bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat
Authors: Bina Keshavan G. , Rusak Benjamin , Semba Kazue 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for the generation of most circadian rhythms and their entrainment to environmental cues. Cholinergic agents can alter circadian rhythm phase, and fibres immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, are present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Since there are no cholinergic somata in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, these fibres must represent the terminals of cholinergic neurons whose cell bodies are located elsewhere in the brain. This study was aimed at locating the cholinergic neurons that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus by retrograde and anterograde tract‐tracing and immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase in the rat. After injection of fluorogold, a retrograde tracer, into the suprachiasmatic nucleus, retrogradely labelled neurons that were immunopositive for choline acetyltransferase were located throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the cholinergic basal nuclear complex, with highest densities in the substantia innominata and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis. A few cells were also located in the medial septum and in the vertical and horizontal limbs ofthe diagonal band of Broca. In the brainstem, double‐labelled neurons were located in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and the parabigeminal nucleus. Injections of the anterograde tracer biocytin in these three brainstem nuclei resulted in fibre labelling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, consistent with the retrograde findings. No clearly double‐labelled cells were located in the retina. These results suggest that the suprachiasmatic nucleus receives cholinergic afferents from both the basal forebrain and mesopontine tegmentum which may mediate cholinergic effects on circadian rhythms. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term consequences of impaired regeneration on facial motoneurons in the C57BL/Ola mouse
Authors: Chen S. , Bisby M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPeripheral nerves of the C57BL/Ola mouse mutant undergo markedly slowed Wallerian degeneration following injury. This is associated with impaired regeneration of both sensory and motor axons. Following a crush lesion of the facial nerve, there was no cell loss in facial nuclei of normal (C57BL/6J) adult mice, but 40% cell loss occurred in Ola mice and the survivors increased in size during the period when functional reinnervation was established. These results are interpreted as a result, first, of prolonged deprivation of target‐derived trophic factor in the slowly regenerating Ola motoneurons and second, increased peripheral field size of the survivors. Within the regenerated facial nerve, there was marked heterogeneity of myelinated fibre size in Ola mice. Some Ola axons, both proximal and distal to the lesion site, had areas over twice as great as the largest 6J axons when measured 1 year following injury. A population of small diameter fibres, not observed in 6J nerves, persisted distal to the crush site in Ola nerves, and this was associated with an increase in the total number of myelinated axons in the distal nerve: on average, each parent Ola axon retained three persistent daughter axons. The delayed Wallerian degeneration in Ola mice not only impairs immediate axon regrowth, but also results in a breakdown of the normal mechanisms which regulate axon number and size in regenerating nerve.
Antigenic compartmentation in the mouse cerebellar cortex: Zebrin and HNK‐1 reveal a complex, overlapping molecular topography
Authors: Eisenman Leonard M. , Hawkes Richard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo monoclonal antibodies‐anti‐zebrin I and anti‐HNK‐1‐have been used to study the compartmentation of the mouse cerebellar cortex. As in other species, the pattern of localization of the Purkinje cell specific antigen zebrin I is confined to a subset of Purkinje cells that are organized into parasagittal bands. The basic pattern consists of two abutting paramedian bands (P1+) and up to three additional vermal bands on either side (P2+P4+) This patern is altered in the vermal regions of lobules X and VI‐VII where all Purkinje cells are immunoreactive. In the hemisphere there are three additional bands present (P5+P7+) plus two shorter bands in the paravermal area (P4b+ and P5a+) that extend from the paramedian lobule through the lobulus simplex. This pattern is very similar, but perhaps not identical, to that previously described for the rat. These results suggest a common mammalian plan for the expression and localization of zebrin I.By using a monoclonal antibody to an epitope associated with HNK‐1, we have now identified a novel pattern of compartmentation in mouse cerebellum. The HNK‐1 epitope is expressed most notably on Purkinje cells and Golgi cells. The molecular layer immunoreactivity associated with the Purkinje cell dendrites varies in intensity in a systematic and reproducible fashion. This reveals a novel cerebellar compartmentation that is sometimes complementary, sometimes overlapping, to that revealed by anti‐zebrin. As a result, it is now possible to subdivide the cerebellar cortex into a still finer mosaic of antigenic patches and bands than was possible by using zebrins alone.© 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphibian‐specific regulation of polysialic acid and the neural cell adhesion molecule in development and regeneration of the retinotectal system of the salamander Pleurodeles waltl
Authors: Becker Thomas , Becker Catherina G. , Niemann Ulrike , Naujoks‐Manteuffel Christiane , Gerardy‐Schahn Rita , Roth Gerhard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntibodies specific to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM‐total), the 180 × 103 My component of NCAM (NCAM‐180) and polysialic acid (PSA) were used in immunohistochemistry and Western blots to detect the spatiotemporal dynamics of these molecules in development and regeneration of the retinotectal system of Pleurodeles waltl. NCAM‐total and NCAM‐180 are continuously expressed in the retina, optic nerve, and tectum of the developing and adult salamander. This is also found for the 140 × 103 My component of NCAM in Western blots of the retina. In the larval retina, PSA is present in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and a few cells in all nuclear layers. At metamorphosis, PSA expression in the retina strongly increases in the layer of cone photoreceptor somata. Several cells in the inner nuclear layer and Muller cell processes also begin to express PSA. This pattern persists into adulthood. The optic nerve and the tectum are strongly PSA‐immunoreactive throughout development. In the adult optic nerve and optic fiber pathway in the brain, PSA expression is selectively downregulated. In the crush‐lesioned adult optic nerve, regenerating fibers are NCAM‐180‐positive but PSA‐negative. This demonstrates a molecular difference between growing nerve fibers of Pleurodeles in development and in regeneration. PSA regulation is closely correlated with metamorphosis, thus suggesting that PSA expression may be under hormonal control. Some aspects of PSA and NCAM isoform expression patterns in the retinotectal system of salamanders differ considerably from that of other vertebrates. The substained expression of NCAM isoforms in adult salamanders might be due to secondary simplification (paedomorphosis). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The organization of projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys
Authors: Ray James P. , Price Joseph L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe organization of interconnections between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD) and the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and the agranular insular cortex in the monkey was studied by retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. In addition to the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of MD, three other subdivisions can be recognized on the basis of myeloarchitecture, cytoarchitecture, and connections. The first two of these represent a parcellation of the magnocellular division into a lateral, fiber‐richMD pars fibrosaand a medial, poorly myelinatedMD pars paramedianaadjacent to the midline. The third is a small, poorly myelinated area located at the caudomedial and dorsal edges of MD; it is referred to asMD pars caudodorsalis.MD pars fibrosa is reciprocally interconnected primarily with areas 11, 12 and 13 in the central and lateral part of the orbital cortex. There is a general organization within this projection, with the rostrocaudal axis of the cortex represented from dorsal to ventral in the pars fibrosa, and the mediolateral cortical axis represented from medial to lateral. Cells that project to area 12 also extend laterally into the adjacent pars parvicellularis. MD pars paramediana is more heavily interconnected with the caudal and medial portions of the orbital region, particularly the agranular insular areas and the caudal parts of areas 13 and 14. Cells that project to two caudal areas, 13a and Iad, do not fit with the general organization, in that they are located in the dorsomedial parts of the pars fibrosa and pars paramediana, where they overlap with cells that project to area 14. The pars fibrosa and pars paramediana receive inputs from areas of the ventral forebrain such as the amygdala, piriform (olfactory) cortex, and entorhinal cortex, which project directly to the orbital and agranular insular cortex, and entorhinal cortex, which project directly to the orbital and agranular insular cortex, as well as from the ventral pallidum.MD pars caudodorsalis is reciprocally interconnected with areas 14, 24, and 32 on the medial surface of the prefrontal cortex. In this part of the nucleus the dorsoventral axis of the medial prefrontal cortex is represented from caudal to rostral in the thalamus. The amygdala and other ventral forebrain structures do not send fibers into the pars caudodorsalis, even though some of these structures project directly to the medial prefrontal cortex.Ventral to MD, and separated from it by the internal medullary lamina, a small region was recognized that appears to be comparable to the anteroventral part of the submedial nucleus previously defined in the rat and cat. This region receives input from the piriform cortex and is interconnected with orbital cortical area 13a. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic purkinje cells in the adult rat: Olivary innervation and different capabilities of migration and development after grafting
Authors: Rossi Ferdinando , Borsello Tiziana 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe abnormal location of large numbers of neurones is characteristic of genetic mutations which impair the migratory processes of developing nerve cells. Nevertheless, the presence of small amounts of ectopic neurones is a fairly common finding even in normal adult animals. The first aim of this study was to investigate a series of features of ectopic Purkinje cells in normal adult rats and particularly to assess whether these cells are still capable of interacting with their normal afferents. Several displaced Purkinje cells, identified by anti‐D28K calbindin immunolabelling as well as by typical morphological features, were present in the brainstem and cerebellum of all the examined animals. Two distinct morphological types of such cells could be recognized: (1) noncortical Purkinje cells, located in several areas of the dorsal brainstem and cerebellum, characterised by poorly developed and randomly oriented dendrites; and (2) cortical Purkinje cells, exclusively located in the dorsal cochlear nucleus, characterised by large dendritic trees oriented along parasagittal planes. Tracing experiments, in which Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) was injected into the inferior olive, revealed that several ectopic Purkinje cells, belonging to both types, were contacted by the terminal arbours of olivary axons, structurally similar to cerebellar climbing fibres.On the basis of the observation that ectopic Purkinje cells were more frequent in the dorsal cochlear nucleus than in any other of the examined regions, we tested the hypothesis that this nucleus might represent a particularly favourable environment for the survival and development of Purkinje cells. By grafting embryonic cerebellar tissue in the fourth ventricle, only minimal migration of Purkinje cells into the recipient parenchyma was observed when the transplant was placed on the brainstem surface caudal to the cochlear nucleus. By contrast, when the graft was apposed to the latter nucleus, large numbers of Purkinje cells migrated and developed in its superficial layers. These Purkinje cells passed through all the different phases which characterise the normal ontogenesis of this neuronal population and finally developed mature structural features similar to those displayed by cortical ectopic Purkinje cells.This study demonstrates that at least some of the ectopic Purkinje cells receive their physiological olivary input. This fact indicates that Purkinje cells are able to attract olivary axons and establish specific connections, even if they are displaced in an abnormal environment. In addition, we show that the dorsal cochlear nucleus represents a particularly favourable environment for the survival and the development of Purkinje cells. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Calcium dependence of differentiation of GABA immunoreactivity in spinal neurons
Authors: Spitzer Nicholas C. , Debaca Rosario C. , Allen Keith A. , Holliday Janet 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe developmental regulation of neurotransmitter synthesis has been extensively studied and appears in many cases to depend on electrical activity. The central nervous system of the Xenopus embryo and young larva is an attractive subject for such studies, since action potentials first elicited from Xenopus spinal neurons at the time of closure of the neural tube are long in duration and calcium‐dependent. Moreover, cells exhibit spontaneous elevations of intracellular calcium during this early period as a consequence of calcium influx through voltage‐dependent channels, which induces calcium release from intracellular stores. Since the early differentiation of Xenopus spinal neurons in dissociated cell culture parallels development in vivo, we have examined the maturation of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in cultured neurons and explored its dependence on spontaneous calcium influx at early stages of development. We find that specific GABA immunoreactivity develops in spinal neurons in dissociated cell culture with the same time course previously defined in vivo. Additionally, this process requires calcium influx that occurs spontaneously through voltage‐dependent channels. The appearance of GABA immunoreactivity is blocked by transcriptional inhibitors. The early appearance of GABA raises the possibility that it may play additional roles at early stages of development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Distribution of the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor, P400, in adult rat brain
Authors: Rodrigo J. , Suburo A. M. , Bentura M. L. , Fernández T. , Nakade S. , Mikoshiba K. , Martínez‐Murillo R. , Polak J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor protein, P400, was investigated in adult rat brain by immunocytochemistry with the monoclonal antibody 4C11 raised against mouse cerebellar inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor protein. Immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies were detected in the cerebral cortex, the claustrum, the endopiriform nucleus, the corpus callosum, the anterior olfactory nuclei, the olfactory tubercle, the nucleus accumbens, the lateral septum, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the hippocampal formation, the dentate gyrus, the caudate‐putamen, the fundus striatum, the amygdaloid complex, the thalamus, the caudolateral part of the hypothalamus, the supramammillary nuclei, the substantia nigra, the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, the ventrotegmental area, the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the subnucleus oralis and caudalis of trigeminal nerve, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Immunoreactive fibres were found in the midial forebrain bundle, the globus pallidus, the stria terminalis, the pyramidal tract, the spinal tract of trigeminal nerve, and the ventral horn of spinal cord. Nerve fibres forming a dense plexus ending in terminal‐like boutons were detected in relation to nonimmunoreactive neurons of the dentate, interpositus, and fastigial nuclei of the cerebellum and around neurons of the vestibular nuclei. This receptor protein binds a specific second messenger, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate, which produces a mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and a modulation of transmitter release. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and characterization of tumor necrosis factor‐α‐like immunoreactivity in the murine central nervous system
Authors: Breder Christopher D. , Tsujimoto Masafumi , Terano Yoshitake , Scott Donald W. , Saper Clifford B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) is a protein released from macrophages during infection and inflammation. Recent studies suggest that it has several effects within the central nervous system, including generation of fever, enhancement of slow wave sleep, and stimulation of pituitary hormone secretion. We have proposed that TNFα may be synthesized by neurons in the CNS and used as a neuromodulator in the pathways involved in the central control of these activities. To test this hypothesis, we have used an antiserum raised against recombinant murine (rm) TNFα with an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to stain the murine CNS immunohistochemically. Western blot analysis of mouse brain homogenates revealed one band with electrophoretic mobility identical to that of rmTNFα. We identified TNFα‐like immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the hypothalamus, in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, in the caudal raphe nuclei, and along the ventral pontine and medullary surface. TNFαir innervation was widespread within the CNS, particularly in areas involved in autonomic and endocrine regulation, including the hypothalamus, amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, parabrachial nucleus, dorsal vagal complex, nucleus ambiguus, and thoracic sympathetic preganglionic cell column. Our data suggest that TNFα may serve as a neuromodulator in central pathways involved in the regulation of the autonomic, endocrine and behavioral components of the acute‐phase response to inflammation and infection. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Heterogeneous distribution of glycinergic and GABAergic afferents on an identified central neuron
Authors: Triller Antoine , Sur Cyril , Korn Henri 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunocytochemical methods were used on serial sections to study the glycine‐ and gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic innervations of the teleost Mauthner (M) cell. We found different distributions for the boutons containing the two amino acids. Endings filled with GABA predominate on the distal portion of the lateral dendrite (LD) while glycine‐positive profiles are more abundant on the soma and within the axon cap (AC), a specialized neuropil surrounding the M‐cell initial segment. A few endings containing both transmitters are present on the soma and on the small dendrites issuing ventrally from it. At this level some glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) containing boutons face glycine receptor‐93 kD‐associated protein, an observation suggesting that the associated glycine functions as a neurotransmitter. Elsewhere on the M‐cell, where glycine and GABA are not colocalized, GAD‐positive profiles were never observed in front of postsynaptic differentiations with 93 kD labelling. GABA was detected in the small vesicle boutons (SVBs), most of them, following the classification of Tuttle et al., J. Comp. Neurol. 265:254–274, 1987, belonging to the A‐type, while glycine was found in the unmyelinated club endings in the AC, and in C‐ and B‐type SVBs, outside this region. All terminals established symmetrical synapses and were filled with a population of pleiomorphic vesicles. Boutons with GABA also contained numerous dense‐core vesicles suggesting the presence of an associated peptide(s). A quantitative study of the transmitter content based on the number of the gold particles revealed a variable intensity of the labelling over certain profiles. For GABA, it was maximum at the tip of the LD and it decreased proximally. In contrast, the staining density was constant for glycine along all parts of the cell, except for the ventral dendrite (VD) where it decreased progressively. Taken together, these data suggest that the amino acid content varies, depending upon the location of the synapses on their target neuron. 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of the hamster serotoninergic system: Cell groups and diencephalic projections
Authors: Botchkina G. I. , Morin Lawrence P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNuclei of the circadian visual system are extensively innervated by serotoninergic neurons and rhythmicity is modulated by the serotoninergic system. This study investigated the temporal relationships between prenatal origins of serotoninergic cell groups and perinatal innervation of structures in the hamster circadian visual system as well as in the remaining diencephalon. Serotonin‐immunoreactive (5‐HT‐IR) neurons of the B4‐B9 complex were first seen on embryonic day 8 (E8). The number of neurons increases sharply by E10 when the first 5‐HT‐IR cells are evident in the medulla (B1–B3 complex). The distribution of serotoninergic neurons in the hamster brainstem is generally adult‐like by E14. Thick 5‐HT‐IR fibers arch around the mesencephalic flexure at E10 and reach more rostral mesencephalic areas at E11.A branch of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) projects ventrally toward the retrochiasmatic area; a second branch ascends along the fasciculus retroflexus. Fibers cross the midline in the supraoptic commissure by E12, others arrive in the lateral geniculate region, and a branch of the MFB extends toward the mammillary area. At E13, a periventricular medial thalamic branch of the MFB is seen, axons appear in the supramammillary commissure, and a fine fasciculus between the medial thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet is visible. Lateral, paraventricular, and retrochiasmatic hypothalamic areas and centro‐ and dorsomedial thalamus are densely innervated at E14. The mammillary area and lateral geniculate body are moderately innervated, and the first fibers appear in the deep laminae of the superior colliculus. The innervation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, periventricular hypothalamus, and superficial layers of the superior colliculus occurs postnatally. The results are consistent with serotoninergic system development in other species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.