bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Dower and Widows’ Remarriage
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Venetian writing of his visit to England around 1500 observed the concentration of wealth and property in women’s hands. He accurately reported that London law divided a testator’s property three ways, allowing a third to the wife for her life use, a third for immediate inheritance of the heirs, and a third for burial and the benefit of the testator’s soul. But he also commented that the wife managed during her lifetime to secret away some extra wealth. The widow took into a second marriage, as well as her portion, the inheritance of minor children, for the new husband’s use, if not ownership. The children, he claimed, never received the full value of their father’s estate. The Italian visitor observed that in London, unlike Venice, long patrilineages did not exist, and he blamed this on the division of property when the head of the family died. The twentieth-century scholar of London Sylvia Thrupp argued that the reason that strong patrilineages did not develop in London was that as soon as merchant families acquired wealth, usually in two generations, they married into the gentry families or bought estates in the country and were absorbed into the gentry. But the Italian visitor might also have been correct about the reason that London seemed to have more horizontal social ties than the vertical ones that were common in Venice, Florence, and Ghent. London’s laws were generous with daughters, wives, and widows, with the result that a significant amount of London’s real estate and liquid wealth passed through the hands of women.
Women as Entrepreneurs
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women’s economic activities included entrepreneurship and work in various occupations. Women’s work was essential for the medieval economy in both the rural and urban areas, but it was not highly paid, and in urban centers women might move through a variety of jobs, including service, vending, and crafts. Despite London’s law permitting married wives to trade as femmes soles and widows to take over a husbands’ businesses, few women became entrepreneurs. Necessary as female labor was, it had less of an economic impact on London’s capital formation than the money and property that passed through women in the form of inheritance, dowry, dower, and their role in the consumer economy. If women did not contribute to London’s capital formation as entrepreneurs, their labor was essential for the functioning of the city, if they were helping in their husbands’ shops, spinning, or working in service positions. Women were also important to the economy as mothers, household managers, trainers of servants, and caregivers. This unpaid labor was basic for a functioning society and economy. This chapter, however, looks at women in the real estate market, their management of property, and their business ventures.
Phase III (1981–88): Liberalization By Stealth
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As discussed in detail in the previous chapter, by the time the first oil price crisis hit the world economy, Mrs. Gandhi had implemented the key components of the Ten-Point Program. All major banks, insurance companies, oil companies, and coal mines had been nationalized. With some exceptions, foreign companies were in the process of being brought under the purview of FERA, 1973, which required most of them to lower foreign equity to 40 percent and to register in India as Indian companies. Activity of big business houses and large enterprises was subject to tight controls and confined to a narrow range of industries. A number of products came to be reserved for manufacture exclusively by small-scale enterprises. Licensing reigned supreme in virtually all industries. Entry and expansion of firms came to be governed by a series of lists subject to a complex web of rules. The most important of these lists were the following: Schedule A of the Industrial Policy Resolution (IPR), 1956 listed industries reserved for the public sector, though the state reserved the right to invite the private sector to cooperate if it saw such cooperation as in the national interest.
Phase IV (1988–2006): Triumph Of Liberalization
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Phase IV began with an unprecedented growth spurt that ended in a balance of payments crisis. The response to the crisis was a major liberalization on both the domestic and the external fronts. The economy was successfully stabilized, and growth at the higher rate resumed within a short period. The higher growth has been maintained to date, and prospects are good that with some key reforms it can be raised further. Though the necessity to borrow from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank had subjected the initial liberalization package to the conditionality of these institutions, the proposed reforms were essentially domestic in origin. The crisis and the conditionality did speed up the initial liberalization, but the measures essentially reflected the consensus that had emerged among the Indian policymakers. Contrary to the assertions by many, the influence of the IMF and the World Bank was confined to the first set of actions. After the World Bank structural adjustment loan (SAL) of December 1991, which concluded in December 1992, the government of India was back in the driving seat. From then on, it was the World Bank that needed India rather than the opposite. It wanted to maintain the appearance of being involved in India’s liberalization process, and therefore continued to lend money. For example, the trade and investment liberalization loan that followed the SAL was an entirely opportunistic move on the part of the Bank and came without conditions.
The external sector On the Road to Capital Account Convertibility?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We saw in the last chapter that the government budget is intimately linked to the external sector. For example, the government partially finances its expenditures by borrowing abroad. This fact directly links the government budget to the external sector. In turn, the external debt the government accumulates has important bearing on the conduct of its fiscal policy. The government’s spending also impacts the current account in an essential way, which further links the budget and the external account. In this chapter, we frontally focus on the external account. Specifically, we consider the current account and capital account transactions and their effects on the broad aggregates of the economy such as prices, exchange rate, and monetary policy. We begin by returning to the investment-savings and balance of payments identities introduced in the last chapter. To recapitulate, we saw in the last chapter that foreign savings must fill the gap between private domestic investment and private plus public domestic savings. Foreign savings themselves equal the current account deficit. In turn, the balance of payments identity dictates that the current account deficit be equal to the net external capital inflows minus the change in the volume of foreign exchange reserves held by the RBI.
International Trade Carrying Liberalization Forward
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
India grew 6.3 percent per annum during 1988–2006. During 2003–07, the annual growth rate was 8.6 percent. The 2007–08 budget places the quick estimate for 2005–06 at 9 percent and the advance estimate for 2006–07 at 9.2 percent (the central Statistical Organization produces GDP estimates at various stages and revises them as better information becomes available. Advance Estimate is the most tentative and is followed by Quick Estimate.) The possibility that the long-run growth rate of India may have shifted to the levels achieved by the East Asian tigers in the 1960s and 1970s can no longer be ruled out. Yet, even as the economy picks up pace and poverty continues to decrease, there remain doubts about the transformation of India from a primarily agricultural and rural economy to a modern one in the foreseeable future. This transformation has not progressed as far as one would expect, based on the experience of other Asian countries. For example, the proportion of the workforce employed in agriculture in the Republic of Korea fell from 68 percent in 1960 to 50 percent in 1970 and to 34 percent in 1980. In India, the decline has been far more attenuated: from 67 percent in 1991 to 58 percent in 2001. In terms of rural-urban split, the data give an even more pessimistic picture: Rural population fell from 79 percent of the total population in 1991 to just 77 percent in 2001.
Tax Reform Toward A Uniform Goods And Services Tax
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In part III, we considered taxes and revenues at the aggregate level in relation to the fiscal deficit. In doing so, we restricted ourselves to macroeconomic issues such as how gaps between total taxes and expenditures contribute to budget deficits, and how they should be adjusted over time on the way to reducing the latter. We now turn to microeconomic aspects of taxes and expenditures, focusing in particular on the efficiency implications of their overall level and allocation across different sectors.
Transportation A Solvable Problem
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are four modes of transportation: roads, railways, air, and water. In each case, we must deal with issues related to the building of infrastructure: airports, ports, roads, and railway tracks. In addition, we must consider issues related to the organizational structure of the commercial vehicles industries that move the traffic on each mode: trucks and buses on the roads, passenger and freight trains on the railway tracks, passenger and cargo planes at the airports, and vessels of various sizes moving into and out of ports. In this chapter, I will consider both aspects of infrastructure, though the emphasis will vary from mode to mode. For example, I will consider the airline industry in detail, but not shipping.
Doubting Vision
Authors: Turvey Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The film theories of Jean Epstein, Dziga Vertov, Bela Balazs, and Siegfried Kracauer have long been studied separately from each other. In Doubting Vision, film scholar Malcolm Turvey argues that their work constitutes a distinct, hitherto neglected tradition, which he calls revelationism, and which differs in important ways from modernism and realism. For these four theorists and filmmakers, the cinema is an art of mass enlightenment because it escapes the limits of human sight and reveals the true nature of reality. Turvey provides a detailed exegesis of this tradition, pointing to its sources in Romanticism, the philosophy of Henri Bergson, modern science, and other intellectual currents. He also shows how profoundly it has influenced contemporary film theory by examining the work of psychoanalytical-semiotic theorists of the 1970s, Stanley Cavell, the modern-day followers of Kracauer and Walter Benjamin, and Gilles Deleuze. Throughout, Turvey offers a trenchant critique of revelationism and its descendants. Combining the close analysis of theoretical texts with the philosophical method of conceptual clarification pioneered by the later Wittgenstein, he shows how the arguments theorists and filmmakers have made about human vision and the cinema’s revelatory powers often traffic in conceptual confusion. Having identified and extricated these confusions, Turvey builds on the work of Epstein, Vertov, Balazs, and Kracauer as well as contemporary philosophers of film to clarify some legitimate senses in which the cinema is a revelatory art using examples from the films of filmmakers such as Alfred Hitchcock and Jacques Tati.
The State Action Doctrine
Authors: Michelman Frank I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The “state action” rule in U.S. constitutional law—as represented by cases such as The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), Flagg Brothers, Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149 (1978), and Moose Lodge No. 7 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972)—limits the reach of the Constitution’s guarantees of individual rights in two respects. First, these guarantees do not ordinarily impose any legal responsibility on nonoffcial parties engaged in the con- duct of nongovernmental affairs. Second, they do not ordinarily impose any responsibility on the state to control the conduct of nonstate parties— the state’s own liabilities typically being limited to cases of rights-invasive conduct by the state itself, acting through its ofcers and agents. In a lingo often used by jurists outside the United States, our state action rule is said to deny any purely “horizontal” (private-on-private), as opposed to “vertical” (government-on-private), application or effect to those constitutional guarantees to which it attaches. (The salient exception is the Thirteenth Amendment’s prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. See, e.g., Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968).)
Epilepsy on Our Terms
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Montouris Georgia D , Pellock John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This enlightening book presents the firsthand personal accounts of children with seizure disorders and their parents. In their own words, they vividly describe the experiences of handling the crisis of the first seizure, adjusting to the diagnosis of epilepsy, coping with seizures, managing medications and side effects, and dealing with health care providers, teachers, schoolmates, siblings, and friends. The accounts reveal the terror, uncertainty and frustration felt by children and parents after a diagnosis of epilepsy, and document the ongoing trials, tribulations and triumphs of coping with seizures, medication schedules and side effects, health care providers and hospitals, schoolmates, siblings, relatives and friends. These accounts provide realistic insights into the myriad issues encountered in living with childhood epilepsy. The book also includes a straightforward medical discussion of childhood seizures, written in layperson's terms; a glossary of medical terms; and a guide for schoolteachers and parents written by the Executive Director of the Epilepsy Association of Massachusetts. Appendices provide a directory of Epilepsy Foundation of America affiliates; a list of recommended books, publications and videotapes, and information about the Epilepsy Foundation of America's Winning Kids program. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world's leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
A Parent’s Guide To Rheumatic Diseases In Children
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a child with arthritis or a related condition, lack of knowledge on the part of the parents is one of the biggest obstacles to recovery. Parents do not always know how to interpret the complaints voiced by their children and this is compounded by the inexperience of physicians, who rarely treat children with these ailments. In this marvelously down-to-earth guide, Dr. Thomas Lehman, the head of one of the leading paediatric rheumatology programs in the world, offers a gold mine of expert advice that is invaluable both for parents whose children have rheumatic disorders and for parents of children with complaints, discomfort, or disability who are not getting the answers they need from their physician. Using simple analogies and illustrative anecdotes to illuminate hard-to-grasp concepts, Dr. Lehman helps parents interpret their child’s complaints and to determine whether medical attention is needed. Even more important, the book explains to parents how to follow through with a physician and make sure their child receives the appropriate tests, the proper diagnosis, and ultimately, the best care possible. The book explains to parents what symptoms to look for, what questions to ask, and what to expect when treatment begins. It sheds light on a wide range of rheumatic disorders, including Juvenile Arthritis, Lyme Disease, Lupus, Kawasaki Disease, Fibromyalgia, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and it addresses such crucial topics as drug safety, the potential risks to children posed by medications, health insurance problems, the difficulty of family life when a child has a chronic disease, and much more. The only book on this subject currently available, A Parent’s Guide to Rheumatic Diseases in Children captures the expertise of a dedicated physician with over thirty years of hands-on experience helping children lead normal happy lives. It will help you to ensure that your child achieves the best possible outcome.
Eye Muscle Surgery for Acquired Forms of Nystagmus
Authors: Tomsak Robert L , Dell’osso louis f. , Jacobs jonathan B , Wang, Zhong I , Leigh R John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We report 3 patients with acquired nystagmus who were treated with eye muscle tenotomy and reattachment. The first patient had acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and underwent bilateral medial rectus tenotomies and bilateral lateral rectus recessions to correct exotropia. Eye movements were recorded before surgery, after surgery, and after surgery and treatment with memantine. Following surgery, APN decreased by d 50% and the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX) increased by 34%. Measured Snellen acuity increased 100%, from 0.125 OD and OS to 0.25. Saccades were unaffected. After treatment with memantine, APN was damped further by 69%, and NAFX was improved an additional 9%; Snellen acuity increased 60% to 0.4. The second patient had monocular APN associated with MS. The horizontal recti were tenotomized and reattached in only the eye with nystagmus. This resulted in damping of the nystagmus by 66%, and Snellen acuity increased 100% from 0.2 to 0.4. The third patient had downbeat nystagmus of undetermined etiology and preferred a chin-down (up-gaze) head position to diminish symptoms. Asymmetrical superior rectus recessions, to address head position and hypertropia, were combined with tenotomy and reattachment of both inferior recti. Surgery resulted in reduction of vertical nystagmus by 46%, improvement of NAFX values by 17%, and improvement in visual acuity from 20/25 to 20/20. These preliminary results support the view that eye muscle tenotomy may diminish acquired forms of nystagmus and improve vision in selected patients.
Disease process
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As stated earlier, enthesitis (painful inflammation of entheses) is an important and characteristic clinicopathologic feature of AS and related SpA, but it is not the sole feature.1 Synovitis and subchondral bone marrow changes adjacent to the ligamentous insertions are important too, as are cartilage proliferation and endochondral ossification. But entheses may also be affected by metabolic, degenerative, and mechanical factors that can result in noninflammatory pathology, termed enthesopathy (Table 4.1).1–5
Brief illustrative case histories
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 26-year-old college student was seen with chronic back and hip pain and stiffness for 18 months. The pain was initially felt in the buttocks and hips for the first few months and then progressed to also involve the low back area, and it has been associated with stiffness. His back pain and stiffness are worsened with prolonged sitting and during the second half of the night, as well as on waking up in the morning. The morning stiffness and pain start easing up after 40 minutes, after physical activity or exercise, and after a hot shower. In the past 3 months he has noted pain in the lower rib cage that is accentuated on coughing or sneezing.
The Anglican Tradition: Building the State, Critiquing the State
Authors: Anderson Leah Seppanen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The seventy-seven million Anglicans around the globe form the third largest Christian communion, smaller than only the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The tradition began in Europe with the creation of the Church of England in the early 1500s, but today, as a result of British colonization and the missionary efforts of the Church of England, there are thirty-eight provinces, or national branches, of Anglicanism in such varied locales as Sudan, South Korea, and Mexico. The Anglican Communion is the name for the loose denominational association that joins these national churches. The historical particularity of the Church of England and the contemporary diversity of the Anglican Communion create complicated implications for politics.
Introduction
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ancient Greeks were speakers of the Greek language, who first emerged as a distinct civilization in the region of the Greek peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age (before 1000 B.C.E.). They eventually came to occupy Europe and Asia from Spain in the west to Egypt in the south to India in the east.
The Greek language is an Indo-European language, meaning it is related to languages such as Irish, German, Latin, French, Russian, ancient Hittite, and the dialects of Iran and India. All these languages derive from one postulated original language called *Proto-Indo-European (the * means that the language has never been encountered but is a theoretical reconstruction). The relation-ships among these languages were studied by the Grimm brothers, the same men who collected German fairy tales. They noted that several languages used very similar words to express the same concept, leading them to conclude that these languages evolved from a common ancestor. For example, the word for father in Latin is pater, in Greek patêr, in Vedic (India) pitar, in Irish athair (the p has dropped off), in German Vater, and in English, of course, father. The Greeks were descendants of this large linguistic family, and the Greeks themselves are therefore related to many other inhabitants of ancient and modern Europe, Persia, and India.
Location of Greek Civilization and Environmental Setting
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The geography of ancient Greece is a far grander and more complex issue than in modern times. Although the Greek mainland, the island of Crete, and the Cycladic islands started out as the core of ancient Greece, relocation and colonization brought the Greeks all over the ancient world. By 1100 B.C.E., the Greeks had settled on Cyprus and the western coast of Asia Minor (now known as Turkey), including the islands off its coast. By the eighth century, they had settled off the western coast of Italy, and from there they slowly progressed into much of southern Italy and Sicily. Farther west, the Greeks colonized southern France. To the east, they established cities along the Black Sea and in the Ukraine. Under Alexander the Great, they conquered and settled Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and even parts of India. Discussing the geography of ancient Greece, then, can be a tricky topic. This book will discuss the Greek mainland, Greek islands, and Asia Minor—the core area of the Greeks’ world.