bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratagems
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rumors Concerning The Mutilation of Edward Gorsuch’s body may, as was suggested in chapter 4, have been the product of fertile Southern imaginations. No witness, no participant-white or black-provided such gruesome details as those uttered in anti-abolitionist circles. Among the first-hand accounts we have only the cryptic observation of William Parker that “the women finished him off.” The coroner’s report mentions only one bullet wound, a single “incision” on the head, and a “fracture of the left humerus” produced by a blunt instrument. Not even the most virulently racist Democratic newspapers in the North carried the story of com cutters hacking the corpse to a pulp.1 There is no way to tell for certain whether Northern sensibilities led newspaper editors to suppress accounts of the riot’s true brutality or whether Southerners simply assumed a savagery that reveals more about the psychology of slave owners, and the politics of interracial violence, than it does about the Christiana rioters. On balance, though, it appears more likely that the mutilation was a figment of white people’s fears or an attempt to use the riot for political ends. The story represented the most shocking form of role reversal imaginable to a Southern white man: members of the weaker gender of a subservient race mutilating the body of a male exemplar of the master class. In light of the sexual abuse that female slaves sometimes suffered at the hands of white men, the alleged genital mutilation manifests a symbolic retribution that is appropriate to this historical setting. Still, the symbolic significance of the act could reflect either the plausibility of the story or help to explain the nature of the guilt among white men that would lead to such a horrible fantasy.
The Trial
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charging The Christiana Prisoners with treason was a political act of real significance for American jurisprudence, but the long-term consequences for constitutional law were of secondary concern to most people at the time. In the heat of the moment, it was difficult for anyone to see beyond the exigencies of interregional strife, to get past conflicting senses of what justice, honor, and law demanded as retribution for the death of Edward Gorsuch. To those Americans who valued the Compromise measures, Castner Hanway and his “accomplices” had gone beyond the bounds of normal crime. What they did was more than a riot and worse than a murder, so their act needed another name. “Treason” carried such a burden in the popular mind. Perhaps this was partly because of its association with England’s famous state trials and the penalty of drawing and quartering during the not-so-distant past of Anglo-American law. The name Benedict Arnold remained synonymous with “traitor,” and school children still read the story of Major John Andre’s execution for treason during the Revolution. Americans also collectively remembered their political trials of the Whiskey rebels, John Fries, and Aaron Burr in the first quarter-century after the War for Independence. For these reasons, among others, treason had a symbolic significance as “the king of crimes,” which transcended judicial definitions of its meaning.
Race, Violence, and Law
Authors: Slaughter Thomas P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There Was A Complicated Interplay among race, class, gender, politics, and law in nineteenth-century Lancaster, as there was in the previous century and as there still is today. African-Americans are certainly more visible in the antebellum records than in those from the colonial period. Nonetheless, race is still an elusive variable in the local equation of justice, and verdicts defy any categorical statements about discrimination in law based on a defendant’s race. Surely the more frequent appearance of blacks in the courtroom reflected their increased presence in the county, their changing social circumstances, and white fears about the growing numbers of free blacks in their midst. And yet, the Christiana rioters were released without even a trial for their role in Edward Gorsuch’s death. Of course, the grand jurors who considered charges against the Christiana rioters did not have before them the black men literally responsible for dealing death blows to the fallen slave master; or, at least, they did not have in custody anyone who could be placed at the scene with a gun, stick, sword, knife, or stone in his hand by a credible witness. But such legal niceties were not always a bar to judicial revenge against racial minorities during that period, in either the North or the South. So it is essential to explore this one act of violence within the context of others committed by individuals and groups.
The Origins of Homelessness in Early America
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Homeless Have Been a Part of American civilization almost since the founding of the first English colonies four hundred years ago. As early as 1640 “vagrant persons” were listed among the social outcasts that peace officers in Boston were charged with apprehending. By the mid-eighteenth century, “sturdy beggars” had become a fairly common sight wandering along backcountry roads, but they were much more likely to congregate in bustling seaport towns like Philadelphia and Baltimore. The decades immediately before and after the American Revolution witnessed a substantial increase in homelessness. After 1820, accelerating economic change forced many more individuals into the ranks of vagrants and beg- gars, prompting the first concerted attempt by private charities to deal with this problem. By the depression of 1857, every substantial urban center was grappling with throngs of homeless persons. This trend was not equally evident in all sections of the country, however. On the eve of the Civil War the homeless problem, and responses to it, remained local in nature.
Tramps, Trains, and Towns, 1880 –1915
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Return Of Prosperity In 1879 reduced the numbers of homeless unemployed, temporarily calming the anxieties of those who viewed the ragged squadrons of vagabonds as the advance guard of revolution. But it could not end the problem. Homelessness in its various forms was too intimately connected to major changes in American society and its economic structure for that to happen. From time to time, especially after the return of prosperity following a period of financial depression, editorialists might talk hopefully about “the end of the tramp,” but railroad workers and communities near major transportation routes knew better. “The tramp problem shows no sign of letting up,” observed one railroad journal in 1913, and the prediction was borne out during the next two years, when the number of men on the road reached new heights.1 By the beginning of the twentieth century, however, both the nature of the phenomenon itself and the response of Americans to it were under- going significant change.
A Changing Image: The Homeless in Popular Culture, 1890 –1930
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As The Homeless Became An Established feature of American society in the early twentieth century, the image of this outcast group underwent a dramatic transformation. In middle-class literature and periodicals the view of the tramp as a dangerous, criminal agitator all but disappeared. No single stereotype replaced it; rather there emerged a number of overlapping—and frequently competing— images. Aspects of the traditional view that were not discarded were sometimes transformed in a way that would have astounded the moralists of the 1870s. What was once regarded as a defect in the moral sensibilities of the vagabond—such as his irresponsible desire to avoid work—sometimes became little more than a quaint idiosyncracy, if not actually a trait to be admired. The figure of the tramp also was significant in vaudeville, popular music, and early motion pictures. Reflecting the concerns and sentiments of a working- class or mixed-class audience, these popular entertainment forms often employed the symbol of the homeless man to criticize the in- equities of the new industrial order.
From Tramp to Transient: The Great Depression
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Depression Brought The Issue of homelessness back to the forefront of public consciousness and debate, injecting a note of real- ism into a topic that had largely become a battle of cultural symbols. Illegal train-riding, which had declined in the 1920s, again became commonplace as an army of unemployed wanderers took to the road in search of work. Shantytowns built by the homeless sprang up in cities across the nation, and social workers and municipal officials struggled to deal with increasing numbers of the destitute crowding into private and public shelters. By 1932, the “starvation army” of men (and, to some extent, women and children) on the road had become the clearest evidence of a nation in the midst of a deepening economic crisis. Out of these circumstances would come the first—and only—federal program in American history designed to deal directly with the problem of the homeless unemployed. The Federal Transient Service, a neglected aspect of the New Deal’s Hundred Days legislation, broke new ground in providing humane treatment for this outcast group.
The Forgotten Men, 1935 –1975
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Release of Close to 400,000 persons from the federal transient centers in late 1935 taxed local welfare institutions to the limit. “In most cases,” one reporter said of New York City’s homeless, “the best that can be offered these strays is the municipal lodging house at night—and the public streets by day.” Some of the homeless responded to this situation by taking to the road. The hobo jungles, little used while the Federal Transient Service was in operation, experienced a dramatic revival. During the winter of 1935‒36, Florida and California instituted border patrols in an attempt to bar indigent persons from entering their states. The effect of this action was limited at best and failed to discourage a new wave of transiency during the “Roosevelt recession” of 1937‒38. The blockades, however, did symbolize the return of a hos- tile, punitive attitude toward homeless wanderers, an attitude best illustrated by the title of a 1938 Commonweal article on the treatment of transients: “Move On, You!”
A New Homeless?
Authors: Kusmer Kenneth L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE “NEW HOMELESS” can be traced to the late 1970s, when beggars and “street people” became increasingly noticeable in the downtowns of many cities. During the recession of the early 1980s, the homeless population continued to increase, shocking many who had assumed that such visible signs of destitution had been eradicated from American society. Like the “tramp problem” of the late nineteenth century, the new homelessness was not a temporary phenomenon. The economic recovery of 1983‒84 failed to halt the growth of the homeless population. A widely cited 1984 Department of Housing and Urban Development report estimated that there were 250,000 persons living on the street or in shelters on any given night. By 1990, that figure had doubled. A 1996 Urban Institute survey estimated that on an average night 470,000 persons in the United States were sleeping in shelters but that a much larger number, close to 2 million, had experienced homelessness at some point during the previous year. Regard- less of how one measured the phenomenon, by the end of the twentieth century a much enlarged homeless population was apparently on the way to becoming a permanent feature of postindustrial America.
Adoption from the Inside Out: A Psychoanalytic Perspective
Authors: Brinich Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I would like to begin this chapter with a reminder to the reader that, as Freud (1926/ 1959) himself stated, “Psychoanalysis is part of psychology; not of medical psychology in the old sense, not of the psychology of morbid processes, but simply of psychology” (p. 252). Psychoanalysis is just as much concerned with normality as it is with psychopathology; and the inclusion of this chapter on adoption from a psychoanalytic perspective does not suggest that there is any necessary relationship between adoption and psychopathology. It is, rather, an attempt to highlight the conscious and unconscious attitudes that adoptees, adoptive parents, and relinquishing parents have toward themselves, as they have been observed via the technique of psychoanalysis.
The Meaning of the Search
Authors: Schechter Marshall D , Bertocci Doris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winds of change are swaying the structure of adoption. Portions of that structure have been undergoing radical modification, sending its current generation of architects back to examine the original design. The search by the adopted person for birth information or for the birthparents themselves has in some respects shaken the structure to its foundations.1 For however large or small a subgroup searchers may constitute, the search confronts some of the most fundamental premises, tenets, and values of adoption as an institution of North American and possibly Western culture. The clashing of views on the subject tends to obfuscate a more dispassionate and probing attempt to understand, from the subjective experience of the adopted person, what the need to search really means.
Acknowledgment or Rejection of Differences?
Authors: Kaye Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our family, adoption was a joke. We older cousins would tease the younger ones by pretending to let slip the fact that they were adopted. In reality, no one was; it was simply a way of saying, “You’re different; you’ll never fit in.” We inherited the joke from our mothers, who have been recycling it on their baby sister for nearly 60 years. Since I have come to know adoptive families, the humor has been lost on me.
Adoption and Identity Formation
Authors: Hoopes Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this chapter links two very complex constructs: identity and adoption. Identity is a personality construct that has been defined and discussed in much theoretical writing as well as in research, while adoption presents an equally complex social and family phenomenon with a clinical and research literature of its own. The interrelationship of these two complex phenomena has rarely been specifically addressed in adoption outcome research, although speculation has appeared in the literature and data presented in clinical studies, with inferences drawn concerning this interrelationship. The goal of this chapter is to summarize the theory on identity formation, examine some of the complexities of adoption, and then to look at the research and clinical literature on adoptive families and children. From this research and literature it is hoped that conclusions can be drawn regarding identity development in the adoptee.
Open Adoption
Authors: Baran Annette , Pannor Reuben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoption practice in the United States is still basically closed, secretive, and involved with the protection of everyone’s anonymity. However, there is a growing movement toward reform from secrecy to openness. Change is coming about very slowly but steadily as more and more agencies throughout the United States become involved in open adoptive placements.
Managing American Minds
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost from the beginning of hostilities in Europe, President Wilson had imagined how difficult it would be to lead a divided country into the Great War. He recognized that in such a conflict unity was vital and internal opposition, or even apathy, might be ruinous. As the United States took its place among the belligerents, he initiated programs to shape the way Americans perceived the war, to provide them information the government wished them to know, and to motivate them. Meanwhile, his administration set out to silence dissenters.
The War and Social Reform: Workers and the Poor
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At one time, historians believed World War I had delivered a coup de grace to the Progressive movement, the series of campaigns that had arisen before 1914 to reform American society. There is considerable evidence for this view. We have noted the way business groups, assailed by reformers in the pre war years, took command of the councils of defence, the War Industries Board, and other volunteer agencies and used them to reassert their influence. We have seen how people who wanted to make fundamental reforms in the relationships between social classes (for in stance, members of the Industrial Workers of the World and certain elements of the Socialist Party) were persecuted during the war years.
The Great War and the Equality Issue: African-Americans and Women
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When America began its crusade to free the victims of German autocracy, millions of its own black citizens, oppressed by poverty, segregation, political impotence, and violence, were badly in need of liberation. Yet even before the United States became a belligerent, the Great War had begun to change their lives. War accelerated a migration of rural blacks to the cities, particularly to large industrial cities in the North.
Quaker Domesticity with the Grain
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first party of forty Welsh Quakers set sail to Pennsylvania in May 1682 from Liverpool aboard the Lyon. During their eleven week voyage, the passengers drank three pints of beer daily, ate cheese, and held silent meetings. Edward Jones, a barber-surgeon and their leader from Bala, oversaw the passengers spiritual and physical health. On August 13, 1682, the Lyon sailed onto the Delaware River and the passengers disembarked at Upland, the center of a small Swedish settlement.
Saints and Republicans
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1750 the Welsh Tract and Chester Quaker communities reached their apex of exemplary communal development, reconciling wealth, productivity, tenderness, and holiness like no other people had in North America. By this time they were already attracting the attention of the French philosophes and continued to be the darlings of Pennsylvania voters. The province they ruled was luring more European immigrants than any other, and their city Philadelphia was growing faster than any other North American city. They had clearly made Quaker domesticity a force to contend with.
“The Party is Always Right”
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few histories of everyday life start with a chapter on government and bureaucracy. But it is one of the peculiarities of our subject that the state can never be kept out, try though we may. Soviet citizens attempting to live ordinary lives were continually running up against the state in one of its multifarious aspects. Their lives were tossed around by Communist policies; their tempers were tried on a daily basis by incompetent and arbitrary officials, clerks, and salespeople, all working for the state. This was the omnipresent context of Soviet everyday life; there was no way to live without it. Thus, our story begins with an overview of the Stalinist regime and its institutions and practices, particularly the Communist Party’s style of rule and mentalitC. At the end of the 1920s, the conventional starting point for the Stalin period, the Soviet regime had been in power for not much more than a decade. Its leaders still thought of themselves as revolutionaries, and they behaved like revolutionaries too. They meant to transform and modernize Russian society, a process they described as “building socialism.” Since they believed that this revolutionary transformation was in the long-term interests of the people, they were willing to force it through, even when, as with collectivization, a majority of the relevant population dearly opposed it. They explained popular resistance as a result of the backwardness, prejudices, and fears of the unenlightened masses. The Communists’ sense of mission and intellectual superiority was far too great to allow them to be swayed by mere majority opinion.
The Black Oldest Old: Health, Functioning, and Informal Support
Authors: Gibson Rose C , Jackson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blacks constitute the most rapidly growing portion of the oldest old population (Siegel and Taeuber 1986; Taeuber and Rosenwaike, Chapter 2, this volume). Little is known about very old blacks, except that compared with whites of the same age, their number is growing more rapidly; they are more likely to live in families with limited economic resources and more likely to be in poor physical and functional health, yet less likely to be institutionalized. The rapid growth of this group, combined with their tendency to live with families that can ill afford to keep them economically, make their levels of health, functioning, and quality of family support matters of high national concern. These issues shape the long-term care needs of the black oldest old. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the health, functioning, and informal supports of the black oldest old and to recommend new directions for research on this population.
Making It Last: Economic Resources of the Oldest Old
Authors: Atkins G Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congress increasingly is considering proposals to shift more of Medicare costs to the elderly themselves. Public policy proposals aimed at shifting costs to elderly beneficiaries, such as the ill-fated Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988, have often ignored age variations in the economic resources of the elderly. The oldest old are treated just like the newly retired, regardless of differences that may exist in their ability to bear these costs. Yet, as the oldest old population grows in size and prominence, public policy will need to become more sensitive to their unique conditions. This chapter addresses the question of whether the economic resources of the oldest old are sufficiently different to justify more age-specific public policy.
Mendicity-The Language of Poverty
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All three of the men whom Vieuloup and Pelicot led away to the royal prisons at Rennes on that early September day in 1777 claimed to be searching for work. Like many others who gravitated to the market square of Toussaints, they were far from home. Nicolas le Coz (who went by the name of “Le Floe”), about forty-eight, said he was the son of a fisherman, Jan, and of Catherine Kersalle, and that he was born in the diocese of Quimper. The recorder could not spell the parish consistently, but it appears to have been the small community of Locronon, whose church tower looks out over an arm of the sea and the westernmost shores of Brittany, a hundred and fifty miles west of Rennes. Julien Buquet, aged seventy-four, came from the diocese of Doi on the northern coast, where he claimed to reside in the parish of La Boussac with his wife and children. At twenty years of age, Guillaume Vary was the youngest of the three. Born in Normandy, he gave the parish of Bazoges as his home. Gabliet was the name of his deceased father. His mother’s name he could not recall.