bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐2, interferon‐α, 5‐fluorouracil, and vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Gez Eliahu , Rubinov Raphael , Gaitini Diana , Meretyk Shimon , Best Lael‐Anson , Native Ofer , Stein Avi , Erlich Nahum , Beny Alexander , Zidan Jamal , Haim Nissim , Kuten Abraham 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interferon‐α (IFN‐α), 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), and vinblastine (VBL) in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC).METHODSSixty‐two MRCC patients, median age 63 years, received immunochemotherapy. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1 for 45 patients and 2 for 17 patients. Fifty‐four patients underwent nephrectomy prior to treatment. Sites of disease were lungs, lymph nodes, bone, kidney, and liver. Treatment consisted of IL‐2 10 MIU/m2 subcutaneous (SC), three times per week, Weeks 1‐4; IFN‐α 6 MIU/m2 SC, once per week, Weeks 1‐4 and 9 MIU/m2, three times per week, Weeks 5‐7; 5‐FU 600 mg/m2 and VBL 6 mg/m2, intravenous bolus, Day 1 of Weeks 5 and 7.RESULTSIn a median followup of 34 months, 62 patients were evaluated for tumor response. Four patients achieved complete response for 26+, 34+, 51+, and 56+ months, respectively; 14 patients achieved partial response for a median of 14 months; and 20 patients achieved stable disease for a median of 9 months. Seven patients (5 partial response, 2 stable disease) underwent complete resection of residual tumor. Five patients remained alive with no evidence of disease for 27, 32, 36, 42, and 48 months, respectively. Nine patients achieved long‐term complete response for a median of 36 months. Three‐year survival rate for the entire group and for 11 complete responders was 88%. Common side effects were flu‐like symptoms, nausea, headache, and depression. Four patients were excluded because of treatment intolerance, and one patient died after nephrectomy.CONCLUSIONSImmunochemotherapy is effective and well‐tolerated by patients with MRCC. Surgical intervention for resection of residual disease is justified. Cancer 2002;95:1644–9. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10842
Prognostic factors for the survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma in the U.S.
Authors: Eloubeidi Mohamad A. , Desmond Renee , Arguedas Miguel R. , Reed Carolyn E. , Wilcox C. Mel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current TNM classification system does not consider tumor length or the number of lymph nodes in the staging and classification scheme for patients with esophageal carcinoma. Using data from the National Cancer Institute SEER Program, the authors explored the effect of tumor length and number of positive lymph nodes on survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma.METHODSPatients with esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma were subgrouped according to historic stage with localized, regional, or distant disease. Demographic factors (age at diagnosis, race, and gender) and tumor characteristics (morphology, histologic grade, tumor length, primary site, depth of invasion, number of positive lymph nodes, proportion of positive lymph nodes dissected, and distant metastatic sites) were examined.RESULTSOverall factors that were associated with an increased mortality risk included increasing age at diagnosis, black race versus white race, histologic grade, primary tumor site in the lower esophagus and abdomen versus upper regions, and increasing depth of invasion. Among patients with regional disease, the number of positive lymph nodes (≥ 5 vs. < 5) was related to an increasing risk (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.06–1.56). The proportion of positive lymph nodes compared with the number of lymph nodes dissected conferred an increased risk (HR, 1.63; 95%CI, 1.26–2.11). Among patients with distant disease, sites other than distant lymph nodes implied an increased mortality risk (HR, 1.37; 95%CI, 1.37–1.65). Tumor length was an independent predictor of mortality when controlling for depth of invasion in patients with localized disease (HR, 1.15; 95%CI, 1.08–1.21).CONCLUSIONSTumor length, the number of involved lymph nodes, and the ratio of positive lymph nodes are important prognostic factors for survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma. A revised TNM classification system for patients with esophageal carcinoma might consider adding tumor length and number of positive lymph nodes as two important prognostic factors. Cancer 2002;95:1434–43. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10868
The role of extreme phenotype selection studies in the identification of clinically relevant genotypes in cancer research
Authors: Luis Perez‐Gracia Jose , Gloria Ruiz‐Ilundain Maria , Garcia‐Ribas Ignacio , Maria Carrasco Eva 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe investigation of genetic alterations that may be related to the prognosis of patients with malignant disease has become a frequently used strategy in recent years. Although some conclusions have been reached in certain studies, the complexity and the multifactorial nature of most neoplastic diseases makes it difficult to identify clinically relevant information, and the results of some studies have been of borderline significance or have been conflicting. In contrast, the identification and the study of patients or families with very characteristic phenotypes have yielded outstanding results in the identification of the genetic characteristics underlying such phenotypes. Although, in most cases, the individuals who are selected for these types of studies are characterized by a negative phenotype (i.e., individuals who are at increased risk for developing a specific disease), a few studies have been directed toward individuals with phenotypes that imply an unusually good prognosis (i.e., individuals who present with a decreased risk for developing specific diseases despite an important exposure to well‐known risk factors). Therefore, it seems logical to develop this strategy further as a valid methodology for the study of other diseases, such as cancer. The study of individuals with phenotypes that imply an extremely good prognosis, such as long‐term survivors of theoretically incurable malignancies or individuals who seem to be protected against a certain neoplastic disorder despite having a markedly increased risk for its development, may unveil genetic alterations that explain such characteristic phenotypes and may provide potentially useful therapeutic targets against these diseases. Cancer 2002;95:1605–10. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10877
The phylogenetic significance of crustacean optic neuropils and chiasmata: A re‐examination
Authors: Harzsch Steffen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecent molecular data challenge the traditional hypotheses of arthropod phylogeny founded on morphologic characters. In this discussion, the structure of the visual systems in Pterygota (Hexapoda) and Decapoda (Malacostraca, Crustacea) is an important argument. Although many components of their visual systems depict structural homology, differences exist between Pterygota/Decapoda on the one side and Branchiopoda (Entomostraca) on the other in that the latter do not have a third optic neuropil or optic chiasmata. Therefore, the goals of the current study were to explore whether the third optic neuropils in Pterygota and Decapoda are homologous, to examine the formation of the first two optic neuropils and the chiasmata in Crustacea, and to compare these processes with Pterygota. For this purpose, five species of entomostracan and malacostracan crustaceans were analyzed by examination of serial sections, fluorescence labeling with phallotoxins, and anti‐histamine immunohistochemistry. We found that the chiasmata of Decapoda and Pterygota are characterized by striking similarities regarding both the level of individually identifiable classes of neurons and ontogenetic mechanisms, which are clearly different from those in Branchiopoda. Furthermore, the third optic neuropil of Decapoda and Pterygota, the lobula, shares an ontogenetic protocerebral origin and an innervation by corresponding sets of histamine‐immunoreactive neurons, suggesting homology of the lobula in these two groups. In conclusion, the characteristics of the visual system are in conflict with the traditional classification of Arthropoda. Instead, they support a sister‐group relationship of Hexapoda and Malacostraca, as suggested by some of the molecular studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 453: 10–21, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of voltage‐dependent potassium channels in the developing visual system of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Pollock Natashka S. , Ferguson Shane C. D. , McFarlane Sarah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that voltage‐dependent potassium (Kv) channels have important and varied roles in the development of neuronal and non‐neuronal cell types. They have been implicated in processes such as proliferation, cell adhesion, migration, neurite outgrowth, and axon guidance. In this study, we used antibodies against several electrically active Kv channel α‐subunits (Kv1–4) to describe the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Kv channel subunits in Xenopus laevis retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata, axons, and growth cones. We found that RGCs express Kv1.3‐, Kv1.5‐, Kv3.4‐, and Kv4.2‐like subunits. Each subunit displayed unique cellular and subcellular distributions. Moreover, the expression patterns changed considerably over the major period of Xenopus retinal cell genesis and differentiation. Weak or no immunoreactivity was observed with antibodies against Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.4, Kv1.6, and Kv3.2 subunits in RGCs or other retinal cell types. In support of our previous pharmacologic evidence implicating Kv channels in RGC axon outgrowth, we found that Kv1.5‐, Kv3.4‐, and Kv4.2‐like proteins, but not Kv1.3‐like subunits, are abundantly expressed in RGC growth cones. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:381–391, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of urocortin‐like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the frog Rana esculenta
Authors: Kozicz Tamás , Arimura Akira , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Lázár Gyula 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), sauvagine, and urotensin I are all members of the so‐called CRF neuropeptide family. Urocortin (Ucn), a 40‐amino‐acid neuropeptide recently isolated from the rat brain, is the newest member of this family. Until now, the distribution of Ucn in the central nervous system (CNS) has been studied only in placental mammals. We used a polyclonal antiserum against rat Ucn to determine the distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in the CNS of the green frog, Rana esculenta. The great majority of Ucn‐immunoreactive perikarya was seen in the anterior preoptic area, ventromedial thalamic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, and Edinger‐Westphal nucleus. Urocortin‐immunoreactive nerve cells were also observed in the motor nuclei of the trigeminal and facial nerves and in the hypoglossal nucleus. Immunoreactive fibers were found in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, many of the thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, mesencephalic tectum, tegmental nuclei, torus semicircularis, and dorsal horn and central field of the spinal cord. Only scattered Ucn‐immunoreactive axon terminals were observed in the external zone of the medial eminence. The densest accumulations of Ucn‐immunoreactive nerve terminals were seen in the granular layer of the cerebellum and cochlear nuclei. Our results suggest that an ortholog of mammalian Ucn occurs in the CNS of the green frog. The distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in Rana esculenta showed many similarities to the distribution in placental mammals. The distribution of Ucn‐like immunoreactivity in the anuran CNS was different from that of CRF and sauvagine, so our results suggest that at least three different lineages of the CRF neuropeptide family occur in the anuran CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:185–198, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar Golgi, Purkinje, and basket cells have reduced γ‐aminobutyric acid immunoreactivity in stargazer mutant mice
Authors: Richardson Christine A. , Leitch Beulah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe stargazer mutant mouse has characteristic ataxia and head‐tossing traits coupled with a severe impairment in the acquisition of classical eye‐blink conditioning (Qiao et al. [1996] J. Neurosci. 16:640–648; Qiao et al. [ 1998] J. Neurosci. 18:6990–6999). These phenotypes are thought to be cerebellar mediated and have been attributed to the specific reduction in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The granule cells in the cerebellum of the stargazer mouse exhibit a near‐total and exclusive ablation of BDNF mRNA expression and a consequent defect in TrkB receptor signalling. To investigate whether the stargazer mutation and lack of availability of BDNF in the granule cells compromise the phenotype of the cerebellar inhibitory neurons, specifically their immunoreactivity for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA); the levels of GABA neurotransmitter expressed in Golgi, Purkinje, and basket cells; and the density of their synaptic contacts were compared in stargazer and wild‐type controls using electron microscopy and quantitative immunogold labelling. The data presented in this study clearly show that, in the spontaneous ataxic mutant mouse stargazer, the cerebellar inhibitory neurons have significantly reduced levels of GABA immunoreactivity indicative of a significant decrease in their GABA content compared with wild‐type controls. Furthermore, the density of inhibitory synapses between Golgi interneurons and granule cells and also between basket and Purkinje cells in stargazer mutants is reduced to approximately half that in wild‐type controls. Whether this reduction in GABA content and inhibitory synapse density is directly attributable to the lack of BDNF in the cerebellum of the stargazer mutant is yet to be proved. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:85–99, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new cytometric method for the immunophenotypic characterization of bone‐derived human osteoclasts
Authors: Benito Gloria Elena , Sánchez María Luz , del Pino‐Montes Javier , Calvo José Julián , Menéndez Pablo , García‐Marcos María Antonia , Osdoby Philip , Orfao Alberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundOsteoclast cell function relates to bone resorption. Isolation and characterization of these cells from in vivo sources remain difficult. The aim of this study was to show the feasibility of using flow cytometry to identify and characterize human mature osteoclasts obtained from bone tissues.MethodsBone femoral heads obtained as discarded surgical material were used. To check the nature of 121F+ (a monoclonal antibody specific for human osteoclasts) cells by flow cytometry, we used laser scanning cytometry to analyze simultaneously the immunophenotype and DNA cell content of osteoclast‐like cell‐enriched bone samples.ResultsResults were compared with conventional morphologic and cytochemical studies. The percentage of cells that showed both cytochemical (tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase [TRAP]+) and immunophenotypic (121F+) osteoclast‐associated characteristics was very similar (12.5 ± 6.2 versus 14.7 ± 11.7; P = 0.46). Laser scanning cytometry showed that 121F+ cells were bigger (P = 0.04) and they had a higher DNA cell content (P = 0.04) and more nuclei per cell (P = 0.04) than the 121F‐ cells present in the same sample.DiscussionThis study relied on the combined use of the 121F+ antibody and different cytometry‐based techniques to characterize the osteoclast populations from human bone. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 49:261–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of several flow cytometric assays for the analysis of T‐cell responses in goats
Authors: Totté Philippe , Esteves Isabel , Gunter Nico , Martinez Dominique , Bensaida Albert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundFlow cytometry (FCM) provides an alternative to radioactive methods for the analysis of T‐cell responses. However, a comparative study of common FCM assays in an outbred ruminant model is lacking, which motivated this work.MethodsGoats immunized with the obligate intracellular bacterium Cowdria ruminantium, inactivated and emulsified in oil‐based adjuvants, were used as a model to study T‐cell recall responses in vitro. FCM‐based methods to measure Cowdria‐induced lymphoblastogenesis, DNA synthesis, and interleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) expression by T‐cell subsets were compared.ResultsIL‐2R expression was the most sensitive and reliable method provided that the number of molecules per cell was analyzed and not simply the percentage of positive cells of a given phenotype. Despite high background due to adjuvant and low proliferation, this method could detect antigen‐specific activation of immune CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.ConclusionsFCM‐based measurement of lymphoblastogenesis and DNA synthesis are not the most appropriate methods to analyze T‐lymphocyte activation during vaccination of outbred animals. On several occasions, analysis of IL‐2R expression was the only assay capable of discriminating between vaccinated and naive animals in this model. Cytometry 49:49–55, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic manifestations of cystitis follicularis in urine specimens
Authors: Zaharopoulos Paul 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFour cases of cystitis follicularis diagnosed by urine cytology are presented, and are the first reported in the cytologic literature. Cystitis follicularis (follicular cystitis) is characterized by formation of lymphoid follicles in the lamina propria of the trigonal region of the bladder, and is considered to be the result of repeated bouts of urinary tract infection, usually bacterial, with other pathologic processes contributing to the development and prolongation of the infection. Cytologically it differs from chronic cystitis with prominent lymphocytosis by the presence of cellular elements from the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles, reminiscent of the cytologic findings in follicular cervicitis, with possible additional epithelial cytologic atypias from the overlying urothelium, which frequently undergoes reactive changes (hyperplastic, metaplastic, and ulcerative). The practical aspect of recognition of this entity in cytologic specimens is avoiding diagnostic errors of possible malignancy (lymphoid or other), and also of other forms of inflammatory disease, such as granulomatous type, with a different clinical significance. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:205–209. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endometrial cells and the AutoPap system for primary screening of cervicovaginal Pap smears
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Thomas Premi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn 1998, the AutoPap 300 received FDA approval for primary screening of conventional cervical smears. As approved, smears categorized as “no further review” and comprising up to 25% of the smears screened by the AutoPap 300 can be reported as negative for malignant and dysplastic cells without screening by a cytotechnologist. We studied 106 conventional cervical smears in which glandular endometrial cells had been identified by manual screening to assess the ability of the AutoPap System (TriPath Imaging, Inc., Burlington, NC) to (1) designate conventional Papanicolaou smears that contain endometrial cells for “review,” and (2) stratify smears that contain endometrial cells as more or less likely to be abnormal.Although the number of cases in our study was small, our findings indicate that (1) the AutoPap System is slightly less sensitive than manual screening by experienced cytotechnologists for the detection of endometrial cells in conventional smears, as the System designated for “review” 94.3% of all smears containing endometrial cells, 92.9% of smears reported as atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) or endometrial adenocarcinoma, and 100% of the four smears with subsequently confirmed endometrial adenocarcinomas, (2) ranking of smears into quintiles by the AutoPap System did not provide additional diagnostically useful information with respect to endometrial pathology, (3) the number of endometrial cells in the smears did not correlate with quintile assignment, and (4) for most patients, routine use of the AutoPap System for primary screening of conventional cervical smears is unlikely to contribute to delay in the diagnosis of clinically significant endometrial lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:232–237. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metal ion chelation in neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: Angel Itzchak , Bar Adina , Horovitz Tammy , Taler Galia , Krakovsky Michael , Resnitsky Dalia , Rosenberg Gilad , Striem Sarina , Friedman Jonathan E. , Kozak Alex 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDisturbance in metallochemical reactions and metal‐protein association are associated with chronic neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, as well as with neurodegeneration triggered by acute cerebral ischaemia. Many neurological diseases have been linked directly or indirectly to perturbed homeostasis of Ca, Fe, Zn, or Cu ions. Consequently, acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders represent excellent targets for exploiting metal ion chelator approaches. Drug Dev. Res. 56: 300–309, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of preweaning exposure to novel maternal odors on maternal responsiveness and selectivity in adulthood
Authors: Shah Akeel , Oxley Gina , Lovic Vedran , Fleming Alison S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe examined the effects of odor exposure in the nest on the offspring's subsequent adult responsivity to pups scented with the same odor or a different odor. It was hypothesized that animals receiving exposure to the odor in the nest would be more maternally responsive to pups scented with the (same) exposed odor than to unscented (water‐scented) pups. In the first part of the study (Part A), Sprague‐Dawley female rat pups (days 1–18 of age) either received exposure to an artificial lemon odor or to the natural (water) odor in the nest. In the second part of the study (Part B), rat pups were exposed daily to lemon or neutral odorants in an incubator at a distance from the mother and the nest. On day 21, animals received odor preference tests for lemon versus neutral pine bedding. On day 60, animals were mated and their pups were removed at 15‐min intervals at the time of parturition. Animals were then tested for maternal behavior to foster pups on day 1 or 7 after parturition. Foster pups were scented either with the lemon odor or with water (unscented). Early exposure to lemon in the nest context enhanced animals' attraction to the lemon odor in juvenile tests. In adult maternal tests, exposure to odor on the mother and in the nest had two effects. It increased the latency for animals to express maternal behavior; however, once mothers expressed maternal behavior, they spent more time licking and crouching over pups scented with the same odorant to which they had been exposed earlier on their own mothers. Simple exposure to the lemon odorant out of context of the nest had no effect on adult maternal latencies or behavior. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 187–196, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10064