bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) and test of incongruence based on Bayes factors
Authors: Irestedt Martin , Fjeldså Jon , Nylander Johan AA , Ericson Per GP 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Background
The typical antbirds (Thamnophilidae) form a monophyletic and diverse family of suboscine passerines that inhabit neotropical forests. However, the phylogenetic relationships within this assemblage are poorly understood. Herein, we present a hypothesis of the generic relationships of this group based on Bayesian inference analyses of two nuclear introns and the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The level of phylogenetic congruence between the individual genes has been investigated utilizing Bayes factors. We also explore how changes in the substitution models affected the observed incongruence between partitions of our data set.

Results
The phylogenetic analysis supports both novel relationships, as well as traditional groupings. Among the more interesting novel relationship suggested is that the Terenura antwrens, the wing-banded antbird (Myrmornis torquata), the spot-winged antshrike (Pygiptila stellaris) and the russet antshrike (Thamnistes anabatinus) are sisters to all other typical antbirds. The remaining genera fall into two major clades. The first includes antshrikes, antvireos and the Herpsilochmus antwrens, while the second clade consists of most antwren genera, the Myrmeciza antbirds, the "professional" ant-following antbirds, and allied species. Our results also support previously suggested polyphyly of Myrmotherula antwrens and Myrmeciza antbirds. The tests of phylogenetic incongruence, using Bayes factors, clearly suggests that allowing the gene partitions to have separate topology parameters clearly increased the model likelihood. However, changing a component of the nucleotide substitution model had much higher impact on the model likelihood.

Conclusions
The phylogenetic results are in broad agreement with traditional classification of the typical antbirds, but some relationships are unexpected based on external morphology. In these cases their true affinities may have been obscured by convergent evolution and morphological adaptations to new habitats or food sources, and genera like Myrmeciza antbirds and the Myrmotherula antwrens obviously need taxonomic revisions. Although, Bayes factors seem promising for evaluating the relative contribution of components to an evolutionary model, the results suggests that even if strong evidence for a model allowing separate topology parameters is found, this might not mean strong evidence for separate gene phylogenies, as long as vital components of the substitution model are still missing.
A molecular 'signature' of primary breast cancer cultures; patterns resembling tumor tissue
Authors: Dairkee Shanaz H , Ji Youngran , Ben Yong , Moore Dan H , Meng Zhenhang , Jeffrey Stefanie S 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
To identify the spectrum of malignant attributes maintained outside the host environment, we have compared global gene expression in primary breast tumors and matched short-term epithelial cultures.

Results
In contrast to immortal cell lines, a characteristic 'limited proliferation' phenotype was observed, which included over expressed genes associated with the TGFβ signal transduction pathway, such as SPARC, LOXL1, RUNX1, and DAPK1. Underlying this profile was the conspicuous absence of hTERT expression and telomerase activity, a significant increase in TβRII, its cognate ligand, and the CDK inhibitor, p21
CIP1/WAF1
. Concurrently, tumor tissue and primary cultures displayed low transcript levels of proliferation-related genes, such as, TOP2A, ANKT, RAD51, UBE2C, CENPA, RRM2, and PLK.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate that commonly used immortal cell lines do not reflect some aspects of tumor biology as closely as primary tumor cell cultures. The gene expression profile of malignant tissue, which is uniquely retained by cells cultured on solid substrates, could facilitate the development and testing of novel molecular targets for breast cancer.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography compared to unenhanced CT for stone and obstruction in patients with renal failure
Authors: Ather M Hammad , Jafri Aftab H , Sulaiman M Nasir 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
To determine accuracy of ultrasound (US) kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) compared to un-enhanced helical CT (UHCT) in patients with renal failure in the diagnosis of stone and obstruction.

Methods
This is a case controlled study conducted in the period from June 2000 to July 2003 at a university hospital. All patients had both US and UHCT scan. Patients with serum creatinine ≥ 1.8 mg/dl were included in the study. Only direct visualization of stone was considered as confirmatory. In both the studies, UHCT and US, presence of stone and obstruction were noted. The relevant biochemicals, radiological and clinical records of all the patients were analyzed. Data was analyzed using commercially available software.

Results
During the period of study 864 patients had UHCT for evaluation of the urinary tract in patients presenting with flank pain. Out of these 34 patients had both UHCT and US done within a span of one day and had serum creatinine of ≥1.8 mg/dl. Mean age was 48 ±15.8 years and 59% of patients were males. UHCT identified renal stones in 21 (62%), whereas 17 of these were identified on US, with a sensitivity of 81%. Of the four patients with renal stones missed on US, three were identified on plain x-ray; the mean size of stones missed was 6.3 mm. Of the 22 (65%) patients with ureteric stone on UHCT, US could only identify 10; a further 7 were identified on x-ray KUB, giving a sensitivity of 45% (US alone) and 77% (US with x-ray KUB).

Conclusions
US is sensitive and specific for renal stones, 81% and 100% and for hydronephrosis, 93% and 100%, respectively. Its sensitivity to pick ureteric stone (46%) and to identify hydroureter (50%) is low. Addition of x-ray KUB abdomen increases the sensitivity for ureteric stones to 77%.
Use and improvement of microbial redox enzymes for environmental purposes
Authors: Garcia-Arellano Humberto , Alcalde Miguel , Ballesteros Antonio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIndustrial development may result in the increase of environmental risks. The enzymatic transformation of polluting compounds to less toxic or even innocuous products is an alternative to their complete removal. In this regard, a number of different redox enzymes are able to transform a wide variety of toxic pollutants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, azo dyes, heavy metals, etc. Here, novel information on chromate reductases, enzymes that carry out the reduction of highly toxic Cr(VI) to the less toxic insoluble Cr(III), is discussed. In addition, the properties and application of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins (lignin-modifying enzymes, peroxidases and cytochromes) useful in environmental enzymology is also discussed.
Failed attempts at experimental transplantation and transmission of nocturnally-periodic simian Loafrom monkey to man
Authors: Duke BOL 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper describes unsuccessful attempts to induce a nocturnally-periodic infection with simian Loa in a human volunteer (the author of this paper) by means of 1. Transplanting adult simian Loa worms from a wild drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) to man; and 2. Infecting the same volunteer by sub-cutaneous inoculation with infective larvae of simian Loa from a laboratory-bred, experimentally infected Chrysops silacea.
Insights into the pathogenesis of vein graft disease: lessons from intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Murphy Gavin J , Angelini Gianni D 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe success of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is limited by poor long-term graft patency. Saphenous vein is used in the vast majority of CABG operations, although 15% are occluded at one year with as many as 50% occluded at 10 years due to progressive graft atherosclerosis. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has greatly increased our understanding of this process. IVUS studies have shown that early wall thickening and adaptive remodeling of vein grafts occurs within the first few weeks post implantation, with these changes stabilising in angiographically normal vein grafts after six months. Early changes predispose to later atherosclerosis with occlusive plaque detectable in vein grafts within the first year. Both expansive and constrictive remodelling is present in diseased vein grafts, where the latter contributes significantly to occlusive disease. These findings correlate closely with experimental and clinicopathological studies and help define the windows for prevention, intervention or plaque stabilisation strategies. IVUS is also the natural tool for evaluating the effectiveness of pharmacological and other treatments that may prevent or slow the progression of vein graft disease in clinical trials.
Small B cell lymphocytic lymphoma presenting as obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Tsou Yung-An , Cheng Yuan-Kai , Lin Chia-Der , Chang Weng-Cheng , Tsai Ming-Hsui 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Most lymphomas that involve the tonsil are large B cell lymphomas. Large B-cell lymphoma is a high grade malignancy which progresses rapidly. Tonsillar lymphoma usually presents as either a unilaterally enlarged palatine tonsil or as an ulcerative and fungating lesion over the tonsillar area. Small lymphocytic lymphomas (SLL) of the Waldeyer's ring are uncommon.

Case presentation
We report a 41-year-old male who presented with a ten-year history of snoring. Physical examination revealed smooth bilateral symmetrically enlarged tonsils without abnormal surface change or cervical lymphadenopathy. Palatal redundancy and a narrowed oropharyngeal airway were also noted. The respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was 66 per hour, and severe obstruction sleep apnea (OSA) was suspected. No B symptoms, sore throat, odynophagia or dysphagia was found. We performed uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and pathological examination revealed incidental small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).

Conclusion
It is uncommon for lymphoma to initially present as OSA. SLL is an indolent malignancy and is not easy to detect in the early stage. We conclude that SLL may be a contributing factor of OSA in the present case.
Cancer immunotherapy: avoiding the road to perdition
Authors: Chiriva-Internati Maurizio , Grizzi Fabio , Bright Robert K. , Kast W. Martin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe hypothesis that human cancers express antigens that can be specifically targeted by cell mediated immunity has become a scientifically justifiable rationale for the design and clinical testing of novel tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Although a number of TAA have been recognized and it has been suggested that they could be useful in the immunological treatment of cancer, the complexity of human beings leads us to reflect on the need to establish new criteria for validating their real applicability. Herein, we show a system level-based approach that includes morphological and molecular techniques, which is specifically required to improve the capacity to produce desired results and to allow cancer immunotherapy to re-emerge from the mist in which it is currently shrouded.
Quantitative Validation of a General Competency Composite Assessment Evaluation
Authors: Reisdorff Earl J. , Carlson Dale J. , Reeves Mat , Walker Gregory , Hayes Oliver W. , Reynolds Brian 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: The authors sought to modify and validate a composite assessment evaluation process that assesses resident acquisition of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) general competencies (GCs). Methods:This study critically analyzed the evaluation process used in a multicenter study (150 emergency medicine resident evaluations) to determine whether the procedure was psychometrically valid. For each GC, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine whether certain evaluation items could be eliminated, as well as to determine the magnitude of variability explained by up to three linear combinations or “principal components.” The factor proportions (factor loadings) of various eigenvectors were measured to determine the degree of variability (determined by the square of the factor proportion) within a data or item set. The factor proportions essentially measure the length of the eigenvector as determined from a correlation matrix. Results: The first three principal components are reported as factor proportion sum (% of total variability) as follows: patient care 0.91 (83%), medical knowledge 0.87 (76%), practice‐based learning and improvement 0.90 (81%), interpersonal and communication skills 0.84 (71%), professionalism 0.74 (55%), and systems‐based practice 0.80 (64%). PCA showed that evaluating certain traditional categories such as medical knowledge seemed to capture a single element, whereas professionalism appeared to measure a more complex, multidimensional phenomenon. Conclusions: By using a structured development process, the authors were able to create valid evaluation items for determining resident acquisition of the ACGME GCs.
Patient and Primary Care Physician Satisfaction with Chest Pain Unit and Routine Care
Authors: Goodacre Steve W. , Quinney Deborah , Revill Sue , Morris Francis , Capewell Simon , Nicholl Jon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: The chest pain unit (CPU) has been developed to improve care for patients with acute, undifferentiated chest pain. The authors aimed to measure patient and primary care physician (PCP) satisfaction with CPU care and routine care and to determine whether patient satisfaction predicted PCP satisfaction. Methods: A CPU was established, and 442 days were randomly allocated to either CPU care or routine care. Consenting patients presenting with acute, undifferentiated chest pain were recruited and followed at two days and one month. All were given a self‐completed patient satisfaction questionnaire two days after attendance (N= 972). Each patient's PCP was sent a self‐completed satisfaction questionnaire during days 171–442 of the trial (N= 601). Analysis determined whether CPU care was associated with improved patient or PCP satisfaction and whether patient satisfaction predicted PCP satisfaction for three questions relating to diagnosis, treatment, and overall care. Results: CPU care was consistently associated with higher scores across all patient satisfaction questions, from the perceived thoroughness of examination to care received to an overall assessment of the service received. However, CPU care achieved small improvements in only two of ten PCP satisfaction questions, concerning overall management of the patient and the amount of information about investigations performed. Furthermore, patient satisfaction did not predict PCP satisfaction in relation to diagnosis (p = 0.456), treatment (p = 0.256), or overall care (p = 0.085). Conclusions: CPU care is associated with substantial improvements in all dimensions of patient satisfaction but only minimal improvements in PCP satisfaction. Patient satisfaction was not a strong predictor of PCP satisfaction with emergency care.
Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Survey of the Association of American Medical Colleges Council of Academic Societies
Authors: Martin Marcus L. , Blevins Tiffany , O'Connor Victoria , Pines Jesse , Srinivasan Rajagopalan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) surveyed the Council of Academic Societies (CAS) organizations to obtain useful information to project SAEM goals into the year 2010. The objective of this work was to understand common and varying organizational operations and identify opportunities. The authors reviewed CAS organizations' mission statements, operating budgets, modes of communications, products, meeting formats, foundations, endowment funds, staff structures, headquarters, advocacy activities (services), top challenges, and most significant changes anticipated the next ten years. The survey methodology was used to gain insight into modes of operation of CAS organizations and enable SAEM to review its own operations and identify potential organizational changes based on the experiences of others. Individual CAS organizations might similarly benefit by reviewing the results of the survey and comparing themselves with others.
Cocaine Use in Elder Patients Presenting to an Inner‐city Emergency Department
Authors: Rivers Emanuel , Shirazi Ehsan , Aurora Taruna , Mullen Marie , Gunnerson Kyle , Sheridan Brendan , Eichhorn Laura , Tomlanovich Michael 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence of cocaine use in a population of elder patients presenting to an inner‐city academic emergency department (ED). Methods:This was a prospective, blinded observational study of patients aged 60 years or older who presented to a large urban ED over a six‐month period. A urine drug screen was performed on patients who had a sample obtained during treatment for routine analysis. Patients' demographic data were collected and compared. Results: A total of 5,677 visits met the inclusion criteria. Urine samples were obtained in 911 (16%) of these visits with 852 unique individuals. There were 18 cocaine‐positive results among the 911 visits, for a rate of 2.0%. The rate of positive subjects was also 2.0% (17/852). The cocaine users were younger (66.4 ± 7.2 vs. 76.0 ± 8.7 years), predominantly male (88.9% vs. 46.6%), and more likely to be diagnosed with drug or alcohol abuse as compared with the cocaine‐negative patients. However, there were no significant differences in disposition between the cocaine‐positive and cocaine‐negative groups. Conclusions: Elder patients may have a higher prevalence of cocaine use than previously estimated by national registries.
The Saliva Strip Test Is an Accurate Method to Determine Blood Alcohol Concentration in Trauma Patients
Authors: Degutis Linda C. , Rabinovici Reuven , Sabbaj Alfredo , Mascia Rebecca , D'Onofrio Gail 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: To determine the accuracy of alcohol saliva testing (AST) in trauma patients. Methods:Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was measured by using both AST (QED A350; STC Technologies, Bethlehem, PA) and blood serum levels in 100 trauma patients admitted to the emergency department of an urban Level 1 trauma center. Results: All 41 patients who tested positive for BAC on AST (mean [±SD]: 167.9 ± 16.16; range: 20–350 mg/dL) also tested positive on serum determination (mean: 197.6 ± 13.79; range: 22–446 mg/dL). Correlation between the two positive tests was significant (0.879, p < 0.001). Of the remaining 61 patients, 59 tested negative on both tests, while two patients with BACs of <30 mg/dL tested negative on the AST. For 18 patients with blood in the oropharynx, there was a correlation of 0.976 (p < 0.001, two‐tailed) between serum and AST tests. Conclusions: The AST method of measuring BAC in trauma patients is accurate. Blood in the oral cavity did not appear to affect the accuracy of the test.
Multiple Episodes of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Result in Impaired Cognitive Performance in Mice
Authors: Creeley Catherine E. , Wozniak David F. , Bayly Philip V. , Olney John W. , Lewis Lawrence M. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: Results from recent studies on animal models of concussion suggest that multiple, rather than single, episodes of mild traumatic brain injury result in impaired cognitive performance in mice. The objective of the present study was to administer multiple impacts to the heads of mice while directly measuring the force of the impacts to determine how these parameters are related to transient loss of consciousness, cognitive deficits, and potential neuropathologic effects. Methods:Seven‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to experimental conditions involving three impacts (weight‐drop method) to the head to induce mild traumatic brain injury or to sham control procedures. Some impacted (n= 10) and sham control (n= 10) mice were evaluated behaviorally and tested for spatial learning using the Morris water maze (MWM), whereas other impacted (n= 10) and sham control (n= 5) mice were used for histopathologic analysis. Results: The mean (± SD) force of impact was 19 (± 3.5) N. Impacted mice took longer to regain consciousness compared with sham control mice (p < 0.0005). Behavioral test results showed that the groups did not differ on activity or sensorimotor tests or during cued trials in the MWM. Impacted mice exhibited impaired spatial learning performance during place trials in the MWM (p < 0.05). Silver staining revealed a contra‐coup type of injury involving ventral brain structures in contact with or in close proximity to the skull. Conclusions: This multiple‐impact model, delivered within a specifiable force range, results in transient, reversible loss of consciousness, a contra‐coup brain injury, and cognitive impairment.
Clinical Factors Predicting Fractures Associated with an Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Émond Marcel , Le Sage Natalie , Lavoie André , Rochette Louis 
Published: August 2004

Abstract Objectives: To identify risk factors for fractures associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation treated in an emergency department (ED). Methods: A retrospective case–control study over five years of patients with an anterior shoulder dislocation was accomplished in a university‐affiliated ED. Chart review identified possible predictors of fractures. Comparing the profile of patients having a clinically important fracture associated with their shoulder dislocation (cases) with those sustaining a noncomplicated dislocation (controls) provided the outcome measure. Results: A total of 334 patients were included in the study. Eighty‐five (25.5%) had a clinically important fracture‐dislocation, and the remaining 249 (74.5%) sustained a noncomplicated shoulder dislocation. Chi‐square, logistic regression, and recursive partitioning analysis showed three significant factors for the presence of fracture‐dislocation: 1) age 40 years or older, 2) a first episode of dislocation, and 3) mechanism of injury (i.e., a fall greater than one flight of stairs, a fight/assault episode, or a motor vehicle crash). A multiple logistic regression model estimated the significant adjusted odds ratios (and their 95% confidence intervals [95% CIs]) for each of the three factors: 5.18 (95% CI = 2.74 to 9.78), 4.23 (95% CI = 1.82 to 9.87), and 4.06 (95% CI = 1.95 to 8.48), respectively. A predictive model using any one of the three factors reached a sensitivity of 97.7% (95% CI = 91.8% to 99.4%), a specificity of 22.9% (95% CI = 18.1% to 28.5%), and a negative predictive value of 96.6% (95% CI = 88.3% to 99.6%). Conclusions: Three risk factors predict clinically important fractures that are associated with shoulder dislocation: age, first episode, and mechanism of dislocation. A prospective validation may lead to standardized use of prereduction radiographs of the shoulder in the ED.