bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in suicide by drowning in the elderly in England and Wales 1979–2001
Authors: Salib Emad 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundSuicide by drowning increases with age but its rates vary between countries and among communities. Drowning suicide rates in some of the available studies may have been over reported or under reported because of misclassification.ObjectiveThis study presents data on the time trends, age/sex mortality rates from death by drowning in the elderly in England and Wales between 1979 and 2001. All coroners' verdicts in death by drowning; suicide, deaths undetermined whether accidentally or purposely inflicted were examined.MethodsCounts of suicide due to drowning and submersion [ICD 9 codes; E954] and undetermined injury deaths [E984] (WHO, 1977), reported in England and Wales between 1979 and 2001 were obtained from National Statistics (ONS).ResultsThere has been a gradual reduction in suicide by drowning in men and women by more than a third the observed count in 1979 (p < 0.01). However, this decline was less evident in the elderly particularly those over the age of 75. Elderly drownings appear to attract more verdicts of suicide compared to younger age groups (Odds Ratio 4.3 95% CI 2.3–8.3). Women, particularly elderly, are more likely to have a suicide verdict returned in drowning compared to men (Odds Ratio 1.5 95% CI 1.1–1.6).ConclusionsThe high rate of open verdicts in elderly drowning over the study period and compared to any other method of fatal self harm in England and Wales confirms the difficulties in reaching a firm conclusion in drowning death. Therefore combining suicide and all undetermined deaths in drowning as a matter of course, in nationally collected statistics, may result in grossly exaggerated rates and misleading trends in suicidal drowning. Suicide by drowning is probably not amenable to prevention and although the elderly are often thought to benefit more from suicide prevention than younger adults, the study findings seem to suggest that this is not likely to be the case in drowning. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deliberate self‐harm (DSH) among older people: a retrospective study in Barnet, North London
Authors: Ruths Florian Alexander , Tobiansky Robert Ian , Blanchard Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundRates of suicide remain high among older people and those who deliberately self harm are believed to be at an increased risk of killing themselves in the future. If older people who deliberately harm themselves are to be helped by developments in services we need to understand what currently happens to them in terms of service provision and outcome.MethodsA retrospective paper and electronic case note survey was carried out on all older people living in the London Borough of Barnet who presented to Accident & Emergency Departments with DSH over a two‐year period. Ensuing actions and events were then tracked.ResultsForty‐three older people with DSH were identified. 18/43 (42%) had previous contact with local psychiatric services. The main method of DSH was overdose of medication (36/43 or 84%). Compared to the general population there were more women and widows. There were similar levels of physical ill‐health. Thirty‐seven of 43 (86%) received documented psychiatric input outside of hospital following the DSH. The mean follow‐up period was 789.0 days (SD 419.8) and during this time 8/43 (19%) had a further documented episode of DSH, and 18/43 (40%) died from natural causes.ConclusionsThis study confirms the need for improved documentation of DSH and its coding; this needs to be reviewed at local and national level. The vast majority of older people who attempt suicide do have subsequent contact with psychiatric services. There is a strong likelihood of repeat DSH and a higher risk of death by natural causes, emphasising the need to conceptualise DSH as a risk factor relevant to all medical specialities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of stigma in the quality of life of older adults with severe mental illness
Authors: Depla Marja F. I. A. , de Graaf Ron , van Weeghel Jaap , Heeren Thea J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundStigma and discrimination against older people with mental illness is a seriously neglected problem.Objectives(1) To investigate whether stigmatisation of older adults with mental disorder is associated with the type of residential institution they live in or the type of disorder they suffer and (2) to assess the role of stigma experiences in their quality of life.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out of 131 older adults with severe mental illness, recruited in 18 elder care homes operating supported living programmes and in eight psychiatric hospitals throughout the Netherlands. Stigmatisation was assessed with an 11‐item questionnaire on stigma experiences associated with mental illness. Quality of life was assessed with the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA). To better ascertain the role of stigma, we also assessed in comparison the relationship of social participation to quality of life.ResultsSome 57% of the respondents had experienced stigmatisation. No association emerged between residential type or disorder type and the extent of stigma experiences. Stigmatisation did show a negative association with quality of life, a connection stronger than that between social participation and quality of life.ConclusionA feeling of belonging, as contrasted with being excluded, is at least as important for the quality of life of older people with severe mental illness as their actual participation in the community. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma insulin growth factor—1 and incident delirium in older people
Authors: Wilson K. , Broadhurst C. , Diver M. , Jackson M. , Mottram P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBackgroundA variety of demographic and clinical variables are acknowledged as risk factors for delirium; a syndrome thought to be mediated by abnormalities in a wide range of neurotransmitters. However, little research has been conducted in this field and the role of neuro‐immunological factors as a mechanism of medication has received very little attention.AimsTo determine if low base line (on admission) IGF‐1 levels (a protective cytokine released by brain cells in response to insult) is a risk factor for incident delirium in patients aged 75 and over admitted to an acute medical ward.MethodBase line demographic and clinical variables and serum IGF‐1 levels were measured in a consecutive series of 100 non‐delirious subjects on inpatient admission. Subjects were assessed daily regarding the development of delirium during the inpatient episode.ResultsTwelve patients developed incident delirium. IGF‐1 (OR: 0.822, CI: 0.69, 0.97, p = 0.027), pre‐admission cognitive deterioration (assessed by IQCODE) (OR; 3.26, CI: 1.18, 9.04, p = 0.023) and depression (GDS four item: cut‐off score ≥ 3) (OR; 8.99, CI 1.59,50.76, p = 0.013) were identified as risk factors for developing subsequent delirium.ConclusionsDespite the small size of this study our findings suggest that low, pre‐morbid IGF‐1 is a risk factor for subsequent delirium in this population, emphasizing the potential protective role of this anabolic cytokine and the need for replication of these findings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social distance towards a person with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Werner Perla 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectivesThis study examined determinants of behavioral discrimination (i.e. social distance) against persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with a total of 206 Jewish Israeli adults (mean age = 59.7) using an experimental vignette methodology, varying in the severity of the disease.MethodsInformation regarding participants' preferences for social distance from a person with AD was elicited. The effects of emotional reactions, perceptions of dangerousness of the person depicted in the vignette, personal experience with the disease, and perceptions about the susceptibility of developing AD were examined.ResultsResults of the study provide partial support for an extended version of the attribution model, in that prosocial feelings were found to decrease the behavioral discrimination against the person described, whereas feelings of rejection increased the discrimination. A direct, unmediated effect of the severity of the disease on social distance was found, as well as a direct effect of familiarity with someone with the disease.ConclusionFindings of this study stress the importance of increasing government and advocacy initiatives that would provide the lay public with accurate knowledge about the disease, its symptoms, and treatments. These campaigns should be aimed at clarifying misconceptions and communicating empathetic feelings towards people diagnosed with AD. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child–parent and child–peer interaction: Observational similarities and differences at age seven
Authors: Gerrits Marleen H. , Goudena Paul P. , van Aken Marcel A.G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAccording to Russell et al. (Developmental Rev 1998; 18: 313) child–parent interaction could contain horizontal qualities, similar to child–peer interactions. To study this, child–parent and child–peer play interactions were compared on several observed horizontal and vertical characteristics in 55 7‐year‐old children interacting with their mother, father, and a classmate, respectively. Characteristics on which the interactions were compared were shared positive emotions, total control behaviour, balance of control, simultaneous play, mutual responsiveness, and discord. Significant differences between observed child–parent and child–peer interactions were found. Horizontal as well as vertical qualities were found in both types of interaction. The child–parent interaction consisted primarily of mutual responsiveness (i.e. a horizontal quality), and total control, whereas in the child–peer interaction balance of control, shared positive emotions, simultaneous play, and discords were most often found. No main effect of peer preference or gender was found. However, several interaction effects of context with gender and peer preference were found. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation in the diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma in Sweden
Authors: Chang Ellen T. , Blomqvist Paul , Lambe Mats 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEpidemiologic evidence suggests a seasonal pattern in the occurrence of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), with an incidence peak around the month of March. This pattern may reflect seasonal variation in the prevalence of an infectious agent involved in HL development. Using Poisson regression, we examined monthly variation in HL diagnosis in Sweden between 1958 and 1998, based on data from the population‐based Swedish Cancer Registry. Older adults (50 to 79 years) were marginally more likely to be diagnosed in February, but there was no monthly variation after stratifying by sex. Young adult males (15 to 49 years) presented more often in February, whereas young adult females presented less often in August and December. Among children (<15 years), boys were significantly more likely to have been diagnosed in March, whereas there was no seasonal incidence pattern among girls. The seasonal pattern in HL diagnosis among young adults and boys is consistent with an infectious origin, whereas the results among older adults neither support nor dispute the possibility of an infectious etiology in this age group. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro leakage susceptibility of tracheoesophageal shunt prostheses in the absence and presence of a biofilm
Authors: Oosterhof Janine J. H. , van der Mei Henny C. , Busscher Henk J. , Free Rolien H. , Kaper Hans J. , van Weissenbruch Ranny , Albers Frans W. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough leakage through a tracheoesophageal shunt prosthesis is the main cause of prosthesis failure in a laryngectomy patient, this has never been the subject of in vitro evaluation. The aim of this study was to compare three commercially available voice prostheses by comparison of their in vitro leakage patterns, in absence or presence of a biofilm. To compare in vitro leakage patterns, a model comprised of an artificial throat equipped with a single prosthesis coupled to a water reservoir was developed. By varying the height of the water reservoir, different pressures on the voice prosthesis can be obtained. Both in absence and presence of a biofilm, the Blom Singer voice prosthesis demonstrated the lowest leakage, followed by Groningen Low Resistance. The Provox®2 showed significantly the most leakage, however, in presence of a biofilm the leakage of the Provox®2 significantly decreased. Regular airflow during biofilm formation significantly increased leakage through the Provox®2. Out of 746 clinical replacements, Provox®2 showed 76% and Groningen Low Resistance 57% replacements due to leakage. The model used in this study showed significant differences in leakage of the three types of voice prostheses used. Leakage occurred more readily through Provox®2 than through Groningen Low Resistance and Blom Singer prostheses, which is in line with clinical observations and enforces the model. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 23–28, 2005
Surface Initiated Polymerization of Poly(butyl acrylate) by Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization: First Comparative Polymerization of a Bimolecular and a Unimolecular Initiator‐Grafted Silica Particles
Authors: Parvole Julien , Laruelle Gaël , Khoukh Abdel , Billon Laurent 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Hybrid silica‐particles comprising an inorganic core and an organic polymer shell have been synthesized by nitroxide mediated polymerization of butyl acrylate in the presence of a grafted alkoxyamine. The layer of initiator molecules attached to the surface of silica is based on an acyclic β‐phosphonylated nitroxide also referred to SG1. The synthesis and the characterization by NMR of this alkoxyamine structure are briefly described. Moreover, the grafted initiator particles have been studied by XPS, NMR 29Si CP/MAS, and TGA in order to determine the nature of the anchorage sites and the grafting density. With this stable radical as chain growth moderator tethered to the inorganic core, it is demonstrated that the grafting from polymerization exhibits a control character with a very low polydispersity index (I < 1.1). For the first time, a comparative study with a bimolecular system based on a grafted azoic initiator in presence of SG1 is also described. A different kinetic behavior has been demonstrated and interpreted in terms of variation of the initial [monomer]/[initiator] ratio.magnified image
Curing of Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol P with Nitro Derivatives of Amine Compounds, 1
Authors: Zhang Yanxi , Vyazovkin Sergey 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were used to study the curing reaction of diglycidyl ether of 4,4′‐bisphenol P (DGEBP) epoxy resin with aromatic amine, 4‐nitro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine (4‐NPDA). Two exothermic peaks were observed on the DSC curves. The first peak was assigned to the curing process of DGEBP with 4‐NPDA. The second peak was associated with the decomposition that may partially be overlapped with self‐curing. Kinetic analysis was performed by using an advanced isoconversional method, which suggests that the effective activation energy for the first process is around 50 kJ · mol−1, and for the second process, it changes from 160 to 120 kJ · mol−1. The curing process (first peak on DSC curve) is associated with the formation of a liquid crystalline phase that can be converted to another mesophase on cooling if the system is not completely cured. The transition between the two mesophases becomes irreversible on further heating.DSC curves of repetitive heat‐cool cycles for DGEBP/4‐NPDA system at 10 °C · min−1. 1: heating (1′) and cooling (1) of fresh (uncured) sample; 2: heating (2′) and cooling (2) of partially cured sample; 3: heating (3′) and cooling (3) of cured sample.magnified imageDSC curves of repetitive heat‐cool cycles for DGEBP/4‐NPDA system at 10 °C · min−1. 1: heating (1′) and cooling (1) of fresh (uncured) sample; 2: heating (2′) and cooling (2) of partially cured sample; 3: heating (3′) and cooling (3) of cured sample.
Supercritical Fluid Assisted Crystal Transition of γ‐Form Crystal in Syndiotactic Polystyrene
Authors: Ma Weiming , Yu Jian , He Jiasong 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: In different media in the range of approximately 160–240 °C, the γ form of syndiotactic polystyrene was transformed into different crystal forms having different stabilities. Compared with the transition to less stable forms in ambient air and gaseous CO2, the γ form transformed into β′ form in supercritical CO2 at 240 °C and 12 MPa, and into the more ordered β″ form in supercritical CO2 and acetone at the same temperature and pressure.WAXD patterns of syndiotactic polystyrene samples treated from the γ form at 240 °C under the conditions indicated.imageWAXD patterns of syndiotactic polystyrene samples treated from the γ form at 240 °C under the conditions indicated.
Direct Organocatalytic Polymerization from Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Hafrén Jonas , Córdova Armando 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSummary: We have developed the first direct, organocatalytic, bulk ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) with solid cotton and paper cellulose as the initiators. The mild ROPs were performed without solvent, and are operationally simple, inexpensive and environmentally benign. Organic‐acid‐catalyzed heterogeneous derivatization of cellulose provides a novel route to valuable cellulose‐based biocompatible nanomaterials. The furnished polymerization products were characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and electron microscopy.Organic acid‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization from cellulose fiber.imageOrganic acid‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization from cellulose fiber.
Significance of aberrant (cytoplasmic/nuclear) expression of beta‐catenin in pancreatoblastoma
Authors: Tanaka Yukichi , Kato Keisuke , Notohara Kenji , Nakatani Yukio , Miyake Tetsumi , Ijiri Rieko , Nishimata Shigeo , Ishida Yuji , Kigasawa Hisato , Ohama Yokatsu , Tsukayama Choutatsu , Kobayashi Yasutsugu , Horie Hiroshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study concerns the significance of aberrant (nuclear/cytoplasmic) expression of beta‐catenin in pancreatoblastoma (PBL). On immunohistochemistry, all seven PBLs examined showed nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta‐catenin, predominantly in the squamoid corpuscles (SCs). In areas with acinar/ductular differentiation, few tumour cells displayed nuclear/cytoplasmic expression of beta‐catenin and more than half of the tumour cells showed membranous expression. Two out of five (40%) tumours examined showed missense mutations in codons 33 and 37 of exon 3 of the beta‐catenin gene. No mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene was detected in two of the remaining three tumours. Amplifiable DNA for APC analysis was not obtained from the one other tumour. Immunoreactivity for cyclin D1, one of the nuclear targets of beta‐catenin, was found predominantly in the SCs of the seven tumours. In contrast, the Ki‐67 labelling index was 2–4% (median 3%) in the SCs and 8–18% (median 12%) in the other areas, indicating a negative correlation with nuclear cyclin D1 reactivity. These results imply that in PBLs, nuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of beta‐catenin and overexpression of its target gene cyclin D1 are not associated with the induction of tumour cell proliferation. Nuclear/cytoplasmic accumulation of beta‐catenin may be related to the morphogenesis of the SCs that are considered most characteristic for PBL. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factor analysis of the pervasive developmental disorders rating scale with teacher ratings of students with autistic disorder
Authors: Williams, Thomas O. , Eaves Ronald C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Pervasive Developmental Disorders Rating Scale (PDDRS; Eaves, 2003) is a rating scale that is used in the screening process for pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). The PDDRS contains three scales: Arousal, Affect, and Cognition. In this study, the construct validity of the PDDRS was examined with teacher ratings from a sample of 168 children with autistic disorder through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In the exploratory factor analysis, a three‐factor structure was examined. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to evaluate the model‐fit of the data for the hypothesized second‐order factor structure. The results supported the averred factor structure of the PDDRS with teacher ratings for students with autistic disorder. Limitations of the data and areas for future research are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 207–216, 2005.
Nucleophilic reactions of 5‐(aryl)thianthrenium bromides with sodium aryl oxides
Authors: Qian Ding‐Quan , Shine Henry J. , Thurston John H. , Whitmire Kenton H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReactions between 5‐(aryl)thianthrenium bromides (1a–e) with aryl (Ar) groups phenyl (a), p‐tolyl (b), p‐anisyl (c), p‐chlorophenyl (d) and p‐bromophenyl (e) and sodium aryl oxides (7a–c, Ar′ONa, Ar′ = phenyl, p‐tolyl and p‐chlorophenyl) were carried out in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Results are compared with those of earlier reactions of 1a–e with corresponding sodium aryl thiolates (Ar′SNa). In contrast with the thiolate reactions, those with 7a–c were too slow at room temperature to be useful. Reactions of 1a–c at 80 °C gave small amounts of benzene and toluene from 1a and b, small amounts of diaryl ethers ArOAr′ (9) and thianthrene (Th) and large amounts (90–97%) of 2‐(ArS)‐2′‐(Ar′O)diphenyl sulfide (10). Compared with reactions of 1a–c, those of 1d and e gave larger amounts (10–17%) of 9, lesser amounts (25–30%) of 10 and substantial amounts (42–55%) of 2‐[4‐(Ar′O)‐ArS]‐2′‐(Ar′O)diphenyl sulfide (12). Small amounts of 1,4‐di(Ar′O)benzene (11) were also obtained from reactions of 1d and e. Formation of 11 and 12 is preceded by replacement of halogen by Ar′O−. Structures of products 10 and 12 were deduced by comparison with earlier products from thiolate reactions, elemental analyses, mass spectrometry molecular masses and, in the case of 10, the crystal structure of 10d. It is proposed that products 9–12 are formed by nucleophilic reactions of Ar′O− at ipso positions in 1. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.