bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second Thoughts on Three Horatian Puzzles
Authors: † C 0. Brink 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the present company of all companies I would have wished to offer something more substantial than what I have to offer—second thoughts on three puzzles. Even so, second thoughts are of the essence in this job, and there are still troubles on the way. My first puzzle touches both topography and prosody, which makes it trickier than either would be on its own. Can we put a name to that little town which Horace leaves unnamed in the lter Bnmdisinum (Sat. I. 5. 87), quod versu dicere non est? Here I have to plead guilty of acts of both omission and commission in discussing this passage in the Proceedings of the Cambridqe philologoical Society a few years ago1-fully so as regards topography, because I did not have the information I might have had, and more than u little as regards prosody, where I had the information but failed to act on it.
Towards a History of the Poetic Catalogue of Philosophical Themes
Authors: Penna Antonio La 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is a small and involuntary paradox that this short discussion of poetic catalogues of philosophical themes should begin with a catalogue written in prose. I shall in fact start from a catalogue in Seneca’s De brevitate vitae (19. 1). After trying to persunde his addressee Paulinus, very likely his father-in-law and the praefectus annonae, to leave his heavy political duties, Seneca urges him to take refuge in the study of philosophy: recipe te ad haec tranquilliora, tutiora, maiora! Simile tu putas esse utrum cures ut incorruptum et a fraude advehentium et a neglegentia frumentum transfundatur in horrea, ne concepto umore vitietur et con- calescat, ut ad mensuram pondusque respondeat, an ad haec sacra et sub- limia accedas, sciturus quae materia sit dei, quae voluntas, quae condicio, quae forma; quis animum tuum casus expectet; ubi nos a corporibus dimissos natura componat; quid sh quod huius mundi gravissima quaeque in medio sustineat, supra levia suspendat, in summum ignem ferat, sidera vicibus suis excitet, cetera deinceps ingentibus plena miraculis? The choice here is the well-known one between active and contemplative lives, a topic which probably goes back to Thales, and had already emerged, in any case, as the paramount ethical issue of Greek philosophy in the fourth century bc, especially in Aristotle.
The Moralism of Plutarch’s Lives
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For there is always a risk that civil life will damage the reputation of those who owe their greatness to warfare, and are ill-suited to democratic equality. They expect to enjoy the same supremacy in this new sphere, whereas their opponents, worsted by them on campaign, find it intolerable if they cannot overtake them even here. Thus they delight in taking a man with a glorious record of campaigning and triumphs, and when they have him in the forum they take care to subdue him and put him down; whereas they behave differently to a man who lays aside and yields the honour and power he enjoyed on campaign, and they preserve his authority unimpaired. (Pomp. 23. 5–6)
Lucian’s Choice: Somnium 6–16
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Somnium, Lucian’s allegedly autobiographical account of the circumstances which led to his choice of career, is a delightful, but enigmatic work. The rhetor from Samosata begins by telling of a family conference held when he came of age in order to determine his future. His father decides that young Lucian should be apprenticed as a sculptor to his maternal uncle. Lucian, who has often been punished in the past for moulding figures of wax scraped from his writing tablets at school, is, he tells us, delighted at the prospect. On the very first day of his apprenticeship, he manages to ruin a slab of marble. His uncle beats him and the tearful Lucian runs home. That night he has a dream in which two women—work-stained, poorly dressed Techne and refined, comely Paideia—fight over him and his future. Each of the two women addresses him directly, trying to convince him to adopt her way of life. Dirty, mannish Techne offers a life oflabour and pains-taking craftsmanship as a sculptor, while the ladylike Paideia promises Lucian admiration and honour, if he should become educated and learn how to speak. Lucian does not even need to hear out Paideia to the end of her speech: hers is the path he chooses. Paideia immediately rewards the young Lucian for his decision by taking him for a ride in her chariot across the heavens. The young man scatters seeds of some kind to the admiring people below and then returns home, newly garbed, where Paideia proudly presents him to his father. His choice, Lucian states at the conclusion of the Somnium, can serve as an inspiration to other young men of little means.
Female Characterization in Greek Declamation
Authors: Hawley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past twenty years or so, classical scholarship has seen a phenomenal growth in two areas which have seldom overlapped: the examination of gender in antiquity and the study of so-called ‘later’ Greek literature. This paper is a contribution to both spheres. Classical scholars are now constantly reminded of how ancient texts constructed social ideals of masculinity and femininity. But most literary critics have clung to the safe and traditional classical period, from archaic times to the second century AD. The second current of criticism which has inspired this paper is one for which Donald Russell has provided much impetus. He has so often and eloquently performed an encomium of later Greek literature that the generations of scholars who have flourished under his inspiration are now reassessing these intriguing texts. The central texts of this brief paper will be the declamations and progymnasmata (preparatory exercises) of the fourth-century AD rhetor Libanius, but many of the observations can be applied to others among the rhetores Graeci.
π ε ρ γ ν ε σ θ α ιas a Medical Term and a Conjecture in the Cyranides
Authors: Bain David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Russell is, among other things, that rare bird, a renowned expert in the field of Greek prose of the post-classical period. I offer this minor contribution to the study of later Greek vocabulary in the confident expectation that he will acknowledge with sympathy the difficulties that confront anyone seeking to investigate such a topic using the existing lexica of the Greek language.
Julian and Marcus Aurelius
Authors: Hunt David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In keeping with the fanfare of superlatives which heralds Julian’s entry into the narrative of Ammianus’ history, only the great and the good provided adequate precedents for the youthful new Caesar. Thus in the eyes of the historian Julian’s virtues amounted to a comprehensive replay of all the qualities of the best of his predecessors—the wisdom of Titus, the military success of Trajan, the clemency of Pius, ‘and in his striving after truth and perfection he was the equal of Marcus Aurelius, on whom he endeavoured to model his own actions and character’. The mention of Marcus in this list of imperial exempla is accorded a special authority of its own; for whereas the others might be dismissed as figments of the historian’s craft, it was Julian himself, it is claimed, who actually adopted the philosopher-emperor as his guiding example. Ammianus’ statement mirrors a similar observation in the Breviarium of Eutropius: Julian was ‘not unlike Marcus Antoninus, whom he even took pains to copy’. Both writers could claim first-hand knowledge of the emperor—Ammianus was serving as an officer in Gaul when Julian first arrived there as Caesar at the end of 355, and later shared with Eutropius personal experience of the Persian campaign of 363 in the course of which Julian met his death —and consequently their remarks have commanded the respect of the scholarly tradition. It has become axiomatic to link Julian’s name specifically with that of Marcus Aurelius: one recent biographer of Julian, for example, has attributed to him an admiration of Marcus which ‘went beyond all conventions’.
‘Longinus’ and the Grandeur of God
Authors: West Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L did not collect these examples directly from their original sources. Quotations of the Homeric passages in other authors and comments on them in the scholia show that they were current in rhetorical tradition. In the case of the fourth passage L himself acknowledges that: it had been discussed by many before him. Perhaps some or all of them had been used in Caecilius’ work on sublimity, which L aimed to supersede (r. 1 ). As for the citation of Genesis, phraseological parallels in L’s work with Philo and Josephus indicate his acquaintance with some Jewish Greek writing.
Lexicographica Graeca
Authors: Chadwick John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
H.G. Liddell and R. Scott's Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented by H.S. Jones in 1940) has been the essential tool of advanced Greek scholars for 150 years; in order to update it a new Supplement has been published (OUP 1996) replacing that of 1968. In this provocative reconsideration both of its lexicographical principles and of individual articles, John Chadwick examines the need for further revision and expansion of the volume through a re-examination of the classical Greek vocabulary. A series of notes are presented, making important and stimulating contributions to the study of classical Greek lexicography, and offering many new interpretations of passages from familiar authors based upon a lexicographical approach. Essential reading for all scholars of classical Greek.
Laconia And Messenia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the hellenistic period the obes and the perioecic towns of Laconia appear to have had ephors and an assembly, but until the period of the Roman principate there is no sign that any of them had a council. Amyclae authorises expenditure on honours, and the relevant officials, whose title is not given, are to include this expenditure in their accounts.
Before and after Clisthenes
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pisistratid Hipparchus, we have noted, was struck down while marshalling the Panathenaic procession. After the fall of the tyranny, the privilege of organizing the great procession would pre sumably have passed to a magistrate drawn from a restricted group of 300 aristocrats, if the oligarchic scheme of Isagoras had prevailed. It fell instead, with great symbolic propriety, to the ‘demarchs’, the executive heads of the 139 or so demes (or villages) that were the foundation upon which Clisthenes erected his restored democracy. To reshape the political life of Athens, Clisthenes had also to reshape its society. These social changes meant a transformation of the structures within which religious life took place.
Beyond the Death of Alexander
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When should a history of Athenian religion come to an end? One date that is obviously inappropriate is 323. Could one seriously con template trying to give a feel of fourth-century religion without reference to Menander and the Characters of Theophrastus? Radical political change doubtless affects almost every area of life in the long term, but it does not overturn long-established social forms overnight. Even politically, the division at 323 is in some ways too sharp (though one must certainly allow that the forced restriction of citizen rights for much of the period between 322 and 307 was a drastic change, with, we must assume, great though unobservable consequences for the religious life of the dispossessed).
Initiating Dionysus
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book offers a challenging multi-disciplinary interpretation of Aristophanes' Frogs. Drawing on a wide range of literary and anthropological approaches, it deploys an impressive series of religious and cultural considerations which have never previously been used to illuminate this text. Rather than seeking to recover the 'authorial' meaning of the Frogs, Dr Lada-Richards attempts to reconstruct the wider spectrum of potential meanings that various segments of the play could have had in their own socio-cultural milieu. The key question the book explores is how membership in Greek fifth-century society would have shaped understanding of the play, with particular emphasis on the persona of Dionysus who, as Dr Lada-Richards argues, should not be viewed merely as a stock comic character but as inseparable from the complex, paradoxical figure of his mythical and ritual counterpart. Combining sophistication and complexity with clarity and elegance of style, the book is addresses to the scholar as well as the student of Greek drama and culture, and its insights should appeal to anybody interested in the manifold ways theatre (of any period and culture) remoulds the ritual sequences of the social frame to which it belongs.
Initiation through Acting
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary dimension of Dionysus’ dramatis persona in the Frogs is his theatricality. From the beginning of the play he steps onto the stage dressed up as Heracles, that is, like a true actor, who sets out to incarnate somebody ‘other’ than himself; when the comic plot gets under way, correspondingly, he fluctuates again between his own identity (most emphatically proclaimed in 631-2) and those of Heracles and Xanthias. Now, as we have already mentioned in 2.4, role-playing is a well-known feature of ritual liminality.
The Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two of the four Roman law codes from antiquity survive in versions that are almost complete (CTh and CJ). Both have preserved with them constitutions and acta giving information on their composition and pro mulgation. Each bears the name of the emperor under whose auspices the code came into existence1 and each refers to the codes that pre ceded it. For the two earlier codes, however, we have almost no information. Even the identity of their namesakes is enigmatic. Evidence for the Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus, therefore, has to be gleaned from references and ascriptions in the later codes and other legal works. This makes possible the attempted identification of their original content, and guesses about their scope and intent.2
Imperial Edicts
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out a catalogue raisonné, containing all known imperial edicts for the period 284-324. It includes: edicts whose texts are preserved, in part or in whole; non-edictal texts that refer to edicts; texts of or references to the edicts of prefects and governors, where these are closely connected to imperial enactments.
Aeschylus ‘ Persae and History
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing for men who had fought in the battle, as he himself had done, it was impossible for [Aeschylus] to depart from the main outlines of known fact or even from such minor details as a substantial part of his audience would have remembered. This was drama concerned with the living past, in which he and his audience had been and continued to be intimately concerned, and so the picture of recent events which the play gives must have been substantially true to life. Thus Podlecki, and many scholars have prefaced their discussions of Salamis with similar statements of principle.
Leading the Tragic Khoros: Tragic Prestige in the Democratic City
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And remember Taureas, who was a khoregos competing against Alkibiades with a boys ‘ dithyrambic khoros. The law states that anyone may remove a khoreutes in the competition who is a foreigner, though it is not permitted to prevent someone who has undertaken a performance. In front of you, in front of all the other Greeks who were watching in the theatre and with all the current arkhons in Athens present, he drove him out with blows. The spectators were on Taureas ‘ side and hated Alkibiades, and so they were praising Taureas ‘ khoros and refused to listen to his; but he got no further for that, [§ 2 I] as the judges of the competition, some through fear, others through a desire to ingratiate, pronounced Alkibiades the winner, thinking less of their oath than of him. But I think it ‘s only to be expected that the judges should give in to Alkibiades, seeing Taureas, who ‘d spent so much money, was being treated with contempt, while they saw Alkibiades committing such gross transgressions and wielding enormous power.
The Place and Status of Foreigners in Athenian Tragedy
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can we use Attic tragedy as a source to illuminate the status of foreigners in the Greek world?1 A century ago Michel Clerc, in his classic monograph on the Athenian metic, answered this question with a firm ‘no ‘, and criticized the argu¬ment of Wilamowitz to the contrary: We shall not make any use of these passages of the tragic poets; in them the word µ,fro,Kos is practically always used in a much wider and vaguer sense than in official language. Furthermore, the very nature of the events that are dealt with makes the parallel with events in the real world either inexact or artificial.2 Yet a reading of the works that have followed makes it clear that Michel Clerc ‘s doctrine was not universally accepted-in particular those of P. Gauthier, D. Whitehead, C. Vatin, M. F. Baslez, B. Bravo, and M. H. Hansen,3 not to mention those studies whose principal object of inquiry is tragedy itself,4 or those which were presented in Nancy during the first col¬ loquium on The Foreigner in the Greek World.5 All these works try to integrate tragic and other sources in a direct way, and make comparisons between one category of source and another.
Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship between tragedy and religion is important both for the reading of tragedy and for the reconstruction of religion. If we are interested in attempting to recreate as much as possible the meanings which the ancient audiences created out of the tragedies, and also the religious assumptions that are articulated in, and articulate, these tragedies-and I believe that both these enterprises are, up to a point, possible-it is necessary to avoid reading strategies conducive to the creation of meanings which make perfect sense to modern scholars but are very different from those interactively constructed by the tragedian and his contemporaries who had shared his assumptions. Since texts are made sense of through perceptual filters shaped by culturally deter¬ mined assumptions, before we try to make sense of a tragedy we must first reconstruct the relevant ancient assumptions-while avoiding the danger that circularity will seep into the enterprise. For if the ancient assumptions are not deployed to shape the filters through which we make sense of the tragedies, we will inevitably read through our own modern assumptions by default; and as these are very different from those of the ancient Athenians they will inevitably produce very different meanings from those constructed by the ancient audience. In the cases in which religion comes into play this will also lead to the distortion of the reconstruction of the religious assumptions articulated in the play and thus of ancient religion.
Ancient Philosophy, Mystery, and Magic
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empedocles played a crucial role in the development of western culture; yet little is known or understood about this man, who lived in Sicily in the fifth century BC. That is mainly because his teaching has been reconstructed by modern scholars first and foremost on the basis of Aristotle's hostile reports -- producing a picture which is disconnected and lacking in depth. Using material never exploited before, this is the first study of Empedocles to resituate his fragmentary writings in their original context of philosophy as a way of life, mystery religion, magic, and the struggle to realize one's own divinity. Apart from providing a firm basis for understanding Empedocles' own teaching, the book also presents fresh evidence which proves he was not an isolated figure and reveals new links between his work and ancient Pythagoreanism. The process of establishing these links makes it possible, for the first time, to demonstrate in detail the Pythagorean origins of Plato's myths: a point of major importance for our appreciation not only of Plato himself, but also of the subsequent history of Neoplatonism. The second half of the book re-examines problems regarding the relation between ancient magic, science, and religion. More specifically, it traces a line of transmission from Empedocles and the early Pythagoreans down to southern Egypt, and from there into the world of Islam. This neglected process of transmission is of profound significance for our understanding not only of Presocratic philosophy but also of key themes in Graeco-Egyptian magic and alchemy, and of the background to Sufism and medieval mysticism.
The Sun
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusion that Empedocles equated Hades with the element of fire is, we have already seen, inevitable. But one objection, and an apparently forceful one, has been placed in the way of accepting it. Simply stated, according to our ancient sources Empedocles described one half of the entire heavens as now filled with fire: a picture which rather obviously contradicts the notion that he confined the element of fire, or at least the greater part of it, to a subterranean Hades inside the bowels of the earth.
The Phaedo Myth: The Geography
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we saw Plato bring Tartarus into association with Etna; we also saw that in doing so he was following a precedent already established, for example, in Pindar. But in his Phaedo he goes into considerably more detail about the geography of the underworld than Pindar does, and it will be worth turning to look at what exactly he has to say. This may seem to involve something of a detour as far as Empedocles is concerned; however, detours in the underworld are invariably instructive.
The Phaedo Myth: The Structure
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is worth digging a little deeper and taking a brief look at two of the subterranean rivers mentioned in the Phaedo myth: the Pyriphlegethon and its opposite number, the Cocytus. This will help us to understand the structure of the myth as well as its origins and, ultimately, see what its broader relevance is to Empedocles.
Plato and Orpheus
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FROM Plato we can now start to make our way back in time, via the myth in the Phaedo, towards Empedocles. The reason for turning aside to look at the Phaedo myth in the first place was the possibility that it might throw light on Empedocles’ strange equation of Hades and fire. As a result, a number of conclusions have emerged. The similarities between Empedocles’ equation and what we find in the Phaedo myth, with its vast fires burning in the underworld, tum out to be no coincidence and are easily explained: just as in the case of Empedocles, the half-physical, half-mythical geography described by Plato has its origins primarily in Sicily. We have also seen that Plato inherited the structure and details of the Phaedo myth from western Pythagoreans. This provides an additional point of contact with Empedocles, whose own links with western Pythagoreanism cannot be denied.