bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the Putative HR-C Region of the Measles Virus F
2
Glycoprotein Modulate Syncytium Formation
Authors: Plemper Richard K. , Compans Richard W. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The fusion (F) glycoproteins of measles virus strains Edmonston (MV-Edm) and wtF (MV-wtF) confer distinct cytopathic effects and strengths of hemagglutinin (H) interaction on a recombinant MV-Edm virus. They differ in just two amino acids, V94 and V101 in F-Edm versus M94 and F101 in F-wtF, both of which lie in the relatively uncharacterized F
2
domain. By comparing the sequence of MV F with those of the parainfluenza virus SV5 and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) F proteins, the structures of which are known, we show that MV F
2
also possesses a potential heptad repeat (HR) C domain. In NDV, the N-terminal half of HR-C interacts with HR-A in F
1
while the C-terminal half is induced to kink outward by a central proline residue. We found that this proline is part of an LXP motif conserved in all three viruses. Folding and transport of MV F require this motif to be intact and also require covalent interaction of cysteine residues that probably support the potential HR-A-HR-C interaction. Amino acids 94 and 101, both located in “d” positions of the HR-C helical wheel, lie in the potentially outwardly kinked region. We demonstrate that their effect on MV fusogenicity and glycoprotein interaction is mediated solely by amino acid 94. Substitutions at position 94 with polar or charged amino acids are tolerated poorly or not at all, while changes to smaller and more hydrophilic amino acids are tolerated in both transiently expressed F protein and recombinant virus. MV F V94A and MV F V94G viruses induce extensive syncytium formation and are relatively, or almost completely, resistant to a known inhibitor of MV glycoprotein-induced fusion. We propose that the conformational changes in MV F protein required to expose the fusion peptide involve the C-terminal half of the HR-C helix, specifically amino acid 94.
The B Subunit ofEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin Enhances CD8+Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Killing of Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cell Lines
Authors: Ong Kong-Wee , Wilson A. Douglas , Hirst Timothy R. , Morgan Andrew J. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of important human cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, and Hodgkin's lymphoma. These tumors express a viral nuclear antigen, EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), which cannot be presented to T cells in a major histocompatibility complex class I context, and the viral latent membrane proteins (LMPs). Although the LMPs are expressed in these tumors, no effective immune response is made. We report here that exposure to the cholera-like enterotoxin B subunit (EtxB) in EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) enhances their susceptibility to killing by LMP-specific CD8+cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in a HLA class I-restricted manner. CTL killing of LCLs is dramatically increased through both transporter-associated protein-dependent and -independent epitopes after EtxB treatment. The use of mutant B subunits revealed that the enhanced susceptibility of LCLs to CTL killing is dependent on the B subunit's interaction with GM1but not its signaling properties. These important findings could underpin the development of novel approaches to treating EBV-associated malignancies and may offer a general approach to increasing the presentation of other tumor and viral antigens.
Apoptotic Cells, Including Macrophages, Are Prominent in Theiler's Virus-Induced Inflammatory, Demyelinating Lesions
Authors: Schlitt Brian P. , Felrice Matthew , Jelachich Mary Lou , Lipton Howard L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTTheiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) persists in the mouse central nervous system principally in macrophages, and infected macrophages in culture undergo apoptosis. We have detected abundant apoptotic cells in perivascular cuffs and inflammatory, demyelinating lesions of SJL mice chronically infected with TMEV. T cells comprised 74% of apoptotic cells, while 8% were macrophages, 0.6% were astrocytes, and ∼17% remained unidentified. In situ hybridization revealed viral RNA in ∼1% of apoptotic cells.
Internal connectivity of the homing pigeon (Columba livia) hippocampal formation: An anterograde and retrograde tracer study
Authors: Kahn Meghan C. , Hough Gerald E. , Ten Eyck Gary R. , Bingman Verner P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe avian hippocampal formation (HF) is a structure necessary for learning and remembering aspects of environmental space. Therefore, understanding the connections between different HF regions is important for determining how spatial learning processes are organized within the avian brain. The prevailing feed‐forward, trisynaptic internal connectivity of the mammalian hippocampus and its importance for cognition have been well described, but the internal connectivity of the avian HF has only recently been investigated. To examine further the connectivity within the avian HF, small amounts of cholera toxin subunit B, primarily a retrograde tracer (n = 15), or biotinylated dextran amine, primarily an anterograde tracer (n = 10), were injected into localized regions of the HF. Examination of the immunohistochemically labeled tissue showed projections from extrinsic sensory processing areas into dorsolateral HF and the dorsal portion of the dorsomedial HF (DMd). DMd in turn projected into the medial (VM) and lateral (VL) ventral cell layers. A projection from VM into VL was found, and together these areas and DM provided input into the contralateral ventral cell layers. Ipsilaterally, a ventral portion of dorsomedial HF (DMv) received input from VL and VM. From DMv, projections exited HF laterally. The highlighted projections formed a discernible feed‐forward processing network through the avian HF that resembled the trisynaptic circuit of the mammalian HF. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:127–141, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative expression patterns of T‐, N‐, E‐cadherins, β‐catenin, and polysialic acid neural cell adhesion molecule in rat cochlea during development: Implications for the nature of Kölliker's organ
Authors: Simonneau Lionel , Gallego Mireille , Pujol Remy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe investigated the expression patterns of several cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) during rat cochlea ontogeny, from embryo day 16 to adulthood, with the use of immunohistochemistry: neural cadherin (N‐cad) and polysialic acid neural CAM (PSA‐NCAM) as two different neural CAM paradigms; epithelial cadherin (E‐cad), which was restricted to the epitheloid phenotype; and the cytoplasmic domain‐free truncated‐cadherin (T‐cad). We made the following observations. (1) T‐cad was present in all types of fibrocyte and in subdomains within the pillar cells. (2) E‐ and N‐cad were expressed with mutually exclusive patterns and did not overlap with T‐cad. All cochlear epithelial cells, including the sensory outer hair cells (OHCs), were E‐cad–positive, except for the negative inner hair cells (IHCs) and the nonsensory Kölliker's organ domain close to the IHCs. N‐cad expression appeared first in the developing IHCs and then in the neighboring Kölliker's organ in an increasingly mediolateral gradient in opposition to the E‐cad gradient. The OHCs, which are never N‐cad positive, intensively expressed E‐cad, as did the Hensen cells at the beginning of their differentiation. (3) The cadherin‐linked molecule β‐catenin, absent in fibrocytes, was detected in all epithelial cell membranes and was prominent in the E‐cad–rich modiolar extremity of Kölliker's organ. (4) Gradual PSA‐NCAM expression was observed in the lateral portion of Kölliker's organ, and the intense PSA‐NCAM expression was seen surrounding the IHCs. As development proceeded, PSA‐NCAM immunoreactivity progressively became restricted to the basal poles of the IHCs, where it remained in the adult rat cochlea, suggesting a synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity in rat cochlea and hypotheses about T‐cad functions and neosensory features of the Kölliker's organ are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:113–126, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape representation using extended hyperquadrics
Authors: Ohuchi Munenori , Kudo Hiroyuki , Saito Tsuneo 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor the preprocessing of shape recognition in computer vision, it is necessary to reconstruct a shape from 3D range data or 2D edge image data. Efforts have been made to approximate a shape‐recovery problem by using a super second‐order function or a hyperquadric function (an expansion of the former). However, the latter cannot be applied to a shape with any concavity. This paper proposes another expansion of the hyperquadric function which has minor additional parameters and can be applied to a great variety of shapes. This paper also shows the effectiveness of the method experimentally. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 86(4): 42–51, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10142
New high resolution typing strategy for HLA‐A locus alleles based on dye terminator sequencing of haplotypic group‐specific PCR‐amplicons of exon 2 and exon 3
Authors: Kurz B. , Steiert I. , Heuchert G. , Müller C.A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:In this study, a new sequencing‐based typing strategy for the HLA‐A locus is presented which involves group‐specific separate amplification of exon 2 and 3 of HLA‐A alleles in a first step. Conserved HLA‐A locus‐specific primers of intron 1 or 3 were combined in 10 primer‐mixes with group‐specific primers hybridizing to the 5′‐ or 3′‐end of exon 3 or 2 for pre‐typing of the HLA‐A alleles in 14 allelic groups. Maximally four overlapping short amplicons are produced under identical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions with individual separate amplification of exon 2 and exon 3 of the haplotypic alleles in most heterozygous combinations. Time‐ and money‐saving one‐directional Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing is shown to provide reliable high resolution typing of the HLA‐A alleles, even in a few cases of two amplicons in one primer reaction mixture. In comparison, to other sequencing‐based typing (SBT) techniques the applied typing strategy minimizes the risk of unequal amplification or of drop‐outs of one of the haplotypic alleles and allows unequivocal definition of the cis/trans linkage of polymorphic positions of the complete exon 2 and exon 3 in most heterozygous cells. This also includes detection of new alleles differing in the polymorphic template generating primer annealing sites as well as in unusual combinations of known exon 2 and 3 sequences. With 10 primer sets working under identical conditions for pre‐grouping and separate amplification of the haplotypic alleles our SBT procedure also could be implemented in clinical settings of large‐scale stem cell donor histocompatibility testing for fast molecular HLA‐A matching.
Fluorotyping of HLA‐DRB by sequence‐specific priming and fluorogenic probing
Authors: Albis‐Camps M. , Blasczyk R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Similar to our recently described HLA‐A and ‐C fluorotyping strategies, the aim of this study was to develop a sequence‐specific primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐SSP)‐based fluorotyping method for HLA‐DRB. Applying the fluorogenic 5′ nuclease assay, it is possible to increase the sample throughput rate by abolishing all labor‐intensive post‐amplification steps. Additionally, problems related to contamination are eliminated. The method relies on the 5′–3′ exonuclease activity of the Taq‐DNA Polymerase which cleaves a target‐specific and individually labelled fluorogenic probe during successful PCR. Different labelled probes specific for different targets can be applied in a single PCR, allowing independent detection of the specific HLA and the internal control product. The probe used to detect the HLA‐DRB specific amplicons was labeled at its 5′ end with FAM as the reporter and further 3′ with TAMRA as the quencher. The probe hybridized within the 2nd exon to a conserved region which was covered by all primer mixes. In case of amplification, the cleavage of the fluorogenic probe led to an interruption of the TAMRA‐mediated quenching effect and generated a significant increase of the FAM fluorescence. The HLA‐DRB fluorotyping information was based on the FAM fluorescence released by 24 individual primer mixes. A TET‐TAMRA‐labelled probe was used to indicate amplification of the internal control sequence in each PCR reaction. So far, 170 PCR typed clinical samples representing all serologically defined HLA‐DRB specificities were analyzed using this fluorotyping method. The results were 100% concordant with those obtained by conventional agarose gel detection.
Diversity of HLA‐B17 alleles and haplotypes in East Asians and a novel Cw6 allele (Cw*0604) associated with B*5701
Authors: Inoue T. , Ogawa A. , Tokunaga K. , Ishikawa Y. , Kashiwase K. , Tanaka H. , Park M.H. , Jia G.J. , Chimge N.‐O. , Sideltseva E.W. , Akaza T. , Tadokoro K. , Takahashi T. , Juji T. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The distribution of HLA‐B17 alleles and their association with HLA‐A, ‐C and ‐DRB1 alleles were investigated in seven East Asian populations (Japanese, South Korean, Chinese‐Korean, Man, Northern Han, Mongolian and Buryat populations). The B17 alleles were identified from genomic DNA using group‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by hybridization with sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probes (SSOP). In all of these East Asian populations, except Japanese and Chinese‐Koreans, B*5701 was detected and strongly associated with A*0101, Cw*0602 and DRB1*0701. In contrast, B*5801 was detected in all the seven populations and strongly associated with A*3303, Cw*0302, DRB1*0301 and DRB1*1302. The A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*1302 haplotype was observed in South Korean, Chinese‐Korean, Buryat and Japanese populations, while A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*0301 was predominantly observed in the Mongolian population. A similar haplotype, A*0101‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*1302, was observed in the Buryat population. A novel Cw6 allele, Cw*0604, was identified in the Man population. This Cw allele was observed on the haplotype A*0101‐B*5701‐DRB1*0701. Thus, we confirmed, at the sequence level, that the common haplotypes carrying B*5701 and B*5801 have been conserved and shared in East Asian populations Note.
Homogenous expression of killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR) on polyclonal natural killer cells detected by a monoclonal antibody to KIR2D
Authors: Watzl C. , Peterson M. , Long E.O. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The activity of human natural killer (NK) cells is in part regulated by the expression of killer cell immunoglobulin (Ig)‐like receptors (KIR) that recognize major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and can inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity. A monoclonal anti‐KIR antibody was established and designated Lig1. Lig1 was shown to be specific for KIR in cell‐surface staining and to react with all KIR2D, except KIR2DL4 which lacks a D1 domain, but not with KIR3D molecules in an enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Unlike other anti‐KIR antibodies, Lig1 did not inhibit binding of KIR‐Ig‐fusion proteins to MHC‐class I expressing cells nor did it interfere with KIR‐mediated inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity in a functional assay. Lig1 reacted with all NK cells in polyclonal NK populations from different donors, demonstrating that all NK cells express at least one KIR2D receptor.
Lack of association between the Met196Arg polymorphism in the TNFR2 gene and autoimmune diseases accompanied by vasculitis including SLE in Japanese
Authors: Takahashi M. , Hashimoto H. , Akizuki M. , Sasazuki T. , Nishikimi N. , Ouchi H. , Kobayashi Y. , Numano F. , Kimura A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A polymorphism in high‐affinity receptor of TNF (TNFR2) gene, Met196Arg, was reported to be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Japanese, whereas the association could not be found in Europeans at all and this represents an apparent discrepancy. The association, then, should be tested in other populations to clarify the possible involvement, if any, of the TNFR2 polymorphism in SLE or other related autoimmune diseases. The purposes of this study were to examine the TNFR2 polymorphism in Japanese patients with SLE and to investigate its association with other autoimmune diseases accompanied by vasculitis, mixed connective tissue disease, Buerger’s disease, and Takayasu’s arteritis. We found no association at all between the TNFR2 polymorphism and any autoimmune diseases including SLE in Japanese.
HLA‐B*07 allele frequencies and haplotypic associations in Koreans
Authors: Whang D. Hee , Kang Su Jin , Han K. Sup , Park M. Hee 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:We have investigated the frequencies of HLA‐B*07 alleles and their haplotypic associations with HLA‐A, ‐C and ‐DRB1 loci in 489 healthy unrelated Koreans, including 214 parents from 107 families. All of the 45 samples (9.2%) typed as B7 by serology were analyzed for B*07 alleles using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. Two different B*07 alleles were detected: B*0702 (allele frequency 0.041) and B*0705 (0.005). Two characteristic haplotypes showing strong linkage disequilibrium in Koreans were A*2402‐Cw*07‐B*0702‐DRB1*0101 (haplotype frequency 0.028) and A*2901‐B*0705‐DRB1*0803 (0.005). The characteristic haplotype A*2901‐B*0705‐DRB1*0803, found in 100% (5/5) of B*0705‐positive individuals, has not been previously described in other ethnic groups. HLA‐B7 alleles comprise distinctive extended haplotypes in the Korean population. The probability of HLA‐B7 allele mismatches among ABDR‐matched unrelated donor‐recipient pairs is expected to be low in Koreans.
Prevention dof recurrent cytomegalovirus disease in renal and liver transplant recipients: effect of oral ganciclovir
Authors: Turgeon N. , Fishman J.A. , Doran M. , Basgoz N. , Tolkoff‐Rubin N.E. , Cosimi A.B. , Rubin R.H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:Background: Although the primary treatment of symptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease in organ transplant recipients is successful in >90% of individuals, relapsing disease, particularly in those with primary infection, remains an important problem. Previously, we had observed that the rate of symptomatic recurrence was >60% in those with primary disease (seronegative for CMV prior to transplant), and approximately 20% in those who were seropositive prior to transplant. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a maintenance regimen of oral ganciclovir for 2–3 months added to the routine 14–21 days of intravenous ganciclovir would further prevent symptomatic CMV recurrence.Methods: From May 1995 until June 1998, all kidney and liver transplant recipients with confirmed tissue‐invasive CMV disease or CMV syndrome were treated with 14–21 days of intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg b.i.d. with dose adjusted for renal dysfunction) followed by 2–3 months of oral ganciclovir (2 g daily). The incidence of recurrence of CMV disease and/or viremia during and after oral therapy was then determined over a mean follow‐up of 530.6 days.Results: Thirty‐seven patients, 19 kidney and 18 liver transplant recipients, were studied; 5 had biopsy‐proven tissue‐invasive disease (13.5) and 32 suffered a CMV syndrome (86.5). Twenty‐one of these patients (58.6) were seronegative for CMV prior to transplant and received an allograft from a seropositive donor (D+/R−). Overall, 10 patients (27.0) developed CMV recurrence. Eight of 21 patients who were D+/R− for CMV (38.1) developed recurrence as opposed to 2 of 16 patients with other serologic status (12.5) (P=0.14). Patients with recurrent CMV disease and/or viremia had a peak antigenemia assay titer during their initial CMV event of 319.2 positive cells/2 slides compared with 109.8 positive cells/2 slides for patients without recurrent CMV infection (P=0.14); the trend of having a higher peak antigenemia assay titer among patients who recurred occurred both in patients who were at risk of primary CMV infection (D+/R− for CMV) and in those who were not. Two patients developed recurrent infection with strains of CMV that were resistant to ganciclovir.Conclusions: This new therapeutic regimen of oral ganciclovir following intravenous ganciclovir slightly reduced the overall rate of recurrent CMV disease and/or viremia, but it still did not adequately prevent CMV recurrence in patients who are at risk of primary infection prior to transplant. Of particular concern, 2 patients with primary infection treated with this regimen developed ganciclovir‐resistant recurrent disease (Note).
Major carbohydrate epitopes in tissues of domestic and African wild animals of potential interest for xenotransplantation research
Authors: Oriol R. , Candelier J‐J. , Taniguchi S. , Balanzino L. , Peters L. , Niekrasz M. , Hammer C. , Cooper D. K. C. 
Published: March 2003

Oriol R, Candelier J‐J, Taniguchi S, Balanzino L, Peters L, Niekrasz M, Hammer C, Cooper DKC. Major carbohydrate epitopes in tissues of domestic and African wild animals of potential interest for xenotransplantation research. Xenotransplantation 1999; 6: 79‐89. ©Munksgaard, Copenhagen.Abstract:we investigated the main glycotopes expressed on the tissues of 44 animal species, including primates, nonprimate mammals, marsupials, birds, and a reptile. Paraffin‐embedded tissue sections of kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, lung, brain and intestine of 24 domestic animal species were stained with seven fluorescent‐labeled lectins. Testis sections of 20 African wild animal species were tested with the same lectins. Overall, three main immunofluorescence patterns were found in the vascular compartment. First, humans and Old World monkeys express genetically polymorphic ABH antigens and do not express αGal. Second, New World monkeys, other mammals, and marsupials do not express ABH antigens, but have large amounts of a genetically monomorphic αGal. Third, birds and reptiles do not express either ABH or αGal, but have monomorphic βGal, probably different from the lactosamine precursor of ABH and αGal. Epithelial cells producing exocrine secretions also expressed carbohydrate epitopes. The fluorescence patterns of the cells of the exocrine compartment are similar, but not identical, to those expressed in the vascular compartment. All the animals tested have some ABH and βGal in exocrine tissues, but New World monkeys and lower mammals are the only ones expressing αGal in exocrine tissues.