bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal Hemodialysis in Australia
Authors: Agar John W.M. , Somerville Christine A. , Dwyer Karen M. , Simmonds Rosemary E. , Boddington Janeane M. , Waldron Claire M. 
Published: October 2003

Background:  Because home hemodialysis has long been a common Australian support modality, the advent of home‐based nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD) in Canada stimulated the extension of our existing home‐ and satellite‐based conventional hemodialysis (CHD) programs to NHD. As a result, the first government‐funded, home‐based, 6‐nights‐per‐week NHD program in Australia began in July 2001. Methods:  Sixteen patients have been trained for NHD; 13 dialyzed at home 8 to 9 hr per night for 6 nights per week, whereas 3 preferred to train for NHD at home using an 8‐ to 9‐hr alternate‐night regime. Results:  The program experience to March 1, 2003, was 655 patient‐weeks. Two patients had withdrawn for transplantation and 2 for social reasons, although 1 continues on alternate‐night NHD. There hade been no deaths. Ten patients had dialyzed without partners. All patients ceased phosphate binders at entry. Thirteen of 16 discontinued all antihypertensive drugs. There were no fluid or dietary restrictions. Phosphate was added to the dialysate to prevent hypophosphatemia. Pre‐ and postdialysis urea and phosphate levels were broadly within the normal ranges. All patients reported restorative sleep; similarly partners reported stable sleep patterns and noted improved mood, cognitive function, and marital relationships in their NHD partners. Preliminary cost analyses show that whereas consumables had doubled, and epoetin and iron expenditures had risen by 28.9%, other pharmaceutical costs had fallen by 47%, and nursing wage costs were 48% of the notional cost had these patients remained on CHD. Three patients on NHD were retired, 7 worked full‐time, 3 worked part‐time, and 3 drew disability support, whereas previously on CHD, 3 were retired, 3 had worked full‐time, 3 had worked part‐time, and 7 had drawn disability support. Conclusion:  We believe that NHD is viable, safe, effective, and well accepted with significant lifestyle benefits and reemployment outcomes. Although initial setup costs are significant, NHD cost advantage over CHD progressively accrues as program numbers exceed 12 to 15 patients.
Psychological Symptoms Are Greater in Caregivers of Patients on Hemodialysis Than Those of Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Sezer M. Tugrul , Eren Ibrahim , Ozcankaya Ramazan , Civi Ikbal , Erturk Jale , Ozturk Mustafa 
Published: October 2003

Background:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare psychosocial characteristics in caregiving relatives (caregivers) of hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods:  Thirty‐three caregivers (17 women, 16 men) of HD patients, 27 caregivers (11 women, 16 men) of PD patients, and a control group of 49 subjects who do not care for family members with chronic illness (23 women, 26 men) are included in this study. The brief symptom inventory (BSI), social disability schedule (SDS), and brief disability questionnaire (BDQ) were used for the psychosocial evaluation. Results:  The mean age, men‐to‐women ratios, duration of education, and distribution of marital status did not differ significantly among the three groups. In addition, dialysis duration and distribution of caregiver type were not different between the HD and PD groups. Although the mean global severity index scores of the three groups were similar, somatization and depression scores from BSI subitems were greater in the HD group than the scores of the PD and control groups. Although the mean SDS and BDQ scores were higher in the HD group, the differences did not achieve statistical significance. BSI subitems such as somatization, obsession–compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, and anxiety were positively correlated among themselves. Hostility and somatization were negatively correlated with age and education, respectively. Nevertheless, somatization was positively correlated with age. Social disability was negatively correlated with duration of education. Conclusion:  Somatization and depression are greater in the caregivers of center HD patients compared to PD and control groups. According to the findings of this study, we suggest that caregiving family members of dialysis patients especially on HD also should be evaluated for psychosocial problems and supported as needed. Further studies are needed to explore whether psychosocial parameters of caregivers predict outcomes for caregivers and patients.
The Neglect of Sodium Restriction in Dialysis Patients: A Short Review
Authors: Charra Bernard , Chazot Charles 
Published: October 2003

In end‐stage renal failure, natriuresis decreases, sodium accumulates, and extracellular volume (ECV) excess develops. In 1962, Scribner, reporting about the first maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patient, observed that ECV control using a low‐salt diet and ultrafiltration led to blood pressure (BP) normalization. Thus, the concept of dry weight, the ideal postdialysis weight allowing for a stable normal BP, was born. Achieving dry weight requires a combination of negative diffusive sodium balance, adequate ultrafiltration, and a low‐salt diet. Unfortunately, the low‐salt diet is very often neglected today. In the late 1960s, BP control was achieved in 90% of HD patients using low‐sodium dialysis and a low‐salt diet. As time passed and HD duration was reduced, there was a worsening BP control and subsequent increasing in morbidity and mortality. In recent years, interventional studies have examined the effects of reducing sodium in dialysate, in diet, or in both. All of them show that low‐salt diet is essential for BP control in HD. While the healthy population is advised to eat a reasonably low‐salt diet (5 g of NaCl), the K/DOQI Guidelines and the European Best Practice Guidelines surprisingly do not even mention salt restriction. To achieve dry weight under the present conditions, with short HD duration and a frail population, it is mandatory to reduce the interdialytic weight gain. A low‐salt diet is, more than ever, a necessity.
Unusual Marine Pathogens Causing Cellulitis and Bacteremia in Hemodialysis Patients: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Ruiz Claudia C. , Agraharkar Mahendra 
Published: October 2003

Cellulitis in immunocompetent hosts is usually caused by skin organisms and responds to oral antibiotics. In immunocompromised hosts, such as end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, unusual organisms with unpredictable pathogenicity can cause infections. We present two cases with isolates that are usually encountered in coastal waters. The first case describes a 71‐year‐old African‐American ESRD patient who presented with bacteremia secondary to a wound infection after exposure to flood waters in a tropical storm. The second case describes a 70‐year‐old Caucasian male ESRD patient who developed septic shock after a trivial wound inflicted while on a shrimp boat. Both patients were successfully treated with appropriate antibiotics and supportive measures. The infective agents in both cases belong to the halophilic Vibrio species. The causative agent of cellulitis and bacteremia in the first hemodialysis patient was identified as Vibrio alginolyticus, a non‐lactose‐fermenting gram‐negative bacillus that is rarely isolated from blood. The second patient presented with septic shock owing to Vibrio vulnificus, which is a lactose‐fermenting bacillus known to produce severe localized or systemic illness. In both cases, the common features were ESRD‐related immunocompromised state and exposure to marine environments. These two cases of life‐threatening cellulitis and bacteremia are presented as examples of environmental pathogens common to a marine environment in coastal areas and the imperative need of rapid identification and prompt initiation of treatment in immunocompromised hosts.
Induction of Cyclooxygenase 2 by Escherichia coli but not Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide in gastric epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Smith Geoff V. , Moran Anthony P. , Bajaj‐Elliott Mona , Farthing Michael J.G. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground.  Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) is an inducible enzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of prostaglandins in response to inflammatory stimuli. It is expressed in the gastric mucosa as part of the response to infection with Helicobacter pylori. The specific interaction between H. pylori and the gastric epithelium that results in COX‐2 expression has not been identified.Methods.  In order to investigate the hypothesis that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from H. pylori plays a role in the induction of cyclooxygenase 2 in the stomach, gastric cell lines MKN‐7 and MKN‐45 were incubated with LPS from either H. pylori NCTC 11637 or Escherichia coli 055:B5. Incubation of cells with live H. pylori NCTC 11637 was also carried out as a positive control. Cells were then analysed for COX‐2 protein and mRNA and prostaglandin E2 synthesis.Results.  Cyclooxygenase 2 protein and mRNA expression was induced by E. coli LPS and live H. pylori, but not by H. pylori LPS. Prostaglandin E2 synthesis increased in a dose‐dependent manner in both cell lines with E. coli but not H. pylori LPS.Conclusions.  H. pylori LPS is of low biological activity when compared with E. coli LPS in its ability to induce the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 and synthesis of prostaglandin E2. This may provide one mechanism by which H. pylori minimizes the inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa, allowing chronic infection.
Interactions between Inducible Nitric Oxide and Other Inflammatory Mediators during Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Obonyo Marygorret , Guiney Donald G. , Fierer Joshua , Cole Sheri P. 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground.  Recent studies in both humans and animal models strongly suggest the contribution of the host immune response to Helicobacter pylori‐related disease. Inducible nitric oxide synthase has been shown to be up‐regulated in the gastric epithelium during H. pylori gastritis, suggesting a role in inflammation.Materials and Methods.  C57BL/6 wild‐type and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout mice were infected with H. pylori strain SS1. Expression of macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), Th1 (IL‐2 and gamma interferon) and Th2 (IL‐4 and IL‐10) cytokines, and inducible cyclooxygenase mRNA in mice was determined in mouse gastric tissues and quantified using either competitive reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction or competitive polymerase chain reaction following reverse transcription.Results.  The Th1 cytokine gamma interferon was only detected in wild‐type and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene knockout infected mice, while a Th2 (IL‐4) response was not detected. H. pylori induced MIP‐2 and IL‐1β mRNA in mice.Conclusions.  Because similar levels of inflammatory mediators were noted in both wild‐type and nitric oxide synthase gene knockout infected mice, our data suggest that inducible nitric oxide synthase does not influence expression of these inflammatory mediators in the early stages of H. pylori infection in mice.
Oxidative Damage of the Gastric Mucosa in Helicobacter pylori Positive Chronic Atrophic and Nonatrophic Gastritis, Before and After Eradication
Authors: Iacopini Federico , Consolazio Adriana , Bosco Daniela , Marcheggiano Adriana , Bella Antonino , Pica Roberta , Paoluzi Omero A. , Crispino Pietro , Rivera Margherita , Mottolese Marcella , Nardi Francesco , Paoluzi Paolo 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori is the main cause of gastritis and a primary carcinogen. The aim of this study was to assess oxidative damage in mucosal compartments of gastric mucosa in H. pylori positive and negative atrophic and nonatrophic gastritis.Materials and methods.  Five groups of 10 patients each were identified according to H. pylori positive or negative chronic atrophic (Hp‐CAG and CAG, respectively) and nonatrophic gastritis (Hp‐CG and CG, respectively), and H. pylori negative normal mucosa (controls). Oxidative damage was evaluated by nitrotyrosine immunohistochemistry in the whole mucosa and in each compartment at baseline and at 2 and 12 months after eradication. Types of intestinal metaplasia were classified by histochemistry.Results.  Total nitrotyrosine levels appeared significantly higher in H. pylori positive than in negative patients, and in Hp‐CAG than in Hp‐CG (p < .001); no differences were found between H. pylori negative gastritis and normal mucosa. Nitrotyrosine were found in foveolae and intestinal metaplasia only in Hp‐CAG. At 12 months after H. pylori eradication, total nitrotyrosine levels showed a trend toward a decrease in Hp‐CG and decreased significantly in Hp‐CAG (p = .002), disappearing from the foveolae (p = .002), but remaining unchanged in intestinal metaplasia. Type I and II of intestinal metaplasia were present with the same prevalence in Hp‐CAG and CAG, and did not change after H. pylori eradication.Conclusions.  Oxidative damage of the gastric mucosa increases from Hp‐CG to Hp‐CAG, involving the foveolae and intestinal metaplasia. H. pylori eradication induces a complete healing of foveolae but not of intestinal metaplasia, reducing the overall oxidative damage in the mucosa.
The MUC5AC Glycoprotein is the Primary Receptor for Helicobacter pylori in the Human Stomach
Authors: Van de Bovenkamp Jeroen H. B. , Mahdavi Jafar , Korteland‐Van Male Anita M. , Büller Hans A. , Einerhand Alexandra W. C. , Borén Thomas , Dekker Jan 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground and objectives.  Helicobacter pylori shows a characteristic tropism for the mucus‐producing gastric epithelium. In infected patients, H. pylori colocalizes in situ with the gastric secretory mucin MUC5AC. The carbohydrate blood‐group antigen Lewis B (LeB) was deemed responsible for the adherence of H. pylori to the gastric surface epithelium. We sought to determine if MUC5AC is the carrier of LeB, and thus if MUC5AC is the underlying gene product functioning as the main receptor for H. pylori in the stomach.Methods.  We studied three types of human tissue producing MUC5AC: Barrett's esophagus (BE), normal gastric tissue, and gastric metaplasia of the duodenum (GMD). Tissue sections were immuno‐fluorescently stained for MUC5AC or LeB, and subsequently incubated with one of three strains of Texas red‐labeled H. pylori, one of which was unable to bind to LeB. We determined the colocalization of MUC5AC or LeB with adherent H. pylori.Results.  The binding patterns for the two LeB‐binding strains to all tissues were similar, whereas the strain unable to bind to LeB did not bind to any of the tissues. In normal gastric tissue, the LeB‐binding strains always bound to MUC5AC‐ and LeB‐positive epithelial cells. In four nonsecretor patients, colocalization of the LeB‐binding strains was found to MUC5AC‐positive gastric epithelial cells. In BE, the LeB‐binding H. pylori strains colocalized very specifically to MUC5AC‐positive cells. MUC5AC‐producing cells in GMD contained LeB. Yet, LeB‐binding H. pylori not only colocalized to MUC5AC or LeB present in GMD, but also bound to the LeB‐positive brush border of normal duodenal epithelium.Conclusions.  Mucin MUC5AC is the most important carrier of the LeB carbohydrate structure in normal gastric tissue and forms the major receptor for H. pylori.
Intensity of Inflammation, Density of Colonization and Interleukin‐8 Response in the Gastric Mucosa of Children Infected with Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Camorlinga‐Ponce Margarita , Aviles‐Jimenez Francisco , Cabrera Lourdes , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio , Muñoz Onofre , Soza Jorge , Torres Javier 
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACTBackground.  Few reports exist on inflammation and interleukin (IL)‐8 response in H. pylori‐infected children. The aim of this study was to determine the intensity of inflammation, density of colonization and magnitude of IL‐8 response in children with and without H. pylori infection.Materials and Methods.  We studied 45 children with dyspeptic symptoms, 21 infected with H. pylori and 24 without infection. Antrum and corpus gastric biopsies were obtained and studied for H. pylori infection with an immunofluorescence technique and for IL‐8 with an immunohistochemical assay. Biopsy specimens were stained with hematoxilin and eosin and gastritis was graded according to the Sydney system. The magnitudes of the IL‐8 response and H. pylori colonization were estimated microscopically with image analyzer software.Results.  In H. pylori‐infected children, mild mono‐nuclear cell infiltration was found in 50%, and no neutrophils in 40% of cases. In the antrum but not in the corpus, the intensity of colonization correlated with neutrophil and mononuclear cell infiltration. The IL‐8 response was significantly higher in the antrum (p < .05) and corpus (p < .02) of infected children, and was localized mainly in the surface and crypts of the epithelium. No correlation was found between the magnitude of the IL‐8 response and the infiltration of either neutrophil or mononuclear cells.Conclusions.  In H. pylori‐infected children, poor mononuclear and neutrophil infiltration was observed. Infection was associated with a higher IL‐8 response by gastric epithelial cells. The density of colonization but not the IL‐8 response correlated with neutrophil cell infiltration.
Responses of two parasitoid wasps to nectar odors as a function of experience
Authors: Patt Joseph M. , Hamilton George C. , Lashomb James H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAdult parasitoid wasps can learn to recognize specific resource‐based cues, making them adept at locating essential resources within their native habitats. However, relatively little is known about their ability to recognize the odors emitted by flowers and extra‐floral nectar glands. A novel test arena mimicking the distribution of nectaries within an umbelliferous inflorescence was developed to measure and compare the responses of two eulophid wasps, Edovum puttleri and Pediobius foveolatus, to nectar‐based odors. Although both parasitoid species were able to associate nectar location with the odors emitted by both real nectaries (dill flowers and snap bean stipules) and artificial nectars (1 M sucrose solution scented with banana or lemon food flavoring), the responses of inexperienced wasps to nectary odors differed. While inexperienced E. puttleri displayed little attraction to the odor of either dill flowers or snap bean stipules, inexperienced P. foveolatus displayed a strong attraction to odors of both types of nectaries. However, once it had experienced foraging on either dill or snap bean nectar, E. puttleri responded to those nectary odors as strongly as did P. foveolatus. The responsiveness of both wasp species to the odor of artificial nectar greatly increased after they foraged on sugar solution scented with either banana or lemon odor. That parasitoid wasp species can differ in their ability to recognize food‐based cues is of fundamental and applied importance.
Pheromone‐mediated mating disruption of Choristoneura rosaceana: is the most attractive blend really the most effective?
Authors: Evenden M.L. , Judd G.J.R. , Borden J.H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn attractive four‐component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11‐tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11‐tetradecenyl acetate, Z11‐tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11‐tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four‐component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four‐component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two‐ or three‐component partial blends. A small‐plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false‐trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four‐component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four‐component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two‐component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two‐component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
Host size induced variation in progeny sex ratio of an aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebia mirzai
Authors: Pandey Sharmila , Singh Rajendra 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA study aimed at determining the effect of host size on the pattern of sex allocation by an aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebia mirzai Shuja‐Uddin (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) was undertaken to test the validity of the following three hypotheses: (1) larger hosts will yield a greater proportion of daughters, (2) differential mortality of the sexes of the parasitoid during development is a function of host‐size, and (3) daughters emerging from larger hosts are more fecund. The results suggested a propensity in the parasitoid to deposit fertilised (diploid) eggs in large hosts (third instar nymph) and unfertilised (haploid) eggs in small hosts (first and second instar nymphs). Unpreferred fourth instar nymphs and apterous aphid adults also received more haploid eggs despite being larger in size than the preferred third instar nymphs. However, the perception of host size by the mother was dependent on the extent of temporal variation in the host size distribution and on her previous experience of host size. Developmental period, longevity, mating potential, fecundity and progeny sex ratio of L. mirzai emerging from small versus large hosts indicated that the host size affected the fitness of the daughters more than that of sons. No differential mortality of the sexes during development of L. mirzai was observed in small versus large hosts. This shows that L. mirzai, while ovipositing in growing stages of the host, adjusts progeny sex ratio according to the host size and by doing so she tends to contribute maximally to progeny fitness without knowing about the future host quality.