bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EquiX—A search and query language for XML
Authors: Cohen Sara , Kanza Yaron , Kogan Yakov , Sagiv Yehoshua , Nutt Werner , Serebrenik Alexander 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEquiX is a search language for XML that combines the power of querying with the simplicity of searching. Requirements for such languages are discussed, and it is shown that EquiX meets the necessary criteria. Both a graph‐based abstract syntax and a formal concrete syntax are presented for EquiX queries. In addition, the semantics is defined and an evaluation algorithm is presented. The evaluation algorithm is polynomial under combined complexity. EquiX combines pattern matching, quantification, and logical expressions to query both the data and meta‐data of XML documents. The result of a query in EquiX is a set of XML documents. A DTD describing the result documents is derived automatically from the query.
A novel navigation paradigm for XML repositories
Authors: Azagury Alain , Factor Michael E. , Maarek Yoelle S. , Mandler Benny 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe advances in storage and communications enable users to store massive amounts of data, and to share it seamlessly with their peers. With the advent of XML, we expect a significant portion of this data to be in XML format. We describe here the architecture and implementation of an XML repository that promotes a novel navigation paradigm for XML documents based on content and context. Support for these capabilities is achieved by bringing to bear the organizational power of information retrieval to the domain of semistructured documents. File systems remain the preferred storage infrastructure for the home and business desktop environments. We have built a system, XMLFS, based on the ideas stated above. XMLFS presents a storage abstraction that manifests itself to the client as a familiar file system. However, it breaks the tight coupling between the directory hierarchical structure and the file system. XMLFS creates automatically a directory organization of any XML document collection based on content and context. Each user can navigate through the file system according to her/his domain of interest at that point in time. Our result is a first step towards a solution to the discovery and navigation problems presented by the collective repositories of XML documents in peer‐to‐peer environments.
Relevance judging, evaluation, and decision making in virtual libraries: A descriptive study
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary Ann , Galloway Chad 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study explored higher‐order thinking processes in undergraduates using a virtual library. Ten undergraduates pursuing topics pertaining to their academic work were interviewed and observed as they used GALILEO (GeorgiA LIbrary LEarning Online, a virtual library containing many scholarly databases). Specifically, the study focused on relevance judging, evaluation (critical thinking), and decision making. We found a high degree of intermingling between relevance judging and evaluation, along with a number of strategies participants used to assist them in both thinking processes. Also, participants made decisions through one of three avenues in each of their appraisals of online resources.
Ask‐an‐expert services analysis
Authors: Janes Joseph , Hill Chrystie , Rolfe Alex 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article discusses the history and emergence of nonlibrary commercial and noncommercial information services on the World Wide Web. These services are referred to as “expert services,” while the term “digital reference” is reserved for library‐related on‐line information services. Following suggestions in library and information literature regarding quality standards for digital reference, researchers make clear the importance of developing a practicable methodology for critical examination of expert services, and consideration of their relevance to library and other professional information services. A methodology for research in this area and initial data are described. Two hundred forty questions were asked of 20 expert service sites. Findings include performance measures such as response rate, response time, and verifiable answers. Sites responded to 70% of all questions, and gave verifiable answers to 69% of factual questions. Performance was generally highest for factual type questions. Because expert services are likely to continue to fill a niche for factual questions in the digital reference environment, implications for further research and the development of digital reference services may be appropriately turned to source questions. This is contrary to current practice and the emergence of digital reference services reported in related literature thus far.
On a discrimination problem for a class of stochastic processes with ordered first‐passage times
Authors: Di Crescenzo Antonio , Ricciardi Luigi M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConsider the Bayes problem in which one has to discriminate if the random unknown initial state of a stochastic process is distributed according to either of two preassigned distributions, on the base of the observation of the first‐passage time of the process through 0. For processes whose first‐passage times to state 0 are increasing in the initial state according to the likelihood ratio order, such problem is solved by determining the Bayes decision function and the corresponding Bayes error. The special case of fixed initial values including a family of first‐passage times with proportional reversed hazard functions is then studied. Finally, various applications to birth‐and‐death and to diffusion processes are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro protein binding studies with BMS‐204352: lack of protein binding displacement interaction in human serum
Authors: Krishna Rajesh , Yao Ming , Kaczor Donna , Vachharajani Nimish , Srinivas Nuggehally R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBMS‐204352, a maxi‐K channel opener, is currently under development for the treatment of stroke. Protein binding of BMS‐204352 was determined in sera from several species, namely, rat, monkey, dog, and human. Data indicated that the compound was shown to be highly protein bound in serum from all species (ca. 99.6%). In order to test for the potential for drug–drug interactions and competitive displacement of BMS‐204352 by diazepam, phenytoin, propranolol, and warfarin, in vitro experiments were performed using spiked human serum and ex vivo human plasma samples. Protein binding was determined using equilibrium dialysis for 4 h at maximal therapeutic concentrations for each drug alone or in appropriate combination in spiked serum samples. Ex vivo samples from a clinical BMS‐204352 study (0, 1, and 24 h) were dialyzed separately after addition of diazepam, phenytoin, propranolol, or warfarin. Drug content in biological matrices was measured for radioactivity using liquid scintillation counting. Results indicated that (1) addition of diazepam, phenytoin, propranolol, or warfarin did not alter the free fraction of BMS‐204352; (2) BMS‐204352 did not displace diazepam, phenytoin, propranolol, or warfarin from their protein binding sites, and (3) comparison of ex vivo plasma samples after BMS‐204352 dosing indicated no impact of BMS‐204352 and/or its metabolites on the free fraction of diazepam, phenytoin, propranolol, or warfarin. In conclusion, the potential for a drug–drug interaction due to alterations in protein binding with BMS‐204352 is unlikely. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A critical evaluation of the brain efflux index method as applied to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, aminoguanidine
Authors: Raybon Joseph J. , Boje Kathleen M.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Brain Efflux Index (BEI) method is an in vivo procedure designed to quantitate saturable efflux mechanisms resident at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The present work utilized the BEI method to assess the BBB efflux mechanisms of [14C]aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. The BEI for [14C]aminoguanidine was >100% (relative to [3H]inulin diffusion) over a range of 41–184 pmol after 40 min. The unusually high retention (>100%) of [14C]aminoguanidine suggested brain parenchymal sequestration, either by neuronal uptake or tissue protein binding. The uptake of [14C]aminoguanidine in dendritic neuronal endings (synaptosomes) showed a saturable concentration dependency, consistent with a carrier‐mediated process. Nonlinear least‐squares regression yielded the following Michaelis–Menten and diffusional (kns) parameters for synaptosomal [14C]aminoguanidine uptake: Vmax=118.50± 28.77 pmol x mg protein−1/3 min; Km=58.34±8.33 μM; kns=0.15±0.029 pmol x mg protein−1/3 min/μM; mean±SEM; n=3 concentration profiles). Protein binding studies using brain tissue showed negligible binding. In summary, this work identified three principle findings: (1) An apparent lack of quantifiable aminoguanidine BBB efflux; (2) a previously undescribed synaptosomal accumulation process for aminoguanidine; and (3) an interesting limitation of the BEI technique where unusual brain parenchymal sequestration yields values >100%. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elliptically polarized magnetic fields do not alter immediate early response genes expression levels in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Yomori Hiroyuki , Yasunaga Katsuaki , Takahashi Chie , Tanaka Ayako , Takashima Shinji , Sekijima Masaru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExpression of immediate early response genes such as c‐fos, c‐jun, and c‐myc in response to 1‐500 μT resultant (r) 60 Hz elliptically polarized (EP) magnetic fields (MFs), typical of environmental MFs polarization under overhead power lines, was analyzed in both at transcriptional and translational levels using human glioblastoma (T98G) cells. Pseudo synchronized T98G cells at G1 phase were exposed to EP‐MFs (1, 20, 100, and 500 μTr) for up to 3 h, but produced no statistical difference (P>0.05) in the levels of expression ratio at both the transcriptional and translational levels at 30 min for c‐fos and c‐jun and at 180 min for c‐myc after serum stimulation. In addition, exposure of T98G cells to linearly (vertical and horizontal) and/or circularly polarized MFs (500 μTr) produced no significant change (P>0.05) in the expression ratio at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels. Thus, there was no evidence that linearly or rotating polarized MFs enhanced early response gene expression in these studies. These results suggest that environmental MFs at 1–500 μT flux density are unlikely to induce carcinogenesis through a mechanism involving altered expression of the immediate early response genes. Bioelectromagnetics 23:89–96, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 5 s exposures to a 50 μT, 20 Hz magnetic field on skin conductance and ratings of affect and arousal
Authors: Stevens Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of a weak magnetic field (50 μT, 20 Hz sinusoidal, 5 s duration) on concurrent perceptions of visual stimuli. Subjects were seated between Helmholtz coils and gave post‐exposure ratings for the affective content and arousing nature of presented images. They were blind as to the presence or absence of a simultaneously presented field. Skin conductance and arousal ratings did not show significant differences between experimental and control conditions, but the affective content rating did (P = 0.041), with the images viewed under field exposure being rated as having a more positive affect. Such measures might thus be useful as additional indicators of magnetic field detection. A post‐hoc analysis of skin conductance profiles showed that 48% of subjects exhibited a lowering of skin conductance during field exposure, 34% exhibited no apparent reaction, and 17% exhibited an increase. Overall ratings given by each of the groups appeared to relate to these physiological profiles. Bioelectromagnetics 22:219–223, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth and differentiation of PC6 cells: the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF)
Authors: Shah J.P. , Midkiff P. , Brandt P.C. , Sisken B.F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies in our laboratory showed that neurite outgrowth in vitro and nerve regeneration in vivo were stimulated by 2 Hz, 0.3 mT (3 G) pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF). To learn more about the effects of PEMF on nerve cells, we exposed PC6 cells, a standard neuronal‐like cell model, to the same pulsed electromagnetic fields for 2 h/day for 2 days and asked whether two different cell processes, proliferation and differentiation, were affected. The cells were also treated with a differentiating agent, nerve growth factor (NGF), to further define any interactive effects. We found that proliferation was unaffected by either PEMF or NGF alone or in combination. Differentiation, expressed as neurite outgrowth, was strongly upregulated with NGF, but this NGF response was significantly depressed in cells treated with PEMF. Bioelectromagnetics 22:267–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Millimeter wave power density in aqueous biological samples
Authors: Alekseev S.I. , Ziskin M.C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPower density distribution inside a water sample placed between two parallel lossy dielectric plates (Polystyrene) was calculated using Fresnel equations for the frequency range of 42.25–53.57 GHz. Due to the multiple internal reflections from the sample boundaries, the distribution of the power density within the thin sample is more uniform than that within a semi‐infinite medium. The power density in a sample depends on the thicknesses of the sample and the adjacent dielectric plates. For the given frequency range the sample thickness optimal for power density uniformity varies between 0.28 and 0.33 mm. The front plate has a significant effect on the magnitude of the power density within the sample but little effect on the power density distribution. The thicker the rear plate, the greater is the non uniformity of the power density distribution within the sample. Based on the calculated data, we determined the dimension of an exposure chamber providing the optimal power density distribution uniformity for mm‐wave irradiation. Bioelectromagnetics 22:288–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of genetic control elements in eukaryotes: Transcriptional activity or nuclear hitchhiking?
Authors: Zohar Muriel , Mesika Adi , Reich Ziv 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA common way to analyse basal and stimulated activity of eukaryotic genetic control elements, such as promoters and enhancers, is to introduce them into cells via DNA vectors containing an easily assayable reporter gene. Activity is then studied by measurement of transiently produced mRNA or reporter protein. In such assays, it is assumed that the variable measured is proportional to the transcriptional activity of the control element under investigation. Here we question the validity of this generally accepted assumption. Specifically, recent observations indicate that control elements, in addition to modulating transgene transcription, can facilitate the nuclear uptake of their carrier plasmids. This process is mediated by transcription factors or other nuclear proteins harbouring nuclear localisation signals, which bind to the control elements in the cytoplasm and transport the DNA into the nucleus through the protein nuclear import machinery. As the number of mRNA transcripts produced for an epi‐chromosomally expressed transgene is directly related to its copy number inside the nucleus, such transport activity may lead to substantial overestimation of the transcriptional potency of the control element(s) studied. BioEssays 23:1176–1179, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrin control of cell cycle: a new role for ubiquitin ligase
Authors: Pu Qing Qiu , Streuli Charles H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReceptor tyrosine kinases and integrins are activated by growth factors and extracellular matrix, respectively. Their activation leads to signal transduction cascades that control many aspects of cell phenotype, including progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the signalling cassettes driven by growth factors and matrix do not work independently of each other. Integrin triggering is essential to facilitate kinase‐ and GTPase‐mediated signals and thereby drive efficient transfer of information through the growth factor–cyclin axis. A recent study indicates that an additional type of player has a key role in adhesion‐regulated control of cell cycle, namely ubiquitin ligase.(1) BioEssays 24:17–21, 2002. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The ups and downs of daily life: Profiling circadian gene expression in Drosophila
Authors: Etter Paul D. , Ramaswami Mani 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCircadian rhythms are responsible for 24‐hour oscillations in diverse biological processes. While the central genes governing circadian pacemaker rhythmicity have largely been identified, clock‐controlled output molecules responsible for regulating rhythmic behaviors remain largely unknown. Two recent reports from McDonald and Rosbash1 and Claridge‐Chang et al.2 address this issue. By identifying a large number of genes whose mRNA levels show circadian oscillations, the reports provide important new information on the biology of circadian rhythm. In addition, the reports illustrate both the power and limitations of microarray‐based methods for profiling mRNA expression on a genomic scale. BioEssays 24:494–498, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiviral potential of chemokines
Authors: Mahalingam Surendran , Clark Kristopher , Matthaei Klaus I. , Foster Paul S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the past few years, a large number of new chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) and chemokine receptors have been discovered. The growth in knowledge about these molecules has been achieved largely through advances in bioinformatics and the expansion of expression sequence tag (EST) databases. It is now clear that chemokines are crucial in controlling both the development and functioning of leukocytes and that their role is not restricted to cell attraction, as originally assumed. In particular, recent findings provide strong support for the idea that chemokines and their receptors are especially important in the control of viral infection and replication. Thus, specific chemokines are now known to enhance the cytotoxic activity of infected cells, thus inhibiting further virus replication. In addition, some chemokines orchestrate the recruitment of activated leukocytes to foci of infection to aid viral clearance. Viruses, in turn, have evolved various defences against chemokines. These range from the production of proteins that inhibit biological activity of the host chemokine to the hijacking of the chemokine system, whereby certain viruses utilize chemokine receptors for their entry. The latter viral defence can itself be blocked by chemokines. Altogether, these findings illustrate the central role of chemokines in many different phases of the immune response, particularly those aspects involving antiviral defence, a variety and versatility that was not fully appreciated even a few years ago. BioEssays 23:428–435, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hot news: temperature‐sensitive humans explain hereditary disease
Authors: Friedberg Errol C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe skin‐cancer‐prone hereditary disease xeroderma pigmentosum is typically characterized by defective nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. However, since all subunits of the core basal transcription factor TFIIH are required for both RNA polymerase II basal transcription and NER, some mutations affecting genes that encode TFIIH subunits can result in clinical phenotypes associated with defective basal transcription. Among these is a syndrome called trichothiodystrophy (TTD) in which the prominent features are brittle hair and nails, and dry scaly skin. A recent study provides dramatic support for the so‐called transcription hypothesis of TTD.(1) Specifically, several patients have been shown to carry a mutation in the XPD gene, which encodes a thermolabile form of XPD protein, resulting in loss of hair during febrile episodes. BioEssays 23:671–673, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Making a vertebrate limb: New players enter from the wings
Authors: Martin Gail 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhat initiates vertebrate limb development and induces limbs to form where they do? For several years the answer to this intriguing question has been framed in terms of a working model that limb induction depends on a dialogue between two members of the Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family of intercellular signaling molecules, FGF8 and FGF10. Now, a recent paper has written roles for signals encoded by WNT genes, the vertebrate relatives of the Drosophila wingless gene, into the script.(1) BioEssays 23:865–868, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inhibition of light emission from the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri after exposure to triclosan and related hygiene care products
Authors: Martin Esther B. , Mansfield Lucielle P. , Smith Alan , Forsythe Stephen James 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe affect of the anti‐microbial agent triclosan (alternative names Microban® and Irgasan DP300) on the light emission by the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri was determined. Triclosan at concentrations greater than 0.2% (w/v) caused cell lysis and immediate (<5 s) loss of light emission. Exposure to triclosan at lower concentrations caused a decrease in light output over time. The rate of the decrease in light output followed a cuboid relationship, of which the initial rate (first 60 s) of light loss was proportional to the concentration of triclosan. The effect on light output by two commercially available hygiene products containing triclosan also caused a similar response in light loss. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enterobacter cloacae leukotoxin: modulation of reactive oxidant species generated by neutrophils
Authors: Barnes Ana Isabel , Paraje María Gabriela , Orsilles Miguel , Albesa Inés 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA leukotoxin purified from Enterobacter cloacae culture by saline precipitation, gel chromatography and HPLC was studied as a modulator of reactive oxidant species (ROS) produced by human neutrophils. Chemiluminescence showed that stimulation of ROS was achieved at a low leukotoxin concentration, but ROS production decreased when the toxin was applied at concentrations above 30 µg/mL. Also, the addition of 100 µg toxin/mL significantly reduced the activating effect of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and low doses of toxin did not produce an opposite effect toward the stimulation produced by PMA. Normal neutrophils showed a linear correlation between the inverse of ROS production and time, but the kinetic reaction changed when toxins were added to the cells and the ROS formation increased directly with time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of conformation on the chemiluminescence efficiency of light‐producing 2‐methyl‐6‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2‐α]pyrazin‐3(7H)‐ones
Authors: Teranishi Katsunori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalogues of the light‐producing substrate 2‐methyl‐6‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2‐α]pyrazin‐3(7H)‐one, with restrictions on the dihedral angles between the pyrazine and the 4‐methoxyphenyl rings, were synthesized. These compounds were used to investigate the effects of the conformation between the pyrazine and 4‐methoxyphenyl rings on their chemiluminescence efficiencies in aqueous solutions. The effects of the conformation on the chemiluminescence efficiencies were clearly observed; the decrease of the dihedral angle caused a light‐enhancing effect and, conversely, the increase of the angle dramatically decreased the chemiluminescence efficiency. These effects on the chemiluminescence efficiencies are attributed to the influence of the conformation on the fluorescence efficiency of the emitter. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.