bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police attitudes toward people with intellectual disability: an evaluation of awareness training
Authors: Bailey A. , Barr O. , Bunting B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIt is argued that more favourable police attitudes to people with intellectual disability (ID) are essential in meeting the police code of ethics, which stresses impartiality and respect for human dignity. The need to acknowledge and investigate the extent of support for eugenic attitudes in other key professionals who have a significant role in the successful inclusion of people with ID in community settings is discussed. The present paper reports on the evaluation of an awareness training event conducted by the Royal Ulster Constabulary in terms of the impact on attitudes towards people with ID held by police officers. The quasi‐experimental design involved the measurement of participants' attitudes prior to and following awareness training, and the comparison of these data with a control group of participants who did not undertake awareness exercises. The Attitudes toward Mental Retardation and Eugenics (AMRE) scale was the instrument used to measure attitudes. Analysis identified the presence of varying degrees of support for the application of eugenic principles to people with ID. Furthermore, the results indicate that participation in the awareness exercise and subsequent discussions is associated with a significant reduction in support for eugenic‐based attitudes towards people with ID by the police officers involved. Investment in training events which target attitudes towards people with ID can bring about a shift in reported attitudes. The importance of evaluating such awareness‐raising exercises and their impact on police behaviour is highlighted.
Patterns of offending among people with intellectual disability: a systematic review. Part II: predisposing factors
Authors: Simpson M. K. , Hogg J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the present study, the second part of a review of offending by adults with intellectual disability (ID), data on predisposing factors are presented and there is a discussion of the overall conclusions. The available data are shown to be problematic in a number of respects: there is no offence‐specific data; and a number of dimensions are under‐explored, specifically race, class and subjective accounts of offenders. Age and gender were the most highly correlated factors, as they are with offenders generally; however, there does appear to be evidence that the average age of offenders with ID is higher than for other offenders. The present authors note with concern the inattention to mainstream criminological research, and a tendency to downplay the extent to which an ‘offender’ is the outcome of complex and multifarious social processes. The authors also argue that the literature is dominated by unsubstantiated assumptions regarding the direction which policy and practice should take.
Psychometric properties of the revised Developmental Behaviour Checklist scales in Dutch children with intellectual disability
Authors: Dekker M. C , Nunn R , Koot H. M 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study assessed the reliability and validity of the revised scales of the Developmental Behaviour Checklist (DBC) in a Dutch sample of children with intellectual disability (ID). The psychometric properties of the parent and teacher versions of the DBC were assessed in various subsamples derived from a sample of 1057 Dutch children (age range = 6–18 years) with ID or borderline intellectual functioning. Good test–retest reliability was shown both for the parent and teacher versions. Moderate inter‐parent agreement and high one‐year stability was found for the scale scores. Construct validity was satisfactory, although limited by high informant variance. The DBC scales showed good criterion‐related validity, as indicated by significant mean differences between referred and non‐referred children, and between children with and without a corresponding DSM‐IV diagnosis. The reliability and validity of the revised DBC scales are satisfactory, and the checklist is recommended for clinical and research purposes.
Children with intellectual disability in rural South Africa: prevalence and associated disability
Authors: Christianson A. L. , Zwane M. E. , Manga P. , Rosen E. , Venter A. , Downs D. , Kromberg J. G. R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) and its associated disabilities in rural South African children aged 2–9 years. It was undertaken in eight villages in the district of Bushbuckridge, Northern Province, South Africa.Methods A two‐phase design was utilized. The first phase involved screening children on a house‐to‐house basis by interviewing mothers or caregivers using an internationally validated questionnaire for detecting childhood disability in developing countries. The second phase consisted of a paediatric/neurodevelopmental assessment of the children who screened positive.Results A total of 6692 children were screened; 722 (10.8%) had a paediatric evaluation and 238 children were diagnosed with ID, giving a minimum observed prevalence of 35.6 per 1000 children in this population. The prevalence of severe and mild ID was 0.64 per 1000 and 29.1 per 1000 children, respectively. The male:female ratio of children with ID was 3:2. In the affected children, a congenital aetiology for the ID was determined in 49 subjects (20.6%), an acquired aetiology in 15 (6.3%) and the aetiology was undetermined in 174 children (73.1%). Epilepsy (15.5%) and cerebral palsy (8.4%) were the commonest associated disabilities.Conclusion The present study represents the first data on the prevalence of ID and associated disabilities in rural South African children. The prevalence of ID was comparable with results from a study performed in one other African country (Zambia) as well as those from other developing countries. The data provide an initial factual insight into ID and its associated disabilities for healthcare, social service and educational policy planners. This study provides a basis for the initiation and development of appropriate and integrated services for the best possible care of individuals affected with these disabilities, and for their possible prevention.
Intellectual disability amongst people on probation: prevalence and outcome
Authors: Mason J. , Murphy G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has suggested that people with intellectual disability (ID) can be found in the criminal justice system. However, little is currently known about those supervised in the community on probation orders.MethodsNinety people on probation in south‐east England were screened using the Learning Disabilities in the Probation Service (LIPS) screening tool, which was designed to be used by probation officers to identify those with possible ID. The LIPS incorporates two measures of cognitive functioning: (1) the Quick Test (QT); and (2) the Clock Drawing Test (CDT).ResultsSeven per cent of participants were found to have QT IQs and CDT scores 1.6 SD below the mean. When compared to those who appeared to be functioning within the normal range, those with possible ID were found to be significantly younger. However, no differences were found between the two groups in terms of the final outcome of the probation order.ConclusionsIt seems likely that the probation service contains a significant minority of people with ID. Despite the fact that no difference was found to exist in terms of outcome, people with ID or borderline ID are likely to have a number of support needs which could affect the success of their time on probation.
Mental health services and young people with intellectual disability: is it time to do better?
Authors: McCarthy J. , Boyd J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground There is evidence that the mental health needs of children with disabilities are inadequate. The aim of the present study was to determine the extent of specialist health service use during adolescence by a group of individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and mental health problems.Method The study population consisted of 80 young people with ID, who were examined in childhood and adolescence for psychiatric and behaviour disorder. These young people were interviewed again in early adult life for the presence of psychiatric and behaviour disorder. Evaluation questionnaires were used during the follow‐up study to assess service use from adolescence.Results The key finding was that the great majority (64%) of subjects with persistent challenging behaviour from childhood into adult life and those with an established childhood psychiatric disorder received no specialist mental health care.Conclusions The development of mental health services for this vulnerable group with complex psychiatric and behaviour disorders has been poor for a number of reasons, including lack of recognition at the primary care level and insufficient numbers of trained professionals within specialist services.
Sense of coherence in parents of children with different developmental disabilities
Authors: Olsson M. B. , Hwang C. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to test if Antonovsky's theory of sense of coherence can facilitate understanding: (1) individual differences in psychological adaptation in parents of children with intellectual disability (ID); and (2) why parents of children with ID generally experience higher levels of stress and depression than parents of children who develop normally.MethodsSense of coherence (SoC) and depression were assessed using the short SoC scale (13 items) and the Beck Depression Inventory in 216 families of children with ID and/or autism, and in 213 control families.ResultsIt is argued that: (1) parents of children with ID with low SoC are at increased risk for developing depression compared to control parents with low SoC not experiencing this stressor; and (2) the life situation of parenting a child with ID may have a negative impact on parents’ SoC levels that, in turn, will make them more vulnerable to experiencing stress and depression.ConclusionThe SoC theory is valuable in understanding individual differences in psychological adaptation in parents of children with ID.
Challenging behaviour and insecure attachment
Authors: Clegg J. , Sheard C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe present authors investigated a database about people with severe intellectual disability (ID) to explore whether secure/insecure attachment plays a role in challenging behaviour.MethodsThe study took the form of a survey of staff and carers involved with a cohort of 54 school‐leavers with severe ID.ResultsThirty‐four per cent of students were rated by placement staff as ‘over‐investing in one or a few relationships which become a source of jealousy’. Students without such problems were significantly less likely to show challenging behaviours, while those with them were significantly more likely to be living outside the family home.ConclusionsThese preliminary results justify more detailed and longitudinal research into the relationship between attachment status and challenging behaviour.
Screening for coeliac disease in adult insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: SJÖberg  , Eriksson  , Bredberg  , Wassmuth  , Eriksson  
Published: March 2003

Sjöberg K, Eriksson KF, Bredberg A, Wassmuth R, Eriksson S (University of Lund, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; and University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany). Screening for coeliac disease in adult insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 133–40.ObjectivesTo study, by sequential screening for gliadin antibodies (GA) and endomysial antibodies (EMA), the prevalence and clinical characteristics of coeliac disease (CD) in adult IDDM patients.Subjects and measurementsA series comprising 1664 diabetes patients [848 with IDDM, 745 with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes (NIDDM) and 71 with secondary diabetes] were screened for GA. IgA‐ or IgG‐GA positive sera were analysed for EMA.ResultsIgA‐GA were more frequent in all the diabetes subgroups (13.7% in IDDM,12.3% in NIDDM and 23.9% in secondary diabetes, P < 0.001 in all three cases) than among healthy blood donors (4.7%). Two patients with NIDDM had CD. Of the IDDM group (n= 848), 8 had previously diagnosed CD and 14 more (of whom 7 could be biopsied) were EMA positive. All had villous atrophy. The minimum prevalence of CD (including probable cases) in IDDM was 2.6% (22/848). Patients with previously known CD had more symptoms (P < 0.001), more deficiency states (P < 0.001) and more autoimmune diseases (P < 0.04) than those identified by screening. IDDM patients with a diabetes duration of 31‐40 years were characterised by a higher prevalence of CD than patients with a duration of less than 30 years (6.7% vs. 1.7%; P < 0.02).ConclusionsSerial analysis of GA and EMA confirmed a high prevalence of CD in adult IDDM (2.6%). False‐positive IgA‐GA test results are frequent in patients with diabetes, irrespective of type. EMA analysis is the preferable screening tool for CD in diabetes.
Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Mignon  , Cadiot  
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Mignon M, Cadiot G (Bichat and Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France). Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (Minisymposium: MEN & VHL). J Intern Med 1998; 243: 489–94.About 25% of patients with ZES have MEN‐1. Except for diarrhoea, less frequent in patients with ZES MEN‐1 than in sporadic ZES, and specific MEN‐1‐related signs, clinical characteristics are similar in both ZES types. Acid output and gastrin level are also similar whether in the basal state or after secretin. Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) exists in the majority of ZES MEN‐1 patients, 30% have pituitary adenoma (prolactinomas for half), 30% adrenal involvement, 25–30% have ECLomas: bronchial and thymic carcinoids have probably been underevaluated.Gastrinomas are multiple predominantly located in the duodenal wall, but also in the pancreas in association with clinically silent endocrine tumours.The spread of the disease metastases to the liver (LM), mediastinum, bones, is evaluated best by Octreoscan. Associated endoscopic ultrasonography evaluates the number, size and anatomical characteristics of gastrinomas. Patients without LM have an excellent prognosis. Surgery never cures ZES, but is necessary in cases of associated life‐threatening conditions such as insulinoma.Although the size of the tumour, when located in the pancreas >3 cm, favours metachronous LM occurrence, surgery in our experience has not been able to prevent LM development.
Current concepts in the surgical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 pancreatic‐duodenal disease. Results in the treatment of 40 patients with Zollinger–Ellison syndrome, hypoglycaemia or both
Authors: Thompson  
Published: March 2003

Thompson NW (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Current concepts in the surgical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 pancreatic‐duodenal disease. Results in the treatment of 40 patients with Zollinger– Ellison syndrome, hypoglycaemia or both (Minisymposium: MEN & VHL). J Intern Med 1998; 243: 495–500.The management of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1) pancreatic‐duodenal disease, particularly when the Zollinger–Ellison syndrome (ZES) is the presenting manifestation, has remained controversial. The management of hypoglycaemia and other syndromes as well as large tumours detected by imaging is less controversial, although standardized surgical techniques have not been generally adapted. The rationale for an aggressive operative management plan for ZES and other syndromes is based on the facts that neuroendocrine tumours of both the pancreas and the duodenum have malignant potential and that the functional manifestations can be controlled with appropriate surgical procedures based on current concepts of the MEN‐1 disease. Of the ten concepts presented, the one critical to the surgical treatment of ZES is that a duodenotomy is essential in detecting the source of hypergastrinaemia in most MEN‐1 patients. The complete operation is multifaceted and includes peripancreatic lymph node dissection (ZES), enucleation of any head or uncinate tumours and a distal pancreatectomy. Our results in 40 MEN‐1 patients with functional syndromes treated with these procedures are encouraging. Ten patients with hypoglycaemia (four with concomitant ZES) have been ‘cured’ with follow‐up as long as 18 years. Sixty‐eight per cent of 34 patients with ZES have remained eugastrinaemic during follow‐up as long as 19 years. One patient developed a solitary liver metastasis that was excised a year ago without other evidence of recurrence. There has been no operative mortality and three subsequent deaths were due to unrelated disease.
Diet and pravastatin in moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized trial in 215 middle‐aged men free from cardiovascular disease
Authors: Bak  , Huizer  , Leijten  , Rila  , Grobbee  
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Bak AAA, Huizer J, Leijten PA, Rila H, Grobbee DE (Utrecht University Medical School, Utrecht; Andro Medical Research, Rotterdam; and Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Woerden, The Netherlands). Diet and pravastatin in moderate hypercholesterolaemia: a randomized trial in 215 middle‐aged men free from cardiovascular disease. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 371–8.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of diet and drug intervention separately and combined in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia.DesignThe study was conducted as a randomized, placebo‐controlled factorial trial, double‐blinded for drug intervention.SettingSubjects were recruited from a population‐based cholesterol screening programme.Subjects215 middle‐aged men with primary hypercholesterolemia, free from cardiovascular disease.InterventionsSubjects were randomized to one of four intervention groups: (1) placebo and US National Cholesterol Education Program step 1 diet; (2) placebo and step 2 diet; (3) pravastatin 20 mg day−1 and step 1 diet; or (4) pravastatin 20 mg day−1 and step 2 diet. The intervention period was 6 months.Main outcome measurementsEfficacy measurements included: serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A1 and B. LDL cholesterol was calculated. For safety, values of ALAT, ASAT and CK were measured.ResultsIn the group receiving the step 1 diet only, lipid values were stable during the study period. In the placebo group on the step 2 diet, total cholesterol decreased by 6.3% (0.47 mmol L−1 (95% CI: 0.28, 0.67)) during 6 months. In the group receiving both pravastatin and the step 1 diet, there was a mean reduction in serum total cholesterol of 19.4% (1.46 mmol L−1 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.72)). In the group treated with pravastatin and the step 2 diet, the 6 months of data show a reduction of 20.7% (1.55 mmol L−1 (95% CI: 1.30, 1.80)).ConclusionsIf drug therapy with a HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor is considered necessary, a step 2 diet has no additional lipid‐lowering effect compared with a step 1 diet in men with primary hypercholesterolaemia. However, favourable ‘side‐effects’ of a lipid‐lowering diet, such as weight loss and lowering of blood pressure, may still warrant a low‐fat diet in these cases.
Perceived symptoms amongst hypertensive patients in routine clinical practice – a population‐based study
Authors: Kjellgren K. I. , Ahlner J. , DahlÖF B. , Gill H. , Hedner T. , SÄljÖ R. 
Published: March 2003

Kjellgren KI, Ahlner J, Dahlöf B, Gill H, Hedner T, Säljö R (Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping; Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg; and Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden). Perceived symptoms amongst hypertensive patients in routine clinical practice – a population‐based study. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 325–332.Objectives.To compare perceived symptoms between patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy and hypertensive patients without drug treatment, and to assess reasons for change of antihypertensive medication in routine clinical practice.Design.Population‐based multicentre study. Consecutive patients from a randomized sample of centres were given a standardized questionnaire to assess symptoms as well as opinions about their antihypertensive drugs.Setting.Fifty‐five Swedish primary health care centres and 11 clinics of internal medicine.Patients.One thousand and thirteen hypertensive patients on their individually prescribed antihypertensive medication and 135 without antihypertensive therapy.Main outcome measures.Prevalence and perception of symptoms with and without antihypertensive drug therapy, changes of medication and reasons for this.Results.Amongst the group of patients on antihypertensive medication, 57% spontaneously reported having had symptoms of high blood pressure before they started their drug therapy. Amongst the patients without antihypertensive drugs, 52% reported having such symptoms. When answering direct questions about different symptoms related to current drug treatment or increased blood pressure, patients with and without medication reported symptoms to a similar extent: 80 and 85%, respectively. A majority of patients (64%) had changed their medication during the course of treatment (range 0–61 years). The mean number of changes was 2.4 times over 12 years. The most common reported cause for changing drug treatment was side‐effects (42%).Conclusions.The study shows that patients in general perceive symptoms from hypertension. Antihypertensive medication decreases the frequency and intensity of symptoms that might be related to high blood pressure but adds other symptoms linked to the medication. Changes in medication were mostly related to side‐effects. The follow‐up should pay attention to patients' experience of treatment. A sign of a well‐managed hypertension population would be a decrease of symptoms over time.