bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome survey for susceptibility loci for recurrent, early‐onset major depression: Results at 10cM resolution
Authors: Zubenko George S. , Hughes Hugh B. , Stiffler J. Scott , Zubenko Wendy N. , Kaplan Barry B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecurrent (two or more episodes), early‐onset (first episode at ≤ 25 years) major depressive disorder (RE‐MDD) is a strongly familial condition (λfirst‐degreerelatives = 8) whose malignant effects have a significant negative impact on the health and longevity of patients and their family members. The goal of this study was to identify candidate susceptibility loci that influence the development of RE‐MDD. We completed a systematic survey of the human genome, conducted at an average resolution of 10 cM, for the identification of simple sequence tandem repeat polymorphisms (SSTRPs) that target susceptibility genes for RE‐MDD by virtue of linkage disequilibrium. The efficiency of our association study was enhanced by genotyping pools of DNA from 100 adults with RE‐MDD and 100 adult controls who had no personal or family history of mental disorders. Both groups included equal numbers of Caucasian men and women and were matched as closely as possible for age and ethnicity. Allelic associations with RE‐MDD were observed for 19 of the 387 SSTRPs in the CHLC Human Screening Set/Weber Version 9. Sixteen of the 19 candidate susceptibility loci revealed significant allelic associations with RE‐MDD in men (n = 7) or women (n = 9), but not in both sexes. Evidence for both risk and protective alleles was detected. Two of the candidate susceptibility loci reside within several Mb of loci previously reported‐megabases to be linked to “comorbid alcoholism and depression” in families of individuals with alcoholism and to a broadly defined affected phenotype that included recurrent major depression in the families of patients with bipolar disorder. Although it has been suggested that the genes that influence risk for MDD in the two sexes may not be entirely the same, the results of our study suggest that sex specificity of susceptibility loci for RE‐MDD may be the rule rather than the exception. The observed preponderance of sex‐specific susceptibility loci for RE‐MDD suggests that there may be important differences in the molecular pathophysiology of RE‐MDD in men and women. Alternatively, our findings may reflect the existence of sex‐specific differences in the molecular mechanisms that determine resilience to endogenous or environmental depressogenic stimuli. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage study of polymorphisms in the gene for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein located on chromosome 6p and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Barr Cathy L. , Shulman Rayzie , Wigg Karen , Schachar Russell , Tannock Rosemary , Roberts Wendy , Malone Molly , Kennedy James L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFamily and twin studies have shown that there is a substantial genetic contribution to both reading disabilities (RD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and recent twin studies have suggested that the overlap between these phenotypes is largely due to common genetic influences. Studies using a linkage approach to search for genes for susceptibility to RD and ADHD have identified regions linked to each of these phenotypes separately, with recent studies suggesting that some chromosomal regions may contribute to both. Linkage to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been targeted in particular for RD and ADHD, as both of these disorders have been suggested to be autoimmune. Linkage to the HLA region of 6p for RD has now been reported by several groups. Alleles at two genes in the HLA (C4B and DRB1) have also been reported to be associated with ADHD, prompting one investigator to suggest a possible connection between the linkage of RD and ADHD to this region. The location of the gene for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), in the region of 6p with the strongest evidence for linkage to RD, and its proposed role as a minor component of myelin in the central nervous system suggest that it may be a factor in neuronal functioning and therefore a candidate for RD and ADHD. In this study, we tested the gene for linkage to ADHD by genotyping two polymorphisms in the MOG gene—a dinucleotide repeat located upstream from the MOG transcription start site and a Val145Ile substitution in exon 3—in a sample of 104 nuclear families identified through a proband with ADHD. We examined the transmission of the alleles of the Val145Ile and the dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms using the transmission disequilibrium test. We did not observe biased transmission of the alleles at either polymorphism to ADHD probands or siblings. Our findings using this sample do not support the role of the MOG gene in ADHD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of association between a functional polymorphism of the cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2) gene and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia
Authors: Schulze Thomas G. , Schumacher Johannes , Müller Daniel J. , Krauss Harald , Alfter Daniela , Maroldt Alexandra , Ahle Guido , Maroldt Ansgar‐Otto , Novo y Fernández Ana , Weber Thomas , Held Tilo , Propping Peter , Maier Wolfgang , Nöthen Markus M. , Rietschel Marcella 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTardive dyskinesia (TD) is a common side effect of long‐term medication with typical neuroleptics. TD presents itself by abnormal involuntary movements and may lead to a potentially disabling and chronic clinical course. A vast majority of patients suffering from schizophrenia are smokers. Smoking has been reported to induce the activity of the CYP1A2 enzyme, which is an established metabolic pathway within the disposition of antipsychotics. Recently, a C→A genetic polymorphism in the first intron of the CYP1A2 gene was reported to influence CYP1A2 activity in smokers. Subsequently, a pharmacogenetic study in 85 U.S. patients with schizophrenia (44 smokers, 41 individuals with unknown smoking status) showed the C/C genotype to be associated with higher TD severity (measured by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale, AIMS) than the A/C or A/A genotype. This finding prompted us to investigate whether this effect was also present in a larger German sample of 119 patients with schizophrenia (82 smokers, 37 individuals with unknown smoking status). However, we could not replicate the reported association. The median AIMS scores did not differ between individuals with the A/A, A/C, or C/C genotypes. In an additional analysis, we compared the genotypic and allelic distribution among individuals grouped according to the criteria established by Schooler and Kane [1982: Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:486–487] (persistent TD vs. absent TD). We did not observe a differential genotypic or allelic distribution between the two diagnostic groups. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that the C→A polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene is involved in the etiology of TD in the German population. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of use‐dependent plasticity by d‐amphetamine
Authors: Bütefisch Cathrin M. , Davis Benjamin C. , Sawaki Lumy , Waldvogel Daniel , Classen Joseph , Kopylev Leonid , Cohen Leonardo G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUse‐dependent plasticity, thought to contribute to functional recovery after brain injury, is elicited by motor training. The purpose of this study was to determine if administration of d‐amphetamine facilitates the effects of motor training on use‐dependent plasticity. Healthy human volunteers underwent a training period of voluntary thumb movements under the effects of placebo or d‐amphetamine in different sessions in a randomized double‐blind, counterbalanced design. Previous work in a drug‐naive condition showed that such training causes changes in the direction of thumb movements evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation and in transcranial magnetic stimulation‐evoked electromyographic responses. The endpoint measure of the study was the magnitude of training‐induced changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation‐evoked kinematic and electromyographic responses in the d‐amphetamine and in the placebo conditions. Motor training resulted in increased magnitude, faster development and longer lasting duration of use‐dependent plasticity under d‐amphetamine compared to the placebo session. These results document a facilitatory effect of d‐amphetamine on use‐dependent plasticity, a possible mechanism mediating the beneficial effect of this drug on functional recovery after cortical lesions.
Superior oblique myokymia: Magnetic resonance imaging support for the neurovascular compression hypothesis
Authors: Yousry Indra , Dieterich Marianne , Naidich Thomas P. , Schmid Urs D. , Yousry Tarek A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSuperior oblique myokymia is a rare movement disorder thought to be caused by vascular compression of the trochlear nerve. Direct display of such neurovascular compression by magnetic resonance imaging has been lacking. The goal of this study was to assess the presence of neurovascular contacts in patients with superior oblique myokymia, using a specific magnetic resonance imaging protocol. A total of 6 patients suffering from right superior oblique myokymia underwent detailed neuro‐ophthalmological examination, which showed tonic or phasic eye movement. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging, using a magnetic resonance imaging Fourier transform constructive interference in steady‐state sequence in combination with magnetic resonance imaging time of flight magnetic resonance arteriography both before and after the administration of Gd‐DTPA. With this protocol, the trochlear nerve could be visualized on 11 of 12 sides (92%). Arterial contact was detected at the root exit zone of the symptomatic right trochlear nerve in all 6 patients (100%). No arterial contact was identified at the root exit zone of the asymptomatic left trochlear nerve in any of the 5 left nerves visualized. In conclusion, superior oblique myokymia can result from neurovascular contact at the root exit zone of trochlear nerve, and therefore should be considered among the neurovascular compression syndromes.
Comparison of weakness progression in inclusion body myositis during treatment with methotrexate or placebo
Authors: Badrising Umesh A. , Maat‐Schieman Marion L.C. , Ferrari Michel D. , Zwinderman Aeilko H. , Wessels Judith A.M. , Breedveld Ferdinand C. , van Doorn Pieter A. , van Engelen Baziel G.M. , Hoogendijk Jessica E. , Höweler Chris J. , de Jager Aeiko E. , Jennekens Frans G.I. , Koehler Peter J. , de Visser Marianne , Viddeleer Alain , Verschuuren Jan J. , Wintzen Axel R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated whether 5 to 20mg per week oral methotrexate could slow down disease progression in 44 patients with inclusion body myositis in a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study over 48 weeks. Mean change of quantitative muscle strength testing sum scores was the primary study outcome measure. Quantitative muscle strength testing sum scores declined in both treatment groups, −0.2% for methotrexate and −3.4% for placebo (95% confidence interval = −2.5% to +9.1% for difference). There were also no differences in manual muscle testing sum scores, activity scale scores and patients' own assessments after 48 weeks of treatment. Serum creatine kinase activity decreased significantly in the methotrexate group. We conclude that oral methotrexate did not slow down progression of muscle weakness but decreased serum creatine kinase activity.
Functional recovery and neuroanatomical plasticity following middle cerebral artery occlusion and IN‐1 antibody treatment in the adult rat
Authors: Papadopoulos Catherine M. , Tsai Shih‐Yen , Alsbiei Talal , O'Brien Timothy E. , Schwab Martin E. , Kartje Gwendolyn L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStroke is a prevalent and devastating disorder, and no treatment is currently available to restore lost neuronal function after stroke occurs. One unique therapy that may improve functional recovery after stroke is blockade of the neurite inhibitory protein Nogo‐A with the monoclonal antibody IN‐1, through enhancement of neuroanatomical plasticity from uninjured areas of the central nervous system. In the present study, we combined IN‐1 treatment with an ischemic lesion (permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion) to determine the effect of Nogo‐A neutralization on cortical plasticity and functional recovery. We report here that, following ischemic stroke and treatment with IN‐1, adult rats demonstrated functional recovery on a forelimb‐reaching task and new cortico‐efferent projections from the opposite, unlesioned hemisphere. These results support the efficacy of Nogo‐A blockade as a treatment for ischemic stroke and implicate plasticity from the unlesioned hemisphere as a mechanism for recovery.
Platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in cerebrospinal fluid of children with acute systemic or neurological illness
Authors: Chang Hyeun‐Wook , Kwon Soonhak , Kim Hengmi , Lee Kunsoo , Kim Misuk , Moon Taechul , Baek Sukhwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase was analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid samples taken from children with a variety of neurological conditions (85 patients; mean age, 3.8 years) to determine it is involved in the defense mechanism against the toxic effect of inflammatory mediators in the central nervous system. A significant increase in cerebrospinal fluid activity was seen in the patients with meningitis and acute febrile illness in comparison with the control subjects. The activity was also significantly higher in the patients with meningitis than in the patients with inflammatory neurological diseases. In addition, the biochemical profile of cerebrospinal fluid platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase was different from other known acetylhydrolases. These findings suggest that cerebrospinal fluid platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase activity may be a sensitive marker of the host response to central nervous system infections.
Subclinical dopaminergic dysfunction in asymptomatic Parkinson's disease patients' relatives with a decreased sense of smell
Authors: Berendse Henk W. , Booij Jan , Francot Chantal M. J. E. , Bergmans Paul L. M. , Hijman Ron , Stoof Johannes C. , Wolters Erik Ch. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBy the time a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is made, a significant loss of dopaminergic neurons has already occurred. Identifying patients in the period between the presumed onset of dopaminergic cell loss and the appearance of clinical parkinsonism may be of major importance in the development of effective neuroprotective treatment strategies. In an effort to develop a feasible strategy to detect preclinical PD, a combination of olfactory processing tasks, including odor detection, odor identification, and odor discrimination was used to select groups of hyposmic and normosmic individuals from a total of 250 relatives (parents, siblings, or children) of subjects with PD. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) with [123I]β‐CIT as a dopamine transporter ligand was used to assess nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in 25 hyposmic and 23 normosmic relatives of PD patients. An abnormal reduction in striatal dopamine transporter binding was found in 4 out of 25 hyposmic relatives of PD patients, 2 of whom subsequently developed clinical parkinsonism, and in none of the 23 normosmic relatives. These observations demonstrate that subclinical reductions in dopamine transporter binding can be detected in asymptomatic relatives of sporadic PD patients by means of [123I]β‐CIT and SPECT. The results further indicate that olfactory deficits may precede clinical motor signs in PD.
Dehydrocoupling of tris(hydridosilylethyl)boranes with ammonia or amines: a novel route to Si–B–C–N preceramic polymers
Authors: Weinmann Markus , Nast Sabine , Berger Frank , Kaiser Gerhard , Müller Klaus , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of boron‐modified polysilazanes­of general type {B[C2H4Si(R)NR′]3}
n [R = CH3, (NR′)0.5; R′ = H, CH3] by dehydrogenative coupling of tris(hydridosilylethyl)boranes B[C2H4Si(CH3)
nH3−n]3 (C2H4 = CHCH3, CH2CH2; n = 0, 1) and ammonia or methylamine is reported. Detailed characterization of the title compounds was performed using spectroscopic methods such as solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Thermolysis produces amorphous Si–B–C–N ceramics with ceramic yields between 25 and 83%, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in argon. High‐temperature TGA in an argon atmosphere reveals that a number of the ceramics obtained resist degradation up to ∼2000 °C. X‐ray diffraction studies of the as‐obtained amorphous materials show formation of α‐SiC or α‐SiC/β‐Si3N4 crystalline phases between 1600 and 1800 °C, depending on the composition of the materials. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precursor‐derived Si–(B–)C–N ceramics: thermolysis, amorphous state and crystallization
Authors: Bill Joachim , Kamphowe Thomas W. , Müller Anita , Wichmann Thomas , Zern Achim , Jalowieki Artur , Mayer Joachim , Weinmann Markus , Schuhmacher Jörg , Müller Klaus , Peng Jianqiang , Seifert Hans Jürgen , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe preparation of silicon nitride‐ and carbide‐based ceramics by solid‐state thermolysis of polysilazanes and polysilylcarbodiimides is described. Results on the ceramization of the preceramic compounds and the architecture of the corresponding amorphous states obtained by spectroscopic means and by X‐ray and neutron scattering are reviewed. Fundamental correlations between the composition and structure of the preceramic compounds and the architecture of the amorphous state are revealed. Furthermore, the crystallization behavior of the amorphous precursor‐derived Si–C–N ceramics is treated. Moreover, the influence of boron on the thermal stability of the amorphous state is described. The high‐temperature behavior of these Si–B–C–N solids can be correlated with their phase composition. Ceramic materials with compositions located close to the three‐phase equilibrium SiC + BN + C exhibit a high temperature stability up to 2000 °C. This effect is accompanied by the formation of a metastable solid consisting of Si3N4and SiC nanocrystals that are embedded in a turbostratic B–C–N matrix phase. Based on thermodynamic considerations, a model for the high‐temperature stability effect is proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pretreatment procedure for selenium speciation in shellfish using high‐performance liquid chromatography–microwave‐assisted digestion–hydride generation‐atomic fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Gómez‐Ariza J. L. , Caro de la Torre M. A. , Giráldez I. , Sánchez‐Rodas D. , Velasco A. , Morales E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA pretreatment procedure based on an enzymatic hydrolysis extraction followed by a two‐step clean‐up has been performed for selenium speciation in shellfish samples. Bivalve samples were extracted with protease XIV, lipase VII and protease VIII. By using a protease VIII–lipase VII mixture, quantitative recoveries were obtained for all the selenium species, except for selenocystine (59%). Owing to the complexity of the matrix, clean‐up procedures were required to remove interferents that affected the chromatographic separation. The extracts were first partitioned in dichloromethane and then passed through a column with aminopropylsilane. Speciation of selenocystine, selenomethionine, selenoethionine, selenite and selenate was obtained using a high‐performance liquid chromatography–microwave‐assisted digestion–hydride generation‐atomic fluorescence spectrometry coupling. The chromatographic system consisted of an anion exchange and a reversed‐phase column, both connected through a six‐port switching valve. On‐line microwave‐assisted digestion and hydride generation steps were performed prior to atomic fluorescence detection. The method was applied to clam and prawn samples collected from the southwest coast of Spain. Copyright­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinforcement of EPDM by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Peng Zonglin , Liang Xun , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Yong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanical properties and crosslink density of peroxide‐cured ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber (EPDM) reinforced with zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) were studied. ZDMA was in situ prepared in EPDM matrix through the neutralization reaction of zinc oxide (ZnO) and methacrylate acid (MAA). The effect of ZnO/MAA amount and molar ratio of ZnO/MAA on the properties of the EPDM vulcanizate were investigated in detail. The experimental results showed that EPDM can be greatly reinforced by ZDMA. The excess amount of ZnO considerably increases the tensile strength of the EPDM vulcanizate to reach as high as 37 MPa, whereas its elongation at break keeps over 350%. The process of in situ formation of ZDMA in the EPDM compound was verified by WAXD. Such vulcanizate contains both covalent crosslinks and ionic crosslinks. Crosslink density was determined by an equilibrium swelling method. Dependence of crosslink density on the amount and molar ratio of ZnO/MAA was studied and the extraordinary high tensile strength of the EPDM/ZDMA vulcanizate was related to ionic crosslink density. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1339–1345, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10112
Thermoplastic elastomers from reclaimed rubber and waste plastics
Authors: Nevatia P. , Banerjee T. S. , Dutta B. , Jha A. , Naskar Amit K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThermoplastic elastomeric compositions from reclaimed rubber and scrap plastics were prepared. The physical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, rheological behavior, and phase morphology of the blends were studied. A 50:50 rubber/plastic ratio was found to be the best for processability, ultimate elongation, and set properties. A sulfur‐accelerator system was found to be better than a peroxide system for dynamic crosslinking. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2035–2042, 2002
Isothermal and nonisothermal melt‐crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene
Authors: Chen Qingyong , Yu Yingning , Na Tianhai , Zhang Hongfang , Mo Zhishen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalyses of the isothermal and nonisothermal melt kinetics for syndiotactic polystyrene have been performed with differential scanning calorimetry, and several kinetic analyses have been used to describe the crystallization process. The regime II→III transition, at a crystallization temperature of 239°, is found. The values of the nucleation parameter Kg for regimes II and III are estimated. The lateral‐surface free energy, σ = 3.24 erg cm−2, the fold‐surface free energy, σe = 52.3 ± 4.2 erg cm−2, and the average work of chain folding, q = 4.49 ± 0.38 kcal/mol, are determined with the (040) plane assumed to be the growth plane. The observed crystallization characteristics of syndiotactic polystyrene are compared with those of isotactic polystyrene. The activation energies of isothermal and nonisothermal melt crystallization are determined to be ΔE = −830.7 kJ/mol and ΔE = −315.9 kJ/mol, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2528–2538, 2002
In situ preparation of magnesium methacrylate to reinforce NBR
Authors: Yuan Xinheng , Zhang Yong , Peng Zonglin , Zhang Yinxi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMagnesium methacrylate (MDMA) was in situ prepared in nitrile rubber (NBR) by reacting magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2) with methacrylic acid (MAA) during the mixing step. The formation of MDMA in NBR was proved by the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis (WAXD). The mechanical properties, crosslinking structure, and morphology of the resulting peroxide‐cured NBR vulcanizates were studied. Results showed that Mg (OH)2/MAA mixtures had a great reinforcing effect for NBR, and their amounts and ratio played important roles in influencing the ultimate properties. Both the covalent crosslink density and ionic crosslink density of the vulcanizates were measured. And the nano‐composite morphology of such vulcanizates was also observed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1403–1408, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10323