bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History and Epic: Civil War
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conflation of epic, tragedy, and history in C. I. 6 sets the stage for Horace’s political voice. History, ancient or contemporary, entails a stylistic elevation Horace flags with generic terms, citations of high style predecessors, or the like. Homer, the paradigm for epic and praise poetry, is a prime candidate for this role. History, like epic, departs from lyric as narrowly construed in subject matter, style, and mode of discourse. The narration of events falls away from the idealized eternal present into linear time. Tragedy makes the trauma of civil war (almost) utterable. Writing history is a political act that could not for any ancient be divorced from praise or blame — wherein lies its danger.
Narrative Seduction
Authors: Lowrie Michéle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman Odes are the climax of several developing strands in Odes 1-3, but after them, Horace returns to the conventional topics of lighter lyric. The poems that narrate or are about narrative reflect this shift: C. 3. 7, 3. 11, and 3. 27 have to do with women and love, if they fail to make of Horace a conventional erotic lyrist. As expected of our intellectual poet, the issue is less about love per se than poetry’s role in seduction and particularly the eroticism of telling stories. These narratives, like the rest, reach out to other genres, here elegy and epyllion, in a gesture that both expands the limits of lyric as narrowly conceived and argues for its superiority. While epic and tragedy colour most of Horace’s inset stories, the turn to the predominant rival genres in these poems balances the picture. Where Horace’s exhortations to the elegists turn eventually toward epic and praise poetry (Ch. 3), his own narratives revert to the concerns of elegy after exploring in some depth the possibilities of epic. C. 2. 9 anticipates the Roman Odes, but the golden mean reasserts itself with the opposite motion in their aftermath. Beyond generic realignment, these poems ask the question of narrative interpretability.
Plutarch’s Lives
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Parallel Lives of Plutarch (c. AD 45-120), a vast retrospective series of biographies of Greek and Roman statesmen, have always been one of the most widely read of the works which survive from classical antiquity. They were written when Roman imperial power was reaching its height, and are sophisticated examples of a renaissance classicism, both linguistic, literary, philosophical and historical, which formed a Greek reaction to Roman domination. The Parallel Lives thus offer us a unique insight into the reception of Classical Greece and Republican Rome in the Greek world of the second century AD. They also explore and challenge issues of psychology, education, morality, and cultural identity. In this new study discussions of Plutarch's literary techniques and moral conceptions are combined with case studies of a number of paired Lives (Pyrrhos - Marius, Phokion - Cato Minor, Lysander - Sulla, and Coriolanus - Alkibiades). As the author demonstrates, the parallel structure of the Lives is not only vital to their interpretation but also reflects a Greek attempt to appropriate and make sense of the pasts of both Greece and Rome.
The Lives of Coriolanus and Alkibiades
Authors: Duff Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two pairs of Lives have been examined where Plutarch seems to make it difficult for the reader to extract moral lessons. The third example is the Coriolanus-Alkibiades, a pair which seems both to reinforce and to challenge moral norms: it is no surprise that Plutarch regarded both of these men as having ‘ great natures’.
Crocodile Love
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was suggested in the Introduction that Dionysos was more than the god of wine and the symposium and that the reasons remain to be explored why he and his company of satyrs and maenads appear on Greek vases as often as they do. This chapter addresses that question: the meaning of Dionysiaka-the ‘Dionysian connection’-in the work of Sotades.
Dulce Et Decorum Pro Patria Mori
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Asotadean ram’s-head rhyton in Boston (Figs. 38-9, Cat. L2) shows a youth seated immobile on a rock by an olive tree. His curly hair is held by a fillet. His body is tightly wrapped in his himation, a fold of which he has drawn over the back of his head. Before him stands a woman holding a shield and a spear with a serpent blazon. She extends the shield toward the youth seated before her, apparently addressing him.
Astragalos
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is a treasure of the British Museum (Figs. 60-3, Cat. Xi), one of the loveliest and Jl at the same time one of the most curious objects in the corpus of ancient Greek vases. What is pictured on it is evidently a kind of thiasosor sacred procession-an air borne thiasos-of graceful young women seen drifting weightlessly through the air, feet trailing, like figures in a dream or hallucination.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The episodes of the Trojan saga supplied fifth-century Athenian tragedians with narrative ingredients for a long list of dramas. Aischylos composed approximately twenty plays based on Trojan myths, Sophokles more than thirty, and Euripides nearly a dozen. The figures are more impressive still when compared with the total number of plays produced by each poet. The Trojan plays of Sophokles constituted approximately one-quarter of his entire output, while for Aischylos and Euripides the proportion is slightly lower, about one-fifth for each. The Ilioupersis--material drawn from the narrative span between the implementation of the wooden horse and the final departure of the Achaians-must have appeared frequently.
The Image of the Ilioupersis in Aischylos’ Agamemnon
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aischylos’ Oresteia trilogy begins with the nostos of Agamemnon, with the ill-omened homecoming which follows the king’s long awaited victory over the Trojans. And as in the epic tradition of Troy’s fall, where the Ilioupersis launches the Achaians on their disastrous homeward journeys, so too in Aischylos’ Agamemnon the Ilioupersis opens the final chapter in the life of an Achaian hero. Over the first 800 lines of the play, while awaiting the imminent arrival of the victorious king on stage, we repeatedly hear reflections and recollections of his recent victory--from the chorus a memory of a distant omen, from Klytaimestra a provocative vision of distant events, a first eyewitness account from the messenger, and finally a report from the conqueror himself. Through these varied and sometimes contradictory recollections Aischylos projects a mysterious, haunting image of Troy’s destruction into the drama of events at Argos.
Ilioupersis Paradigms in Euripides’ Andromache
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judged from the perspective of generations of critics, Euripides’ Andromache would appear to be a bizarre play, a perplexing series of twists and turns which repeatedly raise and lower our emotions. Such criticism certainly draws attention to the rapid pace and the density of events packed into this drama, but it will also naturally provoke defenders, who wish to find in Euripides a master craftsman of rhetorical argumentation, composing plots with a logic analogous to that of his agonistic characters. I believe that a new analysis, sensitive to the perspective of the designing dramatist, will bring to light the exceedingly, perhaps excessively, rational structure upon which the drama rests. In the following pages I offer a partial outline of the logic of the drama, and at the same time I argue that the play’s structure rests to a greater or lesser extent upon a set of fundamental paradigms borrowed from the Ilioupersis.
Euripides’ Troades
Authors: Anderson Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From dramas which incorporate Ilioupersis themes we turn to a dramatization of the Ilioupersis itself, or as close to such as any Athenian playwright could come. Set in the immediate aftermath of the capture, as the captive women await departure and the city awaits final destruction, Euripides’ Troades presents a panorama of lamented suffering comparable in scope to an epic Ilioupersis. Without dramatizing the traditional highlights of the capture itself-an impossibility on the Athenian stage-Euripides nevertheless reproduced the composite spirit of the epic accounts by including a wide cast of characters engaged in a varied sequence of complementary actions.
A View To a Kill-Lucan’s Amphitheatrical Audience
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, different modes of spectacle have been investigated—modes which traditionally serve to communicate a shared and stable ideology but which civil war leaves fractured and dysfunctional. Whether the issue is the collection of scars, battle under the eyes of the general, or the exemplary display of virtus. Lucan’s Scaeva scene has a central position.
A Roman Political Year
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Livy’ s narrative ebbs and flows between politics at Rome and war or diplomacy overseas. Towards the end of a Roman year, which until the last day of December 154 BC ran from the Ides of March to 14 March following, the tide flowed in the direction of Rome. So at the beginning of the winter of 190/89 two proconsuls made their way to Rome, Manius Acilius Glabrio, fresh from his victories in Greece, and Quintus Minucius Thermus from Liguria.
The Story of the Origin of the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polybius’ ideas, in particular the notions that the Roman republican constitution was the product of a natural growth and that it drew its strength from conflict and co-operation between rival forces, were based not only on contemporary politics at Rome but on the portrayal of the early history of Rome, which he summarized in a now missing part of Book 6. This in turn must have been based on the earliest Roman annalists, no doubt supplemented by the comments of his Roman friends. Though the texts of the earliest annals are almost entirely lost, we can disentangle with some plausibility the outlines of the tradition which we possess in a greatly elaborated form in the work of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
Tribunes, Aediles, and Minor Magistrates
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The origin of the tribunes of the plebs is the cornerstone of the story of the Conflict of the Orders, which was the chief domestic theme in the annals of the early Republic. In the course of their first secession in 494 the plebs elected tribunes as their spokesmen in negotiations with the patricians and swore an oath to take vengeance on anyone who did violence to the persons of the tribunes, declaring them sacrosanct (Chap. IV above with nn. 24-5).
The Republic Remembered
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 28-7 BC Augustus restored the res publica to the senate and Roman people and brought back constitutional rule after twenty years of civil war and dictatorship. But under the name of princeps, his imperium was dominant. Within a few years the powers conferred first on him and later on Agrippa by the assembly (Chap. V, n. 2) made any return to a republican balance unthinkable.
Greek Oratory
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speakers address audiences in the earliest Greek literature, but oratory became a distinct genre in the late fifth century and reached its maturity in the fourth. This book traces the development of its techniques by examining the contribution made by each orator. Dr Usher makes the speeches come alive for the reader through an in-depth analysis of the problems of composition and the likely responses of contemporary audiences. His study differs from previous books in its recognition of the richness of the early tradition which made innovation difficult, however, the orators are revealed as men of remarkable talent, versatility, and resource. Antiphon's pioneering role, Lysias' achievement of balance between the parts of the speech, the establishment of oratory as a medium of political thought by Demosthenes and Isocrates, and the individual characteristics of other orators - Andocides, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Hyperides, Dinarchus and Apollodorus - together make a fascinating study in evolution; while the illustrative texts of the orators (which are translated into English) include some of the liveliest and most moving passages in Greek literature.
Lycurgus
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most august of the Attic orators, scion of a priestly family which claimed descent from Erechtheus, Lycurgus was Demosthenes’ senior by a few years, and shared his hostility to the ambitions of Philip II. He came into individual prominence after the defeat at Chaeronea, as he assumed charge of Athenian finances for the exceptional period of twelve years (338–326); and the unusually full account of his work in the pseudo-Plutarchian Life shows how charge of the treasury, earned through his reputation for probity, gave him wide powers to legislate. It is perhaps to this reputation that he owed his administrative success. Aided by continuity, he was able, among other measures, to provide 400 triremes for the fleet and carry out extensive building projects in the city. Money for this seems to have come, in part, from private subscription: a source on which the state had always drawn, but never to greater effect than under the administration of Lycurgus, surely because wealthy citizens believed that he would put it to good use. Another source of revenue, though probably not the greatest,2 was successful prosecution leading to confiscations, and this introduces the side of Lycurgus’ career that concerns the present discussion. He equipped himself as an orator by attending the school of lsocrates, and his training will have enabled him to present his policies persuasively to the Assembly. But all his extant oratory is forensic and most of the speeches are prosecutions which, if successful, would have led to confiscation of property.
The Idea of Ancient Literary Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yun Lee Too offers a sustained reading of the social function of the body of texts we identify as 'ancient literary criticism' with major implications for how we understand this discourse and also modern criticism and literary theory. The author argues that when Greek and Roman authors discuss what and how to read in works, they are attempting to create and maintain the political community and its identity by regulating the languages available to it. Literary criticism is a process of discrimination between competing discourses, serving as a strategy by which certain forms of speech or writing may be pronounced legitimate at the expense of others. The volume traces ancient criticism from its origins in archaic Greek poetry through to the early Christian era. As well as reading the familiar texts of ancient criticism - Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Poetics, [Longinus] On the Sublime, amongst others - it shows how ancient law, history, and rhetoric participate in the critical process.
Antichrist among Jews and Gentiles
Authors: Horbury William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antichrist seems as native to Christianity as the devil with horns and a tail. This impression receives learned support in much recent scholarship. Thus G. C. Jenks, C. E. Hill, and L. J. Lietaert Peerbolte all contend that the figure of Antichrist is a Christian development. In earlier years, by contrast, it had been considered originally Jewish by Wilhelm Bousset, Moritz Friedlander, Louis Ginzberg, and Israel Levi. Then, however, Paul Billerbeck (1926), concisely summarizing a wealth of material, urged that, despite appearances, there was virtually no contact in substance between ancient Jewish literature and the New Testament on Antichrist; in Jewish sources the messiah had political opponents, but the Christian Antichrist was a religious figure. More recently Stefan Heid, in a book finished in I 990, accepted that Bousset was fundamentally right. A contrast between Christian and Jewish sources, in some ways recalling that drawn by Billerbeck, has nevertheless returned to prominence.
Synagogue Leadership: The Case of the Archisynagogue
Authors: Levine Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cadre of synagogue leadership that determined synagogue policy and directed its affairs as well as the titles and types of offices involved are important issues in the study of the ancient synagogue, but have been only sporadically investigated over the last century. In recent decades, however, with the dramatic increase in the publication of epigraphical material, interest in this area has been revitalized.
Dissonance and Misunderstanding in Jewish-Roman Relations
Authors: Stern Sacha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is to be expected that Jews and Romans will not always have understood each other, either because of their linguistic, cultural and religious differences, or because of the intrinsically different perspectives of ruler and of ruled. This paper is concerned, however, not with misunderstanding itself, but rather with its social and political consequences: i.e.
Empire of Honour
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jon Lendon offers a new interpretation of how the Roman empire worked in the first four centuries AD. A despotism rooted in force and fear enjoyed widespread support among the ruling classes of the provinces on the basis of an aristocratic culture of honour shared by rulers and ruled. The competitive Roman and Greek aristocrats of the empire conceived of their relative standing in terms of public esteem or honour, and conceived of their cities - towards which they felt a warm patriotism - as entities locked in a parallel struggle for primacy in honour over rivals. Emperors and provincial governors exploited these rivalries to gain the indispensable co-operation of local magnates by granting honours to individuals and their cities. Since rulers strove for honour as well, their subjects manipulated them with honours in their turn. Honour - whose workings are also traced in the Roman army - served as a way of talking and thinking about Roman government: it was both a species of power, and a way - connived in by rulers and ruled - of concealing the terrible realities of imperial rule.
AbhandlungenForm And Meaning In The Melian Dialogue
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of a Thucydidean speech is a complex task of which at least three different aspects could be distinguished.
First, justice must be done to the speech’s rhetoric. It is obvious that Thucydides is well-versed in rhetorical theory and practice,2 and his speeches make use of them in a sophisticated and self-conscious way.
Reason And Necessity:1 Thucydides Iii 9-14, 37-48
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The speeches concerning the Mytilenean revolt in Thucydides III present three speakers trying to justify or commend a decision: they are, in Aristotelian terms, examples of symbuleutic oratory. The purpose of such oratory is naturally to identify the right course of action, to achieve €u{ But Thucydides is writing about facts; he is also intensely aware of human nature, a force more powerful than reason. So his characters cannot be simply models of wisdom. They are human beings, and they feel the pressure of war or empire. Thus the rhetoric which they employ to convince their hearers is for the historian a way of discovering to his readers the limits, or the failures, as well as the powers, of reasoning; and in this exposure of human weakness Thucydides ‘ work is both rationalistic and tragic, an analysis of human error, be it corrigible or otherwise. If, then, he puts into his speakers ‘ mouths the arguments he himself thought they should have
Thucydides On Faction (3.82-83)
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thucydides ‘ account of faction in the Peloponnesian War (3.82-83) is perhaps more often admired than appreciated; and indeed its structure and wording have not always satisfied commentators. Two kinds of question raised by the passage may be identified:
What does it say and what is it about? We need to examine it as a coherent train of thought, and at the same time - for it is plainly not a mere digression or show-piece - as an essential part of Thucydides ‘ whole work. Both the historian ‘s practice and his programme suggest that the reader should do this. For in putting his thoughts in so highly generalized a form, he invites us to apply them widely. Even when they occur in speeches, where a fallible or even dishonest orator is trying to persuade an audience, general statements may be thus widely applicable;2 how much more when they come directly from the historian. We should also be ready to consider whether what are presented as remarks on stasis may not apply beyond situations of stasis. For war and faction as twin causes of violent death are closely connected in the proem to Thucydides ‘ whole work (1.23.2); and 3.82.1-2, which echo the proem (l.22.4), bring out that the growth of stasis was a natural consequence of war and that in stasis, as in war, human nature is revealed.
A Use Of Myth In Ancient Poetry
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is perhaps unnecessary to defend the principle that mythical exempla in ancient poetry are not merely decorative, but serve in the expression of ‘significant emotion ‘ ; it would still be welcome to see it more frequently and more coherently applied. This paper tries to isolate one characteristic use of myth in four poems from Hellenistic and Roman authors ; the last section summarizes its conclusions and briefly sets them in a context of literary history.
Parody And Personalities In Catullus
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reader of Catullus ‘ fiftieth poem can hardly fail to be struck by the poet ‘s use of erotic language to his friend Calvus. Sleeplessness and lack of appetite are symptoms of love, and the threat of Nemesis is commonly used against a haughty beloved;3 miserum (line 9),4 incensus (line 8), and indomitus furore (line 11)5 are words to describe a lover, and ocelle (line 19), as Kroll observes, is naturally addressed to a beloved. Even ut tecum loquerer simulque ut essem (line 13)6 suggests a lover ‘s yearning, if we recall how Plato in erotic contexts stresses the desire to have company and conversation with the beloved (Symp. 211 d 6-8; Phdr. 255 b 2). It is strange then that Kroll should comment on preces in line 18 that their content is not clear. For once the whole is characterized as a declaration oflove,7 it becomes superfluous to ask what precisely Catullus ‘ prayers are for; it is enough to say they are the prayers of a lover.
Catullus 1161
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF Catullus ‘ poems as we have them faithfully reproduce their order in the original roll or rolls, and if that order reflects a design of the poet ‘s, then the last piece in our manuscripts naturally merits close attention. But even one who has vigorously upheld these hypotheses writes : ‘it is tempting to suppose that the poem is a spurious addition, attached after the publication of the collection; Catullus may indeed have written it, but not wanted to include so illepidus a piece of versification in his published works ‘ (Wiseman, Catullan Questions [Leicester, 1969], 27). Nor has the poem attracted much interest in its own right; it seems to be generally considered just another slice of biography, and as such hardly susceptible of a poetic meaning. The remarks which follow try to show that it has one, and perhaps also a significant position.