bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotional adjustment in survivors of sexual assault living with HIV‐AIDS
Authors: Kalichman Seth C. , Sikkema Kathleen J. , DiFonzo Kari , Luke Webster , Austin James 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study examined history of sexual assault in 357 men and women living with HIV‐AIDS. Participants completed measures of demographic characteristics, sexual assault history emotional distress and psychiatric symptoms, substance use, and sexual behaviors. Results showed that 68% of women and 35% of men living with HIV‐AIDS reported a history of sexual assault since age 15. History of sexual assault was related to history of substance use and mental health treatment. Sexual assault survivors reported greater anxiety, depression, and symptoms of borderline personality and were significantly more likely to report recent unprotected intercourse than persons who had not been sexually assaulted. Results suggest tailoring secondary prevention interventions to meet the needs of HIV‐positive survivors of sexual assault.
Traumatic stress symptoms among women with recently diagnosed primary breast cancer
Authors: Koopman Cheryl , Butler Lisa D. , Classen Catherine , Giese‐Davis Janine , Morrow Gary R. , Westendorf Joan , Banerjee Tarit , Spiegel David 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study examined the concurrent and longitudinal relationships between traumatic stress symptoms and demographic, medical, and psychosocial variables among women recently diagnosed with primary breast cancer. Participants were 117 women drawn from a parent study for women recently diagnosed with primary breast cancer. At baseline, the Impact of Event Scale (IES) total score was related to intensity of postsurgical treatment and lower emotional self‐efficacy. At the 6‐month follow‐up, the IES total score was significantly related to younger age, to the increased impact of the illness on life, and to the baseline IES total score assessment. These results suggest that it is important to intervene for traumatic stress symptoms soon after the diagnosis of breast cancer. Furthermore, these results suggest women at greatest risk are those who are younger, who receive postsurgical cancer treatment, who are low in emotional self‐efficacy and whose lives are most affected by having cancer.
Beyond Bruises and Broken Bones: The Joint Effects of Stress and Injuries on Battered Women's Health
Authors: Sutherland Cheryl A. , Bybee Deborah I. , Sullivan Cris M. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractWe investigated the joint mediating effects of injuries and stress on the relationship between abuse and women's health. A community sample of 397 women, half of whom had been assaulted by an intimate partner within the prior 6 months, was interviewed about their experience of intimate partner violence, injuries, stress, income, depression, and physical health problems. Structural equation modeling techniques confirmed the complex model of hypothesized indirect effects of abuse on women's physical health problems through injuries, stress, and depression. Stress accounted for 80% of the indirect effect of abuse on women's physical health. Its direct effect on physical health was somewhat larger than its indirect effect through depression, but both processes played a key role in determining the effect of abuse on women's physical health problems. Furthermore, abuse was a stronger predictor of women's stress than was poverty. Implication and future research are discussed.
Gender, Economic Context, Perceptions of Safety, and Quality of Life: A Case Study of Lowell, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), 1982–96
Authors: Mulvey Anne 
Published: December 2002

AbstractFrom 1982 through 1996, 840 structured interviews about urban quality of life (QOL) were conducted with residents of Lowell, Massachusetts, by graduate students in a seminar about the city. Perceptions of safety and general QOL were analyzed by social status (gender) and social contexts (economic and historic) using multivariate and univariate ANOVAS. Main effects were obtained for gender, area income, and time. Subsequent analyses revealed that men felt safer than did women at night in neighborhoods and downtown, and that residents of lower income areas perceived both neighborhood QOL and safety more negatively than residents of higher income areas did. Small effects were found for downtown safety by area income in the opposite direction. Differences over time for downtown safety and city QOL (but not for neighborhood) suggest that the early and mid‐1980s were viewed somewhat more favorably than the 1990s, with some improvement in the most recent period. Results suggest that economic context and time were related to perceived safety and QOL, though in different ways, whereas gender was related to perceived safety but not to QOL. Respondents' comments and community psychology principles are used to elaborate on and suggest interpretations for quantitative results.
Do Internet‐Based Support Interventions Change Perceptions of Social Support?: An Experimental Trial of Approaches for Supporting Diabetes Self‐Management
Authors: Barrera Manuel , Glasgow Russell E. , McKay H. Garth , Boles Shawn M. , Feil Edward G. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractInternet‐based support groups are a rapidly growing segment of mutual aid programs for individuals with chronic illnesses and other challenges. Previous studies have informed us about the content of online exchanges between support group members, but we know little about the ability of these interventions to change participants' perceptions of support. A randomized trial of 160 adult Type 2 diabetes patients provided novice Internet users with computers and Internet access to 1 of 4 conditions: (a) diabetes information only, (b) a personal self‐management coach, (c) a social support intervention, or (d) a personal self‐management coach and the support intervention. After 3 months, individuals in the 2 support conditions reported significant increases in support on a diabetes‐specific support measure and a general support scale. Participants' age was significantly related to change in social support, but intervention effects were still significant after accounting for this relationship. This report is a critical first step in evaluating the long‐term effects of Internet‐based support for diabetes self‐management. The discussion identifies directions for future research.
The Adoption of Innovation in Collective Action Organizations
Authors: Salem Deborah A. , Foster-Fishman Pennie G. , Goodkind Jessica R. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study used a quantitative/qualitative methodology to explore how collective action organizations (CAOs) remain open to organizational change and innovation. It examined the adoption of inclusion—a recent innovation in the field of disabilities—by local chapters of The Arc Michigan (a disabilities CAO). We found considerable variability in the adoption of inclusion by local Arc chapters. This variability was significantly related to the ecology surrounding these chapters. Local Arc chapters that had adopted an inclusion philosophy had significantly different internal and external environments from those that had not adopted inclusion. Our qualitative findings make it clear, however, that innovative Arc chapters were not the passive recipients of these internal and external influences. These chapters were proactive players in defining and shaping the nature of their internal and external environments. Strategies that were related to a chapter's ability to remain open to innovation included (a) a change orientation, (b) a conscious philosophy or vision, (c) a proactive strategy for achieving chapter goals and overcoming barriers to change, (d) the creation of a supportive organizational network, and (e) avoidance of resource dependencies that required them to engage in activities that were inconsistent with the innovation. These findings provide a framework by which CAOs can maintain an openness to innovation and remain on the forefront of social change.
Women's Knowledge of Prenatal Ultrasound and Informed Choice
Authors: Kohut Ruth J. , Dewey Deborah , Love Edgar J. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThis study evaluated women's understanding of prenatal ultrasound in terms of meeting the requirements for informed choice. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted to evaluate (1) how information is provided, (2) women's perceived value of the information received and, (3) their understanding of ultrasound in relation to the principles of informed choice. Women (n = 113) completed a questionnaire prior to their 18‐week ultrasound. Fifty‐five percent stated they received no information from their care provider. Only 31.9% considered health care providers as a “very helpful” source of information. Yet, 69.0% stated their care provider gave them information that facilitated their understanding. Gaps were identified in women's understanding of ultrasound. Specifically, 46.0% did not view ultrasound as a screen for anomalies; some were uncertain about the safety (18.6%), diagnostic capabilities (26.5%), and limitations of testing (37.2%). These results suggest that women's understanding of ultrasound does not meet the requirements of informed choice.
The Colored, Eco‐Genetic Relationship Map (CEGRM): A Conceptual Approach and Tool for Genetic Counseling Research
Authors: Kenen Regina , Peters June 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe Colored Ecological and Genetic Relational Map (CEGRM) [pronounced see‐gram] is a conceptual approach and tool for presenting information about family and nonkin relationships and stories about inherited diseases in a simple, understandable form. It combines information that can be derived from pedigrees, genograms, ecomaps, and social network analysis in a single, or series of, pictorial maps based on colors and shapes. The CEGRM is based on a social systems perspective, particularly emphasizing social exchange and resource theories. The CEGRM should be particularly useful in genetic counseling research with members of suspected cancer‐risk families or families with other late‐onset inherited diseases. A genetic counseling client comes with a social history and context as well as a genetic one. Client decision‐making in terms of reproductive plans, therapeutic intervention, lifestyle behavior and sharing or withholding of genetic information frequently becomes enmeshed with preexisting psycho‐social relationships among biological kin, affinal kin (in‐laws) and fictive kin (friends who act as family). The CEGRM makes it easier to compare different types of social interactions between the client and his/her significant others and among family members on the same dimensions.
Grounded Theory in Genetic Counseling Research
Authors: McAllister Marion 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe practice of genetic counseling is in need of evidence‐based theoretical frameworks. Although strategies used in genetic counseling are increasingly evidence‐based, the field of genetic counseling does not have a generally accepted theoretical basis for development of therapeutic interventions. We know very little about (1) what actually happens in genetic counseling and (2) the impact it has on clients and their families. A number of researchers have used a variety of approaches in an attempt to introduce some theoretical basis for genetic counseling research and practice. Other workers have used experience in their clinical practice to write theoretically about the kinds of processes that might be going on in and around genetic counseling. However, there are few studies to date, which have attempted to build theory modeling the psychosocial processes that take place in and around the genetic counseling clinic using empirical data. This paper describes a methodology (grounded theory) that is designed specifically to build theory about psychosocial processes from a strong evidence base, and explains how it can contribute to the development of practice in genetic counseling.
Genetic Counseling and Screening Issues in Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Hanson Emily L. , Hershberger Ray E. 
Published: December 2002

AbstractIdiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC), a treatable condition characterized by left ventricular dilatation and systolic dysfunction of unknown cause, has only recently been recognized to have genetic etiologies. Although familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDC) was thought to be infrequent, it is now believed that 30‐50% of cases of IDC may be familial. Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic (ECG) screening of first‐degree relatives of individuals with IDC and FDC is indicated because detection and treatment are possible prior to the onset of advanced, symptomatic disease. However, such screening often creates uncertainty and anxiety surrounding the significance of the results. Furthermore, FDC demonstrates incomplete penetrance, variable expression, and significant locus and allelic heterogeneity, making genetic counseling complex. The provision of genetic counseling for IDC and FDC will require collaboration between cardiologists and genetics professionals, and may also improve the recognition of FDC, the availability of support services, and overall outcomes for patients and families.
The Perceptions of Lutheran Pastors Toward Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Pastoral Care
Authors: Stuck Jamalynne , Faine John , Boldt Ann 
Published: December 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to explore a theological perspective toward genetic counseling. A survey was sent to 207 ministers within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), to determine their perspectives toward four different scenarios in a prenatal genetic counseling setting. The four different scenarios included situations involving Huntington disease, Down syndrome, trisomy 18, and anencephaly. Nearly all ELCA Lutheran pastors perceived genetic counseling as beneficial and useful and wanted to be involved in the decision‐making process for whether or not to terminate the pregnancy. Their views toward termination of pregnancy varied depending on the severity of the genetic abnormality. Severity in this study was based upon life compatibility. As the severity of the genetic abnormality increased, the percentage of Lutheran pastors who viewed termination as an option increased from 23% (Down syndrome) to 62% (anencephaly). A better understanding of how spiritual leaders view genetic counseling would provide an insight into how genetics and religious beliefs together play a significant role in shaping the decisions of those faced with abnormal pregnancies.
Prevention of Disease Induced by a Partially Heterologous AIDS Virus in Rhesus Monkeys by Using an Adjuvanted Multicomponent Protein Vaccine
Authors: Voss Gerald , Manson Kelledy , Montefiori David , Watkins David I. , Heeney Jonathan , Wyand Michael , Cohen Joe , Bruck Claudine 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACTRecombinant protein subunit AIDS vaccines have been based predominantly on the virus envelope protein. Such vaccines elicit neutralizing antibody responses that can provide type-specific sterilizing immunity, but in most cases do not confer protection against divergent viruses. In this report we demonstrate that a multiantigen subunit protein vaccine was able to prevent the development of disease induced in rhesus monkeys by a partially heterologous AIDS virus. The vaccine was composed of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120, NefTat fusion protein, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef formulated in the clinically tested adjuvant AS02A. Upon challenge of genetically unselected rhesus monkeys with the highly pathogenic and partially heterologous SIV/HIV strain SHIV89.6pthe vaccine was able to reduce virus load and protect the animals from a decline in CD4-positive cells. Furthermore, vaccination prevented the development of AIDS for more than 2.5 years. The combination of the regulatory proteins Nef and Tat together with the structural protein gp120 was required for vaccine efficacy.
Long-Range Effects of Retroviral Insertion on c
-myb
: Overexpression May Be Obscured by Silencing during Tumor Growth In Vitro
Authors: Hanlon L. , Barr N. I. , Blyth K. , Stewart M. , Haviernik P. , Wolff L. , Weston K. , Cameron E. R. , Neil J. C. 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACT

The c
-myb
oncogene is a frequent target for retroviral activation in hemopoietic tumors of avian and mammalian species. While insertions can target the gene directly, numerous clusters of retroviral insertion sites have been identified which map close to c
-myb
and outside the transcription unit in T-lymphomas (
Ahi-1
,
fit-1
, and
Mis-2
) and monocytic and myeloid leukemias (
Mml1
,
Mml2
,
Mml3
, and
Epi-1
). Previous analyses showed no consistent effect of these insertions on c
-myb
expression, raising the possibility that other nearby genes were the true targets. In contrast, our analysis of four cell lines established from lymphomas bearing insertions at
fit-1
(
fti-1
) (feline leukemia virus) and
Ahi-1
(Moloney murine leukemia virus) shows that these display higher expression levels of c
-myb
RNA and protein compared to a panel of phenotypically similar cell lines lacking such insertions. An interesting feature of the cell lines with long-range c-
myb
insertions was that each also carried an activated
Myc
allele. The potential for oncogenic synergy between
Myb
and
Myc
in T-cell lymphoma was confirmed in transgenic mice overexpressing alleles of both genes in the T-cell compartment, lending further credence to the case for c-
myb
as the major target for long-range activation. In contrast, mapping and analysis of c-
myb
neighboring genes (
HBS1
and
FLJ20069
) showed that the expression of these genes did not correlate well with the presence of proviral insertions. A possible explanation for the paradoxical behavior of c
-myb
was provided by one of the murine T-lymphoma lines bearing an insertion at
Ahi-1
(p/m16i) that reproducibly down-regulated c
-myb
RNA and protein to very low levels or undetectable levels on prolonged culture. Our observations implicate c
-myb
as a key target of upstream and downstream retroviral insertions. However, overexpression may become dispensable during outgrowth in vitro, and perhaps during tumor progression in vivo, providing a potential rationale for the previously observed discordance between retroviral insertion and c
-myb
expression levels.
Initiation of Poliovirus Negative-Strand RNA Synthesis Requires Precursor Forms of P2 Proteins
Authors: Jurgens Christy , Flanegan James B. 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACT

The replication proteins encoded in the P2 region of the poliovirus genome induce extensive rearrangement of cellular membranes into vesicles and are a required component of viral RNA replication complexes. To identify distinct viral protein(s) from the P2 region of the genome that were required to form functional RNA replication complexes, the P2 proteins were expressed in addition to P3 in HeLa S10 translation-RNA replication reactions. Membrane-associated preinitiation replication complexes were isolated from these reactions and used to measure negative-strand synthesis. The formation of replication complexes capable of initiating negative-strand synthesis was observed when either P23 or when P2 and P3 were expressed in the HeLa S10 translation-replication reactions. The amount of negative-strand RNA synthesized with P2 and P3 was approximately 50% of that observed with P23. Negative-strand synthesis was not observed when the processed forms of the P2 proteins (e.g., 2A, 2B, 2C, 2AB, and 2BC) were used in various combinations in place of P2. In contrast, the expression of 2A and 2BCP3 supported negative-strand synthesis at the same level observed with P23. Therefore, functional replication complexes were formed in reaction mixtures that contained either 2A and 2BCP3 or P2 and P3. Genetic complementation analysis of P23 RNA that contained a lethal mutation in 2C confirmed these results. The expression of 2BCP3 in
trans
restored the replication of P23-2C(P131N) RNA to wild-type levels. The expression of P2 and P3 also complemented the replication of this mutant RNA, although very inefficiently. Complementation was not observed in reactions that contained P2 alone, 2BC, or 2C. Based on these results, we propose that RNA replication complexes are initially formed with the primary cleavage products of P23 (i.e., P2 and P3 or 2A and 2BCP3), and that 2A and 2BCP3 are preferentially used in this process.
Nonneutralizing Antibodies to the CD4-Binding Site on the gp120 Subunit of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Do Not Interfere with the Activity of a Neutralizing Antibody against the Same Site
Authors: Herrera Carolina , Spenlehauer Catherine , Fung Michael S. , Burton Dennis R. , Beddows Simon , Moore John P. 
Published: December 2002

ABSTRACT
We have investigated whether nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the gp120 subunit of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can interfere with HIV-1 neutralization by another anti-gp120 MAb. We used neutralizing (b12) and nonneutralizing (205-42-15, 204-43-1, 205-46-9) MAbs to the epitope cluster overlapping the CD4-binding site (CD4BS) on gp120. All the MAbs, neutralizing or otherwise, cross-competed for binding to monomeric gp120, indicating the close topological proximity of their epitopes. However, the nonneutralizing CD4BS MAbs did not interfere with the neutralization activity of MAb b12. In contrast, in a binding assay using oligomeric Env expressed on the surface of Env-transfected cells, the nonneutralizing MAbs did partially compete with b12 for Env binding. The surface of Env-transfected cells contains two categories of binding site for CD4BS MAbs. One type of site is recognized by both b12 and nonneutralizing CD4BS MAbs; the other is recognized by only b12. Binding assays for Env-gp120 interactions based on the use of monomeric gp120 or Env-transfected cells do not predict the outcome of HIV-1 neutralization assays, and they should therefore be used only with caution when gauging the properties of anti-Env MAbs.