bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focal Neurobehavioral Syndromes
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the information in Chapter 15 indicates, cognitive dysfunction and dementia are the most frequently recognized neurobehavioral syndromes encountered in patients with white matter disorders of the brain. In contrast, focal syndromes are relatively rare. Three major factors help explain these observations. First, the neuropathology involvement of most diseases and injuries of the white matter tends to be diffuse or multifocal, so that isolated lesions that might give rise to focal syndromes are relatively uncommon. Second, the neurobehavioral syndrome might occur only transiently and never come to clinical attention, and the patient recovers before a precise clinical-pathologic correlation can be made. Finally, focal syndromes, even when present, may be underappreciated because of the attention focused on other clinical and basic aspects of the disorder.
Diffuse Processes
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to describe the electrophysiologic findings in diseases that affect the neuraxis diffusely. This includes pathology of anterior horn cells (AHCs), roots, nerves, neuromuscular junctions, and muscles (Fig. 1). Anterior horn cell diseases include poliomyelitis, one form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, infantile spinal muscular atrophy (SMA I or Cases 14, 49, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), juvenile 65, 76 spinal muscular atrophy (SMA II and III or Kugelberg-Welander disease), and motor neuron disease (MND; e.g., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, AIS). Rare forms have been attributed to Hodgkin’s disease or macroglobulinemia.
Hemiatrophy of the Tongue
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For several months, a 46-year-old man noted difficulty with speech articulation and wasting of the left half of his tongue. There were no other symptoms. Medical history was limited to hypertension. Physical Examination. The left tongue half was atrophied and deviated to the left on protrusion. Cranial nerve function was otherwise intact. There were no other motor or sensory deficits. DTRs were active and symmetric, with no pathologic responses.
Arm Weakness Postthoracotomy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Routine chest X-ray of a 74-year-old man revealed a mass of the upper lobe of the left lung. Diagnostic evaluation consisted of bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy with lymph node biopsy. In addition, a scalene node was biopsied by excising the left scalene fat pad. The nodes were free of tumor, and there was no radiologic evidence of spread.
Mixed Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Problem
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One year previously, a 50-year-old man first noted slight leg weakness. This progressed over the next several months until ambulation required the aid of a walker. Over the previous 2 years, he had paresthesias in his hands and feet, extending to his knees. He had had high arches and hammer toes since childhood and was generally considered weaker than his peers and a poor athlete. Family history was negative for neuromuscular disease, including his four sisters. His medical history included childhood rheumatic fever, infectious hepatitis (when age 30), slight hypertension, and an episode of chest pain.
Two Cardiorespiratory Deaths in a Family
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was a 27-year-old woman whose symptoms began 2 days previously while she was attending the funeral of her mother-in-law. She noted difficulty swallowing and articulating with some breathing problem. By the next day she was struggling to breathe and becoming cyanotic. A mobile rescue team found her apneic with ventricular fibrillation. She was intubated and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was administered. A similar course had preceded the death of her mother-in-law, including respiratory and cardiac arrest.
Thigh Pain and Gluteal Tenderness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 39-year-old woman developed low back pain 4 years previously after sustaining a fall. It radiated to her left thigh. There was deep local gluteal tenderness on palpation, and exacerbation of her pain on internal rotation of her flexed, adducted hip. She was referred for verification of the diagnosis of pirifonnis syndrome. Medical history was noncontributory.
Postacoustic Neurectomy Facial Palsy
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An 18-year-old boy was referred for evaluation of facial nerve function, 6 months after a two-stage removal of a 5 cm acoustic neuroma. Instability of gait and unilateral hearing loss lead to the diagnosis. Complete resection of the tumor was performed with the use of microscope dissection in two separate 10 hour procedures. This was accomplished using intraoperative facial nerve stimulation and EMG monitoring in an attempt to preserve the facial nerve. In spite of this, since the operations, there was no clinical evidence of left facial movement. Patient’s gait instability disappeared. Medical history only of Osgood Schlatter’s disease of both knees.
Hyper-CPK-emia and Muscle Aches
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 48-year-old woman complained of diffuse muscle aches maximal in the lower limbs during the previous 7 years. She was found to have markedly increased serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels and was referred for evaluation. She admitted to mild generalized weakness and some numbness of her fingers. There was no previous or family medical history. Physical Examination. She had normal cranial nerves, cerebellar function, sensation, and even strength. DTRs were symmetrically active in the upper limbs and absent in the lower limbs. No pathologic reflexes were present. Nerves were normal to palpation, and no muscle tenderness was found.
Compartment Syndrome and Forearm Numbness
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two years previously, a 31-year-old construction worker was pulling a cable, maintaining extreme exertion with his right forearm muscles. Afterward, he suffered from pain in his forearm with radiation to his medial two fingers. An emergency operation was performed that day because of “compartment syndrome.’’ Postoperatively, he was left with numbness of his medial forearm and upper arm. Medical history was normal.
Optic Neuritis and Motor Blocking
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 59-year-old physician requested evaluation because of recurrent low back problems. Low back pain and numbness of one foot had lead to a laminectomy 12 years before for a left L5S1 disc. Symptoms abated for 8 years, then recurred periodically with pain in the left buttock radiating to the left leg, slight weakness, and plantar numbness. MRI was interpreted as slight L4-5, scarring. In passing, he mentioned an episode of clouding of vision of his right eye occurring 5 years before. Evaluation at that time defined a scotoma. A diagnosis of optic neuritis was made by chiefs of neuro-ophthalmology in two major medical centers. On MRI, multiple bright focal periventricular cerebral spots were seen, most consistent with demyelination. He was treated for a period with prednisone. His visual acuity returned after about a year. Medical and family history were otherwise unremarkable.
Critical Illness Weakness After Gastric Bypass
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of marked obesity, a 28-year-old woman underwent a gastric bypass operation, which was followed by a reoperation for wound problems. In the interim, a nephrotic syndrome was diagnosed when she developed leg edema. She started to develop generalized weakness after the original procedure, progressing during the subsequent days to a severe total quadriparesis. Except for sleep apnea, patient had no prior medical history. Studies revealed atalectatic or fibrotic lung bases, and CT evidence consistent with fatty liver. Serum chemistry abnormalities included total protein, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT, with many other borderline studies.
Dropped Head Syndrome
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 56-year-old woman slowly developed poor head control and difficulty with balance over a 7-month period. She had occasional right hand symptoms and low back pain. Medical history of severe scoliosis. Physical Examination. She had a severe drooping of her head with weakness of neck extensors. Strength was otherwise intact. Cranial nerves and cerebellar function and sensation were intact. DTRs were symmetric and hypoactive with no pathologic reflexes.
Introduction
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicists are currently searching for what they call a “theory of everything.” However, it turns out that the “everything” they have in mind falls far short of every thing. The physicists’ theory of everything has nothing to say about mental phenomena, agency, values, norms, teleology, or intentionality, to men tion but a few. In fact, physicists rarely have much to say about the natures of the fundamental elements of their theory: particles, fields, space, and time.
A Probabilistic Model of Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will develop a quantitative, probabilistic model of causation, building on the work done in the preceding two chapters. As before, the desiderata for the model include securing the transitivity of causation and the statistical independence properties associated with the Markov properties. At the same time, I want to faithfully represent the full complexity of the relationship be tween causation and probability, including the possibility of causes with negative statistical correlation to their effects, the possibility of independent over determination, and the possibility of cases of the preemption of causality, in which positive correlation is not sufficient for causal connection.
Conceptions Of Appropriateness: Plato’s Revision of Literary Usage in the Phaedo and Republic 5
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The framework of eponymy plays a central role in Plato’s reflections at this juncture because it provides the semantic correlate to the notion of participation, which is itself crucial to his metaphysical theory. Platonic eponymy underscores dependencies. In so doing, as we will see, it does far more than bring out mere historical linguistic ties between onomata. Rather, it both reflects and draws attention to ontological and valuational dependencies involving Forms and members of the pertinent classes of entities in the spatiotemporal realm. As in the case of etymology, so too with eponymy, Plato is quite concerned with the issue of whether, and under what conditions, onomata are properly assigned to their referents.
The Majoritarian Premise and Constitutionalism
Authors: Dworkin Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Democracy means government by the people. But what does that mean? No explicit definition of democracy is settled among political theorists or in the dictionary. On the contrary, it is a matter of deep controversy what democracy really is. People disagree about which techniques of representation, which allocation of power among local, state, and national governments, which schedule and pattern of elections, and which other institutional arrangements provide the best available version of democracy. But beneath these familiar arguments over the structures of democracy there lies, I believe, a profound philosophical dispute about democracy’s fundamental value or point, and one abstract issue is crucial to that dispute, though this is not always recognized. Should we accept or reject what I shall call the majoritarian premise?
This is a thesis about the fair outcomes of a political process: it insists that political procedures should be designed so that, at least on important matters, the decision that is reached is the decision that a majority or plurality of citizens favors, or would favor if it had adequate information and enough time for reflection.
Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ideal of universal citizenship has driven the emancipatory momentum of modern political life. Ever since the bourgeoisie challenged aristocratic privileges by claiming equal political rights for citizens as such, women, workers, Jews, blacks, and others have pressed for inclusion in that citizenship status. Modern political theory asserted the equal moral worth of all persons, and social movements of the oppressed took this seriously as implying the inclusion of all persons in full citizenship status under the equal protection of the law.
Citizenship for everyone, and everyone the same qua citizen. Modern political thought generally assumed that the universality of citizenship in the sense of citizenship for all implies a universality of citizenship in the sense that citizen­ ship status transcends particularity and difference. Whatever the social or group differences among citizens, whatever their inequalities of wealth, status, and power in the everyday activities of civil society, citizenship gives everyone the same status as peers in the political public. With equality conceived as sameness, the ideal of universal citizenship carries at least two meanings in addition to the extension of citizenship to everyone: (a) universality defined as general in opposition to particular: what citizens have in common as opposed to how they differ, and (b) universality in the sense of laws and rules that say the same for all and apply to all in the same way: laws and rules that are blind to individual and group differences.
The Holy Spirit and Song Composition
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
0ne afternoon Brother Miklos and his wife, Zsuzsa, had come to visit Pees from their home village in the far northeast corner of the country near the Ukrainian border. Brother Miklos was deciding to switch the affiliation of the small group he led from the Free Christians to the IG because he felt that Brother Horváth had a more accepting attitude toward Roma. When Brother Miklos had visited the congregation six months before, he had declared in a short sermon that he had led a “ruined” (romlott) life.
Radiation Hazards: Establishing a Safe Level
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the novel Space by James Michener, the fictional Apollo astronauts encounter a situation that fortunately did not occur during the real program [1]. In the book, the astronauts are on the surface of the Moon when the radiation from a solar ?are arrives. They receive fatal doses. The inspiration for this scenario may have been the solar storm of August 4, 1972, which over half a day delivered a radiation dose that could have caused radiation sickness or death had it reached the crew while they were out on the lunar surface or in the thinly shielded lunar module [2]. Although fictional, the story highlights that radiation can be a major challenge on a space mission and one that has to be predicted and understood.
Muscle Loss: A Practical Approach to Maintaining Strength
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 19, 1970, Soyuz 9 landed after a record-breaking 18-day flight. The cosmonauts had orbited the Earth in a confined capsule, which provided little room to exercise. When the hatch was opened, the weak crew had great difficulty getting out of the capsule. They were reported to still be weak and recovering 10 days later [1]. Although a variety of physiological changes undoubtedly contributed to their condition (orthostatic intolerance, loss of balance), their weakness was most likely due to muscle atrophy in space.
Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No approach has been more prominent in contemporary business ethics than stakeholder theory. Led by the work of Ed Freeman, the theory has successfully played off the typical focus on corporate duties to “shareholders” to identify duties toward employees, suppliers, community, and perhaps many others besides. More than half the states have enacted statutory forms of stakeholder theory known as “corporate constituency statutes.” These statutes, like stakeholder theory itself, are open-ended in two ways. First, they generally allow, but do not require, managers to take into account nonshareholder constituents in making corporate decisions. Second, it is unclear exactly what weight managers ought to give to the various nonshareholders in the corporation.cl In addition to these philosophical ambiguities, the debate surrounding “corporate constituency statutes” has shed more heat than light on who is entitled to what.
Equivocal Words
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When things have only a name in common and the definition of being which corresponds to the name is different, they are called homonymous. Thus, for example, both a man and a picture are animals. These have only a name in common and the definition of being which corresponds to the name is different; for if one is to say what being an animal is for each of them, one will give two distinct definitions. (Cat. 3)2
Echoes and Complaints
Authors: Bencivenga Ermanno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I said that a commitment to Hegel is an all-or-nothing matter—though (I added) that does not mean a commitment to every word the man wrote. What it does mean is that if you adopt Hegel’s fundamental tool (and contribution)—dialectical logic—then no room is left for any radical disagreement with him. You may mean to disagree, of course, and even phrase acerbic criticism; but all of that can eventually be seen as yet another necessary phase of spiritual development. Your sin will be forgiven, whether you want such forgiveness or not—and even if you loathe it.
Heterogeneity in Genome Size
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The replicated haploid nuclear genome referred to as its C value has been determined in a broad spectrum of angiosperms that encompasses large differences in taxonomic affinity and biological properties. This C value varies over a very broad range, from about 0.2 pg. in Arabidopsis thaliana to 127.4 pg in Fritillaries assyriaca (Bennett and Leitch, 1997). The distribution of genome size in over 2,800 species, as presented by Leitch et al. (1998), is depicted in figure 1.1. Rather than being broadly distributed along the C-value spectrum, most species have less than 10 pg of DNA.
Indeterminism and the Thin Red Line
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Perloff Michael , Xu Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indeterminism is essential to the idea of agency as we conceive it.* For this reason we drop our concentration on agency for the space of three chapters in order to give primary attention to some foundational questions concerning indeterminism itself. There are many such; the key problem of this chapter is how to make sense of assertions about future events made at a time when the outcomes of those events are not yet determined.
Region, Culture, and Identities
Authors: Romero Raul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some colonial sources suggest that when the first Spanish troops arrived in the Mantaro Valley (see map) in 1533 they expected war. Instead, they were surprised to be hailed by thousands of natives who celebrated their coming with songs and feasts (Arguedas 1975:81). It was later that the invaders would realize that the native inhabitants of the valley-the Wan kas-had been subdued by the imperial Incas long ago and since then had been their fierce adversaries.1 Thus, they saw in the arrival of the con querors an opportunity for revenge and liberation from Inca rule. An al liance, which was considered mutually beneficial, soon followed. The Wanka leaders saw in their collaboration a way of recovering the regional autonomy they had lost when the Incas arrived in the valley around 1460 (Espinoza Soriano 197]:68). The Inca state, while allowing the regional chieftains to maintain many of their privileges, had undermined their po litical power to a great extent. They were closely supervised and severely punished if they did not comply with the policies of the empire. However, the Spaniards needed the local support to compensate for the greater forces of the Inca army. They were coming from Cajamarca in the north and were on their way to Cuzco, the capital of the Inca empire.
Perpetuating the Rural Past
Authors: Romero Raul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While in the Mantaro Valley the public realm seems to be the space for negotiating modernity, the private domain appears to be reserved for maintaining continuities with a rural “past.” The latter is the sphere of ritual and musical expressions linked to rural productive activities, such as the herranza (a fertility ritual aimed at the protection of land and livestock) and the waylarsh (a compound of games, dances, and songs tied to the harvests of beans, peas, wheat, and barley). Also linked to agricultural labor is the music called huauco, played with a tinya (small Andean drum) and pincullo (vertical flute) in a pipe and tabor fashion during the communal harvest of grains. The common factor among all of these musically structured rituals is that they are performed privately: in the context of the nuclear and extended family (in the case of the herranza) or strictly by the members of the peasant community who participate in communal labor (as happens with the waylarsh and the huauco).
Adventures of the Magic Black Daughter
Authors: Rody Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That history in Toni Morrison’s hands becomes a “mother and child reunion” should be, in a sense, no surprise at all. Narratives of history always depend on the symbolic structure of the parental relation, the most immediate imaginable unit of history. If traditional, androcentric histories—literary and non-literary-tend to discover founding fathers, Morrison’s recovery of mothers would seem simply to follow the logic of feminist “re-vision,” in Adrienne Rich’s inflection of the term. “We think back through our mothers, if we are women,” said Virginia Woolf (Room 76), and in the last several decades the work of feminist historians and literary scholars to uncover women’s neglected history and writing—particularly the multifaceted exploration of motherhood and mother-daughter relationships—has established the recovery of the maternal as a central project of feminism, one with diverse cultural, political, and psychological dimensions. Simply put, a revised female self requires a revised mother.
Further Adventures of the Magic Black Daughter
Authors: Rody Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charlotte Watson Sherman’s novel One Dark Body (1993), a black mother-daughter romance that endorses spiritual and psychological return to ancestry, makes fresh use of W B. B. Du Bois’s well-known lines on “double consciousness,” which it quotes as epigraph:
One ever feels his twoness,—an American, a negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body . . . (qtd. in Sherman xiii)
While Du Bois speaks of one individual male body whose “twoness” is a matter of his unreconciled Negro and American identities, “one dark body” in Sherman’s usage becomes a metaphor for racial unity in the specific form of black mother-daughter reunion. The novel ends:
“I’m glad you come back, mama,” I say, and start to hum like her mama hummed, and then she start, and we hum till we turn into one dark body inside the holy sounds. (209)