bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soliton, breather and double-layer structures formation of ion acoustic waves in weakly magnetized non-thermal plasmas
Authors: Majee Debakinandan , Biswas Akash 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The dynamics of the obliquely propagating weakly nonlinear ion acoustic waves are investigated in a collisionless weakly magnetized plasmas in the context of the Cairns distributed non-thermal electrons. A three-dimensional Korteweg de-Vries (KdV) equation, colloquially known as the Laedke-Spatschek (LS) equation, has been shown to describe the dynamics of the nonlinear wave. Analytical solutions depending on the physical parameters predict solitary, periodic and breather like structures. Interestingly, at a critical value of the non-thermal parameter, the dynamics is found to be governed by a modified LS equation which is conditionally Painlevé integrable. Exact analytical solution with the help of Bäcklund transformation reveals that the modified LS equation supports a double-layer, sawtooth-like periodic and breather-like structures. The results are discussed in the context of astrophysical observations in the auroral region.
Investigation on the temporal evolution of the Druyvesteyn distribution function between sheath and presheath region in material processing plasmas
Authors: Tiwari Pawan K , Kumar Ravindra , Lee Yeon Soo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The energy distribution of particles in a gaseous system is primarily understood by the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution function. However, in the case of partially ionized discharge plasmas which provide a unique attribute in the event of material processing, a Druyvesteyn distribution function rather than a Maxwellian function becomes a key contributor in understanding the electron energy distribution functions. Alteration in the distribution function from Maxwellian to Druyvesteyn is evident in the presence of external forces on the plasma particles, especially when electrons are heated by the electric field. In the present work, we study the time evolution of the Druyvesteyn distribution function in the presence of the external electric field. We found a rapid departure in nature from its equilibrium form and observed that the effusion process of electrons in the sheath regions can be controlled by applying the external electric field. The longitudinal current density increases with time, which is contrary to the case of the transverse current density. It indicates that the unidirectional flow reaching saturation with time is a collimated yield of the electrons. Also, electron energy reaches saturation and the distribution function shrinks with time, which indicates a monochromatic (monoenergetic) yield of electrons. Moreover, collimation and monochromatism can be controlled by the external electric field. Such control is quite desirable in material processing. On the application side, the methodology can be harnessed to generate plasma plume which has a potential application in the creation of biomedical plasma apparatuses.
Wide binary evaporation by dark solitons: implications from the GAIA catalog
Authors: Qiu Qiming , Gao Yu , Tian Haijun , Wang Kechen , Wang Zihang , Yang Xiangming 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
An analytic calculation is given for binary star evaporation under the tidal perturbation
from randomly distributed, spatially extended dark objects. In particular, the Milky Way's wide
binary star population is susceptible to such disruption from dark matter solitons of comparable
and larger sizes. We identify high-probability `halo-like' wide binaries in GAIA EDR3 with
separations larger than 0.1 parsec. Survival of the farthest-separated candidates will provide a
novel gravitational probe to dark matter in the form of solitons. In the case of dilute axion-like
boson stars, the observational sensitivity extends into the axion mass range ma
∼
10-17 -10-15eV.
Outline on selected properties of densified veneers and the produced plywood
Authors: Manea Emilia-Adela Salca , Bekhta Pavlo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Wood densification is one of the methods used to modify its properties to create a material with an increased density and implicitly improved properties. Generally, densification is applied to low-density and fast-growing wood species. Lower pressures and temperatures are applied for shorter time spans to densify veneers when compared to solid wood. Along with their increased strength, hardness, and durability, densified veneers present an attractive dark colour, a smooth surface, improved gloss, and higher thermal conductivity. There is a special interest in densified veneers for plywood production. These products present increased dimensional stability, higher strength properties, and a pleasant appearance having various applications. The present paper revises selected properties of densified veneers made of black alder wood species and the mechanical properties of plywood when produced from them.
The influence of impact loading on microstructure and texture of copper single crystals of nominally stable orientations
Authors: Puchlerska Sandra , Paul Henryk , Mania Izabela 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this study, single-crystal samples of pure copper with stable orientations – Br (110)[112] and G(110)[001] – were impact-loaded in a channel die, with the punch driven by explosive energy, to achieve a strain rate of 4 × 105 s−1. Microstructural characterization was conducted on samples deformed up to 60%, using optical microscopy and SEM across a wide range of scales. Texture evolution was analysed through X-ray diffraction and SEM/EBSD. Both orientations exhibited highly unstable behaviour due to deformation twinning and the development of plastic flow instabilities in the form of deformation bands. In G(110)[001]-oriented crystals, twinning occurred on two planes, while in Br(1-10)[112]-oriented crystals, twinning occurred on all four {111} planes, which are highly favoured for slip activity during deformation. The formation of plastic flow instabilities in narrow regions resulted from the dominance of a single slip system in selected regions of the Br-oriented crystal, or a pair of highly favoured slip systems in the G orientation.
Inelastic buckling of reinforcing bars - constitutive model for monotonic compression
Authors: Korentz J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures can be subjected to plastic deformation as a result of seismic actions or exceptional loads. In this case, inelastic buckling of the compressed reinforcement bars may occur. According to the provisions of the EC2 standard, bar buckling is not taken into account in the ultimate limit state check; the same physical models are used for both tension and compression bars. The models of compression bars known in the literature, which take into account inelastic buckling, reproduce their behaviour in a limited range of mechanical properties of steel or require a large amount of data. This paper proposes a new, simple, four-linear model of the behaviour of compression reinforcing bars taking into account inelastic buckling. The proposed model shows satisfactory agreement with experimental results. It can be applied to model the behaviour of steel bars with different mechanical properties in the analysis of the plastic hinge behaviour of reinforced concrete elements.
Evaluation of Theories and Methodologies: Relativistic Physics vs. the Dynamic Universe — With Remarks from Physics and Reality 2024 and Cosmology on Small Scales 2024 Conferences
Authors: Styrman Avril 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the classical ideal, a physical theory provides understandable dynamic explanations and yields novel predictions of phenomena. Relativistic Physics (RP), namely the special and general theories of relativity and relativistic cosmology, does not meet the classical ideal. This discrepancy has been addressed by transforming the classical ideal into a ‘relativistic methodology’, where it is accepted that nature is not fully understandable, predictions are prioritized over dynamic explanations, new phenomena may be accommodated in an orderly fashion with the aid of additional hypotheses, and anomalous data may be disregarded. Relativistic methodology and the enduring confidence in RP stem from tradition, where physicists who have learned to conceptualize reality through RP see it as the only alternative. The greatest 20th-century philosophers of science —Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend— have taught us that to fully understand a theory’s weaknesses, it must be juxtaposed with an alternate theory, and that its replacement requires a superior theory. Here, RP is confronted with Tuomo Suntola’s Dynamic Universe (DU). Suntola claims that DU matches or surpasses RP’s predictive accuracy for several central phenomena from the terrestrial to the largest cosmological scales, while adhering to the classical ideal and cohering with quantum mechanics. If this claim withstands scrutiny, DU deserves further attention from physicists, philosophers and funding institutions.
A Framework for Free Will within a Quantum Universe
Authors: Pulga Alessandra 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Advancements in neuroscience make the question of free will more pressing. Between physicalist positions, which largely deny free will, and libertarian views, which reject determinism, quantum mechanics initially appeared to offer a middle ground. Even though it was thought to depict a probabilistic reality allowing some degree of freedom in choices, quantum mechanics remains deterministic, albeit with stochastic results. This paper proposes an alternative where quantum mechanics still supports free will as the possibility to do otherwise within a physicalist framework. Through the manyworlds interpretation, I show how the principle of alternative possibilities can be maintained, even when both our decision-making processes and the external world follow physical laws.
The application and development prospects of extracellular vesicles in oral administration
Authors: Li Weiqun , Dong Ming-Jie , Shi Zhaoqing , Dai Haibing , Lu Shanming , Wu Huibin , Zhang Fan , Lu Guihong , Yu Jianbo 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale phospholipid-based particles secreted by cells and are essential mediators responsible for intercellular signal communication. The rapid development of EV nanotechnology has brought unprecedented opportunities for nanomedicine. Among various administration methods, oral administration is the most convenient and simplest. However, most drugs (peptides, small molecule drugs, nucleic acids, and therapeutic proteins) greatly reduce their oral bioavailability due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment. Notably, some EVs have been shown to cross biological barriers, including the gastrointestinal tract. The distinctive biological properties of EVs make them a promising natural carrier for oral drug delivery. This review introduces the characteristics of EVs, covering their classification, production methods, and therapeutic efficacy in oral administration. Additionally, we explore the potential roles of EVs in disease prevention and treatment, as well as their future prospects in pharmaceutical applications. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights into the application of EVs in oral drug delivery, highlighting their advantages, current progress, and the challenges that need to be overcome for successful clinical translation.
Three-dimensional cell culture-derived extracellular vesicles loaded alginate/hyaluronic acid composite scaffold as an optimal therapy for cartilage defect regeneration
Authors: Zhang Wanting , Li Shuyi , Peng Yingying , Deng Zhujie , Li Quanjiang , Tian Rui , Kuang Xiubin , Kang Yuyi , Sun Ronghui , Huang Chen , Yuan Zhengqiang 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic musculoskeletal disease characterized by joint inflammation and progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. Currently a definitive cure for OA remains to be a challenge due to the very low self-repair capacity of cartilage, thus development of more effective therapies is needed for cartilage repair. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown great potential as therapeutic agents for stimulating regeneration of articular cartilage. However, a standardized protocol is still lacking for manufacturing of highly active EVs for clinical applications. This study aimed to investigate the efficient production of highly active EVs by 3-dimensional (3D) MSC culture, verify the reparative efficacy of EVs on cartilage defect and elucidate the repair mechanisms. Umbilical cord MSCs were embedded in alginate to form MSC spheroids for 3D culture in human platelet lysate (hPL)-containing medium, which produced 3D culture-derived EVs (3D-EVs) with a significantly improved yield. The 3D-EVs expressed higher level of VEGF, and appeared superior to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer MSC culture-derived EVs (2D-EVs) to improve migration and proliferation in MSCs and inflammatory chondrocytes, and to suppress expression of cartilage-degrading factors. Importantly, the 3D-EVs and sodium alginate (SA)-hyaluronic acid (HA) composite hydrogel (3D-EVs/SA-HA) demonstrated significantly improved therapeutic efficacy than 2D-EVs/SA-HA hydrogel for repair of cartilage defect in vivo. The underlying mechanisms are associated with the concomitant upregulation of type II collagen and cartilage synthesis and downregulation of MMP13 in cartilage tissues. Collectively, these data showed that highly active MSC EVs could be efficiently manufactured by 3D cell culture with hPL-containing medium, and these EVs were superior to 2D-EVs for the repair of articular cartilage defect.
Enabling boosting abrasion resistance of titanium alloy matrix via B4C particles doping micro arc oxidation coating strategy
Authors: Chen Xiaowen , Luo Han , Zhang Defen , Tang Song , Luo Bin , Yang Junwei , Xie Wanlin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Titanium alloy is recognized as the future metal due to its remarkable advantages, including high strength, lightweight properties, and corrosion resistance. Meanwhile, there are a series of technical challenges hindering its development, such as poor abrasion resistance. Herein, we propose a direct strategy by combining micro arc oxidation (MAO) technology with B4C particles doping that can effectively ameliorate the contact mechanics at the interface and regulate the microporous structure of the MAO coating. Exhilaratingly, compared to the titanium alloy and undoped samples, the modified B4C-doped alloy (B0.9) exhibited high hardness of 706.2 HV (increased by 121.9% and 15.8%, respectively) and low friction coefficient of 0.3435 (ameliorated by 40.6% and 39.6%, respectively). Utilizing in x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Image Pro Plus analysis, we found that B0.9 exhibited lower surface porosity and average pore size (8.7% and 3.0 μm, respectively), which are attributed to the regulation of the microporous structure. Specifically, B4C particles are successfully incorporated into the MAO coating by mechanical stirring and electrophoresis, filling the surface micropores and resulting in a denser and more uniform coating. This study emphasizes the compatibility between B4C doping and MAO technology, which effectively provides guidance for the inadequate abrasion resistance of titanium alloy.
Enhancement of tribological properties by fabricating gradient structure and MoS2 coating on the surface of 06Cr19Ni9 stainless steel
Authors: Li Dongwei , Li Jiahao , Huang Qisheng , Liu Zixi , Chen Mingchao , Xiao Jinrui 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Stainless steel is extensively used in civil engineering and mechanical industries due to its superior corrosion resistance and mechanical performance. Nevertheless, its surface is prone to wear, which can compromise component functionality and introduce safety concerns. The present study developed a composite structure consisting of a gradient microstructure layer combined with a pure MoS2 coating on the surface of 06Cr19Ni9 stainless steel. The fabrication process involved ultrasonic shot peening using α-Al2O3 particles, followed by thermal spraying. Fretting friction and wear using the ball-on-disc method demonstrated a notable improvement in tribological performance. The composite structure achieved a remarkably low friction coefficient of 0.16 under a normal load of 15 N representing a 74.19% reduction compared to a mechanically polished sample. However, when subjected to a higher normal load of 50 N, the friction coefficient increased significantly. Despite a relatively higher wear rate, the composite structure effectively safeguarded the metal matrix from substantial wear during testing. The enhanced tribological properties were primarily attributed to the synergistic interaction between the gradient microstructure layer and the MoS2 coating. These findings underscore the potential of this composite structure to significantly improve the wear resistance and extend the operational life of 06Cr19Ni9 stainless steel.
Magnetically shielded high-resolution visual stimulation for OPM-MEG applications
Authors: Anders P , Brickwedde M , Voigt J , Grent-‘t-Jong T , Krüger P , Haueisen J , Uhlhaas P J , Sander T 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Many magnetoencephalography (MEG) experiments require visual stimulation (VS) inside a magnetically shielded room (MSR). For conventional MEG utilizing superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), the participant’s head must stay within the semi-spherical surface of a cryogenic storage Dewar. This design allows to have many SQUID sensors as close as possible to the head in order to achieve good signal quality. Because Dewars have very restricted mobility, VS is usually realized using a projector outside of the MSR, some optical elements and a back-projection screen in the line of sight of the participant.
Recently, the feasibility of MEG using optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) was demonstrated. These sensors can be attached directly to the head because they operate near room temperature. OPM-MEG therefore offers more experimental freedom including different postures, movements or hyperscanning, creating the need for a more flexible kind of VS setup.
In this paper, we present a compact, high-resolution VS setup which is enclosed by a portable magnetic shield with an opening for the projection. The VS setup is based on a single-board computer which acts as experiment control device to create visual stimuli, process inputs, log participant activity and set off trigger signals. This setup supports the new possibilities of OPM-MEG and can be easily installed into any MSR. We investigate if the shielded VS inside the MSR generates distortion signals above the noise floor of the OPMs. We also show that visual cortex activity can be evoked with our setup and recorded with a custom-made OPM-MEG cap. By applying two well-established visual stimulation paradigms, we demonstrate the ability of our setup to elicit brain activity in different frequency ranges.
All-printed WO3 films on an Ag-interdigitated electrode derived from aqueous screen-printable inks for room-temperature ammonia gas detection
Authors: Praveen Lakkimsetti Lakshmi , Singh Nitesh Pratap , Vardhan Robbi Vivek , Mandal Saumen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this work, all-printed tungsten oxide (WO3) sensors were fabricated from nanoparticle-based screen-printable inks, where the WO3 nanopowders were hydrothermally synthesized with various HCl concentrations to give enhanced room-temperature detection of ammonia (NH3) gas. The monoclinic phase of WC powders (calcined WO3) with square nanoplate-like morphology and porosities was identified from x-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis. The silver precursor ink-derived interdigitated electrodes were found to be crystalline with an average finger width and Ag film thickness of 1 ± 0.4 mm and 3.8 ± 0.5 µm, respectively. The formulated WO3 inks with hydroxyethyl cellulose showed a thixotropic fluid-like behavior and exhibited a viscosity of ∼9 × 104 mPa s, which is a key requirement for screen printing. Rheological study of the formulated WC inks revealed a thixotropic nature, with all WC inks showing a viscosity of 85 ± 3 Pa s and a recovery rate of 80% in the recovery stage. This work explains the role of pH in hydrothermally synthesis of WO3 by correlating the gas-sensing characteristics of the screen-printed sensors fabricated from formulated inks, where the WC-15 gas sensor showed a maximum gas response of ∼340 towards 100 ppm of NH3 gas. This facile and cost-effective method for fabricating chemiresistive gas sensors could pave the way for the development of flexible and printable devices for ppb-level detection of NH3 gas and its monitoring.
Exploring the superalkali regime: ab initio analysis of FnMn
+1
+ cationic clusters (M = Li, Na, K; n = 1−7)
Authors: Srivastava Harshita , Srivastava Ambrish Kumar 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Superalkalis with low ionization energies have properties mimicking those of alkali atoms, therefore serving as potentially useful elements for constructing innovative nanostructured materials. Ab initio techniques were successfully utilized for investigating entirely new classes of metallic superalkali cationic clusters, F
n
M
n

+1
+ cations (M = Li, Na and K and n = 1–7) using second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). We have demonstrated a connection between the core atoms and the structural characteristics of such clusters by analyzing the NBO charge, bond distances, and vertical electron affinity (EAv). The F
n
Li
n

+1
+, F
n
Na
n

+1
+, and F
n
K
n

+1
+ (n = 1–7) cations have exceptionally low vertical electron affinities under the range of 3.61–2.64 eV, 3.26–2.23 eV, and 2.84–2.08 eV, respectively, and consequently, they ought to be characterized as novel superalkali clusters.
The Double Black Box
Authors: Deeks Ashley S 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book addresses a pressing challenge posed by artificial intelligence: its use may weaken democratic accountability for consequential U.S. national security choices, including war. To ensure that those choices adhere to the public law values of rationality, legality, and accountability, we rely on Congress and the courts, as well as foreign allies, whistleblowers, and even U.S. technology companies. But their work is hindered by the classified, “black box” nature of the Executive’s national security decision-making. The rise of AI systems to enhance national security decision-making—or even make autonomous decisions—deepens this critique, because it is difficult to understand how AI algorithms, often described as “black boxes,” reach their conclusions. How can we be confident that these AI systems comport with our laws and values? The widespread use of AI inside the national security ecosystem renders U.S. national security choices even more opaque to the public, congressional overseers, U.S. allies, and even the officials making the decisions. This “double black box” raises critical challenges for democratic accountability. Because China is committed to becoming the world leader in AI and faces fewer legal and values-based constraints in its pursuit of military AI, democracies’ commitment to using AI in lawful and ethical ways will be tested. This book defines and explores the double black box phenomenon and then identifies ways that policymakers, military and intelligence officials, and lawyers in democratic states such as the United States can reap the advantages of advanced technologies without surrendering their public law values.