bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The insulin gene
Authors: Clark Andrew R , docherty kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insulin is a member of a superfamily of structurally related peptides which includes the ovarian hormone relaxin, and insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-1 and IGF-11) (Steiner et al. 1985; Bell and Seino 1990). Insulin is also related to two insect hormones (prothoraciotrophic hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori (Nagasawa et al. 1986) and LIRP, or locust insulin-related peptide (Lagueux et al. 1990)), and a molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP), which is synthesized by the cerebral light green cell of the pond snail (Lymnea stagnatis) (Smit et al. 1988). It seems likely that the various members of the insulin gene family evolved from a common ancestral gene through a process of gene duplication and diversification (Steiner et al. 1985). The structure and evolution of the insulin gene have been previously reviewed in detail (Steiner 1990; Steiner et al. 1985; Bell and Seino 1990). However, since this subject was reviewed a number of important advances have been made on the regulation of expression of the insulin gene (Selden et al. 1987; Walker 1990), and this will form the major topic of this chapter.
Video imaging of neuronal activity
Authors: Haglund Michael M , Blasdel Gary G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies of the central nervous system have combined different techniques in an attempt to understand the relationship between anatomy and physiology. The functional organization of the cortex has become much more familiar through advances in imaging techniques such as 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography (DG), Computerized Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography (SPECT). The idea of direct optical imaging has occurred to many workers and was first tried more than 40 years ago (1), but has resurfaced recently on account of the many advantages that it has over other techniques.
Programming languages
Authors: Parslow Graham R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The choice of a computer language is likely to be influenced greatly by what is on the shelf, what a consultant programmer recommends, or what the user is already familiar with. Any computer language is simply a shell hiding the fact that a computer can only understand machine instructions, which are a series of numbers passed to the central processing unit (CPU). The means at hand to write a program can always be adapted to one’s vision, and are effectively hidden from an end user regardless of programming subtlety or magnitude of labour. If FORTRAN or BASIC allows rapid execution of a task, then they are obvious choices. You cannot be intrinsically assured of speed advantages, high portability, or easily maintained code simply because a program is written in C. Programming itself is at risk of becoming an outmoded skill, like the task of making a ‘cat’s whisker’ rectifier for a primitive radio, because offthe-shelf software has filled many of the niches for which a user might choose to create a program. The ascendency of object-oriented programming even promises the end of programming as it is commonly understood.
Balanced chromosome rearrangements
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Balanced chromosome rearrangements are those in which there is no overall loss or gain of chromosome material. Unlike single gene disorders for which precise calculation of risks to offspring is usually possible, the segregation of chromosome rearrangements does not readily conform to any mathematical model which permits exact risk figures to be derived. Therefore the genetic counsellor faces a difficult task when presented with a patient known to carry a balanced chromosome rearrangement. To some extent the counsellor’s role is eased by the widespread availability of prenatal diagnostic cytogenetic services, so that the provision of a precise risk for malsegregation might be seen as of minor importance and very much subsidiary to a discussion of the hazards and limitations of chorion villus sampling and/or amniocentesis. Nevertheless many patients, particularly those for whom selective termination of pregnancy is unacceptable, will wish to be given some idea of the likelihood that a pregnancy might result in an abnormal baby.
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before discussing individual examples, it is necessary to dwell briefly on a fundamental principle which is frequently used in risk calculation. Stated simply, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium relates to the fact that in a large randomly mating population, in which two alleles N and A (N = normal or wild, A = abnormal or mutant) are segregating, the frequency of the three genotypes NN, NA (or AN) and AA can be obtained from the binomial expression (p + q)2 where p and q(p + q = 1) represent the frequencies of the normal and abnormal genes respectively. (The binomial distribution is discussed at length in Appendix 2). Thus the frequencies of the different genotypes will be as indicated in Table 4.1.
The use of linked markers
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed an explosion in molecular biology which has revolutionized counselling and risk assessment for many of the common single gene disorders in which the basic defect at the protein level is unknown. However, for many of these conditions recourse has to be made to the use of polymorphic DNA markers known to be genetically linked to the disorder in question. The use of this approach can generate some remarkably difficult counselling calculations. This chapter offers an approach to the solution of some of the less complex arithmetic which can confront the unwitting genetic counsellor. More complex situations require access to purpose-built computer programs.1
Other mechanisms of inheritance
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is both conventional and convenient to consider modes of inheritance under the headings of chromosomal, single gene (autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, sex-linked recessive) and multifactorial, a classification which, to a large extent, has been followed in Chapters 2–6. Whilst most disorders encountered at a genetics clinic conform to one or other of these established patterns, very occasionally situations arise in which the family pedigree is not readily consistent with any of them. Alternatively information from the medical literature may suggest that a much rarer genetic mechanism should be considered. In this chapter brief details of some of these alternative genetic processes are outlined along with key references which can be consulted for fuller information.
Gas chromatography in clinical biochemistry
Authors: Chakraborty Jagadish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past two decades advances in the detection systems, column technology and automation in sampling and data processing resulted in virtually universal acceptance of gas chromatography (GC), particularly in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), as an indispensable analytical tool in biomedical research. For multicomponent analyses of complex biological specimens, GC uniquely combines high resolution of components with detectors that offer high sensitivity, and simultaneous characterization and quantification of analytes.
Environmental analysis using gas chromatography
Authors: Best Gerry A , Dawson J Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, there has been a marked increase in public awareness of pollution of the environment. This has put pressure on regulating authorities and research organizations to produce information about the levels of con-tamination and their significance. As a result, a greater amount of analysis is being carried out on all types of environmental samples. Probably the most rapid development in the analytical measurements of pollutants has taken place in the quantification of organic constituents. This is largely because of the great advances that have taken place in the technique of gas chromatography. For many years, the concentration of organic matter was assessed using only non-specific tests such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) or biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). These techniques are, however, no longer sufficient to investigate modern day pollution problems because of the vast range of artificial contaminants that are entering the environment.
Food Hydrocolloids: an end user’s viewpoint
Authors: Lillford P J , Norton Lt. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, consumers have become particularly concerned about the use of "additives" in manufactured foods. As a result, manufacturers have become very resistant to the introduction of new ingredients and conservative about the use of established ones despite their obvious advantages in stabilizing processing and product qualities. Despite this pressure, the use of hydrocolloids is at least stable, if not increasing. This appears to be due to the facts that hydrocolloids are ‘natural’, have no significant health risk associated with them, and can demonstrate obvious advantages in improving the quality of foods, either texturally and possibly nutritionally. The known physical and structural roles of various hydrocolloids are reviewed, together with comparisons with the current ingredients with which they compete. Some guidelines for the future uses of hydrocolloids in foods are discussed.
Food applications of hydrocolloids in Western Europe in the 90s
Authors: Gordon Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The food ingredient market in W. Europe is in a period of change. Hydrocolloids providing thickening, stabilizing, suspending and gelling functions in food systems are in intense competition and many have lost or gained volume and share in the 80s. GIRACT has examined the forces of change and forecasts the development of these ingredients/additives to 1995 in the context of legislation and consumer pressure both EEC and national; development of key EEC food markets by sector; competition between hydrocolloids. The different hydrocolloids have different sectors of application, thus competition is only partial; for example, gum Arabic and modified starches in sugar confectionery. A striking element is the strong cultural differences between countries. Both food products consumed and the ingredients used are very different between the three cultural types (anglosaxon, germanic, Latin).
Effects of soluble non-starch polysaccharides on plasma cholesterol and liver lipoprotein receptor activity
Authors: Topping David L , Abbey Mavis , Triantafilidis Calliope 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raised plasma cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease and many water-soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) used by the food industry as thickeners and stabilizers lower cholesterol significantly both as whole foods and as isolates. The reduction is thought to occur through enhanced faecal steroid excretion causing a fall in plasma cholesterol. However, other mechanisms involving fat digestion may be involved also.
Retrogradation of concentrated starch gels
Authors: Keetels C J A M , Vliet T van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of retrogradation of concentrated starch gels during storage on the rheological behaviour at large deformations and on fracture properties has been studied. During ageing the modulus and the stress at fracture increased and the strain at fracture decreased. The extent of these changes was dependent on the starch concentration and on the botanical source of the starch.
Designing polysaccharides for synergistic interactions
Authors: J.Morris V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain ‘synergistic’ mixtures of polysaccharides show an enhanced or even a new capacity to gel. Until recently most synergistic interactions between polysacccharides were considered to arise from intermolecular binding. Experimental studies on common synergistic mixtures will be reviewed and the evidence for intermolecular binding discussed in detail. For systems such as xanthan + carob, xanthan + tara and xanthan + konjac mannan, where intermolecular binding has been established, the chemical and stereochemical nature of the binding will be discussed. The implications of such stereochemistry upon the modification or design of new polysaccharides to improve synergistic interactions will be discussed. In particular the design and modification of polysaccharides to replace xanthan will be described.
Observations on retrogradation of starch polymers in the presence of wheat and rye arabinoxylans
Authors: Biliaderis Costas G , Izydorczyk Marta S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of addition of wheat and rye water-soluble arabinoxylans on the retrogradation kinetics of concentrated amylose (20% w/w), wheat, and waxy maize starch (40% w/w) gels was investigated. Arabinoxylans added at a low concentration (1-2% w/w of total a-D-glucan) increased the crystallization rate of amylopectin, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction and calorimetry. For the amyloseand wheat starch-arabinoxylan mixtures, the storage modulus (G’) was clearly higher than the respective amylose and starch gels alone. In contrast, arabinoxylan retarded the gelation rate (G’ evolution) of waxy maize starch gels suggesting that this polysaccharide interferes with intermolecular cross-linking processes responsible for the rigidity of amylopectin gels; this effect was less pronounced with gels of increasing amylopectin concentration.
Gelation of soybean 11S globulin by glucono-deltalactone
Authors: Kohyama Kaoru , Nishinari Katsuyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dynamic viscoelasticity studies on the gelation of soybean llS globulin by glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) have been done in order to analyze the gelation process of tofu. Observed gelation curves at constant temperatures were approximated by first order reaction kinetics. The saturated storage modulus depended mainly on the concentration of llS protein. Mechanical loss tangents at the final stage of gelation were independent of GDL concentration. The rate constant of the gelation increased with increasing gelling temperature and was mainly governed by the concentration of GDL. The latent time at which the shear modulus began to deviate from the base-line became shorter with increasing concentration of GDL. However, the latent time was not shortened by an increase in protein concentration, in contrast to previous findings for many other protein gels.
The use of anti-oxidants to control viscosity and gel strength loss on heating of galactomannan systems
Authors: R.Mitchell J , E.Hill S , Jumel K , E.Harding S , Aidoo M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viscosity loss on autoclaving guar gum solutions can be substantially reduced by the addition of mixtures of the antioxidants, sodium sulphite and propyl gallate. There appears to be a strong synergistic interaction between the two materials with the maximum affect occurring at ratios of sulphite to gallate of about 3:1. Total antioxidant levels required for substantial protection at pH 7.0 are of the order 1ooppm. The antioxidant combination is also effective in reducing the loss in gel strength which results from autoclaving mixtures of carrageenan and locust bean gum. The similar optimum ratio of sulphite to gallate to that found with the guar system and the small influence of the antioxidants on carrageenan alone suggests that in this mixed system the antioxidants function primarily by protecting the locust bean gum. The results favour a specific interaction rather then "phase separated" model for the mixed gel system. It is possible some of the reported interactions between polysaccharides and other food ingredients can be understood in terms of the antioxidant properties of the ingredients rather then biopolymer association or phase separation.
The effect of calcium ions on the competitive displacement of proteins
Authors: Hunt Josephine A , Dickinson Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competitive displacement at pH 7 has been investigated at the emulsion droplet surface for the egg-yolk protein, phosvitin, and the milk protein, fl-casein. In particular, the effect of calcium ions on the protein exchange behaviour has been studied. Fast protein liquid chromatography analysis of the aqueous phase of phosvitin-stabilised n-tetradecane-in-water emulsions, containing fl-casein added after emulsification, is used to assess the extent of protein exchange at the droplet surface. We find that, in the absence of calcium ions, fl-casein displaces 70 % of adsorbed phosvitin within a few minutes, and then a further 10 % over a period of 48 hours. This is in contrast to the situation where calcium ions (5 mM) are present: here phosvitin is not at all competitively displaced by fl-casein, d˜spite virtually all the milk protein adsorbing.
Gelatin-maltodextrin interactions and synergies, applications in 25% low fat spreads
Authors: Muyldermans G , Vanhoegaerden R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preliminary experiments, lower gel strengths of gelatin hide 180 bl./maltodextrin mixed gels showed that the compatibility of these hydrocolloids was lower with a low dextrose equivalent (25) maltodextrin (Cerestar C*PUR01906) than with higher dextrose equivalent products. A systematic study of the texture parameters (gel strength, rupture force, distance and energy) measured with the Stevens texture analyser on mixed gels of pigskin 260, 180 and 100 bl., hide 260, 180 and 100 bl. gelatins and maltodextrin C*PUR01906 showed that pigskin 260 and 100 bl. give compatible gels over the full 0-10% maltodextrin concentration range, with a synergy at 8-10%. Thermodynamic incompatibility was observed with pigskin 180 bl. and hide gelatins between 4 and 10% maltodextrin, and with all the gelatins at 9 % of the polysaccharide in presence of a low salt concentration. In spite of this, salt containing 25% low fat spreads were successfully produced with pigskin 260 and 120 bl. gelatins and maltodextrin C*PUR01906. Texture parameters determinations showed essentially comparable products were obtained, the pigskin 120 bl. product being somewhat more sticky.
Strategies for the diagnosis of parasitic infections
Authors: Gillespie S H , Hawkey P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organisms which are characteristically referred to as parasites are a heterogeneous group which range in size from microsporidia to complex multicellular organisms, such as Taenia saginata. Parasitic infections are found in all geographic areas and several, such as toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis, are common in temperate countries. Protozoa and helminths have historically been diagnosed and treated by a different group of doctors and scientists than other human pathogens, i.e. parasitologists and tropical disease specialists, rather than clinical microbiologists or infectious disease specialists. This division has arisen, in part, because of the tropical orientation of much parasitological investigation. Development of individual travel in the modern world has broken down the time barrier which used to stand between the developed and developing world. Increased numbers of journeys made to tropical countries have made infections, which might once have been thought of as exotic, commonplace. There is, therefore, a need for a greater awareness of the diagnosis of parasitological conditions amongst clinical microbiologists and infectious disease specialists.
Trichomonads
Authors: Ackers J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trichomonas vagina/is and Pentatrichomonas hominis (previously classified as Trichomonas hominis )are two of the three trichomonad parasites infecting humans, the third being the uncommon and little studied oral parasite Tricho-monas tenax All three are closely related flagellate protozoa with simple life cycles which do not include a resistant cyst stage. T. vagina/is is sexually transmitted, and the most common protozoan infection in Europe and North America, but with an even higher prevalence in many developing countries. P. hominis inhabits the large bowel and is much less common; it is usually regarded as a non-pathogen although it can probably cause mild gastro-intestinal symptoms when present in large numbers. It is transmitted by the ingestion of trophozoites derived from the faeces of infected patients, and is unusual in being sufficiently resistant to gastric acid despite the absence of a cyst. Because of their very different epidemiology and clinical presentation, these two organisms will be dealt with separately.
Schistosomiasis
Authors: Marshall Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schistosomes are digenetic trematodes belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and infect more than 200 million people in 76 countries in the tropics and subtropics. Although 18 species of the genus Schistosoma are currently recognized, the majority are parasites of animals other than humans. Most infections in humans can be accounted for by Schistosoma haematobium, S. japonicum, and S. mansoni, together with a minor contribution from S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. The distribution of the clinically significant species of Schistosoma is shown in Figure 1.
Purification of protein (tyrosine) kinases
Authors: Stewart Alexander a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the general principles involved in the purification of protein (tyrosine) kinases (PTKs). The importance of PTKs, and reasons for purifying them are briefly described. The best sources for protein (tyrosine) kinase purification, and methods for their assay are discussed. Purification techniques which are either unique or particularly appropriate for PTKs as a group of enzymes are described, with examples from the purification of three of these enzymes: c-src,epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor kinases.
Homology-based approaches for identifying cDNAs that encode eukaryotic protein (serine/threonine) and protein (tyrosine) kinases
Authors: Hanks Steven K , Lawton michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In eukaryotes, protein kinases that phosphorylate serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues make up a large family of related enzymes (1–3). The members of this family are of interest because of the critical roles they play in regulating cellular processes such as the transduction of extracellullar signals, oncogenesis, and cell cycle progression. The list of known protein-kinases is expanding rapidly. To date, well over 100 different protein kinases, encoded by distinct genes, have been identified from mammalian species alone. Many more have been recognized from a wide variety of other eukaryotes, including life-forms as diverse as coelenterates, slime moulds, fungi, and lower and higher plants. There is no doubt that a great many more members of this important enzyme family remain to be discovered.
Chromosome analysis and sorting by flow cytometry
Authors: Monard S , Kearne L , Young B D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Univariate chromosome analysis can be performed on most flow cytometers equipped with an argon ion laser (10). Chromosomes are usually stained with ethidium bromide which can be excited with the 514 nm line, or more usually with the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser. The emission signal can be collected using a 580 nm long pass filter or equivalent band pass filter. Other fluorochromes can be used for univariate analysis and sorting if they give a clearer separation of the chromosome peak of interest.