bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parvovirus B19 infection in pregnancy: Quantitative viral DNA analysis using a kinetic fluorescence detection system (TaqMan PCR)
Authors: Knöll Antje , Louwen Frank , Kochanowski Bernd , Plentz Annelie , Stüssel Julia , Beckenlehner Karin , Jilg Wolfgang , Modrow Susanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 infections are common in the general population, and infection during pregnancy may cause hydrops fetalis and fetal death. To initiate adequate treatment, accurate laboratory diagnosis is essential. The most sensitive tests are nested PCR systems, but these assays provide semiquantitative results at best. A parvovirus B19 DNA assay was developed based on the real time TaqMan PCR. This method was calibrated on the basis of serial plasmid dilutions and tested with an international parvovirus B19 standard. The assay was capable of quantifying parvovirus B19 DNA from one to about 5 × 107 genome equivalents per reaction (corresponding to 100 to 5 × 109 genome equivalents per ml serum). Samples from 51 pregnant women with suspected acute parvovirus B19 infection were tested, and positive PCR results were obtained in at least one of the materials investigated in 41 cases. The median viral DNA load in maternal blood samples was 1.3 × 104 copies/ml (range 7.2 × 102–2.6 × 107). Maternal virus DNA concentration was not associated with the presence of maternal symptoms and/or fetal complications. As the stage of infection was not known in the majority of cases, our data do not exclude an association between peak levels of parvovirus B19 DNA and the development of complications. Maternal sera and corresponding fetal material were available for concurrent testing from 15 DNA‐positive cases: in most fetal samples, viral DNA concentrations were several orders of magnitude higher (up to 2.1 × 1012 copies/ml) compared to the corresponding maternal blood samples. J. Med. Virol. 67:259–266, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beneficial effect of modified peptide inhibitor of α4 integrins on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats
Authors: van der Laan Luc J.W. , van der Goes Annette , Wauben Marca H.M. , Ruuls Sigrid R. , Döpp Ed A. , De Groot Corline J.A. , Kuijpers Taco W. , Elices Mariano J. , Dijkstra Christine D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn important event in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is the recruitment of lymphocytes and inflammatory macrophages to the central nervous system (CNS). Recruitment requires adhesive interactions between the leukocytes and the microvascular endothelium, perivascular cells, and astrocytes in the CNS parenchyma. Previous studies using an animal model of MS, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), have shown the involvement of the α4 integrin VLA‐4 (β4β1). In the present study, the effect of a modified peptide inhibitor of α4 integrins on the clinical course and leukocyte infiltration during EAE is investigated. EAE was either induced actively, by immunizing Lewis rats with whole guinea pig MBP, or passively, by transfer of an MBP‐specific T cell line. Treatment with the inhibitor (CS1 ligand mimic) completely prevented both clinical signs and cellular infiltration in passively induced EAE. Peptide treatment of actively induced EAE, which has a more severe disease course than the transfer model, significantly reduced clinical signs although the recruitment of inflammatory cells and induction of MHC class II expression was not prevented. The α4 inhibitor did inhibit the adhesion of lymphocytes to primary astrocytes in vitro suggesting a role for astrocyte‐leukocyte interactions in the pathogenesis of induced EAE. Astrocytes were found to express an extracellular matrix protein distinct from fibronectin, which shows immune cross‐reactivity with the CS1 domain of fibronectin. Our results show that small‐molecule inhibitors of α4 integrins act therapeutically in EAE possibly by interfering with cell adhesion events involved in this autoimmune disease. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretory phospholipase A2 induces delayed neuronal COX‐2 expression compared with glutamate
Authors: Kolko Miriam , Nielsen Marianne , Bazan Nicolas G. , Diemer Nils H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAgonists of the binding site for secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) potentiate glutamate‐induced neuronal cell death in primary cell cultures and in vivo (Kolko et al. [1996] J. Biol. Chem. 271:32722; Kolko et al. [1999] Neurosci. Lett. 274:167]. Here, we tested the hypothesis that COX‐2 expression participates in the brain response to sPLA2. sPLA2‐OS2, a selective ligand of a neuronal sPLA2‐binding site, was injected into the rat striatum, and early‐response gene expression was monitored by in situ hybridization using 35S‐radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes and immunohistochemistry. An up‐regulation of COX‐2, c‐fos, and c‐jun, but not COX‐1, was observed around the lesion as well as in the neocortex 4 hr after the injection. Hippocampal up‐regulation of COX‐2 was seen in dentate gyrus 8 hr after injection. When glutamate was injected, up‐regulation of the early‐response genes peaked after 2 hr. Our studies showed 1) that sPLA2 selectively induced neuronal COX‐2; 2) that this induction was delayed (4 hr after injection of sPLA2) compared with that elicited by glutamate (2 hr after injection), suggesting different signaling; and 3) that c‐fos and c‐jun were induced around the infarct area as soon as 2 hr after injection, but in other aspects followed a time course similar to that of COX‐2. We conclude that sPLA2 may modulate neuronal COX‐2 expression through mechanisms that differ from those of glutamate‐induced COX‐2 expression. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How work ideologies shape the psychological contracts of professional employees: doctors' responses to perceived breach
Authors: Bunderson J. Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study suggests that the psychological contract between a professional and his/her employing organization is shaped by both professional and administrative work ideologies and therefore involves both professional and administrative roles and perceived role obligations. It is also suggested that because of important differences between these two ideologies, a professional employee's response to perceptions that his/her organization is not fulfilling its role obligations will depend on whether the perceived breach involves professional or administrative obligations. Hypotheses based on this general proposition were strongly supported in a sample of medical professionals. Specifically, results suggest that perceived breaches of administrative role obligations are most strongly associated with dissatisfaction, thoughts of quitting, and turnover whereas perceived breaches of professional role obligations are most strongly associated with lower organizational commitment and job performance (productivity and client satisfaction). Implications for theory and research on the dimensionality of the psychological employment contract and on the employment of professionals are considered. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining the effects of transformational leadership: an investigation of the effects of higher‐order motives in multilevel marketing organizations
Authors: Sparks John R. , Schenk Joseph A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultilevel marketing organizations (MLMs) are a rapidly growing organizational type enlisting nearly 10 million members and producing over 20 billion dollars in sales annually. Despite their remarkable recent growth, few studies have examined these unusual organizations, and none of these have addressed issues of transformational leadership. In MLMs, the key leadership relationships are those between individual member distributors and the members who recruited them into the organization (i.e., their ‘sponsors’). Although sponsors are expected to provide leadership to the members they recruit, they possess no direct supervisory resulting—authority in an uncertain ‘quasi‐leadership’ role. Using a sample of 736 female MLM members, the present study empirically tests an important explanatory component of transformational leadership theory: that belief in the higher purpose of one's work is a mechanism through which transformational leadership achieves its positive outcomes on cohesion, satisfaction, effort, and performance. The results offer support to the notion that transformational leadership indeed ‘transforms’ followers by encouraging them to see the higher purposes in their work. Additionally, the results show positive relationships between belief in a higher purpose of one's work and job satisfaction, unit cohesion, and effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do national levels of individualism and internal locus of control relate to well‐being: an ecological level international study
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Cooper Cary L. , Sanchez Juan I. , O'Driscoll Michael , Sparks Kate , Bernin Peggy , Büssing Andre , Dewe Phil , Hart Peter , Lu Luo , Miller Karen , de Moraes Lucio Flavio Renault , Ostrognay Gabrielle M. , Pagon Milan , Pitariu Horea , Poelmans Steven , Radhakrishnan Phani , Russinova Vesselina , Salamatov Vladimir , Salgado Jesus , Shima Satoru , Siu Oi Ling , Stora Jean Benjamin , Teichmann Mare , Theorell Töres , Vlerick Peter , Westman Mina , Widerszal‐Bazyl Maria , Wong Paul , Yu Shanfa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractData were collected from managers in 24 nations/territories on work locus of control (LOC), individualism–collectivism (I–C), and well‐being (job satisfaction, absence of psychological strain, and absence of physical strain). There were significant mean differences across samples on all five of these measures, and consistent with our hypothesis, at the ecological or sample mean level well‐being was associated with an internal locus of control. However, contrary to our hypothesis, well‐being was not associated with I–C, despite a strong correlation between I–C and LOC. Findings at the ecological level were consistent with the literature concerning the salutary effects of control on well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Big‐B versus Big‐O: what is organizational about organizational behavior?*
Authors: Heath Chip , Sitkin Sim B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is an empirically grounded essay about the current state of organizational behavior (OB) research and productive future directions. We report the results of a survey of OB scholars about the current importance of various research topics and their importance in an ideal world. We compare the survey responses with an archival analysis of papers published in leading OB journals over a 10‐year period. We suggest that many of the topics that our respondents perceive to be ‘under researched’ can be summarized with one particular definition of OB that emphasizes organizing behavior. Considering all three definitions together, we highlight the limitations of the traditional (Big‐B and Contextualized‐B) definitions and discuss the benefits of a more organizational (Big‐O) approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design conditions for learning in community service contexts
Authors: Bartel Caroline A. , Saavedra Richard , Van Dyne Linn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, we investigated team‐based community service projects as action learning initiatives designed to facilitate two learning outcomes: community learning (knowledge of social, cultural, or economic issues) and personal learning (self‐awareness of managerial attitudes and abilities). We developed hypotheses to predict critical input conditions for action learning that promote community and personal learning. We tested these hypotheses with data collected from 381 MBA students and their team leaders who participated in a variety of community service projects. Results demonstrated that design conditions (task characteristics, social interactions, and affective responses) influenced community and personal learning differently. We supplemented survey results with interview and observational data from a subset of participants and conclude with a discussion of the theoretical implications for action learning and practical recommendations for designing community service programs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between the wintertime north Atlantic oscillation and blocking episodes in the north Atlantic
Authors: Shabbar Amir , Huang Jianping , Higuchi Kaz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA systematic examination of the dynamical relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and atmospheric blocking episodes in the North Atlantic during winter is undertaken. Employing the blocking criteria, as defined by Tibaldi and Molteni (1990), we first establish a statistical relationship, through compositing and linear regression analysis, between the two phenomena. The results show that the frequency of blocking formations in the North Atlantic region is sensitive to the phase of the NAO. Sixty‐seven percent more winter blocking days are observed during the negative than the positive phase of the NAO. The lifetime of blocking episodes is also sensitive to the phase of the NAO. When the NAO is in the negative phase, the distribution of the length of blocking varies considerably. The average length of blocking during the negative phase is about 11 days, which is nearly twice as long as the 6‐day length observed during the positive phase of the NAO. The NAO accounts for about 30% of the variation in the wintertime North Atlantic blocking episodes.We propose a conceptual model that strengthens the statistical association and offers an explanation for a dynamical connection between the occurrences of blocking and the NAO in the North Atlantic. Application of a low‐order theoretical model by Charney and DeVore (1979) and an analysis of Northern Hemisphere observed surface temperature suggest that the NAO‐related difference in blocking frequency and persistence are associated with changes in the zonally asymmetric thermal forcing which, to a large extent, is determined by the phase of the NAO. For the negative phase of the NAO, the distribution of the surface air temperature anomaly is the distinctive ‘warm ocean/cold land’ pattern related to the resonance forcing of topography and creates a dynamical environment favourable for the formation and persistence of blocks. For the positive phase of the NAO, on the other hand, the distribution of the surface air temperature anomalies is the distinctive ‘cold ocean/warm land’ pattern, which reduces or destroys the resonance forcing of topography and is unfavourable for the development and persistence of blocks. Copyright © 2001 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent trends in aerosol climatology and air pollution as inferred from multi‐year lidar observations over a tropical urban station
Authors: Devara P. C. S. , Maheskumar R. S. , Raj P. E. , Pandithurai G. , Dani K. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRegular nighttime monitoring of aerosol and other atmospheric parameters was initiated in 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. This is a tropical urban station (18°32′N, 73°51′E, 559 m AMSL), situated approximately 100 km inland from the west coast of India. The multi‐year aerosol vertical profile database, utilized in the present study, consisted of more than 1200 vertical aerosol concentration profiles. These data were collected with a computer‐controlled, bistatic, argon‐ion lidar system over a 12 year period from October 1986 to September 1998 and have been utilized to study the morphology of the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer and associated air quality. The recent climatological trend in the aerosol loading at the experimental station has also been studied. The study reveals higher pollution potential during late evenings in the winter and a total increase of about 3% in the aerosol loading over the 12 year observational period. This increase can be attributed partly due to the urban heat island effect and due to growing urbanization and industrialization, as well as to the land‐usage patterns in proximity to the experimental station. Further, it has been found that the long‐term trend in aerosol loading was not uniform, but it changed from year to year depending on meteorological parameters (precipitation, in particular) and local anthropogenic activities. The short‐term variations in aerosol loading and their relationship with concurrent meteorological parameters over the observational site are discussed also. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Aeolian origin of the red earth in southeast China
Authors: Xiong Shangfa , Sun Donghuai , Ding Zhongli 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA clay‐like deposit known as ‘red earth’ is widely distributed over the terraces and high lands of the Yangtze River valley in southeast China. Its typical pedo‐stratigraphical features have attracted the interest of pedologists and geologists for many years, although its origin is still debated. Here we report an analyses of the grain‐size distributions, rare‐earth element (REE) patterns and upper continental crust (UCC)‐normalised major elemental composition of the red earth and compare them with those of the loess and other aeolian deposits in northern China. The results show that the red earth in southeast China has two or three end‐member grain‐size distributions, similar to the sedimentary characteristics and geochemical composition of aeolian deposits found in northern China. Together with other evidence from field observations, these results suggest that the red earth is probably of aeolian origin. On the basis of these data, we suggest that thick aeolian dusts were also deposited in the wet subtropics and that the effect of the winter monsoonal winds upon the dust transport in eastern China was more important than previously believed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoreduction of iron protoporphyrin IX chloride in non‐ionic triton X‐100 micelle studied by electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Shantha P. K. , Saini G. S. S. , Thanga H. H. , Verma A. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResonance Raman and electronic absorption studies of iron protoporphyrin IX chloride (hemin) in non‐ionic Triton X‐100 micelle in the absence and presence of hindered imidazole (2‐methylimidazole and 1,2‐dimethylimidazole) and unhindered imidazole under various experimental conditions are reported. Hemin undergoes photoreduction at the metal center, both in the absence and presence of hindered imidazole, in anaerobic, alkaline and neutral pH conditions on photoexcitation by laser radiation at 441.6 and 457.9 nm. It is inferred from this study that only the monomer hemin encapsulated within the micelle under the alkaline pH conditions is photoreducible. The photoreduction of hemin in this micelle occurs from an electron transfer as a result of dissociation of coordinated hydroxyl ion to the iron atom in the photoexcited state, which may also involve the OH→Fe charge transfer transition around 360 nm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the colour and sensory attributes of high‐hydrostatic‐pressure jams as compared with traditional jams
Authors: Gimenez Jérôme , Kajda Paul , Margomenou Lila , Piggott John R , Zabetakis Ioannis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFour strawberry jams were made by high‐hydrostatic‐pressure treatment at 200, 400, 600 and 800 MPa. A traditional (heat‐processed) strawberry jam was manufactured as control. The anthocyanin content in the jams was screened over 15 days of storage at three different temperatures, 4, 20 and 30 °C. Pelargonidin‐3‐glucoside and pelargonidin‐3‐rutinoside were quantified. The highest stability of the anthocyanins was found when the jams were stored at fridge temperature (4 °C). The traditional jam showed higher stability than the pressured jams but also a bigger loss of anthocyanins during the production process. Examination by descriptive sensory analysis showed that the jam samples were different in many respects.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor A47 on estrogen and growth factor‐dependent breast cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro
Authors: Turbov Jane M. , Twaddle George M. , Yang Xiaohe , Liu Naxin M. , Murthy Satya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe propose that a growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor, such as tyrphostin A47, could serve as an adjunct to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) for postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Tyrphostins have been shown to block estrogen (E2)‐induced proliferation in the human breast cancer MCF‐7 cell line. Therefore, the effects of A47 on signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in E2‐mediated breast cancer cell growth in vitro were investigated.MethodsCell growth was determined by MTT proliferation assay, cell cycle analysis assessed by flow cytometry, and RTK activation by Western blot. Apoptosis assays included nuclear staining, TdT‐mediated dUTP‐X nick end labeling, and caspase 3 activation.ResultsWe find A47 selectively inhibits epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor but not insulin growth factor‐1 proliferation. Although A47 inhibits EGF‐induced phosphorylation of the EGF receptor in A431 cells, it does not consistently block MAP kinase phosphorylation.ConclusionsTaken together, A47 blocks E2/EGF‐induced activation of EGFR and therefore interferes with the proximal EGFR signaling pathway. A47 also arrests the cells at the G1‐S transition of the cell cycle and induces cell death by apoptosis. Thus, a growth factor RTK may be useful in blocking hormone‐dependent tumor growth in an elevated E2 environment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:17–29. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.