bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INHIBITION OF THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO BY SALICYLATE AND GENTISATE
Authors: Ambrose Charles Tesch 
Published: June 2004

Salicylate inhibition of the secondary antibody response initiated in vitro on day 0 has been studied in cultures of rabbit lymph node fragments. Levels of 1.25 to 1.5 mM (0.20 to 0.24 mg/ml) sodium salicylate present in serum-free medium throughout an 18- or 21-day culture period completely inhibit the secondary response. This inhibition is largely accomplished by the drug's action during the first 9 days, which corresponds to the inductive phase for this culture system. Relatively little inhibition is produced by adding the drug only after day 9, although over 90% of the antibody produced during a 21-day experiment is synthesized after day 9. Studies with media of different pH's show that this inhibition is more correctly a function of the nonionized salicylic acid concentration in the medium than of the total salicylate concentration. Arguments are presented against the possibility that salicylate at the levels used here inhibits antibody synthesis by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation.
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) produces the same degree of inhibition in vitro as do equimolar concentrations of sodium salicylate. Gentisate (5-hydroxysalicylate) is 15-fold more effective in producing 50% inhibition than salicylate; its temporal pattern of inhibition is similar to that of salicylate.
EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF ATHERO-ARTERIOSCLEROSIS BY THE SYNERGY OF ALLERGIC INJURY TO ARTERIES AND LIPID-RICH DIET
Authors: Minick C. Richard , Murphy George E. , Campbell Wallace G. 
Published: June 2004

In rabbits that received a dietary supplement of cholesterol, 0.5% by weight, and concommittant injections of horse serum (group III) over a period of 80 days, coronary arterial lesions developed that in the main were different in quality and distribution from those in rabbits that received the cholesterol supplement alone (group I), and of different quality from but in distribution similar to those in rabbits that received horse serum alone (group II).
Fatty lesions developed in small, rarely in medium, but never in large arteries of rabbits in group I, and these changes do not resemble coronary athero-arteriosclerosis in man. Proliferative lesions without fatty change developed in large, medium, and small arteries of rabbits in group II, and some of these closely resemble human coronary arteriosclerosis without fatty change. The changes that developed in large, medium, and small arteries of rabbits in group III were in very large majority fatty-proliferative lesions. Some of these closely resemble the changes that in some cases constitute coronary athero-arteriosclerosis in man.
Nuclei with caterpillarlike chromatin pattern in longitudinal section and owl eye appearance in transverse section were observed to occur in many of the proliferating cells in thickened arterial intima in hearts of rabbits in groups II and III and in some of the lipid rich "foam" cells in arterial intima and subjacent media in hearts of rabbits in group III. Such nuclei have been observed to occur in some reacting smooth muscle cells and normal immature and reacting mature striated muscle cells of the heart. These observations indicate that at least many of the cells, including "foam" cells, in thickened intima in the experimentally induced and in naturally occurring coronary athero-arteriosclerosis are smooth muscle cells that evolved in proliferative reaction to arterial injury.
Fatty change developed in aortas of the rabbits in groups I and III, and was significantly greater in group III.
Results of this investigation support the hypothesis that the synergy of allergic injury to arteries and lipid-rich diet can lead to athero-arteriosclerosis.
POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. , Aikin Barbara S. 
Published: June 2004

Vascular basement membrane was disrupted in the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) during two immunologic reactions: The Arthus phenomenon and the reaction to locally injected antibody to vascular basement membrane. This disruption was evidenced by (a) the inability of the basement membrane to retain circulating carbon, by (b) loss of antigenic constituents, and by (c) electron microscopic observation showing actual gaps in the structure of the vascular basement membrane.
The factors within PMN's responsible for damage to isolated glomerular basement membrane in vitro were found by isolation procedures to be cathepsins D and E. Cationic proteins of PMN's were separable from the cathepsins. While inducing vascular permeability upon injection, these basic proteins failed to inflict the severe damage to the basement membrane observed in Arthus and antibasement membrane reactions. It is concluded that the full expression of these immunologic lesions requires destruction of the basement membrane possibly brought about by cathepsins D and E.
Some of the physicochemical properties of these pathologically active leukocytic factors are given.
THE CARRIAGE OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY BY SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RAT
Authors: Gowans James L. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: June 2004

Lymphocytes were obtained from the thoracic duct of rats 1½ to 15 months after primary immunization with a single dose of bacteriophage ϕX 174. An intravenous injection of these lymphocytes conferred on heavily X-irradiated rats the ability to form antibody in a secondary-type manner after a first injection of ϕX. Negligible responses were obtained after cell transfer if the recipients were not challenged with antigen.
Thoracic duct cells from some immunized donors were incubated in vitro for 24 hr before transfer in order to destroy selectively the large, dividing lymphocytes. The responsiveness conferred on X-irradiated recipients by such "incubated" inocula was then compared with that given by equal numbers of "fresh" thoracic duct cells. In all such comparisons the recipients of the "incubated" cells gave higher and more rapid antibody responses. It was concluded that the cells in thoracic duct lymph which carried immunological memory were small lymphocytes.
STUDIES ON HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Börjeson Jan , Reisfeld Ralph , Chessin Lawrence N. , Welsh Patricia D. , Douglas Steven D. 
Published: June 2004

The saline extract from the roots of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) possesses three biological properties; hemagglutinin, leukagglutinin, and mitogen. Fractionation and further purification on calcium phosphate column chromatography revealed that the biologically active substance was eluted in the front moving fraction with 0.05 M phosphate buffer pH 7.5. Analytical separation on polyacrylamide gels in disc electrophoresis yielded a single homogeneous band with an Rf value of 0.43 containing all three biological activities. This fraction had an ultraviolet absorption spectrum similar to PHA, was stable to both periodate and mercaptoethanol treatment and gave a single band in double diffusion and immunoelectrophoretic analysis against the antibody prepared to the crude PWM saline extract.
Absorption studies with red cells or stroma revealed that the hemagglutinin could be selectively removed without significantly altering the mitogen, whereas absorption with leukocytes resulted in loss of both the mitogenic and leukagglutinating activities.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF NZB/BL MICE
Authors: Mellors Robert C. , Huang Chen Ya 
Published: June 2004

A filtrable agent separable from transplantable malignant lymphomas of NZB/Bl mice was capable, upon inoculation into preweanling NZB/Bl mice, of inducing lymphoid cell hyperplasia, hypergammaglobulinemia, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and pathological changes (focal membranous glomerulonephritis) of kidneys—renal functional and structural changes qualitatively similar to those of spontaneous occurrence in older NZB/Bl mice.
Viruslike particles with close resemblance to the typical "C" type murine oncogenic virus particles were identified by means of electron microscopy in NZB/Bl mouse tissues and cells, including malignant lymphoma cells, benign lymphoid cells of thymus and spleen, epithelial cells of renal tubules, and extracellular sites.
The relevance of these observations, the first of their kind dealing with NZB/Bl mice, is discussed in relation to the several immunopathological disorders which characterize this strain of mice.
HIGH CONCENTRATION OF INJECTED TITANIUM DIOXIDE IN ABDOMINAL LYMPH NODES
Authors: Huggins Charles B. , Froehlich Jeffrey P. 
Published: June 2004

In the rat the greatest accumulation, in any anatomical structure, of titanium dioxide following its intravenous injection was found in two small clusters of lymph nodes in upper abdomen behind the peritoneum. These are the lymph nodes of the liver.
This extraordinary quantitative characteristic of the abdominal clusters is attributed to their topography which results in progressive filtration of particulate matter from hepatic lymph.
ANTIGENICITY OF THE M PROTEINS OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Fox Eugene N. , Wittner M. K. , Dorfman Albert 
Published: June 2004

Highly purified M proteins were used for determining cutaneous hypersensitivity and type-specific circulating antibodies in normal adults and infants. 80% of 91 adults and 8% of 59 infants exhibited a transient delayed cutaneous reaction to at least two of types 12, 14, and 24 M proteins. Antibodies assayed by passive hemagglutination were observed in 90% of the adults and 13% of the infants.
Vaccines of 10 µg of alum-precipitated M protein or 20 µg of the soluble antigen were administered to adults not exhibiting delayed hypersensitivity. Within 2 wk hemagglutination liters increased significantly in 31 of 33 subjects. Preimmunization antibody levels indicated that these responses were probably anamnestic reactions from previous exposures to homologous serotypes of group A streptococci. Sera exhibiting large increments in antibody titers resulting from M protein inoculations also had type-specific bactericidal properties. "Attenuated" M proteins, produced by partial degradation with trypsin induced only minimal cutaneous reactions in hypersensitive adults, but still retained most of the antigenic specificity when assayed in vitro and in vivo.
The utility of M protein vaccines for human use is discussed in reference to the low incidence of cutaneous hypersensitivity in infants, the potentials of polyvalent attenuated M protein vaccines and the apparent absence of immune cross-reactivity between pure M proteins and human heart and kidney tissues.
HURLER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Danes B. Shannon , Bearn Alexander G. 
Published: June 2004

Skin fibroblasts from eight families with Hurler's syndrome (X-linked recessive and autosomal recessive) and normal individuals have been studied in cell culture. A good correlation between cellular metachromasia and the quantitative estimation of intracellular mucopolysaccharides was observed provided the culture conditions were standardized.
In both forms of Hurler's syndrome intracellular mucopolysaccharide content could be used to distinguish the affected individual and the carrier from the normal subject, although the total mucopolysaccharide content of fibroblast cultures or the amount in the culture medium did not permit such a distinction.
Retinol, in concentrations similar to those encountered in man in hyper-vitaminosis A, caused a reduction in total mucopolysaccharide content of fibroblast cultures from normal and affected individuals. Cultures from three patients with the X-linked recessive form of Hurler's syndrome showed a gradual but marked decrease in cellular metachromasia and approximately 60% decrease in mucopolysaccharide content. Synthesis of polysaccharides and sulfation appeared to be equally affected. On removal of retinol from the medium the content of intracellular mucopolysaccharides returned to pretreatment levels. The possible relevance of these findings to the treatment of Hurler's syndrome is discussed.
URINARY EXCRETION OF FOREIGN ANTIGENS AND RNA FOLLOWING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY INJECTIONS OF ANTIGENS
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. , Das Manik L. 
Published: June 2004

Two soluble antigens, BSA and KLH labeled with sulfanilate-35S, when injected intravenously into normal animals, were excreted in the urine to over 70% in 24 hr. Over the next 6 days, 25% more was excreted after which time only a trace could be detected. Much of the antigen remaining from the primary injection appeared in the urine following a secondary injection of the unlabeled protein carrier at 7 days after primary injection.
The antigen material found in the urine was quite heterogeneous with respect to physical properties and much of it was associated with RNA material as shown by chromatographic analyses. The main difference between the labeled material released following the primary and secondary injection was the higher degree of association of antigen material with nucleotide material after secondary injection as compared with primary injection. Further study is needed to distinguish qualitative from quantitative changes of the components, antigen and nucleic acid, and also the nature of their association. Possible similarities were found for the RNA-antigen material released from tissue after secondary injection of unlabeled antigen, and the material that was isolated previously from liver.
ANTIBODIES INVOLVED IN ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF SLOW REACTING SUBSTANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS (SRS-A) IN THE GUINEA PIG AND RAT
Authors: Stechschulte Daniel J. , Austen K. Frank , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: June 2004

The antigen-induced release of SRS-A and histamine was studied in the guinea pig and rat using whole and fractionated antiserum preparations.
Guinea pig 7Sγ1-antibody sensitized sliced guinea pig lung tissue for antigen-induced release of both SRS-A and histamine; neither substance was released from lung tissue prepared with 7Sγ1-antibody.
Rats injected intraperitoneally with hyperimmune rabbit or rat antiserum released only SRS-A in significant amounts when challenged with antigen by the same route. A definite time interval between the injection of antiserum and challenge with antigen was required for optimal release of SRS-A.
Fractionation of rat antiserum demonstrated that the immunoglobulin responsible for most of the SRS-A release from rat peritoneal tissue was a γG-antibody or fraction thereof. Acting in this capacity, the γG-antibody or its subfraction may be considered a second type of homocytotropic antibody. Fractions of rat antisera containing the first type of homocytotropic antibody, i.e. antibody mediating release of histamine and serotonin, prepared peritoneal tissues for the release of large amounts of these pharmacological agents and only small amounts of SRS-A.
Two different mechanisms for the production of PCA lesions in the rat were considered. One of these involves the antigen-induced release of histamine and serotonin from mast cells sensitized by homocytotropic antibody. This reaction has an optimal latent period of 24–72 hr. The second mechanism involves the local combination of antigen with "hyperimmune" heterologous or homologous antisera. This reaction can be elicited after a latent period of 4 but not 24 hr; host complement and leukocyte lysosomal enzymes, as well as SRS-A, may be involved.
STUDIES OF THE Vi (γ2c) SUBGROUP OF γ-GLOBULIN
Authors: Yount William J. , Kunkel Henry G. , Litwin Stephen D. 
Published: June 2004

Further delineation of the antigens characteristic of the Vi or γ2c subgroup of γ-globulin was carried out utilizing a number of rabbit and primate antisera. Two genetic antigens characteristic of this subgroup, Gm(b) and Gm(g), were also detected by precipitation techniques with certain of the antisera. These were clearly differentiated from antigens common to all proteins of this subgroup.
The concentration, of Vi protein in normal and pathological sera from several population groups was measured quantitatively utilizing a variety of immunological procedures. All sera studied showed measurable levels. The mean value for Caucasian sera was 1.06 mg/ml, representing approximately 8% of γG-globulin. This agreed closely with a figure of 8.4% for the incidence of myeloma proteins of the Vi subgroup among all γG-myeloma proteins in Caucasians.
A relationship was found between the Vi subgroup concentration and the specific genetic type of a given individual. Measurements of the Gm(b) genetic determinants, which are found solely in Vi-type proteins, brought forward this relationship. Gm(b+) individuals showed higher concentrations of Vi-type γ-globulin than those who were Gm(b-), and this difference was statistically significant for both the homozygous and heterozygous states. It appeared that the structural genes for Gm(b+) polypeptide chains showed a greater synthetic capacity than those for Gm(b-) types. The possible significance of such effects in governing the relative composition of the antibody population in a given individual is discussed.
GAMMA GLOBULIN AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VITRO
Authors: Stecher Vera J. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette 
Published: June 2004

The present studies have shown that the influence of X-irradiation on the secondary antibody response in vitro is remarkably similar to its effect on the primary response in vivo.
When sensitized tissue was first irradiated and then reexposed to antigen, the duration of the interval between irradiation and antigen addition determined the degree of inhibition of the secondary response obtained. A delay of 12 hr resulted in stronger inhibition than a delay of 6 hr, and an interval of 24 hr before reexposure to antigen caused complete suppression of antibody production to diphtheria toxoid and almost complete suppression when sheep RBC were used as the antigen.
Induction of the secondary response in rabbit lymph node tissue in vitro followed by exposure to X-irradiation, revealed that immediate exposure to irradiation after antigen produced stronger inhibition of the subsequent response than irradiation on days 2–3. Irradiation on day 6 had no detectable effect. The effectiveness of the early radiation is probably due to prevention of the proliferation of the antibody-forming cells. BUDR was found to be effective at similar time periods as X-irradiation, whereas colchicine could still stop antibody formation when added late during the secondary response in vitro.
It was noted that lymph nodes from some BSA-sensitized rabbits as late as 18 months after sensitization gave a response indistinguishable from a typical secondary response, even when not reexposed to antigen.
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Bang Betsy G. , Bang Frederik B. 
Published: June 2004

Infectious laryngotracheitis can be produced in chickens as an experimental model of severe nonfatal rhinitis and sinusitis. Inoculated intranasally into unanesthetized baby chicks it remains limited to the nasal fossa, produces acute desquamation of all nasal epithelia, results in functional recovery of the respiratory epithelium, but leaves important residual abnormalities. From the earliest recognizable lesions through 4½ months' convalescence, the principal changes are as follows:
1. Initial lesions, or small syncytia of intranuclear "inclusions", first identifiable in the mucociliated cells of the shallowest portion of the epithelium at about 21 hr postinoculum (the inner surface of the maxillary conchal scroll).
2. Acute sloughing, (about 3 to 7 days), marked by: (a) spread of lesions from cell to cell via multinucleated "giant cells" which progressively slough and desquamate respiratory, olfactory, and sinus epithelia, epithelial neural elements and blood vessels; (b) appearance of numbers of eosinophilic leukocytes along the basement membrane at the sites of lesions just previous to sloughing; intensive infiltration of the submucosa with small lymphocytes after sloughing begins; (c) histochemical change in the intracellular mucus of the cells which comprise the syncytia: this mucus stains with Alcian blue alone when stained with AB-PAS; and (d) all cartilages of the maxillary conchae become flaccid, and the cell nuclei and matrix lose both basophilic and Alcian blue staining properties, effects which recede by about the 8th day.
3. Repair (about 8 to 21 days), marked by rapid initial spread of a sheet of epithelial cells over the infiltrated subrmucosa, appearance of numbers of plasma cells circulating in the tissues, formation of encapsulated secondary nodules, and mucosal adhesions.
4. Convalescence (about 1 to 4½ months when experiments terminated), marked by functional restoration of the mucociliary lining of the nasal fossa. However, at 4½ months eight specimens all show complete metaplasia of the olfactory organ (end nerves, supporting cells, and glands of Bowman) to mucociliated epithelium, all show abnormal formation and alignment of mucous acini, and about 50% have severe persistent sinusitis.
SPECIFICITY OF THE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED BY SINGLE CELLS FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION WITH ANTIGENS BEARING TWO TYPES OF ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS
Authors: Green Ira , Vassalli Pierre , Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

A combination of double immunofluorescent technique and radioautographic localization of radioactive antigens was used to investigate the question whether single antibody-producing cells can make antibodies of more than one specificity after immunization with antigens bearing more than one determinant. When guinea pig γ2-globulins, containing the F(ab')2 and Fc determinants, were used to immunize rabbits, a small percentage of cells (3.7%) were stained with both the anti-F(ab')2 and anti-Fc reagents. These results were shown to be due to the lack of absolute specificity of the detecting antigen and antibody reagents which can be obtained for use in this system.
However, when immunological systems such as hapten-protein conjugates were used, and where completely specific antigen and antibody reagents could be prepared, the results were unequivocal. The individual lymph node cells from rabbits or guinea pigs immunized with hapten-protein conjugates produced antibodies against the hapten or antibodies against the antigenic determinants of the carrier molecule, never antibodies against both specificities.