bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Gross Jerome , Hanzal Ramon F. 
Published: June 2004

Excision of the thoracic portion of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia on both sides failed to prevent the development of persistent hypertension which, in dogs, follows the production of renal ischemia by partial clamping of the renal arteries (1). In dogs with this type of experimental renal hypertension existent for varying lengths of time (up to about 4 years), excision of the splanchnic nerves and the lower four dorsal sympathetic ganglia failed to effect any degree of permanent lowering of the blood pressure.
For the dog, at least, these results tend to minimize the importance of the splanchnic vasomotor mechanism in the pathogenesis of renal hypertension. This is in agreement with the conclusions of Prinzmetal and Wilson (6) and of Pickering (7) about the part played by the vasomotor system in human hypertension. It is also in agreement with the work of Page (8), and of Collins (9), who showed that in dogs excision of the extrinsic renal nerves alone does not prevent experimental hypertension due to renal ischemia. Although the results of this investigation fail to give experimental support for the operation that is being practised on human beings with hypertension, yet they do not necessarily controvert the reports of beneficial effects in some cases of human hypertension. Further study of the effects on man is necessary before the results of this operation can be adequately evaluated.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGE AND VASCULAR LESIONS IN LYMPH NODES: AN EXTENSION OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Koplik Lewis Henry 
Published: June 2004

Characteristic changes are produced in the lymph nodes of rabbits following the intravenous injection of certain bacterial filtrates administered 24 hours after either an intralymphatic or an intradermal injection of the same filtrate. These changes are limited to the nodes served by the lymphatic injected or to those furnishing the lymphatic drainage for the injected skin site. By either method the initial or preparatory injection of filtrate reaches the lymph nodes through one or more of its afferent lymphatics, and similar lesions are produced in the nodes.
The lesions consist of hemorrhages recognizable by gross and microscopic examination. The capillaries and veins are congested and thrombosed. Their endothelial cells are swollen. Arterioles are generally little affected. Though hemorrhages and thromboses are usually seen together in the nodes, they have been observed occurring independently. They are both probably secondary to endothelial changes. The lesions are not dependent on the amount of preexisting inflammation in the nodes.
Endothelial changes, hemorrhages and thromboses were usually noted in the regional nodes when positive Shwartzman reactions had been elicited in prepared skin by intravenous injection of the bacterial filtrate. However, these lesions in many instances were observed under similar conditions in these nodes even when the Shwartzman reaction in the skin was negative. It appears that lymph nodes are more susceptible to the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon than the skin sites which they drain.
A single intralymphatic or intradermal injection of the bacterial filtrates used in this study, even in high concentrations, does not produce in adjacent lymph nodes the characteristic changes noted when this preparatory injection is followed by a subsequent intravenous injection of the filtrate.
Single intravenous injections also are not productive of hemorrhage and thrombosis in lymph nodes.
THE DISTRIBUTION IN THE BLOOD AND LYMPH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE III INJECTED INTRAVENOUSLY IN RABBITS, AND THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT WITH SPECIFIC ANTISERUM ON THE INFECTION OF THE LYMPH
Authors: Field Madeleine E. , Shaffer Morris F. , Enders John F. , Drinker Cecil K. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described which show that in rabbits infected intravenously with virulent Type III pneumococci, these organisms are found not only in the thoracic duct lymph, as previously reported, but also in lymph from the cervical and leg lymphatics. The nonmotile bacteria must have crossed both vascular and lymphatic endothelium in reaching the lymph. Intracellular transportation by phagocytes is apparently not the means by which this is effected.
The intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of large amounts of homologous type-specific antibody fails even after many hours to terminate or permanently reduce the pneumococcal infection of the lymph.
The failure of antiserum to sterilize the lymph is discussed.
THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

1. A technique has been developed for the transplantation of the whole thyroid into the Lindbergh pump, and its perfusion, without the occurrence of infection, emboli, and other complications.
2. The gland remains alive during the period of perfusion, which lasted from 3 to 21 days.
3. The technique is simple enough to be used as a routine procedure for physiological or pathological studies of the thyroid gland.
STUDIES ON THE SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Pauli Ruth H. , Coburn Alvin F. ,   With the Assistance of Florence Stone, Ph.D.
Published: June 2004

The cross-reactions which interfere with satisfactory serological identification of hemolytic streptococcus are due to anticarbohydrate in the sera used for typing.
This antibody can be removed easily by absorption with purified streptococcus carbohydrate, and type identification is then readily established.
The serological classification of hemolytic streptococcus from throat infections contracted in New York during 1935 and 1936 showed the predominance of types 4, 13 and 22. Type 13 appeared to be the most serious in initiating rheumatic activity during this period of observation.
SPONTANEOUS ENCEPHALOMYELITIS OF MICE, A NEW VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: Theiler Max 
Published: June 2004

1. The characteristics of a filterable virus obtained from mice found spontaneously paralyzed and showing lesions of encephalomyelitis are described.
2. The course of the disease in mice, following intracerebral inoculation, is briefly as follows: After an incubation period varying from 7 to over 30 days a flaccid paralysis of one of the limbs appears. This paralysis usually spreads rapidly until all four limbs are affected. Young mice are more susceptible than older ones, and very young mice, less than 4 weeks of age, usually die without showing signs of paralysis.
3. Adult mice often show no signs of infection after an intracerebral inoculation of virus. A number of these mice, although showing no signs of paralysis, nevertheless have become infected, a fact which is demonstrated by recovery of the virus from the mice as well as by histopathological studies.
4. Intranasal instillation of the virus is the only other method of producing the infection. This method, however, produces paralysis in only a small percentage of the mice. Following intranasal instillation of the virus, there often develops a slight immunity to a subsequent intracerebral injection of virus.
5. The paralysis in the surviving mice recedes gradually, but a permanent residual paralysis, usually of the hind legs, is almost invariable. Such mice, however, are virus carriers, as the virus can be recovered from the spinal cord for 1 year after infection.
6. Paralyzed mice are immune to a subsequent intracerebral injection of the virus. There is evidence that neutralizing substances are present in the immune mice. A considerable proportion of the mice which have remained well after an intracerebral injection of virus are immune to a second injection.
7. The virus resists the action of 50 per cent glycerine at from 2–4°C. for at least 150 days. It passes all grades of Berkefeld filters with ease. By the use of graded collodion filters, the size of the virus particle has been determined to be probably about 13 to 19 mµ.
8. The virus of mouse encephalomyelitis is not pathogenic for rhesus monkeys. No evidence of immunological relationship with the virus of human poliomyelitis has been obtained.
9. The anatomical basis of the paralysis is an acute necrosis of the ganglion cells of the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Isolated ganglion cells of the cerebrum also undergo necrosis. Following the acute necrosis of the ganglion cells, there is a marked neuronophagia. A perivascular infiltration is observed in the brain and spinal cord.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Small Gram-negative cells resembling the so called coccobacilliform bodies of fowl coryza were regularly found in the nasal and middle ear exudate of mice naturally and experimentally infected with catarrh. These bodies were successfully isolated from exudates and cultivated in tissue cultures. There was no microscopic evidence, however, of their multiplication in ordinary nutrient media enriched with blood. They were filterable through collodion membranes with an average pore size of 640 mµ and, hence, separable from secondary bacteria. The size of the bodies in stained films averaged between 0.3 and 0.4µ.
A second organism cultivable in fluid blood media with the formation of compact clumps and similar to the X bacillus of chickens was also isolated from infected mice.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. By the application of an absolute, quantitative microchemical method for the estimation of agglutinins, precise data have been obtained on the course of the agglutination of Type I pneumococcus by homologous anticarbohydrate.
2. Within the limitations imposed by the necessity for the agglutination reaction to take place at the bacterial surface, the reaction is shown to be analogous to the precipitin reaction and subject to the same laws.
3. The entire process of a typical instance of specific bacterial agglutination has been quantitatively accounted for on a purely chemical basis and expressed in the form of equations derived from the law of mass action.
4. Experimental verification of predictions based on the theory has shown a fundamental difference between this instance of specific bacterial agglutination and the commonly adduced analogies, and necessitated a revision of current conceptions regarding the rôle of electrolytes and of physical forces in the reaction.
DOES LIVER SUPPLY FACTORS IN ADDITION TO IRON AND COPPER FOR HEMOGLOBIN REGENERATION IN NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA?
Authors: Hart E. B. , Elvehjem C. A. , Kohler G. O. 
Published: June 2004

1. Our data indicate that the effectiveness of whole liver in the treatment of nutritional anemia in rats induced by a milk diet is directly proportional to its available iron and copper content. The other constituents in liver are not needed for maximum hemoglobin regeneration on a diet of milk, iron, copper, and manganese.
2. Commercial preparations of liver products with iron or iron and copper vary greatly in their hemoglobin-regenerating efficiency in rats with nutritional anemia. The variation is correlated directly with the iron and copper content of the preparation. When the copper-iron ratio was too wide hemoglobin regeneration was checked, although the iron supply was sufficient for optimum regeneration.
THE CULTURE OF WHOLE ORGANS
Authors: Okkels Harald 
Published: June 2004

1. Perfusion of isolated thyroid glands from rabbits, made refractory to the action of the thyro-stimulating factor from the hypophysis by repeated injections for 2 months, has shown that in this condition the thyroid epithelium responds to pituitary stimulation.
2. The serum from refractory rabbits does not neutralize completely the thyro-stimulating effect of anterior pituitary extract upon an isolated normal thyroid gland.
3. It is believed that tissues other than the thyroid play a rôle in bringing about the phenomena which have been described as refractoriness against a prolonged action of the thyro-stimulating pituitary factor.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Chase M. W. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that by the cutaneous administration of simple chemical compounds in small quantities—2:4:6 trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride) and 2:4 dinitrochlorobenzene, the latter a typical incitant of contact dermatitis in man—it is possible to induce true anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs, demonstrable by the intravenous injection of protein conjugates and by the Dale technique, using isolated uterine horns. This furnishes strong evidence for the formation of antigenic conjugates following application of substances of simple chemical constitution. Since the anaphylactic state is induced by the same method of administration that gives rise to cutaneous sensitivity, the assumption would appear justified, when one takes into account the chemical properties of the inciting substances, that the formation of conjugated antigens offers an explanation for the skin effects also.
In the experiments with picryl chloride, anaphylactic antibodies, and occasionally precipitins, have been demonstrated.
The differences between the cutaneous and anaphylactic types of sensitivity are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DIET ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE CANINE HEMATOPOIETIC FUNCTION TO DAMAGE BY AMIDOPYRINE
Authors: Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. By feeding dogs a black tongue diet and at the same time administering amidopyrine, acute stomatitis and anemia may be produced.
2. Both stomatitis and anemia occur some time before they could be expected to appear as result of the diet feeding alone.
3. The anemia is associated with suppression of maturation of the hematopoietic bone marrow elements.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON VITAMIN C THERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: June 2004

1. A group of 181 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of natural vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 89 monkeys treated on the 1st or 2nd day of infection 26 (29.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 53 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 23 (43.3 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 39 monkeys treated on the 5th day of the infection 9 (23 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.
2. A group of 101 monkeys were infected intracerebrally with amounts of virus ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 cc. of a 10 per cent virus suspension. At different intervals following infection treatment of these animals was begun with daily injections of 5 to 100 mg. of synthetic vitamin C for a period of 2 weeks. Of 25 monkeys treated on the 1st day of infection 2 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 26 monkeys treated on the 3rd day of the infection 5 (19.2 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis; of 50 monkeys treated on the 4th and 5th day of the infection 4 (8 per cent) survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.
3. The above two groups of treated animals were accompanied by a group of 98 control monkeys which were infected intracerebrally with the same amounts of virus and remained untreated. In this group there were 5 (5.1 per cent) animals which survived without showing any evidence of paralysis.
4. The figures, taken as a whole, show that among 181 monkeys treated with natural vitamin C 58 (32 per cent) survived without paralysis, and among 101 monkeys treated with synthetic vitamin C 11 (10.8 per cent) survived without paralysis. In comparing the percentage of non-paralytic survivors of the two treated groups with that of the untreated controls (5.1 per cent) it is found that about six times as many animals escaped paralysis following treatment with natural vitamin C as did the corresponding controls. In the group of animals treated with synthetic vitamin C, on the other hand, there were only about twice as many non-paralytic survivors as among the controls.
5. The results obtained in this investigation, as far as they are concerned with the therapeutic effect of natural vitamin C in experimental poliomyelitis, are in close agreement with the data previously published.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREGNANCY AND LACTATION UPON THE REGENERATION OF SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: Melnick Daniel , Cowgill George R. 
Published: June 2004

1. In view of the markedly short period of gestation in the dog and in view of the relatively large litters that are cast and nursed, this species when compared with the human being undergoes a much greater physiological strain during pregnancy and lactation. This is evidenced by marked decreases in the hematocrit values, in total cell volumes and in the serum protein concentrations, by an appreciable plasma hydration, and in some cases by significant reductions in the total circulating serum protein.
2. When pregnant dogs are fed a protein-free diet at a high level of caloric intake and are subjected to our standardized plasmapheresis technique, it is possible to deplete the animal of its reserve serum protein stores and reduce the serum protein concentration to the basal level (3.5 to 4.2 per cent) within the extremely short period of from 2 to 3 days. This indicates that the dog during pregnancy possesses a very limited amount of reserve serum protein.
3. Once the basal serum protein level is attained, the pregnant or lactating dog exhibits a marked impairment in its ability to regenerate serum protein. The synthesis of body proteins in the fetus during pregnancy and the milk proteins during lactation is considered to be actually an internal plasmapheresis, leading to a depletion of the serum protein by the preferential utilization of the materials from which this complex is made. These parasitic effects on the maternal organism are believed to be of primary importance, over and above any hydremia, in causing the lowered serum protein concentrations characteristic of pregnancy.
THE BACTERICIDAL ACTION OF HUMAN SERUM ON HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. , Stock C. Chester 
Published: June 2004

Aerobic Tests. Changes in pH Which Occurred during Incubation.—(a) The pH of sterile specimens of both normal and patients' sera increased, during 24 hours incubation, from 8.0–8.8 up to 9.2–9.6. (b) The pH of patients' sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, progressed in the alkaline direction as did the sterile specimens. (c) The pH of normal sera, inoculated with hemolytic streptococci, pursued a variable course at lower levels than the sterile specimens. The differences in the changes in pH which occurred in streptococcidal sera and in normal controls were dependent upon and secondary to the presence or absence of killing action in the specimens.
Aerobic Tests. Effect of Different Levels of Hydrogen Ion Concentration, Adjusted at Beginning of Experiment, but Uncontrolled during Period of Incubation.—(a) The streptococcidal activity of patients' sera was inactivated when the hydrogen ion concentration of the specimens was adjusted to levels ranging from 6.4 to 7.4. The inactivation of highly potent samples of sera required a greater reduction in pH than did specimens of moderate killing activity. (b) Normal sera, adjusted to pH 9.2 or higher, exhibited a relatively slowly acting bactericidal process, which seemed to represent the toxic effect of alkalinity.
Aerobic Tests. Effect of Glutathione and Sodium Ascorbate.—The streptococcidal action of patients' sera was markedly impaired by the addition of reducing agents. The inactivation was, in general, comparable to that previously obtained under conditions of anaerobiosis. The results, suggesting that some factor pertaining to biological oxidation-reduction may influence the streptococcidal action of sera, have been discussed.
Tests Performed in Closed Jars by Means of Which Relatively Constant pH Was Maintained during the Period of Incubation.—Under the experimental conditions which were employed, the effectiveness of the streptococcidal action of patients' sera was maintained only in alkaline ranges. The most potent specimens of sera were active at lower levels of pH (7.9–8.2) than were other samples (8.4–8.8).
All of the observations reported in this article were made with a strain of hemolytic streptococcus of the beta type, which is highly sensitive to the destructive action of serum from acutely ill patients.
CHANGES IN BLOOD VESSELS (CAPILLARY FRAGILITY) WITH INFLAMMATION
Authors: Zander Ernst 
Published: June 2004

Suction with a partial vacuum of –70 mm. Hg applied to normal skin of rabbits causes intracutaneous hemorrhage after an average time of 8 minutes.
Inflammation produced by various agents, including turpentine, killed streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci or meningococci, and filtrates from cultures of meningococci or typhoid bacilli, produces a series of changes that are almost uniform.
Immediately after injection of the irritant there is greatly increased resistance to the production of hemorrhage by suction so that the time required may be from ½ hour to almost 2 hours. This increased resistance to suction applied to the surface of the skin is doubtless caused by contraction of blood vessels following injection of the irritant.
The period of increased resistance is soon followed by diminished resistance of the vascular walls so that hemorrhage after 12 to 24 hours following injection occurs within from 1 to 4 minutes of suction.
The subsequent course of events varies; resistance of the vascular wall to suction, designated for convenience capillary fragility, may return to normal after from 2 to 9 days (observed with turpentine, streptococcus), or for several days may considerably exceed this level (observed with staphylococcus, pneumococcus), or may remain at a low level for a week or more (observed with tuberculin).
With inflammation in a sensitized animal (allergic inflammation) the preliminary period of resistance may be diminished and the appearance of capillary fragility hastened, so that hemorrhage occurs after 2 minutes of suction applied 6 hours after injection, and later it may fall to an even lower level (observed with hemolytic streptococci in sensitized animals).
The preparatory injection of toxic substances, such as meningococcus or typhoid filtrate, used in the production of the Shwartzman phenomenon, causes inflammation with injury of small blood vessels indicated by susceptibility to hemorrhage with suction. It is probable that subsequent intravenous injection causes hemorrhage by further injury to these injured blood vessels.
THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF THE KIDNEY AS RELATED TO PARATHYROID FUNCTION
Authors: Donohue William , Spingarn Clifford , Pappenheimer Alwin M. ,   With the Assistance of Nancy Downes
Published: June 2004

Partial nephrectomy in rats leads to an increase in the calcium content of the residual renal tissue.
This increase is correlated with enlargement of the parathyroid glands, the degree depending upon the severity of the kidney lesions.
Early removal of the parathyroid glands almost completely prevents this increase in kidney calcium.
PROTHROMBIN DEFICIENCY AND THE BLEEDING TENDENCY IN LIVER INJURY (CHLOROFORM INTOXICATION)
Authors: Smith H. P. , Warner E. D. , Brinkhous K. M. 
Published: June 2004

The bleeding tendency in acute chloroform intoxication is due to deficiency in both plasma fibrinogen and plasma prothrombin. If the disorder is mild, no bleeding occurs. However, the prothrombin falls to rather low levels, although the fibrinogen falls only moderately.
A bleeding tendency may also be produced by giving small repeated doses of chloroform. In such experiments, the hemorrhagic tendency is due to a deficiency in prothrombin alone. The fibrinogen level is unaffected.
The relation of the liver injury to the plasma prothrombin level indicates that the liver is concerned in the manufacture of prothrombin. Prothrombin formation appears to be more easily interfered with than does fibrinogen formation.