bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractal Aspects of Protein Structure
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Proteins are individually sculpted molecules the three-dimensional structure of which is dictated by their amino acid sequence. They are heteropolymers with a variable composition of 20 different amino acids. The amino acid sequence is referred to as the primary structure. For most proteins, the information contained in the primary structure is sufficient to dictate the three-dimensional folding of the protein. The peptide linkages that join the amino acid residues are planar and have two characteristic dihedral angles associated with them. These bond rotations are referred to as the and ‘I’ angles. For steric reasons, the bond angles of proteins fall in localized regions of space. These regions can be used to classify the secondary structural units. Commonly discussed secondary structural units are the alpha helix, beta sheet, beta tum, and random coil. The specification of the folded configuration of the chain is called the tertiary structure. The varied composition and nature of amino acid side-groups result in a range of possible interactions within the polymer. Because of the compact structure of most proteins, amino acid residues that are at distant points in the sequence can be in close proximity in the folded state. These distant residues can be linked by disulfide bridges, salt bridges (electrostatic), or hydrogen bonds. These long-range interactions help dictate the final three-dimensional structure of the molecule.
The Multifractality of Biomacromolecules
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multifractal formalism provides a method of characterizing complex structures and dynamics (for reviews see Pieteronero et al., 1988; Stanley and Meakin, 1988; Tel, 1988). It has been used to investigate a diversity of phenomena such as diffusion-limited aggregation, dielectric breakdown, and turbulence. This formalism allows the association of fractal dimensions with specific, configurational subsets of a given statistical problem. There are two general types of problem that have been treated. In the first case, a single, complicated physical structure is considered and fractal dimensions of subsets of this structure are determined using box-counting algorithms (see Meisel et al., 1992). This approach has been successfully used to characterize growth probabilities in aggregation models (see Vicsek, 1992). The second case investigates the multifractal nature of an ensemble of structures or trajectories (Evertsz and Lyklema, 1987). For random walk problems, subsets of trajectories can be partitioned into equivalence classes with identical fractal dimensionalities. Evertsz and Lyklema developed this approach to define a generalized mean square displacement exponent for a specific linear growth model. This application is closely related to the multifractal description of tree structures used to characterize generalized Cantor sets and dynamical processes (Halsey et al., 1986; Sarkar, 1987; Feigenbaum et al., 1986, 1989).
Fractons and Vibrational Relaxation in Proteins
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book on random walks, Howard Berg makes the memorable statement: “Biology is wet and dynamic” (Berg, 1983). Indeed, biochemical processes are inextricably linked to the solution chemistry of the aqueous milieu. One might anticipate a continuum description, as given in Chapter 5, as being the most appropriate for the diffusive processes of biochemistry. There is, nevertheless, considerable interest in discrete or “jump” transport processes. Such processes often provide a convenient mathematical limit for studying continuum events. However, discrete models are more than mathematical devices. The starting point for the formulation of vibrational relaxation in complex media are differential-difference equations. These equations have a rich phenomenology and can give rise to complex oscillatory and chaotic processes. The focus of the present chapter will be on vibrational processes in proteins. There are a number of other biological settings that are appropriately described by jump processes. Examples as diverse as the motion of flagellated bacteria and exciton transport in photosystems fall in this realm. In the companion chapter that follows (Chapter 8), we consider discrete processes resulting from the decoding of sequence information in DNA and proteins.
Simple Alternatives to the Strong View
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have seen several versions of the strong view of hell that are inadequate, and the kinds of problems these versions have encountered suggest that no version of the strong view can be acceptable. In response to this problem, the simplest path might seem to be to delete one of (H1)-(H4), the theses that in combination yield the strong view, from one’s account of hell. This approach maintains an intellectual economy of effort; it can presuppose the fundamental picture of hell maintained by the strong view and yet hope to give an account that avoids the difficulties plaguing that view. As we shall see, the most common alternatives to the strong view result from dropping one of the theses of that view, thereby lending support to the suggestion that within the strong view is to be found, in the terminology of Imre Lakatos, the “hard core” of a research program aimed at finding an adequate solution to the problem of hell. Such alternatives to the strong view are what I call “simple alternatives.” In arguing that all such views are inadequate, I begin with the two that can be dismissed most easily, the alternatives that deny the Existence Thesis and the No Escape Thesis, respectively. After completing an investigation of all simple alternatives to the strong view, I will suggest why the defects with simple alternatives, combined with the results of the last chapter, show that the approach to the problem of hell shared by both the strong view and its simple alternatives is, again in Lakatosian terminology, a degenerative one. That is, the assumption is false that one can find within the strong view of hell a hard core that represents the proper approach to solving the problem of hell.
“The Angel Must Hang!”: Inescapable Moral Wrongdoing in Melville s Billy Budd
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral conflict is an obvious fact of our experience. Everyone has faced situations in which it appears that some moral reasons support one course of action and other moral reasons support an incompatible course of action. In these situations we sometimes feel that we must choose “the lesser of two evils.” Moral conflicts have occasioned a good deal of moral philosophy. Most concerns have been casuistical: They have focused on the questions “What is the correct resolution of these conflicts? ” and “How is this resolution to be determined? ” My concern is different. I want to consider whether or not there are moral conflicts in which, irrespective of the correct resolution, whatever the agent does he or she will do something that is, in some sense, morally wrong. Many philosophers maintain that in every moral conflict some course of action that is wholly free from wrongdoing is available to the agent (though it may be difficult, and per haps in some cases virtually impossible, to know what this action is). In my view, these philosophers are mistaken. We may find ourselves in moral conflicts in which, through no fault of our own, we will do something morally wrong no matter what we do. In these situations we may choose the lesser of two evils and hence act for the best. But in acting for the best we still choose an evil, and in this sense we do something wrong. Moral wrongdoing may thus be inescapable. My aim in this book is to defend this position.
The Phenomenological Argument for the Remainders Thesis
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I begin my argument for the central positive thesis of the book: that there are moral conflicts in which moral wrongdoing in some sense is inescapable. DT would obviously support this thesis, but I have rejected DT. Hence, the first step in defending my position is to explain the difference between it and DT. My claim is that in situations where an agent cannot do both A and B, though the correct conclusion of moral deliberation could not be that both OA and OB, nonetheless in some of these situations an agent would do something morally wrong no matter what he or she did. I call this position the Remainders Thesis, because it maintains that deliberation may leave a “moral remainder” that renders an action morally wrong, in some sense, even if performing the action fulfills what is required by the deliberative conclusion in that situation.
Exercise and Fitness
Authors: Paffenbarger Ralph S , Lee I-Min 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the evidence relating increasing levels of exercise and fitness to decreasing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is based on epidemiologic study of total coronary heart disease (CHD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD), rather than MI specifically. Nonetheless, MI accounts for the bulk of CHD, and most epidemiologic studies that have treated MI as a distinct entity (Paffenbarger 1978; Salonen 1982; 1988; Leon 1987) have shown associations between exercise and reduced risk of MI that are equally as strong as associations between exercise and reduced risks of sudden death, angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency, total CHD, and total CVD. Thus analysis of the larger numbers provided by study of total CHD or CVD seems appropriate, and we can be reasonably confident that observations linking exercise and CHD or CVD reflect those between exercise and Ml. Accordingly, this chapter is concerned more with the primary prevention of CHD or CVD, rather than MI per se, by exercise and fitness.
Level of physical activity is related inversely to incidence of nonfatal and fatal CHD in observational epidemiologic studies, and this association appears to be at least partly independent of other influences. The benefits of physical activity can be appreciated in the hypothesis that where exercise is adequate, physiologic fitness is maintained or improved, systemic disease such as CHD is prevented or delayed, and longer life may be attained. Since physical activity is an optional behavior and physiologic fitness an achieved condition, each may act independently to favor health and longevity. However, activity and fitness are interrelated because activity modifies fitness over time, and fitness establishes benchmarks and limitations for activity.
Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Gaziano J Michael , Steinberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural History of the Atherosclerotic Lesion. Atherosclerosis is an extremely com plex, slowly developing chronic disease of the arteries. There is no longer any doubt that hypercholesterolemia is a major causative factor, a conclusion based on a wealth of experimental, clinical epidemiologic, and interventional data (Consensus Conference 1985). Over the past 10 to 15 years there has been a convergence of view with regard to the sequence of events that initiate atherosclerosis and how low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a role (Ross 1976; Goode 1977; Steinberg 1983; Hansson 1989; Steinberg 1989 Ross 1993) (see Chapter 2.
The first phase of atherogenesis is the development of the fatty streak, which consists of a large number of lipid-loaded cells (“foam cells”) lying beneath an intact layer of endothelial cells. Most of the “foam cells” are now known to derive from circulating monocytes that have penetrated between the endothelial cells and taken up residence in the intima. Histochemical studies utilizing monoclonal antibodies specific for monocyte/macrophage protein leave no doubt that most of the foam cells are monocyte-derived, but a few represent smooth muscle cells that have migrated into the intima and taken up lipids. The only other cell type unequivocally identified in atherosclerotic lesions is the T lymphocyte (Hansson 1989).
What, If Anything, Is Ownership?
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter is meant again to invoke the spirit of Proudhon and his seminal work What Is Property?, though my purpose here is more analytical than polemical. I will explicate the various ideas associated with the ownership of property and inquire into whether there is some commonality among those ideas. This will involve taking both a diachronic and a synchronic look at the concept of ownership, and focusing special attention on the concept of liberal ownership in whatever context that appears.
Ownership, Markets, and Moral Desert
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I construct arguments in this chapter that answer all these questions in the negative. I proceed by dividing the claims into two categories: those contending that when individuals acquire goods through labor investment, they are given what they truly deserve only when the rights they acquire over those goods amount to liberal ownership; and those claiming that the markets that are facilitated by liberal ownership in fact deliver goods to individuals in a way that accords with their just deserts. My major concern in this chapter is with the latter claim, for the right to retain goods from market interaction and competition—the right to the income—is a key component of liberal ownership. Since, as I argue, individuals do not deserve the income flows from imperfect markets (profits or, more specifically, economic rents), then they do not deserve the rights to those flows.
Ownership and the Maximization of Utility
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous three chapters have established the extreme weakness of direct arguments for liberal ownership. The present chapter, however, will take up the most familiar of the indirect arguments for economic arrangements, namely, arguments that include as a major premise the claim that institutions should maximize utility, and further, that only liberal ownership structures succeed in maximizing utility. Such arguments will perforce include a variety of empirical assumptions, and hence my conclusions, like the arguments themselves, will be characteristically incomplete. As in the previous chapters, it is difficult to show that there is no justification for liberal ownership along these lines. All I can do here is, again, to appraise a sampling of some of the most powerful attempts at such a justification and to localize the crucial claims along the way.
Love Intrigues
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I was extreamly confus’d to find my little Novel presenting itself to your Ladyship without your Leave or Knowledge,2 so I am as much delighted in having Permission to lay this large Composure at your Ladyship’s Feet, by which Means I have the Opportunity to beg Pardon for the Offences committed by the other (which I do with all Humility) tho’ I was not guilty, nor can conceive by what Concurrence of Mistakes it so happen’d, unless design’d by Fate to render your Ladyship’s Goodness the more conspicuous, in pardoning those lndecorums and Breaches of Respect always due to Persons of your Quality and Merit, but especially on such Occasions.
The miseries of St. Germains
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now he and I, with humble joynt consent To you our welcoms, and our joys present, Whose absence caus’d us double banishment. For, be assur’d, of all your suffrings, Wounds, hunger, nakedness, and other things, We bore a part, though seas did us divide Such is loves force, when like ours rarifi’d, Then think not strange, that now we’r overjoy’d.
To My Friends Who Prais’d My Poems
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And what’s more irksome than this poor aray, They’r allways dun’d, but ne’er have ought to pay. Instead of lovers meetings, assignations, Ogling, laughing, talking of new fassions, Whether this Borgoin lookss best plain or lace’d, Which patch the pocket-glass says is best place’d Which periwigg does which face best befit, The cavalier, the bobb, Hispaniolet, The only study is, where one shou’d dine, At least to get a crust, or glass of wine. Thus are we more contemptible by far, Then old wives tale, old maid, old cavalier.
BOOK. III
Authors: Sharp Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barrenness, as I said,1 is either by Nature, and that may be when two persons are joined in marriage, that either both are deficient by reason of ill conformity2 of the generative parts, or but one of them; for if both be not perfect to all respects, as to that work of copulation, they shall never have any children, and such marriages are not lawful by the Laws of God or man, because that procreating and bearing children is one of the chief ends of marriage3; but accidental barrenness may happen to them by reason of some curable infirmity, and when that is removed they may be as fruitful as others that are naturally so.
BOOK. VI
Authors: Sharp Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The womb, by its consent2 with other parts of the Body, as well as by its own nature, is subject to multitudes of diseases; and it is not to be uttered almost what Miseries women in general, by meanes thereof, be they Maids,3 Wives, or widowes, are affected with: But amongst all diseases, those that are called4 Hysterical Passions, or strangling of the womb, are held to be the most grievous: Swounding and Falling Sickness5 are from hence, by the consent the womb hath with the heart and brain; and sometimes this comes to pass by stopping of the Terms, which load the heart, the brain and Womb with evil humors6: and sometimes it ariseth from the stopping in of the seed of Generation, as is seen in Antient Maids and widowes; for by reason hereof, ill vapors and wind rise up from the womb to the Midriff,7 and so stops their breath: it is most commonly the widowes disease, who were wont to use Copulation, and are now constrained to live without it; when the seed is thus retained it corrupts, and sends up filthy vapours to the brain, whereby the Animal Spirits1 are clouded, and many ill consequents proceed from it, as Falling Sicknesses, Megrims,2 Dulness, Giddiness, Drowsines, Shortness of breath, Head-ache, beating of the Heart, Frenzy and Madness, and indeed what not.
Defusing Dilemmas
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past twenty-five years or so a number of philosophers have argued for the possibility of full-blown moral dilemmas: cases in which all of the agent’s alternatives, through no fault of his own, turn out to be morally wrong. Other authors have attempted to dismiss such cases as undermining the rational coherency of ethics, on the modern conception of ethics as essentially a system of rules meant to guide action. A good specimen of the sort of case at issue in the literature is provided by one of Michael Walzer’s examples in his contribution to a 1973 symposium on the rules of war with Thomas Nagel, Richard Brandt, and R. M. Hare.1 The case assumes that torture is necessary to get a terrorist to give away the whereabouts of bombs set to go off throughout the city but that torture still remains wrong under these circumstances-along with the agent’s only other alternative, which involves letting the bombs destroy many innocent civilians.
Hormone Cycles
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strange as it may seem, honeybees have provided interesting insights into some of the factors that may affect the timing of a woman’s menstrual cycle. The queen bee in a colony releases a pheromone called queen substance that suppresses the ovaries of the worker bees so that only she can lay eggs. Scientists first suspected that women might also emit a pheromone in 1970, when they observed a tendency for women who lived together (e.g., in a college dormitory) to have simultaneous menstrual cycles. The resulting conjecture, that a pheromone was responsible for synchronizing the women’s hormone cycles, was reasonable considering the large body of evidence supporting the existence of pheromones in bees and other animals.
Making Sense of the Menopause Myths
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hailed as “the female sex hormone,” one might expect that estrogen, the hormone that “aroused” the reproductive organs at pubeny and supponed them throughout the reproductive years, would be sorely missed by them during the postreproductive years. That is cenainly the case, but not the whole story. Scientists have found that estrogen does more than spur the reproductive organs through the childbearing years; it influences at least 300 body functions. Estrogen receptors have been found in many unexpected pans of the body: in several regions of the brain, in the nuclei of cells that stimulate bone growth, and in cells that line the aneries and capillaries of the circulatory system to name a few.
Survival of the Fittest
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1985, about 25 million Americans have started exercising for the first time. Even with this upsurge in activity, in 1992, the National Center for Health Statistics linked 2 3 percent of the deaths from the leading chronic diseases to sedentary lifestyles. High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus are among the biggest health risks associated with lack of exercise. The first three are also major risks associated with the post menopause years. Osteoporosis, another post menopause threat, is also exacerbated by lack of exercise.
Suspicions Of Something More
Authors: Morris Thomas V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My first experience inside a church did not at the time seem to bode well for my ecclesial future. The memory is still vivid. Pandemonium. I’m three years old, and a very large female Sunday school teacher is holding me upside down by my ankles and shaking me as the class gathers around us, shouting and shrieking. I’m choking on a forbidden piece of hard candy, unable to breathe, and she is determined to shake it out of me. After a good deal of jostling and back whacking, it pops free. Breathing again, I’m restored to the upright position, and the crowd of onlookers is dispersed. In many ways, this little episode inside the Westwood Baptist Church of Durham, North Carolina, is a metaphor for the role of the Christian faith in a number of my more mature
Seek And You Will Find
Authors: Murray Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the spring of 198 3 I began my third semester in college giving serious consideration to the thought of becoming a philosophy major. I had taken a few courses and found the subject intriguing. More influential in my own considerations was the fact that I had recently converted to Christianity and had been encouraged by some early mentors in the faith to read the works of various Christian philosophers, both contemporary and classical. One evening that semester, I was studying for an upcoming exam when a friend, John, came to the door. From the look on his face, I knew he was after something; what, I wasn’t sure. I had known John since arriving at college, having met him at the Christian Fellowship meetings on campus. John had grown up in a devoutly Christian home and had
On Keeping The Faith
Authors: Walls Jerry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was eleven years old the night it happened, November 27, 1966 (the date is written in my red King James Bible, a gift I received the following Christmas). It was a Sunday night during the Fall Revival at Bethel Chapel Christian Union Church, the small country parish I attended in southern Ohio. The evangelist was my uncle, Woodrow Trainer. His text for the evening was a phrase from I Samuel 20: 3, “there is but a step between me and death.”