bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis depends on the imbalance between catabolism and anabolism
Authors: Garrigues Christel , Mercade Myriam , Cocaign‐Bousquet Muriel , Lindley Nic D. , Loubiere Pascal 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris, MG 1820 and MG 1363, which differed by the presence or absence of the lactose plasmid, respectively, were cultivated in batch‐mode fermentation on lactose as carbon substrate. A correlation between the rate of sugar consumption, the growth rate, and the type of metabolism was observed. The MG 1820 strain grew rapidly on lactose and homolactic fermentation occurred. The major regulating factor was the NADH/NAD+ ratio proportional to the catabolic flux, which inhibited glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase activity. This control led to an increase in metabolite concentration upstream of this enzyme, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate and dihydroxyacetone‐phosphate, and inhibition of pyruvate formate lyase activity, while lactate dehydrogenase was strongly activated by the high coenzyme ratio. The contrary was observed during growth of the MG 1363 strain. Further investigation during growth of L. lactis ssp. lactis NCDO 2118 on galactose as carbon substrate and on various culture media enabling the growth rate to proceed at various rates demonstrated that the relative flux between catabolism and anabolism was the critical regulating parameter rather than the rate of glycolysis itself. In a minimal medium, where anabolism was strongly limited, the rate of sugar consumption was reduced to a low value to avoid carbon and energy waste. Despite this low sugar consumption rate, the catabolic flux was in excess relative to the anabolic capability and the NADH/NAD+ ratio was high, typical of a situation of nonlimiting catabolism leading to a homolactic metabolism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 108–115, 2001.
Dynamics of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Melchiorsen Claus Rix , Jensen Niels Bang Siemsen , Christensen Bjarke , Væver Jokumsen Kirsten , Villadsen John 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe pyruvate metabolism in the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis was studied in anaerobic cultures under transient conditions. During growth of L. lactis in continuous culture at high dilution rate, homolactic product formation was observed, i.e., lactate was produced as the major end product. At a lower dilution rate, the pyruvate metabolism shifted towards mixed acid‐product formation where formate, acetate, and ethanol were produced in addition to lactate. The regulation of the shift in pyruvate metabolism was investigated by monitoring the dynamic behavior of L. lactis in continuous cultures subjected to step changes in dilution rate. Both shift‐up and shift‐down experiments were carried out, and these experiments showed that the enzyme pyruvate formate‐lyase (PFL) plays a key role in the regulation of the shift. Pyruvate formate‐lyase in vivo activity was regulated both at the level of gene expression and by allosteric modulation of the enzyme. A simple mathematical model was proposed to estimate the relative significance of the regulatory mechanisms involved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 271–279, 2001.
Regeneration of adenosine triphosphate from glycolytic intermediates for cell‐free protein synthesis
Authors: Kim Dong‐Myung , Swartz James R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new approach for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration in a cell‐free protein synthesis system is described. We first show that pyruvate can be used as a secondary energy source to replace or supplement the conventional secondary energy source, phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP). We also report that glucose‐6‐phosphate, an earlier intermediate of the glycolytic pathway, can be used for ATP regeneration. These new methods provide more stable maintenance of ATP concentration during protein synthesis. Because pyruvate and glucose‐6‐phosphate are the first and last intermediates of the glycolytic pathway, respectively, the results also suggest the possibility of using any glycolytic intermediate, or even glucose, for ATP regeneration in a cell‐free protein synthesis system. As a result, the methods described provide cell‐free protein synthesis with greater flexibility and cost efficiency. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 309–316, 2001.
Accurate automatic visible speech synthesis of arbitrary 3D models based on concatenation of diviseme motion capture data
Authors: Ma Jiyong , Cole Ronald , Pellom Bryan , Ward Wayne , Wise Barbara 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present a technique for accurate automatic visible speech synthesis from textual input. When provided with a speech waveform and the text of a spoken sentence, the system produces accurate visible speech synchronized with the audio signal. To develop the system, we collected motion capture data from a speaker's face during production of a set of words containing all diviseme sequences in English. The motion capture points from the speaker's face are retargeted to the vertices of the polygons of a 3D face model. When synthesizing a new utterance, the system locates the required sequence of divisemes, shrinks or expands each diviseme based on the desired phoneme segment durations in the target utterance, then moves the polygons in the regions of the lips and lower face to correspond to the spatial coordinates of the motion capture data. The motion mapping is realized by a key‐shape mapping function learned by a set of viseme examples in the source and target faces. A well‐posed numerical algorithm estimates the shape blending coefficients. Time warping and motion vector blending at the juncture of two divisemes and the algorithm to search the optimal concatenated visible speech are also developed to provide the final concatenative motion sequence. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of discomfort at sheath removal during transradial coronary procedures with the use of a hydrophilic‐coated sheath
Authors: Dery Jean‐Pierre , Simard Serge , Barbeau Gérald R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSome patients experience discomfort at sheath removal during transradial procedures. We hypothesized that the use of a hydrophilic‐coated sheath (HCS) would reduce the traction force needed at withdrawal and therefore the pain experienced by patients. Patients referred for coronary intervention were randomized to undergo transradial procedure with the use of HCS or with nonhydrophilic sheath (NHS). At removal of the sheath, peak traction force was recorded using an electronic traction gauge and patients were asked to quantify their pain. A total of 90 patients participated in the study. The mean ± SD peak traction force at sheath removal was 265 ± 167 g and 865 ± 318 g in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (69% reduction; P < 0.001). Mean maximal pain score was 0.6 ± 1.2 and 4.8 ± 2.9 in the HCS and NHS groups, respectively (88% reduction; P < 0.0001). Use of HCS for transradial procedures reduces considerably the traction force needed for sheath removal as well as pain experienced by patients when compared to NHS. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:289–294. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elimination of bax expression in mice increases cerebellar purkinje cell numbers but not the number of granule cells
Authors: Fan Haibin , Favero Marcus , Vogel Michael W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCerebellar Purkinje cells and granule cells have been studied extensively as models for investigating neuron‐target interactions and the regulation of cell numbers in the developing central nervous system. Recent studies of transgenic mice that overexpress a human Bcl‐2 transgene in Purkinje cells suggest both that programmed cell death plays an unexpected role in regulating Purkinje cell number and that Purkinje cells influence the number of granule cells. The role of cell death‐related proteins and Purkinje‐granule cell interactions in cerebellar development was investigated further in this study by counting the number of Purkinje and granule cells in knockout mutants with a deletion in the proapoptotic gene, Bax. The total number of Purkinje cells was estimated using stereological counting principles in six adult wild type mice, four hemizygous Bax +/− controls, and six Bax −/− knockout mutants. The total number of granule cells per cerebellum was estimated in three adult wild type mice, three hemizygous Bax +/− controls, and three Bax −/− knockout mutants. The number of Purkinje cells increased significantly by over 30% in the Bax −/− knockout mutants compared with wild type and hemizygote controls, whereas the number of granule cells was unchanged in the Bax −/− mutants. There was no change in the volume of the cerebellar cortex or in the size of Purkinje cell bodies in the Bax −/− mutants, implying that Purkinje cell density was increased in the Bax −/− mutants. The increase in Purkinje cell numbers in the Bax −/− knockout mice supports previous evidence that Purkinje cells undergo a period of naturally occurring cell death that is mediated at least in part by the cell death proteins Bcl‐2 and Bax. The lack of an effect of Bax gene expression on granule cell numbers indicates that Bax is not an obligate participant in naturally occurring cell death in granule cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:82–91, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventral mesopontine projections of the caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens and extended amygdala in the rat: Double dissociation by organization and development
Authors: Zahm Daniel S. , Williams Evelyn A. , Latimer Mary P. , Winn Philip 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe shell of the nucleus accumbens and central division of the extended amygdala are telencephalic structures that influence motor activity and lately have been regarded by some as components of a single functional‐anatomic continuum. Each has a highly differentiated internal organization and output system and distinct pharmacologic responses however, and it is thus likely that each subserves distinct contributions to behavior. In this investigation, nucleus accumbens and extended amygdala outputs were compared by using retrograde tracing in adult and postnatal rats. Fluoro‐Gold, when injected into the ventral tegmental area, produced substantial retrograde labeling in the adult nucleus accumbens shell, but only trivial amounts in the central division of the extended amygdala. Injection sites in the lateral mesopontine tegmentum produced robust labeling in the central extended amygdala but little in the nucleus accumbens. The projections of extended amygdala were substantially developed by postnatal day 1, whereas those of the caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens only reached the ventral tegmental area by approximately postnatal day 6. Few neurons projecting from the caudomedial shell of the accumbens to the ventral tegmental area were observed even at postnatal day 21. In consideration of the reported importance of the nucleus accumbens, particularly the caudomedial shell, in neural processing related to reward and motivation and the central nervous system response to antipsychotic drugs, it may be important to determine whether processes occurring during the protracted postnatal development of the caudomedial shell are vulnerable to destructive circumstances, such as drug intoxication, maternal separation, or social isolation. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:111–125, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectra, pseudospectra, and localization for random bidiagonal matrices
Authors: Trefethen Lloyd N. , Contedini Marco , Embree Mark 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere has been much recent interest, initiated by work of the physicists Hatano and Nelson, in the eigenvalues of certain random, non‐Hermitian, periodic tridiagonal matrices and their bidiagonal limits. These eigenvalues cluster along a “bubble with wings” in the complex plane, and the corresponding eigenvectors are localized in the wings, delocalized in the bubble. Here, in addition to eigenvalues, pseudospectra are analyzed, making it possible to treat the nonperiodic analogues of these random matrix problems. Inside the bubble, the resolvent norm grows exponentially with the dimension. Outside, it grows subexponentially in a bounded region that is the spectrum of the infinite‐dimensional operator. Localization and delocalization correspond to resolvent matrices whose entries exponentially decrease or increase, respectively, with distance from the diagonal. This article presents theorems that characterize the spectra, pseudospectra, and numerical range for the four cases of finite bidiagonal matrices, infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Toeplitz operators”), finite periodic matrices, and doubly infinite bidiagonal matrices (“stochastic Laurent operators”). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Receptive fields of visual cortical neurons as derived by infomax
Authors: Okajima Kenji , Imaoka Hitoshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractComplex cells, that is, visual neurons in the brain, were investigated from an information‐theoretic viewpoint. Responses of a complex cell to visual stimuli are well described by a phenomenological model called the energy model. The energy model describes the output of a complex cell as a squared sum of the outputs of two linear operators. An information‐maximization problem was solved in order to determine the two linear operators. To obtain spatially localized operators (receptive fields), we assumed a “localization term” in the objective function. At a low signal‐to‐noise‐ratio limit, two linear operators characterized by a quadrature pair of Gabor functions were obtained as solutions to the maximization problem. This result agrees with the energy model; thus, it strongly suggests that complex cells are “optimally designed” from an information‐theoretic viewpoint. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 11–19, 2001
Development of a session system with acoustic instruments
Authors: Aono Yushi , Katayose Haruhiro , Inokuchi Seiji 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this paper the authors describe the development of a session system which follows human performance and creates an improvisational accompaniment. One of the features of this system is that it can use acoustic instruments such as pianos and guitars instead of MIDI instruments which are common in conventional session systems. In a session system, complex sounds such as chords must be input, and the input musical information must be analyzed in real time. The authors' system can recognize chord names in real time through signal processing that takes advantage of the fact that instrument sounds are harmonics, while observing the restriction that detailed musical information such as the pitch of the sounds comprising a chord or the accuracy of the duration of sound production are not analyzed. The recognition rate for four‐note chords using thirds was shown in an experiment to exceed 95% using this method. In addition, the function which extracts the smallest repetition unit from a piece of music automatically allows for a session system that does not need to know the score beforehand. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(9): 20–30, 2001
Examination of the potential genotoxicity of pure capsaicin in bacterial mutation, chromosome aberration, and rodent micronucleus tests
Authors: Proudlock Raymond , Thompson Crista , Longstaff Eric 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is widespread dietary exposure to capsaicin in the form of chili peppers, while capsaicin's analgesic qualities have led to increased use of a topical herbal remedy in various impure forms. Most recently, injection of pure capsaicin has been proposed as a means of relieving a variety of debilitating diseases, in which case tissues would receive relatively high and direct exposure. The purpose of the present study, where a series of standard assays were performed in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidance, was to clarify earlier conflicting reports concerning potential genotoxicity of capsaicin prior to administering it to patients in an injectable form. The results confirm the absence of genotoxic activity of high‐purity capsaicin in the bacterial mutation and chromosome aberration tests. In addition, no evidence of cytotoxicity or genotoxicity was seen in the rat bone marrow micronucleus test, where systemic exposure to pure capsaicin was achieved using the subcutaneous route and a rising dose toleration protocol. It is concluded that pure capsaicin is not active in the standard battery of genotoxicity assays recommended by the International Conference on Harmonisation for evaluation of new medicines; earlier reported in vitro genotoxic activity is probably associated with mutagenic impurities in commercial grades of the material. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Approach for the Development of Integrated Natural Resources Management Plans (INRMPs) for Eleven Navy Installations in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Helter David 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Sikes Act Improvement Act mandates that all U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) installations
prepare and implement an Integrated Natural Resources Management Plan (INRMP) by November 17, 2001.
The INRMP is a management‐planning document that establishes guidelines for the use and conservation of
natural resources on lands and waters under DOD control, and incorporates as its primary goal the support of its
military mission, while managing, protecting, and enhancing the biological integrity and productivity of
military lands and waters.This article discusses the philosophy and holistic approach used in preparing the basic programmatic
structure of the INRMPs for 11 of the U.S. Department of the Navy's installations. It also includes
discussions on the formulation of goals and objectives that initiate a logical sequence of actions for achieving
the long‐range aim of ecosystem management, and on the development of issue‐based,
long‐term practices for managing natural resources, as well as how these issues were used in the
formulation of goals and objectives. Management practices for activities related to land management, forestry
management, fish and wildlife, outdoor recreation, and land impact are also addressed.This article explores the use of and rationale for the development of natural resource‐management
focuses in the context of the functional areas recognized for each installation. Functional areas have been
identified at each installation for the purpose of acknowledging the existing use of discrete areas for the
military mission, and to identify natural resource‐management focuses with geographic emphasis on the
management practices (e.g., outdoor recreation and forestry management) necessary to achieve the
long‐term goals and objectives of the INRMP. This article concludes with a discussion on recurring issues
in the preparation of the INRMP and future expectations of, and needs for, the INRMP. © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
How to Succeed in Winning and Maintaining Public Support for Military Testing and Training in the United States
Authors: McCall Thomas 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe U.S. military cannot sustain its weapons testing and military training in places where the public is
unified in its opposition to it. This article describes how the military can work with the public to maintain
support for military testing and training by adopting a “sustainable test and training model.” This
article describes the sustainable test and training model and what needs to be done to implement it. © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Macroscopic plant remains from Mediterranean caves and rockshelters: Avenues of interpretation
Authors: Hansen Julie 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMacrobotanical remains from caves and rockshelters in the Mediterranean provide substantial information about past human use of the sites as well as the surrounding environment. The modes of deposition of both fresh and carbonized plant material in the past are varied and it is not always possible to distinguish among the geogenic, biogenic, and anthropogenic processes. Once deposited, seeds and other plant parts may be preserved through desiccation, mineralization, or, most commonly, carbonization, depending on the environment of the cave or rockshelter as well as human and other animal activities. It is assumed that large quantities of carbonized remains are the result of human activity, and such dense deposits can be used as a measure of the intensity of occupation of the site. Where sufficient remains of wood charcoal are recovered from stratified deposits, it is possible to identify the local vegetation and changes in the surrounding plant communities through time. When compared to other environmental information, such as pollen studies, it is possible to obtain a more complete picture of the environment and to identify refugia for Mediterranean plants during the Pleistocene. In some cases, plants that are underrepresented or not at all represented in pollen spectra from lacustrine deposits may be recovered from the archaeological sites. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Clinically underdetected asymptomatic and symptomatic carotid stenosis as a late complication of radiotherapy in Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients
Authors: Lam Wynnie Wai‐man , Yuen Hok‐yuen , Wong Ka‐sing , Leung Sing‐fai , Liu Kin‐hung , Metreweli Constantine 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBackgroundCarotid artery stenosis is a late complication of radiotherapy to the neck region. This complication has, however, a significant impact with increased risk of stroke causing mortality and morbidity. Clinicians' awareness of this complication and early detection is therefore important.MethodsEighty patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) who had received radiotherapy were recruited for color Doppler ultrasonography of the carotid arteries. fifty‐eight patients with newly diagnosed NPC who had never received any radiotherapy were recruited as controls. All patients with significant carotid stenosis were referred to the neurology clinic for further assessment.ResultsTwenty‐four patients were found to have more than 50% diameter reduction in the extracranial carotid artery. Clinical assessment by a neurologist showed 9 of 24 patients had a history of transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax, or stroke. Seven of these patients had clinically detectable neck bruit.ConclusionsClinicians attending to patients after radiotherapy for head and neck cancers should be aware of this long‐term complication of radiotherapy. A detailed clinical history and incorporation of auscultation of carotid arteries in routine follow‐up of postradiotherapy patients are recommended. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 780–784, 2001.