bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Posterior fossa tumors occur most commonly in children. Brain tumors are the second most common malignancy and are the most common solid childhood tumor. Posterior fossa tumors account for more than two thirds of these brain tumors. They are, however, uncommon tumors. In the United States, there are approximately 800 posterior fossa tumors diagnosed in children each year. A total of 250 of these are medulloblastoma, and a slightly greater number are cerebellar astrocytoma. These tumors also occur in adults, predominantly young adults in their third and fourth decades of life.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bailey first described primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in 1929 and called it a “perithelial or perivascular sarcoma of leptomeningeal origin.” One of Bailey’s cases was reviewed by another pathologist, who said it resembled a lymphosarcoma, or malignant lymphoma. In the ensuing years, a variety of synonyms have been used to describe this lymphoid reticuloendothelial neoplasm: reticulum cell sarcoma, microgliomatosis, adventitial sarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, reticuloendothelial sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, malignant reticuloendotheliosis, reticulohistiocytic encephalitis, atypical granulomatous encephalitis, and lymphoproliferative disorder.
Housing Quality
Authors: Angel Shlomo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The issue of the quality of housing has been the central issue in a housing policy debate that started in the industrializing European countries during the nineteenth century and continued in developing countries during the twentieth. The debate even narrowed occasionally to the question of “What constitutes a house? ” or, in other words, to the question “When does a hovel, a shack, a shanty, or a plastic-and-cardboard contraption become a house? ”
Just deliberation about health care
Authors: Gutmann Amy , Thompson Dennis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What standards should be used to assess the process of making decisions about health-care policy? These decisions are increasingly made not only in governmental institutions such as legislatures, courts, and presidential commissions but also in HMOs, hospitals, ethics committees, review boards, professional associations, and task forces. By focusing on a case study that involves decision makers in a for-profit HMO, we show how a political theory of deliberative democracy can be relevant to institutions that make important decisions concerning health care, even when those institutions are nongovernmental. We propose some generally applicable standards by which such decisions can be evaluated by both participants in the decision-making process and outside observers of that process.1
The guiding principle of deliberative democracy on which we base the standards is reciprocity: Citizens or their accountable representatives seek to give one another mutually acceptable reasons to justify the laws and policies they adopt. Their aim is to justify the policies in question to the people who are bound by them. Reciprocity sets four standards, or criteria, to assess the decision making about health care: The justifications that decision makers give should consist of reasons that are accessible, moral, respectful, and revisable.
The Mythology of Mexico and Central America
Authors: Bierhorst John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a framework different from the other two Bierhorst mythology volumes, the Mexico and Central American volume provides complete translations of 20 ‘basic myths’ of this region and shows how they have influenced the artistic, literary, and political life of modern Mesoamerica. Bierhorst introduces readers to myths from the Aztec and Maya of pre-Columbian times to the Indian groups that survive today. In a new afterword, Bierhorst discusses how in the late 1980s and 1990s, native mythology has been recast to shed light on themes placed in the foreground of public consciousness - democracy, cultural pluralism, religious freedom and environmentalism. Mythology energizes native politics from the high-profile political activisim of the Zapotec Indians against the World Trade Organization to the Nobel Prize winning Quiche Maya activist Rigoberta Menchu. Efforts to demystify the region’s mythology include the criticism and investigation of the legend of Juan Diego and the ever-popular Virgin of Guadeloupe. The book includes a glossary, pronunciation guide, notes, bibliography, index, maps. and photos.
Issues of Authenticity in the Auction House
Authors: Tancock John L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a museum or in a gallery, where deadlines are seldom as pressing as they are in an auction house, it would not be uncommon for cataloguing research into works of art to continue for months or even years. In an auction house, however, sales are held regularly; even in an area with no more than two major sales a year — the Impressionist and Modern Art Department, for example— catalogue deadlines leave little time for leisurely research. In this department at Sotheby’s, the period covered is from approximately 1870 to 1950, including not only the work of the French Impressionist and modern masters, but also selected artists from Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and other countries in Europe. Works by major artists in this group may be included in a published catalogue raisonné or otherwise documented. But there are also many works by artists of lesser importance which have not been studied in such great depth. The more inconsequential the work, the less likely that it will have been fully researched or documented before being consigned for sale. With such a range of potential problems, and the constant threat of publication deadlines, speed in cataloguing is essential — as is accuracy, for the responsibilities of public sale and the contingent legal liabilities allow little room for mistakes.
Signature Identification: From Pen Stroke to Brush Stroke
Authors: Siegel Patricia 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The arts of writing, drawing, painting — and the act of signing one’s name — all express the individuality of the artist. The writer’s movement creates forms within the spatial structure of a signature that reflect the writer’s habits and propensities. Each signature deviates from the one before, but an examination of multiple signatures reveals patterns within the natural variation of the writer that are uniquely his or her own. Whether by pen stroke or brush stroke, it is this individuality of repeated movements and overlapping motifs which provides the foundation for comparison. It allows the handwriting expert to differentiate one person’s writing from another’s and, ultimately, to determine if a signature is genuine.
A Legal Decision in New York Gives Experts Protection for Their Opinions on Authenticity
Authors: Spencer Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A decision by a justice of the New York Supreme Court in 20001 provides significant protection to scholars and other experts who render opinions on the authenticity of works of art. In 1929, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen paid $60,000 in an out-of-court settlement for expressing the opinion, after having seen a photograph of a supposed Leonardo da Vinci painting owned by Mrs. Andreé Hahn, that the real La Belle Ferronnière was “in the Louvre.” Duveen’s quip “forever” established “in the minds of many people that opinions are dangerous things to give.” Indeed, experts ever since have been concerned about their liability for rendering opinions on the authenticity of a work of art. This long-held, widespread fear has inhibited experts from expressing their opinions, even informally and verbally, even where the matter (for example, a major museum purchase) is of significant public interest. Their concern is that they will be sued for product disparagement, negligence, breach of contract, and perhaps defamation.
Aspergillosis
Authors: Patterson Thomas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The opportunistic mould Aspergillus is the etiologic agent responsible for a variety of infections and conditions referred to as aspergillosis. These manifestations include allergic responses following exposure to the organisms (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis), colonization with Aspergillus spp. (aspergilloma or fungus ball due to Aspergillus and other conditions such as external ear colonization) and invasive infection (invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and other clinical syndromes of tissue invasion). The importance of Aspergillus as a clinically important pathogen has increased dramatically in recent decades. Invasive aspergillosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in high risk patients (Denning, 1998). A major factor associated with the increased number of cases of invasive aspergillosis is the increase in patients at risk for this disease, such as patients undergoing bone marrow or organ transplantation and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Unfortunately, definitive diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis remains difficult and is compounded by the fact that antifungal agents must be begun promptly if therapy is likely to be successful (von Eiff et al, 1995; Stevens et al, 2000a). However, as rapid diagnostic tools are not widely available to effectively establish a definite diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, consideration of risk factors in specific epidemiological settings may be useful in suggesting a clinical diagnosis. In high-risk patients, clinical presentation as well as the use of alternative diagnostic procedures such as radiology may be useful in establishing a presumptive diagnosis of infection (Caillot et al, 1997; Patterson, 1998; Stevens et al, 2000a). Cultures may not always be positive in patients with invasive aspergillosis, but it is important to recognize that a positive culture result in high-risk patients may suggest the presence of infection (Patterson, 1999b). However, even when therapy is begun promptly, therapeutic outcomes with current agents remain poor, particularly in patients with disseminated disease (Denning, 1998; Patterson et al, 2000b; Stevens et al, 2000a). Recently, significant advances in the therapy of aspergillosis have been reported and therapeutic guidelines using currently available drugs have been published.
A Market for Organs
Authors: Barnett Andy H , Blair Roger D , Kaserman David L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public awareness of the critical shortage of cadaveric human organs made available for transplantation was recently heightened by the unfortunate case of Mickey Mantle. Mr. Mantle’s need for and relatively rapid receipt of a liver transplant brought widespread attention to the plight of thousands of other sufferers of heart, liver, lung, and kidney failure whose lives depend upon timely receipt of a suitable organ for transplantation. It also brought considerable suspicion and outright scorn regarding the integrity of the current system used to allocate these scarce organs among the growing pool of patients who need them. Disputes about allocation issues, however, tend to have the undesirable effect of diverting attention away from the more serious topic of devising public policies that will ultimately resolve the organ shortage. If the shortage problem is eliminated, allocation issues become moot.
The Militant Suffrage Movement
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The image of middle-class women chaining themselves to the rails of 10 Downing Street, smashing windows of public buildings, and going on hunger strikes in the cause of "votes for women" have become visually synonymous with the British suffragette movement over the past century. Their story has become a defining moment in feminist history, in effect separating women's fight for voting rights from contemporary issues in British political history and disconnecting their militancy from other forms of political activism in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Drawing upon private papers, pamphlets, newspapers, and the records of a range of suffrage and political organizations, Laura E. Nym Mayhall examines militancy as both a political idea and a set of practices that suffragettes employed to challenge their exclusion from the political nation. She traces the development of the suffragettes' concept of resistance from its origins within radical liberal discourse in the 1860s, to its emergence as political practice during Britain's involvement in the South African War, its reliance on dramatic spectacle by suffragette organizations, and its memorialization following enfranchisement. She reads closely the language and tactics militants used, analyzing their challenges in the courtroom, on the street, and through legislation as reasoned actions of female citizens. The differences in strategy among militants are highlighted, not just in the use of violence, but also in their acceptance and rejection of the authority of the law and their definitions of the ideal relationship between individuals and the state. Variations in the nature of protest continued even during World War I, when most suffragettes suspended their activities to serve the nation's war effort, while others joined peace movements, opposed the state's reduction of civil liberties in wartime, and continued the struggle for suffrage. Mayhall's revealing account of the militant suffrage movement sheds new light upon the social history of gender but, more importantly, it connects this movement to the political and intellectual history of Britain. Not only did militancy play an essential role in the achievement of women's political rights but it also contributed to the practice of engaged citizenship and the growth of liberal democracy.
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
Authors: Foner Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since its publication in 1976, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America has been recognized as a classic study of the career of the foremost political pamphleteer of the Age of Revolution, and a model of how to integrate the political, intellectual, and social history of the struggle for American independence. Foner skillfully brings together an account of Paine’s remarkable career with a careful examination of the social worlds within which he operated, in Great Britain, France, and especially the United States. He explores Paine’s political and social ideas and the way he popularized them by pioneering a new form of political writing, using simple, direct language and addressing himself to a reading public far broader than previous writers had commanded. He shows which of Paine’s views remained essentially fixed throughout his career, while directing attention to the ways his stance on social questions evolved under the pressure of events. This enduring work makes clear the tremendous impact Paine’swriting exerted on the American Revolution, and suggests why he failed to have a similar impact during his career in revolutionary France. It also offers new insights into the nature and internal tensions of the republican outlook that helped to shape the Revolution. In a new preface, Foner discusses the origins of this book and the influences of the 1960s and 1970s on its writing. He also looks at how Paine has been adopted by scholars and politicians of many stripes, and has even been called the patron saint of the Internet.
Introduction: A Spring of Upheaval
Authors: Manela Erez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June 1919, Nguyen Tat Thanh, a twenty-eight-year-old kitchen assistant from French Indochina, set out to present a petition to the world leaders then assembled in Paris for the peace conference. The document, entitled “The Claims of the People of Annam,” echoed the rhetoric of the president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, who had recently emerged in the international arena as a champion of the right of all peoples to self-determination.
The End Of Barbary Terror
Authors: Leiner Frederick C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Barbary pirates captured an obscure Yankee sailing brig off the coast of North Africa in 1812, enslaving eleven American sailors, President James Madison first tried to settle the issue through diplomacy. But when these efforts failed, he sent the largest American naval force ever gathered to that time, led by the heroic Commodore Stephen Decatur, to end Barbary terror once and for all. Drawing upon numerous ship logs, journals, love letters, and government documents, Frederick C. Leiner paints a vivid picture of the world of naval officers and diplomats in the early nineteenth century, as he recreates a remarkable and little known episode from the early American republic. Leiner first describes Madison’s initial efforts at diplomacy, sending Mordecai Noah to negotiate, reasoning that the Jewish Noah would fare better with the Islamic leader. But when the ruler refused to ransom the Americans— “not for two millions of dollars”—Madison declared war and sent a fleet to North Africa. Decatur's squadron dealt quick blows to the Barbary navy, dramatically fighting and capturing two ships. Decatur then sailed to Algiers. He refused to go ashore to negotiate—indeed, he refused to negotiate on any essential point. The ruler of Algiers signed the treaty—in Decatur’s words, “dictated at the mouths of our cannon”—in twenty-four hours. The United States would never pay tribute to the Barbary world again, and the captive Americans were set free—although in a sad, ironic twist, they never arrived home, their ship being lost at sea in heavy weather. Here then is a real-life naval adventure that will thrill fans of Patrick O’Brian, a story of Islamic terrorism, white slavery, poison gas, diplomatic intrigue, and battles with pirates on the high seas.
Ukraine Birth of a Modern Nation
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 2004 and 2005, striking images from the Ukraine made their way around the world, among them boisterous, orange-clad crowds protesting electoral fraud and the hideously scarred face of a poisoned opposition candidate. Europe's second-largest country but still an immature state only recently independent, Ukraine has become a test case of post-communist democracy, as millions of people in other countries celebrated the protesters' eventual victory. Any attempt to truly understand current events in this vibrant and unsettled land, however, must begin with the Ukraines dramatic history. Ukraine's strategic location between Russia and the West, the country's pronounced cultural regionalism, and the ugly face of post-communist politics are all anchored in Ukraine's complex past. The first Western survey of Ukrainian history to include coverage of the Orange Revolution and its aftermath, this book narrates the deliberate construction of a modern Ukrainian nation, incorporating new Ukrainian scholarship and archival revelations of the post-communist period. Here then is a history of the land where the strategic interests of Russia and the West have long clashed, with reverberations that resonate to this day.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amid widening social upheaveal in the 1880s, the United States Senate launched the first comprehensive investigation of the “relations between labor and capital.” The senators were not alone in their assessment of the forces threatening to rupture the nation. They joined newspaper editors, ministers, local politicians, and other members of the elite in making “class conflict” part of the American political vocabulary as never before. And with good reason. From the turbulent railroad strike of 1877 to the Pullman strike of 1894, from the Greenba.ck-Labor party of the late 1870s to the Knights of Labor tickets that vied for power in scores of cities and towns during the 1880s, the social and political thrust of the Gilded Age met staunch popular challenges.
Common Right and Commonwealth
Authors: Hahn Steven 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The stock law is the topic in this part of the county now. I want to say to the voters of Carroll county, that we as poor men and negroes do not need the law, but we need a democratic government and independence, that will do the common people good.” So thundered the white dirt farmer L.J.Jones in an 1885 letter to the local newspaper.1 Jones was not alone in viewing the stock law as an instrument of class oppression or as an issue that transcended purely economic concerns. Nor was he alone in challenging the tenets of white supremacy and racial solidarity. Nor, indeed, did he articulate strictly regional sensibilities. Hundreds of small farmers and laborers of both races in the Georgia Upcountry rallied with Jones to protect the grazing rights that the stock law threatened to abridge.
Education and Apprenticeship
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evidence from wills and from the court of orphans suggests that young women needed a dowry, since marriage was the most likely rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. Advice literature presumed that women would marry. The author of one rare Middle English text drew a parallel between the seasons and the phases of a woman’s life. Spring was “like a young girl adorned and resplendent before the onlookers”; in summer “the earth becomes like a bride laden with riches and having many lovers”; autumn was likened to “a mature matron who has passed the years of her youth”; and winter is “like a decrepit old woman to whom death draws near.” The advice poem directed to young women, “How the Good Wife Taught Her Daughter,” emphasized the care that a nubile young female should take in preserving her virtue and preparing for marriage. Young girls in London imbibed the same advice from mothers, fathers, priests, and nurses. Was there another track for these young women that included education and apprenticeship in London? A large city, if any place, might have provided an alternative. If the divide between rearing male and female children began to emerge in childhood, did the distinction become more obvious when children reached an age to be educated and apprenticed to learn a trade? The tasks that girls and young women performed, the schooling they received, their apprenticeships, and their sexual vulnerabilities could have differed substantially from those of males as they reached puberty. Puberty, whether defined culturally or biologically, provided cultural constraints that shaped girls’ lives, compared to those of boys, as they prepared to enter the broader economy.
For Better or Worse: The Marital Experience
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The marital relationship is so sensitive and so culturally specific that it is difficult to form an opinion of medieval marriage separate from our own conceptions of successful or unsuccessful marriages. For instance, corporal punishment of wives, children, and servants was acceptable in the Middle Ages, but what degree of physical correction was allowed by the standards of the time? Many other problems could arise in London families. Did the presence of young male apprentices corrupt masters’ wives and did the nubile servant girls lead to sexual indiscretions that were a constant irritant for wives? Working side by side in a shop or participating in joint ventures could produce cooperation, but also accusations of laziness, cheating, and indebtedness. While men’s wills show concern and respect for their wives through bequests, granting of guardianship of the children to mothers, and trust in making wives their executors, they do not speak of everyday life together. From the marriage contract on through life together, a husband and wife entered into a partnership, but not necessarily an equal one. A London wife took her husband’s name, came under the law of coverture (became the legal responsibility of the husband), and placed her dowry under her husband’s administration.