bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia in genitourinary medicine
Authors: Markos A R 
Published: May 2003

The incidence of reporting of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) by genitourinary medicine clinics in the UK is rare. The reporting of higher incidence, in most international studies, is suggestive of under-diagnosis of PIN lesions in the UK, which leads to improper therapy and follow-up. A systematic literature review is undertaken, regarding the current state of management of PIN and the possible avenues of improvement in the diagnosis and follow-up. The role of genitourinary medicine clinics is examined, in view of the high number of patients that present with genital dermatological conditions, in whom there are patients with non-identified PIN lesions. The notable increase in reporting of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia has been associated with an increase in vulval cancer, especially in younger patients. The possibility of a similar trend in penile lesions needs to be observed and the association between high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, and genital intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer, is recognized and therefore an increased incidence in the diagnosis of HPV associated lesions must be considered.
Capitalising on culture: cities and the changing landscape of cultural policy
Authors: Griffiths Ron , Bassett Keith , Smith Ian 
Published: May 2003

English
Over the last two decades, the cultural sphere appears to have gained a more central role in urban policy and urban governance. This article gives an outline of the changing cultural policy landscape in the UK over the last decade, and then explores the significance of this changing landscape from the standpoint of one of the country's main regional cities. It argues that there has been a growing congruence between national and local cultural policy discourses, but that a number of deep-seated issues remain.
Challenging images: tackling stigma through estate regeneration
Authors: Hastings Annette , Dean Jo 
Published: May 2003

English
Neighbourhood regeneration initiatives in stigmatised estates have tended not to address the problem of stigma directly, but have largely assumed that an estate’s reputation will improve as material conditions on the estate improve. This article demonstrates the tenacity of stigma even in estates where large-scale regeneration initiatives are underway. It then accounts for the persistence of stigma by providing evidence of how a problem image creates barriers to the spread of knowledge of change. The article concludes by exploring how area-based initiatives could build on this insight in order to develop effective approaches to challenging stigma, thus contributing to sustainable regeneration.
Importance of soil surface characteristics on water erosion in a small grazed Sahelian catchment
Authors: Karambiri H. , Ribolzi O. , Delhoume J. P. , Ducloux J. , Coudrain‐Ribstein A. , Casenave A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis study concerns the problem of water erosion in the Sahel. Surface water and sediment yields (suspended matter and bedload) were monitored for 3 years (1998–2000) at the outlet of a small grazed catchment (1·4 ha) in the northern part of Burkina Faso. The catchment consists of about 64% sandy deposits (DRY soil surface type), which support most of the vegetation, and about 34% of crusted bare soils (ERO soil surface type). The annual solid‐matter export is more than 90% suspended sediment, varying between 4·0 and 8·4 t ha−1. The bedload represents less than 10% of soil losses. In a single flood event (10 year return period), the sediment yield can reach 4·2 t ha−1. During the period studied, a small proportion (20 to 32%) of the floods was thus responsible for a large proportion (80%) of the solid transport. Seasonal variation of the suspended‐matter content was also observed: high mean values (9 g l−1) in June, decreasing in July and stabilizing in August (between 2 and 4 g l−1). This behaviour may be a consequence of a reorganization of the soil surfaces that have been destroyed by trampling animals during the previous long dry season, vegetation growth (increase in the protecting effect of the herbaceous cover) and, to a lesser extent, particle‐supply limitation (exhaustion of dust deposits during July). The particle‐size distribution in the suspended matter collected at the catchment outlet is 60% made up of clay: fraction ≤2 µ m. The contribution of this clay is maximum when the water rises and its kaolinite/quartz ratio is then close to that of the ERO‐type surfaces. This indicates that these surfaces are the main source of clay within the catchment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A distributed approach for estimating catchment evapotranspiration: comparison of the combination equation and the complementary relationship approaches
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIn large river basins, there may be considerable variations in both climate and land use across the region. The evapotranspiration that occurs over a basin may be drastically different from one part of the region to another. The potential influence of these variations in evapotranspiration estimated for the catchment is weakened by using a spatially based distributed hydrological model in such a study. Areal evapotranspiration is estimated by means of approaches requiring only meteorological data: the combination equation (CE) model and the complementary relationship approach—the complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration (CRAE) and advection–aridity (AA) models. The capability of three models to estimate the evapotranspiration of catchments with complex topography and land‐use classification is investigated, and the models are applied to two catchments with different characteristics and scales for several representative years. Daily, monthly, and annual evapotranspiration are estimated with different accuracy. The result shows that the modified CE model may underestimate the evapotranspiration in some cases. The CRAE and AA models seem to be two kinds of effective alternatives for estimating catchment evapotranspiration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the credibility of a series of computational fluid dynamic simulations of open channel flow
Authors: Hardy R. J. , Lane S. N. , Ferguson R. I. , Parsons D. R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractRecent developments in numerical algorithms have enabled the construction of three‐dimensional models for the prediction of flows in open channels. These advances encompass improvements in both numerical solutions and the process representation required for an accurate system definition. However, to date, there is still little agreement on how to assess systematically and report the credibility of these simulations. This paper addresses this problem by adopting a Grid Convergence Index approach. The results indicate, for two simple hypothetical cases, a zero‐degree confluence and a meander bend, that the numerical code can be verified to an acceptable numerical standard. However, it is shown that this does not mean that verification is complete, as the literature implies, as whilst the discretization resolution may be sufficient to verify one of the model variables it does not imply that every variable has converged. Furthermore, the scheme may still be insufficient to capture all the processes of interest that are operating within the chosen environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Dead Sea–Red Sea canal modelling on the prediction of the Dead Sea conditions
Authors: Asmar B. N. , Ergenzinger Peter 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA project to link the Dead Sea to the Red Sea via a canal is undergoing extensive study. In previous works, a generalized mathematical model describing the state of the Dead Sea and a simulation model to implement it have been developed. The model is extended to include the proposed canal project and investigates two alternative modelling canal scenarios: (1) introducing the canal water inflow into the bottom layer or (2) the top layer of the sea. The predicted general effects of the canal are the restoration of the water level of the sea to pre‐1970s level; an increase in the total evaporation rate and a decrease in the top layer salinity. Implementing scenario 1, the model predicts that: the water level of the Dead Sea will exceed the desired level design value and therefore shorter filling time can be used; seasonal stratification will persist; total evaporation rate will increase Modestly; there will a small decrease in the salinity of the top layer but a substantial decrease in the salinity of the bottom layer, which will hurt industries severely; there will be a continuation of seasonal crystallization of aragonite and gypsum. Implementing scenario 2 the model predicts that: the water level of the Dead Sea will be maintained at the desired level design value; stratification will be re‐established, with the formation of a permanent two‐layer system; there will be a substantial increase in the total evaporation rate; the salinity of the top layer will decrease significantly but there will be continuous slower salinity increase in the bottom layer; the crystallization of aragonite will cease, but seasonal gypsum crystallization can be expected to continue as soon as the filling period ends and the canal shifts into normal operation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of operation rule curves and flushing schedule in a reservoir
Authors: Chang Fi‐John , Lai Jihn‐Sung , Kao Li‐Shan 
Published: May 2003

AbstractFlushing sediment through a reservoir has been practiced successfully and found to be inexpensive in many cases. However, the great amount of water consumed in the flushing operation might affect the water supply. To satisfy the water demand and water consumed in the flushing operation, two models combining the reservoir simulation model and the sediment flushing model are established. In the reservoir simulation model, the genetic algorithm (GA) is used to optimize and determine the flushing operation rule curves. The sediment‐flushing model is developed to estimate the amount of the flushed sediment volume, and the simulated results update the elevation‐storage curve, which can be taken into account in the reservoir simulation model. The models are successfully applied to the Tapu reservoir, which has faced serious sedimentation problems. Based on 36 years historical sequential data, the results show that (i) the simulated flushing operation rule curves model has superior performance, in terms of lower shortage index (SI) and higher flushing efficiency (FE), than that by the original reservoir operation; (ii) the rational and riskless flushing schedule for the Tapu reservoir is suggested to be set within an interval of every 2 or 4 years in the months of May or June. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the River Swale catchment, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Dennis Ian A. , Macklin Mark G. , Coulthard Tom J. , Brewer Paul A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDuring the autumn of 2000, large areas of England and Wales were affected by severe flooding, which caused widespread disruption and significant damage to property. This study attempts to determine the impact of these flood events on contaminated sediment dispersal and deposition in the River Swale catchment, Yorkshire, UK, where lead and zinc were extracted and processed in large quantities during the nineteenth century.Seventy samples of overbank and channel‐edge sediments were collected at 35 sites along the River Swale. Inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry was used to measure contaminant metal concentrations in the 2000–63 µm (sand) and <63 µm (silt and clay) size fractions. In both the channel‐edge and overbank sediments collected from the upper and middle reaches of the River Swale, concentrations of lead, zinc and cadmium were found to exceed MAFF guidelines. Highest concentrations correspond to the input of contaminated material from intensively mined tributaries, and elevated levels can be observed 5–10 km downstream of these inputs. This indicates that the remobilization of contaminated material during major flood events is potentially a serious problem for activities such as agriculture that utilize the Swale floodplain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional behaviour of pedotransfer functions in soil water flow simulation
Authors: Soet M. , Stricker J. N. M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSoil hydraulic parameter values for large‐scale modelling cannot be obtained by direct methods. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) that relate soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) to generally available soil texture data may provide an alternative. A considerable number of PTF models has been developed, the application of three recent PTFs is evaluated. As a first step sets of SHPs derived from the PTFs are compared with measured sets of SHPs for three sites. No good agreement was found statistically between measured and PTF results or between PTF results. As a second step and from a practical point of view results for three hydrologically functional variables were compared and evaluated. The three selected functional variables are saturated hydraulic conductivity, k0, in relation to infiltration excess runoff, available soil water amounts for evapotranspiration and water table depth for a specified upward flux or capillary rise. Derived k0 distributions from PTFs show substantially less variance than from the measured data at all three sites. This can have a considerable impact on infiltration excess runoff, depending on the actual rainfall regime. Simulated available soil water amounts for evapotranspiration for some combinations of PTFs and sites are close to those obtained for measured SHPs, however, no consistency in results can be detected. Water table depths for specified upward flux densities using PTF derived SHPs are generally deeper than those based on measured SHPs and means a potentially higher water availability. Overall, differences in capillary rise among the selected PTFs and between measured and PTF based results are again inconsistent and show no clear relationship with soil texture. Finally, as a third step, effective SHPs were calculated by using spatially averaged texture as PTF input representing areal average behaviour. For these effective SHPs the calculated effective values for the three selected functional variables appear to be close to the areally averaged values obtained with step 2. The selected functional variables thus appear to depend linearly on the PTFs over the range for which the data are representative. This suggests that for our specific PTFs areal mean or effective values for the three functional variables can be obtained fairly accurately from a single measurement of a bulk collection of soil samples as input. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urbanisation in Europe and China during the second millennium: a review of urbanism and demography
Authors: Woods Robert 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThree issues are considered in this paper: the estimation of rates of urbanisation for Europe and China between AD 1000 and 2000; the demographic consequences of urbanisation; and especially the culture of urbanism and the way it can distort the general association between urbanisation and the level of economic development. Europe and East Asia are the principal areas of interest, and the perspective adopted is distinctly long‐term. A multidisciplinary approach is also employed, with evidence and arguments drawn from demographic, economic and cultural sources. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The estimation of self‐containment and catchment size indicators for use in small area classification
Authors: Debenham James , Stillwell John , Clarke Graham 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWhilst geodemographic classification methods are well established, little attention has been given to the inclusion of indicators that capture the role that areas play in providing jobs. This paper focuses on the estimation of two variables based on commuting flows that represent the functional linkages between residence and workplace areas. We adopt a modelling and GIS‐based methodology to estimate self‐containment and catchment area size for postal sectors in Yorkshire and the Humber which uses Special Workplace Statistics from the Census of Population, postal sector population estimates from the Experían database, and employment data from the Annual Employment Survey. Model distance decay parameters are compared between different industry groups, and spatial variations in self‐containment and catchment area size are analysed. Using the example of Selby in North Yorkshire, the paper shows how these modelled indicators, and other indicators relating to the provision of employment, contribute to an extended geodemographic classification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to the Special Issue on International Clinical Psychology
Authors: Swierc Susan Frauenglass , Routh Donald K. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe briefly describe the content of the six research articles selected by peer review for this, the first special issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology devoted to international clinical psychology. Two of the articles address general scientific issues—illusory mental health and a theory of anorexia nervosa—not considered specific to any particular cultural setting. One article examines social anxiety in three different Western societies. One considers the development of clinical psychology in a specific country, Spain. The final two articles consider two clinical problems—sexual dysfunction and Type‐I diabetes—within two different contexts in India, one Hindu, the other Moslem. The introduction concludes with some general comments on the history and present status of clinical psychology as an international field. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Cloning the clinician: A method for assessing illusory mental health
Authors: Shedler Jonathan , Karliner Rachel , Katz Ellen 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSelf‐report mental health scales cannot distinguish between genuine mental health and the facade or illusion of mental health created by psychological defenses. Shedler, Mayman, and Manis (1994) demonstrated that experienced clinicians can differentiate genuine from illusory mental health using the Early Memory Test, and that illusory mental health may be a risk factor for medical illness. This article describes the development of the Early Memory Index (EMI), a formal scoring system for the Early Memory Test, and presents evidence for its reliability and validity. The EMI makes the technique for assessing illusory mental health accessible to a wide range of investigators, including investigators who lack extensive clinical training. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Clinical psychology in Spain
Authors: del Barrio Victoria , Carpintero Helio 
Published: May 2003

AbstractA general view of the field of clinical psychology in present‐day Spain is offered here. The field has experienced an enormous development over the past two decades. Many journals and specialized societies have been established, and a large number of professionals now are working in the field, most of them in private practice, but some in medical centers belonging to the Spanish national health service. This great expansion seems due mainly to the creation of a degree in psychology (1968) and the continuous flow of students demanding training in clinical subjects. A theoretical orientation toward a cognitive–behavioral approach seems to dominate, closely followed by those choosing a dynamic orientation. A large group of professionals dealing with health problems are reinforcing their idiosyncratic profile among the clinical psychologists. A new study program to become a specialist in our field recently has been implemented and is just entering its initial stages (Internship in Psychology—PIR); it represents a significant improvement in the curriculum of the clinical psychologist. All of these facts seem to prove the great vitality of this field in present‐day Spain. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
The cognitive‐orientation theory of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kreitler Shulamith , Bachar Eytan , Canetti Laura , Berry Elliot , Bonne Omer 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe major goal was to explore the cognitive–motivational dynamics of anorexia in terms of the cognitive‐orientation (CO) theory (Kreitler & Kreitler, 1982). CO is a comprehensive theory of behavior that assumes that behavior is a function of a cognitively shaped motivational disposition and performance. The study deals with the motivational disposition for anorexia. It focused on examining whether beliefs of four types (about self, goals, norms, and reality) concerning themes relevant for anorexia (defined in pretests) identify correctly anorectics. All participants were women 15 to 18 years old: 58 anorectics (35 restricting, 23 binge eating/purging) and 59 matched healthy controls. All were administered a background‐information questionnaire and the CO‐Anorexia questionnaire assessing beliefs about 30 themes. The results showed that the themes formed 5 clusters defined by foci, such as dissociation from reality, the body, drives or emotionality, and identified significantly the anorectics of each type and the healthy controls. A brief CO questionnaire was developed. Discussion centered on the similarity of the identified themes to some of those discussed by others, on the pathogeneity of the CO of anorexia, and on outlining a blueprint of a theory of anorexia. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Role of family in the management of Type‐I diabetes: An Indian experience
Authors: Sudhir Paulomi Matam , Kumaraiah V. , Munichoodappa C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe role of the family in the management of Type‐I diabetes is gaining recognition. In countries where the adolescent is dependent on the family for medical needs, the family's role is all the more important. At times, when the family is uncooperative, the care of the adolescent is hampered, making psychosocial intervention even more difficult. The following case study illustrates the difficulty encountered while working with a young diabetic belonging to an Indian family. The issues related to parental role and management of diabetes‐related problems are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Social anxiety in three Western societies
Authors: van Dam‐Baggen Rien , Kraaimaat Floris , Elal Güliz 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe present study investigates whether empirical data support the notion that people in Western societies do not differ with regard to social anxiety. Social anxiety in Dutch students (N = 425) was compared with that experienced by students in the United States (N = 440) and Turkey (N = 349). Social anxiety was operationalized with the Inventory of Interpersonal Situations (IIS; Van Dam‐Baggen & Kraaimaat, 1987, 1999, 2000), which measures two aspects of social anxiety, i.e., discomfort in social situations and frequency of social responses. The original Dutch version of the IIS (IOA) was translated into a U.S. English version (the IIS) and a Turkish version (KADE). First, it was shown that the American, Dutch, and Turkish versions of the IIS measured the same construct in terms of factor structure. Second, American students generally appeared more socially anxious than did the Dutch and Turkish students, whereas the latter's social anxiety slightly surpassed that of Dutch subjects. The American students also showed fewer social skills than both other groups, who did not differ in this respect. The results are somewhat more differentiated with respect to the domains of social anxiety, and they are discussed in terms of cross‐cultural differences and their implications for clinical practice. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.