bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood supply of the human levator and tensor veli palatini muscles
Authors: Freedlander Eric 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn spite of its clinical importance in cleft palate, there are few detailed accounts of the blood supply of the soft palate and palatal muscles. A series of dissections was carried out to investigate the supply of the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles. Ten adult cadavers and 12 fetuses were used, all of which had been previously injected with a variety of media to outline the vascular tree. Conventional dissection was performed on the cadavers, and microsurgical instruments and a dissection microscope were utilized for fetal dissections.In 70% of dissections the m. levator veli palatini had a dual arterial supply, from the ascending palatine and ascending pharyngeal arteries. In the remainining cases the muscle was supplied by a single artery, either the ascending palatine or ascending pharyngeal. In 79% of dissections the tensor muscle had a dual supply from the accessory meningeal artery along with either the ascending palatine, ascending pharyngeal, or, in one case, the lesser palatine arteries.The results suggest that in careful surgical closure of the cleft soft palate the normal dual arterial supply would protect the tensor and levator muscles from vascular damage. In the minority of patients where only a single vessel supplies the levator, a radical intrapalatal dissection may jeopardize its vascularity.
The synovial folds of the patellofemoral joint: A dynamic study
Authors: Donell S. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe synovial folds of the patellofemoral joint have been studied in five fresh cadaveric knees through a window cut in the patella. When the knee is extended, the superior part of the patellar articular surface lies on the synovium lining the supracondylar fat pad of the femur, which has a distal leading edge and a distal excursion of 2 to 3 mm. As the knee flexes, the contact area of the patella on the femur sweeps superiorly, and the inferior articular surface is covered by the alar folds of the infrapatellar fat pad which face towards one another, and the midline of the joint. On flexion beyond 90° the alar folds move away like a curtain opening, to face away from one another. The synovium lining the infrapatellar fat pad then lies on the medial facet of the patella.
Comparison of collagen in the intact linea alba with that in midline abdominal scars: An electron microscopic study
Authors: Cohen Andrew , Skepper Jeremy , Ellis Harold 
Published: February 2005

Abstract“Late” incisional hernias are those which appear more than 1 year after surgery. However, they are not associated with the same causal factors as “early” incisional hernias. In this study, scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to compare the collagen of 12 samples of intact linea alba with 8 samples of scar tissue, aged between 6 weeks and 10 years, taken from patients who had undergone previous midline abdominal incisions. No differences of collagen organization were observed using qualitative SEM. TEM, however, showed that intact tissue has collagen fibrils with larger mean diameters and differs from scar tissue in the shape of its fibril diameter distribution. Collagen fibrils from scar tissue in elderly subjects resembled collagen fibrils from intact tissue of young subjects. Neither TEM or SEM revealed any differences between scars of different maturity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmental patterns of rib‐vertebra angles in chest radiographs of children: Changes related to rib level, age, sex, side and significance for scoliosis
Authors: Grivas Theodoros B. , Burwell R. G. , Purdue M. , Webb J. K. , Moulton A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRib‐vertebra angles (RVAs) were measured (T1–12) on the chest radiographs of 412 children aged 0–17 years attending the hospital with minimal disorders or diseases (boys 193, girls 219). A new method for measuring RVAs is used and the asymmetry of rib‐vertebra angles is calculated as rib‐vertebra angle differences (RVADs). The data are analysed in three age groups—infancy, childhood, and puberty, after the classification of Karlberg (1989).The findings show the following:(1) RVAs decrease from T1–12, especially so between (T8 and T12.2) Between infancy and childhood, RVAs of the upper ribs incrase, more so in boys than girls. (3) Between childhood and adolescence there is a further elevation of ribs, involving more ribs in boy than girls (boy T1–10, girls T1–8). (4) Between infancy and childhood, the lower ribs droop more in girls than boys (boys T9–10/12, girls T7/8–12). There is no change in the RVAs of the lower ribs between childhood and puberty in either boys or girls. (5) The hypothesis is suggested that RVAs are influenced by the central nervous system through its influence on trunk muscle activity. (6) Ribvertebra angle asymmetries (or differences, RVADs) are related to age and sex; their pattern reflects the common age, sex, and laterality patterns of idiopathic scoliosis. Extremes of such asymmetries may be an etiological factor for both infantile and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intermediate inguinal ring
Authors: Yeager Vernon L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to reintroduce the concept that the cremasteric muscle and fascie (intermediate spermatic covering) arise from an intermediate inguinal ring, similar to the internal spermatic fascia arising from the deep inguinal ring and the external spermatic fascia arising from the superficial inguinal ring. This will help students learn the anatomy of the inguinal region. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmental patterns of sagittal spinal curvatures in children screened for scoliosis: Kyphotic angulation at the thoracolumbar region and the mortice joint
Authors: Kiel A. W. , Burwell R. G. , Moulton A. , Purdue M. , Webb J. K. , Wojcik A. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a segmental analysis of the lateral spinal radiographs of 37 children referred to hospital in a school screening study of 4,890 school children aged 12–13 years. On each lateral radiograph a line was drawn along the posterior surface of each vertebral body from T5‐L5 and the angle of this line from the vertical was recorded.After measuring the scoliosis curve (Cobb) angle and using conventional criteria for diagnosis, three groups of patients are defined, namely, 1) a control group (average scoliosis curve angle (Cobb) of 5°, n = 14), 2) a group with lumbar curves (average Cobb angle 21°, n = 7), and 3) a group with thoracic curves (average Cobb angle 19 degrees, n = 10). Individual lateral spinal profiles are also analyzed.The findings show: (1) In the control group, there are different degrees of vertical backward tilt (declivity) from T7–L3, with a maximum tilt at T12 (mean 26°). The most vertical vertebrae are T6 and L4, with forward tilting (proclivity) at each of (T5 and L5.2) In the lumbar curve group, the segmental sagittal tilt is not significantly different from that in the control group. The mean declivity at T12 is 25°. (3) In the thoracic curve group, the segmental sagittal tilt is significantly less than that in the control group at each of T10–L1. The mean declivity at T12 is 17°. A more vertical T12 is associated with a larger Cobb angle. (4) The individual sagittal spinal profiles of the thoracic curve group (but no other group) show lordosis in the region of the lateral spinal curve (scoliosis) and a kyphotic angulation at an average of three vertebrae below the apical vertebrae of the scoliosis curve. (5) It is suggested that as a thoracic lordoscoliosis develops, the appearance of a kyphotic angulation in the thoracolumbar and upper lumbar spine is determined by the compressibility of each disc in relation to the length of the articular processes at the corresponding level. Where the combination of disc weakness to facet length is most adverse, forward flexion occurs, as in a spinal fracture, to produce the kyphotic angulation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
J.C. Boileau grant and the changing face of anatomy
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractJohn C. Boileau Grant was one of the most outstanding teachers of anatomy in the 20th century. His life's work is honored by the thirty editions to which, collectively, his three textbooks have run; by the J.C.B. Grant Museum in the Anatomy Department of the University of Toronto; and by the establishment by the Faculty of Medicine of that university of a John C.B. Grant Memorial Award and Lecture. The present article is an abridgement of the first lecture in this new eponymous series. An account and an appraisal are given of Grant's life and contributions. Reference is made to the deleterious impact on anatomy of overspecialization—not of research methods and goals, but of the minds of anatomists. The catalytic and revitalizing effect that an array of new imaging techniques is exerting on the interest in, and emphasis upon, gross human morphology is stressed and the author underlines R. Ger's claim that, thereby, all gross anatomy has become clinical anatomy. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antero‐medial menisco‐femoral ligament
Authors: McCormack Damian , McGrath Joseph 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe case of a 34‐year‐old man is reported, in whom a ligament was found at arthrotomy connecting the anterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee joint to the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle.It appeared to be an example of a rare accessory meniscal ligament, previous reports of which are reviewed. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The uniform anatomical gift act: What every clinical anatomist should know
Authors: Dalley Arthur F. , Driscoll Robert E. , Settles Harry E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAlthough many are aware of the existence of a document called the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA), few are aware that there are actually two such Acts (1968 and 1987), and even fewer have read the Acts themselves. Consequently, there are many different and frequently false impressions about their purpose and content. This paper is an attempt to acquaint readers with the two UAGAs. The historical background leading to the unprecedented rapid, uniform and unanimous adoption of the 1968 Act is presented. The content, rationale, and significance of that Act are outlined. The perceived shortcomings of the first Act resulting in the much less successful and less widely‐adopted 1987 Act is explained and the major changes incorporated in the second Act are outlined. Specific features of the Acts of concern to anatomists involved in willed‐body programs, and clinicians who may become involved in body/body part donation or utilization are addressed. Finally, the relationship of the UAGA to other lines of regulation and the need to be aware of them is indicated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of heart valves: A review
Authors: Navaratnam V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEach of the major cardiac valves (two arterial and two atrioventricular) is made up of a fibrous annulus with a characteristic configuration, and cusps or leaflets comprising a layer of endocardium folded over a fibrous lamina. Each of the arterial valves (aortic and pulmonary) has an annulus shaped like a three‐pronged coronet to which are attached three equal‐sized semilunar cusps. The arterial wall beyond each cusp forms a pocket or sinus which is crucial in the efficient closure of these valves. The coronary arterial orifices in the aorta lie high in two of the sinuses or above them and are unaffected by valve action. Narrowing of the annulus is a significant component of closure of each cardiac valve, more so for the atrioventricular valves than the arterial. Despite their traditional terminology, the left and right atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) both possess more than three leaflets each. Closure of these valves is not dependent on the number of leaflets and it is easiest to regard leaflet tissue as a continuous veil or skirt tapering towards the ventricles, where it is tethered to papillary muscles by means of chordae tendineae. Closure of these valves is biphasic, an incomplete phase in late diastole and complete closure during ventricular systole. Movement of atrioventricular leaflet tissue is slight as it is held down by tension of the chordae tendineae. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grooves in the superior surface of the liver
Authors: Newell Richard L. M. , Morgan‐Jones Rhidian 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA group of cadaveric livers bearing anteroposterior grooves or furrows in the superior surface of the right lobe is described. Such grooves have been noted by others in living patients. The existence of these grooves has been recognized since at least 1888, but there seems to be no agreement as to their cause. It appears from this study that different types of groove or indentation occur, according to their orientation relative to the median plane of the body. Two major groups of theories of causation are recognized, but no firm conclusions are drawn. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observation of anomalus triplication of unilateral anterior digastric muscle
Authors: Çelik H. Hamdi , Yilmaz Engin , Atasever Alper , Durgun Barbaros , Taner Doǧan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe a rare anomaly in the submental region of a single male cadaver specimen. The anterior belly of the right digastric muscle was observed to have three separate insertions. Most medial of these crossed the midline and inserted to the digastric fossa with the opposite digastric muscle. These muscle bands were united in a common tendon as they continued with the posterior belly. This is an anatomical variation in the mylohyoid digastric muscle group in the floor of the mouth. Consideration of such variations of the anterior bellies of the digastric muscles should be noted during the evaluation of the floor of the mouth in the CT examination or MR imaging. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incisional/ventral herniorrhaphy employing bilateral reversed anterior rectus abdominis sheath
Authors: Le Tam H. , Fendley Steven O. , Graves Ernest D. , Thomas William O. , Rodning Charles B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRepair of a symptomatic incisional/ventral hernia that is not amenable to simple primary closure is problematic. Therapeutic options include: (1) fascial reapproximation after unilateral/bilateral horizontal parasagittal relaxing incisions (obliquus externusand transversus abdominis) with or without pre‐operative pneumoperitoneum; (2) bridging a fascial defect with autologous devascularized (lata femoris, anterior rectus abdominissheath) or vascularized (abdominal wall fascia, tensor fasciae latae, myofascial, or myofascial/cutaneous rotational flaps) tissue; or (3) insertion of prosthetic/synthetic material (polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polygalactin). In the presence of abdominal infection or contaminated operative wounds use of autologous tissue is preferred, because of the risks of infection and gastroenterocolonic fistulization.Since 1985 the authors have observed excellent results with use of a bilateral reversed anterior rectus abdominissheath technique of incisional/ventral herniorrhaphy. Although the parasagittal incision parallel to the linea semilunarisand mobilization medially undoubtedly caused partial devascularization (interruption of segmental and intermuscular arteriovenous arcades, respectively), the sheath coapted in the midline maintained its integrity as evaluated clinically and radiographically. This implies that the Sheath is relatively hypometabolic, that collateral circulation is maintained and/or develops, and/or sustenance is obtained by contiguity with peritoneal secretions and subcutaneous tissue.Twenty‐three patients (13 males, 10 females, age range 19–79 years) with large symptomatic mid‐abdominal hernias of 8–16 months duration were so treated. Each of these patients had required multiple (three to seven) exploratory celiotomies for traumatic, infectious, inflammatory., or neoplastic entities. To date all patients have healed per primumwithout recurrence. Only one patient, who had previously received pelvic irradiation, manifested eventration. This qualitative analysis suggests that this technique has validity for patients requiring incisional/ventral herniorrhaphy with an otherwise intact rectus abdominismuscle and sheath. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human dissection and attitudes of preclinical students to death and bereavement
Authors: Druce Maralyn , Johnson Martin H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo questionnaires were used to gather information about preclinical education concerning death and bereavement. One was mailed to Heads of Anatomy Departments of 26 UK medical schools. The other was distributed to 220 first‐ and 210 second‐year preclinical students in Cambridge. Among curricular organizers (77% response rate), the motivation for giving such education was primarily to improve knowledge about dissection, and only secondarily and infrequently to prepare students for clinical practice or to address their attitudes or feelings. In contrast, the primary concern of students (response rate 54%) was preparation for encounters with death in clinical practice (61–85%), lesser concerns being to address their own fears and feelings (30–40%) or knowledge about the dissecting room, cadavers, etc. (23–37%). Students were also asked about their reactions to dissection in order to determine whether the dissecting room might provide an opportunity for teaching about death. Most (66%) admitted experiencing moderate to extreme apprehension in advance of dissection. Apprehension was associated, on starting dissection, with very strong reactions, which in some cases interfered with learning. Some (27%) dealt with this by depersonalization. The only previous experiences that showed a significant association with the occurrence during dissection of interfering and/or non‐task‐related thoughts and feelings were (i) for both men and women the occurrence and quality of handling of death experience(s) at school, and (ii) for a group of male students the experience of the death of more than one close non‐family friend. A strategy for effective use of the dissecting room in studies on death is outlined. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Right ventricular protection with coronary sinus retrograde cardioplegia
Authors: Sutter Francis P. , Nielson David H. , Goldman Scott M. , Mitchell John M. , Garwood Alexander P. , King Sheila , Gallagher Joseph F. , Clancy Michael 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFifteen consecutive patients having open heart surgery using retrograde cardioplegia were studied to demonstrate that important venous collateralization exists between the coronary sinus (CS) and its left ventricular branches and the right ventricle (RV). The venous collateralization makes possible RV myocardial protection during retrograde cardioplegia. Right ventricular venous drainage principally occurs via anterior cardiac veins, which drain into the right atrium, and thebesian veins, which drain into both the RV and the atrium, generally without connection to the CS. Retrograde cardioplegia used during open heart surgery should, therefore, give inadequate myocardial protection to the RV. Two RV temperature probes used as markers for RV perfusion were monitored continuously during cardiac arrest. Systemic temperature while on cardiopulmonary bypass was 25°C, and the retrograde perfusate solution temperature was 4°C. Coronary sinus pressure during the bypass procedure was maintained between 20 torr and 50 torr. Mean temperatures at the two probe sites were 16.1°C and 14.5°C. We conclude that a complex network of venous collaterals between the coronary sinus and left ventricle and the right ventricle allow excellent myocardial protection during retrograde cardioplegia. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real minimal diameter of the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebral pedicles
Authors: İslam Ci̇hangi̇r , Şakul Bayram Ufuk , Güzel Mehmet Bahaddi̇n 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTranspedicular screw fixation is a widely used method in vertebral surgery, but it suffers from complications due to mismatches between the screw and pedicle. Therefore, information on the real minimal diameter of pedicle is needed for the development of instrumentation techniques and implantable devices. A total of 4,212 measurements from 1,404 pedicles of 702 human vertebrae were made from thoracic (T11, T12) to lumbar (L1–L5). We found that there was a real minimal diameter which was different from the vertical and transverse diameters of pedicles. This is the smallest diameter which cannot be definitely determined by the imaging methods currently in use, such as anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, and computed tomography; direct measurements excepted. Based on these results, we suggest that neither vertical nor transverse diameter gives accurate measurements of minimal diameter. However, minimal diameter size may be estimated using the ratio of vertical or transverse diameter to minimal diameter reported in this study for each level. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Status of gross anatomy in the U.S. and Canada: Dilemma for the 21st century
Authors: Collins Thomas J. , Given Randall L. , Hulsebosch Claire E. , Miller Brian T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAs a component of a recent academic review, the Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences faculty at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston, Texas, developed a questionnaire designed to compare the curricula, direction, and challenges of their department with the approximately 140 anatomy departments in the U. S. and Canada. The response was overwhelming in that over 80% of the schools returned a completed questionnaire. One of the areas of interest revealed by this survey was a growing concern over significant changes in both medical school curricula and the future of anatomy departments. Most departments still used traditional lectures to present course material and the majority of the scheduled contact hours were in the dissection laboratory; however, other teaching formats, such as case studies and small group discussions, accounted for significantly more of the teaching effort. Nearly 20% of the schools were making major modifications in their teaching methods. The general trend was to include more integrated, problem‐based learning and computer‐assisted teaching while reducing overall content, didactic lectures, and rote memorization. The role and need for traditionally trained gross anatomists in medical education appeared to be diminishing as curricular reform moved toward more student‐directed, faculty‐facilitated programs. Concurrently, the recruitment and career development of gross anatomy faculty appeared to be influenced more by funding status than by academic training or teaching experience, as most departmental chairman were willing to hire non‐anatomists and “train” them to assume an often reduced teaching load in gross anatomy courses. In addition, fewer graduate students were being trained in classical gross anatomy, a trend that better suited the emerging student‐directed medical school curricula. The reduction in classically trained anatomists also appeared to reflect the widespread practice whereby anatomy faculty were rewarded far more for research than for teaching. Although the continued inclusion of gross anatomy in medical education appeared to be assured, its traditional mode of presentation and academic prominence will likely change by the turn of the century. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.