bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical neuroleptics stimulate neurogenesis in adult rat brain
Authors: Wakade Chandramohan G. , Mahadik Sahebarao P. , Waller Jennifer L. , Chiu Fung‐Chow 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSchizophrenia has been treated effectively with atypical neuroleptics without serious side effects. We have shown previously that long‐term treatment with atypical neuroleptics is correlated with an improvement of cognition in adult rats. We report here that atypical neuroleptics stimulate a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in newly divided cells in the subventricular zone in the rat and that some of these new cells in the subventricular zone and hippocampus also express a neuronal marker. We used bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to identify newly divided cells and confirmed the observation with antibody to a cell‐cycle‐specific, endogenous proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Identification of BrdU‐positive cells in the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) particularly in rats treated with the atypical neuroleptics but not in those in the haloperidol‐treated and control rats, suggests increased rostral migratory stream (RMS) cell traffic to replenish neurons in the olfactory bulb. Expression of a neuronal marker, NeuN, in BrdU‐positive cells in rats treated with atypical neuroleptics, also suggests that these compounds may modulate in vivo differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells even within a day of BrdU injection. Our results indicate that atypical neuroleptics have a mechanism of action other than the previously proposed mechanisms, which might explain their role in improved cognition in animal and in schizophrenic patients. If substantiated by future studies, our findings may lead to an expanded use of atypical neuroleptics in other neurodegenerative diseases to stimulate neuronal replacement and repair. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CNS myelinogenesis in vitro: Myelin basic protein deficient shiverer oligodendrocytes
Authors: Seiwa Chika , Kojima‐Aikawa Kyoko , Matsumoto Isamu , Asou Hiroaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe shiverer mutant mouse is an autosomal recessive mutant characterized by incomplete myelin sheath formation in the central nervous system (CNS). Such mice contain a deletion in the MBP gene, do not produce MBP proteins, and have little or no compact myelin in the CNS. To investigate the myelin sheath formation in shiverer mutant mice resulting from the absence of compact myelin, firstly we developed new methods for generating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from an E17 mouse brain, and examined homozygous shiverer (shi/shi) OPCs with respect to myelinogenesis in vitro. After treatment of shi/shi OPCs in vitro with PDGF or bFGF, proliferation of shi/shi OPCs was enhanced similar to that observed in wild‐type OPCs. The majority of cells from the shiverer mutant mouse, however, remained as A2B5‐immunoreactive early OPCs. To determine which molecular events affect the differentiation of shi/shi OPCs, we determined the signaling pathway that could be responsible for activating myelin sheath‐specific proteins. We found that the developmental schedule of shi/shi OPCs in vitro was accelerated by the addition of cyclic AMP analogs, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). Treatment of shi/shi OPCs with dbcAMP had significant effect on the differentiation of OPCs that became MAG‐expressing oligodendrocytes. To further determine the possible mechanism involved in the activation of MAG by dbcAMP, we examined the cAMP‐dependent signaling cascades. The activation of JNK was markedly stimulated by treatment with dbcAMP, and the phosphorylation of transcription factor ATF‐2 was also stimulated by dbcAMP. We demonstrated that the MAG‐positive shi/shi oligodendrocytes extend processes around axons and finally covered the axon, this was clearly observed by immunocytochemistry of shi/shi oligodendrocyte‐DRG cocultures. These results suggest that ATF‐2 coupled to specific signal transduction cascades plays an important regulatory role in MAG expression at a specific stage of shi/shi oligodendrocyte differentiation, and OPCs grow to become myelin‐forming cells with numerous cell processes that wraps around an axon to form a thin myelin sheath. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmentally regulated changes in cellular compartmentation and synaptic distribution of actin in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Zhang Wandong , Benson Deanna L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractActin dynamics and actin‐based motility are important for neurite outgrowth and synapse plasticity. Recent work implicates actin in synapse assembly, but the morphological relationship between actin and synapses during development is unclear. Here we used developing hippocampal neurons grown in culture to examine the relationship between F‐ and G‐actin and clusters of synaptic proteins. Both F‐ and G‐actin are most enriched in dendritic and axonal growth cones, but only G‐actin is present within the distal tips of filopodia. Outside of growth cones, F‐actin levels are greater in dendrites than in axons, whereas G‐actin levels are slightly greater in axons than in dendrites. The distribution of both F‐ and G‐actin is consistent with their presence at synapses, but only F‐actin levels become detectably enhanced at synaptic sites. Quantitative analyses suggest that first‐forming synapses are associated with enhanced levels of pre‐ and postsynaptic F‐actin that do not necessarily remain elevated during synapse maturation. However, nearly all mature excitatory synapses become associated with high, mostly postsynaptic concentrations of F‐actin contained principally within dendritic spines. Mature shaft and GABAergic synapses are also associated with enhanced levels of F‐actin, but to a lesser degree. Thus, although F‐actin is essential for function and maintenance of young synapses, it need not be highly concentrated at every site. The large increase in postsynaptic F‐actin concentration observed in mature neurons is likely to reflect actin's role in dendritic spine morphology and in synapse plasticity. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are our referencing errors undermining our scholarship and credibility? The case of expatriate failure rates
Authors: Harzing Anne‐Wil 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUsing a citation network of 60 references on expatriate failure rates, I demonstrate how commonplace is the violation of the principles for good academic referencing. Inappropriate references undermine scholarship and its credibility. In the case of expatriate failure rates, miscitation has promoted a firmly entrenched myth unsubstantiated by any empirical evidence. I discuss the implications of referencing errors for academics and practitioners and demonstrate how these errors can be avoided. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of leadership dimensions, safety climate, and assigned priorities on minor injuries in work groups
Authors: Zohar Dov 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study is based on three premises: (a) Leadership style affects the level of concern for subordinate safety; (b) Concern for safety, operationalized with supervisory practices, provides the source for safety climate perceptions; and (c) Safety priority as assigned by higher superiors influences supervisory safety practice independently of leadership style. Assigned safety priority was expected to moderate the relationship between leadership style and injury rate in organizational subunits, with safety climate mediating this leadership–injury relationship due to its demonstrable effect on safety behavior. A within‐group split‐sample analysis of 42 work groups, coupled with prospective design, indicated that transformational and constructive leadership predicted injury rate, while corrective leadership provided indirect, conditional prediction. Leadership effects were moderated by assigned safety priorities and mediated by commensurate safety‐climate variables. The results suggest that transformational and transactional leadership provide complementary modes of (mediated and moderated) influence on safety behavior of group members. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Promise breaking during radical organizational change: do justice interventions make a difference?
Authors: Kickul Jill , Lester Scott W. , Finkl Jonathon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious research examining the relationship between organizational justice perceptions and reactions to psychological contract breach has not considered how the type of outcome being breached may influence the effects that procedural and interactional justice have in determining employee responses. By delineating between intrinsic (e.g., autonomy) and extrinsic (e.g., pay) contract breaches, this study attempts to clarify the differential roles of procedural and interactional justice. As expected, results revealed that procedural justice has a significant effect on responses to breaches of extrinsic outcomes while interactional justice significantly affects employee responses to breaches of intrinsic outcomes. Specifically, significant two‐way interactions between extrinsic contract breach and procedural justice showed that job satisfaction, in‐role job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior were lower and intentions to leave were higher when procedural justice was perceived to be low following an extrinsic contract breach. Furthermore, significant two‐way interactions between intrinsic contract breach and interactional justice revealed that job satisfaction, in‐role job performance, and organizational citizenship behavior directed toward other individuals were lower and intentions to leave were higher when interactional justice was perceived to be low following an intrinsic contract breach. Implications of the differential roles of procedural and interactional justice are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The IT way of loafing on the job: cyberloafing, neutralizing and organizational justice
Authors: Lim Vivien K. G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMuch attention has been devoted to how technological advancements have created a brave new workplace, revolutionzing the ways in which work is being carried out, and how employees can improve their productivity and efficiency. However, the advent of technology has also opened up new avenues and opportunities for individuals to misbehave. This study focused on cyberloafing—the act of employees using their companies' internet access for personal purposes during work hours. Cyberloafing, thus, represents a form of production deviance. Using the theoretical frameworks offered by social exchange, organizational justice and neutralization, we examined the often‐neglected dark side of the internet and the role that neutralization techniques play in facilitating this misbehavior at the workplace. Specifically, we developed a model which suggested that when individuals perceived their organizations to be distributively, procedurally and interactionally unjust, they were likely to invoke the metaphor of the ledger as a neutralization technique to legitimize their subsequent engagement in the act of cyberloafing.Data were collected with the use of an electronic questionnaire and focus group interviews from 188 working adults with access to the internet at the workplace. Results of structural equation modelling provided empirical support for all of our hypotheses. Implications of our findings for organizational internet policies are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of the winter Arctic oscillation on the northern Russia spring temperature
Authors: Kryjov Vladimir N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCorrelation and trend analyses are applied to examine relationships between the northern Russia snow/ice season surface air temperature (SAT) and winter circulation, represented by the January–March Arctic oscillation (AO) index. The 1935–99 series of winter and spring monthly SAT from five stations are used, with the winter season being defined as January–March and the spring season being defined specifically for each station in accordance with local snow/ice season duration from April–May through April–July.It is shown that the influence of the winter circulation on SAT is evident at least until the end of snow/ice season, which suggests that this influence is implemented via feedbacks provided by snow and sea ice. The winter AO accounts for some 25–50% (15–20%) of the winter (spring) SAT variance. More than 50% of the 30 year (1968–97) trends in both winter and spring SAT for northwestern Russia and more than 40% for northwestern Siberia are linearly correlated with the winter AO. It is proposed that in the Arctic Ocean regions, where snow and ice do not melt completely, the winter AO influence on SAT is likely to be evident at least until the next year's winter. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Raman spectroscopic study of lichen‐assisted weathering of sandstone outcrops in the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco
Authors: Edwards Howell G. M. , Holder Jacci M. , Seaward Mark R. D. , Robinson David A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe lichen Aspicilia caesiocinerea agg. colonizing Triassic sandstone rock outcrops between 1600 and 2800 m elevation in the High Atlas Mountains of Morocco has been observed to have some unusual growth strategies, including a probably unique undercutting of escarpments, which produce severe bioweathering of the substrata. Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy was applied to studies of lichen–substratal surface transects in order to identify key wavenumber spectral markers of the biogeological changes. The Raman data were combined with previously determined energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectral information on similar specimens to build up a picture of the survival strategy of the lichen in this seasonally arid environment, where temperature extremes on rock surfaces range between −20 and +60 °C and precipitation varies from rain and surface snow cover in winter to long periods of drought in summer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of resonantly selected Raman spectra of intermediates in organic pyrolysis reactions
Authors: Matsui Hiroshi , Kobko Nadya , Dannenberg J. J. , Jonas Seth H. , Viswanathan Raji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe usefulness of UV resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy in determining intermediate configurations in pyrolysis reactions was examined. We investigated the conformations of the nitrosoketene, E‐ and Z‐isomers, generated via the pyrolysis of isonitroso Meldrum's acid by their characteristic vibrational wavenumbers. In this system, UVRR with 355 nm excitation worked exceptionally well to enhance selectively the nitrosoketene peaks. The signal was virtually free from other intermediates interferences, which was a major problem in IR spectroscopy. While both E‐ and Z‐nitrosoketene were found as the intermediates of the isonitroso Meldrum's acid pyrolysis by UVRR, we consider that the observation of two isomers is due to their interconversions at 150 °C, based upon computational analysis. Therefore, spectroscopic information on a shorter time‐scale is necessary to determine the intermediate configuration in pyrolysis reactions. This method will still be useful for monitoring reactions at low temperatures, which may not involve significant interconversions of isomers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revealing the chromophoric composition of multichromophoric polypyridyl complexes of Re(I) and Os(II): a resonance Raman study
Authors: Flood Amar , Girling Reuben B. , Gordon Keith C. , Hester Ronald E. , Moore John N. , Polson Matthew I. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSeveral binuclear Re(I) and Re(I)Os(II) complexes with polypyridyl bridging ligands, 6,7‐dimethyl‐2,3‐di(2‐pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpqMe2) and [2,3‐a:3′,2′‐c]dipyrido‐6,7‐dimethylphenazine (ppbMe2), were synthesized and studied. The visible region of the electronic absorption spectrum is dominated by a single metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer band (ca 600 nm) and a dpqMe2‐ or ppbMe2‐based ligand‐centred band (ca 400 nm). The resonance Raman spectra of these complexes were recorded at several excitation wavelengths. Analysis of the resonance Raman spectra identified a number of strongly enhanced chromophore‐specific signatures with excitation wavelengths coincident with the main absorption bands, and weakly enhanced chromophore‐specific signatures at intermediate excitation wavelengths. Resonance Raman excitation profiles (RREPs) are presented for selected marker bands. Analysis of the chromophore‐specific signatures and the RREPs allowed a more complete assignment of the features in the electronic absorption spectra to be made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyphenoloxidase activity and total phenolic content as related to browning of minimally processed ‘Jonagored’ apple
Authors: Rocha Ada M C N , Morais Alcina M M B 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPhenolic content, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and browning have been reported by different authors to vary in different ways, depending on cultivar, picking maturity, storage conditions, etc. Numerous authors have attempted to correlate browning results with the phenolic content and/or enzymatic activity of apples, but data published in the literature are divergent as to which of the two factors, ie the enzyme or the substrate, plays the decisive role in the overall phenomenon of enzymatic browning. The aim of this work was to follow the PPO activity and phenolic content of minimally processed apple (cv ‘Jonagored’) during cold storage and to establish a potential relationship with enzymatic browning. Increasing storage time of minimally processed apple seemed to result in an increase in PPO activity. No changes (P > 0.05) in total phenolic content were observed during storage. Colour degradation of apple cubes, as indicated by changes in colour parameters, was found to be highly correlated with PPO activity. Browning of ‘Jonagored’ apple cubes during storage was found to be moderately correlated with PPO activity. No correlation was found between the browning index and the total phenolic content.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins on growth of Bifidobacterium bifidus in milk
Authors: Vijaya G V , Gireesh T , Bhat Gajanan S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins in milk using neutrase on the growth of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium bifidus was evaluated by estimation of microbial growth, acidity, viscosity and flavour production. A significant increase in the growth of B bifidus was observed in neutrase‐hydrolysed milk. The setting time of bifidus‐cultured milk was advanced by about 12 h at 5% degree of hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins prior to cultivation also significantly increased the viscosity of the product. An approximately 60% increase in viscosity of the product was observed in neutrase‐hydrolysed milk. Production of steam‐volatile monocarbonyls as an indication of development of flavour was also higher in neutrase‐hydrolysed milk. The concentration of steam‐volatile monocarbonyls was 2.47 µmol per 100 ml in neutrase‐hydrolysed milk but only 1.84 µmol per 100 ml in control milk at the setting point of the curd.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of glucose and glycine addition to cocoa mass before roasting on Maillard precursor consumption and pyrazine formation
Authors: de Brito Edy S , Narain Narendra , Pezoa García Nelson H , Valente Antonio L P , Pini Gláucia F 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCocoa mass was treated with glucose and/or glycine before roasting. For glucose‐treated samples the reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids were 41.1 and 56.9% respectively, whereas for glycine‐treated samples the respective reductions were 16.2 and 37.4%. The combination of glucose plus glycine treatment led to 39.0 and 48.9% reductions in reducing sugars and free amino acids respectively. For free amino acids the reductions in control and glucose‐treated samples were similar, 56.2 and 56.9% respectively, indicating that the added glucose did not significantly (P < 0.05) influence the free amino acid uptake. When glycine was added, the consumption of free amino acids (37.4%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments. When glucose and glycine were added, the reduction in free amino acids (48.9%) was lower than for the control and glucose treatments but higher than for the glycine treatment. Apparently, glycine addition inhibited the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption, whereas glucose addition enhanced the reducing sugar and free amino acid consumption. The glucose plus glycine treatment was similar to the glycine treatment in the contents of 2,5‐dimethyl‐ and trimethylpyrazines. For 2‐methylpyrazine the value for glucose‐treated samples was lower than for control and glycine‐treated samples but almost equal to the value for the glucose plus glycine treatment. It is concluded that the addition of glucose and/or glycine does not affect pyrazine production.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro fermentation of cereal dietary fibre carbohydrates by probiotic and intestinal bacteria
Authors: Crittenden Ross , Karppinen Sirpa , Ojanen Suvi , Tenkanen Maija , Fagerström Richard , Mättö Jaana , Saarela Maria , Mattila‐Sandholm Tiina , Poutanen Kaisa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA range of probiotic and other intestinal bacteria were examined for their ability to ferment the dietary fibre carbohydrates β‐glucan, xylan, xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOS) and arabinoxylan. β‐Glucan was fermented by Bacteroides spp and Clostridium beijerinckii but was not fermented by lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, enterococci or Escherichia coli. Unsubstituted xylan was not fermented by any of the probiotic bacteria examined. However, many Bifidobacterium species and Lactobacillus brevis were able to grow to high yields using XOS. XOS were also efficiently fermented by some Bacteroides isolates but not by E coli, enterococci, Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens or by the majority of intestinal Lactobacillus species examined. Bifidobacterium longum strains were able to grow well using arabinoxylan as the sole carbon source. These organisms hydrolysed and fermented the arabinosyl residues from arabinoxylan but did not substantially utilise the xylan backbone of the polysaccharide. Arabinoxylan was not fermented by lactobacilli, enterococci, E coli, C perfringens or C difficile and has potential to be an applicable carbohydrate to complement probiotic Bif longum strains in synbiotic combinations.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Genetic differentiation between the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell) and Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell) by PCR–SSCP analysis
Authors: Fernández Alicia , García Teresa , Asensio Luis , Rodríguez Miguel Ángel , González Isabel , Lobo Esther , Hernández Pablo E , Martín Rosario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGenetic differentiation of the clam species Ruditapes decussatus (grooved carpet shell) and Venerupis pullastra (pullet carpet shell) has been achieved based on polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) analysis. A short fragment (150 bp) of the α‐actin gene was amplified by PCR. Amplicons were denatured to obtain single‐stranded DNA, electrophoresed on a non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel and visualised by silver staining for detection of SSCPs. Species‐specific DNA band patterns were obtained for R decussatus and V pullastra, allowing clear differentiation of the two clam species.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry