bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Approaches to Causation
Authors: Shan Yafeng 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Causation is one of the most controversial topics in philosophy. There is a wide range of philosophical accounts of causation, for example, the regularity account, the probabilistic account, the counterfactual account, the interventionist account, which can be all classified as ‘difference-making’ accounts; and the mechanistic account. Many argue that only one of these accounts is correct as there is only one causal relation (causal monism), while others maintain that there are multiple kinds of causation (causal pluralism). In addition, eliminativists argue that science has no need of causation at all, while primitivists maintain that causation is unanalysable. Recently, the difference-making and mechanistic approaches have dominated recent philosophical discussion of causation. Other approaches and positions have been insufficiently discussed and assessed, especially in the context of philosophy of science. This volume explores and examines alternative approaches to causation. It revisits causal primitivism and causal eliminativism in the context of recent literature. It further explores the pluralistic approach, the fictionalist approach, the inferentialist approach, and the informational approach. It also examines the application of the dispositional approach, the epistemic approach, and the powerful particulars approach to the natural and social sciences. Overall, the volume is complementary to the recent discussion on difference-making and mechanistic approaches and sheds new light on the metaphysical, epistemological, conceptual and methodological issues on causation. As such, it provides foundations for further research and teaching of this hotly debated topic.
The Metaphysics of Causation
Authors: Norton John D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Contrary to Hume, science has found many ways in which things connect with other things in the world. Causal metaphysics, however, has failed to add anything factual to the relations discovered by science. It is at best an exercise in labeling that may have practical uses. This chapter presents an empirically based, skeptical critique of the metaphysics of causation. In particular, it argues that the present study of the metaphysics of causation has nothing useful to add factually to the catalog of the connections discovered by science. Rather the metaphysical investigations of causation are confused in their foundation and purpose.
A Dispositional Account of Causation
Authors: Lill Anjum Rani , Rocca Elena 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Scientific approaches inspired by the Humean concept of causation have left an epistemic gap between the causal knowledge gained in the idealized context of the lab and the real-life contexts to which the results are applied. In biological research, what works in the lab does not always carry over to the context where the causal knowledge is needed. This is the well-known problem of low external validity. This chapter considers three research areas for which external validity of causal findings remains a methodological challenge: medical research, gene technology, and the ecological impact of chemical substances. The authors’ diagnosis is that standard risk assessment approaches in medicine, gene technology, and environmental risk rely on some Humean biases about causation, including what they call the two-event model. In contrast, the theory of Causal Dispositionalism supports a different risk methodology, called Cumulative Risk Assessment.
Cortical Evolution in Primates
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The cerebral cortex of primates expanded more recently than most neuroscientists suspect, and it happened many times, often during periods of global climate change. Fifty million years ago, at latitudes known for brutal cold and treeless tundra today, early primates thrived in luxurious rainforests. Later, global cooling trends decreased atmospheric moisture and caused the retreat and drying of these forests. Resources dwindled and competition intensified. Primate species competed with other primate species then, as well as with arboreal rodents and birds. In several primate lineages, evolving independently, a larger cortex resulted from these struggles. Then, about 34 million years ago, global cooling accelerated. Many species died out, but a few primates survived. Among them, within the past 20–25 million years, the cortex enlarged again. Despite the impressive cortex that resulted from this second phase of expansion, most species in the ape–human group became extinct when—during a global cooling trend 9–14 million years ago—an aridification of forests caused the replacement of their favored fruit trees with deciduous trees. One species, the ancestor of humans, fared better, of course. As our ancestors adapted to life in a cooler world of savannas and open woodlands, the cortex enlarged yet again, and by about 130,000 years ago it attained its current size and shape. The cortex also changed in composition during primate evolution. An extensive suite of primate-specific areas emerged, and in humans the enlargement of these areas, along with the hippocampus, supported the evolution of human-specific cognitive capacities.
Arboreal adaptations
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Paleocene began with empty arboreal niches in recovering forests. Stem primates, called plesiadapiforms, exploited these habitats via specializations like those of arboreal rodents. During the Eocene, many animals exploited the rainforests of northern continents, but primates did so differently. A suite of adaptations coalesced in early primates: skeletal and muscular mechanisms for pedal and manual grasping of branches and items on them; fingernails, toenails, and papillary ridges on fingers and toes to secure a precisely calibrated grip; a hindlimb-dominated, leaping–grasping mode of locomotion suited to movement among flimsy and discontinuous branches; a new kind of gait suited to arboreal life; and forward-facing eyes, along with other changes in vision. Primates became “visual animals,” which reversed the de-emphasis of vision that evolved in Mesozoic mammals.
Great grades of gray
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Fossil evidence shows that primates evolved forward-facing eyes, grasping digits, a divergent big toe, fingernails, toenails, and long hindlimbs by the early Eocene, no later than ~55 Ma. Endocasts of fossil crania reveal that the brains and cortex of primates remained about the same size as in rodents until much later. During the late Eocene, primate brains increased in volume relative to body mass, and they became mostly neocortex for the first time. As the cortex expanded, primate brains adopted their characteristic shape, with a lateral sulcus and a protruding temporal lobe. The timing of cortical enlargement indicates that it occurred independently in at least four primate lineages: lemuriforms and lorisiforms among strepsirrhines; and tarsiers and anthropoids among haplorhines. It’s also possible that the initial pulse of cortical expansion occurred independently in platyrrhines and catarrhines.
Greater grades of gray
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Building on the Eocene grade-shifts, additional cortical expansion occurred later and independently in three anthropoid lineages: hominoids, platyrrhines, and cercopithecoids. The cortex and frontal lobe of platyrrhines and cercopithecoids enlarged into the modern anthropoid range during the middle-to-late Miocene, after ~16–15 Ma and after most of their other characteristic traits had evolved. Both groups of monkeys radiated and diversified during the late Miocene. The cortex expanded earlier in hominoids than in monkeys, sometime before ~18 Ma and before hominoids evolved most of their characteristic traits, while they closely resembled monkeys. Hominins emerged ~7–6 Ma, but the major phase of cortical expansion occurred after ~3 Ma. Enlargement of the frontal, posterior parietal, and anterior temporal lobes, including widening of the frontal lobe, continued until ~130,000 years ago, when the human cortex reached its current size and shape.
Suites of specializations
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Cortical specializations improved the ability of early primates to move and forage in the understory of dense forests. New posterior parietal and premotor areas guided reaching and grasping in a coordinate frame based on vision; a new or vastly enlarged hindlimb representation in the primary motor cortex improved pedal grasping; the frontal eye field (FEF) and new visual areas enhanced the ability to search for, identify, and maintain attention on items of value in a dim, cluttered visual space; and new parts of the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) updated the valuation of poorly seen or hidden food items based on their association with more-visible objects and in relation to current biological needs. Together, the two novel prefrontal areas—FEF and PFo—improved foraging efficiency. In addition to its role in foraging, cortically controlled, hindlimb-dominated leaping was an effective antipredator strategy.
Anthropoid adaptations
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
New cortical areas evolved in anthropoids, many of which exploited foveal vision. In the temporal cortex, new visual areas represented feature conjunctions associated with distant resources. New prefrontal areas used this information to improve foraging choices, which reduced the number of unproductive, long-distance foraging journeys that exposed anthropoids to predation. Small parts of the posterior parietal cortex expanded into distinct areas, which represented the actions available to individuals based on what they can see. Together with the premotor cortex, these areas guided movements of the hands, fingers, head, and eyes in fovea-based coordinate frames, which improved reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects. Auditory areas represented sounds made by feeding animals, and a new somatosensory area received cutaneous inputs that—via interactions with a specialized part of the primary motor cortex—guided the manipulation of fruit for a tactile assessment of ripeness.
Human hemispheres
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A few new areas probably emerged in the human cortex, but the major development was a dramatic expansion of the typically layered areas (more commonly known as homotypical association cortex). Mainly because of their enlargement, the cortex expanded into the modern human size range, mostly in the past two million years. A transcortical network that includes connections between temporal and frontal cortex via the arcuate fascicle enlarged and reorganized. In addition, the hippocampus decreased in relative size during most of anthropoid evolution but increased during human evolution, which reflects new inputs and functions. The genetic mechanisms of cortical expansion include gene duplications that extend neural stem-cell proliferation and keep neurons in an immature state, thus increasing the number of dendritic spines and synapses. A within-gene deletion in the chimpanzee–human common ancestor promoted synaptogenesis in the prefrontal cortex.
Epilogue
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Global climate change created selection pressures that drove cortical expansion in primates. Separately in three primate clades, the prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and temporal cortex enlarged and provided primates with adaptive advantages: in managing relations within complex societies, in predator avoidance, and in making foraging choices at great distances from food sources. Global cooling during the middle-to-late Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene created ecological conditions in which both monkey clades—platyrrhines and cercopithecoids—benefited from expanded prefrontal and temporal areas and especially from the enhanced behavioral adaptability that enriched prefrontal representations provided. Global warming during the middle Miocene climatic optimum (MMCO) created conditions for the radiation of hominoids, which benefited from similar enhancements in prefrontal and temporal representations. During the Plio-Pleistocene, the cerebral cortex expanded independently in hominins and cercopithecoids as both groups exploited savannas and open woodlands that expanded as rainforests contracted.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Introduction gives an outline of the key events in Renée Chevalier’s prosecution of the military captain Mathurin Delacanche, from the violence that he committed at her château de Chaumot in the winter of 1590–1 to the trial that led to his execution in 1600. It then explains the trial’s significance for the history of violence and criminal justice, as well as for the history of the laws of war. According to the established interpretation, only after the Wars of Religion concluded could the modern laws of war truly begin to develop and lay the ground for an enlightened jurisprudence. Instead, this book argues that an excessive focus on the intellectual history of legal thought overlooks the capacity of magistrates in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century courts to apply established principles of Roman law, and evolving customs in the laws of war, when prosecuting soldiers for their transgressions.
Inheritances
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter follows Renée Chevalier’s struggle to win her inheritance, after her mother died when she was still a child and her uncle Pierre Delabbaye took charge of her guardianship. It explains how the rise of Renée Chevalier and the fall of Pierre Delabbaye as sieur de Chaumot depended on his engagement in the religious wars in Sens, where he belonged to the Protestant party and abjured his faith following the Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre. After her first husband Martin Legresle died, Chevalier also had to fight to gain her inheritance from her mother-in-law Catherine de Gasperne, who had converted to Protestantism and fled to Geneva. Both Gasperne and Delabbaye were formidable opponents, their resourcefulness sharpened by years as Protestants targeted by magistrates during the civil wars. Overcoming these disputes gave Chevalier invaluable experience that prepared her well for the conflict with Mathurin Delacanche that was to come.
The Algonquian Inverse
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The inverse morphology of the Algonquian languages has attracted much attention in typological and theoretical linguistics. This book, which is intended as a definitive reference for the Algonquian inverse, describes the patterning of inverse morphology across the Algonquian family and presents a framework for understanding the structure and function of the Algonquian inverse that is empirically driven and typologically grounded. Comprehensive in scope, the book presents data from all documented Algonquian languages and considers not only the morphology of the inverse construction but also its syntax and pragmatics, giving equal weight to diachronic, typological, functional, and formal perspectives. From the integration of these perspectives, a simple and coherent understanding of the nature of the inverse emerges. The key proposal is that the inverse is “deep” in some contexts and “shallow” in others. In interactions between two third persons, the inverse is a “deep” patient voice construction that inverts the canonical morphology, syntax, and pragmatics of a transitive clause. In interactions between a third person and a first or second person, the inverse is a “shallow” hierarchical agreement pattern implemented through a spurious use of patient voice morphology, inverting the canonical morphology of a transitive clause but having no effect on syntax or pragmatics. This split analysis, which reflects the likely diachronic development of the Algonquian inverse, is argued to have various benefits, including the resolution of a longstanding controversy over the syntactic status of the inverse.
Introduction
Authors: Welsh Jennifer , Akande Dapo , Rodin David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Introduction to this volume elucidates our novel concept of individualization and analyses the tensions it creates for actors engaged in contemporary armed conflict. We define individualization as a process in which individuals (both as agents and as subjects) increase in importance compared with collective entities for the purposes of explaining and normatively assessing the causes, conduct, and consequences of war, and outline three ways—or ‘domains’—in which individuals are implicated in armed conflict: (1) as subject to violence but deserving of protection (given their individual right to life); (2) as liable to harm because of their responsibility for attacks on or threats posed to others; and (3) as agents who can be held accountable for the perpetration of crimes committed in the course of war. We then discuss the normative and practical challenges created by the individualization of war, as well as tensions that cut across the three domains. The following sections outline a set of strategies that actors have used (and could use) to resolve or manage these tensions, including efforts to reconcile seemingly competing imperatives and various forms of institutional adaptation, as well as the different ways in which individualization is being contested in contemporary contexts of armed conflict. We conclude by providing an overview of the subsequent chapters, in which international lawyers, philosophers, and political scientists further engage with the potential and limitations of the individualization of war.
Aesthetic Negotiation and Artefactual Agency
Authors: Berman Kim , LeBaron Michelle 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The arts are vital in transitional justice because they accent commonalities and invite careful attention to humanising processes rather than priming for adversarial approaches. This chapter presents original concepts of aesthetic negotiation and artefactual agency, illustrating these concepts in three examples. Aesthetic negotiation refers to reciprocal processes that open possibilities towards increased engagement, agency, and positive change. Artefactual agency links material objects to mobilisation and action, drawing attention to the inherent power of artworks themselves. We examine how public engagement with art, and art-making processes, can foster and strengthen transitional justice after trauma and violence. Linking artefactual agency and aesthetic negotiation underlines the potency of both material and symbolic reparations and opens creative avenues to restore the rule of law as they draw attention to the harmful effects of past injustices. In both South Africa and Colombia, engagement with public arts has helped surface intersecting dynamics of transitional and distributive justice.
Joint Reflection: How Do the Arts Function in Symbolic Reparations?
Authors: Berman Kim , LeBaron Michelle , León Yolanda Sierra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This joint reflection considers the similarities and differences between the concepts, introduced in the two previous chapters, namely ‘aesthetic negotiation’ and ‘aesthetic litigation’. A reflection on these terms highlights differences in the context of both Columbia and South Africa. The chapter draws on the metaphor of concentric circles of the ‘symbolic’, of ‘relationship’, and the ‘material’ to describe the dimensions of aesthetic negotiation in contrast to aesthetic litigation and capturing the disruptive effect of art. The authors conclude that these processes work towards durable peace and social justice, that they can be complimentary, and that they also offer an opportunity to consider in more depth the role of art in advancing transitional justice.
Joint Reflection: Journey to a New Space
Authors: Esteban, Nancy Rocío Rueda , Potenza Emilia , van den Heever Adriénne 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This joint reflection draws out common themes emerging from the empirical research on museums from both Colombia and South Africa and arrives at a series of broader insights concerning the role of museums in advancing transitional justice. The comparative analysis focuses on how the restorative and transitional justice processes in South Africa and Colombia have been curated and the findings on visitors’ feelings, experiences, and expectations. In so doing, the reflection seeks to understand the extent to which museum exhibitions can be used as proactive tools to further the understanding of difficult histories and bring about a deeper process of societal healing as a result.
Does History Make a Difference? The Role of History in the Interpretation of Socio-Economic Rights in South Africa
Authors: Bilchitz David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role historical context plays in the interpretation of socio-economic rights in South Africa. It begins by arguing that historical justice can provide both an independent justification for those rights as well as an important context in which to construct the content of these rights and their path to implementation. The chapter then focuses on the right to housing and then engages in a qualitative analysis of four seminal cases. The chapter finds that the South African Constitutional Court often expressly references South Africa’s history of injustice. Its reasoning relating to history appears clearly to have influenced the approach it adopts towards interpreting the obligations that flow from these rights as well as the remedies it orders. The analysis highlights that, following from South Africa’s negotiated transition, there is a clear preference expressed by the Court for individuals and institutions to resolve the problems between them through a process of continuing negotiation. There are also obligations placed on both the state and private parties to address the legacies of the past in an approach that appears aimed very much at restoring relationships that had been ruptured between people in the society. Addressing historical wrongs—as a form of transitional justice—thus has concrete implications in the present for the approach adopted towards socio-economic rights and thus the form of distributive justice enacted in South African society.
Historical Injustice and Socio-Economic Rights in Colombian Constitutional Jurisprudence
Authors: Henao Magdalena Inés Correa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the case law of the Colombian Constitutional Court on socio-economic rights in which the petitioners are victims of forced displacement. It explores the extent to which historical injustice has been considered when interpreting those rights and when developing procedural safeguards and remedies. This is necessary given that the violations of these rights are not only as a result of their infringement within a context of armed conflict but is also about the historical disregard and marginalisation by political powers of rural populations from development and material citizenship. The analysis concludes that although the Court has gone far beyond what has been done previously for other socio-economic rights’ holders, it does not use ‘past injustice’ as a significant reason for its decisions. This is despite the fact that ‘past injustice’ forms a strong and persuasive justification for its transformative jurisprudence. Rather, it is the ‘present injustice’ which forms the basis for addressing victim injustice.