bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Magus
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empedocles’ equation of Hades and fire has turned out to be a key capable of opening many doors. Ideas, themes, and philosophical tendencies which on the surface might seem unrelated or even divergent prove to be linked with each other at a deeper level; apparently unconnected doctrines turn out to derive from a common mythological source. And in tracing these links we repeatedly find ourselves drawn back into the orbit of ancient Pythagoreanism. Often in the modern literature it is emphasized how little we know about Pythagorean ideas before Plato’s time. But on closer analysis one of the major reasons for this lack of knowledge proves to be, very simply, that we have not been looking in the right direction: into the literary, mythological, and geographical substratum underlying the supposedly ‘philosophical’ ideas.
From Sicily to Egypt
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Greeks invented a number of different stories about Empedocles’ death. They had him drown, hang himself: it is easy to forget how snide Greek writers could be about the philosophers in whom they claimed to show an interest. However, there is one particular version of his death which stands out from the rest. For one thing, it was by far the most famous of them all; with the inevitable malicious comments and innuendoes it survived down to the end of antiquity. But it also attracted a different kind of attention: already in the first century or two after Empedocles’ lifetime it had become a focus of intense criticism from people who otherwise could hardly agree on anything. For the realist it was too fantastic and romantic. For the romantic it seemed too trivial and ignoble.
The Hero
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Empedocles’ biographers presented him as always going around wearing sandals of bronze, they were generalizing falsely from some much more specific data. As so often, they were falling in with the tendency among Greek writers to rationalize and so misinterpret the details of magic, ritual, and myth. Again, when they turned the detail about the discovery of the single bronze sandal-symbol of Hecate, magical sign of the ability to descend to the underworld-into a proof that Empedocles was a fraud they either did not understand the ritual symbolism or, for the sake of their parody, deliberately chose to ignore it.
Sandals of Bronze and Thighs of Gold
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is time to see just where we stand and start to draw out some of the main implications of the material considered so far. First, there is the question of Empedocles’ leap into Etna. There is no point in denying that he could have died by jumping into the volcano: he could have. But by now it should be clear that whether or not he did so is more or less immaterial. What is important is that, interpreted rightly, the legend introduces us to a world of esoteric ideas and practices characteristic of certain mystical circles in southern Italy and Sicily. Paradoxically, Empedocles’ unique talents and special charisma made him a perfect vehicle for conveying themes and possibilities which were by no means restricted in scope or relevance to one individual alone.
‘Conceal My Words in Your Breast’
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though it is possible to guess fairly safely at who she was, the identity of Empedocles’ Nestis remains—significantly enough—shrouded in uncertainty. And yet, Nestis apart, we have already seen the need to situate Empedocles’ teaching about his elements in the context of Sicilian mythology, mystery, and magic: that is, to understand his teaching in an initiatory context. We have also seen that it is not just a question of generously making allowances for this mythical and magical background by portraying it as some kind of primitive mire which Empedocles tried, but ultimately failed, to rise out of in his aspiration to become a rational philosopher. On the contrary, the very framework as well as the purpose of Empedocles’ poetry was clearly initiatory and magical. We are faced here with a choice of either making Empedocles a pawn in the simplistic game of interpreting early ancient philosophy as a one-directional evolution from so-called ‘irrationality’ to ‘rationality’, from mythos to logos; or of attempting to understand him in his own context and on his own terms. This second option is for the historian and scholar; the first is for the fiction-writer or speculative philosopher.
From Empedocles to the Sufis: ‘The Pythagorean Leaven’
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight it may seem astonishing that mysteries, embedded in riddling secrecy, and philosophy, which on the contrary raises—or at any rate should raise—everything into the clear light of rationality, could have anything at all to do with each other. So begins a recent paper on the overlap between philosophy and mysteries in the ancient world. Its author goes on to acknowledge the significance as well as the existence of this overlap in the period of late antiquity, and traces the origins of such an apparently paradoxical phenomenon back to one particular person: Plato. Yet again one finds Plato endowed with the attributes of a Prometheus or Palamedes: if a late antique idea or phenomenon can be traced back to him, then he must have originated it.
The Philosopher and his Teaching
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
An introductory address, which once headed the written version of the Orations (see Introduction, p. lix), and could have been delivered viva voce on any number of separate occasions. In it, Maximus seeks to persuade his audience both that they need philosophical instruction, and that he is the man to provide it. §§ r- 5 develop the first point: philosophical teaching is essential to bring order and stability into the confusion of human life, by directing humanity to the only truly satisfying and worthwhile goal (Virtue); this goal is both practically attainable, and endorsed by the best Greek traditions; in order to realize it, philosophical teaching itself will take many different forms, and present itself on many different occasions. An element of implicit self-advertisement and self-justification is already detectable in this: ‘do not look for your philosophical instruction only in a narrowly defined set of situations; occasions like this have their part to play too’. In § § 6-ro the advertisement becomes open and direct, as Maximus simultaneously boasts of his oratorical skill and challenges his audience to react to his moral message instead. At the same time he seeks to reassure them that his and their (high) social status is no barrier to claiming the title ‘philosopher’: impressions to the contrary spring from an ignorant misreading of the historical record (§ § 9-ro).
Socrates’ Daimonion
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
After two lectures devoted to the powers and experiences of the embodied soul, the focus now shifts to the nature and role of those disembodied souls known to philosophical cosmology as daimones. The particular case of Socrates’ famous divine sign (daimonion) provides the point of entry, as his erotic experience will to the discussion of Love in Orr. 18-21, but the bulk of the discussion is more general. § § 1 -6 of Or. 8 constitute a leisurely introduction, arguing that the ubiquity of daimonic powers, in the operation of oracles and in Homer’s poetry, ought to make Socrates’ individual daimonion entirely unproblematic, provided that one has a clear conception of the daimonic to start with. The remainder of Or. 8 (§ § 7-8) begins the business of providing such a conception by sketching the general providential role of daimones, and the features of human life that make that role necessary. This is explicitly marked as preliminary (§ 7 init.); it is left for Or. 9 to provide hard details of the daimones’ nature and status.
Plato on God
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This lecture continues the cosmological-theological theme of Orr. 2 and 5-10; the thematic connections with 8-9 (the cosmic hierarchy) and 10 (the human soul’s ascent to knowledge of transcendent realities) are particularly close. The core of the lecture (§§ 7-12) is an exposition of the (Middle) Platonic doctrine of God as supreme, transcendent Intellect and the incorporeal source of all Beauty, combined with an exhortation to the listener-reader to cultivate such awareness of his nature as he can. This is preceded in §§ 1-6 by an elaborate prologue, in which Maximus establishes first the propriety of consulting expositions of Platonic doctrine, rather than simply referring back to the works of the Master himself, and then—as propaedeutic to specifically Platonic theology— the universality of belief in a supreme and unitary God of some kind or another. Considerable care is taken to ensure overall symmetry and thematic coherence between and within the two main divisions of the lecture. The whole is framed by references to God and his subordinate daimones; the prologue by images for Plato’s pre-eminence as a source of enlightenment (sun, goldmine, oracular spokesman). Moreover, the relationship depicted in §§ 7-12, between God the source and the beauty and order of the physical world deriving from him, parallels that implied in § 1 to hold between Plato and his (inferior, derivative) interpreters.
Soldier and Farmer
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contrasting pair of lectures debates another civic-ethical issue, to do with the kind of people and activities that the good State should contain and encourage. It is thus comparable (though on a less philosophical level) to Orr. 1, 3, 4, 12, 14, 15-16, 17, 18-21, 25, 26, and 37. Or. 23 puts the case for supposing that soldiers are of superior value to farmers, arguing successively from the evidence of Homer’s poetry (§ 1), the histories of the great Greek and barbarian states (§§2-4a), the animal kingdom (§4b), divine mythology (§ 5a), and the myth of the golden age (§ 5b), before carrying its assault to the enemy camp with the observation that farming, far from being an alternative to fighting, is in fact one of its most fertile causes (§§6-7).
The True End of Life: Virtue or Pleasure?
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sequence of lectures (of the same overall length as Orr. 18-21, but made up of five items, not four) devoted to the question of the Human Good, conceived as a debate between the competing claims of Virtue (perfected Reason) and Pleasure. The whole (allowing for the difference in scale) might be described as Maximus’ De Finibus: Cicero too presents the essential issue as the choice between Virtue and Pleasure (De Fin. 2. 14. 44, 3. 1. 1), and gives a large proportion of his treatise to the exposition and criticism of Epicurean hedonism.
The Creation of Belief
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The complex process of interaction with the conquered peoples produced more than information. It had a direct impact on Alexander’s view of his kingship and personal divinity. It can, I think, be shown that his staff conveniently reinterpreted local legends and integrated them into Greek mythology. Conversely the native peoples supplied information which they thought would attract the interest and approval of their conquerors. The result was a growing conviction in Alexander’s mind that he was following in the footsteps of Heracles and (still more) Dionysus. This conviction was nurtured by the circumstances of campaigning. What can hardly be over stressed is the cultural isolation of Alexander and his staff, particularly in the period of the Sogdian and Indian campaigns. It was not merely that he was further from the Mediterranean than any western army had ever penetrated, not merely that he was surrounded by culturally alien peoples with whom he could communicate only through interpreters—in some instances relays of interpreters. For long periods he was isolated from his own headquarters and the coterie of Greek intellectuals which had followed him to Central Asia. For weeks or even months his companions were his troops and immediate staff, and the range of perspectives available to him was limited. It would hardly be surprising if his thinking lacked balance and took directions which appear bizarre to modern minds.
Children’s Rights, Children’s Speech and Agamemnon
Authors: Golden Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In South Africa, as in many other countries, the voting age is 18. Recently however, Nelson Mandela proposed to give 14-year-olds the vote. ‘They say a person under the age of 14 can’t think correctly and make wise choices,’ Mandela told an audience in Natal. ‘We reject that.’ Mandela’s announcement apparently took the rest of the ANC leadership by surprise; the reaction of the National Party government was simply hostile. ‘If 14-year olds can vote, one may as well ask why not 12-year-olds or even 10-year olds,’ said Home Affairs Minister Danie Schutte. The idea, he went on, would not receive serious consideration in any civilized country.1 We need not linger over Schutte’s response. After all, his civilized country long resisted recognizing the democratic rights of even adult South Africans unless their skins were white, but was willing to treat demonstrators as young as 8 the same as grown-ups: police shot them too. And in fact, there are nation&lt;s whose citizens vote before 18. North Koreans may vote at 17, Nicaraguans at 16. In Afghanistan, at least before the establishment of an Islamic Republic in April 1992, voting was restricted to males only, between 15 and 50 years of age.
Introduction: Analysing Chronicles
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 520s, before Justinian began his long tenure of the Roman throne, one of his officials was a fellow-Illyrian named Marcellinus. He has become better known as Count Marcellinus or Marcellinus comes. Resident in the imperial capital of Constantinople, Marcellinus wrote a number of works on historical and topographical subjects. All that survives, however, is his chronicle. It was produced as a continuation of the chronicle of Jerome from AD 379 to the death of the emperor Anastasius in 518, was later updated to 534 in the reign of Justinian and was subsequently continued by others. The chronicle has always been considered a significant historical record for the period it covers, especially the late fifth and early sixth centuries. Yet this study is the first extensive treatment of Marcellinus and his chronicle. As such, it aims to set the chronicler and his work in their full contemporary and historiographical context.’ At the same time, this study both offers a model for investigating and evaluating the late antique chronicles in general, and also provides the basis for a more wide-ranging analysis of the nature and function of chronicles as a mode of both interpreting and presenting the past.
Marcellinus and Constantinople
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcellinus came to Constantinople from his native Illyricum around the turn of the sixth century and spent the rest of his life in the capital and wrote his chronicle originally for the Illyrian community there. Constantinople was the city and the society he knew best. Indeed, he was sufficiently familiar with the imperial capital to write a detailed description of the city (Inst. 1. 25. r). Although his two volumes on Constantinople do not survive there is an abundance of material in his chronicle to bear witness to his observation of, and reaction to, the physical, social, and mental environment of the capital. The world of Marcellinus is essentially that of the Byzantine chronicle tradition as we see it the latter part of the chronicle of his contemporary John Malalas, for example; that is to say, the city and life of Constantinople itself largely circumscribe the focus of the chronicler, who devotes a disproportionate amount of space to the imperial capital. This chapter, like that on Illyricum (Chapter 2), is based on the conviction that Marcellinus’ information on Constantinople (and its role in the story which the chronicle unfolds) can only be properly understood in its broader contemporary context. The general approach is therefore to take a cross-section view of the city in the time of Marcellinus. Unfortunately, most extant accounts describe Constantinople as it was seen at a particular later time. For the fifth and early sixth century no first-hand account of the ‘patriographer’ type survives, except for Hesychius’ description of the foundation of the city.1 Instead, there is only the Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae which reflects the city of the 430s although it was once thought to be the work of Marcellinus him self.
Constructing the Chronicle
Authors: Croke Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chronicle of Marcellinus, like any similar work, represents its author’s attempt to constitute a picture of the past which is meaningful for his contemporaries. In producing his chronicle Marcellinus read earlier historiographical texts such as Orosius’ History from his present perspective and purpose. Out of the documents which he chose to use, and guided by both the dictates of the genre and the expectations of the audience at which he was aiming, Marcellinus configured and formatted his story. For the most part, he does not so much engage directly with the past as indirectly through the records to which he had access. The chronicle is a textually mediated outline account of events from 379 to 534, as they were commonly understood at the time of writing, and his picture of the previous 140 years is captured in the language of his day. Consequently, to view, utilize or judge the chronicle as merely a mine of facts for modern researchers is to misconstrue it seriously. The chronicle is essentially a literary text, constructed for a particular purpose and for a particular audience so it lends itself to all the different ways a text can be analysed; that is to say, one can investigate its language and style as well as its method of construction and its sources of information. This chapter addresses the formal textual aspects of the chronicle as another means of illuminating the nature of the document, its author and its audience. The discussion proceeds from identifying the sources of information used by Marcellinus in the chronicle to analysing how the chronicle was assembled from those sources. In addition, it attempts to clarify the nature and development of the putative (and controversial) ‘City Chronicle’ of Constantinople, long acknowledged as one of the chronicle’s main sources of information.
Chreia and Demand: Nicomachean Ethics, 5. 5
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most favoured of the economic interpretations of Aristotle portrays him as the father of subjective, utilitarian, or neoclassical value-theory. The utilitarian interpretation itself will be dealt with in Chapter 6, but its main textual basis, the role of chreia in Aristotle’s analysis, must be dealt with here because it depends on the interpretation of the text of NE 5. 5, which the previous chapter has been concerned with.
Exchange: Politics, 1
Authors: Meikle Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Politics l. 9 Aristotle looks at exchange in a different way. On the face of it he seems to be listing and distinguishing different forms of exchange: barter, or exchange without money; the use of money in exchange as a way of getting something that is needed; buying and selling to make money; and usury, or the lending of money at interest. This discussion of the types of exchange is usually treated as if it were a series of discrete discussions lacking proper theoretical cohesion. This is certainly wrong, because there is a strong theoretical unity in the chapter. Alternatively, if any kind of unity is perceived, it is thought to be a unity brought about solely by Aristotle’s ethical concerns, and particularly by his concern with what is natural and unnatural. There is an important element of truth in this, but it cannot be clearly expressed, or the proper place of Aristotle’s overriding ethical concerns rightly identified, unless the logic and structure of his analysis of exchange are correctly grasped in the first place.
Classics m Nineteenth-Century England: Nature and Origins
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this richly evocative word-picture, Poe drew on his classical reading to capture the idealized memory of a woman he had loved, Mrs Jane Stanard, who had died in 1824. The classical references begin with the first word of the poem and multiply in its second stanza. The final stanza portrays Helen standing at her window, ‘statue-like’, carrying a lamp. We may think her agate lamp is the beacon which guides the ‘weary, way-worn wanderer’ to safety, but in the closing lines ‘Helen’ becomes ‘Psyche’ (and thus the writer, by implication, is Eros, for whom Psyche searched at night with a lamp). The ending is in accord with Poe’s account of poetic inspiration: ‘the Poet ... recognises the ambrosia which nourishes his soul ... he feels it in the beauty of woman ... but above all ... he kneels to it, he worships it in the faith, in the purity, in the strength, in the altogether divine majesty of her love.’
Competition, Challenge, and the Erosion of Classical Authority
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys a range of challenges to the authority of classics which were gathering strength in the mid-Victorian decades. Victorian classics, as we have seen, was a high-status formation situated in a social and cultural market relatively unregulated by the State and manned by amateur gentlemen; but by 1870 a range of challenges had begun to erode its authority both as a cultural exemplar and as an elite social formation. Direct social challenges were made to its domination of high-status curricula; the market of cultural goods began to be affected by State intervention; and as a result of both these processes, a classical near-monopoly gave way to curricular pluralism.
Culture and Specialization m Cambridge
Authors: Stray Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergent outlines of academic organization brought with them problems as well as opportunities. The declining numbers of fellows leaving colleges for preferment to church livings created blockages in the system. Many of the new fellowships lasted only six years, after which, if no permanent post was available, incumbents were obliged to leave. This was the fate in the 1880s of J. W. Headlam and W. H. D. Rouse, who after several short-term jobs became an HMI and a headmaster respectively. J. C. Stobart, who held a three-year lectureship at Trinity College Cambridge while writing his books on Greece and Rome, afterwards became an HMI and ended up as first Director of Education for the BBC. J. W. Mackail went straight from Balliol to the Education Office and stayed there until his retirement in 1919 from what had become the Board of Education.