bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of protein expression by means of 2‐D gel electrophoresis with and without mass spectrometry
Authors: Hamdan Mahmoud , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: July 2003

Abstract

I.
Introduction
272

A.  Dynamic Range of 2‐D PAGE
274

B.  Solubilization Medium
275

C.  Pre‐Fractionation
275

D.  Electrophoretic Approaches
276

E.  Multi‐Compartment Electrolyzer
277

F.  Representative Examples
278

1.  Proteomic Expression of a Model Breast Cancer Cell System
278

2.  Two‐Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Mantle‐Cell Lymphoma
278

3.  Monitoring Protein Synthesis/Expression Following Cellular Perturbation
280

4.  Monitoring the Effect of Drugs on Tumor Cell Lines
281

II.
Concluding Remarks
282

Acknowledgments
282

References
282

Careful examination of current literature, particularly over the last 5 years, reveals a wide range of approaches for the relative quantification of protein expression in cells, tissues, and body fluids. In view of such an observation, it is reasonable to ask whether researchers need new methods, or whether it is more productive to optimize and tune already existing ones. It is generally agreed that none of the existing methodologies on its own can give a full account of protein expression in a complex medium; this limitation, however, has not prevented the use of existing methods to provide valuable information on a wide range of proteins, where their expression has been correlated to certain pathologies and/or to pharmacological, genetic, or environmental factors. In the present work, an attempt is made to review the application of one of these methodologies, namely two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on its own or in conjunction with mass spectrometry, to assess protein expression, particularly when such expression can be correlated to certain pathologies. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 22:272–284, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10056
Diffusion‐weighted MR imaging of the liver of hepatitis C patients
Authors: Boulanger Yvan , Amara Mourad , Lepanto Luigi , Beaudoin Gilles , Nguyen Bich N. , Allaire Guy , Poliquin Marc , Nicolet Viviane 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMagnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) of the liver was investigated to determine whether this method could be used to differentiate between the stages of fibrosis and inflammation for hepatitis C viral infection. DWI data were recorded for 18 hepatitis C patients and 10 control subjects using a modified pulse sequence allowing a 52 ms echo time delay. Acquisitions were performed with breath holding using five different b gradient factor values ranging between 50 and 250 s/mm2 and in the three axes. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were measured from a 5.7 cm2 area in the central region of the liver. The inflammation and fibrosis grades were evaluated histologically on a biopsy sample. The mean ADC values were 2.30 ± 1.28 × 10−3 and 1.79 ± 0.25 × 10−3 mm2/s for hepatitis C patients and control subjects, respectively. Using our technique, no correlation could be found between the ADC values and the inflammation or fibrosis scores, indicating that tissue changes produced by hepatitis C do not appear to be quantifiable by DWI. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved spatial localization based on flow‐moment‐nulled and intra‐voxel incoherent motion‐weighted fMRI
Authors: Song Allen W. , Li Tianlu 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFunctional MRI signal based on the blood oxygenation level‐dependent contrast can reveal brain vascular activities secondary to neuronal activation. It could, however, arise from vascular compartments of all sizes, and in particular, be largely influenced by contributions of large vein origins that are distant from the neuronal activities. Alternative contrasts can be generated based on the cerebral blood flow or volume changes that would provide complementary information to help achieve more accurate localization to the small vessel origins. Recent reports also indicated that apparent diffusion coefficient‐based contrast using intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) weighting could be used to efficiently detect synchronized signal changes with the functional activities. It was found that this contrast has significant arterial contribution where flow changes are more dominant. In this study, a refined approach was proposed that incorporated the flow‐moment‐nulling (FMN) strategy to study signal changes from the brain activation. The results were then compared with those from conventional IVIM‐ and BOLD‐weighted acquisitions. It was shown that the activated region using the new acquisition strategy had smaller spatial extent, which was contained within the activated areas from the other two methods. Based on the known characteristics of the conventional IVIM and BOLD contrasts, it was inferred that the FMN–IVIM acquisition had improved selective sensitivity towards smaller vessels where volume changes were prevalent. Therefore, such an acquisition method may provide more specific spatial localization closely coupled to the true neuronal activities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug niflumic acid in humans: a combined 19F‐MRS in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Bilecen Deniz , Schulte Anja‐Carina , Kaspar Armin , Küstermann Eckerhardt , Seelig Joachim , Elverfeldt Dominik v. , Scheffler Klaus 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis study describes for the first time results of a 19F‐MRS study on humans exposed to the fluorinated non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug niflumic acid. The accumulation and elimination of this commercially available selective prostaglandin synthase inhibitor is studied after an oral bolus in the human liver, in blood plasma and in urine samples. The in vivo spectra of the liver display two resonances with a similar increase in signal intensity during the investigation period of 240 min. One resonance refers to the parent compound niflumic acid (P), whereas the second resonance corresponds to a metabolite (M1) formed by the biotransformation by liver enzymes. The spectroscopic comparison with model compounds suggests 4′‐hydroxyniflumic acid as the metabolite. During the entire experiment the concentration ratios of these resonances (P/M1) ranged between 0.7 and 0.9, indicating a high metabolite concentration most probably due to an efficient first pass metabolism. Both resonances (P, M1) were observed in the in vitro study of the blood plasma samples after plasma protein denaturation. However, in comparison to the liver spectra, the amount of the metabolite M1 is very small with a P/M1‐ratio of 36.6 after 90 min and 16.1 after the end of measurement. This finding suggests an efficient biliary excretion of the metabolite M1, which bypasses the blood circulation system. Both resonances are also identified in the native urine samples. The signal intensity of the parent compound dominates the spectra of all urine samples, whereas the signal intensity of M1 increases slowly reaching a similar value to the parent compound P at the end of the measurement. This observation demonstrates an effective renal elimination of niflumic acid and suggests the existence of an enterohepatic circuit with a re‐entry mechanism for the biliary excreted metabolite M1. In the urine spectra, an additional metabolite M2 is found. This resonance exhibits a low but constant signal intensity. The chemical origin of this metabolite is unclear. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prior knowledge for time domain quantification of in vivo brain or liver 31P MR spectra
Authors: Hamilton Gavin , Patel Nayna , Forton Daniel M , Hajnal Joseph V. , Taylor‐Robinson Simon D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPrior knowledge is required when quantifying in vivo 31P magnetic resonance spectra from the brain or liver. The prior knowledge system we have used models both the phosphomonoester and phosphodiester resonances as two peaks of equal linewidth and fixed relative chemical shift. The analysis of the data is carried out in the time domain, which allows the broad component of the spectra to be modelled. This prior knowledge method has been tested for analysis of in vivo 31P MR spectra from the liver and brain and gives results consistent with other methods that are also used to analyse the spectra, but with reduced variability. This technique may be utilized for studies requiring serial MR spectroscopy examinations, before and after patient treatment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H MR spectroscopy of brain tumours and masses
Authors: Howe Franklyn A. , Opstad Kirstie S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAccurate diagnosis is essential for optimum management and treatment of patients with brain tumours. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) provides information non‐invasively on tumour biochemistry and has been shown to provide important additional information to that obtained by conventional radiology. We review the current status of 1H MRS in classifying brain tumour type and grade, for monitoring response to therapy and progression to higher grade, and as a molecular imaging technique for determining tumour extent for treatment planning. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR imaging of postischemic neuronal death in the substantia nigra and thalamus following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Abe O. , Nakane M. , Aoki S. , Hayashi N. , Masumoto T. , Kunimatsu A. , Mori H. , Tamura A. , Ohtomo K. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe goal of this study was to investigate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and T2 relaxation time (T2) in the substantia nigra and thalamus after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. In the substantia nigra ipsilateral to infarct, ADC was significantly lower and T2 was significantly higher on the third and fourth days, but they did not change significantly on the first, second, eighth and 15th days. In the ipsilateral thalamus, ADC and T2 did not change significantly between the first and fourth days, but were significantly lower on the eighth and 15th days. This combination of MR findings suggested that secondary degeneration in the thalamus was different from that in the substantia nigra. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo characterization of fatty acids in human adipose tissue using natural abundance 1H decoupled 13C MRS at 1.5 T: clinical applications to dietary therapy
Authors: Hwang Jong‐Hee , Bluml Stefan , Leaf Alexander , Ross Brian D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractNatural abundance proton‐decoupled 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to establish the in vivo lipid composition of normal adipose tissue and the corresponding effects of altered lipid diets. Experiments were performed on a standard 1.5 T clinical MR scanner using a double‐tuned 1H‐13C coil. Peaks from double‐bonded and methylene carbons were analyzed. Normal lipid composition was established in 20 control subjects. For comparison, five subjects on altered lipid diets were studied. Four subjects were on a fish oil supplement diet or predominantly seafood diet (polyunsaturated fatty acids), and one subject was on a Lorenzo's oil diet (monounsaturated fatty acids). Well‐resolved 13C spectra were obtained from the calf adipose tissue with a total acquisition time of 10 min. Model oil solutions were used to identify specific 13C resonances. Subjects on lipid diets showed significantly elevated levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids for Lorenzo's and fish oil diets, respectively. We conclude that 13C MR spectroscopy can readily detect changes in lipid composition due to medium‐ and long‐term therapeutic lipid diets. Since the examination is rapid, robust and noninvasive, opportunities arise for large clinical trials of preventive or therapeutic diets to be performed with 13C MRS on a clinical MR scanner. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public administration reform in Vietnam: problems and prospects
Authors: Painter Martin 
Published: July 2003

AbstractPublic Administration Reform (PAR) in Vietnam is an ambitious programme that seeks to implement ‘rule by law’ within a centralized, state management framework. It is a political strategy by the key party and state officials with the aim of institutionalizing and legitimizing the transition to the ‘socialist market economy’ through creating a dependable system of rule‐bound public administration. This programme has received extensive donor support. In the content and trajectory of PAR, external models and technical assistance are influential but the political struggle over control of state resources shapes the process. This is seen in the attempts to constitutionalize the powers of state organs and to distinguish them from the party; to separate owner and manager roles and to replace political with economic criteria in the operation of state owned enterprises; to combat corruption in ‘street level’ decision making; to rationalize the machinery of government; to create a centrally managed, professional civil service; and to reform the system of public finances. In each of these areas, there is resistance to reform proposals and evidence of implementation gaps. In these circumstances, concentration of donor support on the centrally managed PAR programme is a high risk strategy. Continued support for local, ‘bottom‐up’ reform initiatives could help sustain the demand for reform. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Privatising electric power in Malaysia and Thailand: politics and infrastructure development policy
Authors: Smith Thomas B. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractElectric power development in Asia until recently has been a monopoly of the state, with the power sector's planning, finance, construction and management being a part of government activity. The surge in demand for power, as well as external pressures, induced Asian governments to allow private sector participation in electric power. The Malaysian and Thailand cases represent different patterns of policy‐making regarding privatisation. In Malaysia, the government divested Tenaga Nacional Berhad in 1992 and awarded independent power producers (IPPs) licences to build and sell electricity to Tenaga for transmission and distribution. The IPPs were awarded without tender to friends of the government and the system has enabled the IPPs to make large profits at Tenaga's expense. In the Thai case, privatisation has been a very slow process as successive governments since 1989 have not had the power to initiate extensive divestment of IPP contracting. Privatisation in Thailand is a very contentious political issue and the employees union of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (Egat) is very powerful. Thus, while Malaysia has had extensive privatisation of the power sector, the system eliminates competition in power supply resulting in a higher price of electricity for consumers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Property tax in Indonesia: measuring and explaining administrative (under‐) performance
Authors: Lewis Blane D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractOne of the arguments made by some Indonesian government officials in defence of continued central control over the property tax is that it has performed well under their authority and that its decentralisation would inevitably result in weaker operations and outcomes. The property tax has indeed grown remarkably well over the past 15 years. This growth, however, has been from a very low base, has been dominated by increased revenues from the mining sector and has been driven by a small number of sub‐national governments. Recently, only around 40% of local sector property tax potential has been realised under central control, given the existing tax rate and base. Property valuations are the most problematic aspect of administration but tax coverage and collections are also sub‐standard. While there may, in fact, be insufficient local government capacity to manage the property tax, even to current levels of performance, this problem could be solved by transferring the relevant central staff to local governments, as has been carried out in other newly decentralised sectors. But even before tax administration is devolved, local governments could at least be given some authority over the property tax rate, presently one of the lowest in the world. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralisation and forest management in Latin America: towards a working model
Authors: Larson Anne M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe particular characteristics of natural resources make the decentralisation of their management to elected local governments even more complex than the decentralisation of services and infrastructure. Nevertheless, natural resources are equally important to rural development concerns in the Third World. Numerous countries have begun to implement policies for some form of decentralisation involving natural resources and the environment, and many local governments are already making decisions that affect the future of local resources. This article reviews experiences with decentralisation of forest management in Bolivia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. Based on those experiences, it proposes a working model for more effective decentralisation strategies. The model addresses the legal structure for decentralised forest management and relevant variables that define the local decision‐making sphere, as well as key mediating factors that also affect outcomes. Most of these variables, even in the local sphere, offer important sites for policy and aid intervention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Devolution in Uganda: an experiment in local service delivery
Authors: Mitchinson Robin 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe ongoing programme for reform and reduction of the public service in Uganda relies heavily on the devolution of provision and delivery of most major public services to the lowest appropriate levels (primarily the District Councils1), and therefore local government is becoming a key element in the search for new ways of governance. The rationale is that the overriding problem, as in much of Africa, is poverty and that the most effective way of tackling it is by the empowerment of the people to provide the services that they judge necessary and to decide their own local priorities in the allocation of resources. Whether the experiment succeeds will be determined in large measure by the ability and desire of the Government to ensure that local authorities have access to at least the same levels of resources as the previous service providers. Of equal importance is the capacity and ability of local government to meet the challenge, and this begs the question as to whether professional staff have the experience and competence and whether the elected members have the political skills, probity and integrity for the task. The policies have been well thought‐out and the solutions appear to be capable of implementation, but the ‘people factor’ will also be critical to success. The present scenario is guardedly encouraging; the devolution programme will probably meet sufficient of its objectives to justify the changes, given continuing donor support, and performance will improve as local authorities gain experience and self‐confidence. For its part, Government will need to resist the temptation to over‐supervise, and intervene only sparingly.
These are large units of administration, with average populations in excess of 500,000.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multilateral development banks, transparency and corporate clients: ‘public–private partnerships’ and public access to information
Authors: Nelson Paul J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe multilateral development banks (MDB) recognise and promote transparency as a principle of good governance. Public release of information about policies and projects is a central aspect of this transparency, and the five MDBs studied here each adopted new policies during the 1990s to increase the accessibility of such information. The flow of information to local communities is important to the effectiveness of MDBs' social and environmental safeguards and to securing public support. But MDBs also embrace a second strategy, which sometimes conflicts with transparency: each MDB (or an affiliate) lends to private corporations as well as to member states and each bank modifies its information disclosure rules, giving corporate clients greater discretion than member governments. Environmental and social safeguards apply to corporate borrowers as well as to governments and there is a relatively high level of controversy over corporate projects' environmental and social impact. When subjected to a qualitative review of their disclosure standards, emphasising fullness of disclosure, accessibility of information, timeliness of information and availability of recourse, the disclosure policies of all five MDBs are clearly found to accommodate corporate confidentiality while compromising public demands for information. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perillyl alcohol mediated radiosensitization via augmentation of the Fas pathway in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Rajesh Deepika , Howard Steven P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe management of hormone‐insensitive locally advanced prostate cancer is difficult and complex and there is an urgent need for the development of effective chemotherapeutic agents intended for combination with currently available treatment modalities.MethodsThe present paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the monoterpene perillyl alcohol (POH) as potent radiosensitizer on DU145 and PC3 cell lines by performing clonogenic survival assays, cycle analysis, and assays to detect viability, apoptosis, and Fas receptor/ligand by flow cytometry.ResultsPOH pretreatment resulted in a dose dependent sensitization to kill cell by radiation. Furthermore, POH treatment induced a transient G2/M arrest, enhanced the expression of the membrane bound form of the Fas ligand and sensitized the cells to Fas mediated apoptosis.ConclusionsThe unique manner of radiosensitization in addition to its low toxicity profile makes POH a promising new agent for preclinical evaluation as a potential radiosensitizer in the treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 57: 14–23, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foundation for the integration of biologically based therapy in the management of prostate cancer
Authors: Logothetis Christopher J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe cure of advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will be achieved through the clinical application of biological observations. To achieve this, a new classification of human PCa is needed. Unlike in previous classifications of PCa which were based on anatomic determinates of outcome, we propose to integrate emerging PCa biology into this taxonomy. Three biologically based categories were identified (amphotropic, clonal expansion, and heterotopic), and each has unique features that influence therapy selection. It is unlikely that any single agent or modality will successfully control PCa. It is hoped that the classification and trial designs we propose will facilitate the application of integrated treatment and prevention strategies. Prostate 57: 32–38, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.