bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body, Soul, and Tripartition in Plato’S Timaeus
Authors: Johansen Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the Phaedo we are familiar with the view of the body as a sort of prison for the soul. The body disrupts the proper workings of the soul, giving rise to irrationality in an essentially rational immortal soul. Embodiment is represented as a punishment for the soul. As Socrates puts it, ‘the philosopher’s soul utterly despises his body and flees from it, seeking to be alone by itself’ (65 o). If this is our only impression of Plato’s view of the relationship between the body and the soul, then reading the Timaeus may come as a surprise. For, as I aim to show, the dialogue offers a more complex and often more constructive view of the role of the body and the contribution it can make to our rationality and happiness. I hope to show that readers of Plato who ignore the Timaeus risk getting a seriously incomplete picture of his thought on soul and body. This applies particularly to our understanding of the origin of the tripartite soul and the nature of soul-body interaction, where it might be argued that the Timaeus offers the most developed account of any Platonic dialogue.
Events and the Semantic Content of Thematic Relations
Authors: Schein Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
n avidson (1967,1985),Castañda (1967), and arsons (1985,1990),the problem of variable polyadicity as reflected in the inferential relations among the sentences in ( ) is treated by a decomposition of the common predicate stab. ( 1) a. Brutus stabbed Caesar in the back with a knife. ( arsons ).
Nominal Restriction
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extra-linguistic context appears to have a profound effect on the determination of what is expressed by the use of linguistic expressions. For a bewildering range of very different linguistic constructions, adhering to relatively straight-forward linguistic intuition about what is expressed leads us to the conclusion that facts about the non-linguistic context play many different roles in determining what is said. Furthermore, that so many different constructions betray this sort of sensitivity to extra-linguistic context understandably leads to pessimism about rescuing the straightforward intuitions while preserving any sort of systematicity in the theory of meaning.
Knowledge and Belief in Republic V–VII
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Meno tells us that knowledge is true belief bound by an aitias logismos, an explanatory account (98 a); the Phaedo tells us that all aitiai refer to forms (96 ff.).1 It follows that knowledge of forms is necessary for any knowledge at all. But though the Meno explains what knowledge is, it does not connect this account to forms; and though the Phaedo tells us quite a lot about the metaphysics of forms, it does not tell us much about their epistemological role. We must wait until the middle books of the Republic (V–VII) for the details of how forms figure in knowledge.
Aristotle’S Attack on Universals
Authors: Gill Mary Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphysics Z 13 is a widely disputed text but fundamental for understanding Aristotle’s theory of substance. Here he argues, both in his own voice and against the Platonists, that no universal is substance. The chapter is problematic because Aristotle’s objections to the universal appear to tell against his own favoured candidate, substantial form, as well. Earlier in Z, in the section on essence, he argued that form is substance. That section appeared to treat form as a universal.’ But if form is a universal, then the arguments m Z 13 that no universal is substance defeat substantial form as well.
The Limits of Abstraction
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is abstraction? To what extent can it account for the existence and identity of abstract objects? And to what extent can it be used as a foundation for mathematics? Kit Fine provides rigorous and systematic answers to these questions along the lines proposed by Frege, in a book concerned both with the technical development of the subject and with its philosophical underpinnings. Fine proposes an account of what it is for a principle of abstraction to be acceptable, and these acceptable principles are exactly characterized. A formal theory of abstraction is developed and shown to be capable of providing a foundation for both arithmetic and analysis. Fine argues that the usual attempts to see principles of abstraction as forms of stipulative definition have been largely unsuccessful but that there may be other, more promising ways of vindicating the various forms of contextual definition. The Limits of Abstraction breaks new ground both technically and philosophically, and is essential reading for all those working on the philosophy of mathematics.
Ancient Philosophy for the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may sound peculiar to suggest that ancient philosophy can develop in a way appropriate to the twenty-first century. After all, it consists in the study of a body of texts which, apart from occasional new discoveries, remains fairly constant. Moreover, some among these texts have been studied for so long, and so intensively, that we might question whether there are any genuinely new developments to be made in their interpretation. Ancient philosophy, however, is a philosophical way of engaging with these texts; that is what distinguishes it from other ways of studying them. And philosophy develops differently at different times, so we would reasonably expect the state of ancient philosophy to reflect its engagement with philosophy.
The Hermeneutics of Suspicion: Recovering Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Ricoeur famously dubbed that great triumvirate of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century thought Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud “the school of suspicion”,1 by which he meant those thinkers who taught us to regard with suspicion our conscious understandings and experience, whether the deliverances of ordinary psychological introspection about one’s desires (“I really want to be rich!”), or the moral categories political leaders and ordinary citizens apply to themselves and the social world they inhabit (“an inheritance tax is an immoral death tax!”). “Beneath” or “behind” the surface lay causal forces that explained the conscious phenomena precisely because they laid bare the true meaning of those phenomena: I don’t really want lots of money, I want the love I never got as a child; survivors have no moral claim on an inheritance, but it is in the interests of the ruling classes that we believe they do, and so on.
The Mind–Body Problem at Century’s Turn
Authors: Kim Jaegwon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through much of the twentieth century, especially during its second half, debates over the mind–body problem were shaped by physicalism, a philosophical world- view that has been inspired and fostered by an appreciation of the foundational position of physics among the sciences. The core of contemporary physicalism is the thesis that all things that exist in this world are bits of matter and structures aggregated out of bits of matter, all behaving in accordance with laws of physics. This metaphysical thesis has a companion epistemological thesis, the claim that all phenomena of the world can be physically explained if they can be explained at all. When physicalism is accepted as a basic framework, the foremost metaphysical problem about the mind is where in the physical world our minds fit—in fact, whether minds have a place in such an austerely physical world at all.
Metaphysics Z 10—16 and the Argument-Structure of Metaphysics Z
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 10-16 are probably the most difficult section of Metaphysics Z. The difficulty is not so much in understanding the individual sentences or even the particular arguments they are part of, but in understanding what Aristotle is trying to accomplish in these chapters, and how the particular arguments are supposed to further that aim. And it is hard to get a perspective on this without some view about what Aristotle is trying to accomplish in 1’v1etaphysics Z as a whole, and about how Z is internally organized and how its different sections function in pursuing this larger aim.
Epicurus on the Nature of the Gods
Authors: Purinton Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epicurus says that the gods exist. But he also says that nothing exists except bodies and void. Are the gods bodies, then, according to Epicurus? No, says Velleius, the proponent of the Epicurean view of the nature of the gods in Cicero’s dialogue De natura deorum. They do have human form, says Velleius (ND I. 49), ‘but this form is not body, but quasi-body [quasi corpus], nor has it blood, but quasi-blood’.
Causation and Pre-emption
Authors: Hall Ned , Paul L A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causation is a deeply intuitive and familiar relation, gripped powerfully by common sense. Or so it seems. As is typical in philosophy, however, that deep intuitive familiarity has not led to any philosophical account of causation that is at once clean, precise, and widely agreed upon. Not for lack of trying: the last thirty years or so have seen dozens of attempts to provide such an account, and the pace of development is, if anything, accelerating. (See Collins et al. [2003a] for a comprehensive sampling of the latest work.)
Reading Seneca
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brad Inwood presents a selection of his most influential essays on the philosophy of Seneca, the Roman Stoic thinker, statesman, and tragedian of the first century AD. Including two brand-new pieces, and a helpful introduction to orient the reader, this volume will be an essential guide for anyone seeking to understand Seneca’s fertile, wide-ranging thought and its impact on subsequent generations. In each of these essays Seneca is considered as a philosopher, but with as much account as possible taken of his life, his education, his intellectual and literary background, his career, and his self-presentation as an author. Seneca emerges as a discerning and well-read Stoic, with a strong inclination to think for himself in the context of an intellectual climate teeming with influences from other schools. Seneca’s intellectual engagement with Platonism, Aristotelianism, and even with Epicureanism involved a wide range of substantial philosophical interests and concerns. His philosophy was indeed shaped by the fact that he was a Roman, but he was a true philosopher shaped by his culture rather than a Roman writer trying his hand at philosophical themes. The highly rhetorical character of his writing must be accounted for when reading his works, and when one does so the underlying philosophical themes stand out more clearly. While it is hard to generalize about an overall intellectual agenda or systematic philosophical method, key themes and strategies are evident. Inwood shows how Seneca’s philosophical ingenium worked itself out in a fundamentally particularistic way as he pursued those aspects of Stoicism that engaged him most forcefully over his career.
Seneca and Psychological Dualism
Authors: Inwood Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seneca’s ‘philosophy of mind’ presents us with many puzzles, but in this it is no more than a faithful mirror of his philosophy as a whole. In this essay I am interested in how his views on the structure and operations of the human soul relate to those of so- called orthodox Stoics, and how one goes about assessing such an issue. That Seneca is not a slavish or unimaginative representative of Chrysippean Stoicism seems clear from the most casual reading of his work and the most cursory glance through the abundant secondary literature. But it is not clear just how his views on the soul differ from those of the early Stoics. Seneca is sometimes described by the (traditionally pejorative) term ‘eclectic’. But as Pierluigi Donnie and others have shown, we can no longer take for granted the usefulness of that simple description in the study of later ancient philosophy; indeed, it is not clear that we can readily agree about its meaning.
Zoos Revisited
Authors: Jamieson Dale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The possibility of perpetual reinvention is deeply embedded in the American psyche. Waiters can become movie stars, gangsters can be transformed into respectable businessmen, and corrupt White House officials can return as fundamentalist preachers. One California governor, who signed the most liberal abortion law in the nation, became a fiercely born-again anti-abortionist; another former California governor, one of the leading political fund-raisers of his generation, ran for president on a platform that denounced political fund-raising as the root of all evil. Despite its attractions, reinvention is not always successful. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s the the title character emerges from a shady past to assume the life of a Long Island gentleman. Yet despite the trappings of wealth and power, his new identity is fragile. In the end he succumbs to his past.
The Compositionality Papers
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernie Lepore and Jerry Fodor have published a series of original and controversial essays on issues relating to compositionality in language and mind; they have now revised them all for publication together in this volume. Compositionality is the following aspect of a system of representation: the complex symbols in the system inherit their syntactic and semantic properties from the primitive symbols of the system. Fodor and Lepore argue that compositionality determines what view we must take of the nature of concepts. Anyone trying to figure out how language and mind work must take account of this challenging work by two leading figures in the field.
Why Compositionality Won’t Go Away: Reflections on Horwich ’s ‘Deflationary’ Theory
Authors: Fodor Jerry , Lepore Ernest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
COMPOSITIONALITY is the idea that the meanings of complex expressions (or concepts) are constructed from the meanings of the less complex expressions (or concepts) that are their constituents. Over the last few years, we have just about convinced ourselves that compositionality is the sovereign test for theories of lexical meaning. So hard is this test to pass, we think, that it filters out practically all of the theories of lexical meaning that are current in either philosophy or cognitive science. Among the casualties are, for example, the theory that lexical meanings are statistical structures (like stereotypes); the theory that the meaning of a word is its use; the theory that knowing the meaning of (at least some) words requires having a recognitional capacity for (at least some) of the things that it applies to; and the theory that knowing the meaning of a word requires knowing criteria for applying it.
Reflective Judgement and the Application of Logic to Nature: Kant ‘s Deduction of the Principle of Purposiveness as an Answer to Hume
Authors: Allison Henry E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his analysis of judgement in the two versions of the introduction to the Critique of Judgment Kant introduces the purposiveness of nature as a new transcendental principle pertaining to judgement in its reflective capacity; and in the second or published Introduction he provides it with a transcen-dental deduction. Although this principle has been the topic of considerable discussion in recent years, neither its role as a general condition of empirical knowledge nor the nature and force of its deduction have been adequately explored. Such an exploration is the concern of this chapter. I shall argue that this principle lies at the centre rather than the periphery of Kantian epistemology; and that, even though Kant does not present it as such, its deduction may be viewed as his definitive answer to Hume regarding the rational grounding of induction broadly construed. The discussion is divided into three parts. The first examines the principle of purposiveness, its source in reflective judgement, and its multifaceted epistemic function. The second analyses the deduction of this principle in section V of the published Introduction. The third evaluates the adequacy of this deduction as an answer to Hume.
Neo-Teleology
Authors: Cummins Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two subpopulations of functional explanation roaming the earth: teleological explanation, and functional analysis. The two are in competition. In this chapter, I hope to help select the latter, and nudge the former to a well-deserved extinction. Teleology is the idea that some things can and should be explained by appeal to their purpose or goal or function. It is, for example, the idea that one can explain why rocks fall and fire rises by appeal to the fact that the goal of matter is to go to its natural place, and that this is down for rocks and up for fire.
Demonstrative Science and the Science of Being Qua Being
Authors: Fraser Kyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper defends the view that Aristotle’s ontological enquiry into being qua being, inaugurated in Metaphysics T,falls under the rubric of demonstrative science, as defined in the Posterior Analytics. Ontology aims—in principle—to derive necessary truths about beings in general, just as Aristotelian zoology, for instance, aims to derive necessary truths about animal being. This proposal runs contrary to the verdict defended, inter alias, by G. E. L. Owen and more recently T. Irwin, who hold that ontology is chiefly a development of the procedures of Aristotelian dialectic, as laid out in the Topics. On their view, ontology does not satisfy the condition of homogeneity, which is central to the Posterior Analytics’ conception of a science: viz. the condition that every demonstrative science must be defined in its scope by a single genus of entities, as zoology is defined by the genus of animals, or botany by the genus of plants. The heterogeneity of the categories of being—the fact that they cannot be subsumed under a common genus—is presumed to indicate a dialectical mode of enquiry, on the grounds that dialectic is conceived by Aristotle as the method appropriate for universal investigations, i.e. investigations that are not restricted to a special genus. Thus the structure of being as being is not to be established demonstratively, according to a closed axiomatic system, but is, in Aubenque’s words, ‘toujours a ⟨rechercher⟩’. The structure and methods of demonstrative science find no application in ontology: ‘aucune demarche du discours scientifique, tel qu’Aristote le decrit dans la premiere partie de son Organon, ne trouve d’application dans le cas de Pêtre’
Aristotle’S Definition of Soul And The Programme of the De Anima
Authors: Menn Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s De anima is a very fashionable book. It is fashionable chiefly because Aristotle develops a doctrine of the soul, as the form or ‘first actuality’ of an organic natural body, which seems to offer a via media between materialism and dualism. On Aristotle’s account, an animal’s soul is something other than its body, indeed something of a different ontological type from the body, but the soul is not independent of the body, and no problem arises of how soul and body can be united into a substantial whole: ‘there is no need to investigate whether the soul and the body are one, any more than the wax and the shape, or in general the matter of each thing and that of which it is the matter; for while “one” and “being” are said in many ways, the primary [sense] is actuality’ (De anima 2. 1, 4121, 6–9). Many twentieth-century philosophers have been looking for just such a via media between materialism and dualism, at least for the case of the human mind; and much scholarly attention has gone into asking whether Aristotle’s view can be aligned with one of the modern alternatives, or whether it offers something preferable to any of the modern alternatives, or whether it is so bound up with a falsified Aristotelian science that it must regretfully be dismissed as no longer a live option.
Practical Reasoning*
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle took practical reasoning to be reasoning that concludes in an action. But an action—at least a physical one—requires more than reasoning ability; it requires physical ability too. Intending to act is as close to acting as reasoning alone can get us, so we should take practical reasoning to be reasoning that concludes in an intention. Sections 1 and 2 of this paper argue that there is such a thing as genuine practical reasoning, concluding in an intention.
The Rationality of Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Over David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent work in cognitive psychology on the adaptive nature of reasoning is partly a reaction to earlier experimental results that were taken, by some philosophers and psychologists, to imply that human beings are extremely irrational. The reaction to this conclusion has been to ask how we could achieve such apparent success in the world if we are so irrational, and to predict that the standard of human reasoning and decision-making will be found to be much higher when people are tested on more realistic problems, for which there should often be some adaptive mental processes. This reaction is sometimes itself too extreme, leading to complacency about human rationality. Human genes may have been quite successful so far, but many millions of people have died because of irrationality.
Commitment and Change of View
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do intelligent agents change their minds and hearts? Or are their minds and hearts changed for them? I am thinking here of changes of mind and heart as changes in beliefs and values, goals and hopes. And the question I am asking is whether intelligent agents exercise any control over changes in their attitudes.
I take for granted that deliberating agents have as much control over what they say as what they do. But exercising control over one’s utterances and inscriptions is not exercising control over changes in one’s beliefs and values.
The Third Donkey: Origin Legends and Some Hidden Indo-European Themes
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the final paragraph of the article ‘Culture History and Historical Linguistics’ (Watkins 1992) I argued briefly and allusively for reflexes of a common Indo-European origin legend in three early Indic, Hittite, and Greek texts relating similar mythological themes, including prodigious multiple birth and incest. This paper is an expansion of that suggestion. The texts are RV10. 86. 23ab ‘The daughter of Manu, Parśu by name, gave birth to twenty at once’; the Zalpa tale ‘The queen of KaneŜ gave birth to thirty sons in a single year’; and the fifty daughters of Danaus (‘Greek’) fleeing an incestuous marriage with their parallel cousins, the fifty sons of Aegyptus (‘Egyptian’), the subject of Aeschylus’ play The Suppliants.
Die Tmesis bei Homer und auf den mykenischen Linear B-Tafeln: ein chronologisches Paradox?
Authors: Hajnal Ivo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vor knapp zwanzig Jahren hat Anna Morpurgo Davies in einem viel beachteten Überblicksartikel das Verhältnis von epischer und mykenischer Sprache beleuchtet. In diesem Zusammenhang brachte die Jubilarin auch ein viel diskutiertes Paradoxon zur Sprache: die Tatsache, dass das Epos Homers die ererbte Trennung von ‘Präverb’ und Verb (die so genannte ‘Tmesis’) ausgiebig bezeugt, die um mindestens 500 Jahre älteren Linear B-Tafeln jedoch keine Spur dieses Archaismus zeigen. Anna Morpurgo Davies gelangte dabei zu folgender Beurteilung: Es sei nicht zu leugnen, dass die Tmesis im Epos ein archaisches syntaktisches Feature sei. Folglich musse die Tmesis auf HÖrer des ersten Jahrtausends sprachfremd gewirkt haben.