bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development‐related changes in the expression of shear stress responsive genes KLF‐2, ET‐1, and NOS‐3 in the developing cardiovascular system of chicken embryos
Authors: Groenendijk Bianca C.W. , Hierck Beerend P. , Gittenberger‐de Groot Adriana C. , Poelmann Robert E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBlood flow patterns play an important role in cardiovascular development, as changes can cause congenital heart malformations. Shear stress is positively correlated to blood flow. Therefore, it is likely that shear stress is also involved in cardiac development. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of ET‐1, NOS‐3, and KLF‐2 mRNA in a series of developmental stages of the chicken embryo. These genes are reported to be shear responsive. It has been demonstrated that KLF‐2 is confined to areas of high shear stress in the adult human aorta. From in vitro studies, it is known that ET‐1 is down‐regulated by shear stress, whereas NOS‐3 is up‐regulated. Therefore, we expect ET‐1 to be low or absent and NOS‐3 to be high at sites where KLF‐2 expression is high. Our study shows that, in the early stages, expression patterns are mostly not shear stress‐related, whereas during development, this correlation becomes stronger. We demonstrate overlapping expression patterns of KLF‐2 and NOS‐3 in the narrow parts of the cardiovascular system, like the cardiac inflow tract, the atrioventricular canal, outflow tract, and in the early stages in the aortic sac and the pharyngeal arch arteries. In these regions, the expression patterns of KLF‐2 and NOS‐3 exclude that of ET‐1. Our results suggest that, in the embryonic cardiovascular system, KLF‐2 is expressed in regions of highest shear stress, and that ET‐1 and NOS‐3 expression, at least in the later stages, is related to shear stress. Developmental Dynamics 230:57–68, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
XIdax, an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway, is required for anterior neural structure formation in Xenopus
Authors: Michiue Tatsuo , Fukui Akimasa , Yukita Akira , Sakurai Kenji , Danno Hiroki , Kikuchi Akira , Asashima Makoto 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWnt signaling pathways are involved during various stages in the development of many species. In Xenopus, the accumulation of β‐catenin on the dorsal side of embryo is required for induction of the organizer, while the head structure formation requires inhibition of Wnt signaling. Here, we report a role for xIdax, a negative regulator of Wnt signaling. XIdax is expressed in neural tissues at the neurula stage, and in the restricted region of the tadpole brain. Ectopic expression of xIdax inhibits the target gene expression, suggesting that xIdax can inhibit canonical Wnt signaling. To examine the function of xIdax, a morpholino oligo for xIdax (xIdaxMO) was designed. An injection into an animal pole cell caused a loss of forebrain. The anterior neural marker expression is decreased in xIdaxMO‐injected embryo, suggesting that xIdax is required for anterior neural development. Moreover, a negative regulator that acts downstream of xIdax rescued this defect. We propose that Idax functions are dependent on the canonical Wnt pathway and are crucial for the anterior neural development. Developmental Dynamics 230:79–90, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐enhancing effects of exposure to thin‐body images
Authors: Joshi Ramona , Herman C. Peter , Polivy Janet 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the effect of thin‐body media images on mood, self‐esteem, and self‐image ratings of restrained and unrestrained eaters. A secondary purpose was to examine whether these effects were influenced by exposure duration.MethodUnder the guise of a perception study, participants were exposed to thin‐body or control advertisements (e.g., perfume bottles) for either 7 or 150 ms and then completed a questionnaire packet.ResultsRestrained eaters reported more favorable self‐image and social self‐esteem (but not appearance self‐esteem) scores after exposure to thin‐body images than after exposure to control advertisements. The self‐image and social self‐esteem scores of unrestrained eaters were unaffected by advertisement type, but their appearance self‐esteem scores were lower after exposure to thin‐body advertisements. No differences were found for mood ratings and total self‐esteem.DiscussionWe discuss restraint status as a moderator of the effects of thin‐body images on women's body image. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 333–341, 2004.
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: An empirical analysis of clinical significance
Authors: Lundgren Jennifer D. , Danoff‐Burg Sharon , Anderson Drew A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this review was to assess the clinical significance of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa using the reliable change index and normative comparison analyses.MethodFifteen treatment outcome studies using either individual or group cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa were selected for inclusion.ResultsResults suggest that cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa produces clinically significant change for many treatment outcome measures when using the reliable change index. However, posttreatment symptomatology is rarely within a normative range when examined with normative comparison analyses.DiscussionThis review provides a first step in examining the clinical significance of treatment for bulimia nervosa. Future studies should further this work by comparing the clinical significance of different types of treatment for bulimia nervosa using additional assessment measures. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 262–274, 2004.
Sleep variables in anorexia nervosa: Evolution with weight restoration
Authors: Pieters Guido , Theys Paul , Vandereycken Walter , Leroy Bart , Peuskens Joseph 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveStudies on sleep patterns in anorexia nervosa (AN) have yielded inconsistent results. Therefore, we have studied the evolution of subjective and objective sleep characteristics in AN patients before and after weight restoration.MethodThirty‐four severely underweight AN inpatients of the restrictive subtype had a polysomnographic sleep registration at the time of admission and after weight restoration. Subjective sleep quality was also measured with self‐report instruments.ResultsObjective sleep variables did not change with weight restoration, whereas subjective quality of sleep did improve. Percentage of underweight at admission and amount of slow wave sleep were predictors of the length of time required for weight restoration.DiscussionThe finding that weight restoration does not affect polysomnographic sleep variables in AN patients seems to contradict previous studies. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 342–347, 2004.
The sociocultural attitudes towards appearance scale‐3 (SATAQ‐3): Development and validation
Authors: Thompson J. Kevin , van den Berg Patricia , Roehrig Megan , Guarda Angela S. , Heinberg Leslie J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this investigation was to develop and validate a revision of a widely used measure of societal influences on body image and eating disturbances—the Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ).MethodTwo independent samples of college females completed a revision and extension of the SATAQ and factor analyses were conducted to determine the underlying structure of the revised scale.ResultsFactor analyses indicated two distinct internalization factors: one appeared to reflect a generic media influence related to TV, magazines, and movies. A second factor clearly reflected internalization of athletic and sports figures. Two other factors, reflecting media pressures and media as an informational source, also emerged. Another widely used measure of thin‐ideal internalization, the Ideal Body Internalization Scale‐Revised (IBIS‐R), was included in factor analyses to determine its empirical relationship with the revised SATAQ. None of the IBIS‐R items loaded with any of the internalization items or items reflective of media pressures or information. Instead, the IBIS‐R appeared to tap into an awareness of appearance norms dimension. The SATAQ‐3 subscales had excellent convergent validity with measures of body image and eating disturbance. Eating‐disturbed and eating‐disordered samples had higher scores on SATAQ‐3 subscales than a control sample.DiscussionThe SATAQ‐3 measures multiple aspects of a societal influence and should prove useful for basic risk factor work as well as for gauging the efficacy of prevention and treatment programs. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 293–304, 2004.
Selective mood‐induced body image disparagement and enhancement effects: Are they due to cognitive priming or subjective mood?
Authors: Rotenberg Ken J. , Taylor Daniel , Davis Ron 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe study evaluated the effects of mood induction procedures on body image.MethodEighty female undergraduates participated in combinations of two valences (negative vs. positive) and two types (self‐referent vs. other‐referent) of mood induction procedures (MIPs). A measure of subjective mood and seven measures of body image were administered before and after the MIPs.ResultsIndividuals in the self‐referent MIP who had high negative body image at the pretest demonstrated increases in negative body image after exposure to the negative valence MIP (a disparagement effect) and decreases in negative body image after exposure to the positive valence MIP (an enhancement effect). This pattern was not evident in the other‐referent MIP. Also, changes in negative body image were not appreciably associated with changes in subjective mood.DiscussionThe findings yielded support for the cognitive priming hypothesis but not for the subjective mood hypothesis. Further means of examining the cognitive priming hypothesis were outlined. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 317–332, 2004.
The assessment of body image investment: An extensive revision of the appearance schemas inventory
Authors: Cash Thomas F. , Melnyk Susan E. , Hrabosky Joshua I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe Appearance Schemas Inventory (ASI) is a 14‐item instrument that assesses body image investment in relation to certain beliefs or assumptions about the importance, meaning, and influence of appearance in one's life. Despite empirical support of the ASI, critical examination evinces several limitations of this assessment. These problems entail the inclusion of explicitly self‐evaluative items and social stereotypes, few behavioral items, and a repeated failure to find expected gender differences on the ASI.MethodWe initially constructed a 45‐item measure (40 new items plus 5 original items) and administered it, along with the original ASI and other validational assessments, to 603 college students (468 women and 135 men).ResultsThe end result was a 20‐item revision of the inventory (ASI‐R), which included two factors: Self‐Evaluative Salience and Motivational Salience. For both genders, the composite ASI‐R and its two factors had high internal consistency and were significantly convergent with other pertinent measures of body image and psychosocial functioning. The ASI‐R and its two subscales showed significant gender differences, whereas the original ASI did not. We also examined racial differences on the ASI‐R, its correlations with body mass, and its unique contribution to the prediction of disturbed eating attitudes.DiscussionWe offer this measure as an improved, psychometrically sound replacement for the ASI. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 305–316, 2004.
A survey of binge eating and obesity treatment practices among primary care providers
Authors: Crow Scott J. , Peterson Carol B. , Levine Allen S. , Thuras Paul , Mitchell James E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectivesObesity is an increasingly prevalent condition and many obese individuals binge eat. It is unclear how much knowledge physicians possess regarding binge eating, but the limited existing data suggest that primary care physicians frequently do not identify obesity as a clinical problem. The objective of this study was to examine physician knowledge and treatment recommendations regarding binge eating and obesity.MethodA survey on binge eating and obesity assessment and treatment was mailed to 700 licensed physicians. The survey was returned by 272 (38.9%) respondents.ResultsGreater than 40% of physicians never assessed binge eating. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated “often or always” by 36.2% of physicians and “rarely or never” by 39.7%. The pattern of obesity treatment methods offered by providers was quite different from the pattern of treatment requested by their patients. Physicians who made higher estimates of binge eating prevalence were more likely to make treatment referrals.DiscussionIn this study, physicians frequently did not assess binge eating. Only a minority of physicians utilize BMI in the assessment and management of obesity. Also, physicians report that the obesity treatments they recommend differ from the treatments patients request of them. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 348–353, 2004.
Relation of binge eating age of onset to functional aspects of binge eating in binge eating disorder
Authors: Binford Roslyn B. , Pederson Mussell Melissa , Peterson Carol B. , Crow Scott J. , Mitchell James E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined whether age of binge eating onset in binge eating disorder (BED) is related to affective binge eating antecedents and consequences.MethodParticipants included women (N = 44) with BED who participated in a group cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) study. Measures included the Eating Hedonics Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Negative Emotionality factor, Restraint Scale, Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire Restraint factor, and Eating Behaviors‐IV. Participants were classified according to reported age of binge eating onset, with early onset defined as ≤13 years (EOB; n = 25) and later onset >13 years (LOB; n = 19).ResultsCompared with LOB, EOB was associated with reductions in postbinge subjective anxiety, but not depression.DiscussionThis study suggested that EOB in BED may be associated with binge eating as an affective means of coping, particularly with anxiety, and further supported age of binge eating onset as a clinically meaningful way to delineate BED subclassifications. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 286–292, 2004.
Why do slim women consider themselves too heavy? A characterization of adult women considering their body weight as too heavy
Authors: Kjærbye‐Thygesen Anette , Munk Christian , Ottesen Bent , Krüger Kjær Susanne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize women who, in spite of a low body mass index (BMI), considered themselves too heavy.MethodOf 11,905 women (27–38 years of age), we focused on 2,443 nonpregnant women with a low BMI (18.5–21.0 kg/m2), who considered their weight acceptable or too heavy. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire. By multiple logistic regression we examined associations between lifestyle and health variables and the risk of considering own body weight too heavy.ResultsApproximately 10 % considered their body weight too heavy. Risk factors included early severe life events, young age at start of risky lifestyle behaviors, weight fluctuation, self‐reported lifetime history of eating disorders, perception of too heavy workload, and poor physical form and self‐rated health. Body dissatisfaction decreased with increasing age.DiscussionOur results indicate that body dissatisfaction is established in childhood and adolescence. It is unknown if this body dissatisfaction influences the life of the women, but it might influence the values they pass on to their children. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 275–285, 2004.
Cluster Growth Reactions with Selenido‐Carbonyl Clusters − Synthesis, Characterisation and Theoretical Study of the Dimetallic closo Clusters [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(L)2] (L = Phosphane) and of the Donor‐Acceptor Adduct [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7{P(CH2Ph)Ph2}2]
Authors: Cauzzi Daniele , Graiff Claudia , Pattacini Roberto , Predieri Giovanni , Tiripicchio Antonio , Kahlal Samia , Saillard Jean‐Yves 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe open‐triangular, nido clusters of the type [Ru3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)7(L)2] (L = PPh3, PPh2(OMe), PPh2(Me), P(p‐MeO‐C6H4)3] react at room temperature with [W(CO)3(MeCN)3] to give the dimetallic closo clusters [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(L)2]. When L is P(CH2Ph)Ph2 the donor‐acceptor adduct [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7{P(CH2Ph)Ph2}2] is obtained where the nido cluster [Ru3(μ3‐Se)2(CO)7(L)2] interacts with the fragment W(CO)5 through a selenido ligand. DFT calculations, performed on the model species [WRu3(μ4‐Se)2(μ‐CO)4(CO)6(PH3)2] and [(CO)5W(μ4‐Se)Ru3(μ3‐Se)(CO)7(PH3)2], showed that the computed total energy of the latter is 1.1 eV lower than that of the former. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Tellurated Schiff Bases Formed from {2‐[(4‐Methoxyphenyl)telluro]ethyl}amine and Bis(2‐aminoethyl) Telluride with o‐Hydroxyacetophenone: Synthesis and Complexation Reactions with HgII, PdII and RuII − Crystal Structures of the Ligands, [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl{H2NCH2CH2TeC6H4‐4‐OCH3}]Cl·H2O and [RuCl{4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐O−}]
Authors: Kumar P. Raghavendra , Singh Ajai K. , Butcher R. J. , Sharma P. , Toscano R. A. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract{2‐[(4‐Methoxyphenyl)telluro]ethyl}amine and bis(2‐aminoethyl) telluride on treatment with o‐hydroxyacetophenone gave the Schiff bases 4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2N=C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L1) and 2‐HOC6H4(CH3)C=NCH2CH2TeCH2CH2N=C(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L3), respectively. The reduction of L1 and L3 with NaBH4 resulted in 4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L2) and 2‐HOC6H4(CH3)CHNHCH2CH2TeCH2CH2NHCH(CH3)C6H4‐2‐OH (L4), respectively, which have 1 or 2 chiral centers. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of L1 to L4 were found to be characteristic. Treatment of L1 with [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2 resulted in [Ru(p‐cymene)(4‐MeOC6H4TeCH2CH2NH2)Cl]Cl·H2O (1) whereas in the reaction of L2 with [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2]2, the p‐cymene ligand is lost resulting in [RuCl(L2‐H)] (4). The reactions of L1, L3 and L4 with HgBr2 resulted in complexes of the type [HgBr2·(L)2] while Na2PdCl4 reacted with L1 to give [PdCl(L1‐H)]. The solid‐state structures of L1, L3, 1 and 4 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The very swift formation of the tellurated amine from a tellurated Schiff base (L1) by hydrolysis has been observed for the first time and has resulted in 1. The Ru−N and Ru−Te bond lengths in 1 are 2.142(3) and 2.6371 (4) Å, respectively. The replacement of the p‐cymene ligand with a hybrid organotellurium ligand (L2‐H), resulting in 4, is also a first example of its kind. The Ru center in 4 has a square‐planar geometry, with the Ru−N, Ru−Te, Ru−O and Ru−Cl bond lengths being 2.041(6), 2.4983(8), 2.058(5) and 2.308(2) Å, respectively. In the crystals of 4 there are secondary intermolecular Te···Cl interactions and intermolecular N−H···O hydrogen bonds. This is the first example in which coordinated Te in a complex is engaged in two intermolecular secondary interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Hydroxo and Oxo Complexes of Platinum(II) Stabilized by Phosphanes: Synthesis and Characterization − X‐ray Structures of cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2(NO3)2 (L = PMe2Ph, PMePh2) and [{cis‐(PMe2Ph)2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]Cl2
Authors: Longato Bruno , Bandoli Giuliano , Dolmella Alessandro 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe dinuclear hydroxo complexes cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2(NO3)2 (L = PMe2Ph and PMePh2) have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, and their reactivity towards chloride ions has been investigated. Reaction of cis‐[L2Pt(μ‐OH)]2X2 (L = PMe3, PMe2Ph; X = NO3−, ClO4−) with (NEt4)Cl·H2O or (AsPh4)Cl, in a 1:2 molar ratio, afforded a mixture of cis‐[L2PtCl2] and [{cis‐L2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]2+ in ca. equimolar amounts. The trinuclear oxo compounds, separated by fractional crystallization of the reaction mixtures, were fully characterized by spectroscopic techniques, and the derivative [{cis‐(PMe2Ph)2Pt}3(μ‐O)2]Cl2 was also characterized by X‐ray diffraction methods. Under the same experimental conditions, the structurally analogous hydroxo complex, stabilized by the less basic and more hindered PMePh2 ligand, reacted with Cl− to give cis‐[(PMePh2)2PtCl2] as the only isolable species. The 31P NMR spectroscopic analysis of the reaction mixtures allowed the detection of a moderately stable product, which is most likely to be the neutral hydroxo complex cis‐[L2PtCl(OH)]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of (Diphenyldipyrazolylmethane)copper Complexes as Possible Precursors to Type I Blue Copper Protein Active Site Models
Authors: Shaw Janet L. , Cardon Thomas B. , Lorigan Gary A. , Ziegler Christopher J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA series of copper complexes employing the neutral, bidentate, pyrazole‐based ligand diphenyldipyrazolylmethane was synthesized and fully characterized by various techniques, including elemental analysis, EPR, and structure elucidation by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures of compounds 3−8 reveal variable coordination environments at the copper center, ranging from square pyramidal to tetrahedral, depending on the steric bulk at the pyrazole periphery and on the identity of the counterion. Cyclic voltammetry data on these compounds show a positively shifted reduction potential as compared to those observed employing the negatively charged pyrazolylborates or β‐diketiminates. These results indicate that these compounds may lead to (thiol)copper complexes that more accurately reproduce the reduction potentials observed during electron‐transfer processes in blue copper proteins. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Systematic Investigation of PPV Analogue Oligomers Incorporating Low‐Coordinate Phosphorus Centres
Authors: Smith Rhett C. , Protasiewicz John D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSterically‐encumbered ligands tethered to conjugated segments have been developed and employed in concert with existing bulky ligands to prepare a series of phospha‐PPV oligomers. A study of the variation of λπ‐π* values along this series indicates that low‐coordinate phosphorus centres can support conjugation across extended systems, and generally confirms the expected red shift across the series from all‐carbon oligomers to phosphaalkenes to diphosphenes. These findings provide experimental evidence that low‐coordinate phosphorus centres are in fact capable of supporting electronic communication across extended π conjugated systems. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Determination of the Solvothermal Synthesis Mechanism of Metal Imidazolates by X‐ray Single‐Crystal Studies of a Photoluminescent Cadmium(II) Imidazolate and Its Intermediate Involving Piperazine
Authors: Tian Yun‐Qi , Xu Li , Cai Chen‐Xin , Wei Ji‐Chong , Li Yi‐Zhi , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: March 2004

AbstractCadmium(II) imidazolate (3), with a twofold interpenetrating diamondoid net, was obtained in a manner similar to cobalt(II) imidazolate. In the process, a crystallized intermediate involving piperazine (2), which was suitable for X‐ray single crystal study, was isolated. Based on the composition of 2, a mechanism for the solvothermal synthesis of metal imidazolates was proposed. 3: a = 9.931(2), b = 10.739(2), c = 14.622(3) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, orthorhombic, Pcab; 2: a = 8.243(2), b = 9.883(2), c = 12.471(3) Å, α = 107.89(3)°, β = 92.56(3)°, γ = 100.87(3)°, triclinic, P$\bar 1$
. Both compounds are photoluminescent with λmax = 459 nm for 3 and 444 nm for 2; they also display quenching of the fluorescence with τ ≈︁ 5 ns. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)