bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting Logic in its Place
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Are rational beliefs constrained by formal logic? This book argues that if beliefs are seen in a binary way (either one believes a proposition or one doesn't), then the standard constraints of ’deductive cogency’ (i.e. deductive consistency and deductive closure) are incompatible with epistemic rationality. If, however, beliefs are seen as graded, or coming in degrees, a probabilistic constraint (based on standard logic) is imposed by ideal rationality. This constraint, probabilistic coherence, explains both the appeal of the standard deductive constraints and the power of deductive arguments. Moreover, it can be defended without taking degrees of belief (as many decision-theoretic philosophers have) to be somehow defined or constituted by preferences. Although probabilistic coherence is humanly unattainable, this does not undermine its normative status as a constraint in a suitably idealized understanding of epistemic rationality.
Logic and Idealization
Authors: Christensen David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Addresses the issue of idealization in epistemology. Some have argued that probabilistic coherence, in particular, imposes an unacceptably high level of idealization; others would even reject deductive cogency as imposing excessive idealization. Examines several reasons that have been offered for rejecting formal models of rational belief on the basis of excessive idealization. Defends the interest of idealized formal models in thinking about rationality, arguing that the human unattainability of logical perfection (which would include ’logical omniscience’) does not undermine the normative force of logical ideals.
The Economics of Child Labour
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhy is there child labour? Are there arguments for abolishing or curtailing all forms of child labour, or just morally and physically dangerous ones like soldiering and prostitution? Given that at least some forms of child labour ought to be abolished or curtailed, which is the most effective way of doing it? The book tries to answer these questions both theoretically and empirically. Child labour can be inefficiently high or inefficiently low, but more likely the former. Market and government failure can lead to children being effectively sold into slavery. Even the most common and least objectionable forms of child work, helping parents on the family farm or with domestic chores, have harmful effects. The mechanisms that produce excessive child labour are the same that produce excessive fertility and infant mortality. There is no single remedy for child labour. A ban is unlikely to be effective on its own. The list of effective instruments includes not only obvious candidates like schools, credit, and cover against certain risks, but also less obvious ones like sanitation and preventive medicine. Even humdrum policies such as bringing electricity and piped water into people’s homes can significantly reduce child labour.
Child Labour, Education, and Saving
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio Camillo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractParental decisions regarding the allocation between school and work of the time of school-age children, and about the accumulation of human capital and conventional assets, are crucially affected by asset and credit market conditions, and by the marginal return to education. Child bonding, and the apparent paradox of school-age children who neither work nor attend school are explained within the same theoretical framework. The analysis is essentially positive, but provides the elements for a normative judgement.
Private Sector Involvement and International Financial Crises
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book offers an analytical perspective on the policy debate on the design and reform of the international financial architecture. It stresses the role played by coordination problems in the origin and management of crises by relating the insights of the new literature on global games to earlier work on currency crises, bank runs, and sovereign debt default. It draws on recent research and policy work to examine the debate on the design of sovereign bankruptcy procedures, the role of the IMF in influencing the actions of creditors and debtors, and the role of private sector involvement in the management of financial crises.
The ‘Original Sin’ Problem
Authors: Chui Michael , Gai Prasanna 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExplores the reasons why emerging market economies have been unable to borrow internationally in their own currency, the so-called ‘original sin’ problem. It focuses on the role played by central bank reputation and credibility in influencing the choice of currency composition and applies insights from the new literature on the theory of reputation to shed light on the question.
OPTION PRICING IN A SINGLE-PERIOD MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
‘Option Pricing in a Single-Period Model’ uses the one-period complete markets model to derive forward prices of European-style options relates them to the forward price of the underlying asset. The authors show that the value of the option depends upon the shape of the pricing kernel, and, in particular, on the shape of the asset-specific pricing kernel, ψ(xj). The analysis starts at a general level and then concentrates on an important special case, where the underlying cash flow is lognormal. They establish in this case that a risk-neutral valuation relationship (RNVR) exists between the option price and the price of the underlying asset if the asset-specific pricing kernel, ψ(xj), has the property of constant elasticity. This establishes the well known Black–Scholes equation for the value of an option.
BOND PRICING, INTEREST-RATE PROCESSES, AND THE LIBOR MARKET MODEL
Authors: Poon Ser-Huang , Stapleton Richard 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
‘Bond Pricing, Interest-rate Processes, and the LIBOR Market Model’ uses the complete market, pricing kernel approach to value bonds, given stochastic interest rates. To value interest-rate derivatives, one important and practical problem is to model bond prices and interest rates with the correct drifts. The authors derive here the drift of the bond prices and interest rates under the period-by-period risk-neutral measure. As a special case, they derive the drift of the forward London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) in what is generally known as the LIBOR Market Model.
Europe and the world
Authors: Sapir André , Aghion Philippe , Bertola Giuseppe , Hellwig Martin , Pisani-Ferry Jean , Rosati Dariusz , Viñals José , Wallace Helen , Buti Marco , Nava Mario , Smith Peter M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe enlargement of the European Union into 25 countries will have a major impact on its neighbours in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, as well as change its relationship with the rest of the world. The EU must promote the economic development of its neighbours to ensure economic and political stability in the Euro-Mediterranean region. The creation of a Euro-Mediterranean trading bloc could reinforce two other trading blocs: the Free Trade Area of the Americas and the Asian trading bloc. The EU must also play a role in ensuring the success of the globalisation process.
God and Enchantment of Place
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This book seeks to recover the importance of religious experience through the arts and wider culture that were once central to the understanding of religion but which have tended in recent centuries to become marginalised. Within the Church and among its theologians God is treated as though he were concerned with only a small segment of the totality of human experience, with deleterious consequences both for our understanding of how revelation works and for dialogue between religion and the wider society. It also means that philosophy of religion focuses on an artificially narrow area of discussion that fails to take seriously the extent of implicit religion still present in society as a whole. The sociologist Max Weber spoke of disenchantment of the world as the inevitable consequence of the modern tendency to view everything in terms of its value solely as an instrument towards some further goal (instrumental rationality). Enchantment can, however, return, Brown suggests, if God being mediated through all of creation (human and divine) is once again valued in its own right. To illustrate, Brown examines how this might occur with respect to place in all its various forms: nature, landscape painting, architecture, town planning, maps, pilgrimage, gardens, and sports venues. While the focus is mainly on Christianity, examples are also drawn from Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and the classical world. Due note is taken of the wide variety of such experience of God – transcendent, immanent, ordered, mystical, to ground a sacramental view of the world.
The Place of Encounter
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
One major tension in understanding how God is experienced through the material, is whether it is seen as a matter of God drawing us into another reality (transcendence) or himself invading ours (immanence). Because Renaissance immanence is now so commonly attacked as most superficially religious, an extended defence is offered. By contrast, the transcendence of icons is often accepted uncritically in the West, and so here an extended critique is given. In addition the influence of Platonism on both Orthodoxy and the Renaissance is explored in some detail, to illustrate how the same system can pull in quite different directions. The conclusion is that, where only one aspect is asserted, there tend to be compensatory pulls elsewhere (e.g. through accompanying architecture or ritual).
Competing Styles
Authors: Brown David 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores how architecture has been used to aid experience of the divine in church buildings up to the end of the nineteenth-century. It opens by considering the intentions behind the Temple at Jerusalem, and notes how Romanesque can be seen to continue some aspects of Temple theology. As such, it is to be contrasted with the Gothic transcendence that follows, while a more sympathetic hearing is attempted for ‘Renaissance Rationalism’ and ‘Baroque Exuberance.’ In pursuing the theories behind such architecture, it is argued that insufficient attention has been given to the notion that each church (in whatever style) should be seen as a Gesamstkunstwerk, an organic whole that includes architecture, individual works of art, music and liturgy, with the transcendence of one element often acting as a counterpoise to the immanence of another.
VALUE AS CAUSE
Authors: ODDIE GRAHAM 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis chapter argues for the causal networking of value. In making it plausible, it has become apparent how such causation would mesh smoothly with the natural fabric of the world. The argument from explanatory idleness, the argument from causal exclusion, mental causation, causation by values, causation and convexity, and causation and properties are discussed.
3 The Origins of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The first of four empirical chapters sheds light on the decision of the six founding member states of the ECSC to create the Common Assembly of the ECSC, the forerunner of the European Parliament. This chapter will also address the question why the founding states decided to bestow the newly created assembly with the right to censure the supranational High Authority, but deny it budgetary or legislative powers.
4 Budgetary Powers and the Treaty of Luxembourg
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Looks at the adoption of the Treaty of Luxembourg in 1970 which laid the foundation for the creation of a system of ‘own resources’ for the Community. In this context, the European Parliament was endowed with budgetary powers. Still void of any legislative powers, the chapter thus answers the question why the member states decided to endow the European Parliament with budgetary powers in this particular period.
5 Legislative Powers and the Single European Act
Authors: Rittberger Berthold 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Focuses on the third landmark decision in the history of the empowerment of the European Parliament, the decision by the member state governments to delegate legislative powers to the European Parliament that became effective with the adoption of the Single European Act (SEA). In this context, the chapters also sheds light on the question why the European Parliament had to wait until the mid-1980s to be bestowed with legislative decision-making power.
Narcissism in Emotion
Authors: Pugmire David 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIs emotion a form of concern with things as they affect my well-being (and thus instrumental in this sense)? Many philosophers think it is, and emotion does have ways of becoming markedly self-centered. This happens when a person’s emotion comes itself to matter to him because it is his and the rest of the world because of how it impinges on his emotions. With this narcissistic focus, one’s emotions then attract further, second-order emotions. But narcissistic emotion is disordered: only some emotions are properly emotions of self-care, and for others to be given this form is isolating and inimical to emotional depth.
Freedom, Character, and Punishment
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The same psychological model used for the moral sense appears again when Rée explains the ‘sense of justice’ that demands retribution for wrongdoing as arising from the practice of punishment, which presents the misleading appearance of an immediate relation between the act and the offender’s liability to punishment. The denial of free will and, in consequence, of moral accountability is common to Nietzsche and Rée. The notion of unchangeable character, derived from Schopenhauer, was also shared, until Nietzsche began to subject the philosophical notion of personality to a critique that undermines such assumptions.
The Aftermath
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
After their break, the personal and philosophical paths of the former friends diverged. Giving up his unsuccessful aspirations towards an academic career, Paul Rée studied medicine and spent his remaining years as a country physician in West Prussia. His failure to progress in philosophical theorizing is evident in several later works, as well as in his posthumously published Philosophie, whose content is discussed. Nietzsche, in contrast, emerged from the lowest point in his emotional life to enter the period of his most original and radical thinking, which is outlined here and explored in detail in the following chapters.
The Later Interpretations
Authors: Small Robin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Presentations of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rée have varied, for reasons that often reflect the interpreter’s own concerns. Lou Salomé’s 1894 book on Nietzsche and Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche’s biographies gives the perspectives of interested parties engaged in rivalry over Nietzsche’s legacy. For various reasons, later commentators underestimated the importance of this period in Nietzsche’s thinking, as well as showing little interest in the themes of ‘Réealism’. A more comprehensive view of Nietzsche’s thought will include a balanced assessment of his philosophical partnership with Paul Rée.
Constitutional Environmental Rights
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis book shows why a fundamental right to an adequate environment ought to be provided in the constitution of any modern democratic state. Explains why the right to an environment adequate for one’s health and well-being is a genuine human right and why it ought to be constitutionalised. Elaborates this case and defends it in closely argued responses to critical challenges. Shows why there is no insurmountable obstacle to the effective implementation of this constitutional right, and why constitutionalising this right is not democratically illegitimate. With particular reference to European Union member states, it explains what this right adds to the states’ existing human rights and environmental commitments Concludes by showing how constitutional environmental rights can serve to promote the cause of environmental justice in a global context.
Constitutionalizing the Right to an Adequate Environment: Challenges of Principle
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractArgues that any state that is constitutionally committed to the recognition of human rights ought to constitutionalise a right to an adequate environment. Rebutsthe claim that constitutional provisions relating to the human right to an adequate environment should be made only in the form of a policy statement and not as a fundamental right. Rebuts the further claim that the right to an adequate environment should be placed with those rights of a second order – the ‘social rights’ – rather than among the fundamental rights of a constitution. Problematises the distinction between fundamental and social rights, but also shows why the right to an adequate environment does not resemble a social right.
Environmental Rights and Environmental Justice: A Global Perspective
Authors: Hayward Tim 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe main question of this chapter is whether the constitutional enhancement of citizens’ environmental rights in affluent states might exacerbate the environmental problems of poorer nations. It is pointed out in response that the environmental interests of the rich are already better protected than those of the poor because the latter have less power to resist the imposition of threats to them. This is largely a result of market forces operating under a regime of rights that is in principle opposed by the right to an adequate environment. The interests of poorer countries do not oppose the development of constitutional environmental rights in richer countries. Rather, their interest is to bring about conditions that it would make it possible to secure those same rights for themselves. Indeed, some of the most important precedents in the field of constitutional environmental rights have been set in poorer states. The conclusion is that constitutionalising environmental rights contributes to rather than detracts from the process of building environmental justice, both domestically and globally.
Pragmatism, Doubt, and the Role of Incoherence
Authors: Olsson Erik J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The issue is raised whether there is a satisfactory answer to radical skepticism that does not depend on a problematic positive use of coherence. Two kinds of pragmatism are examined form this point of view. A dilemma is raised for the Jamesian variety. Peirce’s response to skepticism is taken to be more compelling. It involves a distinction between real and paper doubt whereby real doubt is typically caused by some sort of incoherence. No such incoherence ensues from contemplating skeptical scenarios. The discussion sheds unexpected light on the role of coherence in epistemology: coherence may not suffice to justify our beliefs, but incoherence is what forces us to give them up.
Agriculture, Labour, and the Standard of Living in Eighteenth-Century India
Authors: Prasannan Parthasarathi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe high standard of living of weavers as well as other labouring groups in the Indian subcontinent was rooted in the traditions and practices of the labour market, which gave labouring groups enormous bargaining power in their relations with merchants, ‘employers’, and even political authorities. Perhaps, the most critical of these traditions was the freedom that weavers, peasants, and other producers possessed to pick up and move. As the use of coercion to limit this mobility was not a legitimate exercise of state power, rulers were forced to undertake agricultural improvements in order to compete for peasants and agricultural labour. This meant that there was a high rate of investment in agriculture: high quality lands were cleared, water control systems were erected, and the cultivation of more valuable crops supported. This investment, in turn, supported high standards of living.
Living Standards in Liaoning, 1749–1909: Evidence from Demographic Outcomes
Authors: Lee James Z. , Campbell Cameron D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo assess trends in the standard of living in Liaoning province in north-east China during the nineteenth century, the secular change in demographic rates and their sensitivity to economic conditions are examined. The findings show that marital fertility rose, child mortality fell and some men were able to marry much earlier. Fertility became less sensitive to grain prices, suggesting a decline in the vulnerability of rural populations to economic shocks. Based on these trends, the conclusion can be drawn that the standard of living in Liaoning rose during the nineteenth century. While these results may not be generalized to China as a whole, they do raise the possibility of variation between and within regions of China in trends in living standards during the nineteenth century.
Demographic Responses to Short-Term Economic Stress in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Rural Japan: Evidence from Two Northeastern Villages
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O. , Kurosu Satomi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExamines the patterns and trends of demographic responses to changes in living standards in two farming villages in north-eastern Japan from 1716 to 1870. Using the local population registers (ninbetsu-aratame-cho), we analyse the impacts of short-term economic stress measured by annual variations of rice prices on mortality, fertility, first marriage, and migration. The result shows that first marriage and out-migration are most responsive to short-term economic stress. Household resources and wealth also influence these individual demographic behaviours but the effects differ by sex, life stage, and type/reason of behaviour. Findings on temporal trends suggest improvements of female socio-demographic status during the late nineteenth century.
Virtual Footprint and PRODORIC: an integrative framework for regulon prediction in prokaryotes
Authors: Münch Richard , Hiller Karsten , Grote Andreas , Scheer Maurice , Klein Johannes , Schobert Max , Jahn Dieter 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Summary: A new online framework for the accurate and integrative prediction of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in prokaryotes was developed. The system consists of three interconnected modules: (1) The PRODORIC database as a comprehensive data source and extensive collection of TFBSs with corresponding position weight matrices. (2) The pattern matching tool Virtual Footprint for the prediction of genome based regulons and for the analysis of individual promoter regions. (3) The interactive genome browser GBPro for the visualization of TFBS search results in their genomic context and links to gene and regulator-specific information in PRODORIC. The aim of this service is to provide researchers a free and easy to use collection of interconnected tools in the field of molecular microbiology, infection and systems biology.
Availability:
Contact: d.jahn@tu-bs.de