bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of early feed restriction and continued supplementation with coated organic acid and essential oils on sustainability of laying performance, egg quality, fertility, hatchability, immunity status, and gut microbiota of Japanese quail hens
Authors: Abo El-Maaty Hayam M. , Attia Youssef A. , Alhotan Rashed A. , Al-Banoby Mohamed A. , Bovera Fulvia , Sherif Sara Kh. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Three hundred and sixty, 42-day-old Japanese quail (JQ) hens were randomly divided into six experimental groups with 5 replicates/group. Each replicate consisted of 12 birds (8 females and 4 males). During the growing period, chickens were fed restricted (FR) during only the second week of age at days 7, 9, 11, and 13. Three levels of FR were applied: 0.0 (control), 12.5 (12.5FR), and 25.0% (25FR) of the ad libitum intake of chickens measured on the previous day (groups 1, 2 and 3). In the other three groups (4, 5 and 6) the control, 12.5FR and 25.0FR diets were supplemented with coated organic acid + essential oils (COAWEO ) at 100 g/ton feed. The trial lasted from 6 to 18 weeks of age. Feed intake was significantly reduced by 12.5% FR compared with the control group. FR improved all external and internal egg quality of JQ hens except for egg weight, while albumen % decreased in the group fed 12.5FR diet. Coated organic acid with essential oils did not affect all JQ hens’ external and internal egg quality. Feed restriction did not affect fertility, pipped and dead chicks, and hatchability, as total and fertile egg percentage. COAWEO increased fertility and hatchability percentage. FR did not affect blood serum biochemistry and immunity characteristics except for high density lipoprotein (HDL) and hemagglutination inhibition test for infectious bursal disease virus (HI IBDV). Coated organic acid with essential oils did not affect quail blood characteristics but significantly decreased total lipids and increased IL6 at 18 weeks of age. Dietary COAWEO decreased E. coli, Clostridia, and Salmonella while increasing Lactobacillus counts. It can be concluded that 25.0% FR supplemented with COAWEO considerably improved the sustainability of productive performance of JQ hens without adverse effects on egg production, quality, fertility and hatchability traits, serum biochemistry and immune markers, and gut microbiota.
Sodium butyrate supplementation in two-level fishmeal diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): growth performance, immunological responses, and intestinal investigation
Authors: Yarahmadi Peyman , Yousefi Morteza , Ghafarifarsani Hamed , Luque Marta Arredondo , Ahani Saman , Raeeszadeh Mahdieh , Baharloei Mina , Faggio Caterina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The dietary effect of sodium butyrate, Butirex®C4 (NaBT), on some physiological and immunological responses, as well as carcass and fillet quality were studied in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (initial body weight, 16.63±0.10 g; mean ± SE) fed two-level fishmeal (FM) diets. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of FM (15% and 30%) and supplemented with incremental levels of NaBT (0%, 0.25%, and 0.5%). An improvement in growth performance was obtained in fish fed diet containing 0.5% NaBT+30% FM. Dietary NaBT inclusion significantly increased the digestive enzyme activity of fish compared to those without a NaBT diet. The highest immune parameters for mucus and serum were observed in fish fed with 0.25% NaBT+30% FM and 0% NaBT+30% FM diets, respectively. Fish fed diets containing 0.5% NaBT+15% FM and 0.25% NaBT+30% FM had significantly higher antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx)) in comparison to other groups. At selected NaBT levels, fish fed with FM (15% and 30%) showed higher bactericidal activity in comparison to group fed diet without NaBT supplementation. Based on the results of the intestine microflora, the highest gastrointestinal tract (GIT) total count and GIT lactic acid count were observed in groups included with 0% NaBT+15% FM and 0.5% NaBT+30% FM. Fish fed diets containing 0.5% NaBT+15% and 30% FM showed improvement in fillet quality in comparison to other groups. In conclusion, dietary NaBT supplementation, especially at the inclusion level of 0.5%, can improve physiological and immunological responses and reduce the adverse effects of the diets with the lower FM in rainbow trout.
Care of dental enamel for the orthodontic patient
Authors: Harvey William J. , Powell Keith R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of the many responsibilities of the orthodontist is to minimise the risk of dental caries development as a consequence of orthodontic treatment. Patients receiving orthodontic treatment are commonly at an age when many newly erupted teeth are present. Newly erupted teeth are particularly vulnerable to dental caries initiation but are also very responsive to topical fluoride therapy. For these reasons orthodontic patients should be exposed to preventive measures to protect enamel. A number of home care procedures and topical fluoride procedures appropriate to each phase of orthodontic treatment can be utilised to impart caries resistance.
Within two weeks of band placement, a general topical fluoride application with SnF2 solution or APF solution should be carried out. Newly erupted teeth or surfaces with early lesions can be treated with a prolonged fluoride application procedure. While fixed appliances are in place, the referring general practitioner should continue semi-annual topical applications of 2% NaF or APF solutions. As a part of home care, patients may use NaF mouthrinses daily or weekly or, as an alternative, use a self-applied 5% MFP paste weekly. If areas of enamel decalcification are apparent after band removal, a number of effective chemical treatments can be performed to promote remineralisation and to prevent further caries progression. The importance of sensible diet and good oral hygiene should be stressed for orthodontic patients. A number of plaque control measures are available but thorough toothbrushing is the most practical and acceptable method.
Malocclusion and the “tongue-to-lower-lip behaviour”
Authors: Becker Adrian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
One of the possible causal factors of class 2 division 1 malocclusion is an abnormal form of anterior oral seal, known as the “tongue-to-lower-lip behaviour”. The elevating movement of the lower lip between the upper and lower incisor teeth, towards the forward-posturing tongue, produces an increased overjet and an incomplete overbite. The method of treatment described exploits the forces produced by the hyperactive lower lip. In achieving its special form of anterior oral seal, it can provide anchorage to the teeth of the lower arch in resisting the forward movement encouraged by the use of class 2 elastic force. Equally important is the manner in which the continued achievement of this type of abnormal anterior oral seal is made progressively mare difficult for the patient, encouraging the establishment of a normal lip-to-lip seal, upon which the prognosis of the treated result will become dependent.
PROFIL PASIEN PAP SMEAR DI LABORATORIUM PATOLOGI ANATOMI RSUP SANGLAH DENPASAR TAHUN 2018 – 2019
Authors: Suastini Kadek Denik , Sriwidyani Ni Putu , Iin Indrayani Maker Luh Putu , Mahastuti Ni Made 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRAK
Kanker serviks uteri merupakan penyakit keganasan ginekologi yang menimbulkan masalah dalam kesehatan reproduksi yang dihadapi oleh wanita-wanita di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Kanker serviks diperkirakan menduduki posisi ke-2 dari penyakit kanker yang menyerang wanita di dunia serta posisi ke-1 bagi perempuan di negara berkembang. Pemeriksaan pap smear dapat dilaksanakan guna mengetahui perubahan-perubahan prakanker yang memungkinkan terjadi dalam serviks uteri. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan guna mengetahui data profil pasien pap smear di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi RSUP Sanglah Denpasar tahun 2018 – 2019. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif menggunakan rancangan penelitian cross sectional. Teknik pengambilan sampel yaitu total sampling yang mana data penelitian bersumber melalui data sekunder pasien yang tercatat di buku registrasi sitologi hasil pemeriksaan Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi RSUP Sanglah Denpasar periode 1 Januari 2018 – 31 Desember 2019. Data pasien yang dikumpulkan berupa usia, alasan melakukan pap smear, dan hasil pap smear menurut sistem Bethesda 2014. Sampel yang terkumpul pada penelitian ini sebanyak 1501 sampel pasien pap smear, dengan hasil paling banyak di kelompok umur 41 hingga 50 tahun yakni 487 individu (32,4%), memiliki alasan melakukan pap smear paling banyak yaitu skrining dengan jumlah 1285 orang (85,6%), dan hasil sitologi pap smear terbanyak yaitu dengan gambaran Reactive cellular changes associated with inflammation yang tercatat sebanyak 541 orang (36,0%).
Kata kunci : Kanker Serviks, Pap Smear, Sistem Bethesda 2014, RSUP Sanglah Denpasar
Community Understanding Regarding Covid-19 In Urban And Rural Areas
Authors: Savitri Triana 
Published: January 2024

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) merupakan virus corona jenis baru yang menyerang saluran pernapasan dengan manifestasi akut yang menimbulkan keluhan ringan hingga berat. Covid-19 pertama kali ditemukan di kota Wuhan provinsi Hubei Tiongkok kemudian menyebar ke berbagai negara didunia secara cepat dan massif. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis informasi dari artikel yang menyediakan informasi mengenai pemahaman masyarakat terkait Covid-19 pada urban and rural area. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan metode literature review dengan tiga data base yaitu ProQuest, Google Scholar, dan Springer. Kata kunci yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini yaitu “Understanding AND Covid-19 AND In Urban and Rural Areas”. Proses pencarian artikel dengan rentan waktu dari tahun 2019 sampai 2021. Hasil pencarian dari 3 database yaitu ProQuest (n=1096), Google Sholar (n= 980), dan Springer (569). Didapatkan artikel sebanyak N=2.645. Setelah itu dilakukan screening berdasarkan judul didapatkan 385 artikel. Literatur yang sesuai dengan judul, abstrak, tahun publikasi, bahasa, free full text dan di disimpan atau download untuk diidentifikasi. Secara keseluruhan, 15 artikel dinilai secara komprehensif untuk ketelitian dan relevansi dengan kriteria dan berhubungan dengan topik dipertahankan. Kemudian dilakukan penilaian kritis untuk menilai kelayakan dan didapatkan hasil 7 artikel. Kesimpulan : Pemahaman masyarakat terkait Covid-19 pada daerah Urban lebih baik dibandingkan daerah Rural, dapat dilihat dari sikap dan perilaku masyarakat dalam menyikapi pandemi. Pemahaman masyarakat terkait Covid-19 sebagian ada yang baik dengan menerapkan protokol kesehatan terkait Covid-19 dan sebagian masih belum menerapkan perilaku pencegahan Covid-19 hal ini terjadi karena keterbatasan terpapar dan mengakses informasi terkait Covid-19 pada daerah pedesaan.
Kata kunci : Understanding Covid-19, In Urban and Rural Areas
TINGKAT KECEMASAN IBU HAMIL SELAMA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 DI KOTA DENPASAR, BALI, INDONESIA
Authors: Harini I Gusti Ayu Agung Diah , Aryani Putu , Cintya Denny Yuliyatni Putu , Citra Wulan Sucipta Putri Wayan 
Published: January 2024

During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, changes in income, employment, and social interactions have affected the psychological condition of all groups of people, including pregnant women. In pregnant women, anxiety during the pandemic is related to the threat of COVID-19 to the lives of mothers and babies as well as concerns about unmet prenatal care needs, relationship tensions, and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, data on the prevalence of anxiety levels of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic are still quite limited. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of anxiety of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia. This research is a descriptive research with cross sectional approach conducted on 140 pregnant women who examined their pregnancy at several health centers in Denpasar during February - November 2020 by using a google form containing questions about maternal characteristics and hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HRS-A) questionnaire to measure maternal anxiety levels. The data is analyzed using SPSS 22 program and presented in the form of frequency and percentage tables and graphs. The results showed that 55% of mothers did not experience anxiety, 28.6% of mothers experienced mild anxiety, 12.9% of mothers experienced moderate anxiety and 3.6% of mothers experienced severe anxiety. In general, anxiety in pregnant women can be influenced by the pregnant mother’s characteristics such as age, recent education, occupation, income, pregnancy trimester and maternal gravida status whose prevalence will be further explained in this study. The results of this study present data on the prevalence of anxiety levels in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic that may have differences with the prevalence of anxiety of pregnant women before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords : Anxiety, Pregnancy, Pandemic, COVID-19
KUALITAS DAN DERAJAT NYERI PADA INJEKSI PROPOFOL INTRAVENA DENGAN PEMBERIAN LIDOKAIN INTRAVENA DI RSUP SANGLAH DENPASARr
Authors: Pratiwi Made Sindy Astri , Suranadi I Wayan , Sinardja I Ketut , Kurniyanta I Putu 
Published: January 2024

Induksi anestesi menggunakan propofol secara intravena menyebabkan nyeri yang dapat diatasi dengan premedikasi lidokain intravena. Hingga kini, belum ada penelitian terbaru mengenai derajat dan kualitas nyeri akibat induksi propofol dengan premedikasi lidokain intravena di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kedua hal di atas. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif observasi cross-sectional bertempat di RSUP Sanglah Denpasar. Subjek penelitian dipilih dengan consecutive sampling berjumlah 39 pasien berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan, berusia 18-64 tahun, BMI 18,5-22,9 kg/m2, status fisik ASA I atau II, menjalani operasi elektif dengan propofol intravena dan premedikasi lidokain intravena, serta menandatangani informed consent. Penilaian kualitas nyeri menggunakan SFMP-Q sementara derajat nyeri dinilai menggunakan kombinasi VAS dan NRS. Data yang terkumpul akan dianalisis secara univariat. Nyeri akibat propofol intravena dengan premedikasi lidokain penelitian ini ditemukan tidak nyeri 23,1%, nyeri ringan 74,4%, nyeri sedang 2,6%, dan tidak ada yang mengalami nyeri berat. Lidokain menyebabkan sensitisasi nyeri sensori yang rendah terhadap 80% pasien dan tidak mengalami gangguan afeksi pada 80% pasien. Pada penelitian ini, propofol intravena dengan premedikasi lidokain dapat mengurangi rasa nyeri dengan sensitisasi nyeri yang rendah tanpa gangguan afeksi.
GAMBARAN KUALITAS HIDUP PASIEN STRABISMUS MENGGUNAKAN KUESIONER ADULT STRABISMUS 20 DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM PUSAT SANGLAH PERIODE JANUARI 2019 - DESEMBER 2020
Authors: Elvira . , Surasmiati Ni Made Ayu , Putrawati Triningrat Anak Agung Mas , Sutyawan I Wayan Eka , Manuaba Ida Bagus Putra 
Published: January 2024

Latar Belakang: Strabismus merupakan keadaan posisi kedua mata tidak sejajar yang disebabkan oleh abnormalitas penglihatan binokuler atau anomali kontrol neuromuskuler terhadap motilitas okuler. Seseorang dengan strabismus dapat mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup, memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang lebih rendah dan keterbatasan dalam pengembangan diri. Tindakan pembedahan merupakan salah satu tatalaksana pada pasien strabismus.
Tujuan: Mengetahui karakteristik kualitas hidup pasien dengan strabismus sebelum dan sesudah operasi strabismus dengan menggunakan kuesioner Adult Strabismus (AS-20).
Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Data dikumpulkan restrospektif berdasarkan rekam medis dan kuesioner AS-20 di Poliklinik Mata Divisi Strabismus RSUP Sanglah. Data karaktristik pasien menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis kuesioner AS-20 menggunakan uji T tes berpasangan dan tes wilcoxon sign rank.
Hasil: Subjek penelitian berjumlah 15 orang, terdiri atas delapan (53,3%) laki-laki dan mayoritas berusia 20-29 tahun. Sembilan (60%) subjek penelitian mengeluhkan penglihatan buram dan empat (26,7%) mengeluhkan diplopia. Mayoritas subjek memiliki deviasi lebih besar dari 20 prisma dioptri dengan diagnosis terbanyak adalah eksotropia intermiten (46,7%). Penilaian kualitas hidup menggunakan kuesioner AS-20 didapatkan peningkatan signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah operasi secara umum, aspek psikososial, dan fungsional (P<0,05). Tidak didapatkan hubungan jenis kelamin atau jenis strabismus dengan kualitas hidup pasien.
Simpulan: Pasien strabismus mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup pada aspek fungsional dan psikososial. Terapi pembedahan dapat memperbaiki manifestasi strabismus. Berdasarkan kuesioner AS-20 didapatkan peningkatan kualitas hidup pasien seiring dengan perbaikan manifestasi klinis setelah pasien menjalani operasi strabismus.
PREVALENSI ESCHERICHIA COLI PADA SPESIMEN URIN PENDERITA INFEKSI SALURAN KEMIH DI RSUP SANGLAH TAHUN 2019
Authors: Arta Putra I Putu Willy Ganang 
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is the second most common infectious disease in the world with high mortality and morbidity, including in Indonesia. Escherichia coli is one of the Gram negative bacteria which often causes urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections risks will increases as a person ages. This study is intended to determine prevalence of Escherichia coli in urine specimens of urinary tract infections at Sanglah General Hospital in 2019.
Methods: The design of this0study was a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design that was carried out at Sanglah General Hospital in October 2020. The sample of this study came from urine samples patients with urinary tract infections at Sanglah General Hospital for the period of January - December 2019. Where the data was taken retrospectively from the register of the Clinical Microbiology Installation of Sanglah Hospital. The prevalence of Escherichia coli in urine specimens of urinary tract infections is presented in tables and graphs.
Results: Most of the patients with urinary tract infections were female (53.06%). The 40-59 years age group is the age group with the most incidence of urinary tract infections (36.7%). Based on the results of urine culture urinalysis, 49 patients (81.7%) had a result of 105 CFU / mL which indicated a positive urinary tract infection. According to the study results, the prevalence of Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections was 67.3%.
Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, the conclusion is that the prevalence of Escherichia coli in urine specimens of urinary tract infections at Sanglah General Hospital in 2019 was 67.3%, dominated by female patients aged 40-59 years.
EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum Sanctum) SEBAGAI KRIM OBAT ANTI-NYAMUK Aedes aegypti
Authors: William Kristoforus , Asri Damayanti Putu Ayu , Wardani Ni Putu 
Published: January 2024

Penggunaan krim anti-nyamuk yang mengandung DEET dapat menimbulkan efek samping bagi penggunanya, Bahan dasar alternatif alami yang dapat memberikan perlindungan terhadap gigitan nyamuk Ae. aegypti perlu dikaji dan diteliti lebih lanjut. Daun kemangi berpotensi sebagai bahan dasar krim obat anti-nyamuk karena mengandung minyak atsiri. Sediaan krim memiliki efek yang lebih baik dibandingkan sediaan losion. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektifitas krim anti-nyamuk dengan bahan dasar kemangi (Ocimum sanctum) 75.000 ppm dengan krim anti-nyamuk AutanÒ dengan bahan dasar DEET dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap gigitan nyamuk pada menit ke-30, 60, dan 120. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental dengan desain penelitian Post Test Only Control Group Design. Hasil penelitian ini adalah jumlah gigitan nyamuk pada menit ke-30, 60, dan 120 pada krim kemangi 75.000 ppm berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan kontrol/plasebo dengan p<0,05. Sedangkan jumlah gigitan nyamuk pada menit ke-30, 60, dan 120 pada krim kemangi 75.000 ppm tidak berbeda dibandingkan dengan AutanÒ dengan p>0,05. Kesimpulan pada penelitian ini adalah krim kemangi 75.000 ppm efektif sebagai krim anti nyamuk dan memiliki efektifitas yang sama dengan AutanÒ selama kurun waktu 120 menit.
GAMBARAN PASIEN KARSINOMA TIROID BERDIFERENSIASI DI RSUP SANGLAH TAHUN 2015-2020
Authors: Wisescistiati Made Visvayoni , Yuniawaty Wetan Ni Gusti Ayu Agung Manik , Manuaba Ida Bagus Tjakra Wibawa , Adiputra Putu Anda Tusta 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACT
Background: differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is the most common type found in thyroid malignancies. Onset of the disease is influenced by several factors such as history of radiation exposure, environmental influences and iodine intake in certain areas. Due to the limited data in Indonesia related to the mapping of differentiated thyroid cancer cases, the author is interested in conducting this study. Objective: to determine the description of differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients in Sanglah General Hospital year 2015-2020. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive study. The population and samples were all patients diagnosed with differentiated thyroid cancer treated at the SMF/Surgery Department of Sanglah General Hospital year 2015 -2020. The variables in this study are age, gender, area of residence, main diagnosis, staging and therapy. Results: total sample obtained 223 patients. Most common age group were 41-50 years old with 52 people (23.3%). Women are more common with 173 people (77.6%). Denpasar City has the highest number of cases with 75 people (33.6%). The main diagnosis is papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) with 215 cases (96.4%). Stage I are most found with 140 cases (62.8%). Most widely given therapy is total thyroidectomy in 183 people (82.1%) and 124 people (55.6%) received radio ablation. Conclusion: In this study, differentiated thyroid carcinoma was mostly found in women, at the age of 41-50 years, residents living in Denpasar. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) as the most common type in stage I and mostly treated with total thyroidectomy.
Keywords : description, differentiated thyroid carcinoma, sociodemographic
EFEK PEMBERIAN TEH KOMBINASI EUPHORBIA MILII DAN PROPOLIS TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HEPAR TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN
Authors: Rastika I Gede Agus , Linawati Ni Made , Ratnayanti I Gusti Ayu Dewi , Sugiritama I Wayan 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan: Indonesia mempunyai sumber daya melimpah yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional. Dua diantaranya yaitu tanaman Euphorbia milii dan propolis. Euphorbia milii dan propolis mempunyai beragam manfaat seperti antioksidan, antibakteri, dan imunomodulator. Efek toksik dari teh kombinasi Euphorbia milii dan propolisx terhadap hepar belum dilaksanakan penelitian sebelumnya. Tujuan dari dilaksanakannya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efek pemberian teh kombinasi dari bunga Euphorbia milii dan propolis terhadap gambaran histopatologi hepar tikus wistar jantan. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian berupa randomized post-test only control group design. Dua puluh empat tikus wistar jantan berusia 8 sampai 12 minggu dengan berat badan ± 0.2 kg dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu; kelompok kontrol (pakan standar + aquabidest), P1 (teh kombinasi Euphorbia milii dan propolis 40mg/100grbb selama 2 minggu), P2 (teh kombinasi Euphorbia milii dan propolis 40mg/100grbb selama 4 minggu), dan P3 (teh kombinasi Euphorbia milii dan propolis 40mg/100grbb selama 6 minggu). Hasil: Berdasarkan analisis data dari rerata skoring degenerasi dan nekrosis sel hepatosit, tidak ditemukan perbedaan rerata yang signifikan diantara kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan P1, P2, dan P3 (p>0,05). Simpulan: Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian teh kombinasi Euphorbia milii dan propolis dengan dosis 40mg/100grbb tidak menimbulkan kerusakan yang bermakna terhadap hepar tikus wistar jantan.
Kata kunci : Teh kombinasi, Euphorbia milii dan propolis, Histopatologi hepar