bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional numerical simulation of Marangoni instabilities in liquid bridges: influence of geometrical aspect ratio
Authors: Lappa M. , Savino R. , Monti R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOscillatory Marangoni convection in silicone oil–liquid bridges with different geometrical aspect ratios is investigated by three‐dimensional and time‐dependent numerical simulations, based on control volume methods in staggered cylindrical non‐uniform grids. The three‐dimensional oscillatory flow regimes are studied and compared with previous experimental and theoretical results. The results show that the critical wavenumber (m), related to the azimuthal spatio‐temporal flow structure, is a monotonically decreasing function of the geometrical aspect ratio of the liquid bridge (defined as the ratio of length to diameter). For this function, a general correlation formula is found, which is in agreement with the previous experimental findings. The critical Marangoni number and the oscillation frequency are decreasing functions of the aspect ratio; however, the critical Marangoni number, based on the axial length of the bridge, does not change much with the aspect ratio. For each aspect ratio investigated, the onset of the instability from the axisymmetric steady state to the three‐dimensional oscillatory one is characterized by the appearance of a standing wave regime that exhibits, after a certain time, a second transition to a travelling wave regime. The standing wave regime is more stable for lower aspect ratios since it lasts for a long time. This behaviour is explained on the basis of the propagation velocity of the disturbances in the liquid phase. For this velocity, a general correlation law is found as a function of the aspect ratio and of the Marangoni number. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multigrid approach for steady state laminar viscous flows
Authors: Liao Shi‐Jun , Mashayek F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we use the laminar viscous flow in a lid‐driven cavity as an example to describe and verify a numerical scheme for non‐linear partial differential equations. The proposed scheme combines a new analytical method for strongly non‐linear problems, namely the homotopy analysis method, with the multigrid techniques. A family of formulas at different orders is given. At the lowest order, the current approach is the same as the traditional multigrid methods. However, our high‐order scheme needs a fewer number of iterations and less CPU time than the classical ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A low‐dimensional spectral approach for transient axisymmetric free‐surface flow inside thin cavities of arbitrary shape
Authors: Khayat Roger E. , Simanowski Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA low‐dimensional spectral method is used to solve the transient axisymmetric free surface flow inside thin cavities of arbitrary shape. The flow field is obtained on the basis of the lubrication equations, which are expanded in terms of orthonormal functions over the cavity gap. The formulation accounts for nonlinearities stemming from inertia and front location. The work is of close relevance to the filling stage during die casting, and injection molding, or the flow inside annular (extrusion) dies. Both flows under an imposed flow rate, and an imposed pressure at the cavity entrance are examined. The influence of inertia, aspect ratio, gravity, and wall geometry on the evolution of the front, flow rate, and pressure is assessed particularly in the early stage of flow, when a temporal behavior of the ‘boundary‐layer’ type develops. The multiple‐scale method is applied to obtain an approximate solution at small Reynolds number, Re. Comparison with the exact (numerical) solution indicates a wide range of validity for the multiple‐scale approach, including the moderately small Re range. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the relationships between some risk‐adjusted performance measures
Authors: Lien Donald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAssuming portfolio returns are normally distributed, it is shown that both Sortino ratio (SR) and
upside potential ratio (UPR) are monotonically increasing functions of the Sharpe ratio. As a result, all
three risk‐adjusted performance measures provide identical ranking among investment alternatives. The
effects of skewness and kurtosis are then evaluated within the Edgeworth‐Sargan density family. For the
Sortino ratio, the above conclusion remains valid in the presence of negative skewness or excessive kurtosis.
Similar results apply to the UPR with modifications. For all other cases, both SR and UPR provide exactly opposite
ranking among investment alternatives to that suggested by the Sharpe ratio when the Sharpe ratio is large.
Applications to futures hedging are discussed. Specifically, it is found that the Sharpe ratio may frequently lead
to a smaller futures position than the other two ratios. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:483–495, 2002
Amplification of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene in cervical carcinomas
Authors: Zhang Anju , Zheng Chengyun , Hou Mi , Lindvall Charlotta , Wallin Keng‐Ling , Ångström Tord , Yang Xiaoyan , Hellström Ann‐Cathrin , Blennow Elisabeth , Björkholm Magnus , Zetterberg Anders , Gruber Astrid , Xu Dawei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of the telomerase complex, is required for activation of telomerase during immortalization and transformation of human cells. However, the biochemical and genetic mechanisms governing hTERT expression remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we examined hTERT amplification as a potential genetic event contributing to telomerase activation in cervical carcinomas. An amplification of the hTERT gene was found in 1/4 cervical cancer cell lines and 21/88 primary tumor samples derived from the patients with cervical carcinomas. An increase in the hTERT copy number was significantly correlated with higher levels of hTERT protein expression. Moreover, the hTERT alterations with the enhanced hTERT expression were exclusively observed in those tumors with high‐risk human papillomavirus infection. Taken together, the hTERT gene amplification, directly or indirectly targeted by human papillomavirus, may be one of the driving forces responsible for upregulation of hTERT expression and activation of telomerase in cervical cancers. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined M‐FISH and CGH analysis allows comprehensive description of genetic alterations in neuroblastoma cell lines
Authors: Van Roy Nadine , Van Limbergen Heidi , Vandesompele Jo , Van Gele Mireille , Poppe Bruce , Salwen Helen , Laureys Geneviève , Manoel Nunes , De Paepe Anne , Speleman Frank 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCancer cell lines are essential gene discovery tools and have often served as models in genetic and functional studies of particular tumor types. One of the future challenges is comparison and interpretation of gene expression data with the available knowledge on the genomic abnormalities in these cell lines. In this context, accurate description of these genomic abnormalities is required. Here, we show that a combination of M‐FISH with banding analysis, standard FISH, and CGH allowed a detailed description of the genetic alterations in 16 neuroblastoma cell lines. In total, 14 cryptic chromosome rearrangements were detected, including a balanced t(2;4)(p24.3;q34.3) translocation in cell line NBL‐S, with the 2p24 breakpoint located at about 40 kb from MYCN. The chromosomal origin of 22 marker chromosomes and 41 cytogenetically undefined translocated segments was determined. Chromosome arm 2 short arm translocations were observed in six cell lines (38%) with and five (31%) without MYCN amplification, leading to partial chromosome arm 2p gain in all but one cell line and loss of material in the various partner chromosomes, including 1p and 11q. These 2p gains were often masked in the GGH profiles due to MYCN amplification. The commonly overrepresented region was chromosome segment 2pter‐2p22, which contains the MYCN gene, and five out of eleven 2p breakpoints clustered to the interface of chromosome bands 2p16 and 2p21. In neuroblastoma cell line SJNB‐12, with double minutes (dmins) but no MYCN amplification, the dmins were shown to be derived from 16q22‐q23 sequences. The ATBF1 gene, an AT‐binding transcription factor involved in normal neurogenesis and located at 16q22.2, was shown to be present in the amplicon. This is the first report describing the possible implication of ATBF1 in neuroblastoma cells. We conclude that a combined approach of M‐FISH, cytogenetics, and CGH allowed a more complete and accurate description of the genetic alterations occurring in the investigated cell lines. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mineral chemical provenance of Neolithic pitchstone artefacts from Ballygalley, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
Authors: Preston Jeremy , Meighan Ian , Simpson Derek , Hole Malcolm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA large number of pitchstone fragments and artefacts have recently been discovered at a Neolithic settlement site in Ballygalley, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland. They consist predominantly of flakes and un‐reworked lumps and cores, with only one complete tool being found. Since no sources of workable pitchstone exist in Ireland, the source must have been the abundant pitchstone volcanic rocks found on the Hebridean Islands of northwest Scotland. The composition of the glass from a number of artefacts is highly siliceous, indicating that they were derived from pitchstones on the Island of Arran; pitchstones from all other Scottish locations are less silica‐rich. In addition, analysis of pyroxene and amphibole microcrystallites within the pitchstone suggests that the Corriegills area of Arran is the most likely source of the Ballygalley artefacts, although the precise outcrop has proved elusive. These finds, and others across Ireland, show that raw materials were being transported and probably traded over considerable distances despite there being suitable alternative sources of material for making tools (flint, etc.) available in the local area. This suggests that the pitchstone had a very specialist use. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct removal in the mouse of a floxed neo gene from a three‐loxp conditional knockout allele by two novel approaches
Authors: Xu Xiaoling , Li Cuiling , Garrett‐Beal Lisa , Larson Denise , Wynshaw‐Boris Anthony , Deng Chu‐Xia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: The presence in an intron of the ploxP‐neo‐loxP cassette often results in severe interference with gene expression. Consequently, many investigators selectively remove the ploxP‐neo‐loxP cassette by transient expression of Cre in ES cells. Although effective, the added manipulation of the ES cells may reduce the likelihood that a clone will be able to transmit via the germline. Therefore, we developed two novel approaches that remove the ploxP‐neo‐loxP by Cre‐mediated recombination in mouse. First, the ploxP‐neo‐loxP‐containing mice were crossed with EIIa‐Cre transgenic mice. Second, a Cre‐expression plasmid was injected into pronuclei of fertilized eggs bearing the ploxP‐neo‐loxP allele. Both approaches produced mosaic mice with partial and complete excision. These mosaic mice were then mated, and the neo‐less conditional knockout allele was found in the offspring after screening only a few litters. These procedures provide options for removing neo directly in the mouse in addition to the commonly used approach that deletes neo in ES cells. genesis 30:1–6, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pitx1 and Pitx2c are required for ectopic cement gland formation in xenopus laevis
Authors: Schweickert Axel , Deißler Kirsten , Blum Martin , Steinbeisser Herbert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: The mucus secreting cement gland is the anterior‐most ectodermal organ of the Xenopus embryo. The homeobox genes Pltx1 and Pitx2c are expressed in the cement gland primordium. Misexpression of both genes induced ectopic cement gland tissue in whole embryos and transcription of the marker genes Xag1 and Xag2 in animal cap explant cultures. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides against Pitx1 and Pitx2c inhibited ectopic cement gland formation induced by otx2. Gene knock downs generated by morpholino oligonucleotides were specific and could be rescued by coinjection of Pitx mRNAs. These data demonstrate for the first time the requirement of specific genes for cement gland formation by loss‐of‐function experiments. genesis 30:144–148, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocytes expressing exclusively the DM20 isoform of the proteolipid protein gene: Myelination and development
Authors: Spörkel Olaf , Uschkureit Thomas , Büssow Heinrich , Stoffel Wilhelm 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOligodendroglia and Schwann cells synthesize myelin‐specific proteins and lipids for the assembly of the highly organized myelin membrane of the motor‐sensory axons in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), respectively, allowing rapid saltatory conduction. The isoforms of the main myelin proteins, the peripheral myelin basic isoproteins (MBP) and the integral proteolipid proteins, PLP and DM20, arise from alternative splicing. Activation of a cryptic splice site in exon III of plp leads to the deletion of 105 bp encoding the PLP‐specific 35 amino acid residues within the cytosolic loop 3 of the four‐transmembrane domain (TMD) integral membrane protein. To study the different proposed functions of DM20 during the development of oligodendrocytes and in myelination, we targeted the plp locus in embryonic stem cells by homologous recombination by a construct, which allows solely the expression of the DM20 specific exon III sequence. The resulting dm20only mouse line expresses exclusively DM20 isoprotein, which is functionally assembled into the membrane, forming a highly ordered and tightly compacted myelin sheath. The truncated cytosolic loop devoid of the PLP‐specific 35 amino acid residues, including two thioester groups, had no impact on the periodicity of CNS myelin. In contrast to the PLP/DM20‐deficient mouse, mutant CNS of dm20only mice showed no axonal swellings and neurodegeneration but a slow punctuated disintegration of the compact layers of the myelin sheath and a rare oligodendrocyte death developing with aging. GLIA 37:19–30, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the neural RNA‐binding protein Musashi1 in human gliomas
Authors: Toda Masahiro , Iizuka Yukihiko , Yu Wangjie , Imai Takao , Ikeda Eiji , Yoshida Kazunari , Kawase Takeshi , Kawakami Yutaka , Okano Hideyuki , Uyemura Keiichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTumor cells arising from a particular tissue may exhibit the same gene expression patterns as their precursor cells. To test this proposition, we have analyzed the expression of a neural RNA‐binding protein, Musashi1, in primary human central nervous system (CNS) tumors. In rodents, Musashi1 is expressed predominantly in proliferating multipotent neural precursor cells, but not in newly generated postmitotic neurons. The expression of Musashi1 is downregulated with the successive progression of neurogenesis. In normal adult human tissues, we detected low levels of Musashi1 expression in brain and testis by RT‐PCR analysis. In an RNA panel of 32 cancer tissues and cell lines, elevated expression of Musashi1 was seen in all five malignant gliomas studied, in contrast to the slight expression seen in other tumor cells, including those in several melanomas and a prostate cancer. Western blot analysis showed strong Musashi1 expression in malignant gliomas compared with nonneoplastic brain tissue. Glioblastomas, the most malignant form of glioma, showed higher Musashi1 expression than less malignant gliomas by immunohistochemical analysis. Tumors with strong Musashi1 expression tended to have high proliferative activity. Thus, the expression of Musashi1 correlated with the grade of the malignancy and proliferative activity in gliomas. These results suggest that primary CNS tumors may share gene expression patterns with primitive, undifferentiated CNS cells and that Musashi1 may be a useful marker for the diagnosis of CNS tumors. GLIA 34:1–7, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pigment epithelium‐derived factor supports normal Müller cell development and glutamine synthetase expression after removal of the retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Jablonski Monica M. , Tombran‐Tink Joyce , Mrazek David A. , Iannaccone Alessandro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn conditions in which the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is dystrophic, carries a genetic mutation, or is removed physically, Müller cells undergo degenerative changes that contribute to the retinal pathology. We previously demonstrated that pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF), a glycoprotein secreted by the RPE cells with neuroprotective and differentiation properties, protects against photoreceptor degeneration induced by RPE removal. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the putative gliosupportive activity of PEDF on Müller cells of RPE‐deprived retinas and assess whether protection of Müller cells was correlated with improved photoreceptor outer segment assembly. Eyes were dissected from Xenopus laevis tadpoles, and the RPE was removed before culturing in medium containing purified PEDF, PEDF plus anti‐PEDF, or medium alone. Control eyes matured with an adherent RPE or in medium containing PEDF plus nonimmune serum. Müller cell ultrastructure was examined. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase were localized immunocytochemically, and the corresponding protein levels were quantified. In control retinas, Müller cells were structurally intact and formed adherens junctions with neighboring photoreceptors. In addition, they did not express GFAP, whereas glutamine synthetase expression was high. RPE removal dramatically altered the ultrastructure and biosynthetic activity of Müller cells; Müller cells failed to form adherens junctions with photoreceptors and glutamine synthetase expression was suppressed. PEDF prevented the degenerative glial response; Müller cells were ultrastructurally normal and formed junctional complexes with photoreceptors. PEDF also preserved the expression of glutamine synthetase at near‐normal levels. The morphogenetic effects of PEDF were blocked by the anti‐PEDF antibody. Our study documents the glioprotective effects of PEDF and suggests that maintenance of the proper Müller cell ultrastructure and expression of glutamine synthetase may be necessary to support the proper assembly of photoreceptor outer segments. GLIA 35:14–25, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A role for oligodendrocyte‐derived IGF‐1 in trophic support of cortical neurons
Authors: Wilkins Alastair , Chandran Siddharthan , Compston Alastair 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeurons and glia interact in the development of mammalian central nervous systems and in the maintenance of stable myelinated axons. Recent evidence suggests a role for oligodendrocytes in providing trophic support for neurons during development and in the mature nervous system. This work prompted us to study oligodendrocyte influences on neuronal survival and death in vitro. Rat embryonic cortical neurons were co‐cultured with purified oligodendrocytes at different developmental stages and separately with oligodendrocyte‐conditioned medium. Neuronal survival was measured by immunocytochemistry and3H‐GABA uptake. Neurons show a marked increase in survival when co‐cultured directly with oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) and differentiated oligodendrocytes. Neurons cultured in the presence of OPCs separated by a permeable membrane and those cultured in medium conditioned by oligodendrocytes also show a significant increase in survival. Medium conditioned by differentiated oligodendrocytes provides a greater survival effect than medium conditioned by OPCs. Neutralising antibodies to IGF‐1, but not to other candidate trophic factors, block the soluble survival effect of oligodendrocytes. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage produce IGF‐1 and recombinant IGF‐1 promotes neuronal survival under identical conditions. This study provides evidence that OPCs and differentiated oligodendrocytes support neuronal survival by both contact‐mediated and soluble mechanisms and that IGF‐1 significantly contributes to this effect. GLIA 36:48–57, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Malignant glioma cells use MHC class II transactivator (CIITA) promoters III and IV to direct IFN‐γ‐inducible CIITA expression and can function as nonprofessional antigen presenting cells in endocytic processing and CD4+ T‐cell activation
Authors: Soos Jeanne M. , Krieger Jeffrey I. , Stüve Olaf , King Chelsea L. , Patarroyo Juan Carlos , Aldape Ken , Wosik Karolina , Slavin Anthony J. , Nelson Patricia A. , Antel Jack P. , Zamvil Scott S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMalignant gliomas (MGs), lethal human central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms, contain tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Although MHC class II molecules are frequently detected on MG cells, suggesting that they may be capable of antigen (Ag) presentation to CD4+ T cells, deficiencies in CD4+ T‐cell activation are associated with these nonimmunogenic tumors. We evaluated regulation of the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA), the key intermediate that controls class II expression, in MG cells and tested whether MG cells could process native Ag. After interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) stimulation, MG cells upregulated CIITA and class II molecules. IFN‐γ‐inducible CIITA expression in MG cells, as well as primary human astrocytes, was directed by two CIITA promoters, pIV, the promoter for IFN‐γ‐inducible CIITA expression in nonprofessional antigen‐presenting cells (APC), and pIII, the promoter that directs constitutive CIITA expression in B cells. Both pIII and pIV directed CIITA transcription in vivo in MGs and ex vivo in IFN‐γ‐activated primary MG cultures. We also demonstrate for the first time that MG cells can process native Ag for presentation to CD4+ MHC class II‐restricted Th1 cells, indicating that MG cells can serve as nonprofessional APC. CIITA may be a key target to modulate MHC class II expression, which could augment immunogenicity, Ag presentation, and CD4+ T‐cell activation in MG therapy. GLIA 36:391–405, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of dementia in nursing home residents by nurses and assistants: criteria validity and determinants
Authors: Sørensen Lisbeth , Foldspang Anders , Gulmann Nils Christian , Munk‐Jørgensen Povl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the criterion validity of nursing home staff's assessment of organic disorder compared with ICD‐10 criteria, and to identify determinants of staff assessment of organic disorder.MethodTwo hundred and eighty‐eight residents were diagnosed using the GMS‐AGECAT. Nursing staff members were interviewed about the residents' activities of Daily Living, behavioural problems, orientation in surroundings and communication skills, and asked if the resident had an organic disorder. Multiple logistic regression was used to select the items that most strongly determined staff assessment of organic disorder.ResultsSixty‐two per cent of the residents were diagnosed by GMS‐AGECAT as having organic disorder, 78% of these were correctly identified by the staff. Whether analysed among residents with or without organic disorder, or in the total group of residents, the staff assessment of the presence of organic disorder depended on a limited set of behavioural characteristics of the resident, namely ‘going to the toilet in inappropriate places’, ‘saying things that do not make sense’ and impairment in orientation.ConclusionsStaff comprehension of organic disorder resulted in over‐ as well as under‐labelling of residents, a tendency that will affect communication with medical personnel and may lead to inadequate or wrong medical treatment and to negative performance as well as negative role expectations in everyday life in nursing homes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.