bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further consequences and applications of Special Relativity
Authors: Giulini Domenico 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atomic physics is essentially based on Quantum Mechanics. Quantum Mechanics makes essential use of the variables that describe positions and momenta (rather than velocities). The starting point for the determination of atomic energy spectra is the quantum mechanical transcription of the energy conservation equation, which in the ‘non relativistic’ situation is the famous ‘Schrödinger equation’. Schrödinger’s equation is based on the Newtonian relation between energy and momentum of a particle of massm 0, given byE=p 2 /2m 0. In special relativistic mechanics, this relation is replaced by (3.25), which approximates the former for momenta that are small compared tomc, but also implies significant deviations from it for larger momenta. In Quantum Mechanics these deviations give rise to ‘relativistic corrections’ to the ‘non-relativistic’ (i.e. basedon the Schrödinger equation) energy levels. A second’relativistic’ correction stems from the transformation rule (3.26), which predicts a magnetic field in the rest system of the electron that moves in the electric field of the atomic nucleus. This magnetic field interacts with the magnetic moment of the electron, thereby producing extra energy contributions.
The Pendulum
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pendulum: a case study in physics is a unique book in several ways. Firstly, it is a comprehensive quantitative study of one physical system, the pendulum, from the viewpoint of elementary and more advanced classical physics, modern chaotic dynamics, and quantum mechanics. In addition, coupled pendulums and pendulum analogs of superconducting devices are also discussed. Secondly, this book treats the physics of the pendulum within a historical and cultural context, showing, for example, that the pendulum has been intimately connected with studies of the earth's density, the earth's motion, and timekeeping. While primarily a physics book, the work provides significant added interest through the use of relevant cultural and historical vignettes. This approach offers an alternative to the usual modern physics courses. The text is amply illustrated and augmented by exercises at the end of each chapter.
Pendulums less simple
Authors: Baker Gregory L , Blackburn James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the northwest corner of Spain, in the province of Galicia, lies the mist shrouded town of Santiago de Compostela, the birthplace of the cult of Santiago (St. James, the major apostle), and the home of the magnificent cathedral that is presumablybuilt upon the bones of that martyred apostle (Adams 1999) (see Fig. 3.1). For a thousand years, pilgrims have sought out this cathedral as a shrine to Saint James where they might worship and receive salvation. The most famous and unique feature of the celebration of the mass at this cathedral, at least since the fourteenth century, is O Botafumeiro , a very large incense burner suspended bya heavyrope from a point seventy feet above the ﬂoor of the nave, and swung periodically through a huge arc of about eighty degrees (Sanmartin 1984). The rapid motion through the air fans the hot incense coals, making copious amounts of blue smoke, and the censer itself generates a frightening swooshing sound as it passes through the bottom of its arc. Some of the physics in this chapter is manifested bythe remarkable motion of O Botafumeiro and therefore we provide some details of its structure and dynamics (Sanmartin 1984).
Microplasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefily introduces the origins of yield and plastic flow, and in particular, attempts to explain the usual assumptions in simple continuum plasticity of isotropy, incompressibility, and independence of hydrostatic stress. While short, we introduce grains, crystal slip, slip systems, resolved shear stress, and dislocations; the minimum knowledge of microplasticity for users of continuum plasticity.
The flnite element method for static and dynamic plasticity
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few practical problems in plasticity which can be solved analytically. This is usually because of irregular geometry and/or complicated boundary and loading conditions. Computational mechanics, and in particular, the ?nite element method, enables the approximate solution of these types of problems. The important requirements of equilibrium, and compatibility, together with a material’s constitutive response, enable solutions to be obtained subject to the satisfaction of initial and boundary conditions. Satisfying the requirements of equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive equations, and boundary conditions is essential for the solution of any solid mechanics problem.
Cyclic plasticity, creep, and TMF
Authors: Dunne Fionn , Petrinic Nik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9, we examined creep in the aero-engine combustor material nickel-base superalloy C263. In this chapter, we address combined anisothermal cyclic plasticity and creep. We use time-independent cyclic plasticity with both isotropic and kinematic hardening which we combine with the physically based creep model described in Chapter 9. The plasticity model is implemented into ABAQUS Implicit by means of a UMAT subroutine which employs a simple first-order forward (explicit) integration scheme and the initial stiffness method. We then address isothermal cyclic plasticity and creep, followed by an examination of thermo-mechanical fatigue in nickel alloy C263.
Padding or Performance Enhancer?
Authors: Loadman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of dipped goods, it is usual for most commercial rubber products to contain appreciable levels of two other types of materials, namely fillers and plasticisers or extending oils. The former are generally inorganic, although carbon black is the obvious exception to the rule! In the absence of black, the fillers can be further separated into neutral or brightly coloured. Some idea of the range of materials used at the turn of the twentieth century is given by the advertisement shown in Fig. 12.1, which appeared in 1909.
Physics at the micrometric scale
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction The title of this chapter, ‘Physics at the micrometric scale’, may seem surprising: for the physics of the systems we are discussing, it seems as if the micrometer is not inherently be a scale at which anything out of the ordinary should happen. For example, in simple liquids, molecule sizes, intermolecular distances, and correlation lengths are on the order of a nanometer and are thus actually much smaller than the dimensions of an ordinary microsystem. A cubic micrometer of tetradecane contains around 10 atoms, a number sufficiently large to disregard the identity of the atoms, neglect thermodynamic fluctuations, and adopt without hesitation a macrometric approach.
Diffusion, mixing, and separation in microsystems
Authors: Tabeling Patrick , Chen Suelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction In lab-on-a-chip or ‘μTAS’ systems, it is often necessary to mix reactants. For example, in biology, in order to identify proteins in an unknown sample, proteins are fragmented by mixing them with enzymes. Proteins can then be characterized using mass spectrometry analysis of the resulting fragments. This method is the ‘modern’ method of protein identification, and the corresponding field is known as proteomics. In both miniaturized and non-miniaturized analytical chemistry, the identification of a component generally depends on the analysis of chemical transformations carried out in a reactor where the reactants are supposed to be mixed.
The Space Between Our Ears
Authors: Morgan Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Space Between our Ears Michael Morgan explains how our brain interprets what we see. Using a wealth of sources from over the centuries including philosophical writings, scientific thinking, experiments, passages from poems and novels, and scenes from films, Morgan reveals the difficulty in working out exactly how we make and receive our visual perceptions. To illustrate various points the book includes optical drawings as well as simple experiments that the reader can perform to test the different components of sight and our reactions to it. The book describes and criticises recent attempts to locate the ‘neural correlates of consciousness’ in specific parts of the brain. Against what he calls the ‘secretion theory of consciousness’ Morgan controversially argues that visual perception is most likely to be a function of the whole visual pathway, not just a small part of it. This intelligent, engaging book provides a revelatory overview of what we know about how the brain works regarding visual space, giving a unique insight into one of our most vital yet least understood senses.
The Physics of Rubber Elasticity
Authors: G.Treloar L R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a critical review of the equilibrium elastic properties of rubber, together with the kinetic-theory background. It is suitable for the non-specialist and the emphasis is on the physical reality embodied in the mathematical formulations. Polymer science had developed greatly since the second edition of this text in 1958, and the two main advances – the refinements of the network theory and associated thermodynamic analysis, and the development of the phenomenological or non-molecular approach to the subject – are both reflected in the structure of this third edition.
Non-Gaussian Chain Statistics and Network Theory
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UP to this point the development of the statistical theory of the network has been based upon the approximate or ‘Gaussian’ distribution function (3.3) for the single chain, whose derivation assumes that the end-to-end distance r is very much Jess than the fuJiy extended Length of the chain R. The results derived on this basis are therefore limited to strains which are not too large, that is to say, to strains which do not begin to approach the limiting deformability of the network. In comparing the experimental stress-strain curves with the formulae derived from the Gaussian theory attention has already been drawn to the marked upturn in the stress in the region of very Jarge strains, which is particularly evident in the case of simple extension (Fig. 5.4, p. 87). In this region, where an appreciable proportion of the chains become highly extended, the Gaussian statistical treatment is no longer valid, and a more accurate ‘non–Gaussian’ form of theory becomes essential.
Alternative Forms of Strain-Energy Function
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter some of the more recent developments bearing on the question of the form of the strain-energy function for rubber will be examined. The aim of these developments is essentially to find the most appropriate general method of characterizing the properties of a rubber for engineering applications or similar purposes, any possible interpretation in molecular terms of such methods being either irrelevant or purely incidental.
Large-Deformation Theory: Shear and Torsion
Authors: Treloar L R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the preceding chapters our principal concern has been with the problem of defining the properties of a rubber under the most general type of strain, and we have seen that these properties may conveniently be represented in terms of the strain-energy W per unit volume of the material for a pure homogeneous strain. A knowledge of the form of the strain-energy function is all that is required for the treatment of more complex problems in which the strains are not homogeneous but vary from point to point in the deformed body, the analysis of such problems being purely a question of mathematics.
Order from disorder: Ramsey’s theorem
Authors: Matoušek Jirří , Nešetřil Jaroslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Erdős (1913–1996), a famous 20th century mathematician and arguably one of the main creators of contemporary discrete mathematics, liked to tell the following story. X-rays were discovered by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. But the British physicist Sir William Crookes observed a similar effect earlier: photographic plates became black mysteriously when stored near a tube nowadays called by Crookes’ name. He noticed this and issued a directive to the technicians that henceforth the plates were to be stored elsewhere.
At The Heart Of The Problem
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘When all is said and done, physics is only a description, not an explanation’. I have uttered similar statements many times myself in informal discussions, when my interlocutor happened to slide into an excessive praise of experimental science and an excessive contempt of other forms of human knowledge. In the mouth of Jean-Paul Fragnière, a friend and philosophy teacher who lives in the small Swiss town of Fribourg, this sentence sounds, however, the expression of a different and distant line of thought of a rivalry between human and natural sciences that is still latent in the French-speaking world, a relic of the arrogance of Positivism. We are in the massive building of Saint-Michel College – a sixteenth century Jesuit establishment, a public school for several decades; and though Jean-Paul’s classroom is a modernization of what was the granary, history weighs heavily here. For the first generations of young people educated in this school, heliocentrism was one of the hot topics; now Jean-Paul has invited me to speak to his students about quantum physics.
Authority Contradicted
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicists have their moments of weariness, enthusiasm, apprehension, relief, just like everyone in their work. Weariness, that is when something does not work – when the apparatus does not want to function or when the last bit of the theorem resists every attempt at demonstration. Enthusiasm, that is surely when we finally find an error or we overcome an obstacle. The apprehension phase generally begins when we must present our latest results to the scientific community, by writing an article or participating at a conference. That is the moment of truth, but also sometimes the moment of low blows, real or imagined.
Evolutionarily stable reproductive investment and sex allocation in plants
Authors: Zhang Da-Yong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimal allocation of limiting resources to various fitness-enhancing activities is central to both life-history and sex-allocation theory, providing the basis for different reproductive strategies. Allocation commonly varies with plant size, but this size dependence has not been investigated fully either theoretically or empirically. ın this chapter, ı first introduce a new approach to the classical model of sex allocation and apply it to quantify and explain within-population variation in sex allocation and reproductive effort of annuals and perennials. The model shows that the reproductive strategies of cosexual plants should equalize the marginal fitness returns through each fitness component (male and female function, and adult survival for perennials), unless constrained by insufficient available resources.
Pollen and ovule fates and reproductive performance by flowering plants
Authors: Harder Lawrence D , Routley Matthew B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pollen and ovules experience diverse fates during pollination, pollen-tube growth, fertilization, and seed development that govern the male and female potential of flowering plants. This chapter identifies these fates and many of their interactions, and considers their theoretical implications for the evolution of pollen export and the production of selfed and outcrossed seeds. This analysis clarifies the importance of pollen quantity and quality for seed production. Our analysis emphasizes the asymmetry of pollen and ovule fates and considers its consequences for reproductive evolution.
Non-pollinator agents of selection on floral traits
Authors: Strauss Sharon Y , Whittall Justen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the dominating role of pollinators in floral evolution, mounting evidence reveals significant additional, often antagonistic, influences of abiotic and biotic non-pollinator agents. Even when pollinators and other agents impose selection on floral traits in the same direction, the role of other agents is frequently overlooked. Maintenance of genetic variation in floral traits and divergence from trait optima for pollination can result from both indirect selection on correlated traits and direct selection on floral traits. For example, in numerous species, periods of heat or drought favour pink- or purple-flowered individuals over white-flowered ones, because associated anthocyanins in vegetative tissues enhance stress tolerance. Conflicting selection on floral traits may also occur directly when floral antagonists and mutualists share the same preferences.
Flower performance in human-altered habitats
Authors: Aizen Marcelo A , Vázquez Diego P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functioning and performance of flowers and their associated pollinators are susceptible to human- driven habitat alteration. Although habitat alteration is increasingly perceived as an important threat to the integrity of the pollination process with practical and economic consequences, the relative importance of the mechanisms mediating the response of plant reproduction to habitat disturbance is not understood clearly. Here we provide a conceptual framework to help identify critical variables and guide the design of more process- and mechanism-oriented studies of the effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbances on flower performance. With a series of qualitative matrices, we summarize the effects of different disturbance types on different plant and pollinator attributes and evaluate how these attributes affect different aspects of pollination and plant reproduction.
Geographical context of floral evolution: towards an improved research programme in floral diversification
Authors: Herrera Carlos M , Castellanos María Clara , Medrano Mónica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversification of animal-pollinated angiosperms is related to divergence in floral characteristics promoted by adaptations to different pollinators. According to prevailing evolutionary theory, this macroevolutionary pattern results from adaptive local or regional differentiation of pollination-related features in response to spatial divergence in pollinators. This crucial process links the micro- and macroevolution of floral adaptation, yet it has received much less attention than either floral diversification of species in a phylogenetic context, or pollinator-mediated phenotypic selection on pollination-related traits within populations. This chapter includes two components.
Pollinator-driven speciation in plants
Authors: Johnson Steven D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speciation is often linked closely to evolutionary shifts in reproductive traits. ın plants, these shifts have been viewed as a consequence of either direct adaptation to locally effective pollinators or selection for traits that impart reproductive isolation from congeners. Available evidence suggests that plant fitness is much more likely to be limited by pollinator availability or pollinator effectiveness than by hybridization. Thus, selection probably favours floral traits that alleviate pollen limitation or promote pollen dispersal more strongly than traits that prevent matings between congeners (reproductive isolating mechanisms).
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assuming no previous study in logic, this informal yet rigorous text covers the material of a standard undergraduate first course in mathematical logic, using natural deduction and leading up to the completeness theorem for first-order logic. At each stage of the text, the reader is given an intuition based on standard mathematical practice, which is subsequently developed with clean formal mathematics. Alongside the practical examples, readers learn what can and can’t be calculated; for example the correctness of a derivation proving a given sequent can be tested mechanically, but there is no general mechanical test for the existence of a derivation proving the given sequent. The undecidability results are proved rigorously in an optional final chapter, assuming Matiyasevich ’s theorem characterising the computably enumerable relations. Rigorous proofs of the adequacy and completeness proofs of the relevant logics are provided, with careful attention to the languages involved. Optional sections discuss the classification of mathematical structures by first-order theories; the required theory of cardinality is developed from scratch. Throughout the book there are notes on historical aspects of the material, and connections with linguistics and computer science, and the discussion of syntax and semantics is influenced by modern linguistic approaches. Two basic themes in recent cognitive science studies of actual human reasoning are also introduced. Including extensive exercises and selected solutions, this text is ideal for students in Logic, Mathematics, Philosophy, and Computer Science.
Second Interlude: The Linda Problem
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philos- ophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Please rank the following statements by their probability, using 1 for the most probable and 8 for the least probable.
Postlude
Authors: Chiswell Ian , Hodges Wilfrid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We claim that we can also set up a computer C2 to list all and only the σ-derivations. In Section 3.4 we saw that every σ-derivation is a labelled tree, and we saw in Exercise 3.2.5 how to give a labelled tree a Go¨del number. So we can devise a system giving each σ-derivation D a Go¨del number GN(D); as with formulas, each of D and GN(D) can be calculated from the other. The computer C2 goes through the natural numbers, and at each n it checks whether n is GN(D) for some σ-derivation D whose conclusion is a sentence; it can do this by Theorem 7.4.4. When the answer is Yes, it prints out the derivation D.
Voluntary action and Cognitive control from a cognitive neuroscience perspective
Authors: Goschke Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of voluntary action is an essential ingredient of our self-conceptualization as autonomous intentional agents, who are capable of deliberate planning and (more or less) rational decision-making, and can thus be held responsible for their actions. [At least, this appears to hold in most Western cultures (for cultural differences in the conceptualization of agency and intentionality, see McCrone, 1999).]
The assumption that we can act voluntarily—at least sometimes—is not only deeply embedded in our common sense psychology, but is constitutive for many cultural, political, and legal institutions and practices. It can make all the difference for our moral evaluation of an act, whether we conceive of it as a willed action or whether we consider it an involuntary response as, for instance, the automatic withdrawal of one’s hand when inadvertently touching a hot plate.