bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of conserving whales: the impacts of cetacean‐related tourism on the economy of rural West Scotland
Authors: Parsons E.C.M. , Warburton C.A. , Woods‐Ballard A. , Hughes A. , Johnston P. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
During the tourist season of 2000, interview surveys were conducted with those involved in whale‐watching in West Scotland. The groups included in the study were boat operators (32), visitor‐centre managers (8), tourists on whale‐watching trips (324), general tourists to West Scotland (673) and local residents (189). The latter two groups were interviewed for comparison of responses of those engaged in whale‐watching against the views of the local community and tourists in general. From the data provided by these interviews, estimates for the economic value of this specialist sector of the Scottish tourism industry were calculated.
Extrapolating from the surveys, in the year 2000, an estimated total of approximately 242 000 tourists were involved in cetacean‐related tourism activities in West Scotland.
In 2000, 59 full‐time and one part‐time jobs were estimated to be created as the direct result of cetacean‐related tourism, with 38% of these positions being seasonal.
Cetacean‐related tourism was estimated to account for 2.5% of the total income from tourism in the region. In remote coastal areas, cetacean‐related tourism may account for as much as 12% of the area's total tourism income.
The direct economic income (i.e. expenditure on excursion tickets) from cetacean tourism activities was estimated to be £1.77 million per annum.
A 23% of surveyed whale watchers visited West Scotland specifically to go on whale‐watching trips. The associated expenditure (accommodation, travel, food, etc.) from tourists being brought to rural West Scotland solely due to the presence of whales represented £5.1 million in additional tourism income for the region.
In addition to the above tourists, 16% of surveyed whale watchers stayed in West Scotland an extra night as a result of going on a whale‐watching trip; thus generating a further £0.9 million of additional associated expenditure (extra accommodation, food, etc.).
The total gross income generated (directly and indirectly) by cetacean‐related tourism in rural West Scotland was estimated at £7.8 million.
In comparison with established whale‐watching industries (in countries such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand) the total expenditure by tourists on whale watching in West Scotland is low. However, cetacean tourism in West Scotland is still a relatively young industry and still developing.
The value of the non‐consumptive utilization of cetaceans (i.e. whale‐watching) to rural, coastal communities in West Scotland was three times greater than the value of the consumptive utilization of cetaceans (i.e. commercial whaling) for rural, coastal communities in Norway.
This study demonstrates that live cetaceans in Scotland can provide notable financial benefits and, therefore, their conservation has an economic value.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Canadian and American legislation for controlling exotic species in the Great Lakes
Authors: Vásárhelyi Charlotte , Thomas Vernon G. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
The legislation of the Great Lakes jurisdictions dealing with control of exotic species introduced through ballast water, canals, and recreational boating was analysed to determine whether the USA and Canada have the capacity to manage nuisance exotic species effectively. Despite the deleterious ecological effects attributed to exotic aquatic species, there is a lack of complementary legislation between Canada and the USA to remedy this problem. Current legislation is fragmented at the bilateral, national, and the state/provincial level.
American legislative initiatives are far ahead of Canada's, especially for regulating ballast water in oceanic shipping. Canada lacks strong federal and provincial legislation to regulate ballast water in shipping and to prevent the secondary spread of exotic aquatic species through watersheds.
Legislation to regulate ballast water is developing quickly among the US federal government and the Great Lakes states. However, legislation affecting the spread of exotic nuisance species via canals and recreational boaters is needed to complement ballast water laws and to give agencies a broader mandate for management.
Amendment of the Boundary Waters Treaty Act, the Fisheries Act, and the Canada Water Act could give the Canadian federal government authority to regulate ballast water in vessels entering the St Lawrence and to begin the rehabilitation of aquatic habitats impaired by nuisance exotic species.
Preventing further species introduction and spread through the Great Lakes basin requires restricting certain shipping and boating practices. This can be achieved only by the enactment of complementary laws among all the American and Canadian jurisdictions.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Bonnet Dominique 
Published: August 2003

AbstractConsiderable effort has been made in recent years in defining the embryonic origin of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Using transgenic mouse models, a number of genes that regulate the formation, self‐renewal, or differentiation of HSCs have been identified. Of particular interest, it has recently been shown that key regulators of definitive blood formation played a crucial role in adult HSC development. Specifically, the use of some of these regulatory molecules has dramatically improved the potential of adult HSC expansion. Furthermore, the elucidation of the molecular phenotype of the HSC has just begun. Finally, unexpected degrees of HSC developmental or differentiation plasticity have emerged. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances made in the human HSC field, and we will examine the impacts these discoveries may have clinically and on our understanding of the organization of the human hematopoietic system. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:219–229, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle‐derived stem cells: Potential for muscle regeneration
Authors: Huard Johnny , Cao Baohong , Qu‐Petersen Zhuqing 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a devastating X‐linked muscle disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness caused by the lack of dystrophin expression at the sarcolemma of muscle fibers. Although various approaches to delivering dystrophin in dystrophic muscle have been investigated extensively (e.g., cell and gene therapy), there is still no treatment that alleviates the muscle weakness in this common inherited muscle disease. The transplantation of myoblasts can enable transient delivery of dystrophin and improve the strength of injected dystrophic muscle, but this approach has various limitations, including immune rejection, poor cellular survival rates, and the limited spread of the injected cells. The isolation of muscle cells that can overcome these limitations would enhance the success of myoblast transplantation significantly. The efficiency of cell transplantation might be improved through the use of stem cells, which display unique features, including (1) self‐renewal with production of progeny, (2) appearance early in development and persistence throughout life, and (3) long‐term proliferation and multipotency. For these reasons, the development of muscle stem cells for use in transplantation or gene transfer (ex vivo approach) as treatment for patients with muscle disorders has become more attractive in the past few years. In this paper, we review the current knowledge regarding the isolation and characterization of stem cells isolated from skeletal muscle by highlighting their biological features and their relationship to satellite cells as well as other populations of stem cells derived from other tissues. We also describe the remarkable ability of stem cells to regenerate skeletal muscle and their potential use to alleviate the muscle weakness associated with DMD. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69:230–237, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biology and clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Barry Frank P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractStem cell populations are found in most adult tissues and, in general, their differentiation potential may reflect the local cell population. Hematopoietic, epidermal, mesenchymal, neural and hepatic stem cells have been described. It may be that, in the adult, these cells are the reservoirs of reparative cells that are mobilized following injury and migrate to the wound site where, in cooperation with local cells, they participate in the repair response. Mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from the bone marrow, have the capacity to differentiate into cells of connective tissues. Some striking examples of the therapeutic use of MSCs have been reported recently in applications such as coronary artery disease, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's Disease, and liver regeneration. In orthopaedic medicine, MSC therapy has been applied in bone and cartilage repair and in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The question of the host response to implanted MSCs is critical as these cells are being evaluated in clinical applications. There are several aspects to the implanted cell‐host interaction that need to be addressed as we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying stem cell therapies. These are (1) the host immune response to implanted cells, (2) the homing mechanisms that guide delivered cells to a site of injury, and (3) differentiation of implanted cells under the influence of local signals. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 69;250–256, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comprehensive experimental study of industrial, domestic and environmental interferences with the forensic luminol test for blood
Authors: Creamer J. I. , Quickenden T. I. , Apanah M. V. , Kerr K. A. , Robertson P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the ﬁrst comprehensive and quantitative study of substances that interfere with the forensic luminol test for blood. Two hundred and ﬁfty substances have been selected on the basis of modern lifestyles and of contiguity with crime scenes. The intensity of the chemiluminescence produced by each substance has been measured relative to that of haemoglobin and the peak wavelength shift has also been determined. The following is a short list of nine substances that produce chemiluminescence intensities comparable with that of haemoglobin: turnips, parsnips, horseradishes, commercial bleach (NaClO), copper metal, some furniture polishes, some enamel paints, and some interior fabrics in motor vehicles. Care needs to be taken when the luminol test for blood is used in the presence of these substances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of weight reduction on neutrophil phagocytic activity and oxidative burst activity in female judoists
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Nakaji Shigeyuki , Umeda Takashi , Shimoyama Tadashi , Mochida Noriko , Kojima Arata , Mashiko Toshiyuki , Sugawara Kazuo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of short‐term weight reduction on neutrophil functions in female judoists. Sixteen actively competing female judoists were divided into two groups. Eight who required weight reduction were deﬁned as the weight reduction group, and the remaining eight were used as the control. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 8 days after the match. Phagocytic activity and oxidative burst activity of neutrophils were measured by ﬂow cytometry. In the weight reduction group, the phagocytic activity per cell decreased signiﬁcantly at the end of weight reduction compared with the control group. The rate of neutrophils producing reactive oxygen species and the oxidative burst activity per cell increased signiﬁcantly at the end of weight reduction in both the control and the weight reduction groups. We concluded that weight reduction, consisting of both intense exercise and energy restriction, might possibly cause both an increase in oxidative burst activity and decrease in neutrophil phagocytic activity in female judoists. However, although exercise increased oxidative burst activity, it did not affect neutrophil phagocytic activity alone. Therefore, to avoid this problem, female judoists are recommended to keep their weight within those limits determined by their class, and which can be reduced by exercise. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MCLA‐dependent chemiluminescence suggests that singlet oxygen plays a pivotal role in myeloperoxidase‐catalysed bactericidal action in neutrophil phagosomes
Authors: Arisawa Fumio , Tatsuzawa Hidetaka , Kambayashi Yasuhiro , Kuwano Hiroyuki , Fujimori Ken , Nakano Minoru 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBacteria ingested by a neutrophil are located in phagosomes in which H2O2 is produced through the NADPH oxidase‐dependent respiratory burst. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays important role in the bactericidal action of phagosomes. MPO catalyses the reaction of H2O2 and Cl− to produce HClO. The chemical mechanism behind the bactericidal action of the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system is unclear. Bactericidal action may result from (a) the direct reactions of HOCl with biological components (through amine chlorination) or (b) 1O2, formed non‐enzymatically from HOCl and H2O2, that mainly works to kill microorganisms through bacterial respiratory chain injury. To answer this question, we developed a Cypridina luciferin analogue (MCLA)‐dependent chemiluminescence method to determine the rate of formation of 1O2 from a 1O2 source at pH 4.5–9.0. Using the MCLA‐dependent chemiluminescence method, we found that the rate of formation of 1O2 from the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system peaked at pH 7.0. Segal et al. (28) reported that almost all Staphylococcus aureus is killed 2 min after phagocytosis by neutophils where the phagosomal pH is 7.4–7.75. However, amine chlorination by HOCl did not proceed at pH > 7.0. Moreover, the bactericidal activities of the MPO–H2O2–Cl− system with Escherichia coli at pH 4.5 and 8.0 were paralleled by the rate of formation of 1O2. Combining these observations and the results reported by Segal et al., we concluded that 1O2 is a major chemical species in the killing of bacteria in neutrophil phagosomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of quinones and phenols on the triple‐enzyme bioluminescent system with protease
Authors: Kudryasheva N. S. , Esimbekova E. N. , Remmel N. N. , Kratasyuk V. A. , Visser A. J. W. G. , van Hoek A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe study addressed the effects of redox‐active compounds on trypsin activity. Series of organic oxidizers (quinones) and reducers (phenols) were chosen as model redox‐active compounds. Trypsin activity was quantiﬁed by bioluminescent technique. Interactions of these compounds with trypsin were studied by ﬂuorescent and light absorption methods. Luminescence intensity decay constants in the reduced nicotinamidadeninedinucleotide (NADH): ﬂavinmononucleotide (FMN)‐oxidoreductase (R)–luciferase (L)–trypsin (T) (R + L + T) triple‐enzyme system were calculated and compared in the presence of different concentrations of quinones and phenols. The triple‐enzyme system was shown to be sensitive to quinones and not sensitive to phenols. It has been found that the effects produced by quinones on the coupled enzyme system (R + L) and on the trypsin molecule (T) are not related. The conclusions were extrapolated to the properties of other proteases and antiproteases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genome‐wide analysis of the yeast transcriptome upon heat and cold shock
Authors: Becerra M. , Lombardía L. J. , González‐Siso M. I. , Rodríguez‐Belmonte E. , Hauser N. C. , Cerdán M. E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDNA arrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels as yeast cells responded to temperature shocks. The number of genes upregulated by temperature shifts from 30 °C to 37 °C or 45 °C was correlated with the severity of the stress. Pre‐adaptation of cells, by growth at 37 °C previous to the 45 °C shift, caused a decrease in the number of genes related to this response. Heat shock also caused downregulation of a set of genes related to metabolism, cell growth and division, transcription, ribosomal proteins, protein synthesis and destination. Probably all of these responses combine to slow down cell growth and division during heat shock, thus saving energy for cell rescue. The presence of putative binding sites for Xbp1p in the promoters of these genes suggests a hypothetical role for this transcriptional repressor, although other mechanisms may be considered. The response to cold shock (4 °C) affected a small number of genes, but the vast majority of those genes induced by exposure to 4 °C were also induced during heat shock; these genes share in their promoters cis‐regulatory elements previously related to other stress responses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In silico identification of functional protein interfaces
Authors: Bell Rachel E. , Ben‐Tal Nir 
Published: August 2003

AbstractProteins perform many of their biological roles through protein–protein, protein–DNA or protein–ligand interfaces. The identification of the amino acids comprising these interfaces often enhances our understanding of the biological function of the proteins. Many methods for the detection of functional interfaces have been developed, and large‐scale analyses have provided assessments of their accuracy. Among them are those that consider the size of the protein interface, its amino acid composition and its physicochemical and geometrical properties. Other methods to this effect use statistical potential functions of pairwise interactions, and evolutionary information. The rationale of the evolutionary approach is that functional and structural constraints impose selective pressure; hence, biologically important interfaces often evolve at a slower pace than do other external regions of the protein. Recently, an algorithm, Rate4Site, and a web‐server, ConSurf (http://consurf.tau.ac.il/), for the identification of functional interfaces based on the evolutionary relations among homologous proteins as reflected in phylogenetic trees, were developed in our laboratory. The explicit use of the tree topology and branch lengths makes the method remarkably accurate and sensitive. Here we demonstrate its potency in the identification of the functional interfaces of a hypothetical protein, the structure of which was determined as part of the international structural genomics effort. Finally, we propose to combine complementary procedures, in order to enhance the overall performance of methods for the identification of functional interfaces in proteins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding and predicting protein assemblies with 3D structures
Authors: Aloy Patrick , Russell Robert B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractProtein interactions are central to most biological processes, and are currently the subject of great interest. Yet despite the many recently developed methods for interaction discovery, little attention has been paid to one of the best sources of data: complexes of known three‐dimensional (3D) structure. Here we discuss how such complexes can be used to study and predict protein interactions and complexes, and to interrogate interaction networks proposed by methods such as two‐hybrid screens or affinity purifications. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unravelling the ORFan puzzle
Authors: Siew Naomi , Fischer Daniel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractORFans are open reading frames (ORFs) with no detectable sequence similarity to any other sequence in the databases. Each newly sequenced genome contains a significant number of ORFans. Therefore, ORFans entail interesting evolutionary puzzles. However, little can be learned about them using bioinformatics tools, and their study seems to have been underemphasized. Here we present some of the questions that the existence of so many ORFans have raised and review some of the studies aimed at understanding ORFans, their functions and their origins. These works have demonstrated that ORFans are an untapped source of research, requiring further computational and experimental studies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spin lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. I. Zeeman polarization of nuclear spin system
Authors: Reynhardt E.C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSpin‐lattice relaxation mechanisms of nuclear spins in solids in the presence of low concentrations of paramagnetic centers are discussed. Apart from the electron spin‐lattice relaxation mechanism, three‐spin processes involving two electron spins and a nuclear spin may also play a role in the spin‐lattice relaxation of the nuclear spins. Nuclear spins that are close to a paramagnetic impurity center experience large local fields and do not contribute to the NMR signal. Only a small percentage of nuclear spins surrounding an impurity center are polarized directly. The majority of the nuclear spins are polarized by spin diffusion, which is a slow process. A brief overview of a number of paramagnetic impurity centers, which are common in natural diamond, is given and experimental 13C spin‐lattice relaxation times for a suite of natural diamonds are compared with calculated values. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 20–35, 2003.
Spin‐lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. II. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spin system by thermal mixing and solid‐state effect
Authors: Reynhardt E.C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization of nuclear spins via the solid‐state and thermal mixing effects is discussed. Continuous‐wave S‐ and X‐band microwave radiation have been employed to measure 13C signal enhancements and polarization times for 13C nuclei in a natural type Ib diamond as a function of magnetic field. It was found that thermal mixing plays an important role in the 13C signal enhancement because the central electron spin resonance (ESR) line width HL ≃ H0γC/γe, resulting in flip‐flip and flip‐flop forbidden transitions taking place simultaneously. On the other hand, the 13C spin‐lattice relaxation rate is determined to a large extent by the solid‐state effect (forbidden transitions). 13C polarization rates have also been measured for a suite of natural diamonds. It is shown that the polarization rate is proportional to the paramagnetic impurity concentration, in agreement with the theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 36–43, 2003.
Spin‐lattice relaxation of spin‐½ nuclei in solids containing diluted paramagnetic impurity centers. III. Dynamic polarization of nuclear spin system by nuclear orientation via electron spin locking
Authors: Reynhardt E.C. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDynamic nuclear polarization of nuclei by means of paramagnetic electron spin locking (Hartmann‐Hahn cross‐polarization between paramagnetic electrons and nuclei, or NOVEL) is discussed. The theory is demonstrated by experiments executed at 2.4 and 9.6 GHz on a natural type Ib diamond. It is shown that the 13C polarization rate is independent of the microwave frequency, in agreement with theory. NOVEL polarization takes place only while the spin‐locking pulse is on. The rate at which the nuclei are polarized is proportional to the electron polarization in the rotating frame. Therefore, the length of the spin‐locking pulse is limited by the value of T1ρ(e), and because T1ρ(e) ≪ T1(e) for diamond the effective NOVEL polarization rate of 13C nuclei is usually relatively low. A comparison between the relative effectiveness of 13C polarization rates between NOVEL and the solid‐state effect is made for high and low paramagnetic impurity concentrations. The dependence of the 13C polarization rate on the paramagnetic impurity concentration has been determined for a suite of natural diamonds. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson 19A: 44–49, 2003.