bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green hydrogen production in a south of Italy region using excess electricity only: real scenario and alternatives
Authors: Caramia Giovanni , Amirante Riccardo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Stating the European Union decarbonisation objectives setting carbon neutrality by 2050, this article proposes a thorough analysis of alternative energy system scenarios deriving firstly from the hypothetical switch-off of a coal-fired power plant, secondly from the the contextual introduction of Hydrogen Valleys’ electrolysers, thirdly from the increase in the peak photovoltaic power matching the switched-off power plant annual energy production. Hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide and excess electricity production as well as grid stabilization are the main investigated aspects. After a brief description of the methodology based on the use of the freeware EnergyPLAN model, authors describe the reference as well as alternative considered scenarios. Main results obtained start from annual CO2 emission and power plant production analysis continuing with the description of electrical grid demand/production imbalance arising if a variable renewable energy source higher production level is introduced. The role of electricity storage thought as the coupling of electrolyser and hydrogen fired gas turbine is then investigated. The total hydrogen production potential based on the use of the solely excess electricity production is determined. The mean monthly power plant, renewable sources and total productions are compared with the demand curve arguing that power plants mostly contributes to the shape of production curve whereas renewable energy sources contribute to increase the total production level so to reach the actual demand values. Lastly, a grid stability constraints analysis ends the proposed results.
A model-based approach to long-term energy planning: the case-study of the Turin Airport
Authors: Prussi M. , Laveneziana L. , Misul D. , Chiaramonti D. , Odisio M. , Restaldo G. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Urged by the concerns relating to climate change and the energy crises, several companies and industries have been undertaking a deeply transformation of their energy system. Energy planning, especially with a long-term perspective, has assumed a renewed importance. The traditional approaches about energy planning, typically relying on a single-project analyses and a short-term vision, appear today unsuitable for evaluating the disruptive transformation of the energy system. In this paper, we propose an energy system optimization approach, based on a detailed energy planning, and we discuss its application to an energy intensive industry: airports. In the context of the European TULIPS project, the energy system of the fellow airport of Turin was modelled in the open-source OSeMOSYS framework. The model was then validated on a set of reference years of operation of the airport. The results of the modelling exercise showed minor variations with respect to real-world data, with a percent error well below 2.5%. Having assessed the ability of the model to reproduce the behavior of the energy system, future studies will be devoted to the development of a decarbonisation roadmap for Turin Airport.
Improving energy efficiency and Indoor Environmental Quality in the School of Mathematics at the Sapienza University campus in Rome
Authors: Romano G , Rosso M , Mancini F , Salvo S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
SDG 7 “affordable and clean energy” aims at expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean and more efficient energy in all countries, encouraging socio-economic growth and helping the environment. Its implementation through legislative instruments led to the writing of the Sapienza Energy Plan and the Energy Implementation Program, which define a series of medium-term implementation strategies on buildings inside and outside the Sapienza University campus. Strategies aimed at the energy redevelopment of the building envelope to achieve the minimization of energy needs and the construction of PV systems as well as the technical and regulatory adaptation of existing HVAC systems to improve the environmental comfort conditions. By the requirements of current legislation, the Energy Performance has been quantified through the energy efficiency analysis of the building in its current state and post-interventions, led using a simulation on an energy diagnostic software. After the analyses, the refurbishment interventions have allowed defining the guidelines, in compliance with the contents of the Guidelines for the energy efficiency of cultural heritage and the PES, through a series of strategies aimed at the conservation and improvement of the building envelope and at improving the energy efficiency and the IEQ of the School of Mathematics.
Numerical modeling and exergetic analysis of efficiency improving solutions for a micro-CAES system
Authors: Tumminello D. , Bacci T. , Facchini B. , Stortiero F , Castelli G 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The development of cost-effective energy storage systems with low environmental impact is crucial for the energy transition to enable the widespread use of renewable energy sources. Within this context, there is an increasing interest in Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), especially for its potential application in small-scale off-grid systems. In this study, a numerical model of a micro-CAES system for off-grid applications, with an output power of 5kW, is developed; the open source, object-oriented software OpenModelica is used and the model is validated by comparison with available experimental data. Following the validation, the model is used to identify the main exergetic losses and a series of efficiency enhancing solutions are evaluated, using the round-trip efficiency as an indicator. The study allows to identify the main technical aspects to focus on, in ordedr to improve the system, as well as the limit performance that the adopted CAES concept would allow to achieve.
Experimental analysis of a graphene oxide-enhanced paraffin PCM
Authors: Emmi G , Baccega E , Cesari S , Giacon L , Zarrella A , Bottarelli M 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research here presented aims at characterizing the thermal behaviour of a PCM-based latent heat storage enhanced with graphene oxide. The heat storage tank is composed of two PVC coaxial cylinders and a smooth stainless-steel helical heat exchanger installed inside the smaller one. The heat exchanger is immersed in PCM, a commercial paraffin with a melting temperature of around 28°C. The melting and solidification of the PCM were forced through hot or cold water flowing in the heat exchanger. The purpose is to explore the melting and solidification process by monitoring the temperature in the PCM with multiple thermocouples placed at different heights and different radial distances from the centre of the heat exchanger. Initially, the system was studied with pure paraffin. Then, two different mass percentages (i.e., 1.5% and 3%) of graphene oxide were added, whose high thermal conductivity had to counterbalance the paraffin low thermal conductivity and thus enhance the overall performance of the system. These three configurations were then compared to a reference scenario, consisting of the inner cylinder filled with pure water. The use of graphene oxide has increased the heat flux by up to 24% during heating and up to 31% during cooling compared to the pure PCM.
Digital Hydraulic Technology: Applications, Challenges, and Future Direction
Authors: Sciatti Francesco , Tamburrano Paolo , Distaso Elia , Amirante Riccardo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Digital hydraulic technology has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional hydraulic systems, offering several advantages such as improved energy efficiency, more precise control, and reduced complexity. In recent years, digital hydraulic technology applications have been widely researched in various engineering sectors, including aerospace, biomedical and industrial. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent advancements in digital hydraulic technology, focusing on the various applications and their benefits. The paper begins by introducing the two different branches of this innovative technology. Subsequently, it presents an overview of digital hydraulic technology applications, highlighting their specific advantages, particularly in biomedical, industrial and aeronautical sectors, when compared to conventional hydraulic technology. Finally, the paper addresses the challenges and limitations associated with digital hydraulic technology and discusses potential areas for future research and development.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Small-Scale Locomotive Powered by Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Kaya Ahmet Fatih , Pedrazzi Simone , Muscio Alberto 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The adverse environmental effects of fossil fuels resulted in a sharp rise in demand for renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydrogen. Environmental pollution might be drastically reduced by using renewable energy sources. Various examples of solid oxide fuel cells being employed in locomotives exist in the literature. This work used numerical techniques to simulate and model a vehicle with eight wheels, considered as a small-scale locomotive powered by solid oxide fuel cells. The feasibility of solid oxide fuel cell-based locomotive was investigated through numerical modeling and simulation. The Matlab-Simulink platform, which includes an electrical system, an energy management system, and vehicle dynamics, was used to run the simulations. Four different locomotive configurations were created, (1) The mass of the locomotive (m) = 65000 kg, operating temperature (T) = 750°C, (2) m = 65000 kg, T = 1000°C, (3) m = 80000 kg, T = 750°C, and (4) m = 80000 kg and T = 1000°C. The performance parameters of the vehicle were recorded after the simulations. These factors are crucial for optimizing the locomotives’ design and operation since they provide light on their performance. Future locomotive design and operation may be influenced by the findings of this study, resulting in more environmentally friendly and sustainable transportation networks.
Metal hydrides in hydrogen storage: optimization of dynamic control strategies
Authors: Jin Lingkang , Rossi Mosè , Caresana Flavio , Pelagalli Leonardo , Comodi Gabriele 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Metal hydrides have emerged as a promising solution for efficient hydrogen storage in solid matter. While the charging and discharging kinetics of these systems are well-known, dynamic control strategies from a system’s perspective still need a detailed analysis by the scientific community. In this research work, a metal hydrides system and its dynamic controls have been numerically studied. AB2-type metals (ZrMn2) are involved as a storage medium, which is coupled to a conditioning system via a heat pump and a hydrogen compressor; therefore, both operating temperature and pressure can be controlled. Results showed that hydrogen pressure is a fundamental component in accelerating reaction dynamics and increasing stored mass. However, it is also the most energy-intensive component. The use of a conditioning system, which works at a proper set temperature, can reduce the hydrogen compressor energy to achieve the same performance, although requiring higher power input from the heat pump’s compressor. Furthermore, the operational strategy must be chosen based on either the minimization of charging/discharging time or energy expenses.
Environmental and Economic Assessment of the Italian Energy Transition Scenarios
Authors: Sorce Alessandro , Vannoni Alberto , Bellotti Daria , Rivarolo Massimo 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of this work is to assess the environmental and economic impact of the Energy Transition of the Italian Electrical Sector, as planned by the PNIEC (Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan), published in December 2019, and by the scenarios, developed by Terna and Snam, updated to reach the Fit-for-55 objectives. The analysis of the historical trends related to RES (Renewable Energy Sources) capacity increase, allows comparing the historical effort with the one expected to reach the 2030 goals. In particular wind off-shore production is expected to have a larger impact than envisaged before. On the technical side, some scenarios assumptions are going to be revised to more realistic values. The technological and economic efforts, besides an estimation of the expected global environmental benefit, are assessed taking into account: i) the revised RES capacity increase, ii) the grid infrastructure enhancement, and iii) the envisaged installation of new storage and electrolyzer capacity. With flexibility items, ii) and iii), requiring a similar level of capital cost as the new RES capacity. The reduction in natural gas consumption in the different scenarios is expected to reduce both the Green House Gas emissions and the operating cost with a large impact on the average efficiency of the natural gas-fed power plants.
Urban High-density 3D Ambient Noise Refracted Wave Extraction
Authors: Hu Ketong , Zhao Shuai 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Active-source seismic detection is trapped in complex urban environmental noise and dense housing facilities, so this method is not suitable for urban environment, but the ambient noise method can obtain urban underground medium information at low cost and environmental protection. At the same time, in order to have a more comprehensive understanding of the underground situation, it is necessary to conduct three-dimensional detection of underground structures, arrange three-dimensional measurement lines, and high-density spatial sampling can obtain high-resolution detection results. In terms of ambient noise body wave extraction, the extraction of refracted waves is easier. Therefore, in this experiment, high-density 3D ambient noise refracted wave extraction is carried out for urban environment. In this paper, the refracted wave signal is extracted by cross-correlation of the collected 20-day ambient noise data.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar and High Density Seismic Mapping Method in Tunnel Concrete Lining Detection
Authors: Xu Dexin , Yuan MuLin , Chen Xin , Guo Qi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
If there are quality defects such as voids, non-compactness, insufficient lining thickness, and water-filled voids in the concrete structure, the bearing capacity and durability of the tunnel concrete lining structure will inevitably be affected. The non-destructive testing of tunnel concrete is a problem that the engineering community generally pays attention to, and it is the key to ensure the safe operation of tunnel concrete structures. Combined with engineering examples, the principle and method of using ground penetrating radar method and high-density seismic imaging method to detect internal defects of concrete are expounded, and the process of data processing is briefly introduced. The results are consistent, indicating the accuracy and feasibility of the ground penetrating radar method combined with the high-density seismic imaging method to detect the internal defects of tunnel concrete.
An Efficient Parallel Iterative Solver for Controlled-source Electromagnetic 3-D Adaptive Forward Modeling in General Anisotropic Media
Authors: Liu Zhengguang , Ren Zhengyong , Yao Hongbo , Tang Jingtian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveys are moving increasingly toward realistic and complicated scenarios where the survey region may contain undulated topography, complex geometries, and electrical anisotropy media. In this paper, the adaptive finite element numerical method is employed to discrete the total electric field equation, which can provide precise electromagnetic (EM) responses even with a coarse initial mesh. The unstructured tetrahedral grid is employed to effectively address arbitrary irregular geometry and mountain terrain. Then, the flexible generalized minimum residual solver (FGMRES), auxiliary-space Maxwell pre-conditioner, and grid division technique were used to solve the large-scale linear system of equations, which can stably solve ill-conditioned problems using fewer computing resources. Finally, we conducted a numerical experiment via our newly proposed forward modeling scheme on a synthetic model with multi-contrast electrical anisotropy. It validated that accurate EM fields could be obtained against the semi-analytic solutions, and this iterative solver has good robustness for various anisotropic media. As a result, we have developed a state-of-the-art 3D CSEM anisotropic forward modeling engine, which can quickly and accurately deal with large-scale and complex geo-models.
On the Surface Waves Retrieved from High-speed Trains Running on Viaducts and Ground Surface
Authors: You Baiyang , Xia Jianghai , Mi Binbin , Liu Ya , Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The high-speed train (HST) generates strong ground vibrations when it runs on the railroad. However, little attention has been paid to retrieving surface wave from these vibrations. Here, we try to retrieve surface waves from HST-induced vibrations using field data. There are two kinds of HST tracks, one is built on the viaduct and the other is built on the ground. We acquired the signals generated by the HST running on the two kinds of tracks in Huzhou, China. In the original noise records, the HST signals can be obviously observed. In terms of a single HST event, the signals generated by the HST on the ground surface decay quickly and the signals generated by the HST running on the viaduct have broadband energy. We calculated the noise crosscorrelations in the HST-induced segments and stacked the results. Surface-wave dispersion energy were generated and compared with the results from the segments without HST. A significant improvement of the retrieval of surface waves were observed with signals generated by the HST running on viaducts while less obviously when on the ground surface.
Analysis of GPR Data Characteristics of Drainage Pipe and Cavity Coexisting
Authors: Ling Jianyu , Qian Rongyi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Drainage pipe leakage usually causes roadbed loosening and even collapse. Therefore it is of great significance to accurately locate and repair the leakage area. This paper studies the use of GPR to carry out the detection of drainage pipe leakage area, aiming to solve the problem of unclear electromagnetic wave field response characteristics when drainage pipes and cavities coexist. First, we used gprMax to carry out numerical simulation experiments to obtain the electromagnetic wave field response characteristics when a square cavity exists around a circular drainage pipe. Subsequently, similar data characteristics to the numerical simulation were obtained through field detection, and the area was confirmed to be a cavity caused by drainage pipe leakage through drilling. This study shows that the use of numerical simulations can provide a basis for the identification of cavities caused by drainage pipe leakage in GPR data.
Estimation of Soil Moisture Content of Farmlands Based on AEA Method of GPR
Authors: Liu Kexin , Lu Qi , Zeng Zhaofa , Li Zhilian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We used ground penetrating radar (GPR) to estimate the soil moisture content and its spatial distribution of farmland under different tillage modes in this paper. GPR data are collected on the farmlands with no-tillage (NT) and deep ploughing (DP), respectively. The average envelope amplitude (AEA) of GPR signal is used to estimate the soil moisture content which is constrained by time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement. The findings of the field test indicate that the error of the moisture content obtained by AEA method is in a reasonable range. In the shallow layer of farmland, the AEA method of GPR for detecting the soil moisture content is feasible and different tillage modes can affect the change of soil moisture content.
Design and Development of A New GPR System for Soil Detection
Authors: Li Zhilian , Zeng Zhaofa , Li Risheng , Lu Qi , Xia Longfei , Wu Qiong , Liu Kexin , Wang Kuiwen , Yan Jiahe 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Soil is a key factor in many fields such as national food security and ecological environment construction. In recent years, as an important geophysical method, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is widely used in soil detection. However, the detection efficiency and data quality of some GPR devices need to be improved in complex surface environments. In this paper, a new soil-special GPR device is designed. This device adopts a new antenna with strong directivity and high resolution. The corresponding data acquisition software is developed by Labview. Combined with GPS system, the acquisition trajectory is located with 1 cm accuracy. Compared with the MALA GPR device, the new soil-special GPR device has achieved high resolution detection results.
Three Dimension Ground Penetrating Radar and Data Processing for Pavement Collapse Detection
Authors: Tian Sen , Liu Sixin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a non-destructive testing exploration technology with the advantages of high efficiency and high resolution, and is widely used in roadbed detection and disease detection. With the increasing demand for road detection, traditional handheld two-dimensional GPR detection instruments can no longer meet the normal urban road detection requirements. Therefore, new efficient vehicle-mounted three-dimensional GPR systems have emerged and been put into use. This article mainly introduces some three-dimensional GPR instruments and systems that have been put into use, analyzes their composition structure, usage characteristics, compares their similarities and differences, and data processing methods, which can provide a certain reference for the forward simulation and data processing of three-dimensional GPR.
Experimental Validation of Enhanced GPR Signals by A Broadband Metasurface
Authors: Zheng Wuan , Hao Tong 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this paper, the potential of a broadband metasurface for ground penetrating radar (GPR) signal enhancement is investigated by simulation and experiments. Simulation results show that the reflection at the air-MUT interface can be reduced from 35% to 5% over a broad frequency range (relative bandwidth up to 44%) when the broadband metasurface is in place. Measured reflectance is consistent with the simulation results. Meanwhile, the electric field strength measurement results demonstrate that the transmitted electromagnetic signals can be amplified when the reflection is reduced over the same frequency range. GPR experiments verified that clear hyperbolic signals emerged for commonly undetectable pipes when the high-frequency signals are enhanced. The proposed broadband metasurface can be an effective solution for the detection of nonmetallic inclusions in high-lossy media.
Forward Modeling of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Data with The COMSOL RF Module
Authors: Li Yuteng , Jiang Bici , Fan Tao , Liu Lei , Tian Xiaochao , Fang Zhe 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
COMSOL Multiphysics is one of the most popular multi-physics numerical calculation software. The forward modeling of GPR is realized based on COMSOL RF module, and the layered strata are simulated and verified by using Rake wavelet with center frequency of 400 MHz. The results show that the numerical simulation method of GPR established by COMSOL RF module has high calculation accuracy, which is helpful to study the propagation law of electromagnetic waves.