bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion and Dynamic Representation in the American States: The Case of Environmental Attitudes*
Authors: Johnson Martin , Brace Paul , Arceneaux Kevin 
Published: February 2005

Objective. We investigate causal processes linking environmental conditions, attitudes, and policies in the American states: Is public opinion about ecology shaped by environmental conditions? Are state policymakers responsive to environmental opinions? Does public opinion respond to policy adoption?Methods. Using public opinion data from the DDB Worldwide Life Style Survey to measure aggregate state attitudes about the environment, as well as measures of water quality and policy intervention, we capture the dynamics of representation in the American states on the environment during the late 1980s and early 1990s.Results. Our findings support a thermostatic model of representation—state environmental opinions are influenced by environmental conditions and are responsive to policy outputs alongside improved environmental conditions.Conclusions. This model of the opinion‐policy linkage refines our understanding of representation and focuses us not just on the passage of public policy to address public desires, but the effectiveness of that policy as well.
A New Right? Moral Issues and Partisan Change in Canada*
Authors: Lusztig Michael , Wilson J. Matthew 
Published: February 2005

Objective. Beginning with the 1993 election, Canada's Progressive Conservative Party was replaced as the dominant force on the political right by the more ideological Reform Party/Canadian Alliance. This article examines what specific issues most centrally motivated this seismic shift among conservative Canadians.Method. Using data from the 1993, 1997, and 2000 Canadian Election Studies, we employ bivariate analyses and multinomial logit voting models to determine whether constitutional, economic, nativist, or moral issues most clearly differentiate PC supporters from R/A voters.Results. Regional concerns are important and other issues have sporadic impacts, but moral traditionalism is the most consistent and powerful factor distinguishing supporters of the new party from supporters of the old one.Conclusions. Although existing studies have focused primarily on other sources of R/A support, moral traditionalism is clearly a key factor in explaining the party's ascendancy. This phenomenon, we contend, is part of a larger trend toward postmaterial politics in Western democracies.
Strategic and Sincere Voting in a One‐Sided Election: The Canadian Federal Election of 1997*
Authors: Justice J. W. , Lanoue David J. 
Published: February 2005

Objective. We are interested in whether and how voters make strategic decisions in a race that is, according to the polls, expected to be very one sided. Looking specifically at the choices available to ideologically right‐of‐center voters in the 1997 Canadian federal election, we argue that strategic considerations will be filtered by voters' assessments of the competitiveness of the race both locally and nationally.Methods. We estimate logistic regression models measuring support for the two right‐of‐center Canadian political parties. Our models focus on the relationship between assessments of district‐ and national‐level party prospects on voting for the Progressive Conservative Party.Results. We find that voters who consider the race competitive emphasize district‐level data in their strategic calculations. However, those who consider the election to be all but over look more closely at national‐level concerns when deciding which right‐wing party to support.Conclusions. We conclude that earlier understandings of tactical voting should be updated to take into consideration the circumstances under which voters will use national‐level evaluations of relative party viability in casting their ballots.
Religious Values and Environmental Concern: Harmony and Detachment*
Authors: Biel Anders , Nilsson Andreas 
Published: February 2005

Objective. The thought that environmental concern is rooted in religious beliefs and values has been raised by many writers. Different claims have been made about whether the nature of this relationship is positive or negative, and empirical evidence is mixed. In line with research on attitudes and values, this study examines the hypothesis that unless religious values are mentally accessible, they will not affect judgments of environmental issues.Method. Two environmental issues, genetically modified crops and more traditional environmental issues, for example, air pollution from traffic, are chosen to represent accessibility and nonaccessibility, respectively. A two‐wave data set from a national survey is analyzed.Results. The findings support the suggestion that religious values will affect the judgment of environmental threats of the first, but not the second, issue.Conclusion. These findings suggest that situational cues partly determine which values embodied in religion will influence environmental attitudes.
Cortisol levels in umbilical vein and umbilical artery with or without antenatal corticosteroids
Authors: Manabe Masahiro , Nishida Tomoko , Imai Tadashi , Kusaka Takashi , Kawada Kou , Okada Hitoshi , Okubo Kensuke , Isobe Kenichi , Itoh Susumu 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: The developmental changes of the umbilical cortisol levels in neonates at gestational age of 23–41 weeks were studied and the effect of antenatal steroid administration on the umbilical cortisol levels were examined.
Methods
: Cortisol levels in the umbilical vein (UV) and the umbilical artery (UA) were studied in 35 neonates at the gestational age (GA) of 23–41 weeks with or without antenatal administration of corticosteroids. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured by the high performance liquid chromatography method.
Results
: The correlation between cortisol levels in UV and birthweight (BW) was weak and negative in premature infants. UV cortisol levels in the neonates with antenatal corticosteroid were lower than those in the neonates without antenatal corticosteroid, but the relation was not significant. The developmental changes of UV cortisol levels were the same as those in Murphy's study (spontaneous‐onset labor). The cortisol levels in UV and UA had a significantly positive correlation and both had almost equal concentrations. There were no correlations between cortisol levels in UV and placental weight, Apgar Score at 1 and 5 min.
Conclusions
: In the neonates whose birthweight was less than 2000 g without antenatal corticosteroid, there was a negative correlation between cortisol levels in UV and BW but there was no correlation between cortisol levels in UV and GA. That the neonates with antenatal corticosteroid would have a suppressed adrenocortical function after birth could not be proved.
Physical fitness in rural children compared with urban children in Turkey
Authors: Özdirenç Mehtap , Özcan Ayse , Akin Fatma , Gelecek Nihal 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: In a crowded modern world it is vital that the promotion of sport and exercise should be compatible with environmental and public health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors, lifestyle and leisure time activities on physical fitness in rural and urban children.
Methods
: A cross‐sectional observational study of 98 rural and 74 urban healthy children (aged 9–11 years) was conducted in Turkey. A questionnaire was used in collecting information about the children's physical activity habits and their school's facilities. The physical fitness of children was evaluated with EUROFIT test battery.
Results
: The rural children preferred to play football and volleyball while the urban children had a tendency to prefer indoor sports. The percent of urban children not involved in any sports activity was 35%, while this rate was 30.6% for rural children. It was also found that the urban children watched TV more than the rural children (13.4 ± 2.7 h/week, 10.9 ± 2.7 h/week, respectively). The results showed that body mass index and skinfolds thickness were higher in the urban children (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the hip–waist ratio or the hip and waist circumference between the two groups. In cardiopulmonary and motor fitness, no difference was found between the two groups. In contrast, flexibility and muscle endurance were significantly higher in the rural children.
Conclusion
: The children living in the urban areas were more inactive and obese, which resulted in a decrease in their flexibility and muscle endurance fitness.
Plasma carnitine levels in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Korkmaz Ayse , Tekinalp Gulsevin , Coskun Turgay , Yigit Sule , Yurdakok Murat 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: Antenatal carnitine administration has been shown to induce fetal lung maturity by increasing pulmonary surfactant in animal and human studies. In this study, the aim was to investigate the status of carnitine in maternal and neonatal plasma of preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the first hours of life.
Methods
: Maternal plasma carnitine levels were determined before delivery and neonatal plasma carnitine levels were determined within 2 h of birth in preterm infants (< 34 weeks gestational age) who developed RDS in the first 6 h of life and in the control group.
Results
: The mean neonatal plasma free carnitine level was significantly lower in preterm infants with RDS than in the control group (28.3 ± 8.8 µmol/L and 36.9 ± 18.4 µmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) while the mean maternal plasma‐free carnitine levels were similar in both groups.
Conclusions
: Low neonatal plasma carnitine levels in preterm infants with RDS may be due to decreased maternal–fetal transfer of carnitine or to increased consumption of carnitine in fetal lung tissue for surfactant synthesis. This could be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants.
Lower energy content of human milk than calculated using conversion factors
Authors: Hosoi Satoko , Honma Kazuhiro , Daimatsu Takaki , Kiyokawa Masaaki , Aikawa Tomoko , Watanabe Shaw 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
: Bodyweight gain of formula‐fed babies is usually higher than that of breast‐fed ones. The energy content of human milk is usually quantified not by direct measurement but by calculation based on The Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan. For this study, the energy of human milk was quantified in two ways, using a direct measurement and a calculation method.
Methods
: A total of 227 milk samples (192 colostrum, 21 transitional milk, and 14 mature milk) were collected from 114 healthy women. Energy of the whole milk was measured by ballistic bomb calorimetry. The content of protein, fat, and carbohydrate was determined by direct measurement methods. Energy of the milk was also calculated according to the indices in The Standard Tables.
Results
: The mean value for all milk samples of directly measured energy was significantly lower than that of the calculated energy (58.1 ± 8.1 vs. 64.5 ± 10.6 kcal/100 g, n = 227, P < 0.05). Similar results were observed in colostrum and transitional milk but not in mature milk. Measured energy in mature milk was significantly higher than that in colostrum (64.2 ± 3.6 vs. 57.1 ± 8.0 kcal/100 g, P < 0.05). Protein concentration in mature milk was significantly lower than that in colostrum (1.4 ± 0.4 vs. 2.2 ± 0.7 g/100 g, P < 0.05).
Conclusions
: The measured energy content of human milk was lower than the calculated energy based upon the Standard Tables, suggesting that formula milk contains excessive energy.
Changes in hepatitis C‐related liver disease in a large clinic population
Authors: Ostapowicz G. , Dallinger M. , Bell S. J. , Strasser S. I. , Watson K. J. R. , Slavin J. , Santamaria J. , Desmond P. V. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant problem in the Australian community. Over the past few years, the number of patients with diagnosed hepatitis C has increased greatly. The aims of the present study were to define the clinical features of a large group of patients with chronic HCV infection and to examine changes occurring in the referral base and epidemiological characteristics of this group since analysis of the first 342 patients in 1994. Methods: The study included 1546 consecutive anti‐HCV‐positive patients who had been referred to St Vincent's Hospital from January 1990 to June 1998. Clinical and laboratory data were collected on all patients. Results: Referrals from general practitioners increased from 31% to 70% of all patients between 1990–1993and 1994–1998. A history of injecting drug use (IDU) was present in 64% of the patients. While 89% of the IDU group was Australasian born, 49% of those in the sporadic group were born overseas. Cirrhosis was found in 18% of biopsied patients. Age, infection duration, age at infection, Mediterranean or Asian origin and a history of transfusion or lack of HCV risk factors were associated with cirrhosis on univariate analysis. Patient age was the only independent predictor of cirrhosis. Conclusion: The majority of patients with HCV are diagnosed in general practice. A risk factor for infection is identified in 82% of patients. While our reported prevalence of cirrhosis may be an overestimate of that in the overall HCV community, the ultimate disease burden is likely to be significant. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 90–96)
Prospective study of 424 cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: determination of factors affecting incidence and mortality
Authors: Hill P. C. , Birch M. , Chambers S. , Drinkovic D. , Ellis‐Pegler R. B. , Everts R. , Murdoch D. , Pottumarthy S. , Roberts S. A. , Swager C. , Taylor S. L. , Thomas M. G. , Wong C. G. , Morris A. J. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Background: Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) is a common complication of S. aureus infection and is associated with a high mortality. Aims: To document prospectively the pattern of ill‐ ness associated with SAB in New Zealand and, by recording patient demographic factors and clinical features, to identify risk factors associated with a poor outcome. Methods: From 1 July 1996 to 31 December 1997, adults with SAB were prospectively studied in six tertiary care hospitals. All information obtained from patients’ records was recorded on worksheets and transferred to a computerized spreadsheet for analysis. Results: There were 424 patients with SAB. Maori (relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3–2.6) and Pacific Island people (RR = 4.0, 95% CI = 3.1–5.3) were significantly more likely than people of European descent to acquire SAB, but not to die from the infection. Fifty per cent of cases were community acquired. A source was identified for 85%: intravenous catheter (31%), primarily hospital acquired, and skin/soft tissue (22%), primarily community acquired, were the most common foci. The 30‐day mortality was 19%, 83% of whom died within 2 weeks. Risk factors for a poor outcome were: increasing age above 60, female sex (RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.0–2.1), diabetes mellitus (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4), immunosuppression (RR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.0–2.4), pre‐existing renal impairment (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.2–2.7), malignancy (RR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.4–3.5), lung as a source (RR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.9–4.2) and unknown source (RR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.5–3.3). Mortality was also accurately predicted by two multifactor scoring systems. There was a low rate of methicillin resistance (5%). Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is more likely to occur in certain ethnic groups, while mortality is associated with other identifiable risk factors and continues to be high. Intravenous catheters remain the most common and most preventable cause of SAB. (Intern Med J 2001; 31: 97–103)
Eco‐friendly methodologies for the synthesis of some aromatic esters, well‐known cosmetic ingredients
Authors: Villa C. , Baldassari S. , Gambaro R. , Mariani E. , Loupy A. 
Published: February 2005

SynopsisSolid–liquid solvent‐free phase transfer catalysis (PTC) and acidic catalysis in dry media were applied, with noticeable improvement and simplification over classical procedures in a Green Chemistry context, to the synthesis of some aromatic esters useful as cosmetic ingredients: 3‐methylbutyl 4‐methoxycinnamate, 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐methoxycinnamate, 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐(dimethylamino)benzoate and 2‐ethylhexyl salicylate, well‐known ultraviolet B sunscreen filters; 4‐isopropylbenzyl salicylate, UV absorber and cutaneous antilipoperoxidant; propyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate and butyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate (parabens), antimicrobial agents. The reactions were performed under microwave (MW) activation and conventional heating. The best results for the synthesis of cinnamic, salicylic and 4‐(dimethylamino)benzoic esters were achieved by in situ preformed carboxylates alkylation with alkyl bromides using PTC. The 4‐hydroxybenzoates were obtained in good yields by classical esterification of the acid with alcohols using a simple heterogeneous mixture of reagents with catalytic amounts of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA). The comparisons of yields and thermal profiles under either MW or conventional heating were studied and reported.
SENSITIVITY OF INVESTOR REACTION TO MARKET DIRECTION AND VOLATILITY: DIVIDEND CHANGE ANNOUNCEMENTS
Authors: Docking Diane Scott , Koch Paul D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe examine whether investor reactions are sensitive to the recent direction or volatility of underlying market movements. We find that dividend change announcements elicit a greater change in stock price when the nature of the news (good or bad) goes against the grain of the recent market direction during volatile times. For example, announcements to lower dividends elicit a significantly greater decrease in stock price when market returns have been up and more volatile. Similarly, announcements to raise dividends tends to elicit a greater increase in stock price when market returns have been normal or down and more volatile, although this latter tendency lacks statistical significance. We suggest an explanation for these results that combines the implications of a dynamic rational expectations equilibrium model with behavioral considerations that link the responsiveness of investors to market direction and volatility.
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTING AND PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION
Authors: Bello Zakri Y. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractI use a sample of socially responsible stock mutual funds matched to randomly selected conventional funds of similar net assets to investigate differences in characteristics of assets held, portfolio diversification, and variable effects of diversification on investment performance. I find that socially responsible funds do not differ significantly from conventional funds in terms of any of these attributes. Moreover, the effect of diversification on investment performance is not different between the two groups. Both groups underperform the Domini 400 Social Index and S&P 500 during the study period.
END‐OF‐DAY PRICING IN THE U.S. TREASURY MARKET: A COMPARISON OF GovPX AND THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK
Authors: Jordan Susan D. , Kuipers David R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe compare end‐of‐day indicative U.S. Treasury prices from GovPX and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (FRBNY). We find that the two sources rarely quote identical prices, and differences are not simply due to noise or rounding. The average bid price differential is 2 cents for notes and bonds, but it is only 1/10 of 1 cent for bills. Bid‐ask spreads in both sources appear to be largely artificial and contain limited information. Finally, we find that the end‐of‐day indicative FRBNY bid prices are closer to true intraday GovPX market quotes than end‐of‐day indicative quotes provided by GovPX itself.
Severe temporomandibular dysfunction and joint destruction after intra‐articular injection of triamcinolone
Authors: Schindler C. , Paessler L. , Eckelt U. , Kirch W. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Steroid injections into joints are frequently used to control symptomatic pain. Risks associated with intra‐articular steroid injections are not well documented.Methods:  We report the case of a 29‐year‐old woman who was referred to a dental surgeon because of a suspected relationship between persisting chronic back pain and an arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).Results: The dental surgeon diagnosed capsulitis of the right TMJ and injected 40 mg triamcinolone into the joint. Within 4 months the patient developed progressive pain and trismus of the right TMJ and the intra‐articular injection was repeated. An occlusal splint slightly improved the patients’ symptoms but induced crepitus. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a disk dislocation in the right TMJ and severe necrosis of the condyle. The patient had persisting pain and ankylosis. Surgical restoration of the TMJ revealed a bony apposition in the fossa deformed with the socket of the joint, extensive medial erosion of the condyle and complete destruction of the disk.Conclusion:  This case report supports earlier observations that intra‐articular glucocorticoid injections, if used in a wrong way, may cause severe destruction of a joint.
Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vascular endothelial growth factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma: its correlation with angiogenesis and disease progression
Authors: Shang Zheng Jun , Li Jin Rong 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Angiogenesis is a crucial step in the successful growth, invasion, and metastasis of a tumor. It has been popularly accepted that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the most potent angiogenic factor in tumor angiogenesis. As another possible star molecule responsible for tumor angiogenesis, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in tumor biology has gained much attention in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and VEGF in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is associated with angiogenesis. The present study also made a preliminary exploration of the possible cross‐talking existing between eNOS and VEGF during tumor angiogenesis.Methods:  In this study, expression of eNOS and VEGF were studied immunohistochemically in tissue sections from 40 patients with OSCC and 20 normal controls. To exclude eNOS antibody cross‐reactivity with inducible or neuronal nitric oxide (iNOS or nNOS), eNOS expression was confirmed by using an eNOS mRNA in situ hybridization kit. The intratumoral microvessels were highlighted by immunostaining with anti‐factor VIII‐related antigen monoclonal antibody and counted as well‐established methods. Then, chi‐square test or Student's t‐test was performed to study the correlations between the expression of eNOS and VEGF, microvessel density (MVD), and various clinicopathologic factors.Results:  Both eNOS and VEGF expression significantly increased in OSCC tissues, with a positive rate of 47.5% and 50%, respectively. The average MVD in OSCC tissues was 23.45 per high‐power field (HPF), showing an obvious association with lymph node metastasis and clinical stages of patients with OSCC. Either eNOS or VEGF positivity was correlated with vessel involvement and OSCC progression. The mean MVD was significantly higher in eNOS‐ or VEGF‐positive tumors than in eNOS‐ or VEGF‐negative tumors. An obvious, correlation was also seen between eNOS and VEGF expression in OSCC tissues in this study.Conclusions:  Overexpression of eNOS and VEGF might make an important contribution to the tumor angiogenesis in OSCC. NO generation by eNOS might be implicated in the VEGF‐associated angiogenic process. Further investigation of the possible cross‐talking between eNOS and VEGF with respect to tumor angiogenesis is necessary.