bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
K
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
K+ channel See ion channel; action potential; resting membrane potential.
Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig (1828–1899) German psychiatrist; catatonia.
Kahlbaum syndrome Nonmalignant catatonia(q.v.).
Kahlbaum-Wernicke syndrome Presbyophrenia(q.v.).
kayak gene See clock, biological.
kaif, kif Pleasure or feeling of contentment and ease, as in a dream or state of ecstasy. The term is used in Morocco to refer to hashish or marijuana (q.v.).
kainate An activator of the kainate subtype of EAA (q.v.). See AMPA.
Kalinowsky, Lothar B. (1899–1992) German-born neuropsychiatrist; in United States after 1940; electroconvulsive and other somatic treatments.
Kallmann, Franz J. (1897–1965) German-born psychoanalyst and geneticist; genetics of human behavior, especially schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis.
Kalmuk idiocy Obs. (Kalmuk, member of a nomad Tartar tribe) Down syndrome (q.v.).
Kandinsky-Clérambault complex See Clérambault-Kandinsky complex.
Kanner, Leo (1894–1981) Austrian-born psychiatrist; emigrated to United States in 1924; founded Johns Hopkins Children ‘s Psychiatric Clinic (1930); wrote first text in Child Psychiatry (1935); early infantile autism.
Kardiner, Abraham (1891–1981) Cofounder of first psychoanalytic training school in the United States (1930); The Individual and His Society (1939); Psychological Frontiers of Society (1945).
Karpman Drama Triangle A conceptualization of traumatic experiences in terms of victim, rescuer, and persecutor. Originally suggested as one way of viewing intrafamilial dynamics of alcoholics and their families, it has since been extended to other disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (DID).
Q
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
QALY Quality-adjusted life year, a measure of disease burden used particularly in treatment outcomes researchin schizophrenia. See DALY.
QEB Quantitative Electrophysiological Battery (q.v.).
QI Quality improvement; overall, an effort to achieve the best results for any clinical intervention(s). QI uses statistical tools to measure such elements as process stability, variability, and outcomes and a management approach that encourages each participant in the treatment process to identify ways in which the process and its outcome might be improved. QI generally addresses populations rather than individual patients. QI programs aim to improve care on a systemic level; they must continually assess not only the services provided to identified patients but also needs for services that have not yet been developed within a community. It is not enough to find that practitioners have followed clinical guidelines appropriately and effectively; questions about prevention of illness in the first place, the effects of illness and its sequellae on patients, caretakers, and others in the community, and patient (and family) satisfaction must also be addressed. See quality assurance.
qi-gong psychosis A brief psychotic reaction
with dissociative or paranoid symptoms associated with overinvolvement in the Chinese folk practice of enhancing vital energy (qi-gong).
Figuring Out What’s Wrong
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a child has muscle, bone, or joint pain, it is important to understand that each of the conditions that may be responsible has a typical set of problems it causes (symptoms), a typical age group in which it occurs, and other typical findings that usually make it easy for an experienced physician to diagnose. At the same time, if a child does not have the typical problems or is not the typical age, it’s much less likely that the suspected condition is the proper explanation. This is why your physician should always start the evaluation by asking you (and your child, if he or she is old enough) questions about the problem.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that most often affects teenage girls and young adult women. Less frequently, SLE occurs in both older and younger individuals and in boys. SLE often begins with fevers, rash, joint pains, and fatigue. Although these symptoms are worrisome, it is the ability of SLE to affect many different internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, muscles, kidneys, skin, joints, liver, or intestine) that makes this a serious illness. It is important that children who have SLE be promptly recognized so that they can be treated and internal organ damage prevented whenever possible.
Scleroderma
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A variety of different diseases are grouped together under the diagnosis of scleroderma. The focal (or localized) forms of scleroderma are often mild and may not require any treatment. In contrast, progressive systemic sclerosis (also called diffuse scleroderma) is a life-threatening disease typically involving the heart, lungs, and other organs. Fortunately, the mild forms of scleroderma are far more common than the severe ones.
Alternative Medicine: Vitamins, Supplements, and Other Treatments
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
You cannot treat illness without the risk of side effects. Whether you take the prescribed medications, buy over-the-counter medications, ignore the problem and hope it will go away, buy a supplement in a health food store, or try a “cure” from some other source, there are risks associated with every choice. The only difference is whether or not those risks are clearly explained to you. The physician is required to tell you about potential side effects for medications, and warnings are printed on the labels of over-the-counter medications for you to read, but for any other substance you’re on your own.
Growing Pains?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Little Jennifer S. was fourteen months old when her mother noticed that she did not want to put her left foot firmly on the floor when she was taken out of her crib one morning. She did not walk correctly for a few minutes, but an hour later she seemed fine. This did not happen again until a couple of weeks later. After six weeks, Jennifer’s mother noticed that it was happening more frequently. She mentioned this to the pediatrician when she brought in Jennifer for her immunizations one afternoon. The pediatrician wiggled Jennifer’s leg around, watched her walk a few feet, and reassured Jennifer’s mother that she was fine. When Mrs. S. called the pediatrician a month later to discuss bringing her in, she was told that the problem was probably just “growing pains.” By the time Jennifer was seen in the pediatric rheumatology clinic at the age of two years, her left knee was markedly swollen, she could not straighten her left leg all the way, and the muscles of her left leg were much weaker than those of her right leg. Jennifer had obvious arthritis. Reassured by what the pediatrician had told her, her mother had continued to believe that Jennifer just had growing pains until Jennifer screamed when the nurse tried to straighten her leg at her two-year-old checkup.
Why Do Children Get Rheumatic Disease?
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fill a football stadium with 100,000 random children, and the rheumatic diseases are rare. Fill that same football stadium with 100,000 children who have relatives with rheumatic disease, and children with rheumatic disease will be ten or twenty times as common. Researchers believe there is a genetic contribution here. While most of the rheumatic diseases clearly occur more frequently in relatives of people with rheumatic disease, not all parents with a family history of rheumatic disease need to worry. But these diseases occur in relatives often enough that investigators have to notice.
Juvenile Arthritis Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic Arthritis, Juvenile I diopathic Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis is considered, two important points must be remembered. First, fever and rash should not be present in children with juvenile arthritis except in those with systemic-onset arthritis. If a child with arthritis has fever or a rash, a strong effort must be made to exclude infectious causes. Fever, rash, and arthritis may be present in Lyme disease, reactive arthritis, and a variety of other diseases that are not juvenile arthritis, including sarcoid, lupus, and IBD.
Lyme Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Frankie was a delightful twelve-year-old who loved to play sports. Halfway through football season, he began to complain of knee pains. When his symptoms didn’t improve, he was taken to his pediatrician. At first, the pediatrician thought that Frankie had simply twisted the knee. When Frankie was unable to continue football because the knee was swollen and painful, he was referred to an orthopedist. Three months later, Frankie continued to have pain in the knee that prevented him from playing. With activity the knee often became swollen but then improved over a week to ten days. He was sent to me to treat his “JRA.” The father was sure that he had been tested for Lyme disease, but careful review of the records revealed that the test had never been done. The orthopedist was sure that the pediatrician had checked, and the pediatrician was sure that the orthopedist had done so. When I did the Lyme test it was strongly positive, and Frankie improved dramatically when we treated him with antibiotics.
Scleroderma
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scleroderma is a broad term that simply means “hard skin.” A variety of different diseases are grouped together under this diagnosis. The focal (or localized) forms of scleroderma are often mild and may not require treatment. In contrast, progressive systemic sclerosis (also called diffuse scleroderma) is a life-threatening disease typically involving the heart, lungs, and other organs. Fortunately, the mild forms of scleroderma are far more common than the severe ones.
Family Issues
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In one of my families there were three children; the oldest was a twelve-year-old boy with severe arthritis. It was decided that he would have a hip replacement after the end of the school year. Both parents were very concerned, and everyone knew that Johnny was expected to be in the hospital for five days after the surgery. All of us would have the same initial response: Ask a sitter or a relative to care for Sally and Timmy (eight and ten years old) so that Mom and Dad can be at Johnny’s bedside for the five days. Summer travel plans are off, because Johnny will need a lot of physical therapy to recover and will not be able to travel. This all sounds reasonable, but it’s the wrong answer.
Perceptual Fading during Voluntary and Involuntary Eye Movements
Authors: Proudlock Frank A , Jorgensen, Astrid Y , Gottlob Irene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perceptual fading (PF) is a phenomenon in which a target in the visual field fades from view after a certain fading time (FT). PF is reset by microsaccadic eye movements; however, PF has not been investigated during nonfixation eye movements. We compared PF during voluntary eye movements in healthy volunteers and in patients with involuntary eye oscillations caused by nystagmus. Twelve healthy volunteers performed a PF task consisting of following an oscillating fixation cross moving with either a sine wave (pursuit task) or a square wave (saccadic task) profile while viewing a static peripheral spot of low contrast (1.5x threshold). This was compared to FT during a static fixation cross with peripheral spot moving and also when both were moving. FT was also compared in 4 volunteers with nystagmus.
Effect of Eye Exercise on Clinical Outcome of Noncompressive Ocular Motor Nerve Palsy
Authors: Poonyathalang Anuchit , Preechawat, Pisit , Janvimaluang Vitoo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with extraocular muscle paralysis are often frustrated by double vision and related functional problems. Some patients are also distressed with dizziness and nausea. Occlusion of one eye, spectacle prisms, and injection of botulinum toxin have been used to reduce diplopia during the recovery period. Usually, occlusion of the paralytic eye is recommended, but without stereopsis patients may encounter difficulties in daily activities. Rehabilitation of extraocular muscle palsy has involved exercises that emphasize maximal ocular motor effortor invoking the vestibulo-ocular reflex.However, there is little evidence-based support for such rehabilitation programs. In patients with noncompressive ocular motor nerve palsies, complete recovery of eye movement usually occurs within six months, but in patients with severe nerve injury, recovery is more variable. Training using the patient’s finger provides strong visual and somatosensory feedback, along with the corollary discharge of the motor command (efference copy), thereby providing a strong cue for the patient to make an appropriate eye movement in the correct direction.It has been proposed that eye movement exercise can assist not only in promoting movement on the affected side but also in decreasing hyperactivity on the unaffected side that might contribute to a muscular contracture.One goal of such eye movement exercises is to reduce recovery time.
Neuromuscular Junction Dysfunction in Miller Fisher Syndrome
Authors: Rucker Janet C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is considered a variant of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP), otherwise known as Guillain-Barré syndrome, and classically consists of a triad of bilateral ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia.Anti-GQ1b antibodies are present in up to 90% of patients. The precise location, mechanism, and extent of neurological insult are not completely understood. Peripheral nerve demyelination is regarded as the hallmark of pathological involvement, given the clinical overlap of the syndrome with AIDP and direct pathological evidence,but extensive clinical and radiographic evidence of central nervous system involvement exists.3-6 In addition, evidence of direct neuromuscular junction (NMJxn) involvement is mounting in a mouse diaphragm/ phrenic nerve model and in human cases of MFS.7-10 A patient with recurrent MFS and a decremental response to repetitive stimulation on electromyography (EMG) in the absence of electrophysiological evidence of demyelinating peripheral neuropathy is described.
The Neuro-ophthalmologic Complications of Chiropractic Manipulation
Authors: Devereaux Michael w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cervical manipulation, specifi cally chiropractic manipulation, is an important cause of vertebral basilar and, rarely, carotid artery distribution strokes. The mechanism of action of vertebral artery distribu-tion strokes is vertebral artery dissection at the level of the atlas as a result of rotation and extension of the head, which can occur in association with chi-ropractic manipulation
Japan: E-Commerce and Taxation in Japan
Authors: Rhee MIaji Christine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Japan’s current business laws and their relationship to e-commerce, and analyzes Japan’s effort to craft tax laws—specifically, a definition of permanent establishment (PE) that will accommodate the distinguishing characteristics of e-commerce. A question central to this discussion will be whether an Internet server qualifies as a PE, because double taxation and direct income tax law are based on the concept of a PE.
Mexico: Electronic Commerce and the Concept of Permanent Establishment
Authors: Diedrich Graciela M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
International commerce has spread in multiple forms, booming particularly through the Internet, where is widely known as electronic commerce, or e-commerce. This new form of conducting cross-border business activities presents the question of whether or not the income derived from said activities should be taxed by the source country. This chapter explores the different circumstances under which e-commerce activities lead to the existence of a permanent establishment.
Bounce
Authors: Wicks Robert J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stress is a fact of modern life. And as more and more people face greater financial insecurity, longer work hours, and the increasingly complex personal and social demands of our fast-paced, multi-tasking, high-tech lifestyle, finding healthy ways to handle stress is more important than ever. In Bounce: Living the Resilient Life, Robert Wicks shows you not just how to manage stress, but how to transform stressful situations into opportunities to live a more meaningful, self-aware, and compassionate life. Wicks makes available to everyone techniques he has used for over 30 years in helping physicians, nurses, psychotherapists, educators, social workers, ministers, and relief workers not only survive but flourish in highly stressful occupations. You'll learn a wide range of methods--normally reserved for those in helping and healing professions--to help you bounce back from stress and live life to the fullest. Bounce shows you how to: BL Recognize the insidious nature of denial and avoidance as responses to stress BL Employ psychologically powerful approaches to self-awareness BL Improve self-talk through the use of cognitive behavioral principles BL Apply daily-debriefing techniques BL Utilize a structured reflection guide to uncover areas that require special attention BL Incorporate silence, solitude, and mindfulness into daily life BL Stop the drain of valuable emotional energy caused by toxic life situations and unexamined attitudes and beliefs BL And much more Most important, Bounce helps you develop your own self-care protocol and personal renewal program, based on an honest assessment of your needs, life situation, and habitual ways of dealing--or failing to deal--with stress. Insightful, practical, and filled with wise guidance, Bounce shows us all how to live with greater resilience in a world that grows more stressful by the day.
Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis and related spondyloarthropathies
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Physicians’ perceptions regarding the epidemiology of AS are slowly changing, but numerous misconceptions about AS remain that may contribute to the delay in its diagnosis and effective treatment, including the misperceptions that it is a rare disease and that it is a mild disease that is easy to diagnose.1–5 According to one study, approximately 5% of chronic back pain sufferers being seen at general practice/primary care practice offices in England “may have a mild form of AS that may never progress to definite ankylosis, but for whom treatment as if they had AS may be of benefit. “6 Early diagnosis of AS is crucial now that more effective therapies are available to suppress disease activity and improve functional ability.
Causes of ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The precise cause of AS remains unknown, but there is strong evidence that genetic factors play a pivotal role in disease susceptibility, and that they interact with nongenetic (environmental) factors to lead to immune-mediated mechanisms that result in the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α.1–9 More than 90% of the risk of developing AS is determined genetically, indicating the highly heritable nature of this disease.1–5 There is a strong association with the genetic marker HLA-B27, which lies in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p21 region). However, HLA-B27 is not a prerequisite for AS, as the disease also affects individuals who do not possess HLA-B27.
Physical findings
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Clinical signs are sometimes minimal in the early stages of the disease. Examination of the sacroiliac joints and the spine (including the neck), measurement of chest expansion and range of motion of the hip and shoulder joints, and a search for signs of enthesitis are critical in making an early diagnosis of AS.1–7 Important physical findings due to enthesitis that are present in many patients but are often overlooked include tenderness over vertebral spinal processes, iliac crest, anterior chest wall, calcaneus (plantar fasciitis and/or Achilles tendinitis), ischial tuberosities, greater trochanters, and sometimes tibial tubercles.
Descriptions of related diseases: Thespondyloarthropathies
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spondyloarthropathies (SpA) form a group of overlapping inflammatory rheumatologic diseases that show a tendency for involvement of the axial skeleton, entheses (bony insertions of ligaments and tendons; singular is “enthesis “), and peripheral joints (Fig. 1.4, Table 9.1). They may also show involvement of extraskeletal structures such as the eyes, skin, gut, and genitourinary tract.1,2 Predominantly conjunctivitis in reactive and psoriatic arthritis, and acute anterior uveitis in the other three disorders listed.
The new treatment: Remarkable efficacy of TNF-a antagonists
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
TNF-α inhibitors have transformed the management of AS and related SpA.1–10 Patients who do not respond to conventional therapies can now be offered treatment with these agents. Etanercept (Enbrel), infliximab (Remicade), and adalimumab (Humira) are now approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AS and PsA, in addition to RA and psoriasis. (A fourth TNF-α antagonist, golimumab, is expected to be approved by the FDA by time this book is published). These TNF-α inhibitors are highly and equally effective as monotherapy (without the need for concomitant methotrexate [MTX]) for treating musculoskeletal manifestations in patients with active AS unresponsive to conventional therapy. They lead to rapid and remarkable improvement in the symptoms and signs, including back pain and stiffness, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, and dactylitis, and they have maintained long-term effectiveness.11–16 Clinical improvement is accompanied by a significant decrease in inflammation, as evidenced by a dramatic reduction in CRP and ESR. The improvement also may be shown on MRI, but it is too early to say whether these medications will slow or prevent progressive bony ankylosis.
Other aspects of disease management
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients with AS should be followed on a regular basis to monitor disease activity, response to treatment, and medication side effects, even if their illness seems to be inactive.1–3 The frequency of monitoring should be based on the clinical presentation and the drug therapy being used. Monitoring should comprise symptoms and signs, laboratory testing, and imaging studies. Specific skeletal elements to be monitored include duration of morning stiffness, severity of pain, mobility of the lumbar and cervical spine, chest expansion, and clinical evidence of enthesitis and changes in joint inflammation as well as range of motion. Measures to evaluate disease activity, such as BASDAI, BASMI, BASFI, and HAQ, may be used to monitor response to therapy.