bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Welfare Reform's Chilling Effects on Noncitizens: Changes in Noncitizen Welfare Recipiency or Shifts in Citizenship Status?*
Authors: Van Hook Jennifer 
Published: August 2003

Objective. In the mid‐1990s, welfare usage declined disproportionately among noncitizens, prompting some policy analysts to argue that the 1996 Welfare Reform Act (PRWORA) had a “chilling” effect on welfare receipt among eligible non‐citizens. However, naturalization among noncitizen welfare recipients could account for the disproportionate decline. This article evaluates the role of naturalizations in producing the so‐called chilling effect.Methods. The research uses longitudinal data (the Survey of Program Dynamics) to decompose changes in citizen and noncitizen welfare receipt into parts due to shifts in citizenship status and shifts in welfare receipt.Results. A substantial portion of the relative decline in welfare usage among noncitizens can be explained by shifts in naturalization.Conclusions. A more cautious interpretation of results about the effects of welfare reform on immigrants is called for, particularly results of analyses that use cross‐sectional data and disaggregate the change in welfare receipt by citizenship status.
CF45-1, a Secreted Protein Which Participates in
Dictyostelium
Group Size Regulation
Authors: Brock Debra A. , Hatton R. Diane , Giurgiutiu Dan-Victor , Scott Brenton , Jang Wonhee , Ammann Robin , Gomer Richard H. 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACT

Developing
Dictyostelium
cells aggregate to form fruiting bodies containing typically 2 × 10
4
cells. To prevent the formation of an excessively large fruiting body, streams of aggregating cells break up into groups if there are too many cells. The breakup is regulated by a secreted complex of polypeptides called counting factor (CF). Countin and CF50 are two of the components of CF. Disrupting the expression of either of these proteins results in cells secreting very little detectable CF activity, and as a result, aggregation streams remain intact and form large fruiting bodies, which invariably collapse. We find that disrupting the gene encoding a third protein present in crude CF, CF45-1, also results in the formation of large groups when cells are grown with bacteria on agar plates and then starve. However, unlike

countin
−

and

cf50
−

cells,

cf45-1
−

cells sometimes form smaller groups than wild-type cells when the cells are starved on filter pads. The predicted amino acid sequence of CF45-1 has some similarity to that of lysozyme, but recombinant CF45-1 has no detectable lysozyme activity. In the exudates from starved cells, CF45-1 is present in a ∼450-kDa fraction that also contains countin and CF50, suggesting that it is part of a complex. Recombinant CF45-1 decreases group size in colonies of

cf45-1
−

cells with a 50% effective concentration (EC
50
) of ∼8 ng/ml and in colonies of wild-type and

cf50
−

cells with an EC
50
of ∼40 ng/ml. Like

countin
−

and

cf50
−

cells,

cf45-1
−

cells have high levels of cytosolic glucose, high cell-cell adhesion, and low cell motility. Together, the data suggest that CF45-1 participates in group size regulation in
Dictyostelium
.
Erythroid pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase: cloning, developmental expression, and regulation by cAMP and in vivo hypoxia
Authors: Mass Markus , Simo Erika , Dragon Stefanie 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA characteristic process of terminal erythroid differentiation is the degradation of ribosomal RNA into mononucleotides. The pyrimidine mononucleotides can be dephosphorylated by pyrimidine 5′-nucleotidase (P5N-I). In humans, a lack of this enzyme causes hemolytic anemia with ribosomal structures and trinucleotides retained in the red blood cells (RBCs). Although the protein/nucleotide sequence of P5N-I is known in mammals, the onset and regulation of P5N-I during erythroid maturation is unknown. However, in circulating chicken embryonic RBCs, the enzyme is induced together with carbonic anhydrase (CAII) and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) by norepinephrine (NE) and adenosine, which are released by the embryo under hypoxic conditions. Here, we present the chicken P5N-I sequence and the gene expression of P5N-I during RBC maturation; the profile of gene expression follows the enzyme activity with a rise between days 13 and 16 of embryonic development. The p5n-I expression is induced (1) in definitive but not primitive RBCs by stimulation of β-adrenergic/adenosine receptors, and (2) in definitive RBCs by hypoxic incubation of the chicken embryo. Since embryonic RBCs increase their hemoglobin-oxygen affinity by degradation of nucleotides such as uridine triphosphate (UTP) and cytidine triphosphate (CTP), the induction of p5n-I expression can be seen as an adaptive response to hypoxia. (Blood. 2003;102:4198-4205)
Rituximab as adjuvant to high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Horwitz Steven M. , Negrin Robert S. , Blume Karl G. , Breslin Sheila , Stuart Monic J. , Stockerl-Goldstein Keith E. , Johnston Laura J. , Wong Ruby M. , Shizuru Judith A. , Horning Sandra J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBased on the favorable safety profile and the independent activity of rituximab in B-cell lymphoma, we evaluated its efficacy and toxicity after high-dose therapy (HDT) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Thirty-five patients with diffuse large cell (25 patients), mantle cell (3 patients), transformed (3 patients), or other (4 patients) subtypes of B-cell lymphoma received HDT followed by a purged autologous graft. The rituximab schedule was 4 weekly infusions (375 mg/m2) starting at day 42 after HCT and, for patients 5 to 35, a second 4-week course 6 months after HCT. All planned therapy was completed in 29 patients. With 30 months' median follow-up, the 2-year event-free survival (EFS) rate was 83% and the overall survival (OS) rate was 88%. For 21 patients with relapsed or refractory large cell lymphoma, the EFS rate was 81% and the OS rate was 85%. Grades 3 to 4 neutropenia occurred in 19 (54%) patients. A prospective study of immune reconstitution included measurements of lymphocyte subsets, immunoglobulins, and response to vaccination. Serious infections were not observed despite delayed B-cell recovery in all patients and suppressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and low pneumococcus antibody titers in a subset. Rituximab after HDT and HCT is feasible, and these phase 2 data support the current US Intergroup phase 3 trial in recurrent/refractory diffuse large cell lymphoma.
Lack of evidence for functional ADP-activated human P2X1 receptors supports a role for ATP during hemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Vial Catherine , Pitt Samantha J. , Roberts Jon , Rolf Michael G. , Mahaut-Smith Martyn P. , Evans Richard J. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPurine nucleotides acting through P2 receptors play key roles in platelet signaling. The P2X1 receptor is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated ion channel that mediates a rapid calcium influx signal, but can also synergize with subsequent adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-evoked P2Y1 receptor-mediated responses and thus may contribute to platelet activation during hemostasis. Recent studies have shown that P2X1 receptors contribute to the formation of platelet thrombi, particularly under conditions of high shear stress. Based on intracellular Ca2+ measurements a previous report has suggested that a splice variant of the P2X1 receptor, P2X1del, is expressed in platelets and, in contrast to the full-length P2X1WT receptor, is activated by ADP. In the present study we show that the P2X1del receptor fails to form functional ion channels and is below the limit of detection in human platelets. Furthermore, ADP does not contribute to the rapid ionotropic P2X receptor-mediated response in platelets. These results support the notion that ATP is the principal physiologic agonist at P2X1 receptors and that it plays a role in the activation of platelets. (Blood. 2003;102:3646-3651)
Health Status and Quality of Life in Patients With Early-Stage Hodgkin’s Disease Treated on Southwest Oncology Group Study 9133
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. , Moinpour Carol M. , Pauler Donna K. , Kornblith Alice B. , Gaynor Ellen R. , Balcerzak Stanley P. , Gatti Gretchen S. , Erba Harry P. , McCoy Sheryl , Press Oliver W. , Fisher Richard I. 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: We describe the short and intermediate-term quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes in patients treated on a randomized clinical trial in early-stage Hodgkin’s disease (Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG] 9133) comparing subtotal lymphoid irradiation (STLI) with combined-modality treatment (CMT). Patients and Methods: Two hundred forty-seven patients participated in the QOL study (SWOG 9208), completing several standardized instruments (Symptom Distress Scale; Cancer Rehabilitation Evaluation System – Short Form; Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey Vitality Scale; and a health perception item), as well as questions about work, marital status, and concerns about having children. This article reports on results from baseline before random assignment, at 6 months, and at 1 and 2 years after random assignment. Results: Patients receiving CMT experienced significantly greater symptom distress (P < .0001), fatigue (P = .001), and poorer QOL (P = .015) at 6 months than the STLI patients, reflecting a shorter time since completion of therapy in the CMT arm. Importantly, patients in the two groups did not differ on any outcomes at the 1-and 2-year assessments. Both patient groups reported significantly more fatigue before treatment than healthy reference populations, and fatigue did not improve in either group after treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with early-stage Hodgkin’s disease experience a short-term decrease in QOL and an increase in symptoms and fatigue with treatment, which is more severe with CMT; by 1 year, however, CMT and STLI patients report similar outcomes. Fatigue scores for both arms were lower at baseline than scores for the general population and did not return to normal levels 2 years after random assignment. The mechanisms responsible for this lingering problem warrant further investigation.
Detection of Isolated Tumor Cells in Bone Marrow Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Breast Cancer
Authors: Wiedswang G. , Borgen E. , Kåresen R. , Kvalheim G. , Nesland J.M. , Qvist H. , Schlichting E. , Sauer T. , Janbu J. , Harbitz T. , Naume B. 
Published: September 2003

Purpose: This study was performed to disclose the clinical impact of isolated tumor cell (ITC) detection in bone marrow (BM) in breast cancer. Patients and Methods: BM aspirates were collected from 817 patients at primary surgery. Tumor cells in BM were detected by immunocytochemistry using anticytokeratin antibodies (AE1/AE3). Analyses of the primary tumor included histologic grading, vascular invasion, and immunohistochemical detection of c-erbB-2, cathepsin D, p53, and estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PgR) expression. These analyses were compared with clinical outcome. The median follow-up was 49 months. Results: ITC were detected in 13.2% of the patients. The detection rate rose with increasing tumor size (P = .011) and lymph node involvement (P < .001). Systemic relapse and death from breast cancer occurred in 31.7% and 26.9% of the BM-positive patients versus 13.7% and 10.9% of BM-negative patients, respectively (P < .001). Analyzing node-positive and node-negative patients separately, ITC positivity was associated with poor prognosis in the node-positive group and in node-negative patients not receiving adjuvant therapy (T1N0). In multivariate analysis, ITC in BM was an independent prognostic factor together with node, tumor, and ER/PgR status, histologic grade, and vascular invasion. In separate analysis of the T1N0 patients, histologic grade was independently associated with both distant disease-free survival (DDFS) and breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS), ITC detection was associated with BCSS, and vascular invasion was associated with DDFS. Conclusion: ITC in BM is an independent predictor of DDFS and BCSS. An unfavorable prognosis was observed for node-positive patients and for node-negative patients not receiving systemic therapy. A combination of several independent prognostic factors can classify subgroups of patients into excellent and high-risk prognosis groups.
Preparation of Nano-sized Nickel Metal Particles by Microwave Irradiation
Authors: Wada Yuji , Kuramoto Hiromitsu , Sakata Takao , Mori Hirotaro , Sumida Takayuki , Kitamura Takayuki , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Nano-sized nickel metal particles having narrow size-distribution were prepared through reduction of Ni(OH)2 with ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. The average particle size was controlled between 5-8 nm by changing the irradiation time and irradiation power.
New Anionic Conductor KSbF4 with Fluorite Structure
Authors: Yamada Koji , Ohnuki Yasumasa , Ohki Hiroshi , Okuda Tsutomu 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
A new fluoride ion conductor, β-form of KSbF4, was synthesized and characterized by the conductivity, DTA, XRD, and 19F NMR measurements. The low temperature modification, α-form, showed an irreversible phase transition at 455 K accompanied by a steep increase in conductivity. This high temperature modification was stable on cooling and belongs to a cubic system above 420 K with a disordered fluorite structure. 19F NMR linewidth measurement for this modification suggested a high conductivity due to the fluoride ion.
Extraordinarily Thermostable Photodichroism of Poly(4-cyano-4′-methacryloyloxyazobenzene) Films
Authors: Kidowaki Masatoshi , Fujiwara Takenori , Ichimura Kunihiro 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Linearly-polarized-light-induced optical anisotropy of a thin film of polymethacrylate with p-cyanoazobenzenes side chains is enhanced at elevated temperatures to display anomalously high stability toward heat and light.
A Novel “Chemical Scissors” Route to Nanocrystallites
Authors: Xie Yi , Yan Ping , Qian Yitai 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
A new strategy, called “chemical scissors” route, utilizing nucleophilic attack to cut the undesired parts off a single-source precursor is proposed, which can significantly reduce the reaction temperature in comparison with simple pyrolysis. As examples, reactions of metal diethyldithiocarbamate (M = Pb, Hg, Cu, Mn, Ag) (acting as the single-source precursor) in ethylenediamine (acting as the scissors and solvent) at 10–100 °C result in nanocrystalline MS (M = Pb, Hg, Mn), Ag2S and Cu1.8S.
Molecular Imprinting of Cyclodextrin in Water for the Recognition of Peptides
Authors: Asanuma Hiroyuki , Kajiya Kentaro , Hishiya Takayuki , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Vinyl monomer of 6-O-α-D-glucosyl-β-cyclodextrin was molecularly imprinted to dipeptides in water. The obtained polymers efficiently and selectively bound the template under physiological conditions. This method is applicable to various guests having versatile functional residues.
Morphological Observation of Tetracyanoquinodimethane Deposited from Solution onto the Atomically Smooth Native Oxide Surface of an Al(111) Film by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Higo Morihide , Lu X , Mazur U , Hipps K W 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Morphology of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) deposited from solutions onto atomically smooth native oxide surfaces of Al(111) films was observed for the first time by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The bearing analysis of the AFM images showed that TCNQ is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the oxidized Al films as both a uniform film on a nm scale and micron sized particles with many morphologies.
Formation of Kinetically Stabilized Dithiiranes by Treating Thione S-Oxides Bearing a Bulky Substituent with Lawesson’s Reagent
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Kodaki Keiichi , Aoyagi Shigenobu , Takikawa Yuji , Kabuto Chizuko 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Treatment of sterically crowded thione S-oxides derived from d-camphor with Lawesson’s reagent afforded dithiiranes along with deoxygenation of the starting materials, and the mixtures were subjected to mCPBA oxidation to give the corresponding dithiirane S-oxides and thione S-oxides.
Mechanistic Studies of the Photo-decomposition of Substituted Bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3,5-triazine Sensitized by Merocyanine Dye
Authors: Kawamura Koichi 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
The photochemistry of a merocyanine dye (1)/triazine (2) two-component system that could be used as a visible light radical generator in photopolymerization formulations has been investigated. The electron transfer from excited merocyanine to triazine to generate a reactive photoinitiating radical was proposed based on fluorescence quenching experiments and a product analysis study.
Subpicosecond Pulse Radiolysis Study of Geminate Ion Recombination in Liquid Benzene
Authors: Okamoto Kazumasa , Saeki Akinori , Kozawa Takahiro , Yoshida Yoichi , Tagawa Seiichi 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
Subpico- and picosecond pulse radiolyses were carried out to investigate geminate ion recombination in neat benzene. The fast decay of dimer radical cation corresponding to geminate ion recombination with an electron was directly observed for the first time. The characteristic lifetime and average initial distance between a thermalized electron and its parent cation were estimated to be 1.2 ps and 3.2 nm.
A Novel Brønsted Acid–base System as Anhydrous Proton Conductors for Fuel Cell Electrolytes
Authors: Susan Md A B H , Yoo Migyung , Nakamoto Hirofumi , Watanabe Masayoshi 
Published: August 2003

Abstract
A super-strong acid, bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide, was combined with 4,4′-trimethylenedipyridine at various molar ratios to prepare a novel series of Brønsted acid–base ionic liquids. The protic neutral salt was electroactive for H2 oxidation and O2 reduction at a platinum electrode under non-humidifying condition, which shows the potential of pyridinal systems as new fuel cell electrolytes for elevated temperature operation and foretells the polymeric model of solid-state anhydrous proton conductors.
Diarrhea, respiratory infections, protozoan gastrointestinal parasites, and child growth in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Moffat Tina 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe differential impact of diarrhea, respiratory infections, and protozoan parasitism on growth is investigated among children under five years of age living in periurban Kathmandu, Nepal. The children's parents are all carpet‐making workers who live in an environment with crowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and contaminated water. Anthropometric data, both cross‐sectional and longitudinal, were collected over a 9‐month period. Morbidity data were gathered from maternal reports, and a subsample of children's stools were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. In a comparison of current growth status and growth velocity for children with and without diarrhea and respiratory infections, it is found that body weight is most affected by infections, particularly for children under 24 months of age. For a subsample of children whose stools were tested for parasites, there is a statistically significant association between stunting (low height‐for‐age) and the presence of a protozoan gastrointestinal parasite. It is concluded that although growth faltering is associated with diarrhea and respiratory infections, the impact of these infections is of less importance for long‐term linear growth retardation than is infection by protozoan gastrointestinal parasites. Am J Phys Anthropol 121:000–000, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring artificial cranial deformation using elliptic Fourier analysis of procrustes aligned outlines
Authors: Frieß Martin , Baylac Michel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe anatomical effects of artificial cranial deformation on the face and the base have been subject to various metric approaches, including standard linear as well as finite element techniques, and have produced controversial results (Antón [1989] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 79:253–267; Kohn et al. [1993] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 90:147–158). It can be argued that diverging observations partly result from methodological constraints. The present study compares samples of intentionally deformed and undeformed human crania, using elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), a morphometric approach which has been shown to be particularly appropriate for characterizing the shape of two‐dimensional outlines and associated shape changes. We improve the standard EFA approach by adding a preliminary orientation of the outlines following the rotation parameters of a Procrustes superimposition, using multiple homologous landmarks called control points. The results confirm that circumferentially deformed skulls exhibit modifications of the basioccipital region, together with increased anterior and inferior facial projection. However, the degree to which basioccipital flattening is modified in circumferentially deformed Peruvians was found to be less marked than changes observed in the face. Some of the modifications observed here can be related to morphological trends existing in the population from which our sample was taken. The observation of other modifications may be subject to methodological constraints of standard morphometric approaches. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diurnality and cone photopigment polymorphism in strepsirrhines: Examination of linkage in Lemur catta
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H. , Deegan Jess F. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTrichromatic color vision is routine among catarrhine primates, but occurs only as a variant form of color vision in some individuals in most platyrrhine genera. This arises from a fundamental difference in the organization of X‐chromosome cone opsin genes in these two lineages: catarrhines have two opsin genes specifying middle‐ and long‐wavelength‐sensitive cone pigments, while platyrrhines have only a single gene. Some female platyrrhine monkeys achieve trichromacy because of a species polymorphism that allows the possibility of different opsin gene alleles on the two X‐chromosomes. Recently, a similar opsin gene polymorphism was detected in some diurnal strepsirrhines, while at the same time appearing to be absent in any nocturnal genera. The aim of this study was to assess whether cone pigment polymorphism is inevitably linked to diurnality in strepsirrhines. Cone photopigments were measured in a species usually classified as diurnal, the ring‐tailed lemur (Lemur catta), using electroretinogram flicker photometry, a noninvasive electrophysiological procedure. Each of 12 animals studied was found to have the same middle‐wavelength cone pigment, with peak sensitivity at about 547 nm. In conjunction with earlier results, this implies that cone pigment polymorphism is unlikely to exist in this species and that, accordingly, such variation is not a consistently predictable feature of vision in diurnal strepsirrhines. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.