bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual recognition of human infants on the basis of cries alone
Authors: Green James A. , Gustafson Gwene E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuman parents were asked to identify their infants on the basis of tape‐recorded cries that they had not previously heard. The cries of twenty 30‐day‐old infants were recorded just prior to a feeding, then rerecorded onto a test tape containing cries from three other infants. Eighty percent of mothers were able to recognize their infants's cries, as were 45% of fathers. An additional 140 adults (non‐‐parents) were tested in order to determine if the process of dubbing cries into test tapes had left extraneous auditory cues to infants' identities and if the foil infants were equally discriminable. The results indicated that parents' recognition was not based on extraneous cues and that, overall, the foils were appropriate distractors in the parents' task. Thus, the majority of parents can recognize their 30‐day‐old infants on the sole basis of acoustic cues contained in the infants' cries. The acoustic features that underlie this recognition are now being investigated.
Maturation of autonomic control in preterm infants
Authors: Fox Nathan A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to investigate the development of autonomic control and its relation to postnatal illness, healthy term, healthy preterm, and preterm infants who had recovered from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) were seen around the expected date of their birth, 40 weeks conceptional age (C.A.), and again at 3 months conceptional age. Three minutes of resting EKG were collected at each age point while the infant was in a quiet, alert state. Measures of resting heart period and heart period variability were derived. Results revealed the influence of maturity and illness on autonomic activity. RDS and healthy preterm infants, at 40 weeks C.A. exhibited a pattern of small heart period compared to healthy term. RDS preterm infants at 40 weeks C.A. exhibited less overall variability than either healthy group and across age displayed less short‐term variability than the healthy infants. The data suggest that autonomic activity during the early months of life may be affected by both pre‐maturity and postnatal illness. The significance of these data in understanding term/preterm differences in the neonatal period is discussed.
Early brain insult and cognition: A comparison of malnutrition and hypothyroidism
Authors: Strupp Barbara J. , Levitsky David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of two biological insults, hypothyroidism and malnutrition, incurred during pre‐ and postnatal development were compared using a newly developed test of observational learning in rats. Whereas, early hypothyroidism produced a significant impairment in observational learning in recovered rats, no indication of any impairment was observed in rats recovered from early malnutrition. These results are important in that they demonstrate that tests of advantageous learning such as observational learning are sensitive to the kinds of early biological insult that lead to permanent cognitive impairment in humans. Moreover, these data further support the concept that the cognitive impairment observed during periods of malnutrition in humans and animals is not permanent.
Role of the caudate nucleus in recovery from neonatal mediofrontal cortex lesions in the rat
Authors: Vicedomini John P. , Isaac Walter L. , Nonneman Arthur J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAblation of medial prefrontal cortex impairs spatial discrimination learning in adult but not in neonatally lesioned rats. Orbital prefrontal cortex and adjacent convexity neocortex need not be left intact to observe this sparing of function. This study examined the possibility that the caudate nucleus, remaining intact after early medial prefrontal cortex lesions, might be involved in the observed behavioral sparing. Neonatal rats given combined lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex and head of the caudate nucleus were compared to age/litter‐matched sham‐operated controls on spatial alternation and place response acquisition and “reversal” tests. The results show that the performance of these neonatally lesioned subjects was deficient on both tests. The discussion centers on possible recovery mechanisms in rats given prefrontothalamic system damage early in life.
Maternal discrimination of pup sex in rats
Authors: Richmond Gail , Sachs Benjamin D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn recent studies (Moore, 1981, 1982; Moore & morelli, 1979) it has been found that maternal female rats spend more time licking the anogenital region of male than female offspring. This discrimination of pup sex has important implications for the development of a number of sex differences in behavior later in life, and the present study was designed to re‐examine Moore' observations while allowing each pup to be individually identified. Litters of Sprague‐Dawley rats were delivered by Caesarean section, and the footpads of each animal were tattooed with India ink to permit identification throughout testing. Each litter was then fostered to a maternal female and remained with her except when observations of maternal licking were made–on the fourth, seventh, and tenth days after delivery. On each of these days, the foster mother was placed in a test chamber for 30 min, and each pup was then presented individually for a 10‐min session. During this time the number and duration of anogenital licking episodes were recorded. We found, as did Moore, that adult females do distinguish between their male and female pups, spending significantly more time licking the anogenital region of the males in their litters on all but the first day of testing. The posssibility that the attentional bias toward male young has important consequences for behavior later in life and contributes to behavioral differences between the sexes (Beach, 1979; Moore, 1982) makes the identification of individual animals throughout development important in the analysis of these effects.
Effects of social experience on the corticosterone response of adult rats to pup cues
Authors: Vogt Jerry L. , Hennessy Michael B. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRat mothers whose pups have been removed show greater plasma corticosterone elevations when the pups are shocked and returned in a wire‐mesh basket that when only the wire basket is returned. For mothers housed with an adult male or virgin female, this differential adrenocorticoid responsiveness between the shocked‐pup and empty‐basket conditions was not observed unless the adult partner was removed 18 hr before testing. Nonlactating adults housed with pups and mother for up to 2 weeks exhibited corticoid elevations equivalent to the shocked‐pup and empty‐basket conditions whether tested with the mother or 18 hr after her removal. These results indicate that the differential pituitary‐adrenal responsiveness that female rats show to pup cues during lactation cannot be accounted for by the length of the mother's exposure to pups, and, further, that this relative responsiveness during lactation appears to be largely due to the suppression of adrenocorticoid reactivity to a nonsocial environmental disturbance.
Mother‐infant visual interaction in Japanese macaques
Authors: Ehardt C. L. , Blount B. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPattern of visual interaction in mother‐infant dyadic behavior have been reported for human and nonhuman primates, including age and gender differences among rhesus macaques. Such findings are tested with data from two developmental periods (Weeks 1–8 and 21–36) on Japanese macaque mother‐infant visual behavior. Rates for look, infanct facial‐fixation, and eye contact are greater during the first period than in the second. In Weeks 1–8, infants interact visually with their mother significantly more than with any other kinship class. This pattern continues in the second period, with the exception of eye contact for female infants, and with relatively more attention to nonmatrilineal animals. In Weeks 1–8, all instances of eye contact between mothers and their female, but not male, infants are initiated by the mother. In Weeks 21–36, male, but not female, infants direct significantly more looks to their mother than they receive from her.
Short‐term exposure to an odor increases its subsequent preference in preweanling rats: A descriptive profile of the phenomenon
Authors: Caza Patricia A. , Spear Norman E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive experiments assessed the change in preference for an ambient odor after a brief period of exposure to that odor. Three minutes of exposure to a novel odor consistently increased subsequent preference for that odor. This effect occurred in preweanling rats 10 and 15 days of age even though, relative to the nest, the conditions of exposure were probably aversive tactually and thermally. There was relatively little variation in this effect between the ages of 10 Days postnatal and adulthood and over exposure durations ranging between 3 and 81 min. Substantial retention of this exposure effect was found for the 10‐day‐old rat, with no decline in induced preference over a 24‐hr period. The effect was unchanged by brief familiarization with the testing situation, but was eliminated by prior aversive experience with the testing situation. These results have implications for the design and interpretation of experiments that test learning and memory of odors, and emphazise generally the facility of the developing rat for processing olfactory information.
Acceleration of puberty in female mice by a urinary chemosignal from pregnant or lactating females: Timing and duration of stimulation
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSix experiments were designed to test the acceleration of puberty in young female mice treated with urine from pregnant or lactating females. Manipulations involved varying the age of onset for and duration of treatment with urine. For both urine sources the findings were similar: 1 day of treatment was insufficient to accelerate puberty, but a minimum of about 3 consecutive days of urine exposure begun before the mice were 30 days of age did hasten the onset of first vaginal estrus.
Radial arm maze performance in rats following neonatal dopamine depletion
Authors: Pearson David E. , Raskin Lisa A. , Shywitz Bennett A. , Anderson George M. , Cohen Donald J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeonatal dopamine (DA) depletion produces learning impairments both during development and throughout adulthood in the rat. The present experiment further investigated the memory capabilities of the dopamine‐depleted rat by assessing performance in the radial arm maze. Results showed that, following neonatal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine and desmethylimipramine, lesioned rats perperformed more accurately than controls. In this paradigm, DA‐depleted rats tended to enter each arm to obtain a food pellet and not enter unbaited, incorrect arms. The difference in performance of control and treated rats could not be accounted for by differences in locomotor activity, body weights, or motivational factors. A computer analysis of the data revealed that DA‐depleted animals adopted a strategy of choosing adjacent arms consecutively, which probably accounted for their superior performance. Results are discussed in terms using algorithms versus extra‐maze cues to complete the maze following early brain injury.
Development of visually controlled maternal preferences in peking ducklings
Authors: Johnston Timothy D. , Gottlieb Gilbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe interaction between natural visual and auditory stimulation in the control of filial behavior was studied in domestic mallard (Peking) ducklings during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Visual imprinting at 24 hr resulted in a visual preference for the familiar model over an unfamiliar model in each of two choice tests, one at 48 hr and one at 72 hr, but only if both models were silent. If both models emitted a recording of the mallard maternal call, the visual preference was found only in the later (72‐hr) test. Visuomotor experience between training and testing was found to be essential for the development of the visual preference at 72 hr, but the required experience was of a very general nature. Either a choice test with silent models or a period of social rearing (between 24 and 72 hr) provided effective experience. Thus, the ability to show a visual preference in the presence of the maternal call at 72 hr depends on experience, but not necessarily on further exposure to the imprinting object or to any specific aspects of the test situation. These results demonstrate the importance of normal visual, motor and/or social experience to the development of the visual control of filial behavior in ducklings.
Effects of a commercial soy lecithin preparation on development of sensorimotor behavior and brain biochemistry in the rat
Authors: Bell Joanne M. , Lundberg Paula K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPregnant rat dams and offspring were exposed to a 5 or 2% soy lecithin preparation or a control diet. Enrichment was either lifelong beginning at gestation, limited to the time preceding, or the time following weaning, or absent (constituting a “pure” control group). The most marked early sensorimotor deficits (reflex righting and swimming development) were seen in the 5% soy lecithin preparation group, although all soy lecithin preparation‐exposed offspring had elevated brain/body weight ratios and choline acetyltransferase levels. Later, animals exposed to lifelong 5 or 2% soy lecithin preparations were hypoactive, had poor postural reflexes, and showed attenuated morphine analgesia. The results indicate that dietary soy lecithin preparation enrichment during development leads to behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in the exposed offspring.
Measures of growth, development, and sexual maturation in mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus): Effects of photic period during ontogeny
Authors: Clark Mertice M. , Galef Bennett G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined, in Mongolian gerbils, the adequacy of two commonly used indices of rate of development, age at eye‐opening and age at vaginal introitus, as predictors of biologically important events: initiation of feeding on solid food and age at first parturition. We then enquired as to the interrelationships among body weight, eye‐opening, and vaginal introitus in Mongolian gerbils whose rates of development were manipulated by altering the extent of their exposure to illumination during ontogeny. We found that (1) age at vaginal introitus was significantly, but weakly, correlated with age at first parturition (Experiment I); (2) age at eye‐opening strongly predicted age of initiation of gnawing on solid food (Experiment II); (3) eye‐opening occurred at markedly different ages, but at the same body weight in gerbils reared under 0/24‐, 6/18‐, 12/12‐, and 24/0‐hr day–night cycles (Experiment III); and (4) vaginal introitus occurred at both different ages and different body weights in females reared under different day–night cycles (Experiment III).
The role of feeding regimens in the growth of neonate broad‐banded water snakes, Nerodia fasciata confluens, and possible effects on reproduction
Authors: Schudder Roy M. , Burghardt Gordon M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of different feeding regimens on the growth pattern of Nerodia fasciata confluens was tested using a litter of 18 captive‐born neonates. The snakes were divided among three feeding group: one group fed once per week, another fed twice per week, and the third fed on alternate days. The once per week and the twice per week groups were offered the same weight of food each week, while the alternate‐day group was offered food in excess of ingestion levels during each feeding session. The results indicate that there is a shift in the allocation of energy for growth in weight, snout‐vent length, and tail length with a change in the feeding regimen. Females were affected more than the males. The results are discussed in relation to their possible effect on reproduction.
Cue significance and response regulation in 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children's learning of multiple choice discrimination tasks
Authors: Bell J. A. , Livesey P. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe learning of multiple choice discrimination tasks of 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐year‐old children was compared using the components of learning of cue significance and response regulation. No significant differences between age groups were found in the occurrence of cue significance learning, although the younger children's cue significance responses were less accurately related to task solution. On the two easier tasks, the component of response regulation improved significantly over the age range of 3–5 years. On the two more difficult tasks 6‐year‐olds' response regulation was significantly better than that of 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds. In a second experiment involving two different training procedures, 5‐yearqolds performed better than 4‐yearqolds. Only for 5‐year‐olds was performance with the procedure emphasizing response regulation superior to performance with the procedure emphasizing cue significance. These results are discussed in terms of an association between development of response regulation and maturation of hippocampal‐prefrontal cortex systems.
Effects of social experience on visually imprinted maternal preferences in peking ducklings
Authors: Johnston Timothy D. , Gottlieb Gilbert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIf Peking ducklings are given social experience with agemates after their initial exposure to a maternal imprinting model (a stuffed mallard hen) their subsequent maternal preferences in simultaneous choice tests are different from those of isolate‐reared ducklings. Early in development (at 48 hr after hatching), they show a visual preference for the mallard over a redhead model, a difficult discrimination that isolated birds do not make (Experiment I). However, later in development (at 72 hr after hatching) the social experience interferes with the birds' maternal preferences, in that socially reared birds do not show a visual preference for the mallard over a pintail model, a preference that isolated birds do show at that age (Experiment II). It was found that it is the later social experience with agemates (between 48 and 72 hr) that actively interferes with the preference for the mallard model, because birds that have had only early social experience with agemates (between 24 and 48 hr) prefer the familiar mallard to the pintail model at both 48 and 72 hr (Experiment III). The conventional view of visual imprinting is that it serves to establish a maternal bond that does not require further experience with the mother to be maintained. Our results suggest that in the natural situation, where potentially interfering social stimulation is provided by siblings, continual exposure to the mother may be necessary to maintain the maternal bond even after it has been established.
Individual differences in mood in early childhood: Their relation to gender and neonatal sex steroids
Authors: Marcus Janet , Maccoby Eleanor E. , Jacklin Carol Nagy , Doering Charles H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPredominant mood states were assessed for 104 children via 24‐hr mother diaries during the first 2 years of life. Consistent sex differences were found across ages and across cohorts: boys were more often reported to be in a happy/excited mood, girls in a quiet/calm mood. The sexes did not differ in the frequency of negative moods (including crying), however. Scores for happy/excited and quiet/calm mood states were quite stable across the ages sampled: 6, 9, 12, 18, and 26 months. These stabilities were generally greater for boys. Negative moods showed only borderline stability. Relationships between the mood scores and five sex‐steroid hormones (progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol), assayed from umbilical cord blood at the time of the children's birth, were assessed. For boys small, but significant, positive relationships were found between happy/excited moods and androstenedione, estrone, and progesterone. Correlations of opposite sign were found between these hormones and boys' scores for quiet/calm mood. For girls, the correlations were low and insignificant, but generally of opposite sign from those found for boys, and a number of hormones showed significant sex‐b‐hormone interactions in their relation to children's mood scores. The implication of these findings for the understanding of sex differences is discussed. Also discussed are the problems of interpretation posed by the intercorrelations among hormones when hormone scores are used for prediction of aspects of later development.
Early weaning does not accelerate the expression of nursing‐related taste aversions
Authors: Melcer Ted , Alberts Jeffrey R. , Gubernick David J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPreweanling rat pups do not display an aversion to a flavor conditioned stimulus (CS) paired with illness if the CS is presented during the act of suckling. In contrast, 20‐day‐old pups do form such a conditioned taste aversion while suckling (Martin & Alberts, 1979). The dissolution of the nursing‐related “blockade” of toxiphobia correlates with the onset of solid food intake. Moreover, prevention of weaning prolongs the blockade; ingestive experience with solid food is necessary for the expression of nursing‐related taste aversions in 26‐day‐old “food naive” pups (Gubernick amp;Alberts, 1984). The present experiments tested the possibility that premature weaning to solid food might accelerate the onset of nursing‐related toxiphobia. Pups were weaned at 13 days of age and ingested only food and water. These prematurely weaned pups received taste aversion conditioning while suckling on Day 16, but showed no aversion to the CS flavor during a later food test. Thus, conditions that lead to early weaning (ingestion of solid food) do not accelerate the onset of taste aversions to mother's milk.
Adrenocortical and behavioral responses to limb restraint in human neonates
Authors: Malone Stephen M. , Gunnar Megan R. , Fisch Robert O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted on human neonates examining their behavior and adrenocortical activity in response to physical restraint. In both experiments, newborns (9 per condition in Experiment I; 10 per condition in Experiment II) were tested in one of three conditions: Restraint, which involved strapping newborns to a circumstraint board for 20 min; Strapping Control, which involved strapping newborns to the board and then immediately taking them off the board and returning them to their cribs; and Control, which did not involve any restraining manipulation. In Experiment I, blood samples for plasma cortisol determination were obtained via heel‐stick immediately prior to the assigned manipulations and 30 min later. In Experiment II, only the postmanipulation blood sample was taken. Two behavioral states, Active Awake and Crying, were examined as indices of behavioral distress. In Experiment I, the effects of the blood sampling procedure on behavioral distress and plasma cortisol were significant; however, no significant effects of restraint were observed. In Experiment II, restraint was associated with small but significant increases in behavioral distress and in plasma cortisol levels.