bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A full belly and colostrum: Two major determinants of filial love
Authors: Val‐Laillet David , Simon Maud , Nowak Raymond 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe establishment of filial bonding in sheep relies on the success of the first suckling bouts. Previous work has shown that colostrum ingestion facilitates the development of a preference for the mother. We conducted a series of experiments to investigate the influence of quantitative and qualitative factors linked to fluid ingestion. The first experiment demonstrated that the procedure was not detrimental to the mother–young interaction and did not cause any harm to the lamb. In a second experiment, lambs could interact with their dam, but were deprived of suckling during the first 12 hr after birth (The udder was covered.) and fed via a nasogastric tube in the presence of their mother on seven occasions. When tested in a two‐choice test at 12 hr of age, lambs that received either colostrum or saline (total amount = 10% birth weight) spent more time near their own dam than near an alien ewe. When smaller volumes of fluids were used (5% birth weight), lambs that received colostrum showed a preference for their mother while those ingesting saline did not. The differences persisted at 24 hr even though all the lambs had access to the maternal udder from 12 hr onward, and these differences were not related to weight variations or body temperature. In the choice test, the motor skills and vocal activity of the lambs were not affected by the treatment nor were the behaviors of the ewes. The third experiment showed that colostrum, and saline to a lesser extent, reduces the number of vocalizations emitted by lambs compared to sham‐intubated lambs, but did not otherwise influence mother–young interactions. This suggests that postingestive factors may facilitate the development of mother preference through a satiated or comforted state. This is the first evidence that depending on the amount of liquids ingested, a preferential relationship with the mother can be established via nutritional and nonnutritional signals originating from the gastrointestinal region, pointing out the major role played by the gut–brain axis in the development of filial bonding. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 45: 163‐173, 2004.
Restricted innervation of uterus and placenta during pregnancy: Evidence for a role of the repelling signal Semaphorin 3A
Authors: Marzioni Daniela , Tamagnone Luca , Capparuccia Lorena , Marchini Cristina , Amici Augusto , Todros Tullia , Bischof Paul , Neidhart Sybille , Grenningloh Gabriele , Castellucci Mario 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBecause data from the literature suggest a lack of innervation of the placenta, we have investigated placenta, umbilical cord, and uterus to identify the molecules that play a role in regulating innervation in these organs. Neuropilin‐1 and Plexin‐A1 are cell surface proteins that form a receptor complex for Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A), a secreted molecule mediating repelling signals for axonal growth cones. We have analyzed the expression of Neuropilin‐1, Plexin‐A1, and Semaphorin 3A in the above‐mentioned tissues on the hypothesis that these molecules could regulate innervation in these organs during gestation. We found that nervous fibers are only present in the proximal part of the umbilical cord, close to the newborn, and in nongestational uterine tissues. In contrast, nervous fibers are not present in the distal segment of the umbilical cord, in the placenta and in the uterine tissues during gestation. We also found that Sema 3A receptors, Neuropilin‐1 and Plexin‐A1, are expressed by the nervous fibers of the proximal part of the umbilical cord, whereas Sema 3A is secreted in the umbilical cord, in the placenta, and in gestational uterine tissues. We report that a factor secreted in the umbilical cord induces the collapse of neurite growth cones in vitro and provide evidence that this factor is Sema 3A. In summary, our results suggest that the chemorepulsive signals mediated by Sema 3A play an important role in preventing nerve fibers growth in the umbilical cord and in gestational uterine tissues. The inhibition of nerve growth into the myometrium as well as into the placenta could be considered fundamental processes to preserve the fetus from external stressful events. Developmental Dynamics 231:839–848, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nodal/activin signaling establishes oral–aboral polarity in the early sea urchin embryo
Authors: Flowers Vera Lynn , Courteau Girard R. , Poustka Albert J. , Weng Wei , Venuti Judith M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractComponents of the Wnt signaling pathway are involved in patterning the sea urchin primary or animal–vegetal (AV) axis, but the molecular cues that pattern the secondary embryonic axis, the aboral/oral (AO) axis, are not known. In an analysis of signaling molecules that influence patterning along the sea urchin embryonic axes, we found that members of the activin subfamily of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling molecules influence the establishment of AO polarities in the early embryo. Injection of activin mRNAs into fertilized eggs or treatment with exogenously applied recombinant activin altered the allocation of ectodermal fates and ventralized the embryo. The phenotypes observed resemble the ventralized phenotype previously reported for NiCl2, a known disrupter of AO patterning. Sensitivity to exogenous activin occurs between fertilization and the late blastula stage, which is also the time of highest NiCl2 sensitivity. These results argue that specification of fates along the embryonic AO axis involves TGF‐β signaling. To further examine TGF‐β signaling in these embryos, we cloned an endogenous TGF‐β from sea urchin embryos that is a member of the activin subfamily, SpNodal, and show through gain of function analysis that it recapitulates results obtained with exogenous activins and NiCl2. The expression pattern of SpNodal is consistent with a role for nodal signaling in the establishment of fates along the AO axis. Loss of function experiments using SpNodal antisense morpholinos also support a role for SpNodal in the establishment of the AO axis. Developmental Dynamics 231:727–740, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PDGFR‐α signaling is critical for tooth cusp and palate morphogenesis
Authors: Xu Xun , Bringas Pablo , Soriano Philippe , Chai Yang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPlatelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR‐α) and PDGF ligands are key regulators for embryonic development. Although Pdgfrα is spatially expressed in the cranial neural crest (CNC)‐derived odontogenic mesenchyme, mice deficient for Pdgfrα are embryonic lethal, making it impossible to investigate the functional significance of PDGF signaling in regulating the fate of CNC cells during tooth morphogenesis. Taking advantage of the kidney capsule assay, we investigated the biological function of PDGF signaling in regulating tooth morphogenesis. Pdgfrα and Pdgfa are specifically and consistently expressed in the CNC‐derived odontogenic mesenchyme and the dental epithelium, respectively, throughout all stages of tooth development, suggesting a paracrine function of PDGF signaling in regulating tooth morphogenesis. Highly concentrated expression patterns of Pdgfrα and Pdgfa are associated with the developing dental cusp, suggesting possible functional importance of PDGF signaling in regulating cusp formation. Loss of the Pdgfrα gene does not affect proper odontoblasts proliferation and differentiation in the CNC‐derived odontogenic mesenchyme but perturbs the formation of extracellular matrix and the organization of odontoblast cells at the forming cusp area, resulting in dental cusp growth defect. Pdgfrα−/− mice have complete cleft palate. We show that the cleft palate in Pdgfrα mutant mice results from an extracellular matrix defect within the CNC‐derived palatal mesenchyme. The midline epithelium of the mutant palatal shelf remains functionally competent to mediate palatal fusion once the palatal shelves are placed in close contact in vitro. Collectively, our data suggests that PDGFRα and PDGFA are critical regulators for the continued epithelial–mesenchymal interaction during tooth and palate morphogenesis. Disruption of PDGFRα signaling disturbs the growth of dental cusp and interferes with the critical extension of palatal shelf during craniofacial development. Developmental Dynamics 232:75–84, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recursive computation‐based stereo matching and its implementation in VLSI
Authors: Miura Kiyoshi , Hariyama Masanori , Kameyama Michitaka 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn important issue in the design of stereo vision, which is a necessity for robotic perception in three dimensions, is rapid determination of corresponding points in two shifted images. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying equivalent points on such images based on the computation of sums of absolute differences (SAD). Because the use of this method to identify such equivalent points can result in a rapidly increasing number of SAD computation cycles, reducing the number of these computations becomes an important issue. In this paper we propose a recursive algorithm for SAD computations that takes into account the existence of intermediate results that are common to several SAD operations. Our algorithm not only reduces the amount of computation, but also is suitable for VLSI implementation due to its regularity and ease of parallelization. Using this algorithm, we have reduced the amount of computation to 1.2% of the amount required when recursive computation is not used. In addition, we propose an allocation architecture based on scheduling that minimizes the memory capacity required for the intermediate results by minimizing the interconnections between computers. Our analysis reveals that performance levels 5000 times higher than the levels for special‐use processors are achievable. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 87(12): 19–27, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10191
The Role of Secondary Interactions in Group 11 Metal Complexes Containing the Ferrocene Ligand FcCH2NHpyMe in Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Barranco Eva M. , Crespo Olga , Gimeno M. Concepción , Jones Peter G. , Laguna Antonio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe ferrocene ligand 6‐[(ferrocenylmethyl)amino]‐2‐picoline, FcCH2NHpyMe [Fc = (η5‐C5H5)Fe(η5‐C5H4)], has been prepared by treatment of FcCH2NMe2 with 6‐amino‐2‐picoline, NH2pyMe. The coordination chemistry with group 11 metals has been studied and several complexes with coordination of the metal atom to the pyridine nitrogen atom, such as [M(PPh3)(FcCH2NHpyMe)]OTf, [Au(C6F5)(FcCH2NHpyMe)] and [AuR3(FcCH2NHpyMe)] (M = Au, Ag; R3 = (C6F5)3, (C6F5)2Cl; OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate), have been obtained. The complex [Cu(FcCH2NHpyMe)2]PF6 has also been synthesised with a probable coordination of the copper centre to the pyridine and amine nitrogen atoms. Deprotonation of the NH group allows the synthesis of dinuclear complexes of the type [M2(PPh3)2(FcCH2NpyMe)]X or [Au2(C6F5)(PPh3)(FcCH2NpyMe)] with a mixed pyridine−amide ligand. Some of the complexes have been characterised by X‐ray diffraction and show the presence of intramolecular aurophilic interactions in the dinuclear complex and intermolecular interactions leading to chains in the mononuclear complex. Other types of secondary bonds are present in these structures, such as hydrogen bonding and weak η2 interactions between the gold centre and the cyclopentadienyl ring. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Biocatalysis for the Production of Cosmetic Ingredients
Authors: Veit T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBiocatalysis has been proven to be a valuable and powerful tool for organic chemists, especially in the production of fine and pharmaceutical chemicals. When considering biocatalysis, terms like kinetic racemic resolution or chiral syntheses immediately come to mind. Application of enzymatic processes for the manufacture of bulk chemicals, e.g., in terms of care products, is not very widespread. Nevertheless, Degussa's Care Specialties business unit has set up a biocatalytic production process for the manufacture of special esters like cetyl ricinoleate, so‐called emollient esters, used as skin caring oils in cremes and lotions. Despite the installation of this process, biocatalysis may only be regarded as one catalysis tool among others, mainly because there are only a few off‐the‐shelf biocatalysts ready for use. The alternative, the development of proprietary biocatalysts within the chemical industry, is a long and laborious route which will definitely be followed in the future, but which for the moment remains a long term goal.
High‐Throughput‐Screening Systems for Hydrolases
Authors: Bornscheuer U.T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the past few years, several high‐throughput screening (HTS) formats have been developed, driven by the increasing number of biocatalysts available and the development of directed evolution methods as a novel tool in the design of enzymes. This article focusses on HTS‐methods to determine the activity and enantioselectivity of lipases and esterases. In addition, assays for amidase and racemase activity are included.
Screening for Novel Industrial Biocatalysts
Authors: Lorenz P. , Eck J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBiocatalysis, the use of microbial cells or isolated enzymes in the production of fine chemicals, is steadily moving towards becoming accepted as an indispensable tool in the inventory of modern synthetic chemistry [1]. It is estimated that in 10 % of the cases biocatalysis will provide an overall superior synthetic strategy over traditional organic chemistry [2]. This remarkable development in a field coined “white biotechnology” is due to the growing recognition in the industry of the capabilities and performance of enzymes as exemplified in a growing number of implemented processes [3, 4], examples running at a scale of >1000 tons product/year. Breakthroughs in the key biotechnological areas of a) genetic resource access (explicitly the explorability of non‐cultivated microorganisms), b) enzyme screening and discovery and c) in vitro evolution of proteins to find and optimize enzymes to become near‐ideally suited biocatalysts have been instrumental in pushing industrial biocatalysis to where it stands today [5, 6]. With these technological options it seems that future use of biocatalysis is limited only by the availability of the biocatalyst [3], the screening for which is subject of this review.
Screening, Characterization and Application of Cyanide‐resistant Nitrile Hydratases
Authors: Gerasimova T. , Novikov A. , Osswald S. , Yanenko A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo new bacterial strains, Pseudomonas marginales MA32 and Pseudomonas putida MA113, containing nitrile hydratases resistant to cyanide were isolated from soil samples by an enrichment procedure. In contrast to known nitrile hydratases, which rapidly lose activity at low to moderate cyanide concentrations, the enzymes described in this paper tolerate up to 50 mM cyanide. They show a broad substrate spectrum including not only small substrates like acrylonitrile but also nitriles with longer side chains and even nitriles with quarternary alpha‐carbon atoms. Both characteristics are essential for the transformation of ketone cyanohydrins, which are much more instable and therefore releasing much higher amounts of prussic acid than cyanohydrins formed from aldehydes. P. marginales MA32 was used as a whole cell biocatalyst for the hydration of acetone cyanohydrin to α‐Hydroxyisobutyramide, which is a precursor of methacrylamide, an important pre‐polymer. After optimization of the process conditions a maximum amide concentration of more than 1.6 M could be reached within 5 hours with 5 g/L biocatalyst referred to cell dry weight.
Modulation by flavonoids of DNA damage induced by estrogen‐like compounds
Authors: Cemeli Eduardo , Schmid Thomas E. , Anderson Diana 
Published: November 2004

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by a wide variety of exogenous chemicals and metabolic processes and cause a broad spectrum of damage to biological systems. As a consequence, ROS react with DNA, among many other biological targets, disrupting its structure and functionality. Estrogen‐like compounds mediate DNA damage by ROS generation, implying that their effects can be modulated by antioxidants such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and vitamin C. We examined DNA damage in human lymphocytes and sperm after treatment with four estrogen‐like compounds (β‐estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, daidzein, and genistein) and its modulation by flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) using the Comet assay. The results indicated that quercetin and kaempferol reduced the DNA damage produced in sperm and lymphocytes by the four estrogenic compounds. The flavonoids also reduced the DNA damage induced by hydrogen peroxide, which was used as a positive control. Our results demonstrate that the antioxidant properties of flavonoids can protect the integrity of human sperm and lymphocyte DNA from ROS induced by estrogenic compounds. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐linear behavior of mass concrete in three‐dimensional problems using a smeared crack approach
Authors: Mirzabozorg H. , Ghaemian M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA smeared crack approach has been proposed to model the static and dynamic behavior of mass concrete in three‐dimensional space. The proposed model simulates the tensile fracture on the mass concrete and contains pre‐softening behavior, softening initiation, fracture energy conservation and strain rate effects under dynamic loads. The validity of the proposed model has been checked using the available experimental results under static and dynamic loads. The direct and indirect displacement control algorithms have been employed under incremental increasing static loads. It was found that the proposed model gives excellent results and crack profiles when compared with the available data under static loads. The Koyna Dam in India has been used to verify the dynamic behavior of the proposed model. It was found that the resulting crack profiles were in good agreement with the available experimental results. Finally, the Morrow Point Dam was analyzed, including the dam–reservoir interaction effects, to consider its non‐linear seismic behavior. It was found that the resulting crack profiles were in good agreement with the contour of maximum principal stresses and no numerical instability occurred during the analysis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating qualitative methods in a predominantly quantitative evaluation: A case study and some reflections
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Feller Irwin , Button Scott B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA review of qualitative methods used in a predominantly quantitative evaluation indicated a variety of roles for such a mixing of methods, including framing initial questions and method choices, revising evaluation questions during the inquiry, assessing the validity of measures, assessing adaptations in program implementation, and gauging the proper degree of uncertainty and generalizability of one's conclusions. These functions are considered in light of the stances on mixing paradigms that Greene and Caracelli describe in Chapter One.
Coupling of Navier–Stokes equations with protein molecular dynamics and its application to hemodynamics
Authors: Liu Yaling , Zhang Lucy , Wang Xiaodong , Liu Wing Kam 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe red blood cell (RBC) aggregation plays an important role in many physiological phenomena, in particular the atherosclerosis and thrombotic processes. In this research, we introduce a new modelling technique that couples Navier–Stokes equations with protein molecular dynamics to investigate the behaviours of RBC aggregates and their effects on the blood rheology. In essence, the Lagrangian solid mesh, which represents the immersed deformable cells, is set to move on top of a background Eulerian mesh. The effects of cell–cell interaction (adhesive/repulsive) and hydrodynamic forces on RBC aggregates are studied by introducing equivalent protein molecular potentials into the immersed finite element method. The aggregation of red blood cells in quiescent fluids is simulated. The de‐aggregation of a RBC cluster at different shear rates is also investigated to provide an explanation of the shear‐rate‐dependence of the blood viscoelastic properties. Finally, the influences of cell–cell interaction, RBC rigidity, and vessel geometry are addressed in a series of test cases with deformable cells (normal and sickle RBCs) passing through micro‐ and capillary vessels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different expression of P14ARF defines two groups of breast carcinomas in terms of TP73 expression and TP53 mutational status
Authors: Domínguez Gemma , Silva Javier , Silva Jose M. , García Jose M. , Larrondo Francisco J. , Vargas Javier , Sanfrutos Luis , Provencio Mariano , España Pilar , Bonilla Félix 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn 95 breast carcinomas, we investigated P14ARF and TP73 mRNA expression and their relationship to TP53 mutations, determined by an immunohistochemical method, studying several clinicopathologic features of the tumors. P14ARF and TP73 mRNA levels were determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), using β‐actin as a control. P14ARF was overexpressed in 19% of the cases and underexpressed in 24%. TP73 was overexpressed in 22% of the tumors, and normal levels were found in the remaining 78%. The analysis of TP53 showed positive immunostaining in 38% of cases. The association of P14ARF and TP73 overexpression was statistically significant, as was the association between positive TP53 staining and TP73 overexpression. P14ARF was related to TP53 only in those cases in which there was low expression of P14ARF. Concomitant overexpression of P14ARF and TP73 was statistically related to positive TP53 immunostaining. The analysis of concomitant P14ARF and TP73 overexpression and clinicopathologic parameters of the tumors showed a statistically significant difference with respect to peritumoral vessel invasion (P = 0.01), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.03), negative ERBB2 expression (P = 0.005), and more advanced pathologic stages (P = 0.03). These results suggest that overexpression of P14ARF and TP73 could be implicated in breast carcinoma tumorigenesis and, ultimately, in the phenotypic features of these lesions. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.