bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foraging strategies of shrews: interactions between small predators and their prey
Authors: Churchfield Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foraging strategies of Sorex araneus and S. minutus were investigated by examining the diets of wild shrews together with the biomass and numbers of prey available. By having diverse diets, shrews had access to an abundant food supply throughout the year. But they needed to catch prey at a high rate to satisfy daily energy requirements, with an estimated daily intake of 566 prey by S. araneus and 247 prey by S. minutus. With the exception of Coleoptera and Isopoda, energy values of prey varied little and are unlikely to be the basis of prey selection by shrews. Rates at which prey were encountered were found to be more important in determining diets of shrews than selection based on prey size or food value.
Social organization in martens: an inflexible system?
Authors: Balharry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variability in the social organization of carnivores is attributed in some species to the distribution of key resources. Previous research on martens suggested an intrasexually determined territorial organization for the species. In this study martens at high and low density were studied. Twenty-four animals were radio-tracked and their social status was determined by aging, hormone analysis and gland measurements. Radio-isotopes were used to determine the presence of martens not captured. The social organization of martens at different densities was shown to conform with the results of previous studies. Range size of females was not determined by peripheral resource-rich patches. It is suggested that the distribution of resources would not support additional animals at a low cost to the territory holder. Additional conspecific adults were not tolerated although young martens were. While the results do not contradict the hypothesis that the spatial organization of these carnivores is determined by the dispersion of resources, it is suggested that group living in martens may be prevented by phylogenetically determined intolerance of conspecifics.
Use of molecular probes to analyse pilot whale pod structure: two novel analytical approaches
Authors: Amos Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA fingerprinting can be used to answer many questions in behavioural ecology. However, where the number of crosswise comparisons to be made is large, as in the study of genetic relationships within a group, single locus analysis is often preferable. Furthermore, the study of group structure is often complicated by the difficulty of defining a population mean. Two analytical approaches are presented which have been designed to circumvent this problem: one derives an estimate for the number of individuals accompanied by one or other parent, the other tests for strong philopatry. The two methods are investigated by means of computer simulations and, although applicable to other species, are illustrated with an analysis of pilot whale pod structure. Both appear to provide useful information concerning relatedness within the group.
Sex differences in diving and foraging behaviour of northern elephant seals
Authors: Boeuf B J Le , Crocker D E , Blackwell S B , Morris P A , Thorson P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex differences in the foraging behaviour of adult northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris, are predicted from the great disparity in size between the sexes, males being 1.5-10 times larger than females. Males must consume approximately three times more prey per day than females. By examining the diving behaviour, during which all foraging occurs, our aim was to elucidate how males do this and when the strategy develops. Dive data were collected by microcomputer time-depth recorders attached to the backs of free-ranging seals (nine adult males, 10 adult females, seven juvenile males and six juvenile females) during periods at sea ranging from one to three months. The sexes foraged in different locations and exhibited differences in foraging-type dives, suggesting different foraging strategies and, possibly, different prey. Females moved steadily across the north-eastern Pacific from the coast to as far as 150 °W, in the range 44-52 °N, foraging daily en route. Males migrated to areas along continental margins off the state of Washington, to as far as the northern Gulf of Alaska and the eastern Aleutian Islands, where they exhibited concentrated foraging.
Grey seals off the east coast of Britain: distribution and movements at sea
Authors: Hammond P S , Mcconnell B J , Fedak M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As part of a programme of research to investigate the interactions between marine mammals and their environment, the SMRU has been studying the distribution and movements of grey seals off the east coast of Britain. Three approaches have been employed: monitoring from Automatic Recording Stations using VHF telemetry; continuous tracking from a yacht using a combination of VHF and underwater ultrasonic telemetry; and satellite-link tracking through Service Argos. The three different methodological approaches allow investigations from different perspectives. VHF monitoring gives data for up to a year on the presence/absence of animals at sites close to the coast; the use of a number of sites provides information on seal movements between them. Satellite-link tracking gives detailed data for up to several months on the location of seals, wherever they go. Continuous ultrasonic/ VHF tracking gives detailed records of movements and behaviour of seals for short periods of up to about ten days. The information on diving behaviour provided by real-time and satellite tracking is presented elsewhere; here we concentrate on the horizontal distribution and movements.
Siliceous microfossils
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with siliceous microfossils. These range in size from 5-20000 µ. Preparation of samples for siliceous microfossil study generally consists of physical disaggregation of containing sediment followed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation of organic material and acetic (ethanoic) or hydrochloric acid leaching of calcareous material and sieving. Heavy liquid flotation techniques can also be used, although they can be hazardous to health (commonly used chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloro ethane) being carcinogenic) and, moreover, are ineffective in the not uncommon event of the original silica having been replaced by pyrite. The final concentrate is made up in a strew slide for examination under a transmitted light microscope. Canada Balsam is a commonly used mounting medium.
Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental interpretation
Authors: Jones Robert Wynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains sections on biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. The section on biostratigraphy includes a subsection on quantitative biostratigraphy. The section on palaeoenvironmental interpretation includes some preli nary observations on benthonic foraminifera associated with petroleum seeps.
The summary stratigraphic ranges of the major microfossil groups discussed in Chapters 2-6 are shown on Fig. 7.1. The ranges over which they are stratigraphically useful are indicated by broad bands. It is evident that most are only useful over certain time intervals and then only in the appropriate facies (see Section 7.4).
An Introduction to Optical Dating
Authors: Aitken M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optical dating is a rapidly developing technique, used primarily in the dating of sediments deposited in the last 500,000 or more years. As such increasing numbers of Quaternary geologists, physical geographers, archaeologists, and anthropologists are now relying on the results produced. Written by one of the foremost experts on optical dating, this book aims to bring together in a coherent whole the various strands of research that are ongoing in the area. It gives beginners an introduction to the technique as well as acting as a valuable source of up to date references. The text is divided into three parts; main text, technical notes and appendices. In this way the main text is accessible by those researchers with a limited knowledge of physics, with the technical notes providing depth of understanding for those who require it. The first part of the book is concerned with basic notions and an introduction to the standard techniques, as well as several illustrative case histories. It goes on to then discuss the limitations of the technique and factors affecting reliability.
The migrants and their communities
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tokelau District Officer in Apia, Western Samoa, noted in June 1963 that 54 Tokelauans had departed from Apia for New Zealand since the previous January. Fourteen of these had been sponsored in some way, but the other forty had gone independently, following Tokelauans who had migrated to New Zealand during the four previous years. Unsponsored migrants preceded those who were sponsored, and certainly have consistently outnumbered them. However, simply to dichotomize migrants as unsponsored or sponsored masks differences within each category and overlooks similarities between the two. A more refined classification is required, taking into account patterns of migration which changed over time. Before describing the history of Tokelauan migration, however, one must deal with issues of definition. Who is a Tokelauan migrant?
Health problems of Polynesians: a historical perspective
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have heard it mentioned in New Zealand that one of the greatest misfortunes which can occur to the inhabitants of an unknown island in the Southern Ocean, is its discovery by some civilised navigator. This painful reflection entirely refers to the misery the people suffer from the introduction of bad habits and new diseases’ (Thomson 1854).
Health behaviour and health services in Tokelau and New Zealand
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The influence of traditional or folk medicine on health behaviour and beliefs varies considerably in different areas of Polynesia and the South Pacific (Parsons 1985). The Tokelau Study’s anthropologists report that Tokelauans have neither an extensive range of healing agents and drugs nor a large number of recognized curers. None the less, folk medicine does play some part in the health behaviour of Tokelauans, both on the atolls and in New Zealand.
Migration and chronic diseases
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does migration affect the incidence of chronic diseases? Can generalizations be made-even for one population moving to one new homeland, at one time in history? The experience of migration may differ greatly among individuals from the same population: for some it represents a traumatic uprooting and major culture shock, for some it may be a great adventure, for others it may mean little more than a change in the geographical setting of familiar activities and social networks. And some persons are more fortunate than others in their ability to adapt to change. However, it may be postulated that in so far as migration involves major changes in environmentin climate, in exposure to disease agents, in life-style, and in access to social supportchanges in health status are likely to occur. Thus, for Tokelauans, whose migration to New Zealand involved major changes in all these factors, the study expected to find significant differences between the health status of migrants and that of non-migrants. Following the logic of the ‘Western diseases’ theory, later summarized by Trowell and Burkitt (1981), we expected that the incidence of chronic diseases in particular would be higher in the migrant group. This chapter will investigate this hypothesis as it relates to coronary heart disease, diabetes, gout, osteoarthritis, asthma, and respiratory diseases related to smoking (for example chronic bronchitis).
Efferent organization of the mammalian basal forebrain
Authors: Koliatsos V E , Martin, L J , Price D L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basal forebrain includes heterogeneous groups of neurons located in ventral and medial aspects of the tele- and diencephalon that are not clear components of other major forebrain structures, such as basal ganglia, hypothalamus, or cortex. Recently, this area of brain has become a focus of research, due in part to discoveries that specific populations of basal forebrain neurons participate in learning and memory (Bartus et al. 1986; Olton and Wenk 1987) and degenerate in certain types of dementias, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Whitehouse et al. 1981; Price et al. 1985), Down’s syndrome (Casanova et al. 1985), progressive supranuclear palsy (Tagliavini et al. 1984; Rogers et al. 1985), and some cases of Parkinson’s disease (Arendt et al. 1983; Whitehouse et al. 1983). In this chapter, our primary goal is to discuss the current understanding of the efferent organization of basal forebrain nuclei that contain cholinergic neurons. We also summarize the organization and projections of basal forebrain areas topographically related to the cholinergic nuclei, with the understanding that this summary further clarifies the circuitry of cholinergic neurons.
Cholinergic neurotransmission in the brainstem: Implications for behavioural state control
Authors: Greene R W , Mccarley R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerous recent studies have suggested an important role for brainstem cholinergic transmission in the control of mammalian behavioural state (Hu et al. 1989a, b; Greene et al. 1989). One of the most striking demonstrations of importance has been the production of REM sleep by microinjection of cholinergic compounds (both agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors) into specific locations within the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF; George et al. 1964; Amatruda et al. 1975; Baghdoyan et al. 1985). Applied at the proper injection site, cholinergic agonists elicit a complete array of REM phenomena including muscle atonia (as in natural REM, the alpha motoneurons are hyperpolarized), EEG desynchronization, ponto-geniculooccipital (PGO) waves, rapid eye movements and hippocampal theta rhythm, providing the only phenomenologically adequate model of REM sleep.
Dysdifferentiation of structurally plastic neurons initiates the pathologic cascade of Alzheimer’s disease: Toward a unifying hypothesis
Authors: Woolf N J , Butcher L L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental neuropathologic processes underlying Alzheimer’s disease, a term used in this book to refer to both presenile and senile dementia, are incompletely understood, despite increasingly intense research efforts aimed at unravelling the many threads comprising the total fabric of the disorder. Here we attempt to develop a unifying conception of Alzheimer’s disease based on the thesis that the trigger for the disorder is dysdifferentiation of neurons capable of oscillating between more plastic and more stable states in the mature central nervous system, which leads to the synthesis of altered cytoskeletal proteins that, in turn, initiate a cascade of interlocking pathologies characterized by nerve terminal aberrancies, subsequent extrusion of atypical polypeptide entities, reactive gliosis, abnormal neuronal growth, and degeneration.
Eye-head co-ordination: influence of eye position on the control of head movement amplitude
Authors: Delreux Vincent , Abeele Sylvie Vanden , Lefevre Philippe , Roucoux AndrÉ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orienting the gaze towards a visual stimulus is usually by a combined eye and head movement. How the position of the target in space is transmitted to the motor systems of the eye and head is still a matter of debate. Among the unsolved questions, the nature of the frame of reference into which motor commands sent to the neck muscles are coded is particularly intriguing. Common sense suggests that the retinal error (the position of the target on the retina, i.e. a signal coded within a retinocentric frame of reference) should not be sent as such to the motor plant of the head. This error should at least take into account eye position in the orbit (craniocentric coding) and perhaps head position with respect to the trunk
Spatial programming of eye movements
Authors: Schlag John , Schlag-Rey Madeleine , Dassonville Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To direct gaze on a visual target, the simplest solution for the brain would be to derive the vector of the appropriate saccade directly from the retinal error signal generated by the target. This signal represents a distance and a direction from the centre of the fovea, and can be directly provided by the retinal cells ‘seeing’ a single point on a blank background. There are good reasons, however, to doubt that a scheme relying solely on a retinal error signal is realistic. It does not explain how, in the dark, one can look successively at two sites between which a photic target has jumped, remaining at each place for a very short time (double-step paradigm). Human subjects can do this accurately even though the target is no longer visible when the two eye movements are actually executed (Hallett and Lightstone 1976). As the trajectory from the first to the second location does not start at the initial point from which the target has been seen, the vector of the second saccade cannot be equal to the retinal error. The calculation of the vector for the second saccade by the brain must take into account the change in eye position.
Space and the parietal association areas
Authors: Stein J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will attempt to evaluate the evidence that the main function of the posterior parietal association area is to begin the transformation of sensory input into signals of use for controlling movement by mediating the accurate, spatial direction of attention. To do this I will show that the association areas behind the primary somaesthetic cortical areas 1, 2, and 3, which are collectively known as the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), are not merely passive association areas in which different sensory inputs are integrated; rather, that first and foremost they are sensorimotor association areas, where sensory, motor, and motivational inputs are brought together so that they can be correctly interpreted in the light of how the animal is moving. Sensory and motor signals about the position and movements of our bodies and of surrounding objects of interest are evaluated in the PPC by neural networks that enable us to direct our attention to them and then to shift our gaze to look at or move towards them.
Congruent representations of visual and somatosensory space in single neurons of monkey ventral intra-parietal cortex (area VIP)
Authors: Duhamel Jean-Ren É , Colby Caroll. , Goldberg Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We perceive the space in which we live by the use of all of our senses. Vision is the pre-eminent sense in primates, but we can also use audition, somatic sensation, and even olfaction. Our perception of space is calibrated by the accuracy of our movements through it. This calibration requires an intermodality equivalence, such that stimuli of disparate modalities ultimately evoke equivalent responses at some place in the nervous system. Clinical and experimental evidence has long implicated the posterior parietal cortex in the process by which the brain constructs an image of space (Critchley 1953). The posterior parietal cortex lies at the junction of visual and somatosensory cortices, and although historically it was thought to be a somatosensory association cortex, recent work has emphasized its visual nature (Hyvarinen and Poranen 1974; Lynch et al. 1977; Robinson et al. 1978). Such studies also demonstrated some convergence between vision and somatic sensation in the posterior parietal cortex of the monkey (Robinson et al. 1978; Leinonen et al. 1979).
Starvation and predation in a patchy environment
Authors: McNamara J M , Houston A I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the breeding season, an animal's reproductive success will depend on its ability to survive. For many animals, survival involves finding enough food and avoiding being killed by a predator. It is, therefore, not surprising that considerable theoretical and empirical work has been done on the influence of the dangers of starvation and predation (see Real and Cameo 1986; Cameo and Lima 1987; Milinski 1986; Dill 1987 for reviews). In the absence of predation, the probability of starvation depends not only on the mean rate at which an animal obtains food, but also on the variance (Cameo 1980; Houston and McNamara 1982, 1985; McNamara and Houston 1982, 1986). The choices of juncos and white-crowned sparrows depend on variance and can be understood in terms of minimizing the animal's probability of starvation (Cameo 1981a, 1983; Cameo et al. 1980; review in Cameo and Lima 1987). Similar remarks apply to the foraging behaviour of the common shrew (Barnard and Brown 1985; Barnard et al. 1985).
Variance and patchiness in rates of population change: a planthopper’s case history
Authors: Strong D R , Antolin M F , Rathbun S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working out the ‘details’ is the business of experimental population dynamics, which has not recently played a major role in ecology. Experiments concerning the mechanisms of population change among generations have been few relative to the volume of theory on population dynamics; the vital feedback between theory and experimentation is not as well-developed in population dynamics as in other disciplines. This imbalance between experimentation and theory can be seen, perhaps, as an adequate gross volume of theory with a deficiency of experimentation (although we would certainly like to see more theory inspired by realistic assumptions) (Strong 1986a, b).
Population dynamics and community structure of parasite helminths
Authors: Dobson A P , Keymer A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although definitions of parasitism may be very broad (Price 1980), we restrict this chapter to a discussion of helminth parasites: the platyhelminthes, nematodes and acanthocephalans. The population dynamics of these macro-parasites (Anderson and May 1979) are characterized by aggregated distributions in the host population and the dependence of parasite fecundity and pathogenicity upon the numbers of parasites harboured by the host. This contrasts with the micro-parasites which reproduce within the host and may be regarded to subdivide the host population into a few distinct classes (susceptible, infected but latent, infectious, recovered, and immune). Comprehensive discussions of the population dynamics of micro-parasites (which include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa) have been given by Anderson and May (1981, 1982).
Case study: scaling behaviour of density-dependent populations under random noise
Authors: Hastings Harold M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
11.1 Introduction
The prediction of local species extinction is a useful goal and test for population models. Essentially by definition, the population levels of a species which persists for a long time remain within a bounded range, and thus there is an asymptotic value to the range of population fluctuations. The challenge is therefore to predict the long-term range of population values from available time series which are frequently relatively short.