bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feature Recognition and Object Classification
Authors: Bow Sing‐Tze 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe application of pattern recognition is very wide. It can be applied, in theory, to any situation in which visual information is used in a decision process. Take, as an example, mail sorting. This job does not look heavy in comparison with steel manufacturing plant workers. But although the steel manufacturing plant has been highly automated, mail sorting remains weary, monotonous, and boring. Should a pattern recognition technique be used to identify the name and address of an addressee on the envelope, the efficiency and the effectiveness of mail sorting would increase highly.In the future, the use of pattern recognition to process documents (including text, graphics, and images) for archiving and retrieval will obviously be urgent and of great significance when dealing with large quantities of documents.Another important area of application is in medical imaging and diagnosis. The objective is to automate laboratory examination of medical images such as (1) chest Xrays for pneumoconiosis and (2) cervical smears and mammograms to detect precancer or early stages of cancer and to differentiate those abnormal cells from the cancerous cells even though they look very much the same.Automation of aerial and satellite photo interpretation is another important application of pattern recognition. Among the applications in this field are (1) crop forecasts and (2) analysis of cloud patterns. In summary, for rapid development of the natural, social, and technological sciences in the coming century, pattern recognition, including object classification, is, without doubt, an indispensable and integral built‐in part of most machine intelligence systems that will be used for data analysis and decision making. This article given information on image processing, data reduction through feature extraction approached for pattern classification and multilayer perceptron in model.
Ground Penetrating radar
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that can accurately map the spatial extent of near‐surface objects or changes in soil media and produce images of those features. Data are acquired by reflecting radar waves off subsurface features in a way that is similar to radar methods used to detect airplanes in the sky. Radar waves are propagated in distinct pulses from a surface antenna, reflected off buried objects, features or bedding contacts in the ground, and detected back at the source by a receiving antenna. As radar pulses are being transmitted through various materials on their way to the buried target feature, their velocity changes, depending on the physical and chemical properties of the material through which they are traveling. When the travel times of the energy pulses are measured and velocity through the ground is known, distance (or depth in the ground) can be accurately measured. A three‐dimensional data set is then produced. In the GPR method, radar antennas are moved along the ground in transects, and two‐dimensional profiles of a large number of periodic reflections are created. Thus produces a profile of subsurface stratigraphy and buried features along lines.When data are acquired in a series of transects within a grid and reflections are correlated and processed, an accurate three‐dimensional picture of buried features and associated stratigraphy can be constructed.Ground‐penetrating radar surveys allow for a wide aerial coverage in a short period of time, with excellent subsurface resolution of buried materials and geological stratigraphy. Some radar systems have been able to resolve stratigraphy and other features at depths in excess of 40 meters, when soil and sediment conditions are suitable. More typically, GPR is used to map buried materials of interest at depths from a few tens of centimeters to five meters in depth. Radar surveys cannot only identify buried objects for possible future excavation but also interpolate between excavations, projecting subsurface knowledge into areas that have not yet been, or may never be excavated.GPR surveys are most typically used by geologists, archaeologists, hydrologists, soil engineers, and other geoscientists.
Optical Microscopy
Authors: Davidson Michael W. , Abramowitz Mortimer 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an enormous growth in the application of optical microscopy for micron and submicron level investigations in a wide variety of disciplines. Rapid development of new fluorescent labels has accelerated the expansion of fluorescence microscopy in laboratory applications and research. Advances in digital imaging and analysis have also enabled microscopists to acquire quantitative measurements quickly and efficiently on specimens ranging from photosensitive caged compounds and synthetic ceramic superconductors to real‐time fluorescence microscopy of living cells in their natural environment. Optical microscopy, with help of digital video, can also be used to image very thin optical sections, and confocal optical systems are now in operation at most major research institutions.
This article discusses the history and current use of optical microscopy. Specific topics include microscope objectives, eye pieces, condensers, and optical aberrations. Recommendations are made. Contrast enhancing techniques, reflected light microscopy, darkfield microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, Rheinberg illumination, and differential interference contrast are detailed. Other topics include photomicrography both on film and with electronic analog and digital imaging systems and photographic films.
Photographic Color Display Technology
Authors: Kahn Bruce E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This article reviews color photographic output technology based on silver halide materials. The largest product market in this category is reflection print material, such as that used in color photographic paper. Color paper is used primarily for making prints from photographic negatives and recently, as a high quality output medium for digital images. A number of other types of products employ very similar emulsion technology. In addition to reflection display materials, several types of transmissive color photographic display materials use this technology. The film that is used for projecting motion pictures (motion picture “print” film) is based on this technology. Large color photographic display materials, used primarily for advertising, are available on either clear or translucent plastic supports. These materials also use nearly identical emulsion technology to that used in photographic paper and motion picture print film. Because photographic emulsion technology is the basis for, and common among all of these different types of color photographic display products, photographic emulsion technology for display materials is the focus of this review.
There is relatively little information published in journal articles or product information on the technologies described in this report. For this reason, this article relies heavily on information published in the patent literature. Although the patent literature gives a good indication of the type of technologies available and areas of research and intellectual property interest, it does not specifically show which technologies are actually used, or in which products. As such, this article focuses on the technologies available in color photographic display materials and should not be taken to indicate or imply which technologies, compounds, or materials are used in any particular product.
Cathode Ray Tubes
Authors: Casanova Alig R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) is best known as the display for television and computer monitors. It is a vacuum tube in which electrons move in a beam. A cut‐away diagram of the interior of a CRT for color television display is shown. Inside the tube, the large, nearly flat, area, called the screen, is covered with phosphor materials that convert the electron‐beam energy into light. The beam is rapidly swept over this area, and its intensity is varied, so a display appears to the viewer, who visually integrates the light. When the display is rapidly changed, the viewer sees motion, as in television.
The CRT is described in this article. In particular, the parts of the CRT, such as the cathode, electron gun, phosphors, deflection system, and shadow mask, are explained. The electrons come from the negative electrode, called the cathode, and form a beam, or ray, inside a vacuum tube, leading to the name cathode‐ray‐tube. Much interesting physics is associated with the beam formation and direction and its conversion to light, as well as with the manufacture of CRTs. CRTs have been used in other display applications, such as oscilloscopes, radar, and photorecording tubes. Some history of the tube, which extends during the last century, is presented.
Effects of natural barriers on the spillover of a marine mollusc: implications for fisheries reserves
Authors: Tewfik Alexander , Béné Christophe 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The movement of organisms and dispersal of propagules is fundamental to the maintenance of populations over time. However, the existence of barriers, created through the spatial configuration of habitats, may significantly affect dispersal patterns and thus influence community dynamics and resource sustainability.
Within marine environments unstructured or open habitats may form partial or complete ecological barriers due to elevated risk of predation or physical stresses associated with them. The existence and effects of such barriers may be of particular importance when considering the establishment of marine protected areas with a fisheries enhancement focus.
In this paper, the spillover of post‐settlement queen conch (Strombus gigas) from a protected area in the Turks and Caicos Islands is investigated. It is hypothesized that the reserve boundaries overlap with a series of shallow, sand habitats that effectively enclose the protected population, reducing the spillover of conch into the adjacent fished areas.
To test this, density gradient maps for juvenile and adult conch populations were constructed using underwater visual survey data at 68 sites within and surrounding the protected area. These maps illustrate very low densities coinciding with poor, shallow sand habitats along the two marine boundaries of the reserve where spillover is expected to take place.
These sand habitats are thought to create ecological barriers to a slow, sedentary gastropod largely due to their shallowness (physical stresses of solar exposure or anoxia) and lack of food reducing the tendency of individuals to move across these areas, despite the 10‐times higher density of adult queen conch observed in the protected area compared with outside.
Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concurrent cisplatin, paclitaxel, and radiotherapy as preoperative treatment for patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Urba Susan G. , Orringer Mark B. , Ianettonni Mark , Hayman James A. , Satoru Hayasaka 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDA Phase II trial was conducted at the University of Michigan to determine the efficacy of a preoperative regimen of concurrent cisplatin, paclitaxel, and radiation for patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma.METHODSSixty‐nine patients with esophageal carcinoma were treated with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on Day 1, paclitaxel 60 mg/m2 on Days 1, 8, 15, and 22, and radiation 1.5 Gray (Gy) twice per day on Days 1–5, 8–12, and 15–19, for a total dose of 45 Gy. Transhiatal esophagectomy was performed on approximately Day 50.RESULTSThe treatment regimen was well tolerated. Only 13% of patients developed Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia and 17% of patients required feeding tubes. Ninety percent of all patients had complete tumor resection at the time of surgery. Nineteen percent of patients achieved a complete histologic response in the resected specimen. The median survival period was 24 months. One‐, 2‐, and 3‐year survival probabilities were 75%, 50%, and 34%, respectively.CONCLUSIONSThis cisplatin‐based preoperative regimen, which contained paclitaxel rather than 5‐fluorouracil, was well tolerated. The survival data compared favorably with other previously reported combinations. This regimen is a reasonable preoperative approach for patients with localized esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
The effect of tumor size and lymph node status on breast carcinoma lethality
Authors: Michaelson James S. , Silverstein Melvin , Sgroi Dennis , Cheongsiatmoy Justin A. , Taghian Alphonse , Powell Simon , Hughes Kevin , Comegno Arthur , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Smith Barbara 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt has long been known that both tumor size and the presence of malignant disease in the regional lymph nodes are indicators of outcome for patients with invasive breast carcinoma; however, the way in which these two characteristics could be integrated into an overall assessment of prognosis has not been obvious.METHODSKaplan–Meier survival estimates (15 years) according to tumor size and lymph node status were obtained for women with invasive breast carcinoma who were observed at the University of Southern California/Van Nuys Breast Center (Van Nuys, California) or at Massachusetts General Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts).RESULTSTo isolate the individual contributions to death made by tumor size and lymph node status, data were sorted according to both of these variables. For women with tumors of equivalent size, lethality increased with increasing number of positive lymph nodes, such that there was an extra ≈6% chance of death associated with each positive lymph node. For women with equivalent lymph node status, tumor size was associated with increased lethality, such that each millimeter of tumor diameter was associated with an additional ≈1% chance of death. The overall lethality was equal to the sum of the contribution from lymph node status and the contribution from tumor size, and this finding led to the creation of a new technique (the Size+Nodes method) for predicting outcome.CONCLUSIONSThe Size+Nodes method was shown to be capable of accurately estimating the risk of death due to invasive breast carcinoma from information on the size of the primary tumor and the number of positive lymph nodes. In addition, this method was used to stratify women into groups according to breast carcinoma lethality. In contrast, classification of women according to lymph node positivity, T status, or disease stage created groups with wide and overlapping levels of lethality. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Monitoring of circulating angiogenic factors in dendritic cell–based cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Brostjan Christine , Bayer Anita , Zommer Anna , Gornikiewicz Alexander , Roka Sebastian , Benkö Thomas , Yaghubian Rubina , Jakesz Raimund , Steger Günther , Gnant Michael , Friedl Josef , Stift Anton 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDA promising treatment approach for patients with malignant disease that recently has found its way into clinical trials is based on vaccination with autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumor antigens. However, adequate assays for monitoring clinical and immunologic responses still are under debate. In recent years, the determination of angiogenic markers has shown considerable potential in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with malignant disease, because tumor growth and spread are promoted by angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels.METHODSThe authors established a method for measuring the plasma levels of three modulators of angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet‐derived endothelial cell growth factor, and thrombospondin‐1. The angiogenic blood profile of a healthy control group was characterized and compared with a group of patients with malignant disease. Ultimately, levels of circulating angiogenic factors were monitored in the course of dendritic cell–based cancer immunotherapy.RESULTSBaseline levels of angiogenic mediators varied substantially among healthy individuals but showed consistent values for each individual. Blood levels of circulating angiogenic factors were elevated significantly in patients with advanced disease and were highly sensitive to dendritic cell–based immunotherapy.CONCLUSIONSTo our knowledge, the current report was the first to analyze circulating levels of angiogenic factors during dendritic cell–based immunotherapy. The authors observed a noteworthy change in the angiogenic blood profile with treatment, and this change was correlated with the induction of an immunologic response. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
The surgical treatment of cancer
Authors: Cullinane Carey A. , Borneman Tami , Smith David D. , Chu David Z. J. , Ferrell Betty R. , Wagman Lawrence D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDCosts associated with the provision of medical care continue to escalate. Therefore, providers must evaluate the cost‐effectiveness and benefit to individual healthcare practices. The authors evaluated the immediate and short‐term resource utilization needs of patients undergoing surgical intervention with curative or palliative intent.METHODSThree hundred two patients undergoing surgery with therapeutic intent were observed from the time of admission for intervention until the time of death or until 6 months from the time of the surgical procedure. Surgeons preoperatively identified each case as either curative or palliative in intent. Demographic information, as well as the nature of all interactions with the cancer center, was recorded.RESULTSSurgeons identified 58 (19%) procedures as palliative and 244 (81%) as curative in intent. Demographic characteristics between the two groups were similar, although recurrent or metastatic disease was more often present in palliative rather than curative patients (P = 0.0078) and palliative intent patients were more likely to have received previous therapy. During the 6‐month period, 4690 encounters occurred with the cancer center. The mean number of encounters per patient in each group was similar, although curative intent patients were more likely to have visits with therapeutic intent including chemotherapy administration (P = 0.01), radiation (P = 0.003), or repeat surgical procedures (P = 0.006). In contrast, palliative patients were more likely to be admitted for management of symptoms (P = 0.0001) and had fewer hospital‐free days than did curative patients (P = 0.0069).CONCLUSIONSThe average number of encounters for patients undergoing treatment of disease was not significantly different, suggesting that patients undergoing surgery with palliative intent do not require a greater amount of resources than curative intent patients. The nature of the interactions, however, was different, suggesting that resource needs are different and may need to be anticipated in the assessment of how better quality outcomes can be achieved in the palliative surgery setting. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
RAD21 and KIAA0196 at 8q24 are amplified and overexpressed in prostate cancer
Authors: Porkka Kati P. , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Vessella Robert L. , Visakorpi Tapio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo detect genes that are overexpressed in prostate cancer, a subtracted cDNA library was first constructed from the PC‐3 cell line and subsequently screened by using cDNA microarray hybridization. Sixty‐eight genes were found to be overexpressed (ratio > 3) in PC‐3. Half of these genes were in chromosomal regions, which, using comparative genomic hybridization, we previously showed to be gained in PC‐3. Subsequently, the expression and copy number of selected genes were studied by quantitative RT‐PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization in prostate cancer cell lines, xenografts, and clinical tumor specimens of benign prostate hyperplasia and untreated as well as hormone‐refractory prostate carcinomas. Two genes from chromosomal region 8q24—RAD21 and KIAA0196—showed increased expression in clinical prostate carcinomas and were also amplified in 30–40% of xenografts and hormone‐refractory tumors. In addition, the expression of KIAA0196 was significantly (P = 0.0051) higher in tumors with the gene amplification than in those without it. The data suggest that KIAA0196 and possibly RAD21 are putative target genes for the common amplification of 8q23‐24 in prostate cancer. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dysregulation and overexpression of HMGA2 in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
Authors: Andrieux Joris , Demory Jean‐Loup , Dupriez Brigitte , Quief Sabine , Plantier Isabelle , Roumier Christophe , Bauters Francis , Laï Jean Luc , Kerckaert Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAmong cytogenetic studies of patients affected with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM), a rare chronic myeloproliferative disorder, we found several reports of structural abnormalities of the long arm of chromosome 12. Two MMM patients had a balanced translocation involving 12q: t(4;12)(q32;q15) and t(5;12)(p14;q15), respectively. FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) analysis showed that BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) RP11‐366L20 overlaps the breakpoint in both cases. A gene, HMGA2, most of which is included in that BAC, thus was identified as a potential candidate. Using reserves transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), we looked for expression of HMGA2 in blood mononuclear cells from these 2 patients and demonstrated a transcript in both. Moreover, we found the gene expressed in the hematopoietic cells of 10 of 10 additional patients bearing no 12q anomalies. HMGA2, not expressed in normal subjects, is implicated in benign solid tumors such as lipomas, leiomyomas, and other rare tumors of mesenchymal origin. We postulate that its dysregulation and overexpression in myeloid progenitors contribute also to the pathogenesis of MMM. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy and applications of group MEG studies using cortical source locations estimated from participants' scalp surfaces
Authors: Holliday Ian E. , Barnes Gareth R. , Hillebrand Arjan , Singh Krish D. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe contend that powerful group studies can be conducted using magnetoencephalography (MEG), which can provide useful insights into the approximate distribution of the neural activity detected with MEG without requiring magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for each participant. Instead, a participant's MRI is approximated with one chosen as a best match on the basis of the scalp surface from a database of available MRIs. Because large inter‐individual variability in sulcal and gyral patterns is an inherent source of blurring in studies using grouped functional activity, the additional error introduced by this approximation procedure has little effect on the group results, and offers a sufficiently close approximation to that of the participants to yield a good indication of the true distribution of the grouped neural activity. T1‐weighted MRIs of 28 adults were acquired in a variety of MR systems. An artificial functional image was prepared for each person in which eight 5 × 5 × 5 mm regions of brain activation were simulated. Spatial normalisation was applied to each image using transformations calculated using SPM99 with (1) the participant's actual MRI, and (2) the best matched MRI substituted from those of the other 27 participants. The distribution of distances between the locations of points using real and substituted MRIs had a modal value of 6 mm with 90% of cases falling below 12.5 mm. The effects of this approach on real grouped SAM source imaging of MEG data in a verbal fluency task are also shown. The distribution of MEG activity in the estimated average response is very similar to that produced when using the real MRIs. Hum. Brain Mapping 20:142–147, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.