bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4): A regulator of capsule chondrogenesis in the developing mouse inner ear
Authors: Liu Wei , Oh Seung Ha , Kang Yong koo , Li Geming , Doan Thao M. , Little Markus , Li Lijun , Ahn Kyung , Crenshaw E. Bryan , Frenz Dorothy A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFormation of the cartilaginous otic capsule is directed by otic epithelial–periotic mesenchymal interactions. In response to induction by otic epithelium, condensations of mesenchyme appear in the periotic region and form a chondrified otic capsule that serves as the template for the subsequent formation of the endochondral bony labyrinth. Previous studies indicate that members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily, including transforming growth factor beta1, participate in guiding these tissue interactions. In this study, we report the localization of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) to the mesenchymal and epithelial‐derived tissues of the mouse inner ear between 10.5 and 14 days of embryonic development. We demonstrate modulation of chondrogenesis in cultured mouse periotic mesenchyme by exogenous BMP4 protein and investigate the function of endogenous BMP4 in otic capsule chondrogenesis. We show that in the presence of the BMP antagonist, Noggin, otic capsule chondrogenesis is suppressed in culture in a dose‐dependent manner. Consistent with this finding, addition of BMP4‐specific antisense oligonucleotide to cultures of mouse periotic mesenchyme containing otic epithelium decreases levels of endogenous BMP4 protein and suppresses the chondrogenic response of the cultured periotic mesenchyme, providing evidence of the necessity for BMP4 in mediating otic capsule chondrogenesis. Supplementation of either Noggin‐ or BMP4 antisense oligonucleotide‐treated cultures with BMP4 protein can restore the extent of chondrogenesis to normal levels. Our findings support BMP4 as an essential mediator of chondrogenesis in the developing otic capsule in situ. Developmental Dynamics 226:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa: Prevention and treatment
Authors: Mehler Philip S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundOsteoporosis is a very prevalent complication of anorexia nervosa. In contrast to the many other medical complications of anorexia, osteoporosis and its sequelae of fractures, kyphosis, and pain may persist regardless of the overall treatment outcome.DiscussionTraditional well‐proven therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis are not as effective against osteoporosis in anorexia nervosa. Therefore, clinicians who treat these patients must become increasingly vigilant about osteoporosis in regards to preventive, diagnostic, and treatment strategies. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 113–126, 2003.
Ethnicity and differential access to care for eating disorder symptoms
Authors: Becker Anne E. , Franko Debra L. , Speck Alexandra , Herzog David B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe impact of ethnicity on access to health care for eating disorder symptoms among participants in the 1996 National Eating Disorders Screening Program (NEDSP) was examined in two studies.MethodSelf‐report and clinician‐assessed data were analyzed from 9,069 participants in an educational and two‐stage screening program for eating disorders in Study I. In Study II, both cross‐sectional and prospective data from a randomly selected sample of 289 participants from the same program were analyzed to investigate the impact of ethnic minority status on both help‐seeking patterns and clinician referral patterns for eating disorder symptoms.ResultsEven after controlling for severity of self‐reported eating disorder symptoms, both Latino and Native American participants in the NEDSP were significantly less likely than Whites to receive a recommendation or referral for further evaluation or care. Ethnic minority subjects with self‐acknowledged eating and weight concerns were also significantly less likely than non‐minority participants to have been asked by a doctor about eating disorder symptoms. Only one marginally significant difference was found between ethnic minority and non‐minority respondents with respect to their help‐seeking behaviors, namely, ethnic minority subjects were less likely (at the level of a trend) to seek eating disorders treatment within 1½–2 years following the NEDSP.DiscussionThese data suggest that clinician bias may be an important barrier to access to care for eating disorder symptoms in ethnic minority populations. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 205–212, 2003.
Design of data‐dependent α‐trimmed mean filters using counterpropagation networks
Authors: Ochiai Takashi , Muneyasu Mitsuji , Sasaki Kazuya , Hinamoto Takao 
Published: March 2003

AbstractElimination of mixed noise consisting of white Gaussian noise and impulsive noise is one of the important problems in image processing. In this paper, a data‐dependent α‐trimmed mean filter using backpropagation networks is proposed. In order to determine an appropriate value of α for each processing point, the pattern classification capability of the backpropagation networks is used. Further, by processing taking into account the edge portions, both edge preservation and mixed noise elimination are attained simultaneously. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 30–40, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10061
Color management of liquid crystal display placed under light environment
Authors: Yoshida Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Yoichi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe studied the color management of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) placed in a light environment. In this paper, we first explained LCD problems related to color management and proposed an appropriate color management system when using an LCD. We also applied this system and examined the color management of an LCD placed in a light environment. Based on the proposed method, we showed that favorable color reproduction properties are obtained for LCDs in a light environment as well as a dark room. We reevaluated the LCD from the perspective of compatibility with the ICC profile. LCDs have superior γ and brightness characteristics, but have the problem of the chromaticity coordinates of reference white and the primary colors changing in response to the input signal value. This indicated a problem related to the contrast ratio of the LCD and showed that the changes in the chromaticity coordinates of the primary colors can be adequately described if the leakage light is considered. Based on this, we proposed a suitable device profile and color management system for LCDs and demonstrated excellent color reproduction in a dark room. Next, we examined the LCD placed in a light environment. We showed that if the LCD is designed so that the surface reflected light produced in a light environment is handled in the same manner as leakage light and suitable surface reflected light is produced, fluctuations in the chromaticity coordinates of reference white could be avoided. We placed a prototype of this type of LCD in an actual light environment and applied and evaluated the proposed color management system. This result showed that a low color reproduction error could be maintained even when a dark image was displayed on an LCD placed in a light environment and confirmed a subjective improvement in the image quality. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 1–14, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10074
Minimum constituents of chaos neural network composed of conventional neurons
Authors: Kawamura Satoshi , Yoshida Hitoaki , Miura Mamoru 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMany studies of the neural network with chaotic output have been presented. In most of these, however, a neuron model or a network model is specially prepared to realize the chaotic response, and few studies have been based on the conventional model. This paper considers a neural network based on the conventional neuron model, such as is used in the Hopfield and other neural networks, and discusses the oscillation phenomenon. It is shown theoretically and experimentally that the behavior of the network composed of two neurons is either convergence or periodic oscillation. Then the network composed of three neurons is examined experimentally, and it is shown that convergence, periodic oscillation, quasi‐periodic oscillation, or chaos can occur. In other words, it is shown that the minimum configuration of a neural network based on the conventional neuron model that can generate chaos is a network composed of three neurons. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(7): 62–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1152
Role of T cell help and endoplasmic reticulum targeting in protective CTL response against influenza virus
Authors: Langlade‐Demoyen Pierre , Garcia‐Pons Francisco , Castiglioni Paola , Garcia Zacharias , Cardinaud Sylvain , Xiong Sidong , Gerloni Mara , Zanetti Maurizio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report on the induction of primary and long‐term memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the nucleoprotein of the influenza virus A/PR8/34 in mice immunized with plasmid DNA targeted to B lymphocytes in the spleen. We found that the magnitude of the CTL response and the size of the pool of memory CTL was greater when the CTL response was induced in presence of T cell help. Interestingly, immunization with a signal sequence‐competent transgene was markedly superior to immunization with a transgene lacking the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeting sequence, in inducing CTL. We also found a correlation between in vivo protection from lethal virus challenge and (1) the availability of T cell help and (2) ER targeting. Immunization of dendritic cell‐deficient mice suggests that B lymphocytes function as antigen‐presenting cells in this model of immunization. Collectively, the results suggest that somatic transgene immunization is a conceptually new approach to induce effective anti‐viral CTL responses and to assess the parameters critical for long‐lasting and protective CTL responses in vivo.
All‐trans retinoic acid down‐regulates expression and function of β2 integrins by human monocytes: opposite effects on monocytic cell lines
Authors: Babina Magda , Henz Beate M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAll‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plays an important role in the differentiation of malignant myeloid cells but its effects on primary leukocytes have been poorly investigated. We report here that ATRA negatively affects expression and function of leukocyte integrins that play a key role in monocyte adhesive interactions. As evidenced by flow cytometry, ATRA (at 1 μM) clearly and donor‐independently suppressed the expression of all integrin chains investigated (CD11a, CD11b, CD11c, and CD18), most strikingly of CD11a. Down‐regulation was detectable after 24 and maximal after 72–96 h. Reverse transcription‐PCR analysis revealed diminished steady‐state concentrations of α specific transcripts but not of the common β chain, suggesting that heterodimer expression was predominantly regulated through α chains. Results obtained with blood‐derived monocytes were in sharp contrast to those for the leukemic cell lines THP‐1 and U937, both of which showed marked increase in all integrin subunits in response to ATRA. ATRA‐pretreated monocytes displayed significantly diminished β2 integrin‐dependent homotypic aggregation, and adhesion to stimulated endothelial cells (EC), while ATRA‐pretreated monocytic cell lines showed the opposite behavior displaying markedly enhanced aggregation and CD18‐mediated adhesion to EC. Therefore, the level of leukocyte integrins was obviously a decisive factor for these adhesive interactions irrespective of the cellular source. Collectively, our data indicate a striking difference between leukemic cell lines and normal hematopoietic cells with regard to ATRA responsiveness. By acting on key adhesive structures of normal leukocytes, ATRA mediates processes that may be of substantially broad range applying to inflammation and immunity in addition to differentiation and proliferation.
Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase is involved in Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated cytokine expression in mouse macrophages
Authors: Ojaniemi Marja , Glumoff Virpi , Harju Kirsi , Liljeroos Mari , Vuori Kristiina , Hallman Mikko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent evidence suggests a role for phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3‐kinase in various inflammatory responses. In this study, the consequences of LPS‐induced PI 3‐kinase activation on cytokine and chemokine expression and the intracellular mechanisms of inflammatory activation were examined in mouse macrophages. LPS stimulation induced a complex formation between PI 3‐kinase and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), which was followed by an induction of IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐2. The induction of IL‐1β, but not of MIP‐2 or TNF‐α, was blocked by the PI 3‐kinase inhibitors LY294002 and wortmannin. The nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) blocked the induction of IL‐1β and TNF‐α, but had no effect on MIP‐2 expression. Inhibition of PI 3‐kinase decreased the LPS‐induced transcriptional activity of NF‐κB, but it had no effect on the nuclear DNA binding activity of NF‐κB. These findings suggest that, while NF‐κB nuclear localization and DNA binding are necessary, they are not sufficient for transcriptional activation of the IL‐1β gene in the absence of PI 3‐kinase activity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that activation of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 results in PI 3‐kinase‐MyD88 complex formation, and that PI 3‐kinase activity selectively leads to cytokine induction downstream of TLR4.
Extensive proliferation of T cell lineage‐restricted progenitors in the thymus: an essential process for clonal expression of diverse T cell receptor β chains
Authors: Kawamoto Hiroshi , Ohmura Koichiro , Fujimoto Shinji , Lu Min , Ikawa Tomokatsu , Katsura Yoshimoto 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFor clonal diversification of TCR, a large number of T cell progenitors are required in which highly diverse TCRβ chains are accommodated individually. In the present study, we examined the proliferative potential of thymic progenitors that have been defined to be T cell lineage restricted. We show that the earliest fetal thymus (FT) cells from Rag2–/– mice, when cultured individually in a thymic organ culture system, produced 150–1,800 CD25+ cells. Since differentiation and proliferation of Rag2–/– thymocytes are arrested at the stage of TCRβ chain gene rearrangement, the observed proliferation was considered to represent the proliferative potential of progenitors prior to the TCRβ rearrangement. A comparable level of proliferation was revealed to occur by analyzing the Dβ–Jβ rearrangement profiles of T cells generated from single progenitors in the earliest population of FT from normal mice. The proliferative potential of progenitors declined along with the progression of developmental stages. Such an extensive proliferation of progenitors after the restriction to the T cell lineage may be an essential process ensuring the clonal diversification of TCRβ chains.
Heterozygous null mutation of myelin P0 protein enhances susceptibility to autoimmune neuritis targeting P0 peptide
Authors: Miyamoto Katsuichi , Miyake Sachiko , Schachner Melitta , Yamamura Takashi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMice with a heterozygous null mutation in myelin protein zero (P0+/–) develop late‐onset clinical paralysis associated with inflammatory pathology in the peripheral nerves. Although the development of this illness is known to require T cells and macrophages, little is understood regarding the immunological defect in the mice. Here we report that young P0+/– mice, free from clinical manifestations, have a defect in central tolerance to P0, and are more prone to induction of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) by sensitization against P0180–199 peptide. Notably, we found that the P0 gene is transcribed in the thymus of wild‐type and the P0+/– mice in an amount proportional to the gene dosage. We then replaced the thymus of wild‐type mice with that of the P0‐deficient mice and vice versa. Immunization of these mice with P0180–199 revealed that a lower thymic P0 transcript would be associated with the higher recall T cell response to P0180–199, thus accounting for the higher susceptibility of the P0+/– mice to P0‐induced EAN. These results imply that a heterozygous mutation in an autoantigen could cause defective central tolerance to the autoantigen. As such, autoimmune T cells may play some role in "genetic" diseases caused by a heterozygous gene defect.
CD4 T cell activation by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is suppressed by adult but not cord blood CD25+ T cells
Authors: Wing Kajsa , Lindgren Susanne , Kollberg Gittan , Lundgren Anna , Harris Robert A. , Rudin Anna , Lundin Samuel , Suri‐Payer Elisabeth 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRegulatory T cells expressing CD25 have been shown to protect rodents from organ‐specific autoimmune diseases. Similar CD25+ cells with a memory phenotype exerting suppressive function after polyclonal or allogeneic stimulation are also present in adult human blood. We demonstrate that adult human CD25+ cells regulate the response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), as depletion of CD25+ cells increases responses of PBMC and the addition of purified CD25+ cells suppresses MOG‐specific proliferation and IFN‐γ production of CD4+CD25– T cells. In contrast, cord blood CD25+ cells do not inhibit responses to self antigens, and only a small subpopulation of cord CD25+ cells expresses the typical phenotype of adult regulatory T cells (CD45RA– and GITR+) enabling suppression of polyclonal responses. We conclude that activation of self‐reactive T cells in normal healthy individuals is prevented by the presence of self‐antigen‐specific CD25+ regulatory T cells and that the majority of these cells mature after birth.
Recognition of HLA‐G by the NK cell receptor KIR2DL4 is not essential for human reproduction
Authors: Gómez‐Lozano Natalia , de Pablo Rosario , Puente Sabino , Vilches Carlos 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA central issue of reproductive immunology in mammals is why a semi‐allogeneic embryo is not rejected by the pregnant mother. This is particularly intriguing since, in different species, the early pregnant uterus is infiltrated by numerous maternal lymphocytes, predominantly NK cells. The human NK cell receptor KIR2DL4 has been implicated in the maternal tolerance to the embryo due to its recognition of HLA‐G, a non‐classical MHC molecule expressed preferentially in the placenta. Killer cell Ig‐like receptors (KIR) are believed to participate in the natural immunity to infection and tumors, but KIR2DL4 has unique structural, functional and genetic features that could confer it a different role. However, we demonstrate here that the KIR2DL4:HLA‐G interaction is not essential for human reproduction by showing that a multiparous woman lacks a KIR2DL4 gene.
Visualizing the course of antigen‐specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to a growing tumor
Authors: Klein Ludger , Trautman Lydie , Psarras Stelios , Schnell Silke , Siermann Anja , Liblau Roland , Boehmer Harald von , Khazaie Khashayarsha 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSpontaneous tumors frequently express antigens that can be recognized by the immune system but nevertheless manage to evade immune surveillance. To better understand the mechanism of evasion, we followed CD8 and CD4 T cells reacting against a subcutaneously growing tumor, modified to express influenza hemagglutinin (HA) as surrogate tumor antigen. Adoptive transfer of 8,000 antigen‐specific CD8 T cells was sufficient to protect against challenge with 1x106 tumor cells, while larger numbers of T cells rejected established tumors. HA‐specific CD4 T cells could not reject tumors on their own but helped rejection by CD8 T cells. Rejection of the tumor coincided with prolonged survival of expanded antigen‐specific CD8 and CD4 T cells, while a failing anti‐tumor response was accompanied by transient expansion followed by rapid elimination of antigen‐specific T cells. Thus, a highly immunogenic tumor can evade immune surveillance because of an insufficient number of tumor‐specific T cells and antigen overload, resulting in exhaustion of the immune response. In this scenario, adoptive immunotherapy rather than vaccination promises successful treatment.
The same endothelial receptor controls lymphocyte traffic both in vascular and lymphatic vessels
Authors: Irjala Heikki , Elima Kati , Johansson Eva‐Liz , Merinen Marika , Kontula Keiju , Alanen Kalle , Grenman Reidar , Salmi Marko , Jalkanen Sirpa 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mechanisms controlling the exit of lymphocytes from tissues via lymphatics are practically unknown. We have now identified a 270–300‐kDa molecule designated common lymphatic endothelial and vascular endothelial receptor‐1 (CLEVER‐1) on human lymphatic endothelium and high endothelial venules. We show that it mediates binding of lymphocytes both to high endothelial venules and to lymphatic vessels. Moreover, blocking of the function of CLEVER‐1 results in significant reduction of lymphocyte traffic in vivo. Notably, CLEVER‐1 is also an inducible vascular adhesion molecule for other classes of leukocytes at sites of inflammation in peripheral tissues. These findings suggest that CLEVER‐1 is involved in regulation of lymphocyte recirculation and migration of leukocytes to sites of inflammation and is a potential new target to control inflammation.
Structure of a New Neuritogenic‐Active Ganglioside from the Sea Cucumber Stichopus japonicus
Authors: Kaneko Masafumi , Kisa Fumiaki , Yamada Koji , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Higuchi Ryuichi 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA new ganglioside molecular species SJG‐2 has been obtained from the n‐hexane‐soluble lipid fraction of the chloroform/methanol extract of the sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus. On the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence, the structure of SJG‐2 has been determined, as NeuAcα2⇄4(NeuAcα2⇄3)Galβ1⇄8NeuAcα2⇄3GalNAcβ1⇄3Galβ1⇄4Glcβ1⇄1Cer. The new ganglioside SJG‐2, possessing a unique carbohydrate moiety, is the first ganglioside containing either a branched sugar chain moiety or an N‐acetylgalactosamine residue to be isolated from a sea cucumber. Partial hydrolysis with hot water and dilute acetic acid has proved useful for the structure elucidation of the complex oligosaccharide moieties. Moreover, the ganglioside SJG‐2 exhibits neuritogenic activity toward the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 cells in the presence of NGF. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Synthesis of Epothilone 16,17‐Alkyne Analogs by Replacement of the C13−C15(O)‐Ring Segment of Natural Epothilone C
Authors: Karama Usama , Höfle Gerhard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRing‐opening cross metathesis of epothilone C (4a) with ethylene, followed by silyl protection and ester hydrolysis, yielded an eastern ring segment C1−C12 as the carboxylic acid 10. Separately, a western ring segment 12 carrying a C16−C17 triple bond was synthesized and coupled with 10 to form the ester 13. Ring closure by olefin metathesis, deprotection, and then epoxidation, gave the 16,17‐alkyne analogs (14b, 3b) of epothilone C and epothilone A. The identity of 3b was proven by hydrogenation to (16Z)‐epothilone A8 (17) and comparison with an authentic sample prepared from natural epothilone A8 (18). The biological activity of the new epothilones was determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)