bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperly–Lieb Algebra and Jones–Kauffman Anyons
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ideas similar to that of the Kauffman bracket introduced in chapter 2 can be used to generate valid anyon theories. We begin with a planar diagram algebra defined only by the value of a loop (the loop weight). One wants to build new particle types by grouping together multiple strands of loops. However, to do so one needs so-called Jones-Wenzl projectors to orthogonalize between species resulting in the so-called Temperly-Lieb Algebra. We demonstrate this construction by building a planar diagram algebra corresponding to the Z2 loop gas (bosons, fermions, semions), and then Ising Anyons. We show how this generalizes to a much bigger set of possible theories. We show how these theories can be made unitary, and how the F-matrices may be calculated. Finally we discuss how the R-matrices can be simply obtained by returning to the Kauffman bracket rules.
Abstracting the Toric Code: Introducing the Tube Algebra
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The arguments about the toric code relied on diagrammatic reasoning about loops around handles of the torus, but the underlying lattice was not crucial to any of the arguments. We now decsribe the same model more abstractly, with diagrams in the continuum, with no reference to the underlying lattice at all. We find that we are using a planar diagram algebra (in this case a d=1, Z2 loop gas) and the toric code ground states arise as a sum over all possible such diagrams. We introduce the notion of the tube algebra. We build so-called “idempotent” states on an annulus (or “tube”) and from these we can extract quasiparticle types, the S-matrix, the T-matrix, braiding, and fusion properties. We then generalize the construction to the ZN toric code.
Kitaev Quantum Double Model
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
One generalization of the toric code is the so-called Kitaev Quantum Double model which realizes the Drinfeld double of a group. In this model edges of a lattice are directed and labeled with elements of a group G which then give us a planar diagram algebra. We consider mainly the “untwisted” case where the F-matrices (or equivalently 3-cocyles) are trivial. This generalizes the toric code where the group is Z2. Again we have vertex and plaquette operators, and a code space which satisfies both. As with the toric code, the ground state is topological although here (depending on the group G) the quasiparticles may be nonabelian. We turn to a continuum model for a more detailed analysis of the ground state space and the quasiparticles using the tube algebra, which, using some amount of group theory, is easily tractable. We discuss the so-called quasiparticle “ribbon operators” which generalize the error strings of the toric code. We relate the Kitaev quantum double model to lattice gauge theory and briefly discuss its generalization to higher dimensions.
Symmetry-Protected Topological Phases of Matter
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We refine our notion of a topoogical phase of matter to account for symmetry protection. We describe SPT (symmetry protected topological or trivial) phases and give some history of this idea. We focus on the case of on-site symmetries. The case of one-dimensional SPTs with on-site symmetry is discussed. For understanding two-dimensional SPTs we focus on the case of Z2 symmetry and argue that there are two possible Z2 paramagnetic phases, i.e., gapped phases where the Z2 symmetry is unbroken. These two phases are in one-to-one correspondence with the two possible Z2 loop gases. We argue that with any discrete group symmetry, we generally classify SPT phases with the possible 3-cocyles. We briefly discuss the idea of symmetry defects and explain that such particles are the excitations of the corresponding twisted Kitaev quantum double model of the same cocyle. We briefly discuss the edge modes of SPT phases. Finally we argue that the SPT phases can be considered as the “ungauging” of the corresponding Dijkgraaf-Witten model.
Experiments (In Brief!)
Authors: Simon Steven H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We give a brief account of some of the experimental systems believed to harbor anyons (or that might someday be coaxed to harbor anyons). We discuss Fractional Quantum Hall Effects — abelian and nonabelian — in some detail. We mention Fractional Chern Insulators, and Bosonic Fractional Quantum Hall Effects. We discuss gapped spin liquids — particular the Kitaev Honeycomb model and frustrated antiferromagents. We briefly discuss conventional superconductors before turning to so-called Majorana materials. Finally we discuss the recent advances in quantum simulation of matter.
Latin, Literacy, and the Roman Economy
Authors: Wilson Andrew 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines economic structures and activities that helped spread the use of Latin, and of literacy, across the Roman West. Latin was spread to the provinces by the movement of people—settlers and colonists; the army; some kinds of mobile craftsmen (principally miners and potters); traders; and slaves—and also by the movement of documents, inscribed objects, and the practice of inscribing things in Latin. Slaves, if they were not brought up speaking Latin, had to learn it to survive. Traders learned it for commercial advantage, in preference to using interpreters. The evidence for professional interpreters is largely limited to military contexts or to the imperial court. Language learning lowered transaction costs when trading across different linguistic spheres—which long-distance trade in the Empire was bound to do. Craftsmen migrating from core provinces towards the periphery in search of economic opportunity brought their Latin with them. These processes occurred alongside, and sometimes independently of, any impetus from the army or the administrative apparatus of the state to use or learn Latin. But the spread of Latin, and literacy, arguably also helped the growth of the Roman economy: the development of a lingua franca lowered transaction costs in all areas of commerce and trade, while a larger-scale and more complex economy functioned better with written records, and with the investment in human capital that even basic education represented.
The Role of the Non-Elite in Spreading Latin in Roman Britain
Authors: Cooley Alison E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the sociocultural environments in which the spread of Latin can be traced in Londinium during the first century ce, following the Claudian conquest. The first section explores what evidence we have for the use of Latin in pre-Roman Britain, as context for discussion of the extent to which the sociocultural contexts in which Latin spread may have changed after the conquest. The rest of the chapter then explores the social factors that encouraged the spread of Latin in Londinium. Focusing on the evidence of writing equipment (styluses, writing tablets, inkwells) as well as on inscriptions on a variety of media (writing tablets, pottery, oculists’ stamps, leather, wood), it evaluates alternatives to the hypothesis that military personnel acted as the main agents for the processes of Latinization. It explores the roles both of incoming traders from the Continent in introducing Latin literate practices and of Roman officialdom in encouraging the extension of Latin writing into new contexts. This is not to discount the potential impact of the military as one factor stimulating the adoption of Latin, given that it is likely that some of the activities of traders were inspired by the needs of supplying the army in Britain, but to refocus attention upon writing that was produced by civilians.
Social Factors in Latinization
Authors: Horster Marietta 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes up essential issues discussed in the volume and focuses on three topics that seem to offer particularly attractive potential for further research into social factors in Latinization. These are (1) the different roles of an individual in society, which are also linked to different language levels and lexicons; (2) the many social microcosms, which contain language and behavioural codes that are visible to the outside world but are self-contained; (3) the openness of the language aspect of Roman identity: the language of the Romans is ‘foreign’, it is Latin, not ‘Roman’.
Comparing Legislative Assemblies
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the authors’ strategy to explore the design and functioning of legislative assemblies in the democratic world. The chapter reviews the existing literature on legislative typologies and reflects on the authors’ ambition to identify the memberships, powers, and processes of real-world legislative assemblies and the extent to which the ideal types set out in Chapter 1 help us understand them. It provides the rationale for focusing on particular assembly structures and processes. The dataset includes over 300 variables on 10 general themes concerning the membership, structures, processes, and powers of legislative assemblies in 68 democratic countries. In addition to helping determine the empirical usefulness of the book’s ideal types, these data may serve as a basic infrastructure for many scholars interested in comparative legislative organization and design. The chapter presents the methods used to collect and create the data that it examines empirically and outlines the ways in which these data will be discussed and analyzed in subsequent chapters. For this purpose, the chapter addresses a number of research design challenges, beginning with its selection of cases.
Electing the Legislative Assembly
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on how legislative assemblies are elected and specifically on four sets of electoral system and candidate selection rules: (1) rules that govern who can become a legislator, (2) rules which determine how legislators are elected, (3) the rule specifying the maximum inter-electoral period, and (4) rules shaping the degree to which individual legislators are secure in office between elections. The specific design of these rules, we will suggest, can privilege or constrain citizens in their capacity to select and control who represents them. These rules also privilege or constrain leaders in their capacity to control an incumbent’s ability to remain in office, and ultimately the degree to which a legislator is accountable to, or relatively independent from, leaders and voters.
The Budgetary Process
Authors: Martin Shane , Strøm Kaare W. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
To help us understand better the challenges of legislative capacity and accountability within the three ideal-typical models of legislative assemblies developed in Chapter 1 (the members’ assembly, the leaders’ assembly, and the voters’ assembly), this chapter focuses on the role of legislative assemblies in the budgetary process. The primary objective is to explore current-day cross-national variation in legislative assemblies’ power of the purse. We expect an assembly’s budgetary capacity to be related to its purposes. A members’ assembly may use the budgetary process to seek rents or win personal votes for incumbent members (or at least the more influential ones), to the detriment of fiscal discipline. In contrast, a voters’ assembly and a leaders’ assembly will in different ways seek to overcome the collective action problems of budgeting for a large number of discrete local constituencies. Leaders’ assemblies will tend to pursue budgetary policies with broader sets of beneficiaries and preferably diffuse costs, falling mainly on the supporters of the political “outs.”
Conclusion
Authors: Bourne Angela K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Conclusion: A ‘Bottom-Up’ Theory of Effective Opposition to Populist Parties summarizes the book’s approach for evaluating the effectiveness of initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs) in multi-level Europe. It is argued that effective IoPPs achieve at least one goal of opposition without producing perverse effects. Goals of opposition are curbing implementation of illiberal and anti-democratic policies, reducing support for populist parties, diminishing party resources, and inducing moderation. Perverse effects are increasing support for populist parties, boosting party resources, and radicalization. Goals and perverse effects are produced by the manipulation of strategic choice, enforcement of the law, leverage, and persuasion. The approach is ‘bottom-up’ because it starts with specific IoPPs undertaken in a country or against a particular populist party and then theorizes the broader consequences of these initiatives for the achievement of goals. The chapter also addresses avenues for future research and practical applications.
Philosophical Allusions in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake
Authors: Baines Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Philosophical Allusions in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake is the first study to offer complete and comprehensive explanations of the most significant philosophical references in Joyce’s avant-garde masterpiece. Philosophy is important in all of Joyce’s works, but it is his final novel which most fully engages with that field. Philosophical Allusions in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake shows the broad range of philosophers Joyce wove into his last work, from Aristotle to Confucius, Bergson to Kant. For each major philosophical allusion in the Wake, this book explains the original idea and reveals how Joyce first encountered it. Drawing upon extensive research into Joyce’s notebooks and drafts, the book then shows how Joyce developed and adapted that idea through repeated revisions. From here, the final form of the idea as it appears in the Wake is explored. In carefully and precisely explaining the Wake’s key philosophical allusions, this book clarifies essential themes within the novel including history, time, language, being, and perception. It also demonstrates how those allusions combine to create a network of ideas, thinkers, and texts which has a logic and an integrity. In doing so, Philosophical Allusions in James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake shows that the more one knows of the Wake’s philosophical allusions, the more one can find meaning and reason in this famously perplexing book of the night.
Irish Materialisms
Authors: Taylor Colleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Irish Materialisms: The Nonhuman and the Making of Colonial Ireland, 1690–1830 is the first book to apply recent trends in new materialist criticism to Ireland. It radically shifts familiar colonial stereotypes of the feminized, racialized cottier according to the Irish peasantry’s subversive entanglement with nonhuman materiality. Each of the chapters engages a focused case study of an everyday object in colonial Ireland (coins, flax, spinning wheels, mud, and pigs) to examine how each object’s unique materiality contributed to the colonial ideology of British paternalism and afforded creative Irish expression. Coins helped to reformulate post-Union nationalist subjectivity around the endurance of material memory. Flax facilitated a paternalistic model of an Irish character that was feminine and capable of whitening. Spinning wheels engineered the idea of an active, turning, resistant mind inside an ostensibly compliant Irish tenant. Mud cabins articulate an Irish creative response to a destroyed, deforested landscape. Pigs afforded Irish writers a nonhuman language of national loss and colonial resistance. The main argument of Irish Materialisms is its methodology: of reading literature through the agency of materiality and nonhuman narrative in order to gain a more egalitarian and varied understanding of colonial experience. Irish Materialisms proves that new materialism holds powerful postcolonial potential. Through an intimate understanding of the materiality Irish peasants handled on a daily basis, this book presents a new portrait of Irish character that reflects greater empowerment, resistance, and expression in the oppressed Irish than has previously been recognized.
The US Army
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWestern forces, starting with the US military, systematically circumvented Afghan law. In carrying out their operations against Al Qaeda and the Taliban, including through a campaign of targeted killings that sharpened local rivalries, they exempted themselves from any Afghan legal framework. Moreover, the Western military set up so-called ‘customary’ or ‘traditional’ councils that issued conflicting verdicts. With their uncertain legal status, these further undermined the regime’s judicial institutions. Finally, in forming their own militias, the Western militaries handed various potentates the means to oppose the central state and eliminate their local rivals. Through its tribal and ethnic vision in Afghanistan, the US military contributed to a polarization of private conflicts along identity lines, making their resolution more intractable. The primordialist interpretations by American soldiers promoted strategies of ethnic or tribal instrumentalization. They allowed entrepreneurs of violence presenting themselves as community representatives to obtain weapons, occupy positions of power, and insinuate themselves as indispensable intermediaries, at the expense of official institutions. The alleged allergy of Afghans to the state became a self-fulfilling prophecy. It caused the US military to boost strongmen they regarded as local when these in fact derived their power largely from international support.
The dual membership of judges
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe recruitment of judges in the Deobandi madrasas allowed the Taliban to set up a particularly economical system because of not having to train specialized staff or draft a legal code. In this way, the movement benefited from the education and ideological indoctrination performed by madrasas on young Afghans from rural areas and refugee camps. After ten years in religious schools, far from their families and villages, the ulama shared a range of theological and legal skills, a bureaucratic habitus, and a worldview that set them apart from their home environment. The education acquired in the Deobandi madrasas underpinned the coherence as well as the Islamic character of their verdicts, which were based mainly on the Hanafite case law that the judges were trained in. This socialization also engendered individual inclinations that reinforced the effectiveness of the institutional arrangements into which the movement inserted them as judges. The Deobandi ideology, which accommodates a role for clerics in social regulation while denying the political character of their actions, fed into a particularly effective claim of judicial objectivity.
The trials
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractUnlike most contemporary armed movements, the Taliban discarded the usual modes of objectivizing the judicial system through space (buildings, courtroom configuration) or attributes (specific dress, symbols, objects), because doing so would have increased the risks of Western troops honing in on the judges. They instead adopted the devices and rituals of rural social life, blending into the population while remaining accessible to their users. The formalization of the Taliban judicial system relied on rudimentary but regular and therefore predictable procedures. In this, it contrasted sharply with that of the regime which, while conspicuously mobilizing the visible attributes of state justice, fostered legal uncertainty by frequently breaking its own rules. In the context of war and given the movement’s limited resources, adherence to a procedural organization—from complaint to verdict and sentencing—conditioned the production of the Taliban judges’ utterances as ‘acts of naming or of instituting’. Respect for procedures allowed the individualizing of disputes and defining the parties as litigants, as persons with rights, able to present evidence in support of their claims and bound to abide by the judge’s ruling. From this perspective, the use of conspicuous but predictable violence, to the extent that it could be justified as an outcome of a judicial process, played a determinative role in the legal nature of the decision.
Conclusion
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe role of the courts in the 2021 Taliban victory attests to the force of law in civil wars. Even more than in peaceful contexts, the objectivization of social relations in juridical institutions is essential to having judges recognized as such. Through recruiting, erecting an institutional architecture, instituting procedures, and employing coercion, the Taliban insurgency established mechanisms for maintaining the impartiality of its judges and conditioning the acceptance of their verdicts. Contemporary civil wars such as in Afghanistan are a laboratory for law and politics: a space and a time when norms are tested and reinvented. In this sui generis environment, legal categories and institutions are born of interactions between governments, the armed movements that challenge them, transnational operators, international institutions, and customary bodies. Contrary to the idea that international norms do not apply in civil wars, they in fact constrain the action of the warring parties. The Taliban, a movement ostracized by the international system for hosting Al Qaeda, adapted their practices to international law and engaged with organizations that implement it (ICRC, United Nations). Afghanistan illustrates how civil wars are the theatre of a radical form of internationalizing the law, for the disordered entanglement of norms and jurisdictions due to armed competition between different belligerents claiming a legal monopoly. Afghanistan, where modern forms of both Western humanitarianism and political Islam developed in the 1980s and 1990s, occupies a defining place in the tangled history of these antagonistic transnationalisms.
Psychological Covariates of Politicians’ Trust Perceptions
Authors: Weinberg James 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 picks apart the psychological covariates of the felt trust concepts. The first half of the chapter focuses on individual differences and the extent to which these predict variation in the type of trustee that a politician will become. Matching theory with empirics, the chapter draws on politicians’ responses to one holistic measure of personality (i.e. the Big Five personality traits) and another narrow measure of ‘dark’ personality (i.e. narcissism). The second half of the chapter explores the attitudinal covariates of politicians’ trust perceptions and, in particular, their agreement with populist and authoritarian notions of sovereignty, power, leadership, and the sanctity of the law.
The Distrust Stressor in Political Office
Authors: Weinberg James 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 focuses on the personal micro-level consequences of governing in an age of distrust. It starts with a nine-part framework of political stressors, including distrust, and uses interview data to provide a qualitative exposition of the framework’s subjective manifestation in the lives of sitting politicians. Turning to quantitative data collected through surveys with politicians, the chapter then examines the link between politicians’ trust perceptions and self-reported measures of mental health and well-being, including occupational satisfaction, efficacy, and depression (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire 9). Participants’ scores on these measures are broken down according to their professional and personal characteristics as well as their trust perception scores.