bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses
Authors: Horohov David W. , Dimock Abigail , Guirnalda Patrick , Folsom Robert W. , McKeever Kenneth H. , Malinowski Karyn 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare exercise-induced immune modulation in young and older horses.

Animals
6 young and 6 aged horses that were vaccinated against equine influenza virus.

Procedure
Venous blood samples were collected for immunologic assessment before and immediately after exercise at targeted heart rates and after exercise for determination of plasma lactate and cortisol concentrations. Mononuclear cells were assayed for lymphoproliferative responses and incubated with interieukin-2 (IL-2) to induce lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Antibodies to equine influenza virus were measured.

Results
Older horses had significantly lower proliferative responses to mitogens than younger horses prior to exercise. Exercise caused a significant decrease in lymphoproliferative response of younger horses, but not of older horses. Activity of LAK cells increased slightly with exercise intensity in younger horses. Cortisol concentrations increased in both groups after exercise; younger horses had higher concentrations after exercise at heart rates of 180 and 200 beats/min than those of older horses. Plasma lactate concentrations increased with exercise intensity but there were no differences between older and younger horses. Older horses had lower antibody titers to equine influenza virus than younger horses. Exercise did not affect antibody titers.

Conclusion
Although lymphoproliferative responses and antibody titers of older horses were less than those of younger horses, older horses were more resistant to exercise-induced changes in immune function, possibly because of lower cortisol concentrations.

Clinical Relevance
Stress and aging are known to affect immune function. Older horses had reduced immune function, but were more resistant to exercise-induced immune suppression than younger horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:643–647)
Myeloperoxidase activity of the large intestine in an equine model of acute colitis
Authors: McConnico Rebecca S. , Weinstock Daniel , Poston Mary Elizabeth , Roberts Malcolm C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether quantification of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity could be a useful laboratory technique to detect granulocyte infiltration in equine intestinal tissues.

Sample Population
Intestinal tissue (inflamed or healthy) collected from 16 age- and sex-matched Shetland Ponies.

Procedure
Intestinal tissue MPO activity was determined, and histologic assessment of adjacent specimens from healthy and inflamed intestine was done.

Results
Intestinal tissue MPO activity and histopathologic score increased with time after castor oil challenge and peaked at 16 hours in an equine diarrhea model in which individual ponies provided their own control tissues.

Conclusions
Intestinal tissue inflammation scores correlated positively with tissue MPO activity in adjacent specimens.

Clinical Relevance
Tissue MPO assay may be a useful laboratory tool to quantify intestinal mucosal inflammation in ponies. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:807–813)
Influence of feeding on serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity
Authors: Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether feeding causes a change in feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) in serum from healthy cats.

Animals
6 healthy domestic shorthair cats.

Procedures
For the first 12 days of the study, 3 cats were fed a high-protein, high-fat (diet 1), and the other 3 were fed a maintenance (diet 2). On day 12, diets were switched, and cats were fed the other diet for the remaining 12 days of the study. On days 11 and 23, food was withheld for 24 hours, and baseline serum fTLI was measured. Cats were offered food equivalent to half their daily caloric maintenance requirements, and serum fTLI was measured 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours later. Uneaten food was removed after 1 hour.

Results
Overall mean ± SD serum fTLI was 22.7 ± 5.8 µg/L when cats were fed diet 1 and 21.1 ± 5.0 µg/L when cats were fed diet 2. There was no significant difference in serum fTLI over time or between diets. However, there was a statistically significant, but clinically unimportant (mean increase, 1.7 µg/L), increase in serum fTLI, compared with baseline values, 1 hour after cats were fed diet 2 but not when cats were fed diet 1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A maintenance diet may cause a clinically unimportant increase in serum fTLI 1 hour after feeding in healthy cats. Results suggest that for healthy cats, it is not necessary to withhold food before collecting samples for determination of fTLI in serum. Whether feeding changes fTLI in serum from cats with disorders of the exocrine portion of the pancreas remains to be determined. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:895–897)
Familial clustering and risk analysis for fragmented coronoid process and elbow joint incongruity in Bernese Mountain Dogs in The Netherlands
Authors: Ubbink Geert J. , Hazewinkel Herman A. W. , van de Broek Jan , Rothuizen Jan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze familial clustering and genetic risk for various forms of elbow dysplasia (ED) in Bernese Mountain Dogs (BMD) in The Netherlands and define possible means to select against ED.

Animals
98 BMD born in 1992 and 64 BMD born in 1995.

Procedure
Dogs were examined radiographically when 12 to 18 months old. The population was resolved into familial clusters, and distribution of ED for the clusters was analyzed. Common ancestors associated with each form of ED were identified, and risk for having ED in the 64 offspring born in 1995 was calculated by relatedness to common ancestors. Risk was compared with radiographic outcome.

Results
The 2 forms of ED identified were fragmented coronoid process (FCP) and elbow joint incongruity (INC). Incidence of ED decreased from 63/98 (64%) in 1992 to 29/64 (45%) in 1995. None of the familial clusters was free of FCP or INC. Common ancestors associated with FCP differed from those associated with INC. There was more potential variation in risk for FCP and INC in the 64 offspring than was achieved by breeders, indicating a decrease in population heterogeneity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
FCP and INC had differing familial sources; thus, they most likely are different genetic traits. Although Incidence of ED decreased from 1992 through 1995, we did not detect variation among pedigrees in genetic risk for ED remaining in the offspring born in 1995; thus, selection among families cannot further improve ED health status of BMD in The Netherlands. Phenotypic selection within families remains the only alternative. [Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1082-1087)
Effects of intravenously administered yohimbine on antinociceptive, cardiorespiratory, and postural changes induced by epidural administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution to healthy mares
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effects of IV administered yohimbine on perineal analgesia, cardiovascular and respiratory activity, and head and pelvic limb position in healthy mares following epidural administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution.

Animals
8 healthy mares.

Procedure
Each mare received detomidine hydrochloride (0.06 mg/kg of body weight), administered in the caudal epidural space, followed 61 minutes later by yohimbine (0.05 mg/kg; test) or sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control), administered IV, in a randomized, crossover study design with ≥ 2 weeks between treatments. Analgesia was determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical stimulation of perineal dermatomes and needle-prick stimulation of coccygeal to 15th thoracic dermatomes. Arterial pH, Paco2, Pao2, heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output were determined, and mares were observed for sweating and urination. Mean scores obtained for test and control groups were compared.

Results
Intravenously administered yohimbine significantly reduced mean scores of detomidine-induced perineal analgesia, head ptosis, changes in pelvic limb position, and sweating and diuresis; antagonized detomidine-induced decreases in heart rate and cardiac output; but did not affect detomidine-induced decrease in respiratory rate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Most effects of epidurally administered detomidine, except bradypnea, were antagonized by yohimbine, suggesting that detomidine may influence respiratory rate by mechanisms other than stimulation of α2-adrenoceptors, or that yohimbine induces respiratory depressant effects. Yohimbine may be an effective α2-adrenoceptor antagonist for all but respiratory depression following epidural administration of detomidine to mares. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1262–1270)
Ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin, alone or in combination, for eradication of Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets
Authors: Marini Robert P. , Fox James G. , Taylor Nancy S. , Yan Lili , McColm Andrew A. , Williamson Russell 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin, or a combination of ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin would be efficacious in eradication of Helicobacter mustelae infection in ferrets.

Animals
60 seven-month-old ferrets.

Procedure
To determine dosages of clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate that would suppress growth of, but not eradicate infection with, H mustelae, ferrets (n = 6/group) were treated PO with clarithromycin or ranitidine bismuth citrate at various dosages. Efficacy of treatment was then determined by treating ferrets with clarithromycin alone, ranitidine bismuth citrate alone, or clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate. Gastric biopsy specimens were obtained before, during, and at various times after treatment and submitted for quantitative bacterial culture and histologic evaluation. Minimum concentrations of clarithromycin that inhibited 90% of the growth of isolates obtained before and after treatment were determined.

Results
Dosages of clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate that suppressed growth of H mustelae were 12.5 and 24 mg/kg of body weight, PO, every 8 hours, respectively. Infection was not eradicated in ferrets treated with ranitidine bismuth citrate alone but was eradicated in all 6 ferrets treated with clarithromycin and ranitidine bismuth citrate and in 4 of 6 treated with clarithromycin alone. A decrease in susceptibility to clarithromycin was detected for H mustelae isolates obtained after treatment. Mild or moderate antral gastritis was observed even in ferrets from which infection was eradicated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A combination of ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin was efficacious in eradicating H mustelae infection from ferrets. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1280–1286)
Radiographic, biomechanical, and pathologic effects of hemoglobin glutamer-200 in dogs undergoing cemented total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Braden Terrance D. , Tvedten Harold W. , DeCamp Charles E. , Turner Thomas M. , Hughes George S. , Rentko Virginia T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether use of hemoglobin glutamer-200 (bovine) as a partial blood volume replacement in dogs undergoing cemented total hip replacement caused any deleterious effects on the bone-cement or cement-prosthesis interface, exerted any deleterious effects on body organs, or caused any complications during the anesthetic, immediate recovery, or long-term recovery period.

Animals
9 adult dogs.

Methods
Dogs were anesthetized, and 15% of the blood volume was removed. Simultaneously, lactated Ringer's solution was infused, and 6 dogs were given hemoglobin glutamer (1 g/kg of body weight, IV). Unilateral total hip replacement was performed. Limb use was assessed visually, and force-plate and radiographic evaluations were performed before, and 8 weeks after, surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, dogs were euthanatized, necropsies were performed, and prosthetic component pullout forces were determined.

Results
There were no significant differences between treated and control dogs in regard to biomechanical (visual assessment of gait, force-plate analysis, femoral and acetabular component pullout forces) and pathologic evaluations (physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analyses, necropsy, and histologic evaluations). Radiographic signs of loosening of the femoral component were seen in 4 dogs treated with hemoglobin glutamer.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Administration of hemoglobin glutamer as a blood substitute did not appear to have any deleterious effects in dogs undergoing total hip arthroplasty. The radiographic findings, which were discordant with the biomechanical results, merit further investigation. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1337–1340)
Effects of a controlled-release cisplatin delivery system used after resection of mammary carcinoma in mice
Authors: Ehrhart Nicole , Dernell William S. , Ehrhart E.J. , Hutchison Jennifer M. , Douple Evan B. , Brekke John H. , Straw Rodney C. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of a controlled-release cisplatin delivery system, used after marginal resection of mammary carcinoma (ie, resection of grossly evident tumor) in mice, to prevent tumor regrowth and metastasis.

Animals
42 female C3H-HeJ mice.

Procedure
Mice were inoculated with mammary carcinoma cells. Between 2 and 6 days later, tumors were marginally resected and mice were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: no treatment (control; n = 14), cisplatin administered intraperitoneally (IP cisplatin; 14), and cisplatin delivered by use of an open-cell polylactic acid system placed within the tumor bed (slow-release cisplatin; 14). Tumor regrowth was measured daily. Mice were euthanatized 14 days after surgery, and complete necropsies were performed.

Results
Tumor regrowth was not detected in the slow-release cisplatin group; however, tumor regrowth was detected in 7 of 14 mice in the IP cisplatin group and 14 of 14 mice in the control group. Median (± SD) number of days to tumor regrowth was 13.5 ± 0.64 and 7.79 ± 0.87 in the IP cisplatin and control groups, respectively. Mice in the IP cisplatin group had significantly delayed tumor regrowth, compared with control mice. Metastases to lungs were detected in 8 of 14 control mice but were not detected in mice in either cisplatin treatment group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The open-cell polylactic acid with cisplatin delivery system was successful in delaying local tumor regrowth and metastasis in mice with marginally resected mammary carcinoma. Use of a controlled-release cisplatin delivery system may be an effective adjunct treatment following excision of mammary carcinoma in humans and other animals. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1347–1351)
Duration of the QT interval in healthy cats
Authors: Ware Wendy A. , Christensen William F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a clinically useful model for predicting QT interval duration as a function of heart rate in healthy cats.

Animals
20 healthy cats.

Procedure
For all cats, results of a physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were normal. Twenty-four hour heart rate and rhythm data were collected by means of ambulatory electrocardiography. Hourly ECG segments were obtained from the 24-hour recordings. Mean heart rate and the mean of 5 qt interval measurements were calculated for each of 479 usable ECG segments. Analysis of covariance was used to develop models to describe variability in qt interval duration.

Results
Prediction equations (R2 = 0.81) including terms for heart rate, (heart rate)2, age group (1 to 4 vs 8 to 14 years old), and their interactions were developed. Sex, individual cat, and time of day were of little value in predicting qt interval duration. A simplified prediction equation without age group (R2 = 0.71) also was developed and had better predictive ability than reported correction formulas for qt interval duration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Prediction equations with 95% prediction intervals for expected qt interval duration in healthy cats were generated. Abnormal qt interval duration can be associated with cardiac electrical instability, yet qt interval duration is greatly influenced by heart rate. Results of the present study provide reference ranges for expected qt interval duration as a function of heart rate in healthy cats. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1426–1429)
Airway reactivity measured by barometric whole-body plethysmography in healthy cats
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Dhupa Nishi , Cimetti Linda 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the validity of barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) as a means of monitoring airway responses to induced bronchoconstriction in healthy cats.

Animals
8 healthy cats without history of bronchopulmonary disease or exposure to indoor tobacco smoke.

Procedure
Cats were placed into a barometric plethysmograph with an internal volume of 38 L, and air flow was recorded at baseline and after carbachol (concentrations 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) was introduced into the chamber. A dose-response curve was generated for several flow-derived measurements, and airway reactivity was determined by interpolation of the dose-response curve for enhanced pause.

Results
Peak inspiratory and expiratory flows increased significantly, but respiratory rate, inspiratory and expiratory times, relaxation time, and tidal volume did not differ significantly from baseline values. Flow-derived measurements (pause, enhanced pause, and end-expiratory pause) increased significantly at carbachol concentrations > 0.02%. Baseline measurements did not correlate with indices of airway reactivity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Airway reactivity can be measured by use of BWBP, which is non-invasive. Airway reactivity was highly variable among cats and was not a function of baseline airway caliber, suggesting that other intrinsic mechanisms may be important. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1487–1492)
Radiographic measurement of craniocaudal instability in stifle joints of clinically normal dogs and dogs with injury of a cranial cruciate ligament
Authors: de Rooster Hilde , van Bree Henri 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine craniocaudal laxity of the stifle joint of dogs when joints were positioned in tibial compression or neutral position.

Sample Population
19 normal stifle joints in 10 clinically normal dogs, 29 stifle joints with varying injury to the cranial cruciate ligament (10 complete ruptures alone, 10 complete ruptures with concomitant damage to the medial meniscus, 6 partial ruptures alone, and 3 partial ruptures with concomitant meniscal tearing), and 19 unaffected contralateral stifle joints in those 29 dogs.

Procedure
Relative displacement of bony landmarks was measured on paired lateral radiographs (neutral and tibial compression positions). Two measuring techniques were customized for use in dogs.

Results
The first technique failed to distinguish results in normal stifle joints from those in stifle joints with partial deficiency of cranial cruciate ligaments. Significant differences were found for joints with complete rupture, compared with stifle joints in clinically normal dogs. The second technique detected differences between normal stifle joints and injured joints with partial or complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Significant differences were not detected between joints with partial versus complete rupture. Adjusting data to account for size of dog did not improve results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A wide range in measurements of laxity was found for stifle joints with intact cranial cruciate ligaments. Differences in degree of damage to the ligament and medial meniscus cannot be deduced from the amount of relative displacement measured on radiographs. Pathologic changes to the cranial cruciate ligament will not necessarily induce detectable changes in laxity of stifle joints in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1567–1570)
C-reactive protein concentration has limited value in the diagnosis of meningoencephalitis of unknown origin in dogs
Authors: Cavalerie Robin , Santos Alejandro Comesaña Dos , Leonardi Hugo , Blond Laurent , Beurlet Stéphanie , Dumont Renaud , Piazza Stéphanie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown origin (MUO); to evaluate whether blood CRP concentration is associated with epidemiological, clinicopathologic, and MRI findings; and to investigate blood CRP predictive power in survival.

ANIMALS
30 client-owned dogs with MUO, 15 client-owned dogs with steroid-responsive meningitis arteritis (SRMA; positive control group), and 15 healthy dogs (negative control group).

METHODS
Blood CRP concentration was measured in each group, while it was performed in CSF only in the MUO and SRMA groups. The analysis of epidemiological data included breed, age, sex, duration of clinical signs, and history of seizures. Blinded analysis of MRI was performed based on a classification grid, and traditional CSF analysis parameters were assessed. The predictive power of blood CRP concentration regarding survival at 6 months was investigated.

RESULTS
Of the 30 dogs with MUO, 9 (30%) had an increased CRP concentration in blood, and 3 (10%) showed a measurable CRP in CSF. Median blood CRP concentration in dogs with MUO was 0.1 mg/L (range, 0.1 to 102 mg/L), which was not statistically different from the healthy dog group but significantly lower than the SRMA control group. Only the duration of clinical signs was positively associated with an increased blood CRP level. Blood CRP concentration was not associated with survival at 6 months.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Blood CRP concentration is of limited value for the diagnosis and prognosis of dogs with MUO. Chronicity of the disease may be associated with an increased concentration of blood CRP.
Synovial extramedullary hematopoiesis in a dog
Authors: Talsma Bryce , Leela-arporn Rommaneeya , Rivera Indira Rojas , Sauerwein Leah K. , Elam Lindsay , Webb Craig B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Synovial extramedullary hematopoiesis is a rarely reported condition in humans and, to date, has never been reported in canines. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, treatment, and outcome of a canine case confirmed to have hematopoietic tissue within multiple joints.

ANIMAL
A client-owned canine.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION, PROGRESSION, AND PROCEDURES
The clinical presentation was most consistent with immune-mediated polyarthritis, and arthrocentesis was performed in multiple joints for cytological evaluation and culture. Cytology revealed evidence of extramedullary hematopoiesis, and shortly thereafter the dog was diagnosed with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
Pregabalin, prednisolone, clopidogrel, and cyclosporine were started, and after several recheck appointments and dose adjustments, the dog’s clinical signs resolved for all conditions.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Unusual sites of extramedullary hematopoietic tissue may result in a clinical presentation for which more traditional etiologies and differentials are not applicable.