bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CIGARETTE SMOKING IN PREGNANCY: DIFFERENCES IN PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION BETWEEN SMOKERS AND NON‐SMOKERS
Authors: Ashton Heather 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTen smokers and ten non‐smokers were followed serially from 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks postnatally. Measurements of calf and foot blood flow and toe and finger skin temperature were made at 4 to 6 week intervals in both groups, and the acute effects on the peripheral circulation of smoking one standard cigarette were also measured in the smokers at each stage of pregnancy. Comparison between the smokers and non‐smokers showed that in the last trimester of pregnancy smokers had significantly higher foot blood flow and toe and finger temperature than non‐smokers. These circulatory variables rose during the period of pregnancy studied in smokers but altered little in non‐smokers. There was no significant difference in calf blood flow between the groups. Smoking a cigarette during pregnancy caused a fall in foot blood flow and in finger and toe skin temperature. Smoking increased calf blood flow between 12 and 25 weeks of pregnancy but decreased it in late pregnancy. Previous investigations of blood flow in pregnancy have not differentiated between smokers and non‐smokers. It is suggested that the rise in foot blood flow and skin temperature believed to occur generally during pregnancy applies mainly to smokers. Some possible reason for differences in skin blood flow between smokers and non‐smokers in pregnancy are discussed.
METABOLISM OF PROSTAGLANDINS WITHIN THE PREGNANT UTERUS
Authors: Keirse M. J. N. C. , Turnbull A. C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe metabolism of E and F prostaglandins has been studied in both fetal and maternal tissues obtained from the pregnant human uterus. Both 15‐hydroxy‐prostaglandin dehydrogenase and 13,14‐prostaglandin reductase are shown to be widely distributed in these tissues. Comparison of the levels of enzyme activity in different tissues demonstrates that the greatest metabolism of prostaglandins takes place in the membranes and placenta and that there is much less in the myometrium and the decidua. The lowest enzyme activity was found in the umbilical cord, and no metabolism could be demonstrated in amniotic fluid or in umbilical venous blood. The significance of these findings is discussed.
AN APPRAISAL OF LUMBAR EPIDURAL BLOCKADE IN LABOUR IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE PREGNANCY
Authors: Crawford J. Selwyn 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA series of 102 patients with a multiple pregnancy (including three sets of triplets) delivered vaginally is presented. An epidural block was provided for 55 of these patients, and comparisons were made between these patients and those who did not have an epidural block. There was a higher incidence of low Apgar‐minus‐colour (A‐C) scores at one minute among the second twins of at least 36 weeks gestation in the epidural series, but no other remarkable contrasts in the (A‐C) scores of the respective group of infants. In the non‐epidural series two second twins of at least 36 weeks gestational age apparently suffered severe cerebral trauma. Of the 91 liveborn infants in the non‐epidural series, five died (two with intracranial haemorrhage, three with hyaline membrane disease); of the 112 live‐born infants in the epidural series, two died (both with hyaline membrane disease). The incidence of instrumental delivery of infants presenting by the vertex, and of breech extraction, was markedly higher in the epidural series. The mean interval between full dilatation of the cervix and delivery of the first twin was greater in the epidural series, but the mean interval between delivery of the first and second infant was smaller in the epidural series. It is concluded that the provision of an epidural block for labour and delivery to patients with a multiple pregnancy is beneficial to the infants.
THE INFLUENCE OF ABNORMAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE (HYPERGLYCAEMIA AND HYPOGLYCAEMIA) ON PREGNANCY OUTCOME WHEN OESTRIOL EXCRETION IS SUBNORMAL
Authors: Abell David A. , Beischer Norman A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySubnormal urinary oestriol excretion was present in 611 (13.9 per cent) of 4403 consecutive patients in whom a glucose tolerance test had been performed and urinary oestriol excretion measured during the third trimester of pregnancy. Hypoglycaemia (5th centile) had a significant association with subnormal oestriol excretion. The perinatal mortality rate was significantly higher in the presence of abnormal glucose tolerance when oestriol excretion was low. Normo‐glycaemia was associated with a perinatal mortality rate of 1.7 per cent when oestriol excretion was persistently low, whereas in the presence of hyperglycaemia (95th centile) the perinatal mortality rate was 12.5 per cent (P<0.01) and when there was hypoglycaemia the rate was 14.8 per cent (P<0.001). Small‐for‐dates babies occurred in 46.3 per cent of pregnancies complicated by hypoglycaemia and persistently subnormal urinary oestriol excretion. The advantage of routine urinary oestriol assay and glucose tolerance testing in pregnancy is emphasized.
PROGRESSION IN RESPONSE PATTERNS OF FETAL HEART RATE THROUGHOUT LABOUR
Authors: Liu D. T. Y. , Thomas G. , Blackwell R. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA study of 70 fetal heart rate (FHR) traces throughout labour has allowed analysis of FHR responses associated with approximately 7000 individual uterine contractions. The significance of the less emphasized FHR patterns has been assessed and an attempt has been made to identify any trend or progression in the occurrence of these patterns. Transient acceleration was the most frequently occurring response in early labour and was the first observed response in the majority of cases. Decelerations became prevalent as labour progressed. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the observed overall progression in FHR responses and the possible physiological mechanisms underlying the cyclic changes in response patterns which occur throughout the course of labour.
SMOKING, HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN AND BIRTH WEIGHT
Authors: Boyce A. , Schwartz D. , Hubert C. , Cedard L. , Dreyfus J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryHuman placental lactogen (HPL) was measured in 525 serum samples from 144 pregnant women and related to smoking habits and the birth weight of their infants. Women smoking during pregnancy were found to have a level of HPL significantly lower than the non‐smokers (p<0.05). A significant correlation between HPL and birth weight was found (r = 0.38; p < 0.00l) which remained significant when smoking was held constant (r = 0.35; p < 0.001). There was no relationship between birth weight and smoking when HPL was held constant.
THE EFFECTS OF STILBOESTROL AND QUINESTROL UPON COAGULATION AND FIBRINOLYSIS DURING THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Howie P. W. , Evans K. , Forbes C. D. , Prentice C. R. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTwo oestrogens, stilboestrol and quinestrol, were used to inhibit lactation and their effects upon coagulation and fibrinolysis were compared with control patients before delivery, during the puerperium and six weeks after delivery. During the first week of the puerperium, stilboestrol therapy was associated with rises of factors IX and X and quinestrol therapy with rises of factors IX and 11. Six weeks after delivery, the clotting factors were similar to the control values in those who had received stilboestrol but factor II was still raised in the quinestrol treated patients. Additionally, a significant rise of factor X in the quinestrol group was noted at this time. Plasma antithrombin levels rose during the first week of the puerperium in all three groups but, six weeks after delivery, they were lower in those who had received oestrogens. Stilboestrol and quinestrol were also associated with a rise of plasminogen and antiplasmin concentration during the first week of the puerperium. Six weeks after delivery, quinestrol treated patients still had raised levels of plasminogen and antiplasmin while the stilboestrol treated patients only had raised levels of antiplasmin. These changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis are similar to those reported during oral contraceptive therapy. The persisting changes six weeks after delivery in women who had taken quinestrol might indicate an increased thrombogenic risk when long acting oestrogen preparations are used to inhibit lactation.
RELEASE OF LYSOSOMAL ACID PHOSPHATASE INTO THE CYTOPLASM OF DECIDUAL CELLS BEFORE THE ONSET OF LABOUR IN HUMANS
Authors: Gustavii Björn 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn order to elucidate the mechanism triggering the onset of spontaneous labour, decidual cells obtained at elective Caesarean section at term were studied histologically and cytochemically. Although some of the cells were well preserved, many of them showed degenerative changes and signs of release of the lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase into the cytoplasm indicating lysosomal labilization. Since human decidua contains Iysosomal phospholipase A, an enzyme which specifically removes prostaglandin precursor acids from tissue phospholipids and thereby provides substrate for prostaglandin synthesis, the lysosomal labilization might be of significance in the initiation of labour. It is suggested that this labilization is induced by altered levels of sex steroids.
PALMITIC ACID AND LECITHIN MEASUREMENTS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Moore R. A. , O'Neil K. T. J. , Cooke R. J. , MacLennan A. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA method is described for the rapid and quantitative estimation of total amniotic fluid palmitic acid. Palmitic acid and lecithin were measured in 140 samples of amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancy, and the correIation coefficient between the two parameters was 0–93. It is concluded that amniotic fluid palmitic acid measurements are of value in the prenatal determination of fetal pulmonary maturity.
FETAL HEART RATE MONITORING DURING BREECH LABOUR
Authors: Wheeler Timothy , Greene Keith 
Published: August 2005

SummaryForty‐two breech deliveries were monitored throughout labour. Serious asphyxia at birth occurred in 15 babies, in every case preceded by abnormalities in the fetal heart rate. Interpretation of the records implicated umbilical cord compression as the likely cause of asphyxia.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING THE INDUCTION OF LABOUR AT TERM WITH OXYTOCIN, PROSTAGLANDIN E2 AND PROSTAGLANDIN F2α
Authors: Gowenlock A. H. , Taylor D. S. , Sanderson J. H. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA total of 75 patients had labour induced near term using intravenous oxytocin, prostaglandin E, or prostaglandin Fza. Biochemical and haematological investigations were performed to assess hepatic, renal and adrenocortical function and changes in platelet adhesiveness. In doses which were similarly effective in inducing labour, both prostaglandins were without the water‐retaining effect of oxytocin. Adrenocortical stimulation was greatest with oxytocin. No difference between these agents was observed for the other measurements made.
AN EVALUATION OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN LEVELS IN HYPERTENSION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Kelly Anne M. , England P. , Lorimer J. D. , Ferguson J. C. , Govan A. D. T. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryMaternal plasma levels of human placental lactogen (HPL) are decreased in hypertensive pregnancies and the concentration is related to the severity of the condition. Of infants who had HPL concentrations in the fetal danger zone (more than 2 SD's below normal mean) 75 per cent developed fetal distress, neonatal asphyxia or were light for dates. Patients who are identified in this way have lighter infants and placentae than their unidentified counterparts with normal HPL levels.
SERUM CYSTINE AMINOPEPTIDASE AND THE NORMAL WEIGHT BABY IN NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE PREGNANCY
Authors: Chapman L. , Burrows‐Peakin R. , Rege V. P. , Silk E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe levels of serum cystine aminopeptidase have been studied serially in normotensive and hypertensive mothers who delivered healthy, normal weight‐for‐dates babies. A normal range, both for enzyme level and maximum and minimum rates of increase of the enzyme during gestation, was established for each group, those of the hypertensive patients exhibiting different characteristics from the curves in normotensive patients. It is suggested that such differences be considered when assessing pregnancies complicated by hypertension.
PREGNANCY IN PATIENTS WITH COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: Ogborn A. D. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySuccessful pregnancy can occur both before and after the diagnosis and treatment of gluten‐sensitive enteropathy. Abortion and intrauterine growth retardation are the main associated obstetric problems but their incidence may be reduced in the more severe cases by adherence to a strict gluten‐free diet and dietary supplements. The present report concerns 60 pregnancies in 25 patients with coeliac disease.
SERUM LIPIDS IN PREGNANCY AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: Oladunni Taylor G. , Akande E. O. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySerum total and free cholesterol, phospholipids and erythrocyte free cholesterol levels were determined at four‐weekly intervals from the first trimester until term in pregnant Nigerian women from three different socio‐economic levels. The results showed a similar pattern of serum lipids in all three groups with a similar percentage increase at the peak levels. Serum phospholipids and total cholesterol levels were not significantly increased after the second trimester in contrast to reports of a progressive hyperlipaemia in pregnant women of Western countries. Erythrocyte free cholesterol levels showed a mirror image of those of serum free cholesterol.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CHANGES AFTER INTRAAMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDIN F2α AND HYPERTONIC SALINE
Authors: Shearman R. P. , Lyneham R. C. , Walsh J. C. , Itzkowic D. , Shutt D. A. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySix major convulsions have been seen among 555 patients who had therapeutic second trimester abortion by intra‐amniotic prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α). Five of 21 patients receiving intra‐amniotic hypertonic saline and 5 of 16 patients receiving PGF2α showed abnormalities in electroencephalograms after treatment. These changes were relatively minor in all saline patients and in three receiving PGF2α, but two patients receiving PGF2α showed epileptiform spike activity after infusion. There was no correlation between the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and peripheral venous levels of PGF2α or its metabolite, 13, 14 dihydro‐15 keto PGF2α (15 keto‐h2‐F2α).
PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS TO EXPLAIN SOME CASES OF AMENORRHOEA WITHOUT ORGANIC DISEASE
Authors: Shaw R. W. , Butt W. R. , London D. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA test is described to define the site of the lesion causing amenorrhoea in women of child‐bearing age who have normal ovaries and a normal response to luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LH‐RH). Patients able to produce a release of LH following the administration of 1 mg. of oestradiol benzoate (EB) have normal hypothalamic function and thus the site of the defect must lie more centrally in the brain. Patients unable to show these LH surges have either a primary or econdary abnormality affecting their hypothalamic oestrogen “receptor” mechanism or their ability to produce LH‐RH.
THE RESISTANT OVARY SYNDROME
Authors: Dewhurst C. J. , DE Koos Edmond B. , Ferreira H. P. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA patient is described with primary amenorrhoea, raised FSH and LH levels and ovaries containing many primary follicles. These features were characteristic of the “resistant ovary syndrome”. After ovarian wedge resection the patient began to menstruate.
FETAL DEATH IN ECLAMPSIA: II THE EFFECT OF NON‐THERAPEUTIC FACTORS
Authors: Neutra Raymond , Neff Raymond 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe ability of 15 variables to predict fetal death is examined among 173 eclamptic women admitted to the only public maternity hospital in Cali, Colombia, between 1st January 1964 and 31st December 1970. In addition to low gestational age and retarded fetal growth, high systolic pressure and the unmarried status carried excess risk. Primiparae appeared to be of lower risk because their eclampsia tended to occur late in gestation and was characterized by less retarded fetal growth. Older women and women with a history of abortion appeared to be of higher risk because they tended to have higher systolic pressures. A discriminant function risk formula is presented which generated groups with a nine‐fold difference in fetal death rates. This formula could be used to standardize for relevant non‐therapeutic factors which might vary between patient groups who had received different therapeutic regimens.
HORMONAL RESPONSES TO A FIRST COURSE OF CLOMIPHENE CITRATE IN WOMEN WITH AMENORRHOEA
Authors: Kjeld J. M. , Harsoulis P. , Nader S. , Kuku S. F. , Fraser T. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe hormonal criteria of a “normal” or “ovulatory” response, and three grades of subnormal anovulatory responses, were defined during a first course of treatment with clomiphene citrate in twenty patients with amenorrhoea for which no organic cause could be found. The hormonal responses were estimated by frequent serum measurements and by the menstrual response. Seven patients had a normal or ovulatory response with a late rise of serum progesterone and subsequent menses. Their serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and oestradiol (E2) responses were greater than in spontaneous menstrual cycles. Five patients gave only partial responses, with menstruation and no prior rise of progesterone. Their serum LH and E2 responses were generally lower than in the normal group but had the same pattern except for an absence of the luteal phase rise in E2. Five patients who did not menstruate showed smaller and more variable responses. The remaining five showed no hormonal rerponses. The second and third groups had ovulatory responses on subsequent clomiphene courses, whereas no improvement was shown by the last group. The serum E2 responses offered the most sensitive index of the responsiveness to clomiphene. Response values in our normal group suggested that higher progesterone levels need to be reached after clomiphene administration than in spontaneous cycles for ovulation to be inferred. The serum prolactin showed no consistent response during the clomiphene test; three patients with moderately raised basal prolactin levels had “normal” responses.
REPLACEMENT HORMONE THERAPY IN GONADAL DY SGENESIS
Authors: Dewhurst C. J. , de Koos Edmond B. , Haines R. Magnus 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCurettage carried out during the third week of treatment with ethinyl oestradiol in 14 patients with gonadal dysgenesis showed cystic glandular hyperplasia in seven patients with some hyperplastic changes in one other. One of these seven patients developed a large endometrial polyp and in one atypical changes were found in the hyperplastic endometrium. In seven patients treated by an oestrogen‐progestogen combination normal secretory endometrium was seen in five, proliferative change only in one (thought to be due to incorrect timing of the curettage) and a small proliferative polyp in association with secretory endometrium elsewhere in the uterus in the seventh. In view of these changes and report of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium in patients with gonadal dysgenesis treated with oestrogens alone it is suggested that a regime of low dose oestrogen therapy for 21 days accompanied by a progestogen on days 15 to 21 is preferable to oestrogens alone.
UTERINE ACTIVITY IN lNDUCED LABOUR
Authors: Steer P. J. , Little D. J. , Lewis N. L. , Kelly Mary C. M. E. , Beard R. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA study was made of the characteristics of oxytocin‐induced labour. Twelve patients with, and eight without membrane rupture were closely matched for factors likely to influence the character and duration of labour. In both groups uterine activity increased until a stable state was achieved following which there was little alteration until delivery. The duration of labour was shorter in the group with ruptured membranes as compared with intact membranes although, paradoxically, the uterine activity tended to be greater when the membranes were intact.
OEDEMA OF THE UMBILICAL CORD AND RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Coulter J. B. S. , Scott J. M. , Jordan M. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryOedema of the umbilical cord, defined as visible oedema in a cord wish a minimal cross sectional area of 1.3 cm2, is found in 10 per cent of deliverieo. It is seen more frequently in certain complications of pregnancy such as abrupti placentage, maternal diabetes, macerated intrauterine death and in conditions affectint the infant including prematurity, rhesus isoimmunization, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and transient respiratory distress (TRD). There is a higher incidence in infants delivered by Caesarean section. There is no significant association between cord oedema and either fetal distress or neonatal asphyxia nor is there any correlation with maternal hypertension or oedema. The mechanism of production of the oedema is discussed; low oncotic pressure, raised hydrostatic pressure in the placenta and umbilical cord, and an increase in total water in the feto‐placental unit are considered. The presence of oedema of the cord may reflect similar changes in the lungs which antenatally predispose an infant whose pathway for production of surfactant is immature to develop RDS and the mature infant to develop TRD. The value of cord oedema as a warning sign is stressed.
CHANGES IN PLASMA NON ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS AND SERUM GLYCEROL IN PREGNANCY
Authors: McDonald‐Gibson R. G. , Young Maureen , Hytten F. E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryChanges in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and serum glycerol in pregnancy were examined in a semi‐serial study of 85 women. A preliminary study showed that it was almost impossible to achieve standardized conditions for sampling, and the compromise of taking a single venous sample without stasis, after 30 minutes rest and about 12 hours fasting, was adopted. Although there were large individual variations the patterns of change were, in general, the same for NEFA and glycerol although the two were not closely correlated. There was no convincing change before 30 weeks of pregnancy but both increased in the last ten weeks, fell sharply in the first week post partum, and then rose again to late pregnancy levels by 6 weeks post partum before falling to non‐pregnant levels by between 3 and 6 months post partum. Those patterns of change are in broad accord with changes of fat storage and lipolysis associated with the reproductive cycle. Changes in the patterns of NEFA were trivial; the only significant alteration was a small rise in the proportion of C16:O (palmitic) in late pregnancy.
MASSIVE SUBCHORIAL THROMBOHAEMATOMA (BREUS' MOLE)
Authors: Shanklin D. R. , Scott J. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTen placentae with massive subchorionic thrombohaematomas are reported. This lesion, which is composed of maternal clotted blood, separates the chorionic plate of the placenta from the villous chorion and is traversed by the main cotyledonary branches of the fetal circulation. In some instances it dissects into the layers of the chorionic plate. In anatomical terms it is identical to the lesion which has been described in early pregnancy under the title of Breus’ mole. Previous reports suggested that the lesion was confined to early pregnancies and was a consequence of fetal death. In our series all ten placentae were from pregnancies of at least 25 weeks' maturity and six were more than 30 weeks. Seven infants were liveborn and three survived the neonatal period. Differential diagnosis is discussed along with aetiology, which is still obscure although earlier theories implicating fetal death may be discounted.