bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrorheological Materials
Authors: Filisko Frank 
Published: November 2003

AbstractElectrorheological (ER) materials are materials whose rheological properties, flow and deformation behavior in response to a stress, are strong functions of the electric field strength imposed upon them. The materials are typically fluids in the absence of an electric field (although they may be pastes, gels, or elastomers) but under constant shear stress at high enough fields, the materials can solidify into viscoelastic solids. In their solid state, various properties of the solid such as shear and tensile strengths and damping capacity, internal friction, and the ability to adsorb energy under impact are also strong functions of the electric field. Further, all physical and mechanical changes induced by the applied field are virtually instantaneously reversible upon removal of the field. In brief, these are materials whose mechanical properties and physical state are determined at any instant by the electric field to which they are exposed.ER materials are typically dispersions of fine hygroscopic particles in a hydrophobic nonelectrically conducting dispersion medium. Materials that work well as the dispersed phase include such diverse materials as corn starch, various clays, silica gel, talcum powder, and various polymers. The fluid phase also may consist of a very wide range of liquids or greases which have the common properties of high electrical resistivity (so that high fields may be applied over the fluids without significant currents) and hydrophobicity. Liquids such as kerosene, mineral oil, toluene and silicone oil work well as do many other fluids. With few very significant exceptions, the vast majority of systems also require that significant amounts of water (10–30%) or other activators be adsorbed onto the particulate phase. This requirement severely limited the potential use of these materials. Dry particulate systems are discussed.Although it is not necessary for an appropriate dispersion to demonstrate ER activity, various other types of additives, called activators, have been reported and are commonly incorporated into the mixtures, including various surfactants, to enhance the effect and to increase the stability of the dispersions. How they work is unclear, but as are, they most certainly affect the particulate surface, the dispersing liquid, and the water on the particles.
Environmental and People Applications
Authors: Yanagida Hiroaki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere are two major centers of R&D on intelligent/smart materials in Japan. One is an academic assembly called the Forum for Intelligent Materials and the other is the industrial consortium known as Ken‐materials Research Consortium. This article describes only the activities in the Forum. The activities of the consortium are described in an other article. The groundwork for R&D on intelligent materials was completed in 1999, with the Frontier Ceramics Project sponsored by the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese government.
Gelators, Organic
Authors: Meléndez Rosa E. , Hamilton Andrew D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn this article, the development of organogelation from its initial stages of identifying intermolecular interactions through the development of functional organogelators is presented. The applications of these materials range from the absorption of different solvents to a role as a template in forming fibrous silica. Microcellular organic materials formed by noncovalent interactions have also been prepared from gels by removing the solvent from their structure. The study of gels has been challenging, but the potential rewards in terms of understanding this form of matter between solid and liquid are considerable. The relative ease with which organogelation can be generated, the partial order that is present in their structure, and the potential for novel functionalization and reactivity all suggest that organogels will find many industrial and academic applications in the coming years.
Hybrid Composites
Authors: Yang Dazhi , Wei Zhongguo 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The development of smart materials has been inspired by biological structural systems and their basic characteristics of efficiency, functionality, precision, self‐repair, and durability. As is well known, few monolithic materials presently available possess these characteristics. Accordingly, smart materials are not singular materials, rather, they are hybrid composites or integrated systems of materials.
Presently, no materials possessing high‐level intelligent have been developed. Only some smart hybrid composites that can receive or respond to a stimulus, including temperature, stress, strain, an electric field, a magnetic field, and other forms of stimuli have been developed and studied by materials scientists. These smart hybrid composites are developed by incorporating a variety of advanced functional materials, such as shape memory materials, piezoelectric materials, fiber‐optics, magnetostrictive materials, electrostrictive materials, magnetorheological fluids, electrorheological fluids, and some functional polymers. Smart hybrid composites provide tremendous potential for creating new paradigms for material‐structural interactions, and they demonstrate varying success in many engineering applications, such as vibration control, sound control, quiet commuter aircraft, artificial organs, artificial limbs, microelectromechanical systems among a variety of others.
Shape‐memory materials (SMMs) are one of the major elements of smart hybrid composites because of their unusual properties. To date, a variety of alloys, ceramics, polymers and gels have been found to exhibit SME behavior. Both tile fundamental and engineering aspects of SMMs have been investigated extensively and some of them are presently commercial materials. Particularly, some SMMs can be easily fabricated into thin films, fibers or wires, particles and even porous bulks, enable them feasibly to be incorporated with other materials to form hybrid composites.
Langmuir–Blodgett Films
Authors: Lee Christine M. , Talham Daniel R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) films provide the opportunity to control the structure of thin films at the molecular level. LB films can be prepared from amphiphilic derivatives of a wide range of functional molecules. Preparation techniques are discussed in this article. The architectural control obtained from the LB technique allows arranging these molecules so that their optical, electrical and chemical behavior can be controlled. Applications are numerous for such manipulations, and many conceivable uses have already been investigated. There is, yet, much room for improvement and adaptation in the method to prepare even more technologically advanced devices. LB films are the consequence of an age‐old observation, and the technique enjoys a promising future.
Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Dapino Marcelo J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMagnetostrictive materials are a class of smart materials that can convert energy between the magnetic and elastic states. For this reason, magnetostrictive materials and devices based on these materials are often referred to astransducers. Due to the bidirectional nature of this energy exchange, magnetostrictive materials can be employed for both actuation and sensing. Alloys based on the transition metals iron, nickel, and cobalt in combination with certain rare‐earth elements are currently employed in actuator and sensor systems in a broad range of industrial, biomedical, and defense applications. Because magnetostriction is an inherent property of ferromagnetic materials, it does not degrade over time as do some poled piezoelectric substances. In addition, newer magnetostrictive materials provide strains, forces, energy densities, and coupling coefficients that compete favorably with more established technologies such as those based on piezoelectricity. As evidenced by the ever‐increasing number of patented magnetostrictive systems, transducer designers are finding new opportunities to employ magnetostrictive materials in a wide variety of applications ranging from stand‐alone transducers to complex smart structure systems.This article provides an overview of magnetostrictive materials. A description of the physical origin of magnetostriction and a discussion of material behavior are given. A subsequent section is devoted to linear magnetostriction, and other magnetostrictive effects are discussed. Finally, a discussion of current transducer designs and modeling techniques is presented.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Hart Bradley R. , Shea Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMolecular imprinting is a process for synthesizing materials that contain highly specific recognition sites for small molecules. The imprinting process consists of a template molecule that preorganizes functional, polymerizable monomers. This template assembly is copolymerized with a large excess of cross‐linking monomers to produce an insoluble network material. Extraction of the template molecule leaves behind a region that is complementary in size, shape, and functional group orientation to the template molecule. The resulting polymeric materials are referred to as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs).Intermolecular forces between the template, functional monomers and polymer matrix determines MIP structure. Pre‐organization of the functional monomers has been achieved with covalent, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonding interactions. The most common method of polymer formation employs free radical initiation. These materials are tough, easy to handle, and have been shown to retain their recognition properties for over five years without loss of selectivity or capacity. As a result, they have advantages over more fragile biological systems for molecular recognition and have been referred to as “plastic antibodies”. Under the proper conditions, MIPs have shown the ability to function as selective binding materials, microreactors, facilitated transport membranes, and catalysts. Their utility, coupled with their longevity and robustness, make MIPs candidates for applications in separation science, as industrial catalysis, and for medical diagnostics.
Optical Storage Films, Chalcogenide Compound Films
Authors: Vedeshwar A. G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe utilization of novel physical properties of materials for their possible commercial applications has opened up tremendous scope for materials research. In the last two or three decades there has been increasing interest and research, both basic and application oriented, on materials behaving smartly. Along with the developments in storage capacity, data stability, storage speed, and the saturation in magnetic recording, there are research on new materials suitable for optical or magneto‐optical storage applications. Chalcogenide compounds have been known for more than a half century as disordered semiconductors. Their potential as storage materials became recognized three decades ago. Chalcogenides have peculiar properties that make them smart enough to occupy an important class of materials known as “phase‐change” media in optical storage applications.This article is mainly focus on the real‐time digital recording in chalcogenide compound films, though holographic recordings can also be done on these materials.
Power Industry Applications
Authors: Stringer J. , Richman R. H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMany industrial and commercial sectors are made up of separate, relatively small components: aerospace and ground transport, for example. In such applications, truly smart materials systems (SMS) are defined as those that respond autonomously to changes in their operating conditions. That is, they detect the onset of “illness” and take steps to effect a cure. In contrast, the electric power industry is a vast, interconnected enterprise, not a collection of individual entities. It is a far‐flung grid, fed and drained continuously at variable rates. SMS must be consistent with this character: owing to the extent of the grid and the way it operates, just detecting illnessand determining its locationconstitutes smartness. Moreover, users of electricity expect reliability everywhere the grid reaches, so avoiding failures (outages) is paramount. Thus,distributedSMS are often required to achieve reliability. Some other sectors (e.g., highways) also will rely on distributed SMS, but in electricity systems the SMS must function under more hostile conditions of temperature, pressure, aggressive chemicals, and especially, intense electric and/or magnetic fields. Early detection of deviations or trouble is vital. In a sense, successful performances of SMS in the power industry equates to buying time for a rational response. Whatever else they might do by way of autonomous responses (derating a unit, eliminating an ailing component from a redundant set, etc.), the crucial action for SMS in electricity systems is to notify a central authority about an (impending) illness and where that illness is.Although investment in SMS research by the power industry has been substantial, utilization of SMS within the industry is still in the early stages. There is little doubt, however, that the influence of SMS will be profound in the future. This article discussed where smart materials can be used in the power production process and challenges awaiting smart materials solutions.
Novel Underfill Material for Wafer Level Packaging
Authors: Zhang Z. , Wong C. P. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Wafer level packaging presents a paradigm shift in IC packaging manufacturing toward low cost and high performance electronic products. This article reviews different designs of wafer level packages. Wafer level underfill is identified as a convergence of flip‐chip and wafer level chip scale package. Due to the unique curing characteristics of the wafer level underfill, there is a need for a fundamental understanding of the underfill curing process. In this study, we have explored two underfill formulations and investigated their curing properties and the gelation behavior. A successful wafer level underfill formulation was developed and characterized. The assembly of the wafer level package was demonstrated.
Modeling of Virus Transport and Removal in the Subsurface
Authors: Schijven Jack F. , Hassanizadeh Majid 
Published: November 2003

AbstractModeling Subsurface Transport of VirusesFactors Affecting Adsorption of Viruses to SoilFactors Affecting Virus Inactivation in the SubsurfaceAdvection and Dispersion of VirusesModel VirusesVirus Removal by Transport Trough Soil
Image Analysis of Microorganisms
Authors: Lawrence John R. , Korber Darren R. , Wolfaardt Gideon M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObtaining an ImageFluorescent Labels for Epifluorescence, CLSM and 2‐PLSMVideo/Digital Camera SelectionImage Analysis/Processing SystemsThe Basics of Image AcquisitionPresegmentation Processing StepsSegmentation/ThresholdingEnhancement of Binary ImagesDifference ImageryField and Object ParametersCalibrationReplication and Sampling IntensityApplications of Image Processing and Analyses
Ecology of Marine Microbial Biofilms
Authors: Köster Marion , Meyer‐Reil Lutz‐Arend 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMicrobial Attachment to SurfacesBiofilm Architecture and FunctionMarine Microbial BiofilmsImportance of Gradients in Biofilm MetabolismRoles of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and IronPools and Sources of Organic CarbonNutritional Relationships in Photoheterotrophic BiofilmsDisturbance of Biofilms
Cretaceous Shales and Sandstones of theSouthwesternUnitedStates, Microbiology of
Authors: Krumholz Lee R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGeological BackgroundSulfate as Electron AcceptorThe San Juan BasinIsolation of Pure Cultures from the San Juan BasinOrigins of Microorganisms in the SubsurfacePiceance Basin, ColoradoOrigins of MicroorganismsRelated Studies
Activated Sludge—The Microbial Community
Authors: Seviour Robert J. , Maszenan A. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWhy This Ignorance?So What is Known So Far About the Microbial Communities in Activated Sludge Plants?The Activated Sludge Food Chain?Which Factors Decide the Fate of These Microbes in Activated Sludge?Can Our Communities be Manipulated to Improve Plant Performance?
Rotaviruses
Authors: Ciarlet Max , Estes Mary K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRotavirus ClassificationRotavirus StructureRotavirus Genes and GeneticsRotavirus BiologyRotavirus Epidemiology and VaccinesRotavirus Clinical Symptoms and PathophysiologyModes of Transmission of RotavirusesRotavirus Host Range and ReservoirsDetection, Occurrence, and Persistence of RotavirusesRecovery and Concentration of Rotaviruses in Environmental SamplesMethods of Detection of RotavirusesAssays to Detect Rotavirus
Source Water Protection: Microbiology of Source Water
Authors: Berger Paul S. , Oshiro Robin K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPathogen SourcesFactors Affecting the Transport of Fecal Pathogens to Surface WaterEnvironmental Factors in Pathogen Survival in Ambient WatersPathogen Occurrence in Surface WatersGroundwaterIndicators of Source Water QualityNonmicrobial Indicators of Fecal ContaminationLaws and Regulations Protecting Drinking Water Sources
Aggregates and Consortia, Microbial
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Kuparinen Jorma 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSuspended and Solid Surfaces as MicroenvironmentsFormation of Aggregates and ConsortiaEcological and Biogeochemical Roles of Aggregates and ConsortiaCyanobacterial Aggregates in Lakes, Oceans, and in the Brackish Baltic SeaNitrogen‐Fixing Cyanobacterial (Trichodesmiumspp.) Aggregates in the Subtropical and Tropical OceanCyanobacterial Mats in a Temperate Marine Ecosystem: Bird Shoal, North CarolinaStromatolitic Mats of Highborne Cay, Exuma Sound, BahamasMicrobial Mats in Hypersaline Lakes: Consortia “At the Edge of Life”Aggregates and Mats in the Permanent Ice Cover of Lake Bonney, Mcmurdo Dry Valleys, AntarcticaCharacterizing Aggregate and Mat Consortial Structure and Function
Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMM) in Soil Environments
Authors: Van Overbeek Leo , Van Elsas Dick 
Published: November 2003

AbstractConstruction of GMMs and ContainmentBiotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Bacterial Survival in SoilPhysiological Aspects that Affect the Fate of Bacteria Introduced into SoilTracking Genetically Modified Strains in Soil EnvironmentsAssessing the Effects of GMMs on Populations Indigenous to SoilProspects for the Use of Environmentally‐Induced Promoters in Soil
Bioremediation: An Overview of How Microbiological Processes can be Applied to the Cleanup of Organic and Inorganic Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Prince Roger C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBioremediation, Ecology, TechnologyOrganic ContaminantsHalogenated Aliphatic CompoundsHalogenated Aromatic CompoundsNonchlorinated Pesticides and HerbicidesMilitary ChemicalsOther Organic CompoundsInorganic ContaminantsMetals and Metalloids
Fungal Allergy and Allergens
Authors: Bush Robert K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractExposure to Fungal AllergensMechanism of Fungal AllergyPrevalence of Fungal SensitivityAssociation of the Fungal Sensitivity with AsthmaRole of Fungal Exposure in Acute Asthma AttacksRole of Fungal Allergy in Severe and Fatal AsthmaIndoor Fungal Exposure and Allergic DiseasePurified Fungal AllergensAssessment of Fungal Allergen ExposureAbatement Measures to Reduce Fungal Allergen Exposure
Photosynthetic Pigments in Marine Algae and Bacteria
Authors: DiTullio Giacomo , Geesey Mark E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBiochemistry of Pigments in Algae and BacteriaMethods for Identification and Quantification of PigmentsEcological Distributions of Algal and Bacterial PigmentsPigments and TaxonomyCHEMTAX Analysis of Phytoplankton Community Composition
Biosolids: Anaerobic Digestion of
Authors: Sanders W. T. M. , Zeeman G. , Stams A. J. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Structure of Activated SludgeThe Microbiology of Methanogenic ProductionThe Role of Cell Death and Cell Lysis During the Methanogenic Digestion of Activated SludgeImproving Biogas YieldsDewatering of Anaerobically Digested Activated Sludge
Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci in Aquatic Environments
Authors: Borrego Juan J. , Castro Dolores , Figueras Ma José 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntroduction: Definition and Taxonomic PositionIdentificationHabitat and Clinical SignificanceFecal Pollution of Natural Water EnvironmentsEpidemiological StudiesSurvival of Fecal Streptococci/Enterococci in Aquatic EnvironmentsEnumeration Techniques
Archaea in Marine Environments
Authors: Murray Alison E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNewly Recognized Archaeal DiversityDetection of Marine ArchaeaMarine Archaeal Habitats, Ecology, and DiversityEcophysiological Attributes of Marine ArchaeaArchaeal Associations with Marine OrganismsArchaeal Genomics and Biotechnological ApplicationsOrigins and Evolution of the Marine Archaea
Biofilms: Bacterial‐Fungal Biofilms
Authors: Roberts Sara K. , Lappin‐Scott Hilary M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDevelopment of Bacterial‐Fungal BiofilmsBacterial‐Fungal Biofilm ArchitectureCharacterizing Bacterial‐Fungal BiofilmsThe Occurrence of Bacterial‐Fungal BiofilmsControl of Bacterial‐Fungal BiofilmsMethods to Study Bacterial‐Fungal Biofilms
Endolithic Microorganisms in Arid Regions
Authors: Nienow J. A. , Friedmann E. I. , Ocampo‐Friedmann R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEndolithic Microbial Communities in the Ross Desert of AntarcticaEndolithic Communities in the Coastal Region of AntarcticaEndolithic Communities in Hot Arid RegionsComparison of Endolithic Communities in Hot and Cold Arid Regions
Mycobacterium AviumComplex
Authors: Falkinham Joseph O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTheM. AviumComplexEpidemiology of theM. AviumComplexEcology of theM. AviumComplexTransmission of theM. AviumComplexMolecular Epidemiology of theM. AviumComplexMethods for Working with theM. AviumComplexGrowth and Physiological Ecology of theM. AviumComplexDisinfection Resistance of theM. AviumComplexAntimicrobial Resistance of theM. AviumComplex
Enteroviruses: Basic Biology and Diseases
Authors: Gerba Charles P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGeneral PropertiesHistoryEpidemiologyGrowth in Cell CultureIdentificationHost RangeInfectivityImmunityPathogenesisAsymptomatic InfectionsSecondary TransmissionIllnesses Caused by EnterovirusesParalysisPerinatal and Neonatal InfectionsHerpanginaAseptic MeningitisNonspecific Febrile IllnessExanthems (Eruption of the Skin)Respiratory IllnessAcute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC)DiabetesPleurodynia (Bornholm Disease)MyocarditisDiseases Associated with the ImmunocompromisedOther IllnessesIncidence of Enterovirus InfectionsEconomic ImpactWater and Food‐Borne Outbreaks
Bioaugmentation
Authors: Deflaun Mary F. , Steffan Robert J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractRemediation HierarchyOrganisms for BioaugmentationImproving Organisms for BioaugmentationConstitutive Degradative ActivityEnhanced TransportEnergy EnrichmentMixed Cultures and ConsortiaExamples of Type 1 BioaugmentationExamples of Type 2 Bioaugmentation
Rhizosphere, Bacterial Phytostimulators in
Authors: Burdman Saul , Kadouri Daniel , Jurkevitch Edouard , Okon Yaacov 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMechanisms of Action of Phytostimulating BacteriaBacterial Features for Rhizosphere CompetenceInteractions of PGPR with Biotic and Abiotic FactorsInoculation with PGPR in a Dense Microbial BackgroundMolecular Methodology for Tracking Introduced PhytostimulatorsCommercial Products: Present and Future