bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of food preparation on feeding behavior of lion‐tailed macaques
Authors: Smith Amy , Lindburg D. G. , Vehrencamp S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTen group‐living lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus), accustomed to receiving fruits and vegetable items of the diet in chopped form, were given these same foods in whole form to compare reactions to the non‐nutritional properties of food. Contrary to common belief, the access of individuals to the different food items was not equalized through chopping into bite‐sized morsels. Mean dietary diversity actually increased with presentation of whole foods, as did time spent feeding and total amount of food consumed. The widespread practice of chopping of food for captive primates has little to commend it in light of these findings.
Mirror reactions in a zoo colony of Cebus monkeys
Authors: Collinge Nancy E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe extensive research investigating the reactions of a number of species of nonhuman primates to their mirror images has revealed that monkeys have never been observed to react with self‐directed behaviors, as have some species of higher apes. The intermittent exposure of captive Cebus monkeys to a mirror over a 5‐week period produced species‐specific social reactions to the mirror, supporting the suggestion that at least in some instances the monkeys were viewing their mirror image as a conspecific. The variability in the duration and expression of mirror‐directed behaviors observed in the study appeared to be related to the age and past experience of the monkeys. The duration of mirror viewing of subadults was over twice that of the adults, while the young, hand‐reared animals exhibited more manipulative and fewer social behaviors than did the young animals raised in the zoo. The average viewing time of the zoo colony decreased substantially over the course of the study but the monkeys were still spending an appreciable time at the mirror after 5 weeks.
Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents
Authors: Lacy Robert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe concepts of “founder equivalent” and “founder genome equivalent” are introduced to facilitate analysis of the founding stocks of captive or other populations for which pedigrees are available. The founder equivalents of a population are the number of equally contributing founders that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. Unequal genetic contributions by founders decrease the founder equivalents, portend greater inbreeding in future generations than would be necessary, and reflect a greater loss of the genetic diversity initially present in the founders. The number of founder genome equivalents of a population is that number of equally contributing founders with no random loss of founder alleles in descendants that would be expected to produce the same genetic diversity as in the population under study. The number of founder genome equivalents is approximately that number of wild‐caught animals that would be needed to obtain the same amount of genetic diversity as is in the descendant captive population. Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents allow comparison of the genetic merits of adding new wild‐caught stock vs. further equalizing founder representations in a captive population.
Moving callitrichid monkeys from cages to outside areas
Authors: Chamove Arnold S. , Rohrhuber Brigitte 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo assess the important aspects of a large area for environmental enrichment, the behavior of families of common marmosets Callithrix jacchus and cotton‐top tamarins Saguinus oedipus when in laboratory cages and when in much larger outside areas was compared. All animals avoided areas with little cover. The two tamarin families preferred an indoor cage to a large open area with little cover and consequently only showed a limited range of behavior when outside. When dense cover was provided to the marmoset family, they used this area extensively, showing a wider range of behavior than when in cages and shifting to less active behavior patterns. By feeding marmosets in a central area, it was possible to allow unlimited access to the outside while effectively containing them.
Hummingbird nutrition: Development of a purified diet for long‐term maintenance
Authors: Brice A. T. , Grau C. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA purified liquid diet containing 25% solids (by weight) was developed for maintenance of adult hummingbirds so that nutritional studies could be conducted. Calypte anna and C. costae were fed the diet for at least 1 year, during which time they maintained body weights and general good health, and they molted normally. A diet containing 3% protein (dry weight basis), supplied by isolated soybean protein plus methionine, met the need for nitrogen. It was found that Calypte anna and C. costae do not need ascorbic acid in their diets.
Use of surrogate parental models and age periods in a successful release of hand‐reared sandhill cranes
Authors: Horwich Robert H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTen sandhill crane chicks were reared in isolation from humans to prepare them for an experimental wild release. They were imprinted on realistic models using crane brooding calls and were fed by crane‐like puppets. Six of the chicks were simultaneously imprinted on a human in a crane costume. The other four chicks were introduced to this surrogate parent at 5–7 days of age. The chicks were fed natural foods by the parent at two wild sites, one of which, the release site, was a staging area for migratory cranes. Observations were made on their behavioral development, including the time spent close to the model or costumed parent and the percentage of time spent foraging. The chicks spent the initial month close to the surrogate parent but moved away more to forage during the second month. The chicks regressed to again spend a great deal of time near the parent during the third and fourth months. They were released during this regressive period by removing the surrogate parent. All five of the released chicks showed increased interest in wild cranes within days of the release and formed a continuous association with wild cranes within 30 days. Four of the five were relocated by telemetry the following spring back in Wisconsin. These young juvenile cranes were excellent candidates for release due to their adaptable nature and their level of social development. The artificial stimuli of the surrogate parent helped the chicks to generalize their attachment to wild cranes. Once with wild cranes they quickly learned additional survival skills.
Coated nuts as an enrichment device to elicit tool use in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)
Authors: Visalberghi Elisabetta , Vitale Augusto F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present paper describes a simple technique that hardens the shell of nuts and makes the use of a tool to crack them open more compelling. Walnuts were coated with a dough of sawdust and nontoxic white glue in different combinations; they were tested for hardness by using machines normally used to test different kinds of wood. Data on relative hardness for uncoated walnuts and walnuts coated with dough of two different combinations are presented. The coated walnuts were significantly harder to break than the uncoated ones, whereas no significant difference was found when comparing the hardness of two types of coated walnuts. Furthermore, observations on a captive group of tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) are described. The monkeys needed significantly more time to break open the coated walnuts. Early results show that coated walnuts may favor acquistion of tool use skills in a juvenile capuchin.
Reproductive management plan of Toledo Zoo lowland gorillas over the past 25 years
Authors: Reichard T. A. , Favata G. F. , Petiniot C. , Gheres A. , Czekala N. M. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe breeding program for gorillas at the Toledo Zoo up to 1983 had resulted in five pregnancies over an 18 year period. In 1983, we began a multifaceted effort designed to improve reproduction through behavioral, physical, dietary, and physiological evaluations. Measurement of steroidal hormones in urine proved useful in monitoring ovarian activity and, in one case, led to successful treatment of a luteal‐phase deficieny in pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide. Various social manipulations of colony members and infant‐rearing regimes are described.
Breeding orangutans at Perth Zoo: Twenty years of appropriate husbandry
Authors: Markham Rosemary J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Perth Zoo orang‐utan husbandry strategy, which has been the foundation of 20 years of success in breeding, health, and longevity, is based on respect for the solitary arboreal nature of the species. The orang‐utans are housed singly at night and fed only in their night dens. Diets are based on the weight and energy expenditure of the individuals. During the day they are housed singly or in very small groups that correspond in size and structure to wild population units. Adult males and females are only introduced for breeding purposes. Large climbing frames, which permit visual and vocal contact, dominate the day enclosures. A wide variety of manipulable objects are provided daily to enhance activity levels.Since 1968 there have been 21 births, 14 surviving infants, and no post‐infancy deaths. All the mature animals are fertile. The major health problems of captive orang‐utans and the most common causes of adult mortality have been absent from the colony. The husbandry method used has made it possible to record detailed reproductive data including complete menstrual cycle records for 8 females since 1981, the observation and quantification of cyclic proceptivity for all mature females, the calculation of 19 gestation periods, and the measurement of post‐partum amenorrhea and interbirth intervals. Urinary hormone analysis is used regularly to confirm ovulation. A long‐term study of the hormones mediating the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males was started in 1988.Captive orang‐utans do not have a fertility problem, but the captive population is threatened by the unacceptably high mortality rate in young adults. This appears to be related to inappropriate husbandry methods. The most neglected aspect of orang‐utan husbandry is natural social group size and structure.
Behavior and blood catecholamines of captive belugas during playbacks of noise from an oil drilling platform
Authors: Thomas Jeanette A. , Kastelein Ronald A. , Awbrey Frank T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBelugas (Delphinapterus leucas) depend on sounds for communication and echolocation. To address the concerns that noise from oil platforms may have adverse effects, we examined behavioral responses of four captive belugas to playbacks of noise from SEDCO 708, a semi‐submersible drilling platform. Swim patterns, social groups, and respiration/dive rates were not statistically different before and during playbacks. We assayed levels of blood catecholamines before and after playbacks as a measure of stress. Blood epinephrine and norepinephrine levels measured immediately after playbacks were not elevated. Using the parameters we selected, we could not detect any short‐term behavioral or physiological effects of drilling noise playbacks on these captive belugas. However, care should be taken in extrapolating these results to the behavior of wild belugas around oil platforms.
Environmental enrichment for zoo bears
Authors: Carlstead Kathy , Seidensticker John , Baldwin Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe high incidence of stereotypic behaviors in zoo bears (van Keulen‐Kromhout: International Zoo Yearbook 18:177–186, 1978) suggests that the environment of these animals lacks essential stimuli for guiding normal behavior. Three experiments investigated ways in which bear husbandry procedures can be altered to promote normal behavior. In experiments 1 and 2, honey‐filled logs were given to a sloth (Melursus ursinus), American black (Ursus americanus), and brown bear (Ursus arctos) to determine 1) the role of food in stimulating investigatory behavior, 2) the rate of habituation to manipulable objects introduced into the exhibit, and 3) effects on locomotory behaviors. Results show specific and general habituation to the introduced objects that can be counteracted by refilling the logs with honey and by providing multiple logs in the exhibit. Investigatory activity directed toward honey‐logs replaces pacing and walking in the sloth bear and is most effective in doing so when the log is novel. Experiment 3 examined the behavioral effects of feeding an American black bear in three different ways: 1) once daily in the den, 2) once daily with supplemental food from a mechanical feeder, and 3) once daily with food hidden in the exhibit in manipulatable objects. The latter method reduced stereotypic pacing from a median of 150 min/day to 20 min/day; the mechanical feeder method had no such effect. The results of a survey of 67 zoos concerning the diet and manner of feeding these three species of bears, as well as Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) are presented. Results are discussed with respect to the ways in which husbandry procedures can be improved to stimulate functional foraging and feeding behavior in confined bears.
Retinol and α‐tocopherol concentrations in whole fish commonly fed in zoos and aquariums
Authors: Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Katz Nancy , Pearson Jack , Murru Frank , Asper Edward D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRetinol (n = 17 spp.) and α‐tocopherol (n = 9 spp.) concentrations in whole fish utilized for captive animal feeding programs were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following routine storage and preparation after commercial purchase by two zoological institutions. Vitamin A activity was calculated from retinol values and ranged from 55 IU/100 g (immature herring) to >2,000 IU/100 g (salmon) on an as‐fed basis. α‐Tocopherol values, a measure of vitamin E activity, ranged from 0.9 IU/100 g (butterfish) to 12.3 IU/100 g (tilapia) on a wet basis. Vitamin levels in whole fish were intermediate to values previously quantified for muscle or liver tissues alone. Vitamin concentrations in fish livers were quantified separately in seven of these species; liver contributed 35–63% of total retinol measured and 8–34% of total α‐tocopherol. Based on these analyses, whole fish commonly fed in zoos, aquariums, and marine zoological parks would appear to meet vitamin A requirements established for most species without additional supplementation, whereas levels of vitamin E quantified indicate a need for supplementation of diets for piscivores.
Social behavior of Matschie's tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus matschiei) and its implications for captive management
Authors: Hutchins Michael , Smith Grace Mann , Mead David C. , Elbin Susan , Steenberg Judie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSocial behavior was studied in four (one male and three females) adult, captivebred Matschie's tree kangaroos (Dendrolagus matschiei) over a 124 day span in a large, naturalistic exhibit at the Woodland Park Zoological Gardens, Seattle, WA. A relatively high rate of social interaction occurred (15.2 per hour), over half of which consisted of approaches and nose contacts. The male initiated 54.1% of all social behaviors. Females tended to respond aggressively toward the male (avoid, bite, cuff, or swipe). The male initiated more affiliative behaviors and the females initiated more agonistic behaviors toward both the male and other females. A clear‐cut dominance hierarchy could not be determined; reversals (i.e., cases in which the “subordinate” supplanted the “dominant”) occurred 43% of the time overall. Non‐aggressive contact behavior consisted primarily of olfactory examination (nose contact). Allogrooming was extremely rare. The high level of agonism and lack of consistent association among individuals suggests that this species may be solitary in the wild. Two joeys were found dead on the floor during the course of the study, and based on previous findings, infanticide or behavioral stress was suspected to be the cause. Successful reproduction did not occur until females were isolated by removing other conspecifics from the enclosure.
Stereotypies in polar bears
Authors: Wechsler Beat 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe spatial and temporal patterns of stereotypies in three captive polar bears (Ursus maritimus) were analysed. There was considerable variation in the time budgets of the three animals: stereotypies made up 16.0%, 24.4 %, and 76.5 % of the observation time between 8.00 A.M. and 4.00 P.M. Stereotyped walking or swimming bouts were of significantly longer duration than variable walking or swimming bouts. Seventy‐five bouts of stereotyped walking were observed in detail to test the hypothesis that stereotypies can reduce arousal level. The bouts were composed of regular laps. At a given site, each lap consisted of a fixed number of steps, and there was little variation in the duration of a lap. In one individual the walking speed decreased significantly in the course of stereotyped walking bouts. Generally, however, stereotyped walking bouts were not preceded by high activity levels and followed by low activity levels. Stereotyped walking was regularly associated with yawning and tongue‐flicking. Qualitative observations suggest that polar bears remain attentive while stereotyping. It is hypothesized that stereotyped walking in polar bears does not originate from frustrated migratory activity, but from frustrated appetitive behavior.
Urinary steroid evaluations to monitor ovarian function in exotic ungulates: VIII. Correspondence of urinary and plasma steroids in the llama (Lama glama) during nonconceptive and conceptive cycles
Authors: Paul‐Murphy J. , Tell L. A. , Bravo W. , Fowler M. E. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOvarian function was evaluated in mature female llamas (n = 2) during seven ovulations in 2 conceptive and 5 nonconceptive ovarian cycles by measuring urinary and plasma hormone concentrations. Ovulation was induced by three different methods; administration of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), copulation with a vasectomized male and copulation with an intact male. Plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations, and urinary concentrations of estrogen conjugates and two progesterone metabolites, pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG), and immunoreactive (iPdG), concentrations were compared to determine their value in monitoring ovarian function.Estrogen concentrations in urine corresponded to estradiol levels in plasma and accurately reflected changes in follicular activity when evaluated over several daily samples. Plasma progesterone and urinary iPdG were reliable indicators of luteal function. These data represent the first comparison of blood and urinary hormone measurements for monitoring the complete ovarian cycle of an ungulate, and demonstrates that either can be used to assess changes in ovarian activity in this species.
Evaluation of liquid nitrogen and dry ice–alcohol refrigerants for freeze marking three mammal species
Authors: Rice Clifford G. , Kalk Penny 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDegus (Octodon degus), Patagonian cavies (Dolichotis patagonum), and mouflon (Ovis musimon) were freeze marked with instruments refrigerated in liquid nitrogen or a mixture of dry ice and alcohol. The instruments were pressed against the skin of the animal for various trial durations. Recommended exposure durations with dry ice‐alcohol refrigerant were: degus—28 sec; cavies—≈ 18 sec (estimated); mouflon—12 sec. While unsatisfactory results were obtained with the liquid nitrogen refrigerant on degus and cavies, an exposure duration of 8 sec was recommended for mouflon. With mouflon, the site of the mark influenced the appropriate exposure duration for both refrigerants. With degus, moderate overexposure resulted in acceptable marks as much of the length of peripheral white hairs was exposed due to the lack of hair in the central bare area. The dry ice‐alcohol refrigerant yielded much greater exposure latitude and consistency, indicating its superiority for freeze marking, especially in a zoo setting.
Electrocardiography of the Asian small‐clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea)
Authors: Samuels Michael S. , Cook Robert A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor electrocardiography to be a useful diagnostic tool, it is important to establish the electrocardiographic parameters of a specific population under similar conditions of data collection. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected from 14 (4.10) Anoyx cinerea, chemically immobilized with a ketamine/midazolam combination, are analyzed for their mean, range, and standard deviation of parameters. A mean dosage of 10.7 mg/kg ketamine combined with 0.23 mg/kg midazolam is required for immobilization. The effects of chemical immobilization on ECG parameters were found to be minimal, with the exception of an increase in heart rate.
Infant care in a family of siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus) with twin offspring at Berlin Zoo
Authors: Dielentheis Thomas F. , Zaiss Elke , Geissmann Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInfant‐carrying in a family group of siamangs with twin offspring was observed during a 2‐week period. The twins were about 11 months old at the time of the study. One or both twins were usually carried by their father, but hardly ever by their mother. A considerable amount of infant‐carrying was also contributed by the twins' juvenile brother. Helping behavior (defined as the care of offspring by individuals who are not their parents) is not normally known to occur in siamangs or other hylobatids. We suggest that the presence of multiple offspring may have facilitated the occurrence of infant‐carrying exhibited by a nonparental family member. This finding may point to one of the mechanisms influencing the occurrence of helping behavior in general.
Nursing behavior and early development of impala at San Diego Wild Animal Park
Authors: Mooring Michael S. , Rubin Esther S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause impala are commonly exhibited and handreared in zoos and their natural nursing behavior had not previously been studied, we examined nursing and early development in five impala calves housed in a large, naturalistic enclosure. Calves were observed for the first 5 weeks of life during 12‐hr continuous watches and 20‐min focal animal samples. Total daily suckling time decreased while time grazing and feeding on concentrates increased from 1–5 weeks of age. An increasing proportion of nursing bouts were terminated by the dam as calves matured, with dams terminating almost 70% of bouts during the first week. Suckling success and maternal grooming also decreased after week I, suggesting that impala mothers cut back early on nursing and grooming of offspring. Rapid decline in mother‐young spatial proximity and a concomitant increase in calf association with age‐mates over time suggests that the mother‐young bond is weak and ephemeral in impala. An example of the implications of our results for improving handrearing programs would be that newborn calves should be started on a daylight feeding schedule of one bottle‐feeding every three hours, and that they not be allowed to gorge themselves at any one of these feedings.