bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iriformation and Authority in Samuel Sewall:S Boston, 1676-1729
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the newly married Samuel Sewall moved into his in-laws’ Boston home in 1676 he was entering a small but densely settled port town of some 1000 households, a community of about 6000 people.1 To Sewall, who had been born in England, raised in Newbury, Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard College, Boston was a cosmopolitan commercial center. No matter if the hogs that scavenged in the streets and the cows that grazed the common gave the town a farmyard flavor; Boston was the political and economic capital of the Massachusetts-Bay Colony, seat of the governor, legislature, and courts, as well as the principal entrepot of New England commerce. Boston’s shipping, which spanned the Atlantic and the Caribbean, together with its political role, made it the most highly developed information center in New England. According to Cotton Mather, Boston was the “Capital of North America.”2
Lawyers, Public Office, and Communication Patterns in Provincial Massachusetts: The Early Careers of Robert Treat Paine and John Adams, 1749-1774
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Continental Congress met at Philadelphia in 1774, nearly half its members were lawyers. Thirteen years later, the majority of delegates to the Constitutional Convention were lawyers. Thereafter, as the new government took shape, lawyers figured prominently in all its branches. Massachusetts, which had sent the lawyers Robert Treat Paine and John Adams to the first Continental Congress, increasingly turned to the law profession for representatives, so much so that during the first fifty years of the new government (1789-1839) nearly two thirds of Massachusetts’ congressional delegates were lawyers.1 In the early republic men trained in law were evidently highly regarded as public officials, not only as judges but especially as representatives. From a 20th-century perspective it may seem obvious that this should have been so. Nothing could be more rational than to put experts in charge of creating legislation, and no policy could be more prudent than to place specialists trained to understand those statutes in charge of their administration and enforcement. Yet such judgments presume a great deal, not only about lawyers but about their reputation for probity and faithfulness in pursuing the public interest. From the perspective of provincial Massachusetts the idea that lawyers should be entrusted with a preeminent role in public affairs was doubtful. This outcome resulted from the parts certain lawyers played within Massachusetts’ particular configuration of information networks-local and provincial, and networks within and between social ranks.
Communications and Comm,erce: !reformation Diffusion in .Northern Ports from the 1760s to the 1790s
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries observers have agreed that access to information in port towns was faster and more complete than in the countryside. As was evident in Samuel Sewall’s Boston, the commercial and political activity centered in ports created both the demand for developed information systems as well as the means: the frequent movement of people and goods. Indeed, as studies of information diffusion in the United States during the pre-electronic era have shown, urban centers, especially ports, dominated long-distance communications.1 Though gentlemen like William Byrd, Robert Carter, and Thomas Jefferson created islands of urbanity in rural Virginia, and though clergymen and lawyers developed techniques for staying informed in rural New England, port superiority over the countryside for the information associated with high culture, politics, and economic affairs has always been taken for granted, and justly so.
Daughters, Wives, Mothers: Domestic Roles and the Mastery of Affective !reformation, 1765-1865
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday, June 18, 1774, tutor Philip Fithian was startled by an episode at the Chesapeake mansion of his employer, Robert Carter.‘Squire Lee call’d in, & brought a late London News-Paper in which we are informed that another Act of Parliament has pass’d taking from the People of Boston all power of trying any Soldier, or Person ... for commiting any Crime; & obliging all such offenders to be sent home for legal Tryal. He informed uslikewise that last Saturday in Richmond (our neighbour County) the people drest & burnt with great marks of Detestation the infamous Lord North-Mrs. Carter, after the ‘Squire left us quite astonished me in the Course of the evening with her perfect acquaintance with the American Constitution.
Choosing One Fare: Northern Men in the 1840s
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time of William Bentley’s death at the end of 1819, the information systems that Americans employed had passed several critical milestones and what may be called the information revolution was well underway. Whereas printing centers had been confined to a handful of port and capital towns at Bentley’s birth in 1759, now they were scattered throughout the settled landscape and even the frontier. Numbers of newspapers had multiplied, from 17 to 518, and partly to facilitate the distribution of those newspapers and the exchange of information between them the new republic had created an extensive postal system that already reached into some 4500 counties and townships by 1820, and 13,500 by 1840. By this time improvements in transportation had speeded the movement of information dramatically, so that news which had required weeks to pass from one end of the nation to another in 1790, now moved in days.1 Secular oratory, often possessing political content, had been unknown in Bentley’s childhood, but now it had become routine, especially at Independence Day celebrations.
Dynamic Associations of Tick-borne Diseases Affecting Domestic Animal Health
Authors: Norval R Andrew I , Perry Brian D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter on the dynamic associations of tick-borne diseases affecting domestic animal health focuses on two African diseases, theileriosis, caused by Theileria parva, and heartwater (cowdriosis), caused by Cowdria ruminantium. The regulation of vector distribution and the relationship between vector distribution, the occurrence and abundance of wildlife hosts, and the distribution and epidemiology of the diseases are examined. The impact on the epidemiology of theileriosis, of the seasonal occurrence of the vectors, and the effects on the epidemiology of heart water of an aggregation-attachment pheromone produced by the vectors are discussed.
Union Commitment
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just why individuals would choose to be loyal to a labor union is a question that has captured the attention of unionists, management, social theorists, and academics, often for very different reasons. Union stewards and officials express an interest in members’ commitment to the union because their ability to bargain collectively with management from a position of strength depends heavily on the loyalty of their membership. Thus, a knowledge of union commitment is of some practical benefit. As Gordon et al. (1980) note:
Since the ability of union locals to attain their goals is generally based on the members’ loyalty, belief in the objectives of organized labor, and willingness to perform service voluntarily, commitment is part of the very fabric of unions (p. 480).
Effects of Unions on Organizational Behavior
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the resurgence of research interest in industrial relations (Brett & Hammer, 1982; Lewin & Feuille, 1982) has come numerous calls for organizational psychologists to become involved in the study of unions (e.g., Barling, 1988; Fullagar, 1984; Gordon & Burt, 1981; Gordon & Nurick, 1984; Rosen & Stagner, 1981). As the rest of this book will attest, such involvement has largely consisted of applying the theory and constructs of organizational psychology to features of the industrial relations system. The preceding chapters emphasize one side of the psychological contract between the union and its members, namely how the union can benefit from the behaviors and attitudes of its members. In this chapter we document the other side of the contract, namely, what the consequences of union membership are for the individual member.
Once individuals have joined unions and been socialized into their member­ ship roles, the union must focus on creating work conditions and collective bargaining outcomes that will facilitate greater commitment to, and participation in, union activities.
An Overview of Population and Health
Authors: Young T Kue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major task of epidemiology is the measurement of health in a population. There are, however, many definitions of health. Nearest to a universally accepted definition is the much-quoted World Health Organization (WHO) definition, which first appeared in the preamble to its charter in 1948. This definition emphasizes that health is not just the absence of disease, but something much broader: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. While grand in rhetoric, this definition is difficult to “operationalize” in health research or health care delivery. Nevertheless, it serves to emphasize the “positive”‘ aspects of health, away from the traditional preoccupation with death, disease, and disability.
Brewsters
Authors: Bennett Judith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in February each year, magistrates in many English towns come together in what are informally known as “brewster sessions.” In these meetings, they supervise the trade in alcoholic beverages-not only ales and beers, but also wines, spirits, and other intoxicating liquors. They renew licenses for selling such drink, permit transfers of licenses between holders, grant new licenses, and even bestow occasional permissions for special occasions. In most jurisdictions, for example in the brewster sessions of Lewes, magistrates customarily hear a report from the licensing inspector. Within living memory, large numbers of licensees would come to hear this report and responses to it, ending the day with a celebratory dinner in a local public house.1Except for brewster sessions, the word brewster has virtually disappeared from contemporary English. With brewster has disappeared a history that this book seeks to recover, a history of women in brewing. Brewster once had a clear and unequivocal meaning: a female brewer. In the fourteenth century, when women did most of the brewing in most places, their presence was signified in the various languages of the time: braciatrices and pandoxatrices in Latin texts, braceresses in Anglo-Norman, and brewsters in the English that was being used with more and more frequency.
No Desperate Hero: Manhood and Freedom in a Union Soldier’s Experience
Authors: Blight David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the First World War as his model, Paul Fussell wrote that “every war is ironic because every war is worse than expected.” As national calamity and as individual experience, certainly this was the case with the American Civil War. That slavery could be abolished only by such wholesale slaughter, and that national unity could be preserved only through such fratricidal conflict provide some of the most tragic ironies of American history. On a grand scale, such ironies are easily summarized, but as Fussell observes, all “great” wars consist of thousands of “smaller constituent” stories, which are themselves full of “ironic actions.” One of those stories is recorded in the more than two hundred Civil War letters of Charles Harvey Brewster of Northampton, Massachusetts. As Bell Wiley first observed in the 1940s and 1950s, the letters of Civil War soldiers are an extraordinary source for the social history of nineteenth-century America. Brewster’s single cache of letters illuminates a remarkable range of attitudes and experience of an ordinary American man caught up not only in the sweeping events of the war but also in the values of his age and the challenge of his own self-development.
Women and Guerrilla Warfare
Authors: Fellman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through its special quality of erasing many of the crucial distinctions between soldiers and civilians, guerrilla warfare during the Civil War blurred gender boundaries and gender decorum in often horrifying ways. In Missouri, which saw the most intense guerrilla fighting of the war, where pro-Confederate guerrillas roamed far behind Union lines, and where Union guerrilla hunters behaved just as abysmally as their enemies, women from both camps often became both victims and participants in the heart of the conflict. Amid the pillage, burning, and slaughter, such warfare also spawned a gender risis. In both attitudes and actions, women and men frequently violated peacetime moral boundaries, which they had to revise drastically in order to survive; men and women alike also clung desperately to shreds of their prewar values—based on the sanctity of Christian forbearance, honor, and private property—in order to prevent themselves from collapsing, in their most intimate relationships and in their self-conceptions, from acceptable humanity into amoral monstrosity.
Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect
Authors: Davidson Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distinction between the potential intellect and the active intellect was first drawn by Aristotle. Medieval Islamic, Jewish, Christian philosophers, and European philosophers in the sixteenth century considered it a possible key to deciphering the nature of man and the universe. In this book, Herbert Davidson examines the treatment of intellect in Alfarabi (d. 950), Avicenna (980–1037) and Averroes (1126–1198), with particular attention to the way in which they addressed the tangle of issues that grew up around the active intellect.
Hantaan (Korean Hemorrhagic Fever) and Related Rodent Zoonoses
Authors: Leduc James W , Childs J E , Glass, G E , Watson A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human disease due to hantaviral infections first came to the attention of western medicine during the Korean Conflict, when a mysterious “ new” disease, Korean hemorrhagic fever, was seen among the United Nations forces. Over 2,000 U.S. troops were infected, and many deaths occurred (Earle, 1954). In spite of intense investigations by some of the most prominent medical scientists of the era, the causative agent could not be identified, and it wasn’ t until 1976, just over a decade ago, that the etiologic agent was finally discovered.
Filoviruses
Authors: Peters C J , Johnson E D , Jahrling P B , Ksiazek T G , Rollin P E , White J , Hall W , Trotter, R , Jaax N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The viral family known as the Filoviridae is unique among animal virus families: we understand virtually nothing about the natural history and maintenance strategies of any member of the family, yet Marburg and Ebola viruses are highly pathogenic for man and are capable of epidemic transmission (Table 15.1). Surely they are a fitting subject for a book on emerging viruses. Filoviruses first came to medical attention in 1967 when a lethal epidemic of viral hemorrhagic fever occurring in Marburg, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG); Frankfurt, FRG; and Belgrade, Yugosla via (Serbia), was traced to a shipment of vervet or African green monkeys imported from Uganda (Martini and Siegert, 1971; Siegert, 1972). The causative agent was cultivated from the blood of sick humans and, as customary for arboviruses and other zoonotic vi ruses, was named Marburg virus after the site where the viral samples were obtained. The bizarre morphology of the virion, as well as its virulence and potential for human to human transmission, caught the imagination of virologists. Although there was some superficial similarity to rhabdoviruses (particularly plant rhabdoviruses), most scientists remained unconvinced that Marburg virus was just another rhabdovirus. Eventually, Marburg virus became the first member of the filovirus family (Kiley et al., 1982).
Global Change and Epidemiology: Nasty Synergies
Authors: Lovejoy Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first 3 months of 1989, seven U.S. senators, in two groups, spent the night out in the Amazon jungle swinging in hammocks. One of the group, a certain distinguished senator from Pennsylvania slept very well indeed, judging from the noises he emitted during the night. The next morning, he explained to some of his compan ions, who did not sleep so well as a result, that he was not snoring but was communicating with the howler monkeys. Were he writing this chapter I am sure he would assert that he hadl been studying yellow fever in the sylvan cycle.
Gender Dilemmas in Sexual Harassment Policies and Procedures
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual Harassment—unwanted sexually oriented behavior in a work context—is the most recent form of victimization of women, following rape and wife abuse, to be redefined from a personal to a social problem. A sizable proportion of women surveyed in a wide variety of work settings report being subject to unwanted sexual attention, sexual comments or jokes, or offensive touching as well as attempts to coerce compliance with or punish rejection of sexual advances. In 1980, the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board conducted the first comprehensive national survey of sexual harassment among federal employees; about four out of ten of the 10,648 women surveyed reported having been the target of sexual harassment during the previous twenty-four months. Updates of this survey found that the frequency of harassment in 1988 and 1994 was almost identical to that reported earlier: 42 percent of women surveyed in 1988 and 44 percent of women in 1994 reported that they had experienced some form of unwanted and uninvited sexual attention compared to 42 percent in 1980.
Low-Paying Jobs for Women
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s Studies Entered The courtroom in the 1986 case of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Sears, Roebuck and Company. The Economic Opportunity Commission (EEOC) accused Sears of sex discrimination by channeling female workers into salaried sales jobs that paid less and were less prestigious than those that included a commission as part of compensation. Sears did not dispute the lack of women in commission sales jobs but denied that the disparity was due to discriminatory practices. Sears argued that the kinds of jobs that included commissions involved traditionally male products, such as automotive supplies, plumbing, and furnaces, and often required evening or weekend work schedules. According to Sears, women lacked interest in these kinds of jobs. To the consternation of many, scholars of women’s history testified on both sides of the case, using historical information to interpret the statistical disparities in Sears’s workforce in sharply contrasting ways.
Introduction: The Significance Of The Jazz Controversy For Twenties America
Authors: Ogren Kathy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American class and ethnic tensions had already been unleashed by wartime jingoism, which culminated in the Palmer Raids and Red Scare of 1917—20. America’s civil liberties record was permanently scarred when nonconformists were harassed, and in some cases deported, on the bases of ethnic background or political conviction. American leftists and radicals found their organizations on the defensive following the political repression at home, despite the fact that 900,000 Americans voted for Socialist party candidate Eugene Debs in 1920. Similarly, American labor began the decade with a wave of strike activity-including the Seattle General Strike in support of the Russian evolution in 1918—but by the end of the 1920s, labor union membership fell from about 5 million in 1921 to less than 3.5 million in 1929. Returning veterans joined the ranks of the unemployed as demobilization slowed down the economy immediately following the war. American race relations exploded in a series of urban riots stretching from East St. Louis in July 1917 through Charleston, S.C., Longview, Texas, Washington, D.C., and Chicago, in the “Red Summer” of 1919. In all cases, racial violence was fueled by the competition for jobs between returning war veterans and black workers who had replaced them during the war.
Death of Sher Afgan and Marriage to Jahangir
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jahangir came to the throne in 1605. The struggle that put him there, however, had brought the empire deep divisions, repressed hostilities, and large numbers of Hindu and Muslim partisans dead. As Akbar had grown more enfeebled and weak, and as all of his sons had shown signs of severe dissipation from wine and opium, concern had arisen as to who would inherit the Mughal throne. Two of Akbar’s sons, Murad (d. 1599)+ and Daniyal (d. 1604), were dead or dying of alcohol abuse and his eldest son, Salim, was showing signs of a similar affliction. Afraid that a power vacuum would result, efforts had begun sometime in 1603 among certain factions of the nobility to consolidate support for the accession of Salim’s own eldest son, Khusrau, in the event of the emperor’s death. Although Salim himself would have been the likely heir, in his impatience to rule (he was thirty-six when he eventually became emperor) he had alienated most of the nobles at court and, through unpredictable displays of violent temper, religious intolerance, and general inebriated frenzy, had undermined any popular appeal he might have had.
“The World Conqueror”
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ease with which Nur Jahan took control was as much a function of the personality of Jahangir as it was of her own clear sight and charisma. The man she married as her second husband, and with whom she spent more than a third of her adult life as consort, was an odd mix of traits often much at war. It has become commonplace to say that Jahangir had contradictory elements within his personality, that he was as Terry noted above both barbarously cruel and exceedingly fair and gentle, weak and yet amiable, and as given to scrupulous, severe, and exact behavior as he was to caprice and whim. Modern scholars, too, generally characterize Jahangir as a man of contrasts saying, for example, that he was a “strange mix of savagry and kindness,” a not altogether harmonious blend of whimsical temperamentalness and sympathy, or of intolerance and understanding. While the view that Jahangir was a man plagued by inconsistency is fair—great cruelty and random punishment did alternate with a love of justice and odd affections—these inconsistencies masked another, greater vision. The world peculiar to Jahangir grew, apparently, from a perspective that was clear and satisfying and that seemed, internally at least, to be as reasonable and coherent as any of those held otherwise.
Arts and Architecture of Nur Jahan
Authors: Findly Ellison Banks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to now, our perception of Nur Jahan has been filtered through the eyes of others. With her artistic achievements, however, we are able in a manner unlike any other to touch her personality unrefined by secondary receivers. In the architecture she designed and patronized and in the gardens she laid out, for example, we are as near as we will ever be to her own voice and vision. Many noblewomen of Nur Jahan’s era had both the time and money to invest in the arts, as well as the technical advice and personal authority with which to plan and carry out their own projects. Of these women, those of the Jahangiri generation were certainly among the most prolific, and of these, it was Nur Jahan who made the contributions best known to history.