bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational approaches to motor learning by imitation
Authors: Schaal Stefan , Ijspeert Auke , Billard Aude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Movement imitation requires a complex set of mechanisms that map an observed movement of a teacher onto one’s own movement apparatus. Relevant problems include movement recognition, pose estimation, pose tracking, body correspondence, coordinate transformation from external to egocentric space, matching of observed against previously learned movement, resolution of redundant degrees-of-freedom that are unconstrained by the observation, suitable movement representations for imitation, modularization of motor control, etc. All of these topics by themselves are active research problems in computational and neurobiological sciences, such that their combination into a complete imitation system remains a daunting undertaking—indeed, one could argue that we need to understand the complete perception-action loop.
Basic types of economic evaluation
Authors: Drummond Michael E , Sculpher Mark J , Torrance George W , O’Brien Bernie J , Stoddart Greg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who plan, provide, receive, or pay for health services face an incessant barrage of questions such as the following. l Should clinicians check the blood pressure of each adult who walks into their offices? Should planners launch a scoliosis screening programme in secondary schools? Should individuals be encouraged to request annual check-ups? Should local health departments free scarce nursing personnel from well-baby clinics so that they can carry out home visits on lapsed hypertensives?
Macrovariables in affective expression in women with breast cancer participating in support groups
Authors: Davis Janine Giese– , Piemme Karen Altree , Dillon Caroline , Twirbutt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goals of this chapter are to present a rationale and methodology for closely examining emotional expression and verbal narratives from videotape of group therapy sessions. Emotional expression is often assumed to be a mechanism necessary for change processes to take place in therapy (Greenberg 1993), though change in emotional expression is rarely documented or tested as an outcome variable (Giese–Davis et al. 2002b)
Molecular Orbitals of Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Jean Yves 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book starts with the most elementary ideas of molecular orbital theory and leads the reader progressively to an understanding of the electronic structure, geometry and, in some cases, reactivity of transition metal complexes. The qualitative orbital approach, based on simple notions such as symmetry, overlap and electronegativity, is the focus of the presentation and a substantial part of the book is associated with the mechanics of the assembly of molecular orbital diagrams. The first chapter recalls the basis for electron counting in transition metal complexes. The main ligand fields (octahedral, square planar, tetrahedral, etc.) are studied in the second chapter and the structure of the "d block" is used to trace the relationships between the electronic structure and the geometry of the complexes. The third chapter studies the change in analysis when the ligands have pi-type interactions with the metal. All these ideas are then used in the fourth chapter to study a series of selected applications of varying complexity (e.g. structure and reactivity). The fifth chapter deals with the "isolobal analogy" which points out the resemblance between the molecular orbitals of inorganic and organic species and provides a bridge between these two subfields of chemistry. The last chapter is devoted to a presentation of basic Group Theory with applications to some of the complexes studied in the earlier chapters.
Newton’s Machine
Authors: Hawley John F , Holcomb Katherine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isaac Newton
If modern physics and cosmology can be assigned a birthday, it would be that of Isaac Newton. Born prematurely in Lincolnshire, England, on Christmas Day of 1642,1 according to the calendar then in use in England, the infant Newton barely survived. His father had died before his birth; when his mother remarried a few years afterward, he was given over primarily to the care of his maternal grandmother. He distinguished himself scholastically even as a child, and his family decided that he should enter a university; he began his undergraduate study at Cambridge University in 1661.
The Lives of the Stars
Authors: Hawley John F , Holcomb Katherine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stars change very little during the course of a human lifetime. In-deed, they have hardly changed in appearance over the length of recorded human history. In pre-Newtonian cosmologies, the stars were eternally affixed to a single, unchanging celestial sphere. Even after the age of Newton, they were the fixed stars, whose distribution coincided with absolute space. The occasional appearance of a supernova indicated that perhaps the heavens were not immutable, but it was only in the 20th century that these rare events were associated with the deaths of stars.
Lattice Methods for Multiple Integration
Authors: Sloan I H , Joe S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book devoted to lattice methods, a recently developed way of calculating multiple integrals in many variables. Multiple integrals of this kind arise in fields such as quantum physics and chemistry, statistical mechanics, Bayesian statistics and many others. Lattice methods are an effective tool when the number of integrals are large. The book begins with a review of existing methods before presenting lattice theory in a thorough, self-contained manner, with numerous illustrations and examples. Group and number theory are included, but the treatment is such that no prior knowledge is needed. Not only the theory but the practical implementation of lattice methods is covered. An algorithm is presented alongside tables not available elsewhere, which together allow the practical evaluation of multiple integrals in many variables. Most importantly, the algorithm produces an error estimate in avery efficent manner. the book also provides a fast track for readers wanting to move rapidly to using methods in practical calculations. It concludes with extensive numerical test which compare lattice methods with other methods, such as the Monte Carlo.
Surfaces and Interfaces
Authors: Karlsson Erik b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of surfaces have been studied intensively during the last two decades, ever since ultrahigh vacuum techniques became generally available. This interest has been motivated partly by the study of the physical properties of the surface layers as distinguished from those of the material in the bulk (surfaces can in some sense be looked upon as a fourth state of matter), and partly by their interest for technical processes, in the pure states as well as in states where adsorbed atoms show chemical activity, for instance in connection with catalysis. A large number of methods are available for investigating structural, vibrational, electric, or magnetic properties of surface layers and absorbates. The contribution to the collected knowledge of surface properties from the methods discussed here may seem to be of rather minor importance in such a context. Nevertheless, they are unique in the sense that the information emanates from specifically ‘labelled’ atoms which can be deposited on, or grown into, surface layers in a relatively well controlled way. The same is true for the study of properties and local environments of atoms in interfaces between layers of two different metals (or semiconductors). Here, methods based on the observation of high energy radiations like those discussed in this book can still be used even when the interface is deeply embedded. Most other methods fail to extract information when the interface lies more than a few atomic layers below the surface.
Hydrogen and Positive Muons in Metal Hydrides
Authors: Karlsson Erik b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter protons and positive muons were considered only as isolated impurities in the metals. Several pure metals and many intermetallic alloys can absorb large amounts of hydrogen under normal pressure and temperature conditions, and it is now of interest to consider how these particles fill up the available space in the crystalline lattices and their mutual interaction and mobilities at various degrees of filling. As stated previously, hydrogen is usually very mobile as a solid solution in metals and can be considered as a lattice gas, at least at higher temperatures, with the particles diffusing rapidly between the interstitial sites. The solid solution limit (a-phase range) is reached at a relatively low hydrogen concentration, and the lattices must transform to a phase of lower symmetry (β phase etc.) to accommodate higher concentrations.
Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours
Authors: Molisch Andreas F , Oehry Bernhard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiation from spectral lines can be absorbed and re- emitted many times in atomic vapours before it reaches the boundaries of the container encasing the vapour. This effect is known as radiation trapping. It plays an important role practically everywhere where atomic vapours occur, e.g. in spectroscopy, in gas lasers, in atomic line filters, in the determination of atomic lifetimes, in measurements of atomic interaction potentials, and in electric discharge lamps. This book for the first time assembles all the information necessary for a treatment of practical problems, emphasizing both physical insights and mathematical methods. After an introduction that reviews resonance radiation and collisional processes in atomic vapours, physical effects and mathematical methods for various types of problems (e.g. with or without saturation, particle diffusion, reflecting cell walls, etc.) are explained in detail. The last part of the book describes the applications of these methods to a variety of practical problems like cross-section measurements or the design of discharge lamps.Atoms can both absorb and emit electromagnetic radiation like visible light In an assembly of many atoms, e.g., in a vapour or in a gas, radiation emitted by one atom may be reabsorbed by one of its neighbours, just to be reemitted a little later. The game can go on for quite some time—until the photon manages somehow to escape from this prison. At first glance, quite easy to understand. On the other hand, there must be some reason for this voluminous book full of sums, integrals and matrices. Our interest in this subject originally stemmed from investigations on atomic line filters we did for the European Space Agency, ESA. We believed that radiation trapping would have some influence on the performance of these filters and were looking for a simple means to take it into account We started out the same way as probably anyone new to the field would have done when faced with the problem of trapping. We read the classical paper of Holstein, and thought that was all there was to it. We soon had to realize, however, that the assumptions made by Holstein were not fulfilled in our problem, and decided to give the whole matter a closer look. That ‘closer look’ obtained a momentum of its own, and trapping became the centre of our own research in the following years. As our overview of the subject increased. we found that trapping plays a role in a staggering variety of situations. Trapping appears to be important in most experimental setups and in most engineering applications where atomic vapours are involved.
Some misconceptions about entropy
Authors: Gull S F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We explore some misconceptions about statistical mechanics that are, unfortunately, still current in undergraduate physics teaching. The power of the Gibbs ensemble is emphasized and explained, and the second law of thermodynamics is proved, following Jaynes (1965). We then study the crucial role of information in irreversible processes and demonstrate by means of a concrete example how time-dependent data enable the equilibrium Gibbs ensemble to predict time-varying fluxes during the return to equilibrium.
The Influence of Magnetic Field Gradients
Authors: Callaghan Paul T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conventional NMR spectroscopy the spectrum of nuclear precession frequencies gives information about the chemical environment of the spins and in order to ensure that each chemically identical nucleus has a common behaviour, it is important to arrange that the polarizing magnetic field, B 0, should vary as little as possible across the sample. The removal of field inhomogeneities by careful adjustment of the currents in the magnet shim coils represents a challenge both to the magnet manufacturer and the NM R spectroscopist alike.
Pulsed electron-nuclear spectroscopy and the study of metalloprotein active sites
Authors: Thomann H , Mims W B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first experiments in NMR and EPR were reported within a year of one another, but developments in these two areas have progressed at a different rate. After a series of fundamental investigations and discoveries, including the discovery of the spin echo mechanism by E. L. Hahn [1], NMR entered a period of consolidation, marked by the publication of several comprehensive treatises, notably that by Abragam [2] . It then emerged as a major experimental technique with applications in fields as diverse as medical science and the structural analysis of enzymes and of other complex molecules. EPR has followed a similar course, with a time lag attributable to the incidental technical problems. But now, with the increased availability of high performance pulsed microwave systems, EPR is taking its place as a method of exploring structure and bonding in complex materials, which are in many cases available only in non-crystalline form.
Global Aspects in Gravitation and Cosmology
Authors: Joshi Pankaj S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reviews in a unified manner global aspects in gravitation theory and cosmology, emphasizing the basic heme that the very nature of the gravitational field is such that global features of space-time inevitably come into play whenever we try to understand and interpret this force in detail. The topics considered here include results on the structure and topology of space-time; exact solutions to Einstein equations and singularities ; gravitational collapse in general relativity, a brief review of the status of quantum gravity; and consideration of quantum effects near space-time singularities in strong curvature fields. Also covered are the global upper limits in cosmology on elementary particle masses which might constitute the dark matter of the universe. After discussing in detail the fundamental role played by global considerations in gravity and general relativity, it is pointed out that significant problems remain: the nature and structure of space-time singularities; the cosmic censorship problem in black hole physics; and the issue of quantum effects in strong gravity fields, an understanding of which appears essential to formulate any quantum theory of gravity. The treatment here of the final fate of gravitational collapse of massive stars shows by means of explicit consideration of several exact scenarios, that powerfully-strong curvature naked singularities could result from the continual gravitational collapse of matter with several reasonable equations of state, including inflowing radiation, dust, or a perfect fluid. This places important constraints on possible formulations of the cosmic censorship hypothesis and the final fate of gravitational collapse, which is a crucial open question in the general theory of relativity and relativistic astrophysics and which is basic to the entire theory and applications of black hole physics.
Planning for the re-introduction of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) and addax (Addax nasomaculatus) into Niger
Authors: Dixon Alexandra M , Mace Georgina M , Newby John E , Olney Peter J S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early 1980s, reports on the status of scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) and addax (Addax nasomaculatus) indicated that extinction in the wild was imminent. At the same time, populations in zoos were thriving, and co-operative breeding programmes were developing in various regional zoo associations to manage the populations for genetic diversity and demographic stability. By 1987, major threats to the wild populations from drought, war and hunting were under control or reduced in parts of the species’ historical ranges and it became clear that there was now a potential for re-introduction of captive-bred animals. This paper describes some of the ensuing plans for re-introduction, including discussions with local wildlife managers and politicians, fund-raising, identification of release sites, identification of sources of animals suitable for release, and population simulations to help formulate release strategies.
Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses the evidence for and against the heritability of acquired characters. Does the inheritance of acquired characteristics play a significant role in evolution? In this original and potentially controversial book the authors explore an often neglected aspect of Darwinian evolution - the nature and origin of hereditary variations. The theory of evolution proposed by Jean-Baptise Lamarck (1744-1829), that characteristics developed during life by use and disuse can be inherited by offspring, lost support among Western scientists because it lacked definite proof. Jablonka and Lamb do not act as advocates or apologists for Lamarck, but they do challenge the prevailing assumption that all heritable variation is the random result of variation in DNA base sequence. Looking afresh at the evidence for and against the heritability of environmentally induced changes, the authors ask some timely questions about the importance of non-mendelian inheritance. This important work will be of great interest to all biologists and historians of science.
Interactions between genetic and epigenetic inheritance
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first half of this book we have been at pains to demonstrate two things: first, that some non-genetic variations, epigenetic variations, are inherited both within cell lineages and from one generation of organisms to the next; second, that respectable biochemical mechanisms are known that show, or at least suggest, how these variations can be inherited. If it is accepted that epigenetic variations are part of what can be inherited, then it follows that they must also be part of evolution. The remainder of this book will be devoted to exploring the part epigenetic variations and their inheritance have played in evolution. Some of the topics we discuss are relatively uncontroversial. Those considered at the beginning of this chapter are an example, since no one denies that gene activity influences genetic change, even though little notice is taken of it in evolutionary theory. Some of the other topics we explore lead to conclusions and speculations that may seem a little more threatening to a conservative interpretation of Darwinism. However, all of our arguments are based firmly on Darwinian evolution. We are merely taking a somewhat less restrictive view of the nature and origin of inherited variations than that found in most present day evolutionary thinking.
Multiple inheritance systems
Authors: Jablonka Eva , Lamb Marion J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1958, the centenary of the first publication of Darwin and Wallace’s theory of evolution by natural selection, Donald Michie expressed the opinion that the ‘third stage’ in genetics had arrived. The first stage was that of classical Mendelian genetics, dominated by Johannsen’s genotype concept and the chromosomal theory. The second stage, which began in the post-war period, was the incorporation of the inheritance of cytoplasmic factors into genetics; it was recognized that there are cytoplasmic inheritance systems which can transmit epigenetic information germinally. The third stage, which, according to Michie, was just dawning in 1958, was a synthesis of these two: the acceptance that DNA and the cytoplasm are not independent, and that there are persistent interactions between them (Fig. 10.1).
Reproduction and development
Authors: Altringham John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ll look at reproduction predominantly from an ecological and behavioural perspective, concentrating on how different strategies have evolved to meet different ecological and environmental demands. The detailed physiology of reproduction in bats is very varied, but follows the essential mammalian plan in outline, and I will not cover it in any detail. Hill and Smith (1984) give a good account of the basics. Excellent reviews on all aspects of bat reproduction have been written by Racey (1982), Tuttle and Stevenson (1982), Kunz (1987), Kurta and Kunz (1987), and Ransome (1990). Bats are placental mammals. After mating and fertilisation, the egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus and the foetus completes its development over a gestation period char acteristic of the species. All nourishment comes from the placenta, which also meets the embryo’s other physiological requirements-delivery of oxygen, removal of waste products, and immunological defence. After birth the young are protected and given shelter, fed on the mother’s milk, and possibly instructed for a period, before weaning and eventual independence. Within that framework, bats show considerable variation, and this can generally be linked to climate and feeding habits. Before looking at variations in the reproductive cycle, I need to say something about the physiological mechanisms which have evolved to enable bats to adjust the timing of the key stage in reproduction.
Conservation
Authors: Altringham John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why conserve bats? First and foremost, for a reason we do not see stated as often as we should in conservation arguments: because they have a right to a place on this planet. Bats are part of the global ecosystem, with a part to play in its survival and evolution. Whether we study bats as professional biologists or as amateur naturalists, or simply watch them in our gardens or on television wildlife programmes, they enrich our lives. They are another facet of the natural world to marvel at and to try to understand. The study of the natural world, and the transfer of what we learn to a wider public, is an end in itself: a part of our culture. As I hope this book shows, when we study bats we also learn more about the ways in which the natural world works. This study often has medical or economic benefits, frequently unsuspected, and basic research leads on to strategic research. However, we often place too little value on our natural heritage and the study of how it works. Wilson (1994) argues powerfully and eloquently on the need to study life’s diversity.
Testing species and provenances
Authors: Eldridge Ken , Davidson John , Harwood Chris , Wyk Gerrit Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although eucalypt databases (Chapter 4) are rapidly becoming more comprehensive, this information will not supplant the need for species elimination and provenance trials. There are several reasons for this. Databases derive their effectiveness from an increasing body of experience with eucalypts already growing or being tested as exotics across a wide range of ecological conditions (Table 5.1 and Chapters 6-17). Little-known and rarely tested species are not represented adequately enough for the database method to be used for species selection and site matching. More likely one of the homoclime techniques described in Section 4.3.3 would be used to select a limited number of species for elimination trials.