bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Full Employment and the Post-War Consensus, 1945–1951
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We begin our analysis of the post-war development of British labour law by looking at the immediate aftermath of the Second World War. It is in many ways a period that confirms the significance of collective laissez-faire as the central feature of government’s relations with industrial society. One of the two outstanding features of this period from our point of view is that the enormous apparatus of state intervention into the operation of the labour market and into the conduct of collective bargaining that had been built up during the war was dismantled after hostilities had ceased. That apparatus was not used, as some might have hoped, as a basis for a new and permanent recasting of the role of the law in regulating the conduct of industrial society. To be sure, that state apparatus was so extensive and the change from a wartime to a peacetime economy so far-reaching that the wartime controls could not be done away with at a stroke when peace was achieved. The Ministry of Labour made some use of its labour market controls throughout the 1940s, and the removal of the prohibitions on striking did not occur until 1951. Nevertheless, the tendency towards the dismantling of the wartime regime was clear, and when Kahn-Freund came to analyse the British system in the early 1950s in terms of collective laisse-faire, he was able to regard the wartime structures as belonging to a chapter of history that was by then more or less closed.
The Failed Revolution: Collective Labour Law, 1970–1974
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any historical description of post-war labour law or industrial relations and employment policy, it is all too obvious to think of 1979 as the single most important turning-point or watershed, as the point at which collective laissez-faire underwent its final demise, and at which the whole relationship between the state and industrial society changed into its modern or current form. A convincing case can, however, be made out for locating that watershed not at the end of the 1970s but in the opening years of that decade—in fact, in the period of Conservative government from 1970 to 1974 when Edward Heath was the Prime Minister. There are different ways in which that case can be presented. We can say that between 1945 and 1970, the formative experiences which shaped labour law and employment policy were those of the inter-war years and of the Second World War itself; after 1974, the historical base-line moves forward, and policy choices tend to be made by way of reaction to the events and political decisions of the period 1970 to 1974. We shall see that this was as true for the Labour governments of 1974 to 1979 as for the post- 1979 Conservative governments.
The Jurisdiction of the Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In England the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 ended the competing jurisdictions of the courts of common law and the courts of Chancery. At most the English litigant has to choose between different procedures available in the same court (writ, application for judicial review, etc.), although the choice of procedure now turns upon a distinction between public and private law which has been criticized as a ‘dividing line impossible to draw with certainty’.1 In France the dual system of administrative courts on the one hand and civil and criminal courts on the other still presents the legal adviser with a critical problem at the very threshold of his task of obtaining redress for his client, namely, to which of the two sets of courts must the case in hand be brought.
The Historical Perspective
Authors: Hylleberg S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The notion that a time series is composed of several unobserved components of different periodicities was an essential part of many of the theories put forward by seventeenth-century astronomers. It was therefore natural that the first person to explain periodicities in economic time series was the British astronomer William Herschel (1801), who tried to find a relation between sunspots and wheat prices. The first to study seasonal patterns in economic time series was the banker James W. Gilbart (1854, 1856, 1865), who found that the demand for Bank of England notes was high in January, April, July and October, due to periodic payment of dividends, while the circulation of the country banks was high in April and low in August. Based on this evidence, Gilbart argued against any attempts by the country banks to have their issuance of notes parallel that of the Bank of England.
An ARIMA-Model-Based Approach to Seasonal Adjustment
Authors: Hillmer S C , Tiao* G C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. This article proposes a model-based procedure to decompose a time series uniquely into mutually independent additive seasonal, trend, and irregular noise components. The series is assumed to follow the Gaussian ARIMA model. Properties of the procedure are discussed and an actual example is given.
Keywords: ARIMA model; seasonal adjustment; Census X-11 program; pseudospectral density function; model-based decomposition; canonical decomposition.
A test of the null hypothesis of cointegration
Authors: Harris David , Inder Brett 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The cointegration tests of Engle and Granger (1987) test the null hypothesis of no cointegration. We extend the unit root testing framework of Kwiatkowski el al. (1992) to testing the null hypothesis of cointegration. A test is developed which is asymptotically equivalent to the locally best invariant (LB!) test and is applicable to a wide range of nuisance parameters, and is dependent only on the number of regressors in the cointegrating regression. We tabulate asymptotic critical values for the test based on this distribution and report on a small power comparison with the Dickey-Fuller test.
Modelling seasonal variation
Authors: Hylleberg Svend 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The realisation among econometricians and applied economists that seasonal variation in many economic time series is often larger and less regular than often hitherto acknowledged, has led to an increased interest in seriously modelling seasonality. The relative size of the seasonal variation also means that such modelling is of major economic interest. In the last few years important developments in modelling seasonality have occurred. The use of model based procedures and periodic models, the extension of integration and cointegration to the seasonal frequencies and the development of economic theories of seasonality are some of the most promising areas of research. However, the procedures applied by the official data-producing agencies have not been affected. In this paper we discuss the implications of these developments on the treatment of seasonality within the data-producing agencies.
Homeless in International Relations? ‘Women’s’ Place in Canonical Texts and Feminist Reimaginings
Authors: Sylvester Christine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
William Connolly’s essay, ‘Democracy and Territoriality’, tells us of a nostalgia in late modernity ‘for a time when a coherent politics of “place” could be imagined as a real possibility for the future: For feminists, that ‘nostalgia’ reads as ‘backlash’; as a dream of certain people to return in the future to a golden age where women knew their place, to a Wo(e)begon(e) where all the women are good looking and all the men are strong, to an imagined community of naturalized gender.
Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is a gender question a question of? What is an inequality question a question of? These two questions underlie applications of the equality principle to issues of gender, but they are seldom explicitly asked. I think it speaks to the way gender has structured thought and perception that mainstream legal and moral theory tacitly gives the same answer to them both: these are questions of sameness and difference. The mainstream doctrine of the law of sex discrimination that results is, in my view, largely responsible for the fact that sex equality law has been so utterly ineffective at getting women what we need and are socially prevented from having on the basis of a condition of birth: a chance at productive lives of reasonable physical security, self-expression, individuation, and minimal respect and dignity. Here I expose the sameness/different theory of sex equality, briefly show how it dominates sex discrimination law and policy and underlies its discontents, and propose an alternative that might do something.
The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House
Authors: Lorde Audre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I agreed to take part in a New York University Institute for the Humanities conference a year ago, with the understanding that I would be commenting upon papers dealing with the role of difference within the lives of American women: difference of race, sexuality, class and age. The absence of these considerations weakens any feminist discussion of the personal and the political.
‘Becoming Male’: One Aspect of an Early Christian Anthropology
Authors: Vogt Kari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like its variants on the theme ‘becoming male’, the metaphorical expression ‘woman turned into man’ is relatively frequent in early Christian literature. Similar metaphors occur in non-Christian texts also, and all the indications are that this usage comes from the Koine culture of the time: there is a common scale of values of which mascu line and feminine contrast, and the term ‘becoming male’ refers without exception to development from a lower to a higher state of moral and spiritual perfection. As a religion-literary metaphor common to Christians and non-Christians, the term ‘becoming male’ does not necessarily have to be interpreted any more specifically.
Pornography is a Social Justice Issue
Authors: Ramos Norma 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For over a decade now, Women Against Pornography has worked to expose the connection between pornography and rape, pornography and the sexual abuse of children, battery, sexual harrassment and a generalized bigotry towards women. In the course of doing this work, we have learned a great deal about the ways in which inequality is rationalized and defended. This goes to the heart of the strategies that have been employed by the pornographers and their lawyers in their efforts to disguise what they do and shield themselves from accountability. We are all painfully aware of the extent to which they have been successful.
‘The New Jerusalem’: The Last Florentine Republic
Authors: Polizzotto Lorenzo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early 1520s Bartolomeo Cerretani’s Girolamo, the Savonarolan spokesman in his Storia in dialogo de/la mutatione di Firenze, gazed ahead upon a prospect unclouded by any doubt or fear. The measures recently enacted against Piagnoni ecclesiastics left him undaunted. Weighted against the premature deaths of Lorenzo and Giuliano de’ Medici, the misrule of the Mediceans and the new stirrings of reform beyond the Alps, these set-backs were to him of little moment. Filled with hope by the direction which events now appeared to be taking, he looked forward to a future of unprecedented achievement.1 The ensuing decade was in fact to prove the most momentous in the Piagnoni’s history. In these years, they were to achieve successes which fell only a little short of Girolamo’s wildest dreams; but their fortunes were also to sink to an ebb from which they would never recover. The fall of the Medicean government in 1527 was the long-awaited answer to their prayers. With the establishment of the last Florentine Republic, they were offered, for however short a time, the opportunity to put into effect all the dreams and plans which they had nurtured for so long. In this chapter we shall see how far they succeeded; and to what extent the heady experience of an unaccustomed freedom wrought its own changes upon them in turn.
Overview of the Main ‘Classical’
Copyright and Neighbouring
Rights Conventions before the
Trips Agreement
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The adoption of the Berne Convention aimed at improving international copy right protection by remedying the deficiencies of the pre-existing bilateral treaties with their instability, high degree of complexity, legal uncertainty, and insufficient protection. At the same time, the Berne Convention upon its adoption neither automatically and fully replaced the existing bilateral treaties, nor did it hinder governments of Berne Union countries from concluding new bilateral treaties, subject, however, to the following condition: such treaties had to confer on authors and their representatives more extended rights than those granted by the Berne Union, or they had to contain other provisions not contrary to the Berne Convention. Indeed, some of the existing bilateral treaties provided for a higher level of protection than the original Berne Convention, and the relevant countries had an interest in preserving that higher level in their mutual relationships.
Friday Agreement
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We saw that the rise in parade-related conflict from 1995 led to major convulsions within the Order as its cultural power was diminished by residents ‘ groups and RUC-backed parading restrictions. In early 1998, the historic Good Friday Agreement (GFA), signed by David Trimble ’s UUP, the SDLP, and Sinn Fein, was to shatter Orangeism ’s political certainties. These opened new divisions within the Order which largely mapped onto the traditionalist– hardline fissures over Drumcree.
Fundamentals of Knowledge Management for Policing
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It should be apparent by now that ‘Knowledge Management’ (KM) is like ‘beauty’ in that it resides in the eye of the beholder. Hence, the perspective from which one views KM is fundamental to how it is understood. The purpose of this chapter therefore is to sketch out and highlight which ‘fundamentals’ of KM have relevance for policing. The chapter should instil an appreciation of KM not only in terms of how it can benefit policing but also how it can impose limitations on the effectiveness of policing if the fundamentals of KM as they apply to policing are not well understood. This is a relatively short chapter as anything fundamental should by definition cut to the essential elements involved.
Policy and Practices: Police Knowledge Management
Authors: Dean Geoff , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter represents the summation of the book. As such it brings together the three main sections of this work that dealt with, first, the conceptual ‘foundations’ of Knowledge Management, second, the ‘structures’ required to build a specific body of police knowledge, and, third, specific ‘applications’ for managing police knowledge.
The focus of this chapter, therefore, is to review the inter-related nature of these Knowledge Management foundations, structures, and applications pertinent to police knowledge. This review will enable policing and the wider law enforcement community to craft a comprehensive policy on Knowledge Management that is applicable to their specific contexts.
Collection and Retention of Personal Data
Authors: Suterwalla Azeem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the collection and retention of personal data in the context of police investigations and criminal proceedings. ‘Personal data’ encompasses a range of different types of information. This chapter is concerned with the data most commonly taken and retained by the police and which, to date, has given rise to human rights issues. It therefore considers: fingerprint and DNA information, photographic pictures and video recordings, footwear samples, conviction data, and criminal intelligence. Whilst the evidential use of such information in criminal proceedings is an important matter, it does not fall within the scope of this chapter.
Measurement of income distribution in supranational entities: the case of the European Union
Authors: Brandolini Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rapidly growing literature on world income inequality has drawn attention to the measurement of income distribution in supranational entities. This exercise raises some new problems, like the conversion to a common currency standard, but mainly forces us to see in a different light questions that are encountered in studying income distribution at the national level. Developing these issues is one aim of this chapter. However, I shall not take the entire world, but the European Union (EU) as my case study. The first reason for doing so is that the abundance and quality of available data and statistics for the EU allow me to examine in depth the questions involved in deriving the distribution of income in a supranational entity. The second reason is that EU member countries are engaged in a process of economic and political unification which has no parallel at the global level. This gives EU-wide indices of poverty and inequality a significance that goes well beyond intellectual curiosity.
The European Central Bank: The Bank That Rules Europe?
Authors: Howarth David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The power of the European Central Bank (ECB) is rooted in its independence established in the Maastricht Treaty of 1992. This power is reinforced through the bank’s monetary policy credibility—achieved through meeting its price stability mandate, while resisting political pressures to manipulate monetary policy to other ends. In turn, credibility contributes to the ideational power of the ECB, which is rooted in widespread support for price stability, one of the core objectives of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The ECB’s relative power, as one of the two leading central banks in the world, is determined by the relative size of the Euro Area economy and the growing importance of the euro as an international reserve currency.
German Bundesbank: Europeanization and the Paradoxes of Power
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The creation of the Eurosystem in 1998–9 represented a critical juncture in the history of the German Bundesbank, of a kind not experienced by any other national central bank. Under German law it retained some independent international and national responsibilities. The Bundesbank acted as banker for the German government, participated in banking supervision, managed Germany’s foreign exchange reserves, decided on gold sales, and represented Germany in the International Monetary Fund. However, with the disappearance of the D-Mark and the loss of its monetary policy-making responsibility to the ECB, the Bundesbank had irrevocably ceded power and status.
Waves In What?
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The next time that you turn the key to start your car and the current from the battery magnetically stirs the motor to life, give a moment’s thought that in what just happened lie the seeds of relativity and the modern view of space and time. When Michael Faraday experimented with electricity and magnetism early in the nineteenth century, no one anticipated that this would lead to a profound re-evaluation of Newton’s world view. He made discoveries of such magnitude that had the Nobel Prizes existed in the nineteenth century, Faraday could have won as many as six, the most far-reaching of the discoveries being that electric and magnetic fields are profoundly interwoven and affect one another.
Dispute Settlement and International Investment
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the preceding chapter has shown, by the mid-1970s the customary international law of the protection of international investment was made up of numerous ingredients and influences. States often preached one thing in the United Nations and practised another in bilateral and multilateral agreements, as described in the next chapter. Scholarly support could be found all along the spectrum between complete denial that international law applied to protection of international investment to continuing prevalence Hull formula and its antecedents.
Electricity and Markets
Authors: Green* Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Twenty-five years ago, the electricity industry was largely made up of vertically integrated monopolies. Smaller utilities without their own generation bought their power under contract from a larger firm, or simply paid the tariff that the generator set each year for its power sales. When the utilities with generation wished to trade power among themselves, they typically did so on a split-savings basis. Each utility would report its marginal cost, and the price would be the average of the two figures, thus giving each utility half of the gains from trade. Even where there were ‘power pools’ involving a large number of generators, they operated as clubs, rather than as markets.
Large-Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation
Authors: Neuhoff* Karsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Using renewables on a large scale to replace fossil-fuel electricity generation offers two principal advantages. Environmentally, renewables offer a means to reduce significantly greenhouse-gas emissions. This is a priority, given the need to minimize the risks of climate change resulting from rising concentrations of greenhouse gases, caused in large part by the burning of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources can also help to diversify energy supplies in most countries. Reducing dependence on energy imports reduces the exposure of economies to international fuel-price fluctuations and potential interruptions caused by political instability and resource constraints.
Introduction To Specific Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Section 2 readers will find a description of the main insurances they are likely to encounter. In most cases the description is in general terms as wordings and the structure of policies vary between Insurers. In a few cases (consultants professional indemnity and D&O) the text does focus on a specific wording but otherwise the approach is generic. We have endeavoured in each case to give a complete description of each policy type; at the risk in some cases of stating or repeating the obvious. In this Section there is also a description of captive insurance which is not strictly a type of cover but an alternative method of financing risk. Typically policies comprise a set of standard terms with a schedule setting out the terms specific to the actual contract. Standard terms may include optional extensions, in which case the schedule will normally indicate which extensions are effective.
Latent (Inherent) Defects Policies
Authors: Hogarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In France there has long been a statutory obligation to take out this form of insurance for new buildings, where it is structured as cover for contractors against their liability for damage to the completed works. The period of cover is ten years and it is known there as decennial insurance. In the 1980s French insurers introduced to the UK a variant of this insurance written for the benefit of all parties with a proprietary interest in a completed building. In the UK cover can be written for a twelve-year period and policies are more descriptively referred to as Latent Defects Insurance (LDI) or Inherent Defects Insurance (IDI). In this chapter we refer to this type of cover as LDI and to latent defects.