bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD)
Authors: Sischo William M. , Norman Heather S. , Kiernan Nancy E. 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To report the results of 3 surveys evaluating the extent that the Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank (FARAD) is used by veterinarians, the profession's perception of the need for the program, barriers that prevent veterinarians from fully using the service, and the perceptions that animal production industry groups have regarding FARAD.

Design
Telephone and mail surveys were used to collect information using cross-sectional, case-control, and directed sample studies.

Sample Population
Food animal veterinarians and veterinarians and nonveterinarians in allied animal industries or with special interest in production animal medicine.

Results
The use of FARAD was high among dairy and general practitioners, but low among beef practitioners and veterinarians with minor commitment to food animal medicine. Solo practitioners and veterinarians with less than 13 years in practice were less likely to use FARAD. Dairy practitioners who had not used FARAD were most likely to prescribe extralabel products.

Clinical Implications
Results imply that dairy and general food animal practitioners have either greater need or access through educational networks and are more aware of FARAD than practitioners who work with beef and those with a minor component of their practice involving food animals. The difference in familiarity and use of FARAD between practice type is an important finding, but the root of the difference is not clear; it may be attributable to a difference in the effectiveness of knowledge transfer for the groups, or the message is ignored because the issue of drug residues is less compelling for veterinarians and their clients in the beef sector. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:344–350)
Relationships between results of the Ortolani method of hip joint palpation and distraction index, Norberg angle, and hip score in dogs
Authors: Puerto David A. , Smith Gail K. , Gregor Thomas P. , LaFond Elizabeth , Conzemius Michael G. , Cabell Lori W. , McKelvie Pamela J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether results of the Ortolani method of hip joint palpation in dogs were related to distraction index (DI), Norberg angle, or radiographic hip score.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Animals
459 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
Dogs were sedated for radiography and palpation of the hip joints. Results of hip joint palpation were classified as negative, mild positive, moderate positive, or severe positive. Distraction indices were measured for all dogs. Norberg angles were measured for 380 dogs for which ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographic projections were available. Hip scores assigned by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) were available for 95 dogs.

Results
Age, weight, and sex were not significantly associated with results of hip joint palpation. There was moderate correlation between results of hip joint palpation and DI (r = 0.636), low-moderate correlation between results of hip joint palpation and OFA hip scores (rs = 0.437), and weak negative correlation (r = -0.236) between results of hip joint palpation and Norberg angle. For joints without degenerative joint disease (DJD), there was a significant linear relationship between results of hip palpation and DI; however, for joints with DJD, there was not. Results of hip joint palpation were 5.3-fold as likely to be negative for dogs with DJD as for dogs without.

Clinical Implications
Results of hip joint palpation were at best moderately correlated with radiographic measures of hip joint laxity. Therefore, hip joint palpation should be combined with hip-extended and stress radiography when assessing hip joint quality. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:497–501).
Tracheal rupture in cats: 16 cases (1983–1998)
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Spodnick Gary J. , Gilson Stephen D. , Benson John A. , Hawkins Eleanor C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine causes of tracheal rupture in cats and the mechanism of injury.

Design
A retrospective study was conducted to identify cats with tracheal rupture. A second study was conducted to establish mechanism of injury, and a third study was conducted to determine volume of air needed to obtain an airtight seal when inflating the cuff of an endotracheal tube in a cat.

Animals
16 cats with clinical signs of tracheal rupture, 10 cat cadavers, and 20 clinically normal cats that were undergoing anesthesia.

Procedures
Details were extracted from medical records of 16 cats with tracheal rupture (9 treated surgically and 7 treated conservatively). For the cadaver study, the trachea of each cat cadaver was intubated and observed during overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff. For clinically normal cats, volume of air needed to obtain an airtight seal for the endotracheal tube was recorded.

Results
Most ruptures were associated with cats anesthetized for dental procedures. Clinical signs associated with tracheal rupture included subcutaneous emphysema, coughing, gagging, dyspnea, anorexia, and fever. Tracheoscopy was the method of choice for documenting tracheal rupture. Surgical and conservative management were successfully used, unless the injury extended to the carina. In the cadaver study, overinflation of the endotracheal tube cuff with > 6 ml of air resulted in tracheal rupture in 7 of 10 cadavers. For clinically normal cats, the volume of air (mean ± SD) needed to obtain an airtight seal was 1.6 ± 0.7 ml.

Clinical Implications
Overinflation of an endotracheal tube cuff may result in tracheal rupture in cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:508–512).
Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for detection of septic peritonitis in horses
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rodger Lynn D. , Spier Sharon J. , Gardner Ian A. , Yarbrough Tom B. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity can be used to differentiate horses with septic peritonitis from those with nonseptic peritonitis.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
46 horses, including 10 healthy horses, 15 horses with septic peritonitis, and 21 horses with nonseptic peritonitis.

Procedure
Peritoneal fluid and blood samples were analyzed for pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Complete blood cell counts were performed, and peritoneal fluid samples were submitted for bacterial culture.

Results
Horses with septic peritonitis had significantly lower peritoneal fluid pH and glucose concentrations than horses with nonseptic peritonitis and healthy horses. Compared with other tests, serum-to-peritoneal fluid glucose concentration differences > 50 mg/dl had the highest diagnostic use for detection of septic peritonitis. Peritoneal fluid pH < 7.3, glucose concentration < 30 mg/dl, and fibrinogen concentration > 200 mg/dl were also highly indicative of septic peritonitis.

Clinical Implications
Peritoneal fluid pH and glucose concentration can be used to assist in the identification of horses with septic peritonitis. These measurements can provide an early indication of sepsis, especially if cytologic evaluation of peritoneal fluid is unavailable or results are equivocal and peritoneal fluid bacterial culture results are pending. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214: 1032–1036)
Comparison of a continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enteric closure in dogs and cats: 83 cases (1991-1997)
Authors: Weisman Debra L. , Smeak Daniel D. , Birchard Stephen J. , Zweigart Suzanne L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe and compare a simple continuous suture pattern with a simple interrupted pattern for enterotomy closure or end-to-end intestinal anastomosis.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
58 dogs and 25 cats that underwent enterotomy or intestinal resection and anastomosis.

Procedure
Signalment, surgical procedure, suture pattern, suture material, confirmation of dehiscence, and follow-up were reviewed. Groups were compared by procedure (anastomosis or enterotomy) and by suture pattern.

Results
57 animals underwent continuous closure; 26 had interrupted closure. Only polydioxanone or polypropylene suture materials were used. Overall, 81 (98%) animals had no signs of intestinal dehiscence and survived > 2 weeks. Two animals had confirmed dehiscence after foreign body removal, 1 of 57 (2%) after continuous closure, and 1 of 26 (4%) after interrupted closure.

Clinical Implications
The simple continuous closure pattern is an acceptable alternative to simple interrupted closure for small intestinal anastomosis or enterotomy closure. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1507-1510)
Prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants
Authors: Grandin Temple , McGee Kasie , Lanier Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess the prevalence of severe welfare problems in horses that arrive at slaughter plants and to identify horses that were unfit for travel.

Design
Pevalence survey.

Animals
1,008 horses.

Procedure
Horses arriving at 2 slaughter plants were observed. The following were rated severe welfare problems in horses: body condition scores of 1 or 2 (emaciated) of 9; recumbency (down) or the inability to walk; fractured limbs or other foot or limb problems that extremely impaired mobility; severe wounds, such as deep cuts, extensive lacerations, abrasions on the head or back, eye injuries, neglected purulent lesions, and numerous bite and kick marks over extensive areas of the body, and dead on arrival. Bruises on carcasses were tabulated to further assess injuries. Horses that had been loaded with a fractured limb, arrived nonambulatory, had severe lameness that interfered with mobility, were weak and emaciated, or were dead on arrival or died shortly after arrival were considered unfit for travel.

Results
Ninety-two percent (930/1,008) of the horses arrived in good condition, and 7.7% (78) had a condition that was rated a serious welfare problem. Thirty horses (3%) had a body condition score of 1 or 2, 12 (1.0%) had foot and limb problems (other than fractures), 4 (0.4%) had fractured limbs. 18 (2.0%) had deep cuts, lacerations, or injuries from bites. 8 (0.8%) were nonambulatory or dead on arrival, 2 (0.2%) had deformities, 3 (0.3%) had extensive purulent lesions, and 1 (0.1%) had a behavior problem. Characteristic patterns of 51% of carcass bruises indicated that they were caused by bites or kicks. Fighting was the major cause of injuries that occurred during transport and marketing. Fifteen (1.5%) horses were unfit for travel. Abuse or neglect by owners was the cause of 77% of the severe welfare problems observed.

Clinical Implications
To decrease the number of injuries that result from fighting when transporting horses to slaughter plants, aggressive mares and geldings that continually attack other horses must be segregated. (J Am Med Assoc 1999;214:1531-1533)
Incidence of diarrhea among calves after strict closure and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a dairy herd
Authors: de Verdier Klingenberg Kerstin , Vågsholm Ivar , Alenius Stefan 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether strict closure of a dairy herd and eradication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection would decrease incidence of diarrhea in calves during the first 31 days after birth, whether specific risk factors were associated with incidence of diarrhea in calves, and whether diarrhea was associated with weight gain of the calves.

Design
2-year cohort study.

Animals
448 calves.

Procedure
Calves were monitored from birth to 31 days of age. Fecal samples were tested for rotavirus, blood samples were tested for BVDV and antibodies to BVDV, and serum samples were tested for IgG concentration. Risk factors were evaluated by means of survival analysis.

Results
Incidence of diarrhea in calves decreased significantly after strict closure of the herd and eradication of BVDV infection. Risk factors for diarrhea in calves interacted in a multifactorial way. Rotavirus infection and low serum IgG concentration increased the risk that calves would develop diarrhea. Calves that developed diarrhea gained significantly less weight than calves that did not develop diarrhea.

Clinical Implications
To control diarrhea among calves in a dairy herd, emphasis should be on maintaining a strictly closed herd free from BVDV infection. However, other measures, such as measures to prevent rotavirus infection and to ensure that calves receive an appropriate amount of colostrum after birth, should also be taken. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1824-1828)
Comparison of two sampling tools for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls and clinical interpretation of culture results
Authors: Parker Sarah , Campbell John , Ribble Carl , Gajadhar Alvin 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare sensitivity for diagnosing Tritrichomonas foetus infection in bulls using 2 sampling tools and to calculate negative predictive values for infection.

Design
Randomized clinical trial.

Animals
30 Bos taurus bulls naturally or experimentally infected with T foetus.

Procedure
Preputial scrapings were obtained once/wk for 6 weeks using an artificial insemination pipette and a metal brush; which tool was used first for each bull was randomly determined. Samples were collected first from the left side of the prepuce and then from the right side and placed in commercially available transport media. χ2 Values and confidence limits were adjusted for effect of clustering of results by bull.

Results
Significant differences in sensitivity of results were not found between samples collected using the brush or pipette. Using the pipette, sensitivity was estimated to be 91.6% (95% confidence interval, 84.3 to 95.7%); negative predictive values ranged from 41 to 99% for prevalence of infection of 90 to 5%, respectively. Sensitivity was 88.8% for first sample obtained and 96.1% for second sample obtained.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Collection of preputial scrapings with an artificial insemination pipette or a metal brush and use of a commercially available culture system can provide a sensitive diagnostic test for T foetus infection in bulls. Calculated negative predictive values indicated that 1 or 2 tests would suffice in most clinical situations. For bulls from herds in which T foetus is endemic, 2 to 4 tests/bull may be required to ensure that each bull is not infected. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:231–235)
Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic
Authors: Donaldson Mark T. , Palmer Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine prevalence of clostridial enterotoxins in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic, and to determine whether an association exists between detection of clostridial enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic.

Design
Prospective case series and case-control study.

Animals
174 horses with diarrhea, colic, or problems not related to the gastrointestinal tract.

Procedure
Horses were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: colic with diarrhea (group 1; n = 30); colic without diarrhea (group 2; 30); diarrhea without colic (group 3; 57); and control (group 4; 57). Feces were evaluated by use of ELISA to detect Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and C difficile toxin A (TOXA). Frequency of detection of CPE or TOXA in groups 1 and 3 was compared with that in groups 2 and 4, respectively.

Results
Prevalence of enteric clostridiosis in horses in group 3 was 25%. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was detected in 9 of 57 (16%), TOXA in 8 of 57 (14%), and both toxins in 3 of 57 (5%) fecal samples collected from these horses. Neither toxin was detected in feces of the age-matched horses in group 4. Clostridial enterotoxins were detected in feces of 7 of 60 (12%) horses with colic (groups 1 and 2); however, a significant association was not found between detection of enterotoxins in feces and development of diarrhea as a complication of colic.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Clostridia are important etiologic agents of diarrhea in horses. Additionally, changes in intestinal flora of horses with colic may allow for proliferation of clostridia and elaboration of enterotoxins regardless of whether diarrhea develops. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:358–361)
Infertility and abortion among first-lactation dairy cows seropositive or seronegative for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo
Authors: Guitian Javier , Thurmond Mark C. , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To estimate the extent to which exposure to Leptospira hardjo before or at the time of first parturition was associated with infertility and abortion during the first lactation among dairy cows that had not been vaccinated for ≥ 12 months.

Animals
207 first-lactation cows from a herd of 2,000 lactating cows.

Procedure
Cows were tested for antibodies to L hardjo within 40 days after calving. Time from calving to first breeding, time from calving to conception, number of breedings per conception, and risk of abortion were compared between cows seropositive for L hardjo and cows that were seronegative.

Results
For the 9 (4.3%) cows that were seropositive for L hardjo, median time from calving to conception (132.6 days) was significantly longer than time for seronegative cows (95.4 days). Cows that were seropositive were twice as likely (relative risk, 2.07) to fail to conceive as seronegative cows. Mean number of breedings required per conception for seropositive cows (3.4) was significantly higher than that for seronegative cows (2.1). The proportion of seropositive cows that aborted was not significantly different from the proportion of seronegative cows that aborted.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Exposure of nonvaccinated dairy cows to L hardjo can be associated with a subsequent reduction in fertility, as indicated by a greater time from calving to conception and higher number of breedings required per conception. The efficacy of leptospiral vaccines should be assessed to determine whether vaccination will minimize herd infertility associated with L hardjo infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:515–518)
Evaluation of iodophor skin preparation techniques and factors influencing drainage from ventral midline incisions in horses
Authors: Galuppo Larry D. , Pascoe John R. , Jang Spencer S. , Willits Neil H. , Greenman Sylvia L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To document natural bacterial flora on the ventral aspect of the equine abdomen, to compare 2 preparation techniques, and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to incisional drainage.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
53 horses undergoing exploratory celiotomy.

Procedure
Group-1 horses (n = 26) were prepared with povidone-iodine and alcohol. Group-2 horses (27) were prepared with a film-forming iodophor complex. Numbers of bacterial colony-forming units (CFU) were measured before and after surgical scrub, following skin closure, and after recovery from general anesthesia. Swab specimens to identify normal skin bacterial flora and potential pathogens were obtained by swabbing a 4 X 4-cm area. Variables that might affect incisional drainage were also investigated.

Results
For both techniques, there was a significant reduction in bacterial numbers after skin preparation. Incisional drainage was observed in 14 (26%) horses (8 group-1 and 6 group-2 horses). Preexisting dermatitis, poor intraoperative drape adherence, high number of bacterial CFU obtained after recovery from anesthesia, and high number of CFU obtained from the surgery room environment were the main risk factors associated with subsequent incisional drainage. Bacillus spp, nonhemolytic Staphylococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Streptomyces spp, other nonenteric genera, and non-hemolytic Streptococcus spp were the most common isolates obtained before surgical scrub.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Both skin preparation techniques were equally effective in reducing numbers of bacterial CFU by 99%, and a significant difference was not found in incisional drainage rate between groups. Protection of the wound during recovery from anesthesia and the immediate postoperative period may reduce incisional drainage after abdominal surgery in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:963–969)
Serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Kerber Claudia E. , Granstrom David E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine serologic prevalence of Sarcocystis neurona, Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum in horses in Brazil.

Design
Prevalence survey.

Animals
101 Thoroughbreds in Brazil.

Procedure
Blood samples were obtained from horses and tested for serum antibodies against S neurona by use of an immunoblot procedure with culture-derived S neurona merozoites as antigen, and for serum antibodies against T gondii and N caninum by use of a modified agglutination test with formalinpreserved tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol.

Results
Antibodies against S neurona and T gondii were detected in 36 and 16 of 101 horses, respectively. Cross-reactivity between antibodies against T gondii and S neurona was not detected. Antibodies against N caninum were not detected in any samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The high prevalence of antibodies against S neurona detected in clinically normal horses emphasizes the importance of examining CSF for antibodies when establishing a diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:970–972)
Attitudes, procedures, and delivery of behavior services by veterinarians in small animal practice
Authors: Patronek Gary J. , Dodman Nicholas H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To survey veterinarians in small animal practice concerning their attitudes about delivery of behavior services, frequency of common behavior problems, manner in which services were provided, confidence in their clinical ability to treat these behavior problems, frequency of use of pharmacologic intervention, and number of dogs and cats euthanatized specifically because of behavior problems.

Design
Cross-sectional mail survey.

Sample Population
Random sample of veterinarians in small animal practice in the United States.

Procedure
A self-administered mail survey was sent to a random sample of 2,000 veterinarians. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed.

Results
It was estimated that approximately 224,000 dogs and cats were euthanatized annually in small animal veterinary practices in the United States because of behavior problems. Although veterinarians seemed unwilling to euthanatize animals for behavior problems solely on the basis of a client’s request, many veterinarians did not routinely inquire about animal behavior and often were not confident in their clinical skills to treat behavior problems. Female veterinarians tended to be more proactive in addressing behavior problems and to have more positive attitudes than male veterinarians about the importance of animal behavior.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Efforts are needed to increase the number of veterinarians who systematically incorporate inquiries about animal behavior into routine clinical practice and to build the confidence of veterinarians for diagnosing and treating animal behavior problems. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1606–1611)