bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dinucleotide biases in RNA viruses that infect vertebrates or invertebrates
Authors: Forni Diego , Pozzoli Uberto , Cagliani Rachele , Clerici Mario , Sironi Manuela 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

CpG and UpA dinucleotides are under-represented in vertebrate genomes, whereas most invertebrates only show a bias against UpA. RNA viruses are thought to have evolved genomes that resemble the dinucleotide composition of their hosts, possibly to avoid restriction by the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP). By performing a comprehensive analysis of RNA viruses, we show that, whereas UpA dinucleotides are similarly under-represented irrespective of viral genome composition or host, important differences are observed for CpG. The tendency for vertebrate-infecting viruses to have stronger CpG bias than invertebrate-infecting viruses is not universal. Rather, it is mainly driven by single-stranded (ss) RNA(+) viruses. Conversely, ssRNA(−) viruses have a dinucleotide composition that is unrelated to the host clade. Also, these viruses, especially those in the order
Bunyavirales
, are extremely CpG-depleted. By focusing on specific viral families, we also show that, even for vertebrate ssRNA(+) viruses, ZAP is unlikely to be a driver of CpG depletion. Consistently, CpG dinucleotides tend to be preferentially depleted in A/U-rich contexts in both vertebrate- and invertebrate-infecting viruses. Finally, within the same viral genomes, individual viral open reading frames (ORFs) can display different CpG content. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 revealed a remarkable depletion of CpG dinucleotides in ORF1ab and S, but not in N and M. Thus, these results do not support the view that an adaptive shift for CpG depletion in the SARS-CoV-2 lineage occurred as an innate immunity evasion strategy. Our data provide a better understanding of viral evolution and inform approaches based on the modulation of CpG to generate attenuated viruses.

IMPORTANCE
Akin to a molecular signature, dinucleotide composition can be exploited by the zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) to restrict CpG-rich (and UpA-rich) RNA viruses. ZAP evolved in tetrapods, and it is not encoded by invertebrates and fish. Because a systematic analysis is missing, we analyzed the genomes of RNA viruses that infect vertebrates or invertebrates. We show that vertebrate single-stranded (ss) RNA(+) viruses and, to a lesser extent, double-stranded RNA viruses tend to have stronger CpG bias than invertebrate viruses. Conversely, ssRNA(−) viruses have similar dinucleotide composition whether they infect vertebrates or invertebrates. Analysis of ssRNA(+) viruses that infect mammals, reptiles, and fish indicated that ZAP is unlikely to be a major driver of CpG depletion. We also show that, compared to other coronaviruses, the genome of SARS-CoV-2 is not homogeneously CpG-depleted. Our study provides new insights into virus evolution and strategies for recoding RNA virus genomes.
Tolfenpyrad displays
Francisella
-targeted antibiotic activity that requires an oxidative stress response regulator for sensitivity
Authors: Clarke Ashley , Llabona Isabelle M. , Khalid Nimra , Hulvey Danielle , Irvin Alexis , Adams Nicole , Heine Henry S. , Eshraghi Aria 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Francisella tularensis
is a highly infectious Gram-negative bacterial pathogen capable of animal-to-human transmission. Due to its remarkable pathogenicity and potential for widespread public health impact,
F. tularensis
is classified as a high-priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The historical development of
Francisella
as a bioweapon, coupled with the ease of engineering antibiotic-resistant strains, has spurred interest in the discovery of novel antibiotics. A library of drug-like compounds was screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of
Francisella novicida
, a biosafety level-2 surrogate for
F. tularensis
. Tolfenpyrad, a pesticide without previously identified antibacterial activity, was among the most potent inhibitors. Tolfenpyrad appears to uniquely target
Francisella
, as related species were sensitive, whereas bacteria in other genera were resistant. To identify
Francisella
pathways conferring sensitivity to tolfenpyrad, whole-genome sequencing of tolfenpyrad-resistant isolates was performed. Point mutations in two genes conferred resistance to osrR, a transcriptional regulator, and nuoM, a subunit of the electron transport chain. OsrR point mutants displayed attenuated growth in interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-stimulated macrophages but not in untreated macrophages, indicating that OsrR plays a role in resistance to IFN-γ-stimulated clearance of intracellular bacteria. OsrR point mutants are hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species, suggesting a mechanism by which they are rapidly cleared from IFN-γ-treated macrophages. This work identifies a novel
Francisella
-specific antibiotic activity and the metabolic pathways targeted. Moreover, we provide amino acid-level details of a
Francisella
protein that governs sensitivity to free radicals.

IMPORTANCE

Francisella
species are highly pathogenic bacteria that pose a threat to global health security. These bacteria can be made resistant to antibiotics through facile methods, and we lack a safe and protective vaccine. Given their history of development as bioweapons, new treatment options must be developed to bolster public health preparedness. Here, we report that tolfenpyrad, a pesticide that is currently in use worldwide, effectively inhibits the growth of
Francisella
. This drug has an extensive history of use and a plethora of safety and toxicity data, making it a good candidate for development as an antibiotic. We identified mutations in
Francisella novicida
that confer resistance to tolfenpyrad and characterized a transcriptional regulator that is required for sensitivity to both tolfenpyrad and reactive oxygen species.
Effect size of carbon micro-nanoparticles on cyclic stability and thermal performance of Na2SO4⋅10H2O–Na2HPO4⋅12H2O phase change materials
Authors: Sun Zengbao , Liu Xin , Tie Shengnian , Wang Changan 
Published: October 2023

In this paper, carbon particles with micro- and nano-particle size were synthesized through a hydrothermal reaction of glucose, namely C-1(123.1 nm), C-2(229.2 nm), C-3(335.1 nm), C-4(456.2 nm) and C-5(534.0 nm) with distinct sizes. We utilized five size carbon particles as individual fillers into the EHS matrix materials to prepare composite eutectic phase change materials (C/EHS PCMs) by melt blending technique. The impact of carbon particle size on the dispersion stability and thermal properties of Na2SO4⋅10H2O–Na2HPO4⋅12H2O (EHS) phase change materials was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were done to analyze the diameters of carbon particles. The cryogenic-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) analysis indicated that the carbon particles resulted in modification in the morphology of the EHS. The results of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis showed only simple physical mixing between carbon particles and EHS. It is shown that adding 0.2 wt.% C-2 can decrease the supercooling degree of EHS to 1.5[Formula: see text]C. The cyclic stability of C/EHS varies significantly depending on the size of carbon particles. The thermal conductivity of EHS increased by 42.1%, 39.9%, 14.4%, 19.5%, and 18.8% with the addition of C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-5, respectively, at a mass fraction of 0.2%. The results of differential scanning calorimetry reveal that the incorporation of C-1, C-2, C-3, and C-4 into EHS leads to an enhancement of latent heat. The latent heat capacity of EHS with 0.2 wt.% C-2 is 243.4 J⋅g[Formula: see text], and after undergoing 500 cycles of solid-liquid phase transition, the latent heat remained above 200 J⋅g[Formula: see text]. Through the comprehensive analysis, the C-2/EHS composite phase change material holds significant potential for advancing building insulation and solar energy storage technologies.
Antitumor Immune Responses in B2M-Deficient Cancers
Authors: Torrejon Davis Y. , Galvez Mildred , Abril-Rodriguez Gabriel , Campbell Katie M. , Medina Egmidio , Vega-Crespo Agustin , Kalbasi Anusha , Comin-Anduix Begoña , Ribas Antoni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
β2-microglobulin (B2M) is a critical component of the MHC class I molecule and is required to present tumor antigens to T cells. Its loss results in acquired resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies. However, there have been well-documented cases of B2M-inactivated tumors responding to ICB, justifying investigation of how an antitumor immune response can be generated to tumors without surface MHC class I. We knocked out B2M in three murine models with varying baseline MHC class I expression and sensitivity to anti-programmed death receptor (PD-1) therapy and analyzed the immune responses. MC38 and YUMMER2.1 without B2M responded to anti–PD-1 alone or with an IL2 agonist, and this was mediated by CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The more aggressive B16 without B2M expression only partially responded to the IL2 agonist, and this was dependent on NK cells. When analyzing nearly 300 pretreatment biopsies from patients with melanoma receiving PD-1 blockade–based therapies, we found infrequent B2M mutations or homozygous loss but more frequent LOH or copy-number gains. B2M LOH was enriched in biopsies from patients without response to therapy, and these biopsies were more frequently infiltrated by activated NK cells. We conclude that in the absence of B2M, activation of CD4+ T cells and NK cells can mediate responses to murine models of PD-1 blockade therapy. In addition, in human melanoma, the intratumoral presence of activated NK cells upon partial B2M loss likely selects against tumor escape through low surface MHC class I expression.
Violence, Patronage Politics and Farm Ownership in Zimbabwean Land Reform
Authors: Zvokuomba Kwashirai , Batisai Kezia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article explores the “violence–politics of patronage” nexus of land redistribution and ownership after land reform in Zimbabwe. Foregrounding an analysis of the violence on farms, which has been explored by many scholars in other dimensions, the article presents hard evidence of what happened on these farms post the Fast Track Land Reform Programme. Deploying Gramsci’s theory of hegemony, this article interrogates the sociocultural and political linkages of violence, patronage and farm ownership to illuminate the dark realities of land distribution after “jambanja” (farm invasions). The violent behaviour around resettled lands is a manifestation of a well-entrenched patronage system in which those whose political views diverge from the “hegemonic power” lose their land through unscrupulous acts. The violence of the jambanja era, initially targeted at white farmers within the context of a “nativist land revolution”, continues to manifest itself in communities, albeit differently. It is, as the French thinker, Jacques Mallet du Pan, said of the French Revolution, “the revolution devouring its own children”.
China Is in the Bible
Authors: Eichler Raanan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Isaiah 49:12 mentions “the land of Sinim.” Gesenius and most nineteenth-century scholars identified this place with China, but virtually all scholars today identify it instead with Aswan (Syene) in southern Egypt. It is argued here, based on the literary context, the wording “the land of [plural gentilic],” and the phonetics of Sinim, that the term means China.
Egypt: Recent Trends and Developments in Public Law
Authors: Abdou Mohamed 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While there have been no major case-law developments in the sphere of public law, the reporting period was marked by legislative and policy efforts aimed at regulating new fields of technology. This trend is evidenced by the recent adoption of two bills on personal data protection and on the use of financial technology in non-banking financial activities. The contents of these bills are examined in further detail below.
Aortic disease 101: Breaking down myths of type A aortic dissection for patients and families
Authors: Martin Caroline D , Ruiz Michelle , Sorrell Anne , Sears Samuel F , McCarrick Gretchen , Bates Michael J , Degner Benjamin C 
Published: October 2023

Objectives: Patients with Type A aortic dissections are often overwhelmed by the influx of new information and changes necessary to adjust to life with an aortic disease. This article uses psychoeducation about life after dissection to dispel common myths about aortic disease and empower patients to live full lives. It is written in clear and easy-to-understand language to maximise patient comprehension and knowledge of their condition to help them feel more confident after Type A aortic dissection. Design: An interdisciplinary group of professionals (including cardiothoracic surgeons, a clinical cardiac psychologist, clinical cardiac psychology trainees, and genetic counsellors) were asked about their interest in creating an article written for patients who have undergone Type A aortic dissection repair. Those who agreed were then asked to report some of the myths commonly heard in practice about the procedure and its ramifications. Setting: The myths confronted in this article come from professionals working for a comprehensive heart care institute, the East Carolina Heart Institute in Greenville, NC, USA and Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, MD, USA. Methods: A multi-disciplinary group of professionals focused on aortic disease contributed myths commonly reported by patients seen in practice. Results: Common myths are presented and include safety fears about physical activity, diet, and recurrence of aortic dissection. By educating yourself about the facts of your diagnosis, you can feel as though you have more control over your health and your life. Conclusion: The takedown of common myths about life post-dissection can be helpful for patients with aortic disease and their families. Understanding the facts about a loved one’s new diagnosis can help partners and caregivers to be more fully involved in the patient’s care and feel confident. An important limitation of the present work is the lack of prior research on patient quality of life and mental health following Type A aortic dissection. Future work should explore the unique mental health needs of patients with aortic disease to create interventions that target mental health symptomatology to help patients live longer, healthier and richer lives.
Development and validation of the Cultural Responsiveness Assessment Measure (CRAM): A self-reflection tool for mental health practitioners when working with First Nations people
Authors: Smith Peter , Rice Kylie , Schutte Nicola , Usher Kim 
Published: October 2023

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop and to validate a measure of cultural responsiveness that would assist mental health practitioners across a range of disciplines, in Australia, to work with Indigenous clients. Aim: The Cultural Responsiveness Assessment Measure (CRAM) was developed to provide a tool for practitioners and students to evaluate their own culturally responsive practice and professional development. Method: Following expert review for face validity the psychometric properties of the measure were assessed quantitatively, from the responses of 400 mental health practitioners. Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis yielded a nine factor, 36 item instrument that demonstrated strong convergent and discriminant validity as well as test-retest reliability. Conclusions: It is anticipated that the CRAM will have utility as both a learning tool and an assessment measure, for mental health practitioners to ensure that services are culturally responsive for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
External challenges for specialists dealing with forensic autopsies
Authors: Mohanty Manoj K , Sahu Sindhu S , Singh Sudipta R , Sahu Manas R , Swain Rajanikanta , Lenka Preetam K , Padhy Biswa M , Naveen Alagarasan 
Published: October 2023

Background In addition to poor infrastructure, and human resource constraints, forensic medicine specialists in developing countries face many external challenges. Objectives We aimed to investigate the prevalence, type, and source of external challenges confronting them including sex, age, religion, deceased's place of residence and the number of accompanying relatives. Materials and methods This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between August 2020 and July 2022 at the Mortuary of AIIMS, Bhubaneswar with the approval of the ethical committee. Results Of note, forensic medicine specialists faced external challenges in about one in five cases (20.5%). Most demands were to either minimise the autopsy procedure (n = 65) or to conduct the autopsy at inappropriate times (n = 58). The demands to minimise the autopsy procedure were significantly associated with the deceased's age (p = 0.046), religion (p = 0.010), socioeconomic class (p = 0.020) and manner of death (p = 0.019). Conclusions Our study found that forensic medicine specialists in India face significant external challenges. Avoiding unnecessary complete autopsies, implementing night autopsies, and embracing minimally invasive autopsies are recommended to mitigate these challenges.
The Pandemic, the Crisis of the Neoliberal Model, and the Emergence of Digital Capitalism: The New Labor Market Environment
Authors: Castillo Fernández Dídimo 
Published: October 2023

The pandemic caused by the rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and the associated COVID-19 disease brought to light not only the foundations of Western modernity and its assumptions about economic and social development but also the huge contradictions of the prevailing globalizing model. The pandemic exposed the structural and intrinsic contradictions of neoliberal globalization. The current economic and social consequences are related to the deepening of that model and particularly to the history of the prevailing employment structures and social inequalities. The emerging scenarios are uncertain, but the acceleration of an already advanced process of digital capitalism appears in sight. This process will entail, as part of the “new normal,” new forms of precarity and social inequality. La pandemia causada por la rápida propagación del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 y la asociada enfermedad COVID-19 puso en evidencia no sólo los fundamentos de la modernidad occidental y sus supuestos sobre el desarrollo económico y social, sino también las enormes contradicciones del modelo globalizador imperante. La pandemia expuso las contradicciones estructurales e intrínsecas de la globalización neoliberal. Las consecuencias económicas y sociales actuales están relacionadas con la profundización de dicho modelo y, en particular, con la historia de las estructuras de empleo prevalecientes y las desigualdades sociales. Los escenarios emergentes son inciertos, pero la aceleración de un proceso ya avanzado de capitalismo digital es inminente. Este proceso implicará, como parte de la “nueva normalidad”, nuevas formas de precariedad y desigualdad social.
The effect of low dose thyroid replacement therapy in patients with episodic migraine and subclinical hypothyroidism: A randomised placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Dev Priya , Favas T.T. , Jaiswal Rishab , Cyriac Mareena , Mishra Vijaya Nath , Pathak Abhishek 
Published: October 2023

Introduction Migraine is a common headache syndrome associated with various other comorbidities. Thyroid replacement in migraine patients with hypothyroidism improves headaches; however, thyroid hormone replacement in subclinical hypothyroidism is debatable, and its efficacy is not known. Objective and methodology This prospective, single-centre, quasi-randomised interventional study was conducted on patients visiting the General Medicine and Neurology outpatient department at a tertiary centre to look at the efficacy of thyroxine in subclinical hypothyroidism. Results We assessed 87 patients for analysis; no patients were lost to follow-up. There was a decrease in all parameters evaluated (headache frequency, severity, duration, MIDAS score, MIDAS grade) at three months of follow-up in the treatment group compared to placebo group. There was a significant decrease in headache frequency and severity in the levothyroxine group compared to the placebo group at three months of follow-up. Also, the follow-up MIDAS score (mean ± SD: 6.30 ± 2.455 scores vs. 8.45 ± 5.757 scores) was significantly decreased by treatment at three months follow-up. Conclusion Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism effectively reduces migraine headaches, and it is logical to check thyroid function status in patients presenting with migraine headaches. However, a larger randomised controlled trial is required to prove the efficacy of levothyroxine in migraine with subclinical hypothyroidism.
Improving Older Adults’ Functional Health Using the Progressive Stay Strong, Stay Healthy Program
Authors: NJ Spokely , KJ Weitzel , KA Miller , Oliveira M Novaes , SD Ball , BS Baker 
Published: October 2023

This study assessed the Stay Strong, Stay Healthy (SSSH) level two resistance training program in 406 older adults (69.3 ± 8.1 years). SSSH included 10 exercises completed during 60 minute sessions, which were offered twice weekly for eight weeks. 30-second sit-to-stand (30STS), timed-up-and-go (TUG), flexibility, and balance poses were completed pre/post-SSSH. Paired t-tests with Bonferroni corrections showed the whole group improved 30STS, TUG, flexibility, and total balance scores over time ( p < .001). Repeated measures analyses of variance showed both geography and age groups improved 30STS, TUG, flexibility, and total balance scores over time (all time effects p ≤ .039). Independent t-tests showed rural participants improved to a similar or greater absolute extent than their urban neighbors for nearly all measures and all age groups improved to a similar absolute magnitude over time. This study demonstrates SSSH level two improves physical function in older adults and these benefits are similar across geography and age groups.