bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feed selection and digestibility by captive giraffe
Authors: Baer David J. , Oftedal Olav T. , Fahey George C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA digestion trial with subsequent examination of feed selection was conducted using two captive giraffe fed four feedstuffs. Apparent digestibility coefficients were relatively high, indicating that the animals were efficiently utilizing the feedstuffs. However, values could be affected by the possible ingestion of soil containing acid‐insoluble ash. A high fiber pelleted feed was eaten in a greater quantity than a low fiber feed, even though the constituents in each feed were the same. Gross energy content of residual hay was higher than gross energy content of the offered hay. whereas neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content were lower in the residual than in the offered hay. The animals did not appear to be selecting for a diet high in energy or low in fiber. Based on these results and other information, re‐classification of giraffe as a facultative concentrate selector or as an intermediate feeder may be appropriate.
Monitoring luteal function in the lion‐tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) through urinary progesterone metabolite measurements
Authors: Shideler S. E. , Mitchell W. R. , Lindburg D. G. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA direct radioimmunoassay for measuring urinary 20‐hydroxyprogesterone cross‐reactivity to monitor and assess luteal function and detect pregnancy in the lion‐tailed macaque (Macaca silenus) is described. Urine samples were collected daily during ten nonconceptive and five conceptive ovarian cycles of five dult female lion‐tailed macaques. Urine was analyzed for concentrations of 20α‐hydroxypro‐gesterone cross‐reactivity, estrone conjugates, and creatinine.The strength of the luteal phase in normal nonconceptive cycles (n = 8) is characterized by a maximum sevenfold increase (day 9) in mean 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone cross‐reactivity over follicular phase levels; the duration, by a 13‐day sustained elevation of mean 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone cross‐reactivity levels. Pregnancy is detectable from 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone cross‐reactivity values approximately 20 days after the periovulatory estrone conjugate peak (n = 4). Apparent anovulation (n = 1), extended follicular phase (n = 1), and early abortion (n = 1) also are detectable using 20α‐hydroxyprogesterone cross‐reactivity measurements.
Induction of a fertile mating in a red ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata rubra) using pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
Authors: Karesh William B. , Willis Mary S. , Czekala Nancy M. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) was administered to an adult female red ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata rubra) as part of a medical evaluation to determine the cause of reproductive failure. Successful fertilization, pregnancy, and parturition occurred following PMSG treatment. This report documents an approach to evaluating reproductive failure in an endangered primate species and illustrates the value of collecting objective data on all individuals in a colony for retrospective and comparative analysis. Data from basic and applied research on a variety of species were synthesized to establish a logical protocol for fertility evaluation of an individual. The use of PMSG to induce estrus, ovulation, or fertilization has not been documented for an endangered primate species.
1983 Studbook for rare leopards, Panthera pardus ssp
Authors: Shoemaker Alan H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNumbers of most rare subspecies of leopards held in captivity increased during 1983. Persian leopards increased by 19% during 1983, Chinese leopards by 14%, and Ceylon leopards by 57%. Only Amur leopards experienced a decline (7%) during this period, a situation caused primarily by the loss of several aged, wildborn males held in Russian zoos. The number of ancestors (founders) of the four subspecies' captive populations continues to be small, but several new founders have been acquired and should produce young during 1984. The disappearance of animals after transfer to animal dealers, primarily in Europe, continues to plagus these studbooks, a situation caused by the inability of zoos to absorb all the surplus offspring and the lack of cooperation from several animal dealers.Die Anzahl individuen der meisten Unterarten seltener Leoparden in Menschenobhut erhöhte sich im Jahre 1983. Die Zunahme betrug für den nordpersischen Leoparden 19%, für den chinesischen Leoparden 14% und für den ceylon‐Leoparden 57%. Nur der amur Leopard nahm im dieser Periode um 7% ab, vor allem wegen des Todes einiger alter, männlicher Wildfänge in russischen Zoos. Die Anzahl Vorfahren (Gründermitglieder) der vier Unterarten in Menschenobhut bleibt klein. Einige neue Gründermitglieder, die sich voraussichtlich 1984 fortpflanzen werden, konnten aufgenommen werden. Ungenauigkeiten im Zuchtbuch entstehen durch Verschwinden mehrer Exemplare nach Abgabe vor allem an europäische Tierhändler: Diese Situation wird verursacht durch Platzmangel in anerkannten Zoos und fehlende Kooperations‐bereitschaft einiger Tierhändler.
Courtship behavior among musk‐ox males kept in confinement
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring twelve 2‐h observation sessions courtship behavior was recorded among seven musk‐ox males (Ovibos moschatus) kept in a paddock together with six females. The animals were sexually mature and of the same age. Foreleg kicking and genital sniffing were more common than mounting. All three activities were of a nonaggressive nature but were shown almost exclusively by dominants toward subordinate partners. Assuming the role of courted females, recipients were never the target of aggressive acts.It was concluded that courtship among mature musk‐ox males functions as a nonaggressive reinforcement of dominance, promoting low‐risk coexistence of males.
Mother‐infant and infant‐infant interactions in captive sable antelope: Evidence for behavioral plasticity in a hider species
Authors: Hnida John A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive mother‐infant pairs of sable antelope.(Hippotragus niger) were studied over a 3‐mo period at the Oklahoma City Zoo. Observations were made using instantaneous scan and ad libitum sampling on focal animals (four from the day of birth and one from 1 day of age) and continuing for 1–5 wk for each mother‐infant pair. Evidence is presented that conflicts with descriptions of hider maternal behavior found in the literature. Mothers often initiated nursing bouts by approaching to within a meter or less of infants that were in hiding sites (25 of the 35 bouts initiated by mothers when infants were in hiding sites). In addition, two mothers were seen lying in contact with or next to hiding infants for greater than 12 h postpartum (15 and 23 h postpartum respectively). These findings indicate that some behaviors associated with hider species can be modified in captivity; this could have implications for captive management of hider species with regard to reintroduction. Infants as young as 1 wk of age hid with other infants. Hiding infants did not move away from other infants that approached and hid with them. These findings call into question Murdock et al's [1983] conclusions that infants of hider species avoid hiding together and that hiding and crèching are distinct activities. It is suggested that hiding and crèching form part of the continuum of early social development in some hider species. A primiparous mother was nursed by two infants other than her own (ten observations). This situation is described and its implications for captive management are discussed.
Description of collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) milk composition
Authors: Lochmiller Robert L. , Hellgren E. C. , Grant W. E. , Greene L. W. , Dill C. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComposition of collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) milk was described for samples obtained from a group of four captive females maintained on a high quality diet and four wild‐caught females inhabiting semiarid rangelands in southern Texas. The gross composition of peccary and porcine milks are fairly similar, with some differences in mineral composition. Results suggest that bottle formulations developed for domestic swine piglets would provide adequate nutrition for hand‐rearing nursling peccaries.
Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: Description and intervention
Authors: Gould Edwin , Bres Mimi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDirect observation of regurgitation and reingestion (r/r) of captive gorillas was used to describe and catalog this behavior and thus lay the groundwork for possible intervention in the r/r cycle. Analysis of questionnaires regarding 117 gorillas at 17 zoos suggests that social deficits during early development contribute to the occurrence of r/r later in life. Wild‐caught and captive‐born, hand‐reared gorillas show higher incidence of r/r than that of mother‐reared infants. R/r increases the daily ingestion time. Feeding browse decreases r/r and increases time spent feeding from about 11% of the day to 27% of the day.
A survey of research in American zoos and aquariums
Authors: Finlay Ted W. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 26‐item questionnaire was distributed to 153 American zoos, aquariums, and animal parks. A response rate of 78% was achieved after a second mailing. The results indicate that most zoos encourage research and have engaged in recent research activities of some type. Behavioral and reproductive research are the most common types of scientific activity, while nonprimate mammals are the most likely research subjects. Research activity is correlated with attendance and with academic affiliations. Nearly half of the institutions surveyed reported that their research efforts were expanding.
Socialization processes in a female lowland gorilla
Authors: Brown Susan G. , Wagster Molly V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA low‐interactive, captive, female lowland gorilla, Molly, was studied following the introduction into her enclosure of three gorillas, two males and a female, raised from birth in captive gorilla groups. Observations were made 6 mo after the new gorillas were introduced. Throughout the period of observation, Molly interacted in an affiliative manner with one of the males, playing or sitting quietly with him in a tree (where Molly spent most of her time) and occasionally on the ground. Agonistic displays between Molly and the new female decreased after they were released in the enclosure without the males for a series of days. Molly, however, continued to react to the other male, the most dominant, in an agonistic manner, and usually retreated from his reach, climbed the tree, and/or grimaced and piloerected whenever he approached. Although Molly's continued avoidance of the dominant male impeded her complete socialization, we propose that the interventions employed in this study—introduction of new younger gorillas into and an enclosure, and a series of dyadic separations between the noninteractive gorilla and each of the new group members—are possible strategies that can be used to facilitate socialization of captive, noninteractive gorillas.
Genetic identification of hybrid camelids
Authors: Gentz Edward J. , Yates Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNorth American zoos in 1984 had the first opportunity in many years to obtain South American camelids after a long embargo on imports. The Rio Grande Zoo in Albuquerque, New Mexico, purchased two alpacas and one presumptive llama during this period. The llama, however, appeared to be phenotypically intermediate between a llama and an alpaca. In an attempt to ascertain the identity of this animal, it and purebred individuals of llama and alpaca were compared at 22 presumptive genic loci using starch‐gel electrophoresis. Genic differences between llama and alpaca suggest this animal to be a hybrid. If further tests prove consistent with the findings of this study, this technique will provide a simple assay using easily obtained blood for identifying llama and alpaca. The use of genetic management techniques such as this in zoos holds great potential for helping to preserve pure breeding lines of closely related interfertile animals.
Captive biology of an asocial mustelid; Mustela erminea
Authors: Doncarlos Michael W. , Petersen Jay S. , Tilson Ronald L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSuccessful captive reproduction, management, and exhibition of ermine (Mustela erminea) are unreported. Wild ermine are solitary and asocial specialist predators of small vertebrates. In captivity they alternate brief periods of frenetic activity with long periods of inactivity, are furtive, and because of interindividual aggressiveness, are managed as solitary animals. These species‐specific traits have precluded ermine as an ideal animal for captive management and public exhibition. Here we present observations of gestation and litter size, neonatal reproduction, male reproductive variance, and a possible correlation between diet and female reproductive success. We also describe methods of husbandry and of exhibit animal rotation which enhances visitor viewing of the animal.
Artificial insemination with frozen, thawed semen and pregnancy diagnosis in addax (Addax nasomaculatus)
Authors: Densmore Mary A. , Bowen M. Jill , Magyar Steve J. , Amoss Max S. , Robinson Richard M. , Harms Paul G. , Kraemer Duane C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNonsurgical artificial insemination (AI) procedures were performed using frozen, thawed semen in two adult female addax. Pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (300 IU) and prostaglandin (PG) (125 μg) was administered intramuscularly to female 1 on days −3 and −1, respectively, where day 1 was the first day of AI. Only one injection of PG was used, as a low serum progesterone (PROG) concentration (0.5 ng/ml) and a low pregnanediol glucuronide (PdG) concentration (0.36 ng PdG/mg creatinine) had been recorded on day −13. A total of 219 × 106 motile sperm was deposited in the os cervix or anterior vagina on days 1–4. High serum PROG levels (9.4–15.8 ng/ml) and high urinary PdG levels (1.35–1.63 ng PdG/mg creatinine) were observed on days 23, 31, and 39, and the fetal heart was seen beating during an ultrasound exam on day 45. A male calf was born on day 266, 8.7 mo after insemination. This is the first live birth resulting from AI of an antelope with frozen, thawed semen. The Synchro‐mate‐B system of estrous control was used in female 2. The implant was inserted, and the injection was given on day −11 per the manufacturer's instructions. The implant was removed on day −1, and a total of 220 × 106 motile sperm was deposited in the os cervix or anterior vagina on days 1 and 2. High serum PROG levels (17.5–24.5 ng/ml) were observed on days 13, 21, and 29. Although the fetal heartbeat was observed during an ultrasound examinataion on day 42, the fetus was not carried to term. Details of the radioimmunoassay used to determine the luteinizing hormone immunoreactivity of urine samples are presented.
Sexual resurgence and possible induction of reproductive synchrony in a captive group of orangutans
Authors: Zucker Evan L. , Robinett David S. , Deitchman Marsha 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn April 1985, a 22‐year‐old group‐living female orangutan gave birth to her second infant, marking an interbirth interval of 12 years, 2 months. The timing and patterning of sexual activity displayed by the group of two females and one male over a 3‐year period were analyzed to identify variables that might account for this female's sexual resurgence. Variables considered were (1) movement to a new habitat, (2) opening of a vaginal stricture, (3) addition of a second female to the group, (4) male sexual resurgence, and (5) copulatory synchrony. None of these variables alone could account for the resurgence of fertility, although several of them account for the increase in copulatory frequency. This suggests that a combination of factors may be operating, including the induction of fertility via the presence of another cycling female. This induction effect has been described for rhesus macaques, and since this orangutan group meets the conditions necessary for such an induction effect, it is offered as another possible variable influencing fertility. Indices of pregnancy determination, as they relate to gestation lengths and prematurity of infants, also are evaluated and compared.
Progress report: Results of a long‐range captive breeding program for the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus and Tursiops truncatus gilli
Authors: Cornell Lanny H. , Asper Edward D. , Antrim Jim E. , Searles Stan S. , Young W. Glenn , Goff Tom 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere have been 36 bottlenose dolphins born in breeding colonies at Sea World, California, and Sea World, Florida, from 1978–1985. Significant features of this successful reproductive program are construction of a compatible breeding colony, early hormonal detection of pregnancy, pre‐ and postnatal association of inexperienced mothers with experienced females and their calves, and minimized handling of the mothers and calves until the calves are over 1 year of age. Inclusion in the breeding colonies of males old enough to be effective breeders is stressed. Females in the colonies have successfully bred from 8–9 years of age to 23–24 years of age. Calving intervals in the colonies vary from 2 to over 3 years. Calves are born all year round, with some peaking in calving activity in the spring and fall months. Serum progesterone levels greater than 6,000 pg/ml, maintained over a 4–6‐week period, are considered indicative of pregnancy. Progesterone levels vary from less than 10,000 to over 50,000 pg/ml during gestation, averaging 25,000 pg/ml. The need for further study of variation in the pattern of progesterone levels during pregnancy is emphasized. A gestation period for Tursiops of 11.5 to 12 months is consistent with our cumulative progesterone data.
Ultraviolet irradiances of various lamps used in animal husbandry
Authors: Gehrmann William H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA variety of lamps are used in animal husbandry, but data with respect to ultraviolet irradiances from these lamps, which may be important for alleviating or preventing metabolic bone disease, are generally unavailable. This paper reports irradiances from representative lamps as well as transmission and reflective properties of various materials.
Behavioral sex differences and activity patterns of captive humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti)
Authors: Merritt Kathleen , King Nancy E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree female and two male captive Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) were observed in an enclosed exhibit over a period of 10 months to examine behavioral sex differences and to establish whether captive Humboldt penguins exhibit behavioral activity patterns. There were no statistically significant differences between the behaviors of males and females in six categories: resting, self‐maintenance, locomoting, lack of visibility, agonistic behaviors, or pair‐directed behaviors. Although not statistically significant, the pair‐directed activities of bowing and ecstatic displaying were found to have potential use for sexual identification. Females bowing to males accounted for 77% of the observed bows. Further, males were observed performing 68% of the observed ecstatic displays, while females performed only 32%. Four behavioral phases were defined: molting, proximity, nesting, and “other.” Statistically significant behavioral differences occurred between the four phases for all ethogram behaviors with the exception of agonistic and pair‐directed behaviors. Although housed under natural daylight and in an exhibit simulating their habitat in the wild, the captive birds failed to demonstrate a breeding season but bred throughout the study. However, this may have been influenced by one or more of the following factors: a ready supply of food; an air‐filtered, temperature‐controlled atmosphere; and the presence of an adequate number of nesting sites.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: V. Estrogen and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide excretion in the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Ramsay E. C. , Kasman L. H. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA study of female black rhinoceros (Diceros bicomis) urinary steroid and steroid metabolite excretion was performed to determine if techniques useful for monitoring reproductive events in the Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) could be utilized to evaluate the black rhinoceros. Urine samples from 19 zoo‐held black rhinoceros were analyzed for estrogen, estrone conjugates (EC), and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PDG) content by direct radioimmunoassays. Estrogen analysis revealed that >95% of the estrogens present in female black rhinoceros urine are conjugated, with estrone and estradiol accounting for virtually all of these estrogens. There is no observable difference in the amount of estrogen present in estrus; postestrus; and early‐, mid‐, and late‐gestation urine samples. Analysis of serial urine samples for EC failed to reveal any discernible levels or patterns which reflected reproductive status. Neither nonpregnant nor early‐gestational female black rhinoceros' urine samples contained detectable amounts of PDG. Urinary PDG concentrations became measurable in midgestation (9–12 months prior to parturition) and rose steadily throughout the remainder of gestation. PDG levels declined sharply and became nondetectable 1 day postpartum. Though a wide range in PDG levels was observed among individual pregnant animals, each female consistently excreted increasing amounts of PDG through latter pregnancy.
Social behavior of a group of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) on an artificial island in Singapore Zoological Gardens
Authors: Poole Trevor B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of 12 orangutans (three adult males, two adult females, two subadult males, three adolescent males, and two infant males) was observed on a 450‐m2 island at the Singapore Zoological Gardens (SZG). Male orangutans (6–18 years old) showed less social and solitary play as they aged; adults (over 16 years old) were not seen to play. As they grew older males increasingly spent less time making physical contact, but the amount of time they spent in proximity (within arm's length) to others increased. Adult females regularly played with other group members. Contact, allogrooming, and social play showed nonrandom relationships between individuals. Adult females showed the most allogrooming and contact, adolescent and subadult males the most play. There was no obvious dominance hierarchy. One adult male spent about 10% of his time walking around the perimeter of the island. One‐year‐old infants rarely interacted with other individuals apart from their own and the other infant's mother. While orangutans lead relatively solitary lives in nature, it was concluded that the opportunities for social contact and play provided by the SZG orangutan island were beneficial to this species in captivity. Opportunities for social interaction provided the animals with a means of increasing the stimulus component of their environment, thus compensating for the inevitable restriction of complexity and unpredictability as compared with the wild state.