bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christianity and Labor Law
Authors: Kohler Thomas C. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ties between religion and labor law generally go unknown and unappreciated. However, current labor law would not exist without the religious impulse. One cannot understand how and why labor law developed, both within and beyond Europe, and the full scope of its significance without an understanding of the role of religion. Religion is that for the sake of which one does everything else, and as Jürgen Habermas notes, religion “is primordially a worldview” that gives structure to a way of life as a whole. Given the centrality of work to humans, it would be astounding if religion took no notice of work. This chapter discusses the anthropological understandings and significance of work that Judaism and various branches of Christianity take, and it explains how religion shaped understandings of work, motivated actors, and shaped European and American labor and employment law.
Catholic Canon Law
Authors: Hahn Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catholic canon law is the body of laws and legal principles sovereignly established by Catholic authorities to govern the Catholic Church. Current law has developed into two strands: Western, pertaining to the Roman Catholic Church, and Eastern, pertaining to the Catholic Eastern Churches. After centuries of abiding by the 1582 Corpus Iuris Canonici as the main source of law, the universal law of the church was codified by papal legislation in the twentieth century. The key source of law of Roman Catholicism became the Codex Iuris Canonici, established in 1917 and fundamentally reformed after the Second Vatican Council (the current code is from 1983). In 1990, the pope provided the Catholic Eastern Churches with the Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium. Both codes endow the global Catholic Church with a legal frame for regulating the constitution of the church, its preaching, teaching, liturgies, sacraments, and the administration of ecclesiastical goods, sanctions, and procedures. The supreme legislator regulates the legal affairs of the global Catholic Church through further individual laws; local legislators address local Catholic churches’ legal affairs through numerous other laws. Following the Second Vatican Council’s development in ecclesiology, canonical legal theory has curbed much of the quasi-state ambitions of the old law, emphasizing the theological foundation of canon law and its purpose to serve the church as a community of Catholic faithful. This theoretical transformation creates new questions, such as whether it is possible to speak of current canon law as law.
Christianity and Human Rights Law
Authors: Hill Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the foundations of modern human rights law as it is understood and applied under international treaties and other instruments largely composed since the World War II. It reflects on some of the Judeo-Christian thinking that may have informed and animated the drafters of those documents and on the political and diplomatic realities that have shaped their content and enforcement. It examines overtly Christian understandings of human rights law and the role of Christians as advocates of human rights law both for its own sake and in the pursuit of the ecumenical endeavor. Consideration is also given to Christians as the beneficiaries of human rights law and to the conflicts, real or apparent, between the Christian faith and certain of the more secular elements of human rights law in the twenty-first century.
Christianity and the Law of Church-State Relations
Authors: Robbers Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christian approaches to the relation between church and state, manifold and diverse as they appear, are based on the fundamental distinction between the sacred and the secular. The idea of separation between church and state, which has found a multitude of different interpretations and expressions in the vicissitudes of history, closely relates to this religious teaching. Christian Orthodox views uphold the idea of symphonia, the distinction between, but close proximity of, church and state, often expressed in intense loyalty of the church to the secular rulers in the nation-state. The Roman Catholic Church has for long fought with secular rulers for supremacy one over the other, while the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s came to define a cooperative relationship between the two institutions. In the course of history, churches have experienced a broad spectrum of relations to the secular sphere ranging from identification of the two powers to strict and antagonistic separation. Protestant doctrines entail and mirror probably the most diverse views and practices. In some places Protestantism has taken to naming the secular rulers as supreme bishops of various national churches, thereby establishing state churches, but under different historical circumstances Protestantism has also taught the strictest separation between church and state.
Christianity, Law, and the Ecological Crisis
Authors: Montini Massimiliano , Green M. Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humanity is experiencing a global ecological crisis. This chapter examines theological and political approaches to the environment across the Christian tradition. It acknowledges the human roots of the ecological crisis and argues that its main origin can be found in the dominant technocratic paradigm that has shaped human development in the past two centuries. Humanity will be able to tackle the ecological crisis only by developing a different relationship with nature, based on an individual and collective ecological conversion. This should rely on the paradigm of ecological integrity, which recognizes the existence of a close connection between the well-being of humanity and the health and integrity of ecosystems. It is a paradigm that is also giving rise to new ecological understandings of the law.
Christianity and Legal Ethics
Authors: Cochran Robert F. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Christian perspective of legal ethics is grounded in basic Christian themes—Creation, Fall, wisdom, justice, and peace. God created humans in his image, with three significant implications for lawyers: clients and other people who might be affected by legal representation are entitled to dignity; business lawyers and clients exercise dominion—sometimes well, sometimes poorly—as God’s trustees in this world; and lawyers bring the capacity for practical wisdom to legal representation. The work of litigators is grounded in the Fall. They are in the conflict business. Some may choose cases and clients that enable them consistently to fight for justice. More generally, lawyers indirectly contribute to justice by playing a role in the adversary system. Their arguments on each side of a case help judges and juries reach wise, just decisions. Lawyers are also peacemakers: they draft agreements with an eye toward avoiding conflict, they counsel clients to comply with law, and they settle the vast majority of cases before trial. Litigation itself is an alternative to more violent means of resolving disputes. When lawyers and clients disagree over the morality of choices in legal representation, the lawyer may address the disagreement by some combination of the following: refusing to accept or withdrawing from the representation, engaging in moral discourse with the client, or proceeding with the representation and allowing the legal system to resolve the conflict.
Christianity and Human Dignity
Authors: Slotte Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the topic of Christianity and human dignity. The chapter opens by acknowledging the complexity of the issue at stake. Being an open-textured concept, human dignity appears in many different contexts and is attributed different, sometimes complementary, but also in part contrasting meanings. The chapter goes on to explore different uses of talk about human dignity and ascertains what contribution it is thought that human dignity can bring and what kinds of meaning it roughly encompasses, including within Christian narratives, where it is a central notion. Human dignity is studied as linked to status and relationality, to intrinsic value and becoming, and to dignified manner and vocation. The chapter also considers various critiques directed toward talk of human dignity and that point out the limits to that talk and misuse arising in the name of human dignity. The chapter ends by discussing human dignity more specifically in a legal human rights context. It explores what the talk of human dignity is thought to be able to achieve in that context.
Christianity and Sovereignty
Authors: Aroney Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the meaning of sovereignty in both Christian theology and modern jurisprudence and, on the basis of that inquiry, considers what might be right and what might be wrong about the idea. The chapter explains how early Christian theology insisted upon the integral simplicity of the divine nature, such that attributes like God’s power were never abstracted from the other attributes of the divine nature, such as God’s goodness, justice, and mercy. Under the influence of this theology, the human exercise of sovereignty was understood to be limited and ministerial. However, when theologians began to distinguish an aspect of divine sovereignty that they regarded as absolute, the way was opened to an attribution of a similarly absolute power to human institutions, unlimited by law and justice. The absolutely free creative power of God was thus attributed to human lawmakers.
A Tale of Two Social Credit Systems
Authors: Liu Chuncheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Machine learning technologies have permeated diverse sectors, catalyzing transformative shifts in the understanding, management, and navigation of complex sociotechnical systems. However, how are machine learning technologies adopted in different scenarios, and what are the necessary sociotechnical conditions? This chapter undertakes a comparative analysis of machine learning technologies adoption in two Chinese social credit systems. The central argument of this chapter revolves around two primary components: diverse data input and well-defined outcomes. Both elements are fundamental to the effective deployment of machine learning models and influence their accuracy, relevance, and utility. The success or failure of machine learning adoption is not solely a technical or social matter. Instead, as the chapter underscores, there is an intricate balance between technical prowess and social compatibility, both of which are indispensable for successful technology adoption.
Network Neuroscience Methods for Investigating Brain Plasticity
Authors: Finc Karolina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the application of network neuroscience in studying brain plasticity—the brain’s ability to change in response to new experiences. Advances in non invasive neuroimaging techniques have allowed researchers to map the connectivity of the human brain, providing insights into how different brain regions communicate. Network neuroscience, an interdisciplinary field that combines network science and neuroscience, offers a promising approach to understanding the structural and functional brain network changes underlying plasticity. The chapter begins by discussing the fundamentals of network neuroscience methods and the potential challenges in brain plasticity research. It covers various topics, including structural and functional connectivity, dynamic functional connectivity, brain parcellations, resting-state and task-based functional connectivity, and network measures. Later it reviews some recent studies that have utilized the network neuroscience approach to investigate brain plasticity in areas like skill acquisition and changes across the life span. Finally, the chapter presents potential challenges and limitations of using network neuroscience to study brain plasticity, along with suggestions for future research directions and open questions in this exciting field.
Media and Transitional Justice
Authors: Savelsberg Joachim J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using a field theory approach, this chapter explores journalism’s work for, against, and as transitional justice (TJ). Seeking to spread delegitimizing representations of atrocities and repression, TJ institutions depend on media communication. Journalism’s objectivity rule aids TJ institutions, but the juridification of journalistic products may lead to a literal and uncritical transmission of TJ narratives, buying into the institutional logic and other constraints of TJ justice mechanisms. Other features of the media field work against TJ. They include market orientation and the resulting striving for attention-grabbing stories; constraining features of journalistic genres, limiting depth and contributing to a flattening of accounts; tensions between journalistic and judicial habitus; cognitive and spatial disconnects between journalists and TJ institutions; and national filters that impede the transmission of global TJ scripts to national and local levels. When authoritarian regimes follow periods of mass violence, regimes are likely to instrumentalize (politicize) media reporting. Finally, the media may work as TJ when they engage in public shaming of those deemed guilty and reawaken collective memories of past abuses. They may even (re-)ignite interventions by formal TJ institutions. Finally, in all three scenarios of the media for, against, and as TJ, informal social contexts, communities, and opinion leaders filter media messages before they settle in the minds of recipients: a three-step flow of communication.
Settler Colonial States and Transitional Justice
Authors: Cunneen Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores tensions in the relationship between transitional justice and Indigenous demands for recognition (often expressed in terms of sovereignty and reparations for colonial systemic human rights abuses) in the settler colonial states of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. These states are usually absent from considerations of transitional justice. The author challenges this assumption. In recent years transitional justice mechanisms within settler colonial states, including reparations, apologies, inquiries, and truth commissions, have been adopted. However, these responses have been limited and do not address some of the core demands of Indigenous peoples including recognition of self-determination and sovereignty. The ongoing nature of settler colonialism complicates transitional justice processes: rectifying the past demands changing the structural conditions of the present relationship between Indigenous peoples and settler colonial states.
Transitional Justice Temporalities
Authors: Miller Zinaida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that notions of time and temporality are central to the study and practice of transitional justice. The first part of the chapter, “The Times of Transitional Justice,” explores the vying origin points and histories of the field of transitional justice. It contends that both the methodological focus and starting point of an historical study influences how flexible and inclusive the transitional justice field appears to be in contemporary context. The second section, “Time in Transitional Justice,” analyzes the ways in which transitional justice institutions and scholars shape perceptions of the past and ideas about mourning, grief, and reconstruction. It argues that transitional justice practices often promote a vision of justice for harms committed in a relatively recent past that has been—or soon will be—successfully overcome. In doing so, they may make it more difficult to account not only for continuing harm and inequality but for complex, contested pasts. The final section traces the continuities between colonial temporalities enforced through violence and the temporality embedded in contemporary transitional justice by tracing two sets of challenges to mainstream accounts of time in transitional justice: counter-histories (which define the material and ideological stakes of different historical choices) and counter-practices (which contrast assumed singular or linear modes of mourning and memory with Indigenous, postcolonial, and pluralist conceptions). By assessing time from multiple perspectives, the chapter calls for closer attention to the ways in which justice institutions may unwittingly reinforce rather than transform past and present forms of temporal domination.
Conversion
Authors: McGever Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Christian fundamentalist understanding of conversion concerns the matter of the experience of receiving salvation. Christian fundamentalists inherited their understanding of conversion from the evangelical tradition. Fundamentalists identified that modernists attacked the supernatural nature not only of the Bible, of the virgin birth, and of the miracles of Jesus, they also recognized that modernists sought to deny the supernatural nature of evangelical conversion. This chapter argues that fundamentalists hold that the experience of Christian conversion, as well as regeneration, which is the divine correlate to the human experience of conversion, is supernatural. Christian fundamentalists also generally held to dispensational millennialism; they believe that the call for conversion should be urgent, but this came with a twinge of pessimism regarding its success. The final argument this chapter makes is that Christian fundamentalists can be accused of contradicting their primary belief that conversion is supernatural whenever they make themselves arbitrators of who is and who is not a Christian. This chapter shows that the supernatural nature of conversion is a critical aspect of Christian fundamentalists past and present.
A Fundamentalist Forerunner?
Authors: Breimaier Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The roots of fundamentalism are many and varied, but the Victorian British Baptist C. H. Spurgeon’s conflict with the Baptist Union from 1887 anticipated some of the issues that would animate fundamentalists in the early twentieth century. This chapter examines the so-called Downgrade Controversy, a theological spat in which Spurgeon accused the Baptist Union of tolerating theological liberalism within its ranks, and which resulted in his eventual withdrawal from the denomination. It does so by examining the theological underpinnings of Spurgeon’s disagreements with the Baptist Union in four areas: the place of evangelicalism, the inspiration of the Bible, penal substitutionary atonement, and the final Judgement and eternal punishment. It argues that while Spurgeon was not himself a fundamentalist, his stand against theological liberalism meant that he became a rallying figure for American fundamentalists in the decades after his death.
Sex and Sexuality
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys Christian fundamentalists’ century-long crusade to defend what they view as ‘traditional’ sexual values. From its earliest iterations, fundamentalism has striven for sexual purity through premarital chastity and life-long fidelity in heterosexual matrimony. Yet this ideal has been challenged by broader cultural shifts and undermined by the conduct of the very ministers who have been sexual purity’s most ardent advocates. Time and again, as fundamentalists combated the sexual liberalism of their culture, the people at the top of their leadership betrayed signs of weakness and corruption in the realm of private sexual practices. This chapter traces the constant interplay between stated ideals of sexual purity and lived realities of sexual transgression in the hundred-year history of the fundamentalist movement.
Israel and the Middle East
Authors: Hummel Daniel G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American fundamentalists have thought, preached, and written about the Middle East more than any other region of the globe. This chapter suggests three primary reasons why. First, the Middle East includes the Holy Land, representing the locus of God’s interactions with humanity as recorded in the Bible, as well as the site of the culmination of history and fulfilment of biblical prophecies. Second, the region has represented a priority mission field for fundamentalists, a region they see as dominated by Islam and in need of the Christian message. Third, the United States’ increasing global reach over the twentieth century meant that fundamentalists directed their attention to the region as Americans as well as Christians, conceptualizing the Middle East in civilizational conflict with the Christian West.
Defining and Interpreting Christian Fundamentalism
Authors: Atherstone Andrew , Ceri Jones David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much ink has been spilled trying to define fundamentalism and distinguish it from the wider evangelical movement. While this introductory chapter surveys these attempts at categorization in some detail, it does not seek to offer a new or composite definition of the movement. Rather it reflects on some of the reasons for the resurgence of scholarly interest in fundamentalism, especially since the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington DC in 2001, and describes how historians and others have understood the fundamentalist mentality. It then looks at the porous relationship between evangelicalism and fundamentalism, and the ways in which fundamentalism is used as a polemic category (by means of a case study of reactions to the hugely popular Alpha course, launched in 1993), before charting some of the main historiographical approaches to the subject from the 1930s to the present day.
The Scopes Trial
Authors: Clark Constance Areson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issues inspired by the Scopes evolution trial of 1925 were about more than just the content of science or competing theologies or religious practices. Although it did not set any legal precedents, the trial and the debate surrounding it raised questions about the role of expertise and authority in a democracy, and about democracy itself. It highlighted the role of the media in shaping interpretations of complex events. Media coverage of the trial contributed to stereotypes that have had lasting legacies. It suggested the complexity of defining science, and the growing authority of science. Stereotypes of fundamentalists following the trial, and later in Only Yesterday and Inherit the Wind may have had lasting legacies. The mythology of the Scopes trial mattered more than did the trial itself.
Complexity Science and Networks in Archaeology
Authors: Romanowska Iza 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe study of complex systems has been a fertile ground across many scientific disciplines. Archaeology has been late in wider adoption of complexity science, both in terms of the philosophy of science shift, and in terms of the technical move toward more computational-based research. However, its potential to address questions on complex dynamic interactions, long-term adaptive processes, and socionatural mechanisms makes it a relevant tool for studying past societies. Network science is, together with simulation, a key tool for studying complexity. They are commonly used to describe and model the web of interactions between components of complex systems, and several archaeological applications demonstrate their potential. Network science techniques provide a formal framework that makes it easier to reconstruct the lives and behavior of past peoples based on their aggregated actions preserved in the archaeological record. It also makes it easier to understand and generalize the processes behind these trends, thus unlocking the comparative potential of archaeology and history for contemporary problems and giving computational archaeologists a significant role to play.