bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensibilisierung auf Teebaumöl in Deutschland und Österreich – Eine multizentrische Studie der Deutschen Kontaktallergiegruppe
Authors: Pirker C. , Hausen B. M. , Uter W. , Hillen U. , Brasch J. , Bayerl C. , Lippert U. , Fuchs Th. , Aberer W. , Fartasch M. , Tebbe B. , Richter G. , Kinaciyan T. , Frosch P. J. 
Published: September 2003

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und Fragestellung:Teebaumöl, ein Destillationsprodukt der Blätter des australischen TeebaumesMelaleuca alternifolia, erfreut sich zunehmender Beliebtheit als Alternativheilmittel für die Behandlung diverser Hauterkrankungen. Das Öl ist ein Gemisch aus zahlreichen allergologisch relevanten Substanzen wie Monoterpenen und Sesquiterpenen. In dieser multizentrischen Studie sollte evaluiert werden, ob die Zunahme des Verbrauches von Teebaumöl zu einer Sensibilisierungshäufigkeit in Deutschland und Österreich geführt hat, die die Aufnahme in die Standardreihe rechtfertigen würden.Patienten und Methode:Für die Epikutantestung wurde ein standardisiertes Teebaumöl, 5 % in Diethylphthalat (DEP), verwendet. Getestet wurden konsekutive Ekzem‐Patienten von 11 Hautkliniken in Deutschland und Österreich. Die Ablesung erfolgte nach zwei und drei Tagen gemäß den Empfehlungen der Deutschen Kontaktallergiegruppe (DKG).Ergebnisse:Von insgesamt 3 375 getesteten Patienten reagierten 36 (1,1 %) positiv auf Teebaumöl. Die Sensibilisierungshäufigkeit zeigte große geographische Unterschiede von 2,3 % (Dortmund), 1,7 % (Buxtehude), 1,1 % (Essen), 0,7 % (Graz) bis 0 % (Berlin, Wien). 14/36 Patienten (38,9 %) zeigten auch eine positive Reaktion auf Terpentin.Schlußfolgerung:Für einzelne Testzentren ist Teebaumöl ein wichtiges Allergengemisch. Bei anamnestischen Hinweisen über die Anwendung teebaumölhaltiger Produkte sollte es getestet werden. Angesichts der großen regionalen Unterschiede in der Sensibilisierungshäufigkeit ist die Aufnahme in die Standardreihe noch nicht zu empfehlen.
A haplotype-based molecular analysis of CFTR mutations associated with respiratory and pancreatic diseases
Authors: Lee Ji Hyun , Choi Ji Ha , Namkung Wan , Hanrahan John W. , Chang Joon , Song Si Young , Park Seung Woo , Kim Dong Soo , Yoon Joo-Heon , Suh Yousin , Jang In-Jin , Nam Joo Hyun , Kim Sung Joon , Cho Mi-Ook , Lee Jong-Eun , Kim Kyung Hwan , Lee Min Goo 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Aberrant membrane transport caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is associated with a wide spectrum of respiratory and digestive diseases as well as cystic fibrosis. Using a gene scanning method, we found 11 polymorphisms and mutations of the CFTR gene in the Korean population. Individual variants at these sites were analyzed by conventional DNA screening in 117 control and 75 patients having bronchiectasis or chronic pancreatitis. In a haplotype determination based on a Bayesian algorithm, 15 haplotypes were assembled in the 192 individuals tested. Several haplotypes, especially with Q1352H, IVS8 T5, and E217G, were found to have disease associations in a case–control study. Notably, a common polymorphism of M470V appears to affect the intensity of the disease association. Among the two haplotypes having IVS8 T5, the T5-V470 haplotype showed higher disease association than the T5-M470 haplotype. In addition, a Q1352H mutation found in a V470 background showed the strongest disease association. The physiological significances of the identified mutations were rigorously analyzed. Non-synonymous E217G and Q1352H mutations in the M470 background caused a 60–80% reduction in CFTR-dependent Cl− currents and HCO3−-transport activities. Surprisingly, the additional M470V polymorphic variant with the Q1352H mutation completely abolished CFTR-dependent anion transport activities. These findings provide the first evidence on the importance of CFTR mutations in the Asian population. Importantly, the results also reveal that interactions between multiple genetic variants in cis affect the final function of the gene products.
Disruption of theAtREV3Gene Causes Hypersensitivity to Ultraviolet B Light and γ-Rays in Arabidopsis: Implication of the Presence of a Translesion Synthesis Mechanism in Plants [W]
Authors: Sakamoto Ayako , Lan Vo Thi Thuong , Hase Yoshihiro , Shikazono Naoya , Matsunaga Tsukasa , Tanaka Atsushi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTo investigate UV light response mechanisms in higher plants, we isolated a UV light–sensitive mutant, rev3-1, in Arabidopsis. The root growth of rev3-1 was inhibited after UV-B irradiation under both light and dark conditions. We found that chromosome 1 of rev3-1 was broken at a minimum of three points, causing chromosome inversion and translocation. A gene disrupted by this rearrangement encoded the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase ζ (AtREV3), which is thought to be involved in translesion synthesis. The rev3-1 seedlings also were sensitive to γ-rays and mitomycin C, which are known to inhibit DNA replication. Incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine after UV-B irradiation was less in rev3-1 than in the wild type. These results indicate that UV light–damaged DNA interrupted DNA replication in the rev3-1 mutant, leading to the inhibition of cell division and root elongation.
Phosphorylation of the Potyvirus Capsid Protein by Protein Kinase CK2 and Its Relevance for Virus Infection [W]
Authors: Ivanov Konstantin I. , Puustinen Pietri , Gabrenaite Rasa , Vihinen Helena , Rönnstrand Lars , Valmu Leena , Kalkkinen Nisse , Mäkinen Kristiina 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe reported previously that the capsid protein (CP) of Potato virus A (PVA) is phosphorylated both in virus-infected plants and in vitro. In this study, an enzyme that phosphorylates PVA CP was identified as the protein kinase CK2. The α-catalytic subunit of CK2 (CK2α) was purified from tobacco and characterized using in-gel kinase assays and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The tobacco CK2α gene was cloned and expressed in bacterial cells. Specific antibodies were raised against the recombinant enzyme and used to demonstrate the colocalization of PVA CP and CK2α in infected tobacco protoplasts. A major site of CK2 phosphorylation in PVA CP was identified by a combination of mass spectrometric analysis, radioactive phosphopeptide sequencing, and mutagenesis as Thr-242 within a CK2 consensus sequence. Amino acid substitutions that affect the CK2 consensus sequence in CP were introduced into a full-length infectious cDNA clone of PVA tagged with green fluorescent protein. Analysis of the mutant viruses showed that they were defective in cell-to-cell and long-distance movement. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrated that CK2 phosphorylation inhibited the binding of PVA CP to RNA, suggesting a molecular mechanism of CK2 action. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of PVA CP by CK2 plays an important regulatory role in virus infection.
FtsH Is Involved in the Early Stages of Repair of Photosystem II inSynechocystissp PCC 6803 [W]
Authors: Silva Paulo , Thompson Elinor , Bailey Shaun , Kruse Olaf , Mullineaux Conrad W. , Robinson Colin , Mann Nicholas H. , Nixon Peter J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWhen plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are exposed to excessive light, especially in combination with other environmental stress conditions such as extreme temperatures, their photosynthetic performance declines. A major cause of this photoinhibition is the light-induced irreversible photodamage to the photosystem II (PSII) complex responsible for photosynthetic oxygen evolution. A repair cycle operates to selectively replace a damaged D1 subunit within PSII with a newly synthesized copy followed by the light-driven reactivation of the complex. Net loss of PSII activity occurs (photoinhibition) when the rate of damage exceeds the rate of repair. The identities of the chaperones and proteases involved in the replacement of D1 in vivo remain uncertain. Here, we show that one of the four members of the FtsH family of proteases (cyanobase designation slr0228) found in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 is important for the repair of PSII and is vital for preventing chronic photoinhibition. Therefore, the ftsH gene family is not functionally redundant with respect to the repair of PSII in this organism. Our data also indicate that FtsH binds directly to PSII, is involved in the early steps of D1 degradation, and is not restricted to the removal of D1 fragments. These results, together with the recent analysis of ftsH mutants of Arabidopsis, highlight the critical role played by FtsH proteases in the removal of damaged D1 from the membrane and the maintenance of PSII activity in vivo.
Transcript Profiling Coupled with Spatial Expression Analyses Reveals Genes Involved in Distinct Developmental Stages of an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis [W]
Authors: Liu Jinyuan , Blaylock Laura A. , Endre Gabriella , Cho Jennifer , Town Christopher D. , VandenBosch Kathryn A. , Harrison Maria J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe formation of symbiotic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is a phenomenon common to the majority of vascular flowering plants. Here, we used cDNA arrays to examine transcript profiles in Medicago truncatula roots during the development of an AM symbiosis with Glomus versiforme and during growth under differing phosphorus nutrient regimes. Three percent of the genes examined showed significant changes in transcript levels during the development of the symbiosis. Most genes showing increased transcript levels in mycorrhizal roots showed no changes in response to high phosphorus, suggesting that alterations in transcript levels during symbiosis were a consequence of the AM fungus rather than a secondary effect of improved phosphorus nutrition. Among the mycorrhiza-induced genes, two distinct temporal expression patterns were evident. Members of one group showed an increase in transcripts during the initial period of contact between the symbionts and a subsequent decrease as the symbiosis developed. Defense- and stress-response genes were a significant component of this group. Genes in the second group showed a sustained increase in transcript levels that correlated with the colonization of the root system. The latter group contained a significant proportion of new genes similar to components of signal transduction pathways, suggesting that novel signaling pathways are activated during the development of the symbiosis. Analysis of the spatial expression patterns of two mycorrhiza-induced genes revealed distinct expression patterns consistent with the hypothesis that gene expression in mycorrhizal roots is signaled by both cell-autonomous and cell-nonautonomous signals.
A Novel WRKY Transcription Factor, SUSIBA2, Participates in Sugar Signaling in Barley by Binding to the Sugar-Responsive Elements of theiso1Promoter [W]
Authors: Sun Chuanxin , Palmqvist Sara , Olsson Helena , Borén Mats , Ahlandsberg Staffan , Jansson Christer 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSURE (sugar responsive) is a cis element in plant sugar signaling. The SURE element was reported first for potato, in which it confers sugar responsiveness to the patatin promoter. A SURE binding transcription factor has not been isolated. We have isolated a transcription factor cDNA from barley and purified the corresponding protein. The transcription factor, SUSIBA2 (sugar signaling in barley), belongs to the WRKY proteins and was shown to bind to SURE and W-box elements but not to the SP8a element in the iso1 promoter. Nuclear localization of SUSIBA2 was demonstrated in a transient assay system with a SUSIBA2:green fluorescent protein fusion protein. Exploiting the novel transcription factor oligodeoxynucleotide decoy strategy with transformed barley endosperm provided experimental evidence for the importance of the SURE elements in iso1 transcription. Antibodies against SUSIBA2 were produced, and the expression pattern for susiba2 was determined at the RNA and protein levels. It was found that susiba2 is expressed in endosperm but not in leaves. Transcription of susiba2 is sugar inducible, and ectopic susiba2 expression was obtained in sugar-treated leaves. Likewise, binding to SURE elements was observed for nuclear extracts from sugar-treated but not from control barley leaves. The temporal expression of susiba2 in barley endosperm followed that of iso1 and endogenous sucrose levels, with a peak at ∼12 days after pollination. Our data indicate that SUSIBA2 binds to the SURE elements in the barley iso1 promoter as an activator. Furthermore, they show that SUSIBA2 is a regulatory transcription factor in starch synthesis and demonstrate the involvement of a WRKY protein in carbohydrate anabolism. Orthologs to SUSIBA2 were isolated from rice and wheat endosperm.
Audit Committees in Private and Public Sector Corporates in New Zealand: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Porter Brenda A. , Gendall Philip J. 
Published: September 2003

This study sought to ascertain the incidence of audit committees in private and public sector corporates in New Zealand; the reasons for their adoption; their membership, administration and functions; disclosures relating to audit committees in annual reports; the attributes likely to enhance audit committees' effectiveness; and their perceived advantages and disadvantages. To accomplish this a mail survey was conducted amongst external auditors, internal auditors, chairpersons of significant private and public sector entities, and financial statement users.The survey found that about 60% of significant private and public sector corporates had audit committees, that these committees are expected to play a broad governance role, and that key players in the corporate arena support them strongly. However, it also found that the effectiveness of audit committees could be increased by having their objectives and responsibilities clearly defined in a written statement, and by disclosing their existence, membership and objectives in corporate annual reports.
Learning from Mistakes?: Using Corporate Scandals to Enhance Audit Teaching
Authors: Hughes Jane Frecknall , Humphrey Christopher , Turley Stuart 
Published: September 2003

This paper examines the introduction of a case‐based method of teaching auditing on courses for final year undergraduates. Set against the context of recent proclamations about the need to reform or change undergraduate accounting programmes, this method seeks to enhance students' understanding of the conflict‐ridden world of auditing by requiring them to investigate and report on particular contemporary and historic corporate scandals.The paper reviews the structure, aims and objectives of the course, the selection of the scandals and the methodology required in terms of completing the assignment. It explores the process of implementation and highlights several educational benefits and the possibilities for development in relation to other courses. In particular, the paper challenges claims that corporate scandals are not an appropriate educational vehicle due to their complexity or unrepresentativeness of general audit practice.
The Assessment and Integration of Materiality and Inherent Risk: An Analysis of Major Firms' Audit Practices
Authors: Martinov Nonna , Roebuck Peter 
Published: September 2003

This study focuses on how inherent risk and materiality assessments are made and how they are integrated in the planning of audit testing. Both of these assessments are an integral part of the audit planning process under the current ‘audit risk model’.The analysis of audit manuals, other relevant decision aids and interviews with the technical partner or manager from each of the ‘Big 6’ accounting firms in Australia provided the source of data for the study. The findings indicate a diversity in firms' approaches to adopting the overall risk model framework, the inherent risk and control risk concepts and the levels at which these are assessed. Similarly, although all the firms set an overall planning materiality, diversity exists in relation to the level of guidance and judgment involved, the actual guidelines used, and the utilization of additional materiality levels such as an account level materiality. The firms' practices of integrating materiality and inherent risk are also diverse and the linkage is generally implicit rather than explicit. These findings are significant in terms of potential efficiency and effectiveness implications between different firms' practices.
A Framework for Assessing the Value of Management Inquiry
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Ganesh , Wright Arnold 
Published: September 2003

Using a Bayesian Cascaded Inference approach, this study provides a framework to allow an auditor to simultaneously consider important criteria identified in the literature in evaluating the credibility of evidence obtained from management inquiry. Specifically, the importance of management reliability attributes (competence and objectivity) and the role of misstatement risk are examined. Additionally, fraud risk scenarios are considered.Sensitivity analyses suggest three important propositions that have implications for practice and research. First, reliable management inquiries have the highest potential value when misstatement risks are greatest. Second, in a situation of suspected financial reporting fraud, inquiries from high level management are of little value due to concerns for objectivity. Third, in a suspected defalcation scenario the reliability of higher level management inquiries is contingent upon their competence in identifying suspected fraud, a type of competence that auditors have not traditionally assessed.
Does an Auditor's Skill Matter? Responses To and Preferences Amongst Auditing Standards
Authors: Frantz Pascal 
Published: September 2003

The last decades have seen a dramatic increase in litigation against auditors. This paper introduces a model, in which auditors differ in their levels of skill, where differences in levels of skill may or may not be observable and reflect differences in knowledge or audit technology. This model is designed to capture the interplay amongst auditing standards, auditors' liability, and auditors' levels of skill, which determines auditors' responses to and attitudes towards auditing standards.The paper first derives an auditor's employment prospects and the quality of audit supplied if employed as a function of his level of skill in the absence of any imperfection, in the assessment of negligence or uncertainty in the quality of audit prescribed by the prevailing auditing standards. It then analyses the effect of either an imperfection in the assessment of negligence or uncertainty in the quality of audit prescribed by the prevailing auditing standards on the equilibrium schedule of audit quality. It then derives auditors' preferences amongst auditing standards. Finally, auditors' incentives to invest in skill are considered.
Asymmetric output‐gap effects in Phillips Curve and mark‐up pricing models: Evidence for the US and the UK
Authors: Clements Michael P. , Sensier Marianne 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA number of studies have found an asymmetric response of consumer price index inflation to the output gap in the US in simple Phillips curve models. We consider whether there are similar asymmetries in mark‐up pricing models, that is, whether the mark‐up over producers' costs also depends upon the sign of the (adjusted) output gap. The robustness of our findings to the price series is assessed, and also whether price‐output responses in the UK are asymmetric.
Inflation and Investment
Authors: Madsen Jakob B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper argues that inflation curbs investment because depreciations for tax purposes are at historical costs and because it renders firms liquidity constrained by lowering accounting profits of levered firms. Using panel data for the OECD countries, the empirical estimates show that investment in non‐residential buildings and structures and in machinery and equipment is strongly negatively related to inflation, which suggests that the low inflation environment in the 1990s has been an important contributor to the high investment activity over the past decade in the OECD countries.
Endogenous Money: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Fontana Giuseppe , Venturino Ezio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe paper proposes a constructive interpretation of the Post Keynesian debate between horizontalists and structuralists. Both approaches defend an endogenous money theory, but they discriminate between different analyses of the credit market and the reserve market. A more general model encompassing both approaches is presented here and some of its implications are discussed.
R&D, Imperfect Competition and Growth with Human Capital Accumulation
Authors: Bucci Alberto 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper studies the long‐run consequences of imperfect competition on growth and the sectoral distribution of skills within an R&D‐based growth model with human capital accumulation. We find that steady‐state growth is driven only by incentives to accumulate skills. In the model imperfect competition has a positive growth effect, while influencing the allocation of human capital to the different economic activities employing this factor input. Contrary to general wisdom, the share of resources invested in R&D turns out not to be monotonically increasing in the product market power and its correlation with the equilibrium output growth rate is not unambiguous.
What goes up sometimes stays up: shocks and institutions as determinants of unemployment persistence
Authors: Amisano Gianni , Serati Massimiliano 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe analyse the determinants of unemployment persistence in four OECD countries by estimating a structural Bayesian VAR with an informative prior based on an insiders/outsiders model. We explicitly insert unemployment benefits and labour taxes so that our identification is not affected by the Faust and Leeper (1997) critique. We find widespread hysteresis: demand shocks play a dominant role in explaining unemployment also in the medium‐run. Moreover real wages have low sensitivity to cyclical fluctuations and to labour market disequilibria. Our results emphasise the real power of the unions and their interactions with structural shocks and other institutions as crucial determinants of hysteresis.
Works Councils and Collective Bargaining in Germany: The Impact on Productivity and Wages
Authors: Hübler Olaf , Jirjahn Uwe 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper investigates the interaction between establishment‐level codetermination and industry‐level collective bargaining in Germany. Based on a bargaining model, we derive our main hypothesis: In establishments covered by collective bargaining agreements, works councils are more likely to be engaged in productivity‐enhancing activities and less engaged in rent‐seeking activities than their counterparts in uncovered establishments. Our empirical analysis confirms this hypothesis. The presence of works councils exerts a positive impact on productivity within the covered industrial relations regime but not within the uncovered regime. The presence of works councils has a positive effect on wages within the uncovered regime but not to the same degree within the covered regime.
Earnings, Education, and Fixed‐Term Contracts
Authors: Brown Sarah , Sessions John G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe explore the relationship between earnings, education, and fixed‐term contracts using data from the 1997 British Social Attitudes Survey. We find that the log hourly wage of workers employed under such contracts is approximately 13% lower than that of their ‘permanent’ counterparts, even after controlling for a plethora of personal and job characteristics. Standard decompositions indicate that the vast majority of this differential (more than 70%) is attributable to price effects, which may reflect discrimination on the part of the employer. Such findings may, therefore, suggest that employment protection is appropriate for individuals employed under fixed‐term contracts.