bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heracles (Hercules)
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before he was eighteen he had done many famous deeds in the country of Thebes, and Creon, the king, gave him his daughter in marriage. But he could not long escape the anger of Juno, who afflicted him with a sudden madness, so that he did not know what he was doing and in a fit of frenzy killed both his wife and his children. When he came to his senses, in horror and shame at what he had done, he visited the great cliffs of Delphi, where the eagles circle all day and where Apollo’s oracle is.
Prometheus
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different stories told as to how men themselves came into being. Some say that they appeared lying on the ground under the ash trees and so were, in some sense, the children of the nymphs who are the guardian spirits of those trees. According to others they were formed inside the earth by the gods out of earth and fire and all the elements that can be mixed with them. It is said too that they were actually created by Prometheus himself.
Seth
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Adam is about to die, he bids his son Seth go to Paradise for the oil of mercy. The path will be apparent, since, as Adam and Eve left Paradise, their footprints were burned upon the grass, and no vegetation has ever grown there. Seth is refused the oil of mercy, but is granted three glimpses of Paradise. In the first he beholds a dry tree; in the second, an adder twined about the trunk; in the third, a newborn baby in the top. He is told that the dry tree and the serpent represent the sin of man and that the baby is Christ, who will be the oil of mercy.
Osiris And Isis
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reigning as a king on earth, Osiris reclaimed the Egyptians from savagery, gave them laws, and taught them to worship the gods. Before his time the Egyptians had been cannibals. But Isis, the sister and wife of Osiris, discovered wheat and barley growing wild, and Osiris introduced the cultivation of these grains amongst his people, who forthwith took kindly to a corn diet. Moreover, Osiris is said to have been the first to gather fruit from trees, to train the vine to poles, and to tread the grapes.
Kutoyis
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then he asked them where there were some more people. They told him that there were some people down the river, and some up in the mountains. But they said: “Do not go there, for it is bad, because Aisinokoki (Wind Sucker) lives there. He will kill you.” It pleased Kutoyis to know that there was such a person, and he went to the mountains. When he got to the place where Wind Sucker lived, he looked into his mouth, and could see many dead people there-some skeletons and some just dead. He went in, and there he saw a fearful sight.
The Young Comanche
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A young man loved his wife dearly. When she died, he therefore resolved to follow her, and got ready his horse and suitable equipment. Then he set out westwards, and rode thus for months. He journeyed over the mountains, but all he had with him was worn out there, finally even his horse, and he arrived on foot in the realm of the dead. The children there skipped around him and shouted: “Look, there is a raw one!” He soon found the lodge of his father-in-law, where his deceased wife also lived. She was now torn with conflicting feelings: she did not wish to return, for she was happy where she was, but at the same time she loved her husband dearly.
Dionysos (Dionysus)
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was told that when Zeus came to Semele, this was not a divine mating. He had prepared a potion from the heart of Dionysos, and this he gave Semele to drink. The potion made the girl pregnant. When Hera heard of this, she tried to prevent the birth. She disguised herself as Semele’s nurse,... when Zeus first came to Semele he did not do so in the form of the lightning-bearing god of Heaven. The shape which Semele’s secret husband had assumed was a mortal guise.
Amaterasu And Susanowa
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From his contact with death and the defiled nether land, Izanagi proceeds to purify himself. This he does in a small river in Tsukushi (i.e., Kyushu). As he throws his clothing on the ground some twelve deities are born of the individual garments and jewelry. Avoiding the water of the upper river as being too fast and that of the lower river as being too sluggish, he bathes himself in the middle course, and from the maculations on his body are born other divinities-some fourteen in all.
Corn Mother
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So [the] instructions were carried out, and after seven moons had come and gone, her children and their children returned. They found the earth covered by green plants with silken tassles, and the fruit-their mother’s flesh-was sweet and tender. As instructed, they saved some of it to be planted in the earth at a later time. In this way, the First Mother’s flesh and her spirit are renewed every seven moons and sustain the flesh and spirit of her children.
King Arthur
Authors: Leeming David Adams 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur said unto Sir Bedivere, “take thou Excalibar, my good sword, and go with it to yonder waterside; and when thou comest there, I charge thee throw my sword in that water, and come again and tell me what thou there seest.” “My lord,” said Sir Bedivere, “your commandment shall be done.” So Sir Bedivere departed, and by the way he beheld that noble sword, that the pommel and the haft were all of precious stones; and then he said to himself, “If I throw this rich sword into the water, no good shall come thereof, but only harm and loss.” And then Sir Bedivere hid Excalibar under a tree.
Relevant versus Irrelevant Mistakes
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mistakes express dissonance. Something looks one way to the actor and another way to the society at large. The society insists that it has the correct view-that the criminal result actually occurred, the victim was really hurt. The suspected offender claims that he saw things differently, that he did not perceive reality the way other people do. The way it looked to him, he was doing nothing wrong, or at least nothing as serious as appears to have occurred. It might appear to others that a suspect shoots and injures a police officer, but as the shooter sees the situation, any of the following might be true: He might be engaged in target practice and think that he is shooting at a cardboard display of a police officer.
Henry VI & Edward IV: The Rival Kings
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry VI Part 2 opens in 1445 with the arrival in England of Henry’s queen, Margaret of Anjou. Henry VI Part 3 closes in 1471 with the murder of Henry and the permanent establishment of his cousin Edward IV on the throne. The ten acts of these two plays thus dramatize twenty-six years of turmoil within the English aristocracy. Although Shakespeare works selectively from the material offered him by the Tudor chroniclers Hall and Holinshed, compressing events into rapid sequence, the two plays employ little of the radical rearrangement of chronology practiced in I Henry VI and discussed in the previous chapter. The chief difference between what is currently understood to be the history of these years and the action of 2 and 3 Henry VI is not a Shakespearean rearrangement but a derivation from the chroniclers.
Introduction
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his generous review of my most recent book, Henry’s Wars and Shakespeare’s Laws, Professor Adam Roberts of Balliol College, Oxford, triggered the idea for this hook. Adam Roberts wrote that the one question I left virtually neglected is whether we have lost as well as gained by having a system of law based on the Hague and Geneva Conventions rather than on customary rules and chivalric codes. Obviously, we gained uniformity and clarity in the rules, as well as the formal assent of virtually all states. “However, we have also lost something: the sense that rules arise naturally out of societies, their armed forces, and their rulers on the basis of experience; the flexibility that came from their essentially customary character; and the value attached to honor, chivalry and mercy.” In Henry’s Wars, I tried to provide an international humanitarian lawyer’s commentary on the law of war issues arising in Henry V’s French campaigns. The purpose was to illustrate the law’s evolution and to provide a lawyer’s commentary on Shakespeare’s play, Henry V, by examining how he used the law of nations for his dramatic purposes.
Debunking Chivalry’S Myth: Commoners, Fools, Cynics
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although chivalry was a normative system only applicable to knights and nobility, it radiated values for the lower classes. Commoners thus could and did aspire to be elevated to knighthood. Huizinga demonstrated that “the knightly ideal, artificial and worn-out as it may have been,” exercised a powerful influence on the political history of the Middle Ages. The bourgeoisie’s tendency to imitate chivalry was a major factor in the spread of its norms and values.
The Historical Study of African Traditional Religions
Authors: Baum Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, most studios of African religions have concentrated on various aspects of beliefs and practices while paying little attention to their historical development, When scholars have considered the history of religions in Africa, they have tended to focus on lslam and Christianity and to restrict their interest in African traditional rnligions to the processes of conversion to and syncretism with “world” religions. Current textbooks on African religions have focused on certain comparative themes in the study of religions and have assumed that the ethnic divisions related to these religions have endured for centuries. Historical chap1crs, if included at all, address the impact of colonization, Islam, and Christianity but overlook other typos of religious change. For example, John Mbiti, the author of the most widely read textbook on African religions, addresses the issue of precolonial religious history in two paragraphs of his introduction, before asserting what he sees as a fundamental obstacle to such studies: “In the traditional set-up where the African concept of time is mainly two-dimensional, human life is relatively stable and almost static. A rhythm of life is the norm. and any radical change is either unknown, resented or so slow that it is hardly noticed.” Such a representation of African religions both reflects and reinforces a basic assumption about “traditional” societies, that they have little sense of their own history. What changes have occurred arc, from this perspective, merely fine-tunings to preserve a spiritual equilibrium, not major shifts in fundamental religious ideas. For Mbiti, significant religious changes begins in “the second half of the nineteenth century and swiftly gaining momentum towards the middle of the twentieth cen-tury” with the beginnings of colonization.
Kausitaki Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Kau itaki Upanisad consists of books 3-6 of the Kau Itaki (also called Sankhayana) AraQ.yaka, which itself is part of the Kau Itaki Brahmai:ia of the gveda. Both the Brahmai:ia and the AraQ.yaka of the Sankhayana school are texts that in many ways correspond to the parallel texts of its sister school, the Aitareya, although the latter texts are somewhat earlier than those of the Sankhayana (for a comparison of the documents of these two schools of the R,gveda, see Keith 1909, 26-39). As evident from the numerous variant readings, the transmission of the KsU has been much less faithful than that of any other ancient Upanisad; Frenz’s (1968-69) edition and translation have shown that the sequence of passages in the vulgate edition, especially in the first Adhyaya, is probably incorrect. I have followed Frenz’ s sequence of the first Adhyaya, but his rearrangement in the second Adhyaya is not as compelling. For reasons spelled out in the Note on the Edition, I have not adopted his reconstituted text, which deletes several passages, places within parentheses dubious passages, and makes several additions.
Prasna Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Prasna Upanisad consists of the sage Pippalada’s answers to six questions posed by six learned Brahmins. The title of the Upanisad, Prasna (“question’’), is derived from these questions, and each of its six chapters is also called a prasna or “question.” This setting appears to be borrowed from the similar format in SB 10.6.1 and CU 5.11. Although the questions are diverse, they all focus on the centrality of breath within the cosmology and soteriology of the text.
Mandukya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The MiiQnliikya Upani!?ad is traditionally assigned to the Atharvaveda, even though several teachers named Miinnliikeya are listed in the literature of the gveda (e.g., AA 3.1). This small document deals with the sacred syllable OM and identifies it with the whole world, with Brahman, and with the self (iitman). The three constituent phonemes of the syllable OM are further identified with the three states of the self-the waking, the dreaming, and deep sleep. The historical importance of the MaU is dependent on the famous gloss, Kiirikii (also called Agamasiistra), by Gaunlapada, who is traditionally identified as the teacher of the teacher of Srupkara, the great exponent of monistic philosophy (Advaita Vedanta).
Action In The World
Authors: Stevenson William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writing of the Institutes,” according to Suzanne Selinger, “was an unconscious and intuitively therapeutic vit activa” (9). Calvinism “as a whole,” Ernest Troeltsch once asserted, is “active and aggressive.” It “desires to re-shape the world to the glory of God, and make the reprobate bow submissively to the Divine law.” To this end, it will “with all diligence create and maintain a Christian commonwealth.” Whereas Lutheranism, Ernst Troeltsch says, “endures the world in suffering, pain and martyrdom,” Calvinism “masters it” (Protestantism, 83-84). Upon studying Calvin, Fred Graham claims that it is no wonder that while Lutheranism “tended toward quiescence in the economic and political realms,” Calvinism tended “toward activism and seizure of the reins of power, whether political or technological” (Constructive, 208). Charles Taylor agrees: “Calvinism is marked out by a militant activism, a drive to reorganize the church and the world” (Sources of the Self, 227). Indeed, Ralph Hancock speaks of “the paradoxical worldliness of Calvin’s otherworldliness” (Foundations, 20). To find such an activist spirit in Calvin takes little effort. It resides openly in his thinking and writing, to be sure. “Upon the advent of Christ,” he says, God’s glory “shines through all the earth.” In this sense, “the whole world became an enlarged Mount Zion,” the “everlasting residence of God” (Comm. Ps. 132:14 [5: 158]). Wherever the church may be, he means to say, there God is. Hence wherever the church may be, there it has temporal work to do. Yet, as this quo-tation reveals, if Calvinism appears to breed a kind of worldly imperialism, then such imperialism, as John DeGruchy points out, “embodied something essentially biblical.It grows from Calvin’s vision of God’s kingdom, and the “concomitant calling and responsibility of the church to proclaim God’s rule within and over the world” (20). Christians are not merely to worship God, they are to put themselves in his hands for the massive, indeed global, reclamation project which Christ and his Spirit are working to accomplish?
Meditations on Story: Sherley Anne Williams’s Dessa Rose
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Neo-slave narrative appeared in the mid-seventies, a period of widespread but critical nostalgia about the sixties, when former activists and their adversaries reassessed the political achievements of the decade in light of the declining economic strength of the United States, the “benign neglect” of the Nixon ad¬ ministration to African American life, and the rising tide of neoconservative politics.
Tourists in the Age of the World Picture
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in the mid-19 20s, two creatures were born who have come to be more commonly recognized than any movie star, politician, or rock musician. Unfortunately, these creatures cannot be named or described, only depicted, because they were created to circumvent language, with all its inconsistencies and disparities. They are, of course, the male and female silhouettes visible on public facilities all over the world, symbols first formulated by Otto Neurath as part of his attempt to create an international pictorial language to be called Isotype. Neurath, a founding logical positivist, hoped to extend the concept script of Frege and Wittgenstein into public life by formulating a set of minimal, logical, and culturally unspecific symbols that would facilitate international communication. By the mid-1950s, he was collaborating with C. K. Ogden and had translated Ogden’s Basic English into Isotype, thus producing a complete, if limited, system of international pictorial communication.
Introduction
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an empty space in many of us that gnaws at our ribs and cannot be filled by any amount of food. There is a hunger for something, and we never know quite what it is, only that it is a hunger, so we eat. One cannot deny the bodily responses to starvation, and that is part of the reason, some nights, I sat in the basement of the dorm; locked in a bathroom, catching myself in the mirror as I stuffed candy bars, chips, vending machine anything into my mouth, and then threw it up. There is also a larger, more ominous hunger, and I was and am not alone in sensing it. It squirms under the sternum, clawing at the throat. At school we were hungry and lost and scared and young and we needed religion, salvation, something to fill the anxious hollow in our chests. Many of us sought it in food and thinness.
Losing Their Way To Salvation: Popular Rituals of Womanhood and the Saving Promises of Culture Lite
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its lofty reputation, religious imagination has always had at least one foot in this world. Even Christianity’s most otherworldly images-from Eden to Heaven, from Virgin Mother to Almighty Father-bear traces of the everyday bodily experiences and practices of those who invent and believe in them. The embodied basis of religious imagination is perhaps so obvious that it has a history of being ignored. Traditional Christian theology focused on what were believed to be purely metaphysical questions. More recently, however, critically minded theologians contend that the symbolic activity of religious imagination is enmeshed with concrete, practical concems. Whether explicit or implicit, questions about ultimate meaning and value are questions about what to do and how to live amid the complex possibilities and constraints of everyday life in this world.
Universes Of Meaning, Worlds Of PainThe Struggles of Anorexic and Bulimic Girls and Women
Authors: Lelwica Michelle Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout much of Christian history, theology has been largely assumed to be the business of a select few: those who sit in ivory towers, those who put on priestly collars, those whose heroic feats or creative genius give rise to seemingly timeless questions about ultimate meaning and value. Perhaps the presumed loftiness of such queries has contributed to their ill fate in the United States today, where they are often relegated to the universe of the individual self, or treated with absolute assurances within the public sphere, or bought and sold in the interests of consumer capitalism. In this context, such questions are either too private or too general, too volatile or too irrelevant, too worthless or too profitable to merit serious and sustained reflection.
Images of Tamil Bhaktas
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hymns’ insistence that Siva lives in Tamil towns, their praise of the rivers and fertility of Tamil country, and their context of pilgrimage all point to the significance of land in the poets’ vision. In a beautiful hymn, Appar transforms an agricultural scene into a message of bhakti.
Was Tamil Śiva-bhakti a religious path primarily directed toward, or embraced by, peasant peoples? One influential scholar suggests that it was. Many scholars of south Indian history have undertaken important research on the allocation and production of land, particularly that of the fertile Kāvēri delta region, to obtain information on economic, social, and political developments in early medieval times. Among them, Burton Stein envisioned a specific role for bhakti in these developments, primarily by linking bhakti to the peasant population. In his widely influential book, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, Stein locates bhakti within the context of what he calls the “segmentary state,” a dynamic image of state formation in the context of competing groups. Although scholars have criticized his idea of the segmentary state on many issues, especially his depiction of the village, my interest here is specifically the way he locates bhakti in his model of the developing social and political order in early medieval south India.
The Tamil Śaiva Siddhānta
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Śaiva Siddhānta was an authoritative school in Tamil country during medieval times, especially in the philosophical meaning and ritual practice of worship in temples. With its texts in Sanskrit, a lingua franca, the school established a network of centers in Tamil country and across India. In the thirteenth century and later, several historical factors contributed to the compromise of the school’s panIndian network, including the acceptance of Śankarācārya’s monism across India and Muslim incursions in the north, which, in turn, fostered the development of the Tamil region as a major center of Śaiva Siddhānta. It was in this historical context that a Tamil Siddhānta school emerged, distinguished from the Śaiva Siddhānta by its own canon of original philosophical texts in Tamil.
Introduction
Authors: Jinkins Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The point of departure for this study in ecclesiology is the anxiety in certain circles of the contemporary mainline Protestant churches, especially (though not exclusively) in North America, over their apparent demise. Within a comparatively short span of centuries, these communions, like New World cities of God, have passed from youth to decrepitude and now stand astonished that they experienced so little of middle age. Their anxiety in the face of death is taken as a kind of complex sign, the significance of which this study interrogates as a way of gaining insight into what it means when we speak of”the church:’
De-scribing Church Ecclesiology in Semiotic Dialogue
Authors: Jinkins Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At one moment in history, courageous, liberal-minded people can be thrown into prison because a particular word means something to them, and at another moment, the same kind of people can be thrown into prison because that same word has ceased to mean anything to them, because it has changed from the symbol of a better world into the mumbo jumbo of a doltish dictator.