bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) at the Sacramento Zoo: Adult heterosexual pairs
Authors: Mitchell G. , Soteriou Susan , Kenney Lynne , Towers Steve , Schumer Cara , Dillin Lisa , Gusé Kevin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behaviors of three different adult male–adult female pairs of golden‐bellied mangabeys (Cercocebus galeritus chrysogaster) were compared. Correlates of restricted social conditions and of the presence of offspring on adult behavior and direction of aggressive behaviors were noted. A captive pair displayed self‐biting and other aberrant behaviors, a lone wild‐caught pair showed redirected aggression related to sex, and a pair housed with its offspring showed close social proximity and protection of an infant. The implications of housing and experience for space and visitor exposure are discussed. Observer‐ vs. visitor‐directed displays are seen as important measures of group and visitor effects.
Comparative sex‐related differences of excretory sex steroids from day‐old Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus): Non‐invasive monitoring of neonatal endocrinology
Authors: Bercovitz Arden Bryan , Sarver Patricia L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSex‐related differences in excretory steroids were monitored by radioimmunoas‐say (RIA) from allantoic egg waste samples of day‐old Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Total immunoreactive estrogens (ET), estradiol isolated by chromatography (E2C) or by estradiol‐specific (E2S) antibody, estrone isolated by chromatography (E1C), total androgen (TT), or chromatographed testosterone (TC) were measured by RIA. All estrogenic concentrations were higher (P < 0.04) in females than in males of both species. Female condor ET and E2C levels were each fivefold greater than males; female condor E1C data were twofold greater than in males. Female peregrine falcon ET concentrations were only 25% greater than males; female falcon E2S data were 70% greater than in males. Excretory androgen (TT) concentrations from condors were half as large in females (P < 0.03) than in males; falcon TT levels were not sexually distinct (P > 0.05). Reliable prediction of sex in both species (P < 0.05) was accomplished by estrogen:androgen ratio evaluation, which also eliminated discrepancies in absolute hormone concentration differences between samples for each species.
Improving the feeding of captive felines through application of field data
Authors: Lindburg D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe tactics employed by large felines in food‐getting in the wild are contrasted with the conditions which prevail in captivity. While zoos cannot recreate a completely natural existence, there are points at which nature's ways can guide management in improving the quality of life for zoo animals. Equating an adequate diet with good nutrition leads to dietary substitutions which ignore non‐nutritive requirements. Among the issues discussed are substitute activities, oral health in relation to food texture, and the psychological aspects of feeding.
Captive breeding of the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in North American zoos (1871–1986)
Authors: Marker Laurie , O'Brien Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe African cheetah has been bred in North American zoological facilities since 1956. The captive population has since grown to around 200 animals because of a combined increase in importation plus captive births. From 1982 to 1986, the captive birth rate declined by 50%, primarily because of a low frequency of breeding individuals in the population. The 1986 population had an effective breeding size of 28.1 in a total population of over 193 cheetahs. The incidence of infant mortality has been high (36.7%) relative to other zoo‐bred species, perhaps as a consequence of the previously observed genetic impoverishment of the species. The combination of low fecundity, high infant mortality, and population dynamics indicates that the North American captive cheetah population is neither a self‐sustaining nor a theoretically “viable population” as defined by Soule et al. [ZOO BIOLOGY 5:101–114, 1986]. Possible recommendations for improving captive cheetah propagation are discussed.
Uprooted trees facilitate the psychological well‐being of captive chimpanzees
Authors: Maki Susan , Bloomsmith M. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAfter the introduction of uprooted trees to their environment, the behavior of 28 socially housed, laboratory chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) was studied for five months. Subjects used the tree during 41.9% of the data points collected during the first day trees were introduced. Thereafter, the mean for tree use dropped to 3.5% and remained fairly consistent. Immature subjects used the trees significantly more than did adult subjects, as measured by the Mann‐Whitney U‐test. No sex difference was detected. The trees elicited a variety of species‐appropriate behaviors. Increasing the similarity between the behavior of captive and wild chimpanzees can be viewed as promoting the psychological well‐being of the captive animals.
Effects of live animals vs. preserved specimens on student learning
Authors: Sherwood Kenneth P. , Rallis Sharon F. , Stone James 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFourth‐grade students (292 in all) were tested to determine if handling live animals influences cognitive and affective learning to a greater extent than handling preserved specimens. Live and dried exoskeletons of horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus) and sea stars (Asterias forbesi) were used as contact animals. All students were 1) pre‐ and posttested; 2) participants in a teacher‐directed, “touch‐and‐feel” lecture; and 3) given a “retention” test 6 weeks following contact. Results indicated that short‐ and long‐term cognitive learning took place when students handled either live or dried animals. However, gains in short‐ and long‐term affective learning (measured by changes in attitude) were achieved only when students handled live animals.
Behavioral response of 12 ungulate species in captivity to the presence of humans
Authors: Thompson Valerie Del 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwelve species of captive ungulates were studied to determine behavioral responses to the presence of a zookeeper within the exhibit and in front of the exhibit, with and without zoo visitors present. Significant differences in behavior occurred between species for nearly all behaviors observed. A significantly greater occurrence of vigilance and approach behavior was directed toward the zookeeper while within the exhibit relative to when the zookeeper stood in front of the exhibit. A significantly lower occurrence of eating or drinking occurred when the zookeeper was inside the exhibit. Significant differences occurred across size categories in the occurrence of approaching the zookeeper.The most frequently scored behavior was visual orientation. Statistically significant differences in the occurrence of visual orientation directed by females toward the zookeeper existed across size category, with more vigilance by species with larger body size. A statistically higher occurrence of vigilance toward the zookeeper was directed by female ungulates but not by males when the zoo was closed to the public.Although no statistical significance was found regarding the intraspecific vigilance of males, data on females revealed significant differences across species and across size categories. When data regarding vigilance toward the public were analyzed, statistically significant differences existed between species for females only. Likewise, when data regarding interspecific vigilance were examined, statistically significant differences were found across size categories for females, but not for males. The potential roles of vigilance in the wild are discussed in reference to its role in captivity.
Reproductive biology of captive and free‐ranging spider monkeys
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Chapman Lauren J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecords from 42 zoos and from long‐term studies of wild populations were analysed to describe the reproductive biology of spider monkeys (Ateles spp.). Both data sets suggested that spider monkey females typically have their first infant between 7 and 8 years of age with an interbirth interval of approximately 32–36 months. Infant sex ratio for zoo populations was approximately 1 male to 1 female; infant sex ratios from wild populations were variable. Zoo records provided adequate sample size to suggest that interbirth interval was not influenced by the sex of the infant produced, and that the sex ratio and the probability of infant survival did not change with the number of infants the mother had produced. The findings of this study have implications with respect to the conservation of New World primate species. Since spider monkeys take a long time to reach sexual maturity and their interbirth interval is longer than that expected based on their body size, their populations may be slow to recover following disturbances. Thus, particular care should be taken for the protection of these species.
Common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) as a management model for the Pseudocheiridae: Reproductive scope, behavior, and biomedical values on a browse‐free diet
Authors: Roberts Miles , Phillips Lyndsay , Kohn Frank 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to determine 1) the life history characteristics of a captive colony of the arboreal folivore Pseudocheirus peregrinus maintained on a browse free diet under enhanced laboratory conditions, 2) the direction and magnitude of life history differences from wild population values, and 3) the feasibility of developing captive colonies of this and related species for conservation and research programs. Rates of reproduction, growth, and development; demographic trends; behavioral patterns pertinent to exhibition; and management and medical techniques are reported. Fecundity was 67% greater than that of wild populations and there was an approximate four‐fold increase in the rate of offspring survival to sexual maturity. These trends were due largely to reduced post‐pouch emergence mortality and the decay of reproductive seasonality. The results indicate that a properly designed “artificial” diet can support significantly enhanced reproduction in a trophic specialist. Other demographic, developmental, and behavioral measures found to be consistent with those reported from wild populations indicate that there was no significant life history distortion caused by the management regime. Empirical data are presented showing that the common ringtail is nocturnal, has low rates of activity, and has specific space and substrate preferences. These results suggest ways in which the animals' physical environment can be manipulated to improve exhibition. We conclude that the reproductive rates of other ringtail possum species might also be enhanced under comparable management conditions.
North American orangutan species survival plan: Current status and progress in the 1980s
Authors: Perkins Lorraine A. , Maple Terry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe SSP program for orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus ssp.) was initiated in 1982. Since that time, the Propagation Group has dealt with issues related to improving captive management of the species. Prior to 1982, most orangutans in North America were managed as a single species, though a number of institutions did house their Bornean and Sumatran specimens separately. However, the determination of race at that time was made largely on the basis of physical appearance, a method subsequently proven imprecise. A major achievement of the SSP has been the refinement of orangutan subspecies determination; SSP‐sponsored karotyping has determined, on a chromosomal level, the true subspecies of virtually every orangutan managed by the SSP. The validity of these results has been confirmed by recent fieldwork, also completed under the auspices of the SSP. Since 1985, as a result of these captive and field data, the SSP has held to the policy that subspecific hybrid orangutans should not be produced; to that end, there is a moratorium on the breeding of hybrid animals. Another significant step taken by the SSP group is the completion of the sophisticated demographic and genetic analyses, leading to the development of a Masterplan for this species and its captive management. Goals for the near future include refinement of the Masterplan analyses and publication of a new international studbook for the species.
Integration of hand‐reared gorillas into breeding groups
Authors: Meder Angela 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany zoo‐born gorillas must still be hand‐reared and sooner or later be associated with conspecifics in a breeding group. In this study the introduction and integration of 5 hand‐reared infants at 3 zoos was observed for 2 to 4 years. Results showed that introductions proceed more smoothly if infants are first introduced to a calm and socially competent adult female. Infants should not be much older than 1 year at the start of integration, in order to allow for “adoption.” Adopting females facilitate acceptance by the rest of the group. Problems frequently arise during introductions because of aggressiveness of silverbacks and the social incompetence of hand‐reared individuals. Immature animals may react aggressively to the presence of adults, especially silverbacks, and thus delay the progress of integration. They should be introduced to adults as early as possible in order to facilitate the learning of essential social skills.
Further developments in the breeding population of lowland gorillas at Apenheul
Authors: Kopff Hans Otto , Mager Wim B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 1987 a second group of lowland gorillas was formed at Apenheul. Aspects of the zoo‐technical management (diet, accommodation, etc.) are described. The management and the development of the population, including mother‐rearing of all offspring, are described. Special attention is given to the formation of a second group by introducing two zoo‐born females and a non‐breeding female from one group to a nonrelated male to form a second group. These transfers of group members resulted rather quickly in pregnancies. The two groups are housed on adjacent islands, and the advantages and disadvantages of such a facility are discussed.
Serum testosterone and musth in captive male African and Asian elephants
Authors: Cooper K. A. , Harder J. D. , Clawson D. H. , Fredrick D. L. , Lodge G. A. , Peachey H. C. , Spellmire T. J. , Winstel D. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTestosterone concentrations in serum samples collected weekly over a 5‐year period from a young adult male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and a young adult male African forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Testosterone profiles during this maturational period were compared between the two species and related to the occurrence of musth, a recurring physiological and behavioral condition exhibited by most mature Asian, and some African, bull elephants. Musth is characterized by secretion from the bull's temporal glands, dribbling urine, and increased aggression. Serum testosterone concentrations in the Asian bull were elevated substantially between April and September each year, coincident with the presence of temporal gland secretion, urine dribbling, and aggressive behavior. Testosterone levels from April through September averaged (± SEM) 41.2 ± 2.8 ng/ml, compared to 7.6 ± 1.0 ng/ml during the rest of the year. In contrast, the testosterone profile of the African bull showed greater variation and lower levels overall, the only pattern being a tendency for levels to be lowest from November to February (avg. 6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 10.3 ± 0.8 ng/ml during the rest of the year). Temporal gland secretion and other signs of musth were first observed in this bull in 1988, at age 17. While his testosterone profile did not show a pattern comparable to that in the Asian bull, average testosterone values were significantly greater in 1988 compared to previous years.The Asian bull showed sexual attention to preovulatory (estrous) cows whether in musth or not, and exposure to estrous cows did not appear to alter the highly consistent, annual pattern of musth as evidenced in temporal gland flow.
Ultrasound imaging of reproductive organs and eggs in Galapagos tortoises, Geochelone elephantopus spp
Authors: Robeck Todd R. , Rostal David C. , Burchfield Patrick M. , Owens David W. , Kraemer Duane C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study demonstrates the efficacy of using ultrasound to determine the presence of ovarian developing, preovulatory, and atretic follicular structures and oviductal eggs in the Galapagos tortoise, Geochelone elephantopus spp. Ultrasound was effective in locating both right and left ovarian structures in 92% (n = 100 ovaries) of the trials. Developing and preovulatory follicles and oviductal eggs were echogenically visualized and had measurements ranging from 18 to 44 mm (n = 93) and 55 to 68 mm (n = 9), respectively. Atretic follicles ranged in size from 10 to 38 mm (n = 10). In one trial with four G. elephantopus, ultrasound observations were validated with the use of laparoscopy. All procedures were accomplished without general anesthesia on a specifically designed restraining table. Ultrasound provides an effective, safe modality for determining the reproductive status of adult female tortoises.
Nonsurgical embryo transfer in the scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah): Birth of a live offspring
Authors: Pope C. E. , Gelwicks E. J. , Burton M. , Reece R. , Dresser B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this project was to determine if modifications of methods of estrous synchronization, superovulation, embryo recovery, and transfer used successfully in other ungulates, both domestic and nondomestic, could be applied to scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah). Donors were two parous females and recipients were one parous and two nulliparous females that were given a total of two cloprostenol injections at an interval of 0 and 13 or 12 days, respectively. Donors were treated with follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH‐P, Schering, Kenilworth, NJ) b.i.d. for 4 days and placed with a fertile male. Seven days after the last FSH‐P injection, nonsurgical uterine lavages were performed on both donors. One good‐quality embryo at the morula stage was recovered and nonsurgically transferred into the right uterine horn of the parous recipient. A healthy female calf born at 247 days post‐transfer represents the first known live birth of scimitarhorned oryx following embryo transfer. These results provide additional evidence that estrous synchronization and embryo transfer techniques used in other ungulates can be applied to endangered antelopes such as the scimitar‐horned oryx.
Behavioral evaluation of exhibit modifications designed to accommodate an aged diana monkey
Authors: Zucker Evan L. , Deitchman Marsha , Watts Eve 
Published: June 2005

AbstractModifications in a zoo exhibit were made to increase the arboreality of an aged female diana monkey, and to increase her use of the central portion of the exhibit where a new food shelf had been added. Branches, which formed ramps to this shelf, also were added. Following these changes, the aged female's arboreality increased slightly, and her use of the central portion of the exhibit increased significantly. Changes in habitat use following these modifications also were noted in the other two diana monkeys in the group. These results suggest that zoo habitats can be made more usable for individuals whose behavioral capabilities might be limited due to age or physical disability.
Factors influencing reproductive success in small captive exotic felids (Felis spp.): A multiple regression analysis
Authors: Mellen Jill D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEnvironmental, genetic, and social factors associated with captive maintenance of small felids (Felis spp.) were systematically examined at eight different zoos to determine which of these factors most closely correlated with successful reproduction. Almost half of all the pairings examined failed to produce offspring. However, at least some representatives of the 20 species examined successfully reproduced, suggesting that failure to breed could not be solely attributed to species specific requirements. Multiple regression techniques revealed an association between number of litters produced and number of medical treatments, latitude range of wild counterparts, group size (all negatively correlated), and a positive correlation with husbandry style. These findings have direct relevance to how small cats are managed in captivity. Specifically, when small felids are maintained in groups larger than a pair (1.1), they are not likely to reproduce. Furthermore, a husbandry style in which keepers spent considerable time talking to, and interacting with, the cats under their care was more likely to result in offspring than one in which these interactions did not occur. These and other results generated suggestions for management techniques necessary to assure the continued survival of small cats in captivity.
Early growth and bone mineralization of the iguanid lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis in captivity: Is vitamin D3 supplementation or ultraviolet B irradiation necessary?
Authors: Gehrmann William H. , Ferguson Gary W. , Odom Ted W. , Roberts David T. , Barcellona Wayne J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe insectivorous, heliophilic iguanid lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, was used in this study. Eight groups of field‐collected juveniles were subjected to different doses of ultraviolet‐B radiation or were fed crickets maintained on different diets with varying amounts of vitamin D3 and other nutrients. The crickets fed to all groups were dusted with calcium carbonate powder. Snout‐vent lengths and body masses were significantly greater within each group at the end of 10 weeks; however, there were no significant among‐group differences in growth. There were no differences among treatment groups regarding plasma calcium concentration or bone calcium, phosphorus or magnesium concentrations. However, compared to length‐matched field controls, individuals from treatment groups had significantly greater body masses, greater bone calcium concentrations, and lower bone magnesium concentrations. Lizards exposed to ultraviolet radiation exhibited lower plasma phosphorus concentrations relative to several other treatment groups and field controls. In the field sample, bone calcium concentration was positively correlated with body size while bone magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were negatively correlated with body size.
Effects of visitors and cage changes on the behaviors of mangabeys
Authors: Mitchell G. , Herring Fred , Obradovich Stephanie , Tromborg Chris , Dowd Brad , Neville Laurie E. , Field Leslie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree groups of golden‐bellied mangabeys were studied to determine the effects of visitors and cage changes on their aggressive displays, grooming and sexual behavior, and play. Assessments of changes in behavior were made by comparing categorized observer comments. Animals moved to cages having more visitors increased their aggressive displays toward people, decreased their aggressive displays toward other species in neighboring cages, and increased their withingroup aggression. On the other hand, grooming, sexual behavior, and play increased after cage changes regardless of numbers of visitors. The view that it is the pattern of behavior changes in enrichment that is important in assessment of attempted enrichment was supported. Aggressive and affiliative behaviors are affected quite differently by different environmental stimuli in the zoo.