bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indeterminacy, Degree of Belief, and Excluded Middle
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses the question of how to reconcile the acceptance of indeterminacy in one's own language with the acceptance of a minimal notion of truth. Argues that regarding a sentence of one's own language as indeterminate involves adopting non‐standard laws of thought for it: not necessarily a non‐standard logic, but non‐standard degrees of belief that do not obey the laws of classical probability. (A postscript gives an alternative, somewhat similar in spirit, where the laws of logic are revised as well.) The view is compared to a recent suggestion by Stephen Leeds, that we not recognize any indeterminacy in our own language other than indeterminacy as to how to translate it into a privileged sub‐part of the language, the vocabulary we take seriously even in our most serious theorizing.
Mathematical Objectivity and Mathematical Objects
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on an issue about the objectivity of mathematics—the extent to which undecidable sentences have determinate truth‐value—and argues that this issue is more important than the issue of the existence of mathematical objects. It argues that certain familiar problems for those who postulate mathematical objects, such as Benacerraf's access argument, are serious for those with highly ‘objectivist’ pictures of mathematics, but dissolve for those who allow for sufficient indeterminacy about undecidable sentences. The nominalist view that does without mathematical entities is simply one among several ways of accomplishing the important task of doing without excess objectivity. There is also a discussion arguing for one kind of structuralism but against another.
Which Undecidable Mathematical Sentences Have Determinate Truth Values?
Authors: Field Hartry , Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that typical undecidable sentences of set theory (e.g. about the size of the continuum) can have no determinate truth‐value, since nothing in our practice can determine which ‘universe of sets’ we are talking about. But it gives an account of how typical undecidable number‐theoretic sentences can have determinate truth‐value. The account has it though, that, whether these undecidable number‐theoretic sentences have determinate truth‐value, turns on assumptions about the physical world that could fail, and it explores the consequence of their failure. It concludes with a critique of an argument that at least the Gödel sentence of our fullest mathematical theory must be determinately true: the critique is that the argument depends on the same sort of reasoning that leads to the semantic paradoxes.
Apriority as an Evaluative Notion
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We want our methods of reasoning to be conducive to the truth; if we have reason to think that some of our methods are not, we revise them in favour of methods we think will be more so. This chapter presents a puzzle about the application of this to our most basic methods, and argues that the proper resolution would be that we could not ever have reason to think that they are not conducive to the truth; we could have reason to think that they have not been conducive to the truth in the past, but the methods in question would be sufficiently ‘self‐correcting’ that this discovery will qualitatively alter their future applications, and once this is seen, there would be no temptation to think they will not be conducive to the truth in the future. These most basic methods are thus a priori, in a strong sense that includes empirical indefeasibility. This point and a number of others are used to argue against standard ‘naturalist’ approaches to epistemology. But, rather than favouring ‘non‐naturalism’, the chapter argues for a view on which epistemological claims are not fully factual.
Development Economics
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractProvides a comprehensive, systematic treatise on development economics, combining classical political economy, modern institutional theory, and current development issues. It addresses one basic question: Why has a small set of countries achieved a high level of affluence while the majority remains poor and stagnant? The treatment is global, although the organizational principle is the East Asian development experience. Quantitative characteristics of Third World development in terms of population growth, natural resource depletion, capital accumulation, and technological change are outlined; but the central approach is comparative institutional analysis aimed at identifying the institutional constraints on the economic progress of low‐income economies and the ways to lift them.
A Theoretical Framework for Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAs a basic framework of this book, development of the social system is considered a process of interactions between the economic subsystem and the cultural–institutional subsystem, The former consists of activities combining economic resources (labour, capital, and natural resources) through technology to produce goods and services useful for human living. These economic activities are coordinated and controlled by the latter, which consists of institutions (the rules of society) and culture (people's value system). A model is developed to conceptualize how technological and institutional changes interact with each other, how they respond to changes in resource endowments, and how such responses are governed by cultural traditions.
A Comparative Perspective on Developing Economies
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAims to develop a bird's eye view on current status and growth potential of developing economies by means of highly condensed international comparative statistics in order to postulate broad hypotheses for the analyses in the subsequent chapters. The data suggest that wide differences in economic growth rates among developing countries are due little to differences in natural resource endowments, but may instead be explained by investment in both physical and human capital. Such broadly defined capital formation depends not so much on the level of per capita income as it does on institutions and policies.
Population Growth and the Constraint of Natural Resources
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe causes of ‘population explosion’ in developing economies today are identified in the light of demographic histories in both developed and developing economies in order to make future predictions. Further, the development theories of classical economists such as Malthus and Ricardo to modern theorists, who tried to incorporate population as an endogenous variable in the economic system, are examined.
Breaking the Resource Constraint
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe world has so far avoided dismal predictions by Malthus and Ricardo on the inexorable consequences of population growth with the application of science to the development of technology geared towards maximizing the intensity of land use for agricultural production. The mechanism by which this ‘science‐based agriculture’ has been transferred from developed to developing economies and how this process can further be strengthened are investigated.
Capital Accumulation in Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractReviews theoretical justifications and economic consequences of a development strategy adopted, commonly by newly independent developing countries in a few decades after the Second World War, that advocated maximizing capital accumulation in the industrial sector by means of government planning and command. The general failure of this strategy, which had become evident by the 1980s, produced a conviction that accumulated capital cannot be an effective basis for economic development unless it is combined with appropriate technology and manpower under appropriate institutions.
Income Distribution and Environmental Problems
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGrowing inequality and environmental degradation are two serious problems that developing economies will have to face in their economic growth processes. These two problems are closely interrelated. For example, the importation of labour‐saving industrial technologies from high‐income countries tends to increase returns to capital relative to labour. Such technologies are adopted often without accompanying adequate investment in pollution control, resulting in horrible environmental pollution. Institutional innovations are needed to prevent income inequality and environmental degradation from rising, while sustaining the growth of developing economies.
Tradition and Modernization: A Concluding Remark
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhat should be the right combination of community, market, and state? It depends not only on the stage of economic development but also on the cultural tradition. Under the different value systems in different societies, different combinations of the three organizations are chosen as the mechanisms to control resource allocations. Evolution of different economic systems under different cultural traditions is illustrated through comparisons between Western and Asian countries, especially Japan, in its modernization process. The book concludes with the argument that if developing economies today are to catch up with developed economies, they must develop effective economic systems each suitable to their unique cultural and social traditions.
1 Introduction
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book addresses three major questions. First, to what extent, if any, has the existence of the EU substantively affected the member states, in terms of either what they do or how they do it? Second, what, if any, are the implications of integration for the conceptual and theoretical approaches commonly utilized to study national politics? Can the tools used by political scientists to study national politics in Western Europe withstand, any more than can the member states themselves, the pressures imposed by Europeanization? Finally, does the EU represent another laboratory in which to test such concepts or is it, because of its specificity, an entity which requires sui generis concepts to explain its actions and developments? How far does the application of concepts developed from the study of other phenomena help us to explain the workings and development of European integration?
Monetary Sovereignty, Domestic Policies, and Intergovernmental Accord
Authors: Cohen Elie 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is essentially the conjunction of French and German interests that has produced the euro; a conjunction in which foreign and domestic political interests have been cloaked with an economic rationale. The argument proceeds in four stages: first, by establishing the nature of the European Central Bank (ECB), and what it implies for the French economy; second, the reasons which drove the French government to support it as a means of crisis avoidance; third, the motivation of the German government to give an earnest display of its good faith with regard to its role in Europe after unification, and to show support for the French objective; fourth, the manner in which the ending of the Deutschmark's dominance in Europe involved the adoption of principles and institutions consonant with the ‘German monetary order’.
State, Europe, and Republic
Authors: Grémion Pierre 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The relation between the three entities of state, Europe, and Republic, which represent contradictory, symbolic sources of legitimate authority, is becoming increasingly blurred as European integration proceeds. An analysis of the European policies pursued by French governments of the Fourth and Fifth Republics make this process clear. It is against this dislocation of French national identity that the emergence anti‐Europeanism needs to be understood.
The Further Off from England: British Public Opinion and Europe
Authors: Berrington Hugh , Hague Rod 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There has been a lack of analytical rigour in evaluating the historical pattern of British public opinion regarding association with Europe. An excellent framework for such evaluation was provided by the American political scientist V.O. Key, in his book, Public opinion and American democracy (1961), which focused on five issues: first, the patterns of distribution of public opinion, as between consensus and discord; second, the structural distribution, in terms of social and geographical cleavages; third, the properties of opinions, or the intensity with they are held; fourth, the manner in which the formation of opinions takes place; fifth, their linkages with government policy. The chapter attempts a preliminary application of Key's schematic to the British case.
Policy‐Making in the EU: Familiar Ambitions in Unfamiliar Settings?
Authors: Richardson Jeremy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter focuses on two sets of stakeholders who have traditionally worked together in Western European states to shape and influence public policy: bureaucrats and interest groups. Its central thesis is that these two sets are increasingly filling the ‘hollow core’ of the EU, and provide much of the impetus for making and maintaining policy at the European level. The problem for political scientists is that the process of decision‐making, dependent and controllable within a national setting, is now self‐sustaining and uncontrollable in the EU setting.
The European Union and the Bureaucratic Mode of Production
Authors: Page Edward C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHow does the EU bureaucracy differ in nature from the bureaucracies of its member states? The purpose of this chapter is to put forward an argument that the differences between member‐state bureaucracies and the EU bureaucracy lie in the mode of production of administrative outputs. The first part sets out the nature of this mode of production, contrasting the co‐ordinate mode of production in the EU with the primarily hierarchical mode of production of most member states. The second part looks at the consequences of the co‐ordinate mode of production: a level and efficacy of regulation that would be inconceivable under a hierarchical mode of production. The concluding part examines the limits of a co‐ordinate mode of production: the legitimacy of the EU is especially closely linked to the ability of its bureaucracy to manage its programmes, and the co‐ordinate mode of production is particularly weak in this respect.
Image and Illusion in the Design of the EMU
Authors: Forder James 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The success of the European Monetary Union programme is closely connected to the viability of the European Central Bank, and thence to the inordinate extent to which the design of the ECB was modelled on that of Germany's Bundesbank. The key question is whether that design is up to the task envisaged for it; and if not, what consequences may ensue.
Interacting States
Authors: Jobert Bruno 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to trace the passage from earlier assumptions about the withdrawal of the state to the complex processes for reordering the public domain that characterize the EU today. To this end, it argues for a structural approach to public regulation. It rejects the argument of systematic erosion of the state function and, in its place, puts forward that of the emergence of a state that is not so much sovereign as open to negotiation, working within an international system where credible economic norms are produced within a polycentric continental entity.
Breaking Open Black Boxes: The Implications for Sociological Theory of European Integration
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSociological analysis has not made a significant contribution to the study of European integration, compared to political science or economics. This chapter examines the reasons for the discipline's neglect of integration processes, which is attributable largely to its failure to question some of its own assumptions about units of analysis, particularly with respect to the emergence of a European class structure.
The Evolution of Economic Policy‐Making in the European Union
Authors: Hall Peter A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe course of European integration since the Second World War has raised important challenges for analysts of economic policy‐making. This chapter examines its impact on three analytical frameworks associated with distinctive eras of economic policy‐making in Europe: the era of competitive modernization, the era of distributive conflict, and the era of globalization. In respect of each era, the analysis addresses four general questions. First, how are the principal economic challenges facing the European nations defined? Second, what does good economic policy‐making entail? Third, what are the institutional conditions associated with successful policy‐making? Fourth, what kind of categories or comparisons among nations does each analytical framework emphasize?
In Lieu of a Conclusion
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the comments which the book's co‐editor, the late Vincent Wright, might have made on the arguments advanced by the contributors, had he lived to read their final drafts. Vincent relished ‘the joys of complexity’ and would have approved of the variety of ways in which the contributors recognized the complexities of the national policy‐making processes which have underpinned the European integration process.
Regulating Europe: The Political Economy of Market‐Building
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides the central theoretical and analytical framework of the book. It includes an extensive review of the regulatory literature, which largely casts the European Union as analogous to a ‘regulatory state’ since it engages in widespread social and economic regulation to promote economic integration. Different theories of regulation—interest group, public interest, and public choice—are examined in order to understand current developments in European political economy. Although most accounts of regulation, often cited in the American context, have highlighted the impact of industry influence or ‘regulatory capture’, such a static view of the public–private relationship diverts attention away from other types of organizational relations. Private organizations assuming governmental functions are well known in Europe, whether it is self‐regulation, corporatism, or private interest government. Applying insights from both the European and American literature, this chapter highlights the importance of understanding the origins, practice, and consequences of regulation for broader issues of democratic governance, legitimacy, and accountability.
Removing Barriers to Trade: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the costs of market fragmentation in Europe. It reviews the economic impact of removing barriers to trade as a result of divergent national standards, testing, and certification requirements. Ranked by business as the most important barrier to trade, these domestic regulations can prevent firms from engaging in cross‐border competition and hinder market access. Like other forms of trade protection, such non‐tariff barriers impact the importing country through higher domestic prices, higher cost margins and productive inefficiencies. This chapter also highlights the impact of trade barriers on firm strategies, and provides some empirical evidence of the benefits expected to accrue from market integration.
Harmonization: The Slow Strategy Forward
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on early efforts in the 1960s and 1970s by the European Community to address trade barriers through the harmonization of national regulatory policies and practices. The push for harmonization of national policies in Europe was driven by the understanding that, without regulatory intervention at the regional level, there would be no single market and that trade conflicts would escalate. This chapter illustrates the tremendous difficulties that this (old approach) policy of harmonization encountered, despite a strong legal basis in the treaty to eliminate disparities in national regulatory systems. Since this policy reflected a regulatory mismatch, as the instruments chosen were ill‐suited to dealing with the problem, the chapter concludes by focusing on how political and economic constraints forced the EU to undertake regulatory reform to achieve a better match between its policy objective and outcomes.
The Intersection of Law and Markets
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the role of European case law in fostering an integrated market. Through a series of landmark cases, including Cassis De Dijon, Dassonville, and Keck, the European Court of Justice has supported trade and commerce in determining whether national legislation is protectionist or serves a legitimate function in promoting health, safety, and other public policy objectives. Analogies with the US are also discussed, particularly in promoting interstate commerce by addressing trade discrimination, and in developing legal principles to balance sovereign state powers with the need for integrated markets. The central argument is that a common framework of market rules has been pursued within a setting of well‐defined legal and judicial mechanisms, which have also provided mechanisms of enforcement and compliance with treaty goals. Of central importance is that legal reasoning shifted the focus of market integration from harmonization to mutual recognition as a key trade strategy to integrate markets. The role of law has been critical in sustaining a market economy, and case law shapes both states and markets, determining the constitutional limits to state intervention in markets and the level of government at which regulation is most appropriate and legitimate through legal mechanisms of non‐discrimination, balancing standards, and proportionality.
Regulatory Reform Strategies and the Single Market Programme
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Provides a detailed assessment of the single market ‘1992’ programme and the renewed efforts by the European Union in the 1980s to address barriers to trade. The chapter covers the political and institutional reforms undertaken to relaunch European market integration, and the new regulatory strategies that involve states and firms in a complex ‘new approach’ to address the discriminatory effects of national regulations and standards. These efforts at regulatory reforms enable the European Union to delegate certain responsibilities to the private sector and shift from a ‘statist’ to a more market‐oriented policy style. Through the new approach and a related ‘global approach’ to testing and certification, the European Union has blurred the boundaries between the public and private sector in decision‐making and promoted new modes of governance by increasing competition among rules.