bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Injuries
Authors: Dewees Don , Duff David , Trebilcock Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1970 public concern regarding the harm caused by air and water pollution reached a climax, which was reflected in the first Earth Day celebrations and in the passage of environmental protection legislation by the U.S. Congress and by other legislatures across North America. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was created from existing federal agencies and given a new and ambitious mandate. There was good reason for this concern: urban smog was an unpleasant and unhealthy accompaniment to the advent of summer in a growing number of cities, Lake Erie was dying, the Cuyahoga River had caught fire, and there was increasing evidence that air pollution could cause respiratory illness and even death. Later in the 1970s new concerns arose over pollution caused by toxic substances, and by 1980 the hazards of abandoned toxic waste disposal sites had been revealed at Love Canal. Environmental pollution may cause as many as 10,000 excess cancer deaths each year,.and the harm caused by air and water pollution may be valued at many tens of billions of dollars per year..These concerns gave rise to extensive government regulation of pollution discharge and to litigation over damage caused by that pollution. Indeed, alarm arising from certain types of environmental liability became so great that by the 1980s insurance for environmental liability had all but disappeared. This chapter will examine the role tort law has played in controlling pollution, compensating victims, and fulfilling the goals of corrective justice. We will also examine the role played by government regulation and by some nonregulatory policies that may have affected pollution discharge.
The Mother Town
Authors: Neville Gwen Kennedy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horses with riders trailed by foot processionals, silver bands and pipe bands, furling medieval banners, lavish costumes, and singers and actors--the "Common Riding" is an elaborate, little-studied ritual phenomenon of the border towns of Scotland. In this vividly written and insightful analysis, Gwen Kennedy Neville uses this civic ceremony as a window for glimpsing the process of ritual, symbol, and experience in the development of the concept of "the town" in Western culture. Based on extensive fieldwork in the town of Selkirk, The Mother Town looks at the Common Riding in detail, uncovering pre-Reformation symbolism and pageantry--often medieval and Catholic--in a region that has been Protestant for over four hundred years. Neville shows how the ceremony is a model of the way civic ritual serves to construct a system of towns which gives rise to the modern world. Further, she contends that these civic rituals create a ceremonial setting in which the contradictions between tradition and modernity can be temporarily resolved and where past and present live side by side. Neville offers a provocative and illuminating study of how the ritual of Common Riding makes a dramatic statement about local strife, communal independence, and Protestantism in the towns of the Scottish Borders.
The Canonical Foundation
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rabbis did not come to the question of human suffering, or to any other question, without prejudice. Their religion was one that, at all of its stages, claimed a profound continuity with the religion of the Hebrew Bible.1 But this claim was often belied by the reality, and it is clear that rabbinic Judaism differed in significant details from the tradition recorded in the Bible. Consequently, understanding rabbinic Judaism is often a matter of appreciating continuity and difference, that is, the ways in which rabbinic Judaism is continuous with its biblical foundation and those in which it is different. For the rabbis, even at the earliest stages of their history, the Bible was already a well-defined whole.2 This is not to say that there were not some final details to be determined; it is quite likely that the precise status of certain books of what came to be known as the Writings (Hebrew: ketubim) was still in doubt in early rabbinic Judaism.3 But the Torah and Prophets had long before been canonized, and so when the rabbis returned to scripture for authoritative opinions they had no significant questions concerning the shape and scope of the canon which bound them. As canon, the Bible was not merely a collection of discrete books; it was one complete book, divinely inspirep, some sections more authoritative (the Torah) and some apparently less so (books other than the Torah). Moreover, being divine and therefore eternal, the Bible was not limited by its history-it was not read contextually. It spoke now and forever, as a work that weighed in all of its details, and it demanded of the rabbis as of other Jews that they make sense of its immense diversity and richness.4 This was the Bible upon which the rabbis built.
Early Rabbinic Responses: The Tosefta
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next document to emerge from the rabbinic community, in logical and apparently chronological sequence, is the Tosefta, a commentary on and expansion of the Mishnah.1 The precise dating of this work ( as well as of the halakhic midrashim) is notoriously difficult to establish.2 On the one side, the Tosefta is clearly later than the Mishnah. On the other, many Toseftan traditions are quoted in the Yerushalmi ( c. 400) and some are also quoted in the halakhic midrashim. If, therefore, these midrashim are dated to the late third or early fourth century ( as I shall argue in the next chapter), then the Tosefta would seem to have taken shape in the mid-to late third century-slightly later, perhaps, than tractate Avot.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canonical rabbinic teachings relating to the problem of suffering are first found in the Mishnah. The Mishnah, as already observed by Neusner,1 overwhelmingly neglects the imperfections of history, preferring to picture a world controlled and stabilized by Torah-a world more perfect. Thus the Mishnah has little direct to say on matters of suffering, and what it does say supports the dominant biblical explanation according to which suffering is punishment for sin. Suffering, in this view, is not evidence of imperfection but, on the contrary, evidence of the perfection of God’s justice in this world. Accordingly, teachings which relate to divine justice also speak unapologetically about reward and punishment and even imagine-in archaic biblical fashion-that such reward or punishment may be imparted in this world. The world-to-come is available, in the Mishnah’s system, to supply a corrective when present reality offers troublesome testimony, but this by now traditional view is not deemed essential in all Mishnaic discussions. Even more literal applications of ancient biblical promises are sup ported.
The Rise of a Goddess in Our Time
Authors: Motz Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A religious phenomenon has emerged in our time that is especially vital among feminists in England and the United States. A figure, designated as the Goddess, has been extolled in numerous books that describe her form and function (and the manner of her worship, as it had existed in ancient times), and that also proclaim her return. The Goddess has been instrumental to the creation of study groups, to circles and communities of a new cult, and she has also given rise to questions among those who remained within the frame of their traditional religions. No structural dogma has as yet evolved, but there is a general consensus concerning the nature of the Goddess that amounts to an unofficial theology.
The Lady of the Manor: Latvia
Authors: Motz Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An important female deity designated as Mother Sun appears in Latvian tradition. Another highly placed divinity bears the name Mother Laima; and a multitude of lesser spirits holds the title. This chapter traces the outlines of these goddess figures to determine whether they are related to a great maternal divinity. The Latvians speak an Indo-European language that belongs, with Lithuanian and Prussian (now extinct), to the so-called Baltic language group. Politically, Latvia is classed together with Estonia and Lithuania as a Baltic state, all three, until recently, under Soviet domination. They are situated along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, whose waters had originated in the melting ice of the Quaternary period.
The Mountain Mother: Anatolia
Authors: Motz Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we noted the rise of a new humanism, a belief that through the application of their skills and rationality people could order and arrange their environment. Yet the voices of an older faith were never completely silenced. Men still felt their helplessness in the face of overwhelming forces; mortals still longed to break the limitations of their physical existence by merging with the superhuman and to achieve in trance and ecstasy the experience of a fuller life. The voices of the earlier belief are clearly heard in the traditions of Cybele. Cybele, also named the Great Mother, Mother of the Gods, Phrygian Goddess, and Mountain Mother, was adored throughout the world in the last millennium preceding the triumph of Christianity. Her cult extended from Asia Minor to Italy and Greece, to the Balkans, the Danube, and the Rhine, and the shrill music of her priests resounded through the towns and harbors of northern Africa. She was praised as the All-Mother and All-Creator who heals the sicknesses of beasts and men, and she became the last bastion of pagan faith in the rising tide of Christian religion. The first recording of her name appears in an inscription on a Phrygian stone monument of possibly the seventh century B.C.E., and an oration to Cybele was composed by the emperor Justinian in 363 c.E. Surely we meet in her the most impressive of maternal divinities, and we shall examine the elements that went into the making of the goddess.
Ramon Llull’s Art of Arts
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Llull’s Vita tells us how his original vow to serve God involved a vehement desire to compose the “best book in the world against the errors of the infidels.” A subsequent inspiration, which the Vita attributes to divine revelation, transformed that simple goal into a much more ambitious project, the Great Universal Art of Finding Truth (par. 6, 14). Llull devoted the rest of his career to perfecting the methods of this idiosyncratic symbolico-dialectical system of argument. He recorded the phases of its development in several redactions of the Great Art itself, as well as in scores of other works applying its system to specialized topics of inquiry. A complete account of this massive project remains unwritten. The following summary offers a necessarily simplified explanation, designed chiefly to help my readers understand how the methods of the Great Art inform Llull’s accounts of the arts of eloquence.
Ramon Llull’s Great Universal Art of Finding Truth synthesizes a vast range of techniques for private meditation, scriptural exegesis, and apologetic argument into a single system for “discovering” how all knowledge and being reveals divine truth. The general method of this system is comparison or analogy. The Great Art is “universal” and “finds truth” only in so far as it is capable of likening anything known to the Divine Word, which Llull regards as the exemplar of all wisdom.
Invention
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ramon Llull’s zeal for leading the mind to truth causes him to treat most aspects of communication first as epistemological or psychological processes and second as linguistic or rhetorical functions. His Great Universal Art of Finding Truth primarily provides a method of discovering or evaluating ideas rather than of generating discursive arguments. This preeminently heuristic purpose ensures that invention is the division of Ciceronian rhetoric that Llull’s Great Art most completely replaces. The Ars compendiosa inveniendi veritatem, Llull’s first full version of his system (composed between 1274 and 1283), treats invention not as discovery of words or reasonings, but as manipulation of concepts through symbolic letters arranged in charts and tables. The Art demostrativa of 1283 even notes the traditional division of dialectic into invention and judgment, but treats these sheerly as cognitive practices (4.2.5.62). Nonetheless, insofar as Llull’s system treats mental and oral discourse as homologous, it serves the invention of arguments for discursive presentation. The Great Art not only leads the mind to find absolute truth, it helps the mind to defend that truth. Hence, it should hardly surprise us that Llull invariably offers his own system as a method for generating copious material to expound in secular and sacred eloquence. Occasionally he does recommend inventional devices from the contemporary arts of language, but these come almost exclusively from the ars praedicandi.
Virtue in Speaking
Authors: Johnston Mark D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ramon Llull’s accounts of the arts of language display an intriguing attempt to assert a new medieval Christian understanding of the ancient ideal of uniting eloquence and wisdom. Llull’s zeal for retracing the arts to theology encourages him to follow the traditional perspective established since the earliest patristic apologists. Augustine’s De doctrina christiana comprehensively defines this view: the first three books substitute Christian truth for pagan philosophy as wisdom, while the fourth book recommends adapting traditional skills of rhetoric to Christian evangelism as eloquence. Nonetheless, Llull never recognizes the union of eloquence and wisdom as a fundamental spiritual or intellectual good, probably because he lacks the training in the arts curriculum that would have familiarized him with the auctores—es pecially the famous opening paragraphs of Cicero’s De inventione—that expound this ideal. Indeed, he never seems to recognize that his own insistence on virtue in speaking might share some of the same goals as the Scholastic curricula that he so often denounces. As I explained in chapter 1, his antiacademic arguments usually lament the neglect of Christian truth in the schools. Therefore Llull’s plan for uniting eloquence and wisdom is to rectify all uses of language by reestablishing their moral finality. In short, he seeks to moralize secular and sacred eloquence alike as verbal exercises of virtue.
Cynicism or realism?
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“[C]ynicism is epidemic right now;” wrote nationally syndicated columnist David Broder in the Washington Post in early July 1994. “It saps people’s confidence in politics and public officials, and it erodes both the standing and the standards of journalism. If the assumption is that nothing is on the level, nothing is what it seems, then citizenship becomes a game for fools and there is no point in trying to stay informed:” A July 1994 Washington Post–ABC News Poll seemed to justify Broder’s concern. It found that
This poll was consistent with nineteen earlier ones done in the past half-decade during the tenure of three Congresses and two presidents. In these, “the average scores for Congress have been 33 percent approval and 62 percent disapproval.” The July 1994 poll showed 34 percent approval and 61 percent disapproval.
Designing The Studies
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the bridge between the two is commonly asserted in communication scholarship, one cannot divide effects from the simple analysis of media content. Determining the effect of certain forms of news, for example, requires a controlled experiment. Controlled experiments are one of the only ways to establish causality. In this chapter, we describe a series of experiments conducted in 1993 and 1994 to understand the effects of various news frames on the public’s learning, cynicism, and attitudes. Here we explain the design, procedures, sample, and the news segments employed.
The research was concerned with two types of news: news about a political campaign, specifically the race for mayor of Philadelphia in 1991, and news about public policy, specifically the health care reform debate of 1993–1994. Early in our broader study of the health care reform debate we had concluded through content analysis that the norms of coverage of campaigns and governance increasingly had come to resemble one another, with each dominated by a focus on strategy and conflict.
Rousseau’s Legacy
Authors: Porter Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rousseau’s Legacy is an original and ambitious work of literary scholarship that focuses on the emergence with Rousseau of a new and influential paradigm of the writer who brings together revolutionary sociopolitical critique and ‘confessionalism’. Combining a wide-ranging knowledge of contemporary theory with an informed interest in sociopolitical context and cultural history, the author goes on to explore the persistent importance of the Rousseauist paradigm through the close reading of works by a number of major French writers from Stendahl to Duras, Althusser, and Foucault.
Separating Sex from Pregnancy
Authors: McDonagh Eileen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is common to depict men as impregnating women, and thus to equate sex with pregnancy. But because pregnancy is the condition in a woman’s body caused by a fertilized ovum, there are actually two relationships involved in reproduction: a sexual relationship between a man and a woman and a pregnancy relationship between a fetus and a woman. Whereas a man can cause a woman to engage in a sexual relationship with him, a man cannot cause a woman’s body to change from a nonpregnant to a pregnant condition; the only entity that can do that is a fertilized ovum when it implants itself in a woman’s uterus. Thus, although a man and a woman can have a sexual relationship, they cannot, reproductively speaking, have a pregnancy relationship. Concomitantly, although a fetus and a woman can have a pregnancy relationship, they cannot have a sexual relationship. And to state the obvious, a fetus and a man can have neither a sexual nor a pregnancy relationship.
De Uitiis Capitalibus
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questio est de uitiis capitalibus. Et primo queritur de numero uitiorum capitalium, quot et que sint. Et uidetur quod sint septem. Dicit enim Gregorius XXXI Moralium “Septem sunt principalia uitia, scilicet inanis gloria, inuidia, ira, tristitia, auaritia, uentris ingluuies, luxuria”. —Set contra. Capitalia uitia uidentur dici ex quibus alia oriuntur. Set omnia uitia oriuntur ex uno uitio uel duobus: dicitur enim I ad Tim. VI “Radix omnium malorum cupiditas” et Eccli. X dicitur “Initium omnis peccati superbia”. Ergo non sunt septem uitia capitalia.
The World of Thought in Chu Hsi’s Time
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In opening a book, we place ourselves at a gateway. In Chinese, an introduction to any subject is usually called “entering the gate,” or “entering the door” Uu-men). The gate leads symbolically to wisdom and sageliness. The two parent trigrams, Ch’ien and K’una, with their undivided yang and divided yin lines, usually represent the mysteries that are beyond the door. For Chou Tun-yi (Zhou Dunyi, ror 7-73), the mysteries are with him in his own room, with the opening and closing of the door. Chou Tun-yi sees the door as sometimes closed and sometimes open. Favoring the natural, he does not insist that wisdom is to be found with the opening of the door but claims that it is there in the opening and closing. Here, of course, one may add that “opening and closing” can also serve as a metaphor for breathing and, by extension, to being at one with the universe.
Spiritual Beings (Kuei-shen)
Authors: Ching Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The attractions of nature drew Chu to reflections on the creative mind of Heaven and Earth and, associated with this, to questions about spiritual beings. In this context, I shall deal with Chu’s views on the existence of a supreme being and of beings like ghosts and spirits. I shall also explain Chu’s interpretation of the natural universe—of Heaven and Earth and how they came to be. While Chu treats the subject of ghosts and spirits before that of a supreme deity, I shall proceed from discussion of Heaven to ghosts and spirits, in order to give more systematic order to the chapter. My discussion of Heaven in this chapter should be read while keeping in mind my discussion of the Great Ultimate in chapter 2.
The Last Real Man in America: From Natty Bumppo to Batman
Authors: Leverenz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1989, one of the glossiest men’s magazines appeared with a picture of Sean Connery on the cover. Dressed in a creamy ivory tuxedo, standing with arms folded against a beige background, visible only to the waist, he embodied elegance, sensuality, and virility. The caption proclaimed him “The Last Real Man in America.” Why should the Last Real Man in America be a British actor? The taunting ambiguity implies that no American can claim true manliness anymore; to see it at all is to see it vanishing. Only a working-class Scotsman who secured his international image as James Bond, an Englishman equally skilled in civility and violence, can temporarily import virility to American shores. Yet the pleasurable visual framing of his face as white on white on beige seems curiously reassuring. Connery represents the last, best hope, the master of everything not quite seen, dark, and below the belt. He can protect a civilized, yet effete Us from a barbaric though enviably violent Them. The July cover of Gentleman’s Quarterly slipped from my mind until late August, when I was standing in a checkout line at a Florida supermarket and noticed the September cover of Celebrity Plus, a decidedly downscale fan magazine. This cover featured Harrison Ford in a woodsy setting, with a yellow blurb announcing, “Rare Interview! The ‘Last’ Real Man.”‘ Faced with such a flagrant intertextual rip-off, I began wondering: in what other country could variations on that come-on sell magazines? To ask the question exposes the strange mixture of bravado, anxiety, and nostalgia in the motif. Male readers in more traditionally patriarchal cultures might well feel insulted. Why did I feel a bit wistful, even teased? The motif has a beleaguered quality to it, as if urban, yuppie, corporate, feminist America had become intrinsically emasculating.