bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To perceive visually is to decide: the physiology of doubt
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perceiving is deciding, and deciding is gambling, to such an extent that we perceive the world not necessarily as an obvious and unique sense datum, but rather a probable one. To say, as Georg Riemann did, that several lines parallel to a given line can all pass through a single point is to make a decision about lived experience. It affirms that perception can give rise to a variety of possible solutions and that reason can arbitrate among them.
In the waiting rooms of the Banque de France, I had occasion to contemplate a painting by Fragonard, dated roughly 1715, that depicts a fair with feasts, couples, children playing, at left a stage set up in the garden, at right a Guignol theatre. Jean-Claude Trichet, the bank’s governor, had brought together his former classmates from the École des Mines at Nancy and given them a real-life demonstration of the fact that perceiving is also deciding.
The brain as emulator and generator of strategies: the vagabond thought
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Action and the sentient body, which construct the perceived world based on our desires, goals, and fears, are at the heart of the mechanisms of decision making, more than language and reason. Or rather, it is the language of the sentient body in its dialogue with the world that remains to be discovered: the gesture of thought. The role of space in the dynamic architecture of thought is also largely unknown. The Italian Renaissance placed at the centre of the world the new man and his freedom, his capacity to choose and to decide, to find several solutions to the same problem with no boundary conditions. This spirit is asserted in the interplay between softness and drama—each triumphing in turn—in the art of Fra Angelico and Donatello.
Brain, music and musicality: Inferences from neuroimaging
Authors: Turner Robert , Ioannides Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We approach the question of human musicality by considering the spatial and temporal patterns of brain activity that may be specific to the human experience of music. Commonalities in any activity or behaviour across people and cultures point towards biologically rather than culturally defined competencies of mind and brain. As brain scientists, we wish to discriminate such innate cerebral competencies for music from conventional, culturally learned skills, and to make sense of the functional localizations for both types of activity in particular parts of the brain that are amenable to study using neuroimaging techniques.
Supporting the development of mindfulness and meaning: Clinical pathways in music therapy with a sexually abused child
Authors: Robarts Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I present music as a primary catalyst in the development of the therapeutic relationship and in the therapeutic processes of change. I describe how music therapy can assist a psychotic child with a history of early childhood sexual abuse. When the intersubjective sense of self is devastated at its core by such early relational trauma, music, used with clinical perception, may reach a child and work constructively in an evolving, musically mediated therapeutic relationship.
The Neuropathology Of Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Esiri Margaret M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropathology of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is arguably its most distinguishing feature. Although its clinical features of progressive dementia with prominent and early memory failure are characteristic, there are other dementing disorders from which distinction can be difficult and the definite diagnosis of AD still requires neuropathological examination of the brain. The diagnostic pathological features are microscopic and were first described in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Beljahow 1889; Alzheimer 1907). Despite long familiarity with this pathology, it is only recently that understanding about its development is beginning to be achieved.
Molecular Genetics Of Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Kauwe John S K , Goate Alison M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual onset and progression of memory loss combined with deficits in executive functioning, language, visuospatial abilities, personality, behaviour and self-care. In the USA, more than 4.5 million people are estimated to have AD. Citing the rapid growth of the oldest age groups in the US population, recent studies predict a rapid increase in the prevalence of AD unless more effective treatments can be developed (Hebert et al. 2003). Individuals with AD live from eight to 20 or more years after the onset of symptoms, making this dis ease both emotionally and financially devastating. The national direct and indirect costs of caring for individuals with AD are in excess of 100 billion dollars (Ernst and Hay 1994). It has been suggested that a 5 year delay in the onset of disease would result in half as many cases in just one generation (Brookmeyer et al. 1998). In order to diagnose AD earlier and to treat it more efficiently, we must identify both the genetic and environmental factors which modulate risk for disease.
Multiple Transgenic Mouse Models For Alzheimer‘s Disease
Authors: Terwel Dick , Dewachter Ilse , Dooren Tom Van , Vandebroek Tom , Helmont Thomas Van , Muyllaert David , Borghgraef Peter , Croes Sophie , Winderickx, Joris , Leuven Fred Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The identification of the genetic causes of familial Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) by clinical geneticists has yielded the necessary genes for experimental biologists to model these diseases in transgenic mice. The first models to be developed were transgenic mice that express wild-type and mutant forms of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Some of these models recapitulate surprisingly faith fully the formation of amyloid plaques in brain parenchyma as well as the accompanying cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), typical of sporadic and familial AD. The mice have served as fundamental research tools and are also excellent preclinical test banks for proven or experimental drugs, diets and natural products, metals and metal chelators, and active and passive vaccination.
Cellular Targets Of Amyloid β Peptide: Potential Roles In Neuronal Cell Stress And Toxicity
Authors: Chen Xi , Stern, David , Yan Shi Du 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amyloid plaque formation, caused by deposition of amyloid beta peptide (AP), is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) (Glenner and Wong 1984; Hardy and Selkoe 2002). However, the role of AP in causing neuronal cell stress and toxicity, thereby leading to AD, is poorly understood. Debate continues regarding the pathological properties of Ap. Questions concerning whether the effects of AP are direct or indirect, and whether they reflect specific or non-specific mechanisms remain to be answered. These questions can only be addressed by identifying specific cellular targets for AP and assessing how interaction of AP with such targets impacts on cellular functions. As a molecule prone to aggregation and non-specific interactions, AP has been shown to interact with diverse macromolecular structures, including lipid bilayers (Terzi et al. 1997) and proteo glycans (Narindrasorasak et al. 1991; Buee et al. 1993; Snow et al.
Oku No Hosomichi Roads to Hamilton ’s ‘Wrightian ‘ Digital Parasites in Geneland
Authors: Sumida Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title, too, is a tour de force. Basho_borrowed the name of a road he came across in his northbound odyssey. Laden with meaning, his inspired title is difﬁcult to translate. Some of the word oku ’s meanings are: ‘the far recesses, the inner reaches, the hinterland, the interior. ’ Oku is also an abbreviation of Michinoku, or Michi-no-Oku, ‘the road ’s far recesses. ‘ Japanese nouns are at once both singular and plural. In taking Oku-no-Hosomichi for his title, Bash-must have had in mind its wider meaning, embracing all the desolate, rugged footways penetrating the remote frontier. The original ‘Narrow Road ’ is now a busy thoroughfare in Iwakiri on the outskirts of the bustling city of Sendai.
Foreword to s. Turillazzi & m. J. West eberhard (eds) natural history and evolution of paper waspsऻ
Authors: Hamilton William D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social wasps are among the least loved insects. Even dogs dislike them. Sharing an Englishman ’s jam sandwich half-way to his mouth, massing in hostility to the Amazonian ’s gliding and bumping canoe, raiding and even predating their angelic and useful social cousins the honeybees, and perhaps above all simply being born with that bold, swaying and ever-returning Fight, that remorseless buzz—all these things estrange us. Joylessly, most of us read texts stating them to be important predators, that without them flies and caterpillars would be even more abundant. Yet, where statistics will not alter a general impression, another approach might. Every school-child, perhaps as a part of religious education, ought to sit watching a Polistes wasp nest for just one hour. While probably not more than one in a thousand will be converted to become the kind of wasp addict that contributes to this book, I think that few will be unaffected by what they see.
Because Topics Often Fade Letters, essays, notes, digital manuscripts and other unpublished works
Authors: John1 Jeremy Leighton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I still have the note of a telephone message written by a flatmate in my absence. The words that stood out from the paper were: ‘.Prof. Hamilton is seriously ill ‘ With that brief pausing of the heart familiar to all who have lived long enough to know sorrow, concern turned to growing sadness and ultimately grief: a visit to Middlesex Hospital in London, telephoned, written and printed news of his death, a funeral in the Oxfordshire village of Wytham where as a student I had lived for four years with Bill Hamilton and family, a beautiful memorial service in New College Chapel with the music that had been played for Darwin (the musical score having been obtained from the British Library), the despair of a coroner ’s inquiry (a mundane proximal explanation for a desperate death), all these followed in tragically inexorable succession.
William Donald Hamilton
Authors: Grafen Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Donald Hamilton was born in 1936 in Cairo to New Zealander parents, and was brought up for the most part in a rural and wooded part of Kent, England. He described his childhood as idyllic, full of freedom to roam, and of maternal inspiration and encouragement, and himself as a great burrower. He was fascinated by insects from an early age. A great-aunt gave him her insect collection, whose cases he used for his own (later ruing his discarding of the insects themselves), and also lent him a translation from Fabre, the great French naturalist and one of the first to study behaviour scientifically.
Integer-sided triangles
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that a triangle has one side of integer length or that a circle has integer radius is not mathematically signiFB01cant, as the unit of length can always be adjusted so that this is the case. To say that a triangle has all its sides of integer length is mathematically signiFB01cant. It means that, whatever the unit of length, the ratio of any pair of side lengths is a rational number. However, even if signiFB01cant, it is scarcely interesting. This is because, if you are given three positive integers such that the greatest is smaller than the sum of the other two, then you can always construct a triangle having sides with these integer lengths. Integer-sided triangles become mathematically interesting only when some further condition is imposed.
lattices
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In number theory work on lattices is of fundamental importance, and has been applied to problems as diverse as the rational approximation of real numbers and the representation of integers as the sum of four squares. In this chapter we do little more than scratch the surface. In Section 3.1 we give some basic deFB01nitions and theorems about two-dimensional lattices. Section 3.2 is devoted to an account of Pick’ s theorem, concerning the number of lattice points within or on the boundary of a polygon whose vertices are at lattice points. Finally, in Section 3.3 we show how to solve the problem of determining which lattice points lie on straight lines with equations of the form lx + my = n, where l, m, and n are integers, and then when l, m, and n are restricted to be positive integers.
Circles and conics
Authors: Bradley Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with some inFB01nite sets of circles and conics. The inFB01nite sequence of circles featured in Section 10.1 all have the same unit radius, and have intersection properties that may be seen in Fig. 10.1, where the start of such a sequence is shown. For further reading on inFB01nite sets of circles see the book Hahn (1994).The inFB01nite set of conics are those that circumscribe a triangle. In Section 10.2 we show how to generalize the Simson line property, normally associated with the circumcircle.
The origins of system dynamics: mechanics
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical mechanics started to emerge at the end of the seventeenth century, drawing its origins from the study of the movements of the planets, within the grandiose and revolutionary framework created in Newton’s Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (1687). The resulting vision of the natural processes is strictly deterministic: the knowledge of the present state of a system enables calculation of the system’s state in any future (or past) time without any ambiguity. Classical mechanics enjoyed considerable success right from the start, and for a long period of time it was considered to be of extreme importance, so much so that scientists (or better experts in natural philosophy) gave it their wholehearted support, reinforcing the conviction that Newton’s classical mechanics was able to provide complete descriptions of reality, and above all, its future evolution.
Introduction
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Part 1 we looked at several examples of linear and nonlinear modelling in natural and social sciences. We also observed how nonlinear cases generally require much more sophisticated mathematical techniques, which still only enable us to obtain a partial description of the phenomena. In the linear case, on the other hand, we can obtain a complete description; if we have full knowledge of either the boundary conditions ( i.e. the coordinates at different times) or the initial values of the dynamics (i.e. the coordinates and their derivatives), the system’s future evolution is preordained and can be calculated.
Logistic growth as a population development model
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we would like to return to the description of the dynamics of a single population interacting with the external environment, a subject that we have mentioned on several occasions in previous sections, however without ever going into any further detail. A population can consist of bacteria, insects, people, or any other type of entity able to reproduce itself. The growth model of a population describes how the number x of the members of the latter evolve, i.e. increase or decrease over time.
The logistic map: some results of numerical simulations and an application
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will be dealing with the evolution of the logistic map as a result of the numerical calculation of the states and we will be looking at some of its characteristics on the basis of the numbers supplied by the iterations. Figure 22.1 illustrates the contents of Chapter 21 regarding the splitting of the fixed points, of the subsequent doubling of the period that are at the origins of chaos and the presence of asymptotic equilibrium on a set of values travelled cyclically.
Chaos in systems: the main concepts
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To conclude this part, we would like to briefly review and summarize some of the most important points discussed. As we have seen, in specific circumstances, i.e. for certain values of parameters, the long-term prediction of the evolution of a nonlinear dynamic system can be achieved without error or ambiguity. In the case of the logistic map, this is true for values of the growth parameter λ that fall between 0 and 3, in which we have one fixed point attractor. This is the case we have called Case 1. Under these conditions, the most simple, the system inevitably evolves towards a previously known future, regardless of the initial conditions, even towards the extinction of a population, which occurs when λ &lt; 1.
Inadequacy of reductionism
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To describe, interpret and predict phenomena of the environment (or of the world, the universe or whatever we wish to call it) in which we are immersed, we generally use models, where the meaning if the term model’, in a very general context, is a mental representation that, in a certain sense, replaces the environment (the world, the universe). In other words, since we have no means of going beyond the restricted window that our senses provide of reality, the latter is too complicated and substantially inaccessible to complete knowledge. All that we can do is to limit ourselves to constructing a representation of reality based on information gained from experience. In this vision, therefore, our knowledge is always relative to a perspective and is conditioned by a point of view, a product of the human mind, and not something inherent to the order of things. Science, therefore, does not study the physical world per se, but rather our way of depicting some regularities selected from our experience, that can be observed in certain conditions and from a particular perspective.
The need for a mathematics of (or for) complexity
Authors: Bertuglia Cristoforo Sergio , Vaio Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have said on a number of occasions, sciences exist as such because the world often appears algorithmicaHy compressible into laws, often expressed in mathematical forms, that are none other than reductions carried out starting from enormous sequences of data. Reductions are possible when the phenomena display recurrences; in a completely chaotic world, the latter would not appear and reductions would be impossible. The chaos in the measured data means precisely that the deterministic law that is assumed to be behind the phenomena and that should appear as a result of the reduction made on the observations, is not easily visible, so much so that it makes the same phenomena appear to be random, i.e. not due to a deterministic law. But even a complex world is difficult to describe in a deterministic way. The phenomenology of complex systems, in fact, is characterized by properties such as emergence, self-organization, etc. (see Chapters 27 and 28) and evades (at least for now) the possibility of a formulation that enables, a priori, the manifestation of such to be predicted. The situations of complex systems are not repeated in the same way, maybe similar, but never exactly the same, and it is precisely because of this that it is difficult to recognize the laws constructed following reductions. The phenomenology that we observe in nature and in society often appears to be characterized by chaos and/or complexity, and therefore, in reality, the operation of mathematically reducing the data, effective in other situations, in these cases, ceases to be so. Nonetheless, we want to find effective laws, expressed in a mathematical form, to describe chaotic and/or complex phenomenology.
Relative Consistency and Accessible Domains∗
Authors: Sieg Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
The goal of Hilbert’s program – to give consistency proofs for analysis and set theory within finitist mathematics – is unattainable; the program is dead. The mathematical instrument, however, that Hilbert invented for attaining his programmatic aim is remarkably well: proof theory has obtained important results and pursues fascinating logical questions; its concepts and techniques are fundamental for the mechanical search and transformation of proofs; and I believe that it will contribute to the solution of classical mathematical problems. Nevertheless, we may ask ourselves, whether the results of proof theory are significant for the foundational concerns that motivated Hilbert’s program and, more generally, fora reflective examination of the nature of mathematics.
Diffusions
Authors: Stirzaker David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the Markov processes considered in the previous two chapters have been ‘jump processes’, which is to say that they make transitions between discrete states at times that may be fixed or random. But many stochastic processes in the real world do not have this property. In sharp contrast to jumps, there are random processes that are seen to move continuously between their possible states, which commonly lie in some interval subset of the real line. Examples include meteorological records, physiological data, and the noise that corrupts electronic signals. Of course it remains true that many of these processes still have the Markov property, and it is therefore natural to seek a general theory of such processes with continuous parameter and continuous state space. As usual, we begin with a simple but important example that illustrates many of the key ideas.
Inherited susceptibility to cancer
Authors: Bishop D Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes the evidence regarding a number of different exposures such as diet and radiation on a person’s risk of cancer. Responses to such exposures may well be defined by the person’s genetic makeup while genetic factors them- selves could be the major determinant of risk. This chapter focuses on the evidence relating to inheritance and cancer risk. The most direct evidence for a role of genetic susceptibility to cancer comes from the clinical identification of relatively rare but clearly characterized inherited diseases in which the role of inheritance is unequivocal.
Tumour suppressor genes
Authors: Laín Sonia , Lane David P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumour suppressor genes (TSGs) encode proteins whose absence, repression, expression inactivation, or mutation promotes oncogenesis. In some instances, reactivation of the function of a TSG suppresses the malignant phenotype. This type of TSG is referred to as a gatekeeper gene. Inactivation of other TSGs (caretaker genes), leads instead to genomic instability and therefore to an increase in the mutation of other genes that may be gate- keeper genes or influence tumour development. Caretaker genes include genes involved in DNA repair and genes that maintain the integrity of chromosomes and their numbers. Unlike gate- keeper genes, reconstitution of caretaker genes fails to override these secondary effects and does not suppress malignancy.