bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Epiglottic entrapment in 35 Thoroughbred and 44 Standardbred horses was corrected transendoscopically by use of a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Before surgery, the entrapped epiglottis was classified as hypoplastic or normal in each horse on the basis of endoscopic appearance alone. Using a digitizer, thyroepiglottic length was determined from lateral-view laryngeal radiographs. For 78 racehorses, earnings (<$5,000 or >$5,000) were compared before and after surgery. Earnings category and racing performance after surgery were tested for association with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia and radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length.
Endoscopy and radiography were useful methods of evaluating the epiglottis in horses with epiglottic entrapment. Mean (±sd) thyroepiglottic length for both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment was significantly (P = 0.0001) smaller (Thoroughbreds, 7.28 ± 0.67 cm; Standardbreds, 7.21 ± 0.62 cm), compared with thyroepiglottic length measured from control groups composed of clinically normal Thoroughbred (8.56 ± 0.29 cm) and Standardbred (8.74 ± 0.38 cm) racehorses. Both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically apparent hypoplastic epiglottis had significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller thyroepiglottic length (Thoroughbreds, 6.64 ± 0.60 cm; Standardbred, 6.93 ± 0.72 cm) than did horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically normal epiglottis (Thoroughbreds, 7.57 ± 0.47 cm, Standardbreds, 7.36 ± 0.50 cm). Significant difference was not detected in endoscopic appearance of the epiglottis among age, gender, or breed distributions.
For either breed, earnings and performance were not significantly associated with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia or radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length. Prognosis for racing performance after laser correction of epiglottic entrapment should be based on assessment of the endoscopic and radiographic appearances of the epiglottis, pharynx, and larynx, determination of thyroepiglottic length, and a knowledge of the horse's earnings and racing performance prior to surgery.
Chylothorax in cats: 37 cases (1969-1989)
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , Forrester S. Dru , Swenson Cheryl L. , Miller Matthew W. , Cohen Noah D. , Boothe Harry W. , Birchard Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Case records of 37 cats with chylothorax examined at 2 institutions were retrospectively evaluated. Dyspnea and coughing were the most common abnormalities noticed by the owners, and most cats were dyspneic on initial examination. There was no statistically significant difference in the gender distribution of cats studied when compared with reference populations; however, purebred cats appeared to be overrepresented in the study population. Four of the cats had unilateral pleural effusion (2 left side, 2 right side) and 9 cats had effusions that were primarily, but not exclusively, on the right side. Surgery was performed on 20 cats. Fifteen cats underwent thoracic duct or cisterna chyli ligation; 20% had complete resolution of pleural fluid. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of cats that underwent thoracic duct ligation and those that were treated by other means. Six cats had mesenteric lymphangiography performed; 2 cats had normal results, and the remainder had various degrees of thoracic lymphangiectasia. Two cats in which pleuroperitoneal shunts were placed and 2 of 3 cats that underwent pleurodesis were euthanatized or died after surgery.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia
Authors: Rossier Yves , Sweeney Corinne R. , Ziemer Ellen L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 22 horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. All horses had clinical evidence of pneumonia or pleuropneumonia on the basis of physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, tracheobronchial aspirate or postmortem findings. Results of lavage fluid analysis were normal in 9 horses, equivocal in 3 horses, and abnormal in 10 horses. Abnormal lavage fluid had increased total cell count, increased relative and absolute neutrophil counts, degenerative neutrophils, and decreased relative and absolute macrophage and lymphocyte counts.
Annual disease incidence in Colorado cow-calf herds participating in rounds 2 and 3 of the National Animal Health Monitoring System from 1986 to 1988
Authors: Salman M. D. , King M. E. , Odde K. G. , Mortimer R. G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Thirty-nine and 47 randomly selected Colorado cow-calf operations participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) during rounds 2 (October 1986 to September 1987) and 3 (October 1987 to September 1988), respectively. Data on the incidence of disease conditions within each herd were collected by federal and state Veterinary Medical Officers and university veterinarians through monthly visits to the ranches. Annual disease incidence for disease classes and the most frequently reported individual disease conditions were determined and expressed on a per 100 cow basis.
The mean annual disease incidences for all diseases in these herds were 48.8 and 47.7 new cases per 100 cows for rounds 2 and 3, respectively. The ranges for herd annual disease incidence were wide in both study years.
The enteric disease class had the highest mean annual disease incidence in both years of the study, and this was primarily because of diarrhea of unknown cause in calves. Diarrhea of unknown cause accounted for approximately 25% of all new disease cases in both rounds of the study. The mean annual disease incidences were not different for any disease class between the two rounds.
The data indicate that, on the average, diarrhea of unknown cause, pneumonia, dystocia, foot rot (interdigital necrobacillosis), pinkeye (infectious keratoconjunctivitis), respiratory tract infection, death of unknown cause, and nonpregnancy had the highest incidences in these Colorado beef herds during the study period. However, because of the wide variation of the predominant disease problems between herds, a herd's disease history as well as the common disease problems in the geographic area of a herd must be considered in designing a herd health program.
Malignant hyperthermia in dogs
Authors: Nelson Thomas E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Malignant hyperthermia (mh) is an anesthetic agent-induced hypermetabolic state. Human beings and several other animal species, including dogs, have been described to be genetically predisposed to development of mh. The halothane-triggered mh syndrome was characterized in genetically predisposed dogs, and in vitro contracture sensitivity of biopsied gracilis muscle exposed to halothane and caffeine was quantitated. Within 1 hour of halothane administration, each mh-susceptible dog developed rapid increases in CO2 production and rectal temperature. Reversal of the hypermetabolic state was achieved when halothane was discontinued and dantrolene sodium was given iv. Biopsied gracilis muscle from mh-susceptible dogs had abnormal in vitro contracture responses to halothane and caffeine. These findings were consistent with those observed for mh-susceptible human beings and pigs in which a loss in regulation of muscle cell Ca++ is believed to be the primary etiologic event for induction of mh.
Costs of veterinary services and vaccines/drugs used for prevention and treatment of diseases in 60 Tennessee cow-calf operations (1987-1988)
Authors: New J. C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Four percent of the total cost of disease in 60 Tennessee cow-calf herds in 1987 to 1988 was attributable to veterinary services, and 2.3% was attributable to the purchase of drugs to treat sick animals. When producers spent money on therapeutic veterinary services, it was most often attributable to diseases of the reproductive system ($0.69/cow annually), especially dystocia ($0.51 /cow annually). When drugs were used therapeutically, the most was spent on products to treat respiratory tract disease ($0.37/cow annually). The cost of preventive veterinary services accounted for 8.8% of the total cost of preventive actions. Pregnancy examinations (considered here as a preventive action) was the most costly preventive service ($0.62/cow annually). The cost of drugs and biologicals used to prevent disease accounted for 69.4% of the total cost of preventive actions, with drugs to prevent intestinal and external parasites being the most costly ($7.79/cow annually). These figures are based on cow-calf herds randomly selected by use of a 2-stage, stratified plan. Herds were visited once a month for 1 year. Results of this study support other work that showed that beef producers perceive veterinarians as primary sources of information on diagnosis and treatment of sick animals and on reproduction/breeding, but less knowledgeable or cost effective in the areas of animal/herd management, feed nutrition, and agribusiness/economics.
Serum free thyroxine concentration in healthy dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Ihle S. L. , Feldman E. C. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Serum free thyroxine (fT4), thyroxine (T4), and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 62 healthy dogs, 51 dogs with hypothyroidism, and 59 euthyroid dogs with concurrent dermatopathy or concurrent illness for which hypothyroidism was a diagnostic consideration. Status of thyroid function was based on history, physical findings, results of thyrotropin response testing, requirement for thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and in 31 dogs, on results of histologic examination of a thyroid gland biopsy specimen. Serum fT4 concentration was determined, using a single-stage radioimmunoassay. Mean (±sd)serumfT4 concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in healthy dogs vs dogs with hypothyroidism (0.51 ± 0.27 ng/dl vs 0.10 ± 0.07 ng/dl). Significant difference in mean serum fT4 concentration was not evident between dogs with hypothyroidism and euthyroid dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (0.16 ± 0.13 ng/dl) or peripheral neuropathy (0.19 ± 0.10 ng/dl). Mean serum fT4 concentration in all other groups of euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness was similar to values in healthy dogs and was significantly (P < 0.05) greater, compared with values in dogs with hypothyroidism.
Similar results were found for mean serum T4 concentration. Comparison of serum fT4 vs T4 concentration revealed: sensitivity, 0.97 vs 0.98; specificity, 0.78 vs 0.73; predictive value for a positive test result, 0.79 vs 0.80; predictive value for a negative test result, 0.97 vs 0.97; and accuracy, 0.78 vs 0.86, respectively. Ten (17%) and 12 (20%) of 59 serum fT4 and T4 concentrations, respectively, were inappropriately low in euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness. Of euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness, those with hyperadrenocorticism, peripheral neuropathy, or idiopathic generalized megaesophagus had the lowest serum fT4 and T4 concentrations. Significant difference in mean serum T3 concentration was not detected among healthy dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, or euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness. Measurement of serum fT4 concentration using the single-stage radioimmunoassay, did not provide additional information about thyroid gland function other than that gained by measurement of serum T4 concentration.
Toxicoses associated with administration of mitoxantrone to dogs with malignant tumors
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Obradovich Joyce E. , Elmslie Robyn E. , Vail David M. , Moore A. S. , Curtis Charles R. , Straw Rodney C. , Dickinson Krista , Cooper Mary F. , Withrow Stephen J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
One hundred twenty-nine dogs with histologically confirmed malignant tumors were used in a prospective study to determine the toxicity of the new dihydroxyquinone derivative of anthracene, mitoxantrone, which was administered iv at 21-day intervals at dosages ranging from 2.5 to 5 mg/m2 body surface area. Each dog was evaluated for signs of toxicosis for 3 weeks after each dose was administered or until the dog died, whichever came first. The number of dogs in each evaluation period were as follows: 1 dose (n = 129), 2 doses (n = 82), 3 doses (n = 43), 4 doses (n = 26), 5 doses (n = 19), 6 doses (n = 9), 7 doses (n = 6), 8 doses (n = 5), 9 doses (n = 3), and 10 doses (n = 1). The most common signs of toxicosis were vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and sepsis secondary to myelosuppression. None of the dogs died of complications resulting from mitoxantrone treatment. Dogs with signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from administration of the first dose of mitoxantrone were 95 times (P = 0.003) more likely to develop signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the second dose of mitoxantrone. Similarly, dogs that developed signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the administration of the second dose were 34 times (P < 0.001) more likely to develop signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the administration of the third dose. With each 1 mg/m2 increase in mitoxantrone, the odds of developing signs of toxicosis increased by 5.9 fold (P < 0.001). The performance status (modified Karnofsky performance scheme) of each dog was not adversely affected to a significant extent by mitoxantrone-induced toxicosis until the fifth dose (P = 0.0008). Cardiac toxicosis was not detected. Mitoxantrone was also administered iv to 4 clinically normal dogs, at a dosage of 5 mg/m2 of body surface area, a decrease in the neutrophil count was seen, with the nadir occurring on day 10 (mean ± sem: 1,159 ± 253 cells/μl; range, 480 to 1,680 cells/μl). Tumor-bearing dogs did not seem to have the same degree of myelosuppression (mean ± sem, 6,263 ± 1,230 cells/μl; range, 228 to 18,600 cells/μl).
In vitro and in vivo rates of fluid flow through catheters in peripheral veins of dogs
Authors: Fulton Robert B. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In vitro and in vivo fluid flow rates of 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-gauge catheters at fluid heights of 0.91 and 1.75 m above the catheters were determined. Flow rates were significantly faster in vitro than in vivo, at a greater height, and with larger catheter radius. In vivo flow rates averaged 7% less than in vitro flow rates. Fluid flow increased approximately 50% for each gauge catheter when the height was raised from 0.91 to 1.75 m. Flow rates increased linearly with increasing catheter radius. The flow rate of each gauge of catheter was significantly different from flow rates of all other gauges that were used. In vivo flow rates for 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-gauge catheters at fluid heights of 0.91 and 1.75 m were 137, 88, 75, and 45 ml/min and 206, 152, 114, and 75 ml/min, respectively.
Knowledge of flow rates allows selection of a catheter gauge that will provide adequate volume loading for the size of patient being treated in the time needed.
Xanthine-containing urinary calculi in dogs given allopurinol
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L. , Harrold Doris R. , Johnson Deedra L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Clinical features and laboratory findings were evaluated in 10 dogs that formed xanthine-containing urinary calculi during the period that they were given allopurinol (9 to 38 mg/kg of body weight/d). Duration of allopurinol treatment was 5 weeks to 6 years. Of the 10 dogs, 9 (all Dalmatians) had formed uric acid-containing calculi at least once before allopurinol treatment was initiated. It was not possible to recognize xanthine as a crystalline component of the calculi by use of a chemical colorimetric method or by polarized light microscopy. We concluded that the best diagnostic method for recognition of xanthine-containing calculi was high-pressure liquid chromatography because it is quantitative, sensitive, and accurate, and can be conducted on a small amount (1 to 2 mg) of crystalline material.
Evaluation of surgical scrub and antiseptic solutions for surgical preparation of canine paws
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Riddell Kay P. , Geiger Dorothy L. , Hathcock Terri L. , McGuire John A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The purpose of the prospective study reported here was to evaluate surgical preparation of canine paws. Three combinations of surgical scrub solutions and antiseptic solutions were used: (1) 7.5% povidone-iodine scrub/10% povidone-iodine solution; (2) 2% chlorhexidine acetate scrub/2% chlorhexidine diacetate solution; and (3) tincture of green soap/70% isopropyl alcohol. The control was warm (38 to 42 C) tap water.
Four microbial colony counts were used to evaluate surgical preparation of 4 paws of 8 dogs. Specimens were obtained from the paws for a baseline microbial flora count. After surgical scrub was performed, additional specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culturing. Antiseptic was applied followed by collection of another specimen for bacteriologic culturing. A final specimen was obtained following a 24-hour period under a sterile occlusive bandage.
The 3 scrub solutions and the tap water control resulted in lower colony counts following scrubbing of the paws; however, only the 3 antiseptic solutions resulted in further colony count reduction after their application. Evaluation of residual colony counts isolated from specimens taken after a 24-hour period under a sterile occlusive bandage revealed chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine scrub/antiseptic combinations to be similar in antibacterial activity, with significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower colony counts than those from specimens of paws treated with either the tincture of green soap/isopropyl alcohol combination or the tap water control. The lack of a significant difference between the bacterial counts immediately after surgical preparation with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine and their respective 24-hour residual counts, indicated no particular advantage to surgical preparation and occlusive bandaging 24 hours prior to surgery. However, with their residual activity, either of these antiseptics under a bandage could help keep bacterial counts low after surgery in the absence of heavy wound drainage.
Mosquito bite-caused eosinophilic dermatitis in cats
Authors: Mason Kenneth V. , Evans Anne G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Eight cats had lesions on the nasal bridge, ears, and footpads, with histologic and hematologic features of a recently described seasonal form of eosinophilic granuloma complex. Four cats were examined in detail, and it was established that 2 of the 4 reacted to mosquito extract on intradermal skin testing read at 20 minutes. Neither of the 2 cats tested had deposits of immunoglobulins in lesional or perilesional skin. Lesions on all 4 cats resolved when kept at home behind insect screening, but flared up if the screening was removed. Mosquitoes that were observed to be biting and causing lesions were collected and identified. Other species of laboratory-reared mosquitoes were allowed to bite nonlesional skin of 1 affected cat, causing pruritus, erythematous crusting, and ulcerative lesions at the bite site, which was characterized histologically as eosinophilic dermatitis.
Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old Standardbreds in their first year of race training
Authors: Hardy Joanne , Marcoux Marcel , Breton Luc 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Radiographs of all 4 fetlocks of 71 Standardbred racehorses were obtained at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Radiographic findings in the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones were classified into 3 types according to the severity of lesions, and correlation was made with clinical findings at time of examination. Type-1 lesions (1 or 2 linear defects ≤ 1 mm wide) were detected in 55% of horses at the start of training; clinical signs of disease were not manifested, and lesions did not become clinically relevant.
Type-2 lesions (3 or more linear defects ≤1 mm wide) were detected in horses not manifesting clinical signs of disease, and were more frequently observed after 3 months of training. However, 66% of horses affected with diseases of the suspensory apparatus, including superficial flexor tendinitis and suspensory desmitis, also manifested this type of lesion. When lameness was observed, it was associated with the soft tissue problem, and the sesamoid bone changes were considered secondary.
Type-3 lesions (wide, abnormally shaped linear defects) were detected in 7 horses at the start of the study; lesions remained in horses throughout the study and were consistently associated with lameness during training. Type-3 lesions were considered clinically relevant and indicative of primary sesamoiditis.
Comparison between diagnostic ultrasonography and radiography in the evaluation of horses and cattle with thoracic disease: 56 cases (1984-1985)
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Boy Mary G. , Reid Charles F. , Elser Andrew 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The results of radiography and ultrasonography were compared on 56 horses and cows with lower respiratory tract disease. Ultrasonography was more sensitive than radiography for the detection of small pleural effusions and consolidations in large animals. The side of the thorax affected and the character of the pleural fluid and lung in large animals with pleural effusion can be evaluated ultrasonographically. The periphery of the lung must be affected to characterize pulmonary lesions ultrasonographically. Radiography is the best technique to characterize lesions deep within the lung when the periphery of the lung is normal.
Staggers induced by consumption of perennial ryegrass in cattle and sheep from northern California
Authors: Galey Francis D. , Tracy Mark L. , Craigmill Arthur L. , Barr Bradd C. , Markegard Gary , Peterson Richard , O'Connor Michael 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Staggers was diagnosed in sheep and cattle from the northern California coast. The diagnosis was made on the basis of history of ingestion of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) stubble, clinical signs of transient ataxia, which was aggravated by stimulation, and nearly complete recovery after removal of ryegrass as the primary forage. Morbidity was high, but death did not occur in any affected animals. The toxic endophyte, Acremonium lolii, was in most lower leaf sheaths from the ryegrass. Injection of extracts of the ryegrass from affected farms into mice induced signs of toxicosis. Additionally, ryegrass from all 3 farms contained the tremorgenic mycotoxin, lolitrem-B.