bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tory Chancellor
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two years which followed were the most unsettled and among the most uncomfortable of Churchill’s life. He lost his seat at the November 1922 general election. Only at the third attempt to get back to Parliament did he succeed, at the end of November 1924. The nervous strain was heightened by his feeling obliged to change parties again. He left the House of Commons as a Liberal and returned as a Constitutionalist: a Conservative who didn’t want to be taken as dyed-in-the-wool. That took a good deal of planning and explaining. To complete the tale of this accumulation of discomforts, they began with a serious operation and a prolonged convalescence. The operation was for appendicitis. When stomach pains began on 16 October, they were at first set down to gastroenteritis, but on the 17th appendicitis was diagnosed. Moved into a nursing home, he was operated upon on the evening of the 18th. Appendicitis then was a much more dangerous and painful matter than it has since become. Sulfphonamides and antibiotics were yet to be invented, anaesthetics were cruder, painkillers more primitive; the patient was expected to be incapacitated and at risk for many days, and frail for a long time thereafter.
Russia and Stalin
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The news of Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 came as a surprise to all Britons and a moral perplexity to some. There seemed to be advantage in the German military machine’s commitment on another front, but what if Germany were to defeat Russia and return with doubled strength to the assault on Britain? Hitler would not have launched the operation named Barbarossa had he not expected his armies to outclass Stalin’s, and the greater part of British military opinion reckoned that indeed they would. Churchill for many months feared that they might. The only sector of British opinion which knew exactly what to think about the prospect was the Communist Party. Since September 1939 it had denounced the war as a capitalists’ war. Its instant new line was that Britain should do all it could to help the Soviet Union. Non-Communists might come to the same conclusion, but some of them only with difficulty and embarrassment. Soviet Communism having been judged bad for so long, how could it so quickly become good? Churchill made his mind up at once. He distinguished between the Russian people and the Soviet regime. He had disliked what he persisted in calling Bolshevism as much as anyone and more than most. He had immensely resented the material aid that the Soviet Union had given to Germany over the past eighteen months, aid that among other things had rendered nugatory the British blockade. What made him ready now to rally to Russia, as he liked to call it, was above all his urgent desire to keep Hitler’s armies engaged.
Victory Overcast
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Events in Britain from May to July 1945 brought Churchill back with a bump from his global soaring. He had to give his mind to domestic matters which he had been glad to leave to others since the formation of his coalition five years before. The terms on which the coalition had been formed required it to come to an end with the achievement of victory in Europe; a commitment that Churchill confirmed when in October 1944 he proposed yet again the prolongation of the Parliament. With great issues of world order queuing up to be settled, victory over Japan still to be won, and in any case preferring to withhold from party what was meant for mankind, Churchill was far from eager to return to the ding-dong of ordinary parliamentary politics, but there was no avoiding it now. The Conservatives who had acclaimed him as leader in 1940 had no objection to being in a government labelled ‘National’ or ‘Coalition’ so long as they dominated it, but Labour unsurprisingly thought differently. The Labour Party’s annual conference was scheduled for mid May 1945, and although Clement Attlee and Ernest Bevin might personally have been willing to carry on in coalition for a bit longer, their party gave them no choice. It had long been looking forward to the return of peacetime politics and wanted to get on with them.
Summitry and the Bomb
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general election of October 1951 brought the Conservatives back into power with a small but sufficient majority and with Churchill still at their head, determined, although now in his later seventies, to lead from the front. There were domestic crises to be dealt with immediately but, as soon as he could get clear of them, he turned with new energy to what had become the most intractable and momentous international problem of the age: the Soviet Union and the nuclear arms race. His trumpet-blast at Fulton, once the message had sunk in, had the effect of rearming the West, and he was proud to have figured so prominently in it. For a few years, western Europe had been able to begin to put itself into order again. Stalin showed no interest in extending his sphere of military influence beyond where it had reached in early 1948 (Czechoslovakia), but the language in which the Soviet Union conducted its external relations continued to be hostile; and the Berlin Blockade from June 1948 to May 1949 was an unmistakably hostile act of a carefully controlled kind. Churchill lost no sleep over the fact that the Americans had atomic bombs and were prepared in certain circumstances to use them. He even thought it might be helpful if they were used pre-emptively. Pending the West’s recovery of means of ‘conventional’ defence, the Bomb was presumed to warn Stalin off hostile gestures that could get out of control.
Return to Downing Street
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The later 1940s were good years for Churchill. Having, so to speak, won the war, he was free to help win the peace. The three campaigns that most obviously marked his doing that on the world stage—the European Movement, the rally to resist Soviet and Communist expansion, and the beginnings of nuclear arms control—have already been described. Now we must attend to his activities nearer home. The Conservative defeat in the 1945 Election turned out to be just what Clementine hoped it would be, a blessing in disguise. He was freed from the fears, demands and disappointments that had been his companions for the past five years: disasters reported, opportunities missed, demands that could not be met, inefficiencies and bungles more numerous than his minutes could correct, the sense of his beloved country’s resources in manpower and everything else being squeezed till the pips squeaked. That squeaking (far from stopping in August 1945, it went on remorselessly) now ceased to be his responsibility. He would observe the work of those whose responsibility it had become from the seat he had never occupied before, that of Leader of His Majesty’s Loyal Opposition. Beyond that, he was free to do what he wished.
Sunset and Nightfall
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Churchill’s family and friends experienced his second retirement from the Premiership as a rerun in slower motion of the first retirement ten years before. By now a great deal slower and frailer, he took longer to emerge from the initial period of depression and a kind of bewilderment; as in 1915 and again in 1945, everyone close to him could see, what he himself was all too aware of, that his mind and body worked together best when he was under pressure and in a state of permanent excitement and high tension. On the two previous occasions when he seemed to suffer from the release of pressure (he vividly likened it to what happened to a deep-sea creature brought suddenly to the surface), a high road to recovery had been the justification of the historical role he had just been playing and its publication at the earliest opportunity. In 1955, no such work of justification was called for. The only literary task remaining to be done was to finalise the draft of his A History of the English-Speaking Peoples. For that, and for a tired old man’s epilogue (drafted for him by one of his regular assistants and his private secretary) to The Second World War, done for a huge sum of money early in 1957, he had just enough vitality left. I The vitality was now flowing much less strongly than in 1945, and his family would have suffered sorely had this not been the case. The immediate prospect then was of a return to his earlier situation of having to live by his pen.
Assessment
Authors: Wahlgren Carol A , Metsger Linda , Brittain Charmaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessment is an essential ingredient for appropriate and adequate intervention with families. The goal of assessment is to gather and analyze information that will support sound decision-making regarding the safety, permanency, and well-being of children and to determine appropriate services for the family. This chapter contains practical suggestions regarding how to approach assessment, including recommended issues to address and examples of key questions to ask in order to understand how to conduct comprehensive and accurate safety, risk, and family assessments. Information from this chapter should be used in tandem with that in chapter 5.
Child Development
Authors: Murphy Kimberlee C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to work effectively with families, you need to become well versed in child development. Every aspect of a worker’s job, from assessment to decision, is influenced by the needs of the child. When you are required to go into a family’s home to assess the safety of a child, you will need to understand the child’s developmental stage and how that stage may reduce or exacerbate current and future risk of maltreatment. When you are faced with the decision of whether to remove a child from a parent’s or caregiver’s home temporarily to assure child safety, you will need to weigh safety concerns against the potential consequences to the child of such removal. When you work toward helping a family assure child safety and well-being, you will need to assess and make efforts to meet any unmet needs related to the child’s level of development that may be contributing to the safety concerns. Finally, if you determine that a child must be removed from the home to assure safety, you will need to understand normal grief reactions and know how to help that child cope with separation and loss. Therefore, in order for you to work effectively with families and children, you will need to have a good working knowledge of child development.
The Hippocratic Oath and The Ethics of Medicine
Authors: Miles Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This engaging book examines what the Hippocratic Oath meant to Greek physicians 2400 years ago, and reflects on its relevance to medical ethics today. Drawing on the writings of ancient physicians, Greek playwrights, and modern scholars, each chapter explores one of its passages and concludes with a modern case discussion. The Oath proposes principles governing the relationship between the physician and society and patients. It rules out the use of poison and a hazardous abortive technique. It defines integrity and discretion in physicians’ speech. The ancient Greek medical works written during the same period as the Oath reveal that Greek physicians understood that they had a duty to avoid medical errors and learn from bad outcomes. These works showed how and why to tell patients about their diseases and dire prognoses in order to develop a partnership for healing and to build the credibility of the profession. Miles uses these writings to illuminate the meaning of the Oath in its day and in so doing shows how, and why it remains a valuable guide to the ethical practice of medicine. This is a book for anyone who loves medicine and is concerned about the ethics and history of this profession.
Abortion
Authors: Milees Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opponents of medical abortion cite this passage from the Oath as evidence that medical ethics has disavowed abortion since the inception of the profession. Excepting Jansen, contemporary bioethicists largely accept an interpretation of the Oath that opposes abortionsz. Verhey claims that the Oath marks an ethical turning point in medicine: “For centuries before the Oath, ancient physicians had provided poison for those whom they could not heal, had counted abortifacents among the tools of their trade, and had been disposed to the use of the knife instead of the less invasive use of dietetics and pharmacology.” The National Catholic Bioethics Center’s “Restatement of the Oath of Hippocrates, circa 400 B.C.” amends these words to read: “I will maintain the utmost respect for every human life from fertilization to natural death and reject abortion that deliberately takes a unique human life.” The medical ethics of abortion in ancient Greece and the meaning of this passage from the Oath are not so clear.
Consent and Truth-Telling
Authors: Milees Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This passage contains two elements, a shift of scene (“Into as many houses as I may enter”), and a statement of the purpose of the clinical encounter (“I will go for the benefit of the ill”). As noted in the introduction to Part II, “I enter” is the only time that the Oath uses verbs that are not part of a moral vow or assessments; as such, this verb signals a shift in moral sphere, specifically to the house.
This entering of the house appears to represent the physician’s movement into the private and personal sphere of the patient and his or her family. Three lines of evidence support this reading. First, the Oath uses the feminine form of the word for house, oikia. Some scholars believe that the masculine form had a narrower connotation, referring simply to a dwelling structure.
Exploiting Patients
Authors: Miles Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical ethicists simply accept the latter part of this passage as a disavowal of sexual relations with patients. There is little scholarship on what this pledge might have been saying in its own time. It exceeded the standard set by Athenian law, which is not known to have forbidden voluntary sexual relations between physicians and patients or members of a patient’s household. The passage did not give latitude to consensual or purchased sexual services. The rigor of this vow may have partly reflected the fact that a guardian or head of household who hired out the services of a free woman, girl, or boy for sexual purposes could be charged with prostitution, a potentially capital offence. Thus, the allegation that a head of household had bartered a household member’s sexual services for a physician’s services would be dangerous indeed.
Tissue Banking-Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Anderson Martha W , Bottenfield Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did tissue banking grow from a cottage industry to a multimillion dollar multinational enterprise? It is difficult to determine which was the chicken and which the egg: Did increased tissue availability spur expanded clinical use or did clinical demand promote increased procurement? What is clear is that as demand has grown, tissue banking has changed dramatically. Coupled with changes within the industry has been a growing interest from the government, media, and general public in tissue banking practices. This increased scrutiny has caused many tissue banks to reevaluate their practices in order to best assure their ability to serve their stake holders, and ultimately, their very survival.
Evidence-Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Evidence-Based Practice Manual includes 104 original chapters, each specially written by the most prominent and experienced medical, public health, psychology, social work, criminal justice, and public policy practitioners, researchers, and professors in the United States and Canada. This book is specifically designed with practitioners in mind, providing at-a-glance overviews and direct application chapters. This is the only interdisciplinary volume available for locating and applying evidence-based assessment measures, treatment plans, and interventions. Particular attention has been given to providing practice guidelines and exemplars of evidence-based practice and practice-based research. The Evidence-Based Practice Manual emphasizes and summarizes key elements, issues, concepts, and how-to approaches in the development and application of evidence-based practice. Discussions include program evaluation, quality and operational improvement strategies, research grant applications, validating measurement tools, and utilizing statistical procedures. Concise summaries of the substantive evidence gained from methodologically rigorous quantitative and qualitative research provide make this is an accessible resource for a broad range of practitioners facing the mandate of evidence-based practice in the health and human services.
Overview Of Evidencebased Practice
Authors: Rosenthal Richard N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the good old days clinicians defined best practices from the guild’s platform, and then the public tacitly accepted them. When the doctor ordered something, it was accepted as correct; if a specialist offered it, it was implicitly accepted as the best approach (Kramer, Glazer, 2001). Without detracting from the role of clinical experience and mentoring for the honing of clinical judgement in trainees, today’s Dr. Welby is faced with the unlikely proposition of having to read an estimated 19 articles a day in his or her field just to keep up with the advances in clinical research. As such, without higher-level strategies to organize and evaluate qualitatively the increasing torrent of information, the knowledge base of any clinician is likely to drift away from the center or be doomed to become ever more specialized and restricted over time. Although there is a clear place for individual expertise, it has become apparent that expert intuitions and opinions are not necessarily correspondent with the results of systematic reviews of high quality research. Even the most experienced clinicians need help from reliable studies and other sources of statistical data in order to complement their clinical experience with accurate estimates of benefit and harm (Donald, 2002). Given the rapid pace with which practice is evolving, “without current best evidence, practice risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of patients” (Sackett, Rosenberg, Gray, Haynes,, Richardson, 1996).
Methodological, Practical, And Ethical Challengestoinne City Health Research
Authors: Hwang Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population growth is increasingly concentrated in metropolitan centers, with more than half the world’s population expected to be living in cities by the year 2008 (United Nations Human Settlements Programme, n.d.). These large urban centers often consist of geographic communities that span a broad range of social and demographic characteristics, from neighborhoods of affluence and prosperity to those of severe and concentrated poverty. In the latter, sometimes referred to as the inner city, residents contend with distinctive environmental, social, and health problems.
Evidence-Based Treatments For Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Deciding What Treatment Method Works for Whom?
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S , Schwartz Stefanie A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effective treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can be divided into two broad categories: biological and cognitive-behavioral. Biological treatments include pharmacotherapy with serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRis) and neurosurgery. Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) includes exposure, response prevention, and cognitive therapy. These procedures can be delivered on an individual, group, or inpatient basis. Moreover, the frequency of therapy sessions may vary from weekly to daily. We begin this chapter with a brief description of the strengths and limitations of the principal treatment approaches. Next, we review the factors to be considered in deciding which treatment may be most beneficial for a given patient (Table 28.1). A brief discussion of decision factors that are less specific to OCD patients is followed by a more extensive examination of factors specifically related to OCD.
Evidence-Based Couples Therapy With Depressed Clients
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence-based involves a process of comprehensively gathering and then synthesizing treatment outcome studies in a particular problem area or with a certain population in order to find the treatment with the best available empirical support. A second aspect to evidence-based practice involves the quantitative assessment and evaluation of the individual client’s progress in response to the treatment chosen (Cournoyer, Powers, 2002). Following an evidence-based approach, this chapter explores the treatments designed and tested for patients whose depression and marital problems co-occur. Available outcome studies are reviewed, and cognitivebehavioral marital therapy is presented, along with a case illustration.1 According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2001), in any 1-year period, almost a tenth (9.5%) of the U.S. population, translating into 18.8 million adults, experience depression. Depression is often associated with marital problems (Beach, Fincham,, Katz, 1998; O’Leary, Christian,, Mendell, 1994; Weissman, 1987). Indeed, a review of the literature indicates that 40% to 50% of individuals suffering with depression also present with significant marital discord (Prince, Jacobson, 1995). The relationship seems to be reciprocal in nature in that marital problems can lead to depression (Beach, Harwood, Horan, et al., 1995, cited in Beach et al., 1998; Fincham, Beach, Harold,, Osborne, 1997) and depression can result in marital problems (Prince, Jacobson, 1995).
Psychosocial Measures For Asian Pacific Americans
Authors: Yoshioka Marianne R , Shibusawa Tazuko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asian Pacific Americans (APAs) are one of the fastest growing minority groups in the United States. According to the 2000 census, there are approximately 12.5 million APAs, who constitute 4.5 percent of the U.S. population. In 2020 this number is expected to increase to 6% (Lai, Arguelles, 2003). APAs are a diverse population embracing approximately 50 ethnic groups (Chun, Enomoto,, Sue, 1996) and several religions, including Buddism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. These ethnic groups are often categorized within four large subgroups: East Asians (e.g., Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese); South Asians (e.g., Indians and Pakistanis); Southeast Asians (e.g., Vietnamese and Cambodians); and Pacific Islanders (e.g., native Hawaiian and Samoans). Currently, 15% of APAs identify as multiracial (Lai, Arguelles, 2003).