bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partisan Loyalty and Union Competition: Macroeconomic Adjustment and Industrial Restructuring in Mexico
Authors: Murillo M. Victoria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAfter the Debt Crisis of 1982, the PRI implemented policies of stabilization and structural reforms although it had previously advanced protectionism and state intervention during the post‐war period. These reforms triggered processes of industrial restructuring in the private and public sector and challenged the very institutions, which had sustained the historic alliance between unions and the PRI in the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution. Although the majority of Mexican unions were subordinated to the governing party, some unions chose to negotiate or oppose the reforms. This chapter analyses the responses of the Mexican Workers’ Confederation (CTM) and industry‐specific unions in the automobile, education, electricity, oil, and telecommunication sectors, to explain the variation in the responses of Mexican unions. It focuses on the common behaviour of union leaders facing similar challenges linked to structural reform and the resulting exposure to international economic forces. It explains union responses by highlighting the influence of the competition among unions for the representation of workers and the competition among leaders for the control of the union as well as the historical legacies of the PRI‐CTM relationship.
Network Ties and Labor Flexibility in Brazil and Mexico: A Tale of Two Automobile Factories
Authors: Martin Scott B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractMoves toward highly flexible labour systems in production have occurred through the world economy under the combined weight of globalized markets and production networks, liberalized national economic policies, and the rise of new corporate philosophies and organizational forms transcending traditional Fordist mass production. This essay offers an alternative perspective in contrast to those who critique this ‘lean and mean’ capitalist order of high exploitation and unilateral managerial domination as well as those who defend the potential for improved equity and empowerment under post‐Fordist production arrangements. The study suggests that the impact of flexible production is highly contingent upon the concrete social relations in which the transition takes place at the level of particular work sites and particular local and regional agglomerations of firms (sectors, clusters, and chains). An examination of two plants located within the quintessential globalized industry of auto assembly and manufacture in two large developing countries, Mexico and Brazil, yields the conclusion that the highly varying impacts of ‘flexibilization’ on systems of worker rights and collective representation in the workplace (‘labour regimes’) stem from the distinct nature of the transition mode to flexibility in different subnational settings. The central explanation for the contrasting transition modes towards high labour flexibility across the two plants is that, the capacity of firms and worker representatives to transcend zero‐sum conflicts over flexibility and forge innovative new practices, hinges upon the character of the social network ties in which, together and separately, they are embedded at the time when exogenous pressures for greater flexibility are experienced. Such ties condition their styles of communication, behaviour, and interaction as well as the informational and other resources available to them.
Transition, Globalization, and Changing Industrial Relations in China
Authors: Lu Xiaobo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFor nearly three decades, industrial relations in the People's Republic of China were characterized by what were common in state socialist systems—an economy dominated by state‐owned enterprises, employee dependence on the enterprise, state‐controlled union organizations, and relative labour peace. Despite sporadic working class protests in PRC history since 1949, there were no organized labour movements. Labour disputes were usually described as ‘contradictions between different parts of the same organization’ by the communist authorities. With the economic reforms launched in 1979, Chinese industrial relations entered a period of change. This chapter proceeds on the premise that political choices as well as institutional legacies of the past, in state socialist countries such as China, affect the sequence and methods of transformation of industrial relations. It aims at laying out some basic features of industrial relations under state socialist regimes and in transition economies with a focus on China. It argues that although the internationalization of the Chinese economy has had a major impact over the past decade, the character and direction of change in Chinese industrial relations is best understood within the framework of the general transition from state socialism to market socialism. Neither the changing international political economy nor the transition from state socialism has diminished the significant role of the state in redefining and managing industrial relations. The pace, scope, and sequence of changes in industrial relations are thus determined not only by choices by key factors responding to a global economy but also significantly by structural constraints derived from the entrenched danwei (work‐unit) system that stood at the core of the pre‐reform Chinese industry.
Self‐Knowledge: The Wittgensteinian Legacy
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The central philosophical problem of self‐knowledge is to account for, why, in an important basic class of cases, a subject's impressions of her own mental states are both groundless and authoritative, and for why those mental states are transparent to her. The Cartesian conception of the mind is best diagnosed as one such account, on the basis of the idea that one has a kind of observational access to one's inner states. The chapter reviews Wittgenstein's opposition to the Cartesian conception in philosophical investigations and raises the question: With what did he think it should be replaced? It is argued that the exegetically correct answer is: With nothing. Rather, the very question is a paradigm, in Wittgenstein's view, of what he regards as philosophy's misguided tendency to quest for explanation. The chapter concludes with a resumé of some of the discomforts, which this quietist position provokes. It also includes discussions of the possibilities for a successful expressivist treatment of psychological avowals, of immunity to error through misidentifications, and responds to John McDowell's criticisms of some of the author's earlier writings on self‐knowledge and on Wittgenstein's views.
Response to Crispin Wright
Authors: McDowell John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Wright takes it that Wittgenstein's main contribution to philosophical reflections on self‐knowledge is an explicit refusal to engage in the task that gives the ‘Cartesian’ conception of the mental, its captivating power: the task of explaining the distinctive features of our epistemic relation to our inner lives. Wright claims to find in Wittgenstein a two‐pronged argument to show that a ‘Cartesian’ conception cannot meet the supposed explanatory need. The picture mislocates Wittgenstein's target. As Wright presents it, the ‘Cartesian’ conception with its observational model of self‐knowledge transparently fails to address the supposedly puzzling feature of our self‐knowledge—its being not just non‐inferential but also baseless. So we need a different answer to the question ‘Why is the conception of the mental that Wittgenstein attacks so gripping?’ and ‘How can we dislodge that grip?’ Wright's picture offers no insight here. He has given us no determinate explanatory problem for the ‘Cartesian’ conception to be seen as a response to, and no determinate philosophical activity for Wittgenstein to be understood as refusing to engage in.
What the Externalist Can Know A Priori
Authors: Boghossian Paul A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Compatibilism combines an externalist view of mental content with a doctrine of privileged self‐knowledge. The essay presents
a reductio of compatibilism by arguing that if compatibilism were true, we would be in a position to know certain facts about the world a priori, facts that no one can reasonably believe are knowable a priori. Whether this should be taken to cast doubt on externalism or privileged self‐knowledge is not discussed. Consideration is given to the ’empty case’—the case in which a thinker expresses what he takes to be a genuine thought concerning a natural kind but where there is in fact no relevant natural kind, so that the putative natural kind term fails to refer. It is argued that, in such a case, on an externalist conception of natural kind terms, the thinker is deluded in taking himself to be expressing a complete thought, and that such delusions are not compatible with privileged self‐knowledge.
The Challenge of Revolution
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaia Irina 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRussia's current travails should be construed as a revolution in progress. This book analyses the causes, processes, and consequences of Russia's post‐communist development, and argues that it exemplifies a general theory of revolution based on the concept of the ‘weak state’, sharing the same logic as the great revolutions of the past.
The Preconditions for Revolution in the USSR
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons why the Soviet command economy proved unable to achieve the level of modernization required for its survival. It demonstrates how the control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) over the economy lacked the capacity to adapt to postmodern conditions, and thereby set in motion the destabilizing processes that eventually brought it down.
Notations
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Musical notations with the function of prescribing works by providing instructions addressed to performers are scores. Scores must be read in terms of the notational conventions and performance practices they presume. Not everything to be played is notated and not everything notated is to be read ‘literally’ or takes as work‐determinative. Scores may be indeterminate if the works they designate are the same, but incompleteness and ambiguity in scores are undesirable. Goodman requires too much of notations in expecting them to specify works while divorcing them from the historical context in which they are produced, from the demands of using and following them, and from the conventions and practices they assume.
Recordings
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Neither direct broadcasts nor recordings of live performances are the same as live performances, because the technology involved renders the medium non‐transparent even if acoustic verisimilitude is achieved in the transmission. Studio performances display different strengths and weaknesses from sound‐alike live performances, and the two should be assessed and appreciated differently. The ubiquity of recordings has many desirable features, but the medium decontextualises and abstracts the music it purveys, thereby alienating the music from the context of its creation and the performance.
Choosing Socially Efficient Institutions
Authors: Colomer Josep M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThree types of political regimes are evaluated for their success in establishing stable and durable democracies. These are parliamentarism with majority electoral rules, parliamentarism with proportional representation, and presidentialism. An empirical analysis of the 123 attempts to establish democratic regimes in countries with more than one million inhabitants since the nineteenth century shows that parliamentarism with proportional representations is the formula with highest rates of success. This empirical finding supports the hypothesis that pluralistic political institutions have higher capability to produce socially efficient outcomes and obtain endogenous support.
From Domestic to International, 1850–1914
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first section of this chapter looks at the internationalization of the London securities market over the period from 1850 to 1914. This was influenced both by transferable securities becoming commonplace for governments and businesses around the world, and by the transformation of communications with the development of the telegraph and then the telephone. These developments necessitated increased capacity to cope with the growing volume of securities traded, which included expansion of the trading floor, increasing membership, and the attraction of new people into the profession of stockbroking. The second section looks at the accompanying changes in the organizational and physical structure of the London Stock Exchange. The remaining sections look specifically at the expansion of membership, relationships and rivalry within the Stock Exchange, and the relationship of the Exchange to the money and capital (securities) markets.
Drifting Towards Oblivion, 1950–1959
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter look at the decline of the London Stock Exchange during the 1950s. The first part discusses the ways that the Stock Exchange raised money to enable it to survive in the early 1950s, relations between it and the government (which were conducted informally through confidential exchanges between the Governor of the Bank of England and the Chairman of the Stock Exchange), the restoration of option dealing, and the use of the Stock Exchange by the government to police activities regarding securities. The second part discusses the policing of the members of the Stock Exchange, and the third discusses the growing competition from the provincial stock exchanges, closer integration with the London‐based North American brokerage houses, and the Stock Exchange's lack of concern with international business. The last section looks at money and capital (securities) markets in the face of the decline of the Stock Exchange over the 1950s.
Prelude to Change, 1970–1979
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe first section of this chapter outlines the growing threats to the London Stock Exchange through the 1970s, including the ability of its members to block new proposals by the Council of the Stock Exchange, the investigation by the Monopolies Commission into the various restrictive practices of the Stock Exchange, relations with and attitude of the government, the formation of the Council of the Securities Industry (CSI), which was to take over responsibility for the Stock Exchange and other components of the securities market. The second section of the chapter discusses the limited responses of the Stock Exchange to these threats. The next two sections discuss technology and competition (from computerized trading systems), and change among the members (mergers, which resulted in a disproportionately large number of large firms as members, and a loss in numbers of jobbers). The last section looks at market opportunities––domestic corporate securities, government debt securities, loss of the foreign securities, traded options, the collapse of the securities market in 1974, and the by‐now limited role of the money market.
Abortion Debates in Ireland: An Ongoing Issue
Authors: Mahon Evelyn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The direction of abortion policy in Ireland began with criminal restrictions and proceeded towards constitutionally based prohibitions on legalized abortion. Pressure for reform has been eased because women can get legal abortions in Great Britain. For the women's movement, abortion law reform has not been a central issue and has divided activists. These factors, along with an exceptionally strong pro‐life movement based in the Conservative Catholic Church, help explain the exceptional case of abortion law in Ireland. Still, the movement has had some success, first in getting access to the policy‐making process and then limiting the extreme controls on women's lives, notably in the ‘X’ case, which secured the right to travel. The issue remains unresolved and weak women's policy agencies inside the state are symbolic with respect to movement demands.
Debates and Controversies on Abortion in Italy
Authors: Calloni Marina 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The debate over legalization of abortion dominated politics in Italy in the 1970s, part of a broader challenge to Catholic domination over families and women. Subsequent debates have revolved around efforts to overturn legal abortion. Unlike other countries, the abortion issue split the radical feminists from the rest of the movement that had to turn to allies in the parties and unions of the left to promote women's rights to abortion. The early debates occurred before Italy had established women's policy agencies. Only in the 1990s, when the issue of in vitro fertilization stimulated pro‐life deputies to protect the foetus through restrictive laws, could the movement count on even marginal state support for keeping the 1978 compromise law on the books.
Do Children Have Rights?
Authors: Griffin James 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBased upon an analysis of the development of the human rights tradition, the language of human rights is best reserved for beings capable of agency. Less restrictive conceptions of rights, such as those that link rights to the protection of needs, leads to a proliferation of rights of a kind that dilutes the normative importance of rights. Denying that infants have rights need not diminish the moral significance of their claims to care. The absence of a right need not signal diminished moral importance.
Family, Choice, and Distributive Justice
Authors: Munoz‐Dardé Véronique 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOne perspective on justice asks individuals directly to bear the costs of their own choices, whilst the other asks them to do so only after background conditions of justice have been established by fair institutions. The latter is preferable, but the existence of the family seriously limits the realization of a principle of equality of opportunity. The family in some form must exist if any society is to be just, and thus this principle of equal opportunity cannot have lexical priority in a theory of justice.
Stalnaker on Intentionality
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Argues that there are two reasons for ascribing to mental states, structures more fine‐grained than the sets of possible world they represent: first, fine‐grained structure enters naturally into the explanation of behaviour; second, fine‐grained structure is needed in a theory of how those states represent the sets of possible worlds they represent. In connection with the first point, it is argued that Stalnaker's attempt to use metalinguistic content to obviate the need of fine‐grained structure cannot work. In connection with the second point, it is argued that the systematicity in the assignment of content to mental states can be accommodated only by postulating a fine‐grained structure for mental states. Also contains some discussion of doing without representational content, understood in the non‐deflationary sense that Stalnaker assumes.
Market and State
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe question of what kind of institutional set‐up would be appropriate for promoting economic development is approached in terms of combination between market and state. The traditional debates on the choice of development strategy between free trade and infant industry protection is examined with reference to the historical experiences of developed economies as well as recent confrontations between import substitution industrialization and the IMF–World Bank structural adjustment policies. The nature and significance of market failures versus government failures are illustrated in terms of comparisons between the Latin American Debt Crisis in the 1880s and the Asian Financial Crisis in the 1990s.
The Role of Community in Economic Development
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe community is considered the third pillar of the economic system in addition to the market and the state. The market is an organization coordinating competition among people seeking profits by impersonal means of prices, and the state intervenes in matters of resource allocations through the use of coercive power. In contrast, the community organizes collective actions based on mutual trust within a small group characterized by intensive interactions. The community's role in conserving and improving common‐property resources is well known. In addition, its role in supporting market development by its power to enforce trade contracts among transacting parties belonging to the community network is emphasized. This role is especially important in the early development stage.
National Squares and European Circle: The Challenge of Adjustment
Authors: Mény Yves 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe process of European integration is bringing about an ever‐widening democratic deficit in which the EU is acquiring ever‐broader powers and competencies, which are increasingly at odds with national political interests that have not been clearly and consensually surrendered. This uncontrolled deficit is likely to generate vast social and political upheavals in three areas: the emergence of a European agenda isolated from electoral ratification; a new division of labour whose effects will be asymmetrically distributed across the member states; and an imposed redefinition of national interests. As Jack Hayward predicted in 1996, the process is creating a new political elite for which mechanisms of democratic legitimation are not yet in place.
Introduction
Authors: Egan Michelle P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the efforts to create a single market in Europe in the post‐war period, a process with many similarities to the creation of a single market in the US. Drawing on this historical comparison, the European Union has sought to foster the removal of barriers to trade through sustained regulatory intervention, acknowledging that markets are never self‐organized but always operate within a political and legal framework. Even though the single market was conceptualized as an economic project, the political and institutional design of the market is important in understanding the governance structures needed to shape the single market. In addressing the political economy of regulation, this chapter argues that three factors are crucially important to understanding why the regulatory role of the European Union is central to explaining the construction of a European market: (1) the need to limit the ability of member states to exercise regulatory sovereignty; (2) the role of law in striking down mercantilistic economic regulation and freeing consequent market activity of many non‐tariff barriers; and (3) using private non‐state actors to achieve their objectives, by delegating certain regulatory functions to the private sector and promoting self‐regulation as an alternative mode of economic governance.