bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 7Be/210Pbxs ratio as an indicator of suspended sediment age or fraction new sediment in suspension
Authors: Matisoff Gerald , Wilson Christopher G. , Whiting Peter J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReported here is a technique to use the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio as a measure of suspended sediment age or as an indicator of the fraction of the suspended sediment that is recently eroded from the landscape. Although both 7Be and 210Pbxs are delivered seasonally and stochastically to the landscape by precipitation, the ratio of the two radionuclides varies substantially less. The 7Be/210Pbxs ratios measured in three different catchments decrease in the following manner: precipitation (c. 16) > suspended sediments in rivers (6–7) > suspended sediments in estuaries (4–6) > sediment collected in sediment traps in the estuary (c. 1) > surface sediment of the estuary (c. 0·5). Decreases in the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments can be interpreted to be the result of increased age of the sediment, since 7Be decays faster than 210Pb. Alternatively, a decrease in the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments can be interpreted to be the result of dilution of newly tagged 7Be‐rich sediment by 7Be‐dead sediment, for example, by erosion of soil below the 7Be‐enriched surface layer or by resuspension of 7Be‐dead bottom sediment. Presented here is a model which uses the 7Be/210Pbxs ratio in suspended sediments to determine the time since the particles were tagged by precipitation‐derived radionuclides (i.e. the age of the suspended sediment). In addition, an alternative model is presented to determine the fraction of the sediment that is ‘newly tagged’. These two models are applied to three catchments – Old Woman Creek, Ohio; Weeks Bay, Alabama; and South Slough, Oregon – and yield similar findings at all three sites. Sediment ages increase from 0 in newly tagged material, to 50–80 days in rivers, to about 80–100 days in the estuaries, to about 200 days in the sediment traps, to about 300 days on surface bottom sediments. Alternatively, the percentage new sediment decreases from 100 per cent in newly tagged material, to about 35–50 per cent in rivers, to 25–35 per cent in the estuary, to less than 10 per cent in the sediment traps, to 1–4 per cent on the surface of the bottom sediments.
Modelling granular sediment transport over water‐worked gravels
Authors: Hardy Richard J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a numerical model that calculates the transport paths of individual granular particles over a natural water‐worked gravel surface. Surface topography is measured using digital photogrammetry and incorporated into a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) scheme by the application of a porosity algorithm. The predicted hydraulics determine the forces acting on each particle enabling the particle trajectory to be solved by Langrangian transport equations. The methodology demonstrates the importance of including complex topography in the numerical scheme as topographically induced hydraulic acceleration and deceleration affect both the transport mechanism and subsequent trajectory of the particle. Hydraulically induced hops, where the particle is entrained into a localized shear layer around a bed particle, are demonstrated to be important in transporting granular sediment across the bed and in re‐starting sediment transport if the particle has fallen into a hydraulically sheltered region. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children's understanding of mental states as causes of emotions
Authors: Rieffe Carolien , Terwogt Mark Meerum , Cowan Richard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTheory of mind studies of emotion usually focus on children's ability to predict other people's feelings. This study examined children's spontaneous references to mental states in explaining others' emotions. Children (4‐, 6‐ and 10‐year‐olds, n = 122) were told stories and asked to explain both typical and atypical emotional reactions of characters. Because atypical emotional reactions are unexpected, we hypothesized that children would be more likely to refer to mental states, such as desires and beliefs, in explaining them than when explaining typical emotions. From the development of lay theories of emotion, derived the prediction that older children would refer more often to mental states than younger children. The developmental shift from a desire‐psychology to a belief‐psychology led to the expectation that references to desires would increase at an earlier age than references to beliefs. Our findings confirmed these expectations only partly, because the nature of the emotion (happiness, anger, sadness or fear) interacted with these factors. Whereas anger, happiness and sadness mainly evoked desire references, fear evoked more belief references, even in 4‐year‐olds. The fact that other factors besides age can also play an influential role in children's mental state reasoning is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early communication in dyads with visual impairment
Authors: Rattray Julie , Zeedyk M. Suzanne 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe ability of dyads with restricted access to the visual channel of communication to establish a reliable pre‐linguistic communicative signalling system has traditionally been viewed as problematic. Such a conclusion is due in part to the emphasis that has been placed on vision as central to communication by traditional theory. The data presented in this paper question these assertions. The results of a longitudinal study exploring the nature of early dyadic interactions in dyads with visual impairment are presented. The dyads' use of three types of non‐visual behaviour—touch, vocalizations and facial orientation—were investigated in terms of their potential as alternatives to visual communication. It is argued that the results are evidence that visually impaired dyads engage in sophisticated communicative exchanges prior to infants' acquisition of language. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foldable micropatterned hydrogel film made from biocompatible PCL‐b‐PEG‐b‐PCL diacrylate by UV embossing
Authors: Zhu Ai Ping , Chan‐Park Mary B. , Gao Jian Xia 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFoldable hydrogel films with micropatterns measuring 480 μm by 45 μm by 54 μm by 2 cm (width of microchannel by width of microwall by height of wall by length of pattern) were made by UV embossing of a block copolymer of polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), specifically PCL‐b‐PEG‐b‐PCL‐diacrylate (DA), with a polydimethylsiloxane mold. The mold was treated with Ar/CF4 plasma to simultaneously promote microchannel filling and demolding, and the glass substrate was modified with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl acrylate to promote hydrogel adhesion to avoid delamination of the gel during demolding. The micropatterned hydrogel film was detached from the glass substrate by freeze‐drying. As the films were demolded, the microstructured pattern was well replicated in the hydrogel. The gel pattern dimensions shrank with freeze‐drying and increased with water swelling, but under both conditions, the gel micropattern morphology was perfectly preserved. PCL‐b‐PEG‐b‐PCL‐DA hydrogel was found to have good biocompatibility compared with PEGDA hydrogel. A micropattern with a smaller microchannel width of 50 μm was also made. Micropatterned foldable and biocompatible hydrogel films have potential applications in the construction of tissue‐engineering scaffolds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
A history of mass spectrometry in Australia
Authors: Downard Kevin M. , de Laeter John R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn interest in mass spectrometry in Australia can be traced back to the 1920s with an early correspondence with Francis Aston who first visited these shores a decade earlier. The region has a rich tradition in both the development of the field and its application, from early measurements of ionization and appearance potentials by Jim Morrison at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) around 1950 to the design and construction of instrumentation including the first use of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for tandem mass spectrometry, the first suite of programs to simulate ion optics (SIMION), the development of early TOF/TOF instruments and orthogonal acceleration and the local design and construction of several generations of a sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) instrument. Mass spectrometry has been exploited in the study and characterization of the constituents of this nation's unique flora and fauna from Australian apples, honey, tea plant and eucalyptus oil, snake, spider, fish and frog venoms, coal, oil, sediments and shale, environmental studies of groundwater to geochronological dating of limestone and granite, other terrestrial and meteoritic rocks and coral from the Great Barrier Reef. Peter Jeffery's establishment of geochronological dating techniques in Western Australia in the early 1950s led to the establishment of geochronology research both at the Australian National University and at what is now the Curtin Institute of Technology in the 1960s.This article traces the history of mass spectrometry in its many guises and applications in the island continent of Australia. An article such as this can never be complete. It instead focuses on contributions of scientists who played a major role in the early establishment of mass spectrometry in Australia. In general, those who are presently active in the field, and whose histories are incomplete, have been mentioned at best only briefly despite their important contributions to the field. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of enkephalins in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Sinnaeve Bart A. , Storme Michael L. , Van Bocxlaer Jan F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA capillary LC‐MS/MS system was evaluated for the absolute quantification of enkephalins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). On column focusing on a C18 trapping column, in‐line with the analytical column, was used for preconcentration. Quantification was performed with a triple quadrupole instrument in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. Weighted linear regression analysis proves to be a good linearity in a dynamic range of two orders of magnitude. The method was validated, yielding calibration curves with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9914. Assay precision and accuracy were evaluated by direct injection of enkephalin fortified artificial CSF (aCSF) samples at three concentration levels. Mean accuracy of analysed concentrations was between 97.63 and 107.6%. LOD and LOQ were assessed at, respectively, 0.5 and 1 pmol/mL. Validation results show that it is feasible, with a capillary LC‐MS/MS system, to quantify neuropeptides in the low femtomole range in aCSF. The obtained coefficients of variation, however, indicate that the use of appropriate isotopically labelled internal standards in neuropeptide quantification using narrow bore LC, combined with ESI‐MS, may be highly beneficial.
Silica monolithic columns: Synthesis, characterisation and applications to the analysis of biological molecules
Authors: Rieux Laurent , Niederländer Harm , Verpoorte Elisabeth , Bischoff Rainer 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn recent years, proteomics has been a subject of intense research. The complexity of proteomics samples has fostered technological developments. One of these addresses the need for more efficient and faster separations. Monolithic columns prepared from organic and silica monomers offer very efficient separations at low backpressure. Silica‐based monoliths have small‐sized skeletons and a bimodal pore size distribution with μm‐sized throughpores and nm‐sized mesopores. This gives silica‐based monoliths favourable properties for high‐efficiency, fast separations, like a low‐pressure drop across the column, fast mass transfer kinetics and a high binding capacity.
Ionically Crosslinked Alginate/Carboxymethyl Chitin Beads for Oral Delivery of Protein Drugs
Authors: Shi Xiao‐Wen , Du Yu‐Min , Sun Li‐Ping , Yang Jian‐Hong , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Su Xue‐Li 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummary: Complex beads composed of alginate and carboxymethyl chitin (CMCT) were prepared by dropping aqueous alginate‐CMCT into an iron(III) solution. The structure and morphology of the beads were characterized by IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IR confirmed electrostatic interactions between iron(III) and the carboxyl groups of alginate as well as CMCT, and the binding model was suggested as a three‐dimensional structure. SEM revealed that CMCT had a porous morphology while alginate and their complex beads had a core‐layer structure. The swelling behavior, encapsulation efficiency, and release behavior of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from the beads at different pHs were investigated. The BSA encapsulation efficiency was fairly high (>90%). It was found that CMCT disintegrated at pH 1.2 and alginate eroded at pH 7.4 while the complex beads could effectively retain BSA in acid (>85%) and reduce the BSA release at pH 7.4. The results suggested that the iron(III)‐alginate‐CMCT bead could be a suitable polymeric carrier for site‐specific protein drug delivery in the intestine.Iron(III)‐alginate‐CMCT beads crosslinked in ferric chloride.magnified imageIron(III)‐alginate‐CMCT beads crosslinked in ferric chloride.
In vitro Biological Performances of Phosphorylcholine‐Grafted ePTFE Prostheses through RFGD Plasma Techniques
Authors: Chevallier Pascale , Janvier Richard , Mantovani Diego , Laroche Gaétan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummary: Arterial prostheses made of microporous Teflon® (ePTFE) are currently used in vascular surgery as bypasses for small and medium vessels. However, several clinical complications, such as thrombosis, frequently occur in these prostheses when implanted in humans. In this work, an original strategy was developed to improve the hemocompatibility of ePTFE prostheses, based on glow‐discharge surface modification followed by chemical grafting of phosphorylcholine, known for its hemocompatible properties. This procedure leads to a covalent attachment of the molecules, therefore preventing their removal by shear stress induced by blood flow at the implant wall. The improvement of the blood compatibility properties of the modified ePTFE arterial prostheses have been investigated by in vitro tests such as thromboelastography, neutrophil adsorption, platelet aggregation, and cell cultures. These in vitro tests put in evidence that thrombogenicity index, platelet aggregation, and neutrophil adhesion were decreased by the molecule grafted on the prostheses. Moreover, the cell growth on the surface of the PRC‐grafted prostheses was greatly enhanced in comparison to the virgin prosthesis. Based on these results, it could be concluded that PRC grafting on ePTFE prostheses permit to improve in vitro hemocompatibility and biocompatibility in comparison with their virgin counterpart.Phosphorylcholine grafting onto ammonia plasma‐treated ePTFE prosthesis and its influence on fibroblast growth.magnified imagePhosphorylcholine grafting onto ammonia plasma‐treated ePTFE prosthesis and its influence on fibroblast growth.
Functional Films of Maleic Anhydride Copolymers under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Pompe Tilo , Renner Lars , Grimmer Milauscha , Herold Nicole , Werner Carsten 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSummary: Reactivity and swelling of nanometer films of alternating maleic anhydride copolymers were investigated in dependence on the kind of comonomer and molar mass of copolymer in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 and pH 3.0 in order to reveal their characteristics under physiological conditions. Fully hydrolyzed (maleic acid) chains of the copolymers with styrene, propene, and ethylene comonomers covalently bound to SiO2 substrates showed a “mushroom” swelling behavior at pH 7.4 with a layer thickness scaling of N3/5. Decreasing the environmental pH was found to induce a comonomer‐dependent shrinking or collapse of the immobilized polymers due to the change in ionization. From the swelling kinetics of non‐hydrolyzed chains, the time constants and characteristics of swelling and anhydride hydrolysis were determined and found to depend on the type of comonomer. The short‐ and long‐term swelling kinetics [l ∼ t and ∼ln(t)1/2] were found to be in agreement with theoretical models of polymer swelling, while at intermediate time scales enhanced swelling was observed due to hydrolysis reaction of maleic anhydride groups. The findings elucidate the variety of properties of maleic anhydride copolymer films under physiological conditions, which can advantageously be applied for biofunctionalization of different templates.Swelling of nanometer films of alternating maleic anhydride copolymers in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 and pH 3.0.magnified imageSwelling of nanometer films of alternating maleic anhydride copolymers in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 and pH 3.0.
Experimental evidence on trading behavior, market efficiency and price formation in double auctions with unknown trading duration
Authors: Duxbury Darren 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe reasons for the highly efficient market outcomes observed under the double auction remain unclear. This paper presents a series of experimental financial markets designed to investigate the importance of unknown trading period duration on trading behavior and the convergence tendencies of such markets. Using panel data techniques the results support the conclusions that individuals generally display more aggressive trading strategies, trading earlier in a period, and that markets exhibit reduced levels of informational efficiency when unknown duration is present. Markets with imperfect information structures are also studied and, in a unique result, are associated with significantly slower rates of trade, as traders become more cautious over their trading strategies. Investigation of the price formation process provides evidence that the pricing error varies over time and the estimation of a fixed effects model provides unique support that learning effects and unknown trading period duration influence the price formation process. Future refinement of theoretical models of the price formation process or institutions of exchange should recognize the effect of unknown trading period duration on market behavior, along with potential learning effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The limits of the wage impact of discrimination
Authors: Becker Elizabeth , Lindsay Cotton M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn spite of almost 40 years of active enforcement efforts by the EEOC, as well as the strong intervention by the plaintiff bar, the most popular benchmark by which we measure the influence of prejudice on wages paid to female and minority workers has changed very little. This paper maintains that to a large extent this seeming immunity of discriminatory wage gaps to the legal remedies provided by Title VII results from the mismeasurement of those effects. An alternative to the standard Oaxaca decomposition of the wage gap is offered which allows us to put plausible ranges around the true impact of antidiscrimination laws. Not only does this reduce the residual impact of the discrimination that appears to withstand Title VII remedies, it also suggests that the pre‐Title VII impact of discrimination on wages accounted for little of the gap observed at the time of its passage. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mystification of operational competitiveness rating analysis
Authors: Wang Shouhong , Wang Hai 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis note examines the fault of the operational competitiveness rating analysis (OCRA) method. The premise of the OCRA method requires that a single scalar measurement must be applied to inputs and outputs to calculate the performance ratings for production units. This property renders the OCRA method worthless, since simple comparisons of the aggregated inputs and outputs can generate accurate productive efficiency evaluation results for production units if the simple aggregation can be done. To avoid this problem, the OCRA method includes subjective weighting elements for input and output categories, so called calibration constants, into the performance rating computation. This approach of the OCRA method introduces much confusion for productive efficiency evaluation, and it violates the economics axiom of output/input maximization in its application context. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing energy consumption costs in desktop PCs and LAN switches with proxying, split TCP connections, and scaling of link speed
Authors: Gunaratne Chamara , Christensen Ken , Nordman Bruce 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe IT equipment comprising the Internet in the USA uses about $6 billion of electricity every year. Much of this electricity use is wasted on idle, but fully powered‐up, desktop PCs and network links. We show how to recover a large portion of the wasted electricity with improved power management methods that are focused on network issues. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IP layer load balance using fuzzy logic under IPv6 anycast mechanism
Authors: Chang Chi‐Yuan , Chen Wei‐Ming , Chao Han‐Chieh , Tsuei T. G. , Liu Hong Bin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWith the emergence of databases and Internet technology, the way data is acquired and accessed has changed with more convenient service. After years of evolution, the current IPv6 Internet Protocol (IP) has enabled the user to check any database worldwide by logging onto the Internet whenever you want and regardless of where you are. The load balance or efficiency issue arises when many users overload a server or database. This paper addresses this issue using the anycast characteristics. An active router design is developed to receive the server load information. This information is in turn used to determine the server's response to solve the load balance problem. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward best maintenance practices in communications network management
Authors: Kamoun Faouzi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBest maintenance practices in communications networks management are benchmarking standards that, if carefully implemented, will enhance the integrity, reliability and maintenance costs of communications networks. This paper defines best maintenance practices in communications network management within a concise framework encompassing measurable performance‐level goals as well as methods and procedures needed to achieve these goals. The best maintenance practice recommendations of this paper cover many segments of communications networks and services, including wireline and wireless networks as well as multiple network spaces and technologies. The paper also outlines certain recent trends in network maintenance and provides specific recommendations for action to be taken to ensure that best network maintenance practices are implemented and maintained. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of mobile ad hoc networks: information model and probe‐based architecture
Authors: Badonnel Remi , State Radu , Festor Olivier 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe increasing need for mobility in networks and computing leads to the deployment of wireless networks without fixed infrastructure, called ad hoc networks. These networks raise new challenges towards monitoring and managing them to provide optimal performance. We propose in this paper a management framework to assess the operational state and the behaviour of mobile ad hoc networks. After presenting the management requirements, we define an information model to manage these networks. Simulations provide an overview of how this model can be used. Finally, we describe a probe‐based architecture with an implementation prototype, to use and populate the information model in a realistic environment. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.