bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Potential and Challenges of Quantum Computing for Engineering Applications
Authors: Reich Alton , Carroll David , Carlson Timothy , Reich Miranda , Disalvo Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum computing has generated splashy headlines with pronouncements of “quantum supremacy”, but the reality is much more complicated than simple headlines can capture. Quantum computers are designed to use the interactions between quantum objects, such as electron spins, to perform useful computations. This paper will provide an overview of some of the engineering challenges involved in developing quantum computers and highlight some potential applications of interest to the mechanical engineering community.
These challenges include the need to isolate the quantum bits — the logic elements used in quantum computers — from the environment to protect them from external sources of noise. In some quantum computer designs, this requires cooling the quantum bits to temperatures below 1 degree Kelvin, which requires specialized refrigeration systems.
Potential future applications of quantum computers, particularly for mechanical engineers, rely on the promise of increased computational power for solving complex problems that have many degrees of freedom. This includes solving large systems of equations for finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics, and in computational chemistry for materials optimization.
Quantum computing is clearly a future technology — more development is needed before it will be used for engineering applications. That said, there are clear potential applications in mechanical engineering, and it will be a future technology that will be used for engineering analysis-based design optimization, digital twin development, and other relevant applications.
Fluid Transients Ignited the San Bruno Gas Pipeline Explosions
Authors: Leishear Robert A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gas pipeline explosions and deaths occur year after year, and a primary cause for those explosions is now known. For decades, these explosions were attributed to corrosion and other incidental causes, but the extent of pipeline damages cannot be explained by corrosion.
Pipelines are obliterated by large explosions, and pipelines explode from the inside to the outside. Pipes cannot explode in this manner unless air is present inside the pipes. To date, all previous investigations assumed that the gas industry prevents all air from entering pipelines, and this question about air was not raised in previous government investigations. Accordingly, explosion causes were not understood. Acknowledging that air is inside pipelines at the time of explosions, the ignition cause can be explained.
When fluid transients occur in pipelines, flammable gases compress and heat to explode at the autoignition temperatures of the gases. In natural gas piping, explosions occur at system low points where air collects, since methane (natural gas) is lighter than air; and in propane, ethane, or butane systems, explosions occur at system high points, since these gases are heavier than air. In the absence of this Leishear Explosion Theory, the fact that pipes explode outward cannot be explained.
An incorrect claim could be made that the stored energy of methane is so great that the pipes explode, but calculations show that this energy is inadequate to create the large craters created during pipeline explosions. In other words, air is required for internal gas pipeline explosions, fluid transients cause pressures to blow up pipelines, these transients may be caused by sudden valve slams, where slam valves are used to control gas flow in pipelines.
To understand the fundamental physics of pipeline explosions, a San Bruno natural gas pipeline explosion will be evaluated as an example of this explosion theory.
Metasomatized mantle sources for orogenic gold deposits hosted in high-grade metamorphic rocks: Evidence from Hg isotopes
Authors: Wang Qingfei , Liu Xuefei , Yin Runsheng , Weng Weijun , Zhao Hesen , Yang Lin , Zhai Degao , Li Dapeng , Ma Yao , Groves David I. , Deng Jun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigation of Hg isotope ratios of gold-related sulfides and penecontemporaneous mafic dikes from four orogenic gold provinces on the margins of the North China Craton and Yangtze Craton identifies three orogenic gold deposit (OGD) groups from different tectonic regimes. Ore-related sulfides of group 1 OGDs and mafic dikes from the craton margin reworked via oceanic subduction mostly have positive Δ199Hg values. The group 2 OGDs and mafic dikes from the margin that witnessed complex oceanic and continental subductions have mixed positive to negative Δ199Hg values. The group 3 OGDs on the margin that experienced continental subduction have dominantly negative Δ199Hg values. These isotopic differences indicate subduction histories have a first-order control on the distinct sources for the OGDs. It indicates that OGDs were derived from fluids from the mantle lithosphere metasomatized by contrasting subduction components, not from metamorphic fluids as is widely accepted. Group 1 OGDs and dikes were sourced from metasomatized mantle, which inherited the positive Δ199Hg of both recycled marine sediments and seawater during oceanic subduction, whereas group 3 with negative Δ199Hg was derived from mantle lithosphere metasomatized by subduction of mainly continental components. This genetic model identifies regions with high-grade metamorphic rocks above metasomatized mantle lithosphere as promising new OGD exploration targets.
Supplemental Material: A late Eocene lamprophyre-carbonatite association in the SE Tibetan Plateau: Rapid basalt-induced H<sub>2</sub>O-saturated partial melting of the upper crust
Authors: Yang Tiannan , al. et 
Published: November 2023

<p>Table S1: List of samples for petrographic study from the Wase Basin and its adjacent regions, SE Tibetan Plateau. Table S2: Energy dispersive X-ray spectra data of six major phases of igneous rocks from the Wase Basin and its adjacent regions, SE Tibetan Plateau. In addition, the analytical results of each phase are listed in six separate sub-tables (Tables S1-1 to S1-6). Table S3: Microprobe analytical results of minerals of igneous rocks from the Wase Basin and its adjacent regions, SE Tibetan Plateau. Table S4: Bulk geochemistry of the rocks from the Wase Basin and its adjacent regions, SE Tibetan Plateau. Table S5: Zircon U-Pb dating results of the igneous rocks from the Wase Basin, SE Tibetan Plateau. Table S6: <sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data of samples from the Wase Basin and its adjacent regions, SE Tibetan Plateau. </p>
Generalizing Stratonovich–Weyl Axioms for Composite Systems
Authors: Khvedelidze A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statistical model of quantum mechanics is based on the mapping between operators on the Hilbert space and functions on the phase space. This map can be implemented by an operator that satisfies physically motivated Stratonovich–Weyl axioms. Arguments are given in favour of a certain extension of the axioms, provided that there is a priori knowledge about the composite nature of the quantum system.
Walking speed and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jayedi Ahmad , Zargar Mahdieh-Sadat , Emadi Alireza , Aune Dagfinn 
Published: November 2023

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between walking speed and the risk of type 2 diabetes.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL and Web of Science to 30 May 2023.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesWe included cohort studies that explored the association between walking speed and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adults. We used random-effects meta-analyses to calculate relative risk (RR) and risk difference (RD). We rated the credibility of subgroup differences and the certainty of evidence using the Instrument to assess the Credibility of Effect Modification ANalyses (ICEMAN) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tools, respectively.ResultsTen cohort studies were included. Compared with easy/casual walking (<3.2 km/hour), the RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.00); RD=0.86 (95% CI 1.72 to 0) fewer cases per 100 patients; n=4, GRADE=low) for average/normal walking (3.2–4.8 km/hour), 0.76 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.87); RD=1.38 (95% CI 2.01 to 0.75) fewer cases per 100 patients; n=10, GRADE=low) for fairly brisk walking (4.8–6.4 km/hour) and 0.61 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.73; RD=2.24 (95% CI 2.93 to 1.55) fewer cases per 100 patients; n=6, GRADE=moderate) for brisk/striding walking (>6.4 km/hour). There was no significant or credible difference across subgroups based on adjustment for the total volume of physical activity and time spent walking per day. Dose–response analysis suggested that the risk of type 2 diabetes decreased significantly at a walking speed of 4 km/h and above.ConclusionsLow to moderate certainty evidence, mainly from studies with a high risk of bias, suggests that walking at faster speeds is associated with a graded decrease in the risk of type 2 diabetes.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023432795.
Association of anti-Ro52 autoantibody with interstitial lung disease in autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nayebirad Sepehr , Mohamadi Aida , Yousefi-Koma Hannaneh , Javadi Minoo , Farahmand Kimia , Atef-Yekta Reza , Tamartash Zahra , Jameie Mana , Mohammadzadegan Amir Mohammad , Kavosi Hoda 
Published: November 2023

ObjectivesInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is an important manifestation of autoimmune diseases that can lead to morbidity and mortality. Although several autoantibodies have been linked with ILD presentation and adverse outcomes, the association of anti-Ro52 antibody with ILD is less studied. Hence, we investigated this association in various autoimmune diseases in the current study.DesignWe designed a systematic review and meta-analysis and did a comprehensive search from inception until 2 January 2023.Data sourcesA systematic search was conducted in four electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Embase.Eligibility criteriaObservational studies that reported ILD diagnosis (outcome) and anti-Ro antibody (exposure) status in any autoimmune conditions (population) were included. The association between rapidly progressive ILD (RP-ILD) and anti-Ro52 was studied in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM).Data extraction and synthesisCollected data included study characteristics and ORs with 95% CIs. Quality assessment was performed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies. Random effects meta-analysis was used to pool the effect estimates.ResultsA total of 2353 studies were identified, from which 59 articles met the eligibility criteria. Anti-Ro52/SSA positivity was associated with ILD in all autoimmune disease subgroups: IIM (OR=3.08; 95% CI: 2.18 to 4.35; p value<0.001; I2=49%), systemic lupus (OR=2.43; 95% CI: 1.02 to 5.79; p=0.046; I2=71%), Sjogren (OR=1.77; 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.87; p=0.021; I2=73%), systemic sclerosis (OR=1.71; 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.83; p=0.036; I2=43%), mixed connective tissue disease (OR=3.34; 95% CI: 1.82 to 6.13; p<0.001; I2=0%). Additionally, anti-Ro52-positive myopathy patients were more likely to have simultaneous RP-ILD (OR=2.69; 95% CI:1.50 to 4.83; p<0.001; I2=71%).ConclusionAnti-Ro52/SSA positivity is associated with a higher frequency of ILD diagnosis in various autoimmune diseases. Anti-Ro52/SSA is also linked with a more severe lung involvement (RP-ILD). Future studies can investigate the benefits of screening for anti-Ro52 and its association with ILD development.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022381447.
Balanced crystalloids (RInger’s lactate) versus normal Saline in adults with diabetic Ketoacidosis in the Emergency Department (BRISK-ED): a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Yan Justin W , Slim Ahmed , Van Aarsen Kristine , Choi Yun-Hee , Byrne Christopher , Poonai Naveen , Collins Haley , Clemens Kristin K 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundCurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) treatment guidelines recommend using normal saline (NS); however, NS may delay DKA resolution by causing more hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis compared with balanced crystalloids. This study’s objective was to determine the feasibility of a future multicentred randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing intravenous Ringer’s lactate (RL) with NS in managing ED patients with DKA.MethodsWe conducted a parallel-arm, triple-blind, pilot RCT of adults (≥18 years) with DKA at a Canadian academic tertiary care ED. The primary feasibility outcome was recruitment rate (target ≥41.3% of eligible participants over the 1-year study period); the primary efficacy outcome was time elapsed from ED presentation to DKA resolution. The superiority margin for a clinically significant difference was chosen to be a 40% time reduction to DKA resolution. We also assessed the need to break allocation concealment and loss to follow-up. Patients with clinical suspicion for DKA were screened for inclusion and enrolled patients were randomised 1:1 to receive RL or NS. Patients, clinicians and outcome assessors were blinded to allocation.ResultsWe enrolled 52 (25 RL, 27 NS) of 60 eligible patients (86.7%), exceeding our target recruitment rate. There were more patients in the NS group with type 1 diabetes, and more patients in the RL group had an admission co-diagnosis in addition to DKA. For the 44 participants with confirmed laboratory evidence of resolution, median (IQR) time to DKA resolution for RL versus NS was 15.7 (10.4–18.8) and 12.7 (7.9–19.2) hours, respectively. There were no cases where blinding was broken, and there was no loss to follow-up.ConclusionsThis pilot trial demonstrated our protocol’s feasibility by exceeding our target recruitment rate. Our results may be used to inform future multicentre trials to compare the safety and efficacy of RL and NS in managing DKA in the ED.Trial registration numberNCT04926740.
Kinase expression in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma: panTRK is commonly expressed in the absence ofNTRKrearrangement
Authors: Vargas Ana Cristina , Joy Christopher , Maclean Fiona M , Bonar Fiona , Wong Daniel D , Gill Anthony J , Cheah Alison L 
Published: November 2023

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a soft tissue tumour of intermediate (rarely metastasising) malignant potential, which harboursEWSR1/FUSgene fusions. These tumours can express anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) in the absence of gene rearrangement or copy number alteration and can also coexpresses Pan-TRK immunohistochemistry (IHC). AllEWSR1/FUS-rearranged AFH were retrieved from the files of three institutions and Pan-TRK (EPR17341), ALK and BRAF V600E IHC were performed. Fourteen AFH cases were identified, which included three cases of intracranial mesenchymal tumours with FET-CREB fusions. PanTRK and ALK positive immunostaining was identified in 9 (64.2%) and 12 (85.7%) cases, respectively. NoNTRKorALKtranslocations or increased copy number/amplification were identified in all eight cases which had fluorescence in situ hybridisation and/or next generation sequencing forNTRK1-3andALKavailable for assessment. None of the cases expressed BRAF-V600E.Although our study is limited, our report is the first to document PanTRK expression in AFH in the absence of identifiableNTRK1-3gene alterations.
Should vaccination status be a consideration during secondary triage?
Authors: Jarratt Barnham Isaac 
Published: November 2023

The rapid development of widely available and effective vaccines has been integral to the international response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a significant minority of those offered vaccination have refused, often due to their adherence to ‘anti-vax’ beliefs. These beliefs include that vaccines are dangerous, render the recipient magnetic or contain government microchips.During the pandemic, numerous calls were made for those voluntarily refusing vaccination to be deprioritised when allocating scarce healthcare resources. While these calls were rejected, the likelihood of the same calls being made during future pandemics necessitates a thorough examination of the ethical implications entailed by such a policy.Here, I consider an intuitive argument for the use of vaccination status when allocating healthcare resources. This argument claims that, by avoiding vaccination, vaccine refusers are failing to fulfil a social obligation to protect those around them from harm by facilitating herd immunity. They are, therefore, less deserving of healthcare than their vaccinated peers.I explore three objections to this argument. While a first objection, asserting that no individual can be held responsible for a failure to develop herd immunity, fails, I find two further responses, respectively asserting the primacy of patient autonomy and highlighting the harms deprioritising vaccine refusers would cause to disadvantaged minorities, compelling. I, therefore, conclude that vaccination status should not be considered during healthcare resource allocation, as such discrimination would disproportionately harm marginalised communities.
Economic effects for citizens and the government of a country-level tobacco endgame strategy: a modelling study
Authors: Ait Ouakrim Driss , Wilson Tim , Howe Samantha , Clarke Philip , Gartner Coral E , Wilson Nick , Blakely Tony 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundAotearoa-New Zealand (A/NZ) was the first country to pass a comprehensive commercial tobacco endgame strategy into law. Key components include the denicotinisation of smoked tobacco products and a major reduction in tobacco retail outlets. Understanding the potential long-term economic impacts of such measures is important for government planning.DesignA tobacco policy simulation model that evaluated the health impacts of the A/NZ Smokefree Action Plan was extended to evaluate the economic effects from both government and citizen perspectives. Estimates were presented in 2021 US$, discounted at 3% per annum.ResultsThe modelled endgame policy package generates considerable growth in income for the A/NZ population with a total cumulative gain of US$31 billion by 2050. From a government perspective, increased superannuation payments and reduced tobacco excise tax revenue result in a negative net financial position and a cumulative shortfall of US$11.5 billion by 2050. In a sensitivity analysis considering future labour force changes, the government’s cumulative net position remained negative by 2050, but only by US$1.9 billion.ConclusionsA policy such as the A/NZ Smokefree Action Plan is likely to produce substantial economic benefits for citizens, and modest impacts on government finances related to reduced tobacco tax and increases in aged pensions due to increased life expectancy. Such costs can be anticipated and planned for and might be largely offset by future increases in the size of the labour force and the proportion of people 65+ years old working in the formal economy.
Existence and importance of Na+K+-ATPase in the plasma membrane of boar spermatozoa
Authors: Awda Basim J. , Mahoney Ian V. , Pettitt Murray , Imran Muhammad , Katselis George S. , Buhr Mary M. 
Published: November 2023

Sodium-potassium-ATPase (Na+K+-ATPase), a target to treat congestive heart failure, is the only known receptor for cardiac glycosides implicated in intracellular signaling and additionally functions enzymatically in ion transport. Spermatozoa need transmembrane ion transport and signaling to fertilize, and Na+K+-ATPase is identified here for the first time in boar spermatozoa. Head plasma membrane (HPM) isolated from boar spermatozoa was confirmed pure by marker enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatase (218 ± 23% and 245 ± 38% enrichment, respectively, versus whole spermatozoa). Western immunoblotting detected α and β subunits (isoforms α1, α3, β1, β2, and β3) in different concentrations in whole spermatozoa and HPM. Immunofluorescence of intact sperm only detected α3 on the post-equatorial exterior membrane; methanol-permeabilized sperm also had α3 post-equatorially and other isoforms on the acrosomal ridge and cap. Mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of all isoforms in HPM. Incubating boar sperm in capacitating media to induce the physiological changes preceding fertilization significantly increased the percentage of capacitated sperm compared to 0 h control (33.0 ± 2.6% vs. 19.2 ± 2.6% capacitated sperm, respectively; p = 0.014) and altered the β2 immunofluorescence pattern. These results demonstrate the presence of Na+K+-ATPase in boar sperm HPM and that it changes during capacitation.
Striatin Gene Variants Are Associated With Salt Sensitivity of Blood Pressure by Mechanisms That Differ in Women and Men
Authors: Gholami Shadi K. , Heydarpour Mahyar , Williams Jonathan S. , Pojoga Luminita H. , Adler Gail K. , Williams Gordon H. , Romero Jose R. 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND:
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a substantial risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Striatin (STRN) is critical for estrogen and aldosterone nongenomic signaling. However, the role of biological sex on the SSBP phenotype associated with STRN gene variants remains unexplored.

METHOD:
Data from 1306 subjects participating in the Hypertensive Pathotype (HyperPATH) Consortium were used to identify STRN gene single-nucleotide variants associated with SSBP. Haploblock analysis revealed a novel diplotype in the upstream regulatory region of STRN (rs888083 and rs6744560), with 31% of subjects being homozygous for the risk diplotype.

RESULTS:

Individuals homozygous for the risk diplotype had significantly greater SSBP than nonrisk diplotypes (
P
<0.009). While a significant genotype/SSBP association was present in both sexes, their potential mechanisms differed. Women, but not men homozygous risk diplotypes, had significantly greater aldosterone levels than nonrisk diplotypes (5.8±0.4 versus 3.2±0.7 ng/dl;
P
=0.01; liberal Na
+
diet, adjusted). Men, but not women, homozygous risk diplotypes, had significantly reduced renal plasma flow response to Angiotensin II than nonrisk diplotypes (delta 95.2±5.2 versus 122.9±10.2 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
;
P
=0.01; liberal Na
+
diet, adjusted). The single-nucleotide variants composing the risk diplotype were associated with lower STRN mRNA expression in human tissues (in silico).

CONCLUSION:
In women, the primary driver of SSBP is increased aldosterone, while in men, it is reduced renal plasma flow responses. Thus, despite a common hypertensive phenotype (SSBP) in both sexes, the specific treatment approaches might differ to increase therapeutic gain and mitigate adverse effects. These genetic- and sex-based observational results require confirmation in a prospective clinical study.