bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Actuarial Science to 1848
Authors: Bellhouse David R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
There were three phases in the evolution of actuarial science in England, culminating in the formation of the Institute of Actuaries in 1848. During the first phase, up to the middle of the eighteenth century, some companies offered life insurance and life annuities. At this time mathematicians were involved in life contingent contracts related to property. It was property valuation that originally inspired the early mathematical development of actuarial science in Britain and Ireland. A general shift to proper actuarial pricing in the insurance and annuity industry did not begin to happen until a crisis occurred in 1771. This was the second phase. Between 1771 and the end of the century, Richard Price and his nephew, William Morgan, laid the mathematical foundations for the sound operation of a life insurance company. The third phase began near the end of the eighteenth century when, with a burgeoning middle class, the demand for life insurance and life annuities soared. The number of life insurance companies grew enormously without being subjected to reasonable regulation and a large fraction of them failed. By the middle of the nineteenth century, a group of mathematicians working as actuaries saw the need for those working in the industry to have proper training and to have the opportunity to exchange ideas and information on a regular basis. In response, the Institute of Actuaries was founded in 1848.
Mathematical Businesses
Authors: Beeley Philip 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the various meeting points of what at first sight appear to be the quite disparate worlds of academic and practical mathematicians in early modern England. It seeks to show that beneath explicit and largely justified appeals to their intellectual and social distinctness there was a strong sense of co-dependency and often friendship between scholars such as John Wallis, Isaac Newton, and James Gregory on the one side and practitioners and instrument makers such as Michael Dary, Henry Sutton, and John Collins on the other side: a story of detachment and connection. In many respects there was a common sense of purpose as revealed through their exchanges of letters and records of meetings, and as exemplified through the procurement and loan of scarce mathematical books. This sense of purpose was driven in part by a shared awareness that mathematical culture in the British Isles lagged behind that in France, Italy, or the Low Countries. Collins emerges thereby as the central figure. Justifiably seen by contemporaries as ‘England’s Mersenne’, he engaged like no other in the dissemination of mathematical news, attended to the employment interests of contemporary practitioners, and ensured that not a few major publications of academic friends such as Wallis, John Pell, and Isaac Barrow saw the light of day.
Climbing the Social Ladder
Authors: Schneider Ivo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Johannes Faulhaber (1580–1635) is one of the most prominent German Rechenmeister. Youngest son of a weaver in Ulm, after an apprenticeship he opened his own German writing and reckoning school in 1600 in Ulm. Ambitious to improve his social standing beyond that of an ordinary Rechenmeister, he followed two strategies: to be acknowledged as a prophet sent in order to communicate God’s will to the world, and, more down to earth, to become known to those in power and eventually to become their counsellor. Even if he never gave up his claim to be a prophet, the negative reaction of Protestant church officials to his ostensibly successful prediction of a comet in 1618 convinced him eventually to give up this way of improving his status. Faulhaber followed the second strategy by constantly expanding his expertise in order to sell his skill and knowledge in an appropriate form on the market for scientific goods. By way of advertising what he had to offer, he took advantage of a predominant contemporary attitude in Germany according to which different-sounding expressions for the same thing could be used to suggest higher value. This is shown, for example, with his first publication of a collection of 160 cubic problems, which led to a conflict with Peter Roth. And on the back of the first years of the Thirty Years’ War he eventually became an expert on fortification, which secured him a corresponding high social position in Ulm.
The Railpolitik
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
With Beijing’s announcement of the ‘going global’ policy in the early 2000s and the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, Chinese policy banks and state-owned companies have cooperated with African countries to finance and complete many infrastructure projects. These projects, despite their ‘Chineseness’, demonstrate starkly different development trajectories in different countries. Why do some Chinese-financed and -constructed projects develop better than others? And what explains differential African state effectiveness in public goods delivery? This book traces the process of three Chinese-sponsored railway projects in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Angola. These serve as lenses to inspect the broader phenomenon of the fast-progressing Sino-African relation and African domestic politics. The book shows that African political championship is the central factor that determines Chinese-sponsored railway outcomes. Contrary to the conventional knowledge that centralized political institutions such as those in the developmental states are more conducive to rulers’ commitment to developmental projects, it finds that political championship can be generated from leaders’ perceived threats of competitive elections in democratic states like Kenya. These Chinese-financed and -constructed projects coincided with African rulers’ strategies for political survival. These projects are therefore instrumentalized politically to demonstrate rulers’ performance legitimacy and fuel their patronage machine. The empirical evidence is collected from extensive field research in Kenya, Ethiopia, Angola, and China from 2014 to 2019. Empirical analysis is based on 250 in-depth interviews with African and Chinese government officials, corporate managers, civil society leaders, journalists, citizens, and scholars combined with episodes of participatory observation with Chinese railway contractors in Africa.
The railpolitik
Authors: Wang Yuan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the state was ‘brought back in’, it has been central in the study of politics. In this process of explaining what states can and cannot do, how well the state does it, and why, researchers have overly concentrated on structural and institutional explanations, and less emphasis has been placed on individual agency of the political leaders. This chapter details the historical-political implications of railway infrastructure in Africa, and lays out this often overlooked factor in state effectiveness of infrastructure delivery from historical to contemporary Africa; that is, the championship of political leaders. It also discusses why Sino-African structural asymmetry and institutional explanations of African bureaucratic capacity fall short in explaining the personalistic and volatile nature of infrastructure delivery and state effectiveness in Africa.
Human Work and Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the central principles of Catholic Social Teaching (CST) and it explores how they apply to human work. CST is based upon four key principles: the dignity of the human person, the common good, solidarity, and subsidiarity. The belief in human dignity is the bedrock of CST. It inspires CST’s commitment to the ‘dignity of work’, which captures the need for humans to have sufficient opportunities to work and to be able to do so under decent conditions. The ethical significance of work arises from its performance by human persons, as opposed to machines. CST holds that all persons are equal in dignity. A contentious aspect of Church teaching is belief in the complementarity of women and men, which has had implications for understanding their relative roles in performing work. Dignity is understood to have a profound social dimension; relationships with others are central to the flourishing of the human person. The interdependence of humans underpins the other principles. The principles of solidarity and subsidiarity inform the role of the State. It should support organizations in their pursuit of the common good, such as fostering dialogue between trade unions and employers. If, however, the common good cannot be sufficiently achieved by voluntary social action, then it is appropriate for the State to intervene, such as through labour legislation.
‘Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations’
Authors: Cioni Francesca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Voices are symbolically present throughout The Temple, where they emphasize humanity and embodied experience, and offer a material connection to the divine. Contemporary treatments of prayer contested the value of ‘vocal’ and ‘mental’ prayer, and physiological texts saw the voice as participating in the work of the spirit, forming a material connection between humanity and God. In Herbert’s verse, he strives for both heavenly articulacy and spiritual experience that transcends the limitations of poetic form. Voices emphasize the vulnerability and strangeness of human experiences of prayer, and point up the problematic materiality of the poetic text. The Temple follows the Book of Common Prayer in its material direction of the praying voice with punctuation and typography; the difficulty of resolving the poetic voice’s troublesome materiality gives figurative and material expression to the self-consciousness difficulty of Herbert’s devotional poetic programme.
Introduction
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Introduction discusses what happens to our study of global order if it is located in marginal spaces, done in a sociological register, pursued with an intersectional sensibility, and narrated beyond the political confines of liberal internationalism. It introduces the notion of ‘actually existing cosmopolitanism’ and outlines how it matters for our understanding of India’s status in international society and our interpretation of the social hierarchies of global order. The Indian Foreign Service is discussed as a scene of social struggle and as an example of how the postcolonial world learned to live under Western-dominated order. The Introduction moves from cosmopolitanism as a political ethic into a reading of cosmopolitanism as an elite aesthetic. Finally, it places the book in conversation with adjacent literatures and provides summaries of the individual chapters.
World-making
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 asks what kind of world Indian diplomats have envisioned and how they have sought to navigate their place within it. It analyses their deep ambivalence towards the conventions, debates, and hypocrisies of Western-dominated global order, in which the elite factions of the Service partake with a performative fluency but also some resentment at their own desire for mimicry. Indeed, the chapter demonstrates how the cosmopolitan imperative has interfered with India’s efforts at proposing a radically different order, founded on Third World solidarity, anti-imperialism, and a rejection of the very idea of an enlightened elite club governing international society. The chapter also considers the place of caste and race in international society, asking how these fraught categories of identity relate to the dual Indian project of belonging among the exclusive cosmopolitan club and envisioning a more equal world.
Representation
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 uses Indian debates around diplomatic recruitment, promotion, and the so-called ‘democratization’ of the Foreign Service to establish how cosmopolitanism operates domestically as an elite aesthetic. Tying cosmopolitanism to domestic hierarchies, the chapter shows how, instead of transcending private loyalties, as political theory tells us cosmopolitanism does, cosmopolitanism in the Indian diplomatic imagination is stored in an elite habitus and its attendant forms of cultural and social capital. Against the professed ideals of democratization, the chapter shows how the more ‘authentically Indian’ or ‘representative’ diplomats miss out on promotions and prestigious postings, rarely find a place in the existing webs of social capital that reproduce old hierarchies, and fail to fundamentally alter the ideal of a cosmopolitan diplomat, against which officers continue to be measured.
Interregnum
Authors: Huju Kira 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers how the twin transformation of India’s growing global stature in an increasingly ‘post-Western’ world and its changing domestic power constellations are producing what Bourdieu called misfires: occasions on which a dominant habitus has outlived the conditions in which it was originally assembled. The backlash against cosmopolitan elites in Indian political discourse and inside the Service itself must be thought of in this twin context: against a backdrop of global changes on the one hand and shifting political alliances inside India on the other. To this end, the chapter first considers changes brought about by the dawn of an ever-increasingly ‘post-Western’ world in the early twenty-first century, asking whether they could signal the possibility of a more inclusive, democratized understanding of cosmopolitanism, liberated from its earlier colonial confines. It then discusses the influence of Hindu nationalism on the Foreign Service since 2014.
Conclusion
Authors: Vozar Thomas Matthew 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The conclusion briefly reviews the book’s contributions to Milton criticism, classical reception studies, and the history of ideas. It highlights the bibliographical appendix, which supplies a study of copies of Longinus traced to seventeenth-century private libraries and documents the wide dissemination of several editions among various English book owners before the appearance of Boileau’s 1674 translation, and the textual appendix, which provides an edition of the Lansdowne Longinus, a previously unknown seventeenth-century English translation of the Peri hupsous discovered in a manuscript at the British Library. Finally, it gestures to the importance of Milton’s sublimity for his place in the canon of English literature.
Comparing the Revolution
Authors: Balbi Gabriele 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the parallels with past revolutions as well as the idea that the digital revolution is the revolution around which all the present changes revolve. The change wrought by the digital revolution has been compared to that of fire or the book as well as the French or Russian Revolutions, but there is a particularly constant reference to the Industrial Revolution. These parallels are crucial to place the digital revolution “on the shoulders of giants” in order to certify its relevance because of this pedigree. However, the digital revolution is also the revolution of our times and all the other social changes are inevitably influenced by it: think about political uprisings like the Arab Springs (sometimes renamed Twitter or Facebook Revolutions), the green revolution, and the fight for climate change where digital transformation seems destined to play a key role, and finally the COVID-19 pandemic, when the digital revolution literally saved some people’s lives.
Believing in the Revolution
Authors: Balbi Gabriele 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The fourth and final chapter aims to understand why people believe in the digital revolution almost as if it were a contemporary religion. In fact, it is a quasi-religion because it is often described using sacred and religious metaphors: the protagonists of the digital revolution are gurus, messiahs, and tireless evangelists; the places where the revolution is happening are the meccas towards which we should turn; digital objects are sacred relics and transport us to transcendent realities. And then there are even heretics and infidels who have taken the liberty of opposing the positive effects of digitization, but who very rarely question the revolutionary nature of the process. The quasi-religious character of the digital revolution helps making it even more ideological and uncontestable.
Conclusion
Authors: Balbi Gabriele 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The conclusion aims to answer two simple questions: who profits from the great tale of the digital revolution? And why does it keep going (or seem to continue with little debate)? In answering the first question, it becomes apparent how the digital revolution has acquired such wide recognition: because it is driven by various converging interests and stakeholders. Politicians, digital companies, academics, journalists, and basically all human beings have embraced the rhetoric of the revolution because it is easy to profess and it can justify all their choices, expenses, and decisions. The second question aims to understand the future of the digital revolution (and related expressions). Not an easy question to answer, but this ideology has been around for decades, does not look as if it will end quickly, and more importantly it doesn’t seem as if there is another ideology on the horizon that can adapt so easily to various cultures and fields of activity and is as engaging as that of the digital revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book and its main arguments. It discusses the rise of human rights due diligence (HRDD) in transnational governance and why this development matters for those concerned with the protection and promotion of workers’ rights in a global economy. It explains how the study builds on existing critiques of HRDD by way of situating the concept within transnational labour governance and evaluating the concept as a tool of transnational labour law. This chapter outlines the socio-legal approach taken, which draws on theories and insights from sociology, international law and politics, and regulation and compliance. It also elaborates on the method used in the study, involving multi-sited fieldwork and analysis of primary and secondary sources. The chapter concludes with an overview of subsequent chapters.
Situating HRDD in Transnational Labour Governance
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the evolution of transnational labour governance in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, emphasising the crowded and contested nature of the regulatory landscape. It then traces the emergence of the concept of human rights due diligence (HRDD), from the failed UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises through to the adoption of the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) in 2011. It shows that broad-based support for the UNGPs in 2011 did not indicate the resolution of key issues of contention in transnational labour governance. The UN Special Representative on Business and Human Rights, Professor John Ruggie, secured support for the concept by using two devices long familiar to international legal scholars: reframing and strategic ambiguity. Business support for HRDD was generated by reframing human rights in a way that was familiar to, and resonated with, business and by avoiding the imposition of substantive constraints on managerial prerogative. At the same time, however, Ruggie was able to generate support for the concept in the international labour and human rights movements by the use of vague language. Because of this ambiguity, in the eyes of many labour and human rights activists, the concept carried the potential for the further opening up of corporate practices to contestation and political leverage. It also offered a promising channel through which greater accountability of companies for labour rights abuses could be secured in law.
Unpacking HRDD
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays the basis for subsequent chapters by providing a conceptual analysis of human rights due diligence (HRDD). To understand subsequent contests over the role and status of HRDD in transnational labour governance, it is necessary to unpack the concept at three levels. At the micro level, the concept can be understood as a form of business risk management. At the meso level, HRDD is a novel form of transnational business regulation. At the macro level, HRDD can be understood as an emerging and contested transnational norm. It is suggested that while each of these conceptualisations of HRDD is distinct, the three different levels interact in complex and problematic ways.
Paths Diverge
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Informed by insights into the recursive nature of transnational norm elaboration, this chapter examines the legalisation of human rights due diligence (HRDD) at the national and regional levels. It discusses recent HRDD-related statutory initiatives in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development member states and categorises these laws into two distinct approaches: statutory deference and statutory elaboration. The first approach is found largely in Anglo-Saxon liberal economies, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, and essentially consolidates, rather than challenges, managerial interpretations of HRDD and extant private labour governance. The second approach is found in continental Europe, is broader in scope (ie with respect to the rights covered), and imposes more substantive obligations on companies.
Conclusion
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarises the key arguments in the book and reflects on future trajectories for human rights due diligence (HRDD). It emphasises that HRDD remains a relatively new concept and that the processes by which the concept is being elaborated upon and legalised at multiple levels continue. There are many aspects of HRDD that merit ongoing scholarly attention and scrutiny. These include quantitative and qualitative analysis of HRDD’s implementation by business and its use by workers, trade unions, and others as a point of leverage through which to contest prevailing business practices and structures. The role and regulation of intermediaries in transnational labour governance is also considered.
Trump as a Change Agent in International Law
Authors: Pollack Mark A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Former US President Donald Trump represents the most significant ‘change agent’ in international law in recent decades, withdrawing from and attacking a variety of international agreements. This chapter analyses Trump as a change agent, exploring the nature of his policies and their legacies in the Biden administration. With respect to the former, the chapter argues that Trump represents a ‘hostile’ change agent, seeking to change not the rules of law, but rather the rule of law, replacing multilateral institutions with power-based bargaining. With respect to legacies, it argues that Trump’s attacks effected important changes that became path-dependent, reversible only at a cost to his successor. It explores these arguments through a comparative case study of Trump’s policies in four areas of international trade law: (a) renegotiation of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA); (b) withdrawal from the Trans Pacific Partnership; (c) non-compliance with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules; and (d) paralysis of the WTO Appellate Body.