bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monodisperse, End‐Capped Ru(bda) Oligomer with Outstanding Performance in Heterogeneous Electrochemical Water Oxidation
Authors: Schneider Tilman , Seebauer Florian , Beuerle Florian , Würthner Frank 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWater oxidation catalysis is a key step for sustainable fuel production by water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen. The synthesis of a novel coordination oligomer based on four Ru(bda) (bda = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐6,6′‐dicarboxylate) centers, three 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bpy) linkers, and two 4‐picoline (4‐pic) end caps is reported. The monodispersity of this tetranuclear compound is characterized by NMR techniques. Heterogeneous electrochemical water oxidation after immobilization on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) shows catalytic performance unprecedented for this compound class, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 133 s−1 and a turnover number (TON) of 4.89 × 106, at a current density of 43.8 mA cm−2 and a potential of 1.45 V versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE).
Evaluation of woodchip‐bioditch reactors as a nutrient reduction conservation strategy
Authors: Payne Geoffrey K. , Moore Matthew T. , Krajcir Kevin J. , Classen RaChelle , Farris Jerry L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractContinued increases in nitrogen and phosphorus loads in waterways cause problems with water quality, impacting human health, the economy, and the environment. To reach nutrient load reduction targets, innovative conservation strategies should be evaluated. This study used oval mesocosms (1.2 m × 0.58 m × 0.58 m) to assess the (1) potential of using woodchip‐bioditch reactors for the mitigation of nitrate (NO3−) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in agricultural waterways; (2) influence of bioditch reactor orientation (parallel, perpendicular, and hybrid) to flow direction on NO3− and SRP concentrations and loads; and (3) impact of bioditch reactor saturation (dry, intermittently wet, and wet) on NO3− and SRP loads reduction. Woodchip‐bioditch reactors successfully reduced NO3− loads compared to controls (p ⩽ 0.031), but SRP load was sometimes higher in bioditch reactor treatments. No consistent differences were identified between orientation of bioditch reactors and flow direction. The constantly wet treatment had a significantly higher NO3− load reduction than the dry treatment and control (p ⩽ 0.042). Our results indicate the promise of woodchip‐bioditch reactors as a nutrient reduction conservation strategy, although further study of nutrient and greenhouse gas dynamics is needed before widespread implementation.
Sensitivity of littleseed canary grass populations from Punjab, India, to clodinafop‐propargyl and isoproturon
Authors: Kaur Gurpreet , Kaur Tarundeep , Singh Makhan , Sharma Priyanka , Kumar Vipan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLittleseed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is one of the most prevalent and troublesome annual grass weed species in wheat across the Indo‐Gangetic plains (IGP) of India, including Punjab. Littleseed canary grass has evolved resistance to different herbicide sites of action in the IGP region. A targeted field survey was conducted in 2018 and 2019 for seed collection of littleseed canary grass populations (total 94) across different districts of Punjab state prior to wheat harvest. The main objective of this research was to characterize the sensitivity response of collected littleseed canary grass populations to clodinafop‐propargyl (CP) and isoproturon (IPU) herbicides in whole‐plant dose‐response assays. Among all tested populations, 68 were found to be highly sensitive to CP, whereas all 94 populations were sensitive to IPU. Based on a 50% reduction in shoot dry biomass (GR50 values) and estimated sensitivity index (SI), 26 populations exhibited reduced sensitivity (SI of 2.2–4.4) to CP herbicide. The results also revealed that the littleseed canary grass populations with reduced sensitivity (SI ≥ 2.2) to CP had high sensitivity to IPU herbicide. Overall, these results suggested a high prevalence of littleseed canary grass populations with reduced sensitivity to CP herbicide in Punjab state. Diversified weed management strategies, including the use of alternative herbicides (both preemergence and postemergence), cultural (no‐till drill for wheat sowing and narrow row spacing), and mechanical (cutting of littleseed canary grass panicles prior to wheat harvest) practices should be adopted to control littleseed canary grass populations with reduced sensitivity to CP.
Dual‐purpose cowpea grain and fodder yield response to variety, nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium fertilizer, and environment
Authors: Faye Aliou , Obour Augustine K. , Akplo Tobi Moriaque , Stewart Zachary P. , Min Doohong , Prasad P. V. Vara , Assefa Yared 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAddressing the challenges of food and nutrition insecurity in sub‐Saharan Africa will require innovative agriculture production systems that support multiple objectives. Dual‐purpose cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp] varieties are expected to offer greater grain yields for human consumption and high‐quality fodder for livestock in semiarid regions of Senegal. However, limited information is available on the effects of varieties and fertilizer on dual‐purpose cowpea. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the grain and fodder yield of five newly released cowpea varieties (Kelle, Leona, Lizard, Sam, and Thieye) compared to traditional variety (Yacine) with fertilizer (nitrogen‐phosphorus‐potassium 6‐20‐10) and no‐fertilizer application. Genotype × environment × management experimentations were conducted across three cowpea production zones of Darou Mousty (400 mm per year), Bambey (500 mm per year), and Boulel (700 mm per year) over three growing seasons (2019–2021) to compare the growth and yield parameters of the cowpea varieties. Results of the study showed a 40% grain yield advantage from the greater yielding (Leona) variety in this study compared with the lower yielding (Lizard) variety. There was an additional 22% grain yield increase from the application of fertilizer compared with the unfertilized treatment. The variety (Leona) that produced the most grain also produced the most fodder yields. There was 67% fodder yield advantage from Leona compared with fodder yield from the older variety Yacine. Across varieties, application of fertilizer increased fodder yield by 15% compared to the unfertilized control. Average grain yield in high‐yielding environment (Boulel 2019, Darou Mousty 2019, and Bambey 2021) was 100% greater compared with average grain yield in low‐yielding environments (Boulel 2021, Darou Mousty 2021, and Bambey 2019). Compared to Yacine, dual‐purpose varieties increased net returns by 15%–58% or 13%–42% with early‐ and late‐season cowpea sales, respectively. However, fertilizer application was profitable only when cowpea grain and fodder were sold later in the season. In general, cowpea number of branches, pod number, and pod yield increased with fertilizer application. We concluded that producers can adopt dual‐purpose varieties and proper fertilizer management to increase grain yield, fodder availability, and profitability of cowpea production in Senegal.
Monitoring commercial and smallholder production inequalities during South Africa's lockdown using remotely sensed data
Authors: Manfouo Noé Carème Fouotsa 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSouth Africa's dualistic agricultural sector consists of many smallholders that operate adjacent to dominant commercial producers. While the smallholder sector contributes to food security, households depend primarily on market food consumption. Poverty reduction is constrained when smallholders have limited access to markets, technology, or cheap capital. We collate remotely sensed data from the South African National Land Cover map and moderate‐resolution imaging spectroradiometer to monitor land use changes as the country entered the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) lockdown. Production growth sustained aggregate food security, but hunger rose in the poorest households. This inequality in food security is also reflected in growing inequalities in production. Commercially cultivated land areas grew significantly, with more modest gains in smallholder areas. Commercial farmers were better positioned to expand capital in a low interest rate environment during the COVID‐19 crisis. Without using technology and capital to adapt, smallholders can fall further behind during future crises and growth episodes.
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence Au‐Ag‐oxo nanoclusters: From photoluminescence to radioluminescence
Authors: Yuan Peng , Zhang Hansong , Zhou Yang , He Tengyue , Malola Sami , Gutiérrez‐Arzaluz Luis , Li Yingwei , Deng Guocheng , Dong Chunwei , Huang Renwu , Song Xin , Teo Boon K. , Mohammed Omar F. , Häkkinen Hannu , Bakr Osman. M. , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have numerous applications in energy conversion and luminescent imaging. However, they are typically achieved as metal‐organic complexes or pure organic molecules. Herein, we report the largest Au‐Ag‐oxo nanoclusters to date, Au18Ag26(R1COO)12(R2C≡C)24(μ4‐O)2(μ3‐O)2 (Au18Ag26, where R1 = CH3‐, Ph‐, CHOPh‐ or CF3Ph‐; R2 = Ph‐ or FPh‐). These nanoclusters exhibit exceptional TADF properties, including a small S1‐T1 energy gap of 55.5 meV, a high absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of 86.7%, and a microseconds TADF decay time of 1.6 μs at ambient temperature. Meanwhile, Au18Ag26 shows outstanding stability against oxygen quenching and ambient conditions. Atomic level analysis reveals the strong π⋯π and C‐H⋯π interactions from the aromatic alkynyl ligands and the enhancement of metal‐oxygen‐metal interactions by centrally coordinated O2−. Modeling of the electronic structure shows spatially separated highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which promote charge transfer from the ligand shell, predominantly carboxylate ligands, to O2−‐embedded metal core. Furthermore, TADF Au‐Ag‐oxo nanoclusters exhibit promising radioluminescence properties, which we demonstrate for X‐ray imaging. Our work paves the way for the design of TADF materials based on large metal nanoclusters for light‐emission and radioluminescence applications.
Fire‐retardant and high‐strength polymeric materials enabled by supramolecular aggregates
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhu Menghe , Feng Jiabing , Peng Hong , Shi Yongqian , Gao Jiefeng , Tang Long‐Cheng , Song Pingan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHigh‐performance polymers have proliferated in modern society across a variety of industries because of their low density, good chemical stability, and superior mechanical properties. However, while polymers are widely applied, frequent fire disasters induced by their intrinsic flammability have caused massive impacts on human beings, the economy, and the environment. Supramolecular chemistry has recently been intensively researched to provide fire retardancy for polymers via the physical barrier and char‐catalyzing effects of supramolecular aggregates. In parallel, the noncovalent interactions between supramolecular and polymer chains, such as hydrogen bonding, π–π interactions, metal–ligand coordination, and synergistic interactions, can endow the matrix with enhanced mechanical strength. This makes it possible to integrate physical–chemical properties and noncovalent interactions into one supramolecular aggregate‐based high‐performance polymeric system on demand. However, fulfilling these promises needs more research. Here, we provide an overview of the latest research advances of fire‐retardant and high‐strength polymer materials based on supramolecular structures and interactions of aggregates. This work reviews their conceptual design, characterization, modification principles, performances, applications, and mechanisms. Finally, development challenges and perspectives on future research are also discussed.
Matthew effect: General design strategy of ultra‐fluorogenic nanoprobes with amplified dark–bright states in aggregates
Authors: Segawa Shinsuke , Ou Xinwen , Shen Tianruo , Ryu Tomohiro , Ishii Yuki , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Onda Ken , Miyata Kiyoshi , He Xuewen , Liu Xiaogang , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFluorescence imaging, a key technique in biological research, frequently utilizes fluorogenic probes for precise imaging in living systems. Tetrazine is an effective emission quencher in fluorogenic probe designs, which can be selectively damaged upon bioorthogonal click reactions, leading to considerable emission enhancement. Despite significant efforts to increase the emission enhancement ratio (IAC/IBC) of tetrazine‐functionalized fluorogenic probes, the influence of molecular aggregation on the emission properties has been largely overlooked in these probe designs. In this study, we reveal that an ultrahigh IAC/IBC can be realized in the aggregate system when tetrazine is paired with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens. Tetrazine amplifies its quenching efficiency upon aggregation and drastically reduce background emissions. Subsequent click reactions damage tetrazine and trigger significant AIE, leading to considerably enhanced IAC/IBC. We further showcase the capability of these ultra‐fluorogenic systems in selective imaging of multiple organelles in living cells. We term this unique fluorogenicity of AIE luminogen‐quencher complexes with amplified dark‐bright states as “Matthew effect” in aggregate emission, potentially providing a universal approach to attain ultrahigh IAC/IBC in diverse fluorogenic systems.
Hydrodynamics in a randomly packed bed of spheres: A comparison between PR‐CFD simulations and MRI experiments
Authors: Eghbalmanesh Amirhossein , Romijn Noah , Baltussen Maike W. , Peters E. A. J. F. (Frank) , Buist Kay A. , Kuipers J. A. M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMultitubular reactors are commonly used in industry for processes involving highly exothermic chemical reactions. This reactor type consists of individual tubes, with a small diameter compared to the particle size. These slender beds facilitate heat management, but also give rise to flow maldistribution, which decreases the reactor efficiency. The aim of this article is to validate particle‐resolved simulations using Magnetic Resonance Imaging experiments while focusing on the flow maldistribution. The packing structure used in the simulations is reconstructed from the experimental images to facilitate a one‐to‐one comparison. A good match between experiments and simulations is found for the averaged flow profile, probability density function of the velocity in axial direction and even the local velocity distributions. However, a correction of the experimental results for magnetic susceptibility artifacts is necessary to obtain a similar match in the probability density functions and the local profiles.
Male facial cues to physical strength in Europe: Medium‐strength preference and higher aggressiveness attribution to the weakest
Authors: Schaefer Katrin , Seiser Veronika Melis , Prucha Simon , Kerschbaumer Verena , Fink Bernhard , Windhager Sonja 
Published: January 2024

AbstractObjectivesThe capacity to assess male physical strength from facial cues may be adaptive given health and fitness‐related associations with muscular strength. Our study complements recent research on strength‐related face perceptions of male Maasai by applying the protocol to male European faces and assessors.MethodsFive distinct facial morphs calibrated for handgrip strength (HGS) were manufactured with geometric morphometrics performing regressions of the Procrustes shape coordinates on HGS in a sample of 26 European men (18–32 years). Young adult men and women (n = 445) rated these morphs on physical strength, attractiveness, and aggressiveness.ResultsFacial morphs calibrated to lower HGS were rated as less strong, less attractive, and more aggressive than those calibrated to higher HGS. Medium levels of HGS were associated with the highest attractiveness ratings.ConclusionsThe rating patterns of physical strength, attractiveness, and aggressiveness for European male facial morphs exhibit similarity to previous ratings of Maasai male faces. Therefore, the current findings corroborate the suggestion of a common mechanism for social attributions based on facial cues to physical strength, modulated by local ecology and societal context.
Boron nitride quantum dots/polyvinyl butyral nanocomposite films for the enhanced photoluminescence and UV shielding properties
Authors: Emir Pinar , Kuru Duygu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe present investigation focused on the effect of boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) as a filler on the optical properties of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) nanocomposites. Herein, polymer nanocomposite films with advanced UV protection and high photoluminescence properties were successfully synthesized. Polymer nanocomposite films were produced by adding BNQDs to the polymer in different ratios by a simple solution forming and casting method. The films were decomposed at different UV degradation times, and their UV protective properties were tested. The structural, morphological, optical and chemical interaction of BNQDs/PVB nanocomposites was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet and visible (UV–Vis), and photoluminescence (PL) analyzes. As the amount of BNQDs in the polymer increased, the intensity of the bright images separated from the polymer also increased. TEM images confirmed the good distribution of quantum dots in PVB polymer matrix. Polymer composites doped with 0.25% and 0.4% BNQDs show excellent UV‐shielding properties as the transmittance in the UV region decreased about 69% and 95%, respectively. As the addition of BNQDs into the polymer increased, the PL emission of the pure PVB film, which showed almost no emission, increased significantly.
Ultralow Voltage Resistive Switching in Hafnium–Zirconium Oxide
Authors: Asif M. , Rakshit Rajib K. , Kumar Ashok 
Published: January 2024

AbstractUltralow SET and RESET voltage are essential for high‐density, low‐power, and small heat dissipation nonvolatile random‐access memory (NVRAM) elements. A nanoscale polycrystalline Hf0.75Zr0.25O2 (HZO) thin films on Pt/Si substrate are fabricated and investigated for suitability for bipolar resistive switching. The device illustrates monoclinic and tetragonal/orthorhombic phases with weak ferroelectricity and robust resistive switching. Small remanent polarization (≈0.1 μC cm−2) may assist in the height reduction of barrier height and ease the electron for transport. Remarkably, the Al/HZO/Pt/Si device, consisting of thin films with 10 and 5 nm thicknesses, exhibits a switching voltage below −30 mV from a low‐resistance state (LRS) to a high‐resistance state (HRS). It shows a significant ROFF/RON ratio of 106, making it suitable for low power consumption and minimal heat dissipation devices. Moreover, the utilization of an ultrathin film (5 nm) results in an improved reduction (< 0.7 V) of the operating window at the positive voltage. Direct tunneling and the Fowler–Nordheim tunneling model are performed in current–voltage (I–V) data to study the charge transportation behavior over a trapezoidal and triangular potential barrier. These results of the HZO candidate may stimulate the futuristic nonvolatile resistive random‐access memory (ReRAM) in the optoelectronic industry.
Recent advances on environmentally sustainable valorization of spent mushroom substrate: A review
Authors: Kousar Aafia , Khan Hasnat Ayub , Farid Soban , Zhao Quanbao , Zeb Iftikhar 
Published: January 2024

AbstractCommercial cultivation of edible mushrooms utilizes a large amount of lignocellulosic material as a substrate. After harvest, the leftover substrate, referred to as a spent mushroom substrate (SMS), largely remains biochemically unaltered. In light of the global rise in the number of edible mushroom production facilities, it is pertinent to sustainably manage the by‐products of the mushroom production process, particularly SMS. Following the principles of the circular economy, SMS has shown potential for a variety of applications: SMS can be used as substrate for a new cycle of mushroom cultivation or as animal feed, fertilizer, soil amendment, bioremediation agent or a substrate for renewable energy production such as biogas, bioethanol, biohydrogen, solid biofuel, bio‐crude and bio‐oil. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge in various applications, highlights recent developments in the field, discusses potential barriers and offers suggestions for the long‐term growth of the mushroom industry worldwide.
Chitosan based hybrid superabsorbent for controlled drug delivery application
Authors: Medha  , Sethi Sapna 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the present study, a hybrid chitosan‐alginate superabsorbent is prepared using maleic acid as a cross‐linker and acrylamide as a grafting agent using the free radical mechanism. The composite hydrogel shows good swelling capacity along with hemocompatibility and biocompatibility and hence it is utilized as a drug delivery device. The characterization techniques including x‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermal analysis indicate the successful synthesis of stable hydrogel with rich functionalities. Metformin hydrochloride is used as a model drug which is used to treat diabetes. The drug encapsulation is done using the swelling diffusion method after the synthesis of hydrogel. The release of metformin from the drug‐loaded hydrogel at physiological pH highlights the role of non‐covalent interactions between the drug and hydrogel. In vitro release studies of Metformin from the drug‐loaded hydrogel show higher release profiles at intestinal pH (7.4) compared to stomach pH (1.2). The observed cumulative release is 82.71% at pH 7.4 and 45.67% at pH 1.2 after 10 h. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis reveals the effect of surface area, pore size, and pore volume of hydrogel on the drug release. The drug release from the hybrid chitosan‐alginate hydrogel is found to be more sustained in comparison to the pure chitosan hydrogel. For the present drug delivery system, the swelling‐controlled release is found to be more dominating than the pH‐controlled release. The synthesized hydrogel can be successfully employed as a potential drug delivery system for controlled drug delivery.