bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stephen Jay Gould’S Evolving, Hierarchical Thoughts On Stasis
Authors: Lieberman Bruce S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steve Gould made so many lasting contributions to paleontology and evolutionary biology that it is hard to identify any one as most significant. It is clear, however, that his work developing punctuated equilibrium with Niles Eldredge (e.g., Eldredge, 1971; 1972e; 1977c) will rank as one of the most important. Punctuated equilibrium posits that speciation takes place relatively rapidly compared to the total duration of the species and occurs in small, isolated populations usually along the margin of the species range. Because of the relatively sudden nature of speciation and because it happens in small, isolated populations, its occurrence in the fossil record will be difficult to observe. Punctuated equilibrium also posits that throughout most of their evolutionary history species are stable, displaying what was termed morphological stasis; stasis may be punctuated equilibrium’s “most important contribution to evolutionary science” (2002c, 874). The development of punctuated equilibrium represented an important theoretical breakthrough by Eldredge and Gould made possible because each author had collected abundant data from the fossil record, and also each author had a thorough understanding of evolutionary theory. The latter was particularly important.
Head and Neck
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By age 1 month, the infant in a prone position will usually hold the head dorsally. At 3 months of age, the normal infant holds the head steady when held upright by the physician. Failure to hold the head up usually indicates poor motor development. Head nodding may be normal, but it is usually seen in children who have emotional issues or are mentally retarded or who have spasmusnutans. Note the amount, color, and texture of the hair. The newborn infant usually has hair that is fully replaced beginning at about 3 months of age, though substantial new hair growth may not be observed until 9 – 24 months. Lack of hair (alopecia) may be a familial characteristic or a manifestation of ectodermal dysplasia, hyperthyroidism, or progeria. Localized alopecia (alopecia areata) is seen in ringworm or other infections of the scalp and in acrodynia, but in infants it is most commonly caused by rubbing of localized areas when the infant lies in one position for a long time. Rarely, alopecia areata is seen in children with syphilis or hypervitaminosis A or in children who pull out the hair or occurs after severe systemic disease (e.g., typhoid fever).
Abdomen
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Abdomen IS frequently examined first in younger children. The examination requires few instruments, but even they may frighten the child. Warm your hands before examining the abdomen. A thorough examination is impossible if the child is afraid or crying or if the abdominal wall is taut. Examine the abdomen of a frightened child on the parent’s lap. Sometimes it is necessary to examine parts of the abdomen while the child is quiet and to examine the abdomen later when the child quiets again. If the child is ticklish, have the child place a hand over your palpating hand.
Spleen and Liver
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Enlarged Spleen is usually felt as a superficial mass in the left upper quadrant. It may feel like a tongue hanging from the left costal margin, with a sharp straight border and a notch on the anterior margin. Splenic enlargement is evident in children with such diseases as septicemia, other infections, blood dyscrasias, including sickle cell or iron-deficient anemia, thalassemia major, hemolytic jaundice, infectious mononucleosis and leukemia, lysosomal storage diseases, and connective tissue diseases. A very large spleen with a less enlarged liver is evident in cases of portal vein obstruction and neonatal hepatitis. It may be normally palpable 1– 2 cm below the left costal margin in newborns (because of extramedullary hematopoiesis) and in normal infants and young children. You may miss a particularly large spleen if you start palpation too high. Note the size of the spleen and whether it is tender. Floating ribs are sometimes confused with the spleen on palpation. Usually you can differentiate by palpation or percussion.
Urinary Tract
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clarity Turbidity usually is normal due to crystal formation at room temperature. Uric acid crystals form in acidic urine, phosphate crystals in alkaline urine. Cellular material and bacteria can also cause turbidity. Dipsticks and Test Tapes IRIS Chemstrips (Roche; Basel, Switzerland) and Multistix (Bayer; Tarrytown, NY) For the determination of specific gravity, pH, leukocytes, nitrite, protein, glucose, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin, and blood in urine.
Endocrine
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pituitary The pituitary is the master hormone responsible for the activity of many of the other hormones, including human growth hormone, which is responsible for growth. Pituitary agenesis may be familial in rare instances and may be associated with one variety of congenital hypopituitarism or with major craniofacial anomalies (e.g., alobar holoprosencephaly or facial clefts) and in anencephalics. Infants with isolated pituitary aplasia may have normal intrauterine growth but present with neonatal hypoglycemia.
Neurologic, Neuropsychiatric, and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intrauterine infections Toxoplasmosis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, rubella, syphilis Peri- or postnatal infections (bacterial, granulomatous, parasitic) Peri- or postnatal hemorrhage (hypoxia, vascular malformation, trauma) Mass lesions Neoplasms, arteriovenous malformations, congenital cysts Subdural effusion Hemorrhagic, infectious, cystic hygroma
Stop, Hey, What’s that Sound? 1963–1967
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the 1940s and 1950s were the age of jazz, blues, folk, and rock-n-roll, then the mid-1960s was certainly focused around the development of rock as an emerging genre distinct from rock and roll, when heady and hardy songcraft took over catchy pop to create music you could feel and think about instead of just dance to. Just as folk music had maintained a political and social agenda in the 1940 and 1950s (making itself a tasty snack for McCarthyism), folk, folk-rock, and psychedelic music became important vehicles for engaging the surrounding culture in the mid-1960s. Rock music became the people’s voice, rallying for community causes that ranged from saving local parks to the Civil Rights movement, and rallying against police brutality and America’s ever-extending involvement in the Vietnam conflict. But more than just another developing musical genre and outlet for disillusioned youth, rock catapulted album sales into unexpected territory, surpassing the $1 billion-per-year mark in 1967 (by this time the album format had largely eclipsed the sale of singles, holding 82 percent of the record market).
Succeeding with the Difficult History
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What determines the quality of the history? When reciting histories to me, medical students often apologize by stating that their patient gave a “poor” history. Students often consider as a poor historian any patient whose vocabulary, diction, education, and logic differ from theirs, while a “good” historian usually matches the student in these attributes. Given any patient with adequate intelligence, the quality of the history depends much more on the physician than the patient because the experienced physician adapts to extract what the patient knows. The better your technique of interviewing, the less often will you label patients as “poor” historians. Make a “good” history a matter of professional pride.
Cloning and Other Enhancements
Authors: Davis Dena S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lorna and Jim Garcia met and married in their early forties. With their biological clock ticking, they wanted to have children as quickly as possible, but soon found that they had serious infertility problems. Lorna was approaching menopause and not ovulating regularly, and Jim’s sperm count was low. Eventually, after many heartbreaking setbacks, the Garcias had a baby girl, Espera. When Espera was two, the whole family was involved in a car accident caused by a drunken driver. Jim was killed instantly; Lorna was not seriously injured. The baby was rushed to the hospital, where she was put on life support but pronounced brain dead the next day. Lorna, desperate to have another child that would embody the love she and Jim felt for each other, asked the doctors to save some of Espera’s cells, so that she could some day clone them and have another baby genetically related to her and to Jim.
Why Is Death Bad?
Authors: Brueckner Anthony L , Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that, whereas a person’s death needn’t be a bad thing for him, it can be. In some circumstances, death isn’t a “bad thing” or an “evil” for a person. For instance, if a person has a terminal and very painful disease, he might rationally regard his own death as a good thing for him, or at least, he may regard it as something whose prospective occurrence shouldn’t be regretted. But the attitude of a “normal” and healthy human being—adult or child—toward the prospect of his death is different; it is not unreasonable in certain cases to regard one’s own death as a bad thing for oneself. If this is so, then the question arises as to why death is bad, in those cases in which it is bad.
Social Justice
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume brings together mostly previously unpublished studies by prominent historians, classicists, and philosophers on the roles and effects of religion in Socratic philosophy and on the trial of Socrates. Among the contributors are Thomas C. Brickhouse, Asli Gocer, Richard Kraut, Mark L. McPherran, Robert C. T. Parker, C. D. C. Reeve, Nicholas D. Smith, Gregory Vlastos, Stephen A. White, and Paul B. Woodruff.
Introduction to Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Culbert Timothy P , Olness, Karen , Vohra Sunita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care today is at a crossroads. Fe way in which we care for our youngest and most vulnerable group—our children—is in need of redesign. Consumers are letting us know this by spending billions of dollars outside of the conventional medical system on themselves and their children. Families are seeking medical service models and providers that espouse and deliver “holistic” care that is congruent with their beliefs about health and disease and which addresses health within the context of mind, body, and spirit. Children, parents, and pediatricians all seem ready for a new, more holistic approach.
A Pediatric Perspective on Massage
Authors: Beider Shay , O’Callaghan Erin T , Gold Jeffrey I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Massage is one of the oldest treatment modalities in existence and has been used cross culturally for thousands of years. Touch and massage are widely used in the general population and are increasing in popularity. Health care professionals and those they treat will benefit from a fundamental understanding of massage and its clinical applications in order to educate, advise, and consult with their patients.
Integrative Pediatric Pain Management
Authors: Weydert Joy A , Connelly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have a better understanding of pain as a multidimensional idiosyncratic experience in]uenced by many factors beyond just nociceptive input. As compared to nociceptive pain caused by chemical, mechanical, or thermal stimulation to receptors in the periphery signaling tissue injury, neuropathic pain is produced by changes in the central nervous system which cause enduring changes in the processing of sensory information.
Integrative Pediatric Pulmonology
Authors: Mark John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pediatric lung disorders such as asthma are common in children and most pediatric health care practitioners will care for children with lung problems. Pediatric lung disorders have both an acute and chronic components, thus making an “integrative approach” ideal since conventional therapies (such as medication) as well as complementary and alternative therapies (such as diet and mind-body therapies) are helpful in the management of these disorders.
Sex and Miscibility
Authors: Shrage Laurie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago in my son’s bedroom, a leopard gecko laid some eggs. Fortunately, my son and I were prepared for this event, and so we quickly grabbed his leopard gecko manual and the incubator, which we had purchased along with his lizards. I turned to the chapter on “Egg-Laying and Incubation” and read the following: Recent studies have confirmed that the sex of leopard geckos is temperature determined within the first two weeks of incubation. If the eggs are incubated at a temperature of 79°F (26°C), most of the offspring will be female. At a temperature of 85–87°F (29–31°C), one can expect more or less equal ratios of males and females. At 90°F (32°C), the great majority of the hatchlings will be males. Herpetoculturists, depending on their goals, will have to determine the preferred incubation temperature(s) for their specific purposes.
Who Do You Think You Are? When Should the Law Let You Be Who You Want to Be?
Authors: Mayeda Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “You’re Not in Kansas Anymore,” Canadian author Ivan E. Coyote prepares to change her legal name and writes about the anxieties that this creates: So, you stand in line, you fill out some forms, take out a couple of ads in the paper, no big deal, right? You just change your name if they got it all wrong. I’ll tell you what I’m worried about: do they make you explain yourself? Does the form make you say why you feel you must change your name? State reason below. Choose one of the following. Provide documents. Use a separate sheet of unlined paper if necessary. Please print in black or blue ink only.
Is Virtue Possible?
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much attention has recently been paid to the nature and inter-relations of the moral virtues and to the psychology of their embodiment in particular individuals. Although it has typically been assumed that a virtuous individual knows what is right in different situations and acts accordingly, both Iris Murdoch in The Sovereignty of Good (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970) and John McDowell in ‘Virtue and Reason’ (The Monist 62, 1979, pp. 331–50) have laid particular stress on the (Aristotelian) idea of perception in their accounts of the epistemology of virtue. Murdoch and McDowell offer a marvellously subtle and complex treatment of virtue, and their ideas have rich reverberations for our understanding of Plato and Aristotle’s ethical thought. But their account of moral virtue is also importantly incomplete. And in what follows I shall argue, in particular, that their exclusive focus on internal defects that prevent people from seeing and doing what is right makes them over-estimate the general accessibility of moral virtue and ignore the historical dimension of our attempts to understand “moral reality.”
In Place of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral reasoning is a topic that interests many philosophers, many ethicists. But I don’t think that those with the interest have realized how tendentious that notion is, how entangled with particular notions of what (valid) morality is. The idea of moral reasoning sits well with rationalist approaches to ethics: with Kantianism and with Rossian intuitionism; and it sits well with the views many philosophers have about what common-sense moral thinking involves. But in the end, I think that common sense is less committed to the idea of moral reasoning, to its germaneness or centrality to the moral life, than many of us—including me for quite a long time—have thought. Unbeknownst to those who think common-sense moral thought gives great weight and importance to moral reasoning, rationalistic principle-based intuitionism and rationalistic Kantianism have infected their sense of what commonsense thinking is all about.
The Sun’s Darling: An Apocalyptic Masque
Authors: Gasper Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘THE Sun’s Darling, in the nature of a masque by Decker and Forde for the Lady Elizabeth’s Servants’, was licensed by Herbert on 3 March 1623/4. The text we have now, printed in 1656, is an adaptation made for a Court revival in 1638 or early 1639 by an anonymous reviser. This reviser added a considerable amount to Act v, and may also have inserted two of the eight songs.
Plato and Comedy
Authors: Brock Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in Plato‘s relations with comedy has tended to centre on two works, Aristophanes‘ Clouds and Plato‘s Symposium: to put it crudely, readers are offered a choice between, on the one hand, the Aristophanes who, in the Apology and elsewhere, is represented by Plato as bearing a high degree of responsibility for the condemnation of Socrates through his misrepresentation of him on the stage and, on the other, the Aristophanes who is shown associating on friendly terms with Socrates at Agathon‘s party. The former view helps to explain the contemptuous exclusion of comedy, with other mimetic poetry, from the ideal city of the Republic; adherents of the latter view point to the tale that Plato recommended the plays of Aristophanes to Dionysius II as an explanation of Athenian politics (Vita A 9 ap. Van Leeuwen, Prolegomena ad Aristophanem, 172f.) as implying an appreciation of comedy, and it was perhaps one of these who in antiquity composed the epigram on Aristophanes attributed to the philosopher. At the same time, editors have remarked on comic elements in Plato‘s own works, and a few scholars have explored the role of the comic in Plato‘s philosophy at a deeper level. My aim is to draw together, in a fairly unphilosophical way, many of these observations, and to relate them to Old and Middle Comedy (though I shall avoid some old problems, such as the connection between Ecclesiazusae and the Republic, where I have nothing new to say). I suggest that while Plato regards comic drama with suspicion, perhaps for personal reasons, he also makes wide and skilful use of its techniques, and sometimes of its ideas too.
Greek in Late Roman Gaul the Evidence of Ausonius
Authors: Green Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek and the Greeks made a notable contribution to the last great burst of ancient Latin literature, that of the late fourth and early fifth centuries AD, in spite of the fact that the domains of Greek and Latin were in many ways clearly distinct and became rigidly so, at least for administrative purposes, with the division of the empire in 395. The greatest Roman historian of the age was Ammianus Marcellinus, a Greek-speaker from Antioch; Claudian, born and educated in Egypt, migrated to Rome i:o make his career by writing Latin encomia; Macrobius drew copiously on Greek of various kinds and from various sources; Jerome, who had a close knowledge of Christian Greek writers, quotes words frequently in his criticism and exegesis. One of the most remarkable writers of this period is Ausonius, whose entire life as far as we know was spent in or near the cities of Bordeaux and Trier. He wrote four poems, albeit of the briefest, which are wholly in Greek, and another three in which lines of Greek and Latin alternate. In one of his letters Greek and Latin words, roots, and inflexions are mixed as perhaps never before, making what he calls a μϵ μiγ μ ϵ νoβ α ρ β α ρoν ωiδ η ν (‘a poem intermingled with barbarisms‘, by which he jokingly means Latin). Another letter, partly in Greek, seems to imply a broad knowledge of Greek literature. These and other writings of his cast an interesting light on the position of Greek language and literature in fourth century Gaul, and their place in the mind and affections of a leading scholar and poet.
Plutarch
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch of Chaeroneia in Boeotia is perhaps the most important author of the second sophistic period. He offers us detailed evidence of how an educated Greek aristocrat felt about Rome. Plutarch was born between 40 and 45. From his writings and from inscriptional testimony we know a good deal about his family and friends. We can see him engaged in local politics and other business, and active as a family man, a philosopher and author, and (perhaps) a farmer In literature he is best known for his Parallel Lives, the twenty-two paired biographies of ‘noble Grecians and Romanes’ (in North’s words). As with many, perhaps most, of Plutarch’s surviving writings it seems certain that the Parallels were written after the reign of Domitian, when Plutarch, like Tacitus, again felt safe to express his opinions on the present and the past. But Plutarch was certainly active in literary creation before this period. Several single biographies including, notably, a series on the Roman emperors from Augustus to Vitellius, of which we have only the linked and rather disappointing Galba and Otho were presumably written under the earlier Flavians.
Desert Mothers and Wandering Virgins: The Apophthegmata Patrum
Authors: Elm Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime between AD 297 and 300 a young man was forced into marriage by his relatives. Unable to resist their pressures, he nevertheless devised a compromise solution: as soon as the official ceremony was over, he announced to his new wife that he did not intend to consummate the marriage. Instead, he proposed that both retain their virginity. Some time afterwards he decided to take his proposition a step further and departed into the desert. The place he chose as his future residence was a mountain range called Nitria in the desert of Scetis, south of Lake Mareotis. The story of the chaste wedding-night and its consequences is quite possibly a legend; it is not a legend that between 315 (or 325) and 337 the young man, called Amoun, became the founder of a new type of ascetic life specific to the area: the semi-hermitic or semi’ anchorite life of the Scetis.
The Emperor’s New Body: Ascension from Rome
Authors: Beard Mary , Henderson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All these supposed methods of reaching heaven are most primitive: they start from the supposition that a load has to be lifted up; they hardly imply a separation of body from soul; and they are antecedent to the distinction which philosophers established between different parts of man’s being. They are religious survivals of very ancient conceptions which only vulgar minds still interpreted literally. These mechanical means of raising oneself to the starry vault carry us back to an extremely low stage of beliefs.