bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SULT1A1 genotype, active and passive smoking, and breast cancer risk by age 50 years in a German case–control study
Authors: Lilla Carmen , Risch Angela , Kropp Silke , Chang-Claude Jenny 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Sulfotransferase 1A1 (encoded by SULT1A1) is involved in the metabolism of procarcinogens such as heterocyclic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, both of which are present in tobacco smoke. We recently reported a differential effect of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 2 genotype on the association between active and passive smoking and breast cancer. Additional investigation of a common SULT1A1 genetic polymorphism associated with reduced enzyme activity and stability might therefore provide deeper insight into the modification of breast cancer susceptibility.

Methods
We conducted a population-based case–control study in Germany. A total of 419 patients who had developed breast cancer by age 50 years and 884 age-matched control individuals, for whom risk factor information and detailed smoking history were available, were included in the analysis. Genotyping was performed using a fluorescence-based melting curve analysis method. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate breast cancer risk associated with the SULT1A1 Arg213His polymorphism alone and in combination with NAT2 genotype in relation to smoking.

Results
The overall risk for breast cancer in women who were carriers of at least one SULT1A1*2 allele was not significantly different from that for women with the SULT1A1*1/*1 genotype (adjusted odds ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.66–1.06). Risk for breast cancer with respect to several smoking variables did not differ substantially between carriers of the *2 allele and noncarriers. However, among NAT2 fast acetylators, the odds ratio associated with passive smoking only (3.23, 95% confidence interval 1.05–9.92) was elevated in homozygous carriers of the SULT1A1*1 allele but not in carriers of the SULT1A1*2 allele (odds ratio 1.28, 95% confidence interval 0.50–3.31).

Conclusion
We found no evidence that the SULT1A1 genotype in itself modifies breast cancer risk associated with smoking in women up to age 50 years. In combination with NAT2 fast acetylator status, however, the SULT1A1*1/*1 genotype might increase breast cancer risk in women exposed to tobacco smoke.
Downregulation of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC)7 in invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and its clinicopathologic relationships
Authors: Park Kwang-Hwa , Choi Sung-E , Eom Minseob , Kang Yup 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) is a multiprotein complex with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which is required for the ubiquitination of securin and cyclin-B. Moreover, the mitotic spindle checkpoint is activated if APC activation is prevented. In addition, several APC-targeting molecules such as securin, polo-like kinase, aurora kinase, and SnoN have been reported to be oncogenes. Therefore, dysregulation of APC may be associated with tumorigenesis. However, the clinical significance and the involvement of APC in tumorigenesis have not been investigated.

Methods
The expression of APC7 was immunohistochemically investigated in 108 invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast and its relationship with clinicopathologic parameters was examined. The expression of APC7 was defined as positive when the summed scores of staining intensities (0 to 3+) and stained proportions (0 to 3+) exceeded 3+.

Results
Positive APC7 expression was less frequent than its negative expression when histologic (P = 0.009) or nuclear grade (P = 0.009), or mitotic number (P = 0.0016) was elevated. The frequency of APC7 negative expression was higher in high Ki-67 or aneuploid groups than in low Ki-67 or diploid groups.

Conclusion
These data show that loss of APC7 expression is more common in breast carcinoma cases with poor prognostic parameters or malignant characteristics. They therefore suggest that dysregulation of APC activity, possibly through downregulation of APC7, may be associated with tumorigenesis in breast cancer.
9-cis-Retinoic Acid Inhibits Androgen Receptor Activity through Activation of Retinoid X Receptor
Authors: Chuang Kuang-Hsiang , Lee Yi-Fen , Lin Wen-Jye , Chu Chin-Yi , Altuwaijri Saleh , Wan Yu-Jui Yvonne , Chang Chawnshang 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Although the retinoic X receptor (RXR) forms heterodimers with many members of the estrogen receptor subfamily, the interaction between RXR and the members of the glucocorticoid receptor subfamily remains unclear. Here we show that the RXR can form a heterodimer with the androgen receptor (AR) under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Functional analyses further demonstrated that the AR, in the presence or absence of androgen, can function as a repressor to suppress RXR target genes, thereby preventing the RXR binding to the RXR DNA response element. In contrast, RXR can function as a repressor to suppress AR target genes in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid, but unliganded RXR can function as a weak coactivator to moderately enhance AR transactivation. Together, these results not only reveal a unique interaction between members of the two nuclear receptor subfamilies, but also represent the first evidence showing a nuclear receptor (RXR) may function as either a repressor or a coactivator based on the ligand binding status.
Cancer Promoted by the Oncoprotein v-ErbA May Be Due to Subcellular Mislocalization of Nuclear Receptors
Authors: Bonamy Ghislain M. C. , Guiochon-Mantel Anne , Allison Lizabeth A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe retroviral v-ErbA oncoprotein is a highly mutated variant of the thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα), which is unable to bind T3 and interferes with the action of TRα in mammalian and avian cancer cells. v-ErbA dominant-negative activity is attributed to competition with TRα for T3-responsive DNA elements and/or auxiliary factors involved in the transcriptional regulation of T3-responsive genes. However, competition models do not address the altered subcellular localization of v-ErbA and its possible implications in oncogenesis. Here, we report that v-ErbA dimerizes with TRα and the retinoid X receptor and sequesters a significant fraction of the two nuclear receptors in the cytoplasm. Recruitment of TRα to the cytoplasm by v-ErbA can be partially reversed in the presence of ligand and when chromatin is disrupted by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. These results define a new mode of action of v-ErbA and illustrate the importance of cellular compartmentalization in transcriptional regulation and oncogenesis.
The developmental cell biology ofTrypanosoma brucei
Authors: Matthews Keith R. 
Published: January 2005

Trypanosoma brucei provides an excellent system for studies of many aspects of cell biology, including cell structure and morphology, organelle positioning, cell division and protein trafficking. However, the trypanosome has a complex life cycle in which it must adapt either to the mammalian bloodstream or to different compartments within the tsetse fly. These differentiation events require stage-specific changes to basic cell biological processes and reflect responses to environmental stimuli and programmed differentiation events that must occur within a single cell.The organization of cell structure is fundamental to the trypanosome throughout its life cycle. Modulations of the overall cell morphology and positioning of the specialized mitochondrial genome, flagellum and associated basal body provide the classical descriptions of the different life cycle stages of the parasite. The dependency relationships that govern these morphological changes are now beginning to be understood and their molecular basis identified. The overall picture emerging is of a highly organized cell in which the rules established for cell division and morphogenesis in organisms such as yeast and mammalian cells do not necessarily apply. Therefore, understanding the developmental cell biology of the African trypanosome is providing insight into both fundamentally conserved and fundamentally different aspects of the organization of the eukaryotic cell.
Thromboprophylaxis in pelvic and acetabular trauma surgery
Authors: Steele N. , Dodenhoff R. M. , Ward A. J. , Morse M. H. 
Published: January 2005

We prospectively studied the outcome of a protocol of prophylaxis for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in 103 consecutive patients undergoing surgical stabilisation of pelvic and acetabular fractures. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was administered within 24 hours of injury or on achieving haemodynamic stability. Patients were screened for proximal DVT by duplex ultrasonography performed ten to 14 days after surgery.The incidence of proximal DVT was 10% and of pulmonary embolus 5%. Proximal DVT developed in two of 64 patients (3%) who had received LMWH within 24 hours of injury, but in eight of 36 patients (22%) who received LMWH more than 24 hours after the injury (p < 0.01). We conclude that LMWH, when begun without delay, is a safe and effective method of thromboprophylaxis in high-risk patients with major pelvic or acetabular fractures.
Birmingham hip resurfacing arthroplasty
Authors: Treacy R. B. C. , McBryde C. W. , Pynsent P. B. 
Published: January 2005

We report the survival at five years of 144 consecutive metal-on-metal resurfacings of the hip implanted between August 1997 and May 1998. Failure was defined as revision of either the acetabular or femoral component for any reason during the study period. The survival at the end of five years was 98% overall and 99% for aseptic revisions only. The mean age of the patients at implantation was 52.1 years. Three femoral components failed during the first two years, two were infected and one fractured. A single stage revision was carried out in each case. No other revisions were performed or are impending. No patients were lost to follow-up. Four died from unrelated causes during the study period. This study confirms that hip resurfacing using a metal-on-metal bearing of known provenance can provide a solution in the medium term for the younger more active adult who requires surgical intervention for hip disease.
The effect of psychological disturbance on symptoms, self-reported disability and surgical outcome in carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Hobby J. L. , Venkatesh R. , Motkur P. 
Published: January 2005

In a prospective study, we have evaluated the impact of psychological disturbance on symptoms, self-reported disability and the surgical outcome in a series of 110 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Self-reported severity of symptoms and disability were assessed using the patient evaluation measure and the Boston carpal tunnel questionnaire. Psychological distress was assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression scale. There was a significant association between psychological disturbance and the pre-operative symptoms and disability. However, there was no significant association between pre-operative psychological disturbance and the outcome of surgery at six months. We concluded that patients with carpal tunnel syndrome should not be denied surgery because of pre-operative psychological disturbance since it does not adversely affect the surgical outcome.
Comparison of offset in Birmingham hip resurfacing and hybrid total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Loughead J. M. , Chesney D. , Holland J. P. , McCaskie A. W. 
Published: January 2005

Hip resurfacing is being performed more frequently in the United Kingdom. The possible benefits include more accurate restoration of leg length, femoral offset and femoral anteversion than occurs after total hip arthroplasty (THA). We compared anteroposterior radiographs from 26 patients who had undergone hybrid THA (uncemented cup/cemented stem), with 28 who had undergone Birmingham Hip Resurfacing arthroplasty (BHR). We measured the femoral offset, femoral length, acetabular offset and acetabular height with reference to the normal contralateral hip. The data were analysed by paired t-tests. There was a significant reduction in femoral offset (p = 0.0004) and increase in length (p = 0.001) in the BHR group. In the THA group, there was a significant reduction in acetabular offset (p = 0.0003), but femoral offset and overall hip length were restored accurately. We conclude that hip resurfacing does not restore hip mechanics as accurately as THA.
Low Hematocrit and Serum Albumin Concentrations Underlie the Overestimation of Tacrolimus Concentrations by Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay versus Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Brown Nigel W , Gonde Christopher E , Adams Jemimah E , Tredger J Michael 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background: Rapid liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are used increasingly for tacrolimus (TRL) monitoring but show a negative difference with respect to a microparticle immunoassay (MEIA). This report examines possible reasons for this difference between methods.
Methods: We collected 1156 blood samples from 277 adult and 121 pediatric recipients of liver, renal, and bone marrow grafts or hepatocyte or pancreatic islet cell implants. TRL was measured in whole blood by MEIA and LC-MS/MS, and hematologic and biochemical data were collected when available.
Results: LC-MS/MS was significantly more precise (P &lt;0.02) than the MEIA with increased sensitivity. The MEIA had a median difference of 16.2% vs LC-MS/MS overall, and this was significantly affected by patient cohort (P &lt;0.001). The difference was greater in adult or pediatric liver graft recipients while they were inpatients rather than outpatients (31.8% and 14.0% vs 7.5% and 6.5%, respectively). The difference was also greater in bone marrow than kidney graft recipients (32.8% vs 15.8%, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant inverse relationships of this difference with hematocrit (packed cell volume) and plasma albumin (P &lt;0.001) in the total cohort and a positive relationship with plasma bilirubin in a subgroup of pediatric liver graft recipients.
Conclusions: Patients with a low packed cell volume and plasma albumin are likely to show artificially high concentrations of TRL when measured by MEIA. The increased risk of underimmunosuppression must be considered should doses be reduced to lower these seemingly high TRL concentrations.
PDF simulations of ethylene decomposition in tubular LDPE reactors
Authors: Kolhapure Nitin H. , Fox Rodney O. , Daiβ Andreas , Mähling Frank‐Olaf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study deals with turbulent reacting flow simulation inside low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) tubular reactors, based on a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique—transported probability density function (PDF) methods. The ability of the PDF methods to provide an exact representation of chemical source terms is ideally suited for coupling complex LDPE chemistry with small‐scale fluid dynamic fluctuations in turbulent flow. LDPE chemistry with a total of 16 scalars provides an ideal test case for illustrating the applicability of an efficient chemistry algorithm based on in‐situ adaptive tabulation. A particle‐based Monte Carlo algorithm is used to solve the joint‐composition PDF equation, whereas a finite‐volume code is used to obtain hydrodynamic fields from the standard k–ε turbulence model. The influence of feed temperature, initiator concentration, and degree of premixing is investigated to gain detailed knowledge of micromixing effects on steady‐state reactor performance. The computational approach provides a low‐cost alternative to experimental and pilot‐plant tests for exploring a variety of design options when making important design and operational decisions, or for investigating unstable reactor operating conditions. The ability of a simplified, but otherwise equivalent multi‐environment‐presumed PDF model to predict turbulence–chemistry interactions close to physical reality is validated using the detailed transported PDF simulations. The transported PDF method is shown to be an excellent tool for obtaining fundamental information on turbulent reacting flows, as well as for deriving simplified models for faster and easier interpretation of these flows when developing safe and efficient chemical processes. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 585–606, 2005
Improved liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric determination and pharmacokinetic study of glimepiride in human plasma
Authors: Pistos Constantinos , Koutsopoulou Maria , Panderi Irene 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn improved liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of glimepiride in human plasma has been developed and fully validated. The article describes in detail the bioanalytical procedure and summarizes the validation results obtained. The samples were extracted using liquid–liquid extraction with a mixture of 1‐chlorobutane–isopropanol–ethyl acetate (88:2:10, v/v/v). The chromatographic separation was performed on a reversed‐phase Hypersil ODScolumn (250 × 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 mm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of formic acid 0.05 m–acetonitrile (28:72, v/v), pumped at a ﬂow rate of 0.3 ml min−1 heated to 25C. The analytes were detected using an API 3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Tandem mass spectrometric detection enabled the quantitation of glimepiride down to 0.50 ng mL−1. Calibration graphs were linear (r better than 0.998, n = 11), in concentration range 0.50–1000 ng mL−1, and the intra‐ and inter‐ day RSD values were less than 10.37 and 11.55% for glimepiride. The method was successfully applied to a kinetic study in order to assess the main pharmacokinetic parameters of glimepiride. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of community risk factors and resources on breast carcinoma stage at diagnosis
Authors: Davidson Pamela L. , Bastani Roshan , Nakazono Terry T. , Carreon Daisy C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study investigated the individual and community determinants of breast carcinoma stage at diagnosis (BCSAD) using multiple data sources merged with cancer registry data. The literature review yielded 5 studies that analyzed cancer registry data merged with community‐level variables (1995–2004).METHODSCommunity variables constructed for the current study reflected social and economic risk factors, physician supply, and health maintenance organization penetration. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the significant predictors of increasingly progressive BCSAD.RESULTSDisparities remained for black and Hispanic females in California, who were least likely to be diagnosed early compared with their white counterparts. Younger (< 40 years) and middle‐aged (40–64 years) females were less likely to be diagnosed with early BCSAD, compared with older females (≥ 65 years). Utilizing services at hospitals serving a lower volume of patients with breast carcinoma was associated with later BCSAD. After controlling for individual‐level factors, community‐level variables constructed at the census block group and county level were tested. If a woman resided in a neighborhood with greater percentages of female‐headed households, persons living below the poverty level, less educated people, and more recent immigrants, then her chances of being diagnosed at an earlier stage were diminished. If, conversely, she resided in a neighborhood with greater percentages of females ≥ 65 years (a proxy for Medicare coverage), her access to medical care and the probability of earlier BCSAD increased. County‐level insurance rates and residing in counties where greater percentages of women ever had a mammogram were associated with in situ and early‐stage diagnosis. Similarly, the supply of primary care physicians and radiologists was associated positively with earlier BCSAD.CONCLUSIONSResults confirmed community‐level predictors of socioeconomic and delivery system context matter, although the individual‐level predictors showed a stronger effect. Nevertheless, analysis of community variables is promising for guiding and evaluating the effects of health policy and developing community and delivery system interventions for earlier detection and treatment of breast carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma in 122 immunocompetent patients
Authors: Shenkier Tamara N. , Voss Nicholas , Chhanabhai Mukesh , Fairey Randall , Gascoyne Randy D. , Hoskins Paul , Klasa Richard , Morris James , O'Reilly Susan E. , Pickles Tom , Sehn Laurie , Connors Joseph M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of a population‐based cohort of immunocompetent patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) treated with 3 different strategies over 13 years.METHODSOne hundred twenty‐two consecutive patients (median age, 66 years) with PCNSL were identified. Three treatment strategies were employed: 1) whole‐brain irradiation with (from January, 1990, to June, 1991) or without (from April, 1995, to December, 1999) cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)‐type chemotherapy (n = 50 patients); 2) combined‐modality therapy, including 1 g/m2 methotrexate plus whole‐brain irradiation (from July, 1991, to March, 1995; n = 34 patients); and 3) 8 g/m2 methotrexate alone (from January, 2000, to March, 2003) with whole‐brain irradiation reserved for those with progressive disease (n = 38 patients). Treatment failure was defined as progressive disease, disease recurrence, death from toxicity or lymphoma, or toxicity that necessitated a change in primary treatment.RESULTSThe median failure‐free survival was 7 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was 17 months. The median OS was similar in all 3 eras. In this population‐based analysis, one‐third of patients did not receive the treatment strategy of the era. Therefore, the data also were analyzed by treatment received. On multivariate analysis (including era of treatment), 3 factors—age > 60 years, lactate dehydrogenase > normal, and omission of methotrexate—were associated significantly with poorer OS (hazard ratio: 2.3, 2.2, and 2.3, respectively).CONCLUSIONSOutcomes for a general population with PCNSL remained constant despite different treatment strategies over three eras. For the two‐thirds of patients who could receive potentially curative treatment, age, lactate dehydrogenase level, and receipt of ≥ 1 g/m2 methotrexate appeared to be important determinants of OS. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.