bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dieting among adolescent females – some emerging trends
Authors: Mooney Elaine , Farley Heather , Strugnell Chris 
Published: December 2004

AbstractYoung people, particularly adolescent females, are very conscious of their body image, hence dieting to lose weight is not uncommon. The study, part of a much larger ongoing project, aims to determine the level of body image satisfaction and dieting practices among adolescent females in the Republic of Ireland, with a view to investigating whether these factors ultimately influence food choices and eating patterns. Data collection for this research is at an early stage with preliminary investigations of a qualitative nature having taken place. Sixteen interviews with home economics teachers and 16 focus groups comprising females (n = 124) aged 15–16 years were executed. The results, which are a summation of the emerging trends to date, indicate that female adolescents are very conscious of their body image and are strongly influenced by the appearance of many high profile celebrities. It would appear that gaining the attention of boys, approval from girlfriends and self‐confidence are the main motivations for wanting to be slim. Hence short‐term dieting was an observed behaviour. These initial findings imply a need for more effective health promotion interventions to educate young people on the importance of healthy eating during adolescence. Furthermore, strategies for the development of a healthy body image and positive self‐esteem also need to be implemented as a matter of urgency among this age group. Home economics would be a suitable subject area to deliver this within the school curriculum.
Clinical librarianship in the UK: temporary trend or permanent profession? Part II: present challenges and future opportunities
Authors: Harrison Janet , Sargeant Sally J. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground:  This article is the second part of a two‐part series reporting a study of the role of the Clinical Librarian (CL) in the UK.Methods:  A qualitative method of semi‐structured interviews was used to explore in‐depth the role of the CL. The interviews provided a rich source of data and give insight into this new and emerging role as practised in the National Health Service (NHS). Similarities and differences are examined between the CL population and reported within themes, specifically: personal qualities and skills required, training for the CLs, marketing the CL service, working in the clinical environment, monitoring and evaluation and the acceptance of the CL in the NHS.Results:  A common understanding of the skills and knowledge required to undertake the CL role was shared by the respondents. However, practice differed as this was often dictated by local circumstances. The study confirmed the need for the CLs to work with clinical colleagues in the clinical setting to enhance patient care.Conclusion:  The importance of using best evidence to support patient care is a message that is slowly becoming the norm in the NHS and the CL role in this practice is demonstrated by this study.
Facultative sex ratio adjustment in response to male tarsus length in the Varied Tit Parus varius
Authors: Yamaguchi Noriyuki , Kawano Katsura K. , Eguchi Kazuhiro , Yahara Tetsukazu 
Published: December 2004

During the last decade, evidence from a number of studies has suggested systematic deviations from a 1 : 1 primary sex ratio in birds, in spite of the fact that birds have chromosomal sex determination systems; the mechanism of sex allocation is not fully understood. However, it still remains uncertain whether adaptive manipulations of primary sex ratio occur, especially in Parus species. We studied sex ratio variation in the Varied Tit Parus varius, which is a socially monogamous species similar to the Great Tit P. major and the Blue Tit P. caeruleus. In total, 362 chicks that hatched from 72 broods over 3 years were sexed. Of all nestlings, 51.9% (188/362) were male. The nestling sex ratio did not differ significantly from unity. However, the proportion of sons in each brood was significantly and positively related to the father's tarsus length. This corresponds with our predictions, given that larger males have higher resource holding potential if tarsus length is a heritable character between fathers and sons.
Growth and energy expenditure of Wandering AlbatrossDiomedea exulanschicks
Authors: Mabille Geraldine , Boutard Olivier , Shaffer Scott A. , Costa Daniel P. , Weimerskirch Henri 
Published: December 2004

Wandering AlbatrossDiomedea exulanschicks require 9–10 months to achieve adult body size at fledging, at which time they are also sexually size dimorphic. Because the developmental period spans the winter season, chicks must endure severe winter conditions and variability in provisioning effort by their parents. Thus chicks may adjust their rate of energy utilization to accommodate variations in provisioning, but this has not previously been studied. We followed longitudinally the changes in growth, body composition and oxygen consumption of 10 chicks from the end of the brooding period until fledging on the Crozet Islands. Body mass, culmen length and wing length were measured every 10 days and total body water (TBW) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured monthly. Overall growth followed a logistic curve for all chicks, and sexual dimorphism in body mass appeared as early as the second month of measurements (males being heavier than females). Absolute TBW followed a logistic increase like that of body mass and was significantly higher in males owing to the difference in body mass. Conversely, mass‐specific TBW (i.e. the proportion of body mass made up of water) did not differ significantly between male and female chicks. Absolute RMR peaked at 1.5 × adult basal metabolism in midwinter when chicks achieved maximum body mass, but decreased to adult levels by the time chicks fledged. The decrease in absolute RMR following attainment of peak mass is atypical of most seabird chicks (Procellariiformes) and may be explained partly by a reduction in size of the gut when parents reduce provisioning effort. The changes in mass‐specific RMR did not differ between sexes but male chicks, being heavier, had higher absolute oxygen consumption and therefore greater energy requirements.
Roosting in tree foliage by Common Swifts Apus apus
Authors: Holmgren Jan 
Published: December 2004

Common Swifts Apus apus have occasionally been reported roosting overnight by hanging in the foliage of trees. However, roosting in foliage, which is often associated with food shortage as a result of adverse weather, appears to be an important alternative to aerial roosting. Thirty‐nine observations of the behaviour have been recorded previously in Europe, some of them concerning two or more birds. Furthermore, each August from 1982 to 2000, within a restricted area of c. 300 × 300 m in southern Sweden, Swifts (118 total) were observed to roost in the foliage of trees or on a latticework mast, whereas others (230 total) were observed making ‘fly‐ins’ typical of the behaviour preliminary to roosting. Of those roosting, 39 Swifts could be aged, and all but one of these were newly fledged juveniles. The Swifts perched late at dusk with maximum frequency about 30 min after sunset, but tended to perch earlier in cloudy weather and later in clear weather. Numbers of roosting Swifts were correlated with low mean temperatures in August, and appearances of roosting Swifts were correlated with low local evening temperatures. During May–July 1982–2000, within the same small area, 18 Swifts were observed to roost in this manner and 29 other Swifts made preroost fly‐ins. It is concluded that the behaviour is used more frequently and is more widespread geographically than thus far published observations indicate. This applies especially to newly fledged young on their first migration. Adaptive explanations for this are suggested, with the implication that the behaviour may be widespread in swifts of the tribe Apodini.
The effects of delaying the start of moult on the duration of moult, primary feather growth rates and feather mass in Common Starlings Sturnus vulgaris
Authors: Dawson Alistair 
Published: December 2004

In many species of birds there is a close relationship between the end of breeding and the start of moult. Late‐breeding birds therefore often start to moult late, but then moult more rapidly. This is an adaptive mechanism mediated by decreasing day lengths that allows late‐breeding birds to complete moult in time. This study asked how these birds complete moult of the primary feathers more rapidly, and the consequences of this on the mass of primary feathers. Common Starlings Sturnus vulgaris were induced to moult rapidly in one of two ways. In the first experiment, one group was exposed to artificially decreasing photoperiods from the start of moult, whereas the control group remained on a constant long photoperiod. The second experiment was a more realistic simulation. Two groups were allowed to moult in an outdoor aviary. One group started to moult at the normal time. In the other, the start of moult was delayed by 3 weeks with an implant of testosterone. The duration of moult was significantly reduced in both the group experiencing artificially decreasing photoperiods and the group in which the start of moult was delayed. The faster moult rate was achieved by moulting more feathers concurrently. The rate of increase in length of each of the primary feathers, and their final length, did not differ between groups. The rate at which total new primary feather mass was accumulated was greater in more rapidly moulting birds, but this was insufficient to compensate for the greater numbers of feathers being grown concurrently. Consequently, the rate of increase in mass of individual feathers, and the final feather mass, were less in the rapidly moulting birds. A 3‐week delay in the start of moult is not an unrealistic scenario. That this caused a measurable decrease in feather mass suggests that late‐breeding birds are indeed likely to suffer a real decrease in the quality of plumage grown during the subsequent moult.
Covariation between plumage colour polymorphism and diet in the Barn OwlTyto alba
Authors: Roulin Alexandre 
Published: December 2004

Several hypotheses might explain the evolution and maintenance of colour morphs within animal populations. The ‘alternative foraging strategy’ hypothesis states that alternative colour morphs exploit different ecological niches. This hypothesis predicts that morphs differ in diet, either because foraging success on alternative prey species is morph‐dependent or because differently coloured individuals exploit alternative habitats. I examined this prediction in the Barn OwlTyto alba, a bird that varies in plumage coloration continuously from dark reddish‐brown to white. On the European continent, Owls are light‐coloured (subspeciesT. a. alba) in the south and reddish‐brown (T. a. guttata) in the north; in central Europe the two subspecies interbreed, generating many colour variants. If plumage coloration indicates alternative foraging strategies, in sympatry dark‐ and light‐coloured owls should consume prey species that are typical of the diets ofT. a. guttataandT. a. albain allopatry, respectively. In line with this prediction, both in allopatry and in sympatry in SwitzerlandT. a. guttatafed primarily upon Common VolesMicrotus arvalisandT. a. albaupon Wood MiceApodemusspp. Statistical analyses suggest that morph‐dependent diet did not arise from a non‐random habitat distribution of owls with respect to plumage coloration. This suggests that foraging success upon alternative prey is morph‐dependent.
Susceptibility gene for non‐obstructive azoospermia in the HLA class II region: correlations with Y chromosome microdeletion and spermatogenesis
Authors: Takao Tetsuya , Tsujimura Akira , Sada Masaharu , Goto Rieko , Koga Minoru , Miyagawa Yasushi , Matsumiya Kiyomi , Yamada Kazuhiko , Takahara Shiro , Okuyama Akihiko 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe previously reported an association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 in the HLA class II region and non‐obstructive azoospermia in Japanese men. To identify possible associations between the HLA‐DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 allele in the HLA class II region and azoospermia factor (AZF) deletion in the Y chromosome, we performed genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the AZF region. We then determined spermatogenic impairment (Johnsen score) in testicular biopsy specimens from patients with or without the DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 haplotype. The AZF microdeletion rate in patients with this haplotype was 3.85%, compared with 11.8% in others (no correlation). However, Johnsen scores in patients with the DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 haplotype were 3.13 ± 1.34 (mean ± SD), compared with 3.70 ± 1.51 in others (p < 0.05). While the DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 haplotype acts independently from Y chromosome deletion, the haplotype might either act directly, or be functionally related to an unknown autosomal gene. In either case, this haplotype showed association with severe spermatogenic impairment.
Androgen‐dependent blood flow control and morphological changes of the capillaries in rat prostate
Authors: Ono Yoshihiro , Suzuki Kazuhiro , Kashiwagi Bunzo , Shibata Yasuhiro , Ito Kazuto , Fukabori Yoshitatsu , Yamanaka Hidetoshi 
Published: December 2004

SummaryTo clarify the effect of androgens on the microcirculation of the prostate, organ blood flow and ultrastructural features of the capillaries were investigated. In the ventral prostate (VP) of adult Wistar rats, organ blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler flowmetry, and the morphological features of the subepithelial capillaries were investigated and their luminal area was measured using transmission electron microscopy and a computed image analyzer at 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after castration, and 2 days after castration and gradational testosterone supplementation. The capillaries of the VP were classified into three types; oval opened (type 1), intermediate (type 2) and collapsed (type 3). Organ blood flow reduced from 40.5 to 27.7 mL/min/100 g (p < 0.0001) and the luminal area of the capillaries reduced from 13.5 to 4.5 μm2 (p < 0.0001) 2 days after castration. These reductions of the blood flow and the luminal area were gradationally prevented by testosterone supplementation. In the morphological features of the capillary, type 1 had rapidly shifted to types 2 and 3 after castration, and the shift of the capillary type was significantly prevented by the testosterone supplementation. These results clearly demonstrated that the androgen‐dependent ultrastructural and morphological features in subepithelial capillaries revealed local microcirculatory conditions correlating the organ blood flow changes in VP.
Expression of cavernous transforming growth factor‐β1 and its Type II Receptor in patients with erectile dysfunction
Authors: Ryu Ji‐Kan , Han Jee‐Young , Chu Young‐Chae , Song Sun U. , Lee Kwan‐Hee , Yoon Sang‐Min , Suh Jun‐Kyu , Kim Seong‐Jin 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIt has been hypothesized that transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) signalling is involved in erectile dysfunction (ED). This study was undertaken to elucidate in detail whether expression of TGF‐β1 and its type II receptor is clinically related to various causes of ED. Fifty‐four patients with ED and 24 potent men were the subjects of this study. After multidisciplinary work‐up, the ED was classified as psychogenic (n = 6), neurogenic (n = 15), or vasculogenic (n = 33). In every subject, percutaneous cavernous biopsy was performed using a Biopty gun. Masson's trichrome staining was used to quantitate collagen fibres and immunohistochemical staining to evaluate both TGF‐β1 and its type II receptor by scoring the intensity of immunoreactivity (score 0–6). Collagen fibres were significantly more abundant in men with vasculogenic ED (72.7 ± 17.7%) than in control subjects (43.3 ± 11.2%) or those with psychogenic (45.0 ± 12.2%) or neurogenic (51.3 ± 20.3%) ED (p < 0.01). Expression of TGF‐β1 was significantly greater in vasculogenic ED (4.3 ± 1.3) than in the control subjects (2.4 ± 0.9) or psychogenic ED (2.0 ± 0.6) groups (p < 0.01). Type II receptor expression was also significantly increased in vasculogenic ED (3.9 ± 1.3) compared with control (2.2 ± 0.7) and psychogenic (2.2 ± 0.8) or neurogenic (2.6 ± 1.3) ED (p < 0.01). Of the ED groups, both the hyperlipidaemia and the atherosclerosis patients showed significantly more fibrosis than those without the condition (p < 0.05). The abundance of collagen fibres correlated well with both TGF‐β1 expression (γ = 0.81; p < 0.001) and receptor II expression (γ = 0.83; p < 0.001). These results suggest that TGF‐β1 and its receptor II pathway are involved in cavernous fibrosis and ED in man. Patients with vascular risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis are liable to ED by activation of this pathway.
A diet containing yam reduces the cognitive deterioration and brain lipid peroxidation in mice with senescence accelerated
Authors: Chan Yin‐Ching , Hsu Cheng‐Kuang , Wang Ming‐Fu , Su Ting‐Ya 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a diet rich in yam tuber material [Dioscorea alata L. Var. purpurea (M.) Pouch.] on the learning and memory ability of 2‐month‐old male senescence accelerated mice (SAMP8). The mice were fed with three different diets for 12 weeks; a casein diet (control group) and either a casein diet supplemented with 10% lyophilized or with hot‐air dried yam. Results of passive and active shuttle avoidance tests showed the mice fed with the diet containing yam had significantly better learning and memory ability than the control group. The thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) in the hippocampus of the group fed lyophilized yam were significantly lower than the control and also the group fed a diet containing hot‐air dried yam, whereas the spongy degeneration and the lipofuscin percentage tended to be lower but not significantly different. It was suggested that lyophilized yam was more effective than hot‐air dried yam in reducing the lipid peroxidation, brain pathological changes and the deterioration in the learning and memory ability in mice possibly because lyophilized yam contains more antioxidant compounds.
Effects of seven yeast strains on the volatile composition of Palomino wines
Authors: Estévez Pablo , Gil Mª Luisa , Falqué Elena 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe must obtained from Palomino grapes was inoculated with seven different commercial yeast strains (three Saccharomyces cerevisiae cerevisiae– MO5, CEG and IOC BR 8000 and four Saccharomyces cerevisiae bayanus– ALB, KD, REIMS and IOC 2007) and fermented under identical conditions. Standard chemical analyses were done on the final industrial wines and the major volatile compounds extracted and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. No differences were found in gross chemical composition, but the wines had significantly different volatile characteristics and the results demonstrated that large sensory differences were generated by the different yeast strain that had been used in the vinification. The major constituents that contributed to the volatile composition in this wine were the higher alcohols, ethyl esters, acetates, fatty acids and volatile phenols. In terms of floral and fruity odours, the best results were obtained for the wines inoculated with IOC 2007, ALB and REIMS S. cer. bayanus strain.
Proliferative activity (MIB‐1 index) is an independent prognostic parameter in patients with high‐grade soft tissue sarcomas of subtypes other than malignant fibrous histiocytomas: a retrospective immunohistological study including 216 soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Jensen V. , Brandt Sørensen F. , Bentzen S.M. , Ladekarl M. , Steen Nielsen O. , Keller J. , Jensen O.M. 
Published: December 2004

AimsTo evaluate the prognostic value of tumour proliferative activity, p53 accumulation and bcl‐2 expression in a retrospective series of 216 patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS).Methods and resultsThe immunohistochemical analyses were performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. The proliferative activity was assessed by use of the monoclonal antibody MIB‐1 and evaluated in multiple, random systematic sampled fields of vision. The percentage of proliferating cells (the MIB‐1 index) ranged between 1% and 85% (median 12%). A significant increase in mean MIB‐1 index was seen with increasing histological malignancy grade. Variation in the incidence of p53 accumulation and bcl‐2 positivity among different histological subtypes was observed. p53 accumulation was frequent in synovial sarcomas and leiomyo‐ and rhabdomyosarcomas, whereas bcl‐2 preferentially was expressed in synovial sarcomas. Univariate analysis identified patient age, tumour size, histological grade of malignancy, MIB‐1 index and p53 accumulation as significant prognostic parameters. Multivariate Cox analysis, including tests for interaction terms between histological subtypes and MIB‐1 index, showed independent prognostic effect of MIB‐1 index and tumour size in patients with high‐grade tumours of other subtypes than malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH).ConclusionsHistopathological malignancy grading is the most important single prognostic factor for overall survival in STS, but estimation of MIB‐1 index is useful for identifying the least favourable subgroup of high grade STS of other subtypes than MFH, for whom adjuvant therapy may be indicated.
Apoptotic hepatocytes in rejection and vascular occlusion in liver allograft specimens
Authors: Sedivy R. , Gollackner B. , Casati B. , Mittlböck M. , Kaserer K. , Steininger R. , Wrba F. 
Published: December 2004

AimsProgrammed cell death (apoptosis) has been described in different hepatobiliary diseases and in immune‐mediated cytotoxicity. Apoptosis of hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells was detected in chronic liver allograft rejection. In severe acute rejection a DNA fragmentation in‐situ assay showed positivity of apoptotic cells and centrilobular necrosis. Although apoptosis is triggered by ischaemia, the potential role of apoptosis in tissue damage caused by hepatic vascular occlusion after orthotopic liver transplantation has not yet been investigated.Methods and resultsWe examined biopsies for apoptotic cell death in 50 liver allografts: 29 with acute liver rejection, six without rejection, five time‐zero biopsies, and 10 cases with hepatic artery thrombosis. In addition to a semiquantitative assessment of apoptotic bodies in haematoxylin and eosin stains, an in‐situ end nick‐labelling technique (TUNEL) was used to detect DNA fragmentation. In all cases with hepatic artery thrombosis the incidence of apoptosis was found significantly increased in comparison to acute rejection.ConclusionsAs apoptosis is a mechanism in the early stages of tissue damage prior to necrosis, increased apoptosis in liver allograft biopsies might be regarded as a signal of early ischaemia indicating initial vascular occlusion.