bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daphnia response to predation threat involves heat‐shock proteins and the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton
Authors: Pijanowska Joanna , Kloc Malgorzata 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOf all the environmental pressures that all organisms across all kingdoms must face, one of the greatest is the risk of predation. The unpredictability of predation events from the perspective of a single individual is one of the major components of a changing, unstable environment (Gliwicz and Pijanowska, 1989; Lampert, 1987). The panoply of antipredator defenses among terrestrial and aquatic organisms involves a variety of morphological, behavioral, and life‐history adaptations that even if they are not life‐saving, may enable organisms to complete reproduction before predation occurs. Most of these phenotypic changes are directly induced by cues associated with the biotic agent, in the case of aquatic organisms, the chemical compounds (kairomones) released by a predator into the water. Herein we show that exposure of Daphnia to invertebrate and vertebrate kairomones results in changes in motion, behavior, and life history and at the molecular level involves changes in heat‐shock proteins (HSPs) level and the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton. In addition, some of these effects are transgenerational, i.e., they are passed on from the mother to her offspring. genesis 38:81–86, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Movement of calmodulin between cells in the ovary and embryo of drosophila
Authors: Andruss Bernard F. , Bolduc Clare , Beckingham Kathy 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSummary: Calmodulin (CaM) is an essential component of calcium signaling in multicellular organisms. We used null mutations of the Drosophila CaM gene (Cam) in combination with clonal analysis and immunolocalization to examine the effects of loss of Cam function in the ovarian germline and developing embryo. These studies have uncovered unexpected and striking movements of CaM protein within these tissues. In the ovary, evidence for transfer of CaM from an external source, across plasma membranes, into the germline cells was obtained. In late embryogenesis, maternally derived CaM protein relocalizes dramatically within the nervous system of both wildtype and Cam null embryos‐a process that may also involve movement across cell membranes. These findings indicate dynamic, unsuspected elements to the in vivo functions of CaM in the whole organism. genesis 38:93–103, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elk‐1 knock‐out mice engineered by Flp recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange
Authors: Cesari Francesca , Rennekampff Verena , Vintersten Kristina , Giang Vuong Lam , Seibler Jost , Bode Jürgen , Wiebel Franziska F. , Nordheim Alfred 
Published: February 2004

AbstractElk‐1 is a member of the TCF subfamily of Ets proteins. TCFs interact with SRF at serum response elements (SREs) of immediate early genes (IEGs), such as c‐fos and Egr‐1, thereby mediating IEG induction upon extracellular stimulation. We previously generated an Elk‐1 null allele (Elk1‐137) in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells by homologous recombination. In Elk1‐137, the Elk‐1 gene was replaced by a Hygromycin B phosphotransferase – Thymidine Kinase (HygTk) fusion gene, flanked by two nonidentical Flp recombinase recognition (FRT) sites (Cesari et al., [2004] Mol Cell Biol, in press) to allow for the subsequent generation of alternative alleles of interest by recombinase‐mediated cassette exchange (RMCE). Elk1‐deficient mice derived from Elk‐1(137/0) ES cells are viable and do not reveal strong phenotypical abnormalities, apart from male sterility. However, the Elk‐1 locus contains the Tk cassette, which has previously been related to this defect. Therefore, in our first experiment involving the technique of Flp RMCE we chose to remove the HygTk cassette in Elk‐1(137/0) ES cells and to generate Elk‐1(RMCE16/0) and Elk‐1(RMCE16/RMCE16) mice. In so doing, we provide evidence that the sterility of Elk1(137/0) mice was not due to the absence of Elk‐1 but rather the presence of HygTk. This is the first report of mice derived from ES cells which were subjected to Flp RMCE and thus proves that RMCE is a powerful tool for the genetic engineering of previously tagged loci in the mouse genome. genesis 38:87–92, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of AmphiCoe, an amphioxus COE/EBF gene, in the developing central nervous system and epidermal sensory neurons
Authors: Mazet Françoise , Masood Samia , Luke Graham N. , Holland Nicholas D. , Shimeld Sebastian M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSummary: The COE/EBF gene family marks a subset of prospective neurons in the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous system, including neurons deriving from some ectodermal placodes. Since placodes are often considered unique to vertebrates, we have characterised an amphioxus COE/EBF gene with the aim of using it as a marker to examine the timing and location of peripheral neuron differentiation. A single COE/EBF family member, AmphiCoe, was isolated from the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae. AmphiCoe lies basal to the vertebrate COE/EBF genes in molecular phylogenetic analysis, suggesting that the duplications that formed the vertebrate COE/EBF family were specific to the vertebrate lineage. AmphiCoe is expressed in the central nervous system and in a small number of scattered ectodermal cells on the flanks of neurulae stage embryos. These cells become at least largely recessed beneath the ectoderm. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine embryos in which the ectoderm had been partially peeled away. This revealed that these cells have neuronal morphology, and we infer that they are the precursors of epidermal primary sensory neurons. These characters lead us to suggest that differentiation of some ectodermal cells into sensory neurons with a tendency to sink beneath the embryonic surface represents a primitive feature that has become incorporated into placodes during vertebrate evolution. genesis 38:58–65, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of a combined extract of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera on cognitive function in healthy humans
Authors: Nathan Pradeep J. , Tanner Sally , Lloyd Jenny , Harrison Ben , Curran Leah , Oliver Chris , Stough Con 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExtracts of Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera have been shown to produce positive effects on cognitive function in healthy subjects. While the exact mechanisms are not known, it has been suggested that antioxidant properties and cholinergic modulation may play a role. In the current study the sub‐chronic (2 weeks) and chronic (4 weeks) effects of an extract containing Ginkgo biloba (120 mg) and Bacopa monniera (300 mg) (Blackmores Ginkgo Brahmi) on cognitive function were examined. The study was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, independent group design in which 85 healthy subjects were allocated to one of two treatment conditions (placebo or combined Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera extract). Testing was conducted at baseline and 2 and 4 weeks post treatment. The results showed that the combined extract relative to placebo did not demonstrate any significant effects on tests investigating a range of cognitive processes including attention, short‐term and working memory, verbal learning, memory consolidation, executive processes, planning and problem solving, information processing speed, motor responsiveness and decision making. These findings suggest that at least within the current treatment duration and doses, an extract containing Ginkgo biloba and Bacopa monniera had no cognitive enhancing effects in healthy subjects. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sedation, an unpleasant, undesirable and potentially dangerous side‐effect of many psychotropic drugs
Authors: Bourin Michel , Briley Mike 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSedation is a property of many psychotropic drugs. It can be defined as a decrease in psychomotor and cognitive performance. Many of the earlier neuroleptic, anxiolytic, antidepressant and antihistamine drugs were extremely sedative and sedation came to be considered as an integral part of the activity of these compounds. Newer, far less sedative, examples of each of these classes have shown that sedation is not required for their efficacy. Sedation is now increasingly considered as an adverse effect which should be avoided rather than a desirable effect especially when treating disorders such as anxiety or depression. This article discusses the sedative properties and mechanisms of different classes of psychotropic drugs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Ginkgo biloba on alertness and chemosensory function in healthy adults
Authors: Mattes Richard D. , Pawlik M. Kate 
Published: February 2004

AbstractGinkgo biloba is reported to enhance cognitive function in patients with selected neural disorders. Its effects in healthy, young adults are less well characterized. This work explored whether Ginkgo biloba could ameliorate decrements in alertness post‐prandially and/or enhance chemosensory function. Both are functions that could be influenced by enhanced cerebral blood flow and neuronal metabolism, reported properties of the compound. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study was conducted with 19 males and 20 females with a mean age of 23.6 ± 5.4 years and mean weight of 70.0 ± 1.9 kg. Participants were supplemented for 13 weeks with either Ginkgo biloba (mean dose 184.5 mg/d (range 130–234 mg/d)) or placebo and administered various alertness, performance, affective state and chemosensory tests at weeks 1, 5, 9 and 13. Participants did experience the post‐prandial affective state decrement (i.e. post‐lunch dip), but not the performance decrement. Performance on the chemosensory tests improved over the 13‐week study. However, Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating the symptoms of the post‐lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depot antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: an East Asian perspective
Authors: Sim Kang , Su Alex , Ungvari Gabor S , Fujii Senta , Yang Shu‐yu , Chong Mian‐Yoon , Si Tianmei , Chung Eun Kee , Tsang Hin‐Yeung , Chan Yiong Huak , Shinfuku Naotaka , Tan Chay Hoon 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAimsFew studies have examined the use of depot antipsychotics in East Asian patients with schizophrenia. This study examined the prevalence of depot antipsychotic use and its clinical correlates.MethodsAcross six East Asian countries and territories, 2399 patients with schizophrenia were surveyed using a standardized protocol.ResultsDepot antipsychotic medications were prescribed in 15.3% (n=368) of the patients, being the most common in Singapore, followed by Taiwan, Japan and China. Being on depot antipsychotic drugs was significantly associated with male gender (particularly in Taiwan and Japan), delusions in Japan, aggression, higher daily CPZ equivalent dose and co‐prescription of anticholinergic drugs but less likely with disorganized speech (particularly in China) and negative symptoms (particularly in Japan and Singapore). On multivariate analysis, the significant associated factors were treatment setting, younger age, longer duration of illness, aggression and the lack of use of an oral, atypical antipsychotic.ConclusionThere was a wide variation in the prevalence of depot antipsychotic prescription, suggesting that it may not be guided by any recognizable principles and is more likely determined by local traditions and prescription culture. There is a need to re‐examine the risk–benefit profile of each patient before deciding on the initiation or continuation of depot antipsychotic medication. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breakdown of the regulatory control of pyrimidine biosynthesis in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Sigoillot Frederic D. , Sigoillot Severine M. , Guy Hedeel I. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe activity of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in the MCF7 breast cancer cells was 4.4‐fold higher than that in normal MCF10A breast cells. Moreover, while pyrimidine biosynthesis in MCF10A was tightly regulated, increasing as the culture matured and subsequently down‐regulated in confluency, the biosynthetic rate in MCF7 cells remained elevated and invariant in all growth phases. The flux through the pathway is regulated by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, a component of the multifunctional protein, CAD. The intracellular CAD concentration was 3.5‐ to 4‐fold higher in MCF7 cells, an observation that explains the high rate of pyrimidine biosynthesis but cannot account for the lack of growth‐dependent regulation. In MCF10A cells, up‐regulation of the pathway in the exponential growth phase resulted from MAP kinase phosphorylation of CAD Thr456. The pathway was subsequently down‐regulated by dephosphorylation of P∼Thr456 and the phosphorylation of CAD by PKA. In contrast, the CAD P∼Thr456 was persistently phosphorylated in MCF7 cells, while the PKA site remained unphosphorylated and consequently the activity of the pathway was elevated in all growth phases. In support of this interpretation, inhibition of MAP kinase in MCF7 cells decreased CAD P∼Thr456, increased PKA phosphorylation and decreased pyrimidine biosynthesis. Conversely, transfection of MCF10A with constructs that elevated MAP kinase activity increased CAD P∼Thr456 and the pyrimidine biosynthetic rate. The differences in the CAD phosphorylation state responsible for unregulated pyrimidine biosynthesis in MCF7 cells are likely to be a consequence of the elevated MAP kinase activity and the antagonism between MAP kinase‐ and PKA‐mediated phosphorylations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of interleukin‐8 as estrogen receptor‐regulated factor involved in breast cancer invasion and angiogenesis by protein arrays
Authors: Lin Ying , Huang Ruochun , Chen Lipai , Li Shiyong , Shi Qian , Jordan Craig , Huang Ruo‐Pan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWith the goal of identifying key factors involved in human breast cancer progression, we applied human cytokine antibody arrays we have developed to screen cytokine expression levels in human breast cancer cell lines and identified interleukin (IL)‐8 as a key factor involved in breast cancer invasion and angiogenesis. Elevated expression of IL‐8 in breast cancer cells was associated with breast cancer invasiveness and angiogenesis. Neutralization of antibody against IL‐8 specifically blocked IL‐8‐mediated tumor cell invasion and angiogenesis. Furthermore, IL‐8 levels in human breast cancer cells were closely related to estrogen receptor (ER) status. ER positive cells expressed low levels of IL‐8 whereas ER negative cells expressed high levels of IL‐8. Expression of exogenous ERα substantially inhibited IL‐8 expression. Our findings raise intriguing questions regarding the role of IL‐8 in the development and progression of human breast cancer in association with ER status. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loss of p16INK4a expression is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroya , Ozawa Soji , Shih Chih‐Horng , Ando Nobutoshi , Kitagawa Yuko , Ueda Masakazu , Kitajima Masaki 
Published: February 2004

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression has been suggested to correlate with intratumoral microvessel density, tumor advancement and prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Previous studies have showed that disruption of cell cycle regulator p16 is related to oncogenesis and tumor progression in ESCC. We hypothesized that VEGF expression in ESCC is reflected by abnormalities in the p16INK4a gene. To clarify the regulatory role of p16INK4a in VEGF expression in vitro, we transferred the p16INK4a gene into a p16INK4a‐deleted ESCC cell line and observed changes in VEGF expression. Furthermore, we immunohistochemically assessed the expression of the cell cycle regulators (p16, p53 and RB) and VEGF in 90 surgically resected specimens of ESCC. Introduction of p16INK4a cDNA by the p16 expression vector significantly suppressed cell proliferation in the p16INK4a‐deleted cell line TE8 (p < 0.0001). VEGF secretion by TE8 cells transfected with the p16INK4a vector was significantly suppressed as compared to non‐transfected TE8 cells (p < 0.0001) and TE8 cells transfected with a control vector (p = 0.0015). The immunohistochemical studies of ESCC primary tumor specimens showed that loss of p16 expression was significantly correlated with VEGF‐positive expression (p = 0.0004). The cumulative postoperative survival rate in the group with p16‐positive and VEGF‐negative expression was significantly higher than in the other groups. Neither p53 nor RB expression had any impact on outcome. Aberrant p53 expression tended to be associated with VEGF expression, but the trend did not reach statistical significance. Our study demonstrated that VEGF expression was correlated with p16 expression in ESCC. Our results suggest that p16 may have a regulatory role in VEGF expression in ESCC. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor skewing of CD34+ progenitor cell differentiation into endothelial cells
Authors: Young M. Rita I. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTumor production of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) results in the mobilization of CD34+ progenitor cells into the peripheral blood and tumor tissue. Using the Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model, in vitro studies showed that LLC cells could chemoattract CD34+ cells predominantly through tumor production of VEGF. Addition of LLC‐conditioned medium to CD34+ cells that were cultured under conditions that support myeloid lineage cells skewed the differentiation of these precursor cells toward endothelial cells expressing CD31 and CD144. This differentiation of CD34+ cells toward endothelial cells was attributed predominantly to angiopoietin‐1 in the tumor‐conditioned medium. The CD34+ cells expressed the angiopoietin receptor Tie‐2 and their differentiation into endothelial cells was blocked with neutralizing angiopoietin‐1 antibodies. In vivo studies showed that infusion of lacZ+ CD34+ cells from the bone marrow of transgenic mice into wild‐type mice bearing LLC tumors resulted in the accumulation of lacZ+ cells within the tumor mass, particularly at the tumor's periphery. That these infused CD34+ progenitor cells could develop into endothelial cells of the tumor vasculature was supported by their acquisition of the endothelial cell markers CD31 or CD144 within the tumor tissue. These studies demonstrate the capacity of tumor to attract CD34+ cells to the tumor site and to direct the differentiation of these CD34+ cells into endothelial cells that can become a component of the tumor vasculature. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined 90Yttrium‐DOTA‐labeled PAM4 antibody radioimmunotherapy and gemcitabine radiosensitization for the treatment of a human pancreatic cancer xenograft
Authors: Gold David V. , Modrak David E. , Schutsky Keith , Cardillo Thomas M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe have examined the application of 90Y‐DOTA‐cPAM4, anti‐MUC1 IgG, in combination with the front‐line drug gemcitabine as a potential therapeutic for pancreatic cancer. Athymic nude mice bearing CaPan1 human pancreatic cancer xenografts were administered 2 mg of gemcitabine on days 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 with concurrent 90Y‐DOTA‐cPAM4 (100 μCi) provided on day 0. A second group of mice received a second cycle of treatment 5 weeks after the start of the first cycle. Control groups of mice included those that received either treatment arm alone, the combined modality treatment employing a nontargeting control antibody (hLL2, anti‐B‐cell lymphoma) and a final group that was left untreated. Gemcitabine administered as a single agent provided no antitumor effect. A single cycle of the combined 90Y‐DOTA‐cPAM4 and gemcitabine treatment provided greater inhibition of tumor growth than was observed for any of the other treatment procedures. Tumor growth was delayed for a period of 7 weeks. Two cycles of gemcitabine with concomitant 90Y‐DOTA‐cPAM4 yielded significant tumor regression and increased median survival to 21 weeks vs. 12 weeks for mice receiving a single cycle of therapy (p<0.024). Median tumor volume doubling‐times were 18 weeks in mice treated with 2‐cycles of therapy vs. 7 weeks in mice given only 1‐cycle (p<0.001), and 3.5 weeks for the group that received 2‐cycles of gemcitabine concomitant with equitoxic nontargeting 90Y‐DOTA‐hLL2 (p<0.001). These data suggest that addition of 90Y‐DOTA‐cPAM4 RAIT to a gemcitabine treatment regimen may provide enhanced antitumor efficacy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined effects of cyclooxygenase‐1 and cyclooxygenase‐2 selective inhibitors on intestinal tumorigenesis in adenomatous polyposis coli gene knockout mice
Authors: Kitamura Tomohiro , Itoh Masaki , Noda Tetsuo , Matsuura Mamoru , Wakabayashi Keiji 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAs with cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, genetic disruption of COX‐1 gene or pharmacologic inhibition of its activity has been shown to decrease the number of intestinal polyps in Apc gene‐deficient mice. The present study was designed to investigate the combined effects of COX‐1 and COX‐2 selective inhibitors on spontaneous polyp formation in APC1309 female mice. The animals were treated with 300 or 600 ppm mofezolac (a COX‐1 selective inhibitor) alone, 200 or 400 ppm nimesulide (a COX‐2 selective inhibitor) alone, 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide, 600 ppm mofezolac plus 400 ppm nimesulide, or 10 ppm indomethacin (a dual‐COX inhibitor) in the diet from 7 weeks of age for 4 weeks. Percentage inhibition of polyp area in the intestine was 17% with 600 ppm mofezolac alone and 25% with 400 ppm nimesulide alone, their sum of 42% being almost equal to the 37% observed for the combination treatment. Administration of 300 ppm mofezolac plus 200 ppm nimesulide also significantly decreased polyp area in the intestine by 30%. Moreover, the numbers of polyps more than 2.5 mm in diameter were markedly decreased by combined treatment of both COX inhibitors. With 10 ppm indomethacin, the dual inhibitor, polyp area was also clearly reduced by 46%. Our results indicate that COX‐1 and COX‐2 may to some extent contribute to polyp formation independently and inhibitor combination treatment thus has particular potential for chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.