bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transplantation of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor‐expressing cells into the striatum and nucleus accumbens attenuates acquisition of cocaine self‐administration in rats
Authors: Green‐Sadan Tamar , Kinor Noa , Roth‐Deri Ilana , Geffen‐Aricha Revital , Schindler Cheryl J. , Yadid Gal 
Published: October 2003

AbstractNeurotrophic factors, such as glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), may play a role in drug‐induced biochemical and behavioural adaptations that characterize addiction. We found that GDNF mRNA levels are lower in the striatum of rats that chronically self‐administered cocaine. Therefore, we examined the effect of transplanted cells used as a biodelivery system for GDNF on cocaine self‐administration in rats. A human astrocyte‐like cell line, which produces and excretes GDNF, was transplanted into the striatum and nucleus accumbens of rats. These rats showed a significantly lower number of active lever presses in the cocaine self‐administration paradigm compared with control rats. Moreover, rats that received a chronic infusion of GDNF via a micro‐osmotic pump also exhibited weak cocaine self‐administration. Therefore, we conclude that exogenous augmentation of GDNF repositories may be useful in suppressing cocaine self‐administration.
Predictive and reactive co‐ordination of grip and load forces in bimanual lifting in man
Authors: Bracewell R. Martyn , Wing Alan M. , Soper Harriet M. , Clark Kristen G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWe investigated the intra‐ and inter‐manual coordination of grip force (GF) and load force (LF) during bimanual lifting and holding of a single object. In a voluntary task involving lifting a predictable load (Experiment 1), we showed scaling of GF to LF generated by either hand, similar to effects seen in previous unimanual studies. Moreover, the GF rates generated by the two hands were correlated. In part this correlation was due to the correlation between the LF rates. However, the GF rates remained correlated when the effects of the correlation in LF rates were partialled out. This novel finding suggests an additional co‐ordinative constraint at the level of specification of GFs. As a contrast to the predictable loading in the first experiment, in the second experiment loading was temporally unpredictable and elicited reactive increases in GF. In Experiment 2, the intermanual correlation of GF rates was stronger than in Experiment 1. We speculate that this result reflects greater degrees of co‐ordinative constraint at lower levels in the motor control hierarchy.
Temporal aspects of spatial task performance during intermittent hypoxia in the rat: evidence for neurogenesis
Authors: Gozal David , Row Barry W. , Gozal Evelyne , Kheirandish Leila , Neville Jennifer J. , Brittian Kenneth R. , Sachleben Leroy R. , Guo Shang Z. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, such as occurs in obstructive sleep apnea, leads to degenerative changes in the hippocampus, and is associated with spatial learning deficits in the adult rat. We report that in Sprague–Dawley rats the initial IH‐induced impairments in spatial learning are followed by a partial functional recovery over time, despite continuing IH exposure. These functional changes coincide with initial decreases in basal neurogenesis as shown by the number of positively colabelled cells for BrdU and neurofilament in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and are followed by increased expression of neuronal progenitors and mature neurons (nestin and BrdU‐neurofilament positively labelled cells, respectively). In contrast, no changes occurred during the course of IH exposures in the expression of the synaptic proteins synaptophysin, SNAP25, and drebrin. Collectively, these findings indicate that the occurrence of IH during the lights on period results in a biphasic pattern of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of adult rats, and may account for the observed partial recovery of spatial function.
Activation of peripheral cannabinoid CB1 receptors inhibits mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in noninflamed rats and rats with hindpaw inflammation
Authors: Kelly Sara , Jhaveri Maulik D. , Sagar Devi R. , Kendall David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe presence of cannabinoid1 (CB1) receptors on primary afferent fibres may provide a novel target for cannabinoid analgesics. The present study investigated the ability of peripheral CB1 receptors to modulate innocuous and noxious transmission in noninflamed rats and rats with peripheral carrageenan inflammation. Effects of peripheral injection of arachidonyl‐2‐choroethylamide (ACEA; 10 and 30 µg in 50 µL), a selective CB1 receptor agonist, on mechanically evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons were studied in noninflamed rats and rats with peripheral carrageenan inflammation. Peripheral injection of ACEA (30 µg in 50 µL) significantly inhibited innocuous (12 g) mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in noninflamed (27 ± 4% of control; P < 0.01) and inflamed (12 ± 8% of control; P < 0.05) rats. Similarly, noxious (80 g) mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons were inhibited by peripheral injection of ACEA (30 µg in 50 µL) in noninflamed rats (51 ± 9% of control; P < 0.01) and rats with peripheral carrageenan inflammation (21 ± 8% of control; P < 0.01). Inhibitory effects of ACEA were significantly greater in rats with peripheral carrageenan inflammation than in noninflamed rats (P < 0.05). Inhibitory effects of ACEA were significantly blocked by coadministration of the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A in both groups of rats. Peripheral injection of SR141716A alone did not alter mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in either group of rats. These data demonstrate that activation of peripheral CB1 receptors can inhibit innocuous and noxious somatosensory processing. Furthermore, following peripheral inflammation there is an enhanced inhibitory effect of a peripherally administered CB1 receptor agonist on both innocuous and noxious mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons.
MuSC is involved in regulating axonal fasciculation of mouse primary vestibular afferents
Authors: Kawauchi Daisuke , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Sekine‐Aizawa Yoko , Fujita Shinobu C. , Murakami Fujio 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRegulation of axonal fasciculation plays an important role in the precise patterning of neural circuits. Selective fasciculation contributes to the sorting of different types of axons and prevents the misrouting of axons. However, axons must defasciculate once they reach the target area. To study the regulation of fasciculation, we focused on the primary vestibulo‐cerebellar afferents (PVAs), which show a dramatic change from fasciculated axon bundles to defasciculated individual axons at their target region, the cerebellar primordium. To understand how fasciculation and defasciculation are regulated in this system, we investigated the roles of murine SC1‐related protein (MuSC), a molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. We show: (i) by comparing 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) labelling and anti‐MuSC immunohistochemistry, that downregulation of MuSC in PVAs during development is concomitant with the defasciculation of PVA axons; (ii) in a binding assay with cells expressing MuSC, that MuSC has cell‐adhesive activity via a homophilic binding mechanism, and this activity is increased by multimerization; and (iii) that MuSC also displays neurite outgrowth‐promoting activity in vestibular ganglion cultures. These findings suggest that MuSC is involved in axonal fasciculation and its downregulation may help to initiate the defasciculation of PVAs.
Networks of inhibitory and excitatory commissural interneurons mediating crossed reticulospinal actions
Authors: Bannatyne B. Anne , Edgley Stephen A. , Hammar Ingela , Jankowska Elzbieta , Maxwell David J. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAxonal projections and neurotransmitters used by commissural interneurons mediating crossed actions of reticulospinal neurons were investigated in adult cats. Eighteen interneurons, located in or close to lamina VIII in midlumbar segments, that were monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal tract fibres and projected to contralateral motor nuclei were labelled by intracellular injection of tetramethylrhodamine‐dextran and Neurobiotin. The nine most completely labelled interneurons were analysed with combined confocal and light microscopy. None of the stem axons gave off ipsilateral axon collaterals. Seven cells had axon collaterals that arborized in the contralateral grey matter in the ventral horn of the same segments. Transmitters were identified by using antibodies raised against vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase and the glycine transporter 2. The axons of two cells were immunoreactive for the glycine transporter 2 and hence were glycinergic. Three cells were immunoreactive for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and hence were glutamatergic. None of the axons displayed immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase. Electron microscopy of two cells revealed direct synaptic connections with motoneurons and other neurons. Axonal swellings of one neuron formed synapses with profiles in motor nuclei whereas those of the other formed synapses with other structures, including cell bodies in lamina VII. The results show that this population of commissural interneurons includes both excitatory and inhibitory cells that may excite or inhibit contralateral motoneurons directly. They may also influence the activity of motoneurons indirectly by acting through interneurons located outside motor nuclei in the contralateral grey matter but are unlikely to have direct actions on interneurons in the ipsilateral grey matter.
A review of basal insulins
Authors: Barnett Anthony H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTight glycaemic control (ideally, HbA1c < 7%) is central to reducing the risk of long‐term complications of diabetes. This approach, for both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, commonly involves the use of basal insulin, and must be achieved with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia (particularly nocturnal episodes). Indeed, concern around hypoglycaemia is a major barrier to achieving tight glycaemic control, and is a common problem with those protracted‐acting insulins most frequently used in clinical practice for basal insulin supply. Other drawbacks include inter‐ and intra‐patient variability that compromises dosing reproducibility and unsuitability for single daily dosing. New long‐acting human insulin analogues with action profiles designed to overcome these problems are now available in clinical practice or are under evaluation in clinical trials. Clinical evidence suggests efficacy and safety advantages for these analogues over NPH insulin (the most commonly used basal insulin), and may bring closer the goal of tight glycaemic control in patients with diabetes.
Comparability of venous and capillary glucose measurements in blood
Authors: Colagiuri S. , Sandbæk A. , Carstensen B. , Christensen J. , Glumer C. , Lauritzen T. , Borch‐Johnsen K. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAim  Diabetes and glucose intolerance are diagnosed by measurement of glucose in blood. Glucose is usually measured as venous plasma or capillary whole blood and diagnostic criteria frequently provide equivalence estimates for these two methods. This study examined the relationship between glucose measured in capillary and venous samples collected at random, fasting and 2 h after oral glucose.Methods  Simultaneous measurements of venous plasma and capillary blood glucose were performed on random samples in 609 people, fasting samples in 685 people, and 2 h after oral glucose samples in 463 people. Separate capillary and venous samples were collected each time. A variance component model was used to construct conversion algorithms between venous and capillary results.Results  The relationship between venous and capillary glucose values varied, with venous plasma being higher than capillary blood for random and fasting samples but lower for sampling 2 h after oral glucose. Discrepancies were observed between measured capillary blood values and the published WHO capillary blood equivalence values for venous plasma values for all except a fasting venous value of 7.0 mmol/l. For example, for a fasting venous plasma glucose of 6.1 mmol/l the WHO equivalent value is 5.6 mmol/l, while the measured value was 5.2 mmol/l, and for a 2‐h venous plasma glucose of 11.1 mmol/l the WHO value is 11.1 mmol/l, while the measured result was 11.7 mmol/l.Conclusions  These results highlight the difficulty in equating glucose levels from one sampling and measuring procedure to another, and raise uncertainties about current published equivalence values which could lead to misclassifications in glucose tolerance status.
The cornified cell envelope: an important marker of stratum corneum maturation in healthy and dry skin
Authors: Harding C. R. , Long S. , Richardson J. , Rogers J. , Zhang Z. , Bush A. , Rawlings A. V. 
Published: October 2003

SynopsisThe cornified cell envelope (CE) formed by transglutaminase‐mediated ε‐(γ‐glutamyl)lysine cross‐linking of specialized corneocyte proteins is the most insoluble component of the terminally differentiated keratinocyte. Under normal Nomarski optics, two types of CE are readily distinguishable: an irregularly shaped, readily deformed ‘fragile’ envelope (CEf), which predominates in the deepest layers of the stratum corneum, and a polygonal “resilient” or ‘rigid’ envelope (CEr), which represents over 80% of the CE population in the superficial layers. This distinct spatial distribution indicates a maturation of the CE from the fragile to the resilient morphology during stratum corneum maturation. In this study, we have examined morphological and physical changes occurring in the CE during the terminal differentiation. The proportion of CEf and CEr present in superficial samples of stratum corneum were readily distinguishable following staining with Tetrarhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) and showed significant body site variation. The percentage of CEf was highest on samples recovered from exposed body sites (back of hand > cheek > inner arm [bicep region]) suggesting innate body site differences or that photodamage and other environmental trauma can reduce or delay normal CE maturation. Soap‐induced dryness resulted in a significant decrease in CE maturation coincidental with reduced corneodesmosomal hydrolysis. Effective moisturization of winter‐induced dry skin enhanced CE maturation (33% increase in TRITC fluorescence, n = 14 following 4‐week treatment). Using a novel micromanipulation instrument, the force required (µN) to maximally deform individual CEf and CEr was compared. CEf recovered from deep stratum corneum were significantly softer and weaker than CEr recovered from superficial layers. These studies indicate that the normal process of CE maturation is associated with an actual strengthening of this insoluble protective structure and that the impairment of this process is associated with poor quality of the stratum corneum.
Skin‐lightening products revisited
Authors: Petit L. , Piérard G. E. 
Published: October 2003

SynopsisSkin colour typology depends on the amount and location of its chromophores. Among them, eumelanins derived from 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA) and 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI), and phaeomelanins are of utmost importance. These biomolecules result from the multi‐step enzymatic and non‐enzymatic conversion of tyrosine into melanins. Pigmentation disorders are multiple and depend on alterations in the density in active melanocytes, and on specific abnormalities of any of the complex melanogenesis mechanisms. This review presents some of the main skin‐lightening agents with respect to their mechanisms of action and side‐effects. Some of the novel compounds may lead to new perspectives in the fields of dermatology and cosmetology. The methods commonly used to assess efficacy of skin‐lightening products rely on in vitro models including cell‐free enzymatic assays, melanocyte cultures and reconstructed epidermis bioassays. Animal models have little relevance. By contrast, human testing with the support of instrumental evaluations is the most informative.
A double‐blind randomized vehicle‐controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of ZnPTO dose on the scalp vs. antidandruff efficacy and antimycotic activity
Authors: Bailey P. , Arrowsmith C. , Darling K. , Dexter J. , Eklund J. , Lane A. , Little C. , Murray B. , Scott A. , Williams A. , Wilson D. 
Published: October 2003

SynopsisDandruff is a common problem in approximately 30% of the world's population. Reports in the literature regarding treatment of this condition with various antidandruff shampoos usually report the level of active ingredient within the formulation. However, we propose that a more important parameter relating to antidandruff efficacy is the amount of active ingredient delivered to the scalp from the shampoo. This report describes the results from two studies designed to investigate the relationship between the level of zinc pyrithione (ZnPTO) deposited onto the scalp and the resultant scalp condition. A double‐blind randomized vehicle‐controlled clinical study comparing three shampoos – a vehicle, a low‐depositing ZnPTO shampoo and a high‐depositing ZnPTO shampoo – was carried out in the U.K. with 53 panelists with dandruff or mild‐to‐moderate seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp. Both shampoos containing ZnPTO were significantly superior in antidandruff efficacy to the vehicle. Furthermore, the high‐depositing ZnPTO shampoo was significantly superior compared with the low‐depositing ZnPTO shampoo in terms of both antidandruff efficacy and antimycotic activity. Antidandruff performance and antimycotic activity of ZnPTO‐containing shampoos is highly dependent on the amount of active ingredient delivered to the scalp. Furthermore, careful manipulation of the formulation parameters of an antidandruff shampoo can result in enhanced levels of delivery of the active ingredient without having to increase the level of active ingredient within the formulation.
Effect of antiperspirants on whole body sweat rate and thermoregulation
Authors: Burry J. S. , Evans R. L. , Rawlings A. V. , Shiu J. 
Published: October 2003

SynopsisIt is well established that the evaporation of sweat from the human body surface is the main mechanism by which heat balance is maintained following a rise in body core temperature. Since the introduction of the first brand name antiperspirant in the United States during the early 1900s, antiperspirant products designed to control underarm wetness have grown to represent one of the largest cosmetic categories in most global markets. However, although axillary sweating only constitutes less than 1% of whole body sweat rate, consumers, particularly in hot countries, have begun to articulate the concern that antiperspirants may interfere with the body's natural cooling process. To investigate this, we undertook carefully designed experiments that measured the effects of axillary antiperspirant application on whole body sweat rate and body core temperature, following a regimen of exercise‐induced heat stress in a hot environment in human volunteers. Our data show clearly that although antiperspirant prevents sweat production in the axillary area, this does not impact the ability of the body to thermoregulate following a rise in body core temperature. Thus, recent consumer questioning over this aspect of antiperspirant use appears to be unwarranted.
Do cosmetics enhance female Caucasian facial attractiveness?
Authors: Mulhern R. , Fieldman G. , Hussey T. , Lévêque J.‐L. , Pineau P. 
Published: October 2003

SynopsisThis study sought to investigate whether cosmetics do improve female facial attractiveness, and to determine whether the contribution of different cosmetic products are separable, or whether they function synergistically to enhance female beauty. Ten volunteers were made up by a beautician under five cosmetics conditions: (i) no make‐up; (ii) foundation only; (iii) eye make‐up only; (iv) lip make‐up only; and (v) full facial make‐up. Male and female participants were asked to view the 10 sets of five photographs, and rank each set from most attractive to least attractive. As predicted, faces with full make‐up were judged more attractive than the same faces with no make‐up. Sex differences within the results were also apparent. Women judged eye make‐up as contributing most to the attractiveness. Men rated eye make‐up and foundation as having a significant impact on the attractiveness of a full facial makeover. Surprisingly, lipstick did not appear to contribute to attractiveness independently.
Effects of microinjected small GTPases on the actin cytoskeleton of human neutrophils
Authors: Bird Margaret M. , Lopez‐Lluch Guillermo , Ridley Anne J. , Segal A. W. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis paper describes a method for microinjection of proteins (Rho GTPases) into neutrophils and observations on the responses of the cells to these injections. Neutrophils are extremely difficult to inject because of their small size, complex morphology and fragility. To allow microinjections they must be cultured on a substrate that enables them to settle, adhere and spread. We determined that fibronectin‐ and/or collagen‐coated coverslips are the best substrates and we used very fine needles and short microinjection times to minimize cell damage. These methods permitted us to inject up to 100 cells in a single preparation over a period of 30 min. Effects of microinjection were assessed by using tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)‐phalloidin to label F‐actin filaments, and observation by fluorescence and confocal scanning microscopy. Microinjection alone resulted in cell rounding and some changes in the F‐actin cytoskeleton but injected cells remained adherent at the substrate, were able to respond to microinjected GTPases (V12Rac, V14RhoA, V12Cdc42) and continued to be responsive to activation by exposure to fMet‐Leu‐Phe (fMLP) or O‐tetradecanoylphorbal 13‐acetate (TPA). V12Rac caused an increase in neutrophil membrane ruffling and short protrusions from the cell membrane, whereas V14RhoA induced a large increase in punctate F‐actin structures. V12Cdc42 produced focal condensation of F‐actin and induced the formation of small microspikes. The differences between these responses of neutrophils and those of other similarly treated cell types are discussed. Our findings demonstrate that microinjection is a valuable technique for studying the role of individual proteins in neutrophils.