bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eloquence and Epitaph
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the ten years ending in June 1991, some 179,694 persons in the United States were diagnosed as having Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Of that number of total reported cases, 41,179—or roughly 23 percent—occurred in males of African descent, although black males accounted for less than 6 percent of the total U.S. population. It is common enough knowledge that black men constitute a disproportionate number of persons with AIDS in this country—common in the sense that, whenever the AIDS epidemic achieves a new statistical milestone (as it did in the winter of 1991, when the number of AIDS-related deaths in the United States reached 100,000), the major media generally provide a demographic breakdown of the figures. And yet, somehow the enormity of the morbidity and mortality rates for black men (like that of the rates for gay men of whatever racial identity) doesn’t seem to register in the national consciousness as a cause for great concern.
Overture to a Science Unborn: Smallpox and the Origins of Immunology
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it really mean to be immune to something? To a citizen of ancient Rome (where the word originated) it meant freedom from some onerous duty owed to the state. A latter-day example of this came during the American Civil War, when draftees could pay money to the government to be excused from military service—they were in effect buying “immunity” from their obligation to take a chance on being killed. The medical sense in which we now use this term is a fairly recent adaptation. “Being immune” to something means that, as a result of having once been exposed to something our bodies consider foreign, the immune system reacts more strongly to it the second time around. This is a special property of the immune system called memory.
When the Wall Comes Tumbling Down: AIDS
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary immune deficiencies—like Bruton’s XLA and the SCID disorder that afflicted David the Bubble Boy—occur exclusively in children. They arise from one source only: the inheritance of defective genes controlling some critical aspect of immune responsiveness. These diseases provide a dramatic form of natural evidence that the immune system, despite its faults and problems, is absolutely essential to human survival. And if primary immune deficiencies do not make that point clearly enough, we have further evidence in the form of secondary, or acquired, immune deficiencies.
Embedded Clauses
Authors: Baker Mark C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last topic l wish to discuss in detail is that or embedded clauses in the poly synthetic languages. The issues that arise here are partially similar to those discussed in chapter 9. In particular, embedded clauses share with PPs the property of not being NPs. This means that the standard ways of satisfying the Morphological Visibility Condition agreemenl morphology and incorporation-are not well suited to them. From this it follows that argument clauses are more restricted in polysynthetic languages than in languages or other types. This fits well with the fact that polysynthetic languages often have few clear cases of subordinate clauses, as pointed out by Mithun (1984b). However, exactly how languages adapt to this grammatical pressure is rather different for embedded clauses than for PPs. and therefore a separate discussion is warranted. Moreover, there is clear evidence that some CP complements are possible in sore polysynthetic languages, so one must account for how this can be. The Polysynthesis Parameter also has implications for the internal structure of embedded clauses. A straightforward consequence of the parameter is that it is impossible to have typical instances of non finitc complements in a polysynthetic language. This is a property of polysynthetic languages that is known to topologists and functional linguists (Heath l 97’.i, Mithun 1984b, Nichols 1992). Moreover, this property interacts with the theory of PRO to imply that the polysynthetic languages will not have control phenomena in anything like the familiar lndo-European sense.
Chapter VI
Authors: Sedgwick Catharine Maria , Davidson Cathy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing in New-England so eagerly sought for, or so highly prized by all classes of people, as the advantages of education. A farmer and his wife will deny themselves all other benefits that might result from the gains that have accrued to them from a summer of self-denial and toil, to give their children the privilege of a grammar-school during the winter. The public, or as they are called the town-schools, are open to the child of the poorest labourer. As knowledge is one of the best helps and most certain securities to virtue, we doubtless owe a great portion of the morality of this blessed region, where there are no dark comers of ignorance, to these wise institutions of our pious ancestors.
Whitman, Syntax, and Political Theory
Authors: Dimock Wai Chee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to begin at what might appear a surprising distance from Whitman, although I hope that, in good time, this unorthodox starting point will seem not altogether unwarranted. I want to begin, in any case, with John Rawls’s A Theory uf justice (1971), perhaps the most celebrated text in twentieth-century political philosophy. The work of a self-acknowledged Kantian, this is not only a theory of justice, but very much a theory of nuncontingent justice, aspiring, that is, to a principle of “absolute necessity,” absolute enough to be the “ground of obligation,” and “cleansed of everything that can only be empirical and appropriate to anthropology,” as Kant recommends in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (57). Justice, for Kant as well as for Rawls, is incompatible with circumstantial vagaries, but it is also imaginable outside of those vagaries. It is imaginable, that is, as the logical outcome of noncontingent reason, the logical endpoint of a deliberative process carried out under a hypothetical condition of freedom. To his great credit, however, enamored as he is of noncontingent reason, Rawls never tries to naturalize it, never imagines it as effortlessly at home in the world, in the state of nature. Indeed, the “state of nature” for him-the starting point for his political theory-is notable for being arbitrary, and harshly arbitrary. For it is here, at this initial stage, that we are faced with the most glaring instance of distributive injustice: the random inequality of natural endowments. At the heart of Rawls’s theory of justice, then, is something like a constitutive theory of luck. It is the sense that luck has always been there, from the very beginning-the sense that we are its creature, its handiwork-that pushes him to some of his most radical conclusions, especially his argument about desert, and about its relation to distributive entitlement. Desert is, of course, seen by most sensible laymen (and mainstream political philosophers) as the basis of our entitlement, and therefore as the moral foundation of distributive justice.
“In Loftiest Spheres”: Whitman’s Visionary Feminism
Authors: Pollak Vivian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay describes Whitman’s disruption of his own claims to empower women by reinscribing them within fixed social roles in which they are always potentially subordinated to men. For complex personal and historical reasons, Whitman tends to collapse the many contained in the word “Woman” into the single word “Mother” and then to extol the preeminence of maternal work in contradistinction to other contributions that women might make to culture, especially those that depend on self determining thought and self-determining language. Consequently, this essay examines both Whitman’s feminism and his antifeminism, his resistance to linguistically totalizing norms, and his reaffirmation of the mid nineteenth-century American cult of the mother, which celebrated maternity as any woman’s supreme destiny and which, to a significant degree, depended on a code of women’s silence about the unloftiness of the lives they were in fact living. The tension between Whitman’s embrace of the new (call it the fully audible female voice) and his embrace of the old (call it the institution and practice of idealizing maternity as a depoliticizing, universalizing trope) has, I believe, interpretative power for other vexed issues in Whitman’s poetry, all of them having to do with his ambivalence toward the cultural changes that he himself was helping to inaugurate.
Whitman’s “Whoever You Are I-Iolding Me Now in Hand”: Remarks on the Endlessly Repeated Rediscovery of the Incommensurability of the Person
Authors: Grossman Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems to me that all valid poems begin at the moment when speech of the poetic kind is seen to be the only recourse of the speaker-when, therefore, the criterion of speech of the poetic kind is seen to be “your sole and exclusive standard”--all other means of response being exhausted or unavailable (among which exhausted means may be poetry itself, before the revolution intended by this poet). It is in this sense-as the last means available for the disclosure and grounding of the incommensurability of the person, (the residual function of poetry as Whitman understands it)that I take up and “hold” Whitman’s poem (“Whoever you are holding me now in hand”), and find myself addressed by it as in a primal schoolroom of moral courtesy, like a knight upon whom a lady has laid the obligation-the decorum-of an ordeal, or like any novice in the service of the master of a practice. This poem (the third of the “Calamus” sequence) presents the problem of its own use (the “holding” of it) as the discipline of the meaningful “use” of a person. What voice, then, do I hear when I hear the voice in this poem? I hear the startled outcry (“Whoever you are holding me now in hand”) of the half-blind master (he cannot quite see you, “whoever you are”)--a master but also one who speaks with the irascibility of a subjected will, a will suddenly at the end of its resources-precisely the “companion,” certainly not in the ordinary sense a hero--an instrument, rather, a metier, the lyre, the book: very small, capable of being taken up and secreted about the person (“Or if you will, thrusting me beneath your clothing”), a body that cannot choose to signify or not, that speaks poetically because it has no means other than the poetic to regulate the outcome of an occasion it did not elect.
Errata sobre la erótica, or the Elision of Whitman’s Body
Authors: Salessi Jorge , Quiroga José 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The voice in italics is Argentinean, the second voice may be Cuban. The first voice will narrate an erotic encounter mediated by a book. It was Petronius’s Satyricon, a scholarly reference at this point and in this context, but at that time a handbook of amatory desire between men, read for different literary values than the ones we might speak of in this essay. But maybe not. Then as now, Petronius was the intertext of dreams, the replication of an unending sexual urge that I (that Argentinean I) was desperate to share with schoolmates, especially with my “best (male) friend,” the Giton of my Argentine Rome (Giton, the lover). But the reaction of my native Giton disappointed me. “You are funny” he said, and maybe it was true, sharing Petronius under Peron (Peron, Evita’s husband). But I (that Argentinean I) persisted, and wanted to look for a way out of this more than textual impasse. Then I found Whitman (one always finds Whitman at this time), and invited my friend for a textual romp in a tree house. There, fondling and embracing more than Whitman over Leaves of Grass, but also above them, it worked. “I celebrate and sing myself,” he said, and I said (he said). “And what I assume you shall assume.” Line by line, a double voice emerged, Whitman a duo, translating, resurrecting, eroticizing, a certain Whitman (Walt, the hemispheric poet). The body of Whitman (the body of the father figure called Whitman) was the body that we could imagine being seduced by.
Introduction
Authors: Langer Lawrence L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Holocaust has taught us anything, it is that we were other than we believed, masters of neither time nor space. Deportees were forced into zones of confinement void of a ‘ future, hostages only to death. Nazi Germany demoted its victims to the rank of less-than-human, turning them against their will into beings who found that choice was often an illusion. Armed with the weapons of hindsight and foresight, those outside the net still did little to thwart the catastrophe or help others to vault its barricades into a securer domain. They, too, lost control over time and space. Discouraged by these failures, we continue to resist their import by groping for ways to change them into limited versions of success. The result is a persisting myth about the triumph of the spirit that colors the disaster with a rosy tinge and helps us to manage the unimaginable without having to look at its naked and ugly face.
Aharon Appelfeld and the Language of Sinister Silence
Authors: Langer Lawrence L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aharon Appelfeld’s art takes us on a journey into the realm of the unsaid; but it rejects the corollary idea, so often maintained by commentators on Holocaust literature, that the unsaid is necessarily unsayable. This distinction is at the heart of his imaginative vision. Much of his fiction invites us to experience not catastrophe, but the avoidance of catastrophe, or the silences surrounding it. This obscures but does not negate the catastrophe, which his characters deny or refuse to discuss while his readers sculpt its outlines from the scanty details available in his imaginative world. His language contains a Janus-like energy, full of hints and portents that never achieve the transparency of expressed meaning. The evidence of hindsight conspires with the absence of foresight to implicate us in the drama of recognition that constitutes the essence of his art.
“A Constant Incentive to Patriotic Citizenship”
Authors: Lindgren James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appleton emerged from Harvard while New England was facing the throes of industrialization, urbanization, and modernization. In the late nineteenth century the region’s physical and human landscape was dramatically changing. A floodtide of immigrants was hitting the coast and reshaping the political system, but their “ancestral lines,” he said while reiterating the myth of a single forebear, “failed to run back through our own Puritan stock.” When foreigners moved in, Yankees moved out and the very definition of New England as the land of John Winthrop, Paul Revere, and Daniel Webster seemed in doubt. At the same time, the region’s landmarks were falling, and he lamented that too many Yankees showed only “casualness” toward this “marvelous heritage from the past.”1 As in a continuous loop, therefore, the meaning of historic preservation would revolve around a track of immigration, ethnic politics, and economic development, as much as progressivism and the Colonial Revival.
‘‘To Transform Dead Property into a Valuable Asset”
Authors: Lindgren James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether it involved the “Witch House” or Plymouth Rock, preservationists packaged their antiquities in the era’s fashionable wrapping. As a result, they fell into the paradox of looking back on a romanticized past, fighting cultural and economic battles in the present, but all the while trying to plan for an uncertain future. Historic landmarks and landscapes subsequently served as their platforms to prepare for war, fight radical ism, and boost the economy, as well as sell the Colonial Revival, develop parks, and acculturate immigrants. Controversy never ended as past and present became one.
European Socialists Respond to Fascism
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on documents collected in six European countries, European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s is a transnational study of largely parallel developments in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Spain in the years 1933-1936. Triggered into action by the shock effect of the Nazi rise to power in Germany, socialists throughout Western Europe entered an unusually active period of practical reorientation and debate over political strategy which helped determine the contours of European politics up to the outbreak of World War II and beyond. Stressing the transnational dimension of this process while simultaneously integrating local, regional, and national factors, this work finds that it was social democracy, rather than communism, that acted as the primary vehicle for radical change among European marxists during the 1930s. Following major figures within the European left and the significant events that made up the inter-war period, Gerd-Rainer Horn demonstrates the interconnectedness of Europe's interwar socialists. Finally, Horn manages to relate these findings to the ongoing interdisciplinary debate on structure, agency, and contingency in the historical process.
The Itineraries of the LSI and the Comintern
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years up to 1933 the trajectory of post-World War I European social democracy conformed rather closely to the image of formally Marxist organizations suffused with gradualist principles. Once the turbulent postwar upheavals subsided, most socialist parties were eager to prove their loyalty to the states in which they operated. Of course, part of the rationale for social democracy’s commitment to the rules and regulations of interwar democracy was its significant success in utilizing this political free space for the obtainment of concrete social gains. The achievements in the area of social legislation I presented in table l are only one manifestation of this seemingly mutually beneficial arrangement. Significant advances in procuring affordable working-class housing in socialist-controlled municipalities are additional concrete gains of the interwar period which have survived until the present day. In three of the five countries under scrutiny-Austria, Belgium and Germany-social democratic parties repeatedly participated in coalition cabinets. The PSOE, after having tacitly supported the moderate dictatorship of Primo de Rivera throughout the twenties, was the only social democratic party of the five which actually occupied government posts the day of Hitler’s rise to power. The French Section of the Labor and Socialist International (SFIO) was the sole party which had managed to abstain from governmental participation throughout the entire postwar period. Yet this was not a result of a particularly uncompromising, abstentionist tradition. The SFIO repeatedly helped elect bourgeois governments by the mutual pledge of support between left bourgeois forces and socialists in favor of the strongest candidate in runoff elections. And the SFIO’s refusal to enter coalition cabinets was never a matter of principle. In 1932, with an overwhelming show of support by the delegates, the French social democrats drew up a list of demands, the “Cahiers de Huyghens,” meant to serve as a bargaining tool in coalition talks with the bourgeois Left. Only bourgeois intransigence, their continued rejection of these measures, prevented socialists from open participation.
Development and the Marking of Gender and Ethnicity
Authors: Hensel Chase 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was visiting a village and had been invited to take a steam bath by a Yup’ik man I knew somewhat, but had never steamed with. When we arrived the porch was full of men, so we undressed outside in a light drizzle. We laid our clothes on the roof of the porch, then bundled them up in our jackets and laid them on a board with a piece of cardboard over them. We ducked into the porch, my host handed me a hand towel, and we crawled into the inner room. It was already the hottest place I had ever been in my life. It was like crawling into an inferno. The stove barrel glowed red between the rocks, and the water boiled furiously. There were already four or five men in there, and two or three came in after us, nine of us total. We ranged in age from the late twenties to mid-sixties. We were leg to leg and knee to knee. I was sitting on the toes of the man behind, with the man in front of me sitting on mine. My host folded his hand towel in half diagonally, and tied it around his head to protect his ears. I did the same. I wondered if I was nuts to be doing this. The last guy in pretty much blocked the door. He looked huge. Furthermore he was blind. How was I going to get out when I wanted to, which I already sort of did? There was no room for people to move. They hadn’t even started pouring, and I was ready to leave. What if I really needed to bail out, and I didn’t have time to get the attention of the guy in front of the door? I didn’t
Death and Money in the Afternoon
Authors: Shubert Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bullfighting has long been perceived as an antiquated, barbarous legacy from Spain's medieval past. In fact, many of that country's best poets, philosophers, and intellectuals have accepted the corrida as the embodiment of Spain's rejection of the modern world. In his brilliant new interpretation of bullfighting, Adrian Shubert maintains that this view is both the product of myth and a complete misunderstanding of the real roots of the contemporary bullfight. While references to a form of bullfighting date back to the Poem of the Cid (1040), the modern bullfight did not emerge until the early 18th century. And when it did emerge, it was far from being an archaic remnant of the past--it was a precursor of the 20th-century mass leisure industry. Indeed, before today's multimillion-dollar athletes with wide-spread commercial appeal, there was Francisco Romero, born in 1700, whose unique form of bullfighting netted him unprecedented fame and wealth, and Manuel Rodriguez Manolete, hailed as Spain's greatest matador by the New York Times after a fatal goring in 1947. The bullfight was replete with promoters, agents, journalists, and, of course, hugely-paid bullfighters who were exploited to promote wine, cigarettes, and other products. Shubert analyses the business of the sport, and explores the bullfighters' world: their social and geographic origins, careers, and social status. Here also are surprising revelations about the sport, such as the presence of women bullfighters--and the larger gender issues that this provoked. From the political use of bullfighting in royal and imperial pageants to the nationalistic "great patriotic bullfights" of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this is both a fascinating portrait of bullfighting and a vivid recreation of two centuries of Spanish history. Based on extensive research and engagingly written, Death and Money in the Afternoon vividly examines the evolution of Spanish culture and society through the prism of one of the West's first--and perhaps its most spectacular--spectator sports.
The Children”s Views
Authors: Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do children stop seeing a parent after divorce? What is the child’s reaction to this loss of contact? In previous chapters I have focused on the actions of the parent in this relationship. Here the emphasis shifts. Typically in discussions of divorce, the passive nature of the child is emphasized: He or she is left by the parent. But in some cases, the child, particularly when older, is both victim and an active participant in the post-divorce process. He or she helps decide what will happen in the relationship with parents. In this chapter we hear from children who had no control over the lack of contact with their parents as well as those who actively refused contact.