bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the pharmaceutical supply chain
Authors: Breen Liz , Crawford Helen 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the role of e‐commerce in hospital pharmacy in the procurement of pharmaceuticals and determine how this has improved the internal pharmaceutical supply chain. Whilst e‐commerce is in its infancy in this area it is still considered to be an important facet of supply chain management. E‐trading within NHS pharmacies is conducted via electronic data interchange (EDI) offering proven benefits and ensuring the efficient and effective transmission of data between remote parties.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected via a case‐study in an NHS trust pharmacy supported and by questionnaires distributed to NHS and community pharmacies in the north‐west of England.FindingsThe findings support the view that there are benefits to be gained from introducing EDI into a purchasing department as the next logical step towards a total e‐commerce solution (internet‐based) and instigating quality improvements. It also proposes that the implementation and use of e‐commerce in hospital pharmacies can be aligned with progress made in small‐ to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), and questions why, if such benefits can be realised, the use of e‐commerce systems are not more widespread.Research limitations/implicationsThe implications of this research is that it offers a “snap‐shot” of progress made‐to‐date of e‐commerce in NHS Pharmacy, which can provide guidance for mangers and healthcare professionals managing their e‐commerce/quality improvement agenda. The research conducted was restricted to a specific regional area of the NHS and could be applied to a larger national sample group. Future research within this field should also consider the cost of not introducing e‐commerce in pursuing quality improvement.Originality/valueThis discussion offers an insight into how a pharmacy approached EDI, and this is further supported by recent research conducted into examining the pharmacy systems in operation in the north‐west of England and accompanying EDI systems and an analysis of EDI uptake and use in a sample of pharmacies in the same region, the latter being supported by anecdotal evidence of pros and cons to using EDI and potential barriers to its introduction.
How responsible are “responsible” drinking campaigns for preventing alcohol abuse?
Authors: Wolburg Joyce M. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to question the misplaced efforts to curb alcohol abuse through “responsible” drinking messages from the alcohol industry, asking how responsible this strategy really is.Design/methodology/approachThis article cites published research that calls into question the effectiveness of “responsible” messages, particularly those that situate the problem of alcohol abuse within drunk driving and underage drinking without addressing heavy consumption. Examples of “responsible” messages are drawn from websites of three major beer companies.FindingsProblems with “responsible” drinking are identified, including the fact that such messages place the problem within the user rather than the product. “Responsible” messages also give permission to drink heavily as long as underage and driving is not involved. “Responsible” drinking messages enable drinkers to shift responsibility to others, which gives carte blanche to binge drinking.Practical implicationsThere is little doubt that “responsible” messages are effective public relations tools that enhance the image of beer companies, but serious doubts exist regarding their ability to prevent alcohol abuse.Originality/valueQuestioning the effectiveness of these messages puts pressure upon the industry to develop strategies that do a better job of addressing the realities of alcohol abuse.
Outsourcing in higher education: an empirical examination
Authors: Gupta Atul , Kanthi Herath S. , Mikouiza Nathalie C. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeTo measure the degree of implementation and satisfaction level with the outsourcing initiatives from higher education institutions.Design/methodology/approachUses a survey questionnaire to measure the levels of satisfaction with the institutions’ services and the questionnaire was based on six factors that are deemed significant in making a privatization decision. It was tested for validity and was then e‐mailed to a total of 138 presidents and/or vice‐presidents of all private and public schools in the states of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia in the USA.FindingsIt was observed that the vast majority of institutions in all three states surveyed hold on to the concept of outsourcing according to their position in the system. The research shows that the possible motivations for outsourcing are cost savings and budgetary constraints, improvement of quality of services and staffing, lack of capability, safety concerns or liability of service, command from governing bodies, and pressure from peer institutions.Research limitations/implicationsThis is not an exhaustive survey of all private and public schools in the USA and it surveyed only the opinions of presidents and/or vice‐presidents of the selected schools. A case study may provide in‐depth analysis of outsourcing in institutions of higher education.Practical implicationsFocusing solely on surveys alone to determine the level of satisfaction of outsourcing in institutions of higher education can lead to false information.Originality/valueProvides valuable empirical evidence in designing and implementation of outsourcing in institutions of higher education.
Career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates
Authors: O'Leary Sinéad , Deegan Jim 
Published: July 2005

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to present longitudinal data regarding the career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates.Design/methodology/approachA survey instrument was designed to incorporate questions relating to current and previous employments, recent training/education and personal details. The original study was sent to graduates by their respective colleges and there were 444 respondents to the survey. The follow‐up questionnaire in the current study was sent to all those who had responded to the initial survey and who had provided addresses (374).FindingsThere is a significant drop‐out rate from employment in the tourism/hospitality industry in Ireland, which is particularly obvious amongst women. Those employed in the industry identified poor remuneration and unsuitable working hours as the major issues in need of redress. There is constant reference to work conditions within the tourism/hospitality industry throughout this study and, in particular, their apparent incompatibility with family life.Research limitations/implicationsOwing to the small sample size, results presented here are largely indicative. Nonetheless, some general trends are discernible.Practical implicationsThe issues raised in this study have implications for those involved in the provision of tourism/hospitality programmes as well as tourism employers, particularly in an Irish context, where there is an ongoing shortage of skilled workers in the sector.Originality/valueTracking studies usually only attempt to monitor graduates' entry into the workforce and do not follow their career paths over time. The objective of this study, however, was to provide longitudinal data and unique insights regarding the career progression of Irish tourism and hospitality management graduates.
The undeclared sector, self‐employment and public policy
Authors: Williams Colin C. 
Published: July 2005

PurposeViewing undeclared work as low‐paid, exploitative, organised employment conducted under sweatshop conditions, public policy has widely treated this illegitimate sphere as a hindrance to development and actively pursued its deterrence using stringent regulations and punitive measures to change the cost‐benefit ratio for those considering participation in such endeavour. In this paper, however, the intention is to evaluate critically this portrait of the nature of undeclared work and resultant public policy approach.Design/methodology/approachTo evaluate this representation of undeclared work and consequent public policy approach, empirical evidence is reported from 861 face‐to‐face interviews in English localities.FindingsThe finding is that the majority of undeclared work is undertaken on a self‐employed basis by people who have identified an opportunity to provide a good or service and are taking a calculated risk in order to fulfil others needs.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research will need to further investigate this relationship between self‐employment and the undeclared sector.Practical implicationsIdentifying that the undeclared sphere is predominantly composed of self‐employed endeavour, a call is made for greater emphasis in public policy on developing initiatives to legitimise this illegitimate self‐employment, rather than simply deterring such work.Originality/valueBy re‐reading the nature of undeclared work as primarily composed of self‐employed activity, it highlights the need for public policy to stop treating undeclared work purely as something to be deterred and for more emphasis to be put on developing enabling initiatives to help such workers formalise their business ventures.
PHYLOGENETIC, HOST AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF THE PILOPHORINI (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)
Authors: Schuh Randall T. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract A cladistic analysis is performed for 114 species of Pilophorini, using 73 characters with 190 states. Illustrations or figure references to the literature are provided for most characters. The resultant Nelson (strict) consensus cladogram is used as a justification for the recognition of the following genera: Alepidiella Poppius, Aloea Linnavuori, Druthmarus Distant, Hypseloecus Reuter, Neoambonea Schuh, Parambonea Schuh, Parasthenaridea Miller, Pherolepis Kulik (paraphyletic), Pilophorus Hahn, and Sthenaridea Reuter (paraphylectic). Pilophorus indonesicus is proposed as a replacement name for Bilirania sumatrana Schuh (=Pilophorus), a secondary homonym of Pilophorus sumatranus Poppius. A list of currently recognized genera and species with summary distributions and host plant associations, and a key to genera are included.Host associations are plotted on the cladogram to reveal the pattern of host shifts. At the generic level and above, a pattern of colonization, rather than co‐evolution, is strongly indicated; at the species level, genera of Pilophorini often show restricted plant‐group associations, but no clear pattern of coevolution emerges. Major distributional patterns in the Philophorini are mapped, discussed and compared with historical biogeographic schemes for some other groups. The Pilophorini appear to be of tropical Gondwanan origin with subsequent spread into, and differentiation in, the temperate Northern Hemisphere.
CONCEPTS AND TESTS OF HOMOLOGY IN THE CLADISTIC PARADIGM
Authors: de Pinna Mário C. C. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract—Logical equivalence between the notions of homology and synapomorphy is reviewed and supported. So‐called transformational homology embodies two distinct logical components, one related to comparisons among different organisms and the other restricted to comparisons within the same organism. The former is essentially hierarchical in nature, thus being in fact a less obvious form of taxic homology. The latter is logically equivalent to so‐called serial homology in a broad sense (including homonomy, mass homology or iterative homology). Of three tests of homology proposed to date (similarity, conjunction and congruence) only congruence serves as a test in the strict sense. Similarity stands at a basic level in homology propositions, being the source of the homology conjecture in the first place. Conjunction is unquestionably an indicator of non‐homology, but it is not specific about the pairwise comparison where non‐homology is present, and depends on a specific scheme of relationship in order to refute a hypothesis of homology. The congruence test has been previously seen as an application of compatibility analysis. However, congruence is more appropriately seen as an expression of strict parsimony analysis. A general theoretical solution is proposed to determine evolution of characters with ambiguous distributions, based on the notion of maximization of homology propositions. According to that notion, ambiguous character‐state distributions should be resolved by an optimization that maximizes reversals relative to parallelisms. Notions of homology in morphology and molecular biology are essentially the same. The present tendency to adopt different terminologies for the two sources of data should be avoided, in order not to obscure the fundamental uniformity of the concept of homology in comparative biology.“A similar hierarchy is found both in ‘structures’ and in ‘functions’. In the last resort, structure (i.e. order of parts) and function (order of processes) may be the very same thing […].”L. von Bertalanlfy“[…] it is the fact that certain criteria enable us to match parts of things consistently which suggests that mechanisms of certain kinds must have been involved in their origin.”N. Jardine and C. Jardine
EXACT INDICES, CRITERIA TO SELECT FROM MINIMUM LENGTH TREES
Authors: Sharkey Michael J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract— Modifications of the consistency, retention and rescaled consistency indices are introduced. These apply to particular transformations of a character state rather than all of the transformations of a character. For example, if one observes relatively many losses in a character state over a suite of minimum length trees, a low weight is applied to the transformation to a loss; however, these observations infer nothing on the probability of the character state being gained independently. If the same character state shows few or no convergent gains on the suite of minimum length cladograms, then gains receive a relatively high weight. Conversely, if for a particular character state, convergent gains are common and losses rare, the transformation to a loss is given a higher weight than the transformation to a gain. For multistate characters, each possible transformation is weighted independently. Three indices are proposed, i.e. the exact consistently index, the exact retention index and the exact rescaled consistency index. The consistency index is modified to deal with characters with unknown entries.The methods outlined not only select (or generate) preferred tree topologies but they also choose character optimizations, even for trees of identical topology.
PHYLOGENETIC INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND REDUCTIVE EVOLUTION IN NEOTROPICAL CHARACIDIIN FISHES (CHARACIFORMES, OSTARIOPHYSI)
Authors: Buckup Paulo Andreas 
Published: July 2005

Abstract—Miniaturization, which results in the presence of numerous apparently paedomorphic characters associated with reduced size, is a common phenomenon among neotropical fishes, with over 85 miniature species distributed among the five major ordinal groups. Eleven species are recognized as miniatures within the Characidiinae, a monophyletic subunit of Characiformes. A reconstruction of characidiin phylogeny is used to analyze the history of miniaturization events. Former hypotheses of origin of miniaturization among characidiins are rejected, underscoring the need for phylogenetic frameworks in the study of ontogenetic changes associated with the phenomenon of miniaturization. The 11 instances of miniature species can be most parsimoniously attributed to three independent miniaturization events within the Characidiinae.Reductive characters comprise a large proportion of phylogenetically informative characters within the Characidiinae. In the largest group of miniatures, reductive characters represent more than half of the character state transformations affecting supraspecific relationships amongElachocharax, Klausewitzia, OdontocharacidiumandMicrocharacidium. An analysis of patterns of character state distributions fails to reject the null hypothesis of character independence. A distinction is made between the concepts of character independence, defined as the origination of character states from different (non‐simultaneous) evolutionary events, and character correlation, defined as the association of character states in terminal taxa. Character correlation is not a sufficient criterion to reject Hennig's auxiliary principle, according to which the “presence of apomorphous characters in different species is always reason for suspecting kinship, and their origin by convergence should not be assumed a priori". High values of character correlation are the expected result of congruent patterns of character distribution.
HAEMATOTHERMIA: WARM‐BLOODED AMNIOTES
Authors: Gardiner Brian G. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract— An exhaustive parsimony analysis of amniote phylogeny using 97 characters has substantiated the hypothesis that mammals and birds are sister groups. This deduction is further supported by parasitological and molecular evidence.The presumed importance of “synapsid” fossils in amniote phylogeny is questioned and it is concluded that they represent a transformation series which when broken down into constit uent, monophyletic groups does not support the separation of the Mammalia from the remainder of the amniotes.Fossil members of the Haematothermia include pterosaurs and “dinosaurs” (both stem‐group birds) and Dinocephalia, Dicynodontia, Gorgonopsida and Therocephalia (all stem‐group mammals). The Dromaeosauridae are the most crownward stem‐group birds and the Morganucodontidae the most crownward stem‐group mammals."Criticism of our conjectures is of decisive importance: by bringing out our mistakes it makes us understand the difficulties of the problem which we are trying to solve.” (K. R. Popper, 1972)
IN SEARCH OF A METHOD FOR CLADISTIC BIOGEOGRAPHY: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON OF COMPONENT ANALYSIS, BROOKS PARSIMONY ANALYSIS, AND THREE‐AREA STATEMENTS
Authors: Morrone Juan J. , Carpenter James M. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract— Three quantitative cladistic biogeographic methods, namely, component analysis, Brooks parsimony analysis (BPA), and three‐area statements (TAS) have been proposed for obtaining general area cladograms from taxon‐area cladograms. Available programs implementing these methods include COMPONENT versions 1.5 and 2.0 for component analysis, TAS for three‐area statements, and Hennig86 for analysing matrices for both three‐area statements and BPA. Ten different data sets were analysed with these programs and items of error were used to evaluate the general area cladograms obtained. None of the computer implementations of the methods compared proved to be more effective than the others."…all methodologies, even the most obvious ones, have their limits…"Feyerabend (1993:231)
GROUNDPLANS AND EXEMPLARS: PATHS TO THE TREE OF LIFE
Authors: Yeates D.K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract — During cladistic analysis of a diverse higher taxon it is impractical to code every species as a separate terminal. In such cases, workers proceed in one of two distinct ways: (1) examine a number of member species in order to deduce groundplan character states of the higher group before the analysis is begun, here called the intuitive method, or (2), code a number of real species belonging to the group as terminals in the analysis, called the exemplar method. Both methods have the same aim, to estimate the groundplan of the higher taxon concerned.Both groundplan estimation methods will lead to identical results when the character in question has the same state in all members of the terminal group, however when the character has two or more states, the two methods may give different results. The precise methods employed in the intuitive approach have not been articulated in the literature, but possible techniques may result in non‐parsimonious ancestral state assignments, even in simple cases.Groundplan estimation in the exemplar method is an extension of parsimony. The exemplar method allows groundplan state/s at internal nodes to be calculated during tree search. In many cases the exemplar method assigns a number of possible states to the groundplan, and the state assignment is therefore equivocal. This is not a deficiency of the method but reflects the notion that the parsimony criterion alone cannot always distinguish a single state present in a hypothetical ancestor. The optimal choice of exemplars required to estimate the groundplan most efficiently is discussed under a simple and common hypothesis of character transformation. For complex character distributions up to three exemplars may be required, each from a separate lineage of the group close to its hypothetical common ancestral node.
Taxon sampling and seed plant phylogeny
Authors: Rydin Catarina , Källersjö Mari 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe investigated the effects of taxon sampling on phylogenetic inference by exchanging terminals in two sizes of rbcL matrices for seed plants, applying parsimony and bayesian analyses to ten 38‐taxon matrices and ten 80‐taxon matrices. In comparing tree topologies we concentrated on the position of the Gnetales, an important group whose placement has long been disputed. With either method, trees obtained from different taxon samples could be mutually contradictory and even disagree on groups that seemed strongly supported. Adding terminals improved the consistency of results for unweighted parsimony, but not for parsimony with third positions excluded and not for bayesian analysis, particularly when the general time‐reversible model was employed. This suggests that attempting to resolve deep relationships using only a few taxa can lead to spurious conclusions, groupings unlikely to be repeatable with different taxon samplings or larger data sets. The effect of taxon sampling has not generally been recognized, and phylogenetic studies of seed plants have often been based on few taxa. Such insufficient sampling may help explain the variety of phylogenetic hypotheses for seed plants proposed in recent years. We recommend that restricted data sets such as single‐gene subsets of multigene studies should be reanalyzed with alternative selections of terminals to assess topological consistency.