bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of shear locking in Timoshenko beam elements using the function space approach
Authors: Mukherjee Somenath , Prathap Gangan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElements based purely on completeness and continuity requirements perform erroneously in a certain class of problems. These are called the locking situations, and a variety of phenomena like shear locking, membrane locking, volumetric locking, etc., have been identified. Locking has been eliminated by many techniques, e.g. reduced integration, addition of bubble functions, use of assumed strain approaches, mixed and hybrid approaches, etc. In this paper, we review the field consistency paradigm using a function space model, and propose a method to identify field‐inconsistent spaces for projections that show locking behaviour. The case of the Timoshenko beam serves as an illustrative example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape identification for natural convection problems
Authors: Park H. M. , Ku J. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider an inverse problem of identifying the boundary shape of a domain, where the temperature field is dominated by natural convection, from temperature measurements on the other boundary. The potential applications of the present investigations are the determination of a phase change isotherm in the Bridgman crystal growth or the thermal tomography which detects flaws in materials non‐destructively. After mapping the irregular domains into a reference one employing a set of parameters, the inverse problem is formulated as a parameter optimization problem which is solved by a conjugate gradient method. The present method is found to identify the domains reasonably accurately even with noisy temperature measurements. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Type safety in the JVM: some problems in Java 2 SDK 1.2 and proposed solutions
Authors: Coglio Alessandro , Goldberg Allen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the course of our work in developing formal specifications for components of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), we have uncovered subtle bugs in the bytecode verifier of Sun's Java 2 SDK 1.2. These bugs, which lead to type safety violations, relate to the naming of reference types. Under certain circumstances, these names can be spoofed through delegating class loaders. These flaws expose some inaccuracies and ambiguities in the JVM specification.We propose several solutions to all of these bugs. In particular, we propose a general solution that makes use of subtype loading constraints. Such constraints complement the equality loading constraints introduced in the Java 2 Platform, and are posted by the bytecode verifier when checking assignment compatibility of class types. By posting constraints instead of resolving and loading classes, the bytecode verifier in our solution has a cleaner interface with the rest of the JVM, and allows lazier loading. We sketch some excerpts of our mathematical formalization of this approach and of its type safety results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of urinary cytology for diagnosing human polyoma virus infection in transplant recipients: A study of 37 cases with electron microscopic analysis
Authors: De Las Casas Luis E. , Hoerl H. Daniel , Bardales Ricardo H. , Pirsch John D. , Sempf Joan M. , Wetzel Donna J. , Stewart Jimmie , Oberley Terry D. , Kurtycz Daniel F.I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman polyoma virus (HPOV) infection is associated with hemorrhagic cystitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and renal transplant dysfunction/allograft loss. We evaluated the utility of cytologic examination to detect HPOV infection in 37 urinary cytology (UC) samples (3 bladder washings, and 34 voided samples) from 29 transplant patients, compared to electron microscopic studies (EMS). Evidence of viral infection was found in 11 specimens (30%). Five cases were diagnosed as HPOV by both UC and EMS. One was positive for HPOV by EMS only. Two cases diagnosed as HPOV by UC were demonstrated to be adenovirus (AV) with EMS. Two cases diagnosed as cytomegalovirus (CMV) by EMS had negative UC. One was called HPOV by UC; EMS in this case was negative. Compared to EMS, the sensitivity and specificity of UC for detecting HPOV were 83% and 90%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 63% and a negative predictive value of 96%. We conclude that UC is a relatively sensitive and specific method for detecting active HPOV infection in transplant patients, and is important in light of the clinical significance of HPOV infection in transplant recipients. The sensitivity and accuracy of UC for diagnosing HPOV can be increased by adding EMS. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:376–381, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspiration biopsy of osseous metastasis of occult hepatocellular carcinoma: Case report, literature review, and differential diagnosis
Authors: Suterwala Smita , Volk Emily E. , Danforth Robert D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is a reliable technique for rapid diagnosis in virtually every organ of the body, including bone lesions. We report on the FNA findings in a 61‐yr‐old male of an osteolytic sacral lesion, which determined the diagnosis of an unsuspected metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. In this case, the diagnosis was confirmed by FNA biopsy without resorting to surgical biopsy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:63–67, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Follicular variant of papillary carcinoma: Cytologic findings on FNAB samples—experience with 16 cases
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , Benincasa Giulio , Vetrani Antonio , Palombini Lucio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBetween January 1, 1992 and December 31, 1997, a cytopathological diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPC) was made on a series of 16 out of 18 patients with palpable nodules who underwent fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in our Department. The results of aspiration biopsy were followed by histopathological examination of the surgically excised tissues. There were three false‐negative aspirations (16.6%), of which two were probably bound to fine‐needle sampling and one due to a mixture of benign and malignant cells which had originally gone unrecognized. The accuracy of the cytopathologic diagnosis in this variant was 88.8%.An analysis of the diagnostic cytopathological criteria was performed, which demonstrated the importance of both architectural features (monolayered and branching sheets, microacinar structures, and their combinations) and nuclear features (presence of nuclear grooves). Background ‐bound features were mainly represented by dense, nonfilamentous colloid.The cytopathologic findings in FVPC were compared to those found in a series of 10 usual papillary carcinomas (UPC) and 10 follicular neoplasms (FN). These latter had originally been diagnosed by FNAB and were subsequently classified histologically as follicular adenoma (n = 6), follicular carcinoma (n = 3), or adenomatoid colloid nodule (n = 1).Statistical evaluation was performed on the cytopathological findings in the three classes of lesions (FVPC, UPC, and FN) as to their presence and relative frequency or absence by using a nonparametric one‐way ANOVA (Kruskall‐Wallis) and, where necessary, a Mann‐Whitney U test.Papillary cellular fragments and multinucleated giant cells (P < 0.005), nonfilamentous dense colloid, squamoid cells, and syncytia were significantly more represented in UPC than in FVPC (P < 0.05), while histiocytes were significantly more frequent in FVPC (P < 0.005). Other nuclear and/or background features were significant only in the distinction between papillary carcinomas as a group and FN.The cytological differential diagnosis of the FVPC is briefly discussed with relevance to the possible pitfalls caused by its peculiar cyto‐ and histomorphology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:86–93. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant melanoma with a myxoid stroma: A diagnostic pitfall on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Elliott Danielle , Pitman Martha Bishop 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalignant melanoma (MM), both primary and metastatic, may be associated with a prominent myxoid stromal reaction causing diagnostic confusion on fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), most often with sarcomas that demonstrate a myxoid stroma, particularly malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). We present a case of a 32‐yr‐old man with no past medical history who presented with a unilateral neck mass clinically suspicious for lymphoma. FNAB produced a specimen composed of large sheets of anaplastic cells encased in a myxoid stroma that was S100 and vimentin‐positive but HMB‐45‐negative. A diagnosis of MPNST was made. Excision demonstrated a metastatic MM of unknown primary, with a prominent myxoid stromal reaction. A repeat HMB‐45 was again negative. Electron microscopy demonstrated intracytoplasmic melanasomes and cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum with intracisternal parallel tubules, confirming the diagnosis. Although HMB‐45 is typically negative in both tumors, S100 should be strongly positive in myxoid MM and only focal in MPNST. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:185–190, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hantzsch 1,4‐dihydropyridines containing a nitrooxyalkyl ester moiety to study calcium channel antagonist structure–activity relationships and nitric oxide release
Authors: Nguyen Jeffrey‐Tri , McEwen Carol‐Anne , Knaus Edward E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA group of 3‐nitrooxyalkyl 5‐alkyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(pyridyl)‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylates were prepared using a modified Hantzsch reaction that involved the condensation of a nitrooxyalkyl acetoacetate with an alkyl 3‐aminocrotonate and a pyridinecarboxaldehyde. 1H NMR nuclear Overhauser enhancement (nOe) studies for 3‐(3‐nitrooxypropyl) 5‐isopropyl 1,4‐dihydro‐2,6‐dimethyl‐4‐(2‐pyridyl)‐3,5‐pyridinedicarboxylate (17) indicates a predominant rotamer exists in solution where the pyridyl nitrogen atom is orientated above the 1,4‐DHP ring system, and the pyridyl nitrogen atom is antiperiplanar to the 1,4‐DHP ring H‐4 proton. Variable temperature 1H NMR studies (–30 to +60°C) showed the 1,4‐DHP NH proton in 17 is H‐bonded in CHCl3 solution. This interaction is believed to be due to intermolecular H‐bonding between the pyridyl nitrogen free electron pair and the 1,4‐DHP NH proton. In vitro calcium channel antagonist (CCA) activities were determined using a muscarinic‐receptor‐mediated Ca+2‐dependent contraction of guinea pig ileal longitudinal smooth muscle assay. This class of compounds exhibited lower CCA activity (IC50 = 5.3 × 10–6 to 3.5 × 10–8 M range) than the reference drug nifedipine (IC50 = 1.4 × 10–8 M). For compounds having C‐3 –CH2CH2ONO2 and C‐4 pyridyl substituents, the C‐5 alkyl was a determinant of CCA (i‐Pr > the approximately equipotent i‐Bu, t‐Bu, and Et analogs). The point of attachment of the isomeric C‐4 pyridyl substituent was a determinant of CCA when C‐3 –CH2CH2ONO2 and C‐5 i‐Pr substituents were present providing the potency profile 2‐pyridyl ≥ 3‐pyridyl > 4‐pyridyl. CCA with respect to the C‐3 nitrooxyalkyl substituent was inversely dependent on the length of the alkyl spacer. The percent nitric oxide (·NO) released in vitro by this group of compounds (range of 0.03–0.43%/ONO2 group), quantified as nitrite by reaction with the Griess reagent, was lower than that for the reference drug glycerol trinitrate (3.81%/ONO2 group). Nitric oxide release studies showed that the %·NO released was dependent on the number of ONO2 groups/molecule. A QSAR study for this group of compounds showed a correlation between the specific polarizability descriptor (SpPol) and %·NO release. Drug Dev. Res. 51:233–243, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐methyl,N‐propargyl‐2‐phenylethylamine (MPPE), an analog of deprenyl, increases neuronal cell survival in thiamin deficiency encephalopathy
Authors: Kwan E. , Baker G.B. , Shuaib A. , Ling L. , Todd K.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWernicke encephalopathy (WE) is a neurological disorder attributable to thiamin deficiency (TD). Severe TD, in humans and animals, results in highly selective lesions with a symmetrical distribution in brain regions including the mammillary bodies, thalamus, inferior colliculi, periaqueductal and periventricular regions, and inferior olivary nuclei. Experimental TD in the rat provides a robust and reproducible model that allows investigations of mechanisms underlying both apoptotic and necrotic neuronal death. (‐)‐Deprenyl (DEP), a selective monoamine oxidase B (MAO‐B) inhibitor, has been reported to be clinically effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and to have neuroprotective and/or neurorescue properties in a variety of ex vivo and in vitro paradigms, including experimental TD. Because the metabolites of DEP, amphetamine, and methamphetamine may have adverse behavioral effects, a DEP analog, N‐methyl,N‐propargyl‐2‐phenylethylamine (MPPE) that is not metabolized to amphetamine or methamphetamine was examined in the present studies. Results showed that TD rats treated with MPPE had significantly increased neuronal cell counts compared to vehicle‐treated TD rats. MPPE, like DEP, also significantly decreased the density of reactive astrocytes and the infiltration of microglia/macrophages. Chronic treatment with DEP or MPPE resulted in significant inhibition of MAO‐A and MAO‐B activity compared to VEH‐treated animals. Thus, MPPE, an inhibitor of MAO activity, was shown to be neuroprotective in the TD model of neuronal cell death. Drug Dev. Res. 51:244–252, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A converging‐methods approach to fragile X syndrome
Authors: Churchill James D. , Grossman Aaron W. , Irwin Scott A. , Galvez Roberto , Klintsova Anna Y. , Weiler Ivan Jeanne , Greenough William T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConverging approaches across domains of brain anatomy, cell biology, and behavior indicate that Fragile X syndrome, arising from impaired expression of a single gene and protein, appears to involve an aberration of normal developmental processes. Synapse overproduction and selective elimination, or pruning, characterize normal brain development. In autopsy tissue from Fragile X patients and in a knockout mouse model of the disease, synapse overproduction appears to occur unaccompanied by synapse pruning and maturation, leaving an excess of immature spine synapses in place. The absence of the Fragile X protein seems to impair the synthesis of important proteins at synapses. The developmental outcome in Fragile X is a nervous system that is relatively disorganized, resulting in disrupted perceptual, and cognitive social, behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 323–338, 2002. DOI 10.1002/dev.10036
Differential response of Shh expression between chick forelimb and hindlimb buds by FGF‐4
Authors: Wada Naoyuki , Nohno Tsutomu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe interactions of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play important roles in vertebrate limb pattern formation. In the posterior region of the chick limb bud, Shh and FGF‐4 each maintain expression in a positive feedback loop. In the anterior region, Shh can also induce Fgf‐4 expression in the anterior apical ectodermal ridge. However, the possibility of Shh induction by FGF protein is unclear. Because many experiments to analyze gene expression have been carried out by using the forelimb bud of the chick embryo, we investigated gene expression of the cells in the anterior region of the chick hindlimb bud after FGF‐4 application and compared the results with those for the forelimb bud. When an FGF‐4–containing bead was implanted into the anterior region of a stage 20 hindlimb bud, ectopic expression of Shh was induced in the mesenchyme beneath the anterior end of the apical ectodermal ridge at 36 hr after implantation. Subsequent to Shh activation, Hoxd13 was also observed in the anterior‐distal region of the limb bud. Furthermore, FGF‐4 implantation to the hindlimb bud caused additional digit formation accompanying respecification of positional value in the anterior tissue. Ectopic Shh was induced in cells located distal to the FGF‐4 bead, and the cells of the flank region did not contribute to ectopic Shh induction. On the other hand, no ectopic Shh and Hoxd13 expression was detected by grafting an FGF‐4 bead into the forelimb bud. Although FGF‐4 implantation to the forelimb bud occasionally induced extra digit 2 formation, no embryos had an extra digit 3 or digit 4, and many specimens exhibited normal skeletal pattern. These results demonstrate the difference between the fore‐ and hindlimb buds in the cell competence of Shh induction in response to FGF‐4, suggesting the possibility that the responsiveness of mesenchymal cells in signaling molecules is not the same in the fore‐ and hindlimb buds. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and regulation of the retinoic acid synthetic enzyme RALDH‐2 in the embryonic chicken wing
Authors: Berggren Kirsten , Ezerman Elizabeth B. , Mccaffery Peter , Forehand Cynthia J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRetinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (RALDH‐2) is a major retinoic acid (RA) generating enzyme in the embryo. Here, we report immunolocalization of this enzyme (RALDH‐2‐IR) in the developing wings of stage 17–30 chicken embryos. RALDH‐2‐IR is located in the area of the presumptive muscle masses, although it is not colocalized with developing muscle cells. RALDH‐2‐IR is located in tendon precursor cells and may be present in muscular connective tissue. We show that motor neurons and blood vessels, tissues showing RALDH‐2‐IR as they enter the limb, are capable of synthesizing and releasing RA in culture. RALDH‐2‐IR in the limb mesenchyme is under the control of both the vasculature and the motor innervation; it is decreased with denervation and increased with hypervascularization. RALDH‐2‐IR is present in the motor neuron pool of the brachial spinal cord, but this expression pattern is apparently not under the control of limb target tissues, RA in the periphery, or somitic factors. RA is known to be a potent inducer of cellular differentiation; we propose that locally synthesized RA may be involved in aspects of wing tissue specification, including cartilage condensation and outgrowth, skeletal muscle differentiation, and recruitment of smooth muscle cells to the vasculature. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α1 connexin (connexin43) gap junctions and activities of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C in developing mouse heart
Authors: Duncan John C. , Fletcher William H. 
Published: August 2002

Abstractα1 connexin (connexin43) is the dominant gap junction protein of the developing and mature heart where it forms channels that mediate intercellular electrical and metabolic coupling events that are critical for heart function. α1 connexin channels are rapidly and reversibly gated by actions of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), and disruption of consensus sites for these phosphorylations are associated with severe heart malformations. However, there have been no reports on the relative activities of PKA or PKC in early heart formation. Nor has the presence and phosphorylation state of α1 connexin been documented in these same developmental stages. To begin these studies, we used hearts from 8.5–18.5 dpc (days postcoitus) mouse embryos, postpartum pups, and adults. Membrane or supernatant fractions were used for immunoblots to assess the amounts and distribution of α1 connexin protein and each protein kinase. Phosphotransferase assays were done to document the endogenous activities of PKA and PKC. Three species of α1 connexin at 44, 46, and 49 kDa were evident in 8.5‐ and 9.5‐dpc embryos and adult hearts, but the 49‐kDa band was not consistently found in 10.5 dpc or embryos through 18.5 dpc, although it was robust in adult heart. The amount of PKA was minimal in 8.5‐dpc hearts but rose thereafter and was maximal by 10.5 dpc and remained stable throughout development. Catalytic activity of this enzyme was minimal in 8.5‐dpc hearts then rose thereafter and was maximal by 10.5 dpc of development. PKCδ was confined mainly to membrane fractions, whereas PKCϵ had supernatant‐ and membrane‐associated forms. Both enzyme isoforms showed large fluctuations throughout development. In 8.5‐ and 9.5‐dpc hearts, PKC catalytic activity was maximal but, by 10.5 dpc, activity dramatically declined and remained low thereafter. The results demonstrate that α1 connexin is present at the heart tube stage (8.5 dpc) of development onward and provide evidence suggesting that channels formed by this protein are dynamically regulated by PKA and PKC, especially in 8.5‐ and 9.5‐day embryonic hearts, which are crucial times for heart formation and left/right patterning in general. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth in females with anorexia nervosa in Northeast Scotland
Authors: Eagles John M. , Andrew Jane E. , Johnston Maureen I. , Easton Euan A. , Millar Harry R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit an abnormal pattern in their season of birth.MethodCase records of female patients presenting to secondary services in Northeast Scotland from 1965 to 1997 who received a clinical diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were examined. The months of birth of the 446 anorexic patients with a confirmed diagnosis were compared with 5,766 female control subjects born locally in 1951, 1961, 1971, and 1981.ResultsPatients with anorexia nervosa had an excess of births in the first 6 months of the year (p = .013). The greatest excess was from March to June.DiscussionThis provides further evidence that birth dates of anorexics peak in the late spring and early summer. There are parallels with the epidemiology of schizophrenia. The evidence suggests that a seasonally fluctuating factor, most plausibly an intrauterine effect of common infectious agents during the winter months, is of etiological significance. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 167–175, 2001.
1.9‐Ghz‐band radio propagation characteristics in an open urban environment and tree loss prediction using a loss layer model
Authors: Taga Tokio , Ichitsubo Shinichi , Ogawa Yasutaka , Itoh Kiyohiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor design of optimum microcells on a university campus, it is necessary to determine the propagation characteristics within a propagation environment represented by a relatively large open space scattered with large buildings and many trees. In this paper, for the radiated waves from seven PHS base sites at 1.9 GHz experimentally installed on the campus of Hokkaido University from 1993 to 1994, a median received signal level measurement method is proposed that can be applied in unpaved garden areas (with glass and pebbles) as well as in areas with woods, vegetation, and hilly terrain, and its effectiveness is discussed. Next, for quantitative evaluations of the increase of the propagation loss due to trees in the propagation paths on the campus, a propagation model is proposed that consists of the loss layer model and the geometrical optics two‐ray model. In the loss layer model, the loss due to trees is replaced with a loss per unit length of the propagation path. The estimated median received signal level and the measured value are compared to determine the effectiveness of the model. The increase of the propagation loss on the campus due to trees can be estimated if the loss per unit length of the tree layer by the present loss layer model is chosen to be about 0.1 dB/m for the base site antenna installed on the rooftop of the building and 0.07 to 0.09 dB/m for the antenna installed on the roof of the public phone box. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(8): 49–61, 2001