bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COPD
Authors: Rajaleelan Wesley , Wong Jean 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The perioperative management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are currently still smoking is a challenging task for the perioperative physician. The risks for postoperative complications, increased morbidity, and mortality are high in these patients. In this chapter, the authors review the physiologic changes of COPD, preoperative assessment, and optimization of a patient with COPD prior to spine surgery. The profound impact of smoking on adverse perioperative outcomes, particularly in the context of spine surgery is highlighted. The chapter also discusses behavioral and pharmacological smoking cessation interventions that have been shown to increase abstinence and can reduce surgical complications.
Cirrhosis and Truly Elective Major Surgery
Authors: Jakab Sofia S. , Oprea Adriana D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The prevalence of chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis is increasing but so is the availability and efficacy of therapies for these patients. As a result, patients with cirrhosis live longer and undergo a variety of surgical procedures. In addition, many patients and their surgical team are not aware of the presence of cirrhosis, which is mostly asymptomatic in the early stages, leading to intra- and postoperative complications. Perioperative management of patients with cirrhosis requires special considerations depending on the stage and complications of cirrhosis and the degree of liver synthetic dysfunction and portal hypertension, as well as the type of surgery (urgency, complexity) and the patient’s comorbidities, overall prognosis, and eligibility for liver transplantation. Anesthesia clinicians need to be familiar with diagnosing cirrhosis, applying the scoring systems for preoperative risk evaluation, and optimizing these patients before surgery.
Pregnant Patient for Non-Obstetric Surgery
Authors: Salimi Nayema K. , Fardelmann Kristen L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Non-obstetric surgery occurs in up to 2% of all pregnancies in the United States and most commonly involves abdominal and orthopedic procedures. A multidisciplinary approach to care including experts in surgery, obstetrics, anesthesia, and neonatology provides the framework to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes. Medically necessary surgery in the pregnant patient should never be delayed because delaying care is associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Although significant concern regarding anesthetic exposure in pregnancy and the potential for adverse fetal outcomes exists, no commonly used anesthetic agent has been shown to have negative effects on neurocognitive development or teratogenicity at any gestational age. While specific challenges exist when caring for the pregnant patient, the application of general ethical principles will help guide counseling and shared decision-making.
When DNR Stands in the OR
Authors: Kras Joseph F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order (also referred to variously as DNAR [Do Not Attempt Resuscitation] and AND [Allow Natural Death]) is one of the most controversial orders in medicine and, not infrequently, a subject of contention between the patient/family and the medical staff. Autonomy of the patient is nearly sacrosanct in Western (and especially American) medicine. What the patient wants, the patient gets. Yet physicians are dedicated and sworn to provide the best medical treatment possible to their patients. These precepts may come into direct conflict when the patient dictates that resuscitation not be provided to them, especially if the need for resuscitation has been precipitated by the actions of the physicians taking care of that patient.
Perioperative Care of the Cancer Patient
Authors: Helder Cory W. , Pedoto Alessia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
With advances in oncological care, an increasing population of cancer survivors continue to live with the toxicities of those treatments. Knowledge of prior treatments and neoadjuvant therapy is important for the perioperative planning for both patients undergoing treatment and those in remission. Many of the treatments have short-term toxicities and latent effects with the potential to negatively impact the heart, lung, endocrine, hematologic systems and increase future malignancy risk. The optimization of a patient’s health prior to treatment is vital since often there is limited recovery time between therapies. Additionally, new families of medications are being developed for maintenance therapy that harness the native immune system to attack malignancies: these same cells can target susceptible healthy cells. Familiarity with treatments, strategies for prehabilitation, and methods for reducing risk are important during the short preoperative window before surgery in this increasingly large surgical population.
My Patient in the PACU Is Not Making Any Sense
Authors: Steadman Joy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Altered mental status in the postoperative period is a serious medical problem that needs to be diagnosed and treated promptly. The differential diagnosis for altered mental status can be linked to individual patient characteristics such as frailty, age, preoperative organic brain pathology, medication interactions, thromboembolic phenomena, surgical or positioning complications, withdrawal from substances, and physiologic insults such as prolonged hypotension or hypoxia. Altered mental status from delirium is more frequent in the elderly after surgery and has tremendous implications as regards length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Methods reliably preventing delirium do not yet exist, and treatment of altered mental status postoperatively depends on contributing factors. Management of delirium requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The HR Monitor Is Alarming in the PACU
Authors: Dobrusin Avi , Kanakaraj Muthuraj 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
All patients arriving at PACU should have standard American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) monitoring including continuous ECG. Handoff from the intraoperative clinical staff to the PACU staff is vital. At-risk patients may develop any arrhythmias from bradycardia to tachyarrhythmias (including torsades de pointes), symptomatic or asymptomatic. A high index of clinical suspicion and prompt management is critical. Focused history, clinical examination, resuscitation, and appropriate management of specific arrhythmias should be instituted. Simultaneously, any underlying pathology precipitating the arrhythmias should be evaluated and treated. A multidisciplinary intervention by the anesthesiologists, nurses, surgeons, and the resuscitation team should be done at the earliest. PACU should have immediate access to the resuscitation equipment. All staff should be certified and updated in the Advanced Cardiac Life Support guidelines.
Assessment and challenges of the use of assessment tools across cultures
Authors: Saraf Gayatri , Chaturvedi Santosh K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization is highly prevalent and disabling, and leads to high primary care utilization. The number, diversity, and expression of somatic symptoms are highly influenced by culture. Measurement of somatic symptoms can be very challenging because of the lack of a universally agreed-upon definition, the qualitative and subjective nature of symptoms, and difficulties in quantifying the pattern, attribution, and frequency. Currently available instruments for assessment vary widely in their focus and time frame of assessments, and have several limitations. While several clinician-rated, self-report, and diagnostic instruments are available to assess somatic symptoms, there is a dearth of instruments that will lend themselves to culturally informed and sensitive assessment. This chapter aims to delve into the challenges in assessment of somatization and limitations of currently available instruments. This chapter discusses and examines some commonly used instruments with a cultural lens, summarizes the findings, and provides future directions.
Somatization disorders in incarcerated populations
Authors: Vajawat Bhavika , Venkataramu N. Vyjayanthi , Varshney Prateek , Math Suresh Bada 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
An incarceration is a complex event that holds various implications for the mental health of the individual. It leads to changes in the psychosocial environment, diminution of human rights, attitudinal barriers such as stigma, and poor social support in an individual who might already be vulnerable, biologically and developmentally. Consequently, and intuitively, the prevalence of mental illness is several folds higher among prisoners compared to the general population. Research related to somatization among prisoners, in particular, is sporadic. However, available research on incarcerated populations indicates a wide range of prevalence of somatization, possibly due to variations in defining somatization disorders and the methodology used in identifying them. Unique considerations such as simulation of symptoms for primary or secondary gain, a higher prevalence of comorbid personality disorders such as antisocial and borderline personality disorders, and a paucity of human resources in prisons have a myriad of implications on the assessment and management of somatization in prisoners, thereby warranting the need for these to be addressed. These sparse, yet important, findings have also provided a framework for further research in this area.
Somatization in Russia: Historical research aspects and their influence on clinical practice
Authors: Chumakov Egor , Petrova Nataliia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatization is a tendency to experience and communicate somatic distress and symptoms unaccounted for by pathological findings, to attribute them to physical illness, and to seek medical help for them, in response to psychosocial stress. In the multicentre, cross-sectional epidemiological study SYNTHESIS from Russia conducted in 2007–9 (n = 1849), somatoform/hypochondriac disorders were found in 28.1% of patients in oncology, cardiology, dermatology, rheumatology, and pulmonology practices. Physical symptoms are especially prevalent in people who have mental health problems such as depressive and anxiety disorders. A well-known phrase by the Soviet psychiatrist D. D. Pletnev (1927) states: ‘There are no somatic diseases without resulting mental abnormalities, just as there are no mental diseases isolated from somatic symptoms.’ This chapter presents data on theoretical and practical approaches to defining somatization in patients with mental disorders in Russia.
Somatization in Paraguay
Authors: Gonzalez-Urbieta Israel , Melgarejo Osvaldo , Torales Julio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Paraguayans tend to be quiet, reserved, and of few words, so it can be difficult for them to express their feelings. They prefer balance and moderation, and dislike outbursts. In the Paraguayan culture, somatic ailments are usually treated first in the local community, through interventions based on the patient’s (or family members’) previous experience with similar ailments. Phytotherapy, generally known and passed down from generation to generation, is more accepted and ritualistic in nature, and its efficacy is conditional on compliance with the indication. If it does not work or if the discomfort persists, the family physician is consulted, regardless of the specialty. It is the family physician who solves the problem or refers the person to a higher level of complexity of care. This chapter focuses on these characteristics of somatization in Paraguay, from its cultural characteristics to its clinical features.
Somatization in Africa
Authors: Ojeahere Margaret , Gaffaz Rwanda , Handuleh Jibril I. M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces somatisation disorder (somatic symptom disorders) in Africa and relates it to both physical and mental health. Somatisation disorder was previously considered to be more common in non-western societies and rare in developed countries, however, recent findings suggest the contrary. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that somatisation disorder among Africans can be expressions of mental distress. Idioms of expression are indicators that Africans have their unique way of manifesting mental distress. The subsequent parts of this chapter explore the aetiology and presentations of somatisation disorders in Africa. Several studies from Africa have shown disparities in the presentation of somatisation disorder along lines of age, gender, socioeconomic status, and history of traumatic experiences. Interestingly, demonstrable similarities occur despite unique patterns of somatisation disorder across regions of Africa. The mainstay of management of somatisation disorder is to improve outcomes and the quality of life of affected individuals, their families and to reduce the burden of care. Increased research and collaborative activities across Africa and other countries will ameliorate the burden of care. Adoption of local and culturally appropriate interventions which consider the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors is essential for the effective management of somatisation disorder.
General principles of management of somatization
Authors: Orsolini Laura , Cicolini Angelica , Salvi Virginio , Volpe Umberto 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Somatic symptoms are often the most common reasons for a medical consultation, considerably placing huge demands on health and financial resources by mainly being subject to several, often inappropriate and unhelpful, investigations. They may determine distress to patients and their clinicians and family members, representing a challenge for all health professionals including primary care physicians and psychiatrists. Treatment of somatic symptoms and related disorders (SSRDs) comprises a multimodal approach. The most evidence-based and effective treatments include cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and, in some cases, pharmacotherapy. In clinical practice, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants are routinely prescribed in SSRDs. This chapter discusses the fundamental steps to be followed for correct management of SSRDs, by providing an overview of the current updated literature regarding both non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies.
Self-Harm
Authors: Quarshie Emmanuel Nii-Boye , House Allan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
‘Self-Harm: A Guide to Management’ describes the main features of self-harm, who is at risk, and what we know about causes, prevention, and management. The book is organized in three parts. The first section introduces the main terms used in the definition of self-harm and its relation to suicide. There follows an outline of the epidemiology of self-harm—how common it is, who is at risk, what methods are used, and how severity is judged, as well as what forms self-harm can take. A final chapter reviews what is known about reasons for self-harm, moving beyond the idea that it is solely a symptom of mental disorder. The second section reviews approaches to prevention of self-harm and its treatment in clinical and non-clinical settings. The third section takes a person-centred approach, reviewing approaches to self-management and to approaching the personal encounter for professionals and others likely to meet self-harm in their working lives. A final chapter considers some of the challenges remaining in understanding and responding to self-harm. There is a list of resources written, as is the rest of the book, with an international readership in mind, including readers from low- and middle-income countries.
Gastroenterology
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses gastroenterology. It covers emergency treatment of abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, and liver failure. The chapter also discusses abdominal pain, acute upper GI bleeds, acute lower GI bleeds, nausea and vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, liver failure, and jaundice.
Primary care
Authors: Raine Tim , Collins George , Brown Fraser , Howarth Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter covers issues in the context of primary care. It discusses chronic disease prevention and management, chronic limb pain, limb swelling, joint pain, neck lumps, ENT, groin lumps, and breast lumps. It outlines the warning signs for recognizing the sick child. It then covers gynaecological issues such as vaginal bleeding, gynaecological causes of pain, contraception, early pregnancy (1st trimester), later pregnancy (2nd and 3rd trimester), delivery, and postpartum, and finishes on breast lumps
Evidence-based mental health nursing practice
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Crawford Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Evidence-based practice is an important part of a mental health nurse’s role. Using the best possible, and the best available, evidence will enhance mental health nursing practice, provide an empirical justification for that practice, and assure people receiving mental health nursing care that the care they receive is up to date. This chapter examines evidence-based mental health nursing and shows how mental health nurses can use the best available evidence for their practice. The chapter examines the origins of evidence-based practice, describes contested issues on the topic, and discusses how mental health nurses can evaluate evidence to use in their practice.
Behavioural family interventions for the self-harming and suicidal adolescent
Authors: Henderson Anita , Litvin Roy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the behavioural interventions which a mental health nurse can draw on while advising a family whose child may be struggling with regulating their emotions, and using self-harming behaviours to cope. It discusses the possible impact of adverse childhood life events on the child’s ability to recognize and manage different emotions as they navigate relationships. It also addresses how a child could develop symptoms of borderline personality disorder, also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder, and what these may look like. The chapter explains the diagnostic criteria of this disorder and the behavioural patterns of borderline personality disorder as identified by Linehan in 1983. The chapter addresses the concept of dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT), the characteristics of emotional dysregulation, and the corresponding DBT skills and interventions used in a DBT programme. Utilizing a case study, the chapter draws on DBT techniques to support the mental health nurse in developing a crisis plan with the young person and their family.
Key skills in working with children and young people
Authors: Grealish Annmarie , Trainor Gemma 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of mental health difficulties among children and young people. Over the past decade there has been significant focus and debate on how to improve services for children and young people’s mental health services. This chapter has been created to assist clinicians in identifying skills and knowledge to recognise and treat common and complex mental health issues, understand how children and young people’s mental health services work and how to involve families/carers. It examines mental health in children and young people, and the key communication skills nurses can use to talk effectively to children and young people about their mental health. It then focuses on patient-reported outcome measures for children and young people to explore, define, and clarify their condition(s) or problem(s).
Key skills in working with people living with neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Sedgwick-Müller Jane 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mental health nurses (and other health and social care professionals) lack the knowledge and skills for working with service users with neurodevelopmental disorders, including the most prominent, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This is a crucial access barrier for service users who need care and support. The functional impairments associated with ADHD and ASD can have long-term adverse effects on physical and mental health and socioeconomic outcomes. Enabling timely access to education, work, health, and social care services can optimize the well-being and quality of life for service users with ADHD and ASD. This chapter offers an informed understanding of the knowledge and skills required for working with ADHD and ASD based on lived experience, evidence, and specialist mental health nursing practice. The term ‘service users’ is used to refer to the person with ADHD and/or ASD, their family members, and caregivers.
Working with people with substance misuse problems
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Sutcliffe Adam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Substance misuse is a growing and serious public health problem that continues to affect individuals, communities, and families. This chapter introduces some of the basic issues relevant to the development of nursing skills and approaches in working with people living with substance misuse. The chapter describes key mental health nursing skills on assessment, care planning, and evidence-based interventions that can help mental health nurses enable people living with substance misuse problems to effect lasting change in their behaviour so that they may recover from their problems or manage them in a way that does not overwhelm them, thereby allowing them to lead satisfying lives.
Why Is Chronic Opioid Therapy Not Working for My Patient’s Pain?
Authors: Carroll C. Patrick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter suggests an approach to managing the complex effects of chronic opioid therapy (COT). Opioids generate ambiguity, conflict, and anxiety for both patients and clinicians deciding on their chronic use for chronic sickle cell disease (SCD) pain. While COT can be effective for chronic non-cancer pain like SCD pain, the short-term benefits of opioids often may not be sustained long-term. COT often fails to produce clinically significant benefit or may not outperform other interventions. COT is qualitatively more risky than other pharmacological interventions for pain because opioids are associated with tolerance, physical dependence, paradoxical hyperalgesia, risk of overdose, and misuse. However, for many of these same reasons, COT is also qualitatively more difficult to discontinue than most interventions. This chapter discusses the literature on COT for chronic pain. It recommends a set of parameters clinicians treating chronic SCD pain can use to develop a strategy to manage the risk of COT, while simultaneously assessing success or failure of COT and managing COT failure.
How Do I Manage My Patient with Severe Pain from Acute, Recurrent Priapism?
Authors: Azbell Roberta C. G. , Kang Caroline M. , Desai Payal C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter teaches clinicians how to confidently take a priapism-focused history and physical, counsel patients on when to seek emergency care, identify possible preventative therapies, and understand the importance of diagnosing this painful complication in their patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). It discusses when to suspect priapism and reviews key history and physical examination findings required for diagnosis. Priapism is an underdiagnosed yet highly morbid complication of SCD. It is defined as a persistent erection that is unrelated to sexual stimulation and if left untreated, can cause permanent penile tissue damage and erectile dysfunction. The acute management of priapism involves prompt emergency evaluation and intracavernosal injection of sympathomimetic agents such as phenylephrine. This chapter also discusses additional management options for refractory cases of priapism. While there are no preventative therapies that have been shown to be effective in large trials, this chapter reviews the potential preventative options that have been reported successfully in smaller studies. It points to future directions and ongoing clinical trials.