bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locomotion skills in adults with cerebral palsy
Authors: Jahnsen R , Villien L , Egeland T , Stanghelle J K 
Published: April 2004

Objectives: To investigate self-reported locomotion skills in persons with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate variables potentially associated with deterioration of walking skills. Design: Cross-sectional retrospective survey. Setting and subjects: A multidimensional mailed questionnaire was sent to 766 persons with CP, 18 years or over, without intellectual disabilities, living in Norway. Main outcome measures: The questionnaire consisted of demographic and diagnostic items, items on locomotion skills, and physical function (SF-36). Results: In total 406 persons, 51% males and 49% females from 18 to 72 years (mean 34 years, SD 11 years) with all categories of CP responded. Median age for reported walking debut was 3 years, with a range from 1 to 14 years. In total 216 respondents (53%) walked without support, 104 persons (25%) walked with support, 39 persons (10%) had lost their walking skills, and 47 (12%) had never been able to walk. Mean level of physical function (SF-36) was 53 out of 100. There were 97 persons (27%) who reported improvement of walking skills, mainly before 25 years, 102 (28%) reported no change, and 160 (44%) reported deterioration, mainly before 35 years of age. Deterioration was significantly associated with older age, delayed walking debut and severe neurological impairment. Self-reported causes of deterioration were pain, fatigue and lack of adapted physical activity. Conclusion: Deterioration of locomotion skills is a significant problem in persons with CP from an early age, documenting the need for life-long follow-up. The predictors above should be investigated in further clinical studies, searching for potential causal pathways.
Combined analysis of two randomized trials of community physiotherapy for patients more than one year post stroke
Authors: Green John , Young John , Forster Anne , Collen Fiona , Wade Derick 
Published: April 2004

Background: Some patients continue to have mobility problems as a long-term consequence of stroke and it is unclear whether routine, further contact with a physiotherapy service is beneficial. Two single-centre, randomized controlled trials of physiotherapy for patients more than one year post stroke have been undertaken in Oxford and Bradford in the UK and the results from these two trials have been combined to give a more precise estimate of effectiveness. Method: The computerized databases from both trials were combined for a joint analysis. Outcome measures common to both trials were: Rivermead Mobility Index; gait speed measured over 10 metres; Barthel Index; Frenchay Activities Index; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: There were 264 patients available for the combined analysis (Oxford= 94; Bradford= 170). There was a significant but clinically small improvement in mobility at three months in the combined treatment group measured by the Rivermead Mobility Index (median of the differences= 0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0, 1); interpolated values= 0.43 (95% CI 0.08, 0.80)) and gait speed (treatment effect 2.7 m/min (95% CI 0.94, 4.46)). There were no other significant differences. Intervention given in both studies was at the discretion of the physiotherapists and was of similar and low intensity (mean visits Oxford= 4 (SD 2.5); Bradford= 5 (SD 4.5)). Conclusion: A more effective physiotherapy intervention is required for stroke patients with persisting mobility problems after stroke.
Cognitive and behavioural effects of music-based exercises in patients with dementia
Authors: Van de Winckel Ann , Feys Hilde , De Weerdt Willy , Dom René 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To evaluate the effect of a musical exercise programme on mood state and cognitive function in women with dementia. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Public Psychiatric Hospital Rekem, Belgium. Patients: Twenty-five patients with dementia. Interventions: Fifteen patients attended exercise training for three months, which consisted of daily physical exercises supported by music for 30 min/session. They were compared with a group of 10 control patients, who received an equal amount of attention through daily conversation. Main measures: The effect on cognition was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Amsterdam Dementia Screening Test 6 (ADS 6). Behaviour was evaluated with the abbreviated Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (BOP scale). The assessments were made before, after six weeks of intervention and immediately after the three-month experimental period. Results: The exercise group showed a significant improvement in cognition. This was documented by an increased MMSE mean score of 12.87-15.53, and by a higher median score, rising from 10 to 14 points, on the subset ‘fluency’ (ADS 6 test). The control group showed no significant improvement, either on the MMSE (mean score of 10.80 -11.00) or on the fluency subtest of the ADS 6 (median scores were 6.5-7 points). The effects on behavioural changes were not significant. Conclusion: The present study suggests a beneficial effect of cognition using a music-based exercise programme in a group of patients with moderate to severe dementia. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Evaluation of an extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge for patients living in a rural community. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Askim T , Rohweder G , Lydersen S , Indredavik B 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To evaluate the effect of an extended stroke unit service (extended service), with early supported discharge and co-ordination of further rehabilitation in co-operation with the primary health care system in three rural municipalities. Design: A randomized controlled trial comparing extended service with ordinary stroke unit service (ordinary service). Subjects: Sixty-two eligible patients with acute stroke living in the rural municipalities of Malvik, Melhus and Klñ bu. Main measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who were independent according to Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) (independence = mRS < 2) 52 weeks after onset of stroke. Secondary outcomes were mRS at 6 and 26 weeks and Barthel Index (BI), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) and Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) at 6, 26 and 52 weeks. Mortality and length of stay were registered during the 52 weeks. Results: Twelve patients (39%) in the extended service group versus 16 patients (52%) in the ordinary service group were independent according to mRS at 52 weeks (p= 0.444). The odds ratio for independence (extended service versus ordinary service) was 0.33 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.088 –1.234). According to outcome by secondary measures there were no significant differences except less social isolation on NHP in the extended service group at 26 weeks (p= 0.046). There were no significant differences in length of stay. Conclusion: An extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge seems to have no positive effect on functional outcome for patients living in rural communities, but might give a trend toward better quality of life. There were no significant differences in length of stay.
Spectrophotometric Determination of DNA Binding Protein, Histone, with 3,4,5,6-Tetrafluoro-2-carboxyphenylfluorone and Manganese(II)
Authors: Kadobayashi Hiroko , Nakamori Terue , Yamaguchi Takako , Fujita Yoshikazu 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of DNA binding protein, histone, is developed. The proposed method is based on color reaction among histone, 3,4,5,6-tetrafluoro-2-carboxyphenylfluorone (TFCPF) and manganese(II). The coloration obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range of 1.0–20 μg cm−3 histone. Other proteins such as human serum albumin and γ-globulin are scarcely produced colored complexes. A detection test of histone on a spot plate was also studied.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ultraviolet-emitting Cerium Phosphate Single-crystal Nanowires
Authors: Bu Wen-Bo , Hua Zi-Le , Chen Hang-Rong , Zhang Ling-Xia , Shi Jian-Lin 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Cerium phosphate single-crystalline nanowires with a narrow distribution of diameters have been successfully synthesized by a mild and simple hydrothermal approach. Photoluminescence of cerium phosphate single-crystalline nanowires show that these nanowires can emit ultraviolet laser light.
Acid-Catalyzed Hydrothermal Formation of Carbon–Carbon Bond in Glycolic Acid from a Series of Formaldehyde Producers
Authors: Morooka Saiko , Wakai Chihiro , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The acid-catalyzed hydrothermal reaction is reported which forms a new carbon–carbon bond in the hydroxy carboxylic acid. It is found that glycolic acid is produced from formaldehyde in hot water at 225 °C with HCl. This reaction is a chemical evolution process from a C1 compound to a C2, and does not proceed in the absence of acid. A reaction of 0.3 M (mol/dm3) of formaldehyde with the double amount of HCl yielded 60% of the maximum possible amount.
Direct Observation of Long-strand DNA Stretching in Microchannel Flow
Authors: Yamashita Kenichi , Yamaguchi Yoshiko , Miyazaki Masaya , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Shimizu Hazime , Maeda Hideaki 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
This paper reports a direct observation method of macromolecules, such as long-strand DNA, in microchannel flow, and also demonstrates that coil-stretch transition of DNA strands.
A Highly Effective and Practical Biaryl Synthesis with Triallyl(aryl)silanes and Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Sahoo Akhila K , Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A general and convenient approach for the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of triallyl(aryl)silanes, stable and easily accessible arylsilanes, with aryl chlorides has been demonstrated. The scope of the reaction is broad and a wide variety of functional groups are tolerant to the present catalyst system.
A Novel Coordination Polymer Incorporating a Dimeric Silver Unit: Increasing Structural Dimensionality through Ag–Ag and Ag–Hetero Atom Interactions
Authors: Adachi Keiichi , Kaizaki Sumio , Yamada Koichi , Kitagawa Susumu , Kawata Satoshi 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
A novel complex assembly [Ag2(tdpd)]n (H2tdpd = 1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-5,6-dioxo-2,3-pyrazinedicarbonitrile) was synthesized and characteraized. [Ag2(tdpd)]n consists of dinuclear modules with Ag–Ag interactions. The dimmer modules are connected each other by additional but effective Ag–hetero atom interactions forming a three-dimensional structure.
Promoting Effect of Nb2O5 Addition to Ni–Cu Catalysts on Hydrogen Production via Methane Decomposition
Authors: Li Jianzhong , Lu Gongxuan , Li Ke 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The catalytic decomposition of methane to hydrogen and filamentous carbon was carried out over Ni–Cu–Nb2O5 catalysts. The results indicate that the addition of Nb2O5 can promote the carbon capacity of Ni–Cu catalysts, and increase the lifetime of the catalysts in methane decomposition at high temperature. The highest yield of carbon is 743 gC/gNi for 65Ni–10Cu–5Nb2O5, which is one of the highest values among those for catalysts reported so far.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Effects of Oligothiophenes Incorporated with Two [60]Fullerenes
Authors: Negishi Nobukazu , Takimiya Kazuo , Otsubo Tetsuo , Harima Yutaka , Aso Yoshio 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The triads (nT-2C60) consisting of one oligothiophene and two fullerenes have been synthesized as single-component materials for photovoltaic cells. The sandwich-type cells of a configuration Al/nT-2C60/Au generate much higher photocurrents than those based on the oligothiophene-fullerene dyads (nT-C60).
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Acidic Character of Modified Alumina Surfaces
Authors: Auroux Aline , Gervasini Antonella 
Published: April 2004

The infrared spectra of the hydroxyl region and of the regions associated with chemisorbed CO2 and pyridine species on pure and modified aluminas loaded with various amounts of Li+ or SO2-4 ions were investigated. It was found that, following treatment with lithium acetate or ammonium sulphate, the same –OH groups were involved in both modifications, acting in turn as acidic –OH groups capable of exchanging their protons with lithium ions or as basic groups capable of exchanging with acid sulphate anions or acting as strong nucleophiles to form hydrogen carbonates with carbon dioxide. Modified alumina experienced a general weakening of its initial Lewis acid centres on loading with Li+ ions. These ions did not act as new Lewis-type acid centres even on high loading. Under these circumstances, in addition to lithium aluminate, they might generate a lithium oxide-type layer or clusters capable of behaving as new basic species forming lithium carbonates upon adsorption of CO2. Sulphated alumina showed a Brönsted-type acidity presumably due to Al–O–SO3H groups that were detected via the S=O (but not S–OH) absorption frequencies. The basic properties of the parent material were totally suppressed by sulphation.
Adsorption and Regeneration Properties of Tyrosine-Imprinted Polymeric Beads
Authors: Zhang Liyong , Cheng Guoxiang , Fu Cong , Liu Xiaohang , Pang Xingshou 
Published: April 2004

Tyrosine-imprinted polymeric beads with diameters in the range 120–140 mm were prepared in an aqueous system by seed swelling and suspension polymerization using trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) as the crosslinking agent and acrylamide (AM), 2-vinylpyridine (VP) and/or 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid (AMPS), respectively, as functional monomers (FMs). The molecular recognition properties, dynamic adsorption behaviours and regeneration capabilities of the molecularly imprinted beads (MIBs) were investigated via a solid-phase extraction method. The functional monomers were found to be indispensable for preparing MIBs with highly specific molecular recognition properties. Irrespective of the choice of FM, when the FM/TRIM molar ratio was 4:15 the MIBs prepared exhibited the most desirable properties for the purposes of this study. When only one FM was used, it was found that AMPS provided the best solution as far as all the adsorption, recognition and regeneration capabilities of the MIBs were concerned. However, MIBs with the best molecular recognition and adsorption properties, and with only a slight sacrifice in their regeneration properties, were prepared using AMPS and VP as bifunctional monomers. For such MIBs, the initial separation factor, α, and static distribution coefficient, KD, were 2.01 and 2.15 ml/g, respectively.
Airframe Noise Study of a Bombardier CRJ-700 Aircraft Model in the NASA Ames 7-by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel
Authors: Soderman P.T. , Kafyeke F. , Boudreau J. , Burnside N.J. , Jaeger S.M. , Chandrasekharan R. 
Published: April 2004

An acoustic and aerodynamic experimental study was conducted of a 7%-scale unpowered Bombardier CRJ-700 aircraft model in the NASA Ames 7- by 10-Foot Wind Tunnel for the purpose of identifying and attenuating airframe noise sources. Simulated landing, takeoff and approach configurations were evaluated at Mach 0.22 and 0.26. With a phased-microphone array mounted in the ceiling over the inverted model, various noise sources in the high-lift system, landing gear, fins, and other miscellaneous components were located and compared for sound level and frequency at one flyover location. Numerous model modifications and noise-alleviation devices were evaluated. Simultaneous with acoustic measurements, aerodynamic forces were recorded to document aircraft conditions and any performance changes caused by the geometric modifications. Such performance changes were small and are not reported here. Ten airframe noise sources were identified that might be important to approach and landing noise of the full-scale aircraft The top five noise sources were: a) slat gap, b) main gear, c) flap tips at wing crank, d) flap inboard gap, and e) slat inboard tip. Relative strengths of these sources were documented along with their dependence on aircraft configuration and operating condition. Although the data were scaled to full-scale frequencies, no extrapolation to full-scale flyover was attempted.
A Pilot Study of Patients’ Views of an Oral Health Scoring System
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor , Busby Michael , McHugh Siobhan , Mullins Anne , Matthews Roger 
Published: April 2004

An oral health scoring system (Oral Health Score: OHS) has been designed to provide a numerical measure of the overall state of a patient's oral health by means of a series of simple clinical examinations. Objective To assess, by means of a questionnaire, patients’ opinions of the value of the OHS. Methods Eight general dental practitioners who used the OHS were asked to participate in the project. The participating dentists were requested to explain the aims of the project to 50 patients. Patients who agreed to participate were asked to complete a questionnaire after a visit during which the OHS was used. These patients were provided with a reply-paid envelope for the return of the questionnaire. Results Completed, usable questionnaires were received from 315 patients. Of respondents, 97% considered that the OHS gave them a better understanding of the condition of their mouth and 98% considered that the OHS was a good method for communication between dentist and patient. Conclusion The results of the present study indicate that, within the study group, the OHS is considered by a large majority of patients to be a good method for communication of the patient's oral health between dentist and patient.
Internet-derived Patient Information on Common Oral Pathologies: Is it Readable?
Authors: Chestnutt Ivor G 
Published: April 2004

Background The evolution of the Internet has made available to the public vast reserves of information, and it represents a tremendous educational resource. However, it is obviously important that information directed at patients is readable and understandable. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the readability of patient-related Internet sites presenting information on dental caries, periodontal disease, oral cancer and mouth ulcers. Methodology Four separate Internet searches seeking patient information on these pathologies were conducted in May 2003. In total, 5127 sites were identified. Within each search, the first 25 sites identified as of relevance to patients seeking information were downloaded (100 in total), and the readability determined using the Flesch reading score and the Flesch-Kinkaid reading level. Results A wide range of reading ease scores was obtained, equating to reading ages from seven years to university entry level. The mean reading age of the sites evaluated was 10–11 years of age, higher than the estimated reading age of the UK population in general (nine years). Scores were broadly similar across different pathologies. Conclusions Practitioners and other members of the dental team involved in patient education should be aware that additional advice and support may be required to help patients interpret material downloaded from the Internet. Furthermore, those practices presenting educational material on their practice website should bear in mind the need to ensure that it is pitched at a level appropriate to the intended audience.
An Investigation of Aspects of Design of Partial Dentures
Authors: Grey Nick JA , MacDonald Rose 
Published: April 2004

Purpose The purpose of the study was to establish the incidence of the prescription of partial denture design by dentists and also to establish the nature of clasp design, if prescribed. Basic procedures Data relating to cobalt-chromium partial dentures were collected from filed slips from a dental laboratory that provided fabricated cobalt-chromium partial dentures for hospital and general dental practitioners. The data collected related to whether or not there was a design for the prosthesis and, also, to the design of clasp (gingivally or occlusally approaching). Main findings Only 39% of slips had evidence of a partial denture design and of those, 41.5% involved the prescription of an inappropriate design of clasp. Principal conclusions The incidence of partial denture design by a group of dentists using a commercial dental laboratory is unacceptably low. Despite evidence advocating the use of gingivally-approaching clasps on teeth anterior to (and including) premolars, there is still an unacceptably high level of the use of occlusally-approaching designs.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Mineral Acid Catalysed Reactions of Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Ghosh Kallol K. , Vaidya Jyoti , Sinha Daliya 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
There is currently a great deal of interest in the chemistry of hydroxamic acids. In recent years we have been studying the synthesis, structure and nucleophilicities of hydroxamic acids. This paper reports a kinetic study of reactivity of some hydroxamic acids RC(O)·N(OH)R′; R=C6H5·CH=CH, R′=4-CH3·C6H4 [p-tolylcinnamo hydroxamic acid]; R=C6H5, R′=4-CH3·C6H4 [p-tolylbenzo hydroxamic acid]; R=C6H5, R′=2-CH3·C6H4 [o-tolylbenzo hydroxamic acid] in aqueous mineral acids (HCl, HClO4 and H2SO4). The rate data of hydrolysis reaction revealed that the reactivity/stability sequence of the compounds is generally p-TBHA>o-TBHA>p-TCHA. An excess acidity analysis reveals that the reaction proceeds by nucleophilic attack of water molecule on the protonated substrate.
Slowing the Initial Titration Rate of Tramadol Improves Tolerability
Authors: Ruoff Gary E. 
Published: April 2004

Study Objectives. To examine the effect of three titration schedules on the tolerability of tramadol, and to determine whether slow titration would reduce the frequency of drug discontinuation due to adverse events.Design. Multicenter, outpatient, double‐blind, parallel study.Setting. Twenty‐eight outpatient study centers.Subjects. Four hundred sixty‐five patients with chronic joint painInterventions. Patients were randomized into one of four treatment groups for 14 days: placebo, or tramadol dosage titrated at 1, 4, or 10 days to achieve the study target dosage of 200 mg/day. They continued taking their dosage of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug during the study. Each group was examined to determine if slower titration resulted in a statistically significant trend toward fewer discontinuations due to nausea and/or vomiting and dizziness and/or vertigo. Discontinuation due to any adverse event was similarly analyzed. If the trend was statistically significant, pairwise comparisons were performed to determine the statistical significance among titration rates.Measurements and Main Results. A statistically significant trend was seen toward fewer discontinuations as a result of nausea/vomiting, dizziness/vertigo, and any adverse event as the titration rate decreased. Patients with 10‐day titration rate required the fewest discontinuations, and this rate was statistically significantly different from both the 1‐ and 4‐day rates for discontinuations.Conclusion. A slower rate of initiating tramadol therapy (50‐mg increments every 3 days) improved tolerability with significantly fewer discontinuations due to dizziness or vertigo.
Alkyd Resins
Authors: Jones Frank N. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Production

2.1.

Raw Materials

2.2.

Polymerization Theory

2.3.

Formulation and Process Types; Laboratory Processing

2.4.

Manufacture

3.

Film Formation by Coatings Based on Alkyd Resins

4.

Modified Alkyds

5.

Low‐Solvent Coatings

6.

Markets and End Uses
Drawing and Writing Materials
Authors: Colditz Michael , Kunkel Ernst , Bohne Karl‐Heinz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Pencils2.1.Chemical Composition2.2.Writing Properties2.3.Production3.Ink3.1.Drawing Ink3.2.Indelible Ink3.3.Ink for Fountain Pens3.3.1.Blue‐Black Ink3.3.2.Colored Ink3.4.Ballpoint Pens and Inks3.5.Ballpoint Ink Pens3.6.Fiber‐Tip Pens4.Charcoal, Chalk, and Crayons4.1.Charcoal4.2.Pastel Chalk4.3.Blackboard Chalk4.4.Crayons5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology