bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time perception deficits in attention‐deficit/ hyperactivity disorder and comorbid reading difficulties in child and adolescent samples
Authors: Toplak M.E. , Rucklidge J.J. , Hetherington R. , John S.C.F. , Tannock R. 
Published: August 2003

Background: Our objective was to investigate time perception in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with and without comorbid reading difficulties (RD) in child and adolescent participants.Method: In study 1, 50 children with ADHD (31 ADHD, 19 ADHD+RD) and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 50) completed three psychophysical tasks: duration discrimination (target duration of 400 ms versus a foil duration), frequency discrimination (a control condition to evaluate general perceptual ability), and a duration estimation task using the method of reproduction for intervals of 400 ms, 2000 ms, and 6000 ms. Study 2 used the same tasks with an adolescent sample (35 ADHD, 24 ADHD+RD, 39 controls).Results: In both studies, children and adolescents with ADHD and ADHD+RD displayed some impairments in duration discrimination and the precision with which they reproduced the intervals on the estimation task, particularly the shorter 400 ms interval. The most severe impairments tended to occur in the comorbid ADHD+RD group. No impairments were found on the frequency discrimination task. ADHD participants also displayed significant intra‐individual variability in their performance on the estimation task. Finally, short‐term and working memory, estimated full‐scale IQ, and teacher report of hyperactivity/impulsivity were found to differentially predict performance on the time perception measures in the adolescent clinical sample.Conclusions: Deficits in duration discrimination, duration estimation, and intra‐individual performance variability may have cascaded effects on the temporal organisation of behaviour in children and adolescents with ADHD and ADHD+RD.
Language abilities of siblings of children with autism
Authors: Pilowsky Tammy , Yirmiya Nurit , Shalev Ruth S. , Gross‐Tsur Varda 
Published: August 2003

Background: Language abilities of siblings of children with autism were examined to explore the possibility that language abilities are behavioral markers specific to the genetic liability for autism, as part of the broader phenotype.Method: Language abilities were compared among 27 siblings of children with autism, 23 siblings of children with mental retardation of unknown etiology (MR), and 22 siblings of children with developmental language disorders (DLD). Groups were matched by siblings’ age, gender, birth order, family size, ethnicity, family income and by probands’ gender and mental age.Results: Siblings of children with autism achieved higher scores than siblings of children with DLD on receptive, expressive, and total language scales of the Children's Evaluation of Language Fundamentals and on verbal IQ. Moreover, within the DLD group, school problems in the domains of reading and arithmetic were more prevalent than within the other two groups. Only 2 siblings of children with autism received clinical diagnoses based on DSM‐IV criteria compared to 3 siblings of children with MR and 7 siblings of children with DLD.Conclusions: After excluding data of the diagnosed siblings, no differences in language abilities could be discerned among the groups, except that more siblings in the DLD group were identified as having language difficulties. In summary, although language deficits characterize autism, siblings of children with autism were not found to demonstrate deficits in language skills assessed by formal language tests, IQ, or academic skills.
Affective neuroscience and psychophysiology: Toward a synthesis
Authors: Davidson Richard J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article reviews the author's program of research on the neural substrates of emotion and affective style and their behavioral and peripheral biological correlates. Two core dimensions along which affect is organized are approach and withdrawal. Some of the key circuitry underlying approach and withdrawal components of emotion is reviewed with an emphasis on the role played by different sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala. Affective style refers to individual differences in valence‐specific features of emotional reactivity and regulation. The different parameters of affective style can be objectively measured using specific laboratory probes. Relations between individual differences in prefrontal and amygdala function and specific components of affective style are illustrated. The final section of the article concludes with a brief discussion of plasticity in the central circuitry of emotion and the possibility that this circuitry can be shaped by training experiences that might potentially promote a more resilient, positive affective style. The implications of this body of work for a broader conception of psychophysiology and for training the next generation of psychophysiologists are considered in the conclusion.
Heritability and “environmentability” of electroencephalogram in infants: The twin study
Authors: Orekhova Elena V. , Stroganova Tatiana A. , Posikera Irina N. , Malykh Sergey B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe estimated relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency and amplitude parameters in infants. EEG was registered in 49 pairs of monozygotic and 45 pairs of dizygotic twins aged 7–12 months during (1) visual attention and (2) darkness. The variability of occipital alpha frequency depended mainly on genetic, probably nonadditive factors. The mean heritability for the spectral amplitudes in the delta, theta, and alpha bands were 0.37, 0.13, and 0.22 during visual attention, and 0.22, 0.40, and 0.10 during darkness. The influence of shared environment was probable for many of the EEG parameters. It was greatest for the amplitude of the theta rhythm during visual attention. The theta amplitude depended on such a parameter of early social environmental enrichment as the number of caregivers in the family. The possible relationship between infant theta rhythm and developmental outcome is discussed. For many of the EEG parameters, heritability increased during the second half of the first year of life, thus supporting the hypothesis about amplification of genetic effects and decrease of common environmental influences with age.
Effects of positive and negative affect on electromyographic activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii
Authors: Larsen Jeff T. , Norris Catherine J. , Cacioppo John T. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPleasant stimuli typically elicit greater electromyographic (EMG) activity over zygomaticus major and less activity over corrugator supercilii than do unpleasant stimuli. To provide a systematic comparison of these 2 measures, the authors examined the relative form and strength of affective influences on activity over zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii. Self‐reported positive and negative affective reactions and facial EMG were collected as women (n=68) were exposed to series of affective pictures, sounds, and words. Consistent with speculations based on known properties of the neurophysiology of the facial musculature, results revealed a stronger linear effect of valence on activity over corrugator supercilii versus zygomaticus major. In addition, positive and negative affect ratings indicated that positive and negative affect have reciprocal effects on activity over corrugator supercilii, but not zygomaticus major.
The nature of unilateral motor commands in between‐hand choice tasks as revealed by surface Laplacian estimation
Authors: Vidal Franck , Grapperon Jacques , Bonnet Michel , Hasbroucq Thierry 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFrom electroencephalographic recordings, we estimated the surface Laplacian over motor areas in a Stroop‐like between‐hand choice reaction time task in humans. Response‐locked averages showed a (negative) “motor potential” over the primary motor areas contralateral to the response. At the same time, a positive wave was observed over the primary motor areas ipsilateral to the response. These data suggest that, when a between‐hand choice is required, an inhibition of the primary motor cortex ipsilateral to the nonresponding hand is implemented. This observation is relevant to the interpretation of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) because the LRP is blind to the respective contribution of the contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortices. In addition, a negative wave beginning about 200 ms before EMG onset and peaking about 50 ms before it occurred over the supplementary motor areas (FCz). This wave preceded the motor potential, which supports the view that the supplementary motor areas are upstream in a hierarchy of the motor command.
Effects of information and reward on stimulus‐preceding negativity prior to feedback stimuli
Authors: Kotani Yasunori , Kishida Sachiko , Hiraku Shiho , Suda Kazuhiro , Ishii Motonobu , Aihara Yasutsugu 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of informational and motivational level of feedback stimuli on the stimulus‐preceding negativity (SPN). In the time estimation task, in which a visual stimulus was presented 3 s after a voluntary movement, (a) the information level (high information and low information) and (b) the motivation level (reward and no‐reward) for feedback stimuli were manipulated. Under the high‐information condition, subjects received feedback information about (1) correctness (correct or incorrect), (2) direction of error (under‐ or overestimate), and (3) degree of accuracy (accurate or less accurate) of their time estimation. In the low‐information condition, however, they received information about the correctness only. In the reward condition, they received a monetary reward for accurate time estimations but received nothing in the no‐reward condition. The results demonstrated a significant interaction of information by motivation level, showing that the SPN amplitude under the reward/high‐information was larger than that in the no‐reward/high‐information condition. The results are discussed in terms of emotional anticipation, taking into consideration the result of self‐report that subjects felt to be more motivated when they received precise information.
A Therapeutic Model for Supporting Families of Children with a Chronic Illness or Disability
Authors: Morison Jillian E. , Bromfield Leah M. , Cameron Heather J. 
Published: August 2003

Background: A therapeutic model for supporting families of children with a chronic illness or disability is described. The model presupposes that the chronic illness and/or disability of a child constitutes a trauma for the entire family.Method: This paper describes a therapeutic model currently in practice and links it back to psychological dynamics addressed through the clinical interventions and the principles that underlie the model of service.Results: Service delivery comprises the interventions; counselling, psychological first aid, projects, peer groups, parent mentoring, social events and community education. The model is family centred, non‐illness specific, preventative, non‐linear and flexible.Conclusions: The interventions offered in the model aim to address the psychological dynamics of hope, empowerment, reconnection, coping/resilience and reframing.
MULTI-COLOR, BROADBAND QUANTUM WELL INFRARED PHOTODETECTORS FOR MID-, LONG-, AND VERY LONG-WAVELENGTH INFRARED APPLICATIONS
Authors: LI SHENG S. 
Published: August 2003

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have been widely investigated for the 3–5 μm mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) and 8–12 μm long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) atmospheric spectral windows as well as very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR: λc > 14 μm) imaging array applications in the past decade. The mature III-V compound semiconductor growth technology and the design flexibility of device structures have led to the rapid development of various QWIP structures for infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) applications. In addition to the single-color QWIP with narrow bandwidth, multi-color or broadband QWIPs required for advanced IR sensing and imaging applications have also emerged in recent years. Using band gap engineering approach, the multi-color (2, 3, and 4-color) QWIPs with multi-stack quantum wells and voltage-tunable asymmetrical coupled quantum well structures for detection in the MWIR, LWIR, and VLWIR bands have been demonstrated recently. The triple-coupled (TC-) QWIP employs the quantum confined Stark effect to tune the peak detection wavelength by the applied bias voltage, A typical single-color QWIP exhibits a rather narrow spectral bandwidth of 1 to 2 μm. For certain applications, such as spectroscopy, sensing of a broader range of infrared radiation is highly desirable. Using the stacked quantum wells with different well width and depth, the digital-graded superlattice barrier (DGSLB) or the linear-graded barrier (LGB) structures, broadband (BB-) QWIPs covering the 8–14 μm atmospheric spectral window have been reported recently. In this chapter, the basic operation principles of a QWIP, and the design, fabrication, and characterization of multi-color and broadband QWIPs based on the GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/AlGaAs material systems for the MW/LW/VLWIR applications are depicted.
Behavioural investigation of polarisation sensitivity in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the European starling(Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: Greenwood Verity J. , Smith Emma L. , Church Stuart C. , Partridge Julian C. 
Published: August 2003

SUMMARYMany animals have sensitivity to the e-vector of linearly polarised light,which may assist in visually mediated behaviours such as navigation,signalling and foraging. However, it is still controversial as to whether birds possess polarisation sensitivity. Several studies have found that altering the polarisation patterns of the broad visual field surrounding birds alters their intended migratory orientation. However, electrophysiological tests have failed to elicit evidence for polarisation sensitivity in birds,and the mechanism by which birds might perceive polarised light is unknown. In this experiment, we trained Japanese quail and European starlings to discriminate stimuli differing in their polarisation pattern. Although both quail and starlings were able to discriminate stimuli in which the stimulus sub-components either differed or had the same radiant intensity (the control task), they were unable to discriminate stimuli in which the e-vector orientations of the stimulus sub-components either differed by 90° or had the same angle of polarisation. The birds' successful performance on the control task, but failure to complete the polarisation task, demonstrated that they had all the necessary cognitive abilities to make the discrimination except sensitivity to angle of polarisation. We conclude that quail and starlings are unable to use polarisation cues in this foraging task.
Urea transport in kidney brush-border membrane vesicles from an elasmobranch, Raja erinacea
Authors: Morgan Robyn L. , Wright Patricia A. , Ballantyne James S. 
Published: August 2003

SUMMARY
Marine elasmobranch fishes maintain high urea concentrations and therefore must minimize urea loss to the environment in order to reduce the energetic costs of urea production. Previous studies have identified a facilitated urea transporter in the kidney of the dogfish. We examined mechanisms of urea transport in the kidney of the little skate Raja erinacea using an isolated brush-border membrane vesicle preparation. Urea uptake by brush-border membrane vesicles is by a phloretin-sensitive, non-saturable uniporter in the dorsal section and a phloretin-sensitive, sodium-linked urea transporter (Km=0.70 mmol l–1, Vmax=1.18 μmol h–1mg–1 protein) in the ventral section of the kidney. This provides evidence for two separate urea transporters in the dorsal versus ventral sections of the kidney. We propose that these two mechanisms of urea transport are critical for renal urea reabsorption in the little skate.
The design of pilot telecare projects and their integration into mainstream service delivery
Authors: Barlow James , Bayer Steffen , Curry Richard 
Published: August 2003

summary We studied the introduction of a telecare and rehabilitation scheme in north-west Surrey. It was decided not to create a new team to provide the new services, but to involve established teams and individuals. The introduction of telecare therefore added to the roles and responsibilities of these teams. This staffing policy helped to establish awareness of the project within the local care system and to support its subsequent deployment. An education and training unit was established to demonstrate what the technology could do and to act as a focus for training health and social care professionals. The study suggested that for telecare to achieve its full potential, pilot projects must be designed to be evaluated, and more attention must be paid to the degree of integration with the care system as a whole.
Telemedicine model for training non-medical persons in the early recognition of melanoma
Authors: Chao L W , Enokihara M Y , Silveira P S P , Gomes S R , Böhm G M 
Published: August 2003

summary A Web-based educational model, called JUTE, was developed for the early diagnosis of melanoma. It was compared with a control Website composed of information available on the Internet for teaching undergraduate medical students. The JUTE model was designed to allow the student linear navigation of the main topics that were assumed to be important in learning to make a diagnosis. The rate of success in correctly deciding to refer pigmented lesions to a dermatologist was compared among 34 new medical students who were randomly divided into two groups. There was no significant difference between the JUTE and control groups in the pre-test. When comparing the pre- and post-tests, the number of correct decisions increased significantly only in the JUTE group. In the JUTE group there was a slight but significant improvement when comparing decisions about thin melanoma before and after the training. The educational approach chosen for the JUTE Website appears to be useful for teaching the early recognition of melanoma and could be used for larger educational campaigns of skin cancer prevention.
The application of the MPEG-4 standard to telepathology images for electronic patient records
Authors: Brox Georg A , Huston Janis L 
Published: August 2003

summary We conducted a pilot study to compare the diagnostic quality of digital telepathology images compressed using two software packages, each of which incorporated the MPEG-4 standard. Both software packages produced lossy (rather than lossless) compressed images. Lossy images can be less reliable for diagnostic purposes and the aim of the study was to examine how the MPEG-4 standard affects image quality. The results showed that manipulation of the images by the software did not dramatically alter the image quality but they highlighted the need to develop both pixel-mapping software and associated standards. Standards will help to determine which bits of a diagnostic image can be safely removed during compression while ensuring the integrity and reliability of images for diagnostic purposes.
The reliability of digital images when used to assess burn wounds
Authors: Jones O C , Wilson D I , Andrews S 
Published: August 2003

summary Sixty burn wounds were assessed in person. The same observer later assessed them using digital images of different sizes. The file sizes tested were 2.25, 5.5 and 9 MByte per image. There was good agreement between the diagnoses of burn depth made using the digital images and those made in person, with kappa scores of 0.53–0.60. There were no major differences between the three file sizes. The assessments made of the partial-thickness burns showed a lower rate of agreement between the in-person and the digital image assessments and for these burns the 2.25 MByte images were apparently as good or better than the larger images. There was little difference between the three file sizes in terms of observer confidence, usefulness of the location shot, or perceived image quality. There was no significant advantage in using larger file sizes to assess burn wounds.
Why do telemedicine systems fail to normalize as stable models of service delivery?
Authors: May Carl , Harrison Robert , Macfarlane Anne , Williams Tracy , Mair Frances , Wallace Paul 
Published: August 2003

summary Two groups independently carried out qualitative studies of the development, implementation and evaluation of telehealth systems and services in the UK. The data collected (in more than 600 discrete data collection episodes) included semistructured interviews, observations and documents. We conducted a conjoint reanalysis of the data. The objective was to identify the conditions which dispose a telehealth service to be successful or to fail. There appear to be four conditions necessary for a telemedicine system to stabilize and then normalize as a means of service delivery. When one or more is absent, failure can be expected. These conditions are often overlooked by local proponents of telemedicine, who seem to rely on demonstrations that the equipment works as the primary criterion of success.
Choosing networks for picture archiving and communication systems and teleradiology
Authors: Aas I H Monrad , Geitung Jonn Terje 
Published: August 2003

summary Qualitative interviews were performed with 26 resource persons with experience of picture archiving and communication systems and teleradiology. The results reported here concern the different types of networks there was interest in establishing. Eight types of networks were considered to be of interest. The two main reasons for wanting the networks were related to clinical communication and improved exploitation of resources. Use of such networks means cooperation across organizational boundaries. Networks can play an organizational role and this raises questions concerning the future organization of radiology services.
Social dilemmas in a telemedicine network: Experience with the implementation of the Norwegian Pathology Network
Authors: Obstfelder Aud 
Published: August 2003

summary The implementation process for the Norwegian Pathology Network (PatNet) was explored. Fourteen departments of pathology in Norwegian university and local hospitals that subscribed to PatNet were investigated. Sociological theory was applied to analyse the obstacles to implementation in terms of coordination and cooperation. Successful collective action requires that the dilemma between collective and individual interests is resolved. The establishment of PatNet has not accomplished this to a sufficient degree. The originators of PatNet expected that easy access to the network combined with comprehensive information and discussion within the network would attract users. More information and discussions were meant to be produced by users and thus attract further users. In this way the network was expected to run by itself. However, this strategy did not work. New strategies to handle the dilemma concerning collective and individual interests have not been discussed openly. The present study suggests that an open discussion among pathologists to explore and highlight this dilemma would be useful.