bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Democratic Treatment of Risk
Authors: Richardson Henry S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To illustrate the power of democratic reasoning that specifies our public ends in a ramifying way, drawing on agency evaluative expertise as it goes, I sketch in this chapter how it would apply to the regulation of risk. To take on this topic is to push the idea of specifying public ends about as far as it can go. Whereas quantitative approaches easily allow multiplying the value of outcomes by the probability of their occurrence, a qualitative, non-instrumental approach to public reasoning such as the one I have been developing does not. Hence it might appear that the kind of approach I have been developing here is inept at dealing with risk regulation. Not so, I shall argue. My aim is not to achieve total hegemony for noninstrumental reasoning. As I have indicated all along, empirical research and narrowly instrumental reasoning are essential contributors to intelligent practical reasoning and important tools of public accounting. Rather, my aim is to show that the qualitative approach developed here does not fall down when it comes to choices involving risk and uncertainty; to the contrary, it offers an attractive alternative to consider alongside the standard decision-theoretic approaches, an alternative that would allow us to frame these issues in a more democratic fashion. Risk Rationalism Standard rational-choice approaches are on their strongest ground in accounting for decision-making involving risk. Indeed, both Frank P. Ramsey’s pathbreaking work on probability in the 1930s and standard methods for generating cardinal utility functions to represent preferences take it that a person’s choices reveal his or her preferences simultaneously with his or her attitudes toward risk.1 Preference-based rational choice theory thus fundamentally treats of individuals’ approaches to situations involving risk.
Campaigning Oniline
Authors: Bimber Bruce , Davis Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Internet is now a part of American democracy. A majority of Americans are online and many of them use the Internet to learn political information and to follow election campaigns. Candidates now invest heavily in Web and e-mail campaign communication tools in order to reach prospective voters, as well as to communicate with journalists, potential donors, and political activists. How are their efforts paying off? Are voters influenced by what they see on the Internet? Do they use online resources to learn about issues and candidates that mainstream media are not covering? Is the Internet empowering the shrinking electorate to return to the polls? Campaigning Online answers these questions with a close-up look at the dynamics of the 2000 election on the Internet. Examining how candidates present themselves online, and how voters respond to their efforts - including measures of whether they learn from candidates’ web sites and whether their opinions are affected by what they see, the authors present the first systematic depiction of the role of campaign web sites in American elections. The authors paint a portrait of the voters’ side and the candidates’ side of campaigning on the Internet that has been unavailable so far. They report on a wealth of new data and evidence drawn from national and state-wide surveys, laboratory experiments, interviews with campaign staff, and analysis of web sites themselves.
Introduction
Authors: Singley Carol J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Few Novels of the twentieth century pose the question of women and marriage more directly than Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth. And few characters compel readers’ attention more completely than the beautiful, provocative, and ill-fated Lily Bart. Since the novel was first published in both serial and book form in 1905, readers across the United States have eagerly followed Lily’s misadventures and have engaged in vigorous, often passionate debate about her downfall. The House of Mirth was an immediate best-seller, earning Edith Wharton high praise and profit. It has been popularly and critically acclaimed ever since. A unique blend of romance, realism, and naturalism, The House of Mirth qualifies as a “novel of manners,” but it also transcends this narrow classification. It is both a powerful love story and a searing critique of a society so relentlessly materialistic and self-serving that it casually destroys what is most beautiful and blameless within it.
Dispersion of the Strategic Force
Authors: LeDonne John P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reign of Alexander I was certain to bring about an enormous increase in the size of the strategic force. The wars against Napoleon and against Sweden in Finland in order to assert the empire’s hegemony in the western theater, as well as those against the Ottomans and Persians in Bulgaria and Transcaucasia to round out its hegemony in the Heartland, imposed tremendous demands on the empire’s military capabilities. The imperial army of the late 1820s had changed beyond recognition.
At the outset of the reign, in 1801, the infantry consisted of thirteen grenadier, sixty-nine musketeer, and fifteen chasseur regiments; by 1803, there were eight more musketeer and five more chasseur regiments, in addition to the three of Guard infantry, for a total of 113 regiments and 235,122 troops, including 8,099 in the Guard. The cavalry consisted of thirteen cuirassier, fifteen dragoon, and eight hussar regiments, a total of thirty-six raised to thirty-seven in 1803, in addition to four of Guard cavalry. By then, the importance of the cuirassiers so favored by Paul had been downgraded in favor of the dragoons in twenty-two regiments, in accordance with the recommendation of the Military Commission of 1801, which looked on the dragoons as a form of mounted infantry capable of moving easily over long distances to convoy the infantry’s train.
Boston Takes the Lead
Authors: Middlekauff Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perhaps more than most crises in the past, revolutions take on the appearance of inevitable, even natural events. They usually have small beginnings that grow into large confrontations between political bodies and a people. Riots become rebellions, and rebellions, war; at the climax, power shifts—or seems to—as a ruler or class is deposed and the state transformed.
The Homestead Act: A Major Asset-Building Policy in American History
Authors: Shanks Trina Williams 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Land policy plays an important role in U.S. history. From frontier life, as exemplified by Laura Ingalls Wilder in her Little House on the Prairie books (Wilder, 1935) to key moments, such as the 1889 Land Run in Oklahoma, policy decisions about property shaped how and where people lived in early American society. One of the most enduring pieces of legislation shaped settlement in the western territories from 1863 to 1939. Signed into law on May 20, 1862, by Abraham Lincoln, the Homestead Act was one of the nation’s first major domestic policies. The act is important for several reasons. It represents consensus culminating from a larger dialogue concerning the rights of citizenship, how the nation’s land resources would be managed, and whether an opportunity should be provided for individuals other than the wealthy to own property in the western territories. In addition, it complements other policy and economic changes that were taking place simultaneously during the latter part of the nineteenth century.
American Bioethics
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bioethics was “born in the USA” and the values American bioethics embrace are based on American law, including liberty and justice. This book crosses the borders between bioethics and law, but moves beyond the domestic law/bioethics struggles for dominance by exploring attempts to articulate universal principles based on international human rights. The isolationism of bioethics in the US is not tenable in the wake of scientific triumphs like decoding the human genome, and civilizational tragedies like international terrorism. Annas argues that by crossing boundaries which have artificially separated bioethics and health law from the international human rights movement, American bioethics can be reborn as a global force for good, instead of serving mainly the purposes of U.S. academics. This thesis is explored in a variety of international contexts such as terrorism and genetic engineering, and in U.S. domestic disputes such as patient rights and market medicine. The citizens of the world have created two universal codes: science has sequenced the human genome and the United Nations has produced the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The challenge for American bioethics is to combine these two great codes in imaginative and constructive ways to make the world a better, and healthier, place to live.
The Mental State of Torturers
Authors: Osiel Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alfredo Astiz led one of the most effective and notorious death squads during Argentina’s dirty war, during which at least eleven thousand persons were murdered. Like the far better known Adolf Eichmann, he never committed any significant wrong before or after the particular wars in which they committed their evils. Neither man displayed any malicious motives, defects of character (such as uncontrollable rage), or mental instability, whether before, during or after their crimes. It is even impossible to assert that either of these men lacked meaningful attachment to other people, leaving him incapable of empathy for human suffering. What was central to each is the occupation of a role that dictated that commands from superiors were never to be questioned, much less challenged. “I have the soul of a soldier,” says Astiz. “And the first thing they taught me was to obey my superiors.” Eichmann said virtually the same, both on the stand and in his diaries. By temperament and training, both men were careerists and conformists. But colleagues judged neither to be obsequious.
Laying India’s Ailments before Dr. Wilson
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The growing unrest in Egypt was by no means the only threat facing the British Empire in the crisis year of 1919. In India, the crown jewel of the empire, Wilson’s call of self-determination had also found an audience. A few years later, in a preface to a collection of the president’s wartime addresses published in India, the prominent liberal politician and intellectual V. S. Srinivasa Sastri noted the “unparalleled demonstration” that had met Wilson in Europe and added that he would have met a similar reception in Asia, had he come there.
The Populist Vision
Authors: Postel Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, monumental technological innovations like the telegraph and steam power made America and the world a much smaller place. New technologies also made possible large-scale organization and centralization. Corporations grew exponentially and the rich amassed great fortunes. Those on the short end of these wrenching changes responded in the Populist revolt, one of the most effective challenges to corporate power in American history. But what did Populism represent? Half a century ago, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. Since then, the romantic notion of Populism as the resistance movement of tradition-based and pre-modern communities to a modern and commercial society has prevailed. In a broad, innovative reassessment, based on a deep reading of archival sources, The Populist Vision argues that the Populists understood themselves as--and were in fact--modern people, who pursued an alternate vision for modern America. Taking into account both the leaders and the led, The Populist Vision uses a wide lens, focusing on the farmers, both black and white, men and women, while also looking at wager workers and bohemian urbanites. From Texas to the Dakotas, from Georgia to California, farmer Populists strove to use the new innovations for their own ends. They sought scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale cooperative businesses, and pressed for reforms on the model of the nation's most elaborate bureaucracy - the Postal Service. Hundreds of thousands of Populist farm women sought education, employment in schools and offices, and a more modern life. Miners, railroad workers, and other labor Populists joined with farmers to give impetus to the regulatory state. Activists from Chicago, San Francisco, and other new cities provided Populism with a dynamic urban dimension This major reassessment of the Populist experience is essential reading for anyone interested in the politics, society, and culture of modern America.
“Dreadful To Me” Jane Eyre And History
Authors: Glen Heather 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has no learning, no research, it discusses no subject of public interest,” wrote Charlotte Brontë shortly after the publication of Jane Eyre. Even the novel’s admirers have been inclined to echo this view. “Of the novels included here,” Kathleen Tillotson announces categorically, in her Novels of the Eighteen-Forties, “Jane Eyre has the least relation to its time.” Such social commentary as it may offer is oblique, limited, incidental. It is both in purpose and effect primarily a novel of the inner life, not of man in his social relations; it maps a private world...a love-story, a Cinderella fable, a Bluebeard mystery, an autobiography from forlorn childhood to happy marriage: this novel makes its appeal first and last to “the unchanging human heart.”2
Divide And Conquer
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This wide-ranging book is the first to examine one of the most significant and characteristic features of modern medicine—specialization—in historical and comparative context. Based on research in three languages, it traces the origins of modern medical specialization to 1830s Paris and examines its spread to Germany, Britain, and the US, showing how it evolved from an outgrowth of academic teaching and research in the 19th century into the dominant mode of medical practice by the middle of the 20th. Taking account of the parallels and differences in national developments, the book shows the international links among the nations’ medical systems as well as the independent influences of local political and social conditions in the move toward specialization. An epilogue takes the story up to the twenty-first century, where problems of specialization merge into the larger crisis of health care which affects most western nations today.
Division, Unification, and Competition
Authors: Weisz George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Specialties associated with women were not alone in coming together and separating during complex processes of professional gestation. In some fields, unfolding patterns were common to all four countries discussed in this book. In others, significant national variations emerged. Specialties focusing on the organs of the head fit into the first of these categories, while venereology provides an example of the second.
The GI Bill
Authors: Altschule Glenn C , Blumin Stuart M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On rare occasions in American history, Congress enacts a measure so astute, so far-reaching, so revolutionary, it enters the language as a metaphor. The Marshall Plan comes to mind, as does the Civil Rights Act. But perhaps none resonates in the American imagination like the G.I. Bill. In a brilliant addition to Oxford's acclaimed Pivotal Moments in American History series, historians Glenn C. Altschuler and Stuart M. Blumin offer a compelling and often surprising account of the G.I. Bill and its sweeping and decisive impact on American life. Formally known as the Serviceman's Readjustment Act of 1944, it was far from an obvious, straightforward piece of legislation, but resulted from tense political maneuvering and complex negotiations. As Altschuler and Blumin show, an unlikely coalition emerged to shape and pass the bill, bringing together both New Deal Democrats and conservatives who had vehemently opposed Roosevelt's social-welfare agenda. For the first time in American history returning soldiers were not only supported, but enabled to pursue success--a revolution in America's policy towards its veterans. Once enacted, the G.I. Bill had far-reaching consequences. By providing job training, unemployment compensation, housing loans, and tuition assistance, it allowed millions of Americans to fulfill long-held dreams of social mobility, reshaping the national landscape. The huge influx of veterans and federal money transformed the modern university and the surge in single home ownership vastly expanded America's suburbs. Perhaps most important, as Peter Drucker noted, the G.I. Bill "signaled the shift to the knowledge society." The authors highlight unusual or unexpected features of the law--its color blindness, the frankly sexist thinking behind it, and its consequent influence on race and gender relations. Not least important, Altschuler and Blumin illuminate its role in individual lives whose stories they weave into this thoughtful account. Written with insight and narrative verve by two leading historians, The G.I. Bill makes a major contribution to the scholarship of postwar America.
Prologue
Authors: Bull Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the southern coast of Turkey, you can see the island of Cyprus. It looks beautiful, and sailors often try to land there, only to run aground on the treacherous reefs. Along the shore are scattered the remains of innumerable boats, ‘some wrecked and half covered by the sand; others showing the poop and another the prow, here a keel and there the ribs’. It seems, Leonardo da Vinci continues, ‘like a day of judgement when there should be a resurrection of dead ships, so great is the number of them’.
Chapter Five
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The word “campaign” is a military term. It implies leadership, orders, a hierarchical structure, and above all a willingness on the part of the rank and file to place common cause above individual interest. The penalties for disobeying orders in a political campaign are far less stringent than in a military one, and individuals in a political campaign will always have their eyes on their interests as well as those of the candidate or party, yet most successful political campaigns follow as closely as possible the military model. “To manage men,” said a Jacksonian organizer, “is as much a science as to manage armies.” It probably was no coincidence that the first truly national political campaign for the presidency was run on behalf of a military figure.
Chapter Six
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If there was any competition for an official Jackson campaign song in 1828, “The Hunters of Kentucky” would top the list. Written by Samuel Woodworth soon after the Battle itself, it was in fact less than accurate, given Jackson’s criticism of the Kentuckians at the time. In his view the Kentuckians had arrived at New Orleans late, ill trained, and ill equipped. But no matter. In 1828 the song was published and republished throughout the nation, with great success. (There was no counterpart in the Adams campaign.)
The Making of a Confederate
Authors: Barney William L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For all the advances of the civil rights movement, and for all the cultural diversity attending economic prosperity, many white southerners have been unable to relinquish the Confederate past and the idea of a heroic, liberty-loving South crushed by power-hungry Yankees. The Making of a Confederate uses the life of one man--Walter Lenoir of North Carolina--to explore the origins of southern white identity and the myriad ambiguities and complexities embedded in that history. Lenoir's case is particularly fascinating in the way it complicates notions about the sources of rabid devotion to the Confederate cause. Although born into a wealthy slaveholding family, Lenoir acknowledged the institution's evils and intended to divest himself of his inherited slaves. Opposed to secession, he planned in 1860 to move to Minnesota in the free North. With the war's outbreak, however, everything changed. Lenoir joined the Confederate army and fervidly supported its cause to the end. His postwar career reveals how one Confederate coped with bereavement and a crushing sense of loss, as he refashioned his memory of what had caused the war and embraced the cult of the Lost Cause. And while some southerners sank into depression, sought accommodation with the victors, or opposed the new order through various means, Lenoir found a fresh purpose by withdrawing to his acreage in the North Carolina mountains to pursue his own vision of the South's future, one that called for greater self-sufficiency and a more efficient use of the land. For Walter Lenoir and many other Confederates, the war never really ended. In tracing this compelling story, William Barney offers new insight into the uses of memory and how individual choices transform abstract historical processes into concrete actions.
Inequality A Lesser Problem
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Critics of liberalization express much concern at increased inequality in India in the 1990s. While some advocates of reforms question the validity of the finding that inequality has gone up, I will argue in this chapter that even accepting the evidence offered by the critics at face value, from the policy perspective, preoccupation with inequality is largely a diversion. I begin with a discussion of various forms of inequality. In the Indian context, inequality may be analyzed from at least five different perspectives. First, we may consider the national income distribution. Even as accelerated growth improves the status of all, including the poor, it may be accompanied by proportionately larger increases in the incomes of the rich. Because the large majority of the Indian population lives in the rural areas and the income distribution there behaves very differently from that in the urban areas, researchers typically also study the rural and urban inequalities separately at the national level. Second, growth may be concentrated geographically and may increase regional disparities. This form of inequality in India is studied at the state level and refers to the distribution of the mean incomes across states. Third, benefits of growth may accrue disproportionately to the urban population, with a concomitant increase in urban-rural inequality. Here we compare the mean rural and urban incomes. Fourth, growth may benefit workers in the organized—mainly public—sector more than those in the unorganized sector.