bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. , Halley Charles R. L. , Kemp Jarold E. 
Published: June 2004

Syphilitic rabbits, whether untreated or treated after the 90th day of infection, were found to be more refractory to subsequent inoculation with the homologous strain of Treponema pallidum than to inoculation with heterologous strains of the same organism, when clinical criteria alone were employed in judging the outcome of reinoculation. The incidence of second infection with homologous strains was 5.4 per cent, as against 50 per cent with heterologous strains.2 The resistance which develops in rabbits during the course of a syphilitic infection appears therefore to be strain-specific rather than species-specific. The protection afforded against homologous strains was found to persist for at least as long as 6 months after treatment was discontinued.
A given strain may afford a higher degree of protection against some strains than against others, but whether this is to be explained upon the basis of biologic relationship or of differences in virulence, or possibly as the result of both of these factors was not disclosed by the experiments. Rabbits infected with a strain (Nichols) which had been adapted to this species for over a decade could be infected with strains which had been recovered recently from the human body. The previous existence of a syphilitic lesion in the testis which was used as the site for reinoculation did not seem to exert any influence upon the incidence of successful second infections obtained with heterologous strains of Treponema pallidum. Sometimes the course of the second infection produced by inoculation with heterologous strains was less pronounced than that observed in the controls, but in most instances no significant alteration was observed.
In syphilitic rabbits treated late in the course of the disease and reinoculated with heterologous strains of Treponema pallidum no lesion may develop at the site of reinoculation but nevertheless the Wassermann reaction may become positive and remain so for weeks thereafter. It is suggested that such animals may be examples of asymptomatic reinfection.
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Robertson Oswald H. , Sia Richard H. P. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the pneumococcidal action of serum-leucocyte mixtures of pneumococcus-resistant animals with a view to determining whether this property of the blood is to be accounted for by the presence of certain serum constituents or by cellular characteristics which are lacking in the blood of susceptible animals. By means of a method specially developed for this purpose, it was found that, after adequate contact with the serum of pneumococcus-resistant animals, virulent pneumococci were phagocyted actively not only by the homologous leucocytes but also by the leucocytes of other resistant and susceptible animals. On the other hand, pneumococci exposed to the action of the serum of pneumococcus-susceptible animals were not taken up by the leucocytes of either the resistant or susceptible species. All the resistant animals tested, dog, cat, sheep, pig and horse, showed marked opsonic properties in their blood serum which were not found in the serum of susceptible ones, rabbit, guinea pig and human. There appeared, however, to be no essential difference in the phagocytic activity of the leucocytes from the various animals.
It was then shown that the pneumococcus-destroying power of serum-leucocyte mixtures was entirely abolished when heated serum was substituted for fresh serum and that such heated serum had lost much of its opsonic potency. Neither the living leucocytes alone nor extracts of the leucocytes were observed to exert any killing action on pneumococci. Further evidence of the controlling influence of opsonic action in the antipneumococcus defence mechanism of the blood, and its importance in natural resistance, was afforded by a study of the opsonin content and leucocytic functions of the blood of full grown and young rabbits as related to their widely varying degrees of pneumococcus susceptibility.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Extensive acute, fibrinopurulent meningitis may be produced in dogs by the intracisternal injection of virulent Type I pneumococci.
2. Given an equal number of virulent infecting organisms, the rate of establishment of infection depends upon the phase of growth and the quantitative growth per cc. of culture plus an uncontrollable individual factor in the animal.
3. The pathology of pneumococcal meningitis is discussed. It resembles very closely the similar disease in man.
4. Systematic lavage and treatment with optochin-serum mixtures by the method of quadruple puncture, as described above, have resulted in cures of Type I pneumococcal meningitis in dogs.
5. The important factor in obtaining cures is to bring all regions of the meninges into frequent contact with the therapeutic agent.
6. In the absence of such contact, incomplete sterilization results and "reinfection" is almost inevitable.
7. Protocols show the necessity of repeated negative cisternal fluids, both on smear and on culture, before sterilization can be assured.
8. Recovered dogs subjected to meningeal reinfection show some degree of resistance.
THE SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE NORMAL RABBIT MEASURED BY A SLIGHTLY MODIFIED VAN LEERSUM METHOD
Authors: Dominguez R. 
Published: June 2004

The blood pressure and pulse rate of 90 normal rabbits have been studied for various periods of time, from 1 day (accidental death interrupting the observation) to 15 months. The main data are presented in a table containing the blood pressure and pulse rate on the 1st day of observation, the maximum and minimum of both during the entire period of observation of each animal, together with the sex and weight of the animal. Separate tables are given showing the distribution of blood pressure, pulse rate and the "maximum" blood pressure by animals. Detailed data on two animals observed for the longest time are given in tabular form. The anatomical changes that occur in some carotids enclosed in a loop are described and discussed. Considerations on "excitement" and pathological conditions which arise spontaneously in rabbits are given. A criterion for a pathologically high blood pressure in rabbits is proposed.
The blood pressure of the normal rabbit ranges between 70 and 170 mm. Hg. The pulse rate, taken simultaneously with the blood pressure, fluctuates between 112 and 300 per minute.
STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Dochez A. R. , Stevens Franklin A. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits immunized with filtrates of cultures of hemolytic streptococcus from erysipelas show cutaneous allergy. Two periods of allergy have been observed, an early and a late phase. The earliest reactions occurring in the first period of allergy can be neutralized with erysipelas immune sera.
The rash of scarlet fever and the Dick reaction are apparently allergic reactions to products of Streptococcus scarlatinæ.
THE RHYTHMIC RANGE OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN HUMAN, PATHOLOGICAL LEUCOPENIC AND LEUCOCYTIC STATES, WITH A STUDY OF THIRTY-TWO HUMAN BONE MARROWS
Authors: Doan Charles A. , Zerfas Leon G. 
Published: June 2004

In a study of twenty clinical cases with a wide range of diagnoses, repeated total counts of the white cells at 15 minute intervals reveal a large fluctuation at various levels comparable to that found for the normal (1, 2). The granulocytes seem to follow a more or less hourly rhythm, the most marked shift to the left in the Ameth pattern and the moment of greatest percentage of motility coinciding with the peaks.
The independence found existing between the peripheral blood concentrations of individual strains of white cells and the red cells, as determined by total and differential counts, their differential response to pathological and pharmacological stimuli, and their normal relative relations, all indicate some separate physiological mechanism of control for each type of cell, either working through, or independently of, their sources of origin.
The many factors to which the circulation of the blood, as such, is subject, the complexity of the influences on origin, maturation, delivery, longevity, and destruction of each cell group, the limitations inherent in the present involved, indirect technics of counting, combine to make any single observation subject to grave misinterpretation. The value to the clinician must come in repeated observations, at times when the diagnosis or a therapeutic procedure is in doubt, at frequent intervals, at other times over longer or shorter periods, but always with the relation between consecutive counts, rather than the absolute values, the important point for consideration.
Both the red and the white cells probably change their relative concentrations in the peripheral blood from time to time over a considerable range that is quite within normal physiological limits, so that, in theoretical considerations and in practical functional estimations, a zonal concept with adequate individual extremes should always be kept in mind for both physiological and pathological states.
A cytological analysis of thirty-two bone marrows from human biopsy and autopsy material shows the striking reciprocity found to exist between the myelocytes and the mature polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This, together with the observed focal uniformity of maturation found in bone marrow, and the periodicity of the fluctuations of the neutrophils in the peripheral blood, leads to the formulation of the hypothesis of a constant functional withdrawal of granulocytes from the peripheral blood with a periodic delivery of new cells from the marrow, which in leucopenia and in leucocytosis represents a depression or a stimulation, respectively, of the normal mechanism. The nature and degree of the response are an approximate index of the cellular factor in the complex of the "resistance" of the particular individual.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V. 
Published: June 2004

1. Prevention of the access of air to one lung, while its circulation is intact, results in little, if any, change in the rate of heating of the lung by the diathermy current.
2. Occlusion of a main branch of the pulmonary artery during the flow of the current results in a sudden rise in temperature in the lung whose artery has been occluded, with subsequent heating, however, at the original rate. Under these circumstances death of the animal is accompanied by a precipitous rise in the temperature of both lungs.
3. When the pulmonary veins as well as the artery to one lung are ligated the circulation through the bronchial vessels is also stopped. Diathermy then results in a local rise in temperature in the lung equivalent to that seen in the other lung after death.
A STUDY OF THE PERIVASCULAR TISSUES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, WITH THE SUPRAVITAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Kubie Lawrence S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The presence of clasmatocytes in the adventitial sheath of the blood vessels of the normal brain has been shown. Thus far, these are the only mesodermal phagocytes, the presence of which in the central nervous system has proven to be demonstrable by the supravital technique.
2. The clasmatocytes are vacuolated even normally.
3. The vacuolation increases in the clasmatocytes of the whole brain as result of a localized injury, and it increases also throughout the central nervous system in the early stages of an herpetic encephalitis, even before gross damage to nerve cells or myelin can be demonstrated.
4. The endothelial cells of blood vessels have not exhibited any signs of multiplication or of vacuolation. They have not apparently given rise to any of these phagocytes, nor taken any part in the phagocytic reaction themselves.
5. Along capillaries, the phagocytic cells are seen only rarely, and it is possible that they have wandered along these vessels from the nearby venules and arterioles.
6. Trypan blue, injected without pressure into the subarachnoid space, finds its way rapidly down the perivascular sheath and enters the clasmatocytes of the sheath, deep within the substance of the brain. From this fact may be deduced the functional patency of the perivascular channels and their continuity with the subarachnoid space.
7. Lymphocytes are seen normally in the perivascular sheath, and the presence of the large young forms along with the intermediate and the small old cells suggests that they develop in this situation and give rise to the lymphocytes of the cerebrospinal fluid by wandering out into the subarachnoid space.
8. In response to an herpetic encephalitis, as well as other injury, a huge increase in the number of lymphocytes and of clasmatocytes occurs in the perivascular tissues.
9. The multiplication of both cell types seems to begin simultaneously, but never at the same spot, any one point along a vessel exhibiting a marked preponderance of either one form or the other.
10. The resting clasmatocytes cannot readily be differentiated from any other fusiform cell in sections of fixed tissues; while the lymphocyte may appear, in such sections, as an apparently isolated small round mononuclear cell, with no visible relation to the perivascular apparatus.
THE RELATION OF MONOCYTES AND CLASMATOCYTES TO EARLY INFECTION IN RABBITS WITH BOVINE TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Doan Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The early reaction to intravenous tubercular infection in the various organs of the rabbit reveals a pathognomonic response in the lungs within 24 hours; the specific response in the liver, spleen, lymph glands, and bone marrow, follows from the 6th to the 14th days.
2. The development and extent of the pathologic process has been analyzed in terms of the activity of monocytes and clasmatocytes.
3. The criteria for differentiating these mononuclear phagocytic cells into two strains have been analyzed and the technics discussed.
4. The clasmatocyte phagocytizes tubercle bacilli freely and fragments them, as it does all cellular and other debris.
5. The monocyte stimulated to metamorphose into the typical epithelioid and giant cell of the Langhans type retains the tubercle bacilli intact, with power to survive and multiply, over long periods of time.
6. The normal number of monocytes or the degree to which monoblasts may be stimulated to development and maturation, together with the activity of the clasmatocytes in destroying bacilli, in any particular region, would appear to be a function of the rapidity and extent of the local tubercular involvement.
THE BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN RABBITS TO THE PROTEIN AND PHOSPHATIDE FRACTIONS FROM THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Sabin Florence R. , Doan Charles A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The clasmatocyte, the cell with the power of fragmenting tubercle bacilli, the cell making the lesion of the so called interstitial pneumonia, has been shown to be the overwhelming response to the special protein fractions, 304 and 903. Multiple hemorrhages, high fever, and toxicity have marked the use of these fractions in every instance.
2. The epithelioid and the giant cell of the Langhans type, making typical tubercular tissue, have been the massive and specific response of the peritoneal cavity to intraperitoneal injections of the phosphatide fractions, A-3 and A-4. These fractions have been entirely non-toxic in the dosages used.
THE EFFECT OF SERUM UPON THE GERMICIDAL ACTION OF SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Far more information about the effect of serum or other substances upon the germicidal action of soaps can be obtained by determining the germicidal titers over a wide range of pH than by determining the titer at a single pH. In this way a characteristic curve for each test substance is obtained.
2. The curve for a particular concentration of serum bears a definite relationship to the curve for salt solution (buffer) alone. Wherever the titer in salt solution is high, very small amounts of serum greatly diminish that titer. Wherever the titer in salt solution is low, small amounts of serum leave the titer unchanged. Thus small additions of serum flatten the curves and make them more nearly horizontal. If further large amounts of serum are added, a further reduction in titer takes place at all reactions.
3. The calcium of serum has only a very slight effect upon the soap titer.
4. The protein of serum is probably inhibitory to soaps; but the curve for partially defatted serum, and the curves for other protein substances tested, do not run parallel to the serum-soap curves.
5. The various lipoids that are known to be present in serum are inhibitory to the action of soaps, both as emulsions and as clear solutions.
6. The action of serum upon soaps may be regarded as a complex reaction, in which lipoids, protein, and, to a lesser extent, calcium salts take part. Their effect is due to the fact that these substances, by combining with the soaps, remove them from the field of germicidal action.
THE INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN-FREE LIVER AND SPLEEN EXTRACTS ON THE BLOOD REGENERATION AND RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE OF ANEMIC RABBITS
Authors: Jeney A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Respiratory exchange measurements may be used for gaining further evidence concerning the body changes during anemia, and are complementary to the hematological and histological data.
2. The heat production during anemia was slightly decreased. At the 3rd week it began to rise.
3. A protein-free liver extract has accelerated blood regeneration and at the same time increased the respiratory exchange of anemic animals.
4. A protein-free spleen extract has distinctly lowered the respiratory exchange of normal animals. The metabolism of anemic animals thus treated was practically the same as before bleeding and treatment.
The recovery of the spleen extract-treated animals was not complete during the period of observation. This extract may have been somewhat toxic. In spite of this disturbing factor we are not inclined to accept the view of C. D. and E. W. Leake (15) and Thalhimer (16) that the spleen takes part in the stimulating effect upon blood regeneration when given in combination with red bone marrow by mouth.
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND METAPLASIA
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Benischek Maria 
Published: June 2004

Of nineteen rats on a complete diet (Group III, Diet + C. L. O.), none showed foci of squamous keratinizing epithelium in abnormal situations.
Of twenty-six rats on a diet deficient in vitamins A and D (Group I, Diet—A–D), twenty-three showed metaplastic changes of varying degree in one or more organs; the metaplasia was of columnar, cuboidal, and transitional epithelium to the squamous keratinizing type.
Of eighteen rats on a diet deficient in vitamin A alone (Group II, Diet—A), seventeen showed epithelial metaplasia similar to that of Group I in one or more organs.
In Groups I (Diet—A–D) and II (Diet—A) the changes occurred in one or more of the following organs: trachea, large bronchi, small bronchi or bronchioles in lung, posterior nares, accessory salivary glands of base of tongue, paraocular, submaxillary, sublingual, and parotid glands, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder. The metaplastic changes were as extensive in the rats of Group II on a diet deficient in vitamin A alone as in those of Group I which received a diet deficient in vitamins A and D.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L. , Gaspari Emidio L. 
Published: June 2004

The following modifications of the antigen (pneumococcus hemotoxin) were studied: (1) the hemolytically active (reduced) substance; (2) the hemolytically inactive, reversible oxidation product; (3) the inactive irreversible products formed by treatment With high concentrations of H2O2; (4) the inactive products formed by heat. The antibody-invoking property of the reversibly oxidized form seemed to be identical with that of the original, hemolytically active or reduced form; neither of the other two hemolytically inactive products invoked antibody production. The same modifications of the antigen which exhibited the antibody-invoking property in vivo possessed the antibody-combining property in vitro; and the modifications which lacked the one property also lacked the other. Evidence is presented that the groups of the hemotoxin molecule in which the true antigenic properties are resident are not necessarily altered by processes which inactivate the groupings responsible for the toxic (hemolytic) action of the original antigen. The lack of antigenic properties on the part of the other two hemolytically inactive modifications is evidence that the treatment employed to alter the toxic property of the molecule must be properly chosen to avoid profound changes which affect the antigenically effective groupings. From an immunological point of view, the reversibility of the antigenically effective oxidation product of pneumococcus hemotoxin is important as an index that the loss of toxicity (hemolysis) was accomplished without a profound change in the molecule.
The theoretical significance of the antigenicity of non-toxic modifications of toxic antigens is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Fleming William L. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The investigation dealt particularly with the combination of pneumococcus hemotoxin with red blood cells. The reduced or hemolytically active form of the hemotoxin was known to possess the property of erythrocyte combination. The results obtained in this study indicate that the hemolytically inactive, reversibly oxidized form exists in two different modifications; one retains the property of erythrocyte combination while the other lacks this property.
The influence of the combining property of the hemotoxin upon the mechanism of hemolysis and upon the inhibition of the hemolytic reaction was also investigated.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L. , Gaspari Emidio L. 
Published: June 2004

The investigation deals with the immunological differentiation of the hemotoxin and the "protein fraction" of Pneumococcus, and with a like differentiation of the antihemotoxin and the antiprotein precipitins. The distinction is made upon the basis of the following evidence: (1) The antigenic (antibody-invoking and antibody-combining) properties of the hemotoxin were destroyed by heat and oxidation treatments which did not cause the loss of the antigenic effectiveness of the "protein fraction." (2) The removal of the hemotoxin from pneumococcus solutions by combination with erythrocytes caused no loss in the capacity of the solution to invoke the production of antiprotein precipitins nor in its capacity to react with antiprotein immune serum.
Titrations of the antihemotoxin content of antipneumococcus horse serum (both diagnostic and therapeutic) indicated that the heating treatment of the immunization material is the most important factor in determining the antihemotoxin content of the immune sera obtained from horses, as well as of that from rabbits.
A distinction was also made between the hemotoxin and the toxic substances ("endotoxin") which cause the acute anaphylactoid death of rabbits.