bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Security and Solidarity: An Anti‐Reductionist Analysis of Environmental Policy
Authors: Thompson Michael 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that excessive concern with environmental security at the national level obfuscates necessary attention to the plurality of environmental security concerns at the micro‐level at which Hobbesian competition is actually conducted. An environmental policy framework that reduces plurality will merely serve to destroy the network of trust and cooperation that needs to operate at the micro‐level, and upon which macro‐level security architectures are ultimately based. To avoid this, it is necessary to devise an anti‐reductionist approach based on two objectives: first, to dismantle the ‘realist’ model of international relations (and of security generally) that focuses on states as unitary actors in sole occupation of the policy stage; second, to introduce a more comprehensive concept of security as a spectrum of interlocking entities, from the macro‐ to the micro‐level, each requiring the development and consolidation of trust relationships. Taken together, these objectives imply that environmental security be considered as a mainstream component of a stable international order and not as a mere sideshow. The chapter concludes with an analysis of four behavioural styles, which form a key cultural aspect of the micro‐level dimension of anti‐reductionism–hierarchist, individualist, egalitarian, and fatalist. Each of these implies a different approach to self‐organization, a different sort of social solidarity, and a different set of expectations from environmental security.
The Environment of Justice
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTakes up the issues of social class raised by the environmental justice movement in the US. The discussion begins with the primary issue that has given rise to the movement, namely, the dumping of toxic wastes in poor communities or countries. The inhabitants affected are those least able to absorb the resultant dangers to health, and such dumping practices can be seen as both discriminatory and neo‐imperialist. The levels of protest engendered have resulted in US federal government measures to address the issues of environmental justice involved, and the dumping debate can be generalized to a wider and higher level of social justice. On this level, a debate on environmental ethics is unfolding; it is essentially unresolvable because there is no philosophical method of resolving disagreements between different viewpoints regarding the social relations, power imbalances, beliefs, and institutions that underlie the environmental problem. The current rhetoric of environmental justice is not adequate to the task of reconciling competing visions of the rights that it purports to extend. Inability to adjudicate between rival arguments of ‘not in my back yard’ thus produces the unsatisfactory stalemate ‘not in anybody's back yard’. If environmental justice is to be more than an assemblage of particularist postures, some form of embracing socialist plan of action has to be formulated.
Computable Economics
Authors: Velupillai K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn a discipline such as economics, increasingly devoted to its computational content, the mathematical underpinnings of the computability assumptions of economic fundamentals have not been investigated systematically or reasonably exhaustively. In this book, such an attempt is made for the first time. Choice theory, adaptively rational behaviour, induction, learning, arithmetical games, computational complexity of decision processes, growth theory, and the theory of economic fluctuations are given recursion theoretic (i.e, computable) interpretations. Economic theoretic questions, posed recursion theoretically, lead to answers that are ambiguous: undecidable choices, uncomputable learning processes, algorithmically unplayable games, etc., become standard answers. The book also claims that a recursion theoretic formalization of economic analysis makes the subject intrinsically inductive and computational.
Adaptive Behavior
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Two counter‐intuitive points are made in this chapter. The first is the claim, demonstrated formally, that orthodox definitions of rationality, when viewed in a dynamic context, turn out to be approximations to adaptively rational behaviour. The second, related point – illustrated with a formal example – is that bounded rationality is not an approximation of any sort to the full rationality of standard theory; rather, it is the other way about.
Learning in a Computable Setting
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Learning rational expectations equilibria in an overlapping generations model is given a recursion theoretic formalization and the results of the previous chapter are applied. More specifically, it is shown that such a formalization leads to a direct interpretation in terms of Gold's learning paradigm, described in Ch. 5. Furthermore, the model is also given a computable analytic formalization and relevant computability results obtained.
Notes on Computational Complexity
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A characterization of dynamic choice attributable to Marshall is used as the vehicle through which to discuss the computational complexity of sequentially rational behaviour. Khachiyan's famous results on polynomial time complexity of an ellipsoid algorithm is also described and used in the context of the choice by a ‘Marshallian consumer’. Some general background remarks on the computational complexity of the simplex algorithm are also given.
Conclusions: Reflections and Hopes
Authors: Velupillai Kumaraswamy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn the concluding chapter, the themes broached in the first chapter are reconsidered in the light of the results and framework developed in the book as computable economics. In particular, the idea of economics as problem solving and economic agents as problem solvers is taken up for a methodological discussion. More generally, the discussion in this chapter centres on the philosophical and epistemological implications of the kind of mathematical methodology used in the formalization of economic theory.
Economic Democracy
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSets out the basic argument for economic democracy. It shows that capitalist companies are associations that exercise authority and that workers are the only people subject to that authority. It argues, therefore, that it is workers, and not capitalists, who should exercise direct decision‐making control over these companies. Like consumers, and other affected individuals, capitalists should only exercise indirect control: in their case through capital and stock markets. The chapter also considers other ways in which the freedom of labour is compromised by capitalism, and shows that economic democracy can also address these problems.
Industrial Relations
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIdentifies unions, capitalist employers, and the government as the three actors with the most influence over the feasibility of any strategy for achieving economic democracy. The chapter considers the different ways in which these actors can organize both themselves and relationships between themselves. The degree of organizational centralization, the degree of class cooperation between unions and employers, and the degree to which the government and the two class actors are involved in each other's affairs, can be used to specify a wide variety of industrial relations systems. The chapter focuses special attention on one of these systems: corporatism.
The Corporatist Trade‐Off Strategy
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that corporatism enables workers to accumulate incremental increases in control over firms through a series of trade‐offs. If the workers, the capitalists, and the government are rational collective actors, then a single trade‐off will be feasible so long as three conditions are met: the workers must be able to exchange a good that would threaten the profits of the capitalists; the trade‐off must be compatible with the requirements of national economic management, so that it does not undermine the government's ability to win elections; and the corporatist system itself must be compatible with the requirements of national economic management. To repeat these trade‐offs and compound their effect, a further three conditions must be met.
Stagflation
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractShows that the conditions for a control trade‐off were in fact met during the period of stagflation, which lasted from the mid‐1970s to the early 1980s. It examines the need for wage restraint, the impact of corporatism and centralized wage bargaining on unemployment and inflation, and the effect of co‐determination in Germany, the Meidner plan in Sweden, and other efforts to incrementally increase workers’ control. The chapter also shows that a trade‐off would be feasible even if workers were solely concerned with their material well‐being and suggests that increasing workers’ control through pension and other investment funds is a particularly promising strategy in such a period.
Structural Adjustment
Authors: Archer Robin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractShows that the conditions for a control trade‐off were also met during the period of structural adjustment, which lasted from the mid‐1980s to the early 1990s and beyond. It examines restrictive work practices, the impact of corporatism on labour market flexibility, skills and training, and the increase in workers’ control required by the growth of quality competitive customized production. The chapter also shows that a trade‐off would be feasible even if workers were solely concerned with their material well‐being and suggests that pursuing greater co‐determination and increasing control over the organization of work and training is a particularly promising strategy during such a period.
Not a Country of Immigration: Germany
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter investigates the reasons why immigration to Germany continued after the 1973 ban on recruiting guest workers, despite official declarations that Germany was ‘not a country of immigration’. First, judicial decisions supported the right of migrant workers to stay. This was accentuated by further judicial support for family reunification on humanitarian grounds, which was confirmed by legislation in 1990. Finally, the legacy of Nazi‐era guilt has operated to confirm a liberal interpretation of asylum law, which has made Germany the world's major asylum‐granting country.
Conclusion: Resilient Nation‐States
Authors: Joppke Christian 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book can be construed from two viewpoints. From a particularizing view, it reveals sharply distinct immigration experiences, with the nation‐state figuring as an independent variable, with unique historical and cultural influences on the integration process. From a generalizing view, however, it presents the nation‐state as a dependent variable, seeing immigration as a manageable challenge to its generic characteristics of sovereignty and citizenship. From either perspective (but importantly from the latter), the analysis shows the resilience of nation‐states in the face of large‐scale immigration. The residual question is, whether such resilience will characterize the emergent European Union.
The Knowledge Economy and Intellectual Capital Management
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe core of management in the knowledge economy is the development and deployment and utilization of intangible assets, the most significant being (tacit) knowledge, competence, and intellectual property. Intangible assets are the main basis of competitive differentiation and successful strategies in many sectors, as manifested in the growing literature on issues such as loyalty, intangible assets, complementary assets, appropriability, and technological know‐how. This chapter discusses some of these important issues, the nature and development of dynamic capabilities, and draws implications for understanding the theory of the business firm.
The Impact of Market Structure and Organizational Factors on Innovation
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of market structure and organizational factors on innovation. In particular, it suggests that the formal and informal structures of the firm, as well as the network of external linkages they possess, have implications on the kind and strength of innovation firms engage in. It presents frameworks for analysing technological change and innovation in building a coherent framework for analysing the factors that influence innovation. These include organizational competences, organizational structure and incentives, internal organizational culture, and external linkages.
Decision Making Processes and the Rate and Direction of Innovation
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe reluctance to introduce competency‐destroying innovations may be understood as a product of the decision‐making biases of many large firms; some large firms tend to lose their ability and desire to engage in competency‐destroying innovative activities as they grow because of decision‐making biases associated with their size, asset base, business practices, and organizational structure. There are two key behavioural factors that influence and bias decision making in organizations: bounded rationality (and cognitive biases in general), and inconsistent risk aversion. The interaction of these behavioural aspects with the established capabilities, complementary assets, and administrative and organizational routines in firms intensifies decision‐making biases, thereby limiting radical innovation. Implications for managing innovation and change are considered.
Market Entry Strategies for Innovators: Avoiding Pyrrhic Victories
Authors: Teece David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe distribution of the profits of innovation (among the innovating firm, imitators and followers, suppliers and customers) is influenced by entry strategies for innovators and conditioned by government policies. This chapter discusses approaches to understanding why (and under which conditions) innovating firms may fail to obtain significant economic returns from an innovation while customers, imitators, and other industry players benefit, focusing in particular on the role of (the ownership of) complementary assets, regimes of appropriability, and the evolution (and paradigmatic character) of industry development (in particular the role of dominant designs). Examples and illustrations from Pilkington, EMI, and IBM (among others) are employed to draw lessons for managing technological innovation.
Party System Change
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book looks at how the evidence of change and stability in modern political parties and party systems is interpreted. The emphasis is on western European political parties. The primary focus of the book is on processes of political adaptation and control, but it also concerns how parties and party systems generate their own momentum and ‘freeze’ themselves into place. Amidst the widespread contemporary discussion of the challenge to modern democracy and the crisis for traditional forms of political representation, it offers an emphasis on how party systems survive, and on how change, when it does occur, may be analysed and understood. The book has four parts, and the constituent chapters are from various essays reflecting work that has been carried out since the late 1980s. Part I contains an introductory chapter on the freezing of party systems. Part II has three chapters that deal with questions of persistence and change, and with the vulnerability and endurance of traditional parties. Part III has two chapters in which attention shifts to the question of party organization, and to the ways in which the established parties are increasingly coming to invade the state, finding there a new source of privilege and a new means of ensuring their own survival. Part IV has three chapters that focus on structures of competition in western party systems, as well as on the problems associated with the consolidation of the new party systems in post-communist Europe.
Popular Legitimacy and Public Privileges: Party Organizations in Civil Society and the State
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of two chapters on political party organizations and party systems. It discusses political party organizations in civil society and the state, with reference to western Europe. Although the study of parties and party systems is one of the largest and most active subfields within comparative politics, very little empirically grounded study has been made of parties as organizations, and there are severe limits to the comparative understanding of precisely how party organizations work, how they change, and how they adapt. This chapter looks at some of these issues. The discussion is presented in five sections: (1) New Perspectives on the Development of Party Organizations; (2) Party Democracies and the Problem of Party Decline; (3) Parties and the State; and (4) Changing Parties; and (5) Parties and Their Privileges –– a brief examination of the imbalance between popular irreverence and public privilege cited by Tocqueville as contributing to the downfall of the French ancien regime, but here applied to political parties.
What Is Different About Post‐Communist Party Systems?
Authors: Mair Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is the second of three chapters on political party systems and structures of competition, and looks at post-communist party systems in Europe. The author’s intention is to explore some preliminary thoughts on the specific characteristics of newly emerging party systems, and of newly emerging post-communist party systems in particular, and to identify the major reasons why these newly emerging systems may look and perform differently from established party systems. It is suggested that differences in the democratization process, in the character of the electorate, and in the context of competition, together create formidable obstacles in the path of eventual consolidation, and that these also imply a pattern of party competition likely to prove both more conflictual and adversarial than is the case within the established democracies. The approach has been to identify the sort of factors that have encouraged the stabilization and institutionalization of established party systems, and then to turn these on their head in order to hypothesize and speculate about the sort of factors likely to be absent from newly emerging party systems, and from post-communist party systems in particular. The discussion is presented in five sections: (1) Newly Emerging Party Systems; (2) Post-Communist Democratization is Different; (3) The Electorate and the Parties are Different; (4) The Context of Competition is Different; and (5) The Pattern of Competition is Different.
Developing Countries and the Emerging World Order
Authors: Acharya Amitav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Reflects on the relevance and role of the Third World in the emerging world order; more specifically, it examines the extent to which the end of the cold war affected the insecurity and vulnerability of the Third World countries and the state of the North–South divide as it relates to the prospects for global cooperation and maintenance of order in the post‐cold war era. The discussion is in three parts. The first looks at the question of whether the end of the cold war will increase or dampen instability and conflict in the Third World. This is followed by an assessment of emerging areas of North–South tension over world order issues, especially those that are associated with the North's ill‐defined vision of a ’New World Order’. The third part examines the changing role of Third World platforms and institutions, both global and regional, in addressing the political, security, and economic concerns of the developing countries.
Latin America
Authors: Heine Jorge 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the reasons for the remarkable turnaround since the end of the cold war in Latin America's development in economic and political spheres, which has resulted in it becoming the fastest growing region in the world (after East Asia), and in the rejuvenation of its democratic institutions. Various aspects are analysed of: (1) the manner in which liberalization (i.e. economic reform), democratization, and the new security challenges of the 1990s have been handled in the region, (2) the impact that these changes have had on Latin America's social and political structures, and (3) the conditions they have created (or failed to create) to put the region on the road to self‐sustaining economic development and political stability.
Africa After the Cold War
Authors: Somerville Keith 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The end of the cold war removed what Acharya (in Ch. 4) has called a 'structural element in the international framework facing the developing countries’, i.e. the global competition between the superpowers and the consequent search for allies/proxies in the developing world. But the end of competition meant a decisive change in Western policy towards developing countries, particularly the poorest of the poor in Africa: they could no longer expect to be able to use their strategic position, mineral resources, or political support in regional conflicts as bargaining chips with the superpowers. Against the background of these structural changes the effects are examined of the end of the cold war on three specific areas, which profoundly effect Africa's current political, economic, and social development: (1) the international environment within which African states operate; (2) the effects of structural change in this environment on the evolution of African political systems; and (3) the consequences of the changes for continental and regional security and the prevention or solution of regional conflicts.
South Asia After the Cold War
Authors: Kumaraswamy P. R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Looks at the different levels of change in the countries of South Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka) since the end of the cold war, and attempts to determine how, and to what extent, the end of the cold war has been a long‐term determinant in defining the region's foreign and domestic policies. The different sections of the chapter address: the security dimension (including consideration of the effect of Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan); democratization; and economic liberalization and regional cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Fawcett Louise 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The aim of this concluding chapter is to gather together some of the threads of the thematic and regional chapters and to identify some common ground as well as some obvious differences of opinion that have emerged. An attempt is made to rethink the place of the Third World in the international system, both from the inside out and the outside in: in other words, how have Third World countries come to perceive themselves and how are they perceived by the rest of the world? Different sections of the chapter address: Democratization: the political level; Liberalization: the economic level; Democratization and liberalization: implications for the security level; and Third World images. A final section looks at how mainstream theories of international relations and of development have fared in helping to explain and understand the progress of Third World countries ’beyond the cold war’.