bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closing the Time-Varying Mass and Heat Budgets for Large Ocean Areas: The Tasman Box
Authors: Roemmich Dean , Gilson John , Willis Josh , Sutton Philip , Ridgway Ken 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The role of oceanic advection in seasonal-to-interannual balances of mass and heat is studied using a 12-yr time series of quarterly eddy-resolving expendable bathythermograph (XBT) surveys around the perimeter of a region the authors call the Tasman Box in the southwestern Pacific. The region contains the South Pacific’s subtropical western boundary current system and associated strong mesoscale variability. Mean geostrophic transport in the warm upper ocean (temperature greater than 12°C) is about 3.8 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) southward into the box across the Brisbane, Australia–Fiji northern edge. Net outflows are 3.3 Sv eastward across the Auckland, New Zealand–Fiji edge, and 2.7 Sv southward across Sydney, Australia–Wellington, New Zealand. Mean Ekman convergence of 2.2 Sv closes the mass budget. Net water mass conversions in the upper ocean consist of inflow of waters averaging about 26°C and 35.4 psu balanced by outflow at about 18°C and 35.7 psu, and reflect the net evaporation and heat loss in the formation of South Pacific Subtropical Mode Water. The mean heat balance shows good agreement between ocean heat flux convergence (42.3 W m−2), heat loss to the atmosphere from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (39.2 W m−2), and heat storage calculated from data in the box interior (1.3 W m−2). On interannual time scales, volume transport through the box ranges from about 1 to 9 Sv, with heat flux convergence ranging from about 20 to 60 W m−2. An interannual balance in the heat budget of the warm layer is achieved to within about 10 W m−2 (or 6 W m−2 for the upper 100 m alone). Maxima in the advective heat flux convergence occurred in 1993, 1997, and 1999–2000, and corresponded to maxima in air–sea heat loss. The evolution of surface-layer temperature in the region is the residual of nearly equal and opposing effects of ocean heat flux convergence and air–sea exchange. Hence, ocean circulation is a key element in the interannual heat budget of the air–sea climate system in the western boundary current region.
Detection of reactive oxygen species in isolated, perfused lungs by electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Weissmann Norbert , Kuzkaya Nermin , Fuchs Beate , Tiyerili Vedat , Schäfer Rolf U , Schütte Hartwig , Ghofrani Hossein A , Schermuly Ralph T , Schudt Christian , Sydykov Akylbek , Egemnazarow Bakytbek , Seeger Werner , Grimminger Friedrich 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
The sources and measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in intact organs are largely unresolved. This may be related to methodological problems associated with the techniques currently employed for ROS detection. Electron spin resonance (ESR) with spin trapping is a specific method for ROS detection, and may address some these technical problems.

Methods
We have established a protocol for the measurement of intravascular ROS release from isolated buffer-perfused and ventilated rabbit and mouse lungs, combining lung perfusion with the spin probe l-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CPH) and ESR spectroscopy. We then employed this technique to characterize hypoxia-dependent ROS release, with specific attention paid to NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide formation as a possible vasoconstrictor pathway.

Results
While perfusing lungs with CPH over a range of inspired oxygen concentrations (1–21 %), the rate of CP• formation exhibited an oxygen-dependence, with a minimum at 2.5 % O2. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the buffer fluid illustrated that a minor proportion of this intravascular ROS leak was attributable to superoxide. Stimulation of the lungs by injection of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) into the pulmonary artery caused a rapid increase in CP• formation, concomitant with pulmonary vasoconstriction. Both the PMA-induced CPH oxidation and the vasoconstrictor response were largely suppressed by SOD. When the PMA challenge was performed at different oxygen concentrations, maximum superoxide liberation and pulmonary vasoconstriction occurred at 5 % O2. Using a NADPH oxidase inhibitor and NADPH-oxidase deficient mice, we illustrated that the PMA-induced superoxide release was attributable to the stimulation of NADPH oxidases.

Conclusion
The perfusion of isolated lungs with CPH is suitable for detection of intravascular ROS release by ESR spectroscopy. We employed this technique to demonstrate that 1) PMA-induced vasoconstriction is caused "directly" by superoxide generated from NADPH oxidases and 2) this pathway is pronounced in hypoxia. NADPH oxidases thus may contribute to the hypoxia-dependent regulation of pulmonary vascular tone.
Expressed sequence tags from the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica reveal putative virulence factors
Authors: Torto-Alalibo Trudy , Tian Miaoying , Gajendran Kamal , Waugh Mark E , van West Pieter , Kamoun Sophien 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
The oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica is one of the most economically important fish pathogens. There is a dramatic recrudescence of Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture since the use of the toxic organic dye malachite green was banned in 2002. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity in S. parasitica and other animal pathogenic oomycetes. In this study we used a genomics approach to gain a first insight into the transcriptome of S. parasitica.

Results
We generated 1510 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a mycelial cDNA library of S. parasitica. A total of 1279 consensus sequences corresponding to 525944 base pairs were assembled. About half of the unigenes showed similarities to known protein sequences or motifs. The S. parasitica sequences tended to be relatively divergent from Phytophthora sequences. Based on the sequence alignments of 18 conserved proteins, the average amino acid identity between S. parasitica and three Phytophthora species was 77% compared to 93% within Phytophthora. Several S. parasitica cDNAs, such as those with similarity to fungal type I cellulose binding domain proteins, PAN/Apple module proteins, glycosyl hydrolases, proteases, as well as serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, were predicted to encode secreted proteins that could function in virulence. Some of these cDNAs were more similar to fungal proteins than to other eukaryotic proteins confirming that oomycetes and fungi share some virulence components despite their evolutionary distance

Conclusion
We provide a first glimpse into the gene content of S. parasitica, a reemerging oomycete fish pathogen. These resources will greatly accelerate research on this important pathogen. The data is available online through the Oomycete Genomics Database [1].
A molecular analysis by gene expression profiling reveals Bik/NBK overexpression in sporadic breast tumor samples of Mexican females
Authors: García Normand , Salamanca Fabio , Astudillo-de la Vega Horacio , Curiel-Quesada Everardo , Alvarado Isabel , Peñaloza Rosenda , Arenas Diego 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer is one of the most frequent causes of death in Mexican women over 35 years of age. At molecular level, changes in many genetic networks have been reported as associated with this neoplasia. To analyze these changes, we determined gene expression profiles of tumors from Mexican women with breast cancer at different stages and compared these with those of normal breast tissue samples.

Methods

32P-radiolabeled cDNA was synthesized by reverse transcription of mRNA from fresh sporadic breast tumor biopsies, as well as normal breast tissue. cDNA probes were hybridized to microarrays and expression levels registered using a phosphorimager. Expression levels of some genes were validated by real time RT-PCR and immunohistochemical assays.

Results
We identified two subgroups of tumors according to their expression profiles, probably related with cancer progression. Ten genes, unexpressed in normal tissue, were turned on in some tumors. We found consistent high expression of Bik gene in 14/15 tumors with predominant cytoplasmic distribution.

Conclusion
Recently, the product of the Bik gene has been associated with tumoral reversion in different neoplasic cell lines, and was proposed as therapy to induce apoptosis in cancers, including breast tumors. Even though a relationship among genes, for example those from a particular pathway, can be observed through microarrays, this relationship might not be sufficient to assign a definitive role to Bik in development and progression of the neoplasia. The findings herein reported deserve further investigation.
In vitro antimalarial drug susceptibility in Thai border areas from 1998–2003
Authors: Chaijaroenkul Wanna , Na Bangchang Kesara , Mungthin Mathirut , Ward Stephen A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
The Thai-Myanmar and Thai-Cambodia borders have been historically linked with the emergence and spread of Plasmodium falciparum parasites resistant to antimalarial drugs. Indeed, the areas are often described as harbouring multi-drug resistant parasites. These areas of Thailand have experienced significant changes in antimalarial drug exposure patterns over the past decade. This study describes the in vitro antimalarial susceptibility patterns of 95 laboratory-adapted P. falciparum isolates, collected between 1998 and 2003,.

Methods
Ninety five P. falciparum isolates were collected from five sites in Thailand between 1998 and 2003. After laboratory adaptation to in vitro culture, the susceptibility of these parasites to a range of established antimalarial drugs (chloroquine [CQ], mefloquine [MQ], quinine [QN] and dihydroartemisinin [DHA]) was determined by the isotopic microtest.

Results
Mefloquine (MQ) sensitivity remained poorest in areas previously described as MQ-resistant areas. Sensitivity to MQ of parasites from this area was significantly lower than those from areas reported to harbour moderate (p = 0.002) of low level MQ resistance (p = 000001). Importantly for all drugs tested, there was a considerable range in absolute parasite sensitivities. There was a weak, but statistically positive correlation between parasite sensitivity to CQ and sensitivity to both QN and MQ and a positive correlation between MQ and QN. In terms of geographical distribution, parasites from the Thai-Cambodia were tended to be less sensitive to all drugs tested compared to the Thai-Myanmar border. Parasite sensitivity to all drugs was stable over the 6-year collection period with the exception of QN.

Conclusion
This study highlights the high degree of variability in parasite drug sensitivity in Thailand. There were geographical differences in the pattern of resistance which might reflect differences in drug usage in each area. In contrast to many other studies there were weak, but statistically significant positive, correlations between sensitivity to CQ and sensitivity to MQ and QN. Over the six years of sample collection, parasite sensitivity appears to have stabilized to these drugs in these sites.
Prothrombotic Factors in Children With Stroke or Porencephaly
Authors: Lynch John Kylan , Han Christina J. , Nee Linda E. , Nelson Karin B. 
Published: August 2005

Objective.This study compared the frequencies of genetic and functional coagulation abnormalities in children with arterial ischemic stroke or porencephaly with frequencies in previously published studies.
Methods.A series of 59 children (age 0–18 years) with arterial ischemic stroke or porencephaly were referred to the National Institutes of Health. A blood sample, buccal smear sample, questionnaire, and pedigree were requested for each child. Blood samples were analyzed for protein C (PC); protein S; antithrombin (AT); activated PC resistance (APCR); lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]; lupus anticoagulant; anticardiolipin antibodies; and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR), factor V G1619A, factor II G20210A (PT), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G6755G, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor C536T mutations. The frequency of each coagulation abnormality was compared with published international pediatric stroke case and control rates.
Results.At least 1 prothrombotic abnormality was identified in 63% (36 of 57) of children studied, including plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G6755G (15 of 56), MTHFR (12 of 56), elevated Lp(a) (12 of 59), APCR (11 of 58), factor V G1619A (5 of 57), PT (3 of 57), PC deficiency (1 of 59), and AT deficiency (1 of 59). The MTHFR mutation, elevated Lp(a), the PT mutation, and AT deficiency rates were similar to rates in cases and more common than control subjects in previously published studies. The rate of children with APCR or multiple abnormalities was higher than in previous pediatric stroke studies. A family history of early thrombosis was identified in one third of the children with a prothrombotic abnormality.
Conclusions.Two thirds of children in this study had at least 1 of the prothrombotic risk factors tested, and several children had multiple risk factors. These results provide additional evidence that prothrombotic abnormalities are common among children with AIS or porencephaly.
Morphine Administration and Short-term Pulmonary Outcomes Among Ventilated Preterm Infants
Authors: Bhandari Vineet , Bergqvist Lena L. , Kronsberg Shari S. , Barton Bruce A. , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. ,   for the NEOPAIN Trial Investigators Group
Published: August 2005

Background. The use of opioid therapy for sedation and analgesia among ventilated infants varies among care providers. The impact of opioid therapy early in the neonatal course of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on pulmonary outcomes is not known.
Objective. We tested the hypothesis that preterm neonates randomized to the morphine infusion group would have improved ventilatory outcomes, measured as shorter durations of ventilator or oxygen therapy, fewer air leaks, and lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Methods. All 898 subjects (gestational age [GA] of ≥23 to ≤32 weeks) who were enrolled in the Neurologic Outcomes and Preemptive Analgesia in Neonates (NEOPAIN) trial formed the study cohort (morphine: 449 patients; placebo: 449 patients). Subjects received the masked study drug until they were weaned from the ventilator or for 14 days, whichever occurred earlier. Outcome measures included air leaks, duration of ventilation or oxygen therapy, hospitalization, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and death.
Results. Subjects in the 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics (mean ± SD, morphine versus placebo: GA: 27.3 ± 2.3 vs 27.4 ± 2.3 weeks; birth weight: 1037 ± 340 vs 1054 ± 354 g). Infants in the morphine group required ventilator therapy significantly longer, compared with the placebo group (median [interquartile range]: 7 days [4–20 days] vs 6 days [3–19 days]). This difference in ventilation duration was significant for infants with GA of 27 to 29 weeks (6 days [4–12 days] vs 5 days [2–9 days]) and 30 to 32 weeks (4 days [3–6 days] vs 3 days [2–5 days]). Infants who received additional analgesia with intermittent morphine doses in both groups were sicker than those who were not given open-label morphine. After adjustment for birth weight, Clinical Risk Index for Babies scores, maternal chorioamnionitis, RDS requiring surfactant, and patent ductus arteriosus in a logistic regression model, the use of additional analgesia with morphine was associated independently with increased air leaks and longer durations of high-frequency ventilation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, and oxygen therapy.
Conclusions. Morphine infusions do not improve short-term pulmonary outcomes among ventilated preterm neonates. Additional morphine doses were associated with worsening respiratory outcomes among preterm neonates with RDS.
Excess Soluble fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 1 and Low Platelet Counts in Premature Neonates of Preeclamptic Mothers
Authors: Tsao Po-Nien , Wei Shu-Chen , Su Yi-Ning , Chou Hung-Chieh , Chen Chien-Yi , Hsieh Wu-Shiun 
Published: August 2005

Objective. To investigate the relationship of neonatal platelet count and preeclampsia to levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cord blood of preterm infants.
Methods. Sixty-nine preterm infants with a gestational age between 26 and 37 weeks at birth were enrolled. sFlt-1, PlGF, and VEGF levels in the cord blood of preterm neonates, with or without maternal preeclampsia, were measured using a standardized sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.
Results. Infants with maternal preeclampsia had higher cord blood sFlt-1 but lower PlGF and VEGF levels. There was a significantly positive relationship between neonatal platelet count and birth weight and a significantly negative relationship between neonatal platelet count and cord blood sFlt-1 levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that only birth weight and cord blood sFlt-1 levels were independently related to neonatal platelet count, whereas maternal preeclampsia, gestational age (GA), and small for GA (SGA) were not related. Neonates with thrombocytopenia had higher cord blood sFlt-1 levels but lower birth weight. A significant correlation was also found between birth weight and cord blood sFlt-1 levels. Multiple regression with birth weight as the dependent variable found that only GA and cord blood sFlt-1 levels were independently related. Furthermore, infants with high cord blood sFlt-1 were more likely to have lower platelet count and maternal preeclampsia, be SGA, and have a trend toward lower birth weight.
Conclusion. Excess sFlt-1 may play an important role in the development of maternal preeclampsia- induced neonatal thrombocytopenia, and SGA.
Comparison of Infasurf (Calfactant) and Survanta (Beractant) in the Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Bloom Barry T. , Clark Reese H. ,   for the Infasurf Survanta Clinical Trial Group
Published: August 2005

Background. In biophysical and animal testing, Infasurf develops lower surface tension and restores total surfactant activity better than Survanta.
Methods. We performed 2 prospective, randomized, masked clinical trials; 1 trial used a prophylactic strategy aimed at prevention of respiratory distress syndrome (prophylaxis trial) for infants who were born between 23 weeks, 0 days and 29 weeks, 6 days of gestation, and the second trial used a treatment strategy (treatment trial) for intubated infants with a birth weight of 401 to 2000 g who required fractional inspired oxygen of &gt;0.4 to maintain an arterial oxygen saturation of &gt;90% (or an arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio of &lt;0.2) at any time before 36 hours of age. Our purpose was to determine if Infasurf (calfactant) was more effective than Survanta (beractant) at increasing the proportion of patients alive and not receiving supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age. Informed, written, parental consent was required, and protocols were approved by the institutional review boards of all participating institutions. The dose of surfactant was 4 mL/kg (100 mg/kg) for Survanta and 3 mL/kg (105 mg/kg) for Infasurf for both trials. The assigned drug was drawn into 2 masked syringes and administered by a health care professional who, in most cases, was not directly responsible for caring for the patient. A maximum of 3 repeat treatments, at least 6 hours apart, were permitted if the neonate required fractional inspired oxygen of &gt;0.30 to maintain an arterial oxygen saturation of &gt;90% (or an arterial/alveolar oxygen ratio of 0.33) and the infant remained intubated for respiratory distress syndrome.
Results. Both trials were halted for not meeting enrollment targets after a 32-month recruitment period. The decision to end recruitment was made after the interim analysis of the treatment trial. We enrolled 749 infants in the prophylaxis trial and 1361 infants in the treatment trial. The primary outcome (alive and not receiving supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age) rate in the prophylaxis trial was 52.1% for group 1 and 52.4% for group 2. In the treatment trial, the primary outcome rate was 58.7% in group 1 and 56.8% in group 2. Based on sample-size requirements for a conclusion of similarity, and the lack of statistical significance to the differences noted in the primary outcome, we have chosen not to break the investigator blind but to report the results as groups 1 and 2.
Conclusion. Early trial closure prevents us from either accepting or rejecting our null hypothesis.
Engendering Heroism: Ming-Qing Women's Song Lyrics to the Tune Man Jiang Hong
Authors: Li Xiaorong 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe heroic lyric had long been a masculine symbolic space linked with the male social world of career and achievement. However, the participation of a critical mass of Ming-Qing women lyricists, whose gendered consciousness played a role in their textual production, complicated the issue. This paper examines how women crossed gender boundaries to appropriate masculine poetics, particularly within the dimension of the heroic lyric to the tune Man jiang hong, to voice their reflections on larger historical circumstances as well as women's gender roles in their society.
How Civil War Was Avoided in France
Authors: Dogan Mattei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAt At the end of May 1968 France has found herself on the brink of a civil war. The role of key characters is observed as in a Greek tragedy. The crisis started in a flamable social contexteture – a significant part of the population have been persistently manifesting deep mistrust of the rulers, the same faces again and again without responding to the aspirations of many social categories. A survey conducted immediately after the crisis by the author gives the voice to the silent majority and shows what could have been the behavoir of the masses in the eventuality of a popular uprising or of a military intervention. The recourse to elections has mobilized passive masses and appears retrospectively as the miraculous solution to avoid a civil war by hushing the active minorities.
Political Mistrust in Latin America
Authors: Power Timothy , Jamison Giselle 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe paper deals with contexts, causes and consequences of mistrust in politicians in today's Latin America's. The weak support for democracy across the entire continent is generated as much by mistrust of politicians as of institutions. Citizens are increasingly willing to separate their evaluations of incumbents from their evaluation of democracy as a regime type. Incumbents have repeatedly modified constitutional arrangements to suit their own interests. The analysis is based on sources such as the Latinobarometro (17 countries from 1995-2003), the World Values Surveys (7 countries in 1995), the Hewlett/Tulane study (Chile, Costa Rica and Mexico in 1998), the Informe Iberoamericano, and Transparency International.
Political Scandals An Analytical Framework
Authors: Neckel Sighard 
Published: July 2005

AbstractScandals may seem to be unique events, and thus not comparable to each other. But closer analysis shows that scandals raise basic questions of power and legitimacy, and can play a role in clarifying the normative bases of mass-elite interaction and political rule in society. Scandals are a form of conflict, first visible in their present form in the bourgeois state; their origins and course of development depend upon both the normative commitments made by public figures and the consciousness and perceptions of the population at large. Bourdieu's theory of "delegation" is particularly useful for illuminating the dynamics of scandal, and their implications for political legitimacy.