bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Spherical Harmonic Transform Routine FLTSS Applied to the Shallow Water Test Set
Authors: Suda Reiji 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe fast spherical harmonic transform algorithm proposed by Suda and Takami is evaluated in the solutions of the shallow water equation test set defined by Williamson et al. through replacing the Legendre transforms of the NCAR spectral transform shallow water model (STSWM) with routines of the fast Legendre transform with stable sampling (FLTSS), which is the first implementation of the Suda–Takami algorithm. The Suda–Takami algorithm is an approximate algorithm with the computational complexity O(T 2 log T log ɛ−1), with T being the maximum wavenumber and ɛ the accuracy parameter of the FLTSS. The influence of the approximation errors of the FLTSS upon the numerical solutions is investigated. For all test cases of the Williamson et al. test set, the FLTSS stably solved the equations with the results that can be explained well with the accuracy ɛ. The stability in longer time integrations is also assessed, where test case 7 of an analyzed atmospheric initial condition was stably integrated for 1 yr. The FLTSS was faster than the STSWM at T170 and had higher resolutions on an Intel Mobile Pentium 4, where the lower space complexity (memory requirements) of the FLTSS was advantageous in addition to the lower computational complexity.
Observations of Transient Linear Organization and Nonlinear Scale Interactions in Lake-Effect Clouds. Part I: Transient Linear Organization
Authors: Miles Natasha L. , Verlinde Johannes 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The cold-air outbreak of 13–14 January 1998 during the Lake-Induced Convection Experiment was characterized by large positive buoyancy flux and moderate wind shear. Although theory predicts only cellular organization in these conditions, transient linear organization was observed. Time series of vertical velocity obtained with the Pennsylvania State University 94-GHz vertically pointing cloud radar, which is sensitive to cloud droplets and ice crystals, were used to document the changes in organization that occurred during this wintertime lake-effect event. The cloud radar was deployed on the downwind shore of southern Lake Michigan and measured high-temporal-resolution vertical velocity data at several in-cloud heights. The duration of the event was 18 h, encompassing three cycles of linear organization switching to cellular organization.
In Part I of this two-part series the authors document the transient nature of the linearly organized convection and evaluate the role of atmospheric conditions in the mode switching between linear and cellular organization. Within the limits of the available measurements, no correlation was found with mean or low-level shear, surface fluxes, or stability parameters. The mode switching in this case does not appear to be controlled by the atmospheric indicators typically associated with linearly organized convection, suggesting that other factors must have played an important role.
Low dose docosahexaenoic acid protects normal colonic epithelial cells from araC toxicity
Authors: Cha Ming C , Lin Angela , Meckling Kelly A 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The nucleoside analogue arabinosylcytosine (araC) has been used for many years in the treatment of acute leukemia. Evidence in the literature suggests that araC may inhibit the growth of human colon carcinoma cell lines as well. Because araC action interferes with normal nucleoside metabolism, it is highly toxic to a number of normal cell types including bone marrow and intestinal mucosa cells. Here we investigate whether the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) could selectively target araC toxicity toward colonic tumor cells while protecting the normal cells in vitro.

Results
Cultures of normal rat colonic epithelial cells (4D/WT) and those transformed by v-src (D/v-src) were supplemented with graded concentrations of DHA or arachidonic acid (AA) alone or in combination with araC. AraC was only 1.6 fold more toxic to D/v-src than 4D/WT in cultures without added fatty acids. Supplementing with as little as 3 μM of either AA or DHA increased araC toxicity by more than 30-fold in the tumorigenic cells. The toxic effect of araC on the normal cells was also increased by the fatty acid supplementation. IC50 values were decreased 1.7 fold by DHA in the 4D/WT cells but a more than 7-fold decrease was observed during AA supplementation. As a result, the therapeutic index of araC (IC50 normal/IC50 tumor) was more than 3-fold higher in the DHA than the AA supplemented cells. The expression of protein kinase C isoform epsilon was decreased in AA alone supplemented D/v-src cultures but in combination with araC decreased only in DHA supplemented 4D/WT cells.

Conclusion
Low dose DHA supplementation may enhance araC chemotherapy in colon cancer while protecting normal tissues, possibly through control of PKC signalling pathways.
Lumping or splitting: seeking the preferred areal unit for health geography studies
Authors: Gregorio David I , DeChello Laurie M , Samociuk Holly , Kulldorff Martin 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
Findings are compared on geographic variation of incident and late-stage cancers across Connecticut using different areal units for analysis.

Results
Few differences in results were found for analyses across areal units. Global clustering of incident prostate and breast cancer cases was apparent regardless of the level of geography used. The test for local clustering found approximately the same locales, populations at risk and estimated effects. However, some discrepancies were uncovered.

Conclusion
In the absence of conditions calling for surveillance of small area cancer clusters ('hot spots'), the rationale for accepting the burdens of preparing data at levels of geography finer than the census tract may not be compelling.
Policymaking based on CERs: changes in costs are not the same as changes in benefits
Authors: Ament Andre JHA , Evers Silvia MAA 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Earlier cost-effectiveness studies showed the cost-effectiveness ratios for pneumococcal vaccination in preventing cases of Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease (BPD) alone to vary between € 11,000 and € 33,000 per quality-adjusted life year. If vaccination is also assumed to be effective in preventing cases of Non Bacteremic Pneumococcal Disease (NBPD) (at the same level of effectiveness), vaccinating all elderly persons becomes highly cost-effective or even cost saving.

Methods
The present article examines the effect of partial preventive power of the vaccine against cases of NBPD additional to its preventive power against cases of BPD, and the consequences this has in terms of cost-effectiveness.

Results
The analysis shows that even a fairly small additional preventive power against cases of NBPD leads to a dramatic and unexpected decrease in the cost-effectiveness ratio.

Conclusion
Because a Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (CER) is a ratio, changes in costs and changes in effects have rather different influences on its value. There is a linear relation between a change in costs and a change in CER if the effects are kept constant. This linear relation is not found on the effect side. Assuming that costs are constant, a change in effect will be different for low levels of effect than for high levels.
Overexpression of Telomerase Confers Growth Advantage, Stress Resistance, and Enhanced Differentiation of ESCs Toward the Hematopoietic Lineage
Authors: Armstrong L. , Saretzki G. , Peters H. , Wappler I. , Evans J. , Hole N. , von Zglinicki T. , Lako M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are capable of extended self-renewal and maintenance of pluripotency even after many population doublings. This is supported by high levels of telomerase activity and enhanced antioxidant protection in ESCs, both of which are downregulated during differentiation. To examine the role of telomerase for ESC self-renewal and differentiation, we overexpressed the reverse transcriptase subunit (Tert) of murine telomerase in ESCs. Increased telomerase activity enhances the self-renewal ability of the Tert-overexpressing ESCs, improves their resistance to apoptosis, and increases their proliferation. The differentiated progeny of wild-type ESCs express little Tert and show shortening of telomeric overhangs. In contrast, the progeny of Tert-overexpressing ESCs maintain high telomerase activity, as well as the length of G-rich overhangs. In addition, these cells accumulate lower concentrations of peroxides than wild-type cells, implying greater resistance to oxidative stress. Finally, differentiation toward hematopoietic lineages is more efficient as a result of the continued expression of Tert. Microarray analysis revealed that overexpression of Tert altered expression of a variety of genes required for extended self-renewal and lifespan. Our results suggest that telomerase functions as a “survival enzyme” in ESCs and its differentiated progeny by protecting the telomere cap and by influencing the expression patterns of stress response and defense genes. This results in improved proliferation of ESCs and more efficient differentiation, and these results might have profound consequences for stem cell–replacement therapies.
Immobilization of pepsin on an acrylamide/2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer and its use in casein hydrolysis
Authors: Shukla Sachin P. , Devi Surekha 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPepsin was immobilized through covalent bonding on a copolymer of acrylamide and 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate via the individual and simultaneous activation of both groups. The extent of enzyme coupling upon the activation of both the amino and hydroxyl groups of the copolymer resulted in a synergistic effect. However, the order of activation of the support was critical. The covalently bound enzyme retained more than 50% of its activity even after six cycles. The storage stability of the covalently bound enzyme was 60% after storage for 1 month, whereas the free enzyme lost all of its activity within 10 days of storage at 35°C. The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) were 1.1 × 10−6 and 0.87 for the free enzyme and 1.2 × 10−6 and 0.98 for the covalently bound enzyme when the enzyme concentration was kept constant and the substrate concentration was varied. Similarly, Km and Vmax were 6.73 × 10−11 and 0.47 for the free enzyme and 7.59 × 10−11 and 0.545 for the covalently bound enzyme when the substrate concentration was kept constant and the enzyme concentration was varied; this indicated no conformational change during coupling, but the reaction was concentration‐dependent. The hydrolysis of casein was carried out with a fixed‐bed reactor (17 cm × 1 cm). Maximum hydrolysis (90%) was obtained at a 2 cm3/min flow rate at 35°C with a 1 mM casein solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1544–1549, 2005
Electron holography and AFM studies on styrenic block copolymers and a high impact polystyrene
Authors: Simon Paul , Adhikari Rameshwar , Lichte Hannes , Michler Goerg H. , Langela Marc 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMany of the artifacts of conventional electron microscopy can be avoided if the unstained polymers are studied by electron holography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Holograms of thin sections (50–70 nm) of organic block copolymers were recorded, and the corresponding phase images were reconstructed. In this way, typical structures such as lamellae and cylinders could be imaged without any staining. In addition, we successfully recorded holograms and performed Lorentz microscopy of an impact‐modified polystyrene (high‐impact polystyrene). The results were compared with the tapping mode AFM phase images. Electron holography and AFM have been demonstrated as suitable tools to image unstained heterogeneous polymers, leading to the understanding of their structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1573–1583, 2005
Polyaniline‐supported acid catalyst: Esterification of cinnamic acid with alcohols
Authors: Palaniappan Srinivasan , Sairam Malladi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPolyaniline‐supported acid salts such as polyaniline‐hydrochloride, polyaniline‐sulfate, and polyaniline‐nitrate were prepared by oxidation of aniline using benzoyl peroxide and ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agents. Polyaniline salts were used as catalysts in the esterification of cinnamic acid with alcohols. Polyaniline‐sulfate salt was found to be the best catalyst for the esterification of cinnamic acid. The reusability, handling, and recovery of the catalyst were found to be good. The yield of the ester depended on the type of the polyaniline salt, amount of the catalyst, amount of alcohol, and both the time and the temperature of the reaction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1584–1590, 2005
Non‐parametric regression with wavelet kernels
Authors: Rakotomamonjy Alain , Mary Xavier , Canu Stéphane 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper introduces a method to construct a reproducing wavelet kernel Hilbert spaces for non‐parametric regression estimation when the sampling points are not equally spaced. Another objective is to make high‐dimensional wavelet estimation problems tractable. It then provides a theoretical foundation to build reproducing kernel from operators and a practical technique to obtain reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces spanned by a set of wavelets. A multiscale approximation technique that aims at taking advantage of the multiresolution structure of wavelets is also described. Examples on toy regression and a real‐world problem illustrate the effectiveness of these wavelet kernels. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein‐Detecting Microarrays: Current Accomplishments and Requirements
Authors: Tomizaki Kin‐ya , Usui Kenji , Mihara Hisakazu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe sequencing of the human genome has been successfully completed and offers the chance of obtaining a large amount of valuable information for understanding complex cellular events simply and rapidly in a single experiment. Interestingly, in addressing these proteomic studies, the importance of proteindetecting microarray technology is increasing. In the coming few years, microarray technology will become a significantly promising and indispensable research/diagnostic tool from just a speculative technology. It is clear that the protein‐detecting microarray is supported by three independent but strongly related technologies (surface chemistry, detection methods, and capture agents). Firstly, a variety of surface‐modification methodologies are now widely available and offer site‐specific immobilization of capture agents onto surfaces in such a way as to keep the native conformation and activity. Secondly, sensitive and parallel detection apparatuses are being developed to provide highly engineered microarray platforms for simultaneous data acquisition. Lastly, in the development of capture agents, antibodies are now probably the most prominent capture agents for analyzing protein abundances. Alternative scaffolds, such as phage‐displayed antibody and protein fragments, which provide the advantage of increasing diversity of proteinic capture agents, however, are under development. An approach involving recombinant proteins fused with affinity tag(s) and coupled with a highly engineered surface chemistry will provide simple production protocols and specific orientations of capture agents on the microarray formats. Peptides and other small molecules can be employed in screening highly potent ligands as well as in measuring enzymatic activities. Protein‐detecting microarrays supported by the three key technologies should contribute in accelerating diagnostic/biological research and drug discovery.
Stenting vs. balloon angioplasty for discrete unoperated coarctation of the aorta in adolescents and adults
Authors: Pedra Carlos A.C. , Fontes Valmir F. , Esteves Cesar A. , Pilla Carlo B. , Braga Sérgio L.N. , Pedra Simone R.F. , Santana M. Virginia T. , Silva M. Aparecida P. , Almeida Tarcisio , Sousa J. Eduardo M.R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMore information is needed to clarify whether stenting is superior to balloon angioplasty (BA) for unoperated coarctation of the aorta (CoA). From September 1997, 21 consecutive adolescents and adults (24 ± 11 years) with discrete CoA underwent stenting (G1). The results were compared to those achieved by BA performed in historical group of 15 patients (18 ± 10 years; P = 0.103; G2). After the procedure, systolic gradient reduction was higher (99% ± 2% vs. 87% ± 17%; P = 0.015), residual gradients lower (0.4 ± 1.4 vs. 5.9 ± 7.9 mm Hg; P = 0.019), gain at the CoA site higher (333% ± 172% vs. 190% ± 104%; P = 0.007), and CoA diameter larger (16.9 ± 2.9 vs. 12.9 ± 3.2 mm; P < 0.001) in G1. Aortic wall abnormalities were found in eight patients in G2 (53%) and in one in G1 (7%; P < 0.001). There was no major complication. Repeat catheterization (n = 33) and/or MRI (n = 2) was performed at a median follow‐up of 1.0 year for G1 and 1.5 for G2 (P = 0.005). Gradient reduction persisted in both groups, although higher late gradients were seen in G2 (median of 0 mm Hg for G1 vs. 3 for G2; P = 0.014). CoA diameter showed no late loss in G1 and a late gain in G2 with a trend to being larger in G1 (16.7 ± 2.9 vs. 14.6 ± 3.9 mm; P = 0.075). Two patients required late stenting due to aneurysm formation or stent fracture in G1. Aortic wall abnormalities did not progress and one patient required redilation in G2. Blood pressure was similar in both groups at follow‐up (126 ± 12/81 ± 11 for G1 vs. 120 ± 15/80 ± 10 mm Hg for G2; P = 0.149 and 0.975, respectively). Although satisfactory and similar clinical outcomes were observed with both techniques, stenting was a better means to relieve the stenosis and minimize the risk of developing immediate aortic wall abnormalities. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:495–506. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bicyclic P–P‐Bridged 1,3,2,4‐Diphosphadiboretane Cation and an Imino(phosphinidene)borane–AlBr3 Adduct
Authors: Knabel Klaus , Klapötke Thomas M. , Nöth Heinrich , Paine Robert T. , Schwab Ingo 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDepending on reaction conditions the 1,3,2,4‐diphosphadiboretane 1 reacts with AlBr3 to give the unstable adduct tmp=B=P(tBu)AlBr3, 3, and/or the somewhat more stable salt [(tmpB)2(PtBu)P]+[AlBr4], 2. The X‐ray structure determination of 3 shows an almost linear NBP array with BN and BP double bonds resembling an allene type structure. NBO analysis shows the presence of BN‐ and BP‐π‐bonds. On the other hand, the cation of compound 2 has a bicyclic structure with a long P–P bond [2.349(2) Å]. The B–P bonds to the phosphonium type P2 atom [av. 1.939(5) Å] are longer than those to the tri‐coordinated P1 atom [1.889(6) Å]. NBO analysis of the model compound (H2NB)2(PMe)P+, 9, show that the P–P bond in 2 is formed from p‐orbitals.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A Surprisingly Stable 1‐(Chlorosilyl)‐2‐phosphaethenyllithium Compound, RCl2SiC(Li)=PMes*
Authors: Cretiu Nemes Gabriela , Ranaivonjatovo Henri , Escudié Jean , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Ioan , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Luminita , Gornitzka Heinz 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRCl2Si–C(Li)=PMes* (1) (R = 9‐methylfluoren‐9‐yl, Mes* = 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl), considered as a key intermediate in the synthesis of the heteroallene RClSi=C=PMes*, was obtained from RCl2Si–C(Cl)=PMes* by lithium/chlorine exchange with nBuLi and evidence for its identity was obtained by hydrolysis. Remarkably, however, it failed to undergo a lithium salt elimination to form the corresponding chlorophosphasilaallene, RClSi=C=PMes*, even under prolonged heating in toluene. As shown by theoretical studies (RHF/3‐21G* and RHF/6‐31G**//RHF/3‐21G* level), interactions between the lithium ion and the π‐systems of the substituents at the phosphorus and silicon atoms could partly account for this stability. The lithium compound 1 reacts with methanol or chlorotrimethylsilane leading to new silylphosphaalkenes. The reaction of the lithium derivative 1 with benzaldehyde gave a four‐membered heterocycle with an exocyclic P=C bond which virtually corresponds to the product of a [2+2] cycloaddition between the Si=C and C=O double bonds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Bis(macrocycles) Involving a Porphyrin and a meso‐Substituted Corrole – X‐ray Crystal Structure of a [(Free‐base porphyrin)–corrole]bis(pyridine)cobalt Complex
Authors: Barbe Jean‐Michel , Burdet Fabien , Espinosa Enrique , Guilard Roger 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA very efficient, simple synthesis of face‐to‐face porphyrin–corrole free‐bases bearing substituents at the meso positions of the corrole ring is reported. Starting from the (porphyrin–aldehyde)zinc species 1Zn, porphyrin–corrole free‐bases (3M, 3C) are obtained in two steps, in fairly good yields (40–43 %), compared to 11 steps for their corrole β‐pyrrole‐substituted counterparts. Moreover, the possibility to directly synthesize the free‐base (porphyrin–corrole)cobalt complex (5M or 5C) allows for the further preparation of heterodimetallic derivatives. Crystals of the bis(pyridine) adduct of 5M have been grown; the molecular structure clearly shows that the two pyridine molecules are coordinated to the cobalt ion in endo and exo positions, leading to an open‐mouth geometry of the bis(macrocycle). The structure of 5M(py)2also shows intermolecular π–π interactions along the [1 0 0] direction, leading to stacking of the complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Shape optimization of a body located in low Reynolds number flow
Authors: Yagi Hiroko , Kawahara Mutsuto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to perform a numerical application of the shape optimization formulation of a body located in an incompressible viscous flow field. The formulation is based on an optimal control theory in which a performance function of the fluid force is introduced. The performance function should be minimized satisfying the state equation. This problem can be transformed into the minimization problem without constraint condition by the Lagrange multiplier method and the adjoint equations using adjoint variables corresponding to the state equations. As a numerical study, the drag force minimization problem in the steady Stokes flow, which means approximated equation of the low Reynolds number Navier–Stokes equation is carried out. After that, the unsteady Navier–Stokes flow is analysed. As the minimization algorithm, the steepest descent method is successfully applied. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian modelling of multivariate quantitative traits using seemingly unrelated regressions
Authors: Verzilli Claudio J. , Stallard Nigel , Whittaker John C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe investigate a Bayesian approach to modelling the statistical association between markers at multiple loci and multivariate quantitative traits. In particular, we describe the use of Bayesian Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) whereby genotypes at the different loci are allowed to have non‐simultaneous effects on the phenotypes considered with residuals from each regression assumed correlated. We present results from simulations showing that, under rather general conditions that are likely to hold in real situations, the Bayesian SUR approach has increased probability of selecting the true model compared to univariate analyses. Finally, we apply our methods to data from subjects genotyped for 12 SNPs in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene. Phenotypes relate to response to treatment with atorvastatin and include changes in total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Missing genotype data are naturally accommodated in our Bayesian framework by imputing them using a nested haplotype phasing algorithm. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.