bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informal Decision-Making in the Council: The Secret of the EU’s Success?
Authors: Heisenberg Dorothee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EU suffered a major public relations defeat in May 2005 with the French and Dutch rejection of the Constitutional Treaty. The fact that two founding member states’ populations rejected a Treaty that had been laboriously negotiated over three long years (and mainly codified the status quo) suggested that the very idea of the EU itself was in question. Behind the scenes, however, in the EU’s day-to- day dealings, the EU continued to legislate and conduct business in very much an ordinary way. Naturally, there are lingering questions about the status of the Constitutional Treaty, but there is no evidence of an EU decision-making crisis.
Financial Transformation in the European Union
Authors: Posner Elliot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The introduction of the euro has attracted a great deal of scholarly attention. Meanwhile, the transformation of financial regulations and institutions in Europe has been largely neglected. Yet harmonized rules, mutual recognition of foreign national laws, new regulation-making procedures, and coordinated implementation and supervision could have a more fundamental impact on European societies and the global political economy than the single currency. This regional development is exceptional even for the world of international finance, where markets and regulatory regimes have been in constant flux since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system. Around the globe, changes in EU financial arrangements are creating new expectations among transnational firms and enhancing the positions of European national and EU officials in international forums (Posner 2005a).
The Representation Of Numbers By Decimals
Authors: Hardy G H , Wright E . M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decimal associated with a given number. There is a process for expressing any positive number ξas a ‘decimal’ which is familiar in elementary arithmetic. Thus Xmay be expressed uniquely in the form where every Ais one of 0, 1, 2, ..., 9, and A1 is not 0. We abbreviate this expression to the ordinary representation of Xin decimal notation.
Neo-Madisonian Theory and Latin American Institutions
Authors: Carroll Royce , Shugart Matthew Søberg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, theories of political institutions have become central to the literature on Latin American politics. The study of institutions has ranged considerably in method from detailed histories of institutional evolution to more discrete analyses of strategic action under the constraints of a given set of rules. Such work is often identified and critiqued as the ‘institutionalist tradition’ (Huber and Dion 2002) or as the study of behavior in ‘institutional contexts’ (Crisp and Escobar-Lemmon 2001) or, more specifically, ‘rational-choice institutionalism’ (e.g. Weyland 2002a). Gerardo Munck (2004a) recently distinguishes work with an institutional focus from other strands of the literature on Latin American politics, noting that there is much each perspective can learn from the others.
Classifying Political Regimes in Latin America, 1945–2004
Authors: Mainwaring Scott , Brinks Daniel , Pérez-Liñán Aníbal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter has two objectives. First, we attempt to contribute to broader theoretical issues and methodological debates about classifying political regimes. Second, we hope to make an empirical contribution by presenting an original classification of Latin American regimes during the post-World War II period. We explain the methodology used to generate our classification and compare it to other existing data-sets.
Liquids
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only one series of signs is used for land r: this series is by convention transcribed with r(re-u-ko = λεκos). The glide-sound wis usually inserted between two vowels when the first vowel is u (ta-ra-nu-we, θρα-εs), and y (written -j-) when the first vowel is i (i-je-re-u, ερεs).
Phonology
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycenaean has been well described as a milestone between Indo- European and Greek. While certain sound-changes characteristic of Greek have already occurred (for example *s-&gt; h-), others have not (notably the development of labiovelars to labials and dentals); and in a third category the writing system does not allow us to be certain (loss of final obstruents and Grassmann’s Law, §23.5). It is worth noticing that a number of characteristic Greek sound-changes have not yet happened in Mycenaean, and cannot therefore be ascribed to a stage of ‘common’ (i.e. undifferentiated) Greek. This implies that it was not only dialect differentiation that occurred on Greek soil (§1.3), but also processes of integration or coalescence by which the Greek language was formed.
The Greek Alphabet
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important result of the commerce between Greece and the east was the adaptation of a north Semitic (probably Phoenician) alphabet to write Greek. It is not clear where this adaptation took place: it might have happened in Crete, Al Mina (a trading post in Syria), or Cyprus. Rhodes and Euboea have also been proposed as candidates. The date of the adaptation has long been disputed. Until recently the oldest alphabetic inscriptions known were the cup of Nestor (25) and the Dipylon vase (28), both dated to the second half of the VIII cent. BC. In the 1980s and 1990s discoveries in Egypt (a bronze tablet with an early version of the alphabet) and Italy (five letters found scratched onto a pot in a burial site in Gabii), both dated to the first half of the VIII cent. BC, led scholars to push the adaptation back to at least 800 or (perhaps a century) earlier. The process of adaptation, and the diffusion of the resulting Greek alphabet, are obscure in many details. Some facts, however, seem clear. The Greeks borrowed both the letter names and order of the letters:
Arcado-Cypriot
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This dialect group is the most closely related to the language of the Mycenaean tablets. The similarities which link these dialects appear relatively straightforward. Arcadian is the relic of a dialect spoken in the Peloponnese in the Mycenaean Age. At some period (before 1000 BC) Greeks emigrated from the Peloponnese to Cyprus. When the Dorians became dominant in coastal regions of the Peloponnese (Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Corinthia) they did not penetrate the mountainous interior, with the result that Arcadia formed an isolated linguistic community, surrounded by states speaking a different dialect from its own. The Bronze Age dialect of the Peloponnese and its historical survivors are sometimes called ‘Achaean’.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Disappearance of [w] (digamma) from the time of the earliest inscriptions. 2.The change -ti&gt; -siin verbal endings occurs in Att.-Ion. as in Myc. (§10.8): so also in a few other categories such as numerals (εΘκσ§32.9). This gives the characteristic 3 plur. ending -σ[-o:si] &lt; *-σ(WGk. -τ): §23.6c.
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is evidence that vocalic resonants (§10.3) were in some contexts vocalized with o, as in Arc.-Cyp. (§§26.3, 10.3): Boe. στρτεαω14 9, Sapph. βρχi(α) 74 b7. In Lesb. and Thess. clusters of resonant and *s(§23.6) or *y (§23.7) characteristically result in the gemination of the resonant, rather than compensatory lengthening of the vowel: α’ μμi(&lt;*nsme
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Labiovelar *k(*g, *gh) &gt; labial π(β, cp) even before e, i(§10.6): Boe. πετρατα, ‘fourth’ 14 19. (But note τ{s&lt; *kiseven in Aeolic.) [w] (digamma) was lost early in Lesb. (cf. Ionic). Its appearance in Sapph. and Alk. appears to be purely ‘literary’: it had already disappeared from the spoken language in the VI cent. Initial f- is maintained in Boe. and Thess. until the koiné (sometimes written internally in archaic Boe. inscriptions). For Boe. (and probably also Thess., though evidence is scanty) ττin common with Attica and Eretria (§23.8).
West Greek
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
West Greek includes the group of dialects known traditionally to classicists as Doric, a term (and a concept) inherited from the Greeks. The Dorians had a distinct political and cultural identity: their dialect was particularly associated with choral poetry, which suggests that the form developed somewhere in the Doric world. For linguistic purposes it is useful, however, to distinguish a sub-grouping of north-western dialects which share a range of overlapping features. With the notable exceptions of Delphi and Elis, much of the north-western area was both geographically and culturally isolated in the classical period.
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Arc., Aeol., and some WGk. dialects secondary long eand o(§23.1) fell together with inherited [ε:] (η) and [Ɔ:] (ω). WGk. dialects in which this occurs (traditionally labelled severior) are (a) Peloponnesian dialects outside of the Saronic area: viz. Elis, the western Argolid, Laconia, and their colonies (Taras, Heraklea, etc.); and (b) Crete, and some of the smaller islands.
Pamphylian
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the Greek dialect spoken in Pamphylia is obscure; inscriptions are poorly preserved and difficult to understand. It seems to have affinities with Arc.-Cyp., West Greek, and (to a lesser extent) Aeolic. There may have been an Achaean presence in Pamphylia in the Mycenaean or sub Mycenaean period: but the preservation of -τ(§10.8) points to a fundamental West Greek stratum in the language (Aspendos was said to have been settled from Argos, and Rhodian colonies stretched up the western side of Lycia). Whatever the prehistory, contacts with Crete and Cyprus may also explain certain features shared with these dialects. The Greek-speakers of Pamphylia were surrounded by Luwian languages (Lycian, Sidetic, Cilician), and some degree of influence is to be expected from these.
Introduction
Authors: Leopold David , Stears Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political theorists are often silent on questions of method and approach. While scholars in other branches of political and social sciences expend great energy debating the right way to conduct research—arguing about the appropriate place of quantification, the nature of survey design, the ethical acceptability of particular investigative approaches, and the like—political theorists generally spend little time addressing questions of ‘how’ and ‘why’ in their work. Instead, they dive straight into their analysis, turning immediately to the task at hand; arguing, for instance, about the meaning and value of particular key concepts such as liberty, justice, and rights. The books that political theorists write thus rarely include much explicit reflection on method, even though such reflection is a standard expectation in other areas; even less frequently do they produce works explicitly concerned with research methods, although the shelves of libraries are crowded with such texts from related disciplines.
Political philosophy for Earthlings
Authors: Miller David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question that I want to pursue in this chapter concerns the relationship between political philosophy as a normative enterprise whose purpose is to identify and justify principles intended to guide us politically, and what we can call the facts of political life—everything that we know about human beings and human societies, either through common sense or through the more formal methods of the social sciences. How, if at all, do the principles of political philosophy depend on those facts, in the sense that if the world changes in certain ways, or we make new discoveries about it, our political concepts and principles should change too? This question has several dimensions to it.
Why be formal?
Authors: Hirose Iwao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formal analysis in political theory is concerned with the form, as distinguished from the matter, of political behaviour and phenomena. It reduces political behaviour and phenomena to a model represented by mathematical and logical symbols, and elucidates its structure rather than its meaning. Decision theorists and economists have developed formal analysis of individual choices and complex economic phenomena. The results of this are political analysis involving public choice, game theoretic models of politics, spatial models of party competition and legislative behaviour, and deductive modelling of political phenomena. Formal methods can also be used when we analyse normative political theories. For example, game theory helps us to look at much-discussed theories of justice in a new light.
Recognition as fact and norm: the method of critique
Authors: McNay Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature of the relation between political and social theory. It is one of the central claims of contemporary Anglo-American philosophy that these two areas of thought are distinct and necessarily separate. Normative thought does not concern itself with an assessment of existing social arrangements, rather it is free-standing and its consideration of politico-moral issues is guided by ideas of analytical clarity and argumentative rigour. There is, however, a long tradition of thought that regards normative political reflection as being intrinsically connected to a critical social theory. There is, of course, disagreement about the precise nature of this connection and this reflects the diversity of the tradition which, although it ultimately derives much of its inspiration from Hegel’s dialectical thought, ranges across disciplines such as hermeneutics, orthodox Marxism, critical theory, communitarianism, and so-called postmodernism.
Using archival sources to theorize about politics
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir , Nabulsi Karma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might seem incongruous to think of archives and political theorizing, the two elements which constitute the subject matter of this chapter, as sharing much by way of affinity. Archival sources, after all, are concrete, tactile, material entities, whereas political theory deals primarily with abstraction; archival records are relics of the past, whereas political theorizing (especially normative theory) occupies a sort of timeless horizon; archives are almost invariably fragmentary in their scope, whereas political theory is comprehensive; above all, archives are by their nature tied to contingencies of time and space, whereas much political theorizing—even the sort which explicitly recognizes the value of exploring the historical dimension of political thought—aspires to universalism.
‘A new form of true beauty ‘ Aesthetics and Early Film Criticism
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The German novelist Gert Hofmann ‘s The Film Explainer (1990) is a semi-autobiographical account of Hofmann ‘s grandfather, who was a film ‘lecturer ‘ or ‘explainer ‘ (and cinema pianist) in provincial Germany throughout the silent era and beyond. Finally made redundant in the early 1930s by the triumph of sound film, he defends his role to the cinema proprietor until the last: ‘I ‘m not superfluous. An audience needs someone to explain a film to them, at least its finer points.
Beyond the sentence given
Authors: Hagoort Peter , Berkum Jos Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central and influential idea among researchers of language is that our language faculty is organized according to Fregean compositionality, which states that the meaning of an utterance is a function of the meaning of its parts and of the syntactic rules by which these parts are combined. Since the domain of syntactic rules is the sentence, the implication of this idea is that language interpretation takes place in a two-step fashion. First, the meaning of a sentence is computed.
Multiple risk factors and interactions
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, we have been concerned mainly with one exposure factor at a time, although as we have seen in Chapter 6, even this can be quite complex, particularly if there are time-related modifying factors like latency or if exposure is extended over a long period at varying intensity. We now turn our attention to the analysis of multiple risk factors, say, two or more exposures or one exposure of primary interest together with other confounders or modifiers. For now, we set aside the complications discussed earlier involving time-dependent exposures and focus on the effects of two or more fixed covariates.
Introduction: Struggles for Inclusion and Reconciliation in Modern Democracies
Authors: Bashir Bashir , Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most countries around the world exhibit a long history of exclusion and discrimination directed against particular groups, often dened along ethnic, racial, religious, or ideological lines. Members of these groups have been treated as second-class citizens, if not as slaves, enemies, traitors, aliens, or barbarians unworthy of even second-class citizenship. The underlying justications for these forms of exclusion have been increasingly discredited by the post-war human rights revolution, decolonization, and by contemporary norms of liberal-democratic constitutionalism, with their rm commitments to norms of equal rights and non-discrimination, and their repudiation of older ideologies of racial, ethnic, and religious hierarchies.
Gender and Collective Reparations in the Aftermath of Confiict and Political Repression
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideas of ‘reconciliation’ and ‘transitional justice’ have rapidly diffused around the world in the past two decades, intended to help post-authoritarian or post-confiict societies deal with the legacy of gross human rights violations. Much of the debate to date has focused on the status and treatment of the offenders, and in particular whether they should be prosecuted for their actions or accorded some form of amnesty or forgiveness in the name of national healing and reconciliation. However, there are equally important developments regarding the status and treatment of the victims, and in particular whether they should receive some form of reparations.
Bringing in Social Actors: Accountability and Regulation in the Global Textiles and Apparel Industry
Authors: O’Rourke Dara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the area of labor rights, the distance between global governance institutions and locally accountable regulation seems as wide as the oceans separating consumers in the North from producers in the South. Governments, intergovernmental agencies, and NGOs have all been frustrated in their attempts to build locally accountable governance institutions that have global reach. However, a new class of institutions has emerged that seek to bridge this divide.
This and That, Here and There
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What girl where? Biographers have attempted to identify the woman and the situation in ‘Politics’. Brenda Maddox, for instance, maintains that the person in question was Yeats’s last love, Edith Shackleton Heald, even though Heald’s 53 years at the time of the poem’s 1938 composition would make her being called a ‘girl’ something of a stretch, as Maddox herself admits.1 The candidate of both R. F. Foster and W. J. Mc Cormack, based on apparently quite separate evidence, is Cora Hughes, committed left-wing activist and former lover of Charles Donnelly, the Irish poet who had died the previous year in the Spanish Civil War.
“Ardent Beetle-Hunters”: Natural History, Collecting, and the Theory of Evolution*
Authors: Berry Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1908, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the reading of the original Darwin- Wallace paper on evolution by natural selection in its meeting rooms on Piccadilly, the Linnean Society issued its Darwin-Wallace medal. With a profile of Darwin on one side and a full-face image of Wallace on the other, it was awarded in 1908 and in 1958. It will be awarded again in 2008. In 1958 all the recipients, and in 1908 all but one, received silver strikings of the medal.
Theory and Practice in the Field: Wallace’s Work in Natural History (1844–1858)*
Authors: Fagan Melinda Bonnie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My dear sir,—The accompanying papers, which we have the honour of communicating to the Linnean Society, and which all relate to the same subject, viz. the Laws which affect the Production of Varieties, Races, and Species, contain the results of the investigations of two indefatigable naturalists, Mr. Charles Darwin and Mr. Alfred Wallace.
Wallace’s Annotated Copy of the Darwin-Wallace Paper on Natural Selection*
Authors: Beccaloni George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These gentlemen having, independently and unknown to one another, conceived the very same ingenious theory to account for the appearance and perpetuation of varieties and specific forms on our planet, may both fairly claim the merit of being original thinkers in this important line of inquiry; but neither of them having published his views, though Mr. Darwin has for many years past been repeatedly urged by us to do so, and both authors having now unreservedly placed their papers in our hands, we think it would best promote the interests of science that a selection from them should be laid before the Linnean Society
The Colours of Animals: From Wallace to the Present Day Cryptic Coloration
Authors: Caro Tim , Merilaita Sami , Stevens Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the ordinary observer the colours of the various kinds of molluscs, insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals, appear to have no use, and to be distributed pretty much at random. There is a general notion that in the tropics everything—insects, birds, and flowers especially—is much more brilliantly coloured than with us; but the idea that we should ever be able to give a satisfactory reason why one creature is white and another black, why this caterpillar is green and that one brown, and a third adorned with stripes and spots of the most gaudy colours, would seem to most persons both presumptuous and absurd.
Wallace, Conservation, and Sustainable Development*
Authors: Knapp Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a twenty-first-century conservation biology perspective it is difficult to reconcile the images of a man who shot and killed eighteen orang-utans (the nineteenth he shot got away), with that of the man who advocated the establishment of botanical reserves in the tropics (S732 1910) and wrote “He [the naturalist, meaning himself] looks upon every species of animal and plant now living as one of the individual letters which go to make up one of the volumes of our earth’s history; and, as a few lost letters may make a sentence unintelligible, so the extinction of numerous forms of life which the progress of cultivation invariably entails will necessarily obscure this invaluable record of the past” (S78 1863, 234). Alfred Russel Wallace did all of these things, and his relationship with nature and the environment is both typically Victorian and astonishingly modern.