bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socrates
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am told that you are in Thebes, and have caught up with Proxenus as he was setting off to Cyrus in Asia. Whether this venture of yours will turn out well God knows, as some people here are already trying to criticize it. They say it is not right for Athenians to help Cyrus, through whose support the Spartans deprived them of their power, nor should Athenians fight for the very man who subdued them in war. So as there has been a change in the political situation, I should not ‘ be surprised if some people of their own accord try to denounce you. In fact, the more splendidly I see things going to turn out over there, the more vigorously I think these people will assail you: I know the nature of some of them all too well. 2. But now we have set ourselves to do this, we must be true men, remembering all the other things we used to say about virtue, and in particular considering ‘Shame not the race of your fathers ‘ to be one of the finest utterances of the Poet. You must know that warfare has most need of these two qualities, endurance and indifference to riches. Through the latter we are dear to our own associates; through endurance we are formidable to our adversaries. You have your own examples of both qualities.
Socratics
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have given Euphron the Megarian six measures of barley, eight drachmas, and a new tunic, to see you through the win ter. Please accept them, and know that Euclides and Terpsion are eminently good and true men, and well-disposed to you as well as Socrates. And whenever the children want to come to us, don ’t stop them: it’s not far to come to Megara. Enough of all your weeping, my good friend: it will do you no good, and maybe even some harm. Remember what Socrates used to say and try to be guided by his character and his words; for constant grieving will do the utmost damage both to yourself and to the children. For they are, as it were, nestlings of Socrates, and we must not only nurture them, but also try to preserve ourselves on their account. If you or I or anyone else, who is concerned for Socrates ‘ children now he is dead, should die, they will suffer wrong being deprived of anyone to help and support them on a comparable basis. That is why you must try to live for their sakes, and you can ‘t do this without allowing yourself the essentials for living.
Conclusion: Medicine and the Making of Roman Women
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relations between women and medicine in the Roman imperial era were, therefore, manifold and complex. There certainly were female medical practitioners operating in this world: ranging from old women who continued folk medical traditions in the villages of the empire, through midwives whose expertise might be acquired in more varied ways, and whose activities might extend far beyond childbirth, to those who claimed (or had claimed for them) something still more general and prestigious, indeed that they were female physicians.
Reinscribing the Muse: Greek Drama and the Discourse of Inspired Creativity
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happened to the Muse in the fifth-century Athenian City, when the lone ‘inspired’ bard gave place to the whole pageant of actors, masks, and costumes captivating the public gaze in the midst of lavish festivals and large-scale, communal celebrations? Did the emergence of dramatic poetry render the functions of the archaic Muse(s) obsolete? This chapter argues that within the context of fifth-century perfor mances the Muse’s presence can still be intensely felt, for Drama as a genre has reinscribed and reamalgamated important attributes tradi tionally attached to her. Much less of a ‘real life’ entity than her archaic predecessor, the classical Muse operates now on the level of metaphor and figurative discourse, reshaped and reappropriated by the performa tive frame of fifth-century Athenian culture.
Iambus XII
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iambi XI I and XIII form a pair at the end of the Book. This assumes: (i) that Iambus XII I is the last piece of the collection; and (ii) that XII and XIII are purposefully placed at the end of a carefully designed poetic whole. Both these points will be argued in the Conclusion. .Meanwhile, I proceed on the hypothesis that this is a collection arranged by its author.
Iambus XIII
Authors: Kerkhecker Arnd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
T’here are66lines, more or less complete. Line I is quoted in Dieg. IX 32, and several times in the grammatical tradition.1 The main witness is POxy. IO I I fol. VI. The recto contains lines 2-33, the verso 34-66. The sequence recterverso is suggested by fol. vn.1 There is no other external evidence to confirm this, but it is plausible on internal grounds. An attack preserved on the recto (down to 22) precedes the poet’s defence (on the lower half of the recto, continuing on the verso). In particular, the sarcastic quotation of the critic’s words (11-14) by the poet (64-6) confirms this sequence.
Epilogue: Some Trends in Recent Work on Athenian Law and Society
Authors: Golden Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides evidence for how much the study of Greek law has changed since the days when scholars seemed to be ‘operating in a world ... hermetically sealed against outside developments’ (D. Cohen 1989: 82). It is not just the subject alone, the intersection of law and social status. We should note too the wide range of interests of those taking part.
Introduction
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his study of the role of imperial Quaestors in the making of late Roman law, as first among a number of ‘large issues’ Tony Honore asks, ‘In what way did law shape the later empire?’1 This is a very good question, and can lead to an even broader question, ‘In what way did law shape-not just the Roman Empire-but Late Antiquity as a whole?’ For Late Antiquity (c.260-640) was a crucial transitional period. It saw the gradual replacement of Mediterranean classical society, government, and religion by a strictly western European, Christian society that eventually would culminate in the modern-day western European states. It also marked a crossroads where the post-Roman eastern Byzantine world diverged from the post-Roman western medieval world and the post-Roman eastern Islamic world.
Interpreting the Interpretationes of the Breviarium
Authors: Matthews John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mommsen’s edition of the Codex Theodosianus (Theodosian Code), begun in 1898 and published in 1905 after the death of its initiator on I November 1903, is a truly amazing achievement.1 It is not, however, a book for the faint-hearted or casual reader. The complex presentation, with its exhaustive documentation of manuscript readings and other sources, can give an impression of finality, when it is really intended to show the variety of alternative possibilities that have to be considered. Nor is it easy to track down, in the dense Latin print of his Prolegomena, Mommsen’s justification for an important editorial policy in which he differed from the advice of his collaborator Paul Kruger. This was the decision not to include in the printed version of the incomplete early books of the Code texts recovered from the Codex Justinianus (Code of Justinian) of a century later; Kruger’s partial edition of the Theodosian Code, published two decades after Mommsen’s, is technically far less accomplished than its predecessor, but in its first five books includes from the Codex Justinianus more than two hundred and thirty texts not printed by Mommsen.
The Survival of Roman Family Law after the Barbarian Settlements
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most intriguing unsolved questions of early medieval history concerns the nature of the endurance of Roman social practices during the sixth and seventh centuries. The sources are not particularly rich on this issue in any of the new Germanic kingdoms,1 and legal texts are the kind of evidence that pays more than casual attention to the secular life of the Roman population. Consequently, legislation provides a context in which the interaction of Roman and barbarian culture can be investigated. The purpose of this study is to examine the vicissitudes of Roman family law after the late fifth century, when the promulgation of new imperial constitutions ceased in the west.
The Legacy of Roman Law in Post-Roman Britain
Authors: Jones Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A logical approach to a study of the transmission and influence of Roman law in post-Roman Britain would be to look both at late Roman legislation associated with Britain and at legal systems operating within the former Roman diocese during the early Middle Ages, and then to try to squeeze these two endpoints together to meet in the historical context of Late Antiquity. Unfortunately, this method would fail at both ends. The Romano-British imprint on late Roman law codes is astonishingly slight, and provides no safe basis for anything beyond speculation. The legal systems of early medieval Britain, and in particular the Welsh and Anglo-Saxon laws, show no evidence of significant, direct influence of Roman law traceable to the Roman governance of Britain. The exceptional lack of impact of Roman law on Roman and post-Roman Britian surely deserves discussion and explanation.
Lawyers and Historians 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Greatrex Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a Roman historian an education in the artes liberales was essential; only thus would he gain not only the skill in rhetoric that the genre required, but also familiarity with earlier histories, both Greek and Roman.1 In addition, in the late Republic and early Principate most historians had some passing knowledge of the law.2 In Late Antiquity, on the other hand, a significant number of historians (and chroniclers) were not merely acquainted with the law, but also had received a formal legal training. It is in this sense that the term ‘lawyer’ will usually be employed below; advocates who had only a passing knowledge of the law also will receive some consideration here, but experts in the minutiae of jurisprudence (for instance in the imperial scrinia, or bureaux) and academic lawyers, exemplified by Tribonian, will not.
Imperial Honorifics and Senatorial Status in Late Roman Legal Documents
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For most senators during the late Roman period, the reality of power and authority had been replaced by its mere appearance, which was manifested most clearly in the ranks and offices they held.1 The quest for status was non-ending,2 and the best kind of status was that bestowed by the emperor. It could be granted and manifested in many ways. During the course of the fourth century, for example, imperial officeholders came to be endowed with ranks that ranged from inlustris (‘illustrious’) for officials of the highest status, such as Praetorian and Urban Prefects, Masters of Soldiers, and members of the comitatus (the imperial court); to spectabilis (‘respectable’) for such middle-ranking officials as Proconsuls, Counts, Dukes, and Vicars; to clarissimus (‘most distinguished’), the ‘entry level’ senatorial rank, for provincial governors and lesser officials of the comitatus.
Relationships
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DEMOGRAPHY dominates, or at least is the ever-present background in any discussion of children’s relationships in Roman society. The early death of infants and young children, high mortality rates generally, age gaps between spouses and between siblings, and frequent divorce, remarriage, or other changes in parents’ relationships are factors which must always be taken into account, along with conditions of slavery. They made it inevitable that most children would experience changing sets of relationships.
Public Life
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So ME of the relationships discussed in the preceding chapter, and some of the activities discussed in earlier chapters, extended beyond the home into the public sphere. Even the home was a semi-public space —more so than it is for most modern homes. The large upper-class house was designed to accommodate many callers, and poorer housing was necessarily crowded and lacking in privacy. Moreover, climate and culture were conducive to much outdoor activity, or activity in public spaces, so children were often spectators or participants at public festivals, entertainment, and ritual. All of this had a role in a child’s development and socialization.
Repetition: The Crisis of Posterity
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1964 Bernard van Groningen responded to an invitation to speak on the subject of ‘General literary tendencies of the second century AD’ at the fourth International Congress of Classical Studies in Philadelphia. His oration, subsequently published, is one of the most hostile of the many attacks upon Greek literary culture under Roman rule, a blunt, historically insensitive, and occasionally incoherent diatribe against what he sees as ‘an essentially weak literature’.‘Reading the bulk of second-century litera-ture,’ he argues, ‘… one is not transported into a real world, but into [sic] a sham one, in a museum of fossils. ‘The reason he suggests for this decadence is a ‘weakening of the will’ ,caused by the supplanting of rationality by religion, and particularly by Roman conquest: Real art, real literature as well, cannot thrive unless in freedom. It is the achievement of independent, responsible minds … The Greek literature of the second century is the work of a powerless community … It [?the literature?] is a neglected one in a neglected century, and, generally speaking, it deserves this neglect.
Comedy and the Material World
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
r.r. THE SCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
Comedy is a particularly materialist form of drama; if the subject is lmvcourts, voting funnels and the bar of the court ,vill come into play, if peace, hoes and mattocks will be wielded by farmers; in the context of eating, the verses of comedy are filled with foods, with the pots and pans in which food was prepared and served and with the cups and bowls in which liquids were contained. In this chapter I consider first the things, the inanimate physical objects of the polis. And secondly, the nature and structure of bodies, with which comedy is greatly concerned: both the fish and animals that were consumed by humans and the human body itself, the mouth which took the food into the body, the belly which benefited from the nourishment, and the rectum from which waste matter was extruded. For this chapter, the human (and even the divine) body is considered as a physical entity.
Food in the Comic Social Order
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
2.r. THESCOPE OF THIS CHAPTER
The material things of the previous chapter, which are so import ant to comedy, were rarely presented in a cultural and social vaccum. Next I consider the social context of eating: first, ‘normal ‘ eating in comedy and then infringements of that ‘normality ‘ thesolitary eater, the glutton, the parasite or unequal eater at the feast, the comic cook who prepares food as well as discourse, the foreign eater, and finally Heracles, the paradigmatic eater of myth who accordingly appeared in many comedies. The relationship between comedy and certain forms of eating and drinking will be of particular concern.
Comedy on Agriculture and the Blessings of Peace
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the idealizing of the Attic countryside in Old Comedy and the blending of agriculture, comic gods, festivals, and peace into a comic version of Athens that had markedly different objectives, particularly during the Peloponnesian War, from the real polis in which comedy was produced. In this version of the comic polis, war is rejected and the protagonist and his entourage enjoy sympotic pleasures and the festivals of Dionysus. These festive symposia anticipate the full treatment of the comic symposium in Chapter 5.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time has now come for the mageiros to be elevated from ‘cook ‘ to ‘chef ‘. The term borrowed from French confers upon the chef in English culture that claim to status and exclusivity on which his boasting and philosophizing is based. The mageiros is no mere ‘cook ‘, to be compared with humble assistants at sacrifice or women and slaves working at the domestic level. I have called him the ‘cook ‘ until now because my aim was not to rehearse once again the development of the stock character that has been presented in detail by Giannini ( r 960) and his successors. Rather, I have tried to tie him into the themes of this book and his predecessors in Old Comedy. As far as themes are concerned, the mageiros works in the kitchen with his equipment and prepares all the materials necessary for a meal, those derived from animals, fish, and plants
The Earlier Mannerists
Authors: Mannack Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beazley had already recognized Myson as the teacher of the Pig Painter in 1925. In H,)33 he thought that the Pig Painter’s vases were late works of Myson,3 bm finally chose the description ‘continues the style of Myson’.; Berge described tl1e Leningrad Painter as a student of Iv1yson,5 Beazley called him a companion and brother of the Pig Painter,” and labelled the Agrigento Painter initially a companion of the Pig and Leningrad Painters.’ Later he wrote: ‘[The Agrigento Painter] takes off from the Pig Painter.
Shapes
Authors: Mannack Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The red-figure Mannerists decorated mainly column-kraters, pelikai, and hydriai. In addition to Lhese, belly- and neck-amphorae, bell-krnters, loutrophoroi, lebetes, one volute- and one calyx-krater, one dinos, two stamnoi, one oinochoe, one pyxis, and one lekythos cm be attributed to the Earlier Man nerists.
lntratextuality: Texts, Parts, and (W)holes in Theory
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in the same way a plot, being a mimesis of an action, should be a mimesis of one action and that a whole one, with the different sections so arranged that the whole is disturbed by the transposition and destroyed by the removal of any one of them; for if it makes no visible difference whether a thing is there or not, that thing is no part of the whole.
Sense and Sententiousness 1n the Greek Novels
Authors: Morales Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Digressions are striking features of the ancient Greek novels. They occur frequently in Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon and Heliodorus’ An Ethiopian Story and to a lesser degree in Longus’ Daphnis and Chloe and Chariton’s Callirhoe. Far from finding the digressions ‘incontestably pleasurable’, however, many modern readers judge them ‘extremely tiresome’ (Gaselee 1984: 341), and the cause of ‘such frustration’ (McDermott 1989: 33).
Catullus, 64: Footprints 1n the Labyrinth
Authors: Theodorakopoulos Elena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like a complicated poem, a labyrinth is a highly unnerving structure, and especially so for its scholarly interpreter, for whom inextricability and repetition are undesirable elements of the most frightening kind. Plato describes the confusion resulting from the failure of teleology as a kind of labyrinth in which it is impossible to distinguish the end from the beginning.
Design and Designation in Virgil’s Aeneid, Tacitus’ Annals, and Michelangelo’s Conversion of Saint Paul
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers’ perceptions of the relations between texts have a great deal in common with their perceptions of the divisions or structures of texts. Or-to put it another way intertextuality and intratextuality might almost come down to the same thing.
Defining Statues in Word and Image
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is a statue? There is little ambiguity in the modern usage of the word. We use it to refer to free-standing sculptural representations of full figures; they are usually life-size or larger. The word is sometimes more loosely applied to include, for example, architectural sculptures, but the basic sense is clear. There is no doubt about the prominence of such objects in the Graeco-Roman world. Hundreds of artefacts survive that meet our expectations of the statue. Classical statuary is familiar not least for its influence on the art of recent centuries. In light of this it may seem perverse to ask whether statues really existed in Roman culture or what they actually were; but insofar as we are trying to think in Roman terms, the question is crucial, for the study of Roman culture—the analysis of language above all—would suggest that statues were not conceptualized exactly as they are today.
The Appearance of Statues
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are, no doubt, good psychological reasons why the head should have received individual attention in most artistic traditions, but from one perspective it is strange that the representation of people should so often have been achieved by this kind of visual synecdoche.1 It has sometimes been suggested that the concentration on the head in ancient portraiture—an emphasis inherited by modern Western art—was a particularly Roman or Italian characteristic, whereas the Greek artistic tradition made use of the entire human body for the representation of the individual. Less effort is now devoted to identifying the distinctive characteristics of Roman art in this manner, and as Richter acknowledges, isolated heads, and specifically the ‘bust form’, are products of the Greek world. Portrait busts or heads are attested in the Hellenistic period, though we tend to associate them with Rome. Nevertheless, it is clear that portrait heads have a specially prominent place not only amidst extant Roman sculpture but in the conceptions of individual identity expressed in Roman literary sources.
The Other Population of Rome
Authors: Stewart Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The other populace. The stone and bronze crowd. A forest of sculpture. There is no doubt that statues proliferated in the public spaces of the Roman city in a manner quite alien to our experience of the modern civic centre with its carefully elevated sculptural furniture. The recurring metaphors of the second population or the forest of statues are the result of later generations’ astonishment at this burgeoning assemblage. Yet we should not immediately assume that ancient viewers were surprised by or even particularly conscious of the statues around them. Graeco-Roman writers often describe and scrutinize the city of Rome, but few dwell on the abundance of images. Statues were important in Roman society, certainly, but did Roman responses to them accommodate an awareness of statuary as a discrete urban phenomenon?
Inroduction
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stories in this book come from a source close to the palace in the formative decades of the Roman Empire. Phaedrus was a freedman of Augustus who put Aesop’s Fables into five books of Latin verse in the reign of Tiberius. (The sparse and tantalizing biographical evidence is examined in Chapter 3.) He included a fair number of stories and anecdotes on everyday life situations and topics, and as he went on, he expanded the range to include, as well as assorted satirical bits and pieces, several distinctive ‘Roman tales’.