bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animating the Inanimate
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have frequently observed that animation of dead objects or ones which have no independent existence is a significant part of the jokes which show evidence of being invented or at least heavily adapted by Plautus (see p. 41 f., 49, 86 f.). Although it would serve little purpose to provide a list of all the examples,1 we must highlight a few characteristic features, as we are dealing here with one of the favourite forms of Plautine humour, a form which is admittedly not his alone. Giving life and a separate identity to parts of the body, to household objects, indeed to everything humans make daily use of is a tendency found in all popular phraseology and all comedy which arises from it and aims to amuse the naive audience. Anyone aspiring to graphic forms of expression finds rich opportunities here. For this reason Greek comedy also used this device, but a general examination is enough to show that Plautus went well beyond his originals in this respect. Even in those places where they may be most expected, in the α ρ χ α íα (Old Comedy), these personifications, though by no means absent, are not as frequent or as lovingly shaped as in Plautus.
Expansion of the Dialogue
Authors: Fraenkel Eduard , Drevikovsky Tomas , Muecke Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very characteristic passage Capt. 152–66 has already been accurately assessed by Leo in his note on 152; his cautious supposition ‘quae intercedunt Plautus addidisse videtur’ (‘Plautus seems to have added what comes in between’) will, I hope, be shown to be a certainty by the material assembled below from other plays. Admittedly the passage itself reveals its own origin. Nothing could be more Roman, more Plautine, than this content: the edendi exercitus (‘army of eating’); the provincia (‘province’); the squadrons of food devourers, with their typical personification and the geographical names belonging partly to the Italic, partly to the Roman, western sphere; the contrast between the imperator (‘general’) and the privatus (‘private’). It has also been noted that these farcical elements fit extremely badly into their context;1 such jokes are very discordant with Hegio’s mood.2 In a particularly useful observation, Leo has pointed out that before and after the insertion, the same phrase is repeated word for word: 152: nunc habe bonum animum and 167: habe modo bonum animum (‘now be of good cheer’). Meanwhile the dialogue has not progressed; it is taken up exactly at the spot where it left of to allow the jokes to be inserted. The same external indication of a Plautine expansion is found in Stich. 418 ∼435. In this passage, in order to prepare for the later part of the comedy, Plautus inserts a dialogue between Stichus and Epignomus followed by a monologue by Stichus. Both at the beginning of the insertion and at the end of the dialogue, the master says to the slave, repeating the instruction word for word: age abduce [112] hasce intro (‘come along, take these women inside’).
A Feminine Genre: Romance and Women
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although, as Colette ironically observes, romantic love is one of life’s most compelling experiences for both sexes, writing and reading about love are strongly associated, at least in contemporary western cultures, with women. It has not always been so, for the love story is an archetypal narrative of western literature, the majority of which has been authored by men, and romance pervades oral and written story-telling as far back as can be traced. Fairy tales, their origins lost in time, mutate as they travel through centuries and shifting cultures, but continue to make the discovery of mutual, passionate love the condition of living happily ever after. When, in twelfth-century France, literature first began to be written in the vernacular or ‘romanz’ language rather than in Latin, the narrative of love and courtship soon became the dominant literary mode, so that the word ‘romance’ took on the meaning it has retained to this day.
Shakespeare, Marx, Production, and the World of Ideas
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Act 2, Scene 2 of David Edgar’s play The Prisoner’s Dilemma (first performed 2001) Tom Rothman, an American academic, likens recent inter-ethnic conflict in eastern Europe to ‘those scenes in Shakespeare plays where guys called towns turn out to be first cousins married to each other’s sisters’ (Edgar 2001, 103). The parallel is not frivolous: the disintegration of one pole of the binarily opposed armed camps of the Cold War released latent tensions about ethnicity and nationhood that are like the murderous energies released by the epochal shifts drama tized in Shakespeare’s history plays. But as a joke, Rothman’s comment is illuminating.
Marx’s Influence on Shakespeare Studies to 196
Authors: Egan Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central theme of my argument is that Marx’s ideas have pervaded all aspects of Shakespeare criticism, theory, and performance, in ways not fully appreciated. This chapter and the next one survey this process in the afterlife of Marx’s ideas, first via two influential Marxist theatre practitioners and then in the wider realm of Shakespeare criticism. We have surveyed enough of Marx’s central body of ideas for the story of their impact to be told roughly chronologically, with one exception: Marxist dialectics. This aspect of his thinking was largely implicit in Marx’s writing, addressed directly only in The Poverty of Philosophy (in French, 1847), and receiving little attention before Stalin’s use of it in the 1930s.
The economy and society of France in the later Middle Ages: on the eve of crisis
Authors: Charbonnier Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are dominated by the caesura of a great economic crisis, but, since the period is so long and complex, it is useful to examine it in two parts: first, the state of France and the prevailing economic structures on the eve of the crisis, some of which remained constant over the two centuries. The crisis itself and its impact on French society will be examined in Chapter 5.
Joking Apart
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN asked in his 1997 Paris Review interview if the poet’s acts can affect politics, Seamus Heaney took the question back to ‘In Memory ofW. B. Yeats’ and felt the cultural need to give a firm answer:
Yes, I do think they can be affected. I think there’s far too much mealy mouthedness about that. Auden’s remark that poetry makes nothing happen is used too often to foreclose the question. I do believe, for example, that Robert Lowell had a political effect. I’m not saying that because of the thematic content of his work, but because he had established a profile and an authority as a poet.
Republic, state, and nation confront the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost: 1877–1914
Authors: Parry D L L , Girard Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the many images that France can project, from the Lascaux caves to the Stade de France, perhaps the richest collection comes from the decades before the Great War: the Eiﬀel Tower, the Tour de France, the art nouveau signs of the Paris Metro, the can-can at the Moulin Rouge, Impressionist and post-Impressionist art. Across the country, towns and villages were remodelled by a new civic architecture of schools, army barracks, post oﬃces, railway stations, town halls, and grand boulevards. Beyond these visual images lie two polit-ical ones: France was one of the two great imperial powers, alongside the United Kingdom, and one of the two great republics, alongside the United States of America. A sense that French history had ﬁnally ‘come right ‘ was promoted during the Third Republic by scholars led by Ernest Lavisse. Lavisse argued that French history naturally culminated in the unity of state, nation, and republic achieved after 1871, and his interpretation was fed to schoolchildren in a textbook known as the petit Lavisse because it condensed his lengthy studies into one primer. Modern historians have pursued these themes too: as mentioned in Chapter 2, François Furet wrote that the French Revolution ‘came into harbour ‘ with the Third Republic, while Eugen Weber argued this was the time when local loyalties were translated into ‘Frenchness ‘. Achievements in science, art, music, and literature
Introduction Sex Talks
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two scenes of reading define the scope and material of this book. Discovered in the most famous memoirs of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they frame my enquiry into the educational and philosophical implications of libertine literature, and identify the texts that I will read most closely in the following chapters: L’Escole des filles, ou La Philosophie des dames (1655) and Aloisiae Sigeae Satyra Sotadica de Arcanis Amoris et Veneris (c .1660). Though the publicationhistory of these erotic dialogues was established decades ago by the great bibliographer David Foxon, his call for a deeper study of the ‘intellectualization’ of sexuality in the mid-seventeenth century1 has gone largely unanswered, despite the vast surge of interest in the ‘discourse of sexuality’ provoked by Michel Foucault’s Volonte de savoir and by feminist critiques of pornography.
The Form of Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall discuss the overall form as it relates to the arrangement of the collection and its subsections. We consider formal characteristics of individual poems in Chapter 5. We have said that the poems are more properly regarded as a collection than as a sequence. They do not hang together on the thread of a single narrative or by virtue of a single addressee. Almost all of them are love poems in the sense that they address a loved person or spring out of the poet’s shifting relationship with such a person, and changes in the relationships hint at an underlying narrative, but it can scarcely be called a story.
The Sonnets and Later Writers
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his twenty-one-lined ‘American Sonnet’ (1991), Billy Collins describes the event of a sonnet as a few square inches of where we have strayed And a compression of what we feel.&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; Writers of poetry, prose, and drama have long drawn inspiration from Shakespeare’s sonnets, reappropriating their ideas and language to create new meanings, to compress, explore, and evolve other thoughts and emotions. What follows is a selective survey of the many writings which represent an on-going event of cultural and literary in xuence and transformation, a survey of how far later writers have strayed from Shakespeare’s originals.
Unity: Within the Canon or After the Canon
Authors: Barr James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the classic themes of biblical theology has been the ‘unity of the Bible’. It has been expected that biblical theology will succeed not only in affirming,, but in giving content to, the conviction that the biblical books somehow belong properly together, as symbolized by their being bound together as a single volume; or at least, if it does not go so far as to affirm this conviction, it should at any rate discuss it and probe its possibilities. The obvious questions involved appear to arise on four levels.
Interpretative Unity of the New Testament
Authors: Landmesser Christof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question regarding what makes the New Testament texts into a canon—or at least a part of the canon—can be answered in many different ways. The many dimensions to the problem and the differing perspectives on the question do not mutually exclude each other. Rather, the plurality makes it obvious that there is not just one answer to this question. It was issues surrounding the history of the canon that shaped the early parameters of the canon question. Its high point was the influential two-volume work written at the end of the nineteenth century by Theodor Zahn. At this early stage, the controversy focused on the problem of dating the four canonical gospels, as the debate between Theodor Zahn and Adolf von Harnack documents.
Textual Identities: Part
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emphasis in criticism, almost regardless of fashion or theoretic inflection, is by convention on the private status of the literary work, on its symbolic representation of or substitution for inwardness, and its equivalence to human isolation, subjectivity, intimacy, and individualism. Seen from this perspective, literature’s impact on mentalities is a private affair: writer, work, reader inhabit unique space. Consider Maurice Blanchot’s linked statements in &lt;i&gt;The Space of Literature&lt;/i&gt;:In the solitude of the work—the work of art, the literary work—we discover a more essential solitude . . . The work is solitary: this does not mean that it remains un communicable, that it has no reader.
The Strategies of Encyclopaedism
Authors: Carey Sorcha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the modem reader, Pliny’s Natural History may seem a far cry from the Encylopaedia Britannica. Written by a single author, and without the alphabetical system of arrangement which has become a defining characteristic of modem ‘objective’ and ‘scientific’ compilations of knowledge, Pliny’s work bears little resemblance to contemporary conceptions of the encyclopaedia. But where Pliny’s Natural History most obviously converges with its twentieth-century descendants, is in its concern for totality, the attempt to amass all knowledge (either of one particular subject, or the whole world) within one work. The desire for totality may, of course, ultimately be futile, but it lies at the heart of the encyclopaedia and, indeed, gives it its name. The word ‘encyclopaedia’ (first used by Rabelais in the sixteenth century) derives from the Greek expression enkyklios paideia meaning universal knowledge, the term which Pliny uses when describing his own work in the preface to the Natural History- ‘I must touch on all the subjects encompassed by what the Greeks call enkyklios paideia (an all-round education)’ (Pref. 14).
Aeschylus, Race, Class, and War in the 1990s
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Gulf-War bombardment of Iraq in early 1991, hardly any images of the enemy appeared in the western media. When a rare photograph of a dead Iraqi soldier, leaning through the wind screen of his burnt-out vehicle, was published in The Observer (28 February), Tony Harrison wrote ‘A Cold Coming’. In this poem the ‘charred Iraqi’ spoke directly to the poet/narrator.
Oedipus in the East End From Freud to Berkoff
Authors: Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1975 the distinguished German playwright and director Heiner Muller suggestively commented: ‘In the century of Orestes and Electra, which is upon us, Oedipus will be a comedy.’1 That Muller should refer to ‘the century of Orestes and Electra’ being ‘upon us ... ‘ is startling. For although the first part of the twentieth century can boast some notable adaptations and revivals of the ancient plays centred upon the House of Atreus, it is not really until the final part of the century (from 1980 onwards to be precise) that Orestes and Electra could be said to have dominated the repertoire.
Persecution
Authors: Pelt Robert Jan van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the destruction of the Second Temple, the majority of the Jewish people has lived as an ethnic and religious minority, subject to sustained prejudice, debilitating social and economic constraints, spatial confinement, and episodes of more or less intense persecutions, ranging from riots and pogroms to massacres and expulsions. The motivations of the persecutors were varied. For the Romans, the Jews were a political and social challenge to some of the underlying principles of the Pax Romana: they were considered to hate non-Jews and display contempt for the gods. For the Christians, the Jews were the murderers of Christ, and the persistence of Judaism provided a challenge to the legitimacy of the New Covenant embodied in the Church.
Jewish identities
Authors: Kopelowitz Ezra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2000 there were approximately 13 million Jews living in the world, with the vast majority in Israel (approximately 5 million) and the United States (approximately 5.5 million). My goal in this chapter is to compare the ways that Jews in these two major centres of world Jewry construct their Jewish identities. I begin by describing three distinct models of Jewish identity, based on: (1) the manner in which people maintain inconsistent or consistent patterns of Jewish behaviour as they move between the various social spaces of everyday life; and (2) the answer that people give to the question: Who has authority to determine authentic Jewish behaviour? After presenting the three models, I will then look at how each gains expression in contemporary American and Israeli life.
Gender issues: survey
Authors: Heschel Susannah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early twentieth-century Germany, the young Franz Rosenzweig was about to convert to Christianity. Raised in an assimilated home, he was determined to enter the Church as a religious Jew, and so decided to attend Yom Kippur services in a small Orthodox synagogue rather than his parents’ Reform temple. Overwhelmed by the liturgy and piety he encountered, he renounced his intention to convert, becoming instead one of the most notable twentieth-century Jewish thinkers. Franz Rosenzweig’s near-conversion to Christianity is one of the best-known stories of modern Jewish thought; that the event may never have occurred in the manner described does not diminish its importance as myth.
Sexuality
Authors: Solomon Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gender has become one of the primary categories under which thinking Jews (re)evaluate themselves in the modern world; but there has been relatively little articulation of change in fundamental attitudes to sexuality outside of gay, lesbian, or queer discourse. Hence, this chapter considers modern developments in Jewish understandings of sexuality, concentrating primarily on homosexuality. Modern Jewish apologetics consistently portrays traditional Jewish teaching on sex and sexuality as positive, balanced, and healthy, in contrast with alleged Christian hostility to sex and promotion of celibacy.
Introduction: The Author and the Book
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can one reduce the great peril, the great danger with which fiction threatens our world? The answer is: One can reduce it with the author. The author is the principle of thrift in the proliferation of meaning The author does not precede the works, he is a certain functional principle by which, in our culture, one limits, excludes, and chooses; in short, by which one impedes the free circulation, the free manipulation, the free composition, decomposition, and recomposition of fiction.
Clytemnestra’s Ghost: The Aeschylean Legacy in Gluck’s Iphigenia Operas
Authors: Phillippo Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Agamemnon and his murderous wife is a lynchpin of Gluck’ s 1779 opera Iphigenie Tauride, and in the earlier Iphigenie Aulide it hovers ominously over the on-stage events. As past or future history, the story plays a key role in the portrayal of these operas’ characters and in the themes which their present stories and struggles evoke. Gluck’ s operas are not unique in this respect: a large number of eighteenth-century versions of the myth of Agamemnon’ s Daughter integrate her parents’ story into the characters’ wider struggles with the family history past, present and to come. Each adapting artist shapes the thematic role and impact of that story to serve their own individual designs.
Agamemnon in Russia
Authors: Trubotchkin Dmitry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seneca’ s Agamemnon has never been produced in Russia or the USSR, and the Agamemnon of Aeschylus has never been performed as a separate play. This chapter, therefore, focuses on the Oresteia in the Russian theatrical tradition and the role played by the first play in Aeschylus’ trilogy in particular. The Oresteia is the only ancient drama to appear regularly on the stage in the twentieth century in Russia; and whilst its production history includes a theatrical disaster that had a direct effect on the fate of the Moscow Academic Art Theatre (or MAAT II),1 it was also the only play to survive during the difficult years for the arts, notably in the 1930s and 1940s. No other Greek or Roman play has had such a dramatic stage history in Russia.
Never Quite Showing his Hand
Authors: Buxton Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985, the poet Michael Donaghy interviewed Paul Muldoon for the Chicago Review. Towards the end of the interview the two con sider why, in recent decades, a number of Irish poets have looked to America for inspiration. Muldoon’s explanation is that ‘in terms of writing it seems to me that a lot of exciting things have happened here’—and he then declares that ‘One of my favorite poets is Robert Frost.’ Donaghy notes that ‘You’ve mentioned Frost in other inter views, and so has Seamus Heaney. In a way it seems to suggest that you two see more going on in Frost than a lot of Americans do.
Travel Sickness: Medicine and Mobility in the Mediterranean from Antiquity to the Renaissance
Authors: Horden Peregrine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus the late antique Life of Homer by one Proclus (possibly not the famous Platonist).He implicitly contrasts the limited mobility of the Homeric age with the greater ease of maritime communications characteristic of Roman imperial times. He offers us a perception of increasing Mediterranean mobility.
Family Romances
Authors: Lyne Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late plays focus with unusual intensity on certain family dynamics, especially the relationship between father and daughter. They also focus on the fundamental importance of these bonds and on the healing power they have when they are restored after long separations. In Shakespeare’s tragedies the same bond (as in Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, Hamlet, and Othello) features, in combination with the powerful pressure of the absent or present mother on her children. They are at the heart of the psychological dramas most of all because violent tragic power results from the dissolution of these bonds under extreme pressure. In Shakespeare’s comedies fathers and daughters are again central, but the dynamic is very different.
Generation and Nation
Authors: Vati Peter Schneider’s , Der Vorleser Bernhard Schlink’s 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though they fall either side of the watershed of 1989, Peter Schneider ‘s story Vati (Dad, 1987) and Bernhard Schlink’s novel Der Vorleser (The Reader, 1995) have such obvious points of contact that they have already been the object of comparative analysis.1 Both record the emotional confusion of a central figure—respectively a lawyer and a legal historian—who discovers that a person he loves served in the concentration camps. As articulate professionals, the two men are able to formulate their emotional dilemmas very precisely, yet their self-knowledge is limited and both leave much unsaid.