bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Man-Made Law as a Refuge from Both the Devil’s Assaults and God’s Commands
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A Man for All Seasons tells the familiar story of Thomas More’s refusal to support Henry the VIII’s plan to divorce his wife and marry Anne Boleyn. More’s objection is not to the marriage, but to Henry’s making himself the head of the English Church in order to bring it about. This is a fine distinction, but fine distinctions are what impels the movie forward. What does one do when man’s law is in tension with God’s law? Does one rush to affirm the higher authority. Does one temporize. Does one evade the clash as long as possible. Does one embrace martyrdom or run from it? These and related questions are puzzled through by More and his many interlocutors—family, friends, foes, judges, servants—in conversations that are the film’s true action.
White Femininity—Black Masculinity
Authors: Chowdhry Prem 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Through the study of a 1939 film The Rains Came, this chapter examines the complex intersections of imperialism, gender, race, and class to articulate a different understanding of the British Empire in India. The challenges of the complex historical time set for the British in India coupled with the compulsions of changing policies and other national and international pressures anticipating the Second World War necessitated the projection of a changed imperial image in cinema. The film showed the emergence of a ‘new India’ under British domination. The film emphasized the developmental side of British rule and its role of ‘trusteeship’ and was widely publicized as the ‘true face’ of modern India. Curiously, at the heart of this film lay the inflammable theme of miscegenation—a cross colour–race romance between an Indian doctor and an English lady. The chapter shows how this film used, for the first time, the complexity of the role represented by Western women in a colonial setting to promote imperialism and its ideology of innate superiority of the English race. The earlier emphasis on the ‘masculine’ nature of colonialism with its essential components of domination, control, and structures of unequal power was totally reversed. The film rejected the notion of empire solely as a male space and introduced the white female as the central catalytic agent. This emphasis on the non-threatening ‘feminine’ nature of imperialism opened the possibilities of negotiating a different agenda within the colonial setting.
The Muslim Courtesans in Colonial India
Authors: Singh Lata 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the lives and worlds of a section of Muslim courtesans who hailed from the traditional women-performing communities. Considered public women, the courtesans neither led conventional sexual lives nor did they conform to the image of the ‘respectable’ mother or wife, the quintessential inspirational figures in the nationalist discourse. By foregrounding courtesans as important and influential intellectual, cultural, and political subjects, this chapter questions the imagery of such women in the dominant ‘respectable’ middle-class nationalist discourse. The courtesans under consideration were dynamic entities who constituted the first generation of literate women and poets; participated in male-dominated mushairas; ran kothas as professional business enterprises; owned wealth and property; wielded considerable political influence; and supported the 1857 rebellion and the nationalist movement. However, as the chapter shows, the Hinduization and communalization of arts and artists embedded in the cultural nationalism of the early twentieth century and post-independence India purged the courtesans from the historical narratives of classicism of art. They were posited in the Hindu nationalist discourse as the embodiment of the ‘alien’, ‘untrustworthy’, ‘decadent’, ‘morally corrupt’ Muslim other. By extension, this chapter also questions the dominant portrayal of Muslim women as a homogenous category who remained passive, oppressed, backward, and purdah- and home-bound, with no professional identity.
Introduction
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The big questions this book asks are: What is the welfare of the eight billion people who live in the world today? How many billions are at global standards of health, education, female employment, and gender equality? Of the billions who are not, how many are making progress towards global standards of welfare? Are developing countries progressing at a fast enough rate to catch up with global standards sooner, later, or never? Even if countries are making progress, under what circumstances are they at risk of falling further behind global standard-setters? This book answers these questions by the statistical analysis of the Global Welfare Database. It contains data about health, education, and female employment in 127 countries on six continents with 95 per cent of the world’s population. Trends since 1991 show progress in almost all developing countries, but not enough for a majority to catch up with global standard-setters.
Making Progress Globally
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out a model of the development of health, education, and gender equality globally that can track change across time and space. Nationally, progress requires compounding small rates of annual progress for decades; this book examines changes in welfare since 1991. Globalization is about catching up with the level of welfare of a group of countries that are doing best. To catch up requires a country to make progress at a significantly faster rate than standard-setting countries. It is easier to do so if targets are fixed, such as abolishing illiteracy, rather than open-ended, such as extending life expectancy. The Global Welfare Database provides the statistics for assessing how much progress has been achieved globally on six different welfare indicators. It covers six continents with 127 countries, including China and India, the countries with the world’s largest number of people with welfare and without welfare.
The Welfare Mix
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The welfare mix—the collective influence of the household, the market, and the state—determines an individual’s health, education, and employment prospects. Each influence has resources and limitations. For most of history, a person’s individual and family resources have been more important for their welfare than policies of the state. The extent to which the state can finance health and education policies at global standards depends on its economy, the source of its tax revenue, and political choices its governors make about public expenditure. In developing countries the economy cannot finance all the welfare services of global standard-setters. Thus, individuals rely less on the state and more on their own household and lifestyle for health; on their own studies for their education; and on the market for employment and a cash income.
Work for Women
Authors: Rose Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In every society both women and men spend much time working, but they do so in different ways and subject to different influences. A large majority of men are everywhere in paid employment. Because of this, a regression analysis can only account for less than one-fifth of the variation between countries in male labour force participation. By contrast, the lower level of female Participation varies much more. It is higher in the most agricultural societies and lowest in strict Muslim societies. Thus, gender inequality in employment is high in Africa and highly developed countries and low in strict Muslim societies and India. On every continent, women spend more hours than men doing unpaid household work. There is a difference of more than four hours in India and the Middle East and North Africa region, falling to two hours in highly developed countries.
Willpower as a Metaphor
Authors: Koi Polaris 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Willpower is a metaphor that is widespread in both common usage and expert literature across disciplines. It informs scholarship across philosophy, psychology, and economics, as well as agents’ conceptions of the sources of success and failure in self-control. This chapter looks into willpower as a “metaphor we live by”, analyzing and exploring the consequences of the tacit information content of the willpower metaphor for agentive self-understanding and efficacy. In addition to contributing to stigma associated with self-control failures, the metaphor causally contributes to self-control failures by obscuring available self-control strategies and instructing agents to superfluous self-control efforts. As a result, the metaphor is harmful, and it ought to be put to rest.
Uncertain Abilities, Diachronic Agency, and Future Selves
Authors: Purinton Sara 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Living with chronic illness can involve fluctuating between radically different bodily states depending on whether you are experiencing flareups of illness symptoms. What you can do in these bodily states can differ drastically from one another. Sometimes, these fluctuations in abilities lead to fluctuations in your values. That is, your evaluative perspective can shift when you are experiencing flareups of the illness. This can give rise to a puzzle for planning, since it is unclear what you should plan on doing when you do not have a stable set of preferences guiding your plans. This paper argues that one way to solve this puzzle is for the agent to adopt an overarching plan that mediates the conflict between her differing perspectives.
Don’t Take It Personally
Authors: Bero Stephen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
“Don’t take it personally” is often said as a way of placating hard feelings or assuaging hurt feelings, or simply as advice for moving on. The voluminous theoretical literature on responsibility, blame, and forgiveness has devoted little attention to this advice or to the nature of the response it urges, yet that response is distinctive and important. After illustrating and clarifying the distinction between taking and not taking things personally, this paper locates it in an underexplored region of Strawson’s framework of the reactive attitudes, and offers some preliminary reflections on the significance and ethics of (not) taking things personally.
An Erased Experiment
Authors: Ahmad Helal Emad 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Throughout the Ottoman era and during the first twenty-five years of Muḥammad ‘Alī’s rule, Egypt was subject to the provisions of Sharī‘a in the punitive field. Sharī‘a, in this regard, includes two types of punishments. The first is specified and includes executing the murderer, cutting off the hand of the thief, and flogging the adulterer, the drinker of wine, and the false accuser of the people. The second is not specified, and its discretion (ta‘āzīr) is left to the judge or the ruler. Under Sharī‘a, and in an attempt to codify ta‘āzīr, the Egyptian penal legislation movement began slowly and erratically in the late 1820s. This movement was not affected by Europe or the Ottoman Empire but was instead local in nature, adopting the method of trial and error. This chapter identifies the five stages of this legislative movement: Muḥammad ‘Alī’s penal acts, individuals’ regulations, partial legislations of Majlis al-Mashūra, partial legislations of al-Ḥaqqāniyya, and finally, comprehensive laws. The experiment ended with the British occupation of 1882, which erased all the outcomes of the local experiment and imposed foreign law on Egypt. Thus, Egypt returned to ground zero, and shortly afterward, the inadequacy of the new law for Egypt accentuated the need to amend and revise it.
From the Common Good to Public Interest
Authors: Culang Jeffrey 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the Islamic notion of the common good (maslaha) was displaced by the modern notion of public interest (also maslaha) in Egypt during the first half of the twentieth century, as a window onto the changing relationship between subject, community, and nation in Egyptian society. In order to access this central story, it turns to the specific case of Egyptian Jews. Drawing on the fractured archives and records of this dislocated community, in addition to state-produced legal texts and periodicals, the chapter focuses on the translation of the blood libel accusation in Egypt and the campaign by the Jewish reformer Murad Faraj and his reformist peers to counter it through a shared notion of the common good. It then traces the entry of public interest into Egyptian law and its application to Jews in the form of modern antisemitism, which stands in stark contrast to the kind of intercommunal political projects that the common good sustained. As the Egyptian nation-state took form, and Arab and Jewish identifications came to be seen as incompatible, public interest contributed to transforming Jewishness in Egypt into a private interest widely seen as detrimental to the good of the nation. The chapter argues that the translation and dissemination of public interest during the liberal period initiated structures, categories, and rationalities that would prove critical to acts of exclusion after the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic in 1952.
Photography, Selfhood, and Cultural Modernity
Authors: Ryzova Lucie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This essay looks at the cultural work of photographs and associated practices in colonial Egypt from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. Focusing on portraiture and the “local archive” (i.e., images produced by Egyptians for themselves), it considers what people did with photographs and what photographs did for people in their manifold incarnations as commodities, as media carrying a visual inscription, and as particular performances of selfhood. Through their exchange and circulation, photographs marked their wielders as modern urbanites, often signifying upward social mobility and the acquisition of urban sophistication. As media carrying visual inscription, photographs contributed not only to the reshaping of local constructions of gender but also contributed to a broader transformation in the role of visibility in society. Alongside other print technologies, they worked to normalize a new kind of eye understood as passive and purely optical and contributed to the emergence of visibility as a central preoccupation of modern forms of urban life. Most commonly, perhaps, visits to the photographer’s studio provided opportunities for the staging of a modern self through the image. Photographs became the means through which modern forms of selfhood were enacted, asserted, negotiated, and sometimes subverted. Together with novel forms of writing, photographs also provided occasions to exteriorize and examine one’s soul, realizing a desire for a singular sovereign subject as they also worked to entrench and normalize distinctly modern forms of temporality inserted into the flow of the everyday.
Hollywood on the Nile
Authors: Gordon Joel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
By the 1940s, the Egyptian studio system, the bastion of Arabic-language film production derided by many as “Hollywood on the Nile,” drew viewers—and prospective stars—from across the Arab world. Prior to independence, strict censorship enforced prohibitions on depictions of social ills or national aspirations. During the pivotal Nasser years (1952–70), popular entertainment intersected with a new independent “revolutionary” ethos to produce socially relevant films, even if often disguised as melodrama. These are recalled as Egypt’s “golden” years. In the late 1950s, the regime founded a public sector to promote “high” art, a measure that remained controversial, despite marked successes. After the 1967 defeat, looser censorship allowed a degree of criticism of state projects. This tug and pull between filmmakers/producers and state officials / censors has remained a constant, even as the focus of socially oriented projects has changed to reflect political, economic, and cultural tensions and transitions. Egyptian cinema, challenged in recent decades by an expanding mediascape of regional and global competition, remains influential, a font of nostalgia and a barometer of what is politically and artistically possible.
Local Enlightenment in the Colonial Period
Authors: Gershoni Israel 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ahmad Lutfi al-Sayyid (1872–1963) was among modern Egypt’s most influential public intellectuals. Through the pages of his daily, al-Jarida, Lutfi al-Sayyid developed a robust and implementable plan for domesticating the Enlightenment’s principles, values, and institutions for integration into his local Egyptian environment. While mainstream historiography approaches Lutfi al-Sayyid exclusively as a Pharaonicist Egyptian nationalist, and therefore as an apologist for the British colonial cause, this article seeks to problematize and deconstruct this characterization by emphasizing three main components of his weltanschauung: Lutfi al-Sayyid as a local Enlightenment thinker, as a liberal, and as an anticolonial activist. Through a thorough reading of his expansive corpus of texts, this chapter shows Lutfi al-Sayyid’s unique method of assimilating the Enlightenment in Egypt through the process of tamsir, Egyptianization. His Egyptian nationalism departed from Pharaonicist inspiration, rejecting outright organic, primordial elements, focusing instead on an inclusive, civic basis for shaping the Egyptian national identity and self. For Lutfi al-Sayyid, the outcome, an indigenous form of Enlightenment, was part and parcel of achieving independence, progress, and self-determination, and therefore freedom, for the Egyptian nation.
State, Intellectuals, and the Past
Authors: Di-Capua Yoav 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the complex relationship between postcolonial intellectuals, the state, and the desired collective attitude toward the past. In the wake of World War II, Egyptian and Arab intellectuals identified a set of interrelated material, corporal (extreme poverty, low life expectancy, illiteracy, sickness), and ontological (anxiety, inauthenticity, absence of sovereignty and freedom) concerns that constituted the core of their collective postcolonial condition. Constructively engaging this condition via a close collaboration with the state, they believed that no sustainable, reliable, and effective social, political, or economic thought could emerge without a firm commitment to critical historical consciousness. But not everyone believed in foregrounding the pressing issues of the day in a critical, historicist, and continuous understanding of the past. Islamists, for instance, pushed for an alternative metaphysical and spiritual approach, and the state itself, with its reliance on an elementary form of nationalist historiography and its refusal to open its own historical records to the public, also proved a major obstacle for the mass adoption of critical historical consciousness. By reviewing the attitude of three generations of thinkers from diverse ideological and religious orientations toward the past, this chapter suggests that, in the context of contemporary Egyptian history and the internal struggle for basic human dignity and freedom, the right to access and interpret the past critically slowly emerged as nothing but a basic human right.
Health and Nation
Authors: Kozma Liat 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the interwar years, the Egyptian medical profession emerged as a leading national middle-class project. Egyptian doctors asserted their professional identity as they competed with foreign doctors who practiced in Egypt, and they struggled to prove themselves as equal members in the international scientific community. They saw indigenous medical research on specific Egyptian problems as a sign of local competence and, moreover, as professional independence necessary for national one. This chapter offers a social and intellectual history of the Egyptian medical profession from the late nineteenth century to World War II. First, it argues that during the decades in which medical education in Egypt was declining under colonial rule, the Egyptian medical community rebuilt itself through education in many different medical schools abroad. Second, it describes how Egyptian doctors sought to integrate themselves into global scientific conversations and regional networks. Third, it demonstrates that Egyptian doctors struggled to prove their professional competence on the international scale by conducting research on and offering solutions to Egypt’s pressing problems: child mortality, obesity, prostitution, drug addiction, and more. Finally, this chapter suggests that the re-emergence of the Egyptian medical profession was, for the most part, an effendi male project, designed to cultivate both the self and its other—particularly middle-class women, and both male and female peasants.
Cinema and Science in the Silent Era
Authors: Curtis Scott , Gaycken Oliver 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines an example of early microcinematography, Mécanisme de la phagocytose des trypanosomes, phénomène de l’accolement—Jean Comandon’s 1910 commissioned film for Pasteur Institute immunologist Constantin Levaditi—which opens onto a broader history of cinema and science. The chapter explores the professional context for Comandon and Levaditi’s partnership and the scientific protocols for using moving images while also considering the excitement scientific films generated and the importance of this enthusiasm for both popular and elite scientific knowledge. It explains the film’s scientific significance as well as the additional meanings the film acquired when taken up by journalists and other participants in popular culture. Indeed, the interactions of various media (film, lecture, the printed word) surrounding this example provide an opportunity to reassess common approaches to popularization, collaboration, and intermediality in histories of scientific representations.
Early Cinema and the Emergence of Television
Authors: Galili Doron 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims at revising common historiographic views that consider the origins of cinema and of television within different trajectories of technological development and in distinct cultural moments of the twentieth century. It starts with an assessment of what the methodological prospects of media archaeology may contribute to the study of early cinema today. Drawing on such media archaeological approaches, the chapter then demonstrates how the history of electrical transmission media (such as radio and television broadcasting) was in fact intertwined with media of recording and inscription (such as phonography, and, of course, cinema) long before the digital turn made their intersections more readily perceivable.
Biograph 1904
Authors: King Rob 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Among the genres of early film, few have seemed so native to the medium as the comic chase. However it is framed—whether as “the original truly narrative genre of the cinema” (Tom Gunning) or as a “decisive shift toward fiction ‘feature’ films” (Charles Musser)—the chase comedy is viewed as one of the early signposts of cinema’s autonomy as a narrative medium. While the comic chase inaugurates something that arises from cinema’s distinct medial properties and sets cinema apart, the exact nature of that “something” depends on the historian. This chapter tests claims about the chase film by focusing on the company that effectively launched the genre in 1904, American Mutoscope and Biograph, and its three chase comedies from that year: The Escaped Lunatic, Personal, and The Lost Child. It thereby suggests a perspective on genre formation that bridges considerations of cultural practice with the insights of media archaeology.