bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gingival and other oral manifestations in measles virus infection
Authors: Katz Joseph , Guelmann Marcio , Stavropolous Franci , Heft Marc 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Measles is a highly contagious, viral infectious disease affecting mainly children and young adults. It is characterized by high fever, maculopapular rash, keratoconjunctivitis and pathognomonic oral Koplik's spots.Methods: During an outbreak of measles among soldiers in the Israeli military, patients were referred to one medical center where they were also examined for oral signs and symptoms of their illness.Results: We present a case of measles infection with distinct oral findings. These included Koplik's spots, various forms of ulcerations of the free mucosa, ‐like gingivitis and pericoronitis. All oral lesions resolved after cessation of systemic illness.Conclusions: The measles virus is associated with a transient inhibition of the host response. Immunosuppression may create the necessary condition for the proliferation of pathobacteria associated with the observed pericoronitis and the other gingival lesions.
C‐1 esterase inhibitor dysfunction localised to the periodontal tissues: clues to the role of stress in the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis?
Authors: Roberts A. , Shah M. , Chapple I. L. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: C1‐esterase inhibitor (C1eIn) is an important modulator of complement activation via the classical pathway. Deficiencies or dysfunction involving this inhibitor underlie the condition of angioneurotic oedema.Aim:The purpose of this report is to describe a female patient who presented at the age of 24 years with an apparently aggressive form of periodontitis and severe oedema, localised to the free gingival tissues. After 21 years of repeated surgical reduction of the gingiva, a diagnosis of C1eIn dysfunction was made.Methods:Exhaustive serological investigations were performed along with histopathology.Results:All investigations were unremarkable, until the function of the C1eIn molecule was investigated. These demonstrated a functional activity of only 29% and a raised C1q at 157 mg/l. Subsequent repeated investigation with careful specimen handling demonstrated undetectable levels of C1eIn and normal C1q. A diagnosis of C1eIn dysfunction was made, although at present it is unclear whether this represents an unusual variant of hereditary dysfunctional C1eIn deficiency. The patient was managed by various means, including steriodal and non‐steroidal drugs, the latter forming part of her maintenance regime.Conclusions:To our knowledge, this is the first case of angio‐oedema localised to the free gingiva. The role of stress in the acute exacerbations of oedema and bone loss is discussed along with the diagnostic pitfalls associated with this case.
Interactions between the gingiva and the margin of restorations
Authors: Padbury Allan , Eber Robert , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn adequate understanding of the relationship between periodontal tissues and restorative dentistry is paramount to ensure adequate form, function, esthetics, and comfort of the dentition. While most clinicians are aware of this important relationship, uncertainty remains regarding specific concepts such as the biologic width and indications and applications for surgical crown lengthening. This review discusses the concept of the biologic width and its relationship to periodontal health and restorative dentistry. The importance of restorative margin location, materials, and contours related to periodontal health is also addressed. The rationale and indications for surgical crown lengthening are elaborated. Particular surgical principles of crown lengthening are examined in detail.
Eruption cyst formation associated with cyclosporin A
Authors: Kuczek A. , Beikler T. , Herbst H. , Flemmig T. F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Cyclosporin A (CyA) is a potent immunomodulatory agent with a wide range of applications. Despite its therapeutic value, multiple adverse effects of CyA have been identified. This case report describes eruption cyst formation as a possible adverse effect of CyA administration during tooth eruption in a boy treated with CyA as a consequence of a cardiac transplantation. The clinical diagnosis of eruption cyst was confirmed by histopathological examination.Treatment: The periodontal treatment consisted of supragingival and subgingival scaling, followed by surgical removal of the tissues overlying the crowns of the teeth associated with eruption cysts, and flap surgery in the region of gingival overgrowth. The patient was then placed on quarterly periodontal supportive therapy and his immunosuppressive medication was switched from CyA to tacrolimus.Results: Twenty months after therapy, neither new cyst formation nor recurrence of gingival overgrowth was registered.Conclusion: Formation of an eruption cyst may be an adverse effect of CyA in children with erupting teeth.
Comparison of infrabony defects treated with enamel matrix derivative versus guided tissue regeneration with a nonresorbable membrane
Authors: Silvestri Maurizio , Sartori Stefano , Rasperini Giulio , Ricci Giano , Rota Chiara , Cattaneo Vitaliano 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:The purpose of the present multicenter clinical trial was to compare the efficacy of two different procedures in the treatment of infrabony defects: guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with nonresorbable membranes and enamel matrix derivative (EMD).Material and methods: Six centers participated in this study. Ninety‐eight patients with an interproximal infrabony defect were selected. All patients were treated with an initial phase of scaling and root planing, and at the study's baseline the selected defects presented a value of probing depth (PD) ≥6 mm with an infrabony component ≥4 mm. Forty‐nine patients were treated with GTR procedures (using ePTFE membranes (Gore‐Tex W.L. Gore and Associates, Flagstaff, AZ, USA)) and forty‐nine with EMDs (Emdogain® (Û Biora AB Malm, Sweden)). The efficacy of each treatment modality was investigated through covariance analysis.Results: The patients were reevaluated at one year postop. Probing attachment level (PAL) gain and PD reduction were analyzed. In the Emdogain® group the PAL before surgery (PAL 0) and the PD before surgery (PD 0) were respectively 9.9±1.4 and 8.5±1.6 mm. The PAL gain and the PD reduction at 1 year postsurgery were respectively 4.1±1.8 and 5.3±1.9 mm. The group of patients treated with membranes showed that PAL 0 and PD 0 were respectively 8.9±1.9 and 8.1±1.9. The PAL gain was 4.3±1.9 mm and the PD reduction was 5.6±1.5 mm. The mean PAL gain expressed by percentage (PAL gain/PAL 0) for the group treated with EMD was 41%, while it was 48% for the group treated with GTR. Results from our analysis suggest that there is no statistically significant difference between GTR and EMD treatments in terms of PAL gain, PD reduction and recession variation. Applying the regression model to a group of patients with a PAL 0 ≥8 mm, we observed a better clinical outcome in terms of PAL gain (difference of 0.3 mm) in patients treated with the GTR procedure compared to those treated with EMD. Covariance analysis showed a strong correlation in both groups of patients between PAL gain and full mouth bleeding score, and between PAL gain and defect morphology and depth.
Association of the−1087 IL 10 gene polymorphism with severe chronic periodontitis in Swedish Caucasians
Authors: Berglundh Tord , Donati Mauro , Hahn‐Zoric Mirjana , Hanson Lars‐Å. , Padyukov Leonid 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Severe forms of periodontitis are suggested to have a genetic basis.Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to study association of an IL10 gene polymorphism (G to A transition at the –1087 position) with severe chronic periodontitis.Materials & methods: Two groups of Swedish Caucasian subjects were included. One group consisted of 60 patients (aged 36–74 years; mean 54.5±8.5) with severe and generalized chronic periodontitis. The patients exhibited bone loss >50% at all teeth. Thirty‐nine periodontally healthy subjects between 35–78 years of age (mean 51.0±10.9) were also recruited. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood cells and genotyping was performed by combination of PCR with restriction endonuclease mapping.Results: The proportion of subjects that exhibited the GG genotype was significantly larger in the group with severe periodontitis than in the periodontally healthy group. The difference regarding the occurrence of the GG genotype between the two groups was more conspicuous in non‐smokers and yielded an odds ratio of 6.1. The G allele carriage in non‐smokers was >90 % in the periodontitis group and was significantly higher than in the healthy controls.Conclusion: It is suggested that the −1087 IL10 polymorphism in Caucasian subjects of a north European origin is associated with severe chronic periodontitis.
Hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in healthy gingiva
Authors: Mavropoulos Antonios , Aars Harald , Brodin Pål 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground and aim: Cigarette smoking is currently considered as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Controversy exists as to whether the vasoconstrictive property of nicotine is one of the pathogenic mechanisms. To this end we tested the hypothesis that cigarette smoking is causing vasoconstriction in the healthy human gingiva.Materials and Methods: Gingival blood flow was continuously measured with laser Doppler flowmetry in healthy (n=13) casual consumers of tobacco. Simultaneously, recordings were made of skin blood flow in the forehead and the thumb as well as heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). In another session infraorbital nerve block anaesthesia (INB) with 1.0 ml of Carbocain® without vasoconstrictive additives was used to identify nervously mediated vascular responses to cigarette smoking (n=8).Results: Cigarette smoking induced a modest hyperaemic response in the gingiva that was lower than the relative increases in BP and HR, and the calculated gingival vascular conductance decreased. In the forehead, flow responses were similar to those in the gingiva, while in the thumb a powerful vasoconstriction was observed. During the later part of the 10‐min recovery period, BP and HR tended to decrease while blood flow in the gingiva and forehead remained high. INB potentiated the hyperaemic response to cigarette smoking in gingiva.Conclusions: The present results help to shed some light on the understanding of the vasoactive mechanisms induced by cigarette smoking, and to support the hypothesis that cigarette smoking causes nervously mediated vasoconstriction in the healthy human gingiva. However, the degree of vasoconstriction was far less than in the thumb skin, and in our subjects was overcome by the evoked rise in arterial perfusion pressure. As a consequence, gingival blood flow increased during smoking. It is speculated that small repeated vasoconstrictive attacks due to cigarette smoking may in the long run contribute to gingival vascular dysfunction and periodontal disease.
Effect of brushing force and time on plaque removal using a powered toothbrush
Authors: McCracken G. I. , Janssen J. , Swan M. , Steen N. , De Jager M. , Heasman P. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectives: Primary objective – To determine the effect of varying brushing forces and brushing times upon the plaque‐removing efficacy of a powered toothbrush. Secondary objective – to determine the optimum combination of brushing force and time for plaque removal.Material and Methods: This randomised, single‐blind, 16‐cell, cross‐over trial compared the efficacy of plaque removal of a powered toothbrush (PTB) used with four brushing forces (75, 150, 225 and 300 g) and over four brushing times (30, 60, 120 and 180 s). Twelve volunteers (18–30 years) were recruited and trained to use the Philips/Jordan Sensiflex 2000 PTB, which was modified so that specified forces and times could be recorded. Each subject was asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for 24 hs prior to each brushing event, to allow plaque accumulation. Plaque was recorded using a modified Quigley & Hein index (PI) at six points per tooth before and after each episode of brushing, and the differences in the means (pre‐ to postbrushing) were compared. Three‐way anova was undertaken to compare differences between plaque‐removing efficacy for the 16 combinations of force and time. Subjects, brushing time and brushing force were used as fixed effects within the analysis.Results: All 12 subjects participating completed the 16 combinations of force and time over which plaque removal was assessed. Statistically significant differences in PI reductions were found between different brushing times and forces over all tooth surfaces (p<0.001). The interaction of varying brushing force and brushing time was significant for full mouth (FM) and interproximal (IP) sites (p<0.03). No statistical significance was demonstrated for smooth surface (SS) sites, nor was it detected for the interaction of subjects with brushing force or subjects with brushing time (p>0.05).Conclusion: We conclude that brushing time and brushing force have significant effects upon the level of plaque removal by a PTB, and at 120 s brushing time the improvement in plaque removal with forces in excess of 150 g was negligible.
Polymorphism at position −174 of IL‐6 gene is associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in a Caucasian Brazilian population
Authors: Trevilatto P. C. , Scarel‐Caminaga R. M. , De Brito R. B. , De Souza A. P. , Line S. R. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground: Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates inflammatory tissue destruction. A G to C substitution at position −174 in the promoter of IL‐6 gene reduces in vitro transcription of IL‐6. This polymorphism has been associated with inflammatory diseases like chronic arthritis.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the IL‐6−174 polymorphism and susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in Brazilians.Material and Methods: Eighty‐four nonsmoking subjects over 25 years (mean age 42.4) were divided according to the severity level of periodontal disease: 36 healthy individuals (control group), 24 subjects with moderate and 24 with severe periodontitis. Genomic DNA was obtained from epithelial cells through a mouthwash with 3% glucose and scraping of oral mucosa. The samples were analyzed for IL‐6−174 polymorphism using PCR‐RFLP. The significance of the differences in the frequencies of the polymorphism in the control and groups with periodontitis was assessed by χ2 test (p<0.05).Results: Differences were found between control and groups with periodontitis in the genotype (p=0.0036, OR=3.0) and in the allele (p=0.0838, OR=1.9) frequencies.Conclusion: We concluded that the IL‐6−174 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in the population studied.
Evaluation of the efficacy of two potassium nitrate bioadhesive gels (5% and 10%) in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Frechoso Susana Cuesta , Menéndez Manuel , Guisasola Cristina , Arregui Ignacio , Tejerina José M , Sicilia Alberto 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAim:A randomised clinical trial was designed to compare the immediate efficacy (48–96 h) of two treatments with bioadhesive gels with different concentrations of potassium nitrate (NK 5% versus NK 10%) on dentine hypersensitivity (DH). We evaluated DH by means of the use of the evaporative stimulus (ES), as the main outcome, using a placebo control group as reference.Patients and Methods: Forty‐five consecutive patients who, after stimulation with a blast of air, had at least one tooth with DH ≥ 2 according to the verbal ratings scale (VRS) scale were selected. They were randomly treated with a bioadhesive gel with 5% NK, 10% NK or a placebo gel without NK. The DH was evaluated at baseline, days 2, 4, 7 and 14 by an examiner blind to the procedure. The response to the ES with a blast of air, to the tactile stimulation with a probe and the subjective evaluation of the patient measured on the VRS scale were recorded. Statistical analysis was made using the Kruskal–Wallis test.Results: A greater reduction of DH after ES was observed after 48 h of treatment in the NK10% group (35.8%) compared to the NK5% group and placebo group (11.8% and 13.4%, respectively). This difference increased significantly at 96 h (p=0.003). No significant differences were observed for the other variables. These preliminary results may support the usefulness of an NK 10% gel to reduce the DH after stimulation with a blast of air during the first 4 days of its appearance.
Effect of toothpaste on the plaque inhibitory properties of a cetylpyridinium chloride mouth rinse
Authors: Sheen S. , Eisenburger M. , Addy M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground and aims: Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouth rinses have moderate plaque inhibitory activity when used alone but rarely have shown adjunctive benefits to tooth brushing with toothpaste. Several explanations for this apparent anomaly can be proferred, including loss of antiseptic activity due to interactions with toothpaste ingredients. The aim of this study was to measure the effect of toothpaste on the plaque inhibitory properties of a CPC mouth rinse using paired rinses of CPC, toothpaste slurry (TP) and water (W).Methods: The study was a single blind, randomised, seven‐treatment, cross over design balanced for residual effects, involving 21 healthy, dentate subjects. The paired rinses were: W‐CPC, CPC‐W, TP‐CPC, CPC‐TP, W‐TP, TP‐W and W‐W. Rinsing with solutions or slurries was done for 60 s twice per day. On day 1, subjects were rendered plaque free, suspended tooth cleaning and commenced the allocated rinse regimen. On day 5, plaque was scored by index. A 2½ day wash out of normal oral hygiene was allowed between each regimen.Results: The order from lowest to highest plaque scores was as follows: W‐CPC = CPC‐W < CPC‐TP < TP‐CPC ≤ W‐TP < TP‐W < W‐W. Several differences in pairs of treatments were statistically significant, the most relevant of which were significantly less plaque with W‐CPC compared to TP‐CPC, TP‐W and W‐TP, and significantly more plaque with W‐W compared to all other regimens except TP‐W. Conclusions: Toothpaste, whilst possessing some plaque inhibitory activity, when used immediately before a CPC mouth rinse adversely affected the plaque inhibitory action of this antiseptic. This in part may explain the reported lack of adjunctive benefits of CPC rinses to normal oral hygiene practices and supports the suggestion, made for chlorhexidine rinses, that their use should follow toothpaste by at least 60 min.
Trends in dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean 5–6‐ and 11–13‐year‐old children: a systematic review
Authors: Bönecker Marcelo , Cleaton‐Jones Peter 
Published: December 2004

Abstract – Objectives: To determine trends in dental caries prevalence and severity in Latin America and Caribbean.Methods:  A systematic review was done of studies published between 1970 and 2000 among 5–6‐ and 11–13‐year‐old children that used WHO caries diagnostic criteria.Results: Over the last 30 years, there has been a significant decrease in caries severity for children 5–6 years old and also a significant decrease in caries prevalence and severity for children 11–13 years old. The same broad trends were observed when caries prevalence and severity was analyzed for the last 20 and 10 years but these were not statistically significant.Conclusions: Evidence of a decrease in dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean children has been shown, although the decrease was less prominent in the past few years.
The shortened dental arch concept – attitudes of dentists in Tanzania
Authors: Sarita Paulo T. N. , Witter Dick J. , Kreulen Cees M. , Creugers Nico H. J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract –Objectives: The shortened dental arch concept is a problem‐oriented strategy to reduce complex restorative treatment in the posterior regions. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of Tanzanian dentists about this concept.Methods: A questionnaire was sent to all 77 dentists treating patients in Tanzania. The questionnaire contained items to assess the dentist's opinions such as dentist's judgement about the oral function of subjects with shortened dental arches, the type of treatment (or no treatment) of subjects with shortened dental arches and the reactions of patients to the proposal to shorten the dental arch. A short description about the problem‐oriented approach and the shortened dental arch concept was included.Results: Most of the responding dentists judged that shortened dental arches can provide satisfactory or acceptable chewing function (71%) and dental appearance (79%). Most dentists (89%) indicated that the shortened dental arch concept, as an example of a problem‐oriented approach, has a useful place in clinical practice. However, most dentists (89%) inserted free‐end acrylic partial dentures in these cases. Dentists with experience to apply the concept indicated that most of the patients have no objections after explanation of the proposal to shorten the dental arch.Conclusions: From this study it is concluded that the shortened dental arch concept is an acceptable strategy for dentists in Tanzania. However, many dentists doubt its implementation in clinical practice.
Classifying periodontitis among adolescents: implications for epidemiological research
Authors: Lopez Rodrigo , Baelum Vibeke 
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  To evaluate the performance of four clinical classification systems proposed for periodontitis in young subjects when applied to epidemiological data on clinical attachment loss. We assess the extent to which the use of different case definition systems may influence the outcome of descriptive and analytical epidemiological studies.Methods:  The data originate in a screening examination for periodontitis carried out among 9162 high school students. Each of four previously published classification systems was applied to the data. The prevalence of cases according to each system was estimated and the association between case status, as defined by each system, and a set of candidate determinant variables was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses.Results:  The four classification systems yielded rather different prevalence estimates. For localized periodontitis the estimates varied by a factor of 10, and for generalized periodontitis, these varied by a factor of 30. The results of the logistic regression analyses using the different case‐definitions essentially confirmed the results of a population‐based analysis. However, the precision of the estimates decreased with decreasing numbers of cases identified by the classification systems.Conclusions:  From an epidemiological point of view there is little justification for the use of the complicated classification systems. An approach based on the simple definition of a case as a person with clinical attachment loss, e.g. ≥3 mm, is preferable.