bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecologic inference
Authors: Thomas Duncan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in the previous chapter, most exposures studied in environmental epidemiology are geographically distributed and hence spatially correlated. Although the ideal would be to evaluate exposure individually (exploiting or adjusting for the spatial structure of the data as needed) this is not always feasible. Frequently exposure can only be assigned at some group level—by place of residence, job title, or other groupings. In such situations, most of the information about exposure–disease associations may come from comparisons between groups rather than between individuals.
Introduction
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I sometimes think we could try to codify the laws that govern the complexities of Yeats’s poetry.’ I came across this comment by Richard Ellmann in his essay ‘Yeats without Analogue’ well after embarking on Yeats’s Poetic Codes, having already chosen its title. While my book is experimental and exploratory and therefore attempts nothing so comprehensive as a codification of laws, it has been undertaken in the spirit of his remark. Ellman in 1964 was one of the leading figures in the first generation of Yeats scholarship.
Dates
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text of ‘Easter 1916’ begins and ends with a date. The title names as the poem’s subject the transformative event of modern Irish history. It is the response of the national poet W. B. Yeats to the Rising, as it emerges into historical significance for his country. The date at the foot of the poem, September 25, 1916, simultaneously provides a perspective on the time of its composition. It has been written in the year of the event itself, but not in immediate reaction; this commemorative poem is a considered meditation on the Rising, taking months to complete.
Tense and Mood
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Adams cites these lines as an example of what he calls the ‘masks of syntax’ in Yeats, linguistic constructions that are undecidably am- biguous.1 For most of his book he concentrates on phrases and subordinate clauses that jump two ways, masquerading as one syntactical pattern while behaving like another—hence masks of syntax. His final chapter, however, is devoted to the ‘grammar of time’, the forms of grammatical tense, as with ‘recede’ here in the opening of ‘Byzantium’. He points to the fact that English normally uses the progressive form of the verb to convey a definite action simultaneous with the moment of speaking—’are receding’—as against the simple present form ‘recede’, which is normally reserved for indefinite actions that do not happen on just one occasion: ‘every night the unpurged images recede’.
Introduction
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The delivery of public social services in Britain over the last twenty years—and particularly in the 1990s—has been marked by a retreat from the ‘command economy’ of welfare under which elected or appointed bodies were directly responsible for welfare delivery. This is not just a question of ‘privatization’, although that has also occurred in different degrees and ways across most welfare services apart from non-pension social security (see Burchardt et al. 1999, for a detailed discussion). The reforms have a]so involved greater devolution of budgets to lower level units within the public sector and in some cases the creation of ‘quasi-markets’ in which what remain public providers compete with each other (Bartlett and Le Grand 1993; Bartlett et al. 1998; Glennerster 1996). In all these cases, central government retains its responsibility for providing the ultimate funding, but is no longer directly in control of those running and providing the service involved.
A Runaway Train? Housing Associations
Authors: Glennerster Howard , Hills John , Travers Tony , Hendry Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the views of those in the housing association (or registered social landlord, RSL) sector about their funding system, paralleling the discussion of local authority funding in Chapter 10, and broken down between topics as shown in Table 10.1.
Central Housing Corporation officials were clear that the equity aims of the system were not to be seen in terms of distribution between intermediaries, but between their tenants: ‘The concern is not over an equitable distribution between RSLs, but over housing outcomes’ (HC). By contrast, some regional offices—predominantly concerned with the capital allocations side of the business (discussed below) —saw things differently:
Fairness in a political sense is presumably happiness for the greatest number of providers. (HCROl)
Not interested in equity between RSLs is the corporation’s public line, but there is an undeclared eye kept on the process to ensure that competition between RSLs is kept high. (HCR02)
Globalization and Integrated Area Development in European Cities
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book the author seeks to rebut the somewhat fatalistic argument that socio-economic prosperity in the cities can only be achieved by the application of global market-led policies. He argues that urban society and policy makers do have sufficient freedom of action to make local decisions on the economic and social development of deprived neighbourhoods. Drawing on evidence from six major European cities, he demonstrates that their 'Integrated Area Development' strategies, which rely on grassroots democracy and the empowerment of local communities, can deliver a social, economic, and cultural renaissance which meets the needs of the local population more effectively than the market-forces creed.
Theory and Measurement of Party Policy Positions
Authors: Budge Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have reviewed the results of coding party election programmes, and the various ways estimates have been applied. As we have pointed out however documents do not speak for themselves, at least if one wants to summarize them statistically as we have done. Assumptions have to be made about what is important in the text and what can be left out. These, if traced far enough back, turn out to involve a whole theory of party competition about what we think are the major aims of the party strategists writing these programmes and how they seek to effect them.
Cultivated Landscapes of Middle America on the Eve of Conquest
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human-environment conditions in the Americas on the eve of the sixteenth-century European conquest have of late attracted growing interest in both academic and public circles. Focusing on Middle America, this book completes a trilogy which has made the most comprehensive survey ever achieved of pre-Colombian agriculture and culture throughout the continents. It addresses the question of what lands were permanently occupied; how they were used; and what the environmental and social implications of this use were. The answers to these questions are central to such wide-ranging themes as indigenous land rights, the conservation and preservation 'ethic' of these native people, and the global carbon cycle. The kind, scale, and location of land use is documented and mapped in detail. The book not only demonstrates the sophistication of the agricultural landscapes and their local integration, but also investigates the omissions and land degradation of the native agriculturalists. Drawing on this wealth of data the authors make a stimulating contribution to the debate about resource, land, and population in the Americas.
Rainfed Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rainfed cultivation is the most pervasive in areal expanse and the source of most production in the majority of the regions of the world, now and in the past. Pre-Hispanic Middle America was no exception (Palerm 1955, 1962; Price 1971; Sanders, Parsons, and Santley 1979). Despite recognition of their importance, rainfed systems fail to draw the amount of scholarly attention paid to irrigation and wetland cultivation in studies of the pre-Hispanic Americas. This apparent paradox fo11ows partly from the absence of substantia landscape imprints left by many rained systems, thus precluding detailed documentation.
Terrace Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of Middle America is marked by rugged terrain, and at contact, especia11y in Mesoamerica, the mountain and basin-va11ey lands teemed with occupance. Indeed, the Nahuatl (central Mexico) word for hill, tepetl, is the same as that used for community (Donkin 1979: 26). Throughout the high lands, river vaUeys tended to be narrow and interior drained basins suffered from poorly drained and frost-prone conditions due to cold air drainage.
Wetland Cultivation
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the forms of Amerindian cultivation, none were more elaborate, productive, or foreign to the Spaniards than those found in the wetlands terrain permanently or seasonally inundated by surface or near-surface water.1 Middle America, particularly the mainland, possesses a wide range of wetlands and by the fifteenth century Amerindians had developed a long and elaborate history of use of many of them, as did their brethren from the upper Mississippi watershed into the southern Andes (Denevan 1970; 1982; Turner and Denevan 1985). The Spaniards undoubtedly encountered various kinds of wetland cultivation once they penetrated the Gulf Coast region of Mesoamerica. Interpretations of a sparse archaeological record and inferences drawn from Spanish reports, such as that on the battle of Cintla above, suggest this encounter.
Europe
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemic emergence of poliomyelitis in Europe between 1881 and 1920 forms the theme of this chapter. As we have seen, the endemic phase of the disease extended from antiquity to the nineteenth century AD. It was associated with sporadic and low-level occurrence of clinical sickness. This phase was superseded by the epidemic phase of the disease which continued into the middle of the twentieth century and was associated with the emergence of poliomyelitis outbreaks of ever-increasing magnitude and geographical extent. In the epidemic phase, the first region seriously affected was Scandinavia from the early 1880s, before Europe succumbed more generally. We begin in Section 4.2 by considering the causes of the transition from endemic to epidemic disease. Although case studies from a number of countries are discussed, particular attention is paid to Scandinavia (Sect. 4.3) and England and Wales (Sect. 4.4).
Preface
Authors: Ellis Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume aims to document the many ways in which medieval English literary culture, from its beginning in 597, when St Augustine arrived in Kent, to its ending in the sixteenth century, is the result of translation. (‘English’ properly includes the different varieties of English written throughout the British Isles, especially Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, though only Scots English features significantly here.) The cut-off point of 1550 is, to a degree, arbitrary: translators like Douglas, Wyatt, Surrey, Tyndale, and Coverdale, all discussed in this volume, and all working before 1550, have good claims to be considered in the Renaissance context of Volume 2 of the History. Some overlap in the treatment of such figures is therefore almost inevitable; as far as possible, it has been avoided.
The Developing Corpus of Literary Translation
Authors: Gillespie Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This transitional chapter stands between the accounts of the literary translating ‘scene ‘ in Chapters 1–3 and detailed discussion of the resulting translations from the major world literatures, ancient and modern, in Chapters 5–9. Its two main functions are, first, to provide an analysis of activity over the period, seen in its full breadth; second, to offer a brief account of translations from those world literatures not figuring in the following chapters. It begins with some comparative perspectives, then surveys the two most extensive territories involved in this period: translation from the French, and from classical Greek and Latin.
Post-Classical Latin Literature
Authors: Cummings Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This necessarily imperfect survey of translations from Latin works of the 1,000 years following the fall of the Western Empire is arranged around prominent and mainly predictable categories of writing rather than by stages in a motivated history: one of the few safe generalizations about translation from medieval and modern Latin in the period 1660–1790 is that it did not proceed programmatically. In the first years of the Restoration, works on physics, chemistry, classical and oriental philology, theology, and history were routinely published in Latin. When addressing a continental readership on matters of intellectual interest, Latin was mandatory.
Greek and Latin Literature
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the second half of the eighteenth century, there were signs that the dominant position which classics had maintained in British culture since the Renaissance was declining. Protests about the uselessness of teaching Latin in secondary schools became vigorous (Stray 1998: 21; Waquet 2001: 26). But the opposite happened, and in the nineteenth century classics experienced a large revival. This is peculiar, and the process by which Latin regained its status and Greek gained a new prominence, in the midst of large social and economic changes, is complex.
Literatures of Medieval and Modern Europe
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century the great majority of translations were from the classical languages and from the modern Romance languages, above all French. While these continued to bulk large, the period covered by the present volume saw an increasing interest in the other literatures of Europe, from modern literature to the writings of the Middle Ages and the folk literature of countries from Portugal to Serbia.
Eastern Literatures
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century British Orientalism was distinguished by an increasingly nuanced knowledge of the Orient and the expansion of curiosity into areas outside biblical and classical studies. The Orient, which in previous centuries primarily meant the home of the ‘other’ to the Christians, had been a landscape of fuzzy contours that might stretch all the way from Morocco to China; knowledge of the Orient and Orientals had come mainly from sources written in Latin or other European languages, and the majority of English translations of Oriental works were from other European languages.
Philosophy, History, and Travel Writing
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The translation of non-fiction (a category invented in the nineteenth century and developed for the use of libraries) is represented in this chapter by philosophy, history, biography, political and social criticism, and the literature of travel and exploration, the last being a capacious genre, combining science with historical and philosophical reflections. Such works accounted for more than a third of the published translations in the years examined in Chapter 4, above, and they include several popular and critical successes, such as the several histories by Guizot or Humboldt’s Cosmos. The discussion of classical philosophy in this first section, emphasizing the influence of ideas, is meant to complement the discussion in Chapter 5, which treats classical works as literature; Lucretius is discussed in both places.
The Poetics of Psychoanalysis
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Poetics of Psychoanalysis: In the Wake of Klein explores the literary aspects of the twentieth-century psychoanalytic tradition that has come to be known as British Object Relations psychoanalysis. Focusing on Melanie Klein‘s legacy to psychoanalysis between the 1930s and 1970s, it deals with major figures such as Riviere, Isaacs, Winnicott, Milner, and Bion, as well as Klein's contemporary, Ella Sharpe. Mary Jacobus breaks new ground by giving a central place to the literary and aesthetic concerns of the British Object Relations tradition. Paying close attention to writing that is often side-lined by literary critics and theorists, she makes fruitful connections with particular works of literature and art, along with pressing contemporary issues. The three sections focus on the transitions, mediations, and transformations that took place in British Object Relations psychoanalysis as Klein's ideas were developed and transformed. Situating Kleinian thought in relation to later developments and differences, while making it accessible to non-psychoanalytic readers, The Poetics of Psychoanalysis argues against the separation of British and continental traditions and for the continuing links between psychoanalysis and aesthetics. Rather than applying psychoanalytic ideas to literature and aesthetics, the book traces the British Object Relations tradition as a form of proto-modernist discourse in its own right. Linked by a common thread of ideas and structured to reflect a roughly chronological trajectory, individual chapters can also be read as free-standing critical essays. Aimed at literary readers, this book will also be of interest to psychoanalytic practitioners and cultural theorists.
Body Poetics: Ella Sharpe
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the medium of dream-analysis? And what is the ‘stuff ‘ of dreams? One answer, at least since Freud ‘s Interpretation of Dreams, would be metaphor. But there are others. For D. W. Winnicott, it might be a holding medium, like oil, which helps the wheels of the dream to go round; for Wilfred Bion, alpha-function, making raw sensations and perceptions available for dreaming; or for Andre Green, negative states trying to accede to symbolization.2 Formulations such as these-whether visceral or highly abstract-offer ways to imagine the always.
Magical Arts: The Poetics of Play
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there such a thing as ‘art for art ‘s sake ‘? Freud evidently thought not; for him, art always had a psychic function. Freud ‘s comparison between magicians and artists has its parallel in the long-recognized link between magic and play. But here, too, from a psychoanalytic perspective, play seems never to be play for play ‘s sake. To take an obvious example: Melanie Klein ‘s ‘The Psycho-analytic Play-Technique: Its History and Significance ‘ (1955) looks back at her early work with children during the 1920s and relates how she first made use of a collection of small toys.
Communicating and Not Communicating: Wordsworth and Winnicott
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it was pointed out to Winnicott that his view of the relations between infants and their mothers resembled Wordsworth ‘s in The Prelude, Winnicott replied cheerfully: ‘He seems to have read my books! ‘2 The comparison with Wordsworth has become a staple of Winnicottian approaches to literary criticism, as if their distinctive visions and idiolects are reassuringly mirrored in each other. But reading these two Cambridge-educated writers together-one a Romantic poet, the other a twentieth-century psychoanalyst-often produces an uncanny sense of reversed priority across the two hundred years that separate them.
Palinurus and the Tank: Bion ‘s War
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unexpected feature linking psychoanalysis, military assault vehicles, and thinking is that all three elicit the idea of a container. To take tanks first, the lumbering prototype of the First World War was affectionately (or ironically) known as ‘Mother ‘ when it was first developed during 1915-16 (Figure 13).2 The term ‘tank ‘ emerged as a catchy shorthand-competing with ‘container’, ‘receptacle’, ‘reservoir’, or ‘cistern’ -designed to conceal the existence of a secret weapon.
Prometheus on the Couch: The Language of Terror
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terror today can hardly be thought about separately from the threat of terrorist acts and the war on terror. But terror has long been recognized as a war of words as well as a form of psychological warfare. In an essay published in the year of his death, Wilfred Bion wrote: ‘In war the enemy ‘s object is so to terrify you that you cannot think clearly, while your object is to continue to think clearly no matter how adverse or frightening the situation. ‘4 For Bion, ‘thinking ‘ means retaining vital contact with an unwelcome reality-not just the bombardment that he had experienced during the First World War but states of nameless psychic dread, along with the proto-mental processes of the primordial mind.
Religious Change, 1550–1800¹
Authors: ‘Connor Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The press was an integral part of the religious revival that swept through early modern Ireland but the different doctrinal, political, and pastoral priorities that separated the reforming agencies, Catholic and Protestant, ensured that the book functioned in confessionally distinctive ways. For reforming Catholics, the encounter with God took place primarily through the sacraments, administered, in Latin, by a trained priest.² Here the potential of the press lay in modernizing the inherited devotional system, largely by providing the clergy with catechetical and homeletical material and supplying the laity with works of piety. For reforming Protestants, on the other hand, God was encountered in the Scriptures, a fact that tied the success of their mission to the provision of the vernacular Bible and form of service.
Political Publishing, 1700–1800
Authors: Kelly James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ireland ‘s ‘print culture ‘ expanded at an accelerated pace in the eighteenth century. This was possible because the foundations previously laid proved enduring, but it could not have taken place in the absence of technological development, improvements in the level of literacy, enhanced systems of distribution, and greater political awareness and ‘self-consciousness ‘.¹ The relaxation of the King ‘s Printer monopoly was also significant, though this did not confer the right to freedom of expression. The parameters of permissible print were defined by what the dominant Protestant interest was prepared to allow, but since their anglophone public sphere grew in the course of the eighteenth century, it left considerable scope for the presentation and exchange of political opinions.
Historical Writing, 1750–1800
Authors: Rankin Deana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday 1 May 1792, the library of the late Denis Daly, independent member of Parliament for County Galway, advisor and friend to Henry Grattan, and classical scholar, fell under the hammer in Dublin. The auction, handled by James Vallance, was publicized by an extensive, finely produced catalogue, printed by the Dublin bookseller and printer John Archer, who had joined with his colleague, William Jones, to purchase the library from the Daly family and offer it for public sale. Running to 152 pages, listing 1,441 items organized according to subject and size, Archer ‘s publication was rather more than a sales catalogue, for it also voiced a very personal appeal. In a preface steeped in the vocabulary of eighteenth-century discernment, praising ‘[t]he taste, the learning, and the liberality which the late Right Hon.