bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
II. RENAL THRESHOLD FOR HEMOGLOBIN IN DOGS UNINFLUENCED BY MERCURY POISONING
Authors: Havill William H. , Lichty John A. , Taylor Gordon B. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

The minimal or depression renal threshold for dog hemoglobin is not modified by moderate doses of mercuric chloride.
This type of renal injury involves the epithelium of the convoluted tubules but the glomeruli escape.
We are unable to explain our findings if we assume that the tubular epithelium takes an active part in the passage of dog hemoglobin from the blood into the urine.
The evidence points toward the glomerular tuft as responsible for the passage of the hemoglobin from the blood plasma into the tubules. The glomerular tuft establishes the true hemoglobin threshold under these conditions.
If the convoluted tubules are normal, we note that hemoglobin is taken into the epithelium and this explains the high initial renal threshold.
With repeated hemoglobin injections this tubular epithelium becomes stuffed with hemoglobin pigment fractions and can absorb no more, which explains the minimal or depression threshold. Further injury of this tubular epithelium with mercury causes no change in this minimal renal threshold, unless we produce actual tubular obstruction.
THE EFFECT OF ANTITESTICULAR SERUM ON THE ENHANCEMENT VALUE OF TESTICLE EXTRACT
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported here show that the infection-enhancing factor of testicle extract is neutralized in vitro by an antiserum against homologous testicle extract. An antiserum developed against a testicle extract of one species does not influence the enhancing and spreading factor of the extract from another species. Rabbits immunized against testicle extract do not exhibit any alteration in the spreading or enhancing effect of extracts employed later, even when the testicle extract used is from the same species as that employed for the immunization.
Whether the in vitro inactivation of the active factor is a specific neutralization, or is the result of adsorption of the factor on the flocculate formed, has not been definitely determined. The fact that there is no neutralization in vivo, and that the antiserum acts only on extracts from the same species, when definite flocculation takes place, tends to emphasize the probability that the neutralization is not a direct one, but is incidental to the flocculation mentioned.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Following repeated intracutaneous injections of heat-killed S or R pneumococci, rabbits acquire an increased skin reactivity to the nucleoprotein of both Pneumococcus and indifferent Streptococcus.
2. Rabbits acquire a skin reactivity to the proteins of both the organisms mentioned after receiving intracutaneous injections of heat-killed indifferent streptococci.
3. Injections of pneumococci into the skin are followed in some rabbits by an eye sensitivity to pneumococcus protein but not to streptococcus protein nor to suspensions of either living organism.
4. Injections of indifferent streptococci into the skin are followed, in some rabbits, by an eye sensitivity to suspensions of live indifferent Streptococcus, but not to R Pneumococcus or to the nucleoprotein of either organism. Measured in terms of bacterial specificity therefore, the eye sensitivity possesses a specificity which is not shared by the skin sensitivity.
5. The sera of rabbits injected intracutaneously with pneumococci or indifferent streptococci contain agglutinins for both R Pneurnococcus and indifferent Streptococcus.
6. Only those animals injected with pneumococci acquire resistance to pneumococcal infection.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE LUNGS OF RATS LIVING UNDER COMPRESSED AIR CONDITIONS
Authors: Smith F. J. C. , Bennett Granville A. , Heim J. W. , Thomson R. M. , Drinker C. K. 
Published: June 2004

1. The alveolar cells in the lungs of young rats are greater in number and size than in old rats, a gradual transition to the state in the latter occurring from about the 4th to the 6th months of life.
2. On prolonged exposure to an environment having an 83.6 per cent oxygen tension, the cellularity of the alveoli is increased in both young and old animals, so that after 2 to 3 weeks it is impossible to distinguish them by morphological differences. Numerous mitotic figures are present in the alveolar cells. This hyperplasia and hypertrophy is a change which persists for months after the rats return to normal air.
3. Young rats do not develop the symptoms of acute oxygen poisoning, although some perivascular edema and dilatation of the lymphatics results on the 4th day of exposure, when intense acute pulmonary edema is present in old rats.
4. The mortality of acute oxygen poisoning is directly proportional to the age of the animals, although the majority of rats under 6 months of age survive this state and continue in apparent good health for as long as 72 days. All deaths during the acute stage in an 83.6 per cent oxygen tension occur on the 4th day of exposure.
5. After 1 month of exposure lesions are to be seen in the small arterioles of the lungs, consisting of a thickening and hyalinization of the walls with ultimate thrombosis of many. These vascular changes are identical with those seen in the arterioles of the kidney in chronic vascular nephritis.
6. Around the 45th day of exposure the large pulmonary arteries contain lesions in the media. The walls become loose meshed, thickened, and hyalinized, and hyaline cartilage formation is associated with these changes.
7. Reexposure of animals following an interval of 40 days in normal air subsequent to the first exposure of 72 days, does not produce any clinical or pathological changes. An adaptation to this toxic oxygen tension is produced during the first exposure, so that oxygen poisoning does not occur on second exposure. The increased cellularity of the alveolar walls persists.
8. The similarity in the morphological structure of the alveoli in young rats and in previously exposed old rats has a definite relationship to the adaptation that occurs to an oxygen tension of 83.6 per cent, preventing the development of acute oxygen poisoning on reexposure.
THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN SO CALLED ABORTIVE TYPES OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask J. D. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported which describe the isolation of poliomyelitis virus from the throats of two patients during an attack of so called abortive poliomyelitis (Wickman type), or what we have termed characteristic minor illnesses in association with poliomyelitis.
This finding represents added evidence in favor of the belief, previously held by many observers, that certain types of minor illness, which accompany an epidemic of poliomyelitis, probably represent mild cases of the disease.
INCIDENCE OF GASTRIC ULCER IN ALBINO RATS FED DIETS DEFICIENT IN VITAMIN B (B1)
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Kellogg Minerva 
Published: June 2004

73 per cent of a group of albino rats whose diet was deficient in vitamin B have been found to have ulcerations of the gastric mucosa. A control group was found to be free from gastric lesions.
Of 74 observed lesions eight were chronic, indurated ulcers resembling chronic peptic ulcer in man.
The chronicity of the ulcers seems to be related to the duration rather than the degree of the deficiency.
The lesions were generally located along the lesser curvature of the stomach, as is true in man.
The size of the lesions in rat and man are comparable if adjustment is made for differences in the sizes of the organs.
MARROW HYPERPLASIA AND HEMOGLOBIN RESERVE IN EXPERIMENTAL ANEMIA DUE TO BLEEDING
Authors: Oehlbeck L. W. F. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

In long continued severe anemia due to bleeding in dogs we may observe all degrees of red marrow spread. The maximal red marrow spread takes in the total marrow area in ribs, vertebrae and long bones. The minimal red marrow spread may involve but 10 to 20 per cent of this maximal area. All gradations between these extremes are observed in this series.
The extent of the red marrow spread is not dependent upon the length of the anemia period nor is it related to the capacity of the dog to produce new hemoglobin and red cells on standard diets.
Evidence points to the liver as concerned with this hemoglobin production and liver function may set the limits for hemoglobin production on these standard diets. This in turn may determine the needful red marrow spread.
During favorable diet periods there is a storage of hemoglobin or hemoglobin precursors which come out later in the control periods as finished red cells. This reserve of hemoglobin producing material is not stored as mature red cells in the marrow or elsewhere but as intermediates stored probably in the liver and red marrow but also perhaps in the kidney and spleen.
Red marrow very rarely gives evidence of exhaustion even after many years of continuous severe anemia (Dog 18-114). This would seem to consist of a shrinkage of the red marrow area rather than a degenerative change of the red marrow cells.
The spleen shows some evidence of erythrogenesis in these dogs. Megakaryocytes in some instances are conspicuous (Fig. 6) and nests of nucleated red cells are found in the spleen pulp but it is unlikely that the spleen contributes any large amount of red cells to the anemic circulation in these experiments.
There is no evidence that erythrogenesis occurs in the liver or lymphatic tissue in these dogs.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE SECOND PROTEIN (LIVETIN) OF HEN'S EGG YOLK
Authors: Jukes T. H. , Kay H. D. 
Published: June 2004

A comparison of the livetin of egg yolk and serum globulin of the common fowl using (a) anaphylactic and (b) precipitin reactions, indicates that the two proteins are very closely related, if not identical.
The complement fixation test does not give the same result but indicates a difference between the two proteins. The complement fixation test also shows differences between serum euglobulin and serum pseudoglobulin when these proteins, prepared with considerable care, cannot be distinguished either by anaphylactic or precipitin tests.
A STUDY OF THE THERAPEUTIC MECHANISM OF ANTIPNEUMOCOCCIC SERUM ON THE EXPERIMENTAL DERMAL PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Antipneumococcic serum contains in addition to the antibodies against the various bacterial constituents, a non-antibacterial therapeutic factor.
2. The non-antibacterial factor has been separated from the antibacterial antibodies by absorption with homologous, heat-killed, virulent pneumococci.
3. The non-antibacterial factor is not type-specific; it is probably species-specific; it is not neutralized by concentrated pneumococcus broth culture filtrate.
4. The therapeutic effect of the non-antibacterial factor was demonstrated on the experimental, dermal pneumococcus infection of rabbits; this effect is demonstrable when it is administered per seor in conjunction with a certain subeffective dose of serum.
5. Evidence is presented for the assumption that the ultimate outcome of pneumococcus infection depends to a considerable extent upon this non-antibacterial factor.
STUDIES ON THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON
Authors: Klein Herbert M. 
Published: June 2004

Formalin induces a considerable change in meningococcus culture filtrates. This consists of a marked decrease in toxidty as concerns both the Shwartzman phenomenon and the lethal effect, with relative preservation of the antibody-combining capacity and antigenicity.
A similar modification occurs spontaneously in meningococcus culture filtrates on standing.
Inasmuch as these changes parallel those occurring in the conversion of diphtheria toxin into toxoid, it is justifiable to consider such altered meningococcus toxin as meningococcus toxoid.
LESIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY
Authors: Zimmerman H. M. 
Published: June 2004

Under the conditions of these experiments, which consisted essentially of maintaining rats on a ration adequate in all dietary essentials as far as is known except vitamin A, the following changes were produced in the nervous system.
1. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the brachial plexuses and sciatic nerves, and less often of the vagus nerves. Such lesions were not found in the optic nerves.
2. Degeneration of the medullary sheaths of the sensory tracts on the periphery of the spinal cord and in the posterior columns. Much less frequently similar lesions were found in both the crossed and uncrossed pyramidal tracts.
3. Changes of the same nature in the posterior nerve roots and less frequently in the anterior nerve roots of the spinal cord. Evidence was adduced to indicate that the changes in the sensory tracts of the spinal cord followed those in the posterior nerve roots.
With the onset of muscular weakness and incoordination in these animals anatomic changes like those just described were found at necropsy, but they were not present for any appreciable period preceding the onset of these clinical signs.
For a short but undetermined period following clinical signs of recovery from the nervous disease, marked lesions were still present in the nervous system at necropsy.
These lesions in the nervous system were produced by a ration containing no cereals which might have contributed a "toxic" substance to account for the degeneration of the myelin sheaths. Neither does a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids appear to have played a rôle in their development.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

1. Vaccines consisting of formalinized Rickettsiae of Mexican typhus fever, obtained by our X-ray rat method, produce definite resistance in guinea pigs to subsequent infection with the virus of this disease.
2. The resistance so produced amounts to complete immunity when the subsequent infectious dose is moderate—that is, consists of typhus blood or of tunica material in reasonable amounts (not more than one-quarter of a tunica—i.e., roughly 100 to 250 infectious doses). When, as in the first experiment, excessive doses of infectious material were given, the vaccination protection was, in two of the three animals, incomplete.
3. Subcutaneous vaccination is fully as effective as intraperitoneal —even when the subsequent infection is intraperitoneal.
4. As in previously reported experiments, the vaccines made with the Mexican organisms conferred only partial and feeble protection against the European virus (Breinl strain).
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Syverton Jerome T. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

In the bacteriological study here reported, we undertook an investigation of the flora associated with spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis. Following the plan of Noguchi (2), monkeys and chimpanzees were inoculated with the different organisms recovered from affected tissues. By this means, we disclosed among the bacteria a new species, Bacterium simiae, which was found to be specifically active, in that it induced follicular reactions in the conjunctiva apparently indistinguishable from the disease as it occurs in nature.
The specific action of the bacterium in animals is the more striking when it is compared with the innocuousness of other organisms isolated from cases of folliculosis, and also when considered in relation to the behavior of quarantined animals. While the disease arises spontaneously in stock animals, of some 300 normal rhesus monkeys— these being isolated in lots of ten to twenty and quarantined from 6 to 14 weeks—not one has as yet shown folliculosis. With the insignificant exception already mentioned (1), the experimental disease was produced only when the inoculum contained either folliculosis tissue or cultures of the simian organism.
Apart from these findings, the experimental results indicate that (a) the bacterium has thus far been recovered only from folliculosis cases and not from other forms of conjunctivitis nor from normal tissues; (b) the microorganism has been isolated not only from affected conjunctivae of stock monkeys but also from the tissue of animals— macaques and apes—experimentally infected with the bacterium, and (c) such recovered cultures have, in turn, been found to be specifically pathogenic in normal rhesus monkeys and chimpanzees.
We may therefore postulate from this experimental study that an intimate relation exists between Bacterium simiae and spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis of simians.
THE TITRATION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN STEGOMYIA MOSQUITOES
Authors: Davis Nelson C. , Frobisher Martin , Lloyd Wray 
Published: June 2004

Titrations were made of yellow fever virus in stegomyia mosquitoes, using rhesus monkeys as test animals. It was found that:
(a) The average mosquito immediately after engorging on highly infectious blood contained between 1 and 2 million lethal doses of virus. The titer of freshly ingested blood was as high as 1 billion lethal doses of virus per cubic centimeter.
(b) During the fortnight succeeding a meal on infectious blood there occurred a reduction of titratable virus to not more than 1 per cent of that present in the freshly fed insects.
(c) The titer was somewhat higher at later periods. This rise in titer signified possibly not a multiplication, but merely an increase of extracellular virus and of that easily freed by grinding to a titratable form.
(d) At no later stage did the quantity of titratable virus equal that demonstrable in freshly fed insects.
VACCINATION WITH HEAT-KILLED AND FORMALINIZED TUBERCLE BACILLI IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Thomas Robert M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli killed by exposure to formalin (0.4 per cent) did not show any acquired resistance to subsequent infection with bovine tubercle bacilli, while rabbits vaccinated with tubercle bacilli which had been killed by heating to 70° for 1 hour survived more than half as long again as their controls.
2. Intraperitoneal injection of either the formalin-killed vaccine or the heat-killed vaccine into guinea pigs made them skin-sensitive to tuberculoprotein MA-100.
3. The rate of absorption of the formalin-killed vaccine when introduced beneath the the skin was similar to that of the heat-killed vaccine.
4. Following the intravenous injection of heat-killed tubercle bacilli, it was found that rabbits developed a massive tubercular pneumonia. A study of the production and ultimate absorption of the cellular exudate showed that these processes were similar to those found after the injection of living bacilli. The lesions which followed the injection of heat-killed bacilli differed from the lesions found in active tuberculosis in that in any one animal they showed a striking uniformity in appearance, while in the active disease the lungs showed a great diversity in type of lesion. Studies of the blood cells during the period of injection of dead organisms showed that the changes which are characteristic of the period during which a tuberculous pneumonia develops in rabbits (30 to 40 days after inoculation) were faithfully reproduced. It is suggested that the process of regression described may be similar to that which occurs in childhood tuberculosis, in which rather extensive pulmonary lesions resolve without leaving evidence of damage to the parenchyma of the lung.
THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. , Garner R. L. 
Published: June 2004

Broth cultures of hemolytic streptococci derived from patients are capable of rapidly liquefying normal human fibrin clot.
The active fibrinolytic principle is also contained in sterile, cell-free filtrates of broth cultures. The degree of activity of filtrates parallels the activity of whole broth cultures sufficiently closely to indicate that large amounts of the fibrinolytic substance are freely excreted into the surrounding medium and pass readily through Berkefeld V, Seitz, and Chamberland filters.
The occurrence of fibrinolysis is most strikingly observed when plasma or fibrinogen is mixed with active cultural material before clot formation is effected. Under the standard experimental conditions described, complete dissolution of human plasma clot (whole oxalated plasma + CaCl2) occurs in about 10 minutes; complete dissolution of human fibrinogen clot (chemically isolated fibrinogen + thrombin) takes place in about 2 minutes. Titration of filtrate activity is recorded in Table IV.
Twenty-eight strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus, isolated from patients suffering from various manifestations of streptococcus infection, have been tested for the capacity to liquefy fibrin clot. Broth cultures of all of the strains induced fibrinolysis.
Of 18 strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus of animal origin, only three were capable of causing dissolution of clot.
Completely negative results were obtained with 38 strains of other bacterial species. The list is presented on pages 492 and 493.
The plasma of many patients recovered from acute hemolytic streptococcus infections, when clotted in the presence of active cultures, is highly resistant to fibrinolysis. Furthermore, serum, derived from patients whose plasma clot is resistant, often confers on normal plasma clot an antifibrinolytic property. One example of the resistance possessed by the blood of convalescent patients is presented in this report. A second paper, now in preparation, will give in detail a large number of observations on the relation of infection to the development of resistance to the fibrinolytic activity of hemolytic streptococci.
In contrast to the susceptibility of normal human fibrin clot to liquefaction by active culture, normal rabbit fibrin clot is totally resistant to dissolution when tested under comparable conditions. The insusceptibility of rabbit fibrin clot is manifest provided the coagulum is composed of rabbit constituents. When human thrombin is used to clot rabbit plasma or fibrinogen in the presence of active cultures, fibrinolysis is not prohibited. The rôle of thrombin in determining the resistance or susceptibility of rabbit fibrin to dissolution offers a suggestive approach to problems relating to the underiving mechanism.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECENTLY ISOLATED HUMAN STRAINS AND A PASSAGE STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Paul John R. , Trask James D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Confirmation of the qualitative differences which exist between so called human and passage strains of poliomyelitis virus has been established by the following observations.
(a) The experimental disease induced by two human strains usually failed to protect monkeys against a subsequent infection by a passage strain, and in the few instances in which the reverse experiment could be tried a similar lack of protection was observed.
(b) In some human sera the neutralizing power for a human strain differed qualitatively from the neutralizing power for a passage strain.
2. The time interval between the intracerebral inoculation of heterologous strains has been found to be an important factor bearing upon the results of the reinoculation experiments reported. Within the intervals used, the greater the period between the original infection and the reinoculation with a heterologous strain, the less was the degree of cross-immunity observed.