bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Paths
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1917-1920 - from the Bolshevik Revolution to the definitive statement of American opposition to Bolshevik Russia - Soviets and Americans searched for ways to effect meaningful interaction between the nations in the absence of formal diplomatic relations. During these years wide-ranging discussions occurred on a variety of serious issues, from military collaboration and economic relations to the comprehensive settlement of political and military disputes. At the same time extensive debates took place in both countries about the nature of the relations between them. As McFadden shows in this pathbreaking book, based on research in Soviet archives, as well as previously unused private collections and government archives in the United States and Great Britain, a surprising number of concrete agreements were reached between the two countries, including continued operation of the American Red Cross in Russia, the transfer of war materials from the Russian army to the Americans, the sale of strategic supplies of platinum from the Bolsheviks to the United States, the exemption of a number of American corporations from Soviety nationalization, and the numerous trade contracts betwen the Soviet government and American firms. Numerous imkportant diplomats and politicians were involved in these negotiations. Most of the details, characters and nature of these discussions and their efforts have previously been overlooked or downplayed by historians. In the post-Cold War era, such a re-evaluation should have special relevance. re-evaluation of this critical period, McFadden shows how a surprising number of concrete agreements were reached between the two nations, and the relevance of this in light of current events such as glasnost.
The Bolsheviks and Economic Diplomacy, 1919-1920
Authors: McFadden David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the collapse of the Bullitt m1ss10n and the close of the Paris Peace Conference. Lenin and the Bolsheviks intensified their efforts to achieve a breakthrough with the United States. But now they shifted to a concentration on a predominantly economic strategy. Ludwig C. A. K. Martens had been appointed in January 1919 as the representative of the People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs for the purpose of economic and diplomatic contact in New York. He attempted to present his credentials to the State Department in late March, at nearly the time the Bullitt proposals were pending.4 Following a rebuff by the State Department, Martens devoted almost his entire attention to contacts with American businessmen. Bolshevik attempts to reach the United States State Department during the remainder of 1919 and 1920 were limited to occasional press interviews, radio, and written appeals. The waning months of the Wilson administration only strengthened this Bolshevik tendency to emphasize economic approaches, as the Soviets devoted their attention to preparation for what they believed would be a new Republican administration, motivated by the primacy of economic considerations.5
“Good Intentions, a Clear Conscience, and to Hell with Everybody”: May 1954–December 1960
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 1955 Graham Greene, an English novelist, published The Quiet American, a bitter story of a love triangle involving a youthful and apparently naive American embassy official, a world-weary British journalist, and a beautiful young Vietnamese woman attempting to survive the chaos of the final days of French rule in Indochina. The names of Greene’s characters seemed to leap from the pages of the works of Charles Dickens. The endlessly soliloquizing American named Alden Pyle was indeed an unrelenting pain to many of the people he encountered in Saigon. Thomas Fowler, the cynical, disengaged British reporter, was Pyle’s rival for Phuong, the Vietnamese woman. Phuong pronounced Fowler’s name Fowl-aire, representing the stale and fetid attitudes of old European powers. For her part, Phuong’s name called to mind a phoenix, rising from the ashes of colonial rule. Greene drew a devastating portrait of an American innocent marching down the road to hell. Pyle had studied Asian history at Harvard University, and he had come to Vietnam, “determined,” Fowler recalled, “to do good, not to any individual person but to country, a continent, a world.”
Days of Reckoning: August 1964-July 1965
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between late 1964 and the middle of 1965 the U.S. passed the point of no return in Vietnam. The number of U.S. troops in Vietnam rose from fifty thousand to ninety thousand with a promise of another hundred thousand by the end of 1965. Their role changed from advisers to combatants. In the fall of 1964 President Johnson and his principal advisers on Vietnam policy watched in horror as a succession of unstable governments in Saigon failed to develop popular support and wage the war effectively. The United States took a series of steps designed to bolster the flagging morale of the South Vietnamese authorities, but nothing seemed to work. For both political and military reasons, in early 1965 the United States escalated the air war over North Vietnam. By June, Johnson had taken a series of decisions that irrevocably transformed the Vietnam conflict into an American war. In July the President presided over a celebrated discussion with his key advisers about whether to increase the number of U.S. ground forces. By the time these discussions took place, Johnson had so deeply committed the United States to the fighting that it seemed far easier to go forward than to diminish American involvement.
Throughout this period of gradually increasing American participation in the fighting, the Johnson administration struggled to limit the U.S. role.
“Americans Must Rule America”: The Ideology of the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the aura of secrecy surrounding their organization helped the Know Nothings attract members, leaders of the Order recognized that their furtive ness also impeded the spread of their message. Since few newspapers had been willing to support the Know Nothings or their candidates overtly in 1854, nativists had been unable to circulate propaganda beyond the confines of the councils. Enemies had taken advantage of the Order’s secrecy during these first campaigns, spreading false rumors about the organization that the Know Nothings could not publicly refute. Realizing that they could not allow their opponents’ charges and criticisms to go unanswered, and hoping as well to make their organization appear more like a conventional political party, Know Nothings decided after the election of 1854 to break their code of secrecy and disseminate their ideology to the nation.
Reactionary Populism: The Politics of Class
Authors: Maclean Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“For the first time in the history of our country,” E. D. Rivers, a Great Titan of the Klan, state senator, and now candidate for governor, warned in 1930, “we are faced with being ruled by an oligarchy [of] centralized wealth.” Rivers joined other Klansmen as spoke speople in a campaign being waged in Clarke County against “the invasion of these minions of monopoly-the alien chain stores.” Employing a traditional idiom of popular protest, Rivers identified chain stores with “the taking away of the freedom of government from the masses.” “The Little Group of Kings in Wall Street,” one campaign advertisement admonished, is “very deliberately wiping out your independence.” Another prominent Klan speaker expressed concern for the “young men of the country who will become ‘automatons’” with no choice but to work for such monopolies. “Are your Sons and Daughters for sale?” the Citizens’ Protective League demanded of local parents.
The Beauty of Deep Structure
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chomsky’s work very quickly rippled into neighboring academic ponds. One of the first, naturally, was psychology. Behaviorists and Bloomfieldians had been getting together since the brink of the fifties, the latter finally deciding to disregard the warnings of the master. There were hybrid conferences and seminars at linguistic strongholds like Cornell and Indiana, a growing stream of publications, and a shiny new word, psycholinguistics. Almost all of this work shared a positivist philosophy of science and a commitment to stimuli and responses as the principal components for modeling language behavior, parole. Chomsky, first very directly, through conversations, colloquia, and collaborations with the emergent cognitive community in Cambridge, then somewhat indirectly, through his deadly assault on Verbal Behavior, had a huge impact in clearing away the positivism and the stimulusresponse models.
Generative Semantics 2: The Heresy
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost everyone who talks about the beginnings of generative semantics uses the same image about Lakoff and Ross, even if only to downplay its applicability; in Lees’s phrasing, “it may well not have been so important that the cat was away while those two mice played, but only that the two had come together.” That is, almost everyone involved sees a significant correlation between Chomsky’s 1966 sabbatical visit to Berkeley and the dramatic rise in the fortunes of abstract syntax as it segued into generative semantics. The reasons for this correlation are clear, and by this point, very familiar. I’ll let Ross say it this time: “Chomsky is extremely intellectual, brilliant, amazingly quick in debate, and hard working, and reads everything, at huge speed, and retains everything: just an overwhelming intellect”—qualities whose effect on the MIT community is to make it “very much a one-man show.” Chomsky sets the agenda whenever he is there, and setting the agenda at MIT in the first half of the sixties was tantamount to setting the agenda for transformational grammar. When he left, there was a vacuum.
The Vicissitudes of War
Authors: Harris Randy Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“For base men,” Empedocles warns us, “it is indeed possible to withhold belief from strong proofs” (fragment 55), but baseness, like beauty and contact lenses, is in the eye of the beholder. When scientists across the way refuse to grant the force of an argument that its sponsor finds compelling, they are base by definition, which is why the most common accusations in science are forms of ad hominems—implications of personal failings, like stupidity, sloppy scholarship, and often, dishonesty. Personal attacks are far more common in science than is generally thought (suggesting, among other things, that thin veils such as x is confused, or y fails to understand the issue, or z misrepresents my position actually work). Even the parched and stolid pages of professional journals are full of them, and they cluster fructiferously around paradigm disputes. It isn’t difficult to see why.
Applied Psychoanalysis
Authors: Caldwell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not necessary to know all or even most of psychoanalytic theory in order to use the theory to interpret myth since the aspects of psychoanalysis most relevant for this undertaking are, for the most part, the basic and early discoveries Freud referred to as the cornerstones of psychoanalysis: the existence of the unconscious, the role of repression, and the importance of childhood events and fantasies.
May We Kill in Nonabortion Cases?
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1971 Judith Thomson suggested that it would be helpful when discussing abortion to consider the following analogy: Imagine, she said, that you have been kidnapped by a group of people who want to save a dying violinist. The only way to save him is to plug him into your kidneys for nine months. (No one else is available for use.) You have nothing to do with the fact that he is dying or that he needs your kidneys; nevertheless, the group plugs him in to you. In order for you to be freed from the violinist before the nine months are over, he must die, either because he will die without support from you or because we must actively kill him in the process of, or even as a means of, detaching him from you. Thomson concluded that it would be morally permissible to kill the innocent violinist in any of these ways.
Micrometeorological and Microhabitat Factors Affecting Maintenance and Dissemination of Tick-borne Diseases in the Environment
Authors: Daniel Milan , Dusbabek Frantisek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical distribution of ticks, their life history, hosts, and ability to transmit the infection are determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The intrinsic factors are the biochemical and physiological properties of the tick that determine its reaction to the external conditions of its habitat. The extrinsic factors are the abiotic and biotic components of the habitat that influence tick biology.
Geographic Dissemination of Tick-borne Zoonoses
Authors: Korch George W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent discovery of new tick-borne human illnesses caused by spirochetes (Lyme disease), sporozoans (human babesiosis) and rickettsia (human ehrlichiosis), as important public health threats has refocused attention on ticks, their basic ecology and the epidemiology of the diseases they transmit. In addition to newly identified tick-borne pathogens, the emergence of other infectious diseases (Legionnaire’s disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, etc.) has heightened the sensitivity of the general public and the media to public health issues. The question the scientific community is frequently faced with by the public and media is “where did this new disease come from?” At the outset, we can usually only provide best possible guesses, however, new technologies and advancements in such diverse fields as molecular biology, remote sensing, and geographic information systems, combined with existing disciplines, are hastening our ability to respond to these queries and may help in uncovering answers to the more complex issues involved in identifying origins.
The Unionization Process
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just why employees vote for or against union representation in certification elections has captured the attention of researchers and practitioners alike for many decades. Most of the research on unionization has been conducted in the United States, where its extent in the private sector has decreased from 35.7% in 1953 to only 17.8% in 1983 (Troy, 1986). (Union membership in the public sector increased from 11.6% to 34.4% during the same period.) The decline in American union membership is in sharp contrast with increases in unionism in most other Western countries, including Canada (see Table 1.1). Several reasons have been posited for this decline: The shift in employment away from traditionally heavily unionized industries in the manufacturing sector toward less unionized, service industries; the population and employment swing away from heavily unionized Northeastern and North Central regions to the less unionized South; the effects of foreign competition from countries that have undercut American labor costs; and the influx of nontraditional workers into the labor force, such as professional women. The trend is also reflected in the significant decline in the number of workers organized through the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) representation elections. Freeman (1985) reports that the success rate of unions in NLRB elections has dropped from 60% in the mid-1950s and 1960s, to 45% in the early 1980s. He attributes this to increased management opposition, reduced organizing efforts on behalf of unions, and economic structural changes such as the ones we have outlined above.
Union Leadership: The Role of the Shop Steward
Authors: Barling Julian , Fullagar Clive , Kelloway E Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we considered the predictors and consequences of members’ participation in union activities. This chapter now extends that discussion by focusing specifically on the topic of union leadership and its influence on the unionization process. There are several reasons why a specific focus on union leadership is warranted. First, union leadership is the highest form of participation in union activities. Acceptance of a leadership role within the union implies a greater involvement in union activities than do other forms of participation such as voting in union elections or attending union meet­ings (Nicholson, 1976). Moreover, participation in a leadership role in the union necessitates participation in other union activities including decision making (Anderson, 1979). Second, union leaders facilitate the involvement of rank and file members in the union. Members’ participation in union activities varies with shop stewards’ interpersonal skills (Kahn & Tannenbaum, 1954) and accessibility (Nicholson et al., 1980). Attitudes toward the union, such as union commitment, predict members’ participation and, in themselves, are influenced by the leadership styles of union officials (Fullagar, McCoy, & Shull, 1992). As the individuals responsible for the orientation of new members and the dissemination of information to members, union leaders are critical for the development of union relevant attitudes and behaviors and union democracy (Kahn & Tannenbaum, 1954).
Emergence of Chronic Diseases (II)
Authors: Young T Kue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simply defined, obesity is the excess of body fat. While fat or adipose tissue is essential for a variety of physiological functions. its excess can lead to significant health problems. Many of the chronic di. eases discussed in this and the previous chapter are associated with obesity: ischemic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, gallbladder disease, and certain cancers. Obesity is associated with an increase in the size of fat cells (i.e., hypertrophy), and in cases of extreme obesity, an increase in the number of fat cells, or hyperplasia (National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel, 1985).
The Politics of Yeoman Households in South Carolina
Authors: McCurry Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime in the fall of 1855, on the coast of South Carolina, Ralph Elliott, the son of a very wealthy planter, and a “vulgar” neighbor named Price came to blows over Price’s relationship to the slaves on Elliott’s “PonPon” plantation. Convinced that Price had been engaged in illegal trade with the PonPon slaves, Elliott had “knocked him down,” an insult Price had answered with two pistol shots in Elliott’s face, “so close as to burn him with the powder,” but which missed their mark and “shot through his hat.” The yeoman Price had refused to play slave to Elliott’s master.
Soldiering, Manhood, and Coming of Age: A Northern Volunteer
Authors: Mitchell Reid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Abraham Lincoln first ran for President, Cyrus F. Boyd was already twenty-four years old. Nevertheless he would later say that he and the other Republican boys of Palmyra, Iowa, “organized a company of young men just young enough and strong enough to do some tall yelling.” They must have been a sight—each one wearing blue overalls, white shirts, and “a chip hat,” riding horseback to electioneer for Lincoln. “We were supposed to be assisting Abraham Lincoln to be elected President and everybody now knows that he was elected.” The horses, he later confessed, were really colts. “We not only had to break and drill ourselves but had to break the colts also and at the same time.”
Arranging a Doll’s House: Refined Women as Union Nurses
Authors: Ross Kristie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of July 1862, Katharine Wormeley wrote to a friend from her home in Newport, Rhode Island, lamenting the end of her twelve weeks as a nurse on the hospital ships sponsored by the United States Sanitary Commission during the three months of the Peninsular Campaign. She looked back on her experience as a time when she and others aboard the transports had “worked together under the deepest feelings, and to the extent of our powers, shoulder to shoulder, helping each other to the best of our ability, no one failing or hindering another.” Wormeley was sad, she said, “to feel that it is all over.”
Acting Her Part: Narratives of Union Women Spies
Authors: Sizer Lyde Cullen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raising her glass on stage in the middle of her performance in Union-controlled Louisville, Kentucky, Pauline Cushman toasted Jefferson Davis and earned hearty applause from Confederates in the audience. She thus made her debut, not into acting, but into spying for the Union army.
In her 1864 pamphlet The Romance of the Great Rebellion, Cushman described the incident that launched her new career. Just before the performance, two paroled Confederate officers waiting for an exchange had dared her to make a toast for Davis. Shocked by the proposition, she immediately went to a Union marshal. “That gentleman received me very kindly,” she wrote, “and after an interview which satisfied him of my earnest loyalty to the Union, he suggested to me that my patriotism and nerve might be well employed as a ‘detective’ in the secret army service.”
Wartime Dialogues on Illicit Sex: White Women and Black Men
Authors: Hodes Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wartime and Reconstruction climate of social upheaval in the American South, sex between white women and black men became a highly charged political issue, spurring whites to a level of public violence unknown under slavery. The subject of sex between white women and black men entered the national political arena during the Civil War in the presidential election campaign of 1864. It was then that the Democratic party coined the pejorative term “miscegenation” (from the Latin miscere, “to mix”; and genus, race) and asserted that Lincoln’s Republican party advocated sex and marriage across the color line. Posing as Republicans, a group of Democrats distributed an anonymous booklet advocating political and social equality, and specifically the mixture of black and white. The authors wrote that although the “frenzy of love in the white Southern woman for the negro” was rarely acted upon, plantation mistresses had a stake in slavery because it permitted them sexual access to black men.
Intemperate Men, Spiteful Women, and Jefferson Davis
Authors: Silber Nina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1865 the American Civil War concluded in much the same way that it had begun—in a flurry of chaos and confusion in which the emotions of the participants swung between dramatic highs and lows. For the people of the North, it was a thrilling, but ultimately unsettling, victory. The fall of the Confederate capital in Richmond, Virginia, on April 3 signaled an intense joy and optimism among northerners that would be surpassed only by the excitement of April 10—the day that most Americans learned of Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox. But the northerners’ initial euphoria was soon shattered. With the news of Appomattox only five days old, they awoke to the news of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Reeling from the heights of joy to the depths of grief, northerners re-ignited long-standing hatreds of the Confederacy and its leaders.