bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimedia transmission with adaptive QoS based on real‐time protocols
Authors: Bouras Ch. , Gkamas A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a mechanism for adaptive transmission of multimedia data, which is based on real‐time protocols. The proposed mechanism can be used for unicast or multicast transmission of multimedia data over heterogeneous networks, like the Internet, and has the capability to adapt the transmission of the multimedia data to network changes. In addition, the implemented mechanism uses an inter‐receiver fairness function in order to treat the group of clients with fairness during the multicast transmission in a heterogeneous environment. The proposed mechanism uses a ‘friendly’ to the network users congestion control policy to control the transmission of the multimedia data. We implement a prototype application based on the proposed mechanism and we evaluate the proposed mechanism both in unicast and multicast transmission through a number of experiment and a number of simulations in order to examine its fairness to a group of clients and its behaviour against transport protocols (TCP) and UDP data streams. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐user CDMA receiver utilizing decorrelating detector with additional dummy pilot response
Authors: Tomita Mitsuhiro , Kuroyanagi Noriyoshi , Ozawa Satoru , Suehiro Naoki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA pilot assisted CDMA system which uses extended spreading sequences with guard sequences under a quasi‐synchronous condition is capable of separating the interference components included in the input of a de‐correlating receiver by solving a system of linear equations. The performance of such a system, however, depends on the property of the de‐correlating matrix consisting of the received pilots, which correspond to the respective user spreading sequences and the multi‐path channel conditions. That is, the regularity of the matrix often tends to degrade, and the rank reduces occasionally primarily due to the multi‐paths, resulting in solutions that are vulnerable to AWGN. The present paper proposes an effective technique to solve this problem by introducing a virtual user into a group of real users that are to be served. The simulation results indicate a remarkable improvement in the bit‐error‐rate (BER) performance. In addition, based on the BER performance, the system has a RAKE‐like function that has power‐sum characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of an enhancer region in the mouse ephA8 locus directing expression to the anterior region of the dorsal mesencephalon
Authors: Koo Jashin , Shim Sungbo , Gu Changkyu , Yoo Ookjoon , Park Soochul 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEph receptors and ephrins are dynamically expressed in a wide range of regions of the vertebrate during embryogenesis. The dorsal mesencephalon appears to be segmented into two broad regions demarcated by the mutually exclusive expression of EphA receptors and ephrinA ligands. It is of considerable interest to elucidate how these expression domains are established in the development of the mesencephalon. In this study, we used a transgenic approach to define the cis‐acting DNA regulatory elements involved in the anterior mesencephalon‐specific expression of the mouseephA8gene. Our analyses of the temporal and spatial expression patterns of variousephA8/lacZgene fusions in transgenic mice revealed that the 10‐kb genomic DNA 5′ immediately upstream of theephA8coding sequence is capable of directinglacZexpression in anephA8‐specific manner. Further deletion analyses of theephA8genomic region led to the identification of a 1‐kb enhancer region, which directs expression in the embryo to the anterior region of the developing midbrain. ThisephA8‐specific regulatory DNA sequences can now be used in biochemical analyses to identify proteins modulating the anterior differentiation of the optic tectum, and in functional analyses to direct the expression of other developmentally important genes to this region. Developmental Dynamics 226:596–603, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of mouse Tbx22 supports its role in palatogenesis and glossogenesis
Authors: Herr Alexander , Meunier Dominique , Müller Ines , Rump Andreas , Fundele Reinald , Ropers H.‐Hilger , Nuber Ulrike A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTBX22 belongs to the T‐box family of transcription factors and was originally found in an in silico approach designed to identify new genes on the human Xq12‐q21 region. Mutations in TBX22 have been reported in families with X‐linked cleft palate and ankyloglossia (CPX), but the underlying pathogenetic mechanism remained unknown. We have identified mouse Tbx22 and analyzed its expression during embryogenesis by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. In mouse embryos, it is expressed in distinct areas of the head, namely the mesenchyme of the inferior nasal septum, the posterior palatal shelf before fusion, the attachment of the tongue, and mesenchymal cells surrounding the eye anlage. The localization in the tongue frenulum perfectly correlates with the ankyloglossia phenotype in CPX. Furthermore, we identified positionally conserved binding sites for transcription factors, two of which have been implicated previously in palatogenesis (MSX1, PRX2). Developmental Dynamics 226:579–586, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of ZIC genes in the development of the chick inner ear and nervous system
Authors: Warner Stephen J. , Hutson Mary R. , Oh Seung‐Ha , Gerlach‐Bank Lisa M. , Lomax Margaret I. , Barald Kate F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractZIC genes, vertebrate homologues of the Drosophila pair‐rule gene odd‐paired (opa), function in embryonic pattern formation, in the early stages of central nervous system neurogenesis and in cerebellar maturation. Mouse Zic genes are expressed in restricted, and in some cases overlapping, patterns during development, particularly in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We identified chick ZIC2 in a differential display analysis of the auditory system designed to find genes up‐regulated after noise trauma. In this study, we examined the expression of chick ZIC1, ZIC2, and ZIC3 by in situ hybridization in normal inner ear development and in the tissues that influence its development, including the hindbrain, the neural crest, and the periotic mesenchyme. Between Hamburger and Hamilton stages 13 and 24, all three ZIC genes were found in the dorsal periotic mesenchyme adjacent to the developing inner ear. ZIC1 mRNA was expressed in the otocyst epithelium between stages 12 and 24, in some sensory tissue, as well as in a striped pattern in the floorplate of the hindbrain that appears to be complementary to that of Chordin, a gene known to regulate ZIC expression in frogs. Chick ZIC genes are also expressed in the neuroectoderm, paraxial mesenchyme, brain, spinal cord, neural crest, and/or the overlying ectoderm as well as the limb buds. In general, ZIC1 and ZIC2 expression patterns overlapped, although ZIC2 expression was less robust; ZIC3 expression was minimal. These observations suggest that ZIC genes, in addition to their known roles in brain development, may play an important role in the development of the chick inner ear. Developmental Dynamics 702–712, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of decorin and biglycan genes during palatogenesis in normal and retinoic acid–treated mice
Authors: Zhang Yuxiang , Mori Tetsuji , Iseki Ken , Hagino Seita , Takaki Hiromi , Takeuchi Mayumi , Hikake Tsuyoshi , Tase Choichiro , Murakawa Masahiro , Yokoya Sachihiko , Wanaka Akio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractProteoglycans are involved in secondary palate formation. In the present study, we focused on two small leucine‐rich proteoglycans, decorin and biglycan, because they assembled extracellular matrix molecules such as collagens and modulated signaling pathway of transforming growth factor‐β. To investigate the functions of decorin and biglycan in palatogenesis, we compared their mRNA expression patterns between normal palate and retinoic acid‐induced cleft palate in mice by using in situ hybridization analysis during the period of embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) to E15.5. On E13.5, decorin mRNA was expressed in the epithelia and mesenchyme on the nasal side of the developing secondary palate. During the period the palate shelves were fusing (E14.5), decorin mRNA was strongly expressed in the mesenchyme but its expression pattern was asymmetric; decorin mRNA expression area in the nasal side was broader than that in the oral side. The expression of decorin mRNA was hardly detected in the mesenchyme on either side of the medial edge epithelium. After fusion (E15.5), its expression converged to the mesenchyme just around the palatine bone. Biglycan mRNA was ubiquitously distributed throughout the palatal mesenchyme for the mid‐gestation period. Its expression area became limited to the ossification area within the palate after the late gestation period. In the retinoic acid–treated mice, the area of the decorin gene expression expanded to the core region of the palate primordium where little signal was observed in control mice. On the other hand, biglycan in the retinoic acid–treated mice did not show remarkable change in its distribution patterns compared with that in the control mice. These findings suggest that decorin and biglycan play distinct roles in palatogenesis, and decorin was more actively involved in the process of secondary palate formation than biglycan. Up‐regulation of decorin gene expression in the retinoic acid–treated mice might influence the pathogenesis of cleft palate. Developmental Dynamics 226:618–626, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation of groucho‐related genes in the embryonic chicken feather bud
Authors: Houghton Leslie , Freeman Allison , Morgan Bruce A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe groucho‐related gene (Grg) products modulate the transcriptional response to several extracellular signals, including the Wnts. In an effort to define the roles of Grgs in the morphogenesis of the feather bud, cDNAs encoding members of the Grg family were cloned from embryonic chick skin. In situ hybridization was used to localize transcripts for cGrg2, Grg3, Grg4, and Grg5 in embryos from day 6 through day 9. Expression of cGrg2, 3, and 5 is detected throughout the initial epidermal placode. As the buds mature, expression becomes limited to the posterior halves and eventually to the distal tip of the outgrowing bud. This pattern and the effects of forced activation of the bone morphogenetic protein and β‐catenin signal transduction pathways on Grg gene expression suggest that these genes act downstream of the early activation of the β‐catenin pathway that initiates placode formation. Induction of Grg genes by β‐catenin may serve as a negative feedback to modulate pathway activation while also altering the activity of other transduction pathways involved in bud patterning. Developmental Dynamics 226:587–595, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and misexpression of members of the FGF and TGFβ families of growth factors in the developing mouse pancreas
Authors: Dichmann Darwin S. , Miller Christopher P. , Jensen Jan , Scott Heller R. , Serup Palle 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe have performed a high‐capacity, semiquantitative, reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction screen for expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family genes as well as their cognate receptors. By using cDNA prepared from embryonic day 12 to postnatal day 0 embryonic mouse pancreas, we have identified several factors potentially involved in the development of the endocrine pancreas. We find high‐level early expression of TGFβ‐1 and ‐2, and constitutive expression of TGFβ‐3 and their receptors. Of the Inhibin/Activin members, we found exclusively Inhibin‐α and Activin‐βB to be expressed, and the BMP family was represented by BMP4, BMP5, and BMP7. The predominant forms of the BMP and Activin type II receptors were ActR‐IIB and BMPR‐II and of the type I receptors, BMPR‐1A and ‐1B were the highest expressed. FGF1, FGF7, FGF9, FGF10, FGF11, and FGF18 were also expressed in the pancreas at varying time points and levels, as well as FGF receptor forms FGFR1b, FGFR1c, FGFR2b, FGFR2c, FGFR3b, and FGFR4. To gain insight into the biological function, we misexpressed members of these families in the pancreas by using the early pancreas promoter Pdx1. Misexpression of FGF4 results in disruption of the pancreas morphology with epithelial structures interspersed in stroma tissue. The endocrine compartment was reduced to scattered single cells, and the exocrine consisted of unbranched ductal epithelia with acinar structures budding off. In contrast, misexpression of BMP‐6 resulted in complete agenesis of the pancreas and reduced the size of the stomach and spleen dramatically and caused fusion of the liver and duodenum. Developmental Dynamics 226:663–674, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation of eHAND during limb development
Authors: Fernandez‐Teran Marian , Piedra M. Elisa , Rodriguez‐Rey Jose C. , Talamillo Ana , Ros Maria A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstracteHAND is a bHLH transcription factor with important functions during embryogenesis. Here, we report that eHAND has a dynamic pattern of expression during limb development. In chick embryos, eHAND expression is first observed in the ventral mesoderm of the emerging limb. Its expression is then restricted to an anteroventral area of mesoderm at mid‐level in the proximodistal axis. At later stages, expression is observed in the autopod encompassing the ventral tendons of the digits. In mouse embryos, only the anteroventral domain of expression is conserved, the early ventral expression not being detectable and the late pattern of expression differing clearly from that in the chick. A constant feature of all areas of expression is their ventral and anterior localization. Respecification of the anterior mesoderm as occurs secondarily to Sonic hedgehog (SHH) or retinoic acid application to the anterior border leads to down‐regulation of eHAND expression. Accordingly, eHAND expression is not detectable in talpid2 mutant limbs, which are considered to be posteriorized limbs. However, eHAND expression is little modified in oligozeugodactyly, a chick mutant that lacks Shh signaling in the limb but retains certain anteroposterior polarity. Interestingly, eHAND expression is also linked to the ventral identity of the mesoderm and is repressed by the dorsal ectoderm. It is also positively regulated by bone morphogenetic protein signaling, which is also known to participate in dorsoventral patterning. We suggest that eHAND expression may be related to the anteroventral identity of the mesoderm. However, in overexpression experiments using retroviral vectors, only a low percentage of cases (5%) showed phenotypic alterations, consisting of a duplication of digit 2. Developmental Dynamics 226:690–701, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial ATP synthase controls larval development cell nonautonomously in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Tsang William Y. , Lemire Bernard D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of five protein complexes capable of generating cellular energy in the form of ATP. Defects in mitochondrial energy production can result in a wide variety of diseases with tissue‐specific effects. We previously have isolated a mutation in the atp‐2 gene, which encodes the active site or β‐subunit of complex V in Caenorhabditis elegans. This atp‐2(ua2) mutation is lethal, resulting in developmental arrest at the third larval stage (L3). In this report, we use mosaic analysis to identify the tissues in which atp‐2 gene activity is dispensable for development past the L3 stage. The loss of atp‐2 in any tissue can provoke arrest at the L3 stage. However, animals with a loss of the atp‐2 gene in the ABa lineage, which gives rise to neuronal, pharyngeal, and hypodermal cells, and/or the E lineage, which gives rise to the intestinal cells, can occasionally develop past L3. Loss of atp‐2 gene function in the lineages that give rise to the body muscles is invariably associated with developmental arrest. This finding suggests that the body muscles may play a key role in regulating development. We conclude that atp‐2 functions cell nonautonomously in this developmental process. Our findings suggest that atp‐2 is involved in the production or the regulation of a global, developmental signal required for the L3‐to‐L4 transition. Developmental Dynamics 719–726, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timing of odontogenic neural crest cell migration and tooth‐forming capability in mice
Authors: Zhang Yanding , Wang Shusheng , Song Yiqiang , Han Jun , Chai Yang , Chen YiPing 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mammalian tooth develops through sequential and reciprocal interactions between cranial neural crest (CNC)‐ derived ectomesenchymal cells and the stomadial epithelium. Classic tissue recombination studies demonstrated that premigratory CNC cells and CNC‐derived ectomesenchymal cells possess odontogenic capacity and can respond to oral epithelial signals to form a tooth, suggesting that the CNC cells contributing to odontogenic tissue are not prespecified. Here we show that, in mice, CNC cells have populated the forming first branchial arch before the 9‐somite stage and continue to migrate into the arch by the 13‐somite stage. Grafts of the first arch from the 10‐somite embryo or earlier yielded membranous bone and cysts but no teeth after subrenal culture. However, grafts of the first arch with its dorsally adjacent tissue containing migrating neural crest cells from the same age embryos gave rise to teeth. In contrast, teeth formed in first arch grafts that do not contain migrating neural crest cells from embryos with 12 or more somites. Interestingly, the acquisition of tooth forming capability in the first arch coincides with the onset of Fgf8 expression in the oral epithelium. These results suggest that there exists a population of odontogenic neural crest cells that migrates into the first arch between the 10‐ and 12‐somite stages. These cells either possess odontogenic potential and are able to initiate tooth development, or can respond to odontogenic signals derived from the oral epithelium to support tooth formation. Developmental Dynamics, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of a new selective cell discard scheme with two threshold control on ATM networks
Authors: Sugizaki Yoshio , Asatani Koichi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWhen UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) service is used on an ATM network, cells are discarded in congestion and imperfect packets are generated that consume network resources in a wasteful manner. As a remedy, the EPD (Early Packet Discard) control is proposed, in which the cells are discarded on a packet basis in congestion by providing a threshold to the input buffer. However, with EDP control, there is a possibility that the EOP (End Of Packet) cell in AAL5 may be discarded. Thus, two successive packets become invalid. For this reason, the TT‐EPD (Two Threshold‐EPD) that prevents discarding of the EOP cell has been proposed. This scheme sets two threshold values (TH1 and TH2) and the fixed TH1 works similarly to EPD control. TH2 carries out dynamic control and secures the input region for the EOP cell in the buffer. In this scheme, the amount of buffer between TH1 and TH2 decreases and there is an increase in the number of acceptance failures in which the cells composing a packet initially accepted are discarded by TH2. In this paper, a method that keeps the amount of buffer between TH1 and TH2 constant to reduce the acceptance missing packets is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(8): 50– 57, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10039
A method for measuring the reflection coefficient of materials using a spatial spherical standing wave
Authors: Hiraike Taro , Saegusa Kenji , Hasebe Nozomu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWhen the measurement wavelength becomes longer, it becomes difficult to maintain a sufficient measurement space in the spatial standing wave method used for reflection coefficient measurement of electromagnetic wave absorbers. To date, a reflection coefficient measurement method using a spherical wave within a rather narrow space has been proposed. However, no theoretical verification has been carried out. In this paper, the spatial standing wave is analyzed by the physical optics approximation (PO) and the FDTD method when the distance between the transmitting antenna and the measuring material is set in the Fresnel region. The analytical results are compared with the experimental results. When a conductive plate is utilized as measuring material, the spatial standing wave distributions analyzed by PO and FDTD method, the measured distributions correlate well in terms of their tendencies. From experiments carried out with several types of electromagnetic wave absorbers at 600 to 2000 MHz, it is found that the reflection coefficient of the material can be determined by the spatial standing wave at about 1 to 2.5 wavelengths in front of the material. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(8): 40–49, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10081
A software antenna configuration having robustness for strong interference signal that arrives suddenly—Utilizing the power inversion characteristics in the second eigenvector beam output
Authors: Hatanaka Yoshitaka , Karasawa Yoshio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn environment is assumed in which a strong interference wave is suddenly incident. To produce an antenna robust to such an environment, a method is proposed in which an eigenvector beamspace adaptive array (EBAA) is formed by using the weight of the eigenvector for the first eigenvalue in the case of weak interference, but the weight of the eigenvector for the second eigenvalue in the case of strong interference. The performance of the interference suppression in the latter case (desired wave power ≪ interference wave power) is analyzed by numerical calculations and simulations. Also, this EBAA is superior in terms of configuration and performance to the well‐known power inversion adaptive array (PIAA). Based on the results, a software antenna configuration method for real‐time understanding of the propagation environment and adaptive switching of the algorithm is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(8): 20–28, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10099
Proposal and evaluation of multistage distributed traffic monitoring system
Authors: Kanamura Akira , Ohta Kohei , Waizumi Yuji , Kato Nei , Nemoto Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor network management, collection methods of administrative information based on traffic monitoring have been used widely. However, in a network that is divided into segments by switches and routers, different traffic is observed for each segment, so that there is a difference in the fault detection capability using the threshold mechanism and the collection of sufficient administrative information by packet analysis may not be possible. In this paper, the effects of network segmentation on the detection capability and the collection capability of traffic monitoring are pointed out. Subsequently, to resolve this problem, a multistage distributed traffic monitoring method is proposed in which several agents are dynamically linked in a manager/agent‐type traffic monitoring environment. The present method is applied to the fault management and security monitoring of a real network and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(8): 9–19, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10108