bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidised‐HDL3 induces the expression of PAI‐1 in human endothelial cells. Role of p38MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization
Authors: Norata Giuseppe D. , Banfi Cristina , Pirillo Angela , Tremoli Elena , Hamsten Anders , Catapano Alberico L. , Eriksson Per 
Published: September 2004

SummaryModified lipoproteins have been suggested to modulate endothelial expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1). As oxidized high‐density lipoprotein (Ox‐HDL) has been found in atheromatous plaques and receptors for modified HDL are present on endothelial cells, we investigated the role of Ox‐HDL3 on the expression of PAI‐1. Ox‐HDL3 but not native HDL3, increased PAI‐1 mRNA expression in endothelial cells. Furthermore, PAI‐1 antigen expression and activity increased in the supernatant of cells incubated with Ox‐HDL3. The intracellular pathways involved in this effect were investigated. Ox‐HDL3 activated both extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK). Moreover, incubation with specific inhibitors of these kinases showed that p38MAPK was mainly involved in the Ox‐HDL3‐dependent PAI‐1 induction. Transient transfection experiments suggested that none of the response elements in the proximal promoter (−804 to 17) were involved in Ox‐HDL3‐mediated PAI‐1 expression. mRNA stability experiments showed that Ox‐HDL3 increased the PAI‐1 mRNA half‐life. In summary, Ox‐HDL3 induced PAI‐1 mRNA expression and antigen release through a molecular mechanism involving MAPK activation and mRNA stabilization. Thus, oxidative modification converts HDL to a prothrombotic lipoprotein species.
Pool‐fills: a window to palaeoflood history and response in bedrock‐confined rivers
Authors: Jansen John D. , Brierley Gary J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractChannel‐scale sedimentary units associated with bedrock‐controlled riffle‐pool morphology are examined in detail along Sandy Creek gorge, an ephemeral stream in arid south‐eastern central Australia. Pool‐fills comprise cut‐and‐fill assemblages of poorly sorted sediments ranging in texture from muds to boulders. Five unit types are defined based on particle size, sedimentary structures, geometry and bounding surface character: (1) coarse‐grained bar platform; (2) fine‐grained bar supraplatform; (3) fine‐grained pool‐fill; (4) fine‐grained bench; and (5) modern pool‐fill. The last coarse‐grained unit currently lining the pools suggests an altered sedimentation style over the post‐settlement period (post‐ad 1860s). Situated at bedrock valley constrictions, pool‐fills are compared with other sedimentary units associated with recirculating currents: eddy bars and slackwater deposits. But only the fine‐grained bench units reflect eddy recirculation; the pool‐fills are principally forced‐bars associated with bedrock‐controlled or ‘forced’ riffle‐pool morphology. A late Holocene palaeoflood history is proposed based on radiocarbon ages from the pool‐fills: multiple phases of cut‐and‐fill activity were preceded by a superflood 3400–1900 years ago that eroded the pool‐fills to bedrock. The resilience of the pool‐fills was illustrated by the passage of a 1‐in‐100‐year flood in 1992, which caused only minor erosion. The presence of pool‐fills may provide a window to past phases of river activity that cannot be extracted from either historical records/observations or palaeoflood slackwater sediment analyses. The formation and sedimentary preservation potential of these landforms reflect a combination of hydraulic and structural influences, but the occurrence of high‐magnitude floods exerts the dominant control.
Textural trends in turbidites and slurry beds from the Oligocene flysch of the East Carpathians, Romania
Authors: Sylvester Zoltán , Lowe Donald R. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDeep‐water sandstone beds of the Oligocene Fusaru Sandstone and Lower Dysodilic Shale, exposed in the Buzău Valley area of the East Carpathian flysch belt, Romania, can be described in terms of the standard turbidite divisions. In addition, mud‐rich sand layers are common, both as parts of otherwise ‘normal’ sequences of turbidite divisions and as individual event beds. Eleven units, interpreted as the deposits of individual flows, were densely sampled, and 87 thin sections were point counted for grain size and mud content. S3/Ta divisions, which form the bulk of most sedimentation units, have low internal textural variability but show subtle vertical trends in grain size. Most commonly, coarse‐tail normal grading is associated with fine‐tail inverse grading. The mean grain size can show inverse grading, normal grading or a lack of grading, but sorting tends to improve upward in most beds. Fine‐tail inverse grading is interpreted as resulting from a decreasing effectiveness of trapping of fines during rapid deposition from a turbidity current as the initially high suspended‐load fallout rate declines. If this effect is strong enough, the mean grain size can show subtle inverse grading as well. Thus, thick inversely graded intervals in deep‐water sands lacking traction structures do not necessarily imply waxing flow velocities. If the suspended‐load fallout rate drops to zero after the deposition of the coarse grain‐size populations, the remaining finer grained flow bypasses and may rework the top of the S3 division, forming well‐sorted, coarser grained, current‐structured Tt units. Alternatively, the suspended‐load fallout rate may remain high enough to prevent segregation of fines, leading to the deposition of significant amounts of mud along with the sand. Mud content of the sandstones is bimodal: either 3–13% or more than 20%. Two types of mud‐rich sandstones were observed. Coarser grained mud‐rich sandstones occur towards the upper parts of S3/Ta divisions. These units were deposited as a result of enhanced trapping of mud particles in the rapidly deposited sediment. Finer grained mud‐rich units are interbedded with ripple‐laminated very fine‐grained sandy Tc divisions. During deposition of these units, mud floccules were hydraulically equivalent to the very fine sand‐ and silt‐sized sediment. The mud‐rich sandstones were probably deposited by flows that became transitional between turbidity currents and debris flows during their late‐stage evolution.
Pliocene sedimentation in a shallow, cool‐water, estuarine gulf, Murray Basin, South Australia
Authors: Pufahl Peir K. , James Noel P. , Bone Yvonne , Lukasik Jeff J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe Pliocene Norwest Bend Formation is a well‐preserved succession of terrestrial and shallow‐marine deposits in the Murray Basin, South Australia. Sediments in this unit consist of two discrete terrigenous clastic‐rich, decametre‐scale sequences, or informal members, which record episodes of marine incursion during the Early and Late Pliocene respectively. The base of each sequence is a transgressive lag and/or strandline deposit that is transitional upwards into a highstand, subtidal, terrigenous clastic and cool‐water carbonate sediment accumulation. The top of each sequence is incised by fluvial channels that are filled by river deposits which formed as relative sea‐level fell and terrestrial environments prograded basinward. Sedimentological data suggest that gross stratigraphic architecture was primarily determined by glacioeustasy. Differences in sedimentary style between these two sequences, however, reflect a major climatic change that took place in southern Australia during the mid‐Pliocene. The lower quartzose sand member is formed of siliciclastic sediment derived from prolonged, deep, subaerial weathering and contains a bivalve‐dominated, cool‐temperate, open‐marine mollusc assemblage. These sediments accumulated under an equitable, relatively warm, humid climate. The Murray Basin during this time, because of high fluvial discharge, was a salt‐wedge estuary with typical estuarine circulation. In contrast, the upper, oyster‐rich member is typified by large monospecific oyster buildups that grew in restricted coastal environments. Strandline deposits contain a warm‐temperate skeletal assemblage. Contemporaneous aeolian sediments accumulated under warm, semi‐arid climatic conditions. Well‐developed ferricrete, silcrete and calcrete horizons reflect cyclic conditions of rainwater infiltration and evaporation in the seasonally dry climate that typifies southern Australia today. Highly seasonal rainfall produced an estuary that fluctuated annually from being well to partially mixed. These Pliocene sediments support the notion that mollusc‐rich facies are the signature of cool‐water carbonate accumulations in inboard neritic environments. Unlike bryozoans that dominate the outer parts of Cenozoic cool‐water carbonate shelves, molluscs evolved to exploit an array of coastal ecosystems with wide salinity variations and variable sedimentation rates.
The formation and environmental significance of calcite rafts in tropical tufa‐depositing rivers of northern Australia
Authors: Taylor M. P. , Drysdale R. N. , Carthew K. D 
Published: September 2004

AbstractSpring‐fed rivers of the Barkly karst in tropical northern Australia form an array of tufa and related freshwater carbonate deposits. One of these deposits, calcite rafts, is precipitated at the water–air interface principally as a consequence of CO2 degassing and evaporation. Calcite rafts have been reported in cave environments but have not been described in detail from fluvial systems. Observations using scanning electron microscopy coupled with water chemistry data reveal that they form by a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes. They grow downwards into the water column and form a dentate lower surface, while a flat upper surface occurs at the water–air interface. The rafts are readily inhabited by microorganisms, particularly diatoms, which frequently become entombed by calcite as the rafts develop. The decay of the biological material leaves voids, creating a pock‐marked texture. The rafts are subject to secondary calcite growth along the crystal edges. Once they become submerged in the water column after disturbance of the water surface, they may become completely covered by this overgrowth, creating a homogeneous veneer. The rafts form in quiescent settings, principally behind tufa dams in large, lake‐like water bodies along each river. Therefore, they can be used in conjunction with adjacent exposures of other tufa facies to decipher palaeohydrological conditions. Although the rafts are extremely thin and fragile, they are readily preserved within fossil waterhole facies, and their occurrence has been identified in rocks from the Quaternary to the Tertiary.
Mudrock‐dominated fills formed in avulsion splay channels: examples from the Willwood Formation, Wyoming
Authors: Kraus Mary J. , Davies‐Vollum K. Sian 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMudrock‐dominated channel fills are common features of the fluvial Palaeogene Willwood Formation of Wyoming. These fills are small, on average 30 m wide and 3 m deep, and they vary from simple plugs to more lithologically complex fills with internal scour surfaces. Some fills preserve plant material, and others show pedogenic modification. All fills are located within metre‐thick intervals of weakly pedogenically modified mudstones that surround ribbon sandstones. The intervals have previously been attributed to channel avulsion; the fine‐grained channel fills are interpreted as crevasse‐splay feeder channels within these avulsion deposits.Variation in fill type, particularly the presence of pedogenic features, appears to be related to floodplain drainage. Possible factors that influenced drainage were basin position of the fills and Palaeogene climate fluctuations, although the role of either is not unequivocal. In general, channel fills with sombre colours and preserved plant detritus, indicating poorly drained conditions, dominate locations that were proximal to the Palaeogene basin axes. Fills that contain root traces, red and yellow‐brown matrix colours and mottling, which indicate pedogenic modification and episodic subaerial exposure of the sediment, dominate locations that were more distal to the Palaeogene basin axes. Eocene climate fluctuations, particularly episodes of global warming, may have been a secondary control on the kind of fill that developed. Mudrock‐dominated channel fills have not been described previously from ancient avulsion deposits. Their common presence in the Willwood Formation suggests that they are a typical component of avulsion belts and that similar channel fills in other stratigraphic units should be considered with regard to channel avulsion. The variety of fills observed in the Willwood Formation indicates that avulsion belt channels can experience very different fill histories. The descriptive details of fills provided here should help in their recognition elsewhere. In addition, the nature of the channel fill provides important information on ancient drainage conditions in the avulsion belt. Pedogenically modified channel fills have been recognized only rarely from the stratigraphic record. Their presence throughout the Willwood Formation suggests that they should exist in other alluvial successions and may have been overlooked previously. They indicate that periods of sediment exposure alternated with episodic influxes of water and sediment in an active avulsion belt.
Adjunctive stimulant use in patients with bipolar disorder: treatment of residual depression and sedation
Authors: Carlson Paul J. , Merlock Megan C. , Suppes Trisha 
Published: September 2004

Background:  Residual depression and medication‐induced sedation remain significant problems for many patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Some evidence indicates that bipolar depression may be more responsive to dopaminergic agents, suggesting that adjunctive stimulant medication may be an effective treatment for bipolar depression as well as for medication‐induced sedation. However, there are few data regarding the use of these medications in BD, likely due in part to concerns regarding potential stimulant‐induced switching and stimulant abuse.Methods:  In order to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of psychostimulants in BD, we retrospectively reviewed the cases of eight consecutive individuals from our clinic (five with bipolar I and three with bipolar II) who received adjunctive stimulants (either methylphenidate or amphetamine) within the last 2 years. Primary target symptoms of stimulant therapy included residual depression and medication‐induced sedation. The degree of clinical change in target symptoms was estimated, and the Clinical Global Impression‐BP Version scale (CGI‐BP) was used to evaluate the overall severity of illness at baseline, 6 months after stimulant initiation, and at last visit.Results:  The eight patients generally showed moderate clinical improvement in their target symptoms and substantial improvement of overall bipolar illness (mean change in CGI‐BP overall score 2.9). There was no evidence of stimulant‐induced switching or abuse. The stimulants were well tolerated.Conclusion:  The present case series suggests that adjunctive stimulants may be a reasonable therapeutic option for treating residual depression and medication‐induced sedation in some patients. Controlled trials are needed to assess the safety and effectiveness of stimulant augmentation in BD.
A pilot study of visual backward masking performance among affected versus unaffected offspring of parents with bipolar disorder
Authors: MacQueen Glenda M , Grof Paul , Alda Martin , Marriott Michael , Young L Trevor , Duffy Anne 
Published: September 2004

Background:  Cognitive dysfunction is evident in some euthymic patients with established bipolar disorder (BD), including deficits in visual backward masking (VBM) tasks which map to a specific neural pathway. A high‐risk paradigm would clarify the temporal relation of cognitive dysfunction to clinical course.Method:  We compared euthymic offspring (age range: 18–32 years) of lithium‐responsive bipolar parents with and without a previous lifetime history of psychiatric illness to healthy comparison subjects with a negative family history, on a VBM task that requires target location.Results:  High‐risk offspring with no lifetime psychiatric history performed the VBM task at levels of healthy controls. High‐risk offspring with a previous history of a mood disorder, in complete remission, made significantly more errors at short target‐mask intervals than control or never ill offspring. These higher error rates were not a consequence of faster response times.Conclusions:  There is preliminary evidence of specific cognitive dysfunction early in the course of illness in affected offspring of parents with lithium responsive BD. VBM is ideal for future longitudinal studies addressing whether cognitive dysfunction in BD is a trait marker or a consequence of illness manifestation.
Quality of life in patients with bipolar I depression: data from 920 patients
Authors: Yatham Lakshmi N , Lecrubier Yves , Fieve Ronald R , Davis Kimberly H , Harris Soyna D , Krishnan Anupama A 
Published: September 2004

Objective:  To determine the impact of acute depression on quality of life (QOL) in patients with bipolar I disorder and to compare these results with published data on QOL in patients with unipolar depression.Methods:  Quality of life was assessed using the SF‐36 in bipolar patients (n = 958) who had recently experienced an episode of acute bipolar depression and participated in a large randomized, double‐blind, safety and efficacy trial. Seven studies that included SF‐36 data from patients with unipolar depression were identified in the published literature and descriptive comparisons of SF‐36 scores were made between the unipolar depression trials and this bipolar depression trial.Results:  There were 920 patients who completed the SF‐36. Mean transformed scores, which could range from 0 to 100, were very low in bipolar depressed patients for the role‐physical (36.7), vitality (22.4), social functioning (29.9), role‐emotion (11.4), and mental health (31.0) subscales. Mean SF‐36 scores for all subscales were significantly and inversely correlated (p < 0.0001) with the HAM‐D indicating that patients with milder depressive symptoms had better QOL. Further, the mean SF‐36 scores for the bipolar sample were consistently lower compared with published data on QOL in unipolar depression on four of the eight subscales: general health; social functioning; role‐physical, and role‐emotional.Conclusions:  While both unipolar and bipolar depression have serious detrimental effects on patient QOL, our results suggest that some aspects of QOL may be worse in bipolar depression.
Gender differences in the phenomenology of bipolar disorder
Authors: Kessing Lars Vedel 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:  To investigate gender differences in the phenomenology of episodes in bipolar disorder as according to ICD‐10.Methods:  All patients who got a diagnosis of a manic episode/bipolar disorder in a period from 1994 to 2002 at the first outpatient treatment ever or at the first discharge from psychiatric hospitalization ever in Denmark were identified in a nationwide register.Results:  Totally, 682 outpatients and 1037 inpatients got a diagnosis of a manic episode/bipolar disorder at the first contact ever. Significantly more women were treated as outpatients than as inpatients. Women were treated for longer periods as inpatients but not as outpatients. In both settings, the prevalence of depressive versus manic/mixed episodes was similar for men and women and the severity of manic episodes (hypomanic /manic without psychosis/manic with psychosis) and the severity of depressive episodes (mild/moderate/severe without psychosis/severe with psychosis) did not differ between genders. The prevalence of psychotic symptoms at first contact was the same for both genders. Among patients treated in outpatient settings more men than women presented with comorbid substance abuse and among patients treated during hospitalization more women than men presented with mixed episodes.Conclusions:  Besides differences in the prevalence of mixed episodes and comorbid substance abuse few gender differences are found among patients presenting with a manic episode/bipolar disorder at first contact in psychiatric inpatient or outpatient hospital settings.
Burden of general medical conditions among individuals with bipolar disorder
Authors: Kilbourne Amy M , Cornelius Jack R , Han Xiaoyan , Pincus Harold A , Shad Mujeeb , Salloum Ihsan , Conigliaro Joseph , Haas Gretchen L 
Published: September 2004

Objective:  Treatment of coexisting medical comorbidities may reduce the risk of adverse outcomes among patients with bipolar disorder. We determined the prevalence of general medical conditions in a population‐based sample of patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder in the Veterans Administration (VA).Methods:  We conducted a cross‐sectional study of patients (n = 4310) diagnosed with bipolar disorder in fiscal year 2001 receiving care at VA facilities located within the mid‐Atlantic region. General medical conditions were assessed using ICD‐9 codes, and we compared the prevalence of each condition in our bipolar sample with national data on the VA patient population.Results:  The mean age was 53 (SD = 13), 10% were women, and 12% African‐American. The mean age of the VA national patient population was higher (58 years). The most prevalent conditions among patients with bipolar disorder included cardiovascular (e.g. hypertension, 35%), endocrine (e.g. hyperlipidemia, 23%; diabetes, 17%), and alcohol use disorder (25%). When compared with national data, the prevalence of diabetes was higher in the bipolar cohort than in the national cohort (17.2% versus 15.6%; p = 0.0035). Hepatitis C was more common in the bipolar group than the national cohort (5.9% versus 1.1%; p < 0.001). Lower back pain (15.4% versus 10.6%; p < 0.0001) and pulmonary conditions (e.g. COPD: 10.6% versus 9.4%; p = 0.005) were also more prevalent among the bipolar cohort than the VA national cohort.Conclusions:  Individuals with bipolar disorder possess a substantial burden of general medical comorbidity, and are occurring at an earlier age than in the general VA patient population, suggesting the need for earlier detection and treatment for patients with bipolar disorder.
The clinical characteristics of DSM‐IV bipolar I and II disorders: baseline findings from the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS)
Authors: Mantere Outi , Suominen Kirsi , Leppämäki Sami , Valtonen Hanna , Arvilommi Petri , Isometsä Erkki 
Published: September 2004

Objective:  To obtain a comprehensive view of the clinical epidemiology of bipolar I and II disorder in secondary‐level psychiatric settings.Methods:  In the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS), 1630 non‐schizophrenic psychiatric in‐ and outpatients in three Finnish cities were screened for bipolar I and II disorders with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Diagnoses were made using semistructured SCID‐I and ‐II interviews. Information collected included clinical history, current episode, symptom status, and other characteristics.Results:  A total of 191 patients with bipolar disorder (90 bipolar I and 101 bipolar II) were included in the JoBS. The majority of bipolar II (50.5%) and many bipolar I (25.6%) patients were previously undiagnosed; the remainder had a median 7.8 years delay from first episode to diagnosis. Despite several lifetime episodes, 26 and 58% of bipolar I and II patients, respectively, had never been hospitalized. A polyphasic episode was current in 51.3%, rapid cycling in 32.5%, and psychotic symptoms in 16.2% of patients. Mixed episodes occurred in 16.7% of bipolar I, and depressive mixed states in 25.7% of bipolar II patients.Conclusion:  Even in psychiatric settings, bipolar disorders usually go undetected, or recognized only after a long delay. A significant proportion of not only bipolar II, but also bipolar I patients are never hospitalized. Polyphasic episodes and rapid cycling are prevalent in both types. Depressive mixed states are at least as common among bipolar II patients as mixed episodes among bipolar I.