bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a New Model of Conversion Careers: the Impact of Personality and Contingency Factors
Authors: Gooren Henri 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe central question of this article — why people may change their religious affiliation or become disaffiliated — is relevant from both an academic and a practical point of view. The article makes first an inventory of existing literature on religious conversion. Next I sketch the contours of the new conversion careers approach I am currently working on. I make some comparisons with a region that is not usually mentioned in the literature on conversion: Latin America. These comparisons are based on my earlier fieldwork on Roman Catholicism, Pentecostalism, and Mormonism in Costa Rica and Guatemala (H. Gooren, Rich among the Poor: Church, Firm, and Household among Small-scale Entrepreneurs in Guatemala City, Amsterdam: Thela Thesis 1999).
Intercultural Hermeneutics — a Promise for the Future?
Authors: Ariarajah S. Wesley 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article investigates the meaning of 'intercultural hermeneutics'. Though not called by this term, intercultural hermeneutics has already existed from the moment Christians came into contact with people of other beliefs and cultures. After a delineation of the meaning of intercultural hermeneutics vis-à-vis Western classical hermeneutics, three examples are given of situations and persons who have attempted to practice what is meant by intercultural hermeneutics. The first example is the dialogue between Buddhists and Christians in Hawaii in the 1980s, the second the ideas of Raimon Panikkar, while the third is the theology of Aloysius Pieris.
Reading the Bible in Context: an Indonesian and a Mexican Commentary on Ecclesiastes: Contextual Interpretations
Authors: Drewes Barend 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article discusses first of all a theological commentary on Ecclesiastes, written by the Indonesian biblical scholar E.G. Singgih. The main question thereby is: what is the role of the context in this commentary? Besides the international exegetical discourse, the relationships of power and the situation of the local churches appear to be of influence in his exegesis. God is presented as 'the boss', who rules in an incomprehensible way. All people 'live under the shadow of death' (cf. the title of the commentary). This interpretation is then compared with a commentary of the liberation theologian, Elsa Tamez. She places Ecclesiastes — and herself — in the context of the market and its oppressive capitalism, hoping that finally God shall replace this time of 'vanity' by better times. This article shows that 'context' is not an objective factor, but that, consciously or unconsciously, authors choose a certain context — and this influences their reading of texts.
Afro-surinamese Renaissance and the Rise of Pentecostalism
Authors: Jap-A-Joe Harold 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring the 1960s, after a long period of suppression, a renaissance of Afro-Surinamese culture started. Around the same time Pentecostalism was introduced with great success. In this article it is being argued that the worldviews of the Afro-Surinamese Winti-religion and of Pentecostalism are interlocking, explaining the attractiveness of the latter to Afro-Surinamese who since their acceptance of Christianity had been confronted with suppression and ridiculization of their worldview as "superstition" in the mainstream missionary churches.
Differences, Do They Still Make a Difference? a Response to Martien Brinkman
Authors: Koffeman Leo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article is a reponse to Martien E. Brinkman's contribution 'A Different Kind of Ecumenism' in: F. L. Bakker (ed.), Rethinking Ecumenism. Strategies for the 21st Century (Zoetermeer: Meinema 2004, 93-104). Brinkman presents a methodological description of ecumenism, which focuses on a hermeneutics of coherence or confidence. In this perspective he sees spiritual ecumenism as 'a different kind of ecumenism'. Is it not rather a different dimension of ecumenism? In a second paragraph some serious questions are presented with regard to the way Brinkman connects this approach with the idea of complementarity. This seems not to do justice to the concept of complementarity as it is developed in science. The last part of this article regards the issue of inter- or cross-cultural theology. Brinkman sees the same hermeneutics as valid in inter-religious dialogue as well. But is complementarity to be expected here? E.g., are Muslims or Hindus complementary parts of a wider religious unity which in fact already exists, but has not yet been formulated adequately?
Hermeneutics from an Inter-religious Perspective?
Authors: Frederiks Martha 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn the field of inter-religious (and intercultural) hermeneutics there are two different streams of interpretation. There is a group who sees inter-religious hermeneutics as the discipline of looking at the sacred texts in an inter-religious perspective. Some interpret this as the reinterpretation of the Christian scriptures in the perspective of other traditions, whilst others see inter-religious hermeneutics as those methods of hermeneutics which have received support across the religious spectrum. And there is a group who sees inter-religious hermeneutics as a communication theory, the art of communicating across religious (and cultural) boundaries. Both groups however start from the context of shared humanity and demands a radical openness for the other in his/her religious and cultural context. This shared humanity inevitably then also leads to a renewed reflection on and interpretation of the religious texts with the other in mind.
Looking for an Artificial Eye: On the Borderline between Painting and Topography
Authors: Camerota Filippo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe use of instruments for drawing from life is documented since the fifteenth century in a variety of books, drawings and actual devices. Almost all of the instruments invented for this purpose belong to the linear perspective tradition, being conceived as mechanical expressions of a geometric principle, namely the intersection of the visual pyramid. On the basis of a close but controversial analysis of some important paintings of the early Renaissance, David Hockney and Charles Falco have concluded to a widespread use of optical devices in painters' workshops, such as concave mirrors, convex lenses and camera obscuras. Devices of this kind were generally used by optics scholars in their experiments with light and the multiplication of species. However, except for some isolated references to the camera obscura and flat mirrors,1 the documentary history of art is completely silent about the use of these optical tools by painters. Written evidence, in this sense, can be found only in the late sixteenth century but related to map-making more than to painting. Moreover, growing interest in such devices is only evident in connection with the invention of the telescope and its interpretation as an "artificial eye."2
The Mirror and Painting in Early Renaissance Texts
Authors: Yiu Yvonne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn Italy, notably Florence, the late fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries witnessed the proliferation of texts that discuss the relationship between the mirror and painting. In them, the mirror is closely associated with major innovations of the time such as naturalistic representation and linear perspective. On a technical level, the authors describe the mirror's function in the painting of self-portraits and recommend it be used to draw foreshortened objects more easily and to judge the quality of finished paintings. The technical aspects often lead over to theoretical considerations such as the limitations of perspective, the origins of painting, the analogy between the mirror image and the painted image, and the concept that the mind of the painter resembles a mirror. The fact that these texts do not mention the concave mirror projection method described by Hockney and Falco speaks strongly against its use in the early Renaissance.
Allegory, Realism, and Vermeer's Use of the Camera Obscura
Authors: Steadman Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCritics of the proposal that the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer used the camera obscura extensively in making his pictures of domestic scenes have argued that this cannot be the case, since his compositions are not 'photographic snapshots' but are very finely judged and balanced; his subject matter draws on the traditional motifs of Dutch genre painting; and the pictures are filled with complex allegorical and symbolic meaning. In this paper it is argued that all these are indeed characteristics of Vermeer's oeuvre, but that the artist produced them through the transcription of optical images of tableaux, set up by arranging real furniture and other 'props' with extreme care, in an actual room in his mother-in-law's house.
Optics, Pictures and Evidence: Leonardo's Drawings of Mirrors and Machinery
Authors: Dupré Sven 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLeonardo's drawings of optical machinery have been used (by David Hockney and others) as evidence for the claim that Leonardo built machines to make concave mirrors with which he could project images. This paper argues that Leonardo's drawings cannot be used as evidence for this claim. It will be shown that Leonardo used the drawings to communicate with his patrons and craftsmen, to experiment on paper, to record trials with models, and to think about 'theoretical' problems in optics. At both the theoretical and the practical level, Leonardo was only concerned with the burning properties of concave mirrors, not with their imaging properties. The paper will conclude that the drawings of optical machinery allowed Leonardo to differentiate himself from the ordinary mirror-makers in his workshop. The same drawings, however, also forced him to remain within the conceptual framework of perspectivist optics.
Early Conceptualizations of the Telescope as an Optical Instrument
Authors: Malet Antoni 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article focuses on some theoretical developments prompted by the use and construction of telescopes in the first half of the seventeenth century. It argues that today's notion of "scientific instrument" cannot be used to categorize these optical devices or explain their impact on natural philosophy. The article analyzes in historical terms the construction of conceptual references for the telescope as an instrument of a new kind, which possessed capabilities and working principles unlike those of traditional "mathematical instruments." It shows that through the 1650s, in both rhetorical and explanatory terms, first-rank telescope makers, theoreticians, and astronomers found it useful to equate the telescope with the eye, suggesting that the data the telescope produced was as reliable as that obtained in naked-eye vision. Kepler's and Descartes' theory of the telescope will be shown to dovetail uncannily with this understanding of the telescope.
Reflections on the Hockney-Falco Thesis: Optical Theory and Artistic Practice in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Smith A. Mark 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne problem facing Hockney and Falco is the lack of evidence among optical sources to support their claim that artists used image-projection by the early 1400s. After all, if quattrocento artists knew about image-projection, they must have learned about it from experts in the field, and no one was more expert at the time than Perspectivist opticians. As I argue in this paper, however, Perspectivist reflection-analysis posed certain theoretical and conceptual constraints that would have prevented Perspectivist opticians from recognizing, much less understanding, image-projection. Their silence on this matter is therefore not evidence against the Hockney-Falco thesis.
Hockney's Secret Knowledge, Vanvitelli's Camera Obscura
Authors: Lüthy Christoph 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article opens with a distinction between David Hockney's strong and weak theses. According to the strong thesis, in the period 1430-1860, optical tools (mirrors, lenses, the camera obscura, etc.) were used in the production of paintings; according to the weak thesis, mirrors and lenses merely inspired their naturalistic look. It will be argued that while for the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, there is little evidence in favor of the strong thesis, the case is different for the seventeenth century, for which the use of optical instruments by painters is a documented fact. In this article, an early case is examined. The extant preparatory drawings of Gaspare Vanvitelli (Gaspar van Wittel, 1652-1736) suggest that this cityscape painter relied on a camera obscura. But even here, the strong thesis must be tempered. The fact that several stages of artistic transformation separate the camera obscura projection from the finished painting undermines Hockney's analogy between optically assisted painting and 'naturalistic' photography.
Ensemble Forecasting in a System with Model Error
Authors: Orrell David 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Error in weather forecasting is due to inaccuracy both in the models used and in the estimate of the current atmospheric state at which the model is initiated. Because weather models are thought to be chaotic and, therefore, sensitive to initial conditions, the technique of ensemble forecasting has been developed in part to address the latter effect. An ensemble of forecasts is made with perturbed initial conditions, with the aim being to produce an estimate of the probability distribution function for the future state of the weather. Some ensemble schemes also include changes to the model. While the ensemble approach is quite widely adopted, however, its verification is complicated, and the effect of model error on ensemble performance is not clear. In this paper, the effect of model error on ensemble behavior for a version of the Lorenz ’96 system is investigated. It is shown that estimates of the model’s ability to shadow the observations, obtained using the model drift, are robust to observational error and smoothing schemes, such as four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR), and help reveal the effect of model error on ensemble performance. Comparisons are made with full weather models. The aim is to provide a study of ensemble error in the context of the Lorenz ’96 system, which may be useful in formulating questions and experiments for weather models.
The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone
Authors: Folkins Ian , Martin Randall V. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Convective clouds in the Tropics that penetrate the boundary layer inversion preferentially detrain into a shallow outflow layer (2–5 km) or a deep outflow layer (10–17 km). The properties of these layers are diagnosed from a one-dimensional model of the Tropics constrained by observed mean temperature and water vapor profiles. The mass flux divergence of the shallow cumuli (2–5 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of evaporatively forced descent (downdrafts), while the mass flux divergence of deep cumulonimbus clouds (10–17 km) is balanced by a mass flux convergence of clear-sky radiative descent. The pseudoadiabatic temperature stratification of the midtroposphere (5–10 km) suppresses cloud outflow in this interval. The detrainment profile in the deep outflow layer is shifted downward by about 1.5 km from the profile one would anticipate based on undilute pseudoadiabatic ascent of air from the boundary layer. The main source of water vapor to most of the tropical troposphere is evaporative moistening. Below 12 km, evaporatively forced descent plays an important role in the vertical mass flux budget of the Tropics. This gives rise to a coupling between the water vapor and mass flux budgets, which, between 5 and 10 km, provides a constraint on the variation of relative humidity with height. Between 12 and 15 km, the observed relative humidity profile can be reproduced by assuming a simple first-order balance between detrainment moistening and subsidence drying. The mean ozone profile of the Tropics can be reproduced using a simple one-dimensional model constrained by the cloud mass flux divergence profile of the diagnostic model.
Simulations of Moist Nearly Neutral Flow over a Ridge
Authors: Miglietta M. M. , Rotunno R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough a fairly common atmospheric condition in orographic-rain scenarios, there is relatively little known about moist neutral flows over a ridge from theory and modeling. Presented in this paper are numerical simulations of the orographic-flow modification occurring for a two-dimensional moist nearly neutral flow over a ridge in the regime where the Coriolis force can be neglected. If an initially saturated moist neutral flow were to remain everywhere saturated as it flows over an obstacle, then the expected solution would be the linear solution because the condition for linearity (hill height less than the ambient wind velocity/static stability) is always met. However, for higher mountains, the solutions indicate the development of areas of unsaturated air, with correspondingly larger values of local static stability. This internal switching from small to large values of static stability is an inherent nonlinearity, which has far-reaching consequences for understanding the orographic-flow modification in this regime. The sensitivity of the solution to the mountain height and to the initial cloud water content is analyzed here. The authors find that the solutions fall into three basic categories. If the mountain height is small enough, a saturated flow can be maintained everywhere given sufficient initial cloud water; for tall mountains the atmosphere upwind of the mountain is maintained in a saturated state and transitions to an unsaturated downslope flow on the lee side, which has characteristics associated with downslope windstorms; for mountains of intermediate height, the solutions show the existence of an upwind-propagating disturbance that has the effect of desaturating the atmosphere above the mountain.
Refinements in the Treatment of Ice Particle Terminal Velocities, Highlighting Aggregates
Authors: Mitchell David L. , Heymsfield Andrew J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent work on the terminal velocity of ice crystal aggregates suggests that their “Re–X” relationship may not be well predicted by current theory. This study examines possible reasons for this departure from theory, and develops a new Re–X relationship appropriate for ice crystal aggregates. The methodology of Khvorostyanov and Curry was applied to this new relationship to formulate power-law expressions for all ice particle types.Fall speed differences between the Khvorostyanov and Curry approach and the approach described here were as large as 50% for aggregates and 30% for single crystals. This was primarily due to the following: 1) surface roughness coefficients used in the former were appropriate for rigid spheres and liquid drops but not for ice crystals and 2) the relationship between Reynolds number Re and Best number X at high Re is better described for aggregates by adding a second term to the Re–X governing equation, as done in this work.The corrections and improvements described here may be critical to the calculation of snowfall rates, to the modeling of the aggregation process, and for interpreting Doppler radar measurements during snowfall events. Since most of the size distribution mass is generally associated with aggregates below cloud base, an accurate treatment of aggregate fall speeds is needed for determining snowfall rates.
Life Cycle of Numerically Simulated Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part I: Transport
Authors: Zhao Ming , Austin Philip H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper is the first in a two-part series in which the life cycles of numerically simulated shallow cumulus clouds are systematically examined. The life cycle data for six clouds with a range of cloud-top heights are isolated from an equilibrium trade cumulus field generated by a large-eddy simulation (LES) with a uniform resolution of 25 m. A passive subcloud tracer is used to partition the cloud life cycle transport into saturated and unsaturated components; the tracer shows that on average cumulus convection occurs in a region with time-integrated volume roughly 2 to 3 times that of the liquid-water-containing volume. All six clouds exhibit qualitatively similar vertical mass flux profiles with net downward mass transport at upper levels and net upward mass flux at lower levels. This downward mass flux comes primarily from the unsaturated cloud-mixed convective region during the dissipation stage and is evaporatively driven. Unsaturated negatively buoyant cloud mixtures dominate the buoyancy and mass fluxes in the upper portion of all clouds while saturated positively buoyant cloud mixtures dominate the fluxes at lower levels. Small and large clouds have distinct vertical profiles of heating/cooling and drying/moistening, with small clouds cooling and moistening throughout their depth, while larger clouds cool and moisten at upper levels and heat and dry at lower levels. The simulation results are compared to the predictions of conceptual models commonly used in shallow cumulus parameterizations.
Life Cycle of Numerically Simulated Shallow Cumulus Clouds. Part II: Mixing Dynamics
Authors: Zhao Ming , Austin Philip H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper is the second in a two-part series in which life cycles of six numerically simulated shallow cumulus clouds are systematically examined. The six clouds, selected from a single realization of a large-eddy simulation, grow as a series of pulses/thermals detached from the subcloud layer. All six clouds exhibit a coherent vortical circulation and a low buoyancy, low velocity trailing wake. The ascending cloud top (ACT), which contains this vortical circulation, is associated with a dynamic perturbation pressure field with high pressure located at the ascending frontal cap and low pressure below and on the downshear side of the maximum updrafts. Examination of the thermodynamic and kinematic structure, together with passive tracer experiments, suggests that this vortical circulation is primarily responsible for mixing between cloud and environment. As the cloud ACTs rise through the sheared environment, the low pressure, vortical circulation, and mixing are all strongly enhanced on the downshear side and weakened on the upshear side. Collapse of the ACT also occurs on the downshear side, with subsequent thermals ascending on the upshear side of their predecessors. The coherent core structure is maintained throughout the ACT ascent; mixing begins to gradually dilute the ACT core only in the upper half of the cloud's depth. The characteristic kinematic and dynamic structure of these simulated ACTs, together with their mixing behavior, corresponds closely to that of shedding thermals. These shallow simulated clouds, however, reach a maximum height of only about four ACT diameters so that ACT mixing differs from predictions of self-similar laboratory thermals.