bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
107 Yeast-Based Postbiotic Supplementation in Sow Diets to Enhance Offspring Growth and Health Through the Nursery Period
Authors: Kieser Joel , Palencia Jorge Perez , Johnston Lee J , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Litter size and the resulting nutritional demand on the sow continue to increase while sow mortality and culling rate are also increasing. Non-nutritive feed additives may enhance sow health and thereby improve offspring growth and productivity after weaning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of yeast-based postbiotic supplementation in gestation and lactation diets on offspring performance through the nursery period. Gestating sows (N = 53; Parity 0 to 5; BW = 242.7 ± 7.1 kg) in 2 breeding groups were blocked by parity and assigned to either a control (CON) diet or a diet supplemented with a yeast-based postbiotic (SUP) at 0.5% in gestation from d 80 to 113 of gestation and 0.2% in lactation (d 114 of gestation to weaning at 20 ± 2 d). Sow reproductive performance and offspring growth from birth to 65 d of age were monitored. At weaning, pigs were allotted to pens within maternal dietary treatment (10 pigs/pen; 31 to 32 pens/maternal treatment; 630 total pigs; BW = 6.18 ± 0.86 kg) and all piglets received common nursery diets in a 4-phase program. Pigs were weighed at week 1, 2, 4, and 6 after weaning. Sow body weight and or reproductive performance (Piglets born alive/litter, 14.4 vs 14.1; piglet birth weight, 1.45 vs 1.48 kg; piglets weaned/litter, 13.0 vs 12.9; lactation sow feed intake, 6.4 vs 6.8 kg/d) was similar in CON and SUP sows, respectively. In the first week after weaning, pigs from SUP sows had greater (P = 0.03) feed intake (0.14 vs 0.13 kg/day) and tended to have decreased (P = 0.06) proportion of pigs that lost body weight (5.6 vs 11.0%). The improved feed intake in the first week after weaning may explain the decreased fallback rate in pigs from SUP sows. Across both sow groups, by 65 d of age, body weight (21.53 vs 21.76 kg), average daily gain (0.36 vs 0.37 kg/day), average daily feed intake (0.54 vs 0.53 kg/day), gain efficiency (0.67 vs 0.69 kg), and mortality (1.26 vs 1.60%) was similar in piglets from CON and SUP sows, respectively. The postbiotic in sow diets positively impacted voluntary feed intake of pigs in the first week after weaning, during a period when feed intake is often low and erratic.
120 Evaluation of Anchovy Fish Meal and Fish Solubles Compared with Other Specialty Protein Sources on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Stas Ethan , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 330 pigs (DNA 600 × 241, initially 4.9 ± 0.2 kg, 19 d old) were used to evaluate anchovy fish meal and fish solubles compared with other specialty protein sources on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 4 or 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment in a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments consisted of different protein sources added based on relative SID Lys content and included: 1) enzymatically treated soybean meal (ESBM, HP 300, Hamlet Protein, Findlay, OH) at 7.0% of the diet; 2) spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP, APC Corp, Ankeny, IA) at 3.5% of the diet; 3) fermented soybean meal (ME-PRO, Prairie Aquatech, Brookings, SD) at 5.0% of the diet; 4) fermented soybean meal enriched with 6.5% fish solubles (TASA, Lima, Peru) at 5.21% of the diet; 5) fish meal (TASA Prime meal, TASA, Lima, Peru) at 4.85% of the diet; and 6) fish meal enriched with 6.5% fish solubles (TASA Swine, TASA, Lima, Peru) at 5.05% of the diet. All diets contained the same conventional soybean meal level within phase. Treatment diets were fed in 2 phases, d 0 to 12 and d 12 to 25, for phase 1 and 2, respectively. Following phase 2, all pigs were fed a common diet for an additional 15 d. Although there was a 5 to 7% improvement in ADG for pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma and fish meal with solubles, there were no significant differences in growth performance (P &gt; 0.10) between treatments for any period or overall (Table). There was a treatment × day interaction (P = 0.003) for fecal dry matter largely driven by the increase in fecal DM for pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma from d 12 to 25. On d 12, there were no differences between treatments for fecal DM (P &gt; 0.10); however, on d 25, pigs fed spray-dried bovine plasma had improved (P = 0.017) fecal DM compared with pigs fed enzymatically treated soybean meal with all other treatments intermediate. In summary, anchovy fish meal with or without fish solubles can be utilized in nursery pig diets without decreasing growth performance.
121 Use of Specialty Soy Products as Alternatives to Poultry Meal and Spray-Dried Blood Plasma in Nursery Pig Diets
Authors: Stas Ethan , Faccin Jamil , Post Zach , Hastad Chad W , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 2,260 pigs (initial BW = 6.7 ± 0.3 kg) were used to evaluate specialty soy protein sources as alternatives to poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma on nursery pig performance. At weaning, pigs were allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments based on initial weight in two research nurseries. In the first facility there were 20 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment. In the second facility, there were 21 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment for a total of 22 replications per treatment. Pigs were fed experimental diets during phase 1 (d 0 to 7) and phase 2 (d 7 to 21) followed by a common diet for an additional 21 days (d 21 to 42). Dietary treatments included a control diet containing 9.5% poultry meal (AV-E Digest, XFE Products, Des Moines, IA) and 4.13 (Phase 1) or 2.75% (Phase 2) spray-dried blood plasma (Appetein, APC Inc., Ankeny, IA) and a 2 × 2 factorial with a novel soy protein concentrate (AX3 Digest; Protekta; Plainfield, IN) or microbial enhanced soy protein (MEPro; Prairie Aquatech; Brookings, SD) replacing poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma. Protein sources were added to the diet to maintain a similar level of soybean meal and balance for SID amino acids. Thus, soy protein sources were added to the diet at 6 and 13 (Phase 1) or 10.75% (Phase 2) to replace poultry meal or poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma, respectively. Dietary treatment structure allowed the opportunity to compare each protein source to each other, soy protein sources as a replacement to poultry meal, and soy protein sources as a replacement to spray-dried blood plasma. During the experimental period (d 0 to 21), pigs fed novel soy protein concentrate had improved (P &lt; 0.001) G:F with no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG or ADFI compared with pigs fed microbial enhanced soy protein (Table). Pigs fed either soy protein as a replacement of poultry meal had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet. Additionally, pigs fed either soy protein source as a replacement of spray-dried blood plasma had improved (P = 0.044) G:F compared with pigs fed either soy protein without replacing spray-dried blood plasma, with no differences (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG or ADFI. In summary, utilizing a specialty soy protein source as a replacement for poultry meal improved growth performance. Further replacing poultry meal and spray-dried blood plasma with the specialty soy proteins improved feed efficiency during the experimental period. The novel soy protein concentrate improved feed efficiency compared with microbial enhanced soy protein during the experimental period with no effect on ADG or ADFI.
127 How to Best Calculate Acid Binding Capacity at pH 4 in Feed Ingredients for Weanling Pigs
Authors: Gutierrez Nestor A , Aldenhoven Noud , Scholtes-Timmerman Maarten , Jaworski Neil W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The value of acid binding capacity at pH 4 (ABC-4) of feed ingredients can be used to formulate weanling pig diets for improved feed efficiency and free of ZnO. In practice, it is expensive and time consuming to analyze all ingredients used in pig diet formulation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the most efficient and cost-effective method to accurately predict ABC-4 in feed ingredients used in weanling pig diets. Variation of the ABC-4 value is low in most feed ingredients, and the average value of ABC-4 is accurate enough for use in feed formulation [Lawlor et al. (2005)]. However, limestone and soybean meal (SBM) were studied because of their contribution to dietary ABC-4, and their inherit variability in ABC-4. Results showed that when ABC-4 of limestone and SBM is analyzed, the error in ABC-4 of final feed decreases by 58%. Therefore, if SBM and limestone are analyzed for ABC-4, and fixed values are used for all other ingredients, the value of ABC-4 in the final diet will be +/-20 mEq/kg of the target ABC-4 (P &lt; 0.05). When ingredients are not analyzed for ABC-4, the variability increases and value in final feed will vary between +/- 48 mEq ABC-4/kg (P &lt; 0.05). Next, 39 samples of SBM were collected from the US, Brazil, and Argentina to develop a prediction equation of ABC-4 for SBM from its macro-nutrient composition. Values of ABC-4 of SBM ranged between 773 and 878 mEq/kg, with an average of 824 mEq/kg and STD of 28 mEq ABC-4/kg. No significant relationships between the analyzed macro-nutrients and ABC-4 of SBM were observed (R2 = 0.01, with cross-validation). Therefore, the accuracy and precision of predicting ABC-4 of SBM were not improved by developing a derivative formula to estimate ABC-4 in SBM from its macro-nutrients. Next, 24 samples of limestone were collected from Canada to develop methods to predict ABC-4 accurately and quickly. The value of ABC-4 ranged between 20,823 and 23,412 mEq/kg, with an average of 22,117 mEq/kg and STD of 431 mEq/kg. A good correlation was obtained between ABC-4 and near infrared spectroscopy calibration (NIR) lines (R2 = 0.79, unground, with cross-validation). We conclude that for accurate and rapid determination of ABC-4, and ease of application in nursery diet formulation, ABC-4 can be analyzed in limestone using NIR, in SBM using wet chemistry, and for all other ingredients fixed values can be used. Additionally, for accurate formulation of nursery diets, a safety margin of 20 mEq/kg can be applied to the target ABC-4 value in the final diet.
132 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 11- to 133-kg Late-Nursery-to-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Cast Wayne R , Hover Mark , Vier Carine M , Sievers Chris , Lu Ning , Navales Ron A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Betlach Alyssa , Hamilton Dan , Kiehne Ross , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late-nursery-to-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. Barrows and gilts [n = 1,00; PIC800×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 10.9 ± 0.39 kg] were used in a 142-d growth trial with 40 mixed sex pens, 10 pens per treatment, and 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to one of four treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 87, 95, 102, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease. Diets were fed in 7 phases (11-17, 17-34, 34-44, 44-57, 57-77, 77-95, and 95-133 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatments for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the least and greatest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05 and marginally significant at P &lt; 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced overall average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.045) and increased overall gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P = 0.002), but there was no evidence for a difference across treatments for overall average daily gain (P &gt; 0.10) or overall removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P &gt;0.10). Pigs fed overall SID Lys level as 102% of PIC recommendation had significantly greater carcass yield compared with those fed 95 or 110% (P &lt; 0.05), with the pigs fed 87% being intermediate. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels reduced backfat depth (linear, P&lt; 0.001) and increased lean yield (linear, P = 0.012), but there was no evidence for a difference among treatments for loin depth (P &gt; 0.10). In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level beyond PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency, backfat depth, and lean yield of 11 to 133 kg pigs sired by PIC 800 boars.
139 Trace Mineral Source Matters for Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia Coli F18 in Diets without Pharmacological Zinc Oxide
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Chen Juxing , Hancock Deana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Trace mineral sources in diets without pharmacological zinc oxide (P-ZnO) were evaluated in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli F18. A total of 54 pigs (Choice genetics; West Des Moines, IA), 5.30 ± 0.42kg, were housed in pens (3 pigs/pen) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments; 1) a diet with methionine-hydroxy-analog chelated trace mineral blend [MHAC; MINTREX trace minerals (Novus International Inc., St. Charles, MO)], 2) a diet with inorganic trace minerals (ITM). MHAC and ITM treatments supplied 100:120:40mg/kg of Zn, Cu, and Mn, respectively, and 3) P-ZnO with 2,500mg/kg (1,800mg/kg of Zn) and 120:40mg/kg of Cu, and Mn, in the ITM form. After 9-d of acclimatization, all pigs were infected with E. coli F18 There were 13 days of post-infection (dpi) as recovery time. One pig per pen was euthanized at 4-dpi and the remaining at 13-dpi for tissue harvest. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS using a contrast between MHAC and ITM and P-ZnO against MHAC and ITM. After acclimation, ADG increased in pigs fed MHAC than ITM (0.190 vs. 0.128kg; P = 0.003). Pigs fed P-ZnO had similar ADG (0.202 kg) to MHAC (P=0.638) but had increased ADG than ITM (P = 0.014). From dpi 0 to 4, there were no differences in ADG between pigs fed MHAC and ITM (-0.002 vs. -0.034kg; P=0.589). Pigs fed P-ZnO increased ADG (0.408 kg) compared with MHAC (P &lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &lt; 0.001). From 5 to 13 dpi, there were no differences in ADG between MHAC and ITM (0.407 vs. 0.352 kg; P = 0.260). Pigs fed P-ZnO had similar ADG (0.427kg) to MHAC (P=0.680) and ITM (P = 0.137). During acclimation, ADFI increased in pigs fed MHAC than ITM (0.150 vs. 0.120kg; P = 0.050). Pigs fed P-ZnO had increased ADFI (0.188kg) than MHAC (P=0.017) and ITM (P = 0.001). From dpi 0 to 4, pigs fed MHAC had increased ADFI than ITM (0.142 vs. 0.074kg; P = 0.005). Pigs fed P-ZnO had increased ADFI (0.321kg) than MHAC (P&lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &lt; 0.001). From 5 to 13 dpi, there were no differences in ADFI between MHAC and ITM (0.536 vs. 0.447kg; P = 0.147). Pigs fed P-ZnO (0.624kg) had similar ADFI to MHAC (P = 0.157) but increased ADFI compared with ITM (P = 0.011). Pigs fed MHAC tended to have an increased final BW than ITM (11.12 vs. 9.74kg; P=0.060). Pigs fed P-ZnO tended to have increased BW (12.48kg) compared with MHAC (P=0.064) and increased BW compared with ITM (P = 0.002). Diarrhea incidence (0 to 4 dpi) was similar between MHAC and ITM (63.9 vs. 66.7%; P = 0.736). Pigs fed P-ZnO had decreased diarrhea incidence (6.9%) compared with MHAC (P &lt; 0.001) and ITM (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, adding MHAC enhanced feed intake and growth performance, aiding recovery from weaning and after E. coli infection in pigs fed diets without P-ZnO.
246 Evaluation of the Complete Replacement of Soybean Meal by Rapeseed Meal on Performance and Carcass Composition of Grow-Finishing Pigs
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) by rapeseed meal (RSM) as main protein source in diets for grow-finishing pigs. The trial included a total of 1,248 crossbred boars and gilts [Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White), with an initial body weight (BW) of 38.3 ± 5.29 kg (Mean ± SD)], distributed in 96 pens of 13 pigs. Pens were randomly distributed in 2 dietary treatments, balanced by BW, block and sex within each of the 8 slurry pits. The inclusion of SBM and RSM in the growing diets was 13.8% and 20.0%, whereas in the finishing diets (days 52-91) was 10.5% and 14.4%, respectively. Diets were formulated to have the same net energy (NE) value and crude protein differences were below 0.5%. To achieve isoenergetic diets, the inclusion of animal fat was increased by 2.4% and 1.7% in RSM diets compared with SBM for the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys was kept at 0.95% and 0.86% in the growing and finishing phases, respectively. Performance variables were analyzed by using a linear mixed model with treatment and sex as fixed effects and initial BW as covariate, while pit was included as a random effect. Individual carcass data were analyzed in a linear mixed model with treatment, sex and marketing group as fixed effects, and hot carcass weight as a covariate, and pen within a pit as random effect. During the growing phase, pigs showed lower ADFI when fed the RSM diet (1.68 vs. 1.62 kg; P = 0.002) that resulted in decreased ADG (0.842 vs. 0.803 kg; P = 0.015), but FCR was not affected (2.00 vs. 2.02; P = 0.459). Contrarily, in the finishing phase, ADFI was not significantly reduced (1.98 vs. 1.95 kg; P = 0.586) but less FCR was observed when feeding RSM (2.59 vs. 2.49; P = 0.007). Final BW was not significantly affected (112.0 vs. 110.7 kg; P = 0.404), but hot carcass weight tended to be less in RSM fed pigs (92.2 vs. 91.3 kg; P = 0.078). No significant differences were reported on carcass yield (P = 0.815), carcass leanness (P = 0.850) or backfat thickness (P = 0.850). In conclusion, feeding growing pigs diets without SBM might negatively affect their performance during the growing phase, but those effects can be partly counteracted in the finishing phase without modifying carcass composition.
237 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal and Valine:Lysine and Tryptophan:Lysine Ratios on Finishing pig Performance
Authors: Reeb Macie E , Faccin Jamil , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 621 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 62.9 kg) were used in a 65-day growth trial to determine the effect of increasing soybean meal (SBM) and Val:Lys and Trp:Lys (AA) ratios on finishing pig performance. Experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based containing 25% DGGS and fed in 3 phases. The 6 dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial, with main effects of SBM level (Low, Medium, High) and AA ratios (Standard, High). Ratios of Trp:Lys were: Phase 1: Standard 19, High 24%, Phase 2: Standard 19, High 23%, and Phase 3: Standard 19, High 23%. Ratios of Val:Lys were: Phase 1: Standard 70 to 83, High 87 to 88%, Phase 2: Standard 70 to 83, High 88%, and in Phase 3: Standard 76 to 96, High 96%. The additional amino acids provided by increasing levels of SBM in diets with standard AA ratios were expected to result in a greater ADG by balancing out the increased leucine from corn. Conversely, ADG was expected to stay the same as SBM increased when the Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios were increased. Pens of pigs were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. There were approximately 10 pigs per pen and 12 pens per treatment. No evidence (P &gt; 0.05) of SBM × AA ratio interactions or treatment differences was observed for any response criteria for phases 1 and 2 (Table). In phase 3, a marginally significant SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for ADG (P = 0.084). The medium level of SBM with standard AA ratios resulted in greater ADG compared with other SBM levels (quadratic, P = 0.003), whereas no differences in ADG were observed with increasing SBM when Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios were increased (P = 0.501). Additionally, G:F increased at the medium level of SBM in phase 3 (quadratic, P = 0.007). In spite of the improvements observed in phase 3, there were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.10) observed in overall ADG or ADFI. A marginally significant SBM × AA ratio interaction was observed for overall G:F (P = 0.052). Increasing SBM in diets with greater Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios resulted in decreased G:F (P = 0.049), whereas no difference in G:F was observed with increasing SBM in diets with standard AA ratios (P = 0.435). In conclusion, in early finishing there were no responses to increasing SBM; however, in the late finishing period when diets included 0, 4 or 8% SBM, pigs fed 4% SBM diets with standard Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios had increased ADG and G:F. Throughout the study, increasing Val:Lys and Trp:Lys ratios had little effect on pig performance.