bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecotone—Speciation Prone?
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fish in cold arctic lakes and in muggy tropical ones have spawned new species because these biotopes offered more niches than a single fish could fill. Monophagous insects have done the same with the abundance of different host plants on offer. This is sympatric speciation in its purest form: first there was a homogeneous gene pool spread over a varied habitat, then the gene pool started to curdle and got lumpy.
Victoria s Blue Genes
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, King Mwangonde walked from his home town to the village of Mwela to marry Mapunda. To do this, he crossed a plain that today lies submerged beneath the clear waters of Lake Malawi, the southern-most of the three large East African lakes, dubbed the Great Lakes. In 1894, a traveller named Swann saw gigantic trees growing in the water near the shores of the lake. And in 1983, the centenarian chief Moses Ngosi told a British diplomat that his grandparents used to talk about a sunken village that lay an hour’s walk lakewards from the present-day Ruasho River delta. Historical records like these confirm what geologists now know for a fact: the water level of Lake Malawi has risen by some 120 metres in the past two centuries.
Mystery? What Mystery?
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Douglas Futuyma, whose 1980 criticisms set off the second and fruitful wave of Rhagoletis investigations, as Chapter 6 recounts, once wrote that speciation is ‘more thoroughly awash in unfounded and often contradictory speculation than any other single topic in evolutionary theory’. We know a thing or two about that. In this book, we have had our share of contradiction and speculation. Just think of the debate about bottlenecks, the controversy surrounding sympatric speciation, and the speculations about instant speciation. In fact, speciation research has always had a strange and somewhat disturbing obsession with emphasizing and classifying the differences between the various theories, perhaps because the field emerged from taxonomy, the branch of biology whose business it is to name and classify things.
Integrable subsystems of Hamiltonian equations and Lax-integrable equations
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quasilinear Hamiltonian PDEs with analytic coefficients have the form (2.1), where O d usually equals the whole space Z d and the gradient map ∇H is analytic of some order d H for all sufficiently smooth spaces Z d. The following three examples and their perturbations will be referred to constantly throughout the book.
The Sine-Gordon equation
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the SG equation under periodic and even periodic boundary conditions (see Example 2.3 in Section 2.1). The results are parallel to the KdV case and our presentation is much shorter. Missing details can be found in McKean (1981), Belokolos et al. (1994), Bikbaev and Kuksin (1992), and Bobenko and Kuksin (1995a).
Forensic applications of microsatellite markers
Authors: Balding David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of microsatellite (or Short Tandem Repeat, STR) loci to problems in forensic science is reviewed, starting with a brief historical overview pointing out limitations of earlier forensic typing methods. The interpretation of STR profiles in terms of evidential weight is emphasized, leading to match probability calculations, which allow for relatedness and population genetic effects. The situation in which a single defendant is alleged to be the source of a crime scene STR profile is discussed in some detail, including a worked example typical of recent UK casework. In addition, there is a shorter discussion of more complex scenarios, in which paternity, or other relatedness, is investigated, or where the crime scene STR profile reflects the DNA of more than one individual (a so-called 'mixed' profile).
A hundred thousand reasons for being different
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if Jeanne and Jean had possessed identical gene differences, the circumstances of their existence are so different that it is impossible to expect an equal outcome to both of their lives. But, of course, both Jean and Jeanne are not identical genetically and many DNA differences distinguish them; their cumulative effects will also contribute to their different future histories. These two influences are the reason why the life of one is a dream and that of the other a nightmare.
Genes and the mind
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can now begin to understand why Jeanne and Jean are physically so different—because both their gene differences and their environments have made them so. We could easily have spent a great deal of time discussing what is understood about how genes control our development and how this might be modulated by our environment and our gene differences, but this would really only tell us what we already know: that genes are important in defining our body plan.
Hierarchical Models for DNA Profiling Using Heterogeneous Databases
Authors: Dawid A Philip , Pueschel John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider forensic inference from DNA identification evidence, based on the “match probability”, for a genetically heterogeneous population. The genetic structure of the population is represented by a hierarchical model. Careful attention is given to the definition and use of the match probability, to the specification of appropriate parameters in its definition, and to the correct Bayesian method for inference about it. Errors in previously published analyses are identified. We reanalyse a UK database of DNA profiles, using MCMC methods, and compare the results of the correct and incorrect approaches.
Convergence Assessment for Reversible Jump MCMC Simulations
Authors: Brooks Stephen P , Giudici Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The this paper we discuss the problem of assessing convergence of reversible jump MCMC algorithms on the basis of simulation output. We discuss the various direct approaches which could be employed, together with their associated drawbacks. Using the example of fitting a graphical Gaussian model via RJMCMC, we show how the simulation output for models which can be parameterised so that parameters of primary interest retain a coherent interpretation throughout the simulation, can be used to assess convergence. In the context of this example, we extend the work of Gelman and Rubin (1992) and Brooks and Gelman (1998), to provide convergence assessment procedures for graphical model determination problems, but which may be applied to any form of model choice problem and, indeed, MCMC simulations more generally.
Amygdala plasticity: the neurobiological implications of kindling
Authors: Weiss Susan R B , Li1 He , Sitcoske-O’Shea Martina , Post R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss how observations from the amygdala kindling model may offer clues about neuroplasticity in the amygdala and related limbic structures. Kindled seizures can be induced gradually and under precise experimental control, thus allowing detailed study of the emerging expression of what we believe to be a highly conserved neural plasticity. We suggest that delineation of the cellular mechanisms underlying kindling may reveal substrates of plasticity operative in non-epileptic situations ranging from normal memory formation to evolving, pathological neuropsychiatric conditions.
Myosins
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myosins are a diverse superfamily of molecular motor proteins, which share the ability to reversibly bind actin and hydrolyse MgATP. They are capable of either translocating actin filaments or translocating vesicles or other cargo on fixed actin filaments. There are currently 15 distinct classes in the myosins superfamily, based on sequence homology. Myosin II and myosin I proteins are familiar and well studied; while Classes III-XV are less well characterized. All myosins examined to date are multimeric and appear to possess at least three functional domains, a head, neck, and tail. Myosins (second edition) explores the structure and functional properties of myosins, their regulation, and mutational analysis. It has been thoroughly updated since the first edition was published in 1995 including sections on the three additional classes defined by new sequences, information provided by the crystal structure of seven new Dicytostelium motor domains, and data from new techniques such as molecular imaging and tagging proteins with GFP 20. The three human diseases that are now known to be linked to mutations in different myosin heavy or light chains are also covered, including more than 50 mutations associated with hyperotrophic cardiomyopathy.
Some nonlinear PDE’s in the theory of flame propagation
Authors: Bcrestycki Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modelling of flame propagation involves fluid mechanics equations, chemi cal kinetics, molecular diffusion and heat conductivity. Therefore, in view of the complexity of an exhaustive description, it is customary, even in practical situ ations, to consider simplified models where one aspect or another of the system is more particularly emphasized.
On the numerical solution of partial differential equations in unbounded domains
Authors: Friedman Avner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A longstanding issue in the numerical solution of partial differential equations concerns the reduction of an unbounded domain to a bounded domain by the imposition of nonreflecting boundary conditions at an artificial boundary. This issue arises, for example, in electromagnetic and acoustic scattering, computational fluid dynamics, crystal growth, astrophysics, elasticity, and computational chemistry. In this paper, we will briefly review recent progress in the development of fast integral equation methods for solving the most basic partial differential equations of mathematical physics: the canonical hyperbolic, parabolic and elliptic equations
Computational analysis of turbulence — description by low-pressure vortices
Authors: kida Shigeo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of such complicated flows may be studied in two steps. First, the flow structure is watched carefully. Because explicit analytical solutions are known only for some simple cases, numerical solutions are indispensable to get a concrete picture of flow structure. Then, the dynamics is analysed based on the equations of motion. Understanding of the dynamics of fluid motion is extremely hard without knowledge of the structure.
Quasi Monte Carlo methods for financial applications
Authors: Tezuka Shu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations arc a common technique in finance, particularly in derivative pricing and in VaR (Value at Risk) computations, since they are sim ple to understand and to implement. In the area of derivative pricing, stochastic differential equations have been widely used as a modeling tool to describe the time evolution of the price of the underlying financial asset. The more com plex stochastic models become, the less available analytical solutions are. Thus, Monte Carlo simulations are viewed as a last resort for the computation involved in these applications.
Fluid Dynamics in 3-D Models of Cavopulmonary Connection with an Extracardiac Lateral Conduit
Authors: Migliavacca F , Leval M R de , Dubini G , Pietrabiss R , Fumero R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years refinements of the Fontan procedure have been widely described. Since the original aorta-pulmonary conduit performed for the first time by Fontan and Baudet [1], modifications have included the insertion of an intraatrial lateral tubular PTFE baffle [2] with or without fenestration and, at the beginning of the nineties, the construction of a new form of a right bypass: inferior vena cava-pulmonary artery extracardiac conduit [3]. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used to evaluate the haemo dynamics of total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) with an intraatrial tunnel and to refine the surgical procedure [4] and [5].
Experimental and Computational Modelling of Flow through an Arterial Bypass Graft
Authors: Bates C J , Williams D , O’Doherty D M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distorted mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles in the horizontal plane of a 30° Y junction at various Reynolds numbers show the significance of the graft geometry and flow conditions on the localisation of atherosclerosis and intimal hyperplasia. Fluctuating wall shear stresses in the graft, which are associated with disturbed flow, are believed to be important factors in the development and localisation of intimal hyperplasia. Atherosclerosis is a common disease in men and women over 60 years old. It is a disease that commences early in life. A study of American soldiers killed in action in Korea whose average age was 22.1 years old revealed that 77% of the hearts autopsied showed gross evidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis results from the build up of plaques or fatty deposits, which can cause a critical reduction in the cross sectional area of the blood vessels. The result is a reduction in the circulation of blood to a symptomatic level. Symptoms of the disease include pain and ischemia. One example of this disease is plaque build up in the carotid arteries that reduces the flow of blood to the brain and eventually leads to a stroke. Similarly, obstruction of the blood flow through the coronary arteries can result in a heart attack. The surgical treatment of atherosclerosis includes angioplasty and arterial bypass grafts. Angioplasty is not a suitable treatment if there are more than three occluded vessels. In such patients, the surgeon can perform bypass surgery to improve the flow of blood through the artery. At present arterial bypass graft is a routine and effective re-constructive vascular surgery treating occlusive arterial disease.
Hemorheological Alterations After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Kesmarky G , Toth K , Vajda* G , Habon* L , Halmosi R , Habon T , Roth E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a widely used method for the treatment of coronary artery disease. During this procedure several changes in blood flow occur due to coronary stenosis, endothelial injury, and ischemia-reperfusion caused by the balloon inflation/deflation. In our study 20 patients (mean age 58 ± 9 years) undergoing PTCA were examined. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) is a widely used method in the treatment of significant coronary stenoses. The high (30-40%) ratio of reocclusion and restenosis is the main challenge of this procedure.
The Formalization of Intuitionistic Logic
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A natural deduction system is a formalization of logic in which no formulas are axiomatically assumed as valid, but there are only rules of inference. To compensate for the lack of axioms, it is permitted to introduce any formula as a hypothesis at any stage. Most rules of inference will present the conclusion as depending on all hypotheses on which any of the premisses depends; but there will be some rules which discharge hypotheses (in the sense that the conclusion of the rule no longer depends on the hypothesis discharged).
Some Further Topics
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have discussed various principles which may be taken as axiomatic in intuitionistic mathematics, without attempting to delineate any actual formalizations of intuitionistic theories. This is appropriate to the subject. For the Hilbert school, and for formalists properly so called, formalization is integral to an exact treatment of mathematics; but the original impulse to formalization did not come from them, but from the logicists, for whom the formalization of a theory was a necessary means of identifying its basic principles, so that they could then show these to be derivable from pure logic. The intuitionists, on the other hand, were from the start hostile to formalization: for them, it is highly unlikely that the mental constructions intuitively recognizable as proving a statement of a given theory should be isomorphic to the formal proofs of any calculus, recognizable as such by a mechanical procedure making no appeal to meaning.
Why Did the Germans Not Make the Bomb?*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Did the German physicists make no atomic bombs during the Second World War because they wouldn’t or because they couldn’t? This is a question finally answered by the recent publication of the secretly recorded conversations between Heisenberg and the other German atomic physicists interned at Farm Hall, near Huntingdon, in England in the summer of 1945. Heisenberg’s leading role among German physicists stems from the revolutionary mathematical theory which he formulated at the age of 24.
The Battle Over Vitamin C*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albert Szent-Györgyi was a flamboyant Hungarian biochemist, famous for having isolated vitamin C and for other important discoveries. He was born in Budapest in 1893, lived in Europe through two world wars, and then spent the remainder of his long life at Woods Hole on Cape Cod, where he died in October 1986. His name is the Hungarian for Saint George, whom he tried to emulate when he attempted single-handedly to save his country from the Nazi and Soviet dragons. Albert Szent-Gyorgyi was the son of a landowner who spent his time “thinking about the sheep, the hogs and manure” and of a sensitive, musical mother who was descended from a family of distinguished academics.
What Holds Molecules Together?
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Michael Faraday, Linus Pauling was born poor; he struggled at menial jobs to support himself at high school and while studying for a degree in chemical engineering at the Oregon Agricultural College. All the same, he became interested in the electron theory of valence when he was only eighteen, and after this he “continued to hope that the empirical information about the properties of substances could eventually be encompassed in a theory of the structure of molecules:’ Fulfillment of his hope began to take shape in 1926 when he spent a postdoctoral year at Munich with Germany’s greatest teacher of theoretical physics, Arnold Sommer field, just as Erwin Schrodinger published his first papers on wave mechanics.
I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago, the great unsolved problem of biology seemed to be the structure of proteins. Bill Astbury, a physicist and X-ray crystallographer working for the Wool Research Association in Leeds (United Kingdom), discovered that the fibrous protein keratin, found in wool, horn, nails, and muscle, gave a common X-ray diffraction pattern consisting of just two reflections, a meridional one at 5.1 Å and an equatorial one at 9.8 Å
Dangerous Misprints*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Watson and Crick’s famous double helix showed how the genetic information is written on DNA and how it is copied every time cell divides. Some years after this, scientists also deciphered the genetic code. Occasionally, very rarely in fact, an error occurs in the copying of the message that makes up a gene. Even more rarely, such an error manifests itself in a malfunction or absence of the protein specified by that gene, and gives rise to a congenital disease. Such an error occurred in Queen Victoria who carried the gene for haemophilia which surfaced in some of her male descendants as a malfunctioning of a protein needed for the clotting of blood; consequently several of them bled to death.
A Deadly Inheritance*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the story of a Jewish paediatrician at the Harvard Medical School in Boston who saved the life of Dayem, a small Iranian Arab boy afflicted with a deadly inherited anaemia. In the course of 26 years of treatment David Nathan transformed the boy from a dwarfed, grotesquely hideous cripple to a good-looking, active, independent businessman and ban vivant. Dayem suffers from thalassaemia, a disease due to defective synthesis of haemoglobin, the protein of the red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and helps the return transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. His red cells contained too little haemoglobin, and even that little haemoglobin was liable to precipitate and lead to the cells’ premature destruction.
By What Right Do We Invoke Human Rights?1
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists the world over are united by a common purpose, ideally to discover Nature’s secrets and put them to use for human benefit. Albert Szent-Györgyi, the discoverer of vitamin C, has said: “I feel closer to a Chinese colleague than to my own postman.” When a scientist who has committed no crime is imprisoned, we feel like the minister freeing the prisoners in Fidelio when he sings:
Swords into Ploughshares: Does Nuclear Energy Endanger Us? *
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here in Britain we are all criminals: guilty of conniving at a crime against humanity committed by a government that is polluting the Irish Sea, the British Isles, and the entire globe with the radioactive discharges from its nuclear plants at Sellafield, a village in northwest England on the Irish Sea. According to Marilynne Robinson, the author of the book Mother Country: Britain, the Welfare State and Nuclear Proliferation, “The earth has been under nuclear attack [from Sellafield] for almost half a century.”
Introduction
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first period gave us Aristotle and Euclid, Plato and Pythagoras, Zeno and Archimedes; irrational numbers, paradoxes of motion, mathematical proofs, axioms of geometry, syllogistic logic-indeed, it furnishes the groundwork for all that was to follow. This period has been intensively studied, and its contours are well known.
Colin MacLaurin (1698-1746)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far the ablest reply to Berkeley’s Analyst was A treatise of fluxions (2 vols, 1742) by the Edinburgh mathematician and disciple of Newton, Colin MacLaurin. Until the appearance of Cauchy’s Cours d’analyse in 1821 (and apart from the researches of Bolzano, which were unknown) this work represented the high point of mathematical rigour in the foundations of the calculus.
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last few selections have dealt with algebra and its applications to logic, topics that were pursued largely by mathematicians in Britain and America. With Riemann we turn to the intellectual world of late nineteenth-century Germany, and to geometry. Previous selections-especially those from Kant, Lambert, Bolzano, and Gauss-have already broached the main traditional problems of the foundations of geometry.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helmholtz was the most celebrated scientist of late nineteenth-century Germany. As the director of major research laboratories, as Rector of the University of Berlin, and as a brilliant popular lecturer on scientific subjects, he had an immense influence on German and European intellectual life; his style of thought influenced several generations of scientists. He laid the foundations for modern physiological optics and acoustics; he was closely studied by Pavlov; his work in theoretical physics influenced Maxwell, Kelvin, Planck, Boltzmann, and Heinrich Hertz; his writings on the nature of space and on non-Euclidean geometry prepared the way for Einstein.