bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Processing and Attention in Schizophrenia: Clinical and Functional Correlates and Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Cadenhead Kristin S , Braff David L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of information processing and attention abnormalities as core cognitive deficits in schizophrenia research has identified abnormalities in these domains and has clarified their relationship to neural substrate abnormalities and functional outcome in patients with schizophrenia (e.g. Braff, 1999). It has been hypothesized that the information processing and attentional deficits of schizophrenic patients are ‘central’to the disorder and are strongly associated with the clinical and functional impairments of the illness (McGhie and Chapman, 1961; Steronko and Woods, 1978; Green, 1996; Braff, 1999). In addition, the study of information processing deficits in human research and animal models has increased our understanding of the neural circuit dysfunction of schizophrenia and provided means of assessing new treatments that ‘normalize’these information processing deficits (e.g. Swerdlow et al., 1994; Braff, 1999) . If information processing abnormalities are core and enduring deficits of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their relatives, they may also be useful intermediate phenotypic markers in genetic studies (Freedman et al., 1997).
Formal Thought Disorder in Schizophrenia: Characteristics and Cognitive Underpinnings
Authors: Harvey Philip D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abnormalities in communication have been noted on the part of patients with schizophrenia since the first definitions of the illness. Both Kraepelin (1919) and Bleuler (1911) noted these impairments and described them in detail. While Bleuler believed that these disorders and their cognitive causes were a fundamental feature of schizophrenia, Kraepelin’s perspective was that they were one of the important features of the illness but not necessarily pathognomonic. Regardless of whether disorders in communication are seen to be the central feature of the illness or only one its many symptoms, the importance of this symptom is not in question.
Cognitive functioning in schizophrenic patients with comorbid substance use disorders
Authors: Serper Mark R , Chou James C -Y 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse is a major health concern in schizophrenia because of the remarkably high comorbidity of the two disorders (Regier et al., 1990). Alcohol, cannabis and/or cocaine use disorders have been found to be present in almost half of all schizophrenic patients presenting for psychiatric treatment (Barbee et al., 1989; Galanter et al., 1992) and these are among the most frequently and heavily abused substances by schizophrenic patients (Regier et al., 1990; Herman et al., 1991; Cuffel et al., 1993). Moreover, schizophrenic patients with any substance use disorder are also two to three times more likely to be nicotine dependent (Ziedonis et al., 1997). Although the use patterns and the effects of smoking cigarettes are strikingly different from those of alcohol, cannabis or cocaine abuse, all these psychoactive substances have a significant impact on patients’symptomatic and cognitive functioning. In this chapter, we review the available research examining the effects that these substance use disorders have on schizophrenic patients’neurocognitive functioning and review methodological considerations needed for future research.
Epidemiology and pathology
Authors: Jennings Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Coronary disease is the commonest cause of death in developed countries, being responsible for about 30 per cent of total mortality (Dwyer and Hetzel 1980). Annually approximately 270 000 patients experience myocardial infarction in the United Kingdom, from which the majority will die; there are about 180 000 deaths from this cause per year, and 60 per cent of these will occur, usually from ventricular fibrillation, within 2 hours, despite the fact that the median time to arrival in coronary care units is 4 hours. Coronary heart disease is responsible for the premature death of one person under the age of 65 years every 16 minutes in the United Kingdom.
Reducing the risk
Authors: Jennings Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely accepted that a combination of risk factors allows for a more accurate prediction of who will develop coronary disease than any isolated risk factor. The variables are: age, sex, cigarette-smoking, blood-pressure, resting ECG abnormalities, serum cholesterol, diabetes, exertional chest pain, and parental death from cardiac disease. These factors allow a degree of risk-stratification in an attempt to identify patients at excess risk of premature cardiac disease so that appropriate advice and therapy can be provided.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Early Onset Dementia
Authors: Salmon David P , Hodges John R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Extensive clinical neuropsychological research over the past decade has characterized the various cognitive deficits associated with the dementias and identified the subtle cognitive changes that signal the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These advances have greatly enhanced the ability to diagnose AD in its early stages and to differentiate AD from other dementing disorders. This is particularly important given the development of disease modifying drugs and the fact that there are currently no biological markers for AD.
Neuropathology
Authors: Lantos Peter L , Cairns Nigel J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within the nosological entity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is both clinical and pathological heterogeneity. Subgroups include sporadic and familial forms; there are also phenotypic differences according to the gene and location of the genetic defect within a single gene. Occasionally, atypical cases may be seen and Alzheimer’s disease may also be found in combination with other diseases, which may contribute to the dementing illness (see chapter 11).
Vascular dementias
Authors: Hodges John R , Graham Naida L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cerebrovascular disease is typically regarded as a condition of the elderly in whom it undoubt- edly plays an important, but complex, role in the genesis of cognitive impairment. (For review of this topic readers are recommended to read the many excellent articles in the special issue of Alzheimer’s Disease and Associated Disorders, Volume 13, supplement 3, December 1999.) Rather surprisingly, in view of the relative rarity of cases in memory clinics (Rockwood et al. 1999), epidemiological studies also show that vascular dementias (VaD) contribute significantly in younger cohorts. For instance, in a recent community-based study of two London boroughs by Harvey et al. (Chapter 1), VaD was second in prevalence only to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in patients aged under 65. Intuitively it seems likely that rarer causes of VaD are more common in the elderly, although this has not been proven.
Epidemiology Of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Silverman Debra T , Rothman Nathaniel , Devesa Susan S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the United Kingdom, an estimated 12 900 cases of cancer of the urinary bladde are diagnosed and 5400 deaths from the disease occur each year (1). These account for 7.9% of all new cases of cancer among men and 3.2% of cases among women, as well as 4.4% of cancer deaths among men and 2.4% among women. In the USA, the corresponding figures are about 6.3% of all new cases among men and 2.5% among women, as well as 2.9% of cancer deaths among men and 1.5% among women (2). The lifetime risk of ever being diagnosed with bladder cancer is 3.38% among men in the USA (3). Among women, the lifetime risk is 1.18%. The lifetime risks of dying due to bladder cancer are 0.70% for men and 0.35% for women. More than 80% of bladder cancers diagnosed in the United Kingdom are histologically confirmed (4). Most of these are transitional cell carcinomas (82%); 2% are squamous cell carcinomas and 2.5% are adenocarcinomas.
conclusion
Authors: Burn Loïc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The extraordinary explosion in the number of cases of back and neck pain shows no signs of abating. You have seen exactly how the pain can affect, and sometimes take over, your life- perhaps more than you realize. You now know the different problems that acute and chronic pain present for you and that there has been a radical change in thinking with regard to what should be done to you and what you should do yourself. In fact, things are moving so fast that a completely new review of the situation was undertaken barely two years after the previous one. This does not happen very often in medicine.
End-of-life care in dialysis
Authors: Bowman Kerry W , Singer Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dialysis has given many patients with renal failure a chance to live longer and more productive lives. But the medical ability to prolong the lives of these patients also poses some difficult ethical questions: When should dialysis be withheld? When should it be continued? And, finally, when should it be stopped? Much of what we know about end-of-life care comes from nephrology in the context of dialysis, but there is still much to learn.
Societal allocation of resources for patients with ESRD
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I approach the topic of resource allocation for patients with end-stage renal disease with trepidation and chagrin. The trepidation comes from the difficulty of the topic, one that becomes harder, not easier, as time goes on. More people need dialysis, more can benefit from it, more seem inappropriate users, and more and more money is needed to pay for it. How are we supposed to deal with that? The chagrin comes from the fact that I have been saying for at least 20 years, in a voice reminiscent of Chicken Little, ‘this can’t go on, it just can’t’. But it has gone on and, in the near term, will no doubt continue to go on.
Evidence-based patient choice?
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Edwards Adrian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book’s focus is on the decisions taken in consultations between health care patients and professionals. We mention this here because we are all too aware of the frame we have placed around the discussions. These eighteen chapters consider one of the most complex issues of all—human decision making—and, in addition, do so within the politically sensitive contexts of health care systems as they test the ability of their collective financing arrangements to meet the demands placed on them.
Evidence-based patient choice in primary health care
Authors: Schofield Theo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many countries such as the UK have an established system of primary health care in which a large proportion of all illness episodes are managed. The elements of this system include personal doctoring, generalist whole person care, and the requirement that patients are usually only seen in secondary care after referral. This chapter examines how the structures and processes of primary care affects the opportunities that patients have to make evidence-based choices about their health care.
Coping With Sports Injuries: Psychological Strategies for Rehabilitation
Authors: Crossman Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When an athlete gets injured great attention is paid to understanding the physical nature of their injury and putting in place strategies for rehabilitation. Too often though, the psychological effects of injury are not even considered, yet an injury can have a profound psychological effect on the well-being of the athlete. To attend only to the physical effects is to leave a part of the athlete effectively untreated. Jane Crossman is one of the world authorities on the psychological effects of sporting injuries. In Coping with sports injuries she has brought together the leading researchers from sports science and medicine to firstly discuss and explain the ways in which the athlete is psychologically affected by injury, before going on to provide effective and proven methods for helping the athlete through this difficult period. The information in the book will be valuable in helping to ensure that they can return to their field of activity fully treated. Coping with sports injuries is a unique book that will be of enormous interest and benefit to sports physicians, sports scientists, team doctors, and anyone involved in the rehabilitation of the injured athlete.
The Role of the Physiotherapist and Sport Therapist
Authors: Gordon Sandy , Potter Margaret , Hamer Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter has three objectives: first, to provide a brief overview of research that supports the use of sport psychology principles and mental skills techniques as part of the rehabilitation process for injured athletes; second, to outline a periodization approach for the application of mental skills techniques related to the pathology and repair phases of rehabilitation; and third, to illustrate with three case studies how mental skills training can be implemented within guidelines for best practice.
Returning to Action and the Prevention of Future Injury
Authors: Andersen Mark B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once the initial shock of an athletic injury is over and the athlete has settled into a rehabilitation routine, the questions of returning to participation in sport and the prevention of future injuries loom larger and larger as recovery proceeds. Returning a recovering athlete to full sport participation is a complex and multifaceted process, which is influenced by a variety of factors that include the characteristics of the injury along with biological, psychological, and social variables.
Economics and efficiency
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter has the dual purpose of introducing the ‘dismal science’ of economics to non-economists, and to draw trained economists’ attention to those parts of their discipline that are most relevant in the context of this book. Therefore, rather than purporting to represent a complete introduction to economics, the chapter introduces concepts and basic models which are of particular relevance later in the book.
Justice and fairness
Authors: Dolan Paul , Olsen Jan Abel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Justice and fairness essentially deal with two issues; whether the distribution of something is considered ‘just’ and ‘fair’, and whether the procedures that led to that distribution are considered ‘just’ and ‘fair’. This chapter discusses the major theories of justice, with an emphasis on comparing them with each other. Given the title and focus of this book, most space will be devoted to theories of distributive justice.
Life events: meanings and precursors
Authors: Craig Tom K J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first and most obvious issue concerns the definition of experiences of possibly causal relevance. For any aetiological investigation, we must decide whether we are interested in both discrete events that can be pinpointed in time (for example, a change of job, a death, the receipt of bad news) as well as chronic difficulties whose origins may be impossible to date precisely (for example, marital problems, poor quality housing, chronic ill health of a household member).
Conversion hysteria: the relevance of attentional awareness
Authors: Sierra Mauricio , Berrios German E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Often encountered in neuropsychiatric practice, so-called ‘conversive symptoms’ refer to sensory or motor deficits which cannot be mapped onto conventional neuroanatomical knowledge. Historically, they did not always belong to the ‘hysteria’ complex. The fact that they were added later has created interesting conceptual obstacles to their analysis. Conversive symptoms, however, cannot be said to be specific to hysteria; indeed, 50-80 per cent are reported to ‘coexist’ with other psychiatric disorders, most commonly depression (Guze et al. 1971; Lecompte 1987). In about 50 per cent of cases, some form of ‘personality disorder’ is also found (Binzer et al. 1997). But in 80 per cent, conversive symptoms are not associated with the so-called hysterical personality or Briquette’s syndrome (Marsden 1986).
Disorders of willed action
Authors: Spence Sean A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hysteria, or conversion disorder, is a curious diagnostic entity, characterized by a puta- tive psychological mechanism rather than a specific symptom or pathognomonic finding. Indeed, it is the absence of such features which renders the diagnosis, combined with the belief (on the part of the physician) that the patient is not consciously feigning dys- function; however, physicians can be poor judges of deception (Turner, 1999).
Cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment for conversion disorders
Authors: Chalder Trudie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term ‘conversion hysteria’ is often used in place of ‘conversion disorder’. Both are inadequate for a number of reasons, not least because they are often seen as pejorative and judgemental by the patient. However, they can also be misleading, and if used in clinical practice are apt to alienate and upset the patient (see Merskey’s chapter in this volume, p. 171). In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder include the presence of psychological conflicts and primary and secondary gain (Mayo et al. 1995). It is often difficult though, especially in the early stages of assessment, to ascertain a specific psychological trigger, and the concept of secondary gain is a dubious one for which there is no conclusive evidence. It is clear that the current classification system is unsatisfactory from both a descriptive and explanatory perspective (Mayou et al.1995; see also Wessely’s chapter in this volume, p. 63). However, given the lack of an acceptable alternative the term conversion disorder will be used in this chapter.
The prevention of delirium
Authors: O’Keeffe Shaun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Delirium is a common condition among older people admitted to hospital and is associated with serious short-term and long-term consequences for patients and with increased health costs (see Chapter 4). Management of delirium can be difficult and, at present, primarily consists of supportive care and relief of symptoms. Many patients do badly even with optimum management. Thus, the potential benefits of preventing delirium are substantial for patients and also for health care systems.
Cold Wars
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cold Wars tells the story of the common cold, the most widespread disease of all. From ancient Egypt to the space age, colds have plagued mankind, and many attempts have been made to find a cure. Today, we spend millions of pounds on remedies and businesses lose millions of pounds through employee sickness - but are we any closer to conquering the cold? In the aftermath of the Second World War, a concerted effort was made in the UK to resolve the scientific conundrum of the common cold. A Common Cold Unit was established near Salisbury, in collaboration with emergency facilities provided by Harvard and the American Red Cross, and for nearly 50 years was part of the British medical establishment. Much of the research was done on volunteers, who came in large numbers to the CCU to spend days in isolation while scientists attempted to give them a cold. Many eminent scientists, including James Lovelock, were part of the attempt to understand the common cold. This book begins with a brief history of colds through the centuries, describing what earlier generations believed and the strange treatments they tried. That the cold was caused by a virus was only uncovered at the beginning of the last century. The authors vividly describe the establishment of the Common Cold Unit, and its work in uncovering the causes and transmission of the cold and analysing possible treatments. Finally, they assess the progress made in recent years in understanding the psychological aspects of colds, and the latest research on prevention and cures. Cold Wars offers a fascinating account of an eccentric, but effective, attempt to unravel the mysteries of the common cold.
Idiopathic pain syndromes
Authors: Imundo Lisa F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the spectrum of childhood conditions characterized by severe disability out of proportion to physical findings. It provides a balanced discussion of several frequently encountered painful conditions and offers an approach to management based in large part on JIA experience gleaned from children with painful and disabling conditions who happily attend school regularly and participate fully in after school programs.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Cabral David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter are to discuss the clinical manifestations, investigations, and classification of Psoriatic Arthritis in children. The difficulties inherent in correctly diagnosing and classifying patients with this type of arthritis in particular will be emphasized. Psoriatic Arthritis in children has only recently been recognized as a distinct condition among the chronic arthritides of childhood. In many centres, it continues to be under-diagnosed. This chapter will concentrate on the clinical characteristics of childhood Psoriatic Arthritis and point out largely unappreciated differences between this arthritis and the other types of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA).
Pharmacological treatment of early or established arthritis
Authors: Malleson Peter N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to discuss the usual pharmacological management of JIA in a manner that is practical, highlighting the benefits and disadvantages of the more commonly used drugs The treatment of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is challenging for both the physician and the patient. Although the goal of treatment is straightforward—to achieve remission of disease—without significant physical or emotional sequelae, there are no therapies that consistently and reliably achieve this result for all children.
Pharmacological treatment: Approach to the management of refractory arthritis
Authors: Wulffraat Nico M , Prakken Berent J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a thorough discussion of the role of aggressive, and largely experimental treatment options for children with severe and refractory Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) who have failed conventional therapies. In recent years, because of the recognition of the relatively poor outcomes of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), treatment of these conditions has been intensified considerably. Potent immunosuppressive drugs have been introduced early in attempts to suppress joint inflammation in those children who do not respond rapidly to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [1,2].
Introduction
Authors: Griffin Jasper 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of Greece and Rome can be looked at in two different ways. It can be seen as forming a single whole, all the way from the emergence of the Greek city-state (the polis) in the eighth century BC to the enormous expansion and eventual disintegration of the Roman Empire, a society which rested on Roman military and political power but whose culture, literature, and arts were truly Graeco-Roman. It can also be seen as two separate stories: first, the rise of the Greek polis from poverty and obscurity to the self-confident splendours of the ‘classical’ period in the fifth century BC, its extension over great areas of Asia by the conquests of Alexander, and its eventual subjugation by the Roman legions.