bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on how M. P. T. Acharya was remembered, initially, and subsequently forgotten as India’s most important anarchist theoretician and proponent. Obituaries and tributes soon poured in from anarchists across the world, but only a few years after his death, Acharya’s contribution to anti-imperialist and anarchist debates about the true meaning of freedom had been overlooked. This biography, then, is a recovery of a unique history with broader implications and histories; a journey through anticolonialism, communism, pacifism, and anarchism in the pursuit of freedom over imperialism. Indeed, if, as Adom Getachew notes, ‘the universalization of the nation-state marked an important triumph over European imperialism, it has also come to represent a political form incapable of realizing the ideals of a democratic, egalitarian, and anti-imperial future,’ it is instructive to look to anticolonial freedom fighters such as Acharya, who rejected the universalization of the nation-state. That is, as the chapter argues, Acharya made a major contribution to the historiography and intellectual history of resistance to oppression, be it imperialist, authoritarian, totalitarian, fascist, or racist, as embodied by the nation-state.
Introduction
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction discusses the nexus between creative security and state-business relations, underscoring connections between security dynamics and a state’s degree of autonomy for conducting reform and achieving innovation. Next, it provides a brief excursus on how achieving the demographic dividend has become increasingly central to the GCC states’ reform agenda and state longevity. It also delves into how spurring innovation and achieving the demographic dividend are integral to national security as the GCC states transition into the post-oil era. Third, it investigates the concept of state autonomy in relation to the GCC economies and contextualize it within each state’s developmental structures and capacity for reform. Finally, it will explain the conceptual approach and investigation strategies that support the analysis, and it will sketch out the argument developed over the course of the book.
The Nexus between Creative Insecurity, Market Dominance, and Institutions
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The first chapter of this book outlines the predicament of creative insecurity in the GCC states, with an emphasis on institutional pitfalls that hinder innovation-led development in the context of the region’s current youth bulge combined with high unemployment levels. I then proceed to the primary impetus of this book, which is to assess how the influence of the business elites impairs the state’s ability to implement the reforms necessary for the majority youth population. Additionally, it reviews competing explanations of state-business relations and different taxonomies of state structures in the GCC, with an emphasis on obstacles to diversification through innovation in light of the growing youth majority entering the workforce. The chapter sets the stage for observing how different political institutions in GCC states interact with varying levels of business elite dominance.
How Some Countries can Avert Creative Insecurity
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the Asian “miracle” economies to show that the successful achievement of the demographic dividend is linked to a coherent and cohesive state apparatus that has the autonomy to influence the economic elite in a manner that can produce positive economic outcomes. The chapter highlights how innovation is linked to both institutional quality and the state’s autonomy to implement reforms in the context of state-business relations. Through assessing these two variables within case studies of the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) and Saudi Arabia’s development of green technologies, I find that, as with the Asian case studies, they show a degree of innovation since they have higher levels of centralized state-led capitalism.
Global Trends of Innovation and Elite Dominance in Rentier States
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 applies a global quantitative, longitudinal analysis, assessing variables important to creative insecurity. The statistical analysis examines data from 2007 to 2016 and indicates how the degree of business elite market dominance and institutional performance in resource-wealthy countries affects innovation, which is a necessary component to achieve the demographic dividend.
How Institutional Development Pathways Affected State Autonomy
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 contextualizes the institutional dynamics that affect creative security by examining the onset of path dependencies during the pre-oil era that affected the varying levels of state-led capitalism in the post-oil era in Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar. The chapter explores how diversification in the pearl-trading era set important sociopolitical precedents for the GCC states’ political economies.
Origins of Merchant Coalitions and Their Role in Contemporary GCC Political Economies
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how the converging timelines of state formation and the critical juncture of the discovery of oil crystallized institutional characteristics that influence the variance in the present-day political and economic logic of state-business relations in the Gulf states. With the recognition that a modernized form of patrimonialism underpins state institutions and paralyzes economic reform, this study highlights how Gulf economies with low state autonomy and higher levels of business elite dominance are more susceptible to creative insecurity.
Creative Insecurity and the Future of the Gulf
Authors: Thafer Dania 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 argues that, at this critical juncture for the future of the Gulf economies, states must swiftly implement reforms to foster innovation and achieve the demographic dividend. The youth majority entering the workforce find themselves sandwiched between the regime and the dominant business elite. To hedge against some of the negative endemic characteristics of Gulf states, this chapter discusses, policymaking strategies in both elite- and state-dominated GCC economies can be implemented to achieve the demographic dividend. In light of this, it becomes clear that institutional performance and the reaction of policymakers will affect the political and economic stability of the Gulf states for decades to come. In sum, the conclusion provides a summary of findings, as well as recommendations for how to achieve the demographic dividend through innovation-led development. This book heralds a new area of research through a CPE lens, evaluating the security dynamics of a state’s autonomy when it comes to conducting reform and how it affects the ability of Gulf petrostates to concurrently foster innovation and achieve the demographic dividend.
Introduction
Authors: Lacher Wolfram , Collombier Virginie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Violence has transformed Libyan society in multiple ways since the uprising against the regime of Muammar al-Qadhafi in 2011. Violent conflict has shaped new political identities, drawn deep societal rifts between and within regions and communities, propelled the rise of new elites, and remade gender relations as well as generational hierarchies. This chapter surveys the state of research on social transformation through violence, and finds that such work remains largely compartmentalized into disparate literatures. It outlines the advantages in analyzing a society’s overall transformation as a result of violent conflict, and identifies three distinct types of effects at work: first, changes in the distribution of control over the means of violence render social transformation across a wide range of domains possible. Second, the use of violence creates and maintains new social relations in ways that are both intended and unintended, both temporary and irreversible. Third, both types of effects also have second-order effects that foment further social change. This introduction also highlights the volume’s contributions to filling important empirical gaps in research on Libya.
‘Changed Utterly’ How the 2014–18 War Transformed Benghazi’s Social Fabric
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Benghazi’s societal dynamics were affected by the 2014–18 war in the city. It argues that the killings, social divisions, and displacement that marked the conflict brought about the city’s most significant transformation in its modern history. The chapter details how disagreements over how to tackle Benghazi’s growing extremist presence ultimately paved the way for Khalifa Haftar’s 2014 offensive which sparked the war. It examines three areas of Benghazi as case studies, detailing how each one was changed by years of violence. It also explores how narratives of the war were contested from the outset and remain so today, thus hampering reconciliation, particularly among a younger generation that cleaves to a more brittle and regionally focused identity.
Afterword
Authors: Anderson Lisa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter places Libyan society’s post-2011 transformation in historical and regional perspective. In some respects, the violence since 2011 was an extension of Libya’s unhappy century-long experience of modernity, and particularly the depredations of the Qadhafi regime. Foreign intervention in the war, while exhibiting patterns seen in other globalized conflicts, also occurred against the background of a long history of meddling by external powers. Seen in regional perspective, the privatization of state functions by the actors in Libya’s conflicts was part of a wider transformation of statehood. Amidst prolonged disorder, Libyans invented and reinvented social networks, political connections, and economic ties. But this transformation also displayed important continuities, as tribe and town remained sources of powerful, portable, and sustainable identities, a refuge and resort when all else was uncertain.
Introduction
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction opens with the author describing a personal anecdote that piqued her interest in this topic twenty years earlier. It then describes how the spread of knowledge about the kola nut from West Africa and the creation of carbonated water set the stage for the birth of Coca-Cola. The introduction also explores the global spread of soda fountains that set the stage for the explosion of a nineteenth-century American soda across the world. The introduction then lays out the research methodology and the theoretical framework for the book.
All That Sparkles
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter One traces the arrival of Coca-Cola in South Africa before the advent of the apartheid state, explaining how the company’s method of doing business in that tumultuous climate helped create a blueprint for it to use elsewhere on the continent. It also investigates the question of when Coca-Cola first arrived on the African continent and explores the ways in which Coca-Cola’s growth happened alongside that of Johannesburg. Chapter One explores how a B-Brand, Sparletta, was formed to help launch Coca-Cola in South Africa. This chapter establishes the method the company would use elsewhere on the continent and explains key threats to the business (such as sugar and waste) that are echoed in later chapters.
From Cape to Cairo
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter Two begins with Coca-Cola’s arrival in Morocco and Egypt to set the stage for the company’s continent-wide expansion around WWII, describing the multiple logistical difficulties that it faced along the way. This chapter explores how Coca-Cola Export, the foreign branch of the company, operated, and enumerates how the company landed in various African countries (including the Rhodesias, Nigeria, Ghana, and Kenya), establishing locally-owned bottling plants everywhere. Much evidence is drawn from Coca-Cola’s internal publications, such as Coca-Cola Overseas, to show that the company spread across the continent by becoming local in all manner of ways.
On Mach On Time
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The mature Machian view on the nature of time can be rationally reconstructed as follows. All temporal structure should be functionally integrated with chronobservable structure. Chronometric and chronordinal structure is locally determinate and dynamically relative given a stable environment. Chronometric and chronordinal structure is spatially globally determinate and dynamically relative if it can be connected to chronobservable structure via the change in entropy of the universe. Approximate dynamically absolute chronometric and chronordinal structure is meaningful to the extent to which sufficiently isolated bodies can be assumed to play the role of inertial clocks.
Structure and Possibility
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The structure of a theory is specified in terms of three types of structure: constitutive structure, nomic structure, and spatiotemporal structure. Constitutive structure is the most basic structure of a theory. This is the structure that one must assume in order to build the space of kinematically possible models. Nomic structure is the structure that represents the dynamical laws of a particular theory. Nomic structure serves to pick out a partition in the space of kinematically possible models and provides an equivalence relation between dynamically possible models. Regular nomic structure is nomic structure that enforces a partition but not a projection. Irregular nomic structure is nomic structure that enforces a partition and a projection.
Irregular Nomic Structure
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Irregular nomic structure is characterized by Lagrangians where the associated Hessian is not invertible. For irregular Lagrangians it will be true that at least some of the components of acceleration at a given time cannot be solved uniquely in terms of the configuration and velocity variables at that time. Irregularity of the Lagrangian cannot, however, be used in general as a sufficient condition for the diagnosis of degeneracy in the solutions to the relevant Euler–Lagrange equations. In the Hamiltonian formulation of theory with an irregular nomic structure, relations between the canonical variables are found generically: a constrained Hamiltonian formalism. The Dirac analysis of constrained Hamiltonian systems does not provide a fully satisfactory methodology to connect canonical first-class constraints, generalized Bianchi identities, and initial value constraints.
Diagnosing Dynamical Redundancy
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The existence of initial value constraints is indicative of the specific species of underdetermination problem associated with dynamical redundancy within the analysis of theories with irregular nomic structure. In particular, it is the existence of initial value constraints that is indicative of the specific underdetermination-at-a-time problem associated with prima facie problematic dynamical redundancy within the formalism. Significantly, by refocusing the formal analysis on initial value constraints, rather than generalized Bianchi identities or first-class constraints, our framework supersedes approaches to ‘gauge’ symmetry based upon Noether’s second theorem or the Dirac criterion. These criteria are then recoverable in the relevant contexts from the initial value constraints approach, which should form the primary analysis tool for the analysis of gauge theories.
The New Framework
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Nomic-AIR framework for the analysis of symmetry and structure in physical theory is a powerful and general formal framework that allows for the exhaustive analysis and classification of the transformation properties of nearly any type of structure in nearly any type of theory. The framework is also flexible enough to be compatible with different approaches to the definition of the narrow symmetries of a theory. The core idea of the framework is to track the behaviour of a given structure induced by transformations on the space of dynamically possible models in comparison to the induced transformations on the relevant nomic structure. In such circumstances, transformations can have a trivial, ill-defined, or well-defined pullback onto a particular structure and simultaneously also have a trivial or non-trivial pullback onto the nomic structure. Together this gives six possible combinations.
Local Temporal Symmetry
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A theory is reparameterization invariant when its equations of motion are invariant under the temporal relabelling symmetry given by locally rescaling a monotonic and smooth time function. This understanding of reparameterization invariance is more general than that provided by study of the action since the properties of the equations of motion generated by a variational principle depend only on the local terms, and not the boundary terms, of that variation principle. The treatment presented here outlines the connections between reparameterization invariance, various conditions on the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian functions, and the relevant generalized Bianchi identities. In the next crucial stage of the analysis a novel first-order geometric analysis of reparameterization invariance is provided in terms of the study of tangential transformations. This provides a basis for the unambiguous differentiation between the objects responsible for generating evolution and those that generate degeneracy along tangential directions.
Temporal Structure Regained
Authors: Gryb Sean , Thébault Karim P. Y. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The pseudo-problem of time rests on a putative confusion of dynamical redundancy with evolution that results from the Hamiltonian of reparameterization invariant theories being a first-class constraint. Such confusion has led to paradoxical claims within the literature such as ‘motion is the unfolding of a gauge transformation’. Application of the diagnostic framework for isolating dynamical redundancy developed in previous chapters provides a general solution of the problem of time in classical mechanics via an unambiguous identification of the mathematical objects associated with narrow symmetry and evolution in reparameterization-invariant theories. In particular, based upon such an identification the pseudo-problem of the supposed equivalence between dynamics and gauge transformations can be avoided and the actual problem can be solved; that is, a framework in which the symmetry properties of reparameterization invariant theories with regard to chronometric and chronobservable structure can be provided that is compatible with such structure being determinate.
The Big Three Allies and the European Resistance
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
While the Big Three and their continental Allies fought against Nazi Germany for the mastery of Europe, another war was under way on the continent: the war to shape the political landscape of post-war Europe. It often found the British, the Americans, the Soviets, and the partisan movements on opposite sides of the barricades. In the Balkans, the anti-Nazi war overlapped with political and ethnic conflicts, engulfing the region in bloody civil wars. In Central and Eastern Europe, partisan movements engaged the Germans without losing sight of the danger posed by the arrival of the Red Army. In France and in Italy, the adoption of the slogans of national liberation provided the communist parties with a formidable democratic legitimacy, which established them as key players in the political lives of their countries. The British and the Americans did not stand by and watch idly. To stir up, support, control, and direct the resistance groups, London created the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and Washington the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Agents were sent into occupied Europe to liaise directly with the guerrilla groups: many of them never came back. Through the Comintern, Moscow carefully coordinated the actions of the European communist parties with the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, which was acting for the first time as a key player in the arena of international relations. The forests and the mountains where the partisans were fighting the Germans soon became a major part of the proxy war that the three Allies waged to shift the geopolitical balance in their favour. Looking for the first time at the three Allies together and spanning Europe from Yugoslavia to Poland, from Greece to France and Italy, this book vividly depicts and sharply analyses how this proxy war shaped the history of the post-war settlement.
The Special Operations Executive at War
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Over the first months of its existence Special Operations Executive had to reckon with the lack of serious opposition against Nazi Germany in occupied Europe. In enemy nations, a vast majority of the population firmly supported their own governments, and in any case the opposition movements were not ready to betray their countries to the enemy. In occupied Europe most people were stunned by defeat. The exception was Poland, where the German occupation left no space for collaboration and the organization of a strong resistance movement was under way. But the British quickly realized that supporting the resistance posed almost unsurmountable logistical obstacles, and soon gave up the idea of gaining any quick results there. It was only when the war spread to the Balkans in the spring of 1941 and Hitler invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June that the seeds of strong anti-German movements were planted.
Civil War and Liberation in the Balkans
Authors: Piffer Tommaso 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In 1944 the Balkans remained a fraught arena for politics and diplomacy. For Moscow, the new situations presented risks which were as great as the related opportunities. The aggressive stance adopted by the Communist Party of Greece might potentially cause a clash with the Western Allies. In Yugoslavia, the Soviets had scored an important point when Churchill shifted British support from Mihailović to Tito, but there too the game was far from over. On the one hand, Molotov and Stalin were determined that Tito’s increasing hold over the country did not appear to be orchestrated by Moscow. On the other, they had to adapt to the reality of a new communist state in the making. Relations and directives to the Bulgarian and Albanian communist parties needed to be reshaped accordingly. The British were in a complicated situation as well. SOE and the Foreign Office had successfully thwarted the US attempt to impose their presence upon the theatre. Starting from September 1943, OSS agents were infiltrated into Yugoslavia, Greece, and Albania, but remained subordinated to their British colleagues. In Yugoslavia, the Western Allies badly miscalculated Tito’s intentions and there, as well as in Albania, the communists established regimes that would last for decades to come. Mihailović was captured by the communists and executed as a collaborator in 1946. In Greece, the British were able to bring back the legitimate government only at the price of a bloody civil war that had grave consequences for the life of the country.