bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Inverse Rendering Problems
Authors: Patow Gustavo , Pueyo Xavier 
Published: February 2004

Abstract Inverse rendering problems usually represent extremely complex and costly processes, but their importance in many research areas is well known. In particular, they are of extreme importance in lighting engineering, where potentially costly mistakes usually make it unfeasible to test design decisions on a model. In this survey we present the main ideas behind these kinds of problems, characterize them, and summarize work developed in the area, revealing problems that remain unsolved and possible areas of further research. ACM CSS: I.3.6 Computer Graphics Methodology and Techniques I.3.7 Computer Graphics—Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism I.4.1 Image Processing and Computer Vision Digitization and Image Capture I.4.7 Image Processing and Computer Vision Feature Measurement I.4.8 Image Processing and Computer Vision Scene Analysis
Automatic View Selection Using Viewpoint Entropy and its Application to Image‐Based Modelling
Authors: Vázquez Pere‐Pau , Feixas Miquel , Sbert Mateu , Heidrich Wolfgang 
Published: February 2004

Abstract In the last decade a new family of methods, namely Image‐Based Rendering, has appeared. These techniques rely on the use of precomputed images to totally or partially substitute the geometric representation of the scene. This allows to obtain realistic renderings even with modest resources. The main problem is the amount of data needed, mainly due to the high redundancy and the high computational cost of capture. In this paper we present a new method to automatically determine the correct camera placement positions in order to obtain a minimal set of views for Image‐Based Rendering. The input is a 3D polyhedral model including textures and the output is a set of views that sample all visible polygons at an appropriate rate. The viewpoints should cover all visible polygons with an adequate quality, so that we sample the polygons at sufficient rate. This permits to avoid the excessive redundancy of the data existing in several other approaches. We also reduce the cost of the capturing process, as the number of actually computed reference views decreases. The localization of interesting viewpoints is performed with the aid of an information theory‐based measure, dubbed viewpoint entropy. This measure is used to determine the amount of information seen from a viewpoint. Next we develop a greedy algorithm to minimize the number of images needed to represent a scene. In contrast to other approaches, our system uses a special preprocess for textures to avoid artifacts appearing in partially occluded textured polygons. Therefore no visible detail of these images is lost. ACM CSS: I.3.7 Computer Graphics—Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism
Bias Compensation for Photon Maps
Authors: Schregle Roland 
Published: February 2004

Abstract Density estimation techniques such as the photon map method rely on a particle transport simulation to reconstruct indirect illumination, which is proportional to the particle density. In the photon map framework, particles are usually located using nearest‐neighbour methods due to their generality. However, these methods have an inherent tradeoff between local bias and noise in the reconstructed illumination, which depends on the density estimate bandwidth. This paper presents a bias compensating operator for nearest‐neighbour density estimation which adapts the bandwidth according to the estimated bias in the reconstructed illumination. ACM CSS: I.3.7 Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism Raytracing
Profiling Primary School Teachers in Relation to Art Teaching
Authors: Pavlou Victoria 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper contributes to the on‐going debate about specialisation and teaching art in primary schools. Moreover it provides a starting point for further research and the design of in‐service training that responds to the different needs and attitudes of primary school teachers in relation to teaching art. This is done by investigating several profiles of teachers who teach art in primary schools in Cyprus. It describes five profiles of teachers, which emerged from analysing data from pupils (questionnaire and interview data) and teachers (interview data) and thus brings a fresh insight to the learning‐teaching situation. There are two profiles of art specialist teachers, named as artist‐teacher and specialist‐teacher, and three profiles of non‐art specialist teachers, named as enthusiastic, disappointed, and indifferent non‐specialist. The most effective teacher in the pupils' eyes is the specialist‐teacher, who integrates more successfully than the others their subject matter knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, knowledge of learners and knowledge of the environmental conditions.
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Anti‐Racist Education: An Introduction to the Talacchanda Exhibition and Education Project
Authors: Thapalyal Ranjana 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe Talacchanda project took place as an independent research/exhibition undertaking supported by the Glasgow School of Art. Over seventeen months an exploratory education programme was introduced at various levels of schools and higher education. The education programme sprang from a contemporary art exhibition and dance performance called Talaccahnda which was informed by ancient Indian thought on art and drama. The exhibition and performance took place in Glasgow's Tramway Project Room and Theatre in October 2002. It had been shown previously in the British Council Gallery in New Delhi in 2000, and later in 2001 at the artist run space ‘Out of the Blue’ in Edinburgh. Thanks to Scottish Arts Council Lottery funding, Talacchanda Glasgow was accompanied by an education programme, which offered workshops and events in schools, at the gallery, through community groups as well as at GSA and Reid Kerr College, Paisley. By demonstrating connections between apparently disparate activities, the project aimed to serve as a catalyst for fresh thinking on inter‐cultural and anti racist education, and to strengthen connections between the community groups and institutions involved.
Door to the Future, Understanding Portals of Ancient Seljuk Colleges
Authors: Gokay Melek 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSymbols of artistic features on architecture employed by people living in Konya in the 13th Century (circa 1258) have been examined to express their philosophy of art and culture. University students who are educated to become art teachers in secondary and high schools living around these architectural inheritances are supposed to have the same cultural background, but it was found that they did not recognize these historical and artistic values in spite of the art lessons given to them. The purpose of this study is to analyze the output of the students' general art knowledge about the neighboring art environment when the teaching method in lessons is changed. After changing the methods of teaching, according to DBAE requirements, students were asked to design their own architectural portal and prepare related stories for Ince‐minareli Seljuk College. Artistic features engraved on the selected portal of the Seljuk College and student design works were compared and differences and similarities between them were presented by using semiotic studies. The study suggests that through this teaching and learning strategy students gain more understanding of the artistic features of their art heritage
Integrating ‘Outer Space Design’ into Design Curriculum
Authors: Wilsing Markus , Akpinar‐Wilsing Nil 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe imagination of human beings and the exploration of novel ideas have always contributed to developments in science. These developments lead us to re‐examine the existing structures in our environment and society so that they can be further improved. The review of literature regarding science fiction and its place in education also highlights the need for novel topics in design education. Thus, integrating a course in the curriculum of design education that aims to explore futuristic and visionary oriented environments like Mars Colonies, Orbital Space Colonies or Orbital Space Hotels would seem crucial. Such topics would probably not only stimulate the students in their design process, but also develop their imagination, as they require research and synectic thinking. As to whether stimulating imagination should be among the priorities in teaching, in fact, it is the dreams, imagination and creativity that has shaped and will shape human development and social‐cultural contexts.
The Art and Design Directory: Reaching the Parts?
Authors: Coutts Glen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe title of this paper is derived from the advertising campaign of a well‐known drinks company that claimed to reach the parts that its competitors did not. It could be argued that it is an equally appropriate description of the principles underpinning the Art and Design Directory, a weekend staff development event in Scotland. The mantra of ‘Continuing Professional Development’(CPD) sits at the heart of a recent pay and conditions settlement in Scotland [1], but what kind of CPD exists for art and design and who provides it? In Scotland, as in many other countries, CPD in art and design has been on the decline. The Art and Design Directory was developed as a response to this situation.This paper traces the background to the Directory, outlines the staff development model adopted, and concludes with an evaluation of a recent event and the thought that the model may be capable of replication by art educators in other parts of the world.
Assessing Ecological Restoration Potentials of Wisconsin (U.S.A.) Using Historical Landscape Reconstructions
Authors: Bolliger Janine , Schulte Lisa A. , Burrows Sean N. , Sickley Theodore A. , Mladenoff David J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHistorical landscape reconstructions provide baseline information for evaluating current land management regimes and restoration potentials. We assessed the historical landscape composition and structure of the state of Wisconsin (U.S.A.). This knowledge forms a basis for delineation of potential spatial distribution of forest species and landscape structures before major human‐induced changes, quantification of the spatial extent and intensity of change in habitats and landscapes, and identification of target areas for ecological restoration (e.g., threatened ecosystems). Methods included two conceptually and methodologically different vegetation classifications. The classifications rely on the original U.S. Public Land Office Surveys conducted during the nineteenth century to sell land to Euro‐American settlers. The subjective classification method we examined was R. W. Finley's “Original Vegetation of Wisconsin.” This classification accounts for qualitative information such as early land surveyors' descriptions of ecosystems (e.g., distinctions into wet and dry prairies). However, the classification is hard to reproduce because some criteria are not strictly hierarchical or exclusive. Numerical cluster analysis was used as an objective classification method. This method offers reproducible, quantitative results and full hierarchical distinction between the classes. Qualitative information, however, is not accounted for in the objective numerical approach and may thus be viewed as less complete when representing local landscape details. Both classifications represent major vegetation characteristics consisting of a complex mosaic of forests (coniferous, mixed coniferous–deciduous, deciduous, and swamps), savannas (oak and pine), and prairies. The objective classification indicates that savannas cover two times more (40%) and prairies six times less area (2%) compared with the subjective classification (savanna, 20%; prairie, 12%). We address the applications of these classifications to current and potential restoration projects, including eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), wetland/riparian, savanna, and prairie ecosystems.
One‐Wire Technique for Performance of Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty
Authors: S. BAKER SHERRI , O'LAUGHLIN MARTIN P. 
Published: February 2004

Background: We present a new one‐wire technique for balloon aortic valvuloplasty and discuss possible advantages of this technique over other techniques.
Methods: The records of 16 patients who underwent 18 procedures were reviewed.
Technique: A floppy‐tipped, nitinol wire (Ultra‐Select, Microvena Corp., White Bear Lake, MN) is placed across the aortic valve through a guide/measurement catheter positioned in the aortic root. The guide catheter is then removed, and the balloon catheter is positioned. Balloon dilation is then performed.
Results: Predilation all patients had 0–1+ aortic insufficiency (AI). Four of 18 procedures resulted in an increase of >1 grade of AI, leaving 14 of 18 with ≤1 grade increase in AI. The mean gradient reduction achieved was 65%.
Follow‐up: Eighty‐seven percent of the procedures have required no further intervention.
Conclusion: The ease and simplicity of the procedure may reduce the risk of increasing AI, decrease fluoroscopy time, and arterial access time. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:17–19)
Carcinogen derived biomarkers: applications in studies of human exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke
Authors: Hecht S S 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To review the literature on carcinogen derived biomarkers of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). These biomarkers are specifically related to known carcinogens in tobacco smoke and include urinary metabolites, DNA adducts, and blood protein adducts.Method:Published reviews and the current literature were searched for relevant articles.Results:The most consistently elevated biomarker in people exposed to SHS was 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAL-Gluc), urinary metabolites of the tobacco specific lung carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The tobacco specificity of this biomarker as well as its clear relation to an established lung carcinogen are particularly appropriate for its application in studies of SHS exposure.Conclusion:The results of the available carcinogen derived biomarker studies provide biochemical data which support the conclusion, based on epidemiologic investigations, that SHS causes lung cancer in non-smokers.
A prospective study of household smoking bans and subsequent cessation related behaviour: the role of stage of change
Authors: Pizacani B A , Martin D P , Stark M J , Koepsell T D , Thompson B , Diehr P 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To assess the degree to which smokers living with a full household ban on smoking change their cessation related behaviour.Design, setting, and participants:Prospective cohort study; follow up of a population based cohort of 1133 smokers, identified from a 1997 telephone survey of adult Oregonians. After a median of 21 months, 565 were located and reinterviewed.Main outcome measures:Quit attempts, time until relapse, and smoking cessation, defined as seven day and 90 day sustained abstinence at follow up.Results:A full ban at baseline was associated with a doubling of the odds of a subsequent quit attempt (odds ratio (OR)  =  2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0 to 3.9). Among respondents in the preparation stage at baseline (intention to quit in the next month with a quit attempt in the previous year), a full ban was associated with a lower relapse rate (hazard ratio  =  0.5 (95% CI, 0.2 to 0.9)), while for those in precontemplation/contemplation (no intention to quit or intention to quit within the next six months, respectively), there was no significant association between full ban and relapse rate. For respondents in preparation, those with a full ban had over four times the odds of being in cessation for seven or more days before the follow up call (OR  =  4.4 (1.1 to 18.7)), but for those in precontemplation/contemplation, full bans were unrelated to cessation.Conclusions:Full household bans may facilitate cessation among smokers who are preparing to quit by increasing quit attempts. They may also prolong time to relapse among those smokers.
Determination of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields in the mainstream smoke of selected international cigarettes
Authors: Calafat A M , Polzin G M , Saylor J , Richter P , Ashley D L , Watson C H 
Published: February 2004

Objective:Survey of nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide (CO) smoke deliveries from 77 cigarette brands purchased in 35 countries was conducted using a standardised machine smoking method. The goal of this study was to determine regional variations and differences in the tar, nicotine, and CO smoke yields of a cigarette brand manufactured by a leading transnational corporation and of non-US locally popular cigarette brands.Design:The majority of the cigarettes were purchased in each of the participating countries by delegate members of the World Health Organization and forwarded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for analysis. Smoke deliveries were determined using a standardised smoking machine method and subsequent gravimetric and gas chromatography analysis.Results:The smoke deliveries varied widely. Mainstream smoke deliveries varied from 6.8 to 21.6 mg tar/cigarette, 0.5 to 1.6 mg nicotine/cigarette, and 5.9 to 17.4 mg CO/cigarette. In addition to the smoke deliveries, the cigarettes were examined to determine physical parameters such as filter composition, length, and ventilation levels.Conclusion:Analysis of the smoke deliveries suggested that cigarettes from the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific WHO regions tended to have higher tar, nicotine, and CO smoke deliveries than did brands from the European, American, or African WHO regions surveyed.
Bupropion in breast milk: an exposure assessment for potential treatment to prevent post-partum tobacco use
Authors: Haas J S , Kaplan C P , Barenboim D , Jacob P , Benowitz N L 
Published: February 2004

Objectives:To assess potential infant exposure to bupropion and its active metabolites in breast milk such as would occur during treatment to prevent post-partum relapse to tobacco use, and to compare the concentrations of bupropion in urine and saliva with plasma and breast milk.Design and setting:Cohort study, outpatient clinical research centre.Subjects:Ten healthy post-partum volunteers who agreed to take bupropion for seven days, pump and discard their breast milk, and have samples of breast milk, plasma, saliva, and urine analysed.Intervention:Bupropion 150 mg a day for three days and then 300 mg a day for four days.Main outcome measures:Concentrations of bupropion and its active metabolites (hydroxybupropion, erythrohydrobupropion, threohydrobupropion) in breast milk, plasma, saliva, and urine. Determination of average infant exposure.Results:The calculated average dosage of bupropion in breast milk was 6.75 μg/kg/day. Therefore, the average infant exposure is 0.14 % of the standard adult dose of bupropion, corrected for the difference in body weight. Considering the sum of bupropion and its active metabolites, the average infant exposure is expected to be 2% of the standard maternal dose on a molar basis. The concentration of bupropion and its active metabolites in breast milk was not associated with age, body mass index, use of oral contraceptive pills, age of infant, or the frequency of breast feeding at the time the study was initiated. The coefficient of determination (r2) between the concentration of bupropion in breast milk and in urine was 0.77 (p < 0.01).Conclusions:Bupropion and its active metabolites are present in the breast milk of lactating women. The concentrations of bupropion in breast milk and urine were highly correlated. These results indicate that the daily dose of bupropion and metabolites that would be delivered to an infant of a woman taking a therapeutic dose of bupropion is small. These results suggest that the effectiveness of bupropion to prevent post-partum relapse to tobacco use should be evaluated without excluding women who plan to breast feed.
Tobacco industry litigation to deter local public health ordinances: the industry usually loses in court: Table 1
Authors: Nixon M L , Mahmoud L , Glantz S A 
Published: February 2004

Background:The tobacco industry uses claims of state preemption or violations of the US Constitution in litigation to overturn local tobacco control ordinances.Methods:Collection of lawsuits filed or threatened against local governments in the USA; review of previously secret tobacco industry documents; interviews with key informants.Results:The industry is most likely to prevail when a court holds that there is explicit preemption language by the state legislature to exclusively regulate tobacco. The industry has a much weaker record on claims of implied preemption and has lost all challenges brought under equal protection claims in the cases we located. Although the tobacco industry is willing to spend substantial amounts of money on these lawsuits, it never won on constitutional equal protection grounds and lost or dropped 60% (16/27) of the cases it brought claiming implied state preemption.Conclusions:Municipalities should continue to pass ordinances and be prepared to defend them against claims of implied preemption or on constitutional grounds. If the ordinance is properly prepared they will likely prevail. Health advocates should be prepared to assist in this process.
Intervention to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure in Latino children: null effects on hair biomarkers and parent reports: Table 1
Authors: Conway T L , Woodruff S I , Edwards C C , Hovell M F , Klein J 
Published: February 2004

Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a lay delivered intervention to reduce Latino children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The a priori hypothesis was that children living in households that were in the intervention group would have lower exposure over time than measurement only controls.Design:A two group, randomised control trial was conducted.Setting:Areas of San Diego county with a large Latino population.Participants:143 Latino parent–child pairs.Intervention:Trained bicultural and bilingual Latina lay community health advisors, orpromotoras, conducted problem solving aimed at lowering the target child’s exposure to ETS in the household. Six home and telephone sessions were delivered by thepromotorasover a four month period.Main outcome measures:Outcome measures were collected at baseline, immediately post-intervention, three months post-intervention, and 12 months post-intervention. Four outcomes were considered: (1) parent’s paper-and-pencil reports of the child’s past month exposure; (2) hair samples from the child analysed for past month nicotine; (3) hair samples from the child analysed for past month cotinine; and (4) per cent confirmed reducers.Results:There were no significant condition-by-time interactions, the term indicative of a differential intervention effect. Significant or near significant time main effects were seen for children’s hair cotinine, per cent confirmed reducers, and, in particular, parent reports of exposure.Conclusions:Applying a laypromotoramodel to deliver the behavioural problem solving intervention unfortunately was not effective. A likely explanation relates to the difficulty of delivering a relatively complex intervention by lay women untrained in behaviour change theory and research methods.