bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal Structure
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the two derivations of the word ‘ stanza’ mentioned in the previous chapter, weshallexplore Wrsttheideaofastanzaasa’ room’ , thatis, a freestanding and internally coherent poetic unit. Many early archaic elegiac fragments do, in fact, seem to be composed in Wve-couplet stanzas, individually marked by thematic or rhetorical coherence but also by poetic devices common to other genres, for example, ring-composition and other forms of repetition that bring the stanza to satisfying closure. Single elegiac stanzas often take one of two recognizable forms with regard to content: (i) an A–B form, which begins with one theme or outlook, but then Wnishes—sometimes after a dramatic twist in the middle of the Wfth line—with another, strongly contrary one; and (ii) an A–B–A form, which begins with one topic (A), shifts to a second (B), whichchallengesorillustratesthe Wrst, andthenreturnstothe Wrst (A) at the veryend ofthe stanza. Elegiac poets also cast otherkindsofrhetorical forms or generic set-pieces in the form of a single stanza. One persistent patternconsistsoffourcoupletsofmeditationfollowedbyasingleoneof exhortation. Set-pieces include the elegiac prayer, which often starts and ends with the name of the deity invoked, and the elegiac catalogue or priamel, which regularly begins with a general gnomic statement and then lists at least three illustrative examples of it.
Composition
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we examined the inner structure of individual stanzas, turning our attention only in the last instance, the catalogues of Solon 13, to how these stanzas might be arranged with others in a longer sequence. In what follows I shift entirely to this second, more complex order of analysis and once again I Wnd it helpful to invoke the two diVerent derivations of the term ‘ stanza’ . Italian musicians and poets originally imagined stanzas as regular ‘ stopping points’ on a journey, at which the poet could pause and then change the content, tone, or mode of his discourse, a model that is most apt for the Wrst section of this chapter, where I discuss how elegiac poets regularly use the boundaries between stanzas as points of transition between advice and meditation, the two basic linguistic actions of the elegiac genre.1 The second deWnition of stanza as a ‘ room’ , which proved useful in the previous chapter, will be invoked again in the second half of this chapter. Here, however, I draw upon a wider architectural metaphor and imagine the structure of a longer poem as a building of sorts assembled from a series of ‘ rooms’ , that are joined together in complimentary and coordinated ways. This use of individual stanzas as building blocks allows the poet to present and explore more complex ideas in an extended and orderly fashion, such as we Wnd, for example, in Tyrtaeus’ lengthy discussion of excellence (IæET) in his Fragment 12 or Solon’ s ‘ Ages of Man’ elegy (Fragment 24).
Performance
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have a good sense of how poets constructed individual elegiac stanzas and used them to organize longer compositions, a diVerent question arises: can the stanzaic design of these fragments give us any insight into how this genre was performed? In recent years, for example, scholars have suggested that the extant elegiac fragments might be more polyphonic and complex than previously imagined. Reviving the work of Reitzenstein and others, some have returned to the idea that most if not all shorter elegiac compositions, like Greek drinking songs (skolia), were sung at symposia by a series of individuals, with each in turn ‘ taking up the song’ and adding to or reacting against the verses of the previous singer.
Conclusions
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The five-couplet stanza appears to have been popular among early elegiac poets as a frame for a short poem or contribution to a sympotic performance, and also as a helpful unit for assembling longer compositions. Given the fragmentary evidence for early elegy, it is fruitless, of course, to invoke statistics in any probative way, but they do give us some sense, albeit grosso modo, of the importance of this feature. Of the extant fragments longer than four couplets it is remarkable how many are themselves either preserved as rhetorically complete and coherent Wve-couplet units or as longer stretches of two or more such stanzas.
Introduction
Authors: Nurse Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Years ago a colleague asked me how ‘tense and aspect worked’ in Bantu. I realized I could not answer the question. I knew something of the verb in the standard form and in some dialects of Swahili, somewhat less of verbs in some other East African languages, and almost nothing about verbs in all the other hundreds of Bantu languages spoken in east, south, central, and west central Africa. I realized that most other Bantuists and linguists were and are in much the same situation. Many linguists know or suspect that some Bantu languages have a rich set of grammaticalized tense-aspect categories but the details and the limits of the set are much less well known. Two Bantuists (Meeussen 1967; Guthrie 1971) attempted to reconstruct (diachronic) verbal formatives and verbal morphology for Proto-Bantu.
Verb structure and categories in Bantu
Authors: Nurse Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most morphologists distinguish analytic/isolating from synthetic languages. In ana- lytic languages ‘most word-forms are made up of a single morph’ (Bauer 1988: 246), clearly not the Bantu or Niger-Congo case. Synthetic languages are divided into polysynthetic, inflectional/fusional, and agglutinating. Polysynthetic is irrelevant, as it refers to languages having very long strings of bound morphemes, as in Algonkian, often equivalent to a whole long sentence in a language such as English. Inflectional and agglutinating are often presented as a contrast—a language is one or the other. Both types have in common that the major word classes, such as noun and verb, consist of a stem and in?ectional morphemes.
Tense
Authors: Nurse Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the general thinking behind the analysis of tense, deals with major categories and their exponence across Bantu, provides examples, examines different kinds of systems, and devotes some space to minor categories. In Bantu studies in English, the term ‘tense’ is used in two ways. Elsewhere it has been used as a cover term for both tense and aspect, thus any form inflected for tense, aspect, or mood (and sometimes other categories, too) would be referred to as a ‘tense’. In this book ‘tense’ is not used like that, the concepts ‘tense’ and ‘aspect’ being clearly distinguished. Once they are separated, there are several definitions of tense, which differ mainly by their emphases.
What can be assumed for Proto-Bantu?
Authors: Nurse Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the general historical background to Bantu may not be familiar to all readers, it is brieﬂy sketched here, then followed by an outline of the linguistic methodology used. (Narrow) Bantu languages are said to form a discrete family within Niger-Congo, the largest linguistic phylum in the world with over 1,500 languages (Gordon 2004). Proto-Niger-Congo was likely spoken at least ten thousand years ago.1 Within Niger-Congo, Bantu is a subpart of a grouping currently called Benue-Congo (Williamson and Blench 2000).
Processes of change
Authors: Nurse Derek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas much of the nineteenth, and the first two-thirds of the twentieth century were involved with comparative work, that is, triangulating backwards from contemporary languages to reconstruct earlier language stages, the last few decades have seen mounting interest in examining downstream change from earlier to more recent language states and in the processes involved. This book does both. This chapter is a summary and arrangement of the processes of change mentioned in the body of this book, particularly in Chapters 3–6. It builds on the work done by other Africanists in the last thirty years.
Homer and the Archaic Age
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the very same time that one Greek city was revering a ‘frojan as its eponymous founder, another was transforming the Trojans into barbarian precursors of the Persians. The former was the obscure northern town of Aineia, the latter was Athens as it recovered from the Persian wars.1 These two examples represent opposite poles and help to demonstrate that there was no one image of the Trojans current among the Greeks. Instead, the Greek relationship with the mythical Trojans ,vas complex and changing, responding to situation and circumstances. The alien, non-Greek Trojan that can be observed in Athens has perhaps acquired greater prominence than it should have, and this is for two reasons. First, the very Athenocentric nature of our evidence tends to mean that the shift from ‘Athenian’ to ‘Greek’ is all too easily made; secondly, Athens’ role as the cultural centre of the Greek world led later intellectuals to adopt readily an Athenian perspective.
Greek States and Roman Relatives
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 190s ambassadors from the Greek city of Lampsakos in the Troad arrived in Rome to seek Roman protection. Coming before the Senate they informed their aristocratic audience that the people of Lampsakos were kinsmen of the Romans. This is no isolated instance. Several other states also invoked ties of kinship when making approaches to Rome. The numbers may be few but the mere fact is significant. For many scholars the Greeks were exploiting Rome’s Trojan ancestry to win favours for themselves. The implication is that they said these things because they thought that the Romans would be pleased to hear them. 1 This, however, distorts what was happening by focusing on the relationship between the Greek states and Rome while at the same time failing to take account of the Hellenistic context.
The Roman Nude
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statues of important Romans frequently represented them nude. Men were portrayed naked holding weapons - the naked emperor might wield the thunderbolt of Jupiter - while Roman women assumed the guise of the nude love-goddess, Venus. When faced with these strange images, modern viewers are usually unsympathetic, finding them incongruous, even tasteless. They are mostly written off as just another example of Roman `bad taste'. This book offers a new approach. Comprehensively illustrated with black and white photographs of nude Romans represented in a wide range of artistic media, it investigates how this tradition arose, and how the nudity of these images was meant to be understood by contemporary viewers. And, since the Romans also employed a variety of other costumes for their statues (toga, armour, Greek philosopher's cloak), it asks, `What could nudity express that other costumes could not?' It is Hallett's claim that - looked at in this way - these `Roman nudes' turn out to be documents of the first importance for the cultural historian.
The Nude Portrait under the Empire
Authors: Hallett Christopher H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to determine the function and meaning of the portrait in heroic costume under the empire. Since the extant material for this period is so abundant, the kind of comprehensive treatment attempted in the previous chapter is not possible. Instead a different method is followed: in the first part of the chapter a broad historical survey is offered of the various kinds of nude portrait found in the imperial period, making use of select examples to represent (as far as is possible) the full extent and variety of the surviving evidence. There follows in the second part a brief account of the general range of costumes employed for Roman portraits that reconstructs the symbolic significance of each costume for Roman self-representation.
Colour, Consciousness, and Colour Consciousness
Authors: Mclaughlin Brian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those of us blessed with sight, colours have been manifest in the scenes before our eyes ever since such scenes first came into focus. Familiarity has not bred understanding, however. The nature of these old acquaintances remains a matter of dispute. The dispute is intimately tied to ‘the hard problem’ of visual consciousness-the problem of determining the nature of visual consciousness.
The Content and Epistemology of Phenomenal Belief
Authors: Chalmers David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiences and beliefs are different sorts of mental states, and are often taken to belong to very different domains. Experiences are paradigmatically phenomenal, characterized by what it is like to have them. Beliefs are paradigmatically intentional, characterized by their propositional content. But there are a number of crucial points where these domains intersect. One central locus of intersection arises from the existence of phenomenal beliefs: beliefs that are about experiences.
Perspectival Representation and the Knowledge Argument
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Someday there will be no more articles written about the ‘Knowledge Argu¬ ment’ (Nagel 1974; Jackson 1982). That is beyond dispute. What is less certain is, how much sooner that day will come than the heat death of the universe. Let us quickly review Jackson’s version of the argument. He offers the now painfully familiar example of Mary, the brilliant colour scientist trapped in an entirely black-and-white laboratory. (Even she herself is painted black and white. There are potential complications that would have been avoided had Jackson made Mary temporarily colour-blind instead of merely confined to her lab space, but I shall ignore those.) Working through her modem and various black-and-white monitors, she becomes scientifically omniscient as regards the physics and chemistry of colour, the neurophysiology of colour vision, and every other conceivably relevant scientific fact; we may even suppose that she becomes scientifically omniscient, period.
Why Cognitive Scientists Cannot Ignore Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is something fundamentally disturbing about contemporary philosophy of mind and philosophical cognitive science. Almost without exception (exceptions such as Lockwood (1989) and Chalmers (1996, see esp. p. 349) ), the philosophical theories are logically inconsistent with the most well-confirmed theory ever developed by humans, namely, quantum mechanics. Why do philosophers develop theories of the mind-brain as if quantum mechanics does not exist, or as if it is utterly irrelevant to theories of the mind-brain? I believe this epistemic situation has arisen due to a series of questionable philosophical arguments about the role of philosophy of mind/cognitive science and quantum mechanics in our overall theoretical framework. In sect. I explain some of these arguments and contend they are unsound.
The Household: Inheritance and Structuration
Authors: Layton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at continuity and change in household structure on the Plateau of Levier in the light of Giddens’ concepts of agency and structuration. The processes that contribute to the relatively egalitarian character of village society on the Plateau of Levier during the period of my fieldwork will be identified; these range from the traditional principle of partible inheritance, economic circumstances characterizing a particular historical period, to specific elements of legislation such as the Statut de fermage. This chapter also discusses the links between culture and biology which are brought about by production and reproduction within the household. Inheritance rules and work patterns have both social and biological consequences.
On Generation and Corruption I. 5
Authors: Code Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After chapter 4 of On Generation and Corruption shows how to distinguish alteration from generation, chapter 5 begins its treatment of growth (avt17at)), or increase, 1 by stating that it remains for us to say how it differs from both of these and also (ii) how growing things grow and diminishing things diminish. The growth of a child into an adult is not the same thing as the coming to be of a new human being, nor is it the taking on of new qualitative attributes. It is a different kind of change, and as such must be distinguished from both of these other kinds. Furthermore, as he will point out shortly, although as something increases or decreases in size it occupies a larger or smaller place, these changes need to be distinguished from locomotion (and revolving in place) as well.
On Generation and Corruption I. 9
Authors: Crubellier Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 of On Generation and Corruption I is comparatively short, but neither its topic nor its structure is fully clear on a first reading. Modern commentators have followed the interpretation of Philoponus, who distinguished chapter 9 from the preceding discussions because he considered that Aristotle, ‘having refuted the hypotheses by which the ancients accounted for affecting and being affected, sets out the remaining conception; that is the true one’. The opening sentence supports this description of the chapter. Aristotle says: ‘Let us explain the way in which things possess generation and action and r,assion, and let us start from the principle we have often enunciated’ (326 29-30).
On Generation and Corruption I. 10: On Mixture and Mixables
Authors: Frede Dorothea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mixture is a kind of process that does not receive much attention in Aristotle’s natural philosophy. Thus mixis or krasis does not form part of his canonical catalogue of change alongside generation and destruction, alteration, locomotion, growth, and shrinking. If he dedicates a chapter to the question of the nature of mixis and how it differs from other kinds of processes in De generatione et corruptione, it at first sight appears like a paralipomenon in his discussion of the Grundbegrif]e of all kinds of generation and destruction-both simple and with qualification. That Aristotle is not overly preoccupied with this concept even here seems to be suggested by the fact that its elucidation is tucked away at the end of book I, at the close of the discussion of all the basic processes and their constitutive factors, before the investigation of the elements and elemental change in book IL But, as a closer look at the text will show, this impression of mixture’s relative unimportance is quite wrong.
Meritocracy
Authors: Cavanagh Matt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I remarked in the Introduction how the idea of equality crops up in a bewildering variety of demands in this debate. For example, some people demand that everyone should have an’ equal opportunity in the competition for jobs’ others talk about people having ‘equal life chances’; others urge us to be altogether more radical, to try to make sure that everyone actually gets a job (and an equally good job) instead of accepting that there will always be inequalities and merely trying to introduce some kind of equality into the way these inequalities are distributed.
Inside and Out: Alterity and the Ceremonial Construction of the Person in the Guianas
Authors: Henley Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the late dry season and the savannah grass has been reduced to a dusty brown. Although it is only nine o’clock in the morning and still quite cool, the day promises to be stiflingly hot because the sky is clear and already a deep blue. On the horizon, a grey plume of smoke rises where the creoles in the next valley are burning off the grass.
Agency and Self-Awareness: Mechanisms and Epistemology
Authors: Eilan Naomi , Roessler Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1980s Libet conducted a series of experiments which, he argued, showed that we are aware of intentions to act only after the brain area responsible for initiating acting has already been activated. He, and others, took these experiments to show that our brain ‘decides’ on courses of action independently of our consciousness, where this in turn threatens the idea of free will, the idea that our actions are controlled by our conscious intentions. For immediate purposes the main point to note here is the intuitive connection highlighted by the debate surrounding Libet’s claims, between the kind of control we think we have of our actions, on the one hand, and our awareness of our intentions and actions, on the other. For the suggestion underpinning Libet’s claims is that unless the initiation of the action is something we are aware of, the action itself is not under the kind of control we think we have as agents, the kind of control in virtue of which we speak of freedom of the will.
Intentional Action and Self-Awareness
Authors: Roessler Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we perform intentional bodily actions we are normally aware of what we are doing. Of course, we can be mistaken about important aspects of our actions, and our actions can have many surprising features. For example, in a Peanuts cartoon, Lucy is shown tearing up what she takes to be Linus’s blanket, but it turns out that the blanket is in fact her own. In a sense Lucy does not know what she is doing. But of course her lack of knowledge is far from total. She knows, for example, that she is tearing up ‘this’ (perceptually presented) blanket. What this example illustrates is that typically, at least some of the descriptions under which an action is intentional-some of the descriptions that figure in the content of the agent’s intention-are descriptions under which the agent knows what she is doing.
Thomas Hobbes
Authors: Raphael D D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern political philosophy begins with Hobbes, as modern epistemological philosophy begins with his contemporary, Descartes. Both men were truly revolutionary thinkers (while inevitably owing something to past tradition) and both are ranked among the greatest of philosophers for the depth of their insight, the subtlety oftheir argument, and the novelty of their perspective. The political philosophy of Hobbes is set out in three different works,The Elements of Law(written about 1640),De Cive(Latin version, 1642; English version, 1651), andLeviathan(English version, 1651; Latin version, 1670). The general tenor of his theory remains unchanged in all three books but there are important differences of detail.Leviathan,in its original English form, is the best known of these works and is w1doubtedly the most enjoyable to read. Although one or two Hobbes scholars have claimed thatDe Civeis the real key to understanding his political th0ught, many of the changes inLeviathanreflect a more considered and more defensible view, intended by Hobbes to replace the earlier versions. His account of justice is not a prominent element of his political theory, but its actual role and its subsequent influence are considerable, reflecting the acute, innovative intelligence that helped to make him a great philosopher.