bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politicization of taxation and state–society reciprocity in Africa
Authors: Kjær Anne Mette , Ulriksen Marianne S. , Bak Ane Karoline 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the 2000s, attention to domestic revenue mobilization has expanded and, in parallel, so have tax revenues in Africa. We argue that this expansion has led to politicization of taxation and with it the potential to change state–society relations and improve reciprocity. A flourishing literature on taxation and the fiscal contract has linked taxation to state-building and political outcomes such as democracy, accountability, and political participation, while critical strands argue that history, socio-economic conditions, and local power relations are conditioning circumstances. Yet, there is limited systematic comparative case-based research on what happens when state actors and revenue providers bargain over taxes. This motivates our volume and the research question: When and under what conditions does revenue bargaining emerge, evolve, and lead to fiscal contracts? To answer this question, we combine the fiscal contract theory with the political settlement approach. In this introductory chapter, we present our contributions to these two literatures and our country cases: Mozambique, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda.
We pay, we act?
Authors: Jacobsen Ane Edslev 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Fiscal contract theory proposes that governments’ need for taxation can foster revenue bargaining and government accountability through popular collective action, tax resistance, and political pressure. This chapter investigates this potential micro-level taxation-collective action link among small-scale revenue providers—women informal market traders—in seven markets in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study shows that taxation can motivate collective organizing and action among the traders through experiences of economic hardship and lack of reciprocity, but also shows that the traders experience significant power-related barriers to collective action constraining their capacity for collective engagement. Nonetheless, women in some markets display a greater capacity for collective action. This is the case in markets where a trader or an external organization deliberately acts as a cultivator of social trust, community, and organizational capabilities among the women. This supports the women’s collective engagement and, in some instances, their collective attempts to bargain with local authorities.
A third party at the table
Authors: Beach Rachel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Theories of revenue bargaining often assume that bargaining involves two actors: state and society. This chapter show how third parties such as donors and traditional authorities can affect the negotiations, power dynamics, and outcomes. Societal actors rarely sit alone with the state at the metaphorical bargaining table. It is therefore important to understand how third parties influence bargaining processes. This chapter shows that a third party’s intervention can invert the bargaining power and position of the state. In one case, a donor-financed programme shifts the state’s capacity for tax enforcement. In a second case, the state leverages the organizational power of a chieftain in exchange for personal tax leniency. Consequently, this chapter emphasizes the importance of implementation of fiscal policy and tax practices in a developing country as an arena of revenue bargaining.
Climate Change as Political Catastrophe
Authors: Mittiga Ross 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In a 2018 special report, the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change—the world’s leading climate research body—warned of “catastrophic” outcomes unless states were to undertake “unprecedented” action “across all sectors of society” before 2030. In the years since, hundreds of governments have declared a “climate emergency.” Not surprisingly, then, scholars in many disciplines—from environmental science to economics—have begun to give a more central place to the potential for climate catastrophe and collapse in their research. This book extends this interdisciplinary conversation to the field of normative political theory, investigating what exactly counts as a “climate catastrophe” and what catastrophic climate change portends for contemporary societies. It argues that climate change is politically catastrophic insofar as it threatens to undermine the material conditions that make justice and, by extension, (stable) democratic government possible. It then uses the lens of catastrophe to bring into focus pressing questions about how to navigate trade-offs between fairness and precautionary efficacy in the design of climate policy, the legitimacy of authoritarian climate emergency powers, and the nature and role of climate disobedience. Apart from the specter of nuclear annihilation, human civilization has never had to reckon with a threat so final and encompassing as that of climate catastrophe. This book starts from the premise that, much as “supreme necessity” is thought to alter the contours of what is permissible in war, the credible threat of politically catastrophic climate change upends many of our most basic and widely shared assumptions in liberal and democratic thought.
Climate Change, Catastrophe, and the Circumstances of Justice
Authors: Mittiga Ross 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The most efficacious allocation of burdens is not always the fairest. In cases of conflict, which value should take priority? How we resolve this dilemma has vast implications for how we respond to climate change. For after decades of inaction we may simply be unable to prevent climate catastrophe without imposing unfair burdens on some parties. After examining and rejecting two potential solutions to this dilemma, this chapter advances an alternative, which holds that precautionary efficacy may take priority over fairness whenever the material conditions that make justice possible are themselves at risk—i.e. when faced with (credible threats of) political catastrophe. Put more plainly, in certain exigent cases, injustice may be permissible for the sake of justice itself. The chapter then defends the claim that climate change poses such a threat, before examining what efficacious precaution against politically catastrophic climate change might involve.
Political Legitimacy, Authoritarianism, and Climate Change
Authors: Mittiga Ross 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how climate (in)action bears on political legitimacy, and whether authoritarian climate emergency powers could ever be considered legitimate. It begins by distinguishing between “foundational legitimacy,” which pertains to the ability to ensure safety and security, and “contingent legitimacy,” which typically requires democracy, rights, or, more generally, that political power be acceptable to those subjected to it. While under normal conditions foundational and contingent legitimacy are perfectly compatible, in emergency situations conflicts can and often do arise. A salient example of this was the COVID-19 pandemic, during which severe limitations on free movement and association became legitimate techniques of government. Politically catastrophic climate change poses an even graver threat to public safety. Consequently, the chapter argues, legitimacy may permit, or even require, a similarly authoritarian approach. After defending this claim, the chapter considers ways in which confronting the climate crisis may precipitate an enduring reconfiguration of contingent legitimacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The notion of immiserizing growth is not new. It was a mainstay of English radicalism in the early nineteenth century and figured in the works of some of the most important classical political economists, including Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx. The aim of this book has been to shed additional light on this phenomenon which has not received its due attention in recent years Specifically, it aims to answer three core sets of questions: (1) what is immiserizing growth and how should it be conceptualized?; (2) how often, when and where does it occur?; and (3) why does it occur? Chapter 9 reviews the main findings of the individual chapters of the book which bear on these three questions. It concludes by suggesting a number of policy-related reasons why immiserizing growth matters.
Exchange Bias
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The phenomenon of exchange bias occurs when a ferromagnetic material is grown in intimate contact with an antiferromagnetic material leading to complex behaviour and a shifted hysteresis loop when the antiferromagnet is cooled in the presence of an exchange field from the ferromagnetic layer which must be saturated. The discovery and the physical origin of exchange bias is discussed along with early analytical models of the phenomenon. A few selected numerical models are also discussed but then there follows a detailed discussion of the York Model of Exchange Bias and the York Protocols which are now universally accepted as the optimum description of this effect in granular thin films.
Magneto-Resistance
Authors: O’Grady K. , Fernandez G. Vallejo , Hirohata A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The basic origins of magneto resistance are discussed in terms of the long established two channel model originally developed by Mott and others. The consequence of this for anisotropic magneto-resistance is presented followed by a detailed description of the band theory of ferromagnetism due to the more recent discoveries of giant magneto-resistance (GMR) and tunnelling magneto-resistance (TMR) which depend on the band structure of ferromagnetic materials. Finally the phenomenon of spin transfer torque where a polarised spin current can be used to reverse the orientation of a magnetic micro or nano dot is presented.
Pufendorf’s International Political and Legal Thought
Authors: Schröder Peter 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces Samuel Pufendorf’s political and legal international thought. It gives an overview and introduction of key contexts and concepts which are treated in the volume, which aims to clarify Pufendorf’s sometimes previously understated ideas about interstate relations from a variety of new and multidisciplinary perspectives. The chapter then sets out the structure of the volume and provides a synthesis of each chapter.
Pufendorf’s Contract Theory of the State and the Distinction between Citizens and Foreigners
Authors: Ramelet Laetitia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the distinction between citizens and foreigners operated by Pufendorf’s contractual theory of the state. His account of the double covenant creates a long-lasting differentiation between the honorific title of citizen, which applies to the members of the state’s founding association as well as their descendants, and the status of foreigners, who at first can only covenant with the ruler, not with the members of this association. Foreigners’ rights of entry and residency are left for the sovereign to determine. This is because the scope of these rights is considered as a matter of safety, the purpose of the double covenant, which may take precedence over the natural, yet imperfect obligations of hospitality across borders. The chapter also compares Pufendorf’s account with those of his predecessors, Grotius and Hobbes, and shows how it exemplifies an inherent tendency of contract theories of the state to favour a community’s claims over those of foreigners.
Pufendorf on European Conquest and Non-European Peoples
Authors: Christov Theo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pufendorf is strikingly unique. In an age when few voices called out the inhumane treatment of European empires towards native populations, Pufendorf provides an instructive lesson for pluralizing our understanding of early modern political thought. Unlike many of the political thinkers with whom he is usually grouped, he stands out as a clear outlier in his vision for harnessing Europeans’ ambitions for overseas empires and voices an active defence of the rights of indigenous people. Keenly aware of the growing inequities between Europeans and non-Europeans created by conquest and subjugation, Pufendorf essentially offers a critique of the Eurocentric nature of the law of nations long before anyone could see its far-reaching and devastating hold on those people living outside of Europe.
‘Infinite Right’
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses Pufendorf’s doctrine that natural rights of war and violent self-defence are ‘infinite’. Nothing that victims do to avert an unjust attack can wrong their assailants or leave them with standing to complain. This doctrine—call it Infinite Right—makes it rightful to kill a thief to protect one’s property. This chapter contrasts Pufendorf’s interpretation and justification of Infinite Right with those of Grotius and Kant. For Grotius, the in bello requirement of necessity (‘minimum-force’) is internal to Infinite Right. Pufendorf and Kant, by contrast, posited a natural right to kill in self-defence even if less harmful ways of avoiding the unjust threat are available. Grotius and Kant upheld Infinite Right by reasoning that it must be morally possible for victims of unjust aggression to enforce their rights. Pufendorf argued instead that natural law duties are owed only towards those who reciprocally act peacefully and sociably.
How can governments legitimize their budgets?
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This opening chapter poses the question of how governments can legitimize their expenditures and taxation policies. Based on theoretical insights derived from the literature on political parties, it argues that in representative democracies governments need to find a balance between responding to electoral demands and responsibly securing the long-term availability of sufficient resources to finance public goods and services. Populist and technocratic visions of public governance directly challenge this balance, as they respectively emphasize the two different aspects of democratic legitimacy. Considering that in current times populist parties are highly electorally successful and public policy delivery requires growing levels of technocratic expertise, the question is raised how European governments in recent years have navigated these pressures.
The coding of annual budget plans
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The coding of annual budget plans is the key empirical basis behind the present study. It is therefore important to contextualize and highlight the added value of this particular empirical source. Talk is often cheap, but sometimes it matters a great deal. This chapter argues that talk becomes relevant for understanding public policy when it is produced in contexts where all stakeholders are in the audience and when it features direct reference to policy initiatives. The presentation of annual budget plans by the finance minister to the parliament fulfils these criteria, and also features several important comparative advantages. This chapter presents the coding strategy for measuring responsiveness and responsibility in these texts, and illustrates the empirical material that is at the heart of the analysis presented in this book.
Responsiveness and responsibility under European economic governance
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The sovereign debt crisis that plagued Europe between 2009 and 2013 posed a threat to the stability of European public finances. In this context, the governments of the eurozone subscribed to tight fiscal rules in order to gain trust from financial markets. During this period, they thus valued responsibility over responsiveness. From the perspective of democratic legitimacy, after such a period, governments should again start emphasizing responsiveness in order to regain the trust of voters. Could this happen, given the persisting constraints of European budgetary rules? This chapter shows that responsiveness started increasing in 2014 in both southern and northern European countries, regardless of public deficit and credit- rating levels. This trend increased even further in 2020 with the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic.
Explaining the balance between responsiveness and responsibility in the eurozone
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The five cases analysed in this book were selected as representative of the social, economic, political, and institutional diversity among core eurozone member states. Despite their differences, during the observed period the five cases share the same trend in overall balance between responsive and responsible policy justifications. This chapter reflects on the mechanisms underlying this trend. It develops the argument that supranational institutions are not immune from citizens’ discontent and, similarly to democratically elected governments, they need to alternate policymaking criteria that are more oriented at rebalancing public accounts with criteria that are more oriented at the delivery of public goods. Under conditions of international economic integration and supranational governance, the criteria that are more dominantly present in supranational institutions have far-reaching implications for the balance between responsiveness and responsibility at the national level.
The changing nature of work and employment in modern societies
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights major trends in the development of modern working conditions. Starting from a very precarious situation during early industrialization, working people’s lives gradually improved with the advent of welfare state policies and occupational safety and health legislation and services. Technological and economic progress contributed to advances in the quality of work and employment, supported by worker participation through trade unions. During the twentieth century, the growth of service occupations and professions shifted the labour market from the secondary to the tertiary sector, resulting in a decrease of heavy physical work and an increase of sedentary work, often associated with exposure to psycho-mental and socio-emotional demands. Towards the end of the last century, the double process of technological digitization/automation and economic globalization induced far-reaching changes. New occupations emerged in a world of work characterized by transnational flows of capital, trade, and workforce, by increased economic competition, and by growing job instability. As a result, a segmented labour market separates a well-trained, privileged working population from a low-skilled disadvantaged population. The chapter then discusses tensions arising between economic growth and sustainable development of living environments. Threats of irreversible climate change due to toxic effects of a carbon-based economy motivate governments to implement international agreements on measures of economic sustainability. At the same time, critical limitations of the concept of ‘economic growth’ underlying the global development become visible, calling for new solutions.
Measurement, methods, data collection, and study designs
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Measurement is a key task in scientific research. This chapter introduces some basic notions on measurement, and it discusses the two major methods of data collection in the field of psychosocial occupational health, self-reported (subjective) and independently assessed (objective) information. As current mainstream research mainly uses quantitative methods of data collection and analysis, this approach is discussed more extensively than a complementary qualitative approach. Basic features of standardized questionnaires, psychometric scales, and event momentary assessment are discussed, followed by a description of observational methods and job exposure matrices. In view of several limitations of data quality, methodological challenges are emphasized before the second part of the chapter addresses two core topics of data collection, the sampling of study participants, and the application of a study design that allows a robust answer to the research question of interest. Here, we prioritize the prospective observational cohort study with its contributions towards identifying occupational determinants of health. As an important practical message, we maintain that scientific research is a privileged, precious activity that merits the observation of the highest standards of quality. Therefore, the standards of data collection, sample composition, and study design mentioned in this chapter deserve special attention.
Mistakes in Consenting
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
People might mistakenly believe that they have another person’s consent when they do not. People might send signals that others reasonably interpret as conveying consent, when none was intended. Who should bear the costs of such mistakes? It should be the person who caused the mistake to be made (if they did so deliberately or out of culpable negligence). It should be the person who made the mistake (if out of culpable negligence or culpable ignorance). Sometimes we may hold people strictly liable for violating a person’s rights (to bodily integrity, e.g.) without their consent, even if they mistakenly believed they had it. Someone who knowingly takes advantage of another person’s mistake about consent should bear its burdens. In cases of innocent error, we might let the burdens ‘lie where they fall’ or, alternatively, allocate the burdens to the party best able to bear them.
Public Offices in Processes of Constitutional Development
Authors: Allen Jason Grant 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on the case studies provided in the volume to elaborate a key theme in, and conceptual framework for understanding, any process of constitutional development: public office. Offices are institutionalised jural positions whose content (i.e. rights, powers, duties) determines the official’s position vis-à-vis other officials and subjects of various status. Constitutional orders are networks of offices. Office has been relatively neglected in modern Western public law theory, but it is, in fact, fundamental to understanding any politico-legal order (Western or non-Western, modern or pre-modern). This framework of analysis opens up several perspectives on ‘constitutional development’. First, it provides a model for tracking changes over time as (i) changes to the content of offices within a stable catalogue of offices and (ii) changes to the overall catalogue of offices. Second, it provides a framework to conceptualise the interaction between competing constitutional orders, for example the official state constitutional order and parallel religious or ethnic social orders that bolster or compete with it. Third, it provides a framework within which to articulate a minimum normative concept of ‘constitutionalism’ that could avoid some of the usual objections lodged against ideas of democracy and the rule of law in the post-colonial context.
“One Color Now”
Authors: Bryant Joan L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The expansion of freedom wrought by the Civil War appeared to disrupt the role of race practices in regulating access to civil and political participation. The chapter analyzes how reformers engaged questions about the validity of using race categories as bases of secular and religious association to navigate a political landscape that included Black citizenship. Conventions, newspapers, freedom celebrations, suffrage campaigns, “class legislation” proposals, and debates over “race churches” offer a window into reflections and conflicts about the ethics of race practices in the “new era” of freedom.