bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of Mice and Men Evolution in East and South Africa during Plio-Pleistocene Times
Authors: Denys Christiane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mice and men are often associated in Plio-Pleistocene sites of Africa. Mice belong to the most abundant order of mammals (Rodents) and are representatives of the most successful family of tropical rodents, the Muridae. In addition to the Muridae, tropical Africa has an impressive record of endemic rodent families and genera. Some of the representatives of Muridae have followed humans, like Rattus and Mus. It is less widely known that in Africa some other Muridae, such as Mastomys and Arvicanthis, are commensal. In western Europe and in North America important and extensive changes in the distribution of rodents during the last glaciations have been well described. In Africa, neither these events, their causes, nor their passive versus active dispersal have yet been established. For the Plio-Pleistocene faunas of East and South Africa, Denys (1989d, 1990a) has discussed an important distribution change in Jaculus and some murid species. Kowalski et al. (1989) showed an important shift toward the north in the distribution of savanna rodents, birds, and reptiles at around 120,000 years BP. The research on the dispersal of rodent taxa was not exhaustive and was limited to Late Pleistocene times or to the Holocene of South Africa. The suggested causes of dispersal events have been discussed by Foley (this volume) and Vrba (1992, this volume). According to Vrba, the habitat theory suggests that climate and habitat specificity play a prominent role and minimize interspecific competition and its effects.
Plio-Pleistocene Floral Context and Habitat Preferences of Sympatric Hominid Species in East Africa
Authors: Sikes Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural relationships between the carbon in terrestrial plants, soil organic matter, and pedogenic carbonates and between the oxygen in rainfall and pedogenic carbonates are sensitive indicators of the isotopic paleoecology of early hominid sites. Although the history of stable carbon and oxygen isotopic research on buried soils (paleosols) from hominoid and early hominid fossil localities in East Africa is only 20 years old, this method is well established in paleoanthropology as an independent means for reconstructing local and basinwide paleoenvironments. The available isotopic data, reviewed herein, from East African fossil localities do not show a dramatic change in the proportion of tropical C4 grasses to woody C3 vegetation coinciding with hominid speciation events about 5.5 or 2.5 m.y. (e.g., Brain, 1981a; Vrba, 1985c), or with the beginning of the archaeological record near 2.5 my. (e.g., Kibunjia, 1994). Likewise, the isotopic evidence suggests that early hominid floral habitats were more closed than previously assumed, and along with recent research in other fields, questions whether there was a dominant association between Plio-Pleistocene hominids and open C4 savanna grasslands.
International Human Rights Law In The AIDS Pandemic
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although human rights and public health present complementary approaches to advancing peoples’ well-being, only recently has human rights discourse begun to encompass health-related entitlements. Many reasons exist for this. Perhaps the primary reason, how ever, involves the evolution of state responsibility for promoting and protecting human rights. Human rights doctrine has always held that “[s]ince human rights and fundamental freedoms are indivisible, the full realization of civil and political rights without the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights is impossible” (Proclamation of Teheran, 1968). As the concept of state responsibility for violations developed, debate ensued over the appropriate nature of accountability. The result was a hierarchy of claims, that is, a ranking of rights by enforceability. Because states observe economic and social rights by pursuing certain objectives, rather than by adhering to immediately identifiable standards, rights such as health came to be seen by some as a long-term goal rather than an entitlement. Recent efforts to fully define and analyze the right to health and its relationship to other human rights result from the renewed recognition that all human rights constitute entitlements and are, moreover, inextricably interlinked (Jamar, 1994; Leary, 1994; Mann, Gostin, et al., 1994).
International human rights is a complex and evolving body of law. This chapter sets forth its basic structure, its relevant instruments, and its implementation and enforcement mechanisms. This review is intended not to be comprehensive, but rather to acquaint the reader with the basic concepts of human rights law. A more detailed description will follow of some of the human rights that are most relevant to attaining and advancing individuals’ physical and mental well-being. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the issues that continue to influence the development of human rights law.
Case Studies Raising Critical Questions In HIV Policy And Research: Balancing Public Health Benefits And Human Rights Burdens
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, we present three case studies that raise critical questions regarding HIV policy and research. Using the Human Rights Impact Assessment outlined in Chapter 3, we balance the public health benefits and human rights burdens. Because the exercise is intended to challenge the reader with some of the complex policy and research questions facing policymakers, scientists, and public health professionals, we intentionally avoid arriving at a “correct” answer. The Human Rights Impact Assessment tool is applied to (1) sort and distill the issues; (2) clarify whether the policy would achieve a valid public health objective; (3) identify the potential risks, detriments, and impacts on human rights; and (4) guide the search for less restrictive, more effective, alternatives.
What is Shame? Some Core Issues and Controversies
Authors: Gilbert Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has changed since Helen Lewis (1987a) wrote of shame as the “hidden emotion” and the “sleeper in psychopathology.” Indeed, over the last 10 to 15 years shame has been subject to much research and theory, as Tangney and Fischer’s (1995) landmark volume shows. Recently, S. Miller argued that shame is now so commonly seen as “the bedrock of psychopathology” and “the gold to be mined psychotherapeutically” that there has been neglect of other emotions and their interaction with shame (1996, p. 151). But while some researchers believe there is a growing consensus about shame-what it is and how it works-this chapter voices caution. There are still many differences of view, and as Andrews (this volume, chapter 2) points out, we do not yet have the methodologies to explore these differences empirically.
Shame in the Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Retzinger Suzanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with countertransference and its relationship to emotions and the social bond. The nature of psychotherapy involves intense relationships and reciprocal bonds, with all the accompanying emotions. Shame, particularly, seems to play an important role in therapeutic relationships. The psychoanalytic literature has not provided a detailed account of the role of emotion between therapist and patient. My formulation puts emotion at the center. The identification of shame cues may provide a tool for psychotherapists.
Country, Park, & City
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After beginning his architectural career in England, Calvert Vaux came to America in 1850 at the invitation of architect Andrew Jackson Downing. In 1852, he moved to New York City and asked Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect, to join him in preparing a design for Central Park. During the next thirty-eight years in New York, Vaux defended and refined his vision of Central Park and pursued a distinguished architectural practice. After the Civil War, he and Olmsted led the nascent American park movement with their designs for parks in many American cities. And as a pioneering advocate for apartment houses in American cities, Vaux designed buildings that mirrored the advance of urbanization in America, including early model-housing for the poor. His works also include many Gothic and Palladian style dwellings, the original portions of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the American Museum of Natural History, and a stunning proposal for a vast iron and glass building to house the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia. Most notable, perhaps, are the many bridges and other structures that he designed for Central Park. This book is the first in-depth study of Vaux’s life and work.
Always Light-Armed, Cheerful, And Ready For A Run To The Nearest Summit 1873-1880
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After June 4, 1873, when Vaux resigned his position as consulting landscape architect to the Department of Public Parks, he had no official association with New York’s parks until the following decade. Olmsted, however, served as the landscape architect from 1873 until January 1878, when the department abolished his position, and Mould retained his post until May 1875.With the dissolution of Olmsted,Vaux & Company, Olmsted moved his office from 110 Broadway to a room in his house at 209 West 46th Street, where he tended to his personal clients.Vaux must have been touched to see his own picture, together with those of Ruskin and other notables, on Olmsted’s office mantelpiece.WhenVaux and others came to visit, they were often greeted by the sight of their workaholic friend tending to business in this downstairs room. Only later would he abandon his desk for conversation upstairs in the living room. Vaux retained his office at the old address until 1877, when he moved to 71 Broadway, and later, in 1884, to Bible House on Astor Place. Wisedell continued to assist both men, helping Olmsted especially with the design of ornamental walls around the grounds of the U.S. Capitol. And throughout the 1870s and 1880s, Vaux relied on the services of George K. Radford, the able engineer with whom he and Olmsted had worked on many projects.
A School Of Romanticists Even Then Fast Vanishing 1881-1895
Authors: Kowsky Francis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By1881,Vaux could look back on 30 years of success and near success. While much work and many challenges lay ahead, over the next decade and a half he would see his name eclipsed by others, especially as America became enamored of modern Neoclassicism. But a taste for Roman monumentality was not in Vaux’s makeup, and until his death in 1895, he remained true to the ideals of naturalism in landscape design and to picturesque expression in building. When Olmsted moved to Brookline, Massachusetts, in 1881 (he told Vaux that it “would be Hell” for him to stay living in NewYork),Vaux must have felt that indeed an era had ended in his life. Vaux was to continue to concern himself with the parks that he and Olmsted had designed together, and from time to time he would prepare plans for significant new pleasure grounds with his old partner. Especially after 1888, when Vaux became landscape architect with the Department of Public Parks, a post that he held until his death in November 1895, he had the opportunity to fulfill his desire to plan for the city he loved many new small parks and squares. Much of this work was done with his devoted protege, Samuel Parsons Jr., who became Vaux’’s professional partner in 1880. The son of a well-known Flushing, Long Island, nurseryman, Parsons came to study landscape architecture with Vaux after graduating from Yale in 1862 and having worked for a time in his father’s business. Assisting Parsons, Radford, and Vaux was the architect’s son Downing, who by the beginning of the 1880s, after completing his degree at Columbia, had determined on a career in architecture and landscape architecture under his father’s tutelage.
Data Sources for Public Health
Authors: Thacker Stephen B , Wetterhall Scott F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In public health, data are used for both research rend program implementation. Sources of data can be categorized as vital statistics and census, registries, public health surveillance systems, surveys of populations or providers, epidemic investigations, research studies, and program evaluations. Data used in public health may be generated specifically for public health uses or may be obtained from sources that are collected for other purposes (e.g., workers’ compensation or the Hazardous Materials Information Systems of the Department of Transportation). In this chapter, each of these types of data sources will be defined and illustrated. The strengths and weaknesses of each data source will be evaluated for specific uses. Applications of data to public health will be illustrated, and data issues of particular interest (e.g., confidentiality) will be discussed. Finally, new directions in data use in public health (e.g., informatics) and new data sources [e.g., managed care organizations (MCO)] will be addressed.
The Scleroderma Book
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An autoimmune disease in the family with Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Polymyositis, Scleroderma afflicts hundreds of thousands of people in the United States. And yet there are very few sources of information for men and women with this disease. Now, in The Scleroderma Book, one of the nation's leading authorities provides a comprehensive guide written specifically for patients and their families. Dr. Maureen Mayes has drawn on her extensive experience treating scleroderma to provide up-to-date, practical information that will help patients manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life. Dr. Mayes begins with an easily accessible description of the basic facts, distinguishing between the many manifestations of the disease, ranging from localized scleroderma (small patches of hardened skin, most common in children, which tend to clear up over time) to systemic scleroderma, which can attack the lungs, the kidneys, and the blood vessels, and can be life threatening. Equally important, she offers sympathetic and reassuring advice on matters that often concern patients, such as the best course of action for those who want children, what to do if the disease affects your sex life, and what you can do to help your doctor treat your illness more effectively. The book concludes with a good-humored, frank discussion about how to cope, day in and day out, with an uncertain future--how to be a "person living with" scleroderma, not a "victim suffering from" it. Touching on virtually every aspect of this disorder, The Scleroderma Book can be used as a reliable source of information and reassurance for patients of any age and no matter how severe their form of the disease.
Epidemiology of Scleroderma Numbers of Patients, Occupational Links, and Environmental Concerns
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many scleroderma patients are there in the United States? There has been some confusion and controversy over this number in the past. Studies of scleroderma have been hindered by the following three factors: (1) scleroderma is an uncommon condition, (2) the diagnosis can be difficult to make with certainty (the classification criteria were established only in 1980), and (3) until fairly recently there were few researchers interested in studying this disease. Epidemiology is the study of the pattern of disease occurrence, that is, the prevalence of disease (the total number of cases) the incidence of the disease (how many new cases occur each year), and whether the condition is becoming more or less common.
Scleroderma and the Heart
Authors: Mayes Maureen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scleroderma can affect the heart in several ways. In some cases, heart rhythm can be affected. This is demonstrated by a slow or irregular heartbeat or by an abnormality that is seen only on an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). In these cases, the approach to treatment involves either medication to help keep the heartbeat regular or a pacemaker to over-ride the natural electrical system that controls the heartbeat. Heart rhythm is controlled by an electrical conduction system comprised of specialized cells that generate an electrical current to stimulate the heart muscle to contract in a smooth and regular way. There is a complex system of re-flexes that tells the heart to speed up (as with exercise) or to slow down (as with rest), but there is only one electrical system that sends signals to both sides of the heart so that all four chambers contract or pump in a synchronized fashion.
Prevention of Osteoporosis and Management of Menopause with Hormone Replacement Therapy
Authors: Lane Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevention of osteoporosis means prevention of low bone mass. Since bone mass at any age, at least until the age of 75, depends largely on the peak bone mass obtained at age 25, prevention should focus on anything that can increase peak bone mass. The problem is that the major determinants of peak bone mass are unchangeable, and the value of factors such as nutrition and exercise is uncertain. Even if we could identify, at the age of 13 or earlier, girls who are destined to become osteoporotic and those who will fracture, we probably could not persuade them to change their lifestyle or accept a therapy to prevent a disease from occurring 50 years later. Also, although we believe that lifestyle factors are important in determining bone mass and rates of osteoporotic fractures, we are not sure that lifestyle changes will prevent osteoporosis. For these reasons and others, prevention is focused on preventing the bone loss that occurs with menopause, when osteoporosis is diagnosed, or when an individual becomes inactive and risks developing osteoporosis. Most of the interventions involve hormones.
Lully Is Granted A Monopoly On Opera In French
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French court was indirectly involved in the creation of opera by virtue of the marriage of Maria de’ Medici with Henry IV of France in 1600, an event that was marked, as we have seen (pp. 11 ff. above), by the performance in Florence of Peri’s L’Euridice (1600), the first opera ever to be produced in public. In 1603 and again in 1604-5, after the queen had settled in Paris, Giulio Caccini, along with his singing daughters, was invited to perform for the French in the Palais Royal that is above the stage, such elevation being feasible with out prejudice to the symmetry of the said Palais, and without touching any of the Apartments that are in the said hall. It also requests that some beams which are broken and on the point of falling down be changed before the work there is commenced, because it would be impossible to build any machines there with safety. There are at either side of the Arch of the Stage two stone pillars that serve no function, and that on the contrary greatly obstruct the space for the Scenery: His Majesty is most humbly entreated to grant permission to remove them and make use of the stone for the said elevation of the Stage’s walls. All this with the stipulation that the Places and works proposed shall first be visited by the Officers of His Majesty’s buildings, and approved by my Lord Colbert.
Saint-Évremond’s Views On Opera
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writings of Charles de Saint-Evremond (1613-1703)1 who has been called the most civilized man of his century, enjoyed a great popularity in the early 1700s, undergoing several editions, all of them posthumous. His famous letter on operas (addressed to the second Duke of Buckingham and here given in the English version of 1728) summarizes most of the opinions on the subject current in Paris before the rise of Lully’s tragedies en musique. Saint Evremond himself had been obliged to flee Paris in 16611 having compromised himself politically, and spent the rest of his long life in London. His letter therefore, which may have been drafted as early as 1661 and was probably written mostly in 1669-70, can only have reflected a limited personal experience of Italian opera. The works he almost certainly saw performed in Paris were those promoted by Cardinal Mazarin: Sacrati’s La finta pazza (1645), Cavalli’s Egisto (1646), Orfeo (1647) by Luigi Rossi (the composer referred to below as Luigi), Le nozze di Peleo e di Teti (1654) by Carlo Caproli, and Cavalli’s Xerse (1660). He also probably knew the Pastorate d’lssy (1659), an early precursor of opera in French, with music by Robert Cambert (who was later to join him in exile in England).
Metastasio On Setting Dramatic Recitative To Music
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attilio Regolo was Metastasio’s eighteenth dramma per musica, a relatively late work. Written in 1740, it was withdrawn shortly before the premiere, owing to the sudden death of Emperor Charles VI. Ten years passed before it finally appeared, not in Vienna but at the Saxon court theater in Dresden, and set to new music by Johann Adolf Hasse. It was Metastasio’s favorite among all his dramas; and indeed it enjoyed a career of its own as a spoken tragedy, remaining high in the estimate of critics down to the present. Perhaps because of its uncompromisingly elevated tone, its lack of spectacle, and, not least, its tragic ending, it failed to attract the swarm of composers who invariably reset the other Metastasio dramas over and over again; Attilio Regolo was set to music only four times in all. It tells the story of Atilius Regulus, the legendary Roman hero in the first Punic War; twice consul, then victorious general against the Carthaginians, he fell prisoner to them at last and was sent back to Rome to negotiate peace on condition that, should he fail, he would surrender again to his captors. Regulus appeared before the Roman senate with the Carthaginian Hamilcar by his side. After conveying the enemy’s peace terms, he delivered an impassioned speech, urging the Romans to reject the offer and fight Carthage to the end. Then, true to his word, and disdaining pleas that he remain, he surrendered once more, was taken back to Carthage, and suffered a horrible death.
The War Of The Buffoons
Authors: Weiss Piero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The buffo style in opera was first heard outside Italy in the intermezzos brought to various European cities in the 1720s and ‘30s by the two or three singers required for their performance. When full-length opere buffe began to be exported in the late 1740s, they traveled by much the same routes with some-what bigger companies; still, following the tried and true pasticcio practice, many were cut down to the size of intermezzos and patched together with music from other operas. It was just such a repertory of miscellaneous intermezzos that Parisians heard when the impresario Eustachio Bambini, on tour in northern France with his tiny, undistinguished company, was summoned to Paris by the directors of the Opera. The Italians opened on 1 August 1752 with Pergolesi’s La serva padrona, sharing the bill with Lully’s Acis et Ga/atee performed by the regular company; the Opera orchestra accompanied both. Not immediately successful, the Buffoons (as they were soon called) adjusted to the relative vastness of the Palais Royal and, as they added other works to their repertory, began winning enthusiastic support from a part of the public.