bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage involvement for successful degeneration of apoptotic organs in the colonial urochordateBotryllus schlosseri
Authors: Voskoboynik Ayelet , Rinkevich Baruch , Weiss Anna , Moiseeva Elizabeth , Reznick Abraham Z. 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYApoptosis is an important tool for shaping developing organs and for maintaining cellular homeostasis. In the colonial urochordate Botryllus schlosseri, apoptosis is also the hallmark end point in blastogenesis, a cyclical and weekly developmental phenomenon. Then the entire old generation of zooids are eliminated (resorbed) by a process that lasts 24–36 h. Administration of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) resulted in resorption being arrested by 1–8 days on average. At high doses(2.5–15.0 mg BHT l-1) resorption was completed only after removal of BHT. Colonies that were not removed in time, died. In treated colonies, although DNA fragmentation was high, tissues and organs that would normally have died, survived, and the general oxidative levels of lipids were reduced. Blood vessels were widened, containing aggregates of blood cells with a significantly increased proportion of empty macrophage-like cells without inclusion. In colonies rescued from BHT treatment, resorption of zooids started immediately and was completed within a few days. We propose three possible mechanisms as to how BHT may affect macrophage activity: (1) by interrupting signals that further promote apoptosis; (2) through the respiratory burst initiated following a phagocytic stimulus; and (3) by reducing lipid oxidation and changing cell surface markers of target cells. Our results point, for the first time, to the role of phagocytic cells in the coordination of death and clearance signals in blastogenesis.
Effect of polymorphic colour vision for fruit detection in the spider monkeyAteles geoffroyi, and its implications for the maintenance of polymorphic colour vision in platyrrhine monkeys
Authors: Riba-Hernández Pablo , Stoner Kathryn E. , Osorio Daniel 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYMost platyrrhine monkeys have an X-linked tri-allelic polymorphism for medium and long wavelength (M/L) sensitive cone photopigments. These pigments'sensitivity maxima (λmax) range from 535 to 562 nm. All animals also have an autosomally coded short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone pigment. In populations with three M/L alleles there are six different colour vision phenotypes. Heterozygous females have trichromatic colour vision, while males and homozygous females are dichromats. The selective basis for this polymorphism is not understood, but is probably affected by the costs and benefits of trichromatic compared to dichromatic colour vision. For example,it has been suggested that trichromats are better equipped than dichromats to detect fruit against a leaf background. To investigate this possibility, we modeled fruit detection by various colour vision phenotypes present in the frugivorous spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi. Our study population is thought to have three M/L alleles with cone pigment λmaxvalues close to 535, 550 and 562 nm. The model predicted that all trichromat phenotypes had an advantage over dichromats, and the 535/562 nm phenotype was best; however, the model predicted that dichromats could detect all of the fruit species consumed by spider monkeys. We conclude that the heterozygote advantage experienced by females may be the most plausible explanation for the maintenance of this polymorphism in A. geoffroyi. Nevertheless, more studies need to evaluate social foraging behaviour and the performance of different phenotypes of other New World monkeys to determine if this is a global explanation for this phenomena or more specific to A. geofforyi.
Interspecific and intraspecific views of color signals in the strawberry poison frogDendrobates pumilio
Authors: Siddiqi Afsheen , Cronin Thomas W. , Loew Ellis R. , Vorobyev Misha , Summers Kyle 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYPoison frogs in the anuran family Dendrobatidae use bright colors on their bodies to advertise toxicity. The species Dendrobates pumilio Schmidt 1858, the strawberry poison frog, shows extreme polymorphism in color and pattern in Panama. It is known that females of D. pumiliopreferentially choose mates of their own color morph. Nevertheless, potential predators must clearly see and recognize all color morphs if the aposematic signaling system is to function effectively. We examined the ability of conspecifics and a model predator to discriminate a diverse selection of D. pumilio colors from each other and from background colors. Microspectrophotometry of isolated rod and cone photoreceptors of D. pumilio revealed the presence of a trichromatic photopic visual system. A typical tetrachromatic bird system was used for the model predator. Reflectance spectra of frog and background colors were obtained, and discrimination among spectra in natural illuminants was mathematically modeled. The results revealed that both D. pumilio and the model predator discriminate most colors quite well, both from each other and from typical backgrounds, with the predator generally performing somewhat better than the conspecifics. Each color morph displayed at least one color signal that is highly visible against backgrounds to both visual systems. Our results indicate that the colors displayed by the various color morphs of D. pumilio are effective signals both to conspecifics and to a model predator.
Seasonality of energetic functioning and production of reactive oxygen species by lugworm (Arenicola marina)mitochondria exposed to acute temperature changes
Authors: Keller Martina , Sommer Angela Maria , Pörtner Hans O. , Abele Doris 
Published: June 2004

SUMMARYThe influence of seasonal and acute temperature changes on mitochondrial functions were studied in isolated mitochondria of the eurythermal lugworm Arenicola marina (Polychaeta), with special emphasis on the interdependence of membrane potential and radical production. Acclimatisation of lugworms to pre-spawning/summer conditions is associated with rising mitochondrial substrate oxidation rates, higher proton leakage rates, elevated membrane potentials, and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)in isolated mitochondria, compared with mitochondria from winter animals. However, a high ROS production was compensated for by higher activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, as well as lower mitochondrial densities in summer compared with winter animals. In summer animals, a higher sensitivity of the proton leakage rate to changes of membrane potential will confer better flexibility for metabolic regulation(mild uncoupling) in response to temperature change. These seasonal alterations in mitochondrial functions suggest modifications of energy metabolism in eurythermal and euryoxic organisms on intertidal mudflats during summer. In winter, low and less changeable temperatures in intertidal sedimentary environments permit higher respiratory efficiency at low aerobic metabolic rates and lower membrane potentials in A. marinamitochondria.
Preparation, Structural Properties, and Charge-Transfer Complexes of Novel Anthracenophanes
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Iwasaki Waka , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Sakata Kazunori 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Cyclophanes consisting of the anthracene unit and the aromatic component carrying various substituents at the inner or the outer position (anthracenophanes) have been synthesized. Their structures were characterized by the NMR and the X-ray analyses. NH–π interaction between the anthracene ring and the inner amino group on the opposite ring was observed in this cyclophane system. It has been found out that the λmax values of charge-transfer complexes of anthracenophanes with TCNE are closely related to transannular and NH–π interaction.
Theoretical Design of a New Optical Durable Molecular Switch
Authors: Mori Hirotoshi , Miyoshi Eisaku 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A new inorganic molecule that can be used as a new optical durable molecular switch was theoretically designed in the framework of density functional theory. Two energy minima were found in the molecule, and their electronic states were 1Ag and 5A1, respectively. The predicted infrared spectra in each state showed that the new inorganic molecule have quite different spectra. This means that the molecule can be used as an optical durable molecular switch.
Fiber-optic Detection of DNA Denaturation for SNP Analysis
Authors: Honda Kaori , Kondoh Yasumitsu , Kitsunai Tokuji , Nishi Katsuo , Tashiro Hideo 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A fiber-optic detection system for SNP analysis has been developed for monitoring the denaturation process of hybridized DNA strands on the end surface of an optical fiber. The probe DNA directly immobilized on the end surface of the fiber was hybridized to target DNA, and the denaturation process was measured. We determined the difference in melting temperature (Tm) between perfectly and SNP-matched probe-target hybrids by derivative analysis of the melting curves.
Palladium-catalyzed Stereospecific Epoxide-opening Reaction of γ,δ-Epoxy-α,β-unsaturated Esters with Boric Acid Leading to γ,δ-Diol Derivatives with Double Inversion of Configuration
Authors: Yu Xiao-Qiang , Hirai Atsushi , Miyashita Masaaki 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A new palladium-catalyzed epoxide-opening reaction of γ,δ-epoxy-α,β-unsaturated esters with boric acid has been developed, which proceeds stereospecifically giving rise to the corresponding γ,δ-diol derivatives with double inversion of the configuration, i.e., with retention of configuration, in excellent yields. The new method provides a useful tool in organic synthesis including natural product synthesis.
A New Reaction to ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Du Hongchu , Yuan Fangli , Huang Shulan , Li Jinlin , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A new reaction was developed to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles with nearly uniform, spherical morphologies and controlled size range from 25–100 nm via esterification between zinc acetate and ethanol under solvothermal condition. The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The reaction mechanism was directly testified by the existence of ethyl acetate in the finished reaction liquid.
Synthesis of Hexagonal Mesostructured FePO4 Using Cationic Surfactant as the Template
Authors: Zhu Shenmin , Zhou Haoshen , Hibino Mitsuhiro , Honma Itaru 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
An effective, fast, easy approach was reported for the first time to synthesize highly-ordered hexagonally mesostructured iron phosphate using cationic surfactant as the template.
Non-destructive Readout of the Photochromic Recording Using the IR Light in the Near Field
Authors: Saito Masaaki , Miyata Toshinobu , Murakami Akinori , Nakamura Shinichiro , Irie Masahiro , Uchida Kingo 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
An IR spectral difference of the isomers of a photochromic diarylethene derivative was successfully observed by a near field microscope. The near-field detection can be used for non-destructive readout of high-density photochromic recording of the derivative.
Drastic Enhancement of SCR of NO over Ir Catalyst through Formation of Metallic Iridium on Na-zeolite
Authors: Shibata Junji , Yoshida Hisao , Satsuma Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The co-existence of both CO and H2 and the use of Na-zeolite supports leads to effective NO reduction below 500 K for the SCR of NO over low loaded (0.5 wt %) Ir catalyst, which was attributed to the formation of metallic iridium species.
Supercritical Microemulsions as Nanoreactors for Manufacturing ZnS Nanophosphors
Authors: Kuo Te-Wen , Tung Chien-Yueh , Lin Yung-Chan , Jang Shyue-Ming 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The nanometer-sized zinc sulfide (ZnS) as a blue-emitting phosphor was prepared in a water-in-supercritical CO2 microemulsion. The nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM, and PL. XRD analysis shows that the average crystalline size of ZnS nanometer-scale samples is about 2–3 nm. Emission intensity of the ZnS nanophosphors obtained by the process is higher than that micrometer-sized ZnS.
Effect of Paramagnetic Fe3+ on T1H in PVA/montmorillonite-clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Asano Atsushi , Shimizu Miho , Kurotsu Takuzo 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The relation between T1H values of PVA/montmorillonite-clay nanocomposites and an iron content in a few different kinds of montmorillonite clays is examined. The T1H values for PVA in the PVA/montmorillonite-clay nanocomposites decreased drastically with the amount of the montmorillonite clay, and the decrement depends on the iron content in the montmorillonite clay.
Evaluation of the Relationship between the Catalyst Structure and Regio- as well as Stereoselectivity in the Chiral Ammonium Bifluoride–Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Silyl Nitronates to α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Morimoto Kumiko , Doda Kanae , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Unique relationship between the catalyst structure and regio- and stereoselectivity in the chiral quaternary ammonium bifluoride–catalyzed asymmetric addition of silyl nitronates to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes has been reported.
A Facile Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanorods Assisted by Myristic Acid
Authors: Nie Wei , An Lijia , Jiang Bingzheng , Ji Xiang-Ling 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A simple, productive, low-cost route has been developed to synthesize the high-quality 1-D nanorods of CdE (E = Se, Te) with 3–8 nm in diameter and 5–40 nm in length using myristic acid as a complexing agent. Moreover, the reaction is performed under mild conditions and relatively low temperatures. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns confirmed the CdE nanorods with wurtzite structure.
Template-Directed Electrodeposition of Lamellar Platinum Nanostructures
Authors: Zhao Ji K , Chen Xiao , Jiao Li Y , Chai Yong C , Zhang Guo D , Liu Jie 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A simple method for electrochemical deposition of lamellar platinum nanostructure templated by lyotropic liquid crystal phase is developed. Small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy are used to characterize the template and deposit, respectively. Results indicate that the deposition potential and electrolyte concentration have great effects on the morphology of the product.
Preparation of Deuterium Labelled Organophosphonium Salts (Wittig Salts) under Hydrothermal Condition Catalyzed by Molecular Sieves
Authors: Yamamoto Mitsuru , Oshima Koichiro , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Organophosphonium salt was converted into deuterium labelled ones under hydrothermal condition in the presence of molecular sieves. The hydrothermal condition can be obtained by either heating D2O in an autoclave or irradiating with microwave to D2O in a sealed vial.
Textur- und topologiebasierte Vektorfeldvisualisierung (Texture and Topology Based Vector Field Visualization)
Authors: Weiskopf Daniel , Scheuermann Gerik 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Vektorfeldvisualisierung mittels charakteristischer Linien, wie beispielsweise Stromlinien, basiert auf einer Teilchenverfolgung und ist somit von einer geeigneten Wahl von Teilchenstartpunkten abhängig. In diesem Artikel werden zwei Ansätze zur Lösung dieser Saatpunktproblematik beschrieben: erstens eine dichte, texturbasierte Repräsentation, die mit GPUs realisiert werden kann, und zweitens ein topologiebasierter Zugang.
Informationsvisualisierung: Methoden und Perspektiven (Information Visualization: Techniques and Perspectives)
Authors: Schumann Heidrun , Müller Wolfgang 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Informationsvisualisierung ist es, abstrakte Daten graphisch so zu repräsentieren, dass strukturelle Zusammenhänge und relevante Eigenschaften der Daten intuitiv erfasst werden können. Damit soll die Exploration unbekannter Datenmengen unterstützt werden. Aktuelle Methoden der Informationsvisualisierung adressieren die Darstellung von Strukturen oder Werteverteilungen massiv großer Datensätze sowie die Optimierung des Platzbedarfs bei der graphischen Ausgabe.
DFG-Schwerpunktprogramm “Basissoftware für selbstorganisierende Infrastrukturen für vernetzte mobile Systeme” (Middleware for Self-Organized Networked Mobile Systems)
Authors: Zitterbart Martina 
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung
Mobile Geräte können sich ohne Ausnutzung einer vorhandenen festen Kommunikationsinfrastruktur (wie zum Beispiel Mobilfunknetze oder das Internet) selbstorganisierend zu mobilen Ad-Hoc-Netzen zusammenschließen. Um in solchen Netzen auch attraktive Anwendungen und Dienste anbieten zu können, bedarf es einer geeigneten Middleware — heutige Strukturen sind für dieses Einsatzgebiet kaum geeignet. Im Rahmen des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms 1140 werden hierzu geeignete Methoden und Verfahren entwickelt und prototypisch evaluiert.
Tank Performance of Larval Saugeyes (Walleye × Sauger) Produced Out-of-Season and during Regular Season Spawning
Authors: Garcia-Abiado Mary Ann , Czesny Sergiusz , Dabrowski Konrad 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
In the north-central region of the United States, hybrid saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus [formerly Stizostedion vitreum] × male sauger S. canadense) have been recognized as an important species for recreational fisheries and as a potential aquaculture commodity. We compared the performance of larval saugeyes that were produced out of season with larvae produced during the regular spawning season using intensive rearing systems. Fertilized out-of-season and regular season saugeye eggs that were produced by crossing two Spirit Lake, Iowa, female walleyes and two Mississippi River male saugers were obtained from the Rathbun Hatchery, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Moravia. Out-of-season spawning was induced by light and photoperiod manipulation. Eyed eggs were air-shipped overnight at 10°C. First-feeding larvae (19,000 fish/tank) were stocked in six 800-L cylindrical tanks provided with turbid water to prevent cannibalism and with surface sprays to secure swim bladder inflation. The fish were fed exclusively with commercial diets (Fry Feed Kyowa B-400 and B-700 and Bio-Oregon starter diet). The specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor, and survival were compared between saugeyes reared out of season (50 d) and during the regular season (39 d). The mean SGR and survival of saugeyes from the out-of-season experiment were significantly lower than those of saugeyes from the regular season experiment (P &lt; 0.05), although the condition factor of the fish did not differ between the experiments. Significant differences in SGR were also observed between tank replicates, suggesting possible differences in the feeding responses of saugeyes within a tank system. Large discrepancies (40–43%) were observed between actual survival at the end of the rearing period and predicted survival based on counts of dead larvae siphoned from the tank bottom, suggesting the occurrence of cannibalism and the deterioration of larvae bodies prior to tank cleaning. The actual survival (12–19%) of larval saugeyes in both experiments shows some promise in the intensive rearing of saugeyes exclusively on dry feeds.
Habitat and Substrate Use in Reproduction of Captive Devils River Minnows
Authors: Gibson J R , Fries J N , Garrett G P 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The Devils River minnow Dionda diaboli is a threatened species once endemic to a portion of the Rio Grande drainage in western Texas and northern Mexico but now found only in the Devils River and San Felipe and Pinto creeks. Because little is known about the biology of this species, it is difficult to establish protocols for maintaining captive populations. We monitored the production of Devils River minnows in two laboratory culture systems containing four substrate types (rocks, gravel, sand, and Spawntex) within each of two habitat types (riffle and pool) that had two subhabitat types each (upper and lower riffle, covered and uncovered pool). A total of 38 adult fish (mean weight = 1.38 g; mean total length = 54 mm) were introduced into the two culture systems (19 fish each, approximately equal sex ratio) on 5 September 2001. From 18 September to 6 December, 2,269 young were removed. A significantly greater number (1,922; three-factor nested analysis of variance [ANOVA], Fisher's least-significant-difference tests, P ≤ 0.05) were in gravel substrate (2–5 cm diameter). However, no differences were found in the counts of young with respect to habitat or subhabitat type. The indoor culture of Devils River minnows is possible using gravel as a spawning substrate and, since parental stock can be manipulated, the technique can be used for establishing refugium populations and for augmenting wild populations.
Masculinization of Gynogenetic Northern Pike Juveniles Using 17 α-Methyltestosterone
Authors: Luczynski Marek J , Demska-Zakes Krystyna , Dabrowski Konrad , Luczynski Miroslaw 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Gynogenetic juveniles of northern pike Esox lucius were fed a dry diet supplemented with 17 α-methyltestosterone (MT) to reverse their phenotypic sex (i.e., masculinization). Successful sex reversal required that the fish (total length, 26–30 mm; wet weight, 0.14–0.19 g) be reared for 2 weeks at 22.0°C while being fed a diet supplemented with 20 or 30 mg MT/kg. The procedure resulted in the transformation of 77% and 87% of the gynogenetic fingerlings into functional males. Histological examination showed that the gonads and sperm ducts of all of the sex-reversed males were normally developed.
Effects of Air Diffusion Turbulent Flow on Nitrification Rate in Fixed-Film Biofilters: A Comparison Study
Authors: Zhu Songming , Chen Shulin 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration is often a key limiting water quality parameter in intensive aquaculture systems. Removing TAN through biological filtration is a major objective in the design of recirculating aquaculture systems. In this study, the effect of turbulent flow on nitrification rate was investigated using a reactor series system to improve nitrification efficiency by enhancing nutrient mass transfer. Nitrification performance of fixed-film biofilters was compared between the system with the diffusers placed inside the reactors (D-in) and that with the diffusers outside the reactors (D-out). The results indicated that the turbulence caused by diffused air had a substantial impact on the nitrification rate in the biofilters. When TAN concentration was not limited, the TAN removal rate in D-out reactors was 269 ± 58 mg/(m2 · d), only about 15% of that in the D-in reactors. These results suggest that increasing flow turbulence through air diffusion could be an effective way to improve the nitrification efficiency of fixed-film biofilters.