bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Torres Strait
Authors: McNiven Ian J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The seascape world of Torres Strait Islanders takes in a 50,000-km2 archipelago between the mainlands of Australia and New Guinea. The Torres Plain transitioned to Torres Strait 8000–9000 years ago with rising sea levels at the end of the last Ice Age. Torres Strait Islanders’ identification as a sea people and marine subsistence specialists matches ethnographic observations of the past 150 years. Collaborative research projects between archaeologists and a wide range of island communities over the past three decades have revealed occupation back to the time of strait formation and marine resource use at least 7000 years ago. The appearance of new sites 3000–4000 years ago is associated with population increase and diversification of marine resource use, including hunting of dugongs. Further increases in sites 2000–2600 years ago coincide with the appearance of pottery and agriculture linked to the influx of people and ideas from New Guinea. The past 1000 years sees expansion of shoreline villages and ritual sites linked to the sea and emergence of the full range of ethnographically known cultural practices.
The Sailing Performance of Ancient Pacific Canoes
Authors: Irwin Geoffrey , Flay Richard G. J. , Dudley Loughlin , Johns Dilys 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The islands of the Pacific Ocean were settled in a series of remarkable episodes of maritime migration. This chapter investigates the navigational and technological innovations that allowed Lapita canoes to sail east across the prevailing winds through Island Melanesia 3000 years ago and, after a “long pause” of at least 1500 years in West Polynesia, for Polynesian canoes to sail upwind into central East Polynesia. Lapita sailors invented the navigational technique of latitude sailing to transition from coastal seafarers to ocean explorers. Their canoes were dugouts raised by planks and stabilized by outriggers with fore-and-aft sails, and their seascape was a narrow latitudinal band of tropical islands. In the second episode some East Polynesian voyaging canoes had sophisticated planked hulls with improved upwind performance and they used Oceanic spritsails, and their seascape spanned latitudes from the northern tropics to the sub-Antarctic. These conclusions are based on archaeology and yacht engineering tests of relevant sails in a wind tunnel and canoe hulls in a towing tank, and simulated voyages by a virtual canoe based on the earliest-known archaeological East Polynesian voyaging canoe found at Anaweka, New Zealand, closely match the real voyages of the experimental replica canoe Hokule’a throughout Polynesia.
Archaeology and the Anthropocene in Island and Coastal Settings
Authors: Braje Todd J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As part of a global conversation about the ongoing environmental crisis, the International Commission on Stratigraphy, part of the International Union of Geological Sciences, is considering defining a new geological epoch in Earth history—the Anthropocene. Likely to be set at some point in the last two hundred years, the Anthropocene is meant to define the transformative effects humans are now having on planetary systems and to draw attention to the dire need for global climate action. While the Anthropocene concept is exceptionally broad and has generated wide-ranging transdisciplinary debates, the author focuses this review on some of the most important issues related to archaeological studies of island and coastal environments and how the Anthropocene concept might be exceptionally important for helping build sustainable systems into the future.
Transnational Tamil Literature, Dialect, and Environment
Authors: Whittington Rebecca 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to highlight the critical significance of socio-regional language varieties, which carry intimate knowledge of geographies, ecosystems, and environmental justice issues through habitation and livelihood, in transnational Tamil literatures with a focus on India and Sri Lanka. Dialect writing helps bridge the gaps between community-based and academic knowledges and between country- and area-based studies of texts in their historical and political contexts and broad studies of world literature, generating an approach to South Asian literary study that focuses on questions of language and environmental justice across national boundaries, yet remains rooted in local realities and imaginaries. The chapter thus offers a transnational approach that connects diverse geographical and political locations through local knowledges and practices of Adivasi/indigenous, migrant, refugee, and Dalit communities and of women, through readings of a small selection of fiction and poetry by V. Gowribalan, R. Canmukacuntaram, Bama, and Su. Tamilselvi.
Modelling the Leadership Influence Process
Authors: Hazy James K. , Mahmoodi Korosh 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the challenges, complexities, and benefits of using agent-based modelling in the study and practice of leadership in teams and organizations. After acknowledging these challenges, the chapter proposes a formal approach to defining leadership as an influence process for computational models and simulation purposes as well as in real-world organizations. This is intended to clarify how leadership can be specified, modelled, and operationalized more rigorously in the context of both research and practice. State-of-the-art studies in computational leadership research, including those with adaptive agents, adaptive environments, and emergent intelligence, are reviewed. These studies are organized and described along three distinct dimensions of leadership influence: aligning expectations in a collective with respect to opportunities and threats in its environment, initiating or sustaining repeatable instrumental momentum within organizations, and engendering an observable cooperating valence within a collective that reflects the presence of trust among agents at various levels of scale. The chapter closes with a proposed framework to guide future research in areas such as emergent leadership in hybrid human–machine environments and decision-making in the presence of localized deception during interactions as well as the potential to respond effectively to misinformation attacks from malicious actors on a much broader scale.
Agent-Based Manufacturing Control for Industry 4.0—Fundamentals and Open Challenges
Authors: Gehlhoff Felix , Fay Alexander 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Manufacturing companies face different challenges like rising complexity of their manufacturing operations, the need to quickly develop and produce individualized products, and disruptions of traditional production systems due to changing market conditions, institutional rules, and customer preferences. Thus, there is a significant need for flexible and robust organization and control approaches to cope with these new realities. Industry 4.0 proclaims the automated and decentralized decision-making of products and resources based on digitalization, referring to the automated coordination of job allocation and execution. The decentralized coordination of products and resources also enables the local reaction to disturbances on the shop floor and within supply chains. Thus, to address the abovementioned challenges, Industry 4.0 provides a reference framework to utilize digitally enhanced technologies and recent computational developments like cyber-physical systems, the internet of things, and the smart factory to face these new challenges. Software agents, which are commonly associated with properties such as autonomy, intelligence, and sociability, provide the means to implement these new approaches. However, different aspects of the manufacturing control problem and engineering process, like interoperability, predictability, and business ethics, still need to be addressed.
Decision-Making Approaches and Foreign Policy
Authors: Houghton David Patrick 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Human beings, as the psychologist Dan Ariely has noted, are ‘predictably irrational’; they use the same kind of cognitive short cuts over and over again, rather than in any sense living up to the high (and ‘reliably artificial’) standards of comprehensive rationality (Ariely 2009). Employing the latter, moreover, is atypical for human beings, since we more often utilize the fast-moving System I than we do the slow-moving System II (Kahneman 2012). Under the influence of what has become known as Behavioural Economics, that wider discipline has increasingly abandoned claims about comprehensive rationality. But we still know rather less than we should about the act of decision-making itself. Attempting to address this issue, the main section of this chapter reviews recent developments in decision-making as applied to foreign policy analysis, examining what might be called ‘the state of the art’ in that field. But gaps remain in the work so far conducted. The second part of this chapter, then looks in particular at how we might build on existing work, suggesting some ways in which we have so far failed to capitalize on research which is arguably of strong relevance to foreign policy scholars.
Foreign Policy of Middle Powers
Authors: Giacomello Giampiero , Verbeek Bertjan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Changes in the international political system have given more opportunities for states to seek a more prominent role as a middle power. The contestation of American hegemony and the fragile relations between China, India, and the United States present an external environment that invites states to reconsider their positions. Changes in the nature of power in international politics, both in hard and soft power, have made it possible for some states to seek specific forms of middle power status. This contribution argues that such states may pursue a role as an aspiring global power, a regional power, or a niche power. However, because the search for status in international politics originates from (often competing) ideas of national identity and roles and because the achievement of such status depends on its recognition by relevant other states, an understanding of the choices states make regarding the pursuit of middle power status, requires insights from the scholarship of Foreign Policy Analysis. The argument is illustrated with examples from, amongst others, Iran (regional power), Japan (aspiring global power), and the Netherlands (niche power).
Foreign Policy of Armed Non-State Actors
Authors: Darwich May 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the foreign policy of armed non-state actors (ANSAs) as a new empirical domain for Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). ANSAs not only challenge state authority in the international system through the use of violence, but there is substantial evidence of ANSAs maintaining foreign relations with other states and non-state actors during both war and peace times. While the study of ANSAs has grown exponentially in the last two decades, the foreign engagement of these actors has rarely been studied from a systematic perspective. This chapter repositions FPA into the study of ANSAs. It argues that adapting an FPA that focuses on decision-making processes and policy outputs can bring a novel understanding to ANSAs’ foreign engagement. Moreover, this endeavour would revitalize FPA by expanding its research agenda to questions of actorness and allow it to move beyond its state-centric confines.
LGBTI Discrimination at the Workplace
Authors: Rivas-Vallejo Pilar , Villagrasa-Alcaide Carlos 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Protection against discrimination at the workplace, meaning ‘workplace’ as access to employment and in relation to working conditions, employment’s benefits and dismissal, is granted by the Employment Equality Directive within the EU for LGBTI workers. However, this protection covers only sexual orientation, while gender diversity can be identified within the scope of protection of Equality Gender, according to the interpretation of the jurisprudence of the ECJ and ECHR, and within the scope of Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights. Within this limited protection, a favourable interpretation can be found for the inclusion of LGTBI people under the protection of the equality directives of the European Union under the coordinated consideration of the jurisprudence of both courts. Nevertheless, the protection of other protected categories linked to gender depends on national legislations, with very different answers. Likewise, European Law does not impose an obligation to formally acknowledge same-sex unions by national Law, but it does grant the treatment that, under its domestic law, is recognized in homologous situations, as a way to reach equal treatment.
Specific Issues Relating to Sports
Authors: Ziegler Andreas R. , Bagi Raphaël 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In states without explicit anti-LGBTI violence and discrimination laws, LGBTI persons might find themselves in extremely dangerous situations, potentially endangering their own lives. This is particularly true in the practice of sports, including the organization of national and international events. How do LGBTI people’s engagement in sports suffer because of discrimination? Sport coexists with an atmosphere that maintains rigid conceptions of gender and masculinity. Stereotypes are worsened by the way sports is ‘gendered’ in the first place. Football, as an example, is often seen as a male sport. Female sports, on the other hand, are supposed to include ice skating or even synchronized swimming. Whether it is the sports authorities, the leaders in one specific sport, the supporters, the other players, the coach, or the young players, everyone can be held accountable for homotransphobia on their own and at their respective level, perpetuating not only the gender stereotypes associated with sports but also deepening the problems that LGBTI people may face while participating in their sports. In addition, when organizing international sporting events, the selection of countries that do not respect human rights can be very problematic regarding the community. One can wonder if we should allow these events to be held in countries where LGBTI people are persecuted or even killed. Whose responsibility is it to ensure that these rights are respected? What are the implications of these choices for the LGBTI community?
The Evolution of Intergroup Relations
Authors: Pan Xinyue , Landry Alex , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Humans are social animals. Group living provides us with security, food, and culturally transmitted knowledge, which has enabled the greatest achievements of human civilization. At the same time, categorizing individuals as ‘us’ vs ‘them’ also brings intergroup prejudice, discrimination, and even violent conflict, which has led to some of the deadliest events in human history. In this chapter, the authors discuss the complexity of intergroup relations from an evolutionary perspective. The authors first discuss the adaptive functions of group living and outline the mechanisms that maintain groups. Next, the authors discuss the evolutionary basis that contributes to the emergence of intergroup boundaries, hatred, and conflict. Although the tendency for intergroup conflict is pervasive, groups can sometimes overcome their boundaries and cooperate. In the last section, the authors explore factors that may attenuate intergroup conflict and provide suggestions for improving intergroup relations in this increasingly global world.
How New Dictatorships Begin
Authors: Geddes Barbara 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes changes over time in how and why dictatorships arise. Before 2000, the modal dictatorship began with a coup and replaced an older dictatorship. More new dictatorships arose during the 1960s than during other decades. This surge mirrors the large increase in newly independent countries at that time. A second upswing in new dictatorships occurred in the 1990s, when the dissolution of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia allowed more nations to gain independence. This pattern in the emergence of new dictatorships suggests that newly independent countries may be more susceptible to dictatorial conspirators and interference by foreign interests than countries with longer histories of self-governance. Fewer new dictatorships have arisen since 2000, and most now replace democracies. Military officers stage fewer coups against the governments they have sworn to defend than in the past. Democratic backsliding orchestrated by a leader who was originally elected in a fair competitive election is now the most common way of establishing dictatorship.
All members of the Arabidopsis DGAT and PDAT acyltransferase families operate during high and low temperatures
Authors: Shomo Zachery D , Mahboub Samira , Vanviratikul Hathaichanok , McCormick Mason , Tulyananda Tatpong , Roston Rebecca L , Warakanont Jaruswan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The accumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in vegetative tissues is necessary to adapt to changing temperatures. It has been hypothesized that TAG accumulation is required as a storage location for maladaptive membrane lipids. The TAG acyltransferase family has five members (DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERSE1/2/3 and PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE1/2), and their individual roles during temperature challenges have either been described conflictingly or not at all. Therefore, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) loss of function mutants in each acyltransferase to investigate the effects of temperature challenge on TAG accumulation, plasma membrane integrity, and temperature tolerance. All mutants were tested under one high- and two low-temperature regimens, during which we quantified lipids, assessed temperature sensitivity, and measured plasma membrane electrolyte leakage. Our findings revealed reduced effectiveness in TAG production during at least one temperature regimen for all acyltransferase mutants compared to the wild type, resolved conflicting roles of pdat1 and dgat1 by demonstrating their distinct temperature-specific actions, and uncovered that plasma membrane integrity and TAG accumulation do not always coincide, suggesting a multifaceted role of TAG beyond its conventional lipid reservoir function during temperature stress.
Thioredoxin A regulates protein synthesis to maintain carbon and nitrogen partitioning in cyanobacteria
Authors: Mallén-Ponce Manuel J , Florencio Francisco Javier , Huertas María José 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Thioredoxins play an essential role in regulating enzyme activity in response to environmental changes, especially in photosynthetic organisms. They are crucial for metabolic regulation in cyanobacteria, but the key redox-regulated central processes remain to be determined. Physiological, metabolic, and transcriptomic characterization of a conditional mutant of the essential Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 thioredoxin trxA gene (STXA2) revealed that decreased TrxA levels alter cell morphology and induce a dormant-like state. Furthermore, TrxA depletion in the STXA2 strain inhibited protein synthesis and led to changes in amino acid pools and nitrogen/carbon reserve polymers, accompanied by oxidation of the elongation factor-Tu. Transcriptomic analysis of TrxA depletion in STXA2 revealed a robust transcriptional response. Downregulated genes formed a large cluster directly related to photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, and CO2 fixation. In contrast, upregulated genes were grouped into different clusters related to respiratory electron transport, carotenoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and protein degradation, among others. These findings highlight the complex regulatory mechanisms that govern cyanobacterial metabolism, where TrxA acts as a critical regulator that orchestrates the transition from anabolic to maintenance metabolism and regulates carbon and nitrogen balance.
Constraining the Compression: Thermodynamic Depth and Composition
Authors: Beni Majid D 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper examines Bird's account of restricted compositionality in terms of compression of information. Additionally, this paper proposes an alternative perspective (to Bird's) that links compositionality to the Free Energy Principle and the minimisation of collective entropy. Emphasising functional integration, this criterion provides a more focused and relatively more objective (patternist) account of composition.
Answering the Call of Automation: How the Labor Market Adjusted to Mechanizing Telephone Operation
Authors: Feigenbaum James , Gross Daniel P 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the early 1900s, telephone operation was among the most common jobs for American women, and telephone operators were ubiquitous. Between 1920 and 1940, AT&T undertook one of the largest automation investments in modern history, replacing operators with mechanical switching technology in over half of the U.S. telephone network. Using variation across U.S. cities in the timing of adoption, we study how this wave of automation affected the labor market for young women. Although automation eliminated most of these jobs, it did not reduce future cohorts’ overall employment: the decline in operators was counteracted by employment growth in middle-skill clerical jobs and lower-skill service jobs, including new categories of work. Using a new genealogy-based census-linking method, we show that incumbent telephone operators were most affected, and a decade later more likely to be in lower-paying occupations or no longer working.
Month of Birth and Cognitive Effort: A Laboratory Study of the Relative Age Effect among Fifth Graders
Authors: Radl Jonas , Valdés Manuel T 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
All around the world, school-entry cohorts are organized on an annual calendar so that the age of students in the same cohort differs by up to one year. It is a well-established finding that this age gap entails a consequential (dis)advantage for academic performance referred to as the relative age effect (RAE). This study contributes to a recent strand of research that has turned to investigate the RAE on non-academic outcomes such as personality traits. An experimental setup is used to estimate the causal effect of monthly age on cognitive effort in a sample of 798 fifth-grade students enrolled in the Spanish educational system, characterized by strict enrolment rules. Participants performed three different real-effort tasks under three different incentive conditions: no rewards; material rewards; and material and status rewards. We observe that older students outwork their youngest peers by two-fifths of a standard deviation, but only when material rewards for performance are in place. Despite the previously reported higher taste for competition among the older students within a school-entry cohort, we do not find that the RAE on cognitive effort increases after inducing competition for peer recognition. Finally, the study also provides suggestive evidence of a larger RAE among boys and students from lower social strata. Implications for sociological research on educational inequality are discussed. To conclude, we outline policy recommendations such as implementing evaluation tools that nudge teachers toward being mindful of relative age differences.