bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Curses, Family Curses, and The Structure of Rights
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When mortals violated the sacred in the directest of the ways that were discussed in the previous chapter, the consequence was that ‘an agos came upon them.’ Agos is here a spontaneous and automatic product of transgression. As was noted in the introduction, however, it could also be invoked against offenders in curses: ‘let an agos come upon those who have sworn the oath should they transgress it.’ Though curses often demand simply that the offender should ‘be destroyed himself and his family’, they sometimes specify familiar consequences of pollution: crop-failure, sterility of animals, monstrous births of humans. The Amphictyonic oath contains a provision of this kind, and continues ‘And may they never sacrifice without offence to Apollo or Artemis or …’. It is the impossibility of sacrificing ‘without offence’ that, according to Antiphon, often indicates the presence of a pollution, and that revealed to the Spartans that ‘the wrath of Talthybius had struck upon them’ for the murder of Xerxes’ heralds.
Introduction: Novator Turbatorque Priscarum Legum ?
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a letter to the Senate, Julian concluded his denunciation of the emperor Constantius with the charge that Constantius’ father (Julian’s uncle) Constantine had been an ‘innovator and disturber of the ancient laws and of custom received long ago’. Many modern scholars, who see Constantine as a radical innovator responsible for the introduction into the Roman legal system of fundamentally non-Roman concepts derived from Christian and ‘oriental’ sources, have agreed with Julian’s description. More recent work on late Roman law, however, suggests that it is time to reassess the traditional view of Constantine’s legislation.
Perspectives on Constantine’s Legislation
Authors: Grubbs Judith Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thorough examination of Constantine’s legislation on marriage does not support the often expressed view that his marriage laws clearly reflect Christian teachings and a peculiarly ‘Christian’ spirit. This misconception has arisen in part from a misunderstanding of the social and legal context of the laws themselves. Thus a law on abduction marriage has been misinterpreted as a rape law, and a one-sentence fragment whose original context is unknown and which (as we have it) says only that a married man cannot keep a concubine in his house, is said to be introducing ‘Christian morality’ into Roman law, although it simply states explicitly what had always been assumed implicitly in Roman law and practice.
The Ptolemaic Peace, 287-225 BC
Authors: Grainger John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ptolemaic acquisition of four-fifths of mainland Phoenicia proved to be definitive. The inability of Demetrios Poliorketes or Seleukos Nikator to challenge Ptolemaic control was evident from the first. Demetrios went down to humiliation, desertion, defeat, and capture by Seleukos in 285 and died in 283. Seleukos himself had announced his policy of no war, no peace with Ptolemy as early as 30 I, and busied himself in building up his strength, partly in defence, partly with a view to acquiring yet more territory. As it happened he found Asia Minor his most lucrative field of operations, until he was killed in 28I, characteristically in the act of acquiring yet more territory.
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Miriam T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Without the testimony of Tacitus, Seneca the statesman could hardly exist.’ Syme’s tribute to the historian contains a remarkable fact about the statesman: he did not discuss his political career or his policies, though he wrote voluminously and in the first person. Only the Apocolocyntosis and De Clementia appear to betray directly his preoccupations as amicus principis. Are the rest of his works simply irrelevant to his political career? This problem is part of a wider one, for it is not merely Seneca the statesman that his works fail to reveal — it is Seneca the man. The surviving prose works, though addressed to contemporaries and concerned with practical moral problems, tell us little about Seneca’s external life or about the people and events that formed its setting.
Orestes
Authors: Lloyd Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate between Orestes and Tyndareus in Orestes is the most subtle and complex of all Euripides’ agones. Many problems of interpretation are raised by the two main speeches themselves, and questions also arise about the relationship of the debate both to the immediate action and to the overall themes of the play. The earlier part of the play has presented the desperate situation in which Orestes and Electra find themselves, and revealed that Menelaus is their only hope of salvation (52-6). The agon comes in the long second episode (348-806), which contrasts Menelaus’ failure to live up to their hopes with the ready help offered by the loyal friend Pylades.
The Megarian Decree
Authors: Brunt P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become the accepted view that the decree by which Megarians were excluded from the Attic agora and the harbours of the Athenian empire was passed in 433 or 432 and that it had a significant place among the chain of events leading to the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war. Precisely what significance is not indeed a matter of agreement. Those who explain the outbreak of that war by trade rivalries between Athens and the leading commercial cities of the Peloponnese naturally regard it as a stroke of commercial imperialism on the part of Athens which helped to drive her competitors to the breaking point. Beloch, who holds that Pericles forced on the war to preserve his own power at Athens and that the decree was one of the measures by which he succeeded in doing this, thinks that the indignation it aroused was the decisive factor that led the Peloponnesian allies to reject Archi damus’ advice and resolve on immediate war.
The Speeches of Apollodoros I: Authorship
Authors: Trevett Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authorship of the speeches delivered by Apollodoros is a topic which has generated considerable scholarly discussion. A complete solution to the problem would require us to provide answers to the following three separate questions. First, how many of the speeches are correctly attributed to Demosthenes and how many are spurious? Second, are the spurious speeches the work of a single author? Third, if these speeches were written by one man, can we identify him? In this chapter a variety of criteria will be applied in an attempt to produce a definitive answer to these questions. We shall consider not only the speeches which Apollodoros certainly delivered (45, 46, 49, 50, 52, 5 3, 59), but also those which have been associated with them on grounds either of style (47) or of content (51). Before examining the evidence, we should consider briefly the views of earlier scholars.
Athens
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Comic angels’? This is my proposed answer to the riddles set by a vase-painting which has surfaced on the seventeenth-floor of a New York apartment-block after 2,300 years or more beneath the ground somewhere in southern Italy. The solution stands at the overlap of the several circles of interest which occupy this book. These interacting ‘fields’ might be schematized as: The intersections of these four fields produce a fifth set of interests, cultural implications which are, in effect, further prerequisites: the appreciation of Athenian drama overseas, and an awareness at Athens that drama has a potential audience beyond Attica.
Paratragedy and Paraiconography
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The juxtaposition of Aigisthos and Pyrrhias with their comic angels gives a fresh sense of the reverence and irreverence of their respective genres. While tragedy aspired to appear handsome and noble, comedy was bulging and disrespectful, with an overemphasis on the parts which should be decently concealed. In keeping with this, it was also of the essence of comedy to travesty, subvert, distort, over-inflate, deflate. Almost every activity or discourse, high or low, Athenian or alien, public or private, was fair game, from the law to philosophy, from oracles to dithyrambs, from the Olympian gods to the dignitaries present in the theatre. And comedy’s high-flown non-identical twin, tragedy, was, of course, an especially favoured victim, paratragedized in endless ways.
Introduction: From the Fora to the Macella
Authors: Frayn Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MARKETS and fairs formed part of the infrastructure of ancient commerce: an examination of their organization should therefore reveal to some extent the relationship between producer and consumer in the Roman period in Italy and the types of transaction involved. Changes in the siting and arrangement of the markets were only one feature of the extensive urban development in Italy between the end of the Punic Wars and the early years of the principate, but the study of them may lead us to ask and attempt to answer certain questions.
Markets in Italy outside Rome
Authors: Frayn Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is reasonable to suppose that most Italian towns of the Roman period had regular markets of a general or in some cases a specialized nature, as they do today, and we have evidence of many of these. De Ruyt lists twenty-six macellain Italy, and there were probably more which have not yet been traced, hut these were markets devoted exclusively to the sale of food, and they were held in buildings of some elaboration, often representing the bene factions of prominent citizens.
Emendatio: From the Editio Princeps to the First Aldine
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After being lost to sight for a thousand years Catullus came to light again in a single corrupt manuscript, the Veronensis, on the very eve of the Renaissance. An ‘exile returning from a distant land’, as Benvenuto Campesani describes him, he had narrowly survived the neglect and vicissitudes of the Middle Ages, and he was scarred and mutilated from his passage.
Parodia: Catullus and the Res Publica Litterarum
Authors: Gaisser Julia Haig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinctive qualities of 4 inspired the only parody of a whole poem that survives from Antiquity, the 10th Catalepton.2No one knows the author of Cat al.10, but in the Renaissance he was most often identified with the young Vergil; and the Vergilian aura and authority prevailed in spite of the caution or protests of individual scholars. Vergil (as we shall call him) produced a parody so close to the original that the texts of the two poems have been used to correct each other.
The Consequences of Adrianople Rebuilding the Army
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the heavy losses incurred at the battle of Adrianople’ Theodosius I, the new emperor of the Eastern Empire, tried desperately to rebuild his field army. Peasants were called up and even miners. Units were transferred from the eastern frontier. Above all, Goths were enrolled on a very large scale, a dangerous procedure considering that they were to be used against their compatriots. They were mingled with Romans in the units of the army and, if Zosimus i to be believed/ came to form a majority of the troops. To reduce the proportion of newly-enrolled Goths in the Balkan army some were sent to Egypt, to be replaced by individuals transferred from units of the Egyptian army.” Not surprisingly the new army did not prove very effective. In 380 it suffered a serious defeat, for which leakage of military information by Goths on the Roman side to the enemy was thought to be largely responsible.
The Rich, the Poor, and the West
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chrysostom antagonized some very wealthy and powerful persons, and no doubt others who were simply rich. According to ‘Martyrius’ at least some of the wealthy claimed that they dared not go to church because when he preached about the misdeeds of the rich all the congregation looked at them. Others complained that by words and deeds Chrysostom was preventing them from making money in their customary way. There is no reason to doubt that his outspoken attempts to awaken the social conscience of the well-to-do caused irritation and annoyance. ‘Martyrius’ further gives the impression that the poor and the sick were behind Chrysostom.
Bishop and Public Li£e in the Cyrenaica of Synesius
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study has dealt with two aspects of the transformation of society in Late Antiquity: demilitarization and Christianization. The first resulted in the inability or unwillingness of the inhabitants of the Later Empire to rally to the defence of the Empire against foreign invaders. One consequence of the second was the growth of the power of the bishops which introduced new possibilities and new tensions. Of the nature of these possibilities and tensions the career of John Chrysostom provides an unusually well documented illustration. Chrysostom, however, was scarcely typical. As bishop of the capital he occupied a unique position, and in any case he was an exceptional man. We come closer to average experience by looking at the life and career of Synesius–even though Synesius was in many ways an unusual man to become bishop.
Wounding
Authors: Saunders Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Athenian contrives a transition from homicide to woundings ( traumata) by linking the former to the education and nurture of the ‘living soul’ (presumably because murder terminates that state), and woundings to the education and nurture of the body. The law on woundings is set out in an order which reverses that of the law of homicide, in that the most serious cases come first; it is preceded by one lengthy preamble and an even longer discussion on a principle of legislation; and the first substantive section (A) is supplemented by a passage on the adoption of an heir into families without male issue, from which the lot-holder is lost by execution or permanent banishment.A didactic preamble (874e8-875d6) may be summarized as follows: ‘The necessity of making communal good paramount over the private, and the difficulty of finding an absolute ruler who is sufficiently wise and altruistic to follow that principle rather than line his own pockets,jointly require law and regulation, to prevent our lives becoming like those of wild beasts.’
Introduction
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music, Musik, musique, musica, muzsika, muzyka, musiikki, miizik, miwsig: the world owes the word to the Greeks. Melody, harmony, symphony, polyphony: these too. Orchestra, organ, chorus, chord, tone, baritone, tonic, diatonic, diapason, chromatic, rhythm, syncopation: all from Greek. Ancient Greek culture was permeated with music. Probably no other people in history has made more frequent reference to music and musical activity in its literature and art. Yet the subject is practically ignored by nearly all who study that culture or teach about it. Sometimes its very existence seems to be barely acknowledged. In a justly celebrated book on the Lesbian poets we read that it is a natural assumption that all or almost all Sappho’s poems ‘were recited by herself informally to her companions’. The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece, where burning Sappho loved and recited? In that generally admirable volume The Oxford History of the Classical World (1986) we look in vain for a section on Greek music.
Music in Greek Life
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beyond the North Wind there lies a paradise that no traveller can reach either by land or by sea. It is the country of the Hyperboreans, that blessed people whom Apollo loves and with whom he spends the winter months of every year. Untouched by illness or old age, in perpetual peace and ease, they adorn their heads with bright wreaths and spend their days in cheerful feasting, and the Muse, in accord with their ways, does not forsake that land: dance-choruses of girls are everywhere, and the assertive voices of lyres and resounding shawms are ever astir.
Stringed Instruments
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem of classifying the musical instruments of the world’s peoples on scientific principles has long exercised musicologists. The most influential system is the one devised by E. M. von Horn hostel and C. Sachs, which operates with four main categories (and many subdivisions): idiophones (that is, instruments made from sonorous materials that will yield a sound simply by being struck, shaken, rubbed, etc.), aerophones, membranophones, and chordophones.1 For our purposes, however, the familiar layman’s classification into stringed, wind, and percussion instruments will serve perfectly well. It corresponds, incidentally, to a classification recognized by some ancient writers.
Melody and Form
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite our poverty in actual music from Antiquity, it is possible to say a certain amount about the character of Greek melody. Ancient sources make occasional reference to melodic features of the music of certain composers or styles. The extant musical documents, few and fragmentary though they are, add appreciably to our understanding. Even from pieces of which only a dozen bars or notes survive, we may get some sense of whether the music has a tonal centre, whether it tends to dwell on particular notes or is constantly moving up and down, whether this movement is predominantly between adjacent degrees of the scale or across larger intervals, to what extent syllables of the song are divided between two or more notes.
The Musical Documents
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We come now to the musical documents themselves. First I will present a catalogue of the specimens of Greek music so far known, however fragmentary. It is arranged as far as possible chronologically. References are provided to Pohlmann’s Denkmiiler altgriech ischer Musik and to other selected secondary literature, especially to publications containing photographs of the originals. The catalogue is followed by transcriptions of most of the pieces, with Greek texts transliterated and translated and with observations on the music. The items asterisked in the catalogue are those treated more fully in the transcription section.
Epilogue
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greece occupies a unique position at the interface of two continents. Such is the layout of seas and lands that no other country of Europe is so exposed to the warm breath of Asia. ‘Europe’ and ‘Asia’ in this context are no empty cartographic labels, but weighty shorthand terms: they stand for two great cultural arenas, not coextensive with the Europe and Asia of atlases but conveniently designated by these names.
Chapter Headings
Authors: Cameron Averil , Hall Stuart G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the manuscripts the whole VC is divided into chapters, the numbering of which is still used for reference. The headings of these chapters go back to an early editor or copyist, and not to Eusebius himself (see Introd., § I). Since they have their own historic interest, and occasionally provide useful information, a translation of them is presented here, on the basis of the Greek text in pp. 3-13 of Winkelmann ‘s edition. The headings and subheadings in the Plan (Introd., § 5) and in the translation itself have been made by the present translators, who believe they are a better guide to Eusebius ‘ plan and thought.
Pagans, Jews, and Christians from the First to the Third Century
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not every city visited by Paul was an Antioch. Expelled from there and from Iconium, he and Barnabas continued along the Roman via Sebaste to Lystra, also a Roman colony on a modest scale, but with a large native element in the population. The inhabitants, impressed by the miraculous cure of a lame man, hailed the visitors in their native Lycaonian language as manifest gods, Zeus and Hermes, and the priest of Zeus, whose temple lay in front of the city, was scarcely restrained from sacrificing oxen to them. Paul and Barnabas responded with a speech that was designed to appeal to people whose culture and religious beliefs had little urban sophistication, and who were pagans, not Jews or Jewish sympathizers. God had never been absent from their lives in former times, but had allowed men to go their own way. His benevolence was shown by his care for a rural population: ‘he sends you rain from heaven and crops in their seasons, filling your hearts with nourishment and good cheer ’.
Augustus
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present study of Augustus begins with book 2 of the Fasti. After the death of the Princeps in ad 14, Ovid redesigned the proem and Julian entries to book 1 for the purpose of incorporating into the calendar the poem’s new dedicatee, Caesar Germanicus. Ovid’s Augustan anniversaries for January, written in exile, contain themes and ideas more reflective of the early Principate of Tiberius, so these have been reserved for study in the section on Germanicus (Ch. 5).
Julius Caesar
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid’s portrayal of Julius Caesar in the Fasti will be dealt with against the background of controversy recently raised about the posthumous role assigned Caesar in the reign of his heir. Critics have long noted the low profile accorded Julius by Augustan poets, and have long suspected that the initiative for this proceeded directly from Augustus himself. The critic lending greatest currency to this view is Sir Ronald Syme, who repeatedly stated that, after Actium, Caesar’s heir, having become undisputed master of Rome, began to dissociate himself from his father as he sought to establish the appearance of continuity with a legitimate government, avowing Republican rather than absolutist ideals. In consequence, Julius’ claims gradually began to recede and lose ground. It is for this reason that Caesar attracted so little attention in the poetry of the age, the principal record of Augustus’ manipulation of opinion on the subject.
Pontic-Danubian Themes
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South-eastern Europe has found itself for most of its history at the juncture of two spheres of influence. To the south and west the classical civilizations of the Graeco-Roman world dominated the political and cultural landscape of the Mediterranean. They left a legacy that has flourished into modern times: historians have long emphasized the importance of the Roman invasion of the Balkans, the establishment of towns and cities, and the stability brought by long intervals of imperial rule. The same accolade, though often muted by hostile western and Christian traditions and grudging in its praise, has been accorded to the Ottomans in the five centuries of their sway.
Vagantes sine Cultu vel Legibus
Authors: Batty Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book explored a number of key themes in the history of the Pontic-Danubian region. The examples used to illustrate them came from the Middle Ages and early modern periods—roughly speaking, from the fourth to the nineteenth century ad. Part II of this book, however, is concerned with the world of prehistory; we need to see whether our chosen themes were equally present at an earlier time. This is another essential background to a discussion of the Roman period. It is designed to put the latter into its proper context. Having some ideas about common social patterns both before and after Roman rule, we may then understand the changes which occurred at that time more readily.