bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Test Ban
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After tiie missile crisis, the first intdligcnn: assessment of the Soviet reaction anticipated “a period of rcconsolidation masked by verbal activity and propagandistic initiativcs.”1 Having been worsted in the crisis, Mos cow would conclude that its bargaining position in any negotiations had been weakened, and so it would play for time. Yet as the crisis closed, the two leaders had spoken publicly and privately or their desire to move Forward on a more constructive agenda. At the end or November, Ken nedy met in \Vashington with Khrushchev’s conlidant, Anastas Mikoyan, who recently had been in Cuba trying to calm Castro down. The presi dent took the opportunity to confirm his disdain ror the U.S. bases in Turkey. He n::turned to his old theme, which he considered to have been reinforced by the Cuban episode: the need to :ivoid misjudgment. This time lvlikoyan w:is more symp:ithetic.
The Test Ban Treaty
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By june it was possible to look forward to high-level negotiations in Moscow in July, but there was no reason to suppose that the basic obstacles would be overcome. Khrushchev seemed entrenched in his position, while the treaty opponents in the United States had the numbers. At the same time he was negotiating with Moscow, the president also had to negotiate with the Joint Chiefs. They had the right to give their views directly to Congress, and there was no reason to suppose that they would hesitate if they dissented from the administration line. In addition, as early as May calculations in the Senate had predicted that a comprehensive treaty would be ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required. They had also, however, indicated that a limited treaty, which allowed underground tests to continue, had much better prospects.
Minor Young Turk Groups, 1902–1905
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1902 Congress precipitated the formation of two major fronts by various Young Turk groups and marked the end of the CUP, which, as an umbrella organization, had dominated the movement since the outset. In a sense, the coalition between the followers of Ahmed R1za and the activists now replaced the CUP. The new coalition, however, lacked the most significant characteristic of the old CUP, namely its role as an umbrella organization in which all groups worked together despite their conflicting agendas. The “majority” led by Sabahaddin Bey naturally attempted to counter the coalition’s influence and prevent it from becoming a dominant force in the Young Turk movement. But it was the coalition’s caustic and inflexible ide ology that enabled Sabahaddin Bey and his followers to deny dominance to this body even during their period of inactivity following their ignominious defeat in 1903. Thus from 1902 onward the Young Turk movement displayed a polarized character.
Love
Authors: Hendrick Susan , Hendrick Clyde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this quotation from the end of our book, Ro- mantic Love , we construe love as one of the most important defining qualities of life. In that volume, we focused on romantic love, but the quotation could be extended to other types of love—the love of parents (and grandparents) for a newborn child, the love of siblings, the love of best friends, and so on. What is more important than love for a happy human life? Our answer is “nothing is more important,” and in this response we advocate love as being a centerpiece of a positive psychology.
42
Authors: Affleck Howard Tennen & Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Individuals facing adversity frequently report benefits in their negative experiences (Affleck & Tennen, 1996). Benefit-finding has been linked to psychological and physical health, and it plays a prominent role in theories of cognitive adaptation to threatening circumstances (Janoff- Bulman, 1992; Taylor, 1983), posttraumatic growth (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 1995), and psychological thriving (Epel, McEwen, & Ickovics, 1998). Snyder and McCullough (2000) refer to benefit-finding as a human strength, and they urge its inclusion in the emerging positive psychology paradigm. Yet the empirical literature in this area is a long way from fulfilling its promise.
Families, Health, and Illness:The Search for Pathways and Mechanisms of Effect
Authors: Wood Beatrice L , Miller Bruce D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings and their families and social systems are complex and dynamic. Understanding families, health, and illness therefore requires an investigatory paradigm that can match that complexity. The systems paradigm meets this requirement because it assumes that biological, human, and social phenomena are multilevel, dynamic, and characterized by patterns of interactive and mutual influence. In considering mutual and reciprocal effects of family factors and health and illness, we find that for the most part the family and health models have focused on only one direction of effect at a time (i.e., the effect of family on health or the effect of health on the family). Although family models have addressed various aspects of the systemic paradigm, there is to date no fully comprehensive model, or even framework, that addresses health and illness in family and social contexts. It is a challenge for the future to examine whether one unified model is feasible, or whether a ‘‘family’’ of models will be required to cover the territory (see Fisher, ch. 22 in this volume). Regardless of whether one or several models are required, we submit that the most useful models will be multilevel, dynamic, and characterized by patterns of interactive and mutual influence, i.e., systems models.
Group Interventions for Children in Crisis
Authors: Jagodic Gordana Kuterovac , Kontac Ksenija , Zubenko Wendy N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Group activities serve many purposes. Group activities can organize children’s free time; create a supportive and com- forting environment; encourage the healthy expression of emotions; provide for the sharing of problems and difficulties; en- courage socialization with peers; and create opportunities for building confidence, skills, and knowledge. Many of these activities are related to play and expressive activities such as art, music, dance, drama, and writing. There are also specific activities organized for children with particular problems, such as aggression, poor socialization, grief, or loss of developmentally appropriate skills.
Ancestral Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we can infer the amino acid sequences of ancestral proteins, it is possible to study how the function of a gene has changed in the evolutionary process. Previously, the sequences of ancestral genes and proteins were inferred by parsimony methods in the process of reconstruction of phylogenetic trees, but these sequences were rarely used for studying the evolution of genes. In recent years, it has become possible to reconstruct an ancestral protein by using site-directed mutagenesis and to study bio chemical properties of the ancestral protein. This has opened a new field of evolutionary study; we can now study the functional change of proteins in the evolutionary process in the laboratory (e.g., Jermann et al. 1995; Chandrasekharan et al. 1996; Dean and Golding 1997; Yokoyama et al. 1999).
Population Trees from Genetic Markers
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To construct a phylogenetic tree for a group of populations or closely related species, it is customary to use allele frequency data from many different genetic loci. This is because the genetic differences between pop ulations are small and they are usually measured in terms of allele frequency differences rather than nucleotide or amino acid differences. Of course, any allelic difference is caused by differences in nucleotide sequence between alleles. Therefore, the ideal approach to this problem is to consider the nucleotide differences as well as the frequency differences among populations.
Perspectives
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed various statistical methods that are useful for the study of molecular evolution. We hope these methods will help re searchers to analyze their data objectively and obtain reasonable answers to various problems of evolution. Needless to say, current statistical methods are not necessarily perfect, and many of them need further refinements. New statistical methods will also be required to deal with new biological problems that will surely arise in the future. In this chapter, we present an overview on the use of statistical methods in molecular evolutionary genetics with an emphasis on future studies.
A Historical Overview
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Importance of the Past is frequently played down, but our concepts about aphasia have developed in the course of the last two centuries, and our current understanding and way of thinking about aphasia have been shaped by classic research. Chapter 1 retraces the history of aphasia from the discoveries of Broca in 1861 and 1865 to the 1970s. Eighteenth-century localization of functions in the brain was conducted only in broad concepts, such as perception, intelligence, and memory. With Franzjoseph Gall the question radically changed. Gall (1825) argued that the brain contains separate organs located in the cerebral cortex and that each organ subserves a specific intellectual, moral, or spiritual faculty. Gall’s ideas were revolutionary for his time and were opposed by many of his contemporaries, who rejected the idea that mental faculties could be localized in separate parts of the brain. In addition, Gall’s phrenology and his bizarre list of 27 faculties rapidly threw discredit on his doctrine, and he is now remembered more for these aspects than for his undeniable merits. According to Benton, “a quantum leap to another mode of thinking was introduced by Franz Joseph Gall in the first decades of the 19th century” (Benton, 1988, p. 5). The claim that somehow survived and that played an important role during the following decades was that the language faculty was located in the frontal lobes.
Classification of the Aphasias
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
interesting findings, such as the discovery that lesions in specific parts of the brain may produce selective cognitive disorders of language, perception, and praxis. Yet, the classic anatomo-clinical method had some limitations connected to the paucity of studied cases and the necessary presence of a striking defect, with the obvious consequence that negative cases (patients with damage in a given area without the expected symptoms), were not taken into consideration. The classic anatomo-clinical correlation method inferred the neural basis of a cognitive function from the clinical analysis of the damaged behavior and the subsequent (generally post¬ mortem) localization of the lesion. However, if only positive cases, namely, patients in whom a given area is damaged and the putative corresponding symptoms are present, are considered, it is not possible to demonstrate whether a lesion in a given area always damages a specific function. In addition, it is always risky to extrapolate from a single case. One should wait for replications before reaching a conclusion about a relationship between a given impaired function and a specific cerebral area. Finally, many patients die long after having been examined; they may survive for many years, and when they undergo autopsy, it is not always easy to identify the exact lesion that produced the symptoms of interest.
Aphasia Therapy from World War I to the 1970s
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter Retraces the History of aphasia rehabilitation and correlates it with contemporary interpretations of the nature of aphasia. Before World War I only sporadic and anecdotal treatment reports can be found. From World War I to World War II aphasia therapy remained a rather uncommon procedure, mostly developed in the German-speaking countries and essentially based on didactic principles (Howard & Hatfield, 1987). After World War II it gained popularity and began to be regularly practiced in other countries as well.
Efficacy of Aphasia Therapy
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, An Attempt was Made to Offer a guide to the rich and varied treatments for aphasia by regrouping them into six different approaches. Before describing more recent changes in aphasic patients’ management, it is worth considering whether aphasia therapy based on the approaches so far described has had any positive effects on recovery of language. The efficacy of the Luria approach will not be discussed because it has rarely been applied in Western countries and experimental data are scanty. Interested readers are referred to Luria’s original work (Luria, 1970), where many follow-up cases are described in great detail. As for the other approaches, the type of aphasia treatment involved has rarely been specified and it is not possible to compare their relative efficacy.
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It can be Argued that the first cycle in the history of aphasia research comes to a close with the studies on efficacy of aphasia therapy reported in Chapter 4. The nature of the aphasic disorder was discussed in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decades of the twentieth century, and two schools of thought—the associationist and the holistic—had faced each other. After relaunching of the associationist approach, objective methods of evaluating the disorder were devised. Therapy for aphasia became common practice, and its effectiveness was thoroughly investigated. Yet, the classic clinical approach had exhausted its propulsive spur, and a totally new approach was needed. This was to be the cognitive neuropsychological approach.
The Lexicon
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Structure of the Lexicon and how lexical representations interact is one of the most thoroughly investigated topics in cognitive neuropsychology. The interest in our knowledge of words can be easily understood if we consider that besides production and comprehension of words, reading and writing also involve lexical processing. Moreover, models of word processing are easier to elaborate than models of sentence processing (which are in fact less detailed and more controversial), and it is understandable that they have attracted the interest of researchers.
Cognitive Rehabilitation
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Stated in Chapter 5, Cognitive neuropsychology fostered an approach to the study of aphasia that was radically different from the classic clinical approach that related verbal behaviors, such as comprehension and reading, to specific cerebral areas. Cognitive neuropsychologists assumed that cognitive tasks are not unitary but rather are the result of a series of cognitive processes, which they endeavored to clarify. Chapter 6 illustrated how a behavior such as naming a picture or reading a word is accomplished. The aim of this chapter is to establish whether and how such cognitive models of language processing have affected implementation of rehabilitation. Selected case studies of patients reportedly rehabilitated following the cognitive neuropsychological approach are considered, and the intervention procedures are compared to the more traditional clinical approaches described in Chapter 3.
Rehabilitation of Lexical and Sentence Disorders
Authors: Basso Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Question of what to do has not been dealt with in Chapter 8; it will be taken up in this and The next chapter. An effort will be made to clarify how the suggested treatments are logically compatible with the underlying theory and constrained by it. However, no claim is made that these are the only rational suggestions to be derived from cognitive neuropsychological models, but merely that they take into consideration the model and are constrained by its structure and processes.
Edith Wharton 1862–1937
Authors: Benstock Shari 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Newbold Jones, who became the writer Edith Wharton, was born on January 24, 1862, in her parents’ New York City spacious brownstone at 14 West Twenty-third Street, Just off Fifth Avenue and the fashionable Madison Square. She entered a country divided by a war whose consequences would touch her own life and become part of her literary subject matter. Descended from Anglo-Dutch merchant families, she was born in a period of social, economic, and cultural transition. Her extended family was distinguished by its social status. The Joneses belonged to an elite group called the “society of birth”; George Frederic Jones and his wife Lucretia lived on inherited Manhattan real estate investments from the estates of George Frederic’s father and grandfather. They created a life of ease for themselves, their family, and friends that included their civic and charitable responsibilities as members of the New York elite.
The Original Meaning of theFourteenth Amendment
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to inquire into the implications both of originalism and of normative minimalism for the constitutional doctrine the modern Supreme Court has fashioned in the name of “equal protection” and also for the doctrine it has fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. We cannot begin that inquiry, however, until we ascertain the original meaning of the relevant part of the Fourteenth Amendment, the second sentence of section 1, which provides: “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”
The Challenge of Time and Space in Ecology
Authors: Magnuson John J , Kratz Timothy K , Benson Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of us can sense change over time and differences across the landscape. We sense “the reddening sky with dawn’s new light, the rising strength of lake waves during a thunderstorm, and the changing seasons of plant flowering as temperature and rain affect our landscapes” (Magnuson 1990, p. 495). We sense in a lake the patches of aquatic plants next to which the large fish lie, in a forest of northern Wisconsin we sense the brown-water lake with cranberries hanging along shore and the crystal-clear lake with beaches of sand, and across the Wisconsin region we sense the transitions from cropland to forest as we drive north. More difficult challenges for scientists who study long-term regional ecology are to sense quantitatively long-term change and dynamics and large-scale gradients and patchiness, and at a suitably fine resolution for analyses of ecological structure and function. The challenges are to achieve a predictive understanding of not just temporal and spatial pattern and variability but also the interactions between these two dimensions. The challenges are to develop and test models and to synthesize our knowledge about how the world works.
Synthetic Summary and Prospective
Authors: Benson Barbara J , Kratz Timothy K , Magnuson John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are in the third decade of the North Temperate Lakes LTER program. The challenge LTER researchers undertook was to understand the dynamics of temperate lakes in a landscape context and over time scales ranging from years to decades or longer. We used the idea of the invisible present and the invisible place (Chapter I) to visualize why broader spatial extents and longer time series were essential to understanding lake ecosystems. A point in time and space, out of context with its past and its surroundings, is destined to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. In many ways, we were attempting to do a new kind of science. From the vantage of more than two decades of LTER research, we summarize the gain in scientific understanding from the North Temperate Lakes LTER program, our contributions to a changing infrastructure for ecological science, and our reflections on the future. At least eight scientific themes permeate chapters of this synthesis volume on the North Temperate Lakes LTER program. The hydrologic template in which lakes are embedded provides a powerful framework for studying lake status and dynamics.
A Tale of Two Revolutions
Authors: Carnot Sadi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of thermodynamics begins in 1824 in Paris. France had been rocked to its foundations by thirty-five years of war, revolution, and dictatorship. A king had been executed, constitutions had been written, Napoleon had come and gone twice, and the monarchy had been restored twice. Napoleon had successfully marched his armies through the countries of Europe and then disastrously in-to Russia. France had been invaded and occupied and had paid a large war indemnity.
The Greatest Simplicity
Authors: Gibbs Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He held few positions of academic or scientific eminence. During his thirty-two years of teaching, no more than a hundred students in total attended his courses. For the first ten years of his tenure at Yale University, he received no salary. He rarely attended professional meetings or traveled. Except for an obligatory European trip to the scientific outside world, and annual excursions to the New England and Adirondack mountains, his life was confined to New Haven, Connecticut, and hardly spanned more than the two blocks separating his home on High Street and his office in the Sloane Laboratory.
Reluctant Revolutionary
Authors: Planck Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first of the revolutionary quantum theorists we meet, Max Planck, would not have succeeded in revolutions of the other kind. Planck was born into the conservative society of nineteenth-century Prussia, and in his formal, disciplined way, he remained committed to the Prussian traditions, even in his scientific work, it seemed, throughout his life. Planck’s life was devoted to an intense, sometimes desperate search—a “hunger of the soul,” in Einstein’s words—for what was absolute and fundamental. “It is of paramount importance,” Planck wrote in his scientific autobiography, “that the outside world is something independent from man, something absolute, and the quest for the laws which apply to this absolute appeared to me as the most sublime scientific pursuit in life.” His faith in physics, ideally rooted in the principles of classical physics, as a manifestation of the absolute principles had the intensity of a religious belief. His intellectual strength and integrity, Einstein tells us, grew from an “emotional condition . . . more like that of a deeply religious man or a man in love; the daily effort is not dictated by either a purpose or a program, but by an immediate need.”
Science by Conversation
Authors: Bohr Niels 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum theory was not an overnight success. Its reception during the first decade of its history was hesitant, and its practitioners were scarce. By 1910, the Planck postulates were more or less recognized, but they had been applied mostly to problems concerning radiation and the solid state, and hardly at all in the realm of atoms and molecules. There had been no movement toward the formulation of a general quantum physics.