bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial scale and ecological relationships between the macroinvertebrate communities of stony habitats of streams and lakes
Authors: Johnson Richard K. , Goedkoop Willem , Sandin Leonard 
Published: August 2004

Summary1. Comparative studies of distinct, but not ecologically isolated, systems such as lakes and streams may improve our understanding of the importance of ecological linkages in aquatic ecosystems.2. In this study we compared the macroinvertebrate benthos of stony habitats in Swedish lakes and streams. Community composition was used to evaluate zoogeographic patterns and functional feeding guilds were used to identify mechanisms potentially affecting such patterns.3. Stream communities were generally more diverse and species‐rich and had a higher proportion of grazers, shredders and passive‐filter feeders than lakes. Lake communities had a higher proportion of predators and collector‐gatherers. Of the 10 most common taxa, only Leptophlebia mayflies, clams (Sphaeriidae) and the isopod Asellus aquaticus were recorded in both lakes and streams.4. Among‐site variance in macroinvertebrate communities accounted for by regional‐scale variables was low (6.4% for lakes and 10.1% for streams), compared with that by local‐scale variables (21% for lakes and 37.6% for streams). For lakes, the among‐site variance in macroinvertebrate communities was best explained by habitat‐scale characteristics followed by ecosystem, riparian, catchment, geographic position and ecoregion. For streams, the variance in macroinvertebrate communities was best explained by ecosystem characteristics followed by habitat, catchment, riparian, ecoregion and geographic position.5. Conspicuous differences in spatial pattern were revealed between lakes and streams. For lakes, the most unequivocal differences in community composition and function occurred at the transition zone between the mixed forests in the south and the boreal coniferous forests in the north. Surprisingly, streams did not respond as strongly to profound landscape‐level differences in climate and vegetation cover.6. The spatial differences noted between macroinvertebrate communities of lakes and streams may be because of differences in retention of detrital matter. Our findings imply that detrital inputs are qualitatively similar, but that the retention and processing of coarse particulate organic matter was presumably higher in lake littoral regions than in stream riffle habitats.7. Although our findings support the conjecture that species distribution is determined fundamentally by conditions prevailing at the local‐scale, regional factors such as land use/type and the role of history were important and seemingly act as strong determinants of large‐scale patterns in biodiversity.
Associating particulate essential fatty acids of the ω3 family with phytoplankton species composition in a Siberian reservoir
Authors: Sushchik Nadezhda N. , Gladyshev Michail I. , Makhutova Olesia N. , Kalachova Galina S. , Kravchuk Elena S. , Ivanova Elena A. 
Published: August 2004

Summary1. We studied variation in the composition of fatty acids in the seston of a small freshwater reservoir with changes in phytoplankton composition during four growth seasons. We focused on the dynamics of the ω3 fatty acids because of their potential importance for zooplankton nutrition.2. Total diatoms were related to the 20:5ω3 fatty acid (eicosapentaenoic, EPA) content in seston. Among two dominant diatom genera, Cyclotella was not associated with EPA content. In contrast, there was a significant correlation between Stephanodiscus and the percentage contribution and content of EPA throughout the study. Hence, freshwater diatoms can differ strongly in content of the essential EPA.3. We considered abundant cyanobacteria as a potential source of 18:3ω3 fatty acid (linolenic, ALA) to aquatic food webs. Among four dominant cyanobacteria species, two (Anabaena flos‐aquae and Planktothrix agardhii) showed significant correlation with the ALA content of the seston, while the other two (Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa) did not.4. Dinophyta had a relatively high level of 22:6ω3 (docosahexaenoic, DHA) for freshwater species and can be also a source of EPA to aquatic food webs.5. Our results show that various species of diatoms as well as cyanobacteria can be of contrasting nutritional value for zooplankton because of their different content of the essential PUFAs. Diatoms, which are low in EPA, could not be considered as a valuable food, while some field populations of cyanobacteria might be valuable sources of essential ALA.
Physiological flexibility: the key to success and survival for Antarctic fairy shrimps in highly fluctuating extreme environments
Authors: Peck Lloyd S. 
Published: August 2004

Summary1. The anostracan fairy shrimpBranchinecta gainiinhabits one of the most hostile environments on earth, living in pools and lakes in Antarctica. Between January 2002 and January 2003 temperatures in two pools whereB. gainiare extremely abundant on Adelaide Island ranged from −18.6 to −15.7 °C in winter, to 19.4 to 17.1 °C in summer, whilst air temperatures ranged from −34 to 6.3 °C.2.Branchinecta gainisurvives winter as cysts, but endures large summer temperature fluctuations as adults. Cysts froze between −24.4 and −25.7 °C. In experiments adults survived 0–10 °C with no mortality for 1 week, 25 °C for nearly 48 h with 50% mortality, and at 32 °C complete mortality occurred in <1 h.3. Oxygen consumption (&#x004d;̇O2) inB. gainiapproximately doubled for every 10 °C temperature rise (Q10 = 2.04) up to 20 °C where it reached a peak. Females had, on average 19% higher &#x004d;̇O2than males. Females also had greater metabolic scopes, (maximum–minimum &#x004d;̇O2across temperatures was ×3.6 for females, ×3.1 for males).4. Ventilation frequency increased linearly with temperature, and did not decline at 25 °C, indicating animals were ‘trying’ progressively harder to supply oxygen to tissues, and oxygen deficiency was the probable cause of death. Females had a higher ventilation frequency than males (8.6–17.1% higher) and they also exhibited greater scope to raise ventilation frequency (×2.4 for females versus ×1.5 for males).5. Great metabolic flexibility allowsB. gainito exploit extreme, highly fluctuating environments, and larger ventilatory and respiratory scopes allow females to survive higher temperatures than males. Because of this flexibility their prospects for coping with physical environmental change are high.
COPD‐intuition or template: nurses’ stories of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Bailey Patricia Hill , Colella Tracey , Mossey Sharolyn 
Published: August 2004

Study rational. A number of nurse‐researchers have examined the experience of dyspnoea reduction during non‐acute phases of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, nurses working on in‐patient hospital units are frequently required to care for individuals suffering from acute exacerbations of their disease (AECOPD). These critically ill individuals present at health care institutions incapacitated by severe shortness of breath/dyspnoea that is frequently refractory to treatment. To date, little is known about the nurses’ understanding of the care they provide for individuals hospitalized because of these acute episodes of their chronic illness.Study objectives. The research project was undertaken, in part, to develop an understanding of nurses’ experience of caregiving for individuals hospitalized for in‐patient care during an AECOPD.Methodological design. This focused ethnographic narrative examined the caregiving stories of 10 nurse caregivers. The 10 nurse caregivers were interviewed while caring for a patient and their family during an experience of an AECOPD characterized by incapacitating breathlessness.Results. The nurse caregivers told a number of caregiving stories that illustrated a common care template that appears to be based on intuition or pattern recognition focusing on anxiety sometimes to the exclusion of dyspnoea.Conclusions. Analysis of these stories emphasized the need to facilitate nurses individualization of standard templates. More importantly, this analysis illustrated the critical need to develop strategies to facilitate the reshaping of inaccurate templates in the presence of new knowledge.
To feel betrayed and to feel that you are betraying the older residents: caregivers’ experiences at a newly opened nursing home
Authors: Häggström Elisabeth , Skovdahl Kirsti , Fläckman Birgitta , Kihlgren Annika Larsson , Kihlgren Mona 
Published: August 2004

Background. In Sweden and internationally, little research has focused on the working situation of Enrolled Nurses and Nurses’ Aides who form the majority of workers in geriatric care today. With this in mind, it is important to focus on how these occupational groups experience their working situation with older residents in municipal care.Aims and objectives. The aim of the study was to investigate the deeper meaning of work satisfaction and work dissatisfaction at a newly opened nursing home for older residents. The study focused on the narratives supplied by the caregivers at the nursing home. The participants included: one Registered Nurse, sixteen Enrolled Nurses, and three Nurses’ Aides. All were directly involved in patient care.Design. The present study is part of a larger longitudinal study within the municipal geriatric care system in Sweden, with a quasi‐experimental design.Method. The interviews were analysed with a phenomenological‐hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur.Result. The caregivers experiences of work satisfaction and work dissatisfaction was expressed in four themes: (i) ‘Experience of betrayal’ describes how the staff felt let down in several ways; (ii) ‘Experience of failing others’ describes how the staff felt that they did not pay enough attention to older people, in several different ways; (iii) ‘Experience of insufficiency’ describes how the staff encountered overwhelming demands from several directions; (iv) ‘Experience of work satisfaction’ describes how the staff felt that they were given support in various ways. Each theme emerged from several subthemes that originated from the caregivers’ narratives.Conclusions. The study shows that the caregivers’ experience of work dissatisfaction overshadows their experience of work satisfaction. It also suggests that their feelings of failing the older residents are connected to their own experiences of feeling betrayed.Relevance to clinical practice. The findings can be used when other nursing homes in municipal care are opened, as a means of preventing work dissatisfaction and increasing work satisfaction among future employees.
Nosocomial infections in neurosurgery intensive care units
Authors: Çelik Sevim Akgül 
Published: August 2004

Background.  Nosocomial infections can lead to complications in the patients admitted to neurosurgery intensive care units. The most common causes are ventriculitis, shunt infections, meningitis, surgical wound infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, intravascular catheter related to infections and gastrointestinal infections.Aim and objective.  This article is written to determine strategies that nurses can apply to minimize nosocomial infections seen in neurosurgery intensive care units.Design.  The article is systematic review.Method.  A MEDLINE and CINAHL search was carried out using descriptor terms. This overview is targeted at neurosurgery intensive care nurses to demonstrate to them that principles of infection control in the neurosurgery intensive care units are based on simple concepts and that basic measures are easy to implement at the bedside. The 20 articles were identified that met the requirements for methodological quality and inclusion criteria.Result.  In order to reduce infection rates it is useful to inform intensive care nurses about the infection sources and it is useful to change their behaviours.Conclusion.  Infection control measures are to be viewed as priority and have to be integrated fully into the continuous process of improvement of quality of care.Relevance to clinical practice.  Little research about the treatment/care and rates of nosocomial infections in the neurosurgery care unit was found. It was found that this subject has not been widely covered in nursing journals. This article can provide knowledge regarding the effective strategies of infection control in the neurosurgery intensive care units. Practicing nurses can use that knowledge to enhance the quality of nursing care.
Clinical governance in primary care: a literature review
Authors: Tait Allison R 
Published: August 2004

Background.  A systematic review of the research literature published between 1999–2003 was carried out to review how primary care trust groups and primary care organisations were monitoring the implementation of clinical governance and the effects this may have on nursing.Method.  Studies were limited to research papers with explicit methodology applicable to primary care trusts. The selection criteria, search procedures and methods of data extraction and analysis were formed at the outset.Data collection.  A data extraction tool developed by Cormack was adapted as a guide to include nine areas of methodological appraisal in summary forms.Results.  Initially 87 articles were identified from the search. When papers were omitted on the exclusion criteria seven studies remained.Conclusion.  Clinical governance is a notable example of co‐ordinated policy development and the entire concept can be difficult to translate into the integrated and systematic approach to improving quality of care. Clinical governance requires changes at three levels: the individual health care professional, primary care teams need to become multidisciplinary with clear understanding, primary care organisations need to put in place systems and local arrangements to support such teams.Relevance to clinical practice.  Clinical governance is about changing the way people work; demonstrating that leadership, teamwork and communication is as important to high quality care as risk management and clinical effectiveness. Whilst the sharing of information between practices is seen to be increasing with multi‐professional study days occurring in some areas this in turn needs commitment for time and funding. The organisational and cultural environment within the trust as well as resource issues needs continuous attention if high quality governance is to become the norm.
Pressure ulcer prevention in nursing homes: views and beliefs of enrolled nurses and other health care workers
Authors: Buss Inge C , Halfens Ruud JG , Abu‐Saad Huda Huyer , Kok Gerjo 
Published: August 2004

Background.  In the Netherlands much attention has been paid to pressure ulcer prevention. National guidelines on pressure ulcer prevention were developed in 1985 and adapted in 1992 at the request of a national organization for quality assurance in health care. Several studies indicate that nurses seem to be insufficiently informed about pressure ulcer preventive activities. There is, however, no information available about the reasons why nurses seem to be insufficiently informed.Aims and objectives.  This study was planned to elucidate the views and beliefs of health care workers (especially enrolled nurses) in Dutch nursing homes about pressure ulcer prevention and about issues related with pressure ulcer prevention.Design.  A qualitative study with semi‐structured, tape‐recorded interviews.Method.  Interviews were conducted with enrolled nurses, team leaders, head nurses, staff nurses and physicians. The interviews were coded and analysed.Results.  Analysis of the interviews revealed that today's pressure ulcer preventive activities are very much based on old traditions in nursing. It also showed that enrolled nurses have no intention to change the care they deliver with regard to pressure ulcer prevention.Conclusions.  It is concluded that a systematic approach is necessary to change nursing thinking and acting with regard to pressure ulcer prevention.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study gives an overview of the views and beliefs of health care workers (especially enrolled nurses) in Dutch nursing homes about pressure ulcer prevention. These views and beliefs can be used as a starting point for effective implementation of guidelines regarding the prevention of pressure ulcers.
Rapid assessment of a helpdesk service supporting severe acute respiratory syndrome patients and their relatives
Authors: Chung Joanne WY , Wong Thomas KS , Chang Katherine KP , Chow CB , Chung Betty PM , Chung Grace , Ho Simone , Ho Jacqueline SC , Lai Claudia KY , Lai Adela , Lam Veronica SF , Lau Josephine , Liu Justina , Mok Esther , Wong Daniel 
Published: August 2004

Background.  To contain severe acute respiratory syndrome, the Hong Kong Hospital Authority set a policy that stipulated there should be no visitors to hospital wards. A helpdesk service was established with the goal of providing immediate emotional and communication support to relatives while severe acute respiratory syndrome patients were isolated during the acute phase of the illness.Aim.  This study describes the results of a rapid assessment of the effectiveness of a helpdesk service designed to meet the immediate needs of relatives of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients in Hong Kong.Design.  Survey.Method.  Eighty‐three respondents, representing about 46.3% of relatives (179), attending the helpdesk on the day of the study were recruited. Service evaluation data was collected using a self‐administered questionnaire completed by respondents.Results.  Nearly 100% of respondents who used the service found the delivery service with on‐site counselling useful for alleviating their anxiety. However, about half of these relatives complained of insufficient information regarding the patient's condition and progress. The majority of respondents were satisfied with the service. In describing the most important traits of the service providers, caring and enthusiasm were mentioned most frequently by respondents who stated that they were very satisfied with the service.Conclusion.  The results support the value of the service, and demonstrate that the service is effective in meeting relatives’ immediate needs. These needs include information, aid in fulfilling their role as caretaker for the patient (delivering prepared soup) and psychological support. The results suggest that facilitation of visitation of patients by relatives via video conferencing and education of the public on the nature and course of severe acute respiratory syndrome to reduce the social stigma of having a potentially life‐threatening disease should be introduced in Hong Kong.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results highlight important attributes that helpers (nurses) should have in order to alleviate the suffering of severe acute respiratory syndrome patients and their relatives.
Nurse–patient interaction: a review of the literature
Authors: Shattell Mona 
Published: August 2004

Aims. The aims of this paper are to review a theoretical model useful for developing nursing knowledge related to nurse–patient interaction, review the literature on nurse–patient interaction, and discuss areas for further research.Theoretical model. Goffman's theory of face work.Results. Nurse–patient interaction is a central element of clinical nursing practice. This paper shows how Goffman's model can be used as a theoretical framework for understanding nurse–patient communication.Relevance to clinical practice. Issues such as power, the social and cultural context, and interpersonal competence are shown to be important in the quality of nurse–patient interactions and nurses need to take cognizance of these factors in their interactions with patients.
Artificial hydration and nutrition in advanced Alzheimer's disease: facilitating family decision‐making
Authors: Eggenberger Sandra K , Nelms Tommie P 
Published: August 2004

Background.  As Alzheimer's disease progresses to its final stages of dementia and dysphagia, whereby patients can no longer swallow food and fluids, families suffer with difficult decisions regarding initiation of artificial hydration and nutrition.Aims and objectives.  Through the use of a hypothetical family scenario, this theoretical article presents the ethical principals of beneficence and autonomy as a framework for use by nurses to hear and inform family decision‐makers of the physiology of death in the advanced stages of Alzheimer's and examines the current literature related to benefits and burdens of artificial hydration and nutrition.Conclusions.  While a beneficial consideration, ethical principles are critiqued for their inability to provide an absolute answer and relieve family suffering in this clinical situation.Relevance to clinical practice.  A nurse‐lead consensus building process is proposed to guide family decision‐making regarding artificial hydration and nutrition with advanced Alzheimer's disease.
Diabetes mellitus in itself is not a risk factor for antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with bacteriuria
Authors: Meiland R. , Geerlings S. E. , De Neeling A. J. , Hoepelman A. I. M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAim  To investigate whether diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from patients with bacteriuria.Methods  Data were obtained from a multicentre study. A clean‐voided midstream urine culture was collected from 636 women with diabetes, who were between 18 and 75‐years‐old, attended an out‐patient department and had no symptoms of a urinary tract infection. The resistance of E. coli was determined for different antimicrobials. The results were compared with resistance data from routine isolates of E. coli, obtained from women in the same age category, time period and location.Results  A total of 135 E. coli were isolated from women with diabetes mellitus (mean age 57 ± 14 years) and compared with 5907 routine isolates of E. coli obtained from female patients visiting an out‐patient department (mean age 52 ± 17 years). The resistance rates of E. coli isolated from diabetic patients and the routine isolates of E. coli to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole were 19% and 23%, respectively, to amoxicillin 16% and 32%, to nitrofurantoin 1% and 3%, to ciprofloxacin 0% and 4%, to ofloxacin 0% and 5%, and to norfloxacin 1% and 4%.Conclusion  The resistance of uropathogenic E. coli in non‐hospitalized women with diabetes mellitus is not higher than that seen in routine isolates of E. coli. This suggests that diabetes in itself is not a risk factor for resistance.