bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sincalide in Patients with Parenteral Nutrition—Associated Gallbladder Disease
Authors: Prescott William A , Btaiche Imad F 
Published: August 2004

OBJECTIVE To review the role of sincalide in treating and preventing parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated gallbladder disease. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE (1996–March 2004) search was performed using the key terms cholecystokinin, sincalide, parenteral nutrition, cholelithiasis, cholestasis, and sludge. DATA SYNTHESIS Five human studies investigated the safety and efficacy of sincalide in patients with PN-associated gallbladder disease. Sincalide at intravenous doses of 0.04 μg/kg 3 times daily increased bile flow and improved serum bilirubin levels. However, patients with advanced liver disease did not respond to sincalide therapy. Long-term follow-up data on sincalide effects on liver disease progression are not yet available. CONCLUSIONS Sincalide improved the signs of cholestasis. However, its long-term effects in preventing and treating PN-associated gallbladder disease remain unknown and its routine use for this indication cannot be recommended at this time.
Attitudes towards personality disorders: Comparison between prison officers and psychiatric nurses
Authors: Carr‐Walker Paola , Bowers Len , Callaghan Patrick , Nijman Henk , Paton Jo 
Published: August 2004

Objectives. This study investigates the effects of working with dangerous and severely personality disordered (DSPD) prisoners and patients on the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of staff, which may be important therapeutic variables in the management and treatment of prisoners and patients.Method. The attitudes of prison officers working in a DSPD prison unit and psychiatric nurses working in high‐security psychiatric hospitals were compared using the Attitude to Personality Disorder Questionnaire (APDQ) and the Staff Attitude to Personality Disorder Interview (SAPDI).Results. Prison officers and nurses differed in their attitudes. Prison officers' attitudes were more positive than those of psychiatric nurses in all aspects of the APDQ. Prison officers indicated that they felt more liking for and interest in contact with personality disordered prisoners, less fear and helplessness, less anger, were more optimistic regarding treatment, and less frustrated. The SAPDI revealed that nurses expressed more concern about caring for and managing personality disordered patients, and felt more vulnerable and less accepting towards them. Prison officers conveyed more confidence in their own abilities and felt less vulnerable.Conclusion. Differences found in attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients are discussed in terms of personal, environmental and experiential influences, and implications for DSPD services. Attitudes towards personality disordered prisoners/patients between nurses and officers differed. They are likely to be influenced by a combination of experience with personality disorder, organisational culture and personal characteristics.
Crime scene actions and offender characteristics in arsons
Authors: Häkkänen Helinä , Puolakka Pia , Santtila Pekka 
Published: August 2004

Purpose. Crime scene actions displayed by offenders in arsons were analysed in relation to offender characteristics and self‐reported motives.Methods. Data were drawn from an official police database and consisted of a random sample of arsons occurring in Finland between 1990 and 2001 (N = 189). The structure of dichotomous variables derived through a content analysis of crime scene actions and offender characteristics was analysed using non‐metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analyses.Results. The analyses revealed four separate crime scene action types, with thematic emphasis on either expressive or instrumental motivation and the target being either a person or object. The MDS solution for offender characteristics suggested four types of offenders: Self‐destructive, Serial, Criminal, and Adolescent. In order to analyse the associations between action and characteristics themes, each case was assigned to one of the action and characteristic themes or a hybrid based on the frequency of variables present from each theme. Several statistically significant associations between the action and characteristic themes were found. Self‐reported motives were also analysed in relation to the themes.Conclusions. The results support the thematic classification of arsonists presented in Canter and Fritzon (1998). The results are discussed with regard to earlier research and deducing offender characteristics based on crime scene actions.
Interacting influences on interrogative suggestibility
Authors: Bain Stella A. , Baxter James S. , Fellowes Vivienne 
Published: August 2004

Purpose. Research using the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS) has found interrogative suggestibility (IS) to vary as a function of the overall demeanour of the interviewer, warnings about the presence of misleading information, and the self‐esteem of the interviewee, as outlined by Gudjonsson and Clark (1986). The present study attempted to assess how these factors interact.Method. The study had a three‐factor between‐participants design: interviewer demeanour × instructional manipulation × self‐esteem. One hundred and twenty undergraduates took part in the study.Results. Participants reporting lower self‐esteem scored higher on the GSS ‘Shift’ measure than participants reporting higher levels of self‐esteem. Participants faced with a ‘Friendly’ interviewer scored lower on the GSS Yield 1 and Total Suggestibility measures than did those participants faced with a more ‘Abrupt’ interviewer. Participants warned about the presence of misleading information scored lower on Yield 1 and Total Suggestibility. A potentially key finding was that participants who received a warning demonstrated an increased number of Shifts in the Friendly condition compared with those who were not warned. In the Abrupt condition this pattern was reversed.Conclusion. The results supported studies showing that all three variables tested affect levels of IS but further suggested that optimal interviewer support for interviewees' discrepancy detection may be provided either by a relaxed interviewer manner or by warnings alone, but not by both.
Say it to my face: Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation
Authors: Gabbert Fiona , Memon Amina , Allan Kevin , Wright Daniel B. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives. Errors in eyewitness accounts can occur when a witness comes into contact with post‐event ‘misinformation’. A common way to encounter misinformation is through face‐to‐face interaction, in particular, via conversation with other individuals who also witnessed the crime. The current research compares this kind of misinformation with the non‐social post‐event narrative method typically employed in laboratory studies.Method. Young (17–33 years) and older (58–80 years) adults viewed a simulated crime event on video and were later exposed to four items of misinformation about it. The misinformation items were either introduced as part of a discussion about the event with a confederate or were embedded within a written narrative about the event that participants were asked to read. A questionnaire containing 20 items about the event was given to participants before and after the experimental manipulation.Results. Participants were less accurate than controls on questionnaire items after encountering misinformation. More importantly, misinformation encountered socially was significantly more misleading than misinformation from a non‐social source. This was true for both young and older adults.Conclusion. Misinformation encountered socially produced more errors than misinformation from a non‐social source. This finding has implications both for applied (forensic) and theoretical understanding of eyewitness memory.
Does the Effectiveness of CCTV as a Crime Prevention Strategy Outweigh the Threat to Civil Liberties?
Authors: Poyser Sam 
Published: August 2004

CCTV can be viewed as part of: CCTV then, has the ability to simultaneously intrude and protect. Whether it protects at the expense of people's civil liberties and, if so, whether this is always beneficial is the focus of this discussion. A web of surveillance which far exceeds anything that is historically known … It can invade privacy and make Orwell's 1984 a reality. But it can also … be liberating and protective. Therefore, it may be socially beneficial as well as harmful. (Young, 1999: 192) Those concerned about civil liberty issues may argue that whilst CCTV remains the dominant form of crime prevention in the UK, it is necessary to strive to achieve a balance of the rights to privacy and protection (Young, 1999). However, as is recognised in the Human Rights Act 1998, sometimes these competing claims are irreconcilable, with one inevitably taking priority over the other (Young, 1999). This discussion will first set CCTV in Britain in its historical context. It will then address its uses and effectiveness, and examine how these have been evaluated. Concentrating particularly on the use of CCTV in public and semi-public places (as civil liberties concerns focus strongly on this area), the argument that CCTV threatens civil liberties will be examined. Finally, there is a suggestion that efforts to balance concern for civil liberties against crime prevention successes may be undermined in practice by influences beyond the control of both those involved in the CCTV industry and civil libertarians.
Drawing the Thin Blue Line: The Reality of Who Controls the Police
Authors: Warburton Damian 
Published: August 2004

For the last ten years the police service has been undergoing a period of evolution, and scrutiny of its methods and ***answer-ability has been getting steadily stronger. The Police Reform Act 2002 capped off a number of significant changes, not least of which was to discard the Police Complaints Authority in favour of a new Independent Police Complaints Commission. In the last few years several aspects of police organisation have been drawn in under the central control of the Home Office; Local Police Authorities exist for the benefit of the community but there are numerous examples of Chief Constables disregarding their wishes. The ease with which a constable can be called to account has gradually been tightened up, and yet to the observer it may be surprising to learn who really has the final say over how police work is conducted. An abrupt wake-up call was delivered to the entire service in October 2003 when the BBC proved that the ghosts of police racism had by no means been exorcised, and a startling insight was given to the whole country as to who it is that dictates the nature of everyday policing.
Management and policy aspects of industrial ecology: an emerging research agenda
Authors: Korhonen Jouni , von Malmborg Fredrik , Strachan Peter A. , Ehrenfeld John R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis special issue is based on the international symposium Business and Industrial Ecology held alongside the 2003 Business Strategy and the Environment Conference in Leicester, UK. The main message is that the dominant natural science and engineering aspects of industrial ecology (IE) need to be linked to management and policy studies. IE has rapidly evolved into a new field with the concept of an ‘industrial ecosystem’ that uses the metaphor of sustainable ecosystems to provide innovative routes to change present unsustainable industrial systems. The editorial article identifies three themes as organizing categories in linking IE to management and policy studies. First, the systems and network philosophy of IE can be coupled with inter‐organizational management studies to complement the more traditional intra‐organizational environmental management. Second, management and policy studies complement descriptive IE studies of physical flows of matter and energy to produce prescriptive suggestions for how industrial systems can be moved through human action toward the vision of IE. Third, the metaphor is a source of inspiration and creativity in the transformation of management and strategic visions towards a new sustainability culture. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Eco‐industrial development and economic development: industrial ecology or place promotion?
Authors: Deutz Pauline , Gibbs David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSince the Earth Summit of 1992 ‘sustainable development’ has influenced policies at all scales from local to international and interest has grown in industrial ecology as a means to deliver sustainable development. Eco‐industrial parks are a local policy initiative attempting to apply the principles of industrial ecology. However, at the same time as responding to environmental concerns, local authorities are competing for inward investment. This study considers the potential use of eco‐industrial parks by local authorities as a means of place promotion. We interviewed people associated with operational and planned North American eco‐industrial parks to assess the developments with respect to the following: their goals; steps taken to ensure the development lives up to its goals; degree of institutional and public support and extent to which developers explicitly considered the marketability of eco‐industrial development. In practice, eco‐industrial ideals are often compromised; parks pursue disparate strategies to overcome differing obstacles to economic development. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Policy implications of industrial ecology conceptions
Authors: Opoku Hilde N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe way industrial ecology (IE) is conceptualized determines the concept's potential. Different conceptualizations of IE suggest different political solutions and different focuses on the environment. It is not in itself problematic that the debate points in different political directions. The problem occurs when ideologically based argumentation is not made explicit, but instead presented as necessary premises in order to meet IE objectives. An analysis of the implications when two of these conceptions are implemented as strategies for solid waste management illustrates this claim. This author suggests that the contributors to the field make a clear distinction between scientific discussions regarding the analytical framework and policy principles, and discussions regarding practical applications. Only then can the assumption that the concept of industrial ecology has the potential to be a robust and unifying analytical framework and policy principle stand. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Industrial ecology, life cycles, supply chains: differences and interrelations
Authors: Seuring Stefan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWithin recent years, various concepts have arisen in environmental management that directly address the flow of material (and information) along life cycles or supply chains and thereby relate to inter‐organizational management aspects. These include industrial ecology (IE), life‐cycle management, closed‐loop supply chains, integrated chain management and green/environmental or sustainable supply chain management. It is not clear how these concepts relate to each other and whether or how they are different. Starting with sustainable development three criteria are identified that allow the comparison of the four concepts. Building on definitions the concepts are discussed and analysed using the three criteria while also identifying a distinctive feature of each approach. The criteria reveal that the concepts take a specific approach to study material flows in their particular system boundaries. This also relates to the time frame usually applied within the concept as well as the relevant actor network taken into account. Beyond these differences, it arises that the concepts have their strengths on different levels, which leads to a framework for the interrelation of the concepts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Networking for knowledge transfer: towards an understanding of local authority roles in regional industrial ecosystem management
Authors: von Malmborg Fredrik 
Published: August 2004

AbstractKnowledge of the changing roles of local authorities (LAs) in relation to industry would provide an important insight for development and management of industrial ecology at the regional level. Drawing on empirical studies in Sweden, this paper develops a theoretical understanding of the roles of LAs in knowledge transfer in regional environmental management networks. It is suggested that LAs, besides initiating networks and being network brokers and managers, can act as ‘knowledge banks’ or ‘knowledge brokers’. As a ‘knowledge bank’, officers in the LA hold the knowledge transferred to companies and engage closely with the companies in small active networks. As ‘knowledge brokers’, LA officers are less active and mainly help companies to get in contact with consultants and technical experts who hold the knowledge needed for developing environmental management in the companies. In all, the roles identified could be seen as more specific approaches to be taken by the LA when playing the overall role of an institutional anchor tenant, facilitating development and management of regional industrial ecosystems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Estimation of low concentrations in the presence of high concentrations using Bayesian algorithms for interpretation of spectrophotometric data
Authors: Niedziński Cezary , Morawski Roman Z. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA Bayesian method for interpretation of spectral data, dedicated to the monitoring‐type applications of mini‐ and micro‐spectrometers, is addressed. The method generates estimates of the concentrations of the components of an analyzed substance on the basis of the data representative of its absorption spectrum, provided that both the normalized spectra of the components and statistical information on historical measurements of the monitored concentrations are available. The Bayesian method is systematically compared with the constrained least‐squares method, under an assumption that the estimated concentrations differ considerably and the processed data are subject not only to random instrumental noise but also to some random disturbances introduced by the residual content of components of the analyzed substance being not identified. A study, performed using both synthetic and real‐world spectrophotometric data, is aimed at the assessment of the robustness of the Bayesian method to the maximum‐to‐minimum ratio of concentrations and imprecision ofa prioriinformation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐way component analysis of interval‐valued data
Authors: Giordani Paolo , Kiers Henk A. L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractVertices Principal Component Analysis (V‐PCA) and Centers Principal Component Analysis (C‐PCA) are variants of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to deal with two‐way interval‐valued data. In this case the observation units are represented as hyperrectangles instead of points. Tucker3 and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC are component analysis techniques to analyze the underlying structure of three‐way data sets. In the present paper, after recalling the above mentioned methods, we extend the C‐PCA and V‐PCA methods to deal with three‐way interval‐valued data by means of Tucker3 and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC and we describe how to represent the observation units in the obtained low‐dimensional space. Furthermore, an application of the extended methods—called Three‐way Vertices Principal Component Analysis (3V‐PCA) and Three‐way Centers Principal Component Analysis (3C‐PCA)—to three‐way interval‐valued air pollution data is described. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesostructured Silica Tubes and Rods by Templating Porous Membranes
Authors: Liang Zhijian , Susha Andrei S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractMesostructured silica tubes and rods were prepared by deposition of a prehydrolysed silica sol with surfactant onto the cylindrical pores of a polycarbonate (PC) membrane template, followed by calcination to remove the surfactant and membrane template. The tubular and rodlike morphologies of mesostructured silica were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The tubes and rods show ordered hexagonal mesostructures, which were demonstrated by small angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and TEM measurements.
Numerical modelling of elastomers using the boundary element method
Authors: Bayliss M. T. , El‐Zafrany A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe FEM analysis of hyper elastic, elastomeric materials has been formulated and implemented for various material models (strain energy functions) over the years. More recently, the analysis of elastomeric materials has been attempted in the boundary element method. This has been achieved by the addition of non‐linear domain terms to the basic linear boundary element equation. These non‐linear domain terms require the evaluation of the displacement derivative components directly from displacement derivative boundary integral equations. In the solution to the boundary problem it is required to regularize the different types of singularities occurring in the system of non‐linear boundary integral equations. This paper discusses the necessary theory for the boundary element method as applied to elastomers and presents a comparison between semi‐analytical and numerical solutions for various test cases. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD3 bright lymphocyte population reveal γδ T cells
Authors: Lambert Claude , Genin Christian 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundIn routine CD3/CD4/CD8 T‐cell analysis, a CD3 bright population of lymphocytes is frequently observed. The aim of the present study was to identify the immunological significance of such CD3 bright lymphocytes.MethodsWe analyzed samples from 31 healthy adult volunteers, 78 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive, and 78 renal transplanted patients.ResultsA clearly distinct CD3 bright (frequently CD4−/CD8−) T‐cell fraction was observed in 84% of donors and was directly correlated with the fraction of γδ T cells (r2 = 0.64). CD3 overexpression on γδ T cells was confirmed by a combination of monoclonal antibody staining (CD3‐ECD, γδTCR‐FITC, and αβTCR‐PE‐Cy5) or immunomagnetic purification of γδ T cells (i.e., MdFI 20 vs 8.86). The γδ T cells expressed CD8 polypeptide chains (α and β) in all possible combinations. The largest proportion, surprisingly, were cells expressing CD8ββ homodimers (43.8 ± 16.5%). CD8αα homodimers were expressed on 14.2% (± 12.3) of total γδ T cells, whereas CD8αβ heterodimers were expressed on 12.2% (± 7.5). We also observed a bimodal distribution of the intensity of CD3 fluorescence of γδ T cells in immunocompromised patients with a threshold at 105 cell/μl. CD3 bright γδ T cells were more frequently observed in HIV patients (29%) compared with renal transplant patients (11%) and healthy donors (3%; χ 2 test: P = 0.0007).ConclusionsThe simple observation of a CD3 bright T‐cell subset on CD3/CD4/CD8 routine analysis suggests a high γδ T‐cell fraction and, in our opinion, should be followed by a complementary analysis to determine precisely the number of γδ T cells and to identify their CD8α/β phenotype. When CD3 bright T cells/μl were more than 40%, high γδ T cells were detected in more than 87% of cases, with a specificity of 76%. Occasionally, the CD3 bright subset appeared to be strongly homogeneous, suggesting an oligoclonal proliferation that could possibly reveal a chronic localized stimulation or an early lymphoproliferative disorder. Because the γδ T cells have interesting immunological peculiarities, the clinical significance of their quantitative abnormality should be clarified in diseases such as HIV, organ transplantation, autoimmunity and lymphoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.