bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground reaction force profiles from force platform gait analyses of clinically normal mesomorphic dogs at the trot
Authors: Rumph Paul F. , Lander Jeffry E. , Kincaid Steven A. , Baird Debra K. , Kammermann John R. , Visco Denise M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Force platform analysis of gait provides ground reaction force information that can be used to study limbs with normal or abnormal function. When combined, the interrelated variables of ground reaction forces give a more thorough description of gait than when used individually.
To describe the pattern of ground reaction forces in clinically normal, conditioned, mesomorphic dogs, we studied the data from platform gait analyses of 43 dogs. Mediolateral (Fx), craniocaudal (Fy), and vertical (Fz) forces were measured and recorded. Torque (Tz) around the vertical axis also was calculated.
Mean stance times for forelimbs and hind limbs were 0.278 and 0.261 second, respectively. Among dogs, ground reaction forces were normalized and expressed as percentage of body weight (%bw). The vertical (Fz) peak, average force during stance phase, and force vs time impulses were 106.68, 60.82, and 17.2 %bw in forelimbs, and were 65.11, 35.3, and 9.33 %bw in hind limbs. The forelimb braking/ propulsive (Fy) peaks were −16.74 and +6.73 %bw. In hind limbs, these peaks were −3.76 and +7.69 %bw. The usual mediolateral force (Fx) pattern found in forelimbs was laterally directed, with average peak magnitude of 6.69 %bw, whereas the hind limb patterns were variable.
Diagnostic test for lymphoproliferative disease virus infection of turkeys, using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Sarid Ronit , Chajut Ayelet , Malkinson Martin , Tronick Steven R. , Gazit Arnona , Yaniv Abraham 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Lymphoproliferative disease virus, a type-C retrovirus, is the etiologic agent of a naturally acquired lymphoproliferative disorder in turkeys. The disease is characterized by rapid induction of lymphoproliferative lesions with morphologic and histopathologic features resembling those of reticuloendotheliosis. Owing to lack of overt clinical manifestations, early detection of lymphoproliferative disease virus is essential for preventing the rapid horizontal spread of the disease that can decimate flocks. We describe development of a simple, rapid, sensitive, and highly specific assay, using the polymerase chain reaction, capable of providing differential diagnosis of the disease soon after infection.
Hemodynamic and anesthetic effects of etomidate infusion in medetomidine-premedicated dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Thurmon John C. , Benson G. John , Tranquilli William J. , Olson William A. , Vaha-Vahe A. T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hemodynamic and analgesic effects of medetomidine (15 µg/kg of body weight, im) and etomidate (0.5 mg/kg, iv, loading dose; 50 µg/kg/min. constant infusion) were evaluated in 6 healthy adult Beagles. Instrumentation was performed during isoflurane/oxygen-maintained anesthesia. Before initiation of the study, isoflurane was allowed to reach end-tidal concentration ≤ 0.5%, when baseline measurements were recorded. Medetomidine and atropine (0.044 mg/kg) were given im after recording of baseline values. Ten minutes later, the loading dose of etomidate was given im, and constant infusion was begun and continued for 60 minutes. Oxygen was administered via endotracheal tube throughout the study. Analgesia was evaluated by use of the standard tail clamp technique and a direct-current nerve stimulator.
Sinoatrial and atrial-ventricular blocks occurred in 4 of 6 dogs within 2 minutes after administration of a medetomidine-atropine combination, but disappeared within 8 minutes. Apnea did not occur after administration of the etomidate loading dose. Analgesia was complete and consistent throughout 60 minutes of etomidate infusion. Medetomidine significantly (P < 0.05) increased systemic vascular resistance and decreased cardiac output. Etomidate infusion caused a decrease in respiratory function, but minimal changes in hemodynamic values. Time from termination of etomidate infusion to extubation, sternal recumbency, standing normally, and walking normally were 17.3 ± 9.4, 43.8 ± 14.2, 53.7 ± 11.9, and 61.0 ± 10.9 minutes, respectively. All recoveries were smooth and unremarkable. We concluded that this anesthetic drug combination, at the dosages used, is a safe technique in healthy Beagles.
Effect of body direction on heart rate in trailered horses
Authors: Smith Barbara L. , Jones James H. , Carlson Gary P. , Pascoe John R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To determine whether body direction in a trailer affects the degree to which a horse is excited (and presumably stressed) during transport, heart rates were measured in 8 Thoroughbred geldings transported over a 32-km route of county roads while tethered facing forward or backward in a 4-horse stock trailer. Heart rates also were measured on the horses while they were tethered facing forward or backward in the same trailer while it was parked. Heart rates decreased during the first 10 minutes for both groups, and remained stable after the first 15 minutes. Heart rates were not significantly different between horses facing forward or backward during transport or while parked. Heart rates were significantly (P < 0.05) higher for horses during transport, compared with those of horses in a parked trailer whether facing forward or backward.
Evaluation of a technique for detection of pulmonary hemorrhage in horses, using carbon monoxide uptake
Authors: Aguilera-Tejero E. , Pascoe J. R. , Smith B. L. , Tyler W. S. , Woliner M. J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (dlco) and the functional residual capacity (frc) of the lung were measured in 5 healthy Thoroughbreds before and after instillation of autologous blood into their lungs, in an attempt to develop a method to quantitate extravascular blood in the lungs of horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Mean (± SD) baseline values of dlco and frc were 333.8 ± 61.9 ml/min/mm of Hg and 21.464 ± 4.156 L, respectively. Blood instillation resulted in decreases in dlco and frc. The paradoxic decrease in dlco (we were expecting to find an increase owing to blood in the airspaces, as has been reported in people) appears to be associated with the bronchoscopic procedure and with presence of blood in the airways. We concluded that rebreathing dlco measurements were not effective for detecting blood introduced bronchoscopically into the lungs of horses.
Myoelectric activity of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon in cows
Authors: Steiner Adrian , Roussel Allen J. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Taylor Tex S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six Jersey cows were implanted with 8 pairs of bipolar electrodes: 1 in the jejunum, 1 in the ileum, 3 in the cecum, and 3 in the proximal loop of the ascending colon (plac). Myoelectric activity was recorded at 2- to 3-day intervals, 3 times for 8 hours or 4 times for 6 hours, using a computer-based oscillograph and data-acquisition program.
Mean (± sd) duration of the migrating myoelectric complex (mmc) in the ileum was 84.52 ± 4.87 minutes. Phases I and II of the mmc lasted significantly (P < 0.05) longer than phase III. Two types (A and B) of cyclic activity were found in the cecum and plac. Cyclic activity type A was observed predominantly in the cecum, and type B was observed exclusively in the plac. Phase III of the mmc in the ileum was accompanied by hyperactivity type A at the level of the ileocecocolic junction in 60.90 ± 12.65% of the mmc. Twenty-seven types of orally and aborally propagated spike sequences, involving the cecum and plac, were found. They were most frequent when an mmc phase III was observed in the ileum, and least frequent when an mmc phase I was observed in the ileum (P < 0.05). All electrode sites of the cecum and plac served as pacemaker areas. Propagated and nonpropagated spikes were found at all electrode sites of the cecum and plac. Although propagated spikes lasted significantly (P < 0.05) longer than nonpropagated spikes, a clear distinction on the basis of duration could not be defined between the 2 spike types because broad overlapping of duration existed. Duration of cecocolic spiking activity per electrode (expressed as percentage of time) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during mmc phase III in the ileum than during mmc phase I.
It can be concluded that myoelectric activity of the cecum is well coordinated with the ileum and the plac. Phases of reduced and increased myoelectric activity in the cecum and plac are simultaneous with phases I and III of the mmc in the ileum.
Measurement of upper airway resistance in awake untrained dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs
Authors: Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Greenfield Cathy L. , Alsup Joel C. , McKiernan Brendan C. , Hungerford Laura L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A technique for measuring upper airway resistance was developed in awake untrained dolichocephalic and mesaticephalic dogs. Twenty healthy dogs, 10 Collies (group A—dolichocephalic) and 10 mixed-breed dogs (group B—mesaticephalic), were studied. All dogs tolerated the procedure well, and adverse effects were not observed. Mean (± sem) value for upper airway resistance was 7.1 ± 0.50 cm of H2O/L/s. There was a trend toward lower upper airway resistance (Ruaw) values in group-A dogs, compared with those in group-B dogs. Values of Ruaw were reproducible for an individual dog. The mean individual dog coefficient of variation for Ruaw was 7.5%. The overall Ruaw coefficient of variation for all 20 dogs was 31.4%. This technique for measuring upper airway resistance in dogs is clinically applicable for objectively assessing response to treatment of obstructive upper airway disorders.
Composition of cerebrospinal fluid in healthy adult llamas
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Pugh David G. , Wenzel James G. W. , Sorjonen Donald C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cerebrospinal fluid and serum were obtained from 17 adult, healthy llamas (9 males, 1 castrated male, and 7 females). Osmolality; activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase; and concentrations of glucose, sodium, chloride, potassium, total protein, and albumin were determined in serum and CSF. Total and differential cell counts were determined in CSF, and electrophoresis of CSF proteins was performed.
Total nucleated cell count was low, 0 to 3/μl, which is lower than that reported for other domestic species and is similar to values in healthy people. Differential leukocyte percentages were disparate depending on the degree of blood contamination. Blood contamination influenced the percentage of neutrophils and eosinophils in CSF. Samples with few erythrocytes had differential leukocyte distribution similar to that of other species: mostly lymphocytes, fewer monocytoid cells, and scant neutrophils. Older llamas had a few eosinophils in the CSF.
Total protein, albumin, and γ-globulin concentrations in llamas were similar to values in cattle and were higher than values in most domestic species. Glucose concentration in CSF was approximately 40% of the value in serum (nonruminant animals and peoply typically have CSF glucose concentration that is approximately 60 to 80% of the serum glucose concentration). Sodium and Cl concentrations in CSF were higher than those in serum, whereas K concentration was lower in CSF, compared with serum. Activities of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in CSF were markedly lower than those in serum, and the ranges of values in this group of healthy llamas were narrow.
Comparison of serum responses in swine after vaccination and challenge exposure with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1
Authors: Stine Douglas L. , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , Huether Michael J. , Gentry Martha J. , Anderson G. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Clinical trials have shown that currently available commercial vaccines against porcine pleuropneumonia provide inconsistent, serotype-specific protection from the disease. Recovery from naturally acquired infection, however, provides solid, serotype cross-protective immunity. We examined various serum responses of pigs receiving 1 of 4 commercial vaccines or a cell extract, and compared the serologic responses of these pigs after challenge exposure with virulent Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1. Evaluation of serum included complement-mediated killing, opsonizing capacity, IgG titers to whole organisms, and cytotoxin neutralization titers. Pigs that received the cell extract had fewer clinical signs of pleuropneumonia than pigs in other vaccinated groups, and also were significantly (P< 0.05) better protected from development of lung lesions and death. Such vaccinates were the only pigs that developed significant (P< 0.05) serum antibody titers (ie, protective immune response) to whole-cell antigens and to cytotoxin.
Pulmonary histopathologic findings, acid-base status, and absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in newborn calves
Authors: LóPez Alfonso , Löfstedt Jeanne , Bildfell Robert , Horney Barbara , Burton Shelley 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A study was conducted to investigate whether aspiration of amniotic fluid is associated with a deleterious effect on absorption of colostral immunoglobulins or on blood gas and acid-base values of healthy newborn calves. Fourteen calves purchased from commercial sources were transported to a research facility immediately after birth and fed colostrum with known concentrations of immunoglobulins. Blood samples for gas analyses were collected within 5 hours of birth, 24 hours later, and prior to euthanasia. Between 3 and 5 days of age, calves were euthanatized by an overdose of barbiturates. Eleven calves had evidence of bronchoaspiration of amniotic fluid, as determined by presence of meconium, squamous epithelium, or keratin in histologic sections of fixed lung or by cytologic analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Blood gas tensions and pH were within reference ranges in 11 of 14 calves. Aspiration of amniotic fluid could not be linked to any specific changes in blood gas tensions, add-base status, or absorption of colostral immunoglobulins. Presence of keratin and meconium in the lungs often was accompanied by mild exudative alveolitis and focal atelectasis. It was concluded that aspiration of small amounts of amniotic fluid with or without meconium is common in calves and is not associated with hypoxemia, respiratory acidosis, or failure of passive transfer.
Effect of sample handling on measurement of plasma glucose and blood lactate concentrations in horses before and after exercise
Authors: Ferrante Pamela L. , Kronfeld David S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Collection of a satisfactory blood sample requires special procedures to prevent changes in glucose and lactate content after the sample has been obtained. Changes in measured plasma glucose and blood lactate concentrations attributable to anticoagulants and storage procedures, respectively, were examined in blood samples obtained from horses at rest and after exercise.
To evaluate the effect of anticoagulants on measured plasma glucose concentration, blood was preserved with either sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate or lithium heparin. Measured plasma glucose concentration in blood obtained at rest and after exercise was 6 and 10 % lower (P = 0.0038), respectively, when blood was preserved with fluoride/oxalate, compared with heparin. The erythrocyte volume in the blood sample was 15% smaller (P = 0.0001) in samples preserved with fluoride/oxalate, indicating a movement of water out of erythrocytes in the blood sample mixed with that anticoagulant.
To evaluate the effect of storage procedure on measured blood lactate concentration, part of the blood sample was immediately deproteinized for blood lactate analysis, and the remaining blood was maintained for 30 and 60 minutes at either 0 or 22 C before deproteinization. When blood samples were maintained at 0 C prior to deproteinization, there was no difference in blood lactate concentration, regardless of the incubation time, compared with that in samples immediately deproteinized. Blood lactate concentration was greater (P < 0.01) in samples maintained at 22 C, compared with that in samples immediately deproteinized, and with that in equivalent samples maintained at 0 C.
Blood preserved with fluoride/oxalate had lower measured plasma glucose concentration, compared with blood preserved with heparin, which was probably attributable to shrinkage of erythrocytes and dilution of the plasma with intracellular water. Minimal changes in blood lactate concentration were observed in samples maintained at 0 C up to 60 minutes.
Three-dimensional sonographic imaging of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , Sehgal C. M. , Reef V. B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In a feasability study, a technique for constructing 3-dimensional sonographic images of the superficial digital flexor tendon (sdft) was established in 6 clinically normal horses and applied to 7 horses with injured sdft. Two-dimensional B-mode sonographic images were recorded on videotape as the sonographic transducer was manually moved along the palmar aspect of the metacarpal region. Selected videofields were digitized, and 3-dimensional images were constructed, using a computer work station and dedicated software program. The 3- dimensional images were of high quality and presented qualitative clinical information in unique fashion. Indication of the extent of sdft injuries was excellent. Such 3-dimensional images would be especially useful in explaining to owners and trainers the importance of the injury to their horse and would have a role in monitoring tendon healing and in the assessment of various treatments.
Clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings in dogs after induction of shock by injection of heartworm extract
Authors: Kitoh K. , Watoh K. , Chaya K. , Kitagawa H. , Sasaki Y. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A crude, whole-body extract of female or male heartworms was injected iv into 28 dogs with and 22 dogs without heartworm (hw) infection. The female hw extract caused shock in 22 of 24 dogs with and 12 of 20 dogs without hw infection. The male hw extract induced shock in 4 of 4 dogs with and 1 of 2 dogs without hw infection. Prevalence of shock caused by female hw extract was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in dogs with than without hw infection; shock developed 5 to 30 minutes after hw injection. These signs were observed: marked decrease in blood pressure; collapse (initial collapse); paleness of mucous membranes; weak heart sounds; dyspnea; skin coldness; intestinal hyperperistalsis, and defecation; increases in rbc count, serum total protein concentration, serum osmolality, serum Na and blood glucose concentrations; and decreases in neutrophil, eosinophil, and platelet counts. Alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities increased substantially from the time of initial collapse to 24 hours after hw injection. Of 39 dogs with shock, 29 recovered from initial collapse, but 5 of the 29 subsequently collapsed again (secondary collapse), with bloody diarrhea followed by death. Of these 39 dogs, 6 died during initial collapse without bloody diarrhea, and 4 were euthanatized during initial collapse. It was confirmed that hw extract had, in fact, induced shock. These clinical, hematologic, and biochemical findings were fundamentally similar to those associated with shock resulting from administration of drugs, such as diethylcarbamazine and milbemycin D, in microfilaremic dogs with hw infection.
Comparison of maturation of drug-metabolizing enzymes in calves with functioning or nonfunctioning rumen
Authors: Kawalek Joseph C. , Said Kathleen R. El 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Drug-metabolizing enzyme activities were measured in livers from calves fed commercial milk replacer (nonfunctioning rumen [veal]), and those fed milk replacer supplemented with whole grain and hay from the first week of age (functioning rumen [ruminating calves ]). After birth, cytochrome P450 and its nadph-dependent reductase activities remained unchanged in veal calves; in ruminating calves they increased almost 50%. Cytochrome P450- mediated reactions, such as aniline hydroxylase activity, tripled in ruminating calves, but remained unchanged in veal calves. In both groups of calves, coumarin hydroxylase and 7- ethoxycoumarin 0 -deethylase activities increased after birth, but maturation rates and activity values in ruminating calves were considerably greater than those of veal calves. The aminopyrine N-demethylase activity for veal calves was equal to that of calves with functioning rumen. Uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid glucuronyl transferase and glutathione - S-transferase activities also were higher in calves with functioning rumen than in veal calves. This increased activity in calves with functioning rumen probably represents a response to environmental exposure to xenobiotics. Compared with rumen-functional calves, bob veal (0 to 3 weeks old) and fancy veal (15 to 19 weeks old) calves fed commercial milk replacer have a significantly (P = 0.05) diminished capacity for metabolizing drugs and other xenobiotics. From a regulatory perspective, the variance in drug-metabolizing enzyme activities within these different market classes of calves suggests that specific studies designed to determine drug residue-depletion times in veal calves may be needed.
Characterization of an Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae seeder pig challenge-exposure model
Authors: Lechtenberg Kelly F. , Shryock Thomas R. , Moore Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Five strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1 were used to intranasally infect 5 groups of pigs. Using each bacterial strain, infected pigs (termed seeder pigs) were commingled for 48 hours with 5 groups of noninfected test pigs, then were removed. Seeder and test pigs were maintained in isolation and were observed for 14 days. Seeder pigs had mortality that was threefold greater than that of test pigs (24% vs 8%). Rectal temperature in excess of 40.3 C was achieved for 84% of test pigs and 88% of seeder pigs. Neither of these 2 variables was statistically different between the 2 groups of pigs. Clinical impression scores ≥ 2 (on a 0 to 3 scale) were threefold (64% vs 20%) greater for seeder than for test pigs (P < 0.05). The total number of bacterial isolations or nonrecoverable isolates was tabulated for test and seeder pigs’ lungs at necropsy, irrespective of the amount of lesions. The number of A pleuropneumoniae isolations was not statistically different between test and seeder pig populations. Recovery of Pasteurella multocida or other bacteria was greater from the seeder pigs (P < 0.05), whereas the number of non-recoverable isolates was greater from test pigs than from seeder pigs (P < 0.05). Assessment of lung lesions at necropsy by either visual estimation or on a weight basis were in agreement. Fewer test pigs had lung lesions in excess of 5% of total lung volume than did seeder pigs (40% vs 84%) and, according to the odds ratio estimation, seeder pigs were 7 times more likely than test pigs to have such lesions. These results indicate a predictable, moderate intensity, natural exposure model for use in the study of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-induced pneumonia. The seeder pig model appears to mimic field infection in development of clinical illness, febrile response, lung lesions, mortality, and low potential for secondary pneumonic bacterial involvement, thus providing a useful tool for preliminary evaluation of anti-infective modalities.