bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Intestinal Villus
Authors: Palay Sanford L. , Karlin Leonard J. 
Published: May 2004

The intestinal pathway for absorbed fat was traced in thin sections of intestinal villi from rats fed corn oil by stomach tube after a fast of 24 to 40 hours. For electron microscopy the tissues were fixed in chilled buffered osmium tetroxide and embedded in methacrylate. For light microscopy, other specimens from the same animals were fixed in formal-calcium, mordanted in K2Cr2O7, and embedded in gelatin. Frozen sections were stained with Sudan black B or Sudan IV.
About 20 minutes after feeding, small fat droplets (65 mµ maximal diameter) appear in the striated border between microvilli. At the same time fat particles are seen within pinocytotic vesicles in the immediately subjacent terminal web. In later specimens the fat droplets are generally larger (50 to 240 mµ) and lie deeper in the apical cytoplasm. All intracellular fat droplets are loosely enveloped in a thin membrane, the outer surface of which is sometimes studded with the fine particulate component of the cytoplasm. This envelope, apparently derived from the cell surface by pinocytosis, has at this stage evidently become a part of the endoplasmic reticulum. Just above the nucleus numerous fat droplets lie clustered within the dilated cisternae of the Golgi complex. As absorption progresses fat droplets appear in the intercellular spaces of the epithelium, in the interstitial connective tissue spaces of the lamina propria, and in the lumen of the lacteals. All of these extracellular fat droplets are devoid of a membranous envelope.
The picture of fat absorption as reconstructed from these studies involves a stream of fat droplets filtering through the striated border, entering the epithelial cell by pinocytosis at the bases of the intermicrovillous spaces, and coursing through the endoplasmic reticulum to be discharged at the sides of the epithelial cell into extracellular spaces. From the epithelial spaces, the droplets move into the lamina propria and thence into the lymph. If the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum is considered as continuous with the extracellular phase, then the entire pathway of fat absorption may be regarded as extracellular. However, it is impossible to evaluate from the electron microscopic evidence thus far available the quantitative importance of particulate fat absorption by the mechanism described.
Similarity of the Structure of DNA from a Variety of Sources
Authors: Hamilton L. D. , Barclay R. K. , Wilkins M. H. F. , Brown G. L. , Wilson H. R. , Marvin D. A. , Ephrussi-Taylor H. , Simmons N. S. 
Published: May 2004

DNA's from diverse cells of different species and from diverse tissues give the same x-ray diffraction pattern. The presently observable structure of DNA appears, then, to be the same in all cells. Thus, DNA in the resting state—the stored genetic material, from sperm of Paracentrotus lividus, Arbacia lixula, and salmon and from T2 and T7 bacteriophage—gives a pattern indistinguishable from DNA from very rapidly dividing cells, e.g., human acute leukemic leukocytes, human leukemic myeloid cells, mouse sarcoma 180, and bacteria—E. coli and pneumococci—during their logarithmic growth. The same x-ray patterns are given by DNA's from more slowly dividing tissues, e.g. calf liver, calf thymus, and human normal and leukemic lymphatic tissue. DNA from chicken erythrocytes—a DNA presumably metabolically inert—gives a similar picture. DNA's from several sources with a wide range in nitrogen base ratios, prepared independently by different workers using various methods, have given final products in varying yield; these all gave the same x-ray pattern, suggesting that all DNA is in the double-helical configuration. Finally, separation of the DNA molecule into a number of fractions with a varying adenine + thymine:guanine + cytosine ratio, but a constant adenine:thymine and guanine:cytosine ratio, each giving the same x-ray pattern as the original whole molecule, suggests that DNA cannot exist in significant amounts in forms other than the double-helix.
X-ray diffraction photographs of sperm heads, extracted nucleoprotamine, calf thymus nuclei and extracted nucleohistone, and of chicken erythrocyte nuclei, are not all as well defined as those given by extracted DNA, but it is clear from the general characteristics of the pattern that much of the DNA bound to protein in these nuclei has the usual helical configuration, and that the double-helical structure of DNA exists in the cell and is not an artifact.
Studies on the Control of Mitotic Activity in Excised Roots
Authors: Wilson G. B. , Morrison J. H. , Knobloch N. 
Published: May 2004

The mitotic characteristics of excised roots of the garden pea, Pisum sativum, have been studied under conditions of controlled nutrition.
The excised root system was tested with regard to its ability to respond, mitotically, to various carbon sources. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and DL-glyceraldehyde were found to support mitotic activity in excised roots, galactose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were toxic, and mannose ineffective. Initiation of mitotic activity in the presence of glucose was inhibited by the respiratory poisons, KCN and malonic acid, the uncoupling agent, 2,4-dinitrophenol, but was not notably affected by the protein synthesis inhibitor, chloramphenicol. The glucose-induced response in mitotic activity was not affected by the carcinogen, urethan, and indeed, there is some evidence that the response was actually enhanced. The fact that KCN, malonic acid, and probably 2,4-dinitrophenol, in suitable concentrations inhibit the onset of cell division suggests that some level of operation of the Krebs' cycle is essential for commission of cells into mitosis. Likewise, failure to inhibit cells in the process of active mitosis by KCN and malonic acid is not inconsistent with the idea that there is a shift from reliance on aerobic to anaerobic respiration between antephase and active mitosis.
Considérations quantitatives sur des coupes ultraminces de bactéries infectées par un bactériophage
Authors: Séchaud Janine , Ryter Antoinette , Kellenberger Edouard 
Published: May 2004

A quantitative relationship has been established between the number of particles, for example bacteriophages, counted in ultrathin sections of bacteria and the total number present in the whole bacterial cells. The factor F relating particles counted per section with the total number of these particles per entire bacterium could be arrived at by two methods, which proved to give results in close agreement. The first involves knowledge of the average volume of a bacterial section in proportion to the average volume of a whole bacterium; if the mean number of appearances of the same particle on consecutive sections is also known, F may then be calculated. The thickness of sections and, therefore, their volume, as well as the average number of times a single particle is sectioned could be learned by examination of serial sections. By counting the relative number of T2 phage particles which had been intersected once or twice, and relating this proportion to the known phage dimensions, the thickness of the sections was determined to be about 400 A.
The second measurement of F could be made in a particular case of late phage development where the number of particles per cell was countable or titratable directly in the bacterial lysate, this number being compared with the number seen in sections of the bacteria just before lysis.
The different sources of errors are discussed. The statistical error is under 20 per cent, while the systematic errors are higher and cannot yet be indicated precisely. After a very cautious estimation of the upper limits, we can state, however, that the counts made with this method are certainly reliable to well within a factor of two.
The Effect of Respiratory Inhibitors and Chelating Agents on the Frequencies of Chromosomal Aberrations Produced by X-Rays in Vicia
Authors: Kihlman B. A. 
Published: May 2004

Nitrosophenylhydroxylamine-ammonium (cupferron), potassium cyanide, sodium azide, ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), α,α'-dipyridyl, and o-phenanthroline were tested (1) for their ability to enhance the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations produced by x-rays in the root tip cells of the broad bean, Vicia faba, and (2) for their ability to inhibit oxygen consumption of excised roots of the same plant. In all cases a close correlation was found between the inhibitory effect on respiration and the enhancement of the sensitivity to x-rays at low oxygen pressures. EDTA, dipyridyl, and o-phenanthroline did not affect respiration to any greater extent, and they were without influence on the radiosensitivity. Cyanide, azide, and cupferron, which strongly inhibited respiration, also increased the frequencies of chromosome aberrations produced by x-rays at low oxygen pressures.
The relation between oxygen concentration and radiosensitivity was determined both in the presence and the absence of the respiratory inhibitor cupferron. When cupferron was present, the radiosensitivity was influenced by oxygen concentrations 30 times lower than those effective in the absence of the inhibitor.
In an atmosphere of pure oxygen, an increase of radiosensitivity of about 20 per cent was obtained with cupferron, EDTA, and potassium cyanide.
CYTOPLASMIC FILAMENTS IN DEVELOPING AND ADULT VERTEBRATE SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Uehara Y. , Campbell G. R. , Burnstock G. 
Published: May 2004

An extensive study of adult and developing smooth muscle has revealed the widespread occurrence of a distinct filament with an average diameter of about 100 A (termed the 100 A filament). Unlike that of myofilaments, their appearance in longitudinal section is uniform, but in transverse section they have a round profile, occasionally exhibiting a less electron-opaque core. The 100 A filaments are almost invariably preserved under a variety of fixation procedures, whereas myofilaments, particularly the thicker filaments, are preserved inconsistently. The 100 A filaments appear to be randomly oriented throughout the cytoplasm, either singly or in small groups, although they are sometimes concentrated in the juxtanuclear region of the smooth muscle cells. The intimate association of 100 A filaments with dark bodies, in both developing and adult smooth muscle cells, may indicate that these filaments either play a role in dark body formation or, at least, constitute a part of the dark body.
The 100 A filaments are conspicuous in developing smooth muscle cells and occasionally form networks or clusters; they appear to decrease in relative number as maturation proceeds, but considerable numbers are still present in adult tissue.
RIBOSOME CRYSTALLIZATION IN CHICKEN EMBRYOS
Authors: Morimoto T. , Blobel G. , Sabatini D. D. 
Published: May 2004

Isolated tetrameric particles (166S) derived from the crystalline lattices known to appear in hypothermic chicken embryos consist of mature 80S ribosomes which contain all species of ribosomal RNA and a complete set of ribosomal proteins.
Ribosome tetramers are not a special type of polysomes since in solutions of high ionic strengths (500 mM KCl and 50 nM triethanolamine-HCl buffer) containing 5 mM MgCl2 they dissociate into 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits, without the need of puromycin, and at a concentration of Mg++ higher than 3 mM they are not disassembled by mild RNase treatment. Tetramers spontaneously disassemble into 80S monomers when the Mg++ concentration is lowered to 1 mM at relatively low ionic strength. Tetramers failed to couple in vitro puromycin-3H into an acid-insoluble product, indicating the lack of nascent polypeptide chains. Although tetramers have no endogenous messenger RNA activity, they can be programmed in vitro with polyuridylic acid (poly U) to synthesize polyphenylalanine. All ribosomes within a tetramer can accept poly U, without the need of disassembly of the tetramers into monomers or subunits.
PRIMARY CULTURES OF DISSOCIATED SYMPATHETIC NEURONS
Authors: Mains Richard E. , Patterson Paul H. 
Published: May 2004

Initial studies are reported on the catecholamine metabolism of low-density cultures of dissociated primary sympathetic neurons. Radioactive tyrosine was used to study the synthesis and breakdown of catecholamines in the cultures. The dependence of catecholamine synthesis and accumulation on external tyrosine concentration was examined and a concentration which is near saturation, 30 µM, was chosen for further studies. The free tyrosine pool in the nerve cells equilibrated with extracellular tyrosine within 1 h; the total accumulation of tyrosine (free tyrosine plus protein, catecholamines, and metabolites) was linear for more than 24 h of incubation. Addition of biopterin, the cofactor of tyrosine hydroxylase, only slightly enhanced catecholamine biosynthesis by the cultured neurons. However, addition of reduced ascorbic acid, the cosubstrate for dopamine ß-hydroxylase, markedly stimulated the conversion of dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE). Phenylalanine, like tyrosine, served as a precursor for some of the DA and NE produced by the cultures, but tyrosine always accounted for more than 90% of the catecholamines produced.
The DA pool labeled rapidly to a saturation level characteristic of the age of the culture. The NE pool filled more slowly and was much larger than the DA pool. The disappearance of radioactive NE and DA during chase experiments followed a simple exponential curve. Older cultures showed both more rapid production and more rapid turnover of the catecholamines than did younger cultures, suggesting a process of maturation.
Phagotrophy and Two New Structures in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Rudzinska Maria A. , Trager William 
Published: May 2004

Blood collected from rats infected with Plasmodium berghei was centrifuged and the pellet was fixed for 1 hour in 1 per cent buffered OsO4 with 4.9 per cent sucrose. The material was embedded in n-butyl methacrylate and the resulting blocks sectioned for electron microscopy.
The parasites were found to contain, in almost all sections, oval bodies of the same density and structure as the host cytoplasm. Continuity between these bodies and the host cytoplasm was found in a number of electron micrographs, showing that the bodies are formed by invagination of the double plasma membrane of the parasite. In this way the host cell is incorporated by phagotrophy into food vacuoles within the parasite. Hematin, the residue of hemoglobin digestion, was never observed inside the food vacuole but in small vesicles lying around it and sometimes connected with it. The vesicles are pinched off from the food vacuole proper and are the site of hemoglobin digestion.
The active double limiting membrane is responsible not only for the formation of food vacuoles but also for the presence of two new structures. One is composed of two to six concentric double wavy membranes originating from the plasma membrane. Since no typical mitochondria were found in P. berghei, it is assumed that the concentric structure performs mitochondrial functions. The other structure appears as a sausage-shaped vacuole surrounded by two membranes of the same thickness, density, and spacing as the limiting membrane of the body. The cytoplasm of the parasite is rich in vesicles of endoplasmic reticulum and Palade's small particles. Its nucleus is of low density and encased in a double membrane.
The host cells (reticulocytes) have mitochondria with numerous cristae mitochondriales. In many infected and intact reticulocytes ferritin was found in vacuoles, mitochondria, canaliculi, or scattered in the cytoplasm.
Enzymatic Activity in the M Band
Authors: Barrnett Russell J. , Palade George E. 
Published: May 2004

Experiments which combined histochemistry and electron microscopy were performed in studying the sites of enzymatic hydrolysis of thiolacetic acid in the presence of lead ions in diaphragmatic and cardiac muscle. It was found that in these striated muscles the electron opaque, final product of the histochemical reaction (PbS) was discretely deposited on the swelling of the thick elemental filaments that occurs at the M band. Additional sites of enzymatic activity occurred in mitrochondria and in round sarcoplasmic bodies. A reaction, probably non-enzymatic, also occurred in contraction bands in the area of the Z bands and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. To ascertain the enzymatic nature of the reaction and to define the enzyme involved, control experiments were carried out and the effect of various esterase inhibitors was assayed.
It is suggested that the M band enzyme is a cholinesterase, but the enzymes in the mitochondria and the sarcoplasmic bodies that hydrolyze the substrate appear to be different. A possible role of the M band enzyme is discussed.
Alpharadiography: A Simple Method for Determination of Mass Concentration in Cells and Tissues
Authors: Bélanger Leonard F. 
Published: May 2004

A simple apparatus for the production of contact microradiographs with the help of a polonium alpha source and nuclear emulsion plates is described.
This apparatus best adapted for soft tissue and low grade mineralization studies offers advantages as to resolution, geometry of specimen as well as ease of operation and cost.
Nuclear Synthesis of Cytoplasmic Ribonucleic Acid in Amoeba proteus
Authors: Prescott David M. 
Published: May 2004

The enucleation technique has been applied to Amoeba proteus by several laboratories in attempts to determine whether the cytoplasm is capable of nucleus-independent ribonucleic acid synthesis. This cell is very convenient for micrurgy, but its use requires a thorough starvation period to eliminate the possibility of metabolic influence by food vacuoles and frequent washings and medium renewal to maintain asepsis. In the experiments described here, amoebae were starved for periods of 24 to 96 hours, cut into nucleated and enucleated halves, and exposed to either C-14 uracil, C-14 adenine, C-14 orotic acid, or a mixture of all three. When the starvation period was short (less than 72 hours), organisms (especially yeast cells) contained within amoeba food vacuoles frequently showed RNA synthesis in both nucleated and enucleated amoebae. When the preperiod of starvation was longer than 72 hours, food vacuole influence was apparently negligible, and a more meaningful comparison between enucleated and nucleated amoebae was possible. Nucleated cells incorporated all three precursors into RNA; enucleated cells were incapable of such incorporation.
The experiments indicate a complete dependence on the nucleus for RNA synthesis. The conflict with the experimental results of others on this problem could possibly stem from differences in culture conditions, starvation treatment, or experimental conditions. For an unequivocal answer in experiments of this design, ideally the cells should be capable of growth on an entirely synthetic medium under aseptic conditions. The use of a synthetic medium (experiments with A. proteus are done under starvation conditions) would permit, moreover, a more realistic comparison of metabolic capacities of nucleated and enucleated cells.
Phospholipide Turnover in Microsomal Membranes of the Pancreas during Enzyme Secretion
Authors: Redman Colvin M. , Hokin Lowell E. 
Published: May 2004

After incubation of pigeon pancreas slices with P32 and isolation of various fractions by differential centrifugation the deoxycholate extract of the microsome fraction was found to account for over half of the phospholipide P and over half of the P32 incorporated into the phospholipides. The remaining phospholipide P and P32 were fairly evenly distributed in the nuclei, zymogen granules, mitochondria, microsomal ribonucleoprotein particles, and the soluble fraction.
When enzyme secretion was stimulated with acetylcholine about two-thirds of the increment in radioactivity in the total phospholipides was found in deoxycholate soluble components of the microsome fraction. The remainder of the increment was distributed in the other fractions. This indicates that the cellular component in which the increase in phospholipide turnover occurs on stimulation of secretion is a membranous structure. Evidence is presented which indicates that the increment in radioactivity in the non-microsomal fractions on stimulation of secretion is due to contamination of these fractions with fragments of the stimulated membranous structure.
The distribution of P32 radioactivity in each of the chromatographically separated phospholipides in the various fractions from unstimulated tissue paralleled the distribution of radioactivity in the total phospholipide fraction, indicating that individual phospholipides are not concentrated in different fractions but are associated together in the membranous structures of the microsome fraction. The major proportion of the stimulation of the turnover of the individual phospholipides also occurred in the microsome fraction.
The distribution of radioactivity from glycerol-1-C14 in the total phospholipides and in the individual phospholipides in the various fractions was similar to the distribution of P32. In the microsome fraction acetylcholine stimulated the incorporation of glycerol-1-C14 in each phospholipide which showed a stimulation of P32 incorporation.
The significance of the turnover of phosphatides in microsomal membranes in relation to the mechanism of secretion is discussed.
Electron Microscope Observations on the Behavior of the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane During Cellular Division
Authors: Chapman George B. 
Published: May 2004

Bacterial cells were fixed in OsO4, washed, dehydrated, and embedded in a methacrylate mixture. Ultrathin sections were cut on a Porter-Blum ultramicrotome and were examined in an RCA electron microscope, type EMU-2D.
The sections revealed that the cytoplasmic membrane undergoes a centripetal growth to form a membrane septum. This septum is formed as a double structure. Constriction of the daughter cells and deposition of cell wall material lead to the separation of the daughter cells.
The bacterial cytoplasm appears to consist largely of 200 A granules and occasionally reveals arrays of parallel dense lines.
The Fine Structure of the Retina Studied with the Electron Microscope
Authors: Tokuyasu Kiyoteru , Yamada Eichi 
Published: May 2004

The morphogenesis of the outer segments of retinal rods was studied mainly in the kitten before the opening of the eye, and the probable sequence of the morphogenetic stages is deduced. Since the development of retinal rods is not synchronous, the deductions were based on observations of many single and serial sections.
One centriole extends ciliary tubules of about 0.5 µ long, in the growing primitive cilium. Beyond this length, each ciliary tubule becomes a row of small vesicles (called "ciliary vesicles" in this paper), which penetrate into the distal region of the cilium.
Where the ciliary vesicles establish contact with the plasma membrane of the distal region of the cilium, more or less deep infoldings of the plasma membrane are observed. In the distal region can be seen rows of tubular or vesicular structures. A few of these membranous structures are continuous with the bottoms of the infoldings.
At the following stage, the infoldings disappear and the ciliary vesicles lose contact with the distal plasma membrane. Nonetheless, the formation of the tubular structures continues in the distal region of the primitive outer segment.
The tubular structures appear to be transformed into the primitive rod sacs by sidewise enlargement. At a subsequent time, presumably, these primitive rod sacs flatten and are rearranged into a position perpendicular to the long axis of the outer segment.
The detailed structure of the basal body of the connecting cilium was also studied by means of serial sections.