bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auschwitz: New Perspectives on the Final Solution
Authors: Marrus Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auschwitz does not lend itself easily to a historical perspective.1 For most, the camp will forever be what it became: the largest and most important of the Nazi concentration camps, the most destructive and sophisticated killing machine ever developed, the place where the greatest number of Jews-close to one million-were killed during the Holocaust, and as a result, the largest cemetery in the world. No one intended this at the beginning, however, and for much of its history Auschwitz was, in Raul Hilberg’s striking phrase, “a site in search of a mission.”2 And because it took time for Auschwitz to become what it became, its history is complex, and there are different missions to explain. Looking back, our preoccupation with the camp’s ultimate significance interferes with our understanding of how the Auschwitz we know actually came to be. What I would like to do in this brief essay is to survey this history. Doing so, I think, is an aid to understanding what troubles people especially about the Nazi Holocaust-how people could do such things to other human beings.
The Italian Racial Laws, 1938-1943: A Reevaluation
Authors: Zuccotti Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theme of continuity or contingency, when applied to the racial laws in Fascist Italy between 1938 and 1943, gives rise to conflicting interpretations regarding both origins and impact. Did the laws in this most Catholic of states involve a continuity with the past-with religious antisemitism and comprehensive restrictions that lasted in most of the Italian states until 1860 and in papal Rome until 1870? Or were they a contingency, a temporary aberration, an alien concept in liberal Italy imposed by the powerful new German ally or, at the very least, by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, eager to please that ally? Concerning impact, did the racial laws in tum initiate a new continuity, easing the transition between Mussolini’s independent Italy and the deportations and murders of Jews following the German occupation in September 1943? Or was there no meaningful connection between pre and post occupation Italy? Did most Italians regard the fierce Nazi persecution of Italian Jews, aided and abetted by Fascists still loyal to the puppet Republic of Salo, as yet another new and alien contingency?
Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews During the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors
Authors: Himka John-Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of Ukrainian collaboration in the Nazi-directed genocide of the European Jews is a minefield. Over the past decade it has several times erupted into public controversy (notably over the Deschenes Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals in Canada, the trial of John Demjanjuk in Israel and the television broadcast “The Ugly Face of Freedom” [60 Minutes] in the United States). The rhetoric on both the Ukrainian and Jewish sides of these controversies can reach an uncomfortably high pitch. Even the scholarly literature on the subject is sharply polarized. The issue is not only sensitive, but devilishly complex. Moreover, it is an issue with insufficient monographic research behind it; it is only apprehendable from the sources, which are multilingual, widely scattered and frustratingly contradictory. Given the context in which it is written, this chapter is necessarily exploratory and its conclusions tentative. It is offered, within these limitations, as a case study of the problem of continuity versus contingency in the perpetration of the genocide against the Jews; that is, as an attempt to sort out the long-term from the short-term factors inducing Ukrainians to collaborate in the extermination of the Jewish population, by examining the time frame in which the circumstances and attitudes facilitating collaboration were formed.
Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Toward the Jews During the Second World War
Authors: Polonsky Antony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the eve of the Second World War, Poland contained the largest Jewish community in Europe, with a population of nearly three and a half million individuals. It was a Jewry with a long and distinguished history. By the middle of the eighteenth century, a Jewish community of some 750,000 people-representing at least one third of the total Jewish population worldwide-had established itself on the lands that made up the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. This community had prospered as a result of a marriage of convenience with the Polish nobility, which dominated pre-partition Poland and which enabled the Jews to flourish both economically and spiritually in spite of outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence such as those that accompanied the crisis of the Polish state in the middle of the seventeenth century. Jews were allowed to participate in a wide range of trades, crafts and skills, and they very frequently managed the estates of the nobility. They were the indispensable craftsmen of the rural economy in the villages and towns (shtetlekh)-the carpenters, cobblers, blacksmiths, tailors, tarmakers, and wheelwrights-occupying, as a group, a position that was unique in Europe. A rich Jewish religious and intellectual life had also developed. The yeshivot of Poland became the models for talmudic study for the rest of Europe and Polish masters of halakhah became a dominant influence in Jewish life.
Role Performance in an Interpreted Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the previous chapter it is clear that an interpreter’s role is more than that of passing messages back and forth; it is also a role that manages the communication process of exchanging those messages. In this chapter, I begin with a discussion of how the role has been and, in many ways, still is conceived. To investigate further the performance of that role and its implications for norms in interpreting, I analyze four examples of interpreter performance.
Legislative Lament
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Politicians weren’t far behind the press in hot pursuit of Ebonics. Although spokespersons from the U.S. Department of Education fired some early warning shots across the Ebonics bow, categorically rejecting any suggestion that African Americans speak a foreign language, Secretary Richard Riley was the first national figure to officially reject assertions that Ebonics is anything other than an English dialect. On December 24, 1996, only six days after the Oakland school board passed its controversial resolution, Secretary Riley exclaimed, “The Administration’s policy is that Ebonics is a nonstandard form of English and not a foreign language” (New York Times, Dec. 24, 1996, p. A22).
Legal Implications
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the height of the Ebonics controversy few Americans were able to dispassionately step back and realize that Oakland was trapped between conflicting state and federal regulations. California’s SEP program acknowledged the fact that many African American students could be considered language-minority students, whereas corresponding federal statutes excluded African Americans from comparable language-minority classification. The technical, indeed legal, discrepancy lies between the essential distinction between standard English proficiency (which was Oakland’s goal) and English proficiency (as specified in federal statutes). Although one would presume that all native English speakers acquire English proficiency, many native English speakers never acquire standard English proficiency.
Disparate Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our survey of theory in these fields begins with some alternative Afrocentric interpretations of Ebonics, beyond those previously described. Speech pathologists, educators, and linguists who specialize in African American language gradually became aware of Ebonics through contact with Afrocentric scholarship. Because there is no unequivocal definition of Ebonics, its transformation from an international construct into one pertaining to domestic usage in the United States went virtually unnoticed . The Ebonics movement took place exclusively among African Americans; white scholars were not part of the enterprise.
Beyond Ebonics
Authors: Baugh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although my parents did their best to teach me the difference between proper and improper English, they never did so in terms of “black English versus white English” or “broken English versus correct English.” Such racial or judgmental classifications were nevertheless common among my peers, regardless of racial background. Those early childhood experiences run counter to my professional predilection toward linguistic equality among the world’s languages and dialects. Humanity has often defied theoretical idealism, and scholars from various backgrounds have repeatedly demonstrated that social divisions come to be reorganized, reinvented, and maintained through a host of interrelated criteria.
Do Japanese Business Practices Travel Well? Managerial Technology Transfer to Thailand
Authors: Sedgwick Mitchell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know from the many thorough studies of domestic Japanese firms that Japanese corporate “know-how” is more than technological innovation riding on financial clout.1 Japanese corporations’ organizational forms and managerial practices have been shown to be particular, powerful, and profitable. Expansion off shore, however, has naturally required substantial organizational and managerial modifications at Japanese firms as they move beyond their familiar-and apparently extremely consequential-domestic economic, political, and social environment. Host countries have gained important economic stimulus as a result of Japanese investment, but questions have arisen concerning the accomplishments of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) in implanting their powerful management technologies abroad. This issue may be even more relevant in Asia than in Europe or North America since in Asia the impact of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) on both national economies and the structure of industrialization has been far more pronounced.
Is Japan Hollowing Out?
Authors: Ishiyama Yoshihide 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan has recently gone through waves of yen appreciation. As annual averages, the yen-dollar rate was 145 in 1990, 135 in 1991, 127 in 1992, 111 in 1993, and 102 in 1994. The rate went up further to 94 in 1995. Rapid yen appreciation is, naturally, causing radical changes in the Japanese economy on many fronts, including the deepening of the recession. The immediate impact of a higher yen is reduction in export revenues in yen terms, and manufacturing corporations suffer. In a higher yen environment, nonmanufacturing corporations should be in creasing profits because many of them depend on imports and sell their services on the domestic market. However, profit increases in the nonmanufacturing sec tor usually do not spread well to the rest of the economy in the form of lower sales prices or larger investment, because the competitive pressure in the nonmanufacturing sector is insufficient. By contrast, the manufacturing sector exerts a more powerful influence on the rest of the economy, both when it contracts and when it expands.
Celebrity Comes of Age
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 181Os, the printer’s art still entailed inking the era’s hand-operated presses with lye-soaked sheepskin balls “knocked up” with wool, a tedious and unpleasant task that left an indelible impression on many a shop apprentice. It most certainly did with Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806-67), though not perhaps in the usual manner.
American Pelham
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as the process of excommunication proceeded apace, Park Street’s errant son had been exploring the practicality of realizing his most fervent ambition: to experience Europe’s romance firsthand. “You can’t imagine what a mystery there is to me in every thing which I have not positively handled,” the twenty-two-year-old N. P. Willis admitted late in September 1828. “It is all beautiful, and man as I am & ought to be, I cannot get over the delusion.
The Coming Aristocracy
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon returning to his native land in the late spring of 1836, America’s newly married penciller by the way had inevitably faced the question of what to make of his situation. At first, he was inclined to retire from public notice altogether. “London is not so d--d bad,” the world-weary traveler had confessed to a close friend shortly before leaving for the States, “cependant, I am disgusted with authorship & being now passing rich on forty pounds a year-more or less-I mean to hang up my fiddle and pass round the hat.” Notwithstanding his smooth accommodation to the requisites of the new literary professionalism, this inclination to quit authorial labors for an older ideal of gentlemanly independence ran deep. Whenever his professional duties would let him, Willis was off to enjoy the quiet charms of Glenmary, his beloved “cottage insoucieuse’ on the upper Susquehanna River. (It was this comfortable rural existence that the author evoked in his popular “Letters from under a Bridge” series.) For half a decade, he also chased an elusive diplomatic appointment, hoping to trade his magazinist’s drudgery for a secretary’s easy yoke. Yet when high living and financial reverses forced Glenmary’s sale in 1842 and every diplomatic scheme miscarried, penciller Willis was obliged to concede what more than a decade of experience suggested: his surest prospects lay with the vibrant market for popular letters. He must be a literary man, or no man at all.
Echoes
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Boston was suitably somber that day. Death had come at last, after protracted suffering. Now, in the gray January noontide, a phalanx ofliterary compatriots bore the mortal remains of N. P. Willis from the solid walls of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. Throughout the city, bookstores ceased their bustling trade to honor his passing. Old friends and associates also hastened to pay their last respects: chief among them, the poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and T. B. Aldrich; Ors. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Samuel Gridley Howe; the publishers E. P. Whipple and James T. Fields-pallbearers all. It was, in sum, just the sort of public homecoming long denied Willis in his prime-the prodigal welcomed at last, if only in memoriam.
Intestinal And Urogenital Flagellates
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intestinal and urogenital flagellates of humans were placed in a single taxonomic group, implying a close phylogenetic relationship between the two. However, molecular biology studies indicate the opposite, and modern classifications of the flagellated protists are taking these advances into account (Corliss, 1994). The newest classification indicates that the intestinal and urogenital flagellates actually belong to two Kingdoms, As this classification shows, the protist flagellates of humans are a group of species broadly characterized by having more than one flagellum, but phylogenetically they are very diverse, belonging to two Kingdoms. Only two of these flagellates are unquestionably pathogenic: Giardia lamblia in the small intestine and Trichomonas vaginalis in the urogenital tract. A third, Dientamoeba fragilis, occurs in the large intestine and most likely produces diarrhea, though no definitive proof of its pathogenicity is available (Millet et al. 1983; Shein, Gelb, 1983).
Leishmaniae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The leishmaniae is a group of organisms that inhabit the tissues, specifically the monocyte-macrophage lineage and, to a lesser extent, other phagocytic cells. The leishmaniae and the closely related trypanosomes (see Chapter 5), which inhabit the blood and other tissues, constitute the blood and tissue flagellates. These two groups of organisms are placed in the kingdom Protozoa, phylum Euglenozoa, class Kinetoplastida, order Trypanosomatida, and family Trypanosomatidae. The phylum Euglenozoa is characterized by the presence of one to four flagella, mitochondria with discoidal cristae, a microtubular cytoskeleton, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. Some species are aquatic, and others are symbiontic (live in other hosts). The Kineoplastida are defined by having stages in their life cycles with a single flagellum, an undulating membrane, and a kinetoplast, which is a mitochondrion with a core of DNA (Fig. 4-1). The order Trypanosomatida has two genera parasitic in humans: Trypanosoma and Leishmania, with many species widely distributed in humans and animals.
Intestinal Apicomplexa
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of organisms previously placed in different zoologic groups were found to have a set of organelles seen in electron micrographs and called the apical complex. The apical complex is located in the anterior part of the body and is present in one or more stages of the life cycle of these parasites. Its main function is to attach to and enter the host cell (Fig. 8-1). The presence of the apical complex is the basis for classifying all organisms that possess it in a separate phylum, the Apicomplexa. All organisms placed in the Apicomplexa are intracellular parasites at some point in their life cycles. The classification of the Apicomplexa is better defined than that of other groups of the Protozoa; following is a simplified version showing the relationships of the genera and species important in human medicine (Beaver et al. 1984; Corliss, 1994). For didactic purposes, we will divide this phylum into three groups in accordance with the organ systems where they occur: the intestinal, tissue, and blood Apicomplexa. Each group will be studied in separate chapters.
Tissue Apicomplexa
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the Apicomplexa in human tissues other than the intestine and blood belong to the genera Sa cocystis and Toxoplasma of the family Sarcocystidae, characterized, as already stated, by two hosts in their life cycles. The Sarcocystis organisms occurring in the intestine of humans were studied in Chapter 8. The Sarcocystis organism parasitizing skeletal muscles and myocardium will be discussed here under the generic name S. lindemanni to denote several species not determined at present. Although the importance of S. lindemanni in human medicine is not as great as that of Toxoplasma, it is discussed in some detail because of the diagnostic problems it may pose for pathologists.
Rhabditida
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhabditida comprises all of the free-living forms, one of the largest groups of nematodes. Some genera have a parasitic phase, while others are only facultative parasites. One important member of Rhabditida is Strongyloides, with at least seven species known in humans, producing intestinal and dermal infections. One species, S. stercoralis in the intestine, may become opportunistic in certain immune-suppressed hosts to produce infections that are lethal if not treated. Halicephalobus ( = Micronema) deletrix produces sporadic, isolated cases of facultative parasitism in humans, establishing colonies in the tissues of parasitic females that produce eggs and larvae. Finally, Pelodera strongyloides has a larval stage that parasitizes the skin of humans and animals.
Spirurida-Dracunculus, Gnathostoma, And Others
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order Spirurida comprises one of the largest groups of nematodes. These worms are characterized biologically by requiring one or more intermediate hosts in their life cycles and morphologically by having a cephalic end with bilateral, symmetric structures and an esophagus divided into two portions, the anterior muscular and the posterior glandular. The members of the order Spirurida occur in the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues; those important in human medicine belong to the following superfamilies (Beaver et al. 1984): Dracunculus medinensisDracunculiasis or Guinea Worm Infection The superfamily Dracunculoidea includes genera and species that usually inhabit the tissues of animals and humans. Two of its genera have species that occur in humans: Dracunculus medinensis, which is by far the most important, and a species of Phylometra, found once in an open lesion of the hand (Deaedorff et al. 1986).
Spirurida-Filariae Of The Lymphatics
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The superfamily Filarioidea is one of the largest superfamilies of the order Spirurida, with genera and species inhabiting almost every tissue, organ system, and body cavity of vertebrates. One family, the Onchocercidae, contains all the genera with species parasitic in humans: Wuchereria, Brugia, Onchocerca, Loa, Mansonella, Dirofilaria, and Meningonema. Two biologic aspects of filariids are as follows: (1) their developmental life cycle, like that of most spiruriids, requires an invertebrate intermediate host, and (2) they produce a microfilaria, an intermediate stage (embryo) between the egg and the fully developed larva. Females lay microfilariae in the tissues or body fluids of the host. In some species, the microfilariae retain the egg membrane, which becomes an elongated envelope for them. In other species, the microfilariae break out and shed the membrane, resulting in sheathed or unsheathed microfilariae, respectively.
Spirurida-Filariae Of The Subcutaneous Tissues And Body Cavities
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The filariids of the subcutaneous tissues and body cavities of humans are species of the genera Onchocerca, Loa, and Mansonella, which are natural parasites in humans, and of Dirofilaria, several species of which produce zoonotic infections. One species, D. immitis, occurs both in the skin as immature worms and in the pulmonary arteries (see Chapter 21 ). In human infections with Dirofilaria the worms generally do not attain maturity, and no infection becomes patent (i.e., no patients develop microfilaremia). The most important species of this group is 0. volvulus because of the morbidity it produces in endemic areas. Infections with zoonotic Onchocerca have also been described. Onchocerca-Onchocerciasis The genus Onchocerca has one species found in humans, 0. volvulus, and several other species that occur naturally in wild and domestic animals. Animals infected naturally with 0. volvulus have been a spider monkey and a gorilla; experimentally, the chimpanzee is a good host (Duke, 1962). This makes 0. volvulus almost exclusively a parasite of humans. The main morphologic characteristic of the genus is the presence of external transverse ridges and internal striations in the cuticle. These characteristics are useful in identifying Onchocerca in longitudinal and oblique sections of the parasite in tissues. Biologically, 0. volvulus is characterized by microfilariae that inhabit the skin and by having a fly as its intermediate host. The importance of Onchocerca as a pathogen lies in the capacity of the microfilariae to produce severe forms of dermititis and blindness due to their presence in the skin and their ability to invade the cornea and enter the eye.