bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Gamboa family, along with their guests, spent the greater part of the night of the second day of Christmas in the boiler house.Fires were burning in the sugar mill, lighted by the blacks not so much to shed light in that vast pitch-dark building as to warm themselves, for an unpleasantly chilly breeze could be felt and they lacked warm outer garments save for the wool cap that some of them were wearing. Various noises and a deafening din reigned everywhere. Male and female blacks passed back and forth from the feed panel of the sugar mill to the piles of cane stalks, now with armloads of stalks on their head, now carrying no load, depending on the direction in which they were heading; all of them continually at a run, urged on by the whip of the assistant overseer, who did not allow them a moment’s rest or time out for a breath of air.
V II
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How are you involved with a girl from the outskirts of the city?”DoÑa Rosa asked her husband while they were still in bed. “Tell me,” she added, poking her elbow into his back because she thought he was playing dumb or pretending to be asleep.“I don’t have any involvement with anyone, Rosa,” Don Cándido answered, half asleep.
The Limits of the Liberal Imagination: One Hundred Years of Solitude and Nostromo
Authors: Franco Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Joseph Conrad’s novelNostromo appeared in 1904,British imperialism was at its self-confident height, for the Boer War had, if anything, increased nationalist fervor. Like all imperial powers, Britain had legitimized direct aggression and informal colonization by claiming a civilizing mission on the Roman model whose visible symbols were the statues of Victoria, orb in hand, presiding like Minerva over the neoclassical facades of banks and exchanges. Wars might rage in farflung outposts; but within the island, at least, there was relatively little interest in questioning the legitimacy of the pax britannica. Even those novelists who apparently dissented from the materialist goals of Victorian society usually turned a blind eye to empire. The colonies, when mentioned at all in fiction, were represented by Thackeray’s nabobs, Dickens’s Miss Fuzzy Wuzzy; or they were those mysterious “foreign parts” into which characters conveniently disappeared or out of which they returned with large, unexplained fortunes. Not until 1902, when J. A. Hobson published Imperialism: A Study, was there any detailed, theoretical critique of the economics of empire building; not until the appearance of Conrad’s novels was there real awareness of the complexity of the effects of empire on the aggressors, as well as on the victims of neocolonialism, nor any novel that charted the national differences between European imperialist ideologies.
The Cartagena Manifesto: Memorial Addressed to the Citizens of New Granada by a Citizen from Caracas
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My purpose in writing this memorial is to spare New Granada the fate of Venezuela and to redeem Venezuela from the affliction it now suffers. Please deign, fellow citizens, to accept it with indulgence out of respect for such admirable intentions. I am, Granadans, a son of unhappy Caracas who, miraculously escaped from amid her physical and political ruins and ever faithful to the just and liberal system proclaimed by my country, now follow the banners of independence ?uttering so gloriously in these States. Allow me, inspired by a patriotic zeal that emboldens me to address you, to sketch for you the causes that led Venezuela to her destruction, and to ?atter myself that the terrible and exemplary lessons proffered by that extinct Republic will persuade America to improve her own con- duct, correcting the failures of unity, strength, and vigor manifest in her several governments.
The Jamaica Letter: Response from a South American to a Gentleman from This Island
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I hasten to reply to the letter of 29 August, which you [Henry Cullen] honored me by writing and which I received with the greatest satisfaction.Duly sensitive to the concern you expressed for the fortunes of my country and your distress over the torments she has suffered from the moment of the discovery until the ravages most recently afflicted on her by the Spaniards, I am nonetheless troubled by the obligation I feel to respond to your sympathetic questions concerning the most important aspects of American politics. I find myself torn between the desire to satisfy the trust you place in me and the difficulty of doing so, as much for lack of documents and books as for my limited knowledge about such an immense, varied, and mysterious land as the New World. In my opinion it is impossible to answer the questions you honored me by asking. Baron von Humboldt himself, with his vast theoretical and practical knowledge, could scarcely do so with exactitude, because although some statistical and historical information about America is known, I dare say that most is shrouded in darkness.
Decree of War to the Death
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An army of brothers, sent by the Supreme Congress of New Grana- da, has come to liberate you, and it now stands among you, after having expelled the oppressors from the provinces of Mérida and Trujillo. We are sent to destroy the Spaniards, to protect Americans, and to reestablish the republican governments that formed the Federation of Venezuela. The states protected by our arms are once again ruled by their former constitutions and leaders, in the full enjoyment of their freedom and independence, because our sole mission is to break the chains of servitude that still oppress some of our people, not to make laws or seize power, as the rules of war might authorize us to do.
Manifesto Justifying the Dictatorship
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colombians! The will of the people was given energetic expression in the political reforms of the nation. The legislative body deferred to your desires, ordering the convocation of the Great Convention so that the representatives of the people could carry out their wishes, constituting the Republic according to our beliefs, our inclinations, and our needs. The people asked for nothing except what was theirs by right. However, the hopes of all the people were betrayed in the Great Convention, which at last had to be dissolved, because while some heeded the petitions of the majority, others insisted on making laws dictated by their conscience or personal opinion. The constitution of the Republic no longer had the force of law for the majority, because the convention itself had annulled it, pressing unanimously for its reform. Then the people, realizing the seriousness of the ills besetting them, reassumed that portion of their rights which they had delegated and, exercising immediately their full sovereignty, took steps to ensure their own future. This sovereign entity chose to honor me with the title of minister and authorized me, further, to be the executor of their decrees. My position as supreme leader imposed on me the obligation to obey and serve my sovereign even beyond my own capacities.
Letter to General Juan José Flores: “Ploughing the Sea”
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have received your fine letter from Guayaquil, of 10 September placed in my hands by your emissary, [ José María] Urbina. You cannot imagine my surprise to see that you took the trouble to send a special envoy to deliver your reply and to inform me of what is happening in the South and with your situation. I never expected that a personal letter could be the object of so much concern and benevolence. By so doing, you have surpassed the usual standard of extraordinary kindness in your dealings with me. Your friendship leaves nothing to be desired. With regard to the country, you conduct yourself like a statesman, always behaving in accordance with the ideas and desires of the people who have entrusted their destiny to you. In this case you fulfill your obligation as a leader and citizen.
Letter to Baptis Irvine, Agent of the United States of America to Venezuela: Debating Neutral Rights
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although your note dated 17 August, which I had the honor of receiving yesterday, can only be regarded as a preliminary outline or preparation for the response you offer to my letter of ? August, I believe it is wise to formulate in advance certain re?ections that spring from the very principles you acknowledged in that note. You consider my indignation with respect to the supporters or allies of our fierce enemies to be just, but you add that it is unfair to expect neutral merchants to abandon their profession in order to take sides politically. Without arguing this point, I insist that I see no need for a neutral to embrace this or that faction just to keep from abandoning his profession, nor do I think it possible to apply this principle to ports under blockade without destroying the rights of the warring nations.
Invitation to the Governments of Colombia, Mexico, Río de la Plata, Chile, and Guatemala to Hold a Congress in Panama
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After fifteen years of sacrifices dedicated to the freedom of America, in order to achieve a system of guarantees that can serve both in peace and war as shield for our new destiny, it is now time for the bonds of interest uniting the American republics, formerly Spanish colonies, to be provided with a foundation to perpetuate, if possible, the duration of these governments. To establish that system and consolidate the power of this grand political body will require a sublime authority that will give direction to the policies of our governments, whose in?uence will ensure uniformity of principles, and whose name alone will calm troubled waters. An authority so august can only exist in an assembly of plenipotentiary rep- resentatives appointed by each one of our republics and convened under the auspices of the victory won by our arms against Spanish power.
Letter to General Lafayette: On George Washington
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have been honored to look for the first time on the noble features of [George Washington] the man who did so much good on behalf of the New World. I owe this honor to Colonel Mercier, who delivered to me your precious letter of ?? October of last year. I experienced a mysterious exhilaration on learning in the newspapers that you have had the generosity of heart to honor me with one of the treasures from Mount Ver-non. The portrait of Washington, some mementos, and one of the monuments to his glory are to be presented to me by your hands in the name of the brothers of that great citizen, first son of the New World. There are no words to tell you how my heart treasures this gift and how much glory your high regard instills in me.
Measures for the Protection and Wise Use of the Nation’s Forest Resources: Bolívar as Ecologist
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
First, that the Forests of Colombia, those owned publicly as well as privately, represent an enormous treasure in wood suitable for all types of construction as well as dyes, quinine, and other useful substances for medicine and the arts. Second, that throughout the region we are experiencing excessive harvesting of wood, dyes, quinine, and other substances, especially in the forests belonging to the state, with disastrous consequences. Third, that to avoid these, it is necessary to establish regulations for the effective protection of public and private property against violations of every kind, having seen the reports compiled for the government on this matter and heard the report of the Council of State.
Performance Art: Jake Barnes and “Masculine” Signification in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Elliott Ira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gender categories and gender reversals are, moreover, central thematic concerns in works as diverse as The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, Islands in the Stream, and The Garden of Eden, in which the question of gender constitutes the basis of the story.2 As Jeffrey Meyers points out, in A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Islands in the Stream, and The Garden of Eden, “the lovers experiment in dyeing their hair the same color and cutting it the same length in order to exchange sexual roles and merge their identities.”3 Hair, in fact, functions throughout Hemingway’s work as the principal image by which gender is made known. In The Sun Also Rises, for instance, Brett Ash-ley, epitome of the Modern Woman, “wore a slipover jersey sweater and a tweed skirt, and her hair was brushed back like a boy’s.
Hemingway’s Morality of Compensation
Authors: Donaldson Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While voyaging back to the United States in 1833, Ralph Waldo Emerson puzzled over a definition of morals. His thoughts, he admitted in his journal, were “dim and vague,” but one might obtain “some idea of them . . . who develops the doctrine in his own experience that nothing can be given or taken without an equivalent.” In Emerson’s sublime optimism, he weighted the scales of equivalence in favor of the taker.
“Sign the Wire with Love” The Morality of Surplus in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Cheatham George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Bill’s joke foregrounds Jake’s middle-class obsession with money-with working to make it and with spending it efficiently for his own pleasure. The ironically Marxist joke figures a distinction between surplus and exactitude, subtly undercutting Jake’s repeatedly professed desire for the latter, and so calls into question the orthodoxy, I suppose it is, of what Scott Donaldson has called a “morality of compensation” in the novel.
Hemingway, the Corrida, and Spain
Authors: Kinnamon Keneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of Hemingway’s seven novels to date, four have had in whole or in part Spanish or Spanish-American settings. The Sun Also Rises takes place both in France and in Spain, but the emotional center of the book is in the section dealing with the fiesta in Pamplona; indeed, the British title is Fiesta.
Contradictory Bodies in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Moddelmog Debra A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With its attenton to male bonding and rituals such as fishing, drinking, and bullfighting, The Sun Also Rises has become known as “classic Hemingway.” Co-existing with these rituals is a thwarted heterosexual relationship--Jake and Brett’s---a romantic situation that is also characteristic of Hemingway’s fiction.
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the word “mythology” is familiar to most people, it cannot be defined to everyone’s satisfaction. Even the mere existence of mythology can be called into doubt. Wherever myths are deeply cherished, wherever they touch people’s lives, they vanish and become something else. Many would say that they vanish completely.
In other words, myths are what others have; we ourselves have “scripture” or “history.”
Among the modern Bribri of Costa Rica, whose creation epics are as remote from the beliefs of the English-or Spanish-speaking world as anything could possibly be, an outsider who asks for leyendas (myths or legends) will be told that there are none. One must ask for historias (histories).
Oaxaca
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to records kept by the Aztecs, it was in a year 5 Rabbit (A.O. 1458) that the ruler Montezuma decided to conquer the Mixtecs. The attack was launched against the important market town of Coaixtlahuacan in the northwest part of what is now the state of Oaxaca.
The king of Coaixtlahuacan had been enriching himself with taxes from towns as far away as the Pacific coast. During the inevitable siege, he was killed by Aztec troops, whereupon the Mexica ruler sent for the king’s wife, now widow, and appointed her tribute collector for the entire Mixtec country. “Then for the first time,” reads the Aztec account, “gold, quetzal plumes, rubber, cacao, and other wealth began coming in; then the Mexica began to feel cheered, thanks to the tribute goods.”
Northwest Mexico
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The southwestern United States and the Aztec-Maya, or Mesoamerican, area are the two most intensively studied Indian regions in the hemisphere. In between lie vast stretches of northern Mexico that are ethnographically barren.
But this is not for lack of ethnic groups. Dozens of small tribes once inhabited northeast and north central Mexico. Today, however, these peoples are little more than names in old explorers’ and missionaries’ notebooks.
Beginnings
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rare today, the belief that the people emerged from the earth was once common in central Mexico and in the region now Know as Oaxaca. The account given here is from a manuscript on 1528, written by an anonymous Aztec using the alphabetic script learned from missionaries.
From Colhuacan [ancestor place], from Chicomoztoc [seven cave place], from Quineuhyan [emergence place], from there they all departed. From there our ancestors departed at the time the people originated. This was when they came forth from their home, from the cave called Chicomoztoc.
They departed in a year 1 Reed, departed on a day 1 Alligator. When they had departed, they wandered thirteen years in the wilderness.
Family Ties
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Biblical passage “and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea” has often been pointed to as the source of a dangerous flaw in Western thought, not shared by Indians. Claiming “dominion” over nature, modern civilization puts human needs first, whereas the mythology of the Indian imposes a more balanced view.
The Indian idea, developed in the myths of many different tribes, is that the products of nature are persons, which must be treated with respect.
Heroes and Their Grandmothers
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The myths of the Chumash, whose now extinct culture once dominated the area northwest of Los Angeles, were virtually unknown until the field notes of the late]. P. Harrington began to be sorted and analyzed in the 1970s. It is still too early to say whether Chumash mythology belongs more to the Southwest or to central California; possibly the latter. But by far the best preserved narratives Harrington was able to obtain from the last Chumash speakers are six variants of a monster-ridding cycle, which conforms to the Southwest pattern of child heroes aided by a grandmother.
Lost Worlds of the Southeast
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1700s, when the French began to settle Louisiana, they came in contact with a spectacular remnant of the temple mound culture that had once dominated the region south of the Ohio River from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. This was the Natchez tribe, with its ruling Sun clan, its monarch, and its temples reminiscent of Aztec and Maya pyramids. Within thirty years the French destroyed the Natchez towns; and the culture known to archaeologists as the Mississippian, already in a long decline, effectively came to an end.
Introduction
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than any other of the six inhabited continents, South America has preserved the conditions that allow mythology to be freely produced. In Asia and Africa, and perhaps in remote corners of Europe, old-style communities may be distinguished where traditional lore, including myth, remains alive. But in South America it is possible to speak of parks devoted to the proposition that Indian cultures, along with plants and animals, can be kept intact as living museums.
The Other World
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myths in which the first humans emerge from the earth are standard lore in agricultural societies. Hunters and gatherers do not usually tell such stories, at least not in the Americas. Yet in the region north of the Amazon and east of the Orinoco, traditionally known as Guiana, emergence myths are lacking, even though many, if not most, of the native cultures have long been dependent on the growing of manioc and other crops.
Myth and Society
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the Brazilian Highlands, people within a village interact according to an elaborate set of rules. Nowhere else on the continent have men, women, and children structured their lives with such style or attracted so much outside attention on account of it. Immediately noticeable is the twofold division of each village, as though an imaginary line had been drawn down the middle.
In the Montaña
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amazonia begins along the continental divide in the highlands of Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador. Within a few miles of this line the scrubby Andean vegetation gives way to rain forest, and east bound travelers suddenly find themselves in a different world. Known as the “eyebrow,” this upland jungle leads toward the low hills and increasingly level valleys of the montafia itself (also called yunga), where the native cultures, of necessity, more closely resemble those of Brazil than of western Peru.
Problems of Gender and History in the Teaching of Things Fall Apart
Authors: Cobham Rhonda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This Is a Sexist Novel!” the (female, white) student declared. Her ethnic earnings jangled in angry assent as she stabbed the pages of her Heinemann paperback for emphasis. As if to distance itself from the offending object, her red-checked imitation Palestine Liberation Organization scarf slipped backward off her shoulders. It was clear that she spoke on behalf of all oppressed humanity.
In a voice tinged with long-suffering, her teacher (also white, but male) attempted to explain that not to write about wife beating in a story about a society where it was practiced would be aesthetically inauthentic. He tried to shift the discussion back to an appreciation of the critical distance between the author and his main character before the jocks at the back of the class got wind of what was going on, but it was too late.
Realism, Criticism, and the Disguises of Both
Authors: Quayson Ato 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Proverbial Epigraphs to this essay seek to integrate the enterprise of criticism into a traditional African cultural context. The first points to the relativity at the heart of all critical pursuits: it is mainly in relation to the literary enterprise that the critical one is validated. Furthermore, no criticism can hope to completely encompass the total significance of the literary artifact, just as no water pot can hope to take in all of the river’s water. On the other hand, all critical enterprises harbor a certain predatoriness, which the relationship between the dancing hen and the hawk can be taken to figure. The critical enterprise is never completely satisfied with the work of its predecessors and thus continually seeks to tear open previous critical discourses to make space for its own activity.