bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Out Class While Studying Elites
Authors: Ostrander Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociologists rarely “study up.” The names of those who have examined upper-class elites are too few and come too easily to mind. Elites are boundary keepers who create and actively maintain social barriers between themselves and nonelites. Somewhat to my surprise, I have found it less difficult to cross these barriers than I first expected and other social scientists seem to imagine. Even more surprising, despite-or because of-my (more or less) working-class background, I sometimes feel a deep affinity with upperclass elites, even when I disagree with their worldviews. How could this be? Why do I feel this connection to some members of the upper class? I began to study the upper class at a time when class was still measured and defined largely by men’s occupational status, income, and education. Women’s class was determined mostly by husbands’ and fathers’ positions. Women of the upper class received only passing attention because the study of elites focused on the power, authority, and social backgrounds of men who were elite decision makers.
Samhain
Authors: Rogers Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Halloween is commonly thought to have pagan origins, even though its etymology is Christian. Halloween is, quite literally, the popular derivative of All Hallow Even, or the eve of All Saints’ Day (r November). Taken together with All Souls’ Day, which falls on November, it is a time assigned in the Christian calendar for honoring the saints and the newly departed. In past centuries, it was also the occasion for praying for souls in purgatory. Yet because Halloween is popularly associated with the supernatural, it is often believed to have strong pagan roots that were never eliminated by the holiday’s subsequent Christianization.
Some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia. More typically, it has been linked to the Celtic festival of Samhain or Samuin (pronounced sow-an or sow-in), meaning summer’s end.
Halloween Goes to Hollywood
Authors: Rogers Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1991, the Grand Rapids Jaycees organized a Halloween party in a refurbished Grand Trunk locomotive on seven miles of railroad between Coppersville and Marne in Michigan. On what was called the “Terror Traint,” visitors were subjected to scary, live thrills from “horrific actors” during the hour-long trip. The photos in the Detroit Free Press depicted a gruesome young man wielding a chainsaw and a waitress offering guests a pizza topped with a rat, bat, and spiders.1 What is noteworthy about these scenarios is that they were all derived from Hollywood movies. In the gruesome young man, the frightened teenagers might have recognized Leatherface from the Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974); in the rat-topped pizza, an adaptation of a scene from Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), a vintage horror movie starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford.
Halloween at the Millennivm
Authors: Rogers Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Halloween at the millennium is a contested and in many respects a controversial holiday. There is little consensus as to what it means or to how it should be observed. To be sure, Halloween still retains some vestigial links to the harvest. Its pumpkins and apples are part of the festive fare of harvest suppers and thanksgiving dinners. Newspapers and magazines routinely provide tips around Halloween as to how these seasonal frnits and vegetables might be enjoyed. Martha Stewart Living magazine produced a Halloween edition in 2000 in which the festive fare was scary yet upscale, with garlic soup, devil’s salsa, and pretzels in the shape of severed fingers with ladylike red almond “nails.” But it also featured mulled apple cider and reminded readers of the close association of Halloween with the end of the harvest in nineteenth-century America. In some places, of course, this seasonal association is still critical. In the rural areas of the American Northeast, for example, Halloween continues to be a marker of the hunting season, a time when farmers open their land to hunters, hikers, and snowmobilers.
Won Buddhism: The Historical Context of Sot’aesan’s Reformation of Buddhism for the Modern World
Authors: Chung Bongkil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opening of the Modern World and Material Civilization It seems entirely appropriate to analyze the historical context of the foundation of Won Buddhism in a volume that addresses itself to the relevance of Buddhism for modernity in that Won Buddhism has grown out of the movement to reform and renovate Buddhism for the modern world. This implies that Buddhism in Korea at the beginning of the twentieth century needed reformation and renovation to be relevant to the modern world. In 1916 the founder of Won Buddhism, Pak Chung-bin (1891–1943), better known by his cognomen Sot’aesan,1 attained enlightenment. At that time he made a prediction no one in Korea could understand that the world was entering a new era of material civilization. His warning that humans would be enslaved by the formidable power of material civilization largely went unheeded. Like a sharp knife that can be either a useful tool or a lethal weapon depending on its user’s spiritual condition, the by-products and side effects of material civilization have polluted the air, water, and earth to an alarming extent. For example, the production and unsafe disposal of nuclear arsenals that can destroy all the sentient beings many times over demonstrates the way modern civilization can become a lethal force.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Quirolo Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was an 11-year-old girl diagnosed at birth by newborn screening as having hemoglobin F and hemoglobin S. She was subsequently determined to be hemoglobin SS. She had a long history of complications of her sickle cell disease, beginning with splenic sequestration at 6 months of age. At that time, she was treated with transfusions and eventually required a partial splenectomy. She was admitted to the hospital at 19 months of age with acute chest syndrome as a complication of respiratory syncytial viral infection. Over the next several years, she had recurrent episodes of reactive airway disease. At the age of 4 years, she had a life-threatening episode of acute chest syndrome requiring admission to the intensive care unit and exchange transfusion. She was subsequently transfused with red blood cells monthly for 6 months to prevent recurrence. Two years later, she was again admitted to the intensive care unit with acute chest syndrome. During this admission, she was found to have Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis and pneumonia. She again received RBC transfusions monthly for 6 months. Following this course of transfusion therapy, she was offered therapy with hydroxyurea, but this therapy was never instituted.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Flor-Cisneros Armando , Leikin Sergey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient is a 1.5-year-old white female admitted to the NIH Clinical Center for evaluation of bone deformities in the lower extremities, generalized osteopenia, and a recent left femur fracture. She was the product of an uncomplicated, full-term pregnancy delivered by cesarean section and was born with normal Apgar scores and a birth weight of 2954 g (normal for fullterm newborns). A prenatal ultrasound done at 35 weeks of gestation suggested shortening and bowing of femurs, tibias, and fibulas and rhizomelic proportions (shortening of proximal limb segments) of the upper extremities. Her perinatal hospital course was uncomplicated. However, she was noted to have bilateral clavicle fractures at birth. The past medical history was significant for a dislocated left elbow at 6 months of age that resolved spontaneously, left femur fracture at 16 months of age that occurred while she was trying to pull up to stand, and chronic sinusitis due to an underdeveloped ethmoidal-sphenoid sinus (air-filled cavity in the skull behind the bridge of the nose). Her psychosocial development appeared normal. She was able to crawl and scoot but could not cruise yet.
HMG-CoA Lyase Deficiency
Authors: Proud Virginia k. , Rosenthal Miriam D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D.E.C. was a normal female infant (weight 6 lb 4 oz, length 20 inches) born via spontaneous vaginal delivery to an 18-year-old primigravida (first pregnancy). The pregnancy was unplanned and complicated only by maternal use of antidepressants (Zoloft and Depakote) during the first months of gestation. When D.E.C. was 1 month of age, she appeared to have macrocephaly and mild hypotonia; a cranial sector scan was performed and was normal. She was initially breast-fed but was a poor feeder, had gastroesophageal reflux, and gained weight slowly (Fig. 20-1). She sweated profusely when sleeping, and at 4 months of age had hypotonia and poor head control. She was initially hospitalized at 4 months of age during a family vacation. An initial viral illness with low-grade fever and vomiting led to lethargy within 12 h. When she developed generalized seizures, she was taken to the emergency room and admitted. She experienced respiratory decompensation, was intubated, and required ventilator support for 72 h. Laboratory studies demonstrated marked metabolic acidosis with 1100 mol/L; normal 50–200 mol/L). Her liver enzymes were markedly elevated. Her urine contained a number of organic acids, including 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, 3-methylglutaconic acid, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid, all by-products of leucine catabolism. Plasma amino acid values also suggested a problem in branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Studies with skin fibroblast cultures confirmed a deficiency of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA-lyase deficiency with zero enzyme activity.
Pancreatic Insufficiency Secondary to Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Layer Peter , Keller Jutta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 45-year-old male patient presented with diarrhea and weight loss (12 kg during the past year; his current body weight was 63 kg, height was 181 cm, and Body Mass Index (BMI) was 19.2 kg/m2 [normal is 19.2–24.9]). He reported that his stools were bulky, loose, and odorous, particularly following large meals rich in fat. During the last 15 years, the patient had suffered from recurrent attacks of abdominal pain. Most episodes were self-limited and subsided after 1–3 days. In time, the patient found that avoiding food intake during acute attacks was helpful. In association with one attack, a peptic ulcer was suspected, and the patient was treated unsuccessfully with an acid-suppressing drug (possibly a proton pump inhibitor), the name of which he did not remember; upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ultrasound were not performed.
“Get in Out of the Draft”
Authors: Sterba Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Ceriani’s life represented one of New Haven’s best-known Italian immigrant success stories. At the age of fourteen, he left his family in northern Italy to come to America. He settled in the Elm City and worked for several years as a waiter before raising enough money to purchase his own restaurant and cabaret. A talented businessman, Ceriani was one of the few Italian entrepreneurs to leave the confines of the colonia. His place, the Cafe Mellone, was only a block from the city green, and his regular advertisements in the daily papers showed a keen sense of the American market.
Protestants and the American Economy in the Postcolonial Period: An Overview
Authors: Klay Robin , Lunn John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to write the economic history of the United States for the period between the ratification of the Constitution and the outbreak of the Civil War are handicapped by a scarcity of precise aggregate data. 1l1e carefully verified and expertly tabulated summaries of economic information that have been prepared by the United States Department of Commerce, for example, are much fuller for decades beginning in the late nineteenth century than for the early 18oos1. Efforts aimed at the economic history of American religious groups are even more scantily served by collections of aggregate financial data. To be sure, the fact that the Census Bureau during parts of the nineteenth century collected systematic information on churches means that certain data exist for the earlier period that have not been collected throughout the twentieth century. For example, a dearer picture of the total value of church property is present for 1850 and 1860 than for a century later. Yet for religious bodies, as well as for the nation as a whole, the general trend is for the quality and quantity of well-verified data to increase the closer we come to the present.
Garden Spot
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year, millions of tourists are drawn to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, to experience first-hand the quintessential pastoral--both as an escape from urban life and as a rare opportunity to become immersed in history. The area has attracted visitors eager to catch a glimpse of the distinctive religious community of the Old Order Amish, to appreciate the beauty of the farmland, to enjoy the abundant and delicious food of the Pennsylvania Dutch...and, most recently, to shop at the area’s outlet malls. For nearly three hundred years, Lancaster county has been a model of agricultural prosperity, rooted in the family farm. The rural character of the place remains Lancaster’s predominant tourist attraction, but is at odds with its rapidly rising population and the commercial and residential growth that has brought. It is the tension between rural tradition, progress, and urbanization that lies at the core of Garden Spot. David Walbert examines how twentieth century American culture has come to define and appreciate rurality, and how growth and economic expansion can co-exist with preservation of the traditional ways of life in the region. Will small farms fail in a culture that has increasingly come to value productivity over quality of life? What impact will further development have on maintaining this region’s character? Can rurality and progress co-exist in the 21st century? A vivid portrayal of the land and people, residents and outsiders alike, Garden Spot narrates the history of this region and considers the challenges Lancaster County and its people face in order to preserve their unique place.
The Landscape Of Progress: Urbanization and Planning
Authors: Walbert David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lancaster Countians had always been proud of their home, for its rural character and its prosperity. In rural communities across the United States, the decades after World War II left rurality and prosperity increasingly irreconcilable, but not so in Lancaster. Agriculture remained supreme, while new industries—not the least of which was tourism—provided thousands of new jobs. While sons and daughters of farmers elsewhere headed for the city in search of work, native Lancaster Countians could stay home. But success, too, had a price. A rural community was a delicate balance: too much progress, and it became urban or metropolitan; too little, and it eroded from within. One path led to the city, the other back to wilderness. If Lancaster County avoided the latter demise, it was, by 1970, in danger of the former. Some residents seemed to recognize the change and tried to fight it, but even their efforts to find a solution brought them ever closer to urbanization. Tourists bore more than their share of the blame, but there seemed no way to control the mushrooming industry—and little will to find one. Population growth was a greater problem and even harder to handle.
Method and Inquiry: Some Socioeconomic Factors Underlying the Associational Boom
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hindsight is not always so perfect, and contemporary studies of nineteenth century American associationalism are no exception. Whether it be the need for community, relief from work and gender roles, or political empowerment, most of the leading explanations of the associational boom rely on untenable assumptions about the emotional equilibrium of the American people. Though convincing in the abstract, such explanations rely on post hoc imputations of individually aggregated sentiments, the justification for which is usually based on the claim that there is some connection between changing macrosocial conditions, such as industrialization, and the universal needs of individuals, such as the desire to maintain connection to the mores of a bygone era.
“Communitas,” or Some Socio-cultural Factors Behind the Boom
Authors: Kaufman Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, the modern term community actually conflates two antecedent words: the ancient Latin word communis, which refers to the quality of fellowship, or a “community of relations or feelings,” and the medieval Latin word commonty, which reflects a much different and I suspect more historically relevant meaning.1 A commonty is “a body of fellows or fellow-townsmen,” and it bears an exclusionary rather than inclusionary connotation, as in “The thynges of the comunete.”2 Thus, in contrast, a commonty is a jurisdiction or realm of privilege specific to a certain group of people, whereas communis denotes the touchy-feely way communitarians and associational enthusiasts would like us to feel about one another.3
Last Tango on the Heliopause
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bob reaches down to help Miss Muxdröözol out of a hole she has fallen into while hiding from the alien ants. “Mr. Plex, she still has her legs. It’s normal for her species to lose legs and regenerate them minutes later. She has body-repair nanoparasites living in the left acetabulum of her pelvis, or so I’m told. Give her a minute, and she’ll be good as new.”
Study Design
Authors: Haddix Paul G , Farnham Anne C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before beginning a prevention-effectiveness analysis, researchers must address a number of issues. The perspective of the study, the analytic methods, and other key issues affect not only the nature of the analysis but also the interpretation and usefulness of the results. This process is referred to as framing the study. Its successful completion is one of the most important steps in designing a study.
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Authors: Messonnier Mark , Meltzer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is considered the preeminent method of economic evaluation because it allows for the direct comparison of different types of outcomes resulting from a variety of actions. If done correctly, it provides the most comprehensive monetary measures of the positive (beneficial) and negative (costly) consequences of a possible course of action, such as recommending the routine vaccination of restaurant employees against hepatitis A.1 With CBA, one can compare two or more different public health strategies, such as using whole- cell pertussis vaccine versus acellular vaccine for routine childhood immunizations.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Gift Thomas L , Haddix Anne C , Corso Phaedra S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) has become the predominant method for evaluating the costs and effects of alternative health-care strategies. Unlike many clinical decision models, CEAs address questions about population-based health policies and programs. They have has been used to compare strategies designed to address the same health problem (competing interventions) and strategies targeted at different health problems (independent interventions). At the programmatic level, CEAs have been used for planning purposes and at the highest levels of government for setting priorities for resources allocated to health.
Using Economic Evaluations in Decision Making
Authors: Siegel Joanna E , Carolyn Carolyn M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of efficiency in the health-care system has broad appeal. Politicians and policy makers periodically have mounted efforts to eliminate or reduce waste. Demands for evidence of the return on investment for health-care services have been prominent for well over a decade, often framed in the context of coverage decisions for health-care services not traditionally reimbursed by insurance policies. Calls for improved cost effectiveness of health-care services are part of the national parlance, reflecting not so much a commitment to the rational allocation of resources as the conviction that improving cost effectiveness, that is, getting value for money, is a widely accepted and legitimate goal.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, the important features of the life-story perspective were discussed. To recap briefly, this perspective seeks to understand the patient as an individual with a unique story. There are as many stories as there are lives and many stories within each life. Stories are not data, but are narrative—that is, a series of interpretive connections made between pieces of data in an attempt to “make sense” of the data. Stories also are not facts. They are “true” only to the extent that they are accepted by and prove useful to the therapist and the patient. Of the many stories that a therapist and a patient might potentially construct, the one that they ultimately will choose will be one that sufficiently illuminates the clinical issue at hand. Thus, the “truth” of the story is not validated in the same manner as a scientific theory might be. Its truth is “narrative truth” rather than “historical truth.” We use the logic of the life-story perspective every day in our personal lives. Without the life-story perspective, we would have no sense of our lives having meaning. Our lives would appear to be a random series of events, without any subjective sense of personal identity, relationships to family and coworkers, opinions about the past, or predictions about the future.
A Theory of the Social Function of Asceticism
Authors: Valantasis Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the past seventy years or more, theorists in the social sciences and the humanities have explored asceticism as a vital component of sociology, social history, and hermeneutics; while historians have been exploring the role of asceticism and the place of ascetics in the societies of late antiquity and the western Middle Ages. The historical perspective has focused on the function of asceticism and the ascetic within the dominant social context, while the attention of the theorists has focused on it as an economic, social, political, and interpretative instrument within the larger cultural domain. Although at first glance the distinction seems minor, there is in fact a great difference in approach: the theorists understand asceticism as a large and pervasive cultural system; while the historians view asceticism as specific religious practices relating to social withdrawal, restriction of food, regulation of sexuality, and the formation of religious community. The larger cultural systems of the ascetical theorists locate asceticism at the center of cultural, social, and individual engagement in every sphere of cultural expression; the particular religious practices of the historian locate asceticism only in the religious or philosophical arenas.