bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fortification of Dietary Items with Vitamin A
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two kinds of developing countries: those that have begun to fortify and those that have not yet begun to fortify their food supply.
Food fortification involves adding nutrients to foods in order to maintain or improve the quality of the diet of a targeted group or population. Fortification has long been an accepted strategy for improving vitamin A nutriture in industrialized countries. The epidemic of xerophthalmia in Denmark during World War I that paralleled the substitution of margarine (lacking “fat-soluble A”) for butter in the Danish food supply foretold the clear need to fortify such products. Margarine is now among those food items most frequently fortified with vitamin A in the world. Universal iodization of salt to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) is a rapidly approaching achievement. Today, the motivation to fortify foods or condiments with vitamin A in developing countries continues to be the prevention of vitamin A deficiency and its health consequences (xerophthalmia, other morbidity, mortality). Although “targeting high-risk groups” is a guiding principle, broader segments of a population (not always specifically targeted) may gain nutritional and health benefits through fortification as well.
Lexicon as a Key to Ethno-Sociology and Cultural Psychology: Patterns of “Friendship" Across Cultures
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a widespread assumption that friendship is a universal human need and that the concept of ‘friend’ is a human universal. For example, Davis and Todd (1985) ask, “Why do friendships have the importance that they do?” and they comment: “The general answer provided in many theories is that not to have friends is to miss something vital for full-fledged human development. The personal relationship of friendship is thus seen as providing the context within which a number of basic human needs can be met” (21). Having characterized what they call “a paradigm case of friendship” in terms of nine basic characteristics (such as equality, enjoyment of each other’s company, mutual assistance, mutual respect, and intimacy), they affirm that these characteristics jointly “characterize a relationship taken to be central in normal personal development, and thus a relationship prototypical of people’s capacity to enjoy a meaningful life” (p.22).
Lexicon as a Key to Ethno-Philosophy, History, and Politics: “Freedom” in Latin, English, Russian, and Polish
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the copious literature on the concept of ‘freedom’ has come from philosophers of various sorts. To the best of my knowledge, there is hardly any serious linguistic literature on the subject. Yet linguistic analysis of this concept could play a valuable role. In particular, what is lacking in the philosophical literature is an analysis of ‘freedom’ and related concepts undertaken from a cross-linguistic perspective-an analysis which would be able to reveal, in a rigorous and methodical way, the similarities and the differences between concepts related to ‘freedom’ which have been lexically encoded in different languages, and which are often assumed to be simply identical.
Australian Key Words and Core Cultural Values
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Russian culture is epitomized by three untranslatable Russian words dusa (roughly ‘soul’), sud’ba (roughly ‘fate’), and toska (roughly ‘yearning/melancholy’) (see Wierzbicka 1992b), and Japanese culture by such untranslatable words as amae, giri, on, wa, enryo, seishin and omoiyari (see chapter 6), traditional Australian culture is reflected, above all, in the word mate (cf. chapter 2, section 5). As I will try to show in this chapter, it is also reflected in such characteristically Australian speech act verbs as doh in, chiack, yam, shout, and whinge (some of them, notably chiack, now archaic and replaced by various other verbs in the speech of the younger generation), and also in a number of characteristic Australian “b-words,” including, in particular, bloody, bastard, bugger, and bullshit.
Genetic Influences on Alcohol Metabolism and Sensitivity to Alcohol in Animals
Authors: Deitrich Richard A , Baker Rodney C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been recognized for millenia that there are individual differences in the reaction of humans to ethanol. Some people are “able to hold their liquor” while others “pass out with a whiff of the cork.” That such individual variability exists in lower animals is a more recent observation that forms the basis for the work reviewed in this chapter. Assuming equal access of ethanol to the blood stream and brain in two individuals or groups of individuals, there are several ways that individual variability in initial sensitivity to ethanol can arise. One possibility is that the central nervous system itself is differentially sensitive to the effects of ethanol. A second possibility is that one individual or group may simply get rid of the ethanol faster. Both of these possibilities have subleties associated with them that may not be readily apparent.
Genetic Influences on Alcohol Preference in Animals
Authors: Lumeng Lawrence , Murphy James M , Mcbride, William J , Li Ting-Kai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key objective of alcoholism research is to explain why people drink, why some continue to drink even when alcohol use creates problems for them (i.e., alcohol abuse), and why some are unable to stop drinking even when faced with highly detrimental consequences (i.e., alcohol dependence). The underlying agent of alcoholism, of course, is ethanol; however, it is also clear that the final common behavioral path is the acquisition of ethanol through drinking (or self-administration), and that the central issue of alcoholism research should be the understanding of the psychosocial and biological (genetic and environmental) factors that contribute to aberrant alcohol drinking behavior. Although alcoholism is a disorder unique to humans, considerable efforts have been made to develop animal models of ethanol self-administration and to use them to elucidate the neurobiological substrates of alcohol-seeking behavior.
Genetic Factors That Reduce Risk for Developing Alcoholism in Animals and Humans
Authors: Crabb David W , Edenberg Howard J , Thomasson Holly R , Li Ting-Kai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol drinking behavior is influenced by a host of biological and environmental factors, some of which contribute to making the experience pleasant or rewarding while others make the experience unpleasant or aversive. The quantity and frequency of drinking are governed by the interaction of these positive and negative reactions to alcohol consumption. During the last 15 years, a great deal of attention has been paid to demonstrating that there is genetic as well as psychosocial risk for “drinking too much.” In humans, adoption studies have pointed to the existence of genetic determinants that increase the risk of developing alcoholism in children of alcoholics (Cotton, 1979; Cloninger et al., 1981). Recent studies of twins have shown that patterns of social drinking are also influenced by both environmental and genetic factors (Heath et al., 1991a, 1991b).
Genetic Influences on the Development of Physical Dependence and Withdrawal in Animals
Authors: Kosobud Ann E , Crabbe John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol withdrawal can be as benign as the common hangover experienced after a single episode of intoxication, or with continued excessive use it can evolve into the dramatic and life-threatening delirium tremens. Before the development of effective treatment, mortality rates among severe cases were as high as 15%. The exact mechanisms underlying withdrawal, and their relationship to the complex disorder of alcoholism, remain unknown. Is withdrawal merely a side effect of chronic alcohol abuse? Or are the processes that result in withdrawal fundamental to the process of addiction? Among the many symptoms and consequences of alcohol abuse, the withdrawal syndrome is one of the most puzzling. Although withdrawal symptoms can appear in an intoxicated individual, it is generally agreed that the syndrome intensifies as ethanol (EtOH) levels fall. The syndrome may continue to worsen long after the direct effects of EtOH have become negligible, and the severest form of withdrawal in humans can appear as many as five days after the last drink (Victor and Adams, 1953).
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You have never heard of ileitis or colitis, yet suddenly you come down with ulcerative colitis or your child or spouse is diagnosed as having Crohn’s disease. Your doctor labels you or your child or spouse as having inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Now wherever you go, you hear about these diseases. Other relatives or acquaintances all seem to have similar problems, yet they have different stories. Some remember that President Eisenhower had ileitis, but that he was a good general and president despite that. Everyone volunteers information. There’s a foundation working on the disease. It’s a viral disease. It’s a psychosomatic disease. It’s a Jewish disease, yet you’re not Jewish and neither was President Eisenhower. What you need to know is what kind of diseases these are.
Diarrhea, Constipation, and Rectal Bleeding
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My definitions are quite simple. By diarrhea I mean bowel movements that occur too often and that are too loose. By constipation I mean difficulty in moving one’s bowels. (Although some people think they are constipated if their bowel movements are dry and hard, these are not necessarily signs of constipation; again, difficulty in moving one’s bowel is the important symptom.) By rectal bleeding I mean blood you can see with the naked eye on the toilet tissue, mixed with the stool, in the bowl, or all three. (Hidden bleeding, which doctors call “occult” bleeding, is blood in the stool that requires testing to be discovered.) Sometimes the stools may appear black or tarry in consistency. These symptoms are caused by stomach bleeding, which the action of intestinal bacteria turns black and sticky. Some stomach bleeding is so profuse that the blood does not have time to undergo a change in color. In this case, the blood remains bright red as it rushes down the whole intestine.
Polyps and Cancer of the Colon
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We all live with the fear of developing a cancer. In men, cancer of the colon is now the second most common cancer in the body; in women, it may soon become the second most common also. In both sexes, colon cancer is by far the most common cancer of the entire intestinal tract. In this chapter, I use the term colon cancer to mean any cancer that develops in the colon from the cecum to the rectum, instead of continually saying colorectal cancer. Where there are important differences between cancer in the rectum and cancers elsewhere in the remainder of the colon, I make that difference clear. There is nothing good about cancer of the colon, but of all the gastrointestinal cancers, including those in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and biliary system (gallbladder and bile ducts), colon cancer has the best outlook for cure and survival of life.
The Definition of Head
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the introductory chapter I indicated the aim of this book, namely, the analysis and explanation of the linear reorganization of grammatical structures from Latin to French. Since these grammatical changes will be accounted for in terms of branching, the analysis is based on the independently motivated definition of the elements between which a branching relation exists, that is, the head and its complement or modifier. In this chapter I give a definition of head that can be used for morphological as well as syntactic structures.
Diachronic Analysis: The Verb Phrase
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the detailed analysis of the position of the Latin genitive, adjective, and determiner I have demonstrated that the noun phrase underwent a structural reorganization whereby left branching gave way to right branching: comparison of data of various periods of Latin and even earlier reveals the gradual shift from archaic LB to modern RB structures. The changes that occurred in the Medieval French nominal phrase were but the accomplishment of that same evolution. The verbal phrase, which is analyzed in this chapter, underwent the same change, but at a different rate. Its structural reorganization extends as far as modern times: the relative clause featuring a final, hence LB, verb only disappeared in the seventeenth century, whereas even today the French verb still displays a left-branching future, for example, je chanterai ‘I will sing’, although this form is giving way to the right-branchingje vais + infinitive,. as in je vais chanter.
Patriotic Games
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Patriotic Games, historian Stephen Pope explores the ways sport was transformed from a mere amusement into a metaphor for American life. Between the 1890s and the 1920s, sport became the most pervasive popular cultural activity in American society. During these years, basketball was invented, football became a mass spectator event, and baseball soared to its status as the “national pastime.” Pope demonstrates how America’s sporting tradition emerged from a society fractured along class, race, ethnic, and gender lines. Institutionalized sport became a trans-class mechanism for packaging power and society in preferred ways--it popularized an interlocking set of cultural ideas about America’s quest for national greatness. Nowhere was this more evident than the intimate connection established between sport and national holiday celebrations. As Pope reveals, Thanksgiving sports influenced the holiday’s evolution from a religious occasion to a secular one. On the Fourth of July, sporting events infused patriotic rituals with sentiments that emphasized class conciliation and ethnic assimilation. In a time of social tensions, economic downturns, and unprecendented immigration, the rituals and enthusiasms of sport, Pope argues, became a central component in the shaping of America’s national identity.
Olympic Spectacles and the Redemption of the Amateur Ethos
Authors: Pope S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revival of the Olympic Games by a French aristocrat, the Baron Pierre de Coubertin, proved to be the pivotal episode in the making of an American athletic identity. Convinced that the disciplined austerity and sports­ manship required of the English rugby players had produced empire builders and men of character, Coubertin conceived a modern athletic festival that would promote cooperative internationalism throughout Western society. Coubertin’s philosophy of “olympism” (the philosophy and world-view of the Olympic movement) embraced the best of ancient Greece; the proven power of English muscular Christianity; rhythm; art; beauty; and a balancing of body, mind, and soul. Such a synthesis might lead a man, the Baron thought (as did Socrates), to “knowledge of himself and of the right way to live.” Like other bourgeois liberals, Coubertin was torn between beliefs in both the individualistic ethos and nationalism. These ideological tensions led to an institutional action in 1894 when the International Olympic Committee ruled that individuals could compete only as representatives of their country’s national Olympic committees. The contradiction between the internationalist Olympic vision and nationalistic rivalry reflected the world-unifying and world-fragmenting tendencies of advanced capitalism itself.
Vectors and Approaches for the Eukaryotic Expression of Antibodies and Antibody Fusion Proteins
Authors: Morrison Sherie L , Coloma M Josefina , Espinoza Daniel , Hastings Alice , Shin Seung-Uon , Wims Letitia A , Wright Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
lmmunoglobulin (lg) molecules are unique because of their wide range of binding specificities coupled with many different effector functions. In part because of their exquisite specificity, antibodies have great potential as therapeutic agents. Hybridomas are a major source of antibodies; however, hybridomas are largely of rodent origin and the immune response to rodent antibodies precludes their long-term use in man. DNA-mediated transfection and lg gene expression provides an important new tool to address the short comings of the hybridoma technology and can be used to produce both chimeric rodent/human and totally human antibodies with improved functional properties.
The Cloning of Hybridoma V Regions for Their Ectopic Expression in Intracellular and lntercellular Immunization
Authors: Bradbury Andrew , Ruberti Francesca , Werge Thomas , Amati Viviana , Luzio Anna Di , Gonfloni Stefania , Hoogenboom Hennie , Piccioli Patrizia , Biocca Silvia , Cattaneo Antonino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We describe in this chapter an experimental strategy to specifically interfere with the function of selected intra-or extracellular gene products in animal cells, where a systematic genetic approach is not feasible. This strategy is based on the ectopic expression of recombinant forms of monoclonal antibodies. As a prelude to this use of antibodies, we have recently shown that immunoglobulins can be efficiently expressed as secreted15 or intra cellular3 proteins by mammalian nonlymphoid cells. Intracellular expression of functional antibodies has also been demonstrated in yeast.14•80 In particular, the efficiency of antibody secretion by cells related to the nervous system was shown to be comparable to that of lymphoid cells. As a result we suggested that the local secretion of specific monoclonal antibodies by cells of the nervous system could be used in functional and developmental studies on the otherwise intact nervous system of transgenic mice. This approach can be taken one step further by engineering the expression of antibodies in the cell cytoplasm or in other compartments. Thus, we demonstrated that not only can antibody heavy and light chains
The Expression of “Single Chain” Antibodies in Transgenic Plants
Authors: Tavladoraki Paraskevi , Franconi Rosella , Bradbury Andrew , Cattaneo Antonino , Benvenuto Eugenio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first demonstration that plant cells are able to synthesize and secrete antibodies, plants have been considered as alternative hosts for immunoglobulin expression in heterologous systems. Hence plants join the established list of nonlymphoid hosts such as bacteria, yeasts, insect cultured cells, and mammalian cells,3•7•36 each of which has advantages and disadvantages for the production of secreted antibodies or their domains. Part of the difficulty with every recombinant host lies in the transfer and expression of two genes (heavy and light chains) and the subsequent assembly of the synthesized polypeptides. Other drawbacks are represented by the presence of distinct glycosylation patterns in each host and the necessity toadapt signals to drive processing, assembly, and secretion.
Formation of a Musico-Literary Sensibility
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The city and its suburbs lie in one of the most beautiful and romantic regions of Saxony, on the left bank of the Mulde, between gardens, meadows, and fertile fields. … The entire area around Zwickau has so many natural beauties that one could actually call it a park:’1 It was here in Zwickau, on 8 June 1810 at 10:30 P.M., that Robert Schumann was born the fifth and last child of August Schumann and Johanna Christiana Schumann nee Schnabel. The young Schumann passed his early years in a milieu conducive to the pursuit of literary studies. His father, by several accounts an active, ingenious, and industrious man,2 is often described as a book dealer, though the scope of his activities was considerably wider. The author of chivalric romances and an indefatigable lexicographer, August Schumann made a small fortune by publishing pocket editions of Sir Walter Scott’s novels and other foreign classics in German translation. Soon before his death in August 1826 he began to issue similar editions of Byron’s works; these publications were not lost on his son, who during the summer of 1827 set one of the English poet’s lyrics (“I saw thee weep”) as a lied entitled Die Weinende.
The Musical Dramatist
Authors: Daverio John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the possible exception of the choral partsongs and the late works, sacred and secular, for soloists, chorus, and orchestra, Schumann’s dramatic music constitutes the least explored area of his output. His opera Genoveva, the only one of the major dramatic compositions to have acquired something of a critical tradition, is little known and rarely performed; the first complete recording of the work was made as recently as October 1976. Likewise, the other dramatic essays of the Dresden years have fared poorly in contemporary concert life: only the Overture to Manfred has secured a place in the standard repertory; selections from the Scenen aus Gothe’s Faust (WoO 3) are only infrequently accorded a spot on concert programs.
The Present and the Imperfect in Germanic and Romance
Authors: Giorgi Alessandra , Pianesi Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider in more detail the syntax/semantics interface of the continuous tenses—in particular, of the present tense and the imperfect indicative. The observation from which we begin is the following. In the previous chapters we have shown that English and Mainland Scandinavian languages differ from Romance and from the other Germanic languages with respect to the morphosyntax of the present tense. We have argued that a wide range of phenomena follows from this difference, such as the facts concerning the interpretive properties of the present perfect. With respect to these properties, English and MSc pattern together, contrasting with Romance and the other Germanic languages. In chapter 2 and chapter 3 we considered the syntax/semantics interface with respect to the temporal properties of the present tense.
Reference, Kinds and Predicates
Authors: Reyes Marie La Palme , Macnamara John , Reyes Gonzalo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to present a theory of reference for proper names (PNs), count nouns (CNs) and predicables (mainly adjectives, adjectival phrases, verbs, verb phrases).
The paper is divided into three sections and an Appendix. In the first, we describe briefly some theses on reference. These theses express the logical prerequisites for reference to take place. The second section, which is the core of the paper, describes a mathematical theory that is based on these theses. This theory, the theory of reference mentioned above, constitutes the foundation for the semantics of kinds and predicates.
The third section, which is devoted to some applications of the theory, is divided into three parts. In the first, we discuss and apply the notion of an underlying map which is directly linked to reference and kinds. In the second, we discuss some transformations that such parts of speech as CNs, MNs (mass nouns) and predicables may undergo and we provide semantical counterparts for these transformations. In the third, we mention some problems and possible developments of our theory. In the Appendix, we sketch a proof of a soundness theorem for the formal system introduced in the second section.