bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN PLASMA TOTAL PROTEIN, ALBUMIN, UREA AND α‐AMINO NITROGEN CONCENTRATIONS IN PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Macdonald H.N. , Good W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe plasma levels of total protein, albumin, urea and α‐amino nitrogen have been measured serially during pregnancy and the early puerperium. Significant decreases occurred in the concentrations of total protein and albumin from the 10th to the 28th week of pregnancy; a further decrease was evident at the 37th week but was significant for albumin only. The plasma urea also fell significantly from 10 to 28 weeks of gestation but there was no further change between 28 and 37 weeks. There was a significant increase in the level of α‐amino nitrogen from 10 to 28 weeks of pregnancy but a decrease occurred at 37 weeks, although it was not significant. In the early puerperium the levels of urea and α‐amino nitrogen were significantly higher than in late pregnancy: the levels of total protein and albumin at this time were lower than at 37 weeks but the difference was only significant for total protein. The possible physiological significance of these observations is discussed.
INSULIN TREATMENT OF LATENT AND POTENTIAL DIABETICS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Van Der Linden S. J. L. , Mastboom J. L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe outcome of 84 treated pregnancies of 73 latent diabetics and of 35 treated pregnancies of 31 potential diabetics has been compared with the outcome of their previous pregnancies. Treatment consisted of insulin and carbohydrate enriched salt‐free diet. This treatment increased the fetal salvage from 60 per cent to 89.5 per cent in latent diabetics and from 39 per cent to 89 per cent in potential diabetics.
PREPARATION OF CERVICAL SCRAPE MATERIAL FOR AUTOMATIC SCREENING
Authors: Tucker J. H. , Gresham G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA method of preparing cervical scrape specimens for automatic analysis is described. A cell suspension is obtained by washing the spatula used to scrape the cervix in a balanced salt solution. Cell clumps are disaggregated by pumping the specimen to and fro through a hypodermic syringe needle, and the resulting suspension is centrifuged, fixed and pipetted onto a glass slide. Specimens are stained with haematoxylin and eosin.
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN THE EARLY PUERPERIUM
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W. , Schwarz K. , Stone Joan 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFrom the results of 685 modified oral glucose tolerance tests performed during the first week post partum, it is shown that the mean blood glucose levels, both fasting and 2½ hours after glucose, fall below the corresponding antenatal values This decrease is transient and most marked from 36 to 59 hours after delivery. In consequence, the normal upper limit of fasting blood glucose (mean plus two standard deviations) on the third puerperal day is 5 mg. per 100 ml. less than in late pregnancy. The corresponding decrease in the normal upper limit of 2½ hours blood glucose is probably greater than 7 mg. per 100 ml. and this is more likely than the fasting blood glucose level, to reveal the latent diabetic in the puerperium. Interpretation of glucose tolerance tests performed early in the puerperium must take account of these changes which result, most probably, from variation in hormonal influences following childbirth.
ACQUIRED GENITO‐URINARY FISTULAE IN THE SUDAN
Authors: Mustafa AsimZaki , Rushwan Hamid M. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA review of 122 cases of vesico‐vaginal and other fistulae treated in Khartoum Teaching Hospital (1966–8) is presented. The vast majority were due to ischaemic necrosis as a result of obstructed labour.The underlying factors, methods of treatment and results are described. Closure of the fistula was successful in 90 patients while urinary diversion was necessary in 2; the other 30 patients are awaiting further attempts at repair. Suggestions for the improvement of results are offered.In the Sudan genito‐urinary fistulae constitute a major problem. Most of them result from prolonged neglected labour and would be prevented by better antenatal and intranatal care. The results of treatment are not entirely satisfactory, but the causes of failure are largely avoidable.
THE REGULARITY OF EARLY MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Authors: Dewhurst C. J. , Cowell Carol A. , Barrie Lorna C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn investigation into the irregularity of menstrual cycles within two years of the menarche does not indicate any increasing regularity when compared with reports of 30 years ago. Intervals of 4, 5 and 6 months between periods are not uncommon, especially during the first five cycles. Cycle length gradually declined during the 15 cycles studied but a wide cycle range persisted in cycles 11 to 15.
PLASMA THYROTROPHIN LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Genazzani A. R. , Fioretti P. , Lemarchand‐Beraud Th. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma levels of thyrotrophin (TSH) were studied by radio‐immunoassay using homologous human TSH in 142 normal pregnant women and in 19 women with pre‐eclampsia, in 2 normal pregnant women who were followed up for almost a month, in 1 patient with a hydatidiform mole before and after hysterotomy, in 10 women 30 minutes after delivery and in the arterial and venous cord blood of 11 newborn infants. Thirty‐one normal euthyroid adults and 23 normal children were studied as controls.An increase in TSH plasma levels was found from the 7th week of pregnancy until delivery. Thirty minutes after delivery, and in the molar pregnancy 15 minutes after hysterotomy, the TSH levels returned to the upper normal range. In pre‐eclampsia the TSH plasma levels were found to be higher than in normal pregnancy. In the newborn at delivery the hypophyseal thyrotrophic function appeared to be slightly higher than in normal children. The increased plasma TSH level during pregnancy is probably due to the placental thyrotrophic‐like peptide secretion.During the different stages of purification from the placenta of human chorionic somatomammotrophin, immunoreacting thyrotrophic factor was found only in the starting material.The existence of a cross‐reaction between human TSH and human chorionic thyrotrophin was confirmed.
SERUM HEAT STABLE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE LEVELS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO URINARY OESTROGEN OUTPUT AND FETAL AND PLACENTAL WEIGHTS
Authors: Elder M. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOne hundred and fifty‐two paired estimations of serum heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) and urinary oestrogen excretion were performed on 37 patients; there was no correlation between these values. There was no correlation between the serum HSAP levels and fetal or placental weight, although there were correlations between urinary oestrogen output and fetal and placental weights. Serum HSAP levels are probably of no value in the prediction of a small‐for‐dates baby.
THE ARIAS‐STELLA PHENOMENON AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Beswick Isobel P. , Gregory Monica M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFocal endometrial atypia (the Arias‐Stella reaction) as an indication of pregnancy is examined, with special reference to the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. The diagnostic importance of clear‐cell transformation of endometrial glands is discussed. Infiltration with glycogen as the cause of the clear appearance of epithelial cells is suggested. It is also suggested that disturbance of trophoblast is of importance in the hormonal mechanisms which probably causes this atypia.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RISES IN RHESUS ANTIBODY TITRE FOLLOWING AMNIOCENTESIS
Authors: Aickin D. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe relationship between increases in rhesus antibody titre following amniocentesis and perinatal mortality, in current and subsequent pregnancies, is assessed. In a current pregnancy, fetal prognosis was related more closely to antibody level before amniocentesis than to rises occurring after it. In patients with no history of severe immunization prior to the initial pregnancy in which amniocentesis was performed, a significant rise in antibody titre following amniocentesis indicated a very bad fetal prognosis in subsequent pregnancies. Where severe immunization was already established prior to the initial pregnancy in which amniocentesis was performed, rises in antibody titre following amniocentesis were not associated with any alteration in fetal prognosis in a subsequent pregnancy.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRE‐ECLAMPSIA AND DIABETES MELLITUS ON PLASMA FREE AMINO ACIDS IN MATERNAL, UMBILICAL VEIN AND INFANT BLOOD
Authors: Cockburn F. , Blagden A. , Michie E. A. , Forfar J. O. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryPlasma amino acid and total protein concentrations in the mother at delivery, in the newborn infant and in the infant at the seventh day were compared for 12 small‐for‐dates infants born to mothers with severe pre‐eclampsia and low urinary oestriol excretion, 9 large‐for‐dates infants born to mothers with diabetes mellitus and normal oestriol excretion, and 26 appropriate‐weight‐for‐dates control infants born after normal pregnancy. The latter included vaginal deliveries at and before term and deliveries by Caesarean section at term.Severe pre‐eclampsia was associated with a reduced mean maternal plasma total protein concentration and a generalized increase in plasma amino acid concentrations. Plasma total protein values in the small‐for‐dates infants at birth and at the seventh day were not significantly different from values in control infants of similar gestation period, but amino acid values at birth were usually higher than those in control infants.In diabetic mothers and their infants there were increased concentrations of aspartic acid and α‐amino‐n‐butyric acid. The concentrations of the remaining amino acids and the total plasma protein concentrations did not differ from the normal control values either in mother or infant (birth and seventh day). Ten of the twenty amino acids examined in diabetic mothers and their infants showed significant positive correlations between maternal and umbilical venous values. This degree of correlation was not found in normal or pre‐eclamptic pregnancy. Due to failure of the infant to reflect fully the higher maternal levels in toxaemia, the umbilical venous/maternal venous plasma amino acid ratios for total mean plasma amino acid concentrations and particularly for the branched‐chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine were reduced.The umbilical venous plasma/maternal venous plasma ratios for normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnancy were 1.6: 1, 1.4: 1 and 1.6: 1 respectively.In small‐for‐dates infants there was a negative correlation between amino acid concentration at birth and both birthweight and umbilical venous plasma protein concentration, suggesting a possible endogenous mobilization of amino acids in such infants.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID IN RH‐ISO‐IMMUNIZATION: A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Authors: Poláček K. , Zwinger A. , Vedra B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA simple diagram for evaluating the reliability of spectrophotometric examination of the amniotic fluid is proposed. In a series of 40 iso‐immunized women the condition at birth of all infants requiring active treatment during pregnancy was correctly predicted, but there were three false positive results.
ABDOMINAL STERILIZATION USING THE PROCTOSCOPE
Authors: Stevenson T. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a series of 50 cases a proctoscope was inserted suprapubically into the peritoneal cavity and the Fallopian tubes ligated under direct vision. The short incision and the use of an absorbable subcuticular suture allowed the patients to leave hospital 48 hours after operation. The method is quick and easy, and peritoneal insufflation is avoided.
EFFECTS OF ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF PROSTAGLANDINS E2 AND F2α ON THE HUMAN UTERUS
Authors: Karim S. M. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effects of oral administration of prostaglandins E2 and F2α have been studied in 42 male and non‐pregnant female volunteers and in pregnant women.Oral doses of 0.5 mg. prostaglandin E2 or 5 mg. prostaglandin F2α stimulated the pregnant uterus in vivo at term to contract.Single oral doses of up to 3 mg. of prostaglandin E2 or 30 mg. prostaglandin F2αdid not produce any noticeable effect on the gastrointestinal tract or the cardiovascular system. Doses of 4.5 mg. prostaglandin E2 and 40.50 mg. prostaglandin F2α produced contractions of the uterus in early pregnancy and in addition produced diarrhoea and vomiting.The implications of these findings with respect to the clinical use of prostaglandins as oral abortifacients and oxytocics are discussed.
THE USE OF AN “UNNATURAL” PROSTAGLANDIN IN THE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Gillespie Arnold , Beazley John M. , van Dorp David A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThree mid‐trimester abortions were successfully carried out using an “unnatural” prostaglandin (ω‐homo‐PGE1). The effects of this prostaglandin are described and its possible advantages discussed.
INTERACTION OF E PROSTAGLANDINS AND SYNTOCINON ON THE PREGNANT HUMAN MYOMETRIUM
Authors: Brummer Hilary C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe possibility that ketonic prostaglandins (PGEs) and oxytocin (Syntocinon, Sandoz) may be used to supplement each other on the pregnant human uterus has been investigated in vitro. The enhancement effect of E prostaglandins on the myometrial response to oxytocin is described both for mid‐trimester and term myometrial strips. An hypothesis regarding the role of prostaglandins in labour is put forward and discussed. The application of this sensitizing effect to the induction of mid‐trimester abortion is also considered.
URINARY OESTRIOL EXCRETION BEFORE ACCIDENTAL HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Beischer N. A. , Brown J. B. , Macafee C. A. J. , Reid S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe findings in 30 patients who had urinary oestriol assays performed before the onset of accidental haemorrhage are presented. The correlation between retro‐placental haemorrhage and fetal growth retardation is examined.In 4 of the 5 patients who had severe placental abruption causing immediate fetal death the oestriol values were within the normal range. Normal oestriol values therefore provide no assurance against imminent severe placental abruption.Five out of 6 patients with clinically mild accidental haemorrhage had low oestriol excretion values recorded before vaginal haemorrhage occurred. Nine patients who experienced neither abdominal pain nor vaginal haemorrhage during pregnancy had subclinical episodes of retroplacental bleeding with severe impairment of fetoplacental function. Subclinical retroplacental haemorrhage may thus be an important cause of fetal growth retardation and may precede clinically obvious accidental haemorrhage. This would explain the association between accidental haemorrhage and placental insufficiency.
THE BLOOD COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYTIC SYSTEMS IN THE NEWBORN AND THE MOTHER AT BIRTH
Authors: Bonnar John , McNicol G. P. , Douglas A. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were investigated in the mother and in the cord blood of the infant at term immediately after delivery and striking differences in both these systems were found. Low levels of factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX and X contrasted with the increased level of factors II, VII and X and a normal level of factor IX in the mother. Increased levels of factors V and VIII were found in the newborn and highly significant correlation was present between the maternal and neonatal levels. The levels of fibrinogen and plasminogen in the baby were half those found in the maternal blood. A high level of fibrinolytic activity was found in all the newborn infants in contrast to the diminished activity present in the maternal blood. The cord blood had a very high level of inhibitor to urokinase‐ induced lysis. The increased fibrinolytic activity in the infant may have a protective role for the rapid clearance of intravascular fibrin. High levels of circulating inhibitor in the baby would serve to protect the susceptible plasma proteins and confine the results of plasminogen activation to the digestion of fibrin. The findings suggest that normal delivery activates the clotting and fibrinolytic systems of the baby and the mother, probably due to thromboplastin entering the fetal and maternal circulations during placental separation.
OPERATIVE TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX*
Authors: Currie David W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe results of 552 radical operations for carcinoma of the cervix are presented.475 cases were treated surgically before July 1965 with the following 5‐year survival rates:Stage 1 189 cases 86·3 per centStage 2a 103 cases 75·0 per centStage 2b 78 cases 58·9 per centOther stages 41 cases 34·1 per centThe operative technique, complications and results are set out in detail.
ENDOCRINE STUDIES IN POST‐MENOPAUSAL WOMEN WITH OVARIAN TUMOURS
Authors: Edwards R. Logan , Nicholson H. Oliphant , Zoidis T. , Butt W. R. , Taylor C. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn endocrine assessment was made in 78 post‐menopausal women.The urinary excretion of oestriol was greater than 10 μg. per 24 hours in 14 out of 31 cases with malignant ovarian tumours, in 2 out of 24 cases with benign ovarian tumours, and in 6 out of 23 cases without ovarian tumours. Although the urinary oestriol excretion was increased in all 8 cases with mucinous carcinoma it was raised in only 4 out of 18 cases with serous carcinoma. Some of the greatest amounts of urinary oestriol were found in cases without ovarian tumours.The urinary excretion of pregnanediol was increased in 6 out of 18 cases. These six patients also had increased oestriol excretion.The excretion of steroids was normal after oöphorectomy.Tests of adrenal cortical activity and ovarian vein blood analysis also point to the diseased ovary as the site of increased steroid synthesis.The correlation of increased urinary oestriol with vaginal cornification index was fair, but with vaginal bleeding and endometrial activity was poor.
FETAL ADRENAL WEIGHT AND THE CAUSE OF PREMATURE DELIVERY IN HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Anderson AnneB. M. , Laurence K. M. , Davies Kathleen , Campbell H. , Turnbull A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a group of 79 infants delivered before the end of the 36th week of pregnancy, and who either were stillborn or died within 12 hours, the weights of the adrenal glands in relation to fetal weight and gestational age were determined. Three groups were identified according to the clinical cause of the premature labour, namely those due to no known cause, those due to antepartum haemorrhage and those due to pre‐eclampsia.The weight of the fetal adrenals in cases without apparent cause for premature labour was increased compared to the weight in cases of similar fetal weight or gestational age in the other two groups. The adrenal weight in cases of pre‐eclampsia was less than that in the cases of antepartum haemorrhage. The weight of the kidneys was similar in the three groups and there was no relationship between adrenal weight and thymic weight. In 15 spontaneous and 40 therapeutic abortions the difference between the weight of the fetal adrenals in the two groups was not significant.The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the role of the fetal adrenal in the initiation of premature labour.
SERIAL OBSERVATIONS OF GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN PREGNANCY AND THE EARLY PUERPERIUM
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W. , Schwarz K. , Stone Joan 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIt is shown from a longitudinal study of 540 women that the mean random blood glucose concentration in late pregnancy is significantly lower than in early pregnancy. A modified glucose tolerance test on 412 of these women late in the third trimester of pregnancy showed no significant difference between the mean fasting blood glucose and the value 2½ hours after oral ingestion of 50 g. glucose. When this test was repeated in the early puerperium on 357 of these women the mean blood glucose at 2½ hours postglucose was very significantly lower than the mean fasting blood glucose. Both the mean fasting and the mean 2½‐hour blood glucose were significantly lower in the early puerperium than in late pregnancy. One implication is that glucose tolerance tests of women in the early puerperium may be wrongly interpreted as normal.
ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TESTS IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH POTENTIAL DIABETES, LATENT DIABETES AND GLYCOSURIA
Authors: Campbell Norah , Pyke D. A. , Taylor K. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOral glucose tolerance tests were performed at two stages of pregnancy and after delivery in women who were thought liable to have an abnormality of glucose tolerance, i.e. those who had a first‐degree diabetic relative, those who had given birth to an infant weighing more than 4·84 kg. (10 pounds) or a stillborn infant, those who had glucose in more than one routine urine specimen, and those who were known to have had an abnormal glucose tolerance in a previous pregnancy. Some normal pregnant women were also tested to provide a control group.In normal subjects there was a small increase in peak glucose levels at 32 weeks but not at 22 weeks. Insulin levels were higher during pregnancy than after delivery: the difference being significant at 32 weeks.In women who had a first degree diabetic relative, those who had given birth to an infant weighing more than 4·84 kg. (10 pounds) and those who had glucose in routine urine specimens in pregnancy, the mean glucose level two hours after oral glucose was significantly elevated at the 32nd week. Insulin levels differed little from the normal group, although the two‐hour level at 32 weeks tended to be higher than in the normal group.In women who had had an abnormal glucose tolerance in a previous pregnancy (latent diabetics) glucose tolerance was again markedly abnormal and this was associated with impaired insulin secretion.It is concluded that pregnancy may reveal defects in insulin secretion in women who are at risk for the development of diabetes. In the case of latent diabetes the defect is severe enough to produce a temporary diabetic state. In the other groups tested (potential diabetics) there is some evidence of a lesser defect in insulin secretion which is not severe enough to cause frank diabetes. The significance of these findings for mother and fetus is discussed.
COMPOSITION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID AND MATERNAL BLOOD THROUGH PREGNANCY
Authors: Lind T. , Billewicz W. Z. , Cheyne G. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySamples of amniotic fluid and of maternal blood were obtained at abdominal hysterotomy, by amniocentesis from patients with rhesus iso‐immunization and at surgical induction of labour. In 135 women whose pregnancies were beyond mid‐term, the menstrual dates were accurately known.The characteristics of the cells in amniotic fluid, after staining with haematoxylin and eosin, enabled three stages of gestation—under 32 weeks, 33–36, and 37 weeks and over—to be distinguished with reasonable certainty.The samples of amniotic fluid and blood were examined biochemically. In amniotic fluid after mid‐term, osmolality and sodium concentrations fell with gestational age, while levels of urea and creatinine rose. Though the levels of these factors in maternal blood remain fairly constant throughout gestation, it was possible to relate differences between levels in blood and in amniotic fluid to gestational age. Equations showing these relationships are presented.The results were not influenced by the severity of haemolytic disease in the fetuses.