bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional crystallographic determination of the body‐centered‐cubic morphologies of shear‐aligned block copolymer systems
Authors: Mortensen Kell 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe texture of ordered phases of block copolymer melts and gels is highly sensitive to shear. In the body‐centered‐cubic phase of a block copolymer system [polystyrene–poly(ethylene butylene)–polystyrene] mixed with oil, we show how a given textures can be controlled with the application of a specific shear rate and amplitude. The low‐amplitude shear texture is dominated by {001} planes perpendicular to the shear gradient and by the [110] axis parallel to the flow direction, that is, the {001}/[110] slip system. Detailed crystallographic studies show that both intermediate‐amplitude oscillatory shear and large‐amplitude oscillatory shear lead to twin structures with {112} planes sharing neighboring twins and [111] axes parallel to the shear flow. At an intermediate shear amplitude, the ve shear plane, defined by the shear flow direction (v) and shear vorticity direction (e), is parallel to the {112} twin planes. At a high shear amplitude, the orientation is rotated 90°, and this makes the ve shear plane parallel to the {110} crystallographic planes. The crystalline slip system is accordingly ({112}/[111] + {112}/[111]) under intermediate‐amplitude shear and ({110}/[111] + {110}/[111]) under large‐amplitude shear. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3095–3101, 2004
Formation of deprotected fuzzy blobs in chemically amplified resists
Authors: Jones Ronald L. , Hu Tengjiao , Lin Eric K. , Wu Wen‐Li , Goldfarb Dario L. , Angelopoulos Marie , Trinque Brian C. , Schmid Gerard M. , Stewart Michael D. , Willson C. Grant 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe requirement of nanometer dimensional control in photolithographic patterning underlies the future of emerging technologies, including next‐generation semiconductors, nanofluids, photonics, and microelectromechanical systems. For chemically amplified resists, dimensional control is mediated by the diffusion and reaction of photogenerated acids within a polymer‐based photoresist matrix. The complex nature of the combined processes of reaction and diffusion prohibit the routine measurement of this phenomenon. Using small‐angle neutron scattering, we have measured the form of the diffusion–reaction path of a photogenerated acid within a model photoresist matrix with a labeled protection group on the polymer side group. During the deprotection reaction, changes in the scattering form factor result from the shape and form of the deprotected regions. The individual volumes or blobs of reacted material are diffuse, with a fuzzy boundary between the reacted and unreacted regions. The impact of these results on the pattern quality is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3063–3069, 2004
Scattering functions of semidilute solutions of polymers in a good solvent
Authors: Pedersen Jan Skov , Schurtenberger Peter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractExpressions for analyzing small‐angle scattering data from semidilute solutions of polymers in a good solvent over a broad range of scattering vectors are examined. Three different scattering function expressions are derived from Monte Carlo simulations. The expressions are similar to those of polymer reference interaction site models, with a scattering‐vector‐dependent direct correlation function. In the most advanced model, the screening of excluded‐volume interactions beyond the overlap concentration is taken into account. Two simpler expressions, in which the screening of excluded‐volume interactions is not included, are also applied. The three models are tested against small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments on polystyrene in deuterated toluene for a broad range of molar masses and concentrations over a wide range of scattering vectors. For each model, simultaneous fits to all the measured scattering data are performed. The most advanced model excellently reproduces the SANS data over the full range of the parameters. The two simpler models fit the data almost equally well. On the basis of an extensive study, an optimal fitting strategy can be recommended for experimentalists, who want to analyze small‐angle scattering data from polymers at any concentration. For data sets that do not contain data on the single‐chain scattering function, the simpler model is recommended; it uses a direct correlation function equal to the form factor of an infinitely thin rod, which is independent of the concentration and molar mass. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3081–3094, 2004
Ferroelectric stability of BaTiO3 in a crystalline oxide on semiconductor structure
Authors: Reiner J. W. , Walker F. J. , McKee R. A. , Billman C. A. , Junquera J. , Rabe K. M. , Ahn C. H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRecent experimental advances in the ability to grow epitaxial ferroelectrics on semiconductors have provided an opportunity to study the intrinsic properties of these interfaces. It has been reported that a heterostructure of BaTiO3 grown on germanium has a commensurate crystalline oxide interface with a nonzero interface density of states. Including these states in a model of a ferroelectric oxide on a semiconductor substrate with a top metal electrode, we find that the oxide critical thickness necessary for stability of the ferroelectric state with polarization along the interface normal is substantially lowered by the contribution to the screening by the interface states. Materials parameters for BaTiO3 and Ge give a drop in estimated critical thickness from 39 nm to 7 nm. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability of Ru‐ and Ta‐based metal gate electrodes in contact with dielectrics for Si‐CMOS
Authors: Chen Zhiqiang , Misra Veena , Haggerty Ryan P. , Stemmer Susanne 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe Ru–Ta–Si–O, Ta–Si–N–O, and Ru–Ta–Zr–O phase diagrams are important for predicting reactions at interfaces between SiO2 and ZrO2 gate dielectrics and novel Ru and Ta‐based metal gate electrodes. Simplified quaternary phase diagrams of the Ru–Ta–Si–O, Ta–Si–N–O, and Ru–Ta–Zr–O systems at 900 °C were constructed from known and estimated Gibbs free energy data, respectively. Ru is predicted to be stable in contact with ZrO2 and SiO2, whereas Ta is not stable in contact with SiO2 at temperatures around 900 °C. Stoichiometric RuTa and TaN compounds were estimated to be stable in contact with both dielectrics at 900 °C. Experimental observations of gate electrode/dielectric interfaces are discussed. They are consistent with the thermodynamic predictions within the limitations of these phase diagrams. Metastable phases, often found in TaNx films, and diffusion of species from the vapor (e.g., oxygen), in particular along grain boundaries in columnar gate electrodes, may lead to reactions not predicted by the equilibrium phase diagrams. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Response of Si and InSb to ultrafast laser pulses
Authors: Dumitrica Traian , Burzo Andrea , Dou Yusheng , Allen Roland E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe present simulations of the response of Si and InSb to femtosecond‐scale laser pulses of various intensities. In agreement with the experiments by various groups on various materials, there is a nonthermal phase transition for each of these semiconductors above a threshold intensity. Our simulations employ semiclassical electron‐radiation‐ion dynamics (SERID), a technique which is briefly described in the text. We also introduce a new addition to the technique, which provides a simple treatment of the correction due to motion of the atomic‐orbital basis functions. We find that this correction is small in the present context, but it may be substantial in situations with more rapid atomic motion. Our expression for this correction is remarkably simple to employ because it amounts to nothing more than a generalized Peierls substitution. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bonding and structure of some high‐koxide:Si interfaces
Authors: Robertson J. , Peacock P. W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractElectron counting rules are developed to describe the bonding at interfaces between covalent networks and ionic oxides. These rules are used to describe the bonding at various idealised interfaces of Si(100) with various high dielectric constant (k) gate oxides such as HfO2, ZrO2, SrTiO3and LaAlO3. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Full‐band particle‐based simulation of SOI and GOI MOSFETs
Authors: Beysserie Sébastien , Aboud Shela , Goodnick Stephen , Thornton Trevor , Saraniti Marco 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this work we report on the 2D simulation of fully depleted Germanium‐On‐Insulator FET structures coupled with a high‐κ dielectric using a full‐band simulator. This simulator, based on the Cellular Monte Carlo method, provides an accurate transport model at the high electric fields present in the ultra‐small devices considered in this work. Simulations of similar Germanium‐ and Silicon‐On‐Insulator devices have been performed to quantitatively analyze the predicted increase in performance of Germanium‐On‐Insulator technology. A characterization and comparison of the static behavior of these devices is presented for 50 nm MOSFETs. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Löwdin's canonical orthogonalization: Getting round the restriction of linear independence
Authors: Naidu A. Ramesh , Srivastava Vipin 
Published: July 2004

AbstractLöwdin's canonical orthogonalization procedure can be useful in organizing large data sets, but it is applicable only to a set of linearly independent vectors. This places a serious constraint for there can be at most n linearly‐independent vectors in an n‐dimensional space. We propose two ways of getting round this restriction so that Löwdin's procedure can be used to find the vector along which all the given vectors—any number of them in a space of arbitrary dimensionality—project maximally. Under these conditions, this orthogonalization procedure is equivalent to the principal component analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Das Niedersachsenstadion – die AWD‐Arena
Authors: Schulitz Helmut C. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDas Projekt der AWD‐Arena, das ehemalige Niedersachsenstadion, wurde als Austragungsort für die Fußballweltmeisterschaft 2006 ausgewählt. Ursprünglich 1952–1954 auf den Trümmern der Stadt des 2. Weltkriegs errichtet, wird es heute von einem multifunktionalen Stadion in eine reine Fußballarena umgebaut. Der Entwurf ist das Ergebnis eines internationalen Architekten‐ und Ingenieurwettbewerbs. Ein zentraler Aspekt des Entwurfs ist die Trennung des Dachs in zwei konzentrische Teil e, einen geschlossenen äußeren Teil in Trapezblechdekkung und einen transparenten inneren Teil , der von einer einlagigen ETFE‐Folie (Ethylen‐Tetrafluorethylen) überspannt wird. Dies ist eine Antwort auf das Problem des Rasenwachstums, das die meisten engen Fußballstadien betrifft. ETFE ist 95% UV‐lichtdurchlässig, eine Voraussetzung für jede natürliche Vegetation.Der äußere Teil des Dachs ist nach dem Prinzip eines Speichenrades mit einem äußeren Druckring (Felge), Seilen als gekreuzte Speichen und einer offenen Nabe, die selbst eine weitere Felge bildet, an der das innere Dach befestigt ist. Das Innendach ist eine Art Tensegrity‐Konstruktion, die durch Luftstützen geprägt wird, die die Radialträger tragen und die durch zwei weitere Zugringe stabilisiert werden.
Pusan Sports Complex – ein Betonbau als Stahl‐Seil‐Tragwerk vollendet
Authors: Stauske Dieter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMit dem Stadion Pusan wurde ein komplett in Beton geplantes Bauwerk mit einem Stahldruckring für das Dach vollendet. Damit konnte das Gewicht des Dachtragwerks von 30000 t auf 1800 t reduziert werden. Montageablauf, Kosten und Bauzeit ließen sich dadurch wesentlich verbessern.
Zur Tragfähigkeitsbewertung bestehender Bauwerke
Authors: Mehdianpour Milad , Rücker Werner , Rohrmann Rolf Günter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAusgehend von der Zielsetzung einer kostenoptimierten Unterhaltung von bestehenden Bauwerken werden gegenwärtige nationale und internationale Normungsaktivitäten auf dem Gebiet der Bauwerksüberwachung und ‐bewertung vorgestellt. Ein derzeit in der BAM laufendes Projekt, das sich mit einem Konzept zur Tragfähigkeitsbewertung bestehender Bauwerke und dessen praktischer Umsetzung befaßt, wird inhaltlich beschrieben.
Erfassung des Windrichtungseinflusses auf die Windlasteffekte an Tragwerken
Authors: Niemann Hans‐Jürgen , Hölscher Norbert 
Published: July 2004

AbstractExtreme Windstärken treten bevorzugt mit bestimmten Windrichtungen auf. Der Windlasteffekt an Tragwerken hängt deshalb von der Ausrichtung der Bauwerke gegenüber der Windrose ab. Um den Richtungseinfluß beurteilen zu können, muß auf die Tragwerksreaktion zurückgegangen werden; die meteorologische Information über die Stärkewindrose reicht nicht aus. Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der die statistische Verteilung der Tragwerksreaktion benutzt wird, um die für die Bemessung maßgebende Windgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit der Windrichtung zu ermitteln. Wird der Richtungseinfluß berücksichtigt, so zeigt sich i. d. R., daß die vorhandene Sicherheit merkliche Reserven gegenüber der normgemäßen Sicherheit aufweist, die eine Minderung der Windlast erlaubt.
Störabspannungen für Stahlschornsteine
Authors: Knödel Peter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractVon großen abgespannten Masten ist bekannt, daß die Abspannseile aufgrund ihrer nichtlinearen Kennlinie Schwingungen des Systems wirksam begrenzen können. Diesen Effekt kann man für Störabspannungen bei kleinen und mittleren Stahlschornsteinen nutzen, wenn man ein zusätzliches Gewicht in die leichten Seile hängt. Die Wirkung unterschiedlicher Seilvorspannung auf das Tragverhalten der Seile sowie der Anregungsmechanismus von Querschwingungen bei Stahlschornsteinen werden nachfolgend beschrieben. Die Auslegung von Störabspannungen wird in einzelnen Schritten gezeigt und durch ein Beispiel ergänzt. Einige Fragen, die noch der Klärung und Diskussion bedürfen, werden am Schluß angesprochen.
3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) administration to rats decreases brain tissue serotonin but not serotonin transporter protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein
Authors: Wang Xiaoying , Baumann Michael H. , Xu Heng , Rothman Richard B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPrevious experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that administration of high‐dose D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) and p‐chloroamphetamine (PCA) decreased 5‐HT transporter (SERT) binding and tissue 5‐HT by 30–60% in caudate and whole brain tissue 2 days and 2 weeks after drug administration. However, protein expression as determined by Western blot analysis did not change in either tissue or time point, except for a 30% decrease in the caudate 2 days after PCA administration. In the present study, we studied the effect of MDMA and 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine (5,7‐DHT) on tissue 5‐HT levels and the protein expression level of SERT and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a validated neurotoxicity marker. Hypothesis. MDMA administration decreases SERT expression. Methods. Two weeks after MDMA administration (7.5 mg/kg i.p., q 2 h × 3 doses) or 2 weeks after i.c.v. administration of 5,7,‐DHT (150 μg/rat), male Sprague‐Dawley rats were sacrificed and the caudate, cortex, and hippocampal tissue collected. Western blots for SERT and GFAP were generated using published methods. Tissue 5‐HT levels were determined by HPLC coupled to electrochemical detection. Results. MDMA treatment decreased tissue 5‐HT in cortex, hippocampus, and caudate by about 50%. However, MDMA treatment had no significant effect on expression level of SERT and GFAP in any brain region. In contrast, 5,7‐DHT reduced tissue 5‐HT by more than 90%, decreased SERT protein expression by 20–35%, and increased GFAP by 30–39%. Conclusion. These data suggest the MDMA treatment regimen used here does not cause degeneration of 5‐HT nerve terminals. Viewed collectively with our previous results and other published data, these data indicate that MDMA‐induced persistent 5‐HT depletion may occur in the absence of axotomy. Synapse 53:240–248, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of rectal involvement for patients presenting with deeply infiltrating endometriosis
Authors: Chapron C. , Vieira M. , Chopin N. , Balleyguier C. , Barakat H. , Dumontier I. , Roseau G. , Fauconnier A. , Foulot H. , Dousset B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography (REU) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for predicting rectal wall involvement in patients presenting histologically proven deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of a continuous series of 81 patients presenting histologically proven DIE who underwent preoperative investigations using both REU and MRI. The sonographer and the radiologist, who were unaware of the clinical findings and patient history, but knew that DIE was suspected, were asked whether there was involvement of the digestive wall.ResultsRectal DIE was confirmed histologically in 34 of the 81 (42%) patients. For the diagnosis of rectal involvement, sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive value for REU were 97.1%, 89.4%, 86.8% and 97.7% and for MRI they were 76.5%, 97.9%, 96.3% and 85.2%.ConclusionThe sensitivity and negative predictive value of REU were higher than those of MRI suggesting that REU performs better than MRI in the diagnosis of rectal involvement for patients presenting with DIE. Prospective studies with a large number of patients are needed in order to validate these preliminary results. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superior Performance of a Paraaortic Counterpulsation Device Compared to the Intraaortic Balloon Pump
Authors: Terrovitis John V. , Charitos Christos E. , Tsolakis Elias J. , Dolou Paraskevi , Pierrakos Charalampos N. , Siafakas Kostas X. , Nanas John N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the hemodynamic effectiveness of a 30‐ml stroke volume paraaortic counterpulsation device (PACD), presenting the advantages of ease of implantation and driving by a standard intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) console (Datascope 96, Datascope Corp., Montvale, NJ, USA) to that of a 40‐ml IABP, in the setting of experimental heart failure. In an acute heart failure model, the IABP was placed in the descending aorta and the PACD in the ascending aorta of eight pigs. Both devices were driven by the same system, and hemodynamic measurements were obtained with and without mechanical assistance. The two pumps significantly reduced the systolic and end‐diastolic aortic pressures, but the PACD reduced the latter more effectively (42.6 ± 18.1% vs 11.0 ± 9.9%, p = 0.0001). Both pumps provided significant aortic diastolic augmentation, but the counterpulsation wave of the PACD was significantly greater (augmentation of 44.8 ± 22.2% vs 37.6 ± 15.6%, p = 0.031). Both lowered the end‐diastolic left ventricular pressure with a trend toward PACD superiority (24.2 ± 13.7% vs 19.7 ± 13.5%, p = 0.064). It is concluded that the PACD, even with smaller stroke volume, is more effective than the IABP. The simplicity of its implantation, together with the ability of the standard IABP consoles to control its function, make it a promising device for mechanical assistance of the failing heart.
Plant roles and decision autonomy in multinational plant networks
Authors: Maritan Catherine A. , Brush Thomas H. , Karnani Aneel G. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe paper examines whether plants in a multinational manufacturing firm with different roles have different degrees of autonomy concerning planning, production and control decisions. Building on Ferdows’ framework for classifying international plants in a network, we empirically examine the proposition that the degree of managerial autonomy varies according to strategic role of the plant. We ask whether different plant roles require different management systems and different levels of responsibility for decisions and find evidence of differentiated fit.
Other-Worldly and This-Worldly Islam and the Islamic Revival
Authors: Robinson Francis 
Published: July 2004

In his Islam in Modern History, published in 1957, yet still a work remarkable for its insights, Wilfred Cantwell Smith refers to the extraordinary energy which had surged through the Muslim world with increasing force in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He talks of:dynamism, the appreciation of activity for its own sake, and at the level of feeling a stirring of intense, even violent, emotionalism…The transmutation of Muslim society from its early nineteenth-century stolidity to its twentieth-century ebullience is no mean achievement. The change has been everywhere in evidence.This surge of energy is closely associated with a shift in the balance of Muslim piety from an other-worldly towards a this-worldly focus. By this I mean a devaluing of a faith of contemplation of God's mysteries and of belief in His will to shape human life, and a valuing instead of a faith in which Muslims were increasingly aware that it was they, and only they, who could act to fashion an Islamic society on earth. This shift of emphasis has been closely associated with a new idea of great power, the caliphate of man. In the absence of Muslim power, in the absence, for the Sunnis at least, of a caliph, however symbolic, to guide, shape and protect the community, this awesome task now fell to each individual Muslim. I hazard to suggest that this shift towards a this-worldly piety, and the new responsibilities for Muslims that came with it, is the most important change that Muslims have wrought in the practice of their faith over the past one thousand years. It is a change full of possibilities for the future.
Underreporting of energy intake from a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire completed by adults in Montreal
Authors: Bedard Daniel , Shatenstein Bryna , Nadon Sylvie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBackground:Energy intake determined from self-reported dietary assessment methods may be underreported. Therefore, it is important that such methods be validated against another with known validity for energy intake or energy expenditure.Methods:We investigated potential underestimation of energy intake obtained from our semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) administered between 2000 and 2001 in the metropolitan area of Montreal, Canada. The study population included 246 adults aged 18 to 82 years. The ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI/BMR) was used to assess underreporting and physical activity was determined from self-administered questions. Comparison of the EI/BMR ratio with the Goldberg statistical cut-off allowed us to detect individuals who were low energy reporters (LERs). LERs and non-LERs were compared to determine if they differed on sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle variables.Results:The EI/BMR ratio was 1.26 for men and 1.32 for women. LERs represented 43% of the sample of individuals. Male LERs accounted for 54% compared with 35% among females. Underreporting of energy intake was highest in men and individuals who were older, heavier, with higher body mass index and lower education level. A higher proportion of male LERs perceived their financial situation as adequate while a greater proportion of female LERs considered themselves poor.Conclusion:Our data suggest that underreporting of energy intake from the FFQ was considerable and may bias dietary interpretation. As this was uneven across the sample, it is crucial to recognise the characteristics of LERs in order to increase the validity of reported energy intake.