bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fortunes and Families
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While there is no disagreement amongst historians about the growth of the professions in the first half of the nineteenth century, there is much that remains to be explained. Penny Corfield claims that the professions ‘advanced into and consolidated their position in the broad embrace of Britain’s respectable middle class’, ‘circles within which professional men moved easily’.1 Such a statement begs as many questions as it answers. What were the parameters of the middle class and who qualified to belong to it? How dynamic was it and was it possible to rise above it or drop out of it? At the beginning of her study, Corfield demonstrates convincingly that the elite or upper class was accessible to those with sufficient talent and wealth to gain admission.2
Reflection
Authors: Ackroyd Marcus , Brockliss Laurence , Moss Michael , Retford Kate , Stevenson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any rigorous study of a microcosm of society, such as this, inevitably prompts the question, and so what? This is always difficult to answer objectively from a particular perspective after years of laborious research. We would argue from our experience of detailed prosopographical enquiry over the last decade that we are experiencing a paradigm shift certainly in social history, but perhaps also in other parts of historical discourse, making ‘what was familiar appear strange and what was natural seem arbitrary’.1 Our claim rests on the ability to explore collective biography drawing on resources that are available in increasing volume across the Internet. Many of these have only been released during the course of our research, for example the wills proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury (PCC) and commissary courts in Scotland, the union catalogue of the United Kingdom’s research libraries, and the Access to Archives database.2
Sounds, Letters, and Theories
Authors: Gussmann Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonological analysis traditionally depends on the adequacy of the phonetic transcriptions it employs. In the present study we supply a phonetic transcription of all forms used, in addition to conventional spelling and glosses. In this way readers not familiar with Polish should get a reasonable approximation of how the individual forms sound. Obviously transcription is, to a certain extent, a matter of convention but it avoids some of the pitfalls of the traditional spelling, such as making distinctions in symbols where there is none in sounds and, conversely, using the same orthographic form for distinct phonetic events. Phonetic transcription prides itself on being consistent in its use of symbols. The choice of the symbols varies with traditions, though.
Introduction: Problems Regarding Method
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Great Pianists of Our Time, the German critic Joachim Kaiser refers to a certain kind of ‘triing’ piano playing where performers ‘by arbitrarily accentuating particular notes in a richly- scored passage suddenly spell out quite new melodies, because wherever there are a hundred notes, it is naturally possible to pick out ‘‘baa-baa-black sheep’’ or a national anthem’. This arbitrariness is, I feel, analogous to certain kinds of writing about the history of ideas: especially when it concerns the ways in which a particular thinker was read, interpreted, and absorbed by later generations; or when it tries to establish such relative matters as influence and significance. It is all too easy to select, from the cyclopean mass of documentary evidence available to an assiduous searcher, numerous fragments which may be stuck together to make an imposing show both of completeness and of central importance. Yet often both the completeness and the centrality are as unconvincing as an emphasis on the notes of ‘baa-baa-black sheep’ would be in the midst of a Chopin Scherzo.
The Earliest Readers of Machiavelli: Miscellaneous and Military
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘This poison is spread through the courts of princes in this man’s books which are circulating almost everywhere.’ That was how Reginald Pole, addressing the Emperor Charles V about the year 1539, referred to the spread of Machiavelli’s doctrines. A couple of years later, the Portuguese cleric Jeronimo Osorio was at pains to refute Machiavelli’s views on Christianity because he perceived that the number of those who, ‘either stirred uppe by his writings or of their voluntary motions, were partakers of his wickedness and fury, [which] were far and wide dispersed’. Machiavelli’s toxic qualities, wickedness, and fury remain matters of debate and doubt: but there is no gainsaying the rapid circulation of his writings, noted by these two early critics. Editions of his four principal books poured from the presses of Italy so that by the time Pole was writing there were already twenty-two different printings available; and, in the short period which then elapsed before Osorio’s attack was published, a further twelve Machiavelli editions had appeared.
Machiavelli and the Index of Prohibited Books
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Listed among the authors used by Tommaso Porcacchi to elucidate his edition of Guicciardini’s La historia d’Italia (1574), there occurs, under the letter S, a certain ‘Secretario Fiorentino ne’ discorsi & altrove’. This ‘Secretario’ is, of course, Machiavelli; and Porcacchi’s marginal annotations to Guicciardini’s text include material from Il Principe, the Discorsi, and Istorie florentine. The finding references to these works, and the quotations themselves, are accurately given, despite Porcacchi’s frequent qualiflcation (when providing a Machiavellian source), ‘if memory doesn’t deceive me’, and his claim not to have seen any of these works, nor to have been ‘permitted’ to see them, for more than twenty years.
Innocent Gentillet and Machiavelli’s ‘Maximes tyranniques’
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Posterity was to be allowed no lapse of memory. Indeed, the literary effusions of the Huguenots, who hastened to challenge the massacre and its defenders, have fared far better with the passage of time than those of their adversaries: though not through any intrinsic superiority. Intellectually as well as physically, opponents of the Saint Bartholomew had been driven on the defensive by pre-emptive accusations of duplicity, violence, and conspiracy; and much of their energy was consumed in unconvincing protestations of innocence. Nevertheless, the savage glee and pride in premeditated atrocity expressed by many Catholic pamphleteers gave an opening for hitting back: an opportunity most fully exploited by Innocent Gentillet, though he was not the only Huguenot to perceive some connection between Italian political vice and advice (especially as exemplified by Machiavelli), the Florentine Queen Mother, and the bloody practices of a degenerate court. On the other hand it is important not to fall into the trap whereby a few passing references make denunciation of Machiavelli ‘current’ in France at this time.
Paradoxes on the Reception of Machiavelli’s Military Thinking
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the sixteenth century, a peppery old warrior, Sir John Smythe, referred one of his military discourses to the judgement of soldiers, scorning the opinion of ‘any that will onely bring a pound of old Antiquity usages and Customes, to waigh downe an ounce of true reason and fresh experience’.
Epilogue
Authors: Anglo Sydney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1641 the Florentine printers Massi and Landi published the Avvertimenti politici collected, some years previously, by a highly obscure author, Giovanni Maria Pichi of San Sepolcro.1 The work was dedicated by the printers to Giovanni Battista Gondi, Secretary of State to the Grand Duke of Tuscany: but Pichi had addressed himself to the ‘Curiosi e sottili Ingegni’ in a short introductory letter as curious and subtle as the intellects for whom it was intended.
A Temporal Logic for Reasoning About Processes and Plans*
Authors: Dermott Drew Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common disclaimer by an AI author is that he has neglected temporal considerations to avoid complication. The implication is nearly made that adding a temporal dimension to the research (on engineering, medical diagnosis, etc.) would be a familiar but tedious exercise that would obscure the new material presented by the author. Actually, of course, no one has ever dealt with time correctly in an AI program, and there is reason to believe that doing it would change everything.
Extending the Event Calculus with Temporal Granularity and Indeterminacy*
Authors: Chittaro Luca , Combi Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many real-world applications, temporal information is often imprecise about the temporal location of events (indeterminacy) and comes at different granularities (Dyreson and Snodgrass 1995). Temporal granularity and indeterminacy are thus emerging as crucial requirements for the advancement of intelligent information systems which have to store, manage, and reason about temporal data. Consider, for example, these events taken from the application—a temporal database for cardiological patients— we are considering in our research (Combi and Chittaro 1999): ‘‘between 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. on May 5, 1996, the patient suffered from a myocardial infarction’’, ‘‘he started the therapy with thrombolytics in July 1995’’, ‘‘on October 12, 1996, he had a follow-up visit’’. The three events happened at the hours, months, and days timelines, respectively.
Towards a General Theory of Action and Time
Authors: Allen James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of action arises in at least two major subareas of artificial intelligence, namely, natural language processing and problem solving. For the most part, the formalisms that have been suggested in each subarea are independent of each other and difficult to com- pare, although there is recent work that attempts to merge work from both areas (Charniak 1981). Even considering such work, however, there is presently no computational theory of action that is sufficiently powerful to capture the range of the meanings and distinctions expressible in English. The primary goal of this paper is to suggest a formalism that is considerably more expressive than current theories of action and to explore its use in defining the meanings of English sentences that describe actions and events.
Annotating and Reasoning about Time and Events
Authors: Hobbs Jerry , Pustejovsky James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Semantic Web will necessarily require specification of temporal information. For example, someone who does a web search trying to find a place to buy a book needed before next Tuesday may or may not be able to use an online bookstore that promises delivery within five business days. Someone doing a genealogical search may want to specify that the birthdate of a person is between 15 and 45 years before a known marriage date. In response to this need, in connection with the DARPA-sponsored DAML program, we have been developing an ontology of temporal concepts, OWL- Time (originally DAML-Time), that covers the basic topological temporal relations on instants and intervals, measures of duration, and the clock and calendar (Hobbs, 2002).
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Dowty David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sentences are rarely interpreted in isolation. The context in which a sentence is uttered, including the situation of the speakers involved, is important. In general, the previous discourse history plays a crucial role in resolving anaphoric references, including those of pronouns, definite and indefinite noun phrases, and temporal adverbials like later, that day, then, in June, etc.
Conclusion
Authors: Harrison Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviewing the development of military medicine during the Second World War, the medical officer Anthony Cotterell noted that: ‘The picture has not just been improved; it has been transformed. In some battles the badly wounded man’s chances of recovery have been something like twenty-five times as good as in France during the last war.’¹ This was no exaggeration: by 1944 most casualties were receiving treatment within hours of wounding, due to the increased mobility of field hospitals and the extensive use of aeroplanes as ambulances. The care of the sick and wounded had also been revolutionized by new medical technologies, such as active immunization against tetanus, sulphonamide drugs, and penicillin. The importance of penicillin, in particular, is illustrated by contrast with the German army in 1944–5: lacking antibiotics, many German wounded were found to be suffering from severe sepsis, which was very rare in Allied hospitals where penicillin was administered routinely.
Imagining Mothers
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Male natural philosophers had established for themselves by the early eighteenth century an authority over certain aspects of the reproductive world that they could lay their hands on, but it does not appear that Leeuwenhoek, Woodward, or most others doing theoretical work about conception and embryology necessarily cared about entering the field of midwifery. None the less, these projects and the methodologies advocated by the Royal Society greatly influenced the men who had begun to establish themselves as experts in obstetrics and gynaecology by providing a naturalistic, rather than theological or wondrous, language and explanatory framework to discuss both odd and routine reproductive phenomena. Early eighteenth-century doctors and men of science were given an opportunity to test new scientific methods too in the case of monstrous births, a phenomenon that medical men had long been commonly invited to witness and investigate.
Epilogue
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1830s British men had established an intellectual and professional authority over sex and birth. As this transformation occurred in old fields’ medicine, law, and charity-and was foundational in the rise of modern disciplines reproductive biology, political economy, ethnography, and even linguistics-they brought the once cloistered and female-controlled experience of reproduction out into a public arena and asserted that there were certain knowable, verifiable facts and laws about the body and life. Men-midwives and other authorities over reproductive matters were not necessarily consulted as much as they would have wished when the state began to develop more specific and intrusive legislation about abortion and illegitimacy, but they nonetheless had fundamentally altered how Britons viewed the categories of sex and birth.
The Anti-Palafox Coalition
Authors: Toledo Cayetana Alvarez De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On hearing that Palafox had been relieved of his duties as visitor-general of New Spain, don Francisco Molinos, lecturer at the University of Mexico, wrote a commiserating letter to the bishop in which he observed: ‘Historians will find much to discuss and write in relation to this matter, for in my opinion it is one of the most extraordinary that has occurred in the church of God on account of such a minor issue as asking the fathers of the Company to show their licences to preach and confess.’ Don Francisco was wrong to believe that the decision to call the visita general to a halt was the result of Palafox’s dispute with the Jesuits; the ecclesiastical controversy had merely confirmed a decision previously taken in Madrid. His error, however, is comprehensible, a consequence of the time which it took for the Council’s verdict on the confrontation between Palafox and Salvatierra over the reform of the district officials to reach the viceroyalty. Moreover, his guess that the dispute over the licences to preach and confess would long be the subject of passionate historical debate shows remarkable fore-sight.
Predicate Structure: Miscellaneous Suffixes
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the inflecting verb (slot D in predicate structure, as set out in 4.1) or the auxiliary of a non-inflecting verb (slot E) and tense-modal suffixes (slot G) there can be one or more members drawn from a set of about fifty-six ‘miscellaneous suffixes ‘, in slot F. These miscellaneous suffixes show a range of morphological properties. The main parameters of variation are summarized in table 5.1 (where X represents a miscellaneous suffix); note that two suffixes each occur in two types. The four types are illustrated in (5.1-4).
Dependent Clauses
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas a complement clause functions as a core argument within a main clause (MC), what is here called a dependent clause (DC) falls outside the core. Most often it occurs after the core (a postposed DC) but it does sometimes precede the core (a preposed DC). There is generally-but not always-a core argument shared between a DC and its MC; this is likely to be the pivot argument in one or both clauses.
The Relational Noun ihi/ehene ‘Due to, Because of ‘
Authors: Dixon R M W , Vogel Alan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In form, ihi/ehene is like a possessed noun (PN). In (22.r) and (22.3) it functions as the last element in an NP, agreeing in gender with the head-m in (22.r), f in (22.3)-just like a PN. This is probably its diachronic origin. But it has now expanded functionally, marking the relation of a peripheral NP to the main clause, as in (22.r), or the relation of a subordinate clause to the main clause, as in (22.2). Mayan linguistics uses the term ‘relational nouns‘ for ‘a small set of always possessed nouns‘ which ‘indicates grammatical relations in a sentence‘ (see, for example, England r983: 7r-4). It seems appropriate to borrow this term and refer to ihi/ehene as a ‘relational noun ‘; it is the only relational noun in Jarawara.
Prologue A Haunting in Minehead
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
October, 1634. Susan Leakey, widow, of Minehead in the County of Somerset, lies in a chamber in the house of her son, Alexander, a once-prosperous merchant and ship owner of the town. She knows that the bed she is lying in will be her deathbed, and she prepares herself for the coming and inevitable end. With eVort, she declares before witnesses what her will is for the disposal of her worldly goods, the burial of her mortal body, and the destiny of her immortal soul.
The Devil Let Loose off his Chain
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1629, Wve years and more before the chain of events set in motion by the death of Susan Leakey, a Somerset clergyman took ship for Ireland, where he had hopes of bettering his prospects. John Atherton was at that time a mature man of 31, and had been an ordained minister in the Church of England for almost eleven years. His professional rise up to this point had been, if hardly meteoric, at least solidly upwards. The decision, in midcareer, to set an oblique course and to continue to pursue it in the Church of Ireland requires explanation, though it was not quite as eccentric as it might sound.
Athenianism
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
London in the Wrst decade of the eighteenth century was a good place and time to be a publisher and seller of books. Twenty years after the (almost) bloodless revolution which had sent the Catholic James II into brooding exile on the continent, and established his Protestant daughter Mary and her canny Dutch husband William on the English throne, the presses were busier than they had ever been before, even in the wonder year of 1641. The capital ballooned in size through the later seventeenth century; its population reached about 600,000 by 1700, making it the largest city in Western Europe.
Atherton and Leakey: History and Folklore
Authors: Marshall Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1730, Jonathan Swift, dean of St Patrick ‘s in Dublin and author of the world ‘s most famous Wctional travelogue, experienced a vision of Bishop John Atherton. We should not let ourselves get too excited, for the vision was a strictly literary and satirical one. It came in the course of Swift ‘s An Excellent New Ballad, a work which vented justiWed spleen at a fellow clergyman of the Church of Ireland, the dean of Ferns, Dr Thomas Sawbridge.
Introduction: The Heroes’ Gate
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Szeged is a medium-sized town in the south-east of Hungary, near the Yugoslav border, well known for its large university, the sausages produced in the Pick factories at the outskirts of town, the Szegedi Szabadtéri Jákok, musical performances held annually in front of the cathedral on Dom Square, and for the Virág Cukrászda, probably one of the best cake shops in Hungary. The main road into town from the railway station is the Boulevard of the Good Lady, known before 1989 as the ‘Road of 4 April’, the communist celebration of the ‘liberation’ of Hungary in 1945.
Agents of Moscow (1941-1944)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the day of the German attack on the Soviet Union, Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov gave a rousing speech in which he referred to the defeat of Napoleon at the hand of the tsars almost a century earlier, consciously mixing tsarist and Soviet history. The war became the ‘Great Patriotic War’, and Russian national heroes such as Alexandr Nevsky were used to rally the troops. Simultaneously the parties connected to the Comintern conducted national propaganda of their own, in a centrally organized ‘national line’ carried out on orders by Stalin.
The Heirs of Kossuth, Petőfi, and Táncsics (December 1944—March 1945)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be credible as a national party, it was not adequate to deflect attacks on the MKP’s national reputation, but also necessary to present a positive national image. Reminiscent of the VKP(b)’s exploitation of Russian national figures, the MKP used Hungarian national symbols, such as the national flag, national heroes, and national celebrations, to underline its national character, depicted Hungarian history as an age-long struggle for national and social liberation, and pronounced itself the only heir to all of Hungary’s progressive national traditions, especially the anti-Habsburg revolution of 1848. In contrast with this positive ‘patriotism’, it formally denounced ‘reactionary’ Hungarian nationalism of the Horthy years, which it dubbed ‘chauvinist’. This did not stop the MKP from appropriating some of the heroes of Horthy Hungary, such as St Stephen, the founder of the Hungarian state.
Salami Tactics and National Unity (1945-1947)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the election defeat of 1945, it was clear that the MKP would not gain power through the ballot box. The Smallholder Party would have to be defeated through extra-parliamentary pressure and the control over the police and security services. By allying itself with the National Peasant Party, the Social Democrats, and left-wing Smallholders, the MKP managed to have its right-wing enemies expelled from the party, and bring about the disintegration of the party in 1947.
Socialist Patriotism (1949-1953)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the coalition period, the MKP had rarely used the term ‘nationalism’, preferring instead the word ‘chauvinism’ to define forms of patriotism it disagreed with. Now, the designations ‘nationalist’ and ‘bourgeois nationalist’ became potentially lethal labels to attach to political opponents and scapegoats. Nevertheless, with Soviet consent and encouragement, the MDP continued its national propaganda. As in the coalition period, it put itself forward as the heir to Hungarian national traditions, and as a party that represented Hungarian national interests.