bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Bio Fertilizer, Nano Organic Fertilizer and Non-Nano Organic Fertilizer on the Quantitative Traits of French Black Grape Cultivars
Authors: Al-Waeli Nour Hamid Jaafar , Al-Janabi Ali Saeed Attia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A French black grape cultivar was tested in a private orchard in the Al-Hamzah Al-Gharbi region of Babylon province using the three-factor, three-replicate Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Biofertilizers like Bacillus megaterium and Mycorrhiza glomus fungus are applied to the soil at a concentration of 0 and 10 ml L-1; liquid organic fertilizer is applied to the soil at concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 ml L-1; and finally, organic fertilizer is sprayed on the leaves of the plants. The nanofluid in two different concentrations (0.1 and 3 ml L-1) during the entire year (2021). Averages were compared using the statistical program GenStat and the least significant difference (L.S.D.) test at the level of probability 0.05. The experiment included one sector (18) of the cultivar’s vines, with a number of experimental units distributed randomly in three sectors, and the number of vines was (54) vines for the cultivar. Here is a quick rundown of the most relevant findings: The results revealed that biofertilization at a concentration of 10 ml L-1 had a significant influence on most quantitative features of the yield, leading to an increase in the overall yield, which peaked at 36.2 and 38.6 kg. Vine-1., While the average number of clusters increased to 51.6 and 53.9 per vine with the application of organic nano-fertilization at a concentration of 3 ml L-1, the highest value for total yield was attained at 37.0 kg vine-1. The organic fertilization at a concentration of 30 ml L-1 had a significant effect on most of the quantitative indicators, leading to an increase in the total yield as it gave the highest value of 36.6 and 37.5 kg vine-1.
Effect of Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Grapes: A review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Al-Ameer Ali abd 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The presence of salt in the soil is a major environmental factor that might reduce grapevine productivity. Excessive salt in the soil causes soil salinity, which in turn causes osmotic stress and toxicity to the grapevine’s root system. This can lead to stunted grapevine development, decreased harvests, and inferior fruit quality. Salinity can alter the physical characteristics of soil, making it less porous and less able to absorb water. This can amplify the negative impacts of salinity on grapevine development and harvest success. Numerous factors influence the severity of salinity’s impact on grapevines. The age and rootstock of the vine, as well as the grape variety, are other important factors. The effects of salinity on grapevine development and production vary with the grapevine’s developmental stage. The salinity of the environment can have a greater effect on the vegetative growth stage than the reproductive growth stage. The reproductive phase is brief and relatively immune to salt stress. Grapevines are especially vulnerable to the negative effects of salt stress during the vegetative growth stage, when the plant’s tissues are still developing. These factors can have a negative impact on grapevine health, leading to poorer yields. Grapevine production is less sensitive to salinity when the plants are in the reproductive phase. Salinity, which decreases sugar concentration, increases acidity, and alters flavor, can still have an impact on fruit quality. Growers can take many measures to reduce the negative effects of salt on grapevines. Choose salt-tolerant grape types and rootstocks, enhance drainage to cut down on salt buildup, and use irrigation methods that minimize salt leaching. In conclusion, salinity can significantly affect grapevine development and harvest success.
Determination of the Optimal and Lethal Dose for Mutagenicity of Rice Cultivars by Ethel Methane Sulphate
Authors: Al-Fatlawi Zeyad H. , Jabbar Mundher Kh. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Field Crops - College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University to study optimal and lethal doses for mutagenicity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars by Ethel Methane Sulphate. The experiment design included two factors, the first factor being three cultivars : (V1= Amber 33, V2= Jasmine, and V3= Tigris) and the second factor nine concentrations (E0 = 0, E1 = 0.5, E2 = 1, E3=1.5, E4 = 2, E5 = 2.5, E6 =3, E7 =3.5 and E4 =4, respectively). The treatments were distributed in a factorial experiment according to the design of a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results obtained showed that the control treatment recorded the highest germination percentage but did not differ significantly from the E1 and E2 treatments, the E2 treatment gave the highest seedling vigor, dry matter production rate, and leaf growth rate, and there were no differences in the rice cultivars in the study in all the studied traits, the interactions were not significant in all the studied traits except the leaf growth rate, the treatment E3×V3, and E2×V2 excelled in the leaf growth rate and gave the highest value, while the E4×V2 treatment had the lowest leaf growth rate.
Volatile Oil Yield and its Components of Menthol and Limonene of Peppermint Affected by Foliar Spray and Lighting Intensity
Authors: Malik Inas , Almrani H. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at a research station in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, in spring 2021 to study the effects of foliar spraying of yeast extract, urea, and nano-amino acids and two lighting intensities on volatile oil yield and its components, menthol and limonene. The experiment had two factors: ambient type and lighting. The second component was foliar spraying yeast extract at 5 and 7.5 g.L-1, urea at 1000 and 2000 mg.L-1, and nano amino acids at 1 and 1.5 ml.L-1. P, K, and half of nitrogen were supplied to the soil. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates was used for the experiment. Plants grown at 100% lighting intensity had the highest percentage and production of aromatic oil, menthol, and limonene (2.24, 45.49, and 3.30%; 20.20, 9.49, and 0.74 kg.ha-1, respectively) compared to 50% lighting intensity (1.77, 31.00, and 1.91%; 11.64, 3.62, 0.24 kg.ha-1). The two treatments of spraying urea (2000mgN.L-1) and nano amino acids (1.5ml.L-1) at 100% lighting intensity yielded the highest percentage and yield of aromatic oil, menthol, and limonene at 3.07, 45.78, 3.99%; 50.23, 4.60%; 32.74, 16.44, 1.50 kg.ha-1, 29.37, 14.32, 1.17 kg.ha-1, respectively.
In-Silico Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Different Bioactives Green-Extracted from the Medicinal Plant Saussurea lappa Clarck
Authors: Abdulqahar Fadwa W. , Hussein Feryal F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the COVID-19’s outbreak in 2019, efforts are continued to scan health and immune enhancing action of the historically known medicinal herbs. This paper describes a thorough in-silico method certain phytochemicals from Saussurea lappa Clarke, with a focus on the main protease (Mpro), papain like protease (PLpro) and the spike glycoprotein of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The aim of our study is to explore the green-extracted phyto-bioactive compounds’ activities as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. Unlike previous studies, this study tried to investigate most polar, semipolar and nonpolar compounds from S. lappa. The plant’s dried roots oil was extracted via supercritical CO2 extractor to collect the polar and semipolar compounds. The rest semipolar and polar compounds were hydroalcoholic extracted with (50%Ethanol) from the defatted residues by the aid of sonication, filtered and freeze-dried. The two fractions were chemically profiled by subjecting to HPLC and GC-MS analyses, and results revealed thirty-three different polyphenolic compounds and terpenoids. The distinguished bioactives were subjected to the in-silico study. Among these compounds, the most effective predicted inhibitors by molecular docking were ellagic acid and rutin as inhibitors for Mpro, spike protein and PLpro with vina scores equal -8.4, -8.9 and -11.6 respectively. As far as we know, this is the first study which reports the inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 of both of the green extracted hydroalcoholic extract and oil of S. lappa in an attempt to examine as much as possible of the polar semipolar and nonpolar bioactives, which were very promising. However, this work interpret only one type of computational analysis of selected phyto-bioactive compounds and further surveys are required to confirm their suitability as anti-COVID-19 treatment.
Influence of Water Stress on Expression of the X95950 Gene and Several Cellular Callus Components in Violet-Treated Sunflower Varieties
Authors: Al-Taei Yusra Ismail Hussein , Hamza Ibrahim Abdullal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research was conducted between 2017 and 2019 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences and Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture for Postgraduate Studies at the University of Baghdad. One experiment used a totally random design. The experiment examined the effects of PEG (Polyethylene glycol) at concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% on the development of three sunflower types (Ishaqi-1, Aqmar, and AL-Haja) exposed to UV-C rays for 40 minutes as a result of the growing of the juvenile peduncle outside the live body. The aim of the study was to better comprehend the physiological and biochemical changes caused by water stress on the callus of several sunflower varieties. The X95950 gene was amplified using qPCR technology to investigate drought tolerance gene expression and callus cell content of glutathione, ascorbic acid, and APX enzyme as indicators to determine the effect of PEG on callus tissue cells in the nutrient medium. The expression of the X95950 gene was influenced by water stress. It was particularly expressed in Ishaqi-1 at 4 and 8% PEG concentrations, with values of 1.64 and 1.01, respectively. The glutathione content and activity of the enzyme ascorbate peroxidase, which were 56.49 mol-1 and 0.149 mg-1 protein absorption units, differed significantly among the varieties. PEG concentrations significantly influenced glutathione content, with 8% achieving the highest average of 50.07 mol g-1 and 4% achieving the highest averages of ascorbic acid and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity of 2.462 mg 100 g-1 and 0.138 mg-1 protein absorption units, respectively. The interaction was considerable, with the maximum average glutathione callus content in the Aqmar variety reaching 69.60 mol g-1 at 6% PEG concentration. At 4% PEG concentration, the Aqmar variety outperformed in terms of APX enzyme efficacy, reaching 0.238 mg-1 absorption units of protein.
Effect of Fertilization with High Nitrogen NPK Fertilizer and Spraying with Seaweed Extract on Vegetative Growth Indicators of Rosemary Rosmainus officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Khamas Nagham A.W. Ahmed , Al-Rubaie Sabah A. Al-Falih 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala, Al-Hussainiya district, for the winter agricultural season 2022-2023, to study the effect of fertilizing with high-nitrogen NPK fertilizer and spraying with seaweed extract and the interaction between them on the vegetative growth characteristics of rosemary plant. The experiment included a chemical fertilizer of a type (Solucat) at 4 concentrations (0,2,4,6) gm liter 1-added to the soil and symbolized by (N) and the second factor is spraying with seaweed extract (Equilibrium) at 4 concentrations (0,1,2,3) ml Liter 1 - spraying “on the shoot, symbolized by (T) and their overlap. The experiment was carried out within the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replications. The experiment included 48 experimental units in 3 plants / repeated 144 plants (anvil) starting on 1/11/2022 until 1/ 5/ 2022. The results showed that the plants were significantly superior to the level of compound fertilizer NPK (6) gm-1 in the characteristics of vegetative growth (plant height). The number of branches, stem diameter, fresh weight of leaves, chlorophyll content of leaves (46.76 cm, 23.5 branch -1, 8.72 mm, 73.87 gm, 1.563 mg / g fresh weight) was given as the highest average, compared to the comparison treatment if given The lowest rate was (37.61 cm, 10.55 branches of a plant -1,6.22 mm, 54.83 gm, 1.372 mg / g fresh weight) and the concentration of (3) ml 1-algae extract was significant, as it gave the highest rate of (45.62 cm, 17.88 branches). Plant-1, 8.02 mm, 69.24 gm, 1.607 mg / gm L -1, compared to the comparison treatment, as it gave the lowest rate of (38.47 cm, 12.88), the branch of Plant-1, 6.14 mm, 59.72 gm, 1.284 mg L-1, as for an overlap Among the two study workers, the highest rate was (48.44) cm, (25.3) plant branch-1, (10.43) mm, (82.7) gm and (1.951) mg / gm fresh weight compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest rate of 31.33 cm. 7.44 shoots-1, 5.44 mm, 52.37 gm, 0.836 mg / L-1 significantly superior in all vegetative growth traits.
Gujarat Genotype Responses to Spraying with Arginine and Tryptophan and Their Effects on Secondary Metabolite Compounds
Authors: Al-Jumaili Mohammed Ali Mahmood , Al-Mohammedi Akeel Nagime Abood 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The effect of cultivars (Arib, Sudan 3, Black Heat, and Red Heat) and spraying with different concentrations of arginine tryptophan (comparative treatment and spraying with arginine 50 mg L-1 and sprayWith tryptophan 50 mg L-1 and sprayWith arginine 50 mg L-1) was studied in a field experiment conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Agricultural Research Station of the Department of Field Crops in the College of Agriculture at the University of Ti Using a method of global experiments with three replications and a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), this study found statistically significant variations in the content of several active chemicals between the sepal leaves. Included are the antioxidants vitamin C, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, ferulic acid, and ferulic acid. Data ranged from 68.15 to 96.25 parts per million, with intermediate readings of 84.13, 17.18, 54.13, and 70.31. When compared to 50 mg L-1 of either arginine or tryptophan alone, the combination was markedly more effective. And stood for. 18% chlorogenic acid, 16% caffeic acid, 17% rutin, 17% gallic acid, 17% glycine, 16% ferulic acid, 34% ascorbic acid, and 34% ascorbic acid. Heat heating with a mixture of arginine (50 mg L-1) and tryptophan (50 mg L-1) enhanced the amount of some active chemicals in the sepal leaves.
The Ideal Seeding Rate of Rice Cultivars Depending on Grain Yield
Authors: Al-Mashhadani Ahmed Shehab , Al-Budeiri Muntadher Hammadi , Al-Khazali Ammar Jasim , Hassan Saad Fleah , Kadhem Ali Nadhem , Harbi Huda Hussien 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to determine the optimum seeding rate of rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivars in iraq. The experiment was conducted at Al Diwaniyah Research Station, Agricultural Research Office/Ministry of Agriculture for two seasons 2019 and 2021. A Factorial Experiment Design was used According to RCBD design in an order of split plot with three replicates, The main plots occupied the cultivars factor which was: - Yasamine (Y), Forat (F), Dijla (D), Baraka (B), Gadeer (G) and Anbar (A). While the seeding rate factor filled sub plots: - 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 Kg ha-1. The research results for both seasons, indicated that each cultivar had an ideal seeding rate, as the seeding rate for the Y variety is 120 kgha-1, as it gave the best leaf area, the weight of 1000 grain, and the grains panicles-1, which was reflected in the best grain yield at this level. The results also showed that the seeding rate for the F variety was 140 kgha-1, as it gave the best plant height, panicles m-2, weight of 1000 grain, and grains panicles-1, thus giving the best grain yield at this level. The results showed that the seeding rate for variety D was 140 kgha-1, which gave the best plant height, leaf area, panicles m-2, and grains panicles-1, which reflected positively on the best grain yield at this level. The results indicated that the seeding rate for variety B was kgha-1, as it gave the best plant height, panicle m-2, unfertility, and grains panicles-1, which was reflected in the best grain yield at this level. As for the G variety, the best seeding rate was 120 kgha-1, as it excelled in all the studied treatments (plant height, panicle length, leaf area, panicles m-2, weight of 1000 grain, unfertility, and grains panicles-1), which was significantly reflected on the grain yield at this level. Whereas, cultivar A showed that the best seeding rate was 140 kgha-1 if it gave the best plant height, leaf area and panicles m-2 and thus gave the best grain yield at this level.
Impact of Weed and Seeding Rates on Crop Growth Rate of Five Barley Cultivars
Authors: Mishkhal Al-Sadiq Fawzi Mayouf , Al-Majidi Layla Ismail Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangement was used to evaluate the effects of weeds and seeding rates on barley cultivar growth rate and yield in the College of Engineering Agricultural Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadriyah fields in winter 2021–2022. The main plots had two treatments, weedy and weed-free, and the subplots had 120, 140, and There were significant differences in dry matter weight, crop growth rate, and yield between cultivars. The cultivar Amal had the highest grain yield per unit area (6.98 tons ha-1), dry matter weight at full flowering and physiological maturity (46.80 and 57.60 g), and crop growth rate from planting to 60 days (8.20 g m-2 day-1). Samir also had the highest dry matter weight after 60 and 90 days (37.60 and 61.68 g) and crop growth rate from 90 days to full flowering (7.96 g m-2 day-1). The cultivar IPA 256 had the highest crop growth rate from 60 to 90 days, full flowering to physiological maturity, and planting to physiological maturity (8.61, 34.14, 6.23, and 7.96 g m-2 day-1). The seeding rate of 160 kg ha-1 outperformed the other rates in dry matter weight after 60 and 90 days, at full flowering and physiological maturity (40.04, 62.50, 66.89, and 148.51 g, respectively), crop growth rate from planting to 60 days, 90 days, full flowering, physiological maturity, The weed-free treatment outperformed the other treatments in dry matter weight and crop growth rate from full flowering to physiological maturity and from planting to physiological maturity in all barley growth and yield traits. Since the crop growth rate was highest between planting and full flowering, we can infer that the weedy treatments prioritized vegetative growth over reproductive growth. In the weed-free treatment, however, the trend was toward more robust reproduction. In addition, the biological yield (total dry matter weight) increased as seeding rates were raised, and this translated into a higher grain yield. According to a study that compared crop growth rates from planting to 60 days after planting, Amal was the most effective cultivar at outcompeting weeds in the early stages of crop development, leading to the highest yield.
Evaluation of Vitamin D3-Conjugated Selenium Nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on White Blood Cells, Liver, and Kidney Functions in Induced Immunosuppressed Rats
Authors: AbdAlAziz Saif E. , Thalij Karkaz M. , Zakaria Mohamed Gh. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research was aimed of the to associate selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) previously synthesized using Aspergillus niger with vitamin D3 and to determine the effect of oral administration of each of them on some blood picture parameters and liver and kidney function parameters in laboratory rats in which immunosuppression was induced. The results showed that the color of the solution containing vitamin D3 with selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) changed from orange to pale as an initial indication of the coupling of Se-NPs with D3. Absorption UV-Visible Light Spectroscopy and their sizes are at 52.90 nm when measured using the X-ray diffraction technique, and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that they are in the form of irregular spherical granules, whose sizes ranged from 5 to 135 nm. The state of immunosuppression of male laboratory rats using Sandimmune caused a negative effect in the significant reduction (p<0.05) of the numbers of white blood cells that were at 2230 (Cell × 106), as well as in the impairment of liver and kidney functions, and their levels increased significantly. Se-NPs (T3) or vitamin D3 (T4) alone or their conjugate solution (T5) modified the numbers of white blood cells, which became 6080, 4871, and 7164 (Cell × 106), respectively. It also caused a significant modification of the parameters of kidney and liver functions and returned them to their normal levels in the control group.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Copper Spray on the Growth and Yield Characteristics of Different Cultivars of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Ghaffar Rawaa Abdul , Muhammad Enas Ismail 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The growth and yield characteristics of five different varieties of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined in this study, which was conducted at the research station of the Field Crops Department of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit during the agricultural season (2022-2023). The tested concentrations of copper were 0, 5, 10, and 15 mg L-1. The experiment used a split-plot system with three replications and a Randomized Complete Block design (R.C.B.D). Six factors were analyzed for this study: flowering percentage, flag leaf area, spike length, spike number per m2, grain yield per spike, and grain yield per m2. The values for the characteristics (area of the flag leaf, number of spikes m-2, number of grains per spike, and total grain yield) indicate that the interaction between Bohuth 22 and a concentration of 15 mg L-1 was superior. The values are (52.23 cm2), (401.33 spike m-2), (75.16 grains of spike-1), and (3785.6 kg.h-1). The characteristic of spike length (16.13 cm) was particularly well-represented by the interaction between the cultivar Bohuth 10 and the concentration of 15 mg L-1.
Fortification of Vegetable Oils – A review
Authors: Rajab Zena M. , Kareem Abdulkareem A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted for the purpose of knowing the benefits of fortification of oils and their sustainability in a wider way to increase the shelf life of oils and fight free radicals resulting from oxidation and damage of oils by using types of natural or industrial food additives that change the physicochemical properties of oils such as acidity number, peroxide number and fatty acids, and also for the purpose of adding properties Multiple oils, such as increasing the percentage of vitamins and antioxidants in the oil and making it more suitable for human use. This study was conducted in order to find out the benefits of strengthening oils and their sustainability in a wider way to increase the shelf life of oils and fight free radicals resulting from oxidation and damage of oils by using types of natural or industrial food additives that change the physical and chemical properties of oils such as acidity number, peroxide number and fatty acids, and also for the purpose of adding properties to multiple oils, such as increasing the percentage of vitamins and antioxidants in the oil and making it more suitable for human use. Usually, the oil is fortified before the oil is filled and preserved, where a mixture of natural ingredients such as (vitamins, spices, and herbs) is added, or synthetic ingredients such as (BHA, BHT, or TBHQ) are added. Oil fortification as a concept, technology, and quality control processes have been around long enough to be reliable for long-term national production.