bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of TEGDMA on the intracellular glutathione concentration of human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Engelmann J. , Leyhausen G. , Leibfritz D. , Geurtsen W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPrevious studies revealed that primarily small and relatively hydrophilic comonomers, such as TEGDMA, leach out of resin‐based restorative materials into aqueous media. Subsequently, these compounds may cause detrimental reactions with intracellular metabolic systems. The present experiments attempted to elucidate the interactions of TEGDMA with the important intracellular reducing agent glutathione (GSH). The influence of various concentrations of TEGDMA (0.5–7.5 mM) on viability and intracellular GSH concentration of primary human gingival fibroblasts was determined by means of a fluorescence assay (monobromobimane) performed in microtiter plates. Cells were treated with TEDGMA between 2 and 24 h. The incubation of fibroblasts with TEGDMA even at subtoxic concentrations quickly decreased the intracellular glutathione level to 30–50% of controls within the first 2–6 hours. However, no simultaneous adverse effect on cell viability was found. Longer incubation periods up to 24 h caused a regulatory reincrease at TEGDMA concentrations ≤ 2.5 mM, whereas higher concentrations resulted in a continuous depletion of glutathione concentration concomitant with a significant decrease of cell viability. Because glutathione plays an important role in protection and detoxification processes as well in the regulation of cell death, the early and extensive depletion of the intracellular glutathione pool due to TEGDMA may significantly contribute to the cytotoxic potency of this compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 746–751, 2002
In vitro and in vivo degradation of bioabsorbable PLLA spinal fusion cages
Authors: van Dijk M. , Tunc D. C. , Smit T. H. , Higham P. , Burger E. H. , Wuisman P. I. J. M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe in vitro and in vivo degradation of poly‐L‐lactic acid cages used as an adjunct to spinal arthrodesis was investigated. In the in vitro experiments cages were subjected to aging up to 73 weeks in phosphate‐buffered solution (pH 7.4) at 37 °C. Inherent viscosity, crystallinity, and mechanical strength were determined at different time points. In the in vivo study, the poly‐L‐lactic acid cages were packed with bone graft and implanted in the L3‐L4 spinal motion segment of 18 Dutch milk goats. At 12, 26, and 52 weeks, the motion segments were isolated and poly‐L‐lactic acid samples retrieved. On evaluation, the in vivo implanted cages showed an advanced decline in inherent viscosity compared to the cages subjected to in vitro degradation experiments. At 6 months of implantation, the geometrical shape and original height of 10 mm was maintained during 6 months of follow up. This finding fits well with the observation that mechanical strength was maintained for a period of 6 months in vitro. At 12 months, the poly‐L‐lactic acid cage had been disintegrated into multiple fragments with signs of absorption. Despite the high–load‐bearing conditions, the poly‐L‐lactic acid cage allowed interbody fusion to occur without collapse of the cage. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 752–759, 2002
Biaxial flex‐fatigue and viral penetration of natural rubber latex gloves before and after artificial aging
Authors: Schwerin Matthew R. , Walsh Donna L. , Coleman Richardson D. , Kisielewski Richard W. , Kotz Richard M. , Routson Licia B. , David Lytle C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBarrier integrity of unaged and oven‐aged (at 70 °C) natural rubber latex examination gloves was assessed with a biaxial flex‐fatigue method where failure was detected electronically, and by live viral penetration testing performed according to a modified version of ASTM F1671‐97a. When no change in barrier properties was detected during flex testing, no virus passage was found after viral challenge. Conversely, when a change in the barrier properties was indicated by the electrical signal, virus passage was found in 74% of the specimens. Flex‐fatigue results indicated that unaged test specimens from powdered (PD) and powder‐free (PF) nonchlorinated gloves had significantly longer fatigue lives than powder‐free chlorinated (CL) gloves from the same manufacturer. Biaxial flexing of oven‐aged glove specimens showed a marginal increase in fatigue life for the PF gloves, but no increase for the PD gloves. The fatigue life of the CL gloves was observed to increase significantly after oven aging. However, this appears to be due to a design feature of the test apparatus, wherein peak volume displacement of the worked specimen is held constant. An aging‐induced change in the viscoelastic properties of the CL gloves—permanent deformation of the specimens early in the fatigue test—relieves the stress magnitude applied as the test progresses. Thus, permanent deformation acts as a confounding factor in measuring durability of latex gloves by fixed displacement flex‐fatigue. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 739–745, 2002
Lifetime prediction of CAD/CAM dental ceramics
Authors: Lohbauer Ulrich , Petschelt Anselm , Greil Peter 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe dynamic fatigue method was used to obtain subcritical crack growth parameters n and A for a commercial feldspathic dental porcelain and for a lanthanum‐glass‐infiltrated alumina glass ceramic. Five stress rates dσ/dt ranging from 50 to 0.01 MPa s−1 were applied. The inert strength values were calculated with the use of Weibull statistics and maximum‐likelihood approaches for the Weibull parameter m. Strength–probability–time (SPT) diagrams were derived for both materials. The alumina glass composite showed a high fracture strength σ0 (442 MPa) at a failure probability of PF = 63.2% and a high resistance against subcritical crack growth (n = 36.5). The development of strength under fatigue conditions was calculated for exemplary 1 year. The strength of the alumina glass material dropped to 228 MPa within this period. This fact is due to a low content of infiltrated lanthanum glass phase in the composite material (25 wt%). In contrast, for the high‐silica‐glass‐containing porcelain a distinct decrease of strength σ0 from initial 133 to 47 MPa after 1 year was predicted. This, mainly because of a low crack growth resistance (n = 16.8) of the feldspathic porcelain. Much lower strength values were calculated, assuming a failure probability of PF = 5%. The decrease is mainly caused by the sensitivity of high–glass‐containing ceramics against water corrosion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 780–785, 2002
Immobilization of natural macromolecules on poly‐L‐lactic acid membrane surface in order to improve its cytocompatibility
Authors: Ma Zuwei , Gao Changyou , Gong Yihong , Ji Jian , Shen Jiacong 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWith the use of a grafting–coating method, three kinds of natural macromolecules, that is, gelatin, collagen, or chitosan, were immobilized on poly‐L‐lactic acid (PLLA) membrane surfaces with the goal of improving of cellular interactions. Attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR), x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface morphology analysis using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the natural macromolecule layers adhered tightly to the hydrophobic PLLA membrane surfaces. Chondrocyte culture showed that the modified PLLA membranes had higher cell attachment, higher cell proliferation rate, and higher cell activity than the control PLLA membrane. Moreover, the chondrocytes were more spread out on the modified PLLA membranes than on the control PLLA membranes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 838–847, 2002
Wear of conventional and cross‐linked ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene acetabular cups against polished and roughened CoCr femoral heads in a biaxial hip simulator
Authors: Saikko Vesa , Calonius Olof , Keränen Jaakko 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe wear of acetabular cups made from conventional γ‐sterilized, and electron‐beam cross‐linked ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene was studied with a biaxial hip wear simulator. The femoral heads were either polished or roughened so that they represented the type of roughening and the value of surface roughness (Ra = 0.14–0.18 μm) observed in the roughest explanted femoral heads. The lubricant was diluted calf serum, and the test length 3 million cycles. The mean wear rate and standard deviation of conventional polyethylene cups against polished and against roughened heads was 11.6 ± 0.07 and 64.4 ± 10.1 mg per 1 million cycles, respectively. The latter value closely corresponds to that measured from explanted Charnley prostheses. Against polished heads, cross‐linked polyethylene cups showed net weight gain, whereas against roughened heads, their mean wear rate was 2.4 ± 0.3 mg per 1 million cycles. The mean equivalent circle diameters of polyethylene wear particles produced in the above four categories were: conventional/roughened 0.32 μm, cross‐linked/roughened 0.29 μm, conventional/polished 0.28 μm, cross‐linked/polished 0.23 μm. The size ranges and shapes were close to those seen in particles isolated from tissue samples. In conclusion, the tests indicated that electron‐beam irradiation effectively reduces the harmful polyethylene wear particle production in total hip arthroplasty. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 848–853, 2002
The anticorrosion ability of titanium nitride (TiN) plating on an orthodontic metal bracket and its biocompatibility
Authors: Kao Chia‐Tze , Ding Shinn‐Jyh , Chen Yu‐Chih , Huang Tsui‐Hsien 
Published: November 2002

AbstractTypically, an orthodontic metal bracket is made from stainless steel. It has been shown that such metal may corrode in an acid‐ and chloride‐rich environment. The purpose of the current study was to investigate a titanium nitride (TiN) ion‐plated stainless steel orthodontic bracket's anticorrosion properties and compare its biocompatibility with that of non‐TiN‐plated brackets. The stainless‐steel brackets studied here were tested in acidic artificial saliva. The plated metal bracket was produced by the titanium nitride (TiN) ion‐plating method. The TiN‐plating on the bracket surface was demonstrated to be successful by EDX analysis. The quantity of metallic‐ion release under test immersion solutions was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Both TiN‐ and non‐TiN‐plated brackets may release detectable ions into the test solution, including nickel, chromium, manganese, copper, and iron (ferric). The anticorrosion ability of the plated bracket was analyzed by means of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The results revealed that the TiN‐plated metal bracket did not increase the anticorrosion ability of the standard bracket. The biocompatibility of the TiN plating versus the standard bracket material resulting from bracket immersion in the test solution revealed no toxicity on U2OS cells using a methylthiazole tetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Clearly, the search for an improved technique for enhancing the anticorrosion ability of the normal metal orthodontic bracket should be continued. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 786–792, 2002
Optimal currency baskets and the third currency phenomenon: exchange rate policy in Southeast Asia
Authors: Bird Graham , Rajan Ramkishen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRecent financial crises seem to have led to the broad consensus that developing countries should steer clear of exchange rate regimes that lie anywhere between the two extremes or [corner solutions] of credibly fixed or flexible arrangements. But is this a reasonable position to adopt? Would developing countries be well advised to follow this policy recommendation? Should developing countries opt only for the corner solutions? Did the crisis‐hit South‐east Asian countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thialand and Philippines), make a mistake in effectively pegging to the US dollar rather than in pegging per se? Did pegging to the US dollar constitute a sub‐optimal peg? If it did, what would have been the optimum peg? This paper attempts to provide answers to the preceding questions. The paper also conjectures more broadly about monetary policy in developing countries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Being, becoming and relationship: conceptual challenges of a child rights approach in development
Authors: White Sarah C. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper considers the distinctiveness of children as development subjects and the challenges this poses to default development ‘target group’ approaches. It focuses on two key issues: the embeddedness of children within key relationships, and the transformative nature of age‐based difference. Rather than viewing adults and children as two fixed categories, it argues that multiple relations amongst and between adults and children comprise aspects of both mutual interest and contradiction, and are always implicated in power. Offering practical tools as well as conceptual discussion to explore these, overall it advocates a person‐centred, rather than category‐centred, approach to both analysis and practice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Poor children grow into poor adults’: harmful mechanisms or over‐deterministic theory?
Authors: Yaqub Shahin 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDoes childhood poverty lead to adult poverty? Evidence shows childhood is a sensitive period for developing cognition, physical vitality and personality. This is traceable to specific behavioural and biological mechanisms. However such science could easily drive over‐deter ministic views about how childhood affects later life. The paper therefore discusses how damage from childhood poverty can—at least sometimes and partially—be resisted or reversed, both during childhood and in adulthood. As people reach biological maturity, alterations to their developmental trajectories rely increasingly on alterations in behavioural relationships. Opportunities remain vital throughout life for sustained socioeconomic attainment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public spending for children: an empirical note
Authors: Mehrotra Santosh , Delamonica Enrique 
Published: November 2002

AbstractIt is often said that economic growth promotes poverty reduction, social development and child welfare, but it is rarely argued that this conditional relationship applies in reverse. Direct action to improve child health and education may be as strong as economic growth in reducing income‐poverty. Without specific policies to ensure access to basic social services (BSS) like basic health, primary education access to safe water—services which directly improve children's lives—economic growth seldom improves the quality of life of the whole population. Thus, it becomes crucial to measure and monitor the allocation of public spending to BSS. In this paper, based on research carried out by UNDP and UNICEF in more than 30 countries across Africa, Asia and Latin America, we summarise some findings of these studies. The figures vary among countries and through time, but public expenditure on BSS is, on average, between 12 and 14 per cent of government spending. Such low fiscal priority to these services partly accounts for the poor health and education outcomes. In many low‐income, highly indebted countries, the low level of spending is explained by the lack of fiscal space. Hence the need for debt cancellation at a faster pace than achieved through the HIPC Initiative so far. Data on the use of education and health services by different groups show inequities in the distribution of public spending. This inequity negatively affects overall outcomes.We also look at the allocation of foreign assistance to BSS. ODA has been declining, as a proportion of the output of industrialised countries, since the early 1980s. Within this shrinking total, no DAC country's combined allocation for BSS exceeded 16.5 per cent of ODA. Hence also the need for rapid increases in ODA for basic services. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs)—fulfilling their potential for children in poverty?
Authors: Marcus Rachel , Wilkinson John , Marshali Jenni 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPoverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are currently at the centre of development assistance and planning in many countries and donor agencies. As such, they are potentially of enormous significance for children living in poverty. Based on a review of PRSP documents, authors' experiences and other evidence, the paper explores the main policies of economic growth and social sector investment laid out in PRSPs and some likely implications for children's lives and equitable development. It examines how far PRSPs recognize childhood poverty as a priority, and the strategies' often limited commitments to tackle it. The paper reflects on changes in policy planning, budgeting and review processes associated with PRSPs and examines their potential to contribute to effective poverty reduction. It concludes that, to date, changes in these processes are the most significant contribution of PRSPs; while the potential for more effective policy is strong, much work is required by all involved before they are a comprehensive or strategic approach to reducing childhood poverty or securing the wellbeing of future generations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Old age, poverty and social investment
Authors: Barrientos Armando 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe paper examines two commonly held views on the relationship existing between old age and poverty in developing countries: that poverty is less pronounced among the old; and that poverty reduction programmes focused on the old have lower social payoffs than programmes aimed at the young. The paper argues that standard measures underestimate old age poverty, and that the evaluation of poverty programmes needs to take account of the economic contribution of the old and of positive externalities in old age support. It concludes that the low priority given to old age support in developing countries needs to be reconsidered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age and empowerment amongst slum dwelling women in Hyderabad
Authors: Afshar Haleh , Alikhan Fatima 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper seeks to offer an understanding of empowerment in terms of the experiences of a group of slum dwelling older women in Hyderabad. It is the contention of this paper that their experience does not reflect the negative view of ageing common among Western researchers to the effect that old age is necessarily debilitating and disempowering. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nussbaum, capabilities and older people
Authors: Lloyd‐Sherlock Peter 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper assesses the usefulness of Nussbaum's version of the capabilities approach for understanding the condition of older people in developing countries. It observes that ageing is a highly heterogeneous experience, but that policy debates take a polarized approach. The paper then summarizes key elements of Nussbaum's approach, relates these to older people, and identifies a key distinction between older people's internal capabilities and structural factors related to the environment they inhabit. The paper puts forward a new framework, which combines capabilities and life‐course perspectives. The policy implications of this framework are then explored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International organizations, pension system reform and alternative agendas: Bringing older people back in?
Authors: Charlton Roger , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper delineates key constraints on the formulation and implementation of old age support in developing countries (DCs), identifying specific institutional and organizational points of ‘blockage’. The paper argues that these institutional and procedural constraints collectively underpin the continuing marginalization of older people within dominant agendas and existing policy programmes, presenting reformers with knotty problems of policy formulation, policy sequencing and policy implementation. A more appropriate and constructive international advisory regime, formed on the principles of organisational, stakeholder and policy inclusiveness, is proposed and outlined. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head development in the onychophoran Euperipatoides kanangrensis with particular reference to the central nervous system
Authors: Eriksson B. Joakim , Tait Noel N. , Budd Graham E. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe neuroectoderm of the Euperipatoides kanangrensis embryo becomes distinguishable during germ band formation when the antennal segment is evident externally. During later stages of development, the neuroectoderm proliferates extensively and, at the anterior part of the head, newly–formed neuron precursor cells occupy most of the volume. The antenna forms from the dorsolateral side of the anterior somite. The antenna has no neuroectoderm of its own at the onset of its formation, but instead, neurons migrate out to the appendage from the nearby region of the developing brain. When the antennal tract is formed it is positioned horizontally in the brain, in line with the antennal commissure. Only later, and coincidentally with the anterior repositioning of the antenna, is the tract's distal part bent anteriorly and positioned laterally. The eye starts to develop posteriorly to the antenna and the antennal commissure. This suggests that the segment(s) associated with the onychophoran eye and antenna are not serially homologous with segments carrying equivalent structures within the Euarthropoda. Evidence is presented to further support the presence of a terminal mouth in the ground plan of the Onychophora and, hence, an acron may not exist in the arthropod clade. J. Morphol. 255:1–23, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.