bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Symposia Of The Cyropaedia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only one gathering in the Cyropaedia, a celebration after the conquest of Babylon (8. 4. 1–27), is actually termed a symposium, but several relaxed, semi-serious conversations which take place round the dinner table are found in the work. These parties are, as a rule, lively interludes meant to charm and instruct the reader rather than advance the plot of the work in any substantial way. Astyages arranges a banquet for Mandane and young Cyrus during their visit to Media (1. 3. 4–12), Cyrus invites several of his Persian officers to join him at mess in his tent (2. 2. 12. 3. 1), Gobryas joins his new ally, Cyrus, at dinner on the grounds of his estate (5. 2. 5–22), and Pheraulas and a Sacian rearrange their future in a tête-à-tête over dinner (8. 3. 35–50). These parties, besides lending vivacity and colour to the work, are an interesting blend of Greek and Persian customs, while the influence of Socratic symposia is never far in the background. All of these banquets share a number of. recurrent themes, and a closer look at Cyr. 8. 4. 1–27, the longest and most varied symposium in the work, is perhaps the easiest way to identify these characteristic topics.
The Ascendancy of Ausonius
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prosecutions of senators, for which the later years of Valcntinian’s government at Rome won their reputation as years of terror, and the emperor’s agents their name for congenital brutality, arose from trivial and accidental origins.1 A complaint laid by a certain Chilo before the prefect of Rome, Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius (368−70), claimed that he and his wife, Maxima, had been attacked by a conspiracy involving sorcery. The charges implicated in the first instance a musician, a wrestler, and a fortune-teller, alleging that they had used ‘venena’—that is, magic potions—against the lives of Chilo and Maxima.
Provincial Upper Classes: Evangelism and Heresy
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the time of Gratian, a party from the Gallic aristocracy of the south-west of the country had seized its opportunities to hold office at court and in the western provinces of the empire, representing in the family and friends of Ausonius the propertied, cultured classes of Aquitania and southern Gaul. Under Theodosius, it was for their neighbours from Spain to win advancement, as they rose to dominate the court of their compatriot and impose themselves upon the provinces of the eastern empire. The Spaniards appear, by contrast with the Aquitanians, to stand for the ideals of a new and eager Christian piety, as they contribute their efforts to the enforcement of western orthodoxy in the east, and make their personal connections in the world of eastern asceticism. For even if the supporters of Theodosius may be seen, at least in the expression of their piety, to have adopted an idiom which had already begun to find favour among the courtiers of Valens, there can be little doubt that the fundamental disposition was their own. Numrnius Acmilianus Dexter was the son of a long-established bishop, whose reputation and influence must have accompanied him to the cast; and the vigorous piety of the family of Cynegius was surely both too consistently distributed among its members, and too intensely expressed, to have been adopted entirely under the influence of the eastern empire. An explicit link between Theodosian Constantinople and Spain is provided by the authoress of the ltinerarium Egeriae if, as seems clear, the devout ‘sisters’ whom she addressed in her work, were resident in her western homeland.
Tolerance, Prohibition, And Protection
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE State had to be concerned with the transmission of property in marriage, and therefore with the ending of marriage in divorce. It was also concerned with other aspects of women’s experience. Women might produce children, outside or within marriage, whose claim to inherit was doubtful. They might be raped or seduced: this could wreck their chances of marriage or seriously reduce their fathers’ power to choose a husband, or, if they were married already, make people wonder whether any of their children was legitimate. They might refuse marriage or remarriage and opt for celibacy; and they might, even if married, try to avoid giving their husbands children. Once again, these are not simply questions of economics, or even of patriarchal attempts to maintain control over women and property. Late Roman law often expresses concern for the perceived weakness of women, and seeks to protect them from physical and financial exploitation.
Book 4
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aeneid 4 opens with a description of Dido ‘s love wound and her conversation with Anna, who persuades the queen to yield to her love for Aeneas. Dido ‘s wound has been caused by Aeneas ‘ looks and words, which have lodged fast in Dido ‘s ‘pectus ‘ [Cavity]. Sight and Speech function as pointed weapons; and ‘haerentinfixi ‘ suggests that the ‘point ‘ has remained in the wound, which cannot heal (cf. 69ff.). Main features of Dido ‘s wound are Fire ( ‘igni ‘) and Blood ( ‘uenis ‘) which share the component of the Colour Red; Fire and \Vound combine in ‘sauciacura ‘, considering that ‘cura ‘ ,vas etymologized from ‘quod corurat ‘ (Var. LL 6. 46).1 The epithet 1caeco ‘ ( ‘unseen ‘) is a component of Cavity (in this case Wound-cavity) and contrasts with ‘uultus ‘ [Sight).
The Spartan Tradition in European Thought
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient polemics on Sparta (by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, and others) have had a remarkable afterlife in the political and educational thought of Renaissance Italy, the France of the Philosophes, Whig England, and Nazi Germany. This book outlines the little we know of ancient Sparta, describes Greek reaction to the ambiguous institutions of the great rival to democratic Athens, makes a first attempt to follow the subsequent fortunes of the debate, and indicates Sparta's role over twenty-five centuries in the intellectual history of Europe.
Laconism in the Hellenistic Age
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great figures of the fourth century continued to a remarkable extent to dominate Greek intellectual history, whether in rhetoric, historiography, or political theory. One proof of this is the astonishing persistence of interest in Sparta; for the place itself, deprived of territory by Philip and defeated again under Alexander, was henceforth of no importance beyond the Peloponnese.
Under the Empire
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the empire it became hard to suppose that Rome was exactly like Sparta only better, though it might still be said of the past, especially in a moral sense: the Spartans came closer than others to the gravitas of early Romans. Though at the start of the period we find one understandable regret that Roman generals have shown themselves less obedient to the civil authorities than Agesilaus did, and though Tacitus illustrates his argument that great oratory and political corruption go hand in hand by pointing out that Crete and Sparta had neither,3 interest in Sparta becomes generally less political.
The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius a Study
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor from AD 161 to 180, is renowned for his just rule at home and for his long frontier wars. But his lasting claim to fame rests on the work known as the Meditations - a bedside book of reflections and self-admonitions composed in Greek (the language of philosophy) during his last years and partly while on campaign. These sparse notes, intended for the author's eyes alone, give unique access to the mind of an ancient ruler; they also contain many passages of pungent epigram and poetic imagery. In this study, Dr Rutherford seeks to make the Meditations more approachable to the modern reader by explaining the historical and philosophical background, charting the main themes and tendencies of Marcus' thought, and relating stylistic detail to the intellectual and moral outlook of the author.
Female Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most cultures an individual is ascribed to one sex or another at birth on the evidence of external genitalia, and this categorization is taken to predict his or her physical and mental development and capabilities, which in turn support the differentiation between the sexes in the home, the workplace, religion, the law------even in hairstyles and dress. There is an obvious correlation between genitalia and an individual's role in the propagation of the species, but no culture considers this difference in external genitalia in and of itself sufficient to justify the complete separation of male and female roles in society. Rather, cultures support this division by claiming that there are other, less apparent, physical, mental, and emotional traits which naturally differentiate the sexes. The traits that a culture decides are typical of a male or a female form the construct of that sex in that society. These stereotypes are often contradicted by individuals. Taking our own culture as an example, a woman can be more muscular or more aggressive than many men, a man can be smaller and more gentle than many women.1 However, these challenges to the cultural constructs of male and female are neutralized by claiming that they are exceptions to a natural law
Female Pathology
Authors: Jones Lesley Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of Book 3 of his Gynaecology, Soranus records a debate among physicians of antiquity as to whether or not women have conditions peculiarly their own. Soranus agrees with the view that, apart from the areas of the female reproductive system, pregnancy, parturition, and the care of the new-born child, women do not need a specialized branch of medicine; they otherwise suffer the same diseases as men and should be treated the same.1 This point of view appears unremarkable because it coincides with what we would consider the legitimate domain of gynaecology. There are indeed functions and diseases peculiar to women to which men are not subject because they do not possess the female reproductive organs; in other aspects of the body, however, we assume that men and women are alike and are subject to the same range of diseases. But we should not assume that this has always been the dominant view. The range of opinions recorded by Soran us shows that the issue was hotly debated in antiquity.
The Shape of Athenian Law
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike its predecessors, this systematic survey of the law of Athens is based on explicit discussion of how the subject might be studied; and it incorporates topics like the democratic political system and social structure, which are too often regarded as being outside the scope of law. At its heart lies an attempt to reshape our understanding of how the Athenian legal system operated; but it also deals extensively with subjects such as slavery, inheritance, maritime trade, and patterns of land-holding. The author draws primarily on the hundred or so surviving law-court speeches of the Attic orators, but also uses Athenian comedy, public inscriptions, and various historical and philosophical texts. Technical and legal terms, ancient and modern, are explained in a comprehensive glossary. This book should be accessible to those interested in social history and the anthropology of law, as well as to historians of the ancient world.
The Limits Of Empire
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than seven centuries most of the Near East was part of the Roman empire. Yet no work exists which explores the means by which an ancient power originating in the western Mediterranean could control such a vast and distant region. What was the impact of the army presence on the population of the provinces? How did Rome respond to the challenge posed by the desert and its nomadic population? Professor Isaac here offers answers to these questions in the first comprehensive treatment of the Roman military presence in the Near East. Using both well-known and neglected sources, he reassesses the means by which Rome achieved and maintained her control over the region. He discusses the extent to which current vacillating views on imperialism can affect opinions concerning the character and mechanisms by which Rome ensured the integrity and expansion of her influence. Also considered here are problems of methodology, especially the use of archaeological remains for historical interpretation. Professor Isaac casts new light on an important issue which has far-reaching implications for the understanding of ancient and modern imperialism.
Frontier policy grand strategy?
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first chapter it was argued that the frontier policy of Rome in the East intermittently but persistently aimed at expansion. This is clear from actual Roman behaviour at least till the age of Diocletian. The positions taken up by the Roman army in Syria and Cappadocia from the Flavian period onward are better explained in terms of offence than defence. What little can be learned about the Roman perception of Persia before the Byzantine period does not confirm the popular notion that Persia was conceived as a major threat which required an active policy of defence. In Chapters II-IV it was argued that in Arabia and Judaea there was hardly a ‘frontier question’ to cope with. The army was engaged in internal police duties of various kinds. As could be seen in Chapter VI, policing the towns, particularly the main cities, required the presence of considerable forces from Egypt to Syria. In the Byzantine period some of the police duties of the army in the East were taken ewer by Saracen allies. The relationship with Persia changed.
Antigone as Moral Agent
Authors: Foley Helene P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic character in relation to tragic choice. In drama, character, Aristotle argues, reveals a prohairesis or a process of undertaking moral commitment in which a person chooses to act or to abstain from action in circumstances where the choice is not obvious (Poetics 145Ob8—10). What I would like to begin to explore in this paper is the representation of the making and enacting of difficult moral choices—if not necessarily difficult choices in precisely the Aristotelian sense—by female characters in Greek tragedy, and to examine the complex interrelation between female moral capacity and female social role that conditions, and is articulated in, such choices.
Catharsis, Audience, and Closure in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Segal Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a deeply held assumption among the Greeks of the archaic and classical periods that the sharing of tears and suffering creates a bond of common humanity between mortals. This is the bond that the two bitter enemies Priam and Achilles discover at the end of the Iliad (24. 507 ff.). It is also the bond between the survivors and indirect victims of the Trojan war gathered in the house of Menelaus at the beginning of Odyssey 4. The bonding between the beggar (Odysseus in disguise) and the swineherd Eumaeus in Odyssey 14—15 operates in a lower register of style, class, and situation, but conduces to the same effect, as they share their tales of the misfortunes and vicissitudes of their lives.
Plato’s Repudiation of the Tragic
Authors: Halliwell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of the tragic are only one species within the genus constituted by concepts of tragedy. The existence of such theories has become especially associated with a line of thought which goes back to German Idealism and Romanticism, and one commonly drawn corollary of this connection is the claim that while ancient Greece created the first and most intense tradition of dramatic tragedy, it lacked anything that can be classified as an explicit notion of the tragic. But distinctive as are the existential and spiritual accounts of the tragic produced by theorists from Schelling onwards, we run the risk of unduly constricting our reading of the history of ideas if we take these accounts as an exclusive paradigm of the concept. I propose in this essay to develop this consideration by arguing that there are important grounds for ascribing the first conscious delineation of the tragic, at any rate outside tragedy itself (a complex reservation), to Plato. To make good this thesis I shall work with a distinction between what can broadly be termed pragmatic theories of tragedy, and theories which, by contrast, contain a central emphasis that qualifies them for the category of the tragic. While pragmatic theories can incorporate generic characteristics of diverse kinds—formal, material, psychological, ethical—they remain separable from approaches which diagnose an essential and metaphysical significance at the core of tragedy.
Tragic Language: The Greek Tragedians and Shakespeare
Authors: Silk M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attempts to elucidate tragic language have been few and brief, and this despite the immense weight and variety of known discussions of tragedy, Greek and other. The claim may seem surprising, even astonishing. After all, the immense weight and variety of known discussions of Greek tragedy includes innumerable commentaries on, surveys of, and insights into, the linguistic usages of the tragedians; while comparable work on (say) Shakespeare, albeit crowded into fewer centuries, is hardly less extensive or less multifarious overall. From the wit of Aristophanes to the sophistications of post-structuralism, from ancient scholarship to modern scholarship, there is no shortage of secondary literature.
Ironies in Serious Drama
Authors: Rosenmeyer Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to talk about ironies in drama, rather than dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is an idea coined by Bishop Thirlwall, in response to his experience of reading Sophocles.1 Both his terminology and his perceptions, echoing directly the thinking of some of the German Romantics around the start of the nineteenth century, set a fashion and in the end blocked progress. For his focus on the large tensions and the calculated disharmonies which emerge from Oedipus Tyrannus must blind us to other, often less obvious strategies. The effect of the German Romantics upon modern and post-modern criticism remains overwhelming. The counter-classical notion that irony is a matter of total reverberation remains in force. From the New Critics to Northrop Frye to the latest deconstructionist, irony is a concept expanded rather than inspected. Frye, who comes from a study of romance, starts by defining irony as a way of looking, a species of cool appraisal. But as his argument continues, other qualities get mixed in, until the term becomes a pregnant catch-all for a vast array of things.
Daily Life
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Deir el-Medina, as elsewhere in Egypt, health problems were treated by means of both medicine and magic, often in combination. Medical texts such as the famous Papyrus Ebers are introduced by magic spells to be recited during treatment; while magical remedies were sometimes accompanied by fumigations and ingestions resembling those in medical texts. Nevertheless, the two disciplines do appear to have been distinguished in that, for example, remedies which are primarily medical do not appear in compilations with those which are primarily magical. Furthermore, the community of workmen included both a doctor and a ‘scorpion charmer ‘, one of whom prepared prescriptions while the other specialized in magical cures for scorpion bites.
Titles for Royal Women
Authors: Brosius Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Monarchic rule by the Achaemenids was supported by an organized political structure, manifested by advisers and officials immediately surrounding the king at the court and by the organization of the empire through satraps. The reliefs displaying royal audience scenes at Persepolis or the relief above Darius’ tomb at NaqS-i Rustam vividly depict the interrelationship be tween the king and his immediate officials. Closest to the Great King was the heir to the throne, followed by the King’s Bow-bearer and the King’s Spear-bearer. At the court the King’s Relatives, the Persian nobles, and the King’s Friends acted as counsellors and advisers. Externally the organization of royal power was represented by the satraps whose own courts presumably were modelled on the royal court. The levels of political power and authority within the palace organization continued down to the palace ad ministration. Within such a carefully structured hierarchy of power it is difficult to imagine that the women at the royal court were an undifferentiated group lacking a similar order of status and rank in relation to the king as the centre of authority.
Fathers and Children
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most peculiar features of Roman law was the father’s dominant position. In theory, he exercised an almost absolute authority, patria potestas, over his descendants until his own death. This should not be confused with the power of the kin. In societies where central power is weak, kinship groups have often taken a key role in securing internal order and external security. It is true that the system of patria potestas fulfilled some of these functions, providing a means of social control within the family. There was thus less need for direct state involvement in many areas.’ The Roman republic did not have a particularly strong central government, and even in the imperial era the machinery of the state was only slowly developing. However, the clans (gentes) had already lost all practical importance in Roman law.
Married Women
Authors: Arjava Antti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There should be no doubt that marriage was a very important institution in Roman society. The state encouraged it because it produced new citizens. Individual people, too, had many reasons to crave for a family. In the lower classes it provided social security: it was not good to grow old without children. Well born people wanted legitimate offspring to inherit their property and to continue their line, that is, to ensure their immortality after death. Males did not usually need marriage for sex, although many females did. In Chapter 6 we will discuss other sexual relations, and the definition of marriage. The present chapter is devoted to the role of the housewife and to her economic independence.
The Emergence Of The Egyptian State (c.3200—2686 BC)
Authors: Bard Kathryn A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Naqada III phase, c.3200–3000 BC, is the last phase of the Predynastic Period, according to Kaiser’s revision of Petrie’s sequence dates. It was during this period that Egypt was first unified into a large territorial state, and the political consolidation that laid the foundations for the Early Dynastic state of the 1st and 2nd Dynasties must also have occurred then. In the latter part of this phase there is evidence of kings preceding those of the 1st Dynasty, in what is now called ‘Dynasty o ’. They were buried at Abydos near the royal cemetery of the 1st Dynasty. On the Palermo Stone, a late 5th Dynasty king-list (see Chapter 1), the presence of names and figures of seated kings in compartments in the broken top part of the list suggests that the Egyptians believed that there had been rulers preceding those of the 1st Dynasty. There is considerable debate, however, regarding such factors as the precise nature of the process of unification, the date when it took place, and the question of the origins of Dynasty o.