bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earnings Mobility of the Low Paid
Authors: Sloane Peter , Theodossiou Ioannis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over a great part of the post-war period the earnings distribution has exhibited remarkable stability in many OECD countries. However, during the 1980s this longterm trend altered by varying degrees across countries and earnings inequality rose. This had the inevitable consequence of worsening the relative position of those at the lower tail of the distribution. Thus, the incidence of low-paid work has increased and become an important policy issue. In investigating this issue and for policy purposes it is important to consider issues concerning the ability of individual workers to increase their earnings capabilities through time. To the extent that low pay is merely a transient phenomenon in which young workers acquire the necessary skills to enhance their lifetime earnings, low pay is not a matter for particular policy concern. To the extent, however, that certain workers become trapped in low-paid jobs, a number of policy concerns are raised.
FDI in the Restructuring of the Japanese Economy
Authors: blomström Magnus , konan, denise , Lipsey robert E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both outward and inward foreign direct investment (FOi) play an important role in restructuring economies. Outward investment is a way of maximizing the rents on the accumulated knowledge and skill of a country’s firms, or preserving them as long as possible when the country itself has lost its comparative advantage in their industries, and the industries, or parts of them, must relocate.
Economic Development in China and Its Implications for Japan
Authors: Abe Shigeyuki , Lee Chung H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the Four Modernizations undertaken in the late 1970s, China has emerged as one of Asia’s most dynamic newly industrializing economies. In the decade following the reform China’s real GNP grew at an annual average rate of 10 per cent, up from an annual rate of 6.5 per cent during the 1970s. Although its economy slowed down in the late 1980s due to the government’s anti-inflationary measures, it regained momentum in the early 1990s, achieving a 13.4 per cent rate of growth in 1993. China’s economy posted somewhat lower growth rates in subsequent years, but not less than 7.8 per cent even in the Asian crisis year of 1998 (Table 14.1).
The Character of the 1998 Agreement: Results and Prospects
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1998 Agreement was a major achievement, both for its negotiators and for the peoples of Ireland and Britain, emerging from a political desert whose only landmarks were failed ‘initiatives’. The Agreement’s proposed model of devolution was consociational, meeting the criteria specified by Arend Lijphart namely, cross-community executive power-sharing; proportionality rules throughout the governmental and public sectors; community self-government or autonomy and equality in cultural life; and veto rights for minorities. A consociation is an association of communities, in this case British unionist, Irish nationalist, and others, that is the outcome of formal or informal bargains or pacts between the political leaders of ethnic or religious groups. The Agreement was the product of both tacit and explicit consociational thought, and of ‘pacting’ by most of the leaders of the key ethno-national groups and their respective patron-states.
The Belfast Agreement and the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Coakley John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electoral and survey data from the Republic of Ireland at the end of the twentieth century suggested the emergence of a remarkable consensus on what was for long known as ‘the national question’—the partition of the island and the relationship with Great Britain. A referendum on the Belfast Agreement on 22 May 1998 saw a vote of 94 per cent in favour of a set of constitutional changes designed to permit its implementation. A poll in mid-December 1999 showed that 96 per cent of those expressing a view on the matter would like a united Ireland-though subject to a rather indefinite time limit: ‘at some stage in the future’.
The World’s Religious Systems and Democracy: Crafting the “Twin Tolerations”
Authors: Stepan Alfred 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Are all, or only some, of the world’s religious systems politically compatible with democracy? This is, of course, one of the largest, most important, and intensely debated questions of our times. Illuminating, or at times obfuscating, contributions to this question have been made by practitioners and theoreticians of politics, as well as by philosophers, historians, and sociologists of religion. In this essay my attempt to contribute to this debate will be from the perspective of comparative politics. More specifically, as a specialist in political institutions and democratization, I intend to ask three cumulatively related questions, the answers to which, in my judgement, will give analysts and practitioners increased cognitive control over this critical issue.
Offshore Sourcing and Production Sharing in Preference Areas
Authors: Arndt Sven W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The traditional approach to trade analysis has shown a strong preoccupation with trade in end-products. There is, of course, a comprehensive and elegant literature on trade in intermediate products,1 but it leads a rather separate and cloistered existence. This emphasis finds its underpinnings in the assumption that production is a spatially concentrated and functionally integrated process. We are used to thinking about products as ‘made’ in a country. Trade in components and crossborder dispersion of production, both characteristics of intra-product specialization, have no place in this approach.
Iceland
Authors: Gauksdóttir Gudrun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Iceland joined the Council of Europe on 7 March 1950 and ratified the European Convention on Human Rights on 19 June 1953. Iceland has successively ratified the Additional Protocols to the Convention. 1 In accordance with Article 25 of the Convention, Iceland has made a declaration, for an indefinite period, recognizing the competence of the Commission to receive individual complaints. It has also accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 46 for a specified period. The initial declaration was given on 3 September 1958 and is renewed periodically.
Poland
Authors: Drzemczewski Andrew , Nowicki Marek Antoni 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In countries of the former Soviet bloc, Poland included, the ECHR was for many years a document known to a few people only. According to the official ideology of those days, it reflected an alien bourgeois concept of human rights. The Convention was quoted as an example of the hypocrisy of the West, creating formal paper guarantees but unable to stand the test of real life. Human rights, it was argued, could only find an appropriate place in the Socialist system, and only in its Realsozialismus version born in Soviet Russia. Others, who had never accepted the grim and hypocritical reality east of the Laba River, saw the text of the Convention and their own study of that document, if incidental, as either an expression of their honesty as researchers1 or a manifestation of a rebellious attitude, similar to the practice of wearing bright socks or playing jazz under Stalin and even later on.
Money and Politics
Authors: Einaudi Luca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Money and Politics reconstructs for the first time the full history of the creation of the Latin Monetary Union (LMU), a long forgotten precedent of the Euro. It focuses in particular on the attempted transformation of the LMU into a European Monetary Union between 1865 and 1873. The use of extensive diplomatic and banking archives in France, Britain, Italy, and Germany has enabled the author to reconstruct in detail the intellectual debate concerning the gold standard and bimetallism, as well as the surrounding political and diplomatic manoeuvres, which in many ways anticipated the conflicts of today's monetary unification. Einaudi's findings show that the project of a common currency was well received in central and southern Europe, but worked against the emergence of a united Germany, and was blocked by the Franco--Prussian war. In Britain, Disraeli declined to join the Latin Monetary Union, but in 1869, the new Liberal Chancellor of the Exchequer saw the advantages offered by a scheme which appeared to be enjoying success on the Continent, and attempted to join the monetary union, thereby alienating and securing the opposition of both the City and Gladstone. This book is written in an accessible and multidisciplinary fashion, and will appeal to economists, historians, and political scientists with an interest in the formation and readjustment of government policies. It also paints a fascinating picture for policy makers and all those concerned with current debates surrounding EMU and the British position.
Lender of Last Resort: A Contemporary Perspective
Authors: Kaufman George G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although much discussed in both the economic and banking literature, the lender of last resort (LLR) has always been a vague concept. Apparently first discussed by Sir Francis Baring in 1797 and refmed by Henry Thornton (1802) and Walter Bagehot (1873), among others, the lender of last resort’s function was to prevent fmancial panics and crises from being ignited by problems at individual institutions or markets. This has generally been interpreted as preventing the individual problem from causing a decline in the aggregate money supply.
Can there be an International Lender-of-Last-Resort?
Authors: Capie Forrest 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Around the world, from Asia to Russia and beyond, there is considerable fmancial turmoil. There is widespread talk of fmancial crises, and there are many suggestions being advanced for their resolution. One frequently suggested remedy is that there should be an international lender-of-last-resort. Kindleberger (1989) devoted a chapter to the ‘International lender of last resort’, in his Manias, Panics, and Crashes. A recent suggestion has been made that the Bank for International Settlements could be made an international lender-of-last-resort. And in The Economist of 10 October 1998 consideration was given again to the possibility of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) being the international lender-of-last-resort.
The Gold Standard Illusion
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic historians have established a new orthodoxy attributing the onset and severity of the Great Depression to the flawed workings of the international gold standard. This interpretation returns French gold policy to centre stage in understanding the origins of the Depression, its rapid spread, its severity and its duration. The Gold Standard Illusion exploits new archival resources to test how well this gold standard interpretation of the Great Depression is sustained by historical records in France, the country most often criticized for hoarding gold and failure to play by the rules of the gold standard game. The study follows four lines of inquiry, providing a history of French gold policy in its national and international contexts from 1914 to 1939, an analysis of the evolution of the Bank of France during this period and the degree to which gold standard belief retarded the adoption of modern central banking practice, a re-examination of interwar central bank cooperation in the period and its role in the breakdown of the gold standard, and a study of how gold standard rhetoric fostered misperceptions of financial and monetary problems. The French case was exceptional, marked by absolute and tenacious faith in the gold standard, by the import and accumulation of a vast hoard of gold desperately needed as reserves to prevent monetary contraction abroad, and by adamant claims for the need to return to gold after most countries had left the gold standard, which had become, in the words of John Maynard Keynes, ‘a curse laid upon the economic life of the world’. The Gold Standard Illusion explains French gold standard belief and policy, the impact of French policy at home and abroad, and reassesses the gold standard interpretation of the Great Depression in the light of French experience.
The Worm in the Fruit, 1914–1920
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the outbreak of war in August 1914. international financial markets faced massive demands for liquidity and gold. The international gold standard collapsed. Where convertibility vas not suspended by belligerents to prevent gold losses (as in France, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Belgium), it vas effectively impaired (Britain); even creditor countries (Argentina, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden) intervened to obstruct gold imports.1
Mental Accounting and the Absent-minded Driver
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term ‘mental accounting’ refers to a variety of phenomena in which money is non-fungible. Since the pioneering works of Kahneman, Tversky, and Thaler (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979, 1984; Tversky and Kahneman, 1981; and Thaler, 1980, 1985) it has become abundantly clear that people do not treat all dollars alike. Rather, people manage different accounts in their minds, in which money has origins and goals that cannot be ignored when this money is spent.
Introduction
Authors: Burchardt Tania , Le Grand Julian , Piachaud David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Social exclusion has attracted much attention in recent years in Britain and elsewhere. Although the concept originated in continental Europe it is now part of the common currency of British social policy debates. The Lisbon Summit committed EU member states to adopt the promotion of social cohesion and inclusion as a strategic goal, and the concept had already directly entered the British Government’s policy process with the setting up of the interdepartmental Social Exclusion Unit by the Labour Government of Tony Blair in 1997.
Social Exclusion, Social Isolation, and the Distribution of Income
Authors: Barry Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As discussed in the first chapter, the thought is often expressed that ‘social exclusion’ is no more than a relabelling of what used to be called ‘poverty’. However, although there is no doubt a close association between economic stratification and the phenomenon of exclusion within a society, it seems clear that in principle social exclusion can occur between groups that are not significantly distinguished from one another economically. Thus, while the Jewish immigrants who came to Britain from eastern Europe were poor to begin with, their descendants moved in large numbers over a few generations into the professions and commerce.
The Dynamics of Poverty in Britain
Authors: Burgess Simon , Propper Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One central aspect of social exclusion under any definition is lack of income. The focus of this chapter is on movements in and out of income below the poverty line: what has come to be called poverty dynamics. Poverty was a major economic and political issue in Britain in the late 1990s. Recent figures show that in 1998/9 about one in five Britons had incomes that put them in poverty by one widely used measure (living in a household in which total income is less than half the national mean). The comparable figure in 1979 was less than one in ten. Poverty has risen among households with children: in 1979, one in twelve children were poor; in 1995/6 one in four were poor. Underlying these snapshots of poverty levels lie movements of people in and out of poverty over their lives.
Optimal regulation
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the most part, the development of financial regulation has been an empirical process, a matter of trial and error, driven by the exigencies of history rather than by formal theory. An episode that illustrates the character of this process is the Great Depression in the US. The financial collapse in the US was widespread and deeply disruptive. It led to substantial changes in the laws regulating the financial system, many of which shape our current regulatory framework.
Famine in Berar, 1896-7 and 1899-1900: Echoes and Chain Reactions
Authors: Dyson Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The onetime British India province of Berar corresponds to the combined current jurisdictions of Amraoti, Akola, Buldana and Yavatmal districts in the modern Indian state of Maharashtra. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the province experienced a fairly turbulent history under the suzerainty of the Nizam of Hyderabad, before in 1853 being taken over by the British. Initially this transference of adminis¬ trative responsibility was theoretically under lease from the Nizam. Therefore, during.
Famine in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Russia: Mortality by Age, Cause, and Gender
Authors: Adamets Serguei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, famines seemed to strike Russia in a more or less regular pattern. A volume published by the Central Statistics Committee (CSK) in 1871 referred to poor harvests in 1820-1, 1833-4, 1839-40, 1843-6, 1848-51, and 1854. The Report of the Council of Ministers drafted in 1842 implies that food shortages recurred every 6-7 years (Brokgauz and Efron 1893). During the 1860s the worst years were between 1867 and 1869. In the last quarter of the century, there were famines in 1872-3, in 1882-4, and in 1892. At the beginning of the twentieth century, local scarcities affected one or other region of Russia almost annually, and they were particularly serious in 1906 and 1911 (Buxman 1923).
‘Send Us either Food or Coffins’: The 1941-2 Famine on the Aegean Island of Syros
Authors: Hionidou Violetta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In economic terms prior to World War II, Greece was predominantly rural, with more than 60 per cent of the population engaged in agricultural occupations generating 35 per cent of the national income. Nevertheless, the country was heavily depen¬ dent upon food imports. In the period 1935-7, 45 per cent of the required wheat was imported, although by 1939, this percentage was reduced to 20.5 (Demathas 1989: 151; Diamond 1947: 5-6). These high figures resulted from a concentration on the production of cash crops such as tobacco and currants (Mazower 1991: 79-81). The primary centres of cereal production in Greece were the northern parts of the mainland, whereas the Peloponnese was the main producer of olive oil and cur¬ rants. Despite wide variations, in genera], the islands were usually producers of a cash crop and they also depended either on remittances and/or cash earned from seasonal/circular migration.
The expansion of Latin Christendom
Authors: Berend Nora 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between c.950 and c.1300 Europe emerged through the incorporation of new territories (a process that had started before 950), the consolidation of political systems in the newly integrated areas, and transformations in western Europe itself. By the fourteenth century, Europe became the synonym of Christendom and the geographical area of the two roughly coincided. This chapter focuses on Latin Christendom, as the scope of the book allows only fleeting references to the Balkans, Rus’, and Byzantium. Expansion meant more than the simple addition of new territories and the enlargement of the previously existing western European political and religious system.
Internet marketplaces
Authors: Ramberg Christina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Internet Marketplaces explains and analyses the legal questions and challenges posed by the increased use of online auctions and exchanges for business transactions. Rather than focusing on internet businesses as a whole, the author studies the rules related to closed internet marketplaces where commercial dealings are carried out. The book provides a detailed analysis of the new business models that are being employed, their legal structures, and the extent to which further work is still required to fill in the legal infrastructure. Professor Ramberg is well known for her expertise and involvement in this field, and the book will prove to be useful to fellow practitioners as well as being a key reference for academics working in this area.
French Property And Inheritance Law-Principles And Practice
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The growing trend for purchasing property in France, either as a main or second home, has led to a corresponding need for a book which explains the French conveyancing system for lawyers trained in other legal systems. French Property and Inheritance Law offers practical guidance to lawyers and other professionals advising clients on property transactions and related matters in France including: buying, selling, and mortgaging land; the ownership of flats and leases; and the establishment of companies to own land as a means of avoiding French inheritance rules and to mitigate French inheritance tax. It unravels the mysteries of many features of the French system such as the marriage régime, the PACS, and sales en viager which can often be advantageous to non-French clients. The book also covers all aspects of French inheritance law, including the rules of intestacy, the making of wills, and the inheritance rights of the surviving spouse and the rights of other members of the family. The author offers advice on how beneficiaries can avoid personal liability for the debts of a deceased and provides practical guidance on the administration of estates. A glossary and relevant legal precedents are also included. The author also writes regular updates on new key developments in French property law - please see the publication Solicitors' Journal for details of his articles on the subject.
Perception Matters: Psychophysics for Economists
Authors: Weber Elke U 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Experimental economics, behavioral game theory, and behavioral decision research have made great strides in recent years towards their goal of predicting behavior, especially in those cases where it deviates from the predictions of conventional economic rationality. Many, if not most of these advances fall into two categories, both of which assign a causal role to decision-makers” perception, that is, their construal of the decision situation.Category I explanations acknowledge the constructive and hence subjective nature of perception. Category II explanations emphasize the relative nature of perception. Section 1 of this chapter describes these two categories of explanations and the way in which they modify standard theory. Section 2 provides an introduction to the field of psychophysics, an interdisciplinary area of investigation that started psychology as a scientific discipline in the second half of the twentieth century. In psychophysics, the theoretical and empirical investigation of the constructive, subjective, and relative nature of perception and its relation to judgment and choice have had a long history. Broader knowledge of this research tradition and its insights about the modeling of human choice behavior may be helpful for economists and prevent unnecessary duplication of effort, allowing economics to build on (rather than reinvent) psychology. Section 3 describes some recent developments that psychophysics has brought to the modeling of risky choice and provides suggestions for the direction that cumulative theory building across disciplines might take.