bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical presentation, management, and outcome of suspected central nervous system infections in Indonesia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Maharani Kartika , Dian Sofiati , Ganiem Ahmad Rizal , Imran Darma , Estiasari Riwanti , Ardiansyah Edwin , Andini Putri Widya , Kristina Fransisca , Pangeran David , Chaidir Lidya , Alisjahbana Bachti , Rukmana Andriansjah , Kusumaningrum Ardiana , Adawiyah Robiatul , Subekti Decy , Yunihastuti Evy , Yunus Reyhan Eddy , Waslia Lia , van Ingen Jakko , van Laarhoven Arjan , Hamers Raph L. , van Crevel Reinout 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Background
Little is known about the etiology, clinical presentation, management, and outcome of central nervous system (CNS) infections in Indonesia, a country with a high burden of infectious diseases and a rising prevalence of HIV.

Methods
We included adult patients with suspected CNS infections at two referral hospitals in a prospective cohort between April 2019 and December 2021. Clinical, laboratory, and radiological assessments were standardized. We recorded initial and final diagnoses, treatments, and outcomes during 6 months of follow-up.

Results
Of 1051 patients screened, 793 were diagnosed with a CNS infection. Patients (median age 33 years, 62% male, 38% HIV-infected) presented a median of 14 days (IQR 7–30) after symptom onset, often with altered consciousness (63%), motor deficits (73%), and seizures (21%). Among HIV-uninfected patients, CNS tuberculosis (TB) was most common (60%), while viral (8%) and bacterial (4%) disease were uncommon. Among HIV-infected patients, cerebral toxoplasmosis (41%) was most common, followed by CNS TB (19%), neurosyphilis (15%), and cryptococcal meningitis (10%). A microbiologically confirmed diagnosis was achieved in 25% of cases, and initial diagnoses were revised in 46% of cases. In-hospital mortality was 30%, and at six months, 45% of patients had died, and 12% suffered from severe disability. Six-month mortality was associated with older age, HIV, and severe clinical, radiological and CSF markers at presentation.

Conclusion
CNS infections in Indonesia are characterized by late presentation, severe disease, frequent HIV coinfection, low microbiological confirmation and high mortality. These findings highlight the need for earlier disease recognition, faster and more accurate diagnosis, and optimized treatment, coupled with wider efforts to improve the uptake of HIV services.
Treatment choice for first permanent molars affected with molar-incisor hypomineralization, in patients 7–8 years of age: a questionnaire study among Swedish general dentists, orthodontists, and pediatric dentists
Authors: Hajdarević A. , Čirgić E. , Robertson A. , Sabel N. , Jälevik B. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate attitudes and preferred therapy choice for first permanent molars (FPM) with Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH).

Methods
An online questionnaire was sent out to general dentists (n = 559) working in the Public Dental Service in Region Västra Götaland, orthodontists (n = 293), and pediatric dentists (n = 156) (members from each interest association), in Sweden. The questionnaire contained three parts: general questions regarding the respondents, patient cases, and general questions regarding extraction of FPMs with MIH. Statistics were carried out using Chi-squared tests, with a significance level of 5%.

Results
A response rate of 36% was obtained. Orthodontists and pediatric dentists were more prone to extract FPMs with both moderate and severe MIH, compared to general dentists. When restoring FPMs with moderate MIH, resin composite was preferred. Compared to the general dentists, the pediatric dentists were more prone to choose glass-ionomer cement in the FPMs with severe MIH. The most common treatment choice for FPMs with mild MIH was fluoride varnish. “When root furcation is under development of the second permanent molar on radiographs” was chosen as the optimal time for extracting FPMs with severe MIH, and the general dentists based their treatment decisions on recommendations from a pediatric dentist.

Conclusion
Extraction of FPMs with moderate and severe MIH is considered a therapy of choice among general dentists and specialists, and the preferred time of extraction is before the eruption of the second permanent molar.
Quantitative characterization of the brittleness of deep shales by integrating mineral content, elastic parameters, in situ stress conditions and logging analysis
Authors: Luo Tongtong , Wang Jianguo , Chen Li , Sun Chaoya , Liu Qian , Wang Fenggang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDeep shale reservoirs (3500–4500 m) exhibit significantly different stress states than moderately deep shale reservoirs (2000–3500 m). As a result, the brittleness response mechanisms of deep shales are also different. It is urgent to investigate methods to evaluate the brittleness of deep shales to meet the increasingly urgent needs of deep shale gas development. In this paper, the quotient of Young’s modulus divided by Poisson’s ratio based on triaxial compression tests under in situ stress conditions is taken as SSBV (Static Standard Brittleness Value). A new and pragmatic technique is developed to determine the static brittleness index that considers elastic parameters, the mineral content, and the in situ stress conditions (BIEMS). The coefficient of determination between BIEMS and SSBV reaches 0.555 for experimental data and 0.805 for field data. This coefficient is higher than that of other brittleness indices when compared to SSBV. BIEMS can offer detailed insights into shale brittleness under various conditions, including different mineral compositions, depths, and stress states. This technique can provide a solid data-based foundation for the selection of ‘sweet spots’ for single-well engineering and the comparison of the brittleness of shale gas production layers in different areas.
State-of-the-art on the anchorage performance of rock bolts subjected to shear load
Authors: Chen Yu , Xiao Haodong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRock bolts are extensively utilized in underground engineering as a means of offering support and stability to rock masses in tunnels, mines, and other underground structures. In environments of high ground stress, faults or weak zones can frequently arise in rock formations, presenting a significant challenge for engineering and potentially leading to underground engineering collapse. Rock bolts serve as a crucial structural element for the transmission of tensile stress and are capable of withstanding shear loads to prevent sliding of weak zones within rock mass. Therefore, a complete understanding of the behavior of rock bolts subjected to shear loads is essential. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the research progress of rock bolts subjected to shear load in three categories: experiment, numerical simulation, and analytical model. The review focuses on the research studies and developments in this area since the 1970s, providing a comprehensive overview of numerous factors that influence the anchorage performance of rock bolts. These factors include the diameter and angle of the rock bolt installation, rock strength, grouting material, bolt material, borehole diameter, rock bolt preload, normal stress, joint surface roughness and joint expansion angle. The paper reviews the improvement of mechanical parameter setting in numerical simulation of rock bolt shear. Furthermore, it delves into the optimization of the analytical model concerning rock bolt shear theory, approached from the perspectives of both Elastic foundation beam theory coupled with Elastoplasticity theory and Structural mechanic methods. The significance of this review lies in its ability to provide insights into the mechanical behavior of rock bolts. The paper also highlights the limitations of current research and guidelines for further research of rock bolts.
Ultra-Efficient and Cost-Effective Platinum Nanomembrane Electrocatalyst for Sustainable Hydrogen Production
Authors: Gao Xiang , Dai Shicheng , Teng Yun , Wang Qing , Zhang Zhibo , Yang Ziyin , Park Minhyuk , Wang Hang , Jia Zhe , Wang Yunjiang , Yang Yong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHydrogen production through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) offers a promising solution to combat climate change by replacing fossil fuels with clean energy sources. However, the widespread adoption of efficient electrocatalysts, such as platinum (Pt), has been hindered by their high cost. In this study, we developed an easy-to-implement method to create ultrathin Pt nanomembranes, which catalyze HER at a cost significantly lower than commercial Pt/C and comparable to non-noble metal electrocatalysts. These Pt nanomembranes consist of highly distorted Pt nanocrystals and exhibit a heterogeneous elastic strain field, a characteristic rarely seen in conventional crystals. This unique feature results in significantly higher electrocatalytic efficiency than various forms of Pt electrocatalysts, including Pt/C, Pt foils, and numerous Pt single-atom or single-cluster catalysts. Our research offers a promising approach to develop highly efficient and cost-effective low-dimensional electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production, potentially addressing the challenges posed by the climate crisis.
Priorities for efficacy trials of gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen: collaborative design and results of a community survey
Authors: Grock Shira , Weinreb Jane , Williams Kristen C. , Weimer Amy , Fadich Sarah , Patel Reema , Geft Atara , Korenman Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Treatment guidelines for gender-affirming hormone therapy with estrogen (GAHT-E) recommend specific dosing regimens based on limited data. Well-controlled efficacy trials are essential to tailoring treatment to patient goals as the guidelines recommend. The goal of this study was to take a foundational step toward designing community-centered effectiveness trials for gender-diverse individuals seeking GAHT-E.

Methods
Our team developed a cross-sectional survey based on broad clinical experience and consultation with our community advisory board. The survey included 60 items covering demographics, transition history, goals and priorities for treatment, indicators of treatment success, sexual function goals, and future research priorities. The survey was distributed during the summer of 2021, primarily through social networks designed for gender-expansive individuals seeking treatment with estrogen.

Results
A total of 1270 individuals completed the survey. Overall treatment goals most frequently rated “extremely important” or “very important” were the following: (1) improved satisfaction with life (81%), (2) appearing more feminine (80%), (3) appearing less masculine (77%), (4) improved mental health (76%), and (5) being seen as your true gender by others (75%). The three body characteristics most frequently rated “highest priority” or “high priority” among changes were the following: (1) facial hair (85%), (2) breast shape or size (84%), and (3) body shape (80%). The highest-rated research priority was comparing feminization with different routes of estrogen administration.

Conclusion
The goals and experiences of individuals seeking GAHT-E are diverse. Future clinical trials of GAHT-E should be grounded in the needs and priorities of community stakeholders.
Morphodynamics and heavy metal accumulation in an artificially built near-natural river (Inde, Germany)
Authors: Schulte Philipp , Weber Alexandra , Keßels Johannes , Lehmkuhl Frank , Schüttrumpf Holger , Esser Verena , Wolf Stefanie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHeavy metals in riverine sediments threaten fluvial ecosystems worldwide. Sediment cascades transporting the compounds downstream lead to pollution stress downstream from the original input source. In regulated rivers, artificially built reaches with re-activated morphodynamics and morphological structures may become typical sink areas for contaminants. Therefore, a thorough understanding of transport mechanisms and accumulation dynamics is the key to managing enhanced heavy metal concentrations in alluvial sediments. In this study, we investigate a morphologically diverse 12 km-long river reach of the Inde River in Germany, that was relocated in 2005 due to an open-pit lignite mine. As the Inde catchment is a former industrial hotspot (beginning in the Iron Age; golden age at the end of the nineteenth century), the floodplain sediments that accumulated since the construction of the Neue Inde are enriched in heavy metals. The structures and sediments of the relocation are recycled repeatedly, causing the mixing of contaminated and uncontaminated sediments. The Neue Inde is an important sediment trap, especially due to the river’s intense regulation immediately upstream. Thereby, the input of sediments enriched in heavy metals into the receiving waters, the Rur River, is limited. So far, it is unclear whether there is a threshold of sediment storage that, if exceeded, turns the Neue Inde from a sink to a source. The morphodynamical development of artificially built river reaches mainly depends on the restoration design in terms of initially built morphological structures and the width of the river corridor.
Farmers’ perception of climate change and livelihood vulnerability: a comparative study of Bundelkhand and Central regions of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Jatav Surendra Singh 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIndian farmers are vulnerable to changing climate with unpredictable rainfall distribution, rising temperature, and complex socioeconomic conditions. The present study aims to assess livelihood vulnerability of farmers in two regions of the most populous State of Uttar Pradesh namely Bundelkhand and Central region. By using multistage random sampling technique, a total of 480 samples from 16 villages, 8 development blocks, 4 districts, and 2 regions were selected to elicit grass-root information on farmers’ perception of climate change, their sensitivity and adaptive capacity to changing climate, and determinants of livelihood vulnerability. Further, this study has adopted methodology mentioned in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s fourth Assessment Report for the development of climate vulnerability index. The results show that farmers in Jhansi district were highly vulnerable to changing climate, while farmers in Barabanki district were relatively less vulnerable. The elevated degree of vulnerability to livelihood in Jhansi district attributed to its comparatively higher exposure and sensitivity to climatic change. The Binary Logistic Regression results show that illiterate farmers are relatively more vulnerable than literate farmers. On the contrary, higher income, assured irrigation, the use of certified seeds, and crop insurance are negatively associated with the LVI. In other words, farmers who have income from non-farm sources, use certified and recommended seed varieties, and avail themselves of crop insurance are relatively less vulnerable to climate change than those who do not have the aforesaid facilities. Hence, the present study suggests that farmers, must adapt to climate change to reduce its negative impact and reap the benefits of adaptation which can be achieved through capacity building, skill development (i.e., use of ultra-modern techniques), and capacity to strengthen the farmers’ ability to adapt. Further, there is also a need to sensitize government officials on the dangers of climate change and to provide appropriate technical support to farmers for their adaptation.
Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy
Authors: Placani Adriana 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis essay focuses on anthropomorphism as both a form of hype and fallacy. As a form of hype, anthropomorphism is shown to exaggerate AI capabilities and performance by attributing human-like traits to systems that do not possess them. As a fallacy, anthropomorphism is shown to distort moral judgments about AI, such as those concerning its moral character and status, as well as judgments of responsibility and trust. By focusing on these two dimensions of anthropomorphism in AI, the essay highlights negative ethical consequences of the phenomenon in this field.
Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux and Thermal Radiation in MHD Nanofluid Flow over a Bi-directional Stretching/Shrinking Surface
Authors: Ali Aamir , Afzaal Muhammad F. , Tariq Faiza , Hussain Shahid 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Nanofluids have gained popularity due to their better thermophysical properties and usefulness in daily life such as electronic design, solar energy, heat exchanger tubes, and cooling systems, among others. We have looked at the influence of thermal radiation, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux, and slippage on three-dimensional flow of MHD nanofluid along a surface which is stretched/shrinks in both directions in this study. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved analytically, using homotopy analysis technique. A graphical analysis for the flows for numerous physical features has been presented. It has been observed that the fluids axial and transverse velocities are decreased by the magnetic field parameter, the suction/injection parameter, as well as by the slip parameter for stretching, whereas for shrinking, they are increased. The radiation parameter, heat transfer Biot number, and thermal relaxation parameter increases the nanofluids temperature. Bar charts were also used to evaluate how the physical parameters affect the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number.
Nitrogen K-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure spectroscopy of chemically adsorbed ammonia gas on clay minerals and the 15N/14N-nitrogen isotopic fractionation
Authors: Sugahara Haruna , Yoshimura Toshihiro , Tamenori Yusuke , Takano Yoshinori , Ogawa Nanako O. , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Ohkouchi Naohiko 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmmonia (NH3) is a simple and essential nitrogen carrier in the universe. Its adsorption on mineral surfaces is an important step in the synthesis of nitrogenous organic molecules in extraterrestrial environments. The nitrogen isotopic ratios provide a useful tool for understanding the formation processes of N-bearing molecules. In this study, adsorption experiments were conducted using gaseous NH3 and representative clay minerals. The strongly adsorbed NH3 was 15N-enriched in a state of chemical equilibrium between the adsorption and desorption on the siliceous host surface. The nitrogen K-edge X-ray adsorption near-edge structure spectroscopy study revealed that these initial ammonia gases were chemically adsorbed as ammonium ions (NH4+) on clay minerals.
Graphical abstract
Canadian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis in Adults
Authors: Hahn Christopher , Budhram Adrian , Alikhani Katayoun , AlOhaly Nasser , Beecher Grayson , Blevins Gregg , Brooks John , Carruthers Robert , Comtois Jacynthe , Cowan Juthaporn , de Robles Paula , Hébert Julien , Kapadia Ronak K. , Lapointe Sarah , Mackie Aaron , Mason Warren , McLane Brienne , Muccilli Alexandra , Poliakov Ilia , Smyth Penelope , Williams Kimberly G. , Uy Christopher , McCombe Jennifer A. 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTAutoimmune encephalitis is increasingly recognized as a neurologic cause of acute mental status changes with similar prevalence to infectious encephalitis. Despite rising awareness, approaches to diagnosis remain inconsistent and evidence for optimal treatment is limited. The following Canadian guidelines represent a consensus and evidence (where available) based approach to both the diagnosis and treatment of adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis. The guidelines were developed using a modified RAND process and included input from specialists in autoimmune neurology, neuropsychiatry and infectious diseases. These guidelines are targeted at front line clinicians and were created to provide a pragmatic and practical approach to managing such patients in the acute setting.
Hegel and Egypt's African Element
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: February 2024

AbstractContrary to the widespread view that Hegel excluded Africa from what he called world history proper, the specifically African element of Egypt was indispensable to his account of the pivotal dialectical moment that saw spirit's release from its immersion in nature. Hegel's racist caricature of Africans in the early part of the lectures was not gratuitous, something that commentators can leave to one side. It was integral to his dialectical account of world history because it served to generate the contradiction that saw the Persian Empire give way to Greece. This understanding is confirmed by the newly completed four-volume edition of Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of World History in the Gesammelte Werke. These new volumes also enable us to gain critical insight into how the editors of the first two published versions of the lectures, Eduard Gans and Karl Hegel, sought in their different ways to shape the reception of Hegel's lectures.
PSEUDO-SACRIFICIAL ALLUSIONS IN HOSIDIUS GETA'S MEDEA
Authors: Parkhouse James 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis article explores the allusive strategy of the late second-century cento-tragedy Medea attributed to Hosidius Geta, which recounts Medea's revenge against Jason using verses from the works of Virgil. It argues that the text's author recognized a consistent strand of characterization in earlier treatments of the Medea myth, whereby the heroine's filicide is presented as a corrupted sacrifice. Geta selectively uses verses from thematically significant episodes in the Aeneid—the lying tale of Sinon and the death of Laocoön; the murder of Priam; the suicide of Dido—at key points to foreground the theme of pseudo-sacrificial violence. Geta's use of Virgil evinces a keen appreciation both of the symbolism of the broader mythic tradition in which his text is situated and of the original narrative contexts of the verses he recycles. The article's findings contribute to a growing recognition of the creative potential afforded by the cento technique.
Comparison of electrically evoked stapedial reflexes in patients with cochlear implants surgically implanted using Veria and posterior tympanotomy approaches
Authors: Yathiraj A , Manjula P , Geetha C , Jawahar Antony P , Megha  
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to compare ipsilateral and contralateral electrically evoked stapedial reflex thresholds in children with a unilateral cochlear implant surgically implanted either through Veria or posterior tympanotomy approaches.MethodsForty-nine children using cochlear implants were studied, of whom 27 underwent the Veria approach and 22 underwent the posterior tympanotomy approach. The electrically evoked stapedius reflex thresholds were measured ipsilaterally and contralaterally by stimulating four equally spaced electrodes.ResultsThe ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was absent in all four electrodes in the children implanted using the Veria approach. However, the ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was present in 70 per cent of the children implanted using the posterior tympanotomy approach. The contralateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold was present in most of the children for both surgical approaches.ConclusionThe presence of the ipsilateral electrically evoked stapedius reflex threshold varies depending on the surgical technique used for cochlear implantation. However, contralateral reflexes are present in the majority of children using cochlear implants, irrespective of the surgical approach.