bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Fatigue Crack Growth in the Residual Stress Field of a Cold Worked Hole
Authors: Kokaly MT , Ransom JS , Restis JH , Reid L 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCold working of holes generates compressive residual stresses resulting in a significant fatigue life improvement over a non-cold worked hole. Current fatigue life prediction methods for cold worked holes are based on two-dimensional (2-D) linear superposition of stress intensity factor, K, solutions of the non-cold worked hole and the residual stresses. Such predictions have shown various levels of agreement with the overall fatigue life and have generally underpredicted the crack growth over the majority of life. An inverse process was used to generate K solutions for the residual stresses of two experimental data sets using AFGROW and the crack growth data from the experiments. The inverse K solutions were inconsistent with the residual stress distribution indicating that it contained mechanisms or features not inherent to the 2-D weight function method. The predicted fatigue life was found to be very sensitive to a ± 1% variance in the inversely generated K solution. This sensitivity of the K method is a very important issue that must be addressed in the future. A 2-D FEA model indicated that the crack remained completely closed over a range of crack lengths despite experimental crack growth indicating that the model was not an accurate physical representation of the real crack. The results of this study combined with the significantly faster crack growth observed on the side of the hole corresponding to the entry side of the mandrel and the through thickness residual hoop stress variation show that the current methodology based on a 2-D assumptions is inadequate in predicting the fatigue crack growth from cold worked holes for the range of specimen thicknesses in this study. It is suggested that further research focus on incorporating the through thickness stress variance in a solution that predicts crack growth both in the radial and through thickness directions to capture the peculiar crack growth associated with cold working.
Effect of Shot Peening on Fatigue Crack Growth in 7075-T7351
Authors: Honda T , Ramulu M , Kobayashi AS 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The effects of shot peening on fatigue crack growth in 7075-T735 single-edged notch bend (SENB) and three point bend (TPB) specimens are discussed. Fifty-one total fatigue tests were conducted with SENB and TPB specimens, which were machined from an 8.1 mm thick 7075-T7351 aluminum stock plate. All specimens were tested in the as-received or shot peened conditions, with crack perpendicular to the rolling direction, i.e., in the L-T direction. Fatigue tests of SENB specimens were conducted at a constant maximum load, stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8, and to a pre-determined fatigue cycle or to failure. Crack growth rate was determined from the tunneling crack profile or by fractography. Peened surface roughness, subsurface microstructure, and micro-hardness profiles were also examined to evaluate their effect on crack growth rate. The TPB specimens were fatigued to failure at stress ratios of R = 0.1 or 0.8 and a S-N diagram constructed. Both the SENB and the TPB test results showed that severe shot peening (0.016A) slightly increased the fatigue life at low stress ratio of R = 0.1 but was found to be negligible at a high load ratio of R = 0.8. The stress concentration factor due to dimples generated by severe shot peening was estimated to be 1.14 and had negligible effect on the fatigue life. Grain distortion was observed to a depth range of 130–410 µm indicating the depth of the residual compressive stress layer developed for peening intensities of 0.004–0.016A, respectively.
Use of a TG/DTA/Raman System to Monitor Dehydration and Phase Conversions
Authors: Kern ASB , Collins WJ , Cambron RT , Redman-Furey NL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Use of a TG/DTA/Raman system enabled real time collection of Raman spectra during the dehydration of Risedronate, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the osteoporosis drug Actonel. Raman spectra collected during the dehydration of this material show a crystal lattice adjustment below the boiling point of water facilitating interpretation of the TG/DTA thermal profile. Raman spectra also revealed recrystallization processes subsequent to loss of lattice water that were not evident in the thermal analysis profile. Spectral evidence showing the formation and disappearance of a second hydrate form are observed during the dehydration of this material. In addition, spectral evidence indicating the presence of an anhydrate form of this material are observed prior to thermal induced degradation of this material.
Quantitative Mass Measurements from Mass Spectrometer Trend Data in a TG/MS System
Authors: Slough CG 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The use of mass spectrometry (MS) in the identification of evolved gaseous species in thermogravimetric (TG) experiments is well established. The mass spectrometer can be attached directly to the outgas port of the thermogravimetric instrument. Mass spectrometers have the ability to detect species to 1 ppm or better, and the detection is done in real time as the TGA scans. Typically, the mass spectrometer is used for identification only. However, there are situations where it would be desirable to quantify the MS data. For example, when two or more species are evolved during a weight transition, the total weight loss is known from the TGA, but the weights for the individual components are unknown. Calibration techniques for quantifying MS data are already well established. Following one of these techniques, we show that trend data from a mass spectrometer can be used to approximate the amount of material evolved for low m/e ratio species such as water and carbon dioxide. The process involves first calibrating the system using a sample that only gives off the gaseous species of interest. Multiple runs at different initial weights provide the data for the calibration. A correlation between mass loss as measured by the TGA and ion current increase as measured by the MS is then constructed. In this study, the technique is applied not only to overlapping transitions but also to the quantification of reaction products from gases released during a TGA experiment. An attempt is also made to quantify the accuracy of the technique.
Comparison of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue (Anodized and Non-Anodized Grade 4 CP Ti)
Authors: Zardiackas LD , Roach MD , Williamson RS 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In light of the possible effects of anodization on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) of CP titanium, a research project has been completed recently in our laboratories to evaluate and compare SCC and CF of anodized versus non-anodized samples from a single lot of Grade 4 CPTi. Initial evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, Vickers microhardness, and mechanical properties including the tensile and yield strength, % elongation and reduction of area was performed. After these tests ensured the material met the standards of ASTM Standard Specification for Unalloyed Titanium for Surgical Implant Applications (F 67), samples were prepared using low stress grinding techniques. Samples were divided into two groups, and the non-anodized SCC and CF testing was initiated. The surface of the second group of samples was anodized by Synthes to provide a green/gold surface consistent with standard production processing and then tested using the identical methodology as used for the non-anodized samples.
Results of the slow strain rate SCC testing on both smooth and notched anodized and non-anodized samples in both distilled de-ionized water and Ringers solution at 37°C showed no effect of anodization. Results of corrosion fatigue testing indicated that, while there was no effect of anodization on corrosion fatigue, there was a significant effect of the notch on the fatigue characteristics regardless of the two different surface conditions.
Estimation of Compressive Strength of Recycled Concretes with the Ultrasonic Method
Authors: Di Maio AA , Zega CJ , Traversa LP 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In the present paper the errors in compressive strength estimation when the ultrasonic method is applied to conventional and recycled concretes are evaluated. Tests were performed on laboratory prototypes made with conventional concretes containing natural coarse aggregates and on recycled concretes containing 75% of recycled coarse aggregates (crushed concretes) by volume. In both types of concrete the strength was estimated by employing previously obtained correlation equations between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and compressive strength measured on concretes made with the same materials. The results from both types of concrete indicate that the errors in the estimated strength can be considered technologically acceptable.
Fracture Toughness, Thermo-Electric Power, and Atom Probe Investigations of JRQ Steel in I, IA, IAR, and IARA Conditions
Authors: Nanstad RK , Niffenegger M , Kalkhof RD , Miller MK , Sokolov MA , Tipping P 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe International Atomic Energy Agency has sponsored a number of studies involving a specific plate of A533 grade B class 1 steel designated heat JRQ. In this cooperative study between the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), groups of Charpy impact, tensile, and precracked Charpy specimens of the JRQ plate were irradiated by PSI to four different fast neutron fluences [from 0.39 to 5.0 × 1023 n/m2 (&gt;1 MeV)] in a test reactor. Additional specimens were given a post-irradiation thermal annealing treatment at 460°C for 18 h when 50 % of the target fluence was reached, followed by reirradiation to the same target fluences for the four groups of irradiated specimens. Additionally, ORNL thermally annealed some of the reirradiated specimens, as well as some of those in the irradiated only condition. Charpy impact, tensile, fracture toughness, and hardness tests have been performed to evaluate material response in the various conditions and to compare with the unirradiated material. Additionally, thermo-electric power experiments have been conducted by PSI, while atom probe tomography evaluations have been conducted by ORNL. Except at the highest fluence, the results show that the material given an intermediate annealing treatment exhibited irradiation-induced transition temperature shifts about the same as those that were only irradiated. However, the upper-shelf energies were generally higher and the yield strengths were generally lower for the reirradiated groups. The intermediate thermal annealing resulted in less reirradiation embrittlement of fracture toughness than Charpy impact toughness, while annealing after reirradiation resulted in significant increases in Charpy upper-shelf energy above that in the unirradiated condition. Irradiation-induced and IAR Charpy impact transition temperature shifts exhibit a nearly linear correlation with Seebeck coefficient in the I and IAR conditions. ORNL has also sent additional specimens from I, IA, IAR, and IARA test of JRQ for additional TEP testing. After irradiation, a high number density of ultrafine Cu-, Mn-, Ni-, Si-, and P-enriched precipitates were observed by atom probe tomography. Phosphorus segregation to dislocations was also observed. A significantly lower number density of larger Cu-, Mn-, and Ni- enriched precipitates was observed after the second annealing treatment.
Fatty Amine Alkoxylates as Effective Adjuvants for Strobilurin Fungicide Applications on Field and Orchard Crops
Authors: Hazen JL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Agrochemical adjuvants are widely used to improve the efficacy of pesticide applications. Improvement can be interpreted as “better weed control,” “better disease control,” or “reducing the amount of active ingredient required” for control. Claims related to the adjuvant function vary from “wetter,” “spreader,” and “sticker” to “penetrant” and “synergist.” While most activator adjuvants are applied as ‘tank mix’ additives, the fatty amine alkoxylates are also suitable as formulation-adjuvants for in-can product developments.
During the past decade, Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry has synthesized complex alkoxylates of selected fatty amines for application with relatively hydrophobic pesticides and directed their evaluation as adjuvants for application enhancement of many pesticides in trials conducted around the world. Among those adjuvant trials were applications with systemic and contact fungicides.
The application of fatty amine alkoxylates as efficacy-enhancing tank mix adjuvants for triazole fungicides was previously presented [1]. However, there are very little data published regarding the use of this class of surfactants as activator adjuvants with the newer strobilurin fungicides.
This paper presents an introduction to a new application for fatty amine alkoxylates as efficacy enhancers for strobilurin fungicides. Results are presented from field applications in 2004 as conducted with several strobilurin fungicides in multiple crop types.
Experimental Determination of Relative Permeability of Sand
Authors: Lafhaj Z , Skoczylas F , Dubois T , Dana E 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In order to measure the water-retention and relative permeability of a sandy soil, an experimental device, initially designed in our laboratory for sandstone, was adapted. The method of measurement used is based upon the steady state method which is regarded as an efficient method to produce an accurate measurement of relative permeability. Liquid and gas are simultaneously injected, and measurements of pressure drop and saturation are made when steady state is reached. These measurements are generally conducted under small pressure gradients and over reasonable time periods. The main objective of this paper explains the special difficulties which had to be overcome as a result of the cohesionless nature of sand. The most important steps will be presented and analyzed. Once the final device had been fabricated, experiments conducted on fine sand were carried out and led to the determination of the water-retention and relative permeability curves of the sandy soil. The experimental results obtained showed a very good consistency of curve measurements.
The Study of Bond Strength and Bond Durability of Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Lee M-G , Chiu C-T , Wang Y-C 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This research project aims to use reactive powder concrete, RPC, as a new repair material and evaluate its bond strength and bond durability to existing concrete. One accelerated aging environment, namely a freeze-thaw cycle acceleration deterioration test, was selected for the evaluation of bond durability of the repair materials. Before and after aging, the samples were evaluated by the compressive strength, bond strength (slant shear test), steel pull out strength, and relative dynamic modulus NDT tests.
The test results show that the RPC possesses high bond strength, dynamic modulus, and bond durability as compared with other concretes. The adhesion between the RPC and the steel is also much greater than that for the other concretes. It would be interesting to verify the consequences of this improved adhesion in reinforced concrete structures.
Test results revealed that RPC was still in good condition after 1000 cycles of freezing and thawing in accordance with ASTM C 666-97. After 1000 cycles, the nonshrinkage high strength mortar showed a reduction in compressive strength, slant shear strength, steel pull out strength, and dynamic modulus by 17, 21, 24, and 25 %, compared with the corresponding values of 6, 7, 5, and 10 %, respectively, for RPC. Specimens of normal strength concrete were used as reference specimens. The 5 cm × 10 cm slant shear cylinders made of normal strength concrete had deteriorated severely after 600–700 freeze-thaw cycles. For the normal strength concrete, the average values of relative dynamic modulus of elasticity based on resonant frequencies after 300 and 600 freeze-thaw cycles were 75 and 55%, compared with the corresponding values of 96 and 92%, respectively, for RPC.
Phosphorus Additive Chemistry and Its Effects on the Phosphorus Volatility of Engine Oils
Authors: Selby TW , Bosch RJ , Fee DC 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The most widely used and effective anti-wear/anti-oxidation additives in engine oil contain phosphorus that can partially volatilize during engine operation. Unfortunately, volatile phosphorus in the exhaust stream degrades the function of the exhaust catalyst in reducing air pollution. Earlier studies in a special volatility bench test using the Phosphorus Emission Index have shown that phosphorus volatility is not related to engine oil volatility or to phosphorus content in the unused engine oil. At the time, it had been speculated that this unexpected lack of correlation with initial phosphorus concentration could be explained by 1) the effects of other engine oil additives and/or 2) variations in the phosphorus additive chemistry. The first speculation was relatively recently confirmed by taxi fleet studies of catalyst degradation by phosphorus-containing oils by the Ford Motor Company. It remained to determine if differences in phosphorus additive chemistry were also a factor, and this is the subject of the present study.
Recent Advances in Gas Chromatographic/Atomic Emission Hetero-Atom Selective Detection for Characterization of Petroleum Streams and Products
Authors: Di Sanzo FP , Diehl JW 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The selective detection of organo-compounds containing hetero-atoms is used extensively in the petroleum industry for process control (sulfur, nitrogen, etc.) and additives in fuels (sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, etc.). The most common selective atom detection is performed with atomic emission (AED), sulfur/nitrogen chemiluminescence (SCD, NCD), and photometric (FPD, p-FPD). Atomic emission detection has an advantage over the other selective detectors since in an automated analysis scheme several hetero-elements may be detected for rapid sample screening. This paper describes the unique capabilities of atomic emission detection of fuels and petroleum fractions using several applications. In addition, a simplified version of comprehensive GCxGC that enhances hetero-atom selectivity by significantly reducing the matrix interference from the large hydrocarbon background is coupled with a microwave induced helium plasma atomic emission detector (GCxGC/AED). The GCxGC uses simple valve based flow modulation optimized for samples with a boiling point in the gasoline and jet fuel range. The technique is useful for screening fuels additives, contaminants, etc.
Impact of Sulfate Contamination on Swelling Behavior of Lime-Stabilized Clays
Authors: Rao SM , Shivananda P 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Lime treatment is commonly resorted to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive clays and soft clays. Lime treatment, however, has a detrimental effect on soil behavior if adequate amounts of sulfate are present in soil. Sulfate induced heave of soils stabilized with calcium-based stabilizers occurs due to the presence of primary and secondary sources of sulfate in soils. The occurrence of native sulfate in natural soils constitutes primary sulfate source. Sulfates present in construction wastes, industrial wastes, and spilled chemicals constitute the secondary sulfate source. The present study performs laboratory experiments to examine the impact of sulfate contamination from spillage of sulfate rich chemicals on the heave characteristics of lime-stabilized expansive clays. The objective was realized by infiltrating laboratory prepared sodium sulfate solutions (sulfate concentrations ranged from 13 500 ppm to 27 000 ppm) on the heave characteristics of lime-stabilized specimens that were practically free of natural sulfate (sulfate content of natural soil = 0.05 %). Experimental results illustrated that lime-stabilized expansive clays experiencing sulfate contamination are susceptible to heave from sulfate attack. Mass balance reactions were performed to gain insight into mechanisms of sulfate interactions with lime-stabilized specimens.
Properties of Metakaolin High-Strength Cementitious Grouts
Authors: Shannag MJ , Haddad RH 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Cement based grouts containing 0, 5, 10, and 15 % replacement with metakaolin and with a water/cementitious materials ratio of 0.38 have been investigated. The rheological and mechanical properties of the proposed grouts are interesting, since, from a practical point of view, they exhibit no bleeding or segregation and reach high compressive strength and flowability. Metakaolin additions enhanced the strength, somewhat prolonged the setting times, reduced the flowability, improved sulfate resistance, and caused some increase in drying shrinkage. The results showed that Metakaolin could be added up to 15 % by weight of cement without reducing the 28-day strength. At 15 % admixing level, strength of the grout at the age of 28 days was increased by about 10 %. Based on the test results the use of Metakaolin for producing high-strength cementitious grouts is recommended.
Durability Performance of Bridge Concretes, Part I: High Performance Concrete (HPC)
Authors: Ekenel M , Myers JJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A study was undertaken on the durability of high performance cocrete (HPC) mixtures produced using locally available materials in the State of Missouri. Eighteen (18) mixtures were categorized as HPC. 30 % fly ash replacement by cement weight was utilized in the HPC mixtures, and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS) was also substituted by 5 % of the cement for some mixtures. The mixtures included locally available limestone, trap rock, and river gravel as coarse aggregate. The mixtures of HPC without cement replacement displayed higher strength development at the end of 56 days. The compression strength development of the mixtures produced with locally available dolomitic limestone performed superior relative to other mixtures. All the mixtures performed poorly under 300 freezing and thawing cycles, except the control mixtures. The samples in which GGBFS was utilized performed poorly relative to the other samples. Similar poor performance was obtained from the same samples in chloride permeability tests.
Development of a New Fluorescence Method for the Detection of Beryllium on Surfaces
Authors: Minogue EM , Ehler DS , Burrell AK , McCleskey TM , Taylor TP 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A rapid, quantitative, sensitive test for the detection of beryllium on surfaces has been developed. The method is based on the fluorescence of beryllium bound to sulfonated hydroxybenzoquinoline at pH 12.8, which emits at 475 nm when excited at 380 nm and includes a novel dissolution technique. The intensity of fluorescence is linear with respect to beryllium concentration. A detection limit of 0.02 µg Be/100 cm2 has been achieved, which is ten times lower than the DOE recommended working limit for non-beryllium work areas [1]. Interference studies have been carried out with a variety of metals including Al, Fe, Pb, U, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ca, W, Ni, Co, and Cu with minimal or no interferences found for detection of Be at 100 nM in the presence 0.4 mM of the other metal. The method has proven successful under various operating conditions, including the detection of beryllium on a variety of surfaces both in laboratory settings and in field trials. It fulfills the requirements for a fast, inexpensive, field deployable method of detection of beryllium on surfaces.