bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Failure and Petroleum Predation: The Economics of Civil War Debate Viewed ‘From the War-Zone’
Authors: Pearce Jenny 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe analysis of armed conflict in the post Cold War era has been profoundly influenced by neoclassical economists. Statistical approaches have generated important propositions, but there is a danger when these feed into policy prescriptions. This paper first compares the economics of civil war literature with the social movement literature which has also tried to explain collective action problems. It argues that the latter has a much more sophisticated set of conceptual tools, enriched by empirical study. The paper then uses the case of multipolar militarization in oil-rich Casanare, Colombia, to demonstrate complexity and contingency in civil war trajectories. State policy failure and civil actors can be an important source of explanation alongside the economic agendas of armed actors.
Identification of Adult Mouse Neurovirulence Determinants of the Sindbis Virus Strain AR86
Authors: Suthar Mehul S. , Shabman Reed , Madric Kenya , Lambeth Cassandra , Heise Mark T. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTSindbis virus infection of mice has provided valuable insight into viral and host factors that contribute to virus-induced neurologic disease. In an effort to further define the viral genetic elements that contribute to adult mouse neurovirulence, the neurovirulent Sindbis virus strain AR86 was compared to the closely related (22 single amino acid coding changes and the presence or absence of an 18-amino-acid sequence in nsP3 [positions 386 to 403]) but avirulent Girdwood strain. Initial studies using chimeric viruses demonstrated that genetic elements within the nonstructural and structural coding regions contributed to AR86 neurovirulence. Detailed mapping studies identified three major determinants in the nonstructural region, at nsP1 538 (Ile to Thr; avirulent to virulent), an 18-amino-acid deletion in nsP3 (positions 386 to 403), and nsP3 537 (opal to Cys; avirulent to virulent), as well as a single determinant in the structural genes at E2 243 (Leu to Ser; avirulent to virulent), which were essential for AR86 adult mouse neurovirulence. Replacing these codons in AR86 with those found in Girdwood resulted in the attenuation of AR86, while the four corresponding AR86 changes in the Girdwood genetic background increased virulence to the level of wild-type AR86. The attenuating mutations did not adversely affect viral replication in vitro, and the attenuated viruses established infection in the brain and spinal cord as efficiently as the virulent viruses. However, the virus containing the four virulence determinants grew to higher levels in the spinal cord at late times postinfection, suggesting that the virus containing the four attenuating determinants either failed to spread or was cleared more efficiently than the wild-type virus.
Silencing of Integrated Human Papillomavirus Type 18 Oncogene Transcription in Cells Expressing SerpinB2
Authors: Darnell Grant A. , Antalis Toni M. , Rose Barbara R. , Suhrbier Andreas 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT
The serine protease inhibitor SerpinB2 (PAI-2), a major product of differentiating squamous epithelial cells, has recently been shown to bind and protect the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) from degradation. In human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18)-transformed epithelial cells the expression of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins is controlled by the HPV-18 upstream regulatory region (URR). Here we illustrate that PAI-2 expression in the HPV-18-transformed cervical carcinoma line HeLa resulted in the restoration of Rb expression, which led to the functional silencing of transcription from the HPV-18 URR. This caused loss of E7 protein expression and restoration of multiple E6- and E7-targeted host proteins, including p53, c-Myc, and c-Jun. Rb expression emerged as sufficient for the transcriptional repression of the URR, with repression mediated via the C/EBPβ-YY1 binding site (URR 7709 to 7719). In contrast to HeLa cells, where the C/EBPβ-YY1 dimer binds this site, in PAI-2- and/or Rb-expressing cells the site was occupied by the dominant-negative C/EBPβ isoform liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP). PAI-2 expression thus has a potent suppressive effect on HPV-18 oncogene transcription mediated by Rb and LIP, a finding with potential implications for prognosis and treatment of HPV-transformed lesions.
Parallel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8+T-Lymphocyte Responses in Blood and Mucosa during Chronic Infection
Authors: Ibarrondo F. Javier , Anton Peter A. , Fuerst Marie , Ng Hwee L. , Wong Johnson T. , Matud Jose , Elliott Julie , Shih Roger , Hausner Mary Ann , Price Charles , Hultin Lance E. , Hultin Patricia M. , Jamieson Beth D. , Yang Otto O. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTGut-associated lymphoid tissue is the major reservoir of lymphocytes and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in vivo, yet little is known about HIV-1-specific CD8+T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses in this compartment. Here we assessed the breadth and magnitude of HIV-1-specific CTL in the peripheral blood and sigmoid colon mucosa of infected subjects not on antiretroviral therapy by enzyme-linked immunospot analysis with 53 peptide pools spanning all viral proteins. Comparisons of blood and mucosal CTL revealed that the magnitude of pool-specific responses is correlated within each individual (meanr2= 0.82 ± 0.04) and across all individuals (r2= 0.75;P< 0.001). Overall, 85.1% of screened peptide pools yielded concordant negative or positive results between compartments. CTL targeting was also closely related between blood and mucosa, with Nef being the most highly targeted (mean of 2.4 spot-forming cells [SFC[/106CD8+T lymphocytes/amino acid [SFC/CD8/aa]), followed by Gag (1.5 SFC/CD8/aa). Finally, comparisons of peptide pool responses seen in both blood and mucosa (concordant positives) versus those seen only in one but not the other (discordant positives) showed that most discordant results were likely an artifact of responses being near the limit of detection. Overall, these results indicate that HIV-1-specific CTL responses in the blood mirror those seen in the mucosal compartment in natural chronic infection. For protective or immunotherapeutic vaccination, it will be important to determine whether immunity is elicited in the mucosa, which is a key site of initial infection and subsequent HIV-1 replication in vivo.
Internal Point Mutations of the Capsid Modify the Serotype of
Rice Yellow Mottle Virus
Authors: Hébrard Eugénie , Pinel-Galzi Agnès , Catherinot Vincent , Labesse Gilles , Brugidou Christophe , Fargette Denis 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Rice yellow mottle virus
is classified in five major serotypes; the molecular diversity of the coat protein (CP) is well established, but the amino acids involved in the recognition by discriminant monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) remain unknown. Reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment of the CP gene of a sample representative of the continental-large diversity were used to identify 10 serospecific amino acids (i.e., conserved in all isolates belonging to the same serotype and distinct in other serotypes). Positions occupied by serospecific residues were localized on the crystal structure of the CP monomer and on modeled capsomers. Structural, molecular, and serological properties of each serotype were analyzed, and subsequently, hypotheses on the potential role of amino acids in discriminating reactions with antibodies were formulated. The residues 114 and 115 (serospecific of Sr1) and 190 (serospecific of Sr2) were localized on the outer surface of the capsid and might be directly involved in the immunoreactivity with MAb D and MAb A, respectively. In contrast, residues 180 (Sr3) and 178 (Sr5) lay within the inner surface of the capsid. To understand the role of these internal positions in the recognition with the antibodies, two substitutions (T180K and G178D) were introduced in the CP of an infectious clone. These mutations modified the antigenicity with MAb G and MAb E discriminating Sr3 and Sr5, respectively, while the reaction with MAb D remained unaffected. This result suggests an indirect effect of these two internal mutations on local immunostructure while the global structure was maintained.
Mechanism of the Antiviral Action of 1-β-
d
-Arabinofuranosylcytosine on Borna Disease Virus
Authors: Volmer Romain , Bajramovic Jeffrey J. , Schneider Urs , Ufano Sandra , Pochet Sylvie , Gonzalez-Dunia Daniel 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Borna disease virus
(BDV) is a nonsegmented, negative-stranded RNA virus that causes neurological diseases in a variety of warm-blooded animal species. Recently, we showed that the nucleoside analog 1-β-
d
-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) was a potent inhibitor of BDV. This finding was surprising for an RNA virus, since Ara-C is a DNA polymerase inhibitor. Thus, we sought to better define the mechanism of action of Ara-C on BDV. Here, we show that (i) this effect is specific for an arabinoside ring carrying a cytosine base, (ii) it requires phosphorylation of the nucleotide, and (iii) it can be reversed by an excess of cytidine. Using the recently described minigenome assay for BDV, we provide evidence suggesting that Ara-C may act as a competitive inhibitor of the BDV replication complex.
The environmental impact of mining in the Pontides, Turkey: reconnaissance sampling and GIS-based analysis
Authors: Akçay Migraç , Moon Charles J. 
Published: March 2005

The Pontide metallotect is the major producing area in Turkey for base metals and has significant Au producing potential. Two major developments are currently at the feasibility stage and face opposition because of their potential environmental impact. Little information exists to substantiate past impacts.
This study describes reconnaissance water sampling and observations of the impact of some of the major current and disused operations. These are volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VMS) deposits at Murgul, Kutlular, Lahanos and Çayeli. Smaller vein mines at Gümüşki Tepe and Midi Maden were also sampled. The VMS deposits have had considerable impact. At Kutlular and Lahanos acid mine drainage (AMD) is strongly developed and metals are transported into drainages. In contrast, this situation has been avoided at Murgul because tailings have been released into the local river and subsequently into the major Çoruh River resulting in Cu, Zn and Fe contamination that is transported across the border into Georgia and discharged into the Black Sea. Both As and Cd are potential contaminants at Murgul although their areal distribution requires further investigation. Remediation at the three VMS deposits is minimal. In contrast, the relatively modern mine at Çayeli has little impact, partly because tailings are disposed of at depth in the reducing Black Sea.
Limited sampling at the vein mines suggests that AMD is not a major problem. Stream sediment sampling shows that As may, however, be released during ore treatment at Midi Maden. Visual examination at the vein mines shows that surface erosion is a major problem, probably due to the high altitude and thin soils. Surface conditions at the Au prospect at Mastra suggest that AMD and metal release should not be a major problem. However, the use of cyanide presents a more significant public relations issue. Examination of porphyry prospects shows that natural AMD is developed in places. Any development is unlikely as grades are sub-economic.
Regional determination of potential AMD was made using the sulphide content of deposit type established in the local studies and related to measured water pH. The wide variation in rainfall was taken into account with areas of high rainfall on the Black Sea predicted as having high potential for AMD formation. Potential surface degradation was predicted using height information from a digital elevation model and deposit type.
Geochemistry of metabasalts and hydrothermal alteration zones associated with

c.

3.45 Ga chert and barite deposits: implications for the geological setting of the Warrawoona Group, Pilbara Craton, Australia
Authors: Van Kranendonk Martin J. , Pirajno Franco 
Published: March 2005

Relatively unaltered metabasalts of the Archaean Coonterunah and Warrawoona Groups, Pilbara Craton are compared with altered metabasalts from immediately beneath bedded cherts of these groups to provide evidence for the depositional environment and hydrothermal alteration processes of crust formation. The geochemistry of relatively unaltered basalt, stratigraphy, and inherited zircon data indicate that the lower Warrawoona Group (3.53–3.43 Ga) formed as an oceanic plateau complex built on a sialic basement to 3.724 Ga, following an analogue with the Phanerozoic Kerguelen oceanic plateau, and not as a mid-ocean ridge or convergent volcanic-arc complex as previously proposed. Advanced argillic, argillic, phyllic, and propylitic alteration zones in footwall basalts of this succession are products of repeated episodes of seafloor hydrothermal circulation, syngenetic with bedded chert deposition, in the distal parts of high-sulphidation epithermal systems.
The upper part of the Warrawoona Group (3.350–3.315 Ga Euro Basalt) represents a continental flood basalt event, up to 8 km thick, that erupted onto the older succession across a regional unconformity on which the Strelley Pool Chert was previously deposited. Widespread silica–alunite alteration of dolomitic chert protoliths and phyllic and propylitic alteration of footwall basalts are interpreted as products of fluid circulation driven by heat from the overlying, newly erupted lavas.
The Neurophysiology of Response Competition: Motor Cortex Activation and Inhibition following Subliminal Response Priming
Authors: Praamstra Peter , Seiss Ellen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Some widely used tasks in cognitive neuroscience depend on the induction of a response conflict between choice alternatives, involving partial activation of the incorrect response before the correct response is emitted. Although such “conflict tasks” are often used to investigate frontal-lobe-based conflict-monitoring processes, it is not known how response competition evolves in the motor cortex. To investigate the dynamics of motor cortex activation during response competition, we used a subliminal priming task that induced response competition while bypassing preresponse stage processing conflict. Analyses of movement-related EEG potentials supported an interaction between competing responses characterized by reciprocal inhibition. Inhibitory interactions between response channels contribute to the resolution of response conflict. However, the reciprocal inhibition at motor cortex level seemed to operate independent of higher level conflict-monitoring processes, which were relatively insensitive to response conflict induced by subliminal priming. These results elucidate how response conflict causes interference as well as the conditions under which frontal-lobe-based interference control processes are engaged.
Thermohaline Circulation Stability: A Box Model Study. Part II: Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean Model
Authors: Lucarini Valerio , Stone Peter H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A thorough analysis of the stability of a coupled version of an interhemispheric three-box model of thermohaline circulation (THC) is presented. This study follows a similarly structured analysis of an uncoupled version of the same model presented in Part I of this paper. The model consists of a northern high-latitude box, a tropical box, and a southern high-latitude box, which can be thought of as corresponding to the northern, tropical, and southern Atlantic Ocean, respectively. This paper examines how the strength of THC changes when the system undergoes forcings representing global warming conditions.
Since a coupled model is used, a direct representation of the radiative forcing is possible because the main atmospheric physical processes responsible for freshwater and heat fluxes are formulated separately. Each perturbation to the initial equilibrium is characterized by the total radiative forcing realized, by the rate of increase, and by the north–south asymmetry. Although only weakly asymmetric or symmetric radiative forcings are representative of physically reasonable conditions, general asymmetric forcings are considered in order to get a more complete picture of the mathematical properties of the system. The choice of suitably defined metrics makes it possible to determine the boundary dividing the set of radiative forcing scenarios that lead the system to equilibria characterized by a THC pattern similar to the present one, from those that drive the system to equilibria where the THC is reversed. This paper also considers different choices for the atmospheric transport parameterizations and for the ratio between the high-latitude and tropical radiative forcing. It is generally found that fast forcings are more effective than slow forcings in disrupting the present THC pattern, forcings that are stronger in the northern box are also more effective in destabilizing the system, and very slow forcings do not destabilize the system whatever their asymmetry, unless the radiative forcings are very asymmetric and the atmospheric transport is a relatively weak function of the meridional temperature gradient. In this latter case some relevant hysteresis graphs of the system are presented. The changes in the strength of the THC are primarily forced by changes in the latent heat transport in the hemisphere because of its sensitivity to temperature, which arises from the Clausius–Clapeyron relation.
Prospective, Randomized Comparison of High-Dose Chemotherapy With Stem-Cell Support Versus Intermediate-Dose Chemotherapy After Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Women With High-Risk Primary Breast Cancer: A Report of CALGB 9082, SWOG 9114, and NCIC MA-13
Authors: Peters William P. , Rosner Gary L. , Vredenburgh James J. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Crump Michael , Richardson Paul G. , Schuster Michael W. , Marks Lawrence B. , Cirrincione Constance , Norton Larry , Henderson I.C. , Schilsky Richard L. , Hurd David D. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The prognosis for women with primary breast cancer involving multiple axillary nodes remains poor. High-dose chemotherapy with stem-cell support produced promising results in initial clinical trials conducted at single institutions. Patients and Methods Seven hundred eighty-five women aged 22 to 66 years with stage IIA, IIB, or IIIA breast cancer involving 10 or more axillary lymph nodes were randomized after surgery and standard adjuvant chemotherapy to either high-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (HD-CPB) with stem-cell support or intermediate-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine (ID-CPB) with G-CSF support but without stem cells. Planned treatment for all patients included locoregional radiation therapy. Hormone-receptor–positive patients were to receive 5 years of tamoxifen. Event-free survival (EFS) was the primary end point. Results Median follow-up was 7.3 years. Event-free survival was not significantly different between the two treatment groups (P = .24). The probability of being free of an event at 5 years with HD-CPB was 61% (95% CI, 56% to 65%), and was 58% (95% CI, 53% to 63%) for ID-CPB. Thirty-three patients died of causes attributed to HD-CPB, compared with no therapy-related deaths among women treated with ID-CPB. Overall survival for the two arms was identical at 71% at 5 years (P = .75). Conclusion HD-CPB with stem-cell support was not superior to ID-CPB for event-free or overall survival among all randomized women with high-risk primary breast cancer.
Dynamos driven by convection in rotating spherical shells
Authors: Busse F. H. , Simitev R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe problem of the generation of magnetic fields by convection in rotating spherical fluid shells is reviewed with emphasis on possible applications to planets and rapidly rotating stars. Convection‐driven dynamos exhibit a strong dependence on the Prandtl number P of the fluid. An overview of results obtained recently in the computationally accessible region of the parameter space is given with emphasis on the low Prandtl number regime. Of particular interest are various types of dynamo oscillations and torsional oscillations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spot activity cycles and flip‐flops on young solar analogs
Authors: Berdyugina S. V. , Järvinen S. P. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe discuss activity phenomena observed in the spot distribution on young single solar‐type stars LQ Hya, AB Dor and EK Dra. These include cyclic variations of the mean activity level, differential rotation, persistent active longitudes separated by 180° and flip‐flop cycles. A comparison with the sunspot activity reveals many similarities between the Sun and the young solar analogs. Our results confirm the presence of cyclic activity in very young dwarfs and allow for studying evolution of the stellar magnetic activity during the main‐sequence stage. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Helicates of Chiragen‐Type Ligands and Their Aptitude for Chiral Self‐Recognition
Authors: Mamula Olimpia , von Zelewsky Alex , Brodard Pierre , Schläpfer Carl‐Wilhelm , Bernardinelli Gérald , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo (−)‐5,6‐pinene‐bipyridine moieties connected by a para‐xylylene bridge (so‐called chiragen‐type ligands), (−)‐L1, undergo self‐assembly upon reaction with equimolar amounts of CuI to form enantiopure circular hexanuclear P‐helicates. If both enantiomers of L1 are used, mixtures of P and M hexanuclear helicates are exclusively obtained through a complete chiral recognition; that is, no mixing of the (+) and (−) ligands, respectively, occurs upon complexation. This was proven by a) NMR spectroscopy where identical spectra to those for complexes with the enantiomerically pure ligands were obtained and b) circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The reaction is completely changed by the use of the corresponding meso‐L1. Instead of well‐defined species, oligomeric mixtures are observed, a result demonstrating the crucial role played by ligand chirality in self‐assembly processes. Structural variations on the chiral ligand L1, such as a meta‐xylylene bridge instead of a para‐xylylene one (in L4) or four pinene groups instead of two (in L5 and L6), favor nondiscrete coordination assembly.
Dichloromethane as an Unusual Methylene Equivalent. A New Entry of Highly Nucleophilic and Selective Titanium—Methylene Complexes for Ester Methylenation.
Authors: Yan Tu‐Hsin , Chien Ching‐Ting , Tsai Chia‐Chung , Lin Kuo‐Wei , Wu Yen‐Hsien 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Addition of Alkenylzirconium Reagents to Bicyclic Olefins: A Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ring‐Opening Reaction.
Authors: Wu Ming‐Si , Rayabarapu Dinesh Kumar , Cheng Chien‐Hong 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Chroman Derivatives by the Ring Expansion Reaction of Spirodienones, and an Assessment of Their Plant Growth Inhibition.
Authors: Doi Fuminao , Ohara Taiga , Ogamino Takahisa , Higashinakasu Keiko , Hasegawa Koji , Nishiyama Shigeru 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxide Surface‐Promoted Pd‐Complex Catalysis for Intramolecular O‐Activated Alkene Hydroamination: Catalyst Preparation, Characterization, and Performance.
Authors: Tada Mizuki , Shimamoto Michio , Sasaki Takehiko , Iwasawa Yasuhiro 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of CCR5 Antagonist, 2,3‐Dihydro‐1‐benzothiepine Derivatives by Improved Intramolecular Claisen Type Reaction Using Dialkylcarbonate.
Authors: Ikemoto Tomomi , Ito Tatsuya , Nishiguchi Atsuko , Tomimatsu Kiminori 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.