bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Something Happened
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Something happened in western europe in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries. Sociology’s founders believed the task for their discipline was to define that something and to explain why it happened when and where it did. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim each dedicated their intellectual lives to that project. Over the past century sociologists and scholars in related fields have differed, and have defined themselves, in their identification of the salient features of the European transformation.1
Feudal Dynamics
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Max weber believed that feudal politics was about how “the individual holders of fiefs and benefices and the other possessors of appropriated powers exercised their authority,” how “these holders of privileges consociate[d] with one another for the purposes of concrete action,” and how “this system of alliances, which was unavoidable because of the resulting inelasticity, … developed into a chronic condition” ([1922] 1978, p. ro86). Weber’s principal interest in feudalism was to compare its structural and ideological rigidity with the dynamic of post-Reformation capitalism. Because of his pessimism about the possibilities for transformative action within feudal societies, Weber and his followers (with the significant exception of state-centered theorists whose work is considered in later chapters) did not attempt to identify the parameters and directions of feudal development.
Scholarship on feudal change has developed within two principal traditions. One focuses upon the growth of cities and long-distance trade. That scholarly tendency is addressed in chapter 3.1 The other examines the relationship between demographic cycles and changes in systems of land tenure and agrarian production. Debate within this discipline has generally been between non-Marxists who identify demographics as the independent variable and Marxists who view class struggle as the mediating force between population and relations of production.
A Dead End and a Detour: Spain and the Netherlands
Authors: Lachmann Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spain and the netherlands charted paths of political and economic development different from those of England and France. Britain and France, even while they became the most powerful nations of Europe economically and militarily in the seventeenth century, were latecomers to imperialism. Britain and France benefited from and were affected by their colonies only marginally before the late seventeenth century, while Spain in the sixteenth century and then the Netherlands in the seventeenth century sustained great power status within Europe and were enriched by their non-European holdings.1
The Sh1’a in Islamic History
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shi’a is an Arabic word, meaning party or faction. It was originally used of the Shi’atu ‘Ali, the party of faction of ‘Ali, of those who thought he should be caliph-that is, in modern language, the supporters of a candidate for political office. As described in the earliest Arabic historical narratives, they formed a group with a political and, in the initial stage, largely a personal choice, as the basis for their group actions. In time, the word came to denote one of the major divisions of the Islamic religious community.
Country and Freedom
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the twelfth book of the Iliad, the Trojan hero Hector, dismissing the fears of Polydamas that inauspicious omens may presage a bad result in the impending battle, robustly assures him: “One omen is best, to fight for one’s country.”1 Hector was mistaken about the omen, since he himself was killed and Troy was doomed, but the duty to fight was not affected. Centuries later, the Roman poet Horace, in his Odes, goes a step further and asserts that “it is sweet and becoming to die for one’s country.”2 The Greek patris and the Latin patria, translated as country in the foregoing citations, are obviously related, and both derive from words meaning father. Both convey the meaning of paternal and ancestral home. In ancient Greek and Roman civilization, this usually meant a city-the normal unit of political identity, loyalty, and authority. A Greek or Roman was not merely a city-dweller; he was a citizen, in Greek polites, in Latin civis, with the right to share in the formation and conduct of the government of his city and a corresponding duty to fight and, if necessary, to die in its cause. In the Roman Empire, the unit of identity became larger and could extend from a city to a whole province or even to what we would nowadays call a country.
Moses: Biblical Antiquities 9–19
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moses is the most dominant figure in the Biblical Antiquities, as is evident in the sheer number of chapters devoted to him. The narratives about Moses in chapters 9-19 also concern the Exodus, the giving of the Law, and the first approaches to the land of Israel. These chapters lay the foundation for Israel itself, and so describe the presuppositions of the rest of the book. In Moses’ story, the tension between God’s mercy and God’s justice is particularly evident, and as the ideal mediator between God and humanity, Moses addresses it specifically.
Kenaz: Biblical Antiquities 25–29
Authors: Murphy Frederick J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LAB 25–28 contains the Kenaz cycle. Chapter 29 concerns the judgeship of Zebul, a minor figure who arranges the inheritance of Kenaz’s daughters. The attention devoted to Kenaz in the Biblical Antiquities has attracted much comment. Kenaz is little more than a name in the Bible. He is the father of the first judge, Othniel (Judg. 3:9, 11), the younger brother of Caleb. Josephus gives him a bit more space (Ant. 5.3.3 §§ 182–84). In the Biblical Antiquities, Othniel disappears and Kenaz becomes Caleb’s son and the first judge. He attains a prominence comparable only to Moses (LAB 9–19), Joshua (20–24), and Deborah (30–33). In Nickelsburg’s estimation, “It is evident that PseudoPhilo has created a character to serve his purpose.”1
The Future
Authors: Linan Amable , Williams Forman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have offered a survey of the breadth and depth of the field of combustion. With this background it is tempting to try to predict what the future will bring to the subject. Historically, predictions have been notably inaccurate, especially for periods exceeding five years. There are tendencies to be overoptimistic about what can be accomplished in five years and especially overpessimistic about prospects for advances over much longer time periods. Totally unanticipated developments (witness the recent breakthrough in superconductivity) can entirely reverse projections for future progress. With these reservations in mind, some observations will be offered here on the possible future of combustion.
Pseudo-Dionysius
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysius the Areopagite is the peudonymous author of an influential body of early (about 500 AD) Christian theological texts. The Pseudo-Dionysian writings offer a synthesis of Christian dogma and Neo-platonic thought. Their leading idea which has made them the charter of Christian mysticism, is the intimate union between God and the soul and the progressive deification of man. In this book, Paul Rorem examines and elucidates these difficult texts and explores their profound influence on medieval theology both in the East and west. As Rorem shows, the Pseudo-Dionysian writings were regarded almost as a "Summa Theologica" in the Eastern Church. In the West, they were commented on by virtually all of the great medieval theologians. Thomas Aquinas alone cites Dionysius is some 1,700 places. Rorem is co-translator of the 1984 edition (Paulist Press) of the complete Pseudo-Dionysius (the first English-language edition in modern times) and provided the notes, indices, and bibliography. The present book will make these texts more accessible to both scholars and students. A comprehensive bibliography of secondary sources will be included.
The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy consists of the author’s systematic interpretation of Christianity’s main rites, which provides him several occasions to discuss hierarchical theory in general and the role of the clergy in particular. The words “Dionysius the Elder to Timothy the Fellow-Elder” (369, 195) serve less as a heading for the first chapter than as a subtitle to the overall book. As already mentioned with regard to The Celestial Hierarchy, the subtitle is probably an early editorial addition rather than original with the author, since this very chapter concludes by implying that the author is writing not as an elder to a fellow-elder but as one hierarch or bishop to another, passing on privileged information pertinent to that office (377AB, 199-200). The first chapter title continues, “What is the tradition of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and what is its purpose?” On the one hand, this is quite descriptive of the contents of chapter 1. On the other hand, the body of the text itself refers to the human hierarchy only as “our hierarchy” and never as “the ecclesiastical hierarchy.” The adjective ecclesiastical appears only once within the text, and there it refers to the assembled body of worshipers, as does every appearance of its noun form, ekklesia. Neither form ever refers to the whole structure of churchly ranks and rites.
The Mystical Theology
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mystical Theology, for all its influence and importance, is remarkably short, only about five pages of text. The inviting brevity and its centrality to the corpus might suggest that this essay could itself conveniently represent the Pseudo-Dionysian system.1 Yet precisely in its brevity and density, the work resists quick comprehension and will mislead a reader who is unaware of its overall context. Several crucial facets of the Areopagite’s thought-amply explained elsewhere and now essential to the accurate interpretation of The Mystical Theology-are here compressed into a single word or omitted altogether. The Mystical Theology explicitly summarizes some previous works, such as The Divine Names, and thus indicates that the author did not intend to use this treatise as an introduction to his thought. The Mystical Theology is thus a brief summary or even the climax of Dionysian thought, but so compressed a summary of such complex thought that it cannot stand alone, or as the first of his works. It will here be quoted in full, line by line, accompanied by interpretive commentary. Because the work itself summarizes most of the Dionysian system, the comments will integrate material from previous parts in order to summarize and to conclude this commentary on the whole of the Dionysian corpus. Conversely, when a significant Dionysian theme, such as the angels or hierarchical authority, is not discussed in The Mystical Theology, this omission too will be investigated. There are difficult questions about the relationship of this treatise to the others, and doubts about the consistency of the overall corpus. Finally, the use and misuse of this seminal essay in the history of Christian mysticism will also be surveyed. Even before quoting the beginning of chapter 1, the title of the treatise itself, The Mystical Theology, invites comment and scrutiny, the kind given in previous parts to the titles added by editors to the chapters of Dionysius’ other works. In this case, both mystical and theology need clarification.
Going Through The Storm
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon his arrival in the North, Frederick Douglass found, to his utter astonishment, "persons who could speak of the singing among slaves as the evidence of their contentment and happiness." As late as 1903, W.E.B. Du Bois observed that African American spirituals had led naive whites to believe that "life was joyous to the black slave, careless and happy." While these misconceptions have largely disappeared, the history of African American culture--and its importance to American history as a whole--is still a subject little understood by the majority of Americans. In Going Through the Storm, Sterling Stuckey offers a compelling look at one of the world's richest cultural traditions. He traces the fertile legacy of African American art from its roots in tribal myth, through its blossoming in slave music and dance, to its fruition in the great gospel-singing movements of the 1960s. In the process he shows how this tradition, grounded as it was in adversity, represents one of the great triumphs of the human spirit: slaves and their descendants, by way of Negro spirituals, the blues, and jazz, transformed the pain of oppression into a transcendent and timeless beauty. And, as he explores these various styles, Stuckey reveals that the development of a distinctive African American aesthetic follows (and helps illuminate) the course of the nation's history. In a series of engaging, lucidly written essays, Going Through the Storm covers the entire spectrum of African American culture, offering along the way many fresh and important insights. Within the context of slavery and slave music, Stuckey presents a new look at the foundations of black nationalism and the civil rights movement. In his eloquent reflections on Paul Robeson, he shows how black art offers a commentary on the human spirit so genuine and resonant that its appeal has reached across the boundaries of race to touch most of humanity. Writing of Herman Melville, he demonstrates how the great novelist was struck with the importance of African culture in history--and the reciprocal relationship of history to African culture--and carefully explored this theme in Benito Cereno. Frederick Douglass is presented for the first time as a major theorist of African American culture, one whose thought is profoundly relevant to our current debates on culture and race. And, perhaps most important, Stuckey explains that because black artists have been deeply interested for so long in the question of oppression, their art is of particular use to historians. In what amounts to nothing less than a revolutionary approach, Stuckey considers the uses of music as history, arguing that an easing of barriers between academic disciplines will lead to a better understanding of human life in general. A timely, readable, and often moving volume, Going Through the Storm not only expands our understanding of black music, dance, literature, and folklore, but provides a new vantage point from which to view the entire landscape of American culture.
Through the Prism of Folklore: The Black Ethos in Slavery
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not excessive to argue that some historians, because they have been so preoccupied with demonstrating the absence of significant slave re volts, conspiracies, and “day to day” resistance among slaves, have presented information on slave behavior and thought which is incomplete indeed. They have, in short, devoted very little attention to trying to get “inside” slaves to discover what bondsmen thought about their condition. Small wonder we have been saddled with so many stereotypical treatments of slave thought and behavior. Though we do not know enough about the institution of slavery or the slave experience to state with great precision how slaves felt about their condition, it is reasonably clear that slavery, however draconic and well supervised, was not the hermetically sealed monolith-destructive to the majority of slave personalities-that some historians would have us believe. The works of Herbert Aptheker, Kenneth Stampp, Richard Wade, and the Bauers, allowing for differences in approach and purpose, indicate that slavery, despite its brutality, was not so “closed” that it robbed most of the slaves of their humanity.
Classical Black Nationalist Thought
Authors: Stuckey Sterling 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The precise details of certain experiences that bear directly on black nationalism will remain forever enshrouded in obscurity-the degree to which Africans during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries continued to think positively of their ancestral home; the extent to which they preferred living apart from white people; the length of time the majority of them remained essentially African in America; and the exact nature of Pan-African acculturation, the process by which differences between Africans from various parts of Africa, the West Indies, and North America were virtually destroyed on the anvil of American slavery. But we do know something of the broad contours of these developments, and that is more than sufficient to suggest that many of the ingredients of black nationalism, together with the conditions necessary for their perpetuation, were very much in evidence by the time the forces of slavery were becoming, as the third decade of the nineteenth century opened, more entrenched than ever.
The Laughter of One: Sweetness and Light in Franklin and Edwards
Authors: Sweet Leonard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Franklin was known to enjoy writing, in the mornings, in his bedroom, in the nude. Jonathan Edwards, who was known to strip his opponents bare intellectually, did some of his best writing in the woods, even while on horseback, returning to town with pieces of white paper pinned to his jacket looking less the august, dignified figure of the Puritan pastor than a misbegotten mess caught in a snowstorm. The two masterminds and “archsymbols”1 of the eighteenth century were very different carriers of the comic touch. Inevitably one contrasts these New World prodigies, Edwards and Franklin. By the birth of the “exemplary” Puritan (Edwards) and the archetypal Yankee (Franklin)/ Puritan communal culture had essentially given way to Yankee individualistic society. Born in the same decade, in the same province, this son of a clergyman never met this son dedicated to be a clergyman. The closest they came was in shared sources, subjects, even sites. The Shippen House in Philadelphia, the home where the beautiful wife of the man known for barbecuing sinners over the coal pits of hell died, is also the home where Franklin introduced his battery-operated spit, America’s first rotisserie.
Reason, Rhythm, and Style
Authors: Levin David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Portrayals of Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan Edwards as representative men go back at least as far as the historian George Bancroft. In the 1840s Bancroft labeled Franklin “the sublime of common sense” and portrayed Edwards as the transcendently spiritual Protestant who had given Calvinism its “political euthanasia” by identifying virtue with love.1 Variations on that central contrast have enriched our understanding of Franklin and Edwards in the twentieth century, and I have not come here to question their value. But since my own brief contributions to the colloquy have sought to refine the central contrast by delineating similarities between the two great contemporaries, I trust you to consider letting me extend those lines this evening without forgetting the important differences. My most recent essay on Franklin and Edwards portrayed them and Cotton Mather as energetic writers who strove to reconcile their duty to be humble and their strong, proud wills by acting virtuously in the world for the glory of God or the public good.2 Tonight I should like to study more closely and hear more clearly the language in which Franklin and Edwards wrote.
Christ And The Spirit
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a study of Spirit-Christology--a contemporary theological model of the relationship between Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. Del Colle measures this christological model against trinitarian theology and tests its viability. He investigates in particular the development of a Roman Catholic Spirit-Christology, which has arisen from within the modern neoscholastic theological tradition. Contrary to other interpreters, Del Colle argues that an incarnational christology and a Spirit-Christology are not conflicting but complementary and that this is recognized by the older and deeper tradition. In conclusion, he seeks to demonstrate the productivity of the Spirit-Christological model in reference to three major areas of concern for contemporary systematic theology: cultural pluralism and diversity, emancipation and social praxis, and inter-religious dialogue.
“Christ and the Spirit:” Spirit-christology in the Neo-scholastic Tradition
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we concluded by listing the most important dogmatic issues that attend a pneumatological christology in the Orthodox tradition. We also kept in view the Catholic theological tradition, which we subjected critically to the insights of the East; or, more accurately, we let the East speak its most salient criticisms of its Western relative ”s pneumatology and trinitarianism. In that process a number of issues arose in these loci (including also the theology of grace) that we must now address directly out of the context of the Latin trinitarian tradition. Of the different choices possible I have chosen to focus on a particular trajectory within modem neo-scholasticism, mainly because it raises the specific issues that are germane to this study.
“Grace and Presence:” Issues for a Catholic Spirit-christology
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we introduced the neo-scholastic paradigm and explored its productivity for Spirit-christology. Popes Leo XIII and Pius XII strongly suggest the pneumatological dimension of ecclesial existence and hint at its formative influence in christology as well. Matthias Scheeben and Emile Mersch articulate the basics of Spirit-christology when they affirm and explicate the Spirit ”s role in the incarnation, the paschal mystery, the communication of grace, and the life of the church.
“Purified, as by Fire”: Republicanism Imperiled and Reaffirmed, 1801–1815
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one personifies better than Thomas Jefferson the essential elements of a distinctively American approach to foreign policy. “He thought of America the way we like to think of ourselves,” Robert Tucker and David Hendrickson have written, “and saw its significance as we still do, in terms larger than itself.” Like his countrymen at the time and since, Jefferson drew a sharp distinction between the “high moral purpose” that animated America and the “low motives of power and expediency that drove others.” He disclaimed ambition for the United States, and when engaged in disputes with other nations often took the high ground of moral principle. In theory, at least, he rejected the mechanisms of traditional European diplomacy. Viewing war as the foremost enemy of liberty, he claimed to spurn force as an instrument of diplomacy, preferring, as he put it, the “Quaker system.” After the buffeting of the 1790s, he yearned for disengagement from Europe, speaking of “divorce” from Britain and France and even a China-like isolation from the outside world. “The promise of Jefferson’s statecraft,” Tucker and Hendrickson conclude, “was thus of a new diplomacy, based on the confidence of a free and virtuous people, that would secure ends founded on the natural and universal rights of man, by means that escaped war and its corruptions.”