bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of conducting polymer-coated latex particles as projectiles in hypervelocity impact experiments
Authors: M J Burchell  , M J Cole  , S F Lascelles  , M A Khan  , C Barthet  , S A Wilson  , D B Cairns  , S P Armes  
Published: August 2002

A series of sterically-stabilized polystyrene latex particles in the size range 0.1-5.0 µm have been coated with ultrathin (<50 nm) overlayers of either polypyrrole, polyaniline or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). In each case the conducting polymer overlayer allows the latex particles to acquire surface charge and hence be accelerated up to hypervelocities (>1 km s-1) using a Van de Graaff accelerator. These coated latexes have two main advantages compared to the sterically-stabilized polypyrrole particles of 0.1-0.3 µm diameter reported previously. First, a wider particle size range can be accessed. Second, the particle size distributions of the coated latexes are much narrower than those of the pure polypyrrole particles reported earlier.Preliminary studies confirm that, after charging and acceleration, these conducting polymer-coated latex particles have very similar mass-velocity profiles to those reported for colloidal iron particles in the hypervelocity literature. The hypervelocity impact generated ionization has been measured for latex spheres impacting copper targets. This is compared to previous work for impact ionization by iron particles, thus demonstrating the ability to study the dependence of impact ionization on widely different projectile materials.
The physics and applications of ion beam erosion
Authors: G Carter  
Published: August 2002

Energetic ion bombardment of solid targets can lead to the production of atomic recoils and defects within the solid and the ejection or sputtering of atoms from the surface with the consequent erosion of the solid. The yield of sputtered atoms per ion depends on a number of ion and target parameters but, particularly, on the gradient of the surface with respect to the incident ion flux, the surface curvature and higher spatial derivatives of the height. As a result of these dependences of the local erosion rate, the morphology of a surface can be modified. But, in addition, surface atomic relaxation effects which may be mediated by the irradiation can occur and so the evolution of the surface may be complex. If the nature of these, often competing, processes is understood and can be suitably controlled by selection of experimental conditions, ion beam erosion can be employed to generate useful surface geometries.This review briefly summarizes current understanding of the sputtering process and the origin of the above dependences and describes how, if only a surface gradient related mechanism dominates, the evolution of surface geometry can be accurately predicted. The higher-order and surface relaxation processes are then considered in both a deterministic approach and in a stochastic approach and these are shown to lead to fine spatial scale modifications to evolving surfaces. In both these areas, the physical models are supported by experimental observations. It is then shown how the lowest and higher orders and competing mechanisms can be selected in order to produce the desired surface morphologies in several application areas, including depth profiling of impurities in solids, ion milling and polishing, and the creation of repetitive surface structures.
Interfacial dynamics in 3D binary fluid demixing: animation studies*
Authors: Pagonabarraga I , Desplat J-C , Wagner A J , Cates M E 
Published: August 2002

The late-stage phase ordering, in three dimensions, of fully symmetric binary fluid mixtures is studied via a lattice Boltzmann method. We present time-resolved maps of the fluid velocity fields and also animated visualizations of the interfacial motion. These show distinct features corresponding to regimes where viscous, crossover and inertial hydrodynamic scaling have previously been identified. Specifically, while the interface is overdamped in the viscous regime, it exhibits recoil after topological reconnection at intermediate and higher inertia; and in our most inertial runs the interface shows extensive underdamped capillary disturbances not attributable to topological reconnection events. The advantages and practicality of presenting such dynamical data in fully animated form are demonstrated and briefly discussed.This paper's animations are available from theMultimedia Enhancements pageas individual files and also packed into archives (two formats).
Brain Radiotherapy With Pyrotinib and Capecitabine in Patients With ERBB2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer and Brain Metastases
Authors: Yang Zhaozhi , Meng Jin , Mei Xin , Mo Miao , Xiao Qin , Han Xu , Zhang Li , Shi Wei , Chen Xingxing , Ma Jinli , Palmer Joshua , Shao Zhimin , Zhang Zhen , Yu Xiaoli , Guo Xiaomao 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceThe potential benefit of combining intracranial effective systemic therapy with radiotherapy for patients with breast cancer with brain metastases remains unclear.ObjectiveTo assess the activity and safety of combining radiotherapy with pyrotinib and capecitabine in patients with ERBB2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a single-arm, single-center, phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trial with a safety run-in phase. Between January 2020 and August 2022, patients with ERBB2-positive breast cancer and brain metastases were enrolled. The data cutoff date was February 1, 2023.InterventionsPatients received either fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy or whole-brain radiotherapy. Treatment with pyrotinib (400 mg, once daily) and capecitabine (1000 mg/m2, twice daily, on days 1-14 of each 21-day cycle) was initiated from the first day of radiotherapy to the seventh day after the completion of radiotherapy and continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxic effects.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was 1-year central nervous system (CNS) progression-free survival (PFS) rate. Secondary end points included CNS objective response rate (ORR), PFS, overall survival (OS), safety, and changes in neurocognitive function.ResultsA total of 40 female patients (median age, 50.5 years [IQR, 46-59 years]) were enrolled and received treatment, including 3 patients in safety run-in phase. With a median follow-up of 17.3 months (IQR, 10.3-26.9), the 1-year CNS PFS rate was 74.9% (95% CI, 61.9%-90.7%), and the median CNS PFS was 18.0 months (95% CI, 15.5 to not reached). The 1-year PFS rate was 66.9% (95% CI, 53.1%-84.2%), and the median PFS was 17.6 months (95% CI, 12.8-34.1). The CNS objective response rate was 85% (34 of 40). Median overall survival was not reached. The most common grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event was diarrhea (7.5%). Asymptomatic radiation necrosis was identified in 4 of 67 lesions (6.0%) treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Most patients maintained neurocognitive function, as evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination at different points.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this trial suggest that radiotherapy combined with pyrotinib and capecitabine is associated with long intracranial survival benefit in patients with ERBB2-positive advanced breast cancer and brain metastases with an acceptable safety profile. This combination deserves further validation.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04582968
Alzheimer Disease Treatment With Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Sutton S. Scott , Magagnoli Joseph , Cummings Tammy H. , Hardin James W. , Ambati Jayakrishna 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceAge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a serious and common ophthalmologic disorder that is hypothesized to result, in part, from inflammatory reactions in the macula. Alzheimer disease (AD) treatment, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), have anti-inflammatory effects and it remains unclear if they modify the risk of AMD.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between AChEI medications and the incidence of AMD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis propensity score–matched retrospective cohort study took place at health care facilities within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system from January 2000 through September 2023. Participants included patients diagnosed with AD between ages 55 and 80 years with no preexisting diagnosis of AMD in the VA database.ExposureAChEIs prescription dispensed as pharmacologic treatments for AD.Main Outcomes and MeasureThe first diagnosis of AMD.ResultsA total of 21 823 veterans with AD (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [6.1] years; 21 313 male participants [97.7%] and 510 female participants [2.3%]) were included. Propensity score–matched Cox model reveals each additional year of AChEI treatment was associated with a 6% lower hazard of AMD (hazard ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, (0.89-0.99).Conclusions and RelevanceThis observational study reports a small reduction in the risk of AMD among veterans with AD receiving AChEIs. Randomized clinical trials would be needed to determine if there is a cause-and-effect relationship and further research is required to validate these findings across diverse populations.
Hearing Loss, Hearing Aid Use, and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults
Authors: Cantuaria Manuella Lech , Pedersen Ellen Raben , Waldorff Frans Boch , Wermuth Lene , Pedersen Kjeld Møller , Poulsen Aslak Harbo , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Sørensen Mette , Schmidt Jesper Hvass 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceHearing loss has been suggested as a risk factor for dementia, but there is still a need for high-quality research to better understand the association between these 2 conditions and the underlying causal mechanisms and treatment benefits using larger cohorts and detailed data.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between hearing loss and incident dementia, as well as how hearing aid use contributes to this association.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study was conducted in Southern Denmark between January 2003 and December 2017 and included all residents 50 years and older. We excluded all persons with dementia before baseline as well as those who did not live in the region 5 years before baseline, with incomplete address history, or who had missing covariate information.ExposuresIndividual hearing status based on the Hearing Examinations in Southern Denmark database, which contains data on all pure-tone audiometry examinations performed at public hearing rehabilitation clinics in Southern Denmark.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncident cases of dementia and Alzheimer disease as identified from national registries.ResultsThe study population comprised 573 088 persons (298 006 women [52%]; mean [SD] age, 60.8 [11.3] years) with 23 023 cases of dementia and mean (SD) follow-up of 8.6 (4.3) years. Having a hearing loss was associated with an increased risk of dementia, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.07 (95% CI, 1.04-1.11) compared with having no hearing loss. Severe hearing loss in the better and worse ear was associated with a higher dementia risk, with an HR of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.09-1.32) and 1.13 (95% CI, 1.06-1.20), respectively, compared with having no hearing loss in the corresponding ear. Compared with people without hearing loss, the risk of dementia was higher among people with hearing loss who were not using hearing aids than those who had hearing loss and were using hearing aids, with HRs of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.13-1.27) and 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.10), respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceThe results of this cohort study suggest that hearing loss was associated with increased dementia risk, especially among people not using hearing aids, suggesting that hearing aids might prevent or delay the onset and progression of dementia. The risk estimates were lower than in previous studies, highlighting the need for more high-quality longitudinal studies.
Ultra‐Fast Pulsed Discharge Preparation of Coordinatively Unsaturated Asymmetric Copper Single‐Atom Catalysts for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Liu Kaiyuan , Sun Zhiyi , Chen Wenxing , Lang Xiufeng , Gao Xin , Chen Pengwan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts possess great potential for applications in electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions. Recently, the fast and low‐cost preparation of highly efficient single‐atom catalysts remains a challenge. Herein, a high‐density current generated by pulsed discharge is employed for the formation of graphene aerogel anchored Cu single atom catalysts perfectly. The Cu atoms decomposed by Cu(NO3)2•xH2O are fixed on graphene under the local transient high temperature and intense electromagnetic field. The activity and selectivity of formic acid are correlated with the coordinatively unsaturated Cu─N1O1 moieties, reaching an optimal Faradaic efficiency (93.7%) at −0.9 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In situ characterizations reveal that the asymmetric Cu─N/O structure in a pinched state displays better catalytic activity in CO2RR. Density functional theory results indicate that the Cu─N1O1 sites regulate the adsorption configuration of intermediates and lower the energy barrier for the hydrogenation of *OCHO species, thereby promoting CO2‐to‐HCOOH conversion.
Organic Frameworks Memristor: An Emerging Candidate for Data Storage, Artificial Synapse, and Neuromorphic Device
Authors: Xu Zheng , Li Yixiang , Xia Yang , Shi Chunyan , Chen Shijie , Ma Chunlan , Zhang Cheng , Li Yang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMemristors have recently become powerful competitors toward artificial synapses and neuromorphic computation, arising from their structural and electrical similarity to biological synapses and neurons. From the diversity of materials, numerous organic and inorganic materials have proven to exhibit great potential in the application of memristors. Herein, this work focuses on a class of memristors based on organic frameworks (OFs) materials, and pay attention to the most advanced experimental demonstrations. First, the typical device structures and memristive switching mechanisms are introduced. Second, the latest progress of OFs‐based memristors is comprehensively summarized, including metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), as well as their applications in data storage, artificial synapses, and neuromorphic devices. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of OFs‐based memristors are deeply discussed.
BSA‐Gold Nanoclusters Enhanced Clusterization‐Triggered–Emission of Nonconventional Luminophores‐Hydrogels in Dilute Aqueous Solution
Authors: Chen Fengjiao , Dang Hao , Li Hanlin , Su Hongbin , Chen Liuxian , Gong Yao , Jiang Lanxin , Tang Hua , Chen Rui , Cheng Wei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe application of nonconventional nonaromatic luminophores‐based hydrogels (NLHs) in bioanalysis is severely limited due to their luminescence in concentrated solution or solid state. Herein, a nonconventional NLH (B‐Au@PDMAA) with high signal‐to‐noise ratio and stability in dilute solutions is designed by enhancing nonaromatic luminophores intermolecular aggregation through bovine serum albumin‐gold nanoclusters (B‐Au) confined space interaction. Importantly, the established NLHs could be rapidly polymerized in situ on magnetic beads (MB) surface in dilute solutions, and the fluorescence intensity after polymerization is 5.63‐fold higher than that of direct polymerization. Moreover, proposed B‐Au@PDMAA@MB constructed homogeneous immunoassay platform is demonstrated to be highly sensitive for detecting hepatitis B surface antigen with a sensitivity of 3.39 ng mL−1, which is 28.6‐fold lower than that of B‐Au@PDMAA based immunoassay and comparable to the sensitivity of the chemiluminescence immunoassay. This work presents a new strategy for the synthesis of NLHs with high brightness and stability in dilute solutions, and opens new avenues for the construction of novel homogeneous immunoassay platforms.
Asymmetric SO3CF3−‐Grafted Boron‐Center Anion Enables Boron‐Containing Interphase for High‐Performance Rechargeable Mg Batteries
Authors: Huang Xueting , Tan Shuangshuang , Chen Jinlong , Que Ziwei , Deng Rongrui , Long Juncai , Xiong Fangyu , Huang Guangsheng , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Li Lingjie , Wang Jingfeng , Mai Liqiang , Pan Fusheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMg(SO3CF3)2 (Mg(OTf)2) is a simple and cost‐effective magnesium salt, which can promote the future applications of rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs). However, the simple Mg(OTf)2/ether electrolytes suffer from poor electrochemical properties due to the low solubility of Mg(OTf)2 and the serious decomposition passivation of the [Mg2+‐OTf−] ion pair on Mg. Herein, the OTf− anion is successfully grafted on low‐cost fluoride boronic esters (B(OCxHyF2x‐y+1)3) to obtain the asymmetric and weak‐coordination boron‐center [B(OCxHyF2x‐y+1)3OTf]− anion in ether electrolytes. The ‐OCH2CF3 (TFE) groups in B(TFE)3 effectively realize the charge delocalization of the OTf− and B‐O plane, restraining the independent decomposition of the [Mg2+‐OTf−] ion pair. The co‐decomposition of the asymmetric [B(TFE)3OTf]− induces the formation of the B‐containing organic/inorganic interphase, thus achieving a reversible Mg plating/stripping. After the further solubilization reaction, the obtained electrolyte exhibits a high average coulombic efficiency of 98.13% and long‐term cycling stability (1000 h). Notably, the long cycling life (capacity retention of 90.2% after 600 cycles at 1 C) and high‐rate capacity (43.0 mAh g−1 at 5 C) of the Mg/Mo6S8 full cell demonstrate a favorable electrolyte/cathode compatibility. This work brings new insights to design the new‐type and low‐cost Mg‐salts and high‐performance electrolytes for commercial RMBs.
Dynamic Li+ Capture through Ligand‐Chain Interaction for the Regeneration of Depleted LiFePO4 Cathode
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Xin , Wang Xiao‐Tong , Guo Jin‐Zhi , Gu Zhen‐Yi , Cao Jun‐Ming , Yang Jia‐Lin , Lu Feng‐Qi , Zhang Jing‐Ping , Wu Xing‐Long 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAfter application in electric vehicles, spent LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries are typically decommissioned. Traditional recycling methods face economic and environmental constraints. Therefore, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising alternative. However, irreversible phase changes can significantly hinder the efficiency of the regeneration process owing to structural degradation. Moreover, improper storage and treatment practices can lead to metamorphism, further complicating the regeneration process. In this study, a sustainable recovery method is proposed for the electrochemical repair of LFP batteries. A ligand‐chain Zn‐complex (ZnDEA) is utilized as a structural regulator, with its ─NH─ group alternatingly facilitating the binding of preferential transition metal ions (Fe3+ during charging and Zn2+ during discharging). This dynamic coordination ability helps to modulate volume changes within the recovered LFP framework. Consequently, the recovered LFP framework can store more Li‐ions, enhance phase transition reversibility between LFP and FePO4 (FP), modify the initial Coulombic efficiency, and reduce polarization voltage differences. The recovered LFP cells exhibit excellent capacity retention of 96.30% after 1500 cycles at 2 C. The ligand chain repair mechanism promotes structural evolution to facilitate ion migration, providing valuable insights into the targeted ion compensation for environmentally friendly recycling in practical applications.
Flexible, Biodegradable, and Wireless Magnetoelectric Paper for Simple In Situ Personalization of Bioelectric Implants
Authors: Choe Jun Kyu , Kim Suntae , Lee Ah‐young , Choi Cholong , Cho Jae‐Hyeon , Jo Wook , Song Myoung Hoon , Cha Chaenyung , Kim Jiyun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBioelectronic implants delivering electrical stimulation offer an attractive alternative to traditional pharmaceuticals in electrotherapy. However, achieving simple, rapid, and cost‐effective personalization of these implants for customized treatment in unique clinical and physical scenarios presents a substantial challenge. This challenge is further compounded by the need to ensure safety and minimal invasiveness, requiring essential attributes such as flexibility, biocompatibility, lightness, biodegradability, and wireless stimulation capability. Here, a flexible, biodegradable bioelectronic paper with homogeneously distributed wireless stimulation functionality for simple personalization of bioelectronic implants is introduced. The bioelectronic paper synergistically combines i) lead‐free magnetoelectric nanoparticles (MENs) that facilitate electrical stimulation in response to external magnetic field and ii) flexible and biodegradable nanofibers (NFs) that enable localization of MENs for high‐selectivity stimulation, oxygen/nutrient permeation, cell orientation modulation, and biodegradation rate control. The effectiveness of wireless electrical stimulation in vitro through enhanced neuronal differentiation of neuron‐like PC12 cells and the controllability of their microstructural orientation are shown. Also, scalability, design flexibility, and rapid customizability of the bioelectronic paper are shown by creating various 3D macrostructures using simple paper crafting techniques such as cutting and folding. This platform holds promise for simple and rapid personalization of temporary bioelectronic implants for minimally invasive wireless stimulation therapies.
Topological Engineering Electrodes with Ultrafast Oxygen Transport for Super‐Power Sodium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Yuan Ruoxin , Tan Chuan , Zhang Zhuojun , Zeng Li , Kang Wenbin , Liu Jingfeng , Gao Xiangwen , Tan, Peng , Chen, Yuhui , Zhang Chuhong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSodium‐oxygen battery has attracted tremendous interest due to its extraordinary theoretical specific energy (1605 Wh kg−1NaO2) and appealing element abundance. However, definite mechanistic factors governing efficient oxygen diffusion and consumption inside electrolyte‐flooded air cathodes remain elusive thus precluding a true gas diffusion electrode capable of high discharge current (i.e., several mA cm−2) and superior output power. Herein, 3D‐printing technology is adopted to create gas channels with tailored channel size and structure to demystify the diffusion‐limited oxygen delivery process. It is revealed that as the clogging discharging products increase, large channel size, and interconnected channel structure are essential to guaranteeing fast O2 diffusion. Moreover, to further encourage O2 diffusion, a bio‐inspired breathable cathode with progressively branching channels that balances between O2 passage and reaction is 3D printed. This elaborated 3D electrode allows a sodium‐oxygen cell to deliver an impressive discharging current density of up to 4 mA cm−2 and an output power of 8.4 mW cm−2, giving rise to an outstanding capacity of 18.4 mAh cm−2. The unraveled mystery of oxygen delivery enabled by 3D printing points to a valuable roadmap for the rational design of metal‐air batteries toward practical applications.