bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Practice in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Mancosu Paolo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century saw dramatic advances in mathematical theory and practice. With the recovery of many of the classical Greek mathematical texts, new techniques were introduced, and within 100 years, the rules of analytic geometry, geometry of indivisibles, arithmetic of infinites, and calculus were developed. Although many technical studies have been devoted to these innovations, Mancosu provides the first comprehensive account of the relationship between mathematical advances of the seventeenth century and the philosophy of mathematics of the period. Starting with the Renaissance debates on the certainty of mathematics, Mancosu leads the reader through the foundational issues raised by the emergence of these new mathematical techniques, including the influence of the Aristotelian conception of science in Cavalieri and Guldin, the foundational relevance of Descartes’ Geometrie, the relation between geometrical and epistemological theories of the infinite, and the Leibnizian calculus and the opposition to infinitesimalist procedures. In the process Mancosu draws a sophisticated picture of the subtle dependencies between technical development and philosophical reflection in seventeenth century mathematics.
Introduction
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most intractable difficulties facing traditional theism is the problem of evil, according to which the belief that God is all-powerful and perfectly good is problematic, given the kinds of evil found in our world. Within those versions of theism of a Judaic heritage—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—is an especially compelling version of the problem of evil. In addition to the evils that are commonly experienced, in many such traditions a different kind of evil is said to be true of our world. That special kind of evil regards the afterlife, in which some humans are with God forever and some are in hell, which is an excruciatingly bad thing; according to the standard traditions, being in hell is the worst thing that could ever happen to anyone. As with less horrendous evils, the first question is how such an evil is, or could be, justified. The theological portrayals of hell make this question the most difficult for the theist to address. Ordinary pain and evil, it may be thought, can be accounted for if events in the future “make up for” what leads to them, but the evil of hell leads nowhere; at no point in the future will something of value make up for the evil of hell or will some reward be granted to those who endure the suffering of hell. Hell is apparently paradigmatic as an example of truly pointless, gratuitous evil. Thus arises the problem of hell.
The Strong View of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we move into the substance of this chapter, a few words of explanation about the strong view are in order. First, different pictures of hell are compatible with these theses. For example, some hold that the denizens of hell are actively tormented by fire, whereas others consider separation from certain blessings associated with heaven to be punishment enough.1 In either case, the theory is committed to the list and therefore subscribes to the strong view of hell. Second, although many Christians hold that all persons in hell receive the same punishment, this interpretation is not the only one possible. It is, however, the most demanding version to defend. I begin by considering what I call “the equal punishment version of the strong view,” which involves a commitment to (Hl)-(H4) in such a way that all persons in hell receive the same punishment. We shall investigate varieties of the strong view that do not maintain equality of punishment in hell after discussing this strong view. The third and final preliminary point about the strong view concerns a trivial way to avoid that view, which I propose to ignore here. Many Christians have maintained the doctrine of the harrowing of hell, according to which Christ, between his death and his resurrection, preached to the inhabitants of hell, securing the release of many through their faith in him and his message. This view involves a denial of the No Escape Thesis, although it is quite weak. Such Christians have also held that the harrowing of hell is a unique and unrepeatable event.
Kantian Critiques of the Phenomenological Argument
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Besides utilitarianism, the normative standpoint that has been the main source of opposition to the idea of inescapable moral wrongdoing has been that of Kant and positions inspired by Kant. In this chapter I consider Kantian arguments against RT and in particular Kantian critiques of the phenomenological argument for RT. The chapter has two main parts. In the first three sections I focus on Kant himself. It is clear that Kant rejects any form of genuine moral conflict and hence that he rejects inescapable moral wrongdoing. Yet there is a central idea in Kant, that of respect for persons as ends in themselves, that has some similarity to the responsibilities to persons account and that might be thought to allow for the possibility of inescapable moral wrongdoing. I argue that Kant does not allow for this because he interprets respect for persons as ends in light of his conception of moral law as modeled on physical law. In addition, I maintain that Kant’s position is ultimately inadequate because, despite the concept of respect for persons as ends, Kant’s understanding of the moral law has the effect of significantly displacing persons as direct objects of moral concern.
Smoking Cessation
Authors: Hays J Taylor , Hurt Richard D , Dale Lowell C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tobacco has been used in the Americas in various forms for centuries. The first references to tobacco smoking are found in the accounts of New World explorers during the sixteenth century (US DHSS 1992). During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, tobacco was a major cash crop in the American colonies, with expansion of tobacco product manufacturing in the United States through the beginning of the Civil War. The manufactured cigarette is a recent phenomenon, having been introduced in the 1880s. During the early part of the twentieth century, manufactured cigarettes became the predominant form of tobacco consumed in the United States. The consumption of cigarettes has increased rapidly during this century; the greatest increase was noted during World War II (US DHSS 1989). By 1963, annual per capita cigarette consumption reached its maximum at 4,300 per adult but has steadily declined since then.
Smoking prevalence among different groups has also changed dramatically in re cent decades. In 1955 approximately 39% of all American adults were smoking and a peak prevalence of 41% was reached in 1965 (Fiore 1992a). In 1955 twice as many men were smoking as women (53% and 24%, respectively), but by 1965 the smoking prevalence among women had increased to 34%, while the prevalence among men remained stable. Since 1965, there has been a steady decline in smoking prevalence in both sexes, although the rate of decline in men has been about three times that in women. In 1991 approximately 26% of American adults were smokers, including 28% of all men and 24% of women (CDC 1993a). Smoking prevalence was highest among lower socioeconomic groups and among those with high-school education or less. The changing demographics of smokers is most dramatically illustrated by the smoking prevalence among college graduates (13.6%) compared to those with high-school education or less (30%) in 1991 (CDC 1993a).
Risk Modification in the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Spelsberg Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes (IOOM) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIOOM), atherosclerotic complications, including coronary heart dis ease (CHO), stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, are major causes of morbidity and mortality (Krolewski 1985). Age-adjusted mortality rates for CHO in population-based studies in the United States are 2–3 times higher among diabetic men and 3 to 7 times higher among diabetic women than among persons without diabetes (Kannel 1979; Heyden 1980; Barrett-Connor 1983; Krolewski 1985; Pan 1986; Manson 1991a). The proportion of CHO attributable to NIDOM among women in the Framingham cohort was 7.7%, as compared with 3.8% among men (Kannel 1985). In the Nurses’ Health Study, 13.8% of coronary events in the cohort were attributed to diabetes (Manson 1991a).
Dietary Factors
Authors: Willett Walter C , Lenart Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until quite recently, the topic of diet and heart disease was almost entirely dominated by discussions of the relationships of saturated and polyunsaturated fat and cholesterol with myocardial infarction (MI). These relationships, which became known as the diet-heart hypothesis, will be considered briefly here as the relevant literature is voluminous and has been discussed in detail elsewhere (Consensus Conference 1985; National Research Council 1989; Willett 1990). Some investigators have long suspected that other aspects of diet may also play an important role in the cause and prevention of coronary heart disease (CHO), in part because these dietary lipids and other established risk factors do not fully explain the international differences in CHO rates or individual differences in risk within populations. Recently, substantial evidence has accumulated, suggesting the importance of several other aspects of diet, some of which are potentially more easily modified than the amounts of dietary fat. These dietary factors are the focus of this chapter. One area of great interest, anti oxidant vitamins, is discussed in Chapter 13.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Manson JoAnn E , Gaziano J Michael , Ridker Paul M , Hennekens Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public health importance of the primary prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) is indisputable. During the past few decades, researchers have made great strides in identifying both lifestyle and genetic factors affecting the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHO), as discussed throughout this book. The process of disease prevention involves not only understanding disease mechanisms and identifying risk fac tors but also establishing intervention strategies that will reduce risk, weighing the benefits of any given intervention against the risks and costs, establishing guidelines for health providers and the general public, and finally, implementing these guidelines. The current epidemiologic data, outlined in previous chapters, strongly support a role of risk factor modification for the prevention of CHO. In this chapter we summarize data on the strength of the association with CHO and the size of the effect for each risk factor, as well as the anticipated reduction in risk attributable to intervention.
The Abandonment of Liberal Ownership
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arguments of the last four chapters, incomplete and provisional as they are, support the conclusion that private liberal ownership should be rejected as the general pattern of property rights in a society. However, does the failure of those arguments imply that no aspect of liberal ownership can be maintained? As I claimed in the introduction, my purpose here is not merely to reiterate criticisms of private property per se but rather to analyze the complex structure of property rights. And as I mentioned at the end of chapter 6, there are elements of liberal ownership that were untouched by the arguments aimed at the entire package.
The Lining of the Patch Work Screen
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may please to remember, that when we left our Galecia, 1 it was with the good Lady, to partake of the Autumn Diversions in the Country; as Horse-Races, Dancings, Assemblees,2 Plays, Rafflings, and other Entertainments. These being over, some Business of consequence call’d her to London, whether Masquerading,3 or Tossing of Coffee-Grounds, I know not; but probably the latter; it being an Augury4 very much in vogue, and as true, as any by which Sidrophel 5 prognosticated, even when he took the Boy’s Kite for a blazing Comet6; and as useful too as Scates7 in Spain, or Fans in Moscovy,8 whatever was the Motive, our Galecia must needs ramble, like others, to take London-Air, when it is most substantially to be distinguished, in the midst of Winter.
Sovereign Lord
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which wisely he imploy’d to noble ends, lo serve his god, his country, and his friends. Patron toth’ poor, and the unfortunate, Councell toth’ rich, example to the great, An hospitable friend, a generous Lord, A chearfull welcome, waited his full board. Two seeming opposits he made agree The patriots care, the subjects Loyalty.
Nephew, Martius
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For when he from his native land was gone, In every foreign heart, he found a throne, And mighty Lewis, shar’d with him his own. This Royal host, receiv’d this Royal gest, For which all former glories were increas’d, As AEgypts court, was for the patriarch bless’d. Of his lives travells, this was the last stage, And now in Heav’ n he ends his pilgrimage, Great in his life, but greater in his death, In both a true defender of the faith, His vertues future ages shall admire, Himself a saint, a Martyr was his sire.
On The Great Cares, and Small Injoyments of Parents
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How short and transient joys of parents are, And those too, mix’d, with anxius pains and care, No sooner is the infant from the pap Teeth, slabbering-bib, the nursses armes and lap, The cradle, going-stool, and all the noys That rise from needfull, and from needless crys, But from its parents armes it must be took And put where it may learn to hate its book. Sent here and there to colledges and schools, To learn to be irreguler by rules.
Unavoidable Guilt
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several recent authors on guilt and related notions apparently allow for the rationality of guilt feelings in at least some cases of unavoidable wrong. Their views yield different decisions on some troubling real-life cases ranging from the case of an unavoidable car accident that, without any fault on the part of the driver, results in the death of a child to cases of survivor’s guilt and vicarious or collective guilt. I now want to take a new look at these cases and oth ers-and a critical look at some of the views of guilt proposed-in an attempt to work out an understanding of the content of guilt and the grounds for its appropriateness that will better support the general conclusion that detaches grounds for guilt from grounds for blame.
Basing Ethics on Emotion
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My argument in chapters 4 and 5 was needed to dispel certain initial objections to understanding dilemmas in terms of emotional guilt. A more fundamental question now remains to be considered, if we widen our focus beyond guilt, which was picked out for central treatment here because of its disputed status in cases of dilemma and its special motivational significance. This is the question of how the acceptance of dilemmas ties ethics to emotions in general terms. An argument to dilemmas from the reactions expected of agents like Agamemnon as suggested by Williams’s treatment might seem to take moral judgments as simply serving to record moral emotions.
The Chemistry of Love
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remember Henry Higgins, the exasperated professor in My Fair Lady? Amused and mystified by Eliza Doolittle, he considered the many differences between the sexes and wondered, “Why can’t a woman be more like a man?” For centuries men have entertained similar thoughts in their attempts to understand female behavior and physiology. Most have reasoned from Henry’s point of view and unsuccessfully attempted to rationalize women in terms of male emotions and behavior. Why are women so soft and shapely? How can creatures so appealing at times be so confounding and perplexing to the male members of the species? What are little girls made of that enables them to grow into women who are wonder fully different from men? The puzzling contrasts between women and men are due to the unique blend of a woman’s hormones.
Menopause Before Your Time
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lynn and her husband, Jake, had put off having a family so Lynn could get her career on solid ground. By the time she turned 30, they were anxious to have their first child. Instead of signs of pregnancy, Lynn was startled by irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes, night sweats, and nausea. The symptoms were those expected at menopause, but Lynn was much too young for that-or was she? With great concern, she described the peculiar changes to her physician.
The Heart of the Motter
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most women shudder when they hear the words “one in nine women,” and the fear of breast cancer immediately leaps to mind. Did you know, however, that with the decline in estrogen levels during the years preceding and following menopause the risk of cardiovascular disease meets and exceeds the risk of breast cancer? According to recent statistics from the American Heart Association, one in nine women between the ages of 45 and 64 has some form of cardiovascular disease. After the age of 65, a woman’s risk of heart disease jumps to one in three. Each year approximately 2.5 million American women are hospitalized for cardiovascular illness. It is the leading cause of death among women in the United States, killing 500,000 women annually.
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I’m too old to be young and too young to be old” was the tearful lament of Evelyn Couch in the movie Fried Green Tomatoes. Through her sobs, she acknowledged breaking into sweats with her heart pounding, bursting into tears for no reason at all, and having a voracious appetite for candy bars. Chuckling with the wisdom of one who knew the symptoms, Ninny Thread good offered an explanation and suggested a cure, “Honey, you’re going through the change You get yourself some hor-mones.”
Up in Smoke
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990, tobacco was singled out as the most prominent contributor to mortality in the United States. It was the underlying cause of anesti mated 430,000 deaths. Yet about 46 million Americans continue to smoke. In 1985, 25 percent of all female deaths in America were related to smoking, and the numbers are rising. In 1995, smoking will contribute to 3 7 percent of the deaths among American women.
Skepticism Romanticism, And Faith
Authors: Wainwright William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My religious and intellectual life has been devoid of dramatic incident and radical change; looking back, I dearly see that the boy I was is indeed the father of the man. I therefore propose to address the task Tom Morris has set us by speaking of features of my life and thought that have remained fairly constant and have shaped the way I look at things.
Faith Has Its Reasons
Authors: Layman C Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in life, I displayed an interest in religion. By the fourth grade, I was listening carefully to sermons and taking them to heart. Our minister said to read the Bible every day, so I began to do so. By the end of the fifth grade, I had read the New Testament from start to finish. Of course, I hadn’t understood much of it, but I had made an honest effort. Unfortunately, it wasn’t long before I found out that some people thought it was remarkable that a fifth grader had read the entire New Testament. I immediately took the opportunity to indulge in self-congratulation.
Philosophy and Faith
Authors: Garcia Laura L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Geach entitles one of his essays “Can a Catholic Be a Philosopher?”, and that is the question that has played a central role in my thinking and that in many ways has defined my intellectual life to this point. One could put the same question more generally, as in “Can a committed religious believer be a scholar?”, and in this form I think it must be answered by any believer who pursues the life of the mind. Geach puts the question in the order he does, rather than the other way around, because he rightly sees that one is not first committed to the academic life and only secondarily to Christianity; rather, one is first a believer, and the question is whether the scholarly profession fits with that more fundamental commitment. If I had found the answer to Geach’s question to be in the negative, I think I
Still Beckett
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin not with a recently published Beckett work, or even with what has been elsewhere explored in the later Beckett oeuvre, but rather with the sound of that vintage Beckett of the much-traveled “Molloy country”:1 She had a somewhat hairy face, or am I imagining it, in the interests of the narrative? The poor woman, I saw her so little, so little looked at her. And was not her voice suspiciously deep? So she appears to me today. Don’t be tormenting yourself, Molloy, man or woman, what does it matter? But I cannot help asking myself the following question. Could a woman have stopped me as I swept towards mother? Probably. Better still, was such an encounter possible, I mean between me and a woman? Now men, I have rubbed up against a few men in my time, but women? Oh well, I may as well confess it now, yes, I once rubbed up against one. I don’t mean my mother, I did more than rub up against her. And if you don’t mind we’ll leave my mother out of all this. But another who might have been my mother, and even I think my grandmother, if chance had not willed otherwise. Listen to him now talking about chance. It was she made me acquainted with love. She went by the peaceful name of Ruth I think, but I can’t say for certain. Perhaps the name was Edith. She had a hole between her legs, oh not the bunghole I had always imagined, but a slit, and in this I put, or rather she put, my so-called virile member, not without difficulty, and I toiled and moiled until I discharged or gave up trying or was begged by her to stop. A mug’s game in my opinion and tiring on top of that, in the long run. But I lent myself to it with a good enough grace, knowing it was love, for she had told me so. She bent over the couch, because of her rheumatism, and in I went from behind.
Acts of Enunciation
Authors: Brater Enoch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maddy Rooney, nee Dunne, “the big pale blur,” exists only as an articulation in sound, more real because so singularly imagined. In the radio play All That Fall, 1 Beckett’s first work originally conceived as a score for the human voice in fierce competition with other sounds, to be is quite literally to be heard. In this electronic medium, sound makes all the sense there is: voice is presence, presence is voice. ‘‘Never thought about a radio technique,” Beckett wrote in 1956 in his famous letter to Nancy Cunard, ‘‘ but in the dead oft’other night got a nice gruesome idea full of cartwheels and dragging feet and puffing and panting which may or may not lead to something.’ ‘2 What it led to, of course, is the kind of Beckett that goes “straight into your head,” through “the sound of a human voice and its power to evoke an entire world. “3 Beckett’s score for the human voice in the radio play All That Fall is both a celebration and a discovery of the medium. A symphony of pace, pitch, pause, and projection, the piece creates enormous tension in physical and textual dynamics by juxtaposing movement and stillness, speech and silence, and movement and silence, thus blending kinetic and linguistic properties.