bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term outcomes in adults with chronic ITP after splenectomy failure
Authors: McMillan Robert , Durette Carol 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAdult chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder manifested by thrombocytopenia from the effects of antiplatelet autoantibodies and T lymphocyte–mediated platelet cytotoxicity. Multiple studies show that corticosteroid treatment and splenectomy, alone or together, increase platelet counts to safe levels in 60% to 70% of patients. However, there is little information on the outcomes of ITP patients refractory to splenectomy. We studied 114 patients with ITP for whom splenectomy failed and who required additional therapy; long-term follow-up was available on 105 (92%) patients. Seventy-five (71.4%) patients attained stable partial (platelet count greater than 30 × 109/L) or complete (normal platelet count) remission; 51 patients remained in remission after therapy was discontinued, whereas 24 patients required continued treatment. Median time to remission after splenectomy failure was 46 months (range, 1-437 months). Median remission durations were 60 months (range, 10-212 months) for patients off therapy and 48 months (range, 2-167 months) for patients on therapy. Thirty (29.6%) patients remained unresponsive to treatment. Thirty-two patients died, 17 (15.7%) of ITP (bleeding, 11 patients; therapy complications, 6 patients) and 15 (13.9%) of unrelated causes. We conclude that most patients with refractory ITP attain stable remission, though on average this occurs slowly. However, a subpopulation with severe, resistant disease experiences significant morbidity and mortality.
Efficient magnetic cell labeling with protamine sulfate complexed to ferumoxides for cellular MRI
Authors: Arbab Ali S. , Yocum Gene T. , Kalish Heather , Jordan Elaine K. , Anderson Stasia A. , Khakoo Aarif Y. , Read Elizabeth J. , Frank Joseph A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecently, there have been several reports using various superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles to label mammalian cells for monitoring their temporal and spatial migration in vivo by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and toxicity of labeling cells using 2 commercially available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved agents, ferumoxides, a suspension of dextran-coated SPIO used as an MRI contrast agent, and protamine sulfate, conventionally used to reverse heparin anticoagulation but also used ex vivo as a cationic transfection agent. After labeling of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic (CD34+) stem cells and other mammalian cells with ferumoxides-protamine sulfate complexes (FE-Pro), cellular toxicity, functional capacity, and quantitative cellular iron incorporation were determined. FE-Pro-labeled cells demonstrated no short- or long-term toxicity, changes in differentiation capacity of the stem cells, or changes in phenotype when compared with unlabeled cells. Efficient labeling with FE-Pro was observed with iron content per cell varying between 2.01 ± 0.1 pg for CD34+ cells and 10.94 ± 1.86 pg for MSCs with 100% of cells labeled. Cell labeling using these agents should facilitate the translation of this method to clinical trials for evaluation of trafficking of infused or transplanted cells by MRI. (Blood. 2004;104:1217-1223)
Trends in Emergency Department Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Thorpe Joshua M , Smith Scott R , Trygstad Troy K 
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: Injudicious use of antibiotics is associated with the reported rise in antibiotic-resistant bacteria. With an estimated 26 million antibiotics being prescribed annually in the emergency department (ED), the ED represents an important setting for targeting interventions. OBJECTIVE: To provide national estimates of potentially inappropriate antibiotic prescribing during ED visits for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and examine associations between patient, provider, visit characteristics, and antibiotic prescribing patterns. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of ED visits for ARTIs, identified from pooled 1995–2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data. National estimates, descriptive statistics, and multivariate analyses were used to assess antibiotic prescribing patterns. RESULTS: An estimated 51.3 million ED visits for ARTIs occurred during the study period, 62% of which had an antibiotic prescribed. For a narrowly defined subset of ARTIs, where antibiotic therapy is nearly always inappropriate (eg, nasopharyngitis, ARTI of multiple or unspecified sites, acute bronchitis), the percentage decreased over the 6-year period from 57% to 44% (p < 0.01). For children ED visits, however, the downward trend occurred almost exclusively in urban EDs. Compared with visits in which a resident or intern physician was involved, the odds of antibiotic prescribing for child ED ARTI visits were 2.2 times higher for staff physicians (95% CI 1.3 to 3.6) and 1.8 times higher for nonphysicians with prescribing privileges (95% CI 1.3 to 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: ED antibiotic prescribing for ARTIs has decreased from 1995 to 2000, but still is occurring in well over half of ED visits for ARTI. Further research assessing knowledge and attitudes of patients and providers about antibiotic prescribing is needed.
(R)‐2‐Diphenylphosphino‐2′‐Methoxy‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl
Authors: Uozumi Yasuhiro , Kawatsura Motoi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(R)‐2‐Diphenylphosphino‐2′‐methoxy‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl

R (
R
)‐(+)‐1, 1′‐bi‐2‐maphthol 1

I (
R
)‐2, 2′‐Bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl 2

(R)‐(+)‐2‐Diphenyl phosphinyl‐2′‐trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl 3

(R)‐(−)‐2‐Diphenyl phosphinyl‐2′‐hydroxy‐1, +′‐binaphthyl 4

(R)‐(+)‐2‐Diphenyl phosphinyl‐2′‐methoxy‐1, 1′‐binaphthyl 5

P (R)‐(+)‐2‐Diphenyl phosphino‐2′‐methoxy‐1, 1′‐binaphithyl 6
Preparation and Use of N,N′‐Di‐Boc‐N″‐Triflylguanidine
Authors: Baker Tracy J. , Tomioka Mika , Goodman Murray 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N, N′‐Di‐boc‐N″‐triflyguanidine

R N, N′‐Di‐boc‐guanidine

I N,N′‐Di‐boc‐N″‐triflyguanidine

R Benzylamine

P N, N′‐Bis (tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐N″‐benzylguanidine
Synthesis of Penta‐1,2‐dien‐4‐one (Acetylallene)
Authors: Constantieux Thierry , Buono Gérard 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Penta‐1,2‐dien‐4‐one (or Acetylallene)

R Acetylacetone (or 2,4‐pentanedione

P Penta‐1,2‐dien‐4‐one (or Acetylallene)
Bicyclopropylidene
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Kozhushkov Sergei I. , Späth Thomas 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Bicyclopropylidine

R Methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate

I 1‐Cyclopropylcyclopropanol

1‐Bromo‐1‐cyclopropylcyclopropane

P Bicyclopropylidine
Preparation of (E)‐1‐Dimethylamino‐3‐tert‐Butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐Butadiene
Authors: Kozmin Sergey A. , He Shuwen , Rawal Viresh H. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(E)‐1‐Dimethylamino‐3‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐butadiene

R Acetylacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal

I (E)‐4‐Dimethylamino‐3‐buten‐2‐one 1

P (E)‐1‐Dimethyl‐3‐tert‐butyldimethylsiloxy‐1,3‐butadiene 2
Diethyl [(Phenylsulfonyl)Methyl]Phosphonate
Authors: Enders D. , von Berg S. , Jandeleit B. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDiethyl [(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]phosphonateR ThiophenolI Chloromethyl phenyl sulfideDiethyl [(phenylthio)methyl]phosphonateP Diethyl [(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]phosphonate 1
[4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Aminoallyl Cations with 1,3‐Dienes:11‐Oxatricyclo[4.3.1.12,5]Undec‐3‐en‐10‐one
Authors: Oh Jonghoon , Ziani‐Cherif Chewki , Choi Jong‐Ryoo , Jin Kun Cha  
Published: April 2004

Abstract11‐Oxatricyclo[4.3.1.1{2,5}]undec‐3‐en‐10‐oneR 2‐chlorocyclohexanoneI 6‐chloro‐1‐pyrrolidinocyclohexene 1P 11‐Oxatricyclo[4.3.1.1{2,5}]undec‐3‐en‐10‐one
In Situ Catalytic Epoxidation of Olefins with Tetrahydrothiopyran‐4‐One and Oxone: trans‐2‐Methyl‐2,3‐Diphenyloxirane
Authors: Yang Dan , Yip Yiu‐Chung , Jiao Guan‐Sheng , Wong Man‐Kin 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

trans‐2‐Methyl‐2,3‐diphenyloxirane

R trans‐α‐Methylstilbene

P trans‐2‐Methyl‐2,3‐diphenyloxirane
Methyl Carbamate Formation Via Modified
H
ofmann Rearrangement Reactions: Methyl N‐(p‐Methoxyphenyl)Carbamate
Authors: Keillor Jeffrey W. , Huang Xicai 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Methyl N‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)carbamate

R p‐methoxy benzamide

P Methyl N‐(p‐methoxyphenyl) carbamate
2‐(3‐Oxobutyl)Cyclopentanone‐2‐Carboxylic Acid Ethyl Ester
Authors: Christoffers Jens 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2‐(3‐Oxobutyl)cyclopentanone‐2‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester

R Cyclopentanone‐2‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester

Methyl vinyl ketone

P 2‐(3‐Oxobutyl)cyclopentanone‐2‐carboxylic acid ethyl ester
Synthesis of Tris(2‐Perfluorohexylethyl)Tin Hydride: A Highly Fluorinated Tin Hydride with Advantageous Features of Easy Purification
Authors: Crombie Aimee , Kim Sun‐Young , Hadida Sabine , Curran Dennis P. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Tris (2‐perfluorohexylethyl‐tin hydride

R Phenyltin trichloride

I Tris (2‐perfluorohexylethyl)phenyltin 1

Bromotris [2‐(perfluorohexyl)ethyl]tin 2

P Tris (2‐perfluorohexylethyl‐tin hydride
(R)‐3‐Phenylcyclohexanon
Authors: Hayashi Tamio , Takahashi Makoto , Takaya Yoshiaki , Ogasawara Masamichi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(R)‐3‐Phenylcyclohexanone

R 2‐Cyclohexenone

Phenylboronic acid

P (R)‐(+)‐3‐Phenylcyclohexanone (1)

R 2‐Cyclohexenone; phenylbromide

I Trimethoxyphenylborane; lithium salt

P (R)‐(+)‐3‐Phenylcyclohexanone (1)
Synthesis of (+)‐(1S,2R)‐ and (−)‐(1R,2S)‐trans‐2‐Phenylcyclohexanol Via Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (
AD
)
Authors: Gonzalez Javier , Aurigemma Christine , Truesdale Larry 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(+)‐(1S,2R)‐trans‐h‐Phenylcyclohexanol and (−)‐(1R,2S)‐trans‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐cyclohexanol

R 1‐Phenylcyclohexene 1

I (+)‐(1R,2R)‐1‐Phenylcyclohexane‐cis‐1,2‐diol 2

P (−)‐(1R,2S)‐trans‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐cyclohexanol (3)

(+)‐(1S,2R)‐trans‐2 phenyl‐1, cyclohexanol (3)
2‐(N‐Benzyl‐N‐Mesitylenesulfonyl)Amino‐1‐Phenyl‐1‐Propyl Propionate
Authors: Abiko Atsushi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2‐(N‐Benzyl‐N‐mesitylenesulfonyl) amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propyl propionate

R (−)‐Norephedrine

I 2‐(N‐mesitylenesulfonyl)amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol 2

2‐(N‐Benzyl‐N‐mesitylenesulfonyl)amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propanol 3

P 2‐(N‐Benzyl‐N‐mesitylenesulfonyl)amino‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propyl propionate 1
Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Dialkylzincs to Aldehydes Using (2S)‐(−)‐3‐exo‐(Dimethylamino)Isoborneol [(2S)‐
DAIB
]: (S)‐1‐Phenyl‐1‐Propanol
Authors: Kitamura Masato , Oka Hiromasa , Suga Seiji , Noyori Ryoji 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(S)‐1‐Phenyl‐1‐propanol

R Phenol

Diethylzenic

P (S)‐1‐Phenyl‐1‐propanol
Formation of γ‐Keto Esters From β‐Keto Esters: Methyl 5,5‐Dimethyl‐4‐Oxohexanoate
Authors: Ronsheim Matthew D. , Hilgenkamp Ramona K. , Zercher Charles K. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Methyl 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxohexanoate

R Methyl 4,4‐dimethyl‐3‐oxopentanoate

P Methyl 5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐oxohexanoate
Preparation of 1‐[N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐(1S)‐1‐Amino‐2‐Oxoethyl]‐4‐Methyl‐2,6,7‐Trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]Octane
Authors: Rose Nicholas G. W. , Blaskovich Mark A. , Evindar Ghotas , Wilkinson Scott , Luo Yue , Fishlock Dan , Reid Chris , Lajoie Gilles A. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

1‐[N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐(1S)‐1‐amino‐2‐oxoethyl]‐4‐methyl‐2,6,7‐trioxabicyclo‐[2.2.2]octane

R 3‐Methyl‐3‐oxetanemethanol

I 3‐Methyl‐3‐(toluenesulfonyloxymethyl)oxetane 1

Cbz‐L‐Ser

N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐serine 3‐methyl‐3‐(hydroxymethyl)oxetane ester 2

1‐[N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐(1S)‐1‐amino‐2‐hydroxyethyl]‐4‐methyl‐2,6,7‐trioxa‐bicyclo[2.2.2]octane 3

P 1‐[N‐Benzyloxycarbonyl‐(1S)‐1‐amino‐2‐oxoethyl]‐4‐methyl‐2,6,7‐triooxa‐bicyclo[2.2.2]octane 4
4‐Methoxycarbonyl‐2‐Methyl‐1,3‐Oxazole
Authors: White James D. , Kranemann Christian L. , Kuntiyong Punlop 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

4‐Methoxycarbonyl‐2‐Methyl‐1,3‐oxazole

R Methylacetlmidate hydrochloride

Methyl glycinate hydrochloride

I Methyl α‐[(methoxyethylidene)amino]acetate 1

Potassium methyl α‐[(methoxyethylidene)amino]‐β‐hydroxyacrylate 2

P 4‐Methyloxycarbonyl‐2‐methyl‐1,3‐oxazole 3
[4 + 3] Cycloaddition in Water. Synthesis of 2,4‐endo,endo‐Dimethyl‐8‐Oxabicyclo[3.2.1]Oct‐6‐En‐3‐One
Authors: Lautens Mark , Bouchain Giliane 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2,4‐endo,endo‐Dimethyl‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1] oct‐6‐en‐3‐one

R Pentan‐3‐one 1

Sulfuryl chloride

I 2‐Chloropentan‐3‐one 2

P 2,4‐endo,endo‐Dimethyl‐8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1] oct‐6‐en‐3‐one
Asymmetric Epoxidation of
trans
‐β‐Methylstyrene and 1‐Phenylcyclohexene Using a
D
‐Fructose‐Derived Ketone: (
R
,
R
)‐
trans
‐β‐Methylstyrene Oxide and (
R
,
R
)‐1‐Phenylcyclohexene Oxide
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Xian , Shu Lianhe , Frohn Michael , Tu Yong , Shi Yian 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(R,R) trans‐beta‐Methylstyrene oxide

Trans‐Methylstyrene

Dimethoxymethane

1,2:4,5‐Di‐
O‐
isopropylidene‐D‐erythro‐2, 3‐hexodiulo‐2,6‐pyranose

Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate

Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate

1‐Phenylcyclohexene oxide

Oxone
Asymmetric Synthesis of
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl α‐Amino Acids. Synthesis of (5
S
,6
R
)‐4‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5,6‐Diphenylmorpholin‐2‐one
Authors: Williams Robert M. , Sinclair Peter J. , DeMong Duane E. , Chen Daimo , Zhai Dongguan 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Ethylbromoacetate

Di‐tert
‐
butyl carbonate

p‐
Toluenesulfonic acid

Benzeneethanol, beta amino‐alpha phenyl‐

Ethyl‐N‐(1′2‐diphenyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl)glycinate

Ethyl N‐tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐N‐(1′2′‐diphenyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl)glycinate

(5S,6R)‐4‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐5,6‐diphenymorpholin‐2‐one

4‐Morpholinecarboxylic acid, 6‐oxo‐2,3‐diphenyl, 1,1, dimethylethyl‐2‐one
Synthesis of (
R
,
R
)‐4,6‐Dibenzofurandiyl‐2,2′‐Bis (4‐Phenyloxazoline) (
DBFOX
/
PH
) – A Novel Tridentate Ligand
Authors: Iserloh Ulrich , Oderaotoshi Yoji , Kanemasa Shuji , Curran Dennis P. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Dibenzofuran‐4,6‐dicarboxylic acid

(R,R)‐Dibenzofuran‐4,6‐dicarboxylic acid bis(2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylethyl) amide

(R,R)‐4,6‐Dibenzofurandiyl‐2,2′(4‐phenyloxazoline)

Sec‐Butyl lithium

Dimethylformamide

Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride

Carbon dioxide
The Catalytic Intramolecular
P
auson‐
K
hand Reaction: 2,3,3α,4‐Tetrahydro‐2‐[(4‐Methylbenzene) Sulfonyl]Cyclopenta[
C
]Pyrrol‐5(1
H
)‐one
Authors: Patel Mittun C. , Livinghouse Tom , Pagenkopf Brian L. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N‐(2‐Propenyl)‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide

2,3,3α,4‐Tetrahydro‐2‐[(4‐methylbenzene) sulfonyl]cyclopentyl[C]pyrrol‐5(1H)‐one

p‐Toluenesulfonyl chloride

N‐(2‐Propenyl)‐N‐(2‐propynyl)‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide

Hexacarbonyl‐2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol dicobalt

Dicobalt octacarbonyl
Generation of an Acetylene‐Titanium Alkoxide Complex: Preparation of (Z)‐1,2‐Dideuterio‐1‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐1‐Hexene
Authors: Urabe Hirokazu , Suzuki Daisuke , Sato Fumie 
Published: April 2004

Abstract(Z)‐1,2‐Dideuterio‐1‐(trimethylsilyl)‐1‐hexeneTitanium tetraisopropoxide1‐(Trimethylsilyl)‐1‐hexyneIsopropylmagnesium chloride
Synthesis and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of a 2,2‐Dialkoxy‐1‐Methylenecyclopropane: 6,6‐Dimethyl‐1‐Methylene‐4,8‐Dioxaspiro[2.5]octane and
cis
‐5‐(5,5‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Dioxan‐2‐ylidene)Hexahydro‐1(2
H
)‐Pentalen‐2‐one
Authors: Nakamura Masaharu , Wang Xiao Qun , Isaka Masahiko , Yamago Shigeru , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2,2‐Bis(chloromethyl)‐5,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane

2‐Cyclopenten‐1‐one

6,6‐Dimethyl‐1‐methylene‐4,8‐dioxaspiro[2.5]octane

1,6,6‐Trimethyl‐4,8‐dioxaspiro[2.5]oct‐1‐ene
Generation and [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Thio‐Substituted Ketenes:
trans
‐1‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐4‐Phenyl‐3‐(Phenylthio)Azetidin‐2‐One
Authors: Danheiser Rick L. , Okamoto Iwao , Lawlor Michael D. , Lee Thomas W. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N‐Benzylidene‐p‐anisidine

Trans‐1‐(4‐Methoxyphenyl)‐4‐phenyl‐3‐(phenylthio)azetidin‐2‐one

S‐Phenyldiazothioacetate

Hexamethyldisilazane

Butyllithium

2,2,2‐Trifluoroethyl trifluoroacetate
Preparation of α‐Acetoxy Ethers by the Reductive Acetylation of Esters:
endo
‐1‐Bornyloxyethyl Acetate
Authors: Kopecky David J. , Rychnovsky Scott D. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Endo‐1‐Bornoxyethyl acetate

Bornyl acetate

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

4‐(Dimethamino)pyridine

Acetic anhydride
Mild and Selective Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds in Trifluoroethanol: Diphenyl Disulfide and Methyl Phenyl Sulfoxide
Authors: Ravikumar Kabayadi S. , Kesavan Venkitasamy , Crousse Benoit , Bonnet‐Delpon Danièle , Bégué Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Benzenethiol

Diphenyldisulfide

Hydrogen peroxide

Methyl phenyl sulfoxide

Thioanisole

Trifluoroethanol
1‐Hydroxy‐3‐Phenyl‐2‐Propanone
Authors: Waters Marjorie See , Snelgrove Kelley , Maligres Peter 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

1‐Hydroxy‐3‐phenyl‐2‐propanone

3‐Phenyl‐2‐propyn‐1‐ol

Propanethiol
Diethylaminotrimethylsilane‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Addition of Aldehydes to Vinyl Ketones: (3
R
)‐3,7‐Dimethyl‐2‐(3‐Oxobutyl)‐6‐Octenal
Authors: Hagiwara Hisahiro , Ono Hiroki , Hoshi Takashi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(3
R
)‐3, 7‐dimethyl‐2‐(2‐oxobutyl)‐6‐octenal

R
‐Citronellal

Methyl vinyl ketone

Diethylaminotrimethylsilane
Preparation of 9,10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrene and 3,6‐Diacetyl‐9,10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrene
Authors: Paruch Kamil , Vyklický Libor , Katz Thomas J. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

9, 10‐Phenanthrenedione

9, 10‐Dimethoxyphenanthrene

Tetrabutylammonium bromide

Sodium dithionite

Dimethyl sulfate

Acetyl chloride

Aluminum chloride

3, 6‐Diacetyl‐9, 10‐dimethoxyphenanthrene
Anesthetics, General
Authors: Wollweber Hartmund 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Inhalation Anesthetics2.1.Nitrous Oxide2.2.Hydrocarbons2.3.Halogenated Hydrocarbons2.4.Ethers2.5.Halogenated Ethers3.Intravenous Anesthetics3.1.Barbituric Acids3.2.Thiobarbituric Acids3.3.Miscellaneous Compounds4.Combination Anesthetics4.1.Sleep‐Inducing Anesthetics4.2.Benzodiazepines4.3.Steroid Derivatives4.4.Neuroleptanalgesics
Lactose and Derivatives
Authors: Roelfsema Willem A. , Kuster Ben F. M. , Heslinga Michiel C. , Pluim Hendrik , Verhage Marinus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Lactose1.1.Properties1.1.1.Physical Properties1.1.2.Chemical Properties1.2.Production1.3.Quality Specifications1.4.Uses1.5.Economic Aspects1.6.Producers1.7.Physiological Properties2.Derivatives2.1.Lactulose2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Production2.1.3.Quality Specifications2.1.4.Toxicology and Physiology2.1.5.Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses2.2.Miscellaneous Derivatives2.2.1.Lactobionic Acid2.2.2.Hydrolyzed Lactose Syrup
Lasers
Authors: Kelly John H. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical Principles

2.1.

Interaction Between Electromagnetic Radiation and Matter; Amplification of Light

2.2.

Properties of Light and Laser Light; Diffraction, Interference, and Coherence

2.3.

Optical Resonators

2.3.1.

Stable Resonators

2.3.2.

Unstable Resonators

2.4.

Short‐Pulse Generation, Longitudinal Mode Locking

2.5.

Q‐Switching and Cavity (Resonator) Dumping

2.6.

Nonlinear Optics

3.

Types of Laser and Their Properties

3.1.

Gas Lasers

3.2.

Dye Lasers

3.3.

Solid‐State Lasers

3.4.

Semiconductor Lasers

4.

Uses

4.1.

Spectroscopy

4.2.

Remote Sensing

4.3.

Laser‐Assisted Chemical Processes

4.4.

Metrology

4.5.

Medical Applications

5.

Safety
Local Anesthetics
Authors: Rippel Robert 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Benzoates2.1.4‐Aminobenzoates2.2.Basic Benzoates and Aminobenzoates2.2.1.Basic Benzoates2.2.2.Basic Aminobenzoates3.Carboxylic Acid Amides3.1.Carboxylic Acid Anilides3.2.Amides of Heterocyclic Carboxylic Acids3.3.Amides of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids4.Basic Ketones and Ethers4.1.Basic Ketones4.2.Basic Ethers5.Nitrogen‐Free Local Anesthetics
Magnesium
Authors: Amundsen Ketil , Aune Terje Kr. , Bakke Per , Eklund Hans R. , Haagensen Johanna Ö. , Nicolas Carlos , Rosenkilde Christian , Van den Bremt Sia , Wallevik Oddmund 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Raw Materials4.Production4.1.Extraction by Electrolysis4.1.1.Preparation of Magnesium Chloride Cell Feed4.1.1.1.Chlorination of Magnesia and Magnesite4.1.1.2.Dehydration of Aqueous Magnesium Chloride Solutions4.1.1.3.Dehydration of Carnallite4.1.2.Electrolysis4.1.2.1.Technical Data4.1.2.2.Electrolytic Cells4.2.Thermic Reduction Processes4.3.Refining and Casting4.4.Particulate Magnesium5.Environmental Aspects6.Quality Specifications7.Uses8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.Safety
Magnetic Materials
Authors: Ervens Wilhelm , Wilmesmeier Heinrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Forms of Magnetism in Matter2.1.Diamagnetism2.2.Paramagnetism2.3.Ferromagnetism2.4.Ferrimagnetism and Antiferromagnetism3.Magnetic Quantities and Their Measurement3.1.General3.2.Parameters of Hard Magnetic Materials3.3.Parameters of Soft Magnetic Materials4.Hard Magnetic Materials4.1.Classical Hard Magnetic Materials4.1.1.Aluminum ‐ Nickel ‐ Cobalt Materials4.1.2.Chromium ‐ Iron ‐ Cobalt Materials4.1.3.Other Metallic Hard Magnetic Materials4.1.4.Hard Ferrites4.2.Modern Hard Magnetic Materials4.2.1.Rare Earth Metal ‐ Cobalt Magnets4.2.2.Rare Earth Metal ‐ Iron ‐ Boron Magnets5.Soft Magnetic Materials5.1.Classical Soft Magnetic Materials5.1.1.Iron ‐ Silicon Materials5.1.1.1.Non‐Oriented Electric Sheet5.1.1.2.Grain‐Oriented Electric Sheet5.1.2.Nickel ‐ Iron Materials5.1.2.1.High‐Nickel Alloys5.1.2.2.Medium‐Nickel Alloys5.1.2.3.Low‐Nickel Alloys5.1.3.Iron ‐ Cobalt Alloys5.1.4.Soft Ferrites5.1.5.Special Soft Magnetic Materials5.2.Modern Soft Magnetic Materials5.2.1.Powder Composite Materials5.2.2.Rapidly Quenched Materials5.2.2.1.Amorphous Magnetic Materials5.2.2.2.Nanocrystalline Magnetic Materials6.Applications6.1.Applications of Hard Magnetic Materials6.2.Applications of Soft Magnetic Materials
Margarines and Shortenings
Authors: Freeman Ian P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties of Margarine2.1.Subjective Properties2.2.Objective Properties2.2.1.Color2.2.2.Gloss2.2.3.Melting Properties2.2.4.Penetration2.2.5.Drop Size2.2.6.Salt Release2.2.7.Keeping Properties3.Composition3.1.The Fat Phase3.1.1.Choice of Fat Blend Components3.1.2.Preparation of Fat Blends3.1.2.1.Refining3.1.2.2.Hardening3.1.2.3.Interesterification3.1.2.4.Fractionation3.2.The Aqueous Phase3.2.1.The Aqueous Phase in Conventional Margarines3.2.2.The Aqueous Phase in Low‐Fat Spreads3.3.Emulsifiers3.4.Minor Components4.Processing4.1.Churn Process4.2.Votator Process5.Specialty Margarines and Shortenings5.1.Pastry Margarines5.2.Frying6.Packaging7.Economic Aspects
Metallurgy
Authors: Krüger Joachim , Reisener Jan , Reuter Markus , Richter Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Raw Materials and Products2.1.Energy2.2.Ores2.3.Intermediate Materials2.4.Scrap2.5.Products3.Material Concentration3.1.Size Reduction3.2.Particle Selection3.3.Agglomeration4.Pyrometallurgy4.1.Feed Preparation4.2.Reduction5.Hydrometallurgy5.1.Leaching5.2.Purification and Enrichment5.3.Metal Recovery6.Electrometallurgy6.1.Electrochemical Metal Production6.2.Electric Furnace Operation7.Metal Refining7.1.Pyrometallurgical Methods7.2.Hydrometallurgical Methods8.Metal Recycling9.Fabrication Technology
Metal‐Matrix Composites
Authors: Ibe Gerhard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Components3.Mechanics of Reinforcement3.1.Continuous Fibers3.2.Short Fibers and Whiskers3.3.Particles3.4.Mechanical Properties4.Interactions between the Metal Matrix and Reinforcing Material4.1.Wetting and Chemical Reaction4.2.Bonding and Composite Strength4.3.Chemical Compatibility5.Production5.1.Sheets and Tapes5.2.Cast Parts5.3.Semifinished Products5.4.Hybrid Composites6.Working and Machining7.Uses8.Occupational Health