bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive divergence and taxonomic radiation in post-Palaeozoic bivalves
Authors: Skelton P W , Crame J A , Morris N J , Harper E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-Palaeozoic marine bivalve families diversified with significant persistence. None of seven distinct clades dominated the expansion; most were involved. Only the pteriomorphs showed a decline, connected with the prolonged demise of exposed byssate taxa. Nine other autecological categories recognized by us recruited families more or less proportionately, although siphonate burrowers proliferated disproportionately at the expense of non-siphonate burrowers. Increasing predation pressure on bivalves from early in the Mesozoic, associated with the ‘Mesozoic marine revolution’, is identified as the main cause of these changes. The various adaptive pathways followed by different clades were highly conditioned by the constructional attributes of their body plans, a major role being played by the form of the ligament. Siphons evolved in several burrowing clades as a secondary adaptation.
Interpretations of early land plant radiations: ‘facile adaptationist guesswork’ or reasoned speculation?
Authors: Edwards D , Davies M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversification of higher plants following initial colonization of the land is analysed at the species level both qualitatively and quantitatively based on data from Laurussia. The overall pattern of diversification broadly parallels that described for marine invertebrates in that, following the appearance of pteridophyte-like plants (Cooksonia: rhyniophytoid) in the late Wenlock, numbers remained low until the end of the Silurian-early Devonian, when a proliferation of rhyniophytoids occurred. This was followed by a diversification of Zosterophyllophytina in the late Gedinnian-early Siegenian, and Trimerophytina and taxa of less certain affinity later in the Lower Devonian.
The biology of the cyanogenic glycosides: new developments
Authors: Nahrstedt Adolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several reviews of the cyanogenic compounds have been presented during the past years, particularly of the cyanogenic glycosides. Among them are reviews on their occurrence (Hegnauer 1986; Nahrstedt 1987), their function (Nahrstedt 1985; Hegnauer 1986), toxicity (Poulton 1983), biosynthesis (Conn 1988), and their occurrence and physiology in insects (Nahrstedt 1988). A comprehensive volume, Cyanide compounds in biology, was published in 1988 by the Ciba Foundation. All these activities indicate that the cyanogenic compounds are an important subject for biological research. This chapter aims to summarize recent progress in this area.
A perspective on plant-animal interactions in seagrasses: physical and biological determinants influencing plant and animal abundance
Authors: Orth ROBERT J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantitative studies on benthic faunal commumtes associated with seagrass beds have shown these ecosystems to contain a significantly higher diversity and density of fauna when compared with adjacent, unvegetated areas. Hypotheses suggested for this abundance and diversity include habitat complexity, refuge from predation, increased food supplies, hydrodynamic effects on larval supply, and stable substrates. Manipulative laboratory and field experiments have shown that this high diversity may result from complex, and highly interrelated plant-plant, plant-animal, plant-physical environment, and animal-animal interactions. In particular, predator-prey studies have shown that foraging success is reduced by macrophyte complexity, and that the relationship between habitat complexity and predation success is non-linear. Important components of predator-prey interactions are the relative sizes as well as the behavioural repertoire of both predator and prey. Current debate centres around the role of structural complexity, initial settlement densities of recruiting individuals, the physical location of a seagrass meadow in relation to larval supply or source of adults or juveniles, and the ability of individuals to move within and between seagrass areas once settled, in determining population abundances in a given seagrass area. Since seagrasses modify hydrodynamic processes, they may play an important role in determining larval supply rates and larval settlement.
Role of algae in the recruitment of marine invertebrate larvae
Authors: Morse Aileen N C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recruitment of marine invertebrate larvae is a dynamic feature of the structuring of shallow-water marine communities. It has recently been recognized that a clear understanding of early settlement events is essential for a more complete assessment and prediction of the effect of recruitment on the structure of these communities. The availability and nature of suitable settlement and recruitment substrata must be considered as important factors in this process. Both direct and indirect evidence suggest that algae provide critical substrata for the recruitment of a number of invertebrate larvae in the form of essential settlement cues, space, shelter from predators, and a reliable food supply for further development and growth. The wide distributions (and in many instances extensive stands) of a variety of algal species apparently involved in these recruitment processes serve to emphasize the important contribution of algae to overall structuring of shallow-water benthic communities. Where possible, the roles of algae as suitable settlement substrata are discussed in relation to other factors perceived as important to the recruitment processes of marine invertebrate larvae.
Plant-herbivore coevolution: a reappraisal from the marine realm and its fossil record
Authors: Steneck Roberts. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stable coexistence and interdependencies between herbivores and their food plants are often interpreted as resulting from coevolution. An untested assumption is that such intimate associations reflect an ‘evolutionary arms-race’ over geological time. An examination of the fossil record of apparently ‘coevolved’ species of marine limpets and their algal hosts indicated that these mutualistic associations evolved recently and the timing of specific adaptations and coadaptations does not support the arms-race model. Alternatively, several recent ecological studies support the hypothesis that trophic specialization and stable coexistence will be most prevalent among herbivores that are small, have low metabolic demands, reduced mobility and are predator-susceptible. They will commonly be associated with algae that are relatively large, welldefended, of poor food quality, and have great thallus longevity and regenerative ability. Among the pool of herbivores capable of stable coexistence, it is possible that unilateral adaptations to generalized anti-herbivore defences occasionally evolve and in rare instances species-specific algal coadaptations result in mutualisms. The significance of mutualisms may be exaggerated if they are interpreted as being ‘coevolved’ when they may represent only an end point along an adaptive continuum which has been channelled by phyletic constraints.
Synthesis of non-peptide CCK antagonists
Authors: Freidinger Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current list of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters presents many potential opportunities for the development of new therapeutic agents. Useful drugs might be obtained from compounds which either mimic or block the effects of the native peptides. To date, however, few peptide-based drugs have been obtained, primarily because of limitations inherent in the peptide structure itself. These deficiencies include rapid degradation by proteases leading to short duration, poor oral absorption, and lack of specificity.
Detection of CCK receptor subtypes in mammalian brain using highly selective non-peptide antagonists
Authors: Hill D R , Singh L , Boden P , Pinnock R , Woodruff, G N , Hughes J . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropeptide CCK occurs in the mammalian CNS in a variety of molecular forms, but it is the sulphated octapeptide (CCK-8S) that predominates (Vanderhaeghen et al. 1975; Dockray 1976; Rehfeld 1978; Larsson and Rehfeld 1979). Since its discovery in brain, the effects of CCK-8S and of related peptide fragments such as CCK-4 and pentagastrin have been studied extensively in a wide variety of systems. These studies have led to the implication of CCK in a variety of physiological systems. For instance, CCK has been suggested as an endogenous satiety factor and as such may play an important role in the regulation of feeding (Gibbs et al. 1973; Morley et al. 1982; Crawley and Kiss 1985; Dourish et al. 1989a, b; Chapter 17 of this volume). Other studies have indicated that the peptide may be intimately involved in mediating the transmission of painful stimuli or modulating the endogenous opioid system (Jurna and Zetler 1981; Faris et al. 1983; Watkins et al. 1984; see also Pittaway and Hill 1987; Baber et al. 1989; Chapters 43-45 of this volume). This suggestion is sup ported by the presence of CCK immunoreactivity and also by the presence of mRNA in brain regions such as the periaqueductal grey, the thalamus, and the spinal cord which are known to be of importance in the central processing of sensory information (Skirboll et al. 1983; Innis and Aghajanian 1986; Savasta et al. 1988; Chapter 4 of this volume).
Agonist and antagonist pharmacology of CCK-receptor-mediated responses of rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons
Authors: Kemp, J A , Marshall G R , Kew J N C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) nucleus of the rat contains high levels of CCK immunoreactivity which is thought to arise from an afferent input from the parabrachial nucleus (Inagaki et al. 1984; Zaborsky et al. 1984). It also contains high levels of CCK8 receptor binding sites (Day et al. 1986), and CCK-8S is a potent excitant of VMH neurons (Kow and Pfaff 1986; Bowden and Hill 1988; Kemp et al. 1989). Thus the VMH slice has become a useful preparation with which to study the pharmacology of brain CCK8 receptors and has enabled comparisons to be made with results from receptor binding studies. Recently, several selective agonists and antagonists for CCK receptors have become available, and we have used these to examine in greater detail the pharmacology of the CCK-receptor-mediated excitatory responses of VMH neurons. Extracellular recordings of single-cell action potential firing rates were made using conventional techniques on 350 µm thick slices containing the VMH nucleus. These were placed in a small recording chamber (volume approximately 0.3 ml) where they were continuously perfused, at a rate of 2 ml/min, with warmed (33°C) oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). Agonists were dissolved in the aCSF, from concentrated stock solutions, and were applied for periods of 1 min.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of CCK and satiety
Authors: ödersten P S , Lindén A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inhibitory effect on food intake of exogenously administered CCK octapeptide CCK-8, initially noted as a side-effect (Sjödin 1972), was first demonstrated experimentally by Gibbs et al. (1973) (see Chapter 17 of this volume). This observation drew attention to peripheral mechanisms in the control of feeding behaviour, a field which had previously been dominated by studies of the brain, notable hypothalamic regulatory mechanisms of hunger. A drawback in the classical experiments on hunger mechanisms had been that the stimuli which initiate a meal in a food-deprived animal are unknown. The study of the peripheral mechanisms which suppress feeding or induce satiety during a meal offered a new perspective because the stimulus which controls the behaviour (satiety) is known (food) and its site of action is also known: the gastro-intestinal tract, a major endocrine organ in the body (Smith 1982). The secretions of this organ may be involved in satiety because administration of food into stomach transplants devoid of nervous supply elicits satiety in animals (Koopmans 1981) and food intake in hungry rats is reduced after their blood is mixed with that of satiated rats (Davis et al. 1967). Thus it is necessary to study the secretions of the gastro-intestinal tract during ingestion of food, particularly as CCK-8, which is secreted from the duodenum during feeding, has been suggested to be a primary satiety-inducing hormone (see Chapter 17 of this volume). However, the study of CCK-8 in satiety has been hampered by the absence of sensitive assay methods. With the development of such methods (Linden 1989), the role of CCK-8 in food intake and satiety has become accessible to direct study and our recent series of such investigations is discussed below.
Introduction
Authors: Crawley Jacqueline N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current information on the coexistence of CCK and dopamine in mid-brain neurons of several species is presented in this part. The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system mediates a variety of spontaneous behaviour, including exploration, feeding, stress responses, drug self-administration, and electrical self-stimulation (Stellar and Stellar 1985; Kalivas and Nemeroff 1988). The nigrostriatal dopamine pathway mediates motor functions including coordinated locomotor activities and extrapyramidal stereotypies (DeLong 1990). The tubero-infundibular dopamine tract regulates the release of many pituitary hormones (Meltzer et al. 1978). Dopamine receptor antagonists are the primary treatment for schizophrenia (Carlsson 1988), while dopamine precursors are the primary treatment for Parkinson’s disease (Caine 1977).The discovery by Hokfelt and co-workers that two neuropeptides, CCK and neurotensin, coexist with dopamine in mid-brain neurons of the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra (Hokfelt et al. 1986) was an exciting revelation for both basic researchers and clinicians studying dopaminergic mechanisms in neuropsychiatric syndromes. The anatomical distribution of these peptide neuromodulators in discrete subdivisions of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal pathways is described in detail in Chapter 32.
CCK: its role in dopamine-related disorders
Authors: Kuiper M A , van Kamp G J , Wolters E Ch. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peptide now recognized as CCK was originally identified as the compound responsible for causing contraction of the gall bladder and stimulation of pancreatic enzyme secretion (Jorpes and Mutt 1966). However, CCK is also synthesized in the CNS (Dockray et al. 1977). The brain peptide differs from the gastric peptide and consists primarily of the biologically active sulphated carboxyl-terminal octapeptide (CCK-8S). It is distributed throughout the whole brain with the exception of the cerebellum. In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus CCK exceeds the level of any other neuropeptide (Crawley 1985a), and there is abundant evidence that CCK and related peptides exert neurotransmitter/neuromodulator roles in the CNS (see Chapters 1 and 4 of this volume).Hökfelt et al. (1980) demonstrated colocalization of dopamine (DA) and CCK in mesolimbic neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area of the mid-brain and innervating the posteriomedian nucleus accumbens. This initiated research on CCK in relation to DA-related disorders, e.g. Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and tardive dyskinesia. In Parkinson’s disease, progressive loss of nigrostriatal DA neurons leads to striatal DA deficiency and this correlates (after a threshold of about 80 per cent loss) with the severity of parkinsonian disability. Schizophrenia is a disorder believed to be related to hyperactivity of the dopaminergic system, which is treated with DA receptor antagonists. Tardive dyskinesia is one of the (often irreversible) complications of prolonged treatment with dopamine antagonists.
Variation of flower colours by genetic manipulation of the biosynthesis of anthocyanins
Authors: Mol Joseph N M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flavonoids constitute the main class of flower pigments. Carotenoids on the other hand are responsible for many of the bright yellows and oranges, especially in composites such as gerberas and chrysanthemums. The third class of flower pigments, the betalains are mainly found in cacti, ice plants, and beets.
Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae): classification and biology
Authors: Harris Keith M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cccidomyiidae probably originated in the Mesozoic age from a group of Diptera with mycophagous larvae. The family is almost certainly monophyletic and of the three extant subfamilies, the Lestremiinae and Porricondylinae are still essentially mycophagous, with larvae feeding on macrofungi and on fungal mycelium in soil, in decaying wood, and in other dead organic matter. The third subfamily, the Cecidomyiinae, contains the greatest number of species and exhibits the greatest biological diversity. It must have evolved rapidly with flowering plants in the Cenozoic. Most of the included species are phytophagous and many induce galls, especially on the aerial parts of flowering plants. Gall induction seems to have evolved on a number of separate occasions within the main phytophagous tribes (Asphondylini, Cecidomyiini, Clinodiplosini, Lasiopterini, and Oligotrophini).
Life cycle strategies in a guild of dipteran gall farmers on the common reed
Authors: De Bruyn Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flies of the genus Lipara are strict monophagous parasites of the common reed, Phragmites australis (Poaceae). Due to feeding activities and/or metabolic products, the newly formed internodes of the shoot are significantly shortened and a typical cigar-or spike-like gall is formed at the top of the shoot. Reed is a perennial rhizomatous grass that produces fresh shoots every year during spring. Because the shoots dry up and die at the end of the summer, they can only serve as a source of food for the herbivore during a short time of the year. Previous studies have revealed a high between-plant and between-year variation in plant quality caused by several interacting factors, such as the genetic differences between reed clones, the water and nutrient content of the soil, and interspecific competition with other plants. In addition, the annual germination and growth of the reed is strongly influenced by climatic factors. In the course of evolution, two main solutions have evolved to overcome the above mentioned problems within the genus Lipara.
Pursuit of new leads to antitumour and anti-HIV agents from plants
Authors: Cardellina II J H , Boyd M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the mid-to-late 1980s the Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP) of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) dramatically revamped its approach to the discovery of new leads for antitumour agents (Boyd 1986, 1989, 1993; Boyd et al. 1992). The essential starting point of this new strategy was the primary screen. In vivo testing with murine leukaemia models gave way to in vitro screening against human solid tumour cell lines. Concurrently, the mounting AIDS crisis and the urgent need for AIDS-antiviral chemotherapeutic agents led to an extension of this programme to include a search for novel anti-HIV compounds (Boyd 1988). The screening protocols for these tandem efforts had to be amenable to high throughput and had to accommodate both pure compounds and complex crude extracts (Boyd 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993; Boyd eta/. 1992). These screens are now operated on a large scale by the DTP/NCI extramural service screening programme for the annual testing of tens of thousands of synthetic and natural compounds submitted annually to the NCI by academic and industrial investigators from all over the globe.
Pharmacochemical investigation of Indonesian medicinal plants
Authors: Kitagawa I , Shibuya H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indonesia is perhaps one of the richest countries in the world in natural resources, and the diversity of its botanical resources is particularly important. Indonesian people have a long tradition of using medicinal plants and about 80 per cent of the population are still using them. The number of plant species in the Indonesian archipelago is estimated to be about 40 000, among which about 1000 species have been used as medicinal plants. However, most of them have not yet been verified on the basis of modern science (Riswan and Sangat-Roemantyo 199la,b). In the other words, Indonesia is a very important and attractive country in view of the discovery of novel, naturally occurring lead compounds for the development of new medicines.
The structure and function of the protein kinases: a survey
Authors: Hardie D G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycles catalysed by protein kinases and phosphatases represent perhaps the major mechanism for switching cellular pathways in response to changing circumstances. The only other general mechanism which rivals the ubiquity of protein phosphorylation-dephosphorylation in cellular control is the interconversion of G proteins between their GDP- and OTP-bound forms, catalysed by GDP dissociation factors and GTPase activating proteins. Protein phosphorylation regulates proteins involved in the whole gamut of cellular processes, from metabolic enzymes, through membrane channels and pumps, cytoskeletal proteins and transcription factors, to the protein kinases and phosphatases themselves. It can currently be said to have three broad functions:
Biochemical evidence for an Snfl homologue in higher plants
Authors: Ball K L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase kinase (HRK) from higher plants has recently been purified and characterized, and appears to be a functional homologue of the mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The AMPK has itself recently been shown to be a putative homologue of a yeast protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae named Snfl, and a protein kinase family from higher plants (the Rkinl family). Similarities between AMPK and HRK implicate the latter as a possible regulator of isoprenoid and sterol metabolism in plants, as well as raising the possibility that it may in some way be involved in cellular stress responses. New immunochemical data linking HRK to Rkinl and Snfl now also open up a whole area of possible roles for HRK in the regulation of plant carbohydrate metabolism.
Protein phosphorylation in germinating seeds
Authors: Georgatsos J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seed germination is a process whereby the metabolic rate of a quiescent or dormant seed rises sharply due to an increase in water uptake. The term ‘metabolic rate’ covers our ignorance of the sequence, in time and place, of the specific chemical events triggered by the entrance of water inside the seed. Changes in a number of components in various parts of the germinating seed, as a function of time, indicate the sequential activation of metabolic processes, apparently due to the activation of a large number of genes. According to Thomas (1993) more than 3 x 10 different genes are expressed in embryos and seedlings of dicotyledonous plants. However, not all enzymes and other functional proteins increase at the onset of germination. A number of enzymes are stored within the dry seed, whose activity may fall as germination proceeds, remain constant, or increase, although at different rates (Figs 11.1 and 11.2). The increases in enzyme activities are in most cases due to de novo synthesis of enzyme protein, resulting from earlier expression of the corresponding genes. The time following seed imbibition that a gene is expressed may vary from a few minutes to several days. In such situations one would expect extensive signal transduction, stimulated by the inter- and intracellular traffic of physical and/or chemical messages.