bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christology
Authors: Gerald O’Collins S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this fully revised and updated second edition of his accessible account of systematic Christology, Gerald O’ Collins continues to challenge the contemporary publishing trend for sensationalist books on Jesus that are supported neither by the New Testament witness nor by mainline Christian beliefs. This book critically examines the best biblical and historical scholarship before tackling head-on some of the key questions of systematic Christology: does orthodox faith present Jesus the man as deficient and depersonalized? Is his sinlessness compatible with the exercise of a free human will? Does up-to-date exegesis challenge his virginal conception and personal resurrection? Can one reconcile Jesus’ role as universal Saviour with the truth and values to be found in other religions? What should the feminist movement highlight in presenting Jesus? This integral Christology is built around the resurrection of the crucified Jesus, highlights love as the key to redemption, and proposes a synthesis of the divine presence through Jesus. Clear, balanced, and accessible, this book should be valued by any student reading systematic theology, anyone training for the ministry in all denominations, as well as interested general readers.
Shakespeare’s Medieval Morality
Authors: Krug Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Act 2 of The Merchant of Venice, Launcelot Gobbo, Shylock’s servant, imagines himself as the hero of a medieval morality play. Standing alone on stage, Launcelot narrates an inner struggle between his conscience and ‘the fiend’ in which the two discuss Launcelot’s ongoing service to Shylock. According to Launcelot, his own conscience, like the Good Angel in medieval morality plays, urges him to stay with Shylock and to continue to serve his master faithfully. The fiend, on the other hand, like the earlier drama’s ‘Malus Angelus,’ encourages Launcelot to leave Shylock’s household, crying, ‘away! . . . for the heavens, rouse up a brave mind . . . and run’ (2.2.11–13). Presenting Launcelot’s inner conflict as an allegory in which good and evil argue with one another, Shakespeare, in The Merchant of Venice, follows medieval dramatic practice. Like Everyman and Mankind, the heroes of medieval moralities, Launcelot draws the play’s audience into his ethical struggle by analyzing his choice in front of the audience. Launcelot speaks directly to the audience, giving them a ‘blow by blow’ account of his struggle. In doing so, he involves the audience in his decision to run away from his master and offers them as well as himself an opportunity to move from allegorical abstraction to moral action.
The Iron Age Round-house
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to Continental Europe, where the Iron Age is abundantly represented by funerary remains as well as by hill-forts and major centres, the British Iron Age is mainly represented by its settlement sites, and especially by houses of circular ground-plan, apparently in marked contrast to the Central and Northern European tradition of rectangular houses. In lowland Britain the evidence for timber round-houses comprises the footprint of post-holes or foundation trenches; in the Atlantic north and west, the remains of monumental stone-built houses survive as upstanding ruins, testimony to the building skills of Iron Age engineers and masons. D. W. Harding's fully illustrated study explores not just the architectural aspects of round-houses, but more importantly their role in the social, economic and ritual structure of their communities, and their significance as symbols of Iron Age society in the face of Romanization.
Tobacco
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can only guess at when North American Indians (and Aztecs in central Mexico) first incorporated tobacco into religious rituals and social interactions, but it seems to have been long established by the time Christopher Columbus arrived in the ‘New World’ towards the end of the 15th century. The dried plant was smoked in pipes or roll-ups made from leaves. The addictive quality of the habit was appreciated quickly by the missionaries who were more successful at converting the Indians to Catholicism than persuading their new recruits to desist from smoking in church. There was much bemusement in Spain when the travellers returned with what was, for a short while at least, the original duty-free supply of tobacco. Its reputation was founded on its use as a medicinal plant rather than for pleasurable effects, and it rapidly became sought after throughout mainland Europe as a treatment for intractable headaches, asthma, gout, tumours, and labour pain.
Cannabis
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A robust but otherwise undistinguished weed now labelled Cannabis sativa has provided the world with one of its most remarkable drugs. The psychoactive and medicinal properties of cannabis have been recognized for thousands of years, and it was probably humankind’s first non-food crop. The use of cannabis as a medicine was described as long ago as the 16th century BC in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus.
Cocaine, amphetamines, and other stimulants
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chewing the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylum coca) has been part of everyday life in many South American cultures for several thousand years. For millions of people the habit continues to fulfill a comparable role to that of coffee or tobacco elsewhere in the world. A wad of leaves tucked into the cheek for several hours, with perhaps a little woodash mixed in to increase salivation and enhance absorption of the active ingredients, will produce a sense of well-being, reduced hunger, and increased endurance.
Psychedelics and hallucinogens
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The defining characteristic of this group of drugs is their ability to induce profound changes in sensory perception, patterns of thinking, and emotion without at the same time clouding the mind. Terminology is difficult, because it always seems to be judgement-laden; one person’s psychotomimetic (psychosis mimicker) is another’s psycholytic (literally mind loosener, and by implication, consciousness expander). Hallucinogen is a widely used label derived from the Latin alucinari (‘to wander in the mind’), which somehow fails to do justice to the complexity of the human response to these substances. The term true hallucinogen is perhaps most appropriately applied to crude natural preparations, or to those drugs which disrupt mental functioning to the point of delirium (a mixture of delusions, hallucinations, confusion, disorientation, and memory disturbance) with loss of external frame of reference. For those drugs which have the property of ‘blowing the mind’ without impairing orientation and consciousness, the word coined in the 1950s by the psychiatrist Humphrey Osmond in the course of his correspondence with Aldous Huxley seems very suitable. ‘Psychodelic’ was derived from the Greek words psyche (mind) and delos (visible). The minor modification, psychedelic, became the noun and adjective of choice.
Anabolic steroids
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effects of testosterone on muscle growth and development were first reported in 1938 and and the relevance of this discovery for improving sports performance was appreciated within a year. Derivatives were used by the German military in World War II to enhance aggression among new recruits. Body-builders began to give public endorsement to various brands of anabolic steroid in the 1940s and 1950s and they were openly used by Olympic weightlifting teams at that time. Since then, millions of pounds have been spent by official sporting bodies in an attempt to eliminate their use, but with only limited success.
Heroin and the opioids
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opium poppy has provided humankind with one of the most important of all medicines. For thousands of years its products have been harnessed to soothe and sedate, and folklore evolved into descriptions in the great pharmacopoeias of the Egyptians, Sumerians, Greeks, Persians, and Romans. Today, the need and desire for the fruits of the poppy remain as great as ever. Strict international legal control of supply has created the basis for a world-wide, multi-billion dollar crime network built upon the exploitation and misery of millions of heroin addicts. Opioids remain central to pain control in Western medicine, but underdosing because of the fear of inducing dependency results in thousands of patients suffering needlessly.
The Nature of addiction
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Addictus—a citizen of ancient Rome who had built up debts that could not be repaid and was therefore delivered by the courts into slavery under his creditor. There is some confusion about the terms ‘addiction’ and ‘dependence’. They are often used interchangeably, but addiction is more properly taken to refer to psychological dependence and drug-seeking behaviour as distinct from physical dependence (see below).
Conversing with Antiquity
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conversing with Antiquity collects, in a substantially revised and updated form, studies, by one of the leading scholars in the field, of the reception of the classics by English poets of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A new Introduction locates the book’s investigations within the context of current debates between aestheticians and cultural historians about the reception of classical culture. Where some recent studies have regarded English poets’ dealings with the classics as acts of ‘appropriation’, or even ‘colonialization’, David Hopkins emphasizes the element of dialogic give-and-take in the relationship between these poets and their classical peers. He argues that, rather than simply ‘updating’ or ‘assimilating’ the classics to their own cultural norms, poets such as Abraham Cowley, Lucy Hutchinson, Thomas Creech, John Milton, John Dryden, and Alexander Pope engaged in trans-historical conversation with Greek and Roman poets, in which self-discovery and self-transcendence were as important as any simple 'accommodation' of ancient texts to modern tastes.
Between brains, bodies and things: tectonoetic awareness and the extended self
Authors: Malafouris Lambros 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of human sense of self is arguably among the most fundamental issues of human becoming, yet it rarely occupies the focus of explicit archaeological treatment (e.g. Fowler 2003; Knappett 2005; Gamble 2007). Besides remaining a great philosophical puzzle (e.g. Shoemaker 1968; Dennett 1991; Neisser 1988; Metzinger 2003; Zahavi 2005; Humphrey 2007), the question of self, and its manifold developmental, neurophysiological and anthropological dimensions (Gazzaniga 1998; Gell 1998; Strathern 1988; Damasio 1999; Gallagher 2000a, 2005; Rochat 2001; Lewis 2003; Gillihan & Farah 2005), cannot be easily extrapolated from the archaeological record.
Social ontologies
Authors: Gosden Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuroscientists study the brain to throw light on human capabilities, sometimes glossed as mind. Archaeologists study objects to understand past human collectivities, sometimes glossed as society. Both mind and society are abstract entities, somewhat hard to bring into contact due to their ghostliness. Rather than now concentrating on these two ghosts, mind and society, both neuroscientists and archaeologists are emphasizing material aspects of the brain in its body on the one hand and the physical properties of objects as they affect the body on the other. The triangle of brain–body–world is the point at which neuroscience and archaeology meet.
Evolving intentions for social interaction: from entrainment to joint action
Authors: Knoblich Günther , Sebanz Natalie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans have an amazing ability to cooperate with one another to achieve things they cannot achieve alone. Almost every single action we perform is embedded in a long chain of events that involves hundreds, if not thousands, of interacting people. Think of the simple act of making coffee. The coffee maker had been designed by a team of engineers, assembled by a team of workers and delivered to a store through the workings of a logistics company before you went to buy it.
The Elizabethan Stage
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume IV of a reissue of the E. K. Chambers’s seminal four-volume account of the private, public, and court stages, together with other forms of drama and spectacle surviving from earlier times, from the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth until the death of Shakespeare. Haled in its day as a comprehensive compendium of ‘practically all the discoverable evidence upon the various parts of the subject, collected, weighed, sorted, classified and built up with immense care into a logical and beautiful structure’ (New Statesman), the work is still much consulted by by today’s scholars and historians. From the author’s Preface: ‘My First Book is devoted to a description, perhaps disproportionate, of the Elizabethan Court, and of the ramifications in pageant and progress, tilt and mask, of that instinct for spectacular mimesis, which the Renaissance inherited from the Middle Ages, and of which the drama is itself the most important manifestation. The Second Book gives an account of the settlement of the players in London, of their conflict, backed by the Court, with the tendencies of Puritanism, and of the place which they ultimately found in the monarchical polity. To the Third and Fourth belong the more pedestrian task of following in detail the fortunes of the individual playing companies and the individual theatres, with such fulness and the available records permit. The Fifth deals with the surviving plays, not in their literary aspect, which lies outside my plan, but as documents helping to throw light upon the history of the institution which produced them.’
Studies on the Italian Universities of the Renaissance: an Unpublished Work of Paul Oskar Kristeller
Authors: Grendler Paul F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Oskar Kristeller (1905–1999) wrote an introductory chapter for a projected book on Italian Renaissance universities, but he did not write the book and he never published the chapter. Kristeller had a strong interest in the history of Italian Renaissance universities. He probably began to gather information in the 1930s, and by the 1980s had filled eighty-three spiral notebooks (written on both sides of every page, usually in pencil) with information gleaned from a wide range of printed primary and secondary sources. He first lectured on Italian Renaissance universities to a faculty group at Connecticut College on 16 April 1942.
Humanism and Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Cambridge: Bodley MS 616
Authors: Andersson D C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are still far from having an accurate idea of the detail of Aristotelianism in early modern Oxford and Cambridge. It will perhaps be useful to take as a starting point the earliest vernacular text of natural philosophy. The manuscript is an eclectic work: it evinces a concern to accommodate Aristotelian thought to the Scriptures and, more occasionally, to elements of Platonic and Stoic thought. It does so, however, to a lesser extent than does its source, a near contemporary Latin treatise by a Spanish humanist. This accommodation of the tradition of revealed religion and Platonism is compared with, and distinguished from, the superficially similar approach taken by John Doget’s earlier Cambridge commentary on the Phaedo.
Unmediated amperometric enzyme electrodes
Authors: Wilson George s. , Thevenot Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the development of the enzyme-based sensor for glucose first described by Clark (1) in 1962, there has been an impressive proliferation of applications involving a wide variety of substrates. These applications have recently been extensively reviewed elsewhere (2-4). These applications involve enzymes which catalyse redox reactions whose rates are made proportional to the analyte (substrate) concentration. Typically the progress of the reaction is monitored by measuring the rate of formation of a product or the disappearance of a reactant. If the product or reactant is electroactive, then its concentration may be monitored directly. The enzymes catalysing these reactions are typically oxidoreductases, but hydrolytic enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase can also be used if they produce an electroactive species. Because the species usually involved are small molecules, they can be monitored amperometrically without the need for a mediator, hence sensors based on these reactions are called ‘unmediated amperometric enzyme electrodes’. The most common system by far involves the monitoring of the disappearance of oxygen or the appearance of hydrogen peroxide (2). Strictly speaking, a biosensor should be ‘reagentless’ meaning that no additional reagents need be added to make the sensor function. Oxygen is, of course, a reagent which is consumed in the reaction, but because it is usually already present in the sample, no reagent addition is required. A large number of enzymes use NAD+ or NADH as a cofactor, which must be added to the solution. Regeneration of the cofactor within the sensor has not proven easy to implement and its electrochemistry is also not straightforward. See Chapter 3 for further details on NADH electrochemistry.
Conducting organic salt electrodes
Authors: Bartlett P N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrical conductivity is not a property frequently associated with organic compounds. Consequently electrically conducting organic materials originally attracted attention simply because they were unusual. The conducting charge transfer salts, with which this chapter is concerned, were first studied in the mid 1950s. The early work concentrated, not surprisingly, on the physics of the conduction process and included much work on the temperature dependence of the conductivity and the relationship between the crystal structures and the conductivity.
Conductimetric and impedimetric devices
Authors: Kell Douglas B , Davey Christopher L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that (changes in) the electrical conductivity or impedance of a biological (or other) system may be used to sense biological activity goes back to the previous century (1). Notwithstanding, and despite many spectacular successes which include the discovery of the molecular thickness of biological membranes and the voltagegated conductivity of nerve axons, the generalized impedimetric approach (‘impedance or admittance spectroscopy’) remains astonishingly underexploited. Thus, Campbell and Dwek’s eponymous and otherwise excellent book, Biological Spectroscopy (2), does not even mention the technique. In the belief that this widespread lacuna is due to a general lack of appreciation of the relevant theory and terminology, we begin this chapter by a consideration of exactly what it is that is measured in an impedimetric experiment, and introduce the multifarious terminologies that many workers have applied to essentially the same phenomena. Given a proper appreciation of this, the practical approaches actually used, together with their pitfalls, follow naturally.
Non-organ-specific autoantibodies
Authors: Wallington T B , Gooi H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by immune react1V1ty towards selfcomponents; both autoantibodies and sensitized lymphocytes can be demonstrated but little is known about the significance of cell mediated mechanisms. The autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmune diseases are directed predominantly at particular target organs, e.g. thyroid, which are also the sites of immunopathology (although the clinical manifestations may be multisystem). Organ-specific autoantibodies are discussed in Chapter 7.
Three-dimensional reconstructions and analysis of the cable properties of neurons
Authors: Turner D A , Wheal H V , Stockley, E , Cole H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elegant dendrites of neurons in the central nervous system have both impressed and eluded investigators, particularly since the availability of Golgi stains for systematic visualization of neurons (1, 2). The many identified and potential purposes of dendrites, including increasing the surface area and extent for afferents and synaptic inputs, have been analysed in a number of ways. Thus, dendrites have been compared between cell classes, during development and during pathological alterations in neuronal structure. The analysis of dendrites has followed several different paths, depending on the analytic need. The methods currently include morphometry, or the analysis of dendritic extent in quantitative terms (1-4), camera lucida reconstructions for visualization (5-10) and partial or full three-dimensional reconstructions (11-14), for measurement of dendritic dimensions and extent outside of a single plane. These methods are progressively becoming more refined, particularly with computer-assisted reconstruction techniques (1-3, 15).
NMR Measurement of Cytoplasmic Free Calcium Concentration by Fluorine Labelled Indicators
Authors: Metcalfe James C , Smith Gerry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction A set of prototype indicators has been developed to measure by 19F NMR the free cytosolic concentration of Ca2+([Ca2+]i), Mg2+and Na+ and the cytosolic pH in cells using indicators labelled with fluorine (1, 2). Although the design and use of the Ca2+ indicators is described here, it is worth emphasizing that the co-loading of indicators for different cations has been demonstrated which allows simultaneous measurement of the free concentration of more than one cation (1). The indicators are designed on the same principle as the fluorescent indicators for cations which they are intended to complement. The 19FNMR indicators can be used in perfused tissues and organs where the use of fluorescent indicators is very restricted, whereas the fluorescent indicators can be used for single-cell measurements which are beyond the sensitivity of the 19F NMR indicators. Both types of indicator can be used in cell suspensions but for most studies of this kind the fluorescent indicators are easier to use. Eventually it is expected that the 19F NMR indicators will be applied to in vivo studies in the intact animal and be combined with spectroscopic imaging techniques which will provide [Ca2+]i measurements from precisely located regions within specific tissues. It is likely that localized measurements of [Ca2+]i and the free cytosolic concentration of other cations will be useful in both physiological and pathological studies.