bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kamikaze
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were it not for two typhoons, Japan might be part of China today. In the year 1259, Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, became emperor of Mongolia and renamed it Yuan, meaning “first beginning,” reflecting his aspirations for the empire. In 1230, the Mongols had conquered northern China, and between 1231 and 1238, they overran the Korean peninsula. As the Mongols took it as their mission to conquer as much land as possible, Japan, separated by only 150 km (100 mi) from Korea, rightly feared invasion. Between 1267 and 1274, Kublai Khan sent a number of emissaries to Japan demanding that its emperor submit or face an invasion. These emissaries were usually turned back before their message reached the emperor; in any event, the Mongols never received a response. Thus it came to pass that Kublai mounted an invasion to conquer Japan. Although the Mongols knew nothing of seafaring, the newly conquered Koreans were expert shipbuilders and navigators and were put to work assembling an impressive naval fleet.
Huracán
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word hurricane comes to us via the early Spanish explorers of the New World, who were told of an evil god of winds and destruction, variously called Huracán, Hunraken, or Jurakan in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the legends of the Mayan civilizations of Central America and the Tainos of the Caribbean, this god played an important role in their Creation. According to Taino legend, the goddess Atabei first created the earth, the sky, and all the celestial bodies. To continue her work, she bore two sons, Yucaju and Guacar. Yucaju created the sun and moon to give light, and then made plants and animals to populate the earth. Seeing the beautiful fruits of Yucaju’s work, Guacar became jealous and began to tear up the earth with a powerful wind, renaming himself Jurakan, the god of destruction. Yucaju then created Locuo, a being intermediate between a god and a man, to live in peaceful harmony with the world. Locuo, in turn, created the first man and woman, Guaguyona and Yaya. All three continued to suffer the powerful winds and floods inflicted by the evil Jurakan. The natives of the Caribbean were clearly terrified of Jurakan, and would shout, beat drums, and engage in bizarre rituals in attempts to drive the god away. The early inhabitants of Cuba carved images in stone of the god they called Huracán; two such images are reproduced in Figures 3.1 and 3.3.
France Gives Up La Floride, 1565
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Were it not for a hurricane, France, rather than Spain, might have successfully claimed Florida in the middle of the sixteenth century. The 1500s were a time of great religious turmoil in France, with increasing persecution of French Protestants, known as Huguenots. One of the leaders of the Huguenots was Gaspard de Coligny, a French admiral. At the height of the turmoil, Coligny appointed the mariner Jean Ribaut to establish a New World asylum for Huguenots. Ribaut set sail in 1562, arriving on May 1 at the mouth of what is today known as the St. Johns River. Forty-nine years after Ponce de Leon had claimed “Pascua Florida” for Spain, Ribaut erected a stone monument emblazoned with the French coat of arms, declaring the territory the possession of the king of France. He then sailed north, establishing a colony he called Charlesfort (Parris Island), South Carolina, returning to Dieppe in July with the intention of sending settlers and aid back to Charlesfort. Finding the Huguenots and Catholics at war, Ribaut fled to England to seek ships and supplies for his New World colony, only to be imprisoned in the Tower of London, suspected of planning to steal English ships. When aid was not forthcoming, the 28 Charlesfort colonists mutinied against and killed their commander and, abandoning the settlement, returned to France in a ship of their own construction.
The Trade Winds
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During his voyages to the New World, Columbus found that as soon as he was south of about 30° north latitude, the variable and stormy winds of Europe gave way to steady easterlies and northeasterlies. These made his westbound journeys fast and comfortable, but greatly lengthened his return trips. By the seventeenth century, it had become well established that easterly winds prevail in nearly all of the Tropics (which is why global circumnavigations were almost always sailed from east to west). In 1686, the great British scientist Sir Edmund Halley (after whom the comet was named) collected wind data from ships’ logs and used them to construct a map of tropical surface winds (Figure 8.1). This is thought to be the first meteorological map ever published.
Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Carnot heat engine theory (Chapter 10) predicts the maximum wind speed achievable by hurricanes. But how accurate is this prediction? What controls the intensity of real storms? Very few hurricanes reach the theoretical maximum wind speed. There are many reasons for this, not all of them well understood. One simple factor is time. In nature and in computer simulations, it typically takes five days to a week for a tropical depression to strengthen into a fullblown hurricane. Many factors can disrupt it before it has a chance to realize its potential. For example, it can pass over land or move over colder water, where the potential intensity is small or zero, or it can encounter unfavorable atmospheric conditions that cause it to stop intensifying or to weaken. Thanks to hurricane hunter aircraft missions, there are reliable measurements of the peak wind speeds achieved in Atlantic tropical cyclones for the last 40 years or so, and over the western North Pacific between 1965 and 1987. We can compare the maximum wind speed recorded during the lifetime of each storm with the Carnot potential intensity calculated from atmospheric and oceanic data at the place and time each storm reached its peak intensity. To make the comparison meaningful, we exclude all storms that made landfall while they were still intensifying and storms that moved rapidly over colder water.
The Great East Pakistan Cyclone of November 1970
Authors: Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Hurricane of 1780 is widely known as the most deadly in the Western Hemisphere, having killed more than 20,000 people in the Caribbean. But in a single, horrible night halfway around the world in East Pakistan, a hurricane (known there as a tropical cyclone) killed between 300,000 and 500,000 people—more than ten times the death toll of the 1780 storm—making it the worst tropical cyclone disaster in history. The region around the mouth of the Ganges River is among the most calamity prone in the world. Consisting of low-lying marshy land and innumerable islands, the coastal plain is highly susceptible to flooding. Inhabitants trying to eke out a living by fishing and farming frequently confront freshwater floods from the Ganges and saltwater storm surges from the tropical cyclones that roar in from the Bay of Bengal, mostly in spring and fall. Owing to the very gentle average slope of the terrain, large areas of land are flooded by relatively small increases in sea level. To make matters worse, the shape of the Bay of Bengal and the gentle shoaling of the waters offshore are conducive to exceptionally large storm surges.
Democracy And The News
Authors: Gans Herbert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American democracy was founded on the belief that ultimate power rests in an informed citizenry. But that belief appears naive in an era when private corporations manipulate public policy and the individual citizen is dwarfed by agencies, special interest groups, and other organisations that have a firm grasp on real political and economic power. In Democracy and the News, one of America’s most astute social critics explores the crucial link between a weakened news media and weakened democracy. Building on his 1979 classic media critique Deciding What’s News, Herbert Gans shows how, with the advent of cable news networks, the internet, and a proliferation of other sources, the role of contemporary journalists has shrunk, as the audience for news moves away from major print and electronic media to smaller and smaller outlets. Gans argues that journalism also suffers from assembly-line modes of production, with the major product being publicity for the president and other top political officials, the very people citizens most distrust. In such an environment, investigative journalism-which could offer citizens the information they need to make intelligent critical choices on a range of difficult issues-cannot flourish. But Gans makes several incisive suggestions about what the news media can do to recapture its role in American society and what political and economic changes might move us closer to a true citizen’s democracy. Touching on questions of critical national importance, Democracy and the News sheds new light on the vital importance of a healthy news media for a healthy democracy.
The Learning of Foreign Language Vocabulary
Authors: Groot Annette M B de , Hell Janet G van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews experimental research into learning foreign language (FL) vocabulary, focusing on direct methods of teaching, such as keyword mnemonics, paired association learning (including rote rehearsal), and picture association learning. We discuss the relative effectiveness of these methods, the constraints in using them, and the way they interact with other factors, most notably the amount of experience a learner has had with learning foreign languages. We review research that shows that some types of words are easier to learn than others and discuss the reasons why this might be so.
The Representation of Cognate and Noncognate Words in Bilingual Memory: Can Cognate Status Be Characterized as a Special Kind of Morphological Relation?
Authors: Sa´nchez-Casas Rosa , Garc´ıa-Albea Jose´ E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the main issues addressed in bilingual research has been how bilinguals represent and access the words from their two languages. Studies carried out in different languages suggest that the distinction between cognate (words that are similar in form and meaning) and noncognate (words only similar in meaning) translations can be relevant in determining how words are represented in the bilingual lexicon. In the present chapter, we review a program of research in which we examined the visual recognition of these two types of translations in Spanish-English and Catalan-Spanish bilinguals in experiments using the priming paradigm and the lexical decision task.
The Neurocognition of Recovery Patterns in Bilingual Aphasics
Authors: Green David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have yet to explain the variety of recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics despite the practical and theoretical importance of doing so. I consider the reasons for this state of affairs and identify what is needed to achieve a causal understanding. Theoretically, I distinguish the issue of the representation of a linguistic system from its control and explore the neuroanatomic bases of representation and control. Methodologically, I argue for the importance of neuroimaging studies (positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging) to complement psycholinguistic and neuropsychological data and propose a number of psycholinguistic and neuroimaging studies aimed at clarifying the causal basis of recovery patterns. A final section briefly considers the implications for rehabilitation.
Models of Bilingual Representation and Processing: Looking Back and to the Future
Authors: Kroll Judith F , Tokowicz Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early research on the representation and processing of information in bilingual memory debated whether the two languages were stored and accessed together or separately in memory. In this chapter, we argue that the question that motivated the initial research and model development on this topic failed to address a set of critical issues. These include distinctions between levels of language representation, differences in components of processing associated with unique task goals in comprehension versus production, and the consequences of developmental aspects of language experience.
Federalism and Its Discontents
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Chapter on federalism seems more appropriate for a textbook on government than for an attempt to explain the extraordinary pattern of executions in the United States. But the system of allocating power to different levels of government in the United States is one defining element of the unique policy environment of capital punishment. The current system of processing capital cases is incomprehensible without information on federalism. And the large and systematic differences between states in execution policy are also important clues to identifying what sets America apart on the death penalty. So any serious study of American capital punishment must do its homework on the federal system of government and its manifold impacts on capital punishment policy. But the capital punishment arrangement discussed in this chapter is certainly not garden-variety American federalism. There is little resemblance between the way that federal and state systems govern together on death penalty cases and the pattern of federal/state coordination on issues such as education, health care, highways, or water pollution. In part, these special death penalty problems have been generated because the federal controls that can be enforced only by federal courts must be superimposed on a system of criminal law that was complete and self-contained at the state level. But the conflicts and ambivalence that are caused by the death penalty itself are also a major feature of the dysfunctional present of the death penalty in the American federal system.
Fitzgerald’s Intellectual Context
Authors: Berman Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There were concentric circles of intellectual influence around Fitzgerald beginning with the critical ideas about literature transmitted from friends and mentors like Edmund Wilson and H. L. Mencken. After that was the constant flow of opinions and ideas from the literary marketplace in which he was located. Finally, but no less important, was the outermost circle of those who analyzed the world in which that marketplace was located.
Services for Adults with Mental Illness
Authors: Young Alexander S , Magnabosco Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past few decades, there have been remarkable advances in mental health treatment. Vague classification schemes have been replaced by structured diagnoses. Basic science research has demonstrated that severe psychiatric disorders are brain-based conditions. Effective treatments for bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia have been developed and proven to be effective (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 1997; Depression Guideline Panel, 1993). New, safe medications improve or eliminate psychotic and affective symptoms. Structured psychotherapies, such as interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapy, reduce disabling depression and anxiety. Assertive Community Treatment-intensive provision of a comprehensive array of services-allows people with treatment-resistant disorders to live successfully in community settings. Rehabilitation interventions allow many people with chronic psychotic disorders to obtain competitive, paid employment. Finally, helping families and other caregivers, and involving them in treatment, reduces relapse rates.
Causes and Consequences of Tree-Cavity Roosting in a Temperate Bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, from New Zealand
Authors: O’Donnell Colin F J , Sedgeley Jane A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the 79 taxa of Microchiroptera in Australasia, frequency of treecavity roosting increases as mean annual temperature decreases and latitude increases. This gradient suggests there may be significant thermal benefits to tree-cavity roosting in cold climates. We explore the causes and consequences of tree-cavity roosting during summer months in Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a species that occurs at the southern limit (highest latitude) of this gradient. Five geographically distinct populations are compared. C. tuberculatus selected the oldest and largest trees for maternity roosting and avoided roosting under bark and in caves and buildings, despite the abundance of these sites. It also selected small, well-insulated cavities that accrue significant energy conservation benefits compared with other potential roosts (the ‘‘thermal hypothesis’’). Reproductive females selected roosts that reach maximum temperatures late in the day and retain high temperatures through the night, thus benefiting nonvolant young. Productivity and survival were significantly higher in populations that selected well-insulated roosts. We propose that selection favors smaller, rather than larger, roosting group sizes in this cold, temperate climate. Smaller groups of bats that use relatively small, well-insulated cavities have higher survival rates than larger groups that use larger, less insulated cavities. C. tuberculatus formed behaviorally, though not geographically, isolated subgroups. All colonies exhibited extreme roost-site lability on a daily basis, but strong long-term philopatry among pools exceeding 100 roosts. Most roosts were used once per year but date of reuse was similar each year. Strict temporal philopatry suggests that bats do not switch roosts in response to daily variability in weather conditions. The thermal hypothesis suggests that development of grouping behavior may be an incidental response to physiological constraints on thermoregulation and reproduction. Nevertheless, social interdependence would increase the probability that clusters are large enough on any one day to be thermally beneficial and individuals could improve the reproductive success of other relatives within the group. We conclude by outlining hypotheses that could test the general applicability of findings to tree-cavity roosting bats.
Jeffersonian Republicanism and the Restoration of the Republic
Authors: Hart Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as one of the most prominent advocates of the republican view, Thomas Jefferson, when called upon by a correspondent to define a republic, admitted, “The term republic is of very vague application in every language.”1 For him, the principal feature of any republic is the direct, personal, and collective action of citizens, acting according to rules laid down by the majority. This central proposition carries with it profound practical implications. “Such a government is evidently restrained,” Jefferson continued, “to very narrow limits of space and population.” The restraint of space and population—the issue of scale—is vital. Jefferson doubted that a pure republican government would be practicable “beyond the extent of a New England township.” Indeed, the New England township meeting was very near the republic in action that he envisioned. To his famous “earth belongs to the living” proclamation, which emphasized his belief in generational politics, Jefferson added the restraint of time.2
Comprehensive Dynamic Trial Designs for Behavioral Prevention Research With Communities: Overcoming Inadequacies of the Randomized Controlled Trial Paradigm
Authors: Rapkin Bruce D , Trickett Edison J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering how behavioral prevention research could best lead to sustained risk reduction at community or population levels, we focus on the following question: How does the prevention research paradigm help or hinder our ability to develop sustainable community-level change? “The prevention research paradigm” refers to the routine way in which our scientic community identies, tests, and draws conclusions about strategies to reduce HIV risk behavior (Wandersman, 2003).
Healthy Environments for Youth and Families
Authors: Wyche Karen Fraser 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on environmental contexts that are supportive of healthy behavioral and psychological outcomes does not focus on girls and women. The focus is primarily on age, rather than gender, or age and gender. It is a developmental literature with a macro, rather than a micro, focus. It examines where families live and how parenting, marital quality, work, family structure, or other family factors are conducive to helping rear children. Emphasis is on understanding developmental changes and commonalities, processes by which healthy environments are established and maintained, cultural values evolve, and contextual variation is expressed in life situations. There is a consistent finding that family environment continues to be of crucial importance from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood (Vandervalk, Spruijt, De Goede, Meeus, & Mass, 2004). Emphasized also are factors distal to the individual such as community contexts (Cocking, 1994). Information provided by this body of work will enable readers to extrapolate from this literature toward understanding the processes of creating healthy environments for girls and women.
The Sex Difference Question
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When NFL coach Bill Parcells was frustrated with receiver Terry Glenn for taking several weeks to recover from a hamstring injury when the two were with the New England Patriots in 1996, Parcells vented his displeasure with a single word. He referred to Glenn as “she.” Parcells was not the first to use the feminine pronoun to deride a male athlete. It has long been a motivational tool among coaches, and Parcells is known for his verbal zingers. The practice, however, reflects a troubling perception, not only that males and females are inherently different, but that the female difference is a lacking. To be “she” is to be less than “he.” Male performance is the standard against which female performance is measured. Females may excel in “feminine” sports like dance, gymnastics, and figure skating. However, in other sports, particularly traditionally “male” sports like wrestling, baseball, or basketball, women are—sight unseen—presumed inherently, biologically, physically disadvantaged. If they do perform well, their femininity may be suspect.
Title IX: Old Norms In New Forms
Authors: Mcdonagh Eileen , Pappano Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time she was five years old, Donna Lopiano wanted to pitch for the New York Yankees. Far from an idle dream, Lopiano recalled growing up in Stamford, Connecticut, “on a street with 15 boys and one girl” where she prepared for her imagined future, throwing 500 pitches a day against the side of her parents’ garage. “By the time I was 10, I had developed a rising fastball and an impressive curve that would drop off the table, and I was hard at work on a Bob Turley drop,” noted Lopiano. So when it came time for Lopiano to take the ritual first step for an aspiring young baseball player—joining a Little League team—she was more than ready. Lopiano remembers well the Saturday morning she and her friends, all of them boys, went to tryouts. Everyone was nervous, but Lopiano had anticipated this day for years. She was enormously talented, and it soon became apparent that she was the most skilled player in tryouts. She was drafted the number one player. This didn’t surprise her because she knew—as did everyone else—that she was the best.