bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dramatic Scapegoating: On the Uses and Abuses of Girard and Shakespearean Criticism
Authors: Mitchell-Boyask Robin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years comparative approaches have enriched the study of Greek drama, hut the increasing congruity of Renaissance and Hellenic studies might surprise many classicists. Proponents of the ‘New Historicism’ would recognize how the stimulating collection Nothing to Do with Dionysos? also investigates what Stephen Greenblatt calls ‘the circulation of social energy’, the societal forces engaged by the text. The two fields have been adopting ever more similar interpretive strategies as part of a more general movement to recontextualize literarary studies in history. While scholars of Renaissance culture have been trying to disabuse us of reading Shakespeare with our own cultural assumptions, and thus assuming the characters are just like us, classicists might now recall with irony John Jones’s warnings thirty years ago about treating Oedipus like Hamlet, which dissolved the perceived kinship between our two major bodies of tragic drama.4 Now we discover that not only is Oedipus not Hamlet, but Hamlet isn’t Hamlet either.
Recruiting
Authors: Elton Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the fourth and fifth centuries AD the Roman army recruited soldiers (a phrase including foederati but excluding allies) from both inside and outside the Empire. The Roman army in this period was at least 300,000 and may have been 600,000 strong. Recruits served for twenty years (or twenty-four years in the case of limitanei not in legions or vexillations). Given an even distribution of discharges, there was a minimum requirement of 15,000 men per year. This does not take losses in battle, to disease, or to desertion, into account. If the army was 600,000 strong then imperial requirements would be at least 30,000 men annually.
Conclusion
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can be concluded from this investigation of the position of royal and non-royal women in Achaemenid Persia in the light of the Greek and Near Eastern sources? What has been achieved by re-examining the Greek evidence and to what extent have the Persepolis Fortification texts contributed to improving our under standing of Achaemenid women? How does the new knowledge we have gained alter the judgement modern scholars had formed aboul them?
Historical Setting and Sources
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In political and religious history, late antiquity marks the end of one world and the beginning of another. The Roman empire slowly disintegrated, Christianity prevailed over other religions, and classical antiquity gave way to the dark ages. In the end, Germanic kings held sway over western Europe. My intention is to find out how these developments affected the status of women. This is not first and foremost a study in legal history. The main source material is composed of legal texts because there is no other group of evidence which one could follow continuously from the early empire through the pivotal hut enigmatic third century up to the beginning of the early middle ages. During late antiquity, other traditional literature dwindled away, and was replaced by the works of Christian bishops and monks. The latter are by no means to be neglected, but they are difficult to compare with earlier material. In the midst of political and religious upheavals, Roman law was a well-established institution, which preserved its mainly secular character. In this study it will gradually appear that from the standpoint of most women late antiquity was not a period of radical change. In particular, the influence of Christianity has been greatly exaggerated.
Mothers and Children
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Roman family system, a citizen of legitimate free origin belonged only to the paternal gens and familia. The mother was a member of another family. Theoretically, she had no rights to her children although she had not a few duties to them. Furthermore, there was between them no automatic right of succession. Thus the legal ties between a child and his/her maternal family were relatively weak. But we should not conclude that the same automatically held true for social and emotional expectations. Literary sources of the imperial era show that the Romans loved their daughters’ children, counting them as their true descendants, and took no less pride in their maternal ascendants than in the paternal ones.’ In the later principate, the increasingly polyonymous aristocrats often inherited names from their maternal line. Demographic conditions, too, favoured the mother’s family. Because of the age difference between spouses the maternal grandmother was on an average twenty years younger than the paternal grandfather, the maternal grandfather and paternal grandmother being in the middle. Of course, this pattern was often broken owing to remarriage or other individual deviations, but it is evident that the mother’s parents survived much more often to see their grandchildren.
Women and the Society of Men
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this work we have so far examined Roman women mainly in connection with marriage and the family. In fact, legal texts easily give the impression that women were seen only as members of their family and had no independent role outside it. This picture, though partially true, is nevertheless somewhat distorted. It derives from the fact that the most common words denoting women were precisely those which defined her position inside the family, such as mater, uxor, filia, and soror. When women appeared outside the family and were covered by the same rules as men, they did not need to be separately mentioned. Thus, as the jurists pointed out, a statute which started ‘si quis …’ had to be read: ‘If a man or a woman …’.
General Conclusions
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is it possible to detect a general historical trend behind all the individual phenomena which have emerged from our examination’ The answer seems to be no. No new ideal for female roles and behaviour was ever formulated. No grand theory alone can explain either the position of women in late Roman law and society, or all the changes which took place. To confirm this impression, we shall once more review the major cultural, social, and legal developments in late antiquity.
The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055—1650 BC)
Authors: Callender Gae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike the First and Second Intermediate periods, the Middle Kingdom (2055– 1650 BC) formed a political unity, the core of which comprised two political phases: the 12th Dynasty ruling from the Upper Egyptian city of Thebes, and the 12th Dynasty centred in the region of Lisht in the Faiyum. Earlier historians considered that the 11th and 12th Dynasties marked the full extent of the Middle Kingdom, but more recent scholarship shows clearly that at least the first half of the so-called 13th Dynasty (which apparently bears no resemblance to a proper political dynasty) belongs unequivocally to the Middle Kingdom. There was no shift of the location of the capital or royal residence, little diminution in the activities of the government, and no decline in the arts of the time—indeed, some of the finest works of Middle Kingdom art and literature date from the 13th Dynasty. There was, however, a decline in large-scale monumental building, a significant indication that the 13th Dynasty was neither as strong nor as inspired by the grandiose ideas that marked the reigns of the later 12th Dynasty rulers. Doubtless, this phenomenon was due to the brevity of reigns for the majority of 13th Dynasty kings, although the reasons for such changes in the political picture are as yet unknown.
Sons, Slaves—and Christians
Authors: Garnsey Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we can believe Ambrose, bishop of Milan in the late fourth century, his friend Simplicianus appreciated his sermons on St Paul. This, and Paul’s status as a profound but difficult thinker, was Ambrose’s excuse for writing Simplicianus a long letter on I Corinthians 7: 23, in which Paul ‘calls us from slavery to liberty, with the words: “You have been bought with a price; do not become the slaves of men.” ‘ Paul was asserting, according to Ambrose, ‘that our freedom is in Christ, and that our freedom is in the knowledge of wisdom’ (CSEL 82, no. 7, para. 4). The language of wisdom, sapientia, is not employed in this place by Paul, and the discussion of Ambrose appears to owe less to the apostle than to Paul’s older contemporary Philo of Alexandria. The letter is a Christianizing version of Philo’s treatise on the first part of the Stoic adage that ‘every wise man is free, every fool is a slave’. It is noticeable that when Ambrose returns to the Corinthians passage at the end of his Letter, he renders the second clause as ‘do not become the slaves of men and of the passions’. This emendation brings it close to orthodox Stoic doctrine according to which true slavery is of the mind or soul.
The Iconography of Roman Childhood
Authors: Rawson Beryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philippe Aries’s i960 book on childhood in pre-Revolutionary France opened a new era in the historical study of children and childhood. His use of artistic representations of children was dramatically new, and his main thesis—that there had been no real concept of childhood before the seventeenth century—dominated the field for almost thirty years. Recently there have been reassessments of this thesis, but although later scholars have modified the thesis the importance of iconographic evidence is fully accepted (and the difficulties recognized).
Repopulating the Roman House
Authors: George Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent scholarship by both archaeologists and social historians has attempted to give a spatial dimension to Roman social relations in the domestic context. Studies of the domestic architecture of Italy and of imperial North Africa in particular have demonstrated how the Roman house displayed the social status of its owner, the pater-familias (Thebert 1987: 313-409; J. R. Clarke 1991; Wallace-Hadrill 1994). The domus was at once a reflection of social position and a facilitator of it, providing the Roman elite with a variety of suitable spaces for the demands which the clientela system made on patrons. However, the paterfamilias did not live alone; on the contrary, it is clear that the Roman elite household was a full one (Saller 1984; Gardner and Wiedemann 1991). In addition to members of the nuclear family, other residents might have included such dependants as clients, alumni, and perhaps elderly parents. There were also liberti and the servile familia, who had menial and important responsibilities, from maintenance of the house to child-care.
The Roman Mistress
Authors: Wyke Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Latin love poetry’s dominating and enslaving beloveds, to modern popular culture’s infamous Cleopatras and Messalinas, representations of the Roman mistress (or the mistress of Romans) have brought into question both ancient and modern genders and political systems. The Roman Mistress explores representations of transgressive women in Latin love poetry and British television drama, in Roman historiography and nineteenth-century Italian anthropology, on classical coinage and college websites, as poetic metaphor and in the Hollywood star system. In a highly accessible style, the book makes an important and original contribution simultaneously to feminist scholarship on antiquity, the classical tradition, and cultural studies.
Learning Persius’ Didactic Satire: The Pupil as Teacher
Authors: Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What we call Latin Literature mostly decks the century between the rise of Julius Caesar and the writing of Persius’ single book of Satires in Nero’s hey-day, the late SOs-early 60s CE. After Augustus, writing down Rome became still more of a minefield for ‘Imperial’ poets, not least because acclimatization to culture at ‘court’ cost them topicalization of their precariousness. Between further shifts of obliquity such as Calpurnius’ natty Eclogues, which satirize their budding author’s ‘Pest’-like social ambitions to the point where the poems leave their shade and flocks, and fetch up in spitting distance of the Emperor in spectacular Rome, and precocious Lucan’s Civil war epic denouncing ancient Roman history for saddling the world with Caesar(s), Nero’s cosmopolis buzzed with an excited brat pack of instant Artists in a hurry. Rich pickings for a Lucilius—bent on suicide. Where triumviral Satire took to the street but retreated inside Horace’s stifled head, safely feather-bedded by Caesar’s bolster Maecenas, Persius takes his cue from Seneca’s gospel of introversion, authorized by philosophical seriousness and fast-rooted in Rome.
Vergil’s Aeneid: The Romans and the Irrational
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the battle between Italians and Trojans reaches a climax in Aeneid 12, a messenger informs Turnus of the desperation of the situation: Latinus is wavering ineffectually about the treaty and the war, Amata has rather more decisively committed suicide, and now all look to Turnus as the city’s last hope (suprema salus, 653).
Ovid’s Metamorphoses: Shifting Boundaries of the Divided Self
Authors: Hershkowitz Debra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then she broke off two snakes from her hair and, snatching them, threw them with her plague-bearing hand. They wandered over the breasts of lno and Athamas and exhaled their heavy breath. They bring no wounds to the limbs; it is the mind which feels the dire blows. Tisiphone also brought the horror of liquid poisons, froth from the mouth of Cerberus and the venom of the Hydra, erratic derangement and forgetfulness of the blinded mind, and crime and tears and frenzy and love of slaughter, all ground together, which, mixed with fresh blood, she had cooked in a bronze cauldron and stirred with a green hemlock stalk. And while they are terrified, she turns the maddening poison into both of their chests and moves their deepest insides.
Communication and display: the integration of early Egyptian art and writing
Authors: Baines John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among systems of writing and pictorial representation, the ancient Egyptian is the most closely fused, with the possible exception of those of Mesoamerica (e.g. Marcus 1976; Schele and Miller 1986; Houston 2000). Whereas most scripts have moved away more or less quickly from being clearly representational, Egyptian hieroglyphs continued to depict identifiable objects until they ceased to be used in the 4th century ce (te Velde 1988). Egyptian art should also be distinguished from East Asian systems, where an awareness of the representational origins of characters is retained even though their calligraphic form is not immediately representational.
Virgil and the Myth of Venice
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book, which is the first comprehensive study of its subject, shows how one traditionally esteemed author, the Roman poet Virgil, played an unexpectedly significant role in the shaping of Venetian Renaissance culture. The author draws on reception theory, the sociology of literature, and history of the book to argue that Virgil's poetry became a best-seller because it sometimes challenged, but more often confirmed, the specific moral, religious, and social values its Venetian readers brought with them to their texts. The texts that are used are the printed books of the fifteenth and sixteenth century printed books in which readers of the period encountered Virgil, the prefaces and commentaries that guided their responses, and, the marginal notes that record those responses. How the Renaissance Venetians saw themselves when they looked into their literary past tells us a good deal about them, but it also illuminates a number of issues at the centre of humanistic studies today, ranging from how reading takes place to the role of class and gender in fashioning interpretation. The wide range of interests that are touched on should make this book of value to scholars in the disciplines of classics, history, Renaissance studies, and Italian studies, as well as English literature and cultural studies.
Violence in Republican Rome
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did the aristocracy of the Roman Republic destroy the system of government which was its basis? The answers given by ancient authorities are moral corruption and personal ambition. The modern student finds only too inevitable the causal nexus of political conflict, violence, military insurrection and authoritarian government. Yet before the era of intense violence Rome had an apparently stable constitution with a long history. In this revised edition of his classic book, for which he has written a new introduction, Andrew Lintott examines the roots of violence in Republican law and society and the growth of violence in city war and the power of armies. It suggests in conclusion that this disaster was more the outcome of folly in the choice of political means than depravity in the choice of ends.
Legal Remedies For Private Violence
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If thequaestio de videalt with acts of political violence which were reckoned to becontra rem publicam,what judicial provisions were made against other acts of violence, which not only harmed individuals but, by creating a climate of violence, could have had grave consequences for society? Thequaestio de sicariis et veneficisinvestigated murder and the carrying of weapons with felonious intent. A criminal charge was also possible under thelex Cornelia de iniuriisfor personal affront arising from assault on person or property.
Popular Justice
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tradition of popular justice in Italy was an important substratum of political violence. It is of course nothing peculiar to ancient Rome, but has dose parallels in other states, ancient, medieval, and modem. Civilization and political development will suppress it or divert it into legal channels. However, it deserves to be stressed in the history of Rome because, under free institutions at least, its suppression and redirection were far from complete. A further reason for emphasis is that Sallust and subsequent historians have tended to idealize the moral virtues of early Rome. Although Rome was free from civil war and bloody revolution during the first four centuries of the Republic, and before 133 most disputes ended in concord, this does not imply a utopia of restraint throughout Roman society. There was a greater group solidarity in the dose community of the early Republic, while it was menaced by outside enemies. But group solidarity led not only to patriotism but to faction, as the struggle between the patricians and plebeians shows. The techniques of self-defence employed by a group, whether based on family, tribe, locality, or client-patron relationship, are a doubtful asset to the spreading metropolis of a complex civilization.
The Annulment Of Laws Passed By Violence
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Such were the measures that could be invoked against a person using violence. What weapon was available against any legislation that owed its origin to that same violence? Cicero in composing his ideal body of statutes lays down: ‘Vis in populo abesto. Par maiorve potestas plus valeto. Ast quid turbassitur in agendo, fraus actoris esto. Intercessor rei malae salutaris civis esto.’ And in his subsequent discussion ofvisremarks, ‘Nihil est enim exitiosius civitatibus, nihil tam contrarium iuri ac legibus, nihil minus civile et inhumanius quam composita et constituta re publica quicquam agi per vim.’ The sentiments in the two passages are unexceptionable. It is noticeable, however, that he cannot refer to any particular statute providing againstvis in populoeither in the Twelve Tables, his favourite source, or anywhere else.
Baudelaire and the Second Republic
Authors: Burton Richard D E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Baudelaire and the Second Republic is the first fully comprehensive study of Baudelaire's actions, reactions, and writings from the Revolution of February 1848 to the Bonapartist coup d'état of December 1851. The picture of Baudelaire that emerges from the biographical, textual and contextual materials discussed, is of a consistent radical republican. He is shown to have been close in his views first to Blanqui and then, after the failure of the insurrection of June 1848, to Proudhon and to the démoc-soc party that constituted the main resistance to Bonapartism during what remained of the Second Republic. Baudelaire was close to the popular political culture of mid-nineteenth-century France and drew upon a reservoir of popular themes and images - notably the image of wine - in expressing his commitment to the cause of radical republicanism. A book which traces in detail the links between literary texts and socio-political contexts, this will appeal both to students of Baudelaire and of mid-1800s French politics and society.
Barthes and Utopia
Authors: Knight Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barthes and Utopia explores the central role of utopias throughout the work of Roland Barthes, from demystification to structuralism, from textuality and sexual hedonism to his final preoccupation with love and mourning. Utopia mediates the supposed phases of Barthes career, just as it mediates the two sides of his work which are often misleadingly separated: his political and ethical concerns (his desire to invent social values for the world), and his creative project of writing. In short, to take detours via hypothetical utopias was Barthes's way of writing the world. Diana knight follows him through the everyday spaces of Mythologies, through euphoric visions of the city, through the semiological and sexual utopias of the `orient', to the metaphorical south-west of his childhood and the writerly, maternal spaces of his late work. The range of texts studied in Barthes and Utopia is unusually wide, and incorporates discussion of the plans for his so-called Vita Nova--Barthes's final, mysterious writing project. Barthes and Utopia takes us to the heart of Barthes's imaginative processes, of his affective world and idiosyncratic value system. But, because Utopia is the meeting point of Barthes's lifelong concern with the relationship between history, language, and sexuality, this study also inserts Barthes's work into larger political and theoretical concerns, in particular into ongoing debates around Orientalism and homosexuality.