bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Review of Serious Bacterial Infections in Infants Who Are 0 to 36 Months of Age and Have Influenza A Infection
Authors: Smitherman Hannah F. , Caviness A. Chantal , Macias Charles G. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. Previous studies of febrile children who were 3 to 36 months of age and had clinically recognizable viral syndromes have shown low rates of concurrent bacteremia. We sought to determine the prevalence of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) among children with influenza A, a viral syndrome that can be established definitively by specific tests.
Methods. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients who were 0 to 36 months of age and presented with fever to the emergency department (ED) over 4 consecutive influenza seasons. Chest radiographs and urine and cerebrospinal fluid cultures also were reviewed.
Results. Of 705 included patients, 163 (23%) were influenza positive (IP) and 542 (77%) were influenza negative (IN). Only 1 IP patient was bacteremic (0.6%) versus 23 of the 542 IN control subjects (4.2%). Two (1.8%) of 110 IP cases had urinary tract infections versus 38 (9.9%) of the 382 IN control subjects. Thirteen (25.4%) of 51 IP patients had radiographic evidence of pneumonia versus 99 (41.9%) of 236 IN control subjects. There were no cases of meningitis in 41 cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from IP patients versus 4 (2.2%) cases of culture-positive meningitis in 179 IN control subjects. A total of 16 (9.8%) SBIs were identified in the IP cases versus 153 (28.2%) in the IN control subjects.
Conclusions. Febrile children with influenza A had a lower prevalence of bacteremia, urinary tract infections, consolidative pneumonia, or any SBI compared with those without influenza A infection in this study.
Late Gestation Cerebellar Growth Is Rapid and Impeded by Premature Birth
Authors: Limperopoulos Catherine , Soul Janet S. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Huppi Petra S. , Warfield Simon K. , Bassan Haim , Robertson Richard L. , Volpe Joseph J. , du Plessis Adré J. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. Cognitive impairments and academic failure are commonly reported in survivors of preterm birth. Recent studies suggest an important role for the cerebellum in the development of cognitive and social functions. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of prematurity itself, as well as prematurity-related brain injuries, on early postnatal cerebellar growth with quantitative MRI.
Methods. Advanced 3-dimensional volumetric MRI was performed and cerebellar volumes were obtained by manual outlining in preterm (&lt;37 weeks) and healthy term-born infants. Intracranial and total brain volumes were also calculated.
Results. A total of 169 preterm and 20 healthy full-term infants were studied; 145 had preterm MRI (pMRI), 75 had term MRI (tMRI), and 51 underwent both pMRI and tMRI. From 28 weeks’ postconceptional age to term, mean cerebellar volume (177%) in preterm infants increased at a much faster rate than did mean intracranial (110%) or mean brain (107%) volumes. Smaller cerebellar volume was significantly related to lower gestational age at birth and to intracranial and total brain volumes. Mean cerebellar volume of preterm infants at tMRI was significantly smaller than the volumes of term-born infants. Cerebellar growth impairment was correlated strongly with associated brain injuries, even in the absence of direct cerebellar injury.
Conclusions. Our data suggest that the growth of the immature cerebellum is particularly rapid during late gestation. However, this accelerated growth seems to be impeded by premature birth and associated brain injury. The long-term neurodevelopmental disabilities seen in survivors of premature birth may be attributable in part to impaired cerebellar development.
Training Young Pediatricians as Leaders for the 21st Century
Authors: Leslie Laurel K. , Miotto Mary Beth , Liu Gilbert C. , Ziemnik Suzanne , Cabrera Antonio G. , Calma Shellane , Huang Christina , Slaw Kenneth 
Published: March 2005

Objective. To conduct a needs assessment with young pediatricians who participate in a leadership training program and to evaluate the effectiveness of that program.
Methods. In concert with the Johnson & Johnson Pediatric Institute, LLC, the American Academy of Pediatrics developed a 1-year strategy to train pediatricians who are &lt;40 years old or &lt;5 years in practice in leadership skills. Participants were nominated by American Academy of Pediatrics chapters and/or sections and were required to complete a detailed needs assessment, attend a 3-day training program, and commit to 1 leadership-related behavior change to be implemented within 6 months. A preanalytic/postanalytic design strategy was used.
Results. A total of 56 applicants representing 33 US states participated; 44.6% were male, and more than half (51.8%) were employed at a medical school/hospital. The needs assessment indicated that participants were confident in many of their leadership qualities but desired increased training, particularly in areas of time and priority management and leading “from the middle.” Postsurvey instruments (n = 54, 96% response rate) determined that participants positively evaluated the training program and improved in self-reported basic competencies; 87% also reported fully or partially achieving a leadership-related goal identified in a behavior change contract.
Conclusions. Results demonstrate that young physicians are eager for leadership training and that continuing medical education in this area can be provided with positive results. Core competencies, curriculum, and evaluative tools need to be developed further and training opportunities need to be expanded to other subpopulations of pediatricians and pediatric health care providers.
Impact of Postnatal Systemic Corticosteroids on Mortality and Cerebral Palsy in Preterm Infants: Effect Modification by Risk for Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Doyle Lex W. , Halliday Henry L. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Davis Peter G. , Sinclair John C. 
Published: March 2005

Objective. In preterm infants, chronic lung disease (CLD) is associated with an increased risk for cerebral palsy (CP). However, systemic postnatal corticosteroid therapy to prevent or treat CLD, although effective in improving lung function, may cause CP. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of systemic postnatal corticosteroid treatment on death and CP and to assess any modification of effect arising from risk for CLD.
Methods. Randomized, controlled trials of postnatal corticosteroid therapy for prevention or treatment of CLD in preterm infants that reported rates of both mortality and CP were reviewed and their data were synthesized. Twenty studies with data on 1721 randomized infants met eligibility criteria. The relationship between the corticosteroid effect on the combined outcome, death or CP, and the risk for CLD in control groups was analyzed by weighted meta-regression.
Results. Among all infants who were randomized, a significantly higher rate of CP after corticosteroid treatment (typical risk difference [RD]: 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02, 0.08) was partly offset by a nonsignificant reduction in mortality (typical RD: −0.02; 95% CI: −0.06 to 0.02). Consequently, there was no significant effect of corticosteroid treatment on the combined rate of mortality or CP (typical RD: 0.03; 95% CI: −0.01 to 0.08). However, on meta-regression, there was a significant negative relationship between the treatment effect on death or CP and the risk for CLD in control groups. With risks for CLD below 35%, corticosteroid treatment significantly increased the chance of death or CP, whereas with risks for CLD exceeding 65%, it reduced this chance.
Conclusions. The effect of postnatal corticosteroids on the combined outcome of death or CP varies with the level of risk for CLD.
Chronic Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors:   Subcommittee on Chronic Abdominal Pain
Published: March 2005

Chronic abdominal pain, defined as long-lasting intermittent or constant abdominal pain, is a common pediatric problem encountered by primary care physicians, medical subspecialists, and surgical specialists. Chronic abdominal pain in children is usually functional, that is, without objective evidence of an underlying organic disorder. The Subcommittee on Chronic Abdominal Pain of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition has prepared this report based on a comprehensive, systematic review and rating of the medical literature. This report accompanies a clinical report based on the literature review and expert opinion.
The subcommittee examined the diagnostic and therapeutic value of a medical and psychological history, diagnostic tests, and pharmacologic and behavioral therapy. The presence of alarm symptoms or signs (such as weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, persistent fever, chronic severe diarrhea, and significant vomiting) is associated with a higher prevalence of organic disease. There was insufficient evidence to state that the nature of the abdominal pain or the presence of associated symptoms (such as anorexia, nausea, headache, and joint pain) can discriminate between functional and organic disorders. Although children with chronic abdominal pain and their parents are more often anxious or depressed, the presence of anxiety, depression, behavior problems, or recent negative life events does not distinguish between functional and organic abdominal pain. Most children who are brought to the primary care physician's office for chronic abdominal pain are unlikely to require diagnostic testing. Pediatric studies of therapeutic interventions were examined and found to be limited or inconclusive.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—2003
Authors: Martin Joyce A. , Kochanek Kenneth D. , Strobino Donna M. , Guyer Bernard , MacDorman Marian F. 
Published: March 2005

The crude birth rate rose slightly in 2003 to 14.1 births per 1000 population, from 13.9 in 2002. The 2002 rate was the lowest ever reported for the United States. The total number of births and the fertility rate (66.1) also increased. The birth rate for teenaged mothers dropped 3% to another record low in 2003, to 41.7 per 1000 females aged 15 to 19 years. The teenage birth rate has fallen by one third since 1991. The birth rate declined for women 20 to 24 years old but rose for women aged 25 to 44 years. The number, rate, and proportion of births to unmarried women all increased in 2003.
Smoking during pregnancy declined to 11%, down from 19.5% in 1989. Prenatal care utilization improved slightly for 2003; 84.1% of women began care in the first trimester of pregnancy. The cesarean delivery rate jumped 6% to 27.6% for another US high. The primary cesarean rate rose 6%, and the rate of vaginal birth after a previous cesarean delivery plummeted 16% from 2002 to 2003. The percent of infants delivered preterm continued to rise (12.3% in 2003). The preterm birth rate is up 16% since 1990. The percentage of children born at low birth weight rose slightly in 2003 to the highest level reported since 1970 (7.9%). The twinning rate increased, but the rate for triplet/+ births declined slightly between 2001 and 2002. Multiple births accounted for 3.3% of all births in 2002.
The infant mortality rate rose to 7.0/1000 live births in 2002 from 6.8 in 2001, marking the first increase in this rate in &gt;4 decades. Increases were distributed fairly widely across age, racial/ethnic groups, and geographic areas. The rise in infant mortality was attributed to increases in &lt;750-g births in both singleton and multiple deliveries. Although the downward trend in infant mortality rates in many developed nations may have stabilized, the United States still ranked 27th among these nations in 2001.
Expectation of life at birth reached a record high of 77.3 years for all gender and race groups combined in 2002. Death rates in the United States continue to decline. Between 2001 and 2002, death rates declined for the 3 leading causes of death: diseases of heart, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular diseases. Death rates for children 1 to 19 years old decreased by 8% for suicide; the death rate for chronic lower respiratory diseases increased by 33% in 2002. Rates for unintentional injuries and homicide did not change significantly for children aged 1 to 19 years. A large proportion of childhood deaths continues to occur as a result of preventable injuries.
Acid‐dependent selective formation of trans‐aryl(germyl)ethenes or 1‐aryl‐1‐germylethenes by the protodestannylation of (Z)‐germyl(stannyl)ethenes
Authors: Nakano Taichi , Senda Yoshiya , Fukaya Kayo , Sugiuchi Naoyuki , Ni‐imi Shinobu , Takahashi Yutaka , Kurihara Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2005

AbstractProtodemetallation of (Z)‐1‐aryl‐2‐germyl‐1‐stannylethenes using hydrochloric acid in the presence of tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl) proceeds at 0 °C with retention of configuration to afford trans‐1‐aryl‐2‐germylethenes with high yields. In contrast, the reaction using hydroiodic acid in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) brings about a novel 1,2‐germyl migration accompanying the destannylation to form 1‐aryl‐1‐germylethenes. These 1,2‐germyl migration products result with especially high selectivity from adducts bearing a substituent at the ortho‐ or para‐position on the aromatic ring in the adduct. However, the germyl(stannyl)ethenes bearing a substituent at the meta position on the ring produce a regioisomeric mixture of a trans‐germylethene and a 1‐aryl‐1‐germylethene. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unprecedented self‐assembled cyclic hexamer of ferrocenyldimethylsilanol, [FcSiMe2OH]6 (Fc = (η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4))
Authors: Sharma Hemant K. , Cervantes‐Lee Francisco , Haiduc Ionel , Pannell Keith H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFerrocenyldimethylsilanol, FcSiMe2OH, Fc = (η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4), features a self‐assembled (through intermolecular hydrogen bonding) cyclohexameric supermolecule with a chair conformation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed aryl–alkyl organotin compounds, ArnMeSnCl3−n (Ar = RC6H4, R = H, ethyl, i‐propyl, t‐butyl; n‐hexyl, n‐octyl) and the effect of R upon antibiotic activity
Authors: Kapoor Ramesh N. , Apodaca Paula , Montes Miguel , Gomez Fabiola D. , Pannell Keith H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of a new series of arylmethyltin chlorides is reported, ArnMeSnCl3−n (Ar = RC6H4, R = H, ethyl, i‐propyl, t‐butyl; hexyl, octyl). The synthesis involves initial formation of triarylmethyltin compounds, Ar3MeSn, via Grignard techniques followed by HCl–Et2O aryl group cleavage, preferably in a stepwise manner. Preliminary biological activity against Staphylococcus aureus illustrates the importance of the para‐alkyl substituents and reinforces that an optimal hydrophobic character is needed for maximum efficacy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postprostatectomy adjuvant versus salvage radiotherapy
Authors: Jani Ashesh B. , Kao Johnny 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDRadiotherapy (RT) has been used with success after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), both in the adjuvant and salvage settings. The purpose of the current investigation was to systematically compare adjuvant versus salvage RT in a manner that incorporates both treatment efficacy and complications.METHODSA literature review was performed of reports of post‐RRP salvage and adjuvant RT, and 12 trials comprising 1060 patients met the appropriate inclusion criteria. The biochemical failure‐free survival in each study/arm was tabulated, and these values were entered into a model to compute an unadjusted number‐needed‐to treat (NNT). RT complications were then considered, accounting for differences in toxicity incidences in the salvage versus adjuvant setting, to compute complication‐adjusted NNTs. In all the trials, the signs and magnitudes of the NNTs obtained were used to compare adjuvant with salvage RT.RESULTSThe absolute NNT analysis showed an advantage of adjuvant compared with salvage RT. After adjustment for RT complications, however, the advantage shifted to salvage RT. This transition point from superiority of adjuvant RT to superiority of salvage RT was sensitive to the estimated incidence and severity of RT side effects.CONCLUSIONSAdjuvant post‐RRP RT was advantageous in comparison to salvage RT if the side effects of RT were estimated to be negligible. However, with moderate incidence/severity of RT side effects, salvage RT was advantageous. The findings herein must be tested in a prospective study in which both health‐related quality of life and cancer control are documented in patients receiving adjuvant versus salvage post‐RRP RT. Further work is needed to better estimate parameters entered into the model to determine the precise transition point between adjuvant and salvage RT with modern RT techniques. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Increased plasma MMP9 in integrin α1‐null mice enhances lung metastasis of colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Chen Xiwu , Su Yan , Fingleton Barbara , Acuff Heath , Matrisian Lynn M. , Zent Roy , Pozzi Ambra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were developed as anticancer agents based on the observation that MMPs facilitate local tumor spread and metastasis by promoting matrix degradation and cell migration. Unfortunately, these inhibitors were unsuccessful in the clinical treatment of several cancers, including lung cancer. A possible reason contributing to their failure is that MMP activity is critical for the generation of inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis, including angiostatin. Thus, MMPs might play opposing roles in tumor vascularization and invasion. To determine which effect of elevated MMP levels dominates in the progression of metastatic cancer, experimental lung metastasis assays were performed in integrin α1‐null mice, a genetic model for increased plasma levels of MMP9 and MMP9‐generated angiostatin (Pozzi et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000;97:2202–7). We show that while the number of lung colonies in integrin α1‐null mice was significantly increased compared to their wild‐type counterparts, tumor volume was markedly reduced. In vivo treatment with the MMP inhibitor doxycycline resulted in a significant decrease in the number of lung colonies in both genotypes, but the tumors that formed were bigger and more vascularized. Increased tumor vascularization paralleled decreased plasma levels of MMP9 and consequent decreased angiostatin synthesis. These results demonstrate that while inhibition of MMPs prevents and/or reduces tumor invasion and lung metastasis, it has the paradoxical effect of increasing the size and vascularization of metastatic tumors due to decreased generation of inhibitors of endothelial cell proliferation. The continued growth of these large well‐vascularized tumors may explain the poor efficacy of MMP inhibitors in lung cancer clinical trials. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlation between fetal gastric size and amniotic fluid volume
Authors: Ben‐Haroush Avi , Yogev Yariv , Peled Yoav , Bar Jacob , Hod Moshe , Pardo Josef 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeSince abnormal conditions of the fetal digestive tract may alter both amniotic fluid volume and fetal gastric volume, we sought to determine whether amniotic fluid volume is correlated with fetal gastric volume in normal pregnancy.MethodsA total of 280 fetal gastric size measurements were made prospectively from routine sonographic examinations of women with normal singleton pregnancies between 16 and 42 weeks of gestation. The fetal stomach was defined as the largest area including the pyloric site on transverse or oblique real‐time sonographic scans. Gastric volume was calculated according to the formula for a prolate ellipsoid. The amniotic fluid index (AFI) was used for the evaluation of amniotic fluid volume.ResultsBoth fetal gastric volume and AFI were significantly correlated with gestational age (R2 = 0.422 and R2 = 0.128, respectively). Only a weak correlation was found between gastric volume and AFI (R2 = 0.036, p < 0.001). On multivariate linear regression analysis adjusting for gestational age and fetal biometric measurements, gastric volume was not an independent and significant predictor of AFI.ConclusionsAlthough sonographically determined fetal gastric volume measurements appear to be useful in the assessment of fetal digestive tract anomalies, fetal gastric volume has no clinically significant effect on the amniotic fluid volume in normal pregnancy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 33:119–122, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of novel nano size electroactive poly 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulphone
Authors: Manisankar P. , Vedhi C. , Selvanathan G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe modification of electrodeposited polyaniline film by subsequent electrodeposition of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) leads to a new material having nanostructure. The coated polymer films were treated with various pH solutions. The film adherent characteristics and surface morphology were studied using SEM. The electrochemically synthesized polyDDS revealed good redox behavior. The DDS was also polymerized by the chemical oxidation method using potassium persulphate. The polymer was characterized by UV‐Vis and FTIR spectral studies. The formation of polymer through the NH group was understood from the single NH stretching vibrational frequency at 3459 cm−1. The X‐ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of nano sized (28 nm) crystalline polymer. The conductivity of the polymer was determined to be 1.07 × 10−4 S.cm−1. The solubility of the chemically polymerized powder was ascertained, and polyDDS showed good solubility in DMF and DMSO. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1702–1707, 2005
Synthesis of Davankov‐type hypercrosslinked resins using different isomer compositions of vinylbenzyl chloride monomer, and application in the solid‐phase extraction of polar compounds
Authors: Fontanals Núria , Cortés Jaime , Galià Marina , Maria Marcé Rosa , Cormack Peter A. G. , Borrull Francesc , Sherrington David C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTwo different gel‐type resins have been prepared by suspension polymerization using 2 wt % divinylbenzene (DVB) with either p‐vinylbenzyl chloride (pVBC) or a mixture of VBC isomers (∼ 70% m‐; ∼ 30% p‐). Significant difference in the chlorine content was observed, which was attributed to a more favored hydrolysis process when p‐VBC was used. The presence of hydroxyl groups has been confirmed by elemental microanalytical data and solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning (CP‐MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Hypercrosslinked resins were prepared from both gel‐type precursors by treatment with FeCl3 in 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) at 80 °C. The resultant resins showed differences in specific surface area and degree of hydrophilicity. The performance of the hypercrosslinked resins was evaluated in solid‐phase extraction (SPE) of polar compounds, and better results were obtained for the hypercrosslinked resin prepared from p‐VBC that combines a relatively high specific surface area (908 m2 g−1) and somewhat higher oxygen content (3.96 wt % O). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1718–1728, 2005