bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental field studies on predation and egg parasitism of rice brown planthopper in Indonesia
Authors: Claridge M. F. , Morgan J. C. , Steenkiste A. E. , Iman M. , Damyanti D. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Egg parasitism and general predation are known to be important mortality factors in the population dynamics of rice brown planthopper (BPH)Nilaparvata lugensin tropical Asia, but previous studies have not attempted to quantify and compare them. Field experiments in Java, Indonesia, are reported for 1993 and 1994. Plants previously infested with BPH eggs were put out in field cage‐enclosures, which, by means of different size mesh gauze covering, allowed either: (1) free access to all natural enemies, (2) access only to egg parasitoids, or (3) no access to any natural enemies. After one BPH generation (30 days), numbers of adults and gravid females were counted for each treatment. In addition, plants were dissected to determine the numbers of eggs laid. An additional treatment in which all natural enemies were excluded, but lycosid spiders were added, was used in 1994 experiments in an attempt to assess the effects of predators in the absence of egg parasitoids. Numbers of BPH adults and eggs laid were highest when natural enemies were excluded and lowest when they had free access. Mortality due to egg parasitoids in the absence of predators was intermediate and significantly different to the two other treatments. The effects of added predators in the absence of egg parasitoids gave variable results, but again clearly demonstrated the significance of egg parasitism in overall BPH mortality. The conservation of BPH egg parasitoids should form an important element of any rice pest management programme in tropical Asia.
Essential oil composition in leaves of carrot varieties and preference of specialist and generalist sucking insect herbivores
Authors: Kainulainen Pirjo , Nissinen Anne , Piirainen Anne , Tiilikkala Kari , Holopainen Jarmo K. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The carrot psyllid Trioza apicalis and Lygus rugulipennis can cause serious damage to cultivated carrots, especially at the seedling stage. The essential oil composition in leaves of several carrot varieties was studied in relation to oviposition acceptance by sucking insect herbivores that have different feeding strategies. Of the insect species studied, T. apicalis is a carrot specialist, T. anthrisci is an Apiaceae specialist, and L. rugulipennis is a generalist.
The oil composition differed significantly between leaves from different carrot varieties (Flakkeer 2, Nantura, Parano, Napoli, Panther, Splendid, Nantes 3 Express).
There were no differences in the mean numbers of eggs laid by T. apicalis or T. anthrisci on different varieties, but L. rugulipennis laid fewer eggs on the Panther variety than on Nantes 3 Express.
There was a negative linear correlation between limonene concentration and number of eggs laid by T. apicalis, confirming that limonene is a repellent to the carrot psyllid. Results suggest that only particular compounds influence the preference of the carrot psyllid, and these compounds may not be the main components in the essential oil of carrots.
A positive correlation was found between myrcene concentration and number of eggs laid by T. anthrisci. Essential oil composition did not explain egg‐laying preference of L. rugulipennis.
The results indicate that essential oil composition of carrot varieties affects host preference of Apiaceae specialists more than that of generalists.
Effects of artificial shade on attack by the mahogany shoot borer, Hypsipyla robusta (Moore)
Authors: Mahroof R. M. , Hauxwell C. , Edirisinghe J. P. , Watt A. D. , Newton A. C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae: Swietenioideae) provides one of the premier timbers of the world. The mahogany shoot borer Hypsipyla robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an economically important pest of S. macrophylla throughout Asia, Africa and the Pacific. No viable method of controlling this pest is known. Previous observations have suggested that the presence of overhead shade may reduce attack by H. robusta, but this has not been investigated experimentally. This research was therefore designed to assess the influence of light availability on shoot‐borer attack on S. macrophylla, by establishing seedlings under three different artificial shade regimes, then using these seedlings to test oviposition preference of adult moths, neonate larval survival and growth and development of shoot borer larvae.
Oviposition preference of shoot borer moths was tested on leaves from seedlings grown under artificial shade for 63 weeks. A significant difference in choice was recorded between treatments, with 27.4 ± 1.5 eggs laid under high shade and 87.1 ± 1.8 under low shade.
Neonate larval survival on early flushing leaflets of S. macrophylla did not differ significantly between shade treatments. Larval growth rate, estimated by measuring daily frass width, was significantly higher for those larvae fed on seedlings from the high and medium shade treatments (0.1 mm/day), than the low shade treatment (0.06 mm/day). In laboratory‐reared larvae, the total mass of frass produced was significantly higher in the high shade treatment (0.4 g) than under the low shade treatment (0.2 g).
Longer tunnel lengths were bored by larvae in plants grown under high shade (12.0 ± 2.4 cm) than under low shade (7.07 ± 1.9 cm). However, pupal mass under low shade was 48% higher than that under the high shade treatment, suggesting that plants grown under high shade were of lower nutritional quality for shoot borer larvae.
These results indicate that shading of mahogany seedlings may reduce the incidence of shoot borer attack, by influencing both oviposition and larval development. The establishment of mahogany under suitable shade regimes may therefore provide a basis for controlling shoot borer attack using silvicultural approaches.
Calcium silicate enhances resistance of sugarcane to the African stalk borer Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Keeping M. G. , Meyer J. H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

The stalk borer Eldana saccharina is the most destructive pest in sugarcane in South Africa. This study investigated: (1) the potential of applied silicon in enhancing plant resistance of sugarcane to E. saccharina, using calcium silicate as a carrier; (2) whether there was any interaction between cane variety (and stalk borer resistance) and silicon treatment.
Six commercial varieties of sugarcane were treated in a pot‐plant trial with two levels (5000 and 10 000 kg/ha) of calcium silicate. After artificial infestation with E. saccharina, response to the treatments was assessed in terms of borer numbers and mass, and stalk damage.
Calcium silicate significantly enhanced resistance at the higher rate compared with the control. Borer mass was reduced by 19.8% and stalk length bored by 24.4%. Lower treatment values were intermediate between those of the higher treatment and the control.
The interaction between variety and Si treatment was not significant when varieties were examined individually in the analysis. However, the interaction was significant for borer mass when varieties were grouped according to their resistance characteristics. Susceptible varieties might benefit more from treatment with silicon than resistant ones, as resistant varieties showed no significant effect of silicon.
All varieties had increased silicon content due to the treatments, but differed appreciably in stalk silicon content at the different treatment levels. Similarly, within varieties, stalk silicon content did not correspond consistently with borer response patterns and silicate application rates.
Behavioural responses of larvae of Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to host plant volatile blends attractive to adults
Authors: Dickens Joseph C. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Orientation of second‐ and fourth‐instar Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to volatiles emitted from a solanaceous host, potato, and seven synthetic blends or three individual chemicals emitted by potato plants were investigated in laboratory bioassays.
Both second‐ and fourth‐instar CPB were attracted to intact and mechanically damaged (MD) potato foliage. When offered a choice between intact and MD foliage, no preference was observed.
Among seven synthetic blends tested (of which six are attractive to adult CPB), second‐ and fourth‐instar CPB were attracted only to a single three‐component blend comprising (±)‐linalool, methyl salicylate, and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate. Individual compounds and two‐component blends were inactive. No significant difference was noted between larval responses to the attractive synthetic blend vs. MD potato foliage.
Second‐and fourth‐instar larvae had similar thresholds for behaviour for the three‐component blend (50 µg source load). Female CPB were attracted to source loads 10× below the larval threshold (5 µg). Male CPB were the most sensitive life form tested with a behavioural threshold at 0.5 µg source load which was 10× and 100× below female and larval thresholds, respectively
This is the first report of a synthetic chemical attractant for CPB larvae. As both larval and adult CPB are attracted to a single chemical blend, the usefulness of the attractant as a component of an attracticide or ‘push‐pull’ strategies for management of pestiferous populations is enhanced.
Colonization of vineyards by Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae): dispersal from surrounding plants as indicated by random amplified polymorphism DNA typing
Authors: Tixier Marie‐Stéphane , Kreiter Serge , Croft Brian A. , Auger Philippe 
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) is the most important predatory mite found in vineyards of southern France. This mite also occurs in surrounding uncultivated areas from where it disperses to colonize adjacent vineyards
To determine accurately origins of immigrant mites and to study their establishment in vineyards, a study using RAPD markers (Random Amplified Polymorphism DNA) was performed. Females of K. aberrans were sampled on leaves collected in an experimental vineyard, and from several adjacent areas including neighbouring vine plots and natural plants, both of which harboured high densities of the mite. Samples were taken in May and July before and after major dispersal of K. aberrans into the experimental plot occurred.
For both dates, genetic distances within population were lower than between populations and three groupings of mites were observed. Strong relationships were observed between (1) females from different parts of the same experimental vineyard (variety Cabernet‐Sauvignon), (2) females from several plants in the woody margin neighbouring this experimental plot, and (3) females from two neighbouring vineyards (variety Carignan). Populations seemed to be structured and no correlation between genetic and geographical distances was observed. Hence, definitive conclusions about origins of migrants were not possible.
Once in a vineyard, mites are probably exposed to selection pressures (i.e. pesticide applications or vine variety characteristics) that largely determine differentiation of populations. Thus, despite many immigrants moving into vineyards, our study indicated that there was limited survival or reproduction of immigrants. Further studies of within vineyard selection factors and impacts on immigrant mites are needed to determine the influence of natural colonization on grape pest management.
Impact of cocoon predation and parasitism on endemic populations of the common pine sawfly, Diprion pini (L.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae) in different forest types
Authors: Herz Annette , Heitland Werner 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Predation and parasitism on litter‐buried cocoons of the common pine sawfly Diprion pini (L.) were compared in different forest types with endemic sawfly populations by field exposure of laboratory‐reared cocoons during three consecutive years (1993–1995).2 The impact of cocoon predation was dependent on season and forest type. The highest predation (up to 95%) was found during autumn in forest stands with a dense understory vegetation.3 Cocoon parasitism varied between year, season and forest type. The highest parasitoid attack was observed in pure pine forests with more or less barren soils, but did not exceed 24% of exposed cocoons.4 Cocoons were exposed in small patches. Predators tended to exploit all cocoons of a patch, whereas parasitoids only attacked a few cocoons of a patch. Predation was similar on cocoons placed in the litter and those buried more deeply in the soil, whereas parasitism of soil‐buried cocoons was rare.5 These results indicate that predators can have a remarkable potential for limiting endemic sawfly densities, if habitat conditions in a forest maintain their population and support their foraging behaviour. A notable effect of parasitoids on sawfly cocoons deposited in the litter is obviously restricted to typical pure and barren pine forests, but may play there a similar role as predation.
Diversity and abundance of the coleopteran fauna from organic and conventional management systems in southern England
Authors: Shah P. A. , Brooks D. R. , Ashby J. E. , Perry J. N. , Woiwod I. P. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract1 Studies of the epigeal coleopteran fauna on five pairs of organic and conventional farms were carried out between May and July 1994 in southern England using pitfall trapping. A total of 27 749 individuals and 140 species were identified. Overall, abundance of Coleoptera was greatest on organically managed farms.2 Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and staphylinid beetles (Col. Staphylinidae) formed 79.7% and 16.7%, respectively, of the total catch. Pterostichus melanarius was the dominant carabid among the 45 species captured and significantly higher numbers were found in organic farms. Tachinus signatus was the most common of 44 staphylinid species, and was significantly more abundant on conventional farms.3 For carabids, the log‐series α diversity index was higher on conventional farms but was not statistically different from that calculated for organic farms. The α index was identical for staphylinid species from organic and conventional farms. Diversity was significantly higher from conventional farms when data were combined for all of the recorded coleopteran species.4 From this study, it appears that the main effect of farming practice is to influence the overall abundance and dominance of particular species, and the lower diversity of organic farms is a consequence of the large increase in dominance of a single species, namely P. melanarius.
Self‐reported depressive symptoms in school‐age children at the time of entry into foster care*
Authors: Allen Elizabeth C , Combs‐Orme Terri , McCarter Robert J , Grossman Linda S 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Objective To test the following hypotheses: (1) Children entering foster care report more depressive symptoms and have a higher prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms than children not in care. (2) Demographic and historical data can predict which children in foster care are at highest risk for depression. Design Cross‐sectional study, including a comparison group. Setting Foster Care Health Program in Baltimore, Maryland, and Baltimore City Public Schools. Methods We administered the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) to 160 school‐age children entering foster care and to a comparison group of 60 urban, African‐American school children. Results Children entering foster care had higher mean CDI scores than children in published norms (p < 0.03). A similar difference in CDI scores between children in foster care and urban, African‐American children did not reach statistical significance. Prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms did not differ significantly between the children in foster care, published norms, and comparison group (13.8, 10 and 8.3%, respectively). Depressive symptoms in children entering foster care were associated with age, but not with gender or ethnicity; parental history of affective disorder or substance abuse; history of abuse or neglect; or previous foster care or mental health treatment. Conclusions Children entering foster care report more depressive symptoms than children in published norms. The prevalence of clinically significant depressive symptoms is similar for children in foster care, published norms, and urban, African‐American children. Depressive symptoms in children entering foster care are associated with age, but not with other demographic and historical variables. Implications for Practice Children entering foster care should be a particular priority for mental health screening, with early mental health treatment when indicated.
Recurrent periorbital zosteriform herpes simplex virus infection in childhood
Authors: Villalobos Tibisay , McMahon Megan C , Rathore Mobeen H 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT Introduction Zosteriform herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is an uncommon presentation of HSV recurrent cutaneous infection and it is usually misdiagnosed as zoster. Methods We report a series of consecutive cases of zosteriform HSV that we recently managed. Results Four cases of recurrent zosteriform HSV infection in the second division of the trigeminal nerve were seen. Immunologic evaluation determined that the patients were immunocompetent. Culture and/or direct fluorescent stain diagnosed HSV. No ocular involvement was present, and all patients responded to oral acyclovir. Recommendations Clinicians should suspect HSV infection in patients with recurrent vesicular lesions with zosteriform appearance. Immunologic evaluation is not necessary; however, ophthalmologic examination to exclude ocular involvement is required. Oral acyclovir is useful for treatment.
A study of the efficacy of antipyretic drugs in the prevention of febrile seizure recurrence
Authors: Esch Adrianus van , Steyerberg Ewout W , Moll Henriëtte A , Offringa Martin , Hoes Arne W , Habbema J Dik F , Derksen‐Lubsen Gerdarda 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo estimate the potential preventive effect of antipyretic drugs on the recurrence of febrile seizures (FS).DesignAn experimental and a descriptive patient series, both prospectively followed, were combined in this study.Setting/participantsChildren who visited the outpatient department of the Sophia Children’s Hospital because of a FS experienced between the age of 10 and 36 months.InterventionA treatment group of 109 children was offered treatment with ibuprofen or acetaminophen syrup during fever, a control group of 103 children was not offered antipyretic treatment. This was not a randomized trial. In an intention‐to‐treat analysis, the risk of any recurrence and the number of recurrences per fever were compared between both groups. In an additional on‐treatment analysis, we compared the number of recurrences per fever between the control group and the children in the treatment group who actually received the study medication during fever. Effect measures were odds ratio (OR) as estimated by the Mantel–Haenszel procedure and hazard ratios (HR) as estimated by Cox regression.ResultsAccording to the intention‐to‐treat analysis, the hazard ratio of any recurrence in the treatment group compared with the control group was 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.7–1.8]. The recurrence risk per fever was 15% in the treatment group and 12% in the control group (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.7–2.3). In the exploratory on‐treatment analysis, the recurrence risk in the treatment group was estimated 6.9% in the treatment group versus 12% in the control group (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2–1.3).Conclusions/implications for practiceWe conclude that antipyretic treatment may have little or no preventive effect on the recurrence of febrile seizures in common practice. Some reduction of the risk of a recurrence may be acquired under optimal circumstances, namely that fever is noticed at once and that antipyretic drugs can be administered on time.
Provision of health and education services in school children with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Tillett Angela , Glass Sharon , Reeve Anne , Burt Annette 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTBackground Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in childhood may have a profound effect on a child's life in terms of schooling, social activity and family interaction. Many reports have been based on specialist clinics with little information about CFS in children in the general population and the health and education services provided.Objectives To review cases of CFS in school age children (5–18 years) within the East Suffolk area and determine the health and education services provided.Methods Cases were identified by consultation with the three local health trusts and the education department. Provision of services was determined by review of hospital and school health records. School attendance was determined by postal questionnaire to the school in each case.Results A total of 32 cases were identified, with diagnosis at a peak age of 15 years and 5.8 months as the mean duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis. Some 28 cases were referred by their GP to an acute paediatrician. Only one case was referred to the school medical service. The majority (28/32) received a rehabilitation programme provided by either a child psychiatrist or physiotherapist. Only half the cases were attending school more than half‐time and 10 were not attending school at all and were receiving home tuition. Two of these had never received local paediatric review to confirm the diagnosis or plan management. Follow‐up was highly variable and rarely involved school medical services.Implications A significant number of children with CFS were identified in this semirural school‐age population. Poor involvement of community child services reduced the opportunity for liaison between health and education and made identification of cases difficult. Paediatric review should be mandatory before home tuition is instituted, appropriate referral to psychiatric services encouraged and regular school follow‐up organized to review progress. Close liaison between all health and education services is imperative in planning the provision of services and providing a coherent programme of rehabilitation.
Prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in nigerian children
Authors: Pfitzner Mark A , Thacher Tom D , Pettifor John M , Zoakah A I , Lawson Juliana O , Fischer Philip R 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors of elevated blood lead levels in young, urban Nigerian children.DesignA randomized cluster sample of children aged 6–35 months.SettingJos, a community in north central Nigeria.Outcome measurementBlood lead level.ResultsOf 218 children evaluated, 70% of the children had blood lead levels in excess of 10 μg/dL. Mean blood lead levels were 15.2 ± 1.4 μg/dL; median blood lead concentration was 12.0 (range 1– > 60 μg/dL). Mean lead concentrations were higher in those who professed the Islamic faith, used eye cosmetics, lived near a battery smelter, or lived in a certain geographical area. Pica was not associated with increased blood lead concentrations. Forward stepwise regression analysis revealed religion, area of residence, and proximity to a battery smelter as the variables which jointly predicted increased blood lead concentrations.ConclusionA majority of the studied children in Jos, Nigeria have lead levels placing them at risk for intellectual impairment. The cause of lead intoxication appears to be multifactoral. Further studies should investigate the causality of these associations prior to the implementation of a primary preventive public health measure.