bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous head and neck squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes (nonparotid): A better outcome with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy
Authors: Veness Michael J. , Palme Carsten E. , Smith Mark , Cakir Burcu , Morgan Gary J. , Kalnins Ian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study is to report on the experience of treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) metastatic to cervical (nonparotid) lymph nodes at the Head and Neck Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Methods: Patients diagnosed with previously untreated metastatic cutaneous SCC to cervical lymph nodes (levels I‐V) and treated with radiotherapy, surgery, or surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy were identified. Relapse and outcome was analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Results: Between 1980 and 2000, 74 patients were treated with curative intent. There were 59 males and 15 females, with a median age of 66 (range 37–93) years. Median duration of follow up was 48 (range 12–187) months. Fifty‐two were treated with neck dissection and radiotherapy, 13 with neck dissection alone, and 9 with only radiotherapy. Most patients (85%) had an identifiable index lesion. Level I (38%) and II (36%) lymph nodes were the most often involved. In total, 25 (34%) patients developed recurrent disease, predominantly locoregional (22 of 25). Median time to recurrence was 5.2 (2‐34.3) months. Increasing nodal size (≥3cm) (P = .01), metastatic spread to multiple nodes (P = .05), and the presence of extranodal spread (P = .01) all predicted for worse survival. Patients undergoing combined modality treatment had a lower relapse rate (15%) and a significantly better disease free survival (P = .001) compared with single modality treatment. Conclusion: Metastatic cutaneous SCC is uncommon but potentially lethal. Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy remain the best practice and provide the best chance of achieving locoregional control.
Subcutaneous mandibulotomy: A new surgical access for large tumors of the parapharyngeal Space
Authors: Teng Marita S. , Genden Eric M. , Buchbinder Daniel , Urken Mark L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives: Surgery for tumors of the parapharyngeal space (PPS) requires adequate exposure to identify and protect vital structures. Transcervical and transcervical‐transparotid approaches to the PPS may be enhanced by mandibulotomy. However, midline mandibulotomy traditionally requires lip‐splitting and extensive intraoral incisions, often necessitating tracheostomy and nasogastric feeding. We describe a new technique to gain exposure to the PPS while avoiding these consequences. Study Design: Case series. Methods: Five patients with PPS tumors underwent surgery using a new technique, the subcutaneous mandibulotomy approach (SMA). Each case was retrospectively assessed for tumor size, intraoperative access to the PPS, perioperative complications, and length of hospitalization. Results: In this series, the additional exposure achieved by SMA was adequate to safely remove large PPS tumors that could not be delivered through the transcervical‐transparotid approach. All patients started oral diets on postoperative day 1 and were discharged within 3 days. There were no intraoperative complications, and postoperative complications were self‐limited. The pathologic entities were a venous malformation, a paraganglioma, and three large, deep‐lobe pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid. Conclusions: We introduce a new technique, the SMA, which affords excellent access to the PPS without the lip‐split, chin‐split, and floor of mouth incisions. The SMA avoids both nasogastric feeding and a tracheostomy and offers improved cosmesis compared with a traditional midline mandibulotomy. Our current stepwise approach to achieve exposure to the PPS includes use of the SMA as an intermediate step for extensive PPS lesions, which are inaccessible through the transcervical approach yet do not require full labiomandibulotomy for safe and complete removal.
‘Push’ versus ‘pull’ percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in patients with advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Tucker Anthony T. , Gourin Christine G. , Ghegan Mark D. , Porubsky Edward S. , Martindale Robert G. , Terns David J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG) placement by means of the “pull” method has been reported to result in a significantly higher complication rate when compared with “push” PEG placement. These findings have led to a renewed interest in the push, or Russell introducer, method of PEG placement at the authors' institution when PEG is required before definitive treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. The authors sought to determine whether the push method of PEG placement is associated with a lower incidence of complications in this patient population. Study Design: Nonrandomized, retrospective patient analysis. Methods: The medical records of all patients presenting to the Medical College of Georgia (Augusta, GA) who received a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck between 1999 to 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who required PEG placement as part of their treatment comprised the study population. Results: The push PEG technique was used in 29 patients, and the pull technique was used in 50 patients. There was a statistically significant difference in the complication rate between the two techniques. Patients who underwent placement by means of the pull technique had an overall complication rate of 30% (15 of 50) versus a 0% (0 of 29) complication rate in patients undergoing the push technique (P = .0006, Fisher's Exact test). Conclusion: The push PEG technique appears to have a significantly lower risk of complications compared with the pull technique in patients with advanced head and neck cancer. The authors recommend considering the use of the push method when PEG placement is required.
Local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir in a canine model
Authors: Chhetri Dinesh K. , Jahan‐Parwar Babak , Hart Stephen D. , Bhuta Sunita M. , Berke Gerald S. , Shapiro Nina L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective: The safety of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir remains a concern. Our goal was to evaluate local and systemic effects of intralaryngeal injection of cidofovir. Study Design: Animal study using a canine model. Methods: Two groups of three young beagle dogs (6 vocal folds in each group) were used. Subepithelial vocal fold injections were performed in each group biweekly for 6 months with 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 37.5 mg cidofovir in a 0.5 mL volume. Direct laryngoscopy was performed at each injection interval. Complete blood cell count and renal parameters were measured at baseline and monthly thereafter. Histopathologic examination of the vocal folds was performed after the 6‐month injection period in one group of animals and after an additional 6‐month observation period in the second group. Results: Endomysial edema with muscle fiber separation and dose‐dependent atrophy and scarring of the vocal folds was present. Onset of atrophy and scarring was observed after 3,7, and 11 injections in the vocal folds injected with 37.5, 20, and 10 mg cidofovir, respectively. After the 6‐month observation period, recovery of histologic abnormalities was complete in the low‐dose (0, 2.5 mg) vocal folds, near complete in the intermediate‐dose (5, 10 mg) vocal folds, and no apparent recovery was seen in the high‐dose (20, 37.5 mg) vocal folds. Leukocyte count and renal parameters remained unchanged at up to 4.26 mg/kg body weight of systemic dose of cidofovir. Conclusions: Intralaryngeal cidofovir leads to dose‐dependent scarification of the vocal folds that appears irreversible at higher doses. Lower concentrations of this drug should be used in intralesional intralaryngeal use.
Three‐dimensional reconstruction of immunolabeled neuromuscular junctions in the human thyroarytenoid muscle
Authors: Sheppert Andrew D. , Spirou George A. , Berrebi Albert S. , Garnett J. David 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to reveal the location of the neuromuscular junctions in a three‐dimensional reconstruction of the human thyroarytenoid muscle within the true vocal fold. Study Design: Immunohistochemical analysis of serially sectioned human true vocal folds was performed, followed by reconstruction in three dimensions using computer imaging software. Methods: Six fresh human larynges from autopsy were harvested, fixed in formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Eight vocal cords were studied from these six larynges. Five‐micron serial sections were collected throughout the entire vocal cord in an axial plane at 500‐μm intervals. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with anti‐synaptophysin antibody. A computer‐controlled imaging and reconstruction system was used to create a three‐dimensional reconstruction from the serial sections and to represent the location of the clustered band of neuromuscular junctions within each true vocal fold. The vocal cord was divided into equal thirds from anterior to posterior for statistical analysis. Results: The most neuromuscular junctions (74%) we're located in the middle third, and the least (7%) were found in the anterior third. The difference in anterior‐to‐posterior distribution was statistically significant in all eight specimens by χ2 analysis (P < .001). Conclusion: The distribution of neuromuscular junctions is not random within the human thyroarytenoid muscle. Because neuromuscular junctions are most highly concentrated in a band within the mid belly of the muscle, botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injection in patients with spasmodic dysphonia should be targeted to this region.
The resistance of maxillofacial reconstruction plates to biofilm formation in vitro
Authors: Emery Brian E. , Dixit Rahul , Formby C. Craig , Biedlingmaier John F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Bacterial biofilms, bacteria surrounded by a protective glycocalyx, have been demonstrated on bioimplants placed within and outside of the head and neck region. The presence of the biofilm often makes decontamination of an infected implant impossible, requiring removal of the implant. Infections attributable to biofilm formation within the facial skeleton after reconstruction with implants may result in delayed union, fibrous union, malunion, nonunion, and malocclusion. These complications often require removal of the implant and secondary surgery. Although the incidence of infections necessitating implant removal is relatively low, the increased numbers of implants being placed make this a growing problem. Previous work in the authors laboratory has demonstrated a resistance to biofilm formation on different types of pressure‐equalizing tubes. The hypothesis evaluated in the study is that such resistance to biofilm formation is due to the inability of bacteria to adhere to the tubes because of the material's smoothness or surface charge. Study Design: A controlled observational study. Methods: Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the formation of biofilms in vitro for a common strain of Staphylococcus aureus on four implantable materials. The implantable materials included titanium and polylactide resorbable plates. Results: Consistent with the authors' prior findings, they were able to produce bacterial biofilm reliably on a silicone pressure equalizing tube but were unable to demonstrate biofilm formation on the titanium or resorbable implants. Conclusion: The absence of biofilm formation on these implants can best be explained by the surface charge or polarity properties of these materials. These findings are consistent with the relatively low incidence of infections among patients receiving these implants in maxillofacial applications.
Acute otitis media develops in the rat after intranasal challenge of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Eriksson Per Olof , Hellström Sten 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The rat is a frequently used animal model for middle ear research. To date, acute otitis media (AOM) has been evoked after instillation of bacteria directly into the middle ear cavity or after traumatizing the tympanic membrane. The purpose of the study was to examine whether, with an intact tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity, intranasally deposited bacteria cause AOM and how tympanic membrane stimulation influences this procedure. Study Design: In vivo, murine model. Methods: In a rat model, Streptococcus pneumoniae, type 3, was intranasally inoculated for 5 consecutive days. The tympanic membrane was treated with saline or with compound 48/80 or was left untreated. The development of AOM was evaluated by otomicroscopy, light microscopy, and middle ear culture. Results: Ninety percent of the ears developed AOM. However, when the tympanic membranes were treated with saline or compound 48/80, only 40% and 57%, respectively, developed AOM. In all, 23 of 40 ears developed AOM and 20 ears showed growth of bacteria. Conclusion: Repeated intranasal deposition of S pneumoniae, type 3, causes AOM in the rat. The development of AOM can be influenced by tympanic membrane stimulation.
Solution structure of ribosomal protein S28E from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
Authors: Wu Bin , Yee Adelinda , Pineda‐Lucena Antonio , Semesi Anthony , Ramelot Theresa A. , Cort John R. , Jung Jin‐Won , Edwards Aled , Lee Weontae , Kennedy Michael , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe ribosomal protein S28E from the archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum is a component of the 30S ribosomal subunit. Sequence homologs of S28E are found only in archaea and eukaryotes. Here we report the three‐dimensional solution structure of S28E by NMR spectroscopy. S28E contains a globular region and a long C‐terminal tail protruding from the core. The globular region consists of four antiparallel β‐strands that are arranged in a Greek‐key topology. Unique features of S28E include an extended loop L2–3 that folds back onto the protein and a 12‐residue charged C‐terminal tail with no regular secondary structure and greater flexibility relative to the rest of the protein. The structural and surface resemblance to OB‐fold family of proteins and the presence of highly conserved basic residues suggest that S28E may bind to RNA. A broad positively charged surface extending over one side of the β‐barrel and into the flexible C terminus may present a putative binding site for RNA.
FIELD EXAMINATION OF PERCEPTUAL AND ENERGETIC BASES FOR INTERMITTENT LOCOMOTION BY RECENTLY-EMERGED BROOK CHARR IN STILL-WATER POOLS
Authors: McLaughlin  , Grant  
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This study describes the intermittent locomotion exhibited by recently-emerged brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) foraging in still-water pools along the banks of streams, and examines perceptual and energetic bases for it. Distributions of hover (pause) and move durations for brook charr foraging in the field were highly variable among individuals. On average, charr exhibiting short hover durations exhibited long move durations, and vice versa. Our study supported the hypothesis that intermittent locomotion was associated with the perceptual challenges of detecting and capturing prey. When individuals switched between hovering and moving, they altered where they directed foraging attempts within the water column and, for benthic and midwater attempts, they experienced changes in the probability of capturing potential prey. Our study did not support alternative, energetic hypotheses suggesting that intermittent locomotion improves endurance or decreases energetic expenditures. A forcedswimming experiment in the field demonstrated that individual charr were easily capable of exercise periods 14 times longer than the move duration typically exhibited while foraging, and swimming speeds while moving were below the maximum sustainable speed reported for this species and life stage. In addition, video recordings revealed that swimming charr did not exhibit the burst-coast form of intermittent locomotion that can reduce the energetic cost of movement.
SNAKE-DIRECTED ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS): POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND SNAKE-SPECIES DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Owings Donald , Coss Richard , McKernon Diane , Rowe Matthew , Arrowood Patricia 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels; (2) to assess whether rock squirrels distinguish nonvenomous gopher snakes from venomous rattlesnakes; (3) to compare antisnake behavior in a snake-rare urban site and a snake-abundant wilderness site as a means of assessing whether natural selection or experience has generated population differences in behavior; (4) to assess snake densities in the two study sites; (5) to compare the antisnake behavior of rock squirrels with that of their closest relatives, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), a species that appears to differ from rock squirrels in exhibiting marked sexual-size dimorphism; and (6) to gather additional data on sexual size dimorphism in these two ground squirrel species. We tethered nonvenomous gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and venomous western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in the field near burrows of marked squirrels and videotaped the ensuing interactions. Rock squirrels from both urban and wilderness populations confronted snakes while waving their fluffed tails from side to side, throwing substrate at the snakes, and even attacking snakes on occasion. Survey data confirmed large differences in snake densities between the two sites. Squirrels from the snake-abundant wilderness site distinguished rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, but squirrels from the snake-rare urban site did not. Since these squirrels show similar evidence of selection from snakes, as revealed by their equivalent physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, we attributed these behavioral differences to the effects of snake experience. Rock squirrel antisnake behavior was very similar to that of California ground squirrels. Where the two species' behavior was dissimilar, the differences may be due in part to the interspecies variation in sexual size dimorphism confirmed in this study, and to the greater number of rattlesnake species that rock squirrels encounter.
MULTI-MALE MATING BY PAIRED AND UNPAIRED FEMALE PRAIRIE VOLES (MICROTUS OCHROGASTER)
Authors: Wolff Jerry , Mech Stephen , Dunlap Aimee , Hodges Karen 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Promiscuous mating is common in female rodents; however what role the female plays in this choice of mates is not clear. Also, whether MMM occurs in the reportedly socially monogamous prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, and what role mate-guarding plays in deterring MMM is not known. We conducted two experiments to determine if female prairie voles that were not mate-guarded would copulate with multiple males during a given oestrous period. In experiment 1 using females that were unpaired, we allowed females to choose among three males that were tethered and unable to interact with one another, thus eliminating male-male competition and mate guarding. MMM occurred in 55% of 47 trials. Females mated most often with males with whom they spent the most time, thus social preference was a good predictor of sexual preference. The tendency to mate with multiple males increased over time, thus the length of time a male mate guards can affect paternity. In experiment 2 with females that had been paired with a male and were in post-partum oestrus, 5 of 12 (42%) females mated with more than one male and 3 of 12 (25%) females deserted their paired mate and paired with a new novel male. Thus multi-male mating was similar for paired and unpaired females. Our results suggest that female prairie voles that are not mate-guarded will mate with multiple partners.
THE EFFECT OF THE SEX OF AN AUDIENCE ON MALE-MALE DISPLAYS OF SIAMESE FIGHTING FISH (BETTA SPLENDENS)
Authors: Matos Ricardo , McGregor Peter 
Published: November 2003

AbstractCommunication in the natural environment often involves more than a simple sender-receiver dyad because signals may be detected by more than one individual (i.e. communication occurs in networks). The presence of individuals other than those involved in the signalling interaction has been shown to change signallers' behaviour. Previous experiments have shown that intra-sexual communication of male fighting fish (Betta splendens) is affected by the presence of a female but not by a male conspecific. However the experimental design did not allow the effect of the sex of the audience to be compared. We used an experimental design that allowed direct investigation of the effect of the sex of an audience on male-male fighting fish interactions. Our results show that the sex of a conspecific audience influences male-male aggressive displays. When a male audience was present subjects attempted significantly more bites and spent less time near the opponent than with a female audience. The results of this experiment support the view that the presence and sex of an audience is important in determining how individuals should display during an interaction.
UN Targeted Sanctions, Legal Safeguards and the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Cameron Iain 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe introduction of Security Council targeted financial and travel sanctions against individuals involves a qualitative change in Security Council sanctions policy, which has previously been directed against governmental entities. Targeted sanctions can be a useful weapon in the international community's attempts to pressurize repressive regimes into accepting change. However, there is a problem in using against individuals, a powerful international law mechanism designed for pressurizing states. Individuals' rights under domestic and international law can be severely affected by such sanctions. The blacklists created under Resolutions 1333 and 1390 cause particular problems, as these are quasi-criminal in nature and in practice entail an allegation that the targeted persons are terrorists or terrorist associates. However, there is no international legal mechanism for checking or reviewing the accuracy of the information forming the basis of a sanctions committee blacklisting or the necessity for, and proportionality of, measures adopted. The implementation against non-governmental or quasi-governmental entities of targeted Security Council sanctions in European states is almost certainly contrary to European human rights norms, in particular, the right of access to court under Article 6 ECHR. There is thus a conflict between obligations under the United Nations Charter (UNC) on the one hand and the ECHR (and for EU states, EC law) on the other. Mechanisms can, however, be created which provide a broadly similar level of protection to that provided by Article 6 ECHR while maintaining whatever effectiveness targeted sanctions possess, so there is no logical incompatibility between obligations under the ECHR and Security Council sanctions.