bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Insolvency on Applications for Financial Provision and Property Adjustment
Authors: Miller Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claims of creditors will almost invariably make it more difficult to achieve a satisfactory disposition of the parties’ income and capital on the breakdown of a marriage. If the claims of the creditors lead to the bankruptcy of the husband he may be able to take advantage of bankruptcy proceedings as a means of delaying or defeating the claims of his wife; he may even be prepared to file his own petition in bankruptcy. In this event it may be possible and appropriate for his wife to seek annulment of the bankruptcy order. This was considered in Chapter 6, para 6.10.4.
Renewing Unilever
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unilever is one of the world’s largest suppliers of fast moving consumer goods in foods, home and personal care. It operates in over 100 countries. Its scope and scale make it a unique global corporation. Yet the story of Unilever is not simply a tale of corporate evolution: Unilever is a corporation that has a big impact on the lives of people round the world. Indeed, a Unilever brand can be found in one in every two households worldwide. Geoffrey Jones, a leading business historian from the Harvard Business School, takes us inside this corporation, which, from its origins in Britain and the Netherlands, has become a worldwide manufacturer of fast moving consumer products. Unilever’s operations cover food and home and personal care, and its brands include Lipton, Hellmann ‘s, Birds Eye, Wall’s, Surf, Domestos, Comfort, Dove, Sunsilk, Pond’s, Signal, Axe, and Ben & Jerry’s. In particular the book focuses on the evolution of the company over the last half century. Managing such a firm in the era of globalization posed enormous challenges. The book covers the company’s strategies and provides compelling evidence of its decision-making, marketing, brand management, innovation, acquisition strategies, corporate culture, and human resource management. The author has had full access to corporate archives and executives and provides us with a unique insight into the workings and strategies of one of the world’s oldest and largest multinationals.
Adding Value: Marketing and Brands
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1960s it was evident that Unilever’s markets were undergoing a radical change. The economic boom of the post-war decades was creating a new affluence in western Europe as well as the United States. Western European incomes increased more in these two decades than in the previous 150 years. Accelerating social change accompanied the growth of incomes. Large numbers of young people were the first members of their families to go to universities. There was a great rise in the number of women working outside the home after marriage. Family structures began to weaken as divorce rates moved upwards. People lived longer.
Corporate Culture
Authors: Jones Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early 1980s there was a sudden spate of studies, mostly written by McKinsey partners or consultants, on the corporate culture of firms. Peters and Waterman’s In Search of Excellence, published in 1982, became a major international best-seller. It was followed by numerous studies which maintained that corporate culture was one of the key determinants in corporate performance. A firm’s ‘culture ‘ resides in the shared values and assumptions which evolve over time, and which are typically taken for granted. This ‘culture ‘ is at once hard to define, as it is not written down in any document or set of rules, yet pervasive, shaping the choices that managers make, and how decisions are implemented.
Organizational Identity
Authors: Albert Stuart , Whetten David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to define and develop the concept of identity1 within an organizational setting, to consider what the term organizational identity might mean that is clear, distinctive, important, useful and measurable. Historically, identity has been treated as a loosely coupled set of ideas, distinctions, puzzles, and concepts that are best considered as a framework or point of view (Erickson, 1980, 1968; James, 1890; Mead, 1934). 7
Organizational Identity: Linkages Between Internal and External Communication
Authors: Cheney George , Christensen Lars Thøger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a man adjusts himself to a certain environment he becomes a different individual; but in becoming a different individual he has affected the community in which he lives. It may be a slight effect, but in so far as he has adjusted himself, the adjustments have changed the type of environments to which he can respond and the world is accordingly a different world.
History and the nature of stakeholder theorizing
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freeman is generally credited with popularizing the stakeholder concept, with his 1984 book Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. It is often recognized that the word stakeholder first appeared in management literature via an internal memo at the Stanford Research Institute in 1963. Schilling (2000) argues that the Weld predates this by over sixty years due to a startling similarity between that stakeholder concept and the work of Follet (1918). Here we consider a concern about the corporation, which emerged along with the origins of the corporation as a legal entity: the soulless corporation.
General theoretical stakeholder issues
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stakeholder concept has not gone unchallenged. Many have reiterated the alternative stockholder position. Others have challenged implications of the stakeholder concept for certain groups and its broader implications for social institutions (Section 5.2). In Chapter 2 we noted Donaldson and Preston’s claim (1995) that the core of stakeholder theory should be normative as it was the strongest basis capable of providing a convincing justification for stakeholder theory. Jones and Wicks (1999a) repeated this claim in stronger terms and sparked an important discussion (the ‘convergence’ debate) over the future direction that stakeholder theory should take.
Intermediaries, the media, and stakeholder mismanagement
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contributors to the stakeholder literature have typically considered the stakeholder– organization relation as dyadic: a direct, linear relationship. This simplifies reality and ignores the impact of interdependent stakeholders and established networks. It also overlooks the role of intermediaries as mediators, facilitators, campaigners, and as stakeholders in their own right, and in particular the role of the media as an intermediary. There are three notable exceptions that consider some but not all of these aspects: Rowley (1997), Frooman (1999), and Rowley and Moldoveanu (2003) (see Sections 4.2.6, 4.5.1, and 4.5.2).
National and international stakeholder policies
Authors: Friedman Andrew L , Miles Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Regulations and guidelines pertinent to stakeholders are numerous. In addition to the array of geographical jurisdictions from which such guidelines emanate, the core focus can range from human rights, sustainable development, and employee practices to supply chain management. It is not the intention here to cover all such guidelines; however, we provide a framework in Section 9.2 by which the vast array of literature on policies, as well as the laws, regulation, and guidelines, can be categorized. It is intended to help make comparisons between policies and particularly in relation to the effectiveness of policies.
Is There an Adjective Class in Wolof?
Authors: Laughlin Fiona Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the striking characteristics of many Niger-Congo languages is the small set of underived adjectives that they possess. Igbo, for example, has only eight un derived adjectives which occur as antonym pairs (Welmers 1973: 259; Dixon 1981: 4), while Ewe has only five (see Ameka 2002). In some languages, such as Akan, words with an adjectival function are barely distinguishable from nouns, while in others, such as Yoruba, they resemble verbs (Welmers 1973: 155-7). Remarking on the latter type, Creissels (2000: 249-50) adds that ‘Wolof illustrates the borderline case of a language that properly speaking does not have a category “adjective”; and in which even notions most typically encoded through adjectival lexemes are encoded through lexemes that fulfil the predicate function inexactly the same way as typically verbal lexemes.’ Lexical items most likely lo be adjectives on a semantic basis behave in an overwhelmingly verb-like manner in Wolof. They function as intransitive predicates and not as copula complements, and they modify nouns in an NP within relative clause constructions. Work verb-like adjectivals are found widely in the world’s languages, in Chapter 1 Dixon proposes that all languages have an adjectival class that is in some way distinct from other word classes in a given language, thereby predicting that adjectivals in languages like Wolof will exhibit some behaviour ,however subtle, that sets them apart from other verbs.
Prisons and their Moral Performance
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book constitutes a critical case study of the modern search for public sector reform. It includes a detailed account of a study aimed at developing a meaningful way of evaluating difficult-to-measure moral dimensions of the quality of prisons. Penal practices, values, and sensibilities have undergone important transformations over the period 1990-2003. Part of this transformation included a serious flirtation with a liberal penal project that went wrong. A significant factor in this unfortunate turn of events was a lack of clarity, by those working in and managing prisons, about important terms such as ‘justice’, ‘liberal’, and ‘care’, and how they might apply to daily penal life. Official measures of the prison seem to lack relevance to many who live and work in prison and to their critics. The author proposes that a truer test of the quality of prison life is what staff and prisoners have to say about those aspects of prison life that ‘matter most’: relationships, fairness, order, and the quality of their treatment. The book attempts a detailed analysis and measurement of these dimensions in five prisons. It finds significant differences between establishments in these areas of prison life, and some departures from the official vision of the prison supported by the performance framework. The information revolution has generated unprecedented levels of knowledge about individual prisons, as well as providing a management reach into establishments from a distance, and a capacity for ‘chronic revision’, that was unimaginable fifty years ago. Another major transformation – the modernisation project – brought with it a new, but flawed, ‘craft’ of performance monitoring and measurement aimed at solving some of the problems of prison management. This book explores the arrival and the impact of this concept of performance and the links apparently forged between managerialism and moral values.
The Transfer of Tangible Movable Property
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the choice of law treatment of particular transfers of tangible movable property, by means of gift, sale, mortgage, or otherwise1 (and not the general or universal transfer of such property as may occur upon the event of marriage, insolvency or death). Tangible movable property may be said to comprise ‘all things having a physical corpus capable of actual possession’. In the normal run of events, owner- ship of tangible movable property is not represented or evidenced by formal, certificated title (although motor vehicles, aircraft, ships, etc generally are accompanied by registration documents, which are akin to documents of title), meaning that the law which determines the creation, acquisition, and/or transfer of rights in such property is not always immediately apparent.
The Contract/Conveyance Borderland
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A. IMMOVABLE PROPERTY
According to Article 3 of the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (henceforth ‘the Rome Convention’),3 contracting parties may select the law which is to govern their contract, even where the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property, but according to Article 4(3), insofar as the applicable law has not been chosen, ‘to the extent that the subject matter of the contract is a right in immovable property or a right to use immovable property it shall be presumed that the contract is most closely connected with the country where the immovable property is situated’.
Designing Regulatory Frameworks For Developing Countries
Authors: Buckingham Ann , Williams Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the latter half of the twentieth century, the provision of telecommunications services in developing countries has been the responsibility of the State. Penetration rates were low, service quality was poor, and the incumbent operator was often in financial difficulties. Government attempts to improve the situation focused on securing investment, technical assistance, and financial support. However, in the 1990s, three factors dramatically changed attitudes to the development of communications markets in developing countries.
Settlement and Part 36
Authors: Barrie MA Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most cases settle. This is particularly the case with personal injury claims. This is a good thing (except for the lawyers) as long as the settlement is on proper terms and is not an undervalue of a claim, which a claimant is compelled to accept because of a fear of the barriers such as cost, delay and uncertainty which stand in the way of taking a claim to court. When a claim is settled, the assessment of the claim is in the hands of the lawyers rather than the court; much depends on the skill and experience of the legal advisers and their resistance to the conflicts of interest which increasingly arise in practice.
Physiognomating by the Book
Authors: Porter Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In these two final chapters I want to provide present readers with an idea of how the reading of the physiognomony in these books worked its natural magic in such a way as to bring the reader to some form of self-knowledge. I will also try to offer a way of understanding how, in the early modern period, the hermetic sense of reading the art of physiognomy gave rise to an ‘internal cinema’ that was thought to be capable of bringing about a self-transformation, or what was referred to in the Corpus hermeticum as a ‘regeneration’. With the gestation of time, and with all the intellectual, religious, social, political, and cultural changes that took place between the late fifteenth century and the late eighteenth century, this intensely religious process of ‘regeneration’ was lost sight of, and reading a ‘book on physiognomy’ was transformed into a much more light-hearted form of recreation.
Strategy Making as an Iterated Process of Resource Allocation
Authors: Noda Tomo , Bower Joseph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the fact that many well-known discussions of strategy invoke the image that strategy is a course of action consciously deliberated by top management (e.g. Chandler 1962; Andrews 1971) or an analytical exercise undertaken by staff strategists (e.g. Ansoff 1965; Porter 1980), descriptive analysis of the complexity of real organizational phenomena challenges such simplified conceptualization (e.g. Allison 1971). An explicit recognition of inherent organizational complexities, often described as ‘possible goal incongruence’, ‘information asymmetry’, and ‘organizational politics’ (e.g. Barnard 1938; Simon 1945; Cyert and March 1963; Crozier 1964), as well as ‘unpredictable’ and ‘uncontrollable’ environments (e.g. Schumpeter 1934; Nelson and Winter 1982; Thompson 1967; Pfeffer and Salancik 1978; Miles 1982), has led some strategic management scholars to describe how strategy is actually formed instead of prescribing what it should be. Findings from their empirical studies suggest that strategy is, more or less, emergent from lower levels of organizations (e.g. Mintzberg 1978; Pascale 1984; Mintzberg and Waters 1985), whether through trial-and-error learning (Mintzberg and McHugh 1985), incrementally with logical guidance from the top (Quinn 1980), or such that small changes are often punctuated by a sudden big change in a relatively short period (Miller and Friesen 1984; Tushman and Romanelli 1985; Gersick 1991). From this strategy process perspective, strategy is ‘a pattern in a stream of decisions and actions’ (Mintzberg and McHugh 1985: 161) that are distributed across multiple levels of an organization.
Liberia
Authors: Fitzpatrick D , Anderson M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberia boasts of being amongst the world’s leading marmme nations.1 Located on the West Coast of Africa, and having a population estimated atmillion,2 Liberia was founded in 1822 by freed black American slaves whose repatriation to Africa was funded primarily by the American Colonization Society. Originally a conglomerate of independent isolated colonies, greater co-operation developed among the colonies and by 1839, Liberia was a self-governing commonwealth. When the colonial powers, primarily Great Britain, refused to recognize the sovereign status and rights of the commonwealth, in 1947 the people of Liberia proclaimed the territory an independent republic, making it the first independent republic in Africa.
The Baltic States: Pacesetting on EMU Accession and the Consolidation of Domestic Stability Culture
Authors: Feldmann Magnus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland, the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania chose to pursue a euro entry strategy that made them EMU accession leaders, targeting full member- ship by 2007–08, and shortly after Slovenia. This status as pacesetters and the prospect of accelerated euro entry would have seemed highly unlikely in the early 1990s when they were attempting to break loose from the Soviet Union and when EU membership itself seemed utopian.
From Laggard to Pacesetter: Bulgaria’s Road to EMU
Authors: Dimitrov Vesselin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bulgaria’s road to EMU provides one of the clearest and most successful instances in east central Europe of one form of the two-level game of ‘negotiation of fit’ between the EU and the domestic levels (see Dyson’s introductory chapter above), the strategy of ‘binding hands’. In this variant, domestic actors, both political and technocratic, use European integration in order to limit their policy discretion, with the aim of enhancing their credibility at both the domestic and the EU level.
From Pacesetter to Laggard: The Political Economy of Negotiating Fit in the Czech Republic
Authors: Boönker Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1990s most observers regarded the Czech Republic as the pacesetter amongst east central East European states in progress towards adopting the euro. At that time, the country was widely perceived as a paragon of ‘sound money and finance’ in the region. VaB4clav Klaus, the self- confident architect of Czech economic reform in the first half of the 1990s, did not stand alone in arguing that the Czech Republic was closer to meeting the Maastricht convergence criteria than many traditional EU members.
Trust as a source of sustained competitive advantage*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Significant differences in assumption and method exist between behaviorally oriented and economically oriented organizational scholars (Barney 1990; Donaldson 1990). While these differences manifest themselves in a wide variety of research contexts, nowhere are they more obvious than in research on the role of trust in economic exchanges. On the one hand, behaviorally oriented researchers often criticize economic models that assume exchange partners are inherently untrustworthy (Mahoney, Huff, and Huff 1993) and constantly tempted to behave in opportunistic ways (Donaldson 1990). These scholars are dissatisfied with economic analyses that suggest trust will only emerge in an exchange when parties to that exchange erect legal and contractual protections (called governance mechanisms) which make it in their self-interest to behave in a trustworthy manner (Williamson 1975). This rational, calculative, economic approach to trust, many behavioral scholars argue, is empirically incorrect (since most exchange partners are, in fact, trustworthy), socially inefficient (since it leads to an overinvestment in unnecessary governance), and morally bankrupt (Etzioni 1988). A more reasonable approach, it is argued, would adopt the assumption that most exchange partners are trustworthy, that they behave as stewards over the resources they have under their control (Donaldson and Davis 1991), and thus that trust in exchange relationships—even without legal and contractual governance protections—will be common.
Human resources as a source of sustained competitive advantage*
Authors: Barney Jay B , Clark Delwyn N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human resource researchers and managers have long maintained that the HR function plays an important role in firm performance. In fact, most corporate annual reports boldly state that the firm’s people are its most important asset. Despite these widely held beliefs and all-too-frequent statements, however, many organizational decisions suggest a relatively low priority on both the human resources of the firm and the HR department. For example, when organizations require cost cutting, they often look first to investments in the firm’s people such as training, wages, and headcounts. In addition, even when top managers value the firm’s people, they may not value the HR department. For example, when asked how the founder and CEO of one of the most successful high-technology companies in the world viewed the importance of human resources, the director of Strategic Leadership Development replied: Which do you mean? If you mean the Human Resource function, or what we call ‘big HR’, then he doesn’t have much value for them at all. If you mean the people of the company, or what we call ‘little hr’, then he places an extremely high value on them. If top managers publicly espouse their commitment to the firm’s human resources, and the firm’s HR function has substantial responsibility for managing this valuable firm resource, then why do many organizational decisions not evidence this stated commitment to people or a respect for the HR function? This chapter draws from Barney and Wright (1998).
Terms of a Sale and Purchase Agreement
Authors: Chong Seung 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a ‘nuts and bolts’ analysis of some of the basic terms in a sale and purchase agreement, excluding the warranties which are discussed in Part II of this book. Many of these terms are the same as those in sale and purchase agreements used internationally, but they need to be properly understood in the light of PRC law and in the context of a PRC transaction.
Sale and purchase agreements in China transactions are often prefaced by recitals describing the background to, and the purpose of, the agreement. Strictly speaking, the recitals are not legally binding, but there is no assurance that a People’s court would not ascribe a legal effect to the recitals
It is customary in international practice to draft a sale and purchase agreement with an operative provision, namely, a clause where the Seller formally agrees to sell, and the Buyer agrees to buy, the subject matter in question.