bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐temperature kinetics of the homogeneous reverse water–gas shift reaction
Authors: Bustamante F. , Enick R. M. , Cugini A.V. , Killmeyer R. P. , Howard B. H. , Rothenberger K. S. , Ciocco M. V. , Morreale B. D. , Chattopadhyay S. , Shi S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe high‐temperature rate of reaction of the homogeneous, reverse water–gas shift reaction (rWGSR) has been evaluated in quartz reactors with rapid feed preheating under both low‐ and high‐pressure conditions. The form of the power‐law rate expression was consistent with the Bradford mechanism. The Arrhenius expressions for the reaction rate constant, corresponding to the empty reactor, were in very good agreement with the low‐pressure results of Graven and Long, but yielded rate constants roughly four times greater than those obtained in our packed reactor and those reported by Kochubei and Moin and by Tingey. Reactor geometry was not responsible for these differences because computational fluid dynamics simulations revealed similar residence time distributions and comparable conversions when the same kinetic expression was used to model the rWGSR in each reactor. Most likely, the empty NETL reactor and the Graven and Long reactor did not attain an invariant value of the concentration of the chain carrier (H) at low reaction times, which led to an overestimation of the rate constant. Conversions attained in an Inconel® 600 reactor operating at comparable conditions were approximately two orders of magnitude greater than those realized in the quartz reactor. This dramatic increase in conversion suggests that the Inconel® 600 surfaces, which were depleted of nickel during the reaction, catalyzed the rWGSR. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1028–1041, 2004
A kindred with Cockayne syndrome caused by multiple splicing variants of the CSA gene
Authors: Komatsu Ai , Suzuki Satoru , Inagaki Takeshi , Yamashita Koh , Hashizume Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCockayne syndrome (CS) is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is associated with abnormal UV hypersensitivity, growth retardation, and psycho‐neural abnormalities. Recently, CSA protein was found to be associated with CS. We obtained mRNAs from immortal lymphoblasts derived from members of the kindred, and sequenced the CSA gene of all family members after reverse transcription (RT) of the coding region. The intact length of the CSA transcript was found in all family members except the proband with CS. Multiple abnormal splicing variant forms were revealed in all cases. No mutation was found in the sequences of the splice donor and acceptor sites of each exon in the CSA gene. UVA irradiation suppressed cell growth in the proband. There was no significant alteration of UVA sensitivity among the normal control and the family members except for the proband. These data suggest that multiple splicing variant forms of CSA mRNA, in the absence of the full‐length form of the mRNA, are associated with CS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SHOX mutations in a family and a fetus with Langer mesomelic dwarfism
Authors: Thomas N. Simon , Maloney Viv , Bass Paul , Mulik Varsha , Wellesley Diana , Castle Bruce 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLéri–Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and Langer mesomelic dysplasia (LMD) are caused by mutations in the SHOX gene. LWD results from haploinsufficiency and is dominantly inherited, while the more severe LMD results from the homozygous loss of SHOX. We describe a family and fetus with two SHOX mutations. Several relatives carry an approximately 200 kb interstitial deletion that includes the whole SHOX gene. Their condition is mild, with no Madelung deformity, and was originally diagnosed as hypochondroplasia (HCH). This deletion was also transmitted to a female fetus. However, unlike her carrier relatives, the ultrasound scan of the fetus and subsequent autopsy were consistent with LMD. The fetus inherited an additional Xp deletion (Xpter–Xp22.12) that also included the SHOX gene from her chromosomally normal father. This represents a unique molecular condition for LMD: the fetus is a compound heterozygote with two independent deletions, one inherited and one arising from a de novo event. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of adverse effects in pregnant/lactating female rats and their offspring following pre‐ and postnatal exposure to ELF magnetic fields
Authors: Chung Moon‐Koo , Kim Jong‐Choon , Myung Sung‐Ho 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe have recently reported that exposure of pregnant rats to 60 Hz at field strengths up to 0.5 mT during the entire period of pregnancy did not induce any biologically significant effects on both pregnant dams and embryo‐fetal development. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential effects of gestational and lactational MF exposure on pregnancy, delivery, and lactation of dams and growth, behavior, and mating performance of their offspring in rats. Timed‐pregnant female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats (24/group) received continuous exposure to 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) at field strengths of 0 (sham control), 5 μT, 83.3 μT, or 0.5 mT. Dams received MF or sham exposures for 21 h/day from gestational day 6 through lactational day 21. Experimentally generated MF was monitored continuously throughout the study. No exposure‐related changes in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, pregnancy length, and necropsy findings were observed in dams. Parameters of growth, behavior, and reproductive performance of offspring showed no changes related to MF exposure. There were no adverse effects on embryo‐fetal development of F2 offspring from dams exposed to MF. In conclusion, exposure of pregnant SD rats to 60 Hz at field strengths up to 0.5 mT from gestational day 6 to lactational day 21 did not produce biologically significant effects in dams, F1 offspring, or F2 fetuses. Bioelectromagnetics 25:236–244, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of a permanent magnetic field to inhibit the development of canine osteoarthritis
Authors: Rogachefsky Richard A. , Altman Roy D. , Markov Marko S. , Cheung Herman S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the potential of a permanent magnetic field to inhibit the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) in a canine model. The magnetic field was created by 72 domino‐sized ceramic magnets with surface field strength of 1100 G (0.11 T). The magnetic field strength at the surface of the mattress was 450–500 G (45–50 mT) and was equally distributed over the mattress surface. Eighteen animals had closed resection of their right stifle anterior cruciate ligament. Their kennel floors were covered in one of three ways: no floor mattress (OA) (N = 6); a floor mattress with domino‐sized ceramic pieces placed between two layers of foam (sham control OA‐MAT) (N = 6); or a floor mattress with domino‐sized ceramic permanent magnets placed between two layers of foam (OA‐MAT‐MAG) (N = 6). Animals were kept in their cages except for 4 h of exercise each day. The left stifle of six animals served as the normal control. The stifle joints were examined at 12 weeks for synovial effusion, gross anatomic appearance, microscopic anatomic appearance (Mankin score), and metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1 and ‐3. Macroscopically, the OA‐MAT‐MAG group appeared to have less synovitis, less synovial effusion, less disruption of the cartilage surface, and less cartilage ulceration than did the OA group or the control mattress group. The mean Mankin score for the OA‐MAT‐MAG group was less than that for the OA group (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 6.7 ± 0.3; P < .05) and the control mattress group (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 5.2 ± 0.8; P > .05), but greater than that for the normal left group (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 1.0 ± 0.4; P < .05). These scores show a trend of improvement for OA‐MAT‐MAG group but the difference with the sham control OA‐MAT group was not statistically significant. In immunohistochemical studies, the OA‐MAT‐MAG group cartilage was stained less heavily for MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 than were the OA group cartilage and the control mattress group cartilage, but did not differ significantly in MMP‐1 and MMP‐3 from the normal left group cartilage. The OA‐MAT‐MAG group did not differ from the normal left group in MMP‐3 as determined by Western blot analysis. The study suggests that OA of the medial femoral condyle developed in a canine model exposed to a magnetic field may be inhibited beyond the benefit provided by mattress. Further studies are needed to delineate more precisely the effect of the magnetic field in reducing the severity of OA. Bioelectromagnetics 25:260–270, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ribosome: lifting the veil from a fascinating organelle
Authors: Tate Warren P. , Poole Elizabeth S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt was first suggested that the ribosome is associated with protein synthesis in the 1950s. Initially, its components were revealed as surface‐accessible proteins and as molecules of RNA apparently providing a scaffold for subunit shape. Attributing function to the proteins proved difficult, although bacterial protein L11 proved essential for binding one of the decoding protein release factors (RFs). With the discovery that RNA could be a catalyst, interest focussed on the rRNA that, in partnership with mRNA and tRNAs, could potentially mediate the chemical reaction underlying protein synthesis. rRNA interactions and conformational changes were invoked as key elements that facilitated function. The decoding RFs, which are proteins, are exceptions to this rule because they usurp a tRNA function in mediating stop signal recognition. Cryoelectron microscopy and associated image reconstruction technology have now given dramatic snapshots of almost every step of protein synthesis, and X‐ray crystallography has revealed, at last, the subunits and monomeric ribosome in exquisite atomic detail. BioEssays 26:582–588, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny of γ‐proteobacteria: resolution of one branch of the universal tree?
Authors: Brown James R. , Volker Craig 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe reconstruction of bacterial evolutionary relationships has proven to be a daunting task because variable mutation rates and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among species can cause grave incongruities between phylogenetic trees based on single genes. Recently, a highly robust phylogenetic tree was constructed for 13 γ‐proteobacteria using the combined alignments of 205 conserved orthologous proteins.1 Only two proteins had incongruent tree topologies, which were attributed to HGT between Pseudomonas species and Vibrio cholerae or enterics. While the evolutionary relationships among these species appears to be resolved, further analysis suggests that HGT events with other bacterial partners likely occurred; this alters the implicit assumption of γ‐proteobacteria monophyly. Thus, any thorough reconstruction of bacterial evolution must not only choose a suitable set of molecular markers but also strive to reduce potential bias in the selection of species. BioEssays 26:463–468, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metmyoglobin‐Catalyzed Exogenous and Endogenous Tyrosine Nitration by Nitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Nicolis Stefania , Monzani Enrico , Roncone Raffaella , Gianelli Luca , Casella Luigi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMetmyoglobin catalyzes the nitration of various phenolic compounds in the presence of nitrite and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction rate depends on the reactant concentrations and shows saturation behavior. Two competing paths are responsible for the reaction. In the first, myoglobin reacts according to a peroxidase‐like cycle forming two active intermediates, which can induce one‐electron oxidation of the substrates. The MbFeIVO intermediate oxidizes nitrite to nitrogen dioxide, which, after reaction with the phenol or with a phenoxy radical, yields the nitrophenol. In the second mechanism, hydrogen peroxide reacts with iron‐bound nitrite to produce an active nitrating species, which we assume to be a protein‐bound peroxynitrite species, MbFeIIIN(O)OO. The high nitrating power of the active species is shown by the fact that the catalytic rate constant is essentially independent of the redox properties of the phenol. The occurrence of one or other of these mechanisms depends on the nitrite concentration: at low [NO2−] the nitrating agent is nitrogen dioxide, whereas at high [NO2−] the peroxynitrite path is dominant. The myoglobin derivative that accumulates during turnover depends on the mechanism. When the path involving NO2. is dominant, the spectrum of the MbFeIVO intermediate is observed. At high nitrite concentration, the Soret band appears at 416 nm, which we attribute to an iron‐peroxynitrite species. The metMb/NO2−/H2O2 system competitively nitrates the heme and the endogenous tyrosine at position 146 of the protein. Phenolic substrates protect Tyr146 from nitration by scavenging the active nitrating species. The exposed Tyr103 residue is not nitrated under the same conditions.
Mechanism of Nitrosylmyoglobin Autoxidation: Temperature and Oxygen Pressure Effects on the Two Consecutive Reactions
Authors: Møller Jens K. S. , Skibsted Leif H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAs shown by singular value decomposition and global analysis of the absorption spectra, oxidation of nitrosylmyoglobin, MbFeIINO, by oxygen occurs in two consecutive (pseudo) first‐order reactions in aqueous air‐ saturated solutions at physiological conditions (pH 7.0, I=0.16 m (NaCl)). Both reaction steps have a large temperature dependence with the following activation parameters: ΔH${{{\ne}\hfill \atop 1\hfill}}$=121±7 and ΔS${{{\ne}\hfill \atop 1\hfill}}$=23±29; and ΔH${{{\ne}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}$=88±14 kJ mol−1 and ΔS${{{\ne}\hfill \atop 2\hfill}}$=−63±51 J−1 K−1 mol−1 at 25 °C for the first and second step, respectively. At physiological temperature, the initial reaction is faster, while at lower temperatures, the first reaction is slower and rate‐determining. The rate of the first reaction is linearly dependent on oxygen pressure at lower pressures, while for oxygen pressures above atmospheric, the rate exhibits saturation behaviour. The second reaction is independent of oxygen pressure. The rate of the second reaction increases when oxymyoglobin is added. In contrast, the rate of the first reaction is independent of the presence of oxymyoglobin. The observed kinetics are in agreement with a reaction mechanism in which the nitric oxide that is initially bound to the FeII centre of myoglobin is displaced by oxygen in a reversible ligand‐exchange reaction prior to an irreversible electron transfer. The ligand‐exchange process is dissociative in nature and depends bond breaking, and nitric oxide is suggested to be trapped in a protein cavity. The absorption spectrum of the intermediate, as resolved from the global analysis, is in agreement with a peroxynitrite complex, and the initial process must involve partial electron transfer.
Computational Studies of Carbon Nanotube–Hydrocarbon Bond Strengths at Nanotube Ends: Effect of Link Heteroatom and Hydrocarbon Structure
Authors: Gustavsson Simon , Rosén Arne , Grennberg Helena , Bolton Kim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSemiempirical and density functional electronic structure theory methods were used to study SWNT‐XR bond strengths, where the single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) had an armchair or zigzag structure, the link heteroatom X was O, N(H), or S and the hydrocarbon chain R was CH2CH3, CH(OH)CH3, CHCH2, or CH(CF3)CH3. In all systems the hydrocarbon was bonded to the end of the nanotube. The SWNT‐XR bond (that is, the bond joining the link atom to the hydrocarbon) is more than 0.4 eV stronger for armchair than for zigzag nanotubes with the same diameters, irrespective of whether O, N, or S are used as link atoms or whether OH, CC, or CF3 groups are present in the hydrocarbon chain. This raises the possibility for selective manipulation of armchair/zigzag nanotubes using a variety of link atoms and hydrocarbon structures. The SWNT‐OCH(CF3)CH3 bond is weaker than the SWNT‐OCH2CH3 bond (for both armchair and zigzag nanotubes), while inclusion of a double bond in the ethyl chain increases the bond strengths. Also, SWNT‐SCH2CH3 and SWNT‐N(H)CH2CH3 bonds are stronger than SWNT‐OCH2CH3 bonds.
Rapid Methylation of Terminal Acetylenes by the Stille Coupling of Methyl Iodide with Alkynyltributylstannanes: A General Protocol Potentially Useful for the Synthesis of Short‐Lived 11CH3‐Labeled PET Tracers with a 1‐Propynyl Group.
Authors: Hosoya Takamitsu , Wakao Masahiro , Kondo Yurie , Doi Hisashi , Suzuki Masaaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Reaction of Aromatic Amines with Ethyl Glyoxylate Catalyzed by Chiral Titanium(IV) Complexes: Practical Synthesis of Aminomandelic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Yuan Yu , Wang Xingwang , Li Xin , Ding Kuiling 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Methacrylamide Anion and Its Application to the Synthesis of the Anticancer Drug Bicalutamide.
Authors: Chen Bang‐Chi , Zhao Rulin , Gove Stacey , Wang Bei , Sundeen Joseph E. , Salvati Mark E. , Barrish Joel C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Facile One‐Pot Benzylation of Sodium Enolates Using Trifluoromethansulfonic Anhydride and Diphenyl Sulfoxide.
Authors: Takuwa Tomofumi , Onishi Jim Yoshitaka , Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of 1,2‐Dinitroethenes with Thiourea and N,N′‐Diphenylthiourea.
Authors: Kretser T. Yu. , Kuz'mina N. V. , Lipina E. S. , Berkova G. A. , Berestovitskaya V. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Access to Chiral Cyclic ω‐Oxygenated β‐Enamino Esters by Intramolecular Aminocyclization Reactions.
Authors: David Olivier , Vanucci‐Bacque Corinne , Fargeau‐Bellassoued Marie‐Claude , Lhommet Gerard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Imidazo[5,1‐b]thiazoles or Spiro‐β‐Lactams by Reaction of Imines with Mesoionic Compounds or Ketenes Generated from N‐Aryl‐thiazolidine‐2‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Cremonesi Giuseppe , Dalla Croce Piero , La Rosa Concetta 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Aromatic Substitution of 6,8‐Dihydroxy‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2H‐isoquinolin‐1‐one Derivatives Using the Stille Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Ouchi Hidekazu , Kawata Yoko , Ono Mikako , Morita Yasuo , Yamamoto Yutaka , Takahata Hiroki 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Functionally Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3‐g]‐ and Pyrrolo[3,2‐f]quinolines from 5‐Amino‐2‐phenyl‐ and 5‐Amino‐1‐methyl‐2‐phenylindoles.
Authors: Yamashkin S. A. , Romanova G. A. , Romanova I. S. , Yurovskaya M. A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Pyrido and Pyrazinodithienodipyrimidine‐4,8(3H,9H)‐dione Derivatives by the Aza‐Wittig Methodology.
Authors: Vazquez Vilarelle David , Peinador Veira Carlos , Quintela Lopez Jose M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
E‐2‐Aroylmethylene‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazin‐4‐ones — A New Class of Heterocyclic Enamino Ketones
Authors: Novikov A. A. , Vostrov E. S. , Maslivets A. N. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
PPh3/DDQ as a Neutral System for the Facile Preparation of Diethyl α‐Bromo, α‐Iodo and α‐Azidophosphonates from Diethyl α‐Hydroxyphosphonates.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Sobhani Sara 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Significance of subclassifying high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions into moderate dysplasia/CIN II versus severe dysplasia/CIN III/CIS in the Bethesda system terminology
Authors: Howell Lydia P. , Zhou Heidi , Wu Wendy , Davis Robin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent revisions of the Bethesda System (TBS III) did not modify the original two‐tiered low‐grade and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL/HSIL) terminology and continued to offer the option of subclassifying HSIL into moderate dysplasia/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II) and severe dysplasia/CIN III. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of the HSIL moderate dysplasia/CIN II subclassification and the causes of Pap test‐biopsy discordance for this subclassification. HSIL/moderate dysplasia/CIN II Pap tests were identified from the University of California Davis Medical Center laboratory file for a 5‐yr period (1997–2001) and correlated with follow‐up cervical biopsies. Cervical biopsies with CIN II diagnoses were identified from the laboratory file for the same time period, and correlated with their preceding Pap test. Discordant Pap test‐biopsy pairs from either group were reviewed by two pathologists for the following causes for discordance: cytologic overcall or undercall, biopsy overcall or undercall, and sampling error or possible lesion regression. During the review period, 161 of 378 total HSIL Pap tests had a HSIL/CIN II result (42%), and 81/161 (50%) had a follow‐up cervical biopsy. 38/81 (47%) were concordant, and 43 (53%) were discordant; 39/43 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. CIN I was the most common discordant biopsy diagnosis. Sampling error was the most common cause of discordance and was three times more common than the other causes; 536 CIN cervical biopsies with CIN were identified in the laboratory files during this review period, and 108/536 (20%) received a diagnosis of CIN II. Sixty‐seven of 108 (62%) had a preceding Pap test result available; 32 of the 67 (48%) had a concordant preceding Pap test with a HSIL/CIN II result, and 35 (52%) were discordant; 32/35 discordant cases had both Pap test and biopsy slides available for review. LSIL was the most common discordant Pap test diagnosis. Sampling error was also the most common cause of discordance, and was also three time more frequent than any other cause for discordance. HSIL/CIN II is a meaningful subclassification in our laboratory. We support the TBS III recommendation for optional subclassification of HSIL and suggest that individual laboratories may wish to monitor use of this subclassification through internal correlation studies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:362–366. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Keldahl Mark L. , Zarif Adil , Gattuso Paolo 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign neoplasm of the parotid gland. However, bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenomas occur infrequently. We report a case of bilateral synchronous pleomorphic adenoma involving the parotid gland in a 50‐yr‐old man diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:356–358. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.