bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of passive heat removal by an air‐cooling panel from a high‐temperature gas‐cooled reactor
Authors: Takada Shoji , Suzuki Kunihiko , Inagaki Yoshiyuki , Sudo Yukio 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn experiment was performed to simulate an air‐cooling panel system for passive decay heat removal from a high‐temperature gas‐cooled reactor to investigate the performance of decay heat removal and the temperature distributions of components of the system. The experimental apparatus consisted of a pressure vessel 1 m wide and 3 m high. Nineteen simulated standpipes containing heaters with a maximum heating rate of 100 kW simulated residual heat of the core, and the cooling panels surrounded the pressure vessel. An analytical code (THANPACST2) was applied to the experimental data to investigate the validity of the analytical method and the model proposed. Under the conditions of helium gas at a pressure of 0.64 MPa and temperature of 514 °C in the pressure vessel, the predicted temperature distribution in the pressure vessel was estimated and was within −10 to +50 °C as compared to the experimental data. The analysis indicated that the heat transferred to the cooling panel was 15.4% less than the experimental value. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 665–677, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10061
Enhancement of steam absorption into a film of LiBr aqueous solution falling over a downward‐facing plate
Authors: Himeno Nobuhiro , Hinata Shigeru , Kirita Yuji 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAn experimental study was performed on the enhancement of steam absorption into a LiBr aqueous solution. The enhancement method proposed here is to set an absorption heat transfer plate facing downward to generate free convection within a liquid film falling over the plate. The experiment was conducted varying the tilt angle of the heat transfer plate in a range of 40 to 90°. The heat transfer coefficients were compared for both cases of the heat transfer plate facing upward and downward. It was found from the experimental results that the downward‐facing plate has a higher heat transfer coefficient than the upward‐facing plate, which confirmed that free convection and mixing occur in the liquid film and enhance the absorption heat transfer in the case of the downward‐facing plate. The enhancement effect becomes remarkable as the tilt angle approaches horizontal, though the liquid film becomes thick and its thermal resistance increases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 606–616, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10062
The flow characteristics of an upward gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in a vertical tube with a wire coil: Part 1. Experimental results of flow pattern, void fraction, and pressure drop
Authors: Takeshima Keishi , Fujii Terushige , Takenaka Nobuyuki , Asano Hitoshi 
Published: November 2002

AbstractExperiments were carried out to investigate the flow pattern, average void fraction, and pressure drop of an upward air‐water two‐phase flow in vertical tubes of 25‐mm inside diameter with wire coils of varying wire diameter, pitch, and number of coils in cross section. Five kinds of flow patterns—bubble, slug, churn, semiannular, and annular flow—were defined based on the observation of flow behavior in the experiments. At higher water flowrates, the bubble‐to‐slug transition occurred at lower air flowrates in tubes with wire coils than in smooth tubes. The average void fraction was found by using the drift flux model. Further, the experimental results of the friction pressure drop were compared with the Lockhart‐Martinelli correlation. As a result, a correlation with the constant C in Chisholm's equation was obtained as a function of the wire coil pitch‐to‐diameter ratio. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(8): 639–651, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10066
Translational and rotational forces on heart valve prostheses subjected ex vivo to a 4.7‐T MR system
Authors: Edwards Maria‐Benedicta , Ordidge Roger J. , Thomas David L. , Hand Jeffrey W. , Taylor Kenneth M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPurposeTo assess the magnetic field interactions on 60 heart valve prostheses subjected to a 4.7 T MR system. It addresses the question of whether heart valves deemed safe at 1.5 T may pose safety hazards as patients are exposed to increased static magnetic fields.Materials and MethodsEx vivo testing was performed to evaluate translational and rotational forces on 60 heart valves using previously described techniques.ResultsTranslational forces were detected on 58 heart valves ranging from 0.5° to 7.5°. Seven valves exhibited paramagnetic/weakly ferromagnetic behavior, and 51 valves exhibited diamagnetic behavior. Rotational forces were observed for 46 valves.ConclusionsCriteria previously used for safety assessment of heart valve prostheses and expressed in terms of magnetic forces suggest the forces observed in this study are compatible with the safe use of these valves in magnetic resonance (MR) systems with static fields up to 4.7 T. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:653–659. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motion of the distal renal artery during three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced breath‐hold MRA
Authors: Vasbinder G. Boudewijn C. , Maki Jeffrey H. , Nijenhuis Robbert J. , Leiner Tim , Wilson Gregory J. , Kessels Alfons G.H. , Lemarie Etienne E.L.E. , Kaandorp Dave W. , Ho Kai Yiu J.A.M. , van Engelshoven Jos M.A. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractPurposeTo study the potential detrimental effects of renal motion on breath‐hold three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).Materials and MethodsA computer model simulating linear motion was applied to MRA pulse sequences. Subsequently, to study whether renal motion was present, 24 patients being evaluated for possible renovascular hypertension underwent a breath‐hold nonenhanced single slice two‐dimensional dynamic turbo field‐echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with a typical duration of 32 seconds. This sequence was followed by breath‐hold three‐dimensional CE renal MRA. CE‐MRA images were evaluated by two independent observers.ResultsThe computer model revealed linear renal motion to cause artifacts. The severity of these artifacts correlated with velocity. Significant (P < 0.001) near linear cranial motion of the kidneys and diaphragm during a sustained breath‐hold was found for the right kidney, left kidney, right diaphragm, and left diaphragm (0.26 ± 0.21 mm/second, 0.25 ± 0.23 mm/second, 0.43 ± 0.43 mm/second, and 0.29 ± 0.33 mm/second [mean ± SD], respectively). CE‐MRA images showed artifacts of the distal renal artery that corroborated the computer model findings.ConclusionThe observed cranial motion of the kidneys during a breath‐hold adversely affects distal renal artery image quality on three‐dimensional CE‐MRA and jeopardizes reliable clinical evaluation. Shortening scan time may be beneficial for decreasing image degradation caused by this phenomenon. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:685–696. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective analysis of quality of life after surgical resection for esophageal cancer: Preliminary results
Authors: Brooks Jo Ann , Kesler Kenneth A. , Johnson Cynthia S. , Ciaccia Donato , Brown John W. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis pilot study prospectively evaluates the impact of esophageal resection on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and mood states at diagnosis and during the first year after surgery.MethodsParticipants included 38 patients with planned esophageal resection. Two instruments were used: the Functional Assessment in Cancer Therapy core instrument with the esophageal subscale (FACT‐E), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). Subjects were evaluated after diagnosis and at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgical resection.ResultsAll subjects demonstrated a decrease in overall HRQL after resection with a gradual return toward baseline by month 9. The functional and physical subscales of the FACT‐E demonstrated the largest decrease at 1 month with a gradual return toward baseline. The POMS subscales that demonstrated the highest amount of disorder after surgery were tension, fatigue, and vigor. Although the trends were similar between patients undergoing surgery alone (n = 18) and those with neoadjuvant therapy (n = 20), the group that had received surgery alone demonstrated a higher HRQL and less mood disorder during the postoperative period, as compared with the neoadjuvant group.ConclusionsPatient perceptions of HRQL and mood states change over the first 12 months after esophageal resection. Although no statistically significant differences were found in this study, several trends were identified. Ongoing assessments of these changes are important, and interventions need to be developed and implemented to produce an effective decrease in the impact of esophageal resection on HRQL and mood states, particularly after trimodality therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002, 81:185–194. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anterior interosseous nerve and multifocal motor neuropathy
Authors: Seror P. , Leger J. M. , Maisonobe T. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractWe report the case of a 47‐year‐old woman with a left anterior interosseous nerve palsy. Surgical release of the anterior interosseous nerve was initially proposed, but electrodiagnostic evaluation demonstrated that the neuropathy was due not to compression or to neuralgic amyotrophy but to a proximal conduction block. At that time, the conduction block could be defined only by indirect electrodiagnostic criteria. A multifocal motor neuropathy with persistent conduction block was subsequently diagnosed, and the patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. The efficacy of this treatment and the subsequent disclosure of conduction block in the right posterior interosseous and peroneal nerves definitively confirmed the multifocal motor neuropathy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 841–844, 2002
Naturally occurring cell death during postnatal development of rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Torres Carmen De , Munell Francina , Roig Manuel , Reventós Jaume , Macaya Alfons 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNaturally occurring cell death has been extensively analyzed in many tissues, but little data exist regarding its occurrence in developing skeletal muscle. We investigated its occurrence and time course in rat hindlimb skeletal muscles during the first 3 weeks of postnatal development, its morphological and biochemical features, and the concomitant expression of Bax, Bcl‐2, and Bcl‐xL. Myofibers displaying morphological features of apoptosis were found during the first 9 postnatal days. Terminal transferase (TdT)‐mediated dUTP‐biotinylated nick end labeling (TUNEL)–positive nuclei were present at all days examined and peaked between postnatal days 5 and 7. Total genomic DNA extracted from muscles at postnatal days 5, 7, and 9 showed internucleosomal fragmentation after Southern hybridization. Constitutive levels of Bax, Bcl‐2, and Bcl‐xL were detected by means of reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis at all ages examined, with a moderate increase around the period of maximal apoptosis. The results show that apoptosis and a concurrent expression of some genes of the Bcl‐2 family, occur postnatally in rat skeletal muscle. This information is relevant to studies addressing the mechanisms of developmental muscle injuries. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 777–783, 2002
Juvenile and adult rat neuromuscular junctions: Density, distribution, and morphology
Authors: Ma Jianjun , Smith Beth P. , Smith Thomas L. , Walker Francis O. , Rosencrance Eileen V. , Koman L. Andrew 
Published: November 2002

AbstractAnatomical and physiological differences in neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) between juvenile and adult muscle may partially explain the variability in clinical results following chemodenervation with botulinum toxin or nerve repair in children and adults. We evaluated NMJ density, distribution, and morphometry in biceps brachii and gastrocnemius muscles from juvenile and adult rats. Motor endplates were stained with Karnovsky–Roots methods, and NMJ density (number/gram muscle tissue) was determined. The NMJ morphometry was quantitated with alpha‐bungarotoxin labeling using confocal microscopy. Juvenile rats had a greater NMJ density in both muscles compared with adult rats. Juveniles and adult rats had a similar NMJ distribution in both muscles. In juvenile muscles NMJs occupied approximately 50% of the surface area and 70% of the length, width, circumference, and gutter depth compared with adult muscles. Our study demonstrates that although NMJs are smaller, juvenile muscles have a higher NMJ density than do adult muscles with similar distributions. If these age‐dependent differences in NMJ density are obtained in humans, they may account, at least in part, for the better recovery that occurs in children than adults after nerve repair and also suggest that the dosage of botulinum toxin (units per kg) for chemodenervation may need to be increased in juveniles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 804–809, 2002
Incomplete recovery of endplate potential amplitude while intermittently activating rat soleus neuromuscular junctions in situ
Authors: Desaulniers Patrice , Lavoie Pierre‐André , Gardiner Phillip F. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractStudies dealing with neuromuscular transmission efficacy typically employ continuous patterns of activation to demonstrate decrements in endplate potential (epp) amplitude. Recent evidence from rat diaphragm muscle has shown that including periods of quiescence to the stimulation protocol allows epp amplitude to recover between series of contractions. Whether similar recovery occurs in rat hindlimb muscle is unknown. In this study, we have measured declines in epp amplitude in rat soleus muscle during trains of stimulation evoked either continuously (10 s) or intermittently (400 ms repeated every second), using an in situ approach. As in diaphragm, we found that rest periods within the intermittent trains significantly improved neuromuscular transmission efficacy. However, unlike the diaphragm, epp amplitude recovery was incomplete even by the second train in the intermittent protocols, recovery being frequency‐dependent and ranging from 40 to 50%. The results suggest that the kinetics of epp amplitude rundown and recovery may be muscle‐specific, and should be considered when evaluating situations in which neuromuscular transmission efficacy may be altered. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 810–816, 2002
Increased expression of lipoprotein lipase in transgenic rabbits does not lead to abnormalities in skeletal and heart muscles
Authors: Koike Tomonari , Wang Xiaofei , Unoki Hiroyuki , Liang Jingyan , Ichikawa Tomonaga , Kitajima Shuji , Watanabe Teruo , Fan Jianglin 
Published: November 2002

AbstractLipoprotein lipase (LPL) plays an important role in plasma lipoprotein metabolism and the uptake of free fatty acid in muscle. Previous studies using transgenic mice showed that increased LPL leads to myopathies, but these results were controversial. To examine this hypothesis, we studied LPL transgenic rabbits, and our results refute the suggested role of LPL in the pathogenesis of myopathies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve 26: 823–827, 2002
Welfare reforms, family resources, and child maltreatment
Authors: Paxson Christina , Waldfogel Jane 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of welfare reforms on several measures of child maltreatment. The authors use
state‐level data from 1990 to 1998 to examine whether recent welfare reforms have increased or reduced the
incidence of reported and substantiated cases of maltreatment, the incidence of specific types of substantiated
maltreatment—physical abuse and neglect—and the number of children living in out‐of‐home
care. The welfare reforms considered are the imposition of: family caps, lifetime limits, work requirements,
sanctions for non‐compliance, and the restriction of welfare benefits to immigrants. How welfare benefit
levels and changes in state Earned Income Tax Credit programs affect reports and substantiated cases of maltreatment
are also considered. Evidence strongly indicates that reductions in states' welfare benefit levels increase the
number of children in out‐of‐home care, and some evidence indicates that strict lifetime welfare
limits and tougher sanctions for noncompliance are related to higher levels of substantiated maltreatment. The
evidence on family caps is mixed: family caps appear to be associated with fewer instances of substantiated
maltreatment, but more children in out‐of‐home care. Because most of the welfare reforms examined have
been in effect for only a short time, these results should be considered preliminary. Overall, however, they provide
some evidence that the recent welfare reforms in the United States may have increased child maltreatment. ©
2003 by the Association for Public Policy and Analysis and Management.
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis
Authors: Antsaklis Aris , Daskalakis George , Papantoniou Nikolaos , Mentis Andreas , Michalas Stylianos 
Published: November 2002

AbstractNinety‐three pregnant women with Toxoplasma gondii seroconversion during pregnancy underwent prenatal diagnosis of fetal toxoplasmosis. The following tests were used: (1) amniocentesis for mouse inoculation (93 subjects), (2) amplification of T. gondii DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (79 subjects), and (3) cordocentesis for the detection of T. gondii‐specific IgM antibodies (13 subjects). All patients had serial ultrasonographic scans to detect those fetuses with abnormalities that could be associated with congenital toxoplasmosis. Eighteen pregnancies (19.4%) had evidence of vertical transmission. A total of 11/18 (61.1%) had positive amniotic mouse inoculation test, while 10/12 (83.3%) had positive PCR results. The combination of both tests allowed the prenatal diagnosis in 17/18 infected fetuses (94.4%). All patients who underwent cordocentesis for the detection of T. gondii‐specific IgM antibodies had negative results. However, in two of the above cases fetal toxoplasmosis was detected by amniotic fluid studies. In five of the infected fetuses there were abnormal ultrasonographic findings. All pregnancies with evidence of vertical transmission were terminated, whereas the remaining pregnancies proceeded normally to term. The present data showed that amniotic fluid studies, preferably PCR amplification of T. gondii DNA, are the best diagnostic tools for the detection of vertical transmission in pregnancies with seroconversion during pregnancy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time PCR with molecular beacons provides a highly accurate assay for detection of Tay‐Sachs alleles in single cells
Authors: Rice John E. , Sanchez J. Aquiles , Pierce Kenneth E. , Wangh Lawrence J. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe results presented here provide the first single‐cell genetic assay for Tay‐Sachs disease based on real‐time PCR. Individual lymphoblasts were lysed with an optimized lysis buffer and assayed using one pair of primers that amplifies both the wild type and 1278 + TATC Tay‐Sachs alleles. The resulting amplicons were detected in real time with two molecular beacons each with a different colored fluorochrome. The kinetics of amplicon accumulation generate objective criteria by which to evaluate the validity of each reaction. The assay had an overall utility of 95%, based on the detection of at least one signal in 235 of the 248 attempted tests and an efficiency of 97%, as 7 of the 235 samples were excluded from further analysis for objective quantitative reasons. The accuracy of the assay was 99.1%, because 228 of 230 samples gave signals consistent with the genotype of the cells. Only two of the 135 heterozygous samples were allele drop‐outs, a rate far lower than previously reported for single‐cell Tay‐Sachs assays using conventional methods of PCR. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stage‐specific expressed sequence tags obtained during preimplantation bovine development by differential display RT‐PCR and suppression subtractive hybridization
Authors: Ponsuksili Siriluck , Tesfaye David , El‐Halawany Nermin , Schellander Karl , Wimmers Klaus 
Published: November 2002

AbstractDifferential display RT‐PCR (DDRT‐PCR) and suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) were applied in order to detect preimplantation stage‐specific expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of bovine embryos. Seventeen ESTs were detected from the differential display RT‐PCR approach. All clones but two showed homology to genes or ESTs known in human, cattle or other species. One of the clones similar to H. sapiens mRNA for KIAA1764 protein was used exemplarily to quantify the transcripts by real‐time PCR. The result of quantitative differential screening was found to be in agreement with DDRT‐PCR banding patterns. In the second approach, a blastocyst‐stage enriched cDNA library was constructed using SSH of blastocyst versus morula transcripts. The 71 clones that were analysed represent 33 distinct loci including candidate genes for the regulative processes during differentiation of inner cell mass (ICM) and trophoblast cells and the initial phase of embryo implantation, such as galectin‐3 and fibronectin. As revealed by real‐time PCR, the mRNA level of galectin‐3 was three times higher in the blastocyst stage than in the morula stage. DDRT‐PCR and SSH are both powerful tools for the identification of stage‐specific expressed gene in preimplantation bovine embryos. Real‐time PCR allows to test and confirm the outcome and to add quantitative data of selected transcripts of interest. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS study of ion‐beam‐assisted formation of Si nanostructures in thin SiO2 layers
Authors: Kesler V. G. , Yanovskaya S. G. , Kachurin G. A. , Leier A. F. , Logvinsky L. M. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThin thermally grown SiO2 layers have been enriched with Si up to ∼15 at.% by Si ion implantation at room temperature. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to monitor the composition changes caused in the layers by bombardment with 3 keV Ar ions at elevated temperatures. Argon ion irradiation of pure SiO2 does not lead to the formation of Si nanoprecipitates. That was the case also for room‐temperature Ar bombardment of Si‐rich layers. Their ‘hot’ irradiation with Ar ions was found to enhance considerably the formation of segregated Si nanophase inclusions. The process starts at ∼500°C and becomes strongly pronounced at 650°C. At this temperature ion‐beam‐induced crystallization of Si nanoprecipitates may be achieved. The results obtained are explained in the framework of the physical model, based on the irradiation‐enhanced diffusion of excess Si atoms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.