bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Technology in Distribution: Daily Necessities and Processed Foods
Authors: Miwa Yoshiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Information technology” (IT), together with “internet” and “e-commerce,” is the phrase of the day in contemporary Japan. Whether in town or in the Diet, people talk with hope and fear about the future of IT and its influence on the country. Throughout the last decade of the twentieth century, observers commonly claim, computer-based IT dramatically influenced the direction of our economy and society. In the process, did it also influence the direction of the distribution sector? Computers and communication technology made remarkable progress, and that progress could potentially have transfonned distribution. Did it? In this chapter, I focus on the impact that the IT boom of the 1980s had on the distribution sector.
Commercial Banks and Industrial Finance in England and Wales, 1860–1913
Authors: Collins Michael , Baker Mae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the decades before 1914, the City of London was the premier international financial centre. However, this position was not long maintained, other industrial nations quickly and effectively challenged the influence of Britain, and following the disruption of the world markets caused by World War I and the Great Depression of the 1930s, international hegemony slipped away for ever. The relationship of bankers and industrialists has often been cited as a key factor in this decline. Critics of the banks claim that, even before World War I, there were serious deficiencies in the financial provision provided by banks to the domestic industrial sector, and that these deficiencies handicapped Britain’s competitive advantage in world markets, leading to the decline of their influence and power. This book examines these claims, and bringing to bear important new data that presents the debate in a novel and revealing framework, expounds an economic rationale for historical bank behaviour. Using a rich source of contemporary records, it presents a series of micro-economic studies into commercial bank assets and liabilities, financial crises, bank mergers, the professionalization of banking, the organization and conduct of the industrial loan business, and the nature of bank support given to industrial clients. The result is a new, authoritative interpretation of bank-industry relations in the half-century before World War I.
Tort Law
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This addition to the Clarendon Law Series offers a clear exposition of the modern law of tort and addresses all heads of the subject. It provides both a succinct and thoughtful overview for those coming to Tort for the first time and also pulls together themes and raises thought-provoking insights and synergies for those reading it after completing the course. Tony Weir presents both in-depth discussion and thorough analysis of recent cases and trends, notably in areas such as: - liability of public authorities for child abuse - impact of the Human Rights Act - privacy - liability of police.
Introduction
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose a motorist knocks you off your bicycle; can you sue him for ‘damages’ (monetary compensation)? If a policeman stops you in the street for no good reason, is this a wrong you can sue him for? Your neighbours keep making an intolerable noise; can you get a court to stop them (injunction)? To find the answer you look in a book on tort law. If the courts would accept your claim, we say that the defendants are ‘tort-feasors’ and ‘liable’ to you. So the law of tort is about when ‘liability’ exists (leaving aside any other ground of liability, such as breach of contract), and ‘a tort’ is conduct which renders the defendant liable unless he has some defence.
Breach of Duty
Authors: Weir Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the existence of a duty of care is a question of law (and it is, even though the duty question is now said to be so heavily dependent on the proven facts that courts are reluctant to strike out a claim on the pleadings), the question whether the defendant was or was not in breach of that duty is surely one of fact. This means that decisions on breach are not citable as authorities; they are merely illustrations of the application of the indubitable rule that if one is under a duty at common law such care must be taken as is called for in all the circumstances.
The Theory and Practice of Restorative Justice
Authors: Strang Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 I suggested that a ‘restorative’ approach has traditionally been the dominant paradigm of criminal justice. By this I was referring to a response to crime that involved offenders making amends to their victims, and that was achieved through various mechanisms involving restitution. The purpose of this response was to restore order and peace as quickly as possible and to avoid the consequences of revenge (Weitekamp 1997). These mechanisms fell away with the rise of the modern state, and were replaced by a retributive model of state-centred justice with outcomes focused on punishment of the offender, rather than reconciliation between the disputing parties and restoration of the victim’s wellbeing (Zehr 1985).
Political Belonging in a World of Multiple Identities
Authors: Hall Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outlining some of the background thinking to the conference that preceded this volume, the editors identified what they called two strands within cosmopolitanism. They said, ‘for some theorists, envisioning a politics of cosmopolitanism refers to possibilities surrounding global democracy and world citizenship. For some it means fostering new frameworks of alliance-making among social movements, locally and globally. Others who have invoked cosmopolitanism advocate a non-communitarian, post-identity politics of overlapping interest and heterogeneous or hybrid publics, and still others draw upon the term to challenge the conventional notions of belonging, identity and citizenship’.
Four Cosmopolitanism Moments
Authors: Fine Robert , Cohen Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why, historically, has ‘cosmopolitanism’ surfaced from time to time only to become submerged again? In this chapter we consider four contexts or ‘moments’: the ancient world (Zeno’s moment), the Enlightenment (Kant’s moment), post-totalitarian thought (Arendt’s moment) and late North American thought (Nussbaum’s moment). There is no particular theoretical weight attached to the word ‘moment’: rather it serves as a convenient device to anchor some key debates and antinomies.
Defeating the perpetrators of violence
Authors: Seybolt Taylor B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atrocities against civilians can be so heinous that their perpetrators have to be defeated. It is obvious, in retrospect, that the Rwandan extremists could not be persuaded to stop their genocide. They had to be made to stop with brute force. The Khmer Rouge regime killed between 1 and 2 million people in Cambodia and would have continued if Viet Nam had not invaded and driven Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot from power. Ugandan dictator Idi Amin was less efficient in his killing but no less brutal. After eight years of murder and mayhem Tanzania invaded Uganda to overthrow him.1
Knowledge as infrastructure
Authors: Hanseth Ole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ICT solutions are often designed and adopted in order to support, facilitate, and rationalize on going activities in the way they are already being carried out. In other cases, the new technology is expected to enable ways of working that are radically different and more efficient than existing ways. For instance, the Internet has been seen as opening up-or even causing-such radical changes. Predictions have been made that the increasingly wider adoption of the Internet will bring about paradigm changes in our technological solutions (from local systems to global networks), as well as in organizing business activities (from closed hierarchies to open, flat, global networks). These paradigm changes have often been described as a transformation from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’ economy.
Framing IS studies: understanding the social context of IS innovation
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi , Madon Shirin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information systems research and practice is to a large extent concerned with analysing the properties and behaviour of the organizations within which IS innovation takes place. Yet, the analytical capacity of information systems research to consider the social context of IS innovation remains limited. Overall, IS studies have not developed theories and methodologies to account for the environment within which information systems are shaped and interact with human actors.
The Use of Time by Management and Consumers: An Analysis of the Computer Industry
Authors: Kaku Paul Sergius 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted as part of my broader interest in innovations and information asymmetric conditions. Here, I focus rather narrowly on how managers in the computer industry strategically use the element of time in releasing new-product information. To guide the enquiry, I developed and tested two hypotheses on time whose implications are sufficiently broad to make them useful to managers in other competitive industries.
Introduction: Explorations in Pragmatic Economics 1
Authors: Akerlof George A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easier to describe a French garden than an English garden. But each type of garden has an order of its own kind, so that French gardens are not inherently any more orderly than English gardens. A collection of papers is like a garden. Both should have order and focal point, as both also should be well-weeded of the extraneous. This collection is an English, not a French, garden. There is no immediately apparent grand design. Like an English garden, it is an attempt to re-create nature, indeed to punctuate the type of order that nature itself creates, rather than an attempt to impose some pre-ordained order on it.
Standardizing Risk Management: Making up Processes and People
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 traced the emerging regulatory significance of internal control and its reframing as risk management. The COSO, CoCo, and Turnbull frame- works are standards which formalize fundamental design principles for the organizational self-management of risk, and which establish normative baselines against which organizations must evaluate themselves. Indeed, the Weld of risk management in all its variety is symptomatic of the emerging ‘world of standards’ (Brunnson and Jacobsson, 2000) which permeates organizations of all shapes and sizes.
Making Risk Auditable: Legalization and Organization
Authors: Power Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 2005 the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) held the first roundtable consultation exercise to assess the first year of implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation (‘Sarbox’), and the effects of section 404 requirements for the certification of internal controls (Chapter 2). In the same month in the United Kingdom Phillip Hampton published his report on reducing the burdens of regulation (HM Treasury, 2005). In the North American case, response to the consultation has been predictable: even SEC registered companies well-disposed to Sarbox, and to the necessity of improving internal controls, have complained about the first year costs of compliance and bemoan the detailed documentation required for minor controls over financial reporting.
Introduction to Part I: Learning to Feed off Controversies
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like all sciences, sociology begins in wonder. The commotion might be registered in many different ways but it’s always the paradoxical presence of something at once invisible yet tangible, taken for granted yet surprising, mundane but of baffling subtlety that triggers a passionate attempt to tame the wild beast of the social. ‘We live in groups that seem firmly entrenched, and yet how is it that they transform so rapidly?’ ‘We are made to do things by other agencies over which we have no control and that seem plain and mundane enough.
How to Keep the Social Flat
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Users of social science seem to consider that it’s rather straightforward to assemble, invoke, convoke, mobilize, and explain the social. Practitioners of social science know how painful, costly, arduous, and utterly puzzling it is. The ‘easy’ social is the one already bundled together, while the ‘difficult’ social is the new one that has yet to appear in stitching together elements that don ‘t pertain to the usual repertoire. Depending on which tracer we decide to follow we will embark on very different sorts of travels.
Conclusion: From Society to Collective—Can the Social Be Reassembled?
Authors: Latour Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The alternative I have proposed in this book is so simple that it can be summarized in one short list: the question of the social emerges when the ties in which one is entangled begin to unravel; the social is further detected through the surprising movements from one association to the next; those movements can either be suspended or resumed; when they are prematurely suspended, the social as normally construed is bound together with already accepted participants called ‘social actors’ who are members of a ‘society’ when the movement toward collection is resumed, it traces the social as associations through many non-social entities which might become participants later; if pursued systematically, this tracking may end up in a shared definition of a common world, what I have called a collective; but if there are no procedures to render it common, it may fail to be assembled; and, lastly, sociology is best defined as the discipline where participants explicitly engage in the reassembling of the collective.
Shares And Other Securities In The Conflict Of Laws
Authors: Ooi Maisie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the problems of choice of law relating to shares and other securities. It is a subject that occupied a fairly obscure corner of conflict of laws until the impetus given to it by Macmillan v Bishopsgate Investment Trust (No 3) and recent interest generated by fears within the international financial community that the conflicts problems arising from the modern system of securities holding through intermediaries threatens the system’s viability. At both European and international levels, efforts have been made to legislate for certainty in an area of the greatest practical importance to the major players in the capital markets, as the value of cross-border transactions in such securities runs into billions of pounds daily. Shares and Other Securities in the Conflict of Laws is divided into two parts. Part I determines the present state of English law with respect to choice of law treatment of dealings in shares, and examines the basic rules involved. It considers the context in which the rules have evolved, the situations in which they are said to apply and have been applied, and the place of the rules in the conflicts treatment of securities transactions today. The main focus is on dealings with shares in the traditional direct holding system from which the basic rules developed. Part II considers the difficulties associated with the application and extension of the basic rules to the choice of law issues that arise in the indirect holding system, the various theories and legislative reforms (of the EU and at the Hague) that have been suggested in respect to their resolution, and the extent to which they provide a viable solution. Comparison is also made with the related law reform initiatives in the US of Revised Articles 8 and 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. The book concludes with an examination of special choice of law concerns in insolvency and arising from collateralization (such as perfection and recharacterization), the impact of dematerialization and immobilization on shares, and the choice of law problems posed by them.
The Soft Revolution: Achieving Growth by Managing Intangibles
Authors: Romer Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Lessard: Good afternoon, and, on behalf of our hosts Jerry Fair and Mike Murray of Bank of America, let me welcome you all to this discussion of the role of soft, or intangible, assets in driving corporate growth in the new global economy. I am Don Lessard, Professor of International Management at MIT’s Sloan School of Management, and I will be serving as moderator of the discussion.
Science and Technology as Predictors of Stock Performance
Authors: Deng Zhen , Lev Baruch , Narin Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation and technological change are the main drivers of companies’ productivity and growth. But public information on companies’ efforts to innovate (namely, their investment in science and technology and the consequences of that investment) is generally scant and not timely. To alleviate this impediment to the valuation of companies’ performance and prospects, we examined the ability of a new set of publicly available patent-related measures to reflect science- and technology-based companies’ potential and growth. We tested the ability of the patent-related measures to predict stock returns and market-to book ratios.
The Growing Intangibles Reporting Discrepancy
Authors: Blair Margaret , Wallman Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The US economy, like the economies of most industrial countries, is increasingly one in which the ‘products’ that firms provide are not simply physical goods but are services or experiences. Even the physical goods we buy are greatly enhanced in their value to us by the technology embedded in them or by the brand image they carry Indeed, market services and intangible goods now account for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States.
Summary of Research Findings
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to identify the operational risks inherent in the asset management business and to evaluate the role of capital in mitigating these risks. There are significant differences in the nature of asset management businesses across Continental Europe, as well as between the UK and Continental Europe, and between the USA and Europe. In France, collective investment schemes dominate, but mandates are growing in importance. In Germany, insurance companies have been the largest investor group, but investment funds are catching up. In Italy and Spain, collective schemes and asset management by banks are the largest investor groups. In the Netherlands and Ireland, pension funds and life insurance funds dominate.
Historical linguistics and unwritten languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike some other aspects of anthropology affected by the functionalist attack on history, the validity and fruitfulness of the historic approach in linguistics has never been seriously questioned. The objections which have been raised to certain assumptions of classical Indo-European comparative linguistics, such as the existence of sound laws without exceptions or the overliteral interpretation of the family-tree metaphor of language relationship, have not involved any fundamental doubt as to the legitimacy and value of historical reconstruction as such; at the most, they have, in the case of the Italian group of neo-linguists, suggested specific alternative reconstructions of certain Proto-Indo-European forms.
The Concept of Proof in Genetic Linguistics*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtually all historical linguists share a common notion which may be stated in something like the following terms. One starts with a hypothesis of relationship between two or more languages or groups of languages. If groups of languages are involved these in turn are conceived of as a number of languages which already have been proven to be related, e.g. the Indo-European family. Taking as examples binary hypotheses (these are the most frequent in the literature) we may illustrate the three possibilities by actual examples. An instance in which we deal with two single languages is the Japanese-Korean hypothesis, of a single language with a group of languages, the Eskimo-Indo-European hypothesis and of one group with another group the Indo-European-U ralic hypothesis.
The Principle of Proportionality: Review of Community Measures
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At its most abstract level, the principle of proportionality requires that action undertaken must be proportionate to its objectives. The notion of proportionality goes back to ancient times but as a general principle of law in modern legal systems it is inspired by ideas underpinning liberal democracy, in particular, the concern to protect the individual vis-a-vis the State and the premise that regulatory intervention must be suitable to achieve its aims. The principle was developed in continental legal systems, especially in Germany and France, in the 20th century. Its development as a ground for review can be seen as the judiciary’s response to the growth of administrative powers and the augmentation of administrative discretion. The principle found only limited expression in the Treaty of Rome but has been developed by the Court as a fundamental principle deriving from the rule of law and requiring in particular that ‘the individual should not have his freedom of action limited beyond the degree necessary in the public interest’.
Transitions to local authority
Authors: Scheye Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not since the end of World War II has the international community been confronted with the rule-of-law challenges it has faced since 1999 in Kosovo and East Timor—to build and install a new law enforcement regime after a period when the international community exercised full executive authority and functioned as the Jegitimate government and transitional administration. The international com munity has been asked to help in the rebuilding of domestic police agencies after a period of internal conflict—in Bosnia and Herzeg ovina, Cambodia, Eastern Slavonia, El Salvador and Haiti—but the task of transferring full executive authority to a brand-new law enforcement regime under domestic civilian control is qualitatively different. The fact that this transfer will occur under the authority and direction of the United Nations Department of Peace-keeping Operations (DPKO) rather than under the auspices of an occupying foreign power or powers marks these transfers as fundamentally different from those that occurred after World War II.
The Origin of Riparian Rights
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes knowing how a rule originated affects one’s respect for it. England and the eastern American states have a ‘riparian’ water rights system in which each person with land along watercourse is supposed to have an equal right to use it. According to a popular account, that system arose because water was plentiful. In the western American states, where water is scarce, it was replaced by a system of prior appropriation which protects the first person to put water to a useful purpose. Benign forces seem to have given each region the water law it ought to have.