bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Carbonate Buffering on Atmospheric Equilibration of CO2, δ13CDIC, and Δ14CDIC in Rivers and Streams
Authors: Winnick Matthew J. , Saccardi Brian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRivers and streams play an important role within the global carbon cycle, in part through emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere. However, the sources of this CO2 and their spatiotemporal variability are difficult to constrain. Recent work has highlighted the role of carbonate buffering reactions that may serve as a source of CO2 in high alkalinity systems. In this study, we seek to develop a quantitative framework for the role of carbonate buffering in the fluxes and spatiotemporal patterns of CO2 and the stable and radio‐ isotope composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). We incorporate DIC speciation calculations of carbon isotopologues into a stream network CO2 model and perform a series of simulations, ranging from the degassing of a groundwater seep to a hydrologically‐coupled 5th‐order stream network. We find that carbonate buffering reactions contribute >60% of emissions in high‐alkalinity, moderate groundwater‐CO2 environments. However, atmosphere equilibration timescales of CO2 are minimally affected, which contradicts hypotheses that carbonate buffering maintains high CO2 across Strahler orders in high alkalinity systems. In contrast, alkalinity dramatically increases isotope equilibration timescales, which acts to decouple CO2 and DIC variations from the isotopic composition even under low alkalinity. This significantly complicates a common method for carbon source identification. Based on similar impacts on atmospheric equilibration for stable and radio‐ carbon isotopologues, we develop a quantitative method for partitioning groundwater and stream corridor carbon sources in carbonate‐dominated watersheds. Together, these results provide a framework to guide fieldwork and interpretations of stream network CO2 patterns across variable alkalinities.
Controls on Mineral Formation in High pH Fluids From the Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Aquino Karmina A. , Früh‐Green Gretchen L. , Bernasconi Stefano M. , Bontognali Tomaso R. R. , Foubert Anneleen , Lang Susan Q. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAlthough the serpentinite‐hosted Lost City hydrothermal field (LCHF) was discovered more than 20 years ago, it remains unclear whether and how the presence of microbes affects the mineralogy and textures of the hydrothermal chimney structures. Most chimneys have flow textures comprised of mineral walls bounding paleo‐channels, which are preserved in inactive vent structures to a varying degree. Brucite lines the internal part of these channels, while aragonite dominates the exterior. Calcite is also present locally, mostly associated with brucite. Based on a combination of microscopic and geochemical analyses, we interpret brucite, calcite, and aragonite as primary minerals that precipitate abiotically from mixing seawater and hydrothermal fluids. We also observed local brucite precipitation on microbial filaments and, in some cases, microbial filaments may affect the growth direction of brucite crystals. Brucite is more fluorescent than carbonate minerals, possibly indicating the presence of organic compounds. Our results point to brucite as an important substrate for microbial life in alkaline hydrothermal systems.
Orbital Controls on North Pacific Dust Flux During the Late Quaternary
Authors: Zhong Yi , Liu Yanguang , Yang Hu , Yin Qiuzhen , Wilson David J. , Lu Zhengyao , Jaccard Samuel L. , Struve Torben , Clift Peter D. , Kaboth‐Bahr Stefanie , Larrasoaña Juan C. , Bahr André , Gong Xun , Zhao Debo , Zhang Yanan , Xia Wenyue , Liu Qingsong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAirborne mineral dust is sensitive to climatic changes, but its response to orbital forcing is still not fully understood. Here, we present a reconstruction of dust input to the Subarctic Pacific Ocean covering the past 190 kyr. The dust composition record is indicative of source moisture conditions, which were dominated by precessional variations. In contrast, the dust flux record is dominated by obliquity variations and displays an out‐of‐phase relationship with a dust record from the mid‐latitude North Pacific Ocean. Climate model simulations suggest precession likely drove changes in the aridity and extent of dust source regions. Additionally, the obliquity variations in dust flux can be explained by meridional shifts in the North Pacific westerly jet, driven by changes in the meridional atmospheric temperature gradient. Overall, our findings suggest that North Pacific dust input was primarily modulated by orbital‐controlled source aridity and the strength and position of the westerly winds.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Southern Ocean Ventilation
Authors: Styles Andrew F. , MacGilchrist Graeme A. , Bell Michael J. , Marshall David P. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOcean ventilation translates atmospheric forcing into the ocean interior. The Southern Ocean is an important ventilation site for heat and carbon and is likely to influence the outcome of anthropogenic climate change. We conduct an extensive backwards‐in‐time trajectory experiment to identify spatial and temporal patterns of ventilation. Temporally, almost all ventilation occurs between August and November. Spatially, “hotspots” of ventilation account for 60% of open‐ocean ventilation on a 30 years timescale; the remaining 40% ventilates in a circumpolar pattern. The densest waters ventilate on the Antarctic shelf, primarily near the Antarctic Peninsula (40%) and the west Ross sea (20%); the remaining 40% is distributed across East Antarctica. Shelf‐ventilated waters experience significant densification outside of the mixed layer.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Tectonic Tremors in the Collisional Orogen of Taiwan
Authors: Ide Satoshi , Chen Kate Huihsuan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTaiwan offers a distinctive tectonic setting as a collisional orogen, ideal for studying tectonic tremors and the slow deformation process in the mountain‐building process. Using continuous seismic data at many stations, which have become available recently, and employing the envelope correlation method, we detected ∼7,000 tremor events from 2012 to 2022, with waveform characteristics similar to tectonic tremors worldwide. Beyond the previously known tremor zone beneath the southern Central Range, where newly detected tremors align along a low‐angle thrust plane, we identified several new tremor “hotspots” spanning 200 km along the mountain belt. These hotspots are situated at the termination of the subducting slabs and around the deep (25–50 km) extension of the Central Range fault, where repeating earthquakes occur at a depth of 10–25 km. Our findings suggest a strong linkage between the tremor generation mechanism and the mountain‐building process, potentially influenced by underground fluid and temperature anomalies.
Phase‐Locked Rossby Wave‐4 Pattern Dominates the 2022‐Like Concurrent Heat Extremes Across the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Yang Xiaoye , Zeng Gang , Zhang Shiyue , Iyakaremye Vedaste , Shen Cheng , Wang Wei‐Chyung , Chen Deliang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractConcurrent heat extremes (CHEs) are becoming increasingly common in the mid‐high latitudes across the Northern Hemisphere (NH), underscoring the need to comprehend their spatiotemporal characteristics and underlying causes. Here we reveal a phase‐locking behavior in Wave‐4 pattern, particularly after mid‐1990s, giving rise to a prominent CHE mode akin to heat extreme pattern observed in 2022, which swept most NH regions. Wave‐4 pattern significantly amplifies the likelihood of CHEs in Eastern Europe (∼30%), Northeast Asia (∼25%), and northwestern coast of North America (∼15%), while reducing the likelihood in central North America and northern Central Asia. During 1979–2022, the identified pattern accounted for over 69.7% of the trends in heat extremes over the mid‐high latitudes of the NH, directly exposing approximately 333.5 million people to heat extremes. Observations and simulations indicate that radiation anomalies over Eastern European Plain and West Siberian Plain play pivotal roles as primary forcing sources for Wave‐4 pattern.
Airborne Observations Constrain Heterogeneous Nitrogen and Halogen Chemistry on Tropospheric and Stratospheric Biomass Burning Aerosol
Authors: Decker Zachary C. J. , Novak Gordon A. , Aikin Kenneth , Veres Patrick R. , Neuman J. Andrew , Bourgeois Ilann , Bui T. Paul , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Coggon Matthew M. , Day Douglas A. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Dollner Maximilian , Franchin Alessandro , Fredrickson Carley D. , Froyd Karl D. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Guo Hongyu , Hall Samuel R. , Halliday Hannah , Hayden Katherine , Holmes Christopher D. , Jimenez Jose L. , Kupc Agnieszka , Lindaas Jakob , Middlebrook Ann M. , Moore Richard H. , Nault Benjamin A. , Nowak John B. , Pagonis Demetrios , Palm Brett B. , Peischl Jeff , Piel Felix M. , Rickly Pamela S. , Robinson Michael A. , Rollins Andrew W. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Schill Gregory P. , Sekimoto Kanako , Thompson Chelsea R. , Thornhill Kenneth L. , Thornton Joel A. , Ullmann Kirk , Warneke Carsten , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , Weinzierl Bernadett , Wiggins Elizabeth B. , Williamson Christina J. , Winstead Edward L. , Wisthaler Armin , Womack Caroline C. , Brown Steven S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHeterogeneous chemical cycles of pyrogenic nitrogen and halides influence tropospheric ozone and affect the stratosphere during extreme Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCB) events. We report field‐derived N2O5 uptake coefficients, γ(N2O5), and ClNO2 yields, φ(ClNO2), from two aircraft campaigns observing fresh smoke in the lower and mid troposphere and processed/aged smoke in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Derived φ(ClNO2) varied across the full 0–1 range but was typically <0.5 and smallest in a PyroCB (<0.05). Derived γ(N2O5) was low in agricultural smoke (0.2–3.6 × 10−3), extremely low in mid‐tropospheric wildfire smoke (0.1 × 10−3), but larger in PyroCB processed smoke (0.7–5.0 × 10−3). Aged biomass burning aerosol in the UTLS had a higher γ(N2O5) of 17 × 10−3 that increased with sulfate and liquid water, but that was 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than values for aqueous sulfuric aerosol used in stratospheric models.
Statistical Studies of Plasma Structuring in the Auroral Ionosphere by the Swarm Satellites
Authors: Buschmann L. M. , Clausen L. B. N. , Spicher A. , Ivarsen M. F. , Miloch W. J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis study uses over 2 years of 16 Hz density measurements, 50 Hz magnetic field data and ROTI data from the Swarm mission to perform long term statistics of plasma structuring in the polar ionosphere. The timeframe covers more than 2 years near the 24th solar cycle peak. We additionally use 3 years of data obtained from a timeframe close to solar minimum for discussion. We present power spectral densities (PSD) of electron density irregularities and magnetic field for 1‐min intervals. These PSD have been characterized by the probability of a slope steepening, and by integrating the power deposited within frequency intervals corresponding to kilometer scales. For the electron density, we observe seasonal dependencies for both the integrated power and slope characteristics. While the dual slope probability, especially within the polar cap, varies with solar EUV‐radiation, the integrated power is strongest around the equinoxes. Additionally, while we found similar results for the slope probability for both hemispheres, the integrated power exhibits strong hemispheric asymmetries with stronger enhancements within local summer in the southern hemisphere. The ROTI data shows a similar seasonal variability as the density PSD integrated power, in both seasonal dependency and interhemispheric variability. However, for the ROTI data the strongest fluctuations were found within the nightside auroral oval and the cusp. For the PSD of the magnetic field data, we obtain the strongest enhancements within the cusp for all seasons and all hemispheres. The fluctuations may indicate an increase in Alfvénic energy associated with a downward Poynting flux.
Simulations and Prediction of Historical and Future Maximum Freeze Depth in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Chen Cong , Peng Xiaoqing , Frauenfeld Oliver W. , Chu Xinde , Chen Guanqun , Huang Yuan , Li Xuanjia , Yang Guangshang , Tian Weiwei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe maximum annual freeze depth (MFD) is a primary indicator of the thermal state of frozen ground, affecting ecosystems, hydrological processes, vegetation growth, infrastructure, and human activities in cold regions. It is thus important to quantify the past, present, and future spatial and temporal variability of MFD at the hemispheric scale. We develop a data‐driven MFD simulation method within a machine learning framework, integrating MFD observations from meteorological stations and several environmental predictors, to analyze past and future scenarios in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Based on ERA5 reanalysis estimates and historical to future CMIP6 scenarios, the NH MFD averaged 133 cm (ERA5) and 131 cm (CMIP6) during 1981–2010, and will vary 81–112 cm during 2015–2100 depending on the emission scenario. During 1950–2013, MFD decreased by 0.37 cm/a (ERA5) versus 0.22 cm/a (CMIP6), and is projected to decrease 0.16–0.69 cm/a by 2100. During 1981–2010, MFD decreased by an average of 19.1% (ERA5) and 13.9% (CMIP6), with a net change of −17 cm (ERA5) and −13 cm (CMIP6). Depending on the emission scenario, MFD will decrease 11% (−12 cm) to 42% (−19 cm) between 2015 and 2099 relative to the 1981–2010. Warming, increased moisture, warmer cold seasons, warmer warm seasons, shallower snow depths, and increased vegetation cover all lead to a reduction in MFD. The results from this novel machine learning approach provide useful insights regarding the fate of future frozen ground changes.
Lake Water Temperature Modeling in an Era of Climate Change: Data Sources, Models, and Future Prospects
Authors: Piccolroaz S. , Zhu S. , Ladwig R. , Carrea L. , Oliver S. , Piotrowski A. P. , Ptak M. , Shinohara R. , Sojka M. , Woolway R. I. , Zhu D. Z. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLake thermal dynamics have been considerably impacted by climate change, with potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. To better understand the potential impacts of future climate change on lake thermal dynamics and related processes, the use of mathematical models is essential. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of lake water temperature modeling. We begin by discussing the physical concepts that regulate thermal dynamics in lakes, which serve as a primer for the description of process‐based models. We then provide an overview of different sources of observational water temperature data, including in situ monitoring and satellite Earth observations, used in the field of lake water temperature modeling. We classify and review the various lake water temperature models available, and then discuss model performance, including commonly used performance metrics and optimization methods. Finally, we analyze emerging modeling approaches, including forecasting, digital twins, combining process‐based modeling with deep learning, evaluating structural model differences through ensemble modeling, adapted water management, and coupling of climate and lake models. This review is aimed at a diverse group of professionals working in the fields of limnology and hydrology, including ecologists, biologists, physicists, engineers, and remote sensing researchers from the private and public sectors who are interested in understanding lake water temperature modeling and its potential applications.
Controlling Factors of Evapotranspiration Predictability Under Diverse Climates With the Effects of Water Storage Change in the Budyko Framework
Authors: Wu Chuanhao , Yeh Pat J.‐F. , Zhou Jun , Li Jiayun , Zhong Lulu , Wang Saisai , Gong Zhengjie , Shi Min , Ju Jiali , Huang Guoru 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe Budyko models (BM) have been extended in previous studies by incorporating water storage change (ΔS) (subtracting ΔS from precipitation) to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) under non‐steady state conditions at scales finer than the climatological mean scale. However, a systematic assessment of the interannual ET predictability of the extended BM is still lacking, hence its validity and controlling factors of improvement (over the original BM) under globally diverse climates is not yet well understood. Based on a long‐term (1984–2008) gridded water budget data set, we present a comparative analysis of annual ET predictability between the original BM (ET1) and the extended BM considering ΔS (ET2) in 32 global river basins to explore the sensitivity of climate factors and catchment hydrologic responses in determining ET predictability. Results show that the difference between ET1 and ET2 increases linearly with ΔS, with ET2 < ET1 (ET2 > ET1) when ΔS > 0 (ΔS < 0). When both ET1 and ET2 overestimate (underestimate) observed ET, the error in ET2 is smaller than ET1 when ΔS > 0 (ΔS < 0) for all 32 basins considered. When the error signs of ET2 and ET1 differ, however, the difference in the absolute magnitude of ET2 and ET1 errors (REdiff) under extremely humid climates is determined by the difference between potential ET and ET, leading to comparable accuracy between ET2 and ET1. In contrast, under extremely arid climates, REdiff is controlled by the combined influences of ΔS and R, resulting in more accurate ET2 than ET1 under the condition of the in‐phase, positive‐correlated relationship between ΔS and R.
Rural Water Point Functionality Estimates and Associations: Evidence From Nine Countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia
Authors: Murray Anna L. , Stone Gabriela , Yang Audrey R. , Lawrence Nicholas F. , Matthews Hannah , Kayser Georgia L. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSustained functionality of rural water systems is a global challenge. Research on factors contributing to rural water system functionality is largely restricted to hand pumps from single geographies. We analyzed monitoring data from 10 drinking water supply programs in nine sub‐Saharan African and South Asian countries collected between 2017 and 2020. Data included 1,805 randomly selected water points (tap stands, spring protections, rainwater collection, and boreholes and hand‐dug wells with hand pumps) from two cross‐sectional samples: older construction (1–12 years old) and new construction (<1 year). Data collection included observations of water point functionality (“water available”) and management committee questionnaires. Overall, 79% of older construction and 92% of new construction water points were functional. In a mixed effects logistic regression to identify factors contributing to functionality within the older construction sample, piped water tap stands had lower odds of functioning than boreholes with hand pumps (OR = 0.26, 95% CI:0.15–0.46). Water points in communities with fewer available water points, those with operational water management committees (which meet often, collect fees, and can name someone for maintenance), and those with financial savings were associated with higher functionality. As piped water system provision increases in line with international development goals, our results suggest that the benefits of providing higher levels of water service should be carefully considered alongside the technological, institutional, and financial investment required to operate and maintain more complex piped water systems in rural settings.
The endogenous opioid system in the medial prefrontal cortex mediates ketamine’s antidepressant-like actions
Authors: Jiang Cheng , DiLeone Ralph J. , Pittenger Christopher , Duman Ronald S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRecent studies have implicated the endogenous opioid system in the antidepressant actions of ketamine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a combination of pharmacological, behavioral, and molecular approaches in rats to test the contribution of the prefrontal endogenous opioid system to the antidepressant-like effects of a single dose of ketamine. Both the behavioral actions of ketamine and their molecular correlates in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are blocked by acute systemic administration of naltrexone, a competitive opioid receptor antagonist. Naltrexone delivered directly into the mPFC similarly disrupts the behavioral effects of ketamine. Ketamine treatment rapidly increases levels of β-endorphin and the expression of the μ-opioid receptor gene (Oprm1) in the mPFC, and the expression of gene that encodes proopiomelanocortin, the precursor of β-endorphin, in the hypothalamus, in vivo. Finally, neutralization of β-endorphin in the mPFC using a specific antibody prior to ketamine treatment abolishes both behavioral and molecular effects. Together, these findings indicate that presence of β-endorphin and activation of opioid receptors in the mPFC are required for the antidepressant-like actions of ketamine.
Haplotype phasing of CYP2D6: an allelic ratio method using Agena MassARRAY data
Authors: Thamilselvan Megana , Mather Cheryl , Wang Yabing , Foo Jerome C. , Aitchison Katherine J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPharmacogenomics aims to use the genetic information of an individual to personalize drug prescribing. There is evidence that pharmacogenomic testing before prescription may prevent adverse drug reactions, increase efficacy, and reduce cost of treatment. CYP2D6 is a key pharmacogene of relevance to multiple therapeutic areas. Indeed, there are prescribing guidelines available for medications based on CYP2D6 enzyme activity as deduced from CYP2D6 genetic data. The Agena MassARRAY system is a cost-effective method of detecting genetic variation that has been clinically applied to other genes. However, its clinical application to CYP2D6 has to date been limited by weaknesses such as the inability to determine which haplotype was present in more than one copy for individuals with more than two copies of the CYP2D6 gene. We report application of a new protocol for CYP2D6 haplotype phasing of data generated from the Agena MassARRAY system. For samples with more than two copies of the CYP2D6 gene for which the prior consensus data specified which one was present in more than one copy, our protocol was able to conduct CYP2D6 haplotype phasing resulting in 100% concordance with the prior data. In addition, for three reference samples known to have more than two copies of CYP2D6 but for which the exact number of CYP2D6 genes was unknown, our protocol was able to resolve the number for two out of the three of these, and estimate the likely number for the third. Finally, we demonstrate that our method is applicable to CYP2D6 hybrid tandem configurations.