bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Background In Fourier Analysis
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall review those parts of cl888ical Fourier analysis that will be needed. This material is collected here for convenience, and since it is extremely well known and available in any good book on the subject, no proofs will be given except in the section on Poisson’s summation formula where a slightly more expanded discussion is given. The classical texts of Butzer and Nessel (1971), Titchmarsh (1948) and, for higher-dimensional Fourier analysis, Stein and Weiss (1971) are excellent source books. For an exposition of the fundamental ideas of Fourier analysis, and a broad range of applications, the book of Dym and McKean (1975) is highly recommended.
Hilbert Spaces, Bases And Frames
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hilbert spaces of various types provide the natural setting for much of the sampling theory that we shall be studying.The reader is assumed to be familiar with the foundations of Hilbert and Banach spaces. We review here some of the important facts, mostly concerning Hilbert spaces, that will be needed throughout the text. Of particular importance is the rather more specialized topic of bases in Hilbert space. An elementary account can be found in the book by Higgins (1977). A very readable introduction to the theory of bases is in the book by Young (1980); the book of Marti (1969) has a more advanced treatment, while a vastly comprehensive treatment is to be found in the book of Singer (1970).Apart from the last section this chapter is intended as a review only, and almost no proofs are included. However, ample references to the texts mentioned above are given.
Finite Sampling
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the reconstruction of functions defined on domains with finite Lebesgue measure, from samples taken at finitely many points of the domain. We take our cue from the fact that finite interpolation problems arose first in the historical order of events as outlined in Chapter 1; but our emphasis from now on is going to be on sampling and reconstruction rather than interpolation.
Contour Integral Methods
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contour integration has a variety of different uses in sampling theory, and three theorems and their proofs have been selected to iUustrate this classical technique. The first is the famous theorem of Paley and Wiener, one of sampling theory’s cornerstones. In §9.2 we take the first step towards another important principle of the subject, the equivalence of the sampling theorem with other basic theorems. Lastly, Theorem 9.4 has been included because it is a sampling theorem of some generality and variety (although by no means the most general of its kind; it has been extensively generalized by Hinsen (1993), whose methods are much more refined than those given here). Contour integration provides a powerful method for generating the correct form of the series, as a sum of residues, and of demonstrating the convergence in the symmetric partial sum mode.
Modelling, Uncertainty And Stable Sampling
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to reach Landau’s theorem (Theorem 17.9) on the minimum stable sampling rate. Along the way we shall encounter several interesting aspects of signal modelling. The proof of Theorem 17.9, as presented in §17.5, is not fully complete and rests in some parts on heuristic arguments. A completely detailed proof would be too long for inclusion here, but we shall go as far as we can in order to get a feel for this important theorem. The complete proof, in the multi-dimensional case, can be found in Landau (1967b).
Introduction
Authors: Novick Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section of the Guidebook will outline the components of the secretory machinery required for vesicular traffic through the Golgi apparatus and to the cell surface. Three approaches have been exploited to identify these components. One approach has been the biochemical reconstitution of vesicular traffic. This enabled the purification of a number of proteins required for transport through the Golgi apparatus1 and, more recently, for the Ca2+ triggered fusion of secretory granules with the plasma membrane. Another approach has been the genetic dissection of vesicular transport in yeast. This approach yielded many different genes whose products are required for transport at different stages of the secretory pathway. A third approach has been the purification of vesicular carriers and isolation of proteins associated with them. This has led to the identification of both peripherally associated coat proteins4, as well as membrane spanning components of the vesicular carriers5. Extensive convergence of these three approaches has begun to emerge.
MNT1
Authors: äusler A H , Robbins P W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A membrane-bound mannosyltransferase activity was purified to near homogeneity using an assay involving a,methylmannoside as acceptor and GDP-mannose as the mannose donor1. The activity fractionated with Golgi-like vesicles in sucrose density gradients2, and the product of this reaction has been shown to be exclusively in the a-1,2- linkage3. The purified enzyme activity corresponded to a 41 kDa soluble protein (see below). Internal amino acid sequences were determined and used in the design for primers in polymerase chain reactions with yeast genomic DNA.
Guanosine diphosphatase
Authors: Hirschberg B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the GDPase gene (GenBank accession# L79560) reveals a 1554 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 518 amino acids4. Three potential N-glycosylation sites are present in the sequence. Hydropathy plots suggest that it is a type II membrane proteins with a hydrophobic stretch of 16 amino acids close to the N-terminus that probably acts as a signal-anchor domain.
SNC1 and SNC2
Authors: Gerst J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SNC1 was isolated as a multicopy suppressor of the CAP null phenotype in yeast possessing an activated allele of RAS26The CAP gene in 5. cerevisiae encodes a 526-residue protein that co-purifies with a RAS-responsive adenylyl cyclase complex and is required for full cellular responsiveness to activated RAS proteins7,8. Deletion analysis of CAP has shown that the CAP protein is bifunctional: 168 amino acids at the N-terminus are required for the penetrance of phenotypes associated with activated RAS (e.g., heatshock sensitivity)8, while 160 amino acids at the (-terminal are required for suppression of growth and morphology defects not associated with the RAS pathway8
ACT1
Authors: Novick P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal act1 mutants were isolated by in vitro mutagenesis and gene replacement78. The act1-1 and act1-2 mutants are slowed, but not blocked in the export of the secreted protein invertase and accumulate 100 nm post-Golgi vesicles4. While the best characterized allele is act1-1, encoding a change of proline to leucine at position 32, many new alleles have been constructed and have not yet been characterized with regard to their effect on protein secretion8.
VPS10
Authors: Marcusson D , Horazdovsky, B , Emr S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
vps10 mutant cells grow at wild-type rates1 and exhibit normal vacuolar morphology3A, but exhibit a differential vacuolar protein sorting phenotype. Approximately 95% of the CPY is secreted from the cell as its Golgi modified p2 precursor form while the majority of proteinase A, proteinase B, and alkaline phophatase are matured normally5, presumably reflecting delivery to the vacuole.
VPS17
Authors: öhrcr J K , Emr S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haploid yeast cells carrying a vps17 gene are viable and do not show a temperature-sensitive growth defect4. However, vps17 null mutants exhibit differential defects in the sorting and processing of several vacuolar hydrolases. Carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) shows the most drastic defect with 90-95% being missorted and secreted as the Golgimodified precursor form (p2CPY). Proteinase A and proteinase B are only 40% missorted in the !wps17 mutant. The remaining 60% of these proteins are matured, indicative of their correct delivery to the vacuole.
VPS28
Authors: öhrer L K , Vida T A , Banta, L M , Emr S D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haploid yeast cells carrying a disrupted vps28 gene are viable and do not show a temperature-sensitive growth defect4 The processing and delivery of CPY to the vacuole, however, is impaired in a vps28 null mutant strain. Approximately 20-30% of newly synthesized CPY is not processed to the mature form and much of this is secreted from the cell4 Interestingly, the Golgi-modified and mature forms of CPY detected in vps28t’l cells have a reduced mobility on SDS-polyacrylamide gels, relative to CPY expressed in wild-type cells. Endoglycosidase H treatment of immunoprecipitated CPY indicates that this reduced mobility is due to a distinct N-linked glycosylation defect that appears to affect all CPY molecules expressed in these mutant cells. The glycosylation defect most likely does not affect core glycosylation of CPY, since the mobility of the ER form of CPY (p1CPY) is not affected4 vps28 cells exhibit vacuole morphology typical of class E vps mutants5 [see VPS27 entry p. 240).
PEP4
Authors: Winther J , Raymond, C , Stevens T H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Encodes the 405 amino acid precursor of Pr A. The first 22 residues are typical of an ER signal sequence and include a consensus signal peptidase cleavage site. The following 54 residues constitute the ‘pro’ domain, and the mature Pr A is encoded in the carboxy-terminal 329 amino acids. Mature Pr A shares significant identity (-46% amino acid identity) with the human lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D1.
N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphodiestcr —α, N-acety lglucosaminidase
Authors: Mullis J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Lebanese family that is heterozygous for uncovering enzyme has been identified. The cells of affected individuals contain ∼50% of the uncovering enzyme activity found in control individuals resulting in increased secretion of lysosomal enzymes, however, these individuals are clinically normal. Individuals homozygous for uncovering enzyme deficiency have not been identified.
Cation-independent mannose 6- phosphate/insulin-like growth factor-· II receptor
Authors: Canfield W M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No human disease has been shown to result from deficiency of the CI-M6P/IGF-II receptor. The CI-M6P/IGF-II receptor gene is imprinted in the mouse embryo being expressed only from the maternal chromosome 17. Embryos that inherit a deletion of the T-associated maternal effect (Tme) locus from their mother die at day 15 of gestation, in contrast inheritance of this locus from the father is benign3 The Tme mutation has been mapped to a deletion on chromosome 17, which includes the structural locus for the CI-M6P/IGF-II receptor4 These results suggest that the Tme mouse may be an animal model of CIM6P/IGF-II receptor deficiency although deletion of an adjacent locus or loci has not been excluded.
Clathrin heavy chain
Authors: Kirchhauscn T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rat clathrin heavy chain is encoded by one gene, and there is no evidence for the existence of pseudogenes. Since the same single mRNA species is present in various tissues, it is believed that within the resolution of the RNA blots, clathrin heavy chain is not alternatively spliced. The sequence of the rat clathrin heavy chain, deduced from cDNA clones, contains 1675 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 191,569 Daltons.
Clathrin light chains, LC:a and LCb
Authors: Plcy U , Parham P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LCa and LCb are coded for by separate genes present in single copies. In humans the LCa and LCb genes are located on different chromosomes. LCa genes of different species code for proteins of 213 to 218 amino acids in length, which are found in all tissues except neurons. In neurons differential splicing yields two forms of LCa, a minor neuron-specific form with an insertion of 18 amino acids about 2/3 towards the (-terminus and a major neuron-specific form with an insertion of 30 amino acids at the homologous site. This results in protein sizes of 231-236 amino acids for the minor neuronal form and 243-248 amino acids for the major neuronal form.
SEC2
Authors: Novick P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal sec2 mutants were isolated by a density enrichment protocol1. The sec2 mutants are blocked in the export of cell surface proteins and accumulate 100nm post-Golgi vesicles containing fully glycosylated secretory proteins23. The best characterized sec2 allele is sec2-59 which encodes an opal stop codon at amino acid 3752, truncating the protein at one half its normal length. Another temperature-sensitive allele, sec2-41 also encodes an opal stop codon4.
SEC4
Authors: Novick P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature-sensitive, conditionally lethal sec4 mutants were isolated by a density enrichment protocol4 The best characterized sec4 allele is sec4-8. Within 5 min of a shift to the restrictive temperature, sec4-8 cells display a block in the transport of invertase, and accumulate 100 nm secretory vesicles containing fully processed cell surface proteins1A.
The Ras/Raf/ERK pathway
Authors: Marshall Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Raf/ERK pathway consists of a serine protein kinase Rafthat phosphorylates and activates a dual-specificity MAPkinase kinase (Mek) that then phosphorylates and activatesthe MAP kinases (ERKs) (see Fig. 1). The MAP kinases(MAPK) form a distinctive class of serine/threonine proteinkinases that are activated by phosphorylation of a threonineand tyrosine residue separated by a single amino acidin kinase subdomain VIII ( Boulton et al. 1991).75
Bud2p
Authors: Park Hay-Oak , Chant John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BUD2 was cloned from a yeast genomic DNA library by complementation of the bud-site selection defect of a bud2 mutant (Park et al. 1993). The BUD2 nucleotide sequence has the GenBank accession number L19162 (Park et al. 1993) and the EMBL database accession number X74130 (Cvrckova and Nasmyth 1993).
Rotund Rac-GAP
Authors: Guichard Annabel , Bergeret Evelyne , Griffin-Shea Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The RnRac-GAP coding sequence, originally named pc1.7 and now renamed rnRac-GAP(l), was isolated (Agnel et al. 1989) by screening a cDNA library in Xgt10 prepared from pupae 5-7.5 days after egg laying (Poole etal. 1985) with a genomic fragment from the cloned rn region. Comparison of rnRac-GAP(l) with the corresponding genomic DNA showed the presence of a 482-bp intron at the 5’-end. Sequence and restriction map analysis of the insert of a second cDNA clone, originally named pc1.7d and now renamed rnRac-GAP(2), showed that the two inserts differed only at their 3’-ends.
The Interleukin-5 Receptor
Authors: Tavernier J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the human IL-5Ra cDNA (GenBank accession numbers M75914, M96651, M96652, X61176, X61177, X61178, and X62156) predicts a polypeptide of 420 amino acids (Fig. 1) (Tavernier et al. 1991, 1992; Murata et al. 1992). It is characterized by a 20 residue N-terminal signal peptide, followed by a 322-amino-acidlong extracellular domain, a membrane anchor spanning 20 residues, and a 58-amino-acid-long cytoplasmic tail.
Receptors for Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Authors: Narazaki M , Kishimoto T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human IL-6 receptor consists of 468 amino acids, including a signal peptide of 19 amino acids, an extracellular region of 339 amino acids, a membrane-spanning region of 28 amino acids, and a cytoplasmic region of 82 amino acids (Yamasaki et al. 1988) (GenBank accession numbers M20566, X12830). The predicted molecular weight of IL-GR is 50000 Da, although the observed molecular weight is 80000 Da due to N-glycosylation. In the amino terminus of the extracellular region, IL-GR has a domain of about 90 amino acids which fulfils the criteria for the constant 2 (C2) set of the immunoglobulin surpergene family.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1(MCP-1)
Authors: Yoshimura T , Leonard E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MCP-1 was first described as lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF). Other names are tumour cell-derived chemotactic factor (TDCF), glioma-derived monocyte chemotactic factor (GDCF), smooth muscle cell-derived chemotactic factor (SMC-CF), monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF). The gene of the mouse homologue of MCP-1 was named JE.
Interleukin-13 (IL-13)
Authors: McKenzie A N J , Zurawski G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mouse IL-13 cDNA (GenBank accession number M23504) encodes a protein of 131 amino acids (Brown eta/. 1989). The human IL-13 (hlL-13) cDNA (GenBank accession No L06801) encodes a protein of 132 amino acids (McKenzie et al. 1993a; Minty eta/. 1993). An alternative splicing event results in the inclusion/exclusion of a GLN residue at position 98 (McKenzie et al. 1993b). Cleavage of the leader peptide results in the mature protein starting at SER19 or GLY21 (Minty et al. 1993). The mouse and human cDNAs have 66 per cent sequence identity over the coding region and the proteins are 58 per cent identical (Fig. 1).
Tumour Necrosis Factor-P
Authors: Millet I , Rudd N H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-/] is also known as lymphotoxin, lymphotoxin-a, and cytotoxic factor. TNF/J is closely related and genetically linked to TNFa (Turetskaya et al. 1992) and LT/J (Browning et al. 1993). It has many of the same activities as TNFa. It is also related to CD40 ligand, CD27 ligand, and CD30 ligand. In contrast to the other family members it does not possess a transmembrane leader peptide and it is secreted. However, it can form a heteromeric membrane associated complex with LT/J (Fig. 1). TNF/J binds with high affinity to two different receptors, p55 TNF receptor and p75 TNF receptor.
Oncostatin M (OSM)
Authors: Rose T M , Bruce A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OSM is a secreted glycoprotein monomer with a M, of 28 000 Da (Zarling et al. 1986). Nucleotide sequence analysis of OSM cDNA and genomic clones (human sequence-GenBank accession numbers M27286, M27287, M27288, M26966; Simian sequence-unpublished), determined that OSM was initially expressed as a 252-amino-acid precursor polypeptide (Malik et al. 1989) (Fig.1).
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (CNTF)
Authors: Yancopoulos G D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genes or cDNAs encoding CNTF have been cloned from rat (GenBank accession number X17457) (Stockli et al. 1989), rabbit (GenBank accession number M29828} (Lin et al. 1989), and human (GenBank accession numbers 60477-8, 60542, 55889-90) (McDonald et al. 1991; Masiakowski et al. 1991). The rat and human CNTF proteins are 200 amino acids in length, while the rabbit protein is 199 amino acids long; the three proteins share 152 (-76 per cent) identically placed residues which include only a single conserved cysteine (Fig. 1). The rat, rabbit and human CNTF proteins do not contain consensus secretory signal peptides at their amino termini, and CNTF is not secreted but rather found in the cytoplasm of cells, such as astrocytes(Rudge et al. 1992) and schwann cells (Rende et al. 1992; Sendtner et al. 1992a; Friedman et al. 1992), which express CNTF; the mechanism by which CNTF may be released from cells remains unknown.
Erythropoietin Receptor
Authors: Hilton D J , Watowich S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epo receptors are detectable in binding experiments using 125I-epo. Primary erythroid progenitors in the yolk sac, fetal liver, bone marrow and spleen express small numbers of receptors, as do megakaryocytes (300-1000 per cell) (Youssoufian et al. 1993). Similar numbers of receptors are expressed on a variety of epo-responsive and epounresponsive cell lines. The equilibrium dissociation constant {K0) for the interaction between epo and its receptor is usually reported to be between 400 and 1000 pM (Youssoufian et al. 1993). In some instances, however, cells appear to express receptors with two affinities-a high affinity component with a K0of 100 pM and a second component with a K0of 600 pM. Epo receptors have also been described in some non-haemopoietic tissues, notably the placenta (Youssoufian et al. 1993).
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)
Authors: Nagata S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of human G-CSF cDNAs (Nagata et al. 1986a; Souza et al. 1986) (GenBank accession numbers X03655 and M13008) predict a protein of 204 amino acids containing a 30-amino-acid leader sequence (Fig. 1). A minor alternatively spliced form of the human G-CSF cDNA coding for 207 amino acids (GenBank accession number X03438) is also known (Nagata et al. 1986b). Mouse G-CSF cDNA (GenBank accession number M13926) codes for a protein of 208 amino acids with a 30-amino-acid leader sequence (Tsuchiya et al. 1986). Human and mouse G-CSFs are 73.6 per cent identical at the amino acid sequence level and fully cross-react both biologically and at receptor-binding level (Nicola et a/. 1985; Fukunaga et al. 1990). There is a significant sequence homology between G-CSF and interleukin-6 (Fig. 2).
The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Family
Authors: Soler C , Carpenter G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on sequence similarity, mitogenic activity, and capacity to interact with the EGF receptor, there are five distinct mammalian gene products that can be identified as EGF-like molecules (EGF, transforming growth factor-a (TGFa), amphiregulin, heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF), betacellulin) (Carpenter and Wahl 1990; Massague and Pandiella 1993; Shing et al.
Escherichia coli small heat shock proteins IbpA, IbpB
Authors: Gaestel M , Buchner J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genes encoding IbpA, IbpB (GenBank accession number M94104) are organized in a common operon located at about 83 minutes in the chromosome (Allen etal., 1992; Chuang etal., 1993). The operon is controlled by a ^-dependent promoter. It contains a 110 bp gap between the coding sequences of IbpA, IbpB, a transcription terminator downstream from IbpB.
Mammalian calreticulin
Authors: Craig E A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The calreticulin cDNA sequence (GenBank accession numbers M84739, human; X53363, rat; L13462, bovine) predicts a soluble protein of c. 400 amino acids, with an N-terminal signal sequence, C-terminal tetrapeptide KDEL ER retrieval signal (Michalak etal., 1992).
PDI, thioredoxin-related proteins — an overview
Authors: Bardwell J C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strongly oxidizing catalysts such as DsbA from Escherichia coli tend to act as disulfide donors (Wunderlich, Glockshuber, 1993; Bardwell, 1994), while more reducing enzymes such as thioredoxin tend to remove disulfides from their substrates (Gleason, Holmgren, 1988). Protein disulfide isomerase, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein of intermediate redox potential can catalyse the formation, isomerization, breakage of disulfides in a protein folding reaction (Freedman, 1995).
Mammalian protein disulfide isomerases
Authors: Freedman R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PDI is readily purified from mammalian liver, or from other highly secretory tissues such as pancreas or placenta. [Here, in subsequent paragraphs where no specific citation is given see Freedman, Tuite (1994), Freedman etal., (1994, 1995), Freedman (1995) for pre-1994 references]. Purifications from bovine, rat, human tissues have been reported following basically similar procedures exploiting the enzyme’s abundance, acidic pl, thermostability. A current purification of PDI from bovine liver,, its derivation from earlier procedures, is described elsewhere (Freedman etal., 1995).