bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Radiation Effects
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This revised second edition of a popular handbook for engineers describes the important relationship between high-energy radiation environments, electronic device physics and materials. It is a straightforward account of the problems which arise when high-energy radiation bombards matter and of engineering methods for solving those problems. Radiation effects are a problem encountered in the use of highly engineered materials such as semiconductors, optics and polymers. The finely-tuned properties of these materials may change drastically when exposed to a radiation environment such as a beam of X-rays or electrons, the space environment or the 'hadrons' in CERN's new collider. All of these environments and several more are described. At the core of this book is a discussion of the impact of these environments on the devices used in computing, data processing and communication. While unashamedly oriented to the engineer-designer and manager, with descriptions in a highly readable form, there is no compromise in physical accuracy when describing high-energy radiation and the effects it produces, such as electronic failure, coloration and the decay of strength. A great breadth of technical data, such as may be needed to make quick decisions, is presented with literature references and a compendium of web-sites which have been tested and used by the authors.
Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MOS integrated circuits, particularly those of the complementary form (CMOS), are very suitable for use in high-performance electronics such as timers, battery-powered computers, robots, missiles, and space vehicles. The power consumed by the CMOS logic element is extraordinarily low compared with nMOS and bipolar circuits. In addition, the CMOS inverter employs voltage signals which can be made highly immune to noise. These features are uniquely suitable for advanced data-handling and control systems in severe, remote environments. It is unfortunate therefore that many MOS devices show strong, variable and long-lived response to total-dose radiation. In any radiation environment exceeding about one thousand rads ( 10 Gy), it is necessary to consider the effect of oxide charge trapping and interface-state generation; heavy ions and intense pulses of radiation can also cause the upset of logic states.
Optical media
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transparent materials have large values of E G, the forbidden gap in electronic energy states. They are transparent because, visible light cannot excite carriers across that gap and hence the material does not absorb visible light. For this to be so, the EG has to be greater than 3 eV. However, when exposed to radiation, transparent materials may darken as new energy levels are created in the gap. A classic example is the production of ‘colour centres’ in alkali chloride crystals. Nearly all multicomponent silicate glasses, as used in optics, produce an absorption in the blue end of the spectrum when exposed to radiation. The radiation-induced loss at 400 nm is usually ten times higher than at 800 nm and there is even higher loss in the UV, including some absorption maxima characteristic of the structure of the defect which is active. The result for most silica glasses is a yellow or brown colour, variable with the exact spectral shape of the absorption. Important knowledge of radiation-induced coloration arises from the alkaline earth oxide series, for example, magnesium oxide (Crawford and Slifkin 1975; Henderson et al. 1977).
In this chapter, we discuss the physics, chemistry, and practical problems associated with windows, lenses, optical coatings, and optical fibres. Fibres are a special case, as they have extraordinarily long optical paths and the materials are manufactured by very special drawing methods and may be used in nuclear-reactor environments. For the other, more conventional components, optical path lengths are short, ranging from a few micrometres (coatings) to a few centimetres (lenses), and the materials are usually manufactured by casting and polishing. Classic books on transparent materials include Schulman and Compton 1963; Crawford and Slifkin 1975; Weber (review by Williams and Friebele) 1986; Agullo-Lopez et al. 1988; Agullo-Lopez 1995. The relationship between the optical and electrical properties of oxides is dealt with in a large number of publications; for example, Pacchioni (200I) and many edited by Griscom (q.v.).
Pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aqueous extracts from eight species of Hong Kong marine algae were tested for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). These extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity by examining their effects on the Vero cells. Their potential anti-HSV activity was evaluated using cytopathogenic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Among the extracts tested, five (from Caulerpa sp., Corallina sp., Hypnea charoides, Padina arborescens and Sargassum patens) showed some potential activities with very low cytotoxicity to Vero cells and three (from Laurencia japonica, Galaxaura oblongata and Sargassum siliquastrum) had no activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. The extracts of Sargassum patens and Caulerpa sp. were found to be the most promising with very low ECso, namely 25 µg/ ml against HSV-1 and 12.5 µg/ml against HSV-2. The extract of Sargassum patens was precipitated with ethanol. The dark brown precipitated fraction (designated as SP) showed more potent antiviral activities with EC50 against HSV-1 and HSV-2 clinical strains, being 12.5 µg/ml and 4.7 µg/ml respectively in Vero cells. This SP inhibited CPE formation of both HSV clinical and laboratory strains in Vero cells and HEp-2 cells. This SP also showed good antiviral activity against an HSV-1 acyclovir resistant strain. These results indicate that the extract from Sargassum patens is a promising source of natural antiviral agent against herpes virus.
Geometry Ancient and Modern
Authors: Silvester J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a guided tour of geometry, from Euclid through to algebraic geometry. It shows how mathematicians use a variety of techniques to tackle problems, and it links geometry to other branches of mathematic.s It is a teaching text, with a large number of exercises woven into the exposition. Topics covered: ruler and compasses constructions, transformations, triangle and circle theorems, classification of isometries and groups of isometries in dimensions 2 and 3, Platonic solids, conics, similarities, affine, projective and Mobius transformations, non-Euclidean geometry, projective geometry, the beginnings of algebraic geometry.
In All Likelihood
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on a course in the theory of statistics this text concentrates on what can be achieved using the likelihood/Fisherian method of taking account of uncertainty when studying a statistical problem. It takes the concept ot the likelihood as providing the best methods for unifying the demands of statistical modelling and the theory of inference. Every likelihood concept is illustrated by realistic examples, which are not compromised by computational problems. Examples range from a simile comparison of two accident rates, to complex studies that require generalised linear or semiparametric modelling. The emphasis is that the likelihood is not simply a device to produce an estimate, but an important tool for modelling. The book generally takes an informal approach, where most important results are established using heuristic arguments and motivated with realistic examples. With the currently available computing power, examples are not contrived to allow a closed analytical solution, and the book can concentrate on the statistical aspects of the data modelling. In addition to classical likelihood theory, the book covers many modern topics such as generalized linear models and mixed models, non parametric smoothing, robustness, the EM algorithm and empirical likelihood.
Frequentist properties
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frequentist or repeated sampling properties of sample statistics form a basis of probability-based inference. These properties also indicate a potential objective verification of our statistical procedures. In this chapter we will expand our discussion on important frequentist properties such as bias and variance of point estimates, calibration of likelihood using P-values, and coverage probability of CIs. We will introduce a powerful computational method called the bootstrap, and cover the so-called ‘exact ‘ confidence procedures for specific models.
Likelihood of random parameters
Authors: Pawitan Yudi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
where μi is the random group i effect and eij is the error term. In classical linear models it is common to assume that μi ‘s are an iid sample from N (μ, σ2 ) and eij ‘s are an iid sample from N (0, σ2). Classical analysis of random effects models concentrates on the estimation of the variance component parameters σ2 and σ2 , but in many recent applications of statistics the main interest is estimating the random parameters μi ‘s. These applications are characterized by the large number of parameters.
General formulation for distance sampling
Authors: Borchers D L , Burnham K P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Full likelihood functions for distance sampling methods involve assuming probability models for the encounter rate or animal distribution, for the detection process, for cluster size (if animals are detected in clusters), and possibly for other data. Conventional distance sampling (CDS) methods avoid assuming a probability model for encounter rate by using an empirical estimator of its variance and getting confidence intervals assuming density D to be log-normally distributed. Similarly, a point estimator and sampling variance of mean cluster size, E[s] can be obtained in a regression frame-work, so no probability model π(s) for cluster size s in the population need be assumed. Probability models and likelihood inference are conventionally used only for the distance part of the data.
Methods for incomplete detection at distance zero
Authors: Laake J L , Borchers D L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conventional distance sampling (CDS) and multiple-covariate distance sampling (MCDS), the detection function is denoted g(y) or g(y, z) and detection at distance zero (y = 0) is certain: g(0) = 1 and g(0, z) = 1. In this chapter, we deal with detection functions in which detection probability at distance zero may be less than one. To distinguish these functions from CDS or MCDS functions, we denote the detection function p(y, z).
The Single Case Study and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Funnell Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most investigations into the cognitive deficits found in Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) have studied groups of subjects in order to answer such questions as ‘What is the nature of the naming, memory, attention disorder found in AD?’ The purpose of such questions has been to draw up a profile of characteristic features of the disorder that can then be used for a number of purposes: to aid in the diagnosis of AD; to monitor decline; and to help develop approaches to management. One advantage to the disease-based approach is that it appears to provide a rationale for grouping patients’ symptoms into patterns of change, which can then be used to predict changes in individual cases.
Measuring Impairment and Charting Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gray Colin , Sala Sergio Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The principal focus of the present chapter is upon the measurement of neuropsychological impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and how the decline in functioning can be charted objectively. We shall identify those aspects of research procedure that we believe to be the most crucial, and indicate ways in which the trajectory of the disease can be monitored accurately from its earliest manifestations to its final stages.
Calculation and Number Processing Skills in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mcneil Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Number processing and calculation skills are needed for many daily activities such as managing money, understanding dates and times, and using telephones or public transport. So any impairment in numerical or calculation skills can have a huge impact on a patient’s ability to live independently. It is therefore surprising that there has been so little systematic investigation of dyscalculia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study of these devastating deficits can, however, provide strong evidence about how the normal brain processes and transforms numerical information. Furthermore, it is possible that a more detailed understanding of which cognitive processes are impaired in AD and thus which anatomical areas are implicated may shed light on the disease process itself.
Quantitative pharmacology of GPCRs
Authors: Kenakin Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the science of pharmacology originated through the observation and quantification of drug effect on physiological systems. This was necessary because the testing of experimental chemicals on physiological systems, for reasons of safety and ethics, necessarily had to be conducted in non-human systems and the results of those studies extrapolated to humans. Quantitative drug response analysis is the common currency of this process since it defines the difference between therapeutic and toxic effects. For drugs to be useful, their effects have to be quantified and this requires the development of tools which come directly from the discipline of drug receptor theory. This chapter outlines the tools used to quantify the activity of drugs on GPCRs.
Adrenergic receptors
Authors: Hieble J Paul , Ruffolo Robert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors) mediate the diverse effects of the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, at virtually all sites throughout the body. During the last century, the adrenoceptors have been extensively studied by a variety of functional and molecular techniques, and have been progressively subdivided (Hieble et al . 1995a ). Currently, nine adrenoceptors have been cloned, and they have been divided into three major categories, the α 1-adrenoceptors, α 2-adrenoceptors, and β -adrenoceptors. Although there are pharmacological data that suggest the existence of additional adrenoceptor subtypes, it now seems likely that this results from multiple ‘affinity states’ of a particular adrenoceptor subtype, rather than from a new adrenoceptor protein yet to be cloned.
Cholecystokinin receptors
Authors: Noble Florence , Roques Bernard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide originally discovered in the gastrointestinal tract (Ivy and Oldberg 1928), but also found in high density in the mammalian CNS (Vanderhaeghen et al . 1975). This peptide, initially characterized as a 33 amino acid sequence, is present in a variety of biologically active molecular forms (Rehfeld and Nielsen 1995) derived from a 115 amino acid precursor molecule. The CCK fragments are involved in numerous physiological functions such as feeding behaviour, central respiratory control and cardiovascular tonus, vigilance states, memory processes, nociception, emotional and motivational responses. The C-terminal octapeptide fragment CCK8, constitutes one of the major neuropeptides in the brain, and binds with nanomolar affinities with two different receptors, designated CCK1 (CCKA) and CCK2 (CCKB/gastrin) receptors.
Opioid receptors
Authors: Cesselin François , Hamon Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioid receptors are the targets of analgesic compounds, of which the alkaloid from opium, morphine, remains the most widely used for relieving severe pain. The existence of opioid receptors was first postulated in the 1950s, and established in 1973 by three groups independently (Pert and Snyder 1973; Simon et al . 1973; Terenius 1973). Early binding studies with various ligands suggested the existence of multiple types of opioid receptors. This concept was then actually demonstrated by molecular biology approaches. Three major receptor types were cloned and sequenced, and their genomic structures determined in the 1990s (Evans et al . 1992; Kieffer et al . 1992; Chen et al . 1993a ,b ; Fukuda et al . 1993; Meng et al . 1993; Wang et al . 1993; Yasuda et al . 1993). The nomenclature of opioid receptors is controversial.
Purinergic receptors
Authors: King Brian F , Burnstock Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term purinergic receptor (or purinoceptor ) was first introduced to describe classes of membrane receptors that, when activated by either neurally released ATP (P2 purinoceptor ) or its breakdown product adenosine (P1 purinoceptor ), mediated relaxation of gut smooth muscle (Burnstock 1972, 1978). P2 purinoceptors were further divided into five broad phenotypes (P2X, P2Y, P2Z, P2U, and P2T) according to pharmacological profile and tissue distribution (Burnstock and Kennedy 1985; Gordon 1986; O’Connor et al . 1991; Dubyak 1991). Thereafter, they were reorganized into families of metabotropic ATP receptors (P2Y, P2U, and P2T) and ionotropic ATP receptors (P2X and P2Z) (Dubyak and El-Moatassim 1993), later redefined as extended P2Y and P2X families (Abbracchio and Burnstock 1994). In the early 1990s, cDNAs were isolated for three heptahelical proteins—called P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y3—with structural similarities to the rhodopsin GPCR template. At first, these three GPCRs were believed to correspond to the P2Y, P2U, and P2T receptors. However, the complexity of the P2Y receptor family was underestimated. At least 15, possibly 16, heptahelical proteins have been associated with the P2Y receptor family (King et al . 2001, see Table 21.1).
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Authors: Pin Jean-Philippe , Bockaert Joël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glutamate, like other neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, ATP, serotonine, glycine, GABA), acts on two main types of membrane receptors: ligand-gated channels, also called ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), and G protein coupled receptors also called metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). In contrast to the iGluRs that are primarily responsible for the fast excitatory synaptic transmission, mGluRs are generally involved in the tuning not only of glutamatergic synapses, but also GABA-ergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic synapses. As such these receptors represent an excellent target for the development of drugs with various therapeutic application including anxiety, pain, ischaemia, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. MGluRs have also been identified outside the brain, in bones, skeletal muscles, taste buds, sensory and enteric neurones ... indicating that new roles for mGluRs have still to be discovered.
What Are Musical Identities, And Why Are They Important?
Authors: Hargreaves David j. , Miell Dorothy , Macdonald Raymond A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Music is a fundamental channel of communication: it provides a means by which people can share emotions, intentions and meanings even though their spoken languages may be mutually incomprehensible. It can also provide a vital lifeline to human interaction for those whose special needs make other means of communication difficult. Music can exert powerful physical effects, can produce deep and profound emotions within us, and can be used to generate infinitely subtle variations of expressiveness by skilled composers and performers. At the same time, music plays a greater part in the everyday lives of more people than at any time in the past. This is partly the result of the extremely rapid technological developments that have occurred in the last two decades or so, allied to the increasing commercialization and economic power of the music industry. In the developed countries of the world at least, the widespread availability and relative inexpensiveness of the Walkman, the Internet, the MIDI interface, the video recorder and more means that a vast diversity of musical styles and genres is available to us as listeners. The ways in which people experience music —as ‘consumers’, fans, listeners, composers, arrangers, performers or critics —are far more diverse than at any time in the past, as are the range of contexts in which this takes place.
Disability And Identity In Music Therapy
Authors: Magee Wendy l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, MacDonald and Miell presented data that revealed how acquiring musical skills within the shared experience of music workshops affects self-concepts and identity. This chapter will expand upon this with reference to music therapy. Drawing on the results of a research study (Magee, 1998), this chapter reveals the effects on personal identity when disability is acquired during adulthood, and examines the role of music in therapeutic interventions with individuals struggling with changes in their own identities. Particular emphasis is given to the therapeutic processes involved in music therapy, and to the potential for alliance between therapist and client in using music as an agent for change. The role of the music therapist in facilitating shifts in negative selfconstructs will also be explored.
Biometrika Centenary: Nonparametrics
Authors: Hall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contributions in Biometrika to nonparametric statistics are surveyed, with particular emphasis on more recent work. It is argued that even in the journal’s very early years it had interests in smoothing methods for density estimation, and in techniques for nonparametric regression, in addition to its more obvious focus on ‘classical’ nonparametric statistics such as ranking methods. Biometrika’s early involvement with permutation testing has links to its contemporary work on bootstrap methods. Emphases on different types of nonparametric statistics have evolved over time, however. A rapidly increasing proportion of the journal’s pages is devoted to papers that include some use of nonparametric ideas or methods.
Nonparametric roughness penalties for probability densities
Authors: Good I J , Gaskins R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given a number of observations x 1 … ,x N a nonparametric method is suggested for estimating the entire probability density curve. The method is to subtract a roughness penalty from the log likelihood, where the roughness penalty is a certain functional of the assumed density function √f. Those used are linear combinations of ∫γ′dx and ∫γ′′2dx where γ = f. The method appears to be consistent under wide conditions, although consistent methods can be rough. Numerical examples are given and show that for certain values of the coefficients in this linear expression the density function turns out to be very smooth even when N is small. Multivariate extensions are proposed, including one to distributions having some continuous and some discrete components, but numerical examples of these have not been tried. Some of the techniques are borrowed from quantum mechanics and tensor calculus.
Analysis of DNA mixtures using Bayesian networks
Authors: Mortera Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here we present an extension, rather than a discussion, of the article by S. Lauritzen, where we describe another modern application of Bayesian networks, concerning forensic identification using DNA profiles. In Dawid et al. (2002), Bayesian networks (Cowell et al. 1999) were used to analyse complex cases of forensic inference, involving missing data on one or more of the relevant individuals in paternity testing, genetic mutation, and identification on a large pedigree.