bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Assumptions as a measure of meaning in rural road crash victims
Authors: Jeavons Sue , Godber Tim 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To explore the effect of experiencing a road crash on aspects of psychological meaning. Design:  A 12‐month repeated measures prospective design was used. Setting:  Data were collected from admissions to a hospital in central Victoria. Subjects:  Seventy‐two injured road crash victims took part in the study. Main outcome measures:  Three measures of psychological trauma and the World Assumptions Scale. Results:  World Assumptions Scale scores did not change significantly over the year, despite improvements in other trauma scores. Conclusion:  This study does shed some light on the psychological effects of road trauma, but further research is needed to create more sophisticated measures.
Teaching clinical pathology by flexible delivery in rural sites
Authors: Hays Richard , Veitch Jan , Lam Alfred 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate the implementation of a clinical pathology and clinical skills course designed for delivery at several distributed sites, including a mandatory eight‐week placement in small remote communities. Design:  All students in the first cohort for the course were invited to complete questionnaires rating the value of their learning experiences and the impact of relying on resources delivered by information technology. Forty‐one of 63 students responded. Results:  Formal lectures and resources provided at the main campus were most highly valued by the students. Patient presentations in the rural and remote communities were better examples of clinical pathology than those encountered in urban hospitals, and the rural tutors were regarded very highly for their support of student learning. Delivery of resource materials in remote sites was not as successful as planned, due to difficulties with bandwidth and download speeds. Student academic performance appeared unrelated to location of learning. Conclusion:  Students were able to achieve learning objectives for the course, relying on a richer patient mix, campus‐based core sessions and information technology‐based resources. Curriculum planners should be encouraged to further devolve learning in traditionally campus‐based content to rural and remote communities, but only after careful planning and resource allocation to support learning in rural teaching sites.
Follow‐up on the γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase in patients with severe dysplasia in an area of high incidence of esophageal cancer
Authors: LI Jian , BAI Jing Xiu , ZHAO Zhi Gou , ZHENG Peng Yuan , MA Jun , GUO Min , LIU Yun Yuan 
Published: July 2005

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the clinical value of cytological γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GT) staining in the reduction of the morbidity and mortality of esophageal cancer in an area of China that has a high incidence of esophageal cancer.METHODS:  The results of pathology, cytological examination with γ‐GT staining in 451 patients with severe dysplasia were analyzed and followed‐up for 3 years.RESULTS:  At the 1‐year follow‐up, 17 of 231 patients with positive γ‐GT staining (7.4%) had developed esophageal cancer, but no cancer was detected in 95 patients with negative γ‐GT staining. Among 215 patients who were followed‐up for 3 years, the risk of developing cancer in γ‐GT staining positive patients with grade I or II severe dysplasia was 5.7% and 14.3%, respectively. However, esophageal cancer was not found in patients with negative γ‐GT staining or in patients with positive γ‐GT staining who were younger than 40 years.CONCLUSIONS:  These findings suggest that γ‐GT staining can be used as a cancer risk marker of esophageal epithelial dysplasia. Esophageal dysplasia needs to be further categorized according to γ‐GT staining for esophageal cancer prevention, and intervention is required for γ‐GT staining positive patients with severe dysplasia in order to increase the cost–benefit ratio of esophageal cancer prevention.
CD14 expression on Kupffer cells during the course of carbon tetrachloride‐mediated liver injury
Authors: QIU De Kai , HUA Jing , LI Ji Qiang , LI Eng Ling 
Published: July 2005

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the expression of CD14 on Kupffer cells during the course of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐mediated liver injury and its role in the activation of Kupffer cells.METHODS:  Rats were administered CCl4 twice weekly for up to 8 weeks. Kupffer cells were isolated from normal and CCl4‐treated rats by the combined ‘collagenase‐pronase’ perfusion method, discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. On the day after isolation, the cells were incubated with RPMI‐1640 containing varying doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 6 h. Supernatants were then collected for measuring the concentration of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression of CD14 mRNA on Kupffer cells were determined by RT‐PCR. The plasma concentrations of endotoxin were determined by chromogenic substrate Limulus amebocyte lysate assay.RESULTS:  Basic TNF‐α production of Kupffer cells isolated from CCl4‐treated rats at 4 and 6 weeks was significantly higher than that of normal (P < 0.05). Following LPS stimulation the production of TNF‐α was markedly increased in Kupffer cells from the 2‐, 4‐ and 6‐week treatment groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, LPS‐induced TNF‐α production was dose‐dependent. CD14 mRNA expression on Kupffer cells isolated from CCl4‐treated rats was elevated following 2 weeks of CCl4 administration and the maximum elevation occurred at 6 weeks. Gene expression was decreased in Kupffer cells after 8 weeks of CCl4 treatment. CCl4 administration elicited extensive changes in liver morphology, including steatosis, inflammation and necrosis. The plasma concentrations of endotoxin of CCl4‐treated rats were increased during the time of liver injury.CONCLUSION:  Up‐regulation of CD14 expression in Kupffer cells during CCl4‐mediated chronic liver injury indicates cell activation and that they are more sensitive to LPS stimulation. Kupffer cells are critical effector cells in the early stage of liver injury.
Increased measures of anxiety and weight gain in mice lacking the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR8
Authors: Duvoisin Robert M. , Zhang Connie , Pfankuch Timothy F. , O'Connor Heather , Gayet‐Primo Jacqueline , Quraishi Salma , Raber Jacob 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTo study the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGluR8), mice lacking this receptor were generated by homologous recombination. Homozygous mGluR8‐deficient mice are about 8% heavier than their wild‐type age‐matched controls after reaching 4 weeks of age. This weight difference is not caused by an altered food intake and is not exacerbated by feeding the animals a high‐fat diet. Moreover, mGluR8–/– mice are mildly insulin resistant, possibly as a result of being overweight. Behavioral testing revealed a reduced locomotor activity of mGluR8–/– mice compared with wild‐type mice during the first 3 days in a novel enclosed environment. However after 3 days, the locomotor activities of wild‐type and mGluR8–/– mice were similar, suggesting a reduced exploratory behavior of mGluR8–/– mice in a novel enclosed environment. By contrast, there were no genotype differences in locomotor activity in the open field, plus maze, or in total time spent exploring objects during object recognition tests, indicating that there is a dissociation between effects of mGluR8 deficiency in exploratory activity in a novel safe enclosed environment vs. a more anxiogenic novel open environment. The absence of mGluR8 also leads to increased measures of anxiety in the open field and elevated plus maze. Whether the diverse phenotypic differences observed in mGluR8–/– mice result from the misregulation of a unique neural pathway, possibly in the thalamus or hypothalamus, or whether they are the consequence of multiple developmental and functional alterations in synaptic transmission, remains to be determined.
The robustness of perception
Authors: Reinders A. A. T. S. , Den Boer J. A. , Büchel C. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe natural environment around us, which is often crowded, cluttered or even foggy, is subject to a dynamically changing composition of objects and events. The human brain is continuously perceiving, recognizing and evaluating this dynamic scene composition. If the perception of degraded visual objects is important, e.g. in the case of potential threat stimuli, the brain needs to be more sensitive in detecting these objects from the natural environment. It is therefore hypothesized that reacting to the dynamically changing environment involves a robust and quick processing of salient information, which can be either with or without conscious awareness. We investigated the dynamics and robustness of perception using pictures of three salience levels, i.e. fearful faces (most salient), neutral faces (salient) and houses (nonsalient), which appear from dynamically decreasing random visual noise. Stimuli were matched for luminance, contrast, brightness and spatial frequency information. Reaction times show a significantly earlier response for faces than for houses. Fearful faces were significantly more quickly detected than neutral faces. The neural correlates sustaining robust perception were investigated with event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The amygdala showed a significant perception‐related response for faces, as compared to houses, that was further enhanced for fearful faces as compared to neutral faces. Our data indicate that emotionally salient information processing is (i) mediated by the amygdala and (ii) more robust than for nonsalient stimuli as it shows a significantly lower perceptual threshold.
Identification of a
d
-
glycero
-
d
-
manno
-Heptosyltransferase Gene from
Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Hiratsuka Koji , Logan Susan M. , Conlan J. Wayne , Chandan Vandana , Aubry Annie , Smirnova Natalia , Ulrichsen Heather , Chan Kenneth H. N. , Griffith Douglas W. , Harrison Blair A. , Li Jianjun , Altman Eleonora 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACT

We have identified a
Helicobacter pylori
d
-
glycero
-
d
-
manno
-heptosyltransferase gene, HP0479, which is involved in the biosynthesis of the outer core region of
H. pylori
lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Insertional inactivation of HP0479 resulted in formation of a truncated LPS molecule lacking an α-1,6-glucan-,
dd
-heptose-containing outer core region and O-chain polysaccharide. Detailed structural analysis of purified LPS from HP0479 mutants of strains SS1, 26695, O:3, and PJ1 by a combination of chemical and mass spectrometric methods showed that HP0479 likely encodes α-1,2-
d
-
glycero
-
d
-
manno
-heptosyltransferase, which adds a
d
-
glycero
-
d
-
manno
-heptose residue (DDHepII) to a distal
dd
-heptose of the core oligosaccharide backbone of
H. pylori
LPS. When the wild-type HP0479 gene was reintegrated into the chromosome of strain 26695 by using an “antibiotic cassette swapping” method, the complete LPS structure was restored. Introduction of the HP0479 mutation into the
H. pylori
mouse-colonizing Sydney (SS1) strain and the clinical isolate PJ1, which expresses
dd
-heptoglycan, resulted in the loss of colonization in a mouse model. This indicates that
H. pylori
expressing a deeply truncated LPS is unable to successfully colonize the murine stomach and provides evidence for a critical role of the outer core region of
H. pylori
LPS in colonization.
Getting to the Meaning of the Regular Past Tense: Evidence from Neuropsychology
Authors: Longworth C. E. , Marslen-Wilson W. D. , Randall B. , Tyler L. K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Neuropsychological impairments of English past tense processing inform a key debate in cognitive neuroscience concerning the nature of mental mechanisms. Dual-route accounts claim that regular past tense comprehension deficits reflect a specific impairment of morphological decomposition (e.g., jump + ed), disrupting the automatic comprehension of word meaning accessed via the verb stem (e.g., jump). Single-mechanism accounts claim that the deficits reflect a general phonological impairment that affects perception of regular past tense offsets but which might preserve normal activation of verb semantics. We tested four patients with regular past tense deficits and matched controls, using a paired auditory semantic priming/lexical decision task with three conditions: uninflected verbs (hope/wish), regular past tense primes (blamed/accuse), and irregular past tense primes (shook/tremble). Both groups showed significant priming for verbs with simple morphophonology (uninflected verbs and irregular past tenses) but the patients showed no priming for verbs with complex morphophonology (regular past tenses) in contrast to controls. The findings suggest that the patients are delayed in activating the meaning of verbs if a regular past tense affix is appended, consistent with a dual-route account of their deficit.
Working Memory Maintenance Contributes to Long-term Memory Formation: Neural and Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Ranganath Charan , Cohen Michael X. , Brozinsky Craig J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTheories of human memory have led to conflicting views regarding the relationship between working memory (WM) maintenance and episodic long-term memory (LTM) formation. Here, we tested the prediction that WM maintenance operates in two stages, and that processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance promotes successful LTM formation. Results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study showed that activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during the initial stage of WM maintenance was predictive of subsequent LTM performance. In a behavioral experiment, we demonstrated that interfering with processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance impaired LTM formation. These results demonstrate that processing during the initial stage of WM maintenance directly contributes to successful LTM formation, and that this effect is mediated by a network that includes the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus.
The Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Working Memory is Shaped by Functional Connectivity
Authors: Lenartowicz Agatha , McIntosh Anthony R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The anterior cingulate (AC) cortex seems to be similarly engaged by attentional and memory processes. We tested the hypothesis that this common activation is best explained by changes in the regions interacting (functionally connected) with AC. Subjects were tested on two variants of a 2-back working memory task: a standard version with strong attentional demands, and a cued version that more strongly promoted memory retrieval. AC activation, measured with functional MRI, was found in both tasks, although more sustained in the standard condition. The regions functionally connected to the AC, and the relation of these activity patterns to memory performance, were completely different across tasks. In the standard task, the pattern related to a speed-accuracy tradeoff, whereas the connectivity pattern unique to the cued task related only to better accuracy. By virtue of these changing patterns of functional connectivity, the contribution of AC to attention-and memory-driven performance was similarly changed.
Catechol O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism is Associated with Cognitive Performance in Nondemented Adults
Authors: Frias Cindy M. de , Annerbrink Kristina , Westberg Lars , Eriksson Elias , Adolfsson Rolf , Nilsson Lars-Göran 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene is essential in the metabolic degradation of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. In the present study, we examined the effect of a Val158Met polymorphism in the COMT gene on individual differences and changes in cognition (executive functions and visuospatial ability) in adulthood and old age. The participants were 292 nondemented men (initially aged 35-85 years) from a random sample of the population (i.e., the Betula study) tested at two occasions with a 5-year interval. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to test the underlying structure of three indicators of executive functions (verbal fluency, working memory, and Tower of Hanoi). Associations between COMT, age, executive functioning, and visuospatial (block design) tasks were examined using repeated-measures analyses of variance. Carriers of the Val allele (with higher enzyme activity) compared with carriers of the Met/Met genotype (with low enzyme activity) performed worse on executive functioning and visuo-spatial tasks. Individuals with the Val/Val genotype declined in executive functioning over the 5-year period, whereas carriers of the Met allele remained stable in performance. An Age COMT interaction for visuospatial ability located the effect for middle-aged men only. This COMT polymorphism is a plausible candidate gene for executive functioning and fluid intelligence in nondemented middle-aged and older adults.
Detailed Exploration of Face-related Processing in Congenital Prosopagnosia: 2. Functional Neuroimaging Findings
Authors: Avidan Galia , Hasson Uri , Malach Rafael , Behrmann Marlene 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Specific regions of the human occipito-temporal cortex are consistently activated in functional imaging studies of face processing. To understand the contribution of these regions to face processing, we examined the pattern of fMRI activation in four congenital prosopagnosic (CP) individuals who are markedly impaired at face processing despite normal vision and intelligence, and with no evidence of brain damage. These individuals evinced a normal pattern of fMRI activation in the fusiform gyrus (FFA) and in other ventral occipito-temporal areas, in response to faces, buildings, and other objects, shown both as line drawings in detection and discrimination tasks and under more naturalistic testing conditions when no task was required. CP individuals also showed normal adaptation levels in a block-design adaptation experiment and, like control subjects, exhibited evidence of global face representation in the FFA. The absence of a BOLD-behavioral correlation (profound behavioral deficit, normal face-related activation in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex) challenges existing accounts of face representation, and suggests that activation in these cortical regions per se is not sufficient to ensure intact face processing.
Detailed Exploration of Face-related Processing in Congenital Prosopagnosia: 1. Behavioral Findings
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Avidan Galia , Marotta Jonathan J. , Kimchi Rutie 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We show that five individuals with congenital prosopagnosia (CP) are impaired at face recognition and discrimination and do not exhibit the normal superiority for upright over inverted faces despite intact visual acuity, low-level vision and intelligence, and in the absence of any obvious neural concomitant. Interestingly, the deficit is not limited to faces: The CP individuals were also impaired at discriminating common objects and novel objects although to a lesser extent than discriminating faces. The perceptual deficit may be attributable to a more fundamental visual processing disorder; the CP individuals exhibited difficulty in deriving global configurations from simple visual stimuli, even with extended exposure duration and considerable perceptual support in the image. Deriving a global configuration from local components is more critical for faces than for other objects, perhaps accounting for the exaggerated deficit in face processing. These findings elucidate the psychological mechanisms underlying CP and support the link between configural and face processing.
Facts, Events, and Inflection: When Language and Memory Dissociate
Authors: Miozzo Michele , Gordon Peter 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We report on two brain-damaged patients who show contrasting patterns of deficits in memory and language functioning. One patient (AW) suffers from a lexical retrieval deficit and failed to produce many irregularly inflected words such as spun, forgotten, andmice, but demonstrated intact production of regularly inflected words such aswalked andrats. She also had preserved declarative memory for facts and events. The other patient (VP) presented with a severe declarative memory deficit but showed no signs of impairment in producing either regular or irregular inflections. These patterns of deficits reveal that the retrieval of irregular inflections proceeds relatively autonomously with respect to declarative memory. We interpret these deficits with reference to three current theories of lexical structure: (a) Pinker's “words and rules” account, which assumes distinct mechanisms for processing regular and irregular inflections and proposes that lexical and semantic processing are subserved by distinct but interacting cognitive systems; (b) Ullman's “declarative/procedural” model, which assumes that mechanisms for the retrieval of irregular inflections are part of declarative memory; (c) Joanisse and Seidenberg's connectionist model, in which semantic information is critical for the retrieval of irregular inflections.
Selective Attention and Multisensory Integration: Multiple Phases of Effects on the Evoked Brain Activity
Authors: Talsma Durk , Woldorff Marty G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We used event-related potentials (ERPs) to evaluate the role of attention in the integration of visual and auditory features of multisensory objects. This was done by contrasting the ERPs to multisensory stimuli (AV) to the sum of the ERPs to the corresponding auditory-only (A) and visual-only (V) stimuli [i.e., AV vs. (A + V)]. V, A, and VA stimuli were presented in random order to the left and right hemispaces. Subjects attended to a designated side to detect infrequent target stimuli in either modality there. The focus of this report is on the ERPs to the standard (i.e., nontarget) stimuli. We used rapid variable stimulus onset asynchronies (350-650 msec) to mitigate anticipatory activity and included “no-stim” trials to estimate and remove ERP overlap from residual anticipatory processes and from adjacent stimuli in the sequence. Spatial attention effects on the processing of the unisensory stimuli consisted of a modulation of visual P1 and N1 components (at 90-130 msec and 160-200 msec, respectively) and of the auditory N1 and processing negativity (100-200 msec). Attended versus unattended multisensory ERPs elicited a combination of these effects. Multisensory integration effects consisted of an initial frontal positivity around 100 msec that was larger for attended stimuli. This was followed by three phases of centro-medially distributed effects of integration and/or attention beginning at around 160 msec, and peaking at 190 (scalp positivity), 250 (negativity), and 300-500 msec (positivity) after stimulus onset. These integration effects were larger in amplitude for attended than for unattended stimuli, providing neural evidence that attention can modulate multisensory-integration processes at multiple stages.