bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage and protected catheter brush methods for isolating bacteria from foals with experimentally induced pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Viel Laurent , Staempfli Henry R. , Muckle Catherine A. , Yager Julie A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
One indication for referral of horses to veterinary hospitals is for diagnosis of the microbiologic cause of pneumonia, particularly when the initial treatment fails. Although endoscopic methods have long been available for microbiologic sample collection, accuracy of these methods under these conditions have not been studied in detail. We compared the bacteria isolated from samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) with those obtained by protected catheter brush (pcb) from foals with unilateral pneumonia induced by inoculation with Klebsiella pneumoniae. As part of previously described clinical trials, foals were administered antimicrobial therapy im (n = 15) or vehicle im (n = 7), and collection of distal airway secretion samples was conducted during the treatment period. Sensitivity and specificity of the sample collection methods were assessed by comparison of the isolates from bal or pcb samples with isolates from tissue of the inoculated lung lobe, which was the most severely affected lung region. Sensitivity and specificity of bal for recovery of K pneumoniae (challenge strain) and Streptococcus zooepidemicus (common secondary pathogen) was 90 and 69%, respectively, compared with 76 and 85%, respectively, for the pcb method. Sensitivity was significantly (P = 0.03) higher for bal (100%) than for pcb (69%) for recovery of K pneumoniae (P = 0.03) from lungs. However, difference in the sensitivity of these methods for recovery of S zooepidemicus was not significant. In conclusion, bal was a more reliable method for recovery of bacteria from the lungs in chronically infected foals that received antimicrobial treatment.
Automated morphometric analysis of stallion spermatozoa
Authors: Davis Russell Oren , Gravance Curtis Guy , Casey Patrick Joseph 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tissue variation in microscope slides made for spermatozoon analysis and variation introduced by the subjective techniques used to analyze these slides reduce the statistical power of studies that seek to use spermatozoon morphology to predict fertility. A simple specimen preparation method was developed to standardize stallion spermatozoon morphologic smears, and a new, automated spermatozoa morphometry instrument was used to objectively analyze the efficacy of the specimen preparation technique. The method achieved a standard spermatozoon concentration and reduced field-to-field variation in the number of spermatozoa analyzed. Metric measurements of spermatozoon head dimensions from clinically normal, fertile stallions revealed small, but highly significant, differences between stallions. The variation in metric measurements between replicate slides within stallions was small, indicating that replicate slide analysis probably is not necessary for clinically normal stallions. Coefficients of variation were generally < 11% for metric measurements between stallions, and were < 4% within stallions. This study revealed that a high degree of statistical power can be achieved when using these new, standardized specimen preparation and objective analysis techniques. Such power makes possible the detection of subtle differences between clinically normal stallions, and may facilitate accurate detection of abnormal fertility (ie, subfertility) installions.
Power spectral analysis and digital filtration of brain stem auditory evoked potentials in dogs
Authors: Kawasaki Yasuaki , Inada Shichiro 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Power spectral analysis and digital filtering of brain stem auditory evoked potentials (baep) were performed in dogs. The baep were recorded in 7 dogs, using alternating clicks at frequency of 20 Hz. The clicks were delivered monaurally at intensity of 90-dB normal hearing level. Power spectral analysis indicated that the frequency compositions of the averaged responses were divisible into 4 frequency bands: A (30 to 390 Hz), B (390 to 680 Hz), C (680 to 910 Hz) and D (910 to 1960 Hz).
The frequency limits of digital high-pass (hp) and low-pass (lp) filters, at which neither peak-to-peak nor absolute amplitudes were reduced, were 1,170 and 1,270 Hz for P1, 290 and 1,170 Hz for P2, 290 and 980 Hz for P3, 290 and 980 Hz for P4, and 200 and 880 Hz for P5, respectively. The dual structure of baep was confirmed in dogs. Below 200 Hz for the hp filter, peak-to-peak and absolute amplitudes of all waves were not significantly reduced. Therefore, this frequency may be a boundary frequency between low- and high-frequency components of baep in dogs. The main source for the high-frequency components that constituted each positive peak and the following trough was derived from frequency bands C and D.
The frequency limits of 200 Hz for a digital hp filter and of 1,270 Hz for a digital lp filter, at which amplitudes of all waves were not reduced, support the analog filter settings recommended for dogs (ie, ≤ 53 and 3,000 Hz for analog hp and lp filters, respectively).
Accumulation of allantoin and uric acid in plasma of exercising trotters
Authors: Räsänen Leena A. , Myllymäki Tuija , Hyyppä Seppo , Maisi Päivi , Pösö A. Reeta 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma concentrations of hypoxanthine, uric acid, and allantoin, which are breakdown products of adenine nucleotides, were measured in Standardbred and Finnhorse trotters during and after an exercise test on a high-speed treadmill, after an incremental exercise test performed on a racetrack, and after a racing competition. Fiber-type composition of the middle gluteal muscle and the muscle concentrations of adenine nucleotides and inosine monophosphate were measured after the racetrack test. Changes in the concentration of hypoxanthine were not observed in any of the tests. Peak concentration of uric acid was measured between 5 and 30 minutes after exercise, and it was three- to tenfold higher than the value at rest. The variability can be explained by intensity of the exercise test and variation among horses. The concentration of allantoin after exercise was 2 to 3 times as high as that at rest, depending on the intensity of the exercise, although the absolute increase was about 10 times as high as the increase in the concentration of uric acid. Peak values of allantoin for the treadmill and the racetrack tests were obtained 4 to 6 minutes after exercise and < 30 minutes after the races. Peak concentration of allantoin correlated positively with the percentage of type-II (IIA + IIB) fibers in the middle gluteal muscle. Significant correlations were not observed between plasma concentration of uric acid or allantoin and muscle concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (atp) or inosine monophosphate. It can be concluded that in horses, breakdown of atp during and after exercise continues until allantoin is produced. The peak concentration of allantoin increases with the intensity of exercise, is reached rapidly after exercise, and the variation in the time to the peak value is small among horses. It is suggested that the main source of allantoin is the fast-twitch, type-II fibers and that the mixed muscle concentrations of adenine nucleotides are of limited value when estimating the effects of exercise on atp content of the muscle tissue.
Glycoconjugates as components of receptors for Bordetella avium on the tracheal mucosa or turkeys
Authors: Arp L. H. , Huffman E. L. , Hellwig D. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bordetella avium is an important respiratory tract pathogen of turkeys. In common with other pathogenic bordetellae, B avium manifests a tissue tropism for cilia of the respiratory tract epithelium. To determine the molecular characteristics of the host cell receptors for B avium, we used hemagglutination and in vivo adherence assays. Carbohydrates, mucus, sialic acid-specific lectin, and other glycoconjugates were evaluated for their ability to competitively inhibit binding of B avium to host cells. The gangliosides, GD1a and GT1b, completely inhibited hemagglutination, whereas N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) partially inhibited hemagglutination. Adherence to turkey tracheal mucosa in vivo was significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited by GD1a and GT1b gangliosides, N-acetylneuraminic acid, bovine submaxillary mucin, and horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) lectin. Treatment of the tracheal mucosa with neuraminidase also inhibited adherence of B avium. We conclude that N-acetylneuraminic acid and the gangliosides, GD1a and GT1b, may be important components or the tracheal mucosa receptor for B avium in turkeys.
Organ distribution of avian polyomavirus DNA and virus-neutralizing antibody titers in healthy adult budgerigars
Authors: Phalen David N. , Wilson Van G. , Graham David L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tissue specimens and serum samples obtained from adult budgerigars in various stages of reproduction housed in an aviary with enzootic avian polyomavirus (apv) disease were examined by means of polymerase chain reaction techniques for apv dna. Although the birds were apparently healthy, apv dna could be detected in all 40 birds examined (inapparent infection rate, 100%). Viral dna was found in most organ systems examined. Analysis of data suggested that organ virus concentrations were lower in breeding than in nonbreeding birds.
Serum samples from 144 birds were examined for virus-neutralizing (vn) antibody. All serum samples had detectable vn antibody titers. Determining vn titer had a sensitivity of 100% for detection of apv infection in birds and was more sensitive than analysis of droppings by use of polymerase chain reaction techniques to detect apv infection in 6-month-old birds. Analysis of the data suggested that lower vn antibody titers were associated with longer duration of continuous breeding.
Effects of single intravenously administered doses of omeprazole and ranitidine on intragastric pH and plasma gastrin concentration in nonfed ponies
Authors: Baker Simon J. , Gerring E. Lawrence 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We investigated the effects of a range of iv administered doses of omeprazole (0.125 to 2.0 mg/kg of body weight) on gastric pH (monitored by indwelling electrode) and plasma gastrin concentration, compared with those of iv administered ranitidine (1.0 mg/kg) in 4 Welsh mountain-type ponies. Pharmacokinetic variables of iv administered omeprazole also were examined. Episodes of high gastric pH in the basal state obscured the effect of acid suppression on intragastric pH; however, omeprazole induced dose-dependent increase in mean gastric pH (P < 0.01) during the 11 hours after its administration. In the presence of acid-suppressant treatment, plasma gastrin concentration correlated significantly with gastrie pH (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.445, P < 0.01), whereas basal pH and plasma gastrin concentration were not correlated. The effect was not great, and a dose-dependency was not found. Intravenously administered omeprazole was subject to two-compartment pharmacokinetics, and there was evidence for saturable steps in the redistribution and elimination phases. Dosage of 0.25 mg/kg induced approximately half-maximal inhibition of basal gastric pH in these ponies and was associated with area under the concentration vs time curve of 0.7 μmol·h/L, which corresponds reasonably with results of other species. Omeprazole may represent a useful alternative acid-suppressant agent in horses, but further work is required to relate the dose-dependent effects found in this study to well-defined targets of acid suppression in clinical cases.
Cardiopulmonary effects of positioning pregnant cows in dorsal recumbency during the third trimester
Authors: Dunlop Colin I. , Hodgson David S. , Smith John A. , Chapman Phillip L. , Tyler Liz M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The uterine hemodynamic response to maternal positioning in dorsal recumbency was evaluated in 7 conscious pregnant cows during the third trimester. Anesthetic or sedative drugs were not administered. Uterine artery flow was measured, using a previously implanted ultrasonic flow probe. Catheters implanted in the uterine artery and vein were used for measurement of blood pressure and for blood sample collections. Heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, uterine arterial blood flow, arterial and venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, and pH were measured in cows in standing position. Cows were cast with ropes and positioned in dorsal recumbency, then measurements were repeated at 15 and 30 minutes. Compared with standing measurements, dorsal recumbency caused 50% increase in heart rate and 44% increase in arterial blood pressure. Uterine artery flow did not change significantly. Despite increased ventilation, arterial oxygenation was reduced during dorsal recumbency. There were minimal differences between measurements at 15 and 30 minutes of dorsal recumbency.
Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum in Pekingese dogs
Authors: Simoens Paul , Poels Patricia , Lauwers Henri 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The size and shape of the foramen magnum were studied in skulls from 75 adult and 5 juvenile Pekingese dogs. After maceration of the skulls, the height, width, and area of each foramen magnum were measured, and various skull indices were determined. The shape of the foramen varied from ovoid to rectangular and had a dorsal notch in all but 2 skulls. Prolapse of cerebellum or brain stem through the enlarged opening was prevented by a fibrous membrane covering the dorsal notch. Mean ± sd area of the foramen was 138.1 ± 26.1 mm2; its mean total height was 15.0 ± 2.9 mm, and its mean maximal width was 13 3 ± 1.1 mm. Statistically, variability in the area of the foramen was mainly correlated with total height of the foramen, including the dorsal notch. Total height of the foramen was not correlated with age or gender.
The degree of dysplasia, notch index, and occipital index of each foramen magnum were determined. To allow a more accurate evaluation of the morphology of the foramen, the foramen magnum index, defined as the ratio between the maximal width and the total height of the foramen, was also computed. Mean ± sd foramen magnum index was 91.8 ± 17.1 in the adult Pekingese dogs. Foramen magnum index was not significantly correlated with age, but was significantly larger in male than in female dogs. The large variability in the shape and size of the foramen magnum and the absence of any neurologic problems in dogs of this study indicate that the dorsal notch of the foramen magnum in brachycephalic dogs is a normal morphologic variation, rather than a pathologic condition.
Neutrophil function and pathologic findings in Holstein calves with leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Authors: Nagahata Hajime , Kehrli Marcus E. , Murata Hideo , Okada Hiroyuki , Noda Hiroshi , Kociba Gary J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency was diagnosed in 4 Holstein calves from 1 to 4 months old. Calves had severe ulcers on oral mucous membranes, gingivitis, severe periodontitis, chronic pneumonia, and stunted growth associated with severe neutrophilia. Neutrophils from affected calves had function defect, characterized by severely decreased adherence, chemotactic movements, phagocytosis, luminol-dependent chemiluminescent response, and O-2-producing activities. Deficient CD18 expression (0.1 to 1.7%) on neutrophils was clearly detected by use of flow cytometric analysis. These affected calves were linked to a common ancestral sire that has been documented to be a carrier. Clinical features, leukocyte functional abnormalities, deficient expression of CD18, and mode of inheritance indicated that affected calves had leukocyte adhesion deficiency. In vitro leukocyte functional abnormalities were associated with deficiency in the expression of CD11/CD18. Pathologic findings indicated possible increased susceptibility to infection associated with this disease.
Reactivity of polyclonal human CD3 antiserum in lymphoid tissues of cattle, sheep, goats, rats and mice
Authors: Ramos-Vara J. A. , Miller M. A. , López E. , Prats N. , Brevik L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Polyclonal rabbit antiserum to human T-cell CD3 was used to study its reactivity in lymphoid tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, aggregated lymphoid follicles [Peyer's patches], thymus) of several animal species (cattle, sheep, goats, rats, and mice). Using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues, immunoreactive cells were detected in T cell-dependent areas of the lymphoid tissues. Reactivity was high in all species tested, but mouse tissues had reduced reactivity, compared with the other species. To obtain a reaction, it was necessary to digest tissues with pronase before application of the immunocytochemical technique. Our results indicate that CD3 antiserum may specifically recognize T-lymphoid cells as it does in human lymphoid tissues and can be used as a marker to study physiologic and pathologic conditions of the lymphoid system of these species.
Exacerbated onset of dysentery in swine vaccinated with inactivated adjuvanted Serpulina hyodysenteriae
Authors: Olson LeRoy D. , Dayalu K. I. , Schlink Gerald T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
After oral challenge exposure with Serpulina hyodysenteriae-infected diced colon, fewer swine vaccinated with an experimental vaccine adjuvanted with mineral oil died (8 of 25 [32%]) than did nonvaccinated controls (6 of 15 [40%]), although the difference was not significant. However, onset and exacerbation of dysentery were accelerated in vaccinated swine because: 5 of the 8 dead vaccinated swine died before any of the nonvaccinates, which was significant (P<0.01); vaccinated swine that died were observed to have more hemorrhage in the feces, colonic mucosa, and colonic lumen than did nonvaccinated swine; and the earlier diarrhea onset in vaccinates, the more days of hemorrhagic diarrhea (P<0.05). Antibody titer in vaccinated swine immediately before challenge exposure that subsequently died was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that in vaccinated swine that recovered. Of of the 30 swine vaccinated with the experimental vaccine, 20 had dispersed droplets of mineral oil at the site of vaccination in the neck muscles and 3 swine had purulent abscesses at the injection site. It was concluded that vaccination with the experimental vaccine for controlling swine dysentery was ineffective.
Antipyrine and caffeine dispositions in clinically normal dogs and dogs with progressive liver disease
Authors: Boothe Dawn Merton , Cullen John Michael , Calvin James Arthur , Jenkins William Louis , Brown Scott Anthony , Green Robert Allan , Carrier Donald Earl 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dispositions of caffeine and antipyrine were compared as indicators of decreasing hepatic function in dogs with experimentally induced progressive liver disease. Dimethylnitrosamine, a hepatospecific toxin, was administered orally to 16 dogs; 6 dogs served as controls (group 1). Three classes of liver disease were defined by histologic features: mild (group 2; n = 5), moderate (group 3; n = 6), and severe (group 4; n = 5). Disposition of antipyrine, and 24 hours later, caffeine was studied 3 weeks after the last dose of toxin in each dog. For both drugs, rapid IV administration of 20 mg/kg of body weight was administered and serum samples were obtained at intervals for determination of at least 5 terminal-phase drug half-lives. For both drugs, clearance and mean residence time differed among groups (P ≤ 0.01). Clearance of antipyrine and caffeine was decreased in groups 3 and 4, compared with groups 1 and 2. Antipyrine and caffeine mean residence times were longer in group-3 dogs, compared with dogs of groups 1 and 2. Correction of caffeine and antipyrine clearances for hepatic weight increased discrimination between groups 3 and 4. The clearance and mean residence time ratios of antipyrine to caffeine were calculated for each group and, when compared with values for group-1 dogs, were used to test for differences between the 2 drugs in response to disease. Ratios did not differ among groups. These results indicate that the disposition of antipyrine and caffeine may change similarly with progression of dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver disease.
Effect of furosemide on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone concentrations and renin activity in running horses
Authors: Cooley J. L. , Hinchcliff K. W. , McKeever K. H. , Lamb D. R. , Muir W. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of furosemide administration on exertion-induced changes in plasma renin activity and plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone in horses during sustained submaximal exertion were examined. Furosemide (1 mg/kg of body weight) or heparinized saline solution was administered iv to each of 6 mares not conditioned to exercise, either 4 hours or 2 minutes before 60 minutes of sustained submaximal running on a treadmill. Horses ran at a speed that induced heart rate approximately 65% of maximal after saline treatment. After 15 minutes of running, furosemide suppressed the exertion-induced increase in plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic peptide (mean [95% confidence interval] values of 63.9 [9.9 to 421] pg/ml vs 100 [15.4 to 652] pg/ml after furosemide or saline treatment, respectively), and enhanced the response of plasma renin activity to exertion (18.6 [5.7 to 60.4] ng/ml/h vs 6.0 [1.8 to 19.4] ng/ml/h, respectively). An effect of furosemide on the exertion-induced increase in plasma aldosterone concentration was not detected.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of spiramycin in cattle after intramuscular administration of multiple doses
Authors: Sanders Pascal , Guillot Philippe , Dagorn Michèle , Moulin Gérard , Delépine Bernard , Mourot Dominique 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic variables of spiramycin and its distribution in muscle, liver, kidney, and injection sites were studied in 18 mixed-sex 1-year-old calves to assess drug withdrawal time after 2 IM administrations of 100,000 IU of spiramycin/kg of body weight at 48-hour intervals.
Presence of a compound, other than spiramycin I (ie, neospiramycin), was observed in tissues used for withdrawal time determination. High concentrations observed at the injection sites decreased slowly to maximal residue limit with half-life of 109.5 hours for neospiramycin and 77.5 hours for spiramycin. At 14 days, neospiramycin concentrations were higher in kidney than in liver and half-life was different between these 2 tissues.
Two methods of withdrawal time determination were used and the part of the samples without residue detected, in the calculation, was discussed. Withdrawal time of 35 days can be proposed on the basis of average daily intake determined for spiramycin, with concentration at injection sites representing 10% of the whole muscle concentration.
Effects of acetylpromazine, xylazine, and vertical load on digital arterial blood flow in horses
Authors: Hunt Robert J. , Brandon Christopher I. , McCann Margaret E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Palmar digital arterial blood flow was measured in 6 conscious, standing horses, using surgically placed perivascular ultrasonic flow probes. The effects of 2 dosages of xylazine (0.55 and 1.1 mg/kg of body weight) and of 3 dosages of acetylpromazine (0.01, 0.02, and 0.04 mg/kg), as well as the effect of vertical load, on digital blood flow were evaluated. Intravenous administration of xylazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), transient decrease in digital blood flow. Intravenous administration of acetylpromazine induced a significant (P < 0.05), prolonged increase in digital blood flow. Correlation between vertical load and digital blood flow was found. The results of this study indicate that use of actylpromazine may be beneficial in clinical treatment of horses with reduced digital blood flow. Xylazine, on the other hand, may exacerbate ischemic conditions of the digit and should be used with caution.