bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved synthesis of [phenyl‐14C(U)] Lawsone
Authors: Wright Christopher , Ullas Giliyar V. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractSynthesis of 14C‐labelled Lawsone or 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone was achieved by auto‐oxidation of [phenyl‐14C(U)]α‐tetralone; the latter was prepared from [14C(U)] benzene in a reaction sequence more convenient than reported earlier. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous CD4+BV8S2− T cells from TG BV8S2+ donors confer complete protection against spontaneous experimental encephalomyelitis (Sp‐EAE) in TCR transgenic, RAG−/− mice
Authors: Matejuk Agata , Buenafe Abigail C. , Dwyer Jami , Ito Atsushi , Silverman Marc , Zamora Alex , Subramanian Sandhya , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina 
Published: December 2002

AbstractTo investigate regulatory mechanisms which naturally prevent autoimmune diseases, we adopted the genetically restricted immunodeficient (RAG‐1−/−) myelin basic protein (MBP)‐specific T cell receptor (TCR) double transgenic (T/R−) mouse model of spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Sp‐EAE). Sp‐EAE can be prevented after transfer of CD4+splenocytes from naïve immunocompetent mice. RAG‐1+ double transgenic (T/R+) mice do not develop Sp‐EAE due to the presence of a very small population (about 2%) of non‐Tg TCR specificities. In this study, CD4+BV8S2+ T cells that predominate in T/R+ mice, and three additional populations, CD4+BV8S2−, CD4−CD8−BV8S2+, and CD4−CD8+BV8S2+ T cells that expanded in T/R+ mice after immunization with MBP‐Ac1‐11 peptide, were studied for their ability to prevent Sp‐EAE in T/R− mice. Only the CD4+BV8S2− T cell population conferred complete protection against Sp‐EAE, similar to unfractionated splenocytes from non‐Tg donors, whereas CD4−CD8−BV8S2+ and CD4+BV8S2+ T cells conferred partial protection. In contrast, CD4−CD8+BV8S2+ T cells had no significant protective effects. The highly protective CD4+BV8S2− subpopulation was CD25+, contained non‐clonotypic T cells, and uniquely expressed the CCR4 chemokine receptor. Protected recipient T/R− mice had marked increases in CD4+CD25+ Treg‐like cells, retention of the pathogenic T cell phenotype in the spleen, and markedly reduced inflammation in CNS tissue. Partially protective CD4+BV8S2+ and CD4− CD8−BV8S2+ subpopulations appeared to be mainly clonotypic T cells with altered functional properties. These three Sp‐EAE protective T cell subpopulations possessed distinctive properties and induced a variety of effects in T/R− recipients, thus implicating differing mechanisms of protection. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fullerene C60 and ascorbic acid protect cultured chromaffin cells against levodopa toxicity
Authors: Corona‐Morales Aleph A. , Castell Andrés , Escobar Alfonso , Drucker‐Colín René , Zhang Limei 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAdrenal chromaffin cell (ACC) transplants, alone or combined with levodopa treatment, were used in attempted therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). In a previous study, we demonstrated that levodopa caused chromaffin cell death either by necrosis or by apoptosis in cell culture. Here we report the beneficial effect of a water‐soluble derivative of fullerene C60 (a novel molecule with potent antioxidant properties) and of ascorbic acid when applied to chromaffin cell cultures exposed to levodopa. Both antioxidants remarkably increase the ACC survival and prevent cell death, including apoptosis. Although ACC transplants are not currently considered as an option for PD treatment, these observations should help in exploring the possibilities of preventing the neurotoxicity generated by levodopa and in envisaging new strategies for PD treatment by combining the clinical use of levodopa and potent antioxidants. Chemical properties of fullerene related to biological uses are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of chronic dermal exposure to nonlethal doses of methyl parathion on brain regional acetylcholinesterase and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in female rats
Authors: Ma Tangeng , Kramer Robert E. , Baker Rodney C. , Fan Lir‐Wan , Ho Ing K. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe in vivo and in vitro effects of methyl parathion, a phosphorothionate insecticide, on cholinergic neurotransmitter systems in the brain of rats were investigated. Three groups of adult female rats received 0, 0.1, or 1.0 mg/kg methyl parathion via dermal exposure for 95 days. Exposure to 0.1 mg/kg methyl parathion produced inhibition of AChE in the caudate‐putamen and thalamic nuclei, whereas 1.0 mg/kg resulted in inhibition of AChE in most brain regions. The same doses of methyl parathion had no effect on [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic receptors in the brain regions examined. The in vitro study demonstrated that methyl parathion causes preferential inhibition of AChE and [3H]QNB binding in specific brain regions. As an inhibitor of AChE, methyl paraoxon was 1,000‐fold more potent than was methyl parathion. Similarly, methyl paraoxon showed brain region‐specific inhibition of the enzyme. Generally, the brain stem was highly sensitive to organophosphate‐induced inhibition of AChE activity and [3H]QNB binding. Because central respiratory neurons gather in the brain stem, preferential effects there and in other brain regions may underlie lethal toxicity of methyl parathion and other organophosphates. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase C activity, translocation, and selective isoform subcellular redistribution in the rat cerebral cortex after in vitro ischemia
Authors: Selvatici Rita , Marino Silvia , Piubello Carmela , Rodi Donata , Beani Lorenzo , Gandini Enrico , Siniscalchi Anna 
Published: December 2002

AbstractProtein kinase C (PKC) involvement in ischemia‐induced neuronal damage has been investigated in superfused rat cerebral cortex slices submitted to 15 min of oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) and in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons exposed to 100 μM glutamate (GLU) for 10 min. OGD significantly increased the total PKC activity in the slices, mostly translocated in the particulate fraction. After 1 hr of reperfusion, the total PKC activity was reduced and the translocated fraction dropped by 84% with respect to the control. Western blot analysis of OGD samples showed an increase in total β2 and ϵ PKC isoform levels. After reperfusion, the total levels of α, β1, β2 and γ isoforms were significantly reduced, whereas the ϵ isoform remained at an increased level. Endogenous GLU release from OGD slices increased to about 15 times the basal values after 15 min of oxygen‐glucose deprivation, and to 25 and 35 times the basal level in the presence of the PKC inhibitors staurosporine (0.1 μM) and bisindolylmaleimide (1 μM), respectively. Western blot analysis of GLU‐treated cortical neurons showed a significant decrease only in the total level of β2 isoforms. Cell survival was reduced to 31% in GLU‐treated neuronal cultures; PKC inhibitors were not able to modify this effect. These findings demonstrate that the cell response to OGD and GLU involves PKC in a complex way. The net role played by PKC during OGD may be to reduce GLU release and, consequently, neurotoxicity. The isoforms β2 and ϵ are affected the most and may play a significant role in the mechanisms underlying neurotoxicity/neuroprotection. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotection of cultured cortical neurons mediated by the cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor APHS can be reversed by a prostanoid
Authors: Carlson Noel G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe neuroprotective properties of two cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) specific inhibitors, N‐[2‐(cyclohexyloxy)‐4‐nitrophenyl]‐methanesulfonamide (NS398) and o‐(acetoxy‐phenyl)hept‐2‐ynyl2 sulfide (APHS) were examined in vitro using a mixed cortical neuronal culture system. Each of these inhibitors conferred a concentration‐dependent neuroprotective effect against an excitotoxic assault induced by NMDA. Neuroprotection was observed when the COX‐2 inhibitor was added before or even 1–3 hours after NMDA, which was coincident with an NMDA‐induced increase of COX‐2 transcripts in neurons. To test whether these COX‐2 inhibitors confer neuroprotection by inhibiting biosynthesis of prostanoids that may contribute toward excitotoxicity, two NMDA‐induced prostanoids, PGE2 and PGF2α, were tested for their ability to reverse the neuroprotective properties of APHS. APHS‐mediated neuroprotection was overcome by the concentration‐dependent (as low as 100 nM) administration of a synthetic analog of PGE2, 17‐phenyl‐trinor‐PGE2 (17‐pt‐E2), which is a relatively specific agonist for the EP1 and EP3 prostaglandin receptors; however, PGF2α had no significant effect on neuroprotection conferred by APHS. In the absence of APHS, neuroprotection was observed with either prostanoid. PGE2 may in some instances contribute toward excitotoxicity, and the inhibition of synthesis of this prostanoid may in part explain the neuroprotective properties of these COX‐2 inhibitors. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of c‐Kit receptor and stem cell factor in cerebellar inhibitory synapses in response to kainic acid
Authors: Kim D. , Im J.O. , Won Y.J. , Yoon S.Y. , Lee E.J. , Lee J.H. , Hong H.N. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractNeuronal stimulation was induced in rats by systemic administration of kainic acid (KA) to determine if such stimulation is responsible for changes in the expression patterns of c‐Kit and stem cell factor (SCF) in cerebellar synapses between inhibitory interneurons and Purkinje cells. Using immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting analyses, we demonstrate that c‐Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand SCF are present on the pre‐ and postsynaptic sides of inhibitory synapses on Purkinje cells. These proteins are upregulated during the first 48 hr after KA treatment, whereas their levels fall below that of the control by 1 week and remain as such thereafter. Expression of both c‐Kit and SCF are significantly elevated in the Purkinje cell layer 24 hr after KA administration, and the Purkinje cell layer exhibits a loss of calbindin D‐28K immunoreactivity. Expression of c‐Kit in basket cell axon terminals is activated until 48 hr after KA treatment, suggesting the transient participation of c‐Kit receptor tyrosine kinase in the maintenance of these axonal terminals. Also during the first 48 hr after KA treatment, SCF levels increase in axonal processes of Purkinje cells, and these SCF‐positive axons correlate with c‐Kit‐positive pinceau structures. The increased expression of c‐Kit and SCF in response to KA‐induced neuronal stimulation may indicate that c‐Kit receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand SCF function in the inhibitory synapse between cerebellar interneurons and Purkinje cells, and that this role is most pronounced during the first 48 hr after KA treatment. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of protein–nucleic acid interactions by photochemical cross‐linking and mass spectrometry
Authors: Steen Hanno , Jensen Ole Nørregaard 
Published: December 2002

Abstract

I.
Introduction
163

II.
Photochemical Cross‐Linking
165

III.
Structural Analysis of Protein–Nucleic Acid Heteroconjugates
165

IV.
Analytical Challenges
168

A. Ionization of Peptide–Oligonucleotide Heteroconjugates
168

1.  MALDI MS Analysis of Heteroconjugates
168

2.  Electrospray Ionization (ESI) MS Analysis of Heteroconjugates
170

B. Mass Analysis and Sequencing of Heteroconjugates
170

C. Photochemical Reaction Mechanisms
170

V.
Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Photochemically Cross‐Linked Heteroconjugates
171

A. Analysis of Intact Protein–Oligonucleotide Heteroconjugates by MS
171

B. Mass Analysis of Peptide–Oligonucleotide Heteroconjugates
174

C. Sequence Information by MS
174

1.  MALDI MS‐Based Sequencing of Peptide–Nucleic Acid Heteroconjugates
174

2.  Sequence Information by ESI MS/MS
175

3.  Other Mass Spectrometric Techniques for the Analysis of Protein/Peptide–Oligonucleotide Heteroconjugates
176

VI.
Conclusions and Perspectives
178

Acknowledgments
179

Abbreviations
179

References
179

Photochemical cross‐linking is a commonly used method for studying the molecular details of protein‐nucleic acid interactions. Photochemical cross‐linking aids in defining nucleic acid binding sites of proteins via subsequent identification of cross‐linked protein domains and amino acid residues. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a sensitive and efficient analytical technique for determination of such cross‐linking sites in proteins. The present review of the field describes a number of MS‐based approaches for the characterization of cross‐linked protein‐nucleic acid complexes and for sequencing of peptide‐nucleic acid heteroconjugates. The combination of photochemical cross‐linking and MS provides a fast screening method to gain insights into the overall structure and formation of protein‐oligonucleotide complexes. Because the analytical methods are continuously refined and protein structural data are rapidly accumulating in databases, we envision that many protein‐nucleic acid assemblies will be initially characterized by combinations of cross‐linking methods, MS, and computational molecular modeling. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:163–182, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10024
Naturally and externally pulsed electrospray
Authors: Wei Junfei , Shui Wenqing , Zhou Feng , Lu Yu , Chen Kankai , Xu Guobing , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: December 2002

Abstract

I.
Introduction
148

II.
Continuous Electrospray
149

III.
Pulsation in an ESI Process
150

A. High‐Frequency Pulsation
150

B. Low‐Frequency Pulsation
153

IV.
Pulsing in Electrospray or Pulsed Electrospray
155

A. Pulsed in ESI in Low Frequency
155

B. Pulsed in ESI in High Frequency
156

C. Features of a Pulsed ESI
158

V.
Closing Remarks
161

Acknowledgments
161

References
161

The current studies on pulsation phenomena in electrospray ionization, and pulsed electrospray ionization (ESI) under external electrical control are reviewed. A number of investigations have shown that two types of pulsation processes exist: low‐frequency fluctuation and high‐frequency droplet‐formation. The low‐frequency pulsation is induced by an imbalance between the flow rate of the input sample to the Taylor cone and the feed rate of the output solution to the liquid filament. The high‐frequency pulsation mainly results from the initial droplet formation process, and is modulated by the low‐frequency pulsation. The fundamental and experimental sections of these two pulsations are discussed. Experimental results also show that low and high pulsations can both be controlled electrically to create a pulsed ESI so that high sensitivity and an enhanced S/N ratio can be achieved. However, the co‐ordination of the synchronization between a natural pulsation and a pulsed ESI, as well as its application to mass spectrometer (MS) analysis, demands further research. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:148–162, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10026
Urodynamically age‐specific prevalence of urinary incontinence in women with urinary symptoms
Authors: Lin Ho‐Hsiung , Torng Pao‐Ling , Sheu Bor‐Ching , Shau Wen‐Yi , Huang Su‐Cheng 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAims:To determine the age‐specific prevalence rates of different types of urinary incontinence in women with urinary symptoms using urodynamic studies (UDS).Methods:One thousand five hundred women with urinary symptoms who underwent UDS in our department from January 1997 through December 1999 were enrolled. A detailed history, physical examination, and data of multi‐channel UDS including uroflowmetry, filling and voiding cystometry, stress urethral pressure profile, and 20‐minute pad test were obtained for each patient. The urodynamic findings of each patient were analyzed and correlated with age in decades.Results:Of 1,500 women, 329 were excluded from analysis because they had undergone anti‐incontinence surgery (n=27), had undergone treatment for cervical cancer (n=147), or were being followed‐up after medication (n=155). Of the remaining 1,171 patients, 656 (56%) had genuine stress incontinence (GSI), 68 (5.8%) had detrusor instability (DI), 187 (16%) had mixed GSI/DI, 245 (20.9%) had either voiding or storing dysfunction without concomitant incontinence, and 15 (1.3%) had normal urodynamic findings. The 41–50‐ and 51–60‐year age groups had the highest prevalence rates of urinary incontinence, accounting for 31% and 28% of GSI cases, 35% and 25% of DI cases, and 40% and 27% of mixed GSI/DI cases, respectively. The prevalence of GSI and mixed GSI/DI increased consistently with age, but the prevalence of DI decreased after age 66. Thus, the prevalence rates of GSI, DI, and mixed GSI/DI were 56%, 5.8%, and 16%, respectively, in women with urinary symptoms.Conclusions:Female urinary incontinence had a biogenic peak prevalence in the 41–50‐year and 51–60‐year age groups. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:29–32, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric analysis of the collagen changes induced by subcutaneous injection of interferon‐gamma after bladder outlet obstruction in the rat
Authors: Kim Kwang Myung , Kang Jeongyoon , Jung Jung Yun 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAims:The objective of this study was to examine the effects of interferon‐gamma injection on changes in collagen content, after the creation of partial bladder outlet obstruction in the rats.Methods:A total of 50 Sprague‐Dawley female rats were subjected to partial bladder outlet obstruction by using metal rods. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 10 in each group): normal control (N), sham operation (S), bladder outlet obstruction for 4 weeks (BOO), interferon‐gamma injection after sham operation (S + IFN), and interferon‐gamma injection after bladder outlet obstruction (BOO + IFN). Interferon‐gamma was subcutaneously injected (100,000 units per injection, LG chemical Co., Seoul, Korea) daily for 4 weeks in the injection groups, after which all rats were sacrificed.Results:The collagen area percentage (collagen/collagen + muscle) in each bladder, calculated through image analysis, was 40.7 ± 1.6% in the N, 38.2 ± 2.0% in the S, 26.6 ± 3.8% in the S + IFN, 19.9 ± 2.5% in the BOO, and 12.4 ± 2.0% in the BOO + IFN group (mean ± standard error). The difference in the collagen area percentage between the N and S groups (P > 0.05) was not significant, but there were significant differences between the N and S + IFN groups (P < 0.05), between the S and S + IFN groups (P < 0.05), and between the BOO and BOO + IFN groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions:It appears that interferon‐gamma decreases the collagen content in the obstructed rat bladder. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:70–76, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Video urodynamics using transrectal ultrasonography for lower urinary tract symptoms in women
Authors: Tosaka Akira , Murota‐Kawano Akiko , Ando Masao 
Published: December 2002

AbstractAims:To understand the properties of lower urinary tract disorders in women, we evaluated 60 female patients with lower urinary tract disorders or symptoms of recurrent cystitis by free uroflowmetry and video urodynamics using transrectal ultrasonography (VU‐TRUS).Methods:Results of urodynamic studies or symptoms of stress incontinence were used to divide 60 women into 7 normal controls and 53 with voiding dysfunctions.Results:In normal controls, VU‐TRUS showed that the mean posterior urethrovesical angle and anteroposterior diameter of the proximal urethra at maximum flow was 151.4 degrees and 4.9 mm, respectively. In patients with voiding dysfunction, VU‐TRUS during voiding revealed various urethral abnormalities, including 16 detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, 4 detrusor bladder neck dyssynergia, and 13 insufficient opening of the entire urethra. VU‐TRUS also showed pelvic floor abnormalities, including 24 urethral hypermobilities (group 1) and 11 cystoceles (group 2). Eighteen patients had neither urethral hypermobility nor cystocele (group 3). Major pressure‐flow abnormalities in the 53 patients with voiding dysfunctions were weak detrusor (72%) and/or bladder outlet obstruction (25%). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the pressure‐flow abnormalities among the three groups. However, the mean values of abdominal pressure at maximum flow of group 1 (20.9 cm H2O) and group 2 (17.9 cm H2O) were significantly higher than that of group 3 (6.3 cm H2O; each P < 0.05). The mean values of residual urine volume of group 2 (60.8 mL) and group 3 (77.6 mL) were significantly higher than that of group 1 (23.5 mL; each P < 0.05).Conclusions:The symptoms of women with lower urinary tract disorders were frequently accompanied by urethral and/or pelvic floor abnormalities during voiding that were clearly detected by VU‐TRUS. VU‐TRUS is useful for objective evaluation of female lower urinary tract symptoms. Neurourol. Urodynam. 22:33–39, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polynomial particular solutions for certain partial differential operators
Authors: Golberg M. A. , Muleshkov A. S. , Chen C. S. , Cheng A. H.‐D. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIn this article, we consider a variant of the Dual Reciprocity Method (DRM) for solving boundary value problems based on approximating source terms by polynomials other than the traditional basis functions. The use of pseudo‐spectral approximations and symbolic methods enables us to obtain highly accurate results without solving the often ill‐conditioned equations that occur when radial basis function approximations are used. When the given partial differential equation is either Poisson's equation or an inhomogeneous Helmholtz‐type equation, we are able to obtain either closed form particular solutions or efficient recursive algorithms. Using the particular solutions, we convert the inhomogeneous equations to homogeneous. The resulting homogeneous equations are then amenable to solution by boundary‐type methods such as the Boundary Element Method (BEM) or the Method of Fundamental Solutions (MFS). Using the MFS, we provide numerical solutions to a variety of boundary value problems in R2 and R3. Using this approach, we can achieve high accuracy with a modest number of interpolation and collocation points. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 112–133, 2003
Uniform approximation of singularly perturbed reaction‐diffusion problems by the finite element method on a Shishkin mesh
Authors: Xenophontos Christos , Fulton Scott R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe consider the numerical approximation of singularly perturbed reaction‐diffusion problems over two‐dimensional domains with smooth boundary. Using the h version of the finite element method over appropriately designed piecewise uniform (Shishkin) meshes, we are able to uniformly approximate the solution at a quasi‐optimal rate. The results of numerical computations showing agreement with the analysis are also presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 89–111, 2003
The upwind finite difference fractional steps methods for two‐phase compressible flow in porous media
Authors: Yuan Yirang 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe upwind finite difference fractional steps methods are put forward for the two‐phase compressible displacement problem. Some techniques, such as calculus of variations, multiplicative commutation rule of difference operators, decomposition of high‐order difference operators, and prior estimates, are adopted. Optimal order estimates in L2 norm are derived to determine the error in the approximate solution. This method has already been applied to the numerical simulation of seawater intrusion and migration‐accumulation of oil resources. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 67–88, 2003