bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rehabilitation Team Dynamics
Authors: Markley Emily , Grenoble Ruth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the makeup and interactions of the experts who are in a typical rehabilitation team. Teams may include certain rehabilitation-focused disciplines, although roles and responsibilities may be setting-specific. Common challenges within a rehabilitation team setting include communication style differences, variety in value systems, patient misconceptions around team leadership structure, misconceptions around overlapping competencies, and team misalignment. Motivational interviewing (MI) helps navigate these challenges. Partnership, acceptance, compassion, and empowerment are all foundational aspects of MI spirit that can support teams. The MI spirit and MI skills, including open-ended questions, affirmations, reflections, and summaries, are illustrated in two team case examples. Working within an interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary team allows for patients to receive comprehensive expert care across multiple disciplines. When individual team members use MI with colleagues, the team will be able to deliver the highest-quality patient-centered care.
Substance Use
Authors: Choflet Amanda , Rikard Jennifer 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Substance abuse or risky substance use can pose barriers to patient engagement in rehabilitation and functional improvements. This chapter discusses barriers to assessing and treating substance abuse or risky substance use in rehabilitation and describes the use of Motivational Interviewing as a helpful approach. Provider, patient, and system barriers are reviewed. Motivational interviewing (MI) was first described as a treatment approach as a result of unexpected positive outcomes in patients with substance use issues. This chapter describes how MI and screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment approaches can be used to address these barriers to substance use assessment and treatment. It uses two case examples which demonstrate rehabilitation professionals using MI spirit and skills in this context.
Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Jacocks Connie , Mascareñas Wendling Kristen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the rationale for use of motivational interviewing (MI) with individuals with cognitive impairment in the rehabilitation setting, including adaptations of the MI spirit and skills to meet the needs of this specific population. Cognitive impairments (speed of processing, attention, memory, language skills, visuospatial processing, executive functions) and neurobehavioral challenges (impulsivity, agitation, apathy, reduced insight and awareness) are prevalent in rehabilitation settings and affect engagement in rehabilitation and treatment, as well as psychosocial outcomes and community reintegration. A clinician can more effectively work with these patients by using MI-consistent strategies for self-monitoring and infusing the interaction with the MI spirit in order to promote optimal patient outcomes. Cognitive strategies can be useful to help convey MI concepts and guide intervention such as visual/written supports, repetition/review, and simplification of content. Case examples are presented with reflection/discussion questions to aid in learning and understanding of this topic.
Biophysical models of the membrane potential and ionic currents
Authors: Destexhe Alain , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter focuses on biophysical models of the membrane potential and ionic currents. It elaborates on the experimental basis for how ion channels establish membrane excitability. Hodgkin-Huxley models of ion channels and Markov kinetic models are types of kinetic equations concerning modelling macroscopic ionic currents from large populations of ion channels. Both types of models belong to the general family of kinetic models for which state diagrams represent the transitions between different states of the ion channel. The Hodgkin-Huxley model captures the essential features of many macroscopic currents in neurons and is used to model the currents found in thalamic and cortical neurons. Meanwhile, Markov models precisely describe the modelling of single channels.
Building a New Economy
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Building a New Economy is about coordinated public and private sector attempts to navigate Japan out of deflation through digital and green transformation (DX and GX), along a path which avoids Big Tech market oligopoly on the one hand, and an overbearing state on the other. Focusing on the years since 2015, it examines a series of mission-oriented reforms, from Society 5.0 and Green Growth Strategy to ‘new form of capitalism’ and ‘rebuilding the middle class’, encompassing both innovation and governance, and firm-level and policy-level insights. It describes the revival of the adaptive developmental state, and DX and GX which recombine parts of the postwar economic model with new institutional features addressing contemporary challenges, which include demographic shrinkage and ageing, external energy dependence and geopolitical turbulence, and the legacies of Japan’s ‘lost decades’. The book builds on an evolutionary framework of states-and-markets, organizations-and-technology, and institutional change. The reforms are not always institutionally coherent, in fact three clusters or ‘spirits’ of contemporary Japanese capitalism are identified, which pull in different directions, but can also be seen as a means of overcoming institutional stasis through ‘controlled dis-equilibrium’. Similar tensions can be seen in the innovation system. The cautiously optimistic book looks beyond ‘lost decades’ pessimism and deflation-countering Abenomics to how Japanese economic and policy actors are re-orienting the economy around contemporary and future innovation and institutional challenges.
Changes in Retirement Savings during the COVID Pandemic
Authors: Derby Elena , Goodman Lucas , Mackie Kathleen , Mortenson Jacob 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe chapter documents changes in retirement saving patterns and measures retirement savings contributions and withdrawals at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, using a large panel of US tax data, including tens of millions of person-year observations. It finds several important changes in retirement savings patterns during the pandemic relative to prior years, and compares these results to changes in savings patterns during the Great Recession. Results show that, unlike during the Great Recession, individuals’ contributions to retirement savings vehicles did not meaningfully decline. Additionally, driven by the suspension of required minimum distribution rules, individual retirement account (IRA) withdrawals substantially declined in 2020 for those older than age 72. Finally, likely due to the partial suspension of the early withdrawal penalty, employer-plan withdrawals increased for those under age 60.
Judaism and Migration
Authors: Ben-Nun Gilad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Judaism’s dualistic approach towards migration and diaspora. As a people whose embrace of monotheism gradually took form some three millennia ago, Jewish identity has been inextricably linked to the migration. In turn, Judaism also formulated some of the earliest conceptions later adopted more broadly in migration studies’ vocabulary. Pursuant to their repeated traumas of persecution and exile, Jews also emerged as the social group that initially experienced state -hospitality, minority protections, and refugee rights—concepts that they later helped to universalize under modern international law. The re-emergence of Jewish sovereignty in Israel, since 1948, has also been associated with migration, albeit one which has intertwined with the forced uprooting of Palestinians from that same land. The chapter concludes with a retrospective view of Judah Halevi’s medieval vision of Judaism’s dualistic relation to migration, and the perennial duality in Judaism’s approaches towards the settlement of Jews in their native land of Israel, as opposed to their significant continued presence abroad.
The Evolution of Tourism since the 19th Century
Authors: James Kevin J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the evolution of tourism from the 19th-century expansion of ‘leisure’ time and the subsequent establishment of modern tourism structures and novel actors in the industrializing countries of the UK, Western Europe, and the United States, to the sector’s global expansion during the 20th and early 21st centuries. It highlights, on the one hand, the various factors driving change, notably the development of transport technologies, while stressing the persistence and adaptability of certain crucial actors, most notably the travel agent, and certain ways of travelling, such as the earlier Grand Tour, which have engendered more recent versions of similarly ‘curated’ and personalized travel. It also points to the development of a largely association-based governance system, which reached the international level after World War II. The chapter begins with an overview of debates in the relevant literature about the nature of the ‘industry’ and whether tourism warrants the use of this term, which is questioned by the more critical scholarship, although it remains common among applied researchers and promoters of tourism trying to stress its economic importance.
Algorithmic Text Analysis
Authors: Gross Justin , Nestor Dana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Algorithmic analysis of “text as data” has proliferated throughout academic research over the past decade, offering the opportunity to examine ever-larger and more diverse collections of documents, address more complex issues, and incorporate underrepresented voices into social science inquiry. Drawing from a new survey of twelve top political science journals, this chapter discusses how current methods address a multitude of questions—pointing to what their structural assumptions and fundamental characteristics imply about their insight into latent constructs and meanings. Particular consideration is paid to the mismatch between the objective orientation of computational methods and subjective nature of social scientists’ contextual, situated inquiry. Finally, the chapter looks into areas of potential expansion that would allow these algorithmic methods to enhance concept and discourse analysis, further advancing an interpretive and inclusive understanding of political communication.
Income Inequality and Government’s Attention to Racial and Ethnic Minority Policies
Authors: Mackey Amber , Gillion Daniel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As the boundaries for racial and ethnic groups are contested and dynamic, it is critical that scholars pay attention to the measurements and methodologies deployed in this research. Overreliance on a few measurements or methods can easily mask disparate inequalities across racial groups. Without an adequate diversity of methods, many critical questions about racial groups and racial policies would be labeled as “unanswerable” and many inequalities would remain understudied. This chapter seeks to acknowledge some of the pitfalls concerning methods and measurement when researching racial inequalities. After examining the shortcomings of the past, the chapter discusses several ways to improve our measurements. This chapter does not seek to argue that some approaches are superior to others, but rather it argues that a plurality of measurements and methodological approaches will strengthen political science research on racial groups and racial policies.
“Insiders” and “Outsiders” in Field Research
Authors: Schwartz-Shea Peregrine , Yanow Dvora 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Claims to knowledge rest on epistemological presuppositions concerning the “know-ability” of what is being studied, together with ontological ones concerning its reality status. Intertwined with those presuppositions are assumptions about the import of researchers’ physical proximity to and emotional entanglement with the researched for generating knowledge. Three pairs of terms capture these ideas: emic/etic, experience-near/experience-distant, insider/outsider. A classically positivist methodological formulation posits distance as an epistemological advantage, enabling objectivity, and nearness as potentially fostering subjective bias. Interpretivist methodological understandings challenge this formulation, appreciating what researcher distance and nearness can each contribute to knowledge generation. Yet interpretations of each of the pairs often mislead in what they convey about knowledge generation during fieldwork. The ideas that inform them and the work each pair does with respect to knowledge generation are analyzed. Additional attention to the insider/outsider pair in field-based team research reveals particular dangers of reifying presumed knowledge.
Open Innovation in Large Companies
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Open Innovation (OI) was initially explored in large companies. It was examined as an alternative to internal R&D, such that internal research would have different paths to market (inside-out OI) and business units would have different sources of innovation inputs (outside-in OI). In the past 20 years, though, the innovation models inside large companies have evolved, where engagement with startup companies, universities, and accelerators has become more pronounced. This chapter describes the state of Open Innovation processes in large companies today, and outlines some of the challenges that large companies face in using open innovation. The chapter concludes that there can be no single set of “best practices” for Open Innovation in large companies.
Open Innovation Theories
Authors: Sun Yao , Majchrzak Ann , Malhotra Arvind 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews open innovation theories from the perspectives of collaboration dynamics, socio-technical affordances, and governance approaches. The theories suggest that successful open innovation results from the online crowd’s stigmergic self-organization, robust action, and coopetition. Socio-technical systems afford successful open innovation through supporting knowledge collaging, knowledge interlacing, and purposeful deliberating. Accordingly, research on open innovation is evolving from focusing on solving constrained problems with traditional distant search to studying large-scale crowd-based collective knowledge sharing and co-creation to tackle grand challenges that are broadly defined and of ample scope. Implications for future open innovation research on managerial actions that maximize the novelty and implementability of crowd-generated solutions as well as on crowds’ cognitive and behavioral variations are discussed.
The Soteriologies of Buddhist Tantrism
Authors: Sinclair Iain 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Tantric Buddhist practices, often regarded as transgressive or liminal, diverge from the sedate ways of the monastic establishment and the bodhisattva ideal of selfless altruism. The reconciliation of these quite different paths to enlightenment is one of the landmark intellectual projects of late Buddhism. Tantrism was conceived as a way (naya) or vehicle (yāna) leading to awakening that could be followed alongside monastic or bodhisattva religiosity in spite of its antinomian tendencies. The eradication of conceptuality (vikalpa) is one common goal that was especially suited to tantric methods, although views differed on the compatibility of these methods with Buddhist norms. The soteriology of Buddhist tantrism was developed over generations by members of the monastic community, such as Śāntarakṣita and deutero-Āryadeva; by non-monastic yogīs such as Indrabhūti and Padmavajra; and by adepts who had practised both monasticism and tantrism, such as Jñānapāda, Atiśa and Advayavajra.
Mary Shepherd
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Addressing issues of causation raised by Hume, Lady Mary Shepherd (1777–1847) argues in her 1824 treatise that we can know causal principles through reason and that conclusions we reach through induction are secure. Her second book (1827) uses her account of causation to argue, against Berkeley, that we can know that enduring, independently existing, external objects exist. In both stages of her project, Shepherd uses mathematical analogies to illuminate her arguments. In particular, Shepherd maintains that cause and effect are not simultaneous but synchronous and that causal relationships can be expressed by equations; in her argument to establish the existence of the external world, she says that our sensations are like “algebraic signs, by which we can compute and know the proportions of their qualities” and thereby understand objects in the external world. This chapter explores Shepherd’s arguments through a close examination of these mathematical analogies.
Piercing the Body in Mesoamerica
Authors: Testard Juliette , Olivier Guilhem , Pereira Grégory , Padilla Gutiérrez Eliseo F. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In ancient Mesoamerica, body piercing was used to display individual and collective identity. Closely linked to the use of facial ornaments, the act of piercing also seems to have been related to important rites de passages and to the notions of sacrifice and self-sacrifice, essential elements in in the ritual and sociopolitical Mesoamerican ontology. Thanks to archaeological, iconographic, and historical data, it is now possible to appreciate the meanings these practices had in ancient societies. The variety of nasal ornaments, ear ornaments, and labret is explored through their materiality and the contexts in which they have been found. Representation in anthropomorphic iconography (figurines, sculptures, codex) will allow to approach the relative identity of the facial ornament wearer (gender, ethnicity, and status). Moreover, later historical sources inform piercing ion their meanings and the contexts in which they were performed. Piercing in Mesoamerica appears as a robust social and cultural marker, conveying complex alterities.
The “AI Wave” in Space Operations
Authors: Raska Michael , Davis Malcolm 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter reviews why and how the diffusion of AI enabled systems and technologies accelerates the development of space capabilities, which in turn shape the fighting ability of modern military forces to use autonomous systems and engage in joint and integrated operations across multiple domains. Our reliance on networks of sensors and shooters, provided by AI-enabled mega-constellations of small satellites, to rapidly assess and understand the future battlespace, and generate rapid connectivity, together with faster machine-enhanced battlespace management and command and control, lies at the heart of the emerging “AI wave” in space operations.
Using Community Archaeology to Protect Indigenous Wells and Pastoral Biocultural Heritage in Northern Kenya
Authors: M'Mbogori Freda Nkirote , Abduba Katello , Gufu Ali , Gakii Kinyua Mercy , Tiki Waktole , Lane Paul J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines how community archaeology research on cultural and biocultural heritage can empower communities to engage constructively with governments, companies, academics, and nongovernmental organizations. It presents the results of recent research conducted with pastoralist communities in northern Kenya. It examines how knowledge about biocultural heritage is used, maintained, and passed down through generations, and how this mechanism has helped in sustaining culturally valuable resources for centuries. This knowledge was co-produced with various pastoralist groups inhabiting the study area and involved a combination of archaeological survey and excavation, collection of oral histories, mapping of heritage sites using handheld GPS receivers and remote sensing, and stakeholder meetings to discuss how to mobilize the knowledge produced. The data presented here are derived from this collaborative research project involving archaeologists, anthropologists, historians, pastoralist communities and community-based organizations from the study areas, with a particular emphasis on knowledge coproduction from the inception of the project to the end.
Indigenous Archaeology Revisited
Authors: Watkins Joe 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the key concepts and relevance of Indigenous Archaeology. The definition of Indigenous Archaeology changed over time, before ultimately settling on the definition of archaeology with, for, and by Indigenous peoples. Some people view Indigenous Archaeology as a contribution to furthering tribal perspectives on the way the Indigenous past is represented within Archaeology and the way it might be beneficial to Indigenous Identity. The chapter then looks into the interplay of Indigenous Archaeology with repatriation and decolonization, respectively. It considers the concepts of outsider involvement in archaeology as an alternative approach while referencing community-based participatory research.
Squirrels and Tribes
Authors: Chetia Hiranmoy , Krishna Murali C. , Koprowski John L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter contributes to both archaeological and ethnozoological research by describing the knowledge system of squirrel species use and the connection between squirrel species and the cultural beliefs of the tribes. The study, carried out from December 2018 to November 2019, aimed to document the utilization of squirrel species for various purposes by the Adi, Idu Mishmi, Miju Mishmi, Tangsa, Chakma, and Monpa tribes living near villages adjacent to protected areas in the districts of East Siang, Lower Dibang Valley, Dibang Valley, Lohit, Changlang, and West Kameng of Arunachal Pradesh, India. The study found that eleven squirrel species are used by these tribes for cultural, food, and medicinal purposes. The chapter details the various tools and techniques used by the tribes to hunt squirrels and their use of certain squirrel species as part of their traditional culture, including their names in English, the vernacular, and Latin.
Historical Ecology and the Archaeology of Islands and Coastlines
Authors: Rick Torben C. , Hofman Courtney A. , Mychajliw Alexis M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Historical ecology is the study of interactions between people, other organisms, and ecosystems in the past and how these perspectives can help understand present and future environmental conditions. Sitting at the interface of terrestrial and marine ecosystems, island and coastal regions are centers of biological diversity and have long been a focus of archaeological research. Island and coastal archaeology are deeply intertwined with historical ecology, often providing applications to conservation biology and restoration ecology. These include numerous interdisciplinary projects using diverse methodological toolkits to document long-term trends in species evaluations and reintroduction, invasions and translocations, landscape ecology and restoration, and climate change. In this time of dramatic environmental change and rapidly increasing human dominance of Earth’s ecosystems, archaeology and historical ecology are now more important than ever to bridge the gap between past ecosystem function and structure, present-day environmental challenges, collaboration with descendant and other stakeholder communities, and the persistence of biodiversity and human society in the future.