bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENT OF ENDOTHELIN‐1 CONCENTRATION IN OXYGEN DEPENDENT AND NON‐OXYGEN DEPENDENT CLONE CALVES, THEIR SURROGATE DAMS AND THEIR FETAL FLUIDS, AT BIRTH
Authors: Wilkins PA , Palmer JE , Armstead WM 
Published: September 2004

It has been recognized that a percentage of clone calves suffer from persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (PPHN). It has been proposed by some investigators that an imbalance between vasoconstrictors, such as endothelin (ET‐1) and vasodilators (such as NO) are involved in the genesis of the problem. Additionally, some clone calves and human infants are refractory to more traditional therapy or require prolonged treatment for PPHN and these patients appear to have increased smooth muscle in their pulmonary small resistance vessels suggesting chronicity. ET‐1 is a known mitogen of vascular smooth muscle.The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate ET‐1 concentrations in the blood of clone, the blood of their surrogate dams and in fetal fluids to investigate the utility of using these fluids for prepartum evaluation of the clone. Blood was collected from calves and their surrogates at the time of delivery into heparin tubes; the plasma was separated by centrifugation and frozen until assayed. Fetal fluid samples were also obtained and frozen. Endothelin‐1 concentration was determined using a commercially available RIA. Oxygen‐dependent calves were those calves requiring, at a minimum, intranasal oxygen insufflation at rates of 5 or more L/min to maintain SPO2 values of >90%.Samples were obtained from a total of 40 calves; 13 calves were considered to be oxygen dependent and 27 calves were deemed non‐oxygen dependent. Plasma ET‐1 concentrations tended to be larger in oxygen‐dependent calves (2‐sample T test; p=0.16). Fetal fluid ET‐1 concentration was significantly larger in the oxygen‐dependent group (2‐sample T test; p=0.0003). No difference between groups was detected in ET‐1 measured in the blood of the surrogates; however, maternal blood ET‐1 concentration was weakly but significantly correlated with fetal fluid ET‐1 concentration overall (Correlation=0.456; p=0.007) and the correlation was stronger within the oxygen dependent group (Correlation 0.780; p=0.002). These data suggest that ET‐1 may play a role in pulmonary function abnormalities in clone calves in the immediate post‐partum period.
CLINICAL VALUE OF CARDIAC TROPONIN I (CTNI), CARDIAC TROPONIN T (CTNT), SERUM B‐TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIED (BNP) AND PRO‐BNP IN DOGS WITH CLASS IV CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE DUE TO MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Linklater AKJ , Lichtenberger MK , Kirby R , Tilley LP 
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in dogs. When it results in congestive heart failure (CHF), MVD becomes an important cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Markers for determining the severity of cardiac injury and the heart's response to therapy might provide valuable information regarding the overall prognosis early in the course of CHF. This information might also provide a means for identifying those dogs with MVD that are at risk for CHF and those that might benefit from specific therapeutic interventions. In this study, we propose to investigate markers of cardiac myocyte injury in dogs that present in advanced (or Class IV) CHF due to MVD. Cardiac troponin I (CTnI) and cardiac troponin T (CTnT) are markers specific for cardiac myocyte damage, and serum B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP and pro‐BNP), for myocyte stretch. These markers have shown predictive value in human and veterinary medicine, however further investigation is required. It is our hypothesis that one or more of these markers will be elevated at presentation compared to established laboratory normal values.Methods: Fifteen dogs that presented with Class IV CHF due to MVD based on physical examination findings, thoracic radiographs, and cardiac ultrasound had a blood sample drawn to measure serum levels of CTnT, CTnI and BNP, and pro‐BNP at a commercial laboratory using immunoassays.Results: Our results show that 1 of 15 dogs had an elevated CTnT, 6 had an elevated CTnI, 0 had an elevated pro‐BNP, and 3 had and elevated BNP level above laboratory normal values.Conclusions: There was no consistent elevation of CTnI, CTnT, BNP or pro‐BNP in dogs with class IV CHF due to MR at time of presentation. Further studies need to be performed to evaluate these makers in dogs with CHF due to MR at varying intervals after admission to determine their potential benefits as markers of cardiac injury and response to therapy.
FELINE NON‐CARDIOGENIC THROMBOEMBOLIC DISEASE: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF 48 CASES (1991–2002)
Authors: Mittleman E , Luff J , Drobatz KJ , Costello M , Syring RS , VanWinkle TJ 
Published: September 2004

Introduction: The study objective was to describe the underlying diseases, predisposing factors, clinical signs and clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with thromboembolic disease of non‐cardiogenic origin in cats.Study Design: Necropsy‐based retrospective study (1991–2002)Results: Forty‐eight cats with thromboemboli that were not associated with significant structural heart disease were identified in a retrospective study using case records from the small animal necropsy service of the University of Pennsylvania, from 1991 to 2002. Thirty‐five cats presented for non‐specific signs such as lethargy and anorexia while others presented for signs such as paresis (10) or dyspnea (10) that were referable to the location of the thromboemboli. Thromboembolic disease was suspected clinically in 12 of 48 cats. In cases where a single predisposing factor could be identified, thromboemboli were associated with neoplastic (9), infectious (7) and inflammatory (3) disease. Thirteen cats had multiple predisposing factors and no obvious predisposing factor could be identified in 16 cats. The thromboemboli were found in the systemic arteries (12), systemic veins (9), both systemic arteries and veins (7), pulmonary vasculature (7) and in both the pulmonary and systemic circulation (13). Eleven cats either died at home, presented in respiratory or cardiac arrest, or arrested shortly after presentation to the emergency service. Two cats arrested later during hospitalization and the remainder were euthanized (35). No sex or breed disposition was found. There were no significant differences in serum biochemistries, coagulation profiles, lactate, Doppler blood pressure or rectal temperature when groups were compared by primary disorder. Cats with neoplasia as the underlying disorder were significantly older (median 13.5 years, p=0.04). Cats with infectious disease had statistically significant higher white blood cell counts (median 35,000/μl, p=0.03) and cats with inflammatory disease had significantly longer hospital stays (median 3 days, p=0.006).Conclusion: These results suggest that most cats with non‐cardiac related thromboemboli often have multiple predisposing factors, non‐specific signs and non‐specific changes on laboratory parameters. More sensitive tests for hypercoagulability may aid in diagnosing thromboemboli in cats.
TRACING THE ORIGIN OF MULTI‐DRUG RESISTANT (MDR) ESCHERICHIA COLI INFECTIONS FROM URINARY CATHETERS IN ICU CANINE PATIENTS
Authors: Ogeer‐Gyles J , Mathews KA , Boerlin P 
Published: September 2004

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in dogs with urinary catheters in intensive care units (ICUs) are frequent. Historically, multi‐drug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli account for about 10% of the UTIs. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of E. coli infections and of MDR E. coli in dogs with UTIs in our ICU, and to assess whether the MDR E. coli were community‐acquired or nosocomial in origin.Methods: Over a 1‐year period, rectal swabs were taken from all dogs in the ICU on the day of admission (D0) and on days 3 (D3), 6 (D6), 9 (D9) and 12 (D12). Urine was collected on these days from dogs with an indwelling urinary catheter (n=190). Rectal swabs and urine were routinely cultured. E. coli isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Using NCCLS guidelines, antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion method on fecal and urinary E. coli isolates. Twelve antimicrobial agents were used: nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftiofur, trimethoprim‐sulfa, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanate. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to compare MDR E. coli UTI strains with fecal E. coli strains from the same patient and with MDR fecal E. coli from patients that were adjacent to, or housed in the same cages.Results: E. coli was cultured from 12 (48%) of 25 UTIs. Two of the E. coli were MDR. For one dog, PFGE showed no similarities among fecal E. coli and the urinary MDR E. coli isolates from the patient or between these isolates and fecal E. coli from a dog housed in the same kennel on the previous day. The MDR E. coli UTI was likely acquired prior to admission to the ICU, as it was present on D0. For the other dog, PFGE showed genetic similarity but not complete identity between the D3 MDR E. coli urinary isolate and the D3, D6, D9 fecal MDR isolates. This suggests that the UTI originated with the fecal E. coli. Using selective plates, fecal MDR E. coli were not found on D0. Selection of the MDR strain in the intestine by the use of antibiotics occurred while the dog was in the ICU and possibly led to the UTI.Conclusions: Multi‐drug resistant E. coli accounted for 2 of 12 E. coli UTIs in dogs in the ICU over a 1‐year period. Genotyping showed that one of the two MDR E. coli infections could possibly be of nosocomial origin.
Socioeconomic inequalities in oral health in childhood and adulthood in a birth cohort
Authors: Thomson W. M. , Poulton R. , Milne B. J. , Caspi A. , Broughton J. R. , Ayers K. M. S. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract – Objectives: To determine whether adult oral health is predicted by (a) childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage (controlling for childhood oral health), or (b) oral health in childhood (controlling for childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage), and whether oral health in adulthood is affected by changes in socioeconomic status (SES).Methods: Participants in a longstanding cohort study underwent systematic dental examination for dental caries and tooth loss at ages 5 and 26 years. The examination at age 26 years included the collection of data on periodontal attachment loss and plaque level. Childhood SES was determined using parental occupation, and adult SES was determined from each study member's occupation at age 26 years. Regression models were used to test the study hypotheses.Results: Complete data were available for 789 individuals (47.4% female). After controlling for childhood oral health, those who were of low SES at age 5 years had substantially greater mean DFS and DS scores by age 26 years, were more likely to have lost a tooth in adulthood because of caries, and had greater prevalence and extent of periodontitis. A largely similar pattern was observed (after controlling for childhood SES) among those with greater caries experience at age 5 years. For almost all oral health indicators examined, a clear gradient was observed of greater disease at age 26 years across socioeconomic trajectory groups, in the following order of ascending disease severity and prevalence: ‘high–high’, ‘low–high’ (upwardly mobile), ‘high–low’ (downwardly mobile) and ‘low–low’.Conclusion: Adult oral health is predicted by not only childhood socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage, but also by oral health in childhood. Changes in socioeconomic advantage or disadvantage are associated with differing levels of oral health in adulthood. The life‐course approach appears to be a useful paradigm for understanding oral health disparities.
Stability of oral health‐related behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years
Authors: Åstrøm Anne Nordrehaug 
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objective:  To assess the stability in self‐reported oral health behaviour in a Norwegian cohort between the ages of 15 and 23 years.Methods:  Self‐administered questionnaires were used as part of a longitudinal cohort study. In 1992, a representative sample of 963 15‐year‐old adolescents participated, of which 676 (70%) and 567 (58%) remained in the study at ages 18 and 23 years. A total of 389 (40% of baseline) participated at each data collection, i.e. at ages 15, 18, 19, 21 and 23 years.Results:  General linear model (GLM) repeated‐measures anova revealed statistically significant main effect of time with respect to soft drink and sweet consumption (F=22.4, P < 0.001 and F=4.3, P < 0.05, respectively). Adjusted mean scale scores of soft drink intake increased from 2.3 at age 15 years to 3.4 at age 23 years. The corresponding figures for consumption of sweets were 2.6 and 2.8. Two‐way interactions achieved statistical significance with gender for soft drink consumption and toothbrushing. GLM repeated‐measures with each gender revealed that soft drink consumption increased with time more extensively in boys (from 2.9 to 4.2, F=13.5, P < 0.001) than in girls (from 1.9 to 2.6, F=8.1, P < 0.001). Tracking or maintenance across time of the relative ranking at age 15 years occurred with all the four behaviours investigated. A total of 68–92% remained active and inactive regarding soft drink and sweet consumption, flossing and toothbrushing.Conclusion:  The results provide evidence of tracking and early consolidation of oral health behaviour. This adds support for the assumption given for early intervention to prevent oral diseases.
Caries management for institutionalized elders using fluoride and chlorhexidine mouthrinses
Authors: Wyatt Chris C. L. , MacEntee Michael I. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  The effectiveness of either a 0.2% neutral sodium fluoride (NaF) solution or a 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution as a daily mouthrinse for controlling caries was tested against a placebo rinse in this 2‐year randomized clinical trial among elders in long‐term care (LTC) facilities.Methods:  At baseline, 369 recruits were examined clinically for caries and allocated randomly to one of the mouthrinse groups.Results:  After 2 years, 116 participants remained in the trial. The prevalence of caries and the dental status of the groups were similar at baseline and after 2 years. On average, each group lost less than one tooth per person, but the fluoride group compared with the others had significantly less caries and significantly more reversals from carious to sound dental surfaces at the end of the trial.Conclusions:  We conclude that 0.2% neutral NaF mouthrinse every day does reduce the incidence of caries among elders in LTC facilities.
Perception of general and oral health in White and African American adults: assessing the effect of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions1
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Taylor George W. , Borgnakke Wenche S. , Woolfolk Marilyn W. , Nyquist Linda V. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  This study investigates the independent and joint effects of family income and neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) on general health and oral health before and after controlling for traditional risk factors in a representative sample of adults aged 18+ years residing in the Detroit tri‐county area, Michigan.Methods:  Individuals data were obtained through interviews, while neighborhood data came from the 1990 US Census. SUDAAN was used to accommodate the complex sampling design and correlation of outcomes within the same neighborhoods.Results:  Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were four times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor [odds ratio (OR): 4.0; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.6–10.3] than their counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. When evaluating the joint effects of family income and neighborhood SES, low‐income Whites in disadvantaged neighborhoods were six times more likely to rate their oral health as fair or poor (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.6–26.5) than their high‐income counterparts in advantaged neighborhoods. The odds of rating general health as fair or poor was six times greater in low‐income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods (OR: 6.1; 95% CI: 1.6–23.8) than high‐income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods. Similarly, low‐income African Americans in disadvantaged neighborhoods were almost three times (OR: 2.8; 95% CI: 1.0–8.1) more likely to rate their oral health as fair/poor than high‐income African Americans in advantaged neighborhoods.Conclusions:  SES conditions at the neighborhood‐level, independently or jointly with individual‐level income, appear to be important in evaluating racial/ethnic differences in self‐rated oral health. Neighborhood conditions could tap into constructs not captured by individual‐level variables on self‐rated oral health.
Changes in dental status over 10 years in 80‐year‐old people: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hämäläinen Piia , Meurman Jukka H. , Keskinen Marja , Heikkinen Eino 
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to follow‐up the condition of the teeth over a sufficiently long period.Methods:  Dental examinations were a part of a multidisciplinary 10‐year cohort study on the elderly. These examinations were made in 1990 (n = 226), 1995 (n = 90) and 2000 (n = 65) for the entire population born in 1910 and living in Jyväskylä, Finland. The subjects were divided into two categories, dentate (one tooth or more) and edentulous.Results: The results showed that men had more intact teeth and lower DMF scores than women, but the differences diminished during the follow‐up period. The number of remaining and filled teeth of those women who took part in all three phases of the present study was higher than that of those who died during the follow‐up. In men the DMF scores showed the opposite trend. The most significant deterioration during the 10‐year follow‐up was found in the number of teeth and DMF scores in men and in the number of remaining and filled teeth in women.Conclusion:  Among men, in particular, significant changes in oral health status could be seen even between 80 and 90 years of age. Hence, regardless of advanced age, a subject should be motivated by the oral health care team to seek regular dental treatment.
The
Sinorhizobium meliloti
ABC Transporter Cho Is Highly Specific for Choline and Expressed in Bacteroids from
Medicago sativa
Nodules
Authors: Dupont Laurence , Garcia Isabelle , Poggi Marie-Christine , Alloing Geneviève , Mandon Karine , Le Rudulier Daniel 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

In
Sinorhizobium meliloti
, choline is the direct precursor of phosphatidylcholine, a major lipid membrane component in the
Rhizobiaceae
family, and glycine betaine, an important osmoprotectant. Moreover, choline is an efficient energy source which supports growth. Using a PCR strategy, we identified three chromosomal genes (
choXWV
) which encode components of an ABC transporter: ChoX (binding protein), ChoW (permease), and ChoV (ATPase). Whereas the best homology scores were obtained with components of betaine ProU-like systems, Cho is not involved in betaine transport. Site-directed mutagenesis of
choX
strongly reduced (60 to 75%) the choline uptake activity, and purification of ChoX, together with analysis of the ligand-binding specificity, showed that ChoX binds choline with a high affinity (
K

D

, 2.7 μM) and acetylcholine with a low affinity (
K

D

, 145 μM) but binds none of the betaines. Uptake competition experiments also revealed that ectoine, various betaines, and choline derivatives were not effective competitors for Cho-mediated choline transport. Thus, Cho is a highly specific high-affinity choline transporter. Choline transport activity and ChoX expression were induced by choline but not by salt stress. Western blotting experiments with antibodies raised against ChoX demonstrated the presence of ChoX in bacteroids isolated from nitrogen-fixing nodules obtained from
Medicago sativa
roots. The
choX
mutation did not have an effect on growth under standard conditions, and neither Nod nor Fix phenotypes were impaired in the mutant, suggesting that the remaining choline uptake system(s) still present in the mutant strain can compensate for the lack of Cho transporter.
Escherichia coli
Glutamate- and Arginine-Dependent Acid Resistance Systems Increase Internal pH and Reverse Transmembrane Potential
Authors: Richard Hope , Foster John W. 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACT

Due to the acidic nature of the stomach, enteric organisms must withstand extreme acid stress for colonization and pathogenesis.
Escherichia coli
contains several acid resistance systems that protect cells to pH 2. One acid resistance system, acid resistance system 2 (AR2), requires extracellular glutamate, while another (AR3) requires extracellular arginine. Little is known about how these systems protect cells from acid stress. AR2 and AR3 are thought to consume intracellular protons through amino acid decarboxylation. Antiport mechanisms then exchange decarboxylation products for new amino acid substrates. This form of proton consumption could maintain an internal pH (pH
i
) conducive to cell survival. The model was tested by estimating the pH
i
and transmembrane potential (ΔΨ) of cells acid stressed at pH 2.5. During acid challenge, glutamate- and arginine-dependent systems elevated pH
i
from 3.6 to 4.2 and 4.7, respectively. However, when pH
i
was manipulated to 4.0 in the presence or absence of glutamate, only cultures challenged in the presence of glutamate survived, indicating that a physiological parameter aside from pH
i
was also important. Measurements of ΔΨ indicated that amino acid-dependent acid resistance systems help convert membrane potential from an inside negative to inside positive charge, an established acidophile strategy used to survive extreme acidic environments. Thus, reversing ΔΨ may be a more important acid resistance strategy than maintaining a specific pH
i
value.
Two Arginine Repressors Regulate Arginine Biosynthesis inLactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Nicoloff Hervé , Arsène-Ploetze Florence , Malandain Cédric , Kleerebezem Michiel , Bringel Françoise 
Published: September 2004

ABSTRACTThe repression of thecarABoperon encoding carbamoyl phosphate synthase leads toLactobacillus plantarumFB331 growth inhibition in the presence of arginine. This phenotype was used in a positive screening to select spontaneous mutants deregulated in the arginine biosynthesis pathway. Fourteen mutants were genetically characterized for constitutive arginine production. Mutations were located either in one of the arginine repressor genes (argR1orargR2) present inL. plantarumor in a putative ARG operator in the intergenic region of the bipolarcarAB-argCJBDFoperons involved in arginine biosynthesis. Although the presence of two ArgR regulators is commonly found in gram-positive bacteria, only single arginine repressors have so far been well studied inEscherichia coliorBacillus subtilis. InL. plantarum, arginine repression was abolished when ArgR1 or ArgR2 was mutated in the DNA binding domain, or in the oligomerization domain or when an A123D mutation occurred in ArgR1. A123, equivalent to the conserved residue A124 inE. coliArgR involved in arginine binding, was different in the wild-type ArgR2. Thus, corepressor binding sites may be different in ArgR1 and ArgR2, which have only 35% identical residues. Other mutants harbored wild-typeargRgenes, and 20 mutants have lost their ability to grow in normal air without carbon dioxide enrichment; this revealed a link between arginine biosynthesis and a still-unknown CO2-dependent metabolic pathway. In many gram-positive bacteria, the expression and interaction of different ArgR-like proteins may imply a complex regulatory network in response to environmental stimuli.