bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period at the end of the sixteenth century and the beginning of the seventeenth was one of great importance in the philosophy of the natural world. What had been, up to this point, a single discipline of ‘natural philosophy’ gradually split into two different endeavours: the philosophy of natural science and the science of physics. Both disciplines share a common subject matter, but they have different purposes and operate in different ways. The philosophy of nature seeks an understanding of the concepts we employ in describing and accounting for natural phenomena: concepts such as ‘space’, ‘time’, ‘motion’, and ‘change’. Scientific physics seeks to establish and explain the phenomena themselves, not by a priori reasoning or conceptual analysis, but by observation, experiment, and hypothesis.
Metaphysics
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was through the Disputationes Metaphysicae of Francisco Suarez, directly or indirectly, that the metaphysics of the medieval scholastics became known to the philosophers of the early modern age. Suarez was well acquainted with the works of his medieval predecessors, and he summarized their views, codified their positions, and built up his own system by choosing options from the menu that they offer. A summary of the main positions of the Disputationes accordingly provides a good starting point for a consideration of the metaphysics of our period.
God
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hegel regarded his system as a sophisticated and definitive presentation of philosophical truths that had been given fluctuating and mythical expression in the world’s religions. In the first half of the nineteenth century the two most important reactions to the Hegelian treatment of religion came from opposite points of the philosophical compass. While Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–72) regarded Hegel as excessively sympathetic to religion, Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) thought him impudently disrespectful of it.
Music and Electro-sonic Art
Authors: Graham Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I want to discuss two questions. First, is electro-acoustic music, music? And, second, how important is the answer we give to this question? Though the term ‘electro-acoustic music’ now has a wide currency, using it to explore this issue is clearly a recipe for confusion, and so I shall use the term ‘electro-sonic art’ instead. The questions thus become: is sonic art the same as music? And does it matter whether it is or not? Or, to put the second question in a slightly different way, is music the whole of sonic art? I shall begin with some reflections on the nature of music.
The management and medical treatments for osteoporosis— now and the future
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will deal with the management of osteoporosis and the prevention of fracture; we will also consider some of the new therapies under study The prevention of osteoporosis is a very important part of its management. Achievement of a good peak bone mass by increasing weight-bearing exercise in the young and improvements in diet, particularly dietary calcium intake during childhood and adolescence, should reduce the overall burden of osteoporosis. Reduction in smoking, and discouraging excess caffeine and alcohol intakes are also advocated. In the elderly, fall-prevention strategies should be developed in a dual approach to decrease fractures, both by increasing bone strength and decreasing fall frequency. Such approaches should include eyesight tests, safety in the home, and assessments of diuretic and blood pressure tablet use, which could cause dizziness, and considering the issue of hip protectors for the vulnerable. This is discussed in greater detail in other chapters (Table 4.1).
Hobbes’s Early Career
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a volume of the papers of William Cavendish, first Earl of Newcastle, there is a text in English entitled ‘A second most secret instruction Gallo-britanno-batauian, giuen to Fredericke the V. Translated out of Low Dutch into Latine, and diuulged for the most publique good’. This is a translation of a political pamphlet, Altera secretissima instructio Gallo-Britanno-Batava Friderico V data, ex belgica in latinam linguam versa, et optimo publico evulgata, an analysis of the geopolitical position and interests of the Elector Palatine (the German Protestant prince and son-in-law of James I, whose acceptance of the crown of Bohemia from the anti-Habsburg rebels there had plunged Central Europe into war), which was published somewhere on the continent of Europe in 1626.
The Distribution of the Altera secretissima instructio in England
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If little is known about the transmission and reception of the Altera secretissima instructio in England, the contents of the text itself help to explain why that is so: here was a pamphlet which, albeit with quasi-satirical intent, openly advocated sedition against the King. No English bookseller could have advertised such a work, and few could have contemplated reprinting it on English soil.¹ Even without its treasonable passages, however, this would still have been a ‘hot’ work for any bookseller to handle. Since the outbreak of the Thirty Years’ War, a series of royal proclamations had been issued, in an attempt to suppress unwelcome commentary on the ‘arcana’ of foreign policy.
Other Bodies
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is fairly uncontroversial, I think, that we can conceive a person’s behavior and behavioral dispositions, his physical acts and states, his qualitative feels and fields (all non-intentionally described) as remaining fixed, while his mental attitudes of a certain kind—his de re attitudes—vary.1 Thus we can imagine Alfred’s believing of apple 1 that it is wholesome, and holding a true belief. Without altering Alfred’s dispositions, subjective experiences, and so forth, we can imagine having substituted an identically appearing but internally rotten apple 2. In such a case, Alfred’s belief differs, while his behavioral dispositions, inner causal states, and qualitative experiences remain constant.
Mainwaring’s Handel: Its Relation to British Aesthetics
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Mainwaring’s Handel 1 has long been familiar to students of the composer as an early (if not always reliable) biographical source. It is generally accorded a place in music history—or, rather, the history of musical scholarship—as the first biography of a musician. One might expect from a pioneer effort in musical biography little more than the usual collection of anecdotes, authentic and apocryphal, that surround the great artist. Mainwaring has not disappointed in this respect. But his work is far from being a mere biographical memoir, containing, as it does, an extended section of critical Observations on Handel’s compositions.2 These Observations embody a critical point of view that owes its existence to developments in criticism and aesthetic theory, characteristic of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century British thought.
Ars perfecta: Toward Perfection in Musical Performance?
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major purpose of this paper is to explore the question, Is there such a thing as the perfect performance of a musical work? Its major thesis is that there is not. That thesis, however, is not advanced de novo, but as the implication or, if not that, then the not unwarranted concomitant of an already developed view concerning the nature of performance in the Western classical music tradition.1 So, before I get to the examination and defense of that thesis, I must acquaint the reader with the theory of musical performance that it has at its heart.
Sibley’s Last Paper
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no exaggeration to assert that Frank Sibley’s celebrated paper of 1959, “Aesthetic Concepts,” defined my early work in the philosophy of art between 1966, the year I received my doctorate, and 1973, the year I published my first book, Speaking of Art, which was an extended critique of Sibley’s position. After my Sibley years, my interests turned to what I thought was a neglected topic in the philosophy of art: namely, musical aesthetics.
Wrongness and Reasons: A Re-examination
Authors: Scanlon T M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning,metaethics focused on morality and on motivation. When Hume famously observed that ‘morals…have an influence on the actions and affections,’ the ‘influence’ in question was a matter of motivation, and much of metaethics has been focused on the problem of explaining this influence. This emphasis on the problem of ‘moral motivation’ has not been confined to neo-Humeans. Thomas Nagel’s landmark book, The Possibility of Altruism, was largely devoted to an argument against the Humean position. But he nonetheless presented this argument as an inquiry into the motivational basis of prudence and altruism.
The Humean Theory of Reasons
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper offers a simple and novel motivation for the Humean Theory of Reasons. According to the Humean Theory of Reasons, all reasons must be explained by some psychological state of the agent for whom they are reasons, such as a desire. This view is commonly thought to be motivated by a substantive theory about the power of reasons to motivate known as reason internalism, and a substantive theory about the possibility of being motivated without a desire known as the Humean Theory of Motivation. Such a motivation would place substantial constraints on what form the Humean Theory of Reasons might take, and incur substantial commitments in metaethics and moral psychology. The argument offered here, on the other hand, is based entirely on relatively uncontroversial methodological considerations of perfectly broad applicability, and on the commonplace observation that while some reasons are reasons for anyone, others are reasons for only some. The argument is a highly defeasible one, but is supposed to give us a direct insight into what is philosophically deep about the puzzles raised for ethical theory by the Humean Theory of Reasons. I claim that it should renew our interest in the relationship between these two kinds of reason, and in particular in the explanation of reasons which seem to depend on desires or other psychological states.
Human Beings, Human Animals, and Mentalistic Survival
Authors: Robinson Denis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The debate over personal identity is a complex one, involving many contrasting views, and ingenious and controversial arguments. But standing back from the complexity, we can see a couple of major and strongly contrasting groupings into which many recently defended views may be seen as falling. At one extreme, we find diverse forms of Psychological Reductionism, and at the other, views we may group under the label ‘‘Animalism’’. Though Psychological Reductionism is (deservedly, I think) more popular, Animalism also has its following, and has fairly recently been given an unusually blunt, succinct, and passionate defense by Eric Olson in Olson (1997).
Metaphysical Compatibilism’s Appropriation of Frankfurt
Authors: Warfield Ted A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussions of causal determinism, the names ‘‘Compatibilist’’ and ‘‘Incompatibilist’’ are sometimes used in different ways. When focusing on the question of whether causal determinism precludes metaphysical freedom (or ‘‘free will’’ as it is unfortunately often called) a ‘‘compatibilist’’ is one who believes that the truth of causal determinism is consistent with the existence of human freedom and an ‘‘incompatibilist’’ is one who believes that these theses are not consistent. These same labels are also used, in the obvious parallel way, in discussions of whether causal determinism precludes moral responsibility.
Interpreting Behaviour
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If my dog wanders into my kitchen while I am cooking, I may interpret its behaviour in a number of ways. If I happen to know that my dog has not been fed that day, I may assume that she is hungry, can smell food, and so is performing behaviour appropriate for a hungry dog. If I know that my dog has been fed, I may assume that the dog wants my company. In reality, I know nothing (for sure) about the dog’s inner workings, but I am, nevertheless, interpreting the dog’s behaviour. I may be interpreting its behaviour in human terms, or I may have learned from experience that, if the dog has not been fed, she behaves in one way in the kitchen, and if she has been fed, she behaves in another way. All dogs are not the same, and I have learned some of the behavioural characteristics of my particular dog.
Aristotle and the problems of method in ethics
Authors: zingano Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Burnet’S thesis about the dialectical character of Aristotelian ethics seems nowadays to have become a common view, held by most if not all interpreters. In addition, the dialectical method is now considered Aristotle’s primary method of philosophical investigation: not only his ethics, but also his physics and its branches, and even his theology are taken to be fundamentally dialectical. The sole exceptions recognized are mathematics and logic.
Philosophy, History, Anthropology
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was once a famous quarrel between philosophy and poetry, as to which of the two had the better claim to deliver wisdom. That is no longer a live issue. But a not too dissimilar battle continues to be waged between philosophy, history, and social anthropology. Which of these studies can contribute more to our understanding of the human condition? What should we expect from each and how easy is it to combine their insights? What methods should we use to resolve the question of what, on the one hand, is true of all human beings as the human beings we all are, and what, on the other, must be acknowledged to fall on the side of the culturally variable? Of those three disciplines, the youngest or most recent, social anthropology, is perhaps the most straightforward both in its aims and in its methods, however controversial the results delivered remain. Its remit is the study of contemporary societies, in all their rich variety and complexity, from their kinship systems, economies, and technologies, all the way to their rituals and mythologies and, precisely, their views on the human condition. Modern ethnographic accounts alert us to the almost incredible diversity in belief systems and values. Yet that very variety poses severe problems of interpretation. Ethnographers are generally committed to understanding the societies they study in the societies’ own terms in the first instance, using actors’ categories, as the jargon goes, rather than their own observers’ ones. Yet eventually each society’s ideas have to be translated into the ethnographers’ own terms.
Perception and Cognition
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we see? This question has fascinated and perplexed philosophers and scientists for millennia. In visual perception, mind and world meet, when light reflected from objects enters the eyes and stimulates the nerves leading to activity in the brain near the back of the head. This neural activity yields conscious experiences of a world in three dimensions, clothed in colors, and immediately recognized as (say) ground, sky, grass, trees, and friends. The visual brain also produces nonconscious representations that interact with other brain systems for perception and cognition and that help to regulate our visually guided actions. But how does all of this really work? The answers concern the physiology, psychology, and philosophy of visual perception and cognition. Gary Hatfield’s essays address fundamental questions concerning, in Part I, the psychological processes underlying spatial perception and perception of objects; in Part II, psychological theories and metaphysical controversies about color perception and qualia; and, in Part III, the history and philosophy of theories of vision, including methodological controversies surrounding introspection and involving the relations between psychology and the fields of neuroscience and cognitive science. An introductory chapter provides a unified overview; an extensive reference list rounds out the volume.
The Sensory Core And The Medieval Foundations Of Early Modern Perceptual Theory
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the majority of theories of visual perception were built upon the view that during the process of vision there occur two conscious states with quite different phenomenal properties. The first state is a mental representation of the two-dimensional retinal image. The second is our experience of the “visual world” of objects distributed in depth. According to the then commonly accepted theory, the mental correlate of the retinal image is the truly immediate component of perception, and it provides the raw material from which the mind generates the three-dimensional visual world. Yet this retinal correlate — the “sensory core” of the perceptual process — typically goes unnoticed, and the percipient takes his experience of the three-dimensional visual world to be direct and unmediated.
Attention in Early Scientific Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention is a salient feature of human mentality, at least in its conscious manifestations. Yet attention became a central topic in psychology only recently by comparison with such areas as sensory perception, imagination, or memory. Descriptions of the chief characteristics of attention were built up from classical antiquity to the seventeenth century. But attention first became a chapter heading in standard psychology textbooks during the 1730s.
What Can the Mind Tell Us about the Brain? Psychology, Neurophysiology, And Constraint
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have long speculated about the strong constraints that brain science will or should provide for any future possible psychological theories. Hempel (1935/1949) advocated replacing psychological language with physical language, which would be used to describe both behavior and brain states. Quine (1974) maintained that mentalistic talk could be tolerated in psychology only provisionally, as a means toward a full physiological or physical explanation of behavior. P. S. Churchland (1986) foresaw the replacement of “folk psychology” with neuroscientific descriptions. On the other side, Fodor (1974) has long plumped for the autonomy of psychology from neuroscience, by analogy with the (alleged) hardware-independence of computer programs.
Psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. It is characterised by swelling and inflammation in and around the joints as well as inflammation of the skin. While there is currently no cure for psoriatic arthritis, several new treatments are emerging that offer new hope to patients. In this guide for patients, the authors draw on their experience from one of the largest clinics in the world that is dedicated to understanding and managing patients with psoriatic arthritis, and highlight what is know about the causes and clinical features, along with the emotional impact that this condition has on peoples lives and how to manage it.
Prolegomenon to Future Revenge
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to lay out some background to the target phenomenon: the Liar and its revenge. The phenomenon is too big, and the literature (much) too vast, to give anything like a historical summary, or even an uncontroversial sketch of the geography. Accordingly, my aim is simply to lay out a few background ideas, in addition to briefly summarizing the contributed essays. I also try to avoid overlap with the individual chapters’ rehearsals of revenge (including standard references to historical theses, like ‘semantic self-sufficiency’), as the chapters do a nice job covering such material. Finally, because some of the ideas are presupposed by many of the chapters in this volume, a gentle sketch of Kripke’s ‘fixed point’ approach to truth is given in an appendix.
Solving the Paradoxes, Escaping Revenge
Authors: Field Hartry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is ‘the received wisdom’ that any intuitively natural and consistent resolution of a class of semantic paradoxes immediately leads to other paradoxes just as bad as the first. This is often called the ‘revenge problem’. Some proponents of the received wisdom draw the conclusion that there is no hope of any natural treatment that puts all the paradoxes to rest: we must either live with the existence of paradoxes that we are unable to treat, or adopt artificial and ad hoc means to avoid them. Others (‘dialetheists’ ) argue that we can put the paradoxes to rest, but only by licensing the acceptance of some contradictions (presumably in a paraconsistent logic that prevents the contradictions from spreading every-where).
Wisdom In Heraclitus
Authors: Long Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heraclitus frequently draws attention to a hidden connection between opposites, and his examples are richly varied. In some fragments the connection lies in mutual succession (B 57, 88); else-where it is to be found in a single thing which is characterized by opposite properties or gives rise to opposite results (B 59, 60, 61, 67).1 These fragments have long been read as not merely terse observations but instances of a general principle: the unity of (or in) opposites. The mere variety of Heraclitus’ examples suggests that he thought the phenomenon ubiquitous, and on occasion he apparently generalizes about a divergent ‘connection’ (B 51) and claims that all things are unified (B 10, 50). And so he has been credited with the thesis that every unity embodies an opposition and that every pair of opposites is connected.
Substantial Universals In Aristotle’ S Categories
Authors: Perin Casey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle in the Categories, but not elsewhere, presents the distinction between individual substances such as Socrates or Bu-cephalus and their species and genera as the distinction between primary (πρwται)andsecondary(εVτεραι) substances (2A11–19).1 The distinction between primary and secondary substances, in turn, is a distinction between substances that are particulars and substances that are universals.
Aristotle’ S Poetics Without Katharsis, Fear, Or Pity
Authors: Veloso Claudio William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no room for katharsis in the definition of tragedy as it occurs in chapter 6 of Aristotle’s Poetics. The passage is corrupt. At least three scholars—Petrus#evski, Freire, and Scott—have shown that intervention in the text is justifled and necessary, and I have already argued this case elsewhere.1 I take it for granted here that κaθαρςις in line 1449B28 cannot remain. Instead, I ask (1) whether it is a matter of simple elimination or whether some other word should replace it; (2) what portion of the text should be considered corrupt; and, most important, (3) why.
Aspasius On Nicomachean Ethics 7 : An Ancient Example Of ‘ Higher Criticism’?
Authors: Natali Carlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presumably it is even necessary, given that there are unimpeded activities of each state, and happiness is the activity of all of them or of one of them, that this activity, provided that it is unimpeded, is most desirable; but this is pleasure. (1153B9–12)