bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introduction lays the groundwork for an understanding of the healing power of symbolic acts of sovereign repentance. It argues that the common tendency to treat the ‘age of apology’ as an ethical turn in state practice is, at best, inadequate and, at worst, misguided. Since such gestures are regularly extolled, not simply for restoring the rule of law, but for healing the wounded nation, they stand in need of biopolitical, as well as ethical, investigation. With this purpose in mind, the introduction introduces the work of Schmitt, Foucault and Agamben and uses it to reveal the connection between sovereign repentance and national healing. It finishes by posing the question of whether the healing of nations deserves to be treated as an instance of affirmative biopolitics.
An Exercise of Sovereignty in the Mode of Contrition
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the apology to the ‘Stolen Generations’ in Australia in an attempt to identify the potential and the limits of apology as a political practice. The chapter focuses attention on the authority of the sovereign person and the way in which ‘his’ right to suspend or override the law seems to simultaneously enable and disable gestures of contrition. Against those who treat apologies as moral gestures, indicative of the subjection of sovereign power to a Christian code of ethics, the chapter treats them as biopolitical operations in which the right of the sovereign to go beyond the law is deployed as a tool of shame management. It suggests that sovereign apologies may ultimately hold more value for the perpetrating community than the victim group, even when they are sincerely offered.
A Different Catharsis?
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Greek tragedy as an alternative model of societal self-reflection. Like our modern institutions of exception—the public memorial, the political apology, and the truth commission—the festival of Greek tragedy was both an institutional anomaly, separated from normal political life, and an indispensable vehicle of collective mourning and reflection. And yet, unlike our modern institutions of exception, where emotional outpouring seems to override critical reflection, it preserved (or appears to have preserved) an intrinsic connection between emotional catharsis and political clarification. This chapter seeks to explain how Greek tragedy functioned as a space of mourning and reflection where citizens were brought to an understanding of political life. It then uses this model to critically reflect on the possibilities of political clarification and learning that are present but not fully realized in the institutions which are now regularly used to come to terms with the past.
General Introduction
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces EU procedural law, which denotes the study of the system of judicial protection in the European Union. The three main aspects of EU procedural law relate to the functioning of the judicial system at the Union level, the relationship between the Union Courts and the national courts, and the interaction between Union law and the national procedural and remedial frameworks. Union Court procedures are governed by a set of rules contained in the Treaties, the Statute of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the respective Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice and the General Court, and other procedural texts relative to each of the Union Courts. This chapter addresses certain themes and challenges regarding the system of judicial protection in the European Union. It cites the two-fold task of the Union Courts and the interlocking relationship between them and the national courts.
Cooperation between National Courts and the Court of Justice: The Reference for a Preliminary Ruling
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice within the framework of the preliminary ruling procedure. It discusses the initiative for requesting a preliminary ruling, including the notion of court or tribunal of a Member State, along with the content of an order for reference, the determination of relevance, and the duty to request a preliminary ruling. It also considers requests in the context of composite administrative procedures.
Union Law and National Procedures and Remedies
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between Union law and national procedures and remedies. It discusses the various principles and provisions structuring this relationship, followed by a thematic overview of their applications relating to remedies, jurisdiction and competence, standing and interest, time-limits, costs and legal aid, fair trial guarantees, powers of national courts, evidence, and the finality of judicial and administrative decisions. It further illustrates these principles within the context of a number of specific actions: the recovery of unlawful charges, the recovery of unlawful State aid, claims based on a directive not implemented in time, damages actions against a Member State for breach of Union law, damages actions against private parties for breach of Union law, and interim relief.
The Action for Infringement of Union Law by a Member State
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the action for infringement of Union law by a Member State, which is a direct action brought before the Court of Justice to ensure the enforcement of Union law. It discusses the nature and purpose of such an action and its relationship with special legal procedures regarding a Member State’s failure to fulfil its obligations under Union law. It also addresses the particularities of the pre-litigation procedure and the procedure before the Court of Justice, along with the imposition of pecuniary sanctions.
Preliminary Rulings on the Validity of Union Acts
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the procedure by which the Court of Justice delivers preliminary rulings on the validity of Union law. It evaluates what acts may be subject to such preliminary rulings and what acts can be used to assess the validity of Union acts. It also considers the effects of such preliminary rulings and the relationship with the action for annulment.
Proceedings for Authorization to Serve a Garnishee Order on the Union
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the proceedings for authorization to serve a garnishee order on the Union. Pursuant to Article 1 of the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Union, a garnishee order can be served on the Union only after prior authorization of the Court of Justice. It discusses the purpose of these proceedings and the Court of Justice’s jurisdiction and assessment.
Unlimited Jurisdiction of the Union Courts in Respect of Actions Relating to Sanctions
Authors: Lenaerts Koen , Gutman Kathleen , Nowak Janek Tomasz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the Union Courts’ unlimited jurisdiction with regard to sanctions. It discusses the objective of unlimited jurisdiction and the scope of review, with particular regard to fines imposed by the Commission for infringement of the competition rules. It explains that the exercise of unlimited jurisdiction is most often requested by applicants in the sense of a reduction of a fine. It notes the gravity and the duration of the infringement of Union law as the most important criteria that determine the amount of the sanction.
Psychedelic Space
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a novel explication of the concept of psychedelic experience, understood as a mind-revealing experience. After reviewing the history of the concept of psychedelic experience, the chapter argues that experiences can be psychedelic in varying degrees and in different ways. In particular, the chapter argues that experiences can be more or less psychedelic by varying with respect to four dimensions: (i) scope, (ii) clarity, (iii) novelty, and (iv) duration. These four dimensions form the conceptual framework of psychedelic space, and they can be used to distinguish different ways that experiences may be more or less psychedelic. Special attention is paid to the dimension of clarity, as it allows us to differentiate between experiences that accurately reveal the mind and those that do not. This, in turn, allows for a more nuanced approach to psychedelic experiences, allowing them to be simultaneously mind-revealing in some respects and mind-distorting in others.
Conclusion
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarises and consolidates the book's main points and presents an overall philosophical outlook on the nature of psychedelic experiences and the interventions that bring them about. These include: the novel explications of psychedelic experience and mindfulness in terms of the framework of psychedelic space, the unified account of psychedelics and meditation in terms of attention, the task of empirically testing the hypothesis that psychedelics induce psychedelic experiences, the relationship between psychedelic experiences and mindfulness, and the role that psychedelic experiences can play in philosophical methodology.
Smyrna, Venice, and the Rise of Statute in Trade Regulation, 1619–1647
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Levant Company’s developing presence in Smyrna in the Eastern Mediterranean in the 1620s, 1630s, and 1640s. Working at the fringes of Ottoman state authority with the enthusiastic support of an immigrant community of brokers, the Sephardic dragomen, the Levant Company was able to deny the English state access to a resource of funding that it had an unquestioned right to. By working with local Sephardic Jewish merchants in Smyrna, the Levant Company merchants were able to expand their trade. As a regulated company, the Levant Company enjoyed a flexible structure that enabled members to pursue their own trades overseas. These members resorted to the corporate structure of the Company to protect the infrastructure of their trade and outmanoeuvre competition. They used the unsettled position of the English monarchy at home and the distance of the sultan in Istanbul to gain commercial advantage. Designed to facilitate the international aims of the English state, the Levant Company instead circumvented the political authority of both the English and the Ottoman states to advance its commercial career. By thwarting the English state’s attempts to sequester the Company’s taxes, the Levant Company worked to challenge the king’s long-held control over customs revenues. This set a precedent for shifting fiscal control of overseas trade from crown to parliament. The dragomen therefore protected the freedom of the Levant Company against the extractive instincts of the English crown and set a precedent for parliamentary intrusion into overseas trade regulation.
King Nrai of Siam and the Redefinition of English Subjecthood, 1678–1698
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the power of cross-cultural alliances forged overseas at a time when the potency of the East India Company at home was waning. As in Ouidah, the Siamese King Nrai adopted a policy of encouraging a foreign presence. He went much further than the authorities in Ouidah, however, by building foreigners into the state apparatus. The English East India Company was well placed to benefit from these opportunities, but entrepreneurial employees eclipsed their corporate employers by securing state positions for themselves. Following the Skinner brothers, the White brothers (George and Samuel) used the wealth they derived from these positions to secure a good hearing from the English state and the resources to fight a successful legal and public campaign to protect their gains which trumpeted the now often fused notion of commercial and constitutional freedom. They ultimately discredited the East India Company in parliament, and helped establish a new, more accessible East India Company. The support they received from Siamese state officials was critical to this outcome. A revived East India Company emerged, however, from these deliberations more powerful in Britain and Asia than ever before because it co-opted the interloping forces within it and negotiated with regulators to broaden its base of investment and constrain opposition.
Dancing to Jazz on Fascist Airwaves
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChapter 8 looks at the huge popularity of jazz music in Fascist Italy. Praised by the Futurists in the early post-First World War years, the syncopated rhythms of foxtrots and other jazz-related dances took Italy by storm, fast becoming the most popular type of entertainment music (musica leggera) on Fascist-controlled radio EIAR. The chapter also examines the presence of Italian American musicians among the first American jazz bands and gauges their influence in the circulation of jazz music in Italy. Attention is paid to the channels through which Italian musicians were able to come into contact with American jazz, and to the policies with which the Fascist regime attempted a progressive ‘Italianization’ of jazz music.
The Lure of Hollywood
Authors: Bonsaver Guido 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChapter 9 examines the dominance of American cinema during the interwar years. It also looks at the policies of the Fascist regime with regard to the strengthening of the Italian film industry in response to the American dominance in the sector. The chapter’s four sections address, first, the channels through which millions of Italians came to watch American films and the presence of American ‘runaway’ productions in Italy; secondly, the regime’s attitudes and policies towards American cinema (here the role played by Mussolini and his eldest son, Vittorio, are of particular importance, together with the views of the Italian tzar of Italian cinema, Luigi Freddi); thirdly, the ways in which the Italian film industry responded to both the practices and style of Hollywood cinema during the interwar years (this section is articulated in different subsections, one of them devoted to the creation of the Cinecittà studios); fourthly, the filmic representations of migration to the Americas during the interwar years.
Corporate Bonds
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Corporate bonds are an alternative to bank loans and offer benefits such as a diversification of sources of funds for the corporate sector, increased choice and flexibility for companies raising finance, and the internationalization of funding sources. This chapter builds on the general considerations of debt corporate finance as well as secured debt in the preceding chapters and introduces the commercial and legal aspects concerning bonds. In particular, the chapter discusses bonds and issuers’ capital structure and financing choices, terms of bonds, structure of bond issues, listing and issuance of bonds, the secondary market trading of bonds, and new developments in the corporate bond market.
Alternative Financing Options to Public Offers and Listings
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alternative finance methods contribute to the range of financing choices on offer for companies today. This chapter examines two alternative options to public offers and listings: equity (or investment) crowdfunding; and initial coin offerings (ICOs), a digital form of raising capital through the issuance of cryptoassets (which, depending on its structure, can resemble an equity offering). These options can provide important early-stage financing for firms but generate their own risks. In particular, cryptoassets have been having their moment in the limelight following considerable market volatility during 2022. Topics discussed include an overview of both alternative finance methods, their benefits and risks, UK regulation and reforms, and EU developments.
Introduction
Authors: Garrison John S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis introduction suggests how early modern writers considered memory to be an art and a practice which could be mastered in order to possess an agential relationship to recollection. Shakespeare’s Sonnets prove a particularly compelling case study for this argument. Indeed, the poems predict insights from such contemporary fields as cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis, and neuroscience. Sonnet 129 offers an evocative flashpoint for how memory operates across the collection of poems, especially when thrown into relief by Constantine Cavafy’s poem “One Night.” Reading the sonnets reveals how remembering is a process that is both conscious and unconscious. In turn, the operations of recollection have a profound impact on the narrative that subjects construct about themselves and their lives, especially in the spheres of desire and identity.
Body, Remember
Authors: Garrison John S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores how memory operates as an embodied experience in the Sonnets. Drawing on insights from cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and psychoanalysis, the argument examines how Shakespeare viewed the body as a repository for memory and an access point for an archive of erotic experience. The chapter examines the vexed operations of bodily memory as a conduit for sexuality by placing contemporary poetry by C. P. Cavafy, and Michael Ondaatje in dialogue with Sonnet 135, Sonnet 69, Sonnet 141, Sonnet 138, Sonnet 116, and Sonnet 117. In doing so, the chapter surveys this array of poems to interrogate the successes and failures of the bodily ego to master memory, especially in light of Freud’s notion of “undoing.”
Network Profiles
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces a method developed by the authors for mapping the unique network ‘fingerprint’ of each person in the dataset based on a combination of eight metrics. These unique fingerprints can be compared in multidimensional space to discover latent similarities between correspondents, facilitating ways of thinking about what it means for two things to be similar, which bypass human-assigned labels and taxonomies to look directly at correspondents’ function within the network. The chapter employs this method to examine the activities and personnel that constituted the information wing of the Tudor government. The results suggest that, with the professionalisation of the role of ambassador came a need for informal networks of informants, which were supplied in the form of movable types such as merchants, military figures, and travelling intellectuals. In applying the method to the practice of letter interception—another intelligence strategy of the Tudor government—the outputs of the method show its suitability for identifying structural similarities that may not be apparent from the biographies or other obvious labels we might associate with a set of individuals. The subjects of interception often had little in common apart from their correspondence being opened, read, and copied without their consent.
Women
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how women manoeuvred themselves into positions of structural power with an analysis both of their epistolary language and the structural position they held within their direct social networks. An analysis of the letter descriptions between men and women shows that while women’s letters to men are more frequently associated with petition and request (seeking to receive something), men’s letters to women more often narrate how they are giving or sending. This very general power differential can be understood on an individual basis through the analysis of a particular network ‘motif’—the triad (a micro-structure of three nodes in a network), and specifically the ‘feed-forward loop’. The chapter proposes a new method to quantify the extent to which women appear in different positions within this social micro-structure, and shows how women’s positionality is a valuable heuristic device which helps reveal how women used letters to manage or signal their social standing. By directing users of the method to the level of individual interaction, the process facilitates the reconstruction of women’s stories: how they found themselves in the position of petitioner or mediator, or occupied positions of power and influence.
Information Flow
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines how information flowed through communication networks. Focusing on the data field containing letter descriptions, it begins by examining how changes in a word’s usage over time can be measured, and shows that extracting words with the greatest ranked change in usage is an extremely effective method for discovering items of topical interest to the Tudor government. A new method offered by the authors shows that words with the closest temporal profiles often share these patterns because they refer to the same topic. The chapter continues to show that it is possible to reconstruct and examine the network of people corresponding about a given topic, as demonstrated by two extended case studies on Henry VIII’s divorce, and a short episode within the Dutch Revolt (1578–9). While these events are temporally and topically distinct, they share an important structural feature—a fissure that divides the networks into two main communities. It is possible to automatically discover other topic networks bearing such a feature by ranking the graphs by their modularity. In these highly modular graphs we almost always capture two contrasting viewpoints on the given event: the Tudor state’s perspective, captured though its diplomatic networks, and a second foreign perspective, gleaned either through interception or (more often for the period prior to 1547) the editorial policy of the Victorian editors of the Letters and Papers, who decided to include in their catalogues descriptions of papers from foreign archives pertinent to Henrician state affairs.
Itineraries
Authors: Ahnert Ruth , Ahnert Sebastian E. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the geographical dimension of the letters. Of the 132,474 letters under examination, 62.1% list their place of sending. By time-ordering correspondents’ outgoing correspondence it is possible to reconstruct their movements and to discover exceptional journeys—to the edge of the Tudor purview, into sites of conflict, dispute, and opposition—or where lines of wayfaring intersect. The chapter shows how statistical modelling can suggest the likelihood of two people being in the same place by chance, and therefore identify a priori unlikely intersections that are more likely to be historically significant. Amongst the most potentially ‘significant’ intersections are people brought together by wars and sieges, as well as the visitations undertaken during Henry VIII’s dissolution of the monasteries. The chapter therefore shows how the strategy can direct scholars to locations that are of interest at a specific moment in time, when the authors of letters from these locations are witnessing a moment of change, or are even the agents of those changes.