bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE RELATION OF NECROSIS AND INFLAMMATION TO DENATURATION OF PROTEINS
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: June 2004

Necrosis of the skin was produced by the injection of measured quantities of electrolytes and of amino compounds into the dermis, and the relative ability of these substances to produce it was determined. Inflammation characterized by edema and accumulation of leucocytes accompanied necrosis.
The ability of electrolytes to produce necrosis was found to increase with the valence of their basic ion, and in this respect was in accord with their ability to denature proteins.
The quantity of different electrolytes needed to produce necrosis varied in the same order as the molar concentration of these electrolytes, that is isotonic with liver or kidney cells. Necrosis caused by amino compounds occurred with similar relation to the isotonicity of liver cells. In this as in other relations the cells acted as osmometers.
The foregoing relations indicate that denaturation of proteins, necrosis of living tissue, and osmotic activity of liver or kidney cells are determined by molecular weight, valence, and ion-dissociation of electrolytes, that is, by the factors that determine the colligative properties of electrolytes.
Agents such as turpentine, mustard, or croton oil and some halogen substitution compounds of methyl that are insoluble in water and soluble in lipoids have produced skin necrosis and inflammation.
SARCOMAS IN HAMSTERS AFTER INJECTION WITH ROUS CHICKEN TUMOR MATERIAL
Authors: Ahlström C. G. , Forsby Nils 
Published: June 2004

Newborn hamsters were injected subcutaneously with a suspension of finely minced Rous chicken sarcoma (Schmidt-Ruppin strain). After an interval of about 2 weeks, progressively growing sarcomas developed at the site of injection in almost all animals. Also in adult hamsters inoculated intramuscularly with the same material sarcomas developed at the site of injection within 2 to 4 months. Secondary growths appeared on the peritoneal surface, in the retroperitoneal and mediastinal lymph nodes and in the lungs. The sarcomas usually had a pleomorphic appearance and showed a certain resemblance to rhabdomyosarcoma, but sometimes they had the character of spindle cell sarcomas of varying degree of maturity. Sarcomas were not only obtained in hamsters injected with cellular material from the Rous chicken sarcoma but were also seen in hamsters which were injected at birth or when 2 months' old with supernatant fluid obtained by repeated centrifugation of suspensions of homogenized chicken sarcoma, and presumed to be cell-free.
The hamster sarcoma was transplanted to a newborn hamster and could then without difficulties be passed in series in hamsters. All attempts to transfer the sarcoma from hamster to hamster by means of cell-free material from the hamster sarcoma failed. On the other hand, material from the hamster sarcomas inoculated into chickens induced rapidly growing Rous sarcomas at the site of inoculation. This proved possible not only with material from the first but also from later passages of the tumor in hamsters.
It is concluded that the strain of Rous virus used has the capacity to induce sarcomas not only in chickens but also in hamsters.
PASSIVE TRANSFER OF TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY
Authors: Najarian John S. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: June 2004

Passive transfer of tritiated thymidine labeled lymphoid cells sensitized to homologous tissues into non-sensitized isologous hosts resulted in accelerated rejection of homologous skin grafts in the recipients. Despite 33 per cent label of the suspension, only rare labeled sensitized lymphoid cells could be found at the site of rejection.
Passive transfer of sensitized lymphoid cells in millipore chambers implanted subcutaneously or intraperitoneally in non-sensitized isologous hosts resulted in accelerated homograft rejection in the recipients. Transfer of transplantation immunity could not be accomplished with serum from sensitized hosts.
The rejection of homologous tissues without the physical presence of the sensitized cell at the graft site suggested that a humoral agent produced by the cell was capable of rejecting the homograft.
A STUDY OF THE MECHANISMS OF DNA AND THYMINE DEGRADATION IN CULTURED HUMAN CELLS INFECTED WITH A LIPOVIRUS
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Liepins H. 
Published: June 2004

DNA and thymine degradation on cultured human, mouse, and chick cells were studied. Significant increase in DNA-degrading activity was demonstrated in human embryonic cells killed by freeze-thawing, liver cells killed with mitomycin C, mouse embryonic cells infected with encephalomyocarditis virus, and in all cells killed by the lipovirus. Twelve other viral agents, actinomycin D, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine failed to produce a similar increase.
Thymidine-2-C14-labeled cultures, either live, killed, or infected by 19 different physical-chemical and biological agents, did not release detectable quantity of C14C2. Following infection with the lipovirus 20 to 60 per cent of the total radioactivity of thymidine-2-C14-labeled cultures was liberated as C14O2. It was postulated that the lipovirus introduced into the host cells the missing genetic information necessary for the synthesis of one or more enzymes responsible for the reductive catabolism of thymine.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS
Authors: Kumar Surendra , Lindorfer Robert K. 
Published: June 2004

The continuous flow paper electrophoretic methods used to isolate alpha hemolysin are presented.
The purity of the alpha hemolysin preparation is demonstrated by double agar diffusion, immunoelectrophoretic, and ultracentrifugation techniques.
Indirect evidence of purity is provided by the fact that rabbits immunized with purified alpha hemolysin produced detectable antibody only to alpha hemolysin.
Direct support is given to the "unitarian theory" by the demonstration that purified alpha hemolysin also possessed dermonecrotic, lethal, and leucocidal activities.
Further studies dependent on the availability of purified alpha hemolysin are outlined.
STUDIES OF THE GENERALIZED SHWARTZMAN REACTION PRODUCED BY DIET
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Malins Donald C. , McKay Donald G. 
Published: June 2004

By molecular distillation of oxidized cod liver oil a partial isolation of the lipid species responsible for the diet-induced generalized Shwartzman reaction in pregnant rats has been achieved.
Molecular distillation produced three fractions and a residue. Qualitative and quantitative differences in each fraction were shown by determining iodine and saponification numbers and by thin layer chromatography on silicic acid.
The incidence of the Shwartzman reaction was higher with fraction III than with either of the other two fractions, the residue, or the original oxidized cod liver oil. It is evident that the toxic factor or factors can be concentrated by molecular distillation.
The high temperatures used in the molecular distillation destroy peroxides in the lipids. Therefore, in spite of the fact that oxidation of dietary fats is necessary to produce the reaction, peroxides in the dietary lipid are not necessary for the development of the tissue reaction.
The residue fraction contains high molecular weight polymers and the incidence of the Shwartzman reaction is low in animals fed this material. It is unlikely that high molecular weight polymers are responsible for the tissue reaction.
Animals that do not gain weight at a rate close to that of the normal pregnant rat do not develop the reaction.
Conversion of fraction III into its ethyl esters increased the incidence of the Shwartzman reaction in two experiments. Esterification appears to "unmask" a certain amount of the active factor.
The specific lipid material or materials responsible for the development of the generalized Shwartzman reaction remains to be found.
ANTIBODY-PRODUCING CAPACITY OF ADULT CHICKEN SPLEEN CELLS IN NEWLY HATCHED CHICKS
Authors: Papermaster Ben W. , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. To evaluate the effect of primary in vitro antigenic stimulation on a population of immunologically competent cells, a homologous cell transfer system was used, with adult chickens as the spleen cell donors, killed Brucella abortus as the antigen, and newly hatched chicks as the recipients.
2. The distribution of antibody titers in recipients of cells from random donors was bimodal, with about 30 per cent showing no detectable titer and the remainder distributed normally.
3. Variability of titer was reduced significantly in subgroups receiving cells from a single donor, indicating that the primary source of variability was the genetic capacity of discrete cell populations to respond to antigen.
4. In serial passage studies, activity of donor cell populations was lost rapidly: antibody was not demonstrated after the second passage, and the graft versus host reaction (splenomegaly) was not demonstrated after the third passage. Results were similar with in vitro antigenic stimulation at the time of the first passage only and with additional stimulation at the time of subsequent transfers.
5. The thesis that,the homograft reaction of the newly hatched recipients had contributed significantly to the variability in the single transfer studies and to the rapid loss of activity in the serial transfer experiments was confirmed by the results of transfers following alteration of the lymphoreticular system of the host by thorotrast administration, splenectomy, and treatment with 19-nortestosterone during embryogenesis. All three favored the survival and function of transferred cells, raising the average antibody titer and virtually eliminating the no-response category. The inhibition of homograft immunity was most pronounced in the 19-nortestosterone group.
THE COMPLEMENT-DEPENDENT BACTERIOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF NORMAL HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Wardlaw Alastair C. 
Published: June 2004

The bacteriolytic activity of normal human serum on a rough strain of E. coli has been studied by a turbidimetric method.
Bacteriolysis was found to be markedly dependent on ionic strength and pH, with optima at µ = 0.06 and pH 8.3–8.5, respectively. The method of cultivating the cells also influenced the rapidity of lysis.
Lysis was temperature-dependent and was exhibited by all samples of human serum tested. Microscopically, organisms incubated with serum were observed to swell, loose their rod shape and eventually burst, leaving remnants of the cell membrane in suspension. Sphaeroplasts were obtained by brief exposure of cells to serum followed by dilution into 5 per cent sucrose.
The bacteriolytic reaction was shown to require complement. No definite requirement for properdin or specific antibody in this system could be demonstrated by the absorption of serum with zymosan and with homologous cells respectively. The latter procedure was found to reduce bacteriolytic activity by removal of serum lysozyme. Absorption of serum with bentonite also led to loss of bacteriolytic activity which could be restored with lysozyme. The organism was not lysed by lysozyme alone, but lysis occurred with lysozyme + EDTA in tris buffer.
The possibility of complement acting independently of antibody or properdin, in certain instances, is discussed in relation to bacterial cell wall structure. Data are presented supporting the hypothesis that the "substrate" of complement in cell membranes is a lipid or lipoprotein.
ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL LESION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE PRODUCED BY A COMPLEX OF C POLYSACCHARIDE FROM GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Schwab John H. 
Published: June 2004

Specific antibody and a glucosaminidase enzyme react with the serologically active sites on C polysaccharide, and local injection of these reagents will neutralize the toxic effect of C polysaccharide complexes even after an interval of 24 to 72 hours.
The cell wall lysins in S. albus filtrate and from phage-lysed Group C streptococci, break down the cell wall structure of Group A streptococci but leave the serological reactive sites of the C polysaccharide intact. These reagents lose much of their ability to neutralize the C polysaccharide toxin when superinjected after an interval of 4 hours following toxin injections.
Toxic C polysaccharide cannot be recovered from an injection site by intercellular perfusion of the excised skin area after an interval of 1 to 4 hours following toxin injection.
It is concluded that toxic particles of C polysaccharide complexes combine firmly with the dermal tissue of rabbits within 1 to 4 hours following intracutaneous injection. The cell wall lysins neutralize the toxin by reducing the particle size of C polysaccharide complexes. This minimum particle size is required for the initial reaction with tissue and when this has occurred these reagents are no longer able to influence the development of the lesion.
COLLAGEN METABOLISM IN OSTEOLATHYRISM IN CHICK EMBRYOS: SITE OF ACTION OF ß-AMINOPROPIONITRILE
Authors: Smiley J. Donald , Yeager Henry , Ziff Morris 
Published: June 2004

Chick embryos were sacrificed at intervals after simultaneous injection of BAPN and proline-C14, the collagen separated into neutral salt-extractable and residue fractions, and total hydroxyproline and hydroxyproline specific radioactivity determined in each fraction. Extractable collagen, measured as hydroxyproline, increased markedly and had a higher specific activity in BAPN-treated embryos than in corresponding controls. Hydroxyproline of the residue collagen in the treated animals, however, had a lower specific activity.
When proline-C14 was injected 24 hours prior to BAPN, the specific radioactivity of the soluble collagen of treated embryos was similar to that of controls, in spite of the fact that the specific activity of the residue fraction was higher than that of the soluble fraction at the time of BAPN administration.
These results suggest that the increased amount of soluble collagen in lathyrism induced by administration of BAPN does not arise from the collagen insoluble prior to administration of the drug, but rather that BAPN acts by blocking the formation of mature collagen fibers, perhaps by preventing the formation of cross-linkages between α-collagen chains.
AN INTRACELLULAR DEFECT IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Smuckler Edward A. , Iseri Oscar A. , Benditt Earl P. 
Published: June 2004

The morphological and certain metabolic effects of carbon tetrachloride intoxication were studied in the rat with emphasis on liver alterations. Morphological changes were investigated by histological and electron microscopical means. Functional changes were investigated using histochemical and amino acid incorporation, techniques. The liver constituents were examined chemically. Plasma volume alterations were measured using dye and homologous protein dilution techniques.
The histological appearance of the liver of treated animals included cellular swelling, dispersal of the cytoplasmic basophilia, and necrosis. Electron micrographs showed an early (3 hours following carbon tetrachloride administration) and widespread dislocation of the ribonucleoprotein particles from the membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but no apparent alteration in the mitochondrial structure. Histochemical examination of two mitochondrial enzyme systems, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase, revealed no alterations in activities until a later time (6 to 12 hours following carbon tetrachloride administration). ATPase showed a gross quantitative decrease in activity at 6 and 12 hours, but not earlier.
There was a decreased amino acid incorporation into two liver-produced proteins, viz., albumin and fibrinogen. This decrease is not explicable on the basis of the inability of the liver to take up the amino acid, an altered dilution volume into which the amino acid or formed protein is placed, or an impaired capacity of the liver to excrete protein once formed. It is concluded that the decreased amino acid incorporation rate reflects depressed synthesis of protein by the liver. Other pathological changes in the liver, including necrosis, fatty change, and mitochondrial alterations may be dependent upon severe impairment of protein synthesis.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF LATHYROGENIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Levene C. I. 
Published: June 2004

The lathyrogenic effect of INAH in the chick embryo may be measured by the increase in the extractibility of collagen from the bones with 1 M NaCl. Incubation of these bones in vitro with carbonyl compounds diminishes the amount of extractible collagen; with D-L-glyceraldehyde the reversal of the INAH effect is complete. This reversal effect is dependent on the time and temperature of incubation and on the quantity of D-L-glyceraldehyde, but is independent of the pH of the incubating medium, the optical form of the glyceraldehyde, or the metabolism of the cells; this suggests that it depends on a simple chemical combination. D-L-glyceraldehyde also reverses completely the extractibility of collagen from the bones of embryos rendered lathyrogenic with BAPN, semicarbazide, and hydrazine hydrate.
The hypothesis has been advanced "that lathyrogenic agents act by blocking carbonyl groups on the collagen molecule, thus preventing cross-linking essential to normal maturation; normal maturation may be restored by the addition of carbonyl groups which act by competing either for the lathyrogen or for functional sites on the collagen molecule."
In support of this hypothesis, it has been shown that purified lathyritic guinea pig collagen takes up lesser amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine—a compound which combines with carbonyl groups—than does normal collagen; it has been shown that lathyritic collagen still possesses the ability to form segment-long-spacing (SLS) collagen, but that these fibres are much thinner than normal; this is due perhaps to blockade of groups essential for lateral cross-linking of the tropocollagen unit.
It has also been shown that normal, purified guinea pig collagen which has been pretreated with INAH, takes up lesser amounts of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and forms much thinner SLS fibres than the untreated controls.
URINARY CALCULI IN GERMFREE RATS
Authors: Gustafsson Bengt E. , Norman Arne 
Published: June 2004

In a colony of germfree rats 50 per cent of the males had urinary calculi composed of calcium citrate and calcium oxalate. Genetically closely related conventional animals on the same sterilized diet did not present a single case of stone formation. The tendency to calculus formation disappeared when germfree animals were contaminated with the intestinal flora from conventional rats.
The calculus formation can readily be explained by the high calcium, high citrate, and high pH of the urine. This pattern was changed to that of conventional rats when the germfree rats were infected with intestinal microorganisms.
LOCALIZATION AND FATE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI IN HEMATOGENOUS PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: Sanford Jay P. , Hunter Betty W. , Donaldson Paul 
Published: June 2004

1. Hematogenous E. coli pyelonephritis was produced in rats. The localization of the organisms and the persistence of bacterial antigens was followed by fluorescent antibody techniques as well as by standard histological and bacteriological methods.
2. Salient sequential features were as follows: Single organisms passed through vessel walls into the renal interstitium and began multiplication and subsequently evoked a leucocytic response. Bacterial multiplication did not occur in glomeruli or renal tubular cells. Bacteria did not appear within renal tubular lumina until microabscesses were well developed in the renal interstitium. Bacteriuria appeared late and represented secondary invasion rather than filtration of organisms. The infection healed spontaneously but, while sterile, the parenchymal scars contained large amounts of residual bacterial antigen. The persistence of bacterial antigen did not result in continuing inflammatory changes or progressive scarring.
3. The persistence of bacterial antigens is postulated to constitute a major antigenic stimulus responsible for active immunity in experimental hematogenous pyelonephritis.
EXPERIMENTAL HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA IN MINK
Authors: Henson James B. , Gorham John R. , Leader Robert W. , Wagner Bernard M. 
Published: June 2004

Hypergammaglobulinemia in mink was produced by the injection of crude tissue suspensions from mink with spontaneous Aleutian disease. The initiating factor was found to be resistant to 0.3 per cent formalin for 2 weeks but not 40 weeks at 5°C. Foreign antigens as well as formalinized normal mink tissue from homologous and heterologous genotypes did not cause a detectable change in the serum protein values.
Mink homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene were found to be significantly more susceptible to the experimental disease.
Possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as similarities between the mink disease and certain immunologic and connective tissue diseases of man are discussed.
CELLULAR RESISTANCE TO INFECTION
Authors: Mackaness G. B. 
Published: June 2004

The mouse was found to be natively susceptible to Listeria monocytogenes. Its susceptibility was attributed to the capacity of the organism to survive and multiplying in host macrophages. During the first 3 days of a primary infection the bacterial populations of spleen and liver were found to increase at a constant rate. On the 4th day of infection the host became hypersensitive to Listeria antigens and at the same time bacterial growth ceased. A rapid inactivation of the organism ensued.
Convalescent mice were resistant to challenge, but no protective factor could be found in their serum. Histological evidence suggested that acquired resistance was the result of a change occurring in the host's mononuclear phagocytes. When challenged in vitro, the macrophages of convalescent mice were found to resist infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria-resistant cells appeared during the course of infection at a time which corresponded with the development of the antibacterial mechanism in the spleen. They persisted for as long as the antibacterial mechanism remained intact in this organ.
This period of absolute resistance to Listeria lasted about 3 weeks. Thereafter, the host remained hypersensitive but unable to inactivate a challenge inoculum of Listeria. However, it remained capable of producing an accelerated response to reinfection. This was thought to depend upon an ability to generate a new population of resistant cells from a residuum of specifically sensitized macrophages or macrophage precursors still surviving in the tissues as a result of the immunological activation which occurred during the primary infection.
INHIBITION OF SYNTHESIS OF SULFATED MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES BY ESTRADIOL
Authors: Priest Robert E. , Koplitz R. Marlene 
Published: June 2004

The influence of estradiol upon incorporation of isotopes into the sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides of connective tissues of the rat has been studied.
Administration of the hormone for 3 weeks significantly reduces the in vitro incorporation of S35-sulfate into cartilage and thoracic aorta without significantly altering the amount of hydrolyzable sulfate in these tissues.
The reduction of sulfate incorporation into these tissues by estradiol represents reduced synthesis since the hormone reduces incorporation of sulfate into the acid mucopolysaccharides of the tissue to the same extent and since reduction in incorporation of C14-glucose also parallels S35-sulfate incorporation into acid mucopolysaccharides.
The rate of synthesis of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides is greater in thoracic aorta than abdominal aorta or cartilage. Since the amount of hydrolyzable sulfate is the same in these two portions of aorta, the turnover is also more rapid in the thoracic aorta.