bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Client perceptions of hindering experiences in counselling
Authors: Paulson Barbara L. , Everall Robin D. , Stuart Janice 
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of what clients perceive as hindering experiences in counselling. In‐depth interviews combined with concept mapping were used to gather, organize, and understand clients' perceptions of hindering aspects of therapy. In the initial data gathering stage, 8 adult client participants, aged 18 or older (average of 14.1 sessions) were asked to respond to the following open‐ended questions:

(a)What was unhelpful or hindering about counselling?
(b)What would have made counselling more helpful?In the second phase of the data gathering, a sample of 20 participants (7 male, 13 female) were asked to participate in the sorting and rating task utilizing statements derived from the interviews. The analysis produced a thematic structure that identified three core aspects of counselling that clients found hindering: (1) counsellor behaviours, (2) external and structural barriers and (3) client variables. Implications for practitioners are included in the discussion.
Transcription Factor Families Have Much Higher Expansion Rates in Plants than in Animals
Authors: Shiu Shin-Han , Shih Ming-Che , Li Wen-Hsiung 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs), which are central to the regulation of gene expression, are usually members of multigene families. In plants, they are involved in diverse processes such as developmental control and elicitation of defense and stress responses. To investigate if differences exist in the expansion patterns of TF gene families between plants and other eukaryotes, we first used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TFs to identify TF DNA-binding domains. These DNA-binding domains were then used to identify related sequences in 25 other eukaryotic genomes. Interestingly, among 19 families that are shared between animals and plants, more than 14 are larger in plants than in animals. After examining the lineage-specific expansion of TF families in two plants, eight animals, and two fungi, we found that TF families shared among these organisms have undergone much more dramatic expansion in plants than in other eukaryotes. Moreover, this elevated expansion rate of plant TF is not simply due to higher duplication rates of plant genomes but also to a higher degree of expansion compared to other plant genes. Further, in many Arabidopsis-rice (Oryza sativa) TF orthologous groups, the degree of lineage-specific expansion in Arabidopsis is correlated with that in rice. This pattern of parallel expansion is much more pronounced than the whole-genome trend in rice and Arabidopsis. The high rate of expansion among plant TF genes and their propensity for parallel expansion suggest frequent adaptive responses to selection pressure common among higher plants.
Pregnancy outcome among HIV‐infected women in the Helsinki metropolitan area
Authors: Lehtovirta Päivi , Skogberg Kirsi , Salo Eeva , Ämmälä Pirkko , Ristola Matti , Suni Jukka , Paavonen Jorma , Heikinheimo Oskari 
Published: September 2005

Background.  Antiretroviral medication and good obstetric practice have greatly reduced the rate of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The incidence of HIV infection has remained low in Finland. Universal antenatal screening has been offered to all pregnant women since 1998.Methods.  We analyzed the outcomes of 52 pregnancies among 45 HIV‐infected mothers delivering at our department during 1993–2003. A multidisciplinary team planned the management strategy individually and supported the mother's adherence to treatment.Results.  The incidence of HIV infection among women delivering in our hospital district increased from 0.6/10 000 (95% CI 0–1.6) to 4.8/10 000 (95% CI 1.4–8.2) between 1993 and 2002. HIV infection was diagnosed during pregnancy in 40% (18/45) of the mothers. Antiretroviral medication was used prior to pregnancy in 17 (33%) cases; in 34 (66%) cases of the pregnancies, medication was started during the pregnancy. A good virological response (i.e. HIV RNA load <1000/ml during the last trimester) to antiretroviral medication was achieved in 90% (36/40) of the patients; in 60% (24/40) of cases, the HIV RNA load was below the assay detection limit. One mother with advanced HIV infection succumbed to pneumonia shortly after delivery. Of the infants, 92% were born at term, and their mean (±SD) birth weight was 3350 ± 395 g. The Caesarean section (CS) rate was 25% (13/52). All newborns were in good condition, and their mean umbilical pH was 7.23. All newborns received antiretroviral medication. One infant was infected with HIV, the mother was found HIV‐positive postpartum. None of the infants born to mothers known to be HIV positive were infected.Conclusions.  A combination of universal antenatal screening and multidisciplinary management allows individualized treatment and prevents vertical transmission of HIV infection.
Capturing crack cocaine use: estimating the prevalence of crack cocaine use in London using capture–recapture with covariates
Authors: Hope Vivian D. , Hickman Matthew , Tilling Kate 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAim To estimate the prevalence of crack cocaine use in 12 London Boroughs (and London as a whole).Setting Twelve London Boroughs, 2000–01.Methods (1) Covariate capture–recapture techniques applied to three data sources of subjects reporting crack cocaine use: specialist drug treatment (2905), arrest referral (1188) and accident and emergency and community survey (531); and (2) ratio‐estimation multiplier, using an estimate of number of injecting drug users and proportion that use crack cocaine.Findings After matching, 4117 individuals aged 15–44 were identified. The best‐fitting model estimated 16 855 unobserved crack cocaine users, giving an overall estimate of approximately 21 000 [95% confidence interval (CI) 13 000–43 000] and a prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI 1.0–3.2%). Prevalence of crack cocaine use was 2.4% (95% CI 1.5–5.0%) among men and 0.7% (95% CI 0.5–1.0%) among women, and similar by age groups 15–29 and 30–44 years. Overall, approximately 11 900 (57%) of the estimated number of crack cocaine users were also opiate users. In London as a whole there may be 46 000 (1.3%) crack cocaine users aged 15–44 years, with 28 000 (1.9%) in inner London—four times higher than estimates from population surveys. Some corroboration was provided by the ratio‐estimation method, which estimated 23 000 users in the 12 Boroughs.Conclusions Capture–recapture can be applied to crack cocaine and obtain better estimates than population surveys. The size of the crack cocaine‐using population in London is large, although currently the majority are also opiate users. Given that half of current users are under 30 the problems associated with crack cocaine use are likely to increase in the future.
Immunological and virological consequences of patient-directed antiretroviral therapy interruption during chronic HIV-1 infection
Authors: Burton C T , Nelson M R , Hay P , Gazzard B G , Gotch F M , Imami N 
Published: September 2005

Summary
Increasing numbers of patients are choosing to interrupt highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We describe the effect of patient-directed treatment interruption (PDTI) on plasma viral loads (pVL), proviral DNA (pDNA), lymphocyte subsets and immune responses in 24 chronically HIV-1 infected individuals. Patients were divided into group A with pVL &gt; 50 copies/ml and group B with pVL &lt; 50 copies/ml, prior to the PDTI. pVL rose significantly in group B during the first month off HAART and was associated with a significant decrease in CD4 T-cell count. At baseline there was a significant difference in HIV-1 pDNA levels between groups A and B, however, levels significantly increased in group B, but not in group A during PDTI becoming equivalent after 1 month PDTI. We have previously shown no increase in pDNA over the time of substitution in patients switching HAART regimens despite a small rebound in pVL. These observations indicate that to protect low pDNA levels PDTI should be discouraged and that changing regimen at the first sign of failure should be advised where possible. Only transient, no longer than 4 week, HIV-1-specific responses were observed during PDTI in 5/24 patients, 2 from group A and 3 from group B. The low numbers of responders and the transient nature of the anti-HIV-1 immune responses do not favour the auto-vaccination hypothesis.
Prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells against hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Encke J , Findeklee J , Geib J , Pfaff E , Stremmel W 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAntigen uptake and presentation capacities enable DC to prime and activate T cells. Recently, several studies demonstrated a diminished DC function in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients showing impaired abilities to stimulate allogenic T cells and to produce IFN-γ in HCV infected patients. Moreover, DC of patients who have resolved HCV infection behave like DC from healthy donors responding to maturation stimuli, decrease antigen uptake, up-regulate expression of appropriate surface marker, and are potent stimulators of allogenic T cells. A number of studies have demonstrated in tumour models and models of infectious diseases strong induction of immune responses after DC vaccination. Because DC are essential for T-cell activation and since viral clearance in HCV infected patients is associated with a vigorous T-cell response, we propose a new type of HCV vaccine based on ex vivo stimulated and matured DC loaded with HCV specific antigens. This vaccine circumvents the impaired DC maturation and the down regulated DC function of HCV infected patients in vivo by giving the necessary maturation stimuli and the HCV antigens in a different setting and location ex vivo. Strong humoral and cellular immune responses were detected after HCV core DC vaccination. Furthermore, DC vaccination shows partial protection in a therapeutic and prophylactic model of HCV infection. In conclusion, mice immunized with HCV core pulsed DC generated a specific antiviral response in a mouse HCV challenge model. Our results indicate that HCV core pulsed DC may serve as a new modality for immunotherapy of HCV especially in chronically infected patients.
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is up-regulated on leucocytes from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Schumacher A , Liebers U , John M , Gerl V , Meyer M , Witt C , Wolff G 
Published: September 2005

SummaryChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by a dysregulated recruitment of circulating leucocytes into the lung which is associated with the onset and progress of the disease. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) is expressed on leucocytes and plays an essential role in primary leucocyte-endothelial cell adhesive contacts. The present study investigated if PSGL-1 is up-regulated on leucocytes of COPD patients. Peripheral blood samples were collected from COPD patients as well as controls (smoking, nonsmoking volunteers) and subjected to analysis of PSGL-1 expression on leucocytes, i.e. neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes by flow cytometry. No significant difference was observed between healthy nonsmoking and healthy smoking control subjects. In contrast, PSGL-1 expression was found to be significantly increased on the surface of all four leucocyte populations in COPD patients compared to both control groups. The finding that PSGL-1 surface expression is up-regulated on leucocytes of COPD patients as compared to leucocytes of controls suggests PSGL-1 as a potential target for anti-inflammatory treatment.
Rapid instrumental methods and chemometrics for the determination of pre‐crystallization in chocolate
Authors: Svenstrup Gitte , Heimdal Hanne , Nørgaard Lars 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThree rapid instrumental methods for the determination of the pre‐crystallization stage in six types of chocolate were studied. The methods were near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and tri stimulus colour measurements. The chocolates were tempered into five categories: two levels of under‐tempered, two levels of over‐tempered and one level of well‐tempered chocolate. A temper meter was used as the reference method. NIR and fluorescence data were orthogonalized before modelling in order to remove the chocolate type characteristics. NIR spectroscopy was capable of discriminating between the five tempering groups when the principal component analysis (PCA) model was used on all chocolate types. A partial least squares discriminant analysis on the NIR spectra with the three main tempering groups (over‐, well‐, and under‐tempered) as the dependent variable showed perfect separation of the groups. Using fluorescence spectroscopy it was possible to separate the chocolates into the three main tempering groups in a PCA model, while the colour measurements did not reflect the degree of pre‐crystallization.
The quality of cold‐smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by salting method, time and temperature
Authors: Birkeland Sveinung , Bjerkeng Bjørn 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe effects of temperature (4 and 10–12 °C) and time (6, 12 and 24 h) on colorimetric parameters (Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b*), carotenoid concentration, salt content and yield were investigated in brine (saturated or 50% saturation) and dry salted fillets of cold‐smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), hue (Hab) and chroma (C*) values were lower at 10 than 4 °C (P < 0.01), whereas redness (a*) was unaffected. L* increased (P < 0.05) and a*, b*, Hab and C* values dropped when salting time was increased (P < 0.001). Astaxanthin concentration of brine‐salted fillets decreased with increasing salting time (P < 0.05), but was unaffected by salting temperature. Increasing salting time affected colour negatively. The salt content of dry salted fillets increased with temperature and salting time. The process yield was unaffected by temperature and decreased with salting time. In conclusion, the cold smoking process is more important for variation in quality parameters than the salting process.
A comparative study on the effect of some antioxidants on the lipid and pigment oxidation in dry‐fermented sausages
Authors: Balev Desislav , Vulkova Teodora , Dragoev Stefan , Zlatanov Magdalen , Bahtchevanska Slava 
Published: September 2005

SummaryA comparative study on the effect of antioxidants on the lipid and pigment oxidation in Bulgarian dry‐fermented sausage type lukanka is described. A commercial mix of antioxidants, called ‘grindox 1021’ (GR), restricted the development of the peroxidation processes in dry‐fermented sausages (type lukanka) to a greater extent than either rosemary (RS), rutine (RT), sodium erythrobate (SE) or l‐ascorbic acid, when applied at the same concentration. The latter compounds did not effectively stabilize lipids in sausages against oxidation; they only slowed down the lypolysis and did not greatly change the colour of the cross‐sectional surface. However, the sausage lipids were best stabilized when 1 g kg−1 GR, RS or RT was added. The addition of 1 g kg−1 RS and GR most efficiently suppressed the hydroperoxides – primary derivatives of lipid peroxidation, while the secondary derivatives in the final product were most reduced when 1 g kg−1 GR and SE were added.
The effects of natural fermentation on the physical properties of rice flour and the rheological characteristics of rice noodles
Authors: Lu Zhan‐Hui , Li Li‐Te , Min Wei‐Hong , Wang Feng , Tatsumi Eizo 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe effects of fermentation of whole polished rice grains on the physical properties of rice flour and the rheological characteristics of rice noodles were investigated. Natural fermentation had little effect on the crystalline structure of rice starch, as measured by X‐ray diffraction, but the ratio of the crystalline to the amorphous regions increased. The thermal properties of rice flours were determined using differential scanning calorimetry and a rapid viscosity analyser (RVA). The gelatinization temperature, Tp, and the RVA peak viscosity of rice flour decreased, while the gelatinization enthalpy, ΔH, increased after fermentation. The FTIR spectra of fermented and control rice flours were similar. Fermented rice starch granules had slight superficial corrosion when examined using scanning electron microscopy. Fermentation may thus change the amorphous region of the starch granule as well as the chemical components and thereby modify both physical properties of rice flour and rheological characteristics of rice noodles.
Parallels in the evolution of the two largest New and Old World seed‐beetle genera (Coleoptera, Bruchidae)
Authors: KERGOAT G. J. , ALVAREZ N. , HOSSAERT‐MCKEY M. , FAURE N. , SILVAIN J.‐F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis study provides the first phylogenetic analysis of a large sample of the two largest genera of seed‐beetles,AcanthoscelidesSchilsky andBruchidiusSchilsky, which mostly feed on legumes (Fabaceae). The goal of this study was to investigate evolutionary patterns in relation to biogeography and host‐plant associations. We used three mitochondrial molecular markers and parsimony and Bayesian inference methods to reconstruct the phylogeny of 76 species. In addition, we critically reviewed host‐plant records in the literature for these two bruchid genera. Our results demonstrated the existence of two major clades, one New World and one largely Old World, which generally correspond to the two genera. Yet, current classification of several species is erroneous, so that both genera as currently defined are paraphyletic. We highlighted a strong trend toward specialization (with high taxonomic conservatism in host‐plant use) exhibited by the two studied genera. However, we showed the existence of several host shifts during the evolution of this group of bruchids. Our phylogenetic hypotheses and our evaluation of host‐plant associations both suggest that the two genera have undergone parallel evolution, as they have independently colonized similar host plants in their respective areas of distribution. Our estimation of divergence times indicated a more ancient origin for bruchids than that suggested by the fossil records. Interestingly, the suggested timing of diversification is consistent with the hypothesis of a radiation that could have occurred contemporaneously with the diversification of their legume hosts.
A novel and naturally occurring transposon, ISRpe1 in the Rickettsia peacockii genome disrupting the rickA gene involved in actin‐based motility
Authors: Simser Jason A. , Rahman M. Sayeedur , Dreher‐Lesnick Sheila M. , Azad Abdu F. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWhile examining the molecular basis for the lack of actin‐based motility for the non‐pathogenic spotted fever group (SFG) R. peacockii, we identified a novel insertion sequence (IS) element, ISRpe1, disrupting the coding sequence of rickA, demonstrated to induce actin‐tail polymerization for the SFG rickettsiae. This rickettsial IS element appears to be active in that complete terminal inverted repeat and recombinase/transposase open reading frame sequences are present and the transposase is transcriptionally expressed. Phylogenetically, ISRpe1 belongs to a new IS family that is most closely related to those transposable elements of other intracellular bacteria like Wolbachia spp. ISRpe1 was demonstrated to be present in at least 10 locations throughout the R. peacockii genome, including one that disrupted the putative cell surface antigen encoding gene, sca1 considered to be involved in adhesion and virulence of the rickettsiae. Additionally, three IS sites demonstrated rearrangements/relocations of the R. peacockii genome when compared to those of other SFG rickettsiae. Our findings of the disruptions of rickA and sca1 along with the comparative genomic reassortments associated with ISRpe1 in the non‐virulent R. peacockii provides opportunities to uncover molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and evolution of rickettsiae as well as its potential to be used in rickettsial transposon‐based mutagenesis.
Implication of CcpN in the regulation of a novel untranslated RNA (SR1) in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Licht Andreas , Preis Sven , Brantl Sabine 
Published: September 2005

SummaryAntisense‐RNAs have been investigated in detail over the past 20 years as the principal regulators in accessory DNA elements such as plasmids, phages and transposons. However, only a few examples of chromosomally encoded bacterial antisense RNAs were known. Meanwhile, ≈70 small non‐coding RNAs from the Escherichia coli genome have been found, the functions of the majority of which remain to be elucidated. Only one systematic search has been performed for Gram‐positive bacteria, so far. Here, we report the identification of a novel small (205 nt) non‐translated RNA – SR1 – encoded in the Bacillus subtilis genome. SR1 was predicted by a computational approach and verified by Northern blotting. Knockout or overexpression of SR1 did not affect growth. SR1 was derepressed under conditions of gluconeogenesis, but repressed under glycolytic conditions. Two regulatory levels could be identified, one involving CcpA, the second, more important, involving the recently identified regulator CcpN.
Characterization of salt tolerance in ectoine‐transformed tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum): photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment, and nitrogen partitioning
Authors: MOGHAIEB R. E. A. , TANAKA N. , SANEOKA H. , MUROOKA Y. , ONO H. , MORIKAWA H. , NAKAMURA A. , NGUYEN N. T. , SUWA R. , FUJITA K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTEctoine (1,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐2‐methyl‐4‐pyrimidinecarboxylic acid) biosynthetic genes (ect. ABC) from Halomonas elongata were introduced to tobacco plants using an Agrobacterium‐mediated gene delivery system. The genes for ectoine biosynthesis were integrated in a stable manner into the tobacco genome and the corresponding transcripts were expressed. The concentration of ectoine under salt‐stress conditions was higher in the roots than in leaves. A close relationship was found between stomatal conductance and the amount of transported nitrogen, suggesting that water transport through the xylem in the stem and transpiration may be involved in nitrogen transport to leaves. The data indicate that the turgor values of the ectoine transgenic lines increased with increasing salt concentration. The data revealed two ways in which ectoine enhanced salinity tolerance of tobacco plants. First, ectoine improved the maintenance of root function so that water is taken up consistently and supplied to shoots under saline conditions. Second, ectoine enhanced the nitrogen supply to leaves by increasing transpiration and by protecting Rubisco proteins from deleterious effects of salt, thereby improving the rate of photosynthesis.