bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Empire’s last war
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first care of the tsars was defence of the frontiers and of the autocratic regime within those frontiers. Under the last Romanovs, the Empire’s diplomacy usually compensated for the disparity between Russia’s claims as a great power and her actual economic potential. Alliances were made with suitable European powers, to ensure that Russia would have strong friends at times of crisis.
With the end of the Napoleonic wars, the expansion of Muscovy into territories held by weaker neighbours reached a natural conclusion in northern and central Europe. The absorption of Poland meant that there was no longer a buffer state separating Russia from Prussia. Finland had been acquired, and St Petersburg thereby made more defensible. But Russia still had aspirations, although no definite plans, in south-eastern Europe. A Russian presence at the Straits was still strongly desired, while racial and religious obsessions with the Balkans meant that this was an area in which policy might not always be rational. In Asia, expansion could continue at the expense of weak or fragmented neighbours.
The Great Patriotic War
Authors: Westwood J N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its expansion from grand duchy to empire, Russia created for herself long frontiers that needed more military support than the economy could provide. One way of making this burden manageable was a good intelligence service, which might at least predict from which direction the next blow would fall. Over the centuries the Russians did develop great skills in maintaining intelligence networks abroad, initially as part of Russian diplomacy.
General Introduction
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As darkness fell on the evening of 17 October 1961 Parisians queuing for cinemas, seated in cafés, or strolling the central boulevards were astonished by the unprecedented sight of tens of thousands of Algerian demonstrators marching in disciplined rank through the heart of the capital in protest against police repression. The surprise of bystanders arose from a number of causes: by the autumn of 1961 France had been engaged for seven years in a violent colonial war to crush the Algerian struggle for independence, yet here was the ‘enemy’, the supporters and militants of the Front de libération nationale (FLN), defiantly demonstrating en masse in the streets of the capital. Secondly, throughout the war the 180,000 Algerian migrants in the Paris region lived in squalid lodging houses and shanty-towns, ‘ghettoized’ or enclave zones in the industrial suburbs that were isolated from the chic boulevards of the centre and in which the inhabitants remained largely invisible to most Parisians.
The Demonstrations of 17 to 20 October 1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the mass Algerian demonstrations of October, and in the weeks following, it was an almost impossible task for any individual or organization, including FLN cadres, journalists, political activists, trade unionists, and social workers close to the action, to gain a clear picture of what had happened during the night of 17–18 October. During any large street demonstration a direct participant can only witness one restricted part of a large moving column and an observer in one location might well see a violent police clash that another, a few hundred yards distant, may be oblivious to. On 17 October this difficulty was compounded by the fact that the FLN organized a number of quite separate marches that converged on the city centre from many locations scattered throughout the Paris region.
The Political Crisis, 18 October to 1 December 1961
Authors: House Jim , Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial response of the media and public opinion towards the events on the night of 17–18 October was one of uncertainty and confusion, in part because it was extremely difficult to gain even an approximate picture of what had happened. Acts of repression were spatially scattered throughout the city, making it difficult to form an overall picture, while journalists and photographers who approached the scenes of action were physically threatened and had rolls of film seized. The most revealing photographs that have survived were taken covertly, at considerable personal risk, by Élie Kagan and Georges Azenstarck, in the semi-dark and without flash (see Photo 7).
A Long Wave Goodbye?
Authors: Hendy David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early hours of Friday 16 October 1987 a severe storm swept across a great swathe of southern England, the worst to hit the region in more than 200 years. Wind speeds reached 140 km an hour, ripping whole roofs off houses, tearing down power cables, hurling telegraph poles, bricks, tiles, cars, motorbikes, and vans along streets. By daybreak, nineteen people had been killed, fifteen million trees uprooted, and nearly £1 billion worth of damage inflicted on property. For a while, the full impact of the storm remained hidden. ‘Most of us had a fair night ‘s sleep ‘, one writer recalled.
Sent Home to School: British Education, Status, and Returns Overseas
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Illustrating British-Indian children’s experiences after they were sent home entails entering the endlessly varied realm of middle-class schooling in the metropole. Once they left India, they either attended boarding schools of many descriptions or studied while living with their mothers, retired parents, other relatives, or non-familial guardians. Children’s education in Britain was not solely determined by their imperial background, and was equally moulded by their age, parents’ priorities and income, and especially gender.
From Somebodies to Nobodies: Returning Home to Britain and Perpetuating Overseas Connections
Authors: Buettner Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For thousands of Britons who lived and worked in India in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, thoughts of home were never far away. Home meant their national homeland, Britain, or often more specifically England, Scotland, Ireland, or Wales. Attenuated though ties with Britain may have been after long periods spent overseas, a strong sense of personal connection commonly remained central to their lives and imaginations. This was true not only for transient British-Indians who periodically revisited Britain for schooling or on furlough, and planned ultimately to retire there; it also defined the identity of domiciled Europeans and Anglo-Indians who may never have seen the land their ancestors left.
‘Dr O’Shaughnessy appears to have made some experiments with charas’: Imperial Merchants, Victorian Science, and Hemp to 1842
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cannabis plant was a matter of sometimes pressing concern in British government circles from the sixteenth century onwards and by the eighteenth century it was an issue that exercised administrations both in London and across the empire. But the officials and departments that troubled themselves with hemp were not in the least bit interested in its intoxicating properties as their concern was with its fibres. The reason for this was that it was in this period that Britain was establishing itself as a maritime and imperial power. Rolt’s Dictionary of 1756 explained that hemp ‘is the foundation of several profitable manufactures; as sail cloth, ticking, sacking, cordage, twine and nets: therefore its culture ought to be encouraged, both in Great Britain and its northern colonies in America’. Postlethwayt’s Dictionary published ten years later was more dramatic: ‘our whole mercantile, as well as royal maritime power, depends on supplying ourselves with cordage’. Almost a hundred years later in 1844 it was declared that ‘the quantity of hemp used in Great Britain is enormous.
‘From the old records of the Ganja Supervisor’s Office’: Smuggling, Trade and Taxation in Nineteenth- Century British India
Authors: Mills James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the nineteenth century India was established as the main source of information for the British about the hemp plant and about medicinal and intoxicating preparations made from it. Yet hemp in India was not simply the source of information about cannabis substances for the British. It was also a source of income. The British were, after all, in India to make money. Before 1858 the British in India were employees of the East India Company that had traded spices, agricultural products, and luxury goods for profit since the seventeenth century. It had become militarized in the eighteenth century through wars with the French in India and because there was money to be made from hiring out soldiers as mercenaries to feuding local princes. As such, by 1757 its armies began to dominate large parts of India, and the company discovered that there was money to be made through taxation rather than trade. Dominating a region with an army means controlling its trading systems so taxation becomes both possible and profitable. By 1833 the East India Company had given up its old function as a trading company altogether and derived its profits solely from its role as an adminstration in charge of taxation.
Gender Transformations and the Question of Sexuality
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as the Stracheys serve to illustrate broader trends in relation to education, marriage, and single life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, so too one can see a reflection of these trends in their understanding of gender and their approaches to sexuality. Several of the Stracheys participated in the late nineteenth-century discussions about sexuality, arguing strongly for the need to understand it in new ways and to accept new codes of sexual behaviour. Indeed, the whole family serves to illustrate in an extremely concentrated form the changes in sexual behaviour and outlook that were the source of such anxiety in Britain.
A Feminist Family
Authors: Caine Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Feminist activity and commitment was an important thing within the Strachey family, spanning almost a century and including both generations. Jane Strachey first took an interest in the movement for women’s suffrage in 1867 and the family’s involvement continued until Pippa Strachey resigned as ‘organizing secretary’ of several feminist groups in 1951. It was the question of women’s suffrage that was of greatest interest and importance, dominating Strachey family life and conversation in the decade or so before the First World War, where it jostled with imperial and artistic concerns.
Intentional Content and a Chomskian Linguistics
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky often presents his account of grammatical competence in what would appear to be the terms of a ‘computational representational theory of thought’ (CRTT), but it is not clear that what he intends involves either computations or representations in the sense in which most other theorists use those terms. Speciﬁcally, he has recently insisted that ‘“representation” is not to be understood relationally, as “representation of “ ‘, and that, indeed, the latter sort of intentional idiom has no place in any serious science.
Externalism and the Fregean Tradition
Authors: Brown Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two traditions dominate philosophical discussion of thought-content and its individuation. According to the externalist tradition, associated with Putnam and Burge, a subject’s thought-contents are partly individuated by her environment. By contrast, the Fregean tradition stresses that one component of thought-content is sense, or the mode of presentation of the objects or kinds thought about. Although some have assumed that these two traditions are incompatible, others have attempted to combine them in a single position.1
Serial Expertise and the Evolution of Language
Authors: Terrace H S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘An army of monkeys strumming on typewriters writ[ing] all the books in the British Museum’ (Eddington 1928) is a well-known metaphor for an absurdly unlikely event. A similar point could be made, albeit less dramatically, about the vanishingly small likelihood of a monkey producing any linguistic sequence. Monkeys can, however, learn non-grammatical sequences. The goal of this chapter is to describe the remarkable expertise of monkeys to master non-linguistic sequences, and to indicate how a monkey’s serial expertise can broaden our understanding of the evolution of language.
The Slow Growth of Language in Children
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A surprisingly broad consensus has grown among scholars who are interested in the origin of language that the ability to speak was a relatively recent and quite rapid development (e.g. Noble and Davidson 1996: 17). Hardly anyone would now go so far as to credit a single mutation for all syntax, as Bickerton once did (1990, 1998), and even Bickerton has moderated his earlier position (Bickerton 2000, Calvin and Bickerton 2000). Carstairs Mc Carthy has also proposed a scenario that allows for more than a single stage of syntax (1999, 2000). In spite of this, however, full syntax is still widely presumed to have come quite late (40,000 to 150,000 years ago) and, by the standards of most evolutionary change, very quickly. One support for the presumption of suddenness is the difficulty that some linguists have in imagining a partial syntax. Syntax is presumed to be not only incredibly complex, but highly interconnected. No part, it is sometimes believed, could exist without all the rest, and all its extraordinary complexities are seen as following from a few simple principles (e.g. Berwick 1998).
Repression and Demoralization in the Working Class
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Workers’ and their families comprised 40.3 per cent of the Bavarian population according to the 1933 census. Seventy per cent of these workers were employed in ‘industry and crafts’, 15 per cent in agriculture, just under 12 per cent in trade and commerce, and 3 per cent in the public and private service sector. Industrial workers are our concern in this chapter. If not synonymous with ‘the working class’ as a whole, it was certainly this group which the Bavarian authorities implied when they spoke in their reports of ‘die Arbeiterschaft’.
The Factory: Fabricating the State
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1923, Nuri Omer Oglu (later to take the name of §eker or ‘Mr Sugar’) built the first Turkish sugar factory in U§ak, a small town to the west of Ankara. Technically, the factory was not a great success, initially failing to produce any sugar. Despite the urging of the German engineers contracted to build the factory, Nuri decided to place it too far from the source of water. ‘The scientists told me to place it near water,’ he later said somewhat plaintively to a journalist, ‘but I didn’t realize that meant the Menderes river.’ At another point he described himself as being resigned to the factory’s deficiencies, but not to his own negligence in failing to provide an adequate water supply. §eker’s choice of language to describe his failure suggests the particular significance of the factory to him, ‘If I could have done this,’ he said, ‘then I could submit myself to the mercy of God without any anxiety. ’ The building of public monuments and the bringing of water for communal benefit are characteristic acts of merit within Islam, most commonly realized in the construction of public fountains. In Nuri’s construction, the bringing of water to the factory has, in effect, been cast as such an act of merit.
The Sugar Contract
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The images used above by Ali bey, the agricultural director of the Erzurum factory, to describe the playing out of the Sugar Contract, draw at once on the materiality of dwelling and the weaving together of differing social orders. That there is difference in the first place is marked by his use of ‘the farmers’ and ‘us’; that the enactment of the Contract, the ‘rest of the walls of the house’, is ultimately an artefact produced by the conjoining of difference is made explicit throughout the description. The outcome is a house: a familiar and immediate material projection of shelter, joint endeavour, inferiority, and the family. As the next chapter explores, the employment of so material a metaphor for the Contract is not entirely fortuitous, but Ali bey uses the language both of physical substance and of process.
Talking about Privatization
Authors: Alexander Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter serves to conclude by peeling back some of the assumptions of the previous chapters. Privatization, for state officials, was essentially characterized as ‘what we, the state, are not’, a structural negation of the state’s modus operandi. But such a neat opposition was complicated first by the fact that ‘privatization’ really covers a whole complex of ownership and property issues, and second that many officials were also not what they said they were. Although in their own estimation they were state officials, it turned out that most factory officials were technically employed under contract to the Corporation, in effect, private employees (see Table 10.1). Rather, it was a sense of identification with the state, or indeed a lack of identification with the workers, that encouraged this construction.
A Disaster Foretold? The Spanish Defeat at Anual
Authors: Balfour Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of colonial campaigns is littered with military disasters suffered by the European powers. The British in particular were defeated several times at the end of the nineteenth century at the height of their expansionism in south and eastern Africa. They were routed in 1879 by the Zulu army at Isandhlwana. The Mahdi uprising in 1882 in Eastern Sudan led to the ten- month siege of British-held Khartoum and its fall in 1885 and the death of General Gordon and his soldiers. The Boers in South Africa inﬂicted defeat on the British army in 1881 and then during the Boer War of 1889–1902. For their part, the Italians suffered military defeat at the hands of the Ethiopians at Adowa in 1896, which led to the fall of a government and Italy’s abandonment of its aim to create a colonial empire in Abyssinia.
Lord Ripons Right-Hand Man in India 1880-1883
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evelyn Baring spent the month of July r 880 in London before going off to Glenmazaran Lodge, near Inverness in the north of Scotland, for a holiday some time in early August. Edward Lear was back in London at the time and records in his diary that Baring visited him for an hour on July. Then follows the comment: ‘ I suppose no one could be more unchanging in 20 years than EB; even if he had no changes of position his remaining so would be remarkable-still more when his rise in life is considered.’
The First World War, the Dardanelles Commission, and Death 1914-1917
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early months of 1914 Lord Cromer came close to death. According to his daughter-in-law Ruby, he was suffering greatly, his digestive organs were not working, and one day he was heard to murmur, ‘ I feel as if I had severed my connection with one world without entering into communication with another.’ 1 Then, suddenly, his health improved, and by the summer he seemed to have obtained a new lease of life.
Conclusion: A Life in Government
Authors: Owen Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horace Rumbold reports seeking out Lord Cromer in London in August 1901 to congratulate him on his earldom. His host, who was talking to somebody else, glared at him and asked him what he wanted. ‘ I only came to congratulate.’ ‘ That’ s all right,’ Cromer replied. ‘ Good-bye.’ 1 It is a typical story of Cramer’ s later Egyptian years. We are led to imagine a bulky, imperious, overly self-confident figure who seemed to enjoy his own reputation for brusqueness while only showing a more human side when at home in the small circle of family and close colleagues.
Introduction : Objective, Definitions, Method, and Some History
Authors: Cysouw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of linguistic investigation is full of discoveries. One of those discoveries was made by a Spanish Dominican friar known by the name of Domingo de Santo Toma’s. By way of introduction, the story of his insight will be told here to illustrate the theme and the approach of the present investigation. In 1540, Domingo de Santo Tome’s set sail from Spain on his way to Peru. He belonged to a group of missionaries that were recruited by Francisco Martine’z Toscano to work in this newly discovered part of South America. At that moment, only seven years after the defeat of the Inca Empire by Francisco Pizarro, the journey to this new Spanish territory must have been full of perils and uncertainty. Yet, Domingo de Santo Toma’s survived the trip and managed to do his missionary work among the native people of Peru. His catechistic work made him an expert in the ‘lengua general’, the general language spoken in the region, nowadays referred to as Quechua. In 1555, after fifteen years of missionary work, Domingo de Santo Toma’s returned to Spain, determined to carry out much work. Among many other things, he had taken on the task of informing the authorities in Spain about the miserable situation of the native people of Peru. Further, he wanted to take care in person of the printing of his grammar-cum-dictionary of the Quechua language.
Faction: The Historiography of the Great Famine
Authors: Fegan Melissa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the late 1980s, the Irish historical establishment, no doubt spurred by the impending 150th anniversary of the Great Famine, has been beating its collective breast about its apparent neglect of the tragic episode. Cormac Ó Gráda, who spearheaded this historiographical revival, noted the paradox and irony of this lacuna: Given the Irish propensity to be maudlin about the past, a continuous rush of research on the Irish Famine might be expected. It is, after all, the main event in modern Irish history, as important to Ireland as, say, the French Revolution to France or the First Industrial Revolution to England. Yet secondary references to the Famine are out of all proportion to the amount of fresh research published.
Reform, Conservation, and Adaptation: Sciences-Po, from the Popular Front to the Liberation
Authors: Nord Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EMILE Boutmy founded the Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques in 1872. France had just experienced a cataclysmic military defeat, and Boutmy blamed the nation’s battlefield setbacks on failed political leadership. The Ecole libre, or Sciences Po as it came to be known, was intended to make good that failing, to incubate a new generation of public servants who would oversee France’s recovery to greatness.Sciences Po from the outset enjoyed the patronage of the nation’s liberal establishment. Hippolyte Taine delivered the school’s inaugural public address, and Albert Sorel, of the Academie Frarn;:aise, organized the first lesson. At Boutmy’s death in 1906, stewardship of Sciences Po passed to Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, who was descended from a distinguished family with old ties to that stalwart of nineteenth-century French liberalism Frarn;:ois Guizot. Leroy-Beaulieu himself died in 1912 and was in turn succeeded by Eugene d’Eichthal, son of the Saint-Simonian Gustave d’Eichthal. The d’ Eichthal family, Jewish by origin, had long since converted to Christianity. Eugene understood the school’s mandate much as Boutmy himself had: the nurture of a governing class steeped in ‘une culture /ibera/e’, of an elite ‘worthy of the name’, as he phrased it in a commemorative essay which appeared in La Revue des deux mondes in 1927.