bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of chlorophorin and its derivative on melanin biosynthesis
Authors: Arung Enos Tangke , Yoshikawa Keisuke , Shimizu Kuniyoshi , Kondo Ryuichiro 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
By means of bioassay-guided fractionation using mushroom tyrosinase, a geranylated stilbene, chlorophorin, was characterized as the principal tyrosinase inhibitor in the heartwood of Chlorophora excelsa (Moraceae). It inhibited the oxidation of L-tyrosine and DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DL-DOPA) due to mushroom tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis on B16 melanoma cells. Chlorophorin, which is a slight yellowish compound, has previously been reported as an unstable compound in light. On the basis of this finding, a chlorophorin derivative [4-(3″,7″-dimethyloctyl)-2′,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxydihydrostilbene; hexahydrochlorophorin] which is colorless, obtained by the hydrogenation of chlorophorin with Pd/C, was also tested to develop a superior material for practical use. Hexahydrochlorophorin showed more potent inhibitory activity on tyrosinase and melanin biosynthesis, and lower cytotoxicity towards B16 melanoma cells than chlorophorin.
Assessment of continuous distribution of wood properties from a low number of samples: Application to the variability of modulus of elasticity between trees and within a tree
Authors: Baillères Henri , Vitrac Olivier , Ramananantoandro Tahiana 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study was to propose an alternative non-deterministic and non-parametric technique for describing continuous variation in modulus of elasticity (E) within and between stems. The material studied consisted of hybridEucalyptus(Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis) stems felled at the age of 59 months. Samples for measuringEwere taken along a diameter slab at 1.30 m above ground. The results showed that the proposed reconstruction technique is consistent compared to results from other studies onEucalyptus.Eincreases from pith to bark, following a polynomial distribution. Local and tree-averagedEincreased with cambial age, following a sigmoidal profile that can be described with five characteristic parameters (Eat pith,Eat inflection point,Eafter inflection point, cambial age when latency period ends, and cambial age at inflection point). The tree contributes little to the total variation. The most important changes inEvalue were found with increasing radial position, with this effect eight-fold more important than the tree effect.
Combined shear and compression analysis using a modified Iosipescu shear test device. Experimental studies on dry wood
Authors: Magistris Federica De , Salmén Lennart 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The mechanical treatment of wood in a refiner involves a complex combination of shear and compression forces. To obtain more knowledge on this process, the possibility of using an apparatus based on the Iosipescu shear test device to measure the behaviour of wood under a combined shear and compression load was tested. In this new apparatus, different combinations of shear and compression load were achieved by different rotations of the shear test device itself. Numerical simulations of the combined shear and compression test were carried out and compared with experimental data to verify the reliability of the modified device as applied to wood. It was concluded that the new apparatus is suitable for applying different combinations of shear and compression load in testing wood samples. However, finite element analysis showed that with the use of homogeneous material in the model, the level of strain reached would be 10-fold smaller. This fact is probably due to the honeycomb structure of the wood cells, which allows for different local deformation that could not be represented by the continuous material used in the model.
An approach to viscoelastic behaviour analysis of wood-based panels by an inverse method of characterisation
Authors: Bos Frédéric , Le Magorou Laurent , Rouger Frédéric 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to propose an alternative method for viscoelastic characterisation of wood-based panels. Our approach, based on inverse identification methods, allows simultaneous estimation of the whole bending/torsion stiffness matrix of orthotropic plates. Elastic or viscoelastic characterisations are carried out according to the same protocol. The first step consists of optimisation of the experimental set-up, i.e., determination of the best localisation and intensity of the applied stresses and of the best position for boundary conditions. This step is realised for each type of panel using generic algorithms to obtain sensitivities satisfying the test for each stiffness matrix component. An identification procedure is then performed using a finite element program. The measurement of the whole displacement field (500×500 mm2) is made using an optical system. Validation of the elastic identification is carried out by comparison with the mechanical properties obtained from a vibrating test and a simulation tool. Non-conventional analysis of the viscoelastic behaviour of wood-based panels is illustrated for two particular plywood panels.
The mechanosorptive effect in Pinus radiata D. Don.
Authors: Entwistle Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Measurements are reported of the mechanosorptive strain in Pinus radiata specimens stressed either in torsion or in bending. It is demonstrated that, to secure valid data, correction must be made for the moisture-induced distortion at zero load. A series of measurements can be made on a single specimen if two successive mechano-sorptive loading cycles are used and the sense of the stress is reversed for the second cycle. At the end of this procedure the specimen has reverted to its original dimensions. The mechanosorptive strain is shown to vary linearly with the applied stress; the ratio of the mechanosorptive strain to the initial elastic strain is therefore an appropriate way of quantifying the mechanosorptive effect. Analysis of torsion and bending data reveals that there is a strong correlation between the magnitude of the mechanosorptive strain and the shear stress component of the applied stress along the cellulose microfibril direction. It is suggested that the mechanosorptive effect arises from the effect of stress on the distribution of hydrogen bonds in hemicelluloses. A detailed model must await more information about the molecular structure of hemicelluloses in the cell walls.
Rate and extent of adsorption of ACQ preservative components in wood
Authors: Tascioglu Cihat , Cooper Paul , Ung Tony 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The adsorption of copper, [as Cu(II)], monoethanolamine (MEA) and didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) components of CuMEA and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) solutions impregnated into wood was followed by measuring the changes in solution concentrations in the wood over time. The rate and extent of copper and MEA adsorption were highly dependent on the solution strength and the conditioning temperature. Both copper and MEA were adsorbed by the wood structure with a rapid initial reaction, with higher relative amounts sorbed from lower concentration solutions. This was followed by a slower adsorption that still had not equilibrated after 7 weeks at 22°C. Generally, the adsorption pattern was similar for copper and MEA, suggesting that they were adsorbed as a copper MEA complex, with an MEA/copper molar ratio close to the theoretical maximum of 4. At a higher conditioning temperature of 50°C the reaction time was greatly reduced, with the adsorption after 1 week higher than after 7 weeks at 22°C, suggesting faster and more complete reaction at higher temperatures. DDAC was adsorbed more quickly and to a higher degree than Cu(II) for all treatment solutions and should be preferentially removed from such solutions, especially if empty-cell treatments are used. There appeared to be higher Cu adsorption from the higher concentration solutions of CuMEA than from corresponding ACQ solutions, likely due to DDAC competition with copper for the same reaction sites.
Prediction of long-term leaching potential of preservative-treated wood by diffusion modeling
Authors: Waldron Levi , Cooper Paul A. , Ung Tony Y. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
An approach to modeling leaching and leaching impacts of preservative components from treated wood is presented based on three simple laboratory determinations: the amount of preservative component available for leaching (Le), equilibrium dissociation of preservative into free water in wood (Di) and diffusion coefficients for component leaching in different wood directions (D). In this study, the following inorganic wood preservative systems were investigated: chromated copper arsenate (CCA), the copper component of copper azole (CA) and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ), and boron in disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT). Aggressive leaching of finely ground wood showed that amounts of preservative compounds available for leaching were highest for borates, followed by copper in copper amine systems and arsenic in CCA, copper in CCA and chromium in CCA. The equilibrium dissociation or solubility of components in free water in the wood was much higher for borates and copper amine, followed by copper and arsenic in CCA and chromium in CCA. Use of the applicable diffusion coefficient (D) and Di or Le values in a diffusion model allows the prediction of total amount leached and emission or flux rate at different times of exposure for products with different dimensions and geometries. The approach was tested and generally validated through application of the model to results of laboratory water spray leaching of full-size lumber samples. The approach explains the rapid leaching of boron compounds (large diffusion coefficient and high initial dissociated concentration) compared to other preservative components and predicts that ACQ will have higher initial leaching rates compared to CCA and CA, but the latter preservatives will continue to leach copper at a measurable rate for a much longer time. The practical implications and limitations of the approach are discussed.
An Attempt to Predict a Risk of Some of the Knee Region Ski Injuries by Means of Computer Simulations
Authors: Kietlinski K , Rzymkowski C 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The thesis presented tries to explain some aspects of the phenomenon of ski injuries and also shows the mechanisms through which there is high risk of soft tissue injury. Based on studies about possible injury mechanisms to the soft tissues of the knee joint, two common knee injuries were selected to be studied: “Two-skier impact” and “Boot Induced Anterior Drawer.” A multi-body skier model with flexible elements equipped with a FEM model of the knee joint was developed for the presented work. The solutions obtained confirmed by a majority that for the previously listed mechanisms a high risk of cruciate ligaments injury occurs, especially for the ACL. No damage to the collateral ligaments, the MCL and the LCL, was noticed in any of the cases considered.
The Effect of Load Reduction Scheme on Crack Closure in the Near-Threshold Regime
Authors: Daniewicz SR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element analyses were conducted to model fatigue crack growth in an M(T) specimen. Variable amplitude loading with a continual load reduction was used to simulate the load history associated with fatigue crack growth threshold measurement. Load reductions with both constant load ratio R and constant maximum stress intensity Kmax were used.
Results indicated that load reduction with constant R generated a plastic wake such that remote crack opening occurred during loading, with the crack front opening prior to a region remote to the crack front. The last region to open was located at the point at which the load reduction originally began, and at the free surface. In contrast, for load reduction with constant Kmax, the crack front was the last to open. The results also indicated the crack opening process is three-dimensional in nature, with regions in the interior opening prior to regions near the free surface.
Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Morrissey RJ , Golden PJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the high cycle fatigue behavior of a titanium alloy using an ultrasonic fatigue system. Fatigue testing up to one billion cycles under fully reversed loading conditions was performed to determine the ultra-high cycle fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V. Endurance limit results were compared to similar data generated on conventional servohydraulic test systems and electromagnetic shaker systems to determine if there are any frequency effects. In addition, specimens were tested with and without cooling air to determine the effects of temperature on the fatigue behavior. Results indicate that the fatigue strength determined from ultrasonic testing was consistent with conventional testing. However, preliminary results indicate that cooling air may increase the fatigue limit stress at very long lives.
Evaluating Thermal Protective Performance Testing
Authors: Keltner NR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Even as better materials are developed for protective clothing, NFPA data indicate the number of burn related fire fighter deaths and severe injuries is increasing. These injuries are unexpected for the most part. As a result, questions arise about Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) ratings and whether performance changes are due to use or the effects of aging. As part of a NIST-sponsored Small Business Innovative Research project, current TPP test techniques were evaluated. Some changes and extensions are suggested.
In TPP tests, dry fabric samples or ensembles are exposed to heat flux of 83 kW/m2 with nominally 50% radiative and 50% convective heat transfer. Heat transmission through the test sample is measured with a copper calorimeter. The TPP Rating is the time in seconds required for a 2nd degree burn.
Current problems include:
1) Current test methods overestimate time to 2nd degree burn.
2) No information is provided on maximum potential burn damage.
3) No information is provided on heat transfer or fabric properties.
4) No information is provided on how performance changes with use.
Suggested changes and extensions include:
1) Change the heat source — use a modified radiant protective performance technique.
2) Replace the copper calorimeter with a thermal skin simulant sensor.
3) Estimate burn damage using a two step analysis method.
4) Obtain both dry and damp thermal properties for modeling clothing performance.
Progress in the Characterization of the Cutting Resistance of Protective Materials
Authors: Vu TBN , Vu-Khanh T , Lara J 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A sliding sharp edge that penetrates a material is one of the most dangerous cases of cutting because it requires the smallest applied normal load. This study aims to analyze the cutting mechanics and mechanism of protective rubber materials in the presence of friction and the effect of the material's mechanical behavior and the blade's sliding velocity on the material's cut resistance. The International Standard ISO 13997 cut test method, which consists of measuring the distance that a straight blade slides horizontally to cut through a material under a constant applied normal force, was used to investigate the cutting phenomena. In practice, the cut resistance of a material is given by the contribution of the material's intrinsic strength and the frictional distribution between the material and the blade that slides and penetrates it. This study demonstrates that two types of friction are involved in material cutting: a macroscopic friction induced by the gripping of the material and by the applied normal load on the two sides of the blade; and a sliding friction associated with cut-through of the material that occurs along the face of the blade tip. For rubber materials, commonly used in protective gloves, the adhesion force due to the gripping of the material on the blade edge could be several times greater than the friction due to the applied normal force. Thus, the cutting energy required to break the molecular chains in rubber materials is much smaller than the energy dissipated by friction. For these materials, the elastic modulus, the structure of the material, as well as the sliding velocity, have a significant effect on the friction. Therefore, all of these properties can affect the cutting resistance results. A better understanding of the cutting mechanism in protective materials is a fundamental step in developing better performing protective materials.
Improved Formulations through Synergistic Combinations Based on Alkyl Glucosides
Authors: Bergström K , Johansson IM 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Sugar surfactants have attracted a lot of interest in the last decades, both due to technical properties as well as to the extremely favorable ecological and toxicological properties. It is well known that alcohol glucosides have excellent aqueous solubility, a low temperature dependence compared to nonionic ethoxylates, and are stable in the presence of high levels of electrolytes. Furthermore, they are compatible with anionic, cationic, and other nonionic surfactants, making them extremely suitable for formulating concentrated products in the agrochemical area. In this paper, the synergistic effect of short-chained alkyl glucosides mixed with alcohol ethoxylates or amine derivatives have been investigated. These synergies have been manifested by lowering both surface tension and cmc as well as increasing wetting properties towards hydrophobic surfaces. The model system used contained agrochemical electrolytes such as glyphosate, MCPA-DMA salt and fertilizers. The relevance of the finding is supported by the increased bio-efficacy of a mixed adjuvant seen in a greenhouse test. Furthermore, this study shows that short-chained glucosides can be used as efficient solubilizers for adjuvants or wetting agents in high electrolyte system (i.e., fertilizers, active ingredients) to avoid phase separation. The effect has been assessed by studying the influence on cloud point as well as the amount of glucoside needed to solubilizer a nonionic wetting agent into a high electrolyte solution.
Predicting Oxidation and Deuterium Ingress for Zr-2.5Nb CANDU Pressure Tubes
Authors: Bahurmuz AA , Muir IJ , Urbanic VF 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The pressure boundary of a CANDU® fuel channel is composed of a cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube, which has each end rolled into a stainless-steel end fitting. Heavy-water (D2O) coolant (250–310°C) flows over and through twelve or thirteen fuel bundles contained in each pressure tube. During operation, some deuterium generated by aqueous corrosion of the tube surface enters the metal. Additional deuterium also enters through the rolled joint between the tube and the end fitting.
Predictive models for deuterium ingress are required for fitness-for-service assessments for operating pressure tubes and for the development of new reactor designs. A predictive model for assessing the long-term oxidation of, and deuterium ingress into, the body of the pressure tubes has been developed from in-reactor tests of samples which had been pre-oxidized to obtain oxide thickness values representative of long-term behavior. Deuterium ingress is modeled based on a fraction (2–10 %) of the corrosion-freed deuterium entering the metal. The current version of the model contains relationships describing the oxidation rate as a function of oxide thickness, temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, and fast neutron flux and fluence. It can successfully predict the observed deuterium-uptake history of pressure tubes in existing CANDU reactors. The model projects a slight increase in the rate of oxidation and deuterium ingress over time. This increase is much less than for Zircaloy-2, a material used in early CANDU units.
In parallel with model development, there are experimental programs involving detailed surface analysis of removed pressure tubes and irradiation tests focused on elucidating the mechanisms of oxidation and deuterium ingress. As the results of these programs become available, they will be incorporated into the predictive model. This presentation will focus on the model and recent results from the supporting experimental programs.
Modeling the Effects of Oversize Solute Additions on Radiation-Induced Segregation in Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Hackett MJ , Was GS , Simonen EP 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Oversize solute additions to stainless steels hold promise for reducing radiation-induced segregation (RIS), possibly delaying the onset and severity of irradiation-assisted stress-corrosion cracking (IASCC). The Modified Inverse Kirkendall (MIK) model for RIS in austenitic stainless steels was adapted to include the effects of defect trapping, which is expected to be caused by oversized solutes, on RIS. The model accounts for the sensitivity of RIS to both dose rate and temperature. Model results show that the primary contribution to the reduction in RIS occurs through vacancy trapping and recombination with migrating interstitials, requiring strong solute binding energies on the order of 1.0 eV. The maximum reduction in RIS due to defect trapping increases with dose rate and temperature. The general trends of the model are consistent with experimental data from proton and neutron irradiations.
Ductility of Zircaloy-4 Fuel Cladding and Guide Tubes at High Fluences
Authors: Yagnik SK , Hermann A , Kuo R-C 
Published: August 2005

AbstractZircaloy fuel cladding suffers progressive degradation of ductility as its neutron exposure and hydrogen uptake increase with burnup. The loss of ductility appears to be the key property governing the cladding integrity in service. We report ductility data of Zircaloy-4 fabricated in stress-relief annealed (SRA) and recrystallized (RXA) conditions, covering a range of fluence, hydrogen content, and irradiation and test temperature.The testing was performed on unirradiated and irradiated Zircaloy-4 cladding and guide tubes in SRA and RXA conditions, respectively, in the temperature range 25–350°C. These materials had been exposed to an estimated neutron fluence of ∼8 to 10 × 1025 n/m2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) over four cycles of PWR operation. Due to its RXA fabrication condition, the guide tube material was also believed to represent BWR cladding. The hydrogen contents in the irradiated cladding was in the range of ∼200–600 ppm, exhibiting typical radial distribution of circumferential hydrides. By comparison, the hydrogen content in the irradiated guide tube material was in the range of ∼250–1800 ppm, exhibiting fairly uniform through-wall distribution of circumferential hydrides. Tensile tests and hydraulic burst tests were conducted on 130–150 mm long tubular specimens. In addition, smaller specimens machined in the form of 55 mm long curvilinear dog-bone and 10 mm slotted semicircular arc were tested in plane stress and plane strain configurations. Corresponding unirradiated archive materials in as-received condition and with uniform hydrogen charging up to 1200 ppm were also tested by identical methods. In all tests the fracture mode was examined by SEM fractography.The investigations revealed a decrease in ductility of Zircaloy-4, mainly caused by irradiation and only partly by increasing hydrogen content. Unlike the elongation data, the strength data remained nearly constant with increasing hydrogen content in both materials at all test temperatures. The irradiated RXA material showed better ductility than irradiated SRA material at equivalent hydrogen levels, and exhibited a clearer correlation of ductility with hydrogen content, mainly due to its uniform hydrogen distribution. The paper will provide these and other quantitative data, e.g., those correlating ductility with the local (near fracture surface) hydrogen content. The paper synthesizes the experimental results and discusses their possible application to the criteria for hydrogen concentration and ductility limits in high burnup fuel.