bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo dose-response of insects to Hz-2V infection
Authors: Burand John P , Rallis Christopher P 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Hz-2V infection of female Helicoverpa zea moths is manifested as insects that are either sterile "agonadal" individuals with malformed reproductive tissues or fertile asymptomatic carriers which are capable of transmitting virus on to their progeny. Virus infected progeny arising from eggs laid by asymptomatic carrier females may themselves be either sterile agonadals or asymptomatic carriers.

Results
By injecting virus into female moths, a correlation was established between virus doses administered to the females and the levels of resulting asymptomatic and sterile progeny.

Conclusions
The results of these experiments indicate that high virus doses produced a higher level of agonadal progeny and lower doses produced higher levels of asymptomatic carriers.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research:A new platform for dissemination of research, opinions and reviews with a common theme
Authors: Jones Hazel C 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCerebrospinal Fluid Research aims to provide a specialist platform for high quality articles on all aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bringing together experts working in the field and promoting synthesis and dialogue. This, launch Editorial provides an overview of the field, some history, and highlights some of the journal policies.
A temperament for learning: The limbic system and myelomeningocele
Authors: Vachha Behroze , Adams Richard C 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis article was the winner of the triennial Casey Holter Memorial Prize awarded by the Society for Research into Hydrocephalus and Spina Bifida, 2004.
Abstract
This essay explores the link between the limbic/hypothalamic systems within the complex conditions of hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele. Acknowledging the neuroanatomical and neuroendocrine risks inherent in the developing brains of these individuals, we focus on the converging components of temperament, cognition, and language.
Particle and Fibre Toxicology, a new journal to meet a real need
Authors: Donaldson Ken , Borm Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis Editorial is to announce Particle and Fibre Toxicology, a new Open Access, peer-reviewed, online journal published by BioMed Central. The field of particle and fibre toxicology has a long and famous history stretching from Agricola and Paracelsus in the 15th and 16th century to the challenges of the 21st century-nanoparticles, nanotubes and particulate matter (PM10) to name just three. Throughout this time there has been no single journal dedicated to the toxicology of particles and fibres and this is finally corrected by the launch of Particle and Fibre Toxicology. The rationale for Particle and Fibre Toxicology rests on this need for a single multi-disciplinary journal that can cover all research relevant to particle and fibre toxicology, from Hygiene studies, through particle generation and characterisation, to animal, cell and human toxicology studies, dosimetry and modelling. The editorial also deals with the philosophy and practicalities of Open Access publishing, the journal's peer-review policy and conflict-of-interest. Particle and Fibre Toxicology is aimed at bringing together multi-disciplinary research findings towards a better understanding of how particles and fibres adversely affect the lungs and the body generally. We hope that the launch of the new journal will aid in the advance of this important discipline to the greater benefit of occupational and public health and invite scientists working in this key discipline to submit their research.
Phenotypic and functional characterisation of CCR7+ and CCR7- CD4+memory T cells homing to the joints in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Gattorno Marco , Prigione Ignazia , Morandi Fabio , Gregorio Andrea , Chiesa Sabrina , Ferlito Francesca , Favre Anna , Uccelli Antonio , Gambini Claudio , Martini Alberto , Pistoia Vito 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of the study was to characterise CCR7+ and CCR7- memory T cells infiltrating the inflamed joints of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and to investigate the functional and anatomical heterogeneity of these cell subsets in relation to the expression of the inflammatory chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5. Memory T cells freshly isolated from the peripheral blood and synovial fluid (SF) of 25 patients with JIA were tested for the expression of CCR7, CCR5, CXCR3 and interferon-γ by flow cytometry. The chemotactic activity of CD4 SF memory T cells from eight patients with JIA to inflammatory (CXCL11 and CCL3) and homeostatic (CCL19, CCL21) chemokines was also evaluated. Paired serum and SF samples from 28 patients with JIA were tested for CCL21 concentrations. CCR7, CXCR3, CCR5 and CCL21 expression in synovial tissue from six patients with JIA was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Enrichment of CD4+, CCR7- memory T cells was demonstrated in SF in comparison with paired blood from patients with JIA. SF CD4+CCR7- memory T cells were enriched for CCR5+ and interferon-γ+ cells, whereas CD4+CCR7+ memory T cells showed higher coexpression of CXCR3. Expression of CCL21 was detected in both SF and synovial membranes. SF CD4+ memory T cells displayed significant migration to both inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines. CCR7+ T cells were detected in the synovial tissue in either diffuse perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates or organised lymphoid aggregates. In synovial tissue, a large fraction of CCR7+ cells co-localised with CXCR3, especially inside lymphoid aggregates, whereas CCR5+ cells were enriched in the sublining of the superficial subintima. In conclusion, CCR7 may have a role in the synovial recruitment of memory T cells in JIA, irrespective of the pattern of lymphoid organisation. Moreover, discrete patterns of chemokine receptor expression are detected in the synovial tissue.
Determinants of the cuff-leak test: a physiological study
Authors: Prinianakis George , Alexopoulou Christina , Mamidakis Eutichis , Kondili Eumorfia , Georgopoulos Dimitris 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The cuff-leak test has been proposed as a simple method to predict the occurrence of post-extubation stridor. The test is performed by cuff deflation and measuring the expired tidal volume a few breaths later (VT). The leak is calculated as the difference between VT with and without a deflated cuff. However, because the cuff remains deflated throughout the respiratory cycle a volume of gas may also leak during inspiration and therefore this method (conventional) measures the total leak consisting of an inspiratory and expiratory component. The aims of this physiological study were, first, to examine the effects of various variables on total leak and, second, to compare the total leak with that obtained when the inspiratory component was eliminated, leaving only the expiratory leak.

Methods
In 15 critically ill patients mechanically ventilated on volume control mode, the cuff-leak volume was measured randomly either by the conventional method (Leakconv) or by deflating the cuff at the end of inspiration and measuring the VT of the following expiration (Leakpause). To investigate the effects of respiratory system mechanics and inspiratory flow, cuff-leak volume was studied by using a lung model, varying the cross-sectional area around the endotracheal tube and model mechanics.

Results
In patients Leakconv was significantly higher than Leakpause, averaging 188 ± 159 ml (mean ± SD) and 61 ± 75 ml, respectively. In the model study Leakconv increased significantly with decreasing inspiratory flow and model compliance. Leakpause and Leakconv increased slightly with increasing model resistance, the difference being significant only for Leakpause. The difference between Leakconv and Leakpause increased significantly with decreasing inspiratory flow (V'I) and model compliance and increasing cross-sectional area around the tube.

Conclusion
We conclude that the cross-sectional area around the endotracheal tube is not the only determinant of the cuff-leak test. System compliance and inspiratory flow significantly affect the test, mainly through an effect on the inspiratory component of the total leak. The expiratory component is slightly influenced by respiratory system resistance.
Timing of tracheostomy as a determinant of weaning success in critically ill patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Hsu Chia-Lin , Chen Kuan-Yu , Chang Chia-Hsuin , Jerng Jih-Shuin , Yu Chong-Jen , Yang Pan-Chyr 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Tracheostomy is frequently performed in critically ill patients for prolonged intubation. However, the optimal timing of tracheostomy, and its impact on weaning from mechanical ventilation and outcomes in critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation remain controversial.

Methods
The medical records of patients who underwent tracheostomy in the medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary medical centre from July 1998 to June 2001 were reviewed. Clinical characteristics, length of stay in the ICU, rates of post-tracheostomy pneumonia, weaning from mechanical ventilation and mortality rates were analyzed.

Results
A total of 163 patients (93 men and 70 women) were included; their mean age was 70 years. Patients were classified into two groups: successful weaning (n = 78) and failure to wean (n = 85). Shorter intubation periods (P = 0.02), length of ICU stay (P = 0.001) and post-tracheostomy ICU stay (P = 0.005) were noted in patients in the successful weaning group. Patients who underwent tracheostomy more than 3 weeks after intubation had higher ICU mortality rates and rates of weaning failure. The length of intubation correlated with the length of ICU stay in the successful weaning group (r = 0.70; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that tracheostomy after 3 weeks of intubation, poor oxygenation before tracheostomy (arterial oxygen tension/fractional inspired oxygen ratio <250) and occurrence of nosocomial pneumonia after tracheostomy were independent predictors of weaning failure.

Conclusion
The study suggests that tracheostomy after 21 days of intubation is associated with a higher rate of failure to wean from mechanical ventilation, longer ICU stay and higher ICU mortality.
Intensive care unit-acquired urinary tract infections in a regional critical care system
Authors: Laupland Kevin B , Bagshaw Sean M , Gregson Daniel B , Kirkpatrick Andrew W , Ross Terry , Church Deirdre L 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Few studies have evaluated urinary tract infections (UTIs) specifically acquired within intensive care units (ICUs), and the effect of such infections on patient outcome is unclear. The objectives of this study were to describe the occurrence, microbiology, and risk factors for acquiring UTIs in the ICU and to determine whether these infections independently increase mortality.

Methods
A surveillance cohort study was conducted among all adults admitted to multi-system and cardiovascular surgery ICUs in the Calgary Health Region (CHR, population about 1 million) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2002.

Results
During the 3 years, 4465 patients were admitted 4915 times to a CHR ICU for 48 hours or more. A total of 356 ICU-acquired UTIs (defined as at least 105 colony-forming units/ml of one or two organisms 48 hours or more after ICU admission) occurred among 290 (6.5%) patients, yielding an overall incidence density of ICU-acquired UTIs of 9.6 per 1000 ICU days. Four bacteremic/fungemic ICU-acquired UTIs occurred (0.1 per 1000 ICU days). Development of an ICU-acquired UTI was more common in women (relative risk [RR] 1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–1.75; P < 0.0001) and in medical (9%) compared with non-cardiac surgical (6%), and cardiac surgical patients (2%). The most common organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (23%), Candida albicans (20%), and Enterococcus species (15%). Antibiotic-resistant organisms were identified among 14% isolates. Although development of an ICU-acquired UTI was associated with significantly higher crude in-hospital mortality (86/290 [30%] vs. 862/4167 [21%]; RR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.19–1.73; P < 0.001); an ICU-acquired UTI was not an independent predictor for death.

Conclusions
Development of an ICU-acquired UTI is common in critically ill patients. Although a marker of increased morbidity associated with critical illness, it is not a significant attributable cause of mortality.
The ASRG database: identification and survey of Arabidopsis thalianagenes involved in pre-mRNA splicing
Authors: Wang Bing-Bing , Brendel Volker 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA total of 74 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes and 395 genes encoding splicing-related proteins were identified in the Arabidopsis genome by sequence comparison and motif searches, including the previously elusive U4atac snRNA gene. Most of the genes have not been studied experimentally. Classification of these genes and detailed information on gene structure, alternative splicing, gene duplications and phylogenetic relationships are made accessible as a comprehensive database of Arabidopsis Splicing Related Genes (ASRG) on our website.
Global expression changes resulting from loss of telomeric DNA in fission yeast
Authors: Mandell Jeffrey G , Bähler Jürg , Volpe Thomas A , Martienssen Robert A , Cech Thomas R 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells lacking the catalytic subunit of telomerase (encoded by trt1+) lose telomeric DNA and enter crisis, but rare survivors arise with either circular or linear chromosomes. Survivors with linear chromosomes have normal growth rates and morphology, but those with circular chromosomes have growth defects and are enlarged. We report the global gene-expression response of S. pombe to loss of trt1+.

Results
Survivors with linear chromosomes had expression profiles similar to cells with native telomeres, whereas survivors with circular chromosomes showed continued upregulation of core environmental stress response (CESR) genes. In addition, survivors with circular chromosomes had altered expression of 51 genes compared to survivors with linear chromosomes, providing an expression signature. S. pombe progressing through crisis displayed two waves of altered gene expression. One coincided with crisis and consisted of around 110 genes, 44% of which overlapped with the CESR. The second was synchronized with the emergence of survivors and consisted of a single class of open reading frames (ORFs) with homology both to RecQ helicases and to dh repeats at centromeres targeted for heterochromatin formation via an RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. Accumulation of transcript from the ORF was found not only in trt1- cells, but also in dcr1- and ago1- RNAi mutants, suggesting that RNAi may control its expression.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate a correlation between a state of cellular stress, short telomeres and growth defects in cells with circular chromosomes. A putative new RecQ helicase was expressed as survivors emerged and appears to be transcriptionally regulated by RNAi, suggesting that this mechanism operates at telomeres.
Wound healing and inflammation genes revealed by array analysis of 'macrophageless' PU.1 null mice
Authors: Cooper Lisa , Johnson Claire , Burslem Frank , Martin Paul 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Wound healing is a complex process requiring the collaborative efforts of different tissues and cell lineages, and involving the coordinated interplay of several phases of proliferation, migration, matrix synthesis and contraction. Tissue damage also triggers a robust influx of inflammatory leukocytes to the wound site that play key roles in clearing the wound of invading microbes but also release signals that may be detrimental to repair and lead to fibrosis.

Results
To better define key cellular events pivotal for tissue repair yet independent of inflammation we have used a microarray approach to determine a portfolio of over 1,000 genes expressed across the repair response in a wild-type neonatal mouse versus its PU.1 null sib. The PU.1 null mouse is genetically incapable of raising the standard inflammatory response, because it lacks macrophages and functioning neutrophils, yet repairs skin wounds rapidly and with reduced fibrosis. Conversely, by subtraction, we have determined genes that are either expressed by leukocytes, or upregulated by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, muscle cells and others at the wound site, as a consequence of inflammation. To determine the spatial expression pattern for several genes in each cluster we have also performed in situ hybridization studies.

Conclusions
Cluster analysis of genes expressed after wounding wild-type mice versus PU.1 null sibs distinguishes between tissue repair genes and genes associated with inflammation and its consequences. Our data reveal and classify several pools of genes, giving insight into their likely functions during repair and hinting at potential therapeutic targets.
Inducible immune regulation following autoimmune disease in the immune-privileged eye
Authors: Kitaichi Nobuyoshi , Namba Kenichi , Taylor Andrew W 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe immune-privileged eye has the potential to induce regulatory immunity along with local mechanisms of immunosuppression. Rodent models of human autoimmune uveoretinitis [experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)] recover without spontaneous recurrence of uveitis, which differs from uveitis in some humans. This raises the possibility that the mechanism of immune privilege in the rodent eye can reimpose itself during autoimmune uveoretinitis and re-establish tolerance to autoantigen. To investigate this possibility, we examined the spleens of EAU-recovered mice for regulatory immunity. We detected regulatory immunity when we adoptively transferred post-EAU spleen cells into other mice immunized for EAU. We could not detect this regulatory immunity in enucleated mice nor in naive mice. Moreover, unlike the mechanisms of anterior chamber-associated immune deviation, the suppression was only mediated by post-EAU CD4+ T cells, which required activation with autoantigen presented by post-EAU spleen antigen-presenting cells (APC). Our results demonstrate that when the immune-privileged ocular microenvironment recovers from an autoimmune response, it has influenced systemic immunity to retinal autoantigen by affecting APC and mediating induction of potential regulatory CD4+ T cells laying in wait in the post-EAU spleen for restimulation.
MHC class II signaling function is regulated during maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Drénou Bernard , Amiot Laurence , Setterblad Niclas , Taque Sophie , Guilloux Valérie , Charron Dominique , Fauchet Renée , Mooney Nuala 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) play a central role in the immune response, linking innate and adaptative responses to pathogens. Myeloid DC (MDC) produce interleukin-12 in response to bacterial stimuli, whereas plasmacytoid DC (PDC) produce high levels of type I interferon upon viral infection. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR engagement has been shown to induce apoptosis in various antigen-presenting cells (APC). We now report the consequences of HLA-DR molecule engagement in human PDC, which had thus far not been studied as a result of the difficulty in isolating such cells. HLA-DR engagement on PDC, obtained using a two-step, immunomagnetic separation, led to recruitment of HLA-DR molecules at the site of engagement in mature but not immature PDC. In contrast, relocalization of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes, indicating PKC activation, was observed at the site of HLA-DR engagement and was accompanied by relocalization of a lipid raft marker, the ganglioside M1 staining, in immature and mature PDC. Similar to MDC, HLA-DR-mediated apoptosis was regulated throughout PDC maturation. Freshly isolated PDC were resistant, whereas CD40 ligand-matured PDC were sensitive to HLA-DR-mediated apoptosis. Neither caspase activation nor PKC activation was required for HLA-DR-mediated apoptosis. However, the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis was implicated as mature PDC underwent mitochondrial depolarization in response to HLA-DR engagement. These data provide further arguments for considering HLA-DR-mediated apoptosis as a conserved mechanism of regulating survival of diverse APC and support the ongoing development of humanized ligands for HLA class II molecules as therapeutic tools for use in lymphoproliferative disease.
Preparation of YBCO and BSCCO Superconducting Thin Films by a New Chemical Precursor Method
Authors: Gunji Takahiro , Unno Mitsuo , Arimitsu Koji , Abe Yoshimoto , Long Nick , Bubendorfer Andrea 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Homogeneous YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) and Bi2SrCa2Cu2O8+y (BSCCO) precursors were prepared by the reaction of triethanolamine with ethyl acetoacetato complexes of Y, Ba, and Cu and those of Bi, Sr, Ca, and Cu, respectively. These precursors showed melt-spinnability and converted to ceramics on heating with the elimination and combustion of organic groups. Superconductive thin films were prepared by depositing a solution on a substrate by spin-coating, followed by calcination. Epitaxial growth of the YBCO phase, with c axis normal to the substrate, was observed. The critical temperature was 88.7 K and the critical current density at 77 K and 0 T was 5 × 105 A/cm2. On the other hand, the epitaxial growth of the c axis aligned BSCCO phase was observed: the critical temperature was 77 K and the critical current density at 5 K was 6 × 104 A/cm2.
Molecular Design of Synthetic Receptors with Dynamic, Imprinting, and Allosteric Functions
Authors: Shinkai Seiji , Takeuchi Masayuki 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Sugar recognition in an aqueous system has been achieved using a boronic acid–diol interaction. Combination with an intramolecular amino group has enabled us to read out the binding process as a change in the fluorescence intensity. This novel sugar-sensing method has been combined with a concept of “molecular machinery”, providing a new guest-binding mode with allosteric functions. When this method is combined with a concept of “molecular imprinting”, it becomes possible to design sugar-selective receptors created by a combinatorial method. The sugar recognition event is useful as a trigger to control molecular assemblies such as micelles, membranes, vesicles, and gels.