bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting the Dignity of the Child in Hospital
Authors: Reed Paula , Smith Pam , Fletcher Margaret , Bradding Angela 
Published: January 2003

This article aims to deconstruct the concept of dignity in a way that is meaningful, in particular to nurses and other health workers who seek to promote the dignity of children in their care. Despite the emphasis in a variety of codes and policies to promote dignity, there is a lack of a clear definition of dignity in the literature. In particular there is little reference to dignity, theoretically or empirically, as it relates to children. Without clarity it is not possible to act in an ethical way on behalf of children whose dignity could otherwise be compromised. The theoretical position taken has evolved from the medico-nursing and philosophical discourse concerning the nature of human dignity and more recent sociological texts that discuss the social construction of the child and childhood. The article is further influenced by additional insights derived from an ethnographic pilot study at a large district general hospital. This study was undertaken in an attempt to appreciate the subjective experience of dignity by children, and to begin to address the empirical gap in the literature and promote discussion. The concept of a macro and a micro dignity is discussed, together with the role of the nurse in articulating the relationship between the two. The importance of control and witnesses in the experience of dignity is discussed and, finally, also the ethical implications when seeking to promote the dignity of children.
Perceptions of Autonomy, Privacy and Informed Consent in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries: general overview
Authors: Leino-Kilpi Helena , Välimäki Maritta , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Schopp Anja , Scott P Anne , Arndt Marianne , Kaljonen Anne 
Published: January 2003

Ethical issues in the care of elderly people have been identified in many countries. We report the findings of a comparative research project funded by the European Commission, which took place between 1998 and 2001. The project explored the issues of autonomy (part I), privacy (part II) and informed consent (part III) in nursing practice. Data were collected from elderly residents/patients (n = 573) and nursing staff (n = 887) in five European countries: Finland, Spain, Greece, Germany and the UK (Scotland). Questionnaires were used as the data collection tool (self-completion questionnaires for staff, structured interviews for the elderly participants). Four basic nursing interventions in the care of elderly people were targeted: hygiene, fluid intake and nutrition, medication, and elimination. The data were analysed statistically. The results indicated differences within all five countries between staff and patient perceptions of autonomy, privacy and informed consent. There were also similar differences between individual countries. Conclusions were reached concerning practice, education and research. This is the first of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.
Perceptions of Autonomy in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries
Authors: Scott P Anne , Välimäki Maritta , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Arndt Marianne , Schopp Anja , Suhonen Riitta , Kaljonen Anne 
Published: January 2003

The focus of this article is perceptions of elderly patients and nurses regarding patients’ autonomy in nursing practice. Autonomy is empirically defined as having two components: information received/given as a prerequisite and decision making as the action. The results indicated differences between staff and patient perceptions of patient autonomy for both components in all five countries in which this survey was conducted. There were also differences between countries in the perceptions of patients and nurses regarding the frequency with which patients received information from nursing staff or were offered opportunities to make decisions. This is the second of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.
Perceptions of Privacy in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries
Authors: Schopp Anja , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Välimäki Maritta , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Scott P Anne , Arndt Marianne , Kaljonen Anne 
Published: January 2003

The focus of this article is on elderly patients’ and nursing staff perceptions of privacy in the care of elderly patients/residents in five European countries. Privacy includes physical, social and informational elements. The results show that perceptions of privacy were strongest in the UK (Scotland) and weakest in Greece. Country comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between the perceptions of elderly patients and also between those of nurses working in the same ward or long-term care facility. Perceptions of privacy by patients and their nursing staff were quite similar in Finland, Germany and the UK. In contrast, in Greece and Spain these perceptions were different: nurses believed that they took account of their patients’ privacy needs more often than the patients themselves felt this was the case. Among Spanish and UK patients, an association was found between lower levels of independence and comparatively less positive perceptions of privacy. No associations were established between nurses’ perceptions and their demographic factors. This is the third of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.
Perceptions of Informed Consent in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries
Authors: Schopp Anja , Välimäki Maritta , Leino-Kilpi Helena , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Scott P Anne , Arndt Marianne , Kaljonen Anne 
Published: January 2003

The focus of this article is on elderly patients’ and nursing staff perceptions of informed consent in the care of elderly patients/residents in five European countries. The results suggest that patients and nurses differ in their views on how informed consent is implemented. Among elderly patients the highest frequency for securing informed consent was reported in Finland; the lowest was in Germany. In contrast, among nurses, the highest frequency was reported in the UK (Scotland) and the lowest in Finland. In a comparison of patients’ and nurses’ perceptions, nurses had more positive views than patients in all countries except Finland. Patients with less need for nursing interventions in Greece and Spain gave their consent less often. The German and Greek patients were older, and the results also point to an association between this and their lower frequency of giving consent. In Spain, patients who were married or who had a family member or friend to look after their personal affairs were more likely to be included in the group whose consent was sought less often. This is the fourth of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.
Perceptions of Autonomy, Privacy and Informed Consent in the Care of Elderly People in Five European Countries: comparison and implications for the future
Authors: Leino-Kilpi Helena , Välimäki Maritta , Dassen Theo , Gasull Maria , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Scott P Anne , Schopp Anja , Arndt Marianne , Kaljonen Anne 
Published: January 2003

This article discusses nurses’ and elderly patients’ perceptions of the realization of autonomy, privacy and informed consent in five European countries. Comparisons between the concepts and the countries indicated that both nurses and patients gave the highest ratings to privacy and the lowest to informed consent. There were differences between countries. According to the patient data, autonomy is best realized in Spain, privacy in the UK (Scotland), and informed consent in Finland. For the staff data, the best results tended to concentrate in the UK. The conceptual and methodological limitations of the study are identified and discussed. Implications of the results are divided into three areas: nursing practice, education and research. In practice, the analysis of patients’ values and the ethical sensitivity of nurses are important as part of ethically good care. In nurse education, students should learn to recognize ethical problems, generally and particularly, among vulnerable groups of patients. Multicultural international research is needed in this area. This is the last of a set of five articles published together in this issue of Nursing Ethics in which the results of this comparative research project are presented.
Nursing Ethics, Caring and Culture
Authors: Cortis Joseph D , Kendrick Kevin 
Published: January 2003

Recent years have witnessed the publication of numerous articles that draw a critical alignment between ethics and caring. In essence, this theme suggests that caring is a moral pursuit centred on the beneficent attention of one person shown to another. Yet, if such language is to have real poignancy, it must be geared towards an inclusive agenda that meets the needs of all within the community. Research evidence suggests that this is not always the case, especially in terms of the care offered to members of minority ethnic groups.This article will focus on the findings of a qualitative research study that explored the expectations and perceived experiences of nursing care among members of the Pakistani community in Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK. The findings suggest that nurses should develop a more informed narrative that readily reflects the needs of the Pakistani community.
Green Process in Glycotechnology
Authors: Shoda Shin-ichiro , Izumi Ryukou , Fujita Masaya 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Oligo- and poly-saccharides are important macromolecules in living systems. They show their multifunctional characteristics in the construction of cell walls, energy storage, and various biological phenomena like cell recognition. The development of a new glycosylation reaction is demanded in order to supply a sufficient amount of oligo- and poly-saccharides for basic research. Enzymes have several remarkable catalytic properties compared with other types of catalyst in terms of their selectivity, high catalytic activity, lack of undesirable side-reactions, and ability to operate under mild conditions. This account presents an overview of recent advances in the glycosylation reactions for synthesis of oligo- and poly-saccharides catalyzed by glycosyl hydrolases. A new carbon cyclic system of “Glyco-Chemistry Cycles” has been proposed based on the renewable polysaccharide biomass.
Spherical Aromaticity in Fullerenes and the Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shifts at the Cage Centers
Authors: Aihara Jun-ichi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICSs) at the cage centers for closed-shell isolated-pentagon isomers of C82 fullerene lie in the wide range from −11 to +48 although all of the isomers are sufficiently aromatic. This decisively shows that NICS cannot be used as an indicator of spherical aromaticity for fullerenes. NICS is nothing other than the measure of local magnetotropicity. Diatropicity is compatible with aromaticity only for monocyclic π-systems.
Subtle Ligand/Media Effects. Modulation of cis/trans Isomerism in Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation of Pt(II) to Pt(IV) Complexes
Authors: Lee Young-A , Yoo Kyung Ho , Jung Ok-Sang 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The modulation of cis/trans isomerism on the oxidation of PtII to PtIV via subtle ligand/media effects has been established. The reaction of [PtII(O-O)(dpda)] (O-O = 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylate (cbdc), dibenzylmalonate (dbm); dpda = 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine) with hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid produces cis-[PtIV(O2CCH3)2(O-O)(dpda)], while the reaction in acetic anhydride gives trans-[PtIV(O2CCH3)2(O-O)(dpda)]. The crystal structures of cis-[PtIV(O2CCH3)2(cbdc)(dpda)] (orthorhombic Pbca, a = 11.148(2) Å, b = 14.188(5) Å, c = 23.425(3) Å, V = 3705(2) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.0525) and trans-[PtIV(O2CCH3)2(cbdc)(dpda)]·3H2O (monoclinic P21/c, a = 11.479(2) Å, b = 13.426(3) Å, c = 14.640(5) Å, β = 108.73(2)°, V = 2136.8(9) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.0251) have been solved and refined. The AcO–Pt–AcO angle (87.4(5)°) of the cis isomer presents a striking contrast to that (172.5(1)°) of the trans isomer. The trans isomer is retained in aqueous solution, but the cis isomer is very slowly converted to the trans isomer in both water and acetic acid.
Use of 6-Mercapto Purinylazo Resin in Chromium Speciation
Authors: Mondal Bhim Chandra , Das Arabinda K 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The present work describes a procedure of preconcentration, separation and determination of the two forms of chromium, viz. Cr(III) and Cr(VI), in waste water by using 6-mercaptopurine anchored by azo function to a polymeric styrene divinylbenzene (8%) matrix as solid phase extractor. The maximum exchange capacity for Cr(III) at pH 6.5 is 0.44 mmol g−1 and that for Cr(VI) at pH 1.0 is 1.06 mmol g−1. In the column operation, the recoveries of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the presence of various foreign ions which are generally present in waste water were examined; it was observed that no such interferences occur in the sorption step. Flow rate optimization studies show that the column is efficient for the separation of both forms of chromium at a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1. The metal ion concentration was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The method has been applied for the separation and speciation of chromium in waste water samples.
Determination of Minor and Trace Elements in Biogenic Carbonate Minerals of Coccolithophores by High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi , Mito Saeko , Norisuye Kazuhiro , Matsui Masakazu , Maki Teruya , Ueda Kazumasa 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The sample preparation and analytical methodology are described for determining minor and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Sr, U, V, W, Y and Zn) in biogenic carbonate minerals of coccolithophores. Coccolith particles isolated from cultivated coccolithophores were purified by centrifugation and resuspension with 0.5 mM sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions (1 M = 1 mol L−1). The concentrations of the elements in the final solutions were determined by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The analytical results of coccolith particles suggest that the molar ratios of the minor and trace elements in coccoliths vary with the compositions of the medium in which the coccolithophores are grown.
Synthesis of Cationic Diazacrown Ethers and Their Successful Application as Selectivity Modifiers in the Capillary Electrophoresis Separation of Aromatic Anions Involving Positional Isomers
Authors: Mori Masanobu , Tsue Hirohito , Tanaka Kazuhiko , Tanaka Shunitz 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Two types of positively charged diazacrown ether derivatives with different ring sizes were investigated concerning their ability as selectivity modifiers in capillary electrophoresis. The addition of the cationic diazacrowns to a migrating solution led to the successful separation of the positional isomers of naphthalenedisulfonate, naphthalenedicarboxylate, and phthalate, such that a total of eight aromatic anions were completely resolved in less than 5 minutes. The separation mechanism was studied by examining the effects of the ionic strength and the pH of the running buffer, by determining the ion-association constants between the analytes and the additives, and by elucidating their molecular structures. As a result, a combination of ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and molecular geometry was found to play an important role in the observed separation behavior.
Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel(II) Schiff Base Complexes with Methoxy or Methyl Groups at 2,6-Positions of the Pendant Phenyl Ring: the Control of cis and trans Geometries
Authors: Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Two nickel(II) complexes with N,S chelates were prepared by the reaction of nickel(II) acetate tetrahydrate with 2-substituted benzothiazolines. Bis[2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenylmethyleneamino)benzenethiolato]nickel(II) 1, in which the 2,6-positions of the pendant phenyl ring are occupied by methoxy groups, has an approximately square-planar geometry around a nickel atom with a cis-N2S2 donor atom arrangement. X-ray and variable-temperature 1H NMR studies indicated the existence of an apical Ni···OMe interaction in 1. On the other hand, bis[2-(mesitmethyleneamino)benzenethiolato]nickel(II) 2 with methyl groups at the 2,4,6-positions of the pendant phenyl ring exhibits a perfect planar trans-N2S2 coordination around the nickel atom. An X-ray study revealed the existence of an intraligand CH/π interaction in 2. A difference in the geometry around –CH=N– (E and Z) was also observed between 1 and 2 (Z for 1 and E for 2).
Chelating Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Ions Prepared by Loading Anion-Exchange Resin with Thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate
Authors: Matsumiya Hiroaki , Masai Hideharu , Terazono Yukiko , Iki Nobuhiko , Miyano Sotaro 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
A chelating adsorbent for heavy metal ions has been prepared by loading an anion-exchange resin with thiacalix[4]arenetetrasulfonate (TCAS). Batchwise extraction studies have revealed a high adsorption ability of the TCAS-loaded resin toward heavy metal ions with high selectivity. The present resin strongly retained the heavy metal ions tested here [Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II)] in a slightly acidic to neutral pH region, while no adsorption was observed for alkaline earth metal ions, Mg(II) and Ca(II), in this pH region. These adsorption characteristics of the present resin should be ascribed to the contribution of the bridging sulfur of the loaded TCAS to selectively coordinate to metal ions categorized to be soft to intermediate Lewis acids by the Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) rule. A continuous column adsorption system with the present resin allowed the selective and almost quantitative (more than 99.98%) removal of heavy metal ions.
Schiff-Base Metal(II) Complexes as New Catalysts in the Efficient, Mild and Regioselective Conversion of 1,2-Epoxyethanes to 2-Hydroxyethyl Thiocyanates with Ammonium Thiocyanate
Authors: Sharghi Hashem , Nasseri Mohammad Ali 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
A convenient and efficient procedure for the ring-opening of 1,2- epoxyethanes with ammonium thiocyanate in the presence of some Schiff-base complexes of metal(II) is described. The cleavage of the oxirane ring is found to proceed regioselectively under mild reaction conditions. Thus, several 2-hydroxyethyl thiocyanates, useful intermediates toward biological-active molecules, are easily obtained in very good yields.
Dichlorobis(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)(tetrahydroborato)zirconium(IV), [Zr(BH4)2Cl2(dabco)2](ZrBDC), as a New, Stable, and Versatile Bench Top Reducing Agent: Reduction of Imines and Enamines, Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones and Reductive Methylation of Amines
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Alinezhad Heshmatollah 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
The reducing agent is easily prepared in an almost quantitative yield from commercially available starting materials. This compound is stable under mild aqueous acidic conditions (pH 4–6) and survives in H2O for several days without losing its reducing abilities. ZrBDC has been successfully used for the reduction of imines and enamines, reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones, and reductive methylation of amines.
Alkylsulfonioarylene and Thioarylene Polymers Derived from Sulfonium Electrophiles
Authors: Tsuchida Eishun , Oyaizu Kenichi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Superacidification of sulfoxides and sulfinates effects the electrophilic substitution reaction of the resulting hydroxysulfonium ions onto aromatic rings with the elimination of H2O at room temperature. The present account emphasizes the utility of the reaction for use as an elementary step in organic synthesis. The product, the alkyldiarylsulfonium ion, often quantitatively obtained, allows the synthesis of alkylsulfonio-bridged (λ4-alkylsulfanyliumdiyl) aromatic polymers. High molecular-weight poly(alkylsulfonioarylene) salts with a wide range of structural dimensionalities from linear to network architectures have been made accessible by the regioselective condensation of aryl sulfoxides. The polymers possess interesting properties such as good solubility in polar organic solvents and sometimes even in H2O, susceptibility to nucleophiles to provide thioarylene derivatives, photo-degradability, and electric semiconductivity, according to the dimensionality of the molecule. The synthetic chemistry of the alkylsulfonioarylene polymers as well as their possible applications in high molecular-weight poly(thioarylene) synthesis, photochemical recycling processes of an engineering plastic poly(thio-1,4-phenylene), and photo-resist technologies, are reviewed.
Kinetic Analysis of the Cleavage of the Ribose Phosphodiester Bond within Guanine and Cytosine-Rich Oligonucleotides and Dinucleotides at 65–200 °C and Its Implications Concerning the Chemical Evolution of RNA
Authors: Kawamura Kunio 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
A monitoring method of rapid hydrothermal reactions was successfully applied to a kinetic analysis of the cleavage of a ribose phosphodiester bond within oligonucleotides and dinucleotides at 150–200 °C. The apparent rate constants (kapp) of degradation of the ribose 3′,5′-cytidylylguanosine sequence (-C3′pGd-) within oligonucleotides and dinucleotides were determined, where the -C3′pGd- sequence in oligonucleotides is less stable than 2′,5′-cytidylylguanosine (C2′pG) and 3′,5′-cytidylylguanosine (C3′pG). It was unexpected that the stability of the target sequence would be dependent on the surrounding sequences of the oligonucleotides, although the temperatures used in the study were extremely higher than the melting points. The stability of a phosphodiester bond of 2′-deoxycytidylyl-2′-deoxyguanosine (CdpGd) is much higher than that of a ribose phosphodiester bond at low temperatures, but becomes comparable at 200 °C. During the degradation of C2′pG or C3′pG, interconversion between C2′pG and C3′pG was observed along with cleavage of the phosphodiester bond. Based on an analysis of the extent of interconversion, the apparent rate constants of the disappearance of C2′pG and C3′pG were dissected into the rate constants of hydrolysis (khy) and interconversion (kint), where the values of khy were greater than those of kint. The apparent activation energy of the degradation of the target sequence was 100–109 kJ mol−1 for oligonucleotides, 90 kJ mol−1 for C3′pG, and 87 kJ mol−1 for C2′pG, and 139 kJ mol−1 for CdpGd. The apparent activation enthalpy and entropy changes of the degradation of the target sequence were also determined; the values of the activation parameter were ΔH≠app = 94–105 kJ mol−1 and ΔS≠app = −(36–59) J mol−1 T−1 for five oligonucleotides, ΔH≠app = 86 kJ mol−1 and ΔS≠app = −97 J mol−1 T−1 for C3′pG, ΔH≠app = 84 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠app = −105 J mol−1 T−1 for C2′pG, and ΔH≠app = 135 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠app = +2 J mol−1 T−1 for CdpGd. The activation parameters, ΔH≠app and ΔS≠app, for the oligonucleotides increased with the length of the surrounding sequence of -C3′pGd-; this fact clearly demonstrates the existence of the influence of the surrounding sequence for the stability of the target ribose phosphodiester bond. Based on a kinetic analysis, the reaction mechanism of the degradation of the ribose phosphodiester bond at high temperatures is discussed. Furthermore, possible pathways of the chemical evolution of RNA are discussed from the viewpoint of the hydrothermal origin of life.