bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the operating window concept to remediation‐option selection
Authors: Scott Duncan I. , Nathanail C. Paul 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Remediation 14(4) 2004, 141.The selection of remediation options for the management of unacceptable risks at contaminated sites is hindered by insufficient information on their performance under different site conditions. Therefore, there is a need to define “operating windows” for individual remediation options to summarize their performance under a variety of site conditions. The concept of the “operating window” has been applied as both a performance optimization tool and decision support tool in a number of different industries. Remediation‐option operating windows could be used as decision support tools during the “options appraisal” stage of the Model Procedures (CLR 11), proposed by the Environment Agency (EA) for England and Wales, to enhance the identification of “feasible remediation options” for “relevant pollutant linkages.” The development of remediation‐option operating windows involves: 1) the determination of relationships between site conditions (“critical variables”) and option performance parameters (e.g., contaminant degradation or removal rates) and 2) the identification of upper‐ and lower‐limit values (“operational limits”) for these variables that define the ranges of site conditions over which option performance is likely to be sufficient (the “operating window”) and insufficient (the “operating wall”) for managing risk. Some research has used case study data to determine relationships between critical variables and subsurface natural attenuation (NA) process rates. Despite the various challenges associated with the approach, these studies suggest that available case study data can be used to develop operating windows for monitored natural attenuation (MNA) and, indeed, other remediation options. It is envisaged that the development of remediation‐option operating windows will encourage the application of more innovative remediation options as opposed to excavation and disposal to landfill and/or on‐site containment, which remain the most commonly employed options in many countries. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electroremediation: A study of the influence of buffering behavior in contaminated soils
Authors: Hernández‐Luis Felipe , Lemus Mercedes , Grandoso Domingo , Vázquez Mario V. , Arbelo Carmen D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article presents the results of an experimental study conducted to evaluate the behavior of two types of andisol soils found in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The soils were evaluated in relation to their buffering capacity when confronted with acid and alkaline fronts generated during electroremediation treatment. The study was conducted using a cell, which established a continuous flow of distilled water through electrode chambers to remove H+ and OH− generated during electrolysis. The results indicate that the soils had sufficient buffer capacity to support variations in pH independent of the maintenance of flow of solution in the electrode chambers. Although the mechanism of migration was not affected, the flow of water favored the movement of ions by diffusion monitoring of the electrolytic current allowed for a real‐time parameter to act as an indicator of the quantity of ions available in regions near the electrodes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An allozyme investigation of the stock structure of arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae) from Australia
Authors: Triantafillos L , Jackson G.D , Adams M , McGrath Steer B.L 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAllozyme electrophoresis was used to examine the stock structure of arrow squid Nototodarus gouldi (McCoy 1888) from Australia. Samples collected from six localities around southern Australia, separated by distances of between 700 and 4300 km, were examined for allozyme variation at 48 loci. The data revealed no evidence of more than a single species among the 203 squid examined. Nine polymorphic loci were detected, although only three were sufficiently variable to provide real insight into the population structure of arrow squid. There were no significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations for any locus, population, or for the metapopulation. Pairwise comparisons of allele frequencies revealed minor evidence of stock structure, with the Iluka (north New South Wales) sample set displaying significant allelic differences from the Tasmanian sample set at Acyc and from the Ulladulla (south New South Wales) sample set at Sordh. F-statistics also provided weak support that the Australian metapopulation is not panmictic. Further studies are needed to delineate the degree of stock segregation within the Australian/New Zealand region in order to successfully manage the arrow squid fishery in these waters.
Empirical simulation studies in operations management: context, trends, and research opportunities
Authors: Shafer Scott M , Smunt Timothy L 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study investigates, published simulation studies in operations management (OM) that are empirically based. The results of the study are based on an exhaustive search of twenty leading operations management journals over the period from 1970 to 2000. Approximately, 600 published simulation studies in operations management were identified, but only 85 of these were subsequently identified as being empirical in nature. The 85 articles were next classified into one of 17 categories. Results by journal, topic, time period, and combinations of these factors are reported. Finally, opportunities for future research are discussed.
Oscillatory fluid flow affects human marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Li Ying Jun , Batra Nikhil N. , You Lidan , Meier Stephen C. , Coe Ian A. , Yellowley Clare E. , Jacobs Christopher R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMechanical loading is an important regulator of bone formation and bone loss. Decreased osteoblast number and function are important cellular mechanisms by which mechanical disuse leads to decreased bone formation. Decreased ostesed osteoblast number may be a result of decreased osteoprogenitor proliferation, differentiation, or both. However, the effects of cellular level physical signals on osteoprogenitors are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of loading induced oscillatory fluid flow (OFF), a potent regulator of osteoblastic cell function, on marrow stromal cells (MSCs). MSCs subjected to OFF exhibited increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. In addition, MSCs exhibited increased proliferation and increased mRNA levels for osteopontin and osteocalcin genes. Collagen I and core binding factor 1 mRNA levels did not change. MSCs subjected to OFF also exhibited decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. These results suggest that MSCs are mechanosensitive and that Ca2+ may play a role in the signaling pathway. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Attenuation of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced rhabdomyolysis with α1‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor antagonists
Authors: Sprague Jon E , Brutcher Robert E , Mills Edward M , Caden David , Rusyniak Daniel E 
Published: June 2004

Studies were designed to examine the effects of α1 (α1AR)‐ plus β3‐adrenoreceptor (β3AR) antagonists on 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)‐induced hyperthermia and measures of rhabdomyolysis (creatine kinase (CK)) and renal function (blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCr)) in male Sprague–Dawley rats.
MDMA (40 mg kg−1, s.c.) induced a rapid and robust increase in rectal temperature, which was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with the α1AR antagonist prazosin (100 μg kg−1, i.p.) plus the β3AR antagonist SR59230A (5 mg kg−1, i.p.).
CK levels significantly increased (peaking at 4 h) after MDMA treatment and were blocked by the combination of prazosin plus SR59230A.
At 4 h after MDMA treatment, BUN and sCr levels were also significantly increased and could be prevented by this combination of α1AR‐ plus β3AR‐antagonists.
The results from this study suggest that α1AR and β3AR play a critical role in the etiology of MDMA‐mediated hyperthermia and subsequent rhabdomyolysis.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 667–670. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705823
Presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors are involved in the inhibition of the neurogenic vasopressor response during septic shock in pithed rats
Authors: Godlewski Grzegorz , Malinowska Barbara , Schlicker Eberhard 
Published: June 2004

Our study was undertaken to investigate whether bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects the neurogenic vasopressor response in rats in vivo by presynaptic mechanisms and, if so, to characterize the type of presynaptic receptor(s) operating in the initial phase of septic shock.
In pithed and vagotomized rats treated with pancuronium, electrical stimulation (ES) (1 Hz, 1 ms, 50 V for 10 s) of the preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers or intravenous bolus injection of noradrenaline (NA) (1–3 nmol kg−1) increased the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by about 30 mmHg. Administration of LPS (0.4 and 4 mg kg−1) under continuous infusion of vasopressin inhibited the neurogenic vasopressor response by 25 and 50%, respectively. LPS did not affect the increase in DBP induced by exogenous NA.
The LPS‐induced inhibition of the neurogenic vasopressor response was counteracted by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR 141716A (0.1 μmol kg−1), but not by the CB2 receptor antagonist SR 144528 (3 μmol kg−1), the vanilloid VR1 receptor antagonist capsazepine (1 μmol kg−1) or the histamine H3 receptor antagonist clobenpropit (0.1 μmol kg−1). The four antagonists by themselves did not affect the increase in DBP induced by ES or by injection of NA in rats not exposed to LPS.
We conclude that in the initial phase of septic shock, the activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors by endogenously formed cannabinoids contributes to the inhibition of the neurogenic vasopressor response.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 701–708. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705839
α1‐Adrenoceptor antagonist properties of CGP 12177A and other β‐adrenoceptor ligands: evidence against β3‐ or atypical β‐adrenoceptors in rat aorta
Authors: Brahmadevara Nataraj , Shaw Angus M , MacDonald Allan 
Published: June 2004

The α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist properties of the β‐adrenoceptor nonconventional partial agonist, CGP 12177A, was investigated in functional assays in rat aorta and in radioligand binding assays in rat cerebral cortical membranes. In addition, binding affinities of other β‐adrenoceptor ligands were measured to investigate any correlation between α1‐adrenoceptor affinity and relaxant potency in phenylephrine‐constricted rings.
In functional studies, CGP 12177A produced parallel rightward shifts of the phenylephrine CRC with no reduction in the maximum responses. Schild regression analysis gave a straight line with a slope of 0.95 (95% CL: 0.87–1.04), suggesting reversible competitive antagonism, and gave a pKB value of 5.26. In contrast, CGP 12177A (300 μM) had no effect on contraction induced by the thromboxane‐mimetic, U46619.
In binding studies, CGP 12177A competed monophasically with [3H]prazosin binding (Hill slope, 0.95, 95% CL: 0.76–1.13), giving a pKi value of 5.48, in good agreement with the pKB from functional studies.
Competition experiments with various other β‐adrenoceptor ligands showed that they all displaced [3H]prazosin in a manner consistent with one‐site competition. pKi values were as follows: SR 59230A, 6.25; cyanopindolol, 6.33; bupranolol, 6.35; alprenolol, 5.90; propranolol, 5.80; BRL 37344, 5.50; ICI 118551, 5.55; CGP 20712A, 5.26. The pKi values correlated well with the pEC50 values for relaxation of phenylephrine‐constricted rat aorta obtained previously (r2=0.984, P<0.0001).
In conclusion, relaxant effects of CGP 12177A and other β‐adrenoceptor ligands in phenylephrine‐constricted rat aorta can be attributed to α1‐adrenoceptor blockade and are unrelated to effects at β3‐adrenoceptors or atypical β‐adrenoceptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 781–787. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705840
Epidermal growth factor differentially augments Gi‐mediated stimulation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activity
Authors: Chan Anthony S L , Wong Yung H 
Published: June 2004

Signaling networks involving different receptor systems allow extracellular signals to be integrated and transformed into various biological activities. In this report, we studied the activity of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) subgroup of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), in response to stimulation by G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and co‐activation with epithermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).
Stimulation of exogenous GPCRs in Cos‐7 cells induced JNK activation of different magnitudes depending on their G‐protein coupling specificities (Gq>Gi>Gs), and a moderate JNK activation was linked to stimulation of endogenous EGFR by EGF.
Co‐stimulation with GPCR agonists and EGF resulted in differential augmentation of JNK activities, with Gi‐coupled receptors associated with a synergistic JNK activation upon co‐stimulation with EGF, while Gq‐ and Gs‐coupled receptors were incapable of triggering this effect.
This Gi/EGF‐induced synergistic JNK activation was inhibited by pertussis toxin and AG1478, and may involve Src family tyrosine kinases, PI3 K, Ca2+/calmodulin and small GTPases as important intermediates, while Ca2+ mobilization was triggered by the stimulation of Gq‐coupled receptor or EGF treatment, but not by the Gi‐ or Gs‐coupled receptors.
Transient expression of Gβγ subunits with EGF treatment, or co‐activation of exogenous Gi‐coupled receptor with thapsigargin also resulted in a synergistic JNK activation. Activation of Gi‐coupled receptor accompanied with EGF treatment enhanced the expression level and activity of MAPK phosphatase type I, which occurred after the maximal synergistic JNK activation.
Our results support a mechanistic model where EGF signaling may differentially regulate the JNK activities triggered by GPCRs of different coupling specificities.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 635–646. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705851
THE VASCULAR CHANGES OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS, ESPECIALLY THE TUBERCULOUS ENDARTERITIES
Authors: Hektoen Ludvig 
Published: June 2004

1. In tuberculosis meningitis there is a tuberculosis endarteritis characterized by the formation of intimal tubercles and a diffuse subendothelial, intimal proliferation due to implantation of tubercle bacili from the blood. From the endarteritis the infiltration may spread into the muscular coat and the adventitia, and the whole wall may undergo caseous and hyaline degeneration.
2. Tuberculous proliferation in the adventitia may invade the media and the intima, and the whole wall of the arterial segment may undergo degeneration.
3. The veins are constantly the seat of more or less extensive infiltration, which always results from adjacent extravascular or arterial foci.
4. The epithelioid cells of the subendothelial, tuberculous intimal
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proliferation are most likely derived from the subendothelial layer of connective tissue and not from the endothelial lining.
THE PRODUCTION OF DIPHTHERIA TOXIN
Authors: Park W. H. , Williams A. W. 
Published: June 2004

Toxin of sufficient strength to kill a 400-gramme guinea-pig in three days and a half in a dose of 0·cubic centimetre developed in suitable bouillon, contained in ordinary Erlenmeyer flasks, within a period of twenty-four hours. In such boullon the toxin reached its greatest strength in from four to seven days (0·005 cubic centimetre killing a 500-gramme guinea-pig in three days). This period of time covered that of the greatest growth of the bacilli, as shown both by the appearance of the culture and by the number of colonies developing an agar plates.
The bodies of the diphtheria bacili did not at any time contain toxin in cosiderable amounts.
The type of growth of the bacili and the rapidity and extent of the production of toxin depended more on the reaction of the bouillon than upon any other single factor.
The best results were obtained in bouillon which, after being neutralized to litmus, had about seven cubic centimetres of normal soda solution added to each litre. An excessive amount of either acid or alkali prevented the development of toxin.
Strong toxin was produced in bouillon containing peptone ranging from one to ten per cent. The strength of toxin averaged greater in the two and four-per-cent peptone solutions than in the one-percent.
When the stage of acid reaction was brief and the degree of acidity probably slight, strong toxin developed while the culture bouillon was still acid; but when the stage of acid reaction was prolonged, little if any toxin was produced until just before the fluid became alkaline.
Glucose is deleterious to the growth of the diphtheria bacillus and to the production of toxin when it is present in sufficient amounts to cause by its disintegration too great a degree of acidity in the fluid culture. When the acid resulting from decomposition of glucose is neutralized by the addition of alkali the diphtheria bacilus again grows abundantly. Glucose is not present, at least as a rule, in sufficient amounts in the meat as obtained from the New York butchers to prevent the rapid production of strong toxin if the bouillon is made sufficiently alkaline.
In our experiments, when other conditions were similar, the strength of the toxin was in proportion to the virulence and vigour of growth of the bacillus employed.
THE EFFECT OF PILOCARPINE ON THE OUTPUT OF LYMPHOCYTES THROUGH THE THORACIC DUCT
Authors: Rous F. Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection of pilocarpine nitrate causes in the dog a rapid and considerable increase in the output of lymphocytes through the thoracic duct. The corresponding lymphocytosis induced by the drug in the blood of this animal is not profound, and increased cell-output with the lymph will explain a large part if not all of it.
Quickened lymph-flow and dyspnœic breathing are accessory in the production of the large cell-output with the lymph, but it is mainly dependent on some undetermined element. The evidence points to the mechanical nature of this element. It is probably to be sought in direct pressure from contraction of smooth muscle, as suggested by Harvey, but his observation that atropine prevents the appearance of a lymphocytosis after pilocarpine cannot be quoted in proof because atropine much slows the lymph-flow, and thus decreases cell-output.
These findings are in accord with the theory that makes mechanical factors responsible for rapidly appearing lymphocytosis. They show that there are more such factors than has been supposed. Especially do they indicate that the contribution of cells through the thoracic duct may be important in the production of lymphocytosis, and is not, as is often asserted, subsidiary to direct migration into the blood of cells from spleen, bone-marrow and the lymph-glands.
THE PULSE PRESSURE AS AN INDEX OF THE SYSTOLIC OUTPUT
Authors: Dawson Percy M. , Gorham Lemuel W. 
Published: June 2004

On the basis of these facts we feel justified in making the following assertion:
Under normal conditions and during various procedures (namely, stimulation of the vagus centrally and peripherally, of the saphenus nerve centrally, and of the annulus Vieussentis, intravenous transfusion of 0.7 per cent. sodium chloride solution, intra-arterial transfusion of strong carbonate, bleeding and asphyxia) the pulse pressure is a reliable index of the systolic output.
THE ENZYMES OF FIBRINOUS EXUDATES—THE EFFECT OF ONE ENZYME UPON ANOTHER
Authors: Barker Bertha I. 
Published: June 2004

By a study of the enzymes contained in fibrinous exudates produced by injection of a sterile inflammatory irritant (turpentine) conditions have been found in which each of two enzymes occurs alone. The one, leucoprotease, digests in the presence of alkali; the other, resembling lymphoprotease, digests in the presence of acid, yet both exhibit almost maximum activity in an approximately neutral medium. It is probable that both enzymes, in the body, exert their greatest activity in an approximately neutral medium, slight changes in reaction increasing digestion by the one, and suspending digestion by the other.
The enzyme digesting in acid, present in the fibrinous exudate obtained after a single injection of turpentine, disappears when repeated injection of the same irritant transforms the sero-fibrinous into a purulent exudate, and causes accumulation of leucoprotease in great quantity.
THE RELATION OF LESIONS OF THE ADRENAL GLAND TO CHRONIC NEPHRITIS AND TO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; AN ANATOMICAL STUDY
Authors: Pearce Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

Vaquez and Aubertin advance three theories in explanation of the adrenal hyperplasia; first, that it may not be the cause of hypertension but "an antitoxic hyperplasia" caused by the retained products of metabolism which may be responsible also for the hypertension; second, that it may be the cause of hypertension but secondary to the renal lesion; third, that it may be the cause of hypertension but may antedate the renal lesion or be entirely independent of it. They, as well as other French writers, insist that this hyperplasia is almost constantly associated with chronic nephritis of the interstitial type and it is seldom found with the parenchymatous type of nephritis, or with other lesions.
Hyperplasia of the adrenal, as far as my material enables one to judge, does not occur during the first and second decades. In the third decade it is relatively frequent in the absence of chronic arterial and renal disease but reaches the maximum in association with such disease after the fourth decade. It is an almost constant lesion in arteriosclerosis associated with chronic interstitial nephritis and left-sided heart hypertrophy, but occurs with almost equal frequency in arteriosclerosis with chronic nephritis of the parenchymatous type. It is a relatively frequent lesion of arteriosclerosis without chronic nephritis and of the latter without arteriosclerosis also. As the result of this analysis one is led to the view that while hyperplasia of the adrenal is a very frequent concomitant of chronic renal and arterial disease it is not exclusively a feature of either type of nephritis or yet of chronic vascular disease; but it probably represents the effect of some factor operating in that period of life in which chronic renal and arterial affections are most frequent.
Worthy of special emphasis is the observation that the characteristic lesion of an adrenal, the seat of local arteriosclerosis, is of the type of the chronic productive inflammation seen in arteriosclerosis of the pancreas and kidney; that is, thickening of the vessels, increase of connective tissue and round cell infiltration. Associated with these changes is a hyperplasia which is very constant, and which may be, in part, of the nature of a compensatory hyperplasia similar to that seen in the liver of cirrhosis and acute yellow atrophy. A hyperplasia of this type, as has been shown, may occur in destructive lesions of the gland. This, however, does not explain hyperplasia in the absence of local vascular changes which fact is, possibly, as suggested by Landau, evidence, not of a correlation between kidney and adrenal, but of a vicarious hypertrophy depending upon lesions of some other organ of the body than the kidney, possibly some other ductless gland, affected by arteriosclerosis or other disease.