bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Connections: W. T. Stead’s Occult Economies
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many histories of the fin de siècle one dominant concern has been to outline the Modern formation of high and low culture-indeed, of the very terms ‘high’ and ‘low’ as discriminations. A new mass market serviced a burgeoning urbanized and literate population that had increasing surplus wages and leisure hours. Spectator sports, music halls, seaside resorts, cheap transport, and patterns of holidays generated new mass entertainment and rhythms of living. The economics of massification required heavy capitalization and triggered a revolution in consumption. The logic of mass production also prompted new types of politics. Spectacles of patriotic and imperial fervour in ceremonial marches, public exhibitions, and displays were shadowed by oppositional demonstrations, from anarchist ‘outrages’ and mass marches of the unemployed to socialist groups and trade unions.
Afterlives, 1901 1934
Authors: Luckhurst Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter I want to explore the trajectory of psychical research in the wake of its most intensive phase of development. With the death of Henry Sidgwick in August 1900 and Frederic Myers injanuary 1901, the SPR lost its icon of probity and its most important theorist. Myers died a few days before Queen Victoria. Henry James reported to his brother that ‘We here … are plunged in universal mourning tokens ... I have folt more moved, much, than I should have expected (such is the community of sentiment).’
The Role of Corporate Leadership
Authors: Browne john 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this volume is Managing the Earth, which implies that the Earth can be managed and that a series of diverse issues can be reduced to a set of relationships which are susceptible to the discipline of management. That is a bold and brave assumption. I do not know if that is true, but I think testing that assumption is the right approach because it forces us to consider all the difficult questions on the basis of facts and logic and it avoids the risk of important arguments being lost in clouds of rhetoric and emotion. Emotion on environmental issues may be very understandable. People worry and feel angry but, if we are ever going to make progress, those concerns need to be subjected to rational analysis.
Introduction: From ‘Retreat of the State’ to ‘Retreat of the Market’?
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Control of water supply is an emotive subject, and privatization of water supply inevitably controversial. Around the world, reference is made to the British experiment with water privatization—in some cases as a salutary example, in others as a warning. Why is the British case of privatized water supply of such interest globally? In part, it has drawn attention because of its innovative model of privatization: vertically integrated, equity-financed, monopoly provision of water supply by private corporations. No other country has completely privatized its water supply and sewerage systems through the creation of publicly listed corporations of comparable size. The result is a unique industry: large, private monopolies organized at the scale of river basins, with some of the highest connection rates in the world. The dominance of English water supply companies in the rapidly growing global ‘private sector participation’ water supply sector has also drawn attention to their domestic market. Of equal importance is the unique regulatory framework applied to water (and other network utility industries); ‘price cap’ regulation, and comparative competition are regulatory techniques which are increasingly widely applied beyond Britain. Finally, the outcomes of privatization, and the criteria for evaluating the performance of the privatized companies, remain open to dispute.
Building the Networks
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many people around the world, water is an artisanal product, drawn from local streams, wells, or ponds, or delivered by water vendors in jerry cans or tanker trucks to the home. A farmer in Cambodia, or a slum-dweller in Jakarta, might use 25 litres per day. In industrialized societies, consumption levels range from six to twelve times this amount; water supply is an industrial product; produced, distributed, and consumed in large quantities, to generic quality standards. Large amounts of water a substance we consume daily in greater volumes (indirectly as well as directly) than most other goods are taken for granted as a necessary requirement for daily life in modern, industrialized societies.
Commercializing water supply
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The progressive commercialization of the water industry is the subject of this chapter. Recall the definition of commercialization stated in Chapter 1: the introduction of markets and market-simulating techniques as allocation and decision-making mechanisms, and the application of commercial practices (for example, cost-benefit analysis) and commercial goals (for example, profit maximization). In general, the successful commercialization of a service has four key prerequisites: the creation of an effective demand (not applicable in the case of water supply, given that it is partially non-substitutable resource essential for life); the conversion of a good or a service into a saleable commodity; the conversion of the workforce into one oriented towards profits; and the underwriting of risk by the state (Leys 2001). Full commercialization requires the correct valuation of water and all of the externalities associated with its production, consumption, and disposal, in order to enable the correct pricing of water and communication of that price to consumers.
Thirsting for Equity: Consumers and the Contested Politics of Water Pricing
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past three decades, the progressive commercialization of water management has gradually transformed consumers’ entitlements to water supply services in England and Wales. The business of domestic water supply, like other utilities, has been gradually evolving from the supply of a service to citizens at subsidized rates, towards the sale of a commodity to consumers on a full cost-recovery basis. This chapter analyses the implications of this on-going process for domestic water users. The first section contrasts concepts of economic and social equity, details the inter- and intraregional equalization that was characteristic of the early phase of nationalized management of the water industry, and traces the evolution of policy and regulatory priorities in water charges to domestic consumers over the same time period. Two specific developments are considered: the shift from policies promoting geographical equalization to those resulting in differentiation of water rates; and the trend away from rateable values (intended as a proxy, however poor, for wealth) and towards metering (i.e. charges related to consumption). The analysis does not measure relative efficiency of water companies, but rather focuses on the implications for consumers of the substitution of the yardstick of economic efficiency for the goal of equalization. The political implications of the associated displacement of a principle of social equity by a principle of economic equity in water charging are considered in the second section. In the third and final section of the chapter, the concepts of justice implicit in the recent reregulation of the water industry are analysed.
The Prospects for a Sustainable Development Rationality
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have demonstrated the value of adopting an institution alist perspective in which a role for discourse is fully recognized. While this is a broader claim that could be adopted in relation to any policy arena, this book has particularly sought to examine environmental planning. In this context, it has explored the ways in which policy is legitimated, the interaction of different interests, the incentives facing planners, the prospects for expanding public participation, and the constraints on more radical deliberative processes.
Introduction: Opposing Europe The Politics of Euroscepticism in Europe
Authors: Taggart Paul , Szczerbiak Aleks 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of European integration has relied on a more or less compliant European population. For the most part this has been a safe assumption. European elites have been largely very supportive of European integration and they have been able to assume at least mass quiescence, if not support, on this issue for many years. But this assumption in a larger and more integrated European Union (EU) has become harder to sustain.
Euroscepticism in France, 1992–2002
Authors: Grunberg Gérard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the last decade in France, the European question has become a major political issue and Euroscepticism has increased in public opinion. The French party system was partly altered by the emergence of new parties mainly crusading against ‘Maastricht Europe’. The cleavage between pro- and anti-Europeans appeared to be threatening the dominance of the left/right cleavage in the functioning of the French political system, and Eurosceptic parties made significant electoral gains.
Euroscepticism and Slovenian Political Parties: A Case of Weak Party-based Euroscepticism
Authors: Krašovec Alenka , Lipicer Simona Kustec 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academic and research practice in the last few years (e.g. Taggart and Szczerbiak 2001c, 2002b; Kopecký and Mudde 2002) has shown that the study of Euroscepticism as a type of citizen’s attitudes to Europeanization processes is very lively in both Western Europe and the post-socialist countries of Eastern and Central Europe. A synthesis of existing theoretical results on Euroscepticism is found in Taggart and Szczerbiak (2000, 2001c, 2002b) and Kopecký and Mudde (2002) and opens up a wide variety of aspects when studying this relatively new concept.
Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry and Medicine
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) measures the tiny radio frequency signals emitted by the nucleus of the atom when living or inanimate material is placed in a magnetic field. On the one hand, these signals allow scientists to picture the architecture of molecules too small to be seen under the most powerful microscope, while on the other hand they give medical doctors a detailed picture of the internal structure of the human body without resorting to surgery of any kind. These two applications (high-resolution NMR spectroscopy and the MRI scanner) seem to be worlds apart, but the underlying physical principles are the same, and it makes sense to treat them together. Chemists and clinicians who use magnetic resonance have much to learn about each other's specialities if they are to make the best use of magnetic resonance technology. Many in the medical fraternity will benefit from a general appreciation of how high-resolution NMR has advanced our understanding of human biochemistry, diagnostic medicine, and the search for new drugs. A broad general understanding of magnetic resonance should prove of interest to doctors who make use of the MRI scanner, and to those of their patients who wish to learn more about these daunting machines, even if it is only the question of their own personal safety. At the other end of the spectrum, chemists and biochemists who use high-resolution NMR spectroscopy in their everyday investigations will benefit by broadening their horizons to cover the exciting new developments in MR imaging and in vivo spectroscopy, as one justification for their research is the eventual benefit to health care. Finally, anyone interested in how the human mind works (cognitive neuroscience) will find a chapter devoted to the exciting new developments in functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Each disparate group has something useful to learn from the others. The treatment is pictorial rather than mathematical.
Eccentric Zion: Victorian Culture and the Jewish Restoration to Palestine
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Addressing the members of the Jewish Historical Society of England in 1925, David Lloyd George spoke candidly about the origins of the Balfour Declaration, that short, typed letter dated 2 November 1917, in which ‘one nation solemnly promised to a second nation the country of a third’. ‘It was undoubtedly inspired by natural sympathy, admiration, and also by the fact that, as you must remember, we had been trained even more in Hebrew history than in the history of our own country,’ Lloyd George said: ‘On five days a week in the day school, and on Sunday in our Sunday schools, we were thoroughly versed in the history of the Hebrews . . . We had all that in our minds, so that the appeal came to sympathetic and educated—and, on that question, intelligent— hearts.
Introduction
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the scholarly work around the field of Irish Studies since its inception, there continues to exist a relative critical neglect of Irish literature in the first forty years after Partition. Neglect of that period’s literary magazines has been especially acute. The most serious attempt at an in-depth survey of the periodical in Ireland was Richard Madden’s The History of Irish Periodical Literature which was published in two volumes in 1867. These volumes dealt chiefly with newspapers; Madden did not survive to finish a third volume which concentrated on magazines. In 1972 one American critic pointed out the unfortunate and inexplicable neglect of literary periodicals as a research tool for Irish scholars, calling them 𒀘 vast and untapped resource’.
Bockhampton
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1840, when Hardy was born, there were seven or eight cottages scattered along Cherry Lane at Higher or, as it was often called, Upper Bockhampton, and some fifty people crowded into them. The hamlet had earlier been nicknamed ‘Veterans ‘ Valley ‘ on account of the military men who had retired to live along its single street,¹ and although Hardy himself would have known only one of these, a Lieutenant Thomas Drane who had fought at Trafalgar, his father told him highly coloured tales of an army officer, Captain Meggs, who had lived in the ‘house by the well ‘. This was in Hardy ‘s childhood the home of John Cox, the local relieving officer and registrar, and a note on his sketch plan of its ground floor indicates that he had it in mind when describing the house occupied by Clym and Eustacia in The Return of the Native.²
Marriage
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy now returned once more to 4 Celbridge Place. In late July 1874 he went to theatres, made some final revisions to the manuscript of Far from the Madding Crowd, and saw a good deal of Leslie Stephen. In August Miss Paterson became Mrs Allingham, and Hardy corrected proofs for the autumn numbers of the Cornhill: ‘I will speak about the November proof tomorrow, ‘ wrote Stephen on 25 August. ‘I saw nothing to alter, unless that it seemed to me in one or two cases that your rustics—specially Oak—speak rather too good English towards the end. ‘¹ By late summer Emma had come to London to stay ‘as country cousin ‘ with her brother Walter, then living in Maida Vale, and at the beginning of September—in the midst of finishing off ‘Destiny and a Blue Cloak ‘, the story he had promised to the New York Times—Hardy arranged for the wedding to be conducted by Emma ‘s uncle, Dr Edwin Hamilton Gifford, a distinguished theologian who later became Archdeacon of London.²
Illness
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy went down to Bockhampton for a few days in mid-September 1880. The talk at his parents ‘ home dwelt largely upon the past disposition of family property, but much of the visit was given over to exploring with his brother Henry the possibility of finding a plot of land in or near Dorchester on which to build a house. This radical shift of direction on Hardy ‘s part marked a corresponding shift in the balance of power as between his wife and his mother. Hardy had thus far preserved the peace by keeping them almost entirely apart, but that policy had severe practical drawbacks. Throughout their six years of still childless marriage he and Emma had moved constantly from one place to another, driven primarily by economic considerations, including his own perceived needs as a literary professional, but also by Emma ‘s vague and always disappointed ambitions for a richer social life. The first serious disagreements between them had occurred, and Hardy seems to have been no longer willing to fight his wife ‘s corner as staunchly as he had done during their first years together. As he later wrote in a poem specifically called ‘The Rift ‘, ‘We faced but chancewise after that ‘.¹
Max Gate
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 29 June 1885 Hardy and Emma made the shortest but most important—and certainly most permanent—of all their removals, from antiquated Shire-Hall Place, in the centre of Dorchester, to the town ‘s south-east outskirts and the brand-new house they were already calling Max Gate. In Hardy ‘s early drawings for the house the name appears as ‘Mack ‘s Gate ‘, in obvious reference to Henry Mack, the last keeper of the tollgate that had stood nearby on the Wareham Road,¹ but the jokey Latinization and subtle aggrandizement soon followed. Just once, in a letter to Gosse, Hardy permitted himself the humorous indulgence of calling it ‘Porta Maxima ‘. The site itself was an open field, its situation fairly isolated—though close to the road and within sound of the railway and the whistle of the Eddison steam-plough works—and its elevation sufficient to expose it to the full rigour of the winds from almost every direction.² To the south and south-west, however, it commanded magnificent views across Fordington Field to Came Wood, the monument to Admiral Hardy, and the downs that, from their reverse slopes, overlooked
The Publication of Tess
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy returned to Dorset from London in mid-December of 1890. Encouraged by the financial prospects opened up by the American copyright law, he lay awake before dawn on Christmas Day, ‘thinking of resuming “the viewless wings of poesy” ‘ and finding, as he did so, that ‘new horizons seemed to open, and worrying pettinesses to disappear ‘.¹ In the meantime the proofs of the Tess serial had begun to arrive, ‘miserably small-typed ‘ and without as yet any indication of where each of the weekly instalments would end and the next begin. Hardy made some suggestions, but was growing impatient with the complexities and compromises of serialization: ‘It is immaterial about dividing the parts at ends of Chapters, ‘ he told the Graphic ‘s printing-office manager: ‘Any change of scene will do, the next part beginning “Chapter so & so continued.” ‘² During the early months of 1891 he attended to the Tess proofs as they arrived, completed the short stories ‘The Son ‘s Veto ‘ and ‘On the Western Circuit ‘, and prepared for Osgood, McIlvaine the first book edition of A Group of Noble Dames, adding four previously published stories to the six that had appeared in the Graphic. His stints of work were diversified by a number of visits to London—by himself in January, with Emma in March—and an increasingly busy programme of social engagements in and near Dorchester itself.³
After the Visit
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 2 January 1906 Hardy was writing to a young woman to thank her for the ‘box of sweet flowers ‘ she had sent him. They were, he said, ‘at this moment in water on the table, & look little the worse for their journey ‘.¹ His correspondent was Florence Emily Dugdale, born on 12 January 1879—six months ahead of his own fortieth birthday. The second of the five daughters of Edward Dugdale, an Enfield schoolmaster, and his wife Emma, a former governess, Florence Dugdale had been brought up in solid lower-middle-class comfort and exposed to a thoroughly conventional set of religious, moral, and domestic values. Quiet, studious, and ‘sweet-tempered ‘ as a girl and young woman, though always delicate in health, she first attended the St Andrew ‘s (Church of England) girls ‘ school in Enfield, transferred at the age of 12 to the local Upper Grade School, where she once came top of her class in ‘Composition ‘, and then, aged 15, took the almost automatic next step—given her family background and the paucity of career alternatives then available to women—of becoming a pupil-teacher.
‘Owl Empson’
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Praetoria House School stood on the western outskirts of Folkestone, near to Shorncliffe camp where troops were assembled before embarking for France. German pilots braved the Channel from Belgium, piloting small planes called Taubes (‘Crows’) with the intention of dropping a few bombs on London: if they had any left over after the dicey run across Kent and Sussex, or failed to reach the capital, they would dump their lethal cargo on Shorncliffe, Folkestone, or Dover. The school headmaster, as soon as he detected the high-pitched hum of an aeroplane, would fetch out a whistle that sounded like a siren and give several loud blasts; everyone would drop everything and make a mad dash for the air-raid shelter under the cricket pavilion.
‘Did I, I wonder, talk too much?’
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magdalene College in 1925 was just emerging from an extremely long period in the doldrums. Established as a Benedictine Monks’ Hostel in 1428,2 the institution became, at an uncertain date in the last quarter of the fifteenth century, Buckingham College (in tribute to its lay benefactor, Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham); then in 1542 it was refounded by Thomas, Lord Audley—who had ‘presided over the trials of Sir Thomas More and Anne Boleyn, and helped Henry VIII to get rid of two other wives, as well as Thomas Cromwell’—as the College of St Mary Magdalene, with the motto Garde ta foy (‘Keep faith’).
‘Those Particular Vices’: Crisis, Expulsion, and Aftermath
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Empson’s death in 1984, the Magdalene College Magazine and Record published an obituary by ‘A.S.’ (Arthur Sale) which included this bland and negligent sentence:
In 1931 after election as a Bye-Fellow but before taking up his position, he was appointed to a Chair of English Literature in Tokyo and his close association with Magdalene ceased for some 45 years.
Just so, whether innocently or ingeniously, Sale got everything wrong, managing to minimize or overlook just about every melodramatic particular of Empson’s exclusion from the college, which took place in the summer vacation of 1929—just one year into his study for the English Tripos.
Seven Types of Ambiguity: The Critical Reception
Authors: Haffenden John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to tell you a secret 35 years old, about Ambiguity, but I can’t think of one . . . I was much supported by my pals then (Brunowski for instance) and rather enjoyed having attackers, whose folly was an interesting branch of study. I suppose a lot of the reviews praised the book more than it deserved, but that wouldn’t occur to me at the time, and I thought I was attacked. The most extravagant piece of praise came from J H P Marks, who said with Spanish magnificence that one could tell (say, on meeting them at lunch) how many chapters each of our friends had read so far, as they modelled themselves upon each revelation in turn. We had been reading the Tale of Genji, and perhaps these compliments came from Lady Murasaki rather than Gongora.