bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Agent as Cause
Authors: O'Connor Timothy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe concept of agent causation is introduced and queried through an examination of the account given by the eighteenth‐century Scottish philosopher, Thomas Reid, and the more recent accounts of Richard Taylor and Roderick Chisholm. With Reid, the author emphasizes that an exertion of active power is not prior to or logically independent of the intention that is the agent's immediate effect. Against Taylor, he argues that an exertion of active power cannot itself be causally produced. Finally, contra Chisholm, once we recognize that an agent's exertion of active power is intrinsically a direct exercise of control, there is no need to further explain how the agent controls this event itself.
Šitil
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on the Mandaean mythological figure of Šitil, who figures largely in Mandaean prayers and other texts, along with his brothers, Hibil and AnuŠs. All three are ‘utras (Lightworld (heavenly) figures) but Šitil is the purest of the pure, against whom the souls of all departed Mandaeans are tested on their way to the Lightworld. The story of how Šitil obtained this purity (by dying for his father Adam, at his request) is told, and in the telling a great many other Mandaean mythological figures are encountered and described. Šitil is regarded essentially as a dual figure, in having both human and Lightworld aspects.
Ruha
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on the Mandaean mythological figure of Ruha (Spirit), who is presented largely as a leader of the forces of darkness opposing those of the Lightworld. She has been traditionally regarded as evil, although there are good reasons to regard her as a fallen wisdom figure. It examines the Mandaean stories in which Ruha appears as ambiguous (double‐sided or dual) or in a positive light. Four sets of mythological traditions, taken from a variety of texts, illustrate the points made: the descent of the ‘utra (Lightworld (heavenly) figure) Hibil Ziwa (Radiance) into the Underworld; the creation of Tibil (the earthly world) and of the human beings; Ruha and the ‘utras; and Ruha's self‐revelations and identifications with Lightbeings.
Baptism (Maṣbuta)
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Mandaean ritual of Mašbuta or baptism is described. This is a process of immersion in running water (which is the form that the Lightworld takes on earth), and is not an initiatory baptism, but rather repeated immersions that mark preparations and rehearsals for entry into the Lightworld – an entry that only happens properly at the death of the body. After an outline of the proceedings at a Mašbuta, specific interpretations and interpretative problems associated with it are addressed. It is argued that the Mašbuta is best understood within the greater horizon of Mandaean cosmology, as one of the means of constantly recreating the laufa (the connection between earth and the Lightworld).
The Initiation of the Tarmida
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCenters on the creation of the tarmida, who is a lower ranking (first‐level) Mandaean priest. The entire ritual takes 68 days and requires a set clusterings of rituals and ritual segments. The sequence of events is described: preparation; baptism and crowning; marriage and insignia; baptism of the rba (the novice's teacher) and zidqa brikha (blessed oblation); the 60‐days’ exclusion; and the masiqta (death mass) for the rba. In addition, two issues are addressed in particular: the relationship between the novice and his teacher, and the emphatic instructions regarding the inclusion or exclusion of certain words or formulas at specific points in the ceremonial.
Mandaean Language Games and Obstacles
Authors: Buckley Jorunn Jacobsen 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Mandaean alphabet, the abagada, consists of 24 letters and is so named because of the first four of these (A, B, G, D); one of them is not a real letter, for the D, the relative particle “of”, is added on as the penultimate letter of the alphabet, and the first letter, A, is repeated at the very end of the abagada in order to make the auspicious number, 24. The abagada comes from the female, primordial Wellspring, the aina (often paired with its corresponding male principal, the Datepalm), and the letters, created prior to the universe and human beings, are the Wellspring's children. It could be said that no universe could have been made prior to the letters because neither speech nor writing were possible until the abagada came into being. The Mandaeans accord a somewhat disturbing autonomy to the abagada, and it is a question of how much power human beings have in their use of it: who is in charge, the letters or the people? To explore this problem, this chapter focuses on errors, subversive word games, jokes, double entendres, and polemics – in short, they are the kinds of language games that people play on the alphabet, or that it plays on them. If it is assumed that Mandaeism sides with the letters, and therefore in a sense against itself, then religion is playing a joke on itself.
Nathaniel Taylor, New Haven Theology, and the Legacy of Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nathaniel William Taylor (1786–1858) was arguably the most influential American theologian of his generation. Despite his tremendous national influence, however, his views were chronically misunderstood. He and his associates always declared themselves to be Edwardsian Calvinists – working in the train of “America's Augustine,” Jonathan Edwards – but very few people, then or since, have believed them. In this revisionist study, Douglas A. Sweeney examines why Taylor and his associates counted themselves Edwardsians. He explores what it meant to be an Edwardsian minister and intellectual in the nineteenth century, how the Edwardsian tradition evolved after the death of Edwards himself, how Taylor promoted and eventually fragmented this tradition, and the significance of these developments for the future of evangelical America. Sweeney argues that Taylor's theology has been misconstrued by the vast majority of scholars, who have depicted him as a powerful symbol of the decline of Edwardsian Calvinism and the triumph of democratic liberalism in early national religion. Sweeney instead sees Taylor as a symbol of the vitality of Edwardsian Calvinism throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, a vitality that calls into question some widely held assumptions about this era. Charting Taylor's contribution to the modification, diversification, and ultimate dissolution of the Edwardsian tradition, Sweeney demonstrates his role in the translation of Edwardsian ideals to the ever‐expanding evangelical world that would succeed him. The Edwardsian tradition did not die out in the early nineteenth century, but rather grew rapidly until at least the 1840s. Nathaniel W. Taylor, more than anyone else, laid the theoretical groundwork for this growth – contributing, to be sure, to the demise of New England Theology, but at the same time making it accessible to an unprecedented number of people.
Birth of a Theologian
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines the Taylor family history, including Nathaniel William Taylor's puritan roots in New England. Although Nathaniel William Taylor's grandfather and family patriarch, Nathanael Taylor, was a prominent Old Calvinist, Nathaniel William Taylor's religious horizons were expanded under the tutelage of Azel Backus, the prominent New Divinity preacher and successor to Joseph Bellamy's pulpit in Bethlehem, Connecticut. Backus molded the young Taylor's mind – as well as his piety and his preaching style – after the Edwardsians.
Coming of Age Among the Edwardsians
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sweeney reconstructs the New England religious culture that shaped the life of Taylor, and that derived much of its theological substance from the two distinctive foci of Edwardsian New Divinity: its distinction between natural and moral ability, and its insistence on immediate repentance. With the establishment of the New Divinity “schools of the prophets,” men such as Joseph Bellamy, Charles Backus, and Nathanael Emmons influenced the next generation of Edwardsian preachers and leaders. The direct result of widespread Edwardsian preaching in New England was what could only be called an Edwardsian enculturation of Calvinist New England by the first third of the nineteenth century.
Taylor at the Reins of the “One‐Hoss Shay”
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sweeney argues that three key relationships grounded Taylor even deeper in the Edwardsian culture – his close friendships with Lyman Beecher and Timothy Dwight and his marriage to Rebecca Marie Hine. Just prior to his wedding to Rebecca, Taylor received his license to preach, and upon the recommendation of Timothy Dwight, then president of Yale, he began preaching at New Haven's prominent First Church, to which he was called as pastor in 1812. When Yale added a divinity school, Dwight's son endowed a chair in his father's honor to which Nathaniel Taylor was invited. His placement secured Taylor's reputation as a cultural leader. At Yale, Taylor used his platform to further his Edwardsian agenda, steeping his students in Edwards's theology and modeling and Edwardsian approach to ministry.
“He Can if He Won't”
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chief theological concern in Taylor's doctrine of original sin lay in avoiding the notion that sin resided as a property or component of humanity's natural constitution. While many Old Calvinists held to the belief that depravity passed to humans through natural procreation, Taylor argued that this made God the author of sin, an unacceptable conclusion. In opposition to the Exercisers, Tasters, and Tylerites, who put the majority of their emphasis on human inability, the Taylorites worked hard to maintain what they believed to be continuity with the Edwardsian tradition as it related to the doctrine of original sin. Taylor recognized that there was a delicate balance between the doctrines of natural ability and divine dependence that required constant redress. In the end, the difference between Taylor's emphasis on the human ability to obey God in spite of the fact that sin was certain to prevail prior to regeneration proved largely semantic; but even this semantic difference was significant for his relationships with fellow Edwardsians and his identity as a theologian.
“To Make Himself a Holy Heart”
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Consistent with the Edwardsian emphasis on revival, Taylorite preachers inundated New England audiences with constant pleas for immediate repentance. Taylor's doctrine of regeneration crystallized in response to a treatise by Gardiner Spring, Dissertation on the Means of Regeneration. Taylor's doctrine led to charges of Pelagianism from his opponents. Sweeney argues that through his understanding of regeneration, Taylor sought to shape a theology that proved both modern and well grounded in evangelical Calvinist orthodoxy. Thus, while he worked with all his might to promote the human duty to have faith, he found this effort perfectly consistent with a doctrine of dependence.
The Decline and Fall of the Edwardsian Culture
Authors: Sweeney Douglas A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Threatened by Unitarianism and Finneyite progressives, the Edwardsians of the 1820s banded together to fight off the encroachment of theological liberalism and “new measures” revivalism. By 1828, with the publication of Taylor's Concio ad Clerum, the fissures in the Calvinist front that remained hidden during the first part of the decade became more noticeable. Fears spread that Taylor had fallen into Arminianism and abandoned Edwardsian Calvinism. As Lyman Beecher moved to Cincinnati to take the presidency of Lane Seminary, Bennet Tyler continued to warn of the dangers of Nathaniel William Taylor's teaching. By 1850, when the sabers ceased rattling between Taylor and Tyler, Catharine Beecher publicly began teaching a form of Arminianism, which she claimed she learned from Taylor. In his seventies, Taylor was unable to fight the errant claims. Sweeney argues that the battle between Taylor and Tyler was symptomatic of the decline of Edwardsian Calvinism in New England. The true decline of New England Calvinism began when the leaders of New England Theology became so self‐absorbed in their minor theological battles that they lost their voice in the culture wars of the mid‐nineteenth century.
In Defense of Moral Rights
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay examines the relation between law and morality with respect to a particular concept – a right. In opposition to the view defended by Jeremy Bentham and, more recently, Raymond Frey and L. W. Sumner that only institutionally conferred rights are real rights, the argument here is that moral rights are common parts of the conceptual apparatus of most, if not all, people when they make moral and political judgments. The point is not simply that many of these rights are ones people feel ought to be legal rights (their appropriateness as legislation is an additional feature); rather, the point is that people recoil at the violation of these rights as moral rights. This defense of moral rights, which invokes moral principles to establish truth claims about rights that have nothing necessarily to do with human institutions, is not guilty of reinterpreting those noninstitutional principles as if they were special institutional rules.
Evil
Authors: Feinberg Joel 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although people are understandably disturbed by the idea of pure evil, they are mistaken to replace it with ideas about sickness and cure. The language family associated with pure evil, or sheer wickedness, focuses not on the sick human being, but on the rationally functioning nonhuman being: the superhuman or the subhuman who has little choice but to be wicked. Even so, wickedness and mental illness (or sick! sick! sickness) have a tendency to fuse at their extreme points. This chapter considers the interrelation between sickness and wickedness as it applies to, among other things, serial killers, medical and nonmedical conceptions of sickness, personality disorders (or ‘personal’ disorders), and the relation between moral blameworthiness and mental illness.
Is It Time for a Common Currency for the Americas?
Authors: Corbo Vittorio 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the costs and benefits of full dollarization in Latin America. Dollarization may benefit countries with poor records on financial stability, and whose bulk of trade in goods and capital flows occur with the United States. However, for open economies with a decent record of financial stability and large tradable sectors, dollarization would be a major obstacle to the adjustment process.
The OCA Approach to Exchange Rate Regimes
Authors: Willett Thomas D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent developments in optimal currency area (OCA) theory. It argues that criticisms do not undermine the OCA approach, but rather add to the number of relevant considerations as well as influence the relative weights that should be given to traditional criteria. Thus, OCA criteria do not always provide clear signals about what exchange rate regime a country should adopt.
Dollarization Does not Make Sense Everywhere
Authors: Williamson John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter argues that dollarization should not be debated in the abstract, assuming that the advantages are the same everywhere. Policy should differ in accordance with different circumstances. It urges Mercosur to consider the establishment of its own monetary union, rather than for its members to adopt the currency of another country that is unwilling to share its monetary sovereignty.
The Problem of Dollar Encroachment in Emerging Markets
Authors: McKinnon Ronald I. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the monetary and exchange rate policies of Canada, Latin America, and East Asia toward the dollar. The central role of the dollar in international finance has the potential to displace national currencies for domestic uses. Only Canada and a few other countries can safely act unilaterally against dollar encroachment. In other parts of the world where regional trade is important but a regional common currency is not politically feasible, establishing an efficient common monetary standard is more of a collective choice.
Which Countries in the Americas Should Dollarize?
Authors: Salvatore Dominick 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the benefits and costs of full dollarization. Benefits include lower transaction costs, lower inflation and interest rates, and increased openness and international financial integration. Costs include lost seigniorage, loss of independent monetary and exchange rate policies, and loss of lender of last resort. The best candidates for full dollarization are small countries in Latin America and the Caribbean with small open economies for which the United States is the dominant economic partner.
Latin American Official Dollarization
Authors: Schuldt Jürgen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Most of the economies of the Latin American subcontinent are expected to dollarize officially before 2010. When this occurs, two or more similar monetary blocs will emerge, configured like the so-called wild gees flock paradigm foreseen by Kaname Akamatsu (1962) for the productive sphere. Ordered groups of countries will form that will adhere to the dollar, euro, or yen. The countries that decide to fly alone, without the guidance of “geese-leaders” will be left aside by the dynamics of the new international division of labour.
The Political Economy of Dollarization in Mexico
Authors: Auerbach Nancy Neiman , Flores‐Quiroga Aldo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the dollarization debate in Mexico. It explains the political economy of dollarization by disaggregating interests among key domestic actors, and considering the policymaking context, i.e. the status quo. It argues that the costs and benefits of dollarization must be assessed in the specific context of current Mexican politics to make sense of the debate.
Lessons of the Euro for Dollarization
Authors: Dellas Harris , Tavlas George S. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the implications of the euro experiment for dollarization in Latin America. It is argued that for Latin American countries, the potential political benefits of a new currency appears to be less than for euro-area countries. Dollarization would entail greater political costs than a currency board or a flowing exchange rate regime.
North American Currency Integration
Authors: Courchene Thomas J. , Harris Richard G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter presents the case for a North American monetary union (NAMU). It focuses on three issues: the downsides of Canada’s floating exchange rate, the arguments for increased exchange rate fixity, and that the long-term objective of exchange rate fixity should be a NAMU. It argues that the NAMU should have a place in Canada’s policy and research agenda, given the emergence of currency arrangements as a supranational public good.
Why Canada Needs a Flexible Exchange Rate
Authors: Murray John D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the flexible exchange rate regime in Canada and the renewed interest in a common currency with the United States. The flexible exchange rate has not undermined Canada’s economic performance. The economy country made not have coped with the Asian crisis and decline in world commodity prices without a depreciating Canadian dollar. However, it is possible that the Canadian economy may change in ways that make a common currency more attractive in the future.
What Exchange Rate Arrangement Works Best for Latin America?
Authors: Rojas‐Suarez Liliana 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter looks into the implementation of dollarization and flexible exchange rate regimes in Latin America. The current features of Latin American countries do no warrant the immediate implementation of a single currency. The severe constraints facing Latin American countries warrant the use of increased flexibility in exchange rates to deal with trade and financial shocks. Exchange rate flexibility should be complemented by the appropriate provision of liquidity and effective use of monetary instruments.
Argentina's Currency Board and the Case for Macroeconomic Policy Coordination in Mercosur
Authors: Fanelli José María 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the pros and cons of macroeconomic policy coordination in Mercosur. It reviews the macroeconomic functioning of the Argentine economy under convertibility, and the exchange regimes and trade structure of Mercosur countries. It argues that Mercosur countries would greatly benefit from gradually advancing into macro coordination. The first step is to reduce the remaining volatility in the evolution of nominal and relative prices within the bloc.
American Pragmatism
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe development of pragmatism is the most important achievement in the history of American philosophy. M. Gail Hamner here examines the European roots of the movement in a search for what makes pragmatism uniquely American. She argues that the inextricably American character of the pragmatism of such figures as Charles Sanders Peirce and William James lies in its often‐understated affirmation of America as a uniquely religious country with a God‐given mission, and as populated by God‐fearing citizens. By looking at European and British thinkers whom the pragmatists read, Hamner examines how pragmatism's notions of self, nation, and morality were formed in reaction to the work of these thinkers. She finds that the pervasive religiosity of nineteenth‐century American public language underlies Peirce's and James's resistance to aspects of the philosophy and science of their non‐American colleagues. This religiosity, Hamner shows, is linked strongly to the continuing rhetorical power of American Puritanism. Claims made for and about Puritanism were advanced throughout the nineteenth century as rallying cries for specific political, social, and individual changes. It was in this religiously and politically charged environment that Peirce and James received and reinterpreted non‐American voices. Hamner traces the development of pragmatism by analyzing the concepts of consciousness, causality, will, and belief in two German thinkers (Hermann von Helmholtz and Wilhelm Wundt) and two Scottish thinkers (William Hamilton and Alexander Bain), and by examining how their ideas were appropriated by Peirce and James. The book is arranged in three main parts: Evolution of German psychology; Evolution of Scottish psychology; and Pragmatic reception of European psychology.