bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Chirletti Piero , Cardi Maurizio , Barillari Paolo , Vitale Alessandra , Sammartino Paolo , Bolognese Antonio , Caiazzo Rossella , Ricci Marco , Muttillo Irnerio A. , Stipa Vincenzo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe role of surgery in the treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is still discussed. The aim of this study was to verify our criteria of patient selection for splenectomy, to analyze the results of a protocol for the evaluation of the hemorragic risk, and to discuss long‐term results of 70 patients with ITP who underwent surgical treatment from 1984 to 1990. All patients received steroid therapy. Sixty‐two patients were given high doses of IgG (600 mg/kg/iv bolus) pre‐operatively in order to obviate the need for intra‐operative platelet transfusions. Forty‐three patients showed a significant increase in the platelet count, 8 a moderate increase, while 11 patients did not respond. No operative mortality was observed, however postoperative minor complications occurred in 14 (20%) patients. Accessory spleens were found in 11 (15.7%) patients. Mean follow‐up was 21 months. Response to splenectomy was considered as complete (platelets >150,000 mm3 with no need for medical treatment) in 63 (90%) patients. No response was observed in 7 patients. In 2 of the non‐responders postoperative indium‐111 scan revealed accessory spleens and ITP remitted after accessory splenectomy. All non‐responders were in the group of patients who did not respond to the pre‐operative infusion of high dose IgG. It can be concluded that splenectomy is a safe and effective treatment for ITP and that response to pre‐operative infusion of IgG may be considered as predictive for the outcome after splenectomy.
Pathogenesis of edema formation in burn injuries
Authors: Lund Tjøstolv , Onarheim Henning , Reed Rolf K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne of the obvious acute features of cutaneous thermal injury is the swelling of the involved tissue. This swelling is caused by a fluid shift from circulating plasma. Along with the evolution of intravenous fluid therapy in trauma and surgery, the implementation of such therapy to burn victims has improved survival. Edema generation aggravated by fluid therapy may, however, represent a source of increased morbidity. This paper presents a review of the literature on postburn edema generation, focusing mainly on fluid physiology. It is well documented that fluid is lost from the circulation into burned tissue because of a moderate increase in capillary permeability to fluid and macromolecules and a modest increase in hydrostatic pressure inside the perfusing microvessels. Recently it was discovered that a very negative interstitial pressure develops in thermally injured skin. This pressure constitutes a strong “suction” adding markedly to the edema generating effect of increased capillary permeability and pressure.
The role of mediators in the response to thermal injury
Authors: Youn Yeo‐Kyu , LaLonde Cheryl , Demling Robert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInflammatory mediators play a major role in both the local burn wound and the systemic response to burn injury. Oxidant and arachidonic acid metabolites are involved in the initial burn edema process. The mediators as well as the cytokines released from activated macrophages also result in an early generalized inflammatory response. The later postburn hypermetabolism is initiated and perpetuated by these same mediators, especially the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐1, and interleukin‐2. Circulating endotoxin from the wound or the gut also appears to be involved. The postburn septic response is now recognized to be the result of inflammation; infection is not necessary. Mediator induced priming of the inflammatory cells by the burn itself results in an exaggerated response to infection in the postburn period. Defining the specific mechanism of injury and mediators involved can result in a major improvement in burn care, especially since many mediator inhibitors are already available for clinical use. It is essential that the clinician understand this pharmacologic manipulation in order to be able to optimally utilize these future advances.
The immunologic response to thermal injury
Authors: Heideman Mats , Bengtsson Anders 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThermal injury is associated with altered immune defense. Extensive and deep thermal injuries lead to depressed immune defense function with both cellular and humoral defense affected. There is an intricate interaction between various components of the immune system. The altered specific immune response is seen as a depressed ability to produce active rosette‐forming cells. Depressed stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation as well as the mixed lymphocyte response have also been recorded following burns. These effects are modulated by the release of kinins, prostaglandins, anaphylatoxins, superoxides, and leukotrienes, all of which can influence the inflammatory response following thermal injury. The humoral immunity is altered as seen by decreased levels of immunoglobulins, activation of complement with release of anaphylatoxins, and formation of membrane attacking complexes leading to inflammation and cytolysis. The immune response to burns is also affected by factors other than this injury, such as nutrition or diseases such as diabetes mellitus or disorders of the lymphoproliferative type. The immune response is also influenced by some drugs used for other reasons such as steroids, chemotherapeutic agents, and topical agents used for burn wound care. The immune reaction to a burn is also influenced by the additive effect of superimposed infections. Removal of injured tissue without the need for extensive transfusion will improve the ability of the burned patients to use their immune defense system in a fruitful way.
The changing epidemiology of infection in burn patients
Authors: Pruitt Basil A. , McManus Albert T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTopical chemotherapy, prompt excision, and timely closure of the burn wound have significantly reduced the occurrence of invasive burn wound infection and its related mortality. Since wound protection is imperfect and invasive wound infection may still occur in patients with massive burns in whom wound closure is delayed, scheduled wound surveillance and biopsy monitoring are necessary to assess the microbial status of the burn wound and identify wound infections caused by resistant bacteria or non‐bacterial opportunists at a stage when therapeutic intervention can control the process.As a reflection of the systemic immunosuppressive effects of burn injury, infection remains the most common cause of morbidity and mortality even though the occurrence of wound infections has been significantly decreased. Pneumonia is the most frequent infection occurring in burn patients today but the improvements in patient management, wound care, and infection control have made bronchopneumonia the most common form of this infection and gram‐positive organisms the most common causative agents. The organisms causing bacteremia that exert a species specific effect on the mortality related to extent of burn injury and patient age have changed in concert with changes in wound flora.Infection control procedures, including scheduled surveillance cultures, utilization of cohort patient care methodology, strict enforcement of patient and staff hygiene, and patient monitoring have been effective in eliminating endemic resistant microbial strains, preventing the establishment of newly introduced resistant organisms, diagnosing infection in a timely fashion, instituting antibiotic and other necessary therapy in a prompt manner, and documenting the effectiveness of present day burn patient care and the improved survival of burn patients.
The metabolic effects of thermal injury
Authors: Tredget Edward E. , Yu Yong Ming 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMajor thermal injury is associated with extreme hypermetabolism and catabolism as the principal metabolic manifestations encountered following successful resuscitation from the shock phase of the burn injury. Substrate and hormonal measurements, indirect calorimetry, and nitrogen balance are biochemical metabolic parameters which are useful and more readily available biochemical parameters worthy of serial assessment for the metabolic management of burn patients. However, the application of stable isotopes with gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and more recently, new immunoassays for growth factors and cytokines has increased our understanding of the metabolic manifestations of severe trauma.The metabolic response to injury in burn patients is biphasic wherein the initialebb phase is followed by a hypermetabolic and catabolicflow phase of injury. The increased oxygen consumption/metabolic rate is in part fuelled by evaporative heat loss from wounds of trauma victims, but likely also by a direct central effect of inflammation upon the hypothalamus. Although carbohydrates in the form of glucose appear to be an important fuel source following injury, a maximum of 5–6 mg/kg/min only is beneficial. Burn patients have accelerated gluconeogenesis, glucose oxidation, and plasma clearance of glucose. Additionally, considerable futile cycling of carbohydrate intermediates occurs which includes anaerobic lactate metabolism and Cori cycle activity arising from wound metabolism of glucose and other substrates. Similarly, accelerated lipolysis and futile fatty acid cycling occurs following burn injury. However, recent evidence suggests that lipids in the diet of burned and other injured patients serve not only as an energy source, but also as an important immunomodulator of prostaglandin metabolism and other immune responses.Amino acid metabolism in burn patients is characterized by increased oxidation, urea synthesis, and protein breakdown which is prolonged and difficult to reduce with current nutritional therapy. However, the current goal of nutritional support is to optimize protein synthesis. Specific unique requirements may exist for supplemental glutamine and arginine following burn injury but further research is needed before enhanced branched chain amino acids supplements can be recommended for burn patients. Recent research investigations have revealed the importance of enteral feeding to enhance mucosal defense against gut bacteria and endotoxin. Similarly, research has demonstrated that many of the metabolic perturbations of burns and sepsis may be due, at least in part, to inflammatory cytokines. Investigation of their pathogenesis and mechanism of action both at a tissue and a cellular level offer important prospects for improved understanding and therapeutic control of the metabolic disorders of burn patients.
Nutritional support of the burned patient
Authors: Waymack J. Paul , Herndon David N. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBurn patients develop a number of physiologic alterations among which is a markedly increased metabolic rate Other metabolic changes include an increased rate of glucose production and utilization, a decreased rate of lipid metabolism, and an increased rate of both protein catabolism and anabolism. These alterations can effect other physiologic parameters, including immune function. They necessitate administration of large quantities of calories and protein to achieve positive nitrogen balance. The physiologic derangements leading to the hypermetabolism and the methods for supplying the nutritional needs are discussed in this review.
Hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Suenaga Masahiro , Nakao Akimasa , Harada Akio , Nonami Toshiaki , Okada Yoshikatsu , Sugiura Hayato , Uehara Shinichi , Takagi Hiroshi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne hundred and eighteen patients underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma from 1979 to 1987. Ninety‐eight of these patients had co‐existing cirrhosis of the liver; 18 patients underwent lobectomy, 28 patients had segmentectomy, and 52 patients had subsegmentectomy. In the 21 non‐cirrhotic patients, 11 patients underwent lobectomy, 5 patients had segmentectomy, and 5 patients had subsegmentectomy. The operative mortality rate of patients with cirrhosis was 11% and of patients without cirrhosis was 5%. There was no significant difference in hepatic function tests between survivors and nonsurvivors. Lobectomy of <55% of the parenchymal hepatic resection rate was well tolerated in the patients with cirrhosis. One‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year survival rates of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and co‐existing cirrhosis were 57.9%, 36.8% and 20.0% following lobectomy, 82.8%, 82.8% and 57.6% following segmentectomy, and 72.0%, 46.2% and 24.0% following subsegmentectomy. The tumor recurrence rate appeared to be lower after segmentectomy than subsegmentectomy. Multiple gross lesions, tumors >5 cm, and presence of gross vascular invasion were poor prognostic signs in terms of survival rates as well as recurrence rates. Of the 51 patients with tumor recurrence limited to the residual liver, 13 patients underwent repeat resection, and 23 patients were treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The survival rates of the patients undergoing repeat resection were significantly better than those of other groups.
Homological methods for hypergeometric families
Authors: Matusevich Laura , Miller Ezra , Walther Uli 
Published: August 2005

We analyze the behavior of the holonomic rank in families of holonomic systems over complex algebraic varieties by providing homological criteria for rank-jumps in this general setting. Then we investigate rank-jump behavior for hypergeometric systems

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

arising from a

d
×
n

d \times n

integer matrix

A
A

and a parameter

β
∈

C

d

\beta \in \mathbb {C}^d

. To do so we introduce an Euler–Koszul functor for hypergeometric families over

C

d

\mathbb {C}^d

, whose homology generalizes the notion of a hypergeometric system, and we prove a homology isomorphism with our general homological construction above. We show that a parameter

β
∈

C

d

\beta \in \mathbb {C}^d

is rank-jumping for

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

if and only if

β
\beta

lies in the Zariski closure of the set of

C

d

\mathbb {C}^d

-graded degrees

α
\alpha

where the local cohomology

⨁

i
>
d

H

m

i

(

C

[

N

A
]

)
α

\bigoplus _{i > d} H^i_\mathfrak m(\mathbb {C}[\mathbb {N} A])_\alpha

of the semigroup ring

C

[

N

A
]

\mathbb {C}[\mathbb {N} A]

supported at its maximal graded ideal

m

\mathfrak m

is nonzero. Consequently,

H
A

(
β
)

H_A(\beta )

has no rank-jumps over

C

d

\mathbb {C}^d

if and only if

C

[

N

A
]

\mathbb {C}[\mathbb {N} A]

is Cohen–Macaulay of dimension

d
d

.
A geometric invariant-based framework for the analysis of protein conformational space
Authors: Tendulkar Ashish V. , Sohoni Milind A. , Ogunnaike Babatunde , Wangikar Pramod P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMotivation: Characterization of the restricted nature of the protein local conformational space has remained a challenge, thereby necessitating a computationally expensive conformational search in protein modeling. Moreover, owing to the lack of unilateral structural descriptors, conventional data mining techniques, such as clustering and classification, have not been applied in protein structure analysis.Results: We first map the local conformations in a fixed dimensional space by using a carefully selected suite of geometric invariants (GIs) and then reduce the number of dimensions via principal component analysis (PCA). Distribution of the conformations in the space spanned by the first four PCs is visualized as a set of conditional bivariate probability distribution plots, where the peaks correspond to the preferred conformations. The locations of the different canonical structures in the PC-space have been interpreted in the context of the weights of the GIs to the first four PCs. Clustering of the available conformations reveals that the number of preferred local conformations is several orders of magnitude smaller than that suggested previously.Contact: pramodw@iitb.ac.inSupplementary information: www.it.iitb.ac.in/~ashish/bioinfo2005/
DNA methylation profiles of differentiated‐type gastric carcinomas with distinct mucin phenotypes
Authors: Motoshita Junichi , Oue Naohide , Nakayama Hirofumi , Kuraoka Kazuya , Aung Phyu Phyu , Taniyama Kiyomi , Matsusaki Keisuke , Yasui Wataru 
Published: August 2005

Gastric carcinomas (GC) are classified into four phenotypes according to mucin expression. Previous studies revealed the association of distinct genetic profiles in GC with mucin phenotypic expression; however, the roles of epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, are poorly understood. We examined whether the phenotypic expression of GC was associated with DNA methylation of hMLH1, MGMT, p16INK4a, RAR‐beta or CDH1. Expression of HGM, M‐GGMC‐1, MUC2, and CD10 was analyzed immunohistochemically in 33 advanced GC with differentiated histology. HGM was expressed in 14 (42.4%) cases, M‐GGMC‐1 in five (15.2%) cases, MUC2 in 15 (45.5%) cases and CD10 in 18 (54.5%) cases. DNA methylation was detected in five (15.2%) cases for hMLH1, 11 (33.3%) cases for MGMT, 13 (39.4%) cases for p16INK4a, 17 (51.5%) cases for RAR‐beta and 14 (42.4%) cases for CDH1 by bisulfite‐polymerase chain reaction and methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction. DNA methylation of hMLH1 occurred more frequently in MUC2‐negative GC than in MUC2‐positive GC (P = 0.0488, Fisher's exact test). In contrast, MGMT was more frequently methylated in MUC2‐positive GC than in MUC2‐negative GC (P = 0.0078, Fisher's exact test). There was no correlation between gastric or intestinal‐markers and methylation of the p16INK4a, RAR‐beta and CDH1 genes. These results indicate that DNA methylation of specific genes, such as hMLH1 and MGMT, may be involved partly in the distinct phenotypic expression of GC. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 474 –479)
Stimulation of CD30 in anaplastic large cell lymphoma leads to production of nuclear factor‐κB p52, which is associated with hyperphosphorylated Bcl‐3
Authors: Nishikori Momoko , Ohno Hitoshi , Haga Hironori , Uchiyama Takashi 
Published: August 2005

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) express CD30 at high levels, but stimulation of this molecule has been reported to induce contradictory effects. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of CD30‐mediated apoptosis of ALCL, we compared the gene expression profiles of t(2;5)(p23;q35)‐positive ALCL with those of HL altered by CD30 agonistic stimulation. The results showed that BCL3, the high‐level expression of which in ALCL was previously reported, was further upregulated in response to CD30 stimulation, along with several pro‐apoptotic genes. Bcl‐3 protein was present as an intermediate phospho‐form in the resting‐state ALCL, becoming hyperphosphorylated (Bcl‐3P) upon stimulation. We next found that the stimulation promoted de novo synthesis of the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB2/p100 precursor as well as processing to p52, and a series of immunoprecipitation and western blotting analyses consistently showed association of Bcl‐3P with p52 in CD30‐stimulated ALCL. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed the induction of κB binding activity of the p52 homodimer, and nuclear colocalization of Bcl‐3 and p52 was demonstrated in anaplastic lymphoma kinase‐positive ALCL tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. As Bcl‐3 can act as an antirepressor or transactivator or both, we propose that the (p52)2/Bcl‐3P ternary complex, which is specifically induced in CD30‐stimulated ALCL, can modulate expression of apoptosis‐related genes regulated by NF‐κB, thereby accounting for CD30‐mediated apoptosis of ALCL. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 487–497)
Hodgkin's lymphoma cells are efficiently engrafted and tumor marker CD30 is expressed with constitutive nuclear factor‐κB activity in unconditioned NOD/SCID/γcnull mice
Authors: Dewan Md. Zahidunnabi , Watanabe Mariko , Ahmed Sunjida , Terashima Kazuo , Horiuchi Sankichi , Sata Tetsutaro , Honda Mitsuo , Ito Mamoru , Watanabe Toshiki , Horie Ryouichi , Yamamoto Naoki 
Published: August 2005

As there are very few reproducible animal models without conditioning available for the study of human B‐cell‐type Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), we investigated the ability of HL cells to induce tumors using novel NOD/SCID/γcnull (NOG) mice. Four human Epstein–Barr virus‐negative cell lines (KM‐H2 and L428 originated from B cells, L540 and HDLM2 originated from T cells) were inoculated either subcutaneously in the postauricular region or intravenously in the tail of unmanipulated NOG mice. All cell lines successfully engrafted and produced tumors with infiltration of cells in various organs of all mice. Tumor cells had classical histomorphology as well as expression patterns of the tumor marker CD30, which is a cell surface antigen expressed on HL. Tumor progression in mice inoculated with B‐cell‐type, but not T‐cell‐type, HL cells correlated with an elevation in serum human interleukin‐6 levels. Tumor cells from the mice also retained strong nuclear factor (NF)‐κB DNA binding activity, and the induced NF‐κB components were indistinguishable from those cultured in vitro. The reproducible growth behavior and preservation of characteristic features of both B‐cell‐type and T‐cell‐type HL in the mice suggest that this new xenotransplant model can provide a unique opportunity to understand and investigate the mechanism of pathogenesis and malignant cell growth, and to develop novel anticancer therapies. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 466–473)
Cultural differences: The experience of establishing an occupational therapy service in a developing community
Authors: Bourke‐Taylor Helen , Hudson Dawn 
Published: August 2005

Aim:  This paper documents the subjective experience of a Western trained occupational therapist as she establishes a service in a community that is developing its health‐care services. The community is located in the Dominican Republic. Method and Results:  Ethnographic interviewing was used to document the tasks and events that occurred during this 6 month project. Challenges arose related to the region's developing health, education and community services, training the local workers and the reaction of the recipients of occupational therapy service. The contrast in beliefs, values and cultural customs between the therapist and the local people contributed to the challenge. Conclusion:  This study indicates that exporting Western occupational therapy services without any changes causes significant conflict for the professional and the clients. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the importance of understanding cultural differences between the therapist and client, as well as the need for occupational therapy services in communities that seek to improve the health and abilities of the local people requiring rehabilitation services.