bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Harrington Watt David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFieldwork conducted in the early 1990s at Oak Grove Church, Oak Grove Christian Academy, the Philadelphia Mennonite Fellowship, and the Philadelphia Church of Christ produced a great deal of data that suggest that in the early 1990s Bible‐carrying Christian churches tended to naturalize (to various degrees) the authority of heterosexuals and of men. The data also suggested that under certain (relatively rare) circumstances, Bible‐carrying Christian churches denaturalized the authority of ministers, corporations, and nation‐states.
In Search of an American Catholicism
Authors: Dolan Jay P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Catholics have struggled to reconcile two sets of values, those as Americans and those as Catholics, for more than 200 years, and in this book, Jay Dolan explores how Catholics have met these challenges as New World followers of an Old World faith. He argues that the ideals of democracy – and American culture in general – have deeply shaped Catholicism in the U.S.A., even as far back as 1789, when the nation's first bishop was elected by the clergy (and the pope accepted their choice). Dolan follows the tension between American democratic values and the Catholic doctrine, from the conservative reaction after the fall of Napoleon, to the modernist movement of the late nineteenth century, to the impact of the Second Vatican Council. He explores several issues: grassroots devotional life; the struggle against successive waves of nativism, from nineteenth‐century “Know Nothings” to the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s; the impact – and often collision – of different immigrant groups and their traditions; and the disputed issue of gender. He shows throughout that influences have flowed in both directions; belief and church traditions have shaped the Catholic sense of citizenship, community, and public advocacy. The tensions remain in contemporary America, as signs are seen of both a resurgent traditionalism in the church in response to the liberalizing trend launched by John XXIII, and a resistance to the conservatism of John Paul II.
Introduction
Authors: Dolan Jay P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Explains the origin of the book as resulting from a desire to explore the historical relationship and interactions between the two very diverse traditions of Catholicism and Americanism, and more specifically, from a need to explore how American culture (defined as those values and beliefs that a group or society uses to identify itself) has shaped American Catholicism. It discusses change in the Catholic church, and the tensions and conflicts that have arisen resulting from this, and from the clash between the American republican model of Catholicism and the traditional European monarchical model. Finally, an outline of the ground covered by the five chapters of the book is given.
Catholicism in an Age of Democracy
Authors: Dolan Jay P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines American Catholicism in an age of democracy – the period from 1780–1820. The American Revolution ushered in a new age, and henceforth, democracy became a defining element of American culture. How this concept influenced Catholicism makes up a major portion of this chapter. This period was also a time when certain seals of the Enlightenment took hold among Catholics. Such ideals shaped the way Catholics thought about their religion in this age of reason and started the development of a distinctive American version of Catholicism.
In Search of an American Catholicism
Authors: Dolan Jay P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the period from 1880–1920, when Catholicism's relationship with American culture intensified. There are five themes: (1) The study of the interaction between Catholicism and American culture is expanded, while continuing to focus on democracy and how this core American value influenced the Catholic community; (2) An examination is also made of the European devotional style of Catholicism that flourished at that time and how it shaped Catholicism; (3) The issue of American national identity is also addressed in relation to Catholicism – this became a major topic of debate in the 1880s and 1890s; (4) The Americanization of Catholic doctrine started as the American cultural traditions of democracy and religious freedom persuaded some Catholics to reexamine Catholic teaching on church and state and religious freedom – as a result, American Catholicism began to take on a distinctiveness that would set it apart from its counterparts in such countries as Italy and France; (5) The final theme examined is that of gender – with the emergence of the American ideal of gender equality, an awakening clearly began to take place among Catholics, which sought to modify the traditional understanding of the role of women in society. These five themes are examined in more detail in the next two chapters.
Philosophical Interpretations
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The essays in this volume are, with some exceptions, efforts to make sense out of difficult or problematic philosophical texts. Some of these readings depart, sometimes radically, from standard readings. Yet the principles of interpretation that underlie these essays are not themselves radical. The interpretations are governed by a semantic principle of charity, namely, that there is a very strong presumption in favor of holding that philosophers meant to say precisely what they did say, and that what they did say means precisely what it seems to mean. This approach encourages close reading of the text.
Six of these essays exhibit this “close reading” approach: “Three Platonic Analogies,” “A Reading of Aquinas's Five Ways,” “Hume and Berkeley on the Proofs of Infinite Divisibility,” “Hume on the Missing Shade of Blue,” “Hume's Worries about Personal Identity,” and, “Wittgenstein on Identity.”
Though driven by the same principle of interpretation, other essays have a broader scope: “The Tendency of Hume's Skepticism,” and “Wittgenstein and Classical Skepticism.” Only two of these essays are technical: “Hamilton's Quantification of the Predicate” and “[Wittgenstein on] Negative Elementary Proposition.”
A Reading of Aquinas's Five Ways
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aquinas's so‐called Five Ways are usually read as proofs – or at least as sketches of proofs – of God's existence. This chapter suggests that they can profitably be read as a series of responses to one of the objections that precedes them: namely, that there is no need to posit the existence of God, because natural effects can be explained by natural causes and contrived effects by human reasoning and will. On this reading, the first three (cosmological) ways are aimed at the claim that science can explain all natural causes. The Fifth (teleological) Way is a response to the claim that all purposes in the world can be explained as human contrivance. The Fourth (degrees of perfection) Way points to a dimension of reality completely outside the scientific worldview.
Hume and Berkeley on the Proofs of Infinite Divisibility
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Berkeley, and Hume following him, rejected the doctrine that lines, e.g., are infinitely divisible. They both thought that the notion of infinite divisibility lead to paradoxical results. To avoid these paradoxes, they adopted the view that a line is composed of finitely many minimal parts. In addition, Berkeley argued, successfully it seems, that all the standard geometrical proofs for infinite divisibility are, in fact, question‐begging.
Hume and the Missing Shade of Blue
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Hume declares that the doctrine that every simple idea must arise from a simple impression is a “first principle” in the science of human nature. Then, in both The Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, he presents what he takes to be a decisive counterexample to this first principle: Presented with a spectrum of colors with one shade missing, we can form an idea of this missing shade even if we have never had a prior impression of it. The suggestion here is that, for Hume, simple ideas can resemble each other in various degrees without compromising their simplicity. Because of this, the system of colors forms a space in which gaps can be recognized and, if not too small, can be filled in.
The Tendency of Hume's Skepticism
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay provides a survey of the central role of various radically skeptical arguments in David Hume's philosophy. The discussion relies upon a distinction between theoretical skepticism and prescriptive skepticism. A theoretical skepticism calls into question the grounds or the warrant for some important class of beliefs, e.g., our inductive beliefs about the future and our beliefs about the external world. A prescriptive skepticism recommends the suspension of belief for some class of beliefs. This essay is an attempt to show that Hume was an unmitigated theoretical skeptic over a wide range of areas, but for the most part he was a moderate or mitigated prescriptive skeptic.
Richard Price on Promising: A Limited Defense
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This essay presents an exposition and limited defense of Richard Price's claim that the “fidelity to promises is properly a branch or instance of veracity,” i.e., the obligation to keep a promise is, for Price, an instance of our obligation to tell the truth. His general idea is this: When one makes an assertion, one is under an obligation to have one's words fit the facts. When one makes an assertion about one's own future actions (rather than simply expressing an intention concerning them), one falls under an obligation to make what one said true by acting in the stated way. Though not without difficulties, Price's account of promising is presented as a viable alternative to accounts given by H. A. Prichard and J. L. Austin.
Hamilton's Quantification of the Predicate
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
These essays offer an exposition and defense of William Hamilton's theory that categorical propositions implicitly involve quantification over the predicate term; e.g., for Hamilton, “All S is P” is more accurately rendered as, “All S is some P.” This makes good sense if we treat this proposition as an embedded identity statement, i.e., “If anything is an S then there is some P it is identical with.” This approach yields a coherent theory of the distribution of terms that can be used for evaluating the validity of both immediate inferences and categorical syllogism. It also captures a fragment of the identity theory.
Negative Elementary Propositions
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Contrary to explicit statements in the text of the Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus, this essay argues that the notion of a negative elementary proposition makes sense within the Tractarian system. The suggestion depends upon separating two strains in Wittgenstein's account of propositional meaning: the picture theory of meaning, and the truth‐functional account of meaning. A proposition could be considered elementary if it contained only one elementary proposition or one elementary picture. In this approach, if p is an elementary proposition, then so is not‐p. Though this change would involve substantial revisions of the Tractatus, it squares with Wittgenstein's fundamental view that logical constants are not representatives.
Wittgenstein and Classical Scepticism
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Throughout his long, complex, and changing career – from the Tractatus to On Certainty – Wittgenstein leveled essentially the same charge against skepticism: The skeptic's questions may be dismissed because they lack meaning. This critique of skepticism, however, has to be understood in the context of Wittgenstein's general critique of philosophizing. Read this way, Wittgenstein is best understood as someone who rediscovered ancient skepticism, in particular Pyrrhonian skepticism, and gave it its most powerful statement.
Thinking and Doing
Authors: Fogelin Robert J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Taking some remarks by Aristotle on the practical syllogism as the starting point, this essay offers an account of how thought can be connected with action and how this connection between thought and action can be adverbially modified. The key idea is that a practical syllogism is composed of a factual premise, a premise that is a conditional imperative, and a conclusion that is an unconditional imperative. The practical reasoner reasons as follows: Wanting drink, a person accepts the conditional imperative “If this is drink, drink it!” and then, because he believes this is drink, he accepts the unconditional imperative “Drink it!” Adverbs of excuse of the kind that J. L. Austin studied can then be explained by noting the ways in which the connection between thought and action can be defective.
Asia's Next Giant
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
South Korea has been quietly growing into a major economic force that is even challenging some Japanese industries. This book examines South Korean economic growth as an example of “late industrialization,” a process in which a nation's industries learn from earlier innovator nations rather than innovate themselves. Discussing state intervention, shop‐floor management, and big business groups, the reasons are explored for South Korea's phenomenal growth, paying special attention to the principle of reciprocity in which the government imposes strict performance standards on those industries and companies that it aids. It is shown thereby how South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan were able to grow faster than other emerging nations such as Brazil, Turkey, India, and Mexico. The book is arranged in three main parts: Part 1 surveys South Korean history and the origins of state policies that led to the successes of its late industrialization; Part 2 examines the ways in which the South Korean management and workforce were transformed into major factors in the growth of its industry; and Part 3 discusses the creation of comparative advantage in several industries and the reasons why only one kept pace with expansion while the others drove it.
The ABCS of Japanese and Korean Accumulation
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with how acceleration in South Korean investments and exports was activated from the beginning of the 1960s, largely by exploiting its low‐wage advantage. The main emphasis of the chapter is on the details of the competitive advantage of Korea over Japan with regard to the cotton textile industry. The various aspects covered are the emergence of an international division of labor, the model of accumulation pasted together by the Korean military regime in the early 1960s, Korean trade policies (import restrictions, export dependence and incentives, the tariff structure), and Korean investment policy.
The Spiraling of Market Power
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter starts with a discussion of the development of the highly diversified business/industrial groups that have grown in late‐industrializing countries – as exemplified by the zaibatsu in Japan, and the chaebol in South Korea. Such big businesses raise various issues, including economic performance, and their social effects, but this chapter is mainly concerned with two further issues: the magnitude and causes of concentration, of which there has been no systematic study; and the support of, and the discipline by, the government. These issues are discussed under the headings of market concentration, corporate strategy towards diversification, and the discipline of monopoly power.
The World's Largest Shipbuilder
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter, within the context of the shipbuilding industry in the acutely competitive decade of the 1970s, examines the hypothesis that the diversified business (industrial) group provides a multitude of capabilities and a protective cover to latecomers wishing to enter world trade. The whole chapter is devoted to Hyundai Heavy Industries of South Korea, a subsidiary of the Hyundai Group, which began building its first ship (a very large crude carrier) in March 1973. Aspects discussed are the competitive challenge, government assistance, foreign technical assistance, the acquisition of design capability, investment in the formation of the Hyundai Engine and Heavy Machinery Manufacturing Company, intermarginal changes (quality, and time and motion studies and cost control), and organization (chaebol membership).
From Learner to Teacher
Authors: Amsden Alice H. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Late‐industrializing countries such as Japan and South Korea appear to challenge existing economic powers such as the U.S.A. precisely in those areas in which the challengers excel by virtue of their recent histories as learners. Consequently, the book concludes with the major lessons that the learning paradigm of late industrializing offers to countries wishing to reindustrialize. In addition to illuminating the path of late industrializers, the paradigm's reflection also suggests where innovators might change their rules of behavior to compete in a world that now includes a generation of latecomers reared on the learning tradition.
Post‐Classical Chisholmian Internalism
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some of Roderick Chisholm's more recent work has displayed a conception of warrant (which conception I refer to with the phrase “postclassical Chisholmian internalism”), which differs substantially from his earlier conception of warrant (classical Chisholmian internalism). In this chapter, I explain postclassical Chisholmian internalism and then offer four critical observations about it. First, it is relatively uninformative (telling us little about what warrant is); second, it remains internalist, but loses the principal philosophical motivation for internalism by moving away from deontology. Third, it is not the case (contrary to the postclassical Chisholm) that for a given belief B, there is a set S of evidence bases such that, necessarily, B has warrant for me if and only if it occurs in conjunction with a member of that set S. And, fourth, it is a mistake to suppose that the warrant a belief enjoys for S can be understood as a function solely of the psychological properties S exemplifies.
Bayesian Coherentism and Rationality
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Rationality, although distinct from warrant, is a notion both interesting in its own right and important for a solid understanding of warrant. In this chapter, I first disambiguate at least five different forms of rationality, and, second, examine the relationship between Bayesianism and rationality (in its different forms or senses). Bayesians often claim that conformity to Bayesian constraints (such as coherence, changing belief by conditionalization or probability kinematics, or van Fraassen's Reflection) is necessary for rationality. Against this view, I argue that (1) none of the forms of rationality I distinguished requires coherence, and some of them in fact require incoherence, and that (2) changing belief by conditionalization (or by probability kinematics) is neither a sensible ideal for human cognizers nor a requirement for rationality. Finally, after a somewhat extended look at Reflection, I argue that (3) while van Fraassen surely has important and probably true things to say about what rational integrity requires with respect to one's commitments and intentions about belief change, it is nonetheless the case that rationality does not require that I conform to Reflection.
Pollockian Quasi‐Internalism
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine John Pollock's conception of warrant, as developed in his article “Epistemic Norms” and his book Contemporary Theories of Knowledge. I argue that his official view of warrant is deeply flawed, foundering as it does on the possibilities of cognitive malfunction. As Pollock uses the phrase, an epistemic norm is a rule describing the circumstances under which it is epistemically permissible to hold beliefs. Central to Pollock's account are several claims about epistemic norms, which I take pains to dispute. After considering several problems with Pollock's conception of warrant, I proceed to argue that, while Pollock describes his theory of knowledge as an internalist view, it is in fact internalist in name only, being not a species of internalism, but a sort of transitional stage to a more satisfactory view of warrant.
Reliabilism
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
As I use the term, externalism is the complement of internalism; the externalist denies that in order for one of my beliefs to have warrant for me, I must have some sort of special or privileged access to the fact that I have warrant, or to its ground. Recent epistemology has seen a flurry of interest in reliabilism, a particular species of externalism, and in this chapter, I examine three externalist and reliabilist accounts of warrant: those offered or suggested by William Alston, Fred Dretske, and Alvin Goldman. After introducing the notion of Alstonian justification, I point out that Alstonian justification is neither necessary nor sufficient for warrant (largely due to the possibility of cognitive malfunction). I then briefly outline Dretske's account of knowledge, Goldman's earlier version of reliabilism, and (giving a somewhat more lengthy treatment) Goldman's later version of reliabilism. I conclude that the views of both Dretske and Goldman suffer because they fail to pay explicit attention to the notion of the proper function of our cognitive equipment.
Prospect and Retrospect
Authors: Plantinga Alvin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, I take stock of the arguments and conclusions of the previous nine chapters, noting that the idea of proper function figures prominently in the difficulties from which the main current views of warrant suffer. This fact suggests that the notion of proper function is much more deeply involved in our idea of warrant than is currently recognized. In Warrant and Proper Function, I shall examine this suggestion in detail; in this chapter, (the final chapter of Warrant: The Current Debate), I give an outline of the content of Warrant and Proper Function. In so doing, I introduce the claim that the paradigmatic cases of a belief's having warrant are cases such that (1) the belief is produced by cognitive faculties functioning properly (i.e., functioning in accord with the cognizer's design plan), (2) the cognitive environment in which the belief is produced is one sufficiently similar to the environment for which the relevant cognitive faculty or faculties were designed, (3) the belief is such that the purpose of the module of the faculties producing the belief is to produce true beliefs, and (4) the design plan in question is a good one.