bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there Characteristics of Infectious Diseases that Raise Special Ethical Issues?1
Authors: Smith Charles B. , Battin Margaret P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Francis Leslie P. , Botkin Jeffrey R. , Asplund Emily P. , Domek Gretchen J. , Hawkins Beverly 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the characteristics of infectious diseases that raise special medical and social ethical issues, and explores ways of integrating both current bioethical and classical public health ethics concerns. Many of the ethical issues raised by infectious diseases are related to these diseases’ powerful ability to engender fear in individuals and panic in populations. We address the association of some infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, the sense that infectious diseases are caused by invasion or attack on humans by foreign micro‐organisms, the acute onset and rapid course of many infectious diseases, and, in particular, the communicability of infectious diseases. The individual fear and community panic associated with infectious diseases often leads to rapid, emotionally driven decision making about public health policies needed to protect the community that may be in conflict with current bioethical principles regarding the care of individual patients. The discussion includes recent examples where dialogue between public health practitioners and medical‐ethicists has helped resolve ethical issues that require us to consider the infected patient as both a victim with individual needs and rights and as a potential vector of disease that is of concern to the community.
Refutation and Relativism in Theaetetus 161-171
Authors: Long Alex 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper I discuss the dialogues between 'Protagoras', Theodorus and Socrates in Theaetetus 161-171 and emphasise the importance for this passage of a dilemma which refutation is shown to pose for relativism at 161e-162a. I argue that the two speeches delivered on Protagoras' behalf contain material that is deeply Socratic and suggest that this feature of the speeches should be interpreted as part of Plato's philosophical case against relativism, reflecting the relativist's own inability to defend his theory from attempts to refute it. I then discuss Theodorus' role in the refutation of Protagoras and argue that his voice is needed to get relativism disproved in the self-refutation argument of 171a-c. I conclude with a brief discussion of the image of Protagoras at 171d.
Knowing Freedom: Epicurean Philosophy Beyond Atomism and the Swerve
Authors: Baltzly Dirk , Wendlandt Lisa 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper argues that Epicurus held a non-reductionist view of mental states that is in the spirit of Davidson's anomalous monism.1 We argue for this conclusion by considering the role that normative descriptions play in the peritropē argument from On Nature 25. However, we also argue that Epicurus was an indeterminist. We can know that atoms swerve because we can know that we make choices that are up to us and this is incompatible with the ancestral causal determination of mental states by atomic processes. Epicurus escapes the traditional criticism of indeterminist libertarians because the swerve is not meant to explain how choices may be free. The anti-reductionist stance on the mental means that nothing about atomic processes could possibly explain any particular mental event. Moreover, because of the practical and therapeutic nature of Epicurean philosophy, it is not necessary that Epicurus provide an explanation of how the swerve subserves freedom of choice. We know all that we need to know for eudaimonia when we know that some choices are up to us.
I. The Geopolitics of Power Projection in US Foreign Policy: From Colonization to Globalization
Authors: Houweling Henk , Amineh Mehdi Parvizi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis Chapter studies continuity and innovation in the geopolitics of America in projecting power beyond legally recognized borders. Exporting cultural symbols expressing what America has on offer plays as crucial a role in the opening of societies beyond borders as commodity exports and the activities of the CIA and the US Air Force do. The historical part summarizes early experience and aims at uncovering continuity in the foreign policy of getting America offshore. The hypothesis is that the US objective of inserting power and influence in West and CEA is to deny to a single state, other than the US itself, or coalition of powers not including the US, the capability to set conditions for accessing the energy resources of West and CEA. Our argument is that such a dominating coalition of actors not including the US, would arise from the creation of overland energy and other transportation links among the industries of Western Europe, Russia, Turkey, Northeast Asia, and China, leading to economic unification of Eurasia. Economic unification by creating overland energy and transport links of much of Eurasia would deprive the US navy of its power to interdict supplies of oil and food to core industrial areas of Eurasia and Japan. The reassertion of Russian power in the Caucasus and Central Asia should therefore be prevented. The EU and Japan should be prevented from developing autonomous military power and be kept dependent on maritime transported energy and food supplies. China should not host pipelines connecting energy resources of West Asia and CEA with the industries of Japan and Korea, whose unification and economic and strategic merger with China should be prevented. Iraq, Iran, and the Saudi Kingdom should be reformed into powers friendly of the US. Energy unification by overland transport systems, leading to economic unification between industries of these entities, would give major powers of the Asian landmass the potential for setting conditions for the US state and non-state actors to access the resources on the largest of world's islands. Such a power shift between the world's continents would reduce the Western Hemisphere to a rather dependent offshore island between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
IX. Paradigms of Iranian Policy in Central Eurasia and Beyond
Authors: Rakel Eva 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIran and CEA have historically close links going back as far as the sixth century BC when the Persian Achaemenid Empire conquered the region. For a long time, Persian was the main language of the elite in CEA. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Iran has been determined to re-strengthen its position in CEA, particularly in economic and security terms. Iran is an active player in the Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO). It also promotes the construction of southern pipelines from CEA to export the region's oil and gas resources as it hopes to profit from it for its own oil and gas export. However, it has to be noted that Iran in no way is a dominant player in the region. The rivalry between the various political factions of the Iranian political elite - the Conservative Traditional Right (Rast-e Sonati), Traditionalist left (Chap-e Sonati), Revolutionary or New Left or Hizbollah, Conservative Modern Right Rast-e Modern - leads to incoherence in Iran's foreign policy and makes Iran an unreliable actor to cooperate with not only the countries of CEA but also for other countries interested in the region (i.e., the United States, European Union, Turkey, Russia, China, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, the great national economic problems in Iran are an obstacle for Iran to become more active economically in CEA.
X. Growing Tension and the Threat of War in the Southern Caspian Sea: The Unsettled Division Dispute and Regional Rivalry
Authors: Peimani Hooman 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe absence of an acceptable legal regime for the division of the Caspian Sea among its five littoral states has created grounds for conflicts, crises, and wars in the Caspian region, a situation worsened since 2001 when Iran, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan found each other on a collision course over the ownership of certain offshore oilfields. The region has since been heading towards militarization, while the persistence of conflicts over the Caspian Sea's division has prepared the ground for military conflicts. Fear of lagging behind in an arms and the manipulation of conflicts by the United States and Turkey have further encouraged militarization. Against this background, certain factors, including Turkey's efforts to deny Iran political and economic gains in the Caspian region, the growing American military presence in Eurasia, and the expanding American-Azeri military ties since 11 September 2001 will likely contribute to the creation of a suitable ground for a military conflict in the Caspian region.
XI. The 'Power of Water' in a Divided Central Asia
Authors: Spoor Max , Krutov Anatoly 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
In the not-too-distant future, the former Soviet Central Asia could be confronted with resource-based conflicts or even, as some observers have suggested, with a "water war." Water is the scarce commodity in a region that is rich in oil, gas, and mineral resources. Most of the water comes from two rivers, the Syr Darya and the Amu Darya. These feed the Aral Sea, previously the fourth largest inland fresh (actually brackish) water reservoir in the world. These rivers and their tributaries, together, form the Aral Sea basin. Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea has shrunk rapidly in surface area and in volume of water, representing "one of the world's worst ecological disasters." Increased demand for water for irrigation and hydroelectric power by the competing newly independent states, both upstream and downstream, is a potential source of interstate and even interethnic conflict. The latter could occur in the densely populated Ferghana Valley, where various countries such as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan share common borders.
XIII. International Challenges and Domestic Preferences in the Post-Soviet Political Transition of Azerbaijan
Authors: Ergun Ayça 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn the post-Soviet transition, the role of the international element (i.e., external actors-foreign countries and international governmental and non-governmental organizations) is one important aspect of the study of state-society relations. The international element highlights the fact that post-Soviet transition is not a question of internal politics only and is affected by redefinition of the relationships with the outside world. Thus, the interplay between international and domestic actors should not be ignored in conceptualizing the process of transition, but similarly it should not be used as a single tool to explain the process but rather as a complementary factor that aids in our understanding of its path. This article puts the post-Soviet political transformation in Azerbaijan into the context of both the regional and the global framework, exploring the interaction between the international element and domestic actors. The first part focuses on Azerbaijan's relations with Armenia, Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the West and explores the question of how Azerbaijan's perceptions about its external environment, with reference to these countries, can contribute or hinder political transformation. The second part of the article examines the degree of impact and promoting effect of the international element on political transformation, while focusing on the relationship between international organizations, the state, and the societal actors.
Optimierung mit Genetischen Algorithmen und eine Anwendung zur Modellreduktion (Optimization with Genetic Algorithms and an Application for Model Reduction)
Authors: Buttelmann Maik , Lohmann Boris 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Genetische Algorithmen sind unter gewissen Voraussetzungen in der Lage, auch komplexe Optimierungsprobleme zu behandeln und aus einer sehr großen Zahl von möglichen Lösungen die beste oder zumindest sehr gute im Sinne eines Gütemaßes zu ermitteln. Nach dem Vorbild natürlicher Auslese und Fortpflanzung werden dabei Lösungskandidaten hoher Güte bevorzugt zur Erzeugung neuer Kandidaten verwendet, in der Erwartung, schrittweise zu noch besseren Lösungen zu gelangen. Der Beitrag gibt eine Einführung in die Grundlagen Genetischer Algorithmen und illustriert eine ingenieurtechnische Anwendung bei der Reduktion und Strukturfindung nichtlinearer Systemmodelle.
Diagnose zeitbewerteter ereignisdiskreter Systeme (Diagnosis of Timed Discrete Event Systems)
Authors: Schullerus Gernot , Supavatanakul Peerasan , Krebs Volker , Lunze Jan 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Diagnose von Prozessen, die als zeitbewertete ereignisdiskrete Systeme modelliert werden. Für die Diagnose dieser Systeme werden zwei Verfahren vorgestellt, die auf zeitbewerteten Synchronisationsgrafen bzw. auf zeitbewerteten Automaten beruhen. Beide Verfahren erkennen und lokalisieren Fehler durch Auswertung der Ereignisfolge und der gemessenen Ereigniszeitpunkte.
Ein prädiktives, sich an Fahrzeugumfelddaten anpassendes Gangwechselsystem für Kfz (A Predictive Gear Shift System for Motor Vehicles using Environmental Data)
Authors: Müller Mark , Reif Markus , Pandit Madhukar , Staiger Wolfgang 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Strategien und Algorithmen für die optimale Gangwahl bei Kraftfahrzeugen mit automatisiertem Getriebe. Zum Zweck der Simulation wurde ein vorausschauendes Fahrermodell entwickelt. Darüber hinaus entstand eine Funktion zur Prädiktion der Fahrzeug-Geschwindigkeit, welche sowohl in der Simulation als auch im endgültigen prädiktiven Schaltalgorithmus verwendet wird. Der Aufbau wird beschrieben und die Funktion sowohl in der Simulation als auch auf der Straße getestet.
Entwicklung und Analyse zeitgesteuerter Systeme (Development and Analysis of Time-Triggered Systems)
Authors: Ringler Thomas 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Zeitgesteuerte Systeme versprechen die Anforderungen zukünftiger By-Wire-Systeme in Automobilen zu erfüllen. Die Zeitsteuerung erfordert neue Verfahren und Werkzeugkonzepte. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz wird ein Verfahren zur Entwicklung und Analyse zeitgesteuerter Systeme vorgestellt. Aktivitäten zur Entwicklung zeitgesteuerter Systeme werden identifiziert und in den etablierten Entwicklungsprozess der Automobilindustrie eingegliedert. Die Bestimmung der maximalen Ausführungszeit von Programmen durch die Worst-Case-Execution-Time-Analyse (WCET-Analyse) ist hierfür die Grundlage und bildet den Schwerpunkt. Dem aktuellen Trend in der Automobilindustrie, Software modellbasiert zu erstellen wird Rechnung getragen, indem ein Konzept der modellbasierten WCET-Analyse entwickelt wird.
Navigationsmerkmale und ihre Präferenzwirkung bei e-Shop-Nutzern (Navigation Bar Characteristics and Their Effect on User Preferences)
Authors: Silberer Günter , Engelhardt Jan-Frederik 
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung
Ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor bei der Kundengewinnung und Kaufrealisierung in e-Shops ist die Gestaltung der Mensch-Medium-Schnittstelle. Besondere Bedeutung nimmt dabei die Gestaltung der Navigationsleiste als wichtigste Schnittstellenlösung ein. Hier beurteilt der Shopbesucher unter Berücksichtigung formaler und inhaltlicher Merkmale den Nutzwert des Onlineshops hinsichtlich seiner Intentionsrealisierung. Auf dieser Grundlage wird das weitere Verhalten im Shop geplant und entschieden. Um konkrete Empfehlungen für diesen wichtigen Shopsitebereich zu geben, wurde eine Studie mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die Nutzenwerte und relativen Wichtigkeiten verschiedener formaler Navigationsleistenmerkmale zu bestimmen. Die Studie zeichnet sich methodisch durch den Rückgriff auf die Conjointanalyse als dekompositionellen Ansatz der Präferenzmessung aus. Der Einsatz der Conjointanalyse als Verfahren zur Beurteilung von Websites ist ein bislang vernachlässigter, aber den kompositionellen Verfahren vermeintlich überlegener Ansatz. Als zentrales Ergebnis der Untersuchung kann festgehalten werden, dass nur gering oder schwach aktivierende Elemente verwendet werden sollten. Eine als aufdringlich empfundene Navigationsgestaltung wird abgelehnt.
Entdeckung und Nutzbarmachung von stillem Wissen in heterogenen Expertengemeinschaften – das Projekt AWAKE (Uncovering and Utilization of Tacit Knowledge in Heterogeneous Expert Communities)
Authors: Novak Jasminko , Kunz Christoph , Wurst Michael 
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir die in dem AWAKE – Networked Awareness for Knowledge Discovery - Projekt entwickelten Ansätze, Lösungen und Prototypen zur empirischen Untersuchung der Frage, wie implizite Wissensstrukturen in unterschiedlichen Expertengemeinschaften entdeckt, visualisiert und für diese nutzbar gemacht werden können. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf dem entwickelten Modell sowie dem System zur Erstellung und kollaborativen Nutzung von personalisierten Wissenskarten und kollaborativen Begriffsnetzen. Zu den Anwendungsszenarien gehören die automatische Generierung von personalisierten Wissensportalen, kollaborative semantische Exploration von komplexen Informationsräumen und der Aufbau von gemeinschaftlichen Terminologienetzwerken in formalisierten Ontologien. Die entwickelten Prototypen verbinden automatische Textanalyse mit maschinellem Lernen und Nutzerschnittstellen zur Visualisierung von Kontexten und Beziehungen sowie zum Aufbau neuer Wissensstrukturen. Als Entwicklungskontext und empirische Testumgebung diente die Internetplattform netzspannung.org, ein Wissensportal das digitale Kunst, Kultur und Informationstechnologie verbindet.
Trends in adolescent alcohol and other drug use: findings from three sentinel sites in South Africa (1997–2001)
Authors: Parry Charles D.H , Myers Bronwyn , Morojele Neo K , Flisher Alan J , Bhana Arvin , Donson Hilton , Plüddemann Andreas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper aims to provide surveillance information about the extent and consequences of alcohol and other drug (AOD) use by adolescents for three sentinel sites in South Africa (Cape Town, Durban and Gauteng province). From 1997 to 2001, data were gathered from multiple sources, including specialist treatment centres, trauma units, school students, rave party attenders, and arrestees. Since the start of surveillance, an increasing proportion of South African adolescents are using AODs. Surveys point to high levels of alcohol misuse among high school students, with alcohol being the most common substance of abuse. Cannabis is the most frequently reported illicit drug of abuse among adolescents. This is reflected in the large proportion of adolescents receiving treatment for cannabis, cannabis‐positive arrestees, and cannabis‐positive trauma patients. Cannabis smoked together with methaqualone is the second most common primary drug of abuse in Cape Town. Arrestee data highlights the potentially negative effect of adolescent methaqualone use. Cocaine and heroin are emerging as problem drugs of abuse among adolescents in large metropolitan centres. Ecstasy (MDMA) use occurs mainly among adolescents who attend rave parties and clubs. The study points to the need for AOD intervention programmes that target young people and the need for continued monitoring of adolescent AOD use in the future.
Development and validation of a depression scale for Asian adolescents
Authors: Woo Bernardine S.C. , Chang W.C. , Fung Daniel S.S. , Koh Jessie B.K. , Leong Joyce S.F. , Kee Carolyn H.Y. , Seah Cheryl K.F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractItems covering both core and culture‐specific facets of depression were generated based on literature review and clinical experience. They were modified following focus group discussions with depressed adolescents and adolescents in the community. The newly constructed Asian Adolescent Depression Scale (AADS) was administered to a clinical and a community sample of adolescents together with other rating scales. The AADS comprised 4 factors (negative self‐evaluation, negative affect, cognitive inefficiency and lack of motivation) and demonstrated sound psychometric properties. Negative socially oriented self‐evaluation and cognitive inefficiency were important in Singaporean adolescents’ conceptualization of depression and are likely to be Asian culture‐specific dimensions.
Challenging times: a study to detect Irish adolescents at risk of psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation
Authors: Lynch Fionnuala , Mills Carla , Daly Irenee , Fitzpatrick Carol 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSuicide rates in young Irish males have risen markedly in the past 10 years, and suicide is now the leading cause of death in young men in the 15–24‐year‐old age range.This is the first large‐scale study in Ireland that set out to identify young people at risk of psychiatric disorders, including depressive disorders, and suicidal ideation. Seven hundred and twenty three school‐going adolescents aged 12–15 years were screened using the Children's Depression Inventory and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. 19.4% were identified as being ‘at risk’ of having a mental health disorder. Of this ‘at risk’ group, 12.1% expressed possible suicidal intent and 45.7% expressed suicidal ideation. Of the 583 adolescents identified as being ‘not at risk’, 13% expressed suicidal ideation while none expressed suicidal intent. Being ‘at risk’ was not related to gender or to socio‐economic status. Those living with two parents were significantly more likely to be in the ‘not at risk’ group. Girls attending co‐educational schools were twice as likely to be in ‘at risk’ group compared with those attending all girls schools, while school type was not a risk factor for boys.This study shows that, as in other western countries, there are large numbers of young Irish people at risk of mental health disorders and suicidal ideation in the community, and raises the question of the importance of mental health promotion in our education system.
Different surveys provide similar pictures of trends in a marine fish community but not of individual fish populations
Authors: Trenkel Verena M. , Pinnegar John K. , Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Rackham Brian D. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Choice of sampling method and survey period can have an important impact on the perception of the structure and dynamics of an ecological community. For the Celtic Sea fish assemblage we compared data obtained by three different trawl surveys: an autumn groundfish survey with a GOV trawl, and a spring and an autumn groundfish survey, both carried out with a Portuguese high-headline trawl. Time-series of abundance estimates were not consistent among surveys for all species and were generally very noisy. An analysis of variance components showed that the sampling method contributed more to the variance in abundance estimates compared to survey period, interannual variability, or even sampling variance. Overall community assessments based on indicators such as proportions of non-commercial and piscivorous species, and the proportion of benthic species showed similar trends for all data series. The shape of the size spectrum based on abundances per length class summed over all fish species, although stable over time, was highly sensitive to the sampling method. With the exception of size spectra, community indicators for marine fish assemblages monitored by surveys seem to be robust to survey period and trawling gear, but species abundance trends are method dependent.
Determination of technical efficiency of fisheries by stochastic frontier models: a case on the Gulf of Cádiz (Spain)
Authors: García del Hoyo Juan José , Castilla Espino David , Jiménez Toribio Ramón 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe give a broad review of a variety of econometric procedures to estimate technical efficiency and compare the results of several of them based on an application to the purse-seine fishery operating in the Gulf of Cádiz in 1998 and 1999. As these approaches provide different technical efficiency estimates, they might have different policy implications. Two conclusions are obtained: firstly, the higher the useful life of vessels is, the smaller the technical efficiency is; and secondly, the present total allowable catch regime based only on vessels larger than 12 m is unsuitable for this fishery.