bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Elderly Executive Cognitive Function on Attention in the Lower Visual Field during Step Initiation
Authors: Di Fabio Richard P. , Zampieri Cris , Henke Jennifer , Olson Karen , Rickheim David , Russell Michelle 
Published: February 2005

<i>Background:</i> There is a well-established relationship between poor executive cognitive abilities and elderly fall risk, but the precise mechanism underlying this relationship is unknown. Older persons frequently fall or trip on objects below eye level, and it was hypothesized that the pathological mechanism linking low executive function and fall risk is a selective impairment in the resolution of visual attention in the lower visual fields. <i>Objective:</i> To determine if<i></i>normally sighted older persons living in the community with deficits in executive cognitive abilities have a reduced resolution of visual attention in the lower visual fields compared to elderly and younger subjects with high executive abilities. <i>Methods:</i> Eye and head angulations were monitored as subjects fixated on a point rear-projected at eye level at the end of a 3- meter walkway. Visual stimuli were briefly presented (<300 ms) in the peripheral visual field (with and without distractors) to directly cue the selection of the right or left foot to lead a step over a foam obstacle resting at the subject’s feet. No saccades were allowed until the stimulus was extinguished, at which time a down-saccade-step sequence moved the foot over the obstacle. The resolution of visual attention (tested with gratings) and the influence of target eccentricity in the upper and lower visual fields were evaluated. The primary outcome measures were step error and obstacle contact rate, saccade occurrence after extinguished stimulus and the log of cue-saccade latency (limb-independent reaction time). <i>Results:</i> All groups experienced greater stepping errors than expected by chance when stimuli were presented in the lower versus upper visual field and with increasing eccentricity. However, the obstacle contact rate was greater, cue-saccade latency was prolonged, and fewer down-saccades were generated in the elderly group with poor executive abilities compared to those with high executive function and younger subjects. <i>Conclusions:</i> Loss of visual attention in the lower visual fields was not unique to elderly subjects with poor executive function. However, slowed processing time and reduction in the frequency of down-saccades associated with a low level of executive function potentially account for the mechanism linking executive abilities and fall risk.
Prostate Needle Biopsy: 12 vs. 18 Cores – Is It Necessary?
Authors: Pepe Pietro , Aragona Francesco 
Published: February 2005

<i>Introduction:</i> The aim of this study is to compare the histological results of a prostate needle biopsy scheme of 12 and 18 cores used in 372 consecutive patients submitted to an early stage diagnosis programme for prostate cancer (PCa). <i>Materials and Methods:</i> From February 2002 to July 2003 a transperineal TRUS-guided prostate needle biopsy was performed in 372 patients aged 40–73. Indications for biopsy were: suspected DRE, total PSA (PSAt) >10 ng/ml; PSAt equal to 4–10, 2.6–3.9, ≤2.5 ng/ml and PSA F/T <25%, <20% and <15%, respectively. In 256 patients, we performed 12 cores and in 116 cases 18 cores. <i>Results:</i> 159 (42.7%) patients were diagnosed with PCa, 138 (37%) with BPH, 58 (15.7%) with chronic prostatitis, 15 (4%) with a HGPIN, 2 (0.6%) with ASAP. In patients that underwent 12 and 18 cores the incidence of PCa was 39.8 and 49%; the incidence of PCa in patients with PSA ≤10 and >10 ng/ml submitted to 12 and 18 cores was 35 vs. 47% and 57.8 vs. 52%, respectively. The preponderance of clinical stage T1c was 50% (12 cores) vs. 72% (18 cores). The median bioptic Gleason score in both groups resulted 6.6 (12 cores) and 6 (18 cores). In 110 (12 bioptic cores) and in 30 (18 bioptic cores) patients that underwent a RRP, the pTNM proved a significant clinical neoplasm (Gleason score ≧6 and/or tumoral volume >0.5 cm<sup>3</sup>) in the first group in all cases, while in the second group in 28/30 (94%) cases. <i>Conclusions:</i> Extended schemes of prostate needle biopsy of 18 or more cores increases the PCa diagnosis in early stage and should be adopted for young patients with a PSA <10 ng/ml, negative DRE and in case of rebiopsies.
Increased Serum CA-15.3 Levels in Patients with Megaloblastic Anemia due to Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Deficiency
Authors: Symeonidis Argiris , Kouraklis-Symeonidis Alexandra , Apostolopoulos Dimitris , Arvanitopoulou Evangelia , Giannakoulas Nikolaos , Vassilakos Pavlos , Zoumbos Nicholas 
Published: February 2005

<i>Objectives:</i> To estimate the usefulness of serum tumor markers’ monitoring, as predictors of gastric cancer in patients with pernicious anemia. <i>Patients and Methods:</i> We investigated serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-fetal protein, cancer antigen (CA)-19.9, CA-125 and CA-15.3 in 50 patients with pernicious anemia and in 24 healthy controls, matched for age and sex. In 38 patients, the evaluation was repeated 1–6 months after the correction of cobalamin deficiency. <i>Results:</i> All patients and controls had normal serum CEA and α-FP, and the levels of these markers as well as those of CA-125 and CA-19.9 did not differ between the two groups. All 50 patients, but only 2 controls exhibited increased serum CA-15.3, and the difference between the two groups was very significant (129.4 ± 84.9 vs. 19.8 ± 7.3 IU/ml, p < 0.001), while no difference between males and females was found. A thorough clinical examination of all patients, and mammographic study in 18 females did not reveal any finding suspicious of breast cancer. CA-15.3 levels were positively correlated with serum lactate dehydrogenase, and negatively with B<sub>12</sub> and hemoglobin, but they were substantially decreased after the correction of anemia, in all 38 patients tested, and in 33 of them they were restored to normal. After a median follow-up of 34 months, one patient developed a colon cancer, but none showed any sign suspicious of breast cancer. <i>Conclusions:</i> Serum CA-15.3 shows an aberrant increase in untreated patients with pernicious anemia, which is reversed after the correction of the anemia. The possible origin seems unrelated to mammary tissue, and may be released by the apoptosing bone marrow megaloblastic erythroblasts.
Incomplete Stent Apposition After Implantation of Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents or Bare Metal Stents
Authors: Tanabe Kengo , Serruys Patrick W. , Degertekin Muzaffer , Grube Eberhard , Guagliumi Giulio , Urbaszek Wilhelm , Bonnier Johannes , Lablanche Jean-Michel , Siminiak Tomasz , Nordrehaug Jan , Figulla Hans , Drzewiecki Janusz , Banning Adrian , Hauptmann Karl , Dudek Dariusz , Bruining Nico , Hamers Ronald , Hoye Angela , Ligthart Jurgen M.R. , Disco Clemens , Koglin Jörg , Russell Mary E. , Colombo Antonio 
Published: February 2005

Background—The clinical impact of late incomplete stent apposition (ISA) for drug-eluting stents is unknown. We sought to prospectively investigate the incidence and extent of ISA after the procedure and at 6-month follow-up of paclitaxel-eluting stents in comparison with bare metal stents (BMS) and survey the clinical significance of ISA over a period of 12 months.Methods and Results—TAXUS II was a randomized, double-blind study with 536 patients in 2 consecutive cohorts comparing slow-release (SR; 131 patients) and moderate-release (MR; 135 patients) paclitaxel-eluting stents with BMS (270 patients). This intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) substudy included patients who underwent serial IVUS examination after the procedure and at 6 months (BMS, 240 patients; SR, 113; MR, 116). The qualitative and quantitative analyses of ISA were performed by an independent, blinded core laboratory. More than half of the instances of ISA observed after the procedure resolved at 6 months in all groups. No difference in the incidence of late-acquired ISA was observed among the 3 groups (BMS, 5.4%; SR, 8.0%; MR, 9.5%;P=0.306), with a similar ISA volume (BMS, 11.4 mm3; SR, 21.7 mm3; MR, 8.5 mm3;P=0.18). Late-acquired ISA was the result of an increase of vessel area without change in plaque behind the stent. Predictive factors of late-acquired ISA were lesion length, unstable angina, and absence of diabetes. No stent thrombosis occurred in the patients diagnosed with ISA over a period of 12 months.Conclusions—The incidence and extent of late-acquired ISA are comparable in paclitaxel-eluting stents and BMS. ISA is a pure IVUS finding without clinical repercussions.
Brain Activation during Face Perception: Evidence of a Developmental Change
Authors: Aylward E. H. , Park J. E. , Field K. M. , Parsons A. C. , Richards T. L. , Cramer S. C. , Meltzoff A. N. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Behavioral studies suggest that children under age 10 process faces using a piecemeal strategy based on individual distinctive facial features, whereas older children use a configural strategy based on the spatial relations among the face's features. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activation of the fusiform gyrus, which is involved in face processing in adults, is greater during face processing in older children (12–14 years) than in younger children (8– 10 years). Functional MRI scans were obtained while children viewed faces and houses. A developmental change was observed: Older children, but not younger children, showed significantly more activation in bilateral fusiform gyri for faces than for houses. Activation in the fusiform gyrus correlated significantly with age and with a behavioral measure of configural face processing. Regions believed to be involved in processing basic facial features were activated in both younger and older children. Some evidence was also observed for greater activation for houses versus faces for the older children than for the younger children, suggesting that processing of these two stimulus types becomes more differentiated as children age. The current results provide biological insight into changes in visual processing of faces that occur with normal development.
Transmodal Sensorimotor Networks during Action Observation in Professional Pianists
Authors: Haslinger B. , Erhard P. , Altenmüller E. , Schroeder U. , Boecker H. , Ceballos-Baumann A. O. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Audiovisual perception and imitation are essential for musical learning and skill acquisition. We compared professional pianists to musically naive controls with fMRI while observing piano playing finger–hand movements and serial finger–thumb opposition movements both with and without synchronous piano sound. Pianists showed stronger activations within a fronto-parieto-temporal network while observing piano playing compared to controls and contrasted to perception of serial finger–thumb opposition movements. Observation of silent piano playing additionally recruited auditory areas in pianists. Perception of piano sounds coupled with serial finger–thumb opposition movements evoked increased activation within the sensorimotor network. This indicates specialization of multimodal auditory– sensorimotor systems within a fronto-parieto-temporal network by professional musical training. Musical “language,” which is acquired by observation and imitation, seems to be tightly coupled to this network in accord with an observation– execution system linking visual and auditory perception to motor performance.
Mirror Neurons Responding to Observation of Actions Made with Tools in Monkey Ventral Premotor Cortex
Authors: Ferrari Pier Francesco , Rozzi Stefano , Fogassi Leonardo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In the present study, we describe a new type of visuomotor neurons, named tool-responding mirror neurons, which are found in the lateral sector of monkey ventral premotor area F5. Tool-responding mirror neurons discharge when the monkey observes actions performed by an experimenter with a tool (a stick or a pair of pliers). This response is stronger than that obtained when the monkey observes a similar action made with a biological effector (the hand or the mouth). These neurons respond also when the monkey executes actions with both the hand and the mouth. The visual and the motor responses of each neuron are congruent in that they share the same general goal, that is, taking possession of an object and modifying its state. It is hypothesized that after a relatively long visual exposure to tool actions, a visual association between the hand and the tool is created, so that the tool becomes as a kind of prolongation of the hand. We propose that tool-responding mirror neurons enable the observing monkey to extend action-understanding capacity to actions that do not strictly correspond to its motor representations. Our findings support the notion that the motor cortex plays a crucial role in understanding action goals.
Pronominal Reference in Sentences about Persons or Things: An Electrophysiological Approach
Authors: Hammer Anke , Jansma Bernadette M. , Lamers Monique , Münte Thomas F. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
German pronouns (erMALE/masculine, sieFEMALE/feminine) that refer to a person are determined by the biological gender (MALE/FEMALE) and/or syntactic gender (masculine/feminine) of the person. Pronouns (ermasculine, siefeminine) that refer to a thing are determined by the syntactic gender of this thing (Garten [garden]masculine, Tasche [hand-bag]feminine). The study aimed to investigate whether semantic integration, syntactic integration, or both are involved in establishing co-reference between pronoun and subject/antecedent in sentences. Here we focused on two event-related potential components: the SPS/P600, related to syntactic violation and reanalysis, and the N400 component, related to semantic integration problems. In one condition, a person was introduced as antecedent and later referred to by a pronoun, which either agreed in biological/syntactic gender or not (biological/syntactic gender violation). In a second condition, a thing was introduced as antecedent and the corresponding pronoun either agreed in syntactic gender or not (syntactic gender violation). Results at critical pronouns showed a P600 effect for incongruent compared with congruent pronouns in both conditions with a centro-parietal maximum. This effect was larger for the person compared to the thing condition. We interpreted this finding as reflecting a syntactic integration process that can be influenced by conceptual/semantic and syntactic information of the antecedent type. Furthermore, at the word following the pronoun, we observed an N400 for the thing but not for the person condition. We suggest, supported by the results of a control experiment, that this effect reflects continuous integration processes for things, whereas for persons the integration seems to be finished at pronoun position.
Cortical Representations of Personally Familiar Objects and Places: Functional Organization of the Human Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Sugiura Motoaki , Shah Nadim J. , Zilles Karl , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The recognition of both personally familiar objects and places involves nonspatial memory retrieval processes, but only personally familiar places are represented as space. Although the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) is considered to process both types of such memories, its functional organization is poorly understood. In this event-related fMRI study, normal subjects judged familiar/unfamiliar pictures in four categories: familiar places (FP), familiar objects (FO), unfamiliar places (UP), and unfamiliar objects (UO), thus constituting a two-factorial design. A significant main effect of stimuli with greater activation in the place (FP and UP) than object (FO and UO) trials was observed bilaterally in several medial temporo-occipito-parietal regions, including the caudal PCC (cPCC) and parahippocampal gyrus. The reverse comparison revealed greater activation in the lateral inferior occipito-temporal junctions and intraparietal sulci bilaterally. A significant main effect of familiarity with greater activation in the familiar (FP and FO) than unfamiliar (UP and UO) trials was observed in the mid-dorsal PCC (mPCC), retrosplenial cortex, posterior precuneus, and the left intraparietal sulcus. Activation specific to the FP trials (as assessed by the interaction) was observed in the right posterodorsal PCC (pPCC) only. Together with data from previous functional imaging studies, the results suggest a functional segregation of human PCC with differential involvement of pPCC in spatial representations of personally familiar places and of the mPCC and retrosplenial cortex in episodic retrieval of personally familiar places and objects. Activation of the left intraparietal sulcus may reflect retrieval of memories related to object manipulation.
A Dissociation between the Representation of Tool-use Skills and Hand Dominance: Insights from Left- and Right-handed Callosotomy Patients
Authors: Frey Scott H. , Funnell Margaret G. , Gerry Valerie E. , Gazzaniga Michael S. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The overwhelming majority of evidence indicates that the left cerebral hemisphere of right-handed humans is dominant both for manual control and the representation of acquired skills, including tool use. It is, however, unclear whether these functions involve common or dissociable mechanisms. Here we demonstrate that the disconnected left hemispheres of both right- and left-handed split-brain patients are specialized for representing acquired tool-use skills. When required to pantomime actions associated with familiar tools (Experiment 2), both patients show a right-hand (left hemisphere) advantage in response to tool names, pictures, and actual objects. Accuracy decreases as stimuli become increasingly symbolic when using the left hand (right hemisphere). Tested in isolation with lateralized pictures (Experiment 3), each patient's left hemisphere demonstrates a significant advantage over the right hemisphere for pantomiming tool-use actions with the contralateral hand. The fact that this asymmetry occurs even in a left-handed patient suggests that the left hemisphere specialization for representing praxis skills can be dissociated from mechanisms involved in hand dominance located in the right hemisphere. This effect is not attributable to differences at the conceptual level, as the left and right hemispheres are equally and highly competent at associating tools with observed pantomimes (Experiment 4).
Revisiting Previously Searched Locations in Visual Neglect: Role of Right Parietal and Frontal Lesions in Misjudging Old Locations as New
Authors: Mannan Sabira K. , Mort Dominic J. , Hodgson Tim L. , Driver Jon , Kennard Christopher , Husain Masud 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Right-hemisphere patients with left neglect often demonstrate abnormal visual search, re-examining stimuli to the right while ignoring those to the left. But re-fixations alone do not reveal if patients misjudge whether they have searched a location before. Here, we not only tracked the eye movements of 16 neglect patients during search, but also asked them to click a response button only when they judged they were fixating a target for the very first time. “Re-clicking” on previously found targets would indicate that patients erroneously respond to these as new discoveries. Lesions were mapped with high-resolution MRI. Neglect patients with damage involving the right intraparietal sulcus or right inferior frontal lobe “re-clicked” on previously found targets on the right at a pathological rate, whereas those with medial occipito-temporal lesions did not. For the intraparietal sulcus patients, the probability of erroneous re-clicks on an old target increased with time since first discovering it; whereas for frontal patients it was independent of search time, suggesting different underlying mechanisms in these two types of patient. Re-click deficits correlated with degree of leftward neglect, mainly due to both being severe in intraparietal cases. These results demonstrate that misjudging previously searched locations for new ones can contribute to pathological search in neglect, with potentially different mechanisms being involved in intraparietal versus inferior frontal patients. When combined with a spatial bias to the right, such deficits might explain why many neglect patients often re-examine rightward locations, at the expense of items to their left.
Aspiring for Islamic Reform: Southeast Asian Requests for Fatwās in al-Manār
Authors: Burhanudin Jajat 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAgainst the general background of the transmission of Muhammad 'Abduh's ideas about reform to Southeast Asia, as reflected in al-Manār, I examine requests for fatwās relating to affairs in the archipelago. These requests emanated from three groups: Southeast Asian students in the Middle East, Arabs living in Southeast Asia, and indigenous Southeast Asian readers of al-Manār. The fatwās examined here relate to three themes: Islam and modernity, religious practices, and aspirations for religious reform. I conclude that al-Manār created a new mode of discourse for Southeast Asian Islam in which the mustaftī and the muftī were not pupils and teachers but fellow discussants of reform in societies undergoing similar challenges.
Fatwā, Purification and Dynamization: A Study of Tarjīh in Muhammadiyah
Authors: Anwar Syamsul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractI examine here contemporary iftā practices in Muhammadiyah, Indonesia ' s leading organisation for modernist Muslims, with special attention to Majelis Tarjih, the body charged with issuing its fatwās since 1927. After explaining Muhammadiyah's ideology, and the working method of Majelis Tarjih and the authority of its decisions, I examine and discuss several fatwās relating to syncretic practices in Indonesia and one fatwā about whether a woman may serve in a position of authority over men. I argue that the fatwās issued by Majelis Tarjih demonstrate how Muhammadiyah promotes a more dynamic understanding of religion among its members and within Indonesian society at large, an understanding that often differs from traditionalist views espoused in classical fiqh books.
The Fatwā Debated? Shūrā in one Indonesian Context
Authors: Laffan Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn July 2002 I attended a series of consultative iftā sessions, known as Bahsul Masail, held at a general meeting convened by Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), an Islamic organisation that represents traditionalist fiqh in Indonesia. Based upon close observation of the sessions, I show how consultation with the lay membership of NU impacted upon four fatwās drafted by the executive. These fatwās discuss NU's guiding principle, its definition of the Ahl al-Sunna wa'l-Jamā'a, the call for Sharīa to be adopted by the state, and the permissibility of suicide bombs as a weapon of war. I argue that although the NU membership may apply pressure to discuss an issue or to call for a fatwā and their voices may well alter the phrasing of a fatwā, the resulting declarations are largely shaped by the political concerns of its executive board.