bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The investigation of the attitudes of students at the faculty of sports sciences towards human rights in sports according to different variables
Authors: Soyer Alptuğ , İbiş Serkan , Güngör Nuri Berk 
Published: February 2024

The aim of this research is to examine the attitudes of students studying at the faculty of sports sciences towards human rights in sports in terms of different variables. The research group consists of 85 (41.1%) women and 122 (58.9%) men studying at the faculty of sports sciences. The data collection tools in the research are the personal information form and the Human Rights in Sports Attitude Scale. It was determined that the scores of the participants from the human rights attitude scale in sports were above the average. It was determined that the participants human rights in sports attitude scale and its subdimensions did not differ according to the gender variable. According to the participants' department variable, a significant difference was detected in favor of coaching education only between coaching education and physical education and sports teachers in the subdimension of solidarity rights. Another finding of the research was that as the age of the participants increased, the values ​​they received from personal rights increased, and as the age decreased, the attitude towards social rights increased. As a result, people who are interested in the field of sports sciences attract wide attention with their popular lectures, seminars, and other elements regarding human rights in sports.
(Extended English summary is at the end of this document)

Özet
Bu araştırmanın amacı spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan öğrencilerin farklı değişkenler açısından sporda insan hakları tutumlarının incelenmesidir. Araştırma grubu spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim görmekte olan 85 (%41.1) kadın ve 122 (%58.9) erkekten oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları ise kişisel bilgi formu ile Sporda İnsan Hakları Tutum Ölçeği’dir. Katılımcıların sporda insan hakları tutum ölçeğinden almış oldukları puanların ortalama seviyenin üzerinde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların sporda insan hakları tutum ölçeği ve alt boyutlarının cinsiyet değişkenine göre farklılaşmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların bölüm değişkenine göre sadece dayanışma hakları alt boyutunda antrenörlük eğitimi ve beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenleri arasında antrenörlük eğitimi lehine anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmadaki bir başka bulgu ise katılımcıların yaşları arttıkça kişilik haklarından aldıkları değerlerin artış gösterdiği yaş azaldıkça sosyal haklara yönelik tutumun arttığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak spor bilimleri alanında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin sporda insan haklarıyla ilgili farkındalık düzeylerinin ders, seminer ve benzeri unsurlarla arttırılması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Mechanisms underlying exercise intolerance in long COVID: An accumulation of multisystem dysfunction
Authors: Jamieson Alexandra , Al Saikhan Lamia , Alghamdi Lamis , Hamill Howes Lee , Purcell Helen , Hillman Toby , Heightman Melissa , Treibel Thomas , Orini Michele , Bell Robert , Scully Marie , Hamer Mark , Chaturvedi Nishi , Montgomery Hugh , Hughes Alun D. , Astin Ronan , Jones Siana 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe pathogenesis of exercise intolerance and persistent fatigue which can follow an infection with the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus (“long COVID”) is not fully understood. Cases were recruited from a long COVID clinic (N = 32; 44 ± 12 years; 10 (31%) men), and age‐/sex‐matched healthy controls (HC) (N = 19; 40 ± 13 years; 6 (32%) men) from University College London staff and students. We assessed exercise performance, lung and cardiac function, vascular health, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function. Key outcome measures for each physiological system were compared between groups using potential outcome means (95% confidence intervals) adjusted for potential confounders. Long COVID participant outcomes were compared to normative values. When compared to HC, cases exhibited reduced oxygen uptake efficiency slope (1847 (1679, 2016) vs. 2176 (1978, 2373) mL/min, p = 0.002) and anaerobic threshold (13.2 (12.2, 14.3) vs. 15.6 (14.4, 17.2) mL/kg/min, p < 0.001), and lower oxidative capacity, measured using near infrared spectroscopy (τ: 38.7 (31.9, 45.6) vs. 24.6 (19.1, 30.1) s, p = 0.001). In cases, ANS measures fell below normal limits in 39%. Long COVID is associated with reduced measures of exercise performance and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in the absence of evidence of microvascular dysfunction, suggesting mitochondrial pathology. There was evidence of attendant ANS dysregulation in a significant proportion. These multisystem factors might contribute to impaired exercise tolerance in long COVID sufferers.
Idealism and Greek Philosophy: What Natorp Saw and Burnyeat Missed
Authors: Delcomminette Sylvain 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In his paper “Idealism and Greek Philosophy: What Berkeley Missed and Descartes Saw,” Myles Burnyeat purports to show not only that idealism was not endorsed by any ancient philosopher, but also that it could not have been endorsed before Descartes; Greek philosophy was dominated by an “unquestioned, unquestioning assumption of realism.” By ‘idealism,’ Burnyeat means mainly Berkeley’s immaterialism, but he also extends his demonstration to something more akin to Kant’s transcendental idealism. After arguing that this last version has more historical credentials to the title of idealism than Berkeley’s doctrine, I compare Burnyeat’s reading to Natorp’s interpretation in Platos Ideenlehre, subtitled “An Introduction to Idealism.” Natorp argues that there is, on the contrary, a kind of underlying idealism in Greek philosophy, one that can be discerned on the basis of an interpretation of the meaning of the verb ‘to be’ which has found support in more recent research.
Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
Authors: Loga-Księska Wiktoria , Sordyl Justyna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This work presents the results of the research on the thermal state of the road surface measured by means of a mobile road condition sensor. A 15 km route circumnavigating the city centre and used by urban traffic was taken as the research area. Sixteen test runs were performed under summer and winter conditions. An analysis of the locations at which the rate of change of surface temperature had extreme values between consecutive test runs (which lasted around 25 min) was carried out. Based on that, critical sections of the test route were identified, and thus points characterised by readings deviating significantly from the mean values. Based on the thermal mapping methodology, an analysis of the rate of surface cooling was carried out. It was shown to be characterised by temporal (as well as spatial) non-uniformity. The rate of change of surface and air temperatures was calculated as a function of time, which was equal to −2.22 and −1.97°C/h, respectively. During the analysis, it came to light that hourly intervals represent the optimal frequency for thermal monitoring of a road network. Exceptions to the above are the aforementioned sections selected on the basis of the mobile measurements, in which permanent monitoring of road conditions via ESS stationary systems are recommended.
Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
Authors: Al-Rubaee Rasha Hassan , Hameed Irfan Talib 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Significant social, economic, and environmental costs are associated with traffic congestion. The effectiveness of intersections makes a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of entire road networks. The three-leg at-grade Al-Husainea intersection, located 20 km from the center of holy Karbala city in Iraq, is subjected to serious congestion, resulting in an increase in delay time, reduction in capacity, and bad level of service (LOS). Therefore, it is essential to use advanced software tools to ensure that the current intersection can be controlled, evaluated, and improved. So, the major goal of this study is to use SIDRA, an acronym for signalized and unsignalized intersection design and research aid, software to evaluate the LOS of the Al-Husainea intersection, in which the traffic is assessed using the current LOS. LOS, delay time, and degree of saturation were the criteria utilized to evaluate the traffic flow performance. SIDRA is also used to assess benefits as a result of suggested changes in the design of particular junctions. The first stage is to gather field data regarding traffic volumes utilizing a method of traffic volume gathering. From 7 am to 6 pm, the SIDRA program gathered data for a full 7 days. The results showed that the LOS for the Al-Husainea intersection in the Al-Husainea arm is F, with an average delay of 52 s per vehicle and a saturation level of 0.86 v/c. Finally, it was determined that the Al-Husainea intersection needs additional improvements based on the study and findings from the SIDRA program, and some remedies are suggested in this study to improve the intersection traffic flow.
Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
Authors: Hamid Samer , Johari Izwan , Othman Nadras 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The synthesis of ambient-cured sustainable geopolymer mortars (GMs) was studied throughout this work. To reduce carbon dioxide emissions, new materials must be used in the production of sustainable concrete and mortars. Many types of binders are used in the synthesis of GM and concrete (GPC), especially clay minerals. These clay minerals are considered sources of alumina and silica in GM and concrete. The geopolymerization process relies on the alkaline solution activating the alumino-silicate to produce geopolymer gel products. The palygorskite (PA) clay mineral, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), and sodium silicates (Na2SiO3) were chosen as a binder (solid material) and alkaline activator solution to synthesize GM at ambient temperature. PA was thermally treated at 550, 650, 700, and 750°C, respectively, to convert into high-reactive PA (HRP) HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively. The characteristics of PA clay, HRP powders, and HRP-based GM were evaluated using compressive strength (CS) testing, X-ray fluorescence analysis, carbon footprint analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The maximum CS of 25.1 MPa was acquired for geopolymer synthesis utilizing HRP700-based GM cured at 30°C for 28 days. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that HRP-based GM showed the presence of Si–O, Al–O, and O–C–O bonds stretching vibrations in the alumino-silicate network. The results showed that the CO2 emissions had a reduction in the HRP-based GM compared with the reference mix of ordinary Portland cement mortar (OPM). The percentage of reductions was 14.1, 13.7, 13.1, and 12.4 for HRP550, HRP650, HRP700, and HRP750, respectively, compared with the OPM mixture. SEM images/EDS analysis and XRD diffractograms confirmed the presence of sodium alumino-silicate hydrates, magnesium silicate hydrate, and calcium silicate hydrate gels with high quantities particularly in the HRP700-based GM than that in HRP550, HRP650, and HRP750, respectively. The results indicate the suitability of HRP calcined at 700°C (HRP700) in the synthesis of the GM.
Synthesis and characterization of capsaicin nanoparticles: An attempt to enhance its bioavailability and pharmacological actions
Authors: Sher Mujahid , Hussain Ishtiaq , Khan Farhat Ali , Zahoor Muhammad , Sher Wiaam Mujahid , Khalil Muhammad Saqib , Sulaiman Muhammad , Ullah Riaz , Naz Sumaira , Ali Essam A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Herein, capsaicin nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by two different methods, namely, evaporative precipitation of nanosuspension (EPN) and anti-solvent precipitation with a syringe pump (APSP). The nanoparticles of the necessary sizes were obtained after optimizing experimental parameters such as the solvent-to-anti-solvent ratio and stirring speed. They had spherical shapes and an average diameter of 171.29 ± 1.94 and 78.91 ± 0.54 nm when prepared using the EPN and APSP methods, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry and an X-ray diffractometer showed that the capsaicin crystallinity decreased. FTIR results showed that the NPs were produced with their original configuration and did not result in the synthesis of any additional structures. The NP formulation had a desirable drug content. They surpassed the unprocessed drug in solubility and displayed the desired stability. Capsaicin NP cream showed many folds of enhanced analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects compared to unprocessed capsaicin.
The central tree property and algorithmic problems on subgroups of free groups
Authors: Roy Mallika , Ventura Enric , Weil Pascal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We study the average case complexity of the Uniform Membership Problem for subgroups of free groups, and we show that it is orders of magnitude smaller than the worst case complexity of the best known algorithms.
This applies to subgroups given by a fixed number of generators as well as to subgroups given by an exponential number of generators.
The main idea behind this result is to exploit a generic property of tuples of words, called the central tree property.
An application is given to the average case complexity of the Relative Primitivity Problem, using Shpilrain’s recent algorithm to decide primitivity, whose average case complexity is a constant depending only on the rank of the ambient free group.
Metformin plus L-carnitine enhances brown/beige adipose tissue activity via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in murine obesity
Authors: Liang Guojin , Fang Jie , Zhang Pingping , Ding Shuxia , Zhao Yudan , Feng Yueying 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This study investigated how Metformin (Met) combined with L-carnitine (L-car) modulates brown adipose tissue (BAT) to affect obesity. High-fat-induced obese rats received daily oral gavage with Met and/or L-car, followed by serum biochemical analysis, histopathological observation on adipose tissues, and immunochemistry test for the abdominal expression of BAT-specific uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Mouse-embryonic-fibroblast cells were induced into adipocytes, during which Met plus L-car was added with/without saturated fatty acid (SFA). The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in adipocyte browning was investigated by gene silencing. Mitochondria biogenesis in adipocytes was inspected by Mitotracker staining. Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/BAT-related genes/proinflammatory marker expressions in adipose tissues and/or adipocytes were analyzed by Western blot, qRT-PCR, and/or immunofluorescence test. Met or L-car improved metabolic disorders, reduced adipocyte vacuolization and swelling, upregulated levels of BAT-related genes including UCP1 and downregulated proinflammatory marker expressions, and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in adipose tissues of obese rats. Met and L-car functioned more strongly than alone. In adipocytes, Met plus L-car upregulated BAT-related gene levels and protected against SFA-caused inflammation promotion and mitochondria degeneration, which yet was attenuated by Nrf2 silencing. Met plus L-car enhances BAT activity and white adipose tissue browning via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in obese rats.
Calcium-, magnesium-, and yttrium-doped lithium nickel phosphate nanomaterials as high-performance catalysts for electrochemical water oxidation reaction
Authors: Nasir Mehwish Huma , Niaz Hajira , Yunus Naila , Ali Urooj , Khan Safia , Butt Tehmeena Maryum , Naeem Hina , Li Hu , Habila Mohamed A. , Janjua Naveed Kausar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Electrochemical water oxidation reaction (WOR) lies among the most forthcoming approaches toward eco-conscious manufacturing of green hydrogen owing to its environmental favors and high energy density values. Its vast commoditization is restricted by high-efficiency and inexpensive catalysts that are extensively under constant research. Herein, calcium, magnesium, and yttrium doped lithium nickel phosphate olivines (LiNi1−x
M
x
PO, LNMP; x = 0.1–0.9; M = Ca2+, Mg2+, and Y3+) were synthesized via non-aqueous sol-gel method and explored for catalytic WOR. Lithium nickel phosphates (LNP) and compositions were characterized via Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction techniques for the structural and morphological analyses. Glassy carbon electrode altered with the LNMPs when studied in a standard redox system of 5 mM KMnO4, displayed that yttrium doped LNP, i.e. LNYP-3 exhibits the highest active surface area (0.0050 cm2) displaying the lowest average crystallite size (D
avg) i.e. ∼7 nm. Electrocatalytic behavior monitored in KOH showed that LNMP-2 offers the highest rate constant “k
o,” value, i.e. 3.9 10−2 cm s−1 and the largest diffusion coefficient “D
o,” i.e. 5.2 × 10−5 cm2 s−1. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters demonstrated the facilitated electron transfer and electrocatalytic properties of proposed nanomaterials. Water oxidation peak current density values were indicative of the robust catalysis and facilitated water oxidation process besides lowering the Faradic onset potential signifying the transformation of less LNP into more conducive LNMP toward water oxidation.
Hallstatt Period Rectangular Farmsteads in the Old Bavarian Loess Landscape: The Hascherkeller Site Revisited
Authors: Saile Thomas , Reitmaier Florian , Posselt Martin , Denk Isabella 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the occasionally lively debate about the social structure of the Central European Early Iron Age, the Herrenhof as the presumed seat of a high-status farmer now also plays a role. A rectangular farmstead of this type is the famous Hascherkeller site on the northern outskirts of Landshut. The first magnetic prospection ever conducted at such an archaeological structure was carried out here in 1978. The site became widely known for its distinctive complex appearance and the excavations undertaken there between 1978 and 1981 by Peter S. Wells, then assistant curator of European archaeology at the Peabody Museum of Harvard University.
After four decades, an opportunity arose to resume excavations in areas not explored at the time and bring them to a conclusion. The most important result of the recent field work, which was completed in 2022, is the stratigraphic disentanglement of the numerous ditches. The loess terrace, most likely, was initially divided by a ditch running across the terrain. This separating landscape feature may have been contemporaneous with the palisaded farmstead on the eastern edge of the study area. Later, the two rectangular ditched enclosures were constructed, probably the eastern one first. In another, more recent phase, they were joined together by connecting ditches to form a larger settlement complex. Already during the investigation, it was revealed that the middle one of the once assumed three rectangular farmsteads had never existed.
In addition, about 200 m further to the southwest, a similar double enclosure was discovered. Here, too, two rectangular enclosures were apparently joined by connecting ditches to form a larger settlement area in a more recent phase. About 5 km to the northeast, in the area of the hamlet Holzen not far from Altheim, a group of unconnected rectangular farmsteads dating from the Hallstatt period has recently been magnetically surveyed. These are characterised by a larger number of long, narrow pits indicating former house sites.
The following remarks focus on the latest excavation results and the role of the type of habitation known as Herrenhof in the Early Iron Age settlement system.
Does COVID-19 affect thyroid more than non-COVID-19 infections? A retrospective study
Authors: Ucal Yasemin , Serdar Muhittin , Karpuzoğlu Hande , Yurttutan Uyar Neval , Kilercik Meltem , Serteser Mustafa , Ozpinar Aysel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the thyroid hormone levels and infection markers in COVID-19 patients and compare them to those in non-COVID-19 patients with infection in a large retrospective dataset.

Methods
In this study, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones (free T3 and free T4), and several infection markers were reviewed. The study group was divided into three groups that had no thyroid-related disorders: control patients (Group 0; n=7,981), COVID-19 patients (Group 1; n=222), and non-COVID-19 patients with infection (Group 2; n=477). The data were assessed for correlation and group comparisons.

Results
There was a reduction in median (25th–75th percentile) fT3 levels in COVID-19 patients 4.17 pmol/L (3.46–4.85) compared to non-COVID-19 patients with infection 4.65 pmol/L (4.12–5.15), p<0.0001. We detected a negative correlation between fT3 and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in Group 1 (r=−0.534) and Group 2 (r=−0.346) (p<0.0001), indicating a relatively stronger link between fT3 and NLR in COVID-19 patients than non-COVID-19 patients with infection. Additionally, the fT3 levels remained significantly different between study groups when the model was adjusted for age, gender, and infection markers.

Conclusions
COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 infections are associated with low fT3 levels, which likely represent the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis from non-thyroidal illness syndrome.
Reading Romans 4 Backwards: Abraham Mirrored in His σπέρμα, Isaac
Authors: Sandnes Karl Olav 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This article argues that the different aspects at play in Rom 4 come together to depict Abraham as a paradigm, mirrored in both the Isaac story and in Ps 31 LXX. Abraham is not only an example of faith but also of how God justifies sinners. Abraham was ungodly, a trait that Paul develops in line with Rom 1,18–3,20 on universal sinfulness. The birth story of Isaac, his physical σπέρμα, illustrates how God makes the impossible possible and how the ungodly are reckoned righteous. Abraham trusts God, who calls into being what does not exist; in so doing, he mirrors the sinner in Ps 31, cited in Rom 4,7–8, who trusts and puts his hope in God.
No, Galatians 4:3 τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου Does Not Refer to a

Schmuck
Authors: Carlson Stephen C. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This note refutes a recent proposal that κόσμος in the phrase τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (“the elemental constituents/principles/spirits of the world”) in Gal 4:3 is a reference to the foreskin.