bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family resemblance for patterns of growth in early childhood
Authors: Byard Pamela J. , Guo Shumei , Roche Alex F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractParameters of the Jenss curve representing linear and non‐linear components of growth in early childhood were fitted to longitudinal recumbent length and weight measurements from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Growth Study. Nuclear family correlations were estimated for each of four Jenss parameters (a linear intercept and slope and a non‐linear intercept and degree of curve) for length and for weight. The TAU path model was fit to the correlations, in order to estimate path coefficients representing transmissibility from parent to child (t2) and non‐transmissible sibling resemblance (s). Likelihood ratio χ2 tests suggest that significant family resemblance exists for each Jenss parameter for both variables. Transmissibility is the major component in family resemblance for the linear and non‐linear intercepts for length, whereas non‐transmissible sibling environmental effects are dominant for three of the four weight parameters. The source of the family resemblance for the remaining parameters could not be pinpointed. The linear slope and degree of curve for weight are more similar for same sex siblings than for opposite sex pairs, suggesting that the degree of shared sibling environment affecting the shape of the growth curve for weight may be greater for same sex pairs.
Hemoglobin concentration and working capacity of nonpregnant rural women of the Kathmandu valley of Nepal
Authors: Malville Nancy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between hemoglobin concentration, nutritional status, and working capacity of village women in Nepal was investigated. Subjects were 71 nonpregnant women (ages 18 to 60 yr) living at altitudes ranging from 1,300 to 1,600 m in a rural area near Kathmandu. Half of the women (51%) performed manual wage labor on a daily basis, working as field hands during the agricultural season and breaking rocks into gravel during the remainder of the year; the remaining 49% worked only in their own fields or in exchange labor groups. Anemia was mild but widespread; 62% of the women had hemoglobin concentrations of 12.0 gm/dl or lower. Mean hemoglobin for the total sample was 11.7 ± 1.4 gm/dl (range 7.2 to 15.6 gm/dl). A step test was used to measure working capacity, and expired air samples were analyzed for O2 and CO2 using a Scholander 0.5 ml gas analyzer. Caste and ethnic groups differed significantly with respect to hemoglobin concentration (P < 0.005) and heart rate response to submaximal exercise (P < 0.001), but not in anthropometric measurements. Among those ethnic groups accustomed to daily physical labor, i.e., the Newars and Tamangs, lower hemoglobin concentration was correlated significantly with higher heart rate, higher oxygen uptake, and lower mechanical efficiency during submaximal aerobic exercise.
Urbanization‐dependent gradients in stature among polish conscripts in 1976 and 1986
Authors: Bielicki Tadeusz , Waliszko Hanna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOn the basis of two successive surveys of 19‐year‐old Polish conscripts, one in 1976 and another in 1986, secular trends in stature and the relationship between stature and population size of locality of habitation were examined. In spite of the serious economic crisis in the early 1980s and a rather abrupt cessation of the trend towards earlier menarche in Poland between 1977 and 1987, the trend towards taller stature continued unabated and was intense (2.0 cm in the general population). In 1976, stature decreased systematically with decreasing population size in the following order: (1) cities over 500,000, (2) cities between 100,000 and 500,000, (3) towns between 25,000 and 100,000, (4) towns below 25,000, and (5) villages. A similar gradient persisted in the 1986 survey. In 1986, about one‐half of the total statural gradient was accounted for by the gap between rural conscripts and those next on the urbanization scale, i.e., conscripts from the smallest towns, and the magnitude of this gap was unaltered during the decade. However, the rural‐large city gap has declined from 3.6 cm in 1976 to 2.8 cm in 1986. The relative shortness of rural conscripts and the tallness of their large‐city age peers are consistent with the pattern of social variation in stature and maturation rate observed among Polish school children and with the country's postwar economic and social history.
Dependability and precision of anthropometric measures in a longitudinal field study in an Egyptian village
Authors: Harrison Gail G. , Galal Osman M. , Ritenbaugh Cheryl , Shaheen Farouk M. , Wahba Saneya Abdel‐Azim , Kirksey Avanelle , Jerome Norge W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReliability and its components, precision and dependability, are analyzed for a complex dataset involving longitudinal anthropometric measurements on subjects of varying ages in an Egyptian village setting. Results are compared with other published datasets. Technical error of measurement is similar to or compares favorably with other datasets for both adults and children. Overall reliability is strongly influenced by dependability coefficients, which are calculated in this analysis over relatively longer time periods (2 weeks for young children and longer for older individuals) than in other comparable datasets. It is evident that some components of the theoretical construct of imprecision, i.e., measurement error derived from variation over longer periods of time in factors contributing to accuracy, are actually captured in the analytical component of variance called undependability.
Growth and motor performance of black and white children 6–10 years of age: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Moriyama Masaki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationships between anthropometry and physical performance were considered in 439 Black and 386 White children, 6 through 10 years of age. Anthropometric dimensions included weight, statute, sitting height, six skeletal breadths, three limb circumferences, and three skinfolds. Performance variables included four static strength and three motor tasks. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the anthropometric dimensions to four components for each age group (sexes combined) within race. Only two components had eigenvalues greater than 1 in all age and both racial groups. The first two components accounted for 81 to 87% of the variance in anthropometry in Black children and for 79 to 85% of the variance in White children. Path coefficients from sex directly to performance and the products of path coefficients from sex to the first or second principal component to performance were computed for each strength and motor task in each age and race group. With few exceptions, path coefficients from sex directly to performance were negative and suggested an effecct of sex on performance which is independent of anthropometric characteristics.
The Raymond Pearl memorial lecture, 1991: Health, exercise, and athletics: A millennium of observations—A century of research
Authors: Montoye Henry J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe history of exercise science reveals that at least three scientists received the Nobel prize for investigations in exercise physiology. The work of these men and their contemporaries was concerned with physiological mechanisms and work performance, not directly with health. Hippocrates and other physicians and philosophers of the ancient world believed that regular physical activity contributed to health and longevity. However, it was only during the last 30–40 years that the focus of exercise research shifted to a study of the impact of physical activity on health and disease. The reason for this change in research emphasis is due to the fact that a) chronic disease is associated with life‐styles, b) people are less active in the Western world, c) prevention is perhaps the ultimate answer to the maintenance of health, and d) chronic disease frequently begins in childhood. A summary of our knowledge concerning the effects of exercise is presented. Because former college athletes have engaged in strenous sports training in their youth, they are of particular interest in this regard. Results of many investigations indicate that former college athletes live about as long as their classmates, and die at about the same rate from heart disease. Former athletes come from larger families, gain less weight after college up to the age of 55 years, are more active in life, and are more likely to be smokers and/or drinkers than their former college classmates.
Mathematical modelling of human growth: A comparative study
Authors: Guo Shumei , Siervogel Roger M. , Roche Alex F. , Chumlea Wm. Cameron 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKernel regression is a nonparametric procedure that provides good approximations to individual serial data. The method is useful and flexible when a parametric method is inappropriate due to restricted assumptions on the shape of the curve. In the present study, we compared kernel regression in fitting human stature growth with two models, one of which incorporates the possible existence of the midgrowth spurt while the other does not. Two families of mathematical functions and a nonparametric kernel regression were fitted to serial measures of stature on 227 participants enrolled in the Fels Longitudinal Study. The growth parameters that describe the timing, magnitude, and duration of the growth spurt, such as midgrowth spurt and pubertal spurts, were derived from the fitted models and kernel regression for each participant. The two parametric models and kernel regression were compared in regard to their overall goodness of fit and their capabilities to quantify the timing, rate of increase, and duration of the growth events. The Preece‐Baines model does not describe the midgrowth spurt. The dervied growth parameters from the Preece‐Baines model show an earlier onset and a longer duration of the pubertal spurt, and a slower increase in velocity. The kernel regression with bandwidth 2 years and a second‐order polynomial kernel function yields relatively good fits compared with the triple logistic model. The derived biological parameters for the pubertal spurt are similar between the kernel regression and the triple logistic model. Kernel regression estimates an earlier onset and a more rapid increase of velocity for the midgrowth spurt.
Urban–rural differences in the growth status of Venezuelan children
Authors: Blanco M. Lopez , Jimenez M. Landaeta , Castellano H. Mendez 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe height and weight of 28,752 urban and 10,557 rural individuals aged birth to 18 years were measured as part of a cross‐sectional national survey (Project Venezuela) between 1981 and 1986. The Preece‐Baines model 1 was fitted to the means; pooled residual mean squares of 0.21 and 0.13 in height and 0.44 and 0.13 in weight, for boys and girls respectively, indicated a good fit. Derived means and biological parameters were compared. The nutritional status of 18,849 children aged birth to 8 years was assessed using the WHO‐recommended NCHS/CDC 3rd or 10th and 90th centiles as cut‐off points for weight for height, weight for age, and height for age. A t test for proportions was used to test significance. Urban children were taller and heavier than their rural counterparts; differences were evident after age 2 and maximal at 14 years in boys and 12 years in girls, due to differences in tempo, although part of the differences persist into adulthood. Prevalences of wasting and stunting were 3.5% and 10.5% higher in rural children and overweight was 3.6% higher in urban children, significantly so in height for age. A mixed nutritional problem is present in Venezuelans, with a prevalence of stunting greater than that of wasting and a prevalence of overweight greater in urban children. Urban–rural differences in growth persisted into adulthood in boys, while rural girls were similar to urban girls at the end of growth.
Multivariate allometry as a model of morphometric harmony of four skinfolds in the newborn
Authors: Bacallao J. , Molina J. R. , Izquierdo R. , Castillo M. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe concept of harmony in a set of anthropometric dimensions is identified with the notion of minimum variance associated with a function of several variables in those dimensions. When the chosen function is linear in the natural logarithms of the variables, the resulting model is the well‐known multivariate allometry and the notion of minimum variance corresponds to the eigenvector associated with the smallest eigenvalue of the covariance matrix. This multivariate allometry model was fitted to four skinfolds in a sample of 250 newborns. The existence of a harmonic relationship among the skinfolds which is independent of weight, total body fat, body mass index, and several other maternal variables is indicated. There is, however, some evidence suggesting a possible correlation with the nutritional condition of the mother. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemoglobin comparisons between African American and European American males with hemoglobin values in the normal range
Authors: Jackson Robert T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are conflicting reports about the nature and magnitude of hemoglobin (Hb) differences between African Americans (AA) and European Americans (EA). Several reports suggest that AA have lower mean Hb values and that differences between AA and EA are large and are due to “racial” differences. Some have even called for separate Hb standards. In this study, Hb comparisons were made between AA and EA males in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976–1980. Comparison of AA and EA males with normal Hb values (i.e., 13.0 g/dl or greater) indicated that observed mean Hb differences exist primarily at the lower end of the Hb distribution (i.e., the distribution is skewed to the left). Several factors are likely contributors to lower hemoglobin values at the lower end of the distribution, including hemoglobinopathies, thalassemias, and/or nutritional deficiencies. If racial differences exist between these groups, controlled prospective studies are necessary to demonstrate this possibility. This study supports a single Hb standard for AA and EA males. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethnic and familial factors in early child development
Authors: Otremski Itshak , Livshits Gregory , Cohen Zvi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA sample (1,031 individuals) of infants born at varying gestational ages (26–42 weeks) and birth weights (860–4,750 g) was used in a study of 5 developmental traits appearing during the first 2 years of life: the ages at which a child could turn over, sit up, stand up, walk without support, and eruption of the first tooth. The mean age of attaining each developmental milestone was not significantly different among the Jewish ethnic groups represented in the sample. In addition, the following potential predictor variables were evaluated: the infant's weight, length, and head circumference at birth and at 1.5 years of age; maternal body weight, height at the infant's birth, and number of miscarriages; family size and parental occupation. Only few variables showed significant effects with developmental milestone; birth weight made the greatest contribution. Highly significant intraclass and Pearson correlations were observed between siblings in the ages of appearance of each of the 5 developmental milestones. The correlations ranged between 0.30 and 0.53 for the total group, after adjusting for all significant covariates. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of apoB, HLADQ alpha, and D1S80 polymorphisms in the Italian population using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Novelli Giuseppe , Spinella Aldo , Gennarelli Massimo , Mingarelli Rita , Dallapiccola Bruno 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAllele and genotype frequencies of three highly polymorphic loci (apoB, HLADQ alpha, D1S80) have been determined in an Italian sample using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and non‐radioactive detection. The allele frequencies ranged from 0.1% to 39%, with an average heterozygosity of 0.74 and a power of discrimination ranging from 0.90 to 0.98. These results are of value for forensic and genetic studies. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of native Hawaiian school children: II. Body mass index and skinfold measurements
Authors: Brown Daniel E. , Severance Craig J. , Sako Ehukai K. , Chun Deborah Y. , Young Laura L. , Johnson Jerry L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnnual measurements of skinfold thicknesses at six sites (triceps, biceps, medial calf, subscapular, abdominal, and suprailiac) and the body mass index have been obtained from a sample of native Hawaiian school children and their non‐Hawaiian classmates in a four year semilongitudinal study. Four cohorts were measured, with the children beginning the study in grades one, four, seven and ten, respectively. Information on percentage of Polynesian ancestry, identity with Hawaiian culture, social class, and income were obtained from family interviews for the native Hawaiian children. Hawaiian boys at most ages surveyed are significantly fatter than their classmates on trunk sites, and are also fatter than National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II (NHANES‐II) medians. Native Hawaiian girls have significantly greater trunk skinfold measures than classmates in only one surveyed age group. The percentage of Polynesian ancestry in this admixed sample of Hawaiian children is significantly related to fatness and body mass among children aged 9–12 years, but is not clearly related to fatness in other age groups. Socioeconomic measures are also not related to fatness in a simple manner. Intensive study of specific sex‐age groups may be required to identify factors that influence the amount of fatness of native Hawaiian school children. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymptotic models for the longitudinal growth of human stature
Authors: Jolicoeur Pierre , Pontier Jacques , Abidi Hassane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEight different asymptotic models, of which some are entirely new while others are revised versions, are compared with respect to their goodness of fit for the description of the longitudinal growth of stature in 27 healthy children from the French Auxological Survey. Some growth models are based on total age, defined as measured from the time of fertilization, and may be particularly suitable if prenatal data are to be included in the analysis or if prenatal extrapolations are desired. Other models are based on postnatal age (age after birth), and some of these are the most accurate, but they would not be suitable for prenatal data or extrapolations. More general models, such as the polynomial logistic or the triple logistic, can be used but are not the most accurate among those included in the present study. Two new models are proposed which possess an improved goodness of fit. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemoglobin levels and step test performance of men and women in Nepal
Authors: Panter‐Brick C. , Miller D. G. , Eggerman M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe impact of low hemoglobin levels on the work performance of 74 rural Nepali villagers was examined with a 3 minute exercise step test. Work output was standardized at 75 watts for men and 55 watts for women. Hemoglobin values ranged from 4.2–15.7 g/dl, and averaged 12.0 ± 2.7 g/dl for 35 men and 10.9 ± 1.72 g/dl for 39 women. Low hemoglobin levels significantly elevated the heart rates and recovery times of the men, but not of the women. A positive relationship with oxygen uptake and a negative one with net mechanical efficiency was found for men but not for women (anemic men appeared more efficient as they used up marginally less oxygen during exercise). Values are in good agreement with those recently published for Gurkha soldiers, but are at variance with those examining the step test performance of Nepali women. In the light of behavioral data on work patterns, mild anemia may have little impact on the performance of moderate self‐paced physical activity. Nepali villagers pause frequently during the course of subsistence activities, a behavior which allows time for recovery from an elevated pulse rate. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability of B‐mode ultrasound for the measurement of body fat and muscle thickness
Authors: Ishida Y. , Carroll J. F. , Pollock M. L. , Graves J. E. , Leggett S. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractB‐mode ultrasound was used to measure fat and muscle thicknesses on 30 subjects (17 men, 13 women, age = 20–37 yr) at 14 sites (triceps, biceps, forearm, chest [males only], subscapular, axilla, abdomen, suprailium, lumbar, quadriceps, suprapatellar, hamstrings, medial calf, and posterior calf) on two different days. Quadruplicate photographic images (trials) were printed from a single measurement at each site on each day. Two investigators each measured two of the images from each site. Each thickness was measured to the nearest 0.05 mm with a vernier caliper. Generalizability theory was used to determine the relative contribution of subjects, investigators, days, and trials to the total measurement variability. Subjects accounted for 84–96% of the variance in the muscle measurements and for 79–97% of the variance in the fat measurements. A subjects‐by‐day interaction accounted for 2–13% of the variance in muscle measurements and 2–12% of the variance in fat measurements. The contribution by investigators and trials to the variance was less than 1%. Generalizability coefficients (G) exceeding 0.92 were obtained for all sites for muscle measurements, while G for fat measurements exceeded 0.90 for all but the axilla site (G = 0.88). These results indicate that B‐mode ultrasound is a highly reliable method for the measurement of both fat and muscle thicknesses in young males and females. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy reserves and parity of nomadic and settled Turkana women
Authors: Little Michael A. , Leslie Paul W. , Campbell Kenneth L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMembers of the Turkana tribe include settled and nomadic peoples who reside in the southern part of Turkana District in the semiarid region of northwest Kenya. Nomadic Ngisonyoka Turkana keep livestock (camels, cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys), subsist principally on livestock products, and move camps frequently in search of forage for the livestock; settled Turkana cultivate foods along the principal rivers. Both nomadic and settled Turkana are subject to limited food resources on seasonal and long‐term bases. Protein from meat, blood, and milk is sufficient in the diet, but food energy is limited, as are body fat reserves. Previous work has documented a decline in maternal adiposity with age in a large sample of the relatively lean nomadic women, and a negative association of fat stores with parity in a smaller sample of nomadic women. The problem of maternal depletion of fat energy reserves as a function of female reproductive history is explored in this study through anthropometry in a relatively large sample (N = 312) of nomadic and settled women. Both nomadic and settled women displayed some parity‐related losses in fat stores. The relationship was stronger in the nomads, even after controlling for age. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.