bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antifungal vapour‐phase activity of allyl‐isothiocyanate against Penicillium expansum on pears
Authors: Mari M. , Leoni O. , Iori R. , Cembali T. 
Published: March 2003

The fungitoxicity of allyl‐isothiocyanate (AITC) vapour against Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mould on pears (cvs Conference and Kaiser), was evaluated. The best control of blue mould was obtained by exposing fruits for 24 h in a 5 mg L−1 AITC‐enriched atmosphere, the extent of control depending on the inoculum density. Lesion diameter was inversely related to AITC concentration. In treated fruits the percentage of infected wounds increased with conidial concentration, with fewer than 20% affected at 1 × 103 conidia mL−1 to almost 80% at 1 × 106 conidia mL−1. In comparison, >98% of wounds were infected in untreated fruits irrespective of conidial concentration. AITC treatments were effective up to 24 h after inoculation for Conference and 48 h for Kaiser. AITC treatments also controlled a thiabendazole‐resistant strain of P. expansum, reducing the incidence of blue mould by 90% in both cultivars. The use of AITC produced from pure sinigrin or from Brassica juncea defatted meal may be an economically viable alternative to synthetic fungicides against P. expansum.
Evaluation of resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in seed‐grown trees and clonal lines of Eucalyptus marginata inoculated in lateral branches and roots
Authors: Hüberli D. , Tommerup I. C. , Colquhoun I. J. , Hardy G. E. St J. 
Published: March 2003

Seed‐grown trees and six clonal lines of 3·5–4·5‐year‐old Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) growing in a rehabilitated bauxite mine site in the jarrah forest were underbark‐inoculated on lateral branches (1995) or simultaneously on lateral branches and lateral roots (1996) with isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi in late autumn. Individual seedlings from which the clonal lines were derived had previously been assessed as either resistant (RR) or susceptible (SS) to P. cinnamomi. At harvest, the acropetal lesion and colonization lengths were measured. Overall, the length of colonization in roots and branches was more consistent as a measure of resistance than lesion length, because colonization length recorded the recovery of P. cinnamomi from macroscopically symptomless tissue ahead of the lesion which, on some occasions, was up to 6 cm. In both trials, one RR clonal line was able to contain the P. cinnamomi isolates consistently, as determined by small lesion and colonization lengths in branches and roots. In contrast, the remaining two RR clonal lines used in both trials were no different from the SS line in their ability to contain lesions or colonization. These latter two RR lines may therefore not be suitable for use in rehabilitation of P. cinnamomi‐infested areas. Differences in lesion and colonization lengths among P. cinnamomi isolates occurred only in the 1995 trial. Colonization and lesion lengths in branches were up to eight times greater in 1996 than in 1995, but the relative rankings of clonal lines were consistent between trials. Although colonization was always greater in branches than roots, the relative rankings of the lines were similar between branch and root inoculations. Branch inoculations are a valid option for testing the resistance and susceptibility of young jarrah trees to P. cinnamomi.
Quantitative relationships between inoculum of Melampsora larici‐epitea and corresponding disease on Salix
Authors: Pei M. H. , Ruiz C. , Hunter T. , Arnold G. M. , Bayon C. 
Published: March 2003

Six Salix clones were inoculated with urediniospores of four isolates of Melampsora larici‐epitea at five inoculum levels using a leaf‐disc method. Disease reactions were recorded using a digital camera; the number and size of uredinia were examined using image analysis software; and spore yield per leaf disc was measured. In three Salix/Melampsora combinations, S. × mollissima‘Q83’/Q1 (LET4); S. viminalis‘78183’/V1 (LET1); and S. × stipularis/V1, pustule numbers increased as inoculum density became higher. In the remainder, S. viminalis‘Mullatin’/V1; S. × calodendron/DB (LET3); and S. burjatica‘Korso’/K (LR1), pustule numbers initially increased, then decreased as inoculum densities exceeded 140–360 spores per disc. Calculated infection efficiency ranged from 0·11 to 0·20 on the three willows inoculated with V1: 0·16–0·68 for S. × calodendron/DB; 0·20–0·55 for ‘Q83’/Q1; and 0·07–0·48 for Korso/K. In single‐spore inoculations, up to 10% of spores produced single uredinia. Infection efficiency increased sharply between inoculum densities of 1–40 spores per leaf disc. Spore yield was more closely correlated to pustule area (accounting for 61·2% variance for the combined data) than to the number of pustules (42·7% variance). For spore yields in relation to pustule numbers, clone‐specific individual lines having different intercepts and slopes fitted significantly better than either a single line for all the tested willows, or parallel lines fitted to each clone (P < 0·001). For spore yields in relation to pustule area, clone‐specific individual parallel lines were significantly better than a single line (P < 0·001).
Genetic Dissection of Age‐Related Changes of Immune Function in Mice
Authors: Mountz J. D. , Van Zant G. E. , Zhang H.‐G. , Grizzle W. E. , Ahmed R. , Williams R. W. , Hsu H.‐C. 
Published: March 2003

Understanding of the genetic basis of normal and abnormal development of the immune response is an enormous undertaking. The immune response, at the most minimal level, involves interactions of antigen presenting cells (APCs), T and B cells. Each of these cells produce cell surface and soluble factors (cytokines) that affect both autocrine and paracrine functions. A second level of complexity needs to consider the development of the macrophage/monocyte lineage as well as the production of the common lymphoid precursor which undergoes distinct maturation steps in the thymus and periphery to form mature T cells as well as in BM (BM) and lymphoid organs to form mature B cells. A third level of complexity involves the immune response to infectious agents including viruses and also the response to tumour antigens. In addition, there are imbalances that predispose to decreased responses (immunodeficiencies) or increased responses (autoimmunity). A fourth level of complexity involves attempts to understand the differences in the immune response that occurs at a very young age, in adults, and at a very old age. This review will focus on the use of C57BL/6 J X DBA/2 J (BXD) recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice to map genetic loci associated with the production of lymphoid precursors in the BM, development of T cells in the thymus, and T‐cell responses to stimulation in the peripheral lymphoid organs in adult and in aged mice. Strategies to improve the power and precision in which complex traits such as the age‐related immune response can be mapped is limited with the current set of 35 strains of BXD mice. Strategies to increase these strains by generating recombinant intercross (RIX) strains of mice are being developed to enable this large set of lines to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) with a much higher consistency and statistical power. More importantly, the resolution with which these QTLs can be mapped would be greatly improved and, in many cases, adequate to carry out direct identification of candidate genes. It is likely that, given the complexity of the immune system development, the number of cells involved in an immune response, and especially the changes in the immune system with ageing, mapping hundreds of genes will be required to fully understand age‐related changes in the immune response. This review outlines ongoing and future strategies that will enable the mapping and identification of these genes.
Distinct Phenotypic Adhesion Molecule Expression on Human Cord Blood Progenitors During Early Eosinophilic Commitment: Upregulation of β7 Integrins
Authors: Lundahl J. , Sehmi R. , Moshfegh A. , Hayes L. , Howie K. , Upham J. , Denburg J. A. 
Published: March 2003

Increasing levels of proinflammatory cells, including eosinophils and basophils, are seen at the site of allergen challenge in allergic disease of the airways. Mechanisms for the recruitment of these cell types could involve either specific upregulation of adhesion molecule and chemoattraction, or the initiation of proliferation and differentiation of inflammatory cell progenitors derived from the bone marrow.In this study, we demonstrate, in two systems of eosinophilic–basophilic lineage‐committed granulocytes of relative immaturity, that eosinophilic differentiation in vivo implies the induction of a distinct adhesion phenotype, characterized by the upregulation of β7 integrin and downregulation of β1 and α5 integrins. Moreover, the eosinophilic differentiation induced an upregulation of complement receptor type 1 and type 3, and the expression was further enhanced upon a short‐course in vitro activation with ionomycin. These data indicate a sequential alteration of disparate members of the integrin family during eosinophilic–basophilic differentiation, which may attribute to specific adhesion requirements at distinct stages of cell maturation.
Cytokines in Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: Matanić D. , Beg‐Zec Z. , Stojanović D. , Matakorić N. , Flego V. , Milevoj‐Ribić F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLung cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases and is amongst the leading causes of death. Cell‐mediated immune response and cytokines could play an important role in antitumour immunity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cytokines', tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐6, releasing capacity in patients with lung carcinoma and benign lung disease. A group of 41 patients were tested for the production of TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐6 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood. The levels of cytokines in the lung cancer patients were: (1) in BAL – IL‐6, 173 ± 85 pg/ml; TNF‐α, 170 ± 116 pg/ml; and IL‐1β, 473 ± 440 pg/ml; (2) in the blood – IL‐6, 197 ± 53 pg/ml; TNF‐α, 311 ± 202 pg/ml; and IL‐1β, 915 ± 239 pg/ml. Alveolar macrophages of the patients with a lung cancer secreted significantly more cytokines, IL‐6 (P = 0.0004) and IL‐1β (P = 0.0047), than alveolar macrophages of the patients with a nonmalignant lung cancer. However, significantly lower levels of cytokine production by the BAL cells were found in patients with small cell lung cancer. This production decreased further in phase IV of nonsmall cell lung cancer.
Facies and allostratigraphy of high‐latitude, glacially influenced marine strata of the Early Permian southern Sydney Basin, Australia
Authors: Eyles Carolyn H. , Eyles Nicholas , Gostin Victor A. 
Published: March 2003

The Sydney Basin of New South Wales, Australia is a foreland basin containing a thick (up to 10 km) Permo‐Triassic succession. The southern margin of the basin exposes strata deposited during Late Palaeozoic glaciation of south‐eastern Gondwana. The Early Permian Wasp Head, Pebbley Beach, Snapper Point Formations and Wandrawandian Siltstone were deposited between 277 and 258 Ma on a polar, glacially influenced continental margin adjacent to ice sheets located over East Antarctica and eastern Australia. Sedimentary facies, together with related ichnofacies and fauna, can be grouped into six facies associations that record marine sub‐environments ranging from high energy, storm‐dominated inner shelf to turbidite‐dominated upper slope settings. Cold marine conditions, with near‐freezing bottom water temperatures, are recorded by glendonites. Ice‐rafted debris, most likely deposited by icebergs, occurs in almost all facies associations.An allostratigraphic approach, emphasizing the recognition of bounding discontinuities (i.e. erosion surfaces and marine flooding surfaces), is used to subdivide the Early Permian stratigraphy into facies successions. Three types of succession can be identified and record changes in the relative influence of allocyclic controls such as basin tectonics, sediment supply and glacio‐eustatic sea level variation.Together, sedimentological and allostratigraphic data allow reconstruction of the depositional history of the south‐western margin of the Sydney Basin. Initial marine sedimentation, characterized by sediment gravity flows and storm‐deposited sandstones of the lower Wasp Head Formation, occurred adjacent to a faulted basin margin. Overlying successions within the upper Wasp Head, Pebbley Beach and Snapper Point Formations, record aggradation in inner to outer shelf settings along a storm‐ and glacially influenced continental margin. Tectonic subsidence and basin flooding is recorded by deeper water turbidites of the Wandrawandian Siltstone.
Pedogenic‐phreatic carbonates on a Middle Devonian (Givetian) terrigenous alluvial‐deltaic plain, Gilwood Member (Watt Mountain Formation), northcentral Alberta, Canada
Authors: WILLIAMS C. A. , KRAUSE F. F. 
Published: March 2003

In the Muskeg Trough of northcentral Alberta the Gilwood Member contains widespread carbonate deposits that formed within terrigenous mudstone and sandstone hosts. Stratigraphic, depositional and petrographic relationships indicate that these carbonates represent calcretes and dolocretes. Calcretes, observed best with cathodoluminescence, display microcrystalline alpha fabrics, circumgranular cracks, root networks, displacive growth fabrics, elongate channel voids and rare coloform growths with flower spar. Similarly, dolocretes have microcrystalline alpha fabrics, brecciation, gradational contacts with host mudstones, extensive layered nodular horizons and are associated with anhydrite and pyrite. δ13C values range between −7‰ to +1‰ and –6‰ to +3‰ for calcretes and dolocretes, respectively. Oxygen isotopes are more variable and differ with host lithologies. δ18O of calcretes ranges between −11‰ to −8‰ for sandstones and −8‰ to −3‰ for mudstones, whereas δ18O of dolocretes ranges between −3‰ to 1‰ for marine mudstones and −6‰ to −2‰ for pedogenic mudstones. Regional mapping indicates that calcretes thicken towards the deepest parts of the Muskeg Trough. Widespread dolocretes extend beyond the eastern and western limits of Muskeg Trough and are useful marker intervals for regional correlations. Dolocretes of restricted lateral extent are found within gleyed palaeosol mudstones next to calcretized channel sandstones.Calcrete isotopic values are interpreted as indicative of carbonate precipitation from waters with meteoric water input. However, the higher δ18O values in dolocretes are indicative of a contribution from an isotopically heavier source such as seawater. Stratigraphically, calcretes are most common along the western and northern edges of Muskeg Trough; thus, calcrete accumulation was further controlled by meteoric water in‐flow from the highland to the west and sluggish groundwater flow in Muskeg Trough. In contrast, regionally widespread dolocrete horizons appear to have formed from mixing of fresh waters derived from the highland to the west and seawaters introduced from the east. Regionally restricted dolocretes which are found next to channel sandstones formed from groundwater out‐flow from the permeable channel sandstones which resulted in calcretization in channel proximal mudstones and dolomitization in channel distal mudstones.
Phylogeny of the water strider genus Gerris Fabricius (Heteroptera: Gerridae) based on COI mtDNA, EF‐1α nuclear DNA and morphology
Authors: Damgaard Jakob , Sperling Felix A. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPhylogenetic relationships between water striders (Heteroptera: Gerridae) of genus Gerris Fabricius were examined using molecular and morphological characters. The molecular dataset was 820 bp DNA from the 3′ half of the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 515 bp DNA from the nuclear gene encoding elongation factor 1 alpha. The morphological dataset was a slightly modified version of a previously published dataset. Representatives from all eight recognized species groups of Gerris, as well as six species from three related genera, including Gigantometra gigas, Limnoporus esakii, L. rufoscutellatus, Aquarius najas, A. conformis and A. paludum, were included. Unweighted parsimony analyses of the COI sequences gave a topology with strong support for only those nodes that were already recognized as closely related based on morphological characters. Similar analyses of EF‐1α gave a cladogram with a topology quite different from that based on morphology and COI. Unweighted parsimony analyses of the ‘total evidence’ dataset largely supports the traditional view of Gerris phylogeny. Finally, the implications of the reconstructed phylogeny in relation to biogeography and ecological phylogenetics of Gerris is discussed.
The TACPyAT repeats in the chalcone synthase promoter of Petunia hybrida act as a dominant negative cis‐acting module in the control of organ‐specific expression
Authors: van der Meer Ingrid M. , Brouwer Margreet , Spelt Cornelis E. , Mol Joseph‐N. M. , Stuitje Antoine R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryAnalysis of the expression of the GUS reporter gene driven by various region of the Petunia hybrida chalcone synthase (chsA) promoter revealed that the developmental and organ‐specific expression of the chsA gene is conferred by a TATA proximal module located between −67 and −53, previously designated as the TACPyAT repeats.Histochemical analysis of GUS reporter gene expression revealed that the organ‐specific 67 bp promoter fragment directs the same cell‐type specificity as a 530 bp promoter, whereas additional enhancer sequences are present within the more TATA distal region. Moreover, the region between −800 and −530 is also involved in extending the cell‐type specificity to the trichomes of flower organs and of young seedlings.The mechanism by which the TACPyAT repeats modulate expression during plant development was studied by analysing the expression of the GUS gene driven by chimeric promoters consisting of the CaMV 35S enhancer(domain B, −750 to −90) fused to various chsA5′ upstream sequences. Detailed enzymatic and histochemical analysis revealed that in the presence of the TACPyAT module the CaMV 35S region only enhance GUS activity in those organs in which the chs A promoter is normally active. Furthermore, this analysis shows that enhancement in the presence of the CaMV 35S domain B is accomplished by increasing the number of cell types expressing the GUS gene within the organ, rather than enhancement of the chsA cell‐type‐specific expression within these organs. Deletion of the TACPyAT sequences in the chimeric promoter construct completely restores the well‐documented CaMV 35S domain B cell‐type specificity, showing that the TACPyAT module acts as a dominant negative cis‐acting element which controls both organ and developmental regulation of the chsA promoter activity.
A functional promoter shift of a chloroplast gene: a transcriptional fusion between a novel psbA gene copy and the trnK(UUU) gene in Pinus contorta
Authors: Lidholm Jonas , Gustafsson Petter 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA comparative transcription analysis of the chloroplast trnK‐psbA‐trnH region of the two pine species Pinus contorta and Pinus sylvestris is reported. The chloroplast genome of P. contorta has previously been shown to contain a duplicated psbA gene copy integrated closely upstream of the split trnK gene. This rearrangement has resulted in the gene order psbAI‐trnK‐psbAII‐trnH, where psbAII is the ancestral psbA gene copy. In P. sylvestris, a species which lacks the psbA duplication, transcription of the trnK gene originates from a position 291 bp upstream of the trnK 5′ exon, adjacent to a canonical promoter structure. In P. contorta, the corresponding promoter structure has been separated from the trnK gene by the insertion of psbAI, and has, in addition, been partially deleted. Analysis of the transcriptional organization of the trnK‐psbA‐trnH region of the two pine species revealed that the trnK gene in P. contorta is transcriptionally fused to the inserted psbAI gene copy. As a result, trnK is under the control of the psbA promoter in this species and has therefore acquired psbA‐like expression characteristics. In P. sylvestris, accumulation of trnK transcripts is not significantly higher in light‐grown than in dark‐grown seedlings. In contrast, the level of trnK transcripts in P. contorta is approximately 12‐fold higher in the light than in the dark. When light‐grown seedlings of the two pine species were compared, an approximately 20‐fold higher level of trnK RNAs was found in P. contorta. In both pine species, evidence was obtained for trnK‐psbA and psbA‐trnH co‐transcription.
Temporal and spatial expression of a thiolprotease gene during pea ovary senescence, and its regulation by gibberellin
Authors: Granell A. , Harris N. , Pisabarro A. G. , Carbonell J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryClones encoding a thiolprotease (tpp) have been isolated from a cDNA library of unpollinated, senescent pea ovaries and its pattern of expression during both ovary senescence and parthenocarpic development have been studied. The sequence of the tpp cDNA displays a high similarity with other plant and animal thiolproteases of the papain group. The homology is highest around the Cys‐His of the active centre; a 109 amino acid sequence at the carboxy terminus was found to be homologous only to thiolproteases of plant origin; this part of the mRNA is also present in another pea mRNA that exhibits similar patterns of induction. tpp mRNA shows a temporal pattern of accumulation that precedes that observed for proteolytic activity. Such accumulation did not occur when ovaries were induced to grow parthenocarpically by gibberellic acid (GA) treatment; furthermore the initial low level of expression present in ovaries decreased after GA treatment, indicating that the gene is down‐regulated by gibberellins. Spatially, tpp mRNA is localized mainly within the ovule and ovary vascular elements, and transiently within the endocarp of senescent ovaries. This pattern of expression precedes the development of the cytopathogenic effects observed as unpollinated ovaries undergo senescence.
Detection of point mutations in the chloroplast genome by single‐stranded conformation polymorphism analysis
Authors: To Kin‐Ying , Liu Chiu‐I. , Liu Shih‐Tung , Chang Yu‐Sun 
Published: March 2003

SummarySingle‐stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to examine the mutations of the chloroplast 16S rRNA locus of streptomycin‐resistant mutants in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia. DNA fragments of 121, 517, 968 and 1578 bp, each possessing a known point mutation, were generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting fragments were denatured and separated by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Compared to the patterns of the wild‐type DNA fragments, the bands of the single‐stranded DNA fragments of 121 and 517 bp with base changes were shifted. However, no pattern variations were detected from the DNA fragments of 968 and 1578 bp generated from both wild‐type and mutants.