bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HEALTH CAREER PROMOTION IN THE NEW ENGLAND AREA OF NEW SOUTH WALES: A PROGRAM TO SUPPORT HIGH SCHOOL CAREER ADVISERS
Authors: Fraser John , Alexander Christian , Simpkins Berniece , Temperley John 
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACTObjective: To facilitate the area's high school careers advisers' ability to effectively promote health careers to students.Design: Three cross sectional evaluation surveys at the end of each one‐day workshop.Setting: Conference rooms in three regional centres (Armidale, Moree and Tamworth, New South Wales).Subjects: Twenty‐two high school careers advisers.Intervention: One‐day workshop.Main outcome measures: High school careers advisers' self‐rated assessment in terms of the effective delivery of appropriate information and opportunities to network.Results: Participants agreed that the workshop conveyed relevant information (3.8), were of high standard (3.5) and enabled them to identify students wanting to pursue health careers (2.9). Networking between health professionals and career advisers was rated as the most beneficial aspect by a majority of participants (60%). The scenario was rated as a useful tool to educate advisers about health careers (3.8).Conclusion: Collaborative workshops between advisers and health professionals are useful in facilitating networks to promote health careers in high schools in rural areas. The use of a farm injury scenario as a learning tool was effective in educating advisers about health careers.
Stem cell‐derived angiogenic/vasculogenic cells: Possible therapies for tissue repair and tissue engineering
Authors: Zwaginga JJ , Doevendans P 
Published: November 2003

Summary1. The recent ability to isolate stem cells and study their specific capacity of self‐renewal with the formation of different cell types has opened up exciting vistas to help the repair of damaged tissue and even the formation of new tissue. In the present review, we deal with the characteristics and sources that stem cells can be derived and cultured from.2. We focus on the role that stem cell‐derived vascular cells or endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) may play in (re)vascularization of ischaemic and engineered tissues. This so‐called vasculogenesis resembles the embryological process in which ‘haemangioblasts’ differentiate in blood cells, as well as in primitive vessels. Although also derived from the blood‐forming bone marrow, in adult life vasculogenic stem cells contribute only little to the regular vascular repair mechanisms: namely (i) angiogenesis (outgrowth of vessels from existing vessels); and (ii) arteriogenesis (monocyte‐aided increase in the calibre of existing arteriolar collaterals).3. Most attempts to increase vascular repair by stem cells involve the use of growth factors, which mobilize stem cells from bone marrow into the blood, sometimes combined with isolation and reinfusion of these cells after ex vivo expansion and differentiation into EPC.4. Clear improved perfusion of ischaemic sites and new vasculature has been observed in vivo mostly in animal models. Specific homing or administration of these cells and regulated and quantitative expansion and (final) differentiation at these vascular (repair) sites are less studied, but are paramount for efficacy and safety.5. In conclusion, the use of embryonic stem cells will still encounter ethical objections. Moreover, special attention and measures are needed to cope with the allogeneic barriers that these cells usually encounter. In general, the long and complicated ex vivo cultures to obtain sufficient offspring from the very small numbers of stem cells that can be obtained as starting material will be costly and cumbersome. Both basic research on conceptual matters and cost‐effective development of the product itself will have to go a long way before the clinical use of some volume can be expected.
We Are What We Post? Self-Presentation in Personal Web Space
Authors: Jensen Schau Hope , Gilly Mary C. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article examines personal Web sites as a conspicuous form of consumer self-presentation. Using theories of self-presentation, possessions, and computer-mediated environments (CMEs), we investigate the ways in which consumers construct identities by digitally associating themselves with signs, symbols, material objects, and places. Specifically, the issues of interest include why consumers create personal Web sites, what consumers want to communicate, what strategies they devise to achieve their goal of self-presentation, and how those Web space strategies compare to the self-presentation strategies of real life (RL). The data reveal insights into the strategies behind constructing a digital self, projecting a digital likeness, digitally associating as a new form of possession, and reorganizing linear narrative structures.
Setting or mixed ability? Teachers’ views of the organisation of pupils for learning
Authors: Smith Chris M. M. , Sutherland Margaret J. 
Published: November 2003

This paper examines how staff in schools formulate decisions about pupil organisation. A small sample of primary and secondary schools from across Scotland was involved in the study. In 1996 Her Majesty's Inspectors published a report entitled Achievement for All (SOEID, 1996) which, it was envisaged, would form the basis of school evaluations into the effectiveness of classroom organisation. This report, and in particular the six principles on which it suggested effective organisational arrangements should rest, formed the organising framework for the study. The study had three main aims:

to ascertain the extent to which the principles outlined in the HMI report had been used by school staff when making decisions about which form of organisation to use
to comment on the perceptions of teaching staff of how well the arrangements in place were working
to ascertain how the impact on teaching and learning was being evaluated.
Appearance of a New Oscillation (Named Oscillation C) in H2O2-Reduction Reaction on a Pt Electrode in Acidic Solutions by Addition of a Small Amount of Chloride Ions
Authors: Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Konishi Hidemitsu , Nakanishi Shuji , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A new electrochemical oscillation with a short period of 2 to 10 ms, named oscillation C, appears in H2O2-reduction reaction on a Pt electrode in H2SO4 solutions when a small amount of chloride ions is added to the solution. It is suggested that oscillation C is caused by competition between H2O2 reduction and chloride-ion adsorption, contrary to previously reported oscillations A and B which are caused by competition between H2O2 reduction and H+ reduction.
Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to γ-Substituted Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Yoshida Yayoi , Ukaji Yutaka , Fujinami Shuhei , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to γ-substituted allylic alcohols was achieved by the use of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding 3,4,5-trisubstituted-2-isoxazolines with high regio- and enantioselectivities. 4,5-trans-2-Isoxazolines derived from ethyl (E)-4-hydroxy-2-butenoate were transformed to the corresponding 4,5-cis-2-isoxazolines by the treatment with a base through isomerization and lactonization.
A New SOx Deactivation-Free NOx Reduction System Using Rh/Alumina and periodical Rich and Lean Conditions
Authors: Nakatsuji Tadao , Yasukawa Ritsu , Tabata Keiichi , Ueda Kazuyuki , Niwa Miki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A SOx deactivation free catalytic NOx reduction system in the presence of excess oxygen has been demonstrated. This system functioned well in the periodical two steps, which consisted of a short operation in oxidizing conditions and a far shorter operation in reducing conditions. In this system, only a Rh catalyst effectively catalyzed NOx reduction. In the presence of 50 ppm SOx, this system did not deteriorate at all.
Oxidation of Benzene to Benzoquinone during Electrolysis of Water over the Carbon Fiber-Anode
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Furukawa Taishi , Otsuka Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Direct oxidation of benzene to benzoquinone was performed by the electrolysis of water over the porous anodes. The porous anodes made from carbon materials, especially vapor-grown-carbon-fiber, and PTFE were active for the formation of benzoquinone. Graphite structure of carbon is essential for the electro-oxygenation of benzene with H2O
FT Raman Study of the Surface Oxygen Species on the BaX2 (X = F, Cl) Promoted Y2O3 and Nd2O3 Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane
Authors: Ji Weijie , Zeng Ling , Chen Yi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The BaX2(X = F, Cl) promoted Y2O3 and Nd2O3 catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane(ODE) have been studied by using FT-Raman spectroscopy in light of formation, types, stability and reactivity of the surface oxygen species involved in various atmosphere at different temperatures or the ODE reaction.
Electronic Structure of Polysilanes Studied by Femtosecond Laser Flash Photolysis
Authors: Matsui Yoshinori , Seki Shu , Iwamoto Toshiyuki , Tagawa Seiichi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Transient absorption spectra were obtained in solution of poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPS) and poly(methyl-n-propylsilylene) (PMPrS) at room temperature in the wavelength range 340-500 nm, using femtosecond laser flash photosysis. Transient absorption bands in near UV region, were ascribed to exciton states.
Hydrosulfido-Bridged Titanium-Ruthenium Heterobimetallic Complex: Stepwise Construction of Ti2Ru2S4 Cubane-Type Sulfido Cluster
Authors: Kuwata Shigeki , Hidai Masanobu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Reaction of [Cp2Ti(SH)2] (Cp = η5-C5H5) with [(Cp*Ru)4(μ3-Cl)4] (Cp* = η5 - C5Me5) afforded the hydrosulfido-bridged titanium-ruthenium heterobimetallic complex [Cp2Ti(μ2-SH)2RuClCp*] (3), which was further converted into the heterobimetallic cubane-type sulfido cluster [(CpTi)2(Cp*Ru)2(μ3-S)4] (4) upon treatment with an excess of triethylamine. The structures of 3 and 4 have been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis, Structure, Tautomerism, and 1,4-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Thermally Stable, Crystalline 1,4-Dipoles
Authors: Nakayama Juzo , Kitahara Taku , Sugihara Yoshiaki , Otani Takashi , Ishii Akihiko 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Phenyl isothiocyanate reacted with 2-methylene-1,3-dimethylimidazolidines to give thermally stable, crystalline adducts that possess an inner salt (1,4-dipolar) structure or its tautomeric thioamide structure depending on substituent on the methylene part. Tautomerism between the 1,4-dipolar form and the thioamide form, X-ray diffraction analysis, and 1,4-dipolar cycloaddition with DMAD of these adducts are reported.
Preparation of New Main-Chain-Type Polyquinones and Their Electrochemical Response
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Shiraishi Kouichi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
New main chain type polyquinones, poly(3,7-dihexylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-4,8-dione-2,6-diyl), have been prepared by organometallic polycondensation. In accord with a highly electron-accepting property of the monomeric unit, the polymer receives electrochemical reduction at a higher potential than poly(anthraquinone)s.
Thermal Decomposition of 1-Cyclohexyl-1-methylethyl Peroxypivalate
Authors: Nakamura Tomoyuki , Busfield W Ken , Jenkins Ian D , Rizzardo Ezio , Thang San H , Suyama Shuji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The thermal decomposition of a novel peroxyester, 1-cyclohexyl-1-methylethyl peroxypivalate 1a in cumene has been studied using the radical trapping technique employing 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-2-yloxyl T, a stable aminoxyl radical, as the scavenger. Comparable amounts of cyclohexyl radicals and t-butyl radicals were generated from the thermolysis of 1a. Thus, 1-cyclohexyl-1-methylethoxyl radicals 2a undergo β-scission exclusively. The efficiency of radical generation for 1a was determined to be 0.56, which is slightly higher than that for t-butyl peroxypivalate (0.53).
AFM Observation of Organogel Nanostructures on Graphite in the Gel-Assisted Transfer Technique
Authors: Kimizuka Nobuo , Shimizu Masafumi , Fujikawa Shigenori , Fujimura Kotaro , Sano Masahito , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
An ultrathin layer of organogel comprised of an L-glutamate-based ammonium amphiphile was transferred from the bulk gel surface onto a graphite plate. Atomic force microscopy showed the presence of fibrous and helical nanostructures on the graphite, reflecting their existence at the original gel surface.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes Using Triphenylene Derivatives as a Hole Transport Material
Authors: Tanaka Shinichi , Adachi Chihaya , Koyama Toshiki , Taniguchi Yoshio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
We elucidated that hexaalkoxytriphenylenes (HATs) are useful as a hole transport layer (HTL) in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In particular, the insertion of a thin phthalocyanine layer between the anode and HTL drastically improved electroluminescent (EL) performance. Furthermore, we observed that the alkyl chain length of HATs greatly affected carrier transport and EL properties.
Novel Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction Involving a Thionitroso Group: Formation of a 3,3a-Dihydro-2,1-benzisothiazole from an o-Alkylthionitrosoarene
Authors: Tan Bo , Goto Kei , Kobayashi Junji , Okazaki Renji 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A thionitrosoarene generated by the desulfurization reaction of a stable N-thiosulfinylaniline bearing a bowl-type substituent underwent the intramolecular cyclization reaction involving the ortho-alkyl group to afford the corresponding 3,3a-dihydro-2,1-benzisothiazole. The intermediacy of the thionitrosoarene was corroborated by a trapping experiment with aniline.
Thermal Ring Contraction of 1,2-Digermacyclohexadienes Coordinated with Iron Tricarbonyl Fragment
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Hatanaka Wakako , Wada Tohru , Sekine Akiko , Ohashi Yuji , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
1,1,2,2-Tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-dienes (1) reacted with iron pentacarbonyl to give the corresponding tricarbonyl(η4-1,1,2,2-tetraalkyl-3,6-diphenyl-1,2-digermacyclohexa-3,5-diene)iron (2). Heating 2 caused extrusion of dialkylgermylenes to give (η4-1,1-dialkyl-2,5-dipenyl-1-germacyclopenta-2,4-diene)tricarbonyliron (3). The structures of the (diene)iron tricarbonyls were deterimined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
Studies on Precrystalline Aggregates of 2Zn-Insulin by a Self-assembly Theory
Authors: Waizumi Kenji , Matsumoto Takami , Fukushima Nobuhiro , Masuda Hideki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Concentration changes of supersaturated solutions of 2Zn-insulin during crystallization have been measured for 50∼100h at 20°C by monitoring absorbance at 276 nm. The self-assembly theory has been applied for the analysis, which revealed that aggregate of insulin at precrystallization stage is composed of four insulin hexamers.
Visual Object Recognition
Authors: Tarr Michael J. , Vuong Quoc C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObject recognition concerns itself with two questions: What is the form of object representation? and How do observers match object percepts to object representations? Many objects look similar and most contain no single feature that uniquely identifies them. Furthermore, objects are rarely seen under identical viewing conditions: Objects change their size, position, orientation, and relations between parts, viewers move about, and sources of illumination turn on and off or move. Successful object recognition requires generalizing across such changes. Two different approaches to these issues have been adopted.Viewpoint‐invarianttheories assume that there are specific invariant cues to object identity that may be recovered under almost all viewing conditions.Viewpoint‐dependenttheories suggest that no such general invariants exist and that object features are represented much as they appeared when originally viewed, thereby preserving shape information and surface appearance. Despite many differences, theories of object recognition include some common principles. These include the decomposition of an image into component features, the coding of the spatial relations between such features, multiple views to represent feature sets arising from different object viewpoints, generalization mechanisms to normalize over changes in viewing conditions, and the flexibility to support recognition tasks ranging from item‐specific individuation to basic‐level categorization.
Motor Control
Authors: Rosenbaum David A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMotor controlenables creatures to stabilize or move the body or physical extensions of the body (tools) in desired ways. Typical activities studied by investigators ofmotor controlare walking, reaching, making facial expressions, talking, typing, and writing. Four questions are central to this area of research: (1) How are the elements ofmovement sequencestimed? (2) How does motor activity change as a function of practice? (3) How do particular forms of motor activity emerge when more than one form allows a task to be completed? and (4) How are motor activity and perceptual activity interrelated? The research summarized in this chapter, which addresses these questions through behavioral, neurophysiological, and computational means, shows thatmotor controlrelies on surprisingly rich computational machinery.
Taste
Authors: Halpern Bruce P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMammalian taste systems are complex. Taste buds, the taste receptor organs, are composed of many gustatory receptor cells that are themselves transient structures, and contain a wide variety of transduction mechanisms. Some details of these transduction mechanisms are now known, and candidate receptor molecules for initial interactions with tastants have been identified. Often, the degree to which these observations can be generalized to humans is unresolved. For humans, tasting requires the presence of taste buds. Initial processing of taste responses may occur in taste buds before any neural output to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS gustatory anatomy of humans and other higher primates is fundamentally different from that of most mammals, further limiting facile generalizations. Imaging techniques such as fMRI and PET, as well as recording approaches such as MEG, are revealing the complex CNS functional anatomy and processing of the human taste system. A fundamental theoretical issue, the organizational and informational characteristics of the human taste systems, remains debatable, with both the Basic Tastes model and the Pattern model receiving empirical support. Although some differences between these models may be only semantic or illusory, other differences generate opposite testable predictions and lead to divergent research programs.
Problem Solving
Authors: Lovett Marsha C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractProblem solving is the analysis and transformation of information toward a specific goal. This goal may be well‐ or ill‐defined; it may be directly attainable or require insight; and the solution may rely on a vast or sparse body of domain‐specific knowledge. Problem‐solving research reflects this variety of problem types through its breadth and extent. This chapter organizes the research according to three key processes involved in problem solving: (1) Representation—the process by which a solver selectively encodes the information given in a problem; (2) Choice—the process of selecting a single problem‐solving step among multiple possible ones; and (3) Learning—the process by which a solver's knowledge state is updated based on problem‐solving experience. For each process, major empirical results and theoretical models are presented. In particular, the chapter emphasizes theoretical work that uses computational modeling to explain and predict problem‐solving behavior.
Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Dayan Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractReinforcement learning studies the prediction and control of events of affective importance in terms of psychological and neural rules for adaptation. Reinforcement learning began as a marriage between ideas in mathematical behavioral psychology and artificial intelligence, and now has links all the way from neuromodulatory systems in vertebrates to engineering and statistical theories of adaptive optimizing control. In this chapter, we describe the basic theory underlying reinforcement learning and its links with neuroscience, psychology, statistics, and engineering.
Neural Analysis of Learning in Simple Systems
Authors: Krasne Frank 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter reviews work on several kinds of behavioral learning and neural analogs of learning that have been analyzed at the physiological level in recent years. The specific forms of behavioral learning discussed are habituation, sensitization, and classical conditioning in Aplysia, and classical conditioning of eyeblink responses in mammals. The form of synaptic plasticity known as long‐term potentiation, which provides a neural model of classical conditioning, is also discussed as is research concerned with the possible role of hippocampal long‐term potentiation in behavioral learning. Currently available data suggest that learning may be due to intrinsic changes in the efficacy of synaptic transmission due to altered transmitter release, altered responsiveness of neurons to released chemical transmitters, and morphological changes at synapses. These changes appear to be induced via intracellular chemical signalling systems with phosphorylation of biological active proteins such as receptors, channels, and enzymes playing important causative roles. Current information on mechanisms involved in stabilizing synaptic change (i.e., memory), including the likely involvement of new genetic transcription in establishment of long term memory, are discussed. Also considered are physiological insights into the conditions responsible for production of new learning, including discussion of the relationships between contiguity and effect and possible mechanisms of blocking.
Temporal Learning
Authors: Church Russell M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Humans and other animals can learn to make different responses as a function of the time between stimuli, as observed in experiments on temporal generalization, duration discrimination, classical conditioning, and temporal preference. They also can learn to adjust the times of their responses as a function of the times of reinforcement, as observed in experiments on the fixed interval reinforcement, the peak procedure, and the differential reinforcement of low response rates procedure. They are also able to track a sequence of intervals, in some cases by using an interval as a discriminative stimulus for the next interval. Although most research on temporal learning has involved a fixed interval between events, their ability to time is not restricted to constant intervals. The initial learning of a temporal interval, and transitions from one interval to another can be rapid. Research on temporal learning has been based on concepts and procedures developed in the study of classical and instrumental conditioning, human and animal psychophysics, and biological rhythms. At present there is no general consensus regarding the relationship between the circadian clock and the various temporal abilities of animals described in this chapter. The same quantitative principles of interval timing apply both to experiments in which time is an attribute of the stimulus and in which it is an attribute of the response. These principles, such as Weber's law for timing, make it possible to develop process models of the process involved in temporal perception and temporal production. Two of the most influential quantitative models of timing are Scalar Timing Theory and the Behavioral Theory of Timing.