bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoter Methylation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta 2 and the Development of Second Primary Lung Cancers in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kim Jin Seuk , Lee Haengbung , Kim Hojoong , Shim Young Mog , Han Joungho , Park Joobae , Kim Duk-Hwan 
Published: July 2004

PurposeTo investigate whether the promoter hypermethylation of retinoic acid receptor beta 2 (RARβ2) is associated with the development of second primary lung cancers (SPLCs) differentially according to smoking status in primary non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the relationship between RARβ2 methylation and the SPLC development in a total of 342 NSCLCs. The methylation status of RARβ2 was determined by using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The difference in the time to SPLC development was analyzed by using the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. The median follow-up was 4.1 years.ResultsSPLCs developed in 19 (5.6%) of the 342 NSCLCs, and overall incidence rate of SPLC development was 1.54 per 100 patient-years. SPLCs did not occur in 39 patients who had not smoked. After controlling for possible confounding factors, the hazard of failure for former smokers with RARβ2 hypermethylation was about 2.87 (95% CI, 0.92 to 13.64; P = .08) times higher compared to those without RARβ2 methylation. However, for current smokers, hypermethylation of the RARβ2 was found to have a protective effect against the SPLC development (hazard ratio = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.87; P = .03).ConclusionHypermethylation of RARβ2 promoter had a differential effect on the development of SPLCs in NSCLC, and this was dependent on smoking status. Our study suggests that a combination of retinoids and/or a demethylating agent may be effective in the prevention of SPLCs in never-smokers and former smokers with NSCLC.
Legal Aid in the British Overseas Territories
Authors: O'Brien Derek , Epp John Arnold 
Published: July 2004

The UK has adopted a hands-off approach towards the provision of legal aid amongst the Overseas Territories (OTs), allowing the government of each OT to make such provision as it deems necessary. The effect of this policy has been that the provision of legal aid amongst the OTs is a somewhat patchwork affair. There is no consensus about the extent of the responsibility to support publicly funded legal services, or how it is to be discharged. In this article an outline of the key elements of legal aid provision in those OTs with active legal aid schemes is provided, and a number of key issues that the authors identify as crucial to the development of legal aid amongst the OTs are discussed.
The Europeanisation of Contaminated Land
Authors: Layard Antonia 
Published: July 2004

New initiatives are underway at the Community level to impose liability for environmental damage. This article considers these developments, particularly their effect on contaminated land. It concludes that as the proposed Directive has significant limitations it will leave much contaminated land in the Community to be cleaned up under domestic provisions. This article also considers new developments on prevention, particularly through the European Commission Communication, Towards a thematic strategy for soil protection, issued in 2002 and the European Charter for the Protection and Sustainable Management of Soil. Again, however, the provisions in these documents are limited and do not as yet provide for consistent, precise levels of soil quality throughout the Community in the way that exists for other environmental media. Consequently, although the ‘europeanisation’ of the contaminated land regime is currently underway, the article concludes that current laws and policies have significant limitations. So far, at least, liability for contaminated land ex post and prevention ex ante are still issues predominantly regulated by Member States.
The Disunity of Employment Law and Sentencing
Authors: Bagaric Mirko 
Published: July 2004

This article discusses the lack of integration between criminal sanctions and employment deprivations (in the form of being dismissed from employment or disqualified from working in certain industries). Offenders who are employed in certain industries, especially the professions, often suffer a far greater net punishment upon being found guilty of a criminal offence than other offenders, thereby violating the principle of proportionality and the (related) principle of equality in the impact of sanctions. The reason that such a situation has developed is because criminal sanctions and employment deprivations have evolved from different streams of jurisprudence. This article argues that sentencers should impose a ‘net’ sanction for a criminal offence, thereby merging these streams of jurisprudence. This would require courts to be vested with the power to suspend or disqualify people from being employed in certain occupations. The legal analysis in this article focuses on case and statutory law in Australia, however, the same broad principles apply in all common law jurisdictions, including the UK. Hence, the reform proposals suggested in this article are relevant throughout the common law world. ‘As a matter of principle my view is that once a person has paid their debt to society, as the old expression goes, and done their time, then they should be able to live a normal life.’ Prime Minister, John Howard, commenting on the eligibility of jailed former One Nation leader Pauline Hanson to stand for Parliament at the expiration of her three-year jail term for electoral fraud1 ‘A person's employment is usually one of the most important things in his or her life. It gives not only a livelihood but an occupation, an identity and a sense of self-esteem.’
Bromine, Inorganic Compounds
Authors: Ukeles S.D. , Freiberg M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis article contains a survey of the physical and chemical properties, methods of preparation or manufacture, and updated uses and applications for a number of classes of inorganic bromine compounds. The main classes included are (a) bromamines, (b) hydrogen bromide and hydrobromic acid, (c) metal bromides, (d) non‐metal bromides, (e) bromine halides, (f) bromine oxides, (g) oxygen acids of bromine and their salts. This chapter also includes a brief discussion on applications of inorganic bromides in the area of drilling fluids, biocides, and concentrated aqueous solutions. Included are 122 references.
Coatings, Antifoulings
Authors: Anderson Colin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAntifouling coatings are used to combat the growth of marine fouling on the underwater areas of ships, boats, and offshore structures. The problems caused by marine fouling and the main types of marine fouling species encountered are described, followed by the history of the development of antifouling coatings. There are four main antifouling technology types in use at present, three of which use biocides to control fouling.The first of these biocidal types uses rosin, or rosin derivatives, to control the release of biocides. There is a buildup of “spent” film, exhausted of biocide, in these systems, which means that the path length for diffusion of the biocides from within the bulk film to the surface, through the spent film (leached layer) increases with time. Biocide leaching thus reduces with time, and so does the efficacy of the coating.The second is the self‐polishing copolymer (SPC) type, where there is continual removal of the paint surface by polymer hydrolysis or ion exchange ensuring that the spent film is completely removed. In this case, there is steady and controlled release of the biocides, which is much more efficient than in rosin‐based systems. The first SPC antifoulings were based on tributyltin (TBT) copolymers, and these dominated the antifouling market for the last two decades of the twentieth century. However, these are now being replaced by TBT‐free SPC systems. The environmental pressure on TBT, leading to a ban on the application of TBT antifoulings in an increasing number of countries from January 2003, has bought about this change.The third type of biocidal antifouling is a relatively new “hybrid” SPC/rosin system, combining the two previously described technologies, to give products with price and performance midway between both.The fourth antifouling type does not use biocides for fouling control. It is based on foul release technology, and coatings of this type rely solely on having a “nonstick” surface to minimize or prevent fouling adhesion. Silicones are the most common type of foul release coating in use at present, and since foul release coatings are environmentally benign they are likely to become increasingly important in future years.
Green Chemistry
Authors: Matthews Michael A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGreen Chemistry uses all chemical principles and techniques to prevent pollution at its source. Green Chemical Engineering includes the design and operation of processes as well as the design and manufacture of products that minimize pollution and risks to human health and the environment. The practice of green chemistry has been summarized by 12 operating principles: atom economy, less hazardous synthetic pathways, less hazardous products, safer solvents and auxiliaries, energy efficiency, renewable feedstocks, fewer derivatives and intermediate synthetic steps, use of catalysis, design of products for degradation, real‐time analysis and control of processes, and inherently safer processes.Green chemistry and chemical engineering promote the goal of achieving the so‐called triple bottom line, namely, economic prosperity and continuity for corporations, social well being for communities and employees, and environmental protection and resource conservation. In order to assess green technologies, new economic, financial, and environmental accounting and risk management tools are being developed. These tools include Life Cycle Analysis, Total Cost Assessment, and Environmental and Toxicology Risk Assessment. The goal of achieving green and sustainable chemical manufacturing has been embraced by a number of government and non‐governmental organizations.
Hydrogels
Authors: Cai Wensheng , Gupta Ram B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractHydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that are able to swell and retain large amounts of water and maintain three‐dimensional swollen structures. These hydrogels do not dissolve in water. Common monomers and polymerization methods are discussed, specially for poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(acrylic/methacrylic acid), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(acrylamide), poly(n‐vinyl 2‐pyrrolidone), and polyurethane hydrogels. In addition, the synthesis and the mechanism of biodegradable hydrogels are discussed. Responsive hydrogels can reversibly change volume in response to slight changes in the properties of the medium including pH, temperature, electric field, ionic strength, salt type, solvent, external stress, or light. Responsive hydrogels are finding new applications because of their interesting properties. Microgels are cross‐linked latex microparticles, that are swollen by a good solvent and have globular structure. Due to their compact structure, the intrinsic viscosities of these microgels are much lower than those of corresponding linear or branched polymers. Hydrogels are applied in molecular separation based on size exclusion, protein isolation by conjugating, in drug delivery, as artificial organs, in tissue engineering, in would dressings, for fire protection, and as a superabsorbent material in diapers, water‐sealing construction materials, and water retention in agricultural applications. Most hydrogel are highly biocompatible and have extremely low toxicity to the human body, eg, hydrogel products such as contact lenses and surgical dressings are being used successfully.
Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts
Authors: Cecchin Giuliano , Morini Giampiero , Piemontesi Fabrizio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractZiegler‐Natta catalysts, discovered in the years 1953–1954, account today for a production volume of ∼65 million tons of polyolefins, including mainly polyethylene and polypropylene products. Since their first discovery, the development of Ziegler‐Natta catalysts has been relentless, and their evolution is the result of the exploitation, starting from the mid‐1960s, of four major breakthroughs: the active form of MgCl2; the stereoregulating effect of electron donors (isotactic polypropylene); the chemical route to the active form of MgCl2; and, finally, the control of the morphology of the catalyst/polymer particles. Thus, the most advanced Ziegler‐Natta catalysts are today prepared starting from controlled morphology MgCl2, or its precursors, TiCl4, or other titanium derivatives and, especially for isotactic polypropylene, electron donors. With respect to the first‐generation of Ziegler‐Natta catalysts based on TiCl3, MgCl2‐based catalysts are not only much more efficient in terms of productivity ( both increased number of active centers and value of their propagation constant), but they also offer an unprecedented level of customization to meet any process (slurry, bulk, or gas‐phase) or product requirements (polyethylene, polypropylene, and their copolymers). Actually, MgCl2‐supported catalysts are complex but also versatile systems whose architecture (particle shape, size, size distribution, and porosity) and performances (activity, hydrogen response, stereocontrol, and capability to tune polymer MW and MWD) can be directed acting on both the morphology of the MgCl2precursors and the nature of the electron donors.Many mechanistic aspects of the Ziegler‐Natta catalysis have been elucidated, eg, the mechanism of polymer particle growth, the role of prepolymerization, the activating effect of hydrogen in propylene polymerization, and the stereoblock nature of isotactic polypropylene. On the other hand, many other aspects are still open to debate or, at least, still need clarification; eg, the exact nature and number of active centers and their mechanism of deactivation, the intimate mechanism of action of electron donors, the difference between the species that are active in ethylene or propylene polymerization, and the comonomer effect in ethylene copolymerization.Thus, there is still a lot of room for further investigation and improvements in Ziegler‐Natta catalysts. A big step forward in this field would be the generation of catalysts combining the economics and morphological features of MgCl2‐based systems with the peculiarities of single‐site systems.
Effect of the light intensity upon the agonistic behaviour of juvenile of white‐seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati de la Paz, Bauchot and Daget, 1974)
Authors: Castro José J. , Caballero Catalina 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAmbient light levels were manipulated to vary potential predation risk, and aggressive behaviour was examined. Juveniles of white‐seabream (Diplodus sargus cadenati) interacted aggressively more frequently at intermediate light intensity (500 lux), being agonistic interactions at higher (3000 lux) or lower (5 lux) illumination less frequent. Aggr. Behav. 30:313–318, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of perceived prison crowding on male inmates' perception of aggressive events
Authors: Lawrence Claire , Andrews Kathryn 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis study examines whether, in a male prison, the subjective experience of crowding increases the likelihood that events are perceived as aggressive in nature, and whether the protagonists involved are viewed as more hostile, malevolent, and aggressive. In addition, this paper also examines the possible mediating effects of stress, arousal, and psychological well‐being on two hypothesised relationships. First, these mediating factors are examined for the link between individuals' personal space preferences and their perceived level of crowding. Second, these factors are examined for the link between perceived crowding and interpretations of an aggressive event. Such associations may help to explain why crowding and aggression are linked within a social interactionist perspective. The results confirmed previous findings that crowding is linked to increases in arousal and stress, and a reduction in psychological well‐being. This study also found, however, that those inmates who experienced crowding were also more likely to interpret behaviour as aggressive and violent. This relationship was not mediated by arousal, stress, or psychological well‐being. However, these factors were found to partially operate in the relationship between personal space preferences and the experience of subjective crowding. The implications of this study for social interactionist explanations of the link between crowding and prison violence are offered. Aggr. Behav. 30:273–283, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Desferrioxamine related maculopathy: A case report
Authors: Arora Anita , Wren Siobhan , Gregory Evans Kevin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDesferrioxamine is used for the treatment of chronic iron overload, acute iron poisoning, and certain anaemias. Ocular toxicity secondary to prolonged treatment with desferrioxamine may result in night blindness, visual field constriction, cataract, pigmentary retinopathy and optic neuropathy. To avoid such complications an ophthalmic screening has been suggested for patients taking desferrioxamine. We report an 81‐year‐old patient who developed irreversible ocular toxicity despite undergoing ophthalmic screening. Am. J. Hematol. 76:386–388, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of functional thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) with conventional cardiovascular risk factors and its correlation with other hemostatic factors in a Spanish population
Authors: Santamaría Amparo , Borrell Montserrat , Oliver Arturo , Ortín Rosa , Forner Ruth , Coll Inmaculada , Mateo Jose , Souto Juan Carlos , Fontcuberta Jordi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractOur aim was to determine the associations of functional thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) levels in plasma with conventional cardiovascular risk factors, sex and age, and possible correlations with other hemostatic factors in a Spanish population. We included 303 individuals from a Spanish population. Hemostatic factors such as von Willebrand Factor, VII ag, VIIIc, XIc, XIIc, APCR, protein S, protein C, antithrombin, fibrinogen, and t‐PA antigen were assayed. The functional TAFI assay was based on the activation of plasma TAFI with thrombin–thrombomodulin, and the measure of TAFIa activity on the hippuryl‐Arg substrate. There were no statistical differences in mean values of functional TAFI among the various female age groups or among the different male age groups, with or without cardiovascular risk factors. Only women younger than 30 years of age showed lower levels of functional TAFI compared to older women. No differences were found among men of different ages. Adjusted for sex and age, hemostatic factors did not show a correlation with functional TAFI levels in plasma. Women with hypercholesterolemia showed higher levels of TAFI; other conventional cardiovascular risk factors did not modify functional TAFI levels either in men or in women. We also found no correlation of functional TAFI levels related to any other hemostatic factors. Am. J. Hematol. 76:348–352, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura‐like syndrome in a cancer patient with low‐dose interferon: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tsoussis Sophocles , Ekonomidou Fotini , Vourliotaki Erene , Karalis Ioannis , Dermitzakis Alkiviades 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIdiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)‐like syndrome is a rare complication of carcinomas, and its treatment usually precedes cancer therapy in order to make further procedures safe. We describe the case of a 78‐year‐old man with a small‐cell lung cancer of extended stage, associated with ITP‐like syndrome, which proved resistant to treatment with corticosteroids and vincristine, short‐responsive to IV immunoglobulin, but quickly and steadily responsive to low‐dose interferon (ld IFN, 3 million IU, sc, twice weekly, for 8 weeks), until the patient's death, due to his primarily chemoresistant cancer. This case is, to our knowledge, the second reported ITP‐like syndrome in a cancer patient who had been successfully treated with ld IFN. The excellent and cost‐effective therapeutic index of ld IFN makes it an attractive alternative treatment in patients with this specific complication and calls for further investigation regarding its potential use as a first‐line treatment. Am. J. Hematol. 76:353–359, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematologic differences in heterophile‐positive and heterophile‐negative infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Ventura K.C. , Hudnall S.D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractInfectious mononucleosis (IM) due to all causes is characterized by atypical lymphocytosis. We sought to compare hematologic parameters of infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection (heterophile antibody (HA) positive) with mononucleosis due to other causes. Mono‐Latex Slide Agglutination Test results and complete blood counts (CBC) of 147 patients with mononucleosis were retrospectively analyzed. Leukocyte count, absolute lymphocyte count, and presence of atypical lymphocytes in EBV‐positive and EBV‐negative groups were statistically compared. We analyzed 68 EBV‐positive and 79 EBV‐negative cases. EBV‐positive patients were significantly younger than EBV‐negative patients were. Mean total WBC count and mean absolute lymphocyte count were significantly higher in EBV‐positive patients. Absolute lymphocytosis, absolute leukocytosis, and atypical lymphocytosis were also significantly more frequent in EBV‐positive patients. Leukopenia was more frequently seen in EBV‐negative patients. Am. J. Hematol. 76:315–318, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful control of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐infected cells by allogeneic nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation in a patient with the lethal form of chronic active EBV infection
Authors: Uehara Taeko , Nakaseko Chiaki , Hara Satoru , Harima Akane , Ejiri Megumi , Yokota Akira , Saito Yasushi , Nishimura Miki 
Published: July 2004

AbstractChronic active Epstein–Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is a heterogeneous EBV‐related disorder, ranging from mild/moderate forms to rapidly lethal disorders. The lethal form of CAEBV is characterized by multiple organ failure, hemophagocytic syndrome, and development of lymphomas. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is considered as the only potentially curative treatment for the lethal form of CAEBV, but it is not always desirable because of the high incidence of regimen‐related toxicities. A 17‐year‐old female with CAEBV, who was refractory to conventional therapies and considered to be unable to receive a myeloablative regimen because of multiple organ dysfunction, underwent allogeneic nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation (allo‐NST) before developing a hematological malignancy. She has been well without any signs of CAEBV for 27 months after allo‐NST, and we confirmed that specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against EBV was reconstituted. This outcome suggests that allo‐NST can control CAEBV by reconstituting the host immunity against EBV. Am. J. Hematol. 76:368–372, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.