bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasidislocations in anisotropic bicrystals
Authors: Lothe Jens 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWeertman has recently pointed out that an elastic line singularity of dislocation/force line character but of zero Burgers vector and zero line force can move at the Stoneley velocity along the interface in a bicrystal of two different isotropic materials [J. Weertman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 2655 (2004)]. The theory of this quasidislocation is generalized to the case of anisotropic bicrystals. The quasidislocation–Stoneley wave connection remains generally true and is further elucidated. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Algebraic algorithms for structure determination in biological chemistry
Authors: Emiris Ioannis Z. , Fritzilas Epaminondas D. , Manocha Dinesh 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSeveral problems in computational chemistry, structural molecular biology, and biological chemistry can be solved by symbolic‐numerical algorithms. We introduce suitable algebraic tools and then survey their usage in concrete applications. In particular, questions on molecular structure can be modeled by systems of polynomial equations, mainly by drawing on techniques from robot kinematics. Resultant‐based algorithms, including sparse resultants and their matrix formulae, are described in order to reduce the solving of polynomial systems to numerical linear algebra. As an illustration, we focus on computing all conformations of cyclic molecules and on matching pharmacophores under distance constraints; in both cases, the number of independent degrees of freedom is relatively small. We summarize some existing results as well as sketch some original work. Both lead to complete and accurate solutions for those problems in the sense that our algorithms output all solutions with sufficiently high precision for the needs of biochemical applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
A Bayesian dose finding design for dual endpoint phase I trials
Authors: Loke Yee‐Chong , Tan Say‐Beng , Cai YiYu , Machin David 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe propose a dose‐finding weighted design for an early clinical trial which aims to determine the optimal dose, selected on the basis of both efficacy and toxicity, to be used in patients entering subsequent studies in a drug development process. The goal is to identify the optimal dose, while using a minimal number of subjects. For each dose under test, a decision table is defined with a utility value attached to each possible decision. The relationship between the utility and the target probability for each outcome is shown. A Dirichlet prior is used and we illustrate the process of maximizing the expected utility under the resulting posterior distribution to find the optimal decision at each stage of the trial. We show how this affects the eventual choice of optimal dose in various scenarios. Properties of our design are discussed and compared with a current standard design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of current and alternative fisheries management scenarios based on spawning-per-recruit (SPR), revenue-per-recruit (RPR), and yield-per-recruit (YPR) diagrams
Authors: Katsukawa T. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Spawning-per-recruit (SPR) and yield-per-recruit (YPR) analyses are widely used in stock assessments of exploited fish populations. In decision-making for fisheries management, the trade-off between fisheries production (YPR) and stock reproduction (SPR) is important. The general outputs of SPR and YPR analysis, such as single variate plots with contour lines or optimal harvest strategies estimated by numerical optimization, are inappropriate in obtaining an overview of the trade-off. This paper introduces a diagram that expresses graphically the bivariate trade-off between YPR and SPR. The method was applied to chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) data, and two management scenarios were compared using the SPR–YPR diagram. Differences between YPR and revenue-per-recruit (RPR) were also considered. The results showed that: (i) current estimated fishing mortality is suggestive of growth-overfishing, and there is room for improving SPR and YPR simultaneously; (ii) increasing the age at first capture is more effective than effort control; (iii) management strategies that maximize landing weight or revenue are significantly different. The management strategy that maximizes landing weight, when considered from the viewpoint of maximizing revenue, results in growth-overfishing.
Neuropsychological functioning in relatives of girls with and without ADHD
Authors: DOYLE ALYSA E. , BIEDERMAN JOSEPH , SEIDMAN LARRY J. , RESKE-NIELSEN JENNIFER J. , FARAONE STEPHEN V. 
Published: July 2005

Background. A limited number of studies have examined neuropsychological functioning in the family members of ADHD youth, and none have focused exclusively on relatives of females.Method. Structured diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological batteries were administered to parents and siblings enrolled in a family study of girls with and without ADHD. Relatives were stratified into three groups: relatives of DSM-IV ADHD probands with ADHD (n=106), relatives of ADHD probands without ADHD (n=189) and relatives of controls without ADHD (n=243). Analyses were also conducted on a subgroup of families in which more than one member had ADHD.Results. The neuropsychological battery as a whole distinguished affected and unaffected ADHD relatives from controls. The Wechsler Oral Arithmetic subtest, the Stroop Word, Color and Color-Word subscales were impaired in affected ADHD relatives, as were the WRAT-R Arithmetic and Reading subtests. Only the Stroop Color-Word and Interference subtests and the WRAT-R Arithmetic subtest showed significant impairments in unaffected relatives. In multiplex families, additional impairments were found in unaffected relatives on the Stroop Color subtest and the Wechsler Oral Arithmetic subtest. Analyses based on DSM-III-R diagnoses produced nearly identical results. Minor differences emerged across relatives of probands with different DSM-IV subtypes.Conclusions. Data were consistent with our previous study of relatives of boys with ADHD. Neuropsychological impairments in relatives of female ADHD probands were primarily associated with the diagnosis of ADHD, but subtle cognitive impairments that index familial vulnerability to the disorder may exist.
Profiles and predictors of the course of psychological distress across four years after heart transplantation
Authors: DEW MARY AMANDA , MYASKOVSKY LARISSA , SWITZER GALEN E. , DiMARTINI ANDREA F. , SCHULBERG HERBERT C. , KORMOS ROBERT L. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Like individuals exposed to other life stressors, patients undergoing organ transplantation typically show elevated psychological distress initially post-transplant, with improvement thereafter. However, this ‘average’ pattern may conceal subgroups with differing profiles of psychological response. We sought to identify unique temporal distress profiles, and their predictors, after heart transplantation.Method. A total of 156 transplant recipients (refusal rate, 6%) were enrolled and assessed at 2, 7, 12, 36, and 42 months post-transplant. Cluster analysis was used to identify distinct distress profiles over time. Multivariate analyses examined health and psychosocial predictors of the profiles.Results. Five groups were identified, with either: (a) low distress at all time-points (45% of the sample), (b) high, clinically significant distress at all times (21%), (c) high distress over several years with low distress only at final assessment (12%), (d) high distress during the first several months with decline thereafter (6%), or (e) fluctuating distress levels (16%). Patients showing any distress (versus none) were more likely to have a pre-transplant psychiatric history, poorer social supports and more physical impairment early post-transplant, and continued physical impairment over time. Among distressed patients, those with persistent (versus declining) distress were most likely to be female, waited more briefly for transplant, and were most physically impaired early post-transplant. While persistently distressed patients had better social supports early post-transplant, these supports subsequently worsened.Conclusions. Individuals differ in whether and when psychological distress abates after heart transplantation. Findings regarding distress profiles and their predictors may inform the design of interventions to address each transplant recipient's unique psychological needs.
Neurocognitive correlates of recovery from schizophrenia
Authors: KOPELOWICZ ALEX , LIBERMAN ROBERT P. , VENTURA JOSEPH , ZARATE ROBERTO , MINTZ JIM 
Published: July 2005

Background. Evidence has mounted that some patients with schizophrenia experience remission of symptoms and restoration of social and vocational functioning. The purpose of this study was to identify neurocognitive variables associated with recovery from schizophrenia.Method. Twenty-eight patients diagnosed with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and who met our operational definition of recovery from schizophrenia underwent a battery of neurocognitive tests. These subjects were matched with schizophrenia patients who did not meet recovery criteria (‘non-recovered’) and with normal controls.Results. On tests of executive functioning, verbal fluency and verbal working memory, recovered subjects performed significantly better than non-recovered subjects and were comparable to normal controls. Patient groups did not differ on a test that assessed early visual processing, but both groups performed significantly worse than normal controls.Conclusions. Three measures of frontal lobe functioning appear to be neurocognitive domains associated with recovery from schizophrenia. These findings help narrow the search for targets for cognitive remediation that may have implications for improving community functioning.
Depressive and bipolar disorders: patients' attitudes and beliefs towards depression and antidepressants
Authors: KESSING LARS VEDEL , VIBE HANSEN HANNE , DEMYTTENAERE KOEN , BECH PER 
Published: July 2005

Background. There is increasing evidence that attitudes and beliefs are important in predicting adherence to treatment and medication in depressive and bipolar disorders. However, these attitudes have received little study in patients whose disorders were sufficiently severe to require hospitalization.Method. The Antidepressant Compliance Questionnaire (ADCQ) was mailed to a large population of patients with depressive or bipolar disorder, representative of patients treated in hospital settings in Denmark.Results. Of the 1005 recipients, 49·9% responded to the letter. A large proportion of the patients (40–80%) had erroneous views as to the effect of antidepressants. Older patients (over 40 years of age) consistently had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship, more erroneous ideas concerning the effect of antidepressants and a more negative view of antidepressants in general. Moreover, their partners agreed on these negative views. Women had a more negative view of the doctor-patient relationship than men, and patients with a depressive disorder had a more negative view of antidepressants than patients with bipolar disorder. The number of psychiatric hospitalizations or the type of treating physician (general practitioner, psychiatrist in private practice, community psychiatrist, hospital psychiatrist, other doctor) did not affect attitudes and beliefs.Conclusion. Lack of knowledge about affective disorder and its treatment and a critical attitude, especially among older patients, may add to an adverse prognosis of depressive and bipolar disorders.
Increased risk of psychotic disorder among immigrants in Malmö: a 3-year first-contact study
Authors: CANTOR-GRAAE ELIZABETH , ZOLKOWSKA KRYSTYNA , McNEIL THOMAS F. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Previous findings of increased rates of psychotic disorders among immigrants to Sweden are primarily based on hospital samples. The aim of the current study was to compare the risks of first contact for psychotic and schizophrenic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants to the risks in native ‘Swedes’.Method. During a 3-year period, diagnostic information was collected on all patients with a possible psychotic disorder who made a first-in-lifetime contact with both in-patient and out-patient psychiatric services in Malmö.Results. First-generation immigrants to Sweden had an increased risk of developing psychotic and schizophrenic disorders compared to Swedes (age- and gender-adjusted relative risk, RR 2·9, 95% CI 2·0–4·0 and RR 4·0, 95% CI 1·8–8·6 respectively). Risks for these disorders were not significantly increased in second-generation immigrants. The highest risks of developing psychotic disorder compared to Swedes were found in first-generation immigrants with ‘black’ (versus ‘neither black nor white’, or ‘white’) skin colour (RR 5·8, 95% CI 2·8–13·4) and birthplace in a developing (versus developed) country (RR 3·3, 95% CI 2·3–4·8).Conclusion. The increased risks of psychosis obtained especially in immigrant groups having relatively disadvantaged status in Sweden suggest that psychosocial factors may contribute to the development of psychotic disorders.
Accuracy of diagnosing depression in primary care: the impact of chronic somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity
Authors: NUYEN JASPER , VOLKERS ANITA C. , VERHAAK PETER F. M. , SCHELLEVIS FRANÇOIS G. , GROENEWEGEN PETER P. , VAN DEN BOS GEERTRUDIS A. M. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Depression is highly co-morbid with both psychiatric and chronic somatic disease. These types of co-morbidity have been shown to exert opposite effects on underdiagnosis of depression by general practitioners (GPs). However, past research has not addressed their combined effect on underdiagnosis of depression.Method. Co-morbidity data on 191 depressed primary-care patients selected by a two-stage sampling procedure were analysed. Diagnoses of major depression and/or dysthymia in the last 12 months were assessed using a standardized psychiatric interview (CIDI) and compared with depression diagnoses registered by GPs in patient contacts during the same period. Presence of psychiatric and chronic somatic co-morbidity was determined using the CIDI and contact registration, respectively.Results. Regression analysis showed a significant interaction effect between psychiatric and chronic somatic co-morbidity on GPs’ diagnosis of depression, while taking into account the effects of sociodemographic variables, depression severity and number of GP contacts. Subsequent stratified analysis revealed that in patients without chronic somatic co-morbidity, a lower educational level, a less severe depression, and fewer GP contacts all significantly increased the likelihood of not being diagnosed as depressed. In contrast, in patients with chronic somatic co-morbidity, only having no psychiatric co-morbidity significantly decreased the likelihood of receiving a depression diagnosis.Conclusions. Our results indicate that the effects of psychiatric co-morbidity and other factors on underdiagnosis of depression by GPs differ between depressed patients with and without chronic somatic co-morbidity. Efforts to improve depression diagnosis by GPs seem to require different strategies for depressed patients with and without chronic somatic co-morbidity.
Introduction
Authors: ZÜRCHER ERIK-JAN 
Published: July 2005

Turkey is about to start accession negotiations with the European Union. The question of whether Turkey qualified as a European country in terms of history and culture, was put on the European agenda by conservative European politicians in the mid-1990s and seemed to have been solved in Turkey's favour at the Helsinki summit of 1999, but it was hotly debated again throughout 2004. At the same time, a parallel debate developed among those who accepted Turkey's European credentials in principle (or felt they had to accept them). This was the debate about Turkey's state of preparedness and the degree to which the country fulfilled the so-called ‘Copenhagen Criteria’, which stipulated that candidates for membership of the EU should have a stable democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and a functioning market economy. In the end, as we know, the attempts of the ‘fundamentalist’ opposition to Turkey's candidature on the part of people like former Eurocommissioner Bolkestein, German CDU/CSU leaders Merkel and Stoiber or ex-president Giscard d'Estaing failed. Turkey's progress towards fulfilment of the Copenhagen Criteria was deemed sufficient by the European Commission, and on 17 December 2004 the momentous decision to start the accession process was taken unanimously at the summit in The Hague.Interest in the question of Turkey's candidature has meant that an extraordinary number of studies, reports, papers have appeared, analysing the current situation and drawing scenarios for the future. The authors of this Focus have not intended to add to this, or to investigate the chequered history of Turkish-European relations since the signing of the accession treaty in 1963.
Structure–activity studies with high-affinity inhibitors of pyroglutamyl-peptidase II
Authors: Kelly Julie A. , Scalabrino Gaia A. , Slator Gillian R. , Cullen Aoife A. , Gilmer John F. , Lloyd David G. , Bennett Geoffrey W. , Bauer Karl , Tipton Keith F. , Williams Carvell H. 
Published: July 2005

Inhibitors of PPII (pyroglutamyl-peptidase II) (EC 3.4.19.6) have potential applications as investigative and therapeutic agents. The rational design of inhibitors is hindered, however, by the lack of an experimental structure for PPII. Previous studies have demonstrated that replacement of histidine in TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) with asparagine produces a competitive PPII inhibitor (Ki 17.5 μM). To gain further insight into which functional groups are significant for inhibitory activity, we investigated the effects on inhibition of structural modifications to Glp-Asn-ProNH2 (pyroglutamyl-asparaginyl-prolineamide). Synthesis and kinetic analysis of a diverse series of carboxamide and C-terminally extended Glp-Asn-ProNH2 analogues were undertaken. Extensive quantitative structure–activity relationships were generated, which indicated that key functionalities in the basic molecular structure of the inhibitors combine in a unique way to cause PPII inhibition. Data from kinetic and molecular modelling studies suggest that hydrogen bonding between the asparagine side chain and PPII may provide a basis for the inhibitory properties of the asparagine-containing peptides. Prolineamide appeared to be important for interaction with the S2′ subsite, but some modifications were tolerated. Extension of Glp-Asn-ProNH2 with hydrophobic amino acids at the C-terminus led to a novel set of PPII inhibitors active in vitro at nanomolar concentrations. Such inhibitors were shown to enhance recovery of TRH released from rat brain slices. Glp-Asn-Pro-Tyr-Trp-Trp-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin displayed a Ki of 1 nM, making it the most potent competitive PPII inhibitor described to date. PPII inhibitors with this level of potency should find application in exploring the biological functions of TRH and PPII, and potentially provide a basis for development of novel therapeutics.
Observation of a tetrahedral reaction intermediate in the HIV-1 protease–substrate complex
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Prashar Vishal , Mahale Smita , Hosur Madhusoodan V. 
Published: July 2005

HIV-1 protease is an effective target for the design of drugs against AIDS. To help this process of drug design, three-dimensional structures have been determined of complexes between HIV-1 protease and a variety of transition-state analogue inhibitors. The true transition state, however, has not been structurally characterized. The crystal structure of the C95M/C1095A HIV-1 protease tethered dimer shows a distinctive feature in which the two flaps of the enzyme are in a ‘closed conformation’ even in the unliganded state. This unique feature has been utilized here to study the structure of HIV-1 protease complexed to an oligopeptide substrate of amino acid sequence His-Lys-Ala-Arg-Val-Leu*NPhe-Glu-Ala-Nle-Ser (where* denotes the cleavage site, and NPhe and Nle denote p-nitrophenylalanine and norleucine residues respectively). The X-ray structure of the complex refined against 2.03 Å (0.203 nm) resolution synchrotron data shows that the substrate is trapped as a tetrahedral reaction intermediate in the crystal. The hydrogen-bonding interactions between the reaction intermediate and the catalytic aspartates are different from those observed previously using transition-state analogues. The reaction intermediate did not dissociate to release the products, possibly due to the inflexibility introduced in the flaps when the enzyme is packed inside crystals.
E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF2 interacts with the S6′ proteasomal ATPase subunit and increases the ATP hydrolysis activity of S6′
Authors: Lee Sun-Joo , Choi Dongwon , Rhim Hyangshuk , Kang Seongman 
Published: July 2005

We reported previously that the human RNF2 (RING finger protein 2) protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that interacts with the human ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Hip-2/hE2-25K. In the present study, we show that RNF2 interacts with S6′ ATPase, a subunit of the proteasomal 19 S regulatory complex. S6′ interacts with RNF2 through its N-terminal RING domain, and RNF2 interacts with S6′ through its C-terminal region. Interestingly, the RNF2-S6′ interaction increases the ATP hydrolysis activity of the S6′ protein. Moreover, S6′ ATPase activity is highly increased in the presence of ubiquitinated proteins. The present study suggests that the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF2 might have a dual function: facilitating the ubiquitination of its target substrates and recruiting the substrates to the proteasome. Furthermore, ATP hydrolysis in the E3/proteasome complex might act as an important signal for the protein degradation pathway.
Interleukin-1β induces death in chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion in a reactive nitrogen and oxygen species-dependent manner
Authors: Yasuhara Rika , Miyamoto Yoichi , Akaike Takaaki , Akuta Teruo , Nakamura Masanori , Takami Masamichi , Morimura Naoko , Yasu Kayoko , Kamijo Ryutaro 
Published: July 2005

IL-1 (interleukin-1) acts as a key mediator of the degeneration of articular cartilage in RA (rheumatoid arthritis) and OA (osteoarthritis), where chondrocyte death is observed. It is still controversial, however, whether IL-1 induces chondrocyte death. In the present study, the viability of mouse chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells was reduced by the treatment with IL-1β for 48 h or longer. IL-1β augmented the expression of the catalytic gp91 subunit of NADPH oxidase, gp91phox, as well as inducible NO synthase in ATDC5 cells. Generation of nitrated guanosine and tyrosine suggested the formation of reactive nitrogen species including ONOO− (peroxynitrite), a reaction product of NO and O2−, in ATDC5 cells and rat primary chondrocytes treated with IL-1β. Death of ATDC5 cells after IL-1β treatment was prevented by an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, AEBSF [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulphonyl fluoride], an NO synthase inhibitor, L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), and a ONOO− scavenger, uric acid. The viability of ATDC5 cells was reduced by the ONOO−-generator 3-(4-morpholinyl)sydnonimine hydrochloride, but not by either the NO-donor 1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(N-methyl-2-aminopropyl)-3-methyl-1-triazene or S-nitrosoglutathione. Disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP deprivation were observed in IL-1β-treated ATDC5 cells, both of which were restored by L-NAME, AEBSF or uric acid. On the other hand, no morphological or biochemical signs indicating apoptosis were observed in these cells. These results suggest that the death of chondrocyte-like ATDC5 cells was mediated at least in part by mitochondrial dysfunction and energy depletion through ONOO− formation after IL-1β treatment.