bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Recurrent Nerve Paralysis due to Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Ishii Kosuke , Adachi Hideo , Tsubaki Keiju , Ohta Yasushi , Yamamoto Masanori , Ino Takashi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives: We sought to clarify the relationship between the outcome of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis with the characteristics of the thoracic aortic aneurysm and the surgical procedure used in each patient.Methods: Nine patients who developed recurrent nerve paralysis (nonsurgical paralysis) due to a thoracic aortic aneurysm alone and 14 patients who underwent artificial vessel replacement for thoracic aortic aneurysm and developed recurrent nerve paralysis postoperatively (surgical paralysis) were evaluated.Results: In the patients with nonsurgical paralysis, the aneurysms were similar in size to those of other patients who underwent surgery of the thoracic aorta and were invariably located near the aortic arch. Aneurysm shape was not associated with nerve paralysis. Surgical paralysis was alleviated in two patients. Surgical paralysis was observed in 9% of those who underwent surgery of the thoracic aorta. Vocal cord mobility recovered in 4 of the 11 patients with surgical paralysis who underwent follow‐up. Symptoms were alleviated by rehabilitation in many patients who did not recover vocal cord mobility. The positions of the artificial vessel anastomoses are thought to be closely related to the outcome of paralysis.Conclusion: Recurrent nerve paralysis reduced not only the patient's quality of life but also survival by leading to disorders including aspiration pneumonia. Therefore, early rehabilitation should be performed, and surgical treatment should be considered, if necessary, for patients with recurrent nerve paralysis.
Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction, II: Studies With Minocycline
Authors: Kern R C. , Conley D B. , Haines G K. , Robinson A M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The treatment of anosmia has changed minimally since the early 1970s, despite dramatic advances in the understanding of the molecular biology of olfaction. Recent studies from the authors' laboratory have suggested that most common causes of clinical olfactory dysfunction, including rhinosinusitis, appear to be associated with increased apoptotic death of olfactory sensory neurons. This appears to result in a decline in the number of functioning mature olfactory sensory neurons, despite the capacity of the olfactory epithelium for regeneration. The current study evaluated the ability of the antibiotic minocycline to inhibit olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis. This drug is known to inhibit apoptosis separate from its anti‐infective properties. Olfactory sensory neuron apoptosis was triggered by surgical deafferentation (“bulbectomy”), the standard experimental model. Earlier studies have indicated that bulbectomy and sinusitis invoke similar proteolytic enzyme cascades in olfactory sensory neurons.Study Design: Histological analysis of animal olfactory tissue.Methods: Mice underwent unilateral olfactory bulbectomy to induce apoptotic olfactory sensory neuron death, with and without 45 mg/kg intraperitoneal minocycline given 12 hours before surgery and every 12 hours until death. Mice were killed at 2 and 4 days after bulbectomy and assessed for activation of capsase‐3 and olfactory sensory neuron survival by immunohistochemical analysis.Results: Minocycline resulted in partial suppression of cell death at 2 days after surgery when compared with untreated animals.Conclusion: Minocycline inhibits olfactory sensory neuron death in the face of a potent pro‐apoptotic stimulus. This drug is well tolerated and is currently undergoing human trials for the management of a variety of neurological disorders associated with apoptosis. The current results suggest that minocycline may be efficacious in the management of peripheral olfactory loss as well.
The Woman behind Frey's Syndrome: The Tragic Life of Lucja Frey
Authors: Moltrecht Mirjam , Michel Olaf 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective: The auriculotemporal syndrome is known worldwide as Frey's syndrome. However, the Jewish physician Lucja Frey, after whom it was named, has fallen into obscurity. The little information about her is fragmentary, contradictory, and often incorrect.Study Design: To reconstruct the life of Lucja Frey, who was murdered by the Nazis in her native town if Lwów, it was imperative to look for original documents as irrevocable proof of her life.Methods: During this research, more than 100 archives and institutions in 8 countries have been contacted.Results: With the archive materials, it was possible for the first time to create a complete picture of the life of this fascinating physician. Furthermore, her day of death, unknown until now, could be determined with great plausibility. The lasting impression is not only of a tragic death under the Nazis but also of a tragic life as a whole.Conclusion: Lucja Frey would have been forgotten if not for the eponym Frey's syndrome. In this way, she is remembered not only as an unusual woman, physician, and scientist but also as one of millions of Jews murdered by the Nazis. This may be the only key remaining to prevent the repetition of one of the most haunting and devastating times in history.
Bronchogenic Cyst Presenting as a Symptomatic Neck Mass in an Adult: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Al‐kasspooles Mazin F. , Alberico Ronald A. , Douglas Wade G. , Litwin Alan M. , Wiseman Sam M. , Rigual Nestor R. , Loree Thom R. , Hicks Wesley L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report the unusual clinical manifestation and subsequent management of a symptomatic congenital bronchogenic cyst that connected to the trachea and presented in the neck of an adult. The embryology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management options of this rare aberration are discussed.
Cochlear Implantation in Patients with Substantial Residual Hearing
Authors: Cullen Robert D. , Higgins Carol , Buss Emily , Clark Marcia , Pillsbury Harold C. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives: Cochlear implantation is an effective means for providing auditory rehabilitation in adult patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. It has been hypothesized that patients with substantial, preoperative residual hearing would be excellent cochlear implant candidates because of surviving neural populations and a lack of auditory deprivation. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes of patients with substantial residual hearing who have undergone cochlear implantation.Study Design: Retrospective chart review of patients with substantial preoperative residual hearing who underwent cochlear implantation.Methods: Chart reviews were completed for patients with substantial residual hearing who underwent cochlear implantation (City University of New York Sentence Test [CUNY] > 60%, Hearing in Noise Test sentences presented in quiet [HINTQ] > 50%, or Consonant‐Nucleus‐Consonant [CNC] > 20% in the ear to be implanted). Preoperative and postoperative measures of audiologic performance as well as complications were assessed.Results: All 12 patients who met inclusion criteria ultimately surpassed their preoperative aided performance level after implantation and gained significant benefit from their cochlear implant. At 6 months postimplantation, mean CUNY, HINTQ, and CNC scores were 93%, 78%, and 48% in the implant ear alone, respectively. However, progress was slower than expected for many patients, and at least one patient took 1 year to surpass his preoperative performance level. There were no complications from surgery in this selected group of patients.Conclusions: Patients with some degree of residual hearing do benefit from cochlear implantation. However, there may be an initial decline in performance as compared with preoperative levels. This decline is overcome in time in this patient population. These patients need to be counseled accordingly.
Why are Small Firms Different? Managers’ Views
Authors: Agell Jonas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDo incentives differ between large and small organizations? Results from a representative survey of compensation managers are used to shed light on the issues. I find that (i) small establishments rely less on pecuniary incentives, and have a significantly more hostile attitude towards incentive schemes based on competition and relative rewards; (ii) large units are more vulnerable to mechanisms of efficiency wages, effects that remain even after controlling for differences in monitoring ability; (iii) large units are more prone to indicate that negative reciprocity is important, and that their employees care about relative pay. I argue that these findings fit with behavioral stories of incentives and motivation, in particular those stressing group interaction effects, inequity aversion and gift exchange.
Is There a Hold‐up Problem?
Authors: Ellingsen Tore , Johannesson Magnus 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report on a hold‐up experiment in which unilateral investment is followed by bilateral bargaining according to Nash’s demand game. Without communication, investment is low and coordination is poor. Unilateral communication facilitates coordination, but not perfectly. Successful coordination predominantly entails “fair” outcomes. Perhaps surprisingly, sellers (investors) do at least as well under buyer communication as under seller communication.
A marine fish follows Wallace's Line: the phylogeography of the three‐spot seahorse (Hippocampus trimaculatus, Syngnathidae, Teleostei) in Southeast Asia
Authors: Lourie Sara A. , Vincent Amanda C. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAim  To test the potential of two contrasting biogeographical hypotheses (‘Indian/Pacific Ocean Basin’ vs. ‘Wallace's Line’) to explain the distribution of genetic diversity among populations of a marine fish in Southeast Asia.Location  The marine waters of Asia and Southeast Asia: from India to Japan, and east to the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi and Flores.Methods  We sequenced a 696 base pair fragment of cytochrome b DNA of 100 individuals of Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach 1814 (three‐spot seahorse), obtained from across its range. We tested our hypotheses using phylogenetic reconstructions and analyses of molecular variance.Results  Significant genetic divergence was observed among the specimens. Two distinct lineages emerged that diverged by an average of 2.9%. The genetic split was geographically associated, but surprisingly it indicated a major east–west division similar to the terrestrial Wallace's Line (ΦST = 0.662, P < 0.001) rather than one consistent with an Indian‐Pacific ocean basin separation hypothesis (ΦST = 0.023, P = 0.153). Samples from east of Wallace's Line, when analysed separately, however, were consistent with an Indian/Pacific Ocean separation (ΦST = 0.461, P = 0.005). The degree of genetic and geographical structure within each lineage also varied. Lineage A, to the west, was evolutionarily shallow (star‐like), and the haplotypes it contained often occurred over a wide area. Lineage B to the east had greater genetic structure, and there was also some evidence of geographical localization of sublineages within B.Main conclusions  Our results indicate that the genetic diversity of marine organisms in Southeast Asia may reflect a more complex history than the simple division between two major ocean basins that has been proposed by previous authors. In particular, the east–west genetic division observed here is novel among marine organisms examined to date. The high haplotype, but low nucleotide diversity to the west of Wallace's Line is consistent with post‐glacial colonization of the Sunda Shelf. Additional data are needed to test the generality of these patterns.
Sleep quantity, sleep difficulties and their perceived consequences in a representative sample of some 2000 British adults
Authors: Groeger J. A. , Zijlstra F. R. H. , Dijk D.‐J. 
Published: November 2004

SummarySleep problems and sleep restriction are popular topics of discussion, but few representative data are available. We document Britain's sleep based on a nationally representative sample of 1997, 16–93 year olds, who participated in face‐to‐face interviews. Fifty‐eight per cent of respondents reported sleep problems on one or more nights the previous week and 18% reported that the sleep they obtained was insufficient on the majority of nights. Sleep durations were longest in the youngest participants (16–24 years), who slept on average 1 h longer than the 7.04 (SD 1.55) sample average. Sleep duration showed no appreciable change beyond middle age. Men and women reported sleeping similar amounts but women reported more sleep problems. Men reported sleeping less when there were more children in their household. Workers (i.e. employees) reported sleeping less on workdays than on non‐workdays, but those based at home and those not employed did not. Inability to switch off from work was related to sleep duration on non‐workdays. Across all participants average sleep duration exhibited a non‐monotonic association with quality of life (i.e. contribution of sleep to energy, satisfaction and success in work, home and leisure activities). Quality of life was positively associated with sleep duration, for durations up to 9 h, but negatively associated with quality of life beyond this. Comparison of our data with the US national sleep poll revealed that Britain sleeps as little or less, whereas a comparison with data reported 40 years ago revealed no statistically reliable reductions. Although we may not sleep less than four decades ago, when we report sleeping less we also tend to associate that lack of sleep with poor performance and quality of life.
The clinical spectrum of narcolepsy with cataplexy: a reappraisal
Authors: Sturzenegger Christian , Bassetti Claudio L. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryIn the absence of a golden standard for the diagnosis of narcolepsy, the clinical spectrum of disorder remains controversial. The aims of this study were (1) to determine frequency and characteristics of sleep–wake symptoms in patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy, (2) to compare clinical characteristics with results of ancillary tests, and (3) to identify factors that discriminate narcolepsy from other conditions with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). We prospectively studied 57 narcoleptics with cataplexy, 56 patients with non‐narcoleptic hypersomnia (H), and 40 normal controls (No). Based on suggested and published criteria, we differentiated between narcoleptics with definite cataplexy (N) and narcoleptics without definite cataplexy (possible cataplexy, NpC). Assessment consisted of questionnaires [all patients and controls, including the Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Score (UNS)], polysomnography (all patients), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and human leukocyte antigen typing (in most narcoleptics). A new narcolepsy score based on five questions was developed. Data were compared with those of 12 hypocretin‐deficient narcoleptics (N‐hd). There were significant differences between N and NpC (including mean sleep latency on MSLT), but none between N and N‐hd. A score of sleep propensity during active situations (SPAS) and the frequency of sleep paralysis/hallucinations at sleep onset, dreams of flying, and history of sleep shouting discriminated N from H and No (P < 0.001). Cataplexy‐like symptoms in H (18%) and No (8%) could be discriminated from ‘true’ cataplexy in N on the basis of topography of motor effects, triggering emotions and triggering situations (P < 0.001). Our narcolepsy score had a similar sensitivity (96% versus 98%) but a higher specificity (98% versus 56%) than the UNS. Analysis of co‐occurring symptoms in narcolepsy revealed two symptom complexes: EDS, cataplexy, automatic behaviors; and sleep paralysis, hallucinations, parasomnias. Low/undetectable cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin‐1 levels and a history of definite cataplexy identify similar subgroups of narcoleptics. Specific questions on severity of EDS (SPAS score) and characteristics of cataplexy allow the recognition of subgroups of narcoleptics and their differentiation from non‐narcoleptic EDS patients, including those reporting cataplexy‐like episodes. The existence of co‐occurring symptoms supports the hypothesis of a distinct pathophysiology of single narcoleptic symptoms.
Effect of cognitive arousal on sleep latency, somatic and cortical arousal following partial sleep deprivation
Authors: Valck Elke De , Cluydts Raymond , Pirrera Sandra 
Published: November 2004

SummaryEmerging research has shown that sleepiness, defined as the tendency to fall asleep, is not only determined by sleep pressure and time of day, but also by physiological and cognitive arousal. In this study we evaluated (i) the impact of experimentally induced cognitive arousal on electroencephalogram (EEG) defined sleep latency, and subjective, somatic and cortical arousal, and (ii) whether experimentally induced cognitive arousal enhances performance on a driving simulator test. Twelve healthy sleepers each spent three nights and the following day in the sleep laboratory: an adaptation, a cognitive arousal and a neutral testing day. In the cognitive arousal condition, a visit of a television camera crew took place and subjects were asked to be interviewed. On each testing day, a 5‐min heart rate recording, subjective sleepiness and arousal scales, Multiple Sleep Latency Test and a 25‐min driving simulator task were scheduled three times at 2‐h intervals. Experimentally induced cognitive arousal resulted in significant increases in objective sleep latency. Significantly elevated levels of subjective and somatic arousal – as indexed by a subjective arousal scale and heart rate – were also evidenced following cognitive arousal induction. A marginally significant trend for increased cortical arousal, measured by EEG beta activity, was also found. No effects were found on driving simulator performance. These findings support the concept of cognitive arousal as a significant component in determining sleep latency. In addition, it was illustrated that cognitively induced arousal can provoke increases in somatic and possibly even cortical arousal in normal sleepers. However, this was not accompanied by an enhanced ability to perform adequately on a driving simulator test.
The relationship between daytime exposure to light and night‐time sleep in 6–12‐week‐old infants
Authors: Harrison Yvonne 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThis project investigated the relationship between exposure to light and 24‐h patterns of sleep and crying in young, healthy, full‐term babies living at home and following a normal domestic routine. Measures included an ankle worn activity monitor, an external light monitor and the Barr Baby Day Diary in which parents recorded periods of sleep, crying, feeding and other behaviours at 5‐min intervals throughout the 24‐h period. Fifty‐six babies (26 males and 30 females) were monitored across three consecutive days at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age. There was an early evening peak in crying which was associated with reduced sleep at 6 weeks. Across the trials there was a gradual shift towards a greater proportion of sleep occurring at night. Sleeping well at 6 weeks was a good indication of more night‐time sleep at 9 and 12 weeks. Babies who slept well at night were exposed to significantly more light in the early afternoon period. These data suggest that light in the normal domestic setting influences the development of the circadian system.
Characterization of transgenic Trifolium subterraneum L. which expresses phyA and releases extracellular phytase: growth and P nutrition in laboratory media and soil
Authors: GEORGE T. S. , RICHARDSON A. E. , HADOBAS P. A. , SIMPSON R. J. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTTransgenic Trifolium subterraneum expressing a phytase gene (phyA) from Aspergillus niger were generated. Five independently transformed lines showed an average 77‐fold increase in exuded phytase activity in comparison with null segregant and wild‐type controls. Unlike other phosphatases, exuded phytase activity was unaffected by P supply, verifying the constitutive expression of phyA. Transgenic T. subterraneum grown in agar with P supplied as phytate, took up 1.3‐ to 3.6‐fold more P than controls and had equivalent P uptake to plants supplied with orthophosphate. This unique phenotype was compromised when the plants were grown in soil. None of the five lines showed increased shoot biomass or total P uptake in an unfertilized, low‐P soil taken from under permanent pasture. With addition of P, one of the five transgenic lines had consistently greater P nutrition compared with control plants. Despite variable growth and P nutrition responses, P uptake per root length was on average greater for transgenic lines. Exudation of phytase by transgenic T. subterraneum allowed utilization of P from phytate in non‐sorbing, sterile laboratory media, but was less effective when plants were grown in soil. Release of extracellular phytase is therefore not the only requirement for the acquisition of P from endogenous soil phytate by plants.
A critical analysis of the causes of boron toxicity in plants
Authors: REID R. J. , HAYES J. E. , POST A. , STANGOULIS J. C. R. , GRAHAM R. D. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the main factors contributing to boron toxicity in plants. Growth was rapidly inhibited by internal B concentrations in the range 1–5 m m across a range of plant types that included monocot, dicot and algal species. In contrast, mature cells were able to withstand up to 60 m m B for several days. In wheat, rapid inhibition of root growth occurred if high B was applied to the root tip, but not if high B was applied to mature sections of the root. In leaves, there were gradations in B concentrations that correlated with visible symptoms of toxicity. However, there was no evidence to support the hypothesis that toxicity in leaves is due to osmotic stress induced by the accumulation of B. Analysis of the sensitivity to B of a range of metabolic processes including photosynthesis, respiration and protein synthesis leads to the conclusion that growth is not restricted by effects of B on energy supply and not directly by inhibition of protein synthesis. At higher B concentrations, many cellular activities were found to be partially inhibited and the toxicity to mature tissues was therefore considered not to arise from the disruption of a single process, but from the accumulated retardation of many cellular processes, exacerbated in light by photo‐oxidative stress.
Dynamic photo‐inhibition and carbon gain in a C4and a C3grass native to high latitudes
Authors: KUBIEN D. S. , SAGE R. F. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTC4plants are rare in the cool climates characteristic of high latitudes and altitudes, perhaps because of an enhanced susceptibility to photo‐inhibition at low temperatures relative to C3species. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that low‐temperature photo‐inhibition is more detrimental to carbon gain in the C4grassMuhlenbergia glomeratathan the C3speciesCalamogrostis Canadensis. These grasses occur together in boreal fens in northern Canada. Plants were grown under cool (14/10 °C day/night) and warm (26/22 °C) temperatures before measurement of the light responses of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence at different temperatures. Cool growth temperatures led to reduced rates of photosynthesis inM. glomerataat all measurement temperatures, but had a smaller effect on the C3species. In both species the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments increased when plants were grown at 14/10 °C, and inM. glomeratathe xanthophyll epoxidation state was greatly reduced. The detrimental effect of low growth temperature on photosynthesis inM. glomeratawas almost completely reversed by a 24‐h exposure to the warm‐temperature regime. These data indicate that reversible dynamic photo‐inhibition is a strategy by which C4species may tolerate cool climates and overcome the Rubisco limitation that is prevalent at low temperatures in C4plants.