bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Growth and Differentiation of Multi-Level Networks: A Corporatist Mega-Bureaucracy or an Open City?
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all those who want to study a political system in full evolution the European Union (EU) is a fascinating object: a political ‘space’ in the making. The formal and informal networks in the Brussels arena offer much scope for stimulating research and reveal a pattern of the growth and differentiation. As with the study of any political system a crucial aim of research on the EU is to identify and to analyse the several and different groups of political, administrative, economic, and social actors. They form complex networks which make institutions work or fail. The emphasis in studies of new democracies on ‘civil society’ illustrates that knowledge of constitutions-or, for our purpose, treaties-and their official bodies and institutions is not sufficient to explain how a political system works.
Lebanon
Authors: Gerges Fawaz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In divided societies, it is difficult to distinguish or to separate foreign policy from domestic politics. This is nowhere truer than in the case of Lebanon during the Cold War era. Of all the Middle Eastern countries, Lebanon has one of the most complex and fragmented sociopolitical structures. This diversity does not translate into political pluralism, however. Lebanon’s various constituencies are deeply divided along sectarian, religious, and ideological lines, behaving more like tribes than a civil society. Each community has its own conception of Lebanon’s role in the regional and international environment.
Introduction
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of the origins and development of the world-view of those who called themselves ‘democrats’ in Russia in the last years of the USSR. Political changes which began in the USSR after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 led to a significant rise in unofficial political activities in the country. As the authorities greatly softened and then ceased repression of the organization of unofficial political groups, many such groups emerged, first in Moscow and Leningrad, and subsequently all over the country. For the first time since 1922, without being subject to severe repressions, the Bolshevik government banned the last independent parties, and since the first part of Brezhnev’s rule, when ‘dissident’ groups were active (most of them crushed by 1985), the country saw organizations which openly questioned the views of the authorities. It is hardly possible to calculate the exact number of such groups (at least before the KGB archives are opened), but according to some estimates there were about 30,000 of them by 1988 and twice as many in 1989.
The Ideal Society: Interpretations of Democracy
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘democracy’, unlike many other terms which were widely used by the Russian ‘democrats’, like ‘totalitarianism’, ‘nomenklatura’, ‘partocracy’, and others, was not officially banned in the USSR as a way of defining the Soviet political system. On the contrary, the Soviet political system was officially considered to be democratic, and the kind of democracy practised in the USSR was supposed to be its highest form: socialist democracy. Because of this, the use of the term by ‘democrats’ did not mean open confrontation with the authorities. By contrast, the use of the term ‘totalitarianism’ with respect to the USSR immediately signified open opposition. Practically everybody in the USSR during the perestroyka period, from Stalinists to members of the radically nationalist Pamyat, declared themselves supporters of different forms of democracy. However, not everyone called himself a ‘democrat’.
Not All Politics is Local The Geographical Dimension of Policy Representation
Authors: Esaiasson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans and Europeans tend to think differently about political representation. Traditionally, US political scientists view the process of political representation as individualistic and local. Elected representatives are independent political entrepeneurs who are responsible only to their own particular geographical constituency. In contrast, European political scientists perceive the process of representation as party collectivistic and national. Elected representatives are collective actors who are committed to a national party programme and are responsible to a national constituency. In what follows, these two different views of political representation are referred to as the local approach and the party-collective approach, respectively.
System Characteristics Matter Empirical Evidence from Ten Representation Studies
Authors: Wessels Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political representation lies at the heart of democratic systems. However, political representation is possible in political systems different from liberal democracies (Weissberg 1978: 547). But in no other system is representation as important in normative terms as in democracies. The normative theory of democracy explicitly calls for political representation. Dahl (1989: 95) regards as the reasonable justification for democracy that citizens are most effective in inducing government to do what they want by using orderly and peaceful means. However, representation is a complex phenomenon. It has been addressed from a variety of angles and dimensions and through different normative lenses. The smallest common denominator in normative terms, though, is that in a democracy there should be some match between the interests of the people and what representatives promote.
Subnational Democracy in the European Union
Authors: Loughlin John , Aja Eliseo , Bullmann Udo , Hendriks Frank , Lidström Anders , Seiler Daniel-L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the result of a research project carried out for the Committee of the Regions and analyses the 'state of play' of democratic practice at the subnational level in all of the European Member states. Its initial hypothesis was that liberal democracy is closely associated with the rise of the nation state in the 19th century. The nation state, however, has been significantly changing under the impact of various forces including globalization and regionalization, internal reforms of the public administration system such as privatization and deregulation, and the emergence of regions and local authorities as actors in their own rights. these changes pose challenges for the practice of democracy and , in particular, for its expression at the regional and local level. The book deals with the theoretical implications of these changes in terms of the changing nature of the state and new regionalism. However, one of the key findings is that there is no one uniform of the meaning of democracy across member states and there are variations even within a single state depending on whether the national or subnational levels are considered. Each country chapter gives the historical and philosophical background to the concept of democracy in each country. There is also an exposition of the institutional expression of democracy at the different levels. With regard to the practice of democracy at the subnational level, the role of pressure groups and policy networks is examined as well as the role of political parties. There is a survey of critiques of subnational democracy. Finally, there is a survey of innovative approaches to improving regional and local democracy through a variety of mechanisms and reforms as ways of responding to the challenge and opportunities facing it today.
Denmark: Between Scandinavian Democracy and Neo-liberalism
Authors: Lidstrom Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid nineteenth century, the Danish system of government went through dramatic changes. A two-hundred-year period of royal autocracy was replaced by a system of government based on one of the most modern constitutions of the time. Already in the 1830s, the assembly of estates was reintroduced, which opened up for debate and stimulated liberal attitudes and popular demands for a new form of government. Compared to Sweden, liberal tendencies have been much stronger in Denmark (Knudsen 1995). In addition, Danish farmers, sympathetic to liberalism and individualism, joined forces with the urban bourgeoisie. These pressures were reinforced by the revolutionary tensions in contemporary Europe (Knudsen and Rothstein 1994). As a result, the king agreed in 1849 to share his powers with a new two-chamber assembly. Voting rights were granted to approximately 75 per cent of adult men. Amongst those excluded were those in receipt of poor relief. A setback to the development of democracy came in the wake of the war of 1864, when Denmark lost Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. The Conservatives managed to achieve a constitutional revision, whereby voting rights to the upper chamber were restricted. This reduced the influence of the popular vote and delayed the introduction of parliamentarism until the first years of the twentieth century. However, the final establishment of universal suffrage took place in 1915 (Petersson 1994; Hastrup 1994).
Finland: Geo-political Changes and Europeanization
Authors: Lidstrom Anders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finland became an independent state in 1917 after more than seven centuries as an integrated part of Sweden and one century as a semi-autonomous grand duchy within the Russian Empire. During most of the Russian period, the Tsars respected a certain amount of Finnish self-government. However, by the turn of the century, a Russification process was imposed, aiming at increasing Russian dominance and reducing the power of the Finnish institutions. This grip was relaxed in the wake of the turbulence in Russia during 1905, which paved the way for the reform of the system of representation in Finland. In 1906 a one-chamber assembly, elected through proportional representation, was introduced. In practice, the power of the assembly was still restricted, but, nevertheless, Finland now had one of the most modern forms of representation in Europe. Contrary to what happened in Sweden and Denmark, universal suffrage came at the same time as the system of representation was reformed. However, full independence was gained only in the aftermath of the Russian revolution.
The Shifting Meaning of the Black Ghetto in the United States
Authors: Marcuse Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dearest divisions of urban space in the United States today are at the extremes: the segregation of the poorest, overwhelmingly black, in ghettos, and the self-isolation of the rich, in citadels. Both have changed significantly over time, with the state playing a major role in the form and content of each division. This chapter traces the history of the ghetto in the United States, highlighting its changing character and the influence state policies have had in shaping it.
States, Cities, and the Partitioning of Urban Space: Conclusions
Authors: Marcuse Peter , Kempen Ronald van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The individual contributions in their description of changes in cities from seven countries around the globe, and our own brief historical overview, have provided evidence that partitioning has been an enduring aspect of city form over the long duree, but that there have been significant changes in the manner and driving forces behind those partitions over time. In this last chapter, we want to examine more generally the role that the state has played in bringing about and shaping those changes in partitioning that have in fact taken place in our time.
Compromised Republicans: The Vernunftrepublikaner and the Transformation of Liberal Thought from Weimar to the Federal Republic
Authors: Muller Jan-Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is one to write the history of liberalism in a country with a famously illiberal tradition-a country which lacked what Friedrich Naumann once called Elementarliberalismus (basic liberalism) and in which, it seems, liberal parties suffered a permanent crisis? Is it simply the story of decline and fall, missed opportunities and bourgeois weaknesses, even hypocrisies? Were there particular theoretical weaknesses in German liberal thought, or was liberalism doomed because of social factors which had little to do with the peculiarities of German liberal ideology? And was the gradual liberalization of the Federal Republic after the Second World War a ‘velvet revolution without ideas’, a strange rebirth of liberalism without liberal thought, as has sometimes been claimed?
Migration and the ‘New’ International Order: The Missing Regime
Authors: Hollifield James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the founding of the Bretton Woods exchange rate system (1944) through the conclusion of the last (Uruguay) round of GATT talks in the 1990s, the post-war international order has been marked by multilateralism and the building of liberal regimes for trade and finance. These regimes in turn have reduced the risks of openness for national economies and they have stimulated international exchange across the board. Like trade, portfolio, and foreign direct investment, international migration has increased dramatically in the post-war period; but, with the notable exception of refugees, no liberal regime for migration has emerged. Why has migration continued at such high levels in the absence of a regime and in the face of cyclical downturns?
Why do we Need a General Agreement on Movements of People (GAMP)?
Authors: Straubhaar Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century began worldwide with the (partly artificial) making of nation states.1 It is about to end with the slow, incremental but ongoing erosion of nation states power. Nation states have been very efficient as insti tutions to minimize transaction costs in the area of industrialization.1 In a world of increasing globalization for more and more business activities, however, the politically defined territoriality of nation states comes under growing economic pressure. Several nation states have broken up into parts (like the Soviet Union or Yugoslavia). Others have started to congregate in regional integration blocs (like NAFTA, EU, ASEAN, Mercosur). Many national borders have been abolished and some integrated areas without national borders have arisen (like the EU).
Spanish Diputados: From the 1876 Restoration to Consolidated Democracy
Authors: Linz Juan J , Gangas Pilar , Mir Miguel Jerez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1812 liberal constitution of Cadiz1 did away with the remnants of estate representation in Spain and established equal citizenship and universal suffrage by a complex procedure of indirect suffrage at three levels with one representative for 70,000 inhabitants, leading to a chamber of 149 diputa-dos. On his return from France, King Ferdinand VII refused to accept the constitution and established absolute rule. In 1820, a pronunciamiento by the army forced him to swear the constitution but soon, with the help of the Holy Alliance, he would re-establish absolute rule.Tl1e death of the king led to a succession war between his brother, Don Carlos, and the partisans of his daughter, Isabel II, that was also an ideological war between the defenders of absolutism, of the special role of the Church and traditional institutions, and those of liberalism. 111e re-establishment of the 1812 constitution was only temporary and in 1834 the Estatuto Real with a bicaeral legislature was granted by the Queen Regent. The government and the Cortes (the Spanish parliament) elaborated a new electoral law based on census restrictions and in 1836 convoked new elections.2 The Queen Regent in 1836 enacted the re-establishment of the constitution of 1812 and a new constitutional text was approved in 1837, which separated electoral law from the constitutional text. The new law extended the suffrage to 2.2% of the population and in 1843, 4.3% were eligible voters.
Between Professionalization and Democratization: A Synoptic View on the Making of the European Representative
Authors: Cotta Maurizio , Best Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the twentieth century, a large majority of European countries have achieved consolidated democratic regimes and others have at least undertaken the first crucial steps in the process of democratization. If in the gloomy years between the two world wars the future of democracy in Europe seemed in dire straights, and if for several decades after World War II it was challenged by totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, the twentieth century has closed on a definitely more optimistic note. Democracy is no longer an endangered species but is rather the winner (Linz 1995). Further, despite oft-voiced complaints about the decline of parliaments, one of the most obvious results of these political developments has been the diffusion of parliamentary institutions. Indeed, parliaments appear to be a sine qua non of democracy, something which is well attested to by the fact that parliamentary elections are considered a crucial political test in all European countries, and that parliaments themselves remain the main channel for a career in government (Blondel and Thiebault 1991).
150 Years Old and Still Alive: Eigenproblems
Authors: van der Vorst Henk A , Golub Gene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linear eigenproblems continue to be an important and highly relevant area of research in numerical linear algebra. Therefore, it should be no surprise that numerical algorithms for eigenproblems are among the oldest known in the modern literature. In 1846, exactly 150 years ago, Jacobi [33] wrote his famous paper on the computation of solutions for the problem Ax = Ax, with AT = A. Strictly speaking, this is not correct, since matrix notation was unknown at that time. So Jacobi formulated the problem in terms of systems of equations, written out elementwise. His paper contains computational elements that are still in use, like the plane rotations for making a system more diagonally dominant, and the (Gauss)-Jacobi iteration method for diagonally dominant systems. These elements were combined in his approach for the computation of eigenvalues, together with a clever way of setting up a correction equation for eigenvalue and eigenvector approximations.
Large Scale Unconstrained Optimization
Authors: Nocedal Jorge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper reviews advances in Newton, quasi-Newton and conjugate gradient methods for large scale optimization. It also describes several packages developed during the last ten years, and illustrates their performance on some practical problems. Much attention is given to the concept of partial separability which is gaining importance with the arrival of automatic differentiation tools and of optimization software that fully exploits its properties.
Stabilization Techniques and Subgrid Scales Capturing
Authors: Brezzi F , Franca L P , Hughest T J R , Russo A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present an overview of stabilized finite element methods and of the standard Galerkin method enriched with residual-free bubble functions. The inadequacy of the standard Galerkin method using piecewise polynomials is discussed for different applications; the treatment using stabilized methods in their different versions is reviewed; and the connection to the standard Galerkin method with richer subspaces follows using the subgrid method or the residual-free-bubbles viewpoint. We close with a discussion on how to approximate the exact problem suggested by residual-free bubbles. The standard Galerkin method can be roughly described as being an approximation of the variational formulation of a PDE (or system of PDE’s) in a space of functions that is spanned by piecewise polynomials. This simple idea presents several advantages: first, the discrete system of equations that arise from such an approximation is going to be “banded” since the piecewise polynomials can be constructed to have a “small” support, and therefore the matrices involved are sparse.
Partial Differential Equations and Image Iterative Filtering
Authors: Guichard Frédéric , Morel Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that a conveniently rescaled iterated convolution of a linear positive kernel converges to a gaussian. As a consequence, all iterative linear smoothing methods of a signal or an image boil down to the application to the signal of the heat equation. This survey explains how a similar analysis can be performed for image iterative smoothing by a wide class of nonlinear operators, the morphological operators. These monotone operators have a property which makes them suitable for image analysis: they commute with contrast changes of the images. Among them, the median operator which computes a local “mean value” independent of constrast changes. We prove that all morphological (i.e. monotone, constrast invariant) operators, are asymptotically equivalent (when they become more and more local) to a motion of the image by its curvature.
Interpolation, Identification, and Sampling
Authors: Partington Jonathan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with applications of functional analysis and complex analysis to problems of interpolation in spaces of analytic functions. The problems we look at are those of recovery, producing approximations to functions from measured values. These values may in turn be corrupted by small errors and we wish to be able to produce a good model using this partial and inaccurate information. The practical applications include systems identification, signal processing, and sampling. A selection of the material of this book would be appropriate for a graduate course on function spaces and operators acting on them. Chapter 8 gives a mathematician's introduction to H( control theory, one of the big research areas of the last 15 years. Worst-case identification (discussed in Chapters 3,4, and 6) is a major area of modern systems theory to which the author has made many contributions. This book gives the first theoretical treatment of this area: it includes much practical material on input design and identification algorithms. Sampling and systems processing is another active area of research. The book presents an accessible treatment of several advanced topics, some included for the first time in any book.
Polynucleotide secondary structures: an historical perspective
Authors: Arnott Struther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall describe the fibre-derived X-ray analyses upon which studies of polynucleotide helical conformations mainly depended from 1950 to 1980. The first of these three decades started off with the dramatic events that showed that DNA, the large complex polymer within whose primary structure genetic information was stored, had an unexpectedly simple secondary structure. Soon it became clear that it could have two secondary structures and for much of the 1950s the efforts of molecular biophysicists were concentrated on putting the details of these two allomorphs beyond cavil.
The Nucleic Acid Database: a research and teaching tool
Authors: Berman Helen M , Zardecki, Christine , Westbrook John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nucleic Acid Database (NDB) was established in 1991 in response to the need for a repository of the specialized information contained within nucleic acid crystal structures (1). The vision of the founders was to create a research tool that would allow for data exploration and inspire knowledge discovery about the three dimensional structure of nucleic acids.