bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy of Viral Infections, II
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complex replication cycle of HIV, offers several potential sites for intervention with antiretroviral drugs. H (shown in Fig. 17- 1 The host becomes infected by exposure to blood or body fluids containing HIV. The virus then attaches to target cells through binding of the viral surface glycoprotein gp120 to CD4 molecules located on the membranes of certain T lymphocytes and macrophages/monocytes, and the virus is in ternalized by fusion with the host cell membrane. After internalization, the HIV virion is uncoated, releasing viral genomic RNA into the host cell.
How Braess’ Paradox Solves Newcomb’s Problem
Authors: Irvine A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newcomb’s problem is regularly described as a problem arising from equally defensible yet contradictory models of rationality. In contrast, Braess’ paradox is regularly described as nothing more than the existence of non-intuitive (but ultimately non-contradictory) equilibrium points within physical networks of various kinds. Yet it can be shown that, from a participant’s point of view, Newcomb’s problem is structurally identical to Braess’ paradox. Both are instances of a well-known result in game theory, namely that equilibria of non-co-operative games are generally Pareto-inefficient. Newcomb’s problem is simply a limiting case in which the number of players equals one. Braess’ paradox is another limiting case in which the “players” need not be assumed to be discrete individuals.
Why We Need a Moral Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Talbott William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Kant’s derivation of the Categorical Imperative had been successful, he would have completed two overlapping projects in moral philosophy: (1) the deduction project (moral deductionism): the project of deriving the fundamental principle or principles of morality from the most general constraints on rationality agency, in order to show that, whatever ends or goals one may have, it cannot be rational to act immorally in pursuing them; (2) the reduction project (moral reductionism): the project of formulating principles that would determine the moral permissibility or impermissibility of an act purely as a function of its non-moral features. It is generally agreed that Kant did not succeed at either project. But he has very many intellectual heirs, including many of the participants at the conference on “Modeling Rational and Moral Agents,” who use tools and examples - most prominently the Prisoner’s Dilemma - from formal theories of rational choice to construct models of rational and moral agents. Anyone who attempts to model rational and moral agents very quickly becomes aware of a tension between the two projects of deduction and of reduction. Kant’s discussion of his Categorical Imperative nicely illustrates the tension.
Morality’s Last Chance
Authors: LaCasse Chantale , Ross Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What distinguishes a moral agent from a non-moral agent? A minimum condition is that a moral agent’s behaviour must conform at least closely enough for probabilistic prediction to a set of strictures whose contents would be recognized in reflective equilibrium as moral, where, furthermore, at least part of the best explanation for the conformity in question appeals to the fact that the strictures are moral. This condition is necessary: if there are no agents that satisfy it, then there are no moral agents. Now, most readers will likely be of the view that there must be agents that satisfy the condition, precisely because it is so minimal. It does not require that a moral agent stick to her own moral code much more than fifty percent of the time, and it does not require that the moral code of a moral agent be even reasonably complete. Thus, someone who refrained from no offence against interpersonal decency except the torture of infants, but who avoided torturing infants at least partly because it is immoral to do so, would fit the condition. However, our view, its prima facie implausibility notwithstanding, is that the condition is unsatisfiable, and that there are, therefore, no moral agents. Our position thus encourages a version of moral scepticism.1 What follows will not amount to a full argument for moral skepticism; however, we hope to move some distance in the direction of that conclusion by showing that leading members of the most sophisticated recent family of attempts at applying the concept of moral agency to explain behaviour and social stability fail for a common and general reason.
Love’s Dominion
Authors: 1’amir Yael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals face the world as children, parents, lovers, friends, fellow nationals, and it is from these contextualized points of view that they form their beliefs and preferences and evaluate their actions. Communitarians claim that these personal relationships and communal affiliations generate not only distinct perspectives but also responsibilities. This claim troubles voluntarists, who argue that the sole ground of responsibilities is consent.
The Benefits of “Relaxation”: The Role of the “Pihen” Movement in Bela Bartók’s Contrasts
Authors: Novak John k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1938, Bartók was commissioned by the American clarinetist Benny Goodman, through the cooperation of violinist Joseph Szigeti, to compose a six-toseven-minute piece in two sections that might possess the Hungarian flavor of his violin rhapsodies. The work was to be short enough to fit on one side of a twelveinch 78 rpm record. However, the composer did not allow his work to be restricted by the demands of the recording industry, for he presented Goodman with a twomovement trio in excess of eleven minutes in duration. Goodman, nonetheless, approved of the composition, which Bartók originally called Two Dances.
The Verbunkos and Bartók’s Modern Style: The Case of Duke Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Frigyesi Judit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Duke Bluebeard’s Castle (1911/1918) is perhaps the most enigmatic of all of Bartók’s works.1 The meaning of the plot, its symbolism, and its system of associations are still a matter of debate. But Bluebeard is also an enigma for its musical style. The opera strikes many listeners as something still essentially Romantic, perhaps even a bit decadent in its symbolism and mysticism—certainly something much less explosive than Stravinsky’s Sacre du Printemps from about the same time or Bartók’s own Allegro Barbaro for Piano (1911) and the Miraculous Mandarin pantomime (1918-19 ). Moreover, apart from the vocal lines and a few themes, it is difficult to find in Bluebeard the influence of the old-style peasant songs that Bartók claimed to have inspired his new music. But the music shows a close connection with Hungarian Romantic symphonic style.
Sacred Texts in a Secular World: A Word to Nonbelievers—and Believers
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the works discussed in these pages are settings of sacred Christian texts. The commentary on them is by a writer of Jewish birth who happily accepts for himself the description the Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer came up with to define his own stance: “a religion-loving atheist.” I think I am safe in assuming that many, perhaps even most, readers of this book will have at least a nominal connection with some branch of the Christian church, and that for those listeners such works as the Bach Passions have a significance and carry a meaning beyond the musical and the aesthetic.
John Adams
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dams began Harmonium in February 1980 and finished the composition on 25 October that year, completing the orchestration in March 1981. Harmonium was commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony to celebrate its first season in Louise M. Davies Hall. The score is dedicated to Edo de Waart, who conducted the first performance with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra and Chorus on 15 April 1981.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the ultimate story of a missed deadline. So, first a calendar, amazing and fascinating: Late summer of 1818: Beethoven, stone deaf and soon to turn fortyeight, finishes his “Hammerklavier” Sonata, op. 106. The completion of this, his greatest work so far, begins the process that Maynard Solomon in his Beethoven biography describes as the composer’s “reconstructing his life and completing his life’s work.” In his remaining eight and a half years he will compose his most rhetorical music and his most inward, his most public works and his most esoteric, his biggest pieces and his most compressed, compositions that celebrate the inexhaustible possibilities of the sonata style and others that propose utterly new approaches, works that are totally centered alongside a few that approach the bizarre. At no previous stage in Beethoven’s life would the sheer comprehensiveness and multiplicity of the Missa solemnis have been possible.
Leoš Janáček
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing in part on material from a Latin Mass he had started in 1908, Janáček drafted his Glagolitic Mass between 2 and 17 August 1926, completing the work on 15 October. The movement for organ solo was a late addition to the score, being drafted and composed between October and early December. Janáček made many more revisions of details in November and December 1927 while preparations for the premiere were under way. Among the revisions was a name change from Misa slavnija (Missa solemnis) to Missa glagolskaja (Missa solemnis). Adding Missa solemnis to the title was a bow to Beethoven, whose great Mass Janáček had conducted in Brno in 1879.
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was born at his father’s estate at Oneg, near Semyonovo in the district of Starorusky, Russia, on 1 April 1873 and died in Beverly Hills, California, on 28 March 1943. Rachmaninoff began The Bells, settings of a poem by Konstantin Balmont after Edgar Allan Poe, in January 1913 and completed the four sections respectively on 28 June, 13 July, 30 July, and 9 August of that year. With soloists E. I. Popova, A. D. Alexandrov, and P. Z. Andreyev, and the chorus and orchestra of the Maryinsky Theater, Saint Petersburg, the composer conducted the first performance on 13 December 1913. The work is dedicated to Willem Mengelberg and the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, with whom Rachmaninoff had had an exceptionally happy experience in 1908 in performances of his Piano Concerto No. 2.
Igor Stravinsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stravinsky made the first notations for this music in June 1914 and finished the sketch score on 11 October 1917. The scoring underwent several radical changes, and the first performance of parts of the four extraordinarily interesting preliminary and abandoned versions of the first two tableaux took place at Harvard University on 12 August 1968 under the direction of Claudio Spies. Looking at my now-somewhat-tattered program, I see that the orchestra list for that concert includes the then–twenty-one-year-old future composer John Adams, here playing clarinet. The first complete performance—or as complete as possible—of the 1917 version was given on 11 February 1973, Robert Craft conducting. Stravinsky decided on the final scoring in 1921 and completed the work in Monte Carlo on 6 April or 5 May 1923, depending on whether you prefer to believe the note in the published score or the composer’s letter of 6 May 1923 to his publisher. The first public performance, preceded by a private hearing at the house of Princess Edmond de Polignac, was given on 13 June 1923 in Paris by the Ballets Russes, and the score is dedicated to Serge Diaghilev, founder and director of that company. Ernest Ansermet conducted, the choreography was by Bronislava Nijinska, the sets and costumes were by Natalia Goncharova, and Felia Dubrovska and Leon Woizokowski danced the roles of the bride and groom. The pianists were Marcelle Meyer, Édouard Flamand, Georges Auric, and Hélène Lyon.
Charles Wuorinen
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Wuorinen was born on 9 June 1938 in New York City, where he still lives. Genesis, completed on 1 December 1989, was commissioned by the Honolulu Symphony, the Minnesota Orchestra, and the San Francisco Symphony through a grant from Meet the Composer. On 26 September 1991, Herbert Blomstedt conducted the San Francisco Symphony Chorus and Orchestra in the first performance. Wuorinen dedicated Genesis to John Duffy, founder of Meet the Composer, “in personal affection and in admiration of his many good works on behalf of new music.”
Herbert Blomstedt was the inspirer and godfather of Genesis as well as its first conductor. In one of Blomstedt’s conversations with Wuorinen during the four years (1985–1989) that Wuorinen was the San Francisco Symphony’s composer-in-residence and he its music director, Blomstedt said: “Wouldn’t it be nice if somebody wrote a new Genesis?” or words to that effect. Also, having conducted several of Wuorinen’s instrumental works, Blomstedt was curious as to what effect the challenge of writing for chorus might have on the composer’s musical language. From these exchanges came the impetus for Wuorinen to add his Genesis to the list of compositions on the subject by Haydn, Schoenberg, Milhaud, and others.
Would Cloned Humans Really Be Like Sheep?
Authors: Eisenberg Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent proof, by DNA-microsatellite analysis and DNA-fingerprinting techniques, that Dolly the sheep had indeed been cloned as Wilmut et al. claimed, and the report by Wakayama et al. of the successful cloning of more than 20 healthy female mice are likely to reactivate discussions of the ethics of cloning humans and to provoke more calls to ban experiments on mammalian cloning altogether. From the standpoint of biologic science, a ban on such laboratory experiments would be a severe setback to research in embryology. From the standpoint of moral philosophy, the ethical debate has been so obscured by incorrect assumptions about the relation between a potential human clone and its adult progenitor that the scientific issues must be reexamined in order to clarify the relation between genotype and phenotype. There are powerful biologic objections to the use of cloning to alter the human species, objections that make speculations about the ethics of the process largely irrelevant.
The Two-Edged Sword: Biotechnology and Mythology
Authors: Boyd Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public debate provoked by Dolly the sheep has repeatedly returned to the following question. Cloning large animals by nuclear transfer is now possible. Such techniques could eventually be used to clone not just human tissues or organs, but also individual human beings. Why should this not be done? Behind this question is the suspicion, even the conviction, that eventually it will be done. Scientiﬁc curiosity, or the prospect of proﬁts to be made, will be too compelling to resist.
Does Ethics Make a Difference? The Debate over Human Cloning
Authors: Caplan Arthur L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does human cloning have to do with ethics? Or, more accurately, why should human cloning have anything to do with ethics? Once the initial frenzy over the cloning of Dolly the sheep had abated, a large number of people began to express skepticism or even outright hostility to the idea that ethics had anything of value to say about human cloning. Biologist Lee Silver spoke for many when he wrote, “In a society that values individual freedom above all else, it is hard to find any legitimate basis for restricting the use of reprogenetics” (Silver’s term for genetic engineering including cloning and assisted reproductive technologies) (1997, p. 9). [Editor’s note: For an elaboration of Prof. Silver’s views, see chapter 5, this volume.]
Ethical Aspects of Cloning Techniques: Opinion of the Group of Advisers on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology of the European Commission
Authors: McLaren Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following points aim to shed light on the cloning debate by giving information on the scientific aspects of cloning and the ethical problems relating to them. 1.1. Cloning is the process of producing “genetically identical” organisms. It may involve division of a single embryo, in which case both the nuclear genes and the small number of mitochondrial genes would be “identical,” or it may involve nuclear transfer, in which case only the nuclear genes would be “identical.” But genes may be mutated or lost during the development of the individual: the gene set may be identical, but it is unlikely that the genes themselves would ever be totally identical.
Conclusions and Looking Forward
Authors: Craig Catherine L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have shown that spiders are defined by their silk systems. From birth to death, the bulk of their behavior depends on silk production. This has apparently been true since their earliest origins and makes spiders unique, different even from other silk producing animals.
Because of the centrality of silk production to spider lifestyles, we should not be surprised to find that the forces of natural selection have focused on their silk-production systems. As mentioned frequently in previous chapters, the evolution of new silk threads has correlated with major speciation events. Previous chapters discussed the molecular properties of the amino acids that make up silk, the structures of their resulting proteins, and how the genes that encode them are organized. Using these data (collected from both insects and spiders) as background information, silk proteins were studied in the context of the complex and diverse organisms that produce them, looking specifically at the physical properties of silks that are important to function, the mechanisms by which changes in silk proteins are mediated or mitigated, and the energetic demands of silk production.
Dongjing Music and Local Interaction in Republican Lijiang
Authors: Rees Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communications in mountainous areas of early-twentieth-century Yunnan were poor, and journeys were arduous. Individual Dongjing association members from several different counties have told me of fortuitous encounters with local Dongjing groups while on business trips to other areas, and there were one or two instances of intercounty transmission of the Dongjing tradition during the Republican era;1 but these were the exception rather than the rule. Certainly Lijiang’s Dongjing music appears to have been a repertoire of almost entirely local renown and significance, and to have had little impact outside restricted areas of its home county—mainly the Lijiang basin and the banks of the Jinsha River.
Single Positive or Negative Carriers in Organic Crystals
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exciton states, as has been noted in Chapter I, can be viewed in some sense as correlated electron-hole pairs (see Fig. I.D.26). For a mean separation of less than a lattice constant between the hole and the electron, the neutral states were called Frenkel excitons, whereas when the negative and positive charges were separated by distances of one or two lattice constants, the neutral state was referred to as a charge-transfer exciton (see Fig. I.D.29). As the separation between the electron and hole increases, the coulombic interaction between the charged particles eventually becomes less than kT; at this point the thermal energy is sufficient to separate the hole and electron completely. However, the charged particles are still coupled to the molecular lattice by a local polarization field. With further increases in the kinetic energy of the charges, this local coupling is overcome and the electron and hole move in a more wavelike fashion. This chapter deals with the generation, transport, and energy spectrum of positive and negative charges in organic crystals. As in Chapter I, discussion will be restricted to crystals of conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons. A discussion of the mobility of carriers in charge-transfer salts and in polymers will be deferred until Chapters V and VI. The existence of free carrier energy levels in addition to the neutral Frenkel exciton bands allows for additional modes of exciton decay at higher energies of excitation, e.g., auto-ionization; this is discussed in Chapter IV. Before considering the behavior of excess charges in crystals, it is useful to examine the case of an excess charge in a molecule.
Carrier generation and recombination
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
a. Autoionization. In molecular crystals, it is well established that autoionization is the dominant process for the intrinsic generation of free carrier pairs (see Chapter Ill). In this process, the ground state of the crystal is electronically excited to a bound electron-hole state in which the electron-hole distance can vary from that of closest approach (electron and hole on the same molecule, or Frenkel exciton), to that just short of complete separation (electron and hole on different molecules but still Coulombically bound to each other, or CT exciton). Additional refinements to this mechanism have been revealed due mainly to electroabsorption studies and make possible detailed pictures of the photogeneration process. As an example, the studies on anthracene (Sebastian et al. 1983) reveal a series of peaks that may be assigned to different values of what is the equivalent of the principal quantum number in the Bohr atom (p. 71).
Superconductivity and other collective states
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with most of the subjects dealt with in this chapter, the theoretical and experimental activity in this area has been stimulated by the potential practical applications of superconductivity in organic materials. Superconductivity represents one phase among several that are possible in certain special compounds under special circumstances. The only theory that has been successful in explaining superconductivity applies to metals; this due to Bardeen-CooperSchrieffer (1957) (BCS) theory (see p. 586), and it is based on an electronlattice phonon-electron attraction that creates a correlated free electron pair that obeys Bose-Einsten statistics. There have been many attempts to rationalize superconductivity in organic systems in terms of the BCS theory, but at present this is still an open question. In part, this is due to defects and impurities in the materials, making reproducibility a problem, and in part to the difficulty of making the required definitive experiments. Since the BCS theory involves the coupling of electrons to lattice phonons, there should be a change in Tc if deuterium is substituted for hydrogen.
Class-Based Remedies for the Poor
Authors: Butler Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay will explore whether two race-based remedies that I have proposed for problems that African-Americans encounter in the criminal justice system should also apply to poor people of any race. The remedies are jury nullification1 and affirmative action. I tentatively conclude, for moral reasons, that jury nullification should not be used to advance the cause of the poor, but that affirmative action should be. In discussing the utility of these two racial ratchets to address problems of the poor, I hope to shed light on significant differences between race and class subordination in American criminal justice.