bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corticalization and composition
Authors: Wise Steven P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In modern primates, the cerebral cortex dwarfs the remainder of the brain: a dominance that developed in phases, mostly in Eocene crown primates, Miocene anthropoids, and Pleistocene hominins. In each case, a larger cortex evolved at a different time than the group’s characteristic skeletal traits, which points to different driving forces for bodies and brains. Notably, cortical expansion in Miocene hominoids occurred while they still closely resembled cercopithecoids, their sister group. The cortex also changed in composition. An extensive suite of primate- and anthropoid-specific areas emerged, many of which improved the efficiency of long-range foraging journeys. In Miocene monkeys and hominoids, faster forms of locomotion evolved in concert with a larger cortex. Later, in Pleistocene hominins, the enlargement of primate-specific cortical areas, along with the hippocampus, supported uniquely human cognitive capacities, including a prodigious accumulation of semantic generalizations and a limitless capacity to imagine the future and the past.
Influence in the UN Security Council
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The formal rules governing the UN Security Council offer little insight into the process of negotiation. While it is common knowledge that permanent members dominate negotiations, this chapter demonstrates how permanent members dominate and what avenues of influence exist for other actors. It uses the concept of institutional power to show how the influence of permanent members extends beyond their formal privileges. Permanent members dominate agenda-setting, drafting, and have the capacity for informal veto. Support from elected members brings legitimacy to resolutions, however, and this mitigates the influence of permanent members. Elected members can also magnify their influence with strong diplomatic capacities or by acting collectively. The chapter goes beyond voting actors to analyse the influence of the UN Secretariat and the epistemic community around the United Nations on Security Council negotiations. The argument in this chapter also has implications for the perennial reform debates and the prospects for informal reform.
The UN Security Council’s First Referral to the ICC
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the UN Security Council’s referral of the situation in Darfur to the ICC. This chapter had more intense national interests involved than other chapters because the US did not want to legitimize the ICC via a Security Council referral. The US had spent years trying to ensure immunity for US officials by the time of the Darfur referral and had secured extensive bilateral non-surrender agreements with states. It had also vetoed an unrelated resolution on peacekeeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and threatened to continue vetoing resolutions, to obtain a resolution granting immunity to personnel from states that are not party to the Rome Statute. However, the US had also established itself as a key advocate on Darfur by the time the referral was negotiated. As such, it was the external legitimation practice of consistent arguments that made it difficult for the US to veto the referral. Internal legitimation practices on repetition of agreed language were also instrumental in facilitating US acquiesce. The US achieved some concessions in the resolution referring Darfur to the ICC, however, it fundamentally did not want to legitimize the ICC via a referral and was constrained in achieving this aim by external legitimation practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Gifkins Jess 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the argument and suggests directions for future research. It includes a section summarizing the evidence for external legitimation practices, showing how they can be used to explain key turning points in the negotiation on Darfur across agenda-setting, sanctions, the referral to the International Criminal Court, and peacekeeping. It highlights that the influence of external legitimation practices does not necessarily make decisions better, and in some cases the practice of ‘doing something’ generated decisions that could not be implemented. The chapter also contains a section summarizing the evidence for internal legitimation practices. It demonstrates how practices of seeking unanimity, repetition of language, and seeking regional support were each instrumental in passing Security Council resolutions on Darfur. It suggests that it is likely that internal legitimation practices have even more influence in cases that are less contentious and more routine than Darfur. Future directions for research on legitimation practices are suggested across different case studies, different multilateral institutions, or in domestic governance. Internal and external legitimation practices can be used to explain key turning points in Security Council negotiations that are not explained using traditional approaches to International Relations.
A Widow's Vengeance after the Wars of Religion
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Paris, 1599. At the end of the French Wars of Religion, the widow Renée Chevalier instigated the prosecution of the military captain Mathurin Delacanche, who had committed multiple acts of rape, homicide, and theft against the villagers who lived around her château near the cathedral city of Sens. But how could Chevalier win her case when King Henri IV’s Edict of Nantes ordered that the recent troubles should be forgotten as ‘things that had never been’? A Widow’s Vengeance after the Wars of Religion is a dramatic account of the impact of the religious wars on daily life. Based on neglected archival sources and an exceptional criminal trial, it recovers the experiences of women, peasants, and foot soldiers, who are marginalized in most historical accounts. Tom Hamilton shows how this trial contributed to a wider struggle for justice and an end to violence in post-war France. People throughout the society of the Old Regime did not consider rape and pillage as inevitable consequences of war, and denounced soldiers’ illicit violence when they were given the chance. As a result, the early modern laws of war need to be understood not only as the idealistic invention of great legal thinkers, but also as a practical framework that enabled magistrates to do justice for plaintiffs and witnesses, like Chevalier and the villagers who lived under her protection.
The Great Licence of Soldiers
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the problem of pillage and assault in Mathurin Delacanche’s occupation of Chaumot, evaluated in the wider context of civilians’ experiences of war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Tales of the miseries of war that circulated at this time spread a familiar image of the excessive violence of the pillaging soldier. The villagers of Chaumot invoked this theme when they testified in the courtroom and denounced Delacanche’s violence. Yet the villagers also aimed to move beyond this stereotype and instead to provide the magistrates of the Parlement with a realistic and persuasive account of how Delacanche committed acts of such extreme violence that he should pay for them with his life. The chapter ends with an evaluation of the military and social conditions of the end of the civil wars in the Sénonais.
The Persistent Widow
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how Renée Chevalier risked financial peril to win her case against Delacanche by the spring of 1600. It offers a case study in how a wealthy widow negotiated the social hierarchies of the Old Regime in general, and the institutions of criminal justice in particular. It argues that the capacity of women to access criminal courts in this period was significant and expansive, yet also limited by hierarchies of gender and status that the formal terms of Roman, royal, and customary laws set out in theory, and which the courts reinforced in practice. Chevalier overcame these limitations through her dynamic mobilization of family and financial resources, reasoned approach to the courts, and adroit organization of her case as it proceeded through different levels of the judicial hierarchy.
Legacies
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
During the later sixteenth century, Renée Chevalier’s two marriages, disputes over her inheritance, and her prosecution of Mathurin Delacanche had shown her to be an extraordinary widow who made full use of her legal independence to conduct her affairs. Following Delacanche’s conviction, Chevalier married a further three times before she died aged 89 at the château of Tarabel just outside of Toulouse, where she lived in her final years with her fifth husband Guy II du Faur de Pibrac. Chevalier’s later marriage agreements shaped the size and distribution of her wealth and property, and the way she negotiated them also reveals how she retained substantial control over her legacy even as she lived into her ninth decade.
Conclusion
Authors: Hamilton Tom 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes Renée Chevalier’s prosecution of Mathurin Delacanche, and evaluates how it might be understood in sixteenth-century terms as a form of ‘public vengeance’. It also suggests the wider significance of the case for the history of the laws of war. Scholarship in this field often focuses on major jurists such as Hugo Grotius, who lived in Paris at the time when he completed his treatise De Iure belli ac pacis libri tres [The rights of war and peace] (1625). Yet Grotius presented his classic work in universal terms that concerned the theory and not the practice of the laws of war. The Conclusion underlines how this book takes the opposite approach, and shows how Renée Chevalier’s case and others like it made a significant contribution to the history of building peace through the provision of criminal justice.
Mexico
Authors: Rodriguez Ignacio , Avendaño Rogelio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Recent power-sector reforms in Mexico from 2016 to develop a new electricity market, with the objectives of modernization of the industry, improving competitiveness, and fostering social and economic development, have led to the introduction of sophisticated auctions that incorporate spatial distribution and system integration challenges as well as a clean energy certificate mechanism. In order to maximize economies of scale, auctions were run through a centralized procurement process for both regulated and free consumers. Prices were record-breaking at the time, but the case also highlights the significance of political economy issues that reversed many of the power-sector reforms and resulted in low project realization rates.
Introduction
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for an exploration of the Algonquian inverse, beginning by introducing inverse morphology and discussing some of the questions that are raised by its existence. The key proposals from each chapter of the book are then laid out. The remaining sections provide background on the Algonquian language family, the typological status of Algonquian grammar, the specialized terminology used in Algonquian linguistics, and the analytical model of agreement morphology that is assumed in the book.
The third-person inverse
Authors: Oxford Will 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the properties of Algonquian inverse clauses in which a third person acts upon another third person. Such clauses are proposed to represent a voice construction, inverse voice, that contrasts with the default active/direct voice. Four aspects of the third-person inverse are considered. First, its distribution: Are factors such as obviation, topicality, and animacy sufficient to predict the contexts in which the third-person inverse will appear? Second, its syntax: Does the third-person inverse involve a passive-like promotion of the notional object to the structural subject position? Third, its function: How does the third-person inverse fit into the overall voice system in a typical Algonquian language? Finally, its origin: How did the third-person inverse come to exist?
Collective Values in Just and Unjust Wars
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Victor Tadros provides a meta-analysis of the dispute between ‘collectivists’ who conceive of war as a conflict between groups, and ‘individualists’ who conceive of war as a conflict between individuals. Michael Walzer is the most prominent proponent of the former view, supporting ‘orthodox’ features of just war theory. Jeff McMahan is the most prominent proponent of the later view, and his rejection of collectivism leads him to ‘revisionist’ conclusions. Tadros challenges ‘reductive individualism’ about the ethics of war—the view that the morality of war is reducible to the moral considerations that arise in the interpersonal conflict between individuals—by exploring three ways in which group membership affects the morality of war. First, groups can have duties, and therefore can engage in wrongdoing. Second, group membership can ground liability to harm in war because attributing liability to harm on the basis of group membership fairly distributes the risks and harms entailed by fighting in a war within a community. Third, group membership affects whether an individual is permitted, required, or prohibited from fighting war due to the importance of the special relationships they share with other groups members. Although these arguments imply the failure of reductive individualism, they do not support the orthodox interpretation of just war theory. Rather, they warrant an even more radical form of revisionism than that proposed by classic individualists like McMahan, because group membership on this view may support a more radical and far-reaching form of non-combatant liability to harm.
The Rise of the Globalization Age
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter aims at analysing world industrial development in the course of its last phase, tracing a course in the midst of the many issues that have contributed to making the last decades so tumultuous. Facts are set within a framework that can be divided into four intertwined blocks. First, a retrospective analysis of the emergence of a new paradigm after the fall of what has been called the Golden Age of advanced economic systems. Second, a discussion of the determinants of manufacturing development in the so-called emerging economies. Third, a measure of the integration of manufacturing systems at the global level through the creation of international value chains and the (related) expansion of direct investment flows. Fourth, a discussion of the origins and the main implications of the crisis that struck the world economy at the end of the long expansion cycle in 2008. The goal of the chapter is not to treat all these issues exhaustively, but simply to weave them into a comprehensive view of the paradigm that has shaped the last phase of world industrial development, which will be called the Globalization Age.
Heterogeneous Paths to Industrialization in the Post-War Years
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter addresses the long-run institutional determinants of industrialization in non-Western economies in the twentieth century. By comparing the different approaches followed by East Asian, Latin American, and Former Communist countries to acquire and build endogenously productive knowledge, it is shown that the countries where industrial development has actually taken place did initially embrace infant industry protection policies and that they succeeded in creating comparative advantages in new activities. This also explains the failure of any attempt to set up policies aimed at favouring manufacturing development in the African continent, where this did not happen. In this perspective, East Asian experience highlights in particular the importance of conditional, selective, and export-oriented policies in successfully sustaining the emergence of new industrial powers in the pre-globalization era.
Building a New Taxonomy of Manufacturing Countries
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter proposes a novel approach to the categorization of manufacturing development, aimed at accounting for the major global transformations that have occurred in the organization of industrial activities in the last decades at the world level. It first addresses the way manufacturing development can be defined in order to provide a measure of the overall degree of industrialization of different countries, suggesting some specific indicators to this end. On such a basis a new taxonomy of countries according to their degree of manufacturing development is suggested. It is stressed that this does not imply that countries are bound to follow, when developing, a mechanical path leading from one group of the taxonomy to another; in such respect attention is paid to the fact that in the course of time countries can move from one group to another in both directions. Moreover, it is shown that cross-country differences in the degree of industrialization are also mirrored by differences in their institutional features.
The Fall of the Globalization Age
Authors: Romano Livio , Traù Fabrizio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter argues that the logic of the industrialization process in the course of the Globalization Age—linking together the Global North and South on productive grounds—has been hinging upon quite exceptional conditions, and that the gradual vanishing of such conditions asks for a rethinking of that logic. In the years following the great financial crisis, major changes relate to the slowdown in world output growth and in the return of distance as a key determinant of firms’ strategic decisions. In this connection the chapter pays attention in particular to the following issues: (1) the structural reasons behind the worldwide slowdown of manufacturing growth; (2) the fall of external demand as a driver of manufacturing development; (3) the decoupling of Chinese productions from global sourcing (as well as some evidence of supply-side disengagement coming from advanced economies in terms of back-shoring); (4) the resurgence of regionalism in international trade; (5) the economic consequences of the advancements of the digital and green transitions.
Aesthetic Litigation as a Mechanism for Building the Truth in the Colombian Truth Commission
Authors: León Yolanda Sierra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explain the relevance of the aesthetic and artistic processes carried out in communities affected by the long-standing civil war during the proceedings led by the extrajudicial body, the Commission for the Clarification of the Truth, Coexistence and Non-repetition (CEV) in Colombia. Victimised and marginalised communities in Colombia have used their cultural heritage to resist violence. Focusing its attention on the experience of the Hip-Hop Agrario group of the city of Medellín, this study demonstrates how the arts can contribute to the clarification of the truth and recognition of victims, to assigning responsibility to the perpetrators and ensuring co-existence, by denouncing acts of victimisation, revealing the causes of the conflict, and creating spaces for transformation. In this sense, it is understood that artistic productions such as those of Hip-Hop Agrario can contribute positively to the fulfilment of the objectives of the CEV.
Joint Reflection: Comparative Reflections on Transitional Justice and Political Inclusion in South Africa and Colombia
Authors: Cachalia Raisa , Milkes Irit 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This joint reflection argues that procedural values can both support and undermine peace depending on how they are conceptualised and applied. In order to support, rather than undermine, peace, Cachalia and Milkes argue that emphasis must be placed on the proper purpose of involving citizens in the transitional justice project as well as the quality of involvement of stakeholders. In short, they argue that the purpose of involving citizens in peacebuilding is not to acquire citizen consent or agreement with decisions impacting on the peace and stability of a nation but, rather, to ensure meaningful political inclusion of all stakeholders in these processes.
Contractual Claims
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the concept of contractual claims. It notes that the Employment Tribunals Extension of Jurisdiction (England and Wales) Order 1994 allows tribunals to hear certain specified claims for breach of contract. An employer may counterclaim for breach of contract only if the employee has brought a claim for breach of contract. Several types of contractual claim are excluded from the tribunal’s jurisdiction, such as an ordinary claim for pay stipulated by the contract and not received, which arises while the employee is still employed. The chapter then explores relationships between contractual claims in the tribunal and in the civil courts.
Bias and Improper Conduct of the Hearing
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the appearance of bias and improper conduct of hearings. Since all parties are entitled to a fair trial, the tribunal must ensure the parties have a fair opportunity to put their case and to answer the case against them. Tribunals must conform to the general principles of natural justice, act fairly, and refrain from bias. The chapter highlights how any person with bias sitting in a judicial capacity will automatically result in the disqualification of their sitting or conclusion of the proceedings. It also explores the process and power of raising an allegation of bias or procedural impropriety.
Human Rights Claims
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the claims under the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA). It clarifies that the HRA's main practical effect aims to help people depending on the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) could proceed in domestic courts rather than in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg. Moreover, employment tribunals do not have jurisdiction to hear free-standing complaints under the HRA. The importance of human rights jurisprudence in developing employment case law revolves around procedural fairness, a claimant's private life, trade union freedom, and religious discrimination. The chapter also covers the ECHR's articles likely to be engaged in employment cases.
Interest on Employment Tribunal Awards
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the interest on employment tribunal awards in correlation with the Employment Tribunals (Interest) Order 1990. It explains that interest accrues on employment tribunal awards, sum net of any recoupment, tax, or national insurance while referencing the current rate of interest is eight per cent. Discrimination awards have different rules in correlation to the interest ordered from the date of the act of discrimination or a mid-point date between the act of discrimination and the calculation date. The chapter elaborates on the interest in discrimination awards. It then notes that the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010) includes a provision for enabling employment tribunals to order the payment of interest in circumstances where an award is made under the provision.