bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) regulates phagocytosis in glioblastoma
Authors: Peshoff Mekenzie M , Gupta Pravesh , Oberai Shivangi , Trivedi Rakesh , Katayama Hiroshi , Chakrapani Prashanth , Dang Minghao , Migliozzi Simona , Gumin Joy , Kadri Divya B , Lin Jessica K , Milam Nancy K , Maynard Mark E , Vaillant Brian D , Parker-Kerrigan Brittany , Lang Frederick F , Huse Jason T , Iavarone Antonio , Wang Linghua , Clise-Dwyer Karen , Bhat Krishna P 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are central nervous system tumors that resist standard-of-care interventions and even immune checkpoint blockade. Myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment can contribute to GBM progression; therefore, emerging immunotherapeutic approaches include reprogramming these cells to achieve desirable antitumor activity. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a myeloid signaling regulator that has been implicated in a variety of cancers and neurological diseases with contrasting functions, but its role in GBM immunopathology and progression is still under investigation.

Methods
Our reverse translational investigations leveraged single-cell RNA sequencing and cytometry of human gliomas to characterize TREM2 expression across myeloid subpopulations. Using 2 distinct murine glioma models, we examined the role of Trem2 on tumor progression and immune modulation of myeloid cells. Furthermore, we designed a method of tracking phagocytosis of glioma cells in vivo and employed in vitro assays to mechanistically understand the influence of TREM2 signaling on tumor uptake.

Results
We discovered that TREM2 expression does not correlate with immunosuppressive pathways, but rather showed strong a positive association with the canonical phagocytosis markers lysozyme (LYZ) and macrophage scavenger receptor (CD163) in gliomas. While Trem2 deficiency was found to be dispensable for gliomagenesis, Trem2+ myeloid cells display enhanced tumor uptake compared to Trem2- cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that TREM2 mediates phagocytosis via Syk signaling.

Conclusions
These results indicate that TREM2 is not associated with immunosuppression in gliomas. Instead, TREM2 is an important regulator of phagocytosis that may be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy for brain tumors.
Tribum que non abhorruit/Quoniam secta latronum/Merito hec patimurand its ‘Quotations’, andGarrit gallus/In nova
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThese two motets are analysed, with full transcriptions of texts and music. The verbal ‘quotations’ in Tribum are shown to be as foundational as the chant tenor; the motet was planned on these twin pillars, neither being completed before the other. Devices such as repeated words, puns, vowel rhyme and word painting unifying the voices are as carefully placed as the musical counterpoint. Garrit gallus uses comparable verbal and musical strategies. Minim stems in later sources of both motets confirm the presumed default reading of the semibreve forms in Fauvel. Continuing the argument of Chapter 3, the three Marigny motets (these two, with Aman novi, Chapter 5) may be by Vitry; they were planned together, with musical citations and textual reference between them, notably their evocation of Ovid and other Classical and biblical texts.
Vos quid admiramini/Gratissima virginis species/Gaude gloriosa
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA date in the late 1320s is proposed for the masterpiece Vos quid admiramini/Gratissima virginis species/Gaude gloriosa, securely attributed to Vitry. Its musical connections to other motets are reported, with commentary on variants between its musical sources. A musical analysis demonstrates the complementary relationship between the tenor and the essential contratenor, both contrapuntally and in the arrangement of their respective syncopations. The texts are carefully counted and structured for music, with chiasms, recapitulations, purposeful distinction between singular and plural forms, and striking juxtapositions of heavenly and erotic references. They are intricately patterned with rich opportunities for both symbolic and depictive musical setting, uncovering a resourceful palette of word painting. Rhythmic motives are associated with some of the key words, and there are significant deviations from a base rhythmic vocabulary.
Alma polis religio/Axe poli cum artica/ [Et] in ore eorumand its Named Musicians
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLike Musicalis and Musicorum, Alma polis is a unicum, in four parts, with a contrapuntally essential contratenor. It is mensurally much more complex than its three predecessors, with mensural transformation and simultaneously different signatures in the top parts; it probably dates closer to 1400. Like Musicalis, it celebrates twenty musicians, evidently all Augustinians (hence excluding Vitry, Muris and Machaut who were named in Apollinis and Musicalis), and names the composers of the words and the music separately. Only a few of the named musicians can be identified with any confidence, either from other musical activity or from dated documents; possible candidates for the musicians named are reviewed.
Fragmentary Motets and Other Possibly Linked Compositions
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe incomplete motet Arta/Musicus est ille survives in an English fragment which also contains one of the versions of Apollinis with added parts (see Ch. 16). Motetus and tenor of Non eclipsis atra ferrugine are on the other side of an Apollinis fragment. Their extant motetus texts resonate with the other musician motets, but it is not known whether the missing tripla listed musicians. Other fragments that might belong to the group likewise contain no names. Eight further song-like compositions with suggestive celebration of music or musicians are listed, but they stand outside the generic tradition to which the chapters of Part IV are devoted.
The Fourteenth-Century Italian Motet
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe retrospective anthologies of Italian trecento repertory are dominated by the madrigal, ballata and caccia. Due to its absence from these manuscripts, the Italian motet had not been recognised as a distinctive genre until this essay (originally given at a conference in 1984 and here heavily revised since its delayed 1992 publication) reinstated its tradition on the basis of often fragmentary sources. That tradition is traced here, starting with Marchetto’s motet Ave regina celorum/Mater innocencie. Twenty-nine motets are listed with their characteristics, culminating in the motets of Ciconia, mostly composed in Padua c. 1400–1411, and for which earlier motets provide precedents and context. Several of the texts embed names of dedicatees or composers. The many similarly formed compositions in the ensuing generation are not addressed here, except that a more recently discovered (later) motet O Antoni is included.
Early Papal Motets
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter reviews the texts, contexts and dating of twenty-four late-medieval motets and mass movements and eight Latin and vernacular songs that celebrate popes, not necessarily for their coronations. Most date from the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism, with interesting and specific textual references, ending with motets composed by Du Fay for Eugenius IV. The chapter has been reworked to take account of subsequent writings and discoveries, including an extended discussion of the earliest of these motets, the incomplete Per grama protho paret, and whether it is more likely to have been written for Clement VI or his predecessor but one, John XXII. Petre clemens, for Clement VI, is datable to about seven months after his inauguration, and it is likely that other papal motets, especially where the texts seem more reflective than celebratory, were likewise not inaugural.
Some Aspects of the Cyprus Manuscript and its Motets
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis revision of an earlier paper on the motets of the manuscript Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria J.II.9 (Cyprus) is here extended with a survey of the probable origins of the repertory and the manuscript at the court of Cyprus, taking account of more recent work. Most important is Karl Kügle’s identification of Jean Hanelle as a musician from Cambrai who, together with the composer Gilet Velut, accompanied Charlotte of Bourbon to Cyprus in 1411 when she became the queen of King Janus. He accompanied their daughter Anne to Savoy for her marriage to Duke Louis in 1434; the continuity from Hanelle’s earlier arrival in Cyprus suggests a role for him in the compilation of this enormous and isolated repertory. Questions raised recently about the manuscript’s origins must be considered work in progress.
The Perils of Occam’s Razor
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the purpose of the book: outlining two major accounts of the decline of religion in the Western world. The first is the Enlightenment myth, represented in the ideology of scientific atheism promoted by “new atheists” like Richard Dawkins. The second is the sociological theory of secularization, which ties religious decline to modernization and socioeconomic development. The chapter argues that the reductionism of scientific atheism—which suggests that religion is an outdated superstition and that its decline is due to advancements and education in science—is insufficient to account for the “death of God” in the Western world, while social science provides empirically supported theoretical frameworks that understand secularization in relation to advances in socioeconomic equality, higher standards of living, and changing moral standards.
A Science of Everything
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the new atheism, a group of intellectuals who rose to prominence for their aggressive attack on religious belief, represented most famously by Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris. Their ideas about the nature of religious belief are a product of scientism—a belief that the theories and methods of the natural sciences can account for virtually all phenomena, including human cultures. Drawing on evolutionary biology and neuroscience, the new atheists argue that religion is hardwired into the human brain, but also that the rise of modern science has made religious belief increasingly untenable. Their “scientific atheism” is an ideology that involves not only a science-based critique of religious belief, but also the view that the social sciences and humanities have been made redundant by Darwinism, neuroscience, and evolutionary psychology.
Rationally Right
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the new atheism is the mirror image of the Christian Right: inverted on the question of God, but otherwise locked in step on issues like economics, immigration, gender, and the impending “clash of civilizations,” which it addresses through a critique of multiculturalism. Despite claiming to be spokesmen for liberalism, many popular atheists are better described as conservatives or libertarians, and they have become increasingly intertwined with other public figures claiming to represent a return to rationalism (e.g., Steven Pinker, Jordan Peterson) who advance a right-wing agenda. A close examination of the political implications of the ideology of scientific atheism reveals that it is out of step with a traditional conception of humanism and, as will be argued in subsequent chapters, it is an impediment to the cause of secularism.
Four More Horsemen
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Popular atheism today is historically selective and wilfully ignorant of major streams of atheist thought because it doesn’t match their ideological vision of religion as the antithesis of scientific modernity. This chapter highlights a “lost tradition” of atheism, focusing mainly on four figures: Ludwig Feuerbach, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, and Friedrich Nietzsche. These are disparate thinkers who represent several fields (social science, psychology, and philosophy), but all their critiques of religion involve a critique of society—indeed, the two are inseparable in this “anthropological” form of atheism. While they all differed in the specifics of how religion functions, they all believed that it supports existing systems of power and oppression while providing the powerless with a means for coping with it and making sense of their condition.
A Godless World?
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that, given what we know about secularization, there is a clear course of action available to people who are concerned about religion’s influence in public affairs. The new atheism’s approach of science-based criticism is not likely to change many minds—rather, the social sciences tell us that the way to temper religion’s power is to promote greater social and economic security and equality. It is important to not become complacent and believe that religion will continue to fade away. Even if traditional theistic faiths decline, religion threatens to reappear in other forms, most obviously in political religions, nationalism, and conspiracy theories. Ensuring that all people receive the same rights and opportunities is critical to preventing a resurgence of religion or its evolution into forms that may be even more harmful than what came before.
Modality in 20th-Century Philosophy
Authors: McDaniel Kris 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers some of the major highlights of the metaphysics of modality in the 20th century. It first traces how Kant’s views became a foil both for the phenomenological tradition in Husserl and Heidegger and for the analytic tradition in Russell and Quine. It then turns to the resurgence of modal theorizing in the second half of the 20th century, most especially through the contributions of Barcan Marcus in modal logic and the Barcan formulas, Kripke in modal semantics and the necessary a priori, and David Lewis in modal metaphysics and modal realism.
Renal Bone Disease and Renal Anemia
Authors: Malik Shafi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Two of the most important chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications are anaemia and mineral bone disease. Erythropoietin is a haematopoietic factor produced by the renal peritubular cells. Its relatively low level in CKD is the main factor for the development of renal anaemia. Renal anaemia is more evident in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of &lt;30 mL/min. Anaemia in patients with mild to moderate CKD should be investigated for other causes of anaemia. The combined use of iron infusion and recombinant erythropoietin therapy has improved renal anaemia management and significantly reduced the need for repeated blood transfusions. Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disease (CKD-MBD) entails abnormal biochemical changes and abnormal bone turnover, alongside vascular and tissue calcification. Deficiency of alpha-1 hydroxylase leads to deficiency of activated vitamin D. The primary biochemical findings are hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, and raised parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism. If left untreated, hyperparathyroidism leads to high bone turnover. Conversely, patients with severe CKD and low PTH secretion can have adynamic bone disease with low bone turnover. Poorly managed hyperparathyroidism increases the risk of fractures. In addition, vascular calcification leads to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, and Diabetes (Part B)
Authors: Malik Shafi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an updated, case-based resource which aims to illustrate the approaches to diagnose and manage complex and special populations with hypertension. It discusses the use of ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension. The importance of adherence testing is emphasized in patients suspected of treatment-resistant hypertension. Renovascular and endocrine causes of hypertension are described, and their investigations and management are discussed. Treatment targets from updated hypertension guidelines in the wake of recent landmark trials in hypertension are reviewed, which highlight the importance of measuring a standardized blood pressure. Finally approaches to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease are discussed.
Inherited and Rarer Diseases
Authors: Malik Shafi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a clinical and pathological overview of inherited and rare renal disorders. Inherited renal diseases account for approximately 10% of all adults receiving renal replacement therapy, yet are rare as individual entities. It is important that the clinician has a broad knowledge of these conditions and is able to diagnose them in patients with uncharacterized renal disease. The chapter uses ‘real-life’ patient cases to highlight important diagnostic features and management decisions, and includes recent developments in the understanding and pathogenesis of inherited and rare diseases. It also provides practical tips for investigating patients with complex acid–base disturbances and tubular disorders. An excellent source of information for the conditions discussed in this chapter is the Renal Association Rare Disease website (available from: https://renal.org/rare-renal/clinician-information).
Resisting State Capture as a Democratic Ideal
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the ideal of resisting state capture. The need for such an overview arises from previous chapters, which have emphasized that state capture takes many diverse forms, and outlined six principles for resisting capture whose recommendations may come into conflict. In response, this chapter clarifies the overall priorities of resisting state capture in three ways. It first explores the utopian horizon suggested by that ideal, by comparing it to those most commonly suggested by ideals of collective self-rule: full socialization and ideal deliberation. These horizons aim to scale up collaboration—aiming, respectively, to make more decisions collectively, and to make decisions more collectively. By contrast, the ideal of resisting state capture suggests a utopian horizon that is still characterized by significant competition in political, social, and economic spheres, but aims to make that competition maximally egalitarian. The chapter then turns to the sort of medium-term political orientation implied by that ideal, again by way of a comparison. This time, the contrast cases are its closest neighbors and allies—including agonism, republicanism, and pluralism. Though it shares a great deal with all three, the ideal of resisting state capture is importantly distinct from them as well. Finally, the chapter addresses dilemmas that pit democratic demands against one another—especially those of militant democracy and what it calls “redistributive populism.” Engaging theoretical scholarship alongside historical and contemporary case studies, it reaches some firm conclusions, while maintaining that other cases properly demand further contextual inquiry and judgment.
Conclusion
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This brief conclusion addresses the most acute challenges facing contemporary democracies, which have not been directly addressed at length in earlier parts of the book. After briefly acknowledging the severity and importance of these challenges, it explains why they have not received extended treatment. One reason is because they are already widely discussed, and another is because the book aims to speak beyond the present moment. Most important, though, is the substantive claim it makes about these challenges: namely, that they are often caused or at least exacerbated by elite capture and underlying imbalances of power. And if that is right, then the book’s diagnoses and solutions are highly relevant to contemporary challenges after all. Because they address the underlying causes of more acute challenges, indeed, this level of analysis is indispensable to any comprehensive, long-term attempt to grapple with them. The chapter closes with a brief reflection on the overall outlook offered in the book, inviting readers to let go of the dream of legitimizing power through collective self-rule, and accept the ideal of resisting state capture instead as a response to a fallen world.
Robust Causal Realism
Authors: Fales Evan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends a variety of causal primitivism: causal relations are basic and in some instances directly perceived; they cannot be analyzed by way of subjunctives, dispositions, regularities, or the like. The author takes causal relations to be grounded in a second-order non-contingent relation between the fundamental properties that ground (many) laws of nature. Two (related) issues are examined here, one concerning the epistemological implications of the view (specifically, its support for inductive inferences), and the other ontological; viz. exploring the nature of the basis for the relationship between a universal’s nature and the causal relations it bears to other universals.
The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Causal Production
Authors: Illari Phyllis , Russo Federica 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the sciences and in everyday talk, language is replete with cases in which we, epistemic agents, are interested in how causes produce effects, in a variety of contexts and situations. In this chapter, the authors develop the account of causal production as information transmission which they initially presented in previous work. Specifically, in this contribution they explain the role of causal production within the ‘mosaic’ of causal theory, and how a metaphysics for causal production as information transmission is in need of a set of epistemological strategies to trace whether information is transmitted or not; such epistemological strategies can be in terms of ‘variation’ as well as ‘information transmission’. The authors explain the ‘ontoepistemological’ combination of information transmission and of variation with the aid of four episodes of causal production.
Epistemic Causality and its Application to the Social and Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Shan Yafeng , Taylor Samuel D. , Williamson Jon 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The epistemic theory of causality views causality as a tool that helps us to predict, explain, and control our world, rather than as a relation that exists independently of our epistemic practices. In this chapter, the authors first provide an introduction to the epistemic theory of causality. They then outline four considerations that motivate the epistemic theory: the failure of standard theories of causality; parsimony; the epistemology of causality; and neutrality. These four considerations are illustrated in the contexts of the social sciences and the cognitive sciences. The authors argue that the epistemic theory provides a very natural account of causality across these contexts.