bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccine Effectiveness During a Varicella Outbreak Among Schoolchildren: Utah, 2002–2003
Authors: Haddad Maryam B. , Hill Mary B. , Pavia Andrew T. , Green Caroline E. , Jumaan Aisha O. , De Anindya K. , Rolfs Robert T. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. In the context of a chickenpox outbreak involving 2 Utah elementary schools, we conducted an investigation to assess vaccine effectiveness, describe illness severity, and examine risk factors for breakthrough varicella (ie, varicella in those who have been vaccinated).
Methods. All parents were asked to complete a questionnaire about their child’s medical history. Parents of children with recent varicella were interviewed, and vaccination records were verified. Lesions were submitted for polymerase chain reaction testing.
Results. Questionnaires were returned for 558 (93%) of 597 students in school A and 924 (97%) of 952 students in school B. A total of 83 schoolchildren (57 unvaccinated and 26 vaccinated) had varicella during the October 2002 through February 2003 outbreak period. An additional 17 cases occurred among household contacts, including infants and adults. Polymerase chain reaction analysis recovered wild-type varicella. Vaccine effectiveness was 87%. With 1 notable exception, vaccinated children tended to have milder illness. Risk factors for breakthrough varicella included eczema, vaccination ≥5 years before the outbreak, and vaccination at ≤18 months of age. Restricting analysis to children vaccinated ≥5 years before the outbreak, those vaccinated at ≤18 months of age were more likely to develop breakthrough varicella (relative risk: 9.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.3–68.9).
Conclusions. The vaccine, administered by &gt;100 health care providers to 571 children during a 7-year time period, was effective. Risk factors for breakthrough varicella suggest some degree of biological interaction between age at vaccination and time since vaccination.
Randomized Trial of Liberal Versus Restrictive Guidelines for Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Preterm Infants
Authors: Bell Edward F. , Strauss Ronald G. , Widness John A. , Mahoney Larry T. , Mock Donald M. , Seward Victoria J. , Cress Gretchen A. , Johnson Karen J. , Kromer Irma J. , Zimmerman M. Bridget 
Published: June 2005

Objective. Although many centers have introduced more restrictive transfusion policies for preterm infants in recent years, the benefits and adverse consequences of allowing lower hematocrit levels have not been systematically evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine if restrictive guidelines for red blood cell (RBC) transfusions for preterm infants can reduce the number of transfusions without adverse consequences.Design, Setting, and Patients. We enrolled 100 hospitalized preterm infants with birth weights of 500 to 1300 g into a randomized clinical trial comparing 2 levels of hematocrit threshold for RBC transfusion.Intervention. The infants were assigned randomly to either the liberal- or the restrictive-transfusion group. For each group, transfusions were given only when the hematocrit level fell below the assigned value. In each group, the transfusion threshold levels decreased with improving clinical status.Main Outcome Measures. We recorded the number of transfusions, the number of donor exposures, and various clinical and physiologic outcomes.Results. Infants in the liberal-transfusion group received more RBC transfusions (5.2 ± 4.5 [mean ± SD] vs 3.3 ± 2.9 in the restrictive-transfusion group). However, the number of donors to whom the infants were exposed was not significantly different (2.8 ± 2.5 vs 2.2 ± 2.0).There was no difference between the groups in the percentage of infants who avoided transfusions altogether (12% in the liberal-transfusion group versus 10% in the restrictive-transfusion group). Infants in the restrictive-transfusion group were more likely to have intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage or periventricular leukomalacia, and they had more frequent episodes of apnea, including both mild and severe episodes.Conclusions. Although both transfusion programs were well tolerated, our finding of more frequent major adverse neurologic events in the restrictive RBC-transfusion group suggests that the practice of restrictive transfusions may be harmful to preterm infants.
Children's Adaptations to a Fat-Reduced Diet: The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)
Authors: Van Horn Linda , Obarzanek Eva , Friedman Lisa Aronson , Gernhofer Niki , Barton Bruce 
Published: June 2005

Background. Prevention of cardiovascular disease through diet and lifestyle change is strongly advocated in adults and is initiated preferably during childhood. The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) was a multicenter, collaborative, randomized trial in 663 preadolescent children (363 boys and 301 girls) with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, designed to test the efficacy and safety of a dietary intervention to lower saturated-fat and cholesterol intake while also advocating a healthy eating pattern. DISC results have been published extensively. This ancillary study reports new data regarding changes in eating patterns among this cohort.Objective. We set out to compare children's self-selected eating patterns and approaches to achieving adherence to the DISC fat-reduced diet intervention with children in the usual-care group.Methods. An ancillary study was conducted to develop a detailed food-grouping system and report new analyses on dietary adherence to the recommended eating pattern. Every food in the nutrient database was ranked by its saturated-fat and cholesterol content and classified within its relevant food group as a “go” (less atherogenic) or “whoa” (more atherogenic) food.Results. At baseline, go foods contributed ∼57% of total energy intake and 12.4% to 13.1% total fat energy intake in both groups. At 3 years, go foods contributed 67.4% and 13.7% of total and fat energy intake, respectively, in the intervention group versus 56.8% and 12.8% in the usual-care group. Differences between the 2 treatment groups were significant for changes in consumption of dairy foods, desserts, and fats/oils, with the intervention group reporting a 0.2- to 0.3-serving-per-day greater increase in go foods than the usual-care group. The intervention group also reported a 0.2- to 0.8-serving-per-day greater decrease in whoa foods than the usual-care group for breads/grains, dairy, fats/oils, meat/fish/poultry, snacks, and vegetables. Overall, snack foods, desserts, and pizza contributed approximately one third of total daily energy intake in both groups at 3 years.Conclusions. Children in the intervention group reported consuming more servings per day of go grains, dairy, meats, and vegetable foods compared with children in the usual-care group, but intake of fruits and vegetables was low in both groups. Discovering that snacks, desserts, and pizza actively contribute so heavily to the diets of this age group, even among children who were part of this intervention, offers valuable insights regarding the need for more aggressive, innovative, and realistic approaches for additional dietary counseling.
Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Overview of the Evidence
Authors: Brown Ronald T. , Amler Robert W. , Freeman Wendy S. , Perrin James M. , Stein Martin T. , Feldman Heidi M. , Pierce Karen , Wolraich Mark L. ,   and the Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Published: June 2005

The American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Quality Improvement, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, reviewed and analyzed the current literature for the purpose of developing an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review included several key reports, including an evidence review from the McMaster Evidence-Based Practice Center (supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality), a report from the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, the Multimodal Treatment for ADHD comparative clinical trial (supported by the National Institute of Mental Health), and supplemental reviews conducted by the subcommittee. These reviews provided substantial information about different treatments for ADHD and their efficacy in improving certain characteristics or outcomes for children with ADHD as well as adverse effects and benefits of multiple modes of treatment compared with single modes (eg, medication or behavior therapies alone). The reviews also compared the effects of different medications.Other evidence documents the long-term nature of ADHD in children and its classification as a chronic condition, meriting the application of general concepts of chronic-condition management, including an individual treatment plan with a focus on ongoing parent and child education, management, and monitoring. The evidence strongly supports the use of stimulant medications for treating the core symptoms of children with ADHD and, to a lesser degree, for improving functioning. Behavior therapy alone has only limited effect on symptoms or functioning of children with ADHD, although combining behavior therapy with medication seems to improve functioning and may decrease the amount of (stimulant) medication needed. Comparison among stimulants (mainly methylphenidate and amphetamines) did not indicate that 1 class outperformed the other.
Combined Influence of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference on Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Among Children and Adolescents
Authors: Janssen Ian , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Chen Wei , Malina Robert M. , Bouchard Claude , Berenson Gerald S. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. In adult populations, it is recognized widely that waist circumference (WC) predicts health risk beyond that predicted by BMI alone; current recommendations for adults are that a combination of BMI and WC be used to classify obesity-related health risk. For children and adolescents, however, little is known about the combined influence of BMI and WC on health outcomes. The objectives of this study were to determine whether BMI and WC predict coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors independently for children and adolescents and to assess the clinical utility of using WC in combination with BMI to identify CAD risk.
Methods. Subjects included 2597 black and white, 5- to 18-year-old, male and female youths. Outcome measures included 7 CAD risk factors. In the first analysis step, BMI and WC were used as continuous variables to predict CAD risk factors. In the second analysis step, participants were placed into normal-weight, overweight, and obese BMI categories and, within each BMI category, CAD risk factors were compared for groups with low and high WC values.
Results. When BMI and WC were included in the same regression model to predict CAD risk factors, the added variance above that predicted by BMI or WC alone was minimal, which indicated that BMI and WC did not have independent effects on the risk factors. For example, for systolic blood pressure, BMI alone explained 7.3% of the variance, WC alone explained 7.7% of the variance, and the combination of BMI and WC explained 8.1% of the variance. When BMI and WC values were categorized with a threshold approach, WC provided information on CAD risk beyond that provided by BMI alone, particularly when the categories were used to predict elevated CAD risk factor levels. For instance, in the overweight BMI category, the high-WC group was ∼2 times more likely to have high triglyceride levels, high insulin levels, and the metabolic syndrome, compared with the low-WC group.
Conclusion. These findings provide some evidence that a combination of BMI and WC should be used in clinical settings to evaluate the presence of elevated health risk among children and adolescents.
Involvement of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36) amide on glycaemia-lowering effect of oligofructose in streptozotocin-treated rats
Authors: Cani Patrice D , Daubioul Catherine A , Reusens Brigitte , Remacle Claude , Catillon Grégory , Delzenne Nathalie M 
Published: June 2005

We have evaluated the influence of oligofructose (OFS), a fermentable dietary fibre, on glucose homeostasis, insulin production and intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats.
Male Wistar rats received either i.v. streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg) or vehicle (CT); one week later, they were fed for 6 weeks with either the standard diet (STZ-CT), or with a diet containing 10% oligofructose (STZ-OFS); both diets were available ad libitum. In a second set of experiments (duration 4 weeks), a supplemental group of food-restricted rats (STZ-Res) receiving a similar intake as CT rats, was added.
OFS improved glucose tolerance and reduced food intake as compared with STZ-CT rats in both the post-prandial state and after an oral glucose tolerance test. After 6 weeks, portal and pancreatic insulin concentrations were doubled in STZ-OFS rats. Food restriction improved these parameters when compared with STZ-CT rats, but to a lesser extent than in the STZ-OFS group. We have shown that OFS treatment increased portal and colonic GLP-1(7–36) amide levels and doubled colonic proglucagon and prohormone convertase 1 mRNA levels; both OFS and food restriction lowered ileal GLP-1(7–36) amide levels as compared with levels in STZ-CT rats.
We propose that OFS, through its fermentation in the colon, promotes the expression and secretion of colonic peptides, namely GLP-1(7–36) amide, with beneficial consequences on glycaemia, insulin secretion and hyperphagia in diabetic rats.
Salivary glands as a potential gene transfer target for gene therapeutics of some monogenetic endocrine disorders
Authors: Voutetakis Antonis , Bossis Ioannis , Kok Marc R , Zhang Weitian , Wang Jianghua , Cotrim Ana P , Zheng Changyu , Chiorini John A , Nieman Lynnette K , Baum Bruce J 
Published: June 2005

Salivary glands (SGs) exhibit several important features which are also common to endocrine glands: self-containment due to a surrounding capsule, highly efficient protein production and the ability to secrete proteins into the bloodstream. We have hypothesized that SGs are potentially useful as gene transfer targets for the correction of inherited monogenetic endocrine disorders. In the present communication, we extend our studies and attempt to test our hypothesis by comparing the efficacy of two commonly used viral vectors and the resulting serum and salivary distribution of transgene encoded hormones.
A low dose (5 ×109 particles) of either an adenoviral serotype 5 (Ad5) vector encoding the human erythropoietin (hEPO) cDNA or an adeno-associated virus sero-type 2 (AAV2) vector encoding either the hEPO or human growth hormone (hGH) cDNA was administered to individual submandibular SGs of Balb/c mice. Serum and salivary hEPO and hGH levels were determined at defined time points. Two additional recombinant viruses encoding enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP) were also used (AdGFP and AAVGFP) in order to perform immunohistochemical analyses of transgenic protein localization in SG sections post-administration.
AAV2 vectors led to stable gene transfer unlike the results with the Ad5 vectors. Indeed, in one mouse we observed hEPO production for a period of two years after administration of AAVhEPO to SGs. hEPO, which is a constitutive pathway secretory protein, was readily secreted into the bloodstream from the SGs, yielding therapeutically adequate serum levels. Conversely, hGH, a regulated secretory pathway protein, was preferentially secreted into saliva.
SGs may be an attractive candidate target tissue for gene therapeutics of some monogenetic endocrine deficiency disorders. At present, AAV2 vectors seem particularly useful for such applications, and transgenes encoding constitutive secretory pathway hormones are more suitable for this application with SGs than those encoding regulated secretory pathway hormones.
Liquid crystals— new compounds, new applications
Authors: Eidenschink Rudolf 
Published: May 2005

Low molecular weight liquid crystals have been used extensively in electrooptic displays. New non‐polymer thermotropic materials (see figure for an example) have now opened the way to further technical applications such as anisotropic reaction media, brake and clutch systems, laser optics and, ofcourse, more varied electrooptic devices. magnified image
The quest for magnetic polymers—caveat emptor
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNumerous reports claiming ferromagnetic behavior in organic polymers exist; however, the reported materials have been plagued by ill‐defined compositions, low yields on a magnetic basis, and poor reproducibility. Such low values of saturation magnetization (i.e., ≪ 5600 emuG/mol spin) cause serious concern as to whether the magnetic behavior arises from extrinsic sources and thus obligate the researcher to provide a persuasive case that when a material has a low saturation magnetization, suggesting thrtt the magnetic fraction is only a small portion of the bulk, that the magnetic behavior is in fact intrinsic and not of extrinsic origin. In several cases, when reinvestigated, the magnetic behavior of reported polymeric magnetic materials has been attributed to extrinsic sources. In the cases where extrinsic sources have not been identified, verification of the magnetic behavior has not been reported by independent laboratories. Thus, to date there have not been any reports of a bulk polymer that have stood the test of confirmation for ferromagnetic or even ferrimagnetic behaviour. Hence, caveat physics—scientist beware.
Laser floating zone growth of textured Ag/(Bi,Pb)SrCaCuO superconductors
Authors: de la Fuente German F. , Huang Yi‐Bing , Badia Antonio , Lera Francisco , Rillo Conrado , Navarro Rafael , Ibáñez Rafael , Beltrán Daniel 
Published: May 2005

Superconducting composite wires and tapes based on textured Ag/(Bi,Pb)SrCaCuO materials can be produced using the laser floating zone technique. The method allows the production of pure (see figure) and Ag‐containing fibers from molten polycrystalline precursors and an investigations of the relationship between microstructure and properties of the fibers. magnified image
STM‐based nanotechnology: The japanese challenge
Authors: Grey François 
Published: May 2005

AbstractJapan is launching an ambitious ten‐year nanotechnology project, the goal of which is the “ultimate manipulation of atoms and molecules”. An important aspect of this project is the use of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to modify materials on the nanometer scale. Another five‐year Japanese project devoted entirely to STM‐controlled atom‐scale fabrication is already nearing completion. Japanese industrial laboratories have also produced some outstanding results in this area of research. This article reviews recent Japanese efforts in STM‐based nanotechnology and attempts to put these in a worldwide perspective.
Functionalized langmuir–blodgett films—toward the construction of molecular devices
Authors: Tachibana Hiroaki , Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi 
Published: May 2005

Control of the orientation of component molecules in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films is important for their use in molecular electronics. Cyclodextrins can be given a particular orientation at the air‐water interface by introducing long alkyl chains through the amino, sulfinyl, and sulfide groups (see Figure). This article reviews progress in molecular‐component and supramolecular LB films and photochemical switching systems constructed from them. magnified image
Synthesis, crystal structure, magnetic properties, and spin densities of a triazole‐nitronyl‐nitroxide radical
Authors: Pei Yu , Kahn Olivier , Aebersold Michael A. , Ouahab Lahcène , Le Berre Françoise , Pardi Luca , Tholence Jean Louis 
Published: May 2005

A triazole‐nitronyl‐nitroxide radical (see Figure) combining a 1,2,4‐triazole function—which plays an important role in the field of spin transition compounds—and a nitronyl nitroxide radical— a magnetic building blick used in organic magnets — is reported. Its synthesis, crystyal structure, magnetic properties and spin densities are described. magnified image
Uniform colloidal particles in solution: Formation mechanisms
Authors: Ocaña Manuel , Rodriguez‐Clemente Rafael , Serna Carlos J. 
Published: May 2005

Monodisperse colloids have found a wide range of technolgoical applications, in fields as diverse as ceramics, pigments, and catalysis. Recent work in analyzing the mechanism of formation of the particles is reviewed, and the facotrs influencing the size and shape of the colloids, such as the SiO2 particles shown in the Figure, are discussed. magnified image
Silver‐selective electrodes based on supported liquid membranes
Authors: Casabó Jaume , Teixidor Francesç , Escriche Luis , Viñas Clara , Pérez‐Jiménez Consuelo 
Published: May 2005

Transport‐assisted membranes are materials that can perform specific chemical separation and chemical determination tasks. These membranes are conventional polymeric or ceramic membranes incorporating a carrier. The use of this technology in the development of ion‐selective electrodes using a variety of cyclic ethers and thioethers (e.g. see Figure) is reviewed. magnified image
Novel gold‐dithiol nano‐networks with non‐metallic electronic properties
Authors: Brust Mathias , Schiffrin David J. , Bethell Donald , Kiely Christopher J. 
Published: May 2005

Stable nanostructured networks of quantum‐sized particles have been prepared “see Figure” using self‐assembly techniques. Here, two new techniques are reported for the preparation of non‐metallic composite materials comprising nanometersized gold particles self assembled into a 3‐D network by means of organic dithiols magnified image.
Template synthesis of graphitic nanotubules*
Authors: Parthasarathy Ranjani V. , Phani K. L. N. , Martin Charles R. 
Published: May 2005

Ensembles of graphite‐based nanotubes (see Fig.) have been produced by extending a template approach successfully used for metals and semiconductors to carbons. The outer andinner diameters of the tubules can be controlled by varying the time allowed for the polymerization of acrylonitrile within the pores of a nanotubes formed in the pores are subsequently graphitized at high temperatures to form the graphitized nanotubes magnified image.
The influence of surface structure on the discotic liquid crystalline alignment. an infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Perora Tunic S. , Vij Prof. Jagdish K. 
Published: May 2005

The type of alignment achieved with discotic liquid crystals is important for a number of applications. It is found to depend decisively on the structure of the substrate. Infrared dichroism experiments are used to study the alignment of truxene and triphenylene cores (see Fig.) on amorphous silicon and polycrystalline ZnSe substrates, revealing considerable differences and hinting at the opportunity to tune the alignment of the materials magnified image.
On the quinoid structure of poly(isothianaphthene): A vibrational spectroscopic study
Authors: Zerbi Giuseppe , Magnoni Maria Chiara , Hoogmartens Ivan , Kiebooms Raphael , Carleer Robert , Vanderzande Dirk , Gelan Jan 
Published: May 2005

The low band gap polyconjugated aromatic material PITN (see figure, left) is shown, on the basis of te results of Raman spectroscopy, to in fact have the quinoid structure in its electronic ground state. This is the first demonstration that these technologically interesting materials adopt the quinoid structure magnified image.