bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Economic Governance in an Enlarged European Union: Scenarios and Options
Authors: Linsenmann Ingo , Wessels Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future of the European Union—and more generally of EU–Europe— depends on its economic performance. This view belongs both to the conventional wisdoms of European analysis and to the vocation and finaliteB4 of the EU construction. The ‘Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe’ (TCE; European Council 2004), even if not ratified, demonstrates the political aquis with respect to this view. It reconfirms long-held convictions that the Union shall—among other objectives—promote ‘the well-being of its peoples’ (Article I–3(1)), ‘economic, social and territorial cohesion’ (Article I–3(3)), and, more concretely:
General Review Of The Psychology Of Witness Testimony
Authors: Loftus Elizabeth F , Wolchover David , Page Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often remarked that memory does not work like a video recorder. The process is 1.01 much more complex than that and can be divided into three stages: acquisition, in which perception of the original event is encoded in a person’s memory; retention, the interval before the event or information is recollected; and retrieval, when it is recalled.
Witnesses Who Use British Sign Language
Authors: Kyle Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social order is generally governed by assumptions about shared intentions, motives and 13.01 interpersonal communication. When those assumptions are disturbed, person perception changes—one person may be deemed ignorant, unreasonable, stupid or badly behaved. Lack of communication in interaction is usually considered to be a deviation from the norm. Since this applies to people in everyday interactions, it also applies to all those working within the legal process. Yet just because one person does not speak or does not speak well, it does not mean that the person has nothing to contribute or is lacking the capacity to contribute.
Disclosure Of Unused Material By Prosecution Authorities And Third Parties
Authors: Heaton-Armstrong Anthony , Corker David , Wolchover David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the course of an investigation into an allegation of crime and its prosecution in 21.01 court proceedings the investigating and prosecution authorities will collect a body of material. Typically this will consist of written witness statements, transcripts of electronically recorded interviews with witnesses or defendants and documentary and other exhibits, which constitute the evidential basis on which their case is advanced—hence ‘used’ material. ‘Unused’ material comes into two broad categories: first, that which is collated by the police during the course of an investigation but which, necessarily, does not form the basis of their prospective evidential resources; and, second, that which is held by other individuals or bodies who do not form part of the prosecution team and which, at least prior to intervention by defence lawyers, may not be sought by investigators.
The Admissibility Of Expert Evidence
Authors: Ormerod David , Roberts Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expert evidence is a dynamic and controversial area of the law of evidence, particularly 22.01 criminal evidence. In this chapter we aim to describe the current law, identify and examine principal difficulties in using expert evidence and, Finally, to offer some suggestions as to likely developments in this area. Although expert evidence relates to a broad range of subject matter, as far as possible the emphasis of this chapter rejects the book’s dominant themes. In particular, we deal with expert evidence on identity, the veracity of the testimony of non-defendant witnesses and evidence concerning the reliability of defendants’ confessions and mental state when criminal acts were committed.
Origins of Actuarial Justice
Authors: Feeley Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A decade ago, Jonathan Simon and I published a pair of articles that introduced the idea of the ‘new penology’ and ‘actuarial justice’ into criminology (Feeley and Simon 1992, 1994). Our arguments struck a chord just as concern with ‘risk’ was being embraced in the social sciences more generally. We have been edified by the reception. Our articles have taken on something of a life of their own, and risk analysis is now commonplace in criminal law and criminal justice scholarship. I suppose that Simon and I should take some credit or at least share some blame for this development.
The Court’s Case Management Powers
Authors: Davis Michael , Akenhead Qc Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Case management is a key component of the CPR, which give the Cour ‘wide powers to manage cases and to impose sanctions to ensure that other goals, relating to increased speed, fairness and certainty, and reduced cost, are achievable’. The concept that case management would be placed at the heart of all civil procedure was introduced in Lord Woolf’s Interim Report, which advocated its introduction. Lord Woolf described it as including:
Active case management emphasizes the need for conciliation and co-operation and requires the court to take the initiative.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Authors: Davis Michael , Akenhead Qc Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen a significant increase in the amount of Alternative Dispute Resolution (‘ADR’). A full review of the range and effect of the individual types of ADR is beyond the scope of this book. There are now many types of procedure available to parties to agree to undertake, either on an ad hoc basis or defined as a matter of contract by a pre-agreed contractual dispute resolution scheme. The recognition and support given to these forms of ADR by the TCC is reviewed in this chapter.
In this chapter we consider first the support given by the TCC to contractual dispute resolution schemes involving elements of ADR. In the second part, we consider the TCC procedures relating to the use of certain ADR procedures as part of or as adjuncts to the procedures of the TCC.
Adjudication
Authors: Davis Michael , Akenhead Qc Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 8.01 (‘HGCRA’), which came into force on 1 May 1998, introduced compulsory statutory adjudication in construction contracts (as defined) and a number of other provisions applicable to construction contracts. Whilst, prior to this, a number of the standard forms made provision for adjudication, those consensual arrangements had not given rise to the flood of litigation and challenge which has arisen following the first case, Macob Civil Engineering Ltd v Morrison Construction Ltd in February 1999. Over 150 cases involving statutory adjudication under the HGCRA have been reported, whilst some 300 challenges to adjudicators’ decisions have been pursued in the TCC in the United Kingdom.
Costs
Authors: Davis Michael , Akenhead Qc Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The court’s case management powers are enhanced by the new regime for the treatment of costs. A principal object of the Woolf Reforms was to control costs, which Lord Woolf described as ‘the most serious problem besetting our litigation system’. Therefore, provisions in the CPR were drafted to incentivize the control of costs. Under CPR 44, the court must, when considering its order as to costs, take into account all the circumstances of the case, including all aspects of the parties’ behaviour both during and before trial. Parties must show they have acted reasonably, co-operatively and proportionately and that they have acted to further the overriding objective.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips Jeremy , Simon Ilanah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine the following (not entirely fictitious) situation. Brigadier plcmanu factures heavy vehicles, including buses. Since 1926 it has been the proprietor of the brigadier trade mark in Class 12 of the Nice Classification for vehicles, including buses. Mr and Mrs Jones purchase a second-hand bus and in their spare time convert it into a ‘bus bar’, from which they intend to sell beer and other refreshments when they visit the sites of local fetes throughout England.
Use And Non-Use In Trade Mark Law
Authors: Pretnar Bojan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trade marks significantly differ from most of other intellectual property 2.01 rights in two respects. First, their protection can be renewed indefinitely, which means that there is no ultimate ‘falling into public domain’ imposed by law in a manner similar to the patent law, copyright, or industrial design law. However, the lasting protection of a trade mark can be maintained and enforced only if the requirement of its actual and genuine use is fulfilled. This is the second distinctive principle of trade mark law, the application of which can be found virtually everywhere in the world. Fezer says that the ‘obligation of use’ (in German, Benutzungszwang ) of a trade mark represents the basic principle (Grundprinzip ) of (German) trade mark law, which in the last decades has been adopted with proven effectiveness in almost all jurisdictions.
The Need To Leave Free For Others To Use And The Trade Mark Common
Authors: Davis Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1913 the ‘motor car dealers and motor car proprietors’ W. and G. du Cros 3.01 Ltd sought to register the letters w&g both in fancy script and in block capitals as trade marks in the United Kingdom.The applicants had carried on business for many years both as car dealers and cab proprietors: indeed, they had 1300 cabs which were in use in and round London. The script mark was carried on doors, radiators and on the caps of the company’s drivers.
The role of trade mark use in us infringement, Unfair competition and dilution proceedings
Authors: Klein Sheldon H , Norton N Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the role of ‘use’ in trade mark infringement, unfair 18.01 competition, and dilution proceedings in the USA. In infringement and unfair competition proceedings, the nature and extent of use of a mark is central to one of the core elements a claimant must prove — senior rights in a distinctive mark — and key to many of the available defences including, for example, lack of priority, lack of distinctiveness, abandonment, fraud and fair use.
Rights of Foreigners
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been usefully observed that the rights and freedoms enjoyed by foreign citizens and stateless persons in the Russian Federation may be subdivided into three groups: (a) personal rights and freedoms; (b) political rights and freedoms; and (c) socio-economic and cultural rights and freedoms. We shall follow that scheme in this chapter, subject to minor departures. We address them in this sequence, although it must be said the sequence is relatively new to Russian legal doctrine. During the Soviet era, with its emphasis upon the collective and the State, categories (a) and (c) would have been reversed. The present sequence is consistent with the 1993 Russian Constitution.
Joint Ventures: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of joint ventures has attracted increasing interest in the popular press and academic literature. Though joint ventures are an important alternative to acquisitions, contracting, and internal development, the literature has not been consolidated and analyzed. This article provides a critical review of existing studies and new data in order to establish current theoretical and empirical directions. In particular, a theory of joint ventures as an instrument of organizational learning is proposed.
Prototypes and Strategy: Assigning Causal Credit Using Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term strategy is the choice of capabilities that result in a bundle of attributes embodied in a product or service that allows a firm to position itself via other firms favorably in a market. This characterization suggests then two stages, the first involving the development of capabilities, and the second the exploitation of these capabilities to achieve a particular positioning in the market. The dynamic problem is then the development of capabilities that permits the firm to position competitively in markets for its products and services (Kogut and Kulatilaka 2001).
She is departing for the jungle tomorrow, although the doctor has been advising against it Tense and aspect
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the English predicate, mood, reality status, modality, tense, and aspect are shown by a variety of formal means:
In addition, the base form of the verb is used for imperative mood, and after to. The structure of the verb phrase is given in §2.2.2.
In this discussion, we begin with the grammatical systems involved, studying the contrastive meanings of the terms in these systems and their formal realisations (these were summarised in Table 2.2, §2.2.3).
Brazil
Authors: Lamounier Bolivar , Neto Octavio Amorim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brazil has been holding elections since its colonial period. Their fair­ ness, inclusiveness, and role in the country’s policy process have changed substantially over time. Elections in Brazil during Getulio Vargas’s authoritarian regime in 1937-1945 were completely suppressed. Even under the 1964-1985 military regime electoral competition for leislative offices and some executive posts was not abolished.
Colombia
Authors: Jaramillo Juan , Franco-Cuervo Beatriz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colombia, the former Vice Royalty of New-Grenada, gained its independence from Spain in 1819. The unification with Venezuela, Great Colombia, joined by Panama (1821) and Ecuador (1822), already failed in 1830 due to conflicts with regard to the political organization of the state and to the differences among the departamentos. The new Colombian state was founded as a republic, based on the principle of representative and centralized government.
The Social Entrepreneurship Collaboratory (SE Lab): A University Incubator for a Rising Generation of Social Entrepreneurs
Authors: Bloom Gordon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
University education rarely focuses its attention and imagination on teaching students how to turn a vision into reality, how to design and develop social change organizations. This chapter describes aspects of a teaching and transformative learning model developed and launched at Stanford and Harvard Universities to undertake this mission: the Social Entrepreneurship Collaboratory (SE Lab). Its description endeavours to answer several questions: How can universities help create, develop, and sustain a rising generation of social entrepreneurs and their ideas? What new forms of learning environments successfully integrate theory and practice? What conditions best support university students in studying, creating, and developing social change organizations, thinking through their ideas, and connecting with their inspiration? What are the intellectual content and the rationale for a curriculum addressing this at a university?
The Making and Expansion of International Management Standards: The Global Diffusion of ISO 9000 Quality Management Certificates
Authors: Mendel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ISO 9000 series of international standards for quality management presents an ideal empirical focus for a study of the global diffusion of organizational reforms, as it possesses several distinctive features that illustrate the dynamics underlying the globalization of modern organization and management. It is one of the foremost exemplars of an organizational model rooted in global institutions and claiming an expressly international scope. This set of standards also rose to prominence through its role in European integration and incorporation into European Union trade directives.
Economic Transformations
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the long term economic growth that has raised the West’s material living standards to levels undreamed of by counterparts in any previous time or place. The authors argue that this growth has been driven by technological revolutions that have periodically transformed the West’s economic, social and political landscape over the last 10,000 years and allowed the West to become, until recently, the world’s only dominant technological force. Unique in the diversity of the analytical techniques used, the book begins with a discussion of the causes and consequences of economic growth and technological change. The authors argue that long term economic growth is largely driven by pervasive technologies now known as General Purpose (GPTs). They establish an alternative to the standard growth models that use an aggregate production function and then introduce the concept of GPTs, complete with a study of how these technologies have transformed the West since the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. Early modern science is given more importance than in most other treatments and the 19th century demographic revolution is studied with a combination of formal models of population dynamics and historical analysis. The authors argue that once sustained growth was established in the West, formal models can shed much light on its subsequent behaviour. They build non-conventional, dynamic, non-stationary equilibrium models of GPT-driven growth that incorporate a range of phenomena that their historical studies show to be important but which are excluded from other GPT models in the interests of analytical tractability. The book concludes with a study of the policy implications that follow from their unique approach.
Two Views of Economic Processes
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two distinct views of economic processes are contrasted throughout this book: the neoclassical and the structuralism-evolutionary. ‘Neoclassical’ is our collective term for the well-known body of theory based on rational maximizing agents operating under well-defined exogenous scarcity constraints. It has been an extraordinarily successful theory. It has produced a rich set of predictions about reactions to many types of shocks and its static equilibrium properties (such as the equality of the value of one factor’s marginal products everywhere in the economy) are used as maintained assumptions in many measurement exercises.
Technology and Technological Change
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with a variety of issues related to the nature of technology and innovation. We first take up some topics related to the microeconomics of technological change. As well as summarizing matters dealt with earlier, we point out that not only is the development of technology endogenous to the economic system but so also is much of science. We then discuss the distinction between incremental and radical changes in technology, arguing that some confusions in debates about continuity and discontinuity of technological change can be resolved by distinguishing between what we call ‘technology radical’ and ‘use radical’. Next we discuss the many important ways in which individual technologies are integrated into the economy’s technology system.
Scale Economies in Economic Growth
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part III is devoted mainly to the development of formal theories of sustained economic growth. Before doing so, however, we need to consider the place of scale economies at the microeconomic level, in technological history, and in aggregate models of economic growth. We are mainly concerned here with those scale effects that are associated with physical production technologies. Arthur (1994) in his path breaking work on increasing returns to scale was concerned with any effect that lowered unit costs as output increased. He also devoted much attention to the issue of product selection when several versions of a new product, either a capital or a consumer good, competed with each other for acceptance.
Assessing Technology Enhancement Policies
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A policy is some stated objective, which may be specific, such as d enveloping a nuclear power industry, or general, such as encouraging technological change. A programme defines the set of instruments and the administrative apparatus that give effect to the policy. For example, the programme to develop the advanced gas reactor was intended to give effect to the policy of developing an indigenous nuclear power capability in the uk. A project defines a specific task that is part of a programme. An example is the construction of a specific advanced gas reactor power plant.
Agreement, Pro, and Imperatives
Authors: Bennis Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the literature the occurrence of an empty subject in finite clauses is generally related to a parametric choice in the grammar of the language in question. The well-known and much debated pro-drop parameter is taken to be the relevant principle that determines whether a language does or does not allow for empty subjects in non-infinitival clauses. These empty subjects are called pro subjects or simply pro.
Subcontracting Agreements
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subcontracting agreements are agreements in which a firm (the contractor) entrusts to another firm (the subcontractor) the manufacture of certain goods or the supply of certain services. In the context of this type of agreement, a contractor often puts technology (IPRs or know-how) or equipment (‘tooling’) at the disposal of its subcontractor. In return for this, it frequently does not want the subcontractor to use the technology or tooling for any other purposes than the implementation of the agreement. In other words, it does not want the subcontractor to enter the market independently with the products or services manufactured by using the contractor’s technology or tooling. There- fore, it frequently wishes to impose an exclusive supply-back obligation on its subcontractors.
Hyperconnected Net WorkComputer-Mediated Community in a High-Tech Organization
Authors: Quan-Haase Anabel , Wellman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer networks and work networksThe turn to networked collaborative work communityComputer-mediated communication (CMC) permeates organizations. The internet and internal intranets link managers, professionals, and even many line workers. These communication media provide speed, flexibility, and the ability to append germane documents, pictures, and audio.
Psychological Explanation
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychology is an unusual term. It refers both to a set of phenomena (as in, ‘our psychology makes us act this way’) and to the discipline that studies them. Definitions of the discipline are easiest to find. Psychology is ‘the scientific study of the human mind and human behavior’, investigating the internal contours of individuals’ judgments and decisions (McGraw 2006). But not all claims we can make about mental processes can usefully be called psychological, invoking psychology as a distinct set of phenomena with causal implications rather than as a broad subject for study.