bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic variables and bioavailabiljty from muscle of creatine kinase in cattle
Authors: Lefebvre Hervé P. , Toutain Pierre-Louis , Serthelon Jean-Paul , Lassourd Véronique , Gardey Laure , Braun Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic variables of skeletal muscle creatine kinase (ck) activity after iv administration of a muscle extract; ck bioavailability after im administration of the muscle extract; and effect of im administration of saline solution, to appreciate the possible release of ck consecutive to muscle puncture, were determined in 6 cows. A general equation for the quantitative estimation of skeletal muscle damage also was derived.
Administration of saline solution im had no effect on plasma ck activity (anova, P > 0.05) in any of the cows. After iv administration of the muscle extract (150 U/kg of body weight), mean volume of the central compartment, plasma half-life, and plasma clearance of ck were 0.027 ± 0.007 L/kg, 520 ± 109 minutes, and 6.43 ± 2.29 ml/kg/h, respectively. After im administration (150 U/kg), mean bioavailability of ck was 51 ± 17% and maximal plasma ck activity (500 ± 97 U/L) was observed at 454 ± 131 minutes. The rate of ck activity entry into plasma was determined by use of deconvolution analysis. Two peaks were observed; the first appeared before the 30th minute after im administration, and the second appeared at 3.3 ± 1.1 hours. Amplitudes were 6.31 ± 4.45 and 6.57 ± 3.08 U/kg/h, for the first and the second peaks, respectively. The quantity of ck liberated from control muscle was 0.69 ± 0.12 U/kg/h, corresponding to a normal daily catabolism of 5.8 ± 1.0 mg of muscle/kg. From these results, the following equation can be proposed to determine the corresponding mean equivalent of destroyed muscle (Qmuscle, test article) after im administration of a test article:
Qmuscle, test article (g/kg) = 4.41 · 10-6. auc (U/h/L), with auc being the ck plasma activity area under the curve.
Effects of tumor necrosis factor on in vitro digital arterial responses in horses
Authors: Baxter Gary 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Endotoxin given in vivo has been shown to inhibit endothelial dependent relaxation, and augment adrenergic (norepinephrine) contractions in isolated palmar digital arteries of horses. A study, using tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in vitro, was performed to determine the possible cause of these vascular alterations. Palmar digital arteries were surgically removed from 6 horses under general anesthesia, cut into 4-mm vascular rings (4 segments/horse), suspended in tissue baths, and attached to force displacement transducers for measurement of vascular tension. Four in vitro treatment groups were evaluated: group 1, control; group 2, tnf (5,100 pg of tnf/ml); group 3, 10 × tnf (10 times previous tnf concentration); group 4, tnf plus L-arginine (5,100 pg of tnf/ml and 10-6 M L-arginine). The appropriate drug(s) was/were added to each tissue bath 10 minutes before doseresponse tests were performed for acetylcholine, bradykinin, norepinephrine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin). Concentrations needed to induce 50% maximal relaxation or contraction (ec50) and maximal percentage relaxation or contraction were determined. Arteries exposed to tnf (group 2) had significantly (P = 0.04) decreased maximal relaxation to acetylcholine and increased maximal contraction to norepinephrine, compared with Control arteries, but values did not differ from those for arteries of groups 3 and 4. Maximal relaxation to bradykinin or contraction to serotonin were not different between treatment groups. Mean ec50 values for bradykinin, norepinephrine, and serotonin did not differ among the 4 treatment groups. Mean ec50 values for arterial segments’ response to acetylcholine in group 4 were significantly (P = 0.04) increased, compared with control segments, but did not differ from those for segments of groups 2 and 3. The decreased endothelial dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and enhanced maximal contraction to norepinephrine were similar to vascular alterations caused by endotoxin, indicating that tnf may be responsible for endotoxin-induced vascular changes in vitro and in vivo in horses.
Efficacy of domperidone and sulpiride as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses
Authors: Redmond Lisa M. , Cross Dee L. , Strickland James R. , Kennedy Sidney W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the effectiveness of 2 dopamine antagonists as treatments for fescue toxicosis in horses. Sixteen gravid mares were assigned by breed and expected foaling date to 1 of 3 treatment groups; endophyte-infested control; 1.1 mg of domperidone/kg of body weight/d; and 3.3 mg of sulpiride/kg/d. Mares were pastured on endophyte-infected fescue and received 0.454 kg of a corn and dried molasses carrier containing the drug treatment. Treatment started 30 days prior to expected foaling date and continued until parturition. Blood samples were collected, and mammary gland scores were recorded every 5 days. Body weight and body condition scores were obtained every 28 days. Serum was analyzed for prolactin, progesterone, and estradiol-17β concentrations. Domperidone-treated mares had shorter (P = 0.09) gestation duration and foaled closer (P = 0.07) to their expected parturition date than did control mares. Mammary gland scores were higher (P < 0.05) for domperidone-treated mares than for control mares. By 4 and 9 days after the start of treatment, serum prolactin concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in domperidone-treated mares and sulpiride-treated mares, respectively, than in control mares. Domperidone- and sulpiride-treated mares had higher (P < 0.05) serum progesterone and lower (P < 0.01) estradiol-l7β concentrations than did control mares. These results indicate that domperidone may offer considerable potential as a treatment for fescue toxicosis in horses.
Temporal changes in concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood of healthy neonatal foals from birth to two days of age
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Temporal changes, as well as differences in distribution, in concentrations of 24 amino acids in plasma and whole blood of neonatal foals were determined from birth to 2 days of age. In addition, differences in concentrations of amino acids in plasma between mare and foal pairs were determined at birth. Significant (P < 0.05) hypoaminoacidemia existed for 15 amino acids in plasma of foals at birth, compared with mares (paired t-test). Concentrations of 7 amino acids (aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, hydroxyproline, phenylalanine, proline) in plasma of foals were higher (P < 0.05) at birth than in mares, and concentrations of 2 (taurine, tryptophan) were not different (P > 0.05). Significant (P < 0.05) temporal changes for concentrations of 19 of 24 amino acids in plasma were observed during the 48-hour period. Concentrations of 13 of the 19 amino acids in plasma that had significant changes were higher (P < 0.05) at 48 hours. Significant (P > 0.05) effect of time on concentration of 5 amino acids (alanine, methionine, phenylalanine, taurine, threonine) in plasma was not found after birth. Temporal changes in concentrations of 7 amino acids (alanine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine, hydroxyproline, methionine, and threonine) in whole blood were not significantly (P > 0.05) different from those in plasma. Temporal changes for concentrations of the remaining 17 amino acids in whole blood were significantly (P < 0.05) different, compared with plasma. Distribution of the concentrations of 18 amino acids between whole blood and plasma was significantly (P < 0.05) different. Concentrations of 5 amino acids (citrulline, cystine, glutamine, methionine, tryptophan) were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in whole blood than in plasma, whereas concentrations of 13 amino acids were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in whole blood vs plasma. Concentrations of 6 amino acids (asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, serine, valine) in whole blood were not significantly different from concentrations in plasma. Significant differences in temporal patterns of concentrations of amino adds in plasma and whole blood may be attributable to nutritional or physiologic changes associated with parturition. Significant differences between concentrations of amino acids in whole blood and plasma may be attributable to ontogeny or specificity of transport systems across cell membranes.
Effects of polymyxin B and Salmonella typhimurium antiserum on horses given endotoxin intravenously
Authors: Durando Mary M. , MacKay Robert J. , Linda Stephen , Skelley Leslie A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Polymyxin B and an antiserum against an Re mutant Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated for protective effect in an equine model of endotoxemia. Six 3- to 5-month-old foals were given endotoxin (0.25 μg/kg of body weight) iv after no pretreatment, or pretreatment with polymyxin B (6,000 U/kg, iv) or S typhimurium antiserum (1.5 ml/kg, iv). When given without pretreatment, endotoxin caused transient recumbency and increases in rectal temperature, and heart and respiratory rates. In addition, leukopenia and increases in circulating tumor necrosis factor (tnf) and interleukin 6 (il-6) activities were detected. Compared with results obtained when endotoxin was given alone, pretreatment with polymyxin B resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower maximal plasma tnf and il-6 activities, and significantly lower rectal temperature and respiratory rate. In contrast, compared with effects of endotoxin given without pretreatment, use of antiserum was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) higher respiratory rate, maximal plasma il-6 activity, and total tnf response (as determined by areas under curves of plasma tnf vs time). These results indicate that polymyxin B may have potential as a treatment for equine endotoxemia. Salmonella typhimurium antiserum had no positive effect in this model, and, under certain conditions, may exacerbate the actions of endotoxin.
Hemolytic complement activity and concentrations of its third component during maturation of the immune response in colostrum-deprived foals
Authors: Bernoco Marietta M. , Liu Irwin K. M. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Six foals were deprived of colostrum for the first 36 hours after birth and, instead, received reconstituted powdered milk. Five control foals suckled their dams naturally. Blood samples were obtained from all the foals after birth and at approximately weekly intervals until at least 5.5 months of age. Sera were analyzed for hemolytic complement activity, complement component C3, and correlating IgG concentration. Hemolytic complement (P = 0.0145) and C3 (P = 0.0002) values were significantly higher in colostrum-deprived foals (cdf) than in naturally nursed foals at 2 to 5 days of age. In addition, significantly (P = 0.0149) higher IgG concentration was found in cdf than in naturally nursed foals between 3 and 5.5 months of age. It was concluded that the observed high complement activity in cdf within 2 to 5 days of age may provide an alternative in immune defense for IgG-deprived foals after failure of colostral transfer.
Use of polymerase chain reaction to detect swine influenza virus in nasal swab specimens
Authors: Schorr Erica , Wentworth David , Hinshaw Virginia S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Rapid and accurate detection of a virus in a population is a critical factor in the eventual treatment and/or control of the virus. In this study, we examined use of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to detect swine influenza virus in nasal swab specimens from infected pigs. This approach was first standardized, using viral rna purified by guanidinium/phenol-chloroform extraction and placed in the same transport medium as the swabs. By using highly conserved primers for the swine H1 hemagglutinin, we amplified a 591-base pair fragment that was analyzed by use of agarose gel electrophoresis, Southern blot, and dna sequencing.
To evaluate pcr as a potential diagnostic tool for detection of swine influenza virus infection, we obtained nasal swab specimens from experimentally infected pigs. Amplification by pcr and reamplification of extracted samples with internal primers yielded detectable bands for an amount of virus less than that required to infect embryonating chicken eggs. We also tested swab specimens from pigs involved in 3 separate, natural episodes of swine influenza. These swab specimens were extracted, amplified and reamplified, producing visible bands on the gel and in Southern blots. We performed Southern blot analyses on all pcr products, to confirm that they were from viral H1 rna. We also cloned and sequenced a 591-base pair product from 1 specimen and found that it was 100% identical to the hemagglutinin gene sequence of A/Sw/Ind/1726/88. Results indicate that pcr can be used to detect swine influenza virus, even in nasal swab specimens, the specimen typically collected for diagnosis of virus infection.
Effects of Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and albumin on struvite crystal growth in urine of cats
Authors: Buffington C. A. , Blaisdell Jean L. , Sako Toshinori 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tamm-Horsfall protein (thp) was isolated and purified, using pooled urine collections from clinically normal cats. The effects of feline thp and purified feline serum albumin on urine chemical and struvite crystal variables were compared, using an in vitro crystal growth system and 24-hour samples of pooled urine obtained from 4 cats. Urine samples were placed in wells of cell culture plates, increasing concentrations of ammonium hydroxide were added to adjacent wells to stimulate struvite crystal growth, and the plates were incubated at 37 C. The effect of albumin and thp on crystal growth in sample wells was compared with that in control wells, without protein addition, in the same plate. Crystal growth was assessed by determination of number of crystals and supersaturation index, a scale of crystal habit at different degrees of supersaturation, by use of direct visualization with an inverted microscope. Albumin addition did not have significant effect on either crystal number or supersaturation, compared with controls. Addition of thp significantly (P < 0.05) increased crystal number and supersaturation index. It was concluded that thp significantly (P < 0.05) promoted growth of struvite crystals in feline urine, and thus, may have a role in feline struvite uroliths and struvite urethral plug formation.
Pathogenicity of a bovine attaching effacing Escherichia coli isolate lacking Shiga-like toxins
Authors: Fischer John , Maddox Carol , Moxley Rodney , Kinden Darrel , Miller Margaret 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Escherichia coli isolate 7996-90, obtained from a calf with diarrhea, had negative results of tests for K-88, K-99, 987P, F41, CS31A, F1845, F165 or E coli adherence factor adhesins and had negative results of tests for the toxins heat-labile, heat-stable A, heatstable B, Shiga-like toxin (slt)-I or slt-II. Strain 7996-90 had localized adherence to HEp-2 cells, caused actin rearrangement in host cells to which it adhered, hybridized with the eaeA probe, and produced the 94-kd outer membrane protein associated with attaching effacing lesions. This isolate caused attaching effacing lesions in Caco-2 cell polar monolayers, rabbit intestinal loops, and the intestines of gnotobiotic pigs. The isolate belongs to serotype O26:NM and is considered a class-II attaching effacing enteropathogenic E coli. Until recent addition of more sensitive assays at veterinary diagnostic laboratories, isolates such as 7996-90 were not readily recognized as pathogens because they failed to fit into the enterohemorrhagic E coli group, members of which, be definition, produce slt. The assays described can facilitate diagnosis of attaching effacing E coli infection when histologic evaluation is hampered by autolysis.
Hepatic total 3α-hydroxy bile acids concentration and enzyme activities in prednisone-treated dogs
Authors: Salter Philip F. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Chambers Mark D. , Schaeffer David J. , Kuhlenschmidt Mark S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
High serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity is considered a sensitive marker of cholestasis in most mammalian species, including dogs. Induction of high serum alp activity in association with cholestasis is dependent on high hepatic bile acids concentrations. Treatment of dogs with glucocorticoids also results in high serum alp activity. The possible causal relation between serum alp activity and bile acids concentration was investigated in dogs treated with glucocorticoids. The relation of glucocorticoid treatment to changes in the activity of individual alp isoenzymes, alanine transaminase (alt) and γ-glutamyltransferase (ggt) also was investigated.
Eight conditioned dogs were given 4 mg of prednisone/kg of body weight, im, daily for 10 days. Blood samples were taken prior to treatment and on treatment days 3, 5, 7, and 10. Liver tissue was then taken from each dog. Serum total alp activity was significantly (P < 0.05) high at day 3 in prednisone-treated dogs. Isoenzyme analysis indicated that this increase was attributable to an increase in the liver alp isoenzyme (LALP). Significant increases in serum corticosteroid-induced alp (calp) and bone alp were first observed on days 7 and 10, respectively. Serum alt and ggt activities were significantly increased by day 5. Increased serum or hepatic tissue bile acids concentrations were not observed in prednisonetreated dogs, compared with values in 8 clinically normal (control) dogs, but were high in 3 dogs with complete bile duct ligation.
Hepatic activities of LALP, calp, and ggt were higher in prednisone-treated dogs than values in controls, indicating probable increased hepatic synthesis of these enzymes. Hepatic alt activity was not increased. The ratio of serum to tissue lalp activity was increased in prednisone-treated dogs, compared with values in controls, indicating that lalp may have been preferentially released into serum. There was no difference in the ratio of serum to liver ggt activity between prednisone-treated dogs and controls. The lalp and ggt ratios were increased in bile duct-obstruction dogs.
It was concluded that, although lalp is the principal alp isoenzyme in serum during the first 10 days of prednisone treatment, hepatic bile acid concentrations are not increased and, therefore, are not likely to be responsible for induction and release of alp into serum. Prednisone may, therefore, be directly responsible for induction of alp activity in dogs treated thusly.
Radiologic evaluation of the liver and gastrointestinal tract in rats infected with Taenia taeniaeformis
Authors: Perry Ruby L. , Williams Jeffrey F. , Carrig Colin B. , Kaneene John B. , Schillhorn van Veen Tjaart W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In rats infected with the cestode Taenia taeniaeformis, hepatomegaly results from development of parasitic cysts in the liver. Diffuse nodular mucosal hyperplasia in the glandular region (corpus and antrum) of the stomach, and gross thickening of the intestinal mucosa also result. Between postinfection days (PID) 21 and 84, radiologic observations were made after oral administration of a barium sulfate suspension in T taeniaeformis-infected rats and in age/sex-matched controls. There was radiographic evidence of hepatic enlargement at PID 21. Enlargement of the gastric folds was first observed along the greater curvature of the stomach at PID 35. Fimbriation of small intestinal mucosal surfaces resulted from thickening of the intestinal villi and was observed in the duodenum at PID 21. Intestinal motility was assessed, and contractions were counted, using image intensification fluoroscopy, then were recorded on videotape. There were no significant differences between control and infected rats for gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and number of intestinal contractions per minute. Barium contrast radiography clearly indicated large gastric folds, thickening of the small intestinal villi, and hepatic enlargement, and was useful for assessing gastrointestinal motility.
Sheep as maintenance host for Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis
Authors: Gerritsen Marijke J. , Koopmans Metje J. , Peterse Dirk , Olyhoek Tom 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Transmission of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo subtype hardjobovis from naturally infected sheep to uninfected sheep and calves was studied. A microscopic agglutination test and ELISA were used to determine specific antibody responses in serum. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect bacterial shedding in urine. Six sheep were derived from a dairy farm where cows were infected with L hardjobovis. Three of these sheep were seropositive for L hardjobovis, and 1 also shed leptospires in the urine. The other 2 sheep shed leptospires in the urine 7 days after the first observation date. The 6 sheep were placed on an isolated pasture together with a second group of 6 noninfected sheep. During the observation period of 140 days, 1 sheep of the second group became infected with L hardjobovis. On 5 consecutive days, a urine mixture from the 4 infected sheep was sprayed on the heads of 4 noninfected calves. Within 56 days, all calves that had been sprayed with urine shed L hardjobovis in the urine and became seropositive for L hardjobovis.