bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Digital as Infrastructure
Authors: Zayani Mohamed , Khalil Joe F. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe digital turn is the latest phase in an ongoing process of modernization enabled by information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure. This chapter goes beyond the narrow focus on the enabling role of technology to explore the complex dynamics that impel the Middle East’s drive for modernization. Recognizing the full complexity of the region’s pursuit of modern ICTs requires paying attention to historical junctures, geopolitical dynamics, supranational ideologies, and strategic (inter)national interests. It also reveals how various actors, economic systems, international policies, and a constellation of enabling factors have shaped infrastructural choices. Significantly, a historical longue-durée approach reveals a tenuous balance between different poles: the local and the global, competition and cooperation, national agendas, and regional dynamics.
Emerging Digital Economies
Authors: Zayani Mohamed , Khalil Joe F. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how digital economies emerge as the harbingers of more comprehensive changes to business practices and ecosystems in the Middle East. Three cases of trailblazing ventures are illustrative examples: the e-shopping platform Souq, the ride-hailing app Careem, and the music-streaming service Anghami. Despite these ventures’ success, the digital economy in the region remains subject to conflictual pulls. As some of the inherent contradictions associated with the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing suggest, the nature of this emerging economy is intricate, and its supporting ecosystem is precarious. While the digital represents the next frontier in the region’s economy, its development is neither uniform nor analogous to more established digital economies associated with the network society, which calls into question discourses that elevate the region to be “the next Silicon Valley.”
Translating the Law to Kichwa
Authors: Limerick Nicholas 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
What happens when state politics becomes central to Indigenous language translation? This chapter examines a major advance in the naming of Indigenous languages as “official”: the translation of legal documents to languages rarely used in state-authorized texts. In contrast to scholars’ focus on translation as primarily reproducing a source text in another language, translators of an education law to Kichwa prioritized consistency in written norms across the small corpus of published Kichwa-language state documents. Translators ultimately supported cohesion and standardization, arguing for uniformity in how Kichwa is written, even as others lamented that many readers would not understand the translation. While official translations indicate remarkable gains made by historically marginalized peoples, they come with dissent from those who speak those languages differently or do not identify with standardized language use, as well as political peril in how other state agents can exacerbate disagreements about writing to encourage dissent across social movements.
A Formula for Triumph
Authors: Frolova-Walker Marina , Walker Jonathan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 is devoted to the compositional history and reception of the finale in particular. A number of intriguing parallels are brought to bear on the controversy over this movement. In his film score for The Great Citizen, Shostakovich used material that was almost identical to the symphony’s coda, and this had important political ramifications. The symphony and the film score were created and released almost simultaneously, which requires the very precise analysis of the order of events that is employed in this chapter. Later examples of passages resembling the coda are examined, showing that Shostakovich chose to create mocking parodies of the original. Lastly, an investigation of Shostakovich’s approach to sonata form in the finale uncovers a strange maneuver that could have jeopardized the “triumph” narrative of positive Soviet reviews Shostakovich needed. Mravinsky’s speech to the Composers’ Union shows that he was well aware of the problem and carefully obscured the matter, diverting attention to other, safer aspects.
Malik’s Journey from Heroin to Neuroscience-Informed Psychotherapy
Authors: Youdin Robert 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 takes readers on a journey with Malik, a person of color living on an estate where his parents are the estate owner’s chauffeur and chef. Due to the generosity of the estate owner, Malik attends a private prep school, where he is one of two Black students and relatively poor compared to the White students. Malik’s acceptance to a 6-year medical program at Howard University was the start of his dream of becoming a physician. After failing an organic chemistry class, his dream came to an end. This caused Malik to start abusing Oxys (oxycodone), which led to heroin abuse, multiple stays in rehabs, and multiple recovery failures. Eventually, Malik initiated psychotherapy with a therapist who had a neuroscience-informed orientation for treating psychoactive substance abuse. The conclusion of this chapter details Malik’s struggle to achieve recovery, experiencing many slips, until he finally extinguishes the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. His struggle ends when he achieves a state of recovered and reenters Howard’s 6-year medical program.
A Convex Mirror
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Schopenhauer is acknowledged as “the philosopher of pessimism” and author of a system that teaches how art and morality can help humans navigate life in “the worst of all possible worlds.” This dominant image has cut off an important branch of Schopenhauer’s tree of philosophy—metaphysics of nature and its constant dialogue with the sciences of the time. Beginning with a reappraisal of Schopenhauer’s system as a whole—which he defined as a “single thought”—this book interprets his metaphysics as a knowledge that brings value and meaning to our lives. More specifically, Schopenhauer’s writings show that he saw science as adding value to metaphysical knowledge. Understanding Schopenhauer’s metaphysics therefore requires both an understanding of the dialogue he maintained with the natural sciences and an appreciation of the role of the natural sciences in his philosophical project. And exploring the relationship between science and metaphysics provides a new perspective on his metaphysics and its development between the first edition of The World as Will and Representation (1819) and 1844, when Schopenhauer added a second volume of Supplements to his work. In 1819, he valued Schelling’s philosophy of nature as a model for establishing a link between metaphysical speculation and science. In the years that followed, he assessed the implications for metaphysics of the transformation of scientific research into a practice increasingly independent of philosophy. Such an assessment also affected his metaphysics, and even the will and Ideas underwent a process of revision.
Philosophy of the Sciences
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the twenty-five years (1819–44) that separated the first and second volumes of The World as Will and Representation, Schopenhauer filled several notebooks, which are a privileged source for assessing his intellectual activity during this period. This chapter focuses on a series of manuscripts that would establish a new ground for Schopenhauer’s thinking about the will, nature, and the sciences. They questioned philosophy of nature, introduced philosophy of science, and rejected the view of Platonic Ideas as objectivations of the natural forces. Ultimately, these major transformations led him to revise some of the central concepts of the Second Book of The World as Will and Representation. In particular, he acknowledged the mutual independence of science and metaphysics, the possibility that the former could confirm the latter, and the great importance of physiology for philosophy.
Grappling with the Sciences
Authors: Segala Marco 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the philosophical role of the sciences in Schopenhauer’s writings after 1819, showing that their presence became increasingly relevant and significant. They encouraged modifications, new interpretations, the mending of previous problems, and a new approach to metaphysics as the ‘science of experience as a whole’ that would affect the very definition of the will. Commentators have often been silent about this role, or have failed to appreciate the importance of the sciences in modifying some of the tenets of his philosophy. Schopenhauer’s aim, on the contrary, was to restructure the system in such a way that science and philosophy would be more coherently and satisfactorily integrated. This chapter presents and discusses how science stimulated new approaches to philosophical topics like logic (and especially syllogism), reductionism, teleology, the hierarchy of natural forms, representation and the realism–idealism opposition, and will and the dynamics of nature.
Life 24x a Second
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Life 24× a Second: Cinema, Selfhood, and Society is about the life-sustaining and life-affirming power of cinema. In confronting the devastating reality of the COVID-19 pandemic, the obligation to explain the value of all artistic expression and pedagogical practice has surely never been greater. This book adopts multiple perspectives on why films matter within and beyond the classroom, with special attention to hearing the sound tracks that move through bodies and that can be carried into the world at large. Drawing on work by authors across disparate fields of literature, business, psychology, biological science, autobiography, history, and cultural studies, this book makes the case for cinema as a life force on the biggest emotional, personal, and social terms, and in ways that can resonate for any reader. The book zeroes in on cinema that offers hope in relation to the Black Lives Matter movement (Imitation of Life (1959) and BlacKkKlansman (2018)); contemporary feminism (Nobody Knows (2004)); the teachings of Heartmath (Dancer in the Dark (2000)); realities of grief and mourning (Life of Pi (2012), Ikiru (1952), and A Star Is Born (2018)); and personal experiences of loss (Call Me By Your Name (2017) and Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019)). Life 24× a Second: Cinema, Selfhood, and Society draws directly upon many pedagogical experiences and students’ reflections to show how these films can create a better world for all.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The introduction establishes the power of cinema as a form of enduring and sustaining life. Contrary to Laura Mulvey’s Death 24x a Second, which stresses that cinema records what is already lost and past, this introduction stresses that cinema can be unendingly reflective of life and meaningful in the present. In the context of the first COVID-19 outbreak of 2020, film experiences within and beyond the classroom have connected audioviewers with most vital consequences. The introduction surveys many illustrative examples of such connection, along with establishing the book’s priorities in relation to the impactful films to be analyzed: embracing emotionality without fear, using cinema to make sense of lifeshocking experiences, actively listening to films along with seeing them, and dissolving the divide between cinema and life.
Hearing Life in the Midst of Death
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 is an analysis of three films about confronting grief. This analysis draws from a range of contemporary psychological studies to explain how Life of Pi, Ikiru, and A Star Is Born can teach us to cope with actual loss. All three films deal with pain through surprisingly beautiful musical forms. This chapter moves from macrocosmic to microcosmic examples: from Mychael Danna’s entire score for Life of Pi, to the repetition of a Japanese popular song (“Gondola no Uta”) in Ikiru, to the performance of just one song in A Star Is Born. Despite the increasingly narrow focus, the stakes of this chapter are consistently high: there is therapeutic, healing, and restorative significance in each film’s music that chimes with contemporary psychological writings about confronting mortality and learning to live with it. This chapter breaks down the usual boundary between psychology and cinema studies, inviting readers to embrace how cinema might help them manage their most painful and real losses.
Turning the Microphone Around
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns an imaginary microphone around to hear from forty-six of the authors’ former film students. These alumni answered an IRB-approved survey about how films have resonated with their lives and helped them cope with lifeshocks. The survey participants wrote of the films that continue to reverberate even years after studying them, often through lines of dialogue and music that gather new meanings over time. Their combined responses affirm that films can reach across distant times and places to find inexhaustible new meanings with individual audioviewers. The participants collectively honor the lasting power of cinematic lessons, citing films that teach them about hearing the inaudible and noticing the unseen, make them feel acknowledged, transport them while they stay in the same place, heal parts of them they did not know needed attention, remind them that others have suffered as they do, help them truthfully confront what makes them human, reveal beauties that can be bigger than tragedies, and connect them to people they will never meet in ways that are lastingly life-changing.
Life After Life
Authors: Walker Elsie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 is the book’s most personal analysis. The author reflects on how two films—Call Me By Your Name and Portrait of a Lady on Fire—have helped her cope with the death of her best friend while writing the book. The analysis revolves around two parallel scenes that show the protagonists grieving while listening to the music that connects them to their former lovers. This culminating chapter is an intense example of dissolving the divide between cinema and life. It represents the author’s ultimate hope that, as a result of reading this book, readers will feel more empowered to revel in what cinema can do to help them manage their own lifeshocks.
Introduction
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introduction establishes the social pervasiveness of numbers, their power to shape modes of thought, and their religious significance in early modern England. It examines the origin of the term “numeracy” in the twentieth century, creates a culturally sensitive definition that can be applied to early modern England, and uses this definition to examine the pervasiveness of numbers in early modern England along with the cultural assumptions that underpinned their acquisition and use. In the process, it compares early modern formulations around the universality of the human numeracy with modern scientific and anthropological analyses of the inborn human number sense and acquired numerical skills, with a particular emphasis on how knowledge of numbers can shape human thought. It also demonstrates how early modern ideas about numbers and humans’ ability to use numbers were deeply informed by Christianity, particularly the belief that God made humans numerate as part of the process of giving them dominion over other creatures on Earth. The introduction concludes with a presentation of the book’s argument.
“Set Them To the Cyphering Schoole”: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetical Education
Authors: Otis Jessica Marie 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the adoption of Arabic numerals by early modern English men and women was incentivized by continental commercial developments; however, increasing literacy rates and the development of vernacular arithmetic textbooks were necessary prerequisites that enabled changing arithmetical practices. Textbooks were well suited to teaching written, rather than object-based, methods of arithmetic and allowed individual educators to reach wider audiences, at more affordable prices, than face-to-face methods of instruction. This chapter explores the opportunities to learn arithmetic within England’s existing pedagogical institutions and analyzes the burgeoning market for arithmetic textbooks and tutoring in order to demonstrate the importance of both literacy and didactic literature to early modern arithmetical education.
Confirmation Bias, Cognitive Dissonance, and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Miller Monica K. , Cabell Jean J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The psychological principle of confirmation bias suggests that people intentionally avoid information and sources that challenge their viewpoints while seeking information and sources that support their viewpoints. When they cannot escape disconfirming information, it causes cognitive dissonance: an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding conflicting thoughts, behaviors, or actions. This discomfort can be reduced in many ways. For instance, people who wanted to go out with friends during the COVID-19 pandemic despite stay-home orders might consciously or unconsciously avoid (or discount) sources that recommended against their preferences (e.g., expert medical sources) and seek out (and believe) sources that support their viewpoints (e.g., through selecting similar-minded friends). They might also forget or misremember that stay-home orders apply to private parties, not just public gatherings. They could also justify their behavior, for instance: “I feel healthy, and it is important to visit my grandma.” This chapter discusses how these psychology principles might affect pandemic-related behavior. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
How Will Collective-Level Dynamics Influence the Spread of COVID-19?
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed all of entire humanity. Even though a virus—a biological agent composed of DNA—causes the infectious disease, the virus’s behavior is nearly entirely contingent on human behavior. Hence, we must bring together the theories and evidence of social and behavioral sciences to understand how the virus spreads. This chapter analyzes three collective-level dynamics: (a) pluralistic ignorance (which induces complacency); (b) ego-centric motivations (which lead to depletion of collective-level resource); and (c) individualistic cultural ethos (which is related to both loose social norms and more frequent contacts with distant others). In combination, these three collective-level processes contribute powerfully to the spread of infectious diseases, including COVID-19. The chapter concludes with a discussion of evidence-based policy recommendations and a plea for basic research anchored in the urgent practical issues of society.
Trust in the Medical Profession
Authors: Emler A. Christine , Bornstein Brian H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, a practicing physician/hospital administrator and social scientist reflect on the phenomenon of trust in the medical profession through two intersecting lenses: the theoretical and empirical literature on trust in institutions and the unique circumstances created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter begins with an application of general principles of trust in institutions to the “normal” healthcare context. Then the chapter draws on the experiences of healthcare providers, healthcare administrators, and laypeople during the pandemic to discuss the ways in which the healthcare context during the pandemic has been distinctly abnormal. Lessons learned during the pandemic are reviewed, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of next steps—both practical (i.e., how to build and repair trust) and empirical (i.e., needed research).
The Collective Trauma and Chronic Stress of COVID-19
Authors: Rose Garfin Dana , Estes Kayley D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Direct exposure (e.g., loss of life, personal illness); media-based exposure; secondary stressors (e.g., job loss, reduced wages); and mitigation efforts (e.g., social distancing) associated with COVID-19 have led to a public mental health crisis. A number of types of losses (e.g., self, purpose, experiences, and normalcy) have contributed to negative outcomes for many people. Common risk factors include younger age, type of exposure, gender, minority status, and pre-COVID-19 physical and mental health problems. Yet individual factors and emerging resources (e.g., telehealth online self-care apps) have the potential to increase resilience and recovery for individuals grappling with the psychological effects of COVID-19-related distress (collective resilience is discussed in Chapter 21 of this volume). Because long-term effects of COVID-19 are likely, longitudinal, rigorous, population-based research is necessary to understand responses over time. Lessons learned for health officials and future research ideas are offered.
The COVID-19 Pandemic as a Trauma Trigger
Authors: Jeftić Alma , Sasao Toshiaki 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The connection between war trauma reminders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has been widely discussed in psychological literature. Situated in postconflict areas, these studies explored how reminders of previous conflict (e.g., loud sounds, demolished buildings, electricity cut) influence experiences of survivors in their everyday activities. However, none of these studies explored the impact of trauma reminders on experiences of war survivors during crisis situations. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of recent study that aims to examine how government measures of curfew and lockdown influenced people who survived the 1992–1995 war in Bosnia-Herzegovina and to analyze if the COVID-19 pandemic acted as a trauma reminder for that population. As expected, societies affected by war are more vulnerable to a new crisis, and previously traumatized people can experience worsening PTSD symptoms and higher levels of perceived stress. This chapter discusses further how war trauma reminders and PTSD might affect experiences during the pandemic and what can be done in order to prevent retraumatization. Lessons learned and future research ideas are offered.
A Failure of Fear
Authors: Gelfand Michele J. , Pan Xinyue , Landry Alex 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses cultural liabilities during COVID-19, with a specific focus on the strength of social norms, or tightness-looseness, and COVID-19 health outcomes. Cultures that are “tight” tend to have strict social norms and strict penalties for deviance (e.g., China, Japan) compared to “loose” (e.g., United States, Brazil) cultures with permissive behavior and weak social norms. Research in both modern societies and nonindustrial groups illustrated that, when groups experience a collective threat, they tend to develop stricter rules to coordinate to survive. But did all cultures tighten during COVID-19? The chapter reviews field data collected across 57 countries during 2020, along with computational models and other behavioral studies, that illustrate the liabilities of looseness during COVID-19, which can be referred to as a cultural evolutionary mismatch. Evolutionary mismatches occur when traits that are adaptive in one environment become a liability when the environment changes. We discuss how the “threat” signal that typically facilitates tightening during threat can be obstructed, particularly in loose cultures, and the implications of this for global variation in COVID-19 cases and deaths. Ways to prevent these global health disparities in future pandemics are discussed.