bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIO‐OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PHOTOADAPTIVE RESPONSES IN THE TOXIC AND BLOOM‐FORMING DINOFLAGELLATES GYRODINIUM AUREOLUM, GYMNODINIUM GALATHEANUM, AND TWO STRAINS OF PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM1
Authors: Johnsen Geir , Sakshaug Egil 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPhotoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom‐forming dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum Hulbert, Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud, and two strains of Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard)Schiller were evaluated with respect to pigment composition, light‐harvesting characteristics, carbon and nitrogen contents, and growth rates in shade‐ and light‐adapted cells. The two former species were grown at scalar irradiances of 30 and 170 μmol · m −2 at a 12‐h daylength at 20° C. The two strains of P. minimum were grown at 35 and 500 μmol. m−2· s−1 at a 2‐h daylength at 20° C. For the first time, chlorophyll (chl) c3, characteristic of several bloom‐forming prymnesiophytes, was detected in G. aureolum and G. galatheanum. Photoadaptional status affected the pigment composition strongly, and the interpretation of the variation depended on whether the pigment composition was normalized per cell, carbon, or chl a. Species‐specific and photoadaptional differences in chl a‐specific absorption (°ac, 400–700 nm) and chl a‐normalized fluorescence excitation spectra of photosystem II fluorescence with or without addition of DCMU (°F and °FDCMU 400–700 nm) were evident. Gyrodinium aureolum and G. galatheanum exhibited in vivo spectral characteristics similar to chl c3‐containing prymnesiophytes in accordance with their similar pigmentation. Prorocentrum minimum had in vivo absorption and fluorescence characteristics typical for peridinin‐containing dinoflagellates. Species‐specific differences in in vivo absorption were also observed as a function of package effect vs. growth irradiance. This effect could be explained by differences in intracellular pigment content, cell size/shape, and chloroplast morphology/numbers. Light‐ and shade‐adapted cells of P. minimum contained 43 and 17% of photoprotective carotenoids (diadino + diatoxanthin) relative to chl a, respectively. The photoprotective function of these carotenoids was clearly observed as a reduction in °F and °F DCMU at 400–540 nm compared to °ac in light‐adapted cells of P. minimum. Spectrally weighted light absorption (normalized to chl a and carbon, 400–700 nm) varied with species and growth conditions. The use of quantum‐corrected and normalized fluorescence excitation spectra with or without DCMU‐treated cells to estimate photosynthetically usable light is discussed. The usefulness of in vitro absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra for estimation of the degradation status of chl a and the ratio of chl a to total pigments is also discussed.
MUCILAGE PROCESSING AND SECRETION IN THE GREEN ALGA CLOSTERIUM. I. CYTOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY1
Authors: Domozych Catherine Rogers , Plante Kevin , Blais Phillipe , Paliulis Leocadia , Domozych David S. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPlacoderm desmids (Conjugates, Chlorophyta) such as Closterium exhibit a gliding locomotory behavior. This results from the forceful extrusion of an acidic polysaccharide from one pole of the cell causing the cell to glide in the opposite direction. A biochemical and cytological analysis of gliding behavior was performed. The mucilage is a high molecular weight polysaccharide rich in glucuronic acid and fucose. Under normal growth conditions, 3 μg of mucilage is produced per cell in 30 days. Mucilage production increased 3–4 fold in cells challenged with low phosphate or nitrate conditions. A polyclonal antibody was raised against the mucilage and used in immunofluorescence studies. These results show that upon contact with another object Closterium aligns itself parallel to that object by a “jack‐knife” motion. Subsequently, large amounts of mucilage are released to form elongate tubes enmeshing the cell with that object. In post‐cytokinetic phases of the cell cycle, mucilage is extruded only through the pole of the developing semi‐cell. Chlorotetracyclene‐labeling of mucilage‐secreting cells shows a correlation between calcium‐rich loci on the cell surface and sites of mucilage release.
CYTOCHALASIN B INFLUENCES DICTYOSOMAL VESICLE PRODUCTION AND MORPHOGENESIS IN THE DESMID EUASTRUM1
Authors: Url Thomas , Höftberger Margit , Meindl Ursula 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTCytochalasin B (CB) applied to young developing cells of the desmid Euastrum oblongum Ralfs ex Ralfs, at concentrations that do not entirely inhibit cytoplasmic streaming, retarded cell growth and caused malformations of cell shape. While the basic symmetry of the cell was maintained, only the first indentations were formed and the cell body appeared to be swollen. Electron microscopic investigations revealed that vesicle production at the dictyosomes was disturbed by cytochalasin. In contrast to untreated control cells, where vesicles with electron‐dense contents (“dark vesicles”) were formed during primary wall formation, vesicles pinched off by the dictyosomes during CB treatment exhibited an “empty” appearance. These vesicles, which correspond to the “dark vesicles” in size, were accumulated around the dictyosomes without being transported to the plasma membrane and were frequently connected to the trans‐cisternae of the Golgi bodies. We speculate that CB may influence the transfer of products from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the dictyosomes via transition vesicles, which results in a disturbed vesicle production at the Golgi bodies. CB also causes a shift in ER and dictyosome distribution. Moreover, a cortical actin system appears to be involved in the cell shaping of Euastrum. The arrangement of microtubules around the nucleus is not affected by the drug.
BETA/KAPPA‐CARRAGEENANS AS EVIDENCE FOR CONTINUED SEPARATION OF THE FAMILIES DICRANEMATACEAE AND SARCODIACEAE (GIGARTINALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Liao Ming‐Long , Kraft Gerald T. , Munro Sharon L. A. , Craik David J. , Bacic Antony 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe Dicranemataceae consists of five species in four genera of macroscopic red algae endemic to the southern half of Australia plus a single species from southern Japan. Investigations of the nonfibrillar wall components of five of the six species show that all are composed mainly of hybrid (or mixed) beta (β)/kappa(κ)‐type carrageenans. Detailed studies of Tylotus obtusatus (Sonder) J. Agardh show that it produces the largest dry‐weight percentage of β‐carrageenan yet recorded. Monosaccharide composition, total sulfate content, sulfation pattern revealed by infrared and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and a positive specific optical rotation ([α]D+ 54°) are indicative of a low‐sulfate‐containing carrageenan with gelling properties similar to those of agar and furcellaran. β‐carrageenan is recorded in only five other red algal species belonging to relatively unrelated families, and we conclude that its uniform occurrence in the highly specialized family Dicranemataceae has phylogenetic significance. Chemical and anatomical examination of the genus Sarcodia, which produce lambda‐type carrageenan in both its gametophytic and tetrasporophytic phases, suggests that, despite the recent proposal to incorporate the Dicranemataceae into the Sarcodiaceae, the two families should continue to be separated.
Reaction rates in allogeneic donors
Authors: Shehata N. , Kusano R. , Hannach B. , Hume H. 
Published: October 2004

summary. In Canada and several other countries, there is an upper age limit for blood donation. In order to evaluate the safety of whole blood donation in elderly Canadian allogeneic donors, we analysed reaction rates following whole blood donation.Reactions rates in allogeneic whole blood donors who donated at Canadian Blood Services were reviewed retrospectively. Rates were analysed by age, donation frequency and by donation frequency for each age group.A total of 5478 reactions were available for analysis in 469 837 donors. The highest rate of mild reactions occurred in donors less than 20 years of age. Moderate and severe reactions decreased with increasing age and with donation frequency. Age‐adjusted rates for mild reactions were less frequent in donors aged 66–77 years than in donors younger than 20 years. Although age‐adjusted moderate reactions varied with donation frequency, after seven donations, rates were not increased for donors aged 60 years or older (0·61% for donors aged less than 20 years compared to 0·03% for donors aged 60–65 years compared to 0% for donors aged 66–71 years). Age‐adjusted rates for severe reactions generally did not increase with donation frequency.These results confirm the safety of whole blood donation in regular donors who are 66–71 years of age.
A survey of autologous blood transfusion practices in Germany
Authors: Kaufmann J. , Klimek M. , Kampe S. , Paul M. , Kasper S. M. 
Published: October 2004

summary.

This survey was designed to evaluate the use of autologous blood transfusion techniques in Germany in 2000 and to identify how the use of these techniques has changed over the past 5 years.Questionnaires were mailed to the chief anaesthesiologists of 400 randomly selected German hospitals with ≥25 surgical beds. Information was sought about the current and past use of preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD), acute preoperative haemodilution and peri‐operative blood salvage. Data were requested for the calendar year 2000.Three hundred and forty‐three (86%) completed questionnaires were returned. PABD, haemodilution and peri‐operative blood salvage were used by 85, 54 and 67% of respondents, respectively. Thirty‐seven per cent of PABD users reported that PABD use declined, 28% reported that it increased and 34% reported that it remained unchanged over the past 5 years. The proportions of those reporting declining vs. increasing use of PABD did not differ significantly (P = 0·09). Sixty per cent of users of haemodilution reported that its use declined, 10% reported that it increased and 29% reported that it remained unchanged over the past 5 years. Sixteen per cent of hospitals that were equipped with cell‐washing devices reported that the use of these devices declined, 47% reported that it increased and 37% reported that it remained unchanged over the past 5 years.The results indicate that autologous blood transfusion techniques were widely used in Germany in 2000, with PABD being the most common technique. The use of PABD did not change significantly, the use of haemodilution declined markedly and the use of peri‐operative cell salvage increased markedly during the past 5 years before the survey.
Risky drinking and alcohol use patterns in a national sample of women of childbearing age
Authors: Nayak Madhabika Beverta , Kaskutas Lee Ann 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAims  We examined risky drinking and alcohol use patterns associated with prenatal effects of alcohol exposure in women of childbearing age, using various definitions of low‐risk drinking.Design  Computer‐assisted telephone interview (CATI) methodology was used to gather information in a cross‐sectional survey on alcohol use and problems, pregnancy and likelihood of future pregnancy.Setting  Participants were respondents in the 2000 National Alcohol Survey (NAS, N10, response rate 58%) which includes men and women from all 50 states of the United States and the District of Columbia.Participants  A total of 1504 women aged 18–39 years were included; 72 were pregnant, 511 were currently not pregnant but reported being likely to be pregnant in the next 5 years, and 921 women were neither pregnant nor likely to be in the next 5 years.Measurements  Various alcohol use patterns in the past 12 months including average volume, amount per session, drinking with food and time spent drinking were assessed.Findings  Seven per cent of childbearing age women exceeded guidelines used to classify women as risky drinkers in the past month. Thirty per cent were classified as risky drinkers when these guidelines were extended to past‐year drinking. Examination of specific alcohol use patterns revealed that while under 10% of risky drinkers reported past‐month heavy episodic drinking, 30% or more reported heavy episodic drinking and exceeding daily limits for alcohol consumption in the past year.Conclusions  Public health professionals should note that past‐year drinking in a significant proportion of women of childbearing age exceeds guidelines for alcohol use. When targeting such prevention efforts, they should thus include assessment of past‐year alcohol use patterns.
Times for healing: towards a typology of time‐frames in Swiss alcohol and drug clinics
Authors: Klingemann Harald , Schibli Daniela 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To translate theoretical dimensions of ‘social time’ and ‘clock time’ in addiction treatment settings into empirical measures and to develop a typology of institutional time perspectives.Method  From November 2001 to February 2002, a mail survey was conducted with directors of 57 alcohol and drug clinics in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland. Items measured the past and future orientation of the treatment programmes, elements of social time and clock time as part of organizational life and ‘time bargaining’ between therapists and clients.Findings  Four clusters of temporal orientations emerged: ‘clock time keepers’ (who emphasize time control and future pessimism); ‘nostalgic time riders’ (focus on the ‘good old days’ but individualized planning); ‘optimist speeders’ (fast pacing, future control); and ‘relaxed future optimists’ (also future oriented but not sharing the idea of linear time). The time‐frame also influences the negotiation of time in treatment between staff and patients: ‘relaxed future optimists’ most frequently report diverging views, while ‘optimist speeders’ seem to harmonize the views of patients and treatment staff more easily. Finally, the introduction of the harm reduction policy seems to covary with the ways in which time is viewed and used in treatment organizations.Conclusions  Treatment programmes differ in their view and use of time. Organizational times with varying dynamics, future–past orientations and time control interact with the organizational structure and socio‐environmental factors. The capacity of programmes to adapt to changes in treatment policy and in the treatment system depends to some extent on organizational time orientation.
Web‐based screening and brief intervention for hazardous drinking: a double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kypri Kypros , Saunders John B. , Williams Sheila M. , McGee Rob O. , Langley John D. , Cashell‐Smith Martine L. , Gallagher Stephen J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTBackground  Strong evidence exists for the efficacy of screening and brief intervention for reducing hazardous drinking. However, problems have been highlighted with respect to its implementation in health‐care systems, not least of which is a reluctance of some doctors to discuss alcohol proactively with their patients.Aims  To determine the efficacy of a novel web‐based screening and brief intervention (e‐SBI) to reduce hazardous drinking.Design  A double‐blind randomized controlled trial.Setting  A university student health service.Participants  A total of 167 students (17–26 years) were recruited in the reception area and completed a 3‐minute web‐based screen including the Alcohol Use Disorder Identifiation Test (AUDIT) questionnaire. Of these, 112 tested positive, and 104 (52 females) who consented to follow‐up were included in the trial.Measurements  Drinking frequency, typical occasion quantity, total volume, heavy episode frequency (females > 80 g ethanol, males > 120 g ethanol), number of personal problems, an academic problems score.Intervention  Participants were randomized to 10–15 minutes of web‐based assessment and personalized feedback on their drinking (intervention, n = 51) or to a leaflet‐only control group (n = 53).Findings  Mean baseline AUDIT scores for control and intervention groups were  16.6  (SD = 6.0)  and  16.6  (SD = 5.7).  At  6  weeks,  participants  receiving e‐SBI reported significantly lower total consumption (geometric mean ratio = 0.74; 95% confidence interval: 0.56–0.96), lower heavy episode frequency (0.63; 0.42–0.92) and fewer personal problems (0.70; 0.54–0.91). At 6 months personal problems remained lower (0.76; 0.60–0.97), although consumption did not differ significantly. At 6 months, academic problems were lower in the intervention group relative to controls (0.72; 0.51–1.02).Conclusions  e‐SBI reduced hazardous drinking among university students, to an extent similar to that found for practitioner‐delivered brief interventions in the general population. e‐SBI offers promise as a strategy to reduce alcohol‐related harm in a way that is non‐intrusive, appealing to the target group, and capable of being incorporated into primary care. Research is required to replicate the findings, to determine the duration of intervention effects, and to investigate the mechanisms by which the intervention operates.
GP prescribing of nicotine replacement and bupropion to aid smoking cessation in England and Wales
Authors: McEwen Andy , West Robert , Owen Lesley 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAims  Prescribing nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) or bupropion for smoking cessation is of considerable importance to public health but little is known about prescribing practices. This paper examines general practitioners’ (GPs’) prescribing patterns in Britain where these drugs are reimbursed. The results have implications for other health‐care systems considering introducing reimbursement.Design, participants and setting  Postal survey conducted in 2002 of a random sample of 1088 GPs in England and Wales, of whom 642 (59%) responded.Measures  Number of requests GPs reported having received from patients for NRT and bupropion over the past month, the number of prescriptions they reported issuing and ratings of attitudes to these medications.Findings  GPs reported receiving an average of 4.3 requests for NRT and 1.9 for bupropion in the previous month. They reported issuing 3.5 prescriptions for NRT and 1.2 for bupropion. Almost all GPs accepted that NRT (95%) and bupropion (97%) should be reimbursable on National Health Service (NHS) prescription. However, a significant minority of those who received requests for prescriptions did not issue any (8% for NRT and 26% for bupropion). This was related to whether they thought these products should be available on NHS prescription for both NRT and bupropion (OR = 0.66, P < 0.05), which in turn was related to beliefs about whether smokers should have to pay for treatment themselves, the cost‐effectiveness of NRT/bupropion and the low priority they would give NRT/bupropion in the drug budget. For bupropion, concern about side‐effects independently predicted not prescribing [odds ratio (OR) = 1.46, P < 0.03].Conclusion  In the British health‐care system, which has a well‐established system for technology assessment and professionally endorsed guidelines, a significant minority of GPs decline all patient requests for stop‐smoking medicines.
Beyond the K‐hole: a 3‐year longitudinal investigation of the cognitive and subjective effects of ketamine in recreational users who have substantially reduced their use of the drug
Authors: Morgan Celia J. A. , Monaghan Lisa , Curran H. Valerie 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTRationale  Ketamine is a dissociative anaesthetic that is also a drug of abuse. Previous studies have demonstrated persisting episodic and semantic memory impairments in recreational ketamine users 3 days after taking ketamine. However, the degree to which these deficits might be reversible upon reduction or cessation of ketamine use was not known.Objective  To follow‐up a population of ketamine users tested 3 years previously and examine whether impairments observed 3 days after drug use are enduring or reversible.Methods  Eighteen ketamine users and 10 polydrug controls from studies conducted between 3 and 4 years earlier were re‐tested on the same battery of cognitive tasks and subjective measures. These tapped episodic, semantic and working memory and executive and attentional functioning. Subjective schizotypal, dissociative, mood and bodily symptoms were also examined and a drug use history recorded.Results  The ketamine users had reduced their frequency of use of ketamine by an average of 88.3%. Performance of ketamine users on tasks tapping semantic memory had improved and this improvement was correlated with their reduction in ketamine use. On tasks tapping episodic memory and attentional functioning, ketamine users still showed deficits compared to polydrug controls. Higher levels of schizotypal symptoms and perceptual distortions were exhibited by the ketamine group, although dissociative symptoms were similar to controls.Conclusions  These findings indicate that semantic memory impairments associated with recreational ketamine are reversible upon marked reduction of use; however, impairments to episodic memory and possibly attentional functioning appear long‐lasting. In addition, schizotypal symptoms and perceptual distortions may persist after cessation of ketamine use. Ketamine users, or potential users, should be aware of the enduring effects of this drug on aspects of memory and subjective experience.
Testing the functional status model in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yeh Mei‐Ling , Chen Hsing‐Hsia , Liao Yu‐Chien , Liao Wei‐Yu 
Published: October 2004

Background.  Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease usually experience gradual functional status degradation, especially dyspnoea, which may affect their daily activities and, eventually, quality of life. A full understanding of both their physiological and psychological functional status is therefore beneficial for effective treatment and helping patients regain or maintain control of their lives.Method.  Based on a non‐experimental research design, 138 patients to test a hypothesized model of functional status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, using structural equation modelling, were recruited from a medical center. Data were collected using questionnaires, 6‐minute walking distance measurement, and pulmonary function test results recorded in patients’ medical records. The proposed functional status model incorporated the exogenous variables disease severity and dyspnoea, and the endogenous variables age, exercise tolerance, fatigue, depression, anxiety, health perception and functional performance. Structural equation modelling with the lisrel software was used to establish a functional status model with those exogenous and endogenous variables.Results.  The results indicated a good fit between the proposed functional status model and the data collected [χ2 = 8·84, P = 0·64, χ2/d.f. = 0·80, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0·98, adjusted GFI (AGFI) = 0·95, root mean square residual (RMR) = 0·04, Critical N (CN) = 384·26]. Coefficients for paths in the functional status model all demonstrated statistical significance.Conclusion.  The functional status model was shown to consist of functional performance, functional capacity and other concepts, including disease severity, dyspnoea, age, exercise tolerance, fatigue, depression, anxiety and health perception. These results can be used to develop a suitable functional status model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and could act as a reference for formulating future strategies and intervention procedures for further development of functional status.