bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sublimation properties of CoF3: mass spectrometric and quantum chemical studies
Authors: Popovic Arkadij , Lesar Antonija , Rau Julietta V. , Bencze László 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe sublimation of cobalt trifluoride was studied using the Knudsen effusion method combined with mass spectrometry. The pressure of F was directly measured for decomposition of CoF3(s) into CoF2(s). The average kinetic energy of $\hbox{\bf CoF}_{\bf 2}^{\hbox{\bf +}}, \hbox{\bf CoF}^{\hbox{\bf +}}$ and $\hbox{\bf Co}^{\hbox{\bf +}}$ fragment ions was determined and the relative ionisation cross section curves measured from 6 eV to 100 eV. Thermodynamic functions of gaseous CoF3 and Co2F6, were evaluated from geometrical and vibrational parameters provided from theoretical calculations. Heats of formation of CoF3(s), CoF3(g), Co2F6(g) were established as (−784 ± 6) kJ/mol, (−565 ± 11) kJ/mol and (−1289 ± 22) kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of cationic surfactants in oral rinses and a disinfectant formulation using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Morrow Ava P. , Kassim Olakunle O. , Ayorinde Folahan. O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree commercial oral rinses and one commercial disinfectant formulation were analyzed for the presence of cationic surfactants using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) in the positive ion mode. The product labels on these formulations indicate the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride, tetraalkylammonium or trialkylbenzylammonium chlorides. The resulting MALDI‐TOF mass spectra only showed cetylpyridinium, tetraalkylammonium, and trialkylbenzylammonium ions, apparently due to the dissociation of the salts in the ion source. We confirmed the presence of cetylpyridinium salt in the three oral formulations, whereas the disinfectant formulation consisted of a complex mixture of the salts of dioctyldimethylammonium, didecyldimethylammonium, benzylmyristyldimethylammonium, decyloctyldimethylammonium, benzyldecyldimethylammonium, and benzylcetyldimethylammonium. This work demonstrates again the potential for using meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin as a matrix in the MALDI‐TOFMS analysis of low molecular weight compounds. This study also demonstrates that the mode of ionization of quaternary ammonium compounds (cationic surfactant salts) under MALDI conditions is by dissociation, leading to the detection of only the positively charged moieties. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas‐phase conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin investigated by combining high‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and energy‐loss measurements
Authors: Purves Randy W. , Barnett David A. , Ells Barbara , Guevremont Roger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe continuous separation capability of high‐field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) was used in combination with complementary techniques for probing biomolecular ions in the gas phase. Gas‐phase conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin were examined using a combination of FAIMS, H/D exchange, and energy‐loss measurements. When FAIMS data and H/D exchange data were analyzed separately, the presence of only two conformers of the [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin could be detected. However, in an experiment in which FAIMS and H/D exchange were combined, at least four different conformers of the gas‐phase [M + 2H]2+ ion of bradykinin were detected, including one of very low abundance. Cross sections calculated for the four conformers, based on energy‐loss measurements, were 250, 240, 250, and 244 Å2, in order of decreasing abundance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of urinary nucleosides. II. Comparison of mass spectrometric methods for the analysis of urinary nucleosides
Authors: Dudley Edward , Lemiere Filip , Dongen Walter Van , Langridge James I. , El‐Sharkawi Salah , Games David E. , Esmans Eddy L. , Newton Russell P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQualitative and quantitative analyses of urinary nucleosides have diagnostic potential as tumour markers. We have developed separation techniques linked to mass spectrometric detection in order to overcome the problems associated with past identification and quantitation methods. The three methods of analysis utilised were: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high‐performance liquid chromatography/ion‐trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ITMS) and capillary liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (CapLC/TQMS). Here we compare the relative effectiveness of each of the techniques for subsequent application in the systematic study of urinary nucleoside profiles in cancer patients. All three methods proved to be valuable techniques for such urinary nucleoside analyses, and a combination rather than one single choice is concluded as the ideal. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free energy for blue copper protein unfolding determined by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Cunsolo Vincenzo , Foti Salvatore , Rosa Carmelo La , Saletti Rosaria , Canters G. W. , Verbeet M. Ph. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometric method for the determination of the free energy (ΔG) of unfolding of proteins is described. The method was tested using three blue copper proteins: wild type azurin, Cys‐3Ala/Cys‐26Ala (C3A/C26A) azurin mutant and wild‐type amicyanin. The time course of the denaturation process of the proteins dissolved in methanol/water (50:50, v/v, pH 3.5) was followed by recording ESI mass spectra at time intervals. The spectra showed two series of peaks, corresponding to the native holo‐protein and the unfolded apo‐protein. From the intensity ratio of these two series of peaks at increasing time and at equilibrium, the free energy for the unfolding process for the three proteins could be determined. To evaluate the reliability of the thermodynamic data obtained by the ESI mass spectrometric approach, the denaturation process was followed by UV‐VIS spectroscopy. The two sets of data obtained by these independent methods were in good agreement indicating that the ESI‐MS approach can be used to obtain reliable quantitative information about the protein unfolding process. In principle, this approach can be applied to other proteins and requires very low amounts of sample, due to the intrinsic sensitivity of mass spectrometry. This may prove particularly useful when the amount of sample available prevents the use of current methods. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid and precise method for sampling and determining the oxygen isotope ratio of atmospheric water vapor
Authors: Helliker Brent R. , Roden John S. , Cook Craig , Ehleringer James R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA quantitative method for cryogenically sampling atmospheric water vapor on the temporal scale of 10 to 15 min in the field or laboratory is described. The sample apparatus is lightweight, affordable, and easy to assemble. The method allows for H2O:CO2 equilibration within the same sampling tubes and hence increases turnaround time for δ18O analysis. Quantitative analysis in the laboratory showed recovery of a vaporized, known, 18O water standard to 0.2‰ precision. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil Vapor Extraction and Chemical Oxidation to Remediate Chlorinated Solvents in Fractured Crystalline Bedrock: Pilot Study Results and Lessons Learned
Authors: Cho H. Jean , Fiacco R. Joseph , Daly Matthew H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA pilot study was completed at a fractured crystalline bedrock site using a combination of soil vapor
extraction (SVE) and in‐situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with Fenton's Reagent.
This system was designed to destroy 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA) and its daughter products,
1,1‐dichloroethene (DCE) and 1,1‐dichloroethane (DCA). Approximately 150 pounds
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were oxidized in‐situ or removed from the aquifer as vapor
during the pilot study. Largely as a result of chemical oxidation, TCA concentrations in groundwater located
within a local groundwater mound decreased by 69 to 95 percent. No significant rebound in VOC concentration was
observed in these wells. Wells located outside of the groundwater mound showed less dramatic decreases in VOC
concentration, and the data show that vapor stripping and short‐term groundwater migration following the
oxidant injection were the key processes at these wells. Although the porosity of the aquifer at the site is on
the order of 2 percent or less, the pilot study showed that SVE could be an effective remedial process in
fractured crystalline rock. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐Situ Plasma Remediation of Contaminated Soils
Authors: Fox Catherine A. , Circeo Louis J. , Martin Robert C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlasma‐torch technology has excellent potential for cost‐effective treatment of contaminated
soils and other types of buried waste material. This article describes the evolution and basic features of this
technology, with emphasis on the non‐transferred plasma arc torch. In addition, selected results from
both laboratory experiments and field demonstrations will show how this technology can successfully destroy
hazardous/toxic materials and/or stabilize contaminants in situ so they are no longer a threat to human
health and the environment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Risk from Using Poultry Litter to Remediate and Reuse Contaminated Estuarine Sediments
Authors: Barth Edwin , Sass Bruce , Polaczyk Amy , Landy Ron 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe availability of heavy metals in contaminated sediment evaluated for beneficial reuse, before and after
chemical amendment, was evaluated using poultry manure as the amendment. The dredged sediment was only slightly
contaminated with heavy metals. Availability tests on the amended sediment showed an increase in heavy metals,
most likely because of poultry feed amendments passed to the manure. There would be difficulty finding one
chemical amendment to reduce the availability of a number of heavy metals because the metals exhibit different
chemical properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optimal operation of CVT‐based powertrains
Authors: Pfiffner Rolf , Guzzella Lino 
Published: August 2002

AbstractContinuously Variable Transmissions (CVTs) are considered by many as a promising contribution to the improvement of the fuel economy of passenger cars. This paper discusses the fuel‐optimal operation of a CVT‐equipped powertrain in stationary and in transient conditions. The well‐known optimal solution in the stationary case will be given only a short review discussing the importance of a correct CVT efficiency model.For transient vehicle operation so far only heuristic control strategies are known. This work aims to fill this gap. After detailed modelling of the complete powertrain and the introduction of a meaningful cost function, the resulting nonlinear optimal control problem is solved.The optimization is carried out for two different engines: a conventional SI engine and a downsized supercharged (DSC) SI engine. Each can be considered as a typical representative of the corresponding engine class. In both cases the optimal solutions are shown to be superior to standard CVT control algorithms, yielding larger gains in fuel economy for DSC engines.The optimal feedforward controls are then approximated by suboptimal feedback controllers that realize almost the same benefits in fuel economy at a substantially reduced computational effort. Finally, it is shown how the well‐known ‘single track modified’ control approach can be changed such that it produces the same results as the suboptimal controller. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in backwater plant communities from 1975 to 1995 in Navigation Pool 8, Upper Mississippi River
Authors: Tyser Robin W. , Rogers Sara J. , Owens Thomas W. , Robinson Larry R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWater elevation in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) is highly regulated by an extensive system of locks and dams. Completion of this system in the 1930s created productive, biologically diverse backwater habitats. The status of plant communities in these backwater areas may now be threatened by several factors, including sediment accumulation, recreational use, and navigation traffic. Aerial photography, taken in 1975 and from 1991 to 1995, was used to describe vegetation changes occurring in four UMR backwater areas of Navigation Pool 8. The objectives were to determine (1) if changes occurring in these areas are consistent with hydrarch succession, (2) if the diversity of their plant communities has declined since 1975, and (3) how a large flood event that occurred in 1993 affected the composition and diversity of plant communities in these areas. Three general cover classes were recognized, representing an aquatic to terrestrial gradient. Coverages of specific vegetation types were estimated and evaluated using two indices of community diversity (vegetation richness and the Shannon diversity index). Though some vegetation changes were consistent with expected successional patterns (e.g. increased terrestrialization), other changes were not (e.g. loss of marsh vegetation). Diversity indices and coverages of most aquatic macrophytes declined from 1975 to 1991/1992 but then increased following the 1993 flood. The results suggest that disturbance–diversity concepts, including the flood pulse model, are applicable to the vegetation dynamics of these systems. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the value of the critical point in fractal percolation
Authors: White Damien G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe derive a new lower bound pc>0.8107 for the critical value of Mandelbrot's dyadic fractal percolation model. This is achieved by taking the random fractal set (to be denoted A∞) and adding to it a countable number of straight line segments, chosen in a certain (nonrandom) way as to simplify greatly the connectivity structure. We denote the modified model thus obtained by C∞, and write Cn for the set formed after n steps in its construction. Now it is possible, using an iterative technique, to compute the probability of percolating through Cn for any parameter value p and any finite n. For p=0.8107 and n=360 we obtain a value less than 10−5; using some topological arguments it follows that 0.8107 is subcritical for C∞ and hence (since ∞ dominates A∞) for A∞. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 18: 332–345, 2001.
Estimation of 3D model and object color using multiple color images
Authors: Nishiyama Yoshio , Saito Hideo , Ozawa Shinji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the generation of realistic 3D CG images is considered, and in particular, a method is proposed to estimate an object's 3D shape and color from image series taken at fixed positions of the camera and light source while rotating the object. An object placed on a turntable is treated as a set of surface elements each having seven degrees of freedom (DOF). Epipolar plane images (EPI) are analyzed using input image series, and all DOF for each surface element are calculated in order to estimate the 3D shape and color. First, loci drawn by surface elements on the EPI are tracked. Correct tracking is ensured by preventing the influence of fluctuations in object surface reflectivity, and self‐occlusions caused by uneven shape. For highly reliable loci, the 3D positions of the surface elements are calculated, while the other surface elements are located by interpolation. In addition, the RGB values of surface elements can be expressed as linear sums of diffuse reflection components and specular reflection components, so that vectors in RGB color space can be separated into those related to the object, and those related to the light source. Color estimation for all surface elements is performed by using a two‐color reflection model. In experiments, all surface element DOF were calculated for various objects, and 3D CG images, including those with light source data added, were synthesized successfully, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 49–60, 2001
Adaptation transfer between scanning saccade and memory‐guided saccade
Authors: Aoki Mina , Fujita Masahiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA report by Deubel that adaptation to scanning saccade (S‐sacc) transfers to both memory‐guided saccade (M‐sacc) and visually‐guided internally‐initiated saccade (VI‐sacc) and a report by the authors that adaptation transfer does not occur between M‐sacc and VI‐sacc on previous experimental results seem at first sight to indicate a contradiction. Thus, the properties of S‐sacc are clarified here from the points of view of the main sequence characteristics and adaptation transfer. The results show that S‐sacc and M‐sacc have wholly different main sequence characteristics while S‐sacc and VI‐sacc have almost identical main sequence characteristics. In addition, main sequence characteristic similar to those of M‐sacc was not observed in any stage of S‐sacc adaptation. On the other hand, the results of experiments that study the degree of transfer of adaptation to S‐sacc or M‐sacc onto another saccade show that adaptation transfers occur asymmetrically but complete transfers do not occur. In addition, when adaptations are induced simultaneously to S‐sacc and M‐sacc, such that the gain increases to one and decreases to another, selective adaptations occur. These results show that S‐sacc and M‐sacc are saccades that have significant asymmetrical crosstalk. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(11): 70–79, 2001
Conservation ethics versus development: how to obviate the dichotomy?
Authors: Rajeswar Jonnalagadda 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to portray the present ‘no‐win’ situation with respect to conservation and development, and to suggest the means to overcome the predicament. Due to its inherent exclusionist approach, modern science could not incorporate multiple variables that operate in the complex processes of the life supporting systems. Globalization of trade is creating a New World Order of economic colonization. Under the umbrella of globalization, consumerism has become an all‐pervasive culture, eroding the pluralistic cultural base of the world. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.Where there are threats of irreversible environmental damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing precautionary action. Scientific adventurism should give way to holistic wisdom. Solutions to most of the problems lie, not within the boundaries of exclusive specializations, but in the interface of all the disciplines of knowledge. Integration of the traditional ecological knowledge with modern technology could lead to a better understanding of nature and its complex processes. Living within – not against – the logic of the ecosphere, by abandoning affluence and consumptive growth, should be the new paradigm.
Toward a dynamic theory of antibiotic resistance
Authors: Homer Jack , Ritchie‐Dunham James , Rabbino Hal , Puente Luz Maria , Jorgensen James , Hendricks Kate 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany common bacterial pathogens have become increasingly resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. The evidence suggests that the essential cause of the problem is the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics, a practice that encourages the proliferation of resistant mutant strains of bacteria while suppressing the susceptible strains. However, it is not clear to what extent antibiotic use must be reduced to avoid or reverse an epidemic of antibiotic resistance, and how early the interventions must be made to be effective. To investigate these questions, we have developed a small system dynamics model that portrays changes over a period of years to three subsets of a bacterial population— antibiotic‐susceptible, intermediately resistant, and highly resistant. The details and continuing refinement of this model are based on a case study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. The paper presents the model's structure and behavior and identifies open questions for future work. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Level of consistency in quantification and IMFP determination by the Tougaard method applied to XPS of a Langmuir–Blodgett film taken at widely different emission angles
Authors: Suzuki Noboru , Kato Teiji , Tougaard Sven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA photopolymerized cadmium 10,12‐pentacosadiynoate Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film was transferred onto a silicon wafer substrate with a native oxide layer. The film was investigated by quantitative analysis of peak intensity and peak shape (the Tougaard method). This method has not been applied previously to a series of spectra taken at different emission angles. The objective of this paper is therefore twofold: to determine the ability of this method to give consistent quantification from analysis of spectra from the same sample but taken at widely different emission angles; and to determine the inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) and compare the values to those determined earlier by angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy from the same structures. Survey spectra taken at several emission angles between 5° and 78° were analysed and IMFPs were determined at the energies corresponding to the Cd 3d, O 1s and Si 2s,p photoelectron peaks. It was found that for each core level the spectra taken at all angles ⩽ 73° give consistent quantification to within a standard deviation of 5–10%. This is approximately the same as the uncertainty in quantification made on the basis of a spectrum taken at a single angle. The IMFPs in the LB film are determined to be 29.2 ± 1.7 Å at 955 eV and 40.2 ± 2.2 Å at 1388 eV. These values are close to those obtained in a previous paper and are in good agreement with the reported values for polyethylene calculated from the optical data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contrasting Bayesian analysis of survey data and clinical trials
Authors: Malec Donald J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough both surveys and clinical trials are amenable to Bayesian hierarchical modelling, the general aims, constraints and actual analysis of each can often vary considerably. First, examples are presented showing how Bayesian hierarchical modelling can be used to produce estimates for small areas from survey data and, also, how it can be used to combine data from clinical trials. Then, it will be shown how surveys and clinical trials may differ with respect to the presence of design effects/selection biases and with the ability to validate models. The impact of the design on modelling will be highlighted and a class of sample selection models will be shown to help alleviate the design's influence. Although surveys generally have enough data to validate many features of a model, clinical trials may not, leaving sensitivity analysis as a means to prior acceptance. Some design issues, contrasting Bayesian with frequentist methods, will also be discussed. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.