bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe Global Cooling After Volcanic Super-Eruptions? The Answer Hinges on Unknown Aerosol Size
Authors: McGraw Zachary , DallaSanta Kevin , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Orbe Clara , Bauer Susanne E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Volcanic super-eruptions have been theorized to cause severe global cooling, with the 74 kya Toba eruption purported to have driven humanity to near-extinction. However, this eruption left little physical evidence of its severity and models diverge greatly on the magnitude of post-eruption cooling. A key factor controlling the super-eruption climate response is the size of volcanic sulfate aerosol, a quantity that left no physical record and is poorly constrained by models. Here we show that this knowledge gap severely limits confidence in model-based estimates of super-volcanic cooling, and accounts for much of the disagreement among prior studies. By simulating super-eruptions over a range of aerosol sizes, we obtain global mean responses varying from extreme cooling all the way to the previously unexplored scenario of widespread warming. We also use an interactive aerosol model to evaluate the scaling between injected sulfur mass and aerosol size. Combining our model results with the available paleoclimate constraints applicable to large eruptions, we estimate that global volcanic cooling is unlikely to exceed 1.5°C no matter how massive the stratospheric injection. Super-eruptions, we conclude, may be incapable of altering global temperatures substantially more than the largest Common Era eruptions. This lack of exceptional cooling could explain why no single super-eruption event has resulted in firm evidence of widespread catastrophe for humans or ecosystems.

Significance Statement
Whether volcanic super-eruptions pose a threat to humanity remains a subject of debate, with climate models disagreeing on the magnitude of global post-eruption cooling. We demonstrate that this disagreement primarily stems from a lack of constraint on the size of volcanic sulfate aerosol particles. By evaluating the range of aerosol size scenarios, we demonstrate that eruptions may be incapable of causing more than 1.5°C cooling no matter how much sulfur they inject into the stratosphere. This could explain why archaeological records provide no evidence of increased human mortality following the Toba super-eruption. Further, we raise the unexplored possibility that the largest super-eruptions could cause global-scale warming.
Drivers of Widespread Floods in Indian River Basins
Authors: J. S. Nanditha , Mishra Vimal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Widespread floods affecting multiple subbasins in a river basin have implications for infrastructure, agriculture, environment, and groundwater recharge. However, the crucial linkage between widespread floods and their drivers remains unexplored for Indian subcontinental river basins. Here, we examine the occurrence and drivers of widespread flooding in seven Indian subcontinental river basins during the observed climate (1959–2020). The peninsular river basins have a high probability of widespread flooding, compared to the transboundary basins of the Ganga and Brahmaputra. Favorable antecedent baseflow and soil moisture conditions, uniform precipitation distribution, and precipitation seasonality determine the probability of widespread floods in Indian river basins. The widespread floods are associated with large atmospheric circulations that cause precipitation in a large part of a river basin. Our findings highlight the prominent drivers and mechanisms of widespread floods with implications for flood mitigation in India.
Outcomes of Trauma “Walk-Ins” in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Program Database
Authors: Syamal Sujata , Tran Andrew H. , Huang Chi-Ching , Badrinathan Avanti , Bassiri Aria , Ho Vanessa P. , Towe Christopher W. 
Published: December 2023

Background Outcomes of trauma “walk-in” patients (using private vehicles or on foot) are understudied. We compared outcomes of ground ambulance vs walk-ins, hypothesizing that delayed resuscitation and uncoordinated care may worsen walk-in outcomes. Methods A retrospective analysis 2020 American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Programs (ACS-TQP) databases compared outcomes between ambulance vs “walk-ins.” The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, excluding external facility transfers and air transports. Data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, bivariate, multivariable logistic regression, including an Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment with adjustments for injury severity and vital signs. The primary outcome for the 2019 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) data was similarly analyzed. Results In 2020, 707,899 patients were analyzed, 556,361 (78.59%) used ambulance, and 151,538 (21.41%) were walk-ins. We observed differences in demographics, hospital attributes, medical comorbidities, and injury mechanism. Ambulance patients had more chronic conditions and severe injuries. Walk-ins had lower in-hospital mortality (850 (.56%) vs 23,131 (4.16%)) and arrived with better vital signs. Multivariable logistic regression models (inverse probability weighting for regression adjustment), adjusting for injury severity, demographics, injury mechanism, and vital signs, confirmed that walk-in status had lower odds of mortality. For the 2019 (pre-COVID-19 pandemic) database, walk-ins also had lower in-hospital mortality. Discussion Our results demonstrate better survival rates for walk-ins before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Despite limitations of patient selection bias, this study highlights the need for further research into transportation modes, geographic and socioeconomic factors affecting patient transport, and tailoring management strategies based on their mode of arrival.
Australian adolescents’ views about healthy eating and the effects of food advertising on dietary behaviour: Perspectives of athletes and non-athletes
Authors: Bailey Christopher , Prichard Ivanka , Drummond Claire , Drummond Murray 
Published: December 2023

Background: Food-related advertisements have been identified as influential factors affecting Australian adolescents’ food preferences and dietary habits. Objective: This study aimed to investigate adolescents’ (athletes and non-athletes) views about healthy eating, the advertising of discretionary foods and beverages, and the effects of food advertising on dietary behaviours. Method: Qualitative study involving the analysis of data from seven focus group discussions with young people aged 12–17 years ( N = 27; 10 males and 17 females; 14 elite athletes, 13 non-athletes) from three different socioeconomic status secondary schools. Results: Both athlete and non-athlete participants discussed the importance of how social media is used for food advertisements. Many adolescents exhibited scepticism about the intent of advertising discretionary foods and beverages targeted toward adolescents. Three themes were identified from the data analysis: (1) physical and cognitive benefits of healthy eating; (2) scepticism, mistrust and ethical concerns about food and beverage advertisements targeted toward adolescents; and (3) portrayal of thin and fit ideals in social media. Conclusion: Health educators and policymakers addressing adolescent healthy eating behaviours should focus more fully on the influence of social media food advertising. Greater promotion of the importance of good nutrition during adolescence may optimise training performance and improve young people’s nutritional knowledge and healthy eating habits.
Evaluation of a digital media campaign for reducing mental health stigma
Authors: Alvarado-Torres Roxanne , Dunn Silesky Melissa , Helgenberger Sheena , Anderson Aja , Granillo Claudia , Nared Ty , Bonnevie Erika 
Published: December 2023

Objectives: WhatMakesUs is a digital media campaign aimed at reducing mental health stigma in the Greater Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area. This study evaluated the campaign’s impact at the end of the second year of the campaign by examining different aspects of mental health stigma, including social distance, attitudes, behaviours and self-efficacy, among campaign-aware (CA) individuals and non-campaign-aware (NCA) individuals. The study also explored the campaign’s feasibility and potential for adaptation to other parts of the USA. Design, Setting, and Method: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in the campaign’s implementation area. Respondents were recruited through a panel recruiting company using non-probabilistic methods. Digital metrics from the campaign’s social media accounts and website were collected and analysed using Google Analytics. Results: CA respondents exhibited lower social distance and stigmatising attitudes and beliefs, and more positive behaviours and self-efficacy towards people with mental health conditions (MHCs) compared to NCA respondents. A significantly higher proportion of CA respondents reported living with ( p = .001), working with ( p = .005), and having close friendships with individuals with MHCs ( p = .043). CA respondents found therapy and counselling effective treatments for MHCs ( p = .005), greater comfort in providing support to individuals with MHCs ( p < .001), pursued steps to improve their own mental health ( p = .032) and perceived their workplaces taking an active role in their mental health ( p = .029), when compared to NCA respondents. Digital metrics indicated successful engagement with the campaign’s intended audience. Conclusion: Findings highlight the impact of digital campaigns in addressing the stigmatisation of MHCs and provide valuable insights for future campaigns.
Fresh frozen plasma transfusion after cardiac surgery
Authors: Fletcher Calvin M , Hinton Jake V , Xing Zhongyue , Perry Luke A , Karamesinis Alexandra , Shi Jenny , Penny-Dimri Jahan C , Ramson Dhruvesh , Liu Zhengyang , Smith Julian A , Segal Reny , Coulson Tim G , Bellomo Rinaldo 
Published: December 2023

Introduction Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfusion in the intensive care unit (ICU) is commonly used to treat coagulopathy and bleeding in cardiac surgery, despite suggestion that it may increase the risk of morbidity and mortality through mechanisms such as fluid overload and infection. Methods We retrospectively studied consecutive adults undergoing cardiac surgery from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III and IV databases. We applied propensity score matching to investigate the independent association of within-ICU FFP transfusion with mortality and other key clinical outcomes. Results Of our 12,043 adults who met inclusion criteria, 1585 (13.2%) received perioperative FFP with a median of 2.48 units per recipient (interquartile range [IQR]: 2.04, 4.33) at a median time of 1.83 h (IQR: 0.75, 3.75) after ICU admission. After propensity matching of 952 FFP recipients to 952 controls, we found no significant association between FFP use and hospital mortality (odds ratio (OR): 1.58; 99% confidence interval (CI): 0.57, 3.71), suspected infection (OR: 0.72; 99% CI: 0.49, 1.08), or acute kidney injury (OR: 1.23; 99% CI: 0.91, 1.67). However, FFP was associated with increased days in hospital (adjusted mean difference (AMD): 1.28; 99% CI: 0.27, 2.41; p = .0050), days in intensive care (AMD: 1.28; 99% CI: 0.27, 2.28; p = .0011), and chest tube output in millilitres up to 8 h after transfusion (AMD: 92.98; 99% CI: 52.22, 133.74; p < .0001). Conclusions After propensity matching, FFP transfusion was not associated with increased hospital mortality, but was associated with increased length of stay and no decrease in bleeding in the early post-transfusion period.
The Wall of Silence: Perceived Barriers to Gender-Based Violence Disclosure among Women in the Perinatal Period
Authors: Mirlashari Jila , Brotto Lori A. , Lyons Janet , Pederson Ann 
Published: December 2023

Study background Gender-based violence is a global concern. The perinatal period is a crucial time for early identification of the harmful impact of violence on the well-being of both mothers and infants. However, it has been observed that many women choose not to disclose their experiences to their healthcare providers. Purpose To gain insight into this issue, a study was conducted to explore the perspectives of both survivors and healthcare providers regarding the barriers to disclosure. Methods Through the utilization of a thematic analysis approach, a total of 28 interviews were conducted, involving 12 survivors and 16 healthcare providers. Results Data analysis revealed barriers to disclosure at the individual, community, and healthcare system levels. Conclusion Health-care providers have a pivotal role in creating an atmosphere where women are encouraged to break the silence and a paradigm shift in the health system approach towards GBV is necessary.
Factors Associated With New Analgesic Requirements Following Critical Illness
Authors: Andonovic Mark , Shaw Martin , Quasim Tara , MacTavish Pamela , McPeake Joanne 
Published: December 2023

Background Chronic opioid use represents a significant burden to global healthcare with adverse long-term outcomes. Elevated patient reported pain levels and analgesic prescriptions have been reported following discharge from critical care. We describe analgesic requirements following discharge from hospital and identify if a critical care admission is a significant factor for stronger analgesic prescriptions. Methods This retrospective observational cohort study identified patients in the UK Biobank with a registered admission to any UK hospital between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015 and information on prescriptions drawn both prior to and following hospital discharge. Two matched cohorts were created from the dataset: critical care patients and hospital patients admitted without a critical care encounter. Outcomes were analgesic requirements following hospital discharge and factors associated with increased analgesic prescriptions. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with prescriptions from higher steps on the World Health Organization (WHO) analgesic ladder. Results In total, 660 formed the total study population. Strong opioid prescriptions following discharge were significantly higher in the critical care cohort ( P value <.001). Critical care admission (OR = 1.45) and increasing Townsend deprivation (OR = 1.04) index were significantly associated with increasing strength of analgesic prescriptions following discharge. Conclusions Critical care patients require stronger analgesic prescriptions in the 12 months following hospital discharge. Patients from areas of high socioeconomic deprivation may also be associated with increased analgesic requirements. Multidisciplinary support is required for patients who may be at risk of chronic opioid use and could be delivered within critical care recovery programs.
Concentrations of Lead and Arsenic in Mother’s Milk and Children’s Blood in Peruvian Breastfeeding Dyads
Authors: Linares Ana Maria , Thaxton-Wiggins Amanda , Unrine Jason M. 
Published: December 2023

Background: Toxic trace elements could enter human milk through mothers’ food consumption, drinking water, air, or incidental soil ingestion, and are of concern to the nursing infant. Research Aim: To determine the concentration of toxic trace elements (lead and arsenic) in Peruvian mothers’ milk and their association with blood concentrations in their own infants 3–20 months old. Method: This exploratory, cross-sectional study, carried out in Peru, included breastfeeding mother/child dyads ( N = 40). Following standardized protocols, biospecimens of human milk and child’s blood were collected. Results: Lead and arsenic concentrations in milk were above the method detection limits in 73% and 100% of samples with median concentrations of 0.26 µg/L ( IQR = 0.10, 0.33 µg/L) and 0.73 µg/L ( IQR = 0.63, 0.91 µg/L), respectively. Concentrations of lead and arsenic in blood were 2.05 µg/dL ( SD = 1.35), and 1.43 µg/dl (geometric mean: SD = 1.39), respectively. Blood lead concentrations in 12.5% ( n = 5) of the samples were above the U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention reference value (< 3.5 µg/dl), and over half of arsenic concentrations were above the acceptable levels of < 1.3 µg/dl (Mayo Clinic Interpretative Handbook). Our results showed that for every one-month increase in age, lead blood concentrations increased by 0.1 µg/dl ( p = 0.023). Additionally, every 1 µg/L increase in the mother’s milk arsenic was associated with a 1.40 µg/dl increase in the child’s blood arsenic concentration. Conclusions: Implementing effective interventions to decrease the toxic exposure of reproductive-aged women is needed in Peru and worldwide.
Ethical Issues in Breastfeeding and Lactation Interventions: A Scoping Review
Authors: Subramani Supriya , Vinay Rasita , März Julian W. , Hefti Michaela , Biller-Andorno Nikola 
Published: December 2023

Background: Infant feeding interventions that promote and support breastfeeding are considered important contributions to global public health. As these interventions often target private settings (e.g., individuals’ homes) and involve vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women, infants, and underprivileged families), a keen awareness of ethical issues is crucial. Research Aim: The purpose of this scoping review was to capture the key elements of the current ethical discourse regarding breastfeeding and lactation interventions. Method: A scoping review was conducted using Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) methodology to identify the ethical issues of breastfeeding and lactation interventions as they are reflected in the scholarly literature published between January 1990 and October 2022. Abstracts ( N = 3715) from PubMed, ScienceDirect, JSTOR and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were screened. The final sample consisted of 26 publications. Results: The recurring ethical issues identified in these studies were: the normative assumptions of motherhood; maternal autonomy and informed choice; information disclosure, balancing risks and benefits, and counseling practices; stigma and social context; ethics of health communication in breastfeeding campaigns; and the ethical acceptability of financial incentives in breastfeeding interventions. Conclusion: This review illustrated that, while a wide range of ethical arguments were examined, the emphasis has been primarily on accounting for mothers’ experiences and lactating persons’ choices, as well as achieving public health objectives relating to infant nutrition in breastfeeding interventions. To effectively and ethically implement breastfeeding and lactation interventions, we must consider the social, economic, and cultural contexts in which they occur. One key learning identified was that women’s experiences were missing in these interventions and, in response, we suggest moving beyond the dichotomous approach of individual health versus population health.
Lactobacillus plantarum Enhanced the Cardioprotective Efficacy of Arctiin in Isoproterenol Cardiac Injury in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Jiang Kun , Jia Yanjun , Alahmadi Tahani Awad , Hussein-Al-Ali Samer Hasan , Wei Yajing 
Published: December 2023

Background Isoproterenol is a drug used for the treatment of bradycardia that has many side effects due to its non-selective β-adrenoceptor agonist properties. Aim In this study, we evaluated an in vivo experimental model for isoproterenol (ISO) cardiac injury using BALB/c mice and protective treatment with a combined optimized dose of Arctiin (AR) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) (ARLP; 30 mg/kg b.w. AR and viable 106 CFU/mL LP p.o.) together. Introduction Isoproterenol causes cardiac injury in many instances. Arctiin is a naturally occurring lignin glycoside present in many herbal medicinal plants that has many beneficial effects for humans. Lactobacillus plantarum is yet another beneficial probiotic that benefits largely to humans. Materials and Methods Male BALB/c mice in appropriate groups (6 animals each) were treated with ARLP for 7 days with ISO administration (100 mg/kg i.p.) on days 5 and 6. On the 8th day, animals were sacrificed. Serum and heart samples were collected for further processing. CK-MB, cardiac troponin, AST, ALT, LDH, GST, GPx, CAT, SOD, GSH, GSSG, MDA, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), TNF-α, and IL-6 by ELISA and gene expressions of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were estimated in samples. Results Mice administered with ISO showed a prominent rise in the serum marker enzyme activities and tissue oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSSG). Furthermore, marked reductions in body weight and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were noticed in ISO toxicity. Alterations in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and Nrf2 levels by RT-PCR were analyzed. Histopathology of the heart also indicated cardiac injury in ISO-intoxicated mice. ARLP pretreatment prevented all these cardiac injuries and exerted significant ( p ≤ 0.05) prophylactic protection toward cardiac tissue. Further, we analyzed the possible interactions between AR and LP in vitro, to understand the influence of ARonLP, which showed no significant suppressive/antibacterial activity on LP. Conclusion In conclusion, ARLP exerts a strong cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory activity in cardiovascular injury.
Behavioral Parent Training for School-Aged Children With ADHD: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials
Authors: Marquet-Doléac Jerome , Biotteau Maëlle , Chaix Yves 
Published: December 2023

Background: All guidelines for the treatment of ADHD in children include behavioral parent training in combination with other strategies. In the past, several systematic reviews have been carried out that were either outdated or not sufficiently specific to ADHD. We wanted to conduct a new review focusing on a specific ADHD population of school age (4–12 years) and on behavioral and cognitive programs. We aimed to test our hypothesis that behavioral parent training would improve parents’ difficulties, children’s symptomatology, and the quality of life of families with ADHD. Methods: PUBMED, PsychInfo, Web of Science, ERIC, and Cochrane databases were searched for original articles on randomized control trials on behavioral parent training group for children with ADHD aged from 4 to 12 years until July 2023. Results: A total of 20 studies were included in the systematic review. The results were divided into four categories: parent data, child data collected by parents, teachers, or researchers. A qualitative analysis revealed for parents, effects on parental stress, feelings of parental efficacy, and negative parental educational behavior. As regard children, only effects are noted for parental assessment, on ADHD symptomatology, externalized disorders, and social skills. Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneity or small number of studies in some categories, BPTs have positive effects on both parents and children. There are no convincing results to support the generalization of progress. This would seem to indicate that it remains essential to consider actions specific to each problematic environment for the child.