bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurotrophin secretion from cultured microglia
Authors: Nakajima Kazuyuki , Honda Shizuyo , Tohyama Yoko , Imai Yoshinori , Kohsaka Shinichi , Kurihara Tadashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBecause microglia have been suggested to produce neurotrophins, we tested this ability in vitro. Rat primary microglia were found to constitutively secrete a limited amount of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) were undetectable in the conditioned medium. Stimulation of the cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased BDNF secretion, and induced NGF secretion. As a first step to examine this regulation system, the association of protein kinase C (PKC) was pharmacologically analyzed. A PKC activator, phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate, enhanced the secretion of BDNF. Pre‐treatment of microglia with a PKC inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide, suppressed LPS‐stimulated BDNF secretion as well as the constitutive one. These results suggest that the PKC signaling cascade is closely associated with BDNF secretion. Among PKC isoforms, PKCα probably plays a role in BDNF secretion, based on the results of experiments using a specific PKC activator, 1‐oleoyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycerol, and a specific PKC inhibitor, Gö 6976, and by immunoblotting. Taken together, these findings suggest that the secretion of BDNF from microglia is regulated through PKCα‐associated signal transduction mechanism. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:322–331, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cross‐level effects of culture and climate in human service teams
Authors: Glisson Charles , James Lawrence R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis two‐level study of child welfare and juvenile justice case management teams addresses construct, measurement, and composition issues that plague multilevel research on organizational culture and climate. Very few empirical studies have examined both culture and climate simultaneously, and none have provided evidence that culture and climate are distinct or similar constructs. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), within‐group consistency analysis (rwg), between‐group differences (ICC and eta‐squared), and hierarchical linear models (HLM) analysis provide evidence that climate and culture are separate constructs that vary by organizational unit, and are related to work attitudes, perceptions, and behavior. Findings link team‐level culture and climate to individual‐level job satisfaction and commitment, perceptions of service quality, and turnover. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior
Authors: Luthans Fred 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis essay draws from the emerging positive psychology movement and the author's recent articles on the need for and meaning of a positive approach to organizational behavior. Specifically, the argument is made that at this time, the OB field needs a proactive, positive approach emphasizing strengths, rather than continuing in the downward spiral of negativity trying to fix weaknesses. However, to avoid the surface positivity represented by the non‐sustainable best‐sellers, the case is made for positive organizational behavior (POB) to take advantage of the OB field's strength of being theory and research driven. Additional criteria for this version of POB are to identify unique, state‐like psychological capacities that can not only be validly measured, but also be open to development and performance management. Confidence, hope, and resiliency are offered as meeting such POB inclusion criteria. The overall intent of the essay is to generate some positive thinking and excitement for the OB field and ‘hopefully’ stimulate some new theory building, research, and effective application. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of low frequency variability modes on Canadian winter temperature
Authors: Bonsal Barrie R. , Shabbar Amir , Higuchi Kaz 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on winter (January–February–March) temperature variability over Canada are analysed for the period 1900–1995. Through linear regression, regional characteristics in the interannual temperature variability explained by these oscillations are firstly identified. Modulation of El Niño and La Niña winter temperature responses by various combinations of the PDO and NAO is then investigated via composite analysis. Results show the NAO as the dominant low frequency variability mode affecting winter temperature, however, the effects are mainly confined to north‐eastern regions of the country. The ENSO and PDO influences are somewhat weaker and occur over western and central Canada. It is determined that the associated winter PDO pattern has a significant modulating effect on ENSO related temperature responses. Impacts are stronger and more spatially coherent during El Niño episodes when positive PDO winters are associated with strong positive temperature anomalies over most of Canada, neutral PDO with weaker anomalies (positive in the west and negative in the east), and negative PDO with strong negative anomalies over western Canada. Analysis also suggests that La Niña and negative PDO combinations are associated with negative temperature anomalies, especially in the far west. Over eastern regions of Canada, El Niño (La Niña) events modulate the typical positive (negative) NAO temperature responses by generally making them warmer (colder). All observed relationships are explained by variations in associated mid‐tropospheric circulation over the north Pacific (i.e. Aleutian low region), and western and central North America. Results from this investigation aid in the understanding of relationships between low frequency oscillations and winter temperature variability over Canada. They also suggest the possibility of improved winter temperature forecasts based on conditions in the tropical and north Pacific, and the north Atlantic. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Intra‐seasonal rainfall characteristics and their importance to the seasonal prediction problem
Authors: Tennant Warren J. , Hewitson Bruce C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDaily station rainfall data in South Africa from 1936 to 1999 are combined into homogeneous rainfall regions using Ward's clustering method. Various rainfall characteristics are calculated for the summer season, defined as December to February. These include seasonal rainfall total, region‐average number of station rain days exceeding 1 and 20 mm, region‐average of periods between rain days at stations >1 and >20 mm, region‐average of wet spell length (sequential days of station rainfall >1 and >20 mm), correlation of daily station rainfall within a region and correlation of seasonal station rainfall anomalies within a region.Rank‐ordered rainfall characteristic data generally form an s‐shaped curve, and significance testing of discontinuities in these curves suggests that normal rainfall conditions in South Africa consist of a combined middle three quintiles separated from the outer quintiles, rather than the traditional middle tercile.The relationships between the various rainfall characteristics show that seasons with a high total rainfall generally have a higher number of heavy rain days (>20 mm) and not necessarily an increase in light rain days. The length of the period between rain days has a low correlation to season totals, demonstrating that seasons with a high total rainfall may still contain prolonged dry periods. These additional rainfall characteristics are important to end‐users, and the analysis undertaken here offers a valuable starting point for seeking physical relationships between rainfall characteristics and the general circulation. Preliminary studies show that the vertical mean wind is related to rainfall characteristics in South Africa. Given that general circulation models capture this part of the circulation adequately, seasonal forecasts of rainfall characteristics become plausible. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Influence of Eurasian spring snow cover on Asian summer rainfall
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Yanai Michio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Eurasian snow cover anomaly in spring has been considered as one of the important factors affecting Asian summer monsoon variability. Using the long time series (1922–98) of Eurasian spring (March–April) snow cover (ESSC) reconstructed by Brown (2000. Journal of Climate 13: 2339) and snow cover (1973–98) and depth (1979–87) data from satellite observation, the influences of ESSC on the all‐India monsoon (June–September) rainfall (AIMR) and the summer rainfall over all parts of Asia are examined. It is found that the statistical relation between AIMR and ESSC changes over a multi‐decadal time scale. The negative correlation between them has increased markedly since the mid 1970s. The region where the summer rainfall has the strongest and most stable negative correlation with the preceding ESSC is located in northern Mongolia, south of Lake Baikal. The correlation between the summer rainfall and ESSC increases after the data are treated with a low‐pass filter, showing that the impact of snow cover may be seen more clearly with the removal of the effect of El Niño–southern oscillation. Comparative analyses for contrasting years with excessive and deficient snow cover show that the anomalies of ESSC occur mainly in northwestern Eurasia. In the years of excessive ESSC anomalies, cooling and a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere appear over the northern part of Eurasia, leading to a Rossby‐wave‐train‐like circulation response, then a weakened East Asia summer monsoon and deficient rainfall with an anticyclonic circulation anomaly south of Lake Baikal. Anomalies with opposite signs occur in the years of deficient snow cover. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Vegetation and climate during the Weichselian Early Glacial and Pleniglacial in the Niederlausitz, eastern Germany — macrofossil and pollen evidence
Authors: Bos Johanna A. A. , Bohncke Sjoerd J. P. , Kasse Cornelis , Vandenberghe Jef 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCryoturbated organic beds and channel fills, intercalated with sandy and gravelly fluvial units, have been studied in an opencast brown‐coal mine near Nochten (Niederlausitz), eastern Germany. The fluvial–aeolian sequence covers parts of the Early, Pleni‐ and Late‐glacial. The detailed chronology is based on 11 radiocarbon and 12 OSL dates, covering the period between ca. 100 kyr and 11 kyr BP. Basal peat deposits are correlated with an Early Weichselian interstadial. During this period boreal forests were present and minimum mean summer temperatures were > 13°C. Early Pleniglacial deposits are absent. The Middle and Late Pleniglacial environments were treeless and different types of tundra vegetation can be recognised. Minimum mean summer temperatures varied between 10 and 15°C. Vegetation and climate is reconstructed in detail for the periods around 34–38 kyr BP and 24–25 kyr BP. Around 34–38 ka, a mixture between a low shrub tundra and a cottongrass tussock–subshrub tundra was present. The botanical and sedimentological data suggest that from the Middle to the Late Pleniglacial, the climate became more continental, aridity and wind strength increased, and the role of a protecting winter snow cover decreased. A sedge–grass–moss tundra dominated around 24 and 25 kyr BP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high resolution, multiproxy Late‐glacial record of climate change and intrasystem responses in northwest England
Authors: Jones Richard T. , Marshall Jim D. , Crowley Stephen F. , Bedford Alan , Richardson Nigel , Bloemendal Jan , Oldfield Frank 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA lacustrine carbonate sequence from Hawes Water, Lancashire, UK, has been studied using stable isotopic, lithological, pollen and mineral magnetic analysis. The data reveal four abrupt climatic oscillations in the Late‐glacial Interstadial leading up to the onset of the Loch Lomond Stadial. The data also point to climatic warming relatively early within the stadial, ca. 12 500 GRIP yr, prior to the onset of the Holocene. The oxygen isotope record is taken as a signature of climate forcing against which the response of the lake‐system can be monitored. By adopting this approach it is revealed that the response of the biological system to the rapid climatic oscillations is non‐linear and primarily a function of the antecedent conditions. A significant end‐Devensian isotopic excursion (A) is matched by only minor changes in the cold‐adapted floras and faunas. During the warmer interstadial, the response of the biological ecosystem (events B–D) is clearly influenced by thresholds: major changes in the catchment vegetation associated with relatively minor oscillations in the isotopic signature. The stratigraphical patterns reveal significant lag effects between the onset of climate deterioration and resulting changes in vegetation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isotopic climate record in a Holocene stalagmite from Ursilor Cave (Romania)
Authors: Onac Bogdan Petroniu , Constantin Silviu , Lundberg Joyce , Lauritzen Stein‐Erik 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe PU‐2 stalagmite from Ursilor Cave provides the first dated Romanian isotope record for the Holocene. The overall growth rate of the speleothem was 3.5 cm kyr−1, corresponding to a temporal resolution of 142 y between each isotope analysis. The ‘Hendy’ tests indicate that isotopic equilibrium conditions occurred during the formation of PU‐2, and hence that it is suitable for palaeoclimatic studies. The relationship between δ18O and temperature was found to be positive. This can be interpreted either as rain‐out with distance from the west‐northwest ocean source of evaporation or shifts in air mass source with changing North Atlantic Oscillation indices. Applying five U–Th thermal ionisation mass spectrometric (TIMS) dates to a 17.5 cm isotope profile (δ18O and δ13C) along the stalagmite growth axis enabled a tentative interpretation of the palaeoclimate signal over the past 7.1 kyr. Spikes of depleted isotopic δ18O values are centred near ca. 7, ca. 5.2 and ca. 4 ka, reflecting cool conditions. The record shows two warm intervals between ca. 3.8 and ca. 3.2 ka (the maximum warmth) and from ca. 2 to ca. 1.4 ka, when the δ18O values were less negative than present. The ‘Holocene Climate Optimum’ spanning the time interval from ca. 6.8 to ca. 4.4 ka is not well expressed in the PU‐2 stalagmite. Individual spikes of lighter δ13C are interpreted as indicative of periods of heavy rainfall, at ca. 7, ca. 5.5, and ca. 3.5 ka. The overall trend to lighter δ13C in the PU‐2 stalagmite may reflect a gradual decrease in water–rock interaction. The results demonstrate that the effect of North Atlantic oceanic changes extended to the investigated area. Nevertheless, some differences in temporal correlation and intensity of stable isotopic response to these climatic events have been found, but the exact nature of these differences and the underlying mechanism is yet to be determined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ investigation of the chemical composition of ceroid in human atherosclerosis by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: van de Poll Sweder W. E. , Bakker Schut Tom C. , van der Laarse Arnoud , Puppels Gerwin J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFluorescent lipid peroxidation products (ceroid) form within the atheroma of an atherosclerotic lesion. At present, the initiation and propagation of such oxidative processes in situ are not well understood, in part because of the insolubility of the ceroid deposits. We investigated the chemical composition of ceroid in human atherosclerotic plaque by combining autofluorescence microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. In eight sectioned human atherosclerotic samples, we located granular and ring‐shaped ceroid deposits by autofluorescence microscopy. Subsequently, two‐dimensional Raman maps of the ceroid deposits and surrounding non‐fluorescent atheroma were acquired at 1 µm resolution. These Raman spectra were subjected to a K‐means clustering analysis. By assigning a different color to each cluster, pseudo‐color Raman images of the tissue sections were obtained. From these images the clusters belonging to ceroid and the non‐fluorescent surrounding tissue were selected. The averaged cluster spectra were analyzed by means of a least‐squares fit with the Raman spectra of pure chemical compounds. In addition, the Raman spectra were compared with the Raman spectra of normal and oxidized lipids. Marked differences between the Raman spectra of ceroid and surrounding, non‐fluorescent atheroma were observed, amidst large sample to sample variation in chemical composition. Compared with the non‐fluorescent tissue, the changes in the Raman spectra of the ceroid deposits could best be explained by larger signal contributions from hemoglobin and cholesteryl esters. We conclude that there is a large heterogeneity in the chemical composition of ceroid. Its composition is largely dependent on the chemical constituents of the surrounding atheroma. Heme or heme degradation products are consistently present in the ceroid deposits. Our results support the hypothesis that iron and heme can form complexes with the intravascular lipoproteins, thereby stimulating oxidation and initiating the formation of ceroid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy toward real‐time in vivo cancer diagnosis
Authors: Kaminaka Shoji , Ito Toshiaki , Yamazaki Hiroya , Kohda Ehiichi , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUsing a newly developed InP/InGaAsP multichannel detector, we developed a near‐infrared Raman spectroscopic system that can measure human tissues efficiently without interference from fluorescence. This enabled us to measure an in vivo Raman spectrum of live human tissue (skin) in 1 min using fiber probe optics. By applying this system to human lung tissues, we found that Raman spectroscopy makes a clear distinction not only between normal and cancerous tissues but also between two different types of lung carcinomas. The results indicate a promising future for the non‐invasive real‐time Raman diagnosis of cancers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fate of foodborne bacterial pathogens in pesticide products
Authors: Guan Tat Yee , Blank Greg , Ismond Anne , Van Acker Rene 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of diluting concentrated pesticide products with water containing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (human, bovine and ground meat strains), Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnei, Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes were investigated. Individual cultures were inoculated at about 102 colony‐forming units (cfu) ml−1 into the following commercial pesticide products—Roundup, Poast & Merge, Gramoxone, Afolan, 2,4‐D amine, Dithane M45, Benlate, Bravo 500, Ridomil 240EC, Thiram 75WP, Sevin XLR+, Lorsban 4E, Diazinon 500, Ambush 500EC and Lagon 480E—following dilution with sterile tap water to recommended spray application concentrations (pesticide solution). Following incubation at 22 °C for 1 h, survivor levels for all three E coli O157:H7 strains in pesticide solutions of Roundup, Poast & Merge, Gramoxone, Dithane M45, Ridomil 240EC and Lagon 480E were lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to their survival in water. In several pesticide solutions (Afolan, Bravo 500, Lorsban 4E and Ambush 500EC), survivor levels were no different (P≥0.05) from the control after 1 h; however, by 24 h, population levels of all strains in these four pesticide solutions were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than those observed at 1 h. Overall, similar survivor or growth patterns were observed with the remaining bacteria, with the exception of S flexneri. For this bacterium, survival or growth was poor, especially in Bravo 500, which consistently supported substantial growth of the other micro‐organisms. Time course growth studies over 96 h at 22 °C were conducted with Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria and E coli O157:H7 in solutions of Afolan, Bravo 500, Lorsban 4E and Ambush 500EC. Overall, a 100 to 1060‐fold increase in population was usually obtained in these pesticide solutions by 96 h. Changes in either the initial inoculum level of E coli O157:H7 from about 102 to 104 cfu ml−1 or temperature (from 20–22 to 31 °C) and concentration (from 0.5 to 1.5 times the recommended spray concentration) were shown to affect its growth in the pesticide solutions. The findings of this study indicate that some pesticide products, when diluted using contaminated water, may have the potential to promote growth of pathogens which could increase the risk of more widespread contamination of standing crops, including fruits.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of irradiation, with and without cooking of maize and kidney bean flours, on porridge viscosity and in vitro starch digestibility
Authors: Rombo George O , Taylor John R N , Minnaar Amanda 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAfrican traditional weaning foods are usually prepared from starchy flours at a total solids content of 50–100 g l−1, giving a viscosity of 1000–3000 cP which is consumable by infants. These porridges have very low energy and nutrient densities. Processing to reduce the porridge viscosity and improve the energy and nutrient density may help in solving this problem. Maize, kidney bean and their 70:30 composite flours were irradiated at 0–10 kGy at room temperature. Irradiation greatly reduced the viscosity of porridges, probably by starch depolymerisation. Irradiation improved the starch digestibility of raw bean flours, possibly either by inhibiting α‐amylase inhibitors or by weakening the thick cell walls that enclose the starch granules, thus improving accessibility to enzymes. However, in raw maize, cooked maize and cooked bean flours there was maximum starch digestibility at a dose of 2.5 kGy, followed by small but significant decreases in starch digestibility at higher doses, more so in maize than in bean flours. The decrease in digestibility could be due to the formation of inhibitors of amylolytic enzymes (Maillard reactions products) or to the formation of resistant starch. Irradiation doses required to increase the total solids content of traditional maize‐ and/or bean‐based weaning porridges to at least 200 g l−1 do not compromise starch digestibility significantly.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of toasting time on the browning of sliced bread
Authors: Ramírez‐Jiménez Antonio , García‐Villanova Belén , Guerra‐Hernández Eduardo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSlices of wheat bread were toasted for different times until a distinct intensity of brown colour was reached. Two assays were carried out: prolonged toasting times (5–60 min) and reduced toasting times (0.5–5 min). The browning indicators (furosine, available lysine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), colour and absorbance at 284 and 420 nm) were determined. The precision of all indicators used was high (CV < 4%). No furosine or HMF was detected in the dough before baking. The furosine content increased until 7 min (299 mg per 100 g protein) and then decreased to 2.9 mg per 100 g protein at 60 minutes. For the first toasting times (0.5, 1 and 2 min) the furosine content decreased slightly. Available lysine reached losses of 50% after 25 min of heating. The toasting of bread increased HMF values from 12 to 2025 mg kg−1 for the assay at prolonged times of heating and from 1.3 to 4.2 mg kg−1 at reduced times (0.5–5 min). The HMF content decreased (1000 mg kg−1) when the sliced bread was toasted until it burnt. Colour (ΔE, 100 − L*) and absorbance at 284 and 420 nm always increased. High linear correlations (r2 > 0.860) were obtained between browning indicators and time (A284/time, A420/time, 100 − L*/time and HMF/time).© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry