bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal Ion-Assisted Weak Interactions Involving Biological Molecules. From Small Complexes to Metalloproteins
Authors: Yamauchi Osamu , Odani Akira , Hirota Shun 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Noncovalent or weak interactions play important roles in molecular recognition and structual organization in chemical and biological systems. Hydrogen bonding and aromatic ring stacking are widely recognized for biomolecules, and these and other types of weak interactions are recently attracting much attention as a clue to understanding the efficiency and specificity of biological reactions. We studied weak interactions around the metal center as factors for mixed ligand (ternary) metal complex formation, molecular recognition, and construction of self-organized structures by potentiometric, spectroscopic, and crystallographic methods. We concluded the electrostatic ligand–ligand interactions within Cu(II) and Pd(II) complexes containing an acidic and a basic amino acid and aromatic ring stacking interactions between the aromatic rings of an aromatic amino acid and a coordinated aromatic ligand such as 2,2′-bipyridine. Selective adduct formation between Pt(II) complexes and uncoordinated mononucleotides were found to occur through stacking and hydrogen bonding. In the systems with aromatic ring stacking, a close metal–aromatic ring contact was revealed in the solid state, and the 195Pt NMR spectra indicated electron density decrease due to stacking. As an extension of such studies, we investigated metalloprotein–charged peptide electrostatic interactions and established the redox partner binding site of plastocyanin and its subtle structural change due to the interactions. The results demonstrated the use of charged oligopeptides as models for the studies on protein–protein binding. Weak interactions between [Cu(arginine)2]2+ and its counterions, such as benzene-1,3-dicarboxylate, led to controlled self-organization of the complex ion, giving crystalline products with handed single-helical or double-helical structures and layer structures, depending on the anions used.
Synthesis of β-d-Ribofuranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-l-rhamnopyranose by in situ Activating Glycosylation Using 1-OH Sugar Derivative and Me3SiBr–CoBr2–Bu4NBr–Molecular Sieves 4A System
Authors: Hirooka Motoko , Mori Yoko , Sasaki Akiko , Koto Shinkiti , Shinoda Yoshika , Morinaga Aya 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
β-d-Ribofuranosyl-(1→3)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-l-rhamnopyranose, the trisaccharide repeating unit of the C. freundii O28,1c O-specific polysaccharide, was synthesized using in situ activating glycosylation of the 1-OH sugar derivatives and a reagent mixture of trimethylsilyl bromide, cobalt(II) bromide, tetrabutylammonium bromide, and molecular sieves 4A. Regioselective tritylation was useful for synthesizing the 3-OH derivatives of methyl, allyl, and benzyl α-l-rhamnosides.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Activated Carbons with Antibacterial Function
Authors: Yamamoto Osamu , Sawai Jun 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
After ion-exchange resins were treated for 24 h by an aqueous solution of [Zn(NH3)4]2+ complex, the treated resins were carbonized for 10 min in nitrogen gas at each temperature. The activated carbons with ZnO were then prepared. The antibacterial activity on their carbon samples was studied without the presence of light. ZnO of hexagonal type was detected in the carbon samples, of which the amount decreased with an increase in the carbonization temperature. However, the specific surface areas of carbon samples increased with increasing the carbonization temperature of the resin. The antibacterial activity on carbon samples containing ZnO increased with a decrease of the carbonization temperature and an increase of the amount of ZnO in the samples. From a comparison of the antibacterial activity between Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, it was found that the activity for Staphylococcus aureus was stronger than that for Escherichia coli. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased linearly with an increase in the amount of carbon samples. The occurrence of antibacterial activity was found to be due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide from ZnO in activated carbons.
Direct Hydrogenation of Carboxylic Acids to Corresponding Aldehydes Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes
Authors: Nagayama Kazuhiro , Shimizu Isao , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
A variety of carboxylic acids can be directly hydrogenated into the corresponding aldehydes in high yields by using homogeneous catalysts such as [Pd(PPh3)4] or combination of Pd(OAc)2 with tertiary phosphines in the presence of an excess amount of 2,2-dimethylpropionic anhydride (pivalic anhydride). As a typical example, octanoic acid can be converted into octanal in 99% yield in 3 h at 80 °C under 3.0 MPa of H2 in acetone in the presence of pivalic anhydride and a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 + 5P(p-tol)3. Such hydrogenation is widely applicable to various aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic carboxylic acids as well as to di- and tribasic carboxylic acids. The process allows the presence of other functional groups such as ketonic carbonyl, nitrile, and ester groups and even internal C=C bonds. Heterogeneous palladium catalyst such as palladium on carbon also showed some catalytic activities.
Conformity effects in memory as a function of group size, dissenters and uncertainty
Authors: Walther Eva , Bless Herbert , Strack Fritz , Rackstraw Patsy , Wagner Doris , Werth Lioba 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn two experimental studies we investigated how false memory reports provided by anonymous group members affect individuals' recognition. Participants were presented with a series of salient and non‐salient objects and recognition memory was subsequently assessed for presented and non‐presented stimuli. In this recognition test, participants were confronted with (in)correct responses from bogus group members. The findings indicate that the bogus answers influenced memory reports only in the absence of a clear recollection and if the stimulus was not judged to be particularly memorable. Moreover, we found no evidence that motivational influences affected participants' judgements. However, the influence of the bogus group decreased with the presence of dissenters who broke the unanimity of the group, and it increased with higher uncertainty. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A commentary on Pedersen and Wright
Authors: Burt Christopher D. B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPedersen and Wright (2002) examined the hypothesis proposed by Burt (1999) that verb use in event descriptions can influence an individuals estimate of event duration. This paper examines some of the reasoning proposed in the Pedersen and Wright paper, the methods they use and their results. It is concluded that their experiments failed to provide adequate conditions for the hypothesis to be tested and that further research is required to determine how the selection of words to describe an event might influence estimated event duration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐bronchoconstrictor activities and side effect potential of inhaled formoterol and (S,R)‐epiformoterol in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Fozard John R. , Buescher Heinz 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIn a recent patent, the (S,R) isomer of epiformoterol was claimed to be a bronchodilator with reduced adverse effects compared to racemic formoterol. We initiated the present study to seek direct evidence for the claim. Anaesthetised, spontaneously breathing rhesus monkeys were set up for measuring airways resistance. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured concomitantly to gauge systemic exposure and the potential for side effects. Formoterol, 1.2µg/kg, administered by aerosol, induced rapidly developing, sustained inhibition of the bronchoconstrictor responses to aerosolised methacholine accompanied by tachycardia. (S,R)‐epiformoterol, 63µg/kg, induced anti‐bronconstrictor effects and an associated tachycardia, which were superimposable with those induced by racemic formoterol at 1.2µg/kg. Thus, (S,R)‐epiformoterol is a long‐acting anti‐bronchoconstrictor agent in the rhesus monkey and causes an associated tachycardia. This profile is not qualitatively different from that of racemic formoterol but does differ from that of salmeterol, which, in this model, shows lower efficacy and more pronounced tachycardia for an equivalent degree of anti‐bronchoconstrictor activity. Thus, the claim that (S,R)‐epiformoterol shows bronchodilator activity with reduced adverse effect potential compared to racemic formoterol is not supported by the present data. Drug Dev. Res. 57:1–5, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase I trial with oral oxihumate in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Botes Mariëtte E. , Dekker J. , van Rensburg C.E.J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractOxihumate is formed through conversion of bituminous coal by controlled wet oxidation. The objective of the study, based on in vitro studies, was to evaluate the safety and toxicity profile of oxihumate at various doses in HIV‐1‐infected individuals. Thirty‐seven antiretroviral‐naïve adults were randomized in a double‐blind study to dosages of either 2, 4, 6, or 8 g oxihumate or placebo per day and treated for 2 weeks. The baseline CD4‐positive lymphocyte count was 213–570×106/L and baseline viral load 675–275,000 copies/ml. Patients were reviewed at days 5, 10, and 15, as well as 1 week posttreatment. Of the 37 patients, 35 were followed up until the end of the study. None of the adverse events was thought to be related to the investigative drug. Efficacy parameters were compared between treatment groups at week 2 using analysis of covariance (with baseline value for a patient as the covariant). Strong evidence (P=0.018) was found that the posttreatment weight differed between treatment groups (adjusted for initial weight). All active treatment groups gained weight compared to the placebo. No significant difference in the viral load or CD4‐positive lymphocyte count between the active ingredient and the placebo was found. None of the biochemical and hematological parameters differed significantly from the baseline at end of treatment. In conclusion, oxihumate is well tolerated, with an excellent safety profile when tested over a period of 2 weeks. This period was too short to establish efficacy or optimum dosage levels. Drug Dev. Res. 57:34–39, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐construction and restricted conversations
Authors: Espejo Raul 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper explores the emergence of organization from individuals' interactions in a collective. Its focus is on small collectives like teams. Organization is explained as an outcome of both self‐organization and design. Self‐organization requires stretching environments and also commitment of individuals to the interests of the collective. As interactions produce organization individuals are constituted as autonomous and non‐autonomous roles participating in processes of constitution and production. The interest in these processes is that they help understanding the embodiment of knowledge to produce organizations with desirable properties. This understanding triggers a reflection about research and design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative in Bangladesh setting: standards for the care of women subject to violence
Authors: Haque Y.A , Clarke J.M 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe Woman Friendly Hospital Initiative is part of the overall strategy aimed at overcoming a situation of high maternal mortality in Bangladesh. It has evolved from the reality of 14% of maternal deaths being associated with violence. A key of the initiative is the management of violence against women. Training courses for doctors developed through a process of multi‐sectoral consultation. The focus is on effecting a change in the perceptions, emotions, attitude, knowledge and skills of providers and nurturing leadership.
Comparative evaluation of JPEG and JPEG2000 compression in quantitative digital subtraction radiography.
Authors: Fidler A , Likar B , Pernus F , Skaleric U 
Published: November 2002

OBJECTIVES The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the impact of JPEG and the novel JPEG2000 compression standard on quantitative digital subtraction radiography (DSR) and to determine the acceptable JPEG2000 compression ratios for DSR. METHODS Nine dry pig mandible sections were radiographed three times ('Baseline', 'No change', and 'Gain') with standardized projection geometry. Bone gain was simulated by adding artificial bone chips (1, 4 and 15 mg). Images were registered, compressed by JPEG and JPEG2000 using compression ratios (CR) of 1 : 7, 1 : 16, 1 : 22, and 1 : 31, and then subtracted. Image distortion was assessed objectively by calculating average pixel error and peak signal to noise ratio. No change areas in compressed and subtracted 'No change-Baseline' images and bone gain volumes in compressed and subtracted 'Gain-Baseline' images were calculated for both compression standards and compared. RESULTS JPEG introduced less distortion at low CRs, while JPEG2000 was superior at higher CRs. At CR of 1 : 7, no significant difference between JPEG and JPEG2000 was found. JPEG2000 yielded better results for no change measurements at higher CRs. Volumes of simulated bone gain were overestimated when JPEG and underestimated when JPEG2000 compression was used. CONCLUSIONS At CR of 1 : 7 JPEG and JPEG2000 performed similarly, which indicates that CR of 1:7 in JPEG2000 can be used for DSR if images are registered before compression. At higher CRs, JPEG2000 is superior to JPEG but image distortions are too high for reliable quantitative DSR.
Role of the Arginyl-Glycyl-Aspartic Motif in the Action of Ptr ToxA Produced byPyrenophora tritici-repentis
Authors: Meinhardt Steven W. , Cheng Weijun , Kwon Chil Y. , Donohue Christine M. , Rasmussen Jack B. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractA fundamental problem of plant science is to understand the biochemical basis of plant/pathogen interactions. The foliar disease tan spot of wheat (Triticum aestivum), caused byPyrenophora tritici-repentis, involves Ptr ToxA, a proteinaceous host-selective toxin that causes host cell death. The fungal gene ToxA encodes a 17.2-kD pre-pro-protein that is processed to produce the mature 13.2-kD toxin. Amino acids 140 to 142 of the pre-pro-protein form an arginyl-glycyl-aspartic (RGD) sequence, a motif involved in the binding of some animal proteins and pathogens to transmembrane receptor proteins called integrins. Integrin-like proteins have been identified in plants recently, but their role in plant biology is unclear. Our model for Ptr ToxA action predicts that toxin interacts with a putative host receptor through the RGD motif. Mutant clones of a ToxA cDNA, created by polymerase chain reaction such that the RGD in the pro-toxin was changed to arginyl-alanyl-aspartic or to arginyl-glycyl-glutamic, were expressed in Escherichia coli. Extracts containing mutated forms of toxin failed to cause host cell death, but extracts from E. coliexpressing both a wild-type pro-protein cDNA and a control mutation away from RGD were active in cell death development. In competition experiments, 2 mm RGD tripeptide reduced the level of electrolyte leakage from wheat leaves by 63% when co-infiltrated with purified Ptr ToxA (15 μg mL−1) obtained from the fungus, but the control peptide arginyl-glycyl-glutamyl-serine provided no protection. These experiments indicate that the RGD motif of Ptr ToxA is involved with toxin action, possibly by interacting with a putative integrin-like receptor in the host.
Differential Production of meta Hydroxylated Phenylpropanoids in Sweet Basil Peltate Glandular Trichomes and Leaves Is Controlled by the Activities of Specific Acyltransferases and Hydroxylases
Authors: Gang David R. , Beuerle Till , Ullmann Pascaline , Werck-Reichhart Daniéle , Pichersky Eran 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) peltate glandular trichomes produce a variety of small molecular weight phenylpropanoids, such as eugenol, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid, that result from meta hydroxylation reactions. Some basil lines do not synthesize eugenol but instead synthesize chavicol, a phenylpropanoid that does not contain a metahydroxyl group. Two distinct acyltransferases,p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acidp-coumaroyl transferase andp-coumaroyl-coenzyme A:4-hydroxyphenyllactic acidp-coumaroyl transferase, responsible for the production of p-coumaroyl shikimate and ofp-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactate, respectively, were partially purified and shown to be specific for their substrates.p-Coumaroyl-coenzyme A:shikimic acidp-coumaroyl transferase is expressed in basil peltate glands that are actively producing eugenol and is not active in glands of noneugenol-producing basil plants, suggesting that the levels of this activity determine the levels of synthesis of some meta-hydroxylated phenylpropanoids in these glands such as eugenol. Two basil cDNAs encoding isozymes of cytochrome P450 CYP98A13, whichmeta hydroxylates p-coumaroyl shikimate, were isolated and found to be highly similar (90% identity) to the Arabidopsis homolog, CYP98A3. Like the Arabidopsis enzyme, the basil enzymes were found to be very specific for p-coumaroyl shikimate. Finally, additional hydroxylase activities were identified in basil peltate glands that convert p-coumaroyl 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid to its caffeoyl derivative andp-coumaric acid to caffeic acid.
Stoichiometry of the Photosynthetic Apparatus and Phycobilisome Structure of the Cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485 Are Regulated by Both Light and Temperature
Authors: Miskiewicz Ewa , Ivanov Alexander G. , Huner Norman P.A. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The role of growth temperature and growth irradiance on the regulation of the stoichiometry and function of the photosynthetic apparatus was examined in the cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum UTEX 485 by comparing mid-log phase cultures grown at either 29°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1, 29°C/750 μmol m−2 s−1, 15°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1, or 15°C/10 μmol m−2s−1. Cultures grown at 29°C/750 μmol m−2s−1 were structurally and functionally similar to those grown at 15°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1, whereas cultures grown at 29°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1were structurally and functionally similar to those grown at 15°C/10 μmol m−2 s−1. The stoichiometry of specific components of the photosynthetic apparatus, such as the ratio of photosystem (PS) I to PSII, phycobilisome size and the relative abundance of the cytochrome b6/f complex, the plastoquinone pool size, and the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex were regulated by both growth temperature and growth irradiance in a similar manner. This indicates that temperature and irradiance may share a common sensing/signaling pathway to regulate the stoichiometry and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in P. boryanum. In contrast, the accumulation of neither the D1 polypeptide of PSII, the large subunit of Rubisco, nor the CF1 α-subunit appeared to be regulated by the same mechanism. Measurements of P700 photooxidation in vivo in the presence and absence of inhibitors of photosynthetic electron transport coupled with immunoblots of the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex in cells grown at either 29°C/750 μmol m−2 s−1 or 15°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1 are consistent with an increased flow of respiratory electrons into the photosynthetic intersystem electron transport chain maintaining P700 in a reduced state relative to cells grown at either 29°C/150 μmol m−2 s−1 or 15°C/10 μmol m−2 s−1. These results are discussed in terms of acclimation to excitation pressure imposed by either low growth temperature or high growth irradiance.
Phosphorus Effects on Metabolic Processes in Monoxenic Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Cultures
Authors: Olsson Pål Axel , van Aarle Ingrid M. , Allaway William G. , Ashford Anne E. , Rouhier Hervé 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The influence of external phosphorus (P) on carbon (C) allocation and metabolism as well as processes related to P metabolism was studied in monoxenic arbuscular mycorrhiza cultures of carrot (Daucus carota). Fungal hyphae of Glomus intraradices proliferated from the solid minimal medium containing the colonized roots into C-free liquid minimal medium with different P treatments. The fungus formed around three times higher biomass in P-free liquid medium than in medium with 2.5 mminorganic P (high-P). Mycelium in the second experiment was harvested at an earlier growth stage to study metabolic processes when the mycelium was actively growing. P treatment influenced the root P content and [13C]glucose administered to the roots 7 d before harvest gave a negative correlation between root P content and13C enrichment in arbuscular mycorrhiza fungal storage lipids in the extraradical hyphae. Eighteen percent of the enriched13C in extraradical hyphae was recovered in the fatty acid 16:1ω5 from neutral lipids. Polyphosphate accumulated in hyphae even in P-free medium. No influence of P treatment on fungal acid phosphatase activity was observed, whereas the proportion of alkaline-phosphatase-active hyphae was highest in high-P medium. We demonstrated the presence of a motile tubular vacuolar system inG. intraradices. This system was rarely seen in hyphae subjected to the highest P treatment. We concluded that the direct responses of the extraradical hyphae to the P concentration in the medium are limited. The effects found in hyphae seemed instead to be related to increased availability of P to the host root.
Language, duration estimation, and causation
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , Pedersen Alice C. I. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBurt (2002) raises several interesting points in his commentary on our paper. However, the most important difference between his and our studies, the design, was not addressed. We argue that our experimental approach makes more realistic assumptions for causal interpretation. The other points that he raises—the relationship between practical and statistical significance, the verbs used by our participants, and definitions of memory—are all discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The behavioural treatment of sleep difficulties in children with an intellectual disability
Authors: Thackeray Emma J. , Richdale Amanda L. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractReinforcement, instruction giving, partner support strategies, bedtime routine, and standard extinction were taught to the parents of three boys (aged 5–10 years) with an intellectual disability and sleeping difficulties. Sleep was measured using sleep diaries and actigraphy, and daytime behaviour was monitored using diaries and direct observation. At referral, all children needed a parent present to fall asleep, two had co‐sleeping difficulties, and two had night waking difficulties. At post‐intervention, all children were falling asleep independently, co‐sleeping was eliminated for two children, and night waking was reduced in one child. An extinction burst was experienced by two children, with one family putting their child back to bed 259 times on the first night. Though one child still had night waking difficulties following intervention, actigraph recording demonstrated an improvement in his sleep quality. In addition to the children's independence, improvements were seen for sleep length, sleep latency, and morning wake time. However, improvements in daytime behaviour showed inconsistency across behaviours and settings. Improvement in sleep was maintained at a three month follow‐up. It was concluded that using extinction to address sleep problems in children with an intellectual disability is effective and approved of by parents, but any impact on daytime behaviour is equivocal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.