bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Vitamin D
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many theories about the effect of vitamins on bone. The one vitamin that is most closely connected with bone is vitamin D. Vitamin D’s target tissue is bone. A childhood disease resulting from vitamin D deficiency is rickets; in adults, the resulting disease is called osteomalacia. With vitamin D deficiency, bone tissue fails to mineralize or become hard and stiff. In children with rickets, growth areas of the bone do not mineralize. Luckily, unless there is a genetic syndrome that prevents vitamin D from working, both rickets and osteomalacia are readily cured by vitamin D replacement. Vitamin D is probably the best studied of all the naturally occurring vitamins. Yet, despite decades of research, many questions about its role in bone metabolism remain, and we are not certain about how it acts directly on bones.
Prevention and Treatment of Secondary Osteoporosis
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we discussed the secondary causes of osteoporosis. Some of them-age, sex, and race; genetic and reproductive factors; and body type, specifically low body mass index-are beyond the person’s control. Others-smoking, alcohol use, calcium and vitamin D intake, diet, and drug use-are to some extent individual choices. Let’s revisit the conditions in the second category to see what can be done to prevent or treat the bone loss resulting from their incorrect use.
Introduction
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After being appointed head of the Talmudic academy in Israel, the great Babylonian teacher Hillel was asked, “Master, we are obligated to bring an animal as a sacrifice for Passover. But what if Passover falls on the eve of the Sabbath? We know it is forbidden to do any work on the Sabbath, even to carry the slaughtering knife. If one forgot to bring the knife beforehand, how does one transport it to the Temple in order to fulfill the obligation to do the sacrifice?” As hard as he tried, Hillel could not remember the answer to their question. He finally said, “Let us see what the people do; if they are not prophets, they surely are the children of prophets!” On the next day, Hillel watched as people brought the animals they were about to sacrifice to the Temple. If it was a sheep, they stuck the knife in the sheep’s wool. If it was a goat, they affixed the knife between the goat’s horns. Thus the animals did the work of carrying and no prohibition was transgressed.
Meaning and Melody Choice in Jewish Worship
Authors: Summit Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of the talmudic stories explaining how the Jews became the chosen people, God asks those assembled at Mount Sinai, “Will you accept my Torah and live by its teachings?” Just as the question is posed, God holds the entire mountain over the heads of the Jews and adds, “It’s your choice whether to accept the Torah or not, but if you don’t, I will drop this mountain on you and it will mark your graves!” (text after a passage in the Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat 88a). Many Jews have felt ambivalent about choice ever since.
Pluto and Charon
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subsequent to Neptune’s discovery in 1846, several astronomers, notably Percival Lowell, calculated that the remaining discrepancies between observed and predicted motions of Uranus and Neptune were due to the presence of a trans-Neptunian planet. Various searches were made for the predicted planet without success, until 18 February 1930 when Pluto was discovered by Clyde Tombaugh. After the discovery of Pluto, closer examination of photographic plates taken by Humason at Mount Wilson in 1919, during an unsuccessful search for the trans-Neptunian planet, also revealed the presence of Pluto (Tombaugh, 1961).
The Asteroids
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1801, G. Piazzi discovered Ceres, the largest body in the asteroid belt located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Since then, over 10 thousand asteroids (also called minor planets) have been detected. Ceres is about 914 km in diameter; only about 140 other asteroids known have diameters larger than 100 km. Ceres, with a mass of 1.2×1021 kg, contributes about a quarter of all the mass in the asteroid belt. Vesta (2.4×1020 kg) and Pallas (2.2×1020 kg) are the next two most massive asteroids.
Comets
Authors: Ladders Katharina , Fegley Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comets (from the Greek aster kometes, which means long-haired star) are members of the population of small bodies in the outskirts of our solar system. During their motion around the sun and movement through the in-ner solar system, comets often yield spectacular celestial displays that have attracted human attention since ancient times.
The Gospel of St. Republican
Authors: Edwards Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1888, Republican newspapers printed a statement from J. Ellen Foster, president of the new National Women’s Republican Association. “I am a Republican by hereditary influence, past environments and present conviction,” Foster declared.
Because—First—The Republican Party in the past has stood for all that is liberal and progressive in legislation. Second—The Republican Party freed the slave. Third—The pronounced and emphatic legislation on moral questions has come most largely from republican legislators. Fourth—The Republican Party has always been the champion of protection—protection of the citizen, protection of the negro, protection of the ballot-box, protection to the wage earner, protection to the wage payer, and now, right in the line with its past professions and performances, it declares protection to the home.
Cellular Metabolism, Regulation, and Homeostasis
Authors: Hochachka Peter W , Somero George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the great insights arising from biochemical research, starting in the 1930s and extending to present times, is that almost all cell work functions—biosynthetic work, ion pumping work, mechanical work—are coupled to the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate or ATP (Atkinson, 1977). When coupled with the requirement that at steady state cells, tissues, organs, and organisms must be in energy balance, this means that at steady state ATP demand pathways must be balanced with ATP supply pathways both at low and at high work rates. The energetic hub of living cells thus can be described as an ATP cycle with steady-state requirements for ﬂux through the ATP demand pathways of the cycle to be balanced by ﬂux through the ATP supply pathways. Before proceeding to the issue of how this regulation is achieved, we need to digress and describe the pathways cells use to regenerate ATP.
The simplest mechanism for generating ATP is phosphagen mobilization.
Riots Hatching Resistance: Against Abolitionists and in Aid of Fugitive Slaves
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thome answered by saying what abolition was: “I blazed and threw sky-rockets, talked of human rights, touched upon the American revolution and threw heaven and earth together.” His successive opponents, equally disinclined to deny human rights, “emulated the first dog, in barking at the man of straw and trading bear skins.” After three hours of debate, the audience of sixty or seventy people decided to continue the next evening, Tuesday. By Wednesday evening the straw man had lost much of his stuffing, and the members of the Akron Lyceum called for the question. They repudiated their own champions and voted 12 to 9 in favor of abolition; the audience voted 40 to 22 in its support. And James Thome reported the formation of an Anti-Slavery Society of fifteen members.
White Fears: Silencing.Questions
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After 1835 Southern ideology put one category of person, abolitionists, farther beyond the human pale than even their ambiguous chattel. No one, at least publicly, demurred from the bloody-bones rhetoric that passed for description, as in this typical enough letter in the New Orleans Bee: “The murderous designs of these fiendlike fanatics would not only place the firebrand in our dwellings, but prepare their knives for the cutting of our throats.’’ The self-contradictory elements that followed in this description of the “hydra monster” suggested how abolition became a pastiche of villainy that blotted out any need to think about the real motives of any person questioning slavery and that even obviated rational structuring of the stereotype. They were “sickly sentimentalists” and “wretches, who delight in confusion and disorder, merely with a view to plunder.” Their bloodthirstiness led to “untiring exertions to accomplish the extermination of the white population of the South,” but expectation of making money was “the true secret of the humbug.” They were “bloodless hypocrits” but were driven by uncontrolled lust for blacks and “unnatural tastes” that were “peculiarly disgusting” in women. The abolitionist became not only Evil and the Enemy, but a mirror deflecting northward the darker aspects of Southern realities, precisely when the South first came to insist, with at least outward unanimity, that slavery was no evil at all.
Times That Tried Men’s Bodies: The Manly Sport of American Politics
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry B. Miller was in St. Louis when he participated in his first elections. The initial one, for city officers in the spring of 1838, was a memorable induction for the young man into the sport of American politics, even though “it went off middling quiet, as far as regards fighting.” The second, in August of the same year for state and national positions, was a notable brawl which “learnt me,” Miller wrote, “that there was as many rowdies amongst the Whigs as amongst the Democrats.” Miller’s first voting experiences included many common aspects of belligerent antebellum democracy and suggest how much intimidation, bruising, and violence the American system incorporated into its democratic virility.
Trying to Forget Slavery: Nativism and New Riots
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Dorr debacle of 1842, Whig and Democratic rivalries stayed rough but nonriotous. This owed something to the withering away of issues of a deeply divisive sort. After 1840, the major problems of earlier debate, the tariff and the bank, faded. James K. Polk put to sleep the tariff issue after the long quiet ushered in by Henry Clay’s compromise of 1833, and the national bank died as surely as the president from William Henry Harrison’s sudden postinaugural illness. The last legislative legacy of the 1835 anti-abolition eruption, the gag rule, disappeared as even the most belligerent Southerners tired of giving John Quincy Adams another chance to bait them. The clearest ideological difference between the parties-the Jacksonian stress on government inactivity and the Whig insistence that government had some responsibility for promoting the general welfare-developed no policy correlatives at the national level, nor did the different rhetorical emphases on legalism, racism, and proslavery. Only when relative political outsiders brought into politics volatile issues with profounder social roots did political violence return. Religion and immigration gave the best-known incentive to new parties tied to violence, but such tumult became worst and most dangerous when integrated with the explosive question of slavery.
Bleeding Majoritarianism: The Sectional Mob Systems Meet, Mingle, and Mangle
Authors: Grimsted David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While slavery lurked in Know-Nothingism despite the party’s desire to duck the issue, it loomed fore and center in “bleeding Kansas,” where the two systems of sectional violence met and merged under the uneasy supervision of the federal government. And of all the deaths in this Kansas conflict, by far the most important was that of the principle that Representative Sebastian and most Northerners saw as the union’s last best hope, the majoritarianism embedded in popular sovereignty. This principle was lynched when it failed to deliver Kansas to slavery as expected, though the Douglas Democrats quite reasonably clung to its mangled corpse as preferable to the alternative deadly courses being pursued.
General Thermodynamic Considerations
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only definitive statement that thermodynamics makes about evolution is that ultimately it will result largely in CO2’ H20, and N2• Fortunately, the sun allows us to live in a world that is kinetically controlled due to an input of energy. Nevertheless, since many equilibria are reached rapidly compared with the age of the earth, thermodynamic principles can be used to predict what reactions are possible in this transistory world.
Planet Earth
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except for major short-term perturbations in surface environments caused by a declining flux of impactors, equable conditions for prebiotic evolution could have existed as early as 4.4 GA. The earth is about 4.6 Ga old. At that remote time, known as the Hadean era (fig. 13.1), its surface was very hot as a result of the accretion process, which, according to recent hypotheses, took about a hundred million years: Its temperature, according to recent models, was about 1,500°K. Thus, the surface was molten. The iron-group elements (Fe, Ni, and Co) melted and passed through the lighter silicate molten rocks down beneath the crust in a process known as the iron catastrophe (R. F. Fox, 1988). Gradually the surface, rich in silicates, cooled down as the accretion energy input decreased. Solid rocks started to emerge, forming a thin scum, and a steam atmosphere began to condense and rain down to form the primordial oceans. Surface temperatures at or below l00°C could have developed as many as 4.4 Ga ago (Chang, 1993, 1994).are 3.8-3.9 billion years old, and there is no geological evidence of prebiotic organic chemical processes taking place on the earth’s surface prior to this time. Most of the very old rocks on Earth were transformed geologically by plate tectonics. Moreover, the early craters formed by impactors disappeared through erosion processes. Fortunately, despite the destruction of much of the geological record of primordial Earth, some of this evidence has been preserved and shown to be relevant to the study of the origin of life.
Top-down Reconstruction of Processes and Early Evolutionary Stages without Specific Geochemical Considerations
Authors: Lahav Noam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vocabulary of origin-of-life researchers has been enriched recently by concepts and propositions such as “minimal cell, “chemoton,” and various “worlds.” The best known of the worlds is the “RNA-world.” Not less important is the “ancient genetic code.” One common denominator between these scientific propositions, which are rather different from one another, is that they represent early evolutionary stages in the origin-of-life processes, all of which preceede the progenote. A second common denominator between these propositions is that they are the results of back-extrapolations from extant biology to much earlier stages in the evolution of living entities, essentially without specific geochemical considerations. The distinction between topdown and bottom-up approaches is convenient but not always clear-cut; thus it is arbitrary to some extent.
Cigarette Wars
Authors: Tate Cassandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a meticulously researched, engagingly written history of the first anti-cigarette movement, dating from the Victorian Age to the Great Depression, when cigarettes were both legally restricted and socially stigmatized in America. Progressive reformers and religious fundamentalists came together to curb smoking, but their efforts collapsed during the First World War, when millions of soldiers took up the habit and cigarettes began to be associated with freedom and modernity. Cassandra Tate compellingly shows how supporters of the early anti-cigarette movement articulated virtually every issue that is still being debated about smoking today; theirs was not a failure of determination, she argues in these pages, but of timing.
The Fine Structure and Properties of the sediment surface
Authors: Paterson David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surface layers of natural sediments are heterogeneous systems in which living organisms, decaying organic matter, organic secretions, biogenic structures, mineral particles, and void spaces are associated in a 3D matrix of exquisite complexity (Paterson, 1995). Gradients in chemical properties are pronounced around the interface between the sediment bed and the overlying air or water (Revsbech, 1994), and it is at the interface that microbial activity and biomass usually reaches its peak. This is often expressed in the formation of transient or semipermanent biofilms and microbial mats (Neu, 1994). The properties of the surface sediment layer plays a critical role in controlling the flux of materials across the interface, not only as the conduit between source and sink but also as a region of intense production and consumption. Detailed description of the microfabric and the fine-scale properties of the sediment bed lags behind the information available on the biogeochemistry of the sediment surface that has arisen in the last few decades due to rapid technological developments (e.g., Revsbech and Jorgensen, 1986; De Beer et al., 1997). In this chapter, emphasis is placed on examining the microstructure at the surface sediment beds and the microbial contribution to the properties of the surficial layers. Where possible, examples of data at an appropriate scale to the measurement of biogeochemical gradients are presented.
In Situ Sampling in the Benthic Boundary Layer
Authors: Reimers Clare E , Jahnke Richard A , Thomsen Laurenz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of most in situ benthic boundary layer (BBL) measurements is to quantify the transport of mass, either across or along the sediment-water interface, while also gaining knowledge of the roles played by specific processes in determining transfer rates. Studies can be separated into sediment transport investigations that focus on suspended sediment dynamics, and solute transport studies that focus on the workings of early diagenesis. A third and related category of study concerns the vertical structure of velocity in the boundary layer. Inasmuch as critical length and time scales, mechanisms of transport, and biological components vary greatly among different benthic environments, instrument packages and deployment vehicles of varying designs and degrees of complexity have been developed to make bottom boundary layer measurements. This chapter aims to (1) describe the general principles of several of the most common methodologies that are applied in situ to measure BBL mass transport and examples of instruments that implement these methodologies, (2) discuss a few specific limitations of these techniques and circumstances when these limits matter and when they do not, and (3) raise some unanswered questions concerning shallow and deep-sea BBLs that are revealed by new data sets collected with emerging in situ approaches.
Kerner Lieder, Opus 35
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the variety of dramatic situations within op. 35, there is a unity among the Kerner songs (Zwolf Gedichte van Justinus Kerner) that suggests the group could well be programmed in its entirety (or at least ten of the songs, omitting the last two). The opus contains some of the most successful Lieder written by Schumann.
Reinick Lieder, Opus 36
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opus 36, settings of poems by Robert Reinick, begins with Sonntags am Rhein, which the Peters edition places among the Siimtliche Lieder in Volume I. For Friedlander, Sonntags am Rhein was significant enough to lodge among popular Lieder. Sams (p. 149) makes a different assessment: “[Schumann’s] superiority over this fourth-rate poem does not amount to more than second-hand music.” Sams expands his comments by mentioning that the second half of the melody sounds like a discarded sketch for Im wunderschonen Monat Mai. The relationship between Sonntags am Rhein and Im wunderschonen Monat Mai is no greater than that found among many Schumann Lieder, a number of which use common melodic formulas. It is equally hard to find elements of Susser Freund, du blickest mich verwundert an (as Sams does) in this straightforward Lied. Regarding the linking of Sonntags am Rhein to Der Page, an occasional similar melodic snippet may be discovered, but there is no integral relationship. It is wisest not to examine Sonntags am Rhein for ties to distant relatives but to look at it for its own value.
Dichterliebe (Heine), Opus 48
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Female singers probably give more performances of Frauenliebe unclleben than of all other Schumann Lieder. There is an enduring appeal about the progression from bride to mother to widow, because it speaks directly to the joys and sorrows of several aspects of womanhood. Schumann omitted (for which we are grateful) the final Chamisso poem, wherein the now-grandmotherly protagonist confides the joys and sorrows of her life to her betrothed granddaughter. The suggestion that the lengthy postlude was Schumann’s way of substituting music for the ninth poem is far-fetched; the postlude is there for musical and narrative summation.
Opus 53
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opus 53 comprises five Lieder. There is little logic for linking the first two songs with the three brief songs that make up the Der arme Peter cycle. The first song of op. 53, Blondels Lied, is a setting of J. G. Seidl’s poetic version of how Richard the Lionhearted’s place of imprisonment was discovered by his minstrel Blondel. Schumann creates a medieval flavor without attempting historical authenticity; there is an archaic, chorale-like quality about Blondels Lied. (A number of Baroque chorales have their melodic sources in the Minnelieder and Meisterlieder literatures.) The strophic structure of Blondels Lied depends on an echoing dialogue between the king and his minstrel. (Schumann omits Seidl’s third strophe.) Proper delineation of the protagonists and penetration of the inherent drama bring charm to this neglected Lied. Blondels Lied calls for straightforward pianism and vocalism, delivered with dignity and reserve. However, it seems orphaned in op. 53; it might prove more interesting when placed among a group of ballads.
Opus 51
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opus 51, pubhshed in 1850, includes Sehnsucht,Volksliedchen, Ich wandre nicht, Auf dem Rhein, and Liebeslied. The first three songs were composed in 1840. It is not possible to definitively date the composition of Auf dem Rhein, but Liebeslied first appeared in 1850.
Liederalbum fur die Jugend, Opus 79
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opus 77 contains songs written in the years 1840 and 1850. Der frohe Wandersmann, #1, comes from the Spring of 1840. It was originally intended as the first song of the Eichendorff Liederkreis, op. 39, but was wisely removed by Schumann from the 1850 edition. It is hard to understand how Schumann could have initially considered Der frohe Wandersmann appropriate to Liederkreis. The setting matches Eichendorff’s boisterous expression but comes close to the banal. It goes beyond the confines of a folk song and should be sung and played in exuberant fashion.