bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ULTRASTRUCTURAL OBSERVATIONS OF GYRODINIUM ESTUARIALE (DINOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Gardiner William E. , Rushing Ann E. , Dawes Clinton J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt has ultrastructural features typical for a dinoflagellate including a particularly well developed pusule and numerous prominent trichocysts. The amphiesma is relatively simple with thecal vesicles containing thecal membranes. The epicone is embellished with two concentric raised ridges reminiscent of the form typical for more heavily thecate genera.
HYPNEA MUSCIFORMIS (RHODOPHYTA): ECOLOGICAL INFLUENCE ON GROWTH1
Authors: Rocilda P. F. Schenkman 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTSeasonal variations in growth, biomass, phenology, and phycocolloid content were studied in a population of Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacquin) Lamouroux on the coast of the state of São Paulo. H. musciformis grows epiphytically on Sargassaum cymosum C. Agardh in a zone ca. 0.5 m wide at the lower spring tide. It also epiphytizes, but to a lesser extent, Laurencia scoparia J. Agardh and occasionally Bryothamnion seaforthii (Turner) Kützing and Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Bargesen. Seawater temperatures vary from 19°C in winter to 29°C in summer.Variations in H. musciformis biomass (32–190 g dry weight · m−2), were controlled by several factors, notably seawater temperature, diurnal lower spring tides on sunny days accompanied by calm seas soon followed by rough water, and by grazine, especially by Gammaridea (amphipods) and Aplysia (sea‐hares). Fertile tetrasporophytes were present all year, their frequency varying from 22–99%. Cystocarpic plants were rare; male thalli were not found. Carrageenan fields varied from 48–66% of dry weight. Lowest values of carrageenan occurred when sea‐water temperatures were high (26–29° C) and biomass was low or, when biomass was high but frequency of fertile tetrasporophytes was highest. Mean field growth in plastic containers initiated from branches of H. musciformis (ca. 0.1 g) over a 28‐day period was 0.48, 0.88, 1.30, and 1.53 g fresh weight, respectively, from summer to spring.
THE COMPOSITION AND PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOUGEOTIA (CHAROPHYCEAE) CELL WALL1
Authors: Hotchkiss Arland T. , Gretz Michael R. , Hicks Kevin B. , Malcolm Brown R. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe two‐layered, fibrillar cell wall of Mougeotia C. Agardh sp. consisted of 63.6% non‐cellulosic carbohydrates and 13.4% cellulose. The orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the native cell wall agrees with the multinet growth hypothesis, which has been employed to explain the shift in microfibril orientation from transverse (inner wall) toward axial (outer wall). Monosaccharide analysis of isolated cell walls revealed the presence of ten sugars with glucose, xylose and galactose most abundant. Methylation analysis of the acid‐modified, 1 N NaOH insoluble residue fraction showed that it was composed almost exclusively of 4‐linked glucose, confirming the presence of cellulose. The major hemicellulosic carbohydrate was semi‐purified by DEAE Sephacel (Cl−) anion‐exchange chromatography of the hot 1 N NaOH soluble fraction. This hemicellulose was a xylan consisting of a 4‐xylosyl backbone and 2,4‐xylosyl branch points. The major hot water soluble neutral polysaccharide was identified as a 3‐linked galactan. Mougeotia cell wall composition is similar to that of (Charophyceae) and has homologies with vascular plant cell walls. Our observations support transtructural evidence which suggests that members of the Charophyceae represent the phylogenetic line that gave rise to vascular plants. Therefore, the primary cell walls of vascular plants many have evolved directly from structures typical of the filamentous green algal cell walls found in the Charophyceae.
INORGANIC CARBON AND ACETATE ASSIMILATION IN BOTRYOCOCCUS BRAUNII(CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Tenaud Mireille , Ohmori Masayuki , Miyachi Shigetoh 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAssimilation of 14CO2 or 14C‐acetate by the hydrocarbon producing alga Botryococcus braunii Kützing was investigated to determine the allocation of incorporated 14C among early metabolites of photosynthesis and secondary metabolites. When the cells were exposed to NaH14CO3 for 10 sec, over 90% of incorporated 14C was detected in phosphoglycerate, suggesting that this alga assimilates inorganic carbon by the C‐3 pathway. The distribution pattern of 14C in the number of metabolites revealed that organic acids, neutral sugars and amino acids were first labelled with 14C, and, after lag periods of a few minutes, lipids including hydrocarbon were increasingly labelled. Addition of 5 mM acetate to the culture medium did not affect the growth of this alga but enhanced cellular respiration. The incorporation of 14CO2 into the lipid fraction was stimulated, but net photosynthesis was inhibited by the addition of acetate. 14C‐acetate was incorporated into lipids at a very low rate in comparison with the rate of 14CO2 incorporation.
VARIATION IN DIATOM COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AMONG HABITATS IN SANDY STREAMS1
Authors: Stevenson R. Jan , Hashim Shaharum 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTCommunity structure of benthic diatoms in two sandy streams was studied for two summers to assess differences in abundances and species composition among habitats and between years and streams. The greatest differences in abundances (cells·cm−2) were lower abundances on rocks than on sand, whether the sand was clean or covered with flocculent organic material. Relatively little variation in abundances occurred between years and streams. Species composition of diatom communities varied more among habitats and between streams than from year to year. Species composition was most unique in floc‐covered sand when communities in clean and floc‐covered sand, rock, plant, and plankton were compared. Diatom species composition in these sandy streams was most similar on sand and rocks.
DIGESTION SURVIVAL OF ALGAE: SOME ECOLOGICAL COMPARISIONS BETWEEN FREE SPORES AND PROPAGULES IN FECAL PELLETS1
Authors: Santelices Bernabe , Paya Ignacio 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTBenthic algae survive passage through the digestive tract of different types of grazers, either regenerating new tissues or releasing protoplasts and swarmers which act as accessory means of reproduction to generate new individuals. The ecological importance of this phenomenon is evaluated here by studying spores and fecal pellets. Alga fragments egested alive inside fecal pellets have some ecological advantages over free propagules. In intertidal habitats, the sticky nature of the pellets permits attachment to the substratum while protecting the contained algae from desiccation. In subtidal habitats, the pellets sink 8–22 times faster than the fastest sinking algal propagule. Quantification of swarmers and protoplasts released from algal fragments in the fecal pellets indicates densities of about 217 germlings·cm−2 and values of 300–700 propagules per pellet. Extrapolation of these results to field conditions based on number of grazers and pellets suggest production figures varying from 0.5–3.5 × 105to 1.3–1.5 × 106 propagules·m−2·12 h−1. These values are within known density ranges of settling spores in the field. The ecological significance of the phenomenon may be especially important at seasons when the density of grazers increases and the normal reproductive activity of the algae being consumed decreases.
TAXONOMIC DISTRIBUTION OF COPPER‐ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN GREEN ALGAE AND ITS PHYLOGENETIC IMPORTANCE1
Authors: de Jesus Marta D. , Tabatabai Farinaz , Chapman David J. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTTwenty‐nine species of green algae (from four classes: Charophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Pleurastrophyceae, and Ulvophyceae, but not the Micromonadophyceae), five species of bryophytes, and four species of vascular plants were tested for the presence of iron, manganese, and copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase. Copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase was found in members of the Charophyceae, Bryophyta, and Tracheophyta. Manganese and/or iron superoxide dismutase were found in all classes of green algae and most land plants. The presence of the copper‐zinc form of superoxide dismutase only in the class of green algae hypothesized to be closest to the land plant progenitors strengthens the argument for that phylogenetic relationship. It also suggests that this form of superoxide dismutase was a vital attribute for the survival of the earliest land plants.
MULTILAYERED STRUCTURES (MLSs) IN TWO DINOFLAGELLATES, KATODINIUM CAMPYLOPS AND WOLOSZYNSKIA PASCHERI1
Authors: Wilcox Lee W. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe multilayered structure (MLS), best‐known from the flagellar apparatus of charophycean green algae and land plant motile cells, is reported for the first time in members of the Dinophyceae. The MLSs in two dinoflagellates, Katodinium campylops (Harris) Fott and Woloszynskia pascheri (Suchlandt) von Stosch, are similar to other MLSs in possessing the microtubular spline and lamellar strip. Also, as in the majority of MLS‐containing organisms, 1) the MLS of each dinoflagellate is closely associated with basal bodies; 2) the spline microtubules possess “keel‐like” extensions and 3) extend beyond the MLS, forming a microtubular rootlet that runs beneath the cell surface in a posterior direction; and 4) a mitochondrion is associated with the MLS (K. campylops only) The size, location, and general construction of the MLSs of K. campylops and W. pascheri suggest that they may be homologous to previously described MLSs.
Minifying Government: The Unintended Consequences of the Bergman Secondary Road Act of 1929*
Authors: Peter Beck J. , Rice Tom W. 
Published: October 2004

Objective. In 1929, Iowa adopted the Bergman Secondary Road Act, which transferred control of the state's rural roads from the townships to the counties. This study examines the interesting and potentially important unintended consequences of the law.Method. We gathered the minutes from 2,275 Iowa township meetings in 20 townships from 1917 to 1950 to investigate the effect of the Bergman Act.Results. Multiple regression analysis shows that this apparently innocuous Act turned out to have dramatic and unintended consequences on Iowa's township governments. Without responsibility for the roads, township government activity plunged dramatically—the annual number of meetings and the length of those meetings fell by half from 1929 to 1930. The effect of the law on township activity remains substantial even after controlling for competing explanations, such as the onset of the Depression.Conclusions. The Bergman Act unintentionally caused a sharp drop in township activity and it may have initiated the gradual marginalization of Iowa township governments that continues today. It is even possible that it had a depressing effect on voter turnout in rural Iowa.
Latent semantic analysis as a tool for learner positioning in learning networks for lifelong learning
Authors: Van Bruggen Jan , Sloep Peter , Van Rosmalen Peter , Brouns Francis , Vogten Hubert , Koper Rob , Tattersall Colin 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAs we move towards distributed, self‐organised learning networks for lifelong learning to which multiple providers contribute content, there is a need to develop new techniques to determine where learners can be positioned in these networks. Positioning requires us to map characteristics of the learner onto characteristics  of  learning  materials  and  curricula.  Considering  the  nature of the network envisaged, maintaining data on these characteristics and ensuring their integrity are difficult tasks. In this article we review the usability of Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) to generate a common semantic framework for characteristics of the learner, learning materials and curricula. Although LSA is a promising technique we identify several research topics that must be addressed before it can be used for learner positioning.
ETHICS AND HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN ‘POST’‐CONFLICT SITUATIONS
Authors: HILL PETER 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAlthough considerable attention has been given to ethical issues related to clinical research in developing countries, in particular related to HIV therapy, there has been limited focus on health systems research, despite its increasing importance in the light of current trends in development assistance. This paper examines ethical issues related to health systems research in ‘post’‐conflict situations, addressing both generic issues for developing countries and those issues specific to ‘post’‐conflict societies, citing examples from the author’s Cambodian experience. It argues that the destruction of health infrastructure results in a loss of structures and processes that would otherwise protect prospective research subjects who are part of vulnerable populations. It identifies the growth of health systems research as part of a trend towards sectoral and programmatic development assistance, the emergence of ‘knowledge generation’ as a form of research linked to development, and the potential for conflict where multilateral and bilateral donors are both primary funders and users of health systems research. It also examines the position of the health system researcher in relation to the sponsors of this research, and the health system being analysed.
THE CURRENT SITUATION OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND ETHICS IN SUDAN
Authors: ELSAYED DYA ELDIN M. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTAt the beginning of the twentieth century, health research in the Sudan developed primarily as a function of the colonial British administration. Ethical issues in the medical profession in the Sudan are governed by the Sudan Medical Council. To address these issues, the Sudan Medical Council issued Medico‐legal and Ethical Guidelines in 1967. This important document has focused principally on ethical issues arising in clinical medicine. Throughout the history of health research in Sudan it is very difficult to find any reference to research ethics. Nevertheless, there have been a few attempts to articulate ethics in health research. In 1979, Sudan witnessed the establishment of the first ethical review committee, which was established by the initiative of a group of doctors and scientists from the national health research laboratory. This committee got neither political nor institutional recognition. Therefore, it was not developed and came to an end shortly after its inception. Yet, in 2000 the FMOH established an ethical review committee (ERC). The functions of this committee were to review proposals of health research to be carried out in the country for ethical issues irrespective to the funding agents. Unfortunately, the committee devoted all the jobs in reviewing only externally‐sponsored health research and research carried out by expatriate researchers or international organisations.
CURRENT TRENDS IN TEACHING ETHICS OF HEALTHCARE PRACTICES
Authors: HATTAB ABDULLA SAEED 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe unprecedented progress in bio‐medical sciences and technology during the last few decades has resulted in great transformations in the concepts of health and disease, health systems and healthcare organisation and practices. Those changes have been accompanied by the emergence of a broad range of ethical dilemmas that confront health professionals more frequently. The classical Hippocratic ethical principles, though still retaining their relevance and validity, have become insufficiently adequate in an increasing range of problems and situations. Healthcare that has been practised for centuries on the basis of a direct doctor‐patient relationship has been increasingly transformed into a more complex process integrating the health‐team, the patient (healthcare seeker) and the community. Systematic review of the specialised literatures revealed that Healthcare Ethics education has become a basic requirement for any training programme for health professionals, and should cover the different stages of undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing education. Both theoretical foundations and practical skills are required for the appropriate ethical reasoning, ethical attitude and decision‐making abilities. There is growing evidence that physicians’ professional and moral development is not only determined by the formal curriculum of ethics; rather more, it is determined by the moral environment of the professional practice, the ‘hidden curriculum’ which deserves serious consideration by medical education.
Desk–edge syndrome: median nerve injury proximal to the carpal tunnel
Authors: WIGLEY Richard D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractBackground:  Twelve women working full time as keyboard operators had median nerve entrapment attributable to pressure on the median nerve proximal to the tunnel from resting their wrists on a hard surface in full‐time keyboard work.Methods:  As all were examined concerning legal dispute on attributability to work, there was extensive documentation dating back 1–15 years. Eleven were recalled for re‐examination.Results:  Eleven of 12 had reduced sensation of median nerve distribution, including the thenar area supplied by the superficial cutaneous branch which passes over the tunnel. The sensory distribution of the superficial nerve was still affected in 10 of 11 re‐examined. Nerve conduction tests were abnormal in five of six tested. Surgery had not been successful in the eight cases operated on. Eight improved on using soft‐gel wrist‐rests and two on ceasing keyboard work.Conclusion:  Median nerve injury proximal to the carpal tunnel can simulate CTS but does not respond to carpal release surgery. Involvement of the superficial branch of the nerve distinguishes this syndrome from the conventional CTS. Similar cases should be managed and/or prevented by providing suitable wrist‐rests or typing with the wrists raised.
Epidemiology of low back pain in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: BENER Abdulbari , EL‐RUFAIE Omer F. , SIYAM Abdulrahim , ABUZEID Mohammed S. O. , TOTH Ferenc , LOVASZ Gyorgy 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAims:  Low back pain (LBP), a common presenting problem in general practice in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), has received increasing attention in recent decades. We seek to investigate the prevalence of LBP and associated risk factors among people living in the typically hot, humid desert environment of the UAE.Methods:  A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. The setting was the Primary Health Care (PHC) Clinics in Al‐Ain, UAE. The subjects were a multistage stratified sample of 1304 UAE nationals, 15–70 years of age, who attended PHC clinics for any reason. All subjects were invited to participate. The questionnaire used in the survey is a modified version of the Roland‐Morris scale for evaluating low back pain. The questionnaires were administered during face‐to‐face interviews conducted in Arabic by qualified nurses.Results:  Of the total 1304 subject, 1103 (84.5%) living in both urban and rural areas agreed to participate and responded to the study; 586 (53.1%) were men and 517 (46.9%) women. The mean ages and SD of the subjects were 34.9 ± 13.4 years for the men and 33.5 ± 11.8 years for the women. The prevalence of LBP in the present study was 64.6% (95% CI = 60.7–68.5). The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between men and women with respect to LBP and body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.001), marital status (P < 0.001), occupational status (P < 0.001), housing condition (P < 0.001), and smoking habits (P < 0.001). Back pain had a greater influence on the lifestyle habits of the women than men. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that only BMI (OR = 2.54, 95% CI = 2.30–281; P < 0.001), prolonged standing (OR = 6.22, 95% CI = 4.01–9.67; P < 0.0001), weakness in leg (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.16–3.85; P = 0.0142), lifting heavy weights (OR = 6.34, 95% CI = 4.09–9.84; P = 0.019) regular exercise (OR = 12.47, 95% CI = 7.50–20.71; P < 0.001) and smoking habits (OR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.08–2.38; P < 0.05) had a significant effect on the presence of LBP in these patients.Conclusions:  The study showed that the prevalence of back‐related disability was higher among women than men in the UAE. Also, low socio‐economic status and adverse lifestyle habits may constitute risk factors and predictors of LBP.
Multiorgan failure due to rapid occlusive vascular disease in antiphospholipid syndrome: the ‘catastrophic’ antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: CERVERA Ricard , ASHERSON Ronald A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe term ‘catastrophic’ antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is defined as an accelerated form of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) usually resulting in multiorgan failure. These patients have in common: (i) clinical evidence of multiple organ involvement developing in a very short time period; (ii) histopathological evidence of multiple small vessel occlusions (a minority also have large vessel thrombosis); and (iii) laboratory confirmation of the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), usually in high titres. Although less than 1% of patients with the APS develop this complication, its potentially lethal outcome emphasizes its importance in clinical medicine.
Acupuncture therapy for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: ZAN‐BAR Tal , ARON Anabel , SHOENFELD Yehuda 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe current literature on the effects of acupuncture treatment on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is reviewed. The MEDLINE and Biological Abstracts databases were searched. Studies in which different substances were injected into acupuncture point location were excluded. Improvement of clinical symptoms has been observed in nine studies. In one study, no change was found. Immune responses (values of IL‐2, eythrocyte sedimentation rate, rheumatoid factor, immunoglobulins, leucocyte, natural killer cells, β‐endorphin, CD4, CD8, CD3, and phagocytosis) have been elevated in 14 studies.Due to the small number of studies (seven studies of RA and acupuncture; six studies of acupuncture and side‐effects of RA treatments; eight studies of acupuncture effect on the immune system), it is recommended that further studies should be conducted, taking into consideration conventional criteria such as sample size and placebo‐controlled groups, as well as complementary criteria, such as Chinese differentiation diagnosis of patients and number of acupoints treated.
Mycophenolate mofetil as treatment for lupus nephritis
Authors: CHAN Tak Mao 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAdvances in immunosuppressive treatment and supportive care over the past few decades have led to improved clinical outcomes in patients with severe lupus nephritis. The management of severe proliferative lupus nephritis can be divided into an initial induction phase followed by a prolonged maintenance phase. Combined use of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide has been the standard induction therapy, although a significant proportion of patients develop treatment‐related complications such as infection and gonadal failure. While there is general agreement on the immunosuppressive regimen for induction treatment, there is marked variation with regard to maintenance immunosuppressive regimens. The latter is consequent to a paucity of data, since a big sample size and prolonged follow‐up is required for clinical studies that investigate maintenance treatment, in view of the marked heterogeneity in patient characteristics and individual differences in the propensity for relapse. Nevertheless, there is accumulating evidence that a combination of corticosteroid and mycophenolate mofetil can be adopted as effective and well‐tolerated treatment both for induction and for long‐term maintenance in lupus nephritis. Favourable long‐term prognosis can be ensured provided that effective treatment can be instituted early, before irreversible renal parenchymal damage is established.