bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron–phonon coupling effects explored by inelastic neutron scattering
Authors: Pintschovius L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article gives a summary of inelastic neutron scattering studies searching for signatures of a strong electron–phonon coupling in high temperature superconductors. Special emphasis is laid on the anomalous dispersion, the unusually large linewidths and the anomalous temperature dependence observed for plane polarized copper‐oxygen bond‐stretching vibrations. It will be discussed in how far these results can be understood within conventional density functional theory or require recourse to theories for strongly correlated electrons, in particular the concept of charge stripe order. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prediction of repeated parasuicide after 1–12 months
Authors: Cedereke M. , Öjehagen A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate predictors for repetition of suicide attempts 1–12 months after a suicide attempt.MethodsTwo hundred and sixteen patients who had made a suicide attempt were investigated after 1 month, and 178 were followed up again after 12 months.ResultsDuring 1–12 months after the suicide attempt, 30 patients reattempted suicide (repeaters). During 0–1 month 13 patients had reattempted suicide (early repeaters), and nine of them also repeated between 1 and 12 months. Repeaters had more often made three or more attempts before index attempt, they more often were in treatment at the index attempt and at 1 month they had lower global functioning and higher suicide ideation. In a Cox Regression analysis two predictors for repetition between 1 and 12 months remained significant; early repetition (OR 6.7, 95% CI, 3.0–14.9) and having GAF-scores below 49 (median cut-off) (OR 3.4 (95% CI, 1.5–7.5).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that repetitive behaviour in itself is a strong predictor of future attempts. Strategies focusing on the repetitive behaviour are warranted.
Female post‐reproductive lifespan: a general mammalian trait
Authors: Cohen Alan A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTTraditional explanations for the evolution of menopause and post‐reproductive lifespan in human females have been based on the benefits of maternal or grand‐maternal care outweighing the cost of lost reproduction. These explanations assume an evolutionary origin of menopause since human divergence with the most recent common ancestor. In this study, I conduct a literature survey of studies of 42 mammal species from eight orders, showing that post‐reproductive lifespan appears to be widespread among mammals. I then propose an alternative to traditional hypotheses: following accepted theories of trade‐offs and senescence, I suggest that the cost of extending reproductive lifespan might be relatively high in female mammals. Somatic and reproductive senescence appear to follow separate trajectories, so it is not surprising that the two processes should occur on different schedules. The timing of each process is probably determined by maximization of reproductive performance and survival early in adulthood, with consequent trajectories resulting in a post‐reproductive lifespan. The early end of reproduction relative to lifespan may be due to the cost of production and/or maintenance of oocytes, which decline exponentially over time. Oocyte number below a threshold may trigger an end to normal hormonal cycling.
ANALYSIS OF TRAINING SET PARALLELISM FOR BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: KING FOO SHOU , SARATCHANDRAN P. , SUNDARARAJAN N. 
Published: November 2004

Training set parallelism and network based parallelism are two popular paradigms for parallelizing a feedforward (artificial) neural network. Training set parallelism is particularly suited to feedforward neural networks with backpropagation learning where the size of the training set is large in relation to the size of the network. This paper analyzes training set parallelism for feedforward neural networks when implemented on a transputer array configured in a pipelined ring topology. Theoretical expressions for the time per epoch (iteration) and optimal size of a processor network are derived when the training set is equally distributed among the processing nodes. These show that the speed up is a function of the number of patterns per processor, communication overhead per epoch and the total number of processors in the topology. Further analysis of how to optimally distribute the training set on a given processor network when the number of patterns in the training set is not an integer multiple of the number of processors, is also carried out. It is shown that optimal allocation of patterns in such cases is a mixed integer programming problem. Using this analysis it is found that equal distribution of training patterns among the processors is not the optimal way to allocate the patterns even when the training set is an integer multiple of the number of processors. Extension of the analysis to processor networks comprising processors of different speeds is also carried out. Experimental results from a T805 transputer array are presented to verify all the theoretical results.
THE FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE MANDELBROT SET 2: HOW TO COUNT AND HOW TO ADD
Authors: DEVANEY ROBERT L. 
Published: November 2004

In a previous paper in this series,1 we showed how one may read off dynamical information about orbits of Fc(x)=x2+c from the geometry of the Mandelbrot set. In this paper we extend these ideas to show further relations between the dynamics of x2+c and the Mandelbrot set. In particular, we show that Mandelbrot set may be used as a vehicle to show students how to “count” and how to “add” geometrically. The ideas in this paper arose from a series of experiments conducted by high school students in “chaos clubs” organized in the Boston public schools by Jonathan Choate, Mary Corkery, Beverly Mawn, and the author. The goal of these clubs was to expose young students to contemporary ideas in mathematics. Students discovered various facts about the Mandelbrot set using a combination of computer experiments and group projects. This paper presents a summary of some of the students’ findings.
THE AVERAGE FRACTAL DIMENSION AND PROJECTIONS OF MEASURES AND SETS IN Rn
Authors: ZÄHLE M. 
Published: November 2004

In this note we introduce the concept of local average dimension of a measure µ, at x∈ℝn as the unique exponent where the lower average density of µ, at x jumps from zero to infinity. Taking the essential infimum or supremum over x we obtain the lower and upper average dimensions of µ, respectively. The average dimension of an analytic set E is defined as the supremum over the upper average dimensions of all measures supported by E. These average dimensions lie between the corresponding Hausdorff and packing dimensions and the inequalities can be strict. We prove that the local Hausdorff dimensions and the local average dimensions of µ at almost all x are invariant under orthogonal projections onto almost all m- dimensional linear subspaces of higher dimension. The corresponding global results for µ and E (which are known for Hausdorff dimension) follow immediately.
In vitro comparison of the effect of fondaparinux and enoxaparin on whole blood tissue factor-triggered thromboelastography profile
Authors: Gerotziafas Grigoris , Chakroun Tahar , Samama Meyer , Elalamy Ismail 
Published: November 2004

SummaryFondaparinux and enoxaparin are both effective and safe in preventing post-operative venous thromboembolism. However, neither of them significantly influence the conventional clotting tests. We compared the influence of clinically relevant concentrations of fondaparinux and enoxaparin on normal whole blood (WB) thromboelastographic profiles after triggering TF-pathway with minimal amount of thromboplastin. Diluted thromboplastin was added to WB samples supplemented with buffer (control), fondaparinux (0.25; 0.5; 1µg/ml), or enoxaparin (0.1; 0.5; 1anti-Xa lU/ml). Four parameters were analyzed, R: clotting time, K: time required to reach an amplitude of 20 mm, α angle: measurement reflecting clot development kinetics and MA: maximal amplitude. At concentrations used in prophylaxis, both enoxaparin (0.1 anti-Xa lU/ml) and fondaparinux (0.25 µg/ml which correspond to 0.27 anti-Xa lU/ml) significantly prolonged the R and K times, but did not significantly modify the a angle as compared to the control. At concentrations observed after administration of curative doses for the treatment of DVT (≥0.5 anti-Xa lU/ml for enoxaparin and ≥0.5 ug/ml for fondaparinux) both drugs induced a significant increase of R and K times, and a significant decrease of the α angle (p <0.05). In contrast to fondaparinux, enoxaparin at concentrations equal to or higher than 0.5 anti-Xa lU/ml significantly reduced MA. The present study provides evidence that the whole blood TF-triggered TEG assay is sensitive to the presence of clinically relevant concentrations of enoxaparin or fondaparinux. Moreover, the angle may be used in order to distinguish the effect of prophylactic and therapeutic concentrations, since it was significantly reduced by the later ones. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of whole blood TF-triggered TEG assay for the monitoring of treatment with enoxaparin or fondaparinux.
A VEGF-dependent autocrine loop mediates proliferation and capillarogenesis in bone marrow endothelial cells of patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Ria Roberto , Russo Francesca , Cirulli Teresa , Massaia Massimo , Tosi Patrizia , Cavo Michele , Guidolin Diego , Ribatti Domenico , Dammacco Franco , Vacca Angelo 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe expression/function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor 2 (VEGFR-2/KDR) in multiple myeloma (MM)-associated angiogenesis is under scrutiny. We show here that bone marrow endothelial cells (EC) from 16 patients with MM (MMEC) highly expressed VEGF-A (the main VEGF isoform) and VEGFR-2 at both mRNA and protein level, whereas EC from 14 patients with monoclonal gammopathy unassociated/unattributable (MG[u]) (MG[u]EC) and 12 human umbilical veins (HUVEC) expressed very low mRNAs and/or proteins. MMEC showed constitutive autophosphorylation in both VEGFR-2 and the associated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 (ERK-2), whereas this was marginal in MG[u]EC and HUVEC. MMEC proliferated rapidly and formed a closely-knit capillary meshwork on Matrigel. These cell functions were reduced in the other EC. Autophosphorylation, proliferation and capillarogenesis were prevented by a neutralizing antiVEGF-A antibody, and more efficaciously by an anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Both antibodies had no effect or were poorly effective on the other EC. These findings as a whole suggest the existence of an autocrine loop of VEGF in MMEC. Since this is very likely a mechanism for the amplification of VEGF activity in neovascularization, it would constitute an appropriate target for antiangiogenic management in MM.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Co3O4 Nanocomposites and Its Electrochemical Performance in Lithium Storage
Authors: Shan Yan , Gao Lian 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) coated with a thick layer of Co3O4 nanocrystals were prepared through a facile and effective method for the first time, which combined the acid treatment MWNTs and in situ decomposition of Co(NO3)2 in n-hexanol solution at 140 °C. TEM images show that the MWNTs are nearly fully coated with a layer of Co3O4 with an average size of 8 nm. The coating layer is 15–20 nm in thickness. The electrochemical performance in Li+ insertion and extraction reactions shows that the MWNTs/Co3O4 composites have larger lithium storage capacities and a better cycle-ability.
Pre-heating of components in cemented total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Jafri A. A. , Green S. M. , Partington P. F. , McCaskie A. W. , Muller S. D. 
Published: November 2004

Fatigue fractures which originate at stress-concentrating voids located at the implant-cement interface are a potential cause of septic loosening of cemented femoral components. Heating of the component to 44°C is known to reduce the porosity of the cement-prosthesis interface. The temperature of the cement-bone interface was recorded intra-operatively as 32.3°C. A simulated femoral model was devised to study the effect of heating of the component on the implant-cement interface. Heating of the implant and vacuum mixing have a synergistic effect on the porosity of the implant-cement interface, and heating also reverses the gradients of microhardness in the mantle. Heating of the implant also reduces porosity at the interface depending on the temperature. A minimum difference in temperature between the implant and the bone of 3°C was required to produce this effect. The optimal difference was 7°C, representing a balance between maximal reduction of porosity and an increased risk of thermal injury. Using contemporary cementing techniques, heating the implant to 40°C is recommended to produce an optimum effect.
Radiological changes in second- and third-generation Zweymüller stems
Authors: Wick M. , Lester D. K. 
Published: November 2004

The Alloclassic and Endoplus femoral stems have the same grit-blasted surface and are hot forged from the same titanium alloy. Only the external form of the implants differs slightly. It was our aim to examine the differences in radiographic bone response between the Alloclassic (second generation) and the Endoplus (third generation) femoral stems. We compared 79 prostheses in 70 matched patients studied over a minimum of two years. Radiolucent lines, adaptive bone remodelling, subsidence, heterotopic bone formation and lysis were recorded in the Gruen zones. Radiolucencies were mainly found in zones 1 and 7 but to a greater extent in the Endoplus than in the Alloclassic group (p < 0.001 in zone 1, p < 0.05 in zone 7). We found lucent lines in three or more Gruen zones in seven patients all of whom were in the Endoplus group (p < 0.05). Zones 2 and 6 had a significantly higher rate of lucencies in the Endoplus group (p < 0.001). We encountered a combination of proximal lucent lines in zones 1 and 7 with distal hypertrophy of the cortical bone in zones 2, 3, 5 and 6 in eight patients, all from the Endoplus group (p < 0.05). In other patients bone atrophy (stress shielding) in zones 2 and 6 was seen more frequently in the Endoplus than in the Alloclassic group (p < 0.001). In neither group was there radiological evidence of osteolysis. Heterotopic bone formation and subsidence occurred with similar frequency in both groups. Our study shows that a small change in the form of the femoral implant can result in statistically significant radiological changes in bone remodelling. Whether this will result in clinical compromise is unknown. However, it seems likely that the Endoplus femoral stem will perform differently from the Alloclassic.
Two mechanical devices for prophylaxis of thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Lachiewicz P. F. , Kelley S. S. , Haden L. R. 
Published: November 2004

The optimal characteristics of pneumatic compression for mechanical prophylaxis of thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are not known. Our study compared two methods of calf compression, with the hypothesis that the device which provided a larger increase in peak venous velocity would produce a lower rate of thromboembolism. We performed a prospective, randomised study on 423 patients (472 knees). Duplex ultrasonography was carried out by experienced technicians who were blinded to the device used. Overall, 206 patients (232 knees) used a rapid inflation, asymmetrical compression (RIAC) device and 217 (240 knees) a sequential circumferential compression device (SCD). The rate of venous thromboembolism was 6.9% with the RIAC device compared with 15% for the SCD device (p = 0.007). The incidence of thrombi with unilateral primary TKA was 8.4% for the RIAC compared with 16.8% for the SCD device (p = 0.03). In 47 patients with a bilateral TKA, the incidence of thrombi was 4% for the RIAC compared with 22.7% for the SCD device (p = 0.05 per knee). There was a low rate of mortality and pulmonary embolism when using mechanical prophylaxis for thromboembolism after TKA. Our findings show that the use of rapid inflation, asymmetrical calf compression gave a significantly lower rate of thromboembolism.
Interchain crosslinking in a low‐density polyethylene/millable polyurethane elastomer blend
Authors: Mishra J. K. , Lee W.‐K. , Kim G. H. , Kim I. , Ha C.‐S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractInterchain crosslinking in a grafted low‐density polyethylene and millable polyurethane blend is reported. The interchain crosslinking was studied by torque rheometry and IR spectra. The mechanism of interchain crosslinking was suggested based on the IR spectra. Interchain crosslinking improves thermal stability, which was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Tensile strength increased but the swelling coefficient decreased with increased interchain crosslinking. The degree of interchain crosslinking is higher for the glycidyl acrylate grafted sample than for the maleic anhydride grafted sample. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 130–136, 2005
Melt reaction in blends of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐50)
Authors: Lee H. K. , Ismail J. , Kammer H. W. , Bakar M. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMelt reaction in blends comprising immiscible biopolymer, poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol percent level of epoxidation (ENR‐50), prepared by solvent‐casting, has been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique was used to measure the heat of reaction under isothermal annealing. The heat of reaction increases with respect to PHB and ENR‐50 content as long as they constitute the dispersed phases and exhibits a maximum at about 50% PHB. A reaction mechanism comprising degradation of PHB chains to shorter chains bearing carboxyl end groups that subsequently react with epoxide group of the ENR‐50 is proposed, providing the basis for kinetic analysis and determination of parameters that characterize the melt reaction. Two‐phase morphologies, formed in the blends upon melting of PHB, transform within minutes to homogeneous phase as observed under optical polarizing microscope. The two glass transition temperatures observed at –18.4 and 1.2°C for blends are associated, respectively, with immiscible ENR‐50 and PHB phases. After annealing at 190°C an inward shift was observed, gradually closing in with increasing annealing time, and eventually merging into a single transition. This is an indication of progressive change in miscibility of the blends, as an effect of the melt reaction. FTIR spectra provide further evidence that supports the ring opening reaction of the epoxide group by the carboxyl group. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 113–129, 2005
Ionic conductivity of polymer solid electrolyte prepared from poly[epichlorohydrin‐co‐(ethylene oxide)] of high ethylene oxide content
Authors: Ikeda Y. , Masui H. , Matoba Y. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHigh molecular weight poly[epichlorohydrin‐co‐(ethylene oxides)] [P(EH/EO)s] composed of high ethylene oxide (EO) content were synthesized by a coordination anionic polymerization of epichlorohydrin (EH) and EO and were used as matrixes for polymer solid electrolytes. The glass‐transition temperature of P(EH/EO)s was linearly shifted to the low temperature with the increase of EO content. The melting temperature attributable to the EO crystalline phase was detected in P(EH/EO)s having EO units of >81 mol %, but their heat of fusion was small. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of the P(EH/EO)s doped with LiClO4 was expressed by WLF equation. P(EH/EO), whose EO content was 81 mol %, showed the highest ionic conductivity at 30°C when LiClO4 was doped in the concentration of [Li]/[–O–] = 0.05, and it was 2.2 × 10−5S/cm at 30°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 178–184, 2005
Small‐angle neutron scattering study of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels during melting process
Authors: Takahashi Nobuaki , Kanaya Toshiji , Nishida Koji , Kaji Keisuke 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSmall‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements were performed on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels in a mixture of deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO‐d6) and D2O with volume ratio of 60/40 to see the structure changes of the crosslinking points, which are crystallites, and of the gel network during the melting process. The observed SANS intensities were fitted to the Ornstein–Zernike (OZ) formula and a power law in scattering vector Q ranges from 0.01 to 0.035 and 0.05 to 0.1 Å−1, respectively, to evaluate the correlation length ξ and the power law exponent n. It was found that the exponent n is 4 and the correlation length ξ is ∼ 150 Å below ≈70°C, suggesting that the crystallite surface is smooth and the average distance between the neighboring crystallites is ≈150Å. On the other hand, they begin to decrease >70°C. The decrease of n suggests that the surface of the crystallites becomes rougher with increasing temperature. As for the correlation length ξ, analyses in terms of distance distribution function suggested that the decrease of ξ is apparent, and the intercrystallite distance increases with temperature >70°C because the crystallites decrease in number because of melt. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 157–160, 2005
Attempts to parameterize cloud water profiles using a neural network
Authors: Michelson D. B. , Landelius T. , Jones C. G. , Collier C. G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAtmospheric state variables from a Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model are combined with analyzed cloud base heights in a neural network, with the objective to model corresponding cloud water profiles. It was found that the neural network was incapable of resolving the inherently non‐linear vertical cloud water distributions. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society