bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harm Reduction Research: Ethics and Compliance
Authors: Iltis∗ Ana S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the examples of the perinatal HIV transmission trials conducted in developing nations and the Kennedy Krieger lead abatement study conducted in Baltimore, both during the 1990s, Nancy Kass explains the background conditions that sometimes lead to harm reduction interventions and research, defends the need for some harm reduction research, and argues that harm reduction research can be permissible in principle as long as certain threshold criteria are met. I echo Kass ‘s general claim that harm reduction research can be permissible in principle in the face of background inequalities, injustices, or circumstances of inaccess.
Fundamental Concepts of Spatial Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Wilson Kerrie A , Cabeza Mar , Klein Carissa J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conservation of biodiversity is constrained by limited resources, and hence our investments in conservation must be prioritized. Spatial conservation prioritization is the process of using spatial analysis of quantitative data to identify locations for conservation investment. The process is regarded as more systematic, rigorous, and accountable than the opportunistic allocation of conservation funds (Margules and Pressey 2000). Priority areas can be identified not only for protected area establishment but also for investment in a variety of conservation activities, ranging from fire management and invasive species control, to land restoration (Wilson et al. 2007) (Chapters 3 and 12). Since its origin in the early 1980s, the field of spatial conservation prioritization has influenced planning processes, the development of conservation policies, and the expansion of protected areas. As a consequence, the number of publications concerning the development and application of spatial prioritization techniques has increased rapidly over the past two decades (Chapters 1 and 19).
Spatial Population Viability Analysis
Authors: McCarthy Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are concerned about long-term conservation of species, prioritization requires information about how likely different species are to persist under alternative management options. Population viability analysis (PVA) is the process of making these predictions by integrating information on life history with effects of management (Soulé 1987; Boyce 1992; Burgman et al. 1993; Beissinger and McCullough 2002). PVAs developed from Shaffer’s (1981) original work on grizzly bears, in which the risk of extinction of the Yellowstone population was assessed. The development of PVA models has benefitted from models and methods were developed previously for other applications in population ecology (Burgman et al. 1993).
The C-Plan Conservation Planning System: Origins, Applications, and Possible Futures
Authors: Pressey Robert L , Watts Matthew E , Barrett Thomas W , Ridges Malcolm J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work on the development of C-Plan began in 1995. The idea of an interactive software system to present spatial options for conservation management arose from previous work on irreplaceability in the early 1990s (Pressey 1992, 1999; Pressey et al. 1993, 1994b) (Chapter 2). At that time, this research on irreplaceability added a new dimension to the problem of selecting indicative sets of sites to achieve quantitative targets for features such as vegetation types or species (the set covering problem, Camm et al. 1996). The basic ingredients for the set covering problem are: (a) planning units, the sites to be assessed and compared as potential conservation areas, (b) maps of biodiversity features, (c) a target for each feature (e.g. number of hectares of each vegetation type and number of locality records for each species), and (d) a data matrix listing the extent or occurrence of each feature in each planning unit (see Chapter 3). Using these same ingredients, irreplaceability was conceived and implemented as a solution to an important limitation of reserve selection software at the time. The limitation was that any selected set of sites required to achieve targets is usually only one of the many possible sets, all of which differ to some extent in their composition and configuration of individual sites. Therefore, while a single set of sites was, and remains, a useful indication of the requirements for achieving all targets, it provides no information on the relative importance of unselected sites for achieving targets.
Storage: Of Food and Information
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbohydrates are polymers made up of chains of sugars. Sugars are ring compounds and in nature there are two simple kinds: the pentoses (the best known of which is fructose, or fruit sugar) have five-membered rings, while the hexoses (such as glucose−) have six-membered rings. These serve as building blocks for more complex sugars. Thus sucrose (cane or beet sugar) is made up of one glucose and one fructose unit linked together.
Hesiod, Prodicus, And The Socratics On Work And Pleasure
Authors: Wolfsdorf David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
since poetry, especially the epic poetry of Homer and Hesiod, was central to Greek culture in the late archaic and classical periods, those individuals engaged in the formation and early development of philosophy, in many ways a reaction and alternative to conventional culture and forms of expression, inevitably engaged with their illustrious predecessors. Plato’s criticism of poetry in the Republic is the most obvious example. But in general, philosophers’ engagements range from criticism of the poets as established authorities to employment of them, in various ways, as constructive models or as corroborators of their ideas.
The Self, The Soul, And The Individual In The City Of The Laws
Authors: Sassi Maria Michela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the question of the role played in Plato’s Laws by his conception of the soul, and in particular by his understanding of psychological conflict, has experienced changing fortunes in Plato scholarship. In 1957 D. A. Rees noted that the question of the division of the soul in Plato’s last work ‘seems to have been on the whole neglected by scholars’, while at the same time observing that the tripartite conception presented in the Republic plays a notably diminished role in the later dialogues—with the exception, of course, of the Timaeus.
Doubts about the Supervenience of the Evaluative
Authors: Sturgeon Nicholas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the evaluative (or, in different versions, the ethical, the normative, or the moral) supervenes on the natural (or, again in different versions, on the non-evaluative, or on the descriptive, or on the factual) has until quite recently had the status of a commonplace among academic philosophers. Of course, with so many different accounts of what is supposed to supervene and of what it is supposed to supervene upon, there is more than one doctrine here. It will not matter to my discussion, however, which of the first four terms we use; so I shall normally just speak of the evaluative, understood broadly enough to include anything that might count as ethical, normative, or moral.
How to be a Cognitivist about Practical Reason
Authors: Ross Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitivism about practical reason is the view that intentions involve beliefs, and that the rational requirements on intentions can be explained in terms of the rational requirements on the beliefs that figure in intentions. In particular, cognitivists about practical reason have sought to provide cognitive explanations of two basic requirements of practical rationality: a consistency requirement, according to which it is rationally impermissible to have intentions that are jointly inconsistent with one’s beliefs, and a means–end coherence requirement, according to which, to a first approximation, it is rationally impermissible to intend an end while failing to intend what one regards as a necessary means to this end.
The Elizabethan Stage
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First volume of a reissue of the E. K. Chambers’s seminal four-volume account of the private, public, and court stages, together with other forms of drama and spectacle surviving from earlier times, from the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth until the death of Shakespeare. Haled in its day as a comprehensive compendium of ‘practically all the discoverable evidence upon the various parts of the subject, collected, weighed, sorted, classified and built up with immense care into a logical and beautiful structure’ (New Statesman), the work is still much consulted by by today’s scholars and historians. From the author’s Preface: ‘My First Book is devoted to a description, perhaps disproportionate, of the Elizabethan Court, and of the ramifications in pageant and progress, tilt and mask, of that instinct for spectacular mimesis, which the Renaissance inherited from the Middle Ages, and of which the drama is itself the most important manifestation. The Second Book gives an account of the settlement of the players in London, of their conflict, backed by the Court, with the tendencies of Puritanism, and of the place which they ultimately found in the monarchical polity. To the Third and Fourth belong the more pedestrian task of following in detail the fortunes of the individual playing companies and the individual theatres, with such fulness and the available records permit. The Fifth deals with the surviving plays, not in their literary aspect, which lies outside my plan, but as documents helping to throw light upon the history of the institution which produced them.’
Elizabeth And James
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gardiner, History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War (1863–84). A beginning towards filling the gap has been made in vol. i of E. P. Cheyney, History of England from the Defeat of the Jfrmada to the Death of Elizabeth (1914), in which the organization of the court and administration is very fully treated. For specifically social history may be added J. R. Green, History of the English People (1877–80), an expansion of the same writer’s Short History of the English People (1874), and H. D. Traill, Social England (1893–7).
The Roy Al Household
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no systematic history of the household, but the growing tendency, notable in such recent works as those of Professor Baldwin and Professor Tout, to dwell on the administrative, as distinct from the ‘ constitutional ‘, aspect of politics suggests that the gap maysome day be filled. A useful short study is R.H. Gretton, The King’s Government (1913). Of the numerous books bearing more or less directly on the subject, I give here mainly those which I have found of practical value in writing this chapter. Professor Tout’s Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England, of which the first two volumes have subsequently (1920) appeared, is of course of fundamental importance. The best worked section is that of mediaeval origins.
Pageantry
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE tradition of pageantry had its roots deep in the Middle Ages. But it made its appeal also to the Renaissance, of which nothing was more characteristic than the passion for colour and all the splendid external vesture of things while the ranging curiosity of the Renaissance was able to stimulate into fresh life the fading imaginative energies of the past, weaving its new fancies from classical mythology, from epic and pastoral, from the explorations of history and folk-lore,
The Elizabethan Stage
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reissue of the E. K. Chambers’s seminal four-volume account of the private, public, and court stages, together with other forms of drama and spectacle surviving from earlier times, from the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth until the death of Shakespeare. Haled in its day as a comprehensive compendium of ‘practically all the discoverable evidence upon the various parts of the subject, collected, weighed, sorted, classified and built up with immense care into a logical and beautiful structure’ (New Statesman), the work is still much consulted by by today’s scholars and historians. From the author’s Preface: ‘My First Book is devoted to a description, perhaps disproportionate, of the Elizabethan Court, and of the ramifications in pageant and progress, tilt and mask, of that instinct for spectacular mimesis, which the Renaissance inherited from the Middle Ages, and of which the drama is itself the most important manifestation. The Second Book gives an account of the settlement of the players in London, of their conflict, backed by the Court, with the tendencies of Puritanism, and of the place which they ultimately found in the monarchical polity. To the Third and Fourth belong the more pedestrian task of following in detail the fortunes of the individual playing companies and the individual theatres, with such fulness and the available records permit. The Fifth deals with the surviving plays, not in their literary aspect, which lies outside my plan, but as documents helping to throw light upon the history of the institution which produced them.’
Lung Cancer
Authors: Falk Stephen , Williams Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer affecting the industrialized world and affects the lives of thousands of people, including patients' friends and family, every year. The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. The occurrence of lung cancer in nonsmokers, who account for as many as 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution, including secondhand smoke. The aim of this book is to give, in a clear and simple way, succinct information about all aspects of this type of cancer, with a stress on the practical side of its treatment. The book also details how care is likely to be organised and what patients can do to help themselves, both if they have the disease and also how to stop smoking. Fully updated for this third edition, the book includes information on getting the best treatment and living with cancer, both of which are new approaches to the disease in the UK.
Persian Cosmos and Greek Philosophy: Plato’s Associates and the Zoroastrian Magoi
Authors: Horky Phillip Sidney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to ancient biographical accounts, when Plato was a very old man and ill with fever, he received Persian magoi who had travelled to Athens to meet the eminent sage; apparently, one of these men entertained Plato and delighted him as he was nearing death. In one version of the story, preserved by the Roman philosopher Seneca the Younger (first centuryce), upon his death (on his birthday at the age of 81) the magoi sacrificed to Plato because he had completed the perfect number of nine times nine.
Molecular structure and biology of interleukin-2
Authors: Kenney W C , Boone, T , Hunt P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2), originally described as T cell growth factor, is significant to the growth and function of a variety of cell types. Its original purification resulted from the development of standardized bioassay methodology , and the identification of a suitable cellular source (the Jurkat cell line). Subsequent cloning and expression of the gene sequence made available recombinant DNA derived material which was biologically indistinguishable from the naturally occurring protein.
Cellular biotherapy of cancer: generation, characterization, and use of anti-tumour effector cells
Authors: Yannelli J , Maleckar J , Oldham W West,And R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heterogeneity of human cancer has been long recognized. Attempts to manage heterogeneity therapeutically using both conventional and biological methodologies have met with limited success. Heterogeneity is based on cell cycle, cell differentiation, tissue, or organ distribution, as well as the condition of the tumour and results in many changes, including differential cell surface antigen expression.4−8 This variability supports the use of the recently discovered-12 population of cytolytic effector cells called lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells. Although some reactivity against normal cells has been reported, the bulk of cytolytic activity is seen against autologous or allogeneic tumour cells. Alternatively, methods are available to generate tumour reactive cytotoxic Tlymphocytes (CTL). These cells, because of their specificity, are less likely to destroy normal host tissue.
The catabolism of extracellular matrix components
Authors: Fisher Susan J , Werb Zen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breaching of the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier by cells involves proteolytic enzymes capable of degrading the ECM components. The most important of these enzymes is the collagenase family of metalloproteinases which have been recently reviewed (1, 2). The members of this multigene family include Pump-1, three types of stromelysin, interstitial collagenase, and the 72 and 92 kDa gelatinases/type IV collagenases. These enzymes possess sequences necessary for maintenance of the zymogen forms, a zinc-binding catalytic domain, and various numbers of structural regions resembling those found in ECM components. The wide range of specificity that the metallo proteinases exhibit is important in growth, debridement after injury, tissue morphogenesis and remodelling, and invasion. For example, stromelysin degrades fibronectin, elastin, proteoglycan core proteins, and laminin as well as the non-helical regions of collagen types IV, V, VII, and IX and the amino terminus of collagen type I. Interstitial collagenases can degrade collagens of types I, II, III, VIII, and X, but the degradation of basement membrane collagens requires specialized enzymes that degrade type IV collagen. The latter proteinases can also degrade collagens of types V, VII, and X as well as fibronectin, denatured collagens, and casein. Tissue-type (tPA) and urokinase-type (uPA) plasminogen activators, members of the serine proteinase family, also play an important role in ECM degradation and these have been recently reviewed (3). They may act directly, cleaving fibronectin and other components. Alternatively, PAs may act as part of a proteinase cascade in which plasmin activates procollagenase and prostromelysin.
Splicing of mRNA precursors in mammalian cells
Authors: Eperon Ian C , Krainer Adrian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Splicing has attracted and intrigued researchers ever since the first reports of split genes. The first studies attempted to define the signals which were required for splicing. This work also produced some indications of the importance of intrans and splicing for efficient expression. Later experiments on cis-acting signals, particularly in mammalian systems, have been directed towards understanding the mechanisms by which the correct splice sites can be selected in the face of a plethora of candidates. In some cases, of course, the process of selection is affected by the stage of the cell cycle or cell differentiation. Most of this work has been done in vivo, involving the introduction of mutant substrates into cells and subsequent analysis of the mRNA expressed. More recently, two major developments have provided the means to analyse the molecular processes involved in splicing. The first of these is splicing in vitro, using extracts from nuclei or whole cells. This technique led to the discovery that splicing appeared to proceed in two steps, the first of which produced intermediates comprising the 5’ exon and a lariat form of the intron-3’ exon moiety. Furthermore, splicing in vitro provided opportunities to test existing hypotheses about the roles of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), to study their incorporation with the substrate into multicomponent assemblages, and to fractionate the extracts in order to isolate splicing factors. The second key development has been the use of genetic analysis in yeast in combination with splicing in vitro.
Analysis of ribonucleoprotein interactions
Authors: Will Cindy L , Kastner Berthold , Lührmann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elucidation of the precise function of small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) in RNA processing will be greatly aided by information regarding their biochemical composition and higher order structure. To date, significant biochemical and structural information has been gathered for the mammalian spliceosomal snRNPs Ul, U2, U5, and U4/U6, although their characterization is far from complete. The snRNA component of these functionally important RNP particles has been shown to be evolutionarily conserved and, with the exception of U6, possesses a unique 5’ cap structure, namely 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine (m3G). The spliceosomal snRNPs share a set of eight common proteins (referred to as B, B’ , Dl, D2, D3, E, F, and G) which are tightly associated with the snRNA component of the snRNP (1). Particle-specific proteins are also associated with several snRNP species (Ul, U2, U5, and the tri-snRNP [U4/U6.U5] complex), although in many cases their interaction is highly dependent on the ionic strength of the particle’ s environment (1). For this reason, the sedimentation coefficient of an individual snRNP may vary. At intermediate salt concentrations (approximately 0.3-0.5 M), Ul, U2, and U4/U6 sediment as 12S particles and U5 as a 20S particle, whereas at lower ionic strengths, a 17S U2 and a 25S [U4/U6.U5] tri-snRNP particle are also observed. Investigation of intermolecular interactions within RNP particles can be accomplished by a variety of procedures. Since most structural studies are facilitated by the analysis of individual RNP complexes in the absence of contaminating macromolecules, this chapter starts by describing the approaches commonly used for the isolation of snRNP particles. Several procedures are then described which are particularly useful for analysing RNA-protein interactions and/or RNP higher order structure. These include snRNP reconstitution, immunoprecipitation, RNA-protein cross-linking, nuclease protection, and immunoelectron microscopy.
Steroid Hormone Action
Authors: Parker Malcolm G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms by which these hormones regulate the expression of specific target genes. The book covers the structure of steroid receptors, transcriptional activation and repression, and also contains chapters on steroid binding proteins and steroidogenesis. Steroid receptors represent one of the best characterized transcription factors so that the book will be of general interest to molecular biologists studying eucaryotic gene regulation. Chapters on the mechanisms of action of steroid antagonists and defective receptors in target cells will be of particular interest to endocrinologists and clinicians. In such a rapidly progressing field it is difficult to keep up with all the literature but this book, written by international experts, focuses on the most important advances that have been made recently.