bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetic ketosis and ketoacidosis in cats: 42 cases (1980–1995)
Authors: Bruskiewicz Kristine A. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. , Griffey Stephen M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, prevalence of concurrent disease, treatment, complications of treatment, and outcome in cats with diabetic ketosis (DK) or diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
42 cats with DK or DKA.

Procedure—
Medical records of diabetic cats with ketonuria were reviewed.

Results—
In 26 cats, diabetes was newly diagnosed; in 16, diabetes had been diagnosed previously and cats had been treated with insulin (n = 14) or sulfonylurea drugs (2). Common clinical findings were lethargy, anorexia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss. Common laboratory findings were hyperglycemia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, low total CO2 content, hyperosmolality, high serum alanine transaminase activity, azotemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria. Concurrent disorders were identified in 39 cats and included hepatic lipidosis, cholangiohepatitis, pancreatitis, chronic renal failure, urinary tract infection, and neoplasia. Treatment of DK and DKA included administration of regular crystalline (34 cats), NPH (6), or ultralente (2) insulin, intravenous (38) or subcutaneous (4) administration of fluids, and enterall parenteral or administration of antibiotics (42). Complications during treatment included abnormalities in serum electrolyte concentrations (27 cats), hemolytic anemia (4), hypoglycemia (3), and neurologic abnormalities unrelated to hypoglycemia (2). Eleven cats died or were euthanatized during the initial hospitalization period for treatment of DK or DKA. Azotemia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperosmolality were more severe in cats that died than in cats that survived. Differences in regard to treatment or complications were not apparent between cats that died and cats that survived. The 31 cats that survived were discharged 1 to 16 days (median, 5 days) after initiation of insulin treatment. Diabetic ketosis or ketoacidosis recurred in 13 (42%) of these cats.

Clinical Implications—
A thorough diagnostic evaluation should be performed on cats with DK or DKA to identify concurrent disorders, formulate an appropriate treatment plan, and provide prognostic information to the owner. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211: 188–192)
Effects of antimicrobial treatment at the end of lactation on milk yield, somatic cell count, and incidence of clinical mastitis during the subsequent lactation in a dairy herd with a low prevalence of contagious mastitis
Authors: Berry Steven L. , Maas John , Kirk John H. , Reynolds James P. , Gardner Ian A. , Ahmadi Abbas 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine whether treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation would lower the incidence of clinical mastitis, improve milk production, and decrease somatic cell count (SCC) in the subsequent lactation.

Design—
Randomized blind field trial.

Animals—
233 Holstein cows from a single herd. All cows were in lactation 2 or greater.

Procedure—
Cows were randomly assigned to treatment groups. Treated cows were given procaine penicillin G and novobiocin by intramammary infusion. Control cows were not treated. Farm personnel recorded cases of clinical mastitis. Milk yield and SCC were recorded during the subsequent lactation.

Results—
Treatment did not significantly reduce the incidence of clinical mastitis when data for all cows were grouped or when data were stratified by lactation groups (lactation 2 vs lactation ≥ 3) or by last SCC (≤ 500,000 cells/ml vs > 500,000 cells/ml). Somatic cell counts (first, mean of first 5, maximum of first 5) for treated and control cows were similar, and proportions of treated and control cows with SCC > 500,000 cells/ml at least once were not significantly different. Treated cows produced 179 kg (394 lb) more milk during the first 17 weeks of lactation than did control cows.

Clinical Implications—
Treating cows with antimicrobials at the end of lactation increased 17-week milk production during the subsequent lactation and, at current milk prices, was financially preferable to not treating them. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:207–211)
Use of physiologic variables to predict milk yield after clinical mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Sischo William Martin , Moore Dale Ann , Fedon Jason Craig 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the association between intramammary infections caused by various bacteria and hepatic damage, as measured by serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, WBC counts, and PCV and the association of clinical variables with milk production after a case of clinical mastitis.

Design—
Prospective, cohort study.

Animals—
82 cows with clinical mastitis.

Procedure—
Information on milk production, mastitis status, and selected physiologic variables was collected during a 1-year period. Milk samples for bacteriologic evaluation were collected on day 1 of an episode of clinical mastitis. Physical examination was performed and blood samples for laboratory evaluation were collected on days 1, 5, and 9. Primary outcome was mature equivalent 305-day (ME305) milk production. Correlations were assessed using a multiple regression model.

Results—
Higher WBC counts were associated with higher ME305 values. For cows with coliform mastitis, increases in SDH values were associated with higher ME305 values. For cows with coliform and streptococci/staphylococci mastitis, PCV was associated with ME305 values. Higher PCV values were associated with lower ME305 values for streptococci/staphylococci and coliform infections.

Clinical Implications—
The association between milk production and WBC count indicated that cows mobilizing WBC were better able to neutralize mammary gland infections, which may result in better milk production. The association between milk production and PCV suggested that maintaining hydration in cows with clinical mastitis may be a critical aspect of treating all cows with mastitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:470–475)
Anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam, alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Hambleton Regina 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate anesthetic effects of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ), alone or in combination with butorphanol, in goats undergoing laparotomy for embryo collection.

Design
Randomized clinical trial with crossover design.

Animals
9 adult female goats.

Procedure
Goats were anesthetized twice: once with TZ (5.5 mg/kg [2.5 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and once with tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.045 mg/lb], IV). Additional doses of TZ (0.5 to 1.0 mg/kg [0.23 to 0.45 mg/lb], IV) were administered as needed to maintain a surgical anesthetic plane. Time to sternal recumbency was recorded, and quality of induction was scored. Arterial pressures, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded every 5 minutes; arterial blood samples were collected every 30 minutes. Oxygen was insufflated if estimated saturation of hemoglobin in peripheral arterial blood with oxygen was < 90%; intermittent positive-pressure ventilation was performed if goats became apneic. Muscle relaxation, quality of anesthesia, and eye signs were scored every 15 minutes during anesthesia. Anesthesia time was recorded, and quality of recovery and degree of postoperative analgesia were scored. Plasma cortisol concentration was measured before induction, immediately after extubation, and 2 hours after extubation.

Results
Induction was rapid and smooth. Five goats regurgitated, 3 required supplemental oxygen, and 1 required intermittent positive-pressure ventilation, but none of the goats became hypotensive. Muscle relaxation and quality of anesthesia were adequate. Goats recovered from anesthesia without complications. We did not detect any significant differences between anesthetic regimens for any of the variables measured, except bicarbonate concentration and base excess.

Clinical Implications
TZ at a dose of 5.5 mg/kg was satisfactory for anesthetic induction in goats; additional doses can be given to extend anesthesia time, but addition of butorphanol at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg to this regimen does not seem to provide any measurable benefit. An oxygen source and a means of assisting ventilation should be available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:593–597)
Surgical and nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion in New World camelids: 20 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Cebra Margaret L. , Garry Franklyn B. , Johnson LaRue W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To report clinical findings for New World camelids with uterine torsion and to compare results of 3 methods of correction.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
11 llamas and 3 alpacas with 20 uterine torsions.

Procedure
Information concerning history, clinical signs, management, and postpartum complications was retrieved from medical records. Information concerning subsequent reproductive performance was obtained by telephone interview of owners.

Results
Uterine torsion was corrected by celiotomy (n = 7), transvaginal manipulation (5), or rolling the dam (8). Direction of 19 of 20 torsions was clockwise when viewed from the rear. Retention of fetal membranes was reported for 5 camelids that underwent celiotomy, but was not reported in camelids after nonsurgical correction. The uterus prolapsed in 1 llama that underwent celiotomy and in another that underwent the rolling technique. Although 2 camelids that underwent celiotomy subsequently failed to conceive, all camelids treated by nonsurgical techniques conceived.

Clinical Implications
Uterine torsion in camelids may be diagnosed by methods similar to those used in cattle. Surgical and nonsurgical methods can be used to correct torsion, and postpartum complications are rare when torsion is corrected by a nonsurgical method. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:600–602)
Effect of stanozolol on body composition, nitrogen balance, and food consumption in castrated dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Cowan Laine A. , McLaughlin Ron , Toll Philip W. , Brown Scott A. , Moore Terri L. , Butine Michael D. , Milliken George 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the effect of stanozolol on body composition, nitrogen balance, and food consumption in castrated dogs with chronic renal failure.

Design
Blinded crossover trial.

Animals
22 casated Beagles with experimentally induced chronic renal failure.

Procedure
Dogs were divided into 2 groups of 11 dogs each. During each of two 6-week treatment periods, dogs in 1 group received stanozolol, and those in the other group received a control agent. Nitrogen balance, body composition, and food consumption were determined.

Results
During administration of stanozolol, the amount of food consumed per dog, lean body mass, and nitrogen balance increased. Stanozolol did not have a significant effect on body fat, bone mineral content, or food consumption per kilogram of body weight.

Clinical Implications
For dogs with mild-to-moderate, nonuremic, experimentally induced, chronic renal failure, stanozolol had positive effects on nitrogen balance and lean body mass. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:719–722)
Results of retrograde urethrography in cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease and their association with pathogenesis: 53 cases (1993–1995)
Authors: Scrivani Peter V. , Chew Dennis J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Kendall Michael , Léveillé Renée 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe results of retrograde urethrography in cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive lower urinary tract disease (LUTD), to review the normal anatomy of the feline urethra, and to relate anatomy observed radiographically to the pathogenesis and diagnosis of LUTD in cats.

Design
Retrospective case series and anatomic study.

Animals
53 cats with signs of nonobstructive LUTD for which an underlying cause could not be determined. Results for these cats were compared with those for 6 healthy female cats undergoing urethrocystoscopy for another study and 6 male cats without a history of LUTD undergoing necropsy examination.

Procedure
Medical records, results of positive-contrast retrograde urethrography (cats with idiopathic, nonobstructive LUTD) and urethrocystoscopy (healthy female cats), and necropsy findings (healthy male cats) were reviewed.

Results
Abnormalities were not detected during urethrocystoscopy, dissection, or urethrography. Previously, the urethra in male cats has been described simply as a long tube that tapers caudally, and the only structures consistently differentiated by radiography have been pelvic and penile parts. In this study, the seminal colliculus, isthmus of the urethra, preprostatic part of the urethra, and urethral crest were consistently observed in male cats in addition to pelvic and penile parts. The urethral crest also was observed in the comparatively simple female urethra.

Clinical Implications
During retrograde urethrography in cats, prior distention of the bladder with positive-contrast medium may obscure radiographic signs associated with normal anatomic structures. Knowledge of urethral anatomy and radiographic signs associated with idiopathic, nonobstructive LUTD in cats should improve understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of this disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:741–748)
Malignant colonic neoplasia in cats: 46 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Slawienski Michael J. , Mauldin Glenna E. , Mauldin G. Neal , Patnaik Amiya K. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate a group of cats with malignant colonic neoplasia and to identify factors related to survival time.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
46 cats with malignant colonic neoplasia.

Procedure
Information on signalment, diagnostic findings, histopathologic diagnosis, surgical procedure performed, identification of nodal metastasis at surgery, type of chemotherapy administered, and survival time was obtained from the medical record of each cat. A diagnosis of malignant colonic neoplasia had been established by histologic examination of endoscopic biopsy specimens (3 cats), biopsy specimens obtained during laparotomy (38), or necropsy specimens (5).

Results
Mean age of cats was 12.5 years (range, 6 to 18 years). Ultrasonography was useful 84% of the time in localizing the mass to the intestine. Three cats had endoscopic biopsy, 9 had incisional biopsy, 21 had mass resection, and 8 had subtotal colectomy performed. Histopathologic diagnoses included adenocarcinoma (21 cats), lymphoma (19), mast cell tumor (4), and neuroendocrine carcinoma (2).

Clinical Implications
Obtaining clean margins at surgery seems to increase survival time in cats with malignant colonic neoplasia. Metastasis at the time of surgery decreases survival time. Data from this study indicate that the survival time of certain cats with colonic lymphoma may not be affected by chemotherapy. Cats with an unidentified colonic mass should receive a subtotal colectomy to increase survival time. Cats with colonic adenocarcinoma should receive a subtotal colectomy with consideration of doxorubicin administration to increase survival time. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997; 211:878–881)
Effects of water supplementation with selenium and vitamin E on growth performance and blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations in weanling pigs
Authors: van Heugten Eric , Sweet Lauren A. , Stumpf Todd T. , Risley Chad R. , Schell Timothy C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine effects of supplementation of drinking water with selenium and vitamin E on blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations, growth performance, and water intake of pigs.

Design
Prospective controlled study.

Animals
228 weanling pigs.

Procedure
In experiments 1 and 2, pigs were given drinking water supplemented with selenium and vitamin E, and blood selenium and serum vitamin E concentrations were measured. In experiment 3, growth performance and water intake were measured in pigs that received supplemented water for 2 or 5 weeks and in control pigs.

Results
In experiment 1, blood selenium concentrations were significantly increased after 7 days of supplementation, and serum vitamin E concentrations were significantly increased after 1 and 7 days of supplementation, compared with baseline concentrations. In experiment 2, blood selenium concentrations were not significantly different between treated and control pigs, and serum vitamin E concentrations were significantly increased on day 7. In experiment 3, gain-to-feed ratios were significantly higher for pigs supplemented with selenium and vitamin E for 5 weeks, but other differences were not detected.

Clinical Implications
Supplementation of drinking water with selenium and vitamin E may improve the selenium and vitamin E status of weanling pigs by increasing selenium and vitamin E intake. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1039–1042)
Electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Constable Peter D. , Farris James W. , Schmidt Karin E. , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs.

Design
Case series.

Animals
319 Alaskan sled dogs entered to compete in the 1994 Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

Procedure
ECG were recorded while dogs were standing and were analyzed digitally.

Results
Amplitudes of P waves (median, 0.40 mV; fifth to 95th percentile range, 0.11 to 0.61 mV) and R waves in lead II (median, 3.02 mV; fifth to 95th percentile range, 1.49 to 4.40 mV) were high; durations of P waves in lead II (median, 61 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 36 to 96 milliseconds), QRS complexes (median, 64 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 52 to 80 milliseconds), and QT intervals (median, 236 milliseconds; fifth to 95th percentile range, 208 to 277 milliseconds) were prolonged. Median value for mean axis of ventricular depolarization was 57° (fifth to 95th percentile range, 19 to 90°). Atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations were observed in 3 (0.9%) and 4 (1.3%) of 319 dogs, respectively, and paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia was detected in 1 (0.3%).

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that electrocardiographic characteristics of endurance-trained Alaskan sled dogs differ from those reported for nonsled dogs, probably as a result of effects of endurance training on heart size. Some of these characteristics could be mistaken as evidence of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1138–1141)
Evaluation of ruminal sulfide concentrations and seasonal outbreaks of polioencephalomalacia in beef cattle in a feedlot
Authors: McAllister Milton M. , Gould Daniel H. , Raisbeck Merl F. , Cummings Bruce A. , Loneragan Guy H. 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To measure concentrations of thiamine in blood and sulfide in ruminal fluid in cattle with polioencephalomalacia (PEM) and to evaluate temporal associations between PEM and risk factors.

Design
Epidemiologic analysis.

Sample Population
14 steers with acute signs of PEM, 26 clinically normal steers, and records of all cattle in a feedlot for the past 6 years.

Procedures
Concentrations of thiamine in blood and sulfide in ruminal fluid were measured. Values were compared between healthy steers that had been in the feedlot for 3 weeks or 2 months. Records were used to estimate the incidence of PEM and the time when cattle were at greatest risk of developing PEM.

Results
Thiamine concentrations in steers with PEM were within reference ranges. Healthy steers had significantly greater sulfide concentrations 3 weeks after entering the feedlot, when the incidence of PEM was greatest, than 2 months after entering the feed-lot, when risk of developing PEM was low. Thiamine concentrations were within reference ranges at these times. Annually recurrent outbreaks of PEM during the summer began after initiating use of a water well containing a high content of sulfate.

Clinical Implications
Excessive ruminal sulfide production is an important factor in the pathogenesis of PEM, without concurrent thiamine deficiency. Most cases of PEM developed between 15 and 30 days after introduction to a high-sulfur diet. When water is an important source of dietary sulfur, risk of PEM may increase during hot weather. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1275–1279)
Survey of diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons regarding postoperative intraabdominal adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Baxter Gary M. , Hutchison Jennifer M. , Shuster Rachel 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To obtain information from specialists in equine surgery as to prevalence of, predisposing factors for, and methods to prevent postoperative adhesion formation in horses undergoing abdominal surgery.

Design
Survey.

Procedure
Surveys were mailed to 196 diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons involved in equine practice.

Results
60 (31%) surveys were returned. Most respondents (55/60) routinely informed clients of the risk of postoperative adhesion formation in horses with small intestinal lesions. When asked after which procedures they routinely used measures to prevent adhesions, 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after small intestinal resection and anastomosis and 56 of 60 (93%) indicated that they did after any abdominal surgery in foals. The 4 methods most frequently listed when respondents were asked which methods were effective at preventing adhesion formation were meticulous surgical technique, administration of antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intraoperative peritoneal lavage, and methods that prevent abdominal contamination. Most respondents (50/60) thought that at least some horses with colic secondary to adhesion formation could be managed medically. Fifty-four (90%) respondents indicated that they were successful less than half of the time when treating horses with adhesions severe enough to require additional surgery.

Conclusion
In general, respondents thought that less than 15% of horses undergoing abdominal surgery would develop adhesions, but that horses with small intestinal disease and foals were most prone to develop adhesions. Meticulous surgical technique was thought to be the most important factor in preventing adhesions, and many prevention regimens reported to be effective in the literature were not commonly used in practice. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1573–1576)
Comparison of two estrus synchronization programs in a large, confinement-housed dairy herd
Authors: Britt Jenks Swann , Gaska Jerome 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare pregnancy rates, seasonal effects, and economic benefits of 2 estrus synchronization programs for a confinement-housed dairy herd.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Animals
200 lactating Holstein cows.

Procedure
Cows eligible for breeding were palpated per rectum and randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups during 4 seasonal periods. Cows in one group (Ovsynch) received injections of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) on day 0, prostaglandin F2α on day 7, and a second injection of GnRH on day 8. Cows in the other group (PP) that had a palpable corpus luteum were given prostaglandin F2α. Estrus detection was not performed on the Ovsynch cows, which were artificially inseminated at a predetermined time after the second GnRH injection. Cows in the PP group were observed for signs of estrus, and only those that were detected in estrus were inseminated.

Results
Pregnancy rates and insemination rates were significantly improved for cows in the Ovsynch group, compared with cows in the PP group.

Clinical Implications
The Ovsynch program was an economically advantageous method for controlling reproduction that resulted in pregnancies without the need for estrus detection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:212:210–212)