bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oligonary Nitrides and Oxonitrides of Si, P, Al, and B in Combination with Rare Earth or Transition Metals as well as Molecular Precursor Compounds with Nitrido Bridges M‐N‐Si (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, W, Sn)
Authors: Schnick Wolfgang , Bettenhausen Regina , Götze Brigitte , Höppe Henning A. , Huppertz Hubert , Irran Elisabeth , Köllisch Klaus , Lauterbach Rainer , Orth Michael , Rannabauer Stefan , Schlieper Thomas , Schwarze Bernd , Wester Frank 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA novel synthetic approach is presented leading to hitherto unknown nitridosilicates, oxonitridosilicates, oxonitridoaluminosilicates, carbidonitridosilicates, as well as nitridoborates and oxonitridoborates of rare earth elements, alkali, and alkaline earth metals. Typically, the respective metals were reacted with silicon diimide, aluminum nitride, or poly(boron amide imide), respectively, under pure nitrogen atmosphere utilizing a radiofrequency furnace. Usually, the compounds are obtained within short reaction periods as coarsely crystalline products. Zink nitridophosphates of the sodalite structure type were obtained by the reaction of phosphorus nitride imide with zinc or zinc chalcogenides, respectively. Several molecular metal silylamides and imides containing nitridobridges between the metals and silicon were obtained by the reaction of differently chlorinated disilazanes with metal chlorides. During these investigations hitherto unknown bis(trimethylsilyl)ammonium salts have been discovered. Furthermore, we report about the synthesis of N‐silyl metal hydrazides.
Präkeramische Polyazane über die Sol‐Gel‐Route im Ammonosystem und aus molekularen Einkomponentenvorläufern — ein Leistungsvergleich
Authors: Engering Josef , Jansen Martin 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDer Sol‐Gel‐Prozess im Oxosystem lässt sich in allen Schritten analog auf das Ammonosystem übertragen. Dazu werden Elementalkylamide von Titan, Zirkonium, Tantal und Bor einerseits und Silicium andererseits in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln kontrolliert co‐ammonolysiert. Bei der Pyrolyse der so erhaltenen Polyazane entstehen multinäre, nitridische Keramikpulver. In den Modellsystemen Si(NHMe)4/Ti(NMe2)4, Si(NHMe)4/Zr(NMe2)4, Si(NHMe)4/Ta(NMe2)5 und Si(NHMe)4/B(NMe2)3, wurden polymere Polyboro‐, Polytitano‐, Polyzirkono‐ und Polytantalosilazane dargestellt. Pyrolyse im Ammoniak‐Strom bis 1000°C liefert ternäre amorphe Siliciumnitride; weiteres Tempern im Stickstoffstrom bei 1500°C ergibt partiell kristalline Komposite. Sowohl Struktur und Verlauf der Pyrolyse der polymeren Zwischenstufen als auch die Morphologie und Zusammensetzung der Pyrolyseprodukte wurden mit NMR, MAS‐NMR, FT‐IR, DTA‐TG‐MS, XRD, REM, EDX und Elementanalyse untersucht.Für eine Referenzierung des neu entwickelten, einfachen Zugangs zu multinären nitridischen Keramiken wurden für die gleichen Systeme Einkomponentenvorläufer dargestellt und über Polymere zu keramischen Pulvern pyrolysiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Reaktionsfolge ausgearbeitet, die verallgemeinerbar für die Darstellung von Einkomponentenvorläufern ist und für verschiedene ternäre Metallsiliciumnitride eingesetzt werden kann. Dilithiierte Silazane vom Typ Si(NMe2)2(NLiR)2 mit R = t‐Butyl, SiMe3, CH3, erstmals dargestellt und strukturell charakterisiert, sind gute Silicium‐Synthone, die mit vorzugsweise zwei‐ oder vierwertigen Übergangsmetallchloriden unter Ausbildung von Nitridobrücken zu Silicium‐Übergangsmetall‐Addukten reagieren. Konkret wurden die Reaktionen von Si(NMe2)2(NLiR)2 mit TiCl4, ZrCl4, TaCl5, CrCl3, MnCl2, und ZnCl2 untersucht und die gebildeten Addukte mit Ammoniak vernetzt und pyrolysiert. Im Falle der Metallchloride der 4.—6. Nebengruppe entstanden amorphe Keramikpulver bzw. bei höherer thermischer Belastung Komposite aus Übergangsmetallnitrid und amorpher Matrix. In den Systemen Mn/ Si/ N und Zn/ Si/ N wurden MnSiN2 und eine neue hexagonale Phase von ZnSiN2 einphasig erhalten. In einer Nebenreaktion entsteht im letzteren Fall völlig unerwartet ZnCN2 neben ZnSiN2.
Relationship of knee joint proprioception to pain and disability in individuals with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Bennell Kim L. , Hinman Rana S. , Metcalf Ben R. , Crossley Kay M. , Buchbinder Rachelle , Smith Michael , McColl Geoffrey 
Published: May 2003

AbstractProprioception plays an integral role in neuromotor control of the knee joint and deficits in knee joint proprioception are well documented in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, the functional relevance of these deficits is not clear. This crosssectional study evaluated the relationship between knee joint proprioception and pain and disability in a large cohort of individuals with knee OA. Two hundred and twenty participants (145 F, 75 M) with symptomatic knee OA were recruited from the community. Five non‐weight bearing active tests with ipsilateral limb matching responses were performed at 20° and 40° flexion to measure knee joint position sense. Pain and disability were assessed by self‐reported questionnaires and objective measures of balance and gait. Results showed little association between knee joint position sense variables and measures of pain and disability (r values <0.24, most p > 0.05). When comparing participants with the worst and best joint position sense, no significant differences in pain and disability could be found (p > 0.05). While our study design does not allow causality to be established, these results suggest that deficits in joint position sense may be due to factors other than pain and that deficits are not large enough to impact upon disability. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Use of volumetric computerized tomography as a primary outcome measure to evaluate drug efficacy in the prevention of peri‐prosthetic osteolysis: A 1‐year clinical pilot of etanercept vs. placebo
Authors: Schwarz Edward M. , Campbell Debbie , Totterman Saara , Boyd Allen , O'Keefe Regis J. , Looney R. John 
Published: May 2003

AbstractAlthough total hip replacement (THR) is amongst the most successful and beneficial medical procedures to date, long‐term outcomes continue to suffer from aseptic loosening secondary to peri‐prosthetic osteolysis. Extensive research over the last two decades has elucidated a central mechanism for osteolysis in which wear debris generated from the implant stimulates inflammatory cells to promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. The cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) has been demonstrated to be central to this process and is considered to be a leading target for intervention. Unfortunately, even though FDA approved TNF antagonists are available (etanercept), currently there are no reliable outcome measures that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of a drug to prevent peri‐prosthetic osteolysis. To the end of developing an effective outcome measure, we evaluated the progression of lesion size in 20 patients with established peri‐acetabular osteolysis (mean = 29.99 cm3, range = 2.9–92.7 cm3) of an uncemented primary THR over 1‐year, using a novel volumetric computer tomography (3D‐CT) technique. We also evaluated polyethylene wear, urine N‐telopeptides and functional assessments (WOMAC, SF‐36 and Harris Hip Score) for comparison. At the time of entry into the study baseline CT scans were obtained and the patients were randomized to etanercept (25 mg s.q., twice/week) and placebo in a double‐blinded fashion. CT scans, urine and functional assessments were also obtained at 6 and 12 months. No serious adverse drug related events were reported, but one patient had to have revision surgery before completion of the study due to aseptic loosening. No remarkable differences between the groups were observed. However, the study was not powered to see significant drug effects. 3D‐CT data from the 19 patients was used to determine the mean increase in lesion size over 48 weeks, which was 3.19 cm3 (p < 0.0013). Analysis of the urine N‐telopeptides and functional assessment data failed to identify a significant correlation with wear or osteolysis. In conclusion, volumetric CT was able to measure progression of osteolysis over the course of a year, thus providing a technology that could be used in therapeutic trials. Using the data from this pilot we provide a model power calculation for such a trial. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bone architecture and disc degeneration in the lumbar spine of mice lacking GDF‐8 (myostatin)
Authors: Hamrick Mark W. , Pennington Catherine , Byron Craig D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractGDF‐8, also known as myostatin, is a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of secreted growth and differentiation factors that is expressed in vertebrate skeletal muscle. Myostatin functions as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and myostatin null mice show a doubling of muscle mass compared to normal mice. We describe here morphology of the lumbar spine in myostatin knockout (Mstn‐/‐) mice using histological and densitometric techniques. The Mstn‐/‐ mice examined in this study weigh approximately 10% more than controls (p < 0.001) but the iliopsoas muscle is over 50% larger in the knockout mice than in wild‐type mice (p < 0.001). Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) data from the fifth lumbar vertebra show that mice lacking myostatin have approximately 50% greater trabecular bone mineral density (p = 0.001) and significantly greater cortical bone mineral content than normal mice. Toluidine blue staining of the intervertebral disc between L4–L5 reveals loss of proteoglycan staining in the hyaline end plates and inner annulus fibrosus of the knockout mice. Loss of cartilage staining in the caudal end plate of L4 is due to ossification of the end plate in the myostatin‐deficient animals. Results from this study suggest that increased muscle mass in mice lacking myostatin is associated with increased bone mass as well as degenerative changes in the intervertebral disc. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
cDNA‐arrays and real‐time quantitative PCR techniques in the investigation of chronic achilles tendinosis
Authors: Alfredson Håkan , Lorentzon Mattias , Bäckman Stina , Bäckman Assar , Lerner Ulf H 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe aetiology and pathogenesis of chronic painful Achilles tendinosis are unknown. This investigation aimed to use cDNA arrays and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR) technique to study tendinosis and control tissue samples. Five patients (females mean age 57.1 ± 4.3 (years ±SD)) with chronic painful Achilles tendinosis were included. From all patients, one biopsy was taken from the area with tendinosis and one from a clinically normal area (control) of the tendon. The tissue samples were immediately immersed in RNAlater and frozen at –80°C until RNA extraction. Portions of pooled RNA from control and tendinosis sites, respectively, were transcribed to cDNA, radioactively labelled (32P), hybridized to cDNA expression arrays, and exposed to phosphoimager screens over night. Expressions of specific genes, shown to be regulated in the cDNA array analysis, were analyzed in the individual samples using real‐time PCR. cDNA arrays showed that gene expressions for matrix‐metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), fibronectin subunit B (FNRB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and mitogen‐activated protein kinase p38 (MAPKp38) were up‐regulated, while matrix‐metalloproteinase‐3 (MMP‐3) and decorin were down‐regulated, in tendinosis tissue compared with control tissue. Using real‐time PCR, ⅘ and ⅗ patients showed up‐regulation of MMP‐2 and FNRB mRNA, respectively. For decorin, VEGF, and MAPKp38, real‐time PCR revealed a great variability among patients. Interestingly, the mRNAs for several cytokines and cytokine receptors were not regulated, indicating the absence of an inflammatory process in chronic painful Achilles tendinosis. In conclusion, cDNA‐arrays and real‐time PCR can be used to study differences in gene expression levels between tendinosis and control tendon tissue. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
In vivo structure–activity studies on the dark‐color‐inducing neurohormone of locusts
Authors: Grach C. , Wang Y. , Barda Y. , Gilon C. , Pener M.P. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn the 11‐residue long dark‐color‐inducing neurohormone (DCIN = [His7]‐corazonin), of locusts, from residue 2 to residue 11, one amino acid at each time was substituted by d‐phenylalanine (d‐Phe). The dark‐color‐inducing effect of these peptides was investigated in comparison with unaltered DCIN by a bioassay based on nymphs of a DCIN‐deficient albino mutant of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Substitution of any single amino acid by d‐Phe always reduced the activity, but did not abolish it completely. Maximum inactivation was obtained after substitution of Gln4, Ser6, or Trp9. The latter two residues are within the partial sequence ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ (Xxx = His in the DCIN) that seems to be important for the dark‐color‐inducing activity, as found also in another study (Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32, 2002, 909). Gln4, however, is outside of this partial sequence. Minimal, although still considerable, inactivation occurred after substitution of Gly8, Phe3, or Asn11, despite the fact that Gly8 is within the ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ partial sequence. In conclusion, no single active core was found, indicating that the whole sequence of the DCIN is necessary to induce maximum darkening effect. No difference was found in the activity of the peptides in which Gly8 was substituted by d‐Phe or by L‐Phe. Therefore the ‐Ser‐Xxx‐Gly‐Trp‐ partial sequence does not seem to be stabilized by a type II β‐turn. Nevertheless, existence of another kind of turn that includes this partial sequence is feasible. A single unsuccessful attempt was made to discover an antagonist to the DCIN.
The effect of lithium in bipolar disorder: a review of recent research evidence
Authors: Maj Mario 
Published: May 2003

Maj M. The effect of lithium in bipolar disorder: a review of recent research evidence.Bipolar Disord 2003: 5: 180–188. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003Recently published clinical research on lithium is briefly reviewed. The antimanic effect of lithium is supported by recent evidence. It is confirmed that a drastic reduction of affective morbidity is very frequent in bipolar patients receiving lithium prophylaxis regularly for several years, but that the impact of prophylaxis on the course of bipolar disorder is significantly limited by the high drop‐out rate. Lithium does seem to be efficacious also in bipolar disorder with mood‐incongruent psychotic features or with rapid cycling. The effect of lithium prophylaxis does not seem to decrease over time, at least in the large majority of patients. The recurrence risk is increased in the months following lithium discontinuation. Lithium seems to exert an antisuicidal effect in bipolar patients.
Alternatives to lithium and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Gnanadesikan Mukund , Freeman Marlene P , Gelenberg Alan J 
Published: May 2003

Objectives: The role of lithium carbonate in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder is well established. Unfortunately, many patients fail to respond adequately to this agent or are unable to tolerate its adverse effects. Divalproex has become a commonly used alternative to lithium, but it also is ineffective or poorly tolerated in many patients. This article attempts to review the available data on maintenance therapy in bipolar disorder with a variety of anticonvulsants and antipsychotics (both conventional and novel), with reference to relevant studies in acute mania and bipolar depression as well.Methods: Evidence on maintenance therapy and relevant acute‐phase data were collected using MEDLINE database searches.Results: Data on maintenance therapy with agents other than lithium and divalproex are sparse, and often derived from open, uncontrolled studies. Implications and flaws of available data are discussed.Conclusions: Other than lithium, there are few robust double‐blind data to support the use of a variety of agents in the maintenance phase. However, uncontrolled data suggest that a number of agents merit further study.
Statistical methods for longitudinal research on bipolar disorders
Authors: Hennen John 
Published: May 2003

Objectives: Outcomes research in bipolar disorders, because of complex clinical variation over‐time, offers demanding research design and statistical challenges. Longitudinal studies involving relatively large samples, with outcome measures obtained repeatedly over‐time, are required. In this report, statistical methods appropriate for such research are reviewed.Methods: Analytic methods appropriate for repeated measures data include: (i) endpoint analysis; (ii) endpoint analysis with last observation carried forward; (iii) summary statistic methods yielding one summary measure per subject; (iv) random effects and generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression modeling methods; and (v) time‐to‐event survival analyses.Results: Use and limitations of these several methods are illustrated within a randomly selected (33%) subset of data obtained in two recently completed randomized, double blind studies on acute mania. Outcome measures obtained repeatedly over 3 or 4 weeks of blinded treatment in active drug and placebo sub‐groups included change‐from‐baseline Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores (continuous measure) and achievement of a clinical response criterion (50% YMRS reduction). Four of the methods reviewed are especially suitable for use with these repeated measures data: (i) the summary statistic method; (ii) random/mixed effects modeling; (iii) GEE regression modeling; and (iv) survival analysis.Conclusions: Outcome studies in bipolar illness ideally should be longitudinal in orientation, obtain outcomes data frequently over extended times, and employ large study samples. Missing data problems can be expected, and data analytic methods must accommodate missingness.
Combination treatment in bipolar disorder: a review of controlled trials
Authors: Zarate Carlos A. , Quiroz Jorge A. 
Published: May 2003

Objectives:  Monotherapy is often inadequate and combination drug regimens have become the norm for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Virtually all classes of psychotropic drugs have been used in bipolar disorder in combination for a variety of indications. This article reviews the available published data from controlled, blinded studies regarding combination treatments in the different treatment phases of bipolar disorder.Methods:  Articles for this review were obtained from a search of the Medline database (1966–2002), using the following keywords and phrases: add‐on, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, combination treatment, lithium, neuroleptic, and polypharmacy. The search was augmented by data presented at scientific meetings. Data included in this article were only from controlled studies that evaluated combinations of two or more agents.Results:  For acute mania, the most useful combination treatments as determined by controlled studies, appear to be an antipsychotic drug with a mood‐stabilizer. The combination of lithium and valproate, even though widely used for acute mania, is lacking in controlled data. For acute bipolar depression, the controlled combination studies reviewed fail to show clear advantages in efficacy of an antidepressant with a mood‐stabilizer versus two stabilizers or a mood‐stabilizer alone. Large, controlled, randomized, long‐term studies with modern antidepressants are not available. Controlled combination studies of mood‐stabilizers suggest gains in efficacy over monotherapy in the long‐term treatment of bipolar disorder.Conclusions:  Controlled combination studies in bipolar disorder are uncommon. Increased attention should be given to study combination treatments in all phases of bipolar illness to determine the most efficacious and safest combinations.
Fault‐proximal stratigraphic record of episodic extension and oblique inversion, Bisbee basin, southwestern New Mexico, USA
Authors: Bayona Germán , Lawton Timothy F. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTectonic inversion models predict that stratigraphic thickening and local facies patterns adjacent to reactivated fault systems should record at least two phases of basin development: (1) initial extension‐related subsidence and (2) subsequent shortening‐induced uplift. In the central Peloncillo Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, thickness trends, distribution, and provenance of two major stratigraphic intervals on opposite sides of a northwest‐striking reverse fault preserve a record of Early Cretaceous normal displacement and latest Cretaceous–Paleogene reverse displacement along the fault. The Aptian–Albian Bisbee Group thickens by a factor of three from the footwall to the hanging‐wall block, and the Late Cretaceous?–Eocene Bobcat Hill Formation is preserved only in the footwall block. An initial episode of normal faulting resulted in thickening of upper Aptian–middle Albian, mixed siliciclastic and carbonate deposits and an up section change from coarse‐grained deltas to shallow‐marine depositional conditions. A second episode of normal faulting caused abrupt thickening of upper Albian, quartzose coastal‐plain deposits across the fault. These faulting episodes record two events of extension that affected the northern rift shoulder of the Bisbee basin. The third faulting episode was oblique‐slip, reverse reactivation of the fault and other related, former normal faults. Alluvial and pyroclastic deposits of the Bobcat Hill Formation record inversion of the Bisbee basin and development of an intermontane basin directly adjacent to the former rift basin. Inversion was coeval with latest Cretaceous–Paleogene shortening and magmatism. This offset history offers significant insight into extensional basin tectonics in the Early Cretaceous and permits rejection of models of long‐term Mesozoic shortening and orogen migration during the Cretaceous. This paper also illustrates how episodes of fault reactivation modify, in very short distances (<10 km), regional patterns of subsidence, the distribution of sediment‐source areas, and sedimentary depositional systems.