bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concern of this chapter is how competing human rights obligations owned by the State need to be taken into consideration in the determination of the scope and the content of positive obligations so that a possible protective overreach can be prevented. Obligations need to be specified so that tensions and competitions between obligations become cognizable. Once the existence of competing obligations becomes recognized, they should be denoted a distinctive and special role (in contrast to competing general public interests) in the assessment of the reasonableness of the positive obligations. The chapter then discusses considerations that can be relevant to addressing the tension between positive obligations and other (both positive and negative) human rights obligations corresponding to absolute, strictly qualified, and qualified rights. Finally, while acknowledging the difficulties, it is proposed that the obligations can be framed in such a way in terms of content and scope, so that accommodation is possible.
Extraterritorial Positive Obligations
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the hurdles arising if positive obligations under the ECHR were to apply extraterritorially. The normative presuppositions that need to be present so that it can be determined whether a State is to be found responsible under ECHR for failure to fulfil positive obligations are explained. The preconditions are three: a bounded political order where decisions as to the role of the State can be taken, interdependencies of stakes and interests within the bounded political community, and a democratically constituted sovereign. The chapter shows how these normative preconditions are reflected in the meaning of jurisdiction as developed by the ECtHR. The implications from an approach where the meaning of jurisdiction is relativized depending on the rights and obligations invoked on the merits are considered. If a State owes positive obligations to persons located beyond its borders, this poses conceptual challenges given the absence of the preconditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Stoyanova Vladislava 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The conclusion highlights that the role of the State in the society is key in the determination of the scope and the content of positive obligations. Despite its methodological limitations, the book allows the following responses to the challenge of a too intrusive State. First, it needs to be openly acknowledged that positive obligations imply expansion of the role of the State, which places human rights in tension with their historical justifications. Second, the analytical distinction between the standards of reasonableness, state knowledge, and causation, is important to face the challenge. Third, the identification and assessment of alternatives is also important for averting the danger of overreach. Fourth, despite its ambiguities, the distinction between actions and omissions as a basis for state responsibility needs to be maintained. Fifth, the distinction between general interests and interests of specific concrete individuals needs to be also clearly maintained.
Probability and its Discontents
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the mixed reception of probability, and its uneven application to gaming, in Restoration and Augustan England. It has long been assumed that the seventeenth century vogue for gambling was a driver of the study of probability, when early probability writers were only interested in games of chance as sources of readily accessible illustrations of their ideas. Although these mathematicians established the advantage of the ‘house’ in ‘banking’ games like basset, gaming operators were reluctant to trust the ‘law of large numbers’ completely. Owing to widespread innumeracy even among elites, the popularization of probability through the works of writers like Abraham De Moivre did not increase understanding of the subject as much as it generated the illusion that gamblers could not only comprehend chance though mathematics, but actually overcome it.
Sons of Hazard
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The archetype of the ‘sharper’ was a construct of literary, journalistic, and legal fiction that shaped responses to commercial gaming. The narrative of the heroic gamester, and conversely that of the sharper, were staples of English print culture from the Restoration onward, appearing both in fiction and in the admonitory literature around gaming. These literary archetypes passed into newsprint and ultimately into statute, conditioning the response of the media and the law, effectively blinding both to the aspects of gaming that enabled commercial operations to proliferate in spite of concerted efforts to eradicate them.
The Pilgrimage to Saint James’s, or, Clubs are Trumps
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elite gamblers, relatively untroubled by new gaming statutes, introduced private subscription clubs for gaming, from entirely different motivations. Private subscription clubs presented commercial gaming operators with an opportunity to create spaces beyond the verge of the court that were nevertheless exclusive, and highly profitable. Entrepreneurs who had previously sought the protection of the Groom Porter, the verge of the court, or of other similarly ambiguous forms of privilege now found secure refuge behind the doors of clubs whose exclusivity served as much to keep magistrates at bay as to bar social interlopers of dubious provenance.
Breaking Even
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Authorities and the general public eventually caught on to the realities of gaming as a commercial enterprise. Gaming entrepreneurs were more emboldened than ever, both in terms of their operations and their social ambitions. As a new century loomed, metropolitan readers were more aware than local authorities had been at mid-century of the arrangements that had enabled commercial gaming in the metropolis and beyond since the beginning of the century now ending. For their part, gaming entrepreneurs were asserting in various ways their standing as ‘polite and commercial people’ as respectable as anyone else ‘in trade,’ or even as those engaged in more prestigious sectors of the economy.
The Haitian Revolution in the Early Republic of Letters
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While largely ignored by generations of critics, concerns about the Haitian Revolution saturated the early American print public sphere. For myriad writers in the early Republic, Haiti was both unambiguously familiar and categorically incompatible. Synchronously held fast and rejected, Haiti was the ever-present index of the United States: a distorted reflection of the Republic’s past, a troubling echo of its present, and a nightmarish harbinger of divisive futures. In unravelling how American literary history has silenced the centrality of Haiti in U.S. cultural development, The Haitian Revolution in the Early Republic of Letters recuperates lost textual objects while redressing a crucial blind spot in American literary history.
Introduction
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Introduction sets up the book by exploring how American literary history, since its inception, has glossed over the period of 1800‒20 by endlessly repeating the false claim that this was a period marked by a lack of cultural production. Arguing instead that this canonical interregnum was in fact a period of intense literary production, the Introduction moves to assert that the primary cause of this era’s neglect results from the intensity of America’s reactions to the new formations of freedom and citizenship enacted by the Haitian Revolution. Finally, the Introduction argues that in order to fully understand cultural production from the first two decades of the nineteenth century, the field of American literary history needs to move beyond its dependence on authorial biography as the initial pathway into critical inquiry and to push past the habitual privileging of the novel form as providing the basis for canonical inclusion.
“Not an End”
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first chapter repositions the biographical sketch as a fulcrum for late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century American readers to consider events in Haiti and those closer to home. As such the sketch became a means by which periodical editors could speculate about systems of enslavement, diasporic African knowledge, and the root causes of rebellious behavior. The chapter centers on the widespread U.S. reprinting of “The Story of Makandal.” First published in France in 1787, the text was subsequently translated into English and appeared in American periodicals for several decades. Ostensibly, the text presents a fictionalized biography of François Makandal (a 1750s maroon leader); but it does so by transmuting his insurgency into petty jealously, disavowing Makandal’s commitments to emancipation by rendering him a figure of unhinged appetite. In intimating that Black resistance is doomed to failure, “The Story of Makandal” provided an object lesson for readers concerned about uprising of enslaved peoples.
Coda
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Coda charts how early-nineteenth-century African American intellectuals repurposed the Haitian Revolution as precursor for domestic Black freedom. The Coda examines the first African American newspaper, the Freedom’s Journal (1827), which routinely featured information about Haiti, including in its publication of “Theresa—a Haytien Tale,” perhaps the earliest extant piece of African American fiction. Linking a reading of “Theresa” to the wider print public sphere, the Coda gestures toward how African American print networks reconfigured operant meanings of Haiti in the late 1820s. As a measure of the afterlives of these contending interpretations of the meaning of Haitian freedom, the Coda scrutinizes reactions to how Haiti was referenced by demonstrators at contemporary Black Lives Matter protests. These allusions sparked a racialized panic among the contemporary alt-right, underscoring how an incipient white supremacist vision of Haiti as representing the antithesis of American democracy continues to infect the national imagination.
From Deficit to Dialect
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The emergence of new English dialects in postcolonial regions has transformed the politics of English in the world and language ecologies in many regions. Why, how, and when did these dialects develop? Why do they have the accents and grammars that we hear? Are the grammars of these dialects completely different due to the influence of local languages, or similar due to natural tendencies in human cognition? In terms of social identity, do their speakers behave like native speakers of British or American English, or like language learners? Focusing on two prominent cases—English in India and in Singapore—this book examines the social, historical, and cognitive forces that together created and continue to shape these dialects. Differences in the linguistic ecology of the two regions help us to identify the strongest mechanisms of dialect formation under long-term cultural contact. The multiscale analysis moves beyond a simplistic divide between “deficit” and “dialect” views of these speech communities, showing that change proceeds unevenly across the language system and the social group, with feedback loops between social history, language learning, language structure, and identity.
Histories of English in India
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
English has been in India for over 400 years, and an adequate history must trace the emergence of distinct English-using communities over time. This chapter first outlines the evolution of English in India through four time periods: early presence, colonial ideologies, the independence movement, and independent India. Next, it describes the resulting linguistic features of contemporary Indian English (IndE) varieties. In closing, the chapter assesses recent claims about the variety’s stage of evolution. Rather than a single entity moving unidirectionally toward or away from a single norm, IndE is better conceived of as a series of overlapping domains of use, at different stages of nativization, and arising out of specific moments and shifts in power and social relations.
The Article System
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This in-depth exploration of an Indian English (IndE) grammatical subsystem—within the nominal domain—addresses the question of whether novel usage in New Englishes derives from emergent language universals or direct transfer from the first language (L1). The analysis of article omission shows a strong presence of L1 transfer where the L1 has an overt form, but a reliance on universally available discourse knowledge to restructure the new L2 system when no L1 forms exist as a clear model. The closing discussion notes several studies that have since confirmed the original claims reported here, which also dovetail with Lange’s (2012) overarching proposal of a shift to discourse prominence in IndE syntax. Rather than acting as opposing forces or hypotheses, language transfer and universals can establish a complementary “feeding” relationship. L1-L2 differences and speaker inferencing can give rise to typologically distinct “third grammars” in contact varieties.
Rates of Change
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India and Singapore have developed radically different varieties of English, despite somewhat comparable British colonial histories. Why has English transformed so much more radically in Singapore, when it has been embedded in India for twice as long? This chapter compares the historical ecologies of English in India and Singapore in terms of major factors that might explain the dramatic differences in how the two varieties have developed. It shows how key differences led to distinct dialect formation dynamics in the two settings. Certain historical similarities appear to have been less influential than other markedly distinct ecological factors, which have driven divergent outcomes in the two regions.
Summary and Implications
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pulling together the many processes through which English has taken shape in India and in Singapore, this chapter enumerates several proposed mechanisms of change. Some of these are based in historical ecology, some in the formal linguistic mismatches between languages in contact, and others in the social embedding of language practice. These micro- and macrodynamics form feedback loops with one another, inhibiting or accelerating change. The closing reflections explore implications for method and theory in the study of new dialect formation. The empirical overview of new dialect formation in postcolonial sociolinguistic ecologies encourages realist and evidence-based understandings of language learning, language use, and dialect identities in complex multilingual environments.
The Expression of Queerness in Hans Werner Henze’s Music
Authors: Marsico Federica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike instrumental music, operatic works are the result of a close interaction among words, music, and staging. This interaction helps scholars to identify queer musical elements in a score. Additionally, in Hans Werner Henze’s operas, the expressive content of the sung words and the features of the staging together with music contribute significantly to give voice to queerness. In this chapter, Henze’s operatic scores are interpreted in relation to the author’s constant need to affirm his identity in a social context tending to repress it. Recurring narrative subjects in librettos are highlighted and interpreted in the context of queerness. Next, musical analysis is employed to investigate the elements of scores that translate queerness into musical terms. The analysis highlights how Henze uses music to symbolize and explore otherness, suggesting directions for a broader investigation into queer musical elements within the operatic output of the second half of the twentieth century.
Multiplicities, Truth, Ethics
Authors: Lochhead Judy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how an ontology of multiplicity might be maintained in the production of knowledge about music as a sonic event. It develops and demonstrates a queering analysis of Chaya Czernowin’s Anea Crystal, building on the ways of thinking multiplicity in the late twentieth-century work of Donna Haraway, Sandra Harding, Judith Butler, and Alain Badiou. My analysis demonstrates the ways in which the work may be experienced as structural multiplicities by tracing multiple temporal pathways and groupings of pitch, timbre, rhythm, and dynamics, and by suggesting the differing kinds of subjectivities these pathways imply. A queering analysis takes as a premise music’s multiplicity and seeks not “the” truth of a piece of music but an ethics of truth that illuminates music’s being in the world.
Complications and Defeaters of Standing
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter builds on the conceptual groundwork in Chapter 1. Specifically, it confronts my definitions of hypocritical blame and (dismissing) standingless blame with four complications, the first three of which represent forms of nonparadigmatic blame: (1) private blame, (2) self-blame, (3) third-party blame, and (4) degrees of (standing to) blame. The chapter also examines and rebuts several arguments against the notion of standing to blame and defends a commitment-focused account of what undermines standing to blame.
Other Ways of Not Having a Standing to Blame
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Factors other than hypocrisy can undermine standing to blame. This chapter examines five additional sources of lack of standing: (1) that the blamer has the same fault as the blamee (tu quoque; (2) that the blamer is complicit in that for which the blamer blames the blamee; (3) that which the blamee is blamed for is none of the blamer’s business; (4) the blamer lacks understanding of the action for which they blame the blamee; (5) and, finally, the blamer does not accept the principle to which they appeal. The chapter argues that hypocrisy and these five ways of lacking standing to blame are distinct. Moreover, the commitment account of why the hypocritical blamer lacks standing to blame cannot be extended to cover all five forms of standingless blame discussed in this chapter; e.g., it cannot be extended to cover dismissal of meddlesome blame. Another, and related, claim is that the different kinds of standingless blame are wrong for different reasons. Specifically, the moral equality account of the wrongfulness of hypocritical blame cannot explain the wrongness of all the forms of standingless blame discussed in this chapter.
High Impact Practices with Urban Youth--Circles at the Center
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The authors bridge the gap between practitioners and researchers specifically working to improve the life outcomes of urban youth. This is a guidebook best thought of as a way to frame interventions around high impact practices (HIPs)—evidence-based educational practices that have been shown to “deepen student learning and engagement, and raise levels of performance, retention and success for students.” Not simply a novelty practice, the authors identify the discussion circle as the HIP that is the centering component for all youth programming. Circles, they argue, provide a venue for communication, emotional support and healing and encourage problem-solving and creativity according. The book is organized around HIP-influenced program design. Aiming to be practical and tactical, the chapters are organized around a program planning format, moving from theory to program form to recruitment strategies, then to practices aimed to solidify participation and produce positive outcomes. Each chapter begins with a brief narrative, Lesson from the Circle, reflective of real-life occurrences with youth or program staff that are germane to a high impact practice. The narratives serve as an introduction to important themes to those new to urban youth work, and they serve as an examination of the familiar to those currently engaged in direct practice with urban youth.
From Vision to Plan
Authors: Timmons Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Responding to the soul’s desire is the first step in crafting an artistic vision. In Chapter 6, the author leads us to the next step in developing a thriving career—the creation of a dynamic plan of action. Grounded in the fundamentals of successful entrepreneurship, the vision–plan continuum joins heaven and earth: inspiration first, then the action plan. Throughout Chapter 6, the author gets to the nitty-gritty of timelines, concrete planning strategies, business plan models, income production, inspiring mentors, and more. Moreover, the author explores a number of common thinking errors that can hold musicians back from success. All great dreams and artistic visions can only be realized though action. The key is through strategic action, and the author provides a useful roadmap.
Affinity, Compounds, and the Laws of Definite Proportions
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola , Villani Giovanni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the consequences of Cartesian mechanicism was the discrediting of the idea that an innate and fundamental force of attraction accounts for sympathetic effects between substances. However, under the hegemony of Newtonian physics, chemists finally speculated that the force underlying chemical bonds was nothing other than a chemical force of attraction, similar to, though distinct from, Newton’s gravitational force. Unfortunately, the Newtonian theory did not account for either the selective nature of these chemical forces of attraction or their changing behavior under the influence of such factors as temperature, environment, and reagents. In 1718, Étienne François Geoffroy advanced the theory of chemical attraction by composing his first tables of affinity, which Lavoisier later clarified as being dependent on temperature. It was Claude Louis Berthollet who eventually introduced the dependence of affinity on chemical mass. Although Berthollet emphasized that all substances combine in indefinite proportions, his claims supporting variable proportions were not borne out by experiment, as emphasized by the chemist Joseph Louis Proust who disagreed with Berthollet on this issue and who sustained that chemical combinations follow definite proportions. Proust’s Law of Definite Proportions posited that each chemical compound was constituted by a fixed and constant proportion of its components. His work went a long way toward establishing the uniformity of nature, even in the artificial conditions of the laboratory, but also toward establishing that nature is discontinuous since the laws of weight and proportion are not only universal but also “discrete.”