bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Reform in American Manufacturing and the Challenge to Economic Theory
Authors: Piore Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern business organization has been a subject of social science research and theory at least since the mid-nineteenth century. In recent years, however, scholars have increasingly concentrated on a particular characterization of the modern enterprise. This characterization derives from the work of the business historian Alfred Chandler, as stylized and interpreted by Oliver Williamson. It is one of a vertically integrated, hierarchical organization, as contrasted with the egalitarian relations among units in a competitive marketplace. In the last decade, this organizational form has become a major focus of research even in theoretical economics, which in the past has been concerned primarily with markets.
Compatibility Standards and the Market for Telecommunications Services
Authors: Besen Stanley M , Saloner Garth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not so long ago, technical standards in the United States telephone industry were determined primarily by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. To be sure, AT&T had to coordinate with foreign telecommunications entities, independent telephone companies, and the United States Department of Defense, but the degree of coordination was relatively minor, and AT&T had substantial latitude in deciding on the standards that would be used. However, three forces have caused this situation to change dramatically. First, because of the entry of large numbers of competing suppliers of equipment and services into the United States telecommunications industry, standard setting has moved from the technical concern of a single firm to a factor with important implications for competition. As a result, the processes by which standards are set are now subject to detailed scrutiny by both the regulatory authorities and the courts. In a sense, telecommunications standards have become too important to leave their determination solely to the telephone companies.
Toward the Perfect Work Place? The Experience of Home-based Systems Developers
Authors: Bailyn Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information technology makes it possible to free work from the constraints of location and time. No longer must employees commute daily to a central office place in order to perform their work. Telecommuting, estimates suggest, could save thousands of barrels of oil a day and significantly reduce the stress on individuals that stems from the current organization of work (Eder, 1983). But what to some is the hope of the future and the solution to many social ills is to others the harbinger of a new era of exploitation in an electronic sweatshop (cf. the AFL-CIO Resolution on Computer Homework, 1985). The technology alone will not determine which of these outcomes prevails (Elling, 1985, p. 28). Rather, that will depend on the people and tasks involved and on the structural, managerial, and cultural context in which the work gets done (Perini, 1991).
The Influence of Communication Technologies on Organizational Structure: A Conceptual Model for Future Research
Authors: Allen Thomas J , Hauptman Oscar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a conceptual model that hypothesizes how information technologies may help with two key functions of communication in research and development. The first function is to provide state-of-the-art information on the organizational technologies that are used. This function is typically carried out through a functional organization structure, which groups together individuals with similar technical specialties. The second function is to coordinate the technical specialties applied to the same task or project. This is typically accomplished by a project form of organization, which groups together individuals working on the same task. The cost of selecting one structure is the loss of the advantages of the other. Information technologies, such as electronic mail, computer conferencing, bulletin boards, and document search and retrieval systems, may be used to augment the chosen structure and to compensate to some degree for its limitations.
Rationality, Truth, and Critique
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My elaboration and defense, later in this book, of ecumenical political dialogue presuppose a particular conception-the “coherentist” conception-of rationality. It makes much more sense to address the issue of rationality directly than to presuppose an unarticulated and unexamined position on the issue. I therefore devote this chapter to a discussion both of rationality and of related issues. There is, in any event, a more general reason to pause to address the issue of rationality. In discussions of morality and religion, including (especially?) discussions of the proper relation of religion and morality to politics, the issue of rationality, even when not addressed systematically, often looms large: Are moral convictions rational? Less rational than scientific convictions? Are moral convictions religious in character less rational than secular moral convictions? Is it possible to adjudicate between or among, or at least to discuss, competing moral or religious convictions rationally? Must a politics that would be rational exclude justificatory reliance on moral, or at least on religious-moral, convictions? What is rationality anyway? What does it mean to say that a belief is rational? What are the criteria of the rationality of a belief? And so on. My discussion here of rationality is meant to serve as epistemological background to-and, to some extent, as epistemological grounding for-my elaboration and defense, in later chapters, of ecumenical politics.
Dynamic Structure
Authors: Pollak Robert A , Wales Terence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists have traditionally been suspicious of changing tastes, and intellectual tastes change slowly. Nevertheless, it is time to reconsider the conventional wisdom that tastes are not the business of economists. Those who favor incorporating taste formation and taste change into economic analysis fall into two groups whose intersection is virtually empty. One group is primarily interested in the welfare implications of changing tastes, the other in the analysis of household behavior. Galbraith, who emphasizes the ability of producers to manipulate consumers through advertising, provides an articulate statement of the welfare view. Characterizing his own work, he writes, “The surrender of the sovereignty of the individual to the producer or producing organization is the theme, explicit or implicit, of two books, The Affluent Society... and The New Industrial State” [1970, p. 471].
National Culture and the Iron Law of Hollywood Dominance: An Economic Critique
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, an important issue in European media debates is the impact of the liberalization of television on national culture. Critics of change frequently postulate an “iron law” of television, according to which a liberalized television environment would invariably lead to a flood of low-quality imports, typically American. Bad imported programs would drive out good domestic programs. If this were indeed true, one might consider it to be merely a case where the demand for a product is better satisfied by foreign suppliers. But such a conclusion would be mildly subversive to many defenders of the monopoly system, because it suggests that domestic programs are watched only by the grace of some form of cultural protectionism. Hence, a “scientific” argument is usually added to show that it is not the content of imported programs that undermines domestic ones, but some underlying economic logic, an “iron law” leading to inevitable decline of domestic production absent structural policies.
A Model for the Analysis of Broadcast Structures
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the heated rhetoric surrounding broadcasting and new electronic media, it is surprising how few analytic tools exist for an evaluation of media structure and its change. A television set is enshrined in almost every home, and households allocate extraordinary portions of their disposable time to its viewing. Few disagree that television is a major factor in modern society, with a pervasive influence on politics, culture, economics, and social affairs. Economists, however, have taken little interest in the study of the medium, particularly in the more theoretical aspects of program choice.
United Kingdom
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than thirty years Britain had a stable and effective broadcast duopoly. One of its elements was the accomplished BBC, arguably the world’s flagship of public broadcasting. The other was a cartel of commercial firms providing independent television, often also of high quality. To be admitted to broadcasting, these private companies had to overcome high political barriers that kept subsequent entrants out. This system of profitable inside status for a few privileged firms was untenable in the long term. But because private television in Britain preceded that of most of the rest of Europe by a generation, pressures for change were less insistent; there was, after all, commercial television to serve the center and lower ends of the taste distribution, and the BBC itself was subject to daily rivalry that enhanced its responsiveness and sharpened its independence from a government that had kept elements of content control. Eventually, however, the limited television system was challenged from several directions: by the government’s technology policy encouraging cable television and DBS; by the emergence of London as the European center for program supply; and by the aspirations .of the free-market wing of the Conservative party for a more competitive economy. Britain moved, as the first European country after Italy, to the next stage in the opening of television.
Luxembourg
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Operating since 1924, Radio Luxembourg soon established a popular music program format in several languages and became known as the “station of the stars.” Its emergence was strenuously resisted by monopoly broadcasters, especially the BBC, as well as many publishers. It was denied a long-wave frequency, but went on the air anyway (see the discussion on early U.K. broadcasting). With the ascendence of the National Socialists in Germany, Radio Luxembourg became a source of independent news. After the outbreak of World War II, however, the Luxembourg government ordered the station to stop broadcasting; it was soon taken over by the Germans, who used it for their own propaganda. Following the war, advertising income was initially so low that the station almost went bankrupt, and its recovery began with an international bank loan.
Austria
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Austria, among several other countries, claims to be the site of the world’s first radio transmission, an experimental broadcast that took place in Graz in 1904 (Signitzer and Luger, 1984). In 1924, radio broadcasting was begun by the concessionary monopoly Radio-Verkehrs Aktien Gesellschaft (RAVAG), a collaboration between government and private industry that joined the Ministry of Commerce and Transportation with banks, advertising companies, and radio set manufacturers (Fabris et al., 1982). Though intended to be nonpartisan, RAVAG became an instrument of the government in its disputes with the left and extreme right during the first Austrian Republic. It was opposed by an active workers radio listeners movement, which promoted greater freedom of radio. RAVAG supported the government in its 1934 suppression of the Social Democrats, a lesson not forgotten. When Austria was absorbed by Germany in 1938, RAVAG was acquired by the German state broadcasting system RRG and the German Reichspost.
Greece
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek modem history has been convulsed by dictatorships, wars, occupation, and a civil war. As a society, Greece is characterized by strong political divisions between the left and the right. Partly in consequence, the common thread in broadcast policy running throughout this tumultuous period has been government use of broadcasting in a highly partisan fashion. The broadcast monopolist has been subservient to whomever happened to be in power. About one half of the population at any given time considers public television to be the despised mouthpiece of its opponents, whereas the other half is likely to see it as a valuable, though not necessarily respected, political tool. Thus, the credibility of Greece’s public broadcast system is low. Throughout West Europe, it is difficult to find a state broadcasting system more discredited, which helps explain the changes toward private television after 1987.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1929-30, the Soviet regime launched a drive for all-out collectivization of peasant agriculture. There was little support for this in the village (do peasants ever actively support programs of radical change advocated by the state?), but in any case the regime did not seem overly concerned about securing peasant support. The drive to collectivize came not from within the village, but from without. The state was the initiator of the collectivization drive, and the new collective farms were organized at village level by outsiders-Soviet rural officials, supplemented by tens of thousands of urban Communists, workers, and students whom the regime sent out into the countryside for the purpose. In the spirit of the Cultural Revolution then in progress, many of these urban outsiders were imbued with a militant zeal for change and contempt for peasant backwardness. This led them to interpret their mission of socialist modernization in the most extreme terms, with the result that the establishment of a kolkhoz was often accompanied by forcible closing of the village church and public destruction of icons.
A Second Serfdom?
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stalin had a picture of the Soviet kolkhoz as a large-scale, modern, mechanized farm that was economically and socially light years ahead of the back-ward, small-scale farming of the Russian peasant.1 This was the image propagated by Soviet publicists and accepted by many outside observers. Reading the Soviet press of the 1930s, it is hard to catch any glimpses of the real Russian village behind the Potemkin facade. This is not only because of the shameless exaggeration and deception that became a standard feature of Soviet writing about agriculture during collectivization, but also because a whole new language was invented to describe peasant farming in its collective guise. One of the effects of the new language (if not one of its purposes) was to obscure continuities with the past. Who could guess, on the basis of knowledge of Russian peasant farming before collectivization, what real-life institutions and practices lay behind such terms as “laborday” (trudoden’), “auditing
The Establishment of the PTT System
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The key institutions of European telecommunications are the PTTs-the government administrations of posts, telephone, and telegraph. These formidable organizations did not emerge overnight, but are the result of centuries of struggle. Most Europeans are not aware of the historical background that led to the formation of a monopoly system and to its institutions that are part of their environment. Pressures for liberalization of the monopoly system are not a recent phenomenon. The history of postal monopoly from the Middle Ages onward has been one of the efforts to establish and defend monopolies against the competition of private services and rival governments. These drawn-out rivalries put into question the assertion that postal service-and later telecommunications, which were usually merged into the postal system-is a “natural monopoly” whose economic and technical characteristics secure it from competitors. It was only in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that governments had finally successfully suppressed attempts at rival service and consolidated postal powers in an enforceable fashion.
Defense of the Telecommunications Monopoly
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As telecommunications moved in new directions, the PTTs were increasingly faced with the task of justifying the existence of a rigid monopoly in essentially market-oriented economies, delivering a service that could be provided by the private sector. This is not, after all, a situation where the public subsidizes unprofitable but socially desirable enterprises such as railroads. The arguments in favor of the traditional system will be discussed in what follows.
Policy Directions
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under corporatization, the status of telecommunications operation is transformed from a state administration (i.e., part of the civil service) into a publicly owned corporation. Such a course is usually advocated to encourage efficiency and flexibility. The monopoly status is not touched by corporatization as such, though once the close link to the government is severed, a process is set in motion that makes further changes more likely. Sometimes the corporatized entity is described as a “private” firm, in the sense that it may be organized under private law provisions (which determine its status in, for example, contract and labor law), but that description confuses legal detail with the reality of control, which is still governmental. Corporatization is usually accompanied by the creation of a regulatory mechanism of government, typically as part of the PTT ministry.
The Emergence of Postwar Subcontracting, 1945–1960
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following two chapters will cover the forty-five years after World War II in Japan, a time that may be described as epoch making, because it produced a profusion of new subcontracting institutions in Japanese manufacturing industries. The institutions rapidly evolved, building on one form after another and constantly adapting to radical external changes. The end result is something beyond what traditional accounts usually discuss.
Innovation and Institutions: Notes on the Japanese Paradigm
Authors: Lifson Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trends in technology compel us to seek more effective institutional means for producing knowledge in our industrial sectors. In the 1990s, strategists guiding America’s major manufacturers through the tangle of issues surrounding technological change and human resources will have to take account of Japan. In many consumer, intermediate, and capital goods industries and segments, Japanese companies either set the competitive pace in product improvement or threaten to do so in the future. In addition, they are continually upgrading their manufacturing technologies, thereby lowering costs, improving quality, shortening cycle times, and otherwise enhancing competitiveness. This pattern is based on a complex organizational system able to sustain near-continuous improvement in both product and manufacturing technologies.
Effects Of Executive Team Demography On Organizational Change
Authors: Ill Charles A O’Reilly , Snyder Richard C , Boothee Joan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why are executive teams important? Why should we focus on the demographic homogeneity of these teams, rather than on the average skills and abilities of the team members? How does demographic homogeneity affect organizational change through the dynamics of the executive team? In this chapter, O’Reilly, Snyder, and Boothe effectively address these three questions. The answers they provide are interesting to both academics and practicing managers because the authors cogently summarize and interpret a stream of research and case examples in rich, theoretical explanations with obvious practical implications. The chapter is enhanced by O’Reilly’s substantial research experience on team demography and his familiarity with many of the key firms and players in the electronics industry that the team studied.
A Learning Model for a Parametric Theory in Phonology
Authors: Dresher B Elan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These questions were put at the centre of linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky, who also proposed a general framework for answering them. The answer to (1), for any particular language, L, will be a specification of the grammar, G, of that language. Since languages differ, there will be many different Gs.
Are Emotions Universal or Culture-Specific?
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As pointed out in a recent article by Ben Blount (1984:130), “The past decade has witnessed, in contrast to earlier periods, an efflorescence of interest in emotions”. Some scholars proclaim the birth of a new science, a science of emotions (cf., for example, Izard’s statements quoted in Trotter 1983). One of the most interesting and provocative ideas that have been put forward in the relevant literature is that it is possible to identify a set of fundamental human emotions, universal, discrete, and presumably innate; and that in fact a set of this kind has already been identified.
Courage, Bravery, Recklessness
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is courage? What does it mean to be brave or to be a coward? Questions such as these have been pursued in European thought at least since the time of Socrates, and it is astonishing to see how little progress has been made in defining concepts of this kind. Despite all the efforts of philosophers and of lexicographers, dictionaries still content themselves to say, in essence, that courageous means brave and that brave means courageous.
Titles and Other Forms of Address
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions of this kind have hardly ever been raised in semantic literature, presumably because it is usually taken for granted that differences of this kind are ‘sociolinguistic’ or ‘pragmatic’ rather than ‘semantic’, and ‘sociolinguistic’ or ‘pragmatic’ differences can be talked about but cannot be defined. (For excellent discussions from a sociolinguistic point of view, see, in particular, Brown and Gilman 1960; Brown and Ford 1964; and Ervin-Tripp 1974.)
What Signals Govern The Cardiovascular Responses To Exercise? Reflexes From Active Muscles
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter asks if the control of the cardiovascular system during exercise is governed by reflexes arising from active muscles. Two reflexes are considered: (1) chemorefiexes caused by chemical stimulation of small sensory fibers originating in the muscles, and (2) mechanorefiexes caused by mechanical stimulation of muscle afferent fibers. Emphasis is directed mainly to the the former because more is known about them and they appear to be the more important; but mechanoreflexes may also play a role and cannot be ignored.
Methods and Data for Studying the Life Story
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have defined it, the life story is a temporally discontinuous unit told over many occasions and altered to fit the specific occasions of speaking, as well as specific addressees, and to reflect changes in the speaker’s long-term situation, values, understanding, and (consequently) discursive practices. Studying a unit of this sort poses substantial problems. Obtaining the text of an entire life story would require recording all the talk ever produced by a given speaker. In principle this is possible, but both practically and ethically it is not. However, obtaining part of the life story is sufficient to indicate the nature of this open unit and the principles of its construction; so we need not be concerned with the entire volume of a lifetime’s worth of talk, but only with a selection from it. Let us now consider how such a selection should be made.