bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planter Republicanism versus Junker Monarchism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Analogies Between plantations and knight’s estates as commercial enterprises and political communities, these estates and their proprietors functioned within very different geographic, demographic, political, and racial milieus. Although the plantation and Rittergut were both hierarchical and authoritarian institutions, Southern society as a whole was less hierarchical and more fluid, less authoritarian and more democratic, than was East Elbian society. This chapter will explore these differences and their historical evolution in such a way as to illuminate the crucial distinction between the mid-nineteenth-century planter and Junker elites: the former’s libertarian but racist republicanism versus the latter’s militarist and corporatist monarchism. (A synonym for corporatist is estatist, or standisch; and a good definition of an estate, or Stand, is “a legally defined segment of the population in a society which has distinctive rights and duties established by law."1) Wecan highlight this critical disjuncture between the South and East Elbia by juxtaposing some comments from a pair of prominent mid-century politicians, Ernst Gottfried Georg von Biilow-Cummerow (1775-1851) of Pomerania and Jefferson Finis Davis ( 1809-89) of Mississippi.
Study of Genetic Factors in Disease
Authors: Khoury Muin J , Beaty Terri H , Cohen Bernice H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines epidemiologic concepts and approaches to assessing the role of genetic factors in disease using population studies. The outcomes of interest are not only disease and disease precursors but normal variants of physiologic attributes, such as eye color and facial features. A brief overview of the biologic basis for the role of genetic factors in health and disease is given in section 5.2. Then, clues to the importance of genetic factors in disease that can be obtained from epidemiologic studies of disease occurrence are reviewed in section 5.3. Section 5.4 addresses epidemiologic approaches to evaluating the importance of genetic factors in the absence of defined genetic mechanisms. We focus on three general types of investigations: migrant, admixture, and inbreeding studies. In section 5.5, epidemiologic approaches to studying the role of measured genes in disease occurrence are discussed, including different study designs and analytic issues, as well as interpretations and limitations of these studies.
The Scholastic Frontier in Western Massachusetts
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Following Essay is a True Spin-Off from The Invasion Within. In 1985 The Massachusetts Review invited me to con tribute an article to a special double issue they were planning on New England. Their nominee was “Dr. Wheelock and the Iroquois,” an iconoclastic look at the fashionable myth that Dartmouth was founded as an “Indian college,” which I had given at the Iroquois Conference in 1977 and at Dartmouth in 1978. But it had already appeared in The European and the Indian and in a festschrift for William Fenton, “Mr. Iroquois,” and was about to reappear in a somewhat new guise in a chapter on English schools for Indians in The Invasion Within.
The Power of Print in the Eastern Woodlands
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the French Jesuits’ Keys to Evangelical success was their early appreciation that the natives, members of an oral culture, were extremely impressed by printed books and the Europeans’ ability to read and write. They quickly turned this phenomenon to their advantage by awing the Indians with their “shamanic” powers to “read minds at a distance.” Since natives all over the eastern woodlands were initially impressed by literacy, books, and writing, I wondered why the English missionaries had not been able to capitalize on the natives’ astonishment to the same degree. “The Power of Print” was the result.
The French material had been discussed in The Invasion Within in the context of Jesuit methods of conversion, but the English and Indian data were largely new.
The FBI Dissemination Program
Authors: Diamond Sigmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Did The Fbi get its list of subversives to be investigated in its in- quest of 1953? What it knew and what it did with what it knew required the use of informers and the co-optation of private persons like university presidents and other educational officials. The FBI, the educational administrators, and the political leaders who were often their go-betweens never made public what they were doing. Secrecy made deceit possible. So far as the university administrators were concerned, the deceit characteristically took the form of denying that they made inquiries into the political beliefs and activities of teachers when, in fact, they bartered what they knew to the FBI in exchange for what the FBI knew. So far as the political go-betweens were concerned, it took the form of silence, scrupulously protecting the educators and the FBI.
The Big Bands
Authors: Royal Stokes W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Big Band Era has traditionally been assigned to the years 1935 to 1945, although some jazz historians prefer a less precise bracketing and refer to the period as running from the midl 930s to the midl 940s. We do not quarrel with the dates as representing the decade or so during which the big bands, the music they produced, and the vocalists and instrumentalists they featured constituted the popular musical form of the time. But we hasten to point out that large musical units employing jazz expression had been around for some years. The genesis of such units can be dated to the early years of the century when brass bands, most including some reed instruments, flourished.
Spike Hughes: Impressions of Ellington in New York (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has recently been on my mind that America does not honestly know or appreciate the real treasure she possesses in Duke Ellington. It must be the old, old story of the prophet being without honour in his own country when Duke is billed as “The King of Symphonic Jazz” (Whiteman is now “The Dean”!)-oh, the vulgarity of Broadway advertising!
Spike Hughes: “Meet the Duke!” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following article appeared in London’s Daily Herald on the eve of Ellington’s arrival in England. In it, Spike Hughes asserted that while Americans viewed Ellington as “just the successful leader of a successful band,” Europeans had discovered him as “the first genuine composer of Jazz.” Earlier selections in this volume by R. D. Darrell, Abbe Niles, and Janet Mabie counter that claim. Yet Hughes’s effort to sepa rate Ellington’s importance as a composer from his popularity as a performer-as though the two were mutually exclusive-underlines a recurring theme in Ellington criticism.
Ellington: “My Hunt for Song Titles” (1933)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequel to Ellington’s 1931 article in the British periodical Rhythm (see 9) appeared in August 1933, shortly after his trip to England. Ellington once again used the opportunity to explain his music and artistic goals to a foreign audience. But this time he did so by showing how the titles of his pieces reflected aspects of the black-American experience, especially “the life of Harlem.”
Constant Lambert on Ellington (1934)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An artist like Louis Armstrong, who is one of the most remarkable virtuosi of the present day, enthralls us at a first hearing, but after a few records one realizes that all his improvisations are based on the same restricted circle of ideas, and in the end there is no music which more quickly provokes a state of exasperation and ennui. The best records of Duke Ellington, on the other hand, can be listened to again and again because they are not just decorations of a familiar shape but a new arrangement of shapes. Ellington, in fact, is a real composer, the first jazz composer of distinction, and the first Negro com poser of distinction. His works-apart from a few minor details-are not left to the caprice or ear of the instrumentalist; they are scored and written out, and though, in the course of time, variants may creep in-Ellington’s works.
R. D. Darrell: Ellington in an Encyclopedia (1936)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While recorded jazz, dance and popular music does not fall within the scope of this Encyclopedia, the compiler would be stupid indeed arbitrarily to rule out a considerable number of works of this type which soar far above the levels set by the ordinary machine-products of Tin Pan Alley, and which reveal incomparable powers of rhapsodic melodic invention and an instinct for tonal nuances and orchestral ingenuities equal to the most brilliant flights of Rim sky-Korsakov’s or Richard Strauss’ imagination. This would be ineptly named “Encyclopedia of the World’s Best Recorded Music” if it included many a work of very minor genius, merely because it happened to be signed by the name of some celebrated “serious” composer, and dogmatically ruled out works of superb fantasy and exuberant vitality because they happened to be cast in the smaller and highly limited forms of modern dance music.
Carnegie Revisited (1943/1944)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among major offerings on Mr. Ellington’s program were his “Perfume Suite” and selections from his well-known “Black, Brown and Beige.” In the former, there is an ingratiating little piece called “Dancers in Love” which gives Mr. Ellington a chance to display his pianistic talents, as well as a startling trumpet solo in the final section, “Coloratura,” played by William [“Cat”] Anderson. Space does not permit mention of all the vocal and instrumental soloists. Suffice it to say, they acquitted themselves with honor, to the obvious enjoyment of the capacity audience.
Ellington: “Reminiscing in Tempo” (1964)
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Llington’s sober and restrained tone in the following Down Beat article-which has nothing to do with the 1935 piece of the same title-may have resulted from his editor’s request for a “philosophical utterance.” Gone are the whimsical flights that characterize so many of Ellington’s journalistic statements. Instead he offers a straightforward assessment of the music business over the years, reflecting on changes in the jazz press, the role of the media in disseminating jazz, and the profession of the big band musician.
Mexicanas
Authors: Anderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning Around 1910 Mexican migration into the United States increased substantially as many people fled the violence and social dislocation of the Mexican Revolution and others sought improved economic opportunities in the American economy. Once they arrived in the U.S., Mexican women and men alike faced discrimination, prejudice, poverty, and insecurity as they confronted a hostile Anglo world and an exploitative market economy. Mexican women, however, found that the processes of migration, settlement, and cultural adaptation affected them in unique ways as a consequence of their complicated position as working-class, minority women within the dominant Anglo culture and their problematical gender status within their own and the larger culture.
Their situation was further complicated by the fact that their migration coincided with a period of dramatic change in the United States. The rise of a consumer economy, the imperatives of war and depression, and the dynamics of gender politics altered women’s lives in complex ways. Women’s political rights and roles were expanding, their labor force rates increasing, and their family roles shifting.
The Hedgehog and the Foxes
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many readers the title of this essay may seem whimsical if not obscure. “Lincoln a hedgehog?!” remarked the baffled president of the Abraham Lincoln Association when he first heard the proposed title. Lincoln himself might have appreciated the analogy-given his penchant for animal metaphors and his fondness for Aesop’s Fables. This particular analogy might at first glance appear to be unflattering, though: the Encyclopedia Britannica says of the hedgehog that “the brain is remarkable for its low development.
Wives: Partnership and Patriarchy
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wives who were living in households headed by their husbands occupied the most powerful, socially desirable position open to aristocratic women in Yorkist and early Tudor England, with the exception of the tiny number who combined marriage with appointments at court. Wifehood constituted a career that incorporated reproductive, managerial, political, and social functions essential to the survival and prosperity of their husbands’ patrilineages. With few exceptions, wives devoted their energy and attention to their marital families and the households in which they resided from the time they married. But these responsibilities required them to look beyond their residences and to maintain ties with their natal kin, more distant marital relatives, and friends at court since they needed these networks to advance their husbands’ and sons’ careers and arrange their daughters’ marriages. Wives also remained important to their families of birth by serving as intermediaries for them with their husbands and in-laws. Wives who carried out these duties successfully were rewarded materially for their accomplishments and earned the love and respect of their husbands and the admiration of their wider circle of family and friends.
Motherhood: Bearing and Promoting the Next Generation
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motherwood was a crucial dimension of aristocratic women’s careers as wives. Their success in bearing children, particularly sons, ensured the survival of their husbands’ lineages and constituted a crucial service to their spouses and in-laws. Although they could never become full members of their husbands’ patrilineages, their children represented their marital families’ future. Their position as the mothers of the next generation strengthened their relationships with their spouses and increased their leverage with their husbands’ close kin. On the practical side, becoming mothers added substantially to the responsibilities they had already assumed as wives. In addition to the physical labor of reproduction, they supervised their children’s educations and care and cooperated with their husbands to settle them in appropriate careers and marriages. Performing these tasks increased their influence over the use of their husbands’ incomes and enhanced their power and authority in their households.
Widows: Women of Property and Custodians of Their Families’ Futures
Authors: Harris Barbara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Widowwood was the culmination of aristocratic women’s careers as wives and mothers. Like wifehood and motherhood, it was a stage in most of their lives: 70 percent of 751 male testators who married at least once had surviving wives. Freed from the disabilities of coverture, widows continued to perform tasks they had first assumed as wives and mothers, but with a new degree of independence and authority. Where they had functioned as junior partners during their marriages, they now acted on their own. If they were heiresses, they controlled their inheritances and the income it yielded for the first time. They were the only aristocratic women who headed their own households. In addition, most widows assumed new responsibilities as executors of their husbands’ wills and guardians of their minor and unmarried children.
Continuity and Discontinuity
Authors: Grossmann Atina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Socialist triumph in 1933 ended the hopeful and problematical experiment that had been Weimar sex reform. The National Socialists de stroyed sex reform leagues, closed birth control clinics, and arrested and forced the emigration of many movement doctors and activists. At the same time they expropriated many of the movement’s social health and public hygiene goals in the name of Volksgesundheit, placing them in the service of an ultimately genocidal racial hygiene program.
No Zero Hour
Authors: Grossmann Atina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book ends with a discussion curiously similar to the one with which it began: German efforts to cope with defeat and postwar reconstruction and its perceived effects on women, family, and social health. Once again, the politics of reproduction and sexuality, and especially questions around abortion, birth control, and marriage and sex counseling, took center stage as a new welfare state (in this case, two new welfare states) was organized. But after 12 years of National Socialism, the repression of sex reform in the Soviet Union, and the exile of many of the most committed exponents of sex reform, the terms of debate had shifted.
Better Red
Authors: Coiner Constance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Better Red is an interdisciplinary study addressing the complicated intersection of American feminism and the political left as refracted in Tillie Olsen's and Meridel Le Sueur's lives and literary texts. The first book-length study to explore these feminist writers' ties to the American Communist Party, it contributes to a reenvisioning of 1930s U.S. Communism as well as to efforts to promote working-class writing as a legitimate category of literary analysis. At once loyal members of the male-dominated Communist party and emerging feminists, Olsen and Le Sueur exhibit in their writing tendencies both toward and away from Party tenets and attitudes--at points subverting formalist as well as orthodox Marxist literary categories. By producing working-class discourse, Olsen and Le Sueur challenge the bourgeois assumptions--often masked as classless and universal--of much canonical literature; and by creating working-class women's writing, they problematize the patriarchal nature of the Left and the masculinist assumptions of much proletarian literature, anticipating the concerns of "second wave" feminists a generation later.
Arms Control: The Dilemma of Patriotic Pacifism
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Rescript of 24 August 1898, Tsar Nicholas II asserted that “a possible reduc tion of the excessive armaments which weigh upon all nations” was “an ideal towards which the endeavors of all governments should be directed.” Using the household language of pacifism, the tsar’s call to the powers for a conference that emphasized arms reduction admitted that the constant spiral of arms expenditure never bought security. Instead,
the intellectual and physical strength of the nations, labor and capital, are for the major part diverted from their natural application, and unproductively consumed. Hundreds of millions are devoted to ... terrible engines of destruction, which, though to-day regarded as the last word of science, are destined to-morrow to lose all value.... The economic crises, due ... to the system of armaments d l’outrance are transforming the armed peace of our days into a crushing burden, which the peoples have more and more difficulty in bearing. It appears evident, then, that if this state of things were prolonged, it would inevitably lead to the very cataclysm which it is desired to avert.
War: The Anatomy of an Anachronism
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the war broke out in 1914, no Continental peace activist was taken by sur prise. Never had the international pacifist community deluded itself. A year later in his Swiss exile, Alfred H. Fried wrote:
Pacifism, which public opinion … has declared a failure has in reality been fully justified by the war. Because we saw that war was bound to result from this condition of national isolation, we worked, warned and sought to develop the forces of organization as a preventative. We had no illusions; we were engaged in the struggle against a catastrophe which we clearly foresaw We never doubted that the
Pacifists and legal internationalists had denounced war as a lingering anachronism that threatened civilization; they never claimed that a specific war would never occur. They had characterized war among civilized nations as a flagrant contradiction of real international cultural and economic ties; they never claimed that rational forces controlled national policy decisions.
Pacifism and Contemporary Crises
Authors: Cooper Sandi E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the rival alliance system that defined the formal structure of European international life unceremoniously buried the remnant congress system. The collective security of the post-Napoleonic era, shaped at Vienna, was replaced by the classic balance of power following the Franco-Prussian War and the Treaty of Frankfurt. After 1892, the Dual Alliance composed of the French Republic and tsarist Russia faced the Triple Alliance of Hohenzollern Germany, the Hapsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the conservative constitutional monarchy in Italy led by the House of Savoy. British participation in the first was formalized in 1904 and 1907. Political leaders from both sides along with “realist” scholars and publicists routinely stated that the purposes of the agreements were purely defensive: to preserve peace through strength, deter aggression, and insure national security.
Harmony and Antagonism: Workers, Managers, and the Social Relations of Production
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles and Sarah Metcalf traveled to Lowell, Massachusetts, in the spring of 1841. Soon after their arrival, Charles wrote to their parents in Winthrop, Maine, about their prospects for working and living in the “city of spindles.” He also advised them about sending another sibling, Mary, in search of employment.
Solidarity and Fragmentation: Workers’ Social Dynamics on the Shop Floor
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relationships between workers, as well as between labor and management, were the foundation of social dynamics in the industrial order. These relationships were shaped by a variety of factors: occupation, experience, skill, age, gender, and ethnicity all affected how operatives worked with one another on the factory floor. Even the most seemingly homogeneous labor force was usually divided into a wide variety of specialized jobs. And every factory work force was filled with cross-currents of mutuality, deference, tension, friendship, self-interest, and other emotions which coursed through individual operatives.
To the Streets and the Halls: Workers, Protest, and Organizing
Authors: Zonderman David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working-class protest in the mechanized factories of antebellum New England took a variety of forms —from verbal and written criticisms of factories, to defiance of company regulations, to work stoppages, to the formation of labor organizations. Sometimes the expression of workers’ discontent was spontaneous and not intended to be a conscious critique of industrial labor. In other instances, simple statements and acts resonated with a deeper feeling of opposition to the factory system.