bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical copolymerization and characterization of aniline and isoprene in aqueous p‐toluene sulfonic acid solution
Authors: Iroh Jude O. , Rajagopalan Ramakrishnan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUniform and adherent copolymer coating of poly(aniline‐co‐isoprene) was successfully formed on low‐carbon‐steel electrodes by potentiostatic electropolymerization. Electropolymerization was performed by using aqueous p‐toluene sulfonic acid solution as electrolyte. Applied potential and feed ratios of monomers (aniline and isoprene) were systematically varied and the reactions were done under aqueous conditions. The copolymer coatings were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and the formation of copolymer was confirmed by the presence of aliphatic secondary amine, aromatic secondary amine, and aliphatic CH stretch groups. The electronic structure of the copolymers was further investigated by using UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemistry of the formation of copolymers was studied by using cyclic voltammetry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 184–192, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10298
Preparation for graft copolymers of sawdust/vinyl monomers and their application for removal of dye
Authors: Wang Gehui , Song Zhanqian , Lin Zhifeng , Wang Liansheng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA kind of cationic exchanging resin of carboxyl sawdust (CSD) was fabricated through the hydrolysis of graft copolymers of sawdust with acrylonitrile (SAN) and sawdust with acrylamide (SAA) that were made by initiator Fe2+/H2O2. A study of the graft copolymerization was conducted for initiator usage, vinyl monomer usage, and reaction temperature. The hydrolysis under basic/acid conditions was also studied for the yield and acid value of CSD followed to adsorb Basic Pink dye (BPD). Our results show the following: (1) graft copolymers (SAN and SAA) with a high rate of graft copolymerization are readily prepared by suitable usages of initiator and vinyl monomer under a certain temperature; (2) adsorption capacity of CSD is relative to pH of BPD solution and reaches the most adsorption capacity at pH ≈ 6; (3) adsorption capacity of CSD increases along with the augment of its acid value; and (4) the adsorption capacity of the CSD toward BPD increases along with augment of initial concentration of the adsorbate and reaches about 500 mg/g. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2390–2396, 2002
Metal ion adsorption behavior of poly[3‐(dimethylamine)propyl acrylate] and poly[3‐(dimethylamine)propylacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid] resins
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Pooley S. Amalia , Aceitón Evelyn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo resins were synthesized by radical polymerization using N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide and ammonium persulfate as the crosslinking reagent and initiator, respectively. The yields were 98%. The resins were characterized by FTIR and UV‐Vis spectroscopy. Sorption behavior of resins toward Hg(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cr(III) ions was studied at different pHs depending on the metal ion. Both resins showed selective sorption to Hg(II) ions at pH 2 from a mixture of all ions.The elution of Hg(II) bound to the resins was also investigated using perchloric acid at different concentrations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1251–1256, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10455
Membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation in polypropylene/polybutene/diluent system
Authors: Matsuyama Hideto , Okafuji Hajime , Maki Taisuke , Teramoto Masaaki , Tsujioka Norio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPorous membranes were prepared from a polymer blend system by the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. The polymer blend system was isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/polybutene (PB) and the diluent was diphenyl ether (DPE). Two types of porous membranes were prepared by the extractions of DPE alone and both DPE and PB after the phase separation. The effect of the addition of PB to the iPP solution on the phase diagram was investigated and the phase separation kinetics was measured by the light scattering method. The addition of PB resulted in the higher solute rejection property and lower water permeance. By the further extraction of PB from the porous iPP/PB membrane prepared by the extraction of DPE, the water permeance was approximately doubled, maintaining almost the same rejection property. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 1701–1708, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10550
Surface modification of tetrafluoroethylene–perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymer (PFA) by plasmas for copper metallization
Authors: Inagaki N. , Narushima K. , Yamamoto T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTetrafluoroethylene–perfluoroalkyl vinylether copolymer (PFA) sheet surfaces were modified with argon, helium, oxygen, and hydrogen plasmas. How the four plasmas modified the PFA sheet surfaces was investigated. All plasmas modified the PFA surfaces and at the same time initiated degradation of the PFA polymer chains. The balance between modification and degradation was strongly influenced by the magnitude of the discharge current in the plasmas. Efficiency of the plasmas in modification was hydrogen plasma > oxygen plasma > argon plasma > helium plasma. The modification involved defluorination of CF2 carbons into CHF and CH2 carbons and oxidation into OCH2, OCHF, and OCF2 groups. The surface‐modification technique (a combination of hydrogen plasma treatment and silane coupling treatment) proposed in this study was applied for copper metallization of the PFA surface. The utility of the technique was confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1087–1097, 2002
The effect of syndiotacticity on the gelation of aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions with Congo red
Authors: Kiuchi Masayuki , Uchikawa Akimoto , Tanigami Tetsuya , Matsuzawa Shuji , Yamaura Kazuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe gelation of aqueous solutions containing syndiotacticity rich poly(vinyl alcohol) (s‐PVA) and Congo red was studied. The gelation occurred even at 40°C, different from aqueous solutions containing atactic PVA (a‐PVA) and Congo red. The melting point of gels, which were prepared from the solutions of s‐PVA concentration of 2.5% and Congo red concentration of 0.1%, was around 90°C. The size of the junction points in s‐PVA/Congo red hydrogels is larger than that of a‐PVA/Congo red hydrogels at each fixed Congo red concentration. Syndiotactic sequence length plays an important role in gelation. The melting points and shear moduli of the gels prepared from dilute polymer solution at 0–40°C changed through a maximum at around 0.1–0.3% of Congo red concentration and also a maximum at around 1.5%, identical to results reported already for a‐PVA/Congo red hydrogel prepared at 20°C. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 632–637, 2002
Soapless emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate through microwave heating
Authors: He Wei‐Dong , Pan Cai‐Yuan , Lu Tao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSoapless emulsion polymerization of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) was carried out through microwave heating with potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator at 73 ± 2°C. The influence of the monomer amount, the initiator amount, and the addition of ethanol on the monomer conversion, the particle size, and its distribution were studied. The results indicate that microwave polymerization had a much higher rate and produced smaller particles with a slightly broader size distribution compared with normal polymerization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2455–2459, 2001
Blends of poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol) and poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene naphthalate): thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties
Authors: Chang Jin‐Hae , Park Kwang Min , Kang Chung‐Seock , Jeong Hwan‐Kyeong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe miscibility behavior and morphology of a series of poly(vinyl butyral‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (PVBA) copolymers containing 29, 52, 76, and 88 mol % of vinyl alcohol units with poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene naphthalate) (PETN) was investigated by DSC and SEM. Blends of the PETN with PVBA were prepared by coprecipitation from a chloroform/o‐chlorophenol (20/80 wt %) mixture solvent. It was found that PVBAs with different vinyl alcohol content will form an immiscible phase with the amorphous PETN in the solution‐cast films. Also, PETN and PVBA with 29 mol % vinyl alcohol (PVBA‐29) are not miscible within the whole composition range. The glass‐transition temperatures of the blends were higher than those of the two‐component polymers. The values of the tensile properties of the blend films were also better than those of the original copolymer films. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2746–2751, 2001
Monitoring polyolefin modification along the axis of a twin screw extruder. I. Effect of peroxide concentration
Authors: Machado A. V. , Covas J. A. , Van Duin M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe evolution of the structure of polyolefins with different ethene/propene ratios in the absence or in presence of peroxide was monitored along a twin screw extruder. Small samples were quickly collected from the melt at specific barrel locations and characterized by rheological measurements. The rheological properties of the polyolefins are hardly affected when processing is carried out in the absence of peroxide. In the presence of peroxide both branching/crosslinking and degradation occur along the extruder, until the peroxide is fully converted. The degree of branching/crosslinking and/or degradation depends on the ethene/propene ratio, on the original molecular weight of the polymer and on the amount of peroxide added. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 58–68, 2001
X‐ray diffraction studies on reverse‐annealed polyethylenes
Authors: Cser F. , Hopewell J. L. , Shanks R. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLinear low and high density polyethylene sheets were compression molded and crystallized at a 5–10°C/min cooling rate. Parts of the sheets were annealed at different temperatures up to 2°C below the melting temperature. The small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and the wide angle X‐ray scattering intensities of the annealed samples were studied. SAXS intensities showed particle scattering with a bimodal size distribution. The estimated radii of gyration were 15–17 nm and 5–7 nm, respectively. The crystallinity and the radius of gyration increased slightly with increasing annealing temperature for some samples; others did not show any change. No peaks characteristic of intercorrelated lamellar crystallinity in the SAXS intensities developed during the annealing. The original broad peak of high density polyethylene disappeared from the SAXS recordings on annealing. The length of the perfect chain versus melting temperature was calculated by the Thomson‐Gibbs formula and Flory's concept of melting temperature depression where methyl groups and tertiary carbon atoms at the branches were regarded as second components (solvent). Linear relationships were found for both cases. Experimental data for a linear low density polyethylene obtained from the literature were in between the two functions. A lamellar model of crystallization corresponding to the data is proposed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 340–349, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of polyarylureas. I. Potentially semiconducting polymers
Authors: Díaz F. R. , Godoy A. , Moreno J. , Bernède J. C. , Sánchez C. O. , Opazo A. , Gargallo L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyarylureas were synthesized from the reaction between phosgene with aromatic diamines. Depending on the pH, the polyarylureas presented different colors when the solvent used was pyridine. The polyarylureas were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To study the thermal stability of the polymers, a thermal degradation was performed between 35 and 700°C. The polyarylureas decomposed above 350°C. Without doping, polyarylureas are considered as semiconductors [σ = 10−9 (Ωcm)− 1]; after doping with I2, their electrical conductivity increases by several orders of magnitude. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 822–830, 2001
Characterization of ionomer solutions. I. Division of the concentration region and viscosity–concentration functions
Authors: Hu Xiankui , Liu Zhenxing , Feng Kaicai , Li Tiandi , Huang Yuee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe solution behavior of metal maleate low density polyethylene graft ionomers (LDPE‐g‐MAMe) in extremely dilute and dilute solutions was investigated in this study. The concentration region was divided into three parts because of the different viscosity–concentration relations of these ionomers. The ηsp/C–C relations of zinc maleate low density polyethylene graft ionomers (LDPE‐g‐MAZn) were studied in detail and compared with those of low‐density polyethylene and low‐density polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride. Finally, the viscosity–concentration relations of LDPE‐g‐MAMe (Na, K, La) were also studied and compared with one another. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1481–1486, 2001
Three‐component photoresists containing thermally crosslinkable vinyl ether derivatives
Authors: Moon Seong‐Yun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(4‐hydroxystyrene‐co‐4‐methoxystyrene) (MEOST) was synthesized and MEOST‐13 with the methoxystyrene content of 12.5 mol % was used as a binder polymer for a three‐component photopolymer system. The MEOST‐13 films containing a vinyl ether monomer and a photoacid generator are insolubilized in an aqueous base in a prebake step owing to the thermal crosslinking reaction between hydroxyl groups of MEOST‐13 and vinyl ether groups. Upon exposure to light and subsequent postexposure bake, the crosslinks are decomposed by photogenerated acids, leading to effective solubilization of the exposed areas. The MEOST‐13 films showed sufficient insolubilization at baking temperatures of 140°C or above. The conversion of vinyl ether groups increased rapidly with increasing baking temperature. The sensitivity of the MEOST‐13 films increased abruptly with an increase in postexposure bake temperature because of the nature of chemical amplification. The MEOST‐13 films showed a sensitivity of 33 mJ/cm2 and afforded positive‐tone images with the improved resolution of 0.30‐μm line and space at 248‐nm light. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3399–3404, 2001
Tensile properties of Attacus atlas silk submerged in liquid media
Authors: Pérez‐Rigueiro J. , Elices M. , Llorca J. , Viney C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTensile properties of Attacus atlas (Saturniidae) silk were measured in air, water, and ethanol. Control samples in air showed a large variability, so a normalization method was developed to enable comparison with the behavior of samples submerged in the liquid media. Amino acid analysis demonstrated that the composition of A. atlas silk is similar to that of silk produced by other members of the Saturniidae family. The tensile properties of A. atlas silk resemble those of Bombyx mori (common domesticated silkworm) silk, although the two silks have different compositions. In particular, the elastic modulus is decreased by immersion in water and increased slightly by immersion in ethanol. The behavior of A. atlas silk can be described in terms of water having a disruptive effect on proteinprotein hydrogen bonds, whereas ethanol acts as a desiccant and therefore enhances proteinprotein hydrogen bonding. There are significant differences between the tensile properties of A. atlas silk and spider (Nephila madagascarensis) drag line, even though these materials have similar amino acid compositions: the spider silk has previously been shown to exhibit a decreased elastic modulus and conspicuous supercontraction in both liquids. Primary composition is therefore not a simple indicator of mechanical function in silks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 53–62, 2001
Relationships among blending conditions, size of dispersed phase, and oil resistance in natural rubber and nitrile rubber blends
Authors: Sirisinha Chakrit , Baulek‐Limcharoen Sauvarop , Thunyarittikorn Jarunee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe rheological properties, morphology, and oil resistance in natural rubber and nitrile‐butadiene rubber (NR/NBR) blends are investigated as functions of the blending conditions. It is found that the Mooney viscosity of the blends depends more strongly on the blending time than the rotor speed. The size of the NR dispersed phase is approximately independent of the rotor speed, but it decreases with increasing blending time up to 25 min. With a further increase in the blending time the NR dispersed phase size decreases. The results for the relative tensile strength, which is an indicator of oil resistance, are in agreement with those of the blend morphology, indicating that the oil resistance in a 20/80 NR/NBR blend strongly depends on the phase morphology of the blend. The smaller the size of NR dispersed phase, the higher the blend resistance to oil. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1232–1237, 2001
Modification of unsaturated polyester resin with bismaleimide
Authors: Gawdzik B. , Matynia T. , Chmielewska E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe modification of a commercially available unsaturated polyester resin with 4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane is presented. The properties of the modified resins were compared with those of the nonmodified resin, and the resins were characterized in the noncured state and after curing. The results indicate that the addition of bismaleimide to unsaturated polyester resin not only improves its properties but also accelerates the curing reactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2003–2007, 2001
Toughening of crosslinked polystyrene with liquid rubber
Authors: Coelho Rogerio Soares , Cunico Cassia , Zawadzki Sonia , Akcelrud Leni 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe optimum conditions for preparing poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) were determined and the variation of the mechanical properties of the networks with the crosslinking density was evaluated. The molecular weight between crosslinks was in the 800–12,000 range. The flexural modulus and flexural strength were 5000 and 110 MPa, respectively, for the more crosslinked materials. When liquid rubber (hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene) was incorporated into the glassy matrix, these values dropped to 2500 and 70 MPa, respectively, but the impact resistance increased to 70 J/m. These values were comparable to some commercial grade high impact polystyrene resins. The particle size of the dispersed rubber phase was on the nanometer scale, and attempts to increase its dimensions should provide further improvement in the impact properties. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2098–2105, 2001
Surface modification of tetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene (FEP) copolymer by remote H2, N2, O2, and Ar plasmas
Authors: Park Y. W. , Tasaka S. , Inagaki N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTetrafluoroethylene–hexafluoropropylene (FEP) copolymer sheets were modified by remote H2, N2, O2, and Ar plasmas, and the effects of the modification on adhesion between FEP sheets and copper metal were investigated. The four plasmas were able to modify the FEP surfaces' hydrophilicity. Defluorination and oxidation reactions on the FEP surfaces occurred with exposure to the plasma. The hydrophilic modification by H2 plasma was best, followed by modification by O2, Ar, and N2 plasmas. The surface modification of FEP by all four remote plasmas was effective in improving adhesion with copper metal. The peel strength order of the FEP/Cu adhesive joints was H2 plasma > Ar plasma > N2 plasma > O2 plasma. Mild surface modification is important for the adhesion improvement of FEP with Cu metal. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1258–1267, 2002
Development of the rat sublingual gland: A light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical study
Authors: Wolff M.S. , Mirels L. , Lagner J. , Hand A.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCell differentiation in the rat sublingual gland occurs rapidly and is largely complete by birth. To study differentiation of the serous and mucous cells of the sublingual gland, we used antibodies to the secretory proteins CSP‐1, SMGB, PSP, and SMGD, and sublingual mucin as specific cell markers. Glands from rats at ages 18, 19, and 20 days in utero, and postnatal days 0, 1, 5, 9, 14, 18, 25, 40, and 60 were fixed and prepared for morphological analysis and immunocytochemical labeling. At age 18 days in utero, a few cells in the developing terminal bulbs contained mucous‐like apical granules that labeled with anti‐mucin. Other cells had mixed granules with a peripheral lucent region and a dense core of variable size that occasionally labeled with anti‐SMGD. Additionally, presumptive serous cells with small dense granules that contained CSP‐1 and SMGB were present. At age 19 days in utero, the dense granules of these cells also labeled with anti‐SMGD. By age 20 days in utero, mucous cells were filled with large, pale granules that labeled with anti‐mucin, and serous cells had numerous dense granules containing CSP‐1, SMGB, PSP, and SMGD. Fewer cells with mixed granules were seen, but dense regions present in some mucous granules (MGs) labeled with anti‐SMGD. After birth, fewer MGs had dense regions, and serous cells were organized into well‐formed demilunes. Except for PSP, which was undetectable after the fifth postnatal day, the pattern of immunoreactivity observed in glands of neonatal and adult animals was similar to that seen by age 20 days in utero. These results suggest that mucous and serous cells have separate developmental origins, mucous cells differentiate earlier than serous cells, and cells with mixed granules may become mucous cells. Anat Rec 266:30–42, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between postsynaptic NK1 receptor distribution and nerve terminals innervating myenteric neurons in the guinea‐pig ileum
Authors: Portbury A.L. , Grkovic I. , Young H.M. , Furness J.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe amounts of neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor immunolabelling on the membranes of myenteric cell bodies at appositions with tachykinin‐immunoreactive nerve terminals, other nerve terminals, and glial cells were compared at the ultrastructural level using pre‐embedding, double‐label immunocytochemistry. NK1 receptor immunoreactivity was revealed using silver‐intensified, 1 nm gold, and tachykinin‐immunoreactive nerve terminals were revealed using diaminobenzidine. The density of NK1 receptor immunolabelling (silver particles per length of cell membrane) on the membrane at appositions with tachykinin‐immunoreactive nerve terminals was not significantly different from that at appositions with other (nonimmunoreactive) nerve terminals or with glial cells. Synaptic specializations (“active zones”) were present at a small proportion of the appositions between NK1 receptor‐immunoreactive cell bodies and tachykinin‐immunoreactive or other nerve terminals. The density of NK1 receptor immunolabelling at synaptic specializations was lower than that at regions of appositions where no synaptic specializations were present. The presence of NK1 receptor on the cell surface in areas not directly apposed to tachykinin‐containing nerve terminals suggests that tachykinins that diffuse away from their site of release may still exert an action via NK1 receptors. Although NK1 receptors do not appear to be targetted to particular sites on the surfaces of myenteric nerve cell bodies and proximal dendrites, they are reduced in density at regions of the membrane‐forming synaptic specializations. Anat Rec 263:248–254, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.