bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dueling experts in mediation and negotiation: How to respond when eager expensive entrenched expert egos escalate enmity
Authors: Wade John H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHaving dueling experts is a predictable problem for negotiators and mediators. A routine process in response is set out: normalizing, reframing, and turning the barrier into a standard problem‐solving question. Twelve standard responses (each with inevitable advantages and disadvantages) are systematized for mediators and negotiators to learn and possibly add value to any negotiation.
Traditional mediation practices: Are we throwing the baby out with the bath water?
Authors: Chia Ho‐Beng , Lee‐Partridge Joo Eng , Chong Chee‐Leong 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article examines the mediation practices of the Chinese and Malay communities in Singapore and highlights the role of cultural and community values, beliefs, and religion in shaping the mediation process. A comparison of traditional Chinese, Malay, and newly institutionalized practices shows the differences in approaches and the role of “neutral” community members in the mediation process.
Civil conflict, education, and the work of schools: Twelve propositions
Authors: Williams James H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEducation and civil conflict are deeply intertwined in complex ways. The author posits a series of hypotheses about interrelationships by which schools are a natural arena for conflict—attracting violence, sometimes helping to prevent it, and fostering it as well. Violence affects schools at multiple levels; attacking individuals, communities, and systems, and weakening their sense of agency.
In their own words: Contextualizing the discourse of (war) trauma and healing
Authors: Fuertes Al B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article highlights community‐based conceptions and articulations of warviews and coping mechanisms among refugees in a camp along the Thailand‐Burma border. The author asserts that, no matter how victimized they may feel about themselves, the refugees are capable of naming and responding to their collective sense of reality and can be active participants in their own healing and community building.
Bridging theory and practice in peace education: The Notre Dame University peace education experience
Authors: Bacani Benedicto R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAmidst a raging war in Central Mindanao and the historical biases and prejudices between Muslims and Christians, peace education as a curricular offering, pioneered by Notre Dame University, seeks to educate students to be more open and tolerant of diversity and to promote active nonviolence as an effective means for positive change.
Assessment of volume of fluid and immersed boundary methods for droplet computations
Authors: Lörstad Daniel , Francois Marianne , Shyy Wei , Fuchs Laszlo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe volume of fluid (VOF) and immersed boundary (IB) methods are two popular computational techniques for multi‐fluid dynamics. To help shed light on the performance of both techniques, we present accuracy assessment, which includes interfacial geometry, detailed and global fluid flow characteristics, and computational robustness. The investigation includes the simulations of a droplet under static equilibrium as a limiting test case and a droplet rising due to gravity for Re⩽1000. Surface tension force models are key issues in both VOF and IB and alternative treatments are examined resulting in improved solution accuracy. A refined curvature model for VOF is also presented. With the newly developed interfacial treatments incorporated, both IB and VOF perform comparably well for the droplet dynamics under different flow parameters and fluid properties. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expanding the Genetic Alphabet: Pyrazine Nucleosides That Support a DonorDonorAcceptor Hydrogen‐Bonding Pattern
Authors: von Krosigk Ulrike , Benner Steven A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe 6‐aminopyrazin‐2(1H)‐one, when incorporated as a pyrimidine‐base analog into an oligonucleotide chain, presents a H‐bond donordonoracceptor pattern to a complementary DNA or RNA strand. When paired with the corresponding acceptoracceptordonor purine in oligonucleotides, the heterocycle selectively contributes to the stability of the duplex, presumably by forming a base pair of WatsonCrick geometry joined by a nonstandard H‐bonding pattern, expanding the genetic alphabet. Reported here is a short, high yielding, β‐D‐selective synthesis of a 6‐aminopyrazin‐2(1H)‐one nucleoside via the glycine riboside derivative 28. The key steps include a WittigHorner reaction of an appropriately protected ribose derivative (Scheme 10, 19→21) followed by a Michael‐like ring closure (Scheme 12, 30→1a and 32→1b). Thus, a variety of pyrazine nucleosides (Scheme 13) including the target 6‐aminopyrazin‐2(1H)‐one riboside 1a, and its 5‐methyl derivative 1b, 6‐amino‐5‐methylpyrazin‐2(1H)‐one riboside, are obtained.
Oligo(triacetylene) Derivatives with Pendant Long Alkyl Chains
Authors: Nierengarten Jean‐François 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSubstituted (E)‐2‐(ethynyl)but‐2‐ene and (E)‐hex‐3‐ene‐1,5‐diyne derivatives 6 and 10, respectively, were prepared by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCC)‐mediated esterification of tris(dodecyloxy)benzoic acid (4) with (E)‐2‐[(triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl]but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diol (3) and (E)‐2,3‐bis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]but‐2‐ene‐1,4‐diol (8), respectively, followed by deprotection with Bu4NF in wet THF (Schemes 1 and 2). Oligomerization reactions of diyne derivative 10 were attempted by treatment with the Hay catalyst in the presence of mono‐alkyne 6 as an end‐capping reagent. Under these conditions, only compound 7 resulting from the homocoupling of 6 (Scheme 1), and polymers of 10 were obtained due to the difference in reactivity of the alkyne groups in 6 and 10. In contrast, when phenylacetylene was used as the stopper, the oligomerization of 10 afforded a mixture of end‐capped oligomers, from which 11–13 were isolated by column chromatography (Scheme 3). The poly(triacetylenes) (PTA) 16–18 were prepared in a similar manner starting from diol 8 and stearic acid (Schemes 4 and 5). Whereas the end‐capped monomers and dimers 11, 12, 16, and 17 with pendant long alkyl chains do not exhibit any liquid‐crystalline behavior, the trimeric derivatives 13 and 18 show mesomorphic properties, thus demonstrating that the poly(triacetylene) backbone can behave as a mesogenic unit.
Annosqualine: a Novel Alkaloid from the Stems of Annona squamosa
Authors: Yang Yu‐Liang , Chang Fang‐Rong , Wu Yang‐Chang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAnnosqualine (=(10′bR)‐1′,5′,6′,10′b‐tetrahydro‐9′‐hydroxy‐7′,8′‐dimethoxyspiro[cyclohexa‐2,5‐diene‐1,2′‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline]‐3′,4‐dione; 1), a novel alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, and a new amide, dihydrosinapoyltyramine (=3‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐[2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]propanamide; 2), were isolated from the stems of Annona squamosa L., together with six known alkaloids. The structures of all compounds were elucidated spectroscopically by means of optical rotation, 1H‐, 13C‐, and 2D‐NMR, and by EI‐MS, or by comparison with the spectral data of authentic samples. A possible biogenetical pathway towards annosqualine (1) is proposed.
Studies under Continuous Irradiation of Photochromic Spiro[fluorenopyran‐thioxanthenes]
Authors: Salvador Maria A. , Coelho Paulo J. , Burrows Hugh D. , Oliveira M. Manuel , Carvalho Luis M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNew indeno‐fused spiro[benzopyran‐thioxanthenes] were synthesized (see 3a–d in Scheme 3) and their photochromic properties evaluated under continuous irradiation (Table 1). When submitted to irradiation for several minutes with a Xe lamp, the system behaved as one constituted by two open colored forms with different thermal bleaching rates and different susceptibilities to degradation. An increase in irradiation time led to significant degradation and to the apparent predominance of the open colored form with the faster bleaching rate.
Cyclic Seven‐Membered Ketene Imines from Hindered ‘Thiocarbonyl Ylides’ and 2,3‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)fumaronitrile: Properties and Surprising Reactions
Authors: Huisgen Rolf , Langhals Elke , Polborn Kurt , Karaghiosoff Konstantin 
Published: June 2004

Abstract‘Thiocarbonyl ylide’ 2B is accessible from 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylindanthione and CH2N2, and subsequent N2 extrusion at 40–50°. In situ cycloaddition of the sterically hindered 2B with 2,3‐bis(trifluoromethyl)fumaronitrile ((E)‐3) affords the isolable spirocyclic ketene imine 4B in high yield. X‐Ray analysis discloses angle deformation, with ring strain being responsible for the high reactivity of 4B. In CDCl3 at 40°, 4B isomerizes to the trans‐spirothiolane 6B and fragments to 1,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopropane‐1,2‐dicarbonitrile (12) (+thioketone 11B) in parallel reactions with a ratio of ca. 4:1. Van der Waals strain limits the thermal stability of 6B, which, at 60° in CDCl3, is slowly converted to 11B and 12. Kinetics studies are in accordance with the zwitterionic intermediate 5B in gauche and anti conformations. In CD3CN, 4B enters into a third parallel reaction, which leads to a formal adduct with CD3CN. X‐Ray analysis reveals the amidine 13; this deep‐seated, unexpected structural change is rationalized with the assumption of a nine‐membered cyclic intermediate. In CD3CN at 80°, 13 and 12 (+11B) are stable and occur in a ratio of ca. 1 : 1. Hindered ‘thiocarbonyl ylides’ 2C and 2D produce, in reactions with (E)‐3 or (Z)‐3, the cyclic ketene imines 4C and 4D, respectively, which likewise isomerize to trans‐thiolanes 6C and 6D. In contrast to 6B and 6C, the less‐hindered thiolane 6D is thermostable and does not fragment; it undergoes trans⇌cis equilibration in PhCN at 139°. Structural assignments of thiolanes are based on 19F‐NMR spectroscopy.
Eudesmane‐Type Sesquiterpene Derivatives from Saussurea conica
Authors: Fan Cheng‐Qi , Zhan Zha‐Jun , Li Hui , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFour new eudesmane‐type sesquiterpene derivatives, 3β‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐11αH‐eudesm‐4(14)‐en‐12,8β‐olide (1), (3β)‐eudesma‐4(14),11(13)‐diene‐3,12‐diol (2), 3β‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]eudesma‐4(14),11(13)‐dien‐12‐ol (3), and 3β‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]eudesm‐4(14)‐en‐11‐ol (4), together with the known (3β)‐eudesm‐4(14)‐ene‐3,11‐diol (5) were isolated from Saussurea conica, and their structures were elucidated both spectroscopically and by chemical methods.
FN+Cl Ions from Ionized F2NCl: a Computational Investigation on the Structure and Reactivity toward H2O
Authors: Borocci Stefano , Bronzolino Nicoletta , Grandinetti Felice 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have used various ab initio methods and basis sets to ascertain that the FN+Cl cation has a singlet ground state, 1A′, which is more stable than the triplet state 3A″ by ca. 30 kcal mol−1. We have subsequently used the Gaussian‐3 (G3) theory to explore the potential‐energy profile for the reaction between singlet FN+Cl and H2O. The process commences by the effortless formation of a FN+Cl/H2O complex, which, in principle, can undergo several alternative processes, including isomerization to N‐protonated FN(Cl)OH, 1,2‐elimination of HX (X=F or Cl), and 1,1‐loss of H2. However, the energy barriers of all these processes are invariably larger than the energy (+18.1 kcal mol−1) required for the formation of FN+Cl/H2O from FN+Cl and H2O, thus suggesting that, under gas‐phase thermal conditions, FN+Cl should be essentially unreactive toward H2O. Comparing these theoretical findings with those concerning the reaction between FN+H, ClN+H, F2N+, and H2O, the reactivity order FN+H>F2N+>ClN+H>FN+Cl, was derived, which parallels the trend we recently found by G2MS calculations concerning the Lewis acidity of these ions. This suggests the conceivable occurrence of correlations between the reactivity and thermochemical properties of these simple halonitrenium ions.
Effective High‐Pressure Cleavage of Sterically Hindered Steroid Esters
Authors: Kroszczyński Wojciech , Olszewska Ewa , Sałański Piotr , Jurczak Janusz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA simple and effective method to deprotect of sterically hindered steroid esters is described. Deprotection was carried out in MeOH in the presence of a catalytic amount of Et3N under high‐pressure conditions. Enzymatic, anionite, and high‐pressure methods are compared.
Acetylene Sorption Dynamics in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Onyestyák György , Ötvös Zsolt , Valyon József , Kiricsi Imre , Rees Lovat V. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSingle‐walled and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT and MWNT, resp.) were prepared by applying the catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technique. Different nanotube samples were obtained from the as‐synthesized carbon/catalyst composites by treatments applied to remove the catalyst and the amorphous carbon. The dynamic and equilibrium adsorption properties of the samples were compared. Acetylene was used as an adsorptive probe. The sorption mass‐transport properties have been characterized by applying the frequency response (FR) technique. Results reflected that the surface functional groups, generated by an oxidative treatment, have significant influence on both the static and the dynamic acetylene sorption properties of the carbon nanotube materials. The rate of acetylene mass transport was governed by the rate of sorption in all the samples, except in MWNT after oxidative treatment, where the intracrystalline diffusion in the nanotubes was the rate‐controlling process.
DFT Calculations Indicate that 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Is a Promising Lead Antioxidant
Authors: Wang Lan‐Fen , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Kong Ling , Chen Zhi‐Wei , Shi Jian‐Guo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBy density‐functional‐theory (DFT) calculations, 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1) was found to be a powerful lead antioxidant with high H‐atom‐donating ability and relatively low pro‐oxidant activity. Moreover, two ethoxycarbonyl (EtOCO) substituents at C(2) and C(6) should further enhance its H‐atom‐donating ability due to resonance effects.
Transition‐Metal‐Based Lewis Acid Catalysis of Aza‐Type Michael Additions of Amines to α,β‐Unsaturated Electrophiles in Water
Authors: Xu Li‐Wen , Li Lyi , Xia Chun‐Gu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeveral transition‐metal‐based Lewis acid catalysts, especially FeCl3⋅7 H2O, CrCl3⋅6 H2O, and SnCl4⋅4 H2O, were shown to be highly effective for aza‐type Michael reactions between electrophilic α,β‐unsaturated compounds and both aliphatic and aromatic amines in aqueous solution. Advantages of the new protocol include 1) high‐yielding reactions that can be conducted at ambient temperature; 2) the use of inexpensive, stable transition‐metal salts as catalysts; and 3) plain H2O as an environmentally benign solvent.
Crystal Structure of 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydrophthalic Anhydride at 150 K
Authors: Fredj Arij Ben , Bagieu‐Beucher Muriel , Rejeb Sadok Ben , Lakhdar Zohra Ben 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe crystal structure of 3,4,5,6‐tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, (=4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroisobenzofuran‐1,3‐dione; 1; C8H8O3) was determined and refined by an analysis of three‐dimensional X‐ray‐diffraction data at 150 K. This bicyclic compound crystallizes in space group Pbca with two symmetry‐independent molecules I and II per asymmetric unit. The cyclohexene ring in both molecules adopts a half‐chair conformation. The obtained conformational descriptions of the six‐membered rings in the crystal phase are consistent with conformational data derived from molecular‐orbital calculations. The structure analysis evidences considerable distorsion of the partially hydrogenated six‐membered ring; the furan ring is flattened in molecule I and slightly deviated from planarity in molecule II. The short intermolecular distances found for CO⋅⋅⋅CO are interpreted as evidence for nonbonded interactions of the dipole–dipole type. The rather long O⋅⋅⋅H distances indicate that the C(sp3)‐H⋅⋅⋅O interactions are weak.
Nine Triterpene Dimers from Maytenus chuchuhuasca
Authors: Shirota Osamu , Sekita Setsuko , Satake Motoyoshi , Morita Hiroshi , Takeya Koichi , Itokawa Hideji 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNine regioisomeric and stereoisomeric triterpene dimers, named xuxuarine Hα (1), xuxuarine Hβ (2), xuxuarine Iα (3), xuxuarine Iβ (4), isoxuxuarine Hα (5), 7,8‐dihydroisoxuxuarine Hα (6), 7,8‐dihydroisoxuxuarine Iα (7), xuxuarine Jα (8), and xuxuarine Kα (9), were isolated from the Brazilian medicinal plant ‘xuxuá’ (Maytenus chuchuhuasca Raymond‐Hamet et Colas). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of several spectroscopic analyses including 2D‐NMR experiments, mass spectra, and circular dichroism (CD) studies.
Properties and Reactions of Substituted 1,2‐Thiazetidine 1,1‐Dioxides: Functionalization and Reactions at C(4) of the β‐Sultam
Authors: Plagge Herbert , Manicone Nico , Otto Hans‐Hartwig 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe introduction of functional groups at the 4‐position of the β‐sultam ring was realized by the synthesis of mono‐ and disubstituted derivatives by reactions of N‐silylated β‐sultams with electrophiles in the presence of BuLi or LDA. As electrophiles, ketones, chlorosilanes, a β‐sultam, CO2, chloroformiate, halogen, azodicarboxylate, phenyltriazoledione, tosyl azide, 1,3,5‐triazine, propyl nitrate, and phenyl isocyanate were used. Furthermore, a number of derivatives of these substitution products were synthesized. All products were characterized by standard spectroscopic methods, and conformations were studied, supported by calculation.
Five New Quassinoids from the Bark of Picrasma quassioides
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Ping , Yue Jian‐Min 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFive new quassinoids, named picraqualides A–E (1–5), together with eleven known ones, nigakilactone E (6), nigakilactone F (7), kusulactone (8), javanicin U (9), 12‐norquassin (10), quassin (11), 2,3‐didehydropicrasin B (12), nigakilactone B (13), nigakilactone C (14), picrasin B (15), and simalikalacton C (16), were isolated from the EtOH extract of the bark of Picrasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn. Their structures were determined mainly by spectroscopic methods, especially by 2D‐NMR techniques and circular dichroism (CD). Some empirical rules were summarized on the basis of 13C‐NMR spectral analysis to distinguish between OH (or Ac) groups attached at C(11) vs. C(13).
Biochemical removal of nitrogen from tannery wastewater: performance and stability of a full‐scale plant
Authors: Szpyrkowicz Lidia , Kaul Santosh N 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the performance of a full‐scale common effluent plant treating tannery wastewater, based on a single‐sludge nitrification/denitrification process, with the objective of investigating the reasons for its instability. The plant was monitored over a 1.5‐year period; operational parameters were evaluated daily and their impact on process rates assessed together with the characteristics of the wastewater sampled at different points in the treatment scheme. The results showed that instability problems and a periodic failure of nitrification/denitrification occurred due to a series of reasons, often persisting simultaneously and having an additive synergetic effect. Factors whose magnitude would be insufficient to affect the performance of a plant treating domestic wastewater, eg; small deviations from the optimal pH in nitrification or denitrification basins, a temperature decrease to 17 °C or an increase of the influent nitrogen content, caused the plant's efficiency to drop from 100% to 40% in some periods. To ensure stable performance, the dilution rate, D, along with the sludge retention time were shown to be key parameters for the control of the process. Maintaining values of D considerably lower than critical theoretical values calculated from the specific growth rate of nitrifiers at a given temperature and sludge recycle ratio may prevent problems in the plant's performance, particularly when high fluctuations of the concentration of inflow solids make calculation of the sludge age uncertain and proper sludge management difficult. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis
Authors: Chen Tong , Stoner Gary D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNitric oxide (NO), an important regulatory molecule for immune response and cytotoxicity, is endogenously generated from l‐arginine by NO synthase (NOS). One mechanism for NO‐induced cytotoxicity is through its interaction with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite, which causes DNA damage. Three distinct isoforms of NOS have been isolated and represent the products of three different genes. The inducible form, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), is a mediator of inflammation and a regulator of epithelial cell growth. Upregulation of iNOS has been linked to epithelial tumorigenesis in various human and animal tissues. In the current investigation, normal esophagus and N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced preneoplastic and papillomatous lesions of the rat esophagus were characterized for expression of iNOS. F344 rats were injected subcutaneously with NMBA (0.5 mg/kg body weight) three times per week for 5 wk. At 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, and 36 wk following initiation of NMBA treatment, esophagi were collected from 12 untreated and 12 NMBA treated animals. Results of reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a correlation between the upregulation of iNOS and neoplastic progression in the rat esophagus. The expression of iNOS mRNA in preneoplastic tissues and papillomas was significantly elevated when compared to normal tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed more extensive cytoplasmic staining of iNOS protein in preneoplastic tissues and papillomas than in normal tissues. Our data suggest, therefore, that the production of iNOS by the epithelium of the esophagus is associated with the development of NMBA‐induced esophageal tumorigenesis in rats. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of a time‐ and space‐dependent heat flux relaxation function by means of a restricted Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator
Authors: Janno J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe consider an inverse problem to recover a space‐ and time‐dependent relaxation function of heat flux in a three‐dimensional body on the basis of the restriction of the Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann operator of the related equation of heat flow onto a set of Dirichlet data of the form of a product of a fixed time‐dependent coefficient and a free space‐dependent function. Uniqueness of the solution of this inverse problem is proved. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some heteroclinic solutions of a model of skin pattern formation
Authors: Kaźmierczak Bogdan , Piechór Kazimierz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper we study travelling wave solutions to a system of four non‐linear partial differential equations, which arise in a tissue interaction model for skin morphogenesis. Under the ‘small‐stress’ assumption we prove the existence and uniqueness (up to a translation) of solutions with the dermis and epidermis cell densities being positive, which are a perturbation of a uniform epidermal cell density. We discuss the problem of the minimal wave‐speed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.