bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The enhancement of cod stocks
Authors: Svåsand T. , Kristiansen T.S. , Pedersen T. , Salvanes A.G.V. , Engelsen R. , Nævdal G. , Nødtvedt M. 
Published: March 2003

Atlantic cod have been a primary target for marine stock enhancement since the 1880s. In the early part of this period, hatched larvae were released in Norway, the USA and Canada. The last larval releases were conducted in Norway in 1971, and a century of cod larvae releases were halted without any clear evidence of benefit. Since the early 1980s, the focus has been on production of larger, more viable juvenile cod. Emphasis has been given to the design of tag–release programmes involving large‐scale releases and ecosystem analysis in selected ecosystems. Most of this research has been carried out in Norway, where more than one million tagged juvenile cod have been released. Smaller stocking experiments have also been performed in Denmark, Sweden, the Faroe Islands and the USA.This paper reviews the major findings from these programmes. We include summaries and evaluations of rearing techniques for juvenile cod, methods of tagging and recapture, experimental fishing, migration, mortality and growth rates in the different habitats, genetic analysis, and ecosystem studies that have tried to describe the variation in the cod carrying capacity of selected release areas.Despite relatively large variation in environmental conditions, in cod production and in fishing mortality along the Norwegian coast, results indicate that, under the conditions experienced during the 1980s and 1990s, releases of juvenile cod did not significantly increase cod production and catches. The biological limitations and future prospects of Atlantic cod stock enhancement are addressed.
Aerobic muscle function during steady swimming in fish
Authors: Coughlin David J 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAxial swimming in fish varies across a range of body forms and swimming modes. Swimming by eels, tunas, mackerels, scup, rainbow trout and bass span this range from high curvature anguilliform swimmers to rigid body thunniform swimmers. Recent work on these and other species has elucidated an impressive array of solutions to the problem of how to use the red (aerobic, slow‐twitch) muscle to power steady or sustained swimming. This review will use a comparative approach to understand the generalities of aerobic muscle function during steady swimming in fish and determine possible rules for the relationships between muscle contractile kinetics, in vivo muscle activity and power output during swimming. Beyond an exploration of the diversity in muscle activity and swimming kinematics, I suggest that analysis of the molecular basis for longitudinal variations in muscle function is needed to complement morphological and physiological research on fish muscle. This will permit both a general understanding of the integrative function of the fish myotome and, perhaps, predictive tools for muscle activity and swimming performance in fish.
Species concepts: the basis for controversy and reconciliation
Authors: Ghiselin Michael T 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSome of the disputes about species concepts can be resolved through clarification of the conceptual issues. Others are intractable because incompatible preferences are being optimized. According to the current biological consensus species (taxa) are populations rendered cohesive by sex. The philosophical consensus has it that the species and other categories are (abstract) classes, whereas particular species and other taxa are (concrete) individuals (in the ontological sense). Natural kinds are classes that have the properties they do because of laws of nature. Individuals such as species and clades owe their properties to history, not laws of nature; they are not kinds at all and calling them natural kinds is, therefore, grossly misleading. Having the species of taxonomy be equivalent to the species of evolutionary theory facilitates the integration of history and laws of nature within biology. Efforts to define the species category on the basis of similarity create misleading impressions about the laws and mechanisms of speciation processes. A diversity of incompatible species concepts (pluralism) is undesirable because the various kinds of units that are called ‘species’ differ with respect to the underlying laws of nature that make them natural kinds.
Reconciling traditional inland fisheries management and sustainability in industrialized countries, with emphasis on Europe
Authors: Arlinghaus Robert , Mehner Thomas , Cowx Ian G 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn northern industrialized countries, the inland fisheries sector has long been dominated by recreational fisheries, which normally exploit fish for leisure or subsistence and provide many (poorly investigated) benefits to society. Various factors constrain the development and existence of inland fisheries, such as local user conflicts, low social priority and inadequate research and funding. In many cases, however, degradation of the environment and loss of aquatic habitat are the predominant concerns for the sustainability of inland fisheries. The need for concerted effort to prevent and reduce environmental degradation, as well as conservation of freshwater fish and fisheries as renewable common pool resources or entities in their own right is the greatest challenge facing sustainable development of inland waters. In inland fisheries management, the declining quality of the aquatic environment coupled with long‐term inadequate and often inappropriate fisheries management has led to an emphasis on enhancement practices, such as stocking, to mitigate anthropogenic stress. However, this is not always the most appropriate management approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to alter many traditional inland fisheries management practices and systems to focus on sustainable development.This paper reviews the literature regarding the inputs needed for sustainability of inland fisheries in industrialized countries. To understand better the problems facing sustainable inland fisheries management, the inland fisheries environment, its benefits, negative impacts and constraints, as well as historical management, paradigms, trends and current practices are described. Major philosophical shifts, challenges and promising integrated management approaches are envisaged in a holistic framework. The following are considered key elements for sustainable development of inland fisheries: communication, information dissemination, education, institutional restructuring, marketing outreach, management plans, decision analysis, socioeconomic evaluation and research into the human dimension, in addition to traditional biological and ecological sciences. If these inputs are integrated with traditional fisheries management practices, the prospects for sustainability in the inland fisheries will be enhanced.
An example of lack of frontal inhibition: the ‘utilization behaviour’
Authors: Brazzelli Miriam , Spinnler Hans 
Published: March 2003

The focus of this report is utilization behaviour (UB) conceived as part of the Environmental Dependency Syndrome following frontal damage. An historical sketch is provided on the many conceptualizations of the frontal lobe functions relevant to the understanding of UB. The detailed study of the neuropsychological picture presented by a patient (PG) with massive herpetic damage is then outlined. Emphasis is put on PG's prominent UB as well as on her several dissociations between impaired (as expected) and spared (non expected) cognitive abilities. Such dissociations are discussed with reference to the historical conceptualizations outlined above.The question is raised of whether a great inter‐subjects variability of the top‐functional arrangements in the healthy frontal lobes could be the main cause of the variability of symptoms observed in patients with frontal lesions.
The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and the response to tacrine therapy in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rigaud A.‐S. , Traykov L. , Caputo L. , Guelfi M.‐C. , Latour F. , Couderc R. , Moulin F. , De Rotrou J. , Forette F. , Boller F. 
Published: March 2003

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) phenotype and gender on the response to tacrine treatment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ApoE phenotyping was performed on 76 patients treated with tacrine for AD. This group comprised 33 ApoE ε4 allele carriers (ε4+) and 43 non‐ε4 carriers (ε4–). Patients were treated blindly in relation to the ApoE phenotype, with incremental tacrine dosages ranging from 40 mg/day up to the highest dosage (160 mg) tolerated without side‐effects. At least 6 weeks elapsed between each increase. Changes in the scores for the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive Component (ADAS‐Cog) between baseline and each increment in dosage were assessed in the ε4– and ε4+ groups. The cut‐off point for being considered as responsive to tacrine treatment was a 4‐point decrease in the ADAS‐Cog score.There was no tendency for the ε4– carriers to respond better than the ε4+ carriers. When patients were stratified by gender, no differences were found between the effects of the treatment on men and women. Consequently, these results do not support the hypothesis that the ApoE phenotype and gender are predictors of the response to tacrine in AD patients.
Neurosexology
Authors: Lundberg P.O. , Ertekin C. , Ghezzi A. , Swash M. , Vodusek D. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundSexual function can be altered in patients by many neurological disorders affecting the cerebrum, the brain stem, the spinal cord, the spinal roots or the peripheral nerves. It can also be prominently affected in patients with an underlying undiagnosed neurological disease. Traditionally, practising neurologists have not paid much attention to sexual dysfunction in their patients, partly because therapeutic possibilities were scant. Sexual dysfunction, however, is observed in many neurological disorders, and may arise as a primary neurogenic disorder. Although not as obviously limiting as, for instance, paresis and pain, it is most disruptive for patients' lives. With emerging awareness of the primary importance of quality of life as the most important indicator of good patient management, and with the advent of more effective treatment of sexual dysfunction, it is no longer acceptable to ignore this very important dimension of life.In this review we will present the anatomical and physiological basis of the sexual response, the clinical approach to patients with sexual dysfunction, the characteristics of symptoms in neurological disorders, how to take a case history, diagnostic procedures and the treatment possibilities.
Missionaries with the hopeless? Inebriety, mental deficiency and the Burdens
Authors: Carpenter Peter K. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century campaign for the treatment of ‘inebriates’ used many of the themes used by campaigners for the care of the ‘feeble‐minded’. The inebriate reformatories admitted mainly women, and their low rate of success was blamed on the inmates being ‘mental defectives’, rather than a result of the methods used. When the reformatories closed, these were reused as institutions under the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913. Having been missionaries, the Reverend H. N. Burden and his wives managed inebriate reformatories and then switched to running colonies for ‘mental defectives’. The present article examines some of the links between the two movements.
Violent incidents and the use of antipsychotic medication within a specialist challenging behaviour unit: an evaluation of the Poole approach to challenging behaviour
Authors: Rowland George , Treece Simon 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper documents a retrospective evaluation of a specialist challenging behaviour unit for individuals with severe learning disabilities according to two criteria: (1) its efficacy at reducing the frequency and severity of violent incidents; and (2) the level of reliance upon antipsychotic medication for behavioural purposes. The results were placed within the perspective of the specific approach to challenging behaviour adopted by the unit, which emphasizes communication as the fundamental tenet within the management and reduction of challenging behaviour. The results demonstrate a 92% reduction in incidents of violence towards others over the 6 years since the unit opened, alongside a 95% reduction in violence towards property. During the same period, the levels of antipsychotic medication used for behavioural purposes fell in the cases of three out of the four clients under examination. An attempt is made to highlight the predominant factors underlying this success as potential indicators for the development of services for those who exhibit challenging and violent behaviours.
Achieving positive change in people's lives through the National Learning Disability Strategy: an invitation to partnership between higher education and the world of practice
Authors: Towell David , Hollins Sheila 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe launch of the National Learning Disability Strategy (NLDS) in England (and parallel initiatives in Scotland and Wales) provides the best opportunity for a generation to close the huge gap between the aspirations of people with learning disabilities and their families for a full life, and most people's current experience. The implementation of the NLDS is a complex challenge, requiring new forms of partnership among a wide range of stakeholders to deliver sustainable change. The present paper describes an enhanced role for universities as champions of local progress, promoting, supporting and evaluating informed change through a range of functions which go well beyond the traditional focus on research and teaching. It is also an invitation to relevant centres, or coalitions of centres on a regional basis, to explore with people, families and public agencies the optimum form of their contribution to these new partnerships.
Effects of relocation on the communication and challenging behaviours of four people with severe learning disabilities
Authors: Macleod Fiona J. , Morrison Fred , Swanston Michael , Lindsay William 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe present paper describes an evaluation of the effects of relocation on the challenging and communicative behaviours of four individuals with severe learning disabilities who moved from a hospital for people with learning disabilities into a community project home. The study was longitudinal, spanning a period of 3 years, and used the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale, the Checklist of Challenging Behaviours and direct observations of the participants' behaviours. There was an overall decrease in the individuals' adaptive behaviours and inactivity levels, whilst there were increases in their communicative and challenging behaviours. These results are not easily accounted for by the Communication Hypothesis of Problem Behaviour, which would suggest an inverse relationship between functional communication and challenging behaviour. Alternative explanations which may account for the results obtained are considered. Somewhat surprisingly, it is concluded that the participants appeared to increase all their interactions within the community environment, including their communication and challenging behaviours.
The effect of pore size on cementation in porous rocks
Authors: Putnis A. , Mauthe G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHalite cementation in porous sandstone from the Lower Triassic Bunter Formation in North‐West Germany has been studied using measurements of porosity and permeability, before and after salt extraction, as well as from petrographic observations. The results show that in cemented sandstones there is a clear tendency for the larger pores to be halite‐filled while the smaller pores, which are responsible for the residual porosity, are left empty. Observations on cemented ‘pin‐stripe’ aeolian sandstones, in which laminations of fine and coarser sand grains alternate on a millimetre scale, indicate that this selective cementation is not due to differences in the brine composition in the pores. The implication, which is also supported by other observations, is that fluids in small pores can maintain a higher supersaturation with respect to crystallization.
The mechanism of fluid infiltration in peridotites at Almklovdalen, western Norway
Authors: Kostenko O. , Jamtveit B. , Austrheim H. , Pollok K. , Putnis C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA major Alpine‐type peridotite located at Almklovdalen in the Western Gneiss Region of Norway was infiltrated by aqueous fluids at several stages during late Caledonian uplift and retrogressive metamorphism. Following peak metamorphic conditions in the garnet–peridotite stability field, the peridotite experienced pervasive fluid infiltration and retrogression in the chlorite–peridotite stability field. Subsequently, the peridotite was infiltrated locally by nonreactive fluids along fracture networks forming pipe‐like structures, typically on the order of 10 m wide. Fluid migration away from the fractures into the initially impermeable peridotite matrix was facilitated by pervasive dilation of grain boundaries and the formation of intragranular hydrofractures. Microstructural observations of serpentine occupying the originally fluid‐filled inclusion space indicate that the pervasively infiltrating fluid was characterized by a high dihedral angle (θ > 60°) and ‘curled up’ into discontinuous channels and fluid inclusion arrays following the infiltration event. Re‐equilibration of the fluid phase topology took place by growth and dissolution processes driven by the excess surface energy represented by the ‘forcefully’ introduced external fluid. Pervasive fluid introduction into the peridotite reduced local effective stresses, increased the effective grain boundary diffusion rates and caused extensive recrystallization and some grain coarsening of the infiltrated volumes. Grain boundary migration associated with this recrystallization swept off abundant intragranular fluid inclusions in the original chlorite peridotite, leading to a significant colour change of the rock. This colour change defines a relatively sharp front typically located 1–20 cm away from the fractures where the nonreactive fluids originally entered the peridotite. Our observations demonstrate how crustal rocks may be pervasively infiltrated by fluids with high dihedral angles (θ > 60°) and emphasize the coupling between hydrofracturing and textural equilibration of the grain boundary networks and the fluid phase topology.
Use of neural networks to predict roasting time and weight loss for beef joints
Authors: Xie Guozhong 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA neural networks (NN) model was trained and validated using experimental data on roasting times and weight losses from beef joints. Mathematical and response surface (RS) models were also developed. Predicted results from NN and RS models were almost identical and better than the mathematical model. Using the trained NN and RS models, the effects of air temperature, dimension, weight of beef joint, its initial temperature on roasting time, and weight loss were investigated. An increase in air or initial beef temperature decreased roasting time but increased weight loss. For larger beef joints, both roasting time and weight loss increased significantly. Critical ratios of beef radius to length where roasting time and weight loss reached maximum values were found to be 0.45 using both NN and RS models for roasting time and 0.55 (NN model) or 0.6 (RS model) for weight loss. To improve productivity and reduce weight loss, small beef joints are recommended and beef joints with the critical ratios should be avoided.
Learning from the competition through category appraisal: one practitioner's keys to faster and more efficient product development
Authors: Moskowitz Howard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a data‐based approach to jump‐starting the development process. The approach, category appraisal, obtains ratings from products in the competitive frame. Here, that competitive frame is soft‐serve ice cream. Data from consumer ratings of liking and sensory attributes enable the researcher to determine how well products perform, what sensory attributes ‘drive’ overall liking, and what sensory levels and landmark products correspond to newly identified market opportunities. These opportunities may consist of a highly acceptable product, a product with specific sensory attributes, or image attributes, or even some combination thereof.
Consumer acceptance of irradiated foods: dawn of a new era?
Authors: DeRuiter Frances Elizabeth , Dwyer Johanna 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIrradiation of meat, poultry, and other foods helps to preserve food quality and to prevent foodborne disease. This review examines current acceptance and use of irradiated foods in consumer food products and institutional food service applications. In the United States food irradiation is currently used in the space program, in some commercial food applications and in therapeutic diets fed to immunosuppressed patients in health care facilities. In spite of the potential benefits of food irradiation in the United States controversy remains, considerable consumer resistance con‐tinues, and adoption of food irradiation for consumer products has been slow des‐pite regulatory approval and endorsements by scientific organizations. However, consumer attitudes may be shifting. Experience gathered from the recent uses of irradiation for inactivating anthrax spores in contaminated mail after the terrorist attacks of September 2001 will undoubtedly make irradiation a more familiar process. Possible strategies for improving acceptance are discussed. Consumer education and information about food irradiation are key to greater acceptance.
Searching for information when selecting a restaurant
Authors: Iglesias Marta Pedraja , Guillén Ma Jesus Yagüe 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGiven the characteristics of the service sector, the search for external information is more difficult than in the product sector. The external information search, in addition to being affected by a series of factors, can be made at two levels; a passive and an active level. This implies that individuals increase their state of awareness by paying considerable attention to advertising and conversations, or they can initiate an active information search involving greater effort. In the restaurant sector, individuals who carry out a greater external information search generally visit restaurants before choosing one and take into account restaurant advertising before making their purchase decision. These activities involve an active and passive external information search. Additionally, the active external search is affected by family income and by a greater perception of differences between establishments. The passive external search is affected by the level of prior knowledge, use of price‐quality criteria, the level of perceived risk, and by income of the family.
Contrasting customer and operator concept and product requirements: the case of surimi
Authors: Moskowitz Howard R. , Porretta Sebastiano 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper deals with the analysis of responses to experimentally designed surimi prototypes, and to concepts about ‘lobster’ surimi. Consumers and foodservice operators evaluated systematically varied concepts and product prototypes varying on four factors. The results permit assessment of the differences in evaluative criteria between the operators and the consumers. The two groups responded similarly to many of the concept elements, but responded differently to elements dealing with emotion, versatility and price. The two groups were also similar in their evaluations of the 17 systematically varied prototypes, but differed in the criteria that drove overall liking. Aroma, flavor, texture and acceptance were far more important as liking drivers for foodservice operators than they were for consumers. These results exemplify approaches that allow researchers and marketers to understand the different mind‐sets of operators versus consumers.