bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some macromolecular abnormalities developed by the interaction of malathion and permethrin and subsequent refeeding in Tribolium castaneum larvae
Authors: Shakoori Abdul Rauf , Saleem Mushtaq A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of sublethal treatments of malathion and malathion + permethrin combinations on activities of acetylcholine esterase (ChE), carbohydrate‐metabolizing enzymes (amylase; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH), protein‐metabolizing enzymes (alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, ALAT, ASAT), as well as acid and basic phosphatases (AcP and AkP, respectively), and Kreb's cycle enzymes (isocitrate dehydrogenase, ICDH) were studied on sixth instar larvae of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. In addition, the levels of lipid, cholesterol, glucose, glycogen, proteins, free amino acids (FAA), urea, and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were determined. Malathion (400 ppm) increased the activity of LDH (53%), as well as the concentrations of FAA (31%) and urea (39%). Malathion treatments of 400 ppm decreased the glucose (20%) and glycogen (24%) content but did not affect other enzymes and biochemical components. Permethrin (200 ppm) and malathion (20 ppm) mixtures increased the activities of ChE (708%) and LDH (55%), and raised the concentrations of FAA (26%), urea (24%), glucose (23%), lipid (14%), cholesterol (21%), DNA (24%), and RNA (8%). The decrease in AcP activity and in glycogen concentration observed with malathion was sustained by permethrin in the mixture. Permethrin + malathion mixtures also depressed the levels of AkP (30%), ICDH (24%), and glycogen (36%). The intensity of effects commensurated with the dose and duration of insecticide exposure. Refeeding showed tendencies towards normalization of various biochemical parameters.
Alterations in the ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone esterase profiles of Trichoplusia ni parasitized by the polyembryonic wasp Copidosoma floridanum
Authors: Strand Michael R. , Dover Barry A. , Johnson Jena A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTrichoplusia ni parasitized by Copidosoma floridanum weighed more in the fourth and fifth instar than unparasitized controls. While parasitized and unparasitized fourth‐instar larvae molted at the same time, parasitized fifth‐instar larvae ceased feeding and initiated wandering 1 day later than unparasitized fifth‐instar larvae. Measurement of hemolymph ecdysteroid, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), and protein titers suggested that the delay in wandering had an endocrinological basis. Ecdysteroid titers of parasitized and unparasitized fourth‐instar larvae were similar, but the ecdysteroid titer in parasitized fifth‐instar larvae rose about 24 h later than in unparasitized fifth‐instar larvae. Two major peaks of JHE activity occurred in unparasitized fifth‐instar larvae, but only one occurred in parasitized fifth‐instar larvae. JHE activity coincided on the first day of the fifth instar (L5D1) in both parasitized and unparasitized fifth‐instar larvae; however, activity peaked and fell later in parasitized individuals. Few differences were noted in the hemolymph protein levels of parasitized and unparasitized hosts. Ligation of parasitized T. ni between the head and prothorax adversely affected C. floridanum development. Ligation before or immediately after ecdysis to the fourth instar inhibited differentiation of the C. floridanum morulae. C. floridanum ecdysed to the second instar or pupated in hosts ligated prior to wandering in the fifth instar, but the number of progeny that pupated and emerged as adult wasps was reduced relative to unligatured controls.
Evaluation of teratocyte functions: An overview
Authors: Dahlman Douglas L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTeratocytes, derived from extra‐embryonic tissues of parasitic Braconidae, Trichogrammatidae, and Scelionidae, play several important roles in the parasitoid‐host interaction. It is clear from the literature that the specific role (s) vary among species. Only recently have the biochemical and endocrinological roles of these cells been considered. This overview examines the recent literature on teratocytes and stresses the importance of in vitro procedures to elucidate the functional roles (trophic, immunosuppression, secretory) of teratocytes in the parasitoid‐host relationship.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids from the egg to the pupal molt in Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Grossniklaus‐Bürgin Christa , Lanzrein Beatrice 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA method was developed to determine in the same extract juvenile hormone and various types of ecdysteroids in precisely staged eggs and larvae of Trichoplusia ni. Ecdysteroids were tentatively identified on the basis of their retention time in ion suppression reversed‐phase HPLC and their cross‐reactivity with two relatively non‐specific, complimentary antibodies, whereas juvenile hormone was identified using reversed‐phase HPLC combined with Galleria bioassay. Freshly laid eggs contained low levels of immunoreactive ecdysteroids. Mid‐polar ecdysteroids increased in the phase of segmentation (14–18 h) and 1st larval cuticle formation (36–44 h), when 20‐hydroxyecdysone and 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone were found to be predominant. Only traces of ecdysone and 26‐hydroxyecdysone were seen. Toward hatching ecdysteroids decreased and represented mainly compounds more polar than 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone. In larval development ecdysteroids were low at the beginning of the feeding phases, increased toward cessation of feeding, and reached highest levels 12–15 h before ecdysis. In feeding stages ecdysone and 20‐hydroxyecdysone were predominant, whereas in molting stages they were seen together with 20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone and 20‐hydroxyecdysonoic acid. The juvenile hormone titer was very low in freshly laid eggs and was high (approximately 25 ng/g) in embryos at the stage of 1st larval cuticle formation and eye pigmentation. In eggs we tentatively identified juvenile hormones I and II, whereas in larval stages juvenile hormone II appeared to be the predominant or exclusive juvenile hormone. Its titer fluctuated rapidly and was high in early 1st‐instar larvae and again before the molts into the 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar. Highest titers were reached concomitant with the peak in 20‐hydroxyecdysone 12–15 h before ecdysis.
Conversion of 3‐dehydroecdysone by a ketoreductase in post‐diapause, pre‐hatch eggs of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar
Authors: Kelly Thomas J. , Thyagaraja Belgaum S. , Bell Robert A. , Masler Edward P. , Gelman Dale B. , Borkovec Alexej B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe prothoracic glands (PGs) of Lymantria dispar (day‐5 female, last‐stage larvae) produce both ecdysone and an ecdysteroid which has the same retention time on reverse‐phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) as a known standard of 3‐dehydroecdysone. The latter ecdysteroid can be converted by a heat‐labile factor in extracts of post‐diapause, pre‐hatch L. dispar eggs to an ecdysteroid which has the same retention time on RPLC as ecdysone. Purified 3‐dehydroecdysone, similarly treated with egg extract, also gives the same retention time on RPLC as ecdysone. Taken together, these data suggest that, like Manduca sexta, a major product of the PGs in L. dispar is 3‐dehydroecdysone. Furthermore, these data suggest that L. dispar eggs, which contain mature embryos, possess ecdysteroid ketoreductase activity capable of converting 3‐dehydroecdysone to ecdysone. This is the first report of ecdysteroid ketoreductase activity in embryonated eggs.
Purification and characterization of honey bee vitellogenin
Authors: Wheeler Diana E. , Kawooya John K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA protocol has been developed for the purification of vitellogenin from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Purification allows for the first characterization of a vitellogenin from the large order Hymenoptera. Hymenopteran vitellogenins are unusual among insect vitellogenins in that they contain only one type of apoprotein. The honey bee vitellogenin was isolated from hemolymph of honey bee queens by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation, ion‐exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. The native vitellogenin particle is a very high density glycolipoprotein containing approximately 91% protein, 7% lipid, and 2% carbohydrate. Phospholipid and diacylglycerol are the major lipid components. The equilibrium density (1.28 g/ml) is the same as that for Manduca sexta vitellogenin, which contains a much higher proportion of lipid. The covalently bound carbohydrate moiety of the particle is high in mannose. The amino acid composition of vitellogenin is similar to those of vitellogenins from other insect species. The N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the apoprotein was determined, the first such sequence for any insect vitellogenin. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐gel electrophoresis A. mellifera vitellogenin resolved into a single band with an apparent Mr of 180,000. Gel filtration under reducing and native conditions yielded estimated Mr values of about 300,000.
On the mechanism of side chain oxidation of N‐β‐alanyldopamine by cuticular enzymes from Sarcophaga bullata
Authors: Sugumaran Manickam , Saul Steven J. , Dali Hemalata 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe metabolism of N‐β‐alanyldopamine (NBAD) by Sarcophaga bullata was investigated. Incubation of NBAD with larval cuticular preparations resulted in the covalent bindings of NBAD to the cuticle and generation of N‐β‐alanylnorepinephrine (NBANE) as the soluble product. When the reaction was carried out in presence of a powerful quinone trap viz., N‐acetylcysteine, NBANE formation was totally abolished; but a new compound characterized as NBAD‐quinone‐N‐acetylcysteine adduct was generated. These results indicate that NBAD quinone is an obligatory intermediate for the biosynthesis of NBANE in sarcophagid cuticle. Accordingly, phenylthiourea—a well‐known phenoloxidase inhibitor—completely inhibited the NBANE production even at 5 μM level. A soluble enzyme isolated from cuticle converted exogenously supplied NBAD quinone to NBANE. Chemical considerations indicated that the enzyme is an isomerase and is converting NBAD quinone to its quinone methide which was rapidly and nonenzymatically hydrated to form NBANE. Consistent with this hypothesis is the finding that NBAD quinone methide can be trapped as β‐methoxy NBAD by performing the enzymatic reaction in 10% methanol. Moreover, when the reaction was carried out in presence of kynurenine, two diastereoisomeric structures of papiliochrome II‐{Nar‐[α‐3‐aminopropionyl amino methyl‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl]‐L‐kynurenine} could be isolated as byproducts, indicating that the further reactions of NBAD quinone methide with exogenously added nucleophiles are nonenzymatic and nonstereoselective. Based on these results, it is concluded that NBAD is metabolized via NBAD quinone and NBAD quinone methide by the action of phenoloxidase and quinone isomerase respectively. The resultant NBAD quinone methide, being highly reactive, undergoes nonenzymatic and nonstereoselective Michael‐1,6‐addition reaction with either water (to form NBANE) or other nucleophiles in cuticle to account for the proposed quinone methide sclerotization.
Identification, accumulation, and biosynthesis of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania (cramer) (lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Guo Lin , Blomquist Gary J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe accumulation and biosynthesis of cuticular and internal hydrocarbons in the Southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania, were examined at closely timed intervals during larval and pupal development. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was used to identify n‐alkanes, monomethylalkanes, and dimethylalkanes ranging in chain length from 23 to 35 carbons. The amount of cuticular hydrocarbon stayed relatively constant during each stadium, while the amount of internal hydrocarbon increased dramatically during the first half of each larval stadium, presumably to replace the cuticular hydrocarbon lost on the shed cast skin with each molt. The accumulation of internal hydrocarbon was mirrored by large increases in the rate of incorporation of labeled acetate into the hydrocarbon fraction. Hydrocarbon production fell to very low rates during the latter part of the fourth and fifth larval stadia. Relatively high rates of hydrocarbon production were observed during the first and last one‐third of the pupal stage and essentially all of the hydrocarbons produced during this stage remained internal. These data document large changes in the rates of hydrocarbon production during development in S. eridania and suggest that most of the hydrocarbon produced during each stage was stored internally and then transported to the cuticle of the next stage.
Oxidation of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol: A sclerotizing precursor for cockroach ootheca
Authors: Sugumaran Manickam , Semensi Victor , Dali Hemalata , Nellaiappan Kaliappan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe oxidation of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, one of the sclerotizing precursors for the tanning of the ootheca of cockroach Periplaneta americana, is reported for the first time. Mushroom tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol generated the corresponding quinone which was found to be unstable and readily transformed to produce 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde as the stable product probably through the intermediary formation of a quinone methide. Phenoloxidase isolated from the left colleterial gland of P. americana also catalyzed this new reaction. When the enzymatic oxidation of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol was performed in the presence of a test protein such as lysozyme, the reactive species formed, caused the oligomerization of test protein. Similar studies with colleterial gland proteins, failed to generate oligomers, but produced insoluble polymeric proteins. The probable fate of 3,4‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol for the tanning of cockroach ootheca is discussed.
PCR‐generated conspecific sodium channel gene probe for the house fly
Authors: Knipple Douglas C. , Payne Lori L. , Soderlund David M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA segment of the house fly (Musca domestica) homologue of the para (paralytic) sodium channel gene of Drosophila melanogaster was isolated by using mixed sequence oligonucleotide primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The specificity of the procedure was demonstrated by genomic Southern analysis using the housefly PCR amplification product as a probe and by DNA sequence analysis. The latter showed structural homology to the para gene, but not to the corresponding region of DSC1, another D. melanogaster gene with structural similarity to vertebrate sodium channel genes.
Purification of ribosomal subunits from Ceratitis capitata and comparison of their proteins from two different developmental stages
Authors: Pilali Maria M. , Fragoulis Emmanuel G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRibosomal subunits have been prepared from larvae of Ceratitis capitata at two different developmental stages. The subunits are stable and pure on the basis of recentrifugation experiments and characterization of the RNA contained in them. When ribosomal subunits were allowed to combine, they reassociated to form an 80S ribosome, which is active in poly(U)‐directed polyphenylalanine synthesis. The proteins derived from these subunits were characterized by one and two dimensional electrophoresis and the patterns obtained from 6‐day old larvae and white prepupae were compared.
Temporal expression of ornithine decarboxylase in developing embryos of Musca domestica
Authors: Sparks Robert B. , Vaske David , Lilleberg Stan , Leopold Roger A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to partially characterize and follow the temporal expression of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) throughout embryonic and early larval development of Musca domestica. Enzymatically active ODC was shown to be present at detectable levels in the embryos only during the latter stages of embryogenesis. This temporally expressed enzyme displayed maximum activity at the time of hatching, and the activity rapidly declined in the newly hatched larvae. The half‐life of ODC activity in extracts at the time of hatching and 30 min after hatching was 57 min and 12 min, respectively. The subunit molecular weight of the embryonic ODC was determined to be 46,000, and the apparent native molecular weight was determined to be 276,000. The concentrations of the polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine also were determined throughout embryogenesis. Spermidine was found to be present in the embryos at about 10‐fold higher concentrations than spermine and at about 100‐fold higher concentrations than putrescine. These polyamines did not undergo major changes in concentration throughout development of the embryos.
Digestive proteinases of larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea: Characterization, distribution, and dietary relationships
Authors: Lenz Cynthia J. , Kang Jaesun , Rice William C. , McIntosh Arthur H. , Chippendale G. Michael , Schubert Karel R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractProteinases and peptidases from the intestinal tract of fifth‐instar larvae of Heliothis ( = Helicoverpa) zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) were characterized based on their substrate specificity, tissue of origin, and pH optimum. Activity corresponding to trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, and leucine aminopeptidase was detected in regurgitated fluids, midgut contents, and midgut wall. High levels of proteinase activity were detected in whole midgut homogenates, with much lower levels being observed in foregut and salivary gland homogenates. In addition, enzyme levels were determined from midgut lumen contents, midgut wall homogenates, and regurgitated fluids. Proteinase activites were highest in the regurgitated fluids and midgut lumen contents, with the exception of leucine aminopeptidase activity, which was found primarily in the midgut wall. Larvae fed their natural diet of soybean leaves had digestive proteinase levels that were similar to those of larvae fed artificial diet. No major differences in midgut proteinase activity were detected between larvae reared under axenic or xenic conditions, indication that the larvae are capable of digesting proteins in the absence of gut microorganisms. The effect of pH on the activity of each proteinase was studied. The pH optima for the major proteinases were determined to be pH 8.0‐8.5 for trypsin, when tosyl‐L‐arginine methyl ester was used as the substrate; and pH 7.5‐8.0 for chymotrypsin, when benzoyl‐L‐tyrosine ethyl ester was used as the substrate.
Hemolymph lipids and flight activity in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Judge David N. , Mullins Donald E. , Eaton John L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this study the flight activity of female and male Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) moths was observed and compared to hemolymph lipid concentrations. The major male and female H. zea flight activity occurred between simulated dusk (1700) and dawn (0300). Male flight activity was up to 7 times greater than females through 6 days after eclosion except for the 1st day (0.8 times). Females had a unimodal pattern of flight activity, peaking between dusk and 2 h later. Males had a bimodal pattern; one between dusk and 2 h later, and another 3 h after dusk, continuing for h. Prior to dusk, total neutral hemolymph lipids (neutral) of H. zea day 4 moths was 64 μg/μl for males and 48 μg/μl for females. Typical lipid composition in day 4 males prior to flight was 1,2‐diacylglycerides (DG) (50% w/w), triacylglycerides (TG) (35%), cholesterol esters (2%), and less than 1% monoacylglycerides and cholesterol. The remainder consisted of free fatty acids (<0.5 μg/μl), and various uncharacterized phospholipids and lipophilic compounds. Hemolymph DG concentration patterns were similar between day 4 males and females, were highest in both sexes prior to, during, and after flight (approximately 32 μg/μl), and then decreased steadily throughout the flight period to approximately 16 μg/ml as flight ceased. Hemolymph TG were lower than DG, but followed the same pattern except at 2100 and 2300. In day 4 males between 2100 and 2300, TG increased to 33 μg/μl which was when DG was lowest (15 μg/μl) and their flight activity was highest. Hemolymph DG decreased (26 to 20 μg/μl) in day 4 females between 2100 and 2300 as TG remained fairly constant (18 μg/μl).
Fat body changes in a locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), parasitized by a nemestrinid fly
Authors: Horwood Martin A. , Hales Dinah F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fat body of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) parasitized by Trichopsidea oestracea (Westwood) (Diptera: Nemestrinidae) was hypertrophied and showed extensive cytological and functional changes. Lipid content (as a percentage of dry weight) was significantly higher in parasitized locusts. Regression of lipid content against parasitoid weight was quadratic in female hosts and linear (negative) in male hosts. The fatty acid composition of C. terminifera was not affected by parasitization. Parasitized male locusts had lower body weight than nonparasitized males and contained less soluble protein. Results indicated that egg development was inhibited in parasitized female locusts. These conditions may be related to changes in the host's fat body.
Pharmacologic characterization of muscarinic receptors of insect brains
Authors: Abdallah Elsayed A. M. , Eldefrawi Mohyee E. , Eldefrawi Amira T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMuscarinic receptors in brain membranes from honey bees, houseflies, and the American cockroach were identified by their specific binding of the non‐selective muscarinic receptor antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and the displacement of this binding by agonists as well as subtype‐selective antagonists, using filtration assays. The binding parameters, obtained from Scatchard analysis, indicated that insect muscarinic receptors, like those of mammalian brains, had high affinities for [3H]QNB (KD = 0.47 nM in honey bees, 0.17 nM in houseflies and 0.13 nM in the cockroach). However, the receptor concentration was low (108, 64.7, and 108 fmol/mg protein for the three species, respectively). The association and dissociation rates of [3H]QNB binding to honey bee brain membranes, sensitivity of [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic agonists, and high affinity for atropine were also features generally similar to muscarinic receptors of mammalian brains.In order to further characterize the three insect brain muscarinic receptors, the displacement of [3H]QNB binding by subtype‐selective antagonists was studied. The rank order of potency of pirenzepine (PZ), the M1 selective antagonist 11‐((2‐((dimethylamino)‐methyl)1‐ piperidinyl)acetyl)‐5, 11‐dihydro‐6H‐pyrido(2,3‐b)‐(1,4)‐benzodiazepin‐6 one (AF‐DX 116), the M2‐selective antagonist, and 4‐DAMP (4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide) the M3‐selective antagonist, was also the same as that of mammalian brains, i.e., 4‐DAMP > PZ > AF‐DX 116. The three insect brain receptors had 27–50‐fold lower affinity for PZ (Ki 484–900 nM) than did the mammalian brain receptor (Ki 16 nM), but similar to that reported for the muscarinic receptor subtype cloned from Drosophila. Also, the affinity of insect receptors for 4‐DAMP (Ki 18.9–56.6 nM) was much lower than that of the M3 receptor, which predominates in rat submaxillary gland (Ki of 0.37 nM on [3H]QNB binding). These drug specificities of muscarinic receptors of brains from three insect species suggest that insect brains may be predominantly of a unique subtype that is close to, though significantly different from, the mammalian M3 subtype.