bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between trauma and psychosis: A review and integration
Authors: Morrison Anthony P. , Frame Lucy , Larkin Warren 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: This paper examines the research and theoretical literature on potential links between trauma and psychosis.Methods: Three main alternatives are considered; can psychosis cause PTSD, can trauma cause psychosis and could psychosis and PTSD both be part of a spectrum of responses to a traumatic event? The more influential studies considered are critically evaluated and methodological considerations specific to research regarding trauma and psychosis are also examined.Results: Evidence is found in support of each of these relationships, and an integrative approach to conceptualizing the relationships is suggested.Conclusions: Recent conceptualizations of PTSD and psychosis are used to inform the consideration of these different pathways, and the implications for theories of psychosis and trauma and the clinical implications for services for psychotic patients are discussed.
Hopelessness and future thinking in parasuicide: The role of perfectionism
Authors: Hunter Elizabeth C. , O'Connor Rory C. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: This study had three aims: (1) to independently replicate the future thinking effect, that parasuicides, when compared with controls, show a deficit in positive future thinking but no increase in negative future thinking; (2) to determine whether positive future thinking and socially prescribed perfectionism discriminate general hospital parasuicides from controls beyond measures of affect and; (3) to explore the relationship between future thinking and perfectionism.Design: A cross‐sectional design was employed. Three groups of participants took part: hospital parasuicide patients (N = 22), hospital controls (N = 22) and community controls (N = 21).Methods: Parasuicide patients admitted, via accident and emergency, to a general hospital were matched with hospital and community controls and assessed on measures of hopelessness, depression, anxiety, perfectionism, and future thinking.Results: There was evidence to support the future thinking effect. A discriminant function analysis revealed that social perfectionism and positive future thinking did indeed discriminate parasuicides from controls beyond the effects of hopelessness, depression, and anxiety. Exploratory relationships between perfectionism and positive future thinking were also reported.Conclusions: The results reinforce the importance of future thinking in parasuicide. Moreover, the role of social perfectionism in the suicidal process was elucidated and ought to be replicated within a prospective design.
Care staff attributions for violent incidents involving male and female patients: A field study
Authors: Leggett Janice , Silvester Joanne 
Published: November 2003

Objectives: This article presents a study of naturally occurring attributions recorded by care staff following incidents of restraint in a psychiatric secure unit. The relationship between control for patient, control for staff and behavioural outcomes including use of medication, seclusion and duration of restraint were explored for male and female patients.Design and methods: In all, 557 forms documenting incidents of control and restraint, and completed over a four‐year period by nurses in a UK psychiatric hospital, were content analysed using the Leeds Attributional Coding System (LACS; Munton, Silvester, & Hanks, 1999). Additional information concerning duration of restraint, severity of injuries sustained by patient and care staff, use of medication and seclusion, and patient was also gathered. It was hypothesized that perceived patient control over causes of the restraint incident would be associated with duration of restraint, use of seclusion and medication. It was also predicted that male patients would be perceived as having more control over incidents, and thus be more likely to be secluded and less likely to be prescribed medication, than female patients.Results: Seclusion was associated with controllable attributions for patient and uncontrollable attributions for care staff. Use of medication was associated with uncontrollable attributions for patient, but only for male patients. Contrary to prediction, female patients were more likely to be secluded than males and less likely to receive medication. Staff were also more likely to state that they had ‘no explanation’ for restraint incidents involving female patients.Conclusions: The investigation of naturally occurring attributions raises important questions regarding the relationship between patient gender and attributional models of helping behaviour. The results are discussed in terms of their potential implications for future research and health care practice.
Reevaluation of flow cytometry for investigating antibody binding to the surface of Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite‐infected red blood cells
Authors: Williams T. N. , Newbold C. I. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe acquisition of antibodies directed toward variant surface antigens (VSAs) expressed on the surface of the trophozoite‐infected red blood cell is an important determinant of natural immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In recent years, flow cytometry has been used increasingly to investigate these responses, but few systematic assessments of this method are available in the published literature.MethodsWe developed a highly standardized experimental protocol and used parasites of the A4 laboratory clone, a monoclonal antibody to the VSA expressed by this clone (monoclonal antibody BC6), and a single pool of hyperimmune plasma to explore the parameters responsible for variations in VSA antibody responses measured by flow cytometry.ResultsDespite strenuous efforts to standardize our flow cytometric assay, we found marked variability in our assay readout, even between repeat experiments using identical antibody and parasite combinations. We found no remediable cause for much of this variability. However, we identified three major factors that we considered important contributors: antibody concentration, nonspecific antibody binding to uninfected red blood cells, and parasite agglutination.ConclusionsA number of potential pitfalls should be considered when designing and interpreting studies using this technique. In particular, we suggest that comparisons between assays conducted on different occasions can be made only through reference to carefully selected standards. We anticipate that a better appreciation of the factors that lead to assay variation will assist the design of improved experimental protocols. Cytometry Part A 56A:96–103, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular determination of activated caspases (IDAC) by flow cytometry using a pancaspase inhibitor labeled with FITC
Authors: Jayaraman Sundararajan 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackgroundFlow cytometry–based methods of simultaneous detection of multiple activated caspases in single cells are of diagnostic value and remain to be fully explored.MethodsGenomic DNA fragmentation was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Whole cells were incubated with the cell‐permeable pancaspase inhibitor, FITC‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐fluoro‐methyl‐Rerone (FITC‐VAD‐FMK), and propidium iodide (PI) and analyzed for intracellular activated caspases and plasma membrane integrity, respectively, by flow cytometry.ResultsTwo distinct populations of apoptotic cells were identified by flow cytometry: an early apoptotic population indicated by FITC‐VAD‐FMK binding and the late apoptotic cells characterized by FITC‐VAD‐FMK staining and permeability to PI. The binding of FITC‐VAD‐FMK to apoptotic cells was time dependent and concurred with DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with the pancaspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp‐methyl‐fluoro‐methyl‐kerone (Z‐VAD (OMe)‐FMK), coordinately attenuated apoptosis induction and activation of caspases. The pancaspase inhibitor also competitively blocked the binding of FITC‐VAD‐FMK to early apoptotic cells in vitro. Significantly, the use of FITC‐VAD‐FMK permitted apoptosis determination in a number of cell lines including the caspase‐3 gene–deleted MCF‐7 responding to various apoptotic stimuli.ConclusionsApoptosis detection based on FITC‐VAD‐FMK binding is specific and easily performed by flow cytometry in a variety of cells. This novel technique has implications for detecting apoptosis in pathophysiologic conditions. Cytometry Part A 56A:104–112, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorine‐18 labelling of oligonucleotides: Prosthetic labelling at the 5′‐end using the N‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide reagent
Authors: Kuhnast B. , Hinnen F. , Boisgard R. , Tavitian B. , Dollé F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLabelled oligonucleotides are new imaging tools to study gene expression at the nucleic acid and protein levels. We have previously developed a universal method to label oligonucleotides at their 3′‐end with radiohalogens and particularly with fluorine‐18, the most widely used positron‐emitter, t1/2: 109.8 min. Using the same strategy, we herein report the fluorine‐18 labelling of oligonucleotides at their 5′‐end. A 18‐mer 2′O‐methyl modified oligoribonucleotide, bearing a phosphorothioate group at its 5′‐end, was conjugated to our fluorine‐18‐labelled reagent N‐(4‐[18F]fluorobenzyl)‐2‐bromoacetamide. The whole synthetic procedure yielded up to 1 GBq of fluorine‐18‐labelled oligonucleotide with a specific radioactivity of 37–74 GBq/μmol in 160 min. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of no‐carrier‐added [11C]methanesulfonyl chloride as a new labeling agent for PET radiopharmaceutical development
Authors: McCarron Julie A. , Pike Victor W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThree methods are described for labeling methanesulfonyl (mesyl) chloride with no‐carrier‐added (NCA) carbon‐11 (t1/2=20.4 min; β+=99.8%) to provide a new labeling agent of potential value in radiopharmaceutical development for positron emission tomography (PET). Each method uses NCA [11C]iodomethane, which is readily prepared from cyclotron‐produced [11C]carbon dioxide or [11C]methane by known procedures. The first method (route 1) consisted of converting [11C]iodomethane into [11C]methyllithium and then treatment with sulfuryl chloride. NCA [11C]mesyl chloride was obtained in 78% decay‐corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) from [11C]iodomethane at 30 min from the end of radionuclide production (ERP). However, co‐production of n‐butanesulfonyl chloride limited the extent of reaction of this labeling agent with 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ). Two new syntheses were devised, based on converting [11C]iodomethane into [11C]methanethiol by passage over heated sodium hydrogen sulfide for subsequent treatment with either chlorinated water (route 2) or over heated manganese(IV) oxide and then calcium hypochlorite (route 3). These procedures gave NCA [11C]mesyl chloride in 77% (route 2) and 28% (route 3) RCYs from [11C]iodomethane at about 20 min from ERP. Crude [11C]mesyl chloride, produced by route 2 or 3, reacted rapidly with THIQ to give the corresponding NCA [11C]methanesulfonamide in 49 or 74% RCY, respectively. Phenol was also converted rapidly with [11C]mesyl chloride into the corresponding [11C]mesylate (>90% RCY). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis and chiral HPLC separation of 18F‐labeled MaxiPost™. An agent for post‐stroke neuroprotection
Authors: Dischino Douglas D. , Dulac Heidi A. , Gillman Kevin W. , Keller Lynn S. , Kozlowski Edward S. , Marcin Lawrence R. , Mongillo James J. , Starrett John E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe syntheses of (S)‐3‐(5‐chloro‐2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐3‐[18F]‐fluoro‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐indol‐2‐one was accomplished by the microwave assisted carrier‐added 18F fluorination of (R,S)‐3‐(5‐chloro‐2‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐3‐chloro‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐indol‐2‐one, followed by chiral HPLC separation to afford the desired 18F‐labeled enantiomer in radiochemical yields of 5–15% (EOS) and synthesis and purification times of 60–67 min. Biodistribution studies in rodents were consistent with previously reported studies using racemic 18F‐radiolabeled material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of a frictional contact algorithm for strongly curved contact problems
Authors: Oliveira M. C. , Alves J. L. , Menezes L. F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOne of the challenges in contact problems is the prediction of the actual contact surface and the kind of contact that is established in each region. In numerical simulation of deep drawing problems the contact conditions change continuously during the forming process, increasing the importance of a correct evaluation of these parameters at each load step. In this work a new contact search algorithm devoted to contact between a deformable and a rigid body is presented. The rigid body is modelled by parametric Bézier surfaces, whereas the deformable body is discretized with finite elements. The numerical schemes followed rely on a frictional contact algorithm that operates directly on the parametric Bézier surfaces.The algorithm is implemented in the deep drawing implicit finite element code DD3IMP. This code uses a mechanical model that takes into account the large elastoplastic strains and rotations. The Coulomb classical law models the frictional contact problem, which is treated with an augmented Lagrangian approach. A fully implicit algorithm of Newton–Raphson type is used to solve within a single iterative loop the non‐linearities related with the frictional contact problem and the elastoplastic behaviour of the deformable body.The numerical simulations presented demonstrate the performance of the contact search algorithm in an example with complex tools geometry. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical p‐version refinement studies for the regularized stress‐BEM
Authors: Richardson J. D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the development of the boundary element method (BEM) and the finite element method (FEM) researchers have typically selected similar basis functions. That is, both methods typically employ low‐order interpolations such as piece‐wise linear or piece‐wise quadratic and rely on h‐version refinement to increase accuracy as required. In the case of the FEM, the decision to use low‐order elements is made for computational efficiency as an attractive compromise between local modeling accuracy and sparseness of the resulting linear system. However, in many BEM formulations, low‐order elements may be the only practical choice given the complexity of using analytic integration formulae in conjunction with special integral interpretations. Unlike their efficient use in the FEM, fine meshes of low‐order elements in the BEM are highly inefficient from a computational standpoint given the dense nature of BEM systems. Moreover, owing to singularities in the kernel functions, the BEM should be expected to benefit more so than the FEM from very high levels of local accuracy. Through the use of regularized algorithms which only require numerical integration, p‐version refinement in the BEM is easily extended to include any set of basis functions with no significant increase in programming complexity. Numerical results show that by using interpolations as high as 12th and 16th order, one can expect reductions in error by as many as five orders of magnitude over comparable algorithms based on similar system size. For two‐dimensional problems, it is also shown that, for a given level of error, one can expect reductions in system size by an order of magnitude, thus leading to a reduction in computational expense for conventional algorithms by three orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new scheme for efficient and direct shape optimization of complex structures represented by polygonal meshes
Authors: Shen Jie , Yoon David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this paper, a new shape optimization approach is proposed to provide an efficient optimization solution of complex structures represented by polygonal meshes. Our approach consists of three main steps: (1) surface partitioning of polygonal meshes; (2) generation of shape design variables on the basis of partitioned surface patches; and (3) gradient‐based shape optimization of the structures by reducing a weighted compliance among all load cases. The main contributions of this paper include (i) that our approach can be directly applied on polygonal meshes with the reduction of design variables or decision variables by 10 to 1000 times, compared to the conventional design variable scheme of using each mesh node; (ii) our perturbation scheme is mathematically proven with respect to maintaining the smoothness of each surface patch, except on its boundary; and (iii) overall, our approach can be used to automate time‐consuming shape optimization of polygonal meshes to a greater extent. Numerical experiments have been conducted and the results indicate the effectiveness of the approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium intercalation on amorphous V2O5 thin film, obtained by r.f. deposition, using in situ sample transfer for XPS analysis
Authors: Salvi Anna Maria , Guascito Maria Rachele , DeBonis Angela , Simone Francesca , Pennisi Agostino , Decker Franco 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSpectroscopic and electrochemical properties of amorphous V2O5 films, prepared by r.f. sputter deposition, were compared before and after electrochemical lithium intercalation. The films gave a cyclic voltammogram typical of vanadium pentoxide with two/three steps of reversible electrochromism (yellow–green–blue). The expected effect of lithiation on chemical state and surface composition was monitored using XPS. A careful curve‐fitting procedure of the detailed spectra was adopted and the in‐depth profile analysis of the intercalated films clearly showed their surface reorganization as a function of time and ultrahigh vacuum conditions. The first objective of this work was to establish the influence of lithium intercalation while minimising degradation effects due to its high reactivity with the atmosphere, taking advantage of the in situ sample transfer facility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) and nitrocellulose in XPS
Authors: Seah M. P. , Spencer S. J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the degradation rates for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and nitrocellulose with cellulose acetate (NC) in x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These materials form part of earlier studies published by others to evaluate instrumental degradation factors. In the earlier studies, results showed significant scatter such that the relative rates varied significantly from instrument to instrument. It is shown here that this variation could arise from different levels of adventitious electrons in the different instruments as well as different layer thicknesses exhibiting the degradation in PVC and NC. The former depends on electrodes in the system and the neutralizing parameters, whereas the latter causes the relative degradation rates to depend on the angle of emission of the detected electrons. These will have varied from laboratory to laboratory in the earlier study. The present study leads to simple recommendations for operating conditions to reduce the degradation effects observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of riboflavin photoproducts on microbial activity during photosensitization of atrazine transformation
Authors: Glover Hollis , Hwang Huey‐Min , Zeng Kui 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe contributions and effects of photolysis and microbial assemblages to 37.6 mg/L riboflavin‐sensitized atrazine transformation were studied along with the toxicity of the intermediate mixtures. High‐performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that riboflavin significantly enhanced the phototransformation of atrazine (10 mg/L) by reducing the parent compound concentration to less than 20% in 72 h. However, radiotracer measurements indicated atrazine was not mineralized to the same degree after 3 days of exposure. We hypothesize that riboflavin‐sensitized transformation of atrazine is primarily photochemical; however, the biological component seems to promote overall atrazine degradation under solar irradiation. Based on the results of spread plate counting or 14C‐glucose mineralization measurement, at a test concentration of 12.1 mg/L, lumichrome (a major riboflavin photoproduct) was found to be nontoxic to the test microbial assemblages in a reservoir water sample. Other riboflavin photoproducts and/or certain chemically reactive species were speculated to cause a cytotoxic effect. Overall, our data indicate that riboflavin may be an economical photosensitizing agent for atrazine degradation, but the apparent photoinduced cytotoxicity observed during transformation is of concern to the microbial assemblages that are needed for complete remediation. Further investigation into why the biotic component enhances riboflavin phototransformation of atrazine and the time frame of microbial recovery from riboflavin inhibition is needed. Such work may lead to cost‐effective surface water treatment systems involving combined photochemical and microbial degradation processes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 361–367, 2003.
Cavitation‐induced pyrolysis of toxic chlorophenol by high‐frequency ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Hao Hongwei , Wu Minsheng , Chen Yifang , Yin Yingwu , Lü Zhaolin 
Published: November 2003

Abstractp‐Chlorophenol (4‐CP) is a recalcitrant organic pollutant that is biologically toxic in industrial wastewater. A high‐frequency ultrasonic device operated at 1.7 MHz was designed and used successfully to degrade 4‐CP. Iodine liberation in the KI aqueous solution confirmed that effective cavitation occurred under the high‐frequency ultrasonic irradiation. No products or intermediate products were detected following the sonochemical degradation by 1H–nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and mass spectrum after ultrasonic irradiation. It was concluded that the dominant degradation mechanism was high‐temperature pyrolysis to inorganic products in ultrasonic cavities rather than free‐radical oxidation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 413–417, 2003.
Toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the early life history stages of eastern rainbowfish Melanotaenia splendida splendida (Peters 1866) in tropical Australia
Authors: Humphrey Craig , Klumpp David W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractVarious life history stages of the eastern rainbowfish Melanotaenia splendida splendida were exposed to the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos at different temperatures and under different exposure regimes. Chlorpyrifos was found to be highly toxic to all stages of M. s. splendida and became significantly more toxic to embryonic and larval fish as the temperature of the exposure increased. The toxicity of chlorpyrifos was found to be different for each of the various life history stages tested, with the LC50 values increasing from 0.02 mg chlorpyrifos L−1, for eggs and sperm exposed prior to fertilization, to 2.02 mg chlorpyrifos L−1, for eggs exposed after fertilization and hardening of the chorion. Sublethal early life stage (ELS) tests revealed that larval length and otolith perimeter were the most sensitive indicators of stress, with significant differences from the controls at chlorpyrifos concentrations as low as 0.006 mg L−1. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 18: 418–427, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.