bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aftermath
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effect of the publication of the Arabic 2 Esdras on the reception of the book was mixed. While a scholar like Fabricius realized the philological importance of the discovery, others, such as Whiston and Floyer, continued to treat the book with enthusiasm and to argue for its antiquity. In doing this they were in a diminishing minority. Although many people would continue to consult 2 Esdras and to credit it as a book of prophecy, there was a growing tendency either to say nothing about its actual authority or, if it was discussed at all, to take into account the theories of a late date.
Introduction
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cinema, one of the most important social and cultural forces of the twentieth century, seemed in the early 1980s in Britain to be on its last legs. The numbers of people watching films at the cinema were at their lowest ebb, while British film production had all but disappeared. Since the mid-1980s, with the rise of the multiplex and the blockbuster success of a few huge Hollywood films each year, audiences, remarkably, have risen once more, and quite dramatically. The development of the home video market, new terrestrial television channels, cable, and satellite have further ensured that film is once more a central part of British popular culture. In that same period, British film-making, while never exactly financially stable, maintained a vigorous critical presence, a new British art cinema emerged, and a select band of films achieved considerable box-office success both at home and internationally.
Case Study II: Elizabeth
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth (1998), a film set in the mid-sixteenth century, dealing with one of England’s great historical personages, Queen Elizabeth I, represented a new stage in the development of the quality ‘British’ costume drama of the 1980s and 1990s. This is a film that delights in the unrestrained passions of the early modern period rather than the genteel reserve of Austen’s drawing-rooms or the bourgeois respectability of Forster’s. Where Howards End (1992) had emerged at the tail-end of the Thatcher period, Elizabeth was a product of Tony Blair’s ‘Cool Britannia’. Even so, the film is not unique; rather, its difference from earlier heritage films is one of tone, and a tone that became increasingly familiar as the 1990s wore on. There were in fact three Elizabeths in English heritage films made in that decade: Quentin Crisp’s cross-dressed queen in Orlando (1992), Cate Blanchett’s interpretation in Elizabeth, and Judi Dench’s Oscar-winning outing in Shakespeare in Love (1999).
Pessimism, Community, and Utopia in Aesthetic Education
Authors: Docherty Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hume famously woke Kant from his dogmatic slumbers in Konigsberg; but if the response to his work closer to home was somewhat delayed, the response there in Scotland was no less vigorous for its tardiness. Typical of those who placed themselves in the ranks of his (philosophical) enemies was James Beattie who, in 1770 in Aberdeen, published his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth. Beattie had no time for the celebration of any mythic primal condition such as that explored by Rousseau; but he did share with Rousseau a passion for truth, even acknowledging in true Alceste-fashion, that he will probably have to be rude to those with whom he disagrees.
Education, English, and Criticism in the University
Authors: Docherty Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In or about December 1810, humanistic education changed. The turn of that century was a period in which there was much lively debate over what constituted the nature of the university; and, importantly, it was in this period that the question assumed the corollary task of identifying a national culture and a national character through education, most often through an education grounded in a conception of a foundational philosophy which served to unify the variety of the disciplines.
Turner’s Litter
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a remarkable chapter in the fifth volume of Modern Painters, Ruskin contrasts the boyhoods of Giorgione and Turner, the one brought up in fifteenth-century Venice, with its emerald pavements and alabaster columns, the other in London in the 1770s and 1780s, in an atmosphere of Thames mud and Covent Garden cabbage-stalks. Ruskin imagines the whole difference between the Old Master and the new as a difference in upbringing, a difference in mentality. Giorgione was able to bask in colour and light. Turner had to ‘endure’, had to make do with, the ugliness which hemmed him in on all sides.
Modern Writers I: English Mess
Authors: Trotter David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3, I drew attention to a brace of significant literary departures: in Armadale, Wilkie Collins suspended the paranoia governing the genre of sensational fiction in order to give weight to the toss of a coin; in Sentimental Education, Gustave Flaubert set aside the doctrine of psychological determinism he had upheld for many years in order to emphasize the part played in his hero’s life by chance and by ‘external facts’. The only explanation I have so far advanced for these departures is bio graphical: Collins, still savouring the success of The Woman in White, no doubt felt that he could do more or less what he liked with his new narrative toy; Flaubert, who took care not to repeat himself, found in the force of circumstance a fresh (and ample) incentive to irony. That two such unlikely com panions should both choose to depart from the established pattern of their separate careers at roughly the same moment in the history of the European novel is, one might suppose, a coincidence.
The Specialist, the Generalist, and the Populist
Authors: Whitworth Michael H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The popularization of science is a symptom of modernity; its relation to modernism is more complex. The verb ‘to popularize’ originally referred to a political process of gaining favour at court; by the late eighteenth century it had come to imply a division between an elite and a democratic mass; it was first used in relation to technical or abstruse knowledge in I833, the year before the word ‘scientist’ entered the language.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Too many generalizations have been based upon the quite abnormal retinue of John of Gaunt .. .’. It might fairly be asked whether it requires, or deserves, another lengthy study. The simplest answer is that, with the exception of the Lancastrian estates and their administration, detailed work on John of Gaunt’s affinity has hardly progressed beyond the conclusions reached by the pioneers of the modem study of bastard feudalism some forty years ago. One purpose of this book is, therefore, simply to test those conclusions against a more extensive investigation of the available evidence and, if any modifications must be made, to ask what wider implications they possess for the study of English society in the later middle ages. Valuable analyses of the composition and workings of a number of other affinities are now available, providing a convincing picture of the way a lord viewed his following and it responded to his wishes. Inevitably, the perspective adopted in these analyses is seigneurial, for the most abundant and accessible evidence comes from surviving seigneurial archives. Yet the strength of the bastard feudal tie lay, not in the pre-eminence of the lord, but in an expectation of mutual benefit, a community of aim and outlook between the contracting parties.
The Lancastrian Affinity at War
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John of Gaunt’s life was dominated by war and the rumours of peace. From 1359, when he accompanied Edward III on his last great expedition to France, until his return from the duchy of Gascony in 1395, he was continually employed in the wars against the French and their allies. Nor was he simply an English war-leader but, by reason of his marriage to Constance of Castile in 1372, a European prince with pretensions to a throne of his own that had to be secured by force of arms. In consequence, Gaunt participated in 12 major military expeditions, besides preparing for several more that failed to materialize, while his responsibility for peace negotiations with the French involved him in 15 separate diplomatic missions. These facts have an immediate importance for the study of the duke’s retinue, historiographical as well as historical. Much of the most distinguished pioneering work on ‘bastard feudalism’ and the indentured retinue was based principally upon a study of the contracts between John of Gaunt and his retainers.
The Lancastrian Affinity: Cohesion, Reward, and Loyalty
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The rights and duties of a Lancastrian retainer in time of war were carefully specified and, it would seem, carefully adhered to, but his indenture was vague over what was expected in peacetime, insisting only that he should attend the lord wherever and whenever sum moned.1 The commitment a retainer made to the duke was, therefore, primarily one of time: he had to be ready to attend the duke in the Lancastrian household or. to accompany him around the country in his riding retinue. This obligation could comprehend a wide variety of duties. Retainers were dispatched to garrison the duke’s Welsh castles during an invasion scare, summoned to attend the duke at Richard Il’s coronation, to provide a bodyguard during the Peasants’ Revolt, to prosecute his feud with the earl of Northumberland on the streets of London. They were also required, from time to time, to provide the imposing escort by which the duke was always accompanied on his frequent diplomatic missions abroad; behind the expensive splendour of Lancaster’s suite at Leulingham in 1384 and Amiens in 1393 lay the more permanent physical resources of his indentured retinue.
The Lancastrian Affinity And Local Society: Sussex And Lancashire
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have examined in some detail the structure and composition of John of Gaunt’s affinity and made a tentative assessment of what it meant, for both duke and retainer, to belong to the same organization. For both parties, the military role of the affinity emerged as its most important feature: the duke was heavily dependent upon his retinue in the vital business of raising his armies and it was still in terms of campaigning abroad that most retainers envisaged their obligation to their lord. The material rewards of this service seem to have been slight enough but the chivalric prestige conferred by fighting in the duke’s company did much to compensate for any financial loss. In any case, many retainers fought abroad principally in order to consolidate their standing at home, for to win the duke of Lancaster’s attention and esteem on campaign was to secure oneself a position of influence and respect in English local society. Yet it is precisely this direct relationship between military service and civilian life, between employment abroad and reward at home, that constitutes the principal charge against the indentured retinue as a form of social and political organization. In the robust formulation of Plummer: ‘when the war was over, they [the temporal lords] returned to England with bands of men accustomed to obey their orders, incapacitated by long warfare for the pursuits of settled and peaceful life and ready to follow their late masters on any turbulent enterprise.’
Controversy and compromise
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What a madness and cruel foolishness is this, that in the time of any great plague, such as are infected, you shut up in houses, set marks It was inevitable that controversy would be provoked by the administrative procedures whose development has just been described. As we saw in Chapter 2, commonplace assumptions about plague could be used to justify that kind of government intervention; but they also embraced a stress on divine providence which might inhibit any sort of human action - apart from repentance and prayer. Contemporaries were not unaware of this ambiguity in their intellectual inheritance. It was brought out into the open during the epidemic of 1603, and it was only after that that an uneasy but generally acceptable compromise was arrived at. It was a compromise which relegated the Almighty to a subordinate role and permitted the growth of secular interpretations based on observation of the phenomenon.
Towns under stress
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thomas Pullein, vicar of Pontefract, told the aldermen of York what their duties were during the plague of 1604.In doing so he demon strated that the attitudes described in the last chapter did not deter mine action in any simple linear way. The rulers of towns must not seek refuge in flight. To that extent they had to ignore the fact that plague was infectious, and to assume that God willed their presence and might protect them. On the other hand, they must not be passively fatalistic. They must act, both to relieve the sick and to prevent further contagion. It was the need to encourage this nice balance of selfless dedication and prudence which led the Privy Council so often to attribute the growth of epidemics to negligence on the part of magistrates, rather than to an infected atmosphere which might lead to wholesale magisterial flight. As one might expect, however, the psychological balance was more easily stated on paper than achieved in practice.
The Dawes Interlude
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By dint of clever financiar and political stage-management the Dawes Committee were able to set the scene for five years of relatively trouble free reparation payments. In the course of 1924 the mark was stabilized with the aid of an American-backed international loan; Germany’s multifarious financial obligations arising out of the treaty were consolidated; and an interim schedule of five annuities was drawn up which was not immediately beyond the debtor’s capacity. The French and Belgians also undertook to evacuate the Ruhr in return for a purely financial system of guarantees and controls; and the responsibility for supervising the day-to-day collection and transfer of reparations was taken away from the Paris-based Reparation Commission and delegated to specialist commissioners who were stationed in Berlin under an American Agent-General for Reparation Payments. Despite all these achievements the Dawes experts were unable to usher in a definitive settlement because neither the French nor the Americans would consent to the formal reduction of reparations and war debts which this would entail. The future of the Dawes scheme therefore depended entirely on the financial co-operation of the German government and the support of the international investing public, neither of which could be relied upon except in the temporary boom conditions of the late 1920s.
The Young Plan
Authors: Kent Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
True to its makeshift origins, the Young Committee proved more concerned to shore up the creaking structure of inter-Allied indebtedness than to devise a genuine final reparation settlement. For this reason its recommendations enjoyed the powerful, if schizophrenic, support of the United States, the arch-creditor nation. The Young Plan was also welcomed, after some initial misgivings, by France and the minor European creditors because it recommended that their foreign debt repayments should henceforth be covered by reparation receipts. It was not, however, well received in Britain, whose prolonged efforts to obtain the cancellation of inter-Allied debts had suffered a serious setback, and whose relative share of the spoils was appreciably diminished under the new dispensation. British disapproval was mild by comparison with that of Germany, whose financial capacity had never really been taken into account by the Young experts. The dis¬ satisfaction of Britain and Germany was responsible for the protracted and acrimonious struggle over the ratification of the Plan at the Hague Conferences of August 1929 and January 1930.
‘Those with Angry Bowels’: Develop men ts in Northern Eturkan 1903—1913
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As Lokoel had promised, Loolel Kokoi and Ebei found that Mt. Labur provided a secure sanctuary from British harassment: for as British East Africa had been extending its control over southern Eturkan for a decade before 1913, Uganda clung to a policy of restraint regarding the northern areas under its jurisdiction. The guidelines had been laid out by James Hayes¬Sadler, the Uganda commissioner, in 1905: The policy of the Administration is rather to avoid conflict with the wilder tribes, such as those inhabiting the large tract of country to the north of Elgon and between the Nile and Lake Rudolf, and trust to the principle of our rule becoming known to them through the intervening tribes until such time as the permanent occupation of their country becomes a necessity.
‘The War of Apara and the War of Kokoi’: The Escalation of Turkana Resistance to the End of 1917
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Following the crushing of the southern Turkana by the expedition of 1915, officials from Uganda and British East Africa met to explore the question of how an efficient administration might be best implemented in Eturkan. Back in 1911 the two protectorates had begun to realize that dividing the Turkana between them had not been a good idea. Neither side had been anxious to take on sole responsibility, however, and nothing transpired. In the meetings of 1915 everyone again agreed that the division of Eturkan had been a mistake, and now British East Africa, which had taken the lead in introducing some vestige of genuine control to the south, was prevailed upon to accept responsibility for administering it all.
Biography
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous section of this book sought to demonstrate that the image of Georgian Bath is something which has been created and re-created, interpreted and re-interpreted; in other words, that it has a genesis and a history. This section will focus on the image as an artefact, with a specific formal content, expressed through particular media. To take the analogy of a painting. What is produced, at least in non-abstract art, has a recognizable subject-matter—such as people, buildings, and natural features—and this matter is conveyed through various media, like oils, watercolours, and inks. Chapters 4 to 6 will explore the subject-matter or form of Bath’s Georgian image, Chapter 7 the materials or media used to transmit it.
Architecture: Pre-Modern
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The centrality of architecture to the image of Georgian Bath is today self-evident. In many respects the eighteenth-century spa only survives in the imagination because substantial parts of its physical landscape have survived in reality. Not only do buildings provide convenient hooks on which to hang allusions to famous personalities; the fabric itself resonates with meaning and significance. The following two chapters will explore the history of Bath’s Georgian architecture, tracing the changing appreciation and treatment of it across the chronological periods outlined earlier in this study. This chapter will examine the Georgian, Victorian, late Victorian and Edwardian, and inter-war eras, and Chapter 6 will continue the analysis into the modern and post-modern periods. In each era three issues will be investigated. First, how was the Georgian fabric perceived; what status did it enjoy, how was it interpreted, how sophisticated were judgements about it? Second, what competition did it face from other styles of architecture and other elements in the Georgian image, which could detract from its significance? Third, what role has conservation played in preserving and protecting the historic landscape?
Media
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have explored the dominant features of Bath’s Georgian image. This chapter will examine the media through which those features were expressed. Conventionally historians would title such a section’sources’, and consign it to an appendix or bibliography, signifying it to be part of the scholarly infrastructure of the work, and not crucial to its comprehension. Such an approach seems inappropriate when investigating a topic like image, the very notion of which implies an especially close relationship between the subject of study and its sources. The latter are not simply a vehicle for accessing a problem; they are the object of examination itself. There is, therefore, a particular need to scrutinize the texts-and theterm is here deployed in its broadest sense to include both literary and non-literary modes of expression—used to represent Georgian Bath. An extraordinary variety of such texts were produced. Printed works like guidebooks and histories were only the tip of an iceberg, which included radio and television programmes, postcards, posters, cigarette cards, stained-glass windows, museum displays, exhibitions, and pageants. The sheer diversity is itself of significance, since it meant that public perceptions were bombarded from a multiplicity of channels, greatly enhancing the chance that the message would reach its target. Literary images were reinforced by visual ones, and even a visitor who ignored formal tourist literature and museums, could still have acquired some view of the Georgian city through the unavoidable street publicity of the heritage industry—posters, performing artists, oralguides, direction markers, wall plaques, and shop signs, not to mention the historic buildings themselves.
Towns, Heritage, and History
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This has been the study of an image across three centuries, from its genesis to its manifestation on the eve of a new millennium. The focus of attention has been the way that Georgian Bath was represented. During the eighteenth century a galaxy of images were created of the city, constructed around the themes of health, environment, society, consumption, morality, and order. For much of the century the city was perceived in widely diverging—positive-negative, idealistic—’realistic’—ways. Only towards the end of the era did a common image emerge among the elite, though this was a response to deepening tensions within society as a whole, and a need among the rulers to close ranks, rather than to any new-found stability. During the course of the eighteenth century Bath’;s history was also subtly but radically reconstructed, replacing the pre-modern ‘magical’; foundation myth of Bladud with a twin-focused classical ‘rational’; myth based upon Rome and Nash. For much of the Victorian era the impact of this new his tory remained relatively muted, caught between nineteenth-century Bath’;s pas sion for the Gothic and a belief in its own civic, technical, economic, moral, and spiritual progress. As nationally these enthusiasms and certainties declined, so the way was cleared for the classical conception of the city’;s history to reassert itself, carried forward on a wave of nostalgia. Throughout the twentieth century Bath’;s Roman and Georgian images exercised a mutually reinforcing duopoly over the city’;s perception and presentation of its past. Freed from late Victorian moral inhibitions, the first full blossoming of the Georgian myth came in the 1930s. Post-war modernism checked its ascendancy temporarily, but post-modernist forces induced a second and even more prolific flowering in the 1980s. By the late twen tieth century Bath was enjoying an ‘urban renaissance’; almost comparable to that which it had experienced in the eighteenth century, and was doing so by recycling the image of the earlier period.