bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AROMATIC-INDUCED PREVENTION OF FATAL TOXICITY OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ[a]ANTHRACENE
Authors: Huggins Charles , Ford Elizabeth , Fukunishi Ryo , Jensen E. V. 
Published: June 2004

Large doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (7,12-DMBA) caused the death of rats within 1 day. A small amount of any of 5 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons or of an aromatic amine given before the highly toxic dose of 7,12-DMBA resulted in survival for more than 2 months and the specific atrophy of testis which follows 7,12-DMBA was largely prevented. Among the protective aromatics is 7,12-DMBA itself; a small dose of 7,12-DMBA given in advance induced protection of life against an otherwise lethal dose of 7,12-DMBA but only in a proportion of the animals, and testis was not protected from injury. The highly efficient inducers of protection were condensed aromatics composed of 4 or 5 rings.
Protection of life against toxicity of big doses of 7,12-DMBA by pretreatment with small doses of aromatics required time (ca. 5 to 8 hours) for its induction. Ethionine given a few minutes after a highly efficient inducer of protection, 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC), abolished induction of protection; ethionine given 8 hours after 3-MC exerted no influence on its protective effect.
A lethal dose of 7,12-DMBA resulted in a considerable reduction in incorporation of tritium in DNA from tritiated thymidine while at the same time synthesis of menadione reductase was induced in liver. A small dose of 3-MC given prior to 7,12-DMBA was advantageous in partially protecting DNA synthesis.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Unanue Emil , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

Rats with nephrotoxic serum nephritis may show fixation of complement (C') in the glomeruli during two periods. The first period occurs immediately after the injection of the antisera and extends until the host response occurs. The second period is related to the deposit of rat gamma globulin in the glomeruli presumably occurring at the time of the immune response to the heterologous nephrotoxic serum (NTS). This second period terminates about 2 to 3 weeks after injection of NTS, presumably at the time the rat stops making antibodies to the nephrotoxic gamma globulin fixed in the glomeruli. After this period, the glomerular lesion is incapable of fixing detectable amounts of circulating C' unless the antibody response to the heterologous globulin is reactivated. The immunological events which take place in the initial 2 to 3 week period appear to produce a permanent and irreparable lesion in the glomeruli leading to chronic nephritis.
Rabbit NTS produces fixation of rat C' during both periods. Duck NTS shows no detectable fixation of rat C' until rat gamma globulin fixes in the glomeruli at the time of the host immune response to the heterologous nephrotoxic gamma globulin. Decomplementation of rats injected with rabbit NTS produces an amelioration of the initial period of nephrotoxic serum nephritis.
The fixation of C' in the glomerular lesions was studied with the use of fluorescent antibody methods. The detection of host beta-1C globulin and gamma globulin in the glomerulus pointed to an immune reaction but not necessarily an active one. The tissue C' fixation test using kidney slices and guinea pig C' proved to be a more sensitive method of detecting tissue reactants capable of fixing C', but its relationship to in vivo events is not certain.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHICK EMBRYO SKIN ORGAN CULTURES TO INFLUENZA VIRUS FOLLOWING EXCESS VITAMIN A
Authors: Huang J. S. , Bang F. B. 
Published: June 2004

The conversion of chick embryonic epidermis to mucous epithelium by excess vitamin A in organ culture as reported by Fell and Mellanby (5) was shown to be accompanied by a corresponding change of susceptibility to influenza and vaccinia viruses.
Untreated epidermis of 10- to 12-day chick embryos supported the growth of influenza (PR8) virus in organ cultures and a maximum infectivity (EID50) titer was reached 2 to 3 days after infection. At the same time) the epidermis showed squamous keratinization, beginning about the 4th day of cultivation.
Addition of excess vitamin A (40 µg per ml) to the skin organ culture induced the following changes: (a) mucous metaplasia of the epidermis which was usually first evident after 4 to 5 days in the vitamin A medium, (b) increase in the daily and maximum yield of influenza virus, if the epidermis had been grown for 4 or more days in the vitamin A medium before infection took place, and (c) decrease in the production of vaccinia virus under similar conditions. The maximum yield of both viruses remained unchanged, however, if excess vitamin A was introduced to the organ culture at the time of virus inoculation.
The magnitude of increase in the yield of influenza virus in this organ culture system was found to be proportionally related to the concentration of vitamin A added 4 or more days before inoculation of this virus. Increasing doses of vitamin A however, had no effect on the short-term growth of influenza virus in tissue cultures of chorio-allantoic membrane.
Observation on the early period (2 to 12 hours) of influenza virus growth initiated in the 4-day organ cultures of chick embryonic skin showed no significant difference in virus production between the normal and the vitamin A medium groups.
The change of virus specificity apparently is not due to the presence of excess vitamin A per se, but appears to be related to the change of differentiation produced in the organ culture system.
ANTISERUM TO LEUCOCYTE LYSOSOMES
Authors: Quie Paul G. , Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Antisera to rabbit polymorph granules and to rabbit erythrocytes have been prepared in guinea pigs.
Both antigranule and antierythrocyte sera are hemolytic and both exhibit striking cytotoxicity on leucocytes. The sequence of toxic events, as observed by phase contrast cinemicrophotography and electron microscopy, consists of explosive granule lysis, cell swelling, cytoplasmic liquifaction, and nuclear fusion. Other rabbit cells are also susceptible to these cytotoxic effects, but cells, including polymorphs, of other mammals are not.
Cytotoxic action of the antisera requires, in addition to the antibody, heat-labile serum factors and divalent cations, suggesting that the action is a combined one of antibody and complement.
The morphologic observations have been supported by biochemical studies demonstrating release into the medium of granule-bound hydrolases following exposure of polymorphs or of isolated granules to the antigranule or antierythrocyte sera.
Granulolytic activity of the antisera can be reduced or removed by absorption with either rabbit leucocyte granules or with erythrocytes, indicating that leucocyte granules and erythrocytes have an identical or similar membrane constituent.
The observations lend support to the notion that lysosomal hydrolases may exert autolytic effects in some situations.
H CHAIN SUBGROUPS OF MYELOMA PROTEINS AND NORMAL 7S γ-GLOBULIN
Authors: Grey Howard M. , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

Through the use of a variety of antisera to isolated myeloma proteins, four subgroups of 7S γ-globulin type proteins were readily distinguished. The first, the Vi subgroup, consisted of ten of 64 myeloma proteins studied. The second, the We group, contained the majority of myeloma proteins. The third, the Ge subgroup, included three of 50 myeloma proteins. The fourth remains ill-defined and appears heterogeneous.
Counterparts for both the Vi and the Ge subgroup, were found in the Fr II γ-globulin and in the normal γ-globulin of all of a large number of individual sera studied.
The unique antigenic character of both groups was localized to the H chains, although different determinants were involved for different antisera. An essential role of intact disulfide bonds was apparent with certain rabbit antisera.
In addition to the special antigenic characteristics, the Ge subgroup showed in each instance a fast mobility for the F fragments produced by papain which was not found for other myeloma proteins.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF MOUSE ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODIES INVOLVED IN PASSIVE CUTANEOUS ANAPHYLAXIS AND PASSIVE HEMOLYSIS
Authors: Nussenzweig Ruth Sonntag , Merryman Carmen , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

Some properties of mouse antibodies produced by hyperimmunization with conjugated haptens, emulsified in complete adjuvant, have been investigated. Under these conditions two antigenically different types of precipitating antibody, with small differences in their electrophoretic mobilities, both migrating in the γ-region, are produced. Both antibody types were shown to be different from the ß2A-globulins) as revealed by the absence of reaction with specific rabbit antisera against mouse ß2A-myeloma globulins.
γ2 or the slower migrating antibodies, similarly to what has been described for the guinea pig, were able to provoke lysis of antigen-coated tanned sheep erythrocytes, in the presence of complement. This activity could not be detected in the faster migrating antibody type. The slower migrating fractions of the γ2-antibodies were able to transfer passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig, but not in their own species.
γ1-Antibodies were found to be capable of sensitizing the mouse for cutaneous anaphylaxis.
The sensitivity of these antibodies to reduction and alkylation was different, the lytic activity being practically abolished, the PCA titers in mice much reduced, and the PCA activity in guinea pigs only partially inactivated.
PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUES OF RATS AS STUDIED WITH TRITIUM-LABELED THYMIDINE
Authors: Craddock Charles G. , Nakai George S. , Fukuta Hajime , Vanslager Louise M. 
Published: June 2004

Cytokinetic data are presented, employing quantitation of H3DNA in the lymphatic tissues of normal rats serially sacrificed after H3Tdr administration. A marked difference in the patterns of initial labeling and label loss was observed between the thymus and peripheral lymphatic tissue.
The data are compatible with other indications of rapid cell renewal in the thymus. There is suppression of initial uptake of H3Tdr into the DNA of each large lymphocytic progenitor cell in the thymus, apparently because of a feedback of thymidine containing material from small lymphocytes in the thymus. Depletion of the thymus of small cells, as by operative stress or whole body x-ray, leads to a marked increase in the uptake of H3Tdr into the DNA of large thymocytes. This finding, which is in agreement with the previous findings of Sugino et al. (33, 34) suggesting transfer of thymine nucleotides from small thymus lymphocytes to precursor cells, may or may not be related to the apparent transfer of DNA label between thymic cells. The evidence for the latter consists of the curvilinear dilution of the DNA label in the thymus proliferating cell population and the relationship between the rate of DNA label dilution in large cells and the H3DNA in the small cells in the thymus.
After the DNA label in progenitor cells in the thymus and lymph nodes has entered the small cell population, the subsequent dilution of grains in these dividing cells follows the same slope as the loss of radioactivity from the entire lymph node. There is a long retention of some H3DNA label in the dividing lymph node cell population. This suggests that the loss of radioactivity from the dividing cells and from the small cell population as a whole occurs equally. This pattern prevails regardless of whether the percentage of large and small cells is altered experimentally. These findings can be explained by an interchange of the DNA nuclear label between small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes. This could occur by some process such as phagocytosis or pinocytosis, or by transformation of the small lymphocyte into a large, dividing cell. The data fit best with the latter possibility. All or any of these mechanisms would lead to an equilibration of the DNA label between large and small cells. This finding prevents the assignment of a finite life span to lymphocytes on the basis of DNA labeling kinetics. Nevertheless, there appear to be at least two different types of lymphocytes. One, the "thymus-type" lymphocyte, is found in the thymus cortex, bone marrow and germinal centers of lymphoid follicles. The other type, found abundantly in the widespread peripheral lymphatic tissue, shows a very prolonged retention of DNA label and is believed to be the recirculating, "immunologically committed" cells described by others. These cells do not appear to enter the thymus cortex.
A COMPARISON OF THE SPECIFICITY OF INHIBITION BY PHOSPHONATE ESTERS OF THE FIRST COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT AND THE ANTIGEN-INDUCED RELEASE OF HISTAMINE FROM GUINEA PIG LUNG
Authors: Becker Elmer L. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: June 2004

The ability of a number p-nitrophenylethyl alkyl, phenyl alkyl, chloroalkyl, and aminoalkyl phosphonates to inhibit the activated first component (C'1a) of guinea pig complement, and the antigen-induced release of histamine from sliced, perfused guinea pig lung has been compared. C'1a in its reactivity with these phosphonates is distinctly more similar to trypsin than to any of the other enzymes studied previously. It is suggested that both trypsin and C'1a possess an anionic group in the active center of the respective enzyme, but the distance between the anionic and esteratic site in C'1a might be less than in trypsin.
The pattern of inhibition of histamine relase by the alkyl, phenyl alkyl, and chloroalkyl phosphonates is similar to the inhibition of C'1a by these compounds, although distinct differences are apparent. The aminoalkyl phosphonates are distinctly less active inhibitors of histamine release than the corresponding alkyl phosphonates, whereas the reverse is true of the inhibition of C'1a. On the basis of these differences, it is tentatively concluded that the organophosphorus-inhibitable enzymes in the guinea pig systems studied here are similar but not identical.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS 12 TUMORS AND OF CELLS TRANSFORMED OR INFECTED BY ADENOVIRUSES
Authors: Pope John H. , Rowe Wallace P. 
Published: June 2004

Complement-fixing (CF) antibody-positive sera from hamsters bearing adenovirus type 12 (Ad. 12)-induced tumors revealed specific immunofluorescent stainable antigens in essentially all Ad. 12 hamster tumor cells. The antigens were primarily in the form of cytoplasmic flecks; less frequent staining was seen as nuclear flecks or homogeneous staining of nucleus and cytoplasm of a small proportion of cells. Tumor cells did not stain with rabbit antisera to crude Ad. 12 virus or A and C antigens. The hamster serum also stained cytoplasmic flecks in an Ad. 12-induced BALB/c mouse tumor and Ad. 12-"transformed" hamster embryo tissue culture cells.
The hamster serum also stained fleck-shaped antigens in hamster and human cell cultures inoculated with homologous and heterologous adenovirus types, although the hamster cells did not react with the rabbit Ad. 12 antiserum.
Attempts to identify the fluorescent-stainable fleck-shaped antigens indicated that they are not previously recognized viral antigens and that the cytoplasmic antigens formed in hamster cell cultures inoculated with Ad. 12 are different from those in tumors and in acutely infected human cell cultures.
RUNT DISEASE INDUCED IN NEONATAL MICE BY STERILE BACTERIAL VACCINES
Authors: Ekstedt Richard D. , Nishimura Edwin T. 
Published: June 2004

A form of runt disease has been produced in neonatal CF-1 and ICR mice by the repeated injection of 109 washed, autoclaved, saline-suspended staphylococci or streptococci. The most severely affected animals showed a marked decrease in lymphoid tissues and resembled grossly and microscopically animals suffering from the classical runt or wasting disease described by others. The timing of the initial antigenic stimulation was of importance, and animals started on their course of injections at an age of 48 hours or older showed no effect. There was a considerable variation in the severity of the disease within litters and from one litter to another. This variation could not be ascribed to a difference in susceptibility between sexes, since both male and female mice were observed to runt under appropriate conditions. Germ-free ICR mice were much more resistant to the runting phenomenon than conventional animals of the same strain, but could be induced to runt by injection of the staphylococcal vaccine suspended in homologous antiserum.
The relationship of the runting phenomenon described here and classical runt disease or runting by adrenal hormones is discussed.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF THE HISTOPATHOGENESIS OF LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS INFECTION
Authors: Wilsnack Roger E. , Rowe Wallace P. 
Published: June 2004

LCM virus antigen was visualized in infected tissue cultures and mouse tissues by the direct immunofluorescent procedure. In all instances, antigen was localized to the cytoplasm.
In intracerebrally infected mice, antigen was almost completely restricted to meninges, choroid plexus, and ependyma; at no time were neurons involved. Mice infected by intraperitoneal inoculation of a viscerotropic strain demonstrated antigen chiefly in liver parenchyma, splenic reticulum, bronchi, and alveolar cells.
Congenitally infected mice showed antigen in almost all cell types observed, but generally in only a minority of cells; infection was often focal in distribution. Liver, kidney, pregnant uterus, and trophoblast were most extensively involved. No antigen was observable in ova of a pregnant mouse.
THE FATE OF BACTERIA WITHIN PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: June 2004

The fate of a heat-stable Escherichia coli agglutinogen within three types of rabbit phagocytic cells was examined. A system is described whereby quantitative ingestion of viable E. coli by suspensions of PMN leucocytes, BCG-induced alveolar macrophages, and oil-induced peritoneal macrophages took place in vitro. After various periods of intracellular residence aliquots were injected intraperitoneally into NCS mice and the resulting agglutinins assayed. The loss of immunogenicity within phagocytes was estimated by comparison with a dose-response titration prepared with bacteria alone. Under these conditions no increase in immunogenic mass occurred in vivo or in vitro when viable organisms were employed.
PMN leucocytes and alveolar macrophages destroyed the majority of the immunogen within 2 hours of intracellular residence. In contrast, the immunogenicity of E. coli was maintained within peritoneal macrophages for periods up to 5 hours. The use of heat-killed bacilli or specific immune serum did not significantly influence the intracellular fate of the immunogen. Residual immunogenicity was associated with a particle having the same centrifugal properties as the intact organism and essentially none was released in a soluble form. Intracellular residence within phagocytic cells did not influence the resulting temporal sequence of antibody formation nor the proportions of mercaptoethanol-sensitive and resistant immune globulins.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF IN VITRO ENDOCYTOSIS OF T2 PHAGE BY CELLS FROM RABBIT PERITONEAL EXUDATE
Authors: Aronow Rita , Danon David , Shahar Avraham , Aronson Moshe 
Published: June 2004

Macrophages from rabbit peritoneal exudate cells incubated in vitro with T2 bacteriophage from 10 up to 120 minutes show phage particles adsorbed to cell membranes, in the process of being engulfed by means of rhopheocytosis, micropinocytosis, and phagocytosis, and localized within dense vacuoles, semi-dense vacuoles, and clear vacuoles of the cytoplasm.
The electronmicrographs suggest that newly formed endocytic vacuoles containing phage particles fuse with one another and also fuse with dense bodies of the cytoplasm as they migrate towards the cell interior, thus yielding larger vacuoles of varying densities containing higher concentrations of phage.
The polymorphonuclear cells present in a small proportion in the peritoneal exudate cells also endocytosed phage particles. The T2 particles are found in large cytoplasmic vacuoles surrounded by an electron-opaque material presumably derived from cytoplasmic granules.
No disintegration of T2 phage within the macrophage following incubations up to 120 minutes could be demonstrated; however, disrupted phage particles were noted within cytoplasmic vacuoles of polymorphonuclear leucocytes after 15 minutes' incubation.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Finstad Joanne , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Studies of the immune response have been carried out in more than 1700 lampreys representing three stages in the life cycle of these animals.
2. Lampreys used in this study were unable to clear certain soluble protein antigens and bacteriophage and were unable to make antibodies to these antigens. Hemocyanin was cleared from the circulation.
3. The immune responses demonstrated in lampreys include the production of specific antibody to killed Brucella cells, the rejection of skin homografts, and the development of a delayed allergic response to old tuberculin.
4. A responsive proliferation of lymphoid cells occurred in the protovertebral arch following antigen-adjuvant stimulation.
5. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analysis of lamprey serum revealed gamma globulin. Ultracentrifugal analysis of serum revealed proteins with sedimentation coefficients of 17S, 8S, 7S, and 3S.
6. The antibodies thus far observed in the lamprey are of relatively high molecular weight and destroyed by 2-mercaptoethanol.
7. In the lamprey it would appear that there is reflected the coordinate evolution of a primitive thymus, primitive spleen containing lymphoid foci, a family of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and capacity for gamma globulin synthesis and expression of adaptive immunity.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Carpenter Robert R. , Brandriss Michael W. 
Published: June 2004

Some characteristics of inhibition of cell migration induced in tissue culture by the addition of specific antigen were studied. The following characteristics were found to be shared by this type of cellular hypersensitivity and delayed cutaneous sensitivity:
1. Specificity for the carrier moiety of haptene protein conjugates. The picryl protein conjugate used to sensitize guinea pigs inhibited migration of monocytic cells from these animals. Other picrylated proteins produced little inhibition.
2. Enhancement by mycobacterial adjuvants. Incorporation of tubercle bacilli with picrylated proteins in adjuvant-antigen emulsions stimulated the development of this cellular hypersensitivity to antigen.
3. Independence of circulating antibody. In contrast to cellular hypersensitivity, serum antibody (a) reacted with any of a number of picrylated proteins, (b) developed well in the absence of mycobacterial adjuvant, and (c) persisted in unchanged titer for 5 weeks in animals sensitized with saline solutions of antigen. During this time cellular hypersensitivity decreased remarkably.
The in vitro system described provides a direct method to measure cell-antigen interaction and permits study of an aspect of the immune response not mediated by humoral antibody.
The relation of cellular hypersensitivity to antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity is discussed.