bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical studies to determine the effectiveness of a whitening toothpaste at reducing stain (using a forced stain model)
Authors: Moran J , Claydon NCA , Addy M , Newcombe R 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Aims:  Two single centre, randomized single‐blind, crossover studies were performed, to compare the effect of a test toothpaste with a conventional fluoride paste in the inhibition and removal of extrinsic dental stain promoted by repeated chlorhexidine/tea rinses.Methods:  These studies used 24 subjects in each of two separate clinical trials. On the Friday before each trial period, the subjects received a prophylaxis to remove all staining, plaque and calculus deposits. On the following Monday, subjects were checked whether they were stain free and then under direct supervision they rinsed with a 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse, immediately followed by a rinse with a warm black tea solution. This cycle was repeated hourly eight times throughout the day and on the following days until the Friday. In addition subjects also received daily a single toothpaste slurry rinse or control water rinse in the morning and lunchtime. No other form of oral hygiene was permitted during this period. On the Friday, both stain area and intensity was assessed using the Lobene Stain Index. For the stain removal study, stain was promoted again using chlorhexidine and tea rinses. After 4 days, stain was measured both prior to and immediately after brushing with the allocated toothpaste for 2 min. Subjects were then instructed to use the toothbrush at home according to their normal oral hygiene practices. On the following Wednesday, the amount of stain present was re‐assessed. Each subject subsequently received a thorough prophylaxis to remove all plaque calculus and staining before starting the following periods of the study.Results:  The study showed no difference in the ability of the test whitening toothpaste, control toothpaste and water control at inhibiting stain. There was also only a small difference (3.5% for product of area and intensity) between the ability of the two toothpastes to help remove stain after a single brushing. The difference was however in favour of the test product which approached a conventional level of significance (P = 0.089). There was no evidence of superiority for either of the pastes after normal home usage.Conclusions:  This study has suggested that the test product may have some advantage over the conventional paste at removing stain but the magnitude of difference would appear to be small and of little clinical relevance.
A study in vitro of the combined effects of soft drinks and tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste on the wear of dentine
Authors: Ponduri S , Macdonald E , Addy M 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:The aim of this study was to measure loss of dentine produced by soft drinks alone and combined with tooth brushing with and without toothpastes. Groups of flat human dentine specimens were exposed for 10 min and then 30 min to orange juice (OJ), carbonated cola (CC) or modified blackcurrant (MB) drinks alone or after the exposures brushed with a fluoride toothpaste for 10 s. Further groups were exposed to OJ as before but brushed with water or non‐fluoride toothpaste or placed in slurries of fluoride paste. Five cycles of each regimen were carried out. Tissue loss was determined by profilometry. Water immersion/brushing and brushing controls were included. OJ and CC produced similar erosion and significantly more than MB. Compared with drinks alone, dentine loss was reduced by fluoride toothpaste brushing but increased by water and non‐fluoride toothpaste brushing. Fluoride toothpaste slurry had no significant effect on soft drink erosion. Very little abrasion with brushing alone was recorded over the time frame of these experiments. It is concluded that fluoride toothpaste could provide protection, albeit small, against erosion. The data again support the concept of brushing before meals.
An in vitro antimicrobial comparison of miswak extract with commercially available non‐alcohol mouthrinses
Authors: Almas K , Skaug N , Ahmad I 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of eight commercially available mouthrinses and 50% miswak extract against seven microorganisms. Corsodyl, Alprox, Oral‐B advantage, Florosept, Sensodyne, Aquafresh Mint, Betadine and Emoform mouthrinses were used while 50% aqueous extract of miswak (Salvadora persica) was used against Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ditch plate method was used to test the antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones of microorganisms around ditches were measured in millimetres. Range, mean and standard deviations were used for comparison of antimicrobial activity. Mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine was with maximum antibacterial activity, while cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses were with moderate and miswak extract was with low antibacterial activity. Further research is needed for the substantivity of these mouthrinses and further in vivo/in vitro studies are needed using Biofilm model to substantiate present findings. Dental professionals must exercise caution and provide guidance in assisting their patients in making informed choices regarding their use of mouthrinses for clinical efficacy.
International employment in clinical practice: influencing factors for the dental hygienist
Authors: Abbott A , Barrow S‐Y , Lopresti F , Hittelman E 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Purpose:  To assess demographics, job characteristics, geographical regions, resources and commitment, which influence dental hygienists seeking international clinical practice employment opportunities.Methods:  Questionnaires were mailed to a convenience sample of members of the Dental Hygienists’ Association of the City of New York. Statistical analyses were conducted and frequency distributions and relationships between variables were calculated.Results:  Seventy‐two percent of respondents reported that they are or may be interested in working overseas. Italy and Spain (67%) were the regions of most interest. Salary (65%) was cited as the most influencing factor in selection, whereas non‐compliance with the equivalency to Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards (74%) was the most frequently perceived barrier. Multiple language fluency was statistically significant (0.003) regarding interest in overseas employment.Conclusion:  Policy makers, employers and educators need to be aware of these findings should recruitment be a possibility to render urgently needed oral hygiene care in regions where there is a perceived shortage of dental hygienists.
Mapping an appropriate health promotion approach for crèches in an informal settlement
Authors: Brijlal P , Gordon N 
Published: January 2005

Abstract:Background:  People living in informal settlements in South Africa experience the double burden of poverty and ill health. Wallacedene, an informal settlement was highlighted in the media as being a socially and otherwise deprived community, with many accompanying health problems.Aim:  It was against this background that this study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the health and oral health status of children attending crèches in Wallacedene. It was designed to inform the mapping of an appropriate approach to develop a health promotion programme for crèches.Method:  Baseline data were collected through oral and general health examinations, site observations, a structured questionnaire and interviews with key people working with the children at two crèches.Results:  The results indicate poor oral and general health. Gingival inflammation (82.8%), caries (81.5%), and moderate to abundant plaque deposits (95.7%), fungal infections (33.9%), runny nose (51.4%), lymphadenopathy (45.7%) and itchy skin (5.7%) were found. Caregivers were not well informed about oral health. However, they were enthusiastic to engage in new interventions. The community was impoverished; public health interventions were limited with minimal resources such as health centres and voluntary service providers. The limited resources were not coordinated and did not adequately address the health and educational needs of the children.Conclusion:  A multi‐sectoral approach focusing on community development is an appropriate approach to address the needs of crèche children in this community.
Antigenic and Immunogenic Investigation of B-Cell Epitopes in the Nucleocapsid Protein of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus
Authors: Choi Kang-Seuk , Nah Jin-Ju , Ko Young-Joon , Kang Shien-Young , Yoon Kyoung-Jin , Jo Nam-In 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTAttempts were made to identify and map epitopes on the nucleocapsid (N) protein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) (Nigeria75/1 strain) using seven monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and deletion mutants. At least four antigenic domains (A-I, A-II, C-I, and C-II) were identified using the MAbs. Domains A-I (MAb 33-4) and A-II (MAbs 38-4, P-3H12, and P-13A9) were determined to be located on the amino-terminal half (amino acids [aa] 1 to 262), and domains C-I (P-14C6) and C-II (P-9H10 and P-11A6) were within the carboxy-terminal region (aa 448 to 521). Nonreciprocal competition between A-II MAbs and MAbs to C-I and C-II domains was observed, indicating that they may be exposed on the surface of the N protein and spatially overlap each other. Blocking or competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies using PPRV serum antibodies revealed that epitopes on the domains A-II and C-II were immunodominant, whereas those on the domains A-I and C-I were not. The competition between MAb and rinderpest virus (RPV) serum antibodies raised against RPV strain LATC was found in two epitopes (P-3H12 and P-13A9) on the domain A-II, indicating that these epitopes may cause cross-reactivity between PPRV and RPV. Identification of immunodominant but PPRV-specific epitopes and domains will provide the foundation in designing an N-protein-based diagnostic immunoassay for PPRV.
Cytokine Responses to Stimulation of Whole Blood from Patients with Buruli Ulcer Disease in Ghana
Authors: Westenbrink B. Daan , Stienstra Ymkje , Huitema Minke G. , Thompson William A. , Klutse Erasmus O. , Ampadu Edwin O. , Boezen H. Marike , Limburg Piet C. , van der Werf Tjip S. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTBuruli ulcer disease (BUD), caused byMycobacterium ulcerans, follows an indolent course of initial progression to ulceration accompanied by extensive tissue damage. It has been suggested that healing disease stages are accompanied by a protective immune response. We hypothesized that interleukin-4 (IL-4)- or IL-10-induced downregulation of Th-1 responses plays a key role in the progression of early BUD and that healing is accompanied by an augmented Th-1 response. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ), IL-4, and IL-10 responses were measured after in vitro stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) of whole blood from 39 (23 early- and 16 late-stage) BUD patients and 39 healthy control subjects in Ghana. Additionally, 30 patients with active or treated tuberculosis (TB) serving as PPD-responsive positive controls were studied. Early-stage BUD patients produced significantly lower levels of IFN and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratios compared to late-stage BUD patients after PHA stimulation. Compared to that of controls, IFN-γ production after tuberculin stimulation was significantly higher in late-stage but not in early-stage BUD patients (P= 0.009). IL-10 and IL-4 levels did not differ between BUD patients and controls, although active TB patients had significantly higher IL-10 production levels than did treated TB patients. Multivariate analysis showed no confounding factors. In conclusion, Th-1 down regulation in early BUD appears to reverse in later stages of BUD, although an association with IL-10 or IL-4 production does not emerge from our data. Here we show differences in Th-1-type cytokine production between early- and late-stage BUD that might reflect an improved immune defense over time.
Effects of Thalidomide on IntracellularMycobacterium lepraein Normal and Activated Macrophages
Authors: Tadesse A. , Shannon E. J. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThalidomide is an effective drug for the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). ENL is an inflammatory reaction that may occur in multibacillary leprosy patients. Its cause(s) as well as the mechanism of thalidomide in arresting this condition are not fully understood. It has been suggested that ENL is an immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity precipitated by the release ofMycobacterium lepraefrom macrophages. The released antigen may complex with precipitating antibodies, initiating complement fixation and the production of inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Thalidomide has been shown in vitro to reduce antigen- or mitogen-activated macrophage production of TNF-α. We investigated if thalidomide could also influence the viability of intracellularM. leprae. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected withM. leprae, activated with gamma interferon and endotoxin, or nonactivated, and treated with thalidomide. Intracellular bacilli were recovered, and metabolic activity was assessed by a radiorespirometric procedure. Thalidomide did not possess antimicrobial action againstM. lepraein normal and activated host macrophages. This suggests that thalidomide does not retard the release of mycobacterial antigens, a possible prelude or precipitating factor for ENL. A distinct sequence of events explaining the mechanism of action for thalidomide's successful treatment of ENL has yet to be established.
Efficacy of Several Serological Tests and Antigens for Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis in the Presence of False-Positive Serological Results Due to
Yersinia enterocolitica
O:9
Authors: Muñoz P. M. , Marín C. M. , Monreal D. , González D. , Garin-Bastuji B. , Díaz R. , Mainar-Jaime R. C. , Moriyón I. , Blasco J. M. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Yersinia enterocolitica
O:9 bears a smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) of
Brucella
sp. O-chain A + C/Y epitopic structure and is a cause of false-positive serological reactions (FPSR) in standard tests for cattle brucellosis.
Brucella
S-LPS, cross-reacting S-LPSs representing several O-chain epitope combinations,
Brucella
core lipid A epitopes (rough LPS),
Brucella abortus
S-LPS-derived polysaccharide, native hapten polysaccharide, rough LPS group 3 outer membrane protein complexes, recombinant BP26, and cytosolic proteins were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and precipitation tests to detect cattle brucellosis (sensitivity) and to differentiate it from FPSR (specificity). No single serological test and antigen combination showed 100% sensitivity and specificity simultaneously. Immunoprecipitation tests with native hapten polysaccharide, counterimmunoelectrophoresis with cytosolic proteins, and a chaotropic ELISA with
Brucella
S-LPS were 100% specific but less sensitive than the Rose Bengal test, complement fixation, and indirect ELISA with
Brucella
S-LPSs and native hapten or S-LPS-derived polysaccharides. A competitive ELISA with
Brucella
S-LPS and M84 C/Y-specific monoclonal antibody was not 100% specific and was less sensitive than other tests. ELISA with
Brucella suis
bv. 2 S-LPS (deficient in C epitopes),
Escherichia hermannii
S-LPSs [lacking the contiguous α-(1-2)-linked perosamine residues characteristic of
Y. enterocolitica
S-LPS], BP26 recombinant protein, and
Brucella
cytosolic fractions did not provide adequate sensitivity/specificity ratios. Although no serological test and antigen combination fully resolved the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in the presence of FPSR, some are simple and practical alternatives to the brucellin skin test currently recommended for differential diagnosis.
Serological Specificities of Murine Hybridoma Monoclonal Antibodies againstNeisseria meningitidisSerogroups B, C, Y, and W135 and Evaluation of Their Usefulness as Serogrouping Reagents by Indirect Whole-Cell Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Tsang Raymond S. W. , Zollinger Wendell D. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTMurine hybridoma monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against the capsular antigens of serogroups B, C, Y, and W135 meningococci. Each serogroup-specific MAb reacted with the extracted capsular polysaccharide from its homologous serogroup only and did not react with capsules from the other three serogroups. The application of these MAbs for serogroup identification of meningococci was demonstrated by their abilities to correctly identify 183 clinical isolates of 185 meningococci recovered from individual invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) patients during routine surveillance in 2002. The remaining two meningococci were identified by PCR grouping as C in one case and Y in another, but neither isolate was positive by bacterial agglutination using rabbit antisera or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using MAbs. The specificities of the anti-Y and anti-W135 MAbs were further assessed by tests with 37 serogroup W135 and 106 serogroup Y meningococci recovered from IMD cases during 1999 to 2001 and 2003. All 143 meningococci except one serogroup Y isolate were correctly identified by positive reactions with the corresponding MAbs that identified their homologous serogroups. The single serogroup Y isolate was received as nonagglutinable and tested as negative with both rabbit anti-Y antiserum and anti-Y MAb but was positive for the serogroup Y-specificsiaDgene. The advantage of using MAbs for serogrouping of meningococci is discussed.
Assessment of Antibody Response Elicited by a 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Tarragó David , Casal Julio , Ruiz-Contreras Jesús , Ramos J. Tomás , Rojo Pablo , Snippe Harm , Jansen Wouter T. M. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

We investigated antibody responses against pneumococci of serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F in 56 children and adolescents with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who were vaccinated with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Overall immune responses differed greatly between serotypes. Correlation coefficients between immunoglobulin G (IgG) measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and functional antibodies measured by a flow cytometry opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA) varied with serotype and time points studied. After 3 months of administering a second PCV7 dose we got the highest correlation (with significant
r
values of 0.754, 0.414, and 0.593 for serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F, respectively) but no significant increase in IgG concentration and OPA titers compared to the first dose. We defined a responder to a serotype included in the vaccine with two criteria: frequency of at least twofold OPA and ELISA increases for each serotype and frequency of conversion from negative to positive OPA levels. Responders varied from 43.9% to 46.3%, 28.5% to 50.0%, and 38.0% to 50.0% for serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F, respectively, depending on the response criterion. The present research highlights the importance of demonstrating vaccine immunogenicity with suitable immunological endpoints in immunocompromised patients and also the need to define how much antibody is required for protection from different serotypes, since immunogenicity differed significantly between serotypes.
Induction of Mucosal B-Cell Memory by Intranasal Immunization of Mice with Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Valosky Janine , Hishiki Haruka , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Coffin Susan E. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe capacity of live or inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) to induce B-cell memory in respiratory-associated lymphoid tissues of mice was examined. Eight weeks after primary inoculation with either live or inactivated RSV, adult BALB/c mice were challenged with 4 × 105PFU of RSV. Protection from viral shedding and mucosal production of RSV-specific antibodies were examined at various time points after challenge. We found that primary immunization with live, but not inactivated, RSV induced complete and durable protection upon challenge within the upper and lower respiratory tract. Also, primary immunization with live, but not inactivated, RSV enhanced the production of mucosal RSV-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) upon challenge. Secondary mucosal IgA responses were characterized by (i) the early production of mucosal IgA by B cells that reside in organized nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, cervical lymph nodes, and bronchial lymph nodes, and (ii) the subsequent production of RSV-specific IgA by mucosal effector tissues, such as the tracheal lamina propria and lung. These findings suggest that primary infection of mice with live RSV might induce mucosal IgA-committed memory B cells. A greater understanding of the characteristics of RSA-specific mucosal memory B cells may facilitate the development of an RSV vaccine.
Antibody Responses of Pigs to Defined E
rns
Fragments after Infection with Classical Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Lin Min , Trottier Erin , Pasick John 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Antibody responses of pigs to defined E
rns
fragments, after classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection, were studied by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Selection of various E
rns
fragments was based on an immunodominant E
rns
region encompassing three overlapping antigenic regions, amino acids 65 to 145 (E
rns
aa
65-145
) (AR1), 84 to 160 (E
rns
aa
84-160
) (AR2), and 109 to 220 (E
rns
aa
10
9-220
) (AR3), identified earlier by our group (M. Lin, E. Trottier, J. Pasick, and M. Sabara, J. Biochem., in press). Defined E
rns
fragments, including AR1, AR2, AR3, E
rns
aa
65-160
(AR12), E
rns
aa
84-220
(AR23), E
rns
aa
65-220
(AR123), E
rns
aa
109-145
(the consensus region defined by the three overlapping regions), and E
rns
aa
109-160
(a fragment 15 amino acids larger than the consensus region), were expressed in
Escherichia coli
, purified by nickel chelate affinity chromatography, and used to measure antibody responses in 20 sera serially collected from pigs experimentally infected with CSFV. Based on the optimum cutoffs determined by receiver operating characteristic analysis after testing 238 negative field sera from Canadian sources, all the E
rns
fragments were capable of distinguishing positive from negative antibody responses with sensitivities ranging between 75 and 90% and specificities ranging between 83.2 and 100%. Detection of antibody responses to refolded E
rns
aa
109-145
and E
rns
aa
109-160
by ELISA (this study) but not by Western blots (Lin et al., in press) indicated that the epitopes within the consensus region are conformational. When cutoff values were raised to give a specificity of 100%, four E
rns
fragments (AR2, AR23, E
rns
aa
109-145
, and E
rns
aa
109-160
) offered much higher sensitivities (75 to 90%) than those obtained with other fragments (20 to 65%). E
rns
aa
109-145
and E
rns
aa
109-160
were capable of detecting antibody responses in infected pigs as early as 7 days postinfection. Demonstration of antibody responses to either one of the four fragments can thus be an alternative to use of the full-length protein in ELISA for serological diagnosis of CSFV infection. An advantage of such a test would be its utilization for serological survey in a classical swine fever-free country (e.g., Canada) in biocontainment level 2 laboratories.