bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Gardens Seriously
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The volume of philosophical writings about gardens in recent years is modest—so modest that their authors typically begin, as I am now doing, by remarking on the relative neglect of the garden by modern philosophy. This neglect partly explains why the title of my book starts with the indefinite article. In the absence of a substantial literature, there simply does not exist, within the philosophical community, a shared perception of a ‘discipline’—the philosophy of gardens—replete with well-defined ‘problems’, ‘methods’, and ‘research programmes’. One may speak of, and write about, the philosophy of mind—or of science or of art—but not, in an analogous way, of the philosophy of gardens.
Collateral Immunity in War and Terrorism
Authors: ( Tony ) coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phrase ‘collateral damage’ is one of those euphemistic phrases that help to sanitize the horrible reality of war and other employments of political violence. It has taken its place along with ‘surgical strike’, ‘revisiting the area’ (i.e., renewed bombing), and ‘neutralizing assets’ as part of the linguistic camouflage that contemporary war-fighters use to disguise the human and moral costs of what they do. Perhaps the most astonishing military euphemism is that recently coined to describe a bomb that missed its ostensible target and hit a residential area: ‘seduction off the target’.
Airpower and Non-combatant Immunity: The Road to Dresden
Authors: Garrett Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1944, during the last months of World War II, British and American military planners proposed the following scheme, code-named Thunderclap, for bringing the war against Germany to a final conclusion. Thunderclap envisioned a joint assault by several thousand British and American bombers on the German capital of Berlin in which there would be round-the-clock bombing over a period of four days and nights. The expectation was that this type of cataclysmic assault would totally shatter the German people’s will to continue the war. In order to accomplish this objective, the explicit military premiss behind Thunderclap was that much, if not most, of Berlin would be reduced to smoking rubble.
Introduction
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have been reading Graham Greene all my adult life—I still have the original edition of The End of the Affair that I bought when it appeared in 1951—and have been writing about him for many years. Some time ago I realized that I had accumulated enough essays and reviews on him and his work to make into a short book. When I went over this material, though, it was evident that it would need more attention for anything coherent to be made of it, and I was disinclined to make the effort; as much as anything because I realized that I had never properly made up my mind about aspects of Greene. Then I was provoked by the publications and discussions that marked the centenary of his birth in 2004. I disagreed with much of what was said, but it was a creative dis- agreement that gave me some fresh ideas and led me to write the present study, which is a new (and, I hope, original) work, though some of it draws on previously published writing. A lot of the centenary material was of a promotional kind, even if it appeared as literary journalism, acclaiming Greene as a great British novelist and a national asset, who had achieved a global reputation (and there are not many modern English writers of whom that can be said). This praise was echoed by some of Greene’s co-religionists, who, after swallowing hard, acclaimed him as a great Catholic novelist.
Mexico
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spring 1938, while Brighton Rock was still in the press, Greene went to Mexico. He had been commissioned by a publisher to write a book on the state of the Catholic Church in that country, where for several years it had been persecuted by a fiercely anti-religious government. He spent some weeks travelling in the remoter regions, often in great discomfort, and produced two of his best books. The Lawless Roads, the one he had been commissioned to write, is as much an autobiographical exploration as a survey of conditions in the country, while The Power and the Glory is one of his most popular novels, and at the same time one of the most profound. The Lawless Roads is a complex and artful text. It is very literary, drawing on Greene’s extensive reading, but the prose is vivid, conveying physical sensations with painful immediacy. A lighter note some- times appears, as when he discovers a community of Mexicans who are all called ‘Graham’ or ‘Greene’. There is a strong Catholic emphasis: the narrator makes efforts to hear Mass and sometimes attends Benediction as well; he goes to Confession when he is moving into a dangerous phase of his journey, and he recites ‘Hail Marys’ when he is scared in a storm.
Introduction
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is appropriate that Part I should open with “The Rule-Following Considerations” since that essay contains, in condensed form, a statement of most of the central claims that are expanded upon by the other papers in that section.
RFC was the result of an invitation by the journal Mind to write a “State of the Art” article on the flood of literature that was being produced in the 1980s in response to Saul Kripke’s brilliant Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. It contains almost no Wittgenstein exegesis but a great deal on the relevance of Kripke’s arguments to a raft of foundational issues in the philosophies of mind and language. Ironically, it also contains almost nothing about rule following per se. The reasons why are hinted at in RFC but emerge most clearly in the essay that closes Part I (“Epistemic Rules”), an essay that was written shortly before the present volume went to press.
The Transparency of Mental Content
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an undeniable feature of the notion of meaning— obscure as that notion is— that meaning is transparent in the sense that, if someone attaches a meaning to each of two words, he must know whether these meanings are the same.
As the surrounding discussion makes clear, Dummett’s claim isn’t merely the fairly weak thesis that, for any two expressions in a person’s repertoire, it must be possible for that person to come to know whether or not they mean the same. Rather, the claim is that it must be possible for that person to come to know such a fact purely introspectively, without the benefit of further empirical investigation—a priori, as I shall also occasionally put it.
What the Externalist Can Know A Priori
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even after much discussion, it remains controversial whether an externalism about mental content is compatible with a traditional doctrine of privileged self-knowledge. By an externalism about mental content, I mean the view that what concepts our thoughts involve may depend not only on facts that are internal to us, but on facts about our environment. It is worth emphasizing, if only because it is still occasionally misperceived, that this thesis is supposed to apply at the level of sense and not merely at that of reference: what concepts we think in terms of—and not just what they happen to pick out—is said by the externalist to depend upon environmental facts. By a traditional doctrine of privileged self-knowledge, I mean the view that we are able to know, without the benefit of empirical investigation, what our thoughts are in our own case. Suppose I entertain a thought that I would express with the sentence ‘Water is wet’.
Analyticity Reconsidered
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is what many philosophers believe today about the analytic/synthetic distinction: In his classic early writings on analyticity — in particular, in “Truth by Convention,” “Two Dogmas of Empiricism,” and “Carnap and Logical Truth” Quine showed that there can be no distinction between sentences that are true purely by virtue of their meaning and those that are not. In so doing, Quine devastated the philosophical programs that depend upon a notion of analyticity—specifically, the linguistic theory of necessary truth, and the analytic theory of a priori knowledge.
Epistemic Analyticity: A Defense
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper is a defense of the project of explaining the a priori via the notion of meaning or concept possession. It responds to certain objections that have been made to this project—in particular, that there can be no epistemically analytic sentences that are not also metaphysically analytic, and that the notion of implicit definition cannot explain a priori entitlement. The paper goes on to distinguish between two different ways in which facts about meaning might generate facts about entitlement—inferential and constitutive.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The publication of these selected papers by Philip L. Quinn is intended to honor one of the leading philosophers of religion in the twentieth century. PhilipQuinn died on November 15, 2004 at the age of 64, leaving behind an immensely impressive legacy of publication, service, and intellectual achievement. My goal in this brief introduction is twofold: first, to sketch briefly some of the life of this remarkable man; and second, to provide an overview of the papers that make up this collection. The papers themselves have been organized around the following central topics in Quinn’s research: Religious Ethics, Religion and Tragic Dilemmas, Religious Epistemology, Religion and Political Liberalism, Christian Philosophy, and ReligiousDiversity
Moral Obligation, Religious Demand, and Practical Conflict
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost all philosophers would concede that conflict among what are often described as prima facie moral obligations is possible and sometimes occurs. The question of whether there can be conflict among what are described, by contrast, as actual moral obligations is vexed. Some philosophers argue that such conflicts do occur, or at least are easily imaginable, and hence are possible. Others argue that such conflicts cannot occur, or at least could not occur from the perspective of an ideally complete and adequate moral theory. The arguments on both sides of the question are impressive. In my opinion, the philosophical contest so far has resulted in a standoff. Be that as it may, it is worth noting that, if such conflicts were to occur, they would be, as usually conceived, internal to the moral realm. In this paper I discuss the possibility that there are conflicts between moral obligations and other practical requirements rooted outside the moral realm altogether. In particular, I intend to take seriously the possibility of conflict between actual moral obligations and the demands of religious living imposed by divine fiat. Many philosophers, myself included, have been tempted to assimilate all such religious demands to moral requirements and for that reason to suppose that a divine command theory might be needed to account for at least part of the moral realm. But I now think that giving in to this temptation is likely to misrepresent, if not mask completely, an important philosophical issue by portraying all possible conflicts between moral obligations and religious demands as internal
Tragic Dilemmas, Suffering Love, and Christian Life
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been one of the pretensions of philosophy, Bernard Williams tells us, that it can answer the question of how one should live. Many philosophers have tried to answer the question by proposing ethical theories. Williams advocates an alternative procedure. As he sees it, the aim of ethical thought ‘‘is to help us to construct a world that will be our world; one in which we have a social, cultural, and personal life.’’ But we need plans for the construction, and they should be as detailed as we can make them. Drawing up such plans is bound to make heavy demands on our resources of understanding and imagination.
Bio-Physicality
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dirt is only matter out of place, and is neither ‘good’ nor ‘bad’. Nature does not care what we think, or how we respond, to matter in all its forms. But as a species we do care, very deeply, about our own survival. A dense mass of human history clusters around the belief that dirt is ‘bad ‘, and that dirt removal (cleansing) is always ‘good’. The old Anglo-Saxon word ‘clean’ was used in a wide variety of situations: it was often blatantly humancentred or self-serving in a way we might call ‘moral ‘; but it was also used more objectively as a technical term, to measure or judge material things relative to other things. It was thoroughly comprehensive, and unquestioned.
The Cosmetic Toilette
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is really the story of ‘ellu’, an ancient Mesopotamian word meaning a type of glittering, strikingly luminescent, or beautiful cleanliness—a powerful, non-ascetic, pre-Christian image of beauty that was entirely guilt-free. The cosmetic routine now called ‘pampering ’—baths, aromas, facials, manicures, pedicures, hairstyling, and costuming, conducted in sensuous surroundings with or without groups of friends—emerged at both ends of Eurasia during the Bronze Age from c.4000 bce, along with most of the necessary tools and raw materials.
Roman Baths
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman baths and aqueducts cleansed and scoured more people in western Eurasia than any previous civilization—over 12 million bodies, if even only a quarter of the imperial population lived in cities and were regular bathers; and historians have rightly viewed them as one of the linchpins of Roman life. The only viable conclusion from Roman baths is that cleanliness was an integral part of the Roman ‘civilizing process’, and that an ultra-clean, well-groomed body was their badge and symbol of citizenship. But bathing was only one part of a whole regime of grooming and hygienic self-care for which expert written advice was now given by, among others, Ovid, Celsus, and Galen.
The Security Council In The Post-Cold War World
Authors: Greenstock Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UN Charter places the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security on members of the Security Council, acting on behalf of the whole membership. The intention of the founders in 1945 was to establish a collective approach to matters of peace and war and to deter individual states from taking matters into their own hands. The founders were confident in their expectation that member states of the UN, with the searing experience of two world wars fresh in their minds, would see it as being in their interests to respect the Charter, including Article 25.1 This responsibility is regularly proposed for re-quotation in Security Council resolutions, usually with the aim of reminding particular states that national objectives must be subordinated to the collective interest.
The Security Council And East Timor
Authors: Walsh Peter Carey With The Assistance Of Pat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The former Portuguese colony of East Timor, now the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (Republica Democrática Timor Leste/RDTL), should have become an independent state on 15 October 1978. This was the date fixed by the Portuguese Council of the Revolution for the final transfer of power from Lisbon to a proposed Timorese National Assembly elected by popular mandate, an arrangement which, it was widely acknowledged even by the Indonesians, had the overwhelming support of the majority of Timorese.
The Security Council And The Afghan Conflict
Authors: Dorronsoro Gilles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflict in Afghanistan has persisted in various forms since 1979, making it one of the longest conflicts since 1945. Twice, foreign powers intervened militarily (the USSR from 1979 to 1989; and the US from 2001 to the present), while neighbouring countries – notably Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Russia – have continuously supported different armed Afghan military movements. The Afghan conflict is a good case study by which to analyse the role of the UN Security Council, with the conflict spanning a pivotal period of evolution in the international system.
The Georgian problem revisited
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What have we learned from the discussion up to this point? We have learned that we should expect there to be a correct model of each I-language and that it is the linguist ‘s obligation to try and choose among competing, extensionally equivalent models. We also discussed ways to go about this—by looking at acquisition and by building a general linguistic theory, one that holds for all languages.
A Return to the Theory of the Verb Be and the Concept of Being
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent reprinting of my book The Verb ‘Be’ in Ancient Greek by Hackett, thirty years after its appearance in 1973, gave me the opportunity to rethink and reformulate the theoretical framework for my description of the Greek verb. Since the audience for the reprinted book will inevitably be restricted, I present here a more accessible, slightly revised version of the new (2003) introduction. In the original 1973 book the theoretical discussion was far too long and not always consistent. What follows is a more concise and, I hope, more coherent version of my theoretical account of einai.
Parmenides and Plato Once More
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This seems a happy occasion to return to Parmenides, in order both to clarify my own interpretation of Parmenidean Being and also to emphasize the affinity between what I have called the veridical reading and the account in terms of predication that Alex Mourelatos gave in his monumental The Route of Parmenides. It is good to have this opportunity to acknowledge how much our views have in common, even if they do not coincide.
Amphibian diversity and life history
Authors: Crump Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 350 million years, amphibian descendents of lobe-finned fishes have radiated into most habitats on Earth. In doing so, they have acquired spectacular and sometimes bizarre physiological, morphological, behavioral, and ecological attributes that mold their innovative life histories. Amphibians have highly permeable skin, which makes them both vulnerable to losing water and able to absorb water. Their eggs, covered with jelly capsules rather than hard shells, lose water rapidly. For these reasons, amphibians require relatively moist environments.
Aquatic mesocosms
Authors: Semlitsch Raymond D , Boone Michelle D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have often told our students that any experiment can be easily criticized for lack of realism because all experiments, whether in the laboratory or field, by design are contrived by humans and are not natural. However, in spite of such criticism the more challenging issue is coming up with new venues or innovative designs to answer important ecological or conservation questions and to balance trade-offs. As amphibian ecology has become more experimental, we have been confronted with numerous trade-offs concerning the choice of venue, design, realism, and replication. Each choice is often coupled with benefits as well as limitations. As in many rapidly developing fields, criticism is an expected and healthy process that pushes investigators to think about their choices and develop solutions. The use of mesocosms in studies of aquatic ecology across an array of taxonomic groups has been central in that debate (e.g. Kimball and Levin, 1985; Carpenter 1996; Schindler 1998). Within the field of amphibian biology, a number of reviews also have stimulated a healthy discussion on the use of experiments (Hairston 1989a, 1989b), and in particular, use of mesocosms (e.g. Jaeger and Walls 1989; Rowe and Dunson 1994; Skelly and Kiesecker 2001; Skelly 2002).
Movement patterns and radiotelemetry
Authors: Madison Dale M , Titus Valorie R , Lamoureux Victor S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no greater need for details on the year-round movements and refuges of amphibians in their natural habitats than today, mainly due to the pressure to develop lands for human habitation, agriculture, and commerce, and to define better wetland/buffer zones to protect amphibian communities. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information on habitat use for most amphibians due to their relatively small size and secretive nature. Efforts to track individuals using radioisotopes began decades ago (Madison and Shoop 1970), and other techniques have followed, including fluorescent powder, spool tracking, radiotelemetry, and harmonic radar, but for most amphibians details on habitat use through the annual cycle are still lacking. The recent surge in radiotelemetry use is providing new insights into habitat use and movements, but only a few studies have addressed whether the data might reflect transmitter transport, attachment, implantation, or the periodic disturbance of the investigator.
Trafficking in History
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1974 the sixth Earl of Rosebery died. Millions of pounds in death duties promptly fell due, and the future of the Rosebery estate came into question just as quickly. At the centre of this estate stood Mentmore Towers, a florid country house near Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. Mentmore was built for Baron Meyer Amschel de Rothschild in the mid-nineteenth century and designed by Sir Joseph Paxton—an architect then at the height of his controversial eminence as designer of Crystal Palace.
Moving House in a Welfare State
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May Alice Savidge used to live, modestly enough, in Ware, Hertfordshire. For twenty years she inhabited one half of an old building that also housed a bakery. Things have changed and Miss Savidge now lives up on the coast of north Norfolk, a resident of Wells-Next-the-Sea. Miss Savidge, obviously enough, has ‘moved house,’ but she has done so in a way that finds new meaning in this phrase. While she now resides in a different town, Miss Savidge continues to live in the same house. She has ‘moved house’ in a literal sense, taking her home with her.
Earliest personal ornaments and their significance for the origin of language debate
Authors: D’Errico Francesco , Vanhaeren Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When did humans acquire the characteristics we normally associate with ‘‘humanness’’: language, use of symbols, art, religious thought? These behaviors leave little or no trace on human remains and it is the archeologist’s job to identify and date the signs of their emergence in our ancestors’ material culture.
A “language-free” explanation for differences between the European Middle and Upper Paleolithic Record
Authors: Roebroeks Wil , Verpoorte Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On current evidence, the archeological record starts at around 2.6 million years ago, when hominins were making stone artifacts in eastern Africa, probably in the context of the exploitation of large ungulate carcasses (Domínguez-Rodrigo et al. 2005). These first stone tools were produced approximately 4 million years after the split of the human lineage from the chimpanzee line (Stauffer et al. 2001; Cela-Conde and Ayala 2003). Together with the hominin fossil record, the archeological record constitutes a unique archive of long-term changes in hominin behavior in various domains, such as dietary strategies, range expansion and contraction, and material culture.