bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ooi Say-Tat , Frazee Lawrence A , Gardner William G 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVE To review the literature regarding the management of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in patients with diabetes mellitus. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE (1967–June 2003) and bibliographic search of the English-language literature was conducted using the search terms diabetes mellitus, asymptomatic, bacteriuria, and urinary tract infection. DATA SYNTHESIS ASB occurs in diabetic women more commonly than in non-diabetics and is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients with type 2 diabetes. Symptomatic UTIs tend to follow a more complicated course in diabetics. Despite these independent observations, antimicrobial therapy has not been shown to reduce symptomatic UTIs, pyelonephritis, or hospitalization for UTI. CONCLUSION Available evidence does not support antimicrobial treatment of ASB among patients with diabetes mellitus.
Hypocalcemia and Azotemia Associated with Zoledronic Acid and Interferon Alfa
Authors: Tanvetyanon Tawee , Choudhury Abdul M 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVE To describe severe hypocalcemia and acute renal failure associated with zoledronic acid and interferon alfa in a patient with metastatic carcinoid tumors. CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old white man with metastatic carcinoid tumor tolerated treatment with subcutaneous long-acting octreotide monthly and interferon alfa 6 million units 3 times weekly for 6 months. Due to multiple bony metastases, zoledronic acid was prescribed as a monthly 4-mg intravenous infusion over 30 minutes to prevent skeletal-related events. Although the first infusion went well, the patient developed severe hypocalcemia and acute renal failure after the second zoledronic infusion. DISCUSSION Bisphosphonates may infrequently cause symptomatic hypocalcemia, especially among patients who have vitamin D deficiency or hypoparathyroidism or receive treatment with an aminoglycoside. Our literature review suggests that zoledronic acid and interferon alfa may exert additive effects on the inhibition of osteoclasts, thus potentially precipitating hypocalcemia. Renal dysfunction may not be a direct consequence of interferon alfa. However, altered mental function due to hypocalcemia may lead to dehydration and further exacerbate renal dysfunction, a known adverse effect of zoledronic acid. Since therapeutic indications of both interferon alfa and zoledronic acid continue to expand, clinicians should be aware of these serious adverse reactions and potential interaction. Supportive treatment with hydration, calcium supplement, and oral calcitriol resulted in resolution of hypocalcemia, but only partial improvement of azotemia. CONCLUSIONS In our patient with metastatic carcinoid tumor, treatment with zoledronic acid and interferon alfa was associated with symptomatic hypocalcemia and acute renal failure.
Ephedra–Associated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Naik Sarjita D , Freudenberger Ronald S 
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVE To report 2 cases of cardiomyopathy associated with use of dietary supplements containing ephedra. CASE SUMMARIES A 19-year-old white man presented to the emergency department (ED) complaining of exertional shortness of breath and episodic chest pain radiating to the left arm. Left heart catheterization revealed no significant coronary artery disease, a dilated left ventricle, and global hypokinesis. He was discharged home 5 days after admission on standard therapies for heart failure, but died 5 weeks later. A 21-year-old white man presented to the ED with recurrent chest pain and was diagnosed with myopericarditis. An echocardiogram showed global hypokinesis with an ejection fraction of 40–50%. He was treated for myopericarditis with standard therapies for heart failure. An objective causality assessment probability scale revealed that an adverse drug reaction was possible between cardiomyopathy and ephedra use in these 2 patients. Both of these cases have been reported to MedWatch. DISCUSSION Ephedrine is a potent sympathomimetic agent with direct and indirect effects on adrenergic receptors to cause increases in heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, and vascular resistance. The adverse effects of adrenergic stimulation are well known in cardiomyopathy, inducing direct and indirect myocyte toxicity. CONCLUSION It is well documented that ephedra, through its sympathomimetic effects, can cause a range of cardiovascular toxicities including myocarditis, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, and sudden death.
Thymic function and immunoglobulin mutation genotype in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients
Authors: Nardini Elena , Neri Francesca , Vicenzi Elisa , Poli Guido , Capello Daniela , Gaidano Gianluca , Vitolo Umberto , Ménard Sylvie , Balsari Andrea 
Published: January 2004

AbstractB‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL) is characterized by a profound dysregulation of the host's immune system at both the humoral and cellular level. We investigated to see if this dysregulation could be due partly to thymus dysfunction by quantifying the number of signal joint T‐cell receptor excision circles (sjTRECs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 30 untreated B‐CLL patients at diagnosis and in age‐matched healthy controls. sjTRECs were found decreased, normal and elevated in 19, 9 and 2 patients, respectively, in comparison to age‐matched controls. We next speculated that sjTREC levels might be related to an accredited B‐CLL prognostic marker represented by the somatic hypermutation (SHM) status of the variable heavy chain (VH) genes. Eight of 17 patients with SHMs had sjTREC levels in the range of or higher than normal donors, whereas only 3 of the 13 patients lacking SHMs had normal sjTREC levels. After a 5‐year observation period in 16 patients for whom a clinical follow‐up was available, only 2 of 10 patients with SHMs progressed vs. 5 of 6 patients without SHMs and 3 of 7 patients with normal or higher sjTREC levels progressed vs. 4 of 9 with low sjTREC levels. Our study demonstrates that sjTREC levels are decreased in >60% of B‐CLL patients and suggests a potential role of thymus in the immune dysfunction of these patients. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic polymorphisms and modulation of 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP)‐DNA adducts in human lymphocytes
Authors: Magagnotti Cinzia , Pastorelli Roberta , Pozzi Simonetta , Andreoni Bruno , Fanelli Roberto , Airoldi Luisa 
Published: January 2004

Abstract2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP) is the most abundant heterocyclic amine derived from food, possibly involved in human carcinogenesis. We evaluated the formation of PhIP‐DNA adducts in lymphocytes from 76 incident colorectal cancer patients likely to be exposed to dietary PhIP. To address the role of the metabolic polymorphisms relevant to PhIP‐DNA adduct formation, the patients were genotyped for common polymorphisms in the N‐acetyltransferase (NAT1 and NAT2), sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) and glutathione S‐transferase (GSTM1 and GSTA1) genes. PhIP released from adducted DNA after hydrolysis was quantitated by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, adducts were 3.24 ± 3.58/108 nucleotides (mean ± SD); they were not related to sex, smoking habits or age, though levels were not significantly higher in smokers, young subjects and high meat consumers. High vegetable intake significantly reduced PhIP‐DNA adducts (Mann‐Whitney U, p = 0.044). Individuals with the GSTM1 null genotype showed colon cancer onset at earlier age (58.8 ± 1.8 vs. 63.5 ± 1.6 years; Mann‐Whitney U, p = 0.047). None of the genetic polymorphisms studied significantly affected PhIP‐DNA adducts. However, individuals carrying 2 mutated GSTA1 alleles and younger than the median age had higher adduct levels than homozygous wild‐type and heterozygous ones (Kruskal‐Wallis p = 0.0008). In conclusion, these preliminary data indicate that PhIP‐DNA adducts are formed in people likely to be exposed to this carcinogen through the diet, suggesting this biomarker may be useful to detect human exposure and DNA damage. Overall, the genetic polymorphisms considered had limited effect on PhIP‐DNA levels, but young people with lower detoxification capacity may form a subgroup particularly susceptible to dietary carcinogen. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 12p does not correlate with KRAS mutation in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Uchiyama Mika , Usami Noriyasu , Kondo Masashi , Mori Shoichi , Ito Masao , Ito Genshi , Yoshioka Hiromu , Imaizumi Munehisa , Ueda Yuichi , Takahashi Masahide , Minna John D. , Shimokata Kaoru , Sekido Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2004

AbstractActivating mutations of RAS gene families have been found in a variety of human malignancies, including lung cancer, suggesting their dominant role in tumorigenesis. However, several studies have shown a frequent loss of the wild‐type KRAS allele in the tumors of murine models and an inhibition of oncogenic phenotype in tumor cell lines by transfection of wild‐type RAS, indicating that wild‐type RAS may have oncosuppressive properties. To determine whether loss of wild‐type KRAS is involved in the development of human lung cancer, we investigated the mutations of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF in 154 primary non‐small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) as well as 10 NSCLC cell lines that have been shown to have KRAS mutations. We also determined the loss of heterozygosity status of KRAS alleles in these tumors. We detected point mutations of KRAS in 11 (7%) of 154 NSCLCs, with 10 cases at codon 12 and 1 at codon 61, but no mutations of NRAS or BRAF were found. Using the laser capture microdissection technique, we confirmed that 9 of the 11 tumors and 7 of the 10 NSCLC cell lines retained the wild‐type KRAS allele. Among the cell lines with heterozygosity of mutant and wild‐type KRAS, all of the cell lines tested for expression were shown to express more mutated KRAS than wild‐type mRNA, with higher amounts of KRAS protein also being expressed compared to the cell lines with a loss of wild‐type KRAS allele. In addition, among 148 specimens available for immunohistochemical analysis, 113 (76%) showed positive staining of KRAS, indicating that the vast majority of NSCLCs continue to express wild‐type KRAS. Our findings indicate that the wild‐type KRAS allele is occasionally lost in human lung cancer, and that the oncogenic activation of mutant KRAS is more frequently associated with an overexpression of the mutant allele than with a loss of the wild‐type allele in human NSCLC development. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical inactivity and percent breast density among Hispanic women
Authors: López Pilar , Van Horn Linda , Colangelo Laura A. , Wolfman Judith A. , Hendrick R. Edward , Gapstur Susan M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractResults of epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse association between breast cancer risk and physical activity; this is one of the few modifiable breast cancer risk factors identified to date. However, only 2 previous studies assessed the association between physical activity and the extent of mammographically‐detected fibroglandular breast density, a marker of breast cancer risk. Moreover, there has been no study of physical inactivity and percent breast density, nor a study of this relationship in Hispanic women, who are less physically active than non‐Hispanic whites. In the Chicago Breast Health Project, we collected information on sociodemographic, reproductive, medical and lifestyle factors and percent breast density, assessed quantitatively using full‐field digital mammography, from 294 Hispanic women. In our study, we examined the independent associations of hours per day of physical inactivity with percent breast density using multivariate linear regression analysis adjusting for age, education, body mass index, parity, menopausal status, use of hormone replacement therapy and smoking status. Overall, the mean percent breast density was low (i.e., 17.7%) and ranged from 1.9% to 54.6%. There was no difference in percent breast density for women who reported 1.5–3.0 hr of physical inactivity per day compared to women who reported 0–1 hr per day (β = −0.08, p = 0.95), but percent density was marginally significantly higher for women who were reported at least 3.5 hr per day of physical inactivity (β = 3.18, p = 0.056). Results were similar, albeit less statistically significant, in analyses of pre/perimenopausal and postmenopausal women separately. These results support the need for further research investigating the effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A cross‐sectional investigation of breast density and insulin‐like growth factor I
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Williams Andrew E. , Kaaks Rudolph 
Published: January 2004

AbstractOur study investigated the association of breast cancer risk as assessed by mammographic density with insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and one of its binding proteins (IGFBP‐3) in healthy premenopausal women with different ethnic backgrounds. In a cross‐sectional design, we analyzed the baseline mammograms and fasting serum samples (collected 5 days after ovulation) of premenopausal women entering a nutritional intervention. Serum concentrations of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 were measured by double‐antibody ELISA. Mammographic densities were assessed using a computer‐assisted method. We calculated Spearman correlation coefficients between mammographic characteristics and analytes and estimated means of mammographic characteristics by quartiles of IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 while adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI) and reproductive factors. In this group of 240 women, IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3 and percent densities did not differ significantly by ethnicity. Whereas mammographic densities were not associated with IGF‐I, we found an inverse relation with IGFBP‐3 (rs = ‐0.15, p = 0.02) and a positive association with the IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio (rs = 0.13, p = 0.04). The size of the dense areas was not associated with the analytes, but the size of the nondense areas was correlated directly with IGFBP‐3 (rs = 0.20, p = 0.002) and inversely with the molar ratio (rs = −0.19, p = 0.004). These associations were limited to women with a BMI of less than 25 kg/m2. These results suggest that the balance of circulating IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 levels may influence the growth of the fatty part of the breast more than the epithelial and stromal breast tissue, but the exact mechanism of action needs to be explored in more detail. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene transfer of α1,3‐fucosyltransferase increases tumor growth of the PC‐3 human prostate cancer cell line through enhanced adhesion to prostatic stromal cells
Authors: Inaba Yasuo , Ohyama Chikara , Kato Tetsuro , Satoh Makoto , Saito Hideo , Hagisawa Shigeru , Takahashi Toshiko , Endoh Mareyuki , Fukuda Michiko N. , Arai Yoichi , Fukuda Minoru 
Published: January 2004

AbstractElevated expression of sialyl Lewis X has been postulated to be a prognostic indicator of prostate cancer. However, direct evidence for the relationship between increased expression of sialyl Lewis X and malignancy of prostate cancer is still lacking. To determine whether increased levels of sialyl Lewis X leads to malignancy in prostate tumor, we transfected the human prostate cancer cell line PC‐3 with α1,3‐fucosyltransferase III (FTIII) to obtain stable transfectants, PC‐3‐FTIII lines, that highly express sialyl Lewis X. When inoculated in the prostate of nude mice, PC‐3‐FTIII cells produced large prostate tumors, while mock‐transfected PC‐3 cells, which are negative for sialyl Lewis X antigen, produced small prostate tumors. The aggressive tumor formation by PC‐3‐FTIII cells was inhibited by preincubation of the tumor cells with anti‐sialyl Lewis X antibody, by the presence of sialyl Lewis X oligosaccharide or by selectin ligand mimic peptide but not by control peptide. PC‐3‐FTIII cells and mock‐transfected PC‐3 cells exhibited no significant difference in cell numbers when culturedin vitro. Remarkably, PC‐3‐FTIII adhered to prostatic stromal cellsin vitrowith higher affinity than mock‐transfected PC‐3. Such adhesion was inhibited by preincubation of PC‐3‐FTIII cells with antisialyl Lewis X antibody, by the addition of sialyl Lewis X oligosaccharide or by selectin ligand mimic peptide. However, anti‐E‐selectin, anti‐P‐selectin or anti‐L‐selectin antibodies did not inhibit the adhesion of PC‐3‐FTIII cells to the stromal cells. These results suggest that prostate cancer cells gain aggressiveness through adhesive interaction with prostatic stromal cells by a novel mechanism involving sialyl Lewis X. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneous expression and association of β‐catenin, p16 and c‐myc in multistage colorectal tumorigenesis and progression detected by tissue microarray
Authors: Xie Dan , Sham Jonathan S.T. , Zeng Wei‐Fen , Lin Han‐Liang , Che Li‐Hong , Wu Hui‐Xi , Wen Jian‐Ming , Fang Yan , Hu Liang , Guan Xin‐Yuan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMost colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) arise from adenomas through an archetypal pathogenic pathway, the adenoma‐carcinoma‐metastasis sequence. Aberrant expression of β‐catenin, p16, E‐cadherin and c‐myc appears to have played important roles in the development and/or progression of CRC, but their precise distribution pattern and associations in different pathologic loci along CRC's pathogenic pathway have not been thoroughly examined. In this study, a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 85 advanced CRCs in different Dukes stages was constructed. In each of 85 cases, tissue specimens from normal mucosa and primary carcinomas in different layers of the bowel wall were included in the TMA. Tissue specimens from matched adenoma, lymph node metastases and distant metastases were obtained from 22, 21 and 21 cases, respectively. Expression patterns of β‐catenin, p16, E‐cadherin and c‐myc were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that nuclear expression of β‐catenin, p16 and c‐myc was quantitatively increased from normal mucosa to premalignant adenoma, primary carcinoma and lymph node metastatic carcinoma; the frequency of nuclear overexpression of β‐catenin and p16 in lymph node metastases was significantly higher than that in distant metastases (p < 0.05). These results suggest an association between nuclear overexpression of β‐catenin and/or p16 and CRC lymph node metastasis but not distant metastasis. The results also showed that correlative high nuclear expression of β‐catenin and c‐myc was observed in primary carcinomas involving the serosa and lymph node metastases (p < 0.05) but not in other pathologic regions of CRCs, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment in different pathologic loci of colorectal tumorigenesis and progression may influence c‐myc responsiveness to β‐catenin/Tcf activation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consequences of behavioral dynamics for the population dynamics of predator‐prey systems with switching
Authors: Abrams Peter A. , Matsuda Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article explores how different mechanisms governing the rate of change of the predator's preference alter the dynamics of predator‐prey systems in which the predator exhibits positive frequency‐dependent predation. The models assume that individuals of the predator species adaptively adjust a trait that determines their relative capture rates of each of two prey species. The resulting switching behavior does not instantaneously attain the optimum for current prey densities, but instead lags behind it. Several mechanisms producing such lags are discussed and modeled. In all cases examined, our question is whether a realistic behavioral lag can significantly change the dynamics of the system relative to an analogous case in which the predator's switching is effectively instantaneous. We also explore whether increasing the rate parameters of dynamic models of behavior results in convergence to the population dynamics of analogous models with instantaneous switching, and whether different behavioral models produce similar population dynamics. The analysis concentrates on systems that undergo endogenously generated predator‐prey cycles in the absence of switching behavior. The average densities and the nature of indirect interactions are often sensitive to the rate of behavioral change, and are often qualitatively different for different classes of behavioral models. Dynamics and average densities can be very sensitive to small changes in parameters of either the prey growth or predator switching functions. These differences suggest that an understanding of switching in natural systems will require research into the behavioral mechanisms that govern lags in the response of predator preference to changes in prey density.
Attitudes towards Roma Minority Rights in Hungary: A Case of Ethnic Doxa, and the Contested Legitimization of Roma Inferiority
Authors: Koulish Robert E. 
Published: January 2004

In 1994, after the enactment of Hungary's Minority Rights legislation (herein the Act), representatives from India rather than Roma themselves were invited to represent the Roma at the signing ceremony, against the request of Roma leaders. During an interview in August 2000, former member of Parliament and Roma leader Aladar Horvath describes the events this way:[t]hey invited all the representatives of the nationalities, and the representative of the Hungarian Gypsies was someone from India … Antall Jozsef made a speech in which he said he wouldn't prevent that Hungarian Gypsies consider India as a mothercountry, and India considers the Hungarian Gypsies as children. In the Indian Embassy, they didn't say a word, and I said, as a member of Parliament: we very much appreciate this gesture that the politicians made, but thank you very much but that's not really what we want. We have very thin roots in Iridia, but they are much stronger here in Europe and Hungary.
Comparison of the effectiveness of the Hanen Parent Programme and traditional clinic therapy
Authors: Baxendale Janet , Hesketh Anne 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground: Both direct (clinician to child) and indirect (clinician to carer) approaches are currently used in the management of children with language delay, but there is as yet little evidence about their relative effects or resource implications.Aims: This research project compared the Hanen Parent Programme (HPP) in terms of its effectiveness and consequent suitability for an inner‐city UK population with clinic‐based, direct intervention.Methods & Procedures: Thirty‐seven children aged 2;06–3;06 years with a diagnosis of language impairment and their parents took part in the research project. The children were allocated on a geographical basis to receive therapy either as part of an HPP or in a clinic. Nineteen children and their families took part in one of the five Hanen groups that ran successively over 16 months; 18 children and their families received clinic‐based intervention. The children's language was assessed using the PLS‐3 (UK version) and from an analysis of audio‐taped parent and child interaction at three assessment points, one pretherapy and two post‐therapy over 12 months. Two parent language measures were also analysed.Outcomes & Results: Significant gains in language scores were shown by 71% of the children over 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences in child language scores between the two therapy groups at any assessment point. However, the HPP was twice as intensive (in terms of therapist time) as clinic therapy based on average group size, which has resource implications.Conclusions: Results suggest that there are parent and child factors that need consideration when choosing an appropriate intervention programme for a child with language impairment. Parental expectations, existing interaction style and the level of child language may be important influencing factors.