bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mononuclear cell subpopulations in preterm and full-term neonates: independent effects of gestational age, neonatal infection, maternal pre-eclampsia, maternal betamethason therapy, and mode of delivery
Authors: KOTIRANTA-AINAMO A , APAJASALO M , POHJAVUORI M , RAUTONEN N , RAUTONEN J 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYBlood samples from 29 preterm (24–32 weeks of gestation) and 21 full-term (37–42 weeks of gestation) neonates were analysed for surface markers of lymphocyte subtypes and macrophages, and the effects of gestational age, neonatal infection, maternal pre-eclampsia, maternal betamethason therapy and mode of delivery were assessed with multiple regression analysis. Gestational age alone had few independent effects (increase in CD3+, CD8+CD45RA+, and CD11α+ cells, and decrease in CD14+, HLA-DR− cells) during the third trimester on the proportions of the immune cell subtypes studied. Neonatal infection and mother's pre-eclampsia had the broadest and very opposite kinds of effects on the profile of immune cells in the blood. Infection of the neonate increased the proportions of several ‘immature’ cells (CD11α−CD20+, CD40+CD19−, and CD14+HLA-DR−), whereas mother's pre-eclampsia decreased the proportions of naive cell types (CD4+CD8+, CD5+CD19+). In addition, neonatal infection increased the proportion of T cells (CD3+, CD3+CD25+, and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and CD45RA+ cells), while maternal pre-eclampsia had a decreasing effect on the proportion of CD4+ cells, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and proportions of CD11α+, CD14+ and CD14+HLA-DR+ cells. Maternal betamethason therapy increased the proportion of T cells (CD3+) and macrophages (CD14+, CD14+HLA-DR+), but decreased the proportion of natural killer (NK) cells. Caesarean section was associated with a decrease in the proportion of CD14+ cells. We conclude that the ‘normal range’ of proportions of different mononuclear cells is wide during the last trimester; further, the effect of gestational age on these proportions is more limited than the effects of other neonatal and even maternal factors.
A syndrome resembling human systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) in MRL/lpr mice lacking interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) receptor (MRL/lprγR−/−)
Authors: LE HIR M , MARTIN M , HAAS C 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYMRL/lpr mice develop a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibodies and inflammatory lesions in various organs. The main cause of early mortality is glomerulonephritis. We previously found that MRL/lprγR−/− mice are protected from glomerulonephritis and have an increased life span compared with their MRL/lprγR+/+ littermates. We now carried out a histopathological study of a selection of organs of MRL/lprγR−/− mice. Mice were killed as soon as they showed clinical signs of disease. In the majority of animals skin lesions were the first apparent pathology. Mononuclear cell infiltrates were frequent in skin, lungs and kidneys, and they occurred also in liver, salivary glands and heart. In infiltrated areas there was an abnormal accumulation of bundles of collagen. In the lungs of MRL/lprγR−/− mice, and occasionally in other organs, small and middle-sized arteries and veins showed intimal proliferation, resulting in a narrowed lumen. Alveolitis was widespread. Mononuclear cell infiltrates and excessive production of collagen in the skin and several visceral organs, thickening of vascular intima and autoantibodies are characteristic features of human systemic sclerosis. Thus, MRL/lprγR−/− mice might represent a model for that disease.
Characterization of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-infected natural killer (NK) cell proliferation in patients with severe mosquito allergy; establishment of an IL-2-dependent NK-like cell line
Authors: TSUGE I , MORISHIMA T , MORITA M , KIMURA H , KUZUSHIMA K , MATSUOKA H 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThe clinical evidence of a relationship between severe hypersensitivity to mosquito bite (HMB) and clonal expansion of EBV-infected NK cells has been accumulated. In order to clarify the mechanism of EBV-induced NK cell proliferation and its relationship with high incidence of leukaemias or lymphomas in HMB patients, we studied clonally expanded NK cells from three HMB patients and succeeded in establishing an EBV-infected NK-like cell line designated KAI3. Immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that KAI3 cells as well as infected NK cells exhibited an EBV latent infection type II, where EBV gene expression was limited to EBNA 1 and LMP1. As KAI3 was established by culture with IL-2, IL-2 responsiveness of peripheral blood NK cells from patients was examined. The results represented markedly augmented IL-2-induced IL-2Rα expression in NK cells. This characteristic property may contribute to the persistent expansion of infected NK cells. However, KAI3 cells as well as the NK cells from patients were not protected from apoptosis induced by either an anti-Fas antibody or NK-sensitive K562 cells. Preserved sensitivity to apoptosis might explain the relatively regulated NK cell numbers in the peripheral blood of the patients. To our knowledge, KAI3 is the first reported NK-like cell line established from patients of severe chronic active EBV infection (SCAEBV) before the onset of leukaemias or lymphomas. KAI3 cells will contribute to the study of EBV persistency in the NK cell environment and its relationship with high incidence of leukaemias or lymphomas in HMB patients.
The modulating effects of proinflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and immunoregulating cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), on anti-microbial activity of murine peritoneal macrophages againstMycobacterium avium-intracellularecomplex
Authors: SANO C , SATO K , SHIMIZU T , KAJITANI H , KAWAUCHI H , TOMIOKA H 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYWe assessed the roles of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α, and immunoregulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in the modulation of the anti-microbial activity of murine peritoneal macrophages against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAIC). First, both IFN-γ and TNF-α significantly reduced the bacterial growth in macrophages, indicating that these cytokines participate in up-regulation of macrophage anti-MAIC function. Second, although MAIC-infected macrophages produced substantial amounts of IL-10 and TGF-β, neutralization of endogenous IL-10 and TGF-β with anti-IL-10 and anti-TGF-β antibodies, respectively, did not affect the intracellular growth of MAIC in macrophages from mice with BcgS (MAIC-susceptible) or Bcgr (MAIC-resistant) genotype, regardless of the virulence of test MAIC strains. The same result was also obtained for macrophages stimulated with IFN-γ or TNF-α. Third, in MAIC-infected mice, the growth of organisms at the sites of infection (lungs and spleens) was not affected by administration of anti-IL-10 or anti-TGF-β antibodies. These findings indicate that, in the case of mice, endogenous IL-10 and TGF-β are essentially ineffective in down-regulating macrophage anti-MAIC functions not only in vitro but also in vivo.
Age-dependent altered proportions in subpopulations of tonsillar lymphocytes
Authors: BERGLER W , ADAM S , GROSS H-J , HÖRMANN K , SCHWARTZ-ALBIEZ R 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYAge-related changes in functional subsets of lymphocytes may influence the potential to build up immune responses. In particular, the capacity of tonsillar lymphocytes to counter infections may be altered during ageing. In order to address this question we investigated the proportional distribution of several subsets of tonsillar T and B cells with regard to ageing. Tonsils were derived from 119 patients between 2 and 65 years of age. Lymphocyte subsets were monitored by three-colour fluorescence of relevant CD markers in flow cytometry. As a general tendency the percentage of CD3+ T cells steadily increased whereas that of CD19+ B cells decreased at the same time. No significant differences were observed between lymphocytes of patients with and without inflammatory history of the tonsils. The percentage of CD8+ T cells declined whereas that of CD4+ T cells increased during the same time span. CD45RA+ T cells increased during the first two decades of life and gradually decreased thereafter. In contrast, CD45RO+ T cells showed an opposite trend. No differences were seen in the population of CD3−/CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. The mature B cell marker CD40 showed no significant changes during ageing. However, CD38+ B cells, representing B cells of late maturation stages, dramatically declined up to the age of 65. In a similar manner the CD5+ subpopulation of B cells decreased during ageing. Substantial changes in major tonsillar T and B cell populations as shown in this study may have an impact on the ageing process of the immune system.
Requirement for splenic CD4+ T cells in the immune privilege of the anterior chamber of the eye
Authors: TAKAHASHI M , ISHIMARU N , YANAGI K , SAEGUSA K , HANEJI N , SHIOTA H , HAYASHI Y 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYInjection of antigen into the anterior chamber of the eye induces suppression of antigen-specific DTH, called anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID). It has been shown that the spleen is required for the induction of ACAID and detecting the ACAID-inducing signal from the eye. To examine the in vivo role of spleen cells, fractions of spleen cells were adoptively transferred into splenectomized mice. The present study showed that DTH was not suppressed in splenectomized mice, but was inhibited in splenectomized mice transferred with a primed CD4+ T cell-containing fraction of spleen cells. This indicates that the splenic CD4+ T cells comprise the regulatory T cells for the DTH response. When we examined the cytokine profile of the infiltrating T cells in the eye of primed mice by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that they expressed IL-4, IL-10 mRNA (Th2 type), but not IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) mRNA (Th1 type). By contrast, T cells which can elicit normal DTH response expressed IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA. These results suggest that splenic CD4+ T cells comprising the regulatory phenotype are required for the induction of ACAID, and that a DTH response to the antigen may be prevented by Th2-dominant CD4+ T cells.
Bladder cancer immunogenicity: expression of CD80 and CD86 is insufficient to allow primary CD4+ T cell activationin vitro
Authors: PETTIT S J , ALI S , O'FLAHERTY E , GRIFFITHS T R L , NEAL D E , KIRBY J A 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYTransitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the urinary bladder are known to express proteins which can yield potentially immunogenic peptide epitopes for expression in the context of cell surface class I or class II MHC antigens. However, additional costimulatory ligands must also be expressed before such a cell might directly induce full activation and proliferation of resting, antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Intravesical therapy might be used to manipulate T cell costimulation in order to promote specific rejection of TCC cells. This in vitro study examined the potential of such a strategy by transfection of the prototypical TCC line J82 with the important costimulatory molecules CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). Untransfected J82 cells expressed class I and II MHC antigens, a range of cell adhesion molecules, though did not induce T cell proliferation in a robust, allogeneic co-culture system. Transfected J82 cells expressed CD80 or CD86 at levels comparable to an antigen-presenting B cell line. Furthermore, functional surface expression of CD80 and CD86 was demonstrated in a mitogen-dependent assay of costimulation. However, neither CD80+ nor CD86+ transfectant J82 cells could induce significant proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Further analysis showed that bystander J82 cells could inhibit independent T cell activation in an effect dependent on direct cell contact. This inhibitory effect was associated with increased cell death in the responding lymphocyte population and is concordant with surface expression of CD95L by the J82 cell line.
Levels of IL-12 in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)—relation to Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines
Authors: TOKANO Y , MORIMOTO S , KANEKO H , AMANO H , NOZAWA K , TAKASAKI Y , HASHIMOTO H 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYIL-12 is a cytokine that induces Th1-derived cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-2). The significance of IL-12 in human autoimmunity is no clear, and the serum levels of IL-12 in SLE are not clearly established. Therefore, we examined the levels of IL-12 in 39 patients with active SLE, with sandwich ELISA. The levels of IL-12 in patients were significantly higher than in normal subjects. Patients with high levels of IL-12 also had high levels of IFN-γ, while their levels of IL-13 were significantly lower than in patients with normal levels of IL-12. Patients with pulmonary involvement had high levels of IL-12, and steroid therapy decreased the IL-12 level in three patients. In a retrospective study of seven patients, various changes of IL-12 and IL-13 were recognized before disease flare. Thus, in SLE patients, the level of IL-12 was increased and this increase was related to the change of Th1- or Th2-derived cytokines with some organ involvement.
IL-10 in HIV infection: increasing serum IL-10 levels with disease progression—down-regulatory effect of potent anti-retroviral therapy
Authors: STYLIANOU E , AUKRUST P , KVALE D , MÜLLER F , FRØLAND S S 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYTo examine the potential pathogenic role of IL-10 in HIV infection, we measured serum IL-10 levels in 51 HIV-infected patients and 23 healthy controls both on cross-sectional and longitudinal testing. All clinical groups (Centers for Disease Control (CDC) categories) of HIV-infected patients had significantly higher circulating IL-10 levels than controls, with the highest levels among the AIDS patients, particularly in patients with ongoing Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. Among 32 HIV-infected patients followed with longitudinal testing (median observation time 39 months), patients with disease progression had increasing IL-10 levels in serum, in contrast to non-progressing patients where levels were stable. While both IL-10 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increased in patients with disease progression, the IL-10/TNF-α ratio decreased in these patients, suggesting imbalance between these two cytokines. Finally, we found that highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) induced a significant, gradual decrease in IL-10 levels but without normalization. These findings suggest a pathogenic role for IL-10 in HIV infection, and may suggest a possible role for immunomodulating therapy which down-regulates IL-10 activity in addition to concomitant potent anti-retroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) induces proinflammatory cytokines by a platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor-dependent mechanism
Authors: HUANG Y H , SCHÄFER-ELINDER L , WU R , CLAESSON H-E , FROSTEGÅRD J 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) consists of both lipid components and apoprotein B100. OxLDL has both proinflammatory and cytotoxic properties. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of components in the lipid moiety of oxLDL on immune activation as determined by cytokine and immunoglobulin secretion. LPC induced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes from healthy blood donors. The effect varied between individuals, and there were both responders and non-responders. Furthermore, LPC induced enhanced antibody production, indicating B cell activation. None of eight oxysterols, arachidonic acid (AA), or 15-lipoxygenase products of AA tested had immune stimulatory properties. We recently demonstrated that PAF and oxLDL induce IFN-γ secretion by a common mechanism. LPC-induced IFN-γ secretion was inhibited by a specific PAF receptor antagonist, WEB 2170, indicating that the PAF receptor is involved in LPC-induced immune activation. Both oxLDL- and LPC-induced antibody formation was inhibited by WEB 2170. Furthermore LPC also induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha secretion, and this effect was inhibited by WEB 2170. LPC is produced during lipid oxidation (as in oxLDL), but also by enzymes such as phospholipase A2. The findings indicate that LPC may play an important role in inflammatory reactions, including atherosclerosis.
Beneficial effect of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil on survival and severity of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone MRLlpr/lprmice
Authors: JONSSON C A , SVENSSON L , CARLSTEN H 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the course of disease in SLE-prone MRLlpr/lpr mice. Three-months-old mice displaying clinical symptoms of glomerulonephritis were given MMF (100 mg/kg per day) orally via the drinking water. Control mice received i.p. injections of cyclophosphamide (CYC) (1.8 mg/mouse per week) or saline. Survival, albuminuria and haematuria, immunoglobulin levels and anti-dsDNA antibodies in serum, frequencies of immunoglobulin-producing B lymphocytes and glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin and C3 were analysed. The results showed that MMF treatment significantly prolonged survival and reduced the occurrence of albuminuria and haematuria in MRLlpr/lpr mice. In addition, the number of immunoglobulin-producing B cells and serum levels of IgG and IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies were reduced after MMF and CYC treatment. MMF treatment significantly reduced the extent of deposition of C3 in glomeruli. We conclude that the reduced severity of glomerulonephritis following treatment of lupus-prone mice with MMF was as efficacious as that of CYC. These results warrant clinical trials of MMF in SLE patients with glomerulonephritis.
Modulation of neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation by Th1- and Th2-derived cytokines in human monocytic cells
Authors: WEISS G , MURR C , ZOLLER H , HAUN M , WIDNER B , LUDESCHER C , FUCHS D 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to examine the regulatory effects of major Th1-derived cytokines, such as IL-12, and Th2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-10, on the formation of neopterin and degradation of tryptophan, two metabolic pathways induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in human monocytes/macrophages, we investigated the human monocytic cell line THP-1, primary human macrophages, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation were induced similarly by IFN-γ in all three cell types investigated, but the effects of interleukins were different between THP-1, primary macrophages and PBMC. In PBMC, but not in THP-1 cells and primary macrophages, IL-12 was found to be additive to the effects of IFN-γ to superinduce neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation. IL-4 and IL-10 reduced the effects of IFN-γ on monocytic cells, and both cytokines were additively antagonistic to IFN-γ in PBMC and THP-1 cells. Finally, on preincubation, but not on addition of IL-12, the effects of IL-4 and IL-10 on PBMC could be abrogated, whereas no such effect was seen in THP-1 cells. The results show that IL-12 up-regulates neopterin formation and tryptophan degradation by inducing additional IFN-γ production by Th1 cells, while a direct effect of IL-12 on monocytes/macrophages appears to be absent. Similarly, IL-4 and IL-10 inhibit neopterin production and tryptophan degradation in PBMC by down-regulating Th1-type cytokine production and possibly also via direct deactivation of IFN-γ effects towards monocytes/macrophages. The results clearly show how Th1 cell-mediated immunity may be up- or down-regulated by endogenous cytokine production.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of lymphocytes derived from normal and HIV-1-infected human lymph nodes
Authors: TEDLA N , DWYER J , TRUSKETT P , TAUB D , WAKEFIELD D , LLOYD A 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYLymph nodes are the major site of cell-to-cell transmission and replication of HIV-1. Trafficking of CD4+ T lymphocytes into lymph nodes provides a continual supply of susceptible target lymphocytes, and conversely, recruitment of CD8+ T lymphocytes may be critical for the host response that attempts to control HIV-1 replication. The present study was undertaken as no detailed assessment of lymphocyte subpopulations in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes has previously been reported. Peripheral blood and single-cell suspensions prepared from lymph nodes of patients with HIV-1 and control subjects were analysed using three-colour flow cytometry. Approximately 80% of the lymphocytes in control lymph nodes were CD3+ T lymphocytes, of which over 65% were CD4+. The majority of the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes obtained from both lymph nodes and blood of control subjects were immunologically naive (CD45RA+). By contrast, in HIV-1-infected patients there was a significant reduction in the proportion of CD4+ T lymphocytes and an expansion of the CD8+ T lymphocyte subset in both lymph nodes and peripheral blood. Furthermore, a high proportion of these T lymphocytes displayed a marker for immunological memory (CD45RO+). T lymphocytes derived from HIV-1-infected lymph nodes also showed altered expression of the adhesion molecules, l-selectin and very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), but not leucocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). In an in vitro adhesion assay, lymphocytes from HIV-1-infected nodes were significantly more adhesive than control lymphocytes on fibronectin, as well as recombinant human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) substrates. This combination of altered lymphocyte subpopulations in the HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, as well as enhanced adhesion phenotype and function, suggests that T lymphocyte traffic to lymph nodes in HIV disease may be an important determinant of pathogenesis.
Transfer of dendritic cells (DC)ex vivostimulated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) down-modulates autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice
Authors: SHINOMIYA M , FAZLE AKBAR S M , SHINOMIYA H , ONJI M 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYThe NOD mouse has been used to explore the many features of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) that is caused by the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Self-reactive T cells have been considered to mediate IDDM in the NOD mouse, and antigen-presenting cells like DC and macrophages are expected to be involved in the processes from their role in generating regulatory or effector T cells. The present study shows that transfer of IFN-γ-stimulated DC of the NOD or ICR mouse into the NOD mouse did not accelerate IDDM onset but afforded long-lasting protection against clinical and histological signs of IDDM in the recipient mice. The anti-diabetogenic ability was unique to IFN-γ-stimulated DC when compared with unstimulated DC. A considerable proportion of the injected IFN-γ-stimulated DC was demonstrated to migrate into the pancreas and its associated lymphoid tissues, suggesting the DC exert their anti-diabetogenic effects there. These findings suggest that development of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse is under the control of DC, and that IDDM onset could be controlled by appropriately manipulating DC systems in vivo, which may open the gate for the therapeutic application of ex vivo-conditioned DC to human IDDM.