin‐positive cells concentrated in layers IV and V, whereas its receptor, NK1, was found in a subset of somatostatin‐containing neurons (and also, at much lower levels, in a disjoint subset of parvalbumin‐containing neurons). Only 4% of SP‐containing axon terminals were apposed to NK1‐positive dendrites, suggesting that in the cerebral cortex, SP may act predominantly as a paracrine neuromediator. Nitric oxide synthase‐I (NOS‐I), the synthetic enzyme for NO, was found almost exclusively in NK1‐positive neurons; 95% of intensely somatostatin/NK1‐positive neurons were also positive for NOS‐I, and 94% of NOS‐positive neurons were also positive for NK1. Immunoreactivity for soluble guanylyl cyclase (the NO receptor) was at high levels in the apical dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons and in parvalbumin/SP‐positive neurons. These data point to a novel reciprocal chemical interaction between two inhibitory networks in the rat neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:288–301, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Component‐wise algebraic multigrid preconditioning for the iterative solution of stress analysis problems from microfabrication technology
Authors: Mijalković S. , Mihajlović M. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA methodology for preconditioning discrete stress analysis systems using robust scalar algebraic multigrid (AMG) solvers is evaluated in the context of problems that arise in microfabrication technology. The principle idea is to apply an AMG solver in a segregated way to the series of scalar block matrix problems corresponding to different displacement vector components, thus yielding a block diagonal AMG preconditioner. We study the component‐wise AMG preconditioning in the context of the space decomposition and subspace correction framework [1]. The subspace problems are solved approximately by the scalar AMG solver and the subspace correction is performed either in block diagonal (block Jacobi) or lower triangular (block Gauss–Seidel) fashion. In our test examples we use fully unstructured grids of different sizes. The numerical experiments show robust and efficient convergence of the Krylov iterative methods with component‐wise AMG preconditioning for both 2D and 3D problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The early development of the Munsell system
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe early history of the development of the Munsell system is described in this article. This description is based on the information in the notes and sketches in Munsell's color diary, and the Munsell system's development is placed into its historical context. The concept of chroma, new to leading American physicists of Munsell's time, was found to be an original idea of Munsell. All key ideas of the system were developed by Munsell between 1900 and 1904. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 20–27, 2002
Effective multicast programming in large scale distributed systems
Authors: Eugster Patrick Th. , Boichat Romain , Guerraoui Rachid , Sventek Joe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany distributed applications have a strong requirement for efficient dissemination of large amounts of information to widely spread consumers in large networks. These include applications in e‐commerce and telecommunication. Publish/subscribe is considered one of the most important interaction styles with which to model communication on a large scale. Producers publish information on a topic and consumers subscribe to the topics they wish to be informed of. The decoupling of producers and consumers in time, space, and flow makes the publish/subscribe paradigm very attractive for large scale distribution, especially in environments like the Internet.This paper describes the architecture and implementation of DACE (Distributed Asynchronous Computing Environment), a framework for publish/subscribe communication based on an object‐oriented programming abstraction in the form of Distributed Asynchronous Collection (DAC). DACs capture the variants of publish/subscribe, without blurring their respective advantages. The architecture we present is tolerant of network partitions and crash failures. The underlying model is based on the notion of Topic Membership: a weak membership for the parties involved in a topic. We present how Topic Membership enables the realization of a robust and efficient reliable multicast on a large scale. The protocol ensures that, inside a topic, even a subscriber who is temporarily partitioned away eventually receives a published message. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking the influence of mental health treatment: the development of the Youth Outcome Questionnaire
Authors: Burlingame Gary M. , Mosier Julie I. , Gawain Wells M. , Atkin Quincey G. , Lambert Michael J. , Whoolery Matthew , Latkowski Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe demand that providers of mental health services be accountable for the services they provide has highlighted the importance of identifying and tracking the relationship between service, cost, and outcome in the current context of managed behavioural health care. In order to meet this demand, it is imperative that clinicians, researchers, and administrators have reliable and valid measures with which to document and track treatment outcomes. In the arena of child and adolescent care, there is a gap between traditional diagnostic measures and measures specifically designed to track outcomes. This study reports the comprehensive development and testing of a new outcome measure, the Youth Outcome Questionnaire, designed cooperatively by clinicians, researchers, and managed care administrators in order to meet the needs of all three. Multiple clinical samples and normative groups were assessed and results suggest that the instrument meets recommended standards of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. The process of development and testing serve as an illustration of the types of issues which must be addressed by those charged with the responsibility for documenting treatment outcomes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive image sensing and enhancement using the cellular neural network universal machine
Authors: Brendel Mátyás , Roska Tamás 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs an attempt to introduce interactive, content‐dependent adaptive (ICDA) image processing, a simple but powerful active image sensing and two image enhancement methods are introduced via adaptive CNN‐UM sensor‐computers. Thus, the method ICDA can be used for adaptive control of image sensing and for subsequent on‐line or off‐line image enhancement as well. The algorithms use both intensity and contrast content. The image sensing technology can be realized with the current CNN‐UM chip. Our first image enhancement method is also executable on this chip, but it is more suitable for the adaptive cellular neural network universal machine (ACNN‐UM) architecture. Some results of simulator and chip experiments and an adaptive extended cell are presented. Our second, dynamical image enhancement method is planned to be executable on a multi‐layer, complex cell CNN architecture. In (Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Workshop on Cellular Neural Networks and their Applications(CNNA‐2000) Catania, 2000; 213–217) 3‐layer architecture is described which is capable of realizing the main part of the second enhancement method.The main issues of our paper are as follows: the novel outlook of the ICDA framework, three new methods for two key application areas of CNN‐UM, the notion of ‘regional’ adaptive computing, the novelty of application of equilibrium‐computing in the third method. However, the key novelty of our work is not just a new method and a new realization: by combining sensing and computing, dynamically and pixelwise, a new quality becomes practical. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CNN architectures for constrained diffusion based locally adaptive image processing
Authors: Rekeczky Csaba 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a cellular neural network (CNN) based locally adaptive scheme is presented for image segmentation and edge detection. It is shown that combining a constrained (linear or non‐linear) diffusion approach with adaptive morphology leads to a robust segmentation algorithm for an important class of image models. These images are comprised of simple geometrical objects, each having a homogeneous grey‐scale level and they might be overlapping. The background illumination is inhomogeneous, the objects are corrupted by additive Gaussian noise and possibly blurred by low‐pass‐filtering‐type effects. Typically, this class has a multimodal (in most cases bimodal) image histogram and no special (easily exploitable) characteristics in the frequency domain. The synthesized analogic (analog and logic) CNN algorithm combines a diffusion‐type filtering with a locally adaptive strategy based on estimating the first‐order (mean) and second‐order (variance) statistics. Both PDE‐ and non‐PDE‐related diffusion schemes are examined and compared in the CNN framework. It is shown that the proposed algorithm with various diffusion‐type filters offers a more robust solution than some globally optimal thresholding schemes. All algorithmic steps are realized using nearest‐neighbour CNN templates. The VLSI implementation complexity and some robustness issues are carefully analysed and discussed in detail. A number of tests have been completed on original and artificial grey‐scale images. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of the international program for quality assessment and standardization for immunological measures relevant to HIV/AIDS: QASI
Authors: Mandy Francis , Bergeron Michèle , Houle Guy , Bradley John , Fahey John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMeasurements of CD4 T‐cell levels are essential for the assessment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease course, clinical staging, epidemiological studies, and decisions regarding prophylactic therapies against opportunistic infection. Until now, only in the industrialized countries was T‐cell subset monitoring considered a practical option to assess disease progression. The Quality Assessment and Standardization for Immunological Measures Relevant to HIV/AIDS (QASI) program was established in 1997 to meet performance assessment for immunophenotyping laboratories in countries where such service is not available. The QASI program is provided at no cost to any laboratory in a resource‐poor setting that wishes to participate. This report describes the beneficial impact of participation in the QASI program. Carefully selected commercial stabilized whole blood preparations were sent regularly to participating laboratories. Participants reported the T‐cell subset values they obtained by flow cytometry. Once the aggregate mean values for the T‐cell subsets were established for the shipment, a comprehensive and confidential report was sent to each laboratory. The results from five consecutive shipments were analyzed. The coefficient of variation decreased from 7.2% to 4.7% and from 14.2% to 8.8% for percent and absolute CD4 T‐cell counts, respectively. With the implementation of the QASI program using commercial stabilized whole blood specimens, it is possible to reduce interlaboratory error. This study illustrates that a quality assessment program can improve the overall performance of laboratories. Reducing interlaboratory variation can enhance significantly the effectiveness of multicenter HIV vaccine or drug trial evaluation. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:111–116, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of VBR and CBR service classes for MPEG‐2 video multiplexing—Is statistical multiplexing really useful for bursty video transmission?
Authors: Wakamiya Naoki , Murata Masayuki , Miyahara Hideo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been believed that a statistical multiplexing technique can bring an effective bandwidth usage. When it is applied to MPEG‐2 video, it has been pointed out that two to several times multiplexing gain can be attained due to the highly bursty nature of video traffic. However, most of the past researches do not take into account the implementation aspects of this technique. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the actual multiplexing gain by comparing ATM CBR and VBR service classes (deterministic and statistical service classes), and point out that the statistical multiplexing gain is far from what one might expect. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of correlated arrivals at a server with credit‐based traffic policing
Authors: Mitchell K. , van de Liefvoort A. , Place J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we observe the steady state and transient behaviour of correlated cell arrivals into a server with credit‐based traffic policing. We derive expressions for the lag‐kcorrelations of the departure process from the traffic policing mechanism, and observe how dependencies in the departure stream affect cell loss at the server. The results illustrate the impact of the second‐order statistics and the higher moments of the cell arrival processes on the traffic policing mechanism performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distributed robust traffic controller for ATM networks
Authors: Zhang Hongyi , Yang Oliver W. , Mouftah H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe propose an approach to design a distributed rate‐based traffic controller to flow‐regulate the best‐effort service (e.g. ABR) traffic and guaranteed service traffic through an ATM switch. The controller is distributed among the source nodes and has a very simple structure. Its local controller at each source node is open‐loop stable and only requires the knowledge of the buffer occupancy at the bottleneck switch. We show that this controller is fair and is not sensitive to the change of VCs over time. It does not have oscillation and can achieve a high utilization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement‐based admission control for bufferless multiplexers
Authors: Reisslein Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we study measurement‐based admission control for bufferless multiplexing, which is very attractive for real‐time traffic. We first discuss a novel large deviations (LD) approach to measurement‐based admission control. We then provide an extensive review of the existing literature on measurement‐based admission control. We conduct simulation studies with traces of MPEG 1 encoded movies to compare the performance of the admission rules in the literature with that of our large deviations approach. We demonstrate that our LD approach achieves higher link utilizations. Finally, we compare the performance of measurement‐based admission control with that of traditional admission control, which relies ona prioritraffic descriptors. Our numerical work indicates that measurement‐based admission control achieves significant gains in link utilizations over traditional admission control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.