bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is the Red Knot Worth?: Valuing Human/Avian Interaction
Authors: Karnicky Jeffrey 
Published: January 2005

AbstractApproximately at the turn of the nineteenth century, the visual encounter between humans and birds, which has been going on since both forms of life have existed, began to solidify into a hobby, into something that a middle-class citizen of American might spend a morning doing. Certain technologies—optics (binoculars), field guides, and later, automobiles—helped to enable this pursuit. In the twentieth century, bird watching became an immense industry. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one report claims that in America "an estimated 70.4 million people now go out-of-doors to watch birds one or more times per year" (Cordell & Herbert, 2003, p. 3). Much has been written on how and why bird watching has grown in popularity during the last 150 years or so. 2 This essay will look instead at the effects produced by the nearly infinite acts of looking inherent to a hobby that has been described as one of "Americans' most-favored [outdoor] activities" (Cordell & Herbert, p. 3)
Moral Disengagement and Attitudes about Violence toward Animals
Authors: Vollum Scott , Longmire Dennis , Buffington-Vollum Jacqueline 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDespite a growing body of evidence linking nonhuman animal cruelty to violence toward humans and increasing knowledge of the pain and suffering that animals experience at the hands of humans, research on violence toward animals is relatively sparse. This study examines public attitudes about violence against animals and the criminal justice response to such acts. The study included, as part of a statewide survey, questions of Texas residents gauging the perceived severity of numerous violent acts against nonhuman animals as well as the preferred criminal justice response. The paper presents descriptive analyses and employs OLS Regression to assess the relationship between Bandura's (1990, 1999) mechanisms of moral disengagement and violence toward animals. The paper discusses implications for future research on animal cruelty and animal abuse.
The Relationship between Animal Cruelty, Delinquency, and Attitudes toward the Treatment of Animals
Authors: Henry Bill 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious research has identified a relationship between acts of cruelty to animals other than humans and involvement in other forms of antisocial behavior. The current study sought to extend these findings by examining this relationship among a sample of college students using a self-report delinquency methodology. In addition, the current study explored the relationship between a history of observing or engaging in acts of animal cruelty and attitudes of sensitivity/concern regarding the treatment of nonhuman animals. College students (n = 169) enrolled in an Introduction to Psychology course comprised the sample. Results indicated that those participants who observed acts of animal cruelty and those who participated in acts of animal cruelty had higher scores on a self-report delinquency scale than did those who had never observed or participated in acts of animal cruelty. Observation of acts of animal cruelty interacted with sex to predict attitudes toward the treatment of animals. Observation of animal cruelty and par ticipation in animal cruelty affected delinquency scores independently. The current study discusses implications and directions for future research.
Animals, Women, and Weapons: Blurred Sexual Boundaries in the Discourse of Sport Hunting
Authors: Baralt Lori , Kalof Linda , Fitzgerald Amy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe furor and public outrage surrounding the release of a fictionalized video in which naked women are hunted down and shot with paintball guns ("Hunting for Bambi") inspired this paper. Arguing that distressing representations of hunting as a sexually charged activity are resilient popular culture images, this paper examines the theoretical framework that links hunting with sex and women with animals and the empirical evidence of such linkages in the hunting discourse of a popular newsstand periodical. Contemporary feminist theory often connects hunting with sex and women with animals. This paper details clear evidence of the juxtaposition of hunting, sex, women, and animals in the photographs, narratives, and advertisements of a random sampling of Traditional Bowhunter magazines (1992-2003). Particularly prominent in the magazines' hunting discourse is the sexualization of animals, women, and weapons, as if the three are interchangeable sexual bodies in narratives of traditional masculinity. This paper concludes that moral outrage at the degradation of women might be targeted best at widely read newsstand periodicals that serve as popular culture precursors to videos that celebrate hunting naked women.
Single gene effects in mouse models of host: pathogen interactions
Authors: Fortier Anne , Min-Oo Gundula , Forbes John , Lam-Yuk-Tseung Steven , Gros Philippe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractInbred mouse strains have been known for many years to vary in their degree of susceptibility to different types of infectious diseases. The genetic basis of these interstrain differences is sometimes simple but often complex. In a few cases, positional cloning has been used successfully to identify single gene effects. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) gene (Slc11a1) codes for a metal transporter active at the phagosomal membrane of macrophages, and Nramp1 mutations cause susceptibility to Mycobacterium, Salmonella, and Leishmania. Furthermore, recent advances in gene transfer technologies in transgenic mice have enabled the functional dissection of gene effects mapping to complex, repeated parts of the genome, such as the Lgn1 locus, causing susceptibility to Legionella pneumophila in macrophages. Finally, complex traits such as the genetically determined susceptibility to malaria can sometimes be broken down into multiple single gene effects. One such example is the case of pyruvate kinase, where a loss-of-function mutation was recently shown by our group to be protective against blood-stage infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. In all three cases reviewed, the characterization of the noted gene effect(s) has shed considerable light on the pathophysiology of the infection, including host response mechanisms.
Removal of Pb(II) Ions from Contaminated Water by Polymer-Supported Ultrafiltration
Authors: Yurlova L.Yu. , Kryvoruchko A.P. 
Published: January 2005

Through the ultrafiltration of water containing Pb(II) ions and poly(ethyleneimine) as an example, it was possible to determine the Pb(II) ion retention coefficients by UPM-20 membranes and the corresponding transmembrane fluxes. The optimal parameters, i.e. pH and concentration ratio CPb(II)/CPEI, necessary to remove Pb(II) ions from aqueous media using a complexation/ultrafiltration technique (polymer-supported ultrafiltration) were also determined. The state of water in the membranes and its quantity were found using differential scanning calorimetric methods. On the basis of investigations by the method of differential scanning calorimetry, it was possible to assume that the layers of Pb(II)-poly(ethyleneimine) complexes and Pb(II) hydroxo complexes were situated either on the membrane surface or in its pores. In addition, a relationship was established between the transmembrane transfer of Pb(II) ions and the amount of free and bound water in the membrane under investigation.
The Use of Activated Carbons with Basic Properties for the Treatment of 2-Chlorophenol
Authors: El-Sheikh Amjad H. , Newman Alan P. , Al-Daffaee Hafid K. , Phull Suki S. , Lynch Daniel E. 
Published: January 2005

A range of basic activated carbons was prepared from single cultivar Jordanian olive stones and their chemical composition, textural properties and surface groups investigated. One of the samples was de-ashed and then oxidized using concentrated nitric acid to study the effects of inorganic content and surface oxidation on its adsorption capacity towards 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). Commercial samples with combined acidic and basic properties were also tested with respect to 2-CP adsorption. An attempt was made to correlate the total basicity with the adsorption constants of the Langmuir equation and with other properties. These properties included burn-off, apparent surface area, micropore volume, total pore volume and Methylene Blue (MB) adsorption surface area. The total basicity had no relationship with any adsorption parameter. However, total basicity was found to have a relationship with the total pore volume, the micropore volume, MB adsorption and burn-off. The BET surface area showed only a very weak relationship with the total basicity. Burn-off had a relationship with the relative affinity of the adsorbate and the surface and Langmuir constants, but not with the adsorption capacity. De-ashing the sample using HF/HCl decreased the total basicity and MB adsorption but increased the total acidity and the capacity towards 2-CP uptake. The mineral contents of both prepared and commercial samples were analyzed and found to play no role in the adsorption of 2-CP.
Nocturnal Arterial Oxygen Saturation and Academic Performance in a Community Sample of Children
Authors: Urschitz Michael S. , Wolff Judith , Sokollik Christiane , Eggebrecht Esther , Urschitz-Duprat Pilar M. , Schlaud Martin , Poets Christian F. 
Published: January 2005

Objective. Hypoxemia, often assessed via pulse oximetry, is associated with neurocognitive deficits in children. The best way to qualify hypoxemia, or which level of hypoxemia already affects cognition, is unknown.Methods. We assessed the association of pulse oximetry-derived variables that qualify hypoxemia with impaired academic performance in mathematics in a population-based cross-section of 995 primary school children who underwent overnight home recordings of motion-resistant new-generation pulse oximeter saturation (Spo2). Impaired academic performance in mathematics was based on the last school report and defined as grade 4 to 6 on a 6-point scale (ie, approximately the lowest quintile grades).Results. Of 10 variables under study, only the nadir of the Spo2 values was significantly associated with impaired performance. Categories of this variable representing mild (ie, 91%–93% Spo2; odds ratio: 1.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.06–2.56) and moderate hypoxemia (ie, ≤90% Spo2; odds ratio: 2.28; 95% confidence interval: 1.30–4.01) both were associated with impaired performance in mathematics.Conclusions. We suggest using the nadir of the Spo2 values in an overnight study to qualify hypoxemia in future studies. This variable may predict neurocognitive deficits in school children. Mild hypoxemia, as yet widely considered benign, may already affect cognition in childhood.
USCensus Bureau
Authors: Wright Tommy 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe US Census Bureau (official name is US Bureau of the Census) collects and provides data about the people and economy of the United States. Most of its data are collected by use of periodic censuses and more frequent sample surveys. Some data are produced by statistical modeling and estimation. The data products of the Census Bureau are primarily either counts of units in an entire universe being studied or characteristics of these units. This article provides selected historical highlights of the Census Bureau and its censuses and sample surveys and associated details of its demographic and economic data programs.
Influence of the length of the plasticating system on selected characteristics of an autothermal extrusion process
Authors: Sikora Janusz W. , Sasimowski Emil 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe presented paper aims to determine the influence of the length of the plasticating system on the course of an autothermal extrusion process. Three special screws were used, of the relationship of the length of the operating part to diameter of the screw L/D = 20, 25, and 30, with a tip for intensive shearing and mixing, assigned for polyethylene processing, and five screw rotation frequencies were applied. The conducted research consisted of the measurement, during the extrusion, of the factors studied directly and in the calculation, and on their basis, the values characterizing this process. It is stated that the change of the length of the plasticating system in a significant way influences the dependences determining polymer flow rate, temperature and pressure of the processed polymer, extrusion velocity, specific energy consumption, and energy efficiency of the extruder; that is, the whole characteristic of an autothermal extrusion process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24:21–28, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/.adv20021
Lepidopteran herbivory and oral factors induce transcripts encoding novel terpene synthases in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Gomez Susana K. , Cox Mandy M. , Bede Jacqueline C. , Inoue Kentaro , Alborn Hans T. , Tumlinson James H. , Korth Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTerpenes are an important class of defense compounds that accumulate in plants after pathogen infection or arthropod injury. Sequences predicted to encode terpene synthases were selected from an expressed sequence tag (EST) database of Medicago truncatula. Four putative terpene synthase clones (MtTps1–MtTps4), originating from a chewing insect‐damaged M. truncatula leaf cDNA library, were isolated. Transcript levels of each gene examined increased in response to artificial wounding, Spodoptera exigua herbivory, and treatment with volatile methyl jasmonate (meJA). Addition of S. exigua regurgitant to wound sites triggered transcript accumulation of MtTps1 and levels increased with higher concentrations of regurgitant. Furthermore, induction of MtTps1 occurred after application of N‐linolenoyl‐glutamate or N‐linoleoyl‐glutamate, factors found in lepidopteran regurgitant. Genomic DNA blots indicate that each of the putative proteins is encoded by a single‐copy gene or a small gene family. Proteins encoded by MtTps3 and MtTps4 are imported into the soluble fraction of chloroplasts in in vitro assays, whereas proteins encoded by MtTps1 and MtTps2 are not imported into chloroplasts. Combined with sequence comparisons of multiple plant terpene synthases, the import data indicate that MtTps1 and MtTps2 likely encode sesquiterpene synthases and that MtTps3 and MtTps4 encode mono‐ or di‐terpene synthases. In addition to serving as a valuable model legume species for genomic studies, M. truncatula should prove a valuable source of novel terpene‐producing enzymes. Induction of wound‐responsive genes by insect oral factors suggests that M. truncatula senses biotic damage through the presence of elicitors originating in the herbivore. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:114–127, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lophine derivatives as versatile analytical tools
Authors: Nakashima Kenichiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLophine (2,4,5‐triphenylimidazole) derivatives as versatile analytical tools in biomedical sciences are described. Chemiluminescence (CL) and fluorescence (FL) properties of the lophine derivatives are first demonstrated including the CL reaction mechanism, effects of substituents on CL yields, FL spectral behaviors, etc. Next, analytical applications to the determination of metal ions such as cobalt (II) and chromium (VI) are discussed. Finally, the application studies of lophine derivatives as CL and FL reagents for the determination of organic substances in biological materials are presented. Among the derivatives, 2‐(4‐hydrazinocarbonylphenyl)‐4,5‐diphenylimidazole (HCPI) and 4‐(4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)benzoyl chloride (DIB‐Cl) are studied, with their excellent properties as labeling reagents for fatty acids and amines and/or phenols, respectively, in high‐performance liquid chromatography. The utility of boronic acid derivatives as CL enhancers is also discussed in this review. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of budesonide and its two metabolites, 6β‐hydroxybudesonide and 16α‐hydroxyprednisolone, in human plasma by liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Yaning , Tang Yufei , Moellmann H. , Hochhaus Günther 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA sensitive, rapid and selective liquid chromatography negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry [LC‐(−)ESI‐MS‐MS] method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of budesonide (BUD) and its major metabolites, 6β‐hydroxybudesonide (OH‐BUD) and 16α‐hydroxyprednisolone (OH‐PRED) in human plasma. The method was validated over a linear range from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL for all three analytes using a solid‐phase extraction procedure with 9‐fluoro‐hydrocortisone as the internal standard. The between‐day and within‐day coefficients of variation for all compounds were ≤20% at the concentrations of lower limit of quantification and ≤15% at other quality control concentrations. The utility of this assay was demonstrated by monitoring BUD, OH‐BUD and OH‐PRED plasma concentrations in one healthy subject for 24 h following a 3 mg oral dose of budesonide, administered as a pH modified release capsule (Budenofalk®) to healthy volunteers. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromatographic competitive binding immunoassays: a comparison of the sequential and simultaneous injection methods
Authors: Nelson Mary Anne , Reiter Wanda S. , Hage David S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo approaches for performing competitive binding immunoassays by HPLC and other flow‐based systems are the simultaneous and sequential injection methods. Both these techniques make use of a column with a limited amount of antibody, onto which is injected a sample and a fixed amount of a labeled analyte analog. An indirect measure of the unlabeled analyte in the sample is then obtained by looking at the amount of analog in either the nonretained or retained peaks. In the simultaneous injection mode, the sample and labeled analog are applied at the same time to the column, while in the sequential mode the sample is injected first, followed by the analog. This results in a difference in the analytical characteristics of these two approaches. This study used chromatographic theory and previous data obtained for injections of human serum albumin (HSA) onto an anti‐HSA antibody column to compare the response, detection limits, range, and sensitivity of these methods. Under equivalent conditions, it was found that the sequential method always provided the best lower limit of detection and sensitivity. However, the simultaneous mode had a broader dynamic range and higher upper limit of detection. From these observations, several guidelines were developed regarding the use and selection of such assays for new applications. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for the purification of laminin‐10 for studies on colon cancer metastasis
Authors: Zamurs Laura , Pouliot Normand , Gibson Peter , Hocking Glenn , Nice Edouard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSignals from the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family are thought to combine with integrin‐dependent adhesion to laminins to contribute to disease progression and metastasis in cancer. To date, little is known about the mechanisms by which these signals interact. Recently, we have shown that the colon cancer cell line LIM1215 secretes and adheres to laminin‐10 through multiple integrin receptors, and that EGF stimulates spreading and migration of these cells on the same substrate. Additionally laminin‐10/11 has been shown by immunohistochemistry to be present at the invasive edge of moderately differentiated colon cancers. To enable detailed structure–function studies to be undertaken, it is important to be able to rapidly obtain highly purified native laminin‐10 from bulk biological samples in reasonable yield. The development of a multidimensional micropurification scheme to achieve this is presented and compared with other reported methods for the purification of laminins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction Mechanism of Porphyrin Metallation Studied by Theoretical Methods
Authors: Shen Yong , Ryde Ulf 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have studied the reaction mechanism for the insertion of Mg2+and Fe2+into a porphyrin ring with density functional calculations with large basis set and including solvation, zero‐point and thermal effects. We have followed the reaction from the outer‐sphere complex, in which the metal is coordinated with six water molecules and the porphyrin is doubly protonated, until the metal ion is inserted into the deprotonated porphyrin ring with only one water ligand remaining. This reaction involves the stepwise displacement of five water molecules and the removal of two protons from the porphyrin ring. In addition, a step seems to be necessary in which a porphyrin pyrrolenine nitrogen atom changes its interaction from a hydrogen bond to a metal‐bound solvent molecule to a direct coordination to the metal ion. If the protons are taken up by a neutral imidazole molecule, the deprotonation reactions are exothermic with minimal barriers. However, with a water molecule as an acceptor, they are endothermic. The ligand exchange reactions were approximately thermoneutral (±20 kJ mol−1, with one exception) with barriers of up to 72 kJ mol−1for Mg and 51 kJ mol−1for Fe. For Mg, the highest barrier was found for the formation of the first bond to the porphyrin ring. For Fe, a higher barrier was found for the formation of the second bond to the porphyrin ring, but this barrier is probably lower in solution. No evidence was found for an initial pre‐equilibrium between a planar and a distorted porphyrin ring. Instead, the porphyrin becomes more and more distorted as the number of metal–porphyrin bonds increase (by up to 191 kJ mol−1). This strain is released when the porphyrin becomes deprotonated and the metal moves into the ring plane. Implications of these findings for the chelatase enzymes are discussed.
Organic–Inorganic Hybrids Based on Novel Bimolecular [Si2W22Cu2O78(H2O)]12− Polyoxometalates and the Polynuclear Complex Cations [Cu(ac)(phen)(H2O)]nn+ (n=2, 3)
Authors: Reinoso Santiago , Vitoria Pablo , San Felices Leire , Lezama Luis , Gutiérrez‐Zorrilla Juan M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe reaction of a monosubstituted Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) generated in situ with copper–phenanthroline complexes in excess ammonium or rubidium acetate led to the formation of the hybrid metal organic–inorganic compounds A7[Cu2(ac)2(phen)2(H2O)2][Cu3(ac)3(phen)3(H2O)3][Si2W22Cu2O78(H2O)]⋅≈18 H2O (A=NH4+ (1), Rb+ (2); ac=acetate; phen=1,10‐phenanthroline). These compounds are constructed from inorganic and metalorganic interpenetrated sublattices containing the novel bimolecular Keggin POM, [Si2W22Cu2O78(H2O)]12−, and Cu‐ac‐phen complexes, [Cu(ac)(phen)(H2O)]nn+ (n=2, 3). The packing of compound 1 can be viewed as a stacking of open‐framework layers parallel to the xy plane built of hydrogen‐bonded POMs, and zigzag columns of π‐stacked Cu‐ac‐phen complex cations running along the [11$\bar 1$] direction. Magnetic and EPR results are discussed with respect to the crystal structure of the compounds. DFT calculations on [Cu(ac)(phen)(H2O)]nn+ cationic complexes have been performed, to check the influence of packing in the complex geometry and determine the magnetic exchange pathways.