bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of concurrent programming and cooperative multithreading under load balancing applications
Authors: Maris Justin T. , Keen Aaron W. , Ishihara Takashi , Olsson Ronald A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTwo models of thread execution are the general concurrent programming execution model (CP) and the cooperative multithreading execution model (CM). CP provides nondeterministic thread execution where context switches occur arbitrarily. CM provides threads that execute one at a time until they explicitly choose to yield the processor. This paper focuses on a classic application to reveal the advantages and disadvantages of load balancing during thread execution under CP and CM styles; results from a second classic application were similar. These applications are programmed in two different languages (SR and Dynamic C) on different hardware (standard PCs and embedded system controllers). An SR‐like run‐time system, DesCaRTeS, was developed to provide interprocess communication for the Dynamic C implementations. This paper compares load balancing and non‐load balancing implementations; it also compares CP and CM style implementations. The results show that in cases of very high or very low workloads, load balancing slightly hindered performance; and in cases of moderate workload, both SR and Dynamic C implementations of load balancing generally performed well. Further, for these applications, CM style programs outperform CP style programs in some cases, but the opposite occurs in some other cases. This paper also discusses qualitative tradeoffs between CM style programming and CP style programming for these applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OpenMP‐oriented applications for distributed shared memory architectures
Authors: Marowka Ami , Liu Zhenying , Chapman Barbara 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe rapid rise of OpenMP as the preferred parallel programming paradigm for small‐to‐medium scale parallelism could slow unless OpenMP can show capabilities for becoming the model‐of‐choice for large scale high‐performance parallel computing in the coming decade.The main stumbling block for the adaptation of OpenMP to distributed shared memory (DSM) machines, which are based on architectures like cc‐NUMA, stems from the lack of capabilities for data placement among processors and threads for achieving data locality. The absence of such a mechanism causes remote memory accesses and inefficient cache memory use, both of which lead to poor performance.This paper presents a simple software programming approach called copy‐inside–copy‐back (CC) that exploits the data privatization mechanism of OpenMP for data placement and replacement. This technique enables one to distribute data manually without taking away control and flexibility from the programmer and is thus an alternative to the automat and implicit approaches. Moreover, the CC approach improves on the OpenMP‐SPMD style of programming that makes the development process of an OpenMP application more structured and simpler.The CC technique was tested and analyzed using the NAS Parallel Benchmarks on SGI Origin 2000 multiprocessor machines. This study shows that OpenMP improves performance of coarse‐grained parallelism, although a fast copy mechanism is essential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resilient infrastructure for network security
Authors: Williamson Matthew M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPresent‐day network security mechanisms are based on preventing attacks and responding to them as they occur. In the time before a response is implemented the attack is generally free to damage the system. Because responses are usually human driven, this time is long and the damage can be large. One way to minimize this damage is to create “resilient infrastructure.” This is infrastructure that automatically slows attacks, so buying time for a human response. This article argues the case for resilient infrastructure in network security. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 34–40, 2004
Axial macrosegregation in Ga‐doped germanium grown by the vertical gradient freeze technique with a rotating magnetic field
Authors: Bellmann M. , Pätzold O. , Wunderwald U. , Cröll A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe impact of a rotating magnetic field (RMF) on the axial segregation in Vertical Gradient Freeze (VGF) grown, Ga doped germanium is investigated. Growth experiments were performed using the VGF‐RMF as well as the conventional VGF technique. Carrier concentration profiles characterising the Ga segregation were measured by the Spreading Resistance method and calibrated using Hall values of carrier concentration and mobility. The Ga concentration rises more gradually under RMF action, i.e., the dopant segregation is significantly reduced by the rotating field. This effect is attributed to a better mixing of the melt. Numerical results on the flow velocity confirm this explanation. The RMF induced flow is much more intense than the natural buoyant convection due to the radial temperature gradient and leads to a pronounced decrease of the effective partition coefficient keff. In the early stages of growth a keff value close to k0 was obtained, i.e., the gallium was almost homogeneously distributed within the melt. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PbS crystals with clover‐like structure: Preparation, characterization, optical properties and influencing factors
Authors: Ni Yonghong , Liu Hongjiang , Wang Fei , Liang Yongye , Hong Jianming , Ma Xiang , Xu Zheng 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA new and simple route to synthesize Lead sulfide (PbS) crystals with the clover‐like structure was described in the current paper. PbS was prepared in a simple aqueous solution employing (CH3COO)2Pb and thiourea as the initial materials under 130 W microwave irradiation. No any surfactant or template including organic polyamines with N‐chelation property was needed. The phase and composition of the product were identified by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). TEM observation showed that the product with the six‐petal flower‐shaped structures was obtained, but SEM observation confirmed the clover‐like structure of the product; and the six‐petal flowers were formed via the overlap of two clovers revolved 60° around the center of the flower. Some factors affected the shape of the final product were studied and the optical properties of PbS crystals with the clover‐like structure were measured. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A study of primary nucleation of calcium oxalate monohydrate: II. Effect of urinary species
Authors: El‐Shall H. , Jeon Jin‐hwan , Abdel‐Aal E. A. , Khan S. , Gower L. , Rabinovich Y. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractKidney stones consist of various organic and inorganic compounds. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) is the main inorganic constituent of kidney stones. However, the mechanisms for the formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones are not well understood. In this regard, there are several hypotheses including nucleation, crystal growth and/or aggregation of formed COM crystals. The effect of some urinary species such as oxalate, calcium, citrate, and protein on nucleation and crystallization characteristics of COM is determined by measuring the weight of formed crystals and their size distributions under different chemical conditions, which simulate the urinary environment. Statistical experimental designs are used to determine the interaction effects among various factors. The data clearly show that oxalate and calcium promote nucleation and crystallization of COM. This is attributed to formation of a thermodynamically stable calcium oxalate monohydrate resulting from supersaturation. Citrate, however, inhibits nucleation and further crystal growth. These results are explained on the basis of the high affinity of citrate to combine with calcium to form soluble calcium citrate complexes. Thus, citrate competes with oxalate ion for binding to calcium cations. These conditions decrease the amount of free calcium ions available to form calcium oxalate crystals. In case of protein (mucin), however, the results suggest that no significant effect could be measured of mucin on nucleation and crystal growth. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimisation of chromium doping in LiNbO3 single crystals
Authors: Kar S. , Bhatt R. , Bartwal K. S. , Wadhawan V. K. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGrowth of undoped and Cr doped (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mol % Cr2O3) congruently‐ melting‐composition LiNbO3 single crystals by Czochralski technique is reported. Chromium doping was optimised to get crystals with potential for an integrated, broadband, tunable laser in the 700‐1100 nm spectral range. Typical sizes of the grown crystals are 25‐30 mm in diameter and 30‐40 mm in length. Symmetrical and sharp conoscopy pictures confirm the optical homogeneity of the crystals. Optical transmission was recorded for both undoped and doped crystals. 70% transmittance was observed. The grown crystals have reasonably good laser damage threshold. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tetrahedral site of Fe(III) and Cu(II) in renierite
Authors: Rama Subba Reddy R. , Fayazuddin Md. , Siva Reddy G. , Lakshmi Reddy S. , Sambasiva Rao P. , Reddy B. J. , Nieto Garcia F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRenierite from Congo is used in the present investigations. It contains only two transition elements iron and copper. EPR results indicate the presence of Fe(III) and Cu(II) with g values 2.03 and 2.40 respectively. Optical absorption spectrum shows several energies in UV‐Vis and NIR region. These energies indicate both Fe(III) and Cu(II) in tetrahedral site. IR spectrum confirms the presence of sulphate and hydroxyl groups in the mineral. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure refinement of CuxAg1‐xInTe2 bulk material determined from X‐ray powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method
Authors: Moustafa A. M. , El‐Sayad E. A. , Sakr G. B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe influence of the Cu‐content in the quaternary compounds CuxAg1‐xInTe2 (0 ≤ x ≤1) on the structural properties of the bulk material was discussed. Bulk ingot materials of CuxAg1‐xInTe2 solid solutions (x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) have been synthesized by fusion of the constituent elements in the stoichiometric ratios in vacuum‐sealed silica tubes. The materials compositions were confirmed by using energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX). X‐ray powder diffraction measurements were performed for all the prepared samples at 300 K in step scanning mode. The analysis of X‐ray data has indicated that the crystal structure of the prepared materials with different compositions is single‐phase polycrystalline materials corresponding to the tetragonal chalcopyrite structure with space group I$ \bar 4 $2d. The crystal structural parameters were refined by Rietveld method using the Full Prof program. The refined lattice constants (a and c), anion positional parameter, u, and the determined bond distances and angles were found to vary with composition, x, attaining zero tetragonal distortion at x ≈ 0.75, which corresponds to an ideal tetragonal unit cell. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multinationals and corporate social responsibility in developing countries: a case study of Nigeria
Authors: E. Ite Uwem 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has a powerful potential to make positive contributions to addressing the needs of disadvantaged communities in developing countries. On the other hand, there are ways in which CSR could, whether by mistake or design, damage the same communities, politically, socially and economically. This paper presents evidence that demonstrates that although there is a good business case for Shell to contribute to poverty alleviation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, there is also a danger that in the long term Shell could effectively be leading the pace of, and directing the paths to, socio‐economic development in the region with little or no contribution from the Nigerian government. The paper concludes that lack of national macro‐economic planning and management, backed by equitable resource allocation, and an enabling environment, have significant implications for the overall performance of CSR initiatives by multinational corporations (MNCs) in developing countries. In other words, if the macro‐economy is under‐performing due to government failure, there is a likelihood that the contributions of MNCs to poverty alleviation could fail to achieve the desired outcomes. Good governance in all its dimensions is therefore an important component of the CSR agenda. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry: conflicts and constructs
Authors: Jenkins Heledd 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn response to widespread and increasing criticism, the mining industry has started to pay serious attention to its environmental and social impacts. This has recently manifested itself in the formulation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and strategies and a proliferation of CSR, environmental, sustainability and community reporting. Several brief case studies are used to illustrate the issues and conflicts that arise between mining company operations and the environment and community, and how these have led to the development of corporate strategies to deal with environment and community issues. The paper then examines mining company reports, revealing the language and constructs used by the mining industry to frame its responsibility to the environment and community and role in possible conflicts. Companies need to better understand the complex nature of the communities in which they operate in order that suitably tailored strategies are developed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Environmental reporting by Indian corporations
Authors: Sahay A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEnvironmental management has entered boardrooms, factories and business premises with economic, social and legal consequences. Sound environmental management provides corporations with a competitive advantage in addition to fulfilling corporate social responsibility and adding value to the business. The command and control policy of governments, the world over, has not produced the desired result. Corporate environmental reporting is emerging as a tool for the same. Indian corporations, like their counterparts in developed countries, took hesitant steps towards environmental protection – most of them driven by legal compliance. A selected few companies, however, took to environmental protection, enhancement and reporting through overall business considerations. The study indicates that environmental reporting, barring a few cases, is unsystematic and non‐comparable. Though good work is being done by some industrial sectors and some units in different sectors, the reports seem to be aimed more at publicity than providing environmental facts and figures. A good quality of environmental reporting, like good environmental performance, needs to be encouraged and rewarded. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Monitoring of monocyte functional state after extracorporeal circulation: A flow cytometry study
Authors: Sbrana Silverio , Parri Maria Serena , De Filippis Rossella , Gianetti Jacopo , Clerico Aldo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces systemic inflammation and postoperative complications depending on pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms. Activated polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes may be responsible for morbidity associated with CPB. Knowledge of the monocyte functional state in particular may help to develop protective interventions.MethodsSamples were drawn from venous peripheral blood (basal condition, at 4 and 24 h after CPB) and coronary blood (before and after cardioplegic arrest) of 14 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The following phenotypic and functional parameters of the monocyte population were studied by flow cytometry: surface molecules expression (CD18, CD11a, CD11b, CD14, CD15, CD45, HLA‐DR, and Toll‐like receptor [TLR]‐4), myeloperoxidase (MPO) content, and intracellular cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8).ResultsCardiac surgery with CPB induced down‐modulation of surface molecules expression on peripheral monocytes, especially at 24 h after CPB, for CD18, CD11a, and CD11b (P < 0.003) and for the CD15 adhesive cluster (P = 0.0028) and HLA‐DR (P < 0.001). At 4 h after CPB, downregulation was observed for CD14 (P = 0.004), CD45 (P = 0.014), and CD15 (P = 0.0056). A loss of MPO was detected in venous peripheral (at 24 h after CPB, P = 0.01) or coronary (at reperfusion, P < 0.02) blood. The CD15 cluster complex exhibited a down‐modulation in coronary blood (at reperfusion, P = 0.0003). Spontaneous intracellular production of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 decreased at 24 h after CPB (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe down‐modulation of integrins and adhesive receptor expression and the loss of MPO suggest a strong activation and shedding reaction of circulating monocyte after CPB, further exacerbated by contact with coronary ischemic vessels. The changes of differentiation antigens may reflect the appearance of a partially immature population immediately after CPB. The reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, observed at 24 h after CPB, suggests a functional polarization of circulating monocytes. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitive measurement of fragmented red cell population using flow cytometry, and its application for estimating thrombotic microangiopathy after stem cell transplantation
Authors: Toba Ken , Tsuchiyama Junjiro , Hashimoto Shigeo , Ichida Takafumi , Kato Kiminori , Watanabe Kenichi , Furukawa Tatsuo , Narita Miwako , Takahashi Masuhiro , Aizawa Yoshifusa 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundThrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is one of the lethal complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). The levels of fragmented red cells (FRCs), thrombomodulin (TM), and factor VIII–related antigen in the blood are the most important markers for estimating TMA. However, the FRC level has been measured by using microscopy and the naked eye; therefore, an improvement in technology to objectively count FRC is necessary.MethodsWe established a novel technique to sensitively measure FRC as glycophorin A dull–positive small particles using a flow cytometer and estimated its reliability in patients treated with SCT. The blood level of FRC was compared with other clinical data in 257 blood samples in 16 clinical courses after SCT of 15 patients.ResultsSorted glycophorin A dull–positive small particles morphologically showed FRC. Measured FRC percentage had a weak correlation with serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and total bilirubin but not with TM level, whereas TM showed a weak correlation with the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and LDH. In a patient with fulminant TMA, decrement of the FRC level led to improvement in liver parameters after treatment, presumably due to the rapid clearance of FRC, and increased simultaneously with the levels of LDH and bilirubin by the TMA recurrence.ConclusionsLevels of FRC percentage and TM were independent parameters of TMA. This novel technique may be used as a standard methodology in diagnosing TMA. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐Kit receptor (CD117) expression on myeloblasts and white blood cell counts in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Woźniak Jolanta , Kopeć‐Szlęzak Joanna 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe c‐Kit receptor is considered to play a crucial role in hematopoiesis. Induction of mobilization of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow requires cooperative signaling through c‐Kit and c‐Kit ligand pathway, and these interactions are important in the retention of stem cells within the bone marrow. Therefore, we analyzed c‐Kit density on the leukemic myeloblasts of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in relation to white blood cell count (WBC) in the peripheral blood.MethodsBone marrow aspirates collected from patients with AML and bone marrow aspirates and leukapheresis products after granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor blood mobilization from adult volunteers were studied. To determine the level of c‐Kit receptor expression, we applied quantitative (relative fluorescence intensity and antibody binding per cell) cytometric methods.ResultsOur data showed negative correlation between the level of c‐Kit expression intensity on myeloblasts and the number of leukocytes in blood of AML patients. The c‐Kit receptor density on myeloblasts in patients with low WBC was significantly stronger than that on myeloblasts in patients with high WBC. In the latter patient group, the density c‐Kit receptor on myeloblasts was similar to that on CD34+ cells in mobilized peripheral blood.ConclusionsThe obtained data suggest an involvement of c‐Kit receptor in the regulation of leukemic myeloblasts egress to the peripheral blood. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunophenotypic analysis of mast cells in mastocytosis: When and how to do it. Proposals of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA)
Authors: Escribano Luis , Diaz‐Agustin Beatriz , López Antonio , Núñez López Rosa , García‐Montero Andrés , Almeida Julia , Prados Aranzazu , Angulo Miguel , Herrero Sonia , Orfao Alberto ,   on Behalf of the Spanish Network on Mastocytosis (REMA)
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundMastocytosis is a term used for a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an abnormal proliferation and accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in one or multiple tissues including skin, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, among others.MethodsIn recent years, multiparameter flow cytometric studies have shown that pathologic MCs from patients with mastocytosis display unique aberrant immunophenotypic characteristics as compared with normal MCs.ResultsAmong other features, pathologic MCs show aberrant expression of CD25 and CD2 antigens and abnormally high levels of the CD11c and CD35 complement receptors, the CD59 complement regulatory molecule, the CD63 lysosomal membrane antigen, and the CD69 early‐activation antigen. In addition, MCs from mastocytosis express abnormally low levels of CD117 and unexpectedly high light scatter and autofluorescence characteristics.ConclusionsThese aberrant immunophenotypic features are of great relevance for the assessment of tissue involvement in mastocytosis with consequences in the diagnosis, classification, and follow‐up of the disease and in its differential diagnosis with other entities. In this paper we provide the reader with information for the objective and reproducible identification of pathologic MCs by using quantitative multiparametric flow cytometry, information for their phenotypic characterization, and the criteria currently used for a correct interpretation of the immunophenotypic results obtained. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology of peripheral nerve‐sheath tumors
Authors: Stelow Edward B. , Lai Rebecca , Bardales Ricardo H. , Linzie Bradley M. , Mallery Shawn , Stanley Michael W. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractEndoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has allowed for the fine‐needle aspiration and diagnosis of many different gastrointestinal neoplasms, including mesenchymal tumors. Although most mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), other mesenchymal tumors, including neural tumors, do occur. Proper diagnosis and differentiation of these tumors from GISTs are important because of their different prognoses and treatment regimens. We encountered three peripheral nerve‐sheath tumors of the gastrointestinal tract aspirated by EUS (two schwannomas and a granular‐cell tumor). We report on the endoscopic ultrasound, cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings of these cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:172–177. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.