bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Efficiency of some Control Agents in Resisting the Okra Root Rot Disease Caused by the Fungus Pythium aphanidermatum
Authors: Abed Noora M. , Farhan Theyab. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in the laboratory and plastic house belonging to the Department of plant protection – faculty of Agriculture - Anbar University to evaluate the efficiency of the biological control agent Trichoderma harzianum and the chemical inducing agents sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 and melatonin C13H16N2O2 in inducing resistance in seeds and seedlings of okra to infection with the disease of seed rot and the fall of seedlings caused by the semi-pathogenic fungus Pythium aphanidermatum double transplantation of some isolates of the-biotic fungus T. harzianum that isolation T2 (centre of Organic Agriculture-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) achieved the highest ability in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic semi-fungus, reaching a degree of contrast of 1, while the result of measuring the effectiveness of volatile substances on the PDA medium of the same isolates showed that isolation T2 (center of Organic Agriculture-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) gave the highest percentage of inhibition against pathogenic semi-fungus P. aphanidermatum reached 36.4% and the test of the effectiveness of the inducing agents in protecting the seeds of okra, Petra on the medium of PDA showed the effectiveness of the inducing agents sodium bicarbonate and melatonin in protecting the seeds, as the germination rate reached 100% for both, while the bio-fungi isolates achieved isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Center-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) the best germination rate reached 100% and the results of the plastic house experiment showed that the treatment with bio-fungi by soaking for 20 minutes gave high efficiency in the percentage of germination reached 83.33% and reduced the percentage and severity of infection to 23.67% and 18.33% respectively, as for the soaking treatment with melatonin 200 micromuller, the percentage of germination decreased to 63.67% or the percentage and severity The infection rate reached 43.33% and 37% sequentially, as for the spraying treatment with biological agent isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Centre-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) after 15 days of germination reduced the percentage and severity of infection to 32.67% and 25% sequentially and the spraying treatment with melatonin after 15 days of germination achieved the percentage and severity of infection reached 49% and 39.33% sequentially, as for the spraying treatment with biological agent isolation T2 (Organic Agriculture Center-Ministry of Agriculture-Iraq) after 25 days of germination, it gave the highest efficiency in reducing the percentage and severity of infection 35.67% and 29.67% sequentially, while the percentage and severity of infection in the melatonin spraying treatment after 25 days of germination reached 51.33% and 43.67% sequentially compared to the comparison treatment Contaminated with semi-pathogenic fungus
Pythium aphanidermatum
.
Effect of Spraying with Different Concentrations of Organic Fertilizer Nutrigreen and Salicylic Acid on the Vegetative Growth of Two Cultivars of Gladiolus hybrid L.
Authors: Alsherefe Omer Abdul Kareem Mohamed , Younis Altaee Alaa Hashim 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out inside the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping / College of Agriculture and Forestry / University of Mosul during the period from 17 March to 10 October 2022 in order to evaluate the response of two varieties of Gladiolus X hortulanus L. They are: White Prosperity with white flowers and Plumtart with flowers Purple for treatment with Nutrigreen organic fertilizer in three concentrations: zero, 1000- and 2000-ml. L-1, as well as treatment with salicylic acid in three concentrations, 500 and 1000 mg. L-1 sprayed on the shoots three times. In the implementation of the experiment, the factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in split plots (Factorial Experiment with in split plot) with three replications and 7 treatment plants. The results indicated that the white cultivar recorded the largest plant height 136.596 cm, while the purple cultivar plants recorded the largest values for the leaf length per plant 86.312 cm and the number of leaves per plant 8.206 leaves. Plant-1, the leaf area of the plant was 484.472 (cm2), and the dry weight of the leaves was 16.559 (g).
Effect of Mycorrhizal Addition and Organic Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Potato in Autumn Season
Authors: Abdulkadhum Mariam Hassan , Manea Ali Ibadi , Mahmoud Saad Shakir 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A farmer’s fields in the Al-Azzawiya area / Al-Musayyib district 2021-2022, 40 km north of Hilla / Babylon province’s centre, were used for the experiment. Two elements were put in the split plot scheme of the Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). One replicate had eight experimental treatments, three replications, and the parameters were: - The first component was adding mycorrhiza to the comparative treatment (B0: no fertilisation, control, B1: 7.0 g. plant-1). The second factor: In addition to the control treatment, it added three kinds of organic fertiliser: C1: chicken waste (10 tons.ha-1), C2: humic fertiliser (3 tons.ha-1), and C3: vermicompost (4 tons.ha-1). The least significant difference (L.S.D.) comparing coefficient averages. The findings may be summarised as follows at 0.05. Mycorrhiza (7.0 gm. plant-1) increased plant height and chlorophyll, which showed substantial variations in the potato plant’s vegetative, quantitative, and qualitative traits. The number of marketable tubers was 6.84 tubers.plant-1, the output of one plant was 759.8 g. plant-1, the overall yield was 44.27 tons.ha-1, and the percentages of dry matter, starch, and N and K were in the tubers. The results of adding organic fertiliser showed that poultry waste significantly improved plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll, number of marketable tubers (7.75 tubers. plant-1), yield of one plant (808.3 g. plant-1), total yield (47.99 tonnes.ha-1), dry matter, starch, and N, K in tubers. The bi-interaction therapy (mycorrhiza + organic manure and chicken waste) improved vegetative, quantity, and quality features, plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll percentage of dry matter, and The number of marketable tubers was (9.11 tubers.plant-1), the yield of one plant was (880.5 gm.plant-1), the overall yield was (51.81 tons.ha-1), and the proportion of dry matter, starch, and (, KN) in tubers.
Foliar Application of Seaweed Extract, Zinc, and Iron Nanoparticles on Ziziphus Mauritiana Seedling Growth
Authors: Saeed Diekan A. , Al-Ecehagy Jassim M. khalaf 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study examined the effects of foliar spraying with seaweed extract at three levels (0,1,2 ml L-1) sequentially, zinc nanoparticles at three levels (0, 10, 20 mg L-1), and nano-iron at three levels (0,20,40 mg L-1). The randomised complete block design (RCBD) factorial experiment included three levels of seaweed extract, three levels of nano-zinc, three levels of nano-iron, and three repetitions of four seedlings per experimental unit, resulting in 180 observations and 60 treatments per sector. 180 seedlings were randomly assigned treatments. Spraying marine extract at 2 ml L-1 significantly improved seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area. It outperformed the control in seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area. The combination of 40 mg L-1 zing and iron nanoparticles improved seedling height, stem diameter, dry weight, chlorophyll, and leaf area compared to the comparator treatment.
The Impact of Dates and IBA Treatment on the Root Ability of Semi-Hard Wood Cuttings of Three Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars
Authors: Ameen Alimam Nabil M. , Abdulrahman Zuhair A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The University of Mosul in Iraq conducted the experiment in a plastic greenhouse run by the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design at the College of Agriculture and Forestry. For 1/2/2022 – 1/6/2022. To find out what happens to semi-hardwood cuttings of three olive varieties Hojiblanca, Picual, and Arbequina—when they are taken five times a month from February to June and then soaked for 5 seconds in three concentrations of IBA solution (0, 3000, and 5000 mg l-1) to see how well they root and grow. The cuts that were taken on March 1 had the most leaves, the most leaf area, and the longest roots per cutting. Cuttings that were soaked in 3000 mg l-1 and 5000 mg l-1 took root faster and had longer roots. Soaking in 5000 mg L-1 increased the leaf area of rooted cutting. Picual and Arbequina cuttings rooted less often and had shorter roots than Hojiblanca cuttings. In terms of longevity and leaf count, Hojiblanca cuttings did better than Arbequina cuttings. Cuttings of Hojiblanca and Picual had more leaves, cuttings that had grown roots, and roots than cuttings of Arbequina. However, Hojiblanca cultivar collected on March 1st treated with 5000 mg.l-1 gave 60.00%, 27.80 leaf cutting-1, 1.32 cm2, 36.51 cm2 cutting-1, 14.27cm. Hojiblanca cultivar cuttings treated with 3000 mg.l-1 had 11.61 root cutting-1. The Picual olive control treatment had the highest survival rate (63.33%) on March 1.
The Impact of Spraying Pomegranate Seedlings Salimi Cultivar with Various Plant Extracts on Their Development
Authors: Mussawi Zahraa Kadhum Al , Ali Tahani Jawad Mohammed , Hasan Ahmed Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pomegranate seedlings of the Salimi cultivar were brought from the nursery at the Indian gardening station in Karbala province and planted in the field at the College of Agriculture at Al-Qasim Green University in the middle of November 2021. Since 30 uniformly growing seedlings were chosen, and all service activities, including watering and weeding, were carried out in an even fashion. Only one seedling was used as the experimental unit in this randomized, double-blind, completely-block-design factorial experiment (3 * 5). The effects of natural aqueous extracts of three types of cumin, black cumin, and coriander seeds at three concentrations (00, 5, and 10 g.L-1) on plant growth were studied. The statistical analysis revealed that the black cumin treatment at a concentration of 5gml-1 with coriander extract at a concentration of 10 g.L-1 (B5Z10) resulted in the highest plant height (79.5), the highest number of branches (5.50%), and theWhen compared to the control treatment, the black cumin treatment with a concentration of 5 gm L-1 with cumin extract at a concentration of 10 gm L-1 (B5K10) obtained the highest length of branches reaching 8.88 cm, and the individual treatments of spraying with black seed extract (B) or spraying with cumin extract (C) achieved the highest relative content of chlorophyll in the leaves, which amounted to 51.22 SPA units.
Effect of Media Type and Cytokinines on Micropropagation of Two Cultivars of Pomegranate Punica granatum L
Authors: Abdulkareem Ali Adil 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Present study was done to describe micropropagation protocol of Pomegranate (granatum Punica L) for two cultivar (Yamani and Wonderful), by testing their tolerance to sterilization duration with sodium hypochlorite solution at 1%, and investigation of suitability of of two media murashige and skoog (MS) and woody plant medium (WPM) during establishment stage in addition study the role of four type of Cytokinines BA (benzyl adenine), 2iP (isopentyl adenine), Kinetin(6-furfury lamino Purine) and TDZ (Thidiazuron) at different concentrations for two cultivars in multiplication stage and investigation of two type of Auxin NAA and IBA for rooting stage. the results appeared that sterilization at 10 min with sodium hypochlorite at 1% reduce contamination percentage to 6.2% and increased survival to 93.8%, the result proved WPM media was better than MS in increase shoot number, shoot length and leaf number was 1.17 shoot per explant, 5.02cm and 6.60 leaf per explant respectively. in the other way Yamani cultivar gave maximum value in comparison with wonderful for same characteristics. concerning the multiplication stage at 0.5 mg.l-1 BA achieved highest value of shoot number and leaf number (2.89 and 5) per explant respectively. while Kin gave best value of shoot length 4.12cm. moreover BA and 2iP at 1mg.l-1, Kin at 5mg.l-1 and TDZ at1mg.l-1 achieved maximum values of same characteristics mentioned above. Auxins NAA (Naphthaleneacetic acid) and IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) at 1mg.l-1 achieved highest root number was (4 and 3.17) per explant respectively.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators on Multiplication of Stevia rebaudiana Inside Manufactured Temporary Immersion Bioreactor and Induction of Callus from Explant
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Mustafa Raeef , Obaid Ayad Assi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted at Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory - Department of Horticulture and landscape gardening, from October 2021 to January 2023. micropropagation experiments were conducted using five levels of Kinetin 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg L. Callogenesis experiments were performed using four levels of Naphthalenacetic Acid 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mg L. A temporary immersion bioreactor was used with a 10-minute immersion period every 4 hours, and two levels of Kinetin and two levels of benzyl adenine were added to the Murashige and Skoog medium as a comparative treatment. The results showed that the concentration of 1.0 mg L had a significant effect on the number of shoot and leaves, and the comparative treatment showed a significant effect on shoots height. The results of multiplication in the manufactured bioreactor showed a significant effect on shoots height, reaching 4.8 cm, and the concentration of 1.0 mg L benzyl adenine showed a significant effect on the number of shoots, with 3.2 shoot per plant, and the number of leaves for the same treatment was 17.1 leaves per shoot.
Effect of Anti-Transpiration Inhibitors Copper and Chitosan, Pomegranate Peel and Thyme Leaves Extracts and Storage Period on the Chemical Traits of Local Orange Fruits
Authors: Jawad Atheer Adnan , Nasser Hussein Al-Shammari Ghaleb 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a special refrigerated store in the city of Baquba, Diyala Province, for the season 2021-2022. The study showed the effect of treatments (plant extracts and anti-transpiration agents) and the duration of storage on the storage characteristics of the local orange fruits, Citrus sinensis L. The experiment was conducted from 1/12/2021 to 1/3/2022. Where the fruits were harvested by the manual method using manual scissors and cutting the fruits from the fruit bearer at the level of the surface of the fruit from a private orchard in the city of Jdeidet Al-Shat, Diyala Province, where a group of fruits was immersed in pomegranate peel powder extract in two concentrations (3 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes. Another group dipped in thyme leaf extract at two concentrations (6 and 9 g.L-1) for 15 minutes, another group dipped in chitosan at a concentration of 2 g.L-1 for two minutes, and a group dipped in Disper Cu max at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 for two minutes. The control treatment was immersed in distilled water, and the fruits were packed in polyethylene bags of one-kilo size, perforated with 16 holes, and stored in the refrigerator at a temperature of (4∓0.5) C and relative humidity of 80-85% for three months. The results were analyzed in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering of the College of Agriculture - University of Diyala, and the experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD). The results showed that the treatment with chitosan had the highest percentage of the total soluble solids (TSS) of the fruit and the percentage of total sugars. The treatment with pomegranate peel powder extract at a concentration of 3 g.L-1 and the treatment with chitosan excelled in the lowest percentage of resilient acidity.
The Effect of Adding Phosphorus and Zinc Spraying on the Nutrient Content and Root Growth of Cabbage
Authors: Al-Garbawi Rawaq Sattar Jebari , Aljuboori Ayad W. A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted at the Research Experimental Station of the College of Agricultural Engineering/University of Baghdad in the Al-Jadiriyah area during the autumn season of 2022. The study aimed to investigate the effect of phosphorus addition and zinc spraying on the nutrient content and root growth of the cabbage. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was phosphorus with four concentrations (P25%, P50%, P75%, and P100%) of the recommended complete fertilizer dose (135 kg P2O5 per hectare), and the second factor was zinc spraying with three concentrations (0, 30, and 60 mg.L-1) of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The results showed that the phosphorus and zinc treatments had a significant effect on most study indicators. The P75 Z2 treatment gave the highest percentage of nitrogen and potassium, as well as the longest main root length, with values of 3.61%, 2.65%, and 31 cm, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Meanwhile, the P100 Z2 treatment showed the highest root surface area, measuring 33.33 cm2, compared to the control treatment.
Influence of Growth Regulators and Tryptophan on Enhancing Production Bioactive Compounds in Callus Cultures of Pistacia weinmannifolia
Authors: Al-Jubuory Ghofran Salman , Al-Rekaby Layth Sareea 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in Tissue culture laboratory at the Biology Department, College of Science ‘University of Al-Qadisiyah. With two explants (the growing apex and the lateral buds), the researchers looked at how the growth regulators (IAA and BA) and Tryptophan affected callus weight and stimulated the synthesis of active substance in Pistacia weinmannifolia plants grown in a tissue culture setting. After sterilization in 70% ethanol solution for 1 minute and 10% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution for 20 minutes, one node 0.5–1.0 cm in length is planted in test tubes containing MS medium for tissue culture, to which various concentrations of growth regulators and Tryptophan are added, and the tubes are placed in a growth chamber with a temperature of 252 °C and light conditions. Data taken after 45 days of cultivation for all experiments. Better treatment IAA (0.2 mg/L) BA (0.5m.1) and Tryptophan ( 0.1mg/L) gave the highest weight. And significant increase of pentadecanc, Methylox and Catolin. As for treatment IAA ( 0.2mg/L) BA (0.25mg/L) Tryptophan ( 0.1 mg/L) gave highes percentage of active compound Hexadecene.
Effect of Shading, Licorice Extract and Mycorrhizal on the Growth and Production of Commercial Cut Flowers of Two Cultivars of Shrubby Roses
Authors: Al-Rawi Louay Abdel Hamid Hussein , Al-Marsoumi Hammoud Gharbi Khalifa 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted using the RCBD design, namely the Factorial Experiment within the Split-Split Plot. Complementary Storyline Shading, licorice extract, and mycorrhizal were tested on two cultivars of shrubby roses in a plastic greenhouse at the Department of Horticulture and Palms in the Baghdad Governorate during the spring of 2022 for their impact on the growth and production of commercial cut flowers. The use of two varieties of shrub roses, Angelina, red in color and Maroussia, white, using three levels of shading without shading and 25% and 50%. 1 + Maiko Raisa). And (chelated iron + mycorrhizal (1 g / liter-1 + mycorrhizae) and licorice extract + chelated iron + mycorrhizae). The flowers are of anthocyanin pigment, while the V2 variety was significantly superior to the V1 variety in flower stem diameter. While the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by the average leaf area and the content of leaves of chlorophyll and the characteristics of flowering growth represented by the diameter of the flower stem, the duration of the flower remaining on the plant and the content of flowers of the anthocyanin pigment were significantly superior when using shading levels 50% (S2) and the levels of fertilization consisting of mycorrhiza and licorice extract And chelated iron (F3) in all characteristics of vegetative and flowering growth.
The Role of Biostimulants and Organic Extracts in the Qualitative Traits of Kale Plants
Authors: Al-Gubouri Mohanad Neamah , Manea Ali Ibadi , Al-Mussawi Zahraa Kadhum 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the Abu Al-Fadl Forest Nursery Station affiliated with the Directorate of Agriculture of Al-Diwaniyah located (8 km north of the city center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate) within longitude E 44.9 and latitude N 31.9, during the autumn season 2022-2023. In order to study the effect of biofertilization and the addition of organic extracts on the growth and yield of kale plants. Dwarf green seeds were used in cultivation. The experiment included two factors, the first: control biostimulants (adding water only), yeast extract (5 g.L-1), Folosyme (2 g. L-1) and Biohealth (2 g L-1). Factor 2: control organic extracts (water only), Urea (5 gm L-1), amino acids (5 ml L-1), humic (7 ml L-1) and seaweed (5 ml L-1). The averages of the treatments were compared using the least significant difference (L.S.D.). At a probability level of 0.05, the results can be summarized as follows:The results showed that there were significant differences when adding bio-fertilizer in the qualitative traits of kale plants, the treatment of adding yeast extract was excelled in the percentage of potassium in the leaves, the percentage of magnesium in the leaves, the content of vitamin C in the leaves, The addition of Follozyme was superior in the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, while the treatment of the addition of Biohealth recorded excelled in the percentage of nitrogen, the content of calcium in the leaves, the content of iron in the leaves, and the content of zinc in the leaves. The results of the addition of organic extracts indicated that there were significant differences in the treatments, where the addition of urea excelled in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves, the percentage of phosphorus in the leaves, the percentage of potassium in the leaves, While humic supplementation treatment excelled on the calcium content in the leaves, the content of magnesium in the leaves, the content of iron, the content of zinc in the leaves, and the content of vitamin C in the leaves. The interaction showed a significant effect, where the Biohealth + seaweed treatment achieved a significantly excelled in the calcium content in the leaves (3.670 mg.g), while the bi-interaction treatment, Folozyme + Humic, showed an excel in the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves (2.793%). The percentage of phosphorus in the leaves was (0.703%), and the bi-interaction of Biohealth + Humec treatment was excelled in the content of iron in the leaves (194.2 mg. kg-1 dry weight), the content of zinc in the leaves (97.22 mg. kg-1 dry weight), gave the overlap Yeast extract + amino acids has a higher potassium content (1.629%). The interaction gave yeast extract + humic excelled in the percentage of magnesium (1.870%) and the interaction gave yeast extract + urea excelled in the percentage of vitamin C (68.6 mg. 100g-1 fresh weight).