bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projections from bed nuclei of the stria terminalis, posterior division: Implications for cerebral hemisphere regulation of defensive and reproductive behaviors
Authors: Dong Hong‐Wei , Swanson Larry W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe posterior division of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis has three major nuclei: principal, interfascicular, and transverse, which receive topographically ordered inputs from the medial amygdalar nucleus. The overall pattern of axonal projections from each nucleus was determined in male rats with the Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin method. Together, these nuclei project topographically back to the medial amygdalar nucleus, to the adjacent lateral septal nucleus, to the nucleus accumbens and substantia innominata, to hypothalamic parts of the behavior control column, and to the hypothalamic periventricular region, which controls patterned neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. The principal nucleus preferentially innervates septal and hypothalamic regions that control reproductive behavior and visceromotor responses, confirming a similar analysis by Gu et al. (J Comp Neurol [2003] 460:542–562). In contrast, the interfascicular and transverse nuclei differentially innervate septal and hypothalamic regions that control defensive as well as reproductive behaviors. In addition, the transverse nucleus projects significantly to midbrain parts of the behavior control column concerned with foraging/exploratory behavior. All three posterior division nuclei also project to thalamocortical feedback loops (by means of the nucleus reuniens and paraventricular nucleus). These structural data may be interpreted to suggest that the bed nuclei posterior division forms part (pallidal) of a corticostriatopallidal system involved in controlling two major classes of social (defensive and reproductive) behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:396–433, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the main olfactory bulbs of some mammals: Musk shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tree shrews, bats, mice, and rats
Authors: Kosaka Katsuko , Kosaka Toshio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe immunohistochemically examined the organization of the main olfactory bulbs (MOBs) in seven mammalian species, including moles, hedgehogs, tree shrews, bats, and mice as well as laboratory musk shrews and rats. We focused our investigation on two points: 1) whether nidi, particular spheroidal synaptic regions subjacent to glomeruli, which we previously reported for the laboratory musk shrew MOBs, are also present in other animals and 2) whether the compartmental organization of glomeruli and two types of periglomerular cells we proposed for the rat MOBs are general in other animals. The general laminar pattern was similar among these seven species, but discrete nidi and the nidal layer were recognized only in two insectivores, namely, the mole and laboratory musk shrew. Olfactory marker protein‐immunoreactive (OMP‐IR) axons extended beyond the limits of the glomerular layer (GL) into the superficial region of the external plexiform layer (EPL) or the nidal layer in the laboratory musk shrew, mole, hedgehog, and tree shrew but not in bat, mouse, and rat. We observed, in nidi and the nidal layer in the mole and laboratory musk shrew MOBs, only a few OMP‐IR axons. In the hedgehog, another insectivore, OMP‐IR processes extending from the glomeruli were scattered and intermingled with calbindin D28k‐IR cells at the border between the GL and the EPL. In the superficial region of the EPL of the tree shrew MOBs, there were a small number of tiny glomerulus‐like spheroidal structures where OMP‐IR axons protruding from glomeruli were intermingled with dendritic branches of surrounding calbindin D28k‐IR cells. Furthermore, we recognized the compartmental organization of glomeruli and two types of periglomerular cells in the MOBs of all of the mammals we examined. These structural features are therefore considered to be common and important organizational principles of the MOBs. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:1–12, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral cervical nucleus projections to periaqueductal gray matter in cat
Authors: Mouton Leonora J. , Klop Esther‐Marije , Broman Jonas , Zhang Mengliang , Holstege Gert 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe midbrain periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) integrates the basic responses necessary for survival of individuals and species. Examples are defense behaviors such as fight, flight, and freezing, but also sexual behavior, vocalization, and micturition. To control these behaviors the PAG depends on strong input from more rostrally located limbic structures, as well as from afferent input from the lower brainstem and spinal cord. Mouton and Holstege (2000, J Comp Neurol 428:389–410) showed that there exist at least five different groups of spino‐PAG neurons, each of which is thought to subserve a specific function. The lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) in the upper cervical cord is not among these five groups. The LCN relays information from hair receptors and noxious information and projects strongly to the contralateral ventroposterior and posterior regions of thalamus and to intermediate and deep tectal layers. The question is whether the LCN also projects to the PAG. The present study in cat, using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques, showed that neurons located in the lateral two‐thirds of the LCN send fibers to the lateral part of the PAG, predominantly at rostrocaudal levels A0.6–P0.2. This part of the PAG is known to be involved in flight behavior. A concept is put forward according to which the LCN‐PAG pathway alerts the animal about the presence of cutaneous stimuli that might represent danger, necessitating flight. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:434–445, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual viral transneuronal tracing of central autonomic circuits involved in the innervation of the two kidneys in rat
Authors: Cano Georgina , Card J. Patrick , Sved Alan F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe neural control of renal function is exerted by the central nervous system via sympathetic innervation of the kidneys. To determine the extent to which the control of the two kidneys is provided by the same brain neurons, the central circuitry involved in the innervation of both kidneys was characterized in individual rats by dual viral transneuronal tracing using isogenic recombinant strains (PRV‐152 and BaBlu) of pseudorabies virus. Prior to dual tracing, the neuroinvasive properties of PRV‐152 and BaBlu were characterized by conducting parametric studies, using the two kidneys as an anatomical model, and comparing the pattern of infection with that obtained following injection of the parental strain, PRV‐Bartha, into the left kidney. Once the optimal concentrations of virus required to obtain equivalent infection were established, PRV‐152 and BaBlu were injected into the left and right kidney, respectively, in the same rats. Immunocytochemical localization of viral reporter proteins at different postinoculation times allowed us to determine the sequence of infection in the brain, as well as to quantify dual‐ and single‐labeled neurons in each infected area. Neurons that influence autonomic outflow to one or both kidneys coexist in all brain areas involved in the control of the sympathetic outflow to the kidneys at every hierarchical level of the circuit. The proportions of dual‐infected neurons with respect to the number of total infected neurons varied across regions, but they were maintained at different survival times. The pattern of infection suggests that the activity of each kidney is controlled independently by organ‐specific neurons, whereas the functional coordination of the two kidneys results from neurons that collaterize to modulate the sympathetic outflow to both organs. The advantages of using an anatomical symmetrical system, such as the two kidneys, as an experimental approach to characterize PRV recombinants in general are also discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:462–481, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic localization of P2X7 receptors in the rat retina
Authors: Puthussery Theresa , Fletcher Erica L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe distribution of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) subunits was studied in the rat retina using a subunit‐specific antiserum. Punctate immunofluorescence was observed in the inner and outer plexiform layers. Double labeling of P2X7 and the horizontal cell marker, calbindin, revealed extensive colocalization in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Significant colocalization of P2X7R and kinesin, a marker of photoreceptor ribbons, was also observed, indicating that this receptor may be expressed at photoreceptor terminals. Furthermore, another band of P2X7R puncta was identified below the level of the photoreceptor terminals, adjacent to the inner nuclear layer (INL). This band of P2X7R puncta colocalized with the active‐zone protein, bassoon, suggesting that “synapse‐like” structures exist outside photoreceptor terminals. Preembedding immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated P2X7R labeling of photoreceptor terminals adjacent to ribbons. In addition, some horizontal cell dendrites and putative “desmosome‐like” junctions below cone pedicles were labeled. In the inner plexiform layer (IPL), P2X7R puncta were observed surrounding terminals immunoreactive for protein kinase C‐α, a marker of rod bipolar cells. Double labeling with bassoon in the IPL revealed extensive colocalization, indicating that P2X7R is likely to be found at conventional cell synapses. This finding was confirmed at the ultrastructural level: only processes presynaptic to rod bipolar cells were found to be labeled for the P2X7R, as well as other conventional synapses. These findings suggest that purines play a significant role in neurotransmission within the retina, and may modulate both photoreceptor and rod bipolar cell responses. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:13–23, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LIM‐homeodomain genes as developmental and adult genetic markers of Xenopus forebrain functional subdivisions
Authors: Moreno Nerea , Bachy Isabelle , Rétaux Sylvie , González Agustín 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the expression patterns of five LIM‐homeodomain (LIM‐hd) genes, x‐Lhx1, x‐Lhx2, x‐Lhx5, x‐Lhx7, and x‐Lhx9 in the forebrain of the frog Xenopus laevis during larval development and in the adult. The results were analyzed in terms of neuromeric organization of the amphibian brain and of combinatorial LIM‐hd code and showed that LIM‐hd developmental transcription factors are particularly powerful to highlight the coherence of several groups or nuclei, to delineate subdivisions, and/or to clarify structures that are still a matter of debate. Among other findings, we bring substantial evidence for the following: (1) a dual origin of olfactory bulb neurons, based on x‐Lhx5 expression; (2) the existence of a ventral pallium in frog, based on x‐Lhx9 expression; (3) a multiple (pallial and subpallial) origin for the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex, based on distinct combinations of the five studied genes; (4) a clear homology between the Xenopus medial pallium and the mammalian hippocampus, based on x‐Lhx2 pattern; and (5) a confirmed prosomeric organization of the diencephalon, based on alternating x‐Lhx1/5 and x‐Lhx2/9 expressions. In addition, the important expression levels for LIM‐hd factors found throughout development and in the adult brain suggest a role for these genes in development and maintenance of neuronal specification and phenotype, as for example in the case of x‐Lhx7 and cholinergic neurons. Moreover, following LIM‐hd patterns throughout development points out to some of the migrations and morphogenetic movements, which give rise to the adult structures. Finally, the detailed description of the LIM‐hd code in the developing and adult Xenopus forebrain provides interesting cues for the possible mechanisms of evolution of the vertebrate forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:52–72, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regionally specific expression of L1 and sialylated NCAM in the retinofugal pathway of mouse embryos
Authors: Chung Kit‐Ying , Leung Kin‐Mei , Lin Chun‐Chi , Tam Kwok‐Cheong , Hao Yan‐Li , Taylor Jeremy S.H. , Chan Sun‐On 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe have examined expression of L1 and the polysialic acid–associated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA‐NCAM) in mouse embryos during the major period of axon growth in the retinofugal pathway to determine whether they are expressed in patterns that relate to the changes in axon organization in the pathway. Immunostaining for L1 and PSA‐NCAM was found on all axons in the retina and the optic stalk. In the chiasm, while L1 immunoreactivity remained high on the axons, PSA‐NCAM staining was obviously reduced. At the threshold of the optic tract, L1 immunoreactivity was maintained only in a subpopulation of axons, whereas PSA‐NCAM staining was dramatically elevated in axons at the caudal part of the tract. Further investigations of the tract showed that both L1 and PSA‐NCAM were preferentially expressed on the dorsal but not ventral optic axons, indicating a regionally specific change of both adhesion molecules on the axons at the chiasm‐tract junction. Moreover, intense PSA‐NCAM expression was also observed in the tract of postoptic commissure (TPOC), which lies immediately caudal to the optic tract. Immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing studies showed that these PSA‐NCAM–positive axons arose from a population of cells rostral to the CD44‐positive chiasmatic neurons. These findings indicate that, in addition to the chiasmatic neurons, these PSA‐NCAM–positive diencephalic cells also contribute axons to the TPOC. These early generated commissural axons together with the regionally specific pattern of cell adhesion molecule expression on the optic axons may control formation of the partial retinotopic axon order in the optic tract through homophilic or heterophilic interactions that involve PSA‐NCAM. J. Comp. Neurol. 471:482–498, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rat brain vascular distribution of interleukin‐1 type‐1 receptor immunoreactivity: Relationship to patterns of inducible cyclooxygenase expression by peripheral inflammatory stimuli
Authors: Konsman Jan Pieter , Vigues Stephan , Mackerlova Ludmila , Bristow Adrian , Blomqvist Anders 
Published: March 2004

AbstractInterleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is thought to act on the brain to induce fever, neuroendocrine activation, and behavioral changes during disease through induction of prostaglandins at the blood–brain barrier (BBB). However, despite the fact that IL‐1β induces the prostaglandin‐synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) in brain vascular cells, no study has established the presence of IL‐1 receptor type 1 (IL‐1R1) protein in these cells. Furthermore, although COX inhibitors attenuate expression of the activation marker c‐Fos in the preoptic and paraventricular hypothalamus after administration of IL‐1β or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), they do not alter c‐Fos induction in other structures known to express prostaglandin receptors. The present study thus sought to establish whether IL‐1R1 protein is present and functional in the rat cerebral vasculature. In addition, the distribution of IL‐1R1 protein was compared to IL‐1β‐ and LPS‐induced COX‐2 expression. IL‐1R1‐immunoreactive perivascular cells were mostly found in choroid plexus and meninges. IL‐1R1‐immunoreactive vessels were seen throughout the brain, but concentrated in the preoptic area, subfornical organ, supraoptic hypothalamus, and to a lesser extent in the paraventricular hypothalamus, cortex, nucleus of the solitary tract, and ventrolateral medulla. Vascular IL‐1R1‐ir was associated with an endothelial cell marker, not found in arterioles, and corresponded to the induction patterns of phosphorylated c‐Jun and inhibitory‐factor kappaB mRNA upon IL‐1β stimulation, and colocalized with peripheral IL‐1β‐ or LPS‐induced COX‐2 expression. These observations indicate that functional IL‐1R1s are expressed in endothelial cells of brain venules and suggest that vascular IL‐1R1 distribution is an important factor determining BBB prostaglandin‐dependent activation of brain structures during infection. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:113–129, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Engrailed‐2 negatively regulates the onset of perinatal Purkinje cell differentiation
Authors: Jankowski Jakob , Holst Martin I. , Liebig Christian , Oberdick John , Baader Stephan L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe transcription factor Engrailed‐2 is expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) throughout embryonic development but is downregulated in PCs after birth. Since the onset of PC differentiation coincides with this change of gene expression, we asked whether downregulation of Engrailed‐2 is necessary for proper timing of PC differentiation. To investigate this, we used an L7En‐2 transgenic mouse model in which Engrailed‐2 expression in PCs is maintained beyond the day of birth. In these L7En‐2 mice the onset of parvalbumin expression was delayed in all PCs by about 3 days; the spatial expression pattern, however, remained comparable to wildtype cerebella. Furthermore, parvalbumin expression resembled the known pattern of normal PC maturation, suggesting a direct link between parvalbumin expression and PC differentiation. Consistent with a delay of PC differentiation, we found that PCs of L7En‐2 cerebella displayed a reduced tendency to align in the typical monolayer. The average size of L7En‐2 PCs was reduced and the dendritic arbor developed more slowly than in wildtype PCs. In contrast, major morphological features of PCs were comparable in L7En‐2 and wildtype cerebella after postnatal day 11. In addition, we observed a transient reduction of PC survival in organotypic slice cultures of L7En‐2 cerebella in comparison with wildtype slice cultures. Since PC survival parallels PC differentiation in vitro, we propose that the observed delay in PC differentiation upon Engrailed‐2 overexpression is an intrinsic property of Engrailed‐2 activity, and that downregulation of Engrailed‐2 in wildtype PCs around the day of birth is critical for the timing of distinct steps of PC differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:87–99, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The postnatal developmental expression pattern of urocortin in the rat olivocerebellar system
Authors: Swinny Jerome D. , Kalicharan Dharamdajal , Brouwer Nieske , Biber Knut , Shi Fuxin , Gramsbergen Albert , van der Want Johannes J.L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUrocortin belongs to the family of corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF)‐like peptides, which play an important role in sensorimotor coordination. CRF induces locomotor activity, and urocortin has an inhibitory effect. Here, we document the regional and subcellular localization of urocortin in the developing rat cerebellum to compare it with CRF. During the first postnatal week, urocortin immunoreactivity (UCN‐ir), within the white matter and cerebellar cortex, was strongest in vermal lobules I, II, IX, and X, closely followed by lobules IV, V, and VIII; lobules VI and VII showed the weakest labeling. Cortical immunoreactivity was in the form of puncta that encircled Purkinje cell somata. By postnatal day (PD) 12, UCN‐ir had increased appreciably in all lobules. In Purkinje cells, labeling was spread throughout their somata and proximal dendrites. By PD 15, labeling in lobules I–IV appeared to wane, yet still prevailed in the central and posterior lobules. This anterior‐to‐posterior gradient persisted through to adulthood. The study shows that urocortin and CRF have similar regional distribution profiles during development, suggesting synergistic roles within the vestibulocerebellum. The onset of the adult distributional pattern of urocortin at the stage when rats are capable of fluent walking patterns further strengthens the correlation between CRF‐like peptides and postural control. An important difference between urocortin and CRF is the localization of urocortin, and not CRF, within Purkinje cells, implying that urocortin probably has an additional role in modulating the signals emanating from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:40–51, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal c‐fos‐like immunoreactivity in the superior colliculus and other subcortical visual centers of pigmented royal college of surgeons rats
Authors: Lu Bin , Coffey Peter , Wang Shaomei , Ferrari Renata , Lund Raymond 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNeurons in the central nervous system often show a transient up‐regulation of expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos when presented with precise novel stimuli. In normal rats, neurons in most subcortical visual centers show low levels of fos‐like immunoreactivity (FLI) expression, but there is a substantial and transient increase in FLI expression if the animal is exposed to a flashing light. This is especially evident in the superior colliculus (SC). We have examined here FLI expression in the subcortical visual centers of the Royal College of Surgeons rat, focusing specifically on the SC. In this animal, as a result of a genetic defect, there is early loss of rod photoreceptors over the first few months of life, along with slower disappearance of cones. Although light stimulation showed that FLI expression was very similar to that seen in normal rats, the basal levels of FLI expression under dark‐maintained conditions were much higher than normal, even exceeding the levels seen after visual stimulation. In the SC, the elevation of FLI expression was already evident by 6 weeks of age and reached a plateau by 17 weeks. Other subcortical visual centers also showed elevated basal levels of FLI expression, although in general the increases were less dramatic than the increase in the SC. The elevated FLI expression in dark‐maintained condition seen in the SC was abolished by contralateral optic nerve section. It was also severely diminished by subretinal cell transplantation at 3 weeks of age with the objective of limiting photoreceptor loss over part of the retina. These results suggest that the elevated basal FLI expression is a retina‐driven event. Although it correlates with the loss of rod photoreceptors, it is unlikely to reflect reduced photoreceptor drive but rather some form of bursting activity generated in the inner retina, as a result of circuit reorganization or receptor up‐regulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:100–112, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infrared Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy of Jet‐Cooled Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Huneycutt Alex J. , Casaes Raphael N. , McCall Benjamin J. , Chung Chao‐Yu , Lee Yuan‐Pern , Saykally Richard J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractInfrared absorption spectra of the CH stretching region were observed for naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and perylene using a heated, supersonic, slit‐jet source and cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Band positions and intensities recorded with 0.2‐cm−1 resolution were compared with previous gas‐phase and argon matrix isolation experiments, as well as theoretical calculations. The largest matrix shift in the absorption maximum (‐7.4 cm−1) was observed for anthracene, with all others shifted by 3.0 cm−1 or less. Spectral features in the supersonic jet spectrum were generally narrower than those observed in the Ar matrix, with the largest matrix broadening found for the perylene (80 % increase). Low number densities observed for the larger polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) suggest that the lower vapor pressure of PAHs with catacondensed four‐membered rings and with five‐membered rings other than perylene will not be detectable using our current configuration.