bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local, National, and International Regulations on Biosolids Land Application
Authors: Iranpour R. , Cox H. H. J. , Kharaghani S. , Hagekhalil A. , Moghaddam O. , Kearney R. J. , Clark J. H. , Pincince A. B. , Daigger G. T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Risk management in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM): lessons learnt from the case of GMO‐free soybeans
Authors: Teuscher Peter , Grüninger Beat , Ferdinand Niels 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA well designed risk‐oriented supply chain management can put companies in a privileged position to deliver sustainable and reliable long‐term benefits to all stakeholders in the value chain. The case of GMO‐free soybean supply illustrates the various aspects of risk prevention that can lead to a systematic model of sustainable supply chain management. The article illustrates how – after consumers pressed the food industry to exclude GMO soybeans from their products – a sustainable soybean supply chain was established. Approaching the issue on a pragmatic basis, several tools have proved to be useful in constructing the supply chain. The authors show what the crucial points of sustainable supply chain management are. They point out the great contribution of standards and platforms such as BSCI, ETI, SA8000 and Fairtrade labelling, whereas process models such as AA1000 provide useful guidance on immunization against potential stakeholder risks. Finally, the article shows how a systematic approach can help companies to establish their tailored sustainable supply chain management. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Members of the Plag gene family are expressed in complementary and overlapping regions in the developing murine nervous system
Authors: Alam Sharmila , Zinyk Dawn , Ma Lin , Schuurmans Carol 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn the developing nervous system, cell fate specification and proliferation are tightly coupled events, ensuring the coordinated generation of the appropriate numbers and correct types of neuronal and glial cells. While it has become clear that tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are key regulators of cell division in tumor cells, their role in normal cellular and developmental processes is less well understood. Here we present a comparative analysis of the expression profiles of the three members of the pleiomorphic adenoma gene (Plag) family, which encode zinc finger transcription factors previously characterized as tumor suppressors (Zac1) or oncogenes (Plag1, Plag‐l2). We focused our analysis on the developing nervous system of mouse where we found that the Plag genes were expressed in both unique and overlapping patterns in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and in olfactory and neuroendocrine lineages. Based on their patterns of expression, we suggest that members of the Plag gene family might control cell fate and proliferation decisions in the developing nervous system and propose that deciphering these functions will help to explain why their inappropriate inactivation/activation leads to tumor formation. Developmental Dynamics 234:772–782, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and structures of the venous pole of the heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Brown Nigel A. , Moorman Antoon F.M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn the past, our interpretations of cardiac development depended on analysis of serially sectioned embryos, supported by three‐dimensional reconstructions. It was not possible, using these techniques, to trace the fate of the various embryonic building blocks. This has all changed with the advent of the new techniques in molecular biology. Combining our experience with these new techniques and our previous studies using the classic approach, we have reviewed how the recent advances clarify controversies that still exist concerning the development of the venous pole. The arguments devolve on whether the pulmonary vein is itself a new development or whether its primordium is derived from the systemic venous tributaries, the so‐called sinus venosus. The new techniques show that, rather than developing in the form of a segmented tube, the heart is built up by addition of material to both its arterial and venous poles. At no stage is it possible to recognize a discrete part of the tube that can be identified as the sinus venosus. The confluence of the systemic venous tributaries does not become recognizable as a discrete anatomic entity until compartmented into the newly formed right atrium concomitant with formation of the venous valves. The new molecular techniques show that the pulmonary vein is a new structure, anatomically and developmentally, that is derived from mediastinal myocardium. It gains its connection to the morphologically left atrium between the right‐ and left‐sided systemic venous tributaries. Developmental Dynamics 235:2–9, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Widespread lipoplex‐mediated gene transfer to vascular endothelial cells and hemangioblasts in the vertebrate embryo
Authors: Bollérot Karine , Sugiyama Daisuke , Escriou Virginie , Gautier Rodolphe , Tozer Samuel , Scherman Daniel , Jaffredo Thierry 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe report here a method that allows fast, efficient, and low‐cost screening for gene function in the vascular system of the vertebrate embryo. Through intracardiac delivery of nucleic acids optimally compacted by a specific cationic lipid, we are able to induce in vivo endothelial cell‐specific gain‐of‐function during development of the vascular network in the chick embryo. When the nucleic acids are delivered during the period of intraembryonic hematopoiesis, aortic hemangioblasts, the forerunners of the hematopoietic stem cells known to derive from the aortic endothelium, are also labeled. Similarly, we show that siRNA could be used to induce loss‐of‐function in vascular endothelial cells. This gene transfer technique was also applied to the mouse embryo with a high efficiency. The present method allows large‐scale analysis and may represent a new and versatile tool for functional genomics. Developmental Dynamics 235:105–114, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish foggy/spt5 is required for migration of facial branchiomotor neurons but not for their survival
Authors: Cooper Kimberly L. , Armstrong Juli , Moens Cecilia B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTranscript elongation is a critical step in the production of mature messenger RNAs. Many factors have been identified that are required for transcript elongation, including Spt5. Studies in yeast determined that spt5 is required for cell viability, and analyses in Drosophila indicate Spt5 is localized to sites of active transcription, suggesting it is required generally for transcription. However, the requirement for spt5 for cell viability in a metazoan organism has not been addressed. We determined that zebrafish foggy/spt5 is required cell‐autonomously for the posterior migration of facial branchiomotor neurons from rhombomere 4 (r4) into r6 and r7 of the hindbrain. These genetic mosaics also give us the unique opportunity to determine whether spt5 is required for mRNA transcription equivalently at all loci by addressing two processes within the same cell—neuronal migration and cell viability. In a wild‐type host, spt5 null facial branchiomotor neurons survive to at least 5 days postfertilization while failing to migrate posteriorly. This finding indicates that spt5‐dependent transcript elongation is required cell‐autonomously for a complex cell migration but not for the survival of these same cells. This work provides evidence that transcript elongation is not a global mechanism equivalently required by all loci and may actually be under more strict developmental regulation. Developmental Dynamics 234:651–658, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of neurotrophic factors in skeletal muscle correlates with survival of spinal cord motor neurons
Authors: Kablar Boris , Belliveau Anne C. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo determine which combination of skeletal muscle‐derived neurotrophic factors may be important for the survival of specific subpopulations of developing spinal cord motor neurons, we used Myf5 and MyoD (myogenic regulatory factors) knockouts, containing differentially committed myogenic precursor cells (MPCc) and immunohistochemistry against several muscle‐secreted neurotrophic factors. At the peak of motor neuron cell death, skeletal muscle development is delayed in the back and body wall muscles of Myf5−/− embryos and in the limb muscles of MyoD−/− embryos. We hypothesized that, if the skeletal muscle was indeed an important source of survival factors for motor neurons, the back, the abdominal wall, and the forelimb MPCs of Myf5−/− or MyoD−/− embryos should produce at least some neurotrophic factors necessary for the survival of motor neurons. In this report, we demonstrate that (1) different MPCs lacking Myf5, MyoD, or Myf5/MyoD have different capabilities in providing factors potentially required for the survival of motor neurons and intramuscular nerve branching, (2) MPCs in double‐mutant embryos do not contain neurotrophic factors in the absence of myogenic specification, and (3) different subpopulations of MPCs contain different combinations of neurotrophic factors potentially required for the survival of the specific subpopulations of innervating motor neurons. Developmental Dynamics 234:659–669, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Mechanistic Comparison between Cytochrome P450‐ and Chloroperoxidase‐Catalyzed N‐Dealkylation of N,N‐Dialkyl Anilines
Authors: Bhakta Mehul N. , Wimalasena Kandatege 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMost peroxidases use histidine as an axial ligand for heme, while chloroperoxidase (CPO) uses a thiolate, which is similar to the ligand employed by cytochrome P450 (P450). Several studies have also shown that, unlike other peroxidases, CPO is capable of carrying out monooxygenation reactions in a similar manner to P450 in addition to typical peroxidase‐like reactions. These observations have been attributed to the similarities of the active‐site architecture of the two enzymes. Both enzymes have been shown to efficiently catalyze the oxidative N‐dealkylation of amines. The similar magnitudes of the kinetic isotope effects determined for P450‐ and CPO‐catalyzed N‐dealkylation of N,N‐dimethylaniline have been used to propose that these reactions proceed through similar mechanisms. In this study, we have examined the mechanism of CPO‐catalyzed N‐dealkylation using a series of radical probes, 4‐chloro‐N‐cyclopropyl‐N‐alkylanilines 1–3, which we have recently used in the mechanistic studies of P450, and compared the results with those of P450‐catalyzed reactions. The results show that P450‐ and CPO‐catalyzed reactions proceed through distinctly different mechanisms. As previously reported, while P450‐catalyzed reactions appear to proceed through a Cα‐hydrogen abstraction mechanism, CPO‐catalyzed reactions proceed through a single electron/proton transfer (SET/H+) mechanism, similar to reactions catalyzed by Horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Thus, CPO may not be a good mechanistic model for P450‐catalyzed N‐dealkylations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Unique expression and localization of aquaporin‐ 4 and aquaporin‐9 in murine and human neural stem cells and in their glial progeny
Authors: Cavazzin Chiara , Ferrari Daniela , Facchetti Floriana , Russignan Anna , Vescovi Angelo L. , La Porta Caterina A.M. , Gritti Angela 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAquaporins (AQP) are water channel proteins that play important roles in the regulation of water homeostasis in physiological and pathological conditions. AQP4 and AQP9, the main aquaporin subtypes in the brain, are expressed in the adult forebrain subventricular zone (SVZ), where neural stem cells (NSCs) reside, but little is known about their expression and role in the NSC population, either in vivo or in vitro. Also, no reports are available on the presence of these proteins in human NSCs. We performed a detailed molecular and phenotypical characterization of different AQPs, and particularly AQP4 and AQP9, in murine and human NSC cultures at predetermined stages of differentiation. We demonstrated that AQP4 and AQP9 are expressed in adult murine SVZ‐derived NSCs (ANSCs) and that their levels of expression and cellular localization are differentially regulated upon ANSC differentiation into neurons and glia. AQP4 (but not AQP9) is expressed in human NSCs and their progeny. The presence of AQP4 and AQP9 in different subsets of ANSC‐derived glial cells and in different cellular compartments suggests different roles of the two proteins in these cells, indicating that ANSC‐derived astrocytes might maintain in vitro the heterogeneity that characterize the astrocyte‐like cell populations in the SVZ in vivo. The development of therapeutic strategies based on modulation of AQP function relies on a better knowledge of the functional role of these channels in brain cells. We provide a reliable and standardized in vitro experimental model to perform functional studies as well as toxicological and pharmacological screenings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Potassium channel Kir4.1 macromolecular complex in retinal glial cells
Authors: Connors Nathan C. , Kofuji Paulo 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA major role for Müller cells in the retina is to buffer changes in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) resulting from light‐evoked neuronal activity. The primary K+ conductance in Müller cells is the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.1. Since this channel is constitutively active, K+ can enter or exit Müller cells depending on the state of the [K+]o. This process of [K+]o buffering by Müller cells (“K+ siphoning”) is enhanced by the precise accumulation of these K+ channels at discrete subdomains of Müller cell membranes. Specifically, Kir4.1 is localized to the perivascular processes of Müller cells in animals with vascular retinas and to the endfeet of Müller cells in all species examined. The water channel aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) also appears to be important for [K+]o buffering and is expressed in Müller cells in a very similar subcellular distribution pattern to that of Kir4.1. To gain a better understanding of how Müller cells selectively target K+ and water channels to discrete membrane subdomains, we addressed the question of whether Kir4.1 and AQP4 associate with the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex (DGC) in the mammalian retina. Immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments were utilized to show that Kir4.1 and AQP4 are associated with DGC proteins in rat retina. Furthermore, AQP4 was also shown to co‐precipitate with Kir4.1, suggesting that both channels are tethered together by the DGC in Müller cells. This work further defines a subcellular localization mechanism in Müller cells that facilitates [K+]o buffering in the retina. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate‐mediated glial injury: Mechanisms and clinical importance
Authors: Matute Carlos , Domercq María , Sánchez‐Gómez María‐Victoria 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPrimary and/or secondary glial cell death can cause and/or aggravate human diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Like neurons, glial cells are vulnerable to glutamate insults. Astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes express a wide variety of glutamate receptors and transporters that mediate many of the deleterious effects of glutamate. Astrocytes are responsible for most glutamate uptake in synaptic and nonsynaptic areas and consequently, are the major regulators of glutamate homeostasis. Microglia in turn may secrete cytokines, which can impair glutamate uptake and reduce the expression of glutamate transporters. Finally, oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS, are very sensitive to excessive glutamate signaling, which can lead to the apoptosis or necrosis of these cells. This review aims at summarizing the mechanisms leading to glial cell death as a consequence of alterations in glutamate signaling, and their clinical relevance. A thorough understanding of these events will undoubtedly lead to better therapeutic strategies to treat CNS diseases affecting glia and in particular, those that involve damage to white matter tracts. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular mitochondrial heterogeneity in cultured astrocytes as demonstrated by immunogold labeling of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Authors: Waagepetersen Helle S. , Hansen Gert H. , Fenger Kirsten , Lindsay J. Gordon , Gibson Gary , Schousboe Arne 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn brain cells, various metabolites and metabolic pathways, largely of mitochondrial origin, have been shown to be compartmentalized. Attention has therefore been focused on the possible existence of mitochondrial heterogeneity in the brain at the cellular level. To determine whether mitochondria in cultured cortical and cerebellar astrocytes are heterogeneous at the single cell level, immunogold electron microscopy and an antibody against the α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase component of the α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, a marker enzyme for the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, were employed. The number of gold particles was counted in the mitochondria of 36 and 42 cells from cultured cerebellar and cortical astrocytes, respectively. A test for random distribution (Poisson distribution) of mitochondria according to the number of gold particles was subsequently performed for every one of the 36 and 42 cells as the ratio variance/mean (= index of dispersion). This should be approximately distributed as χ2/degrees of freedom (df) = n − 1, n = number of mitochondria), if the observations obeyed a Poisson distribution. For 26 of the 36 (cerebellar astrocytes) distributions and for 28 of the 42 (cortical astrocytes) distributions a random distribution had to be rejected. These findings therefore strongly indicate that α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is heterogeneously distributed in mitochondria within individual astrocytes originating either from cerebellum or cerebral cortex. In conclusion, this study underlines the probability that mitochondrial heterogeneity at the single cell level might be extended to involve other metabolic pathways and metabolites. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of the wetted soil volume depth, under a surface trickle line source, considering evaporation and water extraction by roots
Authors: Elmaloglou St. , Malamos N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe use of a plane flow model that takes into account evaporation and water extraction by roots, in order to analyze local infiltration from a surface line source of trickle irrigation is presented. The numerical results were the base for the development and testing of an empirical method to determine the depth of the wetted soil volume. The implementation of the mathematical model took place against 3 of the 12 USDA soil classes, Schaap and Leij (1998) using four water application rates for each one. The empirical methodology separates the irrigation process into two phases; the length of each one depends on the duration of the irrigation. The application of two simple, time‐dependent empirical relationships, a power law for the stage of the infiltration and a polynomial for the stage after the end of the irrigation, had very satisfying results. Different statistical criteria were used to evaluate the quality of the method's results and average class values of the empirical coefficients were introduced, based on the corresponding confidence intervals. The agreement between the numerical results and the values calculated by the empirical relationships shows that the combined use of a power law and a polynomial empirical relationship could be used to calculate the vertical movement of the wetting front through the soil profile, in order to reduce the deep percolation losses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network design for groundwater level monitoring in Upper Bari Doab Canal tract, Punjab, India
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Sondhi S. K. , Phogat V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA geostatistical technique based on the theory of regionalized variables offers efficient tools for the design of groundwater level monitoring networks. The existing network of groundwater observation wells in the state of Punjab is randomly scattered which does not depict the correct picture of the water table over large areas. The adequacy of the existing observation wells network in the Upper Bari Doab Canal tract was examined by using universal kriging and specified the optimal locations for possible reduction or addition of observation wells for a given level of accuracy. It was found that the present level of accuracy can be maintained by a 12% reduction in the number of existing observation wells. A considerable improvement in the present level of accuracy was estimated by locating additional observation wells hypothetically in the areas having a high estimation error. For further improvement, a square pattern network at 5 km is proposed, having a maximum estimation error of 2.33 m at the centre of the grid. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to test other alternative networks for their efficiency and economic soundness. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing irrigation at Otrar Oasis, Kazakhstan, AD 800–1700
Authors: Clarke D. , Sala R. , Deom J.‐M. , Meseth E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIrrigation has been practised near the Syr Darya river in Central Asia for over 1300 years. Low‐level aerial surveys were used to determine the extent of the former canal network and archaeological excavations have identified phases of expansion and contraction of towns that depended on irrigated agriculture. From AD 1000 onwards, extensive series of engineered canals were constructed, producing a rich agricultural society in a region formerly considered to be dominated by nomadic pastoralists. Phases and expansion of agricultural development are related to regional changes in climate. Modern irrigation models have been used to reconstruct likely crop water requirements. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic sensitivity indicators for canal operation assessment
Authors: Kouchakzadeh Salah , Montazar Aliasghar 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn open channel irrigation system is a physical infrastructure composed of canal reaches and numerous structures such as offtakes and cross‐regulators, which conveys, regulates and distributes water for irrigation purposes. Each structure is meant to transform an input variable into an output one, and the flexibility of the output with respect to input variations can be expressed by a structure sensitivity indicator. The sensitivity analysis approach, applied to irrigation systems, might be considered an intermediary approach between steady and unsteady flow conditions for describing the flow behavior of irrigation canals. In this paper a preliminary analytical framework is developed to address the sensitivity of irrigation distribution systems. The development of hydraulic sensitivity indicators at local and reach levels is presented first. Then, by incorporating the time parameter in the analysis, a method for estimating a reach–time response to a perturbation is proposed. Also, a case study to evaluate the applicability of sensitivity indicators in assessing flow behavior in an irrigation canal was carried out. The results indicate that the proposed approach is capable of predicting the time required for damping a perturbation with a specified condition and provides the users with sufficient information to improve the management of water distribution in an irrigation network. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.