bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein (a): Its Role in Childhood Thromboembolism
Authors: Nowak-Göttl Ulrike , Debus Ottfried , Findeisen Martina , Kassenböhmer Reiner , Koch Hans Georg , Pollmann Harmut , Postler Christiane , Weber Peter , Vielhaber Heinrich 
Published: August 2004

Purpose. Elevated lipoprotein (a) [LP (a)] concentrations are independent risk factors of coronary heart disease or stroke in young adults. To clarify its role in childhood thromboembolism, Lp (a) was measured in 72 children with thromboembolism.
Methods. In addition to Lp (a), defects of the protein C anticoagulant system, antithrombin, and antiphospholipid antibodies were investigated in children with arterial (n = 36) or venous (n = 36) thrombosis.
Results. Enhanced Lp (a) &gt;50 mg/dL was diagnosed in 8 out of 36 children with arterial and 5 out of 36 patients with venous thrombosis. Of the 72 children, 25 showed the factor V Leiden mutation, 10 showed protein C deficiency, 2 showed antithrombin deficiency, and 4 showed primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Three children with increased Lp (a) were heterozygous for the factor V Leiden mutation, and 1 girl showed additional protein C deficiency.
Conclusions. Data of this study indicate that increased concentrations of Lp (a) play an important role in childhood thrombosis. childhood thrombosis, lipoprotein (a), factor V Leiden, protein C.
Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings: A Three-Year Experience
Authors: Barsky-Firkser Lisa , Sun Shyan 
Published: August 2004

Objective. To perform hearing screenings on all newborns before hospital discharge, using auditory brainstem evoked responses with analysis of time, cost, and failure rates to evaluate and determine the screening practicality.
Method. Over a 3-year period from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 1995, auditory brainstem evoked response screenings were performed on 15 749 infants born at Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey, before their hospital discharge by certified/licensed audiologists. The auditory brainstem evoked response screenings were conducted using the Nicolet Compass Evoked Potential System.
Results. A 3-year experience of testing 15 749 infants proved to be a cost-effective program with costs less than $30.00/baby. To date, 46 babies have been identified with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and 6 babies with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss.
Conclusions. The universal newborn hearing screening program at Saint Barnabas Medical Center has proved to be effective, beneficial, and necessary for an institution with more than 5000 births, annually. Early identification of hearing loss has resulted in infants receiving early intervention, and the screening program has provided education and follow-up services to both parents and physicians. auditory brainstem evoked responses, early hospital discharge of newborns, early identification of hearing loss, screening auditory brainstem evoked responses, universal newborn hearing screening.
Parents’ and Physicians’ Views on Antibiotics
Authors: Palmer Diana A. , Bauchner Howard 
Published: August 2004

Objective. To describe parents’ opinions and concerns about antibiotics and to contrast these opinions with those of pediatricians.
Design. Parents were surveyed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and pediatricians were mailed a self-administered questionnaire.
Results. Parents from two private practices (N = 300) were largely white (84%) and had completed college (81%). The parents from a community health center (N = 100) were mostly black (80%) and had not completed college (91%). Twenty-nine percent of parents were worried that their children were receiving too many antibiotics. Eighty-five percent believed there were problems with receiving too many antibiotics, with 55% mentioning resistance or immunity as concerns. Eighteen percent of parents had given their child an antibiotic at home before consulting a physician. Parents believed that antibiotics were always or sometimes required for ear infections (93%), throat infections (83%), colds (32%), cough (58%), and fever (58%). Fourteen percent of parents believed that their child had required an antibiotic when the doctor did not prescribe one, with clinic parents significantly more likely to report this issue (22%) than private practice parents (12%). Nine percent believed that their doctor had prescribed an antibiotic unnecessarily (private practice = 12%, community health center = 3%). Parents from the private practices were also more likely to report requesting a specific antibiotic (34%) in comparison with 19% of clinic parents.
Sixty-one percent of the physician surveys were returned after two mailings and a follow-up phone call. The pediatricians had been in practice for a median of 12 years, seeing a median of 110 patients per week. Fifty-eight percent of pediatricians reported that some, many, or most of the parents in their practices were worried that their children were receiving too many antibiotics. Seventy-one percent indicated that four or more times during the previous month, a parent had requested an antibiotic when the physician believed it was unnecessary, and 35% said that at least occasionally they went along with these requests. Sixty-one percent reported that parents requested a different antibiotic from the one they were going to prescribe at least four times in the previous month, and 30% of pediatricians said that they agreed to parents’ requests often or most of the time.
Conclusions. Both the parent and the physician surveys suggest that parents are concerned about the overuse of antibiotics, but often request them when their physicians believe they are unnecessary. Parents often administer antibiotics without physician knowledge, and many parents have misconceptions about which illnesses warrant antibiotic therapy. Understanding parents’ concerns and beliefs about antibiotics and the range of physician practice styles with respect to antibiotics may direct the development of intervention strategies to reduce the inappropriate use of oral antibiotics. antibiotics, parents, pediatricians, resistance.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Versus Individual Well Child Care for High-risk Children: Maternal-Child Interaction and Developmental Outcomes
Authors: Taylor James A. , Davis Robert L. , Kemper Kathi J. 
Published: August 2004

Objective. To determine if group well child care (GWCC) for high-risk children affects maternal-child interaction and development as compared to these outcomes in children receiving traditional individual well child care (IWCC).Study Design. Randomized controlled trial.Participants. Infants less than 4 months old at the initiation of the study who came from high-risk families. Families were classified as high risk, and eligible for study participation, if the mother had one or more of the following characteristics: poverty, single marital status, less than a high school education, age less than 20 years at delivery, previous substance abuse, or a history of abuse as a child.Setting. Two urban, university pediatric clinics in Seattle, Washington.Interventions. Study children were randomized to receive GWCC or IWCC prior to the first study visit at the age of 4 months. Study health supervision visits were scheduled at 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 months of age. For children randomized to receive GWCC, study visits consisted of an age-matched group discussion of child rearing issues, either preceding or following a brief physical examination. After the 15-month visit, development of study patients was assessed by the use of Bayley Scales of Infant Development (Bayley). Maternal-child interaction and the home environment were evaluated by the use of the Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS) and the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), respectively.Results. At least one outcome measure was obtained on 114 children; 86 patients completed all three outcome measures. Bayley psychomotor mean scores were 103.6 ± 11.5 for GWCC patients versus 100.0 ± 12.4 for those receiving IWCC (P= .14); mean scores for the mental section were 99.3 ± 14.8 and 100.4 ± 14.3, respectively (P = .71). The prevalence of high-risk maternal-child interactions was 10% in both the GWCC and IWCC groups. A high-risk home environment was found in 16% of IWCC patients versus 4% of those randomized to GWCC (odds ratio comparing IWCC to GWCC 4.6, 95% confidence interval 0.78, 26.0, after controlling for confounding variables). Provider time was similar among groups (mean number of minutes/patient/study visit: 19.8 ± 5.6 and 20.4 ± 6.7 for GWCC and IWCC, respectively,P = .66).Conclusion. GWCC is a viable alternative to IWCC for high-risk children. Developmental outcomes and maternal-child interaction are at least as good for children who received GWCC as compared to traditional IWCC, without any increase in provider time required. well child care, child development, maternal-child interaction, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale, Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment.
Cationic Transition Metal Arene Interactions
Authors: Diefenbach Martin , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDescribing selected examples, this contribution aims at discussing structural, electronic, and thermochemical aspects of cationic transition metal–arene complexes in gas‐phase chemistry. The main focus is cast on the application of quantum chemistry to metal–benzene complexes and derivatives and on a comparison to experiment where appropriate. The reader is taken through an overview starting from general electronic and molecular orbital considerations and leading to structural and thermochemical implications thereof. A short section on transition metal–arene reactivity and a final paragraph on miscellaneous related systems conclude the article.
Entropy from Quantum Chemical Computations
Authors: East Allan L. L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article describes the computation of the third‐law gas‐phase entropy of a molecule. Formulae from statistical thermodynamics are used, on the basis of canonical partition functions and relying on molecular parameters determinedab initio.Sensitivity of computed entropies to theab initioaccuracy of molecular parameter values will be discussed. Special discussion is devoted to approximations dealing with multiple minima of fluxional molecules, particularly rotational conformers connected by internal rotation.
Computational Prediction of Intestinal Absorption
Authors: Clark David E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis review covers thein silicoprediction of human intestinal permeability, fraction absorbed in humans, and Caco‐2 permeability, particularly focusing on recent developments and the current state of the art. It is suggested that the largest obstacle in the way of the development of improved predictive models is the current lack of suitable experimental data sets. Some likely future developments are outlined: notably the use of consensus models, the integration of absorption models with models for other absorption‐related processes, and the inclusion of better confidence estimates in the output of predictive models.
Absorption
Authors: von Stockar Urs , Wilke Charles R. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Absorption, or gas absorption, is a unit operation used in the chemical industry to separate gases by washing or scrubbing a gas mixture with a suitable liquid. One or more of the constituents of the gas mixture dissolves or is absorbed in the liquid and can thus be removed from the mixture. In some systems, this gaseous constituent forms a physical solution with the liquid or the solvent, and in other cases, it reacts with the liquid chemically. The purpose of such scrubbing operations may be gas purification, eg, removal of air pollutants from exhaust gases; product recovery; or production of solutions of gases for various purposes. Gas absorption is usually carried out in vertical countercurrent columns. The solvent is fed in at the top of the absorber, the gas mixture from the bottom. The absorbed substance is washed out by the solvent, which is often recovered in a subsequent
stripping
or desorption operation. The absorber may be a packed column, plate tower, or simple spray column, or a bubble column. The fundamental physical principles underlying the process of gas absorption are the solubility of the absorbed gas and the rate of mass transfer. Information on both must be available when sizing equipment for a given application. In standard packed absorption columns, a gas mixture travels up through a gas absorption tower and the solute is transferred to the liquid phase and thus gradually removed from the gas. The liquid accumulates solute on its way down through the column. Multicomponent mass‐transfer effects, nonisothermal gas absorption, and axial dispersion effects result in considerable departures from ideal flow assumptions. Neglect of axial dispersion results in an overestimation of the driving forces and may lead to an unsafe design. Bubble tray absorption columns may be designed graphically based on a so‐called McCabe‐Thiele diagram. The required number of actual plates, however, is larger than the number of theoretical plates. The computation of nonisothermal gas absorption processes is difficult because of all the interactions involved. A computer is normally required to establish the correct concentration and temperature profiles through the tower.
Acetylene, Properties and Manufacturing from Calcium Carbide
Authors: Manyik Robert M. , Dietz C. M. , Sargent H. B. , Thribolet R. O. , Schaffer R. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetylene, C2H2, is a highly reactive, commercially important hydrocarbon. Its reactivity is related to its triple bond between carbon atoms and, as a consequence, its high positive free energy of formation. Because of its explosive nature, long distance shipping or pressurized storage is not recommended. Thus acetylene is generally used as it is produced without shipping or storage.Commercially, acetylene is used primarily as a raw material for the synthesis of a variety of organic chemicals. In the United States, this accounts for about 80% of acetylene usage, with the balance being used for metal welding and cutting. Worldwide acetylene production peaked in the mid‐1960s, after which it declined dramatically as processes were developed to substitute lower cost olefins and paraffins for the acetylene feedstock. Production levels reached a minimum in the early 1980s and since have been growing at a rate of about 2–4% per year, mainly in response to the growth of 1,4‐butanediol production.Although acetylene production in Japan, China, and Eastern Europe is still based on the calcium carbide process, the large producers in the United States, Western Europe, and Russia now rely principally on the partial oxidation of natural gas. However, much of the incremental growth in production is based on producing acetylene as a coproduct of ethylene in the steam cracking process. As a coproduct, acetylene is much less costly than as produced from partial oxidation or calcium carbide.
Acetyl Chloride
Authors: Wagner Frank S. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Acetyl chloride, C
2
H
3
OCl, mol wt 78.50, is a colorless, corrosive, irritating liquid that fumes in air. It reacts very rapidly with water, readily hydrolyzing to acetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Acetyl chloride is toxic. Its high reactivity leads to modifications that block the action of enzymes needed by living tissue. Acetyl chloride is manufactured by the reaction of sodium acetate or acetic acid and phosphorus trichloride. It is a powerful acetylating agent and is used in the manufacture of aspirin, acetaminophen, acetanilide, and acetophenone, and in liquid crystal compositions.
Acrolein and Derivatives
Authors: Etzkorn W. G. , Kurland J. J. , Neilsen W. D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract

Acrolein (2‐propenal), C
3
H
4
O, is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde

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. The primary characteristic of acrolein is its high reactivity due to conjugation of the carbonyl group with a vinyl group. More than 80% of the refined acrolein that is produced today goes into the synthesis of methionine. Much larger quantities of crude acrolein are produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid. Acrolein is a highly toxic material with extreme lacrimatory properties. Special care in handling is required because of its flammability, reactivity, and toxicity. Acrolein is highly reactive in a variety of reactions, including oxidation and reduction and in reactions with alcohols. Because of its antimicrobial activity, it has found use as an agent to control the growth of microbes in process feed lines.
Acrylamide
Authors: Habermann C. E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcrylamide (NIOSH No. A533250) has shown steady growth since the mid‐1950s, but is still considered a small‐volume commodity. It is by far the most important member of the series of acrylic and methacrylic amides. Water‐soluble polyacrylamides have the most important applications, including potentially large uses in enhanced oil recovery as mobility‐control agents in water flooding, additives for oilwell drilling fluids, and aids in fracturing and acidifying. Acrylamide, C3H5NO, is a difunctional monomer containing a reactive electron‐deficient double bond and an amide group. It undergoes reactions typical of those two functionalities. The current routes to acrylamide are based on the hydration of inexpensive and readily available acrylonitrile. Contact with acrylamide can be hazardous and should be avoided.
Adipic Acid
Authors: Davis Darwin D. , Kemp Donald R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAdipic acid, hexanedioic acid, 1,4‐butanedicarboxylic acid, mol wt 146.14, HOOCCH2CH2CH2CH2COOH, is a white crystalline solid with a melting point of about 152°C. Little of this dicarboxylic acid occurs naturally, but it is produced on a very large scale at several locations around the world. The majority of this material is used in the manufacture of nylon‐6,6 polyamide, which is prepared by reaction with 1,6‐hexanediamine. Adipic acid is a colorless, odorless, sour‐tasting crystalline solid that undergoes reactions including esterification, amidation, reduction, halogenation, salt formation, and dehydration. It also undergoes several industrially significant polymerization reactions. Adipic acid historically has been manufactured predominantly from cyclohexane. During the 1970s and 1980s, however, much research has been directed to alternative feedstocks, especially butadiene and cyclohexene, as dictated by shifts in hydrocarbon markets. Growing concern with air quality may exert further pressure for alternative routes as manufacturers seek to avoid NOxabatement costs. When dispersed as a dust, adipic acid is subject to normal dust explosion hazards. The material is an irritant, especially upon contact with the mucous membranes. Protective goggles or face shields should be worn when handling the material. The material should be stored in corrosion‐resistant containers, away from alkaline or strong oxidizing materials. Adipic acid is a very large‐volume organic chemical and is one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume, although demand is highly cyclic. Adipic acid for nylon takes about 60% of U.S. cyclohexane production. Adipic acid is relatively nontoxic.
Adsorption, Liquid Separation
Authors: Gembicki Stanley A. , Oroskar Anil R. , Johnson James A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLiquid‐phase adsorption has long been used for the removal of contaminants present at low concentrations in process streams. In most cases, the objective is to remove a specific feed component; alternatively, the contaminants are not well defined, and the objective is the improvement of feed quality defined by color, taste, odor, and storage stability. In contrast to trace impurity removal, the use of adsorption for bulk separation in the liquid phase on a commercial scale is a relatively recent development; this article is devoted mainly these liquid‐phase bulk adsorptive separation processes. A significant advantage of adsorbents over other separative agents lies in the fact that favorable equilibrium‐phase relations can be developed for particular separations; adsorbents can be produced that are much more selective in their affinity for various substances than are any known solvents. A practical adsorbent has four primary requirements: selectivity, capacity, mass transfer rate, and long‐term stability. The requirement for adequate adsorptive capacity restricts the choice of adsorbents to microporous solids with pore diameters ranging from a few tenths to a few tens of nanometers. Zeolites, crystalline aluminosilicates containing an assemblage of SiO4and AlO4tetrahedra joined together by oxygen atoms to form a microporous solid, offer increased possibilities for exploiting molecular‐level differences among adsorbates. The versatility of zeolites lies in the fact that widely different adsorptive properties may be realized by the appropriate control of the framework structure, the silica‐to‐alumina ratio (Si/Al), and the cation form. Industrial‐scale adsorption processes can be classified as batch or continuous. The efficiency of an adsorption process is significantly higher in a continuous mode of operation than in a cyclic batch mode. In addition, in a batch mode, the four functions of adsorption, purification, desorption, and displacement of the desorbent from the adsorbent are inflexibly linked, whereas a continuous mode allows more degrees of freedom with respect to these functions, and thus a better overall operation. Continuous processes have wide application in different areas of the chemical industry. However, in some applications the cyclic‐batch process may be preferred because of the complexity of design and the difficulty of controlling the continuous processes. Examples of commercial cyclic‐batch adsorption processes include the UOP methanol recovery (UOP MRU) and oxygenate removal (UOP ORU) processes. Conventional liquid chromatography has not attained great commercial significance in the area of large‐scale bulk separations from the liquid phase. Liquid adsorption processes hold a prominent position in several applications for the production of high purity chemicals on a commodity scale, and they continue to increase in value as improvements are made.