bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wallace and Owenism*
Authors: Claeys Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alfred Russel Wallace in his later years came to view the socialist movement as the most marked proof of the nineteenth century’s self-reckoning with its flaws and mistakes. As he put it in 1898, in The Wonderful Century; Its Successes and Failures: … although this century has given us so many examples of failure, it has also given us hope for the future. True humanity, the determination that the crying social evils of our time shall not continue; the certainty that they can be abolished; an unwavering faith in human nature, have never been so strong, so vigorous, so rapidly growing as they are to-day. The movement towards socialism during the last ten years, in all the chief countries of Europe as well as in America, is the proof of this (S726 1898a, 378).
Political Principles and Economic Theories
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intellectual origins of the funding mechanisms we are discussing in this book stem from two concerns. How are we to ensure that all citizens are able to have access to a standard of life compatible with their identity as fellow human beings and citizens of the same nation? How can we ensure that our social institutions function efficiently, responsive to the concerns of those citizens?
The allocation of resources to schools in deprived areas, for instance, regardless of their performance, is something neither the present government nor its Victorian predecessors were willing to countenance. The efficiency with which central resources are used, matters not just to the taxpayers who provide them, but to those who are meant to benefit. Principles of equity have to be merged with those of efficiency and they can pull in different directions.
Needs-Based Funding from the Nineteenth Century to the 1980s
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical development of funding systems for our services (drawing on a more detailed discussion in Hendry 1998). In any historical study used as a precursor to the analysis of current systems it is important not to extrapolate contemporary values backwards into assessing schemes formed in very different conditions to those existing today. Nevertheless, a central question is whether there is any common thread to the evolution of these allocation mechanisms. In recent years a series of quite complicated mathematically based funding formulae has developed, underpinning allocations to health services, housing, education, and local government more generally. They are all based on some concept of need. This is a fundamentally non-market, not to say socialistic concept (Doyal and Gough 1991). How did it even gain prominence during the 1980s period of Conservative, profoundly pro-market, rule? Why should mathematical formulation, beyond most electors’ understanding, gain such sway? We begin by setting out a theory that might answer some of these questions and explain the evolution of formula funding mechanisms.
Where to Now?
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the main factors which are driving developments in funding formulae and suggest how they might develop in future. Before we do so, it is probably helpful to recap some of the main findings from our analysis of the systems and of our interviewees’ perceptions of them. First, in terms of the main characteristics of the three services:
Over the last twenty years, NHS funding has moved onto an increasingly sophisticated needs-related basis, applied to smaller and smaller sized areas. The last twenty years have reversed the position of the 1970s, when the health department was much less successful than education in equalizing resources between areas.
Explaining the Tension: Global Competition, Social Exclusion, and Local Renaissance
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores different aspects of the relationship between the con temporary exclusion and development problems of inner cities in Western Europe on the one hand, and the socio-economic crisis that has been haunting the European continent since the middle of the 1970s on the other. Complementary and conflicting explanations of local crises or particular forms of global crises are examined and confronted with redevelopment strategies practised by local governments and development agents. The neo-liberal awakening and its new economic policy (NEP) are severely criticized and more support for socio-economic initiatives serving basic human needs is called for.
Globalization, Cities, and the Social Question
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last ten years, the term ‘globalization’ has been at the heart of economic and political discourse. As we saw in the previous chapter, it is cited as a major-if not the main-driving force of contemporary economic transformation. And both conservative and progressive political forces use it as an argument to support changes in socio-economic policy.
Packaging Waste
Authors: Lauber Volkmar , Ingram* Verina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section introduces JEP approaches to packaging waste, focusing on plastics and paper in Austria, Denmark and the Netherlands.
Dimensions of the Packaging Waste Problem Packaging fulfils a number of functions: protection of products, safety and hygiene, transport, distribution and self-service, marketing, and consumer information. Packaging involves a range of industries, known as the ‘pack aging chain’. In the European Union at least 61 million tonnes of packaging waste are created annually, about 150 kilograms per person (PricewaterhouseCoopers 1998).
Labelling of Organic Food Products
Authors: Hofer Karin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1990s, organic farming developed in many EU countries from a small niche production to a growing and integral part of agriculture and agricultural policy. This process was stimulated by a mix of different instruments reaching from regulations on organic farming and subsidy schemes to food labels as a kind of voluntary instrument. While taking into account this broader policy context, this chapter focuses on the contribution of the particular instrument of organic food labels to the promotion of organic farming in Austria, Denmark, and The Netherlands.
Introduction: Content Analysis And Political Texts
Authors: Budge Jan , Bara Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is innovative both in content and form. In content because it presents the richest data on the policies and preferences of key political actors available today. In form, because the estimates appear on a CD-ROM sold in the book, whose printed section provides the supporting information and instructions necessary to use the data intelligently. By buying the book therefore users acquire both documentation and usable data at a stroke, without having to engage in long correspondence with archives or other data-holders.
Checking the Party Policy Estimates: Convergent Validity
Authors: McDonald Michael D , Mendes Silvia M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sense most of this book has been concerned with the validity of the Manifesto data and the estimates derived from them. Chapter 1 has matched the major Left-Right indicator with the historical record (predictive validity); Chapter 2 has reported their use in research (hypothesis validity); Chapters 3 and 4 have gone into the plausibility of the underlying Saliency Theory and the match between the coding distributions and its expectations (face validity). What this chapter deals with in particular is construct validity–whether the codings correlate with other measures of the same conceptual construct (Weber 1990: 18).
Extending Party Estimates to Governments and Electors
Authors: Kim Hee-Min , Fording Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have concentrated strictly on the Manifesto estimates as such, giving a direct insight into party policy preferences. Similar coding procedures have been applied to the policy declarations of coalition governments, taken as a measure of at least promised outputs. The estimates generated from this supplementary content analysis also appear on the CD-ROM and are used in the analyses below.
On the Eve of the Conquest: The Context and Background to the Problem
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christopher Columbus stepped ashore in the Americas about noon on 12 October 1492, probably on an outer cay of the Bahamas which he under stand ably christened San Salvador.1 Departing that cay, he took a south westerly course in search of the Orient but found the northern coasts of Cuba and Espanola (Hispaniola) instead. While the Navigator and his expedition were not the first Europeans to reach the Western Hemisphere and return to ‘civilization’ (Sauer 1968), their accomplishment ushered in an era of socio cultural, economic, and environmental transformations unparalleled for its time (Wolf 1959; Crosby 1972; Denevan 1976). These impacts were felt first among the peoples, cultures, and landscapes of Middle America: Mexico, Central America, and the great arc of the Caribbean islands.
D
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
decision theory A form of analysis, usually more prescriptive or ideal than descriptive, regarding an individual ’s (or individual institution ’s) process of making decision(s) in the face of uncertainty and/or imperfect knowledge. Decision theory is often contrasted with game theory, in that the latter involves similar sorts of decisions, but in the context where the decision-maker is interacting with other actors, actors who are often facing similar choices. See game theory deconstruction A concept that comes from literary theory, in particu¬lar the work of Jacques Derrida (1930-), which has been adapted, in various forms, by theorists within postmodern legal theory, critical legal studies, the law and literature movement, critical race theory, and feminist legal theory.
M
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maine, Henry Sir Henry James Sumner Maine (1822-88) was an English writer influential within the historical jurisprudence school. Based upon a detailed consideration of legal practices in various times and places, Maine developed theories of legal evolution, under which law changes to reflect and facilitate social and cultural change. One such change is the basis of Maine ’s best-known comment: in Ancient Law (1861), he stated that ‘we may say that the movement of the progressive societies has hitherto been a movement from Status to Contract. Maine ’s arguments were in large part a response to the legal positivism of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Austin (1790-1859), viewing those theorists as overestimating the importance of legislation, and underestimating the importance of history or evolutionary social change to explaining law.
U
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
unconscionability An American contract law doctrine, with roots deep in the common law, which was first given more definite shape by the Uniform Commercial Code, precluding the enforcement of agreements, or terms within agreements, which are extremely unfair. The doctrine is usually held to require a showing of significant unfairness both in procedure (how the contract was entered-e.g. problems of fraud or duress) and in substance (the actual terms of the agreement). The doctrine has various roots or analogues: from the Roman Law doctrine of laesio enormis, allowing rescission of a contract for inadequacy of price (which has modern counterparts in French and German law) to the willingness of English Courts of Equity to grant relief on some occasions to parties who had entered contracts with one-sided terms.
V
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
vagueness An imprecision of meaning, common on the borderline of a term ’s application. Within philosophy of language, it is controversial whether the experience of vagueness says something about the limits of meaning, the nature of truth (that there may be truth values other than ‘true ’ and ‘false ’) or the nature of knowledge, but the nature and cause of vagueness is probably not relevant to legal theory-only the fact (experience) of vagueness. The question for legal theory is whether the vagueness of terms (and categories) has implications for the determinacy of law. Vagueness should not be confused with ambiguity.
A World Geography Poliomyelitis
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For parents, few infections scored higher than poliomyelitis on the ‘sdread’s factor from the early years of the twentieth century as each successive wave of the disease outdid its predecessor in the number of children it crippled and killed. But, from the 1950s, this picture abruptly changed when preventive vaccines were developed which have brought the disease to the edge of global eradication. Part I, Epidemic Emergence, 1881-1920, looks at the transition from endemic to epidemic poliomyelitis in Europe and the United States. Part II, Global Expansion, 1921-55, covers the pre-vaccination period of epidemic poliomyelitis at world, continental and island scales. Part III, Global Retreat, 1955-88, focuses upon the control of poliomyelitis by mass vaccination campaigns. Part IV, Global Eradication, concludes the book by focusing upon the road to eradication, to which the Forty-first World Health Assembly committed in 1988. And so, at the beginning of a new millennium, poliomyelitis looks set to be the first disease since smallpox in 1979 to be eradicated by direct human intervention, with the interruption of wild poliovirus transmission expected in 2005. The evolution of poliomyelitis to global epidemiological significance from the 1920s marks it out as one of the world’ss major emergent infections of the twentieth century. What causes diseases to wax and wane in time and space is a theme of contemporary scientific interest as we seek to understand the appearance of new conditions such as Ebola fever, Legionnaires’s disease, and HIV, and this book contributes to our comprehension of likely causes.
The Sahara
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sahara, which derives its name from the Arabic word sahra, meaning desert or wilderness, is the world’s largest desert. It covers an area of around 7 to 9 million km2 (Tucker et al., 1991) and thus has a similar area to the USA (including Alaska). Occupying approximately one-third of the African continent, it stretches from the Atlantic to the Red Sea and from the Mediterranean to the Sahel zone of West Africa. Sometimes it is subdivided into two or more parts, with the eastern portion being called the Libyan Desert and the western part being regarded as the Sahara proper.
The Libyan Desert
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Egypt there are two deserts. One of these occurs east of the Nile and abuts the Red Sea. It is called the Eastern Desert. An early description is provided by Hume (1907). More recently, its tectonic setting has been described by Steckler and Omar (1994) and its Quaternary history by Arvidson et al. (1994) and Moeyersons et al. (1999). It consists essentially of a backbone of rugged, high igneous mountains that run parallel to the Red Sea coast from the Ethiopian Plateau, northwards to the Gulf of Suez. These igneous peaks and masses are flanked to the north and west by intensively dissected limestone plateaus (Ayyad and Ghabbour, 1986).
The Namib
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Namib is one of the world’s driest and most beautiful deserts. It extends for more than 2000 km along the Atlantic coast of southern Africa from the Olifants River in South Africa itself (latitude 32°S) to the Carunjamba River (latitude 14°S) in Angola. On its inland side it is bounded by a portion of the Great Escarpment which forms the west ern edge of the interior plateau and basin of southern Africa. Thus it forms a rather narrow strip some 120-200 km wide. Being on the west side of the continent, in a zone of subsiding anticyclonic air, and bounded by the cool Benguela current offshore (Dingle et al., 1996), the Namib is hyper-arid. Rainfall at the coastal resort of Swakopmund averages only about 10-20 mm per annum, but increases towards the base of the Great Escarpment, where it may exceed 200 mm. At the coast temperatures are also strongly oceanic in character, so that there are low seasonal and daily ranges (c.5°C and 8°C respectively) (Lancaster et al., 1984). The coastal Namib is also a foggy desert with fog on over 100 days in the year in the area around Swakopmund (Fig. 6.1 ). This precipitates appreciable amounts of moisture (c.34 mm per year at Swakopmund) (Olivier, 1995).
Conclusions
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fundamental control of much of the macro-scale relief and climatic evolution of deserts is their plate tectonic history. In the case of the North American deserts the style of tectonism that was experienced explains the widespread development of closed depressions, high plateaus, and extensive alluvial fans. With regard to South America, the role of the Andes is crucial, both because of their climatic impact and because of their morphological effects.
Theories of Translation
Authors: Watson Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any account of medieval translation theory, especially one that relates theory to practice and the idea of translation to that of the literary, faces serious problems of evidence, definition, and scope. The word literary itself has no OE or ME equivalent, and to apply any a priori definition of it narrower than the root meaning (‘about letters’) to the prose or poetry of the 700 years before 1500 is anachronistic.
Sacred and Religious Texts
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From about 1780, in sharp contrast with the first part of the century, a new interest in translating the Bible was widely evident in Britain, prompted in part by recent German biblical criticism. Although this initial enthusiasm did not endure in the face of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars (see Sheehan 2005: 241–7), throughout our period, new and revised biblical translations were made quite often in both Britain and America. The most significant of these was the Revised Version of the King James Bible (the subject of § 10.2, below). Devotional texts were also frequently translated, to serve sectarian ends as well as personal needs, and a handful of these endured into the twentieth century. Finally, the massive task of translating the Church Fathers in bulk was largely accomplished at this time, and these translations continue even now to be in use.
Libraries and Collectors, 1700–1800
Authors: Barnard Toby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Dunton, an entrepreneurial bookseller from London, boasted of the auctions that he organized in Dublin during the 1690s. He claimed to have imported into Ireland ‘a general collection of the most valuable pieces in Divinity, History, Philosophy, Law, Physick, Mathematicks, Horsemanship, Merchandize, Limning, Military Discipline, Heraldry, Musick, Fortification, Fireworks, Husbandry, Gardening, Romances, Novels, Poems, Plays, School-books and Bibles ‘. Dunton named some who had bought these works at his auctions. The list was headed by St George Ashe, a learned and welltravelled cleric, soon promoted from the provostship of Trinity College to the northern bishopric of Clogher (see Figure 4). Next came a pair of Church of Ireland clergymen, both of them also prominent schoolmasters.
Reading Print, 1700–1800
Authors: Méire Kennedy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can we assess the way in which books were received by their readers? A tantalizing comment written on the title page of a Dublin publication of 1788, Winter Evenings: or, Lucubrations on Life and Letters, proclaims ‘A good read ‘; the hand seems to be contemporary and is probably that of an adult (see Figure 8).¹ Who enjoyed this book and when? Was it their own, or borrowed from a friend or a circulating library? Was it meant as a recommendation to others, or just a spontaneous response to a satisfactory experience of reading? The evidence for reading is obscure and fragmentary, difficult to uncover and even more difficult to interpret. It is impossible to generalize the experience of reading; the evidence is, by its nature, specific, therefore it is imperative to identify and record the common characteristics of a wide range of reading experiences. We would like to discover whether reading took place in company or alone, whether it was silent or aloud, and whether an audience listened passively or participated.
Historical Writing, 1550–1660
Authors: Hadfield Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Bale ‘s account of his brief and extremely troubled ecclesiastical tenure in Ireland, The Vocacyon of Johan Bale to the Bishopricke of Ossorie (London, 1553), contains a memorable frontispiece. This image shows contrast between the ‘English Christian ‘, a decent, honest yeoman, and the ‘Irish papist ‘, a wolf in sheep ‘s clothing waiting to prey on his unsuspecting neighbour (see Figure 10).¹ The woodcut clearly owes much to Protestant ecclesiastical satire, which routinely depicted Catholics as wolves in sheep ‘s clothing.² It also represents in miniature a developing Protestant historical tradition that contrasted the believers in the true church with those false Christians who worshipped in the worldly church controlled by Satan, a history most fully developed in English in John Foxe ‘s Actes and Monuments of the Christian Church (1563, 1570).³As soon as the reader opens Bale ‘s autobiographical text, one that represents his sufferings as those of a modern saint, a clear and unequivocal sense of the histories of England and Ireland has been established.⁴ English identity can be traced back to the primitive, apostolic church of the first century, whereas Irish character is defined by the misleading evil of the church of Rome.
The Invention of Telepathy 1870-1901
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Invention of Telepathy explores one of the enduring concepts to emerge from the late nineteenth century. Telepathy was coined by Frederic Myers in 1882. He defined it as “the communication of any kind from one mind to another, independently of the recognised channels of sense”. By 1901 it had become a disputed phenomenon amongst physical scientists yet was the “royal road” to the unconscious mind. Telepathy was discussed by eminent men and women of the day, including Sigmund Freud, Thomas Huxley, Henry and William James, Mary Kingsley, Andrew Lang, Vernon Lee, W. T. Stead, and Oscar Wilde. Did telepathy signal evolutionary advance or possible decline? Could it be a means of binding the Empire closer together, or was it used by natives to subvert imperial communications? Were women more sensitive than men, and if so why? Roger Luckhurst investigates these questions in an exciting and accessible study that mixes history of science with cultural history and literary analysis.