bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The first probe of a FLASH proton beam by PET
Authors: Abouzahr F , Cesar J P , Crespo P , Gajda M , Hu Z , Klein K , Kuo A S , Majewski S , Mawlawi O , Morozov A , Ojha A , Poenisch F , Proga M , Sahoo N , Seco J , Takaoka T , Tavernier S , Titt U , Wang X , Zhu X R , Lang K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recently observed FLASH effect related to high doses delivered with high rates has the potential to revolutionize radiation cancer therapy if promising results are confirmed and an underlying mechanism understood. Comprehensive measurements are essential to elucidate the phenomenon. We report the first-ever demonstration of measurements of successive in-spill and post-spill emissions of gammas arising from irradiations by a FLASH proton beam. A small positron emission tomography (PET) system was exposed in an ocular beam of the Proton Therapy Center at MD Anderson Cancer Center to view phantoms irradiated by 3.5 × 1010 protons with a kinetic energy of 75.8 MeV delivered in 101.5 ms-long spills yielding a dose rate of 164 Gy s−1. Most in-spill events were due to prompt gammas. Reconstructed post-spill tomographic events, recorded for up to 20 min, yielded quantitative imaging and dosimetric information. These findings open a new and novel modality for imaging and monitoring of FLASH proton therapy exploiting in-spill prompt gamma imaging followed by post-spill PET imaging.
Effect of silver doping on electrical characteristics of aluminum/HfO2/p-silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor devices
Authors: Demir A , Pakma O , Kariper I A , Özden Ş , Avci N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this study, undoped and silver (Ag) doped hafnium oxide (HfO2) thin films were prepared by sol-gel dipping method and their effect as an interface material in a p-Si-based metal-oxide-semiconductor device was investigated for the first time. The structural effects of Ag doping were investigated using x-ray diffraction patterns. Al/HfO2:Ag/p-Si devices were fabricated using these films, and their electrical properties were characterized by measuring current-voltage (I–V) curves at room temperature. The ideality factor values of the devices decreased from 4.09 to 2.20 as the Ag doping ratio increased. Simultaneously, the barrier height values increased from 0.60 eV to 0.81 eV. The calculated series resistance values, determined by two different methods, demonstrated that the lowest resistance values were obtained at a 1% Ag doping ratio. Furthermore, the interface state densities were found to vary with the doping ratio. The improvement in electrical parameters resulting from Ag doping can be attributed to the reduction in molar volume due to structural phase transformation. The decrease in the ideality factor suggests enhanced carrier transport efficiency, while the increase in barrier height indicates improved energy band alignment at the metal/semiconductor interface.
Density and temperature profiles after low-Z and high-Z shattered pellet injections on DIII-D
Authors: Lvovskiy A. , Matsuyama A. , O’Gorman T. , Shiraki D. , Herfindal J.L. , Hollmann E.M. , Marini C. , Boivin R. , Eidietis N.W. , Lehnen M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this work we utilize the recently upgraded Thomson scattering diagnostic to resolve density and temperature plasma profiles after pure deuterium and mixed neon/deuterium shattered pellet injections (SPIs) on DIII-D. This allows us to study individual components of the staggered scheme proposed for disruption mitigation on ITER, consisting of a low-Z material SPI followed by a delayed high-Z SPI. Obtained spatio-temporal density profiles exhibit very different dynamics after dominantly neon and pure deuterium SPIs. The neon SPI causes a fast radiative plasma collapse in a few milliseconds and results in almost flat density profile once the impurity mixes with the plasma during and after the thermal quench (TQ). The deuterium SPI leads to a disruption delayed by ten and more milliseconds, but very limited core fueling can be observed before the disruption. Even during and after the TQ, the edge deuterium density significantly exceeds the core density. 1D transport modeling suggests that this poor core fueling can be explained by strong outward grad-B-induced drift of the injected deuterium. Preliminary simulations show that larger pellet shards and greater injected quantity can be used to improve the penetration of the low-Z material into the core. These results call for optimization and further evaluation of the staggered SPI on ITER.
Exploring the intersection of Design and Biology in today’s industry.
Authors: Vuylsteke Bert , Detand Jan , Ostuzzi Francesca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines the intersection of design and biology in today’s industry. The study is divided into two stages, with the first stage exploring the terminology and definitions associated with the commonly used term ‘biomaterial’ through a comprehensive search and qualitative analysis. The results suggest the need to reconsider the labelling of materials, moving away from the generic term ‘biomaterial’ towards more specific descriptors such as ‘biobased’, ‘biodegradable’, or ‘biomanufactured’. By enhancing the understanding and communication surrounding biological material streams, this study contributes to the field. Additionally, the study identifies that the focus lies more in the design process associated with these materials rather than their materiality alone, as exemplified by the four identified lenses: ‘origin’, ‘production’, ‘use’, and ‘end-of-life’. This aligns with the concept of ‘biodesign’, which aims to reestablish a synergistic relationship between mankind and nature. This resulted in the suggestion of a new biodesign model comprised of these four lenses. The findings of the first stage prompted the initiation of the ongoing second stage, which aims to uncover the motives and design processes underlying biodesign practices by conducting extensive expert interviews and qualitative analysis. The ultimate objective is to identify the gaps that impede the professional implementation of biodesign in today’s industry. The authors plan to publish the findings of this ongoing research in a future academic publication.
Regulatory T cells in inflamed liver are dysfunctional in murine primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Lin Chia-I , Wang Yu-Wen , Liu Chih-Yu , Chen Hung-Wen , Liang Pi-Hui , Chuang Ya-Hui 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of intrahepatic small bile ducts. CD8 T cells play a critical role in biliary destruction. However, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have also been identified in the portal tracts of PBC patients. This study tested the hypothesis that hepatic Tregs in PBC were dysfunctional in suppressing immune responses in disease by using our human PBC-like autoimmune cholangitis (AIC) mouse model induced by 2-octynoic acid-conjugated ovalbumin (2-OA-OVA). Our results showed that female and male mice immunized with 2-OA-OVA developed AIC; however, female AIC mice had more severe liver inflammation and fibrosis than male AIC mice. Levels of functional effector CD8 T cells and their chemoattractants, CXCL9 and CXCL10, in the liver were markedly elevated in female AIC mice than in male AIC mice. These results reinforce that CD8 T cells are the primary effector cells in PBC. The number of hepatic Tregs in AIC mice was also higher than in saline-treated mice, but there was no difference between male and female AIC mice. The suppressive function of AIC Tregs was evident despite a discrepancy in the changes in their co-inhibitory receptors and inhibitory cytokines. However, the expansion of hepatic Tregs by low-dose IL-2 treatment did not reduce immune responses to AIC, which may be due to the dysfunction of Tregs in inhibiting T cells. In conclusion, the function of Tregs in the inflamed liver of PBC was insufficient, and low-dose IL-2 treatment could not restore their function to suppress pathological immune responses. Transferring normal Tregs or directly targeting effector CD8 T cells may be beneficial for treating PBC.
A multivariable normal tissue complication probability model for predicting radiation-induced hypothyroidism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients in the modern radiotherapy era
Authors: Wongwattananard Siriporn , Prayongrat Anussara , Srimaneekarn Natchalee , Hayter Anthony , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Kiatsupaibul Seksan , Veerabulyarith Puvarith , Rakvongthai Yothin , Ritlumlert Napat , Kitpanit Sarin , Kannarunimit Danita , Lertbutsayanukul Chawalit , Chakkabat Chakkapong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiation-induced hypothyroidism (RHT) is a common long-term complication for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) survivors. A model using clinical and dosimetric factors for predicting risk of RHT could suggest a proper dose–volume parameters for the treatment planning in an individual level. We aim to develop a multivariable normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model for RHT in NPC patients after intensity-modulated radiotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy. The model was developed using retrospective clinical data and dose–volume data of the thyroid and pituitary gland based on a standard backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis and was then internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation. The final NTCP model consisted of age, pretreatment thyroid-stimulating hormone and mean thyroid dose. The model performance was good with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.749 on an internal (200 patients) and 0.812 on an external (25 patients) validation. The mean thyroid dose at ≤45 Gy was suggested for treatment plan, owing to an RHT incidence of 2% versus 61% in the &gt;45 Gy group.
Scandinavia And Beyond
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clerk should have known better. Thomas Cook himself had been conducting willing (and thrillingly, self-consciously intrepid) tourist parties to the North Cape since 1875, nearly twenty years before the jaunty Mrs Tweedie and her friend made their choice. Norway was not that unconventional. Mind you, there does seem to be a certain air of sternness about most northern journeys that is lacking in the southerly saunter of the Continental traveller, more of a sense of challenge, but the meeting of challenges was never the sole prerogative of men. Or even commercial travellers. Try taking a new-born baby to Spitsbergen, for example, or giving birth in the bitter Russian steppes.
Physiological Measurements with Radionuclides in Clinical Practice
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As functional imaging becomes increasingly important in radiology, practitioners in a wide range of disciplines need to understand more about the quantitive aspects of physiology and pathophysiology. In straightforward language, this book integrates the principles and mathematics of measurements with physiological systems to which the quantitive problems are applied. Although there is an emphasis on clinical management with radionuclides and quantitive procedures in nuclear medicine, this book has been written with all practitioners in mind and also therefore embraces techniques based on non-radioactive indicators, including contrast agents used in CT, MRI, and ultrasound. Starting from basic mathematics, the book describes the measurement of fundamental physiological variables, like transit time, clearance, and blood flow, and goes on to cover the perpheral circulation and microvascular solute transfer, the pharmacokinetics of agents routinely used in nuclear medicine, as well as scintillation detectors, data processing, and quantification. In separate chapters, measurements in the heart, lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, blood, genitourinary tract, brain, and skeleton are discussed, and the book finishes with a chapter on questions and worked answers.
Basic mathematics
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the math ematics relevant to physiological quantification in nuclear medicine. It starts from the very basics and is aimed at the mathematically timid. Several rules can be used to guide you through the equations in nuclear medicine. Firstly, however complicated they may look, they almost always contain only two variables, one dependent on the other. Secondly, the complexity of the equations is often the result of the ‘constants’ present, which can, in any event, often be ‘lumped’ together. So, look at the equation, and do not allow yourself to be discouraged by the symbols. Deciphering the symbols can be daunting, and this is why an attempt has been made to use the same symbol for a given variable throughout this book. Another useful exercise to adopt when looking at an equation, is to study the units of each variable and constant.
Scintillation detectors, data processing and quantification
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radionuclides of interest in nuclear medicine are almost all emitters of gamma photons. Many useful radionuclides also emit beta particles but it is the gamma emissions for which scintillation detectors are generally designed. Positron emitters are also included since, after emission from the nucleus, a positron travels only millimeters before encountering an electron. The two particles annihilate with the conversion of their masses into two gamma photons emitted from the point of annihilation in opposite directions to each other. It is these photons that are detected in positron cameras.
The peripheral circulation and microvascular solute transfer
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The blood flow requirements for the second function are several times those for the first. Metabolically determined blood flow exhibits reactive hyperaemia and autoregulation, both of which are under local nervous control, whereas blood flow for the purpose of heat regulation is under the control of central neuronal regulation and influenced by temperature changes elsewhere. Local warming produces local vasodilatation of resistance vessels and arteriovenous anastomoses but, as core temperature rises, vasodilatation in skin occurs elsewhere.
The lung
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential force leading to lung expansion is the difference between atmospheric (or mouth) pressure and intrapleural pressure — the transpul-.monary pressure. Because of the opposing elastic recoils of lung and chest wall, intrapleural pressure is negative at the end of quiet expiration. It then becomes increasingly negative during inspiration and returns towards its resting level during expiration.
Motherhood and Mental Health
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal mental health is of vital importance. Many mothers, caring for infants and small children, suffer depression or other psychiatric disorders. It is essential that they are understood because a great deal can be done to help them. This book sets out to display the variety of disorders which occur during pregnancy and the puerperium, which make childbearing the most complex psychological event in human experience. it provides a summary of our knowledge, set in an historical context, as a foundation for research. There are chapters on infertility, mental health during pregnancy, postpartum disorders, infant loss, the mother-infant relationship, child abuse, infanticide, the effects on the family, and services for mentally-ill mothers. There are 300 case descriptions and personal accounts. THe book is written for all those in the medical, nursing and social professions, and voluntary agencies, who seek to help mothers in difficulty.
Child abuse and neglect
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children have been mutilated, enslaved in the mines and mills, and brutally punished since the beginning of recorded time The humanitarian movement in the eighteenth century, which led to the abolition of slavery, also turned its attention to the beating of children, initially by their masters at school and in the factory. Zacchias, in 1726, was the first medical man to study the lesions produced by flagellation.
Maintaining and improving the standards of surgical practice
Authors: Greig J D , Quick C R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal aim of healthcare should be to prevent illness or at least to provide healthcare that is timely, appropriate, effective, efficient, and acceptable to the patient. It should also result in a favourable outcome in both the short term and the long term. At the same time, recovery after treatment should be uncomplicated and complete, while treatment should not predispose to secondary disorders (for example, susceptibility to infection or new malignancies following chemotherapy).
Recovery from surgery
Authors: Ackroyd Briony , Quick Clive R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Second World War a British Army order decreed that patients must be kept in bed for 21 days after inguinal herniorrhaphy, and up until recently, it was usual for patients to stay in hospital for 6 days after a hernia repair. Now day-case surgery or overnight stay for hernia repair is the norm. Established notions about the rate of recovery after any surgical operation have undergone gradual evolution towards shorter hospital stays and more rapid return to normal activities, in line with improved surgical techniques and, particularly, improved anaesthetic techniques. However, there are still large differences between one surgeon’s practice and another’s with regard to the same operation. Each firmly held but often conflicting view is often based purely on tradition or intuition rather than scientific evidence, and in any case, scientific evidence is often lacking. Economic arguments for shorter stays are often pressed by healthcare purchasers and providers, but there is often little rationale for any of particular practices other than ‘experience’ and tradition.
Organ transplantation
Authors: Ahmad Nial , Friend Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whilst the clinical practice of organ transplantation is com paratively recent, its potential has been appreciated for a great deal longer. In 1902 the French surgeon Alexis Carrell published his pioneering work on vascular anastomosis which became the basis of the current practice of solid organ transplantation (Carrel 1902). In the same year Emerich Ullmann, a Viennese surgeon first described experimental kidney transplantation (Ullmann 1902). It was also Carrel who observed the phenomena responsible for the failure of allografts and called these ‘biological factors’ (Carrel 1910).
Perianal surgery
Authors: Lunniss Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients, and indeed many non-surgical clinicians, tend to describe most anal conditions under the umbrella terms ‘haemorrhoids’ (pertaining to bleeding) or ‘piles’ (pertaining to prolapse). Rectal bleeding is one of the most common symptoms referred to surgical outpatient clinics and most causes relate to problems within the anal canal. However, patients with anal problems also present with anal pain, discharge, and soiling, and it is important to be able to evaluate the symptoms in relation to the likely diagnosis. This depends primarily on taking an adequate history. Managing the problem hinges upon a thorough understanding of the relevant anatomy and physiology. Whereas most cases present as elective problems, the inflammatory complications associated with pathology in this area also present as surgical emergencies and the trainee needs to be able to recognize them.
Body composition
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to determine appropriate levels of energy and nutrient intake, a number of different authorities have defined ‘Reference Man and Woman’, intended to be a sensible average of the diverse human population. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reference man is aged 25, living in a temperate climate and performing moderate physical work. He weighs 65 kg, while the FAO reference woman weighs 55 kg. These body weights are a mean of the lower weights in less-developed countries (which are generally tropical rather than temperate) and those in western Europe and north America, which are significantly higher on average. The International Commission on Radiological Protection Reference Man weighs 70 kg, and the Reference Woman 58 (see Table 2.4), while the Scientific Committee for Food of the European Union (1993) based its estimates of requirements on both desirable weights (66 kg for men and 57 kg for women) and observed mean weights (75 kg for men and 62 kg for women). The US Recommended Dietary Allowances (National Research Council 1989) are based on the median weights for age, 79 kg for men and 63 kg for women).
The physiology of feeding and digestion
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (see Fig. 6.1) has two main functions. 1. The digestion of foods by hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars, triacylglycerols and phospholipids to free fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins to small peptides and free amino acids. Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, and that of proteins and lipids in the stomach, although in all three cases the main site of digestion is the upper small intestine. 2. The absorption of the products of digestion occurs mainly in the lower small intestine. The primary function of the large intestine is the absorption of water and mineral salts, although some absorption also occurs here, and the intestinal flora (see section 6.2.2.1) synthesize significant amounts of some nutrients.
Lipids: fats and oils
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fat provides some 40 per cent of the energy intake in developed countries, yielding 37 kJ (9 kcal) per gram. As discussed in section 5.5.2, fat is synthesized in the body as the major reserve of metabolic fuel, either from dietary lipids · or from carbohydrates and amino acids surplus to immediate requirements. Table 8.1 shows the desirable and average intakes of different classes of fat in UK, and Table 8.2 the major sources of fat in the average diet; for reference intakes of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids see section 8.1.1.3.
Overweight and obesity
Authors: Bender David A , Bender Arnold E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1940s The Metropolitan Life Assurance Company has published tables of desirable ranges of body weight for height, based on actuarial experience of the health risks of overweight. The results of a number of large epidemiological studies show the relationship between body weight and mortality. Data from two such studies are shown in Tables 11.1 and 11.2; more detailed information on causes of excess mortality from these two studies is shown in Tables 11.11, 11.12, and 11.13. The American Cancer Society Study followed 750 000 subjects for 15 years. The 1979 Build and Blood Pressure Study (Stamler et al. 1980) collated data from 25 life insurance companies in the USA and Canada-a total of 4.2 million policies issued and 106 000 deaths. This was the basis for the 1983 Metropolitan Life Assurance Company tables of weight for height (Metropolitan Life Assurance Company 1983). In both studies mortality was lowest at weights 10-15 per cent below the population mean, increasing both with overweight and significant underweight. Many studies of overweight and mortality have been reviewed by Kushner (1993).