bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forty Years of Experience with Epilepsy in Africa
Authors: Jilek-Aall Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after finishing medical school, I took a diploma course in tropical medicine so that I could work as a physician in Africa, as I had dreamed of since I was a medical student. As recipient of a small research grant, I accepted work at a dispensary in a remote, mountainous area of Tanganyika, now Tanzania, East Africa. I was to help the nurse at a mission station with the medical care of people who came for treatment from villages in the mountains. It took me several months before I learned to speak their language and felt confident treating all the many diseases they presented. I began to notice that quite a few patients came with severe burns. This astonished me, as I knew that people in rural Africa cook their food on small open fires in front of their huts and are used to handling fire from early childhood on. But here, some people came with limbs deformed from burn scars and others with horrible fresh wounds from burns often reaching to the bone or covering large segments of the body. I also noticed that the patients with these burns looked poorer than most of the others. They were malnourished, disheveled, and depressed; they kept their heads lowered and their eyes fixed on the floor. It took some courage to clean and treat their burn wounds, festering and buzzing with flies. I observed that other people retreated from these wretched ones; even family members showed little sympathy and spoke with harsh language to them, while the patients themselves hardly uttered a word.
Introduction
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silent, insidious, devastating. This is how an entomological attack is likely to unfold today. But to imagine modern uses of insects as weapons, we must look to the past. History reveals an unholy trinity of strategies—transmission of pathogenic microbes, destruction of livestock and crops, and direct attacks on humans—through which six-legged soldiers have wreaked havoc on human society. The woman nervously checks her watch. In an hour, the human tide of the New York City rush hour will begin to pour underground. But, for the moment, there are few people who can see her reach into a shopping bag and take out a soda can. The woman peels off a strip of tape covering the opening and rolls the can beneath a bench on the subway platform. She heads to the escalator a bit more quickly than she and her fellow terrorists had been trained to move, but she’s anxious to complete the other deposits.
A Tiny Terrorist in Castro’s Crops
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cuban Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented the U.S. government with a written complaint of entomological warfare the day after Christmas in 1996. The allegation concerned the release of insects by an American plane that passed through the Giron corridor, a designated flight path over Cuba. Per the diplomatic drill, the U.S. State Department explained away the charge in early February, maintaining that the incident was merely the release of warning smoke—not a cloud of crop-eating insects—meant to ensure visual contact with a nearby aircraft.1 Such a cursory denial would have completed a typical tête-à-tête between the two countries, but the Cubans had other plans.
Fear on the Farm
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of entomological weapons in the modern world is changing as rapidly as the nature of human conflict. Conventional military engagements between uniformed troops equipped with planes and tanks battling to seize control of land have given way to insurgent forces using improvised weapons to attain cultural and political victories. Stealth, sabotage, and subterfuge even the odds. And insects can be an ideal means of waging an “asymmetrical” war. For decades, military planners assumed that humans were the most likely targets. But 21st-century conflicts with unconventional enemies create different scenarios for security and defense planners.
Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genes are important modifiers of the human response to drugs, hormones, and toxins. Medical patients and healthy individuals alike display significant differences in response and suffer adverse effects as a result of exposure to many therapeutic agents and occupational chemicals. In this new edition Weber brings together laboratory methods and epidemiological studies in defining the role of heredity in human drug response. The book is divided into two major sections, one covering pharmacogenetic concepts and the second the application of those concepts. The first edition was published in 1997, and a vast amount of new information about the genetics of human drug response has accumulated since then. In just five years, we have moved from mapping the first complete sequence of a free-living organism to a working draft of the human genome. The application of tools for analysing genetic variation and the maturation of the human genome initiative has provided a wealth of primary genetic information and functional genomic data to fuel out understanding of genetic variation. Today, pharmacogenetics comprises a well-integrated network of physicians and scientists worldwide who are attempting to identify variations in human disease and drug response and how they might use this information to discover new, more effective drugs and avoid unwanted drug responses. Dr Weber is completely overhauling and updating all discussions to reflect the enormous changes of the past 10 years. As pharmacogenetics is an even hotter topic than it was in 1997, this new book should have even wider appeal in its second edition.
Classification and Diagnosis of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias and Other Primary Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will be divided into two sections in which the clinical features of a variety of uncommon headache disorders will be reviewed. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss a group of headaches that are collectively known as the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) (found in Chapter 3 of the ICHD-II). The TACs are characterized by headaches of excruciating severity accompanied by prominent autonomic features. While the symptomatology of these syndromes may appear similar, they do in fact differ significantly in terms of the frequency and duration of individual attacks. Furthermore, proper treat- ment of these disorders is predicated upon correct diagnosis; a number of these conditions respond dramatically to therapy with indomethacin but not to agents typically prescribed for cluster, migraine, or tension-type headaches. Although the TACs generally begin during adulthood, adolescent and child- hood cases do occur.
Psychiatric Comorbidity and Causes of Headache
Authors: Baskin Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely acknowledged that psychological factors can have a significant influence on headache. There are numerous hypotheses in the literature about psychological interactions with headache. Some include personality traits that may predispose to headache; psychological and stress factors that may be associated with the onset, exacerbation, and maintenance of headache; psychiatric comorbidity where both headache and psychiatric disorders coexist; and head- ache as purely symptomatic of psychiatric illness.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Migraine
Authors: Rapoport Alan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pharmacologic treatment of headache is only one part of the entire regi- men of optimal management principles for headache patients. Prior to pre- scribing medication, it is critical for the physician to make an accurate set of diagnoses, to establish a good doctor–patient relationship, to review the details of previous treatment regimens, to go over the various therapeutic options with the patient (including the non-pharmacologic ones), and to reassure the patient that on the basis of the history, examination, and appropriate testing, no other significant neurologic problems exist. Educating patients about how to identify and avoid headache triggers and teaching them to understand how medications work (including avoidance of adverse reactions or drug–drug interactions) are also essential parts of successful headache management.
Antiepileptic Drug Dosage Forms and Administration Guidelines
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, dosage forms, starting dose, titration schedule, maintenance dose, dose limits, and discontinuation schedule of each antiepileptic drug (AED) are discussed separately. In addition, signiﬁcant administration guidelines, contraindications, precautions, and information for patients are discussed brieﬂy. Indications for each of AEDs are discussed in Chapter 5. Choose an AED that is appropriate for the seizure type and epilepsy syndrome. Because there often are several good options, choose the speciﬁc agent based on comorbidity, potential side effects, need to consider teratogenic effects, and pharmacological properties.
Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How the various drugs prevent or attenuate seizures is not fully understood, and the mechanisms listed below only summarize some of the known potential effects of these agents on the neurons and glia. In an ideal world, the speciﬁc defect(s) would be identiﬁed that underlie epilepsy in individual patients, and therapy would then be targeted to correct the dysfunctional mechanism. In reality, identiﬁcation of the speciﬁc defect is rarely possible, and empiric therapy must be planned. There is presently no evidence to support the theoretical concept that use of drugs that possess varying putative mechanisms of action offer clear advantage over use of drugs that share similar putative mechanisms of action.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Liver Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the presence of liver diseases and hepatic dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Knowledge of the mechanisms of metabolism and elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an AED in epilepsy patients with liver disease. Loss of hepatocytes and disruption of liver blood ﬂow may alter the metabolism of some AEDs. Hypoalbuminemia and impaired metabolism by cytochrome P-450 and glucosyltranferase enzymes may increase free AED levels (Lacerda et al., 2006). The type of hepatic disease may also preferentially affect some enzyme systems; for example, CYP3A4 is affected more in hepatocellular dysfunction and CYP2E1 is affected more in cholestasis.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients on Chemotherapy or Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents may lose effectiveness when enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are prescribed because many chemotherapeutic agents are also metabolized by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. These AEDs include phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, as well as excarbazepine and topiramate in higher doses. On the other hand, enzyme-inhibiting AEDs, such as valproic acid, may amplify hematologic and other toxicities of chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., nitrosoureas or etoposide). It is therefore advisable to use AEDs that do not interfere with the cytochrome P-450 enzyme complex and have low protein binding, when treating patients who require chemotherapy (Patsalos et al., 2002; Oberndorfer et al., 2005; Vecht and van Breemen, 2006).
Law and Civilization
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one turns his eyes from law outward, the first effect is to make law shrink into seeming insignificance. There is so much outside. And it so obviously bears in upon and changes and remodels law itself. After a further while—so to speak as the eyes grow adjusted to the glare—one attains a truer picture. One perceives an interplay of causation between law and the world outside. One begins to suspect something of the nature of the interplay. It may have value for you, it may shorten the period of refocusing, it may indeed stir you to break the surface tension of the law and take a slow look around, if I sketch here some outline of what I think one comes to see when he sets out to survey law’s relation to civilization.
By civilization I mean what anthropologists call culture, the whole setup of society, including the ways in which we act and the ways in which we are organized, including our material and intellectual equipment and our ways of using both. As to law, you know roughly what I mean. But it is not workable to tie to a single meaning when dealing with primitive times and with our own as well. You would not have me deny the presence of law in a society merely because there were no state officials. There was an international law before League or U.N. Both law and state have grown, and grown gradually, and at times quite independently of each other. If we are to watch law’s relation to civilization we must therefore watch law’s development in civilization—and what we watch will be a different thing from time to time and place to place. The sole inescapable common element is dealing with disputes. The sole inescapable common focus is the relation between the ways of dealing with disputes and the other ways of living.
Beyond Bread and Butter
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To me there is more joy than pain, by a good deal, in the thorns of such a thicket as that through which I have just dragged you. And as the tonic iodine burns in the wounds and beneath the skin the whole body tingles with that curious bubbling sense of muscle pleasure, there comes again the thought: for too much law, more law will be the cure. If law makes blind, more law will make you see.
But more law of what kind? More of the bread and butter kind, of the straight trade dope? That turns, I fancy, on how you conceive your trade. There is a bony structure of technique without which you will be a feckless artisan—worthless, and unsuccessful. Those hard bones you must have. You must assemble them into a whole, each in its place, each one articulated with the rest. When that is done you can refine somewhat on the articulation, get joints to working neatly. But I do not know that extra bones will bring much vision to the eye sockets of a skull.
It all depends on what you want of law, what law can offer you. That turns, in turn, on what you want of life.
There is a brand of lawyer for whom law is the making of a livelihood, a competence, a fortune. Law offers means to live, to get ahead. It is so viewed. Such men give their whole selves to it, in this aspect. Coin is their reward. Coin makes it possible to live. Coin is success, coin is prestige, and coin is power. Such lawyers, I take it, reflect rather adequately the standards of our civilization. They have perceived the mainspring of a money economy. They follow single-heartedly on their perception. Coin is, in this society, the measure of a man.
Before Sunrise
Authors: Llewellyn Karl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The time approaches when you will put on fresh raiment, and shake the dust of these halls off your feet, and go down into the marketplace. When you have done that, you will have little time for thinking. Having ceased to be a child, you will cease to think as a child, you will, I take it, put away these childish things. Your mind will be on doing; if it should wander there will be no lack of hooks to drag it back. So that it may not be out of place before you go to stop for a moment, to look over, a little, what this profession is to which you go. What is the lawyer and his relation to the life about him? What is the part he plays in this society? Perhaps, too, you will pause with me over some of the things a lawyer does, some of the opportunities which come to him, some of the responsibilities he carries.
And I suppose that the first and the outstanding thing is that the lawyer is not popular. I think he never has been popular. I strongly suspect that there have never been laws or lawyers too heartily approved by the lay population they professed to serve. Certainly radicals have never loved them. “The first thing we will do is to hang all the lawyers”; and lawyers, and records, have been cast for burning since there have been such things as revolutions. Nor does such disapproval rest among the reds. The healthy spirited men of many ages have lifted up their clubs to bring them down upon the lawyer’s skull.
Neuroanatomy : Draw It to Know It
Authors: Fisch Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you can’t draw it, you don’t know it: that was the rule of the late neuroanatomist William DeMyer, MD. Yet books do not encourage us to draw and redraw neuroanatomy. Neuroanatomy: Draw It to Know It teaches neuroanatomy through step-by-step instruction of how to draw neuroanatomical pathways and structures. Its instructive language is highly engaging. Users draw neuroanatomical structures and pathways in several steps so they are remembered and use mental and physical mnemonics to demonstrate difficult anatomical rotations and directional pathways. Anatomical pictures and radiographic images accompany the diagrams to clarify spatially challenging features; relevant synonyms are listed to avoid inter-text confusion; inconsistencies in the neuroanatomy literature are highlighted to mitigate frustration; and historical and current accounts of neuroanatomical systems are presented for perspective. Many neuroanatomy textbooks are great references, but fail to provide a working knowledge of neuroanatomy, and many neuroanatomy handbooks provide bedside pearls, but are too concise to be fully satisfactory. This instructional workbook teaches a comprehensive, but practical approach to neuroanatomy; it includes references where necessary but steers users toward key clinical features. Most importantly, Neuroanatomy: Draw It to Know It instructs the reader to draw and redraw the anatomy and teaches an active approach to learning.
Interin Measures And Dismissal Under The 2006 Icsid Rules 93
Authors: Lamm Carolyn B , Pham, Hansel T , Giorgetti Chiara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increased recourse to ICSID arbitration in recent years made several provisions of the ICSID Arbitration Rules ripe for reform. Between 1995 and 2005, the number of pending ICSID cases jumped from 5 to 113—a 22-fold increase. Since 2001, there have been approximately twenty-five new ICSID cases each year. According to former ICSID Deputy Secretary-General Antonio Parra, however, “[w]ith the deluge of new cases, there came new criticisms of process, and calls for greater efficiency and transparency.”
An Examination Of The Draft Award Circulation Provision
Authors: Coe Jack J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As has been expertly discussed elsewhere, the United States’ Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) program has for many years relied upon a succession of model texts as a basis for pursuing investor protection with prospective treaty partners. In the most recently published Model BIT, there are a number of provisions that reflect both experience under the NAFTA Chapter Eleven and developments within the investorstate arbitration docket in general. Some of the new provisions are largely substantive, such as those that attempt to clarify the content of governing law. As important as those substantive refinements are likely to be, it may well be the subtle and not so subtle changes in the Model’s procedural initiatives that will have the greater impact. One such provision is embedded in Article 28, which in relevant part requires tribunals in certain settings to circulate draft awards to the disputants. Though one finds a rough analogue in WTO practice, the Model’s draft award provision6 remains
What The Explosion Of Investor-State Arbitrations May Portend
Authors: Menaker Andrea J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been said and written about the exponential increase in the number of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) as well as investment chapters in free trade agreements (FTAs) concluded over the past decade or so. Not surprisingly, along with the increase in the number of BITs, there has been a corresponding increase in investor-state arbitrations. Although it is very difficult to generalize about the implications of the increase in investor-state cases on the future of BITs, this chapter will offer some comments on the effect, if any, this development may be having both on states’ continued willingness to enter into BITs, and also on the content of the BITs that may be negotiated in the future.
Investment Treaties Between Developed States
Authors: Dodge William S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1959, when Germany concluded the first Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) with Pakistan, the paradigmatic investment treaty has involved a developed country on one side and a developing country on the other. Early BITs provided for state-to-state dispute resolution. But after the establishment of the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in 1966, BITs began to permit direct claims by foreign investors. In a departure from customary international law, investors were not required to exhaust domestic remedies in the host state’s legal system before bringing claims to arbitration. The reason for allowing direct claims was simple—foreign investors from developed countries did not trust the courts of developing countries.
The Effect Of Bits On The International Body Of Investment Law
Authors: Park William W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As investment arbitration has exploded in recent years, arbitral tribunals have been tasked with resolving a number of novel dilemmas, both theoretical and pragmatic in origin, and both procedural and substantive in nature. Not least among these dilemmas has been the proper scope and application of the near-ubiquitous requirement in modern investment treaties that host states provide fair and equitable treatment to covered investments or investors. One feature of this debate that has gained particular significance over the last several years has concerned the existence and nature of the relationship between the various fair and equitable treatment (“FET”) provisions contained in bilateral investment treaties (“BITs”) and the minimum standard of treatment of aliens contained in general international law. In many ways, these are perhaps among the two most salient standards in the entire pantheon of investment protection and, as such, a discussion of the relationship between them seems the most appropriate means of approaching this chapter’s topic: namely, the impact of BITs on the evolution of international law.
The Rise Of The Corporation
Authors: Ribstein Larry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 showed that the general partnership was designed for the most intimate firms, in which parties were willing to be liable for the firm’s debts and therefore wanted default rules such as equal management, financial rights, and easy dissolution. When the Industrial Revolution created a need for bigger firms, they needed a different legal structure, which turned out to be the corporation. The corporation has been said to have made the large firm possible,133 and even to have enabled the West to outpace Eastern civilizations that were the first to develop advanced mercantile economies.134 The conventional wisdom is that the Industrial Revolution displaced the partnership as the basic business structure.