bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Glory Story
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Can Movies Teach History?” Asked The Title of A New York Times feature article.’ The answer for Glory is yes. It is not only the first feature film to treat the role of black soldiers in the Civil War; it is also the most powerful movie about that war ever made, and one that strives for greater historical accuracy than we have come to expect from Hollywood. It does much to correct the distortions and romanticizations of such earlier blockbuster films as Birth of a Nation (1915) and Gone with the Wind (1939). It grapples more forthrightly with the issues of what the war was about than Gettysburg (1993).
Grant’s Final Victory
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“When I Put My Pen To Paper I Did Not Know The First Word that I should make use of in writing the terms. I only knew what was in my mind, and I wished to express it clearly, so that there could be no mistaking it.” So wrote Ulysses S. Grant in the summer of 1885, a few weeks before he died of throat cancer. He was describing the scene in Wilmer McLean’s parlor at Appomattox Court House twenty years earlier, when he had started to write the formal terms for the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. But he could have been describing his feelings in July 1884, as he sat down to write the first of three articles for Century magazine’s “Battles and Leaders” series on the Civil War.
What’s The Matter with History?
Authors: McPherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Least Once Every Generation Since Historians in The United States acquired standing as a profession more than a century ago, they have publicly lamented their inability to reach a broad general audience. “Professional” historians are defined here as those who have earned a graduate degree, normally the Ph.D., who teach in colleges or universities or are employed in other educational institutions such as museums, and who belong to one or more of the professional organizations that have proliferated since the founding of the American Historical Association in 1884. Professionals hold themselves to rigorous standards of scholarship and write learned articles and books that are read mainly by other professionals or assigned to students by fellow academics.
About Tex And Latex
Authors: Hoenig Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is surprising how difficult it is to automate the process of typesetting. The TEX (ideally pronounced to rhyme with blec-c-c-ch) typesetting system is (arguably) the best way to do this by computer. TEX was designed to cope with the intricacies of mathematical and technical typesetting and especially to deliver beautifully typeset documents. The source of the “TEX” logo is the Greek root !’EX (tau epsilon chi), which forms part of words like “technology.” What is KTeX, and how does it differ from TEX? In ways we will discuss, TEX typesetting commands have been used to create many new commands that are easier and more convenient to use; these new commands comprise the BTEX system.
Cognition and Imagination
Authors: Garrett Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw a renewed interest in exploring the nature of the human cognitive instrument-that is, in understanding the human understanding. Many thinkers proposed that such understanding of under standing would prove essential to refining scientific method, improving the state of human knowledge, and fostering human progress. Hume was one of these thinkers. Book I of A Treatise of Human Nature is entitled “Of the Understanding.” At the very outset of his attempt to explain the nature of the understanding, he presents four crucial distinctions.
Entrepreneurial Spirit in the North and South
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British officials were suspicious. Before letting Francis Cabot Low ell leave the country, they went through his baggage twice. After all, here was a wealthy Boston merchant who had spent an inordinate amount of time visiting British textile mills. The inspectors feared he was stealing industrial secrets. And they were right. But the plans for the power loom were in Lowell’s head, not in his bags. When he re turned to Boston in 1812, Lowell and a local mechanic, “planned and tried, altered and rearranged” the parts of the intricate machinery Low ell had remembered. Nor did Lowell’s design skills stop there. He also imagined a complete factory, unlike any he had seen in Britain. It would take in raw cotton and produce cloth. And he envisioned an industrial center that would not resemble the crowded cities of En gland. (“We found the manufacturing towns very dirty,” he re marked.) His new American mill town would be a clean, cheerful, healthy place to work.
The Gap Widens: 1860s to 1940
Authors: Egnal Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elmire Boucher, who grew up on a poor farm in the province of Quebec, knew about the realities of comparative economic development. “In 1899 my parents decided to leave for the United States,” she later recollected. “Life was difficult on the farm which was too small for us. We were 16 children, all lively. We already had aunts in the United States who told us wonderful things about that part of the world.”
Learning Organization Hierarchies of Large Model-Bases for Fast Recognition
Authors: Boyer Kim L , Sengupta Kuntal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In attempting to realize a complete model-based vision system for CAD objects in range data, the two most critical issues are speed and accuracy in recognition. These factors become exceedingly important with increases in the size of the model library and the scene clutter. Past work in model-based vision attempted to design algorithms such that the recognition time would be insensitive to the model-base size or scene clutter [2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 21].
Systems using point-based features to describe models (4, 6, 9, 12, 13] usually implement indexing ideas for object recognition. In the off-line model compilation process, indexes are calculated from a group of points, and these are used as addresses into a look-up table, where the identities of the model and the group of points are stored. Recognition entails a similar computation of addresses from groups of scene points, followed by voting for the models placed at these locations. This approach has become well-known under the moniker “geometric hashing.”
Systems that use higher level primitives (like surfaces, volumes, etc.) traditionally represent both model and scene objects in the form of graphs (2, 7, 8, 10]. The nodes in these graphs represent the primitives, and the links represent the relationships among them. In recognition, the mapping function between the nodes of the scene graph and the nodes of each model graph is determined.
Application of Machine Learning In Function-Based Recognition
Authors: Stark Louise , Bowyer Kevin , Woods Kevin , Hall Lawrence , Cook Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Model-based vision has been a popular field of research for many years. In its simplest form, a model-based vision system uses a geometric model of each object as its knowledge base. This entails having a model of every object stored in its exact form, that the system may encounter. The work to create the knowledge base is at least linear in the number of objects. It is clear that geometric models such as those typically used do not provide a sufficient means to represent categories of objects as they are intuitively conceived by humans [2, 20]. The need for a more generic representation for recognition of novel objects has led computer vision research in several directions.
A number of research efforts have used parameterizations of a basic geometric model in order to create a more generic representation [1, 8, 12, 13, 16, 21, 29]. While this is an improvement over simple geometric models, all objects that match a given model must still follow a particular structural/geometric plan. These objects can be derived from a standard or prototypical model by simple changes of size along some dimension, or possibly allowing a simple rearrangement of a known set of parts. This approach is limited to objects that are quantitatively similar [22]. We are interested in constructing an object-category definition that captures objects more in the nature of being qualitatively similar. If one accepts that human concepts of object categories are more strongly related to object function than they are to some prototypical geometric shape (for which there is substantial evidence [23]), then it seems clear that a different starting point should be chosen in order to create a more generic model.
Assembly Plan From Observation
Authors: Ikeuchi Katsushi , Suehiro Takashi , Kang Sing Bing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently, a major bottleneck to the widespread use of robots is the time consuming nature of programming and debugging a desired sequence of operations of a robot system. Further, the number of trained people who can program robots is also limited. If we can devise self-programming systems that “learn” (program themselves) by observing a human performing the same task, then we would have a situation where nonprogrammers (i.e., manufacturing engineers) can define and debug any process they choose.
We have been developing an assembly plan from observation (APO) system that can learn robot programs through observation. In the APO system, a human operator performs assembly tasks in front of a video camera. The system obtains a continuous sequence of images from the camera, which records the assembly tasks. In order for the system to recognize assembly tasks from the sequence of images, the system has to perform the following six operations:
Classified advertising in its linguistic context
Authors: Bruthiaux Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset, I proposed to consider the nature of linguistic simplification. To do this, I examined a corpus of classified ads for evidence of the effect of spatial constraints on the syntactic structure of this simple register. I provided a description of the CAR corpus, and I showed that the register bypasses many of the syntactic requirements of the literary grammar, which typically controls written registers. I considered the spread of conventionalized register markers such as abbreviations, and I noted a widespread reliance on prefabricated segments, which were seen as reflecting the conventions of medium, location, and time.
Laboratory Markers of HIV Infection
Authors: Cavert Winston , Coombs Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several available tests confirm or quantitate HIV infection. These include (1) licensed antibody tests used to screen and confirm HIV-1 seropositivity (enzyme immunoassay [EIA], Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay) and (2) qualitative and quantitative viral measurement assays used to follow the course of HIV-1 infection and evaluate therapeutic responses (HIV culture, DNA and RNA polymerase chain reaction amplification, branched chain amplification, p24 antigen assay, and HIV drug susceptibility assays).
HIV and Women
Authors: Celumd Connie L , Watts Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As of December 31, 1994, women accounted for approximately 13 percent of the total AIDS cases reported in the United States, with the total cumulative number of women with AIDS estimated at 58,500. Within the United States, the northeastern region has the highest prevalence of HIV-infected women. African-American and Hispanic women have a higher prevalence of HIV infection than white women.
Cryptococcosis
Authors: Paauw Douglas s. , Marra Christina M , Spach David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is an oval 4 to 6 µm in diameter yeast that has a characteristic 1 to 30 µm polysaccharide capsule. It is ubiquitous and often found in soil enriched by bird droppings. Humans acquire infection from the environment; person-to-person transmission of C. neoformans
Isosporiasis
Authors: Bramante John P , Ryan Caroline A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isosporiasis refers to infection of the small intestinal epithelial cells with the protozoan parasite Isospora belli.
Humans acquire this infection by ingesting cysts from contaminated water, an infected animal, or an infected human. /. belli
may persist in a latent stage for an extended period.
In the United States, isosporiasis is the initial AIDS-defining diagnosis in approximately 0.2 percent of HIV-infected individuals. This organism is identified as the cause of less than 2 percent of diarrheal episodes among HIV-infected patients in the United States. In recent years, the widespread use of trimethoprim- sulfamethoxazole for Pneumocystis carinii
prophylaxis has probably further reduced the incidence of isosporiasis.
• belli
infection most commonly occurs in the tropics and subtropics. Most patients in the United States who develop isosporiasis have usually emigrated from, or traveled to, the Carribean, Mexico, or Central America. In addition, individuals can acquire infection in Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Characteristic features of isosporiasis include watery diarrhea, diffuse crampy abdominal pain (often postprandial), fatigue, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. More than 80 percent of patients have a history of chronic (more than 2 months) diarrhea.
Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Schacker Timothy W , Corey Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are neurotropic viruses that belong to the herpes family of viruses. HSV-1 and HSV-2 commonly cause recurrent ulcerative infections of the oropharynx, genitals, and rectmn. HSY can less commonly cause esophagitis, encephalitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and, in some immunocompromised patients, disseminated infection. Approximately 70 percent of adults are seropositive for HSV-1, and 20 percent of sexually active adults are seropositive for HSV-2. More than 95 percent of men who have sex with men are seropositive for HSV-1, HSV-2, or both.
HSV-1 usually causes infection of the mouth, gums, and lips (oraVlabial). HSV-2 usually causes infection of the genitals and rectum. In some instances, however, HSV-1 can cause anogenital infection and HSV-2 can cause oraVlabial infection.
The clinical manifestations of HSY vary by viral type and host immune response. Primary infection may be asymptomatic or be characterized by painful ulcerative lesions. Severely immunocompromised persons may develop severe primary infection. Following primary infection, HSY establishes latency in the dorsal root or trigeminal ganglia. At a later time, the virus can reactivate. These reactivations are more frequent and prolonged in HIV-infected persons.
Patients can shed HSY from affected areas at times when they have no symptoms; this is referred to as asymptomatic, or subclinical, reactivation. In immunocompetent persons, this occurs less than 1 percent of days; HIV-infected persons, however, may have more frequent shedding because of their HIV-induced immunosuppression. Sexual partners are at risk for infection during asymptomatic reactivation.
Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Burik Jo-Anne Van , Spach David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The spectrum of HIV-associated heart diseases includes myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, pericarditis (with or without an effusion), and, rarely, infective endocarditis. In recent years, left ventricular dysfunction, caused by either dilated cardiomyopathy or myocarditis, has emerged as the most common clinically significant cardiac manifestation among HIV-infected persons. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on myocarditis and cardiomyopathy.
The pathogenesis of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy remains poorly defined. Several investigators have suggested that HIV-associated myocarditis and cardiomyopathy exist on a continuum and that, in most instances, myocarditis leads to cardiomyopathy.
Although the pathogenesis of HIV-associated cardiomyopathy remains poorly understood, existing evidence suggests that HIV-associated cardiomyopathy may result from one or more of five mechanisms: (1) direct invasion and destruction of myocardial cells by HIV; (2) destruction of myocardial cells by cytokines released from HIV-infected monocytes and lymphocytes; (3) autoimmune myocarditis caused by circulating antibodies to myocardial cell 8-receptors, adenine nucleotide translocator, or heavy-chain myosin; (4) direct myocardial invasion by opportunistic organisms, such as Toxoplasma gondii,
cytomegalovirus, or Epstein-Barr virus; and (5) drug-induced toxicity, such as from alcohol, adriamycin, zidovudine, and possibly foscarnet.
Folliculitis
Authors: Velde Karen M Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two forms of folliculitis commonly occur among HIV-infected individuals: bacterial folliculitis
and eosinophilicfolliculitis
(also known as eosinophilic pustular folliculitis).
In addition, patients may less commonly develop other forms of folliculitis, such as pityrosporum folliculitis (caused by a yeast) and Majocchi’s granuloma (caused by a dermatophyte).
Bacterial folliculitis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus,
but it can also be caused by Streptococcus
species, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
diphtheroids, or other bacteria.
Eosinophilic folliculitis, also known as the papular eruption of AIDS, is a pruritic form of folliculitis that occasionally occurs in HIV-infected individuals, typically those with CD4 counts less than 250 cells/mm3 Although the cause of this disorder remains unknown, it resembles Ofuji’s disease, a rare eruption that involves immunocompetent persons.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Bacterial folliculitis may occur in any hair-bearing area, with the trunk and face most frequently involved. The primary lesion appears as a follicular eruption that may extend deep into the soft tissues and form abscesses, furuncles, or carbuncles. Groin, axilla, or scalp lesions may vary, and in some instances large violaceous plaques (up to 10 cm), superficial perifollicular pustules, or crusts may develop. Patients frequently complain of intense pruritus.
Warts
Authors: Vandevelde Karen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warts are caused by several related types of human papilloma virus (HPV)-a small DNA virus. Based on DNA hybridization studies, more than 50 types of HPV exist, with specific types associated with distinct clinical diseases. Typing of isolates, however, is not practical for routine clinical purposes.
In general, immunosuppressed HIV-infected patients have a greater number of common warts that are often more difficult to eradicate than those in HIV-negative individuals. Warts occur in approximately 8 percent of HIV-infected individuals.
Immunodeficiency promotes the development of neoplasia in cervical and anal warts, making this an important consideration in dealing with condyloma in the HIV-positive patient. The relationship of HPV and neoplasia is covered in more detail in two other chapters: cervical warts in Chapter 12, and anal warts in Chapter 59.
CLINICAL FEATURES
Verruca vulgaris, the common wart, is most frequently noted on the hands. Individual lesions appear as round papules with a gray, rough surface (“verrucous”). Thrombosed capillaries, identified as small black dots, may be visible on the surface of the wart. Individual lesions may grow larger than 1 cm in size, and multiple lesions may coalesce to form plaques.
Anemia
Authors: Aboulafia David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among HIV-infected persons, anemia develops in approximately 15 percent of asymptomatic patients and approximately 75 percent of those with AIDS. In this patient population, various causes of anemia exist, including infections that involve the bone marrow, malignancies, nutritional deficiencies, and medications. In many patients, the anemia may result from a combination of factors. Although red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies (positive Coombs test) occasionally develop in HIV-infected patients, clinically significant autoimmune hemolytic anemia rarely occurs.
The most common infectious agents that suppress the bone marrow are HIV itself, Mycobacterium avium
complex, and cytomegalovirus. Rarely, parvovirus B19 causes anemia. These infections produce a hypoproliferative bone marrow response.
Some patients with cutaneous Kaposi’s sarcoma develop gastrointestinal system involvement, and this may cause blood loss and anemia. HIV-associated lymphoma, with its generally aggressive and disseminated course, often involves the bone marrow and causes anemia.
Medications that frequently produce anemia in HIV-infected patients include zidovudine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pyrimethamine, and dapsone. Pyridoxine deficiency is a rare cause of anemia and generally is limited to those patients taking isoniazid.
Anemia is most often multifactorial, but the predominant abnormality in erythropoiesis is hypoproliferation secondary to relatively low erythropoietin levels and the effect of inflammatory cytokines that negatively regulate and inhibit the erythroid marrow response.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Marra Christina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HIV-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a subacute demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by a papovavirus known as JC virus. This virus is distinct from the virus that causes Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.
JC virus is usually acquired in childhood. It remains latent and may reactivate in the setting of immunosuppression. At the time of this writing, it remains unclear whether JC virus reactivates systemically and then spreads to the brain or whether primary reactivation occurs in the brain itself. When JC virus reactivates, it infects oligodendrocytes (the cells that make central nervous system myelin) and thus causes demyelination.
PML develops in approximately 4 percent of HIV-infected patients and is an AIDS- defming diagnosis in approximately 1 percent of patients. At the time of diagnosis of PML, patients typically have CD4 counts less than 100 cells/mm3
CLINICAL FEATURES
Patients with PML may complain of headache or subacute onset of limb weakness. A common presentation is an unnoticed visual field defect that causes them to bump into objects on the affected side. Less commonly, patients may present with new-onset seizures, either generalized or partial.
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Authors: Kovach Nicholas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor recognized among persons with AIDS. Approximately 95 percent of AIDS-associated KS occurs in homosexual or bisexual males and it is rare in transfusion or injection-drug use-related AIDS. The incidence of KS in homosexual males with AIDS is approximately 20 percent in contrast with a Oto 1.0 percent incidence among hemophiliacs with AIDS.
The form of KS that occurs in HIV-infected persons, which is generally aggressive, is referred to as “epidemic” KS. Three other epidemiologic forms occur: (1) “classic” KS, an indolent tumor in elderly men of Jewish and Eastern European descent; (2) “endemic” KS, a form of KS that occurs in central Africa that has a variable and occasionally aggressive course; and (3) “acquired” KS, a form of KS associated with immunosuppressive therapy that often completely regresses with discontinuation of immunosuppressants.
KS is a multifocal hyperplastic response to cytokines and viral-induced growth factors rather than a metastatic tumor. Among the multiple possible factors that could cause KS, three have most frequently been implicated: (1) paracrine or autocrine growth factors from KS spindle cells, such as fibroblastic growth factor or Oncostatin-M; (2) HIV viral products, such as expression of the HIV tat
gene and its product, Tat; and (3) other known viruses such as cytomegalovirus or human papilloma virus. Recently, investigators have isolated DNA sequences of a novel herpes-like virus in 90 percent of KS tissue samples (Moore and Chang 1995). This agent may be sexually transmitted, thus explaining the strong association of KS and certain HIV risk factor groups.