bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literature Based on Invective: Invective against Old Women, Priapic Poetry, and Epigram
Authors: Richlin Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moreover, the place and, as it were, the area of the ridiculous is bounded by ugliness and a certain sort of misshapenness: for either the only, or the most outstanding things which are laughed at are those which mark and describe some ugliness in no ugly manner.’
What Really Happened at the Sorbonne
Authors: Birnbaum Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is with some hesitation that I venture to write about the French governments cultural conference, which met at the old Sorbonne in February (1983). Unlike most of its most frenzied American detractors, I was actually there. Unlike them, too, I do not find that having to deal with ideas or persons French induces an immediate crisis of intellectual and personal identity. In Paris, I did not think of myself as a provincial who would use the cultural equivalent of the wrong fork, but as a visitor from one metropolis to another.
A Practical Handbook For Their Care, Preservation, And Management
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historic house museums, representing our cultural heritage can be found in nearly every city in the United States and Canada. These are the homes of the earliest settlers, statesmen, frontiersmen, great writers, artists, architects, and industrial magnates. Some museums encompass a group of buildings or an entire village. Despite ther popularity, it is not uncommon to find museums that are in poor repair, their collections neglected and their staffs grossly overworked. Many are run by well-meaning and hard-working volunteers who have little or no professional training. Often they survive on shoestring budgets and are able to present only limited and programs. Serving both as a hands-on guide and reference, this book examines these problems, offering practical advice and solutions which can be easily implemented. Its useful “lessons” include governance, where to find help, care of collections, conservation, security, and interpretation - all designed to increase the professionalism of the historic house museum. The book is intended primarily for managers and curators of historic house museums, those who have the responsibility of preserving the historic building, caring for collections, as well as extablishing exhibits and programs. Beginning professionals and volunteers will find it a worthwhile reference, and it will also be of interest to owners of historic properties - both private and institutional - state and county historical socieities, and “Bed and Breakfast” businesses many of which are operated in historic houses. The book may have adoption potential as a supplementary text in Maueum Studies and Museology courses.
Museum Security: Protecting the Historic House
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Museums, by their very nature, must be security conscious. Protecting Collections And a house from light, pests, extreme temperatures, and fluctuating humidity were discussed in Chapter 6. Equally important is protecting the museum against vandalism, theft, fire, and natural disasters. Regardless of the size or location of the historic house, provisions must be made to ensure the safety of the museum, the visitors, and the staff. Security rules and regulations pertain to everyone. Special treatment that may infringe upon security must not be given to individuals because of their status or rank.
Setting the Scene: Lines 1-132
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the first moments of the Clouds, the audience is oriented in a comic world quite different from those of the Acharnians and Knights. As the Peloponnesian War is dismissed and civic problems ignored, Strepsiades’ opening complaint and his subsequent interaction with his son, Pheidippides, present us with a new kind of issue, language, its power, and the grounds for this power. Strepsiades is in trouble because he cannot speak effectively, while those who can, work their will on him and others.
Meeting the Wise Souls and Their Gods: Lines 133-313
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strepsiades’, and the audience’s, introduction to the wise souls and their gods elaborates the themes of his initial description. As we listen to the exemplary tales of the student, see the interior of the Thinkery, meet the master, and finally hear the voices of the clouds, Socrates is assimilated ever more closely to the type “comic philosopher”: ludicrously otherworldly, preoccupied with ridiculous and trivial speculation, inhabitant of a world of theory. Reciprocally, Strepsiades is confirmed as the representative of the practical comicman.
Aristophanes’ Failures-The Parabasis: Lines 510-626
Authors: O’regan Daphne Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of theoretical misgivings and dissonances, at the moment of Strepsiades’ disappearance into the Thinkery, things look good, and the chorus’ subsequent praise (510-17) encourages us further. Perhaps the awkward combination of comic man and philosopher may work out well, at least for our hero. Such expectations are reinforced both by the rules of comedy (where the hero normally procures complete satisfaction, often through unorthodox, not to say immoral, means) and by the spectacles of the Knights and the Acharnians.
The π ο λ ι τ ε Í α Genre and Its Origin
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first half of the connection is clear, even if we do not accept, in part or in whole, Jacoby’s claim that Plato’s work is inconceivable without the kind of research which went into the collections of Aristotle and his pupil. It is clear, in the first instance, because the works of Plato and Theophrastus show the requisite minimum of similar features, interest in historical Iaw and interest in comparative law.
Observation and Explanation
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This part of my title perhaps itself deserves explanation. I think of a double process. Its first part consists of drawing attention to smaller or larger portions of the text about which it is desirable to ask further questions. Although few of these passages have in the past been singled out for special treatment, it will, I hope, become clear that one basic principle of interpretation can be applied to them, namely that to look at them only in their initial and immediate context is a limited, and limiting, approach, and one which does not adequately respond to Aristotle’s intentions.
The δ ο ϰ ε ȋFormula
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A traditionally Greek way of describing the opposition between Solon and Peisistratus would be to see in the former an example of egyov, in the latter an example of Myoc;. A similar dichotomy between appearance and reality underlies a repeated pattern which I describe as the 6oxei:v formula and which operates as follows.
A Constitutional Formula
Authors: Keaney John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not so much that there is a contrast between the Areopagus and the Four Hunded/Thirty as that this passage is part of two formulaic patterns. The first is the box-pattern which is used to introduce newly important entrants on the political scene, and it is this, as we shall see, which explains the use of &6yμa. The second is a constitutional formula-found in different subtexts-according to which the institution of a nondemocratic regime is accomplished through democratic forms.
The Gang Member Experience
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gang is an important life experience for a growing number of youths in low income, changing, and unstable minority communities. Gangs serve the interests and needs of certain vulnerable youths, particularly during the adolescent and young adult period, when existing social, economic, and even religious institutions do not function properly. Gangs provide a certain degree of physical protection, social support, solidarity, cultural identification, and moral education as well as opportunities for self-esteem, honor, and sometimes economic gain. This chapter describes why youths join gangs, what satisfactions they obtain from the gang, and why in due course they leave it. It deals with the role of members and the meaning of the gang to the youth, and focuses on group processes that contribute to his antisocial, especially gang-related violent, behavior. Analysis of these social facts is particularly important for community agencies and organizations seeking to intervene meaningfully at critical periods in the youth’s gang life cycle.
Prosecution, Defense, and the Judiciary
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prosecutors and judges are the criminal justice officials most likely to view the gang problem in straightforward and uncomplicated suppression terms. The key question that guides the prosecutor is, “How do we take the gang member who is committing crimes and successfully keep him behind bars” (Genelin 1993, pp. 1, 2). The prosecutor often tends to see his or her job as processing, convicting, and winning long sentences for gang youths on maximum charges as quickly as possible. Often judges in juvenile court believe that the youth-gang problem belongs in adult criminal court. State law may require automatic transfer of certain juveniles committing violent offenses and permit use of RICO (Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations) statutes to combat gang crime. Judges have tended to consider gangs as a serious and organized threat to society. State law, political pressures, public opinion, and lack of firsthand knowledge of the problem largely determine these hard-line views and actions.
Probation, Corrections, and Parole-After Care
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probation, corrections, and parole are concerned mainly with management of gang youths either in the institution or the community, generally once the youths have been adjudicated or penetrated the justice system. Limited national experience exists on how best to control and rehabilitate gang youths. The complexity of efforts required and the lack of resources present daunting problems to those system workers who would change the behavior of gang youth. The nature and extent of postadjudicatory and some preadjudicatory programs seem to be highly varied. Only California appears to have addressed the gang problem systematically across a range of strategies for both youth and young adult offenders over a sustained period, particularly in Los Angeles County. Remarkably, some probation and correctional agencies are beginning to address the gang problem through a range of strategies, including prevention as well as intervention and suppression.
Social Intervention
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social intervention, as discussed in this chapter, signifies social programming, mainly social services, to deal with the gang problem. Youth serving agencies, such as Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs, YMCAs, social settlements, special youth projects, and youth development authorities, have a long tradition of dealing with youth gangs through in-house and outreach activities and services. These programs predate the more recent specialized law enforcement and other justice system efforts directed to the problem. The older programs were in a state of decline through much of the 1970s and 1980s, but have recently experienced some resurgence, more complex design, innovative program or case management, and the availability of additional, mainly federal and state, resources. Many of the newer or reinvigorated programs emphasize prevention and intervention for younger or at-risk adolescents, unlike the older pro grams that more often focused on hard-core gang youths, particularly on efforts to mediate or prevent disputes between warring gangs.
Local Community Mobilization and Evolving National Policy
Authors: Spergel Irving A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the major causes of the gang problem are social disorganization and poverty or their various patterns of interrelationship, then logically we should address these causes in relevant ways. In the last chapter the focus was on the development of social and economic opportunities. This chapter deals with issues to counter social disorganization. The focus is on policies that serve to cohere or organize community participation and coordinate agency programs. The chapter examines efforts that operate across local citizen or community groups and governmental and nongovernmental agencies at local, state, and federal levels. Organizations often address the gang problem in separate, particularistic, and sometimes contradictory ways. Mobilized and coordinated approaches occur when organizations and significant units within them develop similar perceptions of the problem and establish related or interdependent policies, programs, and practices.
The New Iron Age’’ Comes to America: Japanese Investment in Steel
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important basic input for producing an automobile is steel and iron. In 1986 the average American automobile weighed 3,175 pounds; of this, 2,160 pounds were steel and iron. In 1986, steel accounted for 76 percent of the total materials content by weight of the average Japanese car. The U.S. International Trade Commission concluded that “the U.S. iron and steel industry’s status is closely tied to health of the domestic auto industry.” The importance of steel to successful automobile production cannot be overestimated—quality problems in the steel will certainly be reflected in the final product.
Rounding Out the Industrial Infrastructure
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese investment in American basic industry is not limited to automobiles and steel. Indeed, it extends into a series of related input and supplier industries—rubber and tires, automotive glass, industrial chemicals, machine tools, industrial robotics, and others. Today, four of Japan’s five major rubber and tire companies, Bridgestone Tire, Sumitomo Rubber, Yokohama Rubber, and Toyo Tire operate U.S. factories (see Table 7.1). Japan’s major glass producer, Asahi Glass, has established U.S. plants to supply the automotive assembly transplants. Large Japanese producers of automotive plastics and chemicals have also opened U.S. production facilities. A growing number of Japanese companies supply the assembly-line equipment, production equipment, robots, stamping presses, and machine tools used by the automobile transplants. Yamazaki Mazak, a major Japanese machine tool company, produces numerically-controlled lathes and machining centers in Kentucky and is opening a major R&D center in Ohio. Hitachi Zosen makes large stamping presses for automotive assembly plants in Illinois.
Tensions and Contradictions of the Transplants
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese corporations, their transplant factories and American work forces have faced numerous obstacles in the transfer of the Japanese industrial system to the United States. As we have already seen it has been hard for some workers and managers to move beyond the outmoded fordist organizational structure and behaviors to the innovation-mediated production model. The strategies and actions of some Japanese corporations and their transplant factories have at times complicated the transfer process.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan is now in the process of strategically repositioning its entire economy. It is setting in place the base for sustained growth through the 1990s essentially through strategic and structurally driven capital investment. In 1988, for the first time, Japan invested in absolute terms more than the U.S. did. Last year it invested about 10 percent more, and this year it is investing about 25 percent more The Jeapanese economy is today three-fifths the size that of the United States. And with current investment and research trends, the momentum continues to move in Japan’s favor. Not once in a quarter of a century has the U.S. invested, as a proportion of GNP, as much as Japan. And Japan is also investing much more than any economy in Europe.
The Wild Man: The Epic of Gilgamesh
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since it has been said that you are my twin and true companion, examine yourself so that you may understand who you are ... I am the knowledge of the truth. So while you accompany me, although you do not understand (it), you already have come to know, and you will be called “the one who knows himself.” For whoever has not known himself has known nothing, but whoever has known himself has simultaneously achieved knowledge about the depth of all things.
Introduction To Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to its nondestructive imaging power, scanning tunneling microscopy has found major applications in the fields of physics, chemistry, engineering, and materials science. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy, with full coverage of the imaging mechanism, instrumentation, and sample applications. The work is the first single-author reference on STM and presents much valuable information previously available only as proceedings or collections of review articles. It contains a 32-page section of remarkable STM images, and is organized as a self-contained work, with all mathematical derivations fully detailed. As a source of background material and current data, the book will be an invaluable resource for all scientists, engineers, and technicians using the imaging abilities of STM and AFM. It may also be used as a textbook in senior-year and graduate level STM courses, and as a supplementary text in surface science, solid-state physics, materials science, microscopy, and quantum mechanics.
Overview
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer (1982, 1987) and implemented by Binnig, Rohrer, Gerber, and Weibel (1982a, 1982b). Figure 1.1 shows its essential elements. A probe tip, usually made of W or Pt-Ir alloy, is attached to a piezadrive, which consists of three mutually perpendicular piezoelectric transducers: x piezo, y piezo, and z piezo. Upon applying a voltage, a piezoelectric transducer expands or contracts. By applying a sawtooth voltage on the x piezo and a voltage ramp on the y piezo,
Tunneling Matrix Elements
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
where “‘ is the wave function of the sample, and Xv is the wave function of the tip, respectively. These matrix elements are usually called tunneling matrix elements. As we have shown in Chapter 2, after proper correction, they are also suitable for describing processes where the top of the potential barrier becomes lower than the energy level. As shown in Eq. (3.1), only the values of these wavefunctions at the separation surface, which is located roughly in the middle of the gap, are relevant. Certain corrections to the free wavefunctions are required. As we showed in Chapter 2, for the case of a flat surface, the correction due to the image force is essentially a constant multiplier. For a single atom, the correction is also essentially a constant multiplier, although with a different value, as we will discuss in Chapter 7. The matrix element has the dimension of energy. In Chapter 7, we will show that the physical meaning of Bardeen’s matrix element is the energy lowering due to the overlap of the two states. In other words, it is the resonance energy of Heisenberg (1926) and Pauling (1977), which is the dominant term in the force between the tip and the sample under normal STM operating conditions. Therefore, an explicit form for the tunneling matrix elements described by Eq. (3.1) is important in the quantitative understanding of STM and AFM.
Imaging Atomic States
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capability of imaging perfect crystalline surfaces down to the level of single atoms is not the only merit of STM. The unique capability of STM is to image local phenomena on an atomic scale, such as a single-atom defect or an adsorbed atom or molecule, and to image every single atom at a step, a dislocation, or a twin boundary. This is far beyond the capability of diffraction methods, such as low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), atom-beam diffraction, and x-ray diffraction. The direct information obtained by STM is the local electronic structure (Binnig and Rohrer, 1982), rather than the positions of the atomic nuclei. In this chapter, we discuss the process of STM imaging of individual atomic states at solid surfaces.
Tip Treatment
Authors: Chen C Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of tip treatment in STM was recognized by Binnig and Rohrer from the very beginning of their experimentation (Binnig and Rohrer, 1982). In order to understand the observed resolution, they realized that if the tip would be considered as a piece of continuous metal, the radius must be smaller than JO A. The number does not appear very meaningful for a tip radius, but it is nevertheless clear that conventional field-emission tips of radius I 00-1000 A would not provide the resolution they observed.
The King’S Grace And The Helpless Woman: Ruth, Charila, Sītā
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The biblical story of Ruth contained in the postexilic Book of Ruth, the Del phic myth of Charila preserved by Plutarch, and the story of Rama and SHa told by the Ramayai:ia, which I shall henceforward call the story of Sita for the sake of brevity and of symmetry, are stories about a woman or girl and her male counterpart, a kingly figure. The kingly quality of the male protagonist is obvious in the stories of Charila and of Sita; in the story of Ruth that quality is signified by the final genealogy that shows Ruth’s benefactor to be an ancestor of King David, the prototypical monarch ofisrael, and of his line from which the kingly Messiah shall rise.
Charismatic Possession And Monarchic Rationalization
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now the biblical texts dealing with the birth of the monarchy1 have been studied as a series of”sites” in which to look for indices and traces of historical facts if not the actual historical facts themselves. This attitude toward the texts derives from a series of factors at the root of which may be a certain attitude toward the Holy Book which has never been overcome (not even by the staunchest nonbelievers).
Prophecy And Writing In The Ancient Near East
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near-Eastern prophecy is, above all, a form of divination, although not exclusively so. In the societies of the ancient Near East divination plays a central role, and is one of the basic ways of knowing. The available documents illustrate that divination presides over all operative choices, at least those of the state and court. As a form of divination, prophecy displays the same central importance that generally accrues to Near-Eastern divination. We must immediately add, how ever, that prophecy is a unique type of divination. If divination consists largely in the deciphering of messages (or of phenomena interpreted as messages), it can be called a form of “reading.” Prophecy, on the other hand, as a form of exceptional divination, consists in direct communication of a message from the supernatural. The means of such direct communication include dreams and visions, in which supernatural beings communicate directly with a human being. They also include the possession of a human being by supernatural beings who speak through the human’s mouth.