bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of squirrel monkeys genus Saimiri (Cebidae, platyrrhini): A preliminary report with description of a hitherto unnamed form
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo groups of squirrel monkeys, genus Saimiri, are distinguished by external characters. The first, or Roman type, contains Saimiri boliviensis of upper Amazonia south of the Rio Marañón‐Amazonas, with two subspecies of which S. boliviensis peruviensis is described as new. The second group, or Gothic type, contains three species: Saimiri sciureus with four subspecies distributed over much of tropical South America, Saimiri ustus of Brazil between the south bank Amazonian Rios Purús and Xingu, and S. oerstedi isolated on a Pacific coastal area straddling Costa Rica and Panamá. The geographic range of S. sciureus overlaps parts of those of S. ustus and S. boliviensis. Incomplete karyotypic data indicate that the diploid number of chromosomes for the genus is 44. Geographic variation is characterized by reduction from seven to six or five paired acrocentric autosomes through pericentric inversion with reciprocal increase in number of paired submetacentric or subtelocentric autosomes. Geographic distribution, behavior, sexual dimorphism including dichromatism, and hybridization are discussed. Ventral guide hairs for orientation of subprecocial newborn toward the maternal mammae are described. Distinguishing characters of species and subspecies are provided in a key. The taxons are listed with the taxonomy of each discussed, their geographic distribution plotted and mapped.
Segregation distortion and differential fitness at the albumin locus in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn , Rolfs Becky 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe observed patterns of segregation of two co‐dominant alleles at the macaque albumin locus in 400 rhesus monkey offspring were compared with those expected for five segregating mating phenotypes. Rates of reproductive loss and conception were also compared among females of each albumin phenotype. The common albumin allele in macaques, AlAmac, segregated more frequently than expected when the mother was heterozygous but less frequently than expected when she was homozygous for AlBmac. In both cases, the phenotype identical to that of the mother appeared to be favored. Mothers who were either homozygous for AlAmac or heterozygous were also found to experience higher conception rates than mothers homozygous for AlBmac. It is hypothesized that phenotypic differences in bilirubin binding, and in competitive binding by dietary constituents, by albumin influences both these results and the nonrandom distribution of AlBmac in Asian macaques.
Circulating steroids and the relationship between ovarian and placental secretion during early and mid pregnancy in the baboon
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Tarara R. , Wangula C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOvarian and placental steroid secretion was examined at intervals during early and mid‐pregnancy in the olive baboon, Papio anubis. Progesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol‐17β were measured after celite chromatography in samples from peripheral circulation and from utero‐ovarian veins draining ovaries with and without corpora lutea at the following stages of pregnancy: days 8–9 (unconfirmed pregnant), 10–19, 34–40, 60–66, and 104–106 after ovulation. The pattern of hormone levels in peripheral and utero‐ovarian vein samples indicated the following: 1) The corpus luteum was the principal source of progesterone until at least day 19. Placental secretion was well advanced by days 34–40 and provided the major contribution to circulating progesterone levels by day 60.2) There was a significant elevation in peripheral concentrations of androstenedione and testosterone on days 10–19 and 34–40 of pregnancy; androgen levels in peripheral and utero‐ovarian vein samples declined to baseline values by day 60. 3) Estrogens were secreted by the corpus luteum on days 10–19 but not on days 34–40. Placental secretion of estradiol‐17β increased markedly after days 60–66, whereas little, if any, placental secretion of estrone was apparent at this time. These results provide circumstantial evidence that progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum of early pregnancy extends beyond the time when estrogen secretion has declined and that the timing of the luteo‐placental shift in the baboon is intermediate between that in rhesus monkeys and that in marmosets and humans. Increased secretion of androgens during the first 6 weeks of gestation may be useful in early pregnancy diagnosis in the baboon, although the physiological significance of this event is not clear.
The stumptail macaques of China
Authors: Fooden Jack , Guoqiang Quan , Zongren Wang , Yingxiang Wang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe stumptail macaque species Macaca thibetana and Macaca arctoides replace one another from north to south in subtropical and tropical China. These species differ in external and cranial characters. Neonatal pelage color is pale grayish‐brown in M. thibetana and whitish in M. arctoides. In adults, ventral pelage is whitish in M. thibetana and brown in M. arctoides. The forehead and cheeks are thickly furred in adult M. thibetana and bald in M. arctoides. Facial skin color typically is sexually dimorphic in M. thibetana—buffy in males and reddish in females—and monomorphic in M. arctoides—reddish in both sexes. Head and body length, weight, relative tail length, and relative ear length all tend to average greater in M. thibetana than in M. arctoides. Skull length, rostral‐postrostral ratio, and relative canine length in males average greater in M. thibetana. than in M. arctoides; relative zygomatic breadth and relative bimalar breadth average greater in M. arctoides than in M. thibetana. Reproductive anatomy in both sexes is strikingly divergent in these two species. Although these species are adapted to different climatic zones, many aspects of their natural history are generally similar, as far as is now known. One apparent behavioral difference is that M. thibetana usually sleeps in caves or rocky crevices, while M. arctoides usually sleeps in trees.
Differential detectability of primates between primary and selectively logged habitats and implications for population surveys
Authors: Johns Andrew D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMuch information has been published concerning the accurary of various techniques commonly used for censusing primates. The sources of bias may vary according to the technique used. Accuracy may depend on population density as well as on differential visibility and hence detectability between areas. This paper provides evidence that primates may alter their behavior between areas of primary and selectively logged habitat, which in turn could affect census results. Adoption of cryptic behavior, changes in behavioral profile, and reduction in calling rates reduce the detectability of certain species. Increases in the frequency of subgrouping or in group dispersion may introduce a danger of overestimation of other species, unless differences in the size of foraging units are taken into account.
Pulmonary immunoreactive calcitonin in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): Anatomic distribution
Authors: Becker Kenneth L. , Snider Richard H. , Moore Charles F. , Silva Omega L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe hormone calcitonin, which occurs predominantly within the C cells of the mammalian thyroid gland, is also found within the pulmonary endocrine cells of the epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree. A study was made of the distribution of immunoreactive calcitonin (iCT) in the African green monkey. Using two different region‐specific antisera, the total respiratory iCT comprised 2.5% and 5.8% of the total thyroid iCT. The mean concentration of iCT in the right lung exceeded that in the left, and the mean concentration of the right middle or right upper lobe exceeded that of all other lobes. Embryologically, the ultimobranchial bodies contribute their iCT‐producing C cell primordia to the thyroid gland near the level of the primitive laryngotracheal cleft and shortly after the early arborization of the bronchial tree. In monkeys and most other mammals, the right main stem bronchus is larger and develops earlier than the left. The data suggest an early migration of cells from the ultimobranchial bodies to the bronchi, eventually giving rise to the iCT‐containing pulmonary endocrine cells.
Luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone in olfactory bulbs of primates
Authors: Witkin Joan W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis immunohistochemical study of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) in the olfactory bulbs in primates was undertaken in order to see whether there was an LHRH innervation in these species similar to that found in rodents. One old world (Macaca fascicularis) and two new world (Saimiri sciureus and Aotus trivirgatus) monkeys were studied. Aotus trivirgatus was of particular interest as it is noctural and so presumably more dependent upon olfactory cues. Animals were perfused with fixative, olfactory bulbs removed and sectioned, and tissues reacted immunocytochemically using LR1 (Benoit) antiserum to LHRH. Some LHRH innervation was found in the olfactory bulbs of all three species, comprising a few LHRH neurons and many fibers that ramified within the bulbs. The accessory bulb (not present as a distinct entity in old world primates) had more LHRH innervation than did the main olfactory bulb. Aotus trivirgatus had the greatest representation of LHRH of the three species. The layer of the olfactory bulb with the greatest number of LHRH fibers was the external plexiform layer. This is also true in rodents. There is evidence that LHRH has a role in the mediation of olfactory cues in reproductive behavior in rodents. It is not known how LHRH functions within the olfactory system in primates. However, the fact that it is distributed similarly in the two groups suggests that it may serve a similar function.
Intergroup transfer and incest avoidance in semifree‐ranging barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) at Salem (FRG)
Authors: Paul Andreas , Kuester Jutta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring a long‐term study of social behavior of semifree‐ranging Barbary macaques, data on group transfer and sexual behavior were collected. A large population containing five groups living in a 14.5 ha outdoor enclosure was studied. Demographic data on the whole population are available for a period of six years. Data on sexual behavior of members of one large group were collected, by both focal animal and ad libitum techniques, for a period of two years. Matrilineal kinship relations of all except the oldest members of this intensively studied group were known. Males changed groups most frequently between the ages of three and five years i.e., the time at which sexual maturity was reached. While more than 30% of all males three years old and older changed groups during the study period, many males remained members of their natal group even after reaching adulthood. However, sexual interactions, especially matings between close matrilineal relatives, were found to be almost absent, suggesting that Barbary macaques are not highly inbred as formerly supposed.
A field study of Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi) in Panama
Authors: Skinner Carol 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 3‐month field study was conducted in Panama to determine presence and relative abundance of Saguinus geoffroyi, the Geoffroy's tamarin, and status of its habitat (see Acknowledgments for taxonomic note). This primate has a wide geographical distribution in eastern Panama; however, local distribution is highly variable. Tropical forest habitat is rapidly being converted for agriculture and timber. Areas where human access was strictly limited showed tamarin densities significantly greater than in less protected areas. Disturbance has a distinct impact on population densities. There may also be a relationship between tamarin abundance and specific types of vegetation. Future actions regarding the conservation of S. geoffroyi and its habitat are recommended.
Climate and seasonal reproduction in the Cayo Santiago macaques
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. , Kessler Matt J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the results of an eight‐year study of seasonal reproduction in the free‐ranging colony of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. There was a significant correlation between the start of the annual spring rainy season and the estimated median conception date (r = .94, p < .001) and median birth date (r = .94, p < .001). Conceptions followed the commencement of spring rains by 70 days. Significant and negative correlations were found between the number of days from the start of the rains to the first conception (r = −.93, p < 0.01) and median conceptions (r = −.91, p < .01). When spring rains were delayed, the interval between the onset of rains and conceptions decreased linearly. The median birth date for the Cayo Santiago population was accurately predicted for 1984 using two methods. When results from Cayo Santiago were applied retrospectively to data from the colony of rhesus monkeys near La Parguera, Puerto Rico, it explained the three‐month difference in seasonality of reproduction between the two populations located at the same latitude (18°N). Photoperiod, as a function of latitude, appears to set the temporal limits of seasonal reproduction in rhesus macaques, while the onset of spring rains regulates reproductive activity within that range, at least in the Cayo Santiago population. The biological channel through which the effect is mediated has not been identified.
Detection and cultivation of intestinal trichomonads of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Pindak F. F. , Pindak M. Mora De , Abee C. R. , Gardner W. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRoutine examinations of fecal samples from squirrel monkeys suggested that intestinal trichomonads might be common inhabitants of these animals. In pursuit of these observations, microscopic examination of fecal suspensions and cultures have demonstrated a 100% incidence of trichomonads in 30 arbitrarily selected animals from a colony of more than 300 housed in groups of ten. The most prominent species was Pentatrichomonas hominis. A not yet fully characterized tritrichomonad was also found on several occasions. The main obstacle in establishing individual strains in culture was the presence of bacterial and fungal flora in the samples. Nevertheless, abundant cultures were obtained from 28 animals by inoculation of fecal suspensions into tissue cultures with appropriately formulated medium and high concentration of antibiotics. In several unattended cultures maintained at room temperature, the flagellates retained motility for at least 4 months. This long survival may explain the widespread occurrence of the parasites within a confined animal community.
Noninvasive measurement of blood pressure in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Kraft‐Schreyer N. , Angelakos E. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIndirect measurements of arterial blood pressure were made in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) employing a Doppler ultrasound stethoscope and standard cuff and an Infrasonde automatic blood pressure recorder. Measurements were obtained from anesthetized (10 mg/kg ketamine (HCI) and unanesthetized (1.5 mg/kg ketamine HCI) animals. Ketamine had no significant effect on blood pressure. Indirect measurements from the brachial artery were compared with direct femoral artery measurements and with each other. Systolic blood pressures measured by the Doppler (r = .948) and Infrasonde (r = .920) methods correlated closely with direct measurements but were significantly lower than systolic blood pressures measured by the direct method. Diastolic blood pressures measured by the Infrasonde method agreed closely with direct measurements (r = .947). Systolic blood pressures measured by the indirect methods correlated closely in both anesthetized (r = .973) and unanesthetized (r = .834) animals and were not significantly different. Mean blood pressures calculated from direct and Infrasonde measurements also correlated closely (r = .963), with direct measurements being 4 mmHg higher on the average. Mean blood pressures are less influenced by methodology and are more reproducible than other pressures. These noninvasive methods can be used to obtain simple and accurate measurements of blood pressure from anesthetized and unanesthetized monkeys and are of value in long‐term studies in monkeys.
Two new karyotypes in the Peruvian owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)
Authors: Ma Nancy Shui‐Fong , Aquino Rolando , Collins William E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe observation of remarkable karyotypic variation in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) stimulated us to study the chromosomal evolution of this New World genus. As an extension of this project, we examined the chromosome complement of a “phenotype‐B” Aotus population from Peru. In addition to karyotype V(2n = 46), two new karyotypes with diploid numbers of 47 and 48 were identified. A G‐band comparison of these karyotypes indicated that the chromosome number polymorphism in these Peruvian owl monkeys resulted from a single fusion or fission event involving a single metacentric and two acrocentric chromosome pairs. This mechanism is also known to be responsible for the chromosome number polymorphism in at least two other populations of phenotype B Aotus, one from Colombia and the other from Panama.
Secondary sex ratio variation in the Cayo Santiago macaque population
Authors: Rawlins Richard G. , Kessler Matt J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSecondary sex ratios (SSR) were calculated from 1,385 offspring delivered by 372 females in the Cayo Santiago population of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from 1976 through 1984. The SSR for the entire colony ranged from 0.86 to 1.46 males per female (combined total: 1.08), but no significant difference was observed (P > .05). SSR values were compared among the troops for each year. The SSR differed significantly among the six social groups (P < .05) only in 1978. The annual SSR of each troop was compared over 9 years. Significant variation was found only in group O. The annual SSR was significantly skewed (P < .05, males > females) for three troops in 3 separate years. The SSR did not vary according to troop rank. No significant difference was found among the 17 matrilines of the population, but comparison of matrilines within each social group revealed a significant difference in the SSR (P < .02) for the three matrilines in group I. This was due to the significantly skewed SSR (P = .0080, females > males) of the DM genealogy in that troop. SSR values were not related to matrilineal rank. Individual dominance rank did not bias the SSR. Complete reproductive histories for 266 females showed no evidence of significantly skewed SSR values. Age‐related effects on the SSR were examined by using cross‐sectional and cohort‐based analyses. The SSR did not vary significantly (P > .05) with maternal age, but it was significantly skewed (P < .05) toward males at the ages of 5 and 9 years. Parity had no significant effect (P > .05) on SSR values. Wide variation occurred in the SSR of the Cayo Santiago population. Rank‐related adjustment of the SSR at the level of the troop, matriline, or individual, as reported in short‐term studies of other primate social groups, may reflect normal annual variation in the SSR evident only from longitudinal observations of large multigroup primate populations.
Use of leaf resources by howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) and leaf‐cutting ants (Atta cephalotes) in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Estrada Alejandro , Coates‐Estrada Rosamond 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUse of leaf resources by a troop of howling monkeys and two colonies of leaf cutting ants was studied for an annual cycle in the rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. Howling monkeys spent half their annual foraging time feeding on leaves; leaf‐cutting ants spent at least 80% of their recorded foraging time harvesting leaves. Both herbivores preferred young leaves over nature ones, and chemical analysis showed that the protein: fibre ratio of the leaves used was correlated with these preferences. Howling monkeys used 34 tree species as leaf sources. Leaf‐cutting ants used 40 plant species of which 38 were trees. Eighteen species used by Alouatta were also used by Atta; species of Moraceae and Lauraceae were among the most important in their foraging preferences. The plant species used by monkeys and ants occurred at low densities (⩽ 4.0 ind/ha). The seasonal production of leaves, the high density of leaf‐cutting ant colonies at the study site, and the high amounts of young foliage harvested by the ants from tree species, and individual trees used by howling monkeys as sources of young leaves suggest that the foraging activities of Atta may represent a significant pressure upon leaf resources available to Alouatta.
Male intergroup mobility in a wild population of the Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Ghomaran rif mountains, Morocco
Authors: Mehlman Patrick 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this two‐year study of a Barbary macaque population (n = 162) in the Ghomaran region of Morocco, 13 cases of males separated from their assumed natal groups were observed (nine visits of nonresident males to groups, two males isolated from groups as much as one day and one night, and two sets of snow tracks indicating males travel +7 km as isolates). Males left their assumed natal groups primarily in the mating season (12 cases), focused their interactions on estrous females of other groups, and were observed to copulate with these females in two cases. All males leaving their assumed natal groups were estimated to be between 5 and 8 years of age, with one exception (+ 15 years). It could not be determined whether males younger than 5 years moved between groups, or whether any males made permanent intergroup transfers. Regardless, the data from this study indicate that male intergroup mobility (and intergroup gene flow) was higher than has been previously assumed for this species. A prior theory that Barbary macaque groups are highly inbred, and that this is causally related to the evolution of male‐infant care in this species, is not supported by the data of this study.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Glad William R. , Nesland Jahn M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPapillomas in the oral mucosa compatible with focal epithelial hyperplasia are reported in two chimpanzees. The lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. Virus particles were not observed. The literature dealing with focal epithelial hyperplasia in humans and other animals is reviewed.
Dominance index: A simple measure of relative dominance status in primates
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA simple measure of relative dominance status (cardinal rank) is described which we have termed the dominance index. Like more familiar techniques for assessing rank order, it is based on the direction of aggressive and submissive behaviors between all possible paired combinations of animals in a social group. Using data from five groups of female rhesus monkeys, it reliably produced the same ordinal ranks as fight interaction matrices. There was also good agreement with the cardinal ranks produced by two additional measures of dominance and with those produced by observer ratings. The dominance index can be calculated when fights have not actually occurred and is largely independent of the frequency of agonistic interactions. It has, therefore, wide application and can estimate dominance during brief sampling periods (one hour) and also in stable groups when agonistic interactions are low. Its application is described in experiments in which the male in a group of females was changed and the hormonal status of the females was altered. Estrogen increased female dominance status relative to other females.