bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN RABBITS TO KILLED SUSPENSIONS OF PATHOGENIC T. PALLIDUM
Authors: Eagle Harry , Fleischman Ralph 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection into rabbits of suspensions of dead T. pallidum derived from rabbit testicular chancres regularly caused the appearance of Wassermann and flocculation antibodies in significantly increased titer. Control suspensions of cultured treponemes (Reiter strain) added to extracts of normal testes were ineffective. This suggests that the Wassermann and flocculation reagin elaborated during syphilitic infection may be an antibody to T. pallidum which happens to cross-react with alcoholic extracts of mammalian tissue.
The antisera did not cause the agglutination of suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum, living or dead, did not give specific complement fixation with those suspensions, and did not usually cause the living treponemata to lose their infectiousness.
Animals immunized with such aqueous suspensions for as long as 4 months, or with organisms suspended in a water-in-oil emulsion, were not demonstrably resistant to infection. As few as ten living organisms inoculated intradermally into animals "immunized" with as many as 38 billion dead treponemata regularly produced typical darkfield positive infections; and two of five animals inoculated intratesticularly with ten organisms were also infected.
The contradiction involved in the production of antibodies cross-reacting with a non-specific antigen, and the non-appearance of specific antibodies against the organism used as antigen, is discussed in the text.
AN OSMOTIC SYSTEM WITHIN THE CYTOPLASM OF CELLS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

The cytoplasm of cells of the liver and of the kidney is in large part occupied by bodies which respond to the water content of these cells and are modified by dissolved substances in the surrounding fluid or by physical change such as freezing.
These bodies, in part mitochondria but designated more broadly cytochondria, constitute an osmotic system within the cytoplasm of cells.
When the specific gravity of liver or kidney tissue is used as an index of changes in the water content of tissue, swelling of cytochondria in general follows the intake of water but this relation may be modified by a variety of conditions.
When liver that has been frozen and thawed is immersed in water, cytochondria become swollen though the containing cells diminish in size.
Solutions of sodium and of potassium chloride isotonic with blood plasma cause delayed swelling of cells and cytochondria, greater with the potassium salt; solutions of calcium chloride of equal molar concentration cause immediate swelling of cells and cytochondria.
The basophile material of the cytoplasm (ribonucleic acid and related substances) and the material that gives to mitochondria their characteristic stain are removed by immersion in water but their disappearance is retarded by isotonic solutions of sodium or of potassium chloride and further delayed by hypertonic solutions.
When the intensity of staining reactions is diminished by the partial loss of basophile substance or of the distinctive mitochondrial material, these are found at the surfaces of the cytoplasmic bodies, held perhaps by adsorption.
When water, isotonic solutions of sodium chloride, or Ringer's solution comes into contact with immersed liver, they remove basophile and mitochondrial material from a superficial zone and substances with similar staining reactions appear in the cytoplasm of cells at a deeper level.
Osmotic changes in the cytoplasmic bodies may be reversible. When liver tissue which has been for a short time immersed in water is transferred to a solution that is approximately isotonic in relation to blood plasma, swollen cytochondria return in part or completely to their former size; but with continued immersion in water, this reversibility becomes increasingly less complete.
THE REVERSIBILITY OF THE O-D TYPE OF INFLUENZA VIRUS VARIATION
Authors: Magill Thomas P. , Sugg John Y. 
Published: June 2004

Data are presented which enhance the idea that the influenza virus is an unstable agent. They indicate that the O-D type of variation is not a discontinuous mutation but rather is a reversible phenomenon. The O and the D forms of virus both appear to be inherent in the virus particle; the dominance of one or the other form seems to be subject to chance occurrences, but is influenced by the conditions under which the virus is propagated.
The capacity of the O form of virus to agglutinate guinea pig but not chicken crythrocytes is a relative, not an absolute phenomenon; allantoic fluids which exhibit clear-cut O form hemagglutination may be made to exhibit D form merely by addition of suitable buffer to the test system. That point is of importance from the viewpoint of the mechanism of influenza virus hemagglutination.
PARENTERAL PLASMA PROTEIN MAINTAINS NITROGEN EQUILIBRIUM OVER LONG PERIODS
Authors: Terry Roger , Sandrock William E. , Nye Robert E. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Proteinuria in normal dogs can be produced at will by parenteral injections of dog plasma.
As the plasma injections are continued the plasma protein concentration rises and at some point protein begins to appear in the urine. The level of plasma protein concentration at which proteinuria appears in normal dogs ranges from 9.6 to 10.4 gm. per cent. This may be termed the renal threshold for proteinuria. Repeat experiments in the same dog show threshold levels to be practically identical.
An interval of days (4 to 26 days) has been noted between the start of plasma protein injections and the appearance of the proteinuria. Larger doses of plasma shorten this interval and the critical plasma protein level is attained sooner.
Considerable amounts of protein may appear in the urine—298 gm. protein during a 52 day period in one instance studied—yet the urine clears in 1 to 4 days after cessation of protein injections. Autopsy shows undamaged kidneys.
Maximal levels of plasma protein concentration range from 10.0 to 11.5 gm. per cent. The highest levels are usually associated with maximal output of protein in the urine.
It seems clear that plasma proteins readily pass cell barriers (or membranes) within the body, including the endothelium and epithelium of the renal glomerulus.
A PARTICULATE BODY ASSOCIATED WITH EPITHELIAL CELLS CULTURED FROM MAMMARY CARCINOMAS OF MICE OF A MILK-FACTOR STRAIN
Authors: Porter Keith R. , Thompson H. P. 
Published: June 2004

Epithelial cells from spontaneous and transplanted mammary adenocarcinomas developing in high-tumor strain C3H mice have been grown in vitro and studied with the electron microscope. In preparations from three out of six tumors, an unusual particulate body has been found associated with the cells. The particles appear to have a spherical shape and a double structure consisting of a dense center and less dense outer zone. The diameter of the central dense portion is fairly uniform from particle to particle, averaging approximately 75 mµ, whereas the outside, whole particle diameter is more variable and averages about 130 mµ. From the micrographs it would appear that these peculiar virus-like bodies are situated chiefly in the ectoplasmic portion of the cell. They may occur singly, in pairs, or in clumps of varying sizes. Cells containing great numbers of the particles show signs of degeneration, and cell fragments are frequently encountered with many particles on them.
So far, the particles have been found only in association with the epithelial cells of the cultures. They are apparently not derived from the culture media. All in all the findings are consonant with the view that the particles represent the milk agent. Further evidence for or against this assumption is being sought from a study of cells from normal tissue and tumors demonstrated to be agent-free.
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: Faber Harold K. , Silverberg Rosalie J. , Dong Luther 
Published: June 2004

36 exposures of the stomach and intestines of 18 cynomolgus monkeys to large doses of poliomyelitis virus by a method designed to avoid simultaneous exposure of the oropharynx and upper esophagus induced poliomyelitis in only one instance.
These observations are to be compared with a previous study in which exposures of the entire alimentary tract including oropharynx and upper esophagus by simple feeding of comparable amounts of the same strain resulted in poliomyelitis in half of the test animals.
In the capsule-fed animals virus regularly appeared in the stools during and immediately after the feeding periods but disappeared thereafter excepting in the single case of poliomyelitis, in which it persisted.
No evidence of resistance to subsequent intracerebral inoculation was observed in the uninfected capsule-fed animals.
CORRELATION OF THE LEVEL OF HEPATIC RIBOFLAVIN WITH THE APPEARANCE OF LIVER TUMORS IN RATS FED AMINOAZO DYES
Authors: Miller E. C. , Miller J. A. , Kline B. E. , Rusch H. P. 
Published: June 2004

The livers of rats fed 10 diets previously found to inhibit or accelerate the induction of tumors by 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene were analyzed for riboflavin, biotin, and vitamin B6 after 6 and 19 weeks on the diets. Those fed diets accelerating tumor induction had average hepatic riboflavin levels of 9 to 11 µg. per gm. The livers of the control and protected rats averaged 14 and 15 to 19 µg. per gm., respectively. The hepatic levels of vitamin B6 and biotin averaged 7.0 and 0.54 µg. per gm., respectively, and were independent of the protective nature of the diet. The livers of rats fed the same diets in the absence of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene contained about 50 per cent more of each of these vitamins than those from dye-fed rats.
In a second series the tumor incidence and the hepatic riboflavin and vitamin B6 were determined simultaneously. In this experiment urethane decreased the level of hepatic riboflavin and increased the rate of induction of tumors slightly. Methionine inhibited tumor induction to a small extent while cystine had a more pronounced retarding effect; the level of hepatic riboflavin for both groups was higher than in the controls.
The livers of rats fed the basal diet, 0.054 per cent of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, or equimolar amounts of its 2-, 2'-, 3'-, or 4'-methyl derivatives were analyzed for riboflavin at various times over a 16 week period. In each case the level of hepatic riboflavin decreased throughout the experimental period, but the rate and extent of the riboflavin loss were greatest with the more carcinogenic compounds.
ESTERASES OF TESTIS AND OTHER TISSUES
Authors: Huggins Charles , Moulton Stanley H. 
Published: June 2004

The tissues most effective in the enzymatic hydrolysis of acyl esters of p-nitrophenol by tissue extracts of the rat and dog were the liver, lung, pancreas, renal cortex, and testis; in the dog tracheal and vesical mucosae were also esterase-rich and the lens had appreciable activity. Esterase was at low concentration in the tissues of the rat for 4 and 5 days after birth, but an increase to adult levels soon took place except in the testis where the rise was delayed until puberty. The esterase values of the blood of newborn children were also low.
Two patterns of activity in tissues against these esters were found. A pattern in which propionate esters were hydrolyzed most rapidly was displayed regularly by liver, lung, renal cortex, and testis of the rat and also by dog, rabbit and human serum. A second pattern with progressive effectiveness in hydrolyzing fatty acid esters of 2-carbon to 5-carbon chain length was exhibited by the pancreas of the rat, rabbit, and dog and also by rat serum.
Esterase of the testis of the rat is located in the interstitial cells and its concentration seems to be directly related to androgenic hormone production. The increase of testicular esterase during puberty paralleled the increase of prostatic weight. Hypophysectomy caused a profound decrease of testicular esterase which was restored in part by gonadoptrophin. Artificial cryptorchism in the rat, causing elimination of germinal epithelium, resulted in an increase of esterase concentration although the total content of the testis slowly decreased.
THE IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF TOXINS AND TOXOIDS
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Wittler Ruth G. , Burrell Jean I. , Grossberg D. B. 
Published: June 2004

Methods for the purification and crystallization of tetanal toxin are described. The methods consist of the multiphase fractionation system involving methanol as the organic precipitating agent under controlled conditions of pH, ionic strength, protein concentration, and temperature.
Crystalline tetanal toxin has an electrophoretic mobility of 2.8 x 10–5 in veronal buffer of 0.1 ionic strength at pH 8.6. The solubility of freshly prepared toxin is essentially constant. The isoelectric point is 5.1 ± 0.1. The crystalline toxin contains 1 per cent sulfur, traces of phosphorus, and gives the usual protein reactions. It does not contain carbohydrate.
The crystalline toxin does not precipitate anti-Clostridium tetani rabbit serum. The final product contains between 3400 and 3600 Lf and about 6.6 x 107 M.L.D. per mg. N.
Crystalline tetanal toxin is spontaneously converted to a flocculating atoxic dimer upon standing at 0°. This change is accompanied by the appearance of another molecular species as judged by constant solubility tests. Ultracentrifugal analysis of these fractions reveals that tetanal toxin has a sedimentation constant of 4.5 Svedberg units while the atoxic flocculating dimer sediments at 7 S.
ISOLATION OF MUMPS VIRUS FROM HUMAN BEINGS WITH INDUCED APPARENT OR INAPPARENT INFECTIONS
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner , Wendell Katherine K. , Rosenberg Philip 
Published: June 2004

Exposure of fifteen children to mumps virus of fifth amniotic passage in chick embryos led to involvement of the salivary glands in six, orchitis in the absence of other manifestations of mumps in one, and to no signs of illness in eight. Attempts to isolate virus from the saliva of these individuals gave the following results:
1. All patients with involvement of the salivary glands excreted virus beginning on the 11th to 15th day after exposure, 2 to 6 days prior to onset of clinical signs of disease and extending up to the 4th day of illness.
2. The patient with primary orchitis without any recognized involvement of the salivary glands excreted virus for 2 days, beginning on the 15th day after exposure and 10 days prior to his illness.
3. Six of the eight children classified as having inapparent infections because of their serologic response in the absence of clinical signs of illness, began to excrete virus on the 15th to 16th day after exposure for from 1 to 9 or more days.
The epidemiologic significance of these data is discussed.
STUDIES ON NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

1. It is likely that certain tailed and filamentous particles seen on electron microscope examination of partially purified saline suspensions of Newcastle virus are the individual virus particles because:
(a) They have a highly characteristic shape not seen in other virus preparations.
(b) They are present whenever the virus is present in high concentration.
(c) Their size agrees with the size of the virus as calculated from light scattering and centrifuge data.
(d) They are agglutinated by specific antisera.
(e) Infection may be produced in the embryo by relatively few of these particles.
2. It is possible that these filamentous forms have been derived from spherical forms without loss of activity because:
(a) Such filamentous forms are not found in the original allantoic fluid when this contains a comparable amount of virus.
(b) Filamentous forms appeared in the original allantoic fluid when it was dialyzed against saline solution.
(c) Filamentous forms were produced at certain hydrogen ion concentrations but not at others, in solutions maintaining the same infectivity for the embryo.
(d) Spherical forms were obtained by suspending the partially purified virus in water instead of saline. In this the virus remained moderately stable.
(e) These round forms could apparently be converted into tailed and filamentous forms by the addition of saline, again without loss of activity.
(f) This "conversion" could be inhibited by partial inactivation of the water suspension of virus.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF HYALURONIDASE AND TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTI-M SERUM ON EXPERIMENTAL GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTIONS IN MICE
Authors: Rothbard Sidney 
Published: June 2004

Five strains of encapsulated group A streptococci of different serological types, each with a glossy and a matt variant, were studied to compare the rôles of the M substance and the hyaluronic acid capsule in virulence of these microorganisms. The results indicated that both contribute to the virulence of group A streptococci but that the M antigen is the more fundamental factor.
Encapsulated variants, both glossy and matt, were slightly less susceptible to phagocytosis than those from which the capsule had been removed with hyaluronidase. Glossy variants, containing no M substance, were readily phagocyted; matt, M-containing variants were resistant to phagocytosis except in the presence of anti-M serum when they became fully susceptible.
Only the M-containing, matt strains were mouse-virulent. Mice were protected against infections with these strains:
(a) By removal of the capsule with hyaluronidase, which resulted in slight protection, but only against 10 M.L.D. Early and intensive treatment was required to produce this effect; i.e., simultaneous injection of enzyme and streptococci followed by prolonged enzyme therapy.
(b) By a single injection of anti-M serum administered the day before inoculation of the streptococci, which resulted in protection against 100,000 M.L.D.
(c) By combined use of enzyme and anti-M serum, an additive effect of the two protective agents occurred, which resulted in protection against 1,000,000 M.L.D.
PRODUCTION OF ATHEROMATOSIS IN THE AORTA OF THE BIRD BY THE ADMINISTRATION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
Authors: Chaikoff I. L. , Lindsay Stuart , Lorenz F. W. , Entenman C. 
Published: June 2004

A new experimental procedure for the production of arteriosclerosis in the bird is described. The subcutaneous implantation of diethylstilbestrol by means of which a sustained increase in the concentration of cholesterol, phospholipid, and neutral fat can be readily established, is shown to induce atherosclerosis of the aorta.
The atherosclerosis has been compared with that artificially induced in the bird by the prolonged feeding of cholesterol and also with that occurring spontaneously. The stilbestrol-induced lesion more closely resembled the spontaneously occurring one in the bird than did that produced by cholesterol feeding. But all 3 lesions were fundamentally similar, differing only in the amounts and proportions of the various lipid constituents present.
The concentrations of cholesterol in plasma of the stilbestrol-treated and cholesterol-fed birds were of the same order. Yet cholesterol constituted a greater proportion of the lipids deposited in the arterial wall of the cholesterol-fed than in that of the stilbestrol-treated birds. This finding suggests that the cholesterol content of the vascular lesion depends not only on the absolute concentration of cholesterol in plasma, but also on the proportion of cholesterol to other lipid constituents in plasma.
HYPERTENSIN IN THE SYSTEMIC BLOOD OF ANIMALS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Gollan Frank , Richardson Evelyn , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been developed which makes possible the demonstration of a pressor substance in the circulating systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension.
2. After the intravenous injection of renin into normal dogs, it was possible to detect a pressor substance formed in the systemic blood. After the intravenous injection of 1 unit of renin, as much as 1 unit of the pressor substance was detected in the plasma from 200 cc. of systemic blood.
3. Large amounts of systemic blood pooled from several normal dogs did not contain detectable amounts of pressor substance.
4. In experimental renal hypertension due to unilateral or bilateral constriction of the main renal arteries, a pressor substance was demonstrated in large amounts of systemic blood, corresponding to from one-fifth to one-third of the total blood volume. This was accomplished without the addition of hypertensinogen to enhance the action of the renin in the blood. In an animal weighing about 15 kilos, with benign hypertension up to 3 months' duration, about 3 to 5 units of this pressor substance are probably constantly circulating in the entire systemic blood.
5. The pressor substance was also detected in a relatively small amount of renal vein blood from an ischemic kidney.
6. In the systemic blood of dogs weighing about 15 kilos, with malignant experimental renal hypertension, from 15 to 25 units, or more, of the pressor substance are present in the entire circulating blood.
7. The pressor substance which appears in the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension, and of normal dogs after intravenous injection of renin, is destroyed by hypertensinase.
8. The pressor substance obtained from the systemic blood of dogs with experimental renal hypertension has the same physiological and chemical properties as hypertensin produced in vitro. It is therefore suggested that the name hypertensin be adopted for the pressor substance which causes experimental renal hypertension.
9. In this study the animals in the benign phase of hypertension were almost all in the early stage (3 months or less). Whether the humoral mechanism obtains in animals in the late stage, after years of hypertension, or in any form of human hypertension is being investigated.
KINETIC STUDIES ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Croft Charles C. , Gray Margaret M. 
Published: June 2004

A quantitative method for the study of the kinetics of immune hemolysis is described.
In the presence of excess C' and limited amounts of antibody the kinetics of hemolysis resemble those of enzymatic processes.
Assays of hemolytic antibody should therefore be based on velocity measurements rather than end point titrations.
THE RÔLE OF THE "WAX" OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN ESTABLISHING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Forney John E. 
Published: June 2004

The purified wax fraction of the tubercle bacillus, which has been previously demonstrated as an essential element in causing delayed tuberculin hypersensitivity in response to the protein of the tubercle bacillus, is now found to have the same activity with regard to a simple chemical antigen, picryl chloride. One injection of this compound with wax intraperitoneally into guinea pigs results in a marked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, demonstrable by contact and intracutaneous test, and of long duration. The effect is not related to an adjuvant activity of the wax as defined by ordinary standards.
The relationship of these observations to the occurrence of "heteroallergic" phenomena in tuberculosis is discussed.
The possibility that the occurrence of spontaneous contact hypersensitivities may depend upon the presence of similarly active lipoidal components of the skin is commented upon.