bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical Approaches for Reconstructing Past Human Behavior from Prehistoric Roadways
Authors: Kantner John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archaeologists have always employed geographical techniques in efforts to reconstruct human behavior (Kantner 2003). In our investigations of the static and badly eroded cultural deposits from the past, a source of information that we rely upon to interpret the past is the spatial relationships between the material remains. Sometimes we look at spatial associations within an archaeological site; other times we examine the patterns of past human settlement across vast landscapes. Accordingly, archaeology has always looked to geography to provide us with new formal techniques for building sound spatial relationships and effectively interpreting them.
Spatial Perspectives in Public Health
Authors: Gatrell Anthony C , Rigby Janette E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now a wealth of compelling evidence to suggest that location and place shape our health, our exposure to environmental features that impact upon our health, and our access to those goods and services that either promote our health or treat episodes of disease or illness that we all encounter. Moreover, the research evidence to support these claims comes from a wide range of settings across the developed and the developing worlds and at a variety of spatial scales (Gatrell 2002).
Concealment and Exposure
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Nagel is widely recognized as one of the top American philosophers working today. Reflecting the diversity of his many philosophical preoccupations, this volume is a collection of his most recent critical essays and reviews. The first section, Public and Private, focuses on the notion of privacy in the context of social and political issues, such as the impeachment of President Clinton. The second section, Right and Wrong, discusses moral, political and legal theory, and includes pieces on John Rawls, G.A. Cohen, and T.M. Scanlon, among others. The final section, Mind and Reality, features discussions of Richard Rorty, Donald Davidson, and the Sokal hoax, and closes with a substantial new essay on the mind-body problem. Written with characteristic rigor, these pieces reveal the intellectual passion underlying the incisive analysis for which Nagel is known.
The Psychophysical Nexus
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay will explore an approach to the mind-body problem that is distinct both from dualism and from the sort of conceptual reduction of the mental to the physical that proceeds via causal behaviorist or functionalist analysis of mental concepts. The essential element of the approach is that it takes the subjective phenomenological features of conscious experience to be perfectly real and not reducible to anything else-but nevertheless holds that their systematic relations to neurophysiology are not contingent but necessary.
Some Considerations about Intellectual Desire and Emotions
Authors: Stocker Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a theoretical argument for the existence and importance of intellectual desires and emotions that some theorists may find agreeable and others may find themselves committed to. It is found in or derives from action theory, as usually deployed in regard to physical/bodily action. The argument concerns the need for what is called desire. It goes very simply, perhaps invoking one of Mill’s methods. A person can have the very same beliefs in the case of both action and lack of action. Thus, the having of those beliefs cannot explain the action, the doing, nor of course can the beliefs explain the inaction. What is needed for the action and the explanation is something else—something that provides, we may say, the energy. This of course is desire.
Luisa Capetillo: Feminist of the Working Class
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Luisa Capetillo, a fiery labor organizer and feminist in early twentieth- century Puerto Rico, was a prolific writer who expressed her vision of lib- erated workers, emancipated women, and a free society through essays, books, and plays. Committed to living her ideals, Capetillo bore three children but refused to marry, embraced “natural” forms of healthcare, exchanged skirts for pants as she pursued a public career, and supported herself and her family on the proceeds of her labor.
Making Meaning From Emotional Experience in Early Narratives
Authors: Wolf Dennis Palmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We depend on narrative. It is the raw material of family history and our own sense of evolving personal identity. Narrative is also the centerpiece of counseling and therapy as well as the core of depositions and testimony. Narratives break through the surface of conversation, as regularly as breathing. But why? Drawing on literary models, many writers suggest that when we narrate, we turn blind chronology into stories in which we articulate heroes, villains, problems, and possible resolutions. Further, since stories focus on goals and attempts, they articulate our chances for agency and for authorship (e.g., taking hold of how our lives unfold and are told) (Bruner, 1986, 1990; Shaefer, 1992). Other writers argue that, rather than first and foremost a personal expression, storytelling is how we connect our life to other lives. It is how we create a pool of common knowledge, how we make the internal flow of subjective experience into interpersonal negotiation or understanding. (Not only did my sister have her baby on Saturday, but, when I heard her voice, I felt some jealousy.) We borrow legends and images from our families and communities as storylines on which build personal histories. In addition, our cultural identities are defined by the larger historical narratives we borrow or reject (Passerini, 1992; Polanyi, 1989; Portelli, 1997).
The Revolution Unfolds
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sara Buell mounted a podium in the Green Room at the White House. A strong-willed prosecutor known for her “get tough” policies with domestic violence perpetrators in Quincy, Massachusetts, Buell is a Harvard Law School graduate and a dynamic public speaker. Along with a San Diego prosecutor, Casey Quinn, she pioneered evidence-based or “no drop” prosecution, the controversial practice of proceeding with charges against perpetrators irrespective of a victim’s wishes. Advocates disagree about the wisdom of this approach. But these differences were no more evident in the room than the gulf that normally separated champions of women’s rights from the conservative Republicans present. Buell introduced President Bill Clinton, who would publicly sign the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. Moments before the president entered with Attorney General Janet Reno and Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala, a line of women’s advocates stolidly embraced Senator Orrin Hatch, the bane of reproductive rights, as well as liberal Senator Joseph Biden, a key architect of VAWA. The president needed this alliance to protect a crime bill that contained death penalty and sentencing provisions opposed by liberals along with a prevention agenda opposed by the Right. The makeup of the group also symbolized a growing propensity to define violence against women as a crime problem. But the main thought on our mind was the unprecedented national audience we had garnered. The president identified Buell as a survivor of abuse and former welfare mom as well as a justice pioneer and pronounced domestic violence “the most important criminal justice issue in the United States.
The Entrapment Enigma
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1979, psychiatrist Alexandra Symonds, published an unusually candid article. When her profession dealt with families “where the main disturbance was violence against the wife or sweetheart,” she observed, they focused on how the women provoked their husbands, or how the women were getting satisfaction in some obscure way by being beaten. “The final proof of all this,” she wrote, “was invariably a learned statement such as ‘After all, why doesn’t she leave him?’” Symonds admitted that she, too, had been oblivious to the real situation of battered women earlier in her career. Although she had rejected the “myth of masochism” in favor of the woman-friendly ideas of Karen Horney and her school, she believed that the “dependent personality interacts with the aggressive, arrogant, vindictive personality in a mutually satisfying way.” This theoretical explanation had served her as “a convenient way to push aside an unpleasant and painful condition.” Symonds believed her defensive response to victims of violence was widely shared.
The Theory Of Coercive Control
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman wears the same outfit every day, rarely goes out, and continually paces back and forth in a small space. Imagine how hard it would be to explain her behavior if you were unable to reveal that the woman is confined in a jail cell. The domestic violence field faces a similar predicament when it tries to account for how battered women behave without identifying their “cage.” The literature documents violent acts and the harms they cause in agonizing detail. But this work suffers the fallacy of misplaced concreteness: no matter how many punches or injuries or instances of depression are cataloged, the cage remains invisible as long as we omit the strategic intelligence that complements these acts with structural constraints and organizes them into the pattern of oppression that gives them political meaning. We see the effects of dominance, anger, depression, dependence, fear, substance use, multiple medical problems or suicide attempts, calls to the police or visits to the ER or shelter, but not domination itself. Given the abstraction of these effects from their context, it is unsurprising that more attention is paid to the personality and behavior of victims than to what perpetrators do.
When Battered Women Kill
Authors: Stark Evan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone in court was transfixed by the 911 tape, particularly Donna’s relatives. “I just killed my husband,” a voice reported to the emergency dispatcher. “I can’t take it anymore . . . with a gun . . . I’m dying. I have my little son here.” Twenty-two-year-old Donna Balis did not look up. Sitting in handcuffs and leg shackles, she cut a pitiable figure and was audibly sobbing. On that early February morning in 2000, the responding police officer found Donna in a nightgown on the front porch of her multifamily home in South Orange, New Jersey. She was “somewhat in a hysterical state and said she’d been involved in a beating,” Officer Munson reported. “She said she was tired of being beaten.” Donna was “cooperative” and showed him a .38-caliber revolver on top of the refrigerator. The gun contained five shell casings, but no live bullets. A medical examiner’s report identified a gunshot as the cause of her husband’s death. Gunpowder around the wound indicated that the weapon had been fired at close range. Donna was charged with the murder of her husband, Frank, and her bond was set at $250,000.
Natural Sciences at the End of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1982, near the end of his career and at the beginning of hers, Dr. D. P. “Don” Abbott stood knee-deep in the intertidal off China Point on the Monterey Peninsula and spoke with Gaby Nevitt about her future. She had taken his courses invertebrate zoology and special problems in marine biology while a student at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Don told Gaby that he felt this was the most exciting time to be a scientist.
Polymath of the Baroque
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to consider all aspects of the life of Agostino Steffani (1654-1728), a composer, diplomat, and bishop. A remarkable figure of the late 17th and early 18th century Europe, Steffani began his career as a composer, musician, and courtier, but his accomplishments brought him high-level positions in the courts of Germany and the Catholic Church. Throughout his diplomatic and ecclesiatical career, Steffani continued to compose chamber music, vocal chamber music, operas, and sacred music--works which inspired Handel and other Baroque composers.
Düsseldorf 1703-1709
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his negotiations on the Spanish succession Steffani had corresponded with Elector Palatine Johann Wilhelm and visited his court at Düsseldorf. In March 1703 he entered his service as a politician and man of the church. During the next six years he occupied a number of prominent positions in the Palatine administration; in 1706-7 he was made a bishop and in 1703 became apostolic vicar of North Germany, a post that he held, with one interruption, for the rest of his life. Although he composed a little music after 1703, and continued to take an interest in the subject, he was active above all in affairs of church and state. It is inevitable that these should form the central concern of this chapter and the next. The following account is a mere summary of a career that brought Steffani into contact with many of the dominant figures and issues in the Europe of his day; it may seem only marginally relevant to his compositions, yet the last third of his life is clearly integral to any portrait of the man and his music.
The Chamber Music
Authors: Timms Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1681, the year of Steffani’s first opera, the theorist and composer Angelo Berardi divided music into three styles—da chiesa, da camera, and da teatro (for church, chamber, and theatre).In seventeenth-century Europe, chamber music was generally composed and performed by professional musicians who were employed by wealthy or educated patrons to provide entertainment, even if the patrons themselves occasionally took part as ‘dilettanti’. Although chamber music was also sold to the public and performed in churches and academies, it was intended primarily for rooms in princely palaces and courts. In the words of a biographer of Queen Christina of Sweden, one of the greatest patrons of the period in Rome, music at court was the ‘ornament of princes and delight of salons’.Berardi went on to identify three kinds of chamber music: The chamber style is divided into and considered under three different styles.
A Brief Guide to Psychopharmacological Drugs
Authors: Klein Donald F , Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter will provide an overview of the types of drugs used in the treatment of depression, manic-depression, and illnesses related to depression (panic disorder and atypical depression; see next chapter). However, the dosage of the drugs, whether they should be increased over time, whether they should be taken on an empty stomach or between meals, the time of day they should be taken, and the particular side effects of each should all be discussed in detail with the treating physician. There are a number of acceptable ways of administering each medication.
Mammalian Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Northern Mexico’s Deserts
Authors: Hafner David J , Riddle Brett R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Northern Mexico is dominated by the warm, southern deserts of North America: the Sonoran Desert west of the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Chihuahuan Desert of the Altiplano between the Sierra Madre Occidental and Oriental. These deserts contain the majority of arid-lands biodiversity of North America, and most of their surface area and biodiversity occur in Mexico. Our understanding of the evolutionary history of these deserts has ad-vanced considerably since the seminal descriptive papers on the desert vegetation of North America by Forrest Shreve in 1942 and 1951. This new his-torical perspective has resulted from a large body of studies, including in-depth research on fossil floras and woodrat (Neotoma) middens; revolutionary advances in historical geology, historical biogeography, and genetics; and the development of new analytical techniques.
The Bio-Networking Architecture: A Biologically Inspired Approach to the Design of Scalable, Adaptive, and Survivable/ Available Network Applications
Authors: Suda Tatsuya , ltao Tomoko , Matsuo Masato 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors propose and describe a new network architecture called the Bio-Networking Architecture. The Bio-Networking Architecture is inspired by the observation that the biological world has already developed mechanisms that are necessary for future net work requirements such as self-organization, scalability, adaptation and evolution, security, and survivability. In the biological world, each individual entity (such as a bee in a bee colony) follows a simple set of behavior rules (migration, replication, reproduction, death, energy ex change, and relationship establishment with other entities), yet a group of entities (a bee colony) exhibits complex emergent behavior and characteristics (self-organization, scalability, adaptation and evolution, security and survivability).
Introduction
Authors: Alexander John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To facilitate fuller understanding of the erratic course of the epidemic in eighteenth-century Moscow, some appreciation of modern knowledge about bubonic plague is essential, for this infamous disease has inspired abundant myths and half-truths. If modern epidemiology has clarified most of the plague’s mechanics, that knowledge has emerged fairly recently and has not resolved all ambiguities, especially at the practitioner’s level. In the United States, for example, occasional cases evade detection or defy diagnosis, as happened to a young girl in Denver, Colorado, in 1968. Furthermore, of 7 confirmed cases in New Mexico in the 1960s (none fatal), plague figured in the initial diagnosis just once. These facts alone ought to elicit sympathy for the plight of medical practitioners and officials who confronted plague in the centuries before anybody understood the mysterious affliction.
The changed status of this formerly fearsome disease represents an extraordinary achievement of modern microbiology—an achievement the more astonishing when one recalls that the causative agent, the bacterium Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis, was isolated only in 1894, and that plague’s full etiology—the rodent-flea nexus—was definitely established about 1910. Vaccines and antibiotics presently enable health workers to limit outbreaks and to save the majority of those infected. Of 31 cases recorded in the United States in the 1960s, just 7 proved fatal. Despite some recent resurgence of the disease in this country, morbidity and mortality rates remain low: 20 cases with 4 deaths in 1975 and 16 cases with 3 deaths in 1976. Even though isolated cases and small outbreaks still afflict scattered, mainly underdeveloped regions of the world, great epidemics or pandemics of bubonic plague no longer threaten most of human society under peaceful conditions. Thermonuclear war, terrorist attack, or some other disruption of the social fabric could conceivably puncture this relative security, however.
Song Sparrows, Mandarte Island, and Methods
Authors: Smith James N M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Study Species The song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, belongs to the family Emberizidae, which includes the buntings and North American sparrows (Byers et al. 1995; Rising 1996). It breeds over most of North America south of the tree line, and it is often locally abundant. Song sparrows (figure 2.1b) have a brown back, rounded tail, gray and brown striped crown and face, and a brown-streaked breast with a bolder central spot. Males and females are similar in plumage, but adult males (26 g) average about 8% heavier and have a 4% longer wing chord (69 mm) than do adult females on Mandarte Island. Older birds have slightly longer wings than first-year birds but fractionally shorter legs (Smith et al. 1986). Song sparrows vary considerably in size across their range (Aldrich 1984). Males from the Aleutian Islands weigh up to 46 g while male Melospiza melodia samuelis from San Francisco Bay weigh only 18 g (Arcese et al. 2002; Chan and Arcese 2003). Plumage also exhibits extensive geographic variation in song sparrows (Arcese et al. 2002) and is used to classify subspecies, some of which are of conservation interest. This plumage variation, however, does not map closely with geographic variation in genetic markers (Fry and Zink 1998; Chan and Arcese 2002).
Life History: Patterns of Reproduction and Survival
Authors: Smith James N M , Marr Amy B , Hochachka Wesley M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any group of organisms has a characteristic age-dependent pattern of investment in growth, reproduction, and survival-their life history. Our studies over the last 28 years have shown that Mandarte song sparrows are, in many ways, typical songbirds. However, individual sparrows vary greatly around the average life history. In this chapter, we highlight some of these variations, which affect the ecological and genetic dynamics of the population. In chapter 11, we return to the central role of life histories in population biology when we briefly examine how far patterns seen on Mandarte can be generalized to other populations and species.
Basic Concepts of Molecular Genetics
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of genetic epidemiology and the statistical tools it uses requires at least a rudimentary understanding of the principles of molecular biology on which the phenomena of transmission of genes are based. This chapter provides a general survey of the structure of DNA, chromosomes, and genes, their reproduction by mitosis in somatic cell division and by meiosis in the creation of the gametes that are transmitted from parents to offspring, their expression in proteins, and the types of polymorphisms that can occur. Readers interested in more detail are encouraged to read one of the excellent textbooks on molecular biology, such as that of Strachan and Read (1999) or Lewin (1997). Research in genetic or molecular epidemiology inevitably involves collaboration with laboratory scientists, and some understanding of the methods they use to obtain, amplify, and store DNA and to detect polymorphisms or mutations is also essential. Since these techniques are in a rapid state of evolution, I do not attempt to describe them here, but rather encourage readers to consult with their molecular science colleagues about how best to gain this experience.
Basic Epidemiologic and Statistical Principles
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book, we will be relying on a variety of basic epidemiologic concepts and statistical tools that are covered in greater depth in standard textbooks. While it is not essential for the statistical geneticist or genetic epidemiologist to be fully conversant with the mathematical statistics theory underlying these methods, a working knowledge of their use is essential to understand much of what follows. Readers with a strong statistical background can safely skip this chapter, and the applied reader who wishes to delve quickly into the subject might also choose to skip it for now, referring back to it as needed. So that the book can be self-contained, however, the basic tools essential to the material in later chapters are discussed here.
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 dealt with the origins and evolution of LD and Chapter 9 with cohort and case-control designs for testing associations between a disease and a genetic marker, which could be applied to proposed causal (candidate) genes or to markers not thought to be causal themselves but perhaps in LD with a causal gene being sought. We now turn our attention to the latter use of association studies as a means of further localizing the region containing a still undiscovered mutation.