bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 7 and 8 reviewed psychology and sociology, showing how their explanatory modes fit the four categories of explanation discussed in Chapters 2 to 5. What was missing in these two chapters was any discussion of emotion and its relationship to buying. Yet, as Elster (1989a) says, emotions are the “stuff of life”-so much so that an affectively neutral experience (if we can even envisage such an experience) would be wooden and pointless. Buying is certainly not an affectively neutral experience but can at times be highly emotional. Because this is so, the distorting effects of emotion are commonly cited to explain deviations from what rational choice theory would predict. But this is to underestimate the influence and pervasiveness of emotion. This chapter draws together the fragments of theory drawn from the systems of psychology, sociology, and philosophy to seek a coherent overview.
Understanding Consumer Actions Using Social Science Sensitizing Concepts
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussing the explanatory systems of psychology and sociology in Chapters 7 and 8, the focus was on how these systems go about investigating and explaining human behavior. In these and previous chapters explanations and findings useful in marketing were also presented. But to date the record here is more one of promise than of substantive achievement, though the potential is there. Of considerable importance, however, are the concepts developed to describe different facets of behavior. We refer to these concepts as sensitizing concepts since they direct our observation in what to look for if we are to interpret buyer behavior with some degree of subtlety and sophistication.
Comparing Cigarette Policy And Illicit Drug And Alcohol Control
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tobacco is not the only habit-forming psychoactive substance that is regarded as a special problem for public policy in modem American life. Alcohol, prescription drugs, and a variety of currently illicit substances, including marijuana, heroin, and cocaine, are judged to pose significant challenges to public health and public order, and these substances are associated with a variety of public law strategies to minimize the damage they inflict.
Institutional And Historical Perspectives On Tobacco Tort Liability
Authors: Rabin Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1950s are generally regarded as the last decade of America’s innocence-a period of relative quiescence in which political activism was at a low ebb. Postwar industrial growth had brought unprecedented economic prosperity, but misgivings about the costs of the new affluence-the development of a refined sensitivity to health and safety concerns that would strongly influence popular attitudes beginning in the next decade-had yet to arise.
Human Cardiovascular Control
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This new, comprehensive analysis of human cardiovascular control explains the control of pressure, vascular volume and blood flow during orthostatis and exercise. Analysis of the physical properties of the vascular system and their modification by mechanical, neural, and humoural factors is highlighted by novel graphical representations of basic concepts. Interactive effects of the vasculature on cardiac performance and factors that both control and limit oxygen transfer from lungs to cells are stressed. This complete account will prove invaluable for all medical students, physiologists and clinicians who wish to better understand the reflex and hormonal control of the human cardiovascular system.
Citizen and Consumer Participation
Authors: Breakey William R , Flynn Laurie , Tosh Laura Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People who were not professionally trained in health or mental health have always played major roles in the development of improved mental health services. William Tulce, Dorothea Lynd Dix, Clifford Beers, the families of Gheel, and Bill W., the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, for example, all made fundamental, lasting contributions. Countless other individuals and groups have contributed to the development of ideas and the progress of reforms. Yet, by and large, until relatively recently, official mental health service planning, policy making, and service provision has been dominated by professionals, and other major stake-holders have been largely excluded. The reasons for this exclusionary policy are complex but undoubtedly include the belief of physicians and other professionals that they are best able to understand the important issues in providing mental health services and also the stigma surrounding people with mental illnesses that exists within the helping professions just as it does in society at large (Fink and Tasman, 1992).
Assertive Community Treatment
Authors: Primm Annelle B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1960s numerous psychiatric outreach and home care programs have been developed. Of these the Training in Community Living model, developed in Madison, Wisconsin (Stein and Test, 1980, 1985), has become the most highly recognized and frequently imitated model. Mobile treatment, assertive community treatment, and continuous care teams are synonymous, referring to a type of care and treatment provided to the severely and persistently mentally ill that incorporates mobility, assertiveness, and continuity. Assertive outreach and assertive (or intensive) case management employ similar methods and have similar goals, but assertive community treatment differs in that psychiatrists’ services are a built-in feature of the model and do not have to be brokered from other sources. In this chapter, the terms Assertive Community Treatment (ACT), Training in Community Living (TCL), Mobile Treatment, and Program for Assertive Community Treatment (PACT) will be used interchangeably to describe the model of care that incorporates outreach and care in the patient’s own environment, with case management functions provided by teams in which the inclusion of a psychiatrist is a key feature.
Emergency Services in the Community Psychiatry Network
Authors: Mollenhauer Mark N , Kaminsky Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Federal Community Mental Health legislation of the 1960s and 1970s mandated a psychiatry emergency service (PES) as one of the five basic components of the Community Mental Health Center (P.L. 88-164, 1963; P.L. 94-63, 1975), recognizing that hospital emergency departments had not traditionally responded adequately to the emergency mental health needs of communities. Since that time, clinical practice and legislation have further shaped and refined the role of the PES in the community system. The emergency service plays several broad roles: It is a high-volume point of entry into the service system; it is a back-up for other services outside their normal working hours; and it advocates for patients and for the mental health system itself with somatic physicians and other service agencies. All these roles depend on an experienced and well-trained staff that can make accurate psychiatric diagnoses, can understand the whole patient in terms of the social context from which she or he springs, and can use the community service network to develop an effective treatment plan for the patient. The resources needed to meet these requirements are costly and are most efficiently focused at one site rather than being distributed and duplicated throughout the community, especially since the narrowing of the CMHC mission during the 1980s (Hillard, 1994). The PES is where resources such as psychiatric and medical expertise, properly trained security staff, seclusion rooms, and 24-hour staffing are based. With these resources, and a collaborative relationship with a general emergency medicine department, the PES is able to respond instantly to behavioral emergencies of any magnitude. For the responses to be effective in the long term, the PES must be aware of and connected to the rest of the community network and must also be familiar with the life of the community it serves: its culture, its structure, its needs, its resources, and its temperament (Huffine and Craig, 1974).
Community Service Systems for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Bogrov Michael , Crowel Raymond L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although in many ways the state of children’s community mental health services has changed little since Knitzer’s observation, there have been dramatic changes in certain aspects. These changes include an emphasis on the least restrictive setting, the introduction of care management, and the increased influence of the many stakeholders in the system. Mental health services have had to respond to state reform initiatives, such as family preservation, and other system reforms, as well as changes in funding and legal mandates. Prevention and early intervention approaches, as well as an expanded continuum of services, have resulted in improved services to children with serious emotional disturbances, but have presented challenging problems for clinicians. This chapter provides an overview of the issues, goals, and progress made in the field.
Homelessness and Mental Health Services
Authors: Fischer Pamela J , Colson Paul , Susser Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increase in numbers of homeless people in recent years is unprecedented, as is their rapid dispersal from pockets of the largest American cities, such as New York’s Bowery, to every community, however small (cf. London, 1907). Likened to “counting the grains of sand on the beach, as the tide moves in or out” (Snyder, 1984), accurate estimation of the size of the homeless population is fraught with problems unlikely to be resolved, so that a measure of the magnitude of the homelessness problem is best obtained not so much from the numbers of individuals who are homeless, but from the broad range of people who become homeless, the impact that homelessness has on those who are directly affected and on their entire communities, and the scale of the services needed to address their problems (Breakey and Fischer, 1990). The homeless population changes with the social and economic climate of the country. Until recently, alcoholic men clustered on skid rows comprised the bulk of the homeless population, but homelessness today defies easy categorization. Its heterogeneity may best be described in terms of subgroupings linked by impoverishment. Overarching sociodemographic characteristics include youthfulness, overrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities, particularly blacks and Hispanics, and an increasing proportion of women and children.
Money Markets In Hong Kong
Authors: Yan-Kl Richard , Yu-Hon Ho , Daniel Lui , Cheung Wai-Wah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, numerous changes have taken place in the banking sector. Hong Kong has been effectively transformed into an international financial center where not only financial transactions but also actual operations are carried out. The internationalization also brought with it an influx of foreign banks in the 1970s, especially when the Hong Kong government lifted the moratorium on bank licensing in 1978. Unlike Singapore, Hong Kong is an integrated financial center without any delineation between offshore and domestic banking business. Thus, foreign banks could always enter into the domestic market, provided that they had been granted a bank license. This fact has created intense competitive pressure in the domestic banking sector.
Weighing Risks
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost every decision in business-for that matter, almost every decision in life-involves some uncertainty. There are not many sure things. Not everything that affects the ultimate outcome of the decision can be known at the time the decision must be made; risk-taking is inescapable. Reflecting this, the games to be analyzed later in this book will contain uncertainty as an essential ingredient. A seller does not know how highly a potential buyer values what is being negotiated over, so does not know how high the price can be driven without losing the sale. An employer does not know the ability of a new employee at the time of hiring. The owner of a firm cannot observe how assiduously the manager promotes the firm’s efficiency. A firm contracting to do some work cannot predict at the time of agreeing to a price exactly what its costs will be.
Town Mouse, Country Mouse
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To most people, all small rodents are virtually indistinguishable from each other, and as such, they are lumped together and considered to be mice of one kind or another. In Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, one finds the following definition for a mouse: “any of numerous small rodents typically resembling diminutive rats with pointed snout, rather small ears, elongated body and slender hairless or sparsely haired tail, including all the small members of the genus Mus and many members of other rodent genera and families having little more in common than their relatively small size”.6 In fact, the order Rodentia (in the kingdom Animalia, phylum Chordata, and subphylum Vertebrata) is very old and highly differentiated with 28 separate families, numerous genera, and over 1,500 well-defined species accounting for 40% of all mammalian species known to be in existence today (Corbet and Hill, 1991). All families, subfamilies and genera in this order that contain animals commonly referred to as mice are listed in Table 2.1.
Non-breeding Mapping Strategies
Authors: Silver Lee M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988, Amheim and his colleagues (Li et al., 1988) reported the extraordinary finding that unique DNA sequences could be amplified from isolated sperm cells. Amplification from the single DNA target locus that is present in haploid sperm cells represents the theoretical limit in sensitivity that is possible with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The implications of this experimental breakthrough were enormous, especially in the field of human genetics. For the first time, it became possible to consider the analysis of unlimited numbers of individual meiotic events derived from a single individual.
A Retrospective
Authors: Nelson Richard R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is customary for a concluding chapter to summarize the findings presented in the text. However, here such an objective is impossible. The 15 country studies that make up the heart of this book cover an enormous amount of material. No other project has come remotely close to treating the range of countries considered here. Many of the individual studies stand as major contributions in their own right to the understanding of the innovation systems of particular countries going far beyond anything written on that subject before. To try to summarize would be absurd.
Race and the War on Drugs
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three effects of the War on Drugs stand out. First, it was a failure. The street price of cocaine, the war’s signature drug, should have risen if dealing were becoming riskier and drugs less available; prices fell. Massive arrests and street-sweep tactics in many cities, backed up by harsh mandatory prison sentences, should have cleared out the drug dealers and made drugs harder to find; they did not. Most analysts and many police officials believe that arrested street dealers are nearly always replaced by others willing to take the risks and that drug sales are merely moved to other locations. Finally, there is no evidence that crime control efforts lowered levels of drug use in the United States. Drug use was declining years before the war was declared, and the war can claim no credit for the continuation of preexisting trends. There are reasons to believe that mass media and public education initiatives reduced drug use, especially among school-age people, but that is a different matter.
How Individual and Face-to-Face-Group Selection Undermine Firm Selection in Organizational Evolution
Authors: Campbell Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fully optimistic evolutionary theory of the firm and our encompassing economic institutions is patently wrong. We must avoid Herbert Spencer’s passive panglossian evolutionism: Let things alone and everything will optimize. Nor must we adopt the interventionist’s optimism, for when one intervenes by changing laws or discount rates, and so on, one is changing the selective system in many ways, most often unanticipated, and often destructive. We must avoid these extremes by a more complete and more vigorous selectionism. One must examine all of the selective and retentive forces at work, not just those that would predict improved adaptation. Where we find “clearly” effective organizational form, then selection at that level of organization, for that efficacy, is probably the best explanation. But this must not lead us into thinking that all selection processes lead to optimal organizational form. There are also selection processes at all other organizational levels. Those at the individual and face-to-face-group levels may lead to firm-level dysfunction, and may be parasitic or entropic in effect.
The Challenge of Community Evolution
Authors: Dimaggio Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters in the section on community evolution are at once stimulating and sobering. They are stimulating because they stretch the frontiers of organizational ecology. They are sobering because taking communities seriously creates not just major opportunities but also vexing challenges to the ecological paradigm. The reason, I shall argue, is that careful attention to the community level frustrates our best efforts to render the world simple enough to analyze. In the spirit of devil’s advocacy, let me suggest the following proposition: Proposition: The virtue of organizational ecology has been its use of simplifying assumptions to cast light on complex processes. To advance to the community level is to open up a Pandora’s box of complexity.
What It Takes to Become a Globally Oriented Corporation
Authors: Hekman Christine R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Globalization of a corporation, whether large or small, requires a re structuring that starts from the deepest levels, the heart of the organization. Executives must rethink the company from a global perspective, beginning with an analysis that involves looking beyond national and cultural boundaries and barriers for resources, people, ideas, capital, and information.
The Accessibility of International Financial Markets
Authors: Weinstein Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My father once had a small business that involved importing and distributing ceramic tile. His purchase price was in yen, while he sold in dollars. After the international money market (IMM) opened, I suggested that he consider hedging his yen exposure. He declined, stating that he did not choose to speculate on a foreign currency. Of course, by not hedging he was speculating, but it took some time for him to see that. In the same way, it has taken time for farmers in Illinois to realize that, even if they sell their grain in the domestic market, what happens overseas plays a major role in the transaction. There is a world market for grain, and even those who do not participate in it directly are affect ed because the world market determines prices.
Diversification, Multidivisional Structure, and Restructuring
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When J. F. (Jack) Welch, Jr., took over General Electric in 1981, it was a different company from the one we know today. Between 1981 and 1989 Welch divested about $9 billion in assets, while acquiring $12 billion. He also squeezed 350 product lines into 13 large businesses, each in first or second place within its industry, while flattening the GE management hierarchy. In so doing, he moved the corporation from eleventh place ($12 billion) in 1980 to second place ($73 billion) among U.S. corporations in stock market value by the end of 1992.1 GE provides a prime example of the strategy we call “downscoping,” or reducing diversified scope. We will return to the GE example several times throughout this book. The GE approach is not without its problems, however (see chapter 5). GE is undergoing a major cultural change, directed by Welch, in order to overcome its problems and prepare for the twenty­first century. Downscoping thus involves more than scope reduction; it requires better internal controls and cultural adjustments to foster longer-term competitiveness and market value.
Corporate Governance and Diversification
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2 we discussed the historical development of General Motors and some of the latest changes in management structure. As a result of the restructuring initiated by Stempel before he was forced to step down, by the year 1994 GM expects to close 21 plants and lay off approximately 74,000 employees. Many of these plant closings and employee layoffs will occur in their domestic U.S. auto operations. However, even with these significant changes, the board of directors became restless because of the continued huge losses of net profit, particularly in the North American operations. As a result, the board of directors, led by the outside board members, removed CEO Stempel from the chair of the executive committee of the board. Consequently, Stempel eventually resigned and was replaced as CEO by John Smith. One institutional owner of GM stock noted that “with the plant closings, they shook up the troops, but with this board action, they shook up the generals.”
In this chapter we examine how owners and boards of directors, which govern large firms such as GM, affect the strategies formulated by top executives. As boards become more active, their increased role may have both positive and negative outcomes for firm strategy and control. For example, as discussed in chapter 2, there was concern among the outside directors at General Motors that the company needed to make some major changes in its management and operations in order to become more competitive and to stem the tide of net losses. They were not pleased with former CEO Robert Stempel’s slow action and felt that quicker, more radical actions were necessary.
Acquisition Strategies and Innovation
Authors: Hoskisson Robert E , Hitt Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s Philip Morris focused on acquisitions and increased its debt load, at least in the short run, through the purchase of General Foods and Kraft. Over time, Philip Morris focused more on product line extensions than on new product development.1 Executives at Philip Morris apparently preferred to let other firms take the risk of intense new product development. Also, CEO Michael A. Miles told The Wall Street Journal that he expected the company to continue to grow primarily through acquisitions, because the rate of growth of cigarette sales is decreasing and the food business is not growing as fast as in the past: “If the company expands operating earnings around 15 percent each year, it can still raise per share net income at that magical 20 percent rate by borrowing heavily for acquisitions, then tapping the cash-flow fountain to rapidly pay back debt.”2 Philip Morris continued to generate exceptional cash flows that it used to reduce its debt.