bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the origin of the high‐altitude electric field fluctuations in the auroral zone
Authors: Aikio A. T. , Blomberg L. G. , Marklund G. T. , Yamauchi M. 
Published: February 2004

Intense fluctuations in the electric field at high altitudes in the auroral zone are frequently measured by the Viking satellite. We have made an analysis of the origin of electric and magnetic fluctuations in the frequency range of 0.1 – 1 Hz by assuming four different sources for the signals: (1) spatial structures, (2) spatial structures with a parallel potential drop below the satellite, (3) traveling shear Alfvén waves, and (4) interfering shear Alfvén waves. We will show that these different sources of the signals may produce similar amplitude ratios and phase differences between the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. Since the different sources have different frequency dependencies, this can be used as an additional test if the signals are broadband. In other cases, additional information is needed, for example, satellite particle measurements or ground magnetic measurements.The ideas presented in the theory were tested for one Viking eveningside pass over Scandinavia, where ground‐based magnetometer and EISCAT radar measurements were available. The magnetic conditions were active during this pass and several interfering shear Alfvén waves were found. Also, a spatial structure with a parallel potential drop below the satellite was identified. The magnitude of the 10‐km‐wide potential drop was at least 2 kV and the upward field‐aligned current 26 μA m−2 (value mapped to the ionospheric level). The field‐aligned conductance was estimated as 1.3 − 2.2 × 10−8 S m−2.
Experimental melting curve of iron revisited
Authors: Anderson Orson L. , Duba Al 
Published: February 2004

With new experimental data presented in the last 2 years, it becomes possible to resolve conflicts in the data sets used in constructing the melting curve of iron,Tm(P). On the basis of these new data, several data sets have been dropped: theWilliams et al.[1987] melting curve up to 100 GPa and the Bass et al [1987] andYoo et al.[1993] shock‐wave‐derivedTm(P) in the 200–300 GPa range based on light emissivity measurements. TheBoehler[1993]Tm(P) curve to 200 GPa and theBrown and McQueen[1986] shock‐wave‐determinedTm(240) remain, leaving a gap between 240 and 330 GPa. We fill this gap using the Lindemann law of melting. The Lindemann law and the temperature values along theBrown and McQueen[1986] Hugoniot require the value of the Grüneisen ratio, γ; thus γ connectsTmat 330 GPa withTmfound for values of the Hugoniot. It is further shown that the heat of crystallization, ΔHm, is dependent on γ. Thus, through 7, a connection is made between the melting curve and the power generated within the inner core. The effect of all these connections of physical properties through γ leads us to recommend 5600–6500 K as theTmof iron at inner‐outer core boundary conditions.Though argument continues concerning the amount and nature of alloying elements, there remains little ground for doubting that both inner and outer cores consist mainly of iron.
Does reducing malaria improve household living standards?
Authors: Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: February 2004

SummaryLiving in malaria‐endemic regions places an economic burden on households even if they do not actually suffer an episode of malaria. Households living in endemic malarial regions are less likely to have access to economic opportunities and may have to modify agricultural practices and other household behaviour to adapt to their disease environment. Data from Vietnam demonstrate that reductions in malaria incidence through government‐financed malaria control programmes can contribute to higher household income for all households in endemic areas. Empirically, the roughly 60% decline in malaria cases over the 1990s in Vietnam translated to a $12.60 average improvement in annual consumption of all households, or a roughly $180 million annual economic benefit in the form of improved living standards.
Efficacy of chloroquine, amodiaquine, sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine and combination therapy with artesunate in Mozambican children with non‐complicated malaria
Authors: Abacassamo F. , Enosse S. , Aponte J. J. , Gómez‐Olivé F. X. , Quintó L. , Mabunda S. , Barreto A. , Magnussen P. , Rønn A. M. , Thompson R. , Alonso P. L. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThis paper reports a two‐phase study in Manhiça district, Mozambique: first we assessed the clinical efficacy and parasitological response of Plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine (CQ), sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ), then we tested the safety and efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria, of three combinations: AQ + SP, artesunate (AR) + SP and AQ + AR. Based on the WHO (1996, WHO/MAL/96.1077) in vivo protocol, we conducted two open, randomized, clinical trials. Children aged 6–59 months with axillary body temperature ≥37.5 °C and non‐complicated malaria were randomly allocated to treatment groups and followed up for 21 days (first and second trial) and 28 days (first trial). The therapeutic efficacy of AQ (91.6%) was better than that of SP (82.7%) and CQ (47.1%). After 14 days, 69% of the strains were parasitologically resistant to CQ, 21.4% to SP and 26% to AQ. Co‐administration of AQ + SP, AR + SP and AQ + AR was safe and had 100% clinical efficacy at 14‐day follow‐up. The combination therapies affected rapid fever clearance time and reduced the incidence of gametocytaemia during follow‐up.
Efficacy of sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine alone or combined with amodiaquine or chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ugandan children
Authors: Talisuna Ambrose O. , Nalunkuma‐Kazibwe Anne , Bakyaita Nathan , Langi Peter , Mutabingwa Theonest K. , Watkins William W. , Van Marck Eric , D'Alessandro Umberto , Egwang Thomas G. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThe rapid development of falciparum resistance to sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) in East and Central Africa has raised concerns as to the efficacy of combining it with another drug. In 2002, we assessed the efficacy of SP alone and combined with amodiaquine (AQ/SP) or chloroquine (CQ/SP) in Ugandan children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. At day 14, adequate clinical response was 100% (84/84) for AQ/SP, 93% (92/101) for CQ/SP and 91% (73/80) for SP. At day 28, parasitological failure (RI–RIII) occurred in 16% (13/80) of children treated with AQ/SP, in 48% (48/100) of those treated with CQ/SP and in 61% (48/79) of those treated with SP alone. Compared with the AQ/SP arm, the odds for parasitological failure at day 28 were five times higher (95% CI, 2–10) in the CQ/SP group and sevenfold higher (95% CI, 3–17) in that of SP alone. CQ/SP does not offer any significant added benefit over SP alone while AQ/SP is an efficacious low‐cost combination. These findings have important policy implications for Uganda and other resource‐constrained African countries faced with the problematic choice of a new first‐line antimalarial treatment in a context of high CQ resistance.
Post‐injury malaria: a risk factor for wound infection and protracted recovery
Authors: Sundet Mads , Heger Tove , Husum Hans 
Published: February 2004

SummaryObjective  To assess the impact of post‐injury falciparum malaria on morbidity parameters in Cambodia.Method  Retrospective study of 227 trauma patients managed at a surgical centre in Battambang, Cambodia.Results  Within 10 days of the injury, 42.7% of the study population developed symptomatic malaria. In patients with post‐injury malaria, the rate of wound infection was 36.1% compared with 10.0% in patients without symptomatic malaria (95% confidence interval for difference 15.2–36.9%). The average hospital stay in the post‐injury malaria group was 31.2 days compared with 19.4 days in the patients without the complication (95% confidence interval for difference 7.2–16.4 days).Conclusion  Symptomatic malaria after trauma is common in Cambodia. Post‐injury malaria seems to increase the risk of wound infection, delays postoperative recovery, and thus adds to the burden of trauma.
Out‐of‐pocket health expenditure and debt in poor households: evidence from Cambodia
Authors: Damme Wim Van , Leemput Luc Van , Por Ir , Hardeman Wim , Meessen Bruno 
Published: February 2004

SummaryObjectives  To document how out‐of‐pocket health expenditure can lead to debt in a poor rural area in Cambodia.Methods  After a dengue epidemic, 72 households with a dengue patient were interviewed to document health‐seeking behaviour, out‐of‐pocket expenditure, and how they financed such expenditure. One year later, a follow‐up visit investigated how the 26 households with an initial debt had coped with it.Results  The amount of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure depended mostly on where households sought care. Those who had used exclusively private providers paid on average US$103; those who combined private and public providers paid US$32, and those who used only the public hospital US$8. The households used a combination of savings, selling consumables, selling assets and borrowing money to finance this expenditure. One year later, most families with initial debts had been unable to settle these debts, and continued to pay high interest rates (range between 2.5 and 15% per month). Several households had to sell their land.Conclusions  In Cambodia, even relatively modest out‐of‐pocket health expenditure frequently causes indebtedness and can lead to poverty. A credible and accessible public health system is needed to prevent catastrophic health expenditure, and to allow for other strategies, such as safety nets for the poor, to be fully effective.
IgE‐binding components of cultured human keratinocytes in atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome and their crossreactivity with Malassezia furfur
Authors: Kortekangas‐Savolainen O. , Peltonen S. , Pummi K. , Kalimo K. , Savolainen J. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS) patients display immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactivity to several antigens, e.g. saprophytic yeasts as Malassezia furfur. AEDS patients also show IgE autoreactivity towards cells of their own tissue including epidermis.Purpose of the study:  The aim of this study was to investigate the IgE autoreactivity of AEDS patients to cultured keratinocytes and to reveal potential crossreacting epitopes in cultured keratinocytes and M. furfur.Material and methods:  Serum samples of 27 AEDS patients were analyzed, of these 13 were M. furfur radioallergosorbent test (RAST) positive and 14 negative. Four urticaria, three psoriasis, and seven nonatopic patients were included as controls. The studies were performed by using IgE immunoblotting and immunoblotting inhibition methods.Results:  Ten IgE‐binding protein bands were detected in cultured human keratinocytes by IgE immunoblotting using sera from adult AEDS patients. Anti‐keratinocyte IgE antibodies were more associated with elevated S‐IgE level than M. furfur RAST. Clear crossreactivity with M. furfur could not be shown.Conclusions:  The possible pathomechanism of anti‐keratinocyte IgE antibodies is not due to IgE epitope mimicry of saprophytic yeast and local tissue in AEDS skin.
Molecular analysis of sequence variants in the Fcɛ receptor I β gene and IL‐4 gene promoter in Italian atopic families
Authors: Rigoli L. , Di Bella C. , Procopio V. , Barberio G. , Barberi I. , Caminiti L. , La Grutta S. , Briuglia S. , Salpietro C. D. , Pajno G. B. 
Published: February 2004

Background:  The genetic variants in the Fcɛ receptor I β gene (Glu237Gly) and the T allele of the (C590T) polymorphism of interleukin (IL)‐4 gene promoter were reported to be associated with atopy. But the data of the studies in different populations are contrasting with one another.Methods:  A group of 25 Italian nuclear families were studied. In each family at least two allergic subjects were present. The allergic children were 65 and the allergic relatives were 35. One hundred and three nonallergic unrelated controls included outpatiens with no history of atopy. The (C590T) promoter polymorphism of the IL‐4 and the genetic variant Glu237Gly of Fcɛ RI β genes were analysed by the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.Results:  A significant difference was observed in the genotype frequency at codon 237 of the Fcɛ RI β gene between allergic children and nonatopic control (P < 0.01) and in the allergic relatives (P < 0.001). In the children, the Glu237Gly polymorphism was also associated with elevated circulating levels of immunoglobulin E. The ‐590C/T allele of IL‐4 promoter gene showed no association with atopy.Conclusions:  In our study, the Glu237Gly polymorphism of the Fcɛ RI β gene was associated with atopy. Our results have not pointed out an association between the (C590T) promoter polymorphism of the IL‐4 gene and atopy. These data suggest the potential role of the Fc RI β gene in the development of the allergy.
Basement membrane‐type heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) are co‐localized in granulation tissues: a possible pathogenesis of cholesterol granulomas in jaw cysts
Authors: Yamazaki Manabu , Cheng Jun , Hao Natsuko , Takagi Ritsuo , Jimi Shiro , Itabe Hiroyuki , Saku Takashi 
Published: February 2004

Background:  As perlecan contains a low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor‐like repeats in the second domain of its core protein, LDL may be bound to perlecan, which is rich in granulation tissues. We wanted to study if this is the case in the cyst wall of radicular cysts, which are often associated with cholesterol granuloma.Methods:  Thirty‐three specimens of radicular cyst with cholesterol granulomas were immunohistochemically examined for comparative localizations of perlecan, apoprotein B (apo B), and oxidized LDL (Ox‐LDL), and for mRNA expression levels for perlecan.Results:  Myxoid or edematous stroma of immature granulation tissues was strongly positive for perlecan and simultaneously for apo B and Ox‐LDL. Macrophages including foamy cells scattered in the granulation tissues were also immunopositive for Ox‐LDL and occasionally for apo B. In situ hybridization showed that fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes had strong signals for perlecan, which was also confirmed by RT‐PCR.Conclusion:  These results suggest that perlecan, which is abundantly produced and accumulated in the cyst wall of immature granulation tissue, traps Ox‐LDL locally, and that Ox‐LDL is phagocytosed by macrophages. Thus, LDL‐laden foamy macrophages are aggregated in the granulation tissue, and free cholesterol from ruptured macrophages may be concentrated locally to be crystallized, which may induce foreign body granulomas in the cyst wall.
Could a laptop computer plus the liquid crystal display projector amount to improved multimedia geoscience instruction?
Authors: Chang C.Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this study, a multimedia computer‐aided tutorial (MCAT) on the topic of debris‐flow hazards was developed for senior high‐school students in Taiwan. The format of the new course is a blend of whole‐class presentations, interactive discussions among the teacher and students, and classroom activities using the MCAT software. The whole‐class presentation was presented using both a laptop computer and a high‐resolution liquid crystal display projector to display the MCAT contents on a large white screen in front of a whole class. Besides, class discussions between the teacher and the students and among students were also embedded in the teaching format. Students' earth science learning outcomes were evaluated by administering an achievement test and a survey of attitudes towards the earth science subject before and after the course. The results indicated that MCAT accompanied by the current ‘interactive whole‐class teaching’ form could significantly help the students' grasp of earth science concepts and greatly improve their attitudes towards earth science.
Tools for the job: a report of two surveys of information and communications technology training and use for literacy in primary schools in the West of England
Authors: Waite S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSubstantial investment has been made in improving computer hardware and raising the profile of information and communications technology (ICT) in English primary schools in recent years, in line with the belief that skills in ICT are essential for our future workforce (DfEE/QCA 2000). This study compares practising teachers' responses in 1998 and 2001 to a questionnaire about the aims and uses of ICT in primary schools for literacy activities. It discusses the changes in what teachers want and their understanding of the task the government has given them to do. A commonly cited problem is finding time to absorb the new technology to maximise its pedagogic potential.
Realism in the design process and credibility of a simulation‐based virtual laboratory
Authors: Couture M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe credibility of an instructional simulation is the most important issue in distance education, where it may replace hands‐on activities. This credibility is based in large part upon verisimilitude, a perception strongly influenced by the simulation's realism. This paper presents a case study encompassing the design process of a simulation‐based virtual laboratory, which was guided by a realism principle, and an investigation of its credibility among potential users. We found that many characteristics of the environment associated with the design principle favoured its credibility, but that others had widely varying, even opposite, effects among users. A user's prior experience was shown to play a crucial but intricate role in verisimilitude and credibility judgements.
Influence of an injury reduction program on injury and fitness outcomes among soldiers
Authors: Knapik J J , Bullock S H , Canada S , Toney E , Wells J D , Hoedebecke E , Jones B H 
Published: February 2004

Objective:This study evaluated the influence of a multiple injury control intervention on injury and physical fitness outcomes among soldiers attending United States Army Ordnance School Advanced Individual Training.Methods:The study design was quasiexperimental involving a historical control group (n = 2559) that was compared to a multiple intervention group (n = 1283). Interventions in the multiple intervention group included modified physical training, injury education, and a unit based injury surveillance system (UBISS). The management responsible for training independently formed an Injury Control Advisory Committee that examined surveillance reports from the UBISS and recommended changes to training. On arrival at school, individual soldiers completed a demographics and lifestyle questionnaire and took an army physical fitness test (APFT: push-ups, sit-ups, and two mile run). Injuries among soldiers were tracked by a clinic based injury surveillance system that was separate from the UBISS. Soldiers completed a final APFT eight weeks after arrival at school.Results:Cox regression (survival analysis) was used to examine differences in time to the first injury while controlling for group differences in demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and physical fitness. The adjusted relative risk of a time loss injury was 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 1.8) times higher in the historical control men and 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.8) times higher in the historical control women compared with the multiple intervention men and women, respectively. After correcting for the lower initial fitness of the multiple intervention group, there were no significant differences between the multiple intervention and historical control groups in terms of improvements in push-ups, sit-ups, or two mile run performance.Conclusions:This multiple intervention program contributed to a reduction in injuries while improvements in physical fitness were similar to a traditional physical training program previously used at the school.
Motor vehicle driver injury and marital status: a cohort study with prospective and retrospective driver injuries
Authors: Whitlock G , Norton R , Clark T , Jackson R , MacMahon S 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To investigate the association of marital status with risk of motor vehicle driver injury.Design:A cohort study with prospective and retrospective outcomes.Setting:New Zealand.Participants:A total of 10 525 adults (a volunteer sample of a multi-industry workforce, n  =  8008; and a random sample of urban electoral rolls, n  =  2517).Exposure variable:Self reported marital status, assessed from a questionnaire administered in 1992–93 (baseline).Main outcome measure:Motor vehicle driver injury resulting in admission of the driver to hospital and/or the driver’s death, during the period 1988–98; hospitalisation and mortality data were obtained by record linkage to national health databases.Results:During 108 741 person-years of follow up, 139 driver injury cases occurred (85 before baseline, 54 after). After adjustment for age, sex, and study cohort, never married participants had twice the risk of driver injury (hazard ratio [HR] 2.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35 to 3.16) as married participants (HR 1.00). The relative risk for never married participants was slightly higher (HR 2.29), though less precise (95% CI 1.39 to 3.76), after further adjustment for alcohol intake, driving exposure, area of residence, body mass index, and occupational status.Conclusions:After taking age, sex, and other variables into account, never married people had a substantially higher risk of driver injury than married people. While requiring corroboration, these findings imply that it may be appropriate for driver injury countermeasures to be targeted to never married people.
How well do we investigate patients with suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage? The continuing need for cerebrospinal fluid investigations
Authors: Schofield M L A , Lorenz E , Hodgson T J , Yates S , Griffiths P D 
Published: February 2004

Abstract

Objective
To demonstrate the extent of compliance with established guidelines for the investigation of suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and the implications of non-compliance.

Design
Prospective observational study of practice in three hospitals in the Trent region.

Setting
One teaching hospital with a tertiary neuroscience referral centre and two large district general hospitals.

Participants
50 consecutive patients from each centre referred for suspected SAH with negative computed tomography.

Main outcome measures
Diagnosis of SAH confirmed or excluded according to guidelines.

Results
When the data from the three centres were combined (n = 150 computed tomography negative cases) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) investigation was not performed in 60/150 (40%). In the 90 cases where CSF studies were performed SAH was confirmed in 11 (12%).

Conclusion
There is significant non-compliance in following the established guidelines for the investigation of SAH at the centres studied. As the primary cause of non-traumatic SAH is ruptured aneurysm, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality from second haemorrhage, this highlights a major source of concern for clinical governance.