bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing the Performance of Spray Delivery Systems: A Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Miller PCH , Tuck CR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The need for designers and users of pesticide application equipment to balance the risk of off-target contamination with high product efficacies when using the minimum dose of active ingredient has led to the requirement for more data defining the performance of such equipment. Measurements of the droplet size distribution in sprays from conventional nozzles has shown acceptable levels of consistency between data obtained with different measuring systems enabling such sprays to be classified providing that systems are calibrated with agreed reference nozzles. For sprays with air inclusions different measuring systems have been shown to give comparable and consistent results, and there is now a need to fully integrate such sprays into a revised classification scheme. Temperature of both spray liquid and the surrounding air have been shown to influence droplet size distribution measurements. It is therefore proposed that measurement protocols specify a maximum difference in temperature between the spray liquid and surrounding air of 5°C. For boom sprayers it is not possible to predict accurately the risk of drift from droplet size measurements alone because of the complex detrainment mechanisms involved. It is proposed that standardized wind tunnel procedures be defined that enable the relative risk of drift from different nozzle designs to be quantified. In the future it is likely that more of the information relating to application system performance will be delivered pre-programmed in the units control system or as part of a decision support system.
Development and Testing of a Recommendation System to Schedule Copper Sprays for Citrus Disease Control
Authors: Albrigo LG , Beck HW , Timmer LW , Stover E 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Copper (Cu) fungicides are contact action products commonly used for control of citrus fungal diseases. Cu residues are subject to weathering (rain and wind) and dilution from fruit expansion during early growth. Growers often over-spray, which leads to inadequate disease control, or under-spray, which leads to environmental concerns and Cu phytotoxicity to fruit. Fruit surface Cu residue data were collected, developed into an expert recommendation system, and tested for accuracy in predicting fruit surface residues to determine need to re-spray. Trees were sprayed with different amounts of copper fungicides using different water volumes per tree. Cu on fruit surfaces was analyzed over time. These data were used to build a Cu spray scheduling recommendation system (CuSSRS) that predicts initial residue after spraying, depending on spray volume rate and Cu content and then predicts dilution and loss of the Cu residue as fruit grow and rainfall weathering occurs. The model indicates a warning and a danger level of low residual Cu based on necessary levels of Cu for disease control, thus providing the grower with advanced notice of the need to re-spray. The system was grower tested for six years. Verification data on actual versus predicted residues were collected over a three-year period. Success in preventing fungal disease fruit blemishes was determined also. These tests indicated the CuSSRS works reasonably well and in some years can reduce the number of copper fungicide sprays needed.
Increasing the Biological Activity of Weak Acid Herbicides by Increasing and Decreasing the pH of the Spray Mixture
Authors: Green JM , Hale T 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe pH of the spray mixture controls the solubility and ionic state of weak acid herbicides and thus influences their uptake and biological activity. When the pH of the spray water is below the pKa of the herbicide, increasing pH can increase solubility and improve activity when herbicide solubility limits uptake. However, raising the pH above the pKa makes the weak acid anionic and thus may make it more difficult to penetrate into the lipophilic cuticle and the negatively charged membrane and cell wall. Decreasing the pH below the pKa converts the weak acid into a neutral or unionized form and thus makes it easier to penetrate these lipophilic and negatively charged barriers. pH also influences other herbicide properties including chemical stability, volatility, and chemical compatibility. Thus, manufacturers need to balance a number of properties when they adjust the pH of their adjuvant and herbicide formulations. These studies show significant differences in the biological activity of several herbicides when the pH is increased and decreased with a range of surfactant types. These results support the concept that the physicochemical properties of the herbicide and adjuvant should be matched for optimum activity.
Influence of Clethodim Formulation and Oil Adjuvants on Weed Control and Overcoming Herbicide Antagonism
Authors: Zollinger RK , Howatt KA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Clethodim is a non-residual, foliar-applied herbicide that controls grass weeds in many major and minor crops in the United States. Grass control was evaluated in field trials conducted in 2003 and 2004 using commercial clethodim formulations of Select (240 g/L), Arrow (240 g/L), and Prism (113 g/L), and experimental clethodim formulations of V-10117 (226 g/L), V-10139 (192 g/L), and V10137 (113 g/L). Petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant was added to all clethodim treatments except V-10137. The V-10137 formulation of clethodim without petroleum oil (PO) adjuvant gave greater and faster grass control than other formulations of clethodim with PO. Adding PO adjuvant to V-10137 reduced activity except at reduced rates when additional PO or nonionic surfactant increased grass control. All clethodim formulations except Prism and V-10137 caused significant canola injury when applied at post-bolting. V-10137, without additional adjuvants, with less active ingredient concentration, and likely a higher adjuvant load has more grass activity at equivalent rates than other clethodim formulations with PO. Tribenuron applied with clethodim antagonized grass control from Select, Arrow, V-10117, and V-10139, but not V-10137. Grass control was reduced from 99 % when clethodim formulations (except V-10137) were applied alone, to 50 %–80 % when applied with tribenuron. Grass control from V-10137 applied alone or with tribenuron, with or without PO, was greater than 96 %. The K salt of glyphosate was antagonistic to Select and V-10137, but V-10137 overcame most of the antagonism. These results suggest V-10137 activity is greater than commercial clethodim formulations of Select or Arrow, may not require additional oil adjuvant for grass control, is effective with glyphosate, and can overcome tribenuron antagonism. Including an oil adjuvant with V-10137 may not increase grass control in some uses.
Fluorescent Intensity of Dye Solutions under Different pH Conditions
Authors: Zhu H , Derksen RC , Krause CR , Fox RD , Brazee RD , Ozkan HE 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFluorescent tracers are widely used for assessment of spray quantity in the field due to their relatively high sensitivity, low cost and user safety. However, many concerns have been raised over their measurement accuracy due to questions of stability of fluorescence during tests. Stable analysis of fluorescence is essential to ensure accurate evaluation of pesticide spray application efficiency. The objective of this research was to determine the stability of fluorescent intensity of five tracers dissolved in solutions with various pH conditions in an effort to minimize analytical errors in the measurement of spray deposition and drift. The fluorescent intensity of five fluorescent tracers commonly used for the quantitative assessment of spray deposition and off-target loss was investigated with wash solutions over pH conditions from 6.9–10.4. The tracers selected in the tests were Brilliant Sulfaflavine (BSF), Fluorescein, Pyranine, Tinopal, and Eosin. The fluorescence of Pyranine was the most sensitive to the solution pH conditions, followed by Fluorescein and Tinopal, while BSF and Eosin had a nearly constant fluorescent intensity over the pH range from 6.9–10.4. The fluorescence of Fluorescein increased 1.3 times, Tinopal 1.25 times, and Pyranine 3.0 times as the pH value increased from 6.9–8.4, but it became nearly constant when pH value was greater than 8.4. However, Pyranine, Fluorescein, and Tinopal showed much stronger fluorescence than BSF and Eosin. A solution containing Fluorescein at pH 8.4 and higher demonstrated 83 times greater fluorescent intensity than the solution containing the same amount of BSF. In conclusion, the fluorescence of tracers should be examined under various pH conditions during the selection of tracers for pesticide spray deposition and drift trials.
The Effect of Ammonium Nitrate, Coarse/Fine Ammonium Nitrate Ratio, Plasticizer, Bonding Agent, and Fe2O3 Content on Ballistic and Mechanical Properties of Hydroxyl Terminated Polybutadiene Based Composite Propellants Containing 20 % AP
Authors: Tüzün FN , Uysal BZ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
It was aimed to develop the HTPB (hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene) based composite solid propellant with reduced smoke in acceptable mechanical and ballistic properties by using AN (ammonium nitrate) and AP (ammonium perchlorate) as oxidizing agents. For this reason, five different combinations, employed by increasing the AN content as 33, 43, 53, 63, and 73 % and decreasing the AP content as 40, 30, 20, 10, and 0 % were used. The propellant containing 20 % AP and 53 % AN was selected to have good processability and lower smoke content among five compositions.
The content of DOA (dioctyl adipate) used as a plasticizer was varied between 35 % and 25 % of HTPB binder to improve the mechanical properties with taking the above composition as a reference. In decreasing the DOA content, mechanical properties could not be improved to the desired level, and the amount of the bonding agent TEPANOL (tetraethylene pentamineacrylonitrileglycidol) was increased from 0.2 % to 0.35 mass percent with keeping DOA content at the level of 25 % of HTPB binder. 0.495 N/mm2 maximum tensile stress and 25.5 % elongation at maximum tensile stress and 3.635 N/mm2 elastic modulus values were then obtained with 0.35 % TEPANOL value.
The effect of coarse/fine AN ratio on buring rate of the propellant was also tested for three different ratios, i.e., 80/20, 70/30, and 60/40. The 70/30 ratio gave the highest burning rate. Then, the content of burning rate catalyst Fe2O3 (iron oxide) was varied between 2 % and 1.0 % with keeping the coarse/fine AN ratio at 70/30, and it was found that 2 % Fe2O3 gave the highest burning rate.
Values of densities and heat of explosion were also determined for all compositions tested.
Interfacial Diffusion of Fluids in Pressure Sensitive Adhesives
Authors: O'Brien EP , Ward TC 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Diffusion of acetone at the interface of a bonded pressure sensitive adhesive tape was measured using single frequency capacitance measurements (SFCM) and a novel interdigitated electrode sensor design. The relative concentration of acetone at the bondline as a function of distance from the edge of the specimen and exposure time was correlated to adhesion loss measured by the 90° peel test. This work suggests that these novel sensors are applicable for the study of interfacial diffusion processes, and could be extended to other coatings or adhesives in a variety of environments.
Sampling and Analysis of Mercury in Crude Oil
Authors: Wilhelm SM , Kirchgessner DA , Liang L , Kariher PH 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Sampling and analytical procedures used to determine total mercury content in crude oils were examined. Three analytical methods were compared with respect to accuracy, precision, and detection limit. The combustion method (U.S. EPA 7473 hybrid) and a commercial extraction method (non-standard) were found adequate to provide a good combination of sensitivity and accuracy, while instrumental neutron activation analysis was found to suffer from interferences from elements other than mercury (Ni, Se) that are typically found in crude oil. Aliquot removal and processing steps were found to be important to accuracy and precision of the combustion method. Potential errors caused by incomplete homogenization and loss of volatile mercury were investigated in detail. Homogenization of oils that contain suspended mercury compounds was found important to allow retrieval of representative aliquots for analysis. Ultrasonication at slightly elevated temperature yielded the more reproducible and higher magnitude results. It was discovered that volatile mercury can be lost from sample containers when they are opened to remove aliquots. Alternative sample containers and aliquot removal techniques were developed that minimized loss of volatile mercury. Speciation experiments were utilized to determine the identity of volatile species and the rates at which they are lost from containers. Both elemental mercury and dimethylmercury were identified as volatile mercury components of one freshly sampled crude oil.
The Development and Use of Perimeter Joint Protection Testing
Authors: Nicholas JD 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe history of perimeter joint protection (commonly called safing) is relatively short when compared to other building elements that are fire tested. The location and primary functions of the perimeter joint protection are unique when compared to other types of fire resistive joint systems, which are commonly tested to ASTM E 1966. The testing of perimeter joint protection is different from other types of fire resistive joint systems because the perimeter joint protection can be subjected to fire exposure from two directions simultaneously. The chronology of the development of the ASTM standard used to test perimeter joint systems is a critical element to proper use and installation of these firestopping materials. As part of that history, it is also important to discuss the current state-of-the-art testing protocols and their origin developed under ASTM E 2307, Standard Test Method for Determining the Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barrier Systems Using the Intermediate-Scale, Multi-Story Test Apparatus. References to perimeter joint systems in the codes2 are also important for us to understand the distinction between perimeter joint systems and other fire resistive joint systems.
Effect of Continuous Agitation on Concrete Rheology
Authors: Struble LJ , Chen C-T 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Experiments were designed to compare concrete and paste flow behavior in mixtures containing water reducing admixtures by measuring concrete slump, concrete rheology, mortar rheology, and paste rheology (using low-amplitude oscillatory shear) at times up to about 2 h after mixing. Some concretes were continuously agitated, and others were allowed to rest between tests. Stiffening was observed in most of the concretes during this time. Continuous agitation reduced this stiffening. Concrete slump and paste modulus showed a weak correlation in most mixtures. Both concrete slump and paste modulus were sensitive to agitation, especially in mixtures containing a water reducing admixture. Based on these results, it is recommended that laboratory studies simulate the agitation expected in the field.
Harmonization of Macrotexture Measuring Devices
Authors: Flintsch GW , Huang MQ , McGhee K 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This paper compares pavement macrotexture measurements obtained using the volumetric method and three laser-based devices. The study used data from a controlled experiment conducted at the Virginia Smart Road, as well as samples of in-service highway and airport surfaces. The data collected at the Virginia Smart Road, a controlled-access two-lane road that includes various hot mix asphalt (HMA) and concrete surfaces, were used for the main analysis. The other two sets of data were used for verification and validation of the model developed. The analysis of the data collected at the Virginia Smart Road showed that the Circular Texture Meter (CTMeter) mean profile depth (MPD) had the highest correlation with the volumetric (Sand Patch) mean texture depth (MTD). Models for converting the laser-based texture measurements to an estimated MTD were developed. The developed model was tested using measurements collected on several other highway and airport surfaces and with positive results.
Investigation into Flow Property Measurements of Low-Slump Concrete Using Vibrating Slope Apparatus (VSA)
Authors: Wang K , Schlorholtz SM , Hu J , Zhang S 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In this paper, operation, data interpretation, and validity of vibrating slope apparatus (VSA) tests for concrete flow property measurements were investigated Results from standard slump tests and VSA tests of 14 different concrete mixes in a total of 29 batches of mixtures are presented. The concrete mixes had different water-to-cement ratios (w/c), different dosages of water reducing agent (WRA), and different types and replacement levels of fly ash. The test results indicated that the original method for VSA data analysis was difficult to manage, and the test result interpretations were inappropriate. Two new parameters, the time for starting mass loss (Tstart) and the inverse of average flow rate for 20% mass loss (1/FRavg) at the chute angle of 10°, were therefore proposed to describe concrete flow property. These two parameters, resulting from the original VSA test data, are easy to identify and easy to use. A strong correlation was found between Tstart and concrete slump. Using Tstart and 1/FRavg, the effects of w/c, WRA, and fly ash on concrete rheological behavior were appropriately characterized. The concrete flowability loss with time was also properly expressed.
DP-SCD and LTMGC for Determination of Low Sulfur Levels in Hydrocarbons
Authors: Gras RL , Luong JC , Mustacich RV , Shearer RL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A novel measurement technique has been developed for the rapid determination of low levels of sulfur in hydrocarbon matrices. The technique employs low thermal mass gas chromatography (LTMGC) and a dual plasma sulfur chemiluminescence detector (DP-SCD). Highly sensitive total volatile sulfur measurement can be made in less than 30 s with detection limits in the 20–30 parts per billion range. Response is linear over at least three orders of magnitude sulfur with excellent repeatability. By taking advantage of LTMGC's rapid temperature programming and cool down time, it is also possible to measure individual sulfur species, analogous to ASTM D 5623. Conditions have also been developed using the same analytical apparatus to detect the major elemental sulfur allotropes (S2, S3, S6, S7, and S8) in gasoline at levels that can cause silver corrosion.
Nanotechnology — An Introduction for the Standards Community
Authors: Mansoori GA , Fauzi Soelaiman TA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
This report constitutes an introductory report of interest to the standardization community on the advances made in the atomic and molecular nanotechnology regarding the ability to systematically organize and manipulate properties and behaviors of matter at the atomic and molecular levels. Basics of nanotechnology to create functional devices, materials, and systems on the 1–100 nanometer (one-billionth of a meter) length scales are presented.
The reasons why nanoscale has become important are presented. We introduce the historical aspects of nanotechnology starting with the famous 1959 lecture by R.P. Feynman. We also suggest naming the nanometer scale the Feynman (φnman) scale due to Feynman's pioneering role (1 Feynman [φ] ≡10−9 meter =10−3 Micron [μ]=10 Angstroms [Å]). We also present some recent inventions and discoveries in atomic and molecular aspects of nanotechnology, as well as ongoing related research and development activities. It is anticipated that the breakthroughs and developments in nanotechnology will be quite frequent in the coming years. A list of the activities underway to standardize the techniques, procedures, and processes being developed in this fast growing field are presented.
Selection of Alternatives to Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Authors: Ripple DC , Strouse GF 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A desire to increase automation or to eliminate the use of mercury has prompted several ASTM committees to consider alternatives to ASTM Liquid-in-Glass (LiG) thermometers. In this paper, we address the technical issues of choosing an alternative. We first discuss the basic properties and relative merits of platinum resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples in the context of replacements for LiG thermometers; then we list uncertainty components for measurements with alternative thermometers; and finally we discuss other factors in temperature measurement and control that are important in the development and execution of ASTM standards.
Changing architecture of growing cranial bones at sutures as revealed by vital staining with alizarin red S in the rabbit
Authors: Isotupa Kauko , Koski Kalevi , Makinen Lauri 
Published: August 2005

AbstractChanging patterns of bone trabeculae were observed at the interparietal, interfrontal, fronto‐parietal, temporo‐zygomatic, and mid‐palatal sutures of vitally stained (alizarin red S) rabbit skulls of 3 to 33 weeks of age. The changes appeared to represent changes in direction and velocity of bone growth at these sites. The method may offer a new approach to the study of skull growth, complementary to the traditional split‐line and vital staining methods.
A search for stapes footplate fixation in an Indian population, prehistoric and historic
Authors: Holzhueter A. M. , Gregg J. B. , Clifford S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study was made to find evidence of ear disease in ancient persons, special emphasis being placed upon otosclerosis with stapes footplate fixation, which would have suggested hearing loss during the life of the individual. Specimens examined were from Indian burials in South Dakota, consisting of skulls from persons ranging from birth to over 40 years. Two‐hundred eleven of 221 were of sufficient age to have had stapedial fixation. Skull anomalies documented included exostoses in the auditory canals, benign bony tumors, evidence of ear infection, dental problems, evidence of trauma, and congenital defects. Despite long interment, some burials dating to about the time of Christ, skeletal details were well preserved.In all, 417 temporal bones from 221 skulls were examined. The ossicles were present as follows: malleus alone — 30; incus alone — 9; stapes alone — 5; multiple ossicles — 29. In 19 temporal bones the stapes was in the oval window (4.5%). There was no evidence of stapes footplate fixation. No congenital or developmental anomaly of the auditory ossicles was found.These results will be correlated with clinical studies now in progress on Indian reservations of South Dakota. The present Indians are descendents of those whose remnants have been studied.
Body disproportions and occupational success in bus and truck drivers
Authors: Damon Albert , Crichton J. Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTen indices of body proportion were compared among 43–103 champion and 200–268 regular truck drivers. Significant differences were found in the mean values for three indices — biacromial diameter/chest circumference, chest depth/ biacromial, and calf circumference/biacromial — but in only one disproportion percentage (percentage of the group beyond one standard deviation from the champions mean) — namely, chest depth/biacromial. Differences in mean values were attributable mainly to the champions larger biacromial breadth.Previous reports that superior performers within an occupational group had fewer disproportions than average performers were not confirmed.