bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voting Preference and Political Socialization among Mexican Americans and Mexicans Living in the United States
Authors: Lawson Chappell 
Published: February 2004

Recent survey data strongly suggest that extending the franchise to Mexicans living abroad would further weaken the already ailing Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Compared to their compatriots in Mexico, Mexicans in the United States are extremely ill disposed toward the PRI and particularly sympathetic to the center-right National Action Party (PAN). These differences, however, appear to be a function of education levels and media messages rather than underlying political values or self-selection through migration. Consequently, the distribution of voters across Mexico's main parties in future elections would depend in part on the dynamics of a campaign conducted partly in the United States.
Algunos datos de encuestas recientes sugieren contundentemente que la ampliación del derecho de voto a los mexicanos que viven en el extranjero debilitará aun más al doliente Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). Comparados a sus compatriotas en México, los mexicanos en los Estados Unidos están sumamente mal predispuestos hacia el PRI y miran con particular simpatía al Partido de Acción Nacional (PAN), de centro-derecha. Estas diferencias, sin embargo, parecen ser una función de los niveles de educación y de los mensajes de los medios de comunicación más que subrayar valores políticos o una auto-selección por la migración. Por consiguiente, la distribución de los votantes a través de los partidos principales de México en las elecciones futuras dependerá en parte de la dinámica de una campaña conducida en parte en los Estados Unidos.
The Impact of Ethnicity and Socialization on Definitions of Democracy: The Case of Mexican Americans and Mexicans
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , Yetim Muserref 
Published: February 2004

This paper argues that Mexican American views of democracy differ significantly from those of Mexicans because of their exposure to the political institutions and culture of the United States. Our results vindicate Diamond's claim that there is no better way of developing the values, skills, and commitments of democratic citizenship than through direct experience with democracy (Diamond 1999). Equally significant is that the study demonstrates that ethnic ties do not determine political attitudes. That is, despite a shared historical background and contemporary cultural commonalities, Mexican views of democracy differ from those of Mexican Americans.Este artículo arguye que las visiones de la democracia de los mexicano-americanos difieren significativamente de las de los mexicanos debido a su exposición a las instituciones de política y cultura de los Estados Unidos. Nuestros resultados justifican la idea de Diamond de que no hay mejor manera de desarrollar los valores, habilidades y el compromiso con una ciudadanía democrática qua a través de la experiencia directa con la democracia (Diamond 1999). De igual importancia, el estudio demuestra que los lazos étnicos no determinan las actitudes políticas. Esto es, a pesar de compartir un trasfondo histórico y de las concordancias culturales contemporáneas, las visiones de la democracia de los mexicanos difieren de las de los mexicano-americanos.
Missing Millions: The Demographic Costs of the Mexican Revolution
Authors: McCaa Robert 
Published: February 2004

The Mexican Revolution was a demographic disaster, but there is little agreement about the human cost or its demographic components. Were the missing millions due to war deaths, epidemics, emigration, lost births, or simply census error or evasion? Reading the demographic history of the Revolution from a subsequent census, such as the highly regarded enumeration of 1930, yields more precise figures than those obtained from the usual benchmark, the census of 1921. The 1930 figures are of better quality and, therefore, more suitable for making an assessment by age and sex. This analysis shows that in terms of lives lost, the Mexican Revolution was a demographic catastrophe, comparable to the Spanish Civil War, which has been ranked the ninth deadliest international conflict over the past two centuries.
La Revolución Mexicana fue un desastre demográfico; sin embargo, no existe consenso en el monto de la pérdida demográfica ni de sus componentes. ¿Los millones perdidos fueron por la emigración, la mortalidad por epidemias, las muertes por la guerra, la caída en el número de nacimientos, o simplemente error estadístico? Leyendo la historia demográfica de la Revolución de un censo posterior, como por ejemplo el de 1930, ya que goza de reconocimiento por su calidad y confiabilidad, puede llevarse a cifras, por sexo y edad, mejor fundamentadas. En términos de las pérdidas de vidas, las nuevas estimaciones colocan a la Revolución Mexicana, junto con la Guerra Civil Española, como la novena guerra con mayor mortalidad en el contexto internacional, en los últimos dos siglos.
A Soccer Match in Auschwitz: Passing Culpability in Holocaust Criticism
Authors: Sanyal Debarati 
Published: February 2004

IT HAS BECOME SOMETHING of a commonplace in recent criticism to claim that the Holocaust inaugurates a ''crisis of representation.'' To read, understand, and transmit a historical trauma of this magnitude is to confront the boundaries of the thinkable and the sayable. This essay critically examines the emergence of a theoretical current that presents the Holocaust primarily as a trauma that - as trauma - opens up unlocatable and unrepresentable forms of knowledge. It argues that the overwhelming focus on trauma as an optic for viewing the Nazi genocide leads to a dangerous conflation of the differences between victims, executioners, witnesses (primary and secondary); between literal and metaphorical survival and culpability; and between historical event and metaphorical, transhistorical condition.For a generation that did not live through the Holocaust but encountered it as secondary witnesses, as readers and viewers of films and documentaries, a sense of metaphorical survival and second-hand guilt seems to be an inescapable condition of Holocaust reception. Theoretical approaches to representations and testimonies of the Holocaust, especially in the wake of deconstruction, increasingly rely on models of contamination, complicity, and trauma. Such models complicate not only the difference between victims and executioners within the camps, but also the differences between witnesses, bystanders, and successive generations of secondary witnesses. Primo Levi's description of a ''gray zone'' in the concentration camp (in The Drowned and the Saved) has played a crucial role in this recent focus on the traumatized culpability of the secondary witness. The ''gray zone'' describes situations that blurred and even dismantled the opposition between victims and executioners (as in the case of the Special Squads, or Sonderkommando s, composed primarily of Jewish prisoners working in the crematorium). This essay argues that Levi's ''gray zone'' is now deployed as a figure in the recent work of Giorgio Agamben, Cathy Caruth, and Shoshana Felman. Identifying proximities in their views of trauma and testimony, the essay shows how Levi's ''gray zone'' is transformed into an overarching metaphorical framework for thinking not only about the Holocaust, but more broadly, about history, subjectivity,and ethics in the fields of psychoanalysis, political philosophy, and literary criticism. This hypostasis of the ''gray zone'' not only erases the historical specificity of the Nazi genocide, but also subsumes the irreducibly distinct positions of victim, executioner, witness, accomplice, and proxy-witness under a general condition of traumatic complicity. The essay concludes with a paired reading of Albert Camus's La chute and Levi's The Drowned and the Saved, suggesting that Camus's novel, while often read as an exemplary testimony to historical trauma, instead stages some of the ethical and political problems of reading history through the optic of trauma.
Children and the Discourse of Fear
Authors: Altheide David L. 
Published: February 2004

The news media, a dominant source of information about social issues, use entertainment formats to organize reports that audiences will understand. Part of this organized effort is the use of a discourse of fear, or the pervasive communication, symbolic awareness, and expectation that danger and risk are central features of everyday life. Reliant on formal agents of social control as news sources about fear, news reports tend to repeat certain words, themes, and perspectives that support more social control. Although associated with crime, the discourse of fear includes other topics and concerns as well. A qualitative content analysis approach, “tracking discourse,” permits a mapping of discourse over time and across various topics. Analysis of the use of fear in three major newspapers during 1987–1996 shows that it has increased; that a large part of the discourse of fear includes children and the spaces they occupy (e.g., schools and neighborhoods); and that it changed from a focus on specific events in the 1980s to a more generalized, pervasive perspective in the 1990s, peaking in about 1994. It is argued that this is important for making claims about “necessary” social action to protect children, as well as protect us from children.Fear is the path to the dark side.—Star Wars: Episode 1: The Phantom Menace
Direct fluorination of the polyimide matrimid® 5218: The formation kinetics and physicochemical properties of the fluorinated layers
Authors: Kharitonov A. P. , Moskvin Yu. L. , Syrtsova D. A. , Starov V. M. , Teplyakov V. V. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractFluorinated polymers have a set of unique properties, including improved chemical stability and thermal stability and good barrier and membrane parameters, which are mainly defined by their surface properties. This article presents systematic data on the direct fluorination of the polyimide Matrimid® 5218, a commercially available polymer suitable for the formation of gas‐separation hollow fibers. Changing the fluorination conditions (i.e., the fluorinated mixture composition, fluorine partial pressure, and treatment duration) allows the rate of formation of the surface‐fluorinated layer over the 0.1–10 μm range to be kept under control. The physicochemical properties of modified layers (i.e., the chemical composition, formation of radicals, refractive index, IR and UV spectra, density, and surface energy) are examined. The thickness of the fluorinated layer (δF) depends on the fluorination duration (t): δF ∼ t0.5. During fluorination, hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine, double bonds are saturated with fluorine, and at least one CN bond in the five‐member ring is disrupted. Fluorination results in a significant increase in the polymer density, transparency in the visible and ultraviolet regions of spectra, and a reduction of the refractive index. A high concentration of long‐living radicals (up to ∼5 × 1019 radicals/cm3 of the fluorinated layer) is generated under fluorination. This can be used for subsequent grafting (e.g., with acrylonitrile). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 6–17, 2004
Effect of alkali and ultraviolet (UV) radiation pretreatment on physical and mechanical properties of 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate–grafted jute yarn by UV radiation
Authors: Khan Mubarak A. , Shehrzade S. , Hassan M. Masudul 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTo improve the physicomechanical properties of jute yarn, grafting with 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) monomer was performed by a UV radiation technique. A series of HDDA solutions of various concentrations in methanol were prepared. A small quantity of photoinitiator (Darocur‐1664) was also added to HDDA solutions. To optimize the conditions for grafting, the effects of monomer concentration, soaking time, and radiation doses were studied by varying the number of soaking times along with variation of monomer concentrations and UV radiation intensities. The extent of polymer loading and the mechanical properties like tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (Eb), and tensile modulus of both treated and untreated jute were investigated. The highest tensile strength, polymer loading, and modulus were achieved with 5% HDDA concentration, 5 min soaking time, and the 4th pass of UV radiation. This set of conditions was selected as optimum and produced enhanced tensile strength (67%), modulus (108%), and polymer loading (11%) over those of virgin fiber. To further improve the mechanical properties the jute yarns were pretreated with alkali (5% NaOH) solution and after that the alkali‐treated yarn were treated under UV radiation of various intensities. The pretreated samples were grafted with optimized monomer concentration (5% HDDA). Increased properties of alkali + UV‐pretreated and grafted samples such as polymer loading (12%), tensile strength (103%), elongation at break (46%), and modulus (114%) were achieved over those of virgin jute yarn. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 18–24, 2004
Thermomechanical behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) and sugar cane bagasse composites
Authors: Chiellini Emo , Cinelli Patrizia , Solaro Roberto , Laus Michele 
Published: February 2004

AbstractFibers from renewable resources are gaining interest for use as fillers in hybrid composite materials. Particularly waste material such as sugar cane bagasse offer large availability, biodegradability, and low cost. Influence of single components on composite material properties is an important parameter to be evaluated. Composites of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at 88 and 98% saponification degrees and sugar cane bagasse (B) were prepared by casting water suspensions of the components and characterized for their dynamic mechanical behavior. The storage modulus below and above the glass transition and the shape of the relaxation process are strongly influenced by the amount of B. Good adhesion was observed at the lignocellulosic fiber–synthetic polymer interface. Urea and glycerol are able to plastify the PVA/B composites thus giving rise to a decrease of the glass transition temperature and to a widening of the glass transition temperature gap. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 426–432, 2004
Experimental investigations of polypropylene and poly(vinyl chloride) composites filled with plerospheres
Authors: Wang Mingzhu , Shen Zhigang , Cai Chujiang , Ma Shulin , Xing Yushan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPlerospheres, defined here as superfine spherical particles (0.5–5 μm) separated from fly ash (rather than as other solid spherical particles, as some have used the term), are separated from coal fly ash but are dramatically different from it. Plerospheres can be used as polymer fillers to improve the properties of composites. With plerospheres used as fillers for polypropylene (PP) and unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (UPVC), the effects of the filler content, the particle sizes of the plerospheres, and the coupling agent on the composite properties were studied. The particle sizes of the plerospheres were 2 and 5 μm. The results suggested that the notched impact properties both at a normal temperature and a low temperature and the tensile and flexural properties of plerosphere/PP increased significantly when the content was increased from 0 to 30 wt % and further increased with the addition of a coupling agent. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that the thermal properties of the plerosphere/PP composite improved. The surface characteristics and morphology of the impact fracture surface were examined in detail with scanning electron microscopy. The rheological performance of plerosphere/UPVC pipe composites obviously improved; the plasticizing time was shortened, and the maximum torque was reduced. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 126–131, 2004
Synergistic effect between hindered amine light stabilizers and partially hindered oligomeric amines in polyethylene
Authors: Jasso A. Rosales , Duarte M. L. Berlanga , Allen N. S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe synergistic effect between novel synthesized oligomeric amines and a commercial hindered amine light stabilizer (Chimassorb 944) was studied in medium‐density polyethylene (MDPE). Mixtures of the synthesized oligomeric amines and commercial additives were prepared at different concentrations and then were evaluated by ultraviolet and thermal aging. The evaluation was carried out on films prepared by compression molding, and the oxidation rates were monitored with Fourier transform infrared, which was used to measure the formation of different functional groups: carbonyl, vinylic, and hydroperoxide. The data showed that, independently of the concentration of the commercial additives, when they were combined with oligomeric amines, they produced a synergistic effect with a magnitude depending on the MDPE aging conditions and the additive concentrations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 280–287, 2004
Preparation of polyhexamethyleneadipamide prepolymer by a low‐temperature process
Authors: Papaspyrides C. D. , Vouyiouka S. N. , Bletsos I. V. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe polyhexamethyleneadipamide (PA 6,6) prepolymer is prepared starting from dry hexamethylenediammonium adipate (PA 6,6 salt) by a low‐temperature polyamidation technique, which ensures balanced and free‐of‐thermal‐degradation products. The operating temperature is chosen in the vicinity of the melting point of the polyamide salt, to avoid thermal decomposition, which accompanies the higher temperatures of the conventional polyamidation processes. Two stages of prepolymerization are suggested: First, the reaction is carried out under autogenous conditions (pressurized system) to or beyond the point where diamine ends have reacted; hereafter, the system is vented so as to remove the produced water and to drive the condensation reaction toward a higher degree of polymerization. The process is demonstrated using both shaker tubes and a modified, intensively stirred autoclave. The products have balanced ends and no detectable thermal degradation effects and are used as a starting material for solid‐state finishing toward high molecular weight polyamides. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 301–306, 2004
Morphology, rheology, and mechanical properties of dynamically cured EPDM/PP blend: Effect of curing agent dose variation
Authors: Xiao Han‐Wen , Huang Shi‐Qiang , Jiang Tao 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe structure development, rheological behavior, viscoelastic, and mechanical properties of dynamically cured blend based on the ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) and polypropylene (PP) with a ratio of 60/40 by weight were studied. The variation of two‐phase morphology was observed and compared as the level of curing agent was increased. Meanwhile, as the level of curing agent increased, viscosity as a function of shear stress always increased at a shear stress range of 2.2 × 104 to 3.4 × 105 Pa at the temperature of 200°C, yet viscosity of the blend approached each other at high shear stress. Dynamic mechanical spectra at different temperatures show that dynamic modulus (E′) of the blend exhibits two drastic transitions corresponding to glass transition temperature (Tg) of EPDM and Tg of PP, respectively. In the blends Tgs of EPDM increase and Tgs of PP almost remain unchangeable with an increase in curing agent level. Tensile strength increased, yet elongation at break decreased as the level of curing agent is increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 357–362, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of PBMA‐b‐PDMS‐b‐PBMA copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Peng Hui , Cheng Shiyuan , Fan Zhiqiang 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPoly(butyl methylacrylate)–b–poly(dimethylsiloxane)–b–poly(butyl methylacrylate) (PBMA–b–PDMS–b–PBMA) triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The reaction of α,ω‐dichloride PDMS with 2′‐hydroxyethyl‐2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropanoate gave suitable macroinitiators for the ATRP of BMA. The latter procedure was carried out at 110°C in a phenyl ether solution with CuCl and 4,4′‐di (5‐nonyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine (dNbpy) as the catalyzing system. The polymerization was controllable, with the increase of the monomer conversion, there was a nearly linear increase of molecular weight and a decrease of polydispersity in the process of the polymerization, and the rate of the polymerization was first‐order with respect to monomer conversion. The block copolymers were characterized with IR and 1H‐NMR and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of macroinitiator concentration, catalyst concentration, and temperature on the polymerization were also investigated. Thermodynamic data and activation parameters for the ATRP were reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 532–538, 2004
On the molecular weight distribution polydispersity of continuous living‐radical polymerization
Authors: Joseph Schork F. , Smulders Wilfred 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBatch living‐radical polymerization techniques were used to produce polymers with molecular weight distributions approaching the narrowness of truly living (ionic) systems. Continuous reactors may offer some advantages for living polymerization in copolymer morphology, but continuous polymerization with any level of backmixing will broaden the molecular weight distribution. This study used simple moment techniques to demonstrate that idealized living‐radical polymerization in a single stirred tank reactor will have a polydispersity of 2. This is also the theoretical minimum polydispersity for a truly living polymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 539–542, 2004
Biocidal polystyrene beads. IV. Functionalized methylated polystyrene
Authors: Chen Y. , Worley S. D. , Huang T. S. , Weese J. , Kim J. , Wei C‐I. , Williams J. F. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCrosslinked chloromethylated polystyrene beads were reacted with hydantoin and imidazolidinone derivatives to produce functionalized beads which could be rendered biocidal upon reaction with free chlorine or bromine. The biocidal efficacies of the N‐chlorinated, and in one case, the N‐brominated polymeric beads against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in aqueous suspension have been determined. Synthetic methods and test data have been presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 368–372, 2004
Characterization of films from chitosan and quaternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐butyl) pyridine solutions
Authors: Liu Changhua , Xiao Chaobo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAll Blend films were prepared from a mixture of 2 wt % chitosan in acetate solution and 4 wt % quaternized poly(4‐vinyl‐N‐butyl) pyridine (QPVP) in aqueous solution and dried at room temperature for 72 h to obtain the films. Their structure and properties were studied by infrared (IR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Crystallinities of the blend films decreased with the increase of QPVP when weight of QPVP content was less than 15.0 wt %. The thermostability, tensile strength, and breaking elongation of the films in dry state were better than those of chitosan film. Tensile strength of the blend film dried at 40°C under vacuum for 24 h achieved 56.38 MPa when the weight ratio of chitosan to QPVP was 9 : 1. The structural analysis indicated that there was a strong interaction between chitosan and QPVP resulting from strong adhesion between both polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 559–566, 2004