bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Joined-up’ government: an integrated response to communal violence in Northern Ireland?
Authors: Knox Colin 
Published: February 2003

English
The growing recognition that social problems are multi-faceted and need to be tackled in a way that cuts across traditional departmental boundaries has heralded the advent of joined-up government. Yet this new emphasis does not appear to have permeated the provision of public services in Northern Ireland in their response to the increasingly pervasive social problem of communal violence perpetrated by paramilitaries against those suspected of committing crime within their own communities. This article examines the response of governmental and non-governmental agencies to this issue and questions whether victims of violence could benefit from an integrated approach. A deep suspicion and mistrust of the statutory authorities and the ‘undeserving’ character of victims currently militate against a joined-up approach.
Common origins, different paths: adaptation and change in social security in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Daly Mary , Yeates Nicola 
Published: February 2003

English
This article compares social security in the British and Irish welfare states. Laying emphasis on both historical origins and contemporary reforms, it develops and applies a comparative framework that brings together structural, political and ideological factors. The article outlines how two social security systems compare as regards principles, institutional features and political characteristics. It then goes on to identify the main reforms and their significance for the characteristics of each of the two models and the cross-national comparison. The analysis reveals that different factors are driving developments in both countries and that, despite common origins and some contemporary similarities, the two social security systems are moving in different directions.
The multiple strategies of the Local Government Association: partner, player and think-tank?
Authors: Entwistle Tom , Laffin Martin 
Published: February 2003

English
The Local Government Association (LGA) is the national association for English local government. This article draws some conclusions about contemporary English central-local relations from the strategies and structures of the LGA. We test three models. The ‘partner’ model implies that the LGA is, or ought to be, in a trusting and equal relationship with the centre. The ‘bargaining’ model envisages a centre dependent on local government’s considerable resources and resigned to the necessity for negotiation and compromise. The ‘strong centre’ approach posits a central government with the autonomy to impose its policies without the need to enter into meaningful negotiations.
Polyurethanes: Products of 4,4′‐bis(6‐hydroxyhexylthio)diphenyl ether and methylene bis(4‐phenyl isocyanate)
Authors: Wdowicka Danuta , Podkościelny Wawrzyniec , Rogulska Magdalena 
Published: February 2003

AbstractNew linear polyurethanes derived from 4,4′‐bis(6‐hydroxyhexylthio)diphenyl ether and methylene bis(4‐phenyl isocyanate) were synthesized by either melt or solution polymerization with a strictly equimolar ratio of the monomers. In the solution method, good results were obtained with the aprotic solvent N,N‐dimethylformamide at an approximately 20 wt % concentration of the monomers, with dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst, the process being conducted at 90–100°C for 4 h. The basic physicochemical properties of the polymers were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The molecular weight distribution was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Shore hardness and tensile test results were also examined. The structures of the resulting products were confirmed with elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, and X‐ray diffractometry. The properties of the copolyurethanes, containing various amounts of poly(oxytetramethylene) diol (∼1000) or polycaprolactone diol (∼1250) and synthesized under the conditions for the nonsegmented polyurethanes, were also examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 380–388, 2003
Poly(phenylene oxide)‐based polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel‐cell applications
Authors: Ramya K. , Dhathathreyan K. S. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPoly(phenylene oxide)s were synthesized by the oxidative polymerization of 2‐phenyl phenol (PP) and 2‐allyl phenol (AP). The copolymers were also synthesized with 80 mol % PP and 20 mol % AP and with equimolar monomers. The polymers were characterized. Blends of these polymers with poly(vinylidene fluoride) were prepared. These blend membranes were sulfonated, and their suitability for applications in fuel cells was evaluated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 307–311, 2003
Improvement of adhesion between polyaniline and ion‐assisted‐reaction‐treated polypropylene
Authors: Lee Cheol‐Su , Han Sung , Beag Young‐Whoan , Joo Jin‐Soo , Koh Seok‐Keun 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA nonwettable polypropylene (PP) surface was modified by an ion‐assisted reaction (IAR) to improve its adhesion with a conjugated polymer, polyaniline (PAN). Hydrogen ions with energies ranging from 0.6 to 1 keV were irradiated on the PP surface in an oxygen gas environment. Ion doses were in the range 5 × 1014 to 1 × 1017 ions/cm2. The lowest static wetting angle of the irradiated PP without blowing oxygen gas was about 60°, but that of IAR‐treated PP was less than 10°; the surface free energy of the modified PP was larger than 64 dyne/cm, and adhesion between PAN and PP passed the Scotch tape test. The main contribution to this improvement was the high concentration of hydrophilic groups on PP. Surface chemistry was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and hydrophilic functional groups such as CO, CO, (CO)O were not washed with water. Surface morphology was observed with atomic force microscopy, and surface roughness changed from 8.30 to 20.8 nm after the treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 258–265, 2003
Gelatin/montmorillonite hybrid nanocomposite. II. Swelling behavior
Authors: Li Ping , Ping Zheng Jun , Lu Ma Ya , De Yao Kang 
Published: February 2003

AbstractGelatin/montmorillonite (MMT) hybrid nanocomposites with improved thermal and mechanical properties were prepared in a previous work. The swelling behavior (swelling rate, swelling kinetics, maximum solvent uptake, etc.) of the obtained composites was investigated. The results showed that the swelling process of the composites followed second‐order kinetics identical to those of the original gelatin. The swelling rate and maximum solvent uptake were greatly suppressed by the presence of MMT and were dependent on the MMT content and pH of the gelatin matrix. Moreover, the swelling mechanism of the polyelectrolyte‐intercalated nanocomposites was examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 322–326, 2003
Preparation and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance characterization a styrene/butadiene/acrylonitrile (ABS)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/gypsum ternary system
Authors: da Silva Edemilsom P. , C. Kaplan Maria Auxiliadora , B. Tavares Maria Inês 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPolymer blends were prepared to obtain a new material with specific characteristics. To prepare a miscible polymer blend, it is necessary to evaluate the chemical structure and molecular dynamics of all polymers involved and to thereby establish a structure–property relationship for these materials. In this work, ternary blends for application in plates chromatography were formed with styrene/butadiene/acrylinotrile (ABS), poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and gypsum, and were studied by solid‐state carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Magic‐angle spinning (MAS), cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning (CPMAS), variable contact time (VCT), and proton spin‐lattice relation time in the rotating frame (Tρ) were the techniques used to evaluate the miscibility, homogeneity, and compatibility of polymer blends at the molecular level. From the values of Tρ, it was verified that ABS/PVC/gypsum formed good polymer blends with some specific physical interaction at the molecular level. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 293–296, 2003
Synthesis, characterization, and metal ion uptake studies of chelating resins derived from formaldehyde/furfuraldehyde condensed phenolic schiff base of 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and o‐hydroxyacetophenone
Authors: Samal S. , Acharya S. , Dey R. K. , Ray A. R. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, and metal ion uptake studies of two chelating resins with multiple functional groups are reported. The chelating resins were synthesized by condensing a phenolic Schiff base derived from 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane and o‐hydroxyacetophenone with formaldehyde or furfuraldehyde. The resins readily absorbed transition metal ions, such as Cu2+ and Ni2+, from dilute aqueous solutions. The Schiff base, resins, and metal polychelates were characterized by various instrumental techniques, such as elemental‐analysis, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy proton and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR, respectively), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric–differential thermogravimetric analyses (TG–DTG). The 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR studies were used to determine the sites for aldehyde condensation with the phenolic moiety. Fourier transform infrared data provided evidence for metal–ligand bonding. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to compare the relative thermal stabilities of the resins and the polychelates. The TG data were fitted into different models and subjected to computational analysis to calculate the kinetic parameters. The XRD data indicate that the incorporation of metal ion into the resin matrix significantly enhanced the degree of crystallinity of the material. The extent of metal‐ion loading into the resins was studied in competitive and noncompetitive conditions, varying the time of contact, metal ion concentrations, and pH of the reaction medium in a suitable buffer medium. The furfuraldehyde‐condensed resin was more effective in removing metal ions than the formaldehyde‐condensed resins. The resins were selective for Cu2+, resulting in separation of Cu2+ and Ni2+ from the mixture at pH 5.89. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 570–581, 2003
Effects of irradiation on the melting and crystallization behavior of ethylene polymers with different thermal history
Authors: Teng Hongxiang , Dong Wenfei , Shi Yi , Jin Xigao 
Published: February 2003

AbstractEthylene polymers, including HDPE, Ziegler–Natta‐catalyzed LLDPE (Z–N LLDPE), metallocene‐catalyzed LLDPE (m‐LLDPE), and LDPE were thermally treated by different procedures, that is, quenching, slow cooling, and thermal segregation. These PE samples, having different thermal histories, were then irradiated with various doses, that is, 0, 13, 35, and 70 Mrad, by gamma ray using a 60Co radiation source. The melting and crystallization behaviors of these irradiated samples were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The effects of the thermal histories and irradiation on the polymers were evaluated by their melting temperatures (Tm), crystallization temperatures (Tc), and heat enthalpies (ΔH) in the heating and cooling scans. The results indicated that irradiation affects the samples having different thermal histories in different ways. The effects of the dosage on each kind of sample are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 536–544, 2003
DVD substrate application for polycarbonate end‐capped with 4‐α‐cumylphenol
Authors: Okamoto Masaya 
Published: February 2003

AbstractUsing 4‐α‐cumylphenol as the end‐capping agent, polycarbonates (PCs) with a viscosity‐average molecular weight (Mv) of 13,800 were prepared. DVD substrates were molded using these PCs. DVD substrates using PCs end‐capped with 4‐α‐cumylphenol (CP–PCs) have lower retardation than do those using conventional PCs end‐capped with 4‐tert‐butylphenol (TBP–PCs). Using CP–PC, it is possible to bring the mold temperature down about 20°C from the standard conditions of molding DVD substrates using TBP–PC at the same radial birefringence. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 404–406, 2003
Comparative analysis of ultrasonically devulcanized unfilled SBR, NR, and EPDM rubbers
Authors: Yun Jushik , Isayev Avraam I. , Kim Seok H. , Tapale Mayuresh 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe comparative study of the continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of various unfilled rubbers [natural rubber, styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM)] is carried out by means of a ultrasonic reactor. The power consumption, gel fraction, crosslink density, cure behavior, and physical properties of devulcanized rubbers were measured. The glass transition temperatures of virgin, vulcanized, and devulcanized rubbers were determined in order to characterize the difference in the mobility of rubber molecules for each rubber before and after devulcanization. Thermogravimetric analysis was also used to determine thermal stability of the various rubbers. A unique correlation between gel fraction and crosslink density indicated significant differences in the efficiency of devulcanization of various rubbers. Under certain devulcanization conditions, the mechanical properties of revulcanized SBR and EPDM rubbers were found to improve compared to those of the original rubbers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 434–441, 2003
Analysis of the cure reaction of carbon nanotubes/epoxy resin composites through thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Puglia D. , Valentini L. , Kenny J. M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe effect of the incorporation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) onto a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A‐based (DGEBA) epoxy resin cure reaction was investigated by thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The results of the investigation show that SWNTs act as a strong catalyst. A shift of the exothermic reaction peak to lower temperatures is, in fact, observed in the presence of SWNTs. Moreover, these effects are already noticeable at the lowest SWNT content investigated (5%) with slight further effects at higher concentrations, suggesting a saturation of the catalyzing action at the higher concentrations studied. The curves obtained under isothermal conditions confirm the results obtained in nonisothermal tests showing that the cure reaction takes less time with respect to the neat epoxy. The thermal degradation of cured DGEBA and DGEBA/SWNT composites was examined by thermogravimetry, showing a faster thermal degradation for DGEBA–SWNT composites. Raman spectroscopy was successfully applied to demonstrate that the observed changes in the cure reaction of the composites lead to a different residual strain on the SWNT bundles following a different intercalation of the epoxy matrix. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 452–458, 2003
Ethylene polymerization with a silica‐supported iron‐based diimine catalyst
Authors: Ma Zhi , Ke Yucai , Wang Hang , Guo Cunyue , Zhang Mingge , Sun Wen‐Hua , Hu Youliang 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA supported iron‐based diimine catalyst (SC) was prepared by immobilization of 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenylimino)ethyl]pyridine iron chloride (I) on silica and employed in ethylene polymerization. The kinetic behavior of ethylene polymerization with SC was studied. The effects of the Al/Fe molar ratio, reaction temperature, and cocatalyst on the catalytic activity as well as the melting temperature, molecular weight, and morphology of the polymers obtained were also investigated. The results showed that good catalytic activities can be obtained even with a small amount of the cocatalyst methylaluminoxane (MAO) or triethylaluminum (AlEt3). The polyethylenes obtained with a supported catalyst had higher molecular weight, higher melting temperature, and better morphology than those obtained with a homogeneous catalyst. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 466–469, 2003
Iron(II)‐based catalysts for ethene oligomerization
Authors: Schmidt Roland , Hammon Ulrich , Gottfried Stefan , Welch M. Bruce , Alt Helmut G. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of iron(II) complexes with various tridentate di(imino)pyridine ligands and their potential as ethene oligomerization catalysts are described. The ligands are characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy and the complexes only by mass spectrometry due to their paramagnetism. After activation either with methylalumoxane (MAO) or with a heterogeneous cocatalyst consisting of partially hydrolyzed trimethylaluminum and silica gel, the prepared complexes proved to be good catalysts for the oligomerization of ethene. 1‐Octene, 1‐hexene, and 1‐decene were the major products, formed in very high isomeric purity (99.9 %). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 476–482, 2003
Structural properties of CrF3‐ and MnCl2‐filled poly(vinylalcohol) films
Authors: Zidan H. M. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPoly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) films filled with different filling levels of CrF3 and MnCl2 have been prepared by the casting method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to study the changes in structure properties that occur due to filling. The changes occurring in the measured parameters with increasing the filler content was been interpreted in terms of the structural modification of the PVA matrix. It was found that all studied samples had the main melting temperature due to the main crystalline phase of PVA. The intensity and position of this peak depended on the filling level. On the other hand, the samples of CrF3‐filled PVA films with filling level W ≥ 10 wt % revealed another melting temperature, indicating the presence of a new crystalline phase besides the main crystalline phase. Changes occurring in the degree of crystallinity of the studied samples were discussed. The calculated degree of crystallinity was formulated numerically to be an exponential function of filling level. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of the studied samples confirmed the DSC results. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 516–521, 2003
Surface modification of polybutadiene facilitated by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Ngo Truc T. , McCarney Jonathan , Brown James S. , Lazzaroni Michael J. , Counts Karl , Liotta Charles L. , Eckert Charles A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe hydrophilicity of polymers can be improved through surface modification, traditionally done with conventional organic solvents, but these may cause the deterioration of polymer bulk properties due to irreversible polymer swelling. However, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) not only swells the polymer reversibly, but also acts as a convenient transport medium for monomeric solutes, which may be subsequently polymerized. Thus we are able to modify the polymer surface without affecting its bulk strength and durability. Here we report scCO2 surface modification of polybutadiene using ultraviolet‐visible (UV/Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Monomers such as 3‐vinylbenzoic acid and crotonic acid are used to study the effects of pressure, solute structure, and reaction mechanism on the diffusion rates and partitioning of monomers between the fluid phase and the polymer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 522–530, 2003
Effects of dynamic strength training on physical function, Valpar 9 work sample test, and working capacity in patients with recent‐onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Häkkinen Arja , Sokka Tuulikki , Lietsalmi Anna‐Maria , Kautiainen Hannu , Hannonen Pekka 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo study the impact of 24 months of strength training on the physical function of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsSeventy patients were assigned to either the strength training (experimental) group (n = 35) or the control group (n = 35). Patients in the experimental group performed strength training for 24 months, and control patients were instructed to perform range of motion exercises. Maximal strength of the knee extensors, trunk flexors, and extensors, as well as grip strength were recorded with dynamometers. Disease activity was assessed by the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and Ritchie's articular index, joint damage was determined by the Larsen x‐ray index, and functional capacity was assessed using the Valpar 9 test and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The employment status of each patient was recorded.ResultsIn the experimental group, strength training led to significant increases (19–59%) in maximal strength of the trained muscles. Such increases in the control group varied from 1% to 31%. There was a clear training effect on muscular strength in favor of the experimental group, but significant improvements in the HAQ indices as well as in the Valpar 9 test were seen also in control patients. Results of the Valpar 9 and the HAQ were statistically significantly better in patients who remained gainfully employed compared with patients who retired preterm during followup. However, compared with patients who remained in the work force, patients who retired were older, and their work was physically more demanding.ConclusionAs expected, strength training led to increased muscle strength, but this increase did not correlate with improved physical function as assessed by the Valpar 9 work sample test. The increased muscle performance did not prevent a substantial proportion of patients from retiring preterm. The 2 items from the Valpar 9 test that were applied were not sensitive enough to differentiate the patients according to their working status.
The assessment of rheumatoid arthritis and the acceptability of self‐report questionnaires in clinical practice
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Pincus Theodore , Thompson Ann K. , Doyle Joseph 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the acceptability of self‐report questionnaires (SRQ) in clinical practice and to understand the value that rheumatologists give to various assessment methods in rheumatoid arthritis.MethodsRheumatologists who completed a training course in the use of SRQ in clinical trials and clinical practice used the SRQ in their practices. Six months later 221 rheumatologists completed a survey regarding their experiences in assessing rheumatoid arthritis and in the use of SRQ.ResultsPrior to the start of the program, 18% of rheumatologists used self‐report questionnaires, 6 months later, 48% were using SRQ in their practices. Rheumatologists who did not use questionnaires placed less value on all assessment methods, and particularly on questionnaire assessments of function and pain. They also were more likely to report that questionnaires were difficult to use, not accepted by staff, were too long, and that they had limited staff. Rheumatologists who used the questionnaires reported none of these difficulties and were satisfied with the benefits provide by SRQ. When assessment measures were ranked, rheumatologist ranked ACR 20, radiography, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate/c‐reactive protein as the least important in both clinical trials and in clinical practice, and they rated swollen and tender joint counts followed by SRQ as the most useful assessment tools.ConclusionSRQ are well received by rheumatologists, and following a training program almost 50% continued to use SRQ in their practices. Those who used questionnaires were generally more positive about assessments and had little difficulty in the technical aspects of administration, scoring, and interpretation.