bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Internationalization of Trusteeship
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

AbstractExamines the internationalization of trusteeship as it arose in the context of British colonial administration in Africa, the Berlin and Brussels Conferences, and the experience of the Congo Free State. It is out of these experiences and events that the idea of trusteeship emerges as a recognized and accepted practice of international society. The chapter has five sections: the first discusses British attitudes towards Africa; the second looks at Lord Lugard's ‘dual mandate’ principle of colonial administration—the proposal that the exploitation of Africa's natural wealth should reciprocally benefit the industrial classes of Europe and the native population of Africa; the third discusses the Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the Brussels Conference of 1890; the fourth describes trusteeship in relation to the Congo Free State. The fifth section of the chapter points out the progression from the idea of trusteeship in the East India Company's dominion in India—in which the improvement of native peoples would come about rapidly and result in institutional forms and practices that closely resembled those in Europe—to a new incrementalist approach in which societies and people were thought of as occupying different rungs on a progressive ‘ladder of civilization’, and, depending on their stage of development on this ladder, were suited to different forms of constitution.
Trusteeship as an Institution of International Society
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStarts by pointing out that if the Berlin and Brussels Acts and the experience of the Congo Free State (as discussed in the last chapter) are understood as representing the internationalization of the idea of trusteeship, then the League of Nations mandates system might be understood as representing its institutionalization in international society. Examines the current of ideas from which the institutionalization of trusteeship arose out of the debates concerning the disposal of German colonies conquered during the First World War, and the subsequent compromise that resulted in the creation of the mandates system, which stands as a response to the problem of ordering relations of Europeans and non‐Europeans by reconciling the obligations of trusteeship and the search for national security in a single institutional arrangement. The victorious Allied powers divided Germany's colonial possessions amongst themselves, in no small part for reasons of national security, but in assuming administrative responsibility for these territories they also accepted the oversight of ‘international machinery’ to ensure that the work of civilization was being done. The seven sections of the chapter are: War and the Old Diplomacy; Trusteeship or Annexation?; From the New World—the effect of the Russian revolution and the entry into the First World War of the US on the French and British annexation policy and Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace; The Mandates System—the birth of the League of Nations; Impasse at Versailles—the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and the Versailles Peace Treaty; Trusteeship or Deception—the obligations and defects of the League of Nations Covenant; and Novelty and Tradition—the compromise of the League of Nations system.
Trusteeship, International Society, and the Limit of Obligation
Authors: Bain William 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Offers some thoughts about the idea of trusteeship and its place in the history of international society. The first section, Unity, Progress, and Perfection of Humankind, puts forward the claim that trusteeship is a historic idea that is distinctive of a particular time and place, and, specifically, that it is intelligible in relation to other ideas that are especially characteristic of the Enlightenment. Thus, trusteeship discloses moral excellence, and indeed obtains powerful justification, when it contributes to the unity, progress, and perfection of the human family. The second section, A Society of States and a Family of Peoples, argues that these ideas call forth an understanding of international life that conceives international society and human society as forming a perfect identity, and which is underwritten by the duty that we should act so as to secure the good of our fellows. The third section, The Limit of Obligation, considers the limits of this duty, and concludes that in seeking the good of our fellows we must stop short of treating people paternally. This conclusion casts a pall of doubt on the legitimacy of trusteeship in contemporary international society, even when it is aimed at protecting fundamental human rights, because it proposes to treat an equal unequally—indeed, trusteeship is morally objectionable because it offends the irreducible sanctity of human personality by repudiating the essence of what it means to be human, a thinking and choosing agent.
Facing the Pension Crisis in France
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the pension problem in France. The French pension situation follows the path of most Bismarckian pension institutions; it has long maintained a relative status quo despite several difficult reforms. Such institutions are difficult to reform because change affects the special interests of various privileged groups of workers. For reforms to pass, they must be negotiated with social partners. It remains unclear when and what type of pension funds will develop, who will be in charge of them, and how they will be invested.
The Normative Dialogue of International Society
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with two conversations: one imaginary and one historical to illustrate the kind of dialogue that currently takes place in world politics. It summarizes the political conversation of humankind by focusing on the discourses of diplomacy and international law. It outlines the basic norms of international society: procedural norms of international law and prudential norms of statecraft. It then argues that a normative dialogue of world politics is possible to the extent that it is divorced from the values of particular civilisations.
The Situation Ethics of Independent Statecraft
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter presents a classical approach to the subject that analyses the following topics: international ethics as a special ethical sphere, the distinction between standards and circumstances, the relationship of power and responsibility, and the political virtues that statespeople must possess. It rejects the beliefs that foreign policy and other international activities of statespeople are devoid of normative direction or content, and that the conduct of statespeople can be judged by applying theories of moral philosophers. It argues that academics can only judge statespeople by their standards.
Justifying Conventional War
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the normative character and modus operandi of conventional war in contemporary international society. The following normative issues are addressed: justifications of the UN and Iraq for resorting to war, wartime responsibilities of citizens, responsibilities of soldiers in waging war, normative reality of unlevel battlefields, distributive and corrective justice in war, and the constitutional aspects of conventional war member states of contemporary international society. It is argued that the Gulf War was as close to a legitimate and lawful war as any war of the 20th century due to special international circumstances in the 1990s.
Introduction
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the alleged ‘politicisation’ of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). The UN Security Council established the ICTY on May 25, 1993 as a mechanism to restore and maintain international peace and security. Although its establishment was politically motivated, its internal mandate is to deliver justice. To be successful, the ICTY must walk the fine line between law and politics. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
Establishing a Court: ‘A Mammoth Task’
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter discusses the process of creating the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. It charts the process from the adoption of Resolution 827 on May 25, 1993 to the end of the establishment in 1996. Tremendous logistical, financial, and political problems were overcome to transform the Tribunal from a ‘nebulous idea’ of the Security Council into a reality. These include finding premises, building courtrooms, recruiting staff, coping with a limited budget, and appointing a prosecutor.
Colonies and Occupied Territories: Transitional Administration Through the Twentieth Century
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Despite the conceit that transitional administration was invented in the 1990s, much can be learned concerning the development of an institutional capacity to administer territory from examining the manner in which the colonial empires were regulated and subsequently dismantled. An age less attuned to political sensitivities also provides a clearer‐eyed assessment of the requirements of such administration, challenging the conventional wisdom that ‘ownership’ on the part of the local population is essential to the process.
Relief and Reconstruction: The Politics of Humanitarian and Development Assistance
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
If a peace settlement mediated in part through a transitional administration is to work, it is necessary that disparate parties ‘buy into’ the peace process. This, like ‘ownership’, is generally meant metaphorically, but it should also be understood literally: unless the new regime is seen to encourage economic activity and provide basic public goods, any such settlement is likely to be short‐lived. This chapter deals with the role of external actors in providing emergency humanitarian and medium‐term development assistance to a population living under a transitional administration. Such assistance is notoriously supply—rather than demand—driven, with the result that it is more responsive to the politics of donors than that of recipients. Together with the perverse economic effects that a sudden influx of foreign capital and personnel may have, these factors can undermine the short‐term political stability and the medium‐term economic viability of the territory in question.
‘You, the People’: The Future of State-Building
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Underlying all these issues is the most basic question of whether the United Nations and other international actors should be undertaking this sort of function at all. This chapter returns to the three sets of contradictions discussed in this Introduction—that the means are inconsistent with, inadequate for, and, at times, irrelevant to the ends—and recasts them in light of the changing role of the United Nations and its relationship to the United States. This relationship is important not merely because US political, economic, and military power may determine the success or failure of a transitional administration, but because US perceptions of its national security dictated the military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq in the first place. While the United Nations may be politically constrained from viewing transitional administrations through the lens of military occupation, the United States has sometimes appeared incapable of viewing them as anything else.
Logical Complexity and Semantic Normativity
Authors: Barker Stephen J 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
I deal with the cognitive states expressed by de dicto logically complex sentences–those that are expressives, such as negations, disjunctions, universal noun phrase sentences, and adverbs of generality. I also articulate more clearly STA’s expressivism about semantic norms and its psychologism: the account of how sentences express cognitive states is integral to the semantics that STA gives of them.
Pleasure and the Good Life
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHedonism is the view that the Good Life is the pleasant life. The central aim of this book is to show that, when carefully and charitably interpreted, certain forms of hedonism yield plausible evaluations of human lives. The forms defended understand pleasure as intrinsic attitudinal pleasure. Rejects all forms of sensory hedonism. Defends preferred forms of hedonism against a barrage of classic objections derived from Plato, Aristotle, Brentano, Moore, Ross, Rawls, and many others. Compares the author's forms of hedonism to the hedonistic views of Aristippus, Epicurus, Bentham, and Mill. Some views in value theory are typically thought to be anti‐hedonistic. Shows that some of these views are equivalent to forms of hedonism. Also defends the claim that all the allegedly hedonistic theories discussed in the book are properly classified as forms of ‘hedonism’. Near the end of the book, the author presents his vision of the Good Life and mentions some remaining problems.
The Quest for the Good Life
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAttempts to explain more exactly how the author understands the question about ‘the Good Life’. Interprets this to mean something like ‘the life that is good in itself for the one who lives it’ or ‘the life high in individual welfare’. So the question is: what feature (or features) ultimately make a person's life go well for that person? Some popular views about the Good Life are discussed. These include eudaimonism, preferentism, perfectionism, and pluralism. Sketches these views and briefly indicates why he think they are unsatisfactory. This leaves hedonism.
Replies to Some Objections
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe objection from false pleasures (introduced in Ch. 3) is reviewed. A version relevant to Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism is formulated and evaluated. A new form of hedonism making use of an adjustment for truth is introduced and explained. It is alleged that this form of hedonism (‘Truth Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism’) is not refuted by the objection from false pleasures. The Platonic objection based on pleasure without knowledge is reviewed. The objection seems ineffective against Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism. Finally, the objection from base or worthless pleasures is discussed. A new form of hedonism—Desert Adjusted Intrinsic Attitudinal Hedonism—is introduced and defended. This is said to evade all the objections so far mentioned.
But is it Really “Hedonism”?
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCurious readers might wonder if some of the axiological theories discussed in this book have been stretched so far that it is no longer appropriate to categorize them as forms of hedonism. This raises a deeper question: what in general makes it correct to categorize an axiological theory as a form of hedonism? Attempts to answer this question. Also attempts to answer it in such a way as to justify the classification of the alleged hedonisms in this book. This turns out to be a trickier problem than might at first be expected.
Themes and Puzzles
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractContains a review of the main themes of the book and a description of my vision of the Good Life. It also contains an admission of some of the puzzles left unsolved here. Among the main themes are: the importance of being clear about what an axiological theory is supposed to tell us; the importance of formulating one's proposed axiological theory (hedonistic or not) in a coherent way; the importance of recognizing the distinction between forms of sensory hedonism and forms of attitudinal hedonism; the advantages of attitudinal hedonism and its capacity (especially in desert‐adjusted forms) to avoid classic objections; the plasticity of attitudinal hedonism; the importance and interest (and difficulty) of determining precisely what makes it correct to categorize an axiological theory as ‘hedonism’.
INTRINSIC CONCERN FOR OTHERS
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines Aristotle's and Green's concern for the common good. It is argued that both Aristotle and Green have the analytic resources to provide a eudaimonist justification of interpersonal concern that is derivative but not instrumental. This is why Green views interpersonal love as the next best thing to immortality, and why Aristotle and Green both claim that a proper conception of how others figure in self-love undermines the popular contrast between self-love and altruism.
MODERATE AND EXTREME HARMONY OF INTERESTS
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter presents an interpretation of Green's conception of the common good. It is argued that Green's conception of the common good seeks to explain how it is that the goods of distinct individuals, when conceived in perfectionist terms, can be shown to be substantially interdependent. Only if he argues in this way is Green entitled to claim that a common good, which includes the good of others, is part of self-realization. This interpretation of Green's account of the role of the common good in self-realization models interpersonal relations and concern on intrapersonal relations and concern, thus extending the boundaries of self-interest and self-love so as to include the good of others. This view implies a conception of interpersonal relations that should lead us to see people's interests as metaphysically, and not just instrumentally, interdependent. This allows Green to claim that there is a substantial harmony between the agent's own interests and those of others — this is moderate harmony. However, these claims they do not establish the strong thesis that there can be no conflict or competition of interests among people — this is extreme harmony.
ABSOLUTE IDEALISM AND EXTREME HARMONY
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter examines Green's metaphysical and political defence of extreme harmony. It is argued that Green's theory of moral personality and his claims about the role of the common good in self-realization provide the resources for his best defence of the sort of corporate agency required to maintain extreme harmony. It is shown that Green's most interesting and plausible arguments for corporate agency do not support the demands of extreme harmony.
GREEN AND BRADLEY
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the similarities between Green's and another prominent figure in British idealism, Bradley. In metaphysics and epistemology, both are deeply critical of empiricism and endorse a form of absolute idealism. In ethics, both reject the incompatibilist view of freedom and determinism, both reject psychological and evaluative hedonism and are critical of utilitarianism, and both defend an ethics of self-realization. However, despite these similarities, it is surprising how little evidence there is of significant interaction and influence between the two.
The Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The book collects some of the major essays, past and new, of two of the leading authorities on the Northern Ireland conflict. The essays cover a wide range of topics, from the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and the management of Northern Ireland by successive Labour and Conservative governments between 1974 and 1997, to an analysis of the 1998 Agreement, and the issues of policing and human rights reform in the aftermath of that agreement. The book is unified by the theory of consociation, one of the most influential theories in the regulation of conflicts. The authors are critical exponents of the consociational approach, and several chapters explain its attractions over alternative forms of conflict regulation. The book explains why Northern Ireland's national divisions have made the achievement of a consociational agreement particularly difficult.
The issues raised in the book are crucial to a proper understanding of Northern Ireland's past and future, which, the authors argue, is likely to involve some type of consociational democracy, whether or not the one agreed to on Good Friday 1998. The issues addressed, however, are not particular to Northern Ireland. They are relevant to a host of other divided territories, including Cyprus, Kosovo, Macedonia, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Israel/Palestine, and Iraq. The book is therefore vital reading not just for Northern Ireland specialists, but also for anyone interested in consociational and in the just and durable regulation of national and ethnic conflict.
The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Folly or Statecraft?
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter analyses the significance of the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, and using research and interview material critically assesses explanations as to why it was signed. It evaluates the consequences of the Agreement (up to 12 July 1986) and considers the prospects for its survival. The article provides a normative defence of the Agreement, including its provisions for the promotion of a consociational settlement.
The Conservative Stewardship of Northern Ireland 1979–97: Sound-bottomed Contradictions or Slow Learning?
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter gives an evaluation of the inconsistencies in the conservatives' approach to Northern Ireland under Prime ministers Thatcher and Major. It applauds the Conservatives eventual recognition that intergovernmental cooperation with Dublin was essential to the successful management of the conflict - even if it took some ministers nearly two decades to relearn what Conservative prime minister Heath had appreciated in 1973.
The Nature of the Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter provides a comprehensive constitutional and political evaluation of the Agreement of 1998. It explains that the Agreement is consistent with the four central pillars of consociational democracy, but it also addressed the self-determination dispute at the heart of the conflict through a number of complex federal and confederal elements, involving both parts of Ireland, and Ireland and Great Britain. The chapter has an appendix which explains the d'Hondt formula used for executive appointment.
Globalization, European Integration, and the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter examines the effect of a number of changes in the international order on the Northern Ireland conflict. Its central argument is that while globalization and European integration have done little to transform Northern Ireland's rival identities in the way that some integrationists hope or claim, the internationalisation of Northern Ireland's conflict has had important and positive effects on conflict management.
The Protection of Human Rights under the Belfast Agreement
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The chapter addresses a fundamental aspect of Northern Ireland's Agreement: the need to institutionalise rights protections. While a Bill of Rights should uphold traditional liberal norms of freedom and individual equality, an appropriately designed Bill also needs to entrench the basic political compromise at the heart of the Agreement. It should protect (or at least not endanger) the principles of inclusive power-sharing; proportionality; community self-government; the equality of groups; and community veto rights. It should also uphold the right of the current national minority and any future minority to meaningful cross-border arrangements, making explicit the ‘double protection model’ implicit in the Agreement.