bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized Trial of Donor Human Milk Versus Preterm Formula as Substitutes for Mothers' Own Milk in the Feeding of Extremely Premature Infants
Authors: Schanler Richard J. , Lau Chantal , Hurst Nancy M. , Smith Elliot O'Brian 
Published: August 2005

Objective. Compared with preterm formula (PF), mother's milk (MM) is associated with lower rates of late-onset sepsis (LOS) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) among premature infants. Because not all mothers of premature infants produce sufficient milk to supply their infants throughout hospitalization, we reasoned that pasteurized donor human milk (DM) would be a suitable alternative.
Methods. Extremely premature infants (&lt;30 weeks of gestation) whose mothers intended to breastfeed were assigned randomly to receive either pasteurized DM or PF if the supply of their own MM became insufficient during the study (birth to 90 days of age or hospital discharge). Infection-related events (LOS, NEC, meningitis, presumed sepsis, or urinary tract infection) that occurred after the attainment of a milk intake of 50 mL/kg, dietary intake, growth, skin-to-skin contact, and duration of hospital stay were compared. The primary analysis compared groups DM and PF on an intent-to-treat basis. If no differences were noted, then these groups were combined and compared with the reference group, group MM. If differences were noted, then the subsequent analyses compared each group with group MM.
Results. Of 243 infants, 70 (29%) received only MM; group DM included 81 infants and group PF included 92 infants. Because of poor weight gain, 17 infants (21%), all in group DM, were switched to PF. There were no differences in birth weight, gestational age, multiple births, and age at attainment of feeding of 50 mL/kg among groups. There were no differences between group DM and group PF in LOS and/or NEC, other infection-related events, hospital stay, or number of deaths. Group DM received a greater intake of milk and more nutritional supplements but had a slower rate of weight gain, compared with group PF. Compared with groups DM and PF, group MM had fewer episodes of LOS and/or NEC and total infection-related events and a shorter duration of hospital stay. Group MM also had fewer Gram-negative organisms isolated from blood cultures than did the other groups.
Conclusions. In this randomized, blinded trial of feeding of extremely premature infants, we found that, as a substitute for MM, DM offered little observed short-term advantage over PF for feeding extremely premature infants. Advantages to an exclusive diet of MM were observed in terms of fewer infection-related events and shorter hospital stays.
Smoking During Pregnancy and the Risk for Hyperkinetic Disorder in Offspring
Authors: Linnet Karen Markussen , Wisborg Kirsten , Obel Carsten , Secher Niels Jørgen , Thomsen Per Hove , Agerbo Esben , Henriksen Tine Brink 
Published: August 2005

Objective. Maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk for behavioral disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between smoking during pregnancy and hyperkinetic and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the offspring in a large population-based study.
Methods. This study was designed as a nested case-control study. Data were obtained from Danish longitudinal registers and included 170 children with hyperkinetic disorder and 3765 population-based control subjects, who were matched by age, gender, and date of birth. Potential confounders, including newborn characteristics, socioeconomic status, and family history of psychiatric illnesses, were evaluated by conditional logistic regression analyses.
Results. Women who smoked during pregnancy had a 3-fold increased risk for having offspring with hyperkinetic disorder compared with nonsmokers. Socioeconomic factors and history of mental disorder in the parents or siblings seemed to confound the result to some extent (adjusted relative risk: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.3–2.8). Adjustment for parental age or exclusion of children with low birth weight (&lt;2500 g), preterm delivery (&lt;37 weeks completed gestation), and Apgar scores &lt;7 at 5 minutes revealed no changes in the results. Also, excluding children with conduct disorders or comorbid disorders revealed no change in the results.
Conclusions. Our results showed an increased risk for hyperkinetic disorder in children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy. This could not be explained by newborn characteristics, parental socioeconomic status, family history of psychiatric hospitalizations or contact as outpatients, conduct disorders, or comorbidity.
Preterm Infants With Congenital Heart Disease and Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Postoperative Course and Outcome After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: McMahon Colin J. , Penny Daniel J. , Nelson David P. , Ades Anne M. , Al Maskary Salim , Speer Michael , Katkin Julie , McKenzie E. Dean , Fraser Charles D. , Chang Anthony C. 
Published: August 2005

Objective. Success in treatment of premature infants has resulted in increased numbers of neonates who have bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and require surgical palliation or repair of congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to investigate the impact of BPD on children with CHD after heart surgery.Methods. This was a retrospective, multicenter study of patients who had BPD, defined as being oxygen dependent at 28 days of age with radiographic changes, and CHD and had cardiac surgery (excluding arterial duct ligation) between January 1991 and January 2002. Forty-three infants underwent a total of 52 cardiac operations. The median gestational age at birth was 28 weeks (range: 23–35 weeks), birth weight was 1460 g (range: 431–2500 g), and age at surgery was 2.7 months (range: 1.0–11.6 months). Diagnoses included left-to-right shunts (n = 15), conotruncal abnormalities (n = 13), arch obstruction (n = 6), univentricular hearts (n = 4), semilunar valve obstruction (n = 3), Shone syndrome (n = 1), and cor triatriatum (n = 1).Results. Thirty-day survival was 84% with 6 early and 6 late postoperative deaths. Survival to hospital discharge was 68%. There was 50% mortality for patients with univentricular hearts and severe BPD. The median duration of preoperative ventilation was 76 days (range: 2–244 days) and of postoperative ventilation was 15 days (range: 1–141 days). The median duration of cardiac ICU stay was 7.5 days (range: 1–30 days) and of hospital stay was 115 days (range: 35–475 days). Current pulmonary status includes on room air (n = 14), O2 at home (n = 4), and ventilated at home (n = 4) or in hospital (n = 4), and 5 patients were lost to follow-up.Conclusions. BPD has significant implications for children who have CHD and undergo cardiac surgery, leading to prolonged ICU and hospital stays, although most survivors are not O2 dependent. Postoperative mortality was highest among patients with univentricular hearts and severe BPD. Optimal timing of surgery and strategies to improve outcome remains to be delineated.
Association of Melanin Pigmentation in the Gingiva of Children With Parents Who Smoke
Authors: Hanioka Takashi , Tanaka Keiko , Ojima Miki , Yuuki Kazuo 
Published: August 2005

Objective. The association between gingival pigmentation and active smoking has been established. This investigation is the first to address the relationship between gingival pigmentation in children and passive smoking.Methods. A case-control study was performed involving 59 nonsmoking children who were selected from patient records of a dental clinic in a rural town in Japan. The number of subjects was based on a power calculation. Two calibrated examiners independently observed labial gingiva via oral photographs.Results. An interview determined that 61% of children had at least 1 smoking parent. Gingival pigmentation was observed in 71% to 78% of children. Interexaminer agreement was satisfactory (κ = 0.73). Percentage of smoking parents was higher in children with gingival pigmentation (70–71%) than in those who lacked pigmentation (35%). Odds ratios of parental smoking adjusted by age and gender were 5.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.5–20.0) and 5.4 (1.4–21.2) for the 2 examiners.Conclusion. These findings suggest that excessive pigmentation in the gingiva of children is associated with passive smoking. The visible pigmentation effect in gingiva of children could be useful in terms of parental education.
Animal Models of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Hedlund Petter , Matsumoto Kenshi , Andersson Karl‐Erik 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe neuroanatomy of the rat, as well as the morphology of the rat corpus cavernosum, is well characterized.
Several molecular biological methods, as well as in vitro preparations, are available for the corpus cavernosum (CC)
from rats or mice, and functional investigations of the erectile tissues from these species have revealed similar
responses to activation of nerves, endothelium, or pharmacological agents compared with other mammals. By recording
intracavernous pressure (ICP), erectile responses to stimulation of nerves at peripheral sites can be evaluated objectively in anesthetized animals. It is thereby possible to isolate and study the effects of regulatory mechanisms of the autonomic nervous system on erection, and to quantify the effect of pharmacological modulation on nerve‐induced responses as changes in ICP. In the conscious rodent model, erectile responses include activities in supraspinal and spinal regulatory units, which lead to activation of both autonomic and somatic pathways destined for the CC or the penile striated muscles. These components can be evaluated by recording ICP in conscious animals, allowing the investigator to avoid possible deleterious effects of anesthesia on supraspinal and spinal transmitter pathways that may be involved in the regulation of erection.
Enzymatic Regioselective Levulinylation of 2′‐Deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐Methylribonucleosides
Authors: Lavandera Iván , García Javier , Fernández Susana , Ferrero Miguel , Gotor Vicente , Sanghvi Yogesh S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe levulinyl‐protected nucleosides are key building blocks for the solution‐phase synthesis of oligonucleotides. Short and efficient syntheses of 3′‐ and 5′‐O‐levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐methylribonucleosides have been developed from the corresponding nucleosides by enzyme‐catalyzed regioselective acylation in organic solvents or from 3′,5′‐di‐O‐levulinyl derivatives by regioselective enzymatic hydrolysis. Lipase‐mediated levulinylation of various nucleosides has been accomplished with acetonoxime levulinate as an acyl donor. Use of immobilized Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PSL‐C) has furnished 3′‐O‐levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides in excellent yields. Similarly, Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL‐B) has provided 5′‐O‐levulinylated nucleosides in high yields. 3′‐O‐Levulinylated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐methylribonucleosides were prepared via selective hydrolysis of 3′,5′‐di‐O‐levulinate esters using CAL‐B.
An Aminooxy‐Functionalized Non‐Nucleosidic Phosphoramidite for the Construction of Multiantennary Oligonucleotide Glycoconjugates on a Solid Support
Authors: Katajisto Johanna , Virta Pasi , Lönnberg Harri 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn this unit, a method is described that allows construction of multiantennary oligonucleotide glycoconjugates on a solid support. A bis(hydroxymethyl)malondiamide‐based phosphoramidite that contains two phthaloyl‐protected aminooxy groups compatible with normal chain assembly is prepared. The aminooxy functions can be deblocked with a hydrazinium acetate treatment and subsequently oximated on‐support with fully acetylated 4‐oxobutyl α‐D‐mannopyranoside. The resulting reagent is then used to prepare a conjugate containing two non‐nucleosidic building blocks (i.e., four α‐D‐mannopyranosyl units) close to the 5′ terminus of the oligonucleotide.
Assays for Complement Proteins Encoded in the Class III Region of Human MHC
Authors: Varga Lilian , Füst George 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInvestigation of the complement proteins encoded in the class III region of the human MHC isclinically significant. A low level of components that make up the classical pathway is indicative of an underlying in vivo complement activation or primer complement deficiency. Hemolytic tests of C4 and C2 described are the only methods that allow quantitification of the functional complement proteins. The application of these sensitive techniques is unavoidable if inactive complement proteins are present. The complex hemolytic titration process protocol described in detail makes possible the use of this test. Assays to determine complement components belonging to the MHC III region were completed by a basic phenotyping test of the standard factor B alleles. This simple technique is a very useful first‐step assay for clinical laboratories engaged in genetic studies.
Culture, Expansion, and Differentiation of Murine Megakaryocytes
Authors: Shivdasani Ramesh A. , Schulze Harald 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMegakaryocytes (MKs) are the source of circulating platelets and are readily recognized by their large size and distinctive morphology. Their poor representation in hematopoietic tissues often requires considerable ex vivo expansion to generate cells for biochemical and cell biological studies. These experimental protocols describe the assessment of megakaryocytic potential within hematopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow by colony‐forming assays and expansion and enrichment of MKs from cultured fetal liver or spleen or bone marrow cells. Although these MKs are not synchronized in their maturation, they can be enriched over an albumin step‐gradient and one‐third to one‐half of recovered cells will typically elaborate proplatelets, the immediate precursors of blood platelets. Both protocols require recombinant thrombopoietin (TPO) as a growth factor. Support Protocols describe methods for preparing fetal liver cells, identifying mature rodent MKs by staining for acetylcholinesterase activity, and staining (May‐Grünwald‐Giemsa) mixed populations on cytocentrifuged blood cell preparations.
Endocytosis Assays in Intact and Permeabilized Cells
Authors: Osborne Andrew , Flett Alexander , Smythe Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractClathrin‐coated pits and vesicles represent the major ports of entry into most eukaryotic cells. As well as performing housekeeping functions (e.g., allowing cells to take up essential nutrients), the endocytic pathway participates in a number of tissue‐specific events such as synaptic‐vesicle recycling, control of morphogen gradients during development, downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, and immune surveillance. To understand the role played by clathrin‐mediated uptake, it is therefore essential to have robust endocytosis assays in intact cells. The clathrin‐coated vesicle cycle requires a complicated interplay of proteins and lipids that is regulated in space and time. Reconstitution assays in permeabilized cells provide a powerful approach to understanding how this complex process is regulated.
Analysis of Cellular Senescence in Culture In Vivo: The Senescence‐Associated β‐Galactosidase Assay
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Debdutta , Gatza Catherine , Donehower Lawrence A. , Medrano Estela E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractReplicative senescence, a process first described almost 40 years ago, entails irreversible growth arrest with sustained metabolic functions, and it is also associated with increased resistance to apoptotic signals. Interest in this process has increased greatly over the last 10 years, as it has been demonstrated that senescence can function as a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. Although mounting evidence suggests that the senescent phenotype is associated with an extraordinarily complex array of gene expression patterns and interactions with the microenvironment, there is only one widely accepted marker for distinguishing such cells in vitro and in vivo. This marker is the senescence‐associated expression of a pH 6 β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal). Here, a method for analyzing SA‐β‐gal expression in cultured cells and in human and animal tissues is described, and important parameters to consider when performing such assays are also highlighted.
Using the Gibbs Motif Sampler to Find Conserved Domains in DNA and Protein Sequences
Authors: Thompson William , McCue Lee Ann , Lawrence Charles E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Gibbs Motif Sampler (Gibbs) is a software package for discovering conserved elements in biopolymer sequences. This unit describes the basic operation of the Web‐based interface to Gibbs, along with advanced examples of its use, and the Web interface todscan, a sequence database search program.
Using CorePromoter to Find Human Core Promoters
Authors: Zhang Michael Q. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe CorePromoter program is very useful for identification of transcriptional start sites (TSS) and core promoter regions when 5′‐upstream genomic DNA sequences of human genes are available. It is very simple to use and can be accessed either through the Web or after downloading to a local computer. The protocols in this unit introduce its basic methodology and discuss how to apply it to a sample problem in conjunction with other gene‐finding programs.
Gene Expression Analysis via Multidimensional Scaling
Authors: Chen Yidong , Meltzer Paul S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExpression profiling of biological samples using microarray technologies has proven to be a powerful tool for molecular classification and biomarker identification. Visualization of similarities between biological samples from their molecular signatures is essential in forming new hypotheses. Multidimensional scaling is one of the methods that converts the structure in the similarity matrix to a simple geometrical picture: the larger the dissimilarity between two samples (evaluated through gene expression profiling), the further apart the points representing the experiments in the picture should be. In this unit, we will discuss the mathematical fundamentals of this method, along with step‐by‐step procedures that allow users to quickly obtain the results, provided that all necessary resources are ready. Examples of applying the MDS program and the interpretation of these results are also provided in this unit
Proteomics and the Analysis of Proteomic Data: An Overview of Current Protein‐Profiling Technologies
Authors: Gulcicek Erol E. , Colangelo Christopher M. , McMurray Walter , Stone Kathryn , Williams Kenneth , Wu Terence , Zhao Hongyu , Spratt Heidi , Kurosky Alexander , Wu Baolin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn recent years, several proteomic methodologies have been developed that now make it possible to identify, characterize, and comparatively quantify the relative level of expression of hundreds of proteins that are coexpressed in a given cell type or tissue, or that are found in biological fluids such as serum. These advances have resulted from the integration of diverse scientific disciplines including molecular and cellular biology, protein/peptide chemistry, bioinformatics, analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, and the use of instrumental and software tools such as multidimensional electrophoretic and chromatographic separations and mass spectrometry. In this unit, some of the common protein‐profiling technologies are reviewed, along with the accompanying data‐analysis tools.
Protein Identification Using TurboSEQUEST
Authors: Lundgren Deborah H. , Han David K. , Eng Jimmy K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSEQUEST is the most widely used software tool for identifying proteins in complex mixtures. It is a mature, robust program that identifies peptides directly from uninterpreted tandem mass spectra, thus making large‐scale proteomic studies possible. Thermo Electron's TurboSEQUEST provides a Windows‐based graphical user interface for running SEQUEST and interpreting results. The protocol in this unit describes the basic steps involved in processing mass spectrometric data and analyzing results using TurboSEQUEST. It also provides an overview of the SEQUEST algorithm and a discussion of data filtering methods, critical issues in data interpretation, and available resources that can facilitate proper interpretation of SEQUEST results.
N‐Acylhydrazone – vielseitige Elektrophile für die Synthese von Stickstoffverbindungen
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBei der Anwendung von N‐Acylhydrazonen als Elektrophilen in Reaktionen mit Nucleophilen wurden in jüngster Zeit wichtige Fortschritte erzielt. N‐Acylhydrazone, die sich auf einfache Weise herstellen und aufbewahren lassen, agieren in diesen Reaktionen als stabile Iminäquivalente. Die Hydrazidprodukte sind nützliche, oft chirale Bausteine, die durch N‐N‐Bindungsspaltung zu wertvollen Stickstoffverbindungen umgesetzt werden können. Eine bedeutende Anwendung finden N‐Acyl‐Gruppen außerdem als Template zur stereochemischen Steuerung metallkatalysierter Reaktionen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst jüngste Ergebnisse aus der Chemie der N‐Acylhydrazone zusammen und betrachtet aktuelle Entwicklungen.
N‐Acylhydrazones as Versatile Electrophiles for the Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe use of N‐acylhydrazones as electrophiles in reactions with nucleophiles has recently made some important advances. N‐Acylhydrazones, which can be readily prepared and stored, act as stable imine surrogates in these reactions. The hydrazide products are useful, often chiral building blocks which can be transformed into various nitrogen‐containing compounds by cleavage of the NN bond. The N‐acyl groups often play important roles as templates for metal catalysis in controlling stereochemistry. This Minireview summarizes the most recent results of N‐acylhydrazone chemistry, and provides an overview of current developments in this field.
Estimating the human impact on populations of the endangered noble crayfish (Astacus astacus L.) in north‐western Poland
Authors: Schulz Holger K. , Śmietana Przemysław , Schulz Ralf 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The Pomorskie Lakeland close to the town of Miastko shows the highest density of stocks of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (L.) in the lowlands of north‐western Poland. In summer 2002, the present status of this highly threatened species was analysed by means of mark and recapture trapping.
Nine lakes with known occurrence of A. astacus were investigated. Each lake was surveyed with regard to the crayfish population density, water quality and potential recent and historical impact of fisheries and recreation. The estimated population density was evaluated statistically with respect to a set of potential environmental variables.
The estimated densities of A. astacus populations varied from very abundant (6.6 adult individuals per trap per night) to absent. Two lakes were found to contain the non‐indigenous crayfish Orconectes limosus (Raf.). The population density was not correlated with conductivity, pH, transparency, alkalinity, the concentration of ammonium, calcium, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, or with the trophic status of the lakes. A. astacus occurred in lakes ranging from mesotrophic to eutrophic.
The results suggest that both occurrence and density of A. astacus populations depended on criteria associated with human activities that have altered the aquatic environment. Abundance of A. astacus was negatively correlated with eel (Anguilla anguilla) stocking intensity (r = −0.88; p < 0.01) and number of yearly net catches (r = −0.66; p < 0.05) and positively correlated with distance to nearest town (r = 0.72; p < 0.05).
It is concluded that the introduction of O. limosus most likely resulted from fishery activities, emphasizing the need for regulations to reduce the negative impact of lake fisheries on native crayfish stocks.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.