bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Study of Olive Cultivars Olea europaea L. Cultivated in Central and Southern of Iraq
Authors: Maiuf Marwa Hassan , Al-Mayahi Falah Hassan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The phenotypic characteristics of 14 olive cultivars cultivated in some central and southern provinces of Iraq were studied, they were two local varieties (Baashiqi and Dahkan), eight varieties introduced (Arbequina, Picual, Nepali Mohsen and Manzanilo, Qaisi, Surani, Khudairi and Santa Caterina), four cultivars from Thi Qar Governorate (Akeka K, L, M and N). The cultivars were described phenotypically by studying some parts of the tree, depending on the specifications of the International Olive Council IOC, it was noted that the characteristic of medium length of the interphalanges is dominant. The leaf area of the Dahkan cultivar was 7.21 cm2, superior to the rest of the cultivars, which ranged from medium to large in size. The cultivars varied in terms of leaf thickness, ranging from low to medium thickness, the variety Dahkan was characterized by a high thickness, which amounted to 0.052. The leaf length of the studied cultivars ranged from medium to short, and the width of the leaf was from medium to broad in the cultivar Dahkan and Qaisi, as for the shape of the leaf, the cultivar distinguishes Sorani with a tapering tip, while the cultivars differed between ovoid to ovoid with a tapering tip. The results of the genetic dimension analysis of the phenotypic characterization showed that there were clear differences between the studied cultivars, the data obtained have been used, to create a kinship chart, which showed the most phenotypically distant cultivars between the Sourani and Dahkan cultivars, with a difference rate of 5.806. As for the least phenotypic differences between the Santa Caterina cultivars and the Akika L cultivar, with a distance of 0.591.
Synergistic Effects of Low Tunnel Polyethylene Covering and Silicon Spraying on Growth and Yield of Two Radish Varieties under Cold Stress
Authors: Alhasnawi Nasser Jubair Radhi , Al-Bayati Ammar Sami 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted on one of the private sector farms in Albuhidari area located in Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq, during the autumn season of 2021. The current research aimed to investigate the influence of polyethylene covering integrated with potassium silicate (K2SiO3) spray on the growth and yield of radishes. A split split-plot system was implemented based on RCBD with three replicates. The field plots were divided into two groups (non-covered plots and covered with low tunnel polyethylene sheets) designated as the main plots. While the two varieties of local radish (white and red) were assigned as subplots, and three concentrations of (K2SiO3) (0, 400, 600 mg.L-1) were assigned as sub-subplots. ANOVA results demonstrated that the main effect of each factor improved radish studied indicators for plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf dry matter%, root dry matter%, and the root yield per plant. The polyethylene covering provided a physical barrier against cold stress, while the silicon treatments at high concentrations enhanced the plants’ tolerance to low temperatures and improved overall plant growth. Bi-interaction effects were almost significant for some indicators. Moreover, the triple interaction (polyethylene covering + red variety + spray with (K2SiO3) @ 600 mg.L-1) was superior in all indicators except for root dry matter%. The results indicate that polyethylene covering combined with silicon treatments have a significant protective effect on white and red radish plants.
Iris Flowering Traits Response to Bacterial Biofertilizers and Foliar Nano-Phosphates
Authors: Ali Muhammed N. A. , Mashkoor Sulaiman A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted during the 2022 growing season to evaluate the effect of bacteria biofertilizers and Nano-phosphate foliar spray on flowering and flower quality of Iris flowers. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, or Azotobacter chroococcum were injected into the culture medium before planting the bulbs, while foliar spray using superphosphate Nano-fertilizer was applied at levels 0, 1, or 2 mg/L. The bulbs were planted on 10/24/2022 in a factorial R.C.B.D. experiment with three replications. It was found that the values of the studied indicators increased with increasing the concentration of phosphate Nano-fertilizer. It was also found that the biofertilizer bacteria of all the species used led to a similar effect in increasing the flowering indicators under study, even in the absence of Nano-fertilizer. The results showed that the highest mean for all indicators was in the treatment of bacteria A. chroococcum in the presence of Nano-phosphate (P2) fertilization at 2 mg/L, which recorded the highest values of days to flowering (day), spathe length (cm), flower diameter (cm), flower longevity (day), vase life (day), and flower dry matter (%), with a significant differences from the control and most individual and interacted treatments.
Drought’s Impact on Growth and Strategies to Mitigate its Effects on Potato Cultivation: A review
Authors: Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Hussain Ahmed J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The potato is the third most widely produced cereal in the world, behind rice and wheat. The contemporary potato is vulnerable to yield loss in prolonged droughts. Droughts are becoming more severe and common as a result of global warming. Because of its shallow root system, potatoes are easily parched. The occurrence of drought and water shortage has substantial ramifications for the production of potatoes, exerting influence on both the volume and quality of potato harvests. Potatoes are a crop that needs a substantial amount of water, since they rely on a regular and sufficient water supply during their whole growth cycle. The presence of drought conditions or limited water supplies might result in many adverse consequences for the cultivation of potatoes. Potato plants are susceptible to experiencing stunted growth and development as a direct result of the water stress that is brought on by drought conditions. The restricted supply of water adversely affects the absorption of vital nutrients by plants, resulting in imbalances and deficits in nutritional levels. These conditions may lead to inhibited development, diminished leaf surface, and a lower quantity of tubers. Water stress circumstances have a considerable negative impact on the total production potential of potato crops. Moreover, the phenomenon of water shortage has a significant impact on the physiological mechanisms of potato plants, specifically in relation to essential functions like photosynthesis and transpiration. A scarcity of water during the tuber bulking phases might lead to a reduction in potato size, hence impacting its commercial worth. The use of effective irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation or precision sprinklers, has the potential to optimize water usage and minimize losses resulting from evaporation. The use of water conservation methods and the adoption of drought-resistant potato cultivars are crucial solutions for mitigating the effects of water shortage on potato farming. Through the use of these procedures, farmers have the ability to augment the resilience of their potato crops and guarantee the attainment of sustainable production, even when faced with conditions of low water availability.
Effect of Fermented Wheat Residues with Agaricus bisporus and Spraying Potassium and Boron on Growth and Yield of Cucurbita Squash.
Authors: Abdulraheem Um Kulthoom Hatem , Al-Tufaili Aqeel Kareem Hasan , Alewi Zainab Hussein 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The College of Agriculture / University of Kufa’s Agricultural Research Station conducted a field experiment in 2022 to determine the effects of fertilizing with Agaricus bisporus fungus residues and spraying shoots with potassium and boron on squash plant Cucurbita pepo hybrid cultivar Squash Ahmed F1’s vegetative growth and yield. The experiment had two variables. Initial factors included The first factor is adding vegetable residues fermented (organic matter) at 0, 1, 2 grams. Plant 1. Second, it involved spraying three concentrations of potassium, boron, and their combination on vegetative growth. The experiment used a factorial design (3 × 4) with R.C.B.D. and three replications, totaling 36 experimental units. After an ANOVA, the averages were compared using the least significant difference test. With 0.05 probability. The study found that 1 g of fungal residue in fertilization was effective. Spraying at a K and P concentration of led to in increasing the vegetative growth characteristics, as the plant height and the number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of the shoot, and the percentage of total chlorophyll, compared with control. Plant-1 was significantly affected increase in height, number of leaves, dry weight, and amount of yield.
Effect of Glutamine and Proline Spraying on Yield and Quality of Soft Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes
Authors: Fadala Alaa S. , Al-Tahir Faisal M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in one of the farmer’s fields in the Al-Batira area, 20 km from the center of Maysan Governorate, during the winter season of 2022-2023 in soil with a silty mixture texture in order to assess the effect of glutamine and proline spraying on the yield and quality of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experimental layout was a split-plot R.C.B.D (randomized complete block design). Treatments with sprayed concentrations of distilled water alone (control), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid glutamine (treatment 2), 300 mg l-1 of the amino acid proline (treatment 3), and 150 mg l-1 of the combined amino acids gluten and proline (treatment 4) were carried out. The second factor is made up of eleven newly created genotypes of soft wheat, including Russian, ACSAD 133, ADANE 99, ACSAD 59, ACSAD 901, Iranian, Wafiya, Jad (German), Jihan, and Bohouth 22. The results demonstrated the superiority of the cultivar Wafia, which produced a mean of 434.73 fertile spikes per hectare and a yield of grains of 7.97 megagrams per hectare. In contrast, the ACSAD 901 cultivar was superior in terms of the protein content of its grains, the moisture content of its grains, and the composition of its grains. Grain specific weights ranged from 12.05% to 12.81% to 80.56 grains per spike on average. The study also showed that the amino acid glutamine, in a mixed concentration of (150 mg L-1 with 150 mg L-1 proline), significantly outperformed other concentrations when sprayed on plants during the elongation and flowering stages, producing the highest averages in the characteristic of the number of fertile spikes, amounting to 434.46 spikes m2, grains number per spike-1 amounted to 78.49 grains per spike-1, and the grain yield amounted to 7.97 megagram-1.
Essential Oil Composition of calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand
Authors: Dogara Abdulrahman Mahmoud , Abbas Ahmed K. , Mahmood Saad Shakir , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Hussien Raghad Ahmed , Hashim Hiba H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The use of herbal medicines is significant in healthcare initiatives, particularly in underdeveloped nations. All plants or parts of plants are thought to be possible sources of therapeutic substances, which includes a surprisingly comprehensive definition of what constitutes a medical plant. The literature and our own research both suggest that few studies exist that describe the chemical composition of Calotropis procera outside of Nigeria. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to describe the constituents of Calotropis procera essential oil, which is found in the northern part of Nigeria. Hydro distillation was used to distil the oil. An Agilent (Series MSD) gas chromatography 7890A/5975C linked mass spectrometer was used for the analysis of the oil. In the analysed essential oil, monoterpenes (60.4% of the oil) were the most prevalent compound, followed by other substances (23.81%) and sesquiterpenoids (15.67%). Phellandrenebeta-> (8.70), decanal 4Z-> (8.48), and perilla ketone (7.77) % are the three most prevalent substances. This examination will provide as a starting point for more study on the subject plant.
Effect of Exogenous Application of Nano Fertilizers and Seaweeds Extract on the Growth, Yield, and Total Alkaloids Content of Hyoscyamus niger
Authors: Al-Taweel Sudad K. , Mohammed Aws A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in 2022. It aimed to improve the growth of the European black Henbane plant (Hyoscyamus niger), leaf yield, and its content of the total alkaloids as effective medicinal secondary metabolite compounds by spraying with three levels of nano-nitrogen (N=46%) and three levels of nano-potassium (K = 50%)) is 1 gm L-1, 2 gm L-1, and 3 gm L-1, respectively, for each of these fertilizers, in addition to spraying with two levels of seaweed extract (Acadian) at a concentration of 2 and 3 ml L-1, respectively. The experiment carried out according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatment of spraying with Acadian marine extract at a concentration of 2 ml L-1 (A2) was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in increasing the plant height (55.80 cm), the number of branches (9.62) branches plant-1), and the plant yield (4493) kg ha-1 as well as in increasing the dry weight of the plant. The results indicated that are no significant differences in Plant yield by spraying nano-nitrogen fertilizer at a concentration of 3 ml L-1 while spraying potassium nano-fertilizer was significantly superior to treatments K3 and K2 at a concentration of 3 g L-1, followed by a concentration of 2 g L-1. in the total chlorophyll content of leaves (56.00) and (58.95) respectively, compared to the other treatments, the control treatment showed the lowest dry weight of the plant (88 g), which was outperformed by all other treatments when spraying with nano-fertilizers or marine extract with both concentrations A1 and A2, as well as spraying with nitrogen nano-fertilizer for the different treatments increased the dry weight of the plant. As for the characteristic of total alkaloids, all treatments, except for the two treatments of spraying with nano-fertilizers N1 and K1, were significantly superior to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest content of total alkaloids, 2.85%.
The Effect of Nano and Metallic Boron Spray on some Growth Traits of Sweet Corn under Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Riwad Mushtaq T. , Alag Makkiyah K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Under conditions of water stress, a field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron on certain vegetative development parameters of the sweet crop (Zea mays L. Var saccharata) in the fall seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of spraying with nano and metal boron. A split-plot R.C.B.D. with three replications was used to design the experiment. W1, W2, and W3 represented 40%, 60%, and 80% water depletion in the major plots. The sub-plots were treated with two concentrations of boron nano particles (5 and 10 mg L-1) designated N1 and N2, two concentrations of metal boron (20 and 40 mg L-1) denoted M1 and M2, and a control treatment of spraying distilled water only. The number of days from planting to 75% tasseling, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, leaf area index, plant dry weight, and crop growth rate for both seasons did not differ between 40% and 60% water stress. 80% water stress decreased all trait averages. Nano and metallic boron spraying significantly affected most features. Spraying with 5 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration reduced the number of days from planting to 75% tasseling by 46.89 and 47.11 days, as well as plant height (141.36 and 142.10 cm), leaf number (13.40 and 13.51 leaves plant-1), plant dry weight (165.80 and 165.93 g plant-1), and crop growth rate (3.53 and 3.51 g m2 day-1 ) for both seasons. However, spraying with 10 mg L-1 nano-boron concentration produced the largest average leaf area (4507.90 and 4530.80 cm2 plant-1) and leaf area index (2.40 and 2.41, respectively) compared to the control treatment for both seasons. For both seasons, Water stress and nano/mineral boron spraying influenced plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, and dry weight. In cases of restricted irrigation water, we propose watering when the available water is 60% drained and spraying with nano boron at 5 mg L-1 to improve the plant’s performance in most of the sweet corn crop’s development features.
Phytochemical Analysis of Terpenes from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Study of its Biological Effect Against Macrophomina spp.
Authors: Saadallah Hamza A. , Sultan Fatimah I. , Al-Tarjuman Janan K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This research was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the inhibitory ability of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf extracts (alcoholic and oily) on the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, which was isolated from strawberry roots and diagnosed based on its morphological and microscopic characteristics. The active compounds present in the volatile oil separated from the leaves of E. camaldulensis were identified by using (GC-MS). And obtaining the effective compounds (Gamma-Terpinene, Benzene, Terpinen-4-ol, carvone, 1-Cyclohexene, p-Cymen-7-ol, 2-Naphthalene methanol, 5-methanol, Methyl1-4methylene). The separated fatty acids were identified from the ether petroleum extract of eucalyptus leaves using GC-MS and obtaining fatty acids (Lumaric acid, Linolic acid, Pentadecanoic acid, Hexadecanoic, a-Lenolinic, Stearic acid, Eicosenoic acid, Arachidonic acid Palmatic acid, Oleic, Octadecanoic acid). The Inhibition effect of eucalyptus leaf extract (alcoholic and oily) against the fungus Macrophomina phaseolina was tested. The results showed that the petroleum ether and eucalyptus oil extracts that were used at concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/ml in the PDA medium had inhibitory effects on the growth of the aforementioned fungus. Both extracts caused a significant effect on the growth of this fungus in All concentrations used, as these fungi failed to form mycelium on PDA medium.
Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytogenetic Effects of Ethanol Leaves Extract of Carthamus tinctorius
Authors: Haleem Azhar M. , Hameed A. H. , Al-Majeed Reem A. , Hussein Nehia N. , Hikmat Rana A. , Queen Batool K. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Total polyphenol contents (TPCs), Total flavonoids contents (TFCs) and antioxidant activity (AA)% of ethanol leaves extract (ELEs) of Carthamus tinctorius was investigated, represented by the detection of the antibacterial activity against some pathogenic microbes, as well as the cytotoxicity assay (MTT) and programmed cell death (Apoptosis) by DAPI assay was studied on MCF-7 cell line. Regarding the activity against bacteria, the results showed that the greatest effect of the (ELEs) was on the growth of Gram+ve Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with a diameter of the inhibition zone reached (31 mm), followed by Gram-ve bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-ve E.coli with an inhibition zone diameter reaching to (22.66 and 22.33 mm) respectively, The lowest effect recorded on the growth of C. albicans, the diameter of the inhibition zone reached to (21,33 mm). As for the effectiveness against oxidative stress and programmed death, the results showed that the extract had a good effect on cancer cells by causing a shrink and destroy them. All these findings were significantly correlated with the concentration of the total content of phenols and flavonoids in the extract. It was also observed that a clear effects of cytogenetic indicators represented in the drooped in the blastogenic index (BI) and the mitotic index (MI) increased by increasing the concentration. This concentration-dependent cytotoxic action is much like the plant alkaloids in chemotherapies.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Plants Thinning Date on Growth and Yield of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Al-Juheishy Waleed Khalid Shahatha , Al-Wakaa Adnan Hussein , Al-Khafaji Ali Hussein 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field explore was done throughout the colder time of year time of 2021-2022 at two destinations, first at agricultural research and experiments station of Department of field crops/ Faculty of Agriculture and forestry-Mosul University and second at Badush dam to concentrate on reaction of safflower harvest to various degrees of organic fertilizer and plants thinning date in growth and yield qualities. The study included three levels of organic fertilizer (4, 8, 12 t/ha) and three dates for thinning plants (20, 30, 40 days from planting). Experiment was carried out according to randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that the fertilizer level exceeded 30 t/ha significantly in plant height, number of branches / plant, leaf area, number of heads/ plant, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Percentage of oil and oil yield in both study sites, while the fertilizer level exceeded 15 t/ha in number of seeds/head. Date of thinning of plants after 20 days after planting significantly exceeded in the characteristics of number of branches / plant, leaf area, number of heads/ plant, number of seeds/ head, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, Percentage of oil and oil yield at both study sites, while the date of thinning after 40 days after planting exceeded in plant height. Interference between the fertilizer level exceeded 30 t/ha with the date of thinning of plants 20 days after planting in the characteristics of leaf area and seed yield.
Induction of Callus of Two Cultivars from Rice Seed Embryos by the Effect of Abiotic Factors for Drought Tolerance ex Vivo
Authors: Najm Edrees S. , Hamza Ibrahim A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, during the period 2021-2023, with the aim of inducing Callus from embryos of two rice cultivars: black rice and Amber 33, to enhance drought tolerance in vitro. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied for experimental arrangements. Different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 mg L-1) were used to stimulate Callus, along with UV radiation of type UV-C with a wavelength (<280 nanometers), It does not affect the environment because it is absorbed by the atmosphere’s oxygen and ozone, for various durations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. A control treatment was also used for comparison. The experimental stress conditions were induced using different concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The fresh and dry weights of Callus were measured for all treatments, in addition to assessing the drought tolerance index. The results showed significant differences for most of the studied traits. The highest fresh and dry weight of Callus was achieved at a concentration of 3 mg L-1 of 2,4-D, at 258.9 mg and 26.06 mg, respectively. The control treatment with UV-C radiation outperformed with the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus, reaching 356.8 mg and 37.81 mg, respectively, compared to other irradiation doses. The control treatment with other PEG concentrations yielded the highest fresh and dry weight of Callus for the cultivars treated with UV-C radiation, reaching 356.4 mg and 38.81 mg, respectively. The drought tolerance index in terms of dry weight, the treatment with 1.5% PEG yielded the highest rate at 0.73 mg, while the treatment with 6% PEG resulted in the lowest rate at 0.21 mg. additionally; the black rice cultivar treated with UV-C radiation outperformed the Amber 33 rice cultivar in terms of both fresh and dry weights of Callus.