bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of the immune response to adenovirus‐mediated factor VIII gene therapy in different inbred hemophilic mouse strains
Authors: Rawle Fiona E. M. , Shi Chang Xin , Brown Brian , McKinven Alexis , Tinlin Shawn , Graham Frank L. , Hough Christine , Lillicrap David 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe development of anti‐factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies (inhibitors) is a critical concern when considering gene therapy as a potential treatment modality for hemophilia A. We used a hemophilia A mouse model bred on different genetic backgrounds to explore genetically controlled differences in the immune response to FVIII gene therapy.MethodsC57BL/6 FVIII knockout (C57‐FVIIIKO) mice were bred with normal BALB/c (BAL) mice, to generate a recombinant congenic BAL‐FVIIIKO model of hemophilia A. Early generation adenoviral (Ad) vectors containing the canine FVIII B‐domain‐deleted transgene under the control of either the CMV promoter or a tissue‐restricted (TR) promoter were administered to C57‐FVIIIKO, C57xBAL(F1)‐FVIIIKO crosses, and BAL‐FVIIIKO mice. FVIII expression, inhibitor development, inflammation, and vector‐mediated toxicity were assessed.ResultsIn response to administration of Ad‐CMV‐cFVIII, C57‐FVIIIKO mice attain 3‐fold higher levels of FVIII expression than BAL‐FVIIIKO. All strains injected with Ad‐CMV‐FVIII displayed FVIII expression lasting only 2 weeks, with associated inhibitor development. C57‐FVIII‐KO mice that received Ad‐TR‐FVIII expressed FVIII for 12 months post‐injection, whereas FVIII expression was limited to 1 week in C57xBAL(F1)‐FVIIIKO and BAL‐FVIIIKO mice. This loss of expression was associated with anti‐FVIII inhibitor development. BAL‐FVIIIKO mice showed increased hepatotoxicity with alanine aminotransferase levels reaching 4‐fold higher levels than C57‐FVIIIKO mice. However, C57‐FVIIIKO mice initiate a more rapid and effective cell‐mediated clearance of virally transduced cells than BAL‐FVIIIKO, as evidenced by real‐time PCR analysis of transduced tissues. Overall, strain‐dependent differences in the immune response to FVIII gene delivery were only noted in the adaptive response, and not in the innate response.ConclusionsOur results indicate that the genetic background of the murine model of hemophilia A influences FVIII expression levels, the development of anti‐FVIII inhibitors, clearance of transduced cells, and the severity of vector‐mediated hepatotoxicity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase and fludarabine phosphate gene‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy suppresses primary tumour growth and pseudo‐metastases in a mouse model of prostate cancer
Authors: Martiniello‐Wilks Rosetta , Wang Xiao Yang , Voeks Dale J. , Dane Allison , Shaw Jan M. , Mortensen Elin , Both Gerald W. , Russell Pamela J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractGene‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy based on the E. coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) gene produces efficient tumour cell killing. PNP converts adenosine analogs into toxic metabolites that diffuse across cell membranes to kill neighbouring untransduced cells (PNP‐GDEPT). Interference with DNA, RNA and protein synthesis kills dividing and non‐dividing cells, an important consideration for slow‐growing prostate tumours. This study examined the impact of administering PNP‐GDEPT into orthotopically grown RM1 prostate cancers (PCas) on the growth of lung pseudo‐metastases of immunocompetent mice. C57BL/6 mice bearing orthotopic RM1 PCas received a single intraprostatic injection of OAdV220 (1010 particles), a recombinant ovine atadenovirus containing the PNP gene controlled by the Rous Sarcoma virus promoter, followed by fludarabine phosphate (∼600 mg/m2/day) administered intraperitoneally (ip) once daily for 5 days. Pseudo‐metastases were induced 2 days after intraprostatic vector administration by tail‐vein injection of untransduced RM1 cells. Mice given PNP‐GDEPT showed a significant reduction both in prostate volume (∼50%) and in lung colony counts (∼60%). Apoptosis was increased two‐fold in GDEPT‐treated prostates compared with controls (P < 0.01), but was absent in the lungs. Staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) indicated that proliferation of both RM1 prostate tumours (P < 0.01) and lung colonies (P < 0.01) was significantly suppressed after GDEPT. Although prostate tumour immune cell infiltration did not differ significantly between treatments, immunostaining for Thy‐1.2 (CD90) showed that GDEPT promoted Thy‐1.2+ cell infiltration into the prostate tumour site. This study showed that a single course of PNP‐GDEPT significantly suppressed local PCa growth and reduced lung colony formation in the aggressive RM1 tumour model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐patient variation in efficacy of five oncolytic adenovirus candidates for ovarian cancer therapy
Authors: Lam John T. , Kanerva Anna , Bauerschmitz Gerd J. , Takayama Koichi , Suzuki Kaori , Yamamoto Masato , Bhoola Snehal M. , Liu Bin , Wang Minghui , Barnes Mack N. , Alvarez Ronald D. , Siegal Gene P. , Curiel David T. , Hemminki Akseli 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy offers a new strategy for cancer treatment. Adenoviruses represent the most widely used gene therapy vector and feature an excellent safety record. Conditionally replicative adenoviruses (CRAds) effect solid tumor penetration and tumor selective oncolysis and consequently offer potential efficacy for metastatic disease treatment. We evaluated five CRAds as candidate clinical agents for ovarian cancer therapy: RGDCRADcox‐2R, Ad5VEGFE1, Ad5/3VEGFE1, Ad5‐Δ24RGD, and Ad5/3‐Δ24.MethodsDNA replication by these five CRAds, wild‐type adenovirus, and an E1‐deleted control was measured in purified primary ovarian cancer cell spheroids by quantitative PCR. CRAd‐mediated oncolysis was quantified in ovarian cancer cell monolayers and three‐dimensional spheroids by cellular viability assays. The therapeutic efficacy of each CRAd was tested by intraperitoneal administration in mice with peritoneally disseminated human ovarian cancer.ResultsAn increase in viral DNA was noted in primary tumor cell spheroids for all replicative viruses tested. Variation was noted in viral DNA replication between patient samples. All five CRAds induced remarkable oncolysis. They also prolonged survival in vivo compared with the wild‐type control group.ConclusionsAll five CRAds tested showed robust DNA replication, oncolysis, and in vivo therapeutic efficacy. Each virus has potential for clinical testing, and such further testing will ultimately determine its safety and relative usefulness. Variation of CRAd DNA replication between different patient samples suggests that target tissue features, such as surface receptors and endogenous transcription factors, may affect CRAd infectivity and replicativity. Evaluation of such factors may become important to optimize cancer therapy for individual patients. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient hybrid scheme of finite element method of lines for modelling computational electromagnetic problems
Authors: Chen R. S. , Yung Edward K. N. , Wu Ke 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA hybrid scheme called finite element method of lines is proposed and described for modelling and analysis of generalized computational electromagnetic problems with emphasis on a number of irregular waveguide examples. This new technique is developed by combining a finite element method with a method of lines so that it can handle not only irregular composite geometry but also maintain high accuracy enjoyed by semi‐analytical procedures. Analytical and numerical algorithmic building blocks of this new scheme are discussed in detail such as geometry discretization, element mapping, element trial functions, reformulation and computational issues of non‐linear ordinary differential equations. Our results show that this new technique is able to efficiently solve complex problems as compared with the conventional method of lines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fungicidal effect of diode laser irradiation in patients with denture stomatitis
Authors: Maver‐Biscanin Mirela , Mravak‐Stipetic Marinka , Jerolimov Vjekoslav , Biscanin Alen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveDenture stomatitis (DS) is a common inflammatory condition that affects denture wearers. The aim of this study was to examine, in vivo, the effect of diode laser irradiation on fungal growth in both the palatal mucosa and in denture base materials, in denture wearing patients.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn total, 70 patients with clinical study design evidence of DS participated in this parallel, single blind, and placebo controlled study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of four different treatment regimens: (1) irradiation with a 685 nm wavelength laser for 10 minutes (30 mW); (2) irradiation with a 830 nm wavelength laser for 5 minutes (60 mW). A semiconductor diode laser, BTL‐2000 (BTL‐2 Dravotnicka Technika, Prague, Czech Republic), was used in both treatment cases using an energy density of 3.0 J/cm2 and a continuous working mode for five consecutive days; (3) placebo—sham irradiation of patients; (4) antimicotic—self treatment of patient's palatal mucosa with an antifungal oral gel and the use of an antiseptic solution for their dentures. The effect of laser light on fungal growth in vivo was evaluated after final treatment using the swab method and a semi‐quantitative estimation of Candida albicans colonies cultivated on agar plates.ResultsA fungicidal effect was achieved in the laser treated and antimicotic treated groups, whereas most subjects in the placebo group were found to have unchanged conditions on both their palate (P = 0,004) and dentures (P < 0,001).ConclusionsLight from a low‐power laser (LLLT) may be valuable in the treatment of DS. This is of great importance since the rate of recurrence of disease is high, whereas an optimal treatment modality has not yet been found. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:259–262, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural comparison of medial collateral ligament repair after single or multiple applications of GaAlAs laser in rats
Authors: Ng Gabriel Y.F. , Fung Dicky T.C. , Leung Mason C.P. , Guo Xia 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo examine single versus multiple applications of a gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) laser on the ultrastructural morphology of surgically injured medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) in rats.Study Design/Materials and MethodsSixteen rats were studied with 12 receiving right MCL transection and 4 receiving sham injury. Group 1 (n = 4) received one session of laser (31.6 J/cm2) immediately after injury. Group 2 (n = 4) received 9 doses of transcutaneous laser (3.5 J/cm2). The controls (Group 3, n = 4) received one session of placebo laser, while the sham Group 4 (n = 4) received no treatment. Ultrastructural analyses were done with electron microscopy at 3 weeks.ResultsThe mass‐averaged diameters of collagen fibril in the core and periphery of MCLs treated with multiple laser were larger than the control and those with single laser treatment (P < 0.05). However, the sham injured group had larger fibrils than all other groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe repairing MCLs had smaller collagen fibrils than the sham injured ligaments. Multiple laser treatments enhanced the collagen growth in the repairing MCLs at 3 weeks after injury, which are superior to a single treatment with similar dosage. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:317–323, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of the immune response to residual intrahepatic tumor tissue by laser‐induced thermotherapy (LITT) compared to hepatic resection
Authors: Isbert Christoph , Ritz Jörg‐P. , Roggan André , Schuppan Detlef , Rühl Martin , Buhr Heinz J. , Germer Christoph‐T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIn contrast to hepatic resection, thermally destroyed autologous tumor cells remain in situ after laser‐induced thermotherapy (LITT). The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of LITT and hepatic resection on the immune response to residual intrahepatic tumor tissue and the growth of untreated liver metastases.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwo independent adenocarcinomas (CC531) were implanted into 60 WAG rats, one in the right (control tumor) and one in the left liver lobe (treated tumor). The left lobe tumor was treated either by LITT or partial hepatectomy. The control tumor was submitted to further investigation 24 hours, 96 hours, 7 days, and 10 days after treatment.ResultsTen days after treatment, control tumor volumes were 296±46 mm_ after LITT and 1,181±192 mm_, 1,387±200 mm_ after hepatic resection and no treatment, respectively (P<0.001). Peritoneal tumor spread was detected in 4/20 cases after LITT and in 17/20 cases after hepatic resection. Expression of CD8, B7‐2 (CD86), and to lesser extent MHCII, LFA1 (CD11a), and ICAM1 (CD54), was significantly enhanced at the invasion front of control tumors after LITT compared to hepatic resection.ConclusionsOur results suggest that LITT increases the immune response against untreated intrahepatic tumor tissue, which can lead to reduced tumor growth. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:284–292, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective targeting of protein, water, and mineral in dentin using UV and IR pulse lasers: The effect on the bond strength to composite restorative materials
Authors: Sheth Karishma K. , Staninec Michal , Sarma Anupama V. , Fried Daniel 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that during the laser irradiation of dentin and bone, thermal damage can be minimized by using a highly absorbed laser wavelength, laser pulses shorter than the thermal relaxation time of the deposited laser energy at that wavelength, and the addition of a layer of water to the tissue surface before ablation. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of laser pulse duration and wavelength with and without the added water layer on the bond strength of composite to laser prepared dentin surfaces. The specific hypothesis that was tested was that thermal damage to the collagen matrix in dentin compromises the bond strength to composite restorative materials.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThree laser systems were employed that were tuned to water, collagen, and mineral absorption with pulse durations less than the thermal relaxation time of the deposited energy. The surfaces of human dentin were irradiated by laser irradiation from free‐running and Q‐switched Er:YSGG lasers, pulsed CO2 lasers operating at 9.6‐μm, and a Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 355‐nm. A motion control system and a pressurized spray system incorporating a microprocessor controlled pulsed nozzle for water delivery, were used to ensure uniform treatment of the entire surface. Shear bond testing was used to evaluate the adhesive strength in order to access the suitability of laser treated surfaces for bonding. Bonded interfaces were examined by SEM.ResultsAll the laser groups had significantly lower bond strengths than the positive acid etch control group. The highest bond strengths were for the short pulse (< 5‐microsecond) Er:YSGG and CO2 laser groups with water. Laser groups without water had significantly reduced bond strengths and thicker layers of thermally damaged dentin.ConclusionsThermal damage to the collagen matrix profoundly influences the bond strength to composite restorations. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:245–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental bleaching efficacy with diode laser and LED irradiation: An in vitro study
Authors: Wetter Niklaus Ursus , Barroso Márcia C.S. , Pelino José E.P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBleaching techniques achieved significant advances with the use of coherent or incoherent radiation sources to activate the bleaching agents. This in vitro study compares the whitening efficacy of LED and diode laser irradiation using the two agents Opalescence X‐tra and HP Whiteness.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA total of 60 bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups, three for each bleaching agent, receiving only agent, agent and LED (wavelength 470 nm), agent and 1.6 W diode laser (808 nm). The results of the irradiations were characterized using the CIEL*a*b* system.ResultsSignificant differences in the chroma value are obtained for the two whitening agents and for the different light sources. In terms of lightness, the association of Laser and Whiteness HP bleaching gel showed significantly better results than when the same agent was used alone or in combination with LED.ConclusionsBest overall results are obtained with the Whiteness HP and Laser association. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:254–258, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐Similar Wave of Swelling/Collapse Phase Transition along Polyelectrolyte Gel
Authors: Zubarev Andrey Yu. , Blyakhman Felix A. , Pollack Gerald H. , Gusev Peter , Safronov Alexander P. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: Theoretical analysis of the possibility of collapse/swelling phase transition propagation along a polyelectrolyte gel thread has been performed. A differential equation that determines the time dependence of the degree of swelling of polymer thread under the radial mechanical force has been obtained. It formally coincides with the equation of diffusion of an impurity in a medium with a certain source density that depends on excluded‐volume and Coulomb interactions, osmotic pressure of counterions, and entropy of the subchains. Two stationary points of this equation correspond to contracted and swollen states. It has been shown that once activated, the phase transition between these stationary points could propagate along the thread in the form of a wave with positive speed if the initial state is characterized by a higher level of free energy than the final state. The results of numerical calculations illustrating the process of phase transition propagation along polyelectrolyte gel thread show that propagation of the swelling/collapse phase transition takes place in the form of the stepwise self‐similar wave with steep front. The sharp boundary between swollen and collapsed zones is observed and does not tend to dissipate as propagation proceeds.
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Interfacial Thermodynamics of Polymeric Mesophases
Authors: Rey Alejandro D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary:A complete mechanical‐thermodynamical formulation for multicomponent nematic polymer‐isotropic fluid interfaces is derived, validated, and used to derive the structure and shape equations for these soft anisotropic polymer interfaces. The fundamental role of liquid crystalline order and long range effects in coupling bulk and interfacial effects, and in coupling thermodynamical/liquid crystalline order/geometrical variables is demonstrated, discussed, and validated. The Gibbs‐Duhem nemato‐thermodynamics equation emerges from an interfacial tension γ = γ(Θ, μ,Q, ∇sQ,k) that depends on temperature (Θ), chemical potential (μ), nematic tensor order parameterQ, surface gradients ofQ, and geometryk, and leads to new couplings in these enhanced phase spaces. The role of entropy and adsorption, and long range effects on interfacial shape and structure selection is revealed. For flat interfaces the preferred structure emerges from a competition between energy, entropy, and adsorption.
Chain Conformations in the Crystalline Field of Syndiotactic Vinyl Polymers Deriving from 1,3‐Diene Monomers. Analysis by Molecular Mechanics
Authors: Pirozzi Beniamino , Napolitano Roberto , Esposito Simona 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: Conformational energy calculations on the chain conformation in the crystalline field have been performed for various syndiotactic vinyl polymers deriving from 1,3‐diene monomers. Energy maps as a function of the independent torsion angles have evidenced for all the polymers minima corresponding to highly extended and to helical chains. Energy minimizations as a function of all the internal parameters for the s(2/1)2 and tcm symmetries have allowed the evaluation of the energy differences between chains having the two symmetries and the prediction of the values of the conformational parameters for each polymer. The results have been compared with the experimental data reported in the literature for some of the studied polymers.Conformational energy map of sPBD12.magnified imageConformational energy map of sPBD12.
Validation of thea posteriorierror estimator based on polynomial preserving recovery for linear elements
Authors: Zhang Zhimin , Naga Ahmed 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to investigate the quality of thea posteriorierror estimator based on the polynomial preserving recovery (PPR). The main tool in this investigation is the computer‐based theory. Also, a comparison is made between this estimator and the one based on the superconvergence patch recovery (SPR). The results of this comparison were found to be in favour of the estimator based on the PPR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bounds for element size in a variable stiffness cohesive finite element model
Authors: Tomar Vikas , Zhai Jun , Zhou Min 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe cohesive finite element method (CFEM) allows explicit modelling of fracture processes. One form of CFEM models integrates cohesive surfaces along all finite element boundaries, facilitating the explicit resolution of arbitrary fracture paths and fracture patterns. This framework also permits explicit account of arbitrary microstructures with multiple length scales, allowing the effects of material heterogeneity, phase morphology, phase size and phase distribution to be quantified. However, use of this form of CFEM with cohesive traction–separation laws with finite initial stiffness imposes two competing requirements on the finite element size. On one hand, an upper bound is needed to ensure that fields within crack‐tip cohesive zones are accurately described. On the other hand, a lower bound is also required to ensure that the discrete model closely approximates the physical problem at hand. Both issues are analysed in this paper within the context of fracture in multi‐phase composite microstructures and a variable stiffness bilinear cohesive model. The resulting criterion for solution convergence is given for meshes with uniform, cross‐triangle elements. A series of calculations is carried out to illustrate the issues discussed and to verify the criterion given. These simulations concern dynamic crack growth in an Al2O3 ceramic and in an Al2O3/TiB2 ceramic composite whose phases are modelled as being hyperelastic in constitutive behaviour. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conforming polygonal finite elements
Authors: Sukumar N. , Tabarraei A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn this paper, conforming finite elements on polygon meshes are developed. Polygonal finite elements provide greater flexibility in mesh generation and are better‐suited for applications in solid mechanics which involve a significant change in the topology of the material domain. In this study, recent advances in meshfree approximations, computational geometry, and computer graphics are used to construct different trial and test approximations on polygonal elements. A particular and notable contribution is the use of meshfree (natural‐neighbour, nn) basis functions on a canonical element combined with an affine map to construct conforming approximations on convex polygons. This numerical formulation enables the construction of conforming approximation on n‐gons (n⩾3), and hence extends the potential applications of finite elements to convex polygons of arbitrary order. Numerical experiments on second‐order elliptic boundary‐value problems are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the proposed method. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.