bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Rate and Variability of Intracellular Growth of a Panel ofMycobacterium tuberculosisClinical Isolates within a Human Monocyte Model
Authors: Li Qing , Whalen Christopher C. , Albert Jeffrey M. , Larkin Rhonda , Zukowski Lynn , Cave M. Donald , Silver Richard F. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTSignificant differences were observed in the capacities ofMycobacterium tuberculosisclinical isolates to grow within human monocytes. Genotyping indicated that the four most rapidly growing isolates were members of the Beijing strain family.M. tuberculosisstrain H37Rv provided more reproducible infection than the clinical isolates orM. tuberculosisErdman.
Multiparameter Selection of
Helicobacter pylori
Antigens Identifies Two Novel Antigens with High Protective Efficacy
Authors: Sabarth N. , Hurwitz R. , Meyer T. F. , Bumann D. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

A multiparameter selection of
Helicobacter pylori
antigens for vaccine development identified 15 candidates, 6 of which are known protective antigens. Two novel antigens with low homology to other organisms (HP0231 and HP0410) were overexpressed and purified with high yields. Both confer protective immunity in the mouse
Helicobacter
infection model.
Decreased Virulence of a Pneumolysin-Deficient Strain of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
in Murine Meningitis
Authors: Wellmer Andreas , Zysk Gregor , Gerber Joachim , Kunst Tammo , von Mering Matthias , Bunkowski Stefanie , Eiffert Helmut , Nau Roland 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

Pneumolysin, neuraminidases A and B, and hyaluronidase are virulence factors of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of meningitis. In a murine model of meningitis after intracerebral infection using mutants of
S. pneumoniae
D39, only mice infected with a pneumolysin-deficient strain were healthier at 32 and 36 h, had lower bacterial titers in blood at 36 h, and survived longer than the D39 parent strain. Cerebellar and spleen bacterial titers, meningeal inflammation, and neuronal damage scores remained uninfluenced by the lack of any of the virulence factors.
THE BOOK OF RUTH AND THE LOVE OF THE LAND
Authors: Ostriker Alicia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe book of Ruth may be read as a countertext, that is a text embedded within the scriptural text that forms a counter-current to its prevailing concepts or motifs, thereby enriching the Scripture as a whole. Ruth deviates from dominant biblical norms in four interlocking ways, producing a radical vision while remaining seamlessly attached to the prevailing traditions that it implicitly transforms. It is essentially a pastoral idyll yet it is woven into the history of Israel. It is strongly gynocentric, though framed by an androcentric closure. It represents God as uniquely associated with fertility and invokes the presence of God primarily through the chesed, kindness, of the story's characters. Lastly, the treatment of land and of boundaries between lands, in Ruth, does not entail conquest. Elsewhere in biblical narrative, land is associated with nation and empire; here it is associated with fertility and benevolence. Ostensibly taking place during the time of the Judges, the book of Ruth is a virtual antidote to its sagas of slaughter. It is a story about the possibilities of peace.
Visualising microglial activation in vivo
Authors: Banati Richard B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn health, microglia reside as quiescent guardian cells ubiquitously, but isolated without any cell‐cell contacts amongst themselves, throughout the normal CNS. In disease, however, they act as swift “sensors” for pathological events, including subtle ones without any obvious structural damage. Once activated, microglia show a territorially highly restricted involvement in the disease process. This property, peculiar to microglia, confers to them diagnostic value for the accurate spatial localisation of any active disease process, acute or chronic. In the brain, the isoquinoline PK11195, a ligand for the peripheral benzodiazepine binding site (PBBS), binds with relative cellular selectivity to activated, but not resting, microglia. Labelled with carbon‐11, (R)‐PK11195 and positron emission tomography (PET) have been used for the study of inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain disease in vivo. These studies demonstrate meaningfully distributed patterns of regional [11C](R)‐PK11195 signal increases that correlate with clinically observed loss of function. Increased [11C](R)‐PK11195 binding closely mirrors the histologically well‐described activation of microglia in the penumbra of focal lesions, as well as in the distant, anterograde, and retrograde projection areas of the lesioned neural pathway. There is also some indication that in long‐standing alterations of a neural network with persistent abnormal input, additional signals of glial activation may also emerge in transsynaptic areas. These data suggest that the injured brain is less static than commonly thought and shows subtle glial responses even in macroanatomically stable appearing regions. This implies that glial activation is not solely a sign of tissue destruction, but possibly of disease‐induced adaptation or plasticity as well. Whilst further technological and methodological advances are necessary to achieve routine clinical value and feasibility, a systematic attempt to image glial cells in vivo is likely to furnish valuable information on the cellular pathology of CNS diseases and their progression within the distributed neural architecture of the brain. GLIA 40:206–217, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia in brain tumors
Authors: Graeber Manuel B. , Scheithauer Bernd W. , Kreutzberg Georg W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicroglia have long been ignored by neurooncologists. This has changed with the realization that microglial cells not only occur within and around brain tumors but also contribute significantly to the actual tumor mass, notably in astrocytic gliomas. In addition, it has been speculated that microglia could play a role in the defense against neoplasms of the nervous system. However, the biological success of these tumors, i.e., their highly malignant behavior, indicates that natural microglial defense mechanisms do not function properly in astrocytomas. In fact, there is evidence that microglial behavior is controlled by tumor cells, supporting their growth and infiltration. This unexpected “Achilles heel” of microglial immune defense illustrates the risk of generalizing on the basis of a single aspect of microglial biology. Microglia are highly plastic cells, capable of exerting cytotoxic functions under conditions of CNS infections, but not necessarily during glioma progression. Thus, the suggestion that microglial activation through stimulation by cytokines (e.g., interferon‐γ) will benefit patients with brain tumors could prove fatally wrong. Therapeutic recruitment of microglia to treat such diffusely infiltrative brain tumors as astrocytic gliomas must be considered premature. GLIA 40:252–259, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scavenger receptors in neurobiology and neuropathology: Their role on microglia and other cells of the nervous system
Authors: Husemann Jens , Loike John D. , Anankov Roman , Febbraio Maria , Silverstein Samuel C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractScavenger receptor class A (SR‐A, CD204), scavenger receptor‐BI (SR‐BI), and CD36 are cell surface proteins that mediate cell adhesion to, and endocytosis of, various native and pathologically modified substances, and participate in intracellular signaling, lipid metabolism, and host defense against bacterial pathogens. Microglia, Mato cells, astrocytes, cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells express one or more of these SR. Expression of SR‐A and SR‐BI by microglia is developmentally regulated. Neonatal microglia express SR‐A and SR‐BI, while microglia in normal mouse and human adult brain express neither. Astrocytes in adult brain express SR‐BI. In Alzheimer's disease, microglial expression of SR‐A is increased. Such findings, and evidence that SR‐A and SR‐BI mediate adhesion and endocytosis of fibrillar β‐amyloid by microglia and astrocytes, respectively, and that SR‐A, SR‐BI, and CD36 participate in secretion of reactive oxygen species by microglia, suggest roles for these receptors in homeostasis and neuropathology. GLIA 40:195–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS
Authors: Streit Wolfgang J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe role of glial cells is to support and sustain proper neuronal function and microglia are no exception to this. This viewpoint article emphasizes the fundamental interdependence of microglia and neurons and takes a look at the possibility of what could happen if microglial cells became dysfunctional as a result of aging, genetics, or epigenetics. Could microglial senescence be a factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases? The cautious answer to that question is ‘yes’. Future studies along these lines may provide novel insights into microglial involvement in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. GLIA 40:133–139, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An empirical analysis of the impact of stock index futures trading on securities dealers' inventory risk in the NASDAQ market
Authors: Sarkar Salil K. , Tripathy Niranjan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStock index futures contracts (SIFCs) were developed in part to allow equity investors to conveniently hedge portfolio risks. Therefore, we may expect to observe smaller bid/ask spreads among NASDAQ equities following the introduction of trading in SIFCs. The potential transactions cost reduction results from the enhanced ability of dealers to hedge their inventory risk. Accordingly, we analyze the daily returns and bid/ask spreads of all CRSP‐listed NASDAQ stocks for a 10‐year period surrounding the introduction of three SIFCs in order to determine whether the introduction of these contracts has affected transactions costs in the NASDAQ equity market. Our results indicate that bid/ask spreads narrowed significantly following the introduction of stock index futures trading. Moreover, the behavior of the spreads leads us to the conclusion that risk reduction through cost‐effective hedging via stock index futures trading may have been the cause.
Consumption and asset prices
Authors: Smoluk H.J , Neveu Raymond P 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEmploying aggregate consumption data to test the consumption‐based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) is likely to lead to a specification error since a significant portion of consumers live from paycheck‐to‐paycheck and, therefore, are constrained in their ability to intertemporally allocate consumption. Furthermore, these consumers lack the savings needed to directly influence an equilibrium between consumption expenditures and asset returns. Using consumption expenditures grouped by consumer income, this paper examines the issue of whether the CCAPM is more consistent with the consumption of unconstrained (high‐income) consumers as compared to constrained (low‐income) consumers. Several traditional methods of analyzing the CCAPM are explored utilizing five time series of consumption expenditures delineated by consumer income. This approach allows us to indirectly test whether liquidity constraints affect the CCAPM without imposing additional specification on the model. Overall, the tests fail to find any discernible patterns across income groups that are consistent with the idea that liquidity constraints bind lower income consumers.
Long‐term nominal interest rates and domestic fundamentals
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Williams Geoffrey 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper investigates the information content of domestic macroeconomic developments for the determination of nominal long‐term interest rates in the G7. We show that when an econometric methodology is followed, which takes into account the stationarity, cointegration, and exogeneity features of the data, well‐specified equations can be estimated, which confirm the importance of fiscal and monetary developments in the determination of long‐term interest rates. The results are contrary to those that one would expect from standard finance theory, which suggests that interest rates are determined by market participants. They reveal that inflation uncertainty and the quality of debt are important factors in each of the countries considered. In addition, there is a high degree of uniformity in the structure of the estimated relationships, suggesting that economic performance is of greater importance than institutional diversity in the determination of long‐term rates.
The temporal relationship between large‐ and small‐capitalization stock returns:
Authors: Grieb Terrance , Reyes Mario G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this study, we provide some evidence of Granger‐causal transmission of information to the correlation between large‐ and small‐cap stock indexes in the UK. We employ the bivariate Logistic Exponential Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (LEGARCH) specification proposed by Darbar and Deb [Darbar, S. M., & Deb, P. (1999). Linkages among asset markets in the United States—tests in a bivariate GARCH framework. IMF Working Paper WP/99/158; Darbar, S. M., & Deb, P. (2000). Transmission of information and cross‐market correlations. Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Working Paper.] and document correlation persistence, and a two‐way information flow. More specifically, information to the large‐cap stock index positively affects its next period correlation with the small‐cap index, whereas information to the small‐cap index negatively affects its next period correlation with the large‐cap index. We also find evidence supporting the presence of both a January effect and an April effect in both small‐cap and large‐cap returns.
Are the Arab Maghreb countries really integratable?
Authors: Darrat Ali F , Pennathur Anita 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to assess the extent of economic and financial integration among the countries in the Arab Maghreb region. Empirical results consistently suggest that three of these countries (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) do share a robust and meaningful relation binding together their macroeconomies, their financial markets, and their monetary policies, at least over the long‐term horizon. Therefore, the failure, thus far of these countries to achieve a genuine regional integration is likely caused by socio‐political factors rather than by economic or financial incompatibility. Of course, the presence of a potent long‐run relation among the three countries should motivate further efforts towards the creation of an effective regional integration. The results suggest that such efforts should start with improving the structure and the operation of the Arab Maghreb Union which, despite its current feeble status, has apparently strengthened economic and financial ties among countries in the region.
“Let's Make a List”: James Schuyler's Taxonomic Autobiography
Authors: WATKIN WILLIAM 
Published: October 2002

August 21, 1970A few sound[s] are embedded in the fog – a gull mewing, different far off fog
horns – like unset polished stones laid out in cotton wool.Tuesday, March 5, 1985At six AM the heavy gray burns a heavier blue. Rain, water drops clinging to the
balcony.There is an ethical consideration in James Schuyler's Diary. While we have
spent the last fifty years grappling with the aesthetic problems of how to
represent the unrepresentable, how to present the unpresentable, and how
to signify the significant, little time has been spent considering the status
of representations of the unremarkable. There is a whole history in
American poetry and literature of validating the everyday, making it
special, but Schuyler never really does that. Are things special just because
we say so, or rather because we note them down? Do we name things into
being, at least linguistic or literary being? The Diary asks these questions
and in doing so it broaches the kind of postmodern ethical questions that
one finds in the recent work of Lyotard, Derrida, and Nancy. These
questions are significant not in the normal sense of the reasons for such
interrogations or the answers expected, but rather because they represent
a desire on the part of Schuyler to ask after otherness, to try to elicit a
response from the other while respecting that such a response may not be
comprehensible even if it is forthcoming. I would like here to posit a
desire to ask after the other first before one asks after oneself, to enquire
without any hope of a satisfactory answer as such as the postmodern
ethical position, and to suggest that the autobiographical slant of
Schuyler's work is, paradoxically considering the nature of autobiography,
just such a positioning of his self in relation to the world.
An investigation of stably stratified turbulent channel flow using large-eddy simulation
Authors: ARMENIO VINCENZO , SARKAR SUTANU 
Published: October 2002

Boundary-forced stratified turbulence is studied in the prototypical case of turbulent
channel flow subject to stable stratification. The large-eddy simulation approach is
used with a mixed subgrid model that involves a dynamic eddy viscosity component
and a scale-similarity component. After an initial transient, the flow reaches a new
balanced state corresponding to active wall-bounded turbulence with reduced vertical
transport which, for the cases in our study with moderate-to-large levels of stratification,
coexists with internal wave activity in the core of the channel. A systematic
reduction of turbulence levels, density fluctuations and associated vertical transport
with increasing stratification is observed. Countergradient buoyancy flux is observed
in the outer region for sufficiently high stratification.Mixing of the density field in stratified channel flow results from turbulent events
generated near the boundaries that couple with the outer, more stable flow. The
vertical density structure is thus of interest for analogous boundary-forced mixing
situations in geophysical flows. It is found that, with increasing stratification, the
mean density profile becomes sharper in the central region between the two turbulent
layers at the upper and lower walls, similar to observations in field measurements as
well as laboratory experiments with analogous density-mixing situations.Channel flow is strongly inhomogeneous with alternative choices for the Richardson
number. In spite of these complications, the gradient Richardson number, Rig, appears
to be the important local determinant of buoyancy effects. All simulated cases show
that correlation coefficients associated with vertical transport collapse from their nominal unstratified
values over a narrow range, 0.15 < Rig < 0.25. The vertical turbulent
Froude number, Frw, has an O(1) value across most of the channel. It
is remarkable that stratified channel flow, with such a large variation of overall
density difference (factor of 26) between cases, shows a relatively universal behaviour
of correlation coefficients and vertical Froude number when plotted as a function of
Rig. The visualizations show wavy motion in the core region where the gradient
Richardson number, Rig, is large and low-speed streaks in the near-wall region,
typical of unstratified channel flow, where Rig is small. It appears from the
visualizations that, with increasing stratification, the region with wavy motion progressively encroaches
into the zone with active turbulence; the location of Rig ≃ 0.2 roughly
corresponds to the boundary between the two zones.
Editorial
Authors: Milner-Gulland E.J. 
Published: October 2002

Is bushmeat just another conservation bandwagon?There is currently great interest in the sustainability of
bushmeat hunting (bushmeat being any wild animal by hunted for human consumption). All the big conservation
‘players’ have contributed to the debate, issued statements or funded research. IUCN's World
Conservation Congress in October 2000 and the CITES Bushmeat Conference of the Parties in April 2000 both discussed
bushmeat. Both organisations have since sponsored initiatives in West and Central Africa aimed at obtaining
action on the issue. Major conservation organisations are funding research, including the Wildlife
Conservation Society (which has a long track-record in this field) and Conservation International. The World
Bank has commissioned a major report on the issue (Bennett & Robinson, 2000). Fauna & Flora International
(FFI) is a partner in a UK government-commissioned project identifying priority research areas. Conservation
organisations have formed the US-based Bushmeat Crisis Task Force (see http://www.bushmeat.org), of
which FFI is a member, and the UK-based Bushmeat Working Group of the Tropical Forest Forum (see
http://www.forestforum.org.uk), where academic conservationists and government policy makers can
exchange experience and ideas.
Functional effects of agents differentially selective to noradrenergic or serotonergic systems
Authors: TRANTER R. , HEALY H. , CATTELL D. , HEALY D. 
Published: October 2002

Background. The diversity of pharmacological actions of antidepressants suggests that they may bring about their clinical effects by different functional means.Methods. Twenty healthy volunteers were randomized in a cross-over design to receive 2 weeks of a clinical dose of both reboxetine and sertraline. Baseline assessments of personality were made using the Cloninger Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and the Karolinska Scales of Personality. Daily and weekly ratings of mood (POMS and PANAS) and quality of life (SASS) were undertaken.Results. Reboxetine and sertraline differed in their effects on the SASS as well as on measures of mood. Reboxetine appeared more likely to be energy enhancing; the effects of sertraline were more difficult to quantify. Personality factors, such as harm avoidance predicted the preference of subjects for these effects and the effect of being on a preferred drug had a significant impact on SASS, and ratings of moods as well as on self-assessments of personality.Conclusions. The differences reported here are consistent with the original thinking that led to the development of the SSRIs. The findings point to the need for further research on possible differential functional effects of psychotropic agents selective to different brain systems. The findings also have implications for clinical practice, in particular for maintenance treatment with antidepressants.