bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress and the Sojourner
Authors: Shupe Ellen I , McGrath Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a general theory of stress and coping, and a model of how that theory applies in the lives of sojourners—individuals living temporarily in a culture foreign to them. Sojourner stress is an important case because many aspects of the stress and coping cycle are intensified, or rendered more problematic, when the person experiencing the stress is from a different culture than the one in which the stressful situations are occurring. Stress among sojourners, therefore, is not only important in itself, especially given the increasing global interdependence; it is also an important topic of study in that it can give us new insights into the more general case of stress and the coping process.
A Cybernetic Theory of Organizational Stress
Authors: Cummings Thomas G , Cooper Cary L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence from studies in the workplace (Cooper and Marshall, 1976; Sauter et al., 1989; Cooper, 1996) to suggest that occupational stress (OS) is an important causal factor in cardiovascular disease, mental ill-health and other health behaviors. The empirical work in this field has expanded so rapidly (Cooper and Payne, 1988) that we have been unable to put these developments into a coherent theoretical framework. Cartwright and Zander (1960) have argued that all scientific endeavor moves progressively through the stages of armchair speculation, to data collection to theory building. Osler (1910), Selye (1946), and others (Ryle and Russell, 1949) provided the early speculative notions of the dynamics underlying occupational stressors and the general adaptation syndrome. Our intention here is to continue the process of theory-building in the OS field by presenting a cybernetic theory of stress, drawn from our earlier model (Cummings and Cooper, 1979).
Clinical Dermatology
Authors: Path Rona M MacKie MD DSc FRCP FRC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This concise yet comprehensive, fully illustrated, four-colour textbook has established itself as a favourite amongst undergraduate medical students, nurses and pharmacists in practice and in training, and with general practitioners and other physicians seeking a clear and well-illustrated guide to dermatology. Since the last edition, there have been exciting advances in dermatology, both in treatment and in our understanding of the molecular biology of the diseases. The new edition includes thoroughly updated material on all common skin diseases, their clinical features, aetiology, pathology, necessary investigations and treatment. In response to developments in medical education, Clinical Dermatology has been extensively rewritten to take account of the changing structure of many undergraduate medical curricula. Problem-based learning exercises, special study module projects and problem case discussions are included.
Dermatological disability: incidence, prevalence, and classification of skin disease
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dermatologists always firmly claim that the skin is the largest organ in the body, and therefore merits more time and attention than it is allocated in most medical school undergraduate programmes. Table 2.1 lists some of its important functions. These include protection from external injury, control of fluid balance and electrolytes, temperature control, an important outpost of the nervous system, immunological functions, interaction with ultraviolet radiation, synthesizing Vitamin D, and lipid synthesis.
Narcotics Anonymous, twelve-step programmes, and rehabilitation treatments
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at a number of treatments, which, although they differ in several respects, also share many common features. All owe their origins, to a greater or lesser extent, to Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), and they all share a common focus upon abstinence as the overriding goal of treatment. These treatments see recovery from addiction as requiring a profound restructuring of thinking, personality, and lifestyle, and involving more than just giving up drug-taking behaviour.
Paediatric dentistry Dental trauma
Authors: Evans Dafydd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dental trauma in childhood is common, with around 16 per cent of 15-year-old boys and 10 per cent of 15-year-old girls showing some evidence of traumatic injury of their anterior teeth (Office for National Statistics 2004). The consequences of traumatic injury can range from being insignificant through to the loss of the tooth, as either an immediate or delayed effect of the trauma. In fact, trauma is the most common cause of loss of permanent anterior teeth in childhood. Effective immediate management of dental injuries can significantly improve the prognosis of the teeth affected. However, although the prevalence of dental injuries is high, their relatively low incidence means that it is unlikely the average dental student will manage sufficient cases of dental trauma to achieve competence while an undergraduate. The First Five Years(GDC 2002) limits the specific learning outcomes for the management of dental trauma to acknowledge base. However, the competent ices relating to this area that might be expected of the dental graduate are elaborated on below, according to the GDC’s terminology of competence at, knowledge of and familiraity with.
Special care dentistry
Authors: Nunn June 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Special care dentistry is the branch of dentistry that aims to secure and maintain the oral and dental health of, and enhance the quality of life for, people with impairments where an inter-professional approach, supported by appropriate behaviour management techniques, is required to deliver efficacious and effective care in a holistic way. To define what is meant by impairment and disability is important: At its simplest, not being able to walk is an impairment but not being able to get into a dental surgery because of the steps up into the building is a disability (Watson 2000).The General Dental Council’s document The First Five Years(GDC 2002) does not make any specific reference to dental care in special needs patients, but this is implied in many generic statements referring to the duty of care, awareness of physical, medical, social and psychological aspects of dental care.
Surgical dentistry
Authors: Pedlar Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contemporary view of undergraduate learning should seek to integrate oral surgery, oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. A broad interdisciplinary approach and vertical integration would also improve the relevance of the pre-clinical and para-clinical subjects. Both The First Five Years(GDC 2002) and the QAA benchmark statement for dentistry (QAA 2002) include oral surgery in their description of the characteristics of an undergraduate programme in dentistry: In the benchmarking statements, paragraph 3.17 deals with oral medicine, pathology and surgery as an integrated package: Manage patients with facial pain, disease and disorders of the oral cavity and associated structures, including a recognition of when it is appropriate to refer for specialist help and advice; Manage basic dent alveolar surgical procedures, including intra and post-operative complications and recognise when it is appropriate to refer for specialist help and advice; Understand the importance of and procedures for submitting specimens for laboratory diagnosis and demonstrate the ability to interpret diagnostic reports.
Oral medicine
Authors: Lewis Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European perspective on Dental Education is specified in a document known as the Dental Directives document 78/687/EEC. Since its appearance, a more focused and competency-based document has been produced by the Advisory Committee on the Training of Dental Practitioners (ACTDP), and this covers undergraduate competencies in Oral Medicine. However, all of these are also comprehensively covered by the The First Five Years(GDC 2002) and the QAA benchmark statement for dentistry (QAA 2002). From these documents, the description of the oral medicine input to the undergraduate programme in dentistry is recorded below.
Developing Questionnaires
Authors: McColl Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is how qualitative research methods and cognitive aspects of survey methodology can be applied in the development of a new quality of life instrument. The emphasis is on the stages of item generation and wording, the establishment of content and face validity, and the initial stages of instrument pre-testing. In the past, many developers of quality of life measures adopted a ‘top-down ‘ approach to determining instrument content. The conceptualization and operationalization of ‘impairment ‘ or ‘quality of life ‘, and the choice of items to be included, was determined primarily by a review of the literature and of the content of existing instruments. ‘
Computerized Adaptive Testing And Item Banking
Authors: Border Jakob B , Kosinski Mark , Jr John E Ware 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Improving the validity and precision of our measurement tools and making them more practical are constant challenges for the quality of life field. Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) holds great promise in helping us meet these challenges (see e.g. Wainer et al. 2000). The basic idea of CAT is to have a computer to select the items that seem most appropriate for a particular respondent (given our knowledge so far) and to score the responses in way that allows us to compare the results with results from other respondents answering a different set of items. This results in a quicker and more accurate assessment. To function, the CAT needs a set of rules for selecting the most appropriate items and scoring them on a common ruler, and a bank of items that can be chosen for the test.
Health-Related Quality Of Life Outcomes In Clinical Trials
Authors: Osoba David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes may be measured as either a primary outcome or as secondary outcome in addition to other, more traditional outcomes, e.g. survival, time to progression of disease, duration of remission of disease, days lost from work, and economic impact of illness. A combination of HRQoL measurement with a measurement of these other outcomes can provide a comprehensive assessment of the effects of a disease and/or its treatment. The feature that distinguishes HRQoL assessment from the other assessments is that it is self-assessed by the patient and not by an observer (except in the unusual case of proxy assessments). HRQoL measurement has similarities to health status assessment and symptom assessment, since these are also reported by patients; thus, it has been grouped with them under the term ‘patient-reported outcomes ‘ (PROs) (Acquadro et al. 2002). It is probably reasonable to view them as being related to each other like the components of a Venn diagram.
Overall plan of management of difficult conversations
Authors: Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us now summarize a practical basic formula for many conversations between health professionals, patients and relatives. The shortlists in the boxes on this page will map your path through many conversations. However, it cannot be emphasized enough that each patient is individual and each circumstance different and unique to the situation. What is appropriate in one context may be far from appropriate in another. Use these checklists to create a constructive mind-set that will enable you to adapt to the situation in hand.
The patient’s perspective
Authors: Macdonald Elisabeth , Murphy Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Patients’ Association, which represents one voice speaking for patients, summarizes a number of important problems seen from the patient’s perspective. Health-care workers are also aware of many aspects of the doctor–patient interchange that are inherently problematic. Difficulties arise as a result of the subject matter of consultations as well as from the preconceptions, which patients bring to the exchange.
Difficult conversations with children and parents
Authors: Edwards Melinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although effective communication skills are a pre-requisite in all aspects of clinical medicine, paediatric care can present unique challenges given the need to work with both the family system and health care system in issues regarding the responsibilities and welfare of the child. In addition there are the challenges of communicating complex and sometimes very emotive information to children within a range of cognitive and developmental maturity.
Legal constraints and guidelines to good practice
Authors: Martinez Liz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter approaches the subject of doctor–patient communication from the perspective of a lawyer with over a decade of experience in handling medical negligence claims on behalf of patients. Practical advice on communication is offered with the intention of avoiding the need for patients to resort to litigation in order to meet their needs for information, explanations and apologies when their medical treatment fails to meet their expectations.
Theoretical Perspectives: Linking Research and Practice
Authors: Dent Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every child is unique with a unique background. Children can experience death at any age from infancy to adulthood, during which time, each child is developing physically, emotionally, intellectually, spiritually, and socially. They may suffer the death of a parent, sibling, grandparent, or that of a close friend or family member. Death can be sudden and unexpected through accident, illness, suicide, murder, war, or natural disasters; or expected when death occurs from natural causes or a life-threatening disease. With so many variables, it is clear that childhood bereavement is a multi-faceted and complex subject.
Working with traumatically bereaved children
Authors: Yule William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bereavement is a part of normal human experience. It is often distressing, and some would say ‘traumatic’. For a child to lose a parent or a sibling can radically affect their life. But some deaths are truly traumatic—sudden, unexpected deaths; accidental deaths where the child witnesses the accident; murders, where the child witnesses one parent killing the other. In these circumstances, the child may develop particular stress reactions and depression, as well as bereavement and additional techniques may be required to help the child cope.
Family liaison: when once has to be enough
Authors: Ellison Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The newspapers report tragedy all the time; murders, rapes, traffic collisions, and fre- quently the report is followed by the words, ‘Police family liaison officers are comforting the family’ So, who are these family liaison officers, and what do they do? Family Liaison has always been a function of the police, although for many years, it was generally confined to homicide enquiries. A police officer was assigned to liaise with the bereaved family and keep them informed about the investigation. For most families, it is important to know how the police are progressing with enquiries into the death of their loved ones. For some, the grieving process cannot even begin to start, until they know that the person responsible for killing their loved one has been apprehended and a sentence passed upon them. The role of the Family Liaison Officer is to update them at regular intervals and inform them of the progress in their investigation.
Crossing the great barrier grief
Authors: Sinclair Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two blue tanagers (common birds in this part of the Caribbean) court and make love in the wisps of the Casuarina tree, as the early morning sun disperses the steamy secrets of the tropical night. As the light increases, noisy little nocturnal tree frogs have gone quiet and the contented couple of tanagers sing post-coital melodies to the dawn of the new day. I am looking towards the horizon, from my hotel balcony at that indeterminate point of uncertain reality, where the blue sky of this tropic meets the blue sea, and I think back to those happy distant days when Susan and I scraped our wages together to elevate youthful love from campsites in Margate, in the back of a very ancient Land Rover, to the sensory delights of a world where the vision captured by Kew Gardens in a London bubble is liberated; and perhaps where the glass-framed plants of Decimus Burton’s palace secretly dream about in their leafy slumbers in the long grey English winter.
The origins of community psychiatry
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Community Psychiatry ’ is a slippery term. It is used widely, and generally with positive connotations, implying a more liberal and progressive approach to the care of the mentally ill. At its simplest form it contrasts the care previously afforded to patients for extensive periods of their lives in large, impersonal asylums with services that exist in a range of settings outside those walls.
The concept of micro-organisms
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the development of the light microscope all living organisms could be divided empirically, without too much debate, into two kingdoms: the plants and the animals. In the 1660s, Robert Hooke, using a crude compound microscope, was probably the first person to see cells; a few years later Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using the first high-resolution, single lens microscope, saw micro-organisms for the first time. These microscopic living creatures, some of which were seen to move, were described as small animals or ‘animalcules’. From Leeuwenhoek’s drawings we know them to be bacteria and protozoa. It is of interest to note that his specimens included material scraped from his own teeth.
Viruses
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viruses are an important cause of human disease. They are relevant to dentists because they may cause disease either directly (for example herpes simplex virus) or indirectly (for example HIV) in the oral and perioral regions. Furthermore, the prevention of cross-infection with viruses during dental treatment (Chapter 30) is an important element of safe dental practice. Viruses differ from other groups of micro-organisms, such as bacteria, in many key respects. The important characteristics of viruses are summarized in Fig. 6.1. They are very small agents with a simple chemical composition comprising the viral genome and an outer protein coat known as the capsid. The capsid is composed of multiple building blocks known as capsomeres, and each particle has a strict geometric structure. The genome may be either DNA or RNA, but never both, and may be single or double-stranded, linear or circular.
Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevention of cross-infection in healthcare facilities is based upon the routine use of procedures that prevent the spread of microbes between patients and the dental team. More specifically, disease prevention involves interfering with one or more of the steps involved in the development of an infectious disease, as described in Chapter 4. General issues relating to instrument decontamination together with surface disinfection will be discussed here, while other infection control procedures relevant to dental surgery will be described in Chapter 30. Cleaning, disinfection and sterilization are the keystones of infection control in all clinical environments, but their effectiveness depends on construction and design attributes of the device or facility in question. For example, a device that possesses many intricate components, such as hinges or lumens, will be more difficult to clean. This may necessitate disassembly of the device in order to clean inaccessible regions. In some cases, if the device
Genitourinary tract infections
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several infectious diseases are transmitted mainly or entirely by sexual intercourse. Often the causal organisms are delicate and do not remain viable outside the body for long. Transmission of the infective agents by direct contact between mucosal surfaces is essential. The primary lesion is usually, but not always, on the genitalia but several infections give rise to systemic manifestations. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) increased during the 1970s and early 1980s but by the late 1980s and early 1990s a decline occurred, particularly in relation to gonorrhoea. Fear of AIDS and the promotion through the media of ‘safe sex’, particularly using condoms, may have played a part in this. However in recent years this trend has reversed (Fig. 14.1).
Infective endocarditis and sepsis syndrome
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infective endocarditis was first recognised in 1885 by Sir William Osler, who described the clinical appearance as ‘malignant endocarditis’, because of the rapid progress of the disease and multisystem involvement. Osler also described the valvular defects of endocarditis as vegetations and noted that ‘micrococci are constant elements in the vegetations’. Endocarditis is an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, most commonly affecting the heart valves. It is usually due to microbial colonization of thrombi formed over surface irregularities or defects. The thrombi consist of a meshwork of platelets
Periodontal diseases
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periodontal disease in its widest sense includes all disorders of the supporting structures of the teeth, namely the gingiva, periodontal ligament and supporting alveolar bone. This may vary from inflammation of the gingiva alone, termed gingivitis (Fig. 24.1), to the severe inflammation of the periodontal ligament called periodontitis (Fig. 24.2), in which there is destruction of alveolar bone and eventual tooth loss. Unlike many medical infections, periodontal diseases are not caused by pathogens that have their primary habitat outside the host. Instead, they are associated with a shift in the balance of the resident microflora, a similar situation to dental caries (Chapter 23). The micro-organisms may produce disease directly, by invasion of the tissues, or indirectly via bacterial toxins.
Salivary gland infections
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Salivary gland infections may be viral or bacterial. There are several ways of classifying salivary gland infections, including acute or chronic, bacterial or viral, and obstructive or non-obstructive (Fig. 26.1). The most common salivary gland infection is that caused by mumps virus, but acute sialadenitis is usually bacterial in origin. A number of factors are involved in the pathogenesis of salivary gland infections (Fig. 26.2). Decrease in host resistance is of particular importance and may relate to general factors, such as dehydration or previous radiotherapy, or to local factors including sialolithiasis, ductal strictures and other salivary gland pathology.