bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Na+, Cl−, Ca2+ and Zn2+ transport by fish gills: retrospective review and prospective synthesis
Authors: Marshall W.S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe secondary active Cl− secretion in seawater (SW) teleost fish gills and elasmobranch rectal gland involves basolateral Na+,K+‐ATPase and NKCC, apical membrane CFTR anion channels, and a paracellular Na+‐selective conductance. In freshwater (FW) teleost gill, the mechanism of NaCl uptake is more controversial and involves apical V‐type H+‐ATPase linked to an apical Na+ channel, apical Cl−–HCO exchange and basolateral Na+,K+‐ATPase. Ca2+ uptake (in FW and SW) is via Ca2+ channels in the apical membrane and Ca2+‐ATPase in the basolateral membrane. Mainly this transport occurs in mitochondria rich (MR) chloride cells, but there is a role for the pavement cells also. Future research will likely expand in two major directions, molded by methodology: first in physiological genomics of all the transporters, including their expression, trafficking, operation, and regulation at the molecular level, and second in biotelemetry to examine multivariable components in behavioral physiological ecology, thus widening the integration of physiology from the molecular to the environmental levels while deepening understanding at all levels. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of feeding high dosages of vitamin E to laying hens on thyroid hormone concentrations of hatching chicks
Authors: Engelmann Daniela , Flachowsky Gerhard , Halle Ingrid , Sallmann Hans Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLong‐term experimental feeding of 20,000 ppm α‐tocopheryl acetate to laying hens caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in hatching rates as compared to the control group, which was fed a diet containing 19 ppm α‐tocopherol. When the thyroid hormones in the developing chicks were checked on incubation days 16, 19, 21, and 22, the following results were ascertained: During the latter part of incubation, increases in plasma concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were observed. No significant differences in hormone concentrations (P > 0.05) between the control and the treatment group were observed during incubation days 16, 19, and 22. However, on the day of hatching (day 21 of incubation) significantly lower (P < 0.05) triiodothyronine concentrations in chick embryos of pipped eggs were found in the treatment group. Moreover, thyroxine concentrations in non‐pipped eggs and in hatched chicks were found to be significantly higher as compared to the control group. Given these results, one concludes that extremely high dosages of vitamin E may affect thyroid hormone concentrations of hatching chicks, and therefore, the chicks might be inhibited in pipping the egg shell. Hypothetically, the hepatic enzyme 5′‐monodeiodinase is involved in the mechanism of inhibition. J. Exp. Zool. 290:41–48, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Liver function tests during amoebic liver abscess formation in indomethacin‐treated hamsters
Authors: Sánchez‐Ramírez Blanca , Mata‐González Sergio , Valdez Amelia , Ramos‐Martínez Ernesto , Talamás‐Rohana Patricia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEstablishment of Entamoeba histolytica infection is facilitated through macrophage effector disruption by a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)‐mediated mechanism. Infection severity may be measured by weight of abscess formed. Indomethacin (Indo) treatment of infected hamsters reduced abscess weight by 30% at 7 days post‐infection presumably by inhibition of PGE2. To explain reductions in abscess development by Indo treatment, we determined liver functionality in Indo‐treated or untreated animals, either healthy or infected. Determinations of serum glutamic oxaloacetic (SGOT) and glutamic pyruvic (SGPT) transaminases, serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP), total serum protein (TSP), and bilirubinemia were done. SGOT, SGPT, and SAP activities showed a significant increase in their values by 600% at seven days post‐infection in infected animals in both conditions; nonstatistical differences were found between animals treated or not. This increase did not correlate with the percentage of damage. Infected nontreated hamsters showed TSP levels 30% below normal group (P < 0.05). Infected Indo‐treated hamsters had no significant differences compared to normal values. Infected nontreated animals showed an increase in bilirubin, particularly in indirect bilirubin, whereas infected Indo‐treated hamsters showed total bilirubin values lower than normals (P < 0.05), with a decrease in direct bilirubin levels. Our results demonstrated that E. histolytica infection in hamsters produces similar abnormalities in liver function as it does in humans, and that the beneficial effect of Indo treatment on amoebic abscess development is not related with an improvement of liver functionality. J. Exp. Zool. 290:201–206, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food chemical cues elicit general and population‐specific effects on lingual and biting behaviors in the lacertid lizard Podarcis lilfordi
Authors: Cooper William E. , Pérez‐Mellado Valentín 
Published: August 2002

AbstractActively foraging lizards are capable of identifying prey using only chemical cues sampled by tongue‐flicking, and the relatively few omnivorous and herbivorous lizards tested similarly can identify both animal and plant foods from chemical cues. Whether lizards that eat plants respond to cues specific to preferred plant types and whether there is geographic variability in responses to cues from various plants correlated with the importance of those plants in local diets is unknown. In three populations of an omnivorous lacertid, the Balearic lizard Podarcis lilfordi, we studied chemosensory sampling and feeding responses to chemical cues from plant and animal foods presented on cotton swabs. Each lizard population is endemic to one islet off the coast of Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain. Lizards in all three populations discriminated chemical cues from plant and animal foods from control substances. Our results extend findings of prey chemical discrimination and plant chemical discrimination in omnivores, increasing confidence that correlated evolution has occurred between plant diet and chemosensory response to palatable plants. There were no consistent differences among populations in tongue‐flicking and biting responses to stimuli from flowers of syntopic and allopatric plant species. The lizards may respond to cues indicative of palatability in a wide range of plant species rather than exhibiting strong responses only to locally available plant species. Nevertheless, tongue‐flicking and biting frequencies varied among plant species, perhaps indicating food preferences. In addition, there were differences among populations in tongue‐flick rates, latency to bite, and licking behavior. Licking was observed in only one lizard population as a response to floral chemicals from only one of the plants species tested, raising the possibility of a population‐specific linkage between identification of a particular plant species and performance of an appropriate feeding response. J. Exp. Zool. 290:207–217, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbonic anhydrase isozyme distribution and characterization in metabolic fiber types of the dorsal levator muscle of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus
Authors: Henry Raymond P. , Bilger S. Michelle , Moss Anthony G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCarbonic anhydrase (CA) distribution and characterization were examined in white and light pink fibers of the dorsal levator muscle of the blue crab. White fibers were structurally and metabolically characterized as fast twitch glycolytic, while the light pink fibers were fast oxidative. All subcellular fractions of both fiber types had significant levels of CA activity; cytoplasmic and microsomal activity was significantly higher in light pink vs white fibers. Cytoplasmic CA from both fiber types was highly sensitive to the inhibitors acetazolamide and chlorzolamide, with Ki values of approximately 2 and 0.4 nM, respectively. Further analysis confirmed that cytoplasmic CA from both fiber types was kinetically similar to the high turnover Type II isoform. It appears that the evolution of the CA Type III isoform, found in vertebrate red muscle, did not occur with the differentiation of metabolic fiber types in crustaceans. Membrane‐associated CA, which was also kinetically similar to the Type II isoform, was 20‐fold higher in light pink fibers, suggesting a physiological role in facilitated CO2 efflux from the muscle fiber during periods of prolonged maximal activity. J. Exp. Zool. 290:234–246, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maturation and fertilization in Lottia gigantea oocytes: Intracellular pH, Ca2+, and electrophysiology
Authors: Gould Meredith C. , Stephano José Luis , Ortíz‐Barrón Bernardino de Jesús , Pérez‐Quezada Isela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntracellular pH and Ca2+ were measured with BCECF‐ and Calcium Green‐dextran during maturation and fertilization of oocytes of the limpet Lottia gigantea. Maturation of oocytes from prophase to metaphase I of meiosis was induced in seawater adjusted to pH 9 with NH4OH. Intracellular pH rose during maturation induction, and maturation was also induced by microinjecting pH 8, but not pH 7, HEPES buffer. Intracellular Ca2+ rose during NH4OH‐induced maturation, but maturation was not inhibited when the increase was blocked by microinjection of BAPTA. When the metaphase I oocytes were fertilized , there was an abrupt increase in intracellular Ca2+, and activation (polar body formation) failed to occur in BAPTA‐injected oocytes. Intracellular pH did not rise during fertilization. These observations show that maturation from prophase to metaphase I of meiosis is pH‐dependent and activation of the metaphase I oocytes is Ca2+‐dependent. A Ca2+ action potential was present in both immature and mature oocytes but was more prominent in mature oocytes whose input resistance was higher. Fertilization produced a long‐lasting (17–20 min) Na+‐dependent fertilization potential with superimposed oscillations resembling Ca2+ action potentials. J. Exp. Zool. 290:411–420, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex determining genes and sexual differentiation in a marsupial
Authors: Pask Andrew , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of genes in the differentiation of the testis and ovary has been extensively studied in the human and the mouse. Despite over a decade of investigations, the precise roles of genes and their interactions in the pathway of sex determination are still unclear. We have chosen to take a comparative look at sex determination and differentiation to gain insights into the evolution and the conserved functions of these genes. To achieve this, we have examined a wide variety of eutherian sex determining genes in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby, to determine which genes have a conserved and fundamental mammalian sex determining role. These investigations have provided many unique insights. Here, we review the recent molecular and endocrine investigations into sexual development in marsupials, and highlight how these studies have shed light on the roles of genes and hormones in mammalian sex determination and differentiation. J. Exp. Zool. 290:586–596, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sry promoters from domesticus (Tirano) and C57BL/6 mice function similarly in embryos and adult animals
Authors: Xian Meiwei , Zhang Jianqing , Lau Yun‐Fai Chris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntroduction of the Y chromosome from a Mus musculus domesticus (Tirano) subspecies into the Mus musculus musculus C57BL/6 (B6) inbred strain background results in sex reversal in XY offspring. It has been hypothesized that the domesticus testis‐determining Y (Tdy) locus is misregulated in B6 genome, thereby impairing sex determination in B6.YDom animals. The identification of a gene in the sex‐determining region on the Y chromosome (Sry) as the Tdy has provided a means to experimentally examine this hypothesis. We have generated several lines of B6 transgenic mice harboring a green fluorescent protein gene directed by a Sry promoter from the domesticus (Tirano) Y chromosome. Detailed analysis of the transgene expression was conducted in both fetal and adult tissues of the transgenic mice. The domesticus Sry promoter was capable of directing the expression of the green fluorescent protein gene in a pattern similar, if not identical, to that of the endogenous B6 Sry gene. These observations suggest that the domesticus Sry promoter is not involved in the postulated misregulation of the domesticus (Tirano) Sry gene in the B6 genomic background. These results are discussed with reference to a second hypothesis invoking incompatible protein interaction(s) as a mechanism of aberrant sex determination in B6.YDom animals. J. Exp. Zool. 290:632–641, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strategies for engineering human chromosomes with therapeutic potential
Authors: Saffery Richard , Andy Choo K. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman engineered chromosomes (HECs) have several potential advantages over currently used vectors for gene therapy applications. Firstly, there is no upper size limit to DNA that can be cloned in these vectors. Secondly, their extrachromosomal nature ensures that introduced genes are neither disruptive to, nor affected by, the genome of the host cell. Finally, being solely human in origin, HEC vectors should not evoke adverse host immunogenic responses. Recent advances have produced a variety of HECs via several different approaches. This review focuses on the current methodologies for making HEC vectors, the advantages and problems associated with each strategy, and discusses the outlook for HEC vectors as ex vivo therapeutic agents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Girth of sparse graphs
Authors: Bollobás Béla , Szemerédi Endre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor each fixed k ≥ 0, we give an upper bound for the girth of a graph of order n and size n + k. This bound is likely to be essentially best possible as n → ∞. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 194–200, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jgt.10023
Even‐hole‐free graphs part II: Recognition algorithm
Authors: Conforti Michele , Cornuéjols Gérard , Kapoor Ajai , Vušković Kristina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present an algorithm that determines in polytime whether a graph contains an even hole. The algorithm is based on a decomposition theorem for even‐hole‐free graphs obtained in Part I of this work. We also give a polytime algorithm to find an even hole in a graph when one exists. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 40: 238–266, 2002
New heads for Freud's hydra: Psychoanalysis in Los Angeles
Authors: Hale Nathan G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes the transplantation of psychoanalysis from Europe to Los Angeles and the similarities and differences in followers, cultural attitudes, institutional organization, and patient symptoms. Psychoanalysis in both places attracted psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, artists, writers, and movie people, all committed to “modernism” and cultural change. But special American conditions created greater institutional rigidity, medicalization, and a more diffuse patient symptomatology centered on the maternal relationship. Such conditions also fostered bitter disputes over modifications of psychoanalytic theory and practice which have only recently become less acute as the status of psychoanalysis has declined in America. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of financial capital markets and the role of children as economic assets
Authors: Rammohan Anu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the link between development of financial capital markets, old‐security and fertility, when child labour is prevalent. The model demonstrates that when returns from financial capital markets increase, fertility levels and investment in children's schooling are reduced, but child labour levels increase. However, the return to child labour is also an important determinant of fertility decisions. In particular if there is a child labour market, fertility decisions are determined mainly by the child wage rate and child rearing costs. Finally, the model shows that the development of financial capital markets implies a reduction in the borrowing rates and leads to an increase in schooling investments and a reduction in child labour. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insecurity and social protection—has the World Bank got it right?
Authors: Moser Caroline 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile all three WDR 2000/01 themes — opportunity, empowerment and security — are deemed to be of equal importance, security is probably the most strategic instrument for targeted poverty reduction. This paper critically discusses the two innovative frameworks introduced in the report: the twofold typology of risk and vulnerability, and the risk management framework. In so doing it highlights the lack of new instruments to strengthen informal risk reduction, that require participatory approaches, and locally defined tools, to ensure that ‘the voices of the poor’ move beyond complaints to commitments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiosynthesis of a ligand for studying the glycine transporter: [11C]ALX‐5407
Authors: Ravert Hayden T. , Mathews William B. , Klitenick Mark A. , Wong Dean F. , Dannals Robert F. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract[11C]ALX‐5407, R‐N[3‐(4′‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐(4′‐phenylphenoxy)propyl] sarcosine, a chiral glycine transporter 1 antagonist, was labeled with [11C]iodomethane by N‐alkylation of methyl ester protected N‐normethyl precursor, ALX‐5536, and subsequent saponification of the methyl ester protecting group. The time for synthesis, purification, and formulation was 33 minutes with an average specific radioactivity of 3909 mCi/µmol (EOS) and average decay corrected radiochemical yield of 8%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved synthesis of radiolabeled 4‐(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone
Authors: Peterson Lisa A. , Spratt Thomas E. , Shan Weifeng , Wang Lijuan , Subotkowski Witold , Roth Robert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of high specific activity tritium‐labeled 4‐(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone is reported. This compound was prepared by tritiation of 4‐(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)‐1‐[3‐(5‐bromo)‐pyridyl]‐1‐butanone (5‐BrNNKOAc) in the presence of 10% Pd/C catalyst, yielding a product with a specific activity of 11.9 Ci/mmol. This pathway represents a major improvement over previously published methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labelling of octreotide using 76Br‐prosthetic groups
Authors: Yngve Ulrika , Khan Tanweera S. , Bergström Mats , Långström Bengt 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method for labelling the octapeptide octreotide (D–Phe–Cys–Phe–D–Trp–Lys–Thr–Cys–Thr(ol)) with the positron emitting 76Br (T1/2=16 h) is presented. ϵ‐Boc‐protected octreotide was conjugated to N–succinimidyl 4‐[76Br]bromobenzoate 1 and N–succinimidyl 5‐[76Br]bromo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylate 3 using microwave heating. The conjugates 4 and 5 were isolated in 50–55% radiochemical yield after the removal of the protecting Boc‐group. Compound 3 was synthesised from the corresponding trimethylstannyl‐precursor in 25% radiochemical yield. The synthesis of methyl‐4‐[76Br] bromobenzimidate 8 in 40% radiochemical yield from the precursor methyl‐4‐trimethylstannylbenzimidate is also described. Experiments were performed to react 8 with Boc‐octreotide but no product was obtained. The binding‐properties of 76Br‐conjugates 4 and 5 to meningiomas were investigated using frozen section autoradiography. Compound 5 showed better binding properties than 4. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effective Syntheses of 2‐trimethylsilylmethyl‐3‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propene and its 1,1‐d2‐ and 1,1,1′,1′,3,3‐ d6‐isotopomers
Authors: Hu Jun , Squires Robert R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew and effective routes to synthesize 2‐trimethylsilylmethyl‐3‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propene and its 1,1‐d2‐ and 1,1,1′,1′,3,3‐d6‐isotopomers have been developed, using the displacement reaction of lithium trimethylsilylcyanocuprate with allylic halides and tosylates. These compounds are pivotal precursors for the gas‐phase synthesis and characterization of the trimethylenemethane anion, and for negative ion photoelectron spectroscopic investigations of the singlet–triplet splitting in trimethylenemethane. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiolabelling of NNC 05‐1869, a compound for treatment of diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Valsborg Jacob S. , Foged Christian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSynthesis of 3H‐, 14C‐ and 125I‐labelled NNC 05‐1869 is described. The 3H‐label was obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of a carbon–carbon double bond with tritium gas, which after purification yielded 470 µCi [3H]NNC 05‐1869 with a specific radioactivity of 36 Ci/mmol. 14C‐labelling was accomplished in three steps, including a chiral HPLC separation, starting from ethyl 3‐[carboxyl‐14C]piperidinecarboxylate (1). The overall radiochemical yield was 1.5 mCi of [carboxyl‐14C]NNC 05‐1869 (14%) with a specific radioactivity of 55 mCi/mmol. Electrophilic aromatic iododestannylation of the tin‐precursor NNC 47‐4310 with Na125I resulted in a cis/trans mixture, which was separated on RP‐HPLC to give the two isomers in 20% and 22%, yield, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.