bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chestnut Ink Disease on Photosynthetic Performance
Authors: Gomes‐Laranjo J. , Araújo‐Alves J. , Ferreira‐Cardoso J. , Pimentel‐Pereira M. , Abreu C. G. , Torres‐Pereira J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn order to evaluate the evolutionary impact of chestnut ink disease, infected trees (cv. Judia), were compared with non‐infected trees, in three separate months: July, September and October. The aim of this work is to analyse the effects of the infection using parameters related to plant water relations, gas exchange and biometric data of leaves and fruits. In this period, temperatures decreased from 31 to 16°C contrarily to precipitation, which increased from 18 to 178 mm, respectively. In consequence, leaf water potential changed between −1.6 and −1.0 MPa while in infected plants the values maintained around −1.2 MPa over the referred period. Nevertheless, at the gas exchanges level, differences in stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis were only detected in October. Concerning photosynthesis rate, the infected plants showed, in relation to September, a reduction around 35% whereas in non‐infected plants the decline was 25%. Alterations in the chlorophyll contents were also observed between September and October. In infected plants reduction on total amount of chlorophyll was from 18.6 to 13.4 mg/Wf, while in non‐infected plants values were only decayed from 15.1 to 13.1 mg/Wf. In relation to chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio, plants infected by the oomycete preserved values in the level of 2.6, whereas in healthy plants values changed from 2.5 to 2.3. Leaves and fruits from infected chestnut trees were 13 and 20% smaller, respectively than those from non‐infected. Fruits from infected plants also had less starch but more crude protein.
Epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars Associated with Decline of Plum Trees in the Southwest of Germany
Authors: Hinrichs‐Berger J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPlum decline was associated with Pseudomonas syringae pathovars syringae and morsprunorum in Baden‐Württemberg. The trunks of affected plum trees (Prunus domestica) were girdled by bacterial cankers resulting in sudden death of infected trees. Copper compounds that were applied extensively during leaf fall and bud burst, were not effective. A minority of P. syringae strains isolated from cankers on plum trees were moderately resistant, while most strains were sensitive to cupric ions. Invasions through blossoms, leaves and wounds during the vegetation period were limited to the infection sites and plum trees coped effectively with both P. syringae pathovars eliminating them eventually. Infections after dormancy including very rare leaf scar infections did not induce cankers on the trunk. However, infections of dormant trees through frost injuries, (pruning) wounds or non‐injurious ingress by freezing and thawing were serious, because they led to cankers girdling the trunk. Control strategies to manage plum decline have to be adapted to the disease cycle. They should concentrate on the dormant period beginning with early frosts in autumn and ending with bud burst.
Assessment of the Seedling Reactions of Turkish Barley Cultivars to Scald
Authors: Mert Z. , Karakaya A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe reactions of 37 cultivars and two candidate lines of barley to five isolates of Rhynchosporium secalis and their mixtures were determined in assays under greenhouse conditions. Fungal isolates were collected from Ankara province and surrounding areas in Turkey. There were clear differences in the reactions of the cultivars to the fungal isolates and isolates differed in pathogenicity for each cultivar. Of all genotypes tested, seven cultivars (cvs Erginel 90, Şahin 91, Kıral 97, Akhisar 98, Çetin 2000, Çumra 2001, Avcı 2002) and one candidate line (candidate 4) were found to be resistant to all isolates and their mixtures. A5 was found to be the most virulent fungal isolate.
Factors Affecting Survival of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in Water
Authors: van der Wolf J. M. , van Beckhoven J. R. C. M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe survival of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms), the causal organism of bacterial ring rot in potato, was studied in water, to assess the risks for dissemination of Cms via surface water and infection of potato crops by irrigation. Cms was able to survive for a maximum period of 7 days in non‐sterile surface water at 10°C, a period during which Cms can be transported over long distances, but will also be strongly diluted. It is concluded that contamination of surface water with Cms can pose a threat on potato production only if aquatic host plants can multiply Cms in high densities. Survival of a fluidal and non‐mucoid strain was also studied in sterile ditch water and simulated ‘drainage water’, in sterile MilliQ water, in tap water, in physiological salt and in artificial xylem fluid. In addition, the influence of temperature and low oxygen conditions on persistence of Cms in some of these diluents was studied. A maximum survival period of 35 days was found for Cms in sterile tap water at 20°C, independent of the strain used. In the other diluents survival periods ranged between 0 and 21 days. Relatively poor survival was found in MilliQ water and artificial xylem fluid. Low temperatures of 4°C do not favour survival as it does in soil. Oxygen depletion affected survival detrimentally. Survival periods determined by agar dilution plating and a direct viable counting method, based on the use of indicators for esterase activity and membrane integrity were similar. Therefore, it was concluded that under the experimental conditions studied, Cms did not form cells in a viable but non‐culturable state.
Scanning Electron Microscopy on the Perithecial Development of Phyllactinia corylea on Mulberry‐II. Sexual Stage
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Gupta V. P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDevelopment of perithecia of Phyllactinia corylea (Pers.) Karst. on mulberry (Morus spp.) leaves was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Two short specialized structures, antheridium and ascogonium, emerged from two separate hyphae, were fused with each other and developed into an egg‐shaped perithecial primordia. These primordia later developed into globose immature perithecia, which covered with protruded wall cells with clear margins. A large number of hyphae emerged from near the base of globose perithecia, which radiated on the leaf surface and thus helped the perithecia to fix to the surface. Specific characteristic penicillate cells and acicular appendages originated from the immature perithecia. The penicillate cells developed with apical sterigma‐like projections from the wall cells of the upper part of immature perithecia, whereas the acicular appendages originated from the shrunken wall cells at the perithecial equatorial planes. On maturation of perithecia, the acicular appendages bent down and pushed the perithecia above the substrate and thus helped them to liberate out. The sterigma‐like projections were covered with paste‐like granular substance, which help the dispersed perithecia to attach to mulberry leaves and branches.
Enhancement of Defence Responses against Bayoud Disease by Treatment of Date Palm Seedlings with an Hypoaggressive Fusarium oxysporum Isolate
Authors: El Hassni M. , J'Aiti F. , Dihazi A. , Ait Barka E. , Daayf F. , El Hadrami I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPretreatment of date palm seedlings with an hypoaggressive Fusarium isolate (AHD) protected them partially from further infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. albedinis (Foa), the Bayoud disease pathogen. No mortality occurred during 2–3 months of incubation in plants pretreated with AHD, as opposed to aggressive isolate (ZAG) inoculated controls where up to 100% mortality was observed 15–30 days after inoculation. Such protection involved biochemical interactions between the host plant and AHD since no direct competition or antagonism was revealed between AHD and ZAG. The examination of the accumulation of phenolics and peroxidase activity, two parameters previously reported to be involved in date palm resistance to Foa, indicated that the response to AHD was correlated with the ability of pretreated date palm tissues to establish a faster defence response in the roots of both susceptible and resistant cultivars. Plants pretreated with AHD accumulated higher amounts of phenolics, mainly non‐constitutive hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, which play a crucial role in date palm defence against Foa, as previously described by our group. These compounds were accumulated along with the constitutive caffeoylshikimic acids. A faster induction of peroxidase activity in response to Foa was also recorded in plants pretreated with AHD. Given the multi‐component nature of these induced responses, AHD could be part of integrated disease management strategies for a sustainable control of the palm tree Bayoud disease.
Parental perception of small ventricular septal defects in childhood
Authors: Lok SW , Menahem S 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  The main aim of this study was to determine the understanding and perception of parents following the diagnosis of a minor cardiac abnormality, namely a small ventricular septal defect, in the child. Other aims included discovering the reasons behind these perceptions and whether they affected the parents’ management of their child and his/her cardiac problem.Methods:  Fifty‐six infants and children from two tertiary centres and the private practices of the participating cardiologists were enrolled over a 5‐month period. Questionnaires were prepared and distributed to all their parents.Results:  Complete data was obtained from 40 parents. Close to 80% of the parents perceived the small ventricular septal defect as a minor problem and most understood the nature of the defect. However, when asked about precautions for their child, only two‐thirds recalled the need for antibiotic prophylaxis. Most parents experienced distress and anxiety when told initially of the diagnosis but none reportedly restricted their child's physical activity.Conclusions:  Most parents have a clear understanding and perception of their child's small ventricular septal defect. There is a need for further improvement to facilitate parental understanding, especially with regard to the need for antibiotic prophylaxis.
Long bone fractures in children under 3 years of age: Is abuse being missed in Emergency Department presentations?
Authors: Taitz J , Moran K , O'Meara M 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  Distinguishing injuries due to accidents from those due to child abuse in young children is important to prevent further abuse. We aimed to study the presenting features, mechanism of injury, type of fracture and indicators of possible abuse in children under 3 years of age, presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) of a tertiary referral Children's Hospital, to see whether those injuries that were more likely abusive were distinguished from those that were more likely accidental.Methods:  We analysed the medical records from the Emergency Department Information System of all children below 3 years of age, who were treated for a long bone fracture at the Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, over a 1‐year period. Demographic details, presenting complaint, mechanism of injury, type of fracture, other historical and examination data and action taken were noted. Nine indicators that raise suspicion of abuse were developed from the literature. Using these indicators, patients’ ED notes were reviewed to establish whether long bone fractures suspicious for abuse had been referred for further evaluation.Results:  One hundred patients with a total of 103 fractures presented during the study period. No child had multiple fractures at a single visit. The fractures included 36 radius/ulna, 27 tibia/fibula, 20 humeral, 17 clavicular and three femoral. The mean age of patients was 21.6 months (range 13 days − 35 months). Fourteen patients were younger than 12 months. Review of the notes revealed 31 children with indicators suspicious for abuse, of whom 17 children had one indicator, 11 children had two indicators, and three children had three indicators. Only one child was referred for further evaluation to child protection.Conclusion:  Abuse cannot usually be determined by fracture type alone. Doctors in the ED miss indicators for abuse because they do not look for these indicators in the history and examination. Knowledge of indicators that raise suspicion of abuse is needed for a further forensic assessment to occur. The development of specific referral guidelines, ongoing education and a comprehensive injury form may improve referral of children from the ED to child protection.
Health care delivery: Perspectives of young people with chronic illness and their parents
Authors: Farrant B , Watson PD 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  To identify and compare perceptions of health care service delivery held by young people with chronic illness and their parents.Methods:  A convenience sample of young people with chronic illness and their parents were invited to complete a confidential self‐report survey. The adolescents were aged 13−18 years inclusive and attended a specialist medical clinic.Results:  Participants comprised 53 young people (response rate 88%, 53/60) and 45 parents (response rate 75%, 45/60). Both young people and their parents rate honesty, confidentiality, having good medical knowledge and good listening skills as the most important qualities for a health care provider. Compared to the parent group, fewer young people report the presence of these desired qualities in their current health care provider. A quarter of young people (25%, 13/53) report they do not always trust health professionals to keep their information confidential, and 19% (10/53) of young people report having withheld information from a health professional due to a lack of trust. Some parents and young people would like to discuss a wider range of health topics, including mental health issues, than they currently do with their health provider. Young people and their parents report limited planning with their current health provider for transition to adult health services.Conclusions:  Young people with chronic illnesses have significant levels of dissatisfaction with the health care they receive; this has the potential to impact on their use of health care services and their health outcomes. There is a need for increased provider awareness of the important qualities of health care service delivery to young people.
Invasive pneumococcal disease in the Australian Capital Territory and Queanbeyan region: Do high infant rates reflect more disease or better detection?
Authors: Andresen DN , Collignon PJ 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  To describe the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and Queanbeyan region prior to the introduction of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines.Methodology:  Residents with sterile site isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from 1998 to 2000 were identified from a prospective bacteraemia surveillance project involving all ACT public hospitals, supplemented by retrospective laboratory‐based detection of other sterile site isolates.Results:  Incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease was 15.2 cases per 105 per year, and 193.4 per 105 per year in infants under 2 years. Primary bacteraemia was significantly more common in infants and young children than in older subjects. Reduced penicillin susceptibility was observed in 9.6% of isolates, and no high‐level penicillin resistance was observed.Conclusions:  Infants in the ACT and Queanbeyan have a higher invasive pneumococcal disease incidence than similar populations worldwide. Better detection is the most likely explanation. This population would be ideal for studies of the ‘real life’ effectiveness of infant conjugate vaccination.
Prevalence and correlates of paediatric asthma and wheezing in a largely rural USA population
Authors: Arif AA , Borders TF , Patterson PJ , Rohrer JE , Xu KT 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  The prevalence of asthma among children has been increasing in the United States and it is estimated that there are approximately 5 million children with asthma. This cross‐sectional survey sought to estimate the prevalence of asthma and asthma symptoms and potential risk factors among children aged 16 and younger, in a largely rural population in the USA.Methods:  This study was a telephone survey of 1500 households in the South Plains/Panhandle region of Texas. Parents of children were interviewed with a response rate of 64%. Having been diagnosed with asthma by a physician and a report of wheezing in the last 12 months were used as dependent variables in multivariate logistic regressions with several sociodemographic and environmental factors as potential confounders.Results:  The age‐adjusted prevalence of asthma and wheezing among children were approximately 15 and 18%, respectively. The prevalence of asthma was highest (20%) among children aged 11−16 (P < 0.001). Living in urban areas was associated significantly with asthma and wheezing. Non‐Hispanic blacks reported significantly increased odds of asthma in their children (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.04, 95%CI 1.02−4.08), whereas Mexican‐Americans reported significantly reduced odds of asthma (adjusted OR = 0.48, 95%CI 0.29−0.78) and wheezing (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95%CI 0.37−0.89) in their children. The odds of asthma (adjusted OR = 1.78, 95%CI 1.09−2.92) and wheezing (adjusted OR = 2.45, 95%CI 1.52−3.95) was highest among children in the highest body mass index quartile. No significant association with pet ownership and exposure to second‐hand smoke with asthma and wheezing was observed in this study.Conclusion:  Urban residence, non‐Hispanic black and Mexican‐American race/ethnicity, and being overweight were significantly associated with the increased risk of asthma and/or wheezing.
Management guidelines for Helicobacter pylori infection: Utilization by paediatric gastroenterologists in Australasia
Authors: Day AS , Mitchell HM , Bohane TD 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  Although there are published guidelines representing the consensus of several large groups, it is unclear whether these are used by practitioners in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in children and if the guidelines are relevant to particular regions of the world. The aim of this study was to answer these questions in regard to the Australasian region.Methods:  An email‐based questionnaire was circulated to Australasian paediatric gastroenterologists to ascertain aspects of practice related to H. pylori infection in children and to review practitioner awareness and use of the guidelines.Results:  Twenty‐five (78%) of 32 questionnaires were completed. Current practice reported by the respondents followed the principles of the published guidelines. However, only 15 gastroenterologists were aware of the guidelines: a number of these practitioners were uncomfortable adapting the published guidelines to their local situation.Conclusions:  Although widely distributed in the paediatric gastroenterology literature, guidelines for management of H. pylori infection may not be utilized fully by individual practitioners. As these guidelines are updated, based upon current developments in the understanding of H. pylori disease, attempts should be made to ensure that such documents are widely distributed to practitioners and that they reflect regional variations in disease patterns.
Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents
Authors: Hotu S , Carter B , Watson PD , Cutfield WS , Cundy T 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  The rising prevalence of obesity in childhood and adolescence in North America has been paralleled by the emergence of type 2 diabetes in the adolescent age group. We have examined trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in adolescents attending a diabetes clinic in Auckland, New Zealand.Methods:  Surveys of the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in attendees at the adolescent diabetes clinic at the Auckland Diabetes Centre were undertaken in 1996 and 2002. The proportion of type 2 diabetes in incident cases of diabetes diagnosed between these years was also calculated.Results:  The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 1.8% (2/110) in 1996, and 11.0% (18/163) in 2002 (P = 0.008). Type 2 diabetes accounted for 12.5% (6/48) of incident cases of diabetes in the years 1997−1999, and 35.7% (10/28) of cases in the years 2000−2001, indicating a sharp rise in the incidence (P = 0.017) between the two periods. At diagnosis the mean age of the type 2 diabetes subjects was 15 years and the mean body mass index 34.6 kg/m2. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were common in the subjects with type 2 diabetes: 85% had dyslipidaemia, 58% had increased albumin excretion rates and 28% had systolic hypertension.Conclusions:  Obesity‐related type 2 diabetes now accounts for a substantial proportion of newly recognized diabetes in the adolescent age group − and this proportion is escalating rapidly. Adverse cardiovascular risk factors are prevalent in this population. Public health measures to curtail the rise of obesity in childhood and adolescence are required urgently.
Vaginal foreign bodies
Authors: Stricker T , Navratil F , Sennhauser FH 
Published: March 2004

Objective:  To evaluate the clinical features and outcome in girls with a vaginal foreign body.Methods:  Retrospective review of medical records of 35 girls with a vaginal foreign body seen in an outpatient clinic for paediatric and adolescent gynaecology between 1980 and 2000.Results:  The ages ranged from 2.6 to 9.2 years. The most common symptom was blood‐stained vaginal discharge/vaginal bleeding (49%). Duration of symptoms varied from 1 day to 2 years. Fifty‐four percent of the patients recalled insertion of the foreign object, usually by the girl herself. All but three patients (91%) either recalled insertion of the foreign object and/or had vaginal bleeding or blood‐stained or foul‐smelling vaginal discharge, and/or visualization or palpation of the foreign body in physical examination. Symptoms resolved after removal of the foreign body followed by a single irrigation with Providon‐Iod (Betadine®).Conclusion:  In the majority of patients a carefully obtained history and physical examination suggest the diagnosis of a vaginal foreign object. The leading symptoms are vaginal bleeding and blood‐stained or foul smelling vaginal discharge. Removal of the foreign object followed by a single irrigation with Providon‐Iod is the definitive treatment and does not require additional measures.