bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theorizing in London, 1836–1842
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After visiting Cambridge to consult Henslow about experts to describe his Beagle specimens, and calling on his Wedgwood relatives in Staffordshire, Darwin stayed with his brother in London for a few weeks. During the five-year voyage the whigs had established a new work- house regime for the losers in a Malthusian competitive economy. Erasmus Darwin was intimate with the poor-law propagandist Harriet Martineau, which put him at the heart of the Whig machine, and Darwin’s cousin Hensleigh Wedgwood, whose wedding to Frances Mackintosh had been attended by Thomas Robert Malthus’s daughter as a bridesmaid, completed the two brothers’ dining circle.
Botany and belief, 1861–1882
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the controversy over the Origin of Species Darwin increasingly turned to botanical observations. He had always considered plants as important to his theories as animals: many of the arguments for adaptation, variation, and descent in the Origin hinged on his early botanical work, particularly in plant geography. He was a regular contributor to Gardeners’ Chronicle and sent papers on botanical topics to the Linnean Society of London. After publishing the Origin he carried out a wide range of investigations into the living processes of plants and their adaptations.
Court and country
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Elizabeth who has become almost a historical cliché has been romanticized as a kind of queen bee at the centre of a hive populated by glittering and competing favourites. Distinctions have been drawn between on the one hand ‘mere’ favourites, decorative players like, above all, Leicester, Sir Christopher Hatton, who was thought to have made it to the high office of lord chancellor by his performance on the dance floor, and Sir Walter Ralegh, and, on the other, workaholic politicians, more soberly dressed, such as Burghley and Walsingham.
A restless tactician
Authors: Parry Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Conservative Party split elevated Disraeli to the front opposition bench in 1847. This completed a change of parliamentary image: colourful attire had by now given way to the black frock coat (sometimes blue in summer), grey trousers, plush waistcoat, and sober neckerchief which was to be his Commons uniform for the next thirty years. He worked hard on his oratory, mugging up blue books and spending all day memorizing figures so that his mastery of them in debate could seem as spontaneous as Peel’s.
Disraeli’s second premiership, 1874–1880
Authors: Parry Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite Liberal weaknesses, at the beginning of 1874 there was little reason to expect a rapid return to power. In fact, Disraeli was prime minister again before the beginning of the session, owing to Gladstone’s unexpected dissolution and decisive defeat at the election. The Conservatives had over 350 seats. Disraeli took office on 18ruary. At last he had achieved his great ambition, power with a majority—something that had seemed impossible for most of his life.
Can We Trust Our Intuitions?
Authors: Kahneman Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daniel Kahneman is the world’s pre-eminent investigator of the ways in which the limits of our cognitive abilities shape our judgements. Since the late 1960s, his work, much of which was carried out in close collaboration with the late Amos Tversky (1937 –1996), has focused on our intuitive judgements. One of Kahneman and Tversky’s favoured methods of studying such judgements involves asking subjects relatively simple questions about cases.
Introduction
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are some fifty ethnic groups in China, the largest of which is Han, with over 90 per cent of the total population. The native language of the Han people is called Hanyu ‘ the Han Language’ or Zhongwen ‘ Language of China’ . The broader sense of the English word Chinese refers to anyone from China. The narrower sense of the word refers to the Han people or their native language. There are over 1,000 million native speakers of Chinese (including some non-Han groups such as Hui and Man), who make up about a fifth of the world’ s population today. In this regard, Chinese is the largest language in the world.
The Syllable
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syllable boundaries in Chinese are mostly unambiguous, regardless of the dialect. The majority of Chinese words are monosyllabic. The maximal size of a syllable in SC is either CGVV or CGVC, where C is a consonant, G a glide, and VV either a long vowel or a diphthong. I refer to such syllables as CGVX, where CG is realized as a complex sound CG (see below). In polysyllabic words, which are often foreign names, syllable boundaries are also unambiguous. In particular, the durational patterns and allophonic changes provide cues for word-medial syllable boundaries. Some examples in SC are shown in (1).
Tone: Basic Properties
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In producing voiced sounds, the vocal cords will vibrate to open and close the airflow in quick succession. The rate of the vibration is called the fundamental frequency, or F0. Pitch is the perceived height of F0; a higher F0 will be heard as a higher pitch. However, F0 does not correspond to pitch proportionally. For example, when the F0 value doubles, the pitch is not twice as high. Having said this, we will not be concerned with the difference between F0 and pitch. All languages use pitch for various linguistic purposes such as intonation. When pitch is used to distinguish words, it is called tone.
Connected Speech and Other Dialects
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss some sound changes in connected speech, major phonological processes in other Chinese dialects, and Taiwanese accented SC. I use connected speech to refer to speech that occurs at natural speed, such as spontaneous conversations or narratives. This section is not meant to be a detailed review or analysis of connected speech; its purpose is to show the kind of changes that occur by listing some examples, transcribed in phonetic symbols. Tones are marked when relevant (see Chapter 10 for representation of tone). Vowel length is not always indicated.
Who Represents Us Best? One Member or Many?
Authors: Curtice John , Shively W Phillips 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one issue which tends to dominate the debate about legislative electoral systems. It centres on the relative merits of “fairness” versus an electoral outcome which produces a clear winner. Advocates of proportional representation argue that the allocation of seats for each party in a legislative body should be as proportional as possible to the votes that they win. This, they argue, ensures that the diversity of views of the electorate is faithfully and fairly reflected in the composition of the legislature.
Introduction—Roma, recepta: a topography of the imagination*
Authors: Larmour David H J , Spencer Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exaudi, regina tui pulcherrima mundi, inter sidereos, Roma, recepta polos; exaudi, genetrix hominum genetrixque deorum, non procul a caelo per tua templa sumus: te canimus semperque, sinent dum fata, canemus, sospes nemo potest immemor esse tui. [...] urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat. Listen, Queen, who is the fairest in your world, amidst the starry skies Rome is made welcome; listen, mother of men and mother of gods, we are not so far from heaven on account of your temples: it is you whom we celebrate in song and shall, while fate allows, forever celebrate; no-one can be safe who is forgetful of you . . . you have made a city out of what was formerly the whole world. Rutilius Namatianus, De reditu suo 1.47–52, 66 The subject of this volume is the topography of Rome in its broadest sense, as a persistent present in the time, space, and memory of Western consciousness. Why Rome? Since the Italian Renaissance, Rome has occupied and engaged the Western imagination in a manner unparalleled by any other city, but even in the classical * We would like to thank OUP’s readers, in particular, for their advice and suggestions, and Gideon Nisbet for critiques of successive drafts.
The sites and sights of Rome in Fellini’s Wlms: ‘not a human habitation but a psychical entity’*
Authors: Theodorakopoulos Elena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The site of Fellini’s Rome is, mostly, studio 5 at Cinecitta`—just as its sight is, mostly, Fellini’s. Even the Colosseum and the jammed autostradawhich surrounds it in Roma(1972) are sets created for Fellini—so are the Baths of Caracalla, the Via Veneto, and, even, the dome of St Peter’s in La Dolce Vita(1960). In Fellini Satyricon(1969), classical Rome is mostly absent, or else unrecognizable. In this sense, Fellini’s Rome is artiWcial and constructed—it is also spectacular, and dream-like. It is Xooded with memories, both personal and collective. It is diYcult to Wnd cohesive routes and vistas through it—and it is diYcult to distinguish past, present, and future—let alone fact and Wction. Ruin and decay permeate it as much as energy and vitality. It is impossible to categorize generically: the Satyriconis history and science Wction, Romais documentary and Wction, La Dolce Vitais narrative and non-narrative. Rome is both home and exile (in Satyricon), maternal and sexual (in Roma), welcoming and alienating (in La Dolce Vita). Like many of the sites and sights discussed in this volume, Fellini’s cinematic Rome is a city of the imagination, in which past and * I owe thanks to Diana Spencer and David Larmour, and to OUP’s reader, for their generous and insightful comments on the Wrst draft of this piece, and to Susanna Binelli for helping me with translating Italian.
Rising from obscurity, 1599–1642
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Cromwell fortune and name derived from Cromwell’s great-grandfather, Morgan Williams, a Welshman from Glamorgan who had settled in Putney as an innkeeper and brewer and who had had the good fortune to marry the elder sister of Henry VIII’s great minister Thomas Cromwell before the latter’s rise to greatness. Williams and his son Richard were beneflciaries of this relationship and received enough conflscated church lands to become one ofthe most prominent families in Huntingdonshire.
Introduction
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do-unto-others-as-you-would-have-them-do-unto-you. Some variant of this ‘Golden Rule’ is basic to our society. Yet in the commercial world people do the best they can for themselves, in war soldiers kill, politicians distort the truth to please the electorate, and barristers defend individuals whom they believe to be guilty or prosecute ones they believe to be innocent. Seen from the standpoint of everyday morality, they are breaking the Golden Rule, yet not only does the businessman, soldier, politician, or barrister believe him- or herself to be doing the right thing but, to different degrees, their behaviour is accepted by others.
Exchange and Reciprocity
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Personal relationships provided the context in which moral precepts emerged, for the integrity of a small group depends on the relationships between its members. This chapter considers some aspects of how personal relationships work, and has two sections. The first introduces perhaps the most important factor in the day-to-day conduct of personal relationships—reciprocal exchange. Related to that, many human values ensure that personal relationships run smoothly, and have presumably been selected, biologically or culturally, to that end.
Ethics and the Physical Sciences
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next are concerned with ethical problems that arise in the physical and medical sciences. The physical sciences are discussed first because ethical problems there have become acute only relatively recently, and there is as yet no clear plan on how they should be met. Ethical problems in the practice of medicine and in medical research are well recognized, and there are methods for dealing with them—though the rapid advances in medical and biological sciences are bringing new and even more acute problems. Later chapters deal with contexts in which the problems have long been with us, but those involved, or the community, have devised methods to reduce the tension that they would otherwise generate.
Ethics and War
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preamble to the United Nations Charter states:
We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind
There can be no question that, if we remember our humanity, war is wrong in principle and nearly always wrong in practice. It involves inflicting, or trying to inflict, harm to others that one would not like to have done to oneself. While war may strengthen bonds within the in-group, it contravenes the principle of prosocial reciprocity so far as the out-group is concerned.
The Cartesian Legacy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does our present worldview owe to Descartes? Routine genuflections to the ‘father of modem philosophy’ do not help one bit to answer this question. It is true that nearly all philosophy students still cut their teeth on the Meditations; further, that its author’s place in the historical canon of great philosophers is unassailable. But despite Descartes’s prominence on the reading lists, if we look at the way philosophy is actually practised in our own day, it seems undeniable that the ruling conception of the philosophical enterprise is, and has been for some time, a powerfully anti-Cartesian one.
‘The only sure sign...’ Thought and Language in Descartes
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some people like to think that the modern discipline of philosophy has little if anything to learn from the history of the subject, but in reality the philosophical enquiries of each generation always take shape against the background of an implicit dialogue with the actual or imagined ideas of past thinkers. Many of our current debates on the relationship between thought and language bear the imprint of what the ‘father of modern philosophy’ said, or is supposed to have said.
Redistribution in Australia: The Importance of One Vote, One Value
Authors: Medew Rod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Members of the Australian House of Representatives are elected from singlemember electoral districts referred to as electorates. Population shifts over time affect the populations of the electorates, and substantial variations must be rectified periodically by redistribution. This chapter will describe the redistribution process in Australia: what triggers a redistribution, which entity is responsible for carrying it out, and what criteria must be taken into account by those tasked with redrawing electorate boundaries.
Redistricting in France under Changing Electoral Rules
Authors: Balinski Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
France has undoubtedly used more electoral systems for electing its national representatives than any other modern democracy: Since 1789, one system survived 30 consecutive years (1889–1919), one 27 years (1958–85), another 18 years (1852–70), still another 17 years (1831–48). With the exception of the present system—adopted in 1986 to elect 577 “députés”—all other systems have had shorter lives. France also elects a President, 346 senators (as of 2010), 78 members of the European Parliament, some 4,000 cantonal representatives, and about 2,000 regional representatives (in 26 separate regions) using a wide variety of different systems. In the words of Charles de Gaulle, “We have experimented—we, the French—with all possible electoral systems.”
Delimiting Electoral Boundaries in Post-Conflict Settings
Authors: Handley Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizing elections and delimiting electoral boundaries in a post conflict setting is very different from drawing constituencies and conducting elections under normal conditions. Although the situation varies by country, most post conflict societies lack the legal framework, the institutional infrastructure, the financial and technological resources, and often even the political will to engage in democratic elections and embark on the requisite tasks to bring these elections to fruition. Furthermore, competitive elections—and a contentious delimitation process—may actually exacerbate the deep divisions already present among former combatant parties.
Beginning Again
Authors: Huggan Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few pursuits less fashionable yet more contentious than literary history. What is this outdated discipline that continues, in spite of itself, to be so up-to-date? And if literary history is seen, as it often is, as being an ‘anachronistic reflex’ (Pierce 1988: 88), then why is so much fuss being made about it, in Australia and elsewhere? One possible answer is that the current debates surrounding literary history are closely linked with those centring on the figure of the nation. If the nation can loosely be defined as a shared symbolic space invested with collective memories (Featherstone 1996: 53), then literary history charts that space, attempting to give it meaningful shape. Literary histories, it need hardly be said, are not intrinsically nationalistic; but they are national narratives of a kind, textual constructions of the nation: they are part, that is, of the negotiable field of meanings, signs, and symbols that is associated with national culture, national identity, national life (Bhabha 1990: 3).
The Archaeologist as Shaman: the Sensory National Archaeology of Manolis Andronikos
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of this chapter starts exactly where that of the last chapter finished: at the ashes of Smyrna, in Asia Minor in 1922. Among the thousands who left was a 3-year-old with his parents, who eventually settled in Thessaloniki. My own point of entry in this story, however, will be in a Thessaloniki church, Agia Sophia, 70 years later. 1 April 1992. A funeral. But not any funeral. A funeral for which the prime minister of the country, along with four senior ministers, Xew in from Athens. A funeral for which the national Xags were raised at halfmast all over Thessaloniki. A funeral for which thousands of people have been Xocking to the church since 11 o’clock in the morning. The honoured dead is not a prominent statesman, a famous literary author, or poet.
Political Developments 1830–1852
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The government formed by Earl Grey1 after the fall of the Tories in 1830 was responsible for some of the most important reforms within the period covered by this book. At first sight this might not appear a likely development. The Tories had carried notable reforms, such as Catholic emancipation, and the new Cabinet scarcely wore a radical aspect. It was not simply a Whig ministry, but a new coalition including men who had worked comfortably under Lord Liverpool. The Canningite Tories did not bring to Grey’s government a numerous parliamentary following, but their leaders’ administrative experience was welcome to a Whig Party which had been excluded from office for many years. The importance of the Canningites’ entry into the coalition was illustrated by the major offices which they received. Melbourne took the Home Office, Palmerston the Foreign Office, Goderich the Colonial Office, and Charles Grant became President of the Board of Control for India.
Government and Administration c.1880–1914
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period 1880–1914 ends with a burst of spectacular and radical change in the late Edwardian period which saw a considerable expansion in the role of government. In comparison both with those years and with the pattern of change in public administration in the decades before 1880, the growth of government in the years 1880–1906 is often undervalued, being seen as largely the continuation of trends established during the struggle for the growth of government before 1880.
Testing Hypotheses: More Dogs, Monkeys, and Ticks
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can look on the experimental programmes of Stephen Hales and the Oxford cognoscenti as the systematic exploration of further features of the mammalian blood system that could be studied in the light of Harvey’s theory of blood circulation. If we assume that the heart is pumping a small quantity of blood round and round the body it is an obvious next step to ask how rapidly it is circulating and what sort of pressure is built up in the system. Hales ‘ programme of experiments was not designed to distinguish between two rival hypotheses about the internal circulation and pressures of the fluid in the mammalian veins and arteries.
Modelling Individuals: Yet More Dogs, A Few Mice, and One Human Stomach
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal of research in which animal bodies have figured has involved treating them as models of human bodies. The patterns of reasoning are typical of model-based research. In such work, similarities between model and subject must be weighed against differences, not only in their behavior, but also in their intrinsic natures. Scientific research is traditionally supposed to be a cluster of practices distinct from engineering, pharmacology, and psychiatry. Scientists, it is declared, pursue knowledge for its own sake.
Inventing Novel Beings: An Imaginary Cat and Virtual Life Forms
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We do not always have to use real pieces of equipment to do experiments. Sometimes it is enough to imagine a situation and think out what might be the outcome of manipulating the things with which we have populated it. Some of the greatest scientists have been the most adept at the art of ‘thought experiments ’. To test out the viability of his conception of absolute motion in absolute space, Newton imagined a pair of globes connected by a string, rotating around their common centre of gravity in ‘an immense vacuum ’. He concluded that even if there were nothing else in the Universe, an observer could know whether the globes were really rotating because there would be a tension in the string if they were.