bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of adding dopamine agonist therapy to long-acting somatostatin analogues in the management of acromegaly
Authors: Selvarajah Dinesh , Webster Jonathan , Ross Richard , Newell-Price John 
Published: April 2005

Background: The excess mortality and morbidity associated with acromegaly are secondary to prolonged elevation of GH and IGF-I. Vigorous control of these biochemical parameters results in improved morbidity and mortality. Somatostatin analogues (SAs) allow adequate control of GH and IGF-I in approximately 65% of subjects, leaving a significant cohort uncontrolled. Dopamine agonists (DAs), a cheap alternative to SAs, allow control of GH and IGF-I in less than 20% of patients with acromegaly.
Aims: To assess the effectiveness of adding DA therapy to SA in the biochemical control of acromegaly.
Subjects: One hundred and twenty cases from the Sheffield Acromegaly Register were reviewed; 24 (20%) did not require medical treatment following pituitary surgery alone; 16 (13%) had safe GH levels following surgery and radiotherapy; and 58 (48%) required medical treatment despite having had surgery, radiotherapy or both. The remaining 22 (18%) received only medical treatment.
Methods: In nine subjects a DA (three bromocriptine, six cabergoline) was added to an SA to control active disease. GH day curves and IGF-I levels were compared before and after the addition of a DA to existing SA treatment. All were on stable maximum-dose treatment with an SA, with inadequate biochemical control prior to addition of DA therapy. Mean duration of treatment on a DA before biochemical assessments were made was 10.3 months. Six subjects had previously been treated with either transsphenoidal surgery, radiotherapy or both. In three subjects SA was the primary therapy.
Results: All subjects exhibited a fall in median GH and IGF-I levels. Introduction of a DA resulted in a 36.1% reduction in median GH levels (8.3 vs 5.3 mIU/l; P = 0.008) on a GH day curve and a 35.2% reduction in IGF-I levels (387.2 vs 251.0 μg/l; P = 0.018). Only four subjects had elevated prolactin levels prior to the addition of a DA (>368 mIU/l).
Conclusion: Addition of DAs to SAs is of benefit in the biochemical control of acromegaly and should be considered in those inadequately controlled. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of DAs occur even when pre-treatment prolactin levels are within the normal range.
CXCR6 within T-helper (Th) and T-cytotoxic (Tc) type 1 lymphocytes in Graves’ disease (GD)
Authors: Aust G , Kamprad M , Lamesch P , Schmücking E 
Published: April 2005

Objective: In Graves’ disease (GD), stimulating anti-TSH receptor antibodies are responsible for hyperthyroidism. T-helper 2 (Th2) cells were expected to be involved in the underlying immune mechanism, although this is still controversial. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of CXCR6, a chemokine receptor that marks functionally specialized T-cells within the Th1 and T-cytotoxic 1 (Tc1) cell pool, to gain new insights into the running immune processes.
Methods: CXCR6 expression was examined on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and thyroid-derived lymphocytes (TLs) of GD patients in flow cytometry. CXCR6 cDNA was quantified in thyroid tissues affected by GD (n = 16), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT; n = 2) and thyroid autonomy (TA; n = 11) using real-time reverse transcriptase PCR.
Results: The percentages of peripheral CXCR6+ PBLs did not differ between GD and normal subjects. CXCR6 was expressed by small subsets of circulating T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. CXCR6+ cells were enriched in thyroid-derived T-cells compared with peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in GD. The increase was evident within the Th1 (CD4+ interferon-γ+ (IFN-γ+)) and Tc1 (CD8+IFN-γ+) subpopulation and CD8+ granzyme A+ T-cells (cytotoxic effector type). Thyroid-derived fibro-blasts and thyrocytes were CXCR6−. There was no significant difference between the CXCR6 mRNA levels in GD compared with HT and normal TA tissues. The lowest CXCR6 mRNA levels were obtained from thyroid nodules from TA patients and GD patients with low thyroid peroxidase autoantibody levels.
Conclusions: CXCR6 was overexpressed in Th1 and Tc1 TLs compared with PBLs in GD. CXCR6 could be a marker for lymphocytes that have migrated into the thyroid and assist in the thyroid, independently of the bias of the underlying disease.
Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism – a register-based study
Authors: Thomsen Anders F , Kvist Tine K , Andersen Per K , Kessing Lars V 
Published: April 2005

Objective: The pattern of comorbidity between thyroid disorders and affective disorder is not fully known. We assessed whether hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism was a risk factor for hospitalisation with affective disorder and evaluated the temporal relationship between these events.
Design: A historical prospective cohort study comparing patients with hyperthyroidism with patients with non-toxic goitre or osteoarthritis, using existing data from Danish registers. The observational period was from 1 January 1977 to 31 December 1999.
Methods: Three study cohorts were identified by their International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnoses at discharge from hospital and consisted of all patients with a first hospital admission with the index diagnoses of hyperthyroidism, osteoarthritis, or non-toxic goitre. Later admissions to psychiatric hospital wards with discharge ICD diagnoses of affective disorder were used as events of interest. Rates of re-admission were estimated using competing risks models in survival analyses. Age, sex, substance abuse, and calendar time were included as co-variables.
Results: A study sample of 183 647 patients discharged with an index diagnosis was identified. In total 1374 events occurred in the observational period. An index diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation with affective disorder for both sexes and for all age-bands investigated, compared with the other index diagnoses. The risk was greatest in the first six months after index hospitalisation (rate ratio, 95% confidence interval: 3.60 (2.58–5.04)).
Conclusions: Patients hospitalised with hyperthyroidism are at greater risk of re-admission with depressive disorder or bipolar disorder than control patients. This suggests that hyperthyroidism is associated with long-term mood disturbances.
Cardiac function in borderline hypothyroidism: a study by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging
Authors: Zoncu Sandra , Pigliaru Francesca , Putzu Claudia , Pisano Lorella , Vargiu Sara , Deidda Martino , Mariotti Stefano , Mercuro Giuseppe 
Published: April 2005

Objective: In subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), impaired diastolic function has been documented at rest and on effort, while systolic dysfunction has only been assessed on effort.
Design: The aim of the present study was: (a) to further assess systolic function at rest in SH; and (b) to ascertain whether cardiac dysfunction could precede TSH increase in euthyroid patients with a high risk of developing SH.
Methods: We studied 32 patients with classical Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (22 with increased serum TSH (> 3 mU/ml – group A), and 10 with normal serum TSH (< 3 mU/ml – group B)); a third group (C), which included 13 healthy controls. All subjects underwent pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging (PWTDI) to accurately quantify the global and regional left ventricular function.
Results: When compared with group C, PWTDI indices showed that in both groups A and B there was a significant impairment of systolic ejection (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), a delay in diastolic relaxation (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) and a decrease in the compliance to the ventricular filling (P < 0.05). Several significant correlations were found between PWTDI parameters and serum-free T3 and T4 and TSH concentrations.
Conclusion: PWTDI is a sensitive technique that allows detection of both diastolic and systolic abnormalities, not only in patients with SH, but also in euthyroid subjects with a high risk of developing thyroid failure. Futhermore, the significant correlations of several PWTDI indices with serum FT3 and TSH concentrations strongly support the concept of a continuum spectrum of a slight thyroid failure in autoimmune thyroiditis extending to subjects with serum TSH still within the normal range.
Nitrification
Authors: Tarkalson David D. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Nitrification is the biologically facilitated oxidation of ammonium (NH
4
+
) to nitrate (NO
3
−
). The process of nitrification is performed by ammonium and nitrite (NO
2
−
) oxidizing bacteria found in soil and waters. In soil and water, ammonium is supplied through decomposition of organic matter by microbes and/or anthropogenic or natural additions of inorganic nitrogen sources containing ammonia (NH
3
), urea, or ammonium. Nitrification consists of two independent microbially facilitated reactions. In the first reaction,
ammonium
oxidizers oxidize ammonium to nitrite, and in the second reaction,
nitrite
oxidizers oxidize nitrite to nitrate.
Skimmed Groundwater
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Nadeem 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn several unconfined aquifers under irrigated agricultural areas, the groundwater system consists of a saturated porous medium containing miscible fluids (fresh groundwater and saline groundwater). The native groundwater is deep and saline because of the marine origin of the hydrogeologic formation. However, fresh groundwater lenses from deep percolation of the extensive water conveyance and distribution system, as well as from irrigation and rainfall, overlie this native saline groundwater.The thickness of these fresh groundwater lenses varies from a few meters to more than 100 meters.Farmers are using this skimmed groundwater to fill the gap between the supply and demand of surface water in the conjunctive water use environment of the Indus Basin of Pakistan.
Groundwater Assessment Using Soil Sampling Techniques
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Groundwater assessment for environmental projects involves significant soil sampling to evaluate hydrologic and lithologic conditions. Soil samples in environmental investigations are typically collected at a minimum of every one to two meters and at changes of lithology or obvious signs of contamination, based on soil staining or discoloration of the soil or in the case of volatile organic compounds, organic vapor readings. Continuous coring is recommended for a minimum of at least one soil boring per site to characterize the subsurface adequately.
Soil Water Issues
Authors: Roberts Eliot C. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Landscape plants and turfgrass can eliminate erosion and conserve water most effectively by considering many variables in the makeup of the landscape. These variables include the sizes of mineral components of soil, the components of the root zone, soil moisture capacity, soil texture, soil pH, the soil's biodegradable capacity, and its mulching capacity. All these factors are explained in this entry.
Tile Drainage
Authors: Reed Tara 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Tile (or relief) drains are porous pipes buried approximately 1 m beneath the surface of the soil. These pipes drain excess water from the land into nearby water bodies, most typically cisterns, open ditches, or streams. The most common use of tile drainage is to improve agricultural production by draining excess moisture from the plant root zone and allowing cultivation normally saturated soils. Subsurface tile drainage also lowers the water table and reduces soil salinity. Many of the world's productive agricultural areas, including 25% of the cropland in the United States, require artificial drainage. The area drained by subsurface drainage systems in the United States has increased since 1900 from less than 5 to almost 30 million hectares.
Xeriscape
Authors: Welsh Douglas F. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Much attention and controversy have surrounded the xeriscape concept of landscaping since its inception in 1981. The proper definition of xeriscape is “quality landscaping that conserves water and protects the environment.” Above all things, it must be a quality design that balances the lawn area, shrub and flower plantings, and the hardscape (i.e., decks, patios and sidewalks). Landscapes composed of rocks or plastic flowers alone are not xeriscapes. Xeriscapes are in tune with the environment; therefore, xeriscape applies to the desert in southwestern United States as well as the semitropical southeast.
Crop Evapotranspiration
Authors: Todorovic Mladen 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Crop evapotranspiration is a physical process in which water passes from the liquid to the gaseous state while moving from the soil to the atmosphere. It refers to both evaporation from soil and vegetative surfaces and transpiration from plants. These two processes are considered together because they occur simultaneously in nature, and it is difficult to separate them when measured or estimated.
Crop evapotranspiration refers to the water losses from a cropped field, and this term is frequently used in irrigation scheduling and irrigation water management.

Crop evapotranspiration is affected by weather factors (radiation, air temperature, humidity, and wind speed), crop parameters (crop type, variety, and development stage), and local environmental and management conditions (soil salinity, application of fertilizers, tillage practices, planting density, presence of diseases and pests, windbreaks, irrigation practices, presence of groundwater and impermeable soil horizons, etc.). Accordingly, it is possible to distinguish between crop evapotranspiration under standard (optimal) conditions and crop evapotranspiration under nonstandard conditions. Standard conditions refer to disease‐free, well‐fertilized crops, grown in large fields, under optimal water supply, and achieving full production for the given climatic conditions. Nonstandard conditions are defined as those that differ from standard conditions.
Crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions
is usually denoted as ET
c
, and
crop evapotranspiration under nonstandard conditions
is marked as ET
c_adj
or ET
c_corr
, where the suffixes “
adj
” and “
corr
” refer to “adjusted” and “corrected,” respectively. Standard conditions concur with the optimal conditions of well‐managed irrigation fields, so, crop evapotranspiration under nonstandard conditions is always lower than or equal to crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions. Therefore,

urn:x-wiley:9780471478447:media:aw57:xm1

where
K

s

is the reduction coefficient (
K

s

< 1) that accounts for the difference between standard and nonstandard conditions.
Crop Water Requirements
Authors: Todorovic Mladen 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Crop water requirements (CWR) refer to the amount of water required to compensate for evapotranspiration losses from a cropped field during a specified period of time. Crop water requirements are expressed usually in mm/day, mm/month, or mm/season, and they are used for management purposes in estimating irrigation water requirements, irrigation scheduling, and water delivery scheduling.
Bottled Water
Authors: Hordon Robert M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe rising consumption in the United States is attributed to an increasingly effective advertising campaign that touts bottled water as a safer and better tasting alternative to tap water. Packaging labels that show massive glaciers and springs in alpine settings have also helpedThe presumed reason for drinking mineral water and more recently bottled water is for the purported therapeutic effects and associated health benefits. Using mineral waters as a form of therapy was discussed by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. Based on legend, the thermal springs of Bath, England, date to 800B.C.Hannibal's army (and elephants) was reputed to have refreshed itself in the pools of Vergeze in southern France in 218B.C.while enroute to attack Rome. Later on, the spring waters at Vergeze became known as the source of Perrier water. The mineral waters from 12 springs at Vichy, France, date back to Roman times. Spring water from Fiuggi near Rome, Italy, was used by Michaelangelo. Another Italian luminary from the fifteenth century, Leonardo da Vinci, used the mineral waters from the three deep springs (396 m; 1300 ft) at San Pellegrino. Famous spas and watering holes, such as Hot Springs in Arkansas and Saratoga Springs in New York and many others in Europe, developed near mineral springs during the late 1800s and early 1900sBottled water can be grouped into the following several categories depending upon the nature of the water and its source.Nonsparkling Water this includes spring water, artesian water, mineral water, and purified water. Domestic production of this type of water in the United States made up more than 95% of the bottled water market in 2002.
Storage Coefficient
Authors: Uliana Matthew M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

A coefficient is a mathematical quantity that relates two or more variables in an equation describing some physical process. In equations describing the flow of fluids in a porous medium (e.g., groundwater in an aquifer), the
storage coefficient
is the quantity that relates the change in fluid potential (i.e., hydraulic head) in the aquifer to the change in the amount of water stored in the aquifer at a given point. In practical terms, the storage coefficient tells us the volume of water that can be removed from an aquifer for a given drop in hydraulic head.

There are three storage coefficients used in groundwater flow equations (the units of each are given in [brackets] following each definition):

Specific Storage
(
S

s

) is the volume of water removed from a unit volume of a confined aquifer for a unit drop in hydraulic head [L
−1
].

Storativity
(
S
) is the volume of water removed from a unit area of an aquifer for a unit drop in hydraulic head; in confined aquifers, it is equal to the specific storage times the thickness of the aquifer, in unconfined aquifers, it is equal to the specific storage times the thickness of the aquifer plus the
specific yield
[−].

Specific Yield
(
S

y

) is the volume of water removed from a unit volume of an unconfined aquifer for a unit drop in water level; this quantity is also defined as the volume of water that will drain by gravity from a saturated unit volume of an aquifer and is equivalent to the effective porosity [−].
Summary of Isotopes in Contaminant Hydrogeology
Authors: Adelana Segun 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe word contaminant is a general term to describe dissolved constituents, nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), or industrial solvents which, when added to water as a result of human activities, impair groundwater quality. To an important extent, the complexity of a groundwater contamination problem can be determined by whether or not NAPLs are present. Obviously, contaminants related to anthropogenic activities are one of the major threats facing groundwater resources today. Groundwater contamination can have a significant impact on the present and future use of groundwater resources as a source of drinking water for an increasing population living in cities and rural areas.
Vulnerability Mapping of Groundwater Resources
Authors: Harter Thomas 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGroundwater vulnerability is a measure of the likelihood that pollution or contamination at the land surface reaches a production aquifer. It is a measure of the “degree of insulation” that natural and man‐made factors provide to keep pollution away from groundwater. The term was first used in Europe in the 1960s. In defining groundwater vulnerability, a number of issues must be examined and clarified; all refer to these two questions: vulnerabilityof what?and vulnerabilityto whatExact definitions of groundwater vulnerability have therefore varied.In principle, all groundwater is vulnerable to human activity; no groundwater is completely isolated from the aboveground environment. The degree of vulnerability depends on environmental conditions, on how we define groundwater and the part of groundwater in which we are interested in (hence the question, “vulnerabilityof what?”), and on the timescale of interest. In addition, it depends on whether or not a vulnerability measure is intended to account also for the presence and type of pollutants (hence, “vulnerabilityto what?”).
Water‐Jetting Drilling Technologies for Well Installation and
In Situ
Remediation of Hydrocarbons, Solvents, and Metals
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Well jetting is particularly suited to unconsolidated sediments such as sandy riverbeds or riverbanks, where water is generally found close to the surface (1 to 5 meters). The jetting technique, which generally does not penetrate more than 10 meters, can be used to drive a pipe and filter into the sandy riverbed of a dry river or wadi, so that subsurface water, close to the surface, can be pumped from below the surface. The jet of water is pushed from a tank through a pump and into a PVC or steel rod, which makes the sand fluid and allows the pipe to slide into the subsurface. On some floodplains, it is possible to jet through more than 30 meters of silt before reaching an underlying sandy aquifer. Small‐diameter jetted wells, called “washbores” by local farmers, are used worldwide to irrigate crops during the dry season.
Detecting Modern Groundwaters with
85
Kr
Authors: Divine Craig E. , Thyne Geoffrey 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Since the 1950s, anthropogenic contributions of
85
Kr to the atmosphere (primarily the result of nuclear weapons testing and nuclear fuel rod reprocessing) have completely overwhelmed natural background concentrations.

The relatively simple behavior of the atmospheric concentration history permits estimating exact recharge dates to approximately 1960 by measuring the amount of
85
Kr activity in groundwater and accounting for radioactive decay. If dispersion is negligible, an age can be estimated by plotting the measured
85
Kr activity in groundwater samples back to an intercept point on the atmospheric
85
Kr activity curve. Alternatively, a decay‐corrected
85
Kr activity curve can be plotted for the sample collection date directly relating measured activity to an apparent groundwater age. For the
85
Kr method, the “clock” begins at the seasonal high water table because it is assumed that the
85
Kr concentration in the groundwater is in equilibrium with soil gas and the atmosphere.

A primary advantage of
85
Kr is that it is chemically inert in groundwater and is therefore affected only by the hydraulic properties of the aquifer and radioactive decay. Furthermore, age calculations do not require recharge temperature and krypton solubility information because the
85
Kr activity is normalized to the total
85
Kr present. This also implies that errors from excess air trapped in the aquifer or sample loss are negligible. However, because of the high current
85
Kr activity in the atmosphere, care must be taken to prevent sample contamination during well installation and sample collection. Note that the
85
Kr method may overestimate the groundwater age for deep‐water tables (greater than 10 meters) due to a time lag through the unsaturated zone.