bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Organization of Workers: Liberal and Aliberal Societies Compared
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greater coherence of labor in aliberal societies was rooted in its prewar formation. This higher level of class organization was apparent before the war in both political competition and trade union organization. It followed from the lack of allies in government, in parliament and in electoral competition and, more indirectly, from the divisions within the middle classes whence the atmosphere of hostility and absence of allies eventuated. Com pared with what appeared in liberal societies, the result was a decidedly higher level of party and trade union organization and penetration of working-class life.
Social Democracy and Fascism
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fascism was distinguished from traditional dictatorship in equally fundamental ways: the complete suppression of representative institutions; its closer approximation of totalitarianism and greater intolerance of dissent and opposition; its commitment to popular mobilization in the service of the state and its rejection of the negative legitimacy of mass apathy; its total extirpation of socialism and reorganization and subordination of the working classes; its rejection of liberal economic and political dogma; and the primacy of politics over markets. This more totalitarian model reflected the higher level of mobilization that fascist, in contrast to traditional, dictators confronted.
Conclusion: Class Alliances and Transition to Mass Politics
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What I have presented in my study is a structuralist argument. Liberal democracy, social democracy, and fascism were alternatives in the sense that they constituted the historically known range of outcomes in interwar Western Europe. They were also alternatives in the sense that they derived from different levels of liberal success and different patterns of labor participation in politics and organization in the labor market before 1914, rested on different interwar class alliances and balances of class power, adopted fundamentally different responses to the economic crises of the twenties and thirties, and, above all, were not moral equivalents.
Accretion Of Differentiated Planetesimals To The Earth
Authors: Taylor1 S R , Norman M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is argued here that the Earth and the other planets of the inner solar system accreted predominantly from volatile-depleted planetesimals that were already differentiated into metallic cores and silicate mantles. Metal-sulfide-silicate partitioning seems to have been present in the early dust components of the solar nebula, prior to chondrule formation, and proceeded efficiently during growth of planetesimals and accretion of the planets. Metal-sulfide-silicate equilibrium was thus mainly established at low pressures within relatively small planetesimals. Rapid core-mantle separation in the Earth of precursor metal and silicate makes their reequilibration at higher pressures less likely. Thus, the trace and minor element composition of the mantle and core will reflect the low pressures and oxygen fugacities of the small precursor bodies, rather than the megabar pressures of the deep terrestrial mantle. In this model, core formation on Earth was not a catastrophe affecting a fully formed planet, but more likely occurred during accretion of the previously differentiated planetesimals. Since metal-sulfide-silicate equilibrium was accomplished predominantly at low pressures, troilite will be the main accreting phase for sulfur, which thus remains a viable candidate for the light element in the Earth’s core.
Impact of Genetic Variation in Individuals: Clonal Phenotypes Other than Cancer
Authors: Ferrell Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of somatic mutations affecting the phenotype of an individual, but not being transmitted to offspring has been most thoroughly explored with respect to cancer. The recognition that the majority of tumors were clonal in origin contributed to acceptance of the view that cancer is a genetic disease at the cell level. A major goal of cancer genetics has been and continues to be the identification of the primary genetic events involved in cellular transformation, and to understand how these changes contribute to the malignant phenotype. That the pathway to transformation involves several genetic events is generally accepted and has been elegantly demonstrated in the molecular verification of Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis in retinoblastoma and Wilm’s tumor. The uninhibited clonal expansion of a somatically altered cell in retinoblastoma, as well as other tumors, simplifies the genetic analysis by providing a relatively large amount of tissue for biochemical and molecular studies. This led to the recognition that while susceptibility to retinoblastoma is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, the retinoblastoma phenotype is recessive at the cellular level. These studies also revealed that normal somatic recombination is a major mechanism by which cellular homozygosity occurs in retinoblastoma and Wilm’s tumor, and that somatic events leading to homozygosity or hemizygosity for a mutant allele could be a mechanism for the phenotypic expression of any recessive mutation at the single-cell level.
Genetic Risks from Exposure to the Atomic Bombs: Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Authors: Otake Masanori 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Worldwide, tens, possibly hundreds of millions of individuals have been or are bing exposed to doses of ionizing radiation above the “natural” levels either as a consequence of (1) the diagnostic or therapeutic use of x-ray or radioactive materials, for example, radium or cobalt-60; (2) their occupations;(3)residing in geographic areas with “high” natural background or humanmade radiation, such as in the vicinity of the Chernobyl accident; or (4) their presence in Hiroshima or Nagasaki at the time of the atomic bombings. Exposure in these various instances varies substantially, qualitatively, and quantitatively (UNSCEAR, 1982, 1986). It may be acute or chronic, of single quality or several, whole body or partial, prompted by illness and hence possibly confounded by health status, and so forth. The ubiquity of these exposures and the differences in their nature make the estimation of the genetic risks to human beings not only an important task, but a difficult one.
Pathodemes: Heredity, Environment, and Populations of Disease SusceptibiIity
Authors: Knudson Alfred G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The burden of disease falls unequally upon the populations of the world, and unequally upon the individuals in those populations. Much of this variation is a function of time and place, as in the example of the toll of tetanus of the newborn in Haiti. Some of it relates to the genetic composition of a population, as with the incidence of skin cancer and melanoma among fair-skinned persons, especially in the southern United States and in Australia. Among the populations of first-world countries, most mortality is a function of age; the heavy burdens of cardiovascular disease and cancer are cumulative. Yet here too there is considerable geographic and familial variation. How much disease is determined by environment, how much by genetic variation, how much by chance? This question has been the target of much of the thought and effort of Jack Schull, and I suspect that more of my own thoughts on the subject are derived from him than I realize.
Nucleotide Diversity in Humans and Evidence for the Absence of a Severe Bottleneck during Human Evolution
Authors: Li Wen-Hsiung , Xiong Weijun , Liu Shyan-Woei , Chan Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How much genetic variability exists in human populations? This is an old question. Over 20 years ago electrophoretic data indicated that human populations, like many other outbreeding populations, contain considerable genetic variability (Harris, 1966). Although we have good knowledge about the variability at the protein level, the more basic question is how much variation exists at the DNA level. Even though recombinant DNA techniques have long provided the necessary tools for addressing this question, no extensive study has been conducted. Fortunately, we have been able to obtain adequate information in answer to this question from published DNA sequence data. Our analysis indicates that the variability in humans is rather low at the nucleotide level, compared to that in Drosophila populations.
Population Genetics and Evolution in the Genus Homo in the Last Two Million Years
Authors: Spuhler James N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The members of archaic human populations are sometimes assigned to different formal subspecies, for example, in Europe Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (King, 1864), in Africa H.s. rhodesiensis (Woodward, 1921), in East Asia, H.s. daliensis (Wu, 1981), and in the Indonesia H.s. soloensis (Oppenoorth, 1932); references and details are in Campbell (1965). Many biological anthropologists prefer to use geographical names to designate the major regional human populations (Garn, 1971).
Theory Of Mixing In Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The observations discussed in Chapter 7 strongly suggest that mixing within clouds is of a very different nature from mixing in laboratory plumes. This may be for one or more reasons. First, the extremely high Reynolds numbers of atmospheric convection have not been achieved in either the laboratory or in numerical models; it may simply be a completely different regime of convection. More likely, the differences have to do with the phase changes of water substance that occur in clouds. Specifically, mixing of cloudy with unsaturated environmental air may result in air with negative buoyancy with respect to the environment. This is not possible in dry plumes except possibly in stratified fluids. Put another way, mix­ ing in clouds is strongly nonlinear in buoyancy; this may be the key to understanding some important aspects of cloud dynamics.
Observed Characteristics Of Precipitating Convection
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When convective clouds become deep and or cold enough that stochastic coalescence or the Bergeron process becomes effective in forming water droplets or ice crystals that are large enough to fall as precipitation, the character of moist convection changes dramatically. Here we review the observed characteristics of isolated precipitating convection, beginning with the common convective shower and progressing to stronger forms of convection, culminating with the rare but violent supercell thunderstorm. The chapter ends with a discussion of squall lines and mesoscale convective complexes.
The Third Coast: Aviation Pioneers Exit the Midwest
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever Dr. Morton Klein, vice president for business development at the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (IITRI), visits the Pentagon, he sticks an aerial photograph in his briefcase. The photo shows the shoreline of Lake Michigan, with Meigs Field, a small commuter airport, in the foreground and the corporate offices of Chicago towering behind it. Klein is trying to generate more military-research dollars for his brain-powered organization, but finds his task difficult.
Space Mountain: Generals and Boosters Build Colorado Springs
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colorado Springs is an unusual site for an aerospace complex. Poised on the abrupt junction of the High Plains and the Front range of the Rockies, flecked in winter by snow on the mesas and backed by the stark flank of Pikes Peak, it is totally unlike typical high-tech sites such as New England, Los Angeles, and Seattle. Yet something remarkable has been happening there. The natural landscape, dramatic as it is, has been overwhelmed by the man-made. Ubiquitous housing subdivisions march across the undulating plains, bringing to mind a vast military encampment-an appropriate image in light of the surprising fact that Colorado Springs, in post-World War II America, has become an archetype of the new military-industrial city.
The Eavesdroppers: SDI, Software, and Lobbying in the Nation’s Capital
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this millennial decade, there are two Washingtons. Which one you see depends on which side of the plane you occupy as you land at National Airport. On the right, across the Potomac, is the Washington everyone knows: the neoclassical Beaux-Arts landscape of Congress, Mall, and monuments. On the left is another landscape altogether. Behind Arlington National Cemetry and the Pentagon stretches an apparently endless landscape of low-density suburbs, into which have been injected islands of skyscrapers resembling mini Dallases or mini-Atlantas.
Why the Gunbelt?
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the size and singularity of the gunbelt, its rise ranks among the most powerful of changes in American settlement patterns in the postwar period, rivaling other momentous changes like the continued movement from central city to suburb. A whole new set of industries, arrayed around aero space production and including electronics, communications equipment, and computing, and populated by a set of insurgent firms, has led to an extraordinary shift in the nation’s industrial center of gravity away from the heartland. New communities and subcultures have been created, distinctive from those characterizing older, industrial cities from Buffalo to Milwaukee, Baltimore to Detroit.
The Promise of Debates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not since Nixon and Humphrey in 1968 have both major parties nominated non-incumbents for the presidency as they have in 1988. Unadvantaged and unencumbered by a record of White House decision making, both candidates are likely to see self-interest served in the exposure and legitimacy offered by debates. And should one or the other be inclined to demur, the expectations created in the public and press by the debates of 1976, 1980, and 1984 will invite words that carry powerful inducements-including fairness and accountability-and words that convey painful penalties-including cowardice. We expect skies to be blue. We expect brides to wear white. And since the last three incumbents have debated, we expect presidential candidates to debate.
English to Chinese, French, German
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish, 90 Chinese to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Greek to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Contexts for Learning
Authors: Forman Ellice A , Minick Norris , Stone C Addison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work presents landmark research concerning the vital dynamics of childhood psychological development. It’s origin can be traced to the late 1970s, when several psychologists began to challenge existing notions of cognitive development by suggesting that such functioning is bound to specific contexts and that cognitive development is based on the mastery of culturally defined ways of speaking, thinking, and acting. About the same time, several translations were made available in this country of the seminal work of Vygotsky, the noted theoretician, offering a conceptual base on which these workers could build. This volume, with contributions from many of the scholars who pioneered this area and translated the work of Vygotsky, looks at the complex mechanisms by which children acquire the cultural and linguistic tools to carry out cognitive activities and explores the implications of this research for education. The book is organized around three main parts: Discourse and Learning in Classroom Practice, Interpersonal Relations in Formal and Informal Education, and The Sociocultural Institutions of Formal and Informal Education. An afterword by Jacqueline Goodnow suggests new directions for sociocultural research and education. The intended audience is composed of developmental, educational, and cognitive psychologists, along with advanced students in developmental and educational psychology.
Structural Abnormalities
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with one major group of congenital defects, the structural malformations, or dysmorphias, that are present at birth. These contrast with the congenital disorders involving physiological functions, such as metabolism, that were discussed in the preceding chapter. Structural abnormalities are usually of undetermined origin. One structural abnormality, agenesis of the corpus callosum, was discussed in Chapter 9 because of its impact on neuropsycho logical theory.A group of structural abnormalities in which hands and feet are formed adjacent to the shoulders and hips (phocomelias) became notorious in the 1960s when about 15,000 babies were born with this malformation before thalidomide, a widely prescribed sleeping medication, was recognized to be the teratogenic agent.Not all malformations are evident upon physical examination at birth. It has been reported that two-thirds of the malformations recognized at the age of 12 months were not detected at birth (Aase 1990). Unrecognized malformations include some forms of hydrocephalus and microcephaly, as well as minor neuroanatomical defects. Depending on their effect on an individual’s life, some defects may be discovered only accidentally at autopsy, e.g., heteropia, misplaced groups of nerve cells.
Toxic Damage
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exposure of the mother during pregnancy or of the child after birth to any type of toxin may result in acute or chronic intoxication of the fetus and various forms of short- and long-term impairment during childhood. One example of an intoxication during pregnancy is toxemia of pregnancy (gestosis), which is presumed to result from a variety of pathological conditions. These are essentially metabolic disturbances in the mother that may cause nausea, vomiting, gastric pains, headache, hypertension and edema (pre-eclampsia), and sudden convulsions and even coma (eclampsia).Another maternal intoxication, neonatal jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia, kernicterus), occurs because of blood type incompatibility between the mother and fetus. Other intoxications by environmental pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, DDT, mercury, lead, arsenic, quinine and so on, were described in Chapter 8 as they relate to critical periods of gestation. The thalidomide tragedy focused attention on intoxication with prescribed and nonprescribed drugs (Stimmel 1982), including the use of multiple antiepileptics (Dodson 1989), barbiturates, and psychotropic drugs (Boer and Swaab 1985). The fetal alcohol syndrome and the teratogenic effects of smoking during pregnancy also have been studied in detail. Although many of these effects have been known for a long time, it was usually assumed that the placenta functioned as a protective barrier and that all potentially toxic material would be filtered out.
Nutritional Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The World Health Organization estimated in 1983 that 300 million children, mostly living in the developing world, sustained growth retardation secondary to malnutrition (WHO 1983). Protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) and protein energy malnutrition (PEM) are generic terms for a wide spectrum of nutritional deficiencies in early life that vary in type, timing, and severity. These deficiencies are distinct from the malnutrition secondary to medical conditions, such as cystic fibrosis, or from genetically determined metabolic disorders, such as phenyl ketonuria. Protein-calorie deficiencies are also distinct from highly selective de ficiencies of specific vitamins, such as vitamin A deficiency, a primary cause of preventable blindness in infancy and childhood, or of minerals, e.g., iron deficiency anemia or iodine deficiency disorder. These selective deficiencies usually occur in the context of a diet that is otherwise adequate.Two clinically notable syndromes are present in the PCM spectrum of dis orders: kwashiorkor and marasmus. If severe enough, a predominantly proteindeficient diet in the young child may present clinically as a syndrome known as kwashiorkor, whereas a predominantly energy-deficient diet may result in a syndrome termed marasmus (Table 16-1). These syndromes are accompanied on the spectrum of nutritional deficiencies by severe combined deficiencies sometimes called marasmic-kwashiorkor and by common and chronic sub clinical nutritional deficiencies characterized by notable protein, caloric, or combined shortages.
Hemispherectomy and Other Surgical Manipulations
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much recent neuropsychological research has been concerned with the development of different functional capabilities in each hemisphere. The extreme situation, where one hemisphere has complete control of all physiological and behavioral functioning, is very rare. This chapter reviews an example of lateral dominance where most of one cerebral hemisphere has been removed surgically. The main indications for this type of surgery are extensive invasion of the hemi sphere by tumor, usually in adults, and infantile hemiplegia associated with neonatal convulsions. Hemispherectomy is more accurately called hemidecorti cation, or removal of half of the cortex, since primarily cortical tissue is removed; the thalamus and striatum, as well as brainstem connections, usually remain. Often, portions of the frontal and the occipital pole are also left in place to minimize the postoperative shift of the remaining hemisphere into the space left by the removed hemisphere (Montreal-type hemispherectomy, Verity et. al. 1982). However, the terms “hemidecortication” and “hemispherectomy” are used interchangeably in the literature to refer to essentially the same surgical procedure. Other relevant surgical manipulations that radically alter the functioning of the brain are also discussed in this chapter.