bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Emotion (1998)
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I discuss two paradigms of emotion analysis, one by Aristotle and the other by William James. I argue that the emotions are political in a sense illuminated by Aristotle, and that the analysis of emotion – the choice between paradigms – is also political, in that it involves much more than a scientific notion of correctness. Emotions are (or can be) tools that we use to manipulate other people. The analysis of emotions also determines how we will behave and how we understand ourselves.
Against Valence (“Positive” and “Negative” Emotions) (2001)
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
I argue against the common idea that emotions can be defined in terms of their valence, as positive and negative affects. I argue that the polarity is simple‐minded and refers to many different contrasts. I also argue against the idea of emotion opposites (e.g. love and hate), as similarly simpleminded and based on the same oversimplification.
Thoughts and Feelings: What Is a “Cognitive Theory” Of the Emotions, and Does It Neglect Affectivity? (2001)
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractI again return to the thesis that emotions are judgments and “cognitive” theories in general, and argue that “judgment” is the best candidate to analyze the complexity of emotion, which has affinities with belief, thought, and perception but without being equivalent to any of these.
Animals and Religious Traditions
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Because religious traditions are both complex and cumulative, this chapter analyzes what it means to claim generally that an entire religious tradition is, across time and place, characterized by a “view of” or “claims about” nonhuman animals. The issue of anachronism, i.e. imposition of modern constructs on ancient strata of these traditions, is addressed. The occurrence within religious traditions of some aspects of natural history (views of other animals that describe the features of their bodies and lives for identification purposes) is also evaluated.
Exclusion and the Concept of Speciesism
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the origin, history, and conceptual structure of “speciesism”. The central question asked is whether the notion of speciesism, under which inclusion of all humans within the purview of moral protections is paired with exclusion of all nonhumans from similar fundamental protections, is a valuable interpretive tool in discerning features of general views about nonhuman animals. Included is an overview of many uses of the term “speciesism,” including the seminal use by Peter Singer. The prevalence of ideology, in the sense of bias or prejudgment, in discussions regarding nonhuman animals is also identified. A working definition of “speciesism” is proposed: “Speciesism is the inclusion of all human animals within, and the exclusion of all other animals from, the moral circle.”
Criticisms of Speciesism
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Criticisms of “speciesism” by various philosophers are engaged to provide a test for assessing limitations of the notion generally. Analogies of speciesism to racism and sexism are evaluated. The notion of “persons” is discussed in terms of Immanuel Kant's division of persons and things. Duty of inquiry as an obligation of ethics, and the notion of “species loyalty” or “species bond” is analyzed as a cultural artifact or conventionalism.
Other Complex Animals: Missed Opportunities?
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Three groups of socially and cognitively complex nonhuman animals are discussed: elephants, cetaceans (whales and dolphins), and nonhuman great apes (gorillas, orangutans, bonobos, and chimpanzees). These are assessed in terms of a constellation of general characteristics that lead to rich social relationships among complex individuals, which in turn leads to ethical importance or considerability. The limits of epistemology and sociology of knowledge regarding factual realities are analyzed. The central place of language in ethical debates is assessed.
What Is an Animal?
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The questions, “What do and can we mean when we talk about ‘animals’?” and “What does it mean to talk about a species?” are broken down into their components. Language habits, epitomized by Augustine and Descartes, are problematized. The dualism “humans and animals” is analyzed as a logical problem in religious traditions and the modern animal rights movement. The notion “principle of differentiated value” is presented to deal with claims about hierarchy. The notions of “essentialism,” “traits proper to a species,” and “natural kind” as they have been used in conjunction with claims about species membership are broken down into their components.
Other Animals in the Pali Canon
Authors: Waldau Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A review of generalizations and specific references to nonhuman animals in the Pali canon, including the Jataka stories, the Dhammapada, the Vinaya, and each of the Nikayas. Reviews those portions of the ancient collection of Buddhist texts known as the Pali Canon. The vocabulary used in these texts, and especially the manner of reference to nonhuman animals, reveals (1) some important negative attitudes and (2) a persistent refusal to investigate.
Science, Truth, and Democracy
Authors: Kitcher Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
What should be the goal of science in a democratic society? Some say, to attain the truth; others deny the possibility (or even the intelligibility) of truth‐seeking. Science, Truth, and Democracy attempts to provide a different answer. It is possible to make sense of the notion of truth, and to understand truth as correspondence to a mind‐independent world. Yet science could not hope to find the whole truth about that world. Scientific inquiry must necessarily be selective, focusing on the aspects of nature that are deemed most important. Yet how should that judgement be made? The book's answer is that the search for truth should be combined with a respect for democracy. The scientific research that should strike us as significant would address the questions singled out as most important in an informed deliberation among parties committed to each others’ well‐being. The book develops this perspective as an ideal of ‘well‐ordered science’, relating this ideal both to past efforts at science policy and to the possibility that finding the truth may not always be what we want. It concludes with a chapter on the responsibilities of scientists.
The Next Christendom
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We are living through one of the greatest transformations in the history of religion worldwide. Over the last century, Christianity has enjoyed explosive growth in the global South–in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Within a few decades, Christianity will be overwhelmingly a non-European, non-white religion. Philip Jenkins argues that what we are seeing is no less than the creation of a new Christendom, which, for better or worse, will play a major role in world affairs. This book offers the first in-depth examination of the globalization of Christianity and discusses the implications for Christian worship, liturgy, culture, and political life. In addition, the denominations that are triumphing all over the global south are strongly traditional and even reactionary by the standards of economically advanced nations, and their message tends to be charismatic, visionary, and apocalyptic. This newly militant Christianity may give rise to renewed religious rivalry, especially since Islam is expanding in the same areas as Christianity. The resulting confrontations have already given rise to deadly conflicts in places such as Nigeria, Malaysia, and Indonesia. An unprecedented and potentially dangerous global change is underway. This book is an important first step toward understanding its challenges and its threats.
The Christian Revolution
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This first chapter of the book introduces the transformation that is occurring in Christianity worldwide. It describes how, over the past century, the center of gravity of the Christian world has shifted inexorably southward and forecasts that this trend will continue apace, so that, in contrast to earlier predictions that Western (“European”) Christianity (seen by some as the ideological arm of Western imperialism) is in its dying days and that Islam is the global faith of the future, Christianity should enjoy a worldwide boom in the twenty-first century. The different sections of the chapter discuss the new tradition of Christianity in the South–pointing out that most writers are neglecting this reality, and focusing on Western Christianity; the implications of this for theology and religious practice since Southern Christianity is far more conservative, even reactionary, and supernatural (charismatic, visionary, and apocalyptic); earlier predictions forecasting the death of orthodox (Western) Christianity, which did not allow for the globalization of the religion; the possible rise of a new Southern Christendom and the conflicts and struggles that this might cause; and the future responses of Northern/Western and Southern Christians to the rise of the Southern Christianity.
Disciples of All Nations
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter addresses the myth of Western Christianity and outlines the true origins and development of Christianity, as opposed to those presented in the history books. Accounts are given of the early Eastern churches, particularly those in Ethiopia and Armenia, and of the survival of Christian traditions in Asia and Africa through the Middles Ages, and under Islamic (Muslim) rule. Next, an analysis is presented of the size of Christian communities that survived under Muslim rule in ancient and medieval times and up to the early twentieth century, and the question addressed as to why, when Christians survived Muslim conquests so successfully, they form such a small minority in the modern Middle East. Further sections of the chapter discuss the Catholic missions that took place from about 1500 and the different ways in which Christianity developed in countries beyond the reach of the European empires, where missionaries where not able to enforce their will politically, and in those countries where this was not the case; and the adaptation of the gospel to local cultures, customs, and practices in countries where there was no imperial backing is described, with particular reference to the “silk strategy” in Japan (where the priests dressed in silk in preference to cotton and thus identified themselves with the social elite, who were able to assist in the spread of Christianity), and Jesuit missions to China. The last part of the chapter looks at Protestant missions from the late eighteenth century in Africa and China.
Missionaries and Prophets
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks at the nature of the religious changes involved in successful Christian missions and the resulting expansion of Christianity in Asia and Africa: success that is impossible to understand if the new Christians were only responding out of fear or envy of imperial conquerors. The chapter starts by examining the view developing in the West in the mid-twentieth century that the Christian mission venture was solely misguided imperialism and an attempt to export Western culture. It goes on to analyse the reasons for Southern Christian expansion, and the synthesis of this Christianity into local cultures. The last two sections investigate the newer autonomous (independent) Christian churches in Africa; these are one of the most notable aspects of Southern Christianity and can be expected to play an increasing role in world Christianity.
Coming Home
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses possible responses of the global North to the rise of a new global Christianity emanating from the Southern churches, where the future of Christianity may well lie. Although no one expects a literal Southern invasion of Europe or North America, and traditional Christianity is weakening in large sections of the North, it is indeed being reinforced and reinvigorated by the Southern churches by means of immigration and evangelization. Various aspects of this scenario are discussed, including: the fear of a “Black” planet, where Whites have a conspicuous global minority; Catholic politics and the fact that the Catholic Church has long had to deal with trends that other religious communities are only now beginning to face since the majority of the world’s Catholics have been in the South for a generation; support from the global South to Northern religious conservatives on gender, sexual, and moral issues, to which the African and Asian churches have highly conservative attitudes; and the possibility of the evangelization of the North by Southern Christians, both through missionary work and immigration. Numerous European examples of the latter are given, and there are also examples in Canada, although the situation in the United States is very different owing to the fact that the country has never experienced the same kind of secularization as Europe and American Christianity is alive and well.
The Real Man
Authors: Almog Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter reviews the real distinction of Chapter 1 in the light of the pressure put on generic dualism by the integrationist challenge to give way to robust essences. It revisits the question of conceivability, in particular conceivability illusions such as the apparent conceivability of disembodiment and man–mind swaps. The full essence of the specific entities involved in the conceivability attempts holds the key to unravelling the illusion. It is not conceivable of the mind that it exists disembodied—contrary to first‐blush—if the full essence of the mind is brought to bear upon the question, the mind being what it is, namely, the mind of a human being. Two kinds of integrations are distinguished: generic versus tight, depending on whether the mind is made to depend existentially on any body of a given kind, or whether it is inextricably connected to a particular human body. The final pages contain a discussion of Descartes's primal question (what am I?) and finds that there is ‘appeal and confidence’ in Descartes's primal answer to that question: a man.
Introduction
Authors: Batterman Robert W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter introduces a number of key concepts that are important throughout the book. It offers an informal discussion of the nature of universality; an important, related, distinction between types of explanatory why‐questions; and a distinction between kinds of potential reductive relations between theories. I provide a broad overview of the role asymptotic reasoning plays in the proper understanding of explanation, reduction, and emergence.
Philosophical Models of Reduction
Authors: Batterman Robert W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Nagelian and neo‐Nagelian models of reduction. It also considers the multiple realizability argument against reduction of the special sciences and argues that one must think of multiple realizability as an instance of universality. This raises the possibility of providing an account of multiply realized regularities of the special sciences in analogy to that provided for universality in physics. Asymptotic methods provide these explanatory accounts. One particularly important consequence of the discussion is that one can have explanations of special sciences regularities in terms of lower‐level physical theory without having a reduction of the former to the latter.
Intertheoretic Relations—Optics
Authors: Batterman Robert W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses limiting correspondence relations between the wave theory of light and the ray theory of light. The limit is singular and there is no reductive relation between the theories. The focus is on the particular problem of understanding certain universal features of rainbows. The fruitfulness of studying this singular limit is demonstrated. The main conclusion of this chapter is that the fundamental theory (the wave theory) turns out to be explanatorily deficient and a new (asymptotic) explanatory theory characterizes the asymptotic borderland between the two theories.
The Interaction Between Religion and Culture in Peace and Conflict
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis introductory chapter highlights the role of culture and religion (which, for purposes of this book is treated as a subset of cultural phenomena) in conflict generation and peacemaking. The importance of cross‐religious study is also emphasized, particularly in the case of religions with very complex origins such as the Abrahamic faiths (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity) in which interrelatedness betrays the causes of rivalry and historical conflict, and the chapter also uncovers places for conflict resolution and peacemaking by discovering points of convergence. The aim of the book is to discover the deeper roots of the Middle East conflict and to apply them to the challenges and possibilities for future Palestine–Israel relations.
Political and Mythic Interdependencies
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is argued that the rational processes of political negotiation and diplomacy can never progress very far without taking account of the (cultural) myths underlying the attitudes of all parties (and intervenors) involved. Such myths are often expressed in terms of some idealized self‐image, together with a demonized mythic construct of the “other.” These arguments are illustrated by addressing the contemporary examples of the coup against Milosevic in Serbia, and peacemaking processes in which the author has been involved in Israel/Palestine. The latter covers the work of Rabbi Frohman in Israel, attempts to get the US Administration under Clinton involved in a Jewish–Muslim dialog, and steps toward the Jerusalem Religious Peace Agreement (the Islamic/Jewish treaty).
Conflict, Injury, and Transformation
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAddresses the role of memories of personal and collective injury – the scars of conflict and violence – in retarding peacemaking processes. The important role of organized religion in this kind of “perpetuated mourning,” and its role in conflict generation and avoidance, and self‐examination and self‐judgment, is discussed. It is noted that systems of coping with ultimate loss must become part of any conflict resolution between enemies, and that although each community involved must accomplish this separately, peacemakers should coordinate the process. Two things are needed to disengage a group from the need to be violent: manufactured injury (often based on the political ambitions of leaders) must be separated from actual injury; and manufactured injuries that are rooted in weak internal self‐conceptions must be replaced by a strong sense of self that does not need injury to survive. In the case of the Israel/Palestine conflict, these processes are as important for Jews in relation to the Holocaust as for Palestinians in relation to the loss of their country in 1948.
De‐Escalation Plans and General Steps Toward a New Relationship
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIt is suggested that obsession with the mind and personality of key leaders in a conflict situation is a deflection from the real work of conflict prevention and resolution, since the overwhelming, unrecognized and feared power actually rest with the moods and instincts of the majority of the people embroiled in the conflict. In this context, the chapter focuses on cultural shifts in the Israeli/Palestinian communities that are the key to determining possible elite concessions, compromises, and creative problem solving. Before this, however, the author gives his opinion on what went wrong between Arafat and Barak in the summer of 2000, and led to the resulting spiral of violence; the opinion includes cross‐cultural considerations, and personality and political issues. The cultural conflict de‐escalation plan for Israel and Palestine presented next makes some very explicit recommendations for de‐escalating the violent confrontations as of winter 2002, with specific attention to culture and religion. The chapter ends with some general recommendations for the future.
Specific Steps Toward a New Relationship
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: October 2003

AbstractLike the last chapter, this one focuses on cultural shifts in the Israeli/Palestinian communities that are the key to determining a new relationship between them. This is contextualized by summarizing insights from the previous chapters in a phrase: myth matters. The author advocates a turning of conflict prevention and resolution methodologies toward a synergistic and humble engagement with the lived uses of ritual already in place in peacemaking in the region. In addition, he seeks a creative investigation and experimentation with the vast reservoir of Abrahamic uses of ritual to heal, establish basic patterns of civility, transform broken relationships, mourn, repent, end war, and make peace. The recommendations presented are given under the headings of Education and Training, Myth, Ritual, and Ceremony, Land Attachments, The Poor, Study as Peacebuilding, Social Contract and Covenants, Trust Building, Self‐examination and the Move From Barrier To Bridge, and Recommendations To Officials.
Stability and Justification in Hume's Treatise
Authors: Loeb Louis 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Working within a philosophical tradition that values tranquillity, Hume favors an epistemology that links justification with settled belief. Hume appeals to psychological stability to support his own epistemological assessments, both favorable regarding causal inference and unfavorable regarding the imagination. The theory's success in explaining Hume's epistemic distinctions gives way to pessimism or ”skepticism,” since Hume contends that reflection on beliefs is deeply destabilizing. So much the worse, Hume concludes, for placing a premium on reflection. Hume endorses and defends the position that stable beliefs of unreflective persons are justified, though they would not survive reflection. At the same time, Hume relishes, and strains to establish, the paradox that unreflective beliefs enjoy a preferred epistemic status. A series of amendments to the Treatise secures a more positive result for justified belief while maintaining Hume's fundamental principles. These include a stratum of psychological doctrine beyond associationism, a theory of conditions in which beliefs are felt to conflict and of the resolution of this uneasiness or dissonance. This theory of mental conflict is also essential to Hume's strategy for integrating empiricism about meaning with his naturalism. However, Hume fails to provide a general account of the conditions in which conflicting beliefs lead to persisting instability, so his theory is incomplete.