bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional hybrid fusion networks for current-based bearing fault diagnosis
Authors: Huang Xufeng , Xie Tingli , Hu Jiexiang , Zhou Qi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intelligent fault diagnosis (IFD) techniques commonly use vibration-based measurements to perform health monitoring of critical rotating components in industrial systems. However, these vibration-based approaches may be limited in cost-sensitive applications, because the installation of vibration sensors is inconvenient and vibration sensors are expensive. Considering the difficulties of IFD using only current-related information from the motor current signal (MCS), this paper proposes a three-dimensional hybrid-fusion neural network (3D-HFN) that can automatically perform both data- and feature-level fusion of multi-phase current signals for MCS-based IFD of the rolling bearing. The 3D-HFN consists of the multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD) and an improved three-dimensional convolution neural network (3D-CNN). Firstly, MVMD is proposed to process multi-phase current signals, which adaptively acquire several intrinsic mode functions with mode-alignment properties. Subsequently, signal-to-image conversion and 3D stacking methods are used to construct 3D-like data in the current-phase dimension, which can fully preserve the interaction relationship between different phases using data-level fusion. Finally, an improved 3D-CNN with multiscale feature fusion and the smooth maximum unit is proposed to learn the 3D-like data and identify different health conditions for the rolling bearing. An open-source dataset with composite bearing faults is used to validate the merits of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has achieved more reliable diagnosis performance than other hand-crafted or 2D/3D-CNN-based algorithms in MCS-based IFD of the rolling bearing.
Dispersive hydrodynamics in non-Hermitian nonlinear Schrödinger equation with complex external potential
Authors: Chandramouli Sathyanarayanan , Ossi Nicholas , Musslimani Ziad H , Makris Konstantinos G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper dispersive hydrodynamics associated with the non-Hermitian nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with generic complex external potential is studied. In particular, a set of dispersive hydrodynamic equations are obtained. They differ from their classical counterparts (without an external potential), by the presence of additional source terms that alter the density and momentum equations. When restricted to a class of Wadati-type complex potentials, the resulting hydrodynamic system conserves a modified momentum and admits constant intensity/density solutions. This motivates the construction and study of an initial value problem (IVP) comprised of a centred (or non-centred) step-like initial condition that connects two constant intensity/density states. Interestingly, this IVP is shown to be related to a Riemann problem posed for the hydrodynamic system in an appropriate traveling reference frame. The study of such IVPs allows one to interpret the underlying non-Hermitian Riemann problem in terms of an ‘optical flow’ over an obstacle. A broad class of non-Hermitian potentials that lead to modulationally stable constant intensity states are identified. They are subsequently used to numerically solve the associated Riemann problem for various initial conditions. Due to the lack of translation symmetry, the resulting long-time dynamics show a dependence on the location of the step relative to the potential. This is in sharp contrast to the NLS case without potential, where the dynamics are independent of the step location. This fact leads to the formation of diverse nonlinear wave patterns that are otherwise absent. In particular, various gain-loss generated near-field features are present, which in turn drive the optical flow in the far-field which could be comprised of various rich nonlinear wave structures, including DSW-DSW, DSW-rarefaction, and soliton-DSW interactions.
Experiences of working time intensification and extensification: examining the influence of logics of production in IT work
Authors: Howcroft Debra , Taylor Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This article examines the intensification and extensification of working time among IT workers. As standardised hours have become increasingly eroded, understanding the nuanced experience of re-configured working time becomes vital. Informed by conceptual distinctions between clock time, process time and tertiary time, this study investigates how working time is constituted among, and experienced by, two distinct IT occupational categories: support workers and mobile apps developers. Theorising experiences of working time with recourse to distinct logics of production, which encompass and reflect labour markets, new technology product markets and occupational communities, illuminates how working time experiences are shaped. This facilitates an explanation of the underlying dynamics that surround the interaction between the three concepts of time, which advances our understanding of intensification and extensification.
A radiation of Psylliodes flea beetles on Brassicaceae is associated with the evolution of specific detoxification enzymes
Authors: Gikonyo Matilda W , Ahn Seung-Joon , Biondi Maurizio , Fritzlar Frank , Okamura Yu , Vogel Heiko , Köllner Tobias G , Şen İsmail , Hernández-Teixidor David , Lee Chi-Feng , Letsch Harald , Beran Franziska 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flea beetles of the genus Psylliodes have evolved specialized interactions with plant species belonging to several distantly related families, mainly Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and Fagaceae. This diverse host use indicates that Psylliodes flea beetles are able to cope with different chemical defense metabolites, including glucosinolates, the characteristic defense metabolites of Brassicaceae. Here we investigated the evolution of host use and the emergence of a glucosinolate-specific detoxification mechanism in Psylliodes flea beetles. In phylogenetic analyses, Psylliodes species clustered into four major clades, three of which contained mainly species specialized on either Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, or Fagaceae. Most members of the fourth clade have broader host use, including Brassicaceae and Poaceae as major host plant families. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that Psylliodes flea beetles were initially associated with Brassicaceae and then either shifted to Solanaceae or Fagaceae, or expanded their host repertoire to Poaceae. Despite a putative ancestral association with Brassicaceae, we found evidence that the evolution of glucosinolate-specific detoxification enzymes coincides with the radiation of Psylliodes on Brassicaceae, suggesting that these are not required for using Brassicaceae as hosts but could improve the efficiency of host use by specialized Psylliodes species.
Towards optimization of ceftazidime dosing in obese ICU patients: the end of the ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach?
Authors: Correia Patricia , Launay Manon , Balluet Rémi , Gergele Laurent , Gauthier Vincent , Morel Jérome , Beuret Pascal , Mariat Christophe , Thiery Guillaume , Perinel Ragey Sophie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Ceftazidime is commonly used as a key antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients. ICU patients have severely altered and variable antibiotic pharmacokinetics, resulting in lower antimicrobial concentrations and potentially poor outcome. Several factors, including obesity and renal function, may influence pharmacokinetics. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of obesity and renal function on ceftazidime plasma concentrations and dosing regimen in ICU patients.

Methods
All consecutive adult patients from six ICUs, treated with continuous ceftazidime infusion and under therapeutic drug monitoring evaluation, were included. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m². Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula. The ceftazidime recommended target for plasma concentrations was between 35 and 80 mg/L.

Results
A total of 98 patients (45 obese), with an average weight of 90 (±25) kg, were included. Mean GFR was 84.1 (±40.4) mL/min/1.73 m2. Recommended ceftazidime plasma concentrations were achieved for only 48.0% of patients, with median dosing regimen of 6 g/day. Obese patients had lower ceftazidime plasma concentrations compared with non-obese patients (37.8 versus 56.3 mg/L; P = 0.0042) despite similar dosing regimens (5.83 g/day versus 5.52 g/day, P = 0.2529). Almost all augmented renal clearance patients were underdosed despite ceftazidime dosing of 6.6 (±0.8) g/day. Weight-based ceftazidime dosing seemed to attenuate such obesity-related discrepancies, regardless of GFR.

Conclusions
Obese ICU patients required significantly greater ceftazidime doses to achieve the target range. A tailored dosing regimen may be considered based on weight and GFR. Future prospective studies should be performed to confirm this individualized dosing approach.
Professional education for public health in the United States
Authors: Fee Elizabeth , Rosenkrantz Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The federal structure of the United States has meant that the public health function is divided among a multitude of state, city, and local health departments, with a relatively weak centralized authority. The most important federal organization in public health is the United States Public Health Service, an agency that has often aided the development of state health departments by lending expert personnel and providing advice and consultation on specific problems. The proper balance of responsibility for public health among federal, state, and local health departments has been a rather contentious question; taking the long view, it has shifted in the course of the twentieth century in the direction of greater federal responsibility for research, regulation, and financing of public health activities.
The British Diploma in Public Health: heyday and decline
Authors: Acheson Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1900, the struggles and confusion which had been characteristic of the early years of the Diploma in Public Health had been resolved. In the halcyon days which followed throughout the reign of Edward VII the number of candidates successfully attempting the DPH more than doubled. In this chapter we shall see how by the onset of the First World War new difficulties had developed. These were in the management of the examination itself, in the adaptation of the syllabus to the changing needs of the practical world for which it was designed and in its appropriateness for doctors working elsewhere in the British Empire.
Engineering and mathematical aspects of functional stimulation (peripheral and spinal cord)
Authors: Vodovnik Lojze , Stefanovska Aneta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term functional electrical stimulation (FES) is used at present for a large variety of procedures. Each of these procedures has its own clinical, engineering, and mathematical aspects and therefore we propose a classification of functional stimulation in order to discuss the proper mathematical tools which are relevant for each of the categories.
Patterned electrical stimulation
Authors: Kidd G L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional stimulation will be taken as a form of electrical stimulation that will cause a skeletal muscle to generate a force adequate to perform an artificial function expected of it. An alternative electrical stimulation can be devised which has a different purpose: training or conditioning a skeletal muscle. It would then be able to tolerate and respond to episodes of functional electrical stimulation, or indeed to volitional controls, and generate adequate force for a suitable period of time to perform the artificial or natural function.
Clinical practice of functional electrical stimulation
Authors: Dimitrijevic Meta M , Dimitrijevic Milan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not surprising that physicians taking care of paralysed spinal cord injured (SCI) patients and their colleagues, biomedical engineers and clinical neurophysiologists, have known for more than 30 years that muscles paralysed because of upper motor neuron dysfunction are an available source of force and movement when motor unit excitability is controlled by externally applied lower motor neuron stimulation (Liberson et al. 1961; Reswick 1973). This seemingly rather simple approach has developed into a large new field of experimental and clinical research in several countries around the world with research groups that integrate the expertise of physicians, biomedical engineers, physiologists, and other neuroscientists. Researchers involved in this programme in Europe, Australia, Japan, the USA, and other parts of the world are attempting to learn how to improve impaired motor control by means of the external control of the paralysed muscles of wheelchair-bound or ambulatory patients with impaired gait due to trauma of the nervous system or neurological disease.
Level and State Densities
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the statistical model of nuclear reactions, discussed in the next chapter, the basic hypothesis is made of the formation of a fully equilibrated compound nucleus whose decay is independent of the mode of formation and entirely governed by the phase space available to the reaction products (Weisskopf and Ewing 1940). A similar hypothesis, the equiprobability of all decay modes of the excited intermediate (projectile + target) composite system, was made by Griffin (1966) in developing the exciton model for pre-equilibrium reactions, and was thereafter adopted in all subsequent theories, including the recent quantum mechanical ones.
Compound Nucleus Reactions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundations of the theory of compound nucleus reactions were laid by Bohr (1936) and Bohr and Kalckar (1937). They proposed that a nuclear reaction begins with the capture of the projectile by the target nucleus followed by the sharing of its energy among all the nucleons of the compound system. The compound nucleus lives long enough for complete statistical equilibrium to be established. Subsequently, long after the capture of the projectile, particles are emitted by a statistical process similar to the evaporation of molecules from a liquid drop, until finally the residual nucleus reaches its ground state by gamma emission.
Phenomenological Models Of Pre-Equilibrium Reactions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned in the Introduction, since 1947 the accumulation of experimental data has indicated the existence of reaction mechanisms intermediate in character between the one-step direct processes which involve few degrees of freedom and the compound nucleus reactions in which the projectile energy is divided between all the nucleons of the compound nucleus in a completely statistical way. For simplicity, all these intermediate processes will be called pre-compound or pre-equilibrium reactions.
Pre-Equilibrium Phenomena In Reactions Induced By Composite Particles And Heavy Ions
Authors: Gadioli E , Hodgson P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of pre-equilibrium processes in reactions initiated by complex particles is more difficult, compared with nucleon-induced reactions, owing to the presence of processes competing with complete fusion followed by pre-equilibrium and eventually evaporation. The break-up of the projectile in the nuclear field has been found to contribute noticeably to the total cross-section, at incidence energies as low as about 10 MeV/nucleon. Other interaction mechanisms include, especially in the case of tightly bound particles such as alpha-particles, inelastic and deep-inelastic scattering followed by decay of the excited residual nucleus, few-nucleon transfer processes followed by break-up and/or decay of the projectile-like and target-like fragments, and projectile fragmentation following interaction with nucleons or clusters of nucleons in the target. In the case of heavy ions one is far from having a complete and comprehensive understanding of the variety of interaction processes that may occur between the projectile and the target.
In search of calcium sensitizer compounds; from subcellular models of muscle to in vivo positive inotropic action
Authors: Strauss John D , Rüegg Caspar J , Inge Lues 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of pathological conditions in which cardiac performance is insufficient to maintain normal circulatory demands. In such cases, the clinician, or perhaps more to the point, the patient, requires an effective pharmacological tool for improving cardiac performance so that normal function can be restored. The development of ‘calcium sensitizing’ drugs has been pursued to obtain a cardiotonic agent which increases cardiac contractility at the most basic level, that is, at the level of the calcium sensitivity of the myofilaments.
The influence of pH. phosphate, and ionic strength on contraction in skinned cardiac muscle
Authors: Kenfish Jonathan C , Palmer Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two principal ways in which the relationship between Ca+ concentration ([Ca +]) and myofibrillar force development can be measured. The first is to introduce Ca+ -sensitive photoproteins or dyes into the cell and to measure force and cytosolic [Ca +] while both change, for example during the twitch. The second method is to permeabilize (‘skin’) the cell surface membrane so that externally applied ions (Ca2+, MgATP-, and so on) readily diffuse into the cells and so control the myofibrillar environment.
The effects of acidosis on intact cardiac muscle
Authors: Orchard C H , Allen D G , Boyett M R , Elliott A C , Kirby M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been known for over 100 years that acidosis decreases the force developed by cardiac muscle when it contracts. Although many of the mechanisms that deliver Ca2+ to the cytoplasm on excitation are inhibited by acidosis,2-4 direct measurements of intracellular [Ca2-] ([Ca2+]i) have shown that the [Ca2+]i transient that initiates contraction actually becomes larger during acidosis.
Modulation of activation of cardiac myofilaments by beta-adrenergic agonists
Authors: Solaro R John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to present evidence regarding mechanisms by which beta-adrenergic agonists influence contractility of the heart through modula tion of the control of myofilamcnt activation by Ca + and cross-bridges. The first part of the chapter deals with the molecular processes (Fig. 7.1) by which Ca+ triggers activation of the myofilaments and how the cross-bridge-thin filament reaction itself may determine the state of activation. It is shown that activation involves release of the thin filaments from a prevailing inhibited state.
Myosin light chain phosphorylation and myosin isoenzyme expression regulate cardiac calcium sensitivity by modulation of cross-bridge cycling kinetics
Authors: Morano Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cardiac cell may modulate its force of contraction using two different mechanisms, shown schematically in Fig. 8.1. First, the force of contraction can be increased or decreased by raising or decreasing the myoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) This mechanism may be designated as [Ca2+]; amplitude modulation.
The genetic engineering and physiology of troponin C: molecular aspects of the modulation of cardiac calcium sensitivity
Authors: Gulati Jagdish , Babu Árvind , Cheng Rendi , Su Hong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Activation of the contractile system in the heart is initiated by the increase in Ca concentration in the myoplasm following an action potential. The Ca2+ ions bind to troponin C and switch ‘on’ the thin filaments to permit cross bridge interaction. Tn this chapter this Ca2+ -troponin C reaction is described and a molecular understanding of the switching mechanism is sought. Special attention 1s devoted to recent approaches combining molecular genetics and physiology for studying the structure-function correlations of troponin C.
Effects of anoxia and ischaemia on cardiac muscle
Authors: Allen D G , Lee J A , Elliott A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deleterious effects of ischaemia on myocardial function have been recognized since the earliest studies on living hearts. For instance, Harvey in 1628 was aware that coronary circulation was required for cardiac function and Chirac (1698) described how the heart of a dog ceased to beat after a coronary artery had been ligated. Obstruction of a coronary artery in a large mammal has remained a favourite model for the study of myocardial ischaemia, and the classic study by Tennant and Wiggers in 1935 showed how the ischaemic region became flaccid and demonstrated systolic bulging within a minute of ligation.
Clinical experience with calcium sensitizers in congestive heart failure
Authors: Holubarsch Christian , Hasenfuss Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the treatment of congestive heart failure, three general pharmacological principles are used nowadays: (l) vasodilation to decrease myocardial afterload and increase stroke volume; (2) diuretics to control salt and water balance; and (3) positive inotropism to increase myocardial force generation and thereby stroke volume. The only positive inotropic compound which has been used successfully and frequently is digitalis, although long-term treatment with digitalis-like substances has been questioned for two different reasons. Firstly, digitalis may lead to arrhythmogcnic side effects. Secondly, the therapeutic range of digitalis is very narrow.
Future directions
Authors: Lee John A , Allen David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be apparent from previous chapters that considerable progress has been made m our understanding of cardiac contractile mechanisms. Until recently most attention focused on alterations of force produced via changes in the cytosolic calcium transient, but it is now clear that alteration of myofilament calcium responsiveness is an important independent mechanism affecting cardiac force production in many physiological and pathophysiological situations. Of particular interest has been the finding that much of the reduction of developed force occurring in hypoxia and ischacmia can be accounted for by reduced calcium responsiveness of the contractile protcins.
Atomic Forces
Authors: Born Max , Huang Kun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crystalline solids are distinguished from other states of matter by a periodic arrangement of the atoms; such a structure is called a crystal lattice. A precise description of the geometry of a lattice will be given later in § 22 of Chapter V. Essentially the regularity displayed by a crystal lattice is that of a three-dimensional mesh which divides space into identical parallelepipeds. Imagine a number of identical atoms placed at the intersections of such a mesh; then we have what is known as a Bimple lattice (or Bravais lattice). The interstitial parallelepipeds, which have atoms for corners, are referred to as the elementary lattice cells; in a simple lattice there is thus exactly one atom to each elementary cell. Now if the atoms are replaced by similarly oriented molecules, the result is a general lattice structure; clearly every cell contains as many atoms as there are in one molecule. The term molecule here describes the geometrical dispositions of the atoms and need not signify a real molecule (a group of atoms form a real molecule in a lattice only if they are more tightly bound to one another than to other atoms in the lattice).