bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifications
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to consider the possible identification and location of the cities described as Alexandrias, or associated names, as recorded by the Alexander-historians and the geographers. No attempt is made to discuss the identifications proposed for cities recorded only in the Alexandrian or Iranian lists, which, for the reasons explained in Chapters I and II, I disregard in this context. The historicity of the foundations under consideration in this chapter does not depend on their exact locations, and it has not been my aim to undertake a fresh study of the material from that point of view, though I have naturally indicated my own views on some of these very perplexing and, for the most part, insoluble topographical questions. I must also stress that, at the expense perhaps of the coherence of the narrative, I have entered only where necessary into the difficult problems of movement and logistics which form an essential part of the history of the campaigns themselves, since my focus is not on Alexander’s military operations but on his foundations.
General Assessment of Alexander’s Foundations
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several features seem to recur constantly as factors in the foundations, which provide us with an indication of Alexander’s purpose in founding cities. In assessing this evidence we leave on one side the numerous forts and temporary garrisons, the construction of which was a recurrent feature of operations throughout the years of campaigning, and which are frequently referred to by the historians. There is no suggestion in our sources that these were planned as urban communities, and they may be omitted from our discussion. In general it seems clear that Alexander’s urban settlements-sometimes, but not always, named by himself after himself-fall into specific groups, or fulfil certain regular functions, in the whole region which he traversed in a vast arc between the first eastern settlement at Herat to the last, near the emergence of the Tigris and Euphrates. It is naturally uncertain how much we can discover of the intentions of an individual of such unique energy and purpose, when they go largely unrecorded, but it is legitimate to draw conclusions from the few motives attributed to him by his historians, and to infer some general principles from what appear to be constant features of his activities in this connection.
Epilogue
Authors: Fraser P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Brief assessment of the various data concerning Alexander’s foundations may be summarily presented here, before turning to consider the immediately subsequent history of the cities he founded. By way of recapitulation, then, it may be stated, as the central thesis of this study, that the lists of cities named Alexandria as recorded in the Romance and texts which derive from it, either through use of it in a different context (as the Excerpta Barbari and the Paschal Chronicle) or in directly derived versions of the Romance itself, are independent material belonging to an earlier period than the a-version of the Romance, like the Corpus of Letters of Alexander, the Testament, the Rhodian pamphlet, and one or two other elements, and to be regarded as essentially fabrications which were inserted into the a-version when that was compiled from the various fictitious and tendentious Alexander-pamphlets circulating in Alexandria, of which this list of Alexandrias was one. At a later date, the Iranian tradition emerges, both in the Romance and outside it, in which Alexander is credited with the foundation both of cities known from Sassanian sources and, later, of other cities notable in the early history of Muslim culture. If we reject these lists, and also some (but not all) of the Alexandrias recorded by Stephanus of Byzantium, we are left, for historical consideration, with those recorded by the Alexander-historians and the geographers whose sources are either derived from the bematists and writers of stathmoi, or (and here we think particularly of Eratosthenes) combine their information with other Hellenistic material.
Praising the Ancestors: Laudationes and other Orations
Authors: Flower Harriet I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE climax of the funeral spectacle was the eulogy (laudatio) delivered from the speaker’s platform (rostra) in the Forum. We are poorly informed about funeral speeches because only a few meagre fragments survive and the genre is not discussed in ancient rhetorical writings. Nevertheless, its role and importance within Roman society needs to be explored because it formed a cornerstone of family self-advertisement and influence. The eulogy provided the occasion for the parade of imagines into the middle of the city and was the high point of the public part of the funeral ceremonies. It also offered a commentary on the procession of imagines and enabled the family to present the career of its newly deceased member in the context of the achievements of his ancestors. The actors wearing the imagines re-enacted past events and personalities and illustrated the subject-matter of the eulogy.
The Account of the Regal Period in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Antiquitates Romanae
1
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysius’ strongly idealized vision of the regal period raises again questions concerning belief in historical reconstructions. Dionysius’ critics, of whom there have been many, have supposed that his praise of Rome was essentially the work of a propagandist, and that Dionysius’ rhetorical interests were to blame for his failure to follow the most basic tenets of historical method. In order to explain the processes whereby Dionysius passed off an idealization as true history, I shall examine precisely what lies behind his characterization of the regal period: what he thinks the regal period was like and in what way he conveys this in his narration. Thereafter, I shall adduce his views on historiography, in order to understand more precisely the theoretical framework upon which his idealization is based, and to observe in greater detail how ideas of historical composition are manifested in the narrative account. I demonstrate that it was not through stupidity or intellectual limitation that Dionysius produced his idealization: rather that, although his account appears to take little notice of modern conceptions of historical composition, it does fit very closely into a system of historiography which had its own logic, a knowledge of which can lead to a better understanding of how all idealizing historical accounts function.
Introduction
Authors: Fear A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman province of Baetica was created in c.16 BC by the emperor Augustus from part of the old republican province of Hispania Ulterior. In modern terms it comprised most of the present-day Spanish province of Andalusia and the southern part of that of Extremadura. It comes as a surprise to many to learn that, after Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe. The Iberian peninsula is one of strong geographical contrasts, and perhaps Baetica, though often portrayed as simply a lowland region given over to arable farming and arboriculture, demonstrates this more than any other region of the country. An analysis of the development and the nature of life in the province must take into account the radically contrasting landscapes found there, and examine the evidence in terms not of a unitary whole, but of the various natural geographical areas into which the region is divided.
The Flavian Municipal Law: Peregrini, Cives Latini, and Cives Romani
Authors: Gives Latini Peregrini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any discussion of the extent of Roman-style urbanization and practices in Baetica in the early imperial period must centre to a large degree on an examination and assessment of Vespasian’s grant of the ius Latii to Hispania and its consequent impact on provincial life. Our evidence for the grant is twofold: literary and epigraphic. Unfortunately, despite the importance of the event, our only literary record is a brief afterthought at the end of Pliny’s account of the Iberian peninsula which ironically renders redundant most of what he has said previously about the legal status of the various communities there. Nevertheless Pliny’s notice does show us that the grant gave a right which had previously been enjoyed by very few towns in the region to all communities there.
Dionysian Imagery in Fifth-Century Athens
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysian Imagery in Fifth-Century Athens is a response to the question, `What can surviving visual sources reveal about fifth-century Attic perceptions of Dionysos?' In this sequel to his book Dionysian Imagery in Archaic Greek Art (1986), Thomas Carpenter defines a methodology for using ancient Greek imagery as evidence for cultural and religious activity based on an empirical rather than theoretical approach. Red-figure vases provide the richest source of Dionysian iconography, but the significant volume of evidence supplied by architectural sculpture, coins, and the theatre also demands attention. The conclusions that Carpenter draws from his extensive study challenge commonly-held views about the meaning of Dionysian imagery: women depicted with the god in red-figure vase scenes are demonstrated to be semi-divine nymphs rather than human `maenads' and cannot be seen as evidence for maenadic practices in Attic cults; although many fifth-century depictions are mock-heroic, the Dionysos of the comic theatre is never represented, nor is the god ever dressed in feminine clothing. It is also argued that the introduction of accessories associated with ecstatic worship in Dionysian scenes can be explained with reference to narratives rather than attributed to cult practices. While seeking to unravel the important social and cultural implications of this religious imagery, Carpenter takes care to point out the problems inherent in the evidence available for scrutiny.
Bacchae and Frogs
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After vase painting, Euripides’ Bacchae is the richest source of Dionysian imagery to survive from fifth-century Athens. When the play was pro duced, Dionysian narratives had already appeared on Attic vases for more than a century and a half, and the death of Pentheus itself had appeared on them for nearly a century. Presumably an Athenian attending the performance would have been familiar with other images connected with the god and might also have seen other versions of the Pentheus story in the theatre. He might recently have attended the performance of Aristophanes’ Frogs where Dionysos was also a central character.
Conclusion
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For fifth-century Athenians the name Dionysos would have had a multitude of associations coming from many sources: from poetry, the theatre, traditional tales, vases, sculpture, monumental painting, and cult to name a few of the more tangible ones. The incarnate Dionysos who appears in images usually has a human form, and extant evidence (literary and archaeological) allows the conclusion that some Athenians might have recognized three broad categories into which representations of the anthropomorphic Dionysos fit: the mythic, the comic, and the cultic. Failure to recognize the differences between these forms has led to much scholarly confusion in the past as attempts have been made to patch together a whole Dionysos from contradictory bits of evidence.
Horace’s Narrative Odes
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narrative has not traditionally been a subject in the analysis of lyric poetry. This book deconstructs the polarity that divides and binds lyric and narrative means of representation in Horace's Odes. While myth is a canonical feature of Pindaric epinician, Horace cannot adopt the Pindaric mode for aesthetic and political reasons. Roman Callimacheanism's privileging of the small and elegant offers a pretext for Horace to shrink from the difficulty of writing praise poetry in the wake of civil war. But Horace by no means excludes story-telling from his enacted lyric. On the formal level, numerous odes contain narration. Together they constitute a larger narrative told over the course of Horace's two lyric collections. Horace tells the story of his development as a lyricist and of the competing aesthetic and political demands on his lyric poetry. At issue is whether he can ever truly become a poet of praise.
Social Distinctions
Authors: Dickey Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have discussed all the major types of address which occur in the works surveyed. Some facets of the way the Greek address system worked, however, cannot easily be seen from a discussion of the individual terms, since they concern certain types of speakers or addressees who use or receive a number of different kinds of address. In this chapter we shall examine selected groups of speakers and addressees to determine their usage of various terms.
The Theory of the Mixed Constitution at Rome
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of the theory of the mixed constitution to Rome in the works of Polybius and Cicero can be properly appreciated only in the light of the origins of the theory in classical Greece, where the one full exposition surviving to us is to be found in Aristotle’s Politics. The problems in Aristotle’s treatment require a separate discussion, and the reader here must be content with summal): But this too must be briefly set in its historical context.
Varro and the Antiquarianism of Philosophy
Authors: Tarver* Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiquarianism and philosophy: it may seem odd that these two things could have much, if anything, in common. At least at first sight, that is. But the impact of Greek ideas and philosophical techniques on Rome in the late Republic and early Empire was not only part of that larger cultural interaction which we have come to call ·Hellenization’, but \Vas quite capable itself of producing, like the larger whole of which it was an essential part, some interesting, even curious, phenomena.
Sotadies
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book the author explores the work of the fifth-century BC Athenian vase-painter, Sotades, one of the most familiar names in vase painting. Previous scholarship has dealt mainly with questions of attribution, style, and iconographic interpretation, but Dr Hoffman concentrates on inherent meaning: what does the imagery of these decorated vases really signify? He argues that, contrary to widely held conceptions, there is an underlying unity of meaning in Greek vases and their imagery, a unity rooted in the religious beliefs and ritual practices of the society from which they spring. Each chapter discusses a specific aspect of the artist's iconology, placing it in the context of fifth-century BC Greek philosophical and religious thought.
Split Sense
Authors: Hoffmann Split Sense[CTHerbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unusual group of Sotadean rhyta poses a curious problem in interpretation, for they combine the longitudinally split heads of two different animals: in the one instance the left side of a donkey’s head with the right half of a ram’s (Figs. 32-4, Cat. N1-4), the right side of a ram with the left side of a boar in the other (Fig. 36, Cat. P1). Even without taking account of the Greek habit of contrasting opposites in the animal kingdom in order to characterize human cultural differences, the pairing of these animals in this grotesque fashion would be assumed to have some social purpose and meaning.
Kekrops and the Sphinx
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of the ram’s-head rhyton examined in the previous chapter-rites of passage and the transition from mortal to immortal-is also the leitmotiv of the celebrated Sphinx Vase by Sotades in the British Museum (Figs. 40-7, Cat. Ei). Here, the initiation topos is treated with considerably greater refinement. The vase is very probably a pottery replica of a lost precious-metal vessel consisting of two separate parts: a sphinx-stand and a removable drinking horn. The projecting spout between the sphinx’s paws may be a token reference to the function of the original as a rhyton (see Introduction).
Amazon
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the celebrated Amazon Vase in Boston (Figs. 5oa-c, Cat. Hr) and calls attention to a noteworthy example of upernoia(concealed meaning) in Attic painting. The object, a statuette-rhyton, was found intact on top of a child’s grave at the foot of a royal pyramid at Kush (Meroe) in the Sudan, at the time of Sotades the residence of a Persian satrap. It served as a funeral dedication.
The Cicada on the Omphalos
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A finely turned pottery phialein Boston has a life-size cicada perched on its central boss, or omphalos (Fig. 65, Cat. Ur). The interior is fluted, making it a pottery facsimile of a precious-metal libation bowl like the similarly shaped bowls represented on the Persepolis reliefs. The vessel was found in 1890 in an Athenian tomb together with eight other pottery vessels, and can be dated to the middle of the fifth century BC. The rim bears an inscription in neatly incised letters: SO(tades) E(poie): ‘Sotades made (me)’.
Aletheia
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three white-ground cups by the Sotades Painter discussed in this chapter are said to have been found a century ago in an Athenian tomb together with six other vases (including the cicada-phiale discussed in Chapter n). The extremely delicate fabric of these objects, as well as their decoration in the fugitive white-ground technique, indicate that they were created especially for the tomb. Their decoration deals in each instance with the theme of death and immortality.
Cicero’s Correspondence
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a great revival of interest in the writings of Cicero, one of the most important Latin prose writers; his letters have remained unaccountably neglected, save for basic textual and explanatory work, and for detailed history. This study shows that Cicero's letters should be regarded as artistic works, the artistry no less real for being bound up with personal situations. With close analyses, extensive use of contemporary literature, and a new understanding of the role of rhythm in the letters, Prof Hutchinson reveals the value of approaching the letters as writing. Such an approach will be found of significance for history as well as literature. All Latin in the text is translated. translated.
Time
Authors: Hutchinson G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of time in these letters may be a difficult one; but it throws much light on their qualities. We have already discussed letters where past events are enclosed into the form of narrative; but there the treatment of time is comparatively simple, and more akin to that in other kinds of literature. Time in letters is particularly complicated. One may find some leads by using, or perverting, ideas from philosophy and linguistics.
Kant conceives of time as something subjective, the containing mould in which our arrangement of our experience is inevitably formed. It is we who organize occurrences (or rather states of mind) in time. Without venturing to deny the absolute reality of time-could we forgive ourselves? – we may still find suggestive for literature the idea of time as in effect a shaping of perceptions by the mind, and as a framework for contemplating them rather than an object of contemplation in itself.
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no other published book in English studying the constitution of the Roman Republic as a whole. Yet the Greek historian Polybius believed that the constitution was a fundamental cause of the exponential growth of Rome's empire. He regarded the Republic as unusual in two respects: first, because it functioned so well despite being a mix of monarchy, oligarchy and democracy; secondly, because the constitution was the product of natural evolution rather than the ideals of a lawgiver. Even if historians now seek more widely for the causes of Rome's rise to power, the importance and influence of her political institutions remains. The reasons for Rome's power are both complex, on account of the mix of elements, and flexible, inasmuch as they were not founded on written statutes but on unwritten traditions reinterpreted by successive generations. Knowledge of Rome's political institutions is essential both for ancient historians and for those who study the contribution of Rome to the republican tradition of political thought from the Middle Ages to the revolutions inspired by the Enlightenment.
The Assemblies
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the developed Roman Republic, as Polybius pointed out, it was the people who conferred magistracies, enacted or rejected laws, had the ultimate say in capital punishment and (though this ceased to be true de facto after his day) in decisions of war, peace, and alliance. The people were not the only source of political power, but they may be reasonably described as a sovereign authority, if one considers that they were in theory permitted to abolish the Republic by legislation or by the conferral of extraordinary powers on a magistrate: indeed it is arguable that they did just that, first when they voted extraordinary powers to Julius Caesar as dictator, then when the lex Titia created the triumvirate in 43 BC, and finally when the assembly confirmed Augustus’ unprecedented package of powers in 23 BC.
Criminal Justice
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some indications of the nature of Roman judicial procedure have emerged in preceding chapters, when the subject of discusssion has been the functions of assemblies and those of certain magistrates-in particular the praetors, tribunes of the plebs, aediles, and tresviri capitales. It is not within the scope of this book to investigate the intricate web of actions comprised in Roman private law, which sought to resolve disputes between individual citizens and indeed aliens under Roman jurisdiction: what is germane is the procedure where the individual came face to face with public authority because of an alleged offence against the community.
Discriminating Pleasures: Aristotle’s Poetics and the Civic Spectator
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 remains with the fourth century in offering a reading of Aristotle’s contribution to ancient criticism. What justifies the current study giving this attention to Plato’s close contemporary is the way in which scholars have constructed chronologies of literary history which attribute significance to this author and his work, even, on occasion, to the disregard of Plato. Aristotle fills an important gap between classical Greek discussions of literature and the Hellenistic period. His and Theophrastus’ works apart, no substantial works of criticism exist from Plato until the first century BCE so that we must rely on fragments and testimonia preserved in later authors for the intervening period. Aristotle is a reference point, and precisely a terminus post quem, for the narrative of ‘criticism’, which ancient and modern scholars understand as a discourse about literature. In antiquity, Dio Chrysostom attributed the beginnings of the arts of criticism (kritikē) and of grammar (grammatikē) to the philosopher (Or. 36. 1).