bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Theatre
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Clerics, following the lead of Bossuet in Louis XIV's reign, continued their attacks on the wickedness of the theatre throughout the eighteenth century, but the rigidity and harshness laid down in theory was generally evaded by the laity and sections of the clergy alike. The theatre‐going public, including the court and the higher aristocracy, ignored clerical fulminations, while within the Church, the Jesuits in particular, who used the theatre for didactic purposes in their schools, were in an ambiguous position. In practice, the Church viewed the theatre as neither a Satanic invention encouraging sexual desire nor as a potentially educative institution, but as ‘an inevitable evil to be regulated as far as possible’. The harshness of official policy varied from diocese to diocese, while attempts to deny Christian burial to actors, as members of an immoral profession, were unpopular and contributed to anti‐clericalism.
The Jansenist Quarrel
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Outlines the seventeenth‐century origins of the Jansenist controversy and the difficulties faced by the historian in arriving at a viable definition of Jansenism. The grim theology of Cornelius Jansen had given rise obliquely to a movement of great spirituality that posed questions about the nature of truth and the limits of secular and ecclesiastical authority. All the various aspects of Jansenism, including predestinarian theology, the questioning of papal authority, and reform of the Church involving a greater role for the laity in general and women in particular, came together in hostility to the Jesuits. In the eighteenth century it would involve the war of the parlements against the crown, the rising discontent of the lower clergy, and the convulsionist movement.
Unigenitus
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The papal bull Unigenitus, issued in 1713, was intended to strike a fatal blow against the Jansenists and demonstrate papal infallibility. Its principal targets were the Réflexions morales of Pasquier Quesnel and through it, Louis‐Antoine de Noailles, cardinal‐archbishop of Paris. The complicated diplomatic manoeuvring leading to its promulgation was prompted by the Jesuits and their sympathizers, enemies of Noailles, and by the aged Louis XIV, which wished to destroy the Jansenists as ‘a republican party in Church and State’, while upholding the independence of the Gallican Church.
The Changing Face of Jansenism
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Faced with repression, the Jansenist opponents of Unigenitus had to appeal to a wider public, notably through the clandestine Nouvelles ecclésiastiques, presenting a running chronicle of friends of the ‘truth’ and scandal about its enemies. Doctrinal divisions were now of little importance, but Jansenism tried to give the laity, including women, a new and leading role in the Church. Paris was the ‘fortress of Jansenism’, and it was here that the cult of the Jansenist ‘saint’, François de Pâris, began with miracles at his tomb in the cemetery of Saint‐Médard, a cult, which developed into the convulsionist movement. Convulsionism, and especially its sado‐masochistic lunatic fringe, divided the Jansenists, allowing Fleury to encourage moderate Jansenist scholars to denounce the cult of deacon Pâris, while police surveillance of the convulsionaries tightened in the 1740s.
Fleury's Repression and the Interventions of the Parlement
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Between 1730, when Unigenitus was declared ‘a law of Church and State’, and his death in 1743, cardinal Fleury broke the power of Jansenism within the French clergy by the use of ecclesiastical patronage and promotion; the issue of lettres de cachet to send troublemakers to prison, monastery, or exile; police interventions, especially against authors and publishers; and the despatch of royal commissioners to overawe the assemblies of monastic orders and theology faculties. But enforcement of Unigenitus inevitably incurred the hostility of the sovereign courts, especially the parlement of Paris, the magistrates of which saw themselves as the guardians of legal process and individual liberty. Conflict with the parlement, itself not so much Jansenist as Gallican, in the 1730s involved a strike by avocats in 1731–32, but ended in defeat for the magistrates.
The Jesuits of France
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although ‘at the eye of the hurricane’ of political and ecclesiastical conflict, the war against Jansenism was only waged by a minority within the Society of Jesus. The Jesuits’ main concern was with education, where they provided the best available education for the bourgeois families of France, with the result that their ex‐pupils were to be found in influential positions in politics and throughout the worlds of administration, the law, and the Church, and among men of letters. They were also devoted to overseas missionary work in Canada, the West Indies, and within France, directed in particular at Protestants. Jesuits monopolized the post of confessor to the king from 1604 to 1764, and in the course of the early eighteenth century sought to impose an even stricter morality on Louis XV.
Cruelty and Compromise, 1700–1774
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Camisard revolt in the Cévennes in the early eighteenth century led not only to fierce repression of Protestantism in southern France but also to the reorganization of the clandestine Huguenot churches and strengthening of the faith in the period known in Protestant history as ‘the Desert’. The anti‐Huguenot edicts of Louis XIV remained in force under Louis XV, resulting in the cruel harassment of defiant Protestants and ‘new Catholics’, including the forceable removal of children from their parents to be educated as Catholics. The clandestine assemblies of Protestants were frequently broken up by the military, but as the century wore on, royal intendants withdrew their cooperation from the most fanatical of persecuting bishops. Repression and its attendant cruelties revolted public opinion, leading to a pamphlet debate in the 1750s, exacerbated by the Calas affair of 1762‐63, made famous by Voltaire. Despite the tolerant attitude of many individual curés, the Church remained firmly committed to the suppression of the Huguenots and took much of the blame for an unpopular policy.
The Twilight of Jansenism
Authors: McManners John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Jansenists were still excluded from the ministry of the Church by the necessity of having to sign the formulary accepting Unigenitus, but many clergy had been formed by a Jansenist‐inspired education, and the attempts by reactionary bishops to act against Jansenists came to be seen as anachronistic. With its triumph over the Jesuits, Jansenism dwindled into insignificance as a political force. In the struggle between the crown and the parlements, culminating in the ‘Maupeou revolution’ and the temporary abolition of the parlements, the ‘Jansenist’ party, the driving force behind parlementaire petitions and remonstrances, was gradually transformed into a ‘patriot’ party. Ideas and modes of thought associated with Jansenism may still be discerned behind the calls for an Estates General in the 1780s, but by the time the Revolution began Jansenism as such was an irrelevance.
Discipleship and Imagination
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this sequel to Tradition and Imagination , Brown continues to argue for an understanding of revelation that takes post‐biblical developments seriously. In the first three chapters, changing attitudes in Christian discipleship are explored by taking successively the issue of the equality of the sexes, imitation of the saints and eschatology. It is argued that any assertion of total equality between the sexes cannot be justified on the basis of Scripture alone, and so the move of the medieval Church towards a cult of saints and a heavenly realization of eschatology cannot be condemned simply because the focus is different from Scripture. The middle two chapters then look in detail at two examples of the impact changing experience has had on the formulation of Christian doctrine. This is explored first with respect to attitudes to suffering as these have been mediated across the centuries through interpretations of the Book of Job. Then the treatment of the Virgin Mary is examined, and in particular, the way in which defective christologies have lead to compensating emphases in understandings of Mary's role. Finally, the last two chapters investigate questions of authority and truth. The positive value of conflict in securing recognition of truth is offered as one way of reading Christian history, while great insistence is also placed on the capacity of imaginative, fictive writing to convey truths no less significant than what is offered by more narrowly factual or historical writing.
Job and Innocent Suffering
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Three interpretations of the book are examined and the way in which they generated alternative trajectories for subsequent Jewish thinking in writings such as in the Testament of Job and the Zohar. The history of Christian exegesis is pursued through Gregory the Great, Aquinas, and Calvin before concluding in William Blake. Throughout, the different underlying assumptions about providence are noted, in particular, the reasons behind the modern retreat from agent‐specific notions of directional providence.
Apostolicity and Conflict: Peter and Paul
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conflict between Peter and Paul is explored and taken as indicative of deep‐seated conflicts within the New Testament. These, however, are not viewed negatively but as part of the creative process working towards truth, which is then seen to continue in the subsequent history of the Church, with heresy in the patristic period and Reformation conflicts alike benefiting the Church's search for the truth. The chapter then ends with an exploration of literary and artistic images of Peter and Paul and their relevance to this more complex notion of a discovered rather than established authority.
Introduction
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe introduction summarizes the long and varied history of Christian universalism, from Origen to the present day. The study of one patristic and one modern theologian is explained, and the specific choice of Gregory and Rahner is justified in terms of their general theological interests and method. The main problems and issues raised by the idea of universal salvation are discussed: whether Scripture primarily asserts the universal love of God or an eternal hell; how universalism is linked to Christian doctrines about God, Christ, evil, justice, and punishment; how one should assess the role of human free will, faith, and moral virtue.
Gregory of Nyssa's Eschatology in Context
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter sets out what we know of Gregory of Nyssa's life and of his philosophical influences. It examines Gregory's theological method, especially his interpretation of Scripture (hermeneutics), and his ‘mysticism’. It gives a brief summary of earlier patristic eschatology, particularly in the thought of Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Methodius of Olympus, Basil of Caesarea, and Gregory of Nazianzus. Finally, it gives a philological analysis of the Greek term ‘apokatastasis’, which is often used to mean universal salvation.
Perfection in Resurrection
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines Gregory of Nyssa's key claim that the resurrection will restore human beings to their original state before the Fall. It assesses his theological anthropology as expressed through the doctrines of creation (especially the ideas of humanity's creation in God's image/the imago dei and of the ‘double creation’) and the Fall. It concludes that Gregory has a teleological view of humanity heading towards eschatological perfection, which means that one should not take the notion of a ‘return’ too literally. The idea of eschatological perfection is examined with particular reference to human desire and love (the problem of apatheia), and to Gregory's imaginative descriptions of heaven.
The Background to Karl Rahner's Eschatology
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief introduction to the life of Karl Rahner and then deals with his theological and philosophical method, asserting the priority of the former over the latter. The influence of Transcendental Thomism is dealt with by examining how the thought of Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant affected Rahner's analysis of human knowledge, the ‘Vorgriff’ (preapprehension), and transcendental experience.
Rahner believed that transcendental experience showed human nature to be personal, free, and responsible, and consisting of a unity of matter and spirit. The chapter concludes by showing how this analysis of human experience fits with Rahner's key theological idea of God as both mystery and revelation. He sought to explain that God's self‐communication to humanity is both due to grace and intrinsic to human nature (the ‘supernatural existential’) and that it is the perfection of this that constitutes salvation.
Eschatology for a Modern World
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter deals specifically with those elements of Karl Rahner's theology that have a direct impact on his eschatology. It surveys Rahner's views on the requirements for doctrine about the last things, which is meaningful in the modern context and which avoids errors such as individualism, demythologization, and secular utopianism (e.g. Marxism). His ‘hermeneutics of eschatological assertions’ stresses the paradox of hope: that although the future remains mystery, one can already proclaim the victory of Christ. One must therefore hope, but never predict, that Christ's victory will save all people. The chapter concludes by analysing Rahner's (closely connected) theologies of death and of history, which reveal a highly teleological concept of human nature and the world.
Introduction
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses British liberalism from 1914 to 1939. It argues that liberalism was not dormant between the wars, nor was it a failure. It contends that some major British socialist thinkers were at times within the left-liberal tradition, and that the Labour party hosted left-liberal beliefs which overlapped with some of the socialist components of Labour ideology. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Human Nature, Economic Laws, and the Reconstitution of Capitalism
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the moderate brand of progressive liberalism that gained prominence during the 1920s. Progressive centrist-liberalism overlapped on several issues. It accepted a certain role of the state, but refused to subscribe to a faith in the state as the disinterested agent of the community, reverting instead to a more individualistic conception of human nature and social relations. It magnified the ideological differences between liberalism and a socialist/trade-unionist Labour party. It was also less reflective, philosophically oriented, or synthetic in the broad cultural sense of integrating various braches of human knowledge.
A Decade of Dormancy
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Political thinking in England throughout the 1930s retreated into weariness and complacency. Liberalism and socialism were submerged beneath the political surface, emerging periodically to indicate their presence but with insufficient intellectual resources to stay afloat. Fascism lost its appeal among British socialists as its German variant loomed on the international scene. Communism repopularized a 19th century image of a materialist, capitalist liberalism cut-off from social life. The quality of political argument deteriorated further under these conditions.
Self-Interest and Public Interest in Western Politics
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIs it self‐interest or public interest that dominates in public life? Rational‐choice theory, political philosophy, and electoral research were all used to answer this question. Analysing existing literature, Professor Leif Lewin shows that predominant consensus emerged on this issue by the 1980s. This consensus states that people in politics are driven mostly by their self‐interest and not by common good and society values. Although Professor Lewin is not testing existing views that ‘egoism rules’ on deep theoretical grounds, he strongly argues that empirical facts do not support such views and thus opens a new chapter in the debate on individuals’ rationality.Combining research results and achievements of different research fields, mentioned above, the author adopts methodology never used before. Extensive literature review on studies of Western democracy provides a basis for analysis for many countries. Separate chapters of the book are devoted to the attitudes and actions of the electoral voters, politicians, and bureaucrats in power.This allows the author to make broad conclusions, which challenges predominant views. He concludes that in most cases people in politics are driven by broader social interests rather than their own short‐term interests.
Self‐Interest and Public Interest
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides some theoretical approaches to the subsequent chapters. In particular, it reflects on the ways in which different sub‐disciplines approach the question of whether any grounds exist for the predominance of self‐interest in Western politics.Problems of ‘rational‐choice’ theory, of the philosophical method, and of the electoral research are then analysed. The discourse of each of these three scientific fields is presented on the basis of the analysis of corresponding literature.
Are Politicians Vote‐Maximizers?
Authors: Lewin Leif 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
According to the assumption of the public‐choice theory, politicians are guided by their self‐interest and vote maximization. By analysing studies based on theories of the political business cycle, Leif Lewin provides evidence of predominance of public interest over self‐interest in politics.
The author then proceeds to analyse the electoral strategies of European socialists supporting this argument. The facts presented clearly indicate that the image of the politicians as primarily vote‐maximizers has little empirical support.
Parties and Democracy
Authors: Budge Ian , Keman Hans 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Parties are the central institution through which mass representative democracies now work. This book covers four aspects of their activities at governmental level—the actual formation and termination of governments; the distribution of ministries between parties forming the government; and policymaking. In each area, it proposes theories and models of how parties drive these processes, and checks them against comparative evidence for 20 States from 1946–85. Initial hypotheses are broadly upheld by this evidence, supporting a general theory of democratic functioning described in Chs. 3 and 7. This has considerable implications for the general theory of the State. The evidence used in the book has been updated and extended. It is now published as Jqap Woldendorp, hans E. Keman, and Ian Budge Party Government in 48 Democracies (1945–98): Composition, Duration, Personnel.
From Representative to Responsive Government?
Authors: Charlot Jean 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Despite the rise in electoral abstention, decline in party identification, and lack of trust in political elites, representative democracy is not in crisis, although the economic policies of governments have been frequently ineffective. European leaders have used opinion polls, which are effective in reaching more than the active minorities, to remain in touch with what the electors desire. Between elections, public opinion, as polls reveal it, as the media present, and as the politicians respond to it, exerts increasing pressure on government decision‐making.
Élite–Mass Linkages in Europe: Legitimacy Crisis or Party Crisis?
Authors: Andeweg Rudy B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A gap between representatives and the represented is an inevitable consequence of the separation of the principal and the agent. Despite a decrease in the trust of political leaders, there is no decline in the democratic system or of interest in politics. An increase in right‐wing extremism is a safety valve alerting the political elites to neglected issues, not a threat to the democratic order. Parties have lost most of their non‐electoral functions, in part to single‐issue movements that provide new structures for elite‐mass linkage.
Organized Interests as Intermediaries
Authors: Richardson Jeremy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Not only have interest groups played a key role in representation and legitimization but have also begun to displace political parties as intermediaries between governing elites and governed peoples. There has been an increase in the groups involved in each policy and the erosion of boundaries between policy sectors. As policy‐making is Europeanized, interest groups are shifting their activities towards the EU. Far from lacking linkage processes, there has been an enormous proliferation of opportunity structures for citizen participation.
The Fluctuating Rationale of Monetary Union
Authors: Forder James , Oppenheimer Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The conditions for monetary union incorporated in the Maastricht Treaty conflict with the interests of the European peoples by giving priority to maintaining price stability over employment and growth. This involved capitulation in the 1980s to German Bundesbank insistence. The resulting disinflationary impetus in the Maastricht convergence criteria was relayed by successive reports from the European Commission rejecting responsibility for output and employment levels.
The Racial Convention
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLike Plato's Republic, the ICERD is founded on a noble lie: that racial discrimination, as defined in its opening article, can be eliminated. Events leading up to the unanimous adoption of the Convention in 1965 are described. The preambular paragraphs represent racial discrimination as resembling a sickness; the operative paragraphs conceive of it as resembling a crime. Without the rhetoric promising elimination, the Convention would not have been adopted. Without the obligation upon all states parties to introduce legislation, the Convention would have had no practical effect.
The Committee's Inheritance
Authors: Banton Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In 1965, many governments associated racial discrimination with a particular phase of European thought, with the imperialism of European powers, and with practices in the USA. Yet the Convention represented it as a universal problem. From its first meeting in 1970, CERD, the body established to examine state reports, had to work out the implications for states in different regions of their acceptance of its obligations. The relations between relevant groups in Europe, Africa, America, and Asia at this time are described.