bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of zinc oxide single‐crystal semiconductor gas sensors in an experimental mine roadway
Authors: Hurts Nicholas W. , Jones T. Alwyn , Mann Brenda 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe performance of zine oxide gas large‐scale experiments in an experimental underground mine roadway has been investigated. The sensors were in a simple prototype instrument and the response to products evolved from heated coal wood and PVC conveyor belt was determined. The response was measured as a function of sensor distancef from the combustion products, the ventilation rate in the roadway and the mass of coal dust used. Limited analuysis of the roadway air was also carried out. The results are compared with those obtained in laboratory studies1 and suggest that the sensors respond mainly to inorganic gases, e.g. CO, H2, H2S, HCl, and in the case of wood, acetic vapour at concentrations of about 1ppm. The experiments confirm the potential of the sensors as a means of detecting heating involving coal, wood and PVC conveyor belt.
Application of oxygen‐consumption calorimetry to non‐combustibility testing
Authors: Ahonen Antti , Weckman Henry , Yli‐Penttilä Martti 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe feasibility of oxygen‐consumption calorimetry to testing of non‐combustibility of building materials is studied. The reasons for the ambiguities of the traditional test method are qualitatively discussed. The construction of the gas collecting system added to the conventional test apparatus is described and the necessary formulae for calculating the oxygen consumption and the simultaneously measured conventional test variables are compared. The results clearly suggest that oxygen‐consumption calorimetry is a consistent and powerful method for determining the non‐combustibility of building materials.
Evaluation of furniture‐fire hazard using a hazard‐assessment computer model
Authors: Bukowski Richard W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Center for Fire Research Fire (Toxic) Hazard‐Assessment computer model was used to evaluate the potential for hazard reduction by the modification of the combustion properties of upholstered furniture items in a residential occupancy. The potential benefits of these modifications are compared with the effects of variations in room size and construction to determine if they would be realized across a range of housing sizes and types. The results demonstrate the greatest benefit by the reduction of the mass loss (burning) rate of the item regardless of room size and even if the means used to reduce the burning rate results in an increase in smoke production and material toxicity. These results are intended as an indicator of potentially beneficial directions for further research and should not be taken as conclusive evidence of fact without experimental verification.
Combustion products of polymeric materials. IV—testing of toxicity hazard
Authors: Blahu̇šková A. , Mácha J. , Markoš A. , Procházková Z. , Štefl B. , Michal J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA method based on exposure of mice in the CAB 4.5 smoke chamber for the evaluation of the biological toxicity of the products of flame and smoldering combustion of polumeric materials has been developed. A toxicity index, characterizing the danger from the products of combustion of the test polymer under the given conditions, was proposed on the basis of values of the concentration of carboxyhaemoglobin in the blood of the test animals, attaining charateristic critical limits (lethal limit) and LC50 values.
Chemical ‘fingerprint’ studies of fire atmosphere
Authors: Fardell P. J. , Murrell Janet M. , Murrell J. V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLarge‐scale fire experiments have been carried out in a special test rig to study the chemical nature of fire atmosphere using a ‘fingerprint’ sampling and analysis method. Four polymeric materials—wood, polypropylene, polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene foam—were used separately as fuel, with both high and low ventilation. In addition to oxides of carbon the fingerprints yielded typically between twenty and forty different chemical compounds including several (e.g. aldehydes) which could contribute significantly to the irritancy of the fire gases. The change in nature of the fingerprint gases with the different ventilation conditions, different polymeric materials and with different stages of the same fire is discussed, together with the toxicological significance of the results.
Fire and rice husk particleboard
Authors: Bhatnagar Subodh Kumar 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExperimental investigations were made to assess the fire behaviour of rice husk particleboard, a potential substitute for wood particleboards. Releveant fire properties, namely non‐combustibility, ignitability, fire propagation index, surface spread of flame classification, specific optical density of smoke generated, flammability and flame penetration were determined in accordance with existing standard methods. In this paper the salient results obtained are discussed.
Evaluating ignition data using the flux time product
Authors: Shields T. J. , Silcock G. W. , Murray J. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA protocol based on the flux time product (FTP)1 is used to analyze ignition data obtained from the Cone Calorimeter under an impressed flux in the range 20–70 KWm−2 for different orientations and modes of ignition for conditioned cellulosic materials. The mean, maximum and minimum ignition times are depicted graphically by orientation and mode of ignition. Flux time products, FTP indices, critical irradiances and estimates of the convective heat loss associated with a change in specimen orientation are derived using the mean time‐to‐ignition data. It is demonstrated that consideration of the thermal thickness of a specimen may not be necessary when the proposed FTP methodology is utilized to determine valid correlations between the time‐to‐ignition and the incident radiant flux.
Note: Effect of flame retardant treatment on energy of pyrolysis/combustion of wood cellulose
Authors: Garba B. , Eboatu A. N. , Atta‐Elmannan M. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effect of potassium aluminium sulphate, (hereafter referred to as alum) on the energy of pyrolysis/combustion of wood cellulose was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was observed that the energy of pyrolysis of all the materials employed increases with flame retardant loading. Hence, alum functions as flame retardant (FR) by a complex process that entails the dehydration, condensed phase and vapour phase mechanisms. An attempt is made to explain this fact.
Fire‐endurance testing of building constructions containing wood members
Authors: Richardson L. R. , Onysko D. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the later part of 1992 the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), in collaboration with a number of industry and governmental partners, commenced a research program to quantify sound‐transmission‐class and fire‐resistance ratings for gypsum‐board protected wood‐frame and steel‐frame building assemblies. The ‘partners’ include Forintek Canada Corp. acting on behalf of Canada's wood products industry. Although thousands of fire‐resistance tests have been carried out over the past century, many of which were on wood‐frame constructions, three interrelated issues arose in regard to the wood studs used in these tests: moisture content, strength, and magnitude of the load superimposed on the walls that the studs would be required to withstand during the fire tests. This paper discusses those issues.
Experimental and analytical protocol for ignitabiilty of common materials
Authors: Dietenberger Mark A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study, a protocol was developed to increae accuracy, generality and efficiency when determining piloted ignition properties. A new procedure for calibrating the radiative and convective heat flux protiels on exposed speciments, such as Douglas‐fir plywood, has been implemented for the lateral ignition and flame spread test (LIFT) apparatus. The boundary conditions needed for heat transfer anylysis are made unambiguous by including a simple, direct measure f surface emissivity. A new aluminum foil shutter improves accuracy for measuring ignition time. A recently developed theroy of ignitanility provides a formula to account for the transition form thick to thin thermal behaior, allowing specimens of finite thicknesses and a fuln range of test irradiances.
Note: Effect of some halogenated flame retardants on the thermal characteristcs of selected tropical construction materials
Authors: Garba B. , Abdularahman F. W. , Obaseki M. E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of some halogenated flame retradants (FR), sodium bromide and ammonium cupric chloride dihydrate (ACCD) on the thermal behaviour of roofing palm (Borassus aethiopun) and rattan palm (calamus deeratus) were studied. Their ignition time, flame propagation rate and afterglow time were investigated. No ignition occurred on the materials treated with 0.4M ACCD and no ignition was observed on roofing palm treated with 0.8M sodium bromide. Flame propagation rate and afterglow time were drastically reduced. Gravimetric analysis showed that these retardants acted by vapour phase and condensed phase mechanisms. An increase in char formation was also noted as a result of this treatment in all cases.
Flammability testing of pure and flame retardant‐treated cotton fabrics
Authors: Hshieh Fu‐yu , Beeson Harold D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA Controlled‐atomosphere cone calorimeter was used to investigate the burning of pure and flame retardant‐treated cotton fabrics. The condensed‐phase flame retardants used were Morguard (containing ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and diammonium hydrogen phoisphate) and Nochar (containing ammonium sulfate and a sodium salt). The fabrics were tested at 25 kW m−2 incident heat flux in environments containing 15–30% oxygen. The flame retardants increased the time to ignition, residue yield, and CO and CO2 yields. The flame retardants decreased the peak and average mass loss rates, the peak and average heat release rates, the effective heat of combustion at peak heat release rate, and the propensity to flashover. The effect of oxygen concentration on the burning of pure and flame retardant‐treated cotton fabrics has also been investigated. The flame retardants had better performance when the treated fabrics burned in the lower oxyge concentrations. The result of this study indicate that the controlled‐atmosphere cone calorimeter is a good tool for studying the effect of flame retardant and oxygen concentration on the burning of materials.
Numerical prediction of fire spread over vegetation in aribitrary 3D terrain
Authors: Costa A. M. , Pereiraal J. C. F. , Siqueira M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractForest fires involve a wide range of unknown variables, e.g. wind flow over complex terrain, atmospheric stability, vegetation burning characteristics, location and fuel type, etc. The main objective of the present work is to incorporate the Rothermel simplified combustible model into a 3D unsteady flow solver appropriated for convective atmospheric flows over complex terrain. The released combustion energy is taken into account in the enthalpy equation. The unsteady byouant plume strongly influences the local wind speed direction and magnitude. A speical interactive coupling procedure was developed that links the calculated location of fire front and fire energy release to the momentum and energy transport for each time step. The general computer algorithm includes several other features such as the effect‐drag of trees on the momentum transport and the consequent modifications in the k and ε turbulence model employed. The results include the prediction of fire development in flat terrain and in a valley and over hills covered by vegetation. A parametric study was conducted to detect the influence of wind speed, vegetation and fuel content on burning area, burning speed and wind speed direction.
Combined haploid and insertional mutation screen in the zebrafish
Authors: Wiellette Elizabeth , Grinblat Yevgenya , Austen Matthias , Hirsinger Estelle , Amsterdam Adam , Walker Charline , Westerfield Monte , Sive Hazel 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo identify genes required for development of the brain and somites, we performed a pilot screen of gynogenetic haploid zebrafish embryos produced from mothers mutagenized by viral insertion. We describe an efficient method to identify new mutations and the affected gene. In addition, we report the results of a small‐scale screen that identified five genes required for brain development, including novel alleles of nagie oko, pou5f1, ribosomal protein L36, and n‐cadherin, as well as a novel allele of the laminin g1 gene that is required for normal skeletal muscle fiber organization and somite patterning. genesis 40:231–240, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of fungal mycelia as a skin substitute: Characterization of keratinocyte proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase expression during improvement in the wound‐healing process
Authors: Su Ching‐Hua , Liu Shu‐Hui , Yu Shi‐Yau , Hsieh Yi‐Ling , Ho Hsiu‐O , Hu Chung‐Hong , Sheu Ming‐Thau 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSACCHACHITIN membranes, prepared from the waste residue of the fruiting body of Ganoderma taugae, were used in our previous study to enhance skin wound healing in animal models. In the present study, the effects of the membrane on the growth of keratinocytes and the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as on the healing of skin wounds in humans, were estimated. Fresh human foreskin was employed as the source of the keratinocyte culture, and a modified keratinocyte‐SFM medium supplemented with 0.2 ng/mL of recombinant epidermal growth factor and 30 μg/mL bovine pituitary extract was used to enhance the successful growth of keratinocytes under an atmosphere of 5% CO2, at 37°C. The results indicated that 0.01% SACCHACHITIN enhanced the proliferation of keratinocytes in the culture on the fourth and fifth days, and cells showed neither morphological alteration nor disordered proliferation. This evidence clearly indicated that SACCHACHITIN was not cytotoxic to and was safe for the growth of keratinocytes. Thus, SACCHACHITIN might play a positive role in the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes around wounds and in accelerated wound healing of epidermal tissue. In addition, microscopic observations during the growth of keratinocytes showed that normal proliferation and differentiation took place along the margin of the SACCHACHITIN membrane. This indicates that SACCHACHITIN is possibly cytocompatible with keratinocytes. Electrophoretic analysis and inhibition tests for the binding effect of SACCHACHITIN on MMPs showed that SACCHACHITIN reduced MMPs in extracellular matrix degradation and facilitated establishment of an extracellular matrix around wounds; these effects resulted in rapid wound healing. SACCHACHITIN was used as a skin dressing for patients who had skin chronicle ulcer, which had not healed for over 7 months. Preliminary clinical observations showed that the wound improved and began to heal. An analysis of MMPs by ELISA in tissue of the wound indicated a significant decrease in MMP levels. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 220–227, 2005
Biosynthesis of the photosynthetic membranes of rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides
Authors: Kaplan Samuel , Cain Brian D. , Donohue Timothy J. , Shepherd William D. , Yen Grace S. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe steady‐state biosynthesis of the photosynthetic membrane (ICM) of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides has been reviewed. At moderate light intensities, 500 ft‐c, preexisting ICM serves as the insertion matrix for newly synthesized membrane components. Whereas the bulk of the membrane protein, protein‐pigment complexes, and pigments are inserted into preexisting ICM throughout the cell cycle, phospholipid is transferred from outside the ICM to the ICM only at the time of cell division. Because the site of cellular phospholipid synthesis is the cytoplasmic membrane, these results infer that despite the physical continuity of cytoplasmic membrane and ICM, there must exist between these membranous domains a “barrier” to the free diffusion of cellular phospholipid. The cyclical alternation in protein to phospholipid ratio of the ICM infers major structural and functional alternations, such as changes in the protein to lipid ratio of the membrane, specific density of the membrane, lipid structure within the membrane, and the rate of cyclic electron flow. When biochemical studies are correlated with detailed electron microscopic investigations we can further conclude that the number of photosynthetic units within the plane of the membrane can vary by nearly a factor of two over the course of the cell cycle. The average physical size of the photosynthetic units is constant for a given light intensity but inversely proportional to light intensity. The distribution of photosynthetic unit size classes within the membrane can be interpreted as suggesting that the “core” of the photosynthetic unit (reaction center plus fixed antenna complex) is inserted into the membrane coordinately as a structural entity. The variable antenna complex is, on the other hand, inserted independent of the “core” and randomly associates with both old and new core complexes. Finally, we conclude that there is substantial substructure to the distribution of photosynthetic units within the ICM, ie, they are highly ordered and exist in a defined spatial orientation to one another.
Influence of mitoxantrone on nucleic acid synthesis on the T‐47D breast tumor cell line
Authors: Safa Ahmad R. , Chegini Nasser , Tseng Michael T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMitoxantrone exerts growth inhibitory effects, suppresses [3H]‐thymidine as well as [3H]‐uridine incorporation, and induces ultrastructural alterations in T‐47D human breast tumor cells. At low concentration (10−9M) the drug induced little effect on cell proliferation; cell growth kinetics were inhibited at a concentration of 10−5M. [3H]‐thymidine and [3 H]‐uridine incorporation declined rapidly at the concentrations tested (10−9, 10−7, and 10−5 M), revealing a potent effect on metabolic activity of the cultured cells. The sharpest decline in DNA and RNA synthesis occurred within the first 2 hr of drug treatment. Serial ultrastructural examinations indicated definitive alterations in chromatin structure, disintegration of nucleolar components as early as 2 hr after drug treatment, and complete segregation of nucleolar components following 8‐hr exposure to concentrations of the drug between 10−5 and 10−7 M. A distinct increase in the density of mito‐chrondrial matrix was evident. The in vitro data presented in this report demonstrate the growth inhibitory and antimetabolic effects of mitoxantrone on human breast tumor cells and suggest that the drug may be a promising antitumor agent.
Sugar‐specific endocytosis of glycoproteins by Lewis lung carcinoma cells
Authors: Roche A. C. , Barzilay M. , Midoux P. , Junqua S. , Sharon N. , Monsigny M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLewis lung carcinoma cells from tumors, metastasis nodules, or from culture bind fluorescent derivatives of neoglycoproteins containing α‐D‐glucose residues: This binding is competitively inhibited by neoglycoproteins containing α‐D‐glucose, by mannan, and by several other neoglycoproteins. Cell binding and uptake of the fluorescent derivatives of the neoglycoproteins was quantified by lysing the cells with an alkylpolyol (MAC 19 or MAC 18) and measuring the fluorescence intensity of the supernatant. The amount of cell‐associated neoglycoprotein was higher at 37°C than at 4°C with LLC from tumor. The binding and uptake were inhibited by glycoconjugates containing α‐D‐glucose. These results suggest the presence of sugar specific receptors in Lewis lung carcinoma cells which are involved in a sugar‐specific binding and endocytosis phenomenon. The implication of the existence of a carbohydrate‐binding protein on the surface of Lewis lung carcinoma cells are discussed with regard to the in vivo behaviour of these cells, especially in relation to their metastatic properties and to the possibility of using neoglycoproteins as specific carriers of cytotoxic drugs. Hybrid molecules of gelonin and a neoglycoprotein containing α‐D‐glucose were used as targetted toxin: The targetted toxin was found to bind to and to enter the intact cells and was 100 times more toxic than free drug.
Amphiphilic properties of the avian myeloblastosis virus major glycoprotein, gp 80
Authors: Marciani Dante J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe major glycoprotein (gp 80) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) displays significant lipophilic properties, as shown by its strong interactions with acetylated uncharged decylamino agarose in hydrophobic chromatography. In effect, release from binding was achieved only by the added presence of a polarity reducing agent (ethylene glycol) and the strong anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hydrophobic behavior of the glycoprotein, coupled to the high content of hydrophilic carbohydrates, indicates its amphiphilic character. Confirmation of the amphiphilic nature of the AMV gp 80 was obtained by charge shift electrophoresis and crossed hydrophobic interaction immunoelectrophoresis. In both instances, the electrophoretic behavior of the glycoprotein was dependent on the presence of detergents. The AMV gp 80 displays the properties of integral membrane proteins.
Modulation by retinyl acetate of microfilament bundle formation in C3H/10T1/2 cells
Authors: Mordan Lawrence J. , Hui Sek‐Wen , Bertram John S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRetinyl acetate has been previously shown to inhibit carcinogen‐induced neoplastic transformation in 10T1/2 cells and to accentuate many aspects of the nontransformed phenotype. Scanning electron microscopy of logarithmic phase 10T1/2 cells treated for 3 days with 0.3 μg/ml retinyl acetate revealed that this treatment caused extensive flattening of cells to the plastic substrate. In contrast the tumor promoter tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, which antagonizes the antineoplastic activity of retinyl acetate, caused cell rounding and completely inhibited the action of retinyl acetate on cell morphology. During this same time course, the formation of microfilament bundles was also found to be modulated by retinyl acetate. Transmission electron micrographs of unsectioned peripheral regions of flattened cells showed that while the unit density of microfilament bundles was not influenced, the thickness of bundles, particularly those with a diameter of 100 nm or more, was increased by retinyl acetate. Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate had little effect on microfilament bundle diameters but did partially antagonize the action of retinyl acetate. To determine if this increase was associated with an increase in total actin/cell, total cell proteins, and proteins not extractable by glycerol‐triton extraction, were subjected to sodium dodecylsulfate/ polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that while total cellular actin was not increased by retinyl acetate, the proportion of nonextractable actin (which includes microfilament bundles) increased from 65% to 88% of total actin. This increase was not inhibited by inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis. These studies again demonstrate that retinyl acetate accentuates the nontransformed phenotype of 10T1/2 cells: it is hypothesized that these actions are related to the antineoplastic activity of retinoids.