bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using smart card technology to monitor the eating habits of children in a school cafeteria: 2. The nutrient contents of all meals chosen by a group of 8‐ to 11‐year‐old boys over 78 days
Authors: Lambert N. , Plumb J. , Looise B. , Johnson I. T. , Harvey I. , Wheeler C. , Robinson M. , Rolfe P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective  The aim of the study was to test the abilities of the newly created smart card system to track the nutrient contents of foods chosen over several months by individual diners in a school cafeteria.Methods  From the food choice and composition of food data sets, an Access database was created encompassing 30 diners (aged 8–11 years), 78 days and eight nutrients. Data were available for a total of 1909 meals.Results  Based upon population mean values the cohort were clearly choosing meals containing higher than the recommended maximum amounts for sugar and lower than the recommended minimum amounts of fibre, iron and vitamin A. Protein and vitamin C contents of meals chosen were well above minimum requirements. Over the 1909 meals, nutrient requirements were met 41% of the time.Conclusions  The system created was very effective at continually monitoring food choices of individual diners over limitless time. The data generated raised questions on the common practice of presenting nutrient intakes as population mean values calculated over a few days. The impact of heavily fortified foods on such studies in general is discussed.
Using smart card technology to monitor the eating habits of children in a school cafeteria: 3. The nutritional significance of beverage and dessert choices
Authors: Lambert N. , Plumb J. , Looise B. , Johnson I. T. , Harvey I. , Wheeler C. , Robinson M. , Rolfe P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective  The consumption patterns of beverages and desserts features highly in the current debate surrounding children's nutrition. The aim of this study was to continuously monitor the choice of beverages and desserts made by nearly 1000 children in a school cafeteria.Methods  A newly developed smart card system was used to monitor the food choices of diners (7–16‐year‐old boys) in a school cafeteria over 89 days. A wide variety of beverages and desserts were on offer daily.Results  Despite coming from an affluent, well‐educated demographic group, the boys’ choices of beverages and desserts mirrored those of children in general. Buns and cookies were over 10 times more popular than fresh fruits and yogurts. Sugary soft‐drinks were over 20 times more popular than fresh fruit drinks and milk combined. Appropriate choices could, over a month, reduce intake of added sugar by over 800 g and fat by over 200 g.Conclusion  The smart card system was very effective at monitoring total product choices for nearly 1000 diners. In agreement with a recent national school meal survey, where choice is extensive, children show a preference for products high in fat and/or sugar. The consequences of these preferences are discussed.
Estimation of total body water from foot‐to‐foot bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with cancer cachexia – agreement between three prediction methods and deuterium oxide dilution
Authors: Bauer J. , Capra S. , Davies P. S. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIntroduction  Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a useful bedside measure to estimate total body water (TBW). The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between three equations for the prediction of TBW using BIA against the criterion method, deuterium oxide dilution, in patients with cancer cachexia.Methods  Eighteen measurements of TBW using foot‐to‐foot BIA in seven outpatients with cancer cachexia (five male and two female, age 56.4 ± 6.7 years) at an Australian hospital. Three prediction formulae were used to estimate TBW – TBWca‐radiotherapy developed in patients with cancer undergoing radiotherapy, TBWca‐underweight and TBWca‐normal weight developed in underweight and normal weight patients with cachexia. TBW was measured using the deuterium oxide dilution technique as the gold standard.Results  Mean measured TBW was 39.5 ± 6.0 L. There was no significant difference in measured TBW and estimates from prediction equations TBWca‐underweight and TBWca‐radiotherapy. There was a significant difference in measured TBW and TBWca‐normal weight. All prediction equations overestimated TBW in comparison with measured TBW. The smallest bias was observed with TBWca‐underweight (0.38 L). The limits of agreement are wide (>7.4 L) for each of the prediction equations compared with measured TBW.Conclusions  At a group level, TBWca‐underweight is the best predictor of measured TBW in patients with cancer cachexia. For an individual however, the limits of agreement are wide for all prediction equations and are unsuitable for use. Practitioners need to be aware of the limitations of using TBW prediction equations for individuals.
Integration and individuality in healthy eating: meanings, values, and approaches of childless, dual earner couples
Authors: Ristovski‐Slijepcevic S. , Chapman G. E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIntroduction and objectives  Although considered to be an important component of food choice, perceptions and practices regarding healthy eating vary between people and change over the life‐course. The purpose of this paper is to examine integration and individuality in healthy eating meanings, values, and approaches of individuals in childless, dual earner couples.Materials and methods  Fourteen participants (from seven couples) were recruited using notices and snowball sampling. Food journals and individual interviews were used to explore the nature of and negotiations between partners’ healthy eating values and approaches. Data were analysed through iterative procedures that included coding, thematic analysis and memo writing.Results  Participants presented individual healthy eating values and approaches based on their own experiences with food over time. Cohabitation resulted in a continuum of healthy eating negotiation outcomes, including congruent values and approaches, congruent values but divergent approaches, and divergent values and approaches. In combination with other salient factors, cohabitation provides an opportunity for improving healthy eating approaches.Discussion  Cohabitation has the potential to lead to positive changes in healthy eating approaches. Practitioners need to tailor messages for clients’ specific needs and encourage change in the direction of the partner with the healthier eating approach.
Immune modulating nutrition support for a patient with severe toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Windle E. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractToxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare but serious condition with a high mortality rate, whose clinical features resemble major thermal injury. Nutritional substrates which can affect the immune response have been shown to benefit burned and critically ill patients but there is a lack of data in the TEN literature. A case study is presented of a 63‐year‐old female admitted to our burn unit with extensive skin and mucosal involvement. Immune modulating artificial nutrition support was given initially via the parenteral route and then the nasogastric route. Maintenance of the patient's nutritional status and clinical outcome suggest that there may be a role for this type of intervention in TEN.
Performance of a mixed Lagrange time delay estimation autoregressive (MLTDEAR) model for single‐image signal‐ to‐noise ratio estimation in scanning electron microscopy
Authors: SIM K. S. , CHUAH H. T. , ZHENG C. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryA novel technique based on the statistical autoregressive (AR) model has recently been developed as a solution to estimate the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. In another research study, the authors also developed an algorithm by cascading the AR model with the Lagrange time delay (LTD) estimator. This technique is named the mixed Lagrange time delay estimation autoregressive (MLTDEAR) model. In this paper, the fundamental performance limits for the problem of single‐image SNR estimation as derived from the Cramer–Rao inequality is presented. We compared the experimental performances of several existing methods – the simple method, the first‐order linear interpolator, the AR‐based estimator as well as the MLTDEAR method – with respect to this performance bound. In a few test cases involving different images, the efficiency of the MLTDEAR single‐image estimation technique proved to be significantly better than that of the other three methods. Study of the effect of different SEM setting conditions that affect the autocorrelation function curve is also discussed.
Calcification of senile cataractous lens determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman microspectroscopies
Authors: CHEN K.‐H. , CHENG W.‐T. , LI M.‐J. , YANG D.‐M. , LIN S.‐Y. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryA calcified plaque on the surface of a senile cataractous lens (CL) isolated from a 79‐year‐old male patient was identified and its chemical composition quantified using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and confocal Raman microspectroscopies. The noncalcified area of the same CL and hydroxyapatite (HA) were selected as a control. Several unique absorption bands, at 960, 1034 and 1090 cm−1 assigned to the ν1 and ν3 stretching modes of phosphate and at 875 cm−1 attributed to carbonate, were clearly displayed in the infrared (IR) spectra of calcified plaque and HA. A peak at 961 cm−1 due to the ν1 stretching mode of phosphate was also evidenced in the Raman spectra of calcified plaque and HA. The calcified plaque formed within the lens protein was found to mainly consist of a mature HA, in which type‐A carbonate apatites (11.4%), type‐B carbonate apatites (55.6%) and liable surface carbonate ions (33.0%) were presented. A higher content of the liable carbonate implies that the calcification or mineralization in this calcified lens was incomplete and still in progress. Moreover, calcification seems not to influence the secondary structure of lens protein because both IR and Raman spectra for the lens protein in the noncalcified area and calcified plaque were similar. The result suggests that both microscopic FTIR and Raman spectroscopies were easy to perform and capable of determination of the chemical composition of a calcified CL.
Fatal varicella zoster virus encephalitis in two patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Hackanson Björn , Zeiser Robert , Bley Thorsten A , Pantazis Georgios , Huzly Daniela , Bertz Hartmut , Finke Jürgen 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Reduced cellular immunocompetence following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) increases susceptibility to viral infections. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) reactivation in this setting most commonly manifests as dermatomal herpes zoster but in some cases life‐threatening VZV encephalitis occurs.Study design/results:  We describe the cases of two patients who presented with shingles 3 and 18 months, respectively, after HLA‐matched peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Unfortunately, in the further clinical course both patients developed fatal VZV encephalitis, despite initial high‐dose intravenous therapy with acyclovir and in one case with additional VZV‐immunoglobulin.Conclusion:  These two cases suggest that rapid intervention with systemic treatment is warranted and raise the question whether initial combination therapy with intravenous acyclovir and foscarnet, VZV vaccination or long‐term low‐dose acyclovir are needed to improve treatment and clinical outcome in immunocompromised patients, having undergone allogeneic HSCT.
Clinical outcome after cyclosporine dose reduction based on C2 levels in long‐term liver transplant patients
Authors: Tha‐In Thanyalak , Hesselink Dennis A , Tilanus Hugo W , Elshove Lara , Wilschut Anneloes L , Hansen Bettina E , van Gelder Teun , Metselaar Herold J 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:  Background:  Recent studies suggest that cyclosporine dose adjustment based on C2 levels results in improvement of renal function. This study investigates the effect on renal function after dose reduction based on the C2 levels in long‐term liver transplant patients.Methods:  In 60 patients (>1 yr after transplantation), C2 levels were assessed (target 600 ng/mL ± 20%). Dose reduction was performed when C2 >720 ng/mL. Serum creatinine concentrations were measured and creatinine clearance was calculated.Results:  Twenty‐three patients (38%) had C2 values >720 ng/mL. After dose reduction, mean cyclosporine dose decreased by 25% (p < 0.01). Mean C2 value decreased by 42% (p < 0.01). Serum creatinine concentrations remained stable. After dose reduction two patients experienced recurrence of PBC, in one patient AIH recurred and rejection was diagnosed in one patient.Conclusion:  Cyclosporine C2 concentrations above 720 ng/mL are common in long‐term liver transplant patients. Dose reduction of 25% did not improve kidney function and was accompanied by immune activation.
Value of Children and Family Change: A Three‐Decade Portrait From Turkey
Authors: Kagitcibasi Cigdem , Ataca Bilge 
Published: July 2005

L’étude turque sur la valeur conférée aux enfants a porté sur trois générations relevant de trois niveaux socio‐économiques dans centre métropolitain et deux zones rurales. Les résultats ont montré qu’il y avait sur les trois derrières décennies un net accroissement des valeurs psychologiques attribuées aux enfants et une chute correspondante des valeurs utilitaires et économiques. La préférence pour le fils a été remplacée par la préférence pour la fille, ce qui traduit un changement de la dynamique et des rôles familiaux. Des modifications analogues dans ce qui est attendu des enfants, les qualités que l’on souhaite trouver chez cux et les nombres réels, désirés et idéaux d’enfants sont cohérents avec les attentes; le modèle du changement familial proposé par Kagitcibasi est ainsi confirmé. Les comparaisons des valeurs attribuées aux enfants sur les trois décennies par génération et niveau social aide à comprendre l’évolution et le changement social de la société turque, voire de sociétés comparables.The Turkish Value of Children Study consisted of three generations from three socioeconomic strata in a metropolitan center and from two rural areas. The findings showed a sharp increase in the psychological, and a corresponding decrease in the utilitarian/economic values attributed to children over the last three decades. Son preference has been replaced by daughter preference, pointing to changing family dynamics and family roles. Corresponding modifications in expectations from (adult) children, qualities desired in children, and actual, desired, and ideal numbers of children are in line with expectations, providing support for Kagitcibasi's Model of Family Change. Comparisons of values attributed to children over three decades and across generations and social strata provide insights for understanding social change and development in Turkish society and possibly in similar societies.
Values of Children, Parent–Child Relationship, and Social Change in Korea: Indigenous, Cultural, and Psychological Analysis
Authors: Kim Uichol , Park Young‐Shin , Kwon Young‐Eun , Koo Jaisun 
Published: July 2005

Les recherches sur les valeurs que les parents attribuent aux enfants se demandent pourquoi les gens décident ou non d’avoir des enfants et s’intéressent au nombre d’enfants qu’ils choisissent d’avoir. On décrit dans la première partie de cet article la relation parents‐enfants traditionnelle, la structure familiale et les changements sociaux qui se sont produits ces cinquante dernières années en Corée du sud. On présente dans la deuxième partie les résultats de l’étude de 1972 sur les valeurs attribuées aux enfants réalisée en Corée du sud (Lee & Kim, 1975). Dans la dernière partie, on expose une recherche empirique sud‐coréenne portant sur un échantillon de 314 jeunes mères et 395 mères plus âgées. Il apparaît que les bénéfices psychologiques sont les raisons majeures qui justifient le choix d’avoir un enfant et que les contraintes personnelles et financières sont les motifs dominants de ne pas en avoir. Ces résultats mettent en défaut les modèles économiques et utilitaires et soulignent l’importance des facteurs psychologiques, relationnels et culturels.Research on parents’ attribution of value to children examines why people decide to have children or not and the number of children they choose to have. In the first part of this paper, the traditional parent–child relationship, family structure, and social changes that have occurred in South Korea during the past 50 years are reviewed. In the second section, the results of the 1972 Values of Children Study conducted in South Korea (Lee & Kim, 1975) are reviewed. In the final section, an empirical study conducted in South Korea with a sample of 314 young mothers and 395 older mothers is reported. The results indicate that psychological benefits are the most important reasons for having a child and personal and financial constraints are the most important reasons for not having a child. These results challenge the economic and utilitarian models and suggest the importance of understanding the psychological, relational, and cultural factors.
Transmission of Family Values and Attachment: A French Three‐Generation Study
Authors: Sabatier Colette , Lannegrand‐Willems Lyda 
Published: July 2005

Ce travail aborde la transmission de deux aspects de la solidarité familiale: l’accord sur les valeurs dans trois domaines (l’individualisme, l’esprit de groupe et les valeurs familiales) et les représentations de la relation à autrui (les modèles régissant les affinités). L’échantillon est composé de 95 triades englobant trois générations: des grands‐mères, des mères et des adolescentes. Les résultats mettent en évidence la spécificité des familles françaises modernes caractérisées pour toutes les générations par une certaine combinaison des valeurs d’autonomie et de solidarité basée sur un contrat social et le respect des hiérarchies. Les adolescents françaises montrent une forte adhésion aux valeurs familiales, mais aussi un individualisme affirmé. Les valeurs et les modèles régissant les affinités sont transmis de façon différenciée en fonction de leur contenu et selon des procédures variées. Cependant, les transmissions directe et indirecte débouchent rarement sur une copie parfaite. Des différences apparaissent avec les générations. Les données indiquent que les adolescentes sont plus proches de leurs mères que de leurs grands‐mères et que la transmission se fait clairement des mères vers les adolescentes. Les grands‐mères influencent les mères à travers leurs objectifs parentaux (obéissance et autonomie), la valeur attribuée aux enfants et les valeurs de groupe.This study addresses the question of transmission among 95 triads of three generations (grandmothers, mothers, and adolescents) regarding two aspects of family solidarity: agreement on values in three domains (individualism, collectivism, and family values), and representations with regard to self–other relationships (working models of attachment). The results underscore the specificity of modern French families which is characterised for all generations by a certain combination of autonomy values and solidarity based on social contract and respect for hierarchies. French adolescents show a high level of endorsement of family values but also a high level of individualism. Values and working models of attachment are transmitted unequally depending on their content and through a variety of patterns. However, direct and indirect transmissions are seldom an exact replication. Some differences are observed along generations. Data indicate more proximity between mothers and adolescents than grandmothers and a clear transmission from mothers to adolescents. Grandmothers influence mothers through their parental goals (obedience and autonomy), value of children, and collectivist values.
Integrating Formal and Functional Approaches to Language Teaching in French Immersion: An Experimental Study
Authors: Day Elaine M. , Shapson Stan M. 
Published: July 2005

This experimental study was designed to evaluate the effect on French language proficiency of an integrated formal, analytic and functional, communicative approach (experiential) to second‐language teaching in the immersion classroom. The impetus for the study arises from previous research indicating that immersion children show persistent weaknesses in their grammatical skills despite the fluent, functional proficiency they achieve in their second language. The experimental materials, which were custom‐designed for our study, highlight form‐function relations, promote noticing, encourage metalin‐guistic awareness, and provide opportunities for language practice and thus relate to some of the theoretical issues that Rod Ellis (this volume) has indicated are important in SLA in the 90s.This classroom‐based study on the conditional is one of a series of studies undertaken in Canadian French immersion to investigate the effectiveness of form‐focused instruction in classrooms (see Swain, 2000). The results of our study, which was conducted in grade 7 early immersion, showed that the Experimental group performed significantly higher in writing than the Control group, in both the post‐ and the follow‐up testing. Although this was not found for speaking, an examination of the individual class data revealed greater and more consistent growth in speaking for the Experimental than for the Control classes, suggesting that they benefited somewhat from the experi‐ mental treatment in this domain as well. Although Ellis (this volume) notes that research on form‐focused instruc‐ tion in the 90s has tended to split pedagogy from theory, the immersion research in this area does not seem t o reflect this shift. In a recent article, Swain (2000) reviews the French Immersion (FI) studies and summarizes their re‐ sults as follows: “Overall, the set of experiments conducted in FI classes suggest that there is value in focusing on language form through the use of pre‐planned curriculum materials in the context of content‐based language learn‐ ing” (Swain, 2000, p. 205). Her reference to curriculum materials and to the specific context of content‐based lan‐ guage learning should signal to the reader the orientation t o pedagogical considerations that characterize this research.As Ellis notes, hybrid research using both experimental and qualitative methods is becoming more common in SLA. Recently, the experimental materials in our study were implemented in a grade 8 immersion classroom, and the children's collaborative language activity was observed by a researcher working from a sociocultural theoretical per‐ spective (Spielman‐Davidson, 2000). The uptake of our research by a researcher working in another paradigm introduces another kind of hybridity that we hope will also shed further light on questions in form‐focused instruction and lead to appropriate changes in pedagogy and in the design of immersion curricula.