bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mainland North America
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the three decades from 1921, the North American lands of Canada and the United States witnessed a progressive rise in the incidence of poliomyelitis. As Figure 7.1 shows, this upwards progression eventually led to unprecedented peaks of infection in the early 1950s. The spatial manifestations of this time trend were captured at mid-century in the American Geographical Society’s Atlas of Diseases (see Sect. 6.1). The Society’s poliomyelitis map for North America is reproduced in Plate 7.1 and portrays a disease which, in its epidemic guise, had spread beyond the temperate latitudes of the north- eastern United States to the inhabited corners of the continent.
The Global Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative (1988–2008 and Beyond)
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prompted by the dramatic success of poliovirus vaccination in the United States (Ch. 10) and elsewhere (Ch. 11), the Forty-First World Health Assembly, meeting in Geneva in 1988, committed the World Health Organization (WHO) to the global eradication of poliomyelitis by 2000. Notwithstanding unprecedented progress, operational realities and the stubborn persistence of wild poliovirus in a handful of reservoir countries have necessitated periodic re-evaluation of the target date for poliomyelitis eradication. The most recent re-evaluation—laid out in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative’s Strategic Plan 2004–2008—specifies that the global interruption of wild poliovirus transmission will be achieved by mid-2005 at the latest, with certification of the eradication of poliomyelitis by 2008 (Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 2003). For the purposes of the present chapter, the years 1988 and 2008 provide the twin pillars around which our examination of global poliomyelitis eradication is structured.
Great Warm Deserts of the World
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first-ever regional study of the geomorphology of the world's deserts, demonstrating why different deserts have special landscape features and land-forming processes. It explains the climatic and tectonic history of deserts, showing how the histories of the deserts have been long and complex, and how they have responded to global changes in climate, particularly over the course of the last few millions of years. Each of the major warm deserts of the world is treated in detail, and the book is extensively illustrated with numerous plates and figures. A large and comprehensive bibliography provides a guide to the international literature.
The Print Trade, 1700 –1800
Authors: Lennon Colm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By comparison with their predecessors, the practitioners of the print trade in Ireland between 1700 and 1800 enjoyed a golden age.¹ Both the numbers of those involved in printing and its allied activities and the volume of material that emanated from the printing presses increased exponentially during the eighteenth century. Freed from many of the restrictions of previous eras, the printers, booksellers, and other allied trades established a vibrant and organized business in books and printed items that encompassed most of the country. As the numbers of readers grew, especially in the middle classes, and education developed, the thirst for knowledge and information expanded, and printers and booksellers clamoured to fulfil the new demands.
Libraries and Collectors, 1550–1700
Authors: Boran Elizabethanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What characteristics define an early modern library? Justus Lipsius, one of the earliest commentators to examine the issue, suggested two possibilities in his De Bibliothecis of 1602:one could define it spatially as a place where books were kept, or alternatively as the collections housed in these structures.¹ Whereas this bipartite definition reflects modern conceptions of libraries other early modern definitions seem strange to us today: Lipsius suggested that shops where books were sold were also libraries, and later seventeenthcentury writers added yet another possibility—a ‘bibliotheque ‘ could comprise a compilation of books by authors on the same subject.² For contemporaries, then, defining what constituted a library was by no means obvious.
Political Publishing, 1550–1700
Authors: Kelly James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment of print as a medium through which political information and ideas were conveyed emerged slowly in Ireland. For nearly a century from its inception in 1551, the combination of limited technological capacity, rigid state control, and a small audience ensured the production of a thematically narrow range of political print. Exemplified by its pre-eminent form—the proclamation—its primary purpose was to provide summary statements of official thinking. This state of affairs prevailed until the 1640s when the breakdown in the authority of the state permitted the expression in print for the first time of different political viewpoints. Although these were statements of mutually incompatible positions rather than contributions to an evolving public discourse, their production constituted a significant stage in the creation of a culture of political print that neither the Commonwealth nor the restored House of Stuart were able fully to reverse. Both regimes were largely able to control what was produced, but this did not inhibit an identifiable increase in the availability of political print as the state realized that it was in its interest to appease rather than to resist the appreciating demand from the expanding constituency of literate Protestants, who were the primary consumers of such material.
Politics and Print: A Case Study
Authors: Blackstock Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French Revolutionary War that began in 1793 was, in part, the extension of an ideological onslaught on the status quo in Britain and Ireland. In the latter country, this war of words was adopted to such an extant by the United Irishmen that their loyalist opponents coined a term— ‘literary mischief ‘— for the exercise (see Figure 9).¹ Loyalists generated counter-propaganda; yet, apart from Sir Richard Musgrave, whose Memoirs of the Various Rebellions in Ireland (1801) was influential and successful, counter-revolutionary publishing has been neglected with Irish historians being, naturally, drawn to the revolutionaries.
Literature in Print, 1550–1800
Authors: Carpenter Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since late-sixteenth-century Ireland was an unsettled world and its Englishspeaking community was a small one, interest in printed books of ‘polite literature ‘ developed more slowly here than elsewhere in Europe. Dublin, although a small city, was the seat of English power in Ireland, and the place where the English language was most widely spoken. It remained, throughout the late sixteenth century, a city under the distant but perceptible influence of English-language Renaissance culture. Several of its prominent citizens were habitual users of books, having spent time at English universities or Inns of Court.
Science, 1550–1800
Authors: Fitzpatrick Siobhán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The political and social changes in mid-seventeenth-century Ireland resulted in changes in scientific outlook that, in turn, influenced the course of scientific thought, research, and publication. Science publication in seventeenth-century Ireland inevitably reflects the political, religious, and economic divisions that prevailed before and became more pronounced after 1641, so that it is necessary to bear in mind the different strands of Irish society and the diverse purposes that motivated them when analysing scientific publication in Ireland. A significant number of Irish scholars who had been educated on the Continent remained there to practise medicine, or to lecture in mathematics or in the field of natural philosophy.
Foreign Language Books, 1700–1800
Authors: Kennedy Máire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘At this Enlightened period, when the Polite languages of Europe are disseminated for the intercourse of Knowledge, Elegance of Taste, and Advantage of Science through its various Kingdoms, Ladies and Gentlemen [are invited] to supply themselves with the finest Editions of the Polite Literature of the Continent. ‘¹Thus read an advertisement by Antoine Gerna, foreign language bookseller, and one-time teacher of French and Italian, in Dublin in 1788. At this time an audience was well established for foreign language books, book-buyers who were aware of cultural trends in Europe and who considered themselves part of an international elite: cultivated, well travelled, well read, and well informed. Yet this audience had emerged over a relatively short time frame. Although an interest in works in the European vernacular languages was apparent in learned circles for several centuries, it was in the second half of the eighteenth century that the readership base expanded to include the urban middle classes.
Party Organizational Linkage: Parties Without Firm Social Roots?
Authors: Poguntke Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parties live in diverse worlds. They live in the sphere of the state, largely controlling the selection of political personnel of all important institutions of the state. Some critics have warned that, once in government, they have virtually become the state (Katz and Mair 1995: 22). At the same time, they remain voluntary social organizations, whose viability depends also on their roots in society. It is exactly this dual role, as state actors and societal organizations, which makes political parties so essential for democratic governance. By connecting citizens with the institutions of the state, they represent a central linkage between citizens’ preferences and actions of democratic governments.
Discourses of Environmental Rationality: Three Rationalities
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental planning is, therefore, constituted by a procedural rationality. However, it has been emphasized that policy practice is also shaped and legitimated by substantive rationalities, what V. Ostrom, Feeny, and Picht (1988: 458) call ‘different grammars of choice’. Specific instances of environmental policy are justified in many different ways. It is one of the features of the dis cursive dimension that it allows for considerable creativity in the development of justificatory discourses.
The Limits of Party-Based Euroscepticism in Germany
Authors: Lees Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Germany is not renowned for its Euroscepticism—party-based or otherwise. In fact, the Federal Republic has traditionally been considered the Musterknabe (model boy) of the European Union (EU). It has enjoyed a stable elite consensus around the European project, with broad cross-party agreement over the desirability of pooled political sovereignty and increased economic interdependence (Paterson 1996; Rheinhardt 1997; Peters 2001).
Euroscepticism and Political Parties in Spain
Authors: Gómez-Reino Marga , Llamazares, Iván , Ramiro Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Southern European parties and public have been often considered as strongly pro-European. The incorporation of Mediterranean countries into the European Union (EU) was preceded, accompanied, and followed by a wide consensus on the positive effects of European integration. According to this view, ideological convergence regarding European integration would be one of the key features of the Southern European party systems.
Emerging Party-based Euroscepticism in Estonia
Authors: Mikkel Evald , Kasekamp Andres 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estonia provides researchers with an intriguing case study because it has consistently been one of the most Eurosceptic of the post-communist candidate countries (see Figure 17.1). Public opinion in the three Baltic states of Estonian, Latvia, and Lithuania has, in general, been the most Eurosceptic in all of Central and Eastern Europe, but Estonia has consistently been the least enthusiastic even among these three (Ehin 2001; European Commission 2001b, 2002a). At the same time, paradoxically, Estonia was one of the most consistently successful countries in the accession process.
Conclusion: Opposing Europe Three Patterns of Party Competition over Europe
Authors: Taggart Paul , Szczerbiak Aleks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking across Europe at the diﬀerent patterns of Euroscepticism allows us to examine the nature of this phenomenon. It also allows us to discern the way that this issue fits into party systems. The European issue is, therefore, a useful lens allowing us to learn about the nature of European party systems. In this chapter we take the data provided in the previous chapters and set out a comparative overview of the patterns of competition over Europe in European party systems.
Introduction: Researching Euroscepticism in European Party Systems: A Comparative and Theoretical Research Agenda
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Volume 1 of this book we examined a series of country case studies of Euroscepticism in party systems across Europe. As we examined the range of data presented in that volume, clear patterns were identified on the basis of which we developed a typology of three kinds of party competition over Europe: limited, open, and constrained contestation (Taggart and Szczerbiak 2008a). The data in that volume were gathered as a ‘mapping exercise ‘ of Euroscepticism in party systems in order to discern and inform the broad parameters of subsequent research.
The Political Opportunity Structure of Euroscepticism: Institutional Setting and Political Agency in European Polities
Authors: Lees Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the impact of institutions on party-based Euroscepticism in Europe and to assess whether one can posit a causal relationship at the aggregate level between certain institutions as independent variables and the presence and/or relative strength of party-based Euroscepticism as the dependent variable. Beyond that, it has three secondary objectives. First, to operationalize the concept of ‘political opportunity structures ‘ (or POS; Kitschelt 1986; Tarrow 1994) within a framework of institutional theory.
Theorizing Party-Based Euroscepticism: Problems of Definition, Measurement, and Causality
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do political parties take the positions they do on particular issues, or use those issues in a given way as part of inter-party competition? In this concluding chapter we examine the way that parties have addressed the issue of European integration in order to try and contribute to a wider understanding of the dynamics of party politics. In doing this, we aim to assess the relative degree of influence of ideas and ideologies, the role of individuals and leadership within parties, institutional constraints and opportunities offered by the context in which they operate, and role of the interests of parties, their constituent elements, and electoral bases. We are focusing on the way in which parties take Eurosceptic positions on the project of European integration or problematize the issue as part of inter-party competition.
The Land and the Books: High Anglo-Palestine Orientalism and its Limits
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in 1872, an English couple was journeying from the Dead Sea to Jerusalem. Determined not to give in to the local tribes that forced protection on Westerners, the couple ‘attempted the trip without the formality of a Bedouin guard’. Unfortunately, the two were soon ‘met and robbed of their baggage, their money, clothes, and valuables’: the gentleman had ‘to beg of the Bedouin robbers The Times newspaper in which to clothe himself and his wife. The husband returned to Jerusalem in this valuable journal, his wife being wrapped up in the supplement.’ Hand in hand, all Palestine before them, they take their solitary way: two civilized English travellers—independent, courageous, resourceful—who fully appreciate the value of an English newspaper, the same newspaper which would later print their ‘amusing account’ as an illustration of the ‘peculiar misgovernment of the country’.
The Irish Literary Periodical 1923–1958
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frank Shovlin examines in detail six Irish literary periodicals that appeared in the first forty years after the partitioning on Ireland. The six titles are The Irish Statesman (1923-30), The Dublin Magazine (1923-58), Ireland To-Day (1936-38), The Bell (1940-54), Envoy (1949-51) and Rann (1948-53). These journals, while not the only examples of the genre in these neglected decades of Irish cultural history, make the finest and most influential contributions towards the development of a native Irish literary tradition in the earliest years of both Irish states, north and south of the border. The manner in which each of the journals was established and run is considered, with an emphasis on varying editorial personalities and their impact on each periodical. Shovlin emphasizes the common themes of literary realism, the ideological struggle between monolithic nationalism and liberal cosmopolitanism, and the importance of publishing context in the interpretation of literary works. The careers of figures such as Patrick Kavanagh, Seán O Faoláin, Liam O Flaherty and John Hewitt are re-examined in the light of their involvement with periodical publication. The author concludes with an overview of the progress of the literary periodical in Ireland in the decades after the closure of The Dublin Magazine in 1958. This book is an important contribution to recent growing scholarship on the role of literary magazines specifically and history of the book generally both in Ireland and elsewhere.
Ireland To-Day 1936–1938
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
British cultural life in the 1930s has, especially since the publication in 1976 of Samuel Hynes’s The Auden Generation, become an increasingly popular focus for scholarly examination. Indeed, the title of Hynes’s book has entered into common currency to describe the group of British writers who came to the fore in the years before the outbreak of the Second World War. These years witnessed the unprecedented polarization of political thought over large tracts of Europe between the opposing ideologies of Fascism and Communism. In the field of lit erature as much as in any other facet of life, writers, influenced by the growing feeling of unease and impending disaster, declared allegiances.
The Bell 1940–1954
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You will find, I believe,’ wrote Frank O’Connor in his 1967 survey The Backward Look, “that the year 1940 is the crucial year for any study of modern Irish literature.’ His rationale for such a statement was founded on a profound pessimism about the progress of Irish letters since Partition. “By that time [1940]’, he continued, “Mr. De Valera’s government had complete control inside the country and nothing whatever to fear from liberal opinion abroad.’ Looking back on this pivotal moment after the deaths of Yeats and Joyce, O’Connor pointed to one instance of hope: the establishment of a new literary magazine, The Bell.
Life-Writing
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary ‘S death had made Hardy think more intensively about his own, and in February 1916 he began arranging for Florence and Sydney Cockerell to become his joint literary executors, recompensed out of royalties for their services. He completed the design for Mary ‘s tombstone in Stinsford churchyard, saw to its proper execution, and ensured that it was correctly positioned in relation to the two accompanying tombs, one for Thomas and Jemima, the other for Emma—and eventually, so Hardy intended, for Florence and himself. When Florence ‘s friend EthelInglis was taken on a visit to Stinsford in May 1916 Hardy produced a brush for cleaning the family tombs and used a penknife to scrape away the moss on the stone of Robert Reason, the ‘original ‘ of Mr Penny in Under the Greenwood Tree, saying as he did so that he felt just like Old Mortality.¹
Plays and Players
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN early September 1922 Florence ‘s elder sister Ethel Richardson was asked to stay at Max Gate for a few days while Florence went up to Enfield to see her parents. Mrs Richardson played to Hardy on the piano— everything from cathedral chants to modern dance tunes—and found him, despite the frailty of his appearance, to be in manner, bearing, and conversation ‘like a man twenty years younger ‘. At breakfast one morning she was vouchsafed a glimpse of the puritanical absoluteness of Hardy ‘s dedication as an artist. Responding to the news that Granville Barker and his wife proposed to spend the winter in Italy, he declared that Barker had evidently given up all thought of writing: ‘“For it is impossible,” he said “to write, & have other interests. In writing, as in all work, there is only one way—to stick to it.” ‘¹
The Spirit of Despotism
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How was the social and cultural life of Britain affected by the fear that the French Revolution would spread across the channel? In this brilliant, engagingly written, and profusely illustrated book, John Barrell, well-known for his studies of the history, literature, and art of the period, argues that the conflict between the ancien regime in Britain and the emerging democratic movement was so fundamental that it could not be contained within what had previously been thought of as the 'normal' arena of politics. Activities and spaces which had previously been regarded as 'outside' politics suddenly no longer seemed to be so, and the fear of revolution produced a culture of surveillance and suspicion which penetrated every aspect of private life. Drawing on an unusually wide range of sources, including novels, poems, plays, newspapers, debates in parliament, trials, political pamphlets, and caricatures, The Spirit of Despotism focuses on a number of examples of such invasions of privacy. It shows how the culture of suspicion affected how people spoke and behaved in London coffee-houses; how it influenced attitudes to the king's behaviour in private, especially during his summer holidays in Weymouth; how it infiltrated the country cottage, previously idealized as a protected haven of peace and retirement from political life; and how it influenced the fashion of the period, so that even the way people chose to style their hair came to be seen as a political issue.
Introduction
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are not many dates in the novel, but Stendhal has specified the year of this meeting as 1821. The previous year a revolution, led by the carbonari, had established in Naples a liberal and semi-democratic constitution, based on the short-lived Spanish constitution of 1812. In 1821 this constitution had been crushed by an agreement among the Great Powers which had invited the king of Naples to seek the aid of Austria in restoring his absolute rule. In March, King Ferdinand had returned to the city at the head of an Austrian army which had just defeated a vastly outnumbered Neapolitan force at Rieti. Fabrice, it seems, has returned a model answer: no hint that the well-drilled soldiers of the Austrian army are foreign invaders; their nationality is of no importance, for they are the regiments the king has chosen to employ.