bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Airway Distress from Endotracheal Intubation Injury in the Pediatric Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Peña Maria T. , Aujla Pawandeep K. , Choi Sukgi S. , Zalzal George H. 
Published: May 2004

OBJECTIVESTwo unusual cases of pediatric aerodigestive tract trauma postintubation with subsequent complications are described. Pediatric retropharyngeal dissection from trauma has not been reported previously.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective chart review in a pediatric tertiary care center.RESULTSA 6‐year‐old girl underwent attempted nasotracheal intubation. She sustained retropharyngeal dissection, receiving positive pressure ventilation before this injury was noted. She developed subcutaneous emphysema. The child was managed conservatively and did well. An 8‐year‐old boy sustained a 4‐cm laceration of his posterior trachea, developing pneumomediastinum after intubation. On transfer to our institution, he underwent direct laryngobronchoscopy and was reintubated with the tip of the endotracheal tube distal to the laceration. Postoperatively, the child accidentally pulled his tube and coughed, resulting in severe subcutaneous emphysema with increased pneumomediastinum. An emergent tracheotomy was performed. The patient subsequently did well.CONCLUSIONA higher index of suspicion with more careful surveillance may prevent further morbidity.
Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in a Chinese Village, 1949–1999. By Yunxiang Yan. [Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. xvi+289 pp. Hard cover $55.00, ISBN 0-8047-3309-0; paperback $19.95, ISBN 0-8047-4456-4.]
Authors: Pieke Frank N. 
Published: May 2004

When Yunxiang Yan's first book, The Flow of Gifts, was published in 1996 it was immediately clear that a new leading scholar of contemporary Chinese society had entered the scene. Yan's second book Private Life under Socialism richly delivers on the promise of his first. This new book is, in fact, very much a companion volume to The Flow of Gifts. Together, they constitute a uniquely rich ethnography of the intimate details of social life as lived and experienced in the village where Yan himself spent 15 years of his life before becoming an anthropologist. Both books draw on the same strengths of the author. The first and most obvious is his unprecedented access to and intimate understanding of his former village of residence. However, what makes for truly great ethnography here is Yan's almost uncanny ability to present often quite complex and challenging arguments in a deceptively simple and understated fashion, making the book both a major contribution to scholarship and an ideal reading assignment for students.The subject matter of the book is adequately covered by the title Private Life under Socialism. Broadly speaking, the book asks how the ways Chinese villagers perceive sexuality and romance, find their partners, marry, exercise rights over family property, establish independent families and care for the aged have changed during the reform period. In this context, other crucial issues in contemporary China are discussed: the increased wealth and consumerism, the emergence of a youth culture and employment opportunities outside the village, changes in gender roles, and the impact of government policies on private life, all of which already are the subject of a rich literature. It is a therefore a testimony to Yan's skills as an anthropologist and a writer that he manages to shed fresh light on all of these topics in almost every paragraph of this book.
Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self. By Yingchi Chu. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. xxi+184 pp. £55.00. ISBN 0-7007-1746-3.]
Authors: Fu Poshek 
Published: May 2004

The recent success of Jackie Chan, Chow Yun-fat, Jet Li, Wong Kar-wai, and John Woo in reaching a global audience, along with the enormous changes in Hong Kong since the early 1990s, has attracted a lot of critical attention to Hong Kong cinema around the world. Beginning with Stephen Teo's Hong Kong Cinema (1997) and David Bordwell's Planet Hong Kong (2000), scholarship on the cinema of Hong Kong – whether from the perspective of cultural identity, global culture, film history, or film art – has greatly expanded. Australian scholar Yingchi Chu's book, Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self, contributes to this growing trend.Hong Kong Cinema is a brief but ambitious book. In less than 150 pages, it tries to map out the entire history of the cinema, from the 1910s to developments after the 1997 takeover. The book draws on a provocative conceptual framework to provide a sweeping overview of Hong Kong cinema and offers some fascinating observations on the industry. However, the book needs further revisions to bring out its rich potential.
Conflicts between traditional pastoralism and conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans‐Himalayan mountains
Authors: Bagchi Sumanta , Mishra Charudutt , Bhatnagar Y. V. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThere is recent evidence to suggest that domestic livestock deplete the density and diversity of wild herbivores in the cold deserts of the Trans‐Himalaya by imposing resource limitations. To ascertain the degree and nature of threats faced by Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) from seven livestock species, we studied their resource use patterns over space, habitat and food dimensions in the pastures of Pin Valley National Park in the Spiti region of the Indian Himalaya. Species diet profiles were obtained by direct observations. We assessed the similarity in habitat use and diets of ibex and livestock using Non‐Metric Multidimensional Scaling. We estimated the influence of the spatial distribution of livestock on habitat and diet choice of ibex by examining their co‐occurrence patterns in cells overlaid on the pastures. The observed co‐occurrence of ibex and livestock in cells was compared with null‐models generated through Monte Carlo simulations. The results suggest that goats and sheep impose resource limitations on ibex and exclude them from certain pastures. In the remaining suitable habitat, ibex share forage with horses. Ibex remained relatively unaffected by other livestock such as yaks, donkeys and cattle. However, most livestock removed large amounts of forage from the pastures (nearly 250 kg of dry matter/day by certain species), thereby reducing forage availability for ibex. Pertinent conservation issues are discussed in the light of multiple‐use of parks and current socio‐economic transitions in the region, which call for integrating social and ecological feedback into management planning.
A second outbreak of rabies in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, demonstrating the efficacy of vaccination against natural rabies challenge
Authors: Hofmeyr Markus , Hofmeyr Declan , Nel Louis , Bingham John 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn outbreak of rabies in a pack of endangered wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in the Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa, is described. The outbreak, which occurred in early 2000, was the second outbreak of rabies in wild dogs followed their re‐introduction to the Reserve in 1995. The outbreak resulted in the death or disappearance of 10 out of 12 eight‐month‐old pups. Gene sequence analysis indicates that the virus is distinct from that of the previous, 1997, outbreak, although it falls within the same group as other canid isolates from northern South Africa. Since jackals (Canis mesomelas) are the principal host species of rabies in the area and domestic dogs do not occur in the Reserve, it is assumed that the jackal cycle was the source of the infection. Whereas the pups had not been vaccinated, the five adults, all of which survived, had each been vaccinated by the parenteral route at least twice and each had significant rabies serum neutralising antibodies. This indicates that multiple vaccination against rabies is effective in protecting wild dogs against challenge. Our findings extend previous observations that indicated failure of protection against rabies with single parenteral vaccinations in African wild dogs.
Ecological correlates of the threat of extinction in Neotropical bird species
Authors: Gage G. S. , Brooke M. de L. , Symonds M. R. E. , Wege D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPredicting the threat of extinction aids efficient distribution of conservation resources. This paper utilises a comparative macroecological approach to investigate the threat of extinction in Neotropical birds. Data on ecological variables for 1708 species are analysed using stepwise regression to produce minimum adequate models, first using raw species values and then using independent contrasts (to control for phylogenetic effects). The models differ, suggesting phylogeny has significant effects. The raw species analysis reveals that number of zoogeographical regions occupied, elevational range and utilisation of specialised microhabitats were negatively associated with threat, while minimum elevation and body mass were positively associated, whereas the independent contrasts analysis only identifies zoogeographical regions as important. Confining the analysis to the 582 species restricted to a single zoogeographical region reveals elevational range and number of habitats occupied to be negatively correlated with threat whether the analysis is based on the raw data or on independent contrasts. Analysis of four contrasting zoogeographical regions highlights regional variation in the models. In two Andean regions the threat of extinction declines as the elevation range across which the species occurs increases. In the presence of substantial human populations on high Andean plateaus, a species with a greater elevational range may be more likely to persist at some (relatively) unsettled altitudes. In Central South America, the strongest predictor of threat is minimum elevation of occurrence: species with a lower minimum are less threatened. The minimum elevation result suggests that lowland species experiencing an ecological limit to their minimum elevation (min. elevation >0 m) may be more at risk than those not experiencing such a limit (min. elevation = 0 m). Finally, in southern Amazonia, where there is little altitudinal variation, the only weak predictors of threat are body size, larger species being more threatened, and number of habitats, species occupying more habitats being less threatened. These contrasting results emphasise the importance of undertaking extinction risk analyses at an appropriate geographical scale. Since the models explained only a low percentage of total variance in the data, the effects of human‐mediated habitat disturbance across a wide range of habitats may be important.
Genetic variability and population structure among wild Baird's tapirs
Authors: Norton James E. , Ashley Mary V. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBaird's tapir, Tapirus bairdii, is an endangered, large, Central American mammal whose shy behaviour, solitary social structure and preference for deep tropical forests make it difficult to study using traditional field biology techniques. Despite great concern regarding its conservation status, very little is known about its population structure, mating system or dispersal patterns, information needed for designing appropriate management plans. Molecular genetic approaches can be of use in obtaining such information. In this study, we developed six polymorphic microsatellite genetic markers from genomic libraries of T. bairdii and T. terrestris. Using these markers, we completed the first assessment of genetic variability and population genetic structure in Baird's tapirs. Populations from southern Costa Rica and southern Panama were found to have low levels of genetic variability (allelic content, heterozygosity) but no indication of a recent population bottleneck. Bayesian and standard (F‐statistic) analyses of genotype data indicate that the southern Costa Rican and southern Panamanian populations of Baird's tapirs were connected by some (at least one migrant per generation) gene flow prior to the destruction of intermittent habitat. These results indicate that the connection of these two populations by a MesoAmerican Biological Corridor (MBC) would be appropriate.
ACID PENETRATION INTO LIVING TISSUES
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: May 2004

The threshold concentrations for sourness of nine acids have been determined with an accuracy of about 8 per cent, and the H+ ion concentration of these acids measured.
Calculations have been made of the relative concentration gradients of the undissociated acid across the cell membrane for a series of acids having equal sourness and also for a series of acids having equal penetration velocity as determined from experiments by Crozier on Chromodoris and on Allolobophora. For solutions of equal pH a high degree of sourness has been found to be associated with a high penetration velocity of the undissociated acid or of the anion. A comparison of these gradients with the results of adsorption experiments on charcoal indicates that the acids are taken into the tissues by an adsorption process.
Polar groups such as OH and Cl and Br are found to have a very marked effect in reducing the ability of organic acids to penetrate living tissues.
The important rôle of optical activity of the acids in determining their physiological action has been noted.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY LIVER CATALASE
Authors: Williams John 
Published: May 2004

1. The velocity of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase as a function of (a) concentration of catalase, (b) concentration of hydrogen peroxide, (c) hydrogen ion concentration, (d) temperature has been studied in an attempt to correlate these variables as far as possible. It is concluded that the reaction involves primarily adsorption of hydrogen peroxide at the catalase surface.
2. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase is regarded as involving two reactions, namely, the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, which is a maximum at the optimum pH 6.8 to 7.0, and the "induced inactivation" of catalase by the "nascent" oxygen produced by the hydrogen peroxide and still adhering to the catalase surface. This differs from the more generally accepted view, namely that the induced inactivation is due to the H2O2 itself. On the basis of the above view, a new interpretation is given to the equation of Yamasaki and the connection between the equations of Yamasaki and of Northrop is pointed out. It is shown that the velocity of induced inactivation is a minimum at the pH which is optimal for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
3. The critical increment of the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by catalase is of the order 3000 calories. The critical increment of induced inactivation is low in dilute hydrogen peroxide solutions but increases to a value of 30,000 calories in concentrated solutions of peroxide.
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE GROWTH OF THE SPORANGIOPHORES OF PHYCOMYCES
Authors: Castle E. S. 
Published: May 2004

1. With constant temperature and light intensity, the rate of elongation of a sporangiophore of Phycomyces is constant for many hours.
2. With constant light intensity, values of µ, the "critical thermal increment," have been computed for the elongation of different sporangiophores. These values group themselves closely about the modes 11,000, 16,000, 20,000, 26,000, and 33,000 calories. Sporangiophores from the same culture need not have similar increments.
3. The significance of these results for studies of growth is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE MECHANICAL ACTIVITY OF THE GILLS OF THE OYSTER (OSTREA VIRGINICA Gm.)
Authors: Galtsoff Paul S. 
Published: May 2004

1. The method is described whereby the rate of flow produced by the gills of the oyster can be measured accurately.
2. The rate of doing work in maintaining a constant current along the glass tube can be expressed by the formula W = 2πlµ S2, where W = ergs/sec., l = length of the tube, µ = viscosity in poises, and S = speed at the axis of the tube.
3. The relationship between the rate of doing work and the temperature cannot be described by the equation of Arrhenius.
4. The optimum temperature for the mechanical activity of the gills lies between 25° and 30°C. Below 5° no current is produced, though the cilia are beating. Ciliary motion stops entirely at the freezing temperature of sea water.
5. The factors responsible for the production of current are discussed. The study of the relations between the variability of the rate of flow and the temperature shows that between 15° and 25°C. the absolute variability remains constant and increases considerably above 25° and below 15°. The rôle of the coordination in the production of current is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that coordination is affected by the changes in temperature.
THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF LUMINOUS BACTERIA
Authors: Harvey E. Newton 
Published: May 2004

Oxygen consumption of luminous bacteria determined by the Thunberg micro respirometer and by the time which elapses before the luminescence of an emulsion of luminous bacteria in sea water begins to dim, when over 99 per cent of the dissolved oxygen has been consumed, agree exactly.
Average values for oxygen consumption at an average temperature of 21.5°C. are 4.26 x 10–11 mg. O2 per bacterium; 2.5 x 104 mg. per kilo and 5.6 mg. O2 per sq. m. of bacterial surface.
The only correct comparison of the oxygen consumption of different organisms or tissues is in terms of oxygen used per unit weight with a sufficient oxygen tension so that oxygen consumption is independent of oxygen tension.
Measurement of the oxygen concentration which just allows full luminescence, compared with a calculation of the oxygen concentration at the surface of a bacterial cell just necessary to allow the observed respiration throughout all parts of the cell, indicates that oxygen must diffuse into the bacterium much more slowly than through gelatin or connective tissue but not as slowly as through chitin.
COMBINATION OF SALTS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Northrop John H. , Kunitz M. 
Published: May 2004

1. The combination of Cu++, Ca++, Mg++, Al+++, La+++, K+, Ag+, and Cl- with gelatin has been determined.
2. The equivalent combining value for copper is about 0.9 millimols per gm. of gelatin and is therefore the same as that of hydrogen. The value for copper with deaminized gelatin is about 0.4 to 0.5, again the same as that of hydrogen. The sum of the hydrogen and copper ions combined in the presence of an excess of either is 0.9 millimols showing that there is an equilibrium between the copper hydrogen and gelatin and that the copper and hydrogen are attached to the same group.
3. The equivalent combining value of La+++ and Al+++ is about 0.5 millimols per gm. of gelatin. This value is not significantly different with deaminized gelatin so that it is possible these salts combine only with groups not affected by deaminization.
4. No calcium is combined on the acid side of pH 3. The value rises rapidly from pH 3 to 4.7 and then remains constant.
5. No combination of K, Li, Na, NO3 or SO4 could be detected.
6. Cl combines less than the di- and trivalent metals so that the protein is positive in CaCl2 but negative in KCl.
DRUG ACTION IN GALVANOTROPIC RESPONSES
Authors: Fries E. F. B. 
Published: May 2004

Under strychninization involving reversal of reciprocal inhibition of the circular and longitudinal muscles, planarians and earthworms show reversed, i.e., anodal, galvanotropic responses, which neither nicotine nor atropine induce (in planarians). The results strengthen the conclusion (Crozier, 1926–27) that in causing reversal of inhibition strychnine acts primarily on central synapses or on homologous elements.
Like other arthropods, on the other hand, Asellus is little affected by strychnine; no reversal occurs. Caffeine and atropine are even less effective. Nicotine evokes abnormal posture and movements, perhaps reversed, but no alteration of anodal galvanotropism.
THE ANTAGONISM BETWEEN ACETIC ACID AND THE CHLORIDES OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND CALCIUM AS MANIFESTED IN DEVELOPING FUNDULUS EMBRYOS
Authors: Armstrong Philip B. 
Published: May 2004

1. Developing Fundulus embryos react in much the same way to mixtures of acetic acid in salt solutions whether their membranes are removed or not. It is therefore not necessary to assume any specific rôle for the membrane.
2. The primary toxic effect of acetic acid is to kill the surface of the embryo; heart stoppage is due to penetration of the acid after the surface has been injured.
3. The salt (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2) antagonizes the acetic acid by slowing or preventing the killing of the surface of the embryo.
4. If embryos are immersed in certain KCl-acetic acid mixtures, the surface killing effect of the acid is antagonized but at the same time the KCl penetrates and stops the heart in the manner which is characteristic of a KCl solution alone.
THE IONIC ACTIVITY OF GELATIN
Authors: Simms Henry S. 
Published: May 2004

2.5 and 1.25 per cent gelatin have been titrated potentiometrically in the absence of salts and in the presence of two concentrations (0.0750 and 0.0375µ) of NaCl, MgCl2, K2SO4, and MgSO4. The data have been used to calculate values of ± S = vz – (v – 1)z, where vz = v2 – (v2 – v) rx/18.
The maximum and minimum values of S with NaCl were used to calculate the mean distance (rx) between like charges in gelatin. This is found to be 18 Å.u. or over (between acid or basic groups) which agrees with the probable value and the titration index dispersion. Thus the data with NaCl are shown to be normal and to obey the equation found to hold for simple weak electrolytes; namely, pK' – pK = Sa
See PDF for Equation
where S is related to the valence and distance by the above equations.
Using the NaCl data as a standard the deviations (ΔS) produced by the other salts are calculated and are found to agree quantitatively with the deviations calculated from equations derived for the simple weak electrolytes. This shows that in gelatin, as in the simple electrolytes, the deviations are related to the "apparent valences" (values which are a function of the true valence and the distance between the groups).
The maximum "apparent valences" of gelatin are 2.4 for acid groups (in alkaline solution) and 1.8 for basic groups (in acid solution). These values correspond to the hypothetical condition of zero distance between the groups. They have no physical significance but have a practical utility first as mentioned above, and second in that they may be used in the unmodified Debye-Hückel equation to give the maximum effect of gelatin on the ionic strength. The true effect is probably even lower than these values would indicate.
The data indicate that gelatin is a weak polyvalent ampholyte having distant groups and that the molecule has an arborescent structure with interstices permeated by molecules of the solvent and other solutes. The size and shape probably vary with the pH.
THE SALTING OUT OF GELATIN INTO TWO LIQUID LAYERS WITH SODIUM CHLORIDE AND OTHER SALTS
Authors: McBain James W. , Kellogg Frederick 
Published: May 2004

1. Conditions under which gelatin may be salted out into two liquid layers at 35° were studied.
2. The equilibria governing the amounts and composition of the layers salted out with sodium chloride are found to accord with the requirements of the phase rule for the quaternary system gelatin-sodium chloride-hydrogen ion-water.
3. So far, soaps and gelatin are found to be surprisingly similar in their behaviour and definite indications are given as to where further similarities may be sought.
4. It is evident from this work that the term "coagulation" as ordinarily applied to the salting out of proteins is definitely a misnomer.