bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Political Theory of Federalism The Relevance of Classical Approaches
Authors: Forsyth Murray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European integration is a concept that embraces a very wide span of developments and institutions. The central core of the integration process, however, is usually, and with some justification, seen as running from the Schuman Plan through to the Rome Treaty, and from there to the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty on European Union. The degree to which this long, uneven process can or ought to be termed a federal one, and the relationship and relevance of federal ideas and practices to it, are matters which have been debated since its very beginning. In this chapter I wish to address certain aspects of this problem again. I wish to argue in particular that the older doctrines of federalism, while in no sense providing a blueprint for integration, do help us to understand what integration is, and to clarify the key issues that confront it now and in the future.
The Distribution Of Welfare
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE have seen that the utilitarians thought it reasonable to speak of a man’s economic welfare as the sum total of his satisfactions which derived from economic causes, and that therefore an increase in his economic welfare was an increase in this total. On the later indifference-curve analysis it no longer made sense to speak of a man’s economic welfare as a definite amount of anything. This view is accepted, because we cannot speak of a zero amount of satisfaction, and we have no unit of satisfaction.
The ‘Optimum’ Conditions Of Production And Exchange (2)
Authors: Little I M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the last Chapter it was shown that the ‘ optimum’ conditions rest with varying degrees of plausibility on ‘ individual preferences’. We also showed, for each ‘ optimum’ condition, what prior conditions require to be satisfied if it is to be a good thing to put it into operation. The circumstances under which each ‘ optimum’ condition would be fulfilled in the real world were also stated. Whether or not it would be a good thing to reproduce these circumstances is a question the answer to which depends partly on the plausibility of the theoretical deductions, but also on wider considerations which must now be discussed.
Conception Probability and Pregnancy Outcome in Relation to Age, Cycle Regularity, and Timing of Intercourse
Authors: Spira Alfred , Ducot Beatrice , Guihard-Moscato Marie-Luce , Job-Spira Nadine , Mayaux Marie-Jeanne , Menetrier Jaqueline , Wattiaux Jeanine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fertility regulation and infertility work-ups must take into account various factors which may be related to the components of fecundability. This paper presents the results of four different epidemiological studies and reviews the current state of knowledge about the probability of conception and pregnancy outcome in relation to age (both male and female), cycle regularity, and the timing of intercourse. Spontaneous abortions, congenital malformations, the sex ratio, and twinning are all considered.
Scale and Technical Practice: A Rational Reconstruction
Authors: Scazzieri Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economists describe a production process either (i) as an arrangement of productive operations (or tasks) or (ii) as a mapping of input quantities into output quantities. The former approach was used by a number of classical economists (Smith and Marx in particular) and, more recently, by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen.1 The latter approach is common to ‘neoclassical’ production theory, activity analysis, and input-output models.
The Disruption of Marital and Non-Marital Unions in Contemporary Sweden
Authors: Hoem Britta , Hoem Jan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we study the extent and structure of the general decline in the stability of marital and non-marital unions in Sweden over the quarter-century between the 1950s and the late 1970s, a period marked by much change in many respects of demographic behaviour. We focus on the event that a conjugal union breaks up and the partners stop living together and use hazard regression techniques to analyse dissolutions among a reasonably large number of Swedish women from all walks of life, taken from the 1981 Swedish Fertility Survey. Our analysis takes into account the fact that a breakup is a terminal event in an observed sequence that starts with union formation and that may also include marriage and child-bearing as well as transitions in other arenas, mainly in the job market and in the educational system. When the majority mode of union formation changes, this is bound to alter the incidence of dissolution. For instance, while Swedes certainly lived in non-marital cohabitation in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the phenomenon did not have much public visibility at that time. This changed quickly in the late I 960s and early 1970s. By the mid- l 970s, the usual way to start a union was to move in together without marriage, and very few married without previously cohabiting. Simultaneously, the consensual union developed into a prevalent institution in its own right, largely replacing the phase when young people used to go steady or were engaged, as well as the early stages of a marriage.
Analysis of Current-Status Data
Authors: Diamond Ian D , Mcdonald John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods of survival analysis can be used to study the relationship between explanatory variables and the length of time or duration between one event and a subsequent event. In many areas of research, one variable of common interest is the age at which a certain event or ‘milestone’ occurs. In demography, age at weaning, menarche, first intercourse, first marriage, first birth, sterilization, menopause, and death are studied. There are many examples in other fields where age at which a milestone occurs is studied. For the purposes of exposition we confine ourselves only to situations where the variable of interest is the age at some milestone. In survival analysis, the regression effects of explanatory variables on survival times (age at milestone) are of prime interest. These regression effects are usually studied using two classes of models: the proportional-hazards (PH) model and the accelerated-life (AL) model. The PH model assumes that hazard rates for individuals are in constant ratio over time. The AL model assumes that survival distributions for individuals have the same ‘shape’ but that differences between individual survival distributions are the result of a time-scale change. In other words, individuals proceed across the time axis at potentially different speeds so that one individual has an accelerated life relative to another, slower individual.
Libertarianism
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indirect utilitarianism is the view that the appropriate standard for evaluating, and thus justifying, normative criteria-norms, values, and standards.---is the utilitarian standard. But, according to indirect utilitarian¬ ism, the utilitarian standard is not the appropriate standard for evaluating the various things (aside from other normative criteria) that are typically evaluated in terms of normative criteria-things such as acts, policies, and social institutions. A lawyer whose practice consists of giving advice not to laymen, as most lawyers do, but to other lawyers who are working on unusually difficult cases is known as a ‘lawyer’s lawyer’. Similarly, the utilitarian standard is, according to indirect utilitarianism, a ‘normative criterion’s criterion’.
Central-Planning Socialism
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I write, great changes in economic systems throughout the world are occurring. Advocates of central-planning socialism are clearly on the defensive. Yet many people still believe that current capitalism has serious moral deficiencies. Some still believe that only central-planning socialism can overcome these deficiencies and, therefore, deserves our support. To what extent are these beliefs true? From a moral perspective, how exactly do central-planning socialism and current capitalism compare with one another? These are the questions I shall address in this chapter.
Worker Control
Authors: Haslett D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With capitalism, ordinary working people—assembly-line workers, low¬ level, dead-end white-collar workers, manual labourers, hired sales clerks, and so on-must bear a triple burden. First, as compared with those in more glamorous occupations—doctors, lawyers, engineers, executives, entrepreneurs, professional athletes, entertainers—ordinary working people are paid very little. Secondly, ordinary working people have relatively little social prestige. Third, as compared with those in more glamorous occupations, ordinary working people suffer from work that offers little satisfaction. The work that those in more glamorous occupations do, although difficult, is nevertheless often exciting, challenging, even fun and, in general, personally satisfying. But the work that ordinary working people do is exhausting, often dirty, almost always excruciatingly boring, and, in general, unsatisfying. In fifteen years of research on job satisfaction, Stanislav Kasl (1977) found that the conditions conducive to the low job satisfaction of ordinary working people include a lack of control over work; inability to use skills and capacities; highly fractionated, repetitive tasks involving few diverse operations; and no participation in decision making (Kasl 1977; for more on job satisfaction, including a discussion of the accuracy of Gallup polls on ‘satisfaction at work’, see Kahn 1972). Many years of working under these conditions may even have an effect upon mental health. A study of automobile assembly-line workers, for example, found that about 40 per cent suffered from a significant mental-health problem, and only 18 per cent could be said to have ‘good mental health’ (Kornhauser 1965).
Event History Analysis in Demography
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a review of the techniques of event history analysis in demography. During the 1970s, the amount of reliable data made available as a result of surveys increased enormously. At the same time, statistical and computational techniques developed to allow the new data to be handled. This first expositive treatment of the subject gives a detailed presentation of the techniques of event history analysis. It provides not only a thorough description of models, but also a theoretical presentation of this new research path without losing sight of the underlying application to population dynamics.
Methods of Estimation of Parametric Models
Authors: Courgeau Daniel , Éva Leliévre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we discussed various parametric models and showed the preliminary analyses that make it possible to choose a model adapted to the data. In this respect, it is very useful to break down the whole population into sub-populations for whom the various characteristics do or do not apply. Let us now suppose that one of these models has been chosen. It is then necessary to estimate the various parameters of the model, as well as the coefficients to be applied to the characteristics, in order to represent the full data-set with greater accuracy. An estimate of the variance of these parameters or estimated coefficients should also be available, as well as their covariances between these parameters, in order to be able to carry out a certain number of tests. It is useful, for example, in the case of a multiplicative model, to check whether the effect of a characteristic is markedly different from the unit-that is, whether or not this characteristic influences the phenomena being studied. It is also useful to compare the effects of several characteristics. When identical, these effects can be replaced by a single characteristic. Thus, for instance, if the fact of being married, widowed, or divorced influences the probability to migrate in the same way, these three characteristics can be replaced by a single one-the fact of not being single any longer.
Externality and Institutions
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debate over the important concept of externality has influenced economists' perception of the role of governing authorities and has become central to the appraisal of the economy-ecology connection. There are however many ambiguities in the characterization of this concept. The book examined ideas of externality and some of the ways that these have influenced econmics. The author provides a distinctive and non-technical survey of the various methodological approaches taken by economists to the issue of externalities. The difficult issue of defining or characterizing externality is traced to the inadequate treatment of institutions in economic analysis. A richer understanding of the economic function of institutions is critical to understanding certain limitations of mainstream economic theory, as well as the means to overcome them. The book's major theme is an exploration of institutional inefficiency and the implications of incorporating organizational costs into economic models.
Underlying Motivations
Authors: Papandreou Andreas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition, define thyself. Dictionary entries are a far cry from what philosophers and mathematicians call definition. Dictionaries are for facilitating our negotiations in the language. and for that purpose it proves efficacious to resort only here and there to definition in the philosophers ’ and mathematicians ’ sense. Definition in the philosophers ’ and mathematicians ’ sense remains an important matter, however, deserving of a name. Such will be my sense of the word ... (Quine 1987: 43) In this chapter I wm try to illustrate the sources of the many meanings of externality in the literature. In section 2, I discuss two generic senses of externality which make no reference to specific institutions. These derive from two different connotations of the words external-internal, which seem to be present in most characterizations in the literature. Section 3 tries to bring out more clearly these two generic senses of externality, showing how they can be easily confused, and why there is good reason not to associate externality with a specific system, e.g. private-ownership economy. In sections 4 and 5, I discuss some of the difficulties, or problems, that existing characterizations of externality confront when they try to form a narrower view of extemality than general interdependence or general institutional failure (or market failure).
Notable Episodes of Great Instability
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our analysis of national trends of agricultural instability (Chapter 3), and their regional variations (Chapter 4) from the 1930s to post-war periods (1952-8, 1970-7, and 1978-84), we frequently referred to specific instances of large-scale fluctuations in grain production since the early 1930s. They were all closely associated with a known weather disturbance of unusual magnitude. The most familiar cases can be tabulated as follows: 1931 The Yangzi and Huai River basin floods, embracing the Centre, East, and part of the North regions (South Henan).
An Excursion: Identifying the Non-Weather Factors in the Great Debacle of the Early 1960s
Authors: Kueh Y Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our previous analysis of the weather and grain-yield relationship (Chapter 8), we concluded that the weather was the main cause of the enormous grain-yield losses in 1960 and 1961. Measured against the possible trend values, grain yields were reduced by 18 and 16 per cent respectively for the two years. However, while in 1961 the losses seem to have been largely a matter of adverse weather, coupled with the sluggishness in recovery from the disastrous trough of the previous year, in 1960 only about 75 per cent of the total yield losses were attributable to the weather factor. We argued that the remaining 25 per cent loss reflected reduced sowing density as a consequence of excessive forced procurement by the State, which left Chinese peasants with no alternative but to dip into their seed and feedgrain reserves in other to survive.
IDE Countries in Perspective
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major aim of the ‘Country context’ chapter is to provide contextual background information and analysis related to the countries included in our study. This information is provided for the decade between the two waves of empirical IDE research: 1975/7-1986/7. The purpose of this information is to assist the readers of this book in the interpretation of the findings to be presented in the following chapters. Since the European Industrial Relations (IDE 1981b) volume of the original study appeared, several important changes have taken place in the country context of industrial democracy. Some general European trends could also be detected.
Factors Affecting Patterns of Influence Distribution in Organizations
Authors: Mitchell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have indicated how patterns of de jure participation (PS) and the distribution of influence (PO) in organizations have changed between 1977 and 1987. In this chapter we turn to the relationship between these two central variables (PS and PO). Though in detail the findings of the IDE I study, in this respect, were rather complex (see IDE 1981b: chs. 7 & 10) two salient ones stand out. First, institutional norms regulating patterns of participation in decision-making, though by no means explaining all the variance in patterns of influence in organizations, were found to have a more significant effect on the distribution of influence than any of the other independent variables examined, including a series of ‘contextual’ sociological, technological, structural, and economic factors.
Humane Modernization
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jobs are created by leisure. Some jobs involve the production of goods which enable the reduction of time spent in undesired menial work activities. Other jobs produce the leisure services used in the extra spare time thus liberated. This is the story of ‘progress’ that we have told in this book. More people have more of their basic wants satisfied using less of the society’s time, which in turn means that more time can be spent satisfying more of people’s more sophisticated wants. Both the increasing efficiency of provision for basic wants, and the growth in demand for the satisfaction of sophisticated wants, mean a requirement for more skilled labour. So there are more high-value-added jobs and fewer low value. This is clearly a line of economic growth that improves human living conditions.
Capabilities, Exclusion, and the Supply of Goods
Authors: Atkinson A b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many fields in which Amartya Sen has enriched our understanding is that of the analysis of poverty. Within this field, his contributions have been manifold. His article on the measurement of poverty (Sen 1976) spawned a whole literature on the design of new measures; his research on famine and hunger (Sen 1981; Dréze and Sen 1989) has been widely influential; and he has introduced the notion of ‘capabilities’ into the definition of poverty (Sen 1980, 1983, 1985). It is the last of these that is the starting point of the present paper.
Rationalizing Choice Probabilities using the Random Utility Model: A Necessary and Sufficient Condition
Authors: Deb Rajat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For choice to be rationalized as maximizing behaviour based on a preference ordering, the choice function needs to be consistent. The ‘resolution’ of this so-called integrability problem (Richter 1966) is plagued by the fact that in practice choice is often inconsistent. In the case of choice by an individual agent, psychologists have found that, when asked to choose from the same set, on different occasions the agent will often make different choices (see e.g. Suppes, et al. 1990). In the case of group choice, inconsistency can arise because of the well-known problem associated with the ‘voting paradox’. Faced with inconsistent choices, one may either give up traditional notions of rational behaviour by allowing for intransitive and even cyclic preferences, or model the inconsistency as random utility-maximizing behaviour.
The Entitlement Approach to Famine: An Assessment
Authors: Osmani Siddiq 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing excites intellectual curiosity more than the overturning of a time-honoured belief. This is specially so when that·overturning is accomplished by scholarly analysis, as distinct from Messianic rhetoric. So when as highly acclaimed a scholar as Amartya Sen challenged the popular belief that famine means shortage of food, it inevitably caused a stir. The famine that had killed two to three million people and brought starvation to millions more in Bengal in I 943 was not, he maintained, a result of shortage of food (Sen 1976, 1977). What’s more, he went on to argue, the Bengal famine was by no means unique in this regard. He showed that many contemporary famines in Asia and Africa shared this property of not being caused by reduced availability of food (Sen 1981b). Famine, he concluded, is a case of people not having enough food to eat, but not necessarily of there not being enough food to go around. From this emerged what has come to be known as the ‘entitlement approach’ to hunger and famine—an approach that focuses attention on people having or not having enough command over food, as distinct from there being or not being enough food to be eaten.
Household Vulnerability to Aggregate Shocks: Differing Fortunes of the Poor in Bangladesh and Indonesia
Authors: Ravallion Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two themes-one substantive, one methodological—have been prominent in Amartya Sen’s recent writings on development. The substantive theme concerns social security in developing countries, and the role of public action in achieving it. The methodological theme is that, in exploring the first theme, much can be learnt from cross-country comparative analysis, drawing on the wide range of experiences—successes and failures—among developing countries.
Accumulation and Stability Under Capitalism
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prabhat Patnaik's starting point is the fundamental question of how we can explain the resilience and durability of capitalist economies - after all, the writings of most of the giants among economists have been permeated by a sense of the transitoriness of capitalism. His argument is that the existence of a periphery of less developed countries provides a buffer that allows (relatively) crisis-free and non-inflationary growth in the capitalist core. The analysis unifies two fields that are normally separate: models of growth and stabilization policy in advanced economies and the economics of open developing economies. Consequently, Patnaik embraces both a thorough analysis of modern fiscal, monetary, and inflation policy in advanced capitalist economies and the constraints that systematically hinder development in less developed countries. Accumulation and Stability under Capitalism uses macroeconomic principles to solve problems currently addressed with microeconomic tools, establishing macroeconomics as a framework for analysing phenomena as wide-ranging as migration, imperialist systems, technological change, and labour markets. In the tradition of Keynes, Harrod and Domar, Marx, and Kalecki, it offers an alternative path to the choice-theoretic models that have appeared to be the only modern analytical path.