bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary prophionic acid on the requirement of chicks for vitamin B12
Authors: Ryś R. , Korleski J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Test diets were given to chicks from 1 to 28 d of age. The basal diet contained soyabean meal as the sole source of protein and contained no vitamin B12.2. The basal diet supported poorer growth and feed conversion efficiency than did the same diet supplemented with 0.01, 0.03 or 0.3 mg cyanocobalamin/kg.3. Each of the four diets was also offered with a supplement of 20 g propionic acid/kg. This caused a significant growth depression at all but the highest level of cyanocobalamin addition.4. Methylmalonic acid was detected in the excreta of chicks that received the supplements of 0 and 0.01 mg cyanocobalamin/kg diet, and in those of chicks receiving 0.03 mg only for the chicks that were also receiving propionic acid.5. The results suggest that giving the odd-carbon, propionic acid to chicks may increase their requirement for vitamin B12.
Photosensitization of albino rats fed on lucerne-proetin concentrate
Authors: Lohrey Evelyn , Tapper B. , Hove E. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. The photosensitizing effect of leaf-protein concentrate (LPC) prepared from lucerne (Medicago sativa) was demonstrated when it was included in the diet of albino rats at concentrations between 40 and 480 g/kg diet.2. Skin lesions of varying severity up to the sloughing of ears and tails occurred when such rats were illuminated with natural daylight through window-glass or with simulated daylight from a bank of lamps having emission maxima at 410, 437 and 660 nm and with approximately 4% of the energy of summer sunlight.3. Protein concentrates prepared from ryegrass (Lolium multiforum) and a crude chlorophyll extract of spinach (Spinacea oleracea) did not cause these effects.4. Extracts from blood plasma and livers of rats given lucerne LPC contained pheophorbide-a and two other unidentified green pigments, but no detectable phylloerythrin or chlorophyll. Extracts from the blood of rats given ryegrass LPC had no detectable pheophorbide or other chlorophyll-derived pigments.5. The lucerne LPC given to the rats contained relatively large amounts of pheophorbide-a among a variety of pigments. The ryegrass LPC and the spinach extracts had only small amounts of this pigment relative to the other chlorophyll-type pigments.6. These findings indicate that pheophorbide-a and related pigments are the agents responsible for the photosensitization of the rats. Possible explanations of their presence in lucerne LPC are discussed.
Studies on unidentified growth factors
Authors: Bunyan J. , Murrell Elspeth A. , Cawthorne M. A. , Redman B. T. 
Published: May 2005

1. Weanling rats were given diets containing all the nutrients known to be required, with L-amino acids in place of protein. Dietary supplements were added isonitrogenously.2. Torula yeast (50 g/kg diet) and dried brewers' yeast (50 g/kg) significantly improved the rats' growth rate. Part of this activity was attributed to the minerals present in the yeasts, zinc, iodine, iron, copper and manganese all being implicated.3. Marmite (20 g/kg) and a basic fraction (6.6 g/kg) obtained from it by cation-exchange chromatography significantly improved growth. The ash component of the basic fraction was inactive.4. Growth was increased by an extra supplement of vitamins and by treating the rats with neomycin sulphate and tetracycline. The growth stimulus due to Marmite was additive with that due to the antibiotics, but not with that due to the vitamin supplement.5. The growth rate with torula yeast (50 g/kg) was maintained at about 30% greater than on the basal diet during a test lasting 80 d. At the end of that period six control and five supplemented male rats sired normal litters. Post-mortem examination, including histology, of others showed no abnormalities due to factor G deficiency.6. Fresh ox liver (100 g/kg diet) significantly improved the growth rate, but this improvement could be attributed to the effects of the water and minerals contained in the liver.7. These results confirm the discovery by Schwarz, Smith & Oda (1966) that yeasts contain an organic growth-promoting factor (factor G) for rats receiving amino acid diets. Factor G is not likely to be one of the vitamin B group.
Studies on the composition of food
Authors: Tolan A. , Robertson Jean , Orton C. R. , Head M. J. , Christie A. A. , Millburn Barbara A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The nutrient content of battery, deep litter and free range eggs from domestic hens under systems of management typical of those used in the commercial production of eggs was studied from January to March 1968.2. Monthly samples of eighteen eggs, supplied by six centres, were homogenized, freezedried, ground and stored at −15°. Their contents of moisture, nitrogen, amino acids, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, ash, sodium, potassium, calcium and iron, thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid, vitamin B12, tocopherols and retinol were determined. The mean values for eggs from each system, each centre and each quarter of the year were calculated.3. For many nutrients, no significant difference between systems was detected; the greatest variations occurred in the content of some vitamins. Free range eggs contained more vitamin B12than deep litter or battery eggs and more folic acid (Lactobacillus caseiassay) than battery eggs. Differences in tocopherol and cholesterol contents were complicated by system-by-centre interactions. There were also small differences in calcium and iron contents.4. Riboflavin, folic acid (Lactobacillus casei) and vitamin B12were the only nutrients which were observed to vary with the time of year in the eggs from all systems of management. Major differences were found in the vitamin content of eggs from different centres.5. Though the differences in vitamin B12and folic acid contents which result from the different systems of management are of little significance in an average mixed diet, they would be measurable for some individuals who may depend on eggs as an important source of these nutrients.
Intravenous energy infusion in lambs: effects on nitrogen retentin, plasma free amino acids and plasma urea nitrogen
Authors: Eskeland B. , Pfander W. H. , Preston‡ R. L. 
Published: May 2005

1. Acetate, propionate, butyrate and glucose were each administered intravenously (2.09 MJ (0.5 Mcal)/d) to lambs on either high-concentrate (HC) or high-roughage (HR) diets in two experiments with 4 × 4 Latin square design. During a control period all animals received a saline infusion.2. In lambs on the HC diet glucose was the most effective metabolite tested for improving nitrogen retention. Acetate was 51%, butyrate, 75%, propionate, 90% as effective as glucose in promoting N retention. Propionate infusion was most effective in increasing N retention in lambs on the HR diet. Acetate was 60%, butyrate, 75%, and glucose, 80% as effective as propionate. Glucose infusion did not lower plasma urea N (PUN) concentration in lambs receiving the HC diet, but the three volatile fatty acids (VFA) did lower it (P< 0.01). All energy sources significantly reduced the PUN concentrations with the HR diet, but differences between sources were not significant.3. Plasma concentrations of valine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine were depressed to 57, 71, 89 and 90% of their control values during glucose, propionate, butyrate and acetate infusion. Plasma concentrations of lysine and methionine were significantly decreased from control values (P< 0.05) but there was no significant difference between energy sources. Lysine, valine, isoleucine and leucine were significantly (P< 0.01) higher in lambs given the HR diet than in lambs given the HC diet. The concentration of alanine was greater (P< 0.05) during glucose infusion than during acetate and butyrate infusions, indicating net synthesis of alanine and possibly other non-essential amino acids during glucose infusion, since the plasma free amino acid N concentration increased despite decreased concentrations of plasma essential amino acids during glucose infusion.4. The results indicated that glucose and propionate were superior to acetate and butyrate as energy sources for protein formation.5. The poor relationship between PUN and N balance and plasma free essential amino acids suggested that PUN concentration may have been inappropriate to assess the protein status under some dietary conditions.
Protein digestibility of a feed mixture in a relation to the protein digestibility of the individual protein components
Authors: Eggum Bjørn O. , Christensen Konrad D. 
Published: May 2005

1. Protein digestibility of two proteins was measured when these proteins were given together and separately to rats.2. The influence of carbohydrates on protein utilization (true protein digestibility, biological value and net protein utilization) was also studied. Autoclaved potato starch was replaced by increasing amounts of glucose, sucrose, fructose and lactose respectively. Glucose, fructose and sucrose appeared to have no specific influence on protein utilization when given in increasing amounts and when compared with autoclaved potato starch. Higher concentrations of lactose, however, caused diarrhoea.3. The true digestibility of the protein components in a mixture was directly related to the true digestibility of each protein component, including proteins of low digestibility.
Effect of the protein content of the diet on the vitamin B12status in rats
Authors: Jathar V. S. , Satoskar R. S. , Mehta B. M. , Rege D. V. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of the protein content of the diet on the vitamin B12concentration of serum and of various tissues were studied in rats by means of microbiological and radioisotopic techniques.2. Protein starvation reduced tissue weights and nitrogen contents, serum protein concentrations and haemoglobin values.3. The vitamin B12contents of the serum and of several organs and tissues were greater in the protein-starved animals for reasons that remain unexplained.4. The retention of radioactive cyanocobalamin per g fresh weight was significantly greater in liver, kidney, spleen and brain in the protein-depleted rats than in those given adequate protein. However, the total tissue retention was not significantly different between these groups, so that there was a greater capacity for tissue binding and for body conservation of vitamin B12in the protein-starved animals.
Digestion and absorption of starch, maltose and lactose by the preruminant calf
Authors: Coombe N. B. , Smith R. H. 
Published: May 2005

1. Preruminant calves, some of which were equipped with re-entrant cannulas in the small intestine, were given liquid feeds in which various starches, maltose or lactose formed the sole source of carbohydrate.2. The sugars left the abomasum at the same rate as a water-soluble marker but the starches were greatly delayed. Little starch left the abomasum until about 5 h after feeding. Examination of abomasal contents 0.5 h after feeding showed the starch to be associated with the casein clot.3. Amounts of starch, maltose and lactose removed during the passage of digesta through the small intestine were about 60, 43 and 97% of intake respectively, with no marked difference with age between about 7 and 16 weeks.4. No change in blood glucose was apparent in calves given starch-containing feeds. The possible effect of the retention of dietary starch in the abomasum in minimizing blood glucose responses is discussed.
The effect of frequency of feeding on the utilization of free lysine by growing pigs
Authors: Batterham E. S. 
Published: May 2005

1. Pigs from 20 to 47 kg live weight were given a wheat–safflower diet supplemented with either 0, 2 or 4 g L-lysine/kg either once daily or in six equal portions at intervals of 3 h.2. The addition of lysine at both levels significantly (P < 0.001) increased growth rate, feed conversion and lean content of the ham.3. Frequency of feeding had no effect on the response of pigs given the control diet.4. A significant interaction (P < 0.05) between frequency of feeding and lysine supplementation occurred for growth rate. Growth responses to the supplements of 2 and 4 g L-lysine/ kg with once-daily feeding were only 43 and 69% of those achieved under the frequent-feeding regimen.
Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12- and folate-binding proteins in milk
Authors: Ford J. E. 
Published: May 2005

1. The folate and vitamin B12in milk are strongly bound to minor whey proteins. These binder proteins are present in excess, and so milk has capacity – which varies between milks of different mammalian species – to sequester added cyanocobalamin and folic acid.2. A study was made of the influence of different milks on uptake of [3H]cyanocobalamin and [3H]folic acid in selected bacteria, mostly of types that are commonly found in the intestine.3. None of the test cultures required exogenous vitamin B12. Nevertheless, when free cyanocobalamin was added, in seven of nine cultures it was rapidly taken up into the cells, though there were large differences between the different bacterial species in their absorptive capacity. In presence of sow's milk, little or none of the added cyanocobalamin was taken up, even after incubation of the test mixture for 1 h at 37°. The avidity of sow's milk for cyanocobalamin, as judged from its retention of the vitamin against competition by bacterial cells, was greater than that of a preparation of porcine Intrinsic Factor of similar binding capacity.4. Of ten cultures of bacteria representing seven species, only the five cultures that required exogenous folate took up added folic acid into the cells. Uptake was severely depressed by the simultaneous addition of goat's colostrum, even after incubation of the test mixture for 1 h at 37°.5. The physiological role of the binders is discussed. It is postulated that they may act in the mammary gland as trapping mechanisms to accumulate the vitamins from blood plasma into milk and in the gut to facilitate their absorption, both directly, and indirectly by preventing their uptake by intestinal micro-organisms. It is concluded that the binders might well influence the vitamin economy in the neonatal period, and the ecology of the gut microflora.
Selecting a healthy diet score: lessons from a study of diet and health in early old age (the Boyd Orr cohort)
Authors: Maynard M , Ness AR , Abraham L , Blane D , Bates C , Gunnell DJ 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the selection and modification of an appropriate diet score to assess diet quality in early old age.Design and settingCross-sectional analyses of the Boyd Orr cohort – a long-term follow-up of men and women whose families took part in a survey of diet and health in pre-war Britain. Dietary data were obtained from a 113-item food-frequency questionnaire. A nine-item Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI) developed by Huijbregts and colleagues was identified from the literature and modified because some dietary variables were unavailable and to accord more closely with recommendations of the UK Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy.SubjectsIn total, 1475 traced, surviving cohort members aged 60 years and over.ResultsModification resulted in a 12-item Healthy Diet Score (HDS). We found that about half the variation in the HDS was explained by variation in the HDI (r = 0.71). There was, however, little misclassification of subjects (<10%) into extreme thirds of the distribution by the HDS compared with the HDI. Items of the score most strongly correlated with overall score were saturated fat (r = −0.57), red meat (r = −0.46), dietary fibre (r = 0.58), fruit and vegetables (r = 0.54) and percentage energy from carbohydrates (r = 0.51). Modifying existing items had greater impact on agreement between HDI and HDS than the addition of new items.ConclusionsThe selection and modification of diet scores is more complicated than often assumed. Furthermore, modest changes to an existing score can produce a score that is different from the original, and although it was not possible to test this issue, it may no longer predict subsequent health experience.
A concise overview of national nutrition action plans in the European Union Member States
Authors: Lachat Carl , Van Camp John , De Henauw Stefaan , Matthys Christophe , Larondelle Yvan , Winter Anne-Marie Remaut–De , Kolsteren Patrick 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectiveThis study presents an overview of national nutrition action plans in the member states of the European Union (EU), before its enlargement in 2004. In addition, their compliance with key recommendations of the World Health Organization, as documented in the First Action Plan for Food and Nutrition Policy and the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, has tentatively been evaluated on the basis of the policy documents published.DesignLiterature review of publicly available policy national plans on nutrition and physical activity.SettingMember states of the EU before enlargement in May 2004.ResultsThe development of national nutrition action plans is gaining momentum. Six of the 15 EU member states – namely, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and the UK – have an operational nutrition policy and four of them have published an elaborated description of their nutrition policy in English. By the end of 2004, another four countries are expected to have their plan finalised. The available nutrition action plans generally seem to comply with international recommendations, although large variations are observed between the member states in terms of terminology, nutritional recommendations, institutional framework, nutritional scope, social groups targeted and monitoring and evaluation structures.ConclusionsAlthough the importance of nutritional surveillance, a comprehensive approach to nutritional problems and stakeholder involvement is recognised by the action plans, the justification for it is vaguely described. This paper advocates for proper evaluation and documentation of interventions in public health nutrition and nutrition policies.
Analysis of the temporal intake of cereal and dairy products in Irish adults: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines
Authors: Burke SJ , McCarthy SN , O'Dwyer NA , Gibney MJ 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the temporal distribution of the intake of cereal and dairy products in the Republic of Ireland.DesignThe North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey established a database of habitual food and drink consumption using a 7-day food diary. The database also recorded the time and day of food consumption. Mean intakes of cereal and dairy products were calculated for time of the day and day of the week.ResultsAt the weekend, the percentage of consumers decreased for nearly all cereal and dairy products. White bread, total cereals, full-fat milk and total dairy intakes were significantly lower at the weekend (P<0.01) compared with weekdays. Intakes of cereal and dairy products over time of the day showed clear mealtime or snacking patterns when the number of consumers was controlled for. White bread, wholemeal bread, total cereals, full-fat milk, reduced-fat milk and total dairy intakes showed mealtime peaks for morning, afternoon and evening. When examined by tertile of intake, tertile of percentage energy from fat and tertile of fibre intake, intakes of cereal and dairy products over time of the day and day of the week were similar to trends described above, regardless of the tertile.ConclusionsTemporal analysis of the intakes of cereal and dairy products did not reveal any unusual trends in this population. However, the significant methodological issues raised in this paper will be of benefit to other aspects of research in this area.
The influence of cereal and dairy consumption on the Irish diet: implications for developing food-based dietary guidelines
Authors: Burke SJ , Gibney MJ , O'Dwyer NA , McCarthy SN 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the intakes of cereal and dairy products and their contribution to nutrient intakes in men and women from the Republic of Ireland with a view to formulating food-based dietary guidelines.DesignThe North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey established a database of habitual food and drink consumption using a 7-day food diary. From this database all cereal and dairy products from recipes and identifiable sources were identified and a new database was generated from which analysis of the role of cereal and dairy products in the diet was carried out.ResultsAlmost 100% of the population consumed cereal and dairy products over the course of the survey week. In general, men consumed significantly more cereal and dairy products than did women (P<0.05). Cereal products made an important contribution to the mean daily intakes of energy (26%), protein (21%), fat (13%), carbohydrate (41%), fibre (45%), iron (43%) and folate (27%). Dairy products also contributed largely to the mean daily intakes of energy (11%), protein (14%), fat (17%), calcium (48%), phosphorus (24%) and vitamin A (27%). Analysis of nutrient intakes across tertiles of cereal and dairy consumption showed that high consumers of wholemeal bread, breakfast cereals, reduced-fat milk and yoghurt had lower fat and higher carbohydrate, fibre and micronutrient intakes than low consumers of these foods.ConclusionsFindings from the present study could be used to develop effective health strategies to implement changes in cereal and dairy consumption that could alter fat, fibre and micronutrient intakes in the diet.
Food consumption and nutrient intakes with a special focus on milk product consumption in early pubertal girls in Central Finland
Authors: Lyytikäinen A , Lamberg-Allardt C , Kannas L , Cheng S 
Published: May 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the current status of dietary intakes in early pubertal girls with a special focus on milk products.DesignCross-sectional data using 3-day food records.SubjectsEight hundred and sixty girls, aged 10–12 years, at Tanner maturation stage I-III.ResultsThe mean consumption of milk products (620 g day−1) was similar to that of a Finnish study in the 1980s, while the consumption of non-milk drinks (403 gday−1) had increased. Twelve per cent of the girls had a dairy-restricted diet and consumed significantly less milk products than girls with a non-restricted diet (465 vs. 644 g day−1, P<0.001). Girls with low milk product consumption had the highest non-milk drinks consumption (P<0.001). The mean energy intake was 7.1 MJ day−1. No major changes were found in the sources of nutrients. The shares of energy for nutrients were close to recommendations except for saturated fat (13.9 vs. 10% of energy) and carbohydrates (51.5 vs. 55–60% of energy). The mean calcium intake (1117 mg day−1) was above the recommendation, while the vitamin D intake (3.1 μg day−1) of 88% of the girls was below the recommendation.ConclusionsThe diet quality of early pubertal girls is close to the recommendations and has improved with respect to fat compared with the 1980s. Consumption of milk products is high although the consumption of non-milk drinks has increased. We found a subgroup of girls who compensate their low milk product consumption with a higher consumption of non-milk drinks. Following a dairy-restricted diet is the main reason for low consumption of milk products.