bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Liturgical Year and Calendar
Authors: Harper John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except during the three solemn days at the end of Holy Week (the Triduum), the daily pattern of worship in the medieval Western Church consisted of the same elements: the Office and the Mass. Each will be dealt with in more detail in Chapters 6 and 7 respectively. In summary, the daily Office consists of the nocturnal service of Matins followed by Lauds, and of the six further liturgical hours sung between dawn and darkness: Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers, and Compline (see Fig. 3. 1).
Music in Late Medieval Bruges
Authors: Strohm Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The musical achievements of the so-called ‘Franco-Flemish School’ have attracted many writers, yet Bruges itself has still to be put back on the map of European music history. This book describes how the people of Bruges shaped their acoustic environment and gave musical expression to their spiritual needs. It is based on a scrutiny of musical sources, stylistic trends in music, composers’ achievements, and the function of musical genres; all these are seen against a reconstruction, from archival sources, of the socio-economic context of the art of music—an art which, in all its various manifestations, ‘high’ and ‘low’, sacred and secular, courtly and civic, polyphonic and monophonic, mirrors later medieval urban culture as a whole.
Introduction
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seldom happens that the ongms of an artistic form can be assigned with confidence to a particular date or identified with a specific creative artist; usually such beginnings are obscured by the number and variety of the factors that contribute to them, or by the inconsistencies which appear inseparable from the evolutionary process. In the case of the piano trio, however, the criteria applicable to its fully fledged form are sufficiently precise to make the pin-pointing of a date, or at least a narrow period of origin, more than usually feasible. The genre represents, as we shall see, the culmination of an extended process of development, during which a great deal of music was written for the trio ensemble (usually in the earlier stages, harpsichord, violin or flute, and bass) under the guise of the so-called accompanied sonata. It was not, however, until the end of the eighteenth century that the conditions were gradually created for it to adapt fully to the ideals associated with classical chamber music. In order for this to happen three specific criteria had necessarily to be accepted as paramount: that the strings (and most crucially, for historical reasons, the cello) should be granted near-equal partnership with the keyboard; that the scoring should be unequivocally for the piano rather than the harpsichord,1 and most importantly, that all three instruments should be accorded, as nearly as possible, an equal share in the sonata argument through the exchange and alternation of thematic material.
The Grand Sonata Style: Beethoven and Schubert
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was no doubt partly in emulation of his teacher Haydn and partly as a means of emphasizing that his powers as a composer of concerted chamber music at least equalled his skill as a pianist and improviser, that Beethoven specially cultivated the piano trio in Vienna during the 1790s, eventually issuing three examples as his Opus I. But equally it is clear that, with the publication of these works, Beethoven sought to fulfil an ambition which he had nursed since his earliest days in Bonn. It was there, in 1785, at the age of 14, that he produced his three early piano quartets, remarkably enough in the same year as, and possibly slightly before, Mozart’s first essays in the medium; and it was there also that, before leaving for Vienna in November 1792, he completed two apprentice works for the trio medium, a set of fourteen variations on a severely unmelodic theme, which was issued eventually in 1804 as his Op. 44, and a three-movement piano trio in E flat (WoO 38) which remained unpublished during his lifetime. None of these earliest compositions has much artistic value, but as a group they provide interesting evidence of the composer’s first attempts to achieve an effective synthesis between Haydn’s vivid keyboard style and the subtly integrated piano and string textures characteristic of Mozart.
The German Romantics
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The repertoire gained by the piano trio during the Viennese classical period up to the death of Schubert, though high in quality, is relatively modest in size. As a result largely of the genre’s delayed origins, no more than two dozen first-rate trios were produced (half of them Haydn’s last works in the form) as compared to nearly a hundred string quartets of comparable calibre from the same period. After the late 1830s, however, this situation began to change as a growing number of composers, attracted by the increased tonal power, range, and singing qualities of the piano, together with its proved effectiveness in combination with solo strings, were drawn to make new contri¬butions to the genre. Naturally enough, it was the Germans, Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms, who, as the most direct inheritors of the classical tradition, provided the lead; but elsewhere in Europe also composers of distinction added significantly to the repertoire with works which, despite some inescapable Teutonic traits, showed many distinctive features of a local or nationalist character. Their contribution will be considered in more detail in the next chapter.
The Nationalists
Authors: Smallan Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside Germany and Austria little of significance was achieved in modern chamber music before the middle of the nineteenth century; and even after 1850 most non-German composers, lacking native traditions on which to build, made only sparse and isolated contributions, often finding readier scope for nationalist expression in opera and orchestral music. By the end of the century, however, as a result of pioneer work in many parts of Europe, a body of new chamber music of considerable size and quality had been created, which was important not only in its own right, but also as a secure basis for crucial later developments. The role played by the piano trio in this general evolutionary process was small but by no means negligible. Increasingly, during the second half of the nineteenth century, characterful additions were made to the repertoire, particularly by French, Czech, and Russian composers, which tended to differ stylistically as much from each other as from the products of the central Austro-Germans of the period. And as a result, the artistic scope of the genre was significantly enriched.
Colonial Beginnings (1607-1790)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The founders of the American colonies, the Dutch, English, Scots-Irish, Germans, French, and other European settlers, brought with them to a New World the seeds of antisemitism. In the colonies, however, new traditions developed that combined the heritage of Europe with the needs of people trying to establish a civilization in the wilderness. Thus, compared with the ghetto conditions that existed for Jews on the continent, the colonies offered vastly superior possibilities for Jews and the few who came received opportunities generally unavailable to their European brethren. Moreover, colonial interactions between Christians and Jews lacked the venomous tone so common in the Old World.2
Antisemitism at High Tide: World War II (1939-1945)
Authors: Dinnerstein Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In retrospect it becomes apparent that the rising tide of antisemitism in America paralleled increased national involvement with European affairs. As the possibility of war increased, Franklin D. Roosevelt ended innovative New Deal initiatives in 1938 and shifted his interests toward foreign policy. The Germans had marched into Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and on September 1, 1939, less than ten days after the Nazi-Soviet pact of August 1939 shook the world, Germany invaded Poland. World War II began as Great Britain and France entered the fray on the side of Poland on September 3, 1939.
Broadening the Boundaries of Democracy
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This outcome completed the nineteenth century processes of state formation, dramatically furthered by the 1860s, which formed Europe into a system of nation-states. If the 1860s had brought Italy and Germany onto the map, this new bout of constitution making added the so-called successor states of east-central Europe, the Baltic states, and the Irish Republic, while rationalizing borders in the Balkans.
The Center and the Margins
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New social movements grew from the wider sociocultural changes of the postFordist transition. From 1960 to 1985 professional, technical, and administrative categories at least doubled in Western Europe’s workforce, attaining 13–18 percent in most countries and sometimes even more; and these new specialists in education, communications, health, and social services became disproprotionately visible in the new movements. British CND drew heavily from the “welfare and creative professions,” for example, as did the exceptionally broad peace movement in the Netherlands, where 3.8 million signed the People’s Petition against the missiles in 1985, or a quarter of the entire population.
Railroads Triumphant
Authors: Martin Albro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The coming of the railroad to America in the 1830s was one of the most significant events in its history. Enabling towns, industries, and farms to spring up away from the waterways, it transformed the social and economic face of the nation. Albro Martin's history is a colourful chronicle of the great railroad founders and builders, famous trains, and classic stations. It is, however, much more than a romance of the rails: it also explores the corruption and greed of the pioneers, the too-frequent sacrifice of safety for speed, and the threat posed by other forms of transport.
Sandlot and Cow Pasture
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cries of Encouragement and Derision Like These Have Been Shouted By Generations of Boys Playing Baseball On The Sandlots and Cow Pastures of America. They Also Experienced Sounds Like The Satisfying Thwack of The Ball into A Glove, The Click of Spikes On Concrete Or Wood, The Sharp Crack of The Bat Hitting The Ball. and They Knew Smells Like The Scent of Oil On A Glove, and Feelings Like The Raw inner Skin On The Thumb That Comes From Gripping The Bat.
College Or Kindergarten
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During The prosperity of The Twenties, enrollment in Colleges and Universities Expanded From More Than A Half Million At The Beginning of The Decade to Double That Ten Years Later. The General American Sports Mania of The Era Solidified into an appanage of College Life Characterized By Virulent spectatoritis. At The University of Chicago, For instance, Most Students Spent Two Hours Or More Each Week Not Participating in Sports But Watching and Cheering At College Games and Rallies, Where Their Athletic Association Or Fraternity Expected Them to Demonstrate Allegiance to Their institution and Solidarity With Their Peers By Expressing “College Spirit” Athletes Themselves Loomed Large in Importance and Prestige On College Campuses. The President of Yale Marveled in A 1927 Harper’s Article That Students’ Parents often Preferred Their offspring to Win Distinction in Athletics Rather Than in Science Or Letters.
Soldiers and Sailors Play Ball At Home and Abroad
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that the United States had acquired a far-flung overseas empire and commercial interests reaching from the Caribbean across the wide Pacific Ocean, the Navy had become an established institution with the up-and-down cycles of the previous 125 years behind it. The war with the Spanish had demonstrated the necessity for fleets “in being”; to be stationed on both coasts. The impact of these permanent steam-powered fleets on ships’ crews quickly became apparent.
From Traditional Paths to Base Paths
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
of the two races that fared worst in the United States, the blacks and the indians, the indians came off better as far as baseball was concerned. Unlike the blacks who, except for a short space, were barred from the House of Baseball until after World War II, the indians at least had access to its basement, from which they could aspire to its upper story. For Organized Baseball accepted indians and rejected blacks. Prejudice toward blacks was racial, but toward indians it was mainly cultural. The main conduit for baseball among indians became the federal government’s indian schools. As part of its campaign to obliterate indian culture, the government eventually established boarding schools at which the directors pressed baseball upon the pupils, thus inadvertently aiding some of them to get a chance in Organized Baseball.
Other Breeds Without The Law
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in a variety of other institutions that introduced baseball before World War I, most of them less well-known than those already discussed, the game survived and in some gained strength in the decades between the wars. in two such prisons, Walla Walla and Salem on the West Coast, baseball thrived. At the former, in Washington state, a varsity team played outside semipros Sunday afternoons, and each year it engaged Whitman College in a three-game series. Baseball also prospered as the principal sport in the Salem, Oregon, state penitentiary, where on holidays the first team played outside teams, among them their perennial opponents, the Chemawa indians.
intramural Vs. intercollegiate Ball For Women
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While women in the world at large explored baseball’s possibilities for them, others attending college found it a different place from what it had been in the prewar decades. Curriculums were changing, and the comprehensive liberal arts education offered earlier suffered dilution by the introduction of courses like “Husband and Wife,”; “Motherhood,”; “Family as an Economic Unit,”; and “Home Economics” The students themselves differed from their predecessors of the progressive era, taking less interest in social problems and displaying more acceptance of what Sheila Rothman has termed the view of woman as a romantic companion of man.
Not From Dragon’S Teeth
Authors: Mills Dorothy Seymour , Seymour Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organized Baseball’s completion of its horsehide barrier against them did not stop blacks. They went on to develop skilled players, form professionalteams, and finally establish stable, organized leagues, patterned largely after those of the whites and composed of players many of whom, as I have demonstrated, were sufficiently skilled to play in the white leagues had they been given the opportunity.But where did all these competent players come from? Assuredly, they did not spring magically readymade from dragon’s teeth, like the soldiers of Greek mythology. Baseball begins with boys, black as well as white.
The Heart of the Matter: Slavery and Sectionalism
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate between the sections and political parties over the Dred Scott case, though often shrill and hyperbolic, nevertheless clearly illustrated both the substantive issues that divided North and South and the manner in which the parties tried to deal with them. Whether or not the Court’s decision would have any practical significance for the existing territories, the various reactions to the case did make clear-as the Kansas controversy had done the year before-the centrality of the slavery issue in the sectional conflict. The issue assumed many forms. Northern abolitionists aimed their attacks directly at slavery in the southern states, denouncing it as immoral and its survival as a national disgrace.
1858: The Fruits of Lecompton
Authors: Stampp Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kansas crisis ran its destructive course well into the summer of 1858. Although the arguments for and against accepting the Lecompton constitution had been exhausted in December, the debate continued after Congress reconvened in January and grew increasingly acrimonious with each passing day. Except for a few wavering northern Democrats and southern Whig-Americans, members of the House had taken firm positions before the Christmas recess. The 75 southern Democrats unanimously demanded the admission of Kansas as a slave state; the 92 Republicans unanimously opposed.
Empire Of Liberty
Authors: Wood Gordon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford History of the United States is by far the most respected multi-volume history of the USA. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize winners, two New York Times bestsellers, and winners of the Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. Now, in the newest volume in the series, one of America's most esteemed historians, Gordon S. Wood, offers a brilliant account of the early American Republic, ranging from 1789 and the beginning of the national government to the end of the War of 1812. As Wood reveals, the period was marked by tumultuous change in all aspects of American life--in politics, society, economy, and culture. The men who founded the new government had high hopes for the future, but few of their hopes and dreams worked out quite as they expected. They hated political parties but parties nonetheless emerged. Some wanted the United States to become a great fiscal-military state like those of Britain and France; others wanted the country to remain a rural agricultural state very different from the European states. Instead, by 1815 the United States became something neither group anticipated. Many leaders expected American culture to flourish and surpass that of Europe; instead it became popularized and vulgarized. The leaders also hope to see the end of slavery; instead, despite the release of many slaves and the end of slavery in the North, slavery was stronger in 1815 than it had been in 1789. Many wanted to avoid entanglements with Europe, but instead the country became involved in Europe's wars and ended up waging another war with the former mother country. Still, with a new generation emerging by 1815, most Americans were confident and optimistic about the future of their country. Integrating all aspects of life, from politics and law to the economy and culture, Empire of Liberty offers a marvelous account of this pivotal era when America took its first unsteady steps as a new and rapidly expanding nation.
The Making of Future Officers
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation of the Habsburg officer corps from a group of disorderly noblemen and mercenaries at the moment of its creation in the seventeenth century into a centrally controlled professional caste in the late 1860s was a long and uncertain process. Well into the nineteenth century, the recruitment and training of future officers was a most confusing affair, and only slowly and fitfully did a unified system begin to take shape.
Latter-Day Knights
Authors: Deak Istvan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 1, 1900, lieutenants Augustin Weigel and Anton Bonkowski of the 22nd Dalmatian Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy k.u.k. Infantry Regiment entered a house of pleasure in the Dalmatian city of Zara to cap an evening of drinking. There, as the Zara military command later reported to the minister of war in Vienna, Weigel got into an argument, at pleasure’s end, with an equally drunk local civilian of Italian nationality, Cirillo Cristo, who heaped abuse on him. In accordance with army regulations concerning the defense of honor, Weigel attempted to draw his sword to put a violent end to the insults, but his arm was pinned down by a number of prostitutes and patrons. Nor was Lieutenant Bonkowski any more successful in rescuing the honor of the corps when he subsequently appeared on the scene. Ejected from the brothel, the two lieutenants, rather surprisingly, reported the inci dent to the local military command, but a quickly dispatched patrol found no trace of either Cristo or the other culprits.
Friends in place: acheson and alger hiss
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear, sometimes an undifferentiated swamp of fear, struck many Americans early in the cold war, especially after the first Soviet atomic bomb test and after the “fall” of China to the communist revolution in 1949. The most alarmed Americans thought the nation’s enemies included homegrown communist agents of overseas adversaries. Many Republicans discharged pent-up political frusrations by stigmatizing the whole Democratic-New-Deal cosmos as enemies of the American system.
In thrall: ironic failures in korea
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Never did American prospects in a war shift so often as in 1950. The first fifty days were like the playing of an accordion. Nearly defeated, the tag end of the South Korean army and the first of the intervening U.S. force hung on in the Pusan perimeter, a patch of territory in the southeastern corner of Korea. Then, with General Douglas MacArthur’s strike behind North Korean lines at Inchon, the UN force sprang northward, and the next sixty days resembled an accelerated rendition of the Normandy breakout. MacArthur’s forces rolled over a demoralized foe, seized Pyongyang, and neared the Yalu River and Chinese border. Finally, the accordion squeezed inward again when China’s calamitous intervention in November and December threw UN forces back toward Pusan.
Latin america: critical but not serious
Authors: Beisner Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spanish Verbs Compared to Europe, the Latin American record made by President Truman and Dean Acheson is marked by ignorance and neglect as neither of them knew much about the nations to the south. The president once greeted a Bolivian diplomat with the cheery remark, “I remember you; you are the man who plays a piano and whose country needs an outlet to the sea,” and saw nothing amiss in sending a trinket maker to a Latin American state as ambassador. When Americans had shown great interest in Latin America—as was the case, for instance, with John Quincy Adams and, more recently, Cordell Hull—it was primarily to block meddling by European interlopers and secondarily to open up the hemisphere for U.S. trade. Some momentary concerns in the early cold war led to the 1947 Rio Pact, in which hemispheric nations promised to consider an attack against one an attack on all. But this was more a kind of leftover hiccup from World War II than a well-defined policy of the cold war. Because Washington then saw no threat to itself from elsewhere in the hemisphere, its policy toward the “neighboring” republics was shifting and often ill defined. As late as 1949, former ambassador to Brazil, Adolf A. Berle, remarked: “We have simply forgotten about Latin America.” In Europe and Asia, U.S. officials used aid programs to counter the strategic threat posed by communists and their Soviet ringmasters. Since they discerned no communist infection nearby, they were deaf to Latin Americans’ appeals for economic programs of their own.