bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of P0 glycoprotein in CNS glia: Effects of overexpression in N20.1 cells
Authors: Studzinski Diane M. , Benjamins Joyce A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo examine effects of expression of the PNS myelin P0 glycoprotein in glial cells of CNS lineage, we transfected murine N20.1 glial cells with a rat P0 cDNA. A stably transfected cell line expressing high levels of P0 message showed P0 immunostaining, along with changes in morphology. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified the predicted rat P0 sequence in the transfected N20.1 cells and further revealed low levels of mouse P0 message in the nontransfected cells and in primary mouse astrocytes. This is the first evidence of endogenous expression of message for P0 glycoprotein in CNS glia. Quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed the expression of rat P0 mRNA in the transfected N20.1 cells, at levels about 400 times greater than murine P0 in nontransfected cells. A 27‐kD band was detected in the transfected cells by Western blot with P0 antibody, but not in mock‐transfected or nontransfected N20.1 cells. Immunocytochemistry following permeabilization showed intracellular vesicular localization of P0 in the cytoplasm and perinuclear rings in transfected cells, with a similar pattern but much lower levels in nontransfected cells. Faint surface staining for P0 protein without permeabilization was seen only on the transfected cells. A few transfected cells with membrane sheets stained more intensely for surface P0. Quantitative RT‐PCR was used to determine if P0 overexpression altered expression of other myelin‐related genes compared with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); the ratios of myelin basic protein (MBP)/GFAP and proteolipid protein (PLP)/GFAP were increased 2‐ to 3‐fold in the P0‐transfected cells. We conclude that P0 overexpression alters N20.1 gene expression and cell morphology, and shifts the cells from astroglial to oligodendroglial phenotype. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consideration of the neural crest and its skeletal derivatives in the context of novelty/innovation
Authors: Hall Brian K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractI examine the neural crest and skeletal tissues derived from neural crest cells in the context of novelty/innovation by asking whether the neural crest is a novel tissue and whether the evolutionary origin of the neural crest required innovative developmental processes. As a vertebrate autapomorphy, the neural crest is a novel structure. I equate novelty with innovation and take a hierarchical approach. Some other workers separate the two, using novelty for new structures not found in an ancestor and not homologous with a feature in an ancestor, and innovation for the new processes required to generate the novel structure. While development clearly evolves, I do not separate those processes that result in the production of novel features from those that lead to change in existing structures, whether that change is a transition or transformation from one homologous feature to another (fins→tetrapod limbs or locomotory appendages→crustacean maxilliped feeding appendages). The existence of novelties causes us to consider the concept of latent homology. Neural crest cells form cartilage, dentine and bone. Cartilage is found in invertebrates and so is not a vertebrate innovation. No invertebrate cartilage mineralizes in vivo, although some can be induced to mineralize in vitro. Mineralization of cartilage in vivo is a vertebrate innovation. Dentine is a novel tissue that only forms from neural crest cells. Bone is a vertebrate innovation but not one exclusive to the neural crest. The developmental processes responsible for the neural crest and for these skeletal tissues did not arise de novo with the vertebrates. Novelty/innovation results from tinkering with existing processes, from the flexibility that arises from modifications of existing gene networks, and from the selective advantage provided by gene duplications or modifications. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 304B, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agonists for the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α and the retinoid X receptor inhibit inflammatory responses of microglia
Authors: Xu Jihong , Storer Paul D. , Chavis Janet A. , Racke Michael K. , Drew Paul D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPAR‐α) plays a key role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Recently, we demonstrated that administration of the PPAR‐α agonists gemfibrozil and fenofibrate, inhibit the clinical signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study we investigated the effects of PPAR‐α agonists on primary mouse microglia, a cell type implicated in the pathology of MS and EAE. Our studies demonstrated that the PPAR‐α agonists ciprofibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, and WY 14,643 each inhibited NO production by cytokine‐stimulated microglia in a dose‐dependent manner. However, fenofibrate and WY 14,643 were more potent inhibitors than gemfibrozil and ciprofibrate. In LPS‐stimulated microglia, only fenofibrate and WY 14,643 significantly suppressed NO production. Additionally, PPAR‐α agonists inhibited the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐12 p40 and the chemokine MCP‐1 by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) physically interact with PPAR‐α receptors, and the resulting heterodimers regulate the expression of PPAR‐responsive genes. Interestingly, the RXR agonist 9‐cis retinoic acid (9‐cis RA) inhibited NO production by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Furthermore, a combination of 9‐cis RA and the PPAR‐α agonist fenofibrate cooperatively inhibited NO production by these cells. A combination of these agonists also selectively inhibited the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 by LPS‐stimulated microglia. Collectively, these results raise the possibility that PPAR‐α and RXR agonists might have benefit as a therapy in MS, where activated microglia are believed to contribute to disease pathology. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dough aeration and rheology: Part 3. Effect of the presence of gas bubbles in bread dough on measured bulk rheology and work input rate
Authors: Chin Nyuk L , Martin Peter J , Campbell Grant M 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of dough aeration on measured bulk rheology of dough were investigated by preparing doughs with various gas contents and assessing their rheology under large deformation biaxial extension using the SMS Dough Inflation System. Doughs were mixed to various gas contents using a laboratory‐scale mixer, the Tweedy 1, at various mixer headspace pressures. In order to consider the effect of oxidation processes, doughs were mixed in air, in nitrogen and in a controlled oxygen‐nitrogen atmosphere in which the partial pressure of oxygen was kept constant. In the latter two cases a flow rate of gas through the mixer was maintained, while the doughs mixed in air had a static headspace. Dough aeration was quantified using density measurements. The dough rheology tests were performed under two different modes: constant volumetric air flow rate; and constant strain rate at two levels, 0.1 and 0.05 s−1. Analysis of the stress–strain data of an inflating dough bubble using an exponential model enabled the strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress to be determined. The strain hardening index, failure strain and failure stress decreased with gas content, indicating that gas bubbles in dough disrupt the integrity of dough structure. The faster strain rate tended to give higher values of all parameters and to be more discriminating, while testing at a constant volumetric air flow rate gave lower values. Doughs mixed under a constant partial pressure of oxygen resulted in the strain hardening index being minimally affected by the gas content, although failure strain and failure stress decreased with increasing gas content in the dough. The flow of gas through the mixer appeared to affect dough aeration and rheology, and the rate of work input was found to increase with increasing mixer headspace pressures. These suggest that dough aeration not only affects the rheology of static dough through the physical presence of gas bubbles following mixing, it also affects the development of its rheological properties within the mixer, through the physical presence of the bubbles affecting the rate of work input that develops the doughs, and also through the turnover of air that supplies oxygen to facilitate this development. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of supplemental ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) at different levels on growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers
Authors: Karaoǧlu Mevlüt , Macit Muhlis , Aksu M İrfan , Kurbanoǧlu E Basaran , Esenbuǧa Nurinisa , Çelebi Şaban 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was carried out to determine the influence of ram horn hydrolysate (RHH) supplementation on the growth performance and slaughter traits of broilers. A total of 240 male broiler chicks (Ross 308), received from a commercial hatchery at 1 day of age, were allocated to four dietary treatments (H0, H1, H2 and H3 groups) in a completely randomized experimental design. Feed and water were offered ad libitum and lighting was continuous throughout the experimental period. The H0 group was fed with basal diet plus normal drinking water. The H1, H2 and H3 groups were fed with basal diet plus 1%, 2% and 3% RHH‐added water, respectively, in place of normal drinking water to meet the daily water requirements of broiler chicks from 1 to 28 days of age. All birds were housed in batteries from 1 to 21 days, and in grower broiler pens to 49 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were recorded weekly per pen. The average final body weights were 2524.9, 2601.2, 2441.7 and 2424.9 g for the H0, H1, H2 and H3 groups, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The average daily weight gains were 50.66, 52.25, 49.05 and 48.65 g, respectively, and the supplementation had no significant effect on this parameter. Daily feed consumptions were 96.18, 95.25, 91.70 and 90.75 g, respectively, and the difference between control and treatment groups was significant (P < 0.01). The feed conversion ratios (FCR) were, respectively, 1.79, 1.71, 1.73 and 1.81 (P > 0.05). At the end of the trial all birds were slaughtered to determine the slaughter traits. The hot carcass weights and yields were 1874.0, 1934.7, 1767.0, 1845.3 g and 75.78, 77.80, 75.00, 77.41%, respectively, and the difference was significant (P < 0.01). In addition, offal weights were determined and it was observed that there was no difference among the groups. Abdominal fat pad weights were similar in all groups. The H1 group experienced more effects on some performance and slaughter traits than the control and the other RHH‐treated groups, and the supplementation of diets with RHH at a level of 1% improved broiler performance. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and α‐tocopherol from almond seeds
Authors: Leo Lucia , Rescio Leonardo , Ciurlia Loredana , Zacheo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to extract oil and tocopherols from almond seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide and to compare this extraction with a traditional solvent method. Oil and tocopherol extraction rates were determined as functions of the pressure (350–550 bar), temperature (35–50 °C) and CO2 flow rate (10–30 kg h−1), using a 10‐l vessel. The effects of matrix particle size on extraction yield were also studied and it was demonstrated that extraction yield is greatly influenced by particle size. Maximum recovery was obtained in the first 2–3 h of extraction at a pressure of 420 bar, a temperature of 50 °C and a flow rate of 30 kg h−1 CO2. These results suggest that the elevated initial oil and tochopherol solubility is related to the increased proportion of fatty acids in the initial extract. The results were compared with those obtained when hexane/methanol was used as a solvent. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
For fun and profit: Hedonic value from image interactivity and responses toward an online store
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Jin Hyun‐Jeong , Kim Jihyun 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWith the use of an on‐line retailer's Web site and an experimental method with 103 university students, statistical support through path analysis was found for positive influences of optimum stimulation level (preferred level of environmental stimulation) and recreational shopping on hedonic value (trying an image‐interactivity feature of an apparel Web site as a stimulating experience). The Web site's mixandmatch image interactivity feature allowed creation of visual images of product combinations. The path‐analysis model revealed significant paths between hedonic value and resulting emotional pleasure and arousal variables. A pattern of significant paths was also found between these three variables and global attitude, willingness to purchase, and willingness to patronize the on‐line store. Theoretical and managerial conclusions are provided. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Novel Construction of Ring‐Opening Polymerization and Chemical Recycling System
Authors: Endo Takeshi , Nagai Daisuke 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article summarizes our recent efforts to chemical recycling of polymeric materials based on the equilibrium polymerization character of cyclic monomers. Spiro orthoesters (SOEs), bicyclo orthoester, cyclic carbonates, and dithiocarbonates undergo ring‐opening polymerization to afford the corresponding polymers, and the resulting polymers depolymerize to give the starting monomers under cationic or anionic conditions. Further, crosslinking and decrosslinking systems of bifunctional SOEs and a polymer having SOE moiety in the side chain are described.
Macromolecular Architecture Based on Anionically Prepared Poly(ethylene oxide) Macromonomers
Authors: Yagci Yusuf , Ito Koichi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSynthesis of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macromonomers carrying a methacyloyl group in one end, and N, N‐dimethyl amino, thiophene, styryl and vinyl ether functional groups in the other end was desribed. The general synthetic strategy is based on the living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide initiated with functional potassium alcoholates, followed by reaction with methacyloyl chloride. These macromonomers were further utilized in various macromolecular architectures through via concurrent or selective thermal free radical, oxidative and photoinitiated free radical and cationic polymerization methods. The use of this synthetic route to prepare graft copolymers possessing completly and perfectly alternating PEO side chains using charge‐transfer‐complex polymerization was also demonstrated.
Photoactivated Cationic Frontal Polymerization
Authors: Falk Benjamin , Zonca Michael R. , Crivello James V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPhotoactivated cationic ring‐opening polymerizations of certain oxirane and oxetane monomers take place in a frontal manner. The study of the frontal behavior of those monomers was conducted using a new analytical technique involving optical pyrometry that provides insight into the mechanism of these polymerizations.
New Paradigms in Free‐Radical Polymerization Kinetics
Authors: Smith Gregory B. , Heuts Johan P.A. , Russell Gregory T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFree‐radical polymerization (FRP) is inherently complex in that it has a chain‐reaction mechanism. Matters are complicated further by various reactions being chain‐length dependent in rate, meaning that kinetic schemes should distinguish each individual length of radical. What all this means is that microscopically accurate descriptions of FRP kinetics can involve thousands of species balance equations. Since modern computing power enables solutions to such large sets of equations to be obtained, it is argued that this approach should be employed in attempting to reach an understanding of FRP kinetics. Three examples of doing so are presented: (1) How chain‐length‐dependent termination explains that the rate law for FRP is actually non‐classical; (2) How a ‘composite’ termination model enables reconciliation of long‐chain termination data with what is known about termination of small‐molecule radicals; and (3) How chain‐length‐dependent propagation (CLDP) explains unusual rate data from FRP carried out in the presence of high amounts of chain‐transfer agent. It is also explained how these paradigm shifts have led to new and unexpected insights into FRP kinetics. Especially noteworthy are that the nature of cross‐termination often has no effect on the rate law and that CLDP narrows the molecular weight distribution.
Novel Industrial Application of Miniemulsion Polymerization – Use of Alkali Soluble Resin as Surfactant in Miniemulsion Polymerization
Authors: do Amaral Marcelo , de Brouwer Hans , Van Es Steven , Asua José M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNowadays, the great versatility of the miniemulsion polymerization technique to synthesize novel and high value added materials attracts great interest from both the academic and the industrial community. Recently, a novel process based on the use of alkali soluble resin (ASR) as sole surfactant in miniemulsion polymerization for high solids content latexes has been disclosed. This new technology opens a vast field for the production of high performance latexes for industrial applications, as well as an interesting topic for future academic research. This work presents the key factors influencing the use of ASR in aqueous polymer dispersions, highlighting the differences in terms of types and concentrations of ASR used in conventional and miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of type of initiator, ASR concentration and type, as well as solids content on the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene and acrylic monomers are presented.
Porous Polymers by Emulsion Templating
Authors: Barbetta Andrea , Carnachan Ross J. , Smith Katherine H. , Zhao Chun‐tian , Cameron Neil R. , Kataky Ritu , Hayman Matthew , Przyborski Stefan A. , Swan Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHighly porous and permeable polymers are produced by polymerisation of the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The morphology and properties of the resulting PolyHIPE materials can be varied, allowing the materials to be optimised for a variety of applications. Void diameter is controlled from 1 to around 100 μm by altering the HIPE stability. Surface areas greater than 700 m2g−1 can be achieved by replacing some of the monomer phase with non‐polymerisable solvent, in conjunction with a high crosslink density and the use of a surfactant mixture that limits Ostwald ripening. PolyHIPEs can be produced in a variety of physical forms including large monolithic slabs, rods and flat relatively thin membranes. The materials are currently under investigation for use as electrochemical sensor membrane substrates and as porous matrices for cell culture.
Biodegradable Nano‐ and Microparticles with Controlled Surface Properties
Authors: Slomkowski Stanislaw , Gadzinowski Mariusz , Sosnowski Stanislaw , De Vita Cinzia , Pucci Andrea , Ciardelli Francesco , Jakubowski Wojciech , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMethods suitable for formation of polyester nano‐ and microspheres with controlled surface properties are described. The title nano‐ and microspheres composed of polylactides or poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) were obtained either directly, during dispersion polymerization of corresponding monomers, or by self‐assembly of block copolymers containing polyester blocks. Surface properties of the particles were controlled by using surfactants with required functional groups for dispersion polymerization, by modification of interfacial layer of synthesized particles, and by using for self‐assembly copolymers with appropriate functional groups. Particles with alkyl, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and 4‐(phenyl‐azo)phenyl groups in interfacial layer were obtained. Stability of suspensions of particles and particle's integrity did depend on the nature of functional groups in their interfacial layer and on external stimuli such as pH of suspending medium and irradiation with UV light.
Alkoxysilane Functional Acrylic Latexes: Influence of Copolymer Composition on Self‐Curing Behavior and Film Properties
Authors: Castelvetro Valter , De Vita Cinzia , Giannini Giacomo , Malvaldi Marco 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReactive latexes based on acrylic polymers with trimethoxysilyl groups in the side chain were prepared by semi‐continuous emulsion copolymerization. The properties of the latex film related to the polymer network structure and their evolution upon thermal curing were studied as a function of the content of the reactive comonomer, trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TSPMA), ranging between 8 and 25 wt‐%. In particular, the sensitivity to both organic solvent (chloroform) and water and the thermomechanical properties were investigated by swelling experiments and dynamic‐mechanical analysis (DMA). The results are interpreted in terms of a transition from uniform to microheterogeneous crosslinking regime, possibly as the result of formation of polyorganosilsesquioxane‐like (POSS) crosslinking domains at higher TSPMA content.
Manganese enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of normal and ischemic canine heart
Authors: Hu Tom C.‐C. , Christian Timothy F. , Aletras Anthony H. , Taylor Joni L. , Koretsky Alan P. , Arai Andrew E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe ability of MnCl2 to enhance canine myocardium and to delineate ischemic areas is demonstrated. A dose–response curve was measured using T1 weighted images in 11 dogs. MnCl2 (36, 113, 360, and 3600 μmol) was infused over a period of 3 min. Signal intensity increased linearly with MnCl2 dose. At 113 μmol (∼10 μmol/kg) the steady‐state increase in intensity averaged 212 ± 34%. No significant physiologic effects due to the infused MnCl2 were detected except at the highest dose where there was a cardiac depressive effect. Ischemia was induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery in 5 dogs. At an infused dose of 113 μmol, MnCl2 clearly demarcated the ischemic zone during coronary occlusion. Contrast enhancement in the ischemic zone was less than 30% compared with normal tissue (P < 0.03). In conclusion, the intracellular contrast agent MnCl2 enhances the canine heart and shows promise in detecting ischemia at doses that do not cause adverse cardiac effects. Magn Reson Med 54:196–200, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.