bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Two‐Phase Route to High‐Quality CdS Nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Qiang , Pan Daocheng , Jiang Shichun , Ji Xiangling , An Lijia , Jiang Bingzheng 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA new two‐phase route has been developed to synthesize high‐quality CdS nanocrystals with a narrow size distribution and a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY). In the two‐phase system, toluene and water were used as separate solvents for cadmium myristate (CdM2) and thiourea, which served as cadmium source and sulfur source, respectively, and oleic acid (OA) was used as a ligand for stabilizing the nanocrystals. The reactions were completed in the heated autoclaves. The initial Cd/S molar ratio of the precursors and the reaction temperature were found to be factors that affected the growth of nanocrystals. Furthermore, a seeding‐growth technique was developed to synthesize CdS nanocrystals of different sizes, which exhibit PL peaks with quite similar full width at half‐maximum (FWHM) values compared to those of the initial nanocrystal seeds in all cases.
Disease biology rather than age is the most important determinant of survival of patients ≥ 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia treated with uniform intensive therapy
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Chun Kathy , Yi Qi‐Long , Minden Mark , Schuh Andre , Wells Richard , Brandwein Joseph 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objectives of the current study were to evaluate the outcome of patients ≥ 60 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated uniformly with high‐dose daunorubicin containing induction and modified high‐dose cytosine arabinoside containing postremission therapy, and to identify factors predictive of complete disease remission (CR) and survival.METHODSBetween 1998 and 2002, the authors treated 117 newly diagnosed patients (acute promyelocytic leukemia excluded) with AML ≥ 60 years (median, 67 years; range, 60–82 years). Karyotype (Medical Research Council classification) at diagnosis was categorized as good risk (n = 3), intermediate risk (n = 69), adverse risk (n = 26), and suboptimal/not done (n = 19). A normal karyotype was seen in 41 patients and 40 (34%) had secondary AML.RESULTSThe outcome of induction included the following: CR, 62 (53%); early death, 5 (4%); death during hypoplasia, 14 (12%); and resistant disease, 36 (31%). The 3‐year event‐free (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were 9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3–16%) and 17% (95% CI, 9–29%), respectively. In a univariate analysis, cytogenetics, lactate dehydrogenase level, leukocyte count, and performance status were the significant factors for EFS and OS. Age was not a significant prognostic factor for either CR or survival. In a multivariate model, adverse‐risk cytogenetics, previous history of myelodysplastic syndrome or antecedent hematologic disorder, and high leukocyte count (> 30 × 109/L) were independent adverse prognostic factors for survival. The impact of adverse karyotype on EFS and OS was time dependent and was observed after 50 and 150 days, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThe authors concluded that candidacy for intensive therapy in older patients should be based on biologic features of disease and fitness, rather than on age. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Planar polarity of hair cells in the chick inner ear is correlated with polarized distribution of c‐flamingo‐1 protein
Authors: Davies Alexander , Formstone Caroline , Mason Ivor , Lewis Julian 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHair cells of the vertebrate inner ear are directional mechanosensors: they have a polarity, defined by a vector in the plane of the sensory epithelium. It has been suggested that this polarity might be controlled by genes homologous to those that control planar cell polarity (PCP) in Drosophila, and vertebrate homologues of the Drosophila PCP genes Van Gogh/strabismus and flamingo/starry night are indeed essential for normal hair cell PCP. The underlying molecular mechanism is unclear, however. Although the PCP protein Flamingo shows a polarized intracellular distribution in the fly, it is unknown whether this is necessary for its function. Here, we describe the expression pattern of a flamingo homologue, c‐flamingo‐1 (c‐fmi‐1), in the developing chick ear and show that its protein product, like that of flamingo in the fly, has a polarized distribution in each hair cell, defining an axis that corresponds to the structural PCP axis. This conservation between fly and vertebrate suggests that the polarized protein localization is functionally important. In the basilar papilla, the same localization is seen in supporting cells also, suggesting that supporting cells are cryptically polarized, despite having no overt structural polarity; they may thus participate in PCP signal transmission across the sensory patch. Developmental Dynamics 233:998–1005, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Fgf receptors 1, 2, and 3 in the developing mid‐ and hindbrain of the mouse
Authors: Blak Alexandra A. , Naserke Thorsten , Weisenhorn Daniela M. Vogt , Prakash Nilima , Partanen Juha , Wurst Wolfgang 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) mediates the function of the midbrain–hindbrain organizer (MHO). FGF signals are transmitted by means of four known FGF receptors (FGFRs). Studies of Fgfr expression in early vertebrate development have shown that Fgfr1 is expressed along the entire neural tube, whereas Fgfr2 and Fgfr3 expression has been shown to spare the tissue adjacent to the MHO. The FGF8 signal from the MHO, therefore, was believed to be transmitted by FGFR1 exclusively. However, incongruent results from conditional mutants of Fgf8 and Fgfr1 in the midbrain–hindbrain (MHB) region contradict this hypothesis. Therefore, we reexamined the expression of the Fgfrs in this region. Fgfr1 is expressed all over the neural tube. Strikingly, Fgfr2 is expressed throughout the floor plate of the MHB region. In the basal plate, Fgfr2 directly abuts the Fgf8 expression domain at the MHO, anteriorly and posteriorly. Fgfr3 expression is in contact with the Fgf8 expression domain only in the rostroventral hindbrain. Based on these findings, we postulate a role for FGFR2 and FGFR3 in FGF signaling in the ventral midbrain and hindbrain. Developmental Dynamics 233:1023–1030, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aromatase inhibition reduces expression of FOXL2 in the embryonic chicken ovary
Authors: Hudson Quanah J. , Smith Craig A. , Sinclair Andrew H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractP450‐aromatase is the terminal estrogen‐synthesizing enzyme and a key gene in avian sex determination. Aromatase is expressed specifically in female gonads, but not male gonads, at the onset of sexual differentiation. This enzyme shows temporal and spatial colocalization with the forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 in the embryonic chicken ovary, suggesting a causal link. Mutations in FOXL2 are associated with premature ovarian failure in humans. Foxl2 null mice also present with premature ovarian failure. Here, we show that FOXL2 expression is reduced but not abolished in chicken embryos subjected to experimental female to male sex‐reversal with an aromatase inhibitor. This finding suggests that FOXL2 lies upstream of aromatase in avian sex determination, but that it responds to depleted estrogen synthesis. The reduction in FOXL2 expression may be accounted for by interruption of a positive feedback loop by means of estrogen, or the influence of testis promoting factors such as SOX9 and DMRT1 in the masculinized gonads. Developmental Dynamics 233:1052–1055, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The C terminus of T cell‐specific adapter protein (TSAd) is necessary for TSAd‐mediated inhibition of Lck activity
Authors: Sundvold‐Gjerstad Vibeke , Granum Stine , Mustelin Tomas , Andersen Thorny C. B. , Berge Tone , Shapiro Michael J. , Shapiro Virginia S. , Spurkland Anne , Lea Tor 
Published: April 2005

AbstractT cell‐specific adapter protein (TSAd), encoded by the SH2D2A gene, is expressed in activated T cells. The function of TSAd is as yet unknown. We previously showed that TSAd may modulate T cell receptor‐triggered signaling events. TSAd contains a Src homology (SH)2 domain, ten tyrosines and a C‐terminal proline‐rich region. Here, we show that human TSAd interacts with Lck through the Lck SH2 and SH3 domains and is a substrate for Lck. The TSAd C terminus, including the proline‐rich region and five tyrosines, is both necessary and sufficient for TSAd interaction with and phosphorylation by Lck. Expression of TSAd in Jurkat TAg cells results in hyperphosphorylation of endogenous Lck on Y394 and to an even larger extent on Y505, resulting in a reduced Y394/Y505 phosphorylation ratio in these cells. Furthermore, full‐length TSAd, but not TSAd lacking the C terminus, inhibits the hyperactive Lck Y505F mutant when both are expressed in Jurkat T cells. In contrast, expression of the TSAd C terminus alone is sufficient to inhibit Lck Y505F in phosphorylating its substrates in Jurkat T cells. Our results indicate that the TSAd C terminus is essential for inhibition of Lck activity by TSAd, and suggest a mechanism for how TSAd may inhibit early T cell activation events.
Determination of zinc to beta‐peptide binding constants with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Wortmann Arno , Rossi Francesco , Lelais Gerald , Zenobi Renato 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present an improvement of the titration method for binding constant determination with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry that is unaffected by differences in ESI response of measured species in solution. The method consists of a calibration and titration, both using an internal standard that allows relative quantitation. This avoids artifacts such as a decrease in overall signal intensity with increasing ligand concentrations, rendering this approach more reliable and meaningful than direct evaluation of ESI peak intensities. We demonstrate the de novo binding constant determination of novel zinc binding beta‐peptides, which have been synthesized with the goal of creating secondary structures stabilized by metal complexation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gelation Dynamics and Mechanism(s) in Stereoregular Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)s
Authors: Saiani Alberto 
Published: April 2005

AbstractChain conformation and gel structure of syndiotactic PMMA thermoreversible gels have been investigated using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). A double helix model for the chain conformation is proposed alongside a gel network model where the fibrils are formed by the proposed double helix and the junctions by the aggregation of 3 double helices. Preliminary results, also obtained by SANS, for stereocomplex gels prepared in bromobenzene are presented.
Structure and Properties of Intramolecular Polycomplexes Formed in Graft Copolymers with Chemically Complementary Polymer Components
Authors: Zheltonozhskaya Tatyana 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe structure in a bulk state and in a solution and also peculiarities of synthesis of the polyacrylamide to poly(vinyl alcohol) graft copolymers forming the intramolecular polycomplexes (IntraPC) are reviewed basing on the data of IR spectroscopy, dilatometry, DSC, QELS, static light scattering, rheology and some other methods. Influence of the quantity N and molecular weight of grafted chains and also the hydrogen bond system between the main chain and the grafts and between the grafted chains only on the IntraPC properties is highlighted. As illustration of the high binding ability of IntraPCs the results of studying of their complex formation with silica nanoparticles in aqueous medium are discussed.
Structural Transitions in Triblock Copolymers Based on Poly(ethylene oxide) and Polyacrylamide under the Temperature Influence
Authors: Permyakova Nataliya , Zheltonozhskaya Tatyana , Shilov Valery , Zagdanskaya Nina , Momot Lesya , Syromyatnikov Vladimir 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThermal transitions in the bulk structure of triblock copolymers (PAA‐b‐PEO‐b‐PAA) based on polyacrylamide and poly(ethylene oxide) with varying molecular weight (length) of PEO block comparing with the structures of individual polymers and polymer mixtures were investigated. A lot of effects, such as the melting temperature depression, decreasing of the crystallinity degree of PEO and also appearance of the microphase separation in amorphous regions of the polymer mixtures and the triblock copolymers were found. Such investigations pointed to a strong intramolecular interaction of the polymer blocks in the triblock copolymers that is confirmed by the results of IR spectroscopy. It was shown that PEO and PAA blocks formed the system of H‐bonds with participant of trans‐multimers of amide groups.
Elaboration and Characterization of Starch/ Poly(caprolactone) Blends
Authors: Pillin Isabelle , Divers Thomas , Feller Jean‐François , Grohens Yves 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA starch‐based biodegradable material was prepared in two steps. Firstly, starch was chemically modified by using formic acid at 20°C to obtained degrees of substitution of about 1.2. The level of destructuration was also assessed using dynamic rheological measurements. Native starch or starch ester were then mixed with poly(caprolactone) and different polyester oligomers were added as compatibilisers and plasticizing agents. PCL oligomers were found to be the most efficient ones. A significant improvement of the elongation at break of starch formate/PCL/oligo PCL blends was achieved.
Gas‐phase acidity ofpara‐substituted benzoic acids—a triadic analysis of substituent effects
Authors: Vianello Robert , Maksić Zvonimir B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDeprotonation energiesin vacuoof a large number ofpara‐substituted benzoic acids encompassing a wide variety of substituents [F, Cl, Br, CH3, C(CH3)3, CHCH2, CCH, CHO, COOH, CF3, BH2, B(CH3)2, NH2, N(CH3)2, OH, OCH3, SH, CN and NO2] were studied by a reliableab initiomethod. It is shown by using a triadic formula analysis that the enhanced acidity of these compounds is a consequence of the final state as a rule, i.e. it is a result of the greater stability of the conjugate bases. There are just a few exceptions to this rule, involving C(CH3)3, OCH3, OH and SH substituent groups. In the last two cases molecules deprotonate at the O and S substituent atoms, respectively. The ring‐substituted pentacyano derivative of benzoic acid was also examined. It is shown that it exhibits highly pronounced acidity owing to a strong anionic resonance effect in the resulting final state anion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometric analysis and quantitative evaluation of sport teamwork
Authors: Fujimura Akira , Sugihara Kokichi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA quantitative method for evaluating sport teamwork is proposed. The sports considered here are team sports in which players can move freely in the field, and two teams compete against each other. For this kind of sports, each player's dominant region has an important role in evaluating the teamwork. Therefore, here we propose some approaches to quantitative evaluation based on the concept of a generalized Voronoi diagram that divides space into dominant regions. We also construct a more realistic model of player's motion model based on experiments, and apply it to the evaluation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 49–58, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20254
Improving UML's definition of the use‐case class
Authors: Isoda Sadahiro 
Published: April 2005

AbstractUML is shown to contain two defects concerning the use‐case class that originated in OOSE. These defects are: (1) the use‐case class and its instances are unusually defined, and (2) a conjecture that is against the definition of a use case is introduced without any reason. These defects have been causing unnecessary confusion in UML's specification of the use‐case class. An object‐oriented real‐world model is built that represents a typical situation of the employment of a use case in the analysis and design stages, and then another specification of the use‐case class is constructed, which successfully solves the problems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 36(6): 14–25, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20305
Fast string matching for multiple searches
Authors: Fenwick Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe present a string matching or pattern matching method which is especially useful when a single block of text must be searched repeatedly for different patterns. The method combines linking the text according to digrams, searching on the least‐frequent digram, and probing selected characters as a preliminary filter before full pattern comparison. Tests on real alphabetic data show that the number of character comparisons may be decreased by two orders of magnitude compared with Knuth–Morris–Pratt and similar searching, but with an initialization overhead comparable to five to ten conventional searches. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New contributions to the prevalence of eating disorders in Spanish adolescents: detection of false negatives
Authors: Rodríguez-Cano Teresa , Beato-Fernández Luis , Belmonte-Llario Antonia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the epidemiology of Eating Disorders (ED) has been highly developed in Spain, further research considering false negatives and also the prevalence of these disorders in males are needed. They were the aims of the present study.MethodsOne thousand and seventy six adolescents (500 males and 576 females) participated in a two-stage survey. At the age of 13, apart from exploring numerous clinical and psychosocial variables, they were assessed by means of self-administered screening instruments, the eating attitude test (EAT), bulimic investigatory test Edinburgh (BITE), and body shape questionnaire (BSQ). The subjects were interviewed again 2 years later. Afterwards, 159 probable cases and 150 controls were interviewed by means of the structured interview SCAN.ResultsPrevalence of ED in adolescents was 3.71% (95% CI 2.58–4.83; 6.4% of females, 0.6% of males): anorexia nervosa 0.1%, bulimia nervosa 0.75%, eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) = 2.88%. The rate of false negative was 2.6% of the control group and most of them were EDNOS.ConclusionsThe prevalence of ED obtained in our study, higher than others found in previous Spanish research, and a relatively high percentage of false negatives both indicate that up to now the prevalence of ED in Spanish adolescents could be underestimated.
Nicotine use in suicides: a case–control study
Authors: Schneider Barbara , Schnabel Axel , Weber Bernhard , Frölich Lutz , Maurer Konrad , Wetterling Tilman 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPurposeDespite of higher rates of substance-related disorders in psychiatric patients and suicides than in the general population, there is no clear specificity to the relationship between nicotine use and other psychiatric disorders for suicide risk.MethodsOne hundred and sixty-three suicides (mean age 49.8 ± 19.3 years; 64.4% males; using psychological autopsy method) and 396 control persons (mean age 51.6 ± 17.0 years; 55.8% males) were assessed with a standardised semi-structured interview including SCID-I and SCID-II (for DSM-IV). Suicides and controls were compared in terms of nicotine consumption and psychiatric disorders. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the interactions of tobacco consumption with psychiatric disorders.ResultsSuicides were significantly more often current smokers and heavy users of cigarettes (>20 cigarettes per day;P < 0.001, each). Alcohol dependence, other axis I disorders than substance-related disorders, and cluster B personality disorder(s) remained independent predictors for suicide in both genders, current nicotine consumption only in men (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3–5.2).ConclusionsIn males, but not in females, nicotine consumption contributed to risk of completed suicide after control for psychiatric disorders and has to be considered as independent risk factor for suicide.
Macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal effects of Neurolaena lobata, a Guatemalan medicinal plant, on Brugia pahangi
Authors: Fujimaki Y. , Kamachi T. , Yanagi T. , Cáceres A. , Maki J. , Aoki Y. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTwelve extracts of 11 Guatemalan medicinal plants were initially screened in vitro for potential macrofilaricidal activity against Brugia pahangi, a lymphatic dwelling filarial worm, using concentrations from 125 to 1000 μg ml−1 of each extract that could be dissolved in the culture medium. Of 12 extracts used, the ethanol extract of leaves of Neurolaena lobata showed the strongest activity against the motility of adult worms. Subsequently, the extract of N. lobata was extensively examined in vitro for macro- and micro-filaricidal effects using a series of concentrations of 500, 250, 100, 50 and 10 μg ml−1. The effects were assessed by worm motility, microfilarial release by female worms and a MTT assay. The effect on the motility of adult worms was observed in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The time required to stop motility of both sexes of adult worms was 6 h at 500 μg ml−1, 24 h at 250 μg ml−1, and 3 days for females and 4 days for males at 100 μg ml−1. The movement of females ceased at 4 days at a concentration of 50 μg ml−1 whereas the motility of males was only reduced. The loss of worm's viability was confirmed by the MTT assay and was similar to the motility results. These concentrations, including 10 μg ml−1, prevented microfilarial release by females in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Concentrations higher than 100 μg ml−1 even induced mortality of the microfilariae. The present study suggested that the ethanol extract of Neurolaena lobata has potential macro- and micro-filaricidal activities.
Life history constraints on the evolution of abbreviated life cycles in parasitic trematodes
Authors: Lefebvre F. , Poulin R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAbbreviations of the complex life cycle of trematodes, from three to two hosts, have occurred repeatedly and independently among trematode lineages. This is usually facultative and achieved via progenesis: following encystment in the second intermediate host, the metacercaria develops precociously into an egg-producing adult, bypassing the need to reach a definitive host. Given that it provides relatively cheap insurance against a shortage of definitive hosts, it is not clear why facultative progenesis has only evolved in a few taxa. Here a comparative approach is used to test whether progenetic trematodes are characterized by larger body size and egg volumes, two traits that correlate with other key life history features, than other trematodes. These traits may constrain the evolution of progenesis, because precocious maturation might be impossible when the size difference between the metacercaria and a reproductive adult is too large. First, trematode species belonging to genera in which progenesis has been documented were found not to differ significantly from other trematode species. Second, using within-genus paired comparisons across 19 genera in which progenesis has been reported, progenetic species did not differ, with respect to body size or egg size, from their non-progenetic congeners. Third, using intraspecific paired comparisons in species where progenesis is facultative, no difference was observed in the sizes of eggs produced by worms in both the intermediate and definitive host, suggesting that opting for progenesis does not influence the size of a worm's eggs. Overall, the lack of obvious differences in body or egg size between trematodes with truncated life cycles and those with the normal three-host cycle indicates that basic life history characteristics are not acting as constraints on the evolution of progenesis; trematodes of all sizes can do it. Why facultative progenesis is not more widespread remains a mystery.