bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of operating conditions on electron density in atmospheric pressure helium plasma jets
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Lu Yonghang , Yue Xiaofeng , Liu Xiaoping , Wu Zhengwei 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, atmospheric-pressure plasma jets have emerged as valuable tools in many application areas, including material modification, environmental remediation and biomedicine. Understanding the discharge characteristics of these plasma jets under various operating conditions is crucial for optimizing process outcomes. This paper presents a two-dimensional fluid model for numerical simulation to study the variation in electron density within an atmospheric-pressure helium plasma jet under different operating conditions. The investigated parameters include helium gas flow rate, voltage amplitude, needle-to-ring discharge gap, and relative permittivity of the dielectric tube. The results reveal that the peak electric field and electron density initially occur at the wall of the dielectric tube and subsequently shift towards the head of the propagating jet. Gas flow rate has minimal impact on the electron density throughout the plasma jet, whereas increasing the needle-to-ring discharge gap significantly decreases the average electron density within the jet. In addition, an increase in the voltage amplitude and the relative permittivity of the dielectric tube enhances the electric field within the discharge space, thereby increasing the electron density in the plasma jet. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the correlation between electron density and operating conditions to precisely control plasma jets and enhance material treatment effectiveness for specific applications.
Thermal transport and phonon localization in periodic h-GaN/h-AlN superlattices
Authors: Chen Jiao , Chen Guofu , Wang Zhaoliang 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The widely observed non-diffusive phonon thermal transport phenomenon in nanostructures is largely attributed to classical size effects, which ignore the characteristic of phonon wave. In this context, the crossover transition process from incoherent to coherent phonon transport in two-dimensional heterogeneous periodic h-GaN/h-AlN superlattices is demonstrated using a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach, where the localization behavior of thermal phonons is particularly significant. The results show that the thermal transport of the superlattice structure is affected by a combination of structural parameters and temperature. The thermal conductivity (TC) of the superlattice decreases and then increases as the interface density increases. Phonon-interface scattering dominates the incoherent phonon transport, while local phonons modulate the transport in the coherent region. Thus, the competition between phonon wave and particle properties causes the transition from incoherent to coherent phonon transport. In addition, as the TC valley depth slows down with increasing system temperature, the scattering of medium and high frequency phonons is enhanced and the phonon lifetime decreases. Research on localized phonons in superlattices provides theoretical support for thermal transport regulation in basal low-dimensional materials.
Thickness detection of anisotropic variable cross-section bone based on ultrasonic guided waves
Authors: Liu Pingxin , Zhang Zhiyuan , Xu Juan , Xue Chaolong , Li Bing 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We measured cortical bone thickness of long bones by ultrasonic guided waves for diagnosis of osteoporosis. Current studies were limited to the detection of isotropic cortical bone with uniform thickness, which did not reflect the actual situation. This paper considered the anisotropic cortical bone and proposed an inversion method for measuring the thickness of variable cross-section cortical bone. Firstly, the propagation characteristics of guided waves in cortical bone could be verified by experimentally measuring the guided wave velocity. Then, the inversion method used the A0 mode wavenumber distribution to characterize the thickness of bone plates. Through error analysis, when the signal frequency remains constant, the thinner the cortical bone thickness to be measured, the more accurate the measurement results are. For the thickness inversion of the quantitative experiments in vitro bovine tibia, the error was within 1.1 mm for the oblique bone plate and within 0.9 mm for the concave bone plate. The thickness inversion error of the transverse isotropic assumption decreased by 7.8% compared to the isotropic assumption, which is more realistic for the cortical bone. The method can effectively invert the local thickness of cortical bone, thus providing a reliable basis for evaluating bone health status.
Hyperthermic triggers for drug delivery platforms
Authors: Alarcón-Segovia Lilian C , Morel Maria R , Daza-Agudelo Jorge I , Ilardo Juan C , Rintoul Ignacio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Electromagnetic fields can penetrate aqueous media in a homogeneous and instantaneous way, without physical contact, independently of its temperature, pressure, agitation degree and without modifying their chemical compositions nor heat and mass transfer conditions. In addition, superparamagnetic biomaterials can interact with electromagnetic fields by absorbing electromagnetic energy and transforming it in localized heat with further diffusion to surrounding media. This paper is devoted to the exploration of the potential use of hyperthermic effects resulting from the interaction between externally applied electromagnetic fields and superparamagnetic nanoparticles as a trigger for controlled drug release in soft tissue simulating materials. Gelatin based soft tissue simulating materials were prepared and doped with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The materials were irradiated with externally applied electromagnetic fields. The effects on temperature and diffusion of a drug model in water and phosphate buffer were investigated. Significant hyperthermic effects were observed. The temperature of the soft tissue simulating material resulted increased from 35 °C to 45 °C at 2.5 °C min−1. Moreover, the release of an entrapped model drug reached 89%. The intensity of the hyperthermic effects was found to have a strong dependency on the concentration of superparamagnetic nanoparticles and the power and the pulse frequency of the electromagnetic field.
Nonlinearity induced negative Poisson’s ratio of two-dimensional nanomaterials
Authors: Wei Peng , Yang Dong-Jian , Xue Yixuan , Jiang Jin-Wu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Materials exhibiting a negative Poisson’s ratio have garnered considerable attention due to the improved toughness, shear resistance, and vibration absorption properties commonly found in auxetic materials. In this work, the nonlinear effect on the Poisson’s ratio was derived theoretically and verified by first-principle calculations and molecular dynamics simulations of two-dimensional nanomaterials including graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. The analytic formula explicitly shows that the Poisson’s ratio depends on the applied strain and can be negative for large applied strains, owing to the nonlinear interaction. Both first-principle calculations and molecular dynamics simulations show that the nonlinear effect is highly anisotropic for graphene, where the nonlinearity-induced negative Poisson’s ratio is much stronger for the strain applied along the armchair direction. These findings provide valuable insights into the behavior of materials with negative Poisson’s ratios and emphasize the importance of considering nonlinear effects in the study of the Poisson’s ratio of two-dimensional materials.
TMB+-mediated etching of urchin-like gold nanostructures for colorimetric sensing
Authors: Huang Zhicheng , Krishnakumar Harish , Denomme Ryan , Liu Juewen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The morphology-dependent localized surface plasmon resonance of gold nanostructures has been widely utilized for designing sensors. One method relies on the color change of gold nanoparticles upon etching. In previous work, TMB2+ oxidized from 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was found to etch gold nanorods (AuNRs), leading to a spectrum of different colors. However, the preparation of TMB2+ needs the addition of a strong acid and other harsh conditions. Herein, a new colorimetric biosensing platform was developed using urchin-like gold nanoparticles (AuNUs). Compared with AuNRs, the etching of AuNUs can happen under mild conditions by TMB+ at pH 6, protecting enzymes and proteins from denaturation. The role of CTAB surfactant was dissected, and its bromide ions were found to be involved in the etching process. Based on these observations, a one-step colorimetric detection of H2O2 was realized by using horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 to oxidize TMB. Within 30 min, this system achieved a detection limit of 80 nM H2O2. This work offered fundamental insights into the etching of anisotropic gold nanostructures and optimized the etching conditions. These advancements hold promise for broader applications in biosensing and analytical chemistry.
Assessment of dosimetric sensitivity enhancement of xylenol orange Fricke gel by AuNPs: optical and MR imaging investigation
Authors: Lima I S , Silveira M A , Pavoni J , Guidelli J E , Garrido E C S , Baffa O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles, such as gold (Au, Z = 79) and silver (Ag, Z = 47) nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively), possess strong surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) and high atomic number, which makes them ideal candidates for enhancing dosimeter sensitivity. In this study, we have inserted different mass percentages (from 0 to 0.015 wt%) of AuNPs into a gelatinous Fricke-xylenol-orange (FXO-f) gel matrix and irradiated it with doses ranging from 2 to 32 Gy, using a source of x-ray of low energy with an effective energy of 42 keV. Optical absorption increased significantly; sensitivity gains of up to 50% were achieved for the FXO-f gel matrix containing 0.011 wt% AuNPs. To elucidate the mechanism underlying this increased sensitivity, we also evaluated FXO-f gel matrixes containing AgNPs. AgNPs insertion into the FXO-f gel matrix did not enhance sensitivity, which suggested that the AgNPs plasmonic absorption band and the FXO-f gel matrix absorption band at 441 nm overlapped, to increase absorption even after the gel matrix was irradiated. To visualize the dose distribution, we recorded optical tomography and acquired 3D reconstruction maps. In addition, we analyzed the dose enhancement factor (DEF) by using magnetic resonance images. AuNPs insertion into the FXO-f gel matrix resulted in a DEF gain of 1.37, associated with the photoelectric effect originating from the increased number of free radicals.
Dispersion of an inhomogeneous sandwich plate having imperfect interfaces and supported by the Pasternak foundation
Authors: Asif Muhammad , Nawaz Rab , Ibrahim Nuruddeen Rahmatullah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to see the dispersion of an inhomogeneous sandwich plate with imperfect interfaces between the layers and supported by the two parameters Pasternak foundation under long-wave low-frequency conditions. The governing equation of motion has been considered from the perspective of an anti-plane shear propagation to achieve simplicity. The overall cut-off frequency and the exact dispersion relation (EDR) are computed. In the context of the structure under investigation, one material contrast setup has been considered. The shortened polynomial dispersion relation, which corresponds to the EDR under material contrast setup, has been reported and investigated further. Additionally, the variational effects of the Pasternak foundation parameters as well as the interface imperfect parameter on the lowest dispersion curve subject to the long-wave low-frequency domain have been investigated using numerical simulations and graphical representations. This study is noteworthy because it sheds light on the behavior of elastic waves in multilayered structures and may be utilized to enhance the layout of three-layered structures used in a variety of industrial fields. Furthermore, we have provided the optimum values of the involved parameters to control and confine the sandwich plate’s vibration within the long-wave low-frequency regime.
Tunability of Andreev levels in a spin-active Ising superconductor/half-metal Josephson junction
Authors: Acharjee Saumen , Boruah Arindam , Dutta Nimisha , Devi Reeta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We study the Andreev levels, supercurrent and tunnelling conductance in a clean Ising superconductor (ISC)/half-metal (HM)/ISC Josephson junction (JJ) with spin-active interfaces using Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations. We theoretically demonstrate the effect of spin mixing, spin flipping processes and spin–orbit coupling (SOC) of the ISC on Andreev bound states spectra, the current phase relation and tunnelling conductance in a transparent and opaque barrier limit. We witness an additional splitting of the Andreev levels due to the SOC of the ISC and

0
−
π

transition for different barrier magnetic moments. Also, different φ-junctions can be achieved by tuning the strength of the barrier magnetic moment and spin mismatch angle. Moreover, a possible

0
−
π

transition can also be achieved for a SOC stronger than the chemical potential of the ISC using suitable control parameters. The tunnelling conductance is found to be dependent on the spin mismatch angle. A finite subgap conductance is also observed, indicating different probabilities of Andreev reflected electrons and holes in the presence of SOC. Furthermore, anomalous Andreev levels are observed for different HM length scales, signifying their role in the tunability of the φ-phase JJ.
Optical N-plasmon: topological hydrodynamic excitations in graphene from repulsive Hall viscosity
Authors: Sun Wenbo , Van Mechelen Todd , Bharadwaj Sathwik , Boddeti Ashwin K , Jacob Zubin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Edge states occurring in Chern and quantum spin-Hall phases are signatures of the topological electronic band structure in two-dimensional (2D) materials. Recently, a new topological electromagnetic phase of graphene characterized by the optical N-invariant was proposed. Optical N-invariant arises from repulsive Hall viscosity in hydrodynamic many-body electron systems, distinct from the Chern and Z
2 invariants. In this paper, we introduce the topologically protected edge excitation—optical N-plasmon of interacting many-body electron systems in the topological optical N-phase. These optical N-plasmons are signatures of the topological plasmonic band structure in 2D materials. We demonstrate that optical N-plasmons exhibit unique dispersion relations, stability against various boundary conditions, and edge profiles when compared with the topologically trivial edge magneto plasmons. Based on the optical N-plasmon, we design an ultra sub-wavelength broadband topological hydrodynamic circulator, which is a chiral quantum radio-frequency circuit component crucial for information routing and interfacing quantum–classical computing systems. Furthermore, we reveal that optical N-plasmons can be effectively tuned by the neighboring dielectric environment without breaking the topological properties. Our work provides a smoking gun signature of topological electromagnetic phases occurring in 2D materials arising from repulsive Hall viscosity.
Understanding the Predication Mechanism of Deep Learning through Error Propagation among Parameters in Strong Lensing Case
Authors: Fan Xilong , Wang Peizheng , Li Jin , Yang Nan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The error propagation among estimated parameters reflects the correlation among the parameters. We study the capability of machine learning of “learning” the correlation of estimated parameters. We show that machine learning can recover the relation between the uncertainties of different parameters, especially, as predicted by the error propagation formula. Gravitational lensing can be used to probe both astrophysics and cosmology. As a practical application, we show that the machine learning is able to intelligently find the error propagation among the gravitational lens parameters (effective lens mass M

L
and Einstein radius θ

E
) in accordance with the theoretical formula for the singular isothermal ellipse (SIE) lens model. The relation of errors of lens mass and Einstein radius, (e.g., the ratio of standard deviations


=

σ

M

L

ˆ

/

σ

θ

E

ˆ

) predicted by the deep convolution neural network are consistent with the error propagation formula of the SIE lens model. As a proof-of-principle test, a toy model of linear relation with Gaussian noise is presented. We found that the predictions obtained by machine learning indeed indicate the information about the law of error propagation and the distribution of noise. Error propagation plays a crucial role in identifying the physical relation among parameters, rather than a coincidence relation, therefore we anticipate our case study on the error propagation of machine learning predictions could extend to other physical systems on searching the correlation among parameters.
Fundamentals and applications of photonic waveguides with bound states in the continuum
Authors: Yu Zejie , Gao He , Wang Yi , Yu Yue , Tsang Hon Ki , Sun Xiankai , Dai Daoxin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Photonic waveguides are the most fundamental element for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Waveguide properties, such as propagation loss, modal areas, nonlinear coefficients, etc., directly determine the functionalities and performance of PICs. Recently, the emerging waveguides with bound states in the continuum (BICs) have opened new opportunities for PICs because of their special properties in resonance and radiation. Here, we review the recent progress of PICs composed of waveguides with BICs. First, fundamentals including background physics and design rules of a BIC-based waveguide will be introduced. Next, two types of BIC-based waveguide structures, including shallowly etched dielectric and hybrid waveguides, will be presented. Lastly, the challenges and opportunities of PICs with BICs will be discussed.
High-performance enhancement-mode GaN-based p-FETs fabricated with O3-Al2O3/HfO2-stacked gate dielectric
Authors: Jin Hao , Huang Sen , Jiang Qimeng , Wang Yingjie , Fan Jie , Yin Haibo , Wang Xinhua , Wei Ke , Liu Jianxun , Zhong Yaozong , Sun Qian , Liu Xinyu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this letter, an enhancement-mode (E-mode) GaN p-channel field-effect transistor (p-FET) with a high current density of −4.9 mA/mm based on a O3-Al2O3/HfO2 (5/15 nm) stacked gate dielectric was demonstrated on a p++-GaN/p-GaN/AlN/AlGaN/AlN/GaN/Si heterostructure. Attributed to the p++-GaN capping layer, a good linear ohmic I−V characteristic featuring a low-contact resistivity (ρ
c) of 1.34 × 10−4 Ω·cm2 was obtained. High gate leakage associated with the HfO2 high-k gate dielectric was effectively blocked by the 5-nm O3-Al2O3 insertion layer grown by atomic layer deposition, contributing to a high I
ON/I
OFF ratio of 6 × 106 and a remarkably reduced subthreshold swing (SS) in the fabricated p-FETs. The proposed structure is compelling for energy-efficient GaN complementary logic (CL) circuits.
The onset distribution of rotating

m
,
n
=
2
,
1

tearing modes and its consequences on the stability of high-confinement-mode plasmas in DIII-D
Authors: Bardóczi L. , Richner N.J. , Logan N.C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Analysis of a multi-scenario database of over 13 000 DIII-D H-mode discharges shows that the

m
,
n
=
2
,
1

magnetic islands are dominantly pressure gradient driven, stochastically triggered non-linear instabilities at all edge safety factor (

q
95

) values. The instability onset time closely follows the exponential distribution in intermediate and high

q
95

scenarios and is characterized by near constant onset rate (λ), in accordance with Poisson-point processes. This implies that the plasmas are operated in marginally stable conditions, characterized by a small threshold for instability growth and variations in the trigger amplitude and/or the stabilizing mechanisms with temporally uniform random distribution in this database. While the majority of the tearing modes occur in the first current-profile relaxation time of the

β
N

flattop, constant λ throughout the

β
N

flattop shows that the tearing onset is insensitive to the evolution of the equilibrium current profile. In low

q
95

scenarios, where a large fraction of the plasmas are operated at low torque, λ increases over the course of the

β
N

flattop, showing that these plasmas evolve toward more unstable conditions. The onset rate rapidly increases with

β
N

, while it does not show a clear dependence on the current gradient at the mode rational surface. Overall, these observations support that the majority of the analyzed 2,1 tearing modes are non-linear, neoclassically driven instabilities and classical stability does not play a dominant role in their onset.
An injectable and 3D printable pro-chondrogenic hyaluronic acid and collagen type II composite hydrogel for the repair of articular cartilage defects
Authors: O’Shea Donagh G , Hodgkinson Tom , Curtin Caroline M , O’Brien Fergal J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Current treatments for repairing articular cartilage defects are limited. However, pro-chondrogenic hydrogels formulated using articular cartilage matrix components (such as hyaluronic acid (HA) and collagen type II (Col II)), offer a potential solution if they could be injected into the defect via minimally invasive arthroscopic procedures, or used as bioinks to 3D print patient-specific customised regenerative scaffolds—potentially combined with cells. However, HA and Col II are difficult to incorporate into injectable/3D printable hydrogels due to poor physicochemical properties. This study aimed to overcome this by developing an articular cartilage matrix-inspired pro-chondrogenic hydrogel with improved physicochemical properties for both injectable and 3D printing (3DP) applications. To achieve this, HA was methacrylated to improve mechanical properties and mixed in a 1:1 ratio with Col I, a Col I/Col II blend or Col II. Col I possesses superior mechanical properties to Col II and so was hypothesised to enhance hydrogel mechanical properties. Rheological analysis showed that the pre-gels had viscoelastic and shear thinning properties. Subsequent physicochemical analysis of the crosslinked hydrogels showed that Col II inclusion resulted in a more swollen and softer polymer network, without affecting degradation time. While all hydrogels exhibited exemplary injectability, only the Col I-containing hydrogels had sufficient mechanical stability for 3DP applications. To facilitate 3DP of multi-layered scaffolds using methacrylated HA (MeHA)-Col I and MeHA-Col I/Col II, additional mechanical support in the form of a gelatin slurry support bath freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels was utilised. Biological analysis revealed that Col II inclusion enhanced hydrogel-embedded MSC chondrogenesis, thus MeHA-Col II was selected as the optimal injectable hydrogel, and MeHA-Col I/Col II as the preferred bioink. In summary, this study demonstrates how tailoring biomaterial composition and physicochemical properties enables development of pro-chondrogenic hydrogels with potential for minimally invasive delivery to injured articular joints or 3DP of customised regenerative implants for cartilage repair.