bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant intervention studies in humans
Authors: Patel Anushka , Keech Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal of interest has arisen as to the role of antioxidant vitamins in the development of atherosclerosis over the last two to three decades. From initial cross-sectional and case-control studies suggesting a protective effect of certain vitamins against vascular disease, considerable biological data has been produced which supports the concept in principle. Subsequently, much larger observational cohort studies have mostly supported similar findings that one or more of the vitamins said to function as antioxidants in man appear to be associated with less development of clinical atherosclerosis and, particularly, the development of coronary heart disease and stroke. Nevertheless, to date the large-scale randomized controlled trials designed to directly evaluate the benefits of chronic oral vitamin supplementation have been almost universally disappointing.
Oxidative stress and platelet function in atherosclerosis
Authors: Keaney John F , Freedman Jane E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Platelets are involved in all facets of atherosclerosis (Table 8.1). Beginning with the ‘response to injury’ hypothesis proposed by Ross et al.,(I) platelets, by virtue of their involvement in the healing response, have been implicated in atherogenesis. The role of platelets in atherosclerosis has since become more generalized and it is now recognized that platelets may support cellular cholesteryl ester accumulation as well as cellular proliferation. More recently, the role of platelets in atherosclerosis has focused on platelet activation, adhesion, and aggregation as critically important components of clinical atherosclerotic disease. These latter features of platelet function are associated with considerable oxidative stress in the form of reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this article will be to briefly review evidence implicating platelets in atherosclerosis and to discuss the role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in the modulation of platelet function.
Lymphocytes in atherogenesis
Authors: Daugherty Alan , Hansson G öran K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is increasingly described as an inflammatory disease. Many descriptions of the inflammatory nature of the disease process have focused on the role of innate immunity through infiltration of macrophages. However, while it has been known for many years that lymphocytes are present within lesions, only recently has there been a wider appreciation for a role of adaptive immunity in the atherogenic process. This recognition is largely based on the presence of activated lymphocytes within lesions that penetrate the vasculature at all stages of the atherogenic process.
Protein oxidation in atherogenesis
Authors: Fu Shaniin , Dean Roger T , Davies Michael J , Heinecke Jay W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein oxidation by free radicals and other oxidants has been studied since the beginning of the twentieth century (Ref. (1), reviewed in Ref. (2)). Because of constraints on space and numbers of references, we largely reference substantial review articles and the sole monograph available on protein oxidation, and concentrate on primary references pertaining to the central area of protein oxidation in atherosclerosis.
Plaque rupture and its consequences
Authors: Tofler Geoffrey H , Kelly David T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plaque disruption and subsequent arterial thrombosis are now recognized as critical to the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Factors increasing the likelihood of a thrombotic coronary occlusion include: a plaque that is vulnerable to disruption, acute physiologic changes that induce plaque disruption, and finally a relatively hypercoagulable state and heightened vasomotor tone to promote complete lumen occlusion by thrombus.
Likelihood Methods in Statistics
Authors: Severini Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to the modern theory of likelihood-based statistical inference. This theory is characterized by several important features. One is the recognition that it is desirable to condition on relevant ancillary statistics. Another is that probability approximations are based on saddlepoint and closely related approximations that generally have very high accuracy. A third aspect is that, for models with nuisance parameters, inference is often based on marginal or conditional likelihoods, or approximations to these likelihoods. These methods have been shown often to yield substantial improvements over classical methods. The book also provides an up-to-date account of recent results in the field, which has been undergoing rapid development.
Inbreeding versus outbreeding in captive and wild populations of naked mole-rats
Authors: O’Riain M Justin , Braude Stanton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review the evidence for inbreeding versus outbreeding as the principal mating strategy in both captive and wild colonies of naked mole-rats. The naked mole-rat is a cooperatively breeding mammal occurring in large colonies with non-breeding individuals working on behalf of a fecund minority. Evidence from preliminary genetic studies and laboratory observations suggests that these rodents routinely inbreed, with new colonies forming through fission of the parent colony.
Multiple causes of the evolution of dispersal
Authors: Gandon Sylvain , Michalakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dispersal evolves under the action of opposing forces. Some factors, like the cost of dispersal, select against dispersal. Several other factors, however, select for dispersal. In this chapter we focus on three main factors: (1) the temporal variability of the environment will often select for dispersal; (2) dispersal may also be adaptive if it reduces competition between relatives; and (3) dispersal may represent a way to escape the cost of inbreeding.
The effects of predation on dispersal
Authors: Weisser Wolfgang W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Predation interacts with the dispersal process in a number of ways. In this chapter I discuss the evolutionary consequences of predation for dispersal in plant-herbivore and animal predator¬ prey systems. Predation is shown to have three main effects on the dispersal process. First, predation influences whether an individual leaves its natal population, either because predators or herbivores transport the individual to a new habitat, or because dispersal serves as an adaptation to escape from predation risks.
Introduction
Authors: Dove Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central themes of this book is the way that macroscopic properties of solids, whether physical or thermodynamic, are linked to the underlying arrangement of atoms and the forces between the atoms. Several of the physics aspects of these relationships can be appreciated from simple observations of crystals, which we consider in this opening chapter.One of the most important physics principles that will emerge from our survey of simple observations is the role of symmetry. We will find throughout this book that symmetry underpins the form of many physical properties. The observations of thermodynamic properties will point to the important role of quantum mechanics, particularly as applied to the dynamics of the atoms within crystals. A third important feature is that of length scales. Simple observations allow us to appreciate that the forces between crystals operate over a much shorter length scale than the properties they determine. The interplay between different length scales is an important aspect of the physics of solids.
The Storm-tossed Soul
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So why should I want anything to do with [manic depressive j illness? Depressed, I have crawled on my hands and knees in order to get across a room, and have done it for month after month. But, normal or manic, I have lived faster than most I know. And I think much of this is related to my illness-the intensity it gives to things and the perspective it forces on me. I think it has made me test the limits of my mind … always, there were those new corners ….
Civilization and its discontents
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of this book, I have argued that madness is not a mere aberration caused by some nasty quirk of current socio-economic or environmental conditions. Instead, the capacity for madness is a fundamental part of human nature. It is inherent in our psychological make-up, and preserved in the gene pool of our species, and for good reason. It is pre served because the very traits that make madness possible also underlie one of the things that we as humans most value, namely enhanced creativity. If this thesis, which we can call the genetic-creativity argument, is correct, then we should expect psychoticism to occur with roughly the same distribution in all populations. This is because it is assumed to be very deep in the human genetic lineage, and the genetic variants underlying it are assumed to have reached their equilibrium frequency. We might thus predict that the rates of psychosis will be about the same in all places and at all times. This chapter examines whether this is the case, and if not, why not, and what it means for the genetic-creativity argument.
Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Annett James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Superconductivity, superfluidity, and Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) are among the most fascinating phenomena in nature. Their strange and often surprising properties are direct consequences of quantum mechanics. This is why they only occur at low temperatures, and it is very difficult (but hopefully not impossible!) to find a room temperature superconductor. But, while most other quantum effects only appear in matter on the atomic or subatomic scale, superfluids and superconductors show the effects of quantum mechanics acting on the bulk properties of matter on a large scale. In essence they are macroscopic quantum phenomena.
Hermitian geometry
Authors: Salamon Simon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These notes are based on graduate courses given by the author in 1998 and 1999. The main idea was to introduce a number of aspects of the theory of complex and symplectic structures that depend on the existence of a compatible Riemannian metric. The present notes deal mostly with the complex case, and are designed to introduce a selection of topics and examples in differential geometry, accessible to anyone with an acquaintance of the definitions of smooth manifolds and vector bundles.
Bird Migration
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of how birds migrate over enormous distances with apparently minimal guidance continues to excite both professional and amateur ornithologists. Nearly ten years have elapsed since Peter Berthold, a leading researcher in the field, wrote the first edition of this highly readable and fascinating book. During that time the field has advanced by strides, so that this new edition has been extensively revised, expanded, and updated. No other book exists that brings together the vast amount of information that is available on the subject of bird migration, so that the book will be an inspiration to birdwatchers, naturalists, and ornithologists alike.
Fred Hoyle’s Universe
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fred Hoyle was one of the most widely acclaimed and colourful scientists of the twentieth century, a down-to-earth Yorkshireman who combined a brilliant scientific mind with a relish for communication and controversy. Best known for his steady-state theory of cosmology, he described a universe with both an infinite past and an infinite future. He coined the phrase ‘big bang ‘ to describe the main competing theory, and sustained a long-running, sometimes ill-tempered, and typically public debate with his scientific rivals. He showed how the elements are formed by nuclear reactions inside stars, and explained how we are therefore all formed from stardust. He also claimed that diseases fall from the sky, attacked Darwinism, and branded the famous fossil of the feathered Archaeopteryx a fake. Throughout his career, Hoyle played a major role in the popularization of science. Through his radio broadcasts and his highly successful science fiction novels he became a household name, though his outspokenness and support for increasingly outlandish causes later in life at times antagonized the scientific community. Jane Gregory builds up a vivid picture of Hoyle ‘s role in the ideas, the organization, and the popularization of astronomy in post-war Britain, and provides a fascinating examination of the relationship between a maverick scientist, the scientific establishment, and the public. Through the life of Hoyle, this book chronicles the triumphs, jealousies, rewards, and feuds of a rapidly developing scientific field, in a narrative animated by a cast of colourful astronomers, keeping secrets, losing their tempers, and building their careers here on Earth while contemplating the nature of the stars.
Contributions of Ascending Thalamic and Local Intracortical Connections to Visual Cortical Function
Authors: Dragoi Valentin , Rivadulla Casto , Sur Mriganka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergent properties of visual cortical networks arise from specific features of the cortical circuitry. A mechanistic description of how response properties arise in networks of cortical neurons is central to understanding information processing by the visual cortex. Primary visual cortical (V1) neurons receive their major input through thalamocortical or feedforward excitatory connections, with a role for local recurrent networks and of long-range connections in modulating neuronal responses in different layers of the cortex. We have examined mechanisms underlying three types of emergent responses that are created in V1 of cats—orientation selectivity, direction selectivity and spatial phase invariance—using selective blockade of neurotransmitter systems and selective inactivation of neurons by stimulus-induced adaptation.
Dissecting the Organization of Cortical and Subcortical Circuits for Skilled Limb Movement Control in Development and Maturity with Reversible Inactivation
Authors: Martin John H , Ghez Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Production of even the simplest movement recruits into action the multiple components of the supraspinal motor systems, including many cortical areas and subcortical motor nuclei, as well as the various descending motor pathways. The task of elucidating the contributions of the different components of the motor systems is complex. Knowledge of the anatomical organization of neural systems has traditionally provided important insights into function. Numerous anatomical studies in mature animals have shown a high degree of connectional specificity within the motor systems. However, the connections of the components of the motor systems are not sufficiently distinct from one another to provide clear insight into their particular roles in limb movement control or posture. For example, several frontal premotor areas each have direct spinal projections to the intermediate zone and ventral horn (He et al. 1993). On the basis of termination patterns this information provides little insight into the particular sets of function of one area compared with another, apart from a role in limb or trunk control.
Metamodal Cortical Processing in the Occipital Cortex of Blind and Sighted Subjects
Authors: Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Hamilton Roy H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We perceive the world by means of an elaborate set of distinct modality-specific receptor systems that feed into the myriad networks of the cerebral cortex. It is the distinctness of these sensory channels that enables us to experience sensations that are uniquely unimodal. The acquisition of information in separate modalities, however, also allows us to process the different elements of sensation in parallel in order to form a unitary multimodal percept. Moreover, information garnered by means of one sense impinges upon, enhances, and alters information acquired via others (Stein and Meredith 1993). Well known perceptual phenomena demonstrate that we are constantly integrating information from different modalities to form richer multisensory experiences. The “ventriloquism effect,” for example, refers broadly to the phenomenon by which individuals form intersensory associations between auditory and visual information (Howard and Templeton 1966). In a similar fashion, the “McGurk effect” refers to a remarkable perceptual illusion in which auditory perception of speech sounds influences visual perception of spoken speech, and vice versa (McGurk and MacDonald 1976).
Earth History, Disease, and the Evolution of Primates
Authors: Martin Larry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent theoretical work on the population ecology of emergent diseases provides a model for understand ing disease in the context of earth history. As world climates change, ecologies are modified as are the parameters governing the origin and spread of new categories of sickness. Human disease is the end product of numerous evolutionary modifications and can best be understood within a historical context. It is through understanding this historical context that we may isolate and modify our own cultural contribution to emerging diseases. The extinction at the end of the Cretaceous provides a baseline for the discussion of disease origin, and the climatic and evolutionary events that follow suggest a probable sequence of emergence. Eventually, humans through domestication formed symbiotic relationships with plants and animals that opened up new avenues for the emergence and spread of disease. In spite of the advances of modem medicine, the potential disease load of any human population is probably much greater now than at any time in the past.
Infectious Processes Around the Dawn of Civilization
Authors: Rothschild Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being condemned to repeat the history that we ignore carries an important public health caveat. How can we anticipate and prepare for future epidemics and health care challenges without knowledge of the history of disease? Documentation of past disease character and epidemiology provides an opportunity to better understand the origins or causes of diseases whose present etiology may be unclear. Such an approach requires that a disease be confidently recognizable. This demands as broad a diagnostic context (database) as possible. Recognition of disease in fossil or recent bone material requires that there be previous documentation of the effect of the disease on the bones of individuals diagnosed in life, and that the combination of bone findings be specific for the disease (i.e. that no other diseases routinely produce the same damage). Population studies are critical to this kind of analysis. A single individual represents only one possible set of dis ease damage. Disease, however, is variable, and resultant bone damage represents a spectrum. While a variety of diseases can cause a given type of damage to an isolated bone, the pattern of that damage in an individual is more specific. The distribution of disease manifestations in a population affords the strongest comparisons. Without independent corroborating evidence, isolated bones are usually not informative.
Ancient DNA Can Identify Disease Elements
Authors: Herrmann Bernd , Hummel Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient DNA (aDNA) analyses may provide more information about endemic infection rates of ancient populations than morphognostic inspection. This chapter focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of molecular approaches to diseases of the past, and presents arguments in favor of intensive promotion of such endeavors. There are no models for estimating the ratios of infected to uninfected people in past populations. While aDNA analyses may also provide insight into the genomic co-evolution of hosts by tracing inherited diseases beneficial for heterozygotes, the crucial issue remains research and development of new technologies to investigate host and pathogen DNA. Of necessity, these will be based in good part on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or PCR-like techniques. Presently these tests are performed by examining one gene sequence at a time, but in the near future multiplex-PCR-based screening of ancient remains will be carried out, in which a number of different DNA sequences will be amplified simultaneously.
Kinetic Formulation of Conservation Laws
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book gives a general presentation of the mathematical and numerical connections kinetic theory and conservation laws based on several earlier works with P. L. Lions and E. Tadmor, as well as on more recent developments. The kinetic formalism approach allows the reader to consider Partial Differential Equations, such as some nonlinear conservation laws, as linear kinetic (or semi-kinetic) equations acting on a nonlinear quantity. It also aids the reader with using Fourier transform, regularisation, and moments methods to provide new approaches for proving uniqueness, regularizing effects, and a priori bounds. Special care has been given to introduce basic tools, including the classical Boltzmann formalism to derive compressible fluid dynamics, the study of oscillatons through the kinetic defect measure, and an elementary construction of solutions to scalar conservation laws. More advanced material contains regularizing effects through averaging lemmas, existence of global large solutions to isentropic gas dynamics, and a new uniqueness proof for scalar conservation laws. Sections are also devoted to the derivation of numerical approaches, the 'kinetic schemes', and the analysis of their theoretical properties.
Basic supermultiplets
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is self-contained. The more theoretically oriented reader may, however, ﬁnd it useful to read in parallel Appendix C where the use of super space allows for a more systematic approach. Appendix C uses two-component spinors and it might be a useful exercise to translate its results back into four-component spinors as used in this chapter. Chiral supermultiplet A ﬁrst look We consider here, as in the Wess–Zumino model of Chapter 1, a chiral supermultiplet which consists of: a complex scalar field φ(x) = (A(x) + iB(x))/√2; a Majorana spinor field Ψ(x). Obviously, the scalar field consists of two real degrees of freedom: A(x) and B(x). On the other hand, the Majorana spinor has four real components. Its equation of motion – the Dirac equation – fixes two of these degrees of freedom. To see this, consider for simplicity a planar wave of energy k0 &gt; 0 described by the spinor u(k) which satisfies
Epidemiology in practice
Authors: Walley John , Wright John , Hubley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology has always been an essential part of improving the health of populations. Its early use was in the study of infectious diseases and epidemics. Describing the distribution of an epidemic such as cholera allowed doctors to find out what was causing the epidemic. In recent years epidemiology has been used mostly to find out what causes diseases such as heart disease and cancers. This has shown how factors such as diet, smoking, and living conditions are important risk factors for causing disease. Epidemiology has also been used to find out what treatments are effective in reducing disease and ill-health.