bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years
Authors: Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Tan Ken , Lang Niklaus P. , Brägger Urs , Egger Matthias , Zwahlen Marcel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the 5‐ and 10‐year survival of implant supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) and to describe the incidence of biological and technical complications.Methods: An electronic MEDLINE search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify prospective and retrospective cohort studies on FPDs with a mean follow‐up time of at least 5 years. Patients had to have been examined clinically at the follow‐up visit. Assessment of the identified studies and data abstraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using random‐effects Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates of 5‐ and 10‐year survival proportions.Results: The search provided 3844 titles and 560 abstracts. Full‐text analysis was performed for 176 articles resulting in 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis of these studies indicated an estimated survival of implants in implant‐supported FPDs of 95.4% (95 percent confidence interval (95% CI): 93.9–96.5%) after 5 and 92.8% (95% CI: 90–94.8%) after 10 years. The survival rate of FPDs supported by implants was 95% (95% CI: 92.2–96.8%) after 5 and 86.7% (95% CI: 82.8–89.8%) after 10 years of function. Only 61.3% (95% CI: 55.3–66.8%) of the patients were free of any complications after 5 years. Peri‐implantitis and soft tissue complications occurred in 8.6% (95% CI: 5.1–14.1%) of FPDs after 5 years. Technical complications included implant fractures, connection‐related and suprastructure‐related complications. The cumulative incidence of implant fractures after 5 years was 0.4% (95% CI: 0.1–1.2%). After 5 years, the cumulative incidence of connection‐related complications (screw loosening or fracture) was 7.3% and 14% for suprastructure‐related complications (veneer and framework fracture).Conclusion: Despite a high survival of FPDs, biological and technical complications are frequent. This, in turn, means that substantial amounts of chair time have to be accepted by the clinician following the incorporation of implant‐supported FPDs. More studies with follow‐up times of 10 and more years are needed as only few studies have described the long‐term outcomes.
A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years
Authors: Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Tan Ken , Lang Niklaus P. , Brägger Urs , Egger Matthias , Zwahlen Marcel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this systematic review was to assess the survival of cantilever fixed partial dentures (FPDs) and the incidence of biological and technical complications.Methods: An electronic MEDLINE search supplemented by manual searching was conducted to identify prospective and retrospective cohort studies on FPDs with a mean follow‐up time of at least 5 years. Patients had to have been examined clinically at the follow‐up visit. Assessment of the identified studies and data abstraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Failure and complication rates were analyzed using random‐effects Poisson regression to obtain summary estimates of 10‐year survival proportions.Results: From a yield of 3658 titles and 211 abstracts, 81 articles were selected for full‐text analysis, finally resulting in 13 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Meta‐analysis of these studies resulted in an estimated survival rate of cantilever FPDs of 81.8% (95 percent confidence interval (95% CI): 78.2–84.9%) and success rate (free of all complications) of 63% (95% CI: 54.7–70.2%) after 10 years. The most common biological complication was loss of pulp vitality (32.6%) followed by caries at abutment teeth (9.1%). After a 10‐year observation period 2.6% of the FPDs were lost as a result of dental caries and 1% due to recurrent periodontitis. The most frequent technical complication was loss of retention (16.1%) followed by material fractures (5.9%). The cumulative incidence of fractures of abutment teeth was 2.9% and 2.4% of the FPDs were lost as a result of abutment tooth fracture after an observation period of 10 years.Conclusion: This systematic review on cantilever fixed partial dentures indicated that survival and success rates of cantilever fixed partial dentures were lower than those of conventional end‐abutment supported FPDs described in a review by Tan et al. (2004) and biological and technical complications were frequent.
Association between nutrition and the prosthetic condition in edentulous elderly
Authors: Oliveira Terezinha R. C. de , Frigerio Maria L. M. A. 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to assess the possible risk of malnutrition among the elderly population.Subjects:  twenty‐three pairs of complete dentures were made for a group of patients and 17 upper complete dentures with implant‐supported lower dentures were made for a different group.Methods:  The study was performed at the University of São Paulo – Dental Branch, Brazil. The patients were submitted to a nutritional test, as well as to a clinical examination and interview. Chewing ability and patient's satisfaction with their prostheses were evaluated. The nonparametric statistics proof of chi‐squared, level 0.05 was performed and because of the low frequencies. The Fischer test was also used.Results:  Patients wearing mandibular implant‐supported dentures were considered well nourished (76.47%) when compared with complete dentures users (43.48%). There was a significant difference between the two groups, concerning to chewing ability (χ2 = 5.79) and nutritional status (χ2 = 4.35).Conclusion:  The risk of malnutrition was higher for elderly wearing complete dentures. The psychological state influences the interest in diet and choice of food.
Political issues in emergency medicine: The United Kingdom
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey 
Published: November 2004

Abstract:A recent issue of this Journal published two papers on political issues facing the specialty of emergency medicine in the USA and in Canada. This paper continues the theme from a UK perspective. In recent years there has been significant change in the National Health Service, which has had (or will have) both direct and indirect consequences for the specialty of emergency medicine and the delivery of emergency care in the UK. This article describes some of the recent National Health Service initiatives and their implications for emergency medicine.
RECOGNITION OF ELEVATION VALUE IN TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS BY MULTI-ANGLED PARALLELISM
Authors: YAMADA HIROMITSU , YAMAMOTO KAZUHIKO , SAITO TAIICHI , HOSOKAWA KATSUMI 
Published: November 2004

We have proposed the MAP (Multi-Angled Parallel) operation method which extracts geometric features from a topographic map using erosion-dilation operations on a directional feature field. We have also proposed the MAP matching method which recognizes fixed-shaped symbols in the topographic map by using parallel operations on the same directional feature field. We have shown that all kinds of feature extraction and recognition can be effectively performed within the framework of parallel operation. In this paper, we show that elevation values in a topographic map can be recognized by a combination of MAP operation with the MAP matching. Numerals and symbols are recognized by the MAP matching method, while small dots and lines are extracted by the MAP operation method. These results are used together to determine the value, position and attribute of elevations in topographic maps.
A LOW COST SIMULTANEOUS VOICE AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS LINK FOR LOCAL AREA NETWORKS ON A 4 WIRE SYSTEM
Authors: BROWN DAVID A. , RIZKALLA MAHER E. 
Published: November 2004

This paper provides details concerning the design of an integrated voice and data communications link for a Local Area Network that must utilize residential type 2 pair telephone wiring as its transmission medium. The communications link can provide a worst case total data rate of 80 K bps (full duplex), 80 K analog samples of audio signals total (full duplex), as well as power and ground for remote terminals. In a system design that utilizes the communications link discussed here, the above total values of data and audio information flow can be divided by the number of terminals anticipated in the system in any ratio desired. The intent of the design of the communications link is to provide what is believed to be the most cost effective means of implementing an intelligent network of consumer based products in a residential or small business type of environment. In this document, the original technical problem is discussed along with details concerning the development of the solution presented here. The system design example that is presented is only provided as an aid to understanding how the communications link can be applied and is not the focus of the central concept. In that example, the system is comprised of 8 remote terminals and one central control terminal — all of which are voice and data devices. Therefore, the available continuous data rate per terminal is 10 K bps with 5 Khz full duplex audio.
COMPUTER SIMULATION SOFTWARE REUSE BY GENERIC/SPECIFIC DOMAIN MODELING APPROACH
Authors: LUNG CHUNG-HORNG , COCHRAN JEFFERY K. , MACKULAK GERALD T. , URBAN JOSEPH E. 
Published: November 2004

Software reuse has drawn much attention in computing research. Domain analysis is considered a prerequisite to effective reuse of existing software. Several approaches and methodologies have been proposed for domain analysis or domain modeling, but not many case studies have been reported in the literature. The first objective of this paper is to present the concept and practical experiences of a domain analysis approach in discrete-event simulation in manufacturing — generic /specific modeling. A second objective of this paper is to present a meta-model based on the generic/ specific approach from the software engineering perspective. The steps and knowledge required to build the model are described. Domain analysis lessons learned from the generic/specific approach in discrete-event simulation are discussed. Classification of this domain modeling approach was conducted through the Wartik and Prieto-Diaz criteria. The classification will facilitate the comparison with other domain analysis approaches. Similar modeling concepts or techniques may be beneficial to other researchers in their own application domains.
Breakpoint analysis of the pericentric inversion between chimpanzee chromosome 10 and the homologous chromosome 12 in humans
Authors: Kehrer-Sawatzki H. , Sandig C.A. , Goidts V. , Hameister H. 
Published: November 2004

During this study, we analysed the pericentric inversion that distinguishes human chromosome 12 (HSA12) from the homologous chimpanzee chromosome (PTR10). Two large chimpanzee-specific duplications of 86 and 23 kb were observed in the breakpoint regions, which most probably occurred associated with the inversion. The inversion break in PTR10p caused the disruption of the SLCO1B3 gene in exon 11. However, the 86-kb duplication includes the functional SLCO1B3 locus, which is thus retained in the chimpanzee, although inverted to PTR10q. The second duplication spans 23 kb and does not contain expressed sequences. Eleven genes map to a region of about 1 Mb around the breakpoints. Six of these eleven genes are not among the differentially expressed genes as determined previously by comparing the human and chimpanzee transcriptome of fibroblast cell lines, blood leukocytes, liver and brain samples. These findings imply that the inversion did not cause major expression differences of these genes. Comparative FISH analysis with BACs spanning the inversion breakpoints in PTR on metaphase chromosomes of gorilla (GGO) confirmed that the pericentric inversion of the chromosome 12 homologs in GGO and PTR have distinct breakpoints and that humans retain the ancestral arrangement. These findings coincide with the trend observed in hominoid karyotype evolution that humans have a karyotype close to an ancestral one, while African great apes present with more derived chromosome arrangements.
Development of an Inexpensive Raindrop Size Spectrometer
Authors: Henson William , Austin Geoff , Oudenhoven Harry 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The deployment of weather radar, notably in mountainous terrain with many microclimates, requires the use of several or even many drop size spectrometers to provide confidence in the quantitative relation between radar reflectivity and rainfall. While there are several different commercial disdrometers available they are all expensive, large, or fragile, which militates against multiple deployment in the field. The design brief was for a reasonably accurate and sensitive, low-cost and rugged disdrometer to support field work. A design based on piezoceramic disks normally used in hydrophones is described. Calibration and typical field results are presented.
The Preparation of TiO2 Nanoparticle Photocatalysts by a Flame Method and Their Photocatalytic Reactivity for the Degradation of 2-Propanol
Authors: Neppolian Bernaurdshaw , Jie Hyun Seock , Ahn Jae-Pyoung , Park Jong-Ku , Anpo Masakazu 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Bimetal incorporated TiO2 photocatalysts (FeZn–TiO2) prepared by a flame method showed higher catalytic activity for the degradation of 2-propanol diluted with water as compared with mono-metal incorporated or unincorporated TiO2. Using this flame method, the parameters such as a particle size, the crystallinity as well as the anatase and rutile phase ratio, which are important factors to determine the photocatalytic activity of TiO2, could be controlled without calcination of the catalysts.
A New Family of Zwitterionic Liquids Arising from a Phase Transition of Ammonium Inner Salts Containing an Ether Bond
Authors: Yoshizawa Masahiro , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Aliphatic and alicyclic ammonium inner salts containing an ether bond were prepared as a new family of zwitterionic liquids. Ether bond is not only effective for lowering melting points of ammonium-type zwitterions but also interesting to realize unique solid–solid transition.
Novel Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with syn–syn and syn–anti Coordination Modes of Bis(μ-phosphinato)-bridges: Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Koga Koichi , Ohtsubo Miki , Yamada Yasunori , Koikawa Masayuki , Tokii Tadashi 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Novel dinuclear copper(II) complexes with phosphinato bridging ligands, [Cu2(NO3)(bmp)2(5-dmbpy)2]NO3·H2O (1), [Cu2(bmp)2(5-dmbpy)2(MeOH)2](BF4)2 (2) (Hbmp = bis(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphinic acid, 5-dmbpy = 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine), have been prepared and characterized. Crystal structures of 1 and 2 have revealed that two copper(II) ions in 1 are linked by two syn–syn bridging phosphinates, whereas 2 has two syn–anti bridging phosphinates. Magnetic susceptibility data for the present complexes are well represented by the dimer equation with the 2J values of −19.1 cm−1 for 1 and −0.7 cm−1 for 2, indicating that weak antiferromagnetic interactions are operative.
Cervicofacial necrotizing fasciitis: can we expect a favourable outcome?
Authors: Panda Naresh K. , Sridhar  , Sridhara Suryanarayana Rao 
Published: November 2004

Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck is an uncommon, progressive, destructive soft tissue infection of mixed aerobic and anaerobic organisms, having high mortality if left untreated (22 to 100 per cent). This study makes an attempt to analyse various factors and management methods determining the overall prognosis.A retrospective analysis of all cases of necrotizing fasciitis involving the head and neck, with exclusion of those involving the eyelid and the scalp, was undertaken. Various parameters such as demography, aetiology, complications, management and outcome were studied.Males outnumbered the females with the latter having a greater risk of involvement after 60 years. Odontogenic infection was the primary source of infection. Anaerobes were cultured in seven out of 17 cases, with six others showing mixed Gram positive and Gram negative organisms.
Anaemia was the most commonly associated illness, with diabetes affecting four out of 17 cases.Aggressive surgical debridement with triple antibiotic therapy was used in the management of necrotizing fasciitis with an overall mortality of 11.8 per cent. Patients having late referral, anaemia and one or other complication had increased duration of total hospital stay.Better results can be obtained with proper control of infection by early diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement and triple antibiotic therapy, along with timely control of complications and associated illnesses.
How Dynamic Consumer Response, Competitor Response, Company Support, and Company Inertia Shape Long-Term Marketing Effectiveness
Authors: Pauwels Koen 
Published: November 2004

Long-term marketing effectiveness is a high-priority research topic for managers, and emerges from the complex interplay among dynamic reactions of several market players. This paper introduces restricted policy simulations to distinguish four dynamic forces: consumer response, competitor response, company inertia, and company support. A rich marketing dataset allows the analysis of price, display, feature, advertising, and product-line extensions.The first finding is that consumer response differs significantly from the net effectiveness of product-line extensions, price, feature, and advertising. In particular, net sales effects are up to five times stronger and longer-lasting than consumer response. Second, this difference is not due to competitor response, but to company action. For tactical actions (price and feature), it takes the form of inertia, as promotions last for several weeks. For strategic actions (advertising and product-line extensions), support by other marketing instruments greatly enhances dynamic consumer response. This company action negates the postpromotion dip in consumer response, and enhances the long-term sales benefits of product-line extensions, feature, and advertising. Therefore, managers are urged to evaluate company decision rules for inertia and support when assessing long-term marketing effectiveness.
Fatal Case of BOTOX®-Related Anaphylaxis?
Authors: Li M , Goldberger BA , Hopkins C 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAnaphylactic drug reactions are rare and often serious events. The Botulinum toxin A, marketed as BOTOX®, was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for cervical dystonia and glabellar wrinkles, after its approved use and success with blepharospasm, strabismus, and disorders of the 7th cranial nerve. It has been well received due to its efficacy in improving facial lines. This case report documents the first death associated with a Botox-lidocaine mixture given to a woman for chronic neck and back pain. Based on the medical records, autopsy, and laboratory findings, the cause of death was determined to be anaphylaxis to the Botox-lidocaine mixture. The history, indications, off-label uses and possible future applications of Botox are reviewed as well as the uses and complications of lidocaine. Although the anaphylaxis cannot be definitively proven to be due to Botox alone, this case warns of an adverse reaction related to Botox, a drug that is rapidly expanding in range of use as well as increased usage.
Relating results of chronic toxicity responses to population-level effects: Modeling effects on wild chinook salmon populations
Authors: Spromberg Julann A. , Meador James P. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Standard toxicity tests assess the physiological responses of individual organisms to exposure to toxic substances under controlled conditions. Time and space restrictions often prohibit the assessment of population-level responses to a toxic substance. Compounds affecting various toxicity endpoints, such as growth, fecundity, behavior, or immune function, alter different demographic traits and produce different impacts on the population. Chronic effects of immune suppression, reproductive impairment, and growth reduction were examined using life history models for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Modeled immune suppression acted through reductions in age-specific survival, with first- and second-year survival producing the greatest changes in the population growth rate (Λ). A 10% reduction in various reproductive parameters all produced a similar Λ, but different sensitivity and stable age distributions. Growth reduction models incorporated effects to both survival and reproduction and produced additive effects. Overall, model output indicated that for Chinook salmon, alteration of first-year survival has the greatest relative impact on Λ. Results support the importance of linking toxicity endpoints to the demographic traits that they influence and help generate toxicity tests that are more relevant for the species. Life history modeling provides a useful tool to develop testable hypotheses regarding specific and comparative population-level impacts.
A critical assessment of the ecological risk assessment process: A review of misapplied concepts
Authors: Tannenbaum Lawrence V. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A frank assessment of present-day ecological risk assessments (ERA) for managed contaminated sites reveals that fundamental concepts regarding the receptors that are considered and the chemical exposures they experience are commonly misapplied. As a consequence, environmental managers are not being supplied with the information needed for proper decision making. The stepwise review of ecological risk issues provided here suggests that the ERA process needs to be severely revamped. Further, what is likely hindering the development of a refined ecological assessment process that is better suited to environmental problem solving and land management is the unwillingness of stakeholders to agree that much of the current ERA practice and convention is flawed.
Ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments: Identifying sources and ecological hazard
Authors: Neff Jerry M. , Stout Scott A. , Gunster Donald G. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are nearly ubiquitous contaminants of freshwater and marine sediments. Sediment PAHs are derived from combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels, and biosynthesis by microbes. Pyrogenic PAHs, particularly those associated with combustion particles (soot), have a low accessibility and bioavailability in sediments. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with petroleum, creosote, or coal tar in sediments may have a moderate accessibility/bioavailability, particularly if the PAHs are part of a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase that is in contact with sediment pore water. We present a method for estimating the hazard of complex PAH assemblage in sediments to benthic organisms. Concentrations of all PAHs in sediment pore water are estimated by an equilibrium partitioning model relative to concentrations in bulk sediment. Predicted log Koc values can be used for predicting sediment/water partitioning of petrogenic PAH, but empirically derived log Kd values are needed to predict partitioning of pyrogenic PAH. A hazard quotient (HQ) for each PAH is calculated as the ratio of the estimated concentration in pore water to the chronic toxicity of the PAH determined by a log Kow/toxicity model. Hazard quotients for all PAH in a sample are summed to produce a hazard index (HI), which is a measure of the worst-case estimated hazard of the sediment PAH to benthic organisms. The results of this study show that the integration of HI results with PAH source data provides insights into the causes of sediment toxicity that are useful in an ecological risk assessment.