bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tie‐1 tyrosine kinase expression in human thyroid neoplasms
Authors: Ito Y , Yoshida H , Uruno T , Nakano K , Takamura Y , Miya A , Kobayashi K , Yokozawa T , Matsuzuka F , Kuma K , Miyauchi A 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To investigate tie‐1 expression in human thyroid neoplasms. Recent studies have demonstrated that receptor‐type tyrosine kinases (RTKs) contribute to carcinoma progression. Tie‐1 is one of the RTKs and plays a role in angiogenesis, although its pathophysiological significance in human carcinoma is still to be elucidated.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical expression of tie‐1 was studied in various thyroid neoplasms. Tie‐1 immunoreactivity was only occasionally observed in normal follicular cells. In papillary carcinoma, tie‐1 was classified as positive in carcinoma cells in 55.7% of the cases and was more frequently expressed in those of smaller size with an absence of a poorly differentiated lesion. In contrast, tie‐1 was positive in only 8.3% of anaplastic carcinoma and no cases of follicular carcinoma or adenoma were positive.Conclusions:  These results suggest that tie‐1 has a role in thyroid tumorigenesis, especially in the early phase of papillary carcinoma, but it is not important in the progression of anaplastic carcinoma or follicular tumour.
Clear‐cell proliferation of the lung with lymphangioleiomyomatosis‐like change
Authors: Pileri S A , Cavazza A , Schiavina M , Zompatori M , Pederzoli M , Goldfischer M , Sabattini E , Ascani S , Pasquinelli G , Bonetti F , Colby T V 
Published: December 2004

Aims : To describe two cases of a peculiar pulmonary lesion, which expand both the morphological and the immunophenotypic spectrum of perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC)‐related disorders.Methods and results : One man and one female, with and without the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), respectively, showed pulmonary cysts and small nodules on computed tomography scan. In the former, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) was suspected. In both cases, an open lung biopsy was performed, whose cut surface displayed numerous cysts lined by thin/thick septa. Microscopically, the septa were associated with micronodular or interstitial proliferation of medium/large‐sized elements with abundant clear (periodic acid–Schiff‐positive/diastase‐sensitive) cytoplasm and distinct cell borders, embedded in fibrous tissue. The elements were CD34+, vimentin‐positive and, to a lesser extent, HMB‐45+ and MART‐1+. The stains for specific muscle actin, desmin, S100 protein, CD31, FVIIIRAg, cytokeratins, CD45, CD68, oestrogen and progesterone receptors were all negative. Ki67 labelling was <1%. Electron microscopy displayed cytoplasmic vacuoles containing glycogen particles. The TSC1 and TSC2 gene status could not be assessed because of poor DNA preservation. In the man with TSC, a focus of micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia was also found.Conclusions : Because of the coexpression of CD34 and melanoma‐associated antigens and the occurrence of TSC in one patient, the cases described here add a new piece to the puzzle of PEC lesions and contribute to the open discussion on the origin of LAM and LAM‐like proliferations.
Galectin‐3: differential expression between small‐cell and non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Buttery R , Monaghan H , Salter D M , Sethi T 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To compare the histological expression of galectin‐3 in different lung cancers, including small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the UK. Galectin‐3 is a β‐galactoside binding protein with a controversial role in malignant transformation. SCLC metastasizes early and is initially chemosensitive; NSCLC metastasizes later, offering the chance of surgical cure, but is much less chemosensitive. Mixed tumours present a diagnostic and therapeutic problem, with a poorer response to therapy. Insight into the cellular mechanisms that govern metastasis and chemoresistance will profoundly influence the future management of this disease.Methods and results:  In this study the histological expression of galectin‐3 was assessed in a panel of lung tumour specimens, using the indirect streptavidin–biotin method. A striking difference in galectin‐3 expression was observed between tumours, with high expression in NSCLC (42/47 samples) and low expression in SCLC (negative in 13/18, weak in 5/18).Conclusion:  This differential expression of galectin‐3 between histological types of lung carcinoma suggests that galectin‐3 may have an important influence on tumour cell adhesion, apoptosis and the response of tumours to chemotherapy.
Post‐transplant T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder/T‐cell lymphoma: a report of three cases of T‐anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma with cutaneous presentation and a review of the literature
Authors: Coyne J D , Banerjee S S , Bromley M , Mills S , Diss T C , Harris M 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To report the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical features of three cases of post‐transplant T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder (T‐PTLD) T‐cell lymphoma with primary cutaneous presentation.Methods and results:  Three cases of primary cutaneous post‐transplantation anaplastic large‐cell lymphomas occurred in renal transplant recipients and were shown to display a T‐cell immunophenotype; all were ALK 1 protein and EMA negative and two were Epstein–Barr virus positive using in‐situ hybridization. Two displayed a CD4+ phenotype, two were focally CD56+ and all three were negative for the cytolytic enzyme granzyme B. In two cases monoclonality was established by T‐cell receptor gene rearrangement study. All presented with nodular cutaneous involvement and all were ultimately fatal.Conclusion:  T‐PTLDs are uncommon histological subtypes both in a general context and associated with cutaneous presentation. Our findings suggest clinicopathological and immunophenotypic similarities to primary cutaneous anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma but with a progressive clinical behaviour similar to previously reported T‐PTLD and to systemic nodal ALK– anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma.
Clinicopathological significance and survival influence of p53 protein expression in gastric carcinoma
Authors: Pinto‐de‐Sousa J , Silva F , David L , Leitão D , Seixas M , Pimenta A , Cardoso‐de‐Oliveira M 
Published: December 2004

Aims: Mutations in the gene coding for p53 protein are among the most frequent genetic alterations observed in human cancers. The relevance and biological significance of p53 expression in gastric carcinoma are far from being fully established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of p53 detected by immunohistochemistry in the clinicopathological behaviour of a series of gastric carcinoma cases.Methods and results: Samples from 163 patients treated by gastric resection for gastric carcinoma between 1988 and 1995 were used. Surgical specimens were evaluated for the presence of p53 protein detected by immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody. Cases were classified as positive or negative for p53. Several clinicopathological parameters and c‐erbB‐2 expression were analysed in the same series and compared with the expression of p53. Cumulative survival was evaluated using univariate analysis and Cox model regression. p53 expression was identified in 41 carcinomas (25.2%) and was significantly associated with venous invasion (P = 0.049), lymph node metastases (P = 0.01) and c‐erbB‐2 expression (P = 0.003). All the parameters except gender, tumour size and Laurén's classification influenced survival on univariate analysis. p53 expression correlated with overall survival (P = 0.006) and survival in the subgroup of patients with intestinal type carcinoma (P = 0.04). In the subgroup of patients with carcinomas not expressing c‐erbB‐2, p53 expression significantly influenced cumulative survival (P = 0.02).Conclusions: p53 expression is associated with the aggressive biological behaviour of gastric carcinomas and is related to cumulative survival.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression and relationship to tumour progression in human renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hashimoto Y , Kondo Y , Kimura G , Matsuzawa I , Sato S , Ishizaki M , Imura N , Akimoto M , Hara S 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Cyclooxygenase (COX), which catalyses the synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, has two isoforms; COX‐1 and COX‐2. There is ample evidence to suggest an important role for COX‐2 in cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of COX‐2 expression and its localization in the development and progression of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods and results:  The expression and localization of COX‐2 were evaluated in human RCC tissues from 75 patients by immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactive COX‐2 protein was observed in all cases of RCC, and the levels of COX‐2 expression were correlated with tumour grade and pathological stage. Expression of COX‐2 was higher in the granular cell subtype than in the clear cell subtype of RCC. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that COX‐2 was expressed in the nuclear membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondrial membrane of RCC cells.Conclusion:  COX‐2 overexpression within these intracellular organelles in RCC may be associated with renal cell carcinogenesis and COX‐2 may be a useful biomarker in RCC.
CD27 distinguishes two phases in bone marrow infiltration of splenic marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: Franco V , Florena A M , Ascani S , Paulli M , Salvato M , Pileri S A 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To investigate CD27 expression in splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), an indolent low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma with constant involvement of the bone marrow, especially with an intrasinusoidal pattern. It is not clear if the neoplastic clone is composed of virgin or somatically mutated B cells. CD27 is reported to be a hallmark of memory B cells.Methods and results:  We evaluated 64 bone marrow biopsy specimens (BMBs) from 36 patients with SMZL for the expression of CD27. For comparison, splenectomy specimens of patients with traumatic splenic rupture or with SMZL were used. All BMBs showed lymphomatous infiltration. When located in the marrow sinusoids, neoplastic cells were CD27– in all cases and therefore corresponded to naive B cells. In nodular/interstitial infiltration, the cells were CD27+ and therefore corresponded to memory B cells. No difference in immunohistochemical expression of B and T antibodies was found between intrasinusoidal and interstitial/nodular infiltration. CD27 was constantly expressed in the splenic marginal zone of normal spleen, surgically removed for trauma, and in seven out of 10 spleens with SMZL.Conclusion:  We propose the existence of two different phases of neoplastic progression with, first, expansion of a virgin B clone in the bone marrow and, following exposure to antigen, a re‐colonization of the bone marrow.
Intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumours: overlooked precursors of classic chordomas?
Authors: Yamaguchi T , Suzuki S , Ishiiwa H , Ueda Y 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumour is a recently recognized condition that may undergo malignant transformation to classic chordoma. The aim of this study was to describe its clinicopathological characteristics.Methods and results:  One hundred vertebral columns from atlas to coccyx and 61 pieces of the clival portion of the skull base, which were dissected from 100 autopsy cases, were examined microscopically. Twenty‐six intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumours were found in 20 cases. The patient group consisted of 15 males and five females with a mean age of 63 years. The results, according to anatomical segments, showed that 11.5% of the clivus, 5.0% of the cervical vertebrae, 0% of the thoracic vertebrae, 2.0% of the lumbar vertebrae, and 12.0% of the sacro‐coccygeal vertebrae were affected. Microscopic examination revealed well demarcated but unencapsulated sheets of bland physaliphorous cells mimicking adipocytes. The lesions lacked any intercellular myxoid matrix. The affected bone trabeculae were characteristically sclerotic.Conclusions:  The study indicated a surprisingly high incidence of intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumours. The anatomical distribution of the tumours was identical to that of classic chordomas. The results support other evidence that classic chordomas develop from intraosseous benign notochordal cell tumours.
Expression of COX‐2 is increased with age in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Siironen P , Ristimäki A , Nordling S , Louhimo J , Haapiainen R , Haglund C 
Published: December 2004

Aims: To study cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) expression in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Expression of COX‐2 is elevated in various human tumours and it has an important role in carcinogenesis. MMP‐2 is also an important component of the metastatic potential of tumours. In PTC the most important factor affecting survival is age, but it is poorly understood why older PTC patients have a worse prognosis.Methods and results: This retrospective study comprised 108 patients with PTC, and we compared patients who were either younger than 35 (n = 59) or older than 55 (n = 49). Paraffin‐embedded tumour samples were analysed for COX‐2 and MMP‐2 protein expression using immunohistochemistry. High (scores 2–3) COX‐2 immunostaining was observed in 38/108 (35%) of the tumours, and COX‐2 expression was significantly (P = 0.002) higher in the older age group (25/49; 51%) than in the young one (13/59; 22%).Conclusions: Our study shows that COX‐2 expression increases with age. It is possible that the age‐related increase in COX‐2 expression could explain the more aggressive behaviour of PTC in the older age group compared with the young one.
Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma versus low‐grade myxofibrosarcoma in the extremities and trunk. A comparison of clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features
Authors: Oda Y , Takahira T , Kawaguchi K , Yamamoto H , Tamiya S , Matsuda S , Tanaka K , Iwamoto Y , Tsuneyoshi M 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS) is a distinctive variant of fibrosarcoma and has been reported to have metastatic potential despite its low‐grade histological findings. Low‐grade myxofibrosarcoma (MFS) is an important differential diagnosis of LGMFS, because it shows different biological behaviour. Of 75 MFSs in the extremities and trunk, we defined 22 grade 1 tumours as low‐grade MFS according to the French Federation of Cancer Centres grading system and compared the clinicopathological factors and immunohistochemical expression of cell cycle regulators with those of 11 LGFMSs.Methods and results:  The two entities could be distinguished on histological grounds. Low‐grade MFS was characterized by the presence of prominent elongated, curvilinear capillaries and pseudolipoblasts, accompanied by an abundant myxoid matrix. It had no extensive solid areas. LGFMS was composed of bland spindle cells arranged in a whorled pattern with alternating myxoid and fibrous stroma. Curvilinear capillaries were not prominent and cytological atypia was absent. No tumour necrosis was observed in any of the 11 LGFMSs, whereas only one case showed tumour necrosis in less than 50% of the tumour in 22 low‐grade MFSs. The patients with low‐grade MFS were significantly older than those with LGFMS (low‐grade MFS average, 60.1 years; LGFMS average, 31.5 years; P < 0.0001) and low‐grade MFS occurred more frequently in a superficial location (low‐grade MFS 14/20; LGFMS 2/11; P = 0.0077). As for cell cycle regulator expression, the MIB‐1 labelling index (LI) (14.76 on average) and cyclin E LI (11.55 on average) in low‐grade MFS were significantly higher than those (MIB‐1 LI, 4.68 on average; cyclin E LI, 3.38 on average) of LGFMS, while p21 LI (25.53 on average) and p27 LI (42.68 on average) in low‐grade MFS were significantly lower than those (p21 LI, 42.74 on average; p27 LI, 57.28 on average) of LGFMS.Conclusions:  We conclude that low‐grade MFS and LGFMS are distinctly different clinicopathological entities and the assessment of the immunohistochemical expression of MIB‐1, cyclin E, p21 and p27 as well as conventional clinicopathological features may be helpful to distinguish low‐grade MFS from LGFMS.
Micropapillary variant of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder; a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Samaratunga H , Khoo K 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To investigate whether prognosis in micropapillary urothelial carcinoma is related to the proportion of the micropapillary component (MPC), and to identify the immunohistochemical features of MPC.Methods and results:  This study presents a clinicopathological analysis of 20 patients with micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder with cystectomy specimens for evaluation. Tumours were stratified on the extent of MPC: focal, <10%; moderate, 10–50%; extensive, >50%; and this was correlated with tumour stage and prognosis. Sixteen males and four females were aged 56–81 years (mean 69 years). All cases had high‐grade morphology in the micropapillary carcinoma and typical urothelial carcinoma. All cases with extensive MPC (n = 4) were of a high pathological stage (pT3 or pT4) and died of disease (DOD) or other causes. Eighty percent with moderate MPC (eight of 10 cases) were pT3 or pT4 and 50% DOD or are alive with disease. Eighty‐four percent with focal MPC (five of six cases) were pT1 or pTa. In high‐stage cases, the most invasive component was MPC. High‐stage cases had an 85% risk of being advanced at presentation with micropapillary carcinoma. All pT2 or lower stage cases had micropapillary carcinoma on prior transurethral resections of bladder tumour (TURB). High‐stage carcinomas had 30% and 54%, respectively, of surface MPC and urothelial carcinoma in situ, in comparison with 85% and 28% in lower stage carcinomas. Immunohistochemical staining was similarly positive in MPC and typical urothelial carcinoma with cytokeratin (CK)7, CK20, epithelial membrane antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen and cytokeratin 34βE12. CA125 staining was seen only in MPC in 43% of cases.Conclusions:  Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma is a high‐grade carcinoma in which the prognosis is related to the proportion and location of the MPC. Cases with moderate or extensive MPC are at high risk of being advanced at presentation. Cases with <10% MPC and surface MPC have a high chance of detection at an early stage. The morphology and immunohistochemical profile of the MPC suggest that it is a form of glandular differentiation in urothelial carcinoma.
Variations in histological patterns of interstitial pneumonia between connective tissue disorders and their relationship to prognosis
Authors: Tansey D , Wells A U , Colby T V , Ip S , Nikolakoupolou A , Du Bois R M , Hansell D M , Nicholson A G 
Published: December 2004

Aims and methods:  Pulmonary parenchymal disease is common in patients with connective tissue disorders (CTDs). However, most reports precede recognition of non‐specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). We have therefore reviewed 54 lung biopsies from 37 patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) (n = 13), Sjögren's syndrome (n = 5), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 17) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 2) to assess the overall and relative frequencies of patterns of interstitial pneumonia and their impact on prognosis.Results and conclusions:  NSIP was the most common pattern with an overall biopsy prevalence of 39% and patient prevalence of 41%. There was variation in prevalence between individual CTDs, with PM/DM commonly showing organizing pneumonia (n = 5), rheumatoid arthritis showing follicular bronchiolitis (n = 6) and Sjögren's syndrome showing chronic bronchiolitis (n = 4). These patterns presented either separately or in association with NSIP, occasionally with different patterns in biopsies from separate lobes. Only four patients showed a pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP): two with rheumatoid arthritis and one each with PM/DM and SLE. Overall mortality was 24%, the most frequently associated pattern being fibrotic NSIP (n = 5). In nine cases, pulmonary presentation preceded the systemic manifestation of the CTDs. When patients with CTDs present with chronic interstitial lung disease, the most common pattern is NSIP, although there is variation in pattern prevalence between individual disorders and patterns of interstitial pneumonia frequently overlap. These data suggest a different biology for intestitial pneumonias in CTDs when compared with the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias where UIP is the most common pattern. Mortality is similar to that seen in idiopathic NSIP and, coupled with pulmonary presentation occurring prior to the systemic manifestation of disease, this may have a bearing on the origin of some cases of putative idiopathic NSIP.
Local invasiveness of ameloblastoma. Role played by matrix metalloproteinases and proliferative activity
Authors: Pinheiro J J V , Freitas V M , Moretti A I S , Jorge A G , Jaeger R G 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic neoplasm characterized by local invasiveness and recurrence. In this study we analysed the role played by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the local invasiveness of ameloblastoma. We also attempted to establish a relationship between the presence of MMPs and the proliferative activity of ameloblastoma cells.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect different MMPs in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of human ameloblastoma. Immunohistochemistry, however, does not establish whether a given MMP is latent or active. To address this point, we carried out biochemical methods, namely zymography and Western blotting. Our results showed expression of latent and active forms of MMPs 1, 2 and 9 in ameloblastoma. These enzymes may digest bone matrix and release mitogenic factors, which would increase tumour proliferation. This possibility prompted us to study the proliferation of ameloblastoma cells located in close proximity to bone. Silver‐stained nucleolar organizer region morphometry revealed that ameloblastoma cells in the vicinity of bone show increased proliferation, when compared with controls.Conclusions:  Our results suggest an interdependent mechanism involving MMPs and proliferation of ameloblastoma cells, which may contribute to the local invasiveness of this tumour.
The frequency of intratubular embryonal carcinoma: implications for the pathogenesis of germ cell tumours
Authors: Berney D M , Lee A , Randle S J , Jordan S , Shamash J , Oliver R T D 
Published: December 2004

Aims:  To define the frequency and distribution of intratubular embryonal carcinoma (IEC) in an attempt to shed light on the pathogenesis of non‐seminomatous germ cell tumours (NSGCTs). Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of unclassified type (IGCNU) is common in NSGCT; however, IEC is rarely described.Methods and results:  Sixty‐two germ cell tumours were reviewed. Immunochemistry for CD30, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and c‐kit was performed. The distribution, immunohistochemistry and morphology of the intratubular neoplasia were noted. All cases showed widespread IGCNU with PLAP and c‐kit staining. CD30 showed strong focal intratubular positivity in 20/31 NSGCTs, 1/29 seminomas and 1/4 mixed seminomas/NSGCTs. In 17 of these cases, the CD30+ tubules were not easily identified as IEC on routine stains. These tubules were scanty in number and c‐kit was negative, though some showed patchy PLAP staining. The cells within these tubules differed morphologically from IGCNU.Conclusions:  IEC defined by CD30 positivity is not always easily identified on haematoxylin and eosin staining. We suggest that IEC is a common intermediate step between IGCNU and NSGCTs. The patchy and focal distribution of IEC suggests it may evolve quickly to invasive disease.