bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ectomycorrhizal fungi: A new source of atmospheric methyl halides?
Authors: Redeker K. R. , Treseder K. K. , Allen M. F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIncomplete source budgets for methyl halides – compounds that release inorganic chlorine and bromine radicals which, in turn, catalyze atmospheric ozone depletion – limit our ability to predict the fate of the stratospheric ozone layer. We report here the first measured emissions of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide from ectomycorrhizal fungi. We grew nine fungal isolates on growth media containing halide concentrations similar to those found in soils and plant tissues. The observed range of emissions was 0.003–65 μg methyl chloride, 0.001–3 μg methyl bromide, and 0.02–12 μg methyl iodide g−1 dry weight fungi day−1. Species varied in production rates of methyl chloride vs. methyl bromide vs. methyl iodide. Cenococcum geophilum, a widespread ectomycorrhizal fungus, was further tested to investigate the effects of halide substrate concentration in growth media. Emissions from this species increased linearly with increasing concentrations of both bromide and iodide. In addition, a subset of four fungi was studied with two media concentrations each of chloride, bromide, and iodide (0.2 or 20 mm). These fungi had similar responses to halide concentration, despite 1000‐fold differences in baseline emission rates between isolates. Finally, high chloride concentrations (20 mm) in media did not appear to inhibit emissions of methyl bromide or methyl iodide. Overall, ectomycorrhizal fungi might be an important source of methyl halides to the atmosphere, and substrate concentrations and community composition may influence production levels in ecosystems.
Biomechanics of Cantilever Fixed Partial Dentures in Shortened Dental Arch Therapy
Authors: Romeed S.A. , Fok S.L. , Wilson N.H.F. 
Published: May 2004

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate, by means of 3‐dimensional finite element analysis, aspects of the biomechanics of cantilever fixed partial dentures replacing the maxillary canine in shortened dental arch therapy. The null hypothesis was that no differences would be identified by finite element analysis in the mechanical behavior of the 2 designs of cantilever fixed partial denture under different scenarios of occlusal loading.
Materials and Methods: Single‐ and double‐abutted cantilever fixed partial dentures were modeled and analyzed using the finite element packages PATRAN® and ABAQUS®. Displacement and maximum principal stresses (magnitude and location) within the fixed partial dentures, supporting structures, and the periodontal ligament/bone and abutment/retainer interfaces were examined under 20 different scenarios of axial and lateral occlusal loading.
Results: The results indicate that more displacement occurred in the 2 rather than the 3‐unit cantilever fixed partial denture, with the greatest displacement having occurred under lateral loading. The maximum principal stresses observed in the periodontal ligament/bone interfaces were greatest buccocervically, with the highest value being observed in the 2‐unit fixed partial denture under lateral loading. The highest maximum principal stresses observed in the retainer/abutment interfaces were located cervically in relation to the distal margin of the retainer of the 2‐unit fixed partial denture under axial loading.
Conclusions: It was concluded that in adopting a cantilever fixed partial denture approach for the replacement of a missing maxillary canine in shortened dental arch therapy, there may be merits, in terms of mechanical behavior, in selecting a double‐rather than a single‐abutment design. Furthermore, prostheses' displacement and functional stresses may be minimized by reducing lateral loading and avoiding pontic only loading.
Using the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in Teaching: One Criteria, Several Perspectives*
Authors: Belohlav James A. , Cook Lori S. , Heiser Daniel R. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTThe Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (MBNQA) has influenced the thinking and operations within organizations from all sectors of the American economy. This paper presents the experiences of three faculty members who have used the Criteria for Performance Excellence and the underlying concepts of the MBNQA to enhance the learning experiences of their students. The authors discuss how Dale's Cone of Experience is employed, by means of concrete exercises and experiences, to better leverage the student's ability to understand the abstract concepts. The formal, end‐of‐term student evaluations indicate that the described approach has led to a higher level of student engagement in the learning process, as evidenced by more abundant and higher‐quality feedback to the instructors.
Impaired spatial working memory in adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: comparisons with performance in adults with borderline personality disorder and in control subjects
Authors: Dowson J. H. , McLean A. , Bazanis E. , Toone B. , Young S. , Robbins T. W. , Sahakian B. J. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  This study investigated a previous claim that working memory may be ‘particularly impaired’ in adult attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), compared with other psychiatric disorders which affect frontal lobe‐mediated executive functions.Method:  Performance on spatial working memory (SWM) and two additional tasks were investigated for adult patients selected on the basis of DSM‐IV ADHD (n = 19), adult patients selected on the basis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) (n = 19), and non‐clinical control subjects (n = 19). Groups were matched for age, verbal IQ and gender.Results:  Analysis of variance showed that the ADHD group had significant impairment of SWM performance relative to the non‐clinical controls. Although there was a trend towards impairment in the BPD group relative to non‐clinical controls, this did not reach significance.Conclusion:  The results are consistent with the claim that aspects of working memory are ‘particularly impaired’ in adult ADHD. Also, the BPD group had a longer deliberation time for one of the additional tasks, compared with the ADHD group, which indicated that the patient groups may have different patterns of neuropsychological impairments.
Neurological soft signs discriminating mood disorders from first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Boks M. P. M. , Liddle P. F. , Burgerhof J. G. M. , Knegtering R. , van den Bosch R.‐J. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  To investigate the specificity of neurological soft signs (NSS) for first episode schizophrenia compared with mood disorders.Method:  We assessed NSS in a sample of 60 healthy controls, 191 first episode psychosis patients and 81 mood disorder patients. We used a principle component analysis to identify dimensions of NSS. We subsequently investigated the specificity of these dimensions for schizophrenia and their relationships with medication and symptom scores.Results:  We identified five dimensions; coordination disorders, movement disorders, increased reflexes, dyskinesia and catatonia. These dimensions were related to neural circuits associated with schizophrenia and mood disorders and included the fronto‐striatal‐thalamic and the fronto‐cerebellar pathway. The movement disorder dimension, which was suggestive for the involvement of the fronto‐striatal‐thalamic pathway, was specific for first episode schizophrenia independent from medication.Conclusion:  NSS are the result of circuitry dysfunctions rather than overall dysfunction and a particular set of NSS shows specificity for schizophrenia.
Delivering cognitive therapy to people with psychosis in a community mental health setting: an effectiveness study
Authors: Morrison A. P. , Renton J. C. , Williams S. , Dunn H. , Knight A. , Kreutz M. , Nothard S. , Patel U. , Dunn G. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  Cognitive therapy (CT) has been shown to be an efficacious treatment for persistent psychotic symptoms. However, there is some debate regarding whether this is transportable to real life clinical settings. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CT for psychosis in a community mental health team (CMHT) setting.Method:  Patients referred for CT for psychosis were naturalistically allocated (determined by the availability of a therapist) to CT or waiting‐list (WL)/treatment‐as‐usual (TAU). Outcome assessments were performed at WL, pre‐CT, post‐CT and 1‐year follow‐up. Data from 59 patients were analysed.Results:  Random effects regression analyses showed there was a significant improvement, attributable to CT, on most outcome measures, and that many of the symptomatic improvements were maintained at follow‐up. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests indicated that there was a significant reduction in psychiatric hospital use following CT.Conclusion:  These results confirm that CT is an effective treatment for psychosis that is generalizable to a community setting.
A randomized comparison of group cognitive‐behavioural therapy and group psychoeducation in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Bechdolf A. , Knost B. , Kuntermann C. , Schiller S. , Klosterkötter J. , Hambrecht M. , Pukrop R. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  Although the efficacy of cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) in schizophrenia has been established in a number of studies, no information is available on the differential efficacy of CBT in comparison with patient psychoeduction (PE).Method:  Eighty‐eight in‐patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive a therapy envelope of 8 weeks including either 16 sessions group CBT or 18 sessions group PE treatment. Assessments took place at baseline, post‐treatment and 6 month follow‐up.Results:  Patients, who received CBT were significantly less rehospitalized than patients in the PE group during the follow‐up period. On a descriptive level, CBT resulted in lower relapse rates and higher compliance ratings at post‐treatment and at follow‐up than PE. Both forms of therapy led to significant psychopathological improvement at post‐treatment and at follow‐up.Conclusion:  The brief group CBT intervention showed some superiority to the PE programme, which could be of considerable clinical and economical importance.
Long‐term outcome of pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder: a meta‐analysis and qualitative review of the literature
Authors: Stewart S. E. , Geller D. A. , Jenike M. , Pauls D. , Shaw D. , Mullin B. , Faraone S. V. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  To review the extant literature on the long‐term outcome of child/adolescent‐onset obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).Method:  Medline and Psychlit databases were systematically searched for articles regarding long‐term outcomes of child/adolescent‐onset OCD. Meta‐analysis regression was applied to evaluate predictors and persistence of OCD.Results:  Sixteen study samples (n = 6–132; total = 521 participants) in 22 studies had follow‐up periods ranging between 1 and 15.6 years. Pooled mean persistence rates were 41% for full OCD and 60% for full or subthreshold OCD. Earlier age of OCD onset (z = −3.26, P = 0.001), increased OCD duration (z = 2.22, P = 0.027) and in‐patient vs. out‐patient status (z = 2.94, P = 0.003) predicted greater persistence. Comorbid psychiatric illness and poor initial treatment response were poor prognostic factors. Although psychosocial function was frequently compromised, most studies lacked comprehensive outcome measures.Conclusion:  Long‐term persistence of pediatric OCD may be lower than believed. Future studies should include broader measures of outcome including symptomatic persistence and functional impairment in multiple domains.
Longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of DSM‐IV criteria for obsessive–compulsive personality disorder: a 2‐year prospective study
Authors: Grilo C. M. , Skodol A. E. , Gunderson J. G. , Sanislow C. A. , Stout R. L. , Shea M. T. , Morey L. C. , Zanarini M. C. , Bender D. S. , Yen S. , McGlashan T. H. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  To examine the longitudinal diagnostic efficiency of the DSM‐IV criteria for obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD).Method:  At baseline, criteria and diagnoses were determined using diagnostic interviews, and blinded assessments were performed 24 months later with 550 participants. Diagnostic efficiency indices (conditional probabilities, total predictive power, and kappa) were calculated for each criterion determined at baseline, using the independent OCPD diagnosis at follow‐up as the standard.Results:  Longitudinal diagnostic efficiencies for the OCPD criteria varied; findings suggested the overall predictive utility of ‘preoccupied with details’, ‘rigid and stubborn’, and ‘reluctant to delegate’.Conclusion:  These findings suggest the predictive validity of three cognitive‐interpersonal OCPD criteria.
Insight into current symptoms of schizophrenia. Association with frontal cortical function and affect
Authors: Freudenreich O. , Deckersbach T. , Goff D. C. 
Published: May 2004

Objective:  Examine whether frontal lobe dysfunction or affective experiences correlates with lack of symptom awareness in schizophrenia.Method:  A total of 122 consecutive adult schizophrenia outpatients were assessed cross‐sectionally with standard rating scales of psychopathology and of insight, and underwent neuropsychological assessment with a battery of tests sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. Correlational analyses were used to determine relationships between variables.Results:  About 62% of patients had at least partial awareness of symptoms. Anxiety correlated modestly with insight into the abnormal nature of positive and negative symptoms. No cognitive variable was significantly correlated with symptom awareness.Conclusion:  The pathological nature of symptoms is better recognized by patients who experience dysphoric affect. Neither severity of psychotic symptoms nor frontal lobe cognitive deficits correlates to symptom awareness. Lack of insight, which can be partial for symptoms of the illness, might be a non‐reducible symptom of schizophrenia.
Partnership working in the production of clinical guidelines
Authors: Keating Liza , Carter Helen , Darwent Melanie , Bateman Sally , Mackay Donald M. , Pullinger Rick 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article describes a working partnership between the Cairns Clinical Librarian Service, Health Care Libraries, University of Oxford and the Emergency Department (ED) at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. This collaboration resulted in the establishment of a guideline development group in June 2002. The aim of the group is to produce a set of easily accessible, user‐orientated, evidence‐based guidelines for the use of clinicians in the Emergency Department, within a realistic timescale. The Cairns Clinical Librarian Project was built on previous models of clinical librarianship and incorporated an evaluation of previous programmes. The objective was to provide information to clinicians at the time and point of need. Consultation with the ED from the outset determined the approach adopted by the Cairns team. Clinical guidelines have been shown to improve clinical practice. Pending the introduction of nationally available protocols, we have begun to establish a collection of evidence‐based guidelines using web‐based architecture in conjunction with the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust's IT department. A piece of diagnostic analysis was undertaken to ensure a coherent strategy was developed for the guideline project. An ‘intermediate approach’ was adopted, where existing valid guidelines were modified to fit local circumstances. We strove to be transparent at all times about all aspects of the guideline development process. Formative evaluation has shown how the application of evidence‐based health care needs adequate resources and requires people with appropriate knowledge and skills. This article charts the progress of the project and highlights how the partnership between the clinical team and the Clinical Librarian has been deemed to be essential to the success of the project.
All for one, one for all: collaboration between NHS and Higher Education in establishing provision of a multi‐disciplinary, hospital‐based library and information services
Authors: Black Coral , Bury Rachel 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDeveloping multi‐disciplinary library and information services is high on the agenda for many NHS trusts and this brings with it a climate of change for both those who manage and work in services today. The development of such new services needs to be carefully managed and developed, and this presents a challenge for librarians and service managers. In the UK during 1999 and 2000, Aintree Hospital Trust, in conjunction with Edge Hill College of Higher Education, established a truly multi‐disciplinary service based at its hospital site and managed by Edge Hill. This paper outlines the key stages in the development of the Library and Information Service with the focus on the management of change, collaboration and the development of a unique partnership between Higher Education and an NHS trust. The case study example will provide an outline of strategic and project planning, with insights into staff management and development, delivering user expectations and developing stakeholder relationships in the health library setting.
Creation and development of an All‐Wales Health Library Catalogue
Authors: John Jennifer , Wright Helen M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis article focuses on the collaboration between the University of Wales College of Medicine (UWCM) libraries and the Welsh National Health Service (NHS) libraries to create a joint library catalogue. The goal was to create an all‐Wales resource that gave users one access point to search for the location and availability of health‐related material in any Welsh medical library. This venture grew out of the existing collaborative scheme, the All‐Wales Health Information and Library Extension Services (AWHILES). Currently, all seven UWCM libraries and 17 NHS libraries contribute to the catalogue. Four more libraries are due to join in late 2003 or early 2004. All UWCM and AWHILES libraries would then be contributing members of the joint catalogue.The article discusses the background and motivation to the creation of the database. It explores the positives and negatives of the project plus what was learnt as the venture progressed. It reviews the establishment and operations of the Welsh Health Voyager User Group (WHVUG) created to involve all contributing members in the running and future development of the library catalogue.
Newspaper framing of fatal motor vehicle crashes in four Midwestern cities in the United States, 1999–2000
Authors: Connor S M , Wesolowski K 
Published: June 2004

Objective:To examine the public health messages conveyed by newspaper coverage of fatal motor vehicle crashes and determine the extent to which press coverage accurately reflects real risks and crash trends.Methods:Crash details were extracted from two years of newspaper coverage of fatal crashes in four Midwestern cities in the United States. Details and causal factors identified by reporters were compared to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) using odds ratios and two tailed z tests.Results:Papers covered 278 fatal crashes over the two year period, in contrast to 846 fatal crashes documented in FARS. Papers assigned blame in 90% of crashes covered, under-reported restraint use and driver’s risk of death, failed to reflect the protective value of restraints, and misrepresented the roles played by alcohol and teen drivers.Conclusion:Newspaper coverage did not accurately reflect real risk. Papers presented fatal crashes as dramas with a victim/villain storyline; in keeping with this narrative strategy, papers were most likely to cover stories where a driver survived to take the blame. By highlighting crashes that diverge from the norm, focusing on the assignment of blame to a single party, and failing to convey the message that preventive practices like seatbelt use increase odds for survival, newspapers removed crashes from a public health context and positioned them as individual issues. Public health practitioners can work with media outlets in their areas to draw attention to misrepresentations and change the way these stories are framed.
Injuries from paintball game related activities in the United States, 1997–2001
Authors: Conn J M , Annest J L , Gilchrist J , Ryan G W 
Published: June 2004

Objective:To quantify and characterize injuries resulting from paintball game related activities among persons ⩾7 years in the United States.Setting:Hospitals included in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS); these are composed of a stratified probability sample of all hospitals in the United States with emergency departments.Methods:Using NEISS, non-fatal injury data for paintball game related injury cases from 1997–2001 were obtained from emergency department records. Participation estimates used to calculate injury rates were obtained from a yearly survey funded by the National Sporting Goods Association.Results:An estimated 11 998 persons ⩾7 years with paintball game related injuries were treated in emergency departments from 1997–2001, with an annual average rate of 4.5 per 10 000 participants (95% confidence interval 3.3 to 5.7). The paintball game related injury rate was highest for 18–24 year olds (4.9 per 10 000 participants) and most injuries (94.0%) occurred among males. Almost 60% of all injured persons ⩾7 years were treated for paintball pellet wounds of which most were to the eye. While 76.9% of injured persons ages 7–17 years were treated for paintball pellet wounds, almost 40% of those ⩾18 years were treated for injuries resulting from overexertion or a fall. Lower extremity injuries were also common (23.0%), mostly from overexertion. Most injured persons (95.5%) were treated and released.Conclusions:As paintball games become more popular, efforts are needed to increase training, enforce rules, and educate participants about how to stay safe, such as wearing protective eye gear, when engaged in paintball games at home, in a public area, or in a sports field.
Practical introduction to record linkage for injury research
Authors: Clark D E 
Published: June 2004

The frequency of early fatality and the transient nature of emergency medical care mean that a single database will rarely suffice for population based injury research. Linking records from multiple data sources is therefore a promising method for injury surveillance or trauma system evaluation. The purpose of this article is to review the historical development of record linkage, provide a basic mathematical foundation, discuss some practical issues, and consider some ethical concerns.Clerical or computer assisted deterministic record linkage methods may suffice for some applications, but probabilistic methods are particularly useful for larger studies. The probabilistic method attempts to simulate human reasoning by comparing each of several elements from the two records. The basic mathematical specifications are derived algebraically from fundamental concepts of probability, although the theory can be extended to include more advanced mathematics.Probabilistic, deterministic, and clerical techniques may be combined in different ways depending upon the goal of the record linkage project. If a population parameter is being estimated for a purely statistical study, a completely probabilistic approach may be most efficient; for other applications, where the purpose is to make inferences about specific individuals based upon their data contained in two or more files, the need for a high positive predictive value would favor a deterministic method or a probabilistic method with careful clerical review. Whatever techniques are used, researchers must realize that the combination of data sources entails additional ethical obligations beyond the use of each source alone.