bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal antibodies in imaging and therapy of colorectal cancer
Authors: Lange Marianne K. , Martin Edward W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIntraoperative detection of colorectal carcinoma with the Neoprobe gamma detector has been useful in surgical decisionmaking regarding resectability by localizing additional tumor not readily identified by palpation or inspection, and in determining surgical resection margins. Tumor labeling has been achieved in 84% of the patients. Occult tumor has been identified in 18% of evaluable patients and changed operative decisions in 43% of patients. New monoclonal antibodies with radiolabels offer hope for more effective agents for imaging, Radioimmunoguided Surgery® and potential therapeutic modalities.
Electrohydraulic extracorporeal non‐water bath shock‐wave lithotripsy of gallstones: Two years' experience
Authors: Frick Thomas W. , Hoffmann Rainer , Schlumpf Rolf , Largiadèr Felix 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA prospective study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) using a non‐water bath lithotripter in combination with oral chemolitholysis on gallstone clearance. Patients were treated without general anesthesia or parenteral analgesia. We treated 74 patients selected according to the widely accepted criteria. Only 2 patients could not be sufficiently treated because of pain. After a 2 year period, 24 (32%) patients showed complete stone clearance, 35 (47%) patients had residual fragments, 5 (7%) patients underwent cholecystectomy, 2 (3%) patients were lost to follow up, and 8 (11%) patients discontinued the treatment before fragment clearance. According to the life‐table estimate, 77% of our patients with successful ESWL and uncomplicated oral chemolitholysis are stonefree after 1 year. We consider the major advantage of this nonsurgical treatment of gallstone disease is that general anesthesia or parenteral analgesia has become unnecessary.
Indications for pylorus preserving gastrectomy for early gastric cancer located in the middle third of the stomach
Authors: Kodama Masashi , Koyama Kenji 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBoth basic and clinical studies were undertaken to determine the indications for pylorus preserving gastrectomy for patients with early gastric cancer located in the middle third of the stomach. This procedure is different from conventional subtotal gastrectomy in that it retains a 1.5 cm length of the pyloric cuff and it neglects to dissect the suprapyloric lymph node, with the remaining pyloric branch of the vagal nerve being preserved. Therefore, it is essential that this limited operation be performed only in cases without metastasis to the suprapyloric lymph node. The distance from the caudal end of the tumor to the cut edge is far enough when the tumor is in the middle third of the stomach. The direction of lymph flow, as determined in 14 cases by activated carbon particles (CH‐40), suggests that there is limited lymph flow towards the suprapyloric lymph node from the middle third of the stomach. Lymph node involvement was investigated in 154 patients with early gastric cancer located in the middle third of the stomach who had undergone conventional subtotal gastrectomy with regional lymph node dissection between 1976 and 1989. By analysis of the relationship between lymph node metastasis and the clinicopathologic findings revealed before operation, i.e. gross appearance, histological classification, and tumor size, the indications for pylorus preserving gastrectomy were determined as follows: (1) any case with tumors smaller than 2.0 cm in maximum length, and (2) cases with a tumor of 2.0 to 4.0 cm if it is a mucosal cancer, if it is located at the greater curvature, or if it is an elevated type IIa cancer. This operation has been performed on 11 patients to date without postoperative complaints or sequelae.
Surgery for gastric carcinoma is feasible for patients over 80 years of age
Authors: Korenaga Daisuke , Moriguchi Sunao , Baba Hideo , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Orita Hiroyuki , Haraguchi Masaru , Maehara Yoshihiko , Ueo Hiroaki , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report here the outcome of surgical treatment for gastric cancer in 54 patients over 80 years of age presenting from 1967 to 1989. The mean observation interval of the postoperative period was 24 days. In most cases, preoperative examinations revealed pulmonary, renal or cardiac disturbances. The postoperative morbidity rate was 40.7%, most commonly as a result of pulmonary complications. In the 2 patients with multiple organ disturbances, 1 died 1 day after operation following myocardial infarction and the other died of pneumonia 12 days postoperatively. Intensive care treatments were needed in the early postoperative period. The increased morbidity rate proved to be related to wide resectional procedures such as total gastrectomy, operative time in excess of 3 hours, and intraoperative blood loss >300 ml (p<0.05). When adjustment for confounding variables was made in the multivariate discriminant analysis, the type of surgery proved to be a major independent risk factor related to postoperative complications. The majority of tumors (92.6%) could be removed by standard resectional procedures and curative operation was feasible for 36 (66.7%) patients. There were 24 deaths due to progression of the cancer. The crude overall 5‐year actuarial survival rate was 23.8%, while the rate was 36.9% when correction was made for sex and age. The probability of long‐term survival for patients in a relatively early stage of disease (T1‐2, N0‐1) was statistically better than for those with a more advanced disease (T3‐4, N2, M1). Thus, even for patients in the 8th decade of life, gastric surgery can be considered, for carefully selected patients.
Major hemorrhage from pseudocysts and pseudoaneurysms caused by chronic pancreatitis: Surgical therapy
Authors: Bresler Laurent , Boissel Patrick , Grosdidier Jean 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAcute hemorrhage from pseudocysts and pseudoaneurysms is the most rapidly lethal complication of chronic pancreatitis. Diagnostic procedures and therapy are still a subject of controversy. We report our experience with 10 patients operated on during the past 10 years. Of these patients, 5 had acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, 2 had intraperitoneal bleeding, and 3 presented with severe unexplained anemia. Selective visceral angiography performed in 6 patients provided a specific diagnosis in 5 cases. All patients underwent surgical therapy: transcystic arterial ligation and external pancreatic pseudocyst drainage in 5 cases, distal pancreatectomy in 3 cases, and pancreaticoduodenectomy in 2 cases. Gastrectomy was necessary for control of hemorrhage in 1 case. One patient died of sepsis after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. No rebleeding occurred. Surgical therapy with low mortality and morbidity is an acceptable procedure to control bleeding and to treat the underlying pseudocyst. Distal pancreatectomy is recommended to treat bleeding lesions situated in the tail of the pancreas and transcystic arterial ligation seems to be the appropriate procedure to treat bleeding lesions situated in the head and body of the pancreas.
Hepatic resection for small hepatocellular carcinoma: The queen mary hospital experience
Authors: Lai Edward C. S. , Ng Irene O. L. , You K. T. , Fan S. T. , Mok Francis P. T. , Tan Eliza S. Y. , Wong John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe clinico‐pathological features and long‐term results of 39 patients with resected small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) managed over 19 years in Hong Kong were retrospectively studied (mean diameter ± standard deviation: 3.6±1.3 cm). Thirty‐one patients were symptomatic and the majority (n=33) of them had cirrhosis. When compared with 182 patients with large HCC operated within the same period, these patients with small HCC had a significantly higher incidence of spontaneously ruptured lesions (p<0.03). Following hepatic resection‐major lobectomy (n=19) and limited hepatic resection (n=20), operative and hospital deaths occurred in 7.7% and 12.8% of patients, respectively. The size of the lesion had little influence on prognosis. The overall survival at 1, 3, and 5 years was 59%, 28%, and 11%, respectively, which was comparable to patients with large HCC ≥5 cm. Further stratification of these 39 patients according to a diameter of >3 cm (n=22) or ≤3 cm (n=17) showed no difference in long‐term outcome. When compared with large tumors, frequent encapsulation (p<0.04) and less venous permeation (p <0.03) were encountered in small HCC. As the extent of hepatectomy had no effect on long‐term outcome, limited hepatectomy for patients with small HCC is probably the procedure of choice. A 1 cm macroscopic resection margin is apparently adequate to ensure complete histological disease clearance.
Building Local States: China during the Republican and Post-Mao Eras. By Elizabeth J. Remick. [Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004. 318 pp. $49.50. ISBN 0-674-01398-0.]
Authors: Carter James 
Published: June 2005

It is commonplace in China studies to declare that China is too large and too diverse to be fully understood as one entity. Whether in historical or contemporary terms, a complete understanding of China can only be attempted if one looks at the diversity within. Too often, the analysis
stops there, without pursuing the details of regional variation needed to develop a more sophisticated analysis.Elizabeth Remick's Building Local States is a much-needed antidote to this tendency. In her carefully researched comparative monograph, Remick details how two very different regions – Hebei and Guangdong – developed local and regional government institutions in the context of central government upheaval and redefinition. Using local gazetteers, interviews with officials, published statistical records and archives, the book demonstrates how and why these two regions diverged in their approach to taxation and public finance. Faced with her own findings that show very little commonality between the two regions, Remick still manages to make an important, general conclusion: for the Chinese state to survive in the 21st century, it must allow regional adaptation to circumstance, or else the central regime will face increasing resistance to its interference, even to the point of tax revolts.The book's subtitle, in particular, marks the book as exceptional: “China during the Republican and Post-Mao Eras.” While both of these periods are popular topics, it is rare to compare them. On the face of it, the reasons for the comparison are unclear. Remick, though, effectively demonstrates that the Nanjing Decade (1927–1937) and the post-Mao reform era (1980–1992) were both times of local state-building, spurred by a need to reassert government control in the wake of periods of great chaos (the warlord era of the 1920s and the Cultural Revolution, respectively).
The Monster That Is History: History, Violence, and Fictional Writing in Twentieth-Century China. By David Der-Wei Wang. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2004. 402 pp. ISBN 0-520-23140-6.]
Authors: Kinkley Jeffrey C. 
Published: June 2005

This celebration of modern Chinese literature is a tour de force, David Wang's third major summation in English. He is even more prolific in Chinese. Wang's command of the creative and critical literatures is unrivalled.Monster's subject is “the multivalence of Chinese violence across the past century”: not 1960s “structural violence” or postcolonial “epistemic violence,” but hunger, suicide, anomie, betrayal (though not assassination or incarceration), and “the violence of representation”: misery that reflects or creates monstrosity in history. Monster thus comments on “history and memory,” like Ban Wang's and Yomi Braester's recent efforts, although for historical reasons modern Chinese literature studies are allergic to historical and sociological methodologies.Monster is comparative, mixing diverse – sometimes little read – post-May Fourth and Cold War-era works with pieces from the 19th and 20th fins de siècle. Each chapter is a free associative rhapsody (sometimes brilliant, sometimes tedious; often neo-Freudian), evoking, from a recurring minor detail as in new historicist criticism, a major binary trope or problematic for Wang to “collapse” or blur. His forte is making connections between works. The findings: (1) decapitation (loss of a “head,” or guiding consciousness?) in Chinese fiction betokens remembering or “re-membering” (of the severed), as in an unfinished Qing novel depicting beheaded Boxers, works by Lu Xun and Shen Congwen, and Wuhe's 2000 commemoration of a 1930 Taiwanese aboriginal uprising; (2) justice is poetic, but equals punishment, even crime, in late Qing castigatory novels, Bai Wei, and several Maoist writers; (3) in revolutionary literature, love and revolution blur, as do love affairs in life with those in fiction; (4) hunger, indistinct from anorexia, is excess; witness “starved” heroines of Lu Xun, Lu Ling, Eileen Chang and Chen Yingzhen; (5) remembering scars creates scars, as in socialist realism, Taiwan's anticommunist fiction, and post-Mao scar literature; (6) in fiction about evil (late Ming and late Qing novels; Jiang Gui), inhumanity is all too human and sex blurs with politics; (7) suicide can be a poet's immortality, from Wang Guowei to Gu Cheng; (8) cultural China's most creative new works invoke ghosts again, obscuring lines between the human, the “real,” and the spectral.
Gutenberg in Shanghai. Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876–1937. By Christopher A. Reed. [Vancouver, Toronto: University of British Columbia Press, 2004. xvii, 391 pp. ISBN 1206-9523.]
Authors: Janku Andrea 
Published: June 2005

Gutenberg in Shanghai is a book about the industrial revolution in China's print culture and the ensuing rise of print capitalism ‘with Chinese characteristics.’ It offers a coherent and unique account of the introduction, adaptation and eventual imitation of modern, i.e. Western, print technology in China, with the aim of establishing the material basis on which to study the transition of China's ancient literary culture into the industrial age. It reconstructs the history of print technology from the first cast type matrices to the adaptation of the electrotype process, from photo-lithography to the colour-offset press, from the platen press to the rotary printing press, and tells the stories of three of the most dominant lithograph and letterpress publishers of the late Qing and the early Republican period respectively. This is a worthwhile undertaking, exploring an aspect of modern publishing in China, which hitherto has not received the attention it deserves. The study is based on missionary writings, personal reminiscences, collections of source materials, documents on the early book printers' trade organizations from the Shanghai Municipal Archives, and oral history materials (interviews conducted during the 1950s with former printing workshops apprentices). The bibliography also lists a couple of interviews, but unfortunately it is not clear how relevant they are to the story told in the book.The introduction of lithography into Shanghai by Jesuit missionaries in 1876 plays a pivotal role in this account. Lithography, especially photolithography coming a few years later, was a technology particularly suited to Chinese needs and cheaper than traditional wood-block printing.
The Cult of Happiness: Nianhua, Art and History in Rural North China. By James A. Flath. [Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2004. 195 pp. $60.00. ISBN 0-7748-1034-3.]
Authors: Lufkin Felicity 
Published: June 2005

James Flath's The Cult of Happiness is a stimulating and accessible book that contributes to more than one area of current concern in Chinese studies. The author effectively situates his work in relation to developing debates about print culture, alternative conceptions or experiences of modernity, and the relationship of popular culture to markets and to state power. It should also appeal to readers interested more generally in modern Chinese art, history and visual culture.In this general vein, the book would be valuable simply as one of only a very few English-language works that deal with woodcut-printed nianhua or New Year's Pictures. These pictures, which depict a range of subjects from gods to auspiciously fat babies to scenes from legend and history, were a ubiquitous part of Chinese household ritual and decoration well into the 20th century, and are still evoked in a variety of contexts in contemporary Chinese visual culture. For various reasons, they have not received as much scholarly attention as they should, especially in comparison to other popular print traditions, such as their distant Japanese cousins, ukiyo-e prints. As a genre, nianhua are believed to have quite a long history (Chinese sources, for example, often identify a print found in a 12th-century tomb as one of the earliest extent nianhua), and they were certainly made and circulated throughout China. Flath, however, wisely limits his study both temporally and geographically by focusing on the last decades of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, when the vast majority of nianhua now extant were made, and on north China, which encompasses several of the most influential and best-documented centres of nianhua production.
Marrow of the Nation: A History of Sport and Culture in Republican China. By Andrew D.Morris. [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004. xx+368 pp. ISBN 0-520-24084-7.]
Authors: Jones Robin 
Published: June 2005

Over the last decade, there has been a growing media interest in the rise to world prominence of Chinese sport, fuelled first by the startling performances of China's athletes in the mid- 1990s, then by their declared interest in staging the 2000 Olympic Games, and ultimately their successful bid for the 2008 Games. As if to underline this, China leapt into second place in the medals tally of the Athens Olympic Games in 2004, thus ensuring that the media took full note of the Middle Kingdom. However, in the corresponding period (and in fact much further back) there has been little serious interest amongst Western authors writing specifically about sport in China. Indeed, of the four hundred or so references in Marrow of the Nation, just a handful are by Western authors.In finely honed detail, Andrew Morris traces the development of sport in Republican China from the early years of the 20th century, drawing a carefully argued distinction between the Anglo-American and the Euro-Japanese influences that had a major effect in shaping China's early sporting identity (although the separation of the two influences, associating Anglo with American and Euro with Japanese, glosses over the importance of European figures in British sporting history). What is striking in unravelling the threads of Chinese history, is the manner in which China “swayed with the winds of foreign influence” as the leaders tried to develop a national and modern sporting consciousness. As chapter two reveals, by the 1920s, there were also clear traces of Soviet influence – fitness and hygiene, new nationalism, new Chinese man, new meanings for sport.
Borrowed Gods and Foreign Bodies: Christian Missionaries Imagine Chinese Religion. By Eric Reinders. [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2004. xvi+266 pp. $49.95, £32.50. ISBN 0-520-24171-1.]
Authors: Barrett T. H. 
Published: June 2005

In 1997, Eric Reinders was awarded a doctorate on the topic of “Buddhist Rituals of Obeisance and the Contestation of the Monk's Body in Medieval China.” Any regret that might be felt in the decidedly restricted field of Anglophone studies of Buddhist China at the subsequent loss of his talents to that area of research must be outweighed by an awareness that he has chosen to move on to open up research in an area hitherto largely untouched by any scholarship at all in any language. For despite the longstanding efforts that have been put into the writing of mission history, the study of the cultural significance of the Anglophone missionary in China is a much more recent phenomenon, even though John King Fairbank pointed out the value of missionary writings in his presidential address to the American Historical Association as long ago as 1968, and now even novelists like Sid Smith (in his 2003 Picador work A House by the River) are beginning to explore the issue of cross-cultural understanding through the Chinese missionary experience.For despite the subtitle, the focus of this study is very much on missionary reactions to their physical translocation to China during the 19th and 20th centuries rather than to any reflective analysis that they subsequently produced concerning the beliefs and practices that they encountered. From the immediacy of their encounters with alarming visual cues to Chinese religion (construed as ‘idolatry’), to the equally alien sounds of the Chinese language, and on to the vexed question of body posture in worship (something that Reinders, with his acute but tacit sense of the importance of history on the Chinese side, takes back on the European side to Reformation debates), and even to the olfactory assault that the missionaries experienced on arrival – all are given their due place.
Distinct mixtures of muscarinic receptor subtypes mediate inhibition of noradrenaline release in different mouse peripheral tissues, as studied with receptor knockout mice
Authors: Trendelenburg Anne‐Ulrike , Meyer Angelika , Wess Jürgen , Starke Klaus 
Published: June 2005

The muscarinic heteroreceptors modulating noradrenaline release in atria, urinary bladder and vas deferens were previously studied in mice in which the M2 or the M4 muscarinic receptor genes had been disrupted. These experiments showed that these tissues possessed both M2 and non‐M2 heteroreceptors. The analysis was now extended to mice in which either the M3, both the M2 and the M3, or both the M2 and the M4 genes had been disrupted (M3‐knockout, M2/3‐knockout and M2/4‐knockout). Tissues were preincubated with 3H‐noradrenaline and then stimulated electrically (20 pulses per 50 Hz).
In wild‐type atria, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) decreased the electrically evoked tritium overflow by maximally 60–78%. The maximum inhibition of carbachol was reduced to 57% in M3‐knockout and to 23% in M2/4‐knockout atria. Strikingly, the effect of carbachol was abolished in M2/3‐knockout atria.
In wild‐type bladder, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) reduced the evoked tritium overflow by maximally 57–71%. This effect remained unchanged in the M3‐knockout, but was abolished in the M2/4‐knockout bladder.
In wild‐type vas deferens, carbachol (0.01–100 μM) reduced the evoked tritium overflow by maximally 34–48%. The maximum inhibition of carbachol was reduced to 40% in the M3‐knockout and to 18% in the M2/4‐knockout vas deferens.
We conclude that the postganglionic sympathetic axons of mouse atria possess M2 and M3, those of the urinary bladder M2 and M4, and those of the vas deferens M2, M3 and M4 release‐inhibiting muscarinic receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 1153–1159. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706297