bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing Channels on the Most Powerful Medium
Authors: Mickiewicz Ellen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only four and-a-half years had passed between the 1990 May Day parade and the winter of the Chechen war. On May Day Mikhail Gorbachev was surprised by the public’s hostility, and during Chechnya Boris Yeltsin was surprised by the low impact of his information policy. In both cases, the events taking place in a single, delimited space became nationally significant, in large part because of television. The old ways-on the screen and in the polity-did not work any more, if, in fact, they had ever worked as imagined. The battle for television reflects and explains much in the demise of the Soviet Union and the transformation of Russia. The enormous changes wrought there bear thinking about because of the broader policy issues regarding the role of television in times that redefine the meaning of a nation and its future.
Human Development Strategies In South Asia
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The battle for human development is going to be won or lost mainly m Asia because that is where 70% of the developing world’s people live. Asia has made significant human progress in the past three decades. Average life expectancy has increased by 18 years-from 46 years in 1960 to 64 years in 1990. Average primary enrolment has increased from 57% to 71%. Infant and child mortality rates have been about halved. And the immunization coverage for one-year-olds is now around 85% in East Asia-higher than the average for industrial countries. But there is a distressing and lengthening agenda of human deprivation. More than 700 million people live in absolute poverty. More than 600 million people cannot read or write, two-thirds of them women. And about half the people have no access to safe drinking water. More disturbing are the wide disparities within Asia. South Asia, with more than one billion people, has a life expectancy 12 years lower than that in East Asia and a literacy rate 34 percentage points lower, 47% compared with 81%, and the lowest of all regions. Three-quarters of the world’s illiterate people live in the five most populous Asian states China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
Human Development Potential In The Islamic World
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The human development ranks of Islamic countries are generally lower than their per capita income ranks, showing that their income has not been fully translated into the lives of their people. The overall Human Development Index (HDD for 49 Islamic countries is only 0.393, placing the Islamic world in the low human development category. Many Islamic countries have HDI ranks far below their per capita GNP ranks: for example, the difference is 54 for Oman, 52 for the United Arab Emirates and 41 for Iraq (table 8.1). This difference reveals the considerable potential in these societies for enhancing their human development. Some non-Islamic countries enjoy much better education and health than Islamic countries at similar per capita incomes (table 8.2). In access to health services, safe water and sanitation-and in combined primary and secondary enrolment ratios-the Islamic world lags behind the developing country average. Within their respective regions, the Islamic countries are generally behind the regional average in most social indicators of development. While this picture is true for most Islamic countries, there is a brighter side. Some Islamic countries, particularly Jordan, Malaysia and Tunisia, show that much can be done in human development if the political determination is there. Jordan and Tunisia, at per capita incomes of $1,060 and $1,500, enjoy literacy levels higher than Saudi Arabia’s, which has a per capita income five times higher. Similarly, Malaysia,
Policy Direction Of The World Bank
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the senior management and the Executive Board of the World Bank never ignored politics in their economic decision making, that was not true of Bank staff-young, self-confident professionals from the world’s leading universities who treated the latest economic theories and development models as gospel. They were repeatedly told to focus only on the technical and economic aspects of projects and programmes -thus the narrow technical judgements of the Bank staff were linked with the much broader economic and political perspective of senior management and the Executive Board.
A New 20:20 Global Compact For Basic Social Services
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human Development Report 1991 reached a startling conclusion: “the lack of political commitment, not of financial resources, is often the real cause of human neglect.” The report demonstrated the considerable potential for restructuring priorities in national budgets and in aid allocations. It estimated that as much as $50 billion a year could be released to provide basic social services for all-by cutting military expenditures, by privatizing inefficient public enterprises and by correcting wrong development priorities. It also estimated, on the basis of partial data, that bilateral and multilateral donors were earmarking only a small fraction of their aid budgets for human priority concerns.
An Economic Security Council
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The global agenda is changing fast. Instead of a preoccupation with East-West cold war and nuclear security, there is finally a rising concern with many issues of human security. While economic and social issues are rising to the top of the global agenda, there paradoxically are no global institutions of economic governance to handle these issues effectively and regularly. Chapter 14 showed how institutions of global economic governance have weakened exactly when global interdependence has increased. A serious vacuum in global economic management is being filled through ad hoc improvisations.
Successful African American Males and Their Families
Authors: Hrabowski III Freeman A , Maton Kenneth I , Greif Geoffrey L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost everything we read and hear about young Black males focuses on the problems of crime, violence, drugs, teenage pregnancy, and poor academic achievement. Although many Americans have heard the calamitous statistics on the plight of young African American males, few can pinpoint a single reason for the downward-spiraling trends. Some attribute the problems to the general deterioration of urban communities, problems complicated by drugs (especially the increased use of crack cocaine) and increased crime over the past decades. Some blame racism. Others point their fingers at these young men and suggest that they lack responsibility or that they possess a victim mentality. Sociologist William Julius Wilson focuses on structural problems in the economy that prevent meaningful participation by these young men-the steady decline, for example, in manufacturing jobs in a service- and technology-oriented employment market. Still others believe that without access to the marketplace, with the long, hard road to success closed to them, these young men seek out immediate gratification. No doubt all of these factors contribute to the current status of young Black males.
The Chances of War: Lee, Longstreet, Sickles, and the First Minnesota Volunteers
Authors: Gramm Kent 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The field at Gettysburg where the First Minnesota monument now stands was hot and smoky as the sun set, some-time around 7 P.M., that July 2. Some of the men from Red Wing, Winona, St. Paul, and places north and west lay on shuddering ground as the battery immediately behind them thundered, shooting flame and streams of acrid smoke. Until now these men had watched safely for hours―but with growing unease, then alarmas the battle of Daniel Sickles’s Third Corps against the two big Confederate divisions assailing it spread toward them. Facing west, the Minnesotans had stood by the battery, seeing, across a half-mile of mostly open country, long blue lines stretching north along the road ahead, and away southeast into some woods at least a mile from their left. The apex of this bent line was at a peach orchard. Way off to the left a rocky hill and a stony prominence in front of it had been swept by a pandemonium of smoke, volumes of musketry fire, and cheers of thousands of men―not to mention the unnerving Rebel Yell; the roar and smoke had traveled up that line until the peach orchard had been drowned in smoke.
Gettysburg’s Gettysburg: What the Battle Did to the Borough
Authors: Gallman J Matthew , Baker Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
History has an odd way of elevating relatively unknown locales into positions of prominence. The luck of geography or some strange twist of fate can suddenly turn a nation’s eyes onto an unsuspecting community, forever linking its name with a single major episode. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, in 1863 was hardly an obscure backwater. This bustling county seat of roughly 2,400 people boasted a vibrant commercial center, sever-al hotels and taverns, a railroad depot, the county prison and a new courthouse, a Lutheran Theological Seminary, and a college. Nonetheless, few Americans were familiar with Gettysburg before the first days of July, when nearly 170,000 armed men converged upon the borough. By battle’s end, the two armies had suffered over 51,000 casualties; Gettysburg would never be quite the same.
The Pennsylvania Gambit and the Gettysburg Splash
Authors: Mcmurry Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the first three days of July in the year 1863, Union and Confederate troops fought a great battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. This battle became the best-known engagement of the American Civil War. It may well be the best-known battle in the history of the United States and the subject of more historical studies than any other military engagement in which American troops have participated. Despite its prominence, and all the effort historians have devoted to studying it, and despite all the controversies it has engendered, Gettysburg is still a very much misunderstood baftle. The more important the aspect of the battle, it seems, the greater the misunderstanding. This statement is especially relevant when it comes to the two most important facets of Gettysburg and the campaign of which it was a part―the battle’s origins and its importance in the war’s military history.
September 1938
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first operational study of a German military offensive against Czechoslovakia, code-named “Schulung,” was prepared in May 1935. On this foundation was built the original study’s more advanced version, Operation Green. This plan acquired realistic dimensions by late June 1937 and was redrawn in April 1938 to reflect the new situation brought about by the annexation of Austria. On 30 May 1938 the Fuhrer signed yet another version of the plan: German armed forces had to smash Czechoslovakia “in the near future.” They were specifically instructed to carry out ‘‘ a thrust into the heart of Czechoslovakia . . . with the strongest possible’’ force. An attached cover letter stipulated that the day of execution for Operation Green was 1 October 1938 “at the latest. “ A number of meetings between Hitler and Germany’s top military commanders followed, but not all were amiable. Many officers were unable to have faith in the Fiihrer’s military genius; some told him openly that Germany’s western defenses could be held against a French attack for only three weeks. In that case, Hitler replied during a meeting on 10 August 1938, the whole Wehrmacht “would not be good for anything.” There was open talk about defeatism and opposition among the generals.
The First Amendment in Cyberspace
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I go on this great republican principle, that the people will have virtue and intelligence to select men of virtue and wisdom. Is there no virtue among us? If there be not, we are in a wretched situation. No theoretical checks, no form of government, can render us secure. To suppose that any form of government will secure liberty or happiness without any virtue in the people, is a chimerical idea. If there be sufficient virtue and intelligence in the community, it will be exercised in the selection of these men; so that we do not depend on their virtue, or put confidence in our rulers, but in the people who are to choose them.
On Property and Constitutionalism
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is often said that the abandonment of communism in Eastern Europe has led to a large-scale transition. It is important, however, to distinguish among the quite different features of the current changes. The new reform movements actually involve three distinct movements. The first is a movement from a system of one-party domination to (some form of) democracy. The second is a movement from a command economy to one based, at least to some degree, on markets. The third is a movement from a system in which government is unconstrained by laws laid down in advance to one of constitutionalism and the rule of law.
Health-Health Trade-Offs
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are deep and fundamental and intuitively understood grounds for rejecting the view that confines itself merely to checking the parity of outcomes, the view that matches death for death, happiness for happiness, fulfilment for fulfilment, irrespective of how all this death, happiness, and fulfilment comes about.
There is a pervasive problem in the regulation of risk, one that is only now receiving public attention.
Democratizing America Through Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
American government should be more effective, more efficient, and more democratic. Recent institutions are the source of these problems. Legal reforms could dramatically improve these institutions without great difficulty.
I propose three such reforms. First, government should rely much more than it now does on the provision of information, on disclosure, and on education. Second, economic incentives should replace much of the command-and control regulation that has become so characteristic of our administrative institutions. Third, the law should promote more decentralization in the private and public spheres, allowing greater flexibility for states and localities, for employers, and for workers.
Taiwan, Southern China, and the New East Asian Economy
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increasing intraregional investment within Asia has been one of the most distinctive phenomena in Asia’s new economy. The four East Asian dragons-Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea-have not only changed their role from capital receivers to capital exporters, the main destination of their direct overseas investment has also been within Asia, especially in the ASEAN countries and China. This chapter discusses the emergence of the new transnational investors from East Asia and takes a closer look at Taiwan’s trade and direct investment in China. The chapter also examines two local conditions in southern China in which Taiwanese-funded manufacturing projects have been concentrated: southern China’s economic connections with the outside world via Hong Kong, and a large pool of labor with diversified qualifications. These two conditions have set the plat­ form for southern China to interact with transnational capitals, including those from Taiwan.
Reform Coalitions and Blood Connections
Authors: Hsing You-tien 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the newly gained economic autonomy, the bureaucratic entrepreneurs in China have become the most important agents for Taiwanese investors in southern China. While the other foreign multinationals in China had to deal with red tape in Beijing, smaller Taiwanese investors had been negotiating with local decision makers who were endowed with economic resources, political authority, and social connections. The economic decentralization in post-Mao China has provided the institutional context for this highly localized process of transnational capital flows.
Monasteries as Agents of the Corporate Church
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The medieval monastery was a complex organization of production and distribution set within the more elaborate corporate structure of the institutional Christian Church. Monasteries were conspicuous in the local economies where they played a dual role as retail distributors of the assurance of eternal salvation and as producers of agricultural products. In the corporate structure of Christendom the medieval monastery operated as a (downstream) franchised firm, receiving quality assurance and name-brand recognition from the Church of Rome in return for certain payments (upstream).
How the Church Preempted the Marriage Market
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Everyone familiar with the infamous dispute between the Catholic Church and King Henry VIII of England, over who he could and could not marry, knows that the medieval Church wielded great power over the institution of marriage. But the fundamental questions of how and why the Church gained control over this basic contract have received far less attention. This chapter shows that over time the Church successfully captured the medieval marriage market by implementing a twofold strategy. First, it linked regulatory compliance with eternal salvation; second, it varied its interpretations of what constituted a “valid” marriage in accord with certain economic objectives.
How the Church Gained from Usury and Exchange Doctrines
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Consolidation of Church authority and centralized decision making began to gather force about the eighth and ninth centuries and accelerated in the tenth through twelfth centuries. The status of certain key Church institutions gives credence to this claim. In particular, the medieval papacy launched important efforts to maintain “doctrinal purity.” These included assaults on and prohibitions against heresy, witchcraft, and the practice of magic, disputes with papal pretenders, and the waging of holy wars. Furthermore, the Church established particular regulations that constrained practices of members and limited opportunistic behavior of downstream suppliers of its chief product—assurance of eternal salvation. This profit maximizing behavior included renewed condemnation of simony, restrictions on lay investiture, and limits on the role and jurisdiction of monasteries and churches. In order to collect monetary and other rents, to suppress interlopers, cheaters, and malfeasors, as well as to enforce entry control, the Church established the apostolic camera, a corporeal agency (discussed in detail in Chapter 2). Such fundamental institutional changes in the Church had the effect of enhancing rent collections, limiting entry into the market for souls, and creating, enhancing, and maintaining demand inelasticity for its final product.
The Medieval Church and the Emergence of Capitalism
Authors: Ekelund Robert B , Hébert Robert F , Tollison Robert D , Anderson Gary M , Davidson Audrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The medieval Catholic Church was an institution with an avowed public interest that nevertheless consistently behaved in a manner that promoted its particular interests. As the foregoing chapters have shown, these particular interests were most often rooted in economic considerations, such as the preservation of market power, the accumulation of wealth, and the pursuit of profits. Consequently, the medieval Church readily lends itself to economic analysis as well as to theological, philosophical, historical and sociological analysis. Many Church historians have understood the economic dimensions of medieval Church behavior, but few have had the economic training and expertise to analyze Church history within the paradigm of modern economic theory. This book attempts to raise the level of earlier analysis that emphasized the economic aspects of religion.
Assessing Competence to Consent to Treatment
Authors: Grisso Thomas , Appelbaum Paul S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most challenging tasks facing clinicians today is the assessment of patients' capacities to consent to treatment. The protection of a patient's right to decide, as well as the protection of incompetent patients from the potential harm of the decisions they might make, rests largely on clinicians' abilities to judge patients' capacities to decide what treatment they will receive. Confusing laws and complex ethical questions surrounding competence to consent to treatment have made the process of competence assessment intimidating for many clinicians. Health professionals - physicians, medical students nad residents, nurses, and mental health practitioners - have long needed a consice guidebook that translates the issue for practice. This is what this book accomplishes. The aurthors describe the place of competence in the doctrine of informed consent and show how assessments of competence to consent to treatment can be structured by using a specific set of general medical and psychiatric treatment settings, explain how the assessment should be conducted, and offer a structured interview method to assist the task. They also explore the often difficult process of making the judgement about competence and desire what to do when patients' capacities are limited.
American Panorama
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Excess” is the factor that one must immediately confront in any reading of William Wells Brown’s 185 3 novel, Clote4 or the President’s Daughter. It is a work that seemingly rofuses to contain itself, to establish a voice that might properly be understood as Black or American. Instead of seamlessly weaving together its materials and themes into one grand whole, a world unto itself, Brown seems almost to revel in revealing how awkwardly hobbled together this conglomeration of advertisements, gossip, sensational tales from the abolitionist press, and reworked images from his own previously published slave narrative actually are.
Everyone Can Write
Authors: Elbow Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With Writing without Teachers (OUP 1975) and Writing with Power (OUP 1995) Peter Elbow revolutionized the teaching of writing. His process method--and its now commonplace "free writing" techniques--liberated generations of students and teachers from the emphasis on formal principles of grammar that had dominated composition pedagogy. This new collection of essays brings together the best of Elbow's writing since the publication of Embracing Contraries in 1987. The volume includes sections on voice, the experience of writing, teaching, and evaluation. Implicit throughout is Elbow's commitment to humanizing the profession, and his continued emphasis on the importance of binary thinking and nonadversarial argument. The result is a compendium of a master teacher's thought on the relation between good pedagogy and good writing; it is sure to be of interest to all professional teachers of writing, and will be a valuable book for use in composition courses at all levels.