bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LA REPRÉSENTATION DES FEMMES DANS LES DICTIONNAIRES BILINGUES
Authors: Campbell Élisabeth 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Cet article a pour but d’analyser la place du féminin et du masculin dans la structure des dictionnaires anglais-français et de cerner la représentation des femmes et des hommes qui se dégage des exemples illustrant les traductions. Le champ d’étude couvre la production de quatre grands éditeurs de dictionnaires bilingues, Collins, Harrap, Larousse et Oxford-Hachette, de à 2001. Après une rapide description des conventions qui régissent le traitement du genre, l’article met en lumière le déséquilibre entre le nombre d’exemples féminins et masculins, les clichés qui continuent à gouverner la représentation des sexes, la réticence des lexicographes à admettre les termes qui décrivent les femmes et la banalisation des injures qui s’adressent à elles. Finalement, l’auteur suggère que ces pratiques discriminatoires, parfaitement inconscientes, proviennent en partie de la manière dont sont rédigés les dictionnaires mais aussi d’une absence de politique rédactionnelle en matière d’équilibre masculin-féminin. Les disparités quantitatives et qualitatives entre les diverses maisons d’édition et, plus rarement, les éditions successives auraient leur origine dans l’évolution inconsciente des mentalités.
Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Aesthetic Violence and Motiveless Murder in French Decadent Fiction
Authors: Downing Lisa 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article explores the concept of murder as an art form, discussed by the English writer Thomas De Quincey in the 1820s and reappearing later in a group of texts not previously analysed from this perspective: French Decadent fiction. Close readings of texts by Octave Mirbeau and Rachilde delineate the structures and thematic characteristics of this conceit. Drawing insights from ethical and psychoanalytic criticism (Levinas, Jessica Benjamin, Žižek, Lacan), the article argues that attempts by Decadent writers to imagine the perfect murder mask a historical—cultural anxiety related to the alienating processes of social modernization in France. Such textual murder is read as a simultaneous attempt to wreak further destruction on meaning by killing the other and, paradoxically, to reify meaning by exalting the figure of the murdering sovereign subject. Thus, the apparently asocial trope of aesthetic murder is re-inscribed as a fantasy with a significant social component and with wide-ranging ethical implications ignored by earlier commentators. The article closes by proposing that the murders found in Decadent fiction are significant prototypes for the kinds of killings found in post-Second World War fiction (by, for example, Gide and Genet) that have recently been the subject of ethical criticism.
Art lets you get away with murder. (Pablo Picasso [attributed])
City Space and the Politics of Carnival in Zola's
L'Assommoir
Authors: Wilson Colette 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

This article sheds new light on
L’Assommoir
by focusing specifically on the potentially subversive political references embedded in the carnivalesque incursion into city space by Zola’s working-class wedding-party from Montmartre. Zola’s choice of route through the city is by no means an arbitrary one. On the contrary, through a close reading of the text based on contemporary sources, it is argued that this incursion into the centre of Paris constitutes an allegory of the Commune’s struggle, and ultimate failure, to re-appropriate the city on behalf of the Parisian working class, as well as providing an ironic commentary on some of the political debates and preoccupations of the early Third Republic. It thereby also offers further insights into Zola’s own ideological stance. If the aim of naturalist fiction is to subject characters to the combined forces of ‘la race, le milieu et le moment’, these determinants are seen to take on a new dimension within the context of the contemporary collective memory of Paris and the Commune.
Rebirth in Sorrow:
La Bataille d'Alger
Authors: Tomlinson Emily 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

This article examines the attempt by the makers of the 1965 ‘docudrama’,
La Bataille d’Alger
, to depict and elucidate the experience of political violence, particularly torture, during the period 1956-57, the apogee of the Franco-Algerian War. Over the past three years, the atrocities committed by the French in the name of ‘pacification’ have come under increasing scrutiny from historians, journalists, and film directors alike. Yet
La Bataille d'Alger
remains the most powerful and arguably the best-known work on the topic, in part because it challenges the same ontological certainties (the presence of the living, the absence of the dead) that practices such as abduction or ‘disappearance’ and clandestine execution bury. The film’s objective, however, is antithetical to ‘disappearance’: this objective is to give voice to a history that simultaneously resists and demands articulation, and ultimately to reconstitute the fragmented or ‘vanished’ subject through narrative; to use cinema to summon the ‘ghosts’ of the past.
The effect of instream rehabilitation structures on macroinvertebrates in lowland rivers
Authors: HARRISON S. S. C. , PRETTY J. L. , SHEPHERD D. , HILDREW A. G. , SMITH C. , HEY R. D. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

Many lowland rivers in Western Europe have been substantially modified to aid land drainage and support the intensification of agriculture. Although there have been many attempts at rehabilitation, few have been systematically evaluated on ecological criteria.
Macroinvertebrates were assessed in 13 UK lowland rivers containing instream rehabilitation structures, seven with artificial riffles (intended to mimic natural gravel riffles) and six with flow deflectors (intended to increase flow, depth and substrate heterogeneity within the channel). In each river, invertebrates were compared between stretches of river with and without rehabilitation structures.
Rehabilitated and reference stretches were subdivided into different benthic and macrophyte habitats. Three macroinvertebrate samples were taken once in July/August 1999 from each habitat across all schemes and rivers. Current velocity, depth and substratum particle size were recorded at the same time from each habitat.
Artificial riffle benthos had faster current, a coarser substratum and was shallower than reference benthos. Depth and substratum particle size differed little between flow deflector and reference benthos, although velocity downstream of the deflector tip was greater, and velocity in the lee of the deflector lower, than reference benthos. At a habitat scale, the benthos of artificial riffles, but not flow deflectors, had higher abundance, taxon richness and diversity than reference benthos. The impact of artificial riffles was most marked for benthic rheophilic taxa.
In all rivers, macroinvertebrate diversity was highest in marginal macrophytes and abundance highest in instream macrophytes. Although invertebrate communities were distinct between artificial riffle (but not flow deflector) and reference benthos, these differences were negligible in comparison to those between benthic and macrophyte habitats.
Neither artificial riffles nor flow deflectors had any significant impact on the taxon richness of the benthos or of the rehabilitated stretch of the river as a whole. Invertebrate diversity of rehabilitated stretches related closely to that of reference stretches, indicating that larger scale factors constrained any impact of rehabilitation.
Synthesis and applications. Local rehabilitation structures appeared to have minor biological effects in lowland rivers. We suggest that post‐project appraisal should be more rigorously applied to rehabilitation schemes, measuring success against more clearly defined goals. We also advocate a greater emphasis on large‐scale riparian, floodplain and catchment rehabilitation, rather than small‐scale channel rehabilitation. Such a change in approach needs more effective cooperation and collaboration between all catchment users.
METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHTS: Rapid genetic delineation of provenance for plant community restoration
Authors: KRAUSS SIEGFRIED L. , KOCH JOHN M. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBest practice in native plant community restoration and/or revegetation recognizes the importance of using material of local provenance. At the practical level, various guidelines exist but these have limitations. The challenge is to deliver accurate provenance information rapidly to the restoration industry.We demonstrate a novel approach to the rapid delineation of genetic provenance by utilizing minimal sampling, the power and efficiency of the AFLP DNA fingerprinting technique and a multivariate spatial autocorrelation analysis for four species with high priority for minesite revegetation in south‐west Western Australia.A significantly positive genetic correlation was found between individuals in the smallest distance class for three species. Correlograms then stabilized, with no significant genetic correlation between individuals at any other distance class. A local genetic provenance distance was here defined as the distance where the correlogram goes from significant to non‐significant, which was approximately 26 km, 20 km and 20 km for these three species.In contrast, for the fourth species, no significant genetic correlation was seen at any distance class, suggesting a very broad genetic provenance (up to 100 km), although the possibility of significant structure below the smallest distance class used here (20 km) cannot be dismissed.Whilst spatial autocorrelation has identified significant spatial genetic structure for 3 of 4 species assessed, a robust delineation of provenance distance, or patch size, is problematic because it is dependent on properties of sampling and analysis such as the scale of sampling and the choice of distance class size, especially when sample sizes are small.Synthesis and applications.The determination of seed collection zones for revegetation projects is a complex problem. We demonstrate a new approach for the rapid delivery of genetic provenance delineation for native plant community restoration, and provide recommendations for seed collection zones for each of four species. This approach can be applied to other species and other areas. We discuss the limitations of the approach, and conclude that further research is required to assess an appropriate minimal sampling strategy that leads to a more robust delineation of provenance distance. We also note that revegetation programmes provide an opportunity to experimentally assess the biological significance of the local provenance as defined, through an assessment of the relative performance of plants sourced from within and beyond defined provenances.
REVIEW: The management of wild large herbivores to meet economic, conservation and environmental objectives
Authors: GORDON IAIN J. , HESTER ALISON J. , FESTA‐BIANCHET MARCO 
Published: December 2004

Summary

Wild large herbivores provide goods and income to rural communities, have major impacts on land use and habitats of conservation importance and, in some cases, face local or global extinction. As a result, substantial effort is applied to their management across the globe. To be effective, however, management has to be science‐based. We reviewed recent fundamental and applied studies of large herbivores with particular emphasis on the relationship between the spatial and temporal scales of ecosystem response, management decision and implementation.
Long‐term population dynamics research has revealed fundamental differences in how sex/age classes are affected by changes in density and weather. Consequently, management must be tailored to the age and sex structure of the population, rather than to simple population counts.
Herbivory by large ungulates shapes the structure, diversity and functioning of most terrestrial ecosystems. Recent research has shown that fundamental herbivore/vegetation interactions driving landscape change are localized, often at scales of a few metres. For example, sheep and deer will selectively browse heather Calluna vulgaris at the edge of preferred grass patches in heather moorland. As heather is vulnerable to heavy defoliation, in the long term this can lead to loss of heather cover despite the average utilization rate of heather in a management area being low. Therefore, while herbivore population management requires a large‐scale approach, management of herbivore impacts on vegetation may require a much more flexible and site‐specific approach.
Localized impacts on vegetation have cascading effects on biodiversity, because changes in vegetation structure and composition, induced by large herbivores affect habitat suitability for many other species. As such, grazing should be considered as a tool for broader biodiversity management requiring a more sophisticated approach than just, for example, eliminating grazing from conservation areas through the use of exclosures.
Synthesis and applications. The management of wild large herbivores must consider different spatial scales, from small patches of vegetation to boundaries of an animal population. It also requires long‐term planning based on a deep understanding of how population processes, such a birth rate, death rate and age structure, are affected by changes in land use and climate and how these affect localized herbivore impacts. Because wild herbivores do not observe administrative or political boundaries, adjusting their management to socio‐political realities can present a challenge. Many developing countries have established co‐operative management groups that allow all interested parties to be involved in the development of management plans; developed countries have a lot to learn from the developing world's example.
POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Serum Albumin: Relationship to Inflammation and Nutrition
Authors: Don Burl R. , Kaysen George 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTHypoalbuminemia is the result of the combined effects of inflammation and inadequate protein and caloric intake in patients with chronic disease such as chronic renal failure. Inflammation and malnutrition both reduce albumin concentration by decreasing its rate of synthesis, while inflammation alone is associated with a greater fractional catabolic rate (FCR) and, when extreme, increased transfer of albumin out of the vascular compartment. A vicious cascade of events ensues in which inflammation induces anorexia and reduces the effective use of dietary protein and energy intake and augments catabolism of the key somatic protein, albumin. Hypoalbuminemia is a powerful predictor of mortality in patients with chronic renal failure, and the major cause of death in this population is due to cardiovascular events. Inflammation is associated with vascular disease and likely causes injury to the vascular endothelium, and hypoalbuminemia as two separate expressions of the inflammatory process. Albumin has a myriad of important physiologic effects that are essential for normal health. However, simply administering albumin to critically ill patients with hypoalbuminemia has not been shown to improve survival or reduce morbidity. Thus the inference from these clinical studies suggests that the cause of hypoalbuminemia, rather than low albumin levels specifically, is responsible for morbidity and mortality.
POOR NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND INFLAMMATION: Novel Approaches in an Integrated Therapy of Inflammatory‐Associated Wasting in End‐Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Stenvinkel Peter , Lindholm Bengt , Heimbürger Olof 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIt is increasingly apparent that end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients carry an inflammatory burden, which may play a pivotal role in the evolution of not only wasting, but also the massive increase in the relative risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus wasting is strongly associated with a persistent systemic inflammatory response, CVD, and impaired patient survival in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), as well as in other chronic diseases. Evidence suggests that a facilitative interaction between inflammatory cytokines and other factors such as poor appetite, comorbidity, acidosis, anemia, and hormonal derangements may cause wasting in this patient group. Clearly, isolated interventions in the form of nutritional energy and protein supplementation have seldom proven to be very effective in improving nutritional status and outcome in ESRD patients, presumably because of the need to attack other causative factors. Therefore, new treatment strategies must be evaluated. Strategies such as multiple appetite stimulants, various “anti‐inflammatory diets,” and new potentially useful anti‐inflammatory pharmacologic agents may be tested alone, or in combination, to evaluate if these new therapeutic modalities can improve the outcome of ESRD patients. As the etiology of wasting in ESRD is multifactorial, we propose that its treatment must include not one, but a number of concomitant measures to provide an integrated therapy against this devastating complication.
The relationship between potency of oxidative stress and severity of depression
Authors: Yanik Medaim , Erel Ozcan , Kati Mahmut 
Published: December 2004

Background:Oxidative stress is one of the suggested mechanisms in major depression.Objective:To determine the oxidative and antioxidative status of plasma of patients with major depression and to investigate whether there is a relationship between the potency of oxidative stress and the severity of depression.Methods:To determine the antioxidative status of plasma, total and individual antioxidant levels which are total antioxidant potential (TAOP), total protein, albumin, uric acid, vitamin C and total bilirubin were measured. To determine the oxidative status, total peroxide level of plasma was measured in patients with drug-free depressive patients and compared with those of controls. Per cent ratio of total peroxide to TAOP was evaluated as oxidative stress index (OSI).Results:Plasma TAOP and individual antioxidant levels were found to be lower in patients with depression than those of controls. On the contrary, the patients had high total plasma peroxide levels. OSI values of the patients were significantly higher than those of controls (P= 0.002), and a significant positive correlation between Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and OSI values was found (r= 0.54,P= 0.01).Conclusions:The patients with major depression are exposed to oxidative stress, and OSI may be useful to reflect the severity of the disease.
Protective Mechanism of Epigallocatechin‐3‐Gallate against Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Gastric Epithelial Cytotoxicity via the Blockage of TLR‐4 Signaling
Authors: Lee Kee‐Myung , Yeo Marie , Choue Jung‐Sun , Jin Joo‐Hyun , Park Soo Jin , Cheong Jae‐Youn , Lee Kwang Jae , Kim Jin‐Hong , Hahm Ki‐Baik 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori infection leads to gastric mucosal damage by several mechanisms including the direct effect of virulence factors produced by H. pylori, propagation of inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and induction of apoptosis. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea catechins, is known to suppress H. pylori‐induced gastritis through its antioxidative and antibacterial actions. In this study, we evaluated the protective mechanism of EGCG against H. pylori‐induced cytotoxicity in gastric epithelial cells.Materials and Methods.  MTT assays and dye exclusion assays were performed to analyze the effect of EGCG on the viability of gastric epithelial cells. The degree of DNA damage was evaluated by Comet assay and apoptotic DNA fragmentation assay. To investigate the effect of EGCG on H. pylori‐induced toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) signaling, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis corresponding to glycosylated TLR‐4 were carried out. Lipoxygenase metabolites were measured with reverse‐phase, high‐performance liquid chromatography.Results.  EGCG pretreatment effectively rescued gastric mucosal cells from the H. pylori‐induced apoptotic cell death and DNA damage, and administration of this catechin enhanced gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Helicobacter pylori infection stimulated the glycosylation of TLR‐4, which initiates intracellular signaling in the infected host cell, but the pretreatment with EGCG completely blocked the TLR‐4 glycosylation. The blockage of TLR‐4 activation by EGCG resulted in inactivation of extracellular signal response kinase 1/2 and of nuclear factor‐κB, the downstream molecules of TLR‐4 signaling induced by H. pylori. This disturbance of H. pylori‐induced host cell signaling by EGCG attenuated the synthesis of the proinflammatory mediator, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid.Conclusions.  EGCG pretreatment showed significant cytoprotective effects against H. pylori‐induced gastric cytotoxicity via interference of the TLR‐4 signaling induced by H. pylori. Thus, our result implies that continuous intakes of green tea could prevent the deleterious consequences of H. pylori infection.
Usefulness of Non‐invasive Tests for Diagnosing Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients Undergoing Dialysis for Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: López Thaïs , Quesada Mariela , Almirall Jaume , Sanfeliu Isabel , Segura Ferran , Calvet Xavier 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic renal failure patients has been linked to peptic ulcer and gastric neoplasia after kidney transplantation. It may also contribute to the accelerated arteriosclerosis that is usual in this population. Few data are available on the usefulness of noninvasive diagnostic tests for H. pylori infection in dialyzed patients, especially regarding the new fecal antigen detection tests. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a noninvasive test for H. pylori infection in patients with chronic renal failure.Methods.  Eighty‐six patients were included in a cross‐sectional study. Urea breath test, serology and three fecal tests – FemtoLab H. pylori (Connex, Germany), Premier Platinum HpSA (Meridian, USA) and Simple H. pylori (Operon SA, Spain) were performed. Helicobacter pylori status was determined by concordance of the tests. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for each test.Results.  Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 94%, 96%, 94% and 96% for the urea breath test; 97%, 64%, 66% and 97% for serology; 86%, 100%, 100% and 91%, for FemtoLab H. pylori; 58%, 96%, 91% and 76% for Premier Platinum HpSA and 61%, 78%, 74% and 67% for Simple H. pylori.Conclusions.  The urea breath test seems to be the most reliable diagnostic method for H. pylori infection in patients with chronic renal failure. Serology has a low specificity, and the results of the fecal tests vary widely.
Light‐dependent Oospore Germination of Phytophthora cactorum in the Presence of Susceptible Host Plant
Authors: Banihashemi Z. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOospores of Phytophthora cactorum were produced in cleared V‐8 broth supplemented with 30 mg/l β‐sitosterol in the dark at 20–22°C for 2–3 months. Environmental conditions during oospore formation or maturation such as light, low temperature and also ageing could not compensate the light requirement for oospore germination. Dark grown oospores did not infect hypocotyl of susceptible safflower seedlings, an indicator plant for the pathogen, if they were not photoactivated 3–15 days or longer prior to infection. If oospores are the sole source of survival of P. cactorum in soil, then the collar region of the plant would be the main site of infection. Thus any treatment which reduce the chance of oospore germination on the soil surface may support management of this disease.