bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunolocalization of synaptotagmin for the study of synapses in the developing antennal lobe of Manduca sexta
Authors: Dubuque Suzanne H. , Schachtner Joachim , Nighorn Alan J. , Menon Kaushiki P. , Zinn Kai , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the mature olfactory systems of most organisms that possess a sense of smell, synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and central neurons occur in specialized neuropil structures called glomeruli. The development of olfactory glomeruli has been studied particularly heavily in the antennal lobe of the moth Manduca sexta. In the current study, we address the development of synapses within the antennal lobe of M. sexta by reporting on the localization of synaptotagmin, a ubiquitous synaptic vesicle protein, throughout development. A cDNA clone coding for M. sexta synaptotagmin was characterized and found to encode a protein that shares 67% amino acid identity with Drosophila synaptotagmin and 56% amino acid identity with human synaptotagmin I. Conservation was especially high in the C2 domains near the C‐terminus and very low near the N‐terminus. A polyclonal antiserum (MSYT) was raised against the unique N‐terminus of M. sexta synaptotagmin, and a monoclonal antibody (DSYT) was raised against the highly conserved C‐terminus of D. melanogaster synaptotagmin. In Western blot analyses, both antibodies labeled a 60 kD protein, which very likely corresponds to synaptotagmin. On sections, both antibodies labeled known synaptic neuropils in M. sexta and yielded similar labeling patterns in the developing antennal lobe. In addition, DSYT detected synaptotagmin‐like protein in three other insect species examined. Analysis of synaptotagmin labeling at the light microscopic level during development of the antennal lobe of M. sexta confirmed and extended previous electron microscopic studies. Additional synapses in the coarse neuropil and a refinement of synaptic densities in the glomeruli during the last one‐third of metamorphic development were revealed. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:277–287, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin expression in homotypic and heterotypic cell coupling in the developing cerebral cortex
Authors: Bittman Kevin , Becker David L. , Cicirata Federico , Parnavelas John G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntercellular communication through gap junction channels is a prominent feature of the developing cerebral cortex. In the first 2 weeks after birth, a time critical in the development of the rat neocortex, extensive cell coupling has been documented that diminishes as the cortex matures. Among the family of gap junction proteins, connexins 26, 36, and 43 are differentially expressed during cortical development. We used intracellular dye injections and connexin immunohistochemistry to investigate the coupling patterns and connexin expression between the different neuronal and glial cell types of the developing cortex of the rat. We found that neurons and glia couple homotypically and heterotypically at postnatal days 7 and 14. Although the prevalence of coupling was homotypic, there was considerable heterotypic coupling that involved pyramidal and nonpyramidal neurons, the principal neuronal cell types of the cortex, or neurons and astrocytes. Coupling between different cell types appeared to be mediated by differential expression of connexins 26, 36, and 43. It may be that coupling between cells in the developing neocortex is a function of the spatial and temporal expression of these and other connexin proteins. J. Comp. Neurol. 443:201–212, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence‐based clinical supervision: rationale and illustration
Authors: Milne Derek , Westerman Colin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe growing importance of clinical supervision makes it timely to formulate and pilot an evidence‐based approach. This entails specifying a rationale for supervision skills that is grounded in research evidence and enjoys a consensus amongst supervisors, implementing an educational system to develop those skills, and evaluating the effectiveness of this approach. The present study tackles these tasks by detailing an evidence‐based approach to clinical supervision; by implementing regular consultancy sessions to try and develop one supervisor's competence; and by evaluating (within a multiple baseline design) the effectiveness of these sessions and the clinical supervision provided to three supervisees. Based on systematic observations of 30 supervision sessions conducted over an 8‐month period, the results indicated that the consultancy led to modest improvements in the supervision. The supervision was highly rated by the supervisees throughout the study period. Implications are drawn for developing evidence‐based supervision, emphasizing the instructional and methodological components. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous detection of bacteria expressing gfp and dsred genes with a flow cytometer
Authors: Maksimow Mikael , Hakkila Kaisa , Karp Matti , Virta Marko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, Escherichia coli cells producing red fluorescent protein of Discosoma sp. (drFP583 DsRed) were investigated with flow cytometry by using 488 nm excitation. We also studied whether green fluorescent protein (GFP) and drFP583 could be detected simultaneously from a single bacterial cell.MethodsPlasmids pDsRed and pEGFP were used for the production of drFP583 and enhanced GFP, respectively, in E. coli MC1061 cells. To produce enhanced GFP and drFP583 simultaneously, plasmids pG9R and pG19R were constructed. These encode tandem fusions of enhanced GFP and drFP583 to ensure similar production levels for both proteins.ResultsBacteria producing enhanced GFP and drFP583 were found to be brightly green and red fluorescent, respectively. Production of enhanced GFP and drFP583 fusion proteins resulted in bacteria that emitted both green and red fluorescence, which was detected easily by a flow cytometer using single laser excitation. Previously reported tetramerization of drFP583 did not restrict its use as a reporter gene, although it maturated significantly slower than enhanced GFP.ConclusionsThe results show that enhanced GFP and drFP583 proteins can be detected simultaneously from single bacteria with a standard flow cytometer with simple optical configuration. Cytometry 47:243–247, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative image and flow cytometric TUNEL analysis of fine needle samples of breast carcinoma
Authors: Maciorowski Zofia , Klijanienko Jerzy , Padoy Eliane , Mosseri Véronique , Fourquet Alain , Chevillard Sylvie , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Vielh Philippe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe assessment of apoptosis in solid tumors is of interest because of its biological role in tumor evolution and response to therapy. A commonly used method for apoptosis measurement is the TUNEL 3′ end‐labeling technique, which has shown wide variations in results when applied to solid tumors. Thirty‐one fine needle breast carcinoma samples were analyzed by fluorescent TUNEL assay and DNA content using image analysis and flow cytometry. TUNEL positivity, seen both in cells with apoptotic morphology and in a subset of morphologically normal cells, was categorized into five staining patterns and quantitated. Values for patterns of TUNEL‐positive cells were compared with TUNEL positivity measured by flow cytometry. Flow cytometric quantitation showed a mean of 24.3% positive cells, which correlated (P < 0.02) with total positive cells (all patterns) measured by image (22.4%). Image analysis quantitation of morphologically apoptotic cells (4.2%) did not correlate with flow cytometric TUNEL positivity and the majority of TUNEL‐stained cells were morphologically normal (17%). Image analysis allows discrimination of TUNEL‐positive morphologically apoptotic and nonapoptotic cells, which are included in the total number of TUNEL‐positive events measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:150–156, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical detection of bone marrow micrometastases in colorectal carcinoma patients, using a monoclonal antibody to villin
Authors: Rouzier Roman , Bourstyn Edwige , Grozier Frédéric , Berger Anne , Louvard Daniel , Robine Sylvie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe search continues to find methods to more effectively distinguish colorectal carcinoma patients who could be separated into high‐risk and low‐risk categories. Investigators have reported on the detection of occult micrometastases in bone marrow using antibodies to cytokeratin, which is a marker of epithelial cells but which has no tissue specificity, as opposed to villin, a cytoskeletal protein that is specifically involved in the formation of brush‐border microvilli in the small intestine and colon epithelium.Specificity and sensitivity of antibody to villin (ID2C3) and antibody to cytokeratin (A45‐B/B3) were first studied in normal bone marrow and in a test system in which cancer cell lines were mixed in normal bone marrow. In a preliminary study including 16 colorectal carcinoma patients, we compared the number of villin‐positive cells with cytokeratin‐presenting cells.As A45‐B/B3, ID2C3 was determined to be sensitive enough to detect one cancer cell in 106 hematopoietic cells. Staining of hematopoietic cells with irrelevant antibody and a light staining of megakaryocytes with ID2C3 limited the specificity of the method. In colorectal carcinoma patients, correlation between ID2C3 and A45‐B/B3 was 94%.Sensitivity and specificity of ID2C3 antibody to villin were satisfactory. Its clinical relevance must be investigated in further studies. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:281–289, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thoracic splenosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration cytology: A case report
Authors: Syed Salahuddin , Zaharopoulos Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA case of thoracic splenosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) of subpleural lung lesions is presented. The patient, a 49‐yr‐old male with a history of gunshot wound to his trunk with splenic rupture and splenectomy several years previously, presented with recent hemoptysis and multiple subpleural solid nodules shown in the left lung field by CT scan. As the possibility of a metastatic malignancy vs. mesothelioma was entertained, an FNA was performed on one of these lesions, revealing lymphoid tissue with abundant vascularity simulating the structure of splenic tissue. In view of this finding, supported by the absence of splenic outline in the CT radiograph, the diagnosis of splenosis was made. This is the fourth reported case of thoracic splenosis in which FNA cytology was utilized for diagnosis, yet the first in which the diagnosis was based exclusively on the FNA cytologic findings. Clinical, pathologic, and diagnostic aspects of this entity are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:321–324, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Therapeutic Na+ channel blockers beneficial for pain syndromes
Authors: Wang Ging Kuo , Strichartz Gary R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA variety of drugs are used to prevent or treat pain and many of them are known to inhibit the activity of the voltage‐gated sodium channels (VGSCs) required for neuronal excitability. In this overview, we consider the current status and future prospects for these drugs used in two contexts: local application for acute and prolonged blockade of impulses in peripheral nerve, and systemic administration for the relief of chronic pain of metabolic, neuropathic, or cancer origin. Drug Dev. Res. 54:154–158, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiarrhythmic effects of Na‐H exchange inhibition
Authors: Karmazyn Morris 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe sodium–hydrogen exchange (NHE), which extrudes protons for concomitant sodium influx, represents the primary mechanism by which the cardiac cell regulates its pH, particularly under excessive proton production. Despite this critical role, NHE, which is activated during both ischemia as well as reperfusion, has been shown to be involved in a paradoxical induction of cell injury. The mechanism for this is closely coupled to excessive sodium influx, which cannot be corrected because of ischemia‐induced inhibition of the sodium–potassium ATPase, the major pathway for sodium removal. This results in elevation in intracellular calcium concentrations through sodium–calcium exchange. Although seven NHE isoforms have thus far been identified (five cell membrane, two intracellular), the one subtype, termed NHE‐1, is the predominant isoform in the mammalian myocardium. NHE‐1‐specific inhibitors that have recently been developed, some of which are in clinical trials, have extensively demonstrated protection against ischemic and reperfusion injury as evidenced by improved function and infarct size reduction. In addition, virtually all NHE‐1 inhibitors have been demonstrated to be effective antiarrhythmic agents, and in some studies more so than classic antiarrhythmic drugs. For example, a number of studies have shown that NHE‐1 inhibitors markedly attenuate ischemia‐induced arrhythmias and can totally abolish reperfusion‐induced ventricular fibrillation. NHE‐1 inhibitors can also produce spontaneous defibrillation in a model of electrically induced cardiac arrest. As NHE is an electroneutral system, its inhibition does not directly affect cardiac electrical activity, and therefore the beneficial effects against arrhythmias likely reflect a response secondary to cardiac tissue preservation. Irrespective of precise mechanisms, NHE‐1 inhibition appears to represent an effective antiarrhythmic approach in addition to its well‐established ability to protect the ischemic and reperfused myocardium. Drug Dev. Res. 55:22–28, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventricular fibrillation, an uncontrolled arrhythmia seeking new targets
Authors: Beatch Gregory N. , Barrett Terrance D. , Plouvier Bertrand , Jung Grace , Wall Richard A. , Zolotoy Alexander , Walker Michael J. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVentricular antiarrhythmic drugs in current clinical use leave much to be desired in terms of safety and efficacy. With the exception of beta‐adrenoreceptor blockers, none of the available antiarrhythmic drugs have significantly improved survival after myocardial infarction. Amiodarone has shown marginal benefit but has several safety limitations. As a result, there is a large unmet medical need for a safe and effective drug to treat lethal ventricular arrhythmias. Despite the difficulties in developing such a drug, there are a few research programs dedicated to solving this unmet medical need. These include drugs that are targeted to the pathological substrate responsible for initiating arrhythmias and drugs that block multiple ion channels in a manner similar to amiodarone. A few research programs are directed toward other molecular targets. This article briefly reviews the active research programs in the pharmaceutical industry currently that are pursuing ventricular antiarrhythmic drugs. Drug Dev. Res. 55:45–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular effects of adenosine and its analogues
Authors: Prentice Debbie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main action of adenosine on vascular beds is vasodilation via A2 receptors. In addition, A1 receptors are found in some blood vessels, where they cause contraction. Traditionally, adenosine‐induced vasodilation in vitro has been attributed to A2A receptor activation; however, it is now clear that A2B receptors are also involved in the regulation of vascular tone. Endothelium dependence of A2 receptor‐mediated responses is variable; in some tissues they are blocked by removal of endothelium and/or inhibition of NO‐synthase and in some they are not. In addition to A2 receptor‐mediated relaxation, there is much evidence that relaxations to adenosine and some of its analogues can also be mediated by a mechanism which cannot be blocked by adenosine receptor antagonists. There is evidence that these responses are endothelium‐ and NO‐independent and that, under conditions where adenosine is taken up into cells, relaxations to the endogenous ligand are entirely mediated by this mechanism, suggesting it is of physiological significance. Drug Dev. Res. 52:346–349, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of sulfur‐containing antibiotics using high‐performance liquid chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection
Authors: Hanko Valoran P. , Lacourse William R. , Dasenbrock Catherine O. , Rohrer Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSulfur‐containing antibiotics (e.g., ampicillin, penicillin, lincomycin, cephalosporin, and sulfanilamide) are a general class of compounds that have antibacterial properties. Some of these antibiotics lack a strong chromophore, and consequently are poorly detected using absorbance detection. The presence of oxidizable sulfur within an antibiotic’s molecular structure allows its direct detection by pulsed amperometry. Pulsed amperometry is an electrochemical detection method that uses a pulsed potential‐time waveform at a noble metal electrode surface to electrocatalytically oxidize analytes in proportion to concentration. The current for sulfur compounds on a gold (Au) electrode is caused by the desorption of the analyte previously adsorbed at the oxide‐free Au surface. Current integration in conjunction with rapidly changed voltage potentials is termed integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IPAD). Recent publications using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with IPAD have demonstrated the capability to measure sulfur antibiotics. Our investigations of HPLC‐IPAD showed poor long‐term peak area reproducibility for these drugs. In this article, we present a new IPAD waveform that we demonstrate has good long‐term (>2 months) peak area reproducibility (4–5% relative s.d.). We show that a broad spectrum of sulfur‐antibiotic chemical structures can be detected, and we compare IPAD to absorbance detection. For nonchromophoric sulfur‐containing antibiotics, IPAD showed greater sensitivity than absorbance detection. The lower limits of detection, linearities, and peak area precision are compared for both IPAD and absorbance detection methods using seven antibiotics representing a diversity of chemical structures, including one nonsulfur‐containing antibiotic. The stabilities of cephradine and cephapirin were monitored using both IPAD and absorbance detections. Cephradine showed high chemical stability in aqueous ambient conditions at 10 μg/ml, whereas cephapirin showed a decomposition rate of 10% per day by both detection techniques. Some decomposition products could only be detected by IPAD. High recoveries were demonstrated for two antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) in a pharmaceutical tablet formulation. For the same formulation, the feasibility of conducting a dissolution study was also demonstrated. IPAD is a good primary detection method to complement or replace absorbance detection for nonchromophoric sulfur‐containing antibiotics and their sulfur‐containing impurities and decomposition products. HPLC‐IPAD is also a good confirming technique for sulfur antibiotics with chromophoric properties, and their impurities and decomposition products. Drug Dev. Res. 53:268–280, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of age and sex on mental rotation performance, verbal performance, and brain electrical activity
Authors: Roberts Jonathan E. , Bell Martha Ann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the effects of age and sex on mental rotation performance, verbal performance, and brain‐wave activity. Thirty‐two 8‐year‐olds (16 boys) and 32 college students (16 men) had EEG recorded at baseline and while performing four computerized tasks: a two‐dimensional (2D) gingerbread man mental rotation, a 2D alphanumeric mental rotation, of three‐dimensional (3D) basketball player mental rotation, and lexical decision making. Additionally, participants completed a paper‐ and pencil water level task and an oral verbal fluency task. On the 2D alphanumeric and 3D basketball player mental rotation tasks, men performed better than boys, but the performance of women and girls did not differ. On the water level task, men performed better than women whereas there was no difference between boys and girls. No sex differences were found on the 2D gingerbread man mental rotation, lexical decision‐making, and verbal fluency tasks. EEG analyses indicated that men exhibited left posterior temporal activation during the 2D alphanumeric task and that men and boys both exhibited greater left parietal activation than women and girls during the 2D gingerbread man task. On the 3D basketball player mental rotation task, all participants exhibited greater activation of the right parietal area than the left parietal area. These data give insight into the brain activity and cognitive development changes that occur between childhood and adulthood. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 391–407, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10039
Higher fasting insulin but lower fasting C‐peptide levels in African Americans in the US population
Authors: Harris Maureen I. , Cowie Catherine C. , Gu Ken , Francis Mildred E. , Flegal Katherine , Eberhardt Mark S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundFasting serum insulin and fasting serum C‐peptide are risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes. Because of the higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in African Americans and Hispanic Americans, it is likely that these groups may differ from non‐Hispanic whites in their levels of insulin and C‐peptide.MethodsWe analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of adults in the US population for whom sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory information were obtained. The data were used to describe distributions of fasting insulin and fasting C‐peptide in non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, and Mexican American men and women aged ⩾20 years without a medical history of diabetes.ResultsAmong men, Mexican Americans had higher insulin values than non‐Hispanic whites and blacks. Among women, both Mexican Americans and blacks had higher insulin values than whites. For C‐peptide, differences by sex and race‐ethnicity paralleled those seen for fasting insulin with the exception that black men had significantly lower C‐peptide values than whites and Mexican Americans. After adjustment for age, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body mass index (BMI), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), the higher levels for insulin in blacks and Mexican Americans remained; both black men and women had significantly lower C‐peptide values than whites and Mexican Americans. The molar ratio of fasting C‐peptide to fasting insulin was similar for men and women in each race‐ethnic group. However, blacks had substantially lower ratios than whites and Mexican Americans.ConclusionsWe found wide variations in fasting insulin and fasting C‐peptide levels by race and ethnicity in US adults that were not explained by confounding factors, primarily measures of obesity. Most notably, the higher fasting insulin and lower fasting C‐peptide levels in blacks implies that there is a derangement in insulin clearance and an impairment in beta‐cell function in blacks compared with whites and Mexican Americans. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.