bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HUMAN AMNIOTIC AND FETAL NEONATAL PHARYNGEAL FLUIDS
Authors: Biggs J. S. G. , Hemming J. , McGeary Hsceather , Gaffney T. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe phospholipid and chloride content of pharyngeal fluid from 14 newborn infants have been studied, and compared in eight cases with amniotic fluid obtained at the time of amniotomy. The concentrations of total phospholipids and lecithin were found to be, on average, eleven times greater in pharyngeal fluid than in amniotic fluid. Chloride concentrations were higher in pharyngeal fluid in every case. The findings give support to the contention that amniotic fluid phospholipids have their origin in the fetal lung.
INTRAUTERINE ADMINISTRATION OF L‐NORADRENALINE AND PROPANOLOL DURING THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Amy J. J. , Karim S. M. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effect of intrauterine administration of noradrenaline and propanolol on myometrial activity during the second trimester of pregnancy was investigated. Extra‐amniotic doses of 1–2 mg. of noradrenaline given two‐hourly to 13 women increased myometrial contractility and resulted in abortion in six. Administered by the intra‐amniotic route, noradrenaline (4 mg. two‐hourly) also increased uterine activity but failed to terminate pregnancy. Propanolol, a β‐adrenergic blocking agent, was also oxytocic when instilled into the extra‐amniotic space and a termination of pregnancy with this compound is reported. It is suggested that under physiological conditions, adrenaline may exert an inhibitory action on the gravid uterus.
YOLK SAC TUMOUR OF THE OVARY
Authors: Beilby J. O. W. , Todd P. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryWithin the last two years we have seen four examples of a highly malignant neoplasm in young patients for which the name yolk sac tumour is recommended. We now describe the pathology and discuss the histogenesis of these tumours. The collection of information about them is impeded by the variety of names applied to them.
CORTISOL, CORTISONE, AND 11‐DEOXYCORTISOL LEVELS IN HUMAN UMBILICAL AND MATERNAL PLASMA IN RELATION TO THE ONSET OF LABOUR
Authors: Cawson M. J. , Anderson Anne B. M. , Turnbull A. C. , Lampe L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLevels of unconjugated cortisol, cortisone and 11‐deoxycortisol were measured in umbilical arterial and venous plasma, and in maternal antecubital and uterine venous plasma by a method specific for each steroid, utilizing competitive proteinbinding radioassay following steroid fractionation by column chromatography. Samples were obtained (1) at elective Caesarean section, (2) at vaginal delivery or emergency Caesarean section after induced labour, and (3) at vaginal delivery or emergency Caesarean section after labour of spontaneous onset. In the umbilical circulation there was no significant arteriovenous difference for any of the steroids measured. There were significantly higher (p<0.001) umbilical cord cortisol levels at vaginal delivery after labour of spontaneous onset (149±13ng./ml.; mean ±S.E.M.) than after induction of labour (65 ± 9 ng./ml.) and in both these groups, the concentration of cortisol in the umbilical cord was higher than at elective Caesarean section (26 ± 4 ng./ml.) If Caesarean section was performed during labour, cord cortisol levels were again higher (p<0 05) after labour of spontaneous onset (93 ± 9 ng./ml.) than after induced labour (67 ± 8 ng./ml.). Umbilical cord cortisone and maternal cortisol levels were more related to the process of labour itself rather than to its initiation since levels in induced labour or labour of spontaneous onset were equally high. Cortisol was quantitatively the most important 17‐hydroxycorticosteroid in the maternal circulation, whereas cortisone was quantitatively at least as important as cortisol in umbilical cord plasma.
EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTHWEIGHT, CIGARETTE SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY AND MATERNAL WEIGHT GAIN
Authors: Rush David 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThere has been no reported systematic exploration of the hypothesis that the low birthweight of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy is mediated by depressed caloric intake. Using gestational weight gain as an index of energy balance, we have studied this question among 162 mothers and their liveborn singleton infants, in a poor, black, urban American community. Smoking mothers had lower mean weekly weight gain (0.73 versus 0.90 pounds per week; t=2.63; p<0.01), and a strong and highly significant gradient of decreasing weight gain with increased amount smoked (0.017 fewer pounds per week gained per additional cigarette per day; F=12.45; p<0.005). Women who stopped smoking before delivery had higher weight gain than those who continued; the difference was not significant, but numbers were small. Regression analyses were performed in order to quantitate the unique and joint contributions of smoking and change in maternal weight to birthweight. At least half, and usually closer to three‐quarters, of the effect of smoking on birthweight was jointly shared with maternal weight change. Smoking is in all likelihood depressing fetal growth, in large part, by depression of caloric intake, reflected by lower maternal weight gain. No other examined differences between smokers and non‐smokers accounted for these differences.
FETO‐MATERNAL AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Dallaire L. , Potier M. , Mflancon S. B. , Patrick J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcentrations of amino acids and related compounds in 111 samples of amniotic fluid obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis, and 89 corresponding maternal plasmas were measured using a Beckman 121 Automatic amino acid analyzer. Thirty‐six amino acids and related compounds were identified in amniotic fluid and/or maternal plasma samples. The concentration of eight amino acids (Phe, Tyr, Val, Leu, He, Lys, Ala and His) decreased towards the end of pregnancy in amniotic fluid but the Phe/Tyr ratio remained constant. Thirteen amino acids (Gly, Ser, Thr, Asp, Asn, Glu, Arg, Met, Pro, Orn, Ans, Tau, Cit) showed no significant change from the 10th to the 40th week of gestation, while ten were present in trace amounts during the same period (lMeh, 3Meh, PSer, PEam, Asp, αAAD, αABA, 1/2CyS, Cyth, Hyp). Our results show that the great variation in lysine concentration between the 10th to the 20th week does not permit fetal age correlation studies. We found that alanine was measurable both in early and late pregnancy with a mean of 0.4 mM. at 10 weeks and 0.1 mM. at 40 weeks. The mean serine, glycine and arginine concentrations showed no statistically significant variation from the 10th to the 40th week of pregnancy. Hydroxyproline was found at a concentration of less than 0.01 mM. in amniotic fluid from the 22nd to the 37th week of pregnancy in our study, but homocarnosine was too low for accurate measurement. Ethanolamine was present at levels of less than 0. 03 mM. in 27 amniotic fluid and 8 maternal plasma samples throughout gestation. There was a marked elevation of amino acid concentrations in amniotic fluid obtained from sacs containing two fetuses. The glycine concentration in one amniotic fluid sample obtained around the 45th day of gestation was 6.1 mM.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION DURING THE THIRD TRIMESTER OF DIABETIC PREGNANCY
Authors: Booth Mollie , El Garf T. A. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryProgesterone concentrations in extracts of plasma from normal and diabetic women in the third trimester of pregnancy were measured by gas liquid chromatography. Plasma progesterone concentrations increased curvilinearly in 61 normal women and linearly in 39 diabetic patients between days 194 and 283 of gestation. Between days 215 and 225 of pregnancy, progesterone concentrations in diabetic women rose significantly above normal, and subsequent similar rates of increase in the two groups maintained this difference until parturition. It is still not possible to define unequivocally normal and abnormal ranges. The findings are discussed with relation to the maternal and neonatal complications of diabetic pregnancy.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON PLASMA LEVELS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN EUTHYROID AND THYROTOXIC POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: Akande E. O. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe effect of oestrogen administration on plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in twelve euthyroid and twelve thyrotoxic postmenopausal women was studied to further elucidate the changes in gonadal steroids and gonadotrophic hormone levels which have been previously reported in thyrotoxic women. Preliminary experiments showed that 125 μg. of oestradiol benzoate (approximately 2 μg./kg. of bodyweight) was the smallest effective dose which significantly reduced LH levels in euthyroid postmenopausal women. This dose was, however, ineffective in reducing LH levels in thyrotoxic postmenopausal women. Similar results were obtained with 250 μg. (approximately 4 μg./kg. of bodyweight) diethylstilboestrol which does not bind to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), thus showing that the results could not be attributable to the high levels of SHBG which have been shown in thyrotoxicosis. The diminished sensitivity of the hypothalamo‐pituitary system of thyrotoxic postmenopausal women to oestrogen which this study shows lend further support to the hypothesis that changes in gonadal steroid and gonadotrophic hormone levels in thyrotoxicosis may be due to blunting of the feedback mechanism.
OBSTRUCTED LABOUR DUE TO A PELVIC HYDATID CYST
Authors: Shanbhag A. M. , Baxi Laxmi V. , Punde A. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA case is described of obstructed labour due to a pelvic hydatid cyst which was treated by Caesarean section followed by vaginal evacuation of the cyst.
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS AND ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Neutra Raymond 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA review of the literature relating weather variables to eclampsia suggests that to date the conclusions drawn have been severely compromised by methodological defects in study design and data analysis. The present study was carried out in Cali, Colombia, a city with only one public maternity hospital. Data on 156 eclamptic women and 465 control women were linked by computer to data on rain, temperature and relative humidity on the day of admission and on that day plus the previous two.The data show that eclampsia is related to maximum temperature and relative humidity during the five‐year interval studied. Eclampsia rates are twice as high on cool or humid days than on days with average temperatures or humidities. This relationship persists even when one controls for seasonal fluctuations in number of births or in the proportion of parturients who were primiparae, very young, or unmarried.
CHANGES IN COMMON PLASMA SOLUTE LEVELS DURING LABOUR AND THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W. , Stone Joan 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA statistically planned evaluation was made of changes which occur in the common plasma solutes between early labour and the eighth puerperal week. Total protein and albumin fell sharply after delivery and reached a minimum about 36 hours post partum. Albumin was still below normal on the seventh puerperal day. Potassium, sodium and plasma osmolality rose rapidly after delivery and approached normal levels by 72 hours post partum; plasma CO2 combining power behaved similarly although the normal level was sometimes exceeded transiently between 48 and 72 hours after delivery. Plasma urea rose steadily and was occasionally slightly above normal on the seventh puerperal day. The blood haematocrit fell to a minimum about 72 hours post partum and rose slowly thereafter.
SERUM IRON AND IRON BINDING CAPACITY AFTER TOTAL DOSI INFUSION OF IRON‐DEXTRAN FOR IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Duke A. B. , Kelleher J. , Bauminger B. B. , Walters G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe changes in serum iron and total iron binding capacity were followed in pregnant women after total dose infusion of iron‐dextran for iron deficiency anaemia. The mean halflife of the iron‐dextran in serum over the first 60 hours was 42 hours. When the infusion was given during the second trimester the serum iron often fell after the infusion to the lower part of the normal range, and in some cases even below normal; in these the iron binding capacity, which also fell at first, later rose again in the manner seen towards the end of pregnancy in noninfused patients. These changes occurred even in patients who did not subsequently manifest iron deficiency after delivery. A low serum iron coupled with a high iron binding capacity may be difficult to interpret in late pregnancy, but can be useful post partum for assessing the adequacy of treatment.
A STUDY OF THE LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF PRE‐ECLAMPSIA ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Singh M. M. , Macgillivray I. , Mahaffy R. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA long term followup of 88 patients who had severe pre‐eclampsia in their first pregnancies and a control group of women who had normotensive pregnancies has been made to assess the late sequelae of pre‐eclampsia on blood pressure and renal function. The women who had a recurrence of severe pre‐eclampsia in a subsequent pregnancy had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than those who did not. Renal investigations did not show any significant alteration in renal function in the subgroups. The study suggests that women who have recurrent pre‐eclampsia become hypertensive in later life but renal function is not impaired.
LAPAROSCOPIC STERILIZATION WITH A SPRING‐LOADED CLIP
Authors: Kumarasamy Thampu , Hulka Jaroslav F. , Mercer Jack P. , Fishburne John I. , Omran Khairia F. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA spring‐loaded clip designed to be inserted through a 10 mm. diameter laparoscope was applied under local analgesia to the Fallopian tubes of 297 patients between September 1972 and November 1973. In three other patients the procedure was carried out under general anaesthesia. Apart from vasovagal reactions which occurred in 25 patients there were no major complications. Up to November 1973 four pregnancies were reported; they were all due to faulty application of the clips.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Brown Robert 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAn oral glucose tolerance test, with analysis of blood glucose and serum insulin levels, has been used to assess the carbohydrate status of patients with endometrial carcinoma. Carbohydrate intolerance has been demonstrated in these patients when compared to the controls. The degree of intolerance is modified by obesity.
THE CONCENTRATION OF ACTOMYOSIN AND SOLUBLE PROTEIN IN UTERINE MUSCLE
Authors: Michael C. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe actomyosin and total salt soluble protein content were estimated in myometrium taken from non‐pregnant uteri. Both were reduced following the menopause and the difference in concentration was related to ovarian function. Age and parity of the patients were influencing factors. The cervix contained less actomyosin than the uterine body.
AN ANALYSIS OF BIRTH WEIGHT BY GESTATIONAL AGE OF INFANTS BORN IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1967 TO 1971
Authors: Milner R. D. G. , Richards B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryFrom a sample of 271,519 births occurring in England and Wales from 1967 to 1971 tables have been prepared describing the relationship of birth weight to gestational age, subdivided by the sex of the infant and parity of the mother. The sample was composed of single babies born live in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals at gestational ages of 28 to 44 weeks and they comprised approximately 8.5 per cent of all such births occurring in NHS hospitals during the study period. No secular trend in birth weight was observed. The distribution of birth weights at a given gestational age was normal above 36 weeks but skewed or bi‐modal in preterm infants. The non‐normal distribution of preterm infants could be described accurately in terms of a mixture of two normal distributions with different mean values but the same standard deviation. The population with the higher mean birth weight comprised approximately one‐third of the observations each week between 28 and 34 weeks but was only 0.79 per cent of all births. The mean birth weight varied between 3.10 and 3.37 kg. equivalent to that of term infants of 38 to 39 weeks' gestation. The sex ratio was similar to that of term infants. The sex ratio (the number of single male infants born alive for every 100 female infants) of the population with the lower mean birth weight rose with increasing prematurity and was 127.9 between 28 and 34 weeks. It is concluded that the population of infants with the higher mean birth weight is composed mainly of pregnancies in which the length of gestation was mistaken. The error in gestational age is not a multiple of months but is continuously distributed. These pregnancies form a small fraction of all births but an important fraction of preterm births.Tables of mean birth weight (±1SD), prepared after correction for the nonnormal distribution of preterm birth weights, gave results which were similar to those reported earlier for infants born in Aberdeen. Male infants were heavier than females and infants of multiparae heavier than infants of primiparae at most gestational ages. Centile tables have been prepared for male and female infants which may be useful to those who wish to monitor the birth weights of infants born in England and Wales.
THE EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS LUMBAR EPIDURAL ANALGESIA UPON FETAL ACID‐BASE STATUS DURING THE FIRST STAGE OF LABOUR
Authors: Pearson James F. , Davies Paul 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe acid‐base status was measured in parturient women and their infants before the onset of clinically detectable labour, at the beginning of the active phase of labour and at full dilatation of the cervix. All patients conformed to the criteria of the “Clinically Acceptable Ideal Case” (Crawford, 1965). Of the 39 patients studied, 17 were provided with continuous lumbar epidural analgesia, and 22 were managed conventionally. Epidural analgesia was associated with less alteration in fetal and maternal acid‐base status during the first stage of labour and there was also closer feto‐maternal acid‐base correlation in patients receiving epidural block. The possible causes of these findings are briefly discussed.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND ALBUMIN BETWEEN MATERNAL AND CORD SERUM AT DELIVERY
Authors: Cochran T. E. , Good W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe distributions of IgG, IgM and IgA between maternal and cord serum at delivery are reported. IgG appears to be in dynamic equilibrium across the placenta, with the feto‐maternal distribution responding to homeostatic regulation of body fluids. In the majority of the pregnancies examined here maternal IgM was about ten times higher than fetal IgM, with a significant correlation between the two compartments, and IgA was absent from the cord sera. In a minority of these pregnancies the observed changes in the distribution patterns of IgM and IgA could be the result of damage at the placental bed.
A COMPARISON OF INTRAVENOUS PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN FOR THE AUGMENTATION OF LABOUR COMPLICATED BY DELAY
Authors: Clegg David R. , Flynn Anna M. , Kelly John 
Published: August 2005

SummaryForty consecutive patients requiring augmentation of labour were treated with intravenous prostaglandin E2 and matched for age, parity, maturity, cervical dilatation and analgesia with 40 patients whose labour was augmented with intravenous oxytocin. The augmentation/delivery interval, the mean basal uterine tone, the mean frequency of contractions, nausea, vomiting, ketosis, pyrexia and late fetal heart decelerations were all significantly higher in the oxytocin group.
INTER‐LABORATORY VARIATIONS IN URINARY OESTRIOL ESTIMATES
Authors: Lever M. , Peace S. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA survey was made of the results reported from 23 New Zealand laboratories which carry out oestriol determinations on pregnancy urine specimens. All laboratories use methods based on the Kober reaction, but five different preliminary extraction procedures are used. The type of standard and stage at which it is incorporated in the procedure also varies. In consequence, the oestriol content reported to the clinician depends on the laboratory carrying out the assay as well as on excretion. Most laboratories were found to report consistent results over twelve specimens with widely different oestriol contents. Thus the inter‐laboratory variation does not affect the usefulness of serial urine oestriol determinations, provided all analyses are carried out in the same laboratory. A minority of laboratories produced inconsistent results, but in all but two cases these were confined to one batch of analyses, and thus the inconsistency reflects inadequate quality control rather than technical inability to carry out the assay.
MIDLINE EPISIOTOMY AS A ROUTINE PROCEDURE
Authors: Beynon Constance L. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe results of 1166 consecutive midline episiotomies in primigravidae who were delivered in one unit are presented and compared with other published surveys. The belief that extensions involving the rectum are a disaster is questioned. It is claimed that with modern methods of repair and aftercare, results can be achieved which do not justify depriving mothers of the very considerable benefits of midline episiotomy.
F PROSTAGLANDINS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID DURING PREGNANCY AND LABOUR
Authors: Keirse M. J. N. C. , Flint A. P. F. , Turnbull A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryConcentrations of prostaglandin F (PGF) have been measured, by radioimmunoassay, in samples of amniotic fluid from patients with normal pregnancies. Amniotic fluid contained significantly more PGF at term prior to the onset of labour than in mid‐pregnancy (p<0.01), and significantly more during spontaneous labour, at a cervical dilatation of three cm. or less, than before the onset of labour (p<0.001). During spontaneous labour PGF concentrations in amniotic fluid varied between 1.2 and 39.5 ng. per ml., and increased significantly with advancing cervical dilatation (p<0.001). Levels of PGF in the early first stage of oxytocin‐induced labour were higher than the levels obtained before the onset of labour (p<0.025), but lower than those obtained during spontaneous labour (p<0.05). It was demonstrated, by gas liquid chromatography with electron‐capture detection, that PGF2α is the major PGF component in amniotic fluid during labour.
FOLIC ACID IN THE MANAGEMENT OF β‐THALASSAEMIA MINOR DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Hegde U. M. , Khunda S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryHaematological and obstetrical data were collected from 32 pregnant women with β‐thalassaemia minor. Twenty of these were given folate supplements throughout pregnancy; the remainder did not receive folic acid. Folic acid did not affect the course of anaemia and there was no statistical difference in the haematological parameters in the two groups, both in the antenatal and the immediate postnatal period. There was no excess of obstetrical complications in either of the two groups.
SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS IN WOMEN USING INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
Authors: Shulman G. , Polakow E. S. , Bauer H. D. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe uterine inflammatory response to the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) may have some role in the mechanism of action of the device. In comparing a group of women using a polythene IUCD (Lippes loop) with a control group, it was shown that there was a significant elevation in serum IgG and IgM (Holub et al., 1971). In the present study a stainless steel IUCD was used (Inhiband, Ayerst) to repeat the experiment measuring changes in serum immunoglobulins G, A and M in the same persons in order to exclude other non‐specific causes for any increases. IgA is usually the antibody related to inflammatory responses of mucosal surfaces, but such serum measurements were not mentioned in the group of women using polythene IUCDs. In this paper significant elevation of IgG and IgM was confirmed, but this tends to remit after about a year. A progressive rise in serum IgA levels was found to occur during the same period of study.