bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Women and Men State Legislators Differ?
Authors: Epstein Michael J , Niemi Richard G , Powell Lynda W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once in office, do women legislate differently from men? Are their political attitudes distinctive? Michael J. Epstein, Richard G. Niemi, and Lynda W Powell draw on two national surveys of state legislators from 1995 and 2002 to explore these questions. Their key findings include the fact that, though this wasn’t always the case, today women legislators are more professionalized than men in their perceptions of their careers and their behavior in office. For example, women spend more time communicating with their constituents, negotiating with other legislators to build coalitions, and studying legislative proposals.
Minds on Trial
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyday, in courtrooms everywhere, people's lives are touched and shaped by judgments and verdicts influenced by the testimony of psychologists and other mental health experts. This casebook details 20 high-profile court cases that turned, at least in part, on the expertise of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists and involved such psychological issues as insanity, criminal profiling, capital punishment, competence to stand trial, infanticide, domestic violence, false confessions, and psychological autopsies. The defendents in these cases range from household names such as Woodly Allen, Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, and Jeffrey Dahmer to others whose brief brush with infamy has long been forgotten. But regardless of their notoriety or celebrity status, each of these carefully selected cases teaches important lessons about the role that psychology and the other behavioral sciences play in our legal system.
Lee Harvey Oswald: The Formative Years of an Assassin
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy ranks as one of the most controversial events in United States history. It is arguable that no other crime has been so closely scrutinized and analyzed. Two government investigative commissions delivered multivolume reports on the assassination—the Warren Commission in 19641 and the House Select Committee on Assassinations in 1979.2 Hundreds of books, as well as several hundred thousand government documents and scholarly research articles or reports, have been generated on the case. It is nearly impossible to cover all of the relevant material in a single volume, let alone a brief overview of the assassin’s life.
Judas Priest: A Message in the Music
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equally disconcerting and puzzling are cases in which young people direct violence toward themselves in the form of suicidal behavior. There are many factors that contribute to self-destructive behavior, including depression, hopelessness, substance abuse, and peer in?uences. Identifying a specific cause for violent and suicidal behavior in young people has been extremely difficult. So when a young person commits suicide and grief-stricken family members look for a reason, the direct or proximate cause of the suicide is often difficult to identify. Furthermore, if surviving family members claim that a certain product on the market or another person contributed to their child’s death, a lawsuit often quickly follows. Wrongful death suits are complex and often raise interesting questions about causation. A civil suit against the British heavy metal music group Judas Priest, brought by the family members of two teenagers who shot themselves, focused on one of the most perplexing questions ever raised about the psychological causes of self-destructive behavior.
Jeffrey Dahmer: Serial Murder, Necrophilia, and Cannibalism
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 26, 1988, twenty-eight-year-old Jeffrey Dahmer went hunting on the streets of Milwaukee. His quarry? A teenage boy he could sexually molest and perhaps kill. After a number of street-wise youths spurned Dahmer’s offer of fifty dollars for the chance to take nude photographs of them in his nearby apartment, one youngster, Anoukone Sinthasomphone, a thirteen-year-old Laotian boy, agreed to the deal.
Ralph Tortorici a Question of Competence
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ralph Tortorici was born in 1968 with a rare condition known as hypospadias. This congenital deformity of the urethra results in an opening near the base rather than at the tip of the penis. The condition embarrassed Tortorici as a youngster and likely contributed to his later mental illness.
Mike Tyson Predicting the Violence of a Professional Fighter
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 28, 1997, Mike Tyson and Evander Holyfield met in a highly touted boxing match for the heavyweight championship of the world. During the fight, Tyson committed a major foul by biting Holyfield. Boxing observers speculated that Holyfield was winning the fight and Tyson’s act may have resulted from frustration over the prospect of losing. After Tyson had two points deducted from his score, the fight resumed, but Tyson again bit Holyfield, this time taking off a piece of the defending champion’s ear. As thousands of spectators at the event and millions of people tuning in on payper-view television watched, Holyfield jumped up and down in pain as blood dripped from his ear.1 The referee disqualified Tyson and declared Holyfield the winner.
Andrea Yates an American Tragedy
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of June 19, 2001, thirty-six-year-old Andrea Yates of Clear Lake, Texas, sat in her home and watched cartoons. After some time had passed, she went outside to play basketball with her husband, Russell, and their seven-year-old son, Noah, who was the oldest of their five children. Without uttering a word, Yates suddenly went inside and got into bed while still in her clothes and slept until the next day.1 In the morning, her husband made sure Yates took antidepressant medications prescribed by her psychiatrist. For nearly two years, Yates had been suffering from severe postpartum depression and psychosis. When Russell Yates left home for his engineering job at the Space Shuttle Program at NASA’s Johnson Space Center,2 the last image he would take in of his wife as a free person was of her eating cereal out of a box.
Analysis of Variance and Functional Measurement
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysis of variance is the backbone of experimental research. This book is a clear and straightforward guide to how to do the analyses, with an emphasis on how to interpret statistical results and translate them into prose that will clearly tell the audience what the data are saying. There are plenty of end-of-chapter practice problems, all with suggested answers. Life in the laboratory doesn’t always follow the script, so both new and established techniques are presented for coping with non-standard situations. Because data analysis is not a closed subject, pros and cons are presented for various options. The final chapter is the first elementary presentation of functional measurement, a methodology built upon analysis of variance. Initially developed by Norman H Anderson, functional measurement (also known as information integration theory) offers a powerful technology for studying cognitive processes. The accompanying CD contains analysis of variance software that is easy to use (really!), with an interface that greets the user with appropriate requests. In addition to programs for standard analyses, the software includes several specialized routines that have heretofore been presented only in journals. This guide will be an important resource for students and professionals in the social, behavioural and neurosciences.
Wegener’s Shocking Idea
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Wegener was not the first scientist to imagine the possibility that continents could move, but he was the first one to compile extensive geological, geodetic, and paleontological evidence. His evidence had many gaps and ambiguities, partly because of incomplete world maps of geology and fossils at that time; but the great amount of supporting evidence he compiled could not be easily ignored by geologists. So they did not ignore it. Instead, the earth science community convened conferences and attacked both Wegener’s theory and him personally. Only a handful of geologists in Europe and South Africa thought Wegener’s ideas deserved further consideration.
Arriving in Greenland
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moving an Arctic expedition with ninety-eight tons of goods contained in twenty-five hundred crates, bags, boxes, and barrels from Copenhagen to western Greenland required an immense effort. Add to that fourteen men embarking at Copenhagen, picking up three more men and twenty-five ponies in Iceland, and transportation difficulties became enormous.
Alfred Wegener planned the entire expedition based on his experience with three earlier trips to Greenland. He delegated some purchasing tasks to Fritz Loewe and Johannes Georgi, but every detail received Wegener’s attention. He worked as carefully and methodically in expedition planning as he did in his research.
Searching for Reasons
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Wegener’s brother, Kurt, took the job of project director when Alfred died.This contingency arrangement had been made in the contract for the expedition. Upon news of Alfred’s death, Kurt prepared for a leave of absence from his job in Hamburg and arrived in Greenland inJuly 1931.The project proceeded through the summer; Georgi returned from Eismitte in August; then both the West Station and the East Station closed, and all personnel returned to Germany. Kurt had the task of coordinating each member’s contribution with the final report of the expedition.
Remembering Wegener
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Serious discussion of continental drift came to a standstill after the American Association of Petroleum Geologists’ conference in 1926. A few geologists, such as the two South Africans Alexander du Toit and Lester King, continued to support the theory of continental drift, but to the great majority, it was a dead issue until the 1960s.
Real scientific support for lateral continental mobility came somewhat inadvertently afterWorld War II, when oceanographic research with vastly improved instruments received an enormous boost from national governments, particularly the U.S. Navy. This research was not motivated by anything Wegener had written, and testing the concept oflateral movement was not an initial objective.
During World War II the U.S. Navy became interested in all aspects of the ocean, and afterward seafloor mapping became a priority for submarine tracking. This impetus turned into a massive, worldwide data collection effort. Initially, the purpose was only to produce worldwide seafloor topographic maps. Soon maps of magnetic variations, seismic activity, and seafloor topography provided an array of maps that had never before existed. A door was opened, giving researchers a new view of the ocean. Continental maps were now augmented by maps of the ocean floor.
Intergroup Attitudes and Relations in Childhood Through Adulthood: An Introduction
Authors: Levy Sheri R , Killen Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 21st century, intergroup relations offer both new hope and new challenges. On the one hand, people from different backgrounds increasingly come into social contact in positive and productive ways never thought possible in the past. As examples, former rival countries are now working collaboratively in humanitarian efforts, and at more local levels, members of diverse communities are putting their differences aside to work collectively to improve the living conditions of every member of their community. These connections and interactions contribute to a hopeful view of a diverse world. On the other hand, some individuals persistently avoid intergroup contact, and, when it occurs, tension, conflict, and violence erupt. Some historic social and economic feuds continue to cripple communities and countries, while new forms of intergroup terrorism have surfaced. Thus, intergroup conflict poses new difficulties. Progress relies on continued advances in both the understanding of the origins and the trajectory of intergroup conflict and harmony, as well as insight into the contexts and conditions that contribute to positive and negative intergroup attitudes and relations.
Peer Group Rejection and Children’s Intergroup Prejudice
Authors: Nesdale Drew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although intergroup prejudice (i.e., unjustified feelings of dislike toward members of ethnic or racial minority groups) is problematic wherever it occurs, the possibility that it may be widespread among school-age (and even younger) children is of particular concern. During this period children acquire social knowledge and attitudes that have the potential to lead to shortand long-term psychological, if not physical, harm to the members of the targeted groups. Moreover, prejudice acquired at this time may endure into adulthood and foster intergroup divisions that are long-lasting (Durkin, 1995). In view of these considerations, it is not surprising that children’s intergroup prejudice, as well as that of adults, has been of considerable interest to researchers since the 1930s.
The American Way of Strategy
Authors: Lind Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans are unlikely to lose their cherished rights because of a military coup or a foreign conquest, writes Michael Lind. The more plausible and frightening scenario is one in which foreign danger forces Americans themselves to jettison their way of life, sacrificing liberty to ensure security. To prevent this scenario from happening is the real purpose of American strategy. In The American Way of Strategy, Lind argues that the goal of U.S. foreign policy has always been the preservation of the American way of life--embodied in civilian government, checks and balances, a commercial economy, and individual freedom. Lind describes how successive American statesmen--from George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton to Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, and Ronald Reagan--have pursued an American way of strategy that minimizes the dangers of empire and anarchy by two means: liberal internationalism and realism. At its best, the American way of strategy is a well-thought-out and practical guide designed to preserve a peaceful and demilitarized world by preventing an international system dominated by imperial and militarist states and its disruption by anarchy. When American leaders have followed this path, they have lead our nation from success to success, and when they have deviated from it, the results have been disastrous. Framed in an engaging historical narrative, the book makes an important contribution to contemporary debates. The American Way of Strategy is certain to change the way that Americans understand U.S. foreign policy.
The Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One flew east, one flew west, one flew over the cuckoo’s nest . . . goose swoops down and plucks you out. —Ken Kesey, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (1962) From Kitchen Floor to Emergency Door When I was diagnosed at 15, my psychiatrist gave me his card and said I could call him at any hour. If I felt that it was an emergency, I could call in the middle of the night or on a weekend. I liked that he said, “If you feel it is an emergency,” not “if it is an emergency.” The determination was not someone else’s. It was mine. If I felt that it was an emergency, then by definition it was an emergency. I put the card in my wallet.
The Illness is Not Our Identity
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Rynn Moria A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I feel like I’m taking CRAZY PILLS! —Will Ferrell playing Mugatu in Zoolander (2001) Our disorder falls into a widely misunderstood category of illnesses. This chapter could be titled, “What Should I Call It? What Should I Call Myself?” I believe we should take command of the language because words help frame the way we see the world. And people see us in part through the labels we apply and those applied to us.
The Visual Control of Object Manipulation
Authors: A.Westwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Objects figure prominently in most facets of everyday human behavior. Whether eating, playing, or working, there is usually an object involved out of either necessity or perhaps convenience. Humans are remarkably adept at reaching out, picking up, and using objects (i.e., object manipulation), except in cases where the physical or neurological plant has been compromised. Although objects can be manipulated with the hands, feet, or the mouth, attention here is restricted to manual object manipulation, also referred to as manual prehension. The control of object manipulation has been the focus of a considerable amount of research in a number of fields, ranging from kinesiology, neuroscience, physiology, and psychology to philosophy, engineering, computer science, and rehabilitation. There have been tremendous advances made in understanding the sensory, cognitive, and motor mechanisms that lie behind the planning and control of manipulatory actions, and a thorough review would scarcely fit in a single book let alone a single chapter in a book. This chapter focuses on the visual control of object manipulation, addressing the rather specific question of whether conscious perception is necessary for the control of manipulation.
Speech Errors and the Implicit Learning of Phonological Sequences
Authors: Dell Gary S , Warker Jill A , Whalen Christine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes several experiments investigating implicit learning in the speech production system. It shows that speech errors reveal the implicit learning of artificial phonotactic constraints. The learning is implicit; that is, it is independent of the speakers’ awareness and intentions. The learning also seems to be more than just priming of recent associations between consonants and positions because second-order constraints, in which such positioning is contingent on something else, can be learned as well, albeit more slowly. Moreover, some people can learn sequential constraints defining syllables that are illegal in their native language. These findings are discussed in the context of a model of learning based on connectionist principles.
The Movement of Eye and Hand as a Window Into Language and Cognition
Authors: Spivey Michael , Richardson Daniel , Dale Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews different studies on the influence of a person’s own movements (and potential movements) in perceptual and cognitive performance. It then focuses on eye movements and reaching movements as particularly informative measures of real-time processing. Not only do eye and hand movements function as convenient indicators of continuous cognitive processes (for the experimenter), but they can also function as manipulators of those very same cognitive processes (for the subject). That is, where you look and what you touch can influence how you think. The chapter concludes with a discussion of studies that examine the cognitive processes of two people engaged in coordinated actions.
Action, Affect, and Two-Mode Models of Functioning
Authors: Carver Charles S , Scheier Michael F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines several aspects of the management of action and affect. Starting with the idea that behavior reflects the processes of feedback control, it proposes that two layers of control manage two different aspects of behavior. These two layers operate together in a way that conserves resources and permits people to handle multiple tasks across time. Thus, simultaneous motives that bear on many different goals are transformed into a stream of actions that shifts repeatedly from one goal to another.
Automaticity In Situ and in the Lab: The Nature of Habit in Daily Life
Authors: Neal David T , Wood Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the attributes of habits as they manifest in situ, or naturalistic environments, and contrasts these attributes with those that have been revealed using laboratory methods. The chapter is divided into two sections. In the first, key characteristics of habits are reviewed as they emerge in naturalistic data, such as provided by observational studies and diary-based behavior sampling. These approaches show that real-world habits tend to be tied to the context cues that were contiguous with prior performance and implemented relatively independently of people’s goals and intentions. In the second section, the naturalistic profile of everyday habits is contrasted with data generated through laboratory studies of habit. Drawing on evidence from neuroimaging studies of habit formation, it is suggested that certain laboratory methods can inflate evidence for the goal-mediated nature of automated responding by directing participants’ conscious attention to what are typically unattended responses. In so doing, lab procedures may yield evidence of goal mediation that does not hold in real-world, unattended habitual responding. In contrast, naturalistic designs that use unobtrusive or post hoc assessments avoid this potential confound because they do not necessarily alter participants’ phenomenological orientation toward their actions. The value of naturalistic methods in the study of action control mechanisms is highlighted.
Abstract Algebra
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important goal of mathematics is to understand the concept of quantity. This concept has an ancient anthropological origin; among the first mathematical steps made by humans was the ability to distinguish between one and many and, eventually, between one, two, three, and so on. In modern English “quantity” is synonymous with such words as amount, number, size, and magnitude. As we have seen in previous mathematics courses, the term “quantity” is also frequently used to refer to objects in mathematical expressions (for example, “substitute the quantity x = 2 into …”). We seek a more precise mathematical understanding of this concept.
The development of number systems has a rich and interesting history. In Zaire, Africa, archeologists have discovered what appear to be number representations etched into fossilized bone fragments that have been carbon-dated to 20000 b.c.e. By 2000 b.c.e., the Babylonians, who lived in the area of modern Turkey, Iraq, and Iran, had developed symbols to represent quantities and to perform basic arithmetic operations. The Babylonians also began to analyze the general properties of numbers in connection with the study of astronomy. Around 300 b.c.e., the Hindu mathematicians in India developed our modern notation for numbers, which eventually reached the Middle East through the interaction of merchants along ancient trade routes.