bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Modeling Scheme of Cellular Structure Under Extreme Loading Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Verma Praveen Kr. , Sankrityayan Rohit , Chawla Anoop , Mukherjee Sudipto , Dubey Devendra K. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bio-inspired cellular structures are being used for armor design for human safety. During highly dynamic phenomena such as impact and shock loading, these structures absorb energy by plastic deformation, hence minimizing injuries. Numerical approach employed for impact and ballistic simulations is well established for medium-range strain rates between 400 and 700 per second. However, under shock loading, the structure undergoes deformation with strain rates ranging 1000 to 5000 per second as it involves rampant interaction of shock waves with structures. For numerical modelling of such phenomenon, ConWep and MM-ALE simulation techniques are used effectively. In ConWep, the shock loads applied on structures are empirically derived and extrapolated from the experiment which is suited for higher scaled distances. The interaction between eulerian and lagrangian mesh is defined using MM-ALE approach by using FSI (Fluid-structure interaction) coupling. Intuitively, these methodology are stable for a far-field analysis but have shown inconsistency in predicting the behaviour for close to contact detonation scenarios. Current study investigates a deformable hybrid sandwich structure (such as cellular sandwich structures) subjected to such close-range scenario using non-cellular modelling techniques. The cellular structure is defined using an equivalent material model by implementing continuum orthotropic properties, considering lagrangian mesh to ameliorate the computational time. Hydrocodes based finite element scheme employed in LS-DYNA for investigating specific energy absorption (SEA) and force transmission through the structure during the deformation. Study aids in minimizing computational time and modelling complexities particularly in case of near-field detonation scenario. It is observed that the compression pattern in cellular structure is different for a near-field scenario when compared with the far-field scenarios.
Lightweight Composites With 3D Printed Sensors for Real-Time Damage Detection
Authors: Fitzpatrick Daniel , Billings Christopher , Liu Yingtao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although composites are widely used and accepted across various industries, concerns still remain about the structural integrity of composite materials that are subject to fatigue and possible impact loading. The goal of this paper is to describe the design, development, manufacture, and characterization of a novel type of fiber-reinforced composite laminates with embedded nanocomposite-based strain sensors for potential real-time load monitoring and damage detection. The fiber reinforced composite laminates are composed of Kevlar fiber and an epoxy mixture, with a nanocomposite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the same epoxy mixture. The CNT-based nanocomposite is 3D printed onto a strip of Kevlar fiber at a speed of 1 mm/s in a strain sensor pattern. Then, high-quality structural composites are manufactured by wet layup of 6 layers of Kevlar fiber, with the sensor embedded within. The manufactured composite laminates with embedded nanocomposite sensors are characterized under uniaxial-tension load to understand their in-situ sensing capability. To quantify the piezoresistive behavior, relative resistance change ΔR/R0 (where R0 is the initial resistance at the unloaded condition) is recorded while applying quasi-static tension at different strains in a cyclic manner. The mechanical properties and piezoresistive functionality of the composites will be determined as the samples undergo deformation. The corresponding piezoresistive change happening simultaneously can be used as a damage identification feature. This research can assist in the development of reliable and accurate damage detection technologies to improve the structural durability and operational safety of lightweight composite laminates for industry applications.
Design of In-Plane and Thickness-Wise Functionally Graded Shells
Authors: Serhat Gokhan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Functionally graded material (FGM) designs can outperform structures made of conventional materials due to the improved internal load distribution. However, the actual potency of FGM highly depends on the parametrization of the material distribution. Hence, the determination of the effective grading approaches suitable for different scenarios is highly important. This study compares the in-plane and thickness-wise grading strategies for the design of FGM shells. The considered structures comprise two materials, one that is relatively stiffer-heavier and another being softer-lighter. The proportion of the denser material is constrained not to exceed half of the total volume. The design task concerns maximizing the fundamental frequency as the objective. The analyses were performed for different combinations of shell thickness and boundary conditions. The results show that the effectiveness of the grading type notably depends on the analyzed case. The findings of this study can serve as a guideline for future studies investigating similar problems.
Healing Efficiency Evaluation of CFRP Composite Wing After Bird Strike
Authors: Brezetić Dominik , Ivančević Darko , Smojver Ivica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work presents results of the research assessing application advantages of intrinsically self-healing FRP composites over conventional FRP composite materials in typical airframe structures. The previously developed multiscale constitutive model for intrinsically self-healing FRP composites has been validated for the cases of static loading conditions (3PB test) in [1], and dynamic loading conditions (LVI) in [2]. The model is implemented in Abaqus/Explicit and Abaqus/Standard user material subroutines VUMAT and UMAT, respectively. Experimental and numerical analysis results of bird strike in FRP composite wing are taken from [3] and used as a reference. Inhere, for analysis purposes, the conventional epoxy resin is replaced with a self-healing polymer blend of Epon™ 828EL epoxy resin with 25vol% of PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone) and it is combined with T700 UD fibres to obtain intrinsically self-healing FRP composite. In the conclusions, the critical assessment of the obtained results is performed, and advantages of the new material systems are validated.
Slope-Inertia Model for Rotating Timoshenko-Ehrenfest Beams
Authors: Rangari Apurva Sunil , Elishakoff Isaac , Sarkar Korak 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rotating beams are used to model various aerospace and mechanical structures like helicopter blades, wind turbines, gas turbine, propeller blades, etc. The long and slender beams are modelled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory (EBT). Whereas the short and thicker beams are usually modelled using the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT) in order to incorporate the effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation. This paper focuses on the free vibration analysis of axially inhomogeneous and nonuniform rotating beams considering the Timoshenko-Ehrenfest slope-inertia model (TESIM) as the governing equation. The TESIM governing equation is obtained by modifying the rotational term in the kinetic energy expression of the original Timoshenko beam theory. To solve the TESIM equation finite element method has been used. Natural frequencies are then calculated for different material and geometric non-uniformities along the beam axis, and for various boundary conditions.
A Variable Camber Piezocomposite Rotor: Aerodynamic Analysis
Authors: Shah Bharg , Bilgen Onur 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multi-rotor vehicles use complex mechanisms and/or mechanical components and varying rotor speeds to attain stability, control, and maneuverability. This research proposes variable camber shape morphing blades for thrust generation. The goal is to use minimum number of mechanical components and produce varying thrust levels without varying the rotor speeds. This mechanism-free concept is referred to as the Solid-State Rotor by the authors. The concept employs morphing blades with strain-inducing actuators such as the Macro-Fiber Composite device. This concept uses onboard electronics powered by an electromagnetic generator attached to the rotor. The excitation of the strain-inducing actuators on the rotor blades changes the camber of the rotor blades, which leads to a change in thrust. In this paper, first, the concept is described. Next, aerodynamic analyses are conducted using a theoretical model based on the XROTOR software to predict the aerodynamic performance of variable camber piezocomposite rotors for various geometric and flow properties.
Hierarchical Modelling of Variable Stiffness Composite Plates Through Carrera’s Unified Formulation
Authors: Iannotta Domenico Andrea , Giunta Gaetano , Montemurro Marco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Variable Stiffness Composites (VSCs) have been lately proposed as a promising alternative to classical straight fibres composites where the variation of fibres orientation angle within the plane of the structure allows for a more general design of composite structures and consequent performances. Nevertheless, this new class of materials calls for new modelling techniques due to a higher complexity in their analysis related to an increased amount of design variables that is usually considered. In order to overcome these difficulties, Carrera’s Unified Formulation has been used in previous works investigating buckling, vibrational and stress analyses on VSCs. Usually, one-dimensional Carrera’s Unified Formulation beam models are used, while two-dimensional plate models are obtained as a particular case of shells by considering a null curvature. In most cases, a linear law is considered to describe the variation of fibres orientation in the main plane of the structure. The purpose of this article is developing a Carrera’s Unified Formulation two-dimensional plate finite element family for the mechanical analysis of composite laminated plate structures with curvilinear fibres using, besides the Principle of Virtual Displacements (PVD), Reissner’s Mixed Variational Theorem (RMVT). The outcomes of the proposed approach when investigating VSC plates is compared with the results present in the literature or obtained via commercial software tools in order to assess the effectiveness of the proposed models.
Machine Learning Assisted Composite Rotor Blade Planform Design
Authors: Tao Fei , Tian Su , Du Haodong , Yu Wenbin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Composite materials are increasingly used in the design of rotor blades due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio and excellent fatigue life. Currently, the composite rotor blade planform design intensively focuses on optimizing planform parameters to achieve higher performance. However, the strength of the material is rarely considered in the planform design. One issue is that the failure analysis of the rotor blade is usually performed by an expensive multiscale analysis which requires calculating the sectional properties, computing the rotor blade global response, and reproducing local stress for each layer of the composite blade. This process is inefficient when applied to an optimization framework, as whenever there is a new structural load, this analysis procedure needs to be performed again. Unfortunately, millions of load cases can be accumulated during the blade design optimization. The ignoring of strength analysis may result in the blade working in an unsafe or low safety factor region, as composite materials are anisotropic and susceptible to various failure mechanisms. In this paper, we propose to optimize the composite rotor blade planform design with strength consideration. The optimized design can improve the performance of the aircraft and ensure the structure is within the safety margin. To reduce the computational cost of the cross-sectional failure analysis, we will use machine learning model to construct a beam-level failure criterion surrogate model to replace the physics-based cross-sectional failure analysis. The surrogate model is constructed based on the Timoshenko beam model via Artificial neural networks (ANN), where the mapping will be between blade loads and the strength ratios of the cross-section.
Disruption of influenza virus packaging signals results in various misassembled genome complexes
Authors: Girard Justine , Jakob Celia , Toews Lina Kathrin , Fuchs Jonas , Pohlmann Anne , Franzke Kati , Kolesnikova Larissa , Jeney Csaba , Beer Martin , Bron Patrick , Schwemmle Martin , Bolte Hardin 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The eight different genomic viral RNAs (vRNAs) of influenza A virus are typically packaged into virions as a (7 + 1) complex of seven viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) around a central vRNP. Mutations in the packaging signals of these vRNAs are predicted to result in virions lacking specific vRNPs. However, whether these vRNPs are then replaced by vRNP-like host RNAs is an open question. Here, we report that mutations in two packaging signals of influenza A/SC35M virus, which cause the near-complete loss of four vRNAs from the total virion population, result in several distinct virion subpopulations with unusual vRNP content. Half of the virions analyzed are empty or contain incomplete genome complexes with one to four vRNPs. Unexpectedly, most other virions contain atypical (7 + 1) complexes consisting of multiple copies of the four efficiently packaged vRNAs, but no host RNAs. The reported set of misassembled genome complexes suggests that packaging signals coordinate a modular genome assembly process.

IMPORTANCE
The influenza A virus genome consists of eight distinct viral RNAs (vRNAs) that are typically packaged into a single virion as an octameric complex. How this genome complex is assembled and incorporated into the virion is poorly understood, but previous research suggests a coordinative role for packaging signals present in all vRNAs. Here, we show that disruption of two packaging signals in a model H7N7 influenza A virus results in a mixture of virions with unusual vRNA content, including empty virions, virions with one to four vRNAs, and virions with octameric complexes composed of vRNA duplicates. Our results suggest that (i) the assembly of error-free octameric complexes proceeds through a series of defined vRNA sub-complexes and (ii) virions can bud without incorporating complete octameric complexes.
The latent HIV reservoir: current advances in genetic sequencing approaches
Authors: Moar Preeti , Premeaux Thomas A. , Atkins Andrew , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Multiple cellular HIV reservoirs in diverse anatomical sites can undergo clonal expansion and persist for years despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy, posing a major barrier toward an HIV cure. Commonly adopted assays to assess HIV reservoir size mainly consist of PCR-based measures of cell-associated total proviral DNA, intact proviruses and transcriptionally competent provirus (viral RNA), flow cytometry and microscopy-based methods to measure translationally competent provirus (viral protein), and quantitative viral outgrowth assay, the gold standard to measure replication-competent provirus; yet no assay alone can provide a comprehensive view of the total HIV reservoir or its dynamics. Furthermore, the detection of extant provirus by these measures does not preclude defects affecting replication competence. An accurate measure of the latent reservoir is essential for evaluating the efficacy of HIV cure strategies. Recent approaches have been developed, which generate proviral sequence data to create a more detailed profile of the latent reservoir. These sequencing approaches are valuable tools to understand the complex multicellular processes in a diverse range of tissues and cell types and have provided insights into the mechanisms of HIV establishment and persistence. These advancements over previous sequencing methods have allowed multiplexing and new assays have emerged, which can document transcriptional activity, chromosome accessibility, and in-depth cellular phenotypes harboring latent HIV, enabling the characterization of rare infected cells across restrictive sites such as the brain. In this manuscript, we provide a review of HIV sequencing-based assays adopted to address challenges in quantifying and characterizing the latent HIV reservoir.
How might bacteriophages shape biological invasions?
Authors: Van Cauwenberghe Jannick , Simms Ellen L. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Invasions by eukaryotes dependent on environmentally acquired bacterial mutualists are often limited by the ability of bacterial partners to survive and establish free-living populations. Focusing on the model legume-rhizobium mutualism, we apply invasion biology hypotheses to explain how bacteriophages can impact the competitiveness of introduced bacterial mutualists. Predicting how phage-bacteria interactions affect invading eukaryotic hosts requires knowing the eco-evolutionary constraints of introduced and native microbial communities, as well as their differences in abundance and diversity. By synthesizing research from invasion biology, as well as bacterial, viral, and community ecology, we create a conceptual framework for understanding and predicting how phages can affect biological invasions through their effects on bacterial mutualists.
Draft genome sequences of representative
Paenibacillus polymyxa
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Fictibacillus
sp., and
Brevibacillus agri
strains isolated from Amazonian dark earth
Authors: Pellegrinetti Thierry Alexandre , Cunha Izadora De Cássia Mesquita da , Chaves Miriam Gonçalves de , Freitas Anderson Santos de , Silva Ana Vitória Reina da , Tsai Siu Mui , Mendes Lucas William 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Here, we report 10 distinct bacterial genomes from Amazonian dark earths, including six identified as
Paenibacillus polymyxa
, while the remaining four were unique representatives of
Paenibacillus vini
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Brevibacillus agri
, and
Fictibacillus
sp., respectively. Each strain exhibited antagonistic activity against
Fusarium oxysporum
, underscoring their potential as sustainable agriculture resources.
Effects of continuous cropping on fungal community diversity and soil metabolites in soybean roots
Authors: He Dexin , Yao Xingdong , Zhang Pengyu , Liu Wenbo , Huang Junxia , Sun Hexiang , Wang Nan , Zhang Xuejing , Wang Haiying , Zhang Huijun , Ao Xue , Xie Futi 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Microbial community imbalance is the main cause of soybean intercropping, but the mechanism of soybean soil fungal community diversity change induced by continuous cropping is still unclear. This study analyzes the fungal community diversity and the change of fungal communities in compartments of different root systems of intercropped soybeans by high-throughput sequencing (endosphere, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere) between continuous cropping and maize-soybean rotation. The results showed that the community composition and the diversity of compartments of different root systems of intercropped soybeans are different, and fungal diversities showed a decreasing trend from rhizosphere to endosphere. Continuous cropping significantly increased fungal community diversities in different root compartments and changed their formation, enrichment, and depletion processes. Continuous cropping brings about the enrichment of soil pathogens, but only partial soil pathogens could colonize from the rhizosphere to the endosphere. All these suggested that root compartments had selective effects on root-associated fungal community diversity. Additionally, metabolomics assay revealed that continuous cropping soybean markedly altered soil metabolic profiling. Correlation analysis results showed that fungal community diversity was significantly correlated with soil metabolites. To sum up, under different planting patterns, the diversity and the functional mode of soybean soil microbial community have changed. Continuous cropping has increased the abundance of pathogenic fungi in soybean soil, resulting in changes in the correlation between soil fungi and metabolites, and then changed the soil metabolic spectrum.

IMPORTANCE
Soybean yield can be affected by soybean soil fungal communities in different tillage patterns. Soybean is an important food crop with great significance worldwide. Continuous cultivation resulted in soil nutrient deficiencies, disordered metabolism of root exudates, fungal pathogen accumulation, and an altered microbial community, which brought a drop in soybean output. In this study, taking the soybean agroecosystem in northeast China, we revealed the microbial ecology and soil metabolites spectrum, especially the diversity and composition of soil fungi and the correlation of pathogenic fungi, and discussed the mechanisms and the measures of alleviating the obstacles.
Recovering lost tax to meet the health financing gap for universal public sector health systems in East and Southern Africa
Authors: Loewenson Rene , Mukumba Chenai 
Published: October 2023

IntroductionUniversal healthcare services funded through taxation and free at point-of-access are the most equitable ways of funding healthcare rights. This paper examines key public sector health financing measures in 17 East and Southern African (ESA) countries, estimates the funding gap for basic and comprehensive services and relates this to sources of lost tax revenue.MethodsHealth financing and tax data for 2018 (the most recent year available) were extracted from international databases for each ESA country, and analysed collectively for the region, comparing against intergovernmental estimates of optimal funding and tax capacity. Despite limitations noted, the scale of the health financing gap and tax losses informed policy recommendations.ResultsThe annual average per capita financing gap ranged from $28 to $84 for basic to comprehensive services, respectively, applying estimates of funding needs. Many innovative financing measures being explored do not meet this scale of deficit. Annual ESA per capita tax losses were estimated as: US$34.20 from shortfalls in domestic tax capacity and US$13.80 from illicit financial flows largely due to commercial practices. A proposed 25% minimum effective tax rate on multinationals in a fairer global tax system would yield an additional annual collection US$26.20 in the region.ConclusionsAddressing a total annual tax loss of US$34 billion from these three sources alone would almost completely finance the region’s US$36 billion financing gap for a comprehensive public sector health system. The COVID-19 pandemic’s exposure of the need for investment in public sector services suggests an opportunity for an alliance between health and finance sectors to ensure progressive taxation as the core funding for an equitable, universal health system. This implies costing the health funding demands and gap in ESA countries; strengthening domestic tax capacity, expanding wealth taxes, curbing illicit outflows and providing health evidence to ongoing African diplomacy for a fairer global tax system.