bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Twin and Virtual Reality for Process Verification of Resistance Spot Welds in Automotive Body in White Manufacturing
Authors: Lekarczyk Elizabeth , Malik Ali Ahmad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automotive body-in-white (BIW) manufacturing facilities utilize human inspectors to manually validate the quality of resistance spot welds (RSW). The process usually involves an articulated robotic arm that holds the component being inspected at its end effector, and presents the component to the human inspector. During the inspection process, the robot re-orientates the component for each weld location to make the inspection easier for the human inspector. Due to the complexity of human-robot interaction, several trials are made before a robot system is ready for serial production. Conventionally, robot coding, process validation, human ergonomic assessment and safety validations are performed once the robot has been commissioned at the production floor. To reduce the time required for document development and ensure complete visibility of all applied resistance spot welds, a digital twin was implemented. The digital twin also combines a digital human mannequin for validation. Utilizing Process Simulate software, the weld locations were highlighted and presented to the inspector in virtual reality (VR) and added to the quality control plan documents. Once robot placement was verified, the joint coordinates were downloaded to the offline program, for implementation; resulting in decreased programming time and inspection documentation development.
Revisiting Mechanical Advantage of Compliant Mechanisms: A Case-Study of a Compliant Gripper Using the Spring-Lever Model
Authors: Dixit Shreyas , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that mechanical advantage (MA) of compliant mechanisms is less than that of their rigid-body equivalents because a part of the input energy is used to deform elastic segments. Furthermore, MA of compliant mechanisms depends on the gap before engaging with the workpiece and its stiffness. To address this issue, we revisit the seminal work of Salamon and Midha with a view to minimize the sensitivity of MA with respect to workpiece stiffness and gap while designing compliant mechanisms. We do this by considering the spring-lever (SL) model which includes three parameters that capture the kineto-elasto-static behavior of the compliant mechanism. We first optimize the kineto-elasto-static parameters for desired MA and obtain a closed-form solution for the optimum parameters. Next, we interactively change the geometry to attain optimized parameters. We illustrate our two-step method of designing a compliant gripper whose MA is maximized and is nearly insensitive to workpiece stiffness and gap.
Transferability Analysis of Data-Driven Additive Manufacturing Knowledge: A Case Study Between Powder Bed Fusion and Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Safdar Mutahar , Xie Jiarui , Ko Hyunwoong , Lu Yan , Lamouche Guy , Zhao Yaoyao Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data-driven research in Additive Manufacturing (AM) has gained significant success in recent years. This has led to a plethora of scientific literature to emerge. The knowledge in these works consists of AM and Artificial Intelligence (AI) contexts that haven’t been mined and formalized in an integrated way. Moreover, no tools or guidelines exist to support data-driven knowledge transfer from one context to another. As a result, data-driven solutions using specific AI techniques are being developed and validated only for specific AM process technologies. There is a potential to exploit the inherent similarities across various AM technologies and adapt the existing solutions from one process or problem to another using AI, such as Transfer Learning. We propose a three-step knowledge transferability analysis framework in AM to support data-driven AM knowledge transfer. As a prerequisite to transferability analysis, AM knowledge is featurized into identified knowledge components. The framework consists of pre-transfer, transfer, and post-transfer steps to accomplish knowledge transfer. A case study is conducted between flagship metal AM processes. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is the source of knowledge motivated by its relative matureness in applying AI over Directed Energy Deposition (DED), which drives the need for knowledge transfer as the less explored target process. We show successful transfer at different levels of the data-driven solution, including data representation, model architecture, and model parameters. The pipeline of AM knowledge transfer can be automated in the future to allow efficient cross-context or cross-process knowledge exchange.
Three-Dimensional Steady-State and Transient Response Modelling of Geared Systems Under Stick-Slip Motion Generated Excitations
Authors: Ozdemir Enes Timur , Inalpolat Murat , Lee Hyun Ku , Kim Moo Suk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a general procedure for three-dimensional steady state and transient response analysis of geared systems under stick-slip motion generated excitations. In geared systems, stick-slip motion based excitations are mainly generated within the clutch systems. Thus, the dynamic model includes not only geared shafts and bearings, but also a single clutch stage. Three-dimensional shaft models are dynamically coupled with any number of gears and bearings at any design location of interest. Gear pairs are modeled using a simplified three dimensional dynamic model. Bearings are modeled using lumped compliance elements. The clutch has two interconnected modeling stages: a nonlinear torque characteristics model and a clutch disk model. The nonlinear torque transmission characteristics of the clutch are modelled as a piecewise linear function, while the dynamics of the clutch disk in 3D are modelled using a specifically driven Finite Element Model (FEM) utilizing thick plate elements. Finally, the clutch disk model is coupled with the input shaft to create the complete dynamic model. Nonlinearly transmitted torque is applied on clutch plate surface, and a Newmark’s time-step marching based integration method is used to determine transient response of the system. The capabilities of the model is highlighted through a benchmarking case study, where the baseline model would be a torsional dynamic model borrowed from literature.
Topological Insulator-Based Electroacoustic Transistors
Authors: Kuchibhatla Sai Aditya Raman , Leamy Michael J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We propose an electroacoustic transistor enabled by reconfigurable topological insulators (TIs). The underlying structure of the device is a hexagonal lattice with a unit cell consisting of piezoelectric disks bonded to an aluminum substrate. First, we study the dispersion of flexural waves in the reconfigurable TI to identify Dirac cones in the band structure of a unit cell possessing C6v-symmetry. A topological bandgap can be opened by breaking inversion symmetry in the unit cell. This is achieved by altering the elastic response of one of the affixed piezoelectric disks using a negative impedance shunt circuit. Next, we analyze various topological states formed by interfacing mirror-symmetric unit cells. Sublattices with interface states are then combined to construct a transistor supercell which hosts at least two topologically protected channels for wave propagation. The amplitude of an incoming acoustic signal propagating in one of the topological channels, referred to as the ‘Gate’, is used to switch on or off a second topological channel between a wave source and receiver, mimicking the behavior of a field effect transistor in electronics. We employ finite element analysis to study the harmonic response of the transistor structure demonstrating the OFF and ON states of the device. Further, we present a mock-up of an electrical circuit which enables the switching of the topological channel between a wave source and receiver. The design of the proposed wave-based transistor promises the advantage of topological protection and may find applications in wearable devices, edge computing, and sensing in harsh environments.
Enhancing Part Quality Management Using a Holistic Data Fusion Framework in Metal Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Kim Jaehyuk , Lu Yan , Jones Albert , Witherell Paul , Yeung Ho , Ko Hyunwoong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metal, powder-bed-fusion-based, additive manufacturing (AM) processes have gained widespread adoption for the ability to produce complex geometries with high performance. However, a multitude of factors still affect the build process, which significantly impacts the adoption rate. This, in turn, leads to great challenges in achieving consistent and reliable part quality. To address this challenge, simulations and measurements have been progressively deployed to provide valuable insights into the quality of individual builds. This paper proposes an AM data-fusion framework that combines data sources beyond a single-part, development cycle. Those sources include the aggregation of measurements from multiple builds and the outputs from their related models and simulations. Both can be used to support decision makings that can improve part quality. The effectiveness of the holistic AM data fusion framework is illustrated through three use case scenarios: one that fuses process data from a single build, one that fusses data from a build and simulation, and one that fuses data from multiple builds. The case studies demonstrate that a data-fusion framework can be applied to effectively detect over-melting scan strategies, to monitor material melting conditions, and to predict down-skin surface defects. Overall, the proposed method provides a practical solution for enhancing part-quality management when individual data sources or models have intrinsic limitations.
The Effect of Tyre Models on the Stability and Ride Dynamics of Two-Wheeled Vehicles: MF-Tyre Vs. MF-Swift
Authors: Mottola Matteo , Lovato Stefano , Lot Roberto , Massaro Matteo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the simulation of road vehicles dynamics, the tyre model should be tailored to the type of analysis. For stability and ride analyses, the MF-Tyre model is the most common choice, which is considered reliable up to 8–15 Hz. Forces are generated from tyre slips and normal load, the carcass dynamics are neglected, the lagged-response is accounted using relaxation equations or spring/damper elements. The MF-Swift model is another well-known option, this tyre model builds upon the MF-Tyre by including a rigid ring in order to simulate the carcass dynamics and extend the validity range up to 60–100 Hz. The aim of this work is to assess the effect of these two different tyre models on the stability and ride dynamics of two-wheeled vehicles. The lateral stability is investigated through the analysis of weave and wobble vibration modes. The ride response to impulses is investigated through wheelie/stoppie manoeuvres and with the vehicle running over a cleat, while the response to pseudo-random excitations is investigated through simulations on rough ISO roads. It was found that the carcass dynamics have some impact on the lateral stability. Conversely, the carcass dynamics have an impact on the in-plane responses at high frequency, both to impulsive and pseudo-random excitations.
Modeling and Co-Simulation of Hybrid Off-Road Machinery
Authors: Goswami Giota , Nutakor Charles , Sopanen Jussi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Co-simulation is a modeling approach that can be used to simulate systems that combine multiple physical domains in a computationally efficient manner. Hybrid off-road machinery can be modeled with required complexity by using multibody dynamics approach. The model of the machinery body can be combined with a hybrid electric powertrain which includes electrical and mechanical components in the powertrain through co-simulation. This paper describes a co-simulation platform that combines system-level hybrid electric powertrain models with detailed models of off-road machinery with hydraulic implements. This platform can help in comparing various powertrain concepts for off-road machinery. As a case example, two powertrain concepts for a tractor with a hydraulically operated front loader are compared. The dynamic traction and hydraulic loading of the tractor are simulated from user inputs given by a human operator and the resulting interactions of the tractor with a deformable terrain. A double planetary gear powertrain is combined with hydraulic actuators that are coupled, in the first case, directly to the engine, and in the second case, to the battery through a second electric motor. The model with electrically coupled hydraulics is observed to consume lower energy and fuel due to efficient distribution of the demanded power between the diesel engine and the electric battery.
Design and Virtual Prototyping of a Constant Force Gripper for Food Handling and Harvesting
Authors: Baggetta Mario , Hao Guangbo , Berselli Giovanni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper presents the design and virtual prototyping of a constant force gripper for food handling and harvesting, aimed at reducing the production costs associated with manual labor performed by human workers. The gripper has been designed using advanced Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software to be easily fabricated using additive manufacturing techniques. The solution involved the use of a lumped compliant element to obtain the desired constant force output, resulting in a gripper that is easily maintainable and cost-effective. The use of a constant force mechanism eliminates the need for dedicated sensors and complex control algorithms to avoid object damage, as completely closing the grasp is sufficient for every operation. The optimization of the compliant element shape has been crucial for achieving the desired constant force output and has required a Matlab software optimization framework using the pseudo-rigid body model equations and an fmincon algorithm. The virtual prototyping approach, using a flexible multi-body dynamics software, has enabled fast and easy testing of the CAD design, leading to an optimized final design with high performance and precision. The study results have demonstrated the potential of virtual prototyping for the design and optimization of advanced robotic systems in cost-sensitive industries, particularly in the food harvesting sector.
Form Attributes to Measure and Understand Aesthetic Preferences
Authors: Saadi Jana I. , Yang Maria C. , Chong Leah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aesthetics of a product is critical to its desirability, and can be described in terms of syntactics and semantics. Syntactic aesthetics is an objective description based on the form and configuration of a product, while semantic aesthetics is a subjective interpretation of the form and gestalt of a product. This study seeks to identify a set of syntactic attributes to describe form and understand if an individual’s preferences for a form are consistent from one product to another. Form attributes from previous literature were expanded upon to create a consistent vocabulary for syntactic aesthetics that can be used to describe multiple products. Combinations of four selected attributes are utilized to describe a diverse set of designs for two products: vases and canopies. Conjoint analysis is used to quantitatively measure the form preferences of individuals towards different combinations of attribute levels of the objects. Results from conjoint analysis applied to vase and canopy designs indicate a 61.3% consistency of individual form preferences between the products. It is hoped that this methodology can help designers develop aesthetically consistent products that align with users’ preferences by quantifying users’ aesthetic preferences towards products through a vocabulary for syntactic attributes.
Optimization of 3D Printing While Traveling En Route to Extend Range of UAS for Multi-Location Mission Scenarios
Authors: Dickerson Tevin , Salmon John L. , Mattson Christopher A. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nexus of two relatively recent technologies, additive manufacturing and unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), has enabled new and unique capabilities that have only started to be realized in integrated systems. This paper explores and quantifies the impact of 3D printing parts for UAS, or entire UAS systems, on an agent platform while it travels to multiple locations as part of a mission objective. The printed or enhanced UAS can then be released at launch points farther away from the goal locations. This, in turn, can accelerate mission completion times and reduce travel costs. The methodology and optimization problem are developed by making use of Apollonius circles extensively with interesting examples presented of the integration of these two technologies. Results indicate that based on the print capability and agent travel speed, using the sequence provided by a Traveling Salesman’s problem solution is not always optimal. Thousands of scenarios are optimized across the design space with some interesting phenomena discussed in the analysis.
Exploring the Manifestation of Design for Manufacturing Axioms in Students’ Early-Stage Engineering Design Concepts
Authors: Pearl Seth , Meisel Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a technology capable of producing designs that challenge those from traditional manufacturing methods. AM is of high interest for advanced capabilities such as leveraging free complexity and having the ability to manufacture multi-part products that are manufactured as a single assembled. By leveraging design heuristics for AM, the final design can be manufactured in a shorter timeframe with less material consumption while still maintaining the initial engineering goals of the design. Despite the promising potential of AM, there is a growing concern that designers are not utilizing the design heuristics that embody successful AM. When designers resort to using design heuristics for Traditional Manufacturing (TM) with the unintentional purpose of translating these heuristics to AM, they are not creating efficient designs for AM and are unable to reap the benefits of using AM. To remedy this problem, intervening early in the design process can help address any concerns regarding the use of AM design heuristics. This work explores the design heuristics that students use in creating designs in the context of TM and AM. Once the common design heuristics students use in their designs are identified, future studies will further investigate the specific features that these students are using to address them through early interventions. This work found that incorporating complex shapes and geometries and considering the minimum feature size are significant axioms for influencing the manufacturability of a design for both TM and AM.
Efficient Object Manipulation in Confined Space Using Compliant Based Gripper
Authors: Gabani Krushang , Ji Yuhe Oswin , Esfahani Ehsan T. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manipulating small objects within a confined space is one of the challenging scenarios that industry 4.0 is currently facing. This is specifically important if the task on hand is done in human-robot collaboration. In such scenarios, the human operator may not necessarily place all the items in the most optimum locations. In such cases, it is necessary for the robotic system to identify the objects and isolate any items that are colliding. This should be followed by the priority identification for relocating the scattered objects within the given space to accommodate any incoming objects. This paper addresses the above-mentioned issue by providing a machine vision algorithm where the object added by a human collaborator are identified and then prioritized for the robotic manipulator to relocate them and provide space for any incoming objects. An optimization problem is formulated to identify the most suitable place for any of the objects that need to be replaced by the robotic manipulator. Using an adjustable stiffness gripper, we then introduce four basic actions (inner/outer grasp, rigid push, compliant push) to perform the manipulation task while avoiding any collision with the environment and other objects. The efficiency of the proposed work is demonstrated in several different cases of object manipulations.
Nature Versus Nurture: the Influence of Classroom Creative Climate on Risk-Taking Preferences of Engineering Students
Authors: Peng Aoran , Menold Jessica , Miller Scarlett R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Engineering companies are increasingly placing more value on creativity and innovation as they are the key to solving wicked problems. However, engineers often avoid taking the risks that are necessary for innovation to occur due to the uncertainty associated with creative ideas. As design researchers and educators, it is crucial that we identify ways to foster creativity and innovation in engineering education and examine how our classroom practices may either restrict or encourage students’ willingness to take risks. This study makes a first attempt at answering these questions by investigating the role of creative climate in engineering education by exploring the relationship between individual preferences for creative risk-taking and perception of creative climate in the classroom, as well as the link between creative climate perception and individual creative-risk taking actions. Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between creative climate and creative risk-taking in other fields, but this study expands on those findings by examining this relationship in engineering classrooms. The results indicate a positive relationship between willingness to take risks and perception of creative climate, with creative climate influencing concept screening preferences. Class type and level were also shown to influence this relationship. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the need for establishing a creative climate in engineering classrooms to support innovation.
2.5D Signage From Sheet Material With Orthogonal Cuts and Folds
Authors: Demaine Erik D. , Demaine Martin L. , Devadoss Satyan L. , Myers Perla , Parra Rubio Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motivated by making signs with depth from bendable but thick sheet material such as metal or plastic, we analyze 2.5D structures manufacturable from a rectangular sheet by orthogonal cuts and folds (parallel to the sheet’s edges). We provide a practical universality algorithm for folding arbitrary pixelated 2.5D surfaces using many parallel cuts, which also supports subpixel features in one dimension. We develop two fonts that enable textual signs within this family of designs, and show real-world constructions from aluminum/polypropylene composite panels. We also study what is possible with just one cut, proving a necessary condition and developing a third font under this restriction.