bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A situational analysis on how salespeople experience and cope with shame and embarrassment
Authors: Verbeke Willem , Bagozzi Richard P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe goal of this article is to explore the role that shame and embarrassment play within an organization boundary‐spanning context. For a sample of 458 salespeople selling financial services, measures are developed and hypotheses are tested concerning the effects of shame and embarrassment. The results suggest that the tendency to experience shame and embarrassment in personal selling leads to protective reactions (e.g., avoidance behaviors), and these, in turn, negatively impact performance (e.g., sales volume and quality of sales interaction). Hypotheses are tested on fitting and validation samples, both for salespeople focusing on prospecting tasks and salespeople focusing on relationship building. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward understanding the young consumer's brand associations and ethnocentrism in the lion's port
Authors: O'Cass Aron , Lim Kenny 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examines consumer brand associations, focusing on the differences in price perceptions, self‐image, and brand–image congruency held for Western and Eastern brands of fashion clothing by young Singaporeans. The study also examines consumer ethnocentric tendencies (CET), finding very low levels of ethnocentrism among respondents, and that ethnocentrism had no effect on brand preference or purchase intention for brands from different origins. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐bond 13C–13C coupling constants in alkyl‐substituted cyclopropenes: experimental and theoretical studies
Authors: Kamieńska‐Trela Krystyna , Bernatowicz Piotr , Lüttke Wolfgang , Machinek Reinhard , Trætteberg Marit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMeasurements of one‐bond carbon–carbon coupling constants, 1J(C, C), were performed for two series of compounds, alkyl‐substituted cyclopropenes and cyclopropanes. The experimental data were complemented by a set of DFT‐calculated J couplings for the parent cyclopropene (1), its methyl and silyl derivatives and, additionally, for 1‐methylcyclobutene (3), 1‐methylcyclopentene (4) and 1‐methylcyclohexene (5) and good agreement was observed between the experimental and the calculated data; all the trends are perfectly maintained, including a dramatic decrease in the couplings across endocyclic single bonds in cyclopropene and its derivatives, and a significant decrease in the corresponding couplings in cyclobutene. Using the data obtained, the s characters of the carbon hybrid orbitals involved in the formation of the cyclopropene were calculated. The results clearly show that the ring closure and the related strain exerted upon the cyclopropene molecule only slightly disturb the electron structure of the double bond. The s character of the corresponding carbon orbital is 0.314 in cyclopropene vs the theoretical value of 0.333 in ethene. This is at variance with the endo‐ and exocyclic single bonds, where the s characters of the orbitals forming the endocyclic single bonds are much smaller than those of the bonds in the open‐chain compounds, i.e. 0.229 (C‐1 and/or C‐2) and 0.166 (C‐3). The s values calculated for the exocyclic CH bonds are 0.334 for C‐3 and 0.456 for C‐1 and/or C‐2. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenylselenenylmenthane derivatives and their enantiomeric discrimination by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy in the presence of a chiral dirhodium complex
Authors: Malik Shahid , Moeller Stefan , Duddeck Helmut , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe phenylselenenylmenthane and ‐menthene derivatives 1–4 were studied in terms of 1H and 13C signal assignments, conformational analysis and also complexation shifts (Δδ) and dispersion effects (Δν) observed when non‐racemic (ca 2 : 1) mixtures of the chiral selenides were exposed to an equimolar amount of the chiral dirhodium complex Rh*. The complexation site is the selenium atom exclusively. Whereas Δδ values are moderate or small, dispersed signals (split into two owing to the existence of diastereomeric adducts) can be observed, many of which are large enough for a facile determination of enantiomeric ratios of the selenides irregardless of the conformational behaviour of the selenides and the adduct composition. Thus, the ‘dirhodium method’ is simple and reliable for chiral recognition in the class of organoselenium compounds which is gaining increasing importance in developing new techniques of asymmetric synthesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational studies on indole alkaloids from Flustra foliacea by NMR and molecular modeling
Authors: Morales‐Ríos Martha S. , Santos‐Sánchez Norma F. , Suárez‐Castillo Oscar R. , Joseph‐Nathan Pedro 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1H and 13C NMR assignments for 1a–4a and 1b–4b were obtained using HSQC, HMBC and NOESY techniques. Differences and ambiguities from literature assignments are reconciled. For the pyrrolidine C‐ring, the combined use of NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations revealed that this ring exists in a dynamic conformational equilibrium between twist (2T1) and envelope‐twist (1E–1T2) conformations. In chloroform‐d1, the 1H NMR coupling constants indicate that the pyrrolidine ring is biased in favor of the envelope‐twist conformation. Steric requirements of the N‐prenyl group enhanced the envelope‐twist (1E–1T2) conformation populations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐analytical elastostatic analysis of unbounded two‐dimensional domains
Authors: Deeks Andrew J. , Wolf John P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnbounded plane stress and plane strain domains subjected to static loading undergo infinite displacements, even when the zero displacement boundary condition at infinity is enforced. However, the stress and strain fields are well behaved, and are of practical interest. This causes significant difficulty when analysis is attempted using displacement‐based numerical methods, such as the finite‐element method. To circumvent this difficulty problems of this nature are often changed subtly before analysis to limit the displacements to finite values. Such a process is unsatisfactory, as it distorts the solution in some way, and may lead to a stiffness matrix that is nearly singular. In this paper, the semi‐analytical scaled boundary finite‐element method is extended to permit the analysis of such problems without requiring any modification of the problem itself. This is possible because the governing differential equations are solved analytically in the radial direction. The displacement solutions so obtained include an infinite component, but relative motion between any two points in the unbounded domain can be computed accurately. No small arbitrary constants are introduced, no arbitrary truncation of the domain is performed, and no ill‐conditioned matrices are inverted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of a constitutive model for clays and sands: Part II – clay behaviour
Authors: Pestana Juan M. , Whittle Andrew J. , Gens Antonio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe undrained response of cohesive soils is of paramount importance in geomechanics and it has been modelled extensively for the last 50 years. In comparison, drained behaviour of clays has received only modest attention. Drained and undrained behaviour is significantly affected by past consolidation stress history. This paper evaluates the capabilities of the MIT‐S1 effective stress model, described in a companion paper, for predicting the anisotropic stress–strain–strength behaviour of clays. The paper illustrates the selection of model parameters for Lower Cromer Till, using data from standard types of laboratory tests. Comparison of model simulations with measured response for Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay illustrate model capabilities. The work focuses initially on comparisons of model predictions with measurements from undrained triaxial and plane strain tests on initially K0‐consolidated specimens. Comparisons with measured data from undrained shear tests performed in different modes of shearing for LCT and BBC show that the model: (a) gives excellent predictions of maximum shear stress conditions and accurately describes the non‐linear shear stress–strain behaviour; (b) accurately describes the anisotropic shear stress–strain–strength conditions for different consolidation stress histories; and (c) gives realistic description of mobilized friction angles, especially at large OCR's. The paper then focuses on the effects of consolidation stress history for isotropically consolidated specimens of resedimented Lower Cromer Till and Boston Blue Clay. Finally, the paper compares model predictions for drained shear tests on K0 and isotropically consolidated specimens with overconsolidation ratios, OCR⩽10, used to evaluate particular aspects of the critical state framework of soil behaviour. Overall, the model gives excellent predictions of the effect of initial anisotropy and overconsolidation stress history on the shear stress–strain and volumetric behaviour of clays. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution magic angle spinning MRS of breast cancer tissue
Authors: Sitter Beathe , Sonnewald Ursula , Spraul Manfred , Fjösne Hans E. , Gribbestad Ingrid S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHigh‐resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) may develop into a new diagnostic tool for studying intact tissue samples, and several types of cancer have been investigated with promising results. In this study HR MAS spectra of breast cancer tissue from 10 patients have been compared to conventional high‐resolution spectra of perchloric acid extracts of the same tissue type. The HR MAS spectra show resolution comparable to spectra of extracts, and two‐dimensional techniques lead to identification of a majority of the constituents. More than 30 different metabolites have been detected and assigned. To our knowledge this is the most detailed assignment of biochemical components in intact human breast tissue. The spectra of intact breast cancer tissue differ from perchloric acid extracts by the presence of lipids and fewer signals in the low field region. HR MAS analysis of intact breast tissue specimens is a rapid method, providing spectra with resolution where relative quantification of the majority of the detected metabolites is possible. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of drugs modulating K+ transport on Rb+ uptake and distribution in pig hearts following regional ischemia: 87Rb MRI study
Authors: Kupriyanov Valery V. , Xiang Bo , Sun Jiankang , Jilkina Olga 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of drugs that can modulate passive permeability of K+ into cardiomyocytes in normal and reperfusion‐damaged cardiac muscle were assessed. Rubidium ion (Rb+) was used as a K+ tracer and 87Rb‐MRI as a detection method. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) of isolated pig hearts perfused with Krebs–Henseleit buffer (KHB) was occluded for 2 h and subsequently reperfused for 2 h with KHB containing 4.7 mM RbCl instead of KCl. The buffer contained either a blocker of ATP‐sensitive K+ channels (KATP), glibenclamide (Glib, 3 µM), a KATP opener, pinacidil (Pin, 10 µM), a K+/Na+/2Cl− co‐transporter inhibitor, bumetanide (Bum, 10 µM) or no drug (control). Upon reperfusion three‐dimensional 87Rb MR images were acquired to obtain kinetics of Rb+ uptake and its distribution. Areas at risk (AAR) and areas of necrosis were determined by Evans Blue and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, respectively. Rb+ uptake kinetics in the remote posterior (Pos) wall were similar in all groups. The kinetics remained monoexponential in the affected anterior (Ant) wall and the uptake rates were 32, 36, 37 and 21% of that in the Pos wall in the control, Glib, Pin and Bum groups, respectively. Infarct sizes determined histologically as a percentage of total ventricular (left + right) mass (14–22%) corresponded to sizes of areas with 20–40% of maximal Rb image intensity [I(Rb)max, 15–22%], except for the Pin group (12.5 vs 21%). The sizes of areas with 20–50% of I(Rb)max (30–36%) closely correlated with those of AAR determined histologically (31–33%). Lactate dehydrogenase release did not differ in all groups. We conclude that: (1) reperfusion damage quickly inhibits Rb+ uptake; (2) Rb+ uptake in normal and reperfused tissue does not significantly depend on KATP or the K+/Na+/2Cl− cotransporter; (3) areas with 20–40% of maximal image intensity correspond to infarct areas. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Networking lessons in delivering ‘Software as a Service’—part I
Authors: Greschler David , Mangan Tim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is a two‐part paper. In part I, we describe the origins of Software as a Service (SaaS) and its value proposition to Corporate IT, Service Providers, Independent Software Vendors, and End Users. In part II, we examine the networking lessons learned in researching, building, and running a SaaS service. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient diagonal preconditioner for finite element solution of Biot's consolidation equations
Authors: Phoon K. K. , Toh K. C. , Chan S. H. , Lee F. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFinite element simulations of very large‐scale soil–structure interaction problems (e.g. excavations, tunnelling, pile‐rafts, etc.) typically involve the solution of a very large, ill‐conditioned, and indefinite Biot system of equations. The traditional preconditioned conjugate gradient solver coupled with the standard Jacobi (SJ) preconditioner can be very inefficient for this class of problems. This paper presents a robust generalized Jacobi (GJ) preconditioner that is extremely effective for solving very large‐scale Biot's finite element equations using the symmetric quasi‐minimal residual method. The GJ preconditioner can be formed, inverted, and implemented within an ‘element‐by‐element’ framework as readily as the SJ preconditioner. It was derived as a diagonal approximation to a theoretical form, which can be proven mathematically to possess an attractive eigenvalue clustering property. The effectiveness of the GJ preconditioner over a wide range of soil stiffness and permeability was demonstrated numerically using a simple three‐dimensional footing problem. This paper casts a new perspective on the potentialities of the simple diagonal preconditioner, which has been commonly perceived as being useful only in situations where it can serve as an approximate inverse to a diagonally dominant coefficient matrix. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear and non‐linear finite element error estimation based on assumed strain fields
Authors: Gabaldón F. , Goicolea J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this work we analyse the use of enhanced strain fields for the purpose of error estimation in finite element solid mechanics applications. The proposed approach evaluates the quality of the solution for standard Galerkin displacement elements, taking into account the enrichment of the solution with enhanced assumed strain mixed elements. The contribution of the enhanced strain modes is measured with an energy norm.The method proposed has two interesting advantages. Firstly, it results in a local formulation which is evaluated element by element. Secondly, it is easily extended to non‐linear problems. In this work, the formulation is developed for linear elasticity, for finite strain elasticity, and von Mises small strain plasticity.Finally, some representative numerical simulations are presented which show in practice the performance of the method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow‐induced vibrations of non‐linear cables. Part 2: Simulations
Authors: Lucor D. , Evangelinos C. , Imas L. , Karniadakis G. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we present simulations of flow interacting with non‐linear cables. We first consider the case of a pre‐stretched straight cable subject to uniform inflow, which eventually assumes a catenary‐like equilibrium position. We then simulate the flow induced by a riser of an S shape at equilibrium, subject to time‐periodic forcing at one of its ends. We demonstrate that the models and algorithms developed in Part 1 of this work can be used effectively in simulating flow‐structure interactions in non‐linear systems of industrial complexity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new finite‐element formulation for electromechanical boundary value problems
Authors: Landis Chad M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a new finite‐element formulation for the solution of electromechanical boundary value problems is presented. As opposed to the standard formulation that uses scalar electric potential as nodal variables, this new formulation implements a vector potential from which components of electric displacement are derived. For linear piezoelectric materials with positive definite material moduli, the resulting finite‐element stiffness matrix from the vector potential formulation is also positive definite. If the material is non‐linear in a fashion characteristic of ferroelectric materials, it is demonstrated that a straightforward iterative solution procedure is unstable for the standard scalar potential formulation, but stable for the new vector potential formulation. Finally, the method is used to compute fields around a crack tip in an idealized non‐linear ferroelectric material, and results are compared to an analytical solution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New smoothing techniques for solving bang–bang optimal control problems—numerical results and statistical interpretation
Authors: Bertrand R. , Epenoy R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the solution of bang‐bang optimal control problems by shooting methods. We will show how modifying the performance index by a term depending on a small parameter ε yields more regular controls and shooting functions. A continuation procedure on ε will lead us to a good approximation of the initial solution. Then, a statistical interpretation of the method is given, providing us with a general framework for building new regular controls. Finally, two numerical examples are solved illustrating the interest of our method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological and mechanistic studies on neonicotinoid cross resistance in Q‐type Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Stumpf Natascha , Elbert Alfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a serious pest in numerous cropping systems and has developed a high degree of resistance against several chemical classes of insecticides. One of the latest group of insecticides introduced to the market were the neonicotinoids (chloronicotinyls), acting agonistically on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides has recently been shown to occur, especially in Q‐type B tabaci in some places in Almeria, Spain, whereas control of B‐type B tabaci in many other intense cropping systems worldwide has remained on high levels. Our study revealed that neonicotinoid‐resistant Q‐type strains from Almeria were often more than 100‐fold less susceptible to thiamethoxam, acetamiprid and imidacloprid when tested in discontinuous systemic laboratory bioassays. The resistance factors were generally 2‐ to 3‐fold lower in leaf‐dip bioassays. In addition to the Spanish strains, we obtained two other highly neonicotinoid‐cross‐resistant B tabaci greenhouse populations, one from Italy (December 1999) and one from Germany (June 2001). A molecular diagnostic analysis revealed that both strains also belong to the (Spanish) subtype Q of the B tabaci species complex. The resistance levels of Q‐type whitefly strains derived from Almeria greenhouses in 1999 remained stable for at least two years, even when maintained in the laboratory without any selection pressure. The biochemical mechanisms conferring resistance to neonicotinoids have not yet been elucidated in detail, but synergist studies suggested a possible involvement of microsomal monooxygenases. Furthermore, we checked two Almerian strains of B tabaci isolated in 1998 and 1999 and demonstrated that neonicotinoid resistance is not due to an altered [3H]imidacloprid binding site of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of metabolic detoxifying enzyme activities and insecticide resistance in Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: Maymó Ana C , Cervera Amelia , Sarabia Raquel , Martínez‐Pardo Rafael , Garcerá M Dolores 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a very significant pest of a number of different agricultural crops in the south‐east of Spain. The importance of thrips as a pest is not due mainly to the direct damage inflicted on the plant, but to the loss in commercial value which occurs as a consequence of the development of dark spots caused by the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) which they transmit. The economic threshold is therefore almost zero, which enhances the problems of resistance management. The present work is part of a global project that attempts to evaluate the status of insecticide resistance in field populations of thrips obtained from several agricultural crops. We have studied, in either individual or pooled insects, some enzyme systems classically related to detoxification of insecticides: esterases and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST). The activity of these enzymes from laboratory populations selected with various classes of insecticides has also been measured using several appropriate substrates. An increase in GST mean activity was found in two field‐collected strains. Differences in frequency distributions of esterase and GST activities were found for both field‐collected strains and for a laboratory strain selected with acrinathrin. These activities were compared with those of a wild‐type reference strain.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Natural variation in baseline data: when do we call a new sample ‘resistant’?
Authors: Schaub Lukas , Sardy Sylvain , Capkun Gorana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMortality of pear psylla to amitraz was studied by means of bioassays. Variation between samples, temporal variation within the season in one orchard and spatial variation between Swiss regions were considered. Variation between samples was large enough to produce different Probit functions and LC50 values. Temporal and spatial variations were too small to indicate resistance. Prediction intervals of the pooled functions using bootstrapping were calculated to determine if future samples come from a population with decreased sensitivity. Probabilistic criteria on the population level were proposed for resistance.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on the synthesis of cyclic pentapeptides as LHRH antagonists and the factors that influence cyclization yield
Authors: Gao Xing‐Ming , Ye Yun‐Hua , Bernd Michael , Kutscher Bernhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSix cyclic pentapeptides containing two or three non‐protein amino acids have been synthesized by cyclization of linear precursors in dilute solution and characterized by TLC, HPLC, NMR, melting point, specific rotation etc. A total of 72 cyclization reactions were carried out to study the factors that influence head‐to‐tail cyclization: linear precursor sequence, coupling reagent, residue configuration, the proportion of DMAP additive, concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. The cyclic pentapeptides will be modified by active moieties and evaluated as LHRH antagonists. Copyright © 2002 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.