bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-29 Needs Assessment for the Use of Genomic Selection Within the Commercial Beef Sector
Authors: Herrick Allison L , Neibergs Holly L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although purebred cattle producers have had genomic EPDs for over a decade, crossbred commercial beef cattle producers have not had the opportunity to use genomic selection for improvement of their cattle. This study aimed to identify what is needed to facilitate the adoption of genomic selection in crossbred beef herds through a survey of beef cattle associations in the western United States. Surveys were distributed electronically through state cattlemen’s associations in Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. Nineteen individuals completed the survey representing predominantly cow/calf operations (68%), followed by stockers (9%), feedlots (5%), raising of replacement heifers (5%), and a seedstock producer (5%). Most beef producers (74%) had heard about genomic selection, but only 26% had utilized genomic selection. Of those who had previously used genomic selection, most (60%) were cow/calf producers. Those using genomic selection had done so to identify superior animals (33%), to select replacement heifers (25%) or to identify calf parentage (17%). The use of genomic selection to reduce or manage financial risk or to choose AI bulls for mating selection could expand the value of genomic selection for the beef producer while increasing the rate of genetic improvement in their herd. Interests and concerns regarding genomic selection were also identified, which can be utilized to identify areas of extension and outreach that need to be improved for the technology to be adopted and used more effectively. Key topics needed for genomic selection to be adopted were confirming that genomic selection resulted in a positive return on investment, being able to confidently interpret genomic EPDs, learning how to fully use the genomic EPD results, and information regarding the accuracy of the genomic selection results. The potential for genomic selection within the beef industry is immense, and this survey confirmed that extension programs on genomic selection use have the opportunity to be beneficial to commercial beef producers throughout the industry to improve the genetics of their herds while reducing their financial risk.
PSIX-25 Impact of Performance Parameters on Sale Price of Bulls at the Southwest Virginia Bull Test Sale
Authors: Craun Hannah , Greiner Scott P , Mercadante Vitor R G R G , Vidlund Trinity 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agriculture is the largest private industry in Virginia, generating around $82 billion annually and making up almost 10 percent of the Gross Domestic Product of the state. Within the agriculture sector, cattle and calves are the second most economically important commodity. The extension-supervised bull tests provide a partnership in the state that allows producers the opportunity to gather financially important management information while providing large amounts of production data for research and summary purposes. The Southwest Virginia Bull Test in Wytheville, VA has been in operation for 44 consecutive years. To qualify for entry, registered bulls must meet minimum EPD requirements (top 70%) for yearling weight or terminal indices of their breeds, have recorded EPDs within a breed association, and be certified healthy and free of genetic defects. The top 2/3 of each breed on test is sold at the end of the 112-d test period. To sell, all bulls must pass a breeding soundness exam (BSE) and have a minimum scrotal circumference of 32 cm for bulls less than 15 months and 33 cm for bulls 15 to 18 months of age. Genetic data including black coat color and polled/horned are also evaluated. Post-weaning data including age, weight, average daily gain, weight per day of age, hip height, frame score, BSE metrics, claw score, foot score, scrotal circumference, and others are collected while at the test station. A retrospective study was performed to establish what has a significant (P &lt; 0.05) effect on sale price. Statistical analysis was performed on sale data from 2018-2022 using SAS. Over this time, 265 senior bulls (birth dates from September 1st-December 31st) were sold with an average sale price of $3,377. Variables significantly related to sale price included calving ease EPD percentile rank (P = 0.0077, r =-0.16), birth weight EPD percentile rank (P = 0.0049, r =-0.17), weaning weight EPD percentile rank (P = &lt; 0.0043, r= -0.17), and yearling weight EPD percentile rank (P = 0.0060, r = -0.17) along with test average daily gain (P = 0.0013, r = 0.198), WDA (P &lt; 0.0001, r = 0.50), and final scrotal circumference (P &lt; 0.0001, r = 0.28). These results may be used to better understand selection priorities among bull buyers and to assist in the design and delivery of educational programs for beef producers.
PSII-16 Comparison of Two Methods of Inoculation of Continuous Culture Fermentors Fed Different Diets
Authors: Andreen Danielle , Mercier Kelly , Soder Kathy J , Ganda Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study assessed how methods of inoculating continuous culture fermentors with rumen particulate digesta affected in vitro fermentation. A 4-unit, single-flow fermentor system was used in a 4x4 Latin Square with treatments arranged in a 2x2 factorial design. Dietary treatments were 1) a corn-silage-based total mixed ration (TMR) diet; and 2) an orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ground corn-based (ORG) diet balanced to support similar levels of milk production. Within each diet, two inoculation methods were used 1) direct addition of particulate digesta (32 g) into the fermentor vessel (-S); or 2) blending an equivalent quantity of particulate digesta with 0.5 L of rumen liquid for 2 minutes, straining through two layers of cheesecloth, and adding only the strained liquid to the vessel (-B). All fermentors were inoculated with identical total quantities of rumen liquid (1.5 L). This resulted in four treatments, ORG-S, ORG-B, TMR-S, and TMR-B, which were randomly assigned to fermentors with 7 d of treatment adaptation and 3 d of sample collection. Effluent samples (24-h composite) were collected on d 8-10, composited by fermentor within period, and analyzed for volatile fatty acids (VFA), and organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) for determination of nutrient digestibilities. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with period and treatment as fixed effects, and fermentor as a random effect. Preplanned contrasts were used to compare the effect of inoculation method within each diet, and the interaction between inoculation method and diet. Apparent OM digestibility was 16% greater in ORG-S compared with ORG-B (P &lt; 0.01), whereas no effect of inoculation method was observed in the TMR diet (P = 0.36), which resulted in an interaction of diet and inoculation method (P &lt; 0.01). Concentration of total VFA was greater with direct addition of particulate digesta in both diets, though there was a significant interaction of diet and inoculation method (P &lt; 0.01) due to a greater increase in VFA in the ORG diet (34%; P &lt; 0.01) compared with TMR (10%; P = 0.01). Crude protein digestibility tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in ORG-S vs. ORG-B, whereas inoculation method did not affect CP digestibility in the TMR diet (P = 0.58). Inoculation method affected methane production (mmol/d) only in the ORG diet; total methane production was 58% greater in ORG-S compared with ORG-B (P &lt; 0.01), whereas methane production was not different in TMR-S vs. TMR-B (P = 0.76), leading again to an interaction of diet and inoculation method (P = 0.04). In general, adding particulate digesta directly to fermentor vessels increased feed degradation and methane production in the ORG diet, but had a lesser effect in the TMR diet.
PSIV-23 Activity Classification of Grazing Cows on Desert Rangeland in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Perea Andres Ricardo , Macon Lara , Rahman Sajidur , Chen Huiying , Cox Andrew , Nyamuryekung’e Shelemia , Madrid Sara Campa , Cao Huiping , Cibils Andrés , Estell Rick , Duff Glenn C , Utsumi Santiago 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monitoring cattle on rangelands is a daunting task that can be improved by using wearable sensors that are capable of transmitting motion and position data in real time and at low cost. This study tested the performance of machine learning (ML) classifiers to discriminate among foraging activities of cows based on triaxial accelerometer data collected in real-time by LoRa WAN networks. Trials were conducted at the New Mexico State University Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center and the USDA Jornada Experimental Range in Doña Ana County, NM. A total of 24 Brangus, Brahman, Raramuri Criollo and Angus x Hereford mature cows fitted with LoRa WAN tracking collars housing GPS and triaxial accelerometers were monitored across four periods during the 2022 summer and fall seasons on desert rangeland pastures. Trackers integrated and transmitted activity count (Ac) data from accelerometers at one-minute intervals. Video recording of focal cows (n = 24) was undertaken during daylight hours (0630 to 2000 h) from a distance of ~30 m to minimize interference with natural behaviors. A total of 168 hours of video were recorded and inspected by an experienced observer to label video files according to a classification tree of four main activities: grazing (GR), walking (WA), resting (RE) and ruminating (RU), and two states: active (AC) or static (ST). Individualized activities and states were considered when cows performed the same predefined activity or state for more than 30 secs. Retrieved sensor data from collar trackers were labeled by state and activity according to labels collected from video records. This classification resulted in a dataset containing 9,222 events, including 3,928 for GR, 2,286 for WA, 2,032 for RE, and 976 for RU, as well as 6,214 labels for AC and 3,008 labels for ST. Deep learning through Multilayer Perceptron Classifiers (MLPC) were coded and implemented using a split configuration of 70% of the data for training and 30% for testing, respectively. In preliminary runs, models had reduced ability to properly discriminate among RE (F1 = 0.42) and RU (F1 = 0.43) Thus, RE and RU were merged on subsequent tests, resulting in 3,928 labels for GR, 2,286 labels for WA, and 3,008 labels for merged RE. Deep learning models successfully classified between AC vs. ST behavior with an overall F1 performance score of 0.96. Further use of the same deep learning models successfully classified among GR, WA, and RE activities with an overall F1 performance score of 0.91, suggesting satisfactory application of the trained models to monitor cattle grazing activities on desert rangeland.
PSVIII-29 Nutritional Epigenetic Modifications in Beef Cattle
Authors: Gibril Mumuni , Behrouzi Amir , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutrition of the beef cow during pregnancy influences fetal development and potential changes in phenotype. On average 9 to 10% of the beef cattle herd are below the optimal body condition score of 2.5/5 at both pre-breeding and pregnancy tests, indicating potential nutritional stress during gestation. Epigenetic modifications are reported to regulate the changes in phenotype due to maternal nutrition during gestation. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of maternal nutrition during gestation on possible epigenetic mechanisms regulating development and biological function in Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semimembranosus (SM) muscles, and liver (LV) at slaughter in steer progeny born from dams fed two different planes of nutrition during gestation. We also wanted to explore if the genetic potential of the offspring for residual feed intake (RFI) would interact with prenatal maternal diet to have differential effects on these epigenetic mechanisms. Purebred Angus steer calves (n = 23) were born from dams which were fed a diet formulated for an average daily gain (ADG) of either 0.5 or 0.7 kg/d from 30 to 150 days of gestation. Mating was designed so that calves were born from parents with differential genetic potential for high or low RFI. Calves were raised together as per normal industry standards and fed to be slaughtered as finished steers at approximately 512.1 ± 10.1 days of age. One approximately 10 g sample each of LV, LD, and SM muscles was aseptically collected within 30 to 45 min post-mortem and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently stored at -80°C. Both DNA and RNA were isolated from the tissue samples and investigated for differences in methylation and gene expression, respectively. Fifteen potentially differently methylated regions (DMRs) in the DNA were measured using EpiTYPER MassARRAY technology, while expression of genes corresponding to the potential DMRs was measured by the nCounter Element Tagset by NanoString technologies. Average methylation across each DMR as well as gene expression within each tissue was profiled using principal component analyses (PCA). Distinct clustering was seen within both DNA methylation and gene expression PCAs such that the two muscles were clustered together and were separate from DNA methylation and gene expression measured in LV, representing expected functional variation due to tissue type. Between LD and SM, methylation patterns in the two muscles overlap, while there is much less overlap in gene expression patterns. This implies that the methylation pattern between the two muscle types is relatively similar compared with their patterns in gene expression, and that smaller differences in DNA methylation may lead to relatively larger differences in gene expression. These analyses are an important first step to interrogate the quality of our data that will be further analyzed for responses to maternal diet treatment and selection for genetic potential for RFI.
PSVIII-28 Effect of Replacement Dietary of Animal Protein with Insect Meal (Hermetia illucens) on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profile, Gas Emission, and Fecal Microbial in Weaned Pigs
Authors: An Jaewoo , Chang Seyeon , Song Dongcheol , Cho Hyunah , Park Sehyun , Jeon Kyeongho , Cho Jinho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of defatted and hydrolyzed forms of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; HI) larvae as fishmeal substitutes in the diet of weaned pigs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, gas emission, and fecal microbial. The 48 4-week-old weaned pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with an initial body weight (BW) of 9.39 ± 1.02 kg were randomly assigned to a completely randomized three dietary treatments. Each treatment had 4 replicate pens, and 3 pigs were assigned to each pen. The three treatments were as follows: 1) a basal diet (CON), 2) a basal diet without a fish meal and substitute with defatted HI powder (T1), and 3) a basal diet without a fish meal and substitute with hydrolyzed HI powder (T2). The experiments progressed in 6 weeks. There were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) among the treatment groups in BW, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency during the entire experimental period (Table 1). At 2 wk, the CON and T1 groups increased (P &lt; 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility compared with the T2 group (Table 2). The CON group had greater (P &lt; 0.05) CP digestibility than the T2 group at 6 wk. At 6 wk, the T1 group showed a tendency for greater gross energy (P = 0.095) than the T2 group. The T1 group had greater (P &lt; 0.05) lysine digestibility than the CON group at 2 wk (Table 3). Also, The T1 and T2 groups showed a tendency for greater (P = 0.070) glutamic acid digestibility than the CON group. At 6 wk, the T2 group increased (P &lt; 0.05) lysine, arginine, and methionine digestibility compared with the CON group (Table 4). There were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) among the treatment groups in blood profile and gas emission (Table 5 and 6). The T2 group had significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) lactobacillus counts than the T1 group at 4 wk (Table 7). In conclusion, it was found that the defatted and hydrolyzed forms of HI as a substitute for a fish meal did not negatively affect growth performance, blood profiles, and gas emissions. Also, the defatted and hydrolyzed forms of HI could improve nutrient digestibility and lactobacillus counts, which are beneficial bacteria in the intestine. Therefore, it is considered that the diets of weaned pig containing defatted or hydrolyzed HI has sufficient potential to replace fishmeal, which is an existing animal protein source in the diet.
PSVII-16 A Method to Analyze the Vertical Acceleration of the Peruvian Paso Horse for Animal Breeding Purposes
Authors: Vilela Jorge L , Quintana Paola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Peruvian Paso Horse (CPP in Spanish) is an equine local breed in Peru. In this kind of horse, the smoothness and harmony of its movement come from the combination of the mechanisms of movement during the “paso llano” and the correct degrees of execution of the overreach with the adornments. The Peruvian Paso horse is internationally recognized for the smoothness of its gait, which is known as "the smoothest riding horse in the world". This characteristic is evaluated in breed competitions. However, at this time, there is no measure available to determine the smoothness of the gait objectively, relying solely on the perception of the judge during the evaluation. The objective of this research is to analyze the vertical acceleration of each animal (ai) during the “paso llano” gait in CPP. Sixty-five stallions and sixteen mares were measured through video recordings using a camera with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 megapixels at 30 frames/s. The animals were pulled by an operator at a “Paso llano” with an approximate speed between 2.5 and 4 m/s. The gait of the horse was recorded by filming on a tripod with a fixed position positioned horizontally at 1.3 meters height and 12 meters from the middle of the line of motion. To identify the reference point for measuring, a 4 x 4 cm tape was attached to the left side of the croup. KINOVEA software version 0.9.5 (https://www.kinovea.org/) was used to analyze the vertical acceleration every 33 ms. The digitized coordinates are passed through the Butterworth filter at a cutoff frequency computed by estimating the autocorrelation of residuals and finding the frequency yielding the residuals that are the least autocorrelated. The filtered dataset corresponding to this cutoff frequency is kept as the result. A graphical representation can be seen in Figure 1. Root-mean-square (RMS) for each horse was calculated as follows: RMS = √(∑ a2i / n), (ai with i = 1 . . . n). To determine normality assumptions, the Anderson-Darling test with P &gt; 0.05 was applied. To determine if there is a difference between sexes, an ANOVA with P &lt; 0.05 was applied. Levene's test was applied to determine the equality of variances. The descriptive statistics are presented in Table 1. The Anderson-Darling test obtained P = 0.969, therefore, the assumptions of the normal distribution are fulfilled. Levene's test obtained a P = 0.035, therefore, the assumptions of equal variance between sexes are not met. ANOVA with heterogeneity correction Welch was P = 0.891. The results show that there is no difference in vertical acceleration between males and females. The estimation of RMS allows an objective analysis of the smoothness of gait in the CPP and can be used as a selection criterion in selection for breeding plans.
PSVII-12 The Effect of Two Supplemental Vitamin E Dosing Strategies in Morgan Horses with Marginal/Deficient Concentrations of Serum Alpha-Tocopherol
Authors: Ballard Catherine , Jensen-Vargas Emily , Lassell Karen , Dobbins Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitamin E is an important antioxidant for normal neuromuscular function in horses. Dietary deficiencies are common in northern climates with seasonal access to pastures. Certain breeds, such as Morgan Horses, with predisposition to equine metabolic diseases, may exhibit deficiencies in vitamin E because of management systems imposed which restrict access to pasture. Few studies have compared strategies for initial supplementation to increase serum alpha-tocopherol in horses. The objective of this study was to compare two dosing strategies of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate to increase serum alpha-tocopherol in marginal/deficient horses. Eight Morgan horses (two geldings, six mares; mean BW = 460 kg) with marginal/deficient serum alpha-tocopherol (0.47-1.12 µg/mL) were enrolled in a randomized block design study. Blocks were balanced for age, sex, and pre-study vitamin E level and horses were assigned to one of two treatments: 1) HIGH - 10,000 IU liquid d-alpha-tocopherol acetate top-dressed on grain for 4 wk followed by 10 d step-down to 5,000 IU of powder d-alpha-tocopherol acetate through 16 wk; or MEDIUM – 5,000 IU of powder d-alpha-tocopherol acetate for 16 wk. Horses were housed in box stalls with daily turnout without access to grass. Horses were fed hay at 2% of BW and 0.45 kg of concentrate daily with vitamin E feed activity of 45.5 and 1378 IU/kg, respectively. HIGH and MEDIUM treatments were fed once daily with the AM feeding. To ensure horses consumed the powder d-alpha-tocopherol acetate, cookies made from alfalfa powder, gelatin and d-alpha-tocopherol acetate powder were created. Serum alpha-tocopherol was assessed pre-feeding every two weeks from 0 to 16 weeks. Before the step-down to 5,000 IU dose, horses receiving the HIGH dosage had greater concentrations of serum alpha-tocopherol (P &lt; 0.01; Figure 1). All horses receiving the HIGH treatment attained serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations greater than 2.0 µg/mL after 2 weeks, while only one-half of horses receiving the MEDIUM dosage reached serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations greater than 2.0 µg/mL by 4 weeks. To attain and maintain normal concentrations of serum alpha-tocopherol, deficient horses should follow the HIGH supplementing strategy of d-alpha-tocopherol acetate.