bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of a secondary target XRF setup at different operational tube voltages
Authors: Zarkadas Ch. , Karydas A. G. , Paradellis Th. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn algorithm was developed that allows a theoretical step‐by‐step study of secondary target XRF setups for different combinations of anode materials, secondary targets and operating tube voltages. By use of three different descriptions of x‐ray tube spectral distributions, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the x‐ray beam after the secondary target are examined. Calculations are presented for different combinations of anode material and secondary target such as YMo, MoMo, RhMo and WMo. Additionally, universal functional relationships of the secondary target characteristic line intensities with respect to the operational voltage are presented. These relationships can be applied to any XRF setup that includes an x‐ray diffraction tube and a secondary target. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cdc4 is involved in the transcriptional control of OCH1, a gene encoding α‐1,6‐mannosyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Cui Zhifeng , Horecka Joe , Jigami Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Saccharomyces cerevisiae OCH1 gene encodes an α‐1,6‐mannosyltransferase that initiates the polymannose outer chain elongation of N‐linked glycans. Transcription of OCH1 is regulated by two transcription factors, Swi4 and Skn7. To learn more about the signals that feed into the Swi4 regulation, we isolated a mutant, bon1‐1 (bypass of Skn7), that activates OCH1–HIS3 and OCH1–lacZ reporters in a strain deleted for SKN7. bon1‐1 is an allele of CDC4 (cdc4bon) and leads to the additional phenotypes of temperature sensitivity and abnormal cell morphology. The cdc4bon mutant is partially suppressed by CLB5 overexpression and accumulates Sic1 protein, indicating that OCH1 transcription is controlled by the ubiquitin‐dependent degradation pathway through the Skp1–Cdc53–F boxCdc4 protein complex. We suggest that transcriptional control of OCH1 by cdc4bon is through Swi4, because cdc4bon cannot activate the OCH1–lacZ reporter in a strain deleted for SWI4. Interestingly, cdc4bon and Δswi4 show a synthetic growth defect when combined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a noninvasive, PCR‐based test for sex identification in an endangered parrot, Amazona guildingii
Authors: Russello Michael A. , Amato George 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe St. Vincent Amazon Parrot Consortium was established during the 1980s in an effort to cooperatively manage the captive population of the St. Vincent parrot (Amazona guildingii) and support conservation of the wild population. Ex situ management of A. guildingii has been hindered by the sexual monomorphism of the group, mediated in the past through the use of time‐consuming, expert‐driven, and sometimes hazardous sexing procedures. In this article, we apply a noninvasive, molecular sexing technique, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA from a single feather tip to the captive populations of A. guildingii residing on St. Vincent (66 individuals) and Barbados (13 individuals). This study allowed for the rapid assessment of gender, while posing no threat to individual health, and will facilitate the efforts of the consortium breeding programs in the United States, Europe and on the islands of St. Vincent and Barbados. Zoo Biol 20:41–45, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel inserter instrument (Crossbow) for installation of self‐reinforced bioabsorbable arrows into meniscus tissue
Authors: Törmälä P. , Karhi O. , Koho P. , Tamminmäki M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel inserter, Crossbow, was developed for arthroscopic installation of self‐reinforced bioabsorbable meniscus arrows into meniscus tissue. The Crossbow comprises a reservoir cartridge for up to four arrows, a triggering mechanism, and an interchangeable (curved or straight) trocar for guiding and installation of an arrow. A randomized biomechanical study was carried out by installing 13‐mm‐long meniscus arrows into fresh porcine menisci with the Crossbow and with the standard manual inserter trocar system. The mean pull‐out force for Crossbow‐installed arrows was 56.8±14.2 N, and that for arrows installed with the manual system was 43.7±13.8 N; the difference was statistically significant. While Crossbow is easy and rapid to use and gives good grip of arrows into pig meniscus, it may be an attractive alternative instrument to treat bucket‐handle lesions of the menisci arthroscopically.
Prostatitis: The Last Frontier
Authors: Nickel J. Curtis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProstatitis, the neglected third disease (after benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer) is the last frontier of prostate disease. Innovative new research and clinical initiatives have revived urologists' interest in this difficult and frustrating disease. New funding initiatives, industry interest and powerful patient lobby groups have put this long‐neglected syndrome back on the urologic agenda. Presented here is an inventory of what is and is not known about prostatitis. It is based on a review of the literature, undisputed facts, solid hypotheses, and common sense. Also offered is a series of personal challenges to the urologic community. As we enter the twenty‐first century we must develop a rational management strategy for patients who present with symptoms of prostatitis.
Access Routes for Nutritional Therapy
Authors: Waitzberg Dan L. , Plopper Caio , Terra Ricardo M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may provide life‐sustaining therapy for surgical patients. The duration of nutritional therapy (enteral or parenteral) implies distinct access routes. We review the main aspects related to access routes for nutrient delivery. The enteral route, whenever feasible, is preferred. For EN lasting less than 6 weeks, nasoenteric tubes are the route of choice. Conversely, enterostomy tubes should be used for longer‐term enteral feeding and can be placed surgically or with fluoroscopic and endoscopic assistance. The first choice for patients who will not be submitted to laparotomy is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Postpyloric access, although not consensual, must be considered when there is a high risk of aspiration. For intravenous delivery of nutrients lasting less than 10 days, the peripheral route can be used. However, because of frequent infusion phlebitis, its role is still in discussion. Central venous catheters (CVCs) for TPN delivery may be (1) nonimplantable, percutaneous, nontunneled—used for a few days to 3 to 4 weeks; (2) partially implantable, percutaneous, tunneled—used for longer periods and permanent access; or (3) totally implantable subcutaneous ports—also used for long‐term or permanent access. The subclavian vein is usually the insertion site of choice for central venous catheters. Implantable ports are associated with lower rates of septic complications than percutaneous CVCs. The catheter with the least number of necessary lumens should be applied. Central venous nutrient delivery can also be accomplished through peripherally inserted central catheters, which avoid insertion‐related risks.
Clinical Relevance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor for Thyroid Neoplasms
Authors: Huang Shih‐Ming , Lee Jeng‐Chang , Wu Ta‐Jen , Chow Nan‐Haw 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Angiogenesis is of vital importance during the development and progression of solid tumors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major regulator of angiogenesis and could be produced by some cancer cells. To investigate the clinical relevance of VEGF in the tumorigenesis of human thyroid, an immunohistochemical study was performed on archival materials of follicular adenomas (n= 13), Hürthle cell adenomas (n= 6), papillary carcinomas (n= 76), follicular carcinomas (n= 12), Hürthle cell carcinomas (n= 2), and anaplastic carcinomas (n= 8). Patterns of VEGF expression were analyzed in relation to histologic subtypes of thyroid tumors and were correlated to biologic indicators of papillary carcinoma. All papillary carcinomas and Hürthle cell neoplasms revealed a strong, diffuse staining reaction, whereas anaplastic carcinoma usually exhibited weak and infrequent immunoreactivity. VEGF levels were usually higher in follicular adenomas than in follicular carcinomas. With regard to prognostic value, VEGF expression did not correlate with tumor size, extent of invasion, or scores on the AGES system (i.e., patient age, tumor size, histologic grade, tumor extent, distant metastasis) or the MACIS system (i.e., metastasis, age, completeness of resection, invasion, tumor size) for papillary carcinomas (p > 0.05, respectively). The results of the current study indicate that VEGF may play a role in the development of human thyroid cancer. Determination of the angiogenic phenotype may have limited prognostic value for patients with papillary carcinoma.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Colorectal Cancer: A Review
Authors: Schulte William J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is a review article covering the development of monoclonal antibodies attached to a radioactive isotope which are used in scanning for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon. The most recent and complete study described 223 patients, of which 169 were evaluated. All patients required an operation. At operation, biopsies were taken of the resected tumor. Some false negative areas, such as dilated varicosities and inflammatory areas, were encountered. The latter can be seen as a chronic inflammatory process such as a leaking anastomosis with a diverticulum or old traumas in the pelvis. This technique allows a physician to follow patients, especially those who have had an abdominal perineal or exoneration of their pelvic organs, for possible recurrence in this area. There is also some discussion about possible future uses in the treatment of the metastatic disease.
Prevention and Therapy of Multiple Organ Failure
Authors: Vincent Jean‐Louis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultiple organ failure (MOF) stems from a complex interaction between the host’s immune response and inadequate tissue perfusion. Prevention of MOF therefore addresses these two components. The risk of inflammation is reduced through treatment of any infection and early stabilization of traumatized regions. Adequate respiratory and cardiocirculatory resuscitation is achieved to restore and maintain tissue perfusion. Although a supranormal cardiac output is often indicated, it is difficult to define precise endpoints for hemodynamic stabilization. Instead of increasing the oxygen supply to supranormal values in all patients, it is probably safer and more effective to increase it only in those patients for whom persistent ischemia is suspected. Provision of adequate nutritional support is important, and whenever possible the enteral route is preferred. Once MOF has developed, treatment turns to support of individual organs. Unfortunately, there is no single treatment for MOF that seems to reverse the associated trend of high mortality. Survival is more likely when the cause of MOF can be found and eliminated.
Protection of the Gastroduodenal Mucosa from the Effects of Diclofenac Sodium: Role of Highly Selective Vagotomy and Misoprostol
Authors: Giannoukas Athanasios D. , Baltoyiannis Georgios , Milonakis Manolis , Nastos Dimitrios , Papagikos Lambros , Kappas Angelos M. , Fatouros Michalis , Papadimitriou Constantinos , Cassioumis Diamantis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) analog, for protecting the gastroduodenal mucosa (GDM) from the effects of diclofenac sodium (DS). Fifty mongrel dogs were randomly allocated to five groups. HSV alone was performed in group I dogs (controls) to standardize the operation. DS was given intramuscularly for 12 consecutive days to the group II dogs, whereas in the group III dogs HSV was performed, followed a month later by DS administration, as in group II. DS was given in combination with misoprostol for 12 days to the group IV dogs. HSV was performed on the group V dogs, and a month later DS and misoprostol were given, as in group IV. After sacrificing the animals the GDM was examined for macroscopic and histologic lesions. Statistical analysis was made by Fisher’s exact test. HSV alone did not protect the gastric or duodenal mucosa from the effects of DS (p= 0.474 andp= 0.62, respectively). Misoprostol alone also did not offer significant protection to the gastric or the duodenal mucosa (p= 0.08 andp= 0.65, respectively). The combination of HSV plus misoprostol protected the gastric mucosa (group V,p= 0.007) but not the duodenal mucosa (group V,p= 0.08). Hence HSV or misoprostol alone offers no protection to the GDM from the effects of DS. The combination of HSV and misoprostol offers significant protection only to gastric mucosa. Enhancement of the mucosal defense mechanisms combined with strong reduction of gastric acidity may offer adequate protection to gastric mucosa from the effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.
Effect of Growth Factors on Growth of Bovine Parathyroid Cells in Serum‐Free Medium
Authors: Sadler Gregory P. , Jones Derek L. , Woodhead J. Stuart , Horgan Kieran , Wheeler Malcolm H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPublished work has suggested a possible role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) in parathyroid disease. Bovine parathyroid cells (BPCs) are frequently used as a tissue model for studying parathyroid disorders. We have studied the effect of the EGFr ligands EGF and transforming growth factor α (TGFα), alone and with insulin‐like growth factors IGF‐I and IGF‐II on BPC growth. Experiments were run in triplicate and repeated three times. Cell numbers were assessed on day 5 by colorimetric MTT assay as well as by tritiated thymidine uptake. Results show that TGFα alone (p< 0.05) and IGF‐I and IGF‐II alone (p< 0.05) significantly stimulated growth over controls (t‐test). Furthermore, the combination of TGFα with IGF‐I and IGF‐II exhibited significant enhancement above that seen with IGF‐I and IGF‐II alone (p< 0.01). EGF did not stimulate growth over controls. EGFr may be expressed in BPCs, but TGFα exhibits a more potent growth stimulus than EGF. Addition of IGF‐I or IGF‐II to the growth medium further enhances this effect.
Enzymatic Properties of Transplanted Glomerulosa Cells
Authors: Scheumann Georg F.W. , Heitmann Philip , Teebken Omke E. , Mössinger Eckart , Mellon Synthia H. , Pichlmayr Rudolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere are several theories about the physiologic regeneration of adrenals and maintenance of physiologic steroid secretion after subtotal loss of adrenal cortical cells. According to the cell migration theory, adrenocytes from the zona glomerulosa migrate centripetally toward the medulla. This theory is opposed by the zonal theory according to which each zone resplenishes its cells independently. What these theories have in common is that they are based on data from the intact adrenal gland. We transplanted purified glomerulosa cells under the kidney's capsule of Lewis rats. The tissue was removed 30, 60, 90, and 150 days after transplantation to investigate the presence of two specific enzymes that are responsible for the secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone. Cytochrome p‐450as is specific for glomerulosa cells producing aldosterone, and cytochrome p‐45011β is specific for fasciculata cells producing corticosterone. After sequencing the genetic code of these enzymes it became possible to demonstrate expression of the enzymes by in situ hybridization. The transplanted glomerulosa cells turned their enzymatic property to fasciculata cells expressing cytochrome p‐45011β. Our results suggest that glomerulosa cells are able to take over the physiologic function of a whole adrenal cortex in the absence of fasciculata cells, and that they are sufficient to maintain the function of the adrenal cortex.
Hemostatic Methods for the Management of Spleen and Liver Injuries
Authors: Uranüs Selman , Mischinger Hans‐Jörg , Pfeifer Johann , Kronberger Leo , Rabl Hans , Werkgartner Georg , Steindorfer Peter , Kraft‐Kirz Julius 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe spleen and liver are the most frequently injured organs during blunt and penetrating abdominal trauma. Emergency laparotomy is crucial for early control of bleeding and to prevent “secondary” injury as a result of physiologic splanchnic vasoconstriction and free oxygen radicals. Altogether 98 patients with spleen and liver injuries were treated over an 8‐year period. Primary orthotopic spleen preservation could be achieved in 46 of 63 patients. In 58 patients with hepatic trauma, hemostatic treatment was chosen based on the severity of the injury. Nonoperative management was used for four splenic and seven hepatic trauma patients. The most commonly used techniques were fibrin sealing, suturing, and débridement for hepatic injury and mesh splenorrhaphy, fibrin glue, and partial resection with a TA stapler for splenic injury. The death of patients with complex injuries was mainly due to preclinical massive blood loss and multiple organ failure.
Increased surface expression of CD18 and CD11b in leukocytes after tourniquet ischemia during elective hand surgery
Authors: Sutter Paul M. , Spagnoli Giulio C. , Marx Axel , Gürke Lorenz , Troeger Hans , Fricker Renato , Harder Felix , Heberer Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe surface expression of β2‐integrins was investigated in leukocytes from patients undergoing ischemia induced by tourniquet application for elective hand surgery. Blood samples were obtained before initiation, at the end of ischemia, and after 15 minutes of reperfusion from ischemic and contralateral arms of five patients. Comparable expression of CD18, CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c could be detected by immunofluorescence in leukocytes from samples drawn from either arm before tourniquet application. In contrast, a significant increase in the expression of CD18 was detectable in monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes from the ischemic arm compared with that in the nonischemic contralateral control, at the end of the ischemia time (80 ± 16 minutes). A significantly increased expression of CD11b, but not CD11a or CD11c, determinants was also observed in granulocytes and monocytes. Concomitantly, a significant reduction in the percentages of granulocytes in samples from ischemic areas was detectable. After 15 minutes of reperfusion, differences in the expression of these adhesion molecules were no longer significant. The expression of the genes encoding interleukins IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) proinflammatory cytokines was also studied by reverse polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from the same samples in three patients. IL‐1β or IL‐6 gene expression was never observed. Expression of IL‐1α and TNFα genes, as detected in two patients, was not related with induction of ischemia. However, in these patients expression of one or both these genes was observed in samples derived from the ischemic but not the control arm after 15 minutes of reperfusion. These data document that overexpression of adhesion molecules and sequestration of leukocytes take place following short ischemia times, as routinely applied clinically for minor surgical procedures.
Infectious Concerns of Cross‐Species Transplantation: Xenozoonoses
Authors: Michaels Marian G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractXenotransplantation is a potential solution to the current donor shortage for allotransplantation. Likewise it is being investigated for a number of other disease states such as Parkinson's disease, diabetes, and acquired immunodeficiency disease. Infections are a concern with the use of any biologic agent and as such have proved to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality after allotransplantation. Similarly, infections will likely cause disease after xenotransplantation. Public debate on the ethics of whether the field of xenotransplantation should move forward has focused on the concern of novel infections, xenozoonoses. Accordingly, the role of animal microbes must be critically examined. This article reviews mechanisms for xenogeneic infections and details what is known and what still needs to be learned as the field of xenotransplantation progresses. Emphasis is placed on microbial agents of baboons and swine, as they are currently the most common species considered as donor sources for xenotransplantation.
Allogeneic Vascularized Grafting of Human Knee Joints under Postoperative Immunosuppression of the Recipient
Authors: Hofmann Gunther O. , Kirschner Martin H. , Wagner Frithjof D. , Brauns Lars , Gonschorek Oliver , Bühren Volker 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVascularized knee joint transplantations have been performed in various animal systems. Up to now no allogeneic vascularized transplantation of a fresh and perfused human knee joint has been realized. This paper reports on the first four grafted human knee joints, performed between April 1996 and July 1997 at the Trauma Center Murnau. The indication for transplantation of a human knee joint is total loss of the joint, including the extensor apparatus, following severe trauma. Management of this defect is first to effect closure of the soft tissue defect combined with external transfixation and bone cement spacers. For the second phase the external stabilization is switched to internal stabilization using femoral and tibial nails and a temporary knee joint prosthesis manufactured of polyethylene. The transplantations are performed with respect to ABO compatibility, ignoring the HLA system after a negative crossmatch. Osteosyntheses are employed by femoral and tibial nails. The vascular anastomoses are established in an end‐to‐side technique between the recipient's superficial femoral vessels and the graft vascular pedicles. Immunosuppression starts as quadruple induction therapy for 3 days. Subsequently it is reduced to a two‐drug maintenance protocol with cyclosporin A and azathioprine. We utilize radiography, digital subtraction angiography, duplex sonography, scintigraphy, and arthroscopy for graft monitoring. Six months after transplantation the osteotomies were bridged with callus, and the patients were completely mobilized. The motion in the transplanted knee joint ranges from complete extension to 110° flexion.
Present Role of Classic Open Choledochostomy in the Surgical Treatment of Patients with Common Bile Duct Stones
Authors: Csendes Attila , Burdiles Patricio , Diaz Juan Carlos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOpen choledochostomy still represents an important step of biliary surgery, even during the era of laparoscopic surgery. Although its application has decreased with the widespread use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and papillotomy, still there are some patients in whom it is necessary to perform open choledochostomy and place a T‐tube. The morbidity and mortality rates depend mainly on the presence or absence of an acute suppurative cholangitis, rather than the performance of the choledochostomy. In patients with mild cholangitis or those no cholangitis and less than 60 years of age, the mortality rate is lower than that observed after ERCP. This procedure is still an important technique for surgeons dedicated to biliary surgery, and therefore several technical aspects of common bile duct exploration are important to remember.