bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human leukocyte antigen in torticollis and other idiopathic dystonic syndromes
Authors: Korein Julius , Willoughby Ernest , Pollack Marchilyn S. , Levidow Lucie , Dupont Bo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo groups totaling 67 patients with idiopathic focal, segmental, and generalized dystonia, including torticollis, were compared with normal controls to determine whether there was a difference in the frequency of A, B, and C locus human leukocyte (HLA) antigens. The results indicated no statistically significant deviations in HLA antigen frequencies between the patients and the normal controls. Thirteen of the patients with idiopathic torsion dystonia were compared with normal controls for DR locus antigens. A trend of increased DR3 antigens observed in the patients may be significant. HLA genotyping of parents and children in nine families was also studied to determine if an HLA‐linked factor could be related to the dystonic syndrome in the children. The results were indeterminate, suggesting that further family studies are required to resolve this issue.
Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: A double‐blind crossover study
Authors: Jankovic Joseph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTetrabenazine, a presynaptic monoamine depleting agent, has been reported to have an ameliorating effect in a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders. In a double‐blind crossover trial of tetrabenazine versus placebo, 19 patients with a variety of hyperkinetic movement disorders were evaluated. During the evaluation period, all but 4 patients were treated for three or more weeks at a maximum dosage of 200 mg per day. The patients were examined and rated using clinical assessment of hyperkinesia, and movies of their activities were randomized and rated by an independent group of neurologists. A good correlation was found between the clinical examination scale and the film analysis score. Improvement was seen in all 4 patients with tardive dyskinesia, 4 of 6 patients with Meige disease, and 5 of 6 patients with other dystonias. One patient with Huntington disease showed marked improvement and 2 patients with congenital choreoathetosis showed only mild improvement. The most frequent side effects included daytime drowsiness, drooling or sialorrhea, insomnia, restlessness and anxiety parkinsonian features, and mild postural hypotension. The adverse effects resolved with continued administration or with reduction in dosage. Tetrabenazine is a useful and safe therapeutic agent in some patients with hyperkinetic movement disorders.
Asymmetrical volumes of the right and left frontal and occipital regions of the human brain
Authors: Weinberger Daniel R. , Luchins Daniel J. , Morihisa John , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe volume of a portion of the frontal and occipital lobes was measured in 40 brains in the Yakovlev Collection. In 32 cases the volume of the right frontal lobe was larger than that of the left; in the same number of cases the left occipital lobe was larger than the right (p < 0.01). The asymmetries existed in fetal brains as early as 20 weeks of gestation. The results confirm observations made with computed tomography and indicate that this nonrandom asymmetrical pattern is an early manifestation of human brain development.
Abnormal vertical eye movements in the locked‐in syndrome
Authors: Larmande P. , Hénin D. , Jan M. , Elie A. , Gouazé A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs a rule, vertical ocular movements are thought to depend on mesencephalic structures, horizontal gaze on pontine structures. The ocular motility examination of a patient with pontine hemorrhage and no lession of the mesencephalon showed bilateral palsy of horizontal gaze and a dissociated loss of vertical movements: saccades were slowed, while pursuit managements were unchanged. The findings suggest that the pontine reticular formation is necessary in generation of normal vertical ocular saccades.
Experimental models of virus‐induced demyelination of the central nervous system
Authors: Dal Canto Mauro C. , Rabinowitz Stanley G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOne of the arguments in favor of a viral pathogenesis for multiple sclerosis is the existence of several experimental and natural animal models of virus‐induced primary demyelination. This review deals comprehensively with such models. Well‐known examples of demyelinating viral infections in their natural host are JHM, Theiler, visna, and canine distemper encephalomyelitides. Recent reports of experimental murine infections with pathogens such as vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura, herpes simplex, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and Semliki Forest viruses are also discussed. The thrust of the review is to include viral models suspected of producing primary demyelination on an immunopathological basis.
Prednisone improves chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy more than no treatment
Authors: Dyck Peter James , O'Brien Peter C. , Oviatt Karen F. , Dinapoli Robert P. , Daube Jasper R. , Bartleson John D. , Mokri Bahram , Swift Thomas , Low Phillip A. , Windebank Anthony J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOf 40 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), 28 completed a controlled three‐month trial of prednisone. Prednisone was shown to cause a small but significant improvement over no treatment in scored neurological disability, some measures of computer‐assisted sensory detection threshold, graded muscle strength, and some attributes of nerve conduction. No subset of patients was more likely than another to be responsive to prednisone; those with a progressive course were as likely to be responsive as recurrent cases. This finding provides further justification for classifying progressive with recurrent cases as CIDP and demonstrates that prednisone treatment should not be withheld from patients with progressive disease.
Regulation of local cerebral blood flow in normal and hypoxic newborn dogs
Authors: Cavazzuti M. , Duffy T. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocal cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was measured autoradiographically in newborn puppies by an indicatorfractionation technique using 4‐iodi‐[14C]antipyrine as the diffusible indicator. Measurements were obtained in unanesthetized, normotensive animals, and the sensitivity of blood flow to hypercapnia and acute hypoxia was determined in 32 brain structures. LCBF in normal and hypoxic puppies was correlated with local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) obtained under the same experimental conditions (Duffy et al, 1982). In normocapnic (PaCO2 33 mm Hg) control animals, highest rates of blood flow were found in gray matter nuclei of the brainstem, in the medulla oblongata, and in the posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus (50 to 77 ml/100 gm/min); far lower flows were recorded among white matter structures (5 to 11 ml/100 gm/min). The vasodilatory response to both hypercapnia and hypoxia was greatest among brainstem gray matter structures, intermediate among cortical and diencephalic gray matter structures, and least in white matter. When LCBF was plotted as a function of LCGU for control animals, a positive linear correlation was obtained for all structures (p < 0.001), implying that in newborns, as in adults, cerebral blood flow and metabolism are physiologically coupled. In hypoxic puppies, no consistent relationship between LCGU and LCBF could be demonstrated; however, there was a suggestion that the two measurements correlated inversely, presumably reflecting enhanced anaerobic glycolysis in structures (e.g., hemispheric white matter) that were not adequately protected by compensatory hyperemia. White matter damage, a frequent complication of perinatal hypoxia‐asphyxia, may be a consequence in part of the limited capacity of white matter to vasodilate in response to the chemical “signals” of hypercapnia and lactic acidosis.
Sympathetic nerves exert a chronic influence on the intact vasculature that is age related
Authors: Rusterholz David B. , Mueller Shirley M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis of this study is that the chronic presence of intact sympathetic innervation influences the structure, and thereby function, of the rabbit ear vascular bed, and that this influence may be age related. Therefore we examined the effect of chronic sympathetic denervation on vascular resistance of the rabbit ear nine to ten weeks after unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy. Two age groups were studied: growing juvenile rabbits denervated at 4 weeks of age and adult rabbits denervated at 16 weeks. We assessed the flow‐pressure (resistance) curves of the chronically denervated and contralateral innervated isolated rabbit ears during maximum dilation. The flow‐pressure curve was significantly shifted downward in the denervated compared to the contralateral innervated ears of juvenile rabbits operated on at 4 weeks (p < 0.001) but was not different in adult rabbits operated on at 16 weeks. These results support the concept that the sympathetic nerves chronically influence blood vessel properties in growing animals, apart from their acute effect on vasomotor tone.
Clonally restricted B cells in peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients: Kappa/lambda staining patterns
Authors: Hauser Stephen L. , Weiner Howard L. , Ault Kenneth A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presence of clonally restricted B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was investigated using a cytofluorometric technique able to detect lymphocytes having homogeneous amounts of surface immunoglobulin of one light chain class. Thirty‐five of 76 analyses (46%) performed on 63 MS patients were positive for increased numbers of clonally restricted B cells as compared with only 7 of 27 (26%) in patients with other neurological diseases (p < 0.05) and 9 of 36 (25%) in control subjects (p < 0.05). This B cell population expressed predominantly kappa light chain determinants in 16 of 18 MS patients (89%) but in only 6 of 11 (55%) controls (p < 0.005). There was no correlation between the presence of abnormal B cell clones in peripheral blood and either disease activity or serum antimeasles antibody titers. The results demonstrate that there are increased numbers of clonally restricted B cells in the peripheral blood of MS patients which may be related to the oligoclonal immunoglobulin found in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
Cell‐mediated immunity in multiple sclerosis as determined by sensitivity of different lymphocyte populations to various brain tissue antigens
Authors: Brinkman C. J. J. , Nillesen W. M. , Hommes O. R. , Lamers K. J. B. , De Pauw B. E. J. , Delmotte P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or other neurological diseases and from healthy individuals were separated by density gradient sedimentation into several subfractions. Individual cell populations were cultured in the presence of several human brain tissue antigens. In comparison to controls, mononuclear cells with a density of ≤ 1.077 gm/cm3 from MS patients displayed a significantly increased sensitivity after incubation with purified human myelin basic protein (MBP) but not with other brain tissue antigens. In particular, the lymphocytes of patients suffering from MS for more than four years reacted positively with MBP, suggesting that the reaction was time dependent. No difference between MS patients and controls in sensitivity to any brain tissue antigen could be detected with cells of lower density (i.e., 1.073 to 1.069 gm/cm3 or ≤ 1.069 gm/cm3). Comparable lymphocyte activity was found to antigens isolated from both MS and control brain tissue. These results suggest that patients with chronic progressive MS have a secondary immune activity to MBP.
Dopaminergic deficiency and delayed visual evoked potentials in humans
Authors: Bodis‐Wollner Ivan , Yahr Melvin D. , Mylin Leland , Thornton John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAbnormal delay in visual evoked potential (VEP) could be normalized in 9 of 14 previously untreated parkinsonian patients under the influence of levodopa/carbidopa therapy. In 6 of 11 previously untreated schizophrenic patients the VEP latency became abnormal following therapy with agents known to cause dopaminergic blockade. Besides defects in retrobulbar conduction secondary to demyelination, synaptic dysfunction due to neurotransmitter deficiency or receptor blockade must also be considered as a mechanism underlying VEP delays in humans.
Early proliferative changes in astrocytes in postischemic noninfarcted rat brain
Authors: Petito C. K. , Babiak T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransient cerebral ischemia in rats was produced by permanent occlusion of the vertebral arteries and 30‐minute occlusion of the common carotid arteries. This model produces ischemic necrosis of neurons in the corpus striatum, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus; infarcts, with necrosis of neuropil, astrocytes, and blood vessels, are rare. Changes in striatal astrocytes at 40 minutes and 3 hours of reperfusion were evaluated by electron microscopy, and quantitative estimates of increases in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial area were performed.In areas of corpus striatum with moderate ischemic cell change, the percentage of astrocytic nuclei increased from 10.79% in controls to 17.76% at 40 minutes after ischemia (p < 0.01) and 19.86% at 3 hours (p < 0.01). Astrocytic cytoplasm was expanded and contained increased numbers of mitochondria, many of which were pleomorphic and had dilated intracristal spaces and condensed matrix. Rough endoplasmic reticulum was increased. Total mitochondrial area and number of mitochondrial profiles rose significantly in the astrocytic perikarya and foot processes at 3 hours postischemia. The greater number of astrocytes, the increases in mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum and the configurational changes in the mitochondria suggest increased metabolic activity of astrocytes in postischemic, noninfarcted brain.
Chronic mycotic meningitis with spinal involvement (arachnoiditis): A report of five cases
Authors: Stein Sherman C. , Corrado Michael L. , Friedlander Marvin , Farmer Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFive patients developed mycotic spinal arachnoiditis‐meningitis causing signs and symptoms of spinal cord neoplasm. Four had cryptococcal infection, the fifth had aspergillosis. In three patients, diagnosis was made at surgery; all three developed acute fungal meningitis postoperatively and two died. The diagnosis was made nonsurgically in two patients and was followed by medical cure.These five and twelve other reported patients with mycotic spinal arachnoiditis shared features that suggested the diagnosis. In contrast to most patients with spinal tumors, those reported here tended to be young (mean age, 32 years), to lack evidence for a primary tumor, and to have a fluctuating history of spinal symptoms for several months. Frequent associated findings were recent pregnancy; the abuse of alcohol, narcotis, or both; and the presence of headache and fever. Plain roentgenogrms of the spine were normal. No single finding was diagnostic, but the combination of several would be rare with spinal tumor.
Seizures induced by thinking
Authors: Wilkins Arnold J. , Zifkin Benjamin , Andermann Frederick , McGovern Enda 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient with generalized convulsions noted that seizures were reliably precipitated by mental arithmetic. The interictal electroencephalogram revealed only a mild, diffuse, nonspecific disturbance, but bursts of generalized epileptiform activity with no obvious clinical expression accompanied efforts at mental arithmetic with a significantly high incidence. Tasks involving multiplication, division, and manipulation of spatial information were significantly associated with discharges, but few, if any, discharges appeared when addition and subtraction tasks of equivalent difficulty were performed. Tasks involving the retention of numerical information in short‐term memory (e.g., immediate repetition of a series of 8 digits) were never associated with paroxysmal EEG activity. It is argued that generalized epilepsy of this kind may be related to focal dysfunction in a manner analogous to the involvement of the occipital lobe in cases of pattern‐sensitive epilepsy.
Long‐term management of respiratory failure in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Sivak Edward D. , Gipson W. Terry , Hanson Maurice R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPresent‐day technology has made the in‐home care of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation increasingly common. When this technology is applied to the care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, physiological, psychological, and ethical issues must be adequately addressed. Assessment of medical and social factors in six patients, four of whom are still living, indicates that in‐hospital as well as follow‐up evaluation should be carried out in an effort to anticipate the long‐range problems, challenges, and limitations of home care ventilation. Because of increasing availability and simplicity of portable respiratory support devices, the implications of long‐term ventilatory support for some patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and similar illnesses will become more commonly considered in planning long‐term home care.
Dopamine and homovanillic acid concentrations in striatal and limbic regions of human brain
Authors: Walsh Francis X. , Stevens Thomas J. , Langlais Philip J. , Bird Edward D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to further define the dopaminergic nature of the limbic nucleus accumbens from the morphologically similar striatal caudate and putamen, the levels of dopamine (DA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and HVA/DA ratios, an index of dopamine turnover, were measured in these three structures of human brain. The levels of dopamine in the accumbens (2.49 ng/mg), caudate (2.39 ng/mg), and putamen (3.00 ng/mg) were similar. The homovanillic acid concentration in the accumbens (7.44 ng/mg) and putamen (6.54 ng/mg) were comparable, while its concentration was considerably lower in the caudatae (3.61 ng/mg). The most striking difference between the limbic accumbens and the striatum was observed in the HVA/DA ratio. This index of turnover was significantly higher in the accumbens (3.64) when compared to the caudate (1.80), and was 59% higher than that found in the putamen (2.53). The data provide evidence for differences in dopamine activity in the mesolimbic versus the nigrostriatal pathways.
Dexamethasone and local cerebral glucose utilization in freeze‐traumatized rat brain
Authors: Pappius H. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocal cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was studied using the 14C‐deoxyglucose method in dexamethasonetreated rats with focal cortical freezing lesions. Widespread depression of LCGU, which developed with time after the lesion in untreated animals, was significantly diminished by dexamethasone (0.25 mg/kg/day) started either 6 to 18 hours before or 4 or 24 hours after the lesion. The effect of dexamethasone was most striking in cortical areas of the traumatized hemisphere, where the depression was most profound in untreated animals. Thus, three days after the lesion, average LCGU in these regions was 47% and 72% of normal in untreated and pretreated rats, respectively. Dexamethasone also affected LCGU bilaterally in subcortical structures and in white matter. The results suggest that dexamethasone modified the widespread depression in functional state of the rat brain that developed in response to injury. Since the spatial distribution and time course of the observed changes in LCGU did not parallel those of cerebral edema, these effects of dexamethasone do not appear to be mediated by effects on the edematous process.
Decreased serum 24, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D concentration during long‐term anticonvulsant therapy in adult epileptics
Authors: Zerwekh Joseph E. , Homan Richard , Tindall Richard , Pak Charles Y. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSerum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD), 24, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [24, 25‐(OH)2D], and 1α, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D [1, 25‐(OH)2D] were measured in 30 ambulatory adult epileptic patients during long‐term anticovulsant treatment with phenytoin, phenobarbital, or carbamazepine. For the entire group, serum 24, 25‐(OH)2D was decreased (p < 0.0005) as compared to normal subjects to a mean value of 0.7 ± 0.1 (SEM) ng/ml. However, serum 1, 25‐(OH)2D was increased at 50 ± 7 pg/ml (p < 0.025). Serum 25‐OHD declined insignificantly to 19 ± 3 ng/ml. All three drugs caused a significant reduction of serum 24, 25‐(OH)2D concentrations. A significant decrease in serum 25‐OHD was observed only for the phenobarbital‐treated patients. Serum 1, 25‐(OH)2D was high in patients receiving phenytoin or carbamazepine but not in those taking phenobarbital.The finding suggest that while various anticonvulsant drugs appear to exert different effects on vitamin D metabolism, a universal finding is diminished serum 24, 25‐(OH)2D. The results support the notion that 24, 25‐(OH)2D deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of anticonvulsant‐induced osteomalacia.
Alcohol and Parkinson disease
Authors: Lang A. E. , Marsden C. D. , Obeso J. A. , Parkes J. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA survey of the drinking habits of 125 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease showed no difference from a control population in the amount of alcohol consumed and only mild effects of alcohol on parkinsonian symptoms in a small percentage (16%) of these patients. A case of parkinsonism provoked by alcohol withdrawl is also reported, and the complex effects of alcohol on function of the basal ganglia are briefly reviewed.
Neurofibrillary axonal pathology in aluminum intoxication
Authors: Troncoso Juan C. , Price Donald L. , Griffin John W. , Parhad Irma M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAluminum chloride injected into the cisterna magna of 3‐to 4‐week‐old rabbits is known to produce neurofibrillary changes in the perikarya and dendrites of neurons of the spinal cord and brainstem. This report calls attention to the early appearance and prominence of neurofibrillary swellings in proximal axons of affected neurons. One and 2 days after intoxication, large axonal swellings containing maloriented neurofilaments were present in the ventral horns. Over the next days and weeks, neurofilaments accumulated in the neuronal perikarya and dendrites. Two months after injection, abnormalities in the cell bodies were less apparent but occasional giant axonal swellings persisted in the ventral horn. This sequence of pathological changes, reflecting disorganization of the neuronal cytoskeleton, may result from an increase in synthesis of neurofilament polypeptides, and impairment in integration of these constituents into the neuronal cytoskeleton, or a defect in the intracellular transport of neurofilaments.
Peripheral nervous system complications of coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Lederman Richard J. , Breuer Anthony C. , Hanson Maurice R. , Furlan Anthony J. , Loop Floyd D. , Cosgrove Delos M. , Estafanous F. George , Greenstreet Richard L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmong 421 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 55 (13%) developed 63 new peripheral nervous system (PNS) complications postoperatively. Most common was a brachial radiculoplexopathy, which occurred in 23 patients. Of these, 21 involved lower trunk or medial cord fibers. In 17 there was a correlation between the site of jugular vein cannulation and the side affected, suggesting that needle trauma played a role. Stretching from chest wall retraction may have caused some cases. Other deficits included 13 saphenous, 8 common peroneal, and 5 ulnar mononeuropathies. Six patients had persistent singultus, suggesting phrenic nerve involvement. Unilateral vocal cord paralysis was found in 5. An isolated partial Horner syndrome and a facial neuropathy were also identified. Males were more likely to develop PNS complications. Hypothermia during surgery was associated with increased risk. Most PNS deficits were transient, and lasting disability was rare.