bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term Evolution of Magnetic Field Proxies as Deduced from Archival Data
Authors: Banerjee Dipankar , Jha Bibhuti Kumar , Mandal Sudip , Chatterjee Subhamoy , Hegde Manjunath ,   KoSO Digitization Team
Published: September 2023

AbstractRegular observations of the solar magnetic field are available only for about the last five cycles. Thus, to understand the origin of the variation of the solar magnetic field, it is essential to reconstruct the magnetic field for the past cycles, utilizing the proxies of the magnetic field from other data sets. Long-term uniform observations for the past 100 yrs, as recorded at the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO), in multi-wavelengths provide such an opportunity. Various automatic techniques have been developed to extract these features from KoSO data. We analyzed the properties of these extracted features to understand global solar magnetism in the past.
Automatic detection of solar active regions from SOHO/MDI and SDO/HMI synoptic magnetograms
Authors: Wang Ruihui , Jiang Jie , Luo Yukun 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe develop an adaptive method to automatically identify ARs from radial synoptic maps observed by SOHO/MDI and SDO/HMI, calibrate the detections between HMI and MDI data based on identified ARs flux and area and further derive a homogeneous dataset including ARs’ area and flux over the last two solar cycles. The data are compared with sunspot number, USAF/NOAA sunspot area, SMARPs and SHARPs and BARD area and flux, which show reasonable agreement. The identified ARs during the overlap period of MDI and HMI have the same areas as a whole while the AR flux based on MDI maps is about 1.36 times as large as that of HMI maps. Based on our dataset, we find strong ARs (|flux| > 1022Mx) contribute most to the difference between cycles 23 and 24 while other ARs (|flux| < 1022Mx) are similar in the two cycles in both area and flux.
Study of the Impact of Coronal Rain on Kink Oscillations of Coronal Loops
Authors: Shrivastav Arpit Kumar , Pant Vaibhav 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCoronal rain occurs in thermally unstable coronal loops, and comprises cool plasma condensations, falling towards the solar surface, guided by the magnetic field. Sometimes the coronal rain clumps are seen to be subjected to transverse oscillations. The numerical simulations have indicated that coronal rain can onset kink oscillations in coronal loops and can affect the properties of oscillations. In this proceeding, we present the analysis of transverse oscillations in conjunction with coronal rain. Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) is used to examine the characteristics of coronal loop oscillation before and after coronal rain development. The analysis showed that the amplitude and period of oscillations are greater during coronal rain.
Spatio-temporal Characterization of Hot Chromospheric Fibrils
Authors: Lamb Parker , Cauzzi Gianna , Reardon Kevin 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe exact mechanisms leading to chromospheric heating are still ill-defined. While the presence of magnetic elements is undoubtedly necessary, the details of the heating, and its spatio-temporal distribution remain poorly understood. We contribute to this topic by analyzing the behavior of hot chromospheric fibrils surrounding network and plage elements, identified via the broader Hα profiles observed along their length; the H-α spectral line width has been shown to correlate with the local chromospheric temperatures through comparison with the ALMA millimeter-continuum brightness temperature. We make use of loop tracing and analysis software to investigate characteristics of the chromospheric hot fibrils including their length, number density, and transverse spatial extension in an enhanced network region.
The Aditya-L1 mission of ISRO
Authors: Tripathi Durgesh , Chakrabarty D. , Nandi A. , Raghvendra Prasad B. , Ramaprakash A. N. , Shaji Nigar , Sankarasubramanian K. , Satheesh Thampi R. , Yadav V. K. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe Aditya-L1 is the first space-based solar observatory of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The spacecraft will carry seven payloads providing uninterrupted observations of the Sun from the first Lagrangian point. Aditya-L1 comprises four remote sensing instruments, viz. a coronagraph observing in visible and infrared, a full disk imager in Near Ultra-Violet (NUV), and two full-sun integrated spectrometers in soft X-ray and hard X-ray. In addition, there are three instruments for in-situ measurements, including a magnetometer, to study the magnetic field variations during energetic events. Aditya-L1 is truly a mission for multi-messenger solar astronomy from space that will provide comprehensive observations of the Sun across the electromagnetic spectrum and in-situ measurements in a broad range of energy, including magnetic field measurements at L1.
Vertical Resolution Impacts Explicit Simulation of Deep Convection
Authors: Jenney A. M. , Ferretti S. L. , Pritchard M. S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe aggregation of tropical convection greatly influences the mean‐state of the atmosphere, altering humidity distributions, total atmospheric radiative cooling, and cloud amounts. Although studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of convective aggregation to horizontal resolution and domain size, few studies have explored the impact of vertical resolution on convective aggregation. Here, we investigate the impact of vertical resolution on simulations of deep convection and convective aggregation using the System for Atmospheric Modeling convection resolving model. We analyze simulations of tropical radiative‐convective equilibrium with varying vertical levels (32, 64, 128, and 256) across small (100 km), medium (700 km) and large (1,500 km) domains. We demonstrate that relative humidity and cloud fraction decrease with increasing vertical resolution as a result of reduced turbulent mixing. Vertical resolution also influences the occurrence of, onset time, and equilibrium intensity of aggregated convection, and also appears to affect the sensitivity of convective aggregation to domain size. Understanding how simulated convection aggregates, as well as its simulated sensitivity to model formulation, is critical for making and interpreting future predictions of global climate change.
Validation of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper With a Lightning Mapping Array in Argentina: Implications for Current and Future Spaceborne Lightning Observations
Authors: Lang Timothy J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA validation study of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on board the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 16 (GOES‐16) was done using a ground‐based lightning mapping array (LMA) deployed as part of the Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations (RELAMPAGO) field campaign in Argentina. GLM detected lightning with 74.6% efficiency over 61 thunderstorm days in December 2018 through April 2019. However, GLM detection efficiency (DE) was negatively correlated (r = −0.49) with LMA flash rate. GLM DE also was negatively correlated with LMA flash altitude (r = −0.24), reflecting the influence of multiple competing trends. GLM DE was positively correlated (r = 0.27) with number of LMA sources in a flash, indicating improved DE for larger flashes. During periods with anomalously electrified storms, GLM DE was reduced to 50.9%. Statistics were found to be sensitive to analysis criteria, but most of the above trends remained consistent regardless of specific criteria. Because the methodology allowed a GLM flash to match more than one LMA flash, actual GLM flash rate was a factor of 2.9 lower than the LMA flash rate, and this ratio grew larger as LMA flash rate increased. A sensitivity study examined the impact of improved DE for smaller flashes; that is, an improved sensor (or algorithm) that was better able to detect and distinguish between separate small lightning flashes. The results showed improved correlation with LMA flash rates, as well as improved ability to identify lightning jumps associated with intensifying convection.
Thermal Evolution of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere Boundary Beneath Arc and Its Geodynamic Implications: Depth Variation of Thermal Histories of Mantle Xenoliths From Ichinomegata, Northeast Japan
Authors: Sato Yuto , Ozawa Kazuhito 
Published: September 2023

AbstractQuantitative reconstruction of thermal history recorded in mantle xenoliths is imperative for understanding the temporal change of thermal state and dynamics of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB). We challenged this problem in the arc settings by examining nine spinel peridotite xenoliths from Ichinomegata maar in the back‐arc side of Northeast Japan Arc. Extensive mineral chemical analyses combined with the derivation depths of the xenoliths revealed a depth‐dependent variation of chemical zoning patterns in olivine and pyroxenes. The depth variation of thermal histories of the Ichinomegata xenoliths was decoded by applying diffusion‐controlled reaction modeling to reproduce the zoning patterns. The decoded thermal events in the order of occurrence are (a) ∼14 million years of cooling causing lithosphere thickening up to ∼55 km depth, (b) subsequent ∼12 thousand years of heating from the underlying asthenosphere resulting in lithosphere thinning up to the depths of ∼40 km, and (c) 1–68 days of heating during xenolith transportation by the host magma. The duration of the lithosphere thickening is consistently explained by the period of the Japan Sea opening. On the other hand, the timescale of the lithosphere thinning is too short to be explained by heat conduction through the ∼15 km thick LAB and requires a more effective heat transportation mechanism such as direct magma injection into the LAB or significant viscosity reduction of the mantle peridotite aided by the pervasive permeable flow of silicate melt.
Evidence of Langmuir Mixing Effects in the Upper Ocean Layer During Tropical Cyclones Using Observations and a Coupled Wave‐Ocean Model
Authors: Zhou Xiaohui , Hara Tetsu , Ginis Isaac , D’Asaro Eric , Reichl Brandon G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMixing of the ocean beneath tropical cyclones (TC) cools the surface temperature thereby modifying the storm intensity. Modeling studies predict that surface wave forcing through Langmuir turbulence (LT) increases the mixing and cooling and decreases near‐surface vertical velocity shear. However, there are very few quantitative observational validations of these model predictions, and the validation efforts are often limited by uncertainties in the drag coefficient (Cd). We combine EM‐APEX and Lagrangian float measurements of temperature, salinity, velocity, and vertical turbulent kinetic energy (VKE) from five TCs with a coupled ocean‐wave model (Modular Ocean Model 6—WAVEWATCH III) forced by the drag coefficient Cd directly constrained for these storms. On the right‐hand of the storms in the northern hemisphere, where wind and waves are nearly aligned, the measured VKE is consistent with predictions of models including LT and 2–3 times higher than predictions without LT. Similarly, vertical shear in the upper 20 m is small, consistent with predictions of LT models and inconsistent with the large shears predicted by models without LT. On the left‐hand of the storms, where wind and waves are misaligned, the observed VKE and cooling are reduced compared to those on the right‐hand, consistent with the measured decrease in Cd. These results confirm the importance of surface waves for ocean cooling and thus TC intensity, through both Cd and LT effects. However, the model predictions, even with the LT parameterization, underestimate the upper ocean cooling and mixed layer deepening by 20%–30%, suggesting possible deficiency of the existing LT parameterization.
ChatGPT in Hydrology and Earth Sciences: Opportunities, Prospects, and Concerns
Authors: Foroumandi Ehsan , Moradkhani Hamid , Sanchez‐Vila Xavier , Singha Kamini , Castelletti Andrea , Destouni Georgia 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe emergence of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, has garnered significant attention, particularly in academic and scientific circles. Researchers, scientists, and instructors hold varying perspectives on the advantages and disadvantages of using ChatGPT for research and teaching purposes. ChatGPT will be used by many scientists going forward for creating content and driving scientific progress. This commentary offers a brief explanation of the fundamental principles behind ChatGPT and how it can be applied in the fields of hydrology and other Earth sciences. The article examines the primary applications of this open artificial intelligence tool within these fields, specifically its ability to assist with writing and coding tasks, and highlights both the advantages and concerns associated with using such a model. Moreover, the study brings up some other limitations of the model, and the dangers of potential miss‐uses. Finally, we suggest that the academic community adapts its regulations and policies to harness the potential benefits of LLMs while mitigating its pitfalls, including establishing a structure for utilizing LLMs and presenting clear regulations for their implementation. We also outline some specific steps on how to accomplish this structure.
MRTF-A gain-of-function in mice impairs homeostatic renewal of the intestinal epithelium
Authors: Singh Anurag Kumar , Rai Amrita , Weber Anja , Gericke Martin , Janssen Klaus-Peter , Moser Markus , Posern Guido 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe actin-regulated transcription factor MRTF-A represents a central relay in mechanotransduction and controls a subset of SRF-dependent target genes. However, gain-of-function studies in vivo are lacking. Here we characterize a conditional MRTF-A transgenic mouse model. While MRTF-A gain-of-function impaired embryonic development, induced expression of constitutively active MRTF-A provoked rapid hepatocyte ballooning and liver failure in adult mice. Specific expression in the intestinal epithelium caused an erosive architectural distortion, villus blunting, cryptal hyperplasia and colonic inflammation, resulting in transient weight loss. Organoids from transgenic mice repeatedly induced in vitro showed impaired self-renewal and defective cryptal compartments. Mechanistically, MRTF-A gain-of-function decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, but did not induce fibrosis. MRTF-A targets including Acta2 and Pai-1 were induced, whereas markers of stem cells and differentiated cells were reduced. Our results suggest that activated MRTF-A in the intestinal epithelium shifts the balance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
A transcriptional network required for bradyzoite development in Toxoplasma gondii is dispensable for recrudescent disease
Authors: Sokol-Borrelli Sarah L. , Reilly Sarah M. , Holmes Michael J. , Orchanian Stephanie B. , Massmann Mackenzie D. , Sharp Katherine G. , Cabo Leah F. , Alrubaye Hisham S. , Martorelli Di Genova Bruno , Lodoen Melissa B. , Sullivan William J. , Boyle Jon P. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIdentification of regulators of Toxoplasma gondii bradyzoite development and cyst formation is the most direct way to address the importance of parasite development in long-term persistence and reactivation of this parasite. Here we show that a T. gondii gene (named Regulator of Cystogenesis 1; ROCY1) is sufficient for T. gondii bradyzoite formation in vitro and in vivo. ROCY1 encodes an RNA binding protein that has a preference for 3’ regulatory regions of hundreds of T. gondii transcripts, and its RNA-binding domains are required to mediate bradyzoite development. Female mice infected with ΔROCY1 parasites have reduced (>90%) cyst burden. While viable parasites can be cultivated from brain tissue for up to 6 months post-infection, chronic brain-resident ΔROCY1 parasites have reduced oral infectivity compared to wild type. Despite clear defects in bradyzoite formation and oral infectivity, ΔROCY1 parasites were able to reactivate with similar timing and magnitude as wild type parasites for up to 5 months post-infection. Therefore while ROCY1 is a critical regulator of the bradyzoite developmental pathway, it is not required for parasite reactivation, raising new questions about the persisting life stage responsible for causing recrudescent disease.
Biomimetic single Al-OH site with high acetylcholinesterase-like activity and self-defense ability for neuroprotection
Authors: Xu Weiqing , Cai Xiaoli , Wu Yu , Wen Yating , Su Rina , Zhang Yu , Huang Yuteng , Zheng Qihui , Hu Liuyong , Cui Xiaowen , Zheng Lirong , Zhang Shipeng , Gu Wenling , Song Weiyu , Guo Shaojun , Zhu Chengzhou 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNeurotoxicity of organophosphate compounds (OPs) can catastrophically cause nervous system injury by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression. Although artificial systems have been developed for indirect neuroprotection, they are limited to dissociating P-O bonds for eliminating OPs. However, these systems have failed to overcome the deactivation of AChE. Herein, we report our finding that Al3+ is engineered onto the nodes of metal–organic framework to synthesize MOF-808-Al with enhanced Lewis acidity. The resultant MOF-808-Al efficiently mimics the catalytic behavior of AChE and has a self-defense ability to break the activity inhibition by OPs. Mechanism investigations elucidate that Al3+ Lewis acid sites with a strong polarization effect unite the highly electronegative –OH groups to form the enzyme-like catalytic center, resulting in superior substrate activation and nucleophilic attack ability with a 2.7-fold activity improvement. The multifunctional MOF-808-Al, which has satisfactory biosafety, is efficient in reducing neurotoxic effects and preventing neuronal tissue damage.
scBridge embraces cell heterogeneity in single-cell RNA-seq and ATAC-seq data integration
Authors: Li Yunfan , Zhang Dan , Yang Mouxing , Peng Dezhong , Yu Jun , Liu Yu , Lv Jiancheng , Chen Lu , Peng Xi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSingle-cell multi-omics data integration aims to reduce the omics difference while keeping the cell type difference. However, it is daunting to model and distinguish the two differences due to cell heterogeneity. Namely, even cells of the same omics and type would have various features, making the two differences less significant. In this work, we reveal that instead of being an interference, cell heterogeneity could be exploited to improve data integration. Specifically, we observe that the omics difference varies in cells, and cells with smaller omics differences are easier to be integrated. Hence, unlike most existing works that homogeneously treat and integrate all cells, we propose a multi-omics data integration method (dubbed scBridge) that integrates cells in a heterogeneous manner. In brief, scBridge iterates between i) identifying reliable scATAC-seq cells that have smaller omics differences, and ii) integrating reliable scATAC-seq cells with scRNA-seq data to narrow the omics gap, thus benefiting the integration for the rest cells. Extensive experiments on seven multi-omics datasets demonstrate the superiority of scBridge compared with six representative baselines.
CMOS backend-of-line compatible memory array and logic circuitries enabled by high performance atomic layer deposited ZnO thin-film transistor
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Li Ke , Lan Jun , Shen Mei , Wang Zhongrui , Feng Xuewei , Yu Hongyu , Chen Kai , Li Jiamin , Zhou Feichi , Lin Longyang , Zhang Panpan , Li Yida 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe development of high-performance oxide-based transistors is critical to enable very large-scale integration (VLSI) of monolithic 3-D integrated circuit (IC) in complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) backend-of-line (BEOL). Atomic layer deposition (ALD) deposited ZnO is an attractive candidate due to its excellent electrical properties, low processing temperature below copper interconnect thermal budget, and conformal sidewall deposition for novel 3D architecture. An optimized ALD deposited ZnO thin-film transistor achieving a record field-effect and intrinsic mobility (µFE /µo) of 85/140 cm2/V·s is presented here. The ZnO TFT was integrated with HfO2 RRAM in a 1 kbit (32 × 32) 1T1R array, demonstrating functionalities in RRAM switching. In order to co-design for future technology requiring high performance BEOL circuitries implementation, a spice-compatible model of the ZnO TFTs was developed. We then present designs of various ZnO TFT-based inverters, and 5-stage ring oscillators through simulations and experiments with working frequency exceeding 10’s of MHz.
Extending on-surface synthesis from 2D to 3D by cycloaddition with C60
Authors: Ding Pengcheng , Wang Shaoshan , Mattioli Cristina , Li Zhuo , Shi Guoqiang , Sun Ye , Gourdon André , Kantorovich Lev , Besenbacher Flemming , Rosei Federico , Yu Miao 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAs an efficient molecular engineering approach, on-surface synthesis (OSS) defines a special opportunity to investigate intermolecular coupling at the sub-molecular level and has delivered many appealing polymers. So far, all OSS is based on the lateral covalent bonding of molecular precursors within a single molecular layer; extending OSS from two to three dimensions is yet to be realized. Herein, we address this challenge by cycloaddition between C60 and an aromatic compound. The C60 layer is assembled on the well-defined molecular network, allowing appropriate molecular orbital hybridization. Upon thermal activation, covalent coupling perpendicular to the surface via [4 + 2] cycloaddition between C60 and the phenyl ring of the molecule is realized; the resultant adduct shows frozen orientation and distinct sub-molecular feature at room temperature and further enables lateral covalent bonding via [2 + 2] cycloaddition. This work unlocks an unconventional route for bottom-up precise synthesis of three-dimensional covalently-bonded organic architectures/devices on surfaces.
Population genomics identifies genetic signatures of carrot domestication and improvement and uncovers the origin of high-carotenoid orange carrots
Authors: Coe Kevin , Bostan Hamed , Rolling William , Turner-Hissong Sarah , Macko-Podgórni Alicja , Senalik Douglas , Liu Su , Seth Romit , Curaba Julien , Mengist Molla Fentie , Grzebelus Dariusz , Van Deynze Allen , Dawson Julie , Ellison Shelby , Simon Philipp , Iorizzo Massimo 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHere an improved carrot reference genome and resequencing of 630 carrot accessions were used to investigate carrot domestication and improvement. The study demonstrated that carrot was domesticated during the Early Middle Ages in the region spanning western Asia to central Asia, and orange carrot was selected during the Renaissance period, probably in western Europe. A progressive reduction of genetic diversity accompanied this process. Genes controlling circadian clock/flowering and carotenoid accumulation were under selection during domestication and improvement. Three recessive genes, at the REC, Or and Y2 quantitative trait loci, were essential to select for the high α- and β-carotene orange phenotype. All three genes control high α- and β-carotene accumulation through molecular mechanisms that regulate the interactions between the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, the photosynthetic system and chloroplast biogenesis. Overall, this study elucidated carrot domestication and breeding history and carotenoid genetics at a molecular level.