bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of laser ablation in the in vivo rabbit brain with MR thermometry
Authors: Chen Lili , Wansapura Janaka P. , Heit Gary , Butts Kim 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the peak temperature and thermal dose (T43) as tissue damage indicators for thermal therapy.Materials and MethodsThe proton resonant frequency (PRF) shift thermal coefficient was calibrated on six in vivo rabbit brains during interstitial laser ablation. The peak temperature and T43 were correlated with the lesion boundary observed on T2‐weighted spin‐echo (SE) MRI at 4 hours post‐heating in seven thermal lesions using direct MR measurement and analysis based on a binary discriminate model.ResultsThe peak temperature and T43 were 48.3 ± 1.7°C and 191 ± 219 minutes, respectively, from the direct MR measurement. The values derived by the binary discriminate analysis were 47.8 ± 2.2°C and 28 ± 41 minutes, respectively.ConclusionOur results suggest that tissue damage in rabbit brain 4 hours after thermal ablation can be predicted reliably from a threshold temperature of approximately 48°C. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:147–152. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitation of viral load in neonatal herpes simplex virus infection and comparison between type 1 and type 2
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Ito Yoshinori , Futamura Masahide , Ando Yoshihiro , Yabuta Yumi , Hoshino Yo , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Morishima Tsuneo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a severe disease with high mortality and morbidity in spite of the development of effective anti‐viral therapies. The viral load in neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was measured retrospectively in 37 patients. HSV DNA copy numbers in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were quantified using a real‐time PCR assay. Patients with disseminated infection had a higher viral load in their sera. whereas patients with central nervous system (CNS) infection exhibited a higher viral load in the CSF. The viral load was significantly higher in the serum of patients who died later. Interestingly, patients with HSV type‐2 infection exhibited more CNS involvement and neurological impairment, together with a high viral load in the CSF, than did HSV type‐1 patients. These results suggest that quantitation of HSV viral load may be useful for assessing the prognosis, and may provide additional information for the management of neonatal HSV infection. J. Med Virol. 67:349–353, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotypes and S‐gene variability of Mexican hepatitis B virus strains
Authors: Sánchez L.V. , Maldonado M. , Bastidas‐Ramírez B.E. , Norder H. , Panduro A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe genotypes and subtypes of 15 Mexican hepatitis B virus strains were determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the small S‐gene. The most predominant strains were found to be divergent genotype/subtype F/adw4 strains (66.6%), followed by A/adw2 (20.0%), D/ayw3 (6.7%), and G/adw2 (6.7%). The S‐genes of the Mexican genotype F strains and two Nicaraguan strains described previously formed a subcluster with more than 4% divergence from the other strains within this genotype. The Mexican strains within genotypes A and D showed the highest homology with strains from Europe and the United States. Ten amino acid substitutions not described previously were found in the S‐genes of strains from nine chronic carriers, whereas the S gene in strains from six acute hepatitis B patients were highly conserved as compared to their respective genotypes. One genotype F strain from an HBsAg positive chronic carrier had a T to A mutation at position 647, forming a translational stop at codon 216. Two genotype F strains from HBsAg negative chronic carriers had a Val180 instead of an Ala found in the other genotype F strains. This study shows that a divergent genotype F predominates in Mexican strains analyzed, which presented amino acid substitutions not reported previously outside the a determinant. J. Med. Virol. 68:24–32, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Large‐scale comparison of experimental adjuvants with herpes simplex virus vaccine reveals a correlation of protection with IgG2a and IgG2b responses
Authors: Simms John R. , Jennings Roy , Richardson Vernon J. , Heath Andrew W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe potential of a large number of commercial and experimental adjuvant preparations to enhance the immunogenicity of an HSV‐1 glycoprotein subunit vaccine was investigated. Evaluation was based on toxicity, HSV‐specific antibody production, and protection against lethal challenge. All adjuvants tested increased the titer of antigen specific Ig levels when compared to subunit vaccine alone. However, following challenge, a broad range of protective responses were noted. Statistically significant correlations were observed between IgG antibody levels post immunization and the observed protection and these were particularly associated with antibodies of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. The results emphasize the requirement of adjuvants for vaccine formulation when using subunit preparations, and demonstrate that the magnitude and efficacy of the induced immune response varies greatly with the choice of adjuvant. J. Med. Virol. 68:82–91, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genotype spectrum of cervical human papillomavirus infection among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Paul K.S. , Mak K.H. , Cheung Jo L.K. , Tang Nelson L.S. , Chan Denise P.C. , Lo K.K. , Cheng Augustine F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that a few uncommon human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are prevalent in Chinese cervical cancer patients. To elucidate the genotype spectrum of HPVs circulating among Hong Kong Chinese, a cross‐sectional study was conducted on 553 women who attended a public sexually transmitted disease clinic. HPV DNA was detected from cervical samples using the polymerase chain reaction, followed by genotype identification based on restriction fragment length polymorphism and direct sequencing. The prevalence of HPV was 30.6% for all types combined, 14.8% for high‐risk types, 10.8% for low‐risk types, and 7.1% for unknown‐risk types. Among the HPV‐positive women, 89.9% had single type infections; whereas the other 10.1% harboured more than one HPV type. HPV11 was the most prevalent genotype, detected in 5.1% of subjects; followed by HPV16 (4.9%), HPV58 (4.3%), HPV6 (3.3%), and HPV53 and CP8304 (2.2% each). Other less common genotypes found were HPV18, 33, 39, 61, LVX160, MM4, MM7 (range: 0.7–1.6%); HPV26, 45, 54, 56, 59, and LVX100 (range: 0.4–0.5%); HPV35, 40, 52, 55, 68, MM8, and MM9 (0.2% each). This study shows that HPV58 is the second most common high‐risk HPV genotype circulating among Chinese female sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Hong Kong. This together with previous reports of the high prevalence of HPV58 among Chinese cervical cancer patients accentuate the importance of developing vaccines targeting at this otherwise uncommon genotype. J. Med. Virol. 68: 273–277, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual manifestations of primary cytomegalovirus infection in patients without HIV infection and without organ transplants
Authors: Crowley Brendan , Dempsey Jed , Olujohungbe Ade , Khan Abdul , Mutton Ken , Hart C.A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrimary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with marked constitutional symptoms is rare in immunocompetent individuals and in those with iatrogenic immunosuppression, except transplant recipients. Four patients admitted to hospital with clinical illnesses associated with primary CMV infection were identified over a 12‐month period. Their medical records were reviewed with regard to clinical and laboratory data, and outcome. Primary CMV infection was defined by the concomitant presence of CMV IgM and low avidity CMV IgG antibody. Of two patients with no known underlying illness, one presented with thrombocytopenic purpura and the other with vasculitis. Two patients receiving immunosuppressants for underlying ulcerative colitis presented with CMV‐induced pancytopenia and CMV colitis. Atypical lymphocytosis was a feature on blood film examination in three of the four cases. One patient with disseminated CMV infection died of progressive multiorgan failure despite antiviral treatment. CMV disease following primary CMV infection should be considered in otherwise immunocompetent individuals with atypical lymphocytosis on blood film analysis, and particularly in patients on immunosuppressants such as those with ulcerative colitis, since early diagnosis and treatment with antiviral drugs may improve outcome. J. Med. Virol. 68: 237–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electromagnetic field representations and computations in complex structures III: network representations of the connection and subdomain circuits
Authors: Russer Peter , Mongiardo Mauro , Felsen Leopold B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWhen complex structures are divided into subdomains for electromagnetic field computations, it is necessary to specify which of the tangential electromagnetic field components at the boundaries may be regarded as independent and which have to be treated as dependent. In this third of our three‐part study, we establish some rules for the choice of primary and secondary fields at the connection interface, i.e. at the interface between adjacent subdomains. The discretized field continuity equations at the connection interface provide the connection network whose canonical forms are illustrated, and it is shown that the normalized scattering matrix is symmetric, orthogonal and unitary.Tellegen's theorem is introduced in order to provide the basis for consistent choice of primary and secondary fields and for deriving canonical forms of the connection network. The field problem is systematically treated by partitioning and by specifying canonical Foster representations for the subcircuits. Connection between different subdomains is obtained by selecting the appropriate independent field quantities via Tellegen's theorem. For each subdomain, as well as for the entire circuit, an equivalent circuit extraction procedure is feasible, either in closed form for subdomains amenable to analytical treatment or via the relevant pole structure description when a numerical solutions is available. Moreover, circuit‐based resonant expansions in the complex frequency plane are provided here for the analytic dyadic Green's functions in [1]. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase modulates basal catecholamine secretion in bovine chromaffin cells
Authors: Vicente S. , González M.P. , Oset‐Gasque M.J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe role of endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of basal catecholamine (CA) secretion was studied in chromaffin cells. Treatment of chromaffin cells with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors produced a dose‐dependent increase in basal catecholamine secretion, which paralleled their ability to inhibit NOS activity. This inhibitory profile was similar to that found in neurons, suggesting the constitutive expression of neuronal NOS (nNOS) in these cells, which was confirmed by Western blot analysis. A study of the kinetics and pharmacology of nNOS activity expressed in chromaffin cells in culture indicated that NOS activity is calcium‐dependent, increases with time, and is highly dependent on both intracellular concentrations of L‐arginine (Km ∼ 4 μM, Vmax = 908 ± 60 pmol/hr × 106 cells) and transport of L‐arginine into the cells (exhibiting two affinity constants of k1 = 3.2 ± 0.3 μM and k2 = 126 ± 5.5 μM). The effects of NOS inhibitors on CA secretion were mediated by the L‐arginine‐NO‐cGMP pathway, insofar as exogenous L‐arginine was able to partially block the increase in CA secretion evoked by them, and 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxaline‐1‐one (ODQ), a specific inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, and zaprinast, an inhibitor of the cGMP phosphodiesterase, were able to increase and inhibit, respectively, basal CA secretion in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggest that chromaffin cells exhibit a tonic production of NO by nNOS that keeps the basal CA secretion at low levels, and this could be necessary for maintaining a normotensive state. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Striatal neurochemical changes in transgenic models of Huntington's disease
Authors: Ariano Marjorie A. , Aronin Neil , Difiglia Marian , Tagle Danilo A. , Sibley David R. , Leavitt Blair R. , Hayden Michael R. , Levine Michael S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransgenic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) were examined following the onset of overt behavioral symptoms. The HD transgenic mice demonstrated profound striatal losses in D1, D2, and D3 dopamine (DA) receptor proteins in comparison with their nonsymptomatic, age‐matched littermate controls. In parallel, a robust increase in the striatal D5 DA receptor subtype occurred in the transgenic compared with the wild‐type control mice. This receptor elevation was accompanied by heightened cyclic AMP levels, which may be induced by the adenylyl cyclase‐linked D5 receptor. This is a unique result; normal striatal D5 protein levels are modest and not thought to contribute substantially to cyclic AMP‐mediated DA signaling mechanisms. Simple compensatory up‐regulation of D5 DA receptors in response to D1 receptor subtype loss does not explain our findings, because genetic inactivation of the D1 DA receptor does not alter levels of D5 DA receptor expression. Immunofluorescent detection of tyrosine hydroxylase showed that nigrostriatal DA containing terminals were reduced, further supporting that disturbances in DA signaling occurred in HD transgenic models. The substance P‐containing striatal efferent pathway was more resistant to the HD mutation than met‐enkephalin‐producing striatal projection neurons in the transgenics, based on neuropeptide immunofluorescent staining. Analogous findings in multiple transgenic models suggest that these changes are due to the presence of the transgene and are not dependent on its composition, promotor elements, or mouse strain background. These findings suggest modifications in the striatal DA system and that its downstream signaling through cyclic AMP mechanisms is disrupted severely in HD following onset of motor symptoms. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of the vagal motoneuronal degeneration after right vagotomy
Authors: Ji Junfeng , Dheen S. Thameem , Tay Samuel Sam Wah 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the vagal motoneuronal degeneration after right vagotomy using in situ hybridization, RT‐PCR, and immunohistochemistry methods. The morphology of the vagal motoneurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV) and nucleus of ambiguus (NA) after right vagotomy was examined by using Nissl staing and TUNEL. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), bcl‐2, bax, and caspase‐3 in DMV and NA of rats after right vagotomy was studied. Additionally, the involvement of the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐calcium‐neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) pathway in the vagal motoneuronal degeneration was addressed by double‐immunolabeling analysis of nNOS with NMDAR1 and calbindin D28K in right‐vagotomized rats. The neurons in right DMV and NA displayed a darkly stained, shrunken morphology at 1 day and 5 days following right vagotomy as shown by Nissl staining. Quantitative analysis revealed that, at 1 day and 5 days following right vagotomy, the number of neurons in right DMV, but not NA, was significantly reduced in comparison with that of control rats. Occasional TUNEL‐positive neurons were detected in right DMV of rat at 1 day after right vagotomy. The expression of iNOS protein and mRNA was absent in DMV and NA of control rats. However, the iNOS mRNA expression was induced bilaterally in DMV and NA at 1 day postoperation and continued to be up‐regulated until 5 days after vagotomy as shown by in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry analysis also showed the increased expression of iNOS in bilateral DMV and NA of vagotomized rats. RT‐PCR analysis revealed the enhanced bcl‐2 and reduced bax mRNA levels and subsequent up‐regulation of both bcl‐2 and bax mRNA in right sides of the vagotomized brainstems at 1 day and 5 days postoperation, respectively. In situ hybridization analysis confirmed the up‐regulation of bcl‐2 and bax mRNA in right DMV and NA of the rats at 5 days following operation. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed up‐regulated Bcl‐2 immunoreactivity and undetectable changes in Bax immunoreactivity in DMV and NA of rats at 1 day after vagotomy, whereas enhancement of both Bcl‐2 and Bax immunoreactivity was observed at 5 days postoperation. In addition, the caspase‐3 mRNA level was elevated ipsilaterally in DMV and NA at 1 day and 5 days following right vagotomy. Double‐immunofluorescence analysis showed complete colocalization of nNOS with NMDAR1 and with calbindin in ipsilateral DMV and NA at 10 days following right vagotomy. This study suggests that the signal pathway for NMDAR1‐calcium‐nNOS and the up‐regulation of iNOS in DMV and NA may be involved in the vagal motor neurodgeneration after right vagotomy. Furthermore, our results imply that the apoptosis pathway mediated by Bcl‐2, Bax, and caspase‐3 may be activated in vagal motoneurons after right vagotomy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced resolution modelling study on anthropogenic climate change: changes in extremes of the hydrological cycle
Authors: Voss Reinhard , May Wilhelm , Roeckner Erich 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChanges in variability and extremes of the hydrological cycle are studied in two 30 year simulations using a general circulation model at high horizontal resolution. The simulations represent the present‐day climate and a period in which the radiative forcing corresponds to a doubling of the present‐day concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. In most regions and seasons the probability density function of daily precipitation experiences a stretching associated with a higher probability of heavy precipitation events in the warmer climate. Whereas extremely long wet spells show only moderate changes, the extremely long dry spells are extended at middle latitudes over most land areas. At high latitudes the changes in annual maximum river runoff are mainly controlled by changes in snow budget. Eight out of 14 selected major rivers show a statistically significant change in 10 year return values of the annual maximum discharge. In two cases a significant decrease is found and in six cases there is a significant increase. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Decontamination of aflatoxin B1‐contaminated corn by ammonium persulphate during fermentation
Authors: Burgos‐Hernández Armando , Price Ralph L , Jorgensen‐Kornman Karen , López‐García Rebeca , Njapau Henry , Park Douglas L 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe decontamination of aflatoxin B1(AFB1)‐contaminated corn, which is required if the corn is to be suitable for alternative use, by an ammoniation–fermentation integrated process was studied. This process could be used for the production of fuel ethanol from aflatoxin‐containing corn. Different concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.5 and 2.0% w/w) of ammonium persulphate were tested in the detoxification of AFB1‐contaminated corn during fermentation. In order to increase the decontamination of corn, 0.5 and 1.0% (w/w) azodicarbonamide, benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide were tested. Peroxides were added at three different stages of the fermentation process: liquefaction, saccharification and fermentation. Levels of AFB1 and ethanol were determined after each fermentation process. Treated corn was tested for mutagenic potential using the Ames test with TA100 tester strain and pure AFB1 as positive control. Addition of 2.0% (w/w) ammonium persulphate caused the highest level of decontamination without affecting ethanol production. Addition of peroxides did not significantly (P < 0.05) increase ethanol production or significantly (P < 0.05) improve the decontamination process. The best processes for decontamination of corn and for ethanol production included the addition of 2.0% (w/w) ammonium persulphate for both and of 1.0 and 0.5% (w/w) benzoyl peroxide respectively. All treated corn samples showed no mutagenic potential. Possible industrial use of these processes is discussed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of feeding oilseed supplements to dairy cows on ruminal and milk fatty acid composition
Authors: McNamee Brian F , Fearon Ann M , Pearce Jack 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the effects of oilseed‐based supplements, rapeseed and linseed, against a barley‐based control, on the fatty acid composition, and subsequent solid fat ratio, of the milk fat from dairy cows. In addition, as a means of understanding the digestive processes which influence the milk fat composition, ruminal extracts were collected from the cows and analysed for fatty acid composition. Four lactating dairy cows each fitted with a rumen fistula were provided with silage and one of four concentrate diets. The main constituent of the concentrate supplements was either rapeseed (ground or unground), linseed (unground) or a barley control. The diets were offered in accordance with a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement. The oilseed‐supplemented concentrates provided the cows with 620–640 g fatty acids day−1. Experimental treatments were provided to the cows for 2 weeks, after which ruminal extracts were collected over a 24 h period and a milk sample was taken. All extracts were analysed for fatty acid composition. The diets fed influenced the long‐chain fatty acid composition of the ruminal extracts and milk fat. The proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the ruminal extracts increased from 202–224 to 282–321 g kg−1 of the total fatty acids when the cows were provided with the rapeseed‐based diets. The linseed‐based diet increased the C18:1n‐9 proportion of the ruminal extracts from 164 to 218 g kg−1 of the total fatty acids. Both rapeseed‐based diets also resulted in a higher proportion of C18:0 in the ruminal extract, possibly owing to biohydrogenation of the dietary fatty acids. This proportion of C18:0 in the ruminal extract was lowest immediately after feeding, increasing to a maximum 4–6 h later. Both rapeseed‐based concentrates increased the proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the milk fat to approximately 300 g kg−1 of the total fatty acids as compared with 214 g kg−1 for the control. The proportion of C18:1n‐9 in the milk fat from the cows offered the linseed‐based concentrate was 246 g kg−1 of the total fatty acids. There were also significant decreases in the proportions of C16:0 in the milk fat from the cows offered all oilseed‐based concentrates. There was no difference between the fatty acid compositions of the milk fats from the cows fed the ground or unground rapeseed‐based supplements. The oilseed‐based supplements also resulted in significant decreases in the solid fat content of the milk fat at temperatures ranging from 0 to 35 °C, which would be indicative of a softer, more spreadable butter.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry