bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interplay of Growth and Decline
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As cognitive aging researchers, we care for our subjects. Most scientists and practitioners do, of course, but there seems to be a quite inordinate amount of sympathizing in cognitive aging circles. I usually look very much forward to testing people from our older adult research panel—they are so much different from the typical undergraduate student, who breezes into the lab and seems to want nothing more than to breeze out as quickly as possible. We get acquainted over a cup of coffee, and I usually get to hear some pretty interesting stories (thanks to my research subjects, I know more about nuclear waste management than is good for my sense of security, I have an inkling of the usefulness of Bach sonatas for the beginning piano player, and I will never consider a career switch to operating high-rise cranes). It is always quite distressing to see how these interesting, highly motivated, and articulate human beings then struggle with the cognitive tasks set before them—they certainly do not breeze through. This contrast between high performance in daily life and less than optimal performance in the laboratory has not been lost on most researchers in the field. Our laboratory data and our theories about basic effects of aging on cognition say one thing (decline, growing inflexibility, powerlessness); our hearts, and also our eyes, say another (accumulated experience, openness to life, potential).
The Feature Structure of Functional Categories
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Focusing on the relation between functional categories and lexical and phrasal categories in Arabic dialects, Benmamoun proposes that universally functional categories are specified for categorial features which determine their relation with lexical categories. Language variation is attributed to differences with respect to the categorial feature specifications of functional categories and how they interact with lexical categories. The book brings new insights to issues related to the syntax of functional categories, the relation between syntax and the morpho-phonological component, and comparative syntax.
The Last Shall Be First: Religion, Oppositional Culture, and African-American Political Mobilization
Authors: Harris Fredrick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I heard a loud noise in the heavens, and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosen, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first would be last and the last should be first.
Shaping the Policy Agenda
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 1988, a presidential commission appointed by Ronald Reagan announced a recommendation for a 51 percent pay increase for members of Congress. The recommendation also proposed salary increases for all other federal employees as well. The commission’s recommendation quickly filtered out to news media and radio talk show hosts. Talk show hosts around the nation immediately began discussing the news on the air and received angry phone calls from listeners who objected to the increase.
Ralph Waldo Emerson 1812-1892
Authors: Bosco Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s biography has long challenged both general readers and specialists in American literature. As the bibliographies printed in this volume indicate, Emerson, whose private and public writings alone now approach fifty printed volumes in modern editions, has been the subject of numerous book-length biographies. A recently published chronology of major events in his life extends to well over five hundred pages.1 A person who engaged in complex personal and intellectual relationships with many persons in America and abroad, who had something to say about every important religious and philosophical controversy, political and social event, and scientific discovery that came to his attention between the 1820s and the late 1870s, and who nearly filled four notebooks with the titles of books he considered essential to read, Emerson defies easy summary.2
Poe and Nineteenth-Century Gender Constructions
Authors: Person Leland S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent biographical assessments of Poe seem to be reaching a consensus, in J. Gerald Kennedy’s words, on the “compulsions—intellectual and imaginative—that shaped his work” (“Violence,” 534). Because these compulsions and the object relations they entail divide along gender lines, they represent a useful paradigm for beginning an overview of Poe and nineteenth-century gender constructions. Like Kennedy; Kenneth Silverman emphasizes the importance of Eliza Poe’s death (as well as the deaths of Fanny Allan and Jane Standard) on the youthful Poe, especially the way his mother’s death causes a life long fixation on women’s deaths and returns from the grave. Silverman accounts for the “peculiar cluster of dead-alive persons” in the poetry and fiction by appealing to modern theories of childhood bereavement. Adults “learn to live with the death of someone they have loved by gradually and painfully withdrawing their deep investment of feeling in the person. But children who lose a parent at an early age, as Edgar lost Eliza Poe, instead in vest more feeling in and magnify the parent’s image” (76). The grieving child, in other words, invests desire in the parent’s re turn from the dead.
Eye and Heart: Hemingway’s Education as a Naturalist
Authors: Beegel Susan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1832 Ralph Waldo Emerson defined “Nature” as “all that is separate from us,” and, with few exceptions, criticism and biography of Ernest Hemingway to date exemplifies our separation of nature and culture(22). We belive that Hemingway’s most significant milieu was Paris in the 1920s and forger that he grew up in the midst of an environmental awakening as extreme as any America has experienced, in a town where other manifestations of the “back to nature” movement included the prairie architecture of Frank Lloyd Wrightm, the urban parkscapes of Frederick Law Olmstead, and the Tarzan stories of Edgar Rice Burroughs.
The Recommendation
Authors: Roberts Felicia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with phase 5 of the adjuvant therapy visit: the part of the visit when the doctor delivers and justifies recommendation for further treatment. By “recommendation” I am referring not only to the statement that contains the recommendation but also to the talk surrounding it. The recommendation itself is often a fairly straightforward matter, stated in a sentence such as, “Our recommendation is that you get chemo therapy of some kind.” This is not the main work that needs doing though. As evidenced by the extensive discussion (up to 1 hour) surrounding those simple statements, it is clear that the main work to be accomplished is to explain and justify the recommendation, to persuade the patient to take a particular course of action.
Experience and Plasticity in Brain Structure: Possible Implications of Basic Research Findings for Developmental Disorders
Authors: Greenough William T , Black James E , Klintsova Anna , Bates Kathye. , Weiler Ivan Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on the effects of postnatal experience on the structure of the developing and adult brain. Because rare developmental disorders often occur with either genetic defects or prenatal neuropathology, we briefly dis cuss how early development establishes the foundation for neural plasticity systems and also influences the quality of experience utilized. The chapter then focuses on neural plasticity systems that appear predictably to incorporate aspects of experience into brain development or other systems that appear more individualized and not closely tied to development. Then we propose an integrative perspective of neural plasticity that moves beyond synapses to consideration of local tissue elements, cooperative neural circuits, and endocrine modulatory effects. We next describe a molecular process that may be involved in synaptic development and plasticity that appears to require the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), the absence of which is associated with the fragile X mental retardation syndrome, a relatively rare (1:2,000) developmental disorder (Brown, 1996). Finally, we present an example of an experiential therapy for an acquired brain dis order, the effect of fetal alcohol exposure on the developing brain.
Plasticity, Localization, and Language Development
Authors: Bates Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term aphasia refers to acute or chronic impairment of language, an acquired condition that is most often associated with damage to the left side of the brain, usually due to trauma or stroke. We have known about the link between left hemi sphere damage (LHD) and language loss for more than a century (Goodglass, 1993). For almost as long, we have also known that the lesion-symptom correlations observed in adults do not appear to hold for very young children (Basser, 1962; Lenneberg, 1967). In fact, in the absence of other complications, infants with congenital damage to one side of the brain (left or right) usually go on to acquire language abilities that are well within the normal range (Eisele and Aram, 1995; Feldman et al., 1992; Vargha-Khadem et al., 1994). To be sure, children with a his tory of early brain injury typically perform below neurologically intact age matched controls on a host of language and nonlanguage measures, including an average full-scale IQ difference somewhere between 4 and 8 points from one study to another (especially in children with persistent seizures; Vargha-Khadem et al., 1994). Brain damage is not a good thing to have, and some price must be paid for wholesale reorganization of the brain to compensate for early injuries. But the critical point for present purposes is that these children are not aphasic, despite early damage of a sort that often leads to irreversible aphasia when it occurs in an adult. In addition to the reviews by other authors cited above, my colleagues and I have also published several detailed reviews, from various points of view, of language, cognition, and communicative development in children with focal brain in jury (e.g., Bates et al., 1997, 1998; Elman et al., 1996; Reilly et al., 1998; Stiles, 1995; Stiles et al., 1998; Stiles and Thal, 1993; Thal et al., 1991). As these reviews attest, a consensus has emerged that stands midway between the historical ex tremes of equipotentiality (Lenneberg, 1967) and innate predetennination of the adult pattern of brain organization for language (e.g., Curtiss, 1988; Stromswold, 1995).
Restoring a Threatened Paradise
Authors: Smith Nigel J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Successful economic development along the Amazon floodplain hinges on efforts to conserve and better manage the river’s unique biodiversity. At present, much of the biodiversity is being destroyed even before it can be identified, let alone studied and evaluated for the benefit of those living in the region. The sinuous forests of the floodplain are a cornucopia for food, livestock feed, medicines, building materials, fish bait, and a host of other uses. In addition, the forests are a largely untapped reservoir of plants for agricultural improvement. Seasonally flooded forests are home to several economically important fruit trees, such a&lt;:ai, buriti, and yellow mombim. Future attempts to raise yields and to improve the quality of these trees will require extensive tapping of genetic resources. The loss of wild populations of these long-appreciated fruit, nut, and timber trees on the floodplain not only undercuts the income-generating capacity and nutrition of locals, but also forecloses options for crop improvement.
Brown V. Board Of Education(1954)
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) shaped Americans’ understanding of constitutional law for the rest of the twentieth century. For nearly all of its history, the Supreme Court developed constitutional law in ways that preserved the status quo or obstructed legislative change sought by political liberals. Brown was different. Not incidentally, it provided an important ideological underpinning for the civil rights movement, which was already developing when the Court acted. President Harry S. Truman’s order de segregating the armed forces placed one branch of government on the side of civil rights.
The Epilepsies
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The medical man who is not well-versed in neuropsychiatry might associate the name of Hughlings Jackson mainly with a particular variety of epilepsy. Jackson began to write on the subject as early as 1861, and he continued to probe the mysteries of this disorder until 1902. Epilepsy is one of the earliest affections mentioned in medical history but, until two centuries ago, its nature was a matter of conjecture. When Hughlings Jackson began to practice medicine, epilepsy, though no longer known as the ‘sacred disease’, was still regarded as a social disorder. Even when Jackson was Resident Medical Officer at the York Dispensary, a physician at St. Mary’s Hospital, London, produced a monograph on epilepsy in which he stated, “We should regard the fit as the flower of a noxious weed”. In the same publication the author also said: “It may be admitted that the epileptic paroxysm is peculiarly of a character to convey the impression that it is altogether beyond the ordinary range of physiological disturbances.”
Jackson’s Achievements Assessed by Other Neurologists
Authors: Critchley Macdonald , Critchley Eileen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hughlings Jackson’s work has been the subject of many contributors to the neurological literature over and above formal monographs and lectures on aphasiology. Papers have also been written by colleagues and friends which referred to his personality rather than his philosophy. He has probably attracted more attention than most other neurologists of his time. Among the serious items of Jacksoniana was the dissertation in 1978 of Professor Kenneth Dewhurst of the University of the West Indies, Jamaica.1 It dealt with Hughlings Jackson’s contributions to psychiatry. Dewhurst discussed the various psychological states which had interested Jackson—notably the phenomenon of consciousness—and quoted the interpretation of his own views on the unconscious state which were formulated by Dr. D. Williams. Jackson’s rather ambiguous conception of hysteria was referred to; his description of epileptic dreamy states is relegated to the collection of psychiatric conditions which especially interested Jackson.
Clinical Features
Authors: Petersen Ronald C , Morris John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become increasingly evident in recent years that prodromal states of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) likely exist. Clinical criteria for AD have been published and used worldwide-for example, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV (DSM IV) and National Institute for Neurological Communitive Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (NINCDS/ADRDA) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed., 1994; McKhann et al., 1984).
Normative Neuropsychology
Authors: Smith Glenn E , Ivnik Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to distinguish categories along the continuum from normal aging to disease is enhanced by neuropsychological assessment. In turn, the usefulness of neuropsychological assessment is enhanced by normative neuropsychological research to establish the psychometric properties of neuropsychological instruments. The Mayo Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS) were undertaken to provide age-appropriate norms up to life’s oldest ages.
Introduction
Authors: Ford Cecilia E , Fox Barbara A , Thompson Sandra A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “The Relevance of Repair to Syntax-for-Conversation,” Emanuel Schegloff (1979) offered discourse-functional linguists the opportunity to imagine the kind of linguistics that could emerge as a result of modern data-recording technology. He pointed to the profound reworking of linguistic methods and terms of analysis that such new forms of data might demand.
Cultivating Prayer
Authors: Capps Lisa , Ochs Elinor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central function of language is to establish and maintain a sense of continuity and well-being throughout the life course. Language provides a medium for making sense out of past events and coping with the unpredictability of the future. This endeavor involves sorting out temporal-causal orderings of events (i.e., what did/ did not or will/will not happen) and imbuing them with moral castings (i.e., what should/should not have happened or should/should not happen). All levels of language are recruited to this end, including genre (Bakhtin 1981, 1986). Every community has a repertoire of genres that organize particular events and trajectories in terms of conventional structurings, understandings, and sentiments.
Hurricanes of the North Atlantic
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Called the greatest storms on the planet, hurricanes of the North Atlantic Ocean often cause tremendous social and economic upheaval in the United States, Mexico, and the Caribbean. And with the increasing development of coastal areas, the impact of these storms is likely to increase. This book provides a comprehensive analysis if North Atlantic hurricanes and what they mean to society. It is intended as an intermediary between hurricane climate research and the users of hurricane information. Topics include the climatology of tropical cyclones in general and those of the North Atlantic in particular; the major North Atlantic hurricanes, focusing on US landfalling storms; the prediction models used in forecasting; and societal vulnerability to hurricanes, including ideas for modeling the relationship between climatological data and analysis in the social and economic sciences.
Hurricane Characteristics
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Owing to substantial size and intensity, hurricanes are the single costliest and most destructive of all atmospheric storms. Of the ten costliest weather disasters in the history of the United States, six were the result of hurricanes. Powerful winds of the hurricane produce tremendous damage to natural and man-made structures. Trees are blown down and properties are destroyed. Huge waves raise the potential of total destruction to coastal communities. The associated torrential rains create catastrophic flooding to both coastal and inland areas. The combination of strong winds, flooding rains, storm surge, and tomadoe raises the specter of mass casualties. Destruction from hurricanes rivals the destruction from major earthquakes. Though typically formed and nurtured deep in the tropics, hurricanes can travel great distances to devastate cities and towns that have a temperate climate.
Hurricane Categories and Impacts
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hurricanes are classified in a number of different ways. The most intense tropical cyclones are called major hurricanes, while the less intense ones are called regular hurricanes. Other classifications are based on developmental factors. Hybrid storms, subtropical cyclones, tropical-only hurricanes, and baroclinically-enhanced hurricanes represent categories of tropical cyclones that are distinguished by different developmental or structural characteristics. Hurricanes differ in fundamental ways from extratropical cyclones common in the middle latitudes. This chapter examines the development and growth of hurricanes. Consideration is given to the various categories of North Atlantic hurricanes. The impacts of hurricanes from wind, rain, and storm surge are considered.
Hurricanes of the Early 1990s
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hurricane activity in the North Atlantic basin during 1995 and 1996 was well above the long-term average. Cumulatively the two seasons featured a record 20 hurricanes. Eleven hurricanes formed during 1995 and nine more followed in 1996. Many of the storms formed deep in the tropics from easterly waves. The extensive activity marked an abrupt change from the early 1990s, when consecutive seasons had below normal levels of activity; and much of the activity was baroclinically-enhanced. Tropical-only hurricanes were more common during the 1940s and the 1950s. The return of tropicalonly hurricanes to the North Atlantic basin is likely the result of several global and local factors including cool SST conditions in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific (cold phase of ENSO) and warm SSTs in the tropical Atlantic. This chapter reviews the record-setting nature of the 1995 and 1996 North Atlantic hurricane seasons. The ample activity during the brief2-yearperiod is compared to the dearth of activity during the previous 4 years. Speculations on climatological factors related to the heightened activity are given. The presentation in this chapter follows the work of Kimberlain and Elsner (1998).
Seasonal Forecast Models
Authors: Elsner James B , Kara A Birol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forecasting is about making predictions of future events consistent with one’s best judgments. Consequently, it is desirable to allow for consistent revisions of those judgments as more data become available. Statistical models are efficient means of logically understanding the data and should be used as a guide to forecasting. Their utility arises from the stochastic nature of climate. Hurricane climate prediction faces two sources of uncertainty. First, since climate is weather over longer time scales, the fundamental limitation of weather forecasts-resulting from the chaotic nature of the atmosphererenders perfect climate predictions impossible. That is, even if knowledge of hurricanes is exact and comprehensive, the hurricane climate forecaster would still need to couch predictions in terms of probabilities. Second, knowledge about climate is neither exact nor complete, leading to another source of uncertainty. There is reason for hope because hurricane climate forecasts are about broad, general characteristics of activity rather than about the details of individual events; and there is no fundamental limitation to this kind of knowledge. Concern centers on whether or not Miami will get hit by a major hurricane during the next five years, not on what will happen to the next storm that develops.
Category Implication
Authors: Overstreet Maryann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the accompanying cartoon (figure 3.1), Curtis is with his family in his mother’s hospital room. When his mother gains consciousness, his father asks him to take his younger brother home. Puzzled by the father’s request, as they are leaving the hospital, the younger brother asks Curtis “Why did we have to leave?” In response to his brother’s question, Curtis provides an answer containing a general extender: They wanna kiss and hug and stuff like that. It is possible that Curtis is just constructing a list of behaviors.