bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceiving the City: London, Literature, and Art 1870–1914
Authors: Freeman Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conceiving the City is an innovative study of the ways in which a generation of late-Victorian novelists, poets, painters, and theoreticians attempted to represent London in literature and art. Breaking away from the language and style of Dickens and the static panorama paintings of William Powell Frith, major figures such as Henry James and J. M. Whistler, and, crucially, less-celebrated authors such as Arthur Machen, Edwin Pugh, and George Egerton bent realism into exciting new shapes. In the naturalism of George Gissing and Arthur Morrison, the fragmentary impressions of Ford Madox Ford, and the brooding mystery of Alvin Langdon Coburn’s photogravures, London emerged as a focus for dynamic, explicitly modern art. Although many of these insights would be dismissed or at least downplayed by subsequent generations, the ideas evolved during the period from 1870 to 1914 anticipate not only the work of high modernists such as Eliot and Woolf, but also that of later urban theorists such as Foucault and de Certeau, and the novels and travelogues of contemporary London writers Peter Ackroyd and Iain Sinclair. Nicholas Freeman recovers a sense of late-Victorian London as a subject for dynamic theoretical and aesthetic experiments, and shows, in stimulating analyses of Conan Doyle, H. G. Wells, Arthur Symons, and others how much of our understanding of urban space we owe to eminent (and not so eminent) Victorian figures. Written in a clear and accessible style, the book restores a much-needed historical perspective to our engagement with the metropolis.
British India’s Native Agency System in Asia
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The practice of imperial powers employing ‘native agents’ in distant lands is as old as imperialism itself. During the modern age of imperialism (from the sixteenth to twentieth century), Western governments and companies employed native agents to represent them throughout Asia, Africa, and the Americas. The Portuguese adopted the practice shortly after Vasco da Gama’s arrival in India in 1498.2 In time, the Spanish, British, Dutch, French, Belgians, Russians, Germans, Italians, and Americans recruited native agents of their own. No imperial power employed native agents more extensively, or for as long, as did Britain.
The Operation of British India’s Native Agency in Bahrain
Authors: Onley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most, if not all, of the native agency buildings in the Gulf Residency were the property of their agents. The possession of a large and impressive house—one suitably reflective of Britain’s imperial status—was likely a prerequisite for the position of native agent. In Bahrain, the Union Jack adorned Bait Safar (Safar House) for thirty-four years while it served as the British Agency under four members of the Safar family between 1834 and 1900. Bait Safar also doubled as the British Indian Post Office in Bahrain from 1884 to 1902, servicing the whole of the Arab coast.
The Development And Performance Of European Pri Vate Equity
Authors: Jenkinson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Private equity represents one of the most interesting and important developments in the provision of capital to companies. Definitions of private equity vary, but in this chapter we consider the entire asset class including early-stage venture capital (VC), expansion financing, and buyouts. Private equity consists of equity investments in companies that are not listed on a stock exchange. Although much attention has been focused on VC, the impact of private equity on economic performance has arguably I am grateful to Colin Mayer for comments on an earlier draft of this chapter.
Post-Trading Services And European Securities Markets
Authors: Russo Alberto Giovannini John Berrigan Daniela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Textbook financial analysis typically assumes that a securities transaction begins and ends with the trade between buyer and seller: in fact this could not be further from reality. The trade is just the beginning of a chain of actions designed to safely transfer ownership of the security from the seller to the buyer in return for payment. This chain of actions involves an inevitable degree of operational complexity, mainly due to the large volume of transactions to be processed simultaneously, the need for a proper sequencing of the various actions, and the participation of agents other, The views expressed in this chapter do not necessarily represent those of the authors’ respective aﬃliations.
Deri vatives Markets
Authors: Mckay Ronald W Anderson Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we survey the development in derivatives markets over the last twenty years. In 1985 the American derivatives markets were visibly riding the crest of a wave of innovation that had started some ten years earlier with the introduction of exchange-traded financial derivatives such as stock options, foreign exchange futures, interest futures, and stock index futures. In Europe exchange-traded derivatives were largely limited to the long-standing London markets in metals and soft commodities and the newly opened London International Financial Futures Exchange (LIFFE) that had been modelled on the big Chicago markets.
Structured Finance
Authors: Firla-Cuchra Maciej 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Structured finance is one of the leading growth areas in capital markets, encompassing difierent business segments from classic securitizations of mortgages to repackagings and synthetic portfolios of credit derivatives. According to Alan Greenspan (1998), former chairman of Federal Reserve, securitization is one of the major financial innovations to have occurred over recent decades. The rapid expansion in both depth and breadth of structured finance markets has resulted in a remarkable assortment of financial products.
The Physician
Authors: Ryrie Alec 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Who was Wisdom? He vanishes from Lord Henry’s story without trace, as suddenly as he appears in it. The records of Lord Henry’s arrest, trial, and release make no mention of his fate. When I first read this case, and saw the way Lord Henry used only the single name ‘Wisdom’, I assumed that this was a sorcerer’s nom de guerre. But one clue which Lord Henry left unlocks the secret for us. After he met Wisdom and Menville on 15 March 1545, and learned that the fatal spells had been cast, Lord Henry sent for Wisdom’s father. He spoke to the older man in the fields beyond Moorgate, where he would come close to murdering Wisdom the next day, and told him that ‘that villain thy son hath gone about to destroy my father and my wife’. Wisdom’s father professed to be shocked, condemned his son’s actions, and claimed he had nothing to do with the matter.
The Underworld
Authors: Ryrie Alec 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Henry, Lord Neville, does not seem to have been a bookish young man. That was unlucky, because during the same winter that he was being defrauded and bamboozled by Gregory Wisdom, a book was published which could have solved his gambling problems more effectively than any magician. It was the first of a series of books and pamphlets written over the next fifty or more years which offer a glimpse into London’s criminal underworld, and to how it went about parting fools from their money. The book, apparently the work of one Gilbert Walker, was called A manifest detection of the most vyle and detestable vse of Diceplay. It is as instructive to us as it would have been to Lord Henry, for it provides a unique glimpse into another of the worlds where Gregory Wisdom lived and worked: the networks of fraud and crime which pervaded Tudor London.
Civilization and Africa
Authors: Taithe Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his answer to Jules Ferry’s speech of 28 July 1885 which had defined explicitly the rights of civilized people to rule the world, the Radical leader Georges Clemenceau outlined equally clearly the anticolonial position:
Superior races! Inferior races! That’s easily said! As for myself I am not so proud since I have seen German scholars demonstrate scientifically that France had to be defeated in the Franco-German war because the French are a race inferior to the Germans. Ever since then, I think twice before looking at someone and at a civilization and state: inferior man or civilization ... Consider the history of the conquest of these people you call barbaric, and you will see violence, all the crimes unleashed, oppression, and rivers of blood, and the weak oppressed and under the yoke of the victors. Here is the history of our civilization ... I say nothing of the vices Europeans bring with them: of the alcohol, the opium they spread around ... No there is no right for so-called superior nations against that of inferior races; there is a struggle for life which is a fatal necessity that we must constrain within the boundaries of justice and laws, as we rise in civilization; but let us not dress up violence in the hypocritical guise of civilization; do not talk of rights and duties!
Slaving and African Warfare
Authors: Taithe Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Urbain Gohier’s vibrant and pugnacious preface to Paul Vigné d’Octon’s equally emphatic denunciation of French crimes in Africa contained a measure of exaggeration but also a kernel of truth. Its main allegation of an institutional slave trade was probably seen as defamatory by most French people and like the book itself, set aside in all but the most radical circles. Yet the gradual accumulation of a large crowd of captives is one of the salient features of the Voulet–Chanoine expedition—to many it explained its slow and relentlessly violent progress.
Conspiracy Theories and Scandals
Authors: Taithe Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This deeply ironic analysis of the Voulet–Chanoine affair may have been wrong as to Voulet’s motives on 14 July 1899, but it nevertheless casts the scandal in its rightful place. There was a criminal trial in the making andwhen it came tomilitary justice, all roads led to the Dreyfus affair. France in 1898–9 was in the final throes of the notorious miscarriage of justice of the Jewish officer Alfred Dreyfus. Alfred Dreyfus had been framed for an act of treason committed by another officer in 1894. The case against him was a document found in the German embassy. To cover up for their lack of evidence the French military secret services forged documents and rigged the trial of Dreyfus.
Representing Women in the Querelle des femmes
Authors: Swift Helen J . 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first-person feminine subject of Semiramis’ epitaph, housed in the palace of illustrious women in Jean Bouchet’s Jugement poetic de l’honneur femenin, tackles directly the question of her gender identity through the discourse of transvestism. She mobilizes the usual Middle French adjectives (‘femenin’, ‘masculin’) used to describe what pertains to each sex according to cultural convention— what we would call gender issues—and employs them in a simply ‘denotative’, semantically neutral sense; there is no ‘connotative’2 value-judgement contained in her description of how she donned men’s clothing in order to conceal her woman’s body.
The Eye of the Needle
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, it is said, our ancestors didn’t care very much about making money. They lived miserable lives and consoled themselves with a religious faith that offered them the hope of eternal life. Then something happened, we are not exactly sure what. Maybe some of them figured out better ways of doing things, which changed the way they thought about themselves. Maybe some of them decided they wanted something better in this world rather than the next and changed their behavior as a result. In any case, European society began to undergo a series of related but distinctive transitions: from production for use to production for exchange, from kin- to non-kin-based units of production, from strict patriarchal control over women and children to greater scope for individual choice.
Self-love, Triumphant
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Insistence that self-interest should be virtuous gradually began to dissipate, displaced by new interpretations of the tensions between moral and political economy. The English clergyman and writer Thomas Robert Malthus argued not only that the pursuit of self-interest would serve the common good, but that benevolence would undermine it. Malthus did not abandon the traditional religious emphasis on virtue. Rather, he recast virtue as control over lust rather than greed, describing poverty as punishment for the sexual self-indulgence of early marriage and rapid population growth. In his usage, the term “moral restraint” conveyed something quite specific: delayed marriage that could keep population growth in check.
The Social Family
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If, then, due care as to the state of your inanimate machines can produce such beneficial results, what may not be expected if you devote equal attention to your vital machines, which are far more wonderfully constructed? When you shall acquire a right knowledge of these, or their curious mechanism, of their self-adjusting powers; when the proper main- spring shall be applied to their varied movements—you will become conscious of their real value.
The Subjection of Women
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The early socialist feminists celebrated female altruism and regarded it as a model for society as a whole. In this sense they emphasized the importance of differences between men and women. The early liberal feminists chose a simpler, and in the short run, more successful strategy, celebrating the masculine pursuit of self-interest as a strategy that women could and should adopt for themselves. Demanding equality, they de-emphasized gender differences. It is, however, difficult to find perfect examples of either extreme, or both feminisms were united by their discomfort with the traditional dualism that encouraged self-interest in men but demanded altruism from women.
The Nanny State
Authors: Folbre Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term “nanny state” is often used to deprecate public policies that seem fussy, intrusive, and expensive, policies that would perhaps be unnecessary if individual women were more virtuous. But the term can also convey the ways that early welfare state policies encouraged motherhood and limited women’s reproductive choices. Apprehensions about the quantity and quality of the nation’s population helped motivate the development of social safety nets, family allowances, and tax subsidies for rearing children. Women’s groups played an important role in the fight for maternalist programs, which, nonetheless often had the effect of reinforcing women’s traditional nanny role.
Introduction
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most remarkable feature of Japan’s post-war economic performance was the rapid surge of economic growth from a state of devastation and defeat in the Second World War. Particular attention should be paid to the 1950s and 1960s. This period is often referred to as an ‘economic miracle’ and continues to attract worldwide attention. In the process of rapid growth, Japan succeeded in catching up with the Western powers by the late 1960s, reaching the forefront of major industrialized countries in the 1980s. Since such a remarkable record of economic growth is unparalleled in history, many relevant lessons may be gleaned by other countries from the ‘Japanese model’.
The Preconditions for Post-war Economic Growth
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No doubt, one of the most salient features of Japan’s post-war economic performance was the rapid surge of economic growth from a state of devastation and defeat at the end of the Second World War. This transition is often referred to as an ‘economic miracle’ and continues to attract worldwide attention. In fact, Japan succeeded in catching up with the Western economic powers by the late 1960s, and it has continued to grow, coming to the forefront of major industrialized countries in the 1980s. Since Japan’s remarkable economic growth is unparalleled in history, many relevant lessons can be gleaned by other countries.
The Emergence of the Bubble Economy and Its Aftermath
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japan’s economy achieved great success in its overall performance until the late 1980s. It had attained the highest rate of economic growth among major industrial countries with no serious problems of unemployment or inflation. Perhaps the first oil shock, caused by the oil embargo of the Arab countries, was an epoch-making incident in that Japan’s weakness became evident, along with its vulnerability as a very resource-poor country. However, the damage of the first oil crisis was successfully limited by cooperation between private business and government policy. After overcoming the initial hardship of the 1970s, Japan emerged as an economic superpower in the 1980s. At the end of the twentieth century Japan is considered to be one of the more significant world economies, along with the USA and Germany, which should be responsible for the stable growth of the world economy.
Budget Orthodoxy and Strategies for Deficit Reduction
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Generally speaking, the government plays an important role in not only providing public goods and redistributing income, but stabilizing the economy in a non- inflationary environment. In order to execute the fiscal activities of the government sector, government expenditure, tax revenue and public debt are the main economic instruments. Apart from a balanced budget state, the budget frequently generates fiscal surpluses and deficits as a result of an expenditure-revenue gap, depending on the general level of economic expansion or contraction. Thus, fiscal deficits (or surpluses) provide us with a certain yardstick to express the basic nature of government fiscal activity.
The Budgetary Behaviour of Local Governments and Intergovernmental Grant Policies
Authors: Ishi Hiromitsu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic aim in this chapter is to clarify intergovernmental fiscal relations in Japan. Particular attention is paid to the impact of various types of central government grants on local government budgets. This is an important issue in a nation like Japan, where the fiscal system is strongly centralized. First, a brief outline is given to clarify the Japanese system of local public finance as a preliminary consideration. Secondly, an empirical model is constructed to express the local fiscal behaviour under the current grant policies, following attempts developed in the USA. Thirdly, the estimates from this model are calculated using Japanese data, and some policy questions are examined. The main empirical conclusions that are drawn from the Japanese experience are much more plausible than those in the US case. This implies that the control of central government via various grant policies is more dominant in Japan.
Trends in Tax Policy
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world of taxes in year 2000 was very different from that in 1900, not only because tax levels have increased almost fourfold, but also because the main sources of tax revenues have completely changed. In 1900, the greater part of government revenues was derived from selective taxes on consumption (import duties and excises) with property taxes on land and buildings, then as now providing revenues for local government, being the next most important revenue source. In 1900 there was in some, but not all, countries a relatively unimportant personal income tax (PIT) on the rich few, backed up in some cases by a net wealth and bequests tax, though never a capital gains tax. In those days, corporate income taxes (CITs), social security contributions and general consumption taxes were virtually non-existent.
Tax Policy and Public Sector Trends
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many economists stress that to tax at all is to create dead-weight losses by reducing the optimum allocation of resources, even though such an assertion would hold good only if—in the absence of government intervention—all resources were allocated in perfectly competitive markets and without negative externalities. Such economists consider that the best tax systems are those which least affect economic and social decisions such as where to invest, whether or not to get married, to take up paid employment, and so on. Since in their opinion taxation necessarily distorts, the lower the tax burden the better. This view presupposes that governments are unlikely to improve on market forces in terms of economic efficiency and/or equity, so that their role in the economy should be kept to the necessary minimum.
Social Security Contributions
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All available evidence suggests that the great majority of individuals avoid taking unnecessary risks. This is apparent from the fact that most individuals are willing to pay insurance premiums the amount of which exceeds the expected pay-out: the amount of potential damage times the chance that such damage will happen. Although private markets offer protection against a wide array of mishaps, such as fire, death or car accidents, insurance markets are characterized by well-known imperfections. Because insurance companies cannot distinguish between high- and low-risk individuals, they must charge a premium based on average risk. Low-risk individuals will in this case drop out (self-selection) because they can buy cheaper insurance from a company offering lower-priced but more restricted policies only available to low-risk individuals (adverse selection).
Future Tax Systems
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This concluding chapter offers a few guesses on how tax systems might evolve over the next fifteen to twenty years. Tax policies pursued will to some extend depend on policy goals that governments want to achieve. These policy goals are not written in stone, but will change as rapidly as successive elections alter the face of governments. Probably more relevant to future tax trends is what governments find it feasible to do in the tax area. Among the more important constraints upon them will be the state of their economy—rates of GDP growth and inflation and the level of employment—the impacts of economic integration within the European Union and—more generally—globalization, the ageing of populations, and the uncertain outcome of the continuous struggle between tax officials and tax avoiders and evaders.
Introduction
Authors: Sathar Zeba Ayesa , Phillips James F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As recently as a decade ago, experts continued to write about the demographic homogeneity of South Asia. Few would have predicted the demographic diversity that has emerged in recent years. Given the common history, cultural affinity, and shared geography of South Asian populations, authors often overlooked the possi ble demographic implications of linguistic, religious, and political diversity. But evidence of profound demographic change is now unmistakable.