bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lincoln and the Constitution
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Democratic depiction of Lincoln as a tyrant was to have more influence on history than it merited, but like many political caricatures, it contained a certain element of truth. To be sure, there was nothing of the dictator in Lincoln, who stood for reelection in 1864 and, until General Sherman captured Atlanta, genuinely feared that he would lose the presidency. But he did not by habit think first of the constitutional aspect of most problems he faced. His impulse was to turn to the practical.
Productivity, Competitiveness, and the Socialist System
Authors: Ofer Gur 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the march of nations along the road of economic modernization and growth, the natural place of the countries of eastern and southern Europe is following their neighbors to the west and north. With the establishment of socialist regimes in Russia following World War I and in eight other eastern European countries in the aftermath of World War II, the general assumption in both the East and the West was that these countries would not only join the march but also move fast to catch up and possibly even surpass some of the leading market economies over a relatively short period. And indeed this assumption had been supported by the early record of growth of most of these countries. However, both the assumption and the record have been put into serious doubt for some time now as the pace of catching up has slowed down considerably since the I 960s and has been completely halted more recently.
An International Comparison of the Multisectoral “Production Structure of the United Stat s, West Germany, and Japan
Authors: Saito Mitsuo , Tokutsu Ichiro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main purpose of this chapter is to make an empirical estimation of the same multi sectoral production model for the United States, West Germany, and Japan and to make a comparison of their competitiveness in the world market on the basis of the results.
International Competitiveness of U.S. and Japanese Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Tange Toshiko 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Steady increases in Japan’s trade surpluses and U.S. trade deficits in recent years indicate that Japan has been continuously gaining position in competitiveness while the United States has been losing position. There are several measures of competitiveness of a country relative to other countries: market shares, trade balances, productivity, and unit costs of production.
Technology, Capital Formation, and U.S. Competitiveness
Authors: Dau Ralph Lan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We hear much about the lack of competitiveness of the United States, but seldom is this term defined. It is obvious that this country could improve its trade balance by reducing the wages and living standards of the American working population to those of Korea or Brazil, but this would not make the United States more competitive. What we should mean by competitiveness, and thus the principal goal of our economic policy, is the ability to sustain, in a global economy, an acceptable growth in the real standard of living of the population with an acceptably fair distribution, while efficiently providing employment for substantially all who can and wish to work, and doing so without reducing the growth potential in the standard of living of future generations.
How the Media Affect What People Think-and Think They Think
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters assume that news slant significantly influences public opinion. This assumption clashes with the belief long dominant in the scholarly community: that news messages have “minimal consequences.” Many media scholars still endorse something close to this view. Other scholars think media influence is significant but confined to shaping the problems the public considers most important-their agendas. In some respects agenda research challenges the minimal consequences view, but the two approaches share a core postulate. Both assume the audience enjoys substantial autonomy.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Robert A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Response Soon after completing The American Indian in Western Legal Thought, I realized the need to imagine a very different kind of work for my next project. I had set out in that first book to tell the history of the legal ideas that the West brought to the New World to justify the colonization of American Indian peoples. But this, as I knew even then, was only half the story. As the cultural critic Edward Said has written, nearly everywhere in the non-Western world, the coming of the white man brought forth a response.
The Way of the Mystics-1
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If Tradition, Religion and daily practice inculcated in women a deep sense of mental inferiority, which they were to regard as both natural and God-given, one must wonder how some of them managed to overcome this sense and give themselves authority and warrant to think and speak, even to write. We have earlier discussed some of the obstacles they faced and the sacrifices they had to make in order to function as thinking persons. Let us now examine some of the trends and movements that fostered female spiritual and mental emancipation.
Authorization Through Motherhood
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alongside The Women mystics and those motivated by religious impulse there were always others, writers who sought a different source of female authority. They found it in the most basic and common experience of women-motherhood. As mothers, their duty to instruct the young provided them with the authority to express their ideas on a broad range of subjects. Armed with such authority, they could give advice, instruction in morals and even offer theological interpretations. In the modern period, women would reason their way to claims of equality based on motherhood and later even to group consciousness.
The Marquis de Meese
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pornography debate occupies a prominent site of contradiction in contemporary culture: a site where the interests of cultural feminism merge with those of the Far Right, where an underground enterprise becomes a major growth industry, and where forms of speculation turn alarmingly practical. Another more problematic confluence occurs as a result of this debate. That is, by juxtaposing the 1986 Final Report of the Attorney General’s Commission on Pornography (known informally as the Meese Commission Report) and the Marquis de Sade’s 120 Days of Sodom, we will see how pornography and the public discourse on pornography have the same comparative logic.
Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I concluded the last chapter with the suggestion—deliberately provocative, I’m afraid—that the methods of historians are closer to those of certain natural scientists than to those of most social scientists. The reason, I argued, is that too many social scientists, in their efforts to specify independent variables, have lost sight of a basic requirement of theory, which is to account for reality. They reduce complexity to simplicity in order to anticipate the future, but in doing so they oversimplify the past.
It’s hardly surprising that these tendencies have placed the social scientists at odds with historians in general; and no doubt some social scientists will be especially at odds, when they read what I’ve written, with this historian in particular. But the social sciences have also diverged from the methods of those so-called “hard” scientists who don’t rely solely, for the verification of findings, upon reproducible experimentation—in effect, the rerunning of time, the manipulation of variables this procedure allows, and their subsequent identification as either independent or dependent. Fields like astronomy, geology, paleontology, evolutionary biology, and medicine don’t easily fit within the confines of laboratories.
Poetry and Messianism in Palestine Between the Two World Wars
Authors: Bever Hannan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Was there one among the Hebrew poets active in Palestine between the two World Wars who did not touch upon messianic themes in his or her work? Uri Zvi Greenberg, Avigdor Hameiri, Avraham Shlonsky, Yitzhak Lamdan, David Shimonovitz, Yitzhak Ogen, Yehuda Kami, Yocheved Bat-Miryam, Shin Shalom and even, as I shall explain later, Natan Alterman-not one could totally escape the messianic obsession. The messianic strands interwoven into this poetry were closely linked to the Zionist politics and everyday life in Palestine as they developed during the 1920s and 1930s. Working in secular contexts, of course, the poets were drawn time and again to the language, the symbols or even the politics of messianism in their quest to bridge the gap-sometimes perceived as an abyss-between the sublime glory of the national vision and the harsh prosaic realities of the period. Like other revolutionary and national liberation movements, Zionism transposed eschatology and millenerianism from the religious to a modem and secular sphere, seeking to implement a utopian vision as a necessary phase1 in the historical progress toward a general salvation of mankind.
The Messianism of Gush Emunim
Authors: Aviad Janet 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gush Emunim has been characterized as a messianic movement whose radicalism stems from eschatological categories and imperatives. This image has been fostered by both journalistic reports and academic analyses of the movement. The popular conception of the settlers as fanatic messianists propelled to activist tactics and even to violence in order to advance the process of Redemption and to “force the End” was strengthened in recent years by the disclosure in 1984 of a Jewish underground, whose leaders and key members were central figures in Gush Emunim. The plan to blow up the mosques on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem in order to spur the redemptive process onward (which was conceived by, and only known to, a few underground members and which in the end was abandoned) reinforced the messianic image of Gush Emunim.
The Nature Of Science
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is the union of science, mathematics, and technology that forms the scientific endeavor and that makes it so successful. Although each of these human enterprises has a character and history of its own, each is dependent on and reinforces the others. Accordingly, the first three chapters of recommendations draw portraits of science, mathematics, and technology that emphasize their roles in the scientific endeavor and reveal some of the similarities and connections among them.
The Nature Of Technology
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As long as there have been people, there has been technology. Indeed, the techniques of shaping tools are taken as the chief evidence of the beginning of human culture. On the whole, technology has been a powerfulforce in the development of civilization, all the more so as its link with science has been forged. Technology—like language, ritual, values, commerce, and the arts—is an intrinsic part of a cultural system and it both shapes and reflects the system’s values. In today’s world, technology is a complex social enterprise that includes not only research, design, and crafts but also finance, manufacturing, management, labor, marketing, and maintenance.
Next Steps
Authors:   Rutherford
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As one response to the challenge of reforming science, mathematics, and technology education, the American Association for the Advancement of Science has initiated Project 2061, a long-range, multi-phase effort designed to help the nation achieve scientific literacy. It was started in 1985, a year when Comet Halley happened to be in the earth’s vicinity. That coincidence prompted the project’s name, for it was realized that the children who would live to see the return of the comet in 2061 would soon be starting their school years.
The Geneva Academy in the Eighteenth Century: A Calvinist Seminary or a Civic University?
Authors: Heyd Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In February 1795 Thomas Jefferson made a somewhat startling suggestion to President George Washington. Speaking on behalf of Fran\!ois D’Ivernois, a Genevan publisher and intellectual living as a refugee in England, Jefferson suggested transferring the whole faculty of the Genevan Academy to America and thus establishing a national university in the new United States. Geneva was in the grips of revolution at that time, and the future of the Academy seemed very uncertain. In America funds were available for such a purpose from the shares of the Potomac and James River companies. Jefferson, who knew D’Ivernois from his years in Paris, enthusiastically endorsed the idea. Having failed to convince the Virginia Legislature to adopt that plan, he wrote to Washington and urged him to allocate the funds of the Potomac shares to bring the Genevan faculty over. He stressed that Geneva, together with Edinburgh, “were considered the two eyes of Europe in matters of science,” and that whereas Edinburgh had been most famous in medicine, Geneva was “most so in other branches of science.”
Preparing for Public Life: The Collegiate Students at New York University 1832-1881
Authors: Stevenson Louise L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From 1832 to 1881 New York City grew and developed as it climbed to rank with the great European capitals-London, Paris, Vienna, and Rome. By midcentury the former walking city had become the home of more than half a million people, 60 percent of whom had been born somewhere else. With the completion of the Erie Canal and the beginning of regularly scheduled packet service to Europe, New York became the leading commercial and financial center in the nation, outpacing its previous rivals Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore. New York also became an intellectual and artistic center. Here were to be found the National Academy of Design and the studios of famous and about-to-be famous artists such as Samuel F. B. Morse and Eastman Johnson. Boston had to cede its title as literary capital of the United States as book and magazine publishers located themselves in the burgeoning city. New Yorkers could even claim that their city was becoming the religious capital of the country, for many Protestant voluntary and benevolent organizations had chosen the city for their headquarters.
The University, the City, and the World: Chicago and the University of Chicago
Authors: Shils Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Universities, for the most part, transmit truths which they themselves have not discovered. Those which they discover are not for their own contemplation exclusively; they have to be diffused to wider, even worldwide, intellectual communities. What is essential in a university-knowledge-must be drawn from and offered to students, teachers, and investigators in other parts of the world. Intellectually, no university can be wholly self-contained.
Two NYUs and “The Obligation of Universities to the Social Order” in the Great Depression
Authors: Hollinger David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Great Depression happened along at a uniquely inconvenient time for the leaders of New York University. NYU was ready to celebrate its centennial, but what kind of celebration would be appropriate amid “the dis organized economic conditions” and the “widespread personal distress and social confusion” to which NYU leaders professed to be sensitive in 1932? Finding the right tone for a big party at the Waldorf-Astoria was far from the most serious challenge created for academic administrators by the Great Depression, but the problem was a delicate one. The solution, explained the editor of the published proceedings of the centennial event, was to select a theme suitably responsive to the times: “The Obligation of Universities to the Social Order.” NYU would project no ivory-tower aloofness, no complacent self-absorption; it would instead confront society head-on. It would convene at the Waldorf an ambitious conference on the social responsibilities of higher education.
The Jacksonian World.
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Jacksonian Democrat was a man torn between the conflicting demands of his character and his society. While, as an individual, he still relied heavily on the secure relations of a personal world, his society increasingly bestowed its benefits on those who were more comfortable with an ethic of individualism. Most Jacksonians found that they could adapt their behavior more easily than their feelings. Democrats were often induced to take up the new ways, but the political policies they enacted and the language they used to describe them reveal an anxiety born of inner conflict.
Vietnam At War
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Weaving together the histories of three distinct conflicts, Phillip B. Davidson follows the entire course of the Vietnam War, from the initial French skirmishes in 1946 to the dramatic fall of Saigon nearly thirty years later. His connecting thread is North Vietnamese General Vo Nguyen Giap, a remarkable figure who, with no formal military training, fashioned a rag-tag militia into one of the world’s largest and most formidable armies. By focusing on Giap’s role throughout the war, and by making available for the first time a wealth of recently declassified North Vietnamese documents, Davidson offers unprecedented insight into Hanoi’s military strategies, an insight surpassed only by his inside knowledge of American operations and planning. Eminently qualified to write this history, Davidson—who served as chief intelligence officer under Generals Westmoreland and Abrams—tells firsthand the story of our tragic ordeal in Indochina and brings his unique understanding to bear on topics of continuing controversy, offering a chilling account, for example, of when and where the U.S. considered using nuclear weapons. The most comprehensive and authoritative history of the conflict to date, Vietnam at War sparkles with a rare immediacy, and brings to life in compelling fashion the war that tore America apart. We witness the chaos in Saigon when fireworks celebrating the Tet holiday are suddenly transformed into deadly rocket and machine-gun fire. We sit in on high-level meetings where General Westmoreland plans operations, or simply engages in some tough “headknocking” with subordinates. And in the end we learn that even the seemingly limitless resources of the U.S. military could not match the revolutionary “grand strategy” of the North Vietnamese. With its easy movement from intimate memoir to trenchant military analysis, from the conference rooms of generals to the battle-scarred streets of Hue, this is military history at its most gripping. A monumental, engrossing, and unforgettable chronicle, Vietnam at War is indispensable for anyone hoping to understand a conflict that still rages in the American psyche.
A War That Nobody Wanted 1965
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The year 1965 saw the United States shift from “helping the Vietnamese people help themselves” to fighting a full-scale war on and over the land mass of Asia. Over two decades later, what strikes an observer is not only such a massive reversal of policy, but the suddenness and apparent thoughtlessness with which the United States leaders adopted the new concept. Franz Joseph Strauss, that wise old German, recently stated a generality which is appropriate here. He wrote, “Few wars were started with deliberate intention. Most of them arose from neglecting the lessons of history, from underestimating the risks, and from carelessly crossing the border of the point of no return” Eventually, he declares, “. . . events develop a dynamism of their own and . . . they can no longer be controlled. “1
Decision, Dissent, and Defection 1968
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the month of March ebbed, decision-time arrived for President John son. The war policies, premises, and strategies which had governed the Vietnam War since 1966 were demolished by the Tet offensive and the powder train of events which it ignited. The debris from the explosion had come back to earth, and the wreckage was all too evident to the White House.
The Insanity Defense: Moral Blameworthiness and Criminal Punishment
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On March 30, 1981, a troubled 25-year-old man with a .22-caliber pistol lurked in the crowd outside the Washington Hilton, where President Ronald Reagan was addressing a luncheon gathering of 3,500 AFL-CIO delegates. As the President emerged from the hotel lobby, the crowd surged toward him. Carefully positioned in the front rank, the young man pulled the pistol from his jacket and began firing. His first shot hit presidential press secretary James Brady over his left eye, entering the frontal lobe of his brain. The next bullet struck a Washington police officer; the third barely missed a presidential aide. A Secret Service agent who was attempting to shield the President took the fourth round in his abdomen, as the President was shoved by another agent into the Presidential limousine. The fifth shot smashed into the car’s bulletproof window, behind which a startled Ronald Reagan was huddled. Only one round remained in the gun. As the young man squeezed the trigger for the last time, the bullet ricocheted off the rear fender of the limousine, entered the vehicle through the still-open door, and struck the President on the left side of his chest. The assailant, his gun now empty, was wrestled to the ground by Secret Service agents.
Humor
Authors: Apte Mahadev L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A significant amount of human communication is devoted to humor. Humor influences listeners’ views and persuades them to accept or reject ideas; it gives pleasure, creates playful moods and an atmosphere of conviviality, induces feelings of social solidarity, permits venting of aggression, and relieves tension. It is also used for criticism and ridicule. In short, it is one of the most powerful tools available to humans in their communicative endeavors. Yet its nature has been a mystery and a subject of fascination since antiquity, and efforts to analyze it have often foundered. Historically there has always been a great interest in understanding the nature of humor. Scholars have investigated its antecedents, form, content, use, and consequences since ancient times. Literary critics have explored the nature of comedy, a dramatic form of humor with a long tradition. During the twentieth century, humor has been subjected to rigorous empirical scrutiny by social scientists, especially by psychologists, who have conducted various kinds of experiments to determine its nature and role in human social inter action. Attention has also been focused on the evolutionary and developmental aspects of humor, with particular emphasis on the relationship between humor and Play and the emergence of the concept of a sense of humor.