bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Level of impaired control predicts outcome of moderation‐oriented treatment for alcohol problems
Authors: Heather Nick , Dawe Sharon 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the ability of the Impaired Control Scale (ICS) to predict outcome of moderation‐oriented treatment for alcohol problems and to compare this predictive ability directly with that of a widely used measure of alcohol dependence, the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ).Design  Prospective follow‐up study.Setting  Out‐patient treatment centres.Participants  A combined sample 154 problem drinkers taking part in two clinical trials of Moderation‐oriented Cue Exposure in the UK and Australia. Clients were followed‐up 6 (UK) and 8 (Australia) months after the end of reatment.Measurements  Outcome was categorized by combining drinking behaviour at follow‐up with changes on the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire from before treatment to follow‐up. Controlling for research site, baseline scores on Part 2 of the ICS (substitution method) and the SADQ‐C were entered in logistic regression analyses with three outcome dichotomies as dependent variables.Findings  Five per cent of clients were abstinent at follow‐up, 13% non‐problem drinkers, 25% much improved, 24% somewhat improved and 34% unimproved. Location of treatment and ICS2 scores were significant predictors of whether or not clients achieved a successful outcome (abstinence or non‐problem drinking). Using a cut‐point of 25 on the ICS, two‐thirds of outcomes were classified correctly as either treatment successes or failures. SADQ‐C score was not a significant predictor of treatment outcome.Conclusions  The ICS predicts outcome of moderation‐oriented treatment among moderately dependent problem drinkers recruited mainly via newspaper advertisements. The ICS should replace the SADQ as the basis for advice to clients in this population of problem drinkers regarding whether or not a moderation goal of treatment should be pursued.
Alcohol expectancies, conduct disorder and early‐onset alcoholism: negative alcohol expectancies are associated with less drinking in non‐impulsive versus impulsive subjects
Authors: Finn Peter R. , Bobova Lyuba , Wehner Elizabeth , Fargo Susan , Rickert Martin E. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  Research suggests that positive alcohol expectancies promote excessive alcohol use while negative alcohol expectancies discourage excessive alcohol use. Evidence suggests that disinhibitory characteristics, such as conduct disorder and impulsivity, are associated with a general neglect of long‐term negative outcomes. This study assessed whether negative expectancies would be associated more strongly with lower levels of alcohol use for low‐ compared with high‐impulsive individuals.Design  Positive and negative alcohol expectancies, alcohol use and impulsivity were assessed in a sample of 99 young adults with alcohol dependence (AD) and conduct disorder (CD), 77 with AD and no CD and 124 controls.Findings  AD/CD subjects had higher proximal (same day) and distal (next day) negative alcohol expectancies, even though they drank more alcohol, compared with AD‐alone and control subjects. Distal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with lower levels of drinking for low‐impulsive compared with high‐impulsive subjects. Proximal negative expectancies were associated more strongly with higher alcohol consumption for high‐ versus low‐impulsive subjects.Conclusions  Impulsivity and conduct disorder may be important factors in determining how much distal negative alcohol expectancies may discourage excessive alcohol consumption.
The effect of β‐glucan administration on macrophage respiratory burst activity and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., challenged with amoebic gill disease – evidence of inherent resistance
Authors: Bridle A R , Carter C G , Morrison R N , Nowak B F 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that β‐glucans stimulate Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., head kidney macrophages both in vitro and in vivo and increase protection against various pathogens. Based on our previous work that showed potent immunostimulatory CpG motif‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides increased resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD), the present study investigated the immunostimulatory effects of three commercial β‐glucan‐containing feeds and their ability to increase resistance to AGD. All three commercial β‐glucans were able to stimulate the respiratory burst activity of Atlantic salmon head kidney macrophages in vitro, albeit at different times and concentrations. However, dietary incorporation of the β‐glucans was unable to stimulate the in vivo respiratory burst activity of head kidney macrophages, or serum lysozyme production, and did not increase resistance against AGD. However, this trial showed for the first time that a small subpopulation of Atlantic salmon subjected to a severe AGD infection was able to resist becoming heavily infected and furthermore survive the challenge.
Nocardiosis in large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)
Authors: Wang G‐L , Yuan S‐P , Jin S 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn epizootic in seawater‐cage reared large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, in China was caused by a Nocardia sp. from August to October 2003. The cumulative mortality rate was 15% and the diseased fish were 16 months old with individual length varying from 25 to 30 cm. Multiple, white nodules, 0.1–0.2 cm in diameter, were scattered on the heart, spleen and kidney. The morphology of isolated bacteria from Lowenstein–Jensen medium and tryptic soy agar was bead‐like or long, slender, filamentous rods. Experimental infection indicated that the isolated bacterium was the pathogen responsible for the mortalities. A partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the organism and the type strain of Nocardia seriolae JCM 3360T (Z36925) formed a monophyletic clade with a high sequence similarity of 99.9%. Based on the morphological, physiological, biological properties and the phylogenetic analysis, the pathogenic organism was identified as N. seriolae. This is the first report on N. seriolae‐infected large yellow croaker in aquaculture.
Longitudinal serological surveys of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., using a rapid immunoperoxidase‐based neutralization assay for salmonid alphavirus
Authors: Graham D A , Jewhurst V A , Rowley H M , McLoughlin M F , Rodger H , Todd D 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLongitudinal serological surveys for salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV), the causal agent of pancreas disease (PD), were conducted on multiple caged populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., on two farms over a 77‐week period (farm 1, freshwater and marine stages) and a 36‐week period (farm 2, marine stage only), using a microtitre‐based virus neutralization (VN) assay. Collected sera were also screened for viraemia with SPDV, and pancreas, heart and muscle tissues were examined for lesions consistent with PD. Outbreaks of PD occurred during the marine phase on both farms, as demonstrated by seroconversion, the isolation of virus and progressive histopathological changes consistent with a PD outbreak. All populations monitored showed a progressive increase in seroprevalence of 90–100%, typically accompanied by rises in geometric mean antibody titres. With the exception of one caged population, which showed a marked biphasic seroprevalence pattern, the seroprevalence figures in the remaining four monitored populations remained high (≥70%) until the end of the study period. Peak VN titres of ≥1/1280 were detected on both farms. The results provide essential baseline information for the interpretation of SPDV VN serology results, and indicate that this methodology is suited to both the diagnosis and seroepidemiology of SPDV infections.
Genetic structure inOrchesella cincta(Collembola): strong subdivision of European populations inferred from mtDNA and AFLP markers
Authors: TIMMERMANS M. J. T. N. , ELLERS J. , MARIËN J. , VERHOEF S. C. , FERWERDA E. B. , VAN STRAALEN N. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPopulation genetic structure is determined both by current processes and historical events. Current processes include gene flow, which is largely influenced by the migration capacity of a species. Historical events are, for example, glaciation periods, which have had a major impact on the distribution of many species. Species with a low capacity or tendency to move about or disperse often exhibit clear spatial genetic structures, whereas mobile species mostly show less spatial genetic differentiation. In this paper we report on the genetic structure of a small, wingless arthropod species (Orchesella cincta: Collembola) in Europe. For this purpose we used mtDNA COII sequences and AFLP markers. We show that large genetic differences exist between populations ofO. cincta, as expected fromO. cincta's winglessness and sedentary lifestyle. Despite the fact that most variability was observed within populations (59%), a highly significant amount of AFLP variation (25%) was observed between populations from northwestern Europe, central Europe and Italy. This suggests that gene flow among regions is extremely low, which is additionally supported by the lack of shared mtDNA alleles between regions. Based on the genetic variation and sequence differences observed we conclude that the subdivision occurred long before the last glaciation periods. Although the populations still interbreed in the lab, we assume that in the long term the genetic isolation of these regions may lead to speciation processes.
Molecular clocks and geological dates: cytochrome b of Anolis extremus substantially contradicts dating of Barbados emergence
Authors: THORPE R. S. , LEADBEATER D. L. , POOK C. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEven though molecular clocks vary in rate to some extent, they are widely used and very important in a range of evolutionary studies, not least in interpreting cause and colonization in phylogeography. Evolutionists may use island age and emergence to give the earliest possible date for colonization by a species and hence give the lower limit in a molecular clock calibration. The geology of the Lesser Antilles is well studied and Barbados, although composed of some ancient rocks, is thought to have emerged only about 1million years ago (Ma). The cytochrome b mitochondrial gene is the most widely used gene in vertebrate phylogeography, and generally evolves at a rate of 1–2% per million years (Myr) for poikilothermic vertebrates. Divergence measured across almost all of this gene in the endemic anole (Anolis extremus) reveals a mean patristic distance of approximately 8.3% between this clade and its sister, together with distinct divergence and phylogeographical structure within Barbados. The divergence time, estimated by a range of procedures using four calibration points, is not in the least compatible with the proposed geological time of emergence of Barbados. Hence, either the molecular clock rate does not apply to the Barbadian anole population, or the geological dating of the emergence of Barbados is erroneous. The compatibility of geological times and molecular divergence of this complex on Martinique, together with relative rates tests comparing the rates on Barbados and Martinique, do not suggest atypical clock rates. The question of whether Barbados emerged much earlier than is currently thought, or whether the molecular clock assumptions are inappropriate, remains open.
Hydrophilins from distant organisms can protect enzymatic activities from water limitation effectsin vitro
Authors: REYES JOSE L. , RODRIGO MARIA‐J. , COLMENERO‐FLORES JOSE M. , GIL JOSE‐V. , GARAY‐ARROYO ADRIANA , CAMPOS FRANCISCO , SALAMINI FRANCESCO , BARTELS DOROTHEA , COVARRUBIAS ALEJANDRA A. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTHydrophilins are a wide group of proteins whose defining characteristics are high hydrophilicity index (> 1.0) and high glycine content (> 6%). The transcripts of most hydrophilins accumulate in response to water deficit in organisms such as plants, fungi and bacteria. In plants, most of the known Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins belong to this group (Garay‐Arroyoet al.,Journal of Biological Chemistry275, 5668–5674, 2000). To gain insight into the function of hydrophilins, anin vitroassay was developed in which the enzymes malate dehydrogenase (MDH) or lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are subjected to controlled partial water removal. Subtle changes in conformation during partial water removal were detected using 1‐anilinonaphtalene‐8‐sulphonate (ANS), a fluorescent probe, whose emission at 460 nm increases when bound to hydrophobic groups. The results show that water limitation conditions imposed in thisin vitroassay induce changes in MDH or LDH protein structures, which correlate with enzyme inactivation. It is also shown that plant, fungal and bacterial hydrophilins are able to protect enzymatic activities from water‐loss effects in thisin vitrosystem, in a wide range of water potentials. In addition, the data in this work indicate that the presence of hydrophilins also avoids the MDH and LDH conformational modifications caused during the assay. These results show that hydrophilins are able to protect enzymatic activities from inactivation due toin vitropartial water limitation and thus suggest a function for these proteinsin vivo.
Response of mitochondria to light intensity in the leaves of sun and shade species
Authors: NOGUCHI KO , TAYLOR NICOLAS L. , MILLAR A. HARVEY , LAMBERS HANS , DAY DAVID A. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe present authors have shown previously that both respiration rates and in vivo activities of the alternative oxidase (AOX) of leaves of Alocasia odora, a shade species, are lower than those in sun species, thereby optimizing energy production under limited light conditions (Noguchi et al., Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28, 27–35, 2001). In the present study, mitochondria isolated from A. odora leaves were examined in order to investigate the biochemical basis for the differences in respiratory parameters. Alocasia odora and spinach plants were cultivated under both high and low light intensities, mitochondria were isolated from their leaves, and their respiratory properties compared. Mitochondrial content of leaf extracts from the two species was estimated using fumarase activities and antibody detection of porin (the voltage‐dependent anion channel of the outer mitochondrial membrane). On a mitochondrial protein basis, spinach leaves showed higher capacities of the cytochrome pathway and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) than A. odora leaves. However, on a mitochondrial protein basis, A. odora showed higher capacities of AOX, which had a high affinity for ubiquinone when activated by pyruvate. Alocasia odora also had larger amounts of mitochondrial protein per leaf dry weight, even under severely shaded conditions, than spinach. Lower growth light intensity led to lower activities of most pathways and proteins tested in both species, especially glycine‐dependent oxygen uptake. In the low light environment, most of the AOX protein in A. odora leaves was in its inactive, oxidized dimer form, but was converted to its reduced active form when plants were grown under high light. This shift may prevent over‐reduction of the respiratory chain under photo‐oxidative conditions.
Salt tolerance in Eucalyptus spp.: identity and response of putative osmolytes
Authors: ADAMS MARK A. , RICHTER ANDREAS , HILL ALAN K. , COLMER TIMOTHY D. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTIn four species of salt‐tolerant eucalypts (Eucalyptus raveretiana, E. spathulata, E. sargentii and E. loxophleba), we found substantial concentrations of quercitol – a cyclitol known for its accumulation in seeds of Quercus. Quercitol was absent in old foliage of E. globulus, a species noted for greater susceptibility to salinity, and also absent in the moderately tolerant E. camaldulensis, but, relative to other species, both had higher foliar concentrations of inositol. Simple sugars and cyclitols accumulated to osmotically significant concentrations in all species. The osmotic potential of expressed sap was always less than that of the external ‘soil’ solution and increasing salinity produced predictable reductions in growth and increases in ion concentrations in foliage of saplings of four eucalypt species. The more salt‐tolerant species, E. spathulata, E. loxophleba and E. sargentii, were able to maintain well‐regulated leaf Na+ concentrations even at 300 mol m−3 NaCl. These more salt‐tolerant species also showed an apparent increase in net selectivity for K+ over Na+ as salinity increased, irrespective of the Na+ : Ca2+ ratio of the external medium (range 25 : 1 to 75 : 1; Ca2+ always ≥ 4.0 mol m−3). By contrast, E. globulus was unable to exclude Na+ when exposed to higher NaCl concentrations (e.g. 200 and 300 mol m−3). Carbon isotope signatures of foliage reflected imposed salinity but were not strongly enough correlated with growth to support previous suggestions that isotope discrimination be a means of evaluating salt tolerance. On the other hand, patterns of sugar and cyclitol accumulation should be further explored in eucalypts as traits contributing to salt tolerance, and with potential use as markers in breeding programmes.
Meeting the Demand for Innate and Adaptive Immunities During Evolution
Authors: Du Pasquier L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn ideal immune system should provide each individual with rapid and efficient responses, a diverse repertoire of recognition and effector molecules and a certain flexibility to match the changing internal and external environment. It should be economic in cells and genes. Specific memory would be useful. It should not be autoreactive. These requirements, a mixture of innate and adaptive immunity features, are modulated in function of the dominant mode of selection for each species of metazoa during evolution (K or r). From sponges to man, a great diversity of receptors and effector mechanisms, some of them shared with plants, are articulated around conserved signalling cascades. Multiple attempts at combining innate and adaptive immunity somatic features can be observed as new somatic mechanisms provide individualized repertoires of receptors throughout metazoa, in agnathans, prochordates, echinoderms and mollusks. The adaptive immunity of vertebrates with lymphocytes and their specific receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily, the major histocompatibility complex, developed from innate immunity evolutionary lines that can be traced back in earlier deuterostomes.
Interaction of Mucosal Microbiota with the Innate Immune System
Authors: Tlaskalova‐Hogenova H. , Tuckova L. , Mestecky J. , Kolinska J. , Rossmann P. , Stepankova R. , Kozakova H. , Hudcovic T. , Hrncir T. , Frolova L. , Kverka M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOrganisms live in continuos interaction with their environment; this interaction is of vital importance but at the same time can be life threatening. The largest and most important interface between the organism and its environment is represented by surfaces covered with epithelial cells. Of these surfaces, mucosae comprise in humans approximately 300 m2, and the skin covers approximately 1.8 m2 surface of the human body. Mucosal tissues contain two effector arms of the immune system, innate and adaptive, which operate in synergy. Interaction with commensal bacteria, which outnumber the nucleated cells of our body, occurs physiologically on epithelial surfaces; this interaction could pose the risk of inflammation. The mucosal immune system has developed a complex network of regulatory signalling cascades that is a prerequisite for proper activation but also for a timely inactivation of the pathway. As demonstrated in gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases, impaired regulation of mucosal responses to commensal bacteria plays an important role in the development of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Quadruple immunosuppression with basiliximab, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone is safe and effective for renal transplantation
Authors: Miura Masayoshi , Harada Hiroshi , Fukuzawa Nobuyuki , Iwami Daiki , Taniguchi Akihisa , Seki Toshimori , Togashi Masaki , Ogawa Yayoi , Satoh Hidetoshi , Hirano Tetsuo 
Published: June 2005

Abstract:  Introduction:  Recent immunosuppression with tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil has improved the results of renal transplantation. In this study, we analyzed the effect and safety of basiliximab as an induction therapy.Material and methods:  Forty‐nine kidney recipients were given tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and prednisone (non‐Bas group), and 31 recipients were given basiliximab as an induction therapy in addition to the triple immunosuppressants (Bas group). Graft function, incidence of acute rejection (AR), findings of protocol graft biopsy and adverse effects were compared.Results:  Serum creatinine within 1 yr post‐transplant was comparable between the two groups. Incidence of biopsy‐proven AR within 6 months post‐transplant was less in the Bas group than in the non‐Bas group. Borderline change at 3 months post‐transplant was less in the Bas group when compared to the non‐Bas group. The frequency and severity of tubulitis were higher in the non‐Bas group than in the Bas group. The addition of basiliximab did not increase opportunistic infection, but reduced tacrolimus nephrotoxicity.Conclusion:  The addition of basiliximab to the tacrolimus‐based triple immunosuppressive regimen enabled us to reduce the doses of immunosuppressants and tacrolimus nephrotoxicity without increasing early rejection or infection. This regimen is safe and effective for application during the early period after renal transplantation.