bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming Indigeneity and Democracy in India's Jharkhand
Authors: Basu Ipshita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Jharkhand (‘the land of forests’)—the only self-defined Indigenous state in India—was created in 2000 after a lengthy regional campaign known as the Jharkhand Movement. Over the 20 years since then, the state has been a volatile political environment in which competing political groups from the radical left (known as Maoists) and the Hindu right, as well as regional parties, have mobilized Indigenous subaltern communities for different ends. The book contributes to scholarship on critical social justice and indigeneity by highlighting ‘relations of justification’ as a central feature of group-based claims-making for social groups who identity with indigeneity in different ways. In an ethnic political environment like Jharkhand, whether or not social groups are recognized as ‘agents of justice’ rather than simply as ‘subjects’ to be allocated goods to ‘correct their backwardness’ depends on their relations with other communities, with political groups, and with different scales of governance. Today, because Adivasi identity in Jharkhand is perceived to provide political and social capital, we find more evidence of social groups from Indigenous backgrounds—as well as of those officially designated as ‘scheduled castes’ and ‘other backward classes’ under the Constitution of India—trying to build bridges with indigeneity while simultaneously critiquing the internal hierarchies and contestations within it. With insights drawn from ethnographic and archival research, this book explains that when ‘relations’—that is, how marginalized groups are treated by others—are at the epicentre of claims-making, expressive attachments determine political activism rather than the instrumental choices that groups are forced to make in contexts characterized by wide power differentials.
Introduction
Authors: Basu Ipshita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This Introduction to the book presents its research context and significance. It explains that the ‘critical’ turn in social justice theory results from the recent acknowledgement among theorists that the core challenge of identity-based social movements is not necessarily a false internal dilemma between cultural recognition and material distributive claims but rather to do with ‘politics’—that is, the relations, structures, and bounded communities that determine who can make claims and how they can make claims before the state, before political representatives, and before one another. The Introduction explains the challenges Indigenous subalterns face when engaging in recognition politics within an ethnic system characterized by huge power differentials, as is the case in Jharkhand, and it highlights that distinguishing expressive partisanship rooted in Indigenous subaltern identity from the instrumental choices that social groups make every day to negotiate with dominant interests can help us to understand the internal tensions, aspirations, and possibilities of recognition politics.
Understanding Private Law
Authors: Jiménez Felipe 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Theories of private law attempt to understand private law—to render private law intelligible. This is true for descriptive, interpretive, and prescriptive theories. It is true, in other words, whether the theory’s concern is giving an accurate description of private law; offering a rational reconstruction of the values served by private law as it exists; or offering an argument for what values ought to underlie and guide private law. But if most theories of private law are concerned, at least partially, with understanding private law, what does this mean? This chapter answers this question by looking into the philosophy of social practices. From that perspective, the methodology of comparative jurisprudence is a useful model for understanding law. The chapter connects this methodology with contemporary accounts of private law theory, and explores the implications of that methodology for such accounts.
Rights Without Standing
Authors: Katz Larissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
On some private law theories, the idea of standing acts as a filter for what counts as a private law right. This chapter argues that equitable rights present a challenge for private law theories organized around the concept of standing. While the concept of standing should continue to frame theoretical inquiry into the nature of ordinary private law rights and the role of judges as adjudicators, it argues that private law theory needs also to account equitable rights and the distinctive role of courts in respect of equitable rights. Taking account of equitable rights within a theory of private law has methodological advantages: it adjusts our theoretical frame and leads to more complete theories of private law that reveal the necessarily public elements of private law and a second role for courts: guardians of the legal order.
Role of Muslims in Filmmaking
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After the Introduction, this chapter shows how Muslims have been an integral part of the Hindi film industry since its inception over a hundred years ago. They are also represented in Bollywood in a major way and they have made an important contribution to the creation of those representations. Muslims have been active in the Bombay film industry throughout four distinct periods: (a) pre-Partition and pre-Independence; (b) post-Independence; (c) prior to and post the Babri Masjid was demolished and the liberalisation era began; and (d) the Narendra Modi-led government period. This chapter discusses how the involvement of Muslims in the filmmaking was also influenced in the each era by the political landscape of the nation
Epilogue
Authors: Khatun Nadira 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To recap, Indian national cinematic space is always reflected and influenced by the country’s sociopolitical landscape; cinematic texts mould and eloquently express social reality to embody certain perspectives. While representing Muslims, a dominant discourse is always constructed in Hindi film texts. Therefore, filmmakers have tried to project the issues and struggles of Muslims but eventually have labelled the minority by demonstrating them as exotic, by showing them as rulers and nawabs, and as villains, terrorists, anti-nationalists, underworld dons, and ultra-nationalists. They are always portrayed as ‘Others’ in Bollywood and are characterized based on the prevailing notions of society at any given time.
The AI commander problem
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Can AI solve the ethical-political dilemmas of warfare? Chapter 1 sets the stage for the remainder of the book by focusing on the central elements of the ethical and political dilemmas of human–machine interactions in algorithmic warfare. While much of the present debate has revolved around ethical and legal concerns about fielding lethal robots (or “killer robots”) into armed conflict, less attention focuses on AI-enabled warfare’s ethical, moral, and psychological dilemmas. The chapter fills a gap in discussions of complex socio-technical interactions between AI and warfare. It offers a counterpoint to the argument that AI “rational” efficiency can simultaneously offer a viable solution to humans’ psychological and biological fallibility in combat while retaining “meaningful” human control over the war machine. This Panglossian assumption neglects the psychological features of human–machine interactions, the pace at which future AI-enabled conflict will be fought, and the complex and chaotic nature of modern war. The chapter details a series of key psychological insights of human–machine interactions to elucidate how AI shapes our capacity to think about future warfare’s political and ethical dilemmas. It argues that through the psychological process of human–machine integration, AI will not merely force multiply existing advanced weaponry, but will become de facto strategic actors in warfare—the “AI commander problem.”
Tactical generals and strategic corporals
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Will AI-enabled systems complement, supplant, or obviate the role of humans in command? Chapter 3 explores themes relating to the use of machines to support command decisions in warfare. The chapter argues that AI-enabled capabilities cannot effectively or reliably complement (let alone replace) the critical role of humans in understanding and apprehending the strategic environment—to make predictions and judgments that inform strategy. Furthermore, the rapid diffusion of and growing dependency on AI technology at all levels of warfare will have strategic consequences that counterintuitively increase the importance of human involvement in these tasks. The chapter revisits John Boyd’s decision-making “OODA loop” to advance a critique of AI-enabled capabilities to augment command decision-making processes. It draws insights from Boyd’s emphasis on “orientation” as a schema to elucidate the role of human cognition (perception, emotion, and heuristics) in defense planning in a non-linear world characterized by complexity, novelty, and uncertainty. The chapter addresses ongoing debates about whether AI will alleviate or exacerbate war’s fog and friction. It also engages with the Clausewitzian notion of “military genius” (and its role in mission command), human cognition, systems, and evolution theory to consider the strategic implications of automating the OODA loop.
Thinking forward with counterfactuals
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 advances a human-centric policy response to the “AI-nuclear dilemma” described in Chapter 4. It demonstrates the utility of counterfactual reasoning as a means by which decision-makers can avoid myopic technological determinism and thus consider alternative outcomes to hedge against unforeseen risk and technological surprise. This chapter builds on the concept of “future counterfactuals” to construct imaginative yet realistic scenarios to consider the future possibility of a nuclear exchange in AI-enabled warfare. It highlights the critical role counterfactual scenarios can play in challenging conventional wisdom, preconceived assumptions, and human biases associated with the “AI-nuclear dilemma.” In emphasizing the role of uncertainty, cognitive bias, and fundamental uncertainty in world politics, the chapter also contributes to the cognitivist discourse about emerging technology and the risk of inadvertent and accidental nuclear war.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the rationale for the monograph and provides the thesis of the work. After an examination of relevant scholarship, the Introduction discusses the methodology of the work, which approaches Origen’s pneumatology thematically and by utilizing Origen’s entire extant corpus. Then, the Introduction describes how the volume accounts for any developments within Origen’s thought, navigates the questions surrounding the reliability of the Latin translations of Origen’s work, and addresses Origen’s use of the term “spirit” to designate a number of different beings. The Introduction concludes with a summary and outline of each of the chapters in the work.
The Activity of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 offers a comprehensive analysis of the Holy Spirit’s activities in Origen’s thought, including the Spirit’s roles in the giving of gifts, sanctification, intercession, the inspiration of Scripture, and the interpretation of Scripture. The chapter surveys the Spirit’s activities across Origen’s corpus, drawing attention to activities of the Spirit that have received little scholarly attention. The chapter also considers the importance of 1 Cor 12:4–6 to Origen’s understanding of the Spirit’s activities. Origen interprets this passage, the chapter argues, as evidence that the Spirit’s activities are not only the work of the Spirit, but also of the Father and the Son. By describing the Spirit’s activities as a common operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, Origen affirms that the Spirit is ranked below the Father and Son but above all other beings.
Conclusion
Authors: Miller Micah M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In addition to offering summative comments and drawing out the significance of his pneumatological thought, the Conclusion suggests some avenues through which Origen’s pneumatology may have influenced later thought. The Conclusion surveys the Holy Spirit’s rank and the interpretation of John 1:3 in Eusebius of Caesarea and Eunomius; the Holy Spirit’s unity and multiplicity and the interpretation of Isa 11:2–3 in Eusebius, Cyril of Jerusalem, and Didymus the Blind; and the common operation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit and the interpretation of 1 Cor 12:4–6 in Didymus the Blind and Basil of Caesarea. By examining a number of fourth-century authors, the survey shows the variety of ways that Origen’s thought may have been received and developed by different thinkers, both those later considered orthodox and those later considered heterodox.
Conflicts in Public Spaces
Authors: Forster Marc R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conflicts that appear in the court records were by definition public quarrels. Many of the conflicts originated in taverns, where honor and reputation were on public display, and where the lubrication provided by alcohol brought the conflicts of everyday life into the open. The more public the nature of conflicts, the more serious they were. Taverns were public spaces, where stories were told. And rumors and gossip, often originating in tavern talk, spread stories and inflamed conflicts. Local officials and local community leaders tried to regulate taverns, with the idea that they could reduce conflict and violence. Taverns were primarily male spaces, often dominated by propertied men, but women and poorer people were also present. Maid servants were considered sexually suspicious and appear fairly often in the court records. They were just one group of “disreputable people” who faced scrutiny and suspicion in these villages.
The Functions of Christian Doctrine
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with an extended critical assessment of George Lindbeck’s Nature of Doctrine (1984), which still remains influential. In addition to recapitulating earlier critiques, this analysis explores aspects of Lindbeck’s analysis which were considered unproblematic at the time (such as his reading of Wittgenstein and his understanding of ‘religion’), noting how these are now seen to require revision. Most importantly, it is argued that Lindbeck identifies a number of ways of understanding the role or function of Christian doctrine, which he treats as competitive. In the place of this inadequate account, this chapter offers a model of doctrine which is able to enfold these multiple doctrinal functions (such as doctrine as a means of safeguarding Christian identity), drawing on the philosopher Mary Midgley’s concept of ‘mapping’, which allows complex realities to be explored without reduction or distortion.
Sir William Petty, the ‘Sceptical-Tories’, and the Government of the Sea
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Petty’s engagements with Hobbes in the decade or so before Petty’s death in 1687. Petty depended for political influence in this period on his relationship with James, Duke of York, the lord high admiral who became king in 1685. The chapter connects Petty to the ‘sceptical-Tory’ faction of James’s court, whose other members shared Petty’s interests in the new science and politics, including Hobbes’s theories of these subjects. In 1674, James appointed Petty judge of the Irish admiralty court. A few years earlier, Petty had received a hostile reception in England to a work of mathematics and physics which engaged positively with Hobbes. He had recently found Ireland more conducive, however, and influenced ‘sceptical-Toryism’ ideologically. Emboldened by this, he thought with Hobbes to reinterpret admiralty law to the advantage of James and the ‘sceptical-Tories’. Following James’s accession, he did the same with the concept of maritime sovereignty.
Conclusion
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This Conclusion brings the book to a close by reflecting on the geography of political discourse in the British world, especially the discourse of sovereignty. In England, political conditions in our period were often stable enough for Hobbes’s readers to reject or ‘tame’ Hobbes’s concept of sovereignty without endangering civil peace. In Ireland, Hobbes’s readers were impelled by the country’s political instability to engage with the concept more fully and sympathetically. Here, the ‘Leviathan’ was released and remained at large well into the eighteenth century. The Conclusion ends by arguing that Hobbes’s concept of sovereignty was used to defend the interests of Irish subjects, as well as to subdue them; for Hobbes, after all, sovereignty was established by the subjects’ consent. Proclamations of the demise of sovereignty in Northern Ireland following the Belfast Agreement, on the grounds that it emphasized ‘consent’ and ‘impartiality’ in the exercise of sovereignty, may therefore be mistaken.
The Science of Affect
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Affective states form a broad class, encompassing emotions, desires and repulsions, sensory pleasures and displeasures (pains), and moods. This chapter focusses on their commonalities, outlining for the non-specialist what the sciences of psychology and affective neuroscience have discovered about their nature in recent decades. All result from appraisals of the personal significance of some object, event, or thought; all issue in automatic motor tendencies; all cause forms of bodily arousal or de-arousal; all issue in positive or negative valence directed at the appraised thing; and all are involved in evaluative learning, contributing to the acquisition of new values and concerns. Moreover, all are subject to powerful top-down influences (placebo and nocebo effects).
The New Hedonism
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the science of affect (especially the literatures on prospection and neuroeconomics) can be used to support a new and more sophisticated kind of motivational hedonism, which can evade all previous critiques of hedonism (as Chapter 4 will show). It discusses the role of valence (pleasure and displeasure) in decision-making, and considers whether there are forms of decision-making that don’t rely upon valence. It also addresses the challenge that not all decision-making relies on conscious valence. Throughout the chapter the valences are treated as intrinsic properties attaching to experiences, providing a sort of “hedonic gloss” on those experiences when conscious. The result in a form of motivational hedonism, but one in which pleasure attaching to future-directed representations makes those future outcomes or events seem attractive. The goal of the chapter is to use the steel-man strategy to build the strongest hedonist theory possible. Other views of the nature of valence are considered in later chapters.
Feelings Versus Representations of Value
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts two competing accounts of the nature of valence. One sees pleasure and displeasure as intrinsic feelings that attach to our experiences, resulting from evaluative appraisals of the contents of the latter. These feelings can then be thought to motivate choice directly. The upshot is motivational hedonism. The other account sees pleasure and displeasure as representations of value. Pleasure represents the event or activity that occasions it as good (but representing goodness in a nonconceptual and quasi-perceptual manner), and displeasure represents it as bad. Goodness and badness can then be cashed out in terms of inclusive fitness, because this is what valence carries information about, and it is the fact of carrying that information that explains the role of valence in decision-making. The chapter presents a number of arguments in favor of the value-representing view, the upshot of which is motivational pluralism and a vindication of altruism. It follows from the account provided, however, that some pleasures falsely represent their objects as good, and that some displeasures represent their objects incorrectly as bad.
Kant’s Moral Philosophy in the 1790s
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Kant refined and amplified his moral philosophy in his major works of the 1790s (as well as building a political philosophy upon it, which is not considered here). One major development in the Critique of the Power of Judgment and the 1793 essay on “Theory and Practice” was the development of a conception of the highest good as a completion of morality realizable in human history rather than in personal immortality, although still in a nature underwritten by God. In Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason Kant responded to the objection that he left no room for free but evil action by arguing that our evil is the product of free choice, but precisely because the choice is free we are also free to undertake a “change of heart” from evil to good. Finally, in his last major work, the Metaphysics of Morals of 1797, he developed a full catalogue of the duties of human beings by applying the fundamental principle of morality to the general circumstances of actual human existence. Freedom of action and freedom of the will are the central concepts in Kant’s thought in this period.
Hegel
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the course of his career from his earliest publications shortly after 1800 until his Outlines of the Philosophy of Right published in 1821, Hegel responded to Kant’s moral philosophy (less so to Kant’s own “Doctrine of Right,” the first half of the Metaphysics of Morals). His early essay on natural law pressed the “empty formalism” objection against Kant, and in the Philosophy of Right he argued that the “emptiness” of “abstract right” and “morality” could only be filled in by the actuality of Sittlichkeit, translated as “ethical life,” the facts of human life in families, social and economic organizations, and government. In many ways Hegel’s conception of “ethical life” is not very different from Kant’s conception of the specific duties of human beings that arise from the application of the fundamental principle of morality valid for all rational beings to the basic circumstances of human existence. But Hegel did not like Kant’s distinction between a priori principles and empirical conditions of application, nor did he like Kant’s recognition of the inescapable element of contingency in the doctrine of duties that the admission of any merely empirical premises into the deduction of human duties entails—although his own conception of Sittlichkeit would also seem to entail the same result.
Swan Songs
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the experiences lived in Rome during the years 337-476, referencing the life of Augustine and Constantius. It looks into the worship of old gods throughout the Roman empire. After the torrent of catastrophes and emergencies of the fifth century, its moral and political rationale dissipated in the eyes of soldiers and peasants, bishops and nobles, Romans and barbarians. Romanitas still had some persuasive purposes that differ from region to region. The chapter acknowledges the reasons for the imperial collapse of barbarian migrations and invasions. The formation of the barbarian kingdoms directly resulted from emperors and senators failing to supply the honor, security, and treasure that went with Romanitas.