bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycerol production: A pilot‐plant investigation for continuous fermentation and recovery
Authors: Harris John F. , Hajny George J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA pilot plant was built to evaluate the economic potentialities of producing glycerol from sugar by the bisulphite fermentation process. The design of this small unit was based on information collected from bench‐scale studies of the fermentation and recovery processes taking advantage of new separation techniques.A beer containing 5 per cent of glycerol is produced in a continuous fermentation in which the free bisulphite level is automatically controlled. The effluent from the fermentor is centrifuged, and the yeast is returned to the fermentation. The dilute clarified beer is acidified; sulphur dioxide, acetaldehyde, and alcohol are removed; and the stripped solution is neutralized and concentrated until it contains 45 per cent of glycerol. This concentrated glycerol stock is purified by using a combination of ion‐exclusion and ion‐exchange.Good fermentation control results in a beer that has a low solids–to–glycerol ratio, low organic acid content, and low residual sugar. The method of glycerol purification results in a high glycerol recovery, since no distillation of glycerol is involved. The sulphur dioxide removed from the beer is recycled through the fermentation so that the chief raw materials used in the process are sugar, sulphuric acid, and sodium carbonate. The yields of products based on sugar charged are: glycerol, 25 per cent; alcohol, 17 per cent; and acetaldehyde, 11 per cent.The economic success of the process depends to a large extent upon the price of sugar. Under present conditions it is felt that the process is competitive.
Disruption of frozen bacteria as a consequence of changes in the crystal structure of ice
Authors: Edebo L. , Hedén C.‐G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIt is shown that at −25°C alterations in the crystal structure of ice caused by repeated pressure changes in the regions of 2000 and 3500 kg/cm2 are accompanied by a disruption of E. coli cells suspended in the ice.
Continuous culture experiments with saccharomyces rouxii
Authors: Dawson P. S. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGrowth of Saccharomyces rouxii, an osmophilic yeast that produces glycerol and arabitol, was investigated using chemically defined media in continuous culture. Total polyol production increased with increasing aeration and growth rate. At very low aeration levels ethanol was produced but as aeration levels were increased ethanol could not be detected, formation of d‐arabitol remained constant and formation of glycerol increased.In fully aerobic cultures with a replacement time of twelve hours, nitrogen‐limited growth resulted in accumulation of glycerol in the medium. In glucose‐limited growth glycerol tended to decrease. It was probably metabolized as a secondary carbon source. The optimum temperature for polyol production was 30°C while that for cell growth was 27°C.
Submerged growth of cells of higher plants
Authors: Nickell Louis G. , Tulecke Walter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe submerged propagation of plant tissue and cell cultures has now reached the stage where mass amounts of material can be produced. In discussing these advances, various aspects of the technology involved are discussed: the methods of isolation and establishment of cultures, the media used for culture and their effects on growth, the systems used for growth and a comparison of their effectiveness.Biochemical differences are shown between cultures grown under in vitro conditions and the organ from which they were derived. These differences are found among amino acids, organic acids, nucleic acids, and sugars. The potential use of the tissue culture approach for the study of the biosynthesis of ‘secondary compounds’ such as alkaloids and steroids is discussed.
Studies on the fermentative production of L‐isoleucine
Authors: Chibata Ichiro , Kisumi Masahiko , Ashikaga Yoshitaro 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeveral strains of Pseudomonas were selected by the screening test for organisms which are capable of producing L‐isoleucine.With these selected bacteria, various cultural conditions suitable for the production and accumulation of L‐isoleucine were investigated. As a result, 12–14 mg/ml of L‐isoleucine was formed by shake culture in a medium containing α‐aminobutyric acid, glucose, cornsteep liquor, urea and inorganic salts.
Mathematical models for the product accumulation in microbiolgical processes
Authors: Shu Ping 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA production model consisting of one or more exponential decay functions is proposed to represent the rate of accumulation of a product per unit weight of cell. This, together with a cell age distribution function, is used to describe the product accumulation in a fermentation process.This postulate offers a unified concept applicable to both batch and continuous processes as well as problems arising from environmental changes. The idea is compatible with the current understanding of microbial physiology. It offers an interpretation for the controversy over cell‐product ratios observed in some batch and continuous fermentations when treated as conventional chemical reaction. The proposed postulate fits reasonably well with the lysine and lactic acid processes.
Miso—I. Preparation of soybeans for fermentation
Authors: Shibasaki K. , Hesseltine C. W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe preparation of soybeans for fermentation is a very important part of the process for making miso, a traditional Japanese food. In general, soybeans from the United States are smaller and more pigmented than Japanese soybeans. Twenty‐eight American varieties, four Japanese varieties and one Chinese variety have been studied with respect to absorption of water and cooking. A variety of soaking and cooking conditions have been investigated. Some U.S. varieties absorb water and cook unevenly. Unevenness in cooking is not associated with the size of the beans within a variety.
Dihydroxyacetone: Production and uses
Authors: Green S. R. , Whalen E. A. , Molokie E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBased on numerous reports in the literature, it appeared that the commerical production of dihydroxyacetone by microbial fermentation was not feasible due to the comparatively long duration of fermentation and the low total yield that could be obtained per fermentor. A new study has indicated that by adjusting environmental conditions and by modifying mash ingredients, commerical production of dihyroxyacetone via microbial oxidation of glycerol is practicable. The effect of these variables on the rate and extent of dihydroxyacetone production is discussed. The commerical and pharmaceutical uses of dihydroxyacetone and its derivatives is presented.
Purification and characterization of a Mr ∼66,000 lung‐derived (paracrine) growth factor that preferentially stimulates the in vitro proliferation of lung‐metastasizing tumor cells
Authors: Cavanaugh Philip G. , Nicolson Garth L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn medium containing low concentrations of serum, rat 13762NF mammary adeno‐carcinoma cell lines and clones (MTPa and MTC; isolated from the locally growing tumor) of low metastatic potential to lung did not exhibit a growth response to lung‐conditioned medium, whereas a highly metastatic cell clone isolated from a spontaneous lung metastasis (MTLn3) did. The major growth‐promoting factor for MTLn3 cells from porcine and rat lung‐conditioned media was isolated by using a five‐step procedure (anion exchange chromatography, Affi‐gel blue affinity chroma‐tography, chromatofocusing, size exclusion chromatography, and preparative native gel electrophoresis). The lung‐derived factor that stimulated the growth of highly metastatic MTLn3 cells was a glycoprotein of Mr ≈66,000 (non‐reduced) or Mr ∼72,000 (reduced) and possessed a pI of 6.9–7.0. It preferentially promoted the growth of lung‐metastasizing tumor lines over their poorly lung‐metastasizing counterparts in three tumor systems: rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma, murine B16 melanoma, and murine RAW 117 large‐cell lymphoma. The factor's growth‐stimulatory affect was inactivated by reduction or exposure to high temperature (95°C). Although the growth factor appears to be glycosylated, its molecular weight was not altered by treatment with the protein‐deglycosylating agent, trifluo‐romethane sulfonic acid. Cleavage of the protein by cyanogen bromide resulted in the formation of five fragments. Malignant cell response to this lung‐derived paracrine growth factor may be important in the successful formation of lung metastases.
Lung carcinoid cell lines have Bombesin‐like peptides and EGF receptors
Authors: Moody T. W. , Lee M. , Kris R. M. , Bellot F. , Bepler G. , Oie H. , Gazdar A. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe biochemical properties of lung cancer cell lines were investigated. Bombesin‐like peptides were present in three small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines examined and three of four lung carcinoids but not in five non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Therefore SCLC and some lung carcinoids, but not NSCLC, are enriched in neuroendocrine properties. In contrast, 125I‐EGF bound with high affinity to all five NSCLC cell lines and three of four lung carcinoids but not to the three SCLC cell lines examined. For lung carcinoid cell line NCI‐H727, 125I‐EGF bound with high affinity (Kd = 6 nM) to a single class of sites (Bmax = 110,000/cell). The 125I‐EGF bound was rapidly internalized at 37°C but not 4°C. Using Western blot techniques and antiphosphotyrosine antibodies, EGF induced phosphorylation of a major 170 Kd protein. Using immunoprecipitation techniques and anti‐EGF recep‐tor antibodies a major 170 Kd protein was labeled. These data indicate that biologically active EGF receptors are present on NSCLC and lung carcinoid cell lines.
Mycoplasma contamination alters 2′‐deoxyadenosine metabolism in deoxycoformycin‐treated mouse leukemia cells
Authors: Plagemann Peter G. W. , Woffendin Clive 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDeoxycoformycin‐treated P388 and L1210 mouse leukemia cells salvage 2′‐deoxyadenosine from the medium only inefficiently, because deoxyadenosine deamination is blocked and its phosphorylation is limited by feedback controls. Mycoplasma contamination at a level that had no significant effect on the growth of the cells increased the salvage of deoxyadenosine >10 fold over a 90 min period of incubation at 37°C, but in this case deoxyadenosine was mainly incorporated into ribonucleotides and RNA via adenine formed from deoxyadenosine by mycoplasma adenosine phosphorylase. Deoxyadenosine was an efficient substrate for this enzyme, in contrast to 2′, 3′‐dideoxyadenosine which was not phosphorolyzed. Mycoplasma infection was confirmed by the presence of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase activity and by culture isolation. The contaminant has been identified as Mycoplasma orale. Mycoplasma infection had no effect on the deamination and phosphorylation of deoxyadenosine and adenosine, on the salvage of hypoxanthine and adenine, or on the degradation of dAMP and dATP by the cells or on their acid and alkaline phosphatase activities.
Plasminogen carbohydrate side chains in receptor binding and enzyme activation: A study of C6 glioma cells and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes
Authors: Hall Scott W. , Vandenberg Scott R. , Gonias Steven L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe human [Glu1]‐plasminogen carbohydrate isozymes, plasminogen type I (Pg 1) and plasminogen type II (Pg 2), were separated by chromatography and studied in cell binding experiments at 4°C with primary cultures of rat hepatocytes and rat C6 glioma cells. In both cell systems, Pg 1 and Pg 2 bound to an equivalent number of receptors, apparently representing the same population of surface molecules The affinity for Pg 2 was slightly higher. With hepatocytes, the KD for Pg 1 was 3.2 ± 0.2 μM, and the KD for Pg 2 was 1.9 ± 0.1 μM, as determined from Scatchard transformations of the binding isotherms. The Bmax was approximately the same for both isozymes. With C6 cells, the KD for Pg 1 was 2.2 ± 0.1 μM vs. 1.5 ± 0.2 μM for Pg 2. Again, the Bmax was similar with both isozymes. 125I‐Pg 1 and 125I ‐Pg 2 were displaced from specific binding sites by either nonradiolabeled isozyme. The KI for Pg 2 was slightly lower than the KI for Pg 1 with hepatocytes (0.9 vs. 1.3 μM) and with C6 cells (0.6 vs. 1.1 μM). No displacement was detected with miniplasminogen at concentrations up to 5.0 μM. Activation of Pg 1 and Pg 2 by recombinant two‐chain tissue‐plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) was enhanced by hepatocyte cultures. The enhancing effect was greater with Pg 2. Hepatocyte cultures did not affect the activation of miniplasminogen by rt‐PA or the activation of plasminogen by streptokinase. Unlike the hepatocytes, C6 cells did not enhance the activation of plasminogen by rt‐PA or streptokinase; however, plasmin generated in the presence of C6 cells reacted less readily with α2 ‐antiplasmin.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the epidermal growth factor receptor
Authors: Stoscheck Christa M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor was developed using three different antibody preparations, one of which is commercially available. Using one of the antisera (986), the assay could detect as few as 200 × 106 receptors. This is equal to 0.332 fmol. This sensitivity means that a minimum of 100 A‐431 cells (human carcinoma) or 5,000 normal cells are needed to quantitate the number of EGF receptors. Two of the antisera (986 and 451) recognized EGF receptors from placental tissue. EGF receptors from as little as 667 ng of placental membrane protein were detectable. The assay is highly species specific, with the sensitivity for the EGF receptor from different species dependent on the antiserum used. The commercial antibody, 29.1, had especially strong reactivity against pig and dog EGF receptors. An ELISA using this antibody had the capacity to detect the number of EGF receptors in 10 μg of liver membrane protein. The assay is sensitive to receptor conformation. The binding of antisera 986 and 451 to 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐denatured receptor was reduced. The binding of antibody 29.1 was impaired by the presence of 1% Triton X‐100 but not the same levels of Tween‐20 or SDS. In addition to being a sensitive technique for the quantitation of the EGF receptor, this assay is very rapid, taking a total of 4 h. The microtiter dish format also allows hundreds of samples to be assayed at once. By using the appropriate antiserum and standards, the EGF receptor can be quantitated in tissues from humans, dogs, pigs, and mice.
Human uncoupling protein gene: Structure, comparison with rat gene, and assignment to the long arm of chromosome 4
Authors: Cassard Anne‐Marie , Bouillaud Frédéric , Mattei Marie‐Geneviève , Hentz Eliane , Raimbault Serge , Thomas Muriel , Ricquier Daniel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe uncoupling protein (UCP) gene encodes a unique mammalian mitochondrial proton carrier that induces heat production in brown adipocytes. Human UCP gene was isolated and its organization analyzed. A comparison was made with rat UCP gene. Human UCP gene spans 13 Kb and contains a transcribed region that covers 9 Kb of the human genome. All of the exons were also sequenced except the extreme end of the 3′ untranslated region. Two Kb DNA upstream the TATA box were also sequenced. This region contains several fragments that are highly homologous to the gene of rat UCP. Neither CCAAT sequence nor Sp I binding motif were detected. Human UCP gene is split into six exons. The complete amino acid sequence of the protein was determined. Human UCP has 305 amino acids and a molecular weight of 32,786. It has no N‐terminal targeting sequence. It is 79% homologous to rat UCP both at nucleotidic and amino acid levels. The primary structure of UCP is significantly homologous to the primary structure of the human T1 ADP/ATP carrier, particularly in the C‐terminal extremity, which is supposed to contain a nucleotide‐ binding site in both proteins. Human UCP gene is single type, as it is in rodents. Two genomic fragments were used to detect a 1.9 Kb mRNA in human perirenal brown adipose tissue. Using in situ hybridization, UCP gene was assigned in humans to chromosome 4 in q31. Interestingly, the Tl gene encoding the heart‐skeletal muscle ADP/ATP carrier has recently been shown to be on the same chromosome (Li et al. Biol Chem 264:13998, 1989).
Proteoglycan synthesis by normal and neoplastic human transitional epithelial cells
Authors: Knudson Warren , Subbaiah Subbalakshmi , Pauli Bendicht U. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMetabolically 35S‐labeled proteoglycans were isolated from cell‐associated matrices and media of confluent cultures of human normal transitional epithelial cells and HCV‐29T transitional carcinoma cells. On Sepharose CL‐4B columns, the cell‐associated proteoglycans synthesized from both cell types separated into three identical size classes, termed Cl, Cll, and Clll. Normal epithelial cell C‐fractions eluted in a 22:34:45 proportion and contained 64%, 64%, and 72% heparan sulfate, whereas corresponding HCV‐29T fractions eluted in a 29:11:60 proportion, and contained 91%, 77%, and 70% heparan sulfate, respectively. Medium proteoglycans from normal cells separated into two size classes in a proportion of 6:94 and were composed of 35% and 50% heparan sulfate. HCV‐29T medium contained only one size class of proteoglycans consisting of 23% heparan sulfate. The remaining percent‐ages were accounted for by chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. On isopycnic CsCI gradients, proteoglycan fractions from normal cells had buoyant densities that were higher than the corresponding fractions from HCV‐29T cells. DEAE‐Sephacel chromatography showed that cell and medium associated heparan sulfate from HCV‐29T cells was consistently of lower charge density (undersulfated) than that from normal epithelial cells. In contrast, the chondroitin/dermatan sulfate of HCV‐29T was of a charge density similar to that of normal cells. These as well as other structural and compositional differences in the proteoglycan may account, at least in part, for the altered behavioral traits of highly invasive carcinoma cells.
Coexpression of tumor‐associated α2‐macroglobulin and growth factors in human melanoma cell lines
Authors: Lizonová Alena , Bízik Jozef , Grófóva Marta , Vaheri Antti 
Published: May 2005

Abstractα2‐Macroglobulin (α2M) is known as an inhibitor of various proteinases and to bind several of the growth factors. We previously demonstrated that clonal variation existsin the production of α2M in a human melanoma and that this variation may be associated with growth stimulation. We have now analyzed six human melanoma cell lines for the simultaneous expression of TGF‐α TGF‐β, PDGF‐A chain, PDGF‐B chain, and tumor‐associated α2M. In Northern blot analysis TGF‐α was detected in four of the cell lines, TGF‐β in all, PDGF‐A chain in three, and PDGF‐B chain in none of the cell lines. α2M, detected by immunoblotting, varied significantly between the different melanoma cell lines and only one cell line was found to be negative. Evaluation of growth‐promoting activity in conditioned media suggested that α2‐macroglobulin, secreted by these tumor cell lines, is a significant modulator of melanoma cell growth.
Structural and functional analysis of the rat testis‐specific histone H1t gene
Authors: Grimes Sidney R. , Wolfe Steven A. , Anderson Jeffrey V. , Stein Gary S. , Stein Janet L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA 6.86 kb rat genomic DNA fragment containing the testis‐specific histone H1t gene and the histone H4t gene has been sequenced. S1‐nuclease protection analyses of total cellular RNA from rat liver and testis showed that histone H1t mRNA was present only in testis. Examination of various highly enriched populations of rat testis cell types revealed that H1t mRNA was found exclusively in a fraction enriched in pachytene spermatocytes. When protein, DNA interactions within the proximal promoter region of the histone H1t gene were examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, only minor differences were found in mobility shift patterns of the H1t promoter in assays comparing binding of nuclear proteins from pachytene spermatocytes and early spermatids. However, major differences in binding were observed upon comparing nuclear proteins from rat pachytene spermatocytes to liver. Comparison of binding patterns of rat testis, rat hepatoma H4 cells, HeLa cells, and COS‐1 cells also revealed dramatic differences. Transcriptional activity of the histone H1t promoter was examined by measuring H1t promoted chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) mRNA levels in transient experession assays in transfected rat hepatoma H4 cells, HeLa cells, and COS‐1 cells. These assays revealed that the histone H1t promoted CAT gene functioned poorly in HeLa cells and COS‐1 cells compared to expression with the parent SV40 promoted vector pSV2CAT. The H1t promoted CAT gene apparently did not work at all in transfected rat hepatoma H4 cells, which is consistent with testis germinal cell specific expression of the histone H1t gene.
mRNA transcription determines the lag period for the induction of pineal melatonin synthesis in the Syrian hamster pineal gland
Authors: Gonzalez‐Brito Aldo , Troiani Maureen E. , Menendez‐Pelaez Armando , Delgado Maria J. , Reiter Russel J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe nocturnal pattern of Syrian hamster pineal melatonin synthesis is characterized by a 6–8 h lag period, followed by a late‐night, short‐duration peak in both N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin content. Administration of cycloheximide (20 mg/kg body weight) given either at the time of lights out or 4 h into the dark phase to Syrian hamsters blocked the nocturnal increase in both pineal NAT activity and melatonin content. Actinomycin D (5 mg/kg body weight) prevented the nocturnal increase in both constituents only when it was administered at darkness onset, being significantly less effective when injected after 4 h of dark exposure. Reinduction of melatonin production by isoproterenol (2 mg/kg body weight) administration to acutely light‐exposed animals during late darkness was prevented by cycloheximide, but not by actinomycin D administration. The results suggest that whereas Syrian hamster pineal melatonin production requires protein synthesis both early and late in the dark phase, the transcription of a putative NAT‐related mRNA, which occurs only during the early night, seems to determine the lag period in melatonin synthesis and pineal responsiveness to β‐adrenergic receptor agonist stimulation.