bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in the weight, specific gravity and composition of the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)
Authors: HyvÄrinen H. , Kay R. N. B. , Hamilton W. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Antlers were removed in September from 2-4-year-old red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Both well-fed penned stags and less. well-nourished grazing stags were studied.2. For deer of the same age, both log antler weight and log antler specific gravity were related to body-weight in September and to body-weight gain between March and September. The antlers of 3- and 4-year-old stags were heavier and tended to be denser relative to body-weight and body-weight gain than those of 2-year-old stags.3. For grazing stags of a given age, antler weight and specific gravity, and body-weight and body-weight gain, were progressively less in the three successive years of the study. This appeared to reflect increasing stocking rate over this period.4. The composition of the antlers did not vary significantly between penned and grazing stags or with age. However the concentrations of ash, phosphorus and magnesium in dry matter showed significant positive correlations with specific gravity, that of zinc a significant negative correlation, while calcium, copper and manganese showed no significant correlation.5. The antlers evidently provide a useful index of the changes in body-weight of the stags.
The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk
Authors: BUSS D. H. , Ford J. E. , Scott K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically.2. Mature milk contained, on average (μg/ml): thiamin 0.18, riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70, vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065.3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk.4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake.5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 μg, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 μg, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 μg.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid status of foetal and neonatal ruminants
Authors: Payne E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Information on the fatty acid composition of tissues of foetal calves, neonatal lambs, deer and piglets reported by Payne (1978) has been quantified by the use of an internal standard during analysis, to give concentrations of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (ω6) and linolenic acid (ω3) expressed on a per kg tissue basis. The total concentration of both acids (ω6+ω3) was similar in all tissues examined except brain. Because muscle, the main constituent of the soft tissues of young animals, contains about 40–50 % of the total body content of these acids, it is considered that muscle concentrations are a reflection of total body status of these acids.2. Concentrations in muscle of both ω6 derivatives and total PUFA were significantly lower in the neonatal lamb and foetal calf than in the mature animal whereas in pigs and deer the concentrations in the young animal were similar to those in the mature animal. Concentrations of ω6 derivatives and total PUFA in lambs were significantly lower than those in calves; the presence of ω3 derivatives reduced the level of significance for total PUFA. Again, total PUFA content did not differ significantly between the piglet and the young ruminants.3. There was a substantial placental transfer, with apparently a preferential transfer of ω3 derivatives.4. In brain the levels of ω3 acids were as high in the foetal and neonatal animals as in mature animals. The levels of ω6 acids were lower in young animals.5. Calculations of ω6 intake from milk showed that the total deficit of ω6 could be made up within a few days.6. It was concluded that the extent of deficiency of ω6 in young ruminants raised in a grazing situation, as in New Zealand, is marginal and any feeding to overcome this is unlikely to be of any benefit.
The nutritional and metabolic impact of γ-linolenic acid (18:3ω6) on cats deprived of animal lipid
Authors: Frankel Theresa L. , Rivers J. P. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The syndrome induced by depriving cats of animal lipid is partially cured by feeding 18:3ω6. This is associated with an increase in levels of 20:3ω6, but not 20:4ω6, in plasma phospholipids.2. It is concluded that the cat lacks Δ5 desaturase activity and has a dietary requirement for 18:3ω6 and possibly 20:4ω6.
The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs
Authors: Hovell F. D. DeB , Greenhalgh J. F. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (me) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of me was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids.2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of me as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (se ± 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (se ± 13), the decrease being significant (P < 0.001).3. The kf values of the diets containing 22% of me as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (se ± 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P < 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19±13, and of butyrate 28 ± 13%.4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetate is utilized for energy retention is not constant, but varies with its contribution to me. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.
Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine
Authors: Oakenfull D. G. , Fenwick Dorothy E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Adsorption of bile salts by dietary fibre is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals.2. We have tested a number of plant fibre fractions and other related materials for their ability to adsorb bile salts from aqueous solution. The ‘insoluble’ plant fractions were from ‘dry grain’ (a residue from brewing), apple, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), soya beans, mung beans (Phaseolus mungo), chick peas (Cicer arietinum), rolled oats, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sunflower seeds, sawdust and sheep faeces. The other materials were cholestyramine, pectin and lignins prepared from wheat bran and from sawdust.3. Only cholestyramine and the fibre from lucerne, soya beans, mung beans, chick peas, spinach, and sunflower seeds adsorbed enough of either sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate for adsorption to be detectable.4. This result conflicts with a report that the lignin component of dietary fibre is responsible for adsorption of bile salts.5. Adsorption of bile salts, when it occurs, may depend on the presence of saponins bound to the fibre.
A method of presenting longitudinal growth data
Authors: Dugdale A. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Longitudinal growth profiles contain much information but are difficult to incorporate into mathematical and statistical analyses.2. A growth function, which is a weighed average of growth achievement at different ages, is proposed.3. This function is a non-dimensional number with defined statistical properties, and emphasizes growth achievement in early life. It can be used to compare the growth of individuals and populations.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Newport M. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Half (diet M) or total replacement (diet N) of dried skim-milk by fish-protein concentrate and dried whey was compared with a diet containing dried skim-milk (710 g/kg) as the only source of protein (diet A). All three diets were prepared as spray-dried powders, and contained 20 g starch and 270 g soya-bean oil/kg. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous, but upon analysis had crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents (g/kg) of 230, 270 and 291 in diets A, M and N respectively.2. The diets were reconstituted as liquids containing 200 g dry matter (DM)/l and given to pigs weaned at 2 d of age during a 26 d experiment. The diets were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight. Protein digestion was studied in pigs, 6 d of age, and killed 1 h after a feed.3. Live-weight gain was slightly improved when half the dried skim-milk was replaced, but the feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live weight gain) was unaltered. Total replacement of dried skim-milk, markedly reduced performance and increased the incidence of scouring and mortality.4. Increasing the proportion of fish protein reduced the apparant digestibility (AD) and the retention of N (g/d per kg live weight). N retention, but not AD, decreased with age.5. Total replacement of dried skim-milk decreased the amount of digesta in the stomach, its pH value, and the proportion of DM and total N in the digesta, but non-protein N as a proportion of total N was increased.6. The total pepsin activity in the stomach digesta was decreased by the substitution with fish protein, but there was no change in the activity of the stomach tissue. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas were not affected by the source of dietary protein, but in the digesta of the small intestine the activity of these two enzymes was markedly reduced when the diet contained fish protein.7. Total replacement of dried skim-milk with fish-protein concentrate and dried whey may increase the rate of flow of digesta through the small intestine, which together with the reductions in the apparent digestibility of N and amounts of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digesta could reduce the efficiency of protein digestion and adversely affect performance.
Studies on the body composition, fat distribution and fat cell size and number of ‘Ad’, a new obese mutant mouse
Authors: Trayhurn P. , James W. P. T. , Gurr M. I. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies have been performed on the body composition, the fat distribution, the fat cell size, and the ‘observable’ fat cell number of a new obese mutant, the Adipose (Ad) mouse. The serum glucose and insulin concentrations have also been investigated. All studies were undertaken with animals aged 6 months.2. The obese animals weighed over 50% more than the lean, but there was no difference in the body or tail lengths.3. The obese animals had an increase in the weight of the liver, but the increase was only proporational to the increase in the total body-weight.4. The carcasses of the obese mice contained more water as well as more fat than those of the lean. In the males the fat content was 3.9 times greater, while in the females it was increased by 5.5 times.5. The nitrogen content of the defatted dry carcass was the same in both lean and obese animals but the total body protein was higher in the obese.6. Fat was dissected from four major depots, gonadal, abdominal, hind subcutaneous and interscapular subcutaneous (including brown adipose tissue), and each was substantially larger in the obese animals. This indicated that the additional fat of theAAdmouse was not localized to any particular site.7. InAdmales there was no over-all increase in the observed number of adipocytes, all the extra fat being accommodated by an increase in fat cell size (3.8 times). However, inAdfemales there was a 3.3-fold increase in the number of observable fat cells as well as a 2.2-fold increase in fat cell size.8. Non-fasted obese animals were not hyperglycaemic, but there was a 5.3-fold increase in the concentration of serum insulin. Hyperinsulinemia in the presence of normoglycaemia suggested that the obese animals were insulin resistant.
Growth of muscle fibres during recovery from severe malnutrition in Jamaican Infants
Authors: Hansen-Smith F. M. , Picou D. , Golden M. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. The growth of muscle fibres was analysed by light microscopy in biopsies from subjects when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery.2. Muscle fibres from malnourished subjects were extremely atrophic (cross-sectional area, 110μm2). The fibres doubled in size during the early period of rehabilitation. Growth of muscle fibres during later periods of rehabilitation occurred at a slower rate.3. The absolute rates of change in fibre sizes differed considerably between subjects, but the rates of change relative to the rate of gain of total body-weight (expressed as % recovery or % expected weight-for height (Nelson, 1975)) were similar between subjects after the initial growth spurt. The pattern of recovery appeared to differ between older and younger subjects.4. Fibre sizes correlated with body-weight but not with age in the malnourished subjects. A significant correlation between fibre areas and either weight or age was observed during rehabilitation and after clinical recovery.5. Fibre sizes of clinically-recovered subjects (mean age, 13.8 months; weight, 8.7 kg) were only approximately 60% of that for a well-nourished 6-month-old control subject (6.4 kg). These results suggest that a longer period of time is required for fibres to reach their expected size. Therefore, when the child has regained body-weight to that of a normal child of the same height, his muscles have not yet recovered and his body composition is abnormal.
The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs
Authors: Thomson D. J. , Cammell S. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d.2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MJ/kg DM).4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P < 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM).5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment.6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.
The effects of a supplement of dietary fibre on faecal excretion by human subjects
Authors: Prynne Celia J. , Southgate D. A. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four human subjects on strictly controlled diets were given a fibre supplement, 25 g Ispaghula husk (Isogel)/d, for 3 weeks.2. Replicate diets and faeces were collected during two 5 d balance periods. The first period served as control for the second which occurred after the supplement had been fed for 2 weeks.3. Diets and faeces were analysed for total solids, gross energy, total nitrogen, fat, available and unavailable carbohydrates.4. Three of the four subjects showed a considerable increase in faecal bulk; total faecal weight was more than doubled in two subjects. In two subjects the increase was brought about mainly by extra fibre in the faeces accompanied by a higher proporation of faecal water whereas in one subject it was also an increased excretion of nutrients. One subject showed very little change in faecal bulk.5. High values for the apparent digestibility of fibre were found during the control period; from 0.70 to 0.80. There was more variation during the experimental period when apparent digestibility of total fibre ranged from 0.47 to 0.82. Values arrived at for the minimum apparent digestibility of the fibre supplement were generally high; one subject appeared to digest Isogel completely. Isogel was degraded preferentially to the food-derived fibre; in particular, cellulose in the faeces was increased during the experimental period.6. Only one subject showed distinct decreases in the apparent digestibility of energy, N and fat in the diet. The results do not therefore agree with the generally held view that increased fibre in the diet decreases the apparent digestibility of the other nutrients.
Guar gum and reduction of post-prandial glycaemia: effect of incorporation into solid food, liquid food, and both
Authors: Wolever T. M. S. , Jenkins D. J. A. , Nineham R. , Alberti K. G. M. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of the dose and the form in which guar gum was given on the degree of ‘flattening’of blood glucose curves was studied in five subjects using meals of bread and soup containing 5 or 10 g guar gum.2. When 5 g guar gum was added to bread the peak increase of blood glucose was reduced by 41% (P < 0.002), with 5 g guar in soup, the reduction was 54% (P < 0.001) while a reduction of 68% (P < 0.001) was seen with 10 g guar gum (5 g in bread and 5 g in soup). The corresponding reduction in insulin peak increases were 37% (P < 0.002), 50% (P < 0.001) and 65% (P < 0.001) respectively.3. The difference between the two 5 g doses was not significant with respect to the reduction of the peak increases in blood glucose and serum insulin; however the difference between the 5 g dose in bread and the increases in blood glucose and serum insulin; however the difference between the 5 g dose in bread and the 10 g dose was significantly different (P < 0.002 for glucose, P < 0.01 for insulin).4. The results indicate that as little as 5 g guar gum may reduce the glycaemia following a 45 g carbohydrate meal, but perhaps due to earlier and more complete mixing, guar gum is most effective when added to the liquid phase of the meal.
Efficiency of utilization of volatile fatty acids for maintenance and energy retention by sheep
Authors: ØRskov E. R. , Grubb D. A. , Smith J. S. , Webster A. J. F. , Corrigall W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were conducted with lambs sustained entirely by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids (VFA), protein, minerals and vitamins.2. In the first experiment to determine the effects of VFA on nitrogen retention four mixtures of VFA (B, C, D and E) were used containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 45,45 and 10; 55,35 and 10; 65,25 and 10; 75, 15 and 10.The level of infusion was 836 kJ/live weight0.75per d and the design was a 4 × 4 Latin square with 14 d periods. There were no significant differences in the N balance between the different mixtures of VFA though mixture B tended to give the highest N retention.3. Thirty-two lambs were used in the second experiment for measurements of heat production in closed- circuit respiration chambers. Six mixtures of VFA were used. These included mixtures B-E from Expt I and in addition two mixtures (A and F) containing acetic, propionic and butyric acid in the following molar proportions respectively: 35, 55 and 10; 85, 5 and 10. The heat production was measured both at 450 and 900 kJ/W0.75per d, except for mixture F, where it was not possible to achieve a rate of infusion in excess of 675 kJ/W0.75per d.4. The energy required for maintenance was determined to be 0.45±0.02 MJ/kg live weight0.75per d regardless of the mixture used.5. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) values for the six mixtures were 0.78, 0.64, 057, 0.61, 0.61 and 0.59 for mixtures A, B, C, D, E and F respectively. Only mixture A was significantly better utilized than the other mixtures. This mixture also gave the most efficient N utilization.6. It is concluded from this evidence that differences in k, for diets normally given to ruminants cannot be attributed to differences in utilization of volatile fatty acids.
Studies on the phytate: zinc molar contents in diets as a determinant of Zn availability to young rats
Authors: Davies N. T. , Olpin S. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were carried out in vitro to examine the effects of phytate on the solubility of the trace elements zinc, copper and manganese. Appropriate volumes of a solution of sodium phytate were added to a mineral solution to achieve phytate: Zn values of from 0: 1 to 45:1. In a second series the same values for phytate: Zn were achieved by varying the amount of added Zn at a fixed phytate concentration.2. In both experiments > 85% of the Zn was rendered insoluble at pH 6.5 even at the lowest value for phytate:Zn (5:1). The effect of phytate on Zn solubility was greater than effects on Cu or Mn.3. In a dietary study, rats were offered a semi-synthetic egg-albumin-based diet with added phytate. Two series of diets were prepared, the first had a constant Zn content (18.5 mg Zn/kg) and the amount of sodium phytate varied so as to achieve values for phytate: Zn of from 0:1 to 40:1 (series 1). In the second series, the same values for phytate:Zn were achieved by adding a fixed amount of phytate (7.4 g phytic acid/kg) while the amount of Zn was varied (series 2).4. Dietary phytate caused significant reductions in growth rates, plasma Zn concentrations and hair Zn concentrations and greying of the coat at values for phytate:Zn of 15:1, 10:1, 10:1 and 15:1, respectively.5. While phytate was apparently slightly more effective in reducing Zn status when phytate:Zn values were achieved at the lower absolute levels of phytate and Zn (series I diets), the differences at equivalent phytate:Zn values were small. It was concluded that phytate:Zn values can be used as an indicator of Zn availability from phytate-rich diets.Rats offered three diets containing soya-bean-based textured-vegetable-protein (TVP) exhibited low rates of weight gain compared with rats offered an egg-albumen-based diet of similar Zn content (14.5 mg Zn/kg). Additional Zn supplied in drinking-water (25 mg Zn/l) was without effect on rats consuming the egg-albumin diet but significantly improved the weight gain of rats on the TVP diets.7. It was concluded that phytate naturally present in TVP behaves similarly to phytate added to an otherwise phytate-free diet and that the reduced availability of Zn in TVP diets can be accounted for entirely by their phytate contents.