bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Countries
Authors: Liloia Alainna 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes women’s religious and social activism in the Arab Gulf states, with attention to the varied ways Gulf women are negotiating religious, social, and political norms and expectations and redefining their societal roles. Specifically, it examines the myriad strategies deployed by women in the Gulf to renegotiate and resist gender norms, focusing on women’s religious and social activism in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain. Women’s resistance in the Arab Gulf has taken both direct and subtle forms, with some women defying legal and social boundaries to fight for increased political and social rights and others working through existing political and social structures to affect gradual social change. Situating Gulf women’s choices in the region’s contemporary sociopolitical context of rapid development and social change, this chapter highlights how Gulf women are skillfully (re)negotiating gender roles in their nations through political participation, religious engagement, and organized political and social media activism.
Muslim Women and Devotional Life
Authors: Ayubi Zahra , Abdoulkarim Iman 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Muslim women’s devotional lives have been largely understood within two paradigms: women’s practices as alternatives to those of men and the historical and contemporary recovery of women’s religious learning and authority. This chapter engages with ontological questions posed and complicated by each paradigm. On one hand, the “women’s alternative practices” paradigm raises the question of whether women’s-only rituals are empowering or if the same gender hierarchy and women’s exclusion from public ritual life that necessitates the need for alternative religious practices is an acceptance of an inferior or subordinate ontological status as devotional beings. On the other hand, the “recovery” paradigm asks whether a relationship to the Divine unmediated by men or gender norms is made possible through access to religious education, egalitarian interpretations of Islamic texts, the need for additional theological, ethical, and philosophical materials within the Islamic religious tradition, or a combination of all.
Women’s Religious and Social Activism in Southeast Asia
Authors: van Doorn-Harder Nelly 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the course of discussing the topic of women’s activism, this chapter looks at the rights of Muslim women through the lens of universal human rights. Across Southeast Asia, Muslim women are active in the workplace and in public life in general. Although the issues that are at stake differ depending on the local situations, Muslims advocating for gender and women’s rights from Indonesia and Malaysia lead the debates and activism concerning the inequality of women based on interpretations of religious precepts on issues such as marital rape, polygyny, and child marriage. Connected by their emphasis on critical re-examination and reinterpretation of Islamic texts, these activists aim at developing an Islamic interpretive tradition that advocates for women’s basic human rights. Central to their methodologies is the exercise of women-centered ijtihād (independent reasoning) when reading and interpreting religious texts. Ultimately their goal is to participate in the construction of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and to create new models of Muslim feminism.
Muslim Women’s Religious and Social Activism in China
Authors: Jaschok Maria , Ke Man 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes and references topical aspects of changing life-worlds of Chinese Hui Muslim girls and women from a discursive context of salient voices in current international and, importantly, Chinese-language scholarship. Particular attention is paid to Hui Muslim communities in the borderland regions of northwest China, as they command most research interest and constitute the bulk of journal articles, book publications, and academic dissertations. The chapter points to the difficulty of framing such discussion in terms of the concept of “activism” in relation to Chinese state policies and state discourse of religious minorities as well as to positionalities of local researchers most prominently engaged in academic and applied investigation. Mostly female and Muslim born into the traditional Muslim communities of China’s borderland areas, researchers’ viewpoints are more often shaped by shared origin and empathy than by critical interpretation.
Muslim Women’s Religious and Social Activism in the United States
Authors: Hammer Juliane 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical framework for considering the historical process, diversity, and politics of Muslim women’s activism in the United States. In the first part, it sketches the following four theoretical considerations: the relationship of Islam and feminism; the role of anti-Muslim hostility in shaping activism and scholarship about it; the relationship between scholarship and activism (or from a different angle, between practice and discourse); and the necessary consideration of women’s activism as not limited to “women’s issues.” In the second part, I offer a number of examples of organizations, movements, and individuals, including the Muslim Women’s League, Women in Islam, Karamah, the Peaceful Families Project, WISE, HEART Women and Girls, Sapelo Square, and the Muslim Anti-Racism Collaborative. This history-through-specific-examples allows for an analysis of the particularity of each example’s historical context and specificity, while still arguing for broader patterns and a sense of cohesion among them. Taken together, they form a more grounded and complex picture of the history of American Muslim women’s activism.
Spas and Seaside Resorts
Authors: Borsay Peter N. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Proximity to water—both springs and bodies of water such as lakes and streams, as well as the littoral—was a driving force behind the emergence of a broad range of resort destinations, of varying sizes, serving diverse markets. The health-giving properties attributed to water made the spa’s pedigree considerably older than that of the coastal resort, whose modern European incarnations emerged in Britain and on the continent in the eighteenth century. Thereafter the geography of the resort expanded, and its development was bound up with the growth of mass leisure, the emergence of new transport technologies and channels of distributing tourism products, and other dimensions of the sector’s growth, which implicated labor and leisure together. Resorts and spas were not merely sites of leisure and therapy, but also arenas in which status and sociability were performed. Throughout their history, promotional strategies were marked by efforts to harness a broad textual field to define places in a crowded and competitive destination marketplace, especially as the transnational character of the resort model tended in some respects toward the convergence of the identity of many places.
Tourism, Nations, and Nationalism
Authors: Zuelow Eric G. E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Tourism invites people to experience difference. It celebrates the idea that there is only one Paris, one India, and one Grand Canyon to be consumed and pushes the idea that one is made better by doing so. National identity is defined by those differences. It invites people to imagine themselves as distinctive, with a unique culture, living in a unique landscape, and formed of a unique history. Nationalism, the political expression of national identity, politicizes those same differences. As a result, modern tourism and nationalism have been closely linked since each emerged in the second half of the eighteenth century, forming an often-symbiotic relationship. Their connection was never fixed, nor did tourism necessarily play precisely the same role in every context necessitating a careful accounting of their mutual evolution and the different forms that the relationship took in various places and times: liberal (state-building) nationalism, exclusive (ethnic) nationalism, and separatist nationalism.
The International Trade Order and Development
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The importance of trade for international law and development discussions is hardly surprising; international trade is consistently represented as an effective strategy for development. However, assuming that trade and law can contribute to the Global South’s development requires accepting that they can contribute to the opposite: underdevelopment. This chapter argues that the most important laws for the capitalist industrialisation of Western countries were not those of private property, contracts, or free trade but those related to colonial long-distance trade. A central claim is that the international trade regime that emerged from Western industrialisation lacks a vocabulary to modify or change the international division of labour. In other words, countries may or may not succeed in developing economically, but international trade law does little to help them—when it is not an obstacle.
Images of the North
Authors: Brännström Leila , Gunneflo Markus 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights the diversity of ideas developed and relationships formed during some crucial decades of the Cold War. In the 1960s and 1970s, Sweden embarked on a project of extending welfare capitalism into the post-colonial world. This small country in Europe’s northern periphery saw newly independent states as non-aligned partners in the Cold War. Sweden’s social democratic vision for itself and the Third World was also met with some interests by newly independent states developing their own understandings of democratic socialism. Such partnerships were however complicated by Sweden’s position as a rich industrialised country that had profited from colonialism and continued to support a system of free trade that benefited its own welfare state project while exploiting the Third World for profit. Support for political independence and a social democratic development domestically was one thing. Decolonisation at the level of the international economic order proved to be quite another.
Latin America in Law and Development
Authors: Alviar García Helena , Buchely Ibarra Lina 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Latin American countries have experienced both right-and left-wing paths to development. The goal of this chapter is to broaden liberal- and neoliberal-centred narratives by analysing dependency-oriented approaches to economic development that have been influential in the region at diverse moments. The chapter analyses how gender was incorporated into these debates. It seeks to show the ways in which ideas about development have taken form in Latin America: framed by colonialism, geopolitics, and particular economic, social, and cultural characteristics. The chapter begins with the developmentalist ideals of the late 1950s, moves through the early 1970s and then through the neoliberal wave that swept the region from the 1980s through the early 2000s. The chapter ends with a description of contemporary dependency inspired initiatives and an analysis of how gender has been incorporated into notions of economic development.
International Law and Development
Authors: Sornarajah M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Economic development is the key justification given for maintaining strong rules on the protection of foreign investment through international law. And yet differential standards between rich and poor states, and between capital-exporting and capital-importing states lie at the root of the international law on foreign investment. Foreign investment is an inherently territorial process ordinarily subject to the laws of the host state. Yet, for developing states, which were the traditional capital-receiving countries at the time the law was made, an international law was created which insulated the process of foreign investment from the local law. This law subjected foreign investment to external laws containing standards of treatment described as rules of customary international law, adjudicated by external arbitral tribunals. This process coincided with formal decolonisation and significantly undercut its aims.
‘Mtu Ni Afya’
Authors: Harrington John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter identifies distinct phases in the relationship between health, development, and the state. At the heart of the account is the state, a key site for doing health and development. Health is an aim, an index, and a means of development. Development is a frame for representing the political and legal stakes of health needs and threats. The first phase moves from imperial health, through late colonial developmentalism and anti-colonial nationalism. The second attends to the rise and fall of state-led development in the 1970s and its implications for health. The third tracks the emergence of global health governance out of structural adjustment and the post-Washington Consensus. The chapter concludes by considering whether the coronavirus pandemic suggest a further reconfiguration of the relationship between health and development and the role of states in achieving them.
Practices of Indigenous International Law and Development
Authors: Jacobs Beverley , Hewitt Jeffery 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Drawing on elements of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy as a case study, this chapter on Indigenous international law interrogates the widely held and long-standing premise that international law is the sole purview of Europe. This chapter contends European-centred international law arose out of Europe, for European-based legal systems—namely common and civil legal traditions, now practised in many countries beyond Europe, such as Canada. Indigenous international law, conversely, continues to be engaged with today by many Indigenous nations around the world, arose from Indigenous world views. The chapter also examines some of the ways in which Indigenous international laws continue today in spite of colonial disruption.
Global White Supremacy as/and Worldmaking
Authors: Modiri Joel 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter situates ‘race’ within the discourse of international law and development. Drawing on Black radical and anti-colonial political imaginaries, it puts forward a reading of development as an ‘essentially racialised concept’ continuous with the worldmaking imperial force of global white supremacy. The chapter seeks to place the interrelated formations of global white supremacy and development within the long history of European colonial expansion, slavery, conquest, capitalism, imperialism, and their contemporary legacies. It extends this by potting two stories of global white supremacy as worldmaking under the signs of ‘underdevelopment’ (from Rodney) and ‘intimacy’ (from Lowe). In this it offers a critical illustration of the centrality of race to the making of the present global order, and the imbrication of development (and liberalism) in colonial violence, racial domination, and an anti-Black civilisational episteme. The chapter ends with a reflection from the standpoint of ‘we-the-underdeveloped’ (from Wynter) in which underdevelopment is reframed as a problem that urges a thoroughgoing ‘epistemological transformation’ against the ‘white world’.
‘The Ocean We Want’
Authors: Dela Cruz Alex P. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The ongoing United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–30) promises to be a ‘once-in-a-lifetime’ opportunity for states to cooperate towards ‘The Science We Need for the Ocean We Want’ in accordance with the Law of the Sea Convention. The Decade aims to encourage national investment in ocean science as ‘the only possibility’ to transform ‘the ocean we have’ into ‘the ocean we want’. The desired shift gestures to a better ocean that is within reach if states spent more on it. This chapter situates the Ocean Decade within the longer history of institutional debates on the ocean and its place in development. It argues that the Ocean Decade is the latest restatement of the claim that better ocean science generates economic growth, a claim that has persisted in institutional accounts of development since the Second UN Conference on the Law of the Sea in 1960.
Property in Law and Development
Authors: Gupta Priya S. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines the establishment of liberal property regimes through economic development endeavours and the resulting forms of governance that emerged. It argues that such programmes were aimed at making land (and other features of the natural environment) legible to law—and therefore the market—through property regimes. The chapter first introduces economic development programmes in the post-war period and delineates the values and political–economic motivations that informed liberal property regimes. It then draws on literature from Third World approaches to international law, Indigenous perspectives on law, and racial capitalism to understand the longer history of those values in colonialism and slavery. The chapter closes with the implications of financialised forms of capitalism and development for property regimes, arguing that the governance of land and other features of the natural environment is increasingly subjected to the rationality and form of financial markets.
Transitional Justice and Development
Authors: Nesiah Vasuki 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the post-Cold War period, in societies and spaces deemed conflict zones, in a moment deemed ‘the end of history’, the reigning logics of the human rights and development fields develop a symbiotic relationship captured in the liberal internationalist discourse of good governance. Good governance in conflict zones referenced the transitional justice processes delivering stability and closure, and the institutional reform and economic restructuring measures facilitating absorption into the global market. In both fields, problems were construed in terms of the local rather than transnational, and post-colonial histories rather than colonial histories; good governance became a shorthand for speaking to the internal structure of particular societies, and their conformity with the rules of the game in the prevailing world order. However, while the governance focus remains dominant, across the globe today we also see social movements contesting this closure oriented, teleological approach to transition, challenging the terms of good governance, and opening political terrain in domains that were treated as disaster zones. For these movements, it is not the end of history but the beginning of new struggles.
New Technologies of International Law and Development
Authors: Natile Serena 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of new technologies in development discourse and shows how technology is both enabled by and an enabler of asymmetrical power relations within the international legal order. The chapter begins by discussing the legacy of colonialism and the unrealised redistributive demands of the Non-Aligned Movement in the 1970s, and moves to the hype that has surrounded new technologies throughout different stages of the international development project since the 1990s. It considers the adoption of the ICT for development framework, the recent expansion of financial technologies, and the contradictions of using digital technologies to realise sustainable development. The analysis reveals how the unequal distribution of benefits and risks deriving from new technologies is strictly linked to the maldistribution of wealth and power legitimised by international law. This is particularly true with respect to the rules that underpin the system, including selective liberalisation, privatisation, marketisation, and the increasing influence of the private sector and corporate philanthropy in the absence of corresponding binding frameworks for accountability and redistribution.
A Better Way of World Making?
Authors: Sinclair Guy Fiti 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The interventions made by the United Nations (UN) in the field of international law and development are commonly contrasted with those of international financial institutions. This chapter reflects critically on the common narrative of the UN’s ‘better way’ by analysing its activities in relation to international law and development, arguing that the worldmaking projects pursued by and through the UN have been conditioned by its international legal form, powers, and institutional architecture. The chapter sketches a brief history of how changes in the UN’s institutional framework, ideas about development, and legal interventions have contributed and responded to broader projects of international ordering. The shared logic of liberal reform underpinning these projects goes some way to explaining why the worldmaking effects of UN activities share so much in common with those of other, ostensibly opposing approaches to development.
Judicial System
Authors: Flick Witzig Martina , Rothmayr Allison Christine , Varone Frédéric 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter sheds light on the relationship between the judiciary and politics, taking up the question of the extent of judicialization in Switzerland. Switzerland exhibits contradictory facets in this regard. On the one hand, the close ties between the political parties and the judiciary, which are particularly evident in the context of judicial elections, suggest a strong politicization of courts. On the other hand, the limited constitutional jurisdiction on the federal level restricts the judiciary’s sphere of influence. The chapter presents the central features of the Swiss judicial system. Focusing on the Federal Supreme Court, it summarizes the findings of recent research and discusses the influence of international institutions and judicial mechanisms on the transformation of Swiss institutions and national political debates.
Municipalities
Authors: Ladner Andreas , Keuffer Nicolas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Municipalities are of great importance in Swiss politics and society. They provide a large part of essential public services and allow voters to have a direct-democratic influence on political decisions. In a comparative perspective, Swiss municipalities are remarkable since they carry a considerable amount of autonomy, and they fund their activities through their own tax income. In addition to this more general setting, the bottom-up conception of Swiss federalism leads to a huge diversity when it comes to their internal organization and their relationship with other actors and the higher levels of state. There are twenty-six cantonal legislatures to be considered, and important differences depend on the size of municipalities and the language area they belong to. In the German-speaking part of the country, municipalities are generally larger, more autonomous, and practice a form of assembly democracy. In the French-speaking part, the higher level is more extensively involved in local policies, municipalities are smaller, and, with their dominant pattern of elected local councils, they are in line with the idea of representative democracy. This chapter relies on the monitoring of the municipalities since 1988 and other sources to describe the legal status, autonomy, finances, and tasks of Swiss municipalities and their structural and cultural differences, as well as local political systems, representation, and reforms. It suggests that, despite the legal equality of Swiss municipalities, the major differences between them have a massive influence on their functioning. These differences are of great interest for research in local governance.