bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural induction takes a transcriptional twist
Authors: Bainter Jennifer J. , Boos Aline , Kroll Kristen L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the past decade, several molecules have been identified that influence neural cell fate in vertebrate embryos during gastrulation. The first neural inducers studied were proteins produced by dorsal mesoderm (the Spemann organizer); most of these proteins act by directly binding to and antagonizing the function of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Recent experiments have suggested that other secreted signals, such as Wnt and FGF, may neuralize ectoderm before organizer function by a different mechanism. Neural effector genes that mediate the response of ectoderm to secreted neuralizing signals have also been discovered. Interestingly, most of these newly identified neuralizing pathways continue the theme of BMP antagonism, but rather than antagonizing BMP protein function, they may neuralize tissue by suppressing Bmp expression. Down‐regulation of Bmp expression in the prospective neural plate during gastrulation seems to be a shared feature of neural induction in vertebrate embryos. However, the signals used to accomplish this task seem to vary among vertebrates. Here, we will discuss the role of the recently identified secreted signals and neural effector genes in vertebrate neurogenesis. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vascular regression is required for mesenchymal condensation and chondrogenesis in the developing limb
Authors: Yin Melinda , Pacifici Maurizio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVascular regression occurs during limb mesenchymal cell condensation and chondrogenesis, but it is unclear whether it is required for these processes or is a secondary phenomenon without major regulatory roles. To address this issue, beads presoaked with the potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were implanted in the vicinity of the prospective digit 2 in early chick embryo wing buds and the effects on angiogenesis and digit development were determined over time. We found that VEGF treatment caused a marked local increase in blood vessel number and density. Strikingly, this was accompanied by inhibition of digit 2 development as revealed by lack of expression of chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9 and absence of Alcian blue staining. Vascular distribution and skeletal development in adjacent areas remained largely unaffected. Inhibition of digit formation and excess vascularization were both reversible upon further embryonic growth and dissipation of VEGF activity. When supernumerary digits were induced at the anterior limb margin by retinoic acid treatment, their development was also preceded by vascular regression; interestingly, cotreatment with VEGF inhibited supernumerary digit development as well. Direct exposure of limb mesenchymal cells in micromass cultures to VEGF caused no obvious effects on condensation and chondrogenesis, indicating that VEGF effects are not due to direct action on skeletal cells. Our results are the first to provide evidence that vascular regression is required for mesenchymal condensation and chondrogenesis. A model of how patterning mechanisms and vascular regression may intersect and orchestrate limb skeletogenesis is proposed. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating disorder symptomatology is not associated with pregnancy and perinatal complications in a cohort of adolescents who were born preterm
Authors: Feingold Ellen , Sheir‐Neiss Geraldine , Melnychuk Jennifer , Bachrach Steven , Paul David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveWe attempt to resolve the question of whether pregnancy complications and perinatal trauma, including brain insults, in premature infants increase the susceptibility to eating disorder symptomatology during the adolescent years.MethodThis study uses a historical, prospective methodology to investigate the 84 members of a cohort of infants born prematurely (<33 weeks gestation) at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital during a 25‐month period, from 1979 to 1981. We extracted the following information from their neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) records: ultrasound examination findings (graded on intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH] and periventricular leukomalacia [PVL]), records of pregnancy complications and perinatal trauma, and medical problems during the NICU stay. This method eliminated recall bias, a problem with previous studies. We followed up the members of this cohort, obtaining data on 53 (63%). We correlated the NICU data with the following outcome measures: physical measurements and psychosocial, psychological, and eating disorder symptomatology data obtained by self‐report questionnaires. Pregnancy and perinatal complications were combined into one composite variable. We used the method of multiple discriminant function analysis to determine statistical significance between groups.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the low (0–2) and high (3–7) composite variable of pregnancy/perinatal complications and outcome variables.ConclusionsThese results indicate that traumatic episodes early in life, including brain insults, do not appear to increase the susceptibility of developing eating disorder symptomatology, depression, deficiency of self‐esteem, or distortion of body shape during late adolescence. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 202–209, 2002; DOI. 10.1002/eat.10021
Social anxiety as a barrier to treatment for eating disorders
Authors: Goodwin Renee D. , Fitzgibbon Marian L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of this pilot investigation is to determine the relationship between social anxiety and treatment‐ seeking behavior for eating disorders in an outpatient psychiatric clinic.MethodTwenty‐eight patients seeking treatment for anorexia or bulimia at an outpatient eating disorders clinic completed a battery of self‐report measures on eating pathology, attachment style and functioning, and social anxiety at initial intake appointment. Levels of eating pathology and social anxiety at consult were compared with service utilization records on entry into treatment.ResultsIndividuals who did not engage in treatment had significantly higher levels of social anxiety (F = 8.29, df = 1, p < .05) compared with those who did engage in treatment. There were no differences in demographic characteristics, diagnoses, or level of eating pathology at intake.ConclusionsSocial anxiety may act as a barrier to effective helpseeking and utilization of mental health treatment among individuals with eating disorders. Replication of these findings in a larger sample and more in‐depth study of the mechanism of the observed association between use of services and social anxiety may be useful in planning more effective outreach in the community to underserved populations in need of treatment for eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32:103–106, 2002.
Binge eating and other psychopathology in patients with type II diabetes mellitus
Authors: Crow Scott , Kendall David , Praus Barbara , Thuras Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveType II diabetes mellitus (DM), a common disease with many potential complications, is strongly associated with obesity. Alterations in food consumption can dramatically alter glucose control in individuals with Type II DM. Binge eating disorder (BED) is also closely associated with obesity. The nature of the relationship, if any, between Type II DM and BED is unclear.MethodsForty‐three individuals (23 females, 20 males) with Type II DM were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID‐I), the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and the Impact of Weight Scale. The most recent hemoglobin A1c level was recorded. Height and weight were also measured.ResultsEleven subjects (25.6%) were diagnosed with BED. Individuals with BED had higher body mass index (BMI) scores, higher TFEQ Disinhibition and Hunger scores, and higher scores on all Impact of Weight subscales (except eating) compared with those without BED. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels did not differ between the two groups (8.1% vs. 8.4%; p = 0.553).DiscussionRates of BED in subjects with Type II DM were substantial. Other types of psychopathology were also common. Although glycosylated hemoglobin levels were similar in patients with and without BED, the presence of BED was associated with greater obesity. Assessment for BED is an important aspect of the management of patients with Type II DM. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 222–226, 2001.
Is family‐based behavioral weight control appropriate for severe pediatric obesity?
Authors: Levine Michele D. , Ringham Rebecca M. , Kalarchian Melissa A. , Wisniewski Lucene , Marcus Marsha D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveAlthough the efficacy of family‐based behavioral treatment for moderate pediatric obesity has been well established, few studies have focused on the treatment of severe obesity. We sought to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility of a family‐based intervention for severely obese children.MethodTwenty‐four families with children aged 8–12 years who were ≥160% of their ideal body weight participated in a 10–12‐session behavioral intervention. Participants were weighed and their heights measured at the start of each treatment session and during a follow‐up visit 4–13 (M = 7.8) months posttreatment. Children also completed measures of depressive symptoms and anxiety at pretreatment, posttreatment, and follow‐up, and eating attitudes were assessed at pretreatment and follow‐up.ResultsOne third of the families did not complete treatment. However, children who completed the program lost a significant amount of weight and reported significant improvements in depression, anxiety, and eating attitudes that were maintained over time.DiscussionA short‐term, family‐based behavioral intervention was successful in moderating weight gain for most children and had positive effects on children's mood and eating disorder symptoms. Future randomized, controlled trials of longer interventions are necessary to determine the success of this approach. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 318–328, 2001.
A data channel reservation protocol for high‐speed processing in WDM single‐hop networks
Authors: Tamura Tomofumi , Takahara Mikio , Hanawa Masanori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn WDM single‐hop networks, a data channel reservation protocol to transmit variable‐sized messages efficiently has been proposed. Networks have some data channels and a control channel to assign a data channel in the protocol. A timeslot of the control channel consists of several minislots and a round‐trip propagation delay time between a node and the star coupler. Under the condition of long transmission distance or high bit rate, the round‐trip propagation delay time is longer than the minislot part in a timeslot and consequently the throughput characteristics are degraded. In this paper, we propose a protocol to transmit variable‐sized messages efficiently even under the above condition. In the proposed protocol, a permitted transmission timeslot (PTS) is set to transmit a control packet every (R + 1) timeslots, and a data channel is assigned to each transmitting node every (R + 1) timeslots where R is the propagation delay time normalized to the timeslot length. Then the performance of the proposed protocol is compared with that of the conventional one by computer simulation. The simulation results improved the throughput by about 30% at a message arrival rate of 0.4 message/timeslot/node and showed that the proposed protocol is useful under the above conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 13–19, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10013
Communication control mechanism to adapt the quality change of a communication channel
Authors: Taniguchi Hideo , Noguchi Yusuke , Nomura Yoshinari 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a communication control mechanism that can dynamically adapt to the quality changes of a communication channel. Specifically, we propose a communication control mechanism that adapts to the quality changes of the communication channel. To implement this mechanism, we model the communication flow and derive equations for the communication time and the optimum window size that minimizes the communication time. The problems of existing communication control protocols are explained, and a new communication control protocol that solves these problems is presented. Furthermore, to implement a communication control mechanism employing the optimum window size, we propose a simple equation for the optimum window size and demonstrate its effectiveness by evaluating the implementation of the communication control mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 1–12, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10015
Mobile communications higher‐order‐mode microstrip antennas for road vehicle communications
Authors: Kazama Yasuhiro , Morita Nagayoshi , Tokumaru Shinobu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCar antennas for road vehicle communications systems should be able to receive constantly the signals of beacon antennas at positions from just below the beacon antenna to a great distance along the road. In this paper, we restrict the discussion to the case of microstrip antennas and investigate what kind of patch shape is suitable for car antennas used in road vehicle communications systems. As a measure for evaluating the receiving power level, we define and use the “effective directivity,” which takes account of the distance between the beacon antenna and car antenna and the relative arrangement of both antennas. This effective directivity represents the effective received electric field intensity. We examine various patch shapes from the viewpoint that the desirable ones have constant effective directivity irrespective of car position. As a result, three types of simple‐structure higher‐order‐mode microstrip antennas are proposed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(11): 54–60, 2001
Multireflector offset antennas eliminating cross‐polarization component based on beam mode analysis
Authors: Furuno Takayoshi , Urasaki Shuji , Katagi Takashi , Ikuno Hiroyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents the general cross‐polarization elimination condition for multireflector offset antennas consisting of one primary horn and many reflectors. It clarifies that the derived condition is a frequency‐independent geometrical relationship. We apply this condition to an offset parabolic antenna, a dual reflector offset antenna, a trireflector offset antenna, and a four‐reflector offset antenna, and show that a trireflector offset antenna is consistent with the already derived relationship. Furthermore, the configurations for the reflector system obtained by applying this condition to a four‐reflector beam waveguide feed are shown, and the general broadband characteristic condition is derived, which is especially important for the broadband design.To determine the validity of the theory, a design example is presented for a beam waveguide feed satisfying the cross‐polarization elimination condition and the broadband characteristic condition, and minimizing the spillover loss within the structural restriction of using a four‐reflector beam waveguide feed. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(12): 1–12, 2001
Performance analysis of noncollision PRMA for data and voice traffic
Authors: Tadenuma Mioko , Arakawa Osamu , Sasase Iwao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn reservation radio packet transmission protocols, non‐collision packet reservation multiple access (NC‐PRMA) is known to be able to transmit packets without any collision and to attain higher throughput than packet reservation multiple access (PRMA). However, so far only NC‐PRMA in voice‐only traffic has been studied. In this paper we evaluate NC‐PRMA in integrated voice and data traffic. First, considering data terminals, we formulate an equilibrium point analysis by guaranteeing the number of slots for data packet transmission in one frame. The number is decided according to the number of terminals. Next, we evaluate the throughput and the voice packet dropping probability by theoretical analysis and computer simulation. It is shown that in integrated voice and data traffic NC‐PRMA attains better throughput and voice packet dropping probability than PRMA. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(12): 13–21, 2001
A theory of unwinding optic fiber's motion for fiberoptic data link bobbin
Authors: Akiyama Akira , Shibata Mitsuru , Araki Shinji , Ishii Hiromitsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, development of mobile communications facilities using fiberoptic data link bobbins have been carried out in which highly densely wound, extremely fine, high‐capacity, low‐loss optical fiber is unwound into free space over a long distance from a supersonic platform. In unwinding during high‐speed flight, air resistance, tension, friction, and inertia are applied suddenly to the ultrafine optical fiber. These forces jointly deform the winding shape of the optical fiber suddenly, with the result that transmission loss may be increased and the optical fiber may be broken. For the development of fiberoptic data link bobbins with ultrafine optical fiber, an analysis of the unwinding motion of the optical fiber, systematically taking account of the forces acting on the fiber, is indispensable. In this paper, a spatial unwinding theory is derived that can handle the dynamic behavior of the optical fiber as the basis for design and fabrication of fiberoptic data link bobbins that unwind optical fiber into the air. The solution method and a numerical simulation are compared with the results of an underwater unwinding test, simulating the Reynolds similarity rule with a high‐speed unwinding bobbin fabricated for test. It is shown that the present theory can effectively analyze the unwinding behavior of the optical fiber when a high‐speed unwinding bobbin is used. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(3): 61–73, 2002
Least‐mean‐squares design of filters controlling subband coefficient powers with applications to image coding
Authors: Ito Hiroshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn image coding, the relationship between the coding rate and distortion depends on the input image. In coding that decomposes a signal into multiple frequency bands (subbands) as in the DCT and the wavelet transform, the power distribution of the decomposed signal (subband coefficients) is the primary factor that determines the rate‐distortion characteristics. In this paper, we propose a design method for prefilters that controls the powers of the subband coefficients. This design method assigns a target gain for the prefilter to each subband and determines the filter coefficients by least mean squares estimation. The input signal is used in the least mean squares calculation. Thus, if this filter is used in the stage prior to coding, the target rate distortion characteristics adapted to the input signal can be more faithfully achieved. By smoothly assigning the target gains to adjacent subbands, this prefilter can accurately achieve the target gains even for a low‐order analysis filter as in DCT. In addition, computer simulations demonstrated satisfactory performance when applied to image coding. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(5): 11–24, 2002
Timing and frequency‐based channel segregation of base stations for high‐speed wireless access systems
Authors: Iwatani Junichi , Okada Takashi , Aikawa Satoru , Matsue Hideaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method is proposed to segregate channels used by each base station in both time and frequency in the case of a high‐speed wireless access system. By means of this method, many base stations can be established in a high‐speed wireless access system in which the number of frequency channels is reduced as the bandwidth per wave becomes wider. Further, the frequency‐use efficiency is improved in the entire system. In this paper, the timing and frequency‐based channel segregation method is proposed. The base station channel segregation algorithm in which this method is applied to a specific system is presented. By means of computer simulation, the possibility of achieving base station segregation is evaluated. It is shown that the proposed method is effective in a high‐speed wireless access system. Experiments using test apparatus show the correct operation of the system. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(6): 64–74, 2002
Uplink polarization diversity measurement with human body effect at 900 MHz
Authors: Nakano Masayuki , Satoh Toshio , Arai Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of experiments were conducted on the uplink diversity characteristics for a mobile communication system using the random field method. In contrast to past belief, it was found that polarization diversity systems are much more effective than space diversity systems for mobile communications. This is due to the orientation of mobile antennas that are tilted about 60° from the zenith in normal conversation state and by the horizontal polarization component that is generated by the human body and mobile phone casing.In addition to the above, a comparison of antenna radiating elements was also made— vertical/horizontal versus 45° crossed dipoles— on the diversity effect of the receiving system at the base station. It was found that the 45° crossed dipoles were slightly more effective than the vertical/horizontal elements in the case of line‐of‐sight coverage, but for out‐of‐sight coverage, the difference was not significant. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(7): 32–44, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1109
Studies on design of optical receiver for TCM/TDMA passive double star systems
Authors: Tamaki Norio , Miki Noriki , Kumozaki Kiyomi , Watanabe Ryuichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to transmit the communication services presently provided over an optical access network, a design of the optical transmission system of TCM/TDMA‐PDS (Time Compression Multiplexing/Time Division Multiple Access‐Passive Double Star) type is described. The gain control and timing extraction needed for TCM/TDMA transmission are clarified. It is shown that a transmission frame with a preamble is effective for these requirements. Further, design of the present frame is described. A design example of 49.152 Mbs TCM/TDMA‐PDS system and the measured results are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(7): 61–70, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1112
Analysis of tracking errors by direct observation of C/A code waveforms in GPS
Authors: Tachita Ryobun , Tsuchiya Manabu , Sasaki Masahiro , Ishigaki Toshihiro , Yasuda Akio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDelay Lock Loops (DLLs) are often used in code tracking in GPS receivers. The delay lock loop can reduce the code tracking errors produced by the multipath by decreasing the time difference in the reconstructed code being compared. Then, the bandwidth of the receiver is much wider than the chip rate of the code. In this paper, we propose a GPS receiver capable of measuring the code waveforms of satellite signals and use this prototype receiver to analyze the effects that the receive bandwidth has on the tracking error. We also propose a code tracking scheme called the Sampled Code Edge Lock Loop (SCELL) that implements this function. We then show that a method for analyzing the relationship between the receive bandwidth of the measured code waveform and the code tracking error caused by multipath, and the SCELL can suppress the errors in the code tracking caused by multipath. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(9): 42–50, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1124