bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How varied typologically are the languages of Africa?
Authors: Cysouw Michael , Comrie Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to investigate to what extent it is possible to pick up signals of prehistoric events by studying the distribution of typological diversity across the languages of Africa. The chapter is experimental, in the sense that it aims to test a particular method rather than to assume that the method in question is valid. The results of the investigation will show that, while there are clear limitations especially as one goes further back into history, nonetheless there are clear signals of prehistoric events that can be traced in the geography of typological diversity in Africa. Our aim is not to develop a method that will replace other methods, in particular the comparative method in historical linguistics (Campbell 2004), but rather to see what contributions can be made in specific areas by other methods, in this particular case areal typology.
Aporiai 9–10
Authors: Wildberg Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphysics B is a string of condensed sketches of considerations related to highly abstract and difficult philosophical problems; in order to do justice to this highly idiosyncratic piece of writing and determine its most likely sense, it is paramount to pay very close attention to the text—not only the variants introduced in the course of the text’s transmission, but also its at times contorted syntax and subtle sarcasm. The way to proceed is slowly, by first offering a translation of the text of the aporiai and notes which discuss purely philological problems (A sections). There follows a detailed commentary (B sections) which first takes the wording of an aporia’s introduction in chapter 1 of Book B into account and then proceeds to discuss the component parts of the aporia’s theses and antitheses. For the sake of clarity, the text is broken up into lemmata, essentially repeating the translation offered earlier. Hopefully, this procedure will leave an impression not of redundancy but of greater accessibility and transparency. The commentary parts segue into short synopses of the aporia’s argument (sections C).
Through A Lens, Darkly
Authors: Brasier Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I felt obliged to stop the vehicle owing to a growing sense of déjà vu. My students and I had been motoring along the road from Durness to Loch Assynt in north-west Scotland, snaking up a mountain pass through the famous Pipe Rock—a pile of fossilized seaside some forty furlongs thick. This Pipe Rock was a buff to fesh-pink sandstone packed here and there with worm tracks shaped like the pipes of Pan. But it was not the pipes that got me. It was the panorama of rock and bog, lying alongside the road from Kylesku to Inchnadamph.
Nicomachean Ethics VII. 4: Plain and Qualified akrasia
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle ‘s audience would have been readily familiar both with an absolute use of the word κραα ( ‘lack of control ‘), and of related words, and with an augmented use governing a genitive. Xenophon employs κραα language in both ways, thinking of the κρατ( ‘the person who lacks control ‘) spoken of absolutely as a character type identified by lack of control over, or weakness in relation to, bodily pleasures and pains or discomforts.
Dispositions, Causes, and Reduction
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dispositionality and causation are both modal concepts which have implications not just for how things are, but for how they will be or, in some sense, must be. Some philosophers are suspicious of modal concepts and would like to make do with fewer of them. But what are our reductive options, and how viable are they? In this paper, I try to shut down one option: I argue that dispositions are not reducible to causes.
Consensus, Coercion and Popular Opinion in the Third Reich: Some Reflections
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remarkably, research on the social history of the Third Reich did not begin in earnest until the 1970s. When it did, the issues of consensus and coercion were a central theme, and any assessment of those was inevitably related to the findings of the early work which was starting to be undertaken at that time into popular attitudes towards the Nazi regime and patterns of behaviour among ordinary Germans.
Poland: The Silence of Those Deprived of Voice
Authors: Kula Marcin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago Nathan Wachtel wrote a book in which he attempted to reconstruct the view the Peruvian Indians had of their world destroyed by the European conquest. We ought to write a similar book on the view of the world held by people who experienced the communist system. The importance of the subject and the need for research in this area is evident; it is, after all, one of the most interesting questions concerning the history of communism. Historians, however, cannot just repeat intuitively that ‘the people’ were ‘against’, which, in any case, if referred to the whole period, would simply be wrong, just as it would not be true that people were ‘for’ or ‘against’ on every question. In reality they could be ‘in favour, but against’.And they could be against in their thought, but in fact collaborate fully with the establishment in both words and deeds.
Tacit Minimal Consensus: The Always Precarious East German Dictatorship
Authors: Lindenberger Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the communist dictatorships newly erected under Soviet auspices after 1945 the GDR stood out because of a double claim to be exceptional. To begin with, it was a polity which could never claim to represent the one and only nation state of the people inhabiting it. On the contrary, it was the product of the partition of a nation and its society and their splitting up into two states competing for the legitimate right to represent the German nation, or what had remained of it, after the self-inflicted catastrophe of genocide and the Second World War. At the same time, the late SED state could ‘claim’ to have come closest to realizing the blueprint of a socialist people’s state according to Marxist-Leninist dogma, probably sharing this lead position with the Č SSR [Czechoslovakia]. It had the strongest economy, providing its citizens with the highest level of affluence among the states of the Comecon. But at the same time it was the least sovereign in terms of national autonomy, hosting a foreign army of 500,000 and serving as the strategic glacis area in the worst-case scenarios of its power centre, the Soviet Union. In the case of the GDR, it was not just non-war and thereby the survival of the people inhabiting the country which was safeguarded by atomic deterrence, but the very existence of the country itself. The unpopularity of communist rulers in any country set aside, it was this predicament which rendered the legitimacy of the East German dictatorship precarious in an exceptional way.
Anaerobic culture methods
Authors: Willis A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of methods is available for the culture of anaerobic organisms.
Exclusion of oxygen from part of the medium is the simplest method, and is effected by growing the organisms within the medium as a shake or fluid culture.
When an anaerobic atmosphere is required for obtaining surface growths, anaerobic jars and cabinets provide the routine methods of choice.
Chemotaxonomic methods
Authors: Shah H N , Gharbia S E , Lawson P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The taxonomy of major groups of anaerobic bacteria such as B(fidobacterium, Bacteroides, Eubacterium, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and several others has until recently been unsatisfactory. Many of these taxa have been defined primarily on the basis of morphological and physiological characteristics but have undergone considerable taxonomic improvements since the introduction of acid end-products analysis.
Immunochemical methods
Authors: Poxton I R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As in any branch of modern bacteriology, immunological techniques are used for a vast and increasing number of applications. The applications in the past were mainly in medical microbiology, especially in the diagnosis of disease, in epidemiological typing, and in the fundamental investigation of pathogenic mechanisms. In the future this trend is likely to continue, but the exploitation of immunological methods for the detection and quantitation of any bacterial component or product is likely to increase. In anaerobic bacteriology, however, it is by no means an area of great activity. Many workers have been disillusioned by the complexity of the subject, and it is true to say that much of the past work has been greatly compromised by a lack of appreciation of the complexity of the antigenic composition of anaerobes. They are no more complex than aerobes but, especially for the Bacteroides spp., there are no traditional serotyping schemes available as there were for theenterobacteria, and attempts at extrapolating from enterobacterial serology have been largely unsuccessful. Apart from certain clostridial infections there is little evidence of a one organism/one disease relationship and again this has confused the unwary.
Prediction of transmembrane protein topology
Authors: Heijne Gunnar Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Membrane proteins fulfil many critical cellular functions, and make up a large fraction of all proteins. In fact, it has recently been estimated that as many as 35–-40% of all yeast genes may code for integral membrane proteins (1,2). Yet, only a handful of high resolution membrane protein three-dimensional structures are known, making it even more important to extract as much structural information as possible from the amino acid sequences. This chapter will focus on the topology prediction problem: how to identify transmembrane segments and how to predict the overall orientation of the protein in the membrane.
Comparative modelling of proteins
Authors: Srinivasan N , Guruprasad k. , Blundell Tom L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prediction of protein three-dimensional (3D) structure from amino acid sequence is most successful when the structures of one or more homologues are known. Structural information can then be extrapolated to the new sequence and a 3D model may be derived, well before the structure of the new protein is determined by X-ray crystallography or NMR. This approach is most appropriately known as comparative modelling, but is also referred to as homology modelling, or knowledge-based modelling.
Modelling protein conformation by molecular mechanics and dynamics
Authors: Karpen Marye , Brooks iii charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular mechanics and dynamics are used extensively in protein structure prediction, complementing experimental approaches and database (‘knowledge-based’) analyses. These methods are able to predict conformation at the atomic level. This high degree of resolution, however, carries a large computational cost. Hence limits are often placed on system size, the extent of conformational space searched, and the length of simulations. None the less, molecular mechanics and dynamics approaches are able to address many important protein structure prediction problems.
Docking ligands to proteins
Authors: Shoichet Brian k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A docking method seeks to find ways of fitting two molecules together in favourable configurations. This simple goal is actively pursued because of its central role in two very practical areas of research: structure-based drug discovery and the molecular modelling of biological function. Sadly, our understanding of how molecules recognize one another is still rather poor. Both the importance of the field, and our limited grasp of its intricacies, have lead to a great number of proposals for solving what is often called ‘the docking problem.’ None of them is complete. For clarity’s sake, I will discuss ways to approach docking problems as if there was a right way, and we knew what we were doing. Sometimes there isn’t and we don’t. Buyer beware.
Affinity separations of proteins
Authors: Matejtschuk Paul , Feldman Peter A , Rott, Jacky , More John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the greatest proportion of affinity-based separations reported in the scientific literature involve proteins. There are literally thousands of references to the isolation, characterization, and utilization of proteins that rely upon affinity-based interactions for successful separations (1). This being the case it would be impossible to cover adequately here all of the methodologies documented, nor is it the purpose of this chapter merely to review the application of affinity chromatography to protein chemistry. In this chapter we will present the common techniques used for the affinity extraction of proteins and give examples of these from our own experience, such that the general principles of each group of separations can be outlined for readers to follow and apply to their own experimental situations.
Peptide mapping
Authors: Morrice Nick A , Carrey Elizabeth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will cover the processes necessary to generate a peptide map, including the fragmentation of the protein of interest, the separation of the resulting peptides (oligopeptides of various lengths), and their identification and analysis. Strategies that generate a literally two-dimensional ‘map’ using electrophoretic methods will be described in Section 3.5. Every biochemistry textbook describes the use of such maps, for example the early use of paper chromatography to demonstrate that there is a difference in sequence between normal haemoglobin and the mutant form that causes sickle-cell anaemia. Improvements in the separation and analytical methods now available to us mean that peptide ‘maps’ may be used to obtain information, such as the actual sequence. from the individual peptides. A series of separation steps, based on standard protein chemistry, can each contribute a ‘dimension’ to the map and inform us about the properties of the peptide. The strategy to be adopted therefore has implications for the results that can be obtained, since the second or third dimension uses material that has been generated in an earlier separation step.
Brewery fermentations with dried lager yeast
Authors: Muller R E , Fels S , Gosselin Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dried yeast offers several advantages in storage and handling over fresh wet yeast. The brewing performance of a yeast propagated and dried using a specific technology was compared with that of the same strain of fresh yeast from pilot brewery fermentations. The gravity profiles of the two types were almost identical, requiring a similar time to reach the same attenuation limit. Flocculation was also unaffected and the suspended cell concentrations observed throughout the fermentations were the same. Analytical flavour profiles and flavour profiles of the beers produced with both types of yeast were within normally expected variation.
Use of topology to measure protein-induced DNA bend and unwinding angles
Authors: Lutter Leonard C , Drabik Christopher E , Halvorson Herbert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes details of the rotational variant method for measuring protein-induced changes in bend and unwinding angles. To summarize the approach, a series of plasmids is constructed such that each contain tandem repeats of the binding site for a protein that bends its site upon binding. The members of the series differ by the progressive addition of single base-pair increments to the repeat length, meaning that the rotational setting between adjacent binding sites differs by 34" when a construct with an n base pair repeat is compared with one with an n + 1 base-pair repeat. Binding of the protein to this series of plasmids induces a family of superhelices with pitches based on the repeat length, and relaxation by topoisomerase causes a change in the DNA linking number that reflects the specific form of superhelix generated in each plasmid. The set of differences between the linking numbers of a plasmid with and without bound protein can then be used to calculate the bend induced, as well as any change in duplex winding upon protein binding. The advantage of this method is that the measurement derives from first principles and requires no comparison standards. Details of the conceptual basis of the approach as well as a short description of the methodology are published in Letter et al. (1). This chapter expands on the methods needed to perform such a measurement. In addition, improvements developed since that publication will be described, as well as ongoing efforts aimed at further facilitating the method.
Systemic Therapy for Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hargis Abby , Ngo Madeline , Kraus Christina N. , Mauskar Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Background
Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory process affecting predominantly anogenital skin, with extragenital involvement in up to 20% of cases. The mainstay of therapy for anogenital LS is topical immunosuppression. However, in treatment-refractory cases, severe, or hypertrophic disease, systemic modalities may be used. Currently, there are no guidelines for systemic therapy in LS.

Objective
This study aimed to provide a review of the current literature on use of systemic therapies for LS, including demographic and clinical features of LS, as well as reported outcomes.

Methods
A primary literature search was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science, from the year the journal was published until June 2022.

Results
Ultimately, 71 studies consisting of 392 patients were included. Of these, 65% (n = 254) had anogenital disease, 9% (n = 36) had extragenital disease, and 19% (n = 73) had both anogenital and extragenital disease, and in 7% (n = 29) of cases, location was not specified. The most frequent therapies, stratified by total cases, included oral retinoids (n = 227), methotrexate (n = 59), hydroxychloroquine (n = 36), and systemic steroids (prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, oral triamcinolone, and other systemic steroids) (n = 60). Overall, 76% (n = 194) of anogenital, 94% (n = 34) of extragenital, and 81% (n = 59) of patients with both anogenital and extragenital involvement were reported to have clinical or symptomatic improvement.

Conclusion
Overall, we found many therapies that have been used with reported success for extragenital and genital LS. However, future studies are needed to better define treatment outcomes and directly compare efficacy of different therapies for LS.
Recurrence After Biopsy-Confirmed Cervical High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion Followed by Negative Conization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Viveros-Carreño David , Mora-Soto Nathalia , Rodríguez Juliana , Rauh-Hain José Alejandro , Ramírez Pedro T. , López Varón Melissa , Krause Kate J. , Grillo-Ardila Carlos Fernando , Jeronimo Jose , Pareja René 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of the study is to assess the recurrence rate (as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2+ [CIN2+]) in patients who had a confirmed high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (CIN2–3) in a cervical biopsy specimen followed by a negative conization specimen.

Materials and Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. Ovid/MEDLINE, Ovid/Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from inception until January 2023. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (ID number CRD42023393951). The search identified 3,089 articles; 1,530 were removed as duplicates, and 1,559 titles and abstracts were assessed for inclusion. The full text of 26 studies was assessed for eligibility, and finally, 12 studies with 1,036 patients were included. All included studies were retrospective cohort studies. A proportion meta-analysis was performed.

Results
For patients with negative conization specimens, the recurrence rate as CIN2+ during follow-up was 6% (95% CI, 1.8%–12.1%; I
2 = 49.2; p < .0001, 215 patients and 4 studies) in the proportion meta-analysis, ranging from 0.3% to 13.0% for the individual studies. For patients with ≤CIN1 conization specimens, the recurrence rate as CIN2+ during follow-up was 3.6% (95% CI, 1.2%–7%; I
2 = 75.1; p < .0001, 991 patients and 10 studies) in the proportion meta-analysis and ranged from 0.6% to 13.0% for the individual studies.

Conclusions
The recurrence rate as CIN2+ for patients with a confirmed high-grade intraepithelial lesion on a cervical biopsy followed by a negative conization specimen is 6%. In patients with negative and CIN1 conization specimens, the recurrence rate is 3.6%.
A Comparison of Lichen Sclerosus and Vulvodynia Content Across Social Media Platforms: What Is Trending Over Time
Authors: Shiplo Samantha , Sivajohan Brintha , Selk Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Objectives
Vulvovaginal diseases are common gynecologic complaints and patients often turn to social media (SM) for medical information. The objective of this study is to examine vulvovaginal content on SM and how it has changed over time.

Materials and Methods
Four SM platforms were searched (i.e., Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube) at 2 time points from March 30 to May 7, 2021, and again from November 24 to December 10, 2022. Newer SM platforms became popular during this time interval and thus TikTok and Reddit were included in the search in 2022. This study focused on 2 common vulvovaginal conditions: lichen sclerosus and vulvodynia. The SM platforms were searched for content on these conditions and the type of content, language, and country of origin were assessed.

Results
A total of 1228 SM accounts, posts, and pages were assessed. Lichen sclerosus content on SM was mostly informational (32.6%), whereas vulvodynia content was mostly personal experience (30.5%). Patient support groups were significantly more popular in 2021 compared with 2022 and professional groups were more common in 2022 compared with 2021 (p < .001). Overall, Facebook and Instagram consisted mostly of patient support groups, YouTube had both informational and professional videos, TikTok had mostly personal experiences and healthcare professional videos, and Reddit was mostly discussions about patient personal experiences.

Conclusions
The current study highlights the content and quantifies user engagement of lichen sclerosus and vulvodynia on SM.