bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Epidemiology Of Malaria In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Cattani Jacqueline A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemiology of malaria throughout the world has been the subject of many investigations. The largest body of knowledge has come from studies carried out on the African continent. The African ‘model’ is implicit in many of the generalizations regarding the impact of malaria on populations in terms of mortality, morbidity, and the selection of genetic polymorphisms that confer some degree of protection against the effects of endemic malaria.
Introduction
Authors: Glass Irvine I , Sislian J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonstationary flows of gases (and liquids under high pressure) are of interest in various engineering problems, such as the study of shock waves arising from a very sudden release (explosion) of chemical, nuclear, electrical, and mechanical energy in a limited space. The behaviour of the medium through which shocks propagate is also of interest as is the investigation of the nonstationary motion of mixtures of gases in various energy-producing devices and engines. Nonstationary flows are also of interest in modem physics and cosmology. Indeed, various processes taking place in the universe, for instance, the formation of stars, powerful eruptions taking place on the Sun and stars, generate nonstationary motions of great masses of gases.
Reluctance Synchronous Machines and Drives
Authors: Boldea I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reluctance synchronous machines (RSMs) and drives include a multitude of machine topologies in terms of rotor, stator windings, and stator current control. Line-start (constant speed) and inverter-fed (variable speed) applications are easily achieved in a power range from a few hundred watts to megawatts. RSMs offer strong competition to existing variable speed brushless drives for applications from computer peripherals through robotics to electric traction for rail transport. This book explores fully the possible topologies, their characteristics, and applications.
Control Methods
Authors: Basak Amitava 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a system which was developed to control a 3 m long, dc. linear motor with 64 armature winding sections. Several position-sensing devices which produce feedback signals for the control systems are also discussed. In addition, a software package which was developed to control the 3 m long motor is described. A sensor is a necessity in order to indicate the position and speed of a motor with an acceptable accuracy, and hence to control both the position and speed of the motor. The Cranfield Unit for Precision Engineering has demonstrated that a transducer with a 0.01 micrometre resolution can repeatedly reposition a brush-type dc. linear motor to within ±o.01 μm. The positional accuracy of the system was limited by the position transducer, and not by the linear motor. The sensor has to be inexpensive and it should be highly unaffected by interfering signals. Its performance should be independent of temperature changes and environmental conditions. In general, the position of the motor is sensed and the signal from the sensor is then sent to a microcomputer to control the position and speed of the motor.
Modern Classical Optics
Authors: Brooker Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The book gives accounts of non-quantum optical phenomena and of instruments and technology based on them, at a level suitable for the last two years of an honours degree in physics and for graduates starting out. Topics covered include the conventional (diffraction, coherence, thin films, holography...) but also the less conventional (étendue, Gaussian beams, laser cavities, cd reader, confocal microscope...) which belong in today's university courses, for example, to support laser physics. Even the conventional material has frequently been given a fresh presentation by giving a tidier-than-usual route through a calculation, or finding insightful connections with other parts of physics, or simply avoiding common errors. Problems offer opportunities for checking the reader's basic understanding, or for taking a careful route through reasoning, or for checking orders of magnitude. But most problems contain exploratory and critical material: investigating possible alternative approaches, asking searching questions about fundamentals, or solving apparent paradoxes.
Representations of power
Authors: Muir Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rulers in Renaissance Italy recognized that power must catch the eye. The evocative representation of power in works of art and public ceremonies has long been recognized as a hallmark of Italian Renaissance culture. Jacob Burckhardt’s famous phrase, ‘the state as a work of art’, epitomized his view that the naked exercise of power so common in Italy from the late fourteenth to the sixteenth century required the legitimation supplied by patronage of the arts and sponsorship of festivals. More recently scholars have remained intrigued by ‘the arts of power’, the ways in which works of art constituted personal and institutional power relationships, in effect creating as well as representing political networks.1 Since Burckhardt wrote a century and a half ago, the assessment of power in the Renaissance has broadened to treat the exercise of authority as a kind of public performance, enacted through civic rituals; princely, papal, and episcopal entries; and official rites of passage such as elections and coronations.
Public power and authority
Authors: Bougard Fran ois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians have generally argued that whereas various forms of &lt;private’ power dominated most of the rest of early medieval Europe, in Italy the presence of the state remained by contrast relatively strong. But even if we had a clear understanding of what is meant by terms such the &lt;state’ or distinctions between public and private power when applied to the early Middle Ages, this generalization would probably be too sweeping. Italf s political fortunes, like those of Europe as a whole, changed constantly during the period, but even so the idea of the sovereign nature of public authority was stronger than in other parts of Europe.
Union Derecognition: A Re-Examination
Authors: Claydon Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last fifteen years have witnessed the erosion, some might say the collapse, of the industrial relations framework of the 1970s (Purcell 1993). However, due to the piecemeal and multi-faceted nature of the processes by which this has come about, there are no newly predominant arrangements for employment regulation which define the ‘new’ industrial relations (Beardwell 1992). Nevertheless, a major strand linking the various changes over the period has been a decline in trade union representation and influence at all levels. Since the mid-1980s it has become increasingly apparent that this decline does not simply reflect structural change in the economy and the growth of unemployment, but also the conscious intent of key industrial relations actors, notably the State and employers, to exclude unions from control of the employment relationship. The ultimate expression of this tendency is the termination of collective bargaining arrangements and the effective derecognition of trade unions by employers.
Business, Politics, and Society
Authors: Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How much power does business exercise in Britain and the United States? Are giant firms that operate on a global scale beyond the control of elected governments? Are political parties in the pocket of business interests? All these questions go to the heart of the viability of a modern democracy, and have been given increased urgency since the end of 2007 and the economic crisis that has reverberated around the world. Business, Politics, and Society compares business and politics in two of the most important capitalist democracies: the United States and the United Kingdom. It introduces the big analytical and moral issues involved in the study of business power; traces the historical origins of business politics in the two nations; examines the role of giant firms, and the relationship between business and political parties; describes the special politics of the small business sector; scrutinizes the changing social and cultural environment of business; and sums up by raising problems of legitimacy and reward that are now the stuff of public policy. Boxed features in each chapter also extend the range of book, to business politics in the European Union, and to national systems beyond the United States and the United Kingdom. The book will be invaluable for students of business systems who now need to grasp the political setting of business, and to students of American and British politics, who now need to grasp the impact of business power on the workings of democratic government.
Introduction
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1571 and 1574 the Strasburg scholar and scientist Conrad Dasypodius captured time for his fellow citizens. Hired to renew the cathedral’s great fourteenth-century clock, he made elaborate plans, preparing ichnographic and orthographic designs of his project. Working with the mathematician David Wolckenstein, the artist Tobias Stimmer, and a swarm of local artisans, he created the magnificent mechanism, three storeys tall and festooned with curious ornaments and devices, which still, in updated form, delights the tourists who line up every day to hear (and watch) it strike noon.
Humanist Chronology (III): The Romance of Ritual
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calendars are far more than neutral devices for the measurement of time. Ancient calendars, in particular, played several—different but equally vital—roles in Greek and Roman society and culture. They determined the round of propitiatory and commemorative rituals by which an ancient people or city remained in touch with the shaping events of its past, asked its gods for protection in the future—and, as the enemies of Athenian democracy complained, delayed business in the present by closing down the courtroom and the assembly. They contained days both propitious and impropitious for any given activity. And they bore the impress of important events, mythical, political, or personal, which shaped the character of the days on which they had fallen for the rest of time. Both in classical Athens and in the different world of Plutarch and Porphyry, these beliefs and practices were taken very seriously indeed.
The Chronologer Reaches his Public
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1582 Scaliger finished the work he had come to see as a massive synthesis on calendars and dates alike. Gradually he chose a literary form for the book—a decision that always posed problems for chronologers. Geographers—whose subject, so the inevitable tag ran, was the other of history’s two eyes—had the ancient model of Ptolemy’s Geography to imitate. Even in its normal Renaissance form, the inaccurate Latin translation by Jacopo Angelo which Vespasiano and others multiplied, decorated, and made into the coffee-table book of the late Quattrocento, the Geography gave its readers splendid maps to study and correct, precise instructions for making maps of their own, information to digest and a literary form to emulate.
The Calendar of the Greeks: Normal Chronology Emended
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late spring 1606 Johannes Kepler wrote a long letter to Scaliger about chronology. He had known Scaliger’s work since his days as a student in Tёbingen, where his teacher Michael Maestlin had urged him to study the De emendatione and he had stolen the necessary time from his proper work. A decade later in Prague, the imperial counsellor Johann Matthias Wacker von Wackenfels heard Kepler’s doubts about Scaliger’s system and advised him to write directly to Scaliger. Kepler did so, and as we shall see, his objections were mostly well founded. The body of his long letter presents the most perceptive critique of Scaliger’s work ever drawn up. For our present purposes, however, the initial paragraph that Kepler deleted before he sent the letter is more relevant than the technical arguments that he retained.
The Later Life of the Lunar Year: Arabs and Saxons
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger’s treatment of the Islamic year necessarily added little save refinement to what was already available by way of technical analysis. Astronomers and computists knew the length of the Islamic year, the 30-year cycle that governed it, the Julian date of the Hegira from which Muslims dated treaties and events, and various means of converting this and Islamic dates reckoned from it into sums of days and these, in tum, into Julian dates.
Towards the Thesaurus temporium
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1600 Scaliger had become the centre of his still young university. Despite his loathing of professorial lectures (and most professors), his refusal à caqueter en chaire & pedanter’, he took an active part in other kinds of university business. In a sharp letter to Dousa, for example, he opposed the introduction of Ramism into the still traditional arts curriculum: ‘What can be more dissimilar’, he asked, ‘than the doctrines of Aristotle and those of Ramus?’ Apparently he both approved of the Aristotelian method in teaching and disapproved of the clash that would result from the Ramist challenge to it. As we have seen, he found some of his colleagues vain and silly.
Syncellus and the Chronicon Paschale: Sources of the Greek Eusebius
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decisive moment in Scaliger’s work on the Thesaurus took place not when he began to sort out the tangles of Jerome’s Latin Chronicle but some two years later, when he finally confronted the Paris manuscript of the world chronicle of George Syncellus. In this historical hall of distorting mirrors Scaliger would make the acquaintance of a legion of long lost historians: the Alexandrian scholars Panodorus and Annianus, Eusebius (speaking his original Greek), Eusebius’ predecessor in Christian chronology Julius Africanus, the Greek antiquaries Alexander Polyhistor and Abydenus, the Babylonian priest Berosus, and the Greek priest Manetho. They would pose a set of analytical and editorial problems so complex that many of them have not yet been solved—problems that would still occupy some of the greatest of classical scholars, like Eduard Schwartz and Felix Jacoby, in modern times.
Interpreting Eusebius: The Vicissitudes of Christian Chronology from Africanus to Syncellus
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scaliger’s commentary on the Chronicle started out austerely enough. He claimed that he would say relatively little about the topoi with which most commentators began: the author, the title, the purpose of the work, and so on. But though he professed that he would confine his own remarks to the single realm of chronology, he found plenty there to discuss. To begin with, he set the text into the context of the larger intellectual enterprise of which, he thought, it formed part: the Fathers’ historical debate with pagan intellectuals.
History of Universities
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volume XXI/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
X-ray diﬀraction techniques
Authors: Shmueli Uri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An integral part of the process of crystal structure determination is an experiment and the techniques used to collect the experimental data. The experiment consists of scattering radiation from crystalline matter, the radiations that are usually employed being X-rays, electrons and neutrons. Although all three radiations can be employed, the vast majority of structure determinations are based on X-ray diffraction data. This chapter will therefore be dedicated to X-ray techniques. It is, however, important to point out that all the other chapters are applicable to all three diffraction techniques. We begin this chapter by introducing the Laue and Bragg conditions, and their geometrical representation in terms of the Ewald sphere of reflection. These conditions are common to all the experimental techniques that will be discussed. We shall next discuss in some detail the principles of operation of traditional and modern sources of X-rays: the X-ray tube and its spectroscopic fundamentals, and the vastly more powerful synchrotron.
Range
Authors: Wesson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have examined the physics of the drive and the aerodynamics of the flight of the ball. This brings us to the purpose of the drive—to hit the ball as far as possible. It is likely that readers found the physics of the swing and impact more com- plex than they had imagined, but the outcome can be concisely described. The ball leaves the tee with a certain speed, spin, and launch angle, and these quantities determine the trajectory and range of the ball.
Fourth cornerstone: declining jurisdiction and conflicting proceedings
Authors: Kruger Thalia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In international litigation a plaintiff will seek out a court that he believes is the most favourable to his cause. A defendant, on the other hand, will try to avoid appearing in a court that he believes is unfavourable to his cause, and seek to have the case heard in a court which he perceives as more advantageous to his interests. Such quests could lead to parallel proceedings: the same action pending before courts in different states. In turn this might lead to conflicting judgments and difficulty in getting (one of) the judgments recognized or enforced in other states. In some cases courts attempt to resolve the situation when the proceedings are pending, so that they continue in only one of the two courts and there will be only one judgment. In some instances courts try to fi nd a solution at an earlier stage, in order to avoid the situation of parallel proceedings occurring.
Introduction
Authors: Keen Spencer , Oulton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an undeniable fact that disabled people in this country are at a serious disadvantage in the employment field. Although the rate of employment of disabled people has risen from 38 per cent ten years ago to 48 per cent today, a disabled person is still two and a half times more likely to be out of work than a non-disabled person. Those with mental health problems and learning disabilities are particularly badly affected. It is also an undeniable fact that many disabled workers in this country are the victims of discrimination. Disturbingly, statistics show that claims of disability discrimination in employment are on the rise. The aim of this book is to provide a detailed explanation of the laws which have been passed in an attempt to prevent such discrimination. In particular, it is intended to be of practical assistance to those dealing with disability-related issues in the workplace on a day-to-day basis, and to those involved in bringing or defending claims of disability discrimination in employment tribunals.
The Meaning Of ‘Disability’
Authors: Keen Spencer , Oulton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The DDA 1995 makes it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in the employment field. The term ‘disabled person’ is given a special statutory meaning which reflects a medical and not a social model of disability. Unless a claimant can prove that he is a ‘disabled person’ within the meaning of the statutory definition, he will not be able to bring a claim under the DDA 1995, however legitimate his complaints may be. It follows that references to ‘disability’ in the context of other legislation are not relevant in determining whether someone is a disabled person under the DDA 1995 and should be disregarded. Thus, for example, the fact that the claimant has been awarded disability living allowance by a Social Security Appeals Tribunal is not determinative of the issue of disability for the purposes of the DDA 1995. Nor is the fact that the claimant has been compulsorily admitted for treatment under the Mental Health Act 1983.
Discrimination in Employment: the Ambit of Part II of the DDA 1995
Authors: Keen Spencer , Oulton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notwithstanding its title, Part II covers a broad spectrum of workers in a range of occupations, not just employees. Although the main focus of this chapter will be on the protection afforded to employees, the other categories of workers covered by Part II will be briefly covered as well. Part II begins with two sections which define what is meant by discrimination and harassment and which apply equally to all the categories of workers covered by Part II. These sections were introduced following amendments made to the DDA 1995 by the 2003 Regulations. As a result, there are now four different types of discrimination under the disability legislation, together with a statutory tort of harassment, as follows:
Victimization
Authors: Keen Spencer , Oulton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness of the DDA 1995 would be greatly reduced if employees were deterred from taking part in tribunal proceedings, either as witnesses or claimants, out of fear of reprisals from their employer.Therefore, in order to ensure the proper functioning of the judicial process and the enforcement of its antidiscrimination provisions, the DDA 1995 seeks to prevent reprisals by offering protection to employees who perform certain acts. The DDA 1995 prohibits employers from subjecting persons to less favourable treatment by reason that they have performed a protected act. Since the reason for the treatment determines whether or not victimization occurs, it is the employer’s subjective intention that governs liability. ‘A’ victimizes ‘B’ not only if A mistreats him because B has performed a protected act, but also if A mistreats him because he believes or suspects that B has performed, or is going to perform, a protected act. ‘A’ is judged according to A’s subjective motivation which may be conscious or subconscious.
Remedies
Authors: Keen Spencer , Oulton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The consideration of what is ‘just and equitable’ is concerned solely with which, if any, of the three orders to make and a tribunal may determine that it is just and equitable to make no award at all. The tribunal has no power to award an injunction and cannot order reinstatement or re-engagement2 as a remedy for disability discrimination. Once a tribunal determines that it is just and equitable to award compensation, the quantum is determined by applying the principles applicable to the calculation of damages in tort claims in accordance with DDA 1995, 17A(3) and the concept of ‘just and equitable’ plays no further part in the assessment. This is in contrast to the calculation of unfair dismissal awards under ERA 1996, s 123 where the quantum is determined according to justice and equity. The statutory cap on the amount of compensation that can be awarded for unfair dismissal does not apply to an action under the DDA 1995 and there is, therefore, no limit to the amount of compensation a tribunal can award.