bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PVT Relations of Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride and n-Perfluoroheptane and a Test of the Clausius-Mosotti Equation
Authors: Alder B. J. , Haycock E. W. , Hildebrand J. H. , Watts H. 
Published: April 2005

Values of (∂P/∂T)v for CCl4 and n-C7F16 have been measured over a range of approximately 20° and 160 atmospheres. The linear relation between P and T found in earlier studies to hold over 20 atmospheres for a number of liquids and solutions is here confirmed over the much larger range. One corollary is that (∂Cv/∂V)T=0; another is that the isothermal compressibility of C7F16, not hitherto known, is 2.38×10—4 atmosphere—1 at 25° and 1 atmosphere, and could easily be calculated for other temperatures. The terms in the equation (∂E/∂V)T=T(∂P/∂ T)v—P are given, also the function V2(∂E/∂V)T, shown in the earlier studies to be constant. Its value for CCl4 confirms the earlier studies; for n-C7F16 it is 101.5 atmospheres×liters.2
The dielectric constant of n-C7F16 has been measured at 16.0° and at 38.4°, and over a pressure range of 115 atmospheres. The values obtained conform closely to the Clausius-Mosotti equation, giving a molar polarization of 49.1 cc.
Scattering of High-Velocity Neutral Particles. IV. He–A; A–He
Authors: Amdur I. , Mason E. A. , Harkness A. L. 
Published: April 2005

Total collision cross sections have been measured for helium atoms with energies between 500 and 2100 ev, scattered in room temperature argon, and for argon atoms with energies between 600 and 2100 ev, scattered in room temperature helium. In each case, two detectors of different geometric aperature have been used, and potential energy functions have been obtained by procedures previously applied to helium scattered in helium.
The average function for the potential energy between a helium atom and an argon atom derived from the measured cross sections may be represented by V(r)=9.95×10−11/r7.25ergs,for values of r between 1.64A and 2.27A. Since this potential is in good agreement with the geometric mean of the potential between two helium atoms and that between two argon atoms in the range represented by the arithmetic average of the individual interaction distances, it is suggested that the parameters of a point repelling type potential function may, in general, be combined in this manner.
Order-Disorder Phenomena
Authors: Linder Bruno 
Published: April 2005

The thermodynamics of the order-disorder transition in β brass is explored by making the assumption that the energy difference between the disordered and ordered state has the form E0—BT2. Such a law suggests itself if the coupling of the thermal expansion to the order-disorder transformation is emphasized and the effect of short range order is neglected. The constant B is shown to be related to the lattice vibrations of both the ordered and disordered phases. A very rough estimate of B was obtained from electrical resistivity measurements, the assumption being made that the connection between the resistivity and the vibrational frequency, ρ∝T/MΘ2, holds. A heat capacity versus temperature curve, which was calculated on the basis of a nonconstant energy of disordering and which also includes the effect of lattice vibrations, is shown to agree well with the experimental one.
The usefulness of the form E0—BT2 is not confined to β brass and the same expression may be applied to systems other than solid-solid.
Cross Sections for Charge Transfer Collisions of Low-Energy Ions in N2 and O2
Authors: Potter Roy F. 
Published: April 2005

Measurements have been made of the cross sections for charge transfer collisions between the low-energy (9—250 ev) ions, N2+, O2+, O+ and N+, and the molecules N2 and O2. Two reactions (N+, N2; O+, N2) have been reported by other workers and are compared with present work.
The experimental method utilizes a radio-frequency mass spectrometer as an ion source. The ions are collimated and enter a weak radial electric field of cylindrical symmetry. The secondary ions are separated from the primary beam and the ratio of the two currents is measured as a function of pressure.
Results are discussed in terms of the adiabatic collision condition and possible internal energy states of the ions and molecules.
Ultrasonic Propagation and Its Relation to Molecular Structure in the Diols
Authors: Litovitz T. A. , Higgs R. , Meister R. 
Published: April 2005

Measurements of viscosity, ultrasonic absorption, and velocity were made in a group of associated organic liquids, known as the diols. Included in the measurements were ethanediol, two isomers of propanediol, and three isomers of butanediol. In these liquids the values of absorption ranged from 1.66 to 2.20 times that value calculated from Stokes formula. The effect of the structural differences indicated the following, when the addition of CH2 groups was considered, (1) an increase in shear viscosity, (2) an increase in adiabatic compressibility, (βad), and (3) an increase in the ratio of αobs/αcalc. Effects caused by isomeric changes were (1) an increase in βad and (2) an increase in αobs/αcalc as the (OH) groups were brought closer together. It was concluded that a relationship existed between the ratio of αobs/αcalc and βad.
Measurement of absorption vs temperature in ethanediol over a viscosity range of 24:1 indicated that the difference in activation energy of shear and compressional viscosity could be no greater than 0.1 percent.
“Follow Me”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Anthony, the putative founder of Christian monasticism, and the centrality of Matthew 19:16-22 in Anthony’s life and the subsequent monastic movement. It traces the origins of monasticism, the role of Scripture in the desert, responses by Protestants to ascetic disciplines, and concludes with a discussion of contemporary expressions of Christian spirituality.
“Upon This Rock”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the so-called Petrine text (Matthew 16:18–19) and its place in Catholicism as a rationale for the office of the papacy. It traces the history of the text, from the early church to the present, noting its varied interpretation up through the Protestant Reformation, the hardening of the interpretive categories following the Reformation, and present-day general consensus regarding the text’s meaning.
“One in Christ Jesus”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the history of interpretation of Galatians 3:28 and its application to women’s ministry and ordination in the American context. Not until the nineteenth century was the text understood to mean anything other than a person’s standing before God. However, the coalescence of evangelical revivalism and the first women’s rights movement in the 1840s shifted the text’s meaning to the human dimension, namely, to a woman’s right to serve in an equal capacity to men as ordained ministers.
The Catholic Afro Mass and the Dance of Eurocentrism in Brazil
Authors: Burdick John 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Since the late 1970s, the progressive wing of the Catholic Church in Brazil has worked in solidarity with that country's black movement to formulate practices to advance the cause of anti-racism. In particular, the Church has sought to dismantle white supremacy and Eurocentrism by creating an inculturated liturgy, known as the “Afro-Mass,”inspired by the Afro-Brazilian religion of candomble. This chapter assesses this effort at cultural politics and concludes that it unwittingly reproduces the very structures of Eurocentrism it seeks to destabilize. The essay thus contributes to the literature that evaluates the outcomes of social movements.
The House of Saint Benedict, the House of Father John
Authors: Hale Lindsay 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The ritual aesthetics of Afrobrazilian religions such as Umbanda and Candomblé exhibit a great range of diversity. This chapter explores the possibility that the diverse aesthetics of Afrobrazilian religion reflect and express divergent stances toward contested issues of race and identity in Brazil, while constituting markedly different experiences of spirituality and the sacred. The chapter suggests that we approach Afrobrazilian religious aesthetics through a “politics of the senses.”
Images of Abelard and Heloise
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Images of Abelard and Heloise. This chapter discusses images of Abelard and Heloise from the 12th to the 20th centuries. It observes how the controversial character of their relationship, as well as accusations of heresy made by St. Bernard have created stereotyped images of Abelard and Heloise as rebels against authority and the religious life that do not do full justice to their intellectual achievement. They were not lovers, but thinkers.
The Early Years
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Early Years: Roscelin of Compiègne and William of Champeaux. This chapter examines Abelard’s intellectual debt to both the vocalist theories of Roscelin of Compiègne and William of Champeaux’s teaching about dialectic in shaping his philosophical nominalism. By looking at the earliest records of Abelard’s teaching of dialectic and glosses on Aristotle, Porphyry and Boethius, it observes how students identified him as an iconoclast teacher, who quickly provoked laughter by the examples that he chose. It traces how Abelard’s early conflict with his teachers laid the foundation for the subsequent difficulties he would experience in his career.
Challenging Tradition
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Challenging Tradition: the Dialectica. This chapter examines Abelard’s Dialectica, his first major treatise on dialectic. The treatise is structured around an analysis both of the major parts of speech, categories and of different kinds of argument, categorical and hypothetical. It argues that a driving theme is Abelard’s desire to counter the philosophically realist arguments presented by William of Champeaux.
The Trinity
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Trinity. This chapter examines Abelard’s first major writing about the divine Trinity, the Theologia ‘Summi boni’, written in 1119–20 and condemned as expounding heresy at the Council of Soissons in 1121. Abelard emphasizes the capacity of pagan philosophers to gain insight into the supreme good as much as prophets of the Old Testament. He applies his theory of language to words used about God to explain how Christians can speak of three divine persons as names given to signify different attributes of God, namely his power, wisdom and goodness.
A Christian Theologia
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A Christian Theologia. This chapter considers Abelard’s Theologia Christiana, his revision and development of the treatise condemned at Soissons. In this work, Abelard deepens his understanding of the Holy Spirit, and starts to consider ethical insights, as communicated by pagan philosophy. Written while Abelard was teaching at the oratory he founded in honor of the Paraclete, the work reflects new ideas in the theory of language, and contains in embryo many of the theological ideas he would develop in the 1130s. The chapter also considers other writings, such as the Sic et Non, that Abelard composed during the 1120s, while teaching both philosophy and theology.
Ethics, Sin, and Redemption
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ethics, Sin, and Redemption. This chapter considers Abelard’s reflection on ethical issues in his Collationes, couched in the form of a debate among a philosopher and a Jew and a Christian about the relationship between pagan ethics and Christian faith. It argues that arguments put by the philosopher reflect many of the concerns put by Heloise, to which Abelard sought to find a Christian response. It then looks at Abelard’s commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Romans and Expositio in Hexameron, written at the request of Heloise, in terms of Abelard’s evolving interest in the work of both creation and redemption.
Accusations of Heresy
Authors: Mews Constant J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Accusations of heresy. This chapter considers accusations of heresy made against Abelard by William of St Thierry and Bernard of Clairvaux in 1140/41. It considers how Abelard sought to respond to accusations that he was imprecise in his arguments by refining the text of the Theologia ‘Scholarium’. He felt that these accusations were based on an inaccurate understanding of his arguments. It examines the opinions of Abelard’s contemporaries and the polarized political circumstances that led up to the confrontation between Bernard and Abelard at the Council of Sens in 1141.
Guides to Holiness
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBetween 1895 and 1898, financial tribulation and spiritual discontent motivated Tomlinson to break away from the Society of Friends and embark on a lifetime of radical holiness ministry. Tomlinson decided to set out for Appalachia, which he had visited in the past with mentor J.B. Mitchell. This decision was attributed to his inclination to avoid the crowd, at a time when foreign missions dominated headlines while home missions were relegated to the background.
A. J. Ascendant
Authors: Robins Roger Glenn 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA.J. Tomlinson’s political savvy and charisma helped him strengthen his hold on the Church of God, and pursue his dream of gathering his own particular “Israel”, God’s pentecostal people. Tomlinson sought to let worship flow freely while regulating structure (the systems of management and delivery). To do so, he would need to overcome the misgivings of his followers and associates, most of whom feared centralization and defended congregational sovereignty.
Apirāmi in the Apirāmi Antāti
Authors: Clooney Francis X. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Apirami Antati is an 18th century hymn consisting of 100 Tamil-language verses in praise of the goddess Apirami, “the Beautiful One,” a goddess still worshipped in the popular Tirukkataiyur temple in south India. It was composed by Subrahmanya, known familiarly as “Apirami Bhattar.” Stories about him highlight his simplicity, piety, and single-hearted devotion to Apirami, as well as the crisis arising from his devotion to Apirami — skepticism of the local people and of the king — but also the bliss arising from his contemplation of Her. In popular images, much is made of how he was an ecstatic who from youth loved Apirami and was graced with visions of Her that took verbal form in his poetry. Our previous hymns surely reflected their authors’ religious experience and interiority, but more obviously and with greater intensity, the Apirami Antati arises from Apirami Bhattar’s experience of Apirami. In almost every verse he addresses Her directly, as if amazed that She is so lovely and so close by, and he devotes much of the hymn to detailed, vivid glimpses of Her. Deceptively simple, the hymn seems to arise from deep personal experience and aims at drawing the listener or reader into the luminous joy of that interior bliss. Mary is here represented in the Mataracamman Antati, a hymn of the same 100-verse length and in the very same style as the Apirami Antati; the argument is made that now – in 19th-century India-Mary fills the role hitherto occupied by goddesses.
Introduction
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Spanish Jewry was adept at adapting over the centuries to the changes in rule, from Visigoth to Muslim and finally to the Catholic reconquest. Nevertheless, the riots of 1391 and the forced conversions would alter the fate of the Jewish community as well as of Spain itself in ways that never could have been imagined. The creation of the converso group not only devastated the Jews but affected the course of Spanish history.
The Portuguese Experience
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The small Jewish community of Portugal was rapidly vastly outnumbered by the incoming Spanish exiles who crossed their borders in 1492. In 1497, the king decided not to expel the Jews in his land, but rather subjected them all to forced conversions. Following this, anti-converso sentiment was expressed in riots in Lisbon in 1506 and eventually the Portuguese Inquisition was established in 1536 to deal with Judaizing. The conversos in Portugal could choose to remain there, as did many Lisbon bankers who even intermarried with Old Christians, or they could opt for emigration to nearby Spain once it united with Portugal in 1580, or, for that matter, they could go elsewhere. It is during this period that the converso, no matter where he lived, began to identify as a member of the Nation.
Amsterdam
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Four destinations in Western Europe are under consideration here, namely Amsterdam, France, London, and Italy. While Hamburg and Antwerp attracted some emigrants, the majority of whom were merchants, Amsterdam proved to be more attractive economically and because it had just freed itself from Catholic Spain. The members of the Nation who settled here began to build a Jewish community despite the fact that they had no previous experience as Jews; in essence they were "New Jews." The fact that so many of these conversos were able to make this transition, and that their newly formed community would later serve as an example for other developing converso communities, is a marvel unto itself.
France
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The options available to the emigrants settling in France were limited since it was a Catholic country that had expelled all of its Jews in the fourteenth century. While some of the kings granted them charters known as Lettres Patentes, the Portuguese merchants who arrived had to maintain the façade of being observant Catholics. Even in the two larger communities, Bayonne and Bordeaux, a bona fide transition to Judaism did not occur until the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, these conversos developed strong ties to other converso communities, especially in the commercial world, and displayed signs of literary creativity that reflected the complexity of the converso identity.
Italy
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Conversos choosing to settle in Italy faced the risk of being branded as heretics, for there were inquisitions in papal Rome as well as in Venice, an attractive commercial port for the Portuguese merchant. Each locale had its own ruler who could choose whether or not to invite and protect the newcomers; some, like Leghorn, even extended invitations (La Livornina) and granted them charters. The conversos also had to decide whether they wanted to become Jews and to live in Jewish neighborhoods or ghettos, to remain Catholics, to live as "cultural commuters," or as "fuzzy Jews." Eminent conversos such as Dona Gracia and Amatus Lusitanus can be found here alongside lesser known dissemblers and undecided conversos whose fates were determined in Italy.
Conclusion
Authors: Melammed Renee Levine 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ethnicity played a role in the process of discrimination as well as of self-identification. The conversos who left Iberia continued to consider themselves members of the Nation and had strong ties to their homeland as well as to other members of their group. The resulting new identity depended upon the individual as well as upon the choice of destination. Some strong Jewish communities were formed, some individuals never found their way, and some groups were isolated for centuries until developments in the modern period altered their lifestyles. One never would have expected to be encountering heated debates regarding the nature of the converso identity in the twenty-first century.
In Search of Coherence
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines equations of motion that are alternatives to the standard Maxwell-Lorentz theory. It argues that there is no consistent and conceptually unproblematic theory that covers particle-field phenomena. The only consistent and well-behaved electromagnetic theory is not a particle theory at all — the theory of charged dusts; this theory is incompatible with the existence of charged particles on its own. The kind of equations that physicists proposed as ‘fundamental’ or ‘exact’ equations, and their reasons for supporting these equations indicate that there is no sharp distinction between a foundational project aimed at finding coherent and true representations of what is physically possible, and a project concerned with practical, useful representations of particular phenomena.
David Lewis on Waves and Counterfactuals
Authors: Frisch Mathias 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that David Lewis’ theses on the asymmetry of overdetermination and of an asymmetry of miracles are false. However, radiation asymmetry does support the claim that there is an asymmetry of counterfactuals, if the criteria of similarity between worlds are broadened to include certain types of qualitative agreement between worlds. But since the retardation condition, on which the asymmetry lies in the case of electrodynamics, is plausibly understood as a causal condition, the corrected and amended account cannot underwrite a Lewisian counterfactual analysis of causation.
Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Lavelle Kathryn C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines Latin America, where the earliest and largest volume of divestitures occurred on a case-by-case basis. These listings resulted from complex negotiations where organized labor was able to extract a percentage of shares in most major issues. It considers the case of Petrobras in Brazil, ENTel in Argentina, CTC in Chile, and Telmex in Mexico to demonstrate the political processes that led to the current ownership structure of these large listings.
The Lesser Trinitarian Treatises II
Authors: Turcescu Lucian 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
This chapter continues the analysis of divine persons begun in the previous chapter in some small Trinitarian treatises. Two new main elements are added to the description of a divine person: persons are enumerable entities, unlike their nature which cannot be counted; persons can be distinguished by relations of origin or causal relations: Gregory distinguishes the person who is “the cause” of the other two (i.e., the Father) from the person who is “from the cause” (i.e., the Son), and from that who is “by that which is directly from the first” (i.e., the Holy Spirit);
On Conclusions
Authors: Lederach John Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues that if we are to survive as a global community, we must understand the imperative nature of giving birth and space to the moral imagination in human affairs. We must face the fact that much of our current system for responding to deadly local and international conflict is incapable of overcoming cycles of violent patterns precisely because our imagination has been corraled and shackled by the very parameters and sources that create and perpetrate violence. The stories in this book recount ways that people in the worst of conditions spawned precisely that kind of imagination. Four pathways to assist its birth, and the significant implications of these pathways for peacebuilding and for the conducting of human affairs in general are discussed.