bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
If Horses Had Hands …
Authors: Tyler Tom 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the contentious and confused notion of anthropomorphism. Beginning with an overview of the term's etymology and present use, it examines the arguments of those who believe it to be unscientific and demeaning, and those who believe it to be an inevitable and useful pragmatic strategy. The German philosopher Heidegger (1937/1984) raises the more serious objection, though, that as a concept anthropomorphism is not even meaningful. Supplementing his argument with examples drawn from evolutionary theory and elsewhere, the paper concludes that use of the term, anthropomorphism, commits one to an undesirable anthropocentrism, which shackles thought concerning the possible relationships between human and nonhuman animal beings.
Crossover Animal Fantasy Series: Crossing Cultural and Species as Well as Age Boundaries
Authors: Copeland Marion 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCrossover fantasy series such as Harry Potter (Rowling, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003), designed to appeal to readers of all ages, have received much popular and critical attention. Series like His Dark Materials (Pullman, 1995, 1997, 2000), more sophisticated and complex than Rowling's, have benefited from Harry Potter's press. In Rowling, nonhuman animals play roles but are not foregrounded. They are not central to action or theme or, in any sense, developed characters. Pullman's books foreground nonhumans and develop their characters. His three novels, however, belong to their human protagonists. In the worlds of true Crossover Animal Fantasy Series such as The Wolves of Time and The Duncton Trilogies (Horwood, 1997, 1989), the novels belong to their nonhuman protagonists. This review essay suggests how understanding the characteristics of Crossover Animal Fantasy Series enhances readers' imaginative grasp of the lives of other species. The best of these series cross cultural, species, and age boundaries, and are an unsung force in bringing about a paradigm shift that will affect our cultural perception of nonhumans.
The Impact of Household Slaves on the Jewish Family in Roman Palestine
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn late antiquity most of the slaves owned by Jewish slave owners in Roman Palestine seem to have been domestic slaves. These slaves formed an integral part of the Jewish household and played an important role within the family economy. In a number of respects the master-slave relationship resembled the wife-husband, child-father, and student-teacher relationships, and affectionate bonds between the slave and his master (or nursling) would have an impact on relationships between other members of the family. Master and slave were linked to each other through mutual ties of dependency which counteracted the basic powerlessness of slaves. On the other hand, slaves had to suffer sexual exploitation and were considered honorless. Rabbinic sources reveal both similarities and differences between Jewish and Graeco-Roman attitudes toward slaves. The Jewish view of the master-slave relationship also served as the basis for its metaphorical use.
The Dream of Alexander in Josephus ANT. 11.325-39
Authors: Kim Tae Hun 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn dialogue with the remarkably insightful publication "Alexander the Great and Jaddua the High Priest According to Josephus" by Shaye J. D. Cohen (1982-83), this article argues that the story of Alexander-Jaddua meeting in Antiquities may be more persuasively explained as a propagandistic mixture of elements found in several types of ancient dream narratives rather than as a single type such as the soteriological epiphany as defined by Cohen. Cohen's classification relies heavily upon how Alexander's dream narrative functions in the larger context, but the theme and content of Alexander's dream narrative are in themselves not soteriological but a propagandistic divine legitimization of his conquest.
Die Drei Jüdischen Schulrichtungen Nach Josephus Und Hippolyt Von Rom: Zu den Paralleltexten Josephus, B.J. 2,119-166 und Hippolyt, Haer. IX 18,2-29,4
Authors: Bergmeier Roland 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA solid literary analysis of all the ancient texts referring to the Essenes leads to the conclusion that common sources are needed to explain the similarities between the different accounts of the group. So the correspondences between Philo's accounts and those of Josephus are best explained by the thesis of a common Hellenistic Jewish source on the Essaeans. Further, we have to pay attention to the fact that the longest account of the Essenes is a composite text, partly referring to a three-school description, i.e. the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. Whenever Josephus speaks of the Essenes as determined in B.J. 2.119-161 he uses references to this text. Some scholars believe that this Josephan text and Hippolytus, Haer. 9.18-28, go back to a common source, too. But the validity of this thesis cannot be proved. First of all, these two texts must not be reduced to the description of the Essenes. All in all (B.J. 2.119-166; Haer. 9.18.2-29.4) they are three-school descriptions and this in the same manner and sequence, with the same lacks, and often by the same words. The correspondences between Philo's accounts and those of Josephus are no longer present in Hippolytus' version. The additional and unparalleled features in Hippolytus' text are no older core material that was lost in the Josephus version but contributions of the Church Father himself which bear all signs of his apologetic interests, his style and his theology. So Josephus, B.J. 2.119-166, was the very source of Hippolytus. Contra E. Puech, the sayings of the Church Father cannot give evidence of the eschatology of the Qumran community.
Gender and Divine Relativity in Philo of Alexandria
Authors: Conway Colleen 
Published: February 2004

AbstractPhilo's apparent divinization of Moses is considered vis-à-vis ancient conceptions of gender. Philo's Moses is a perfect illustration of the ideology of masculinity evident in a wide range of Greco-Roman literature. Moreover, with Philo's Moses, perfect masculinity is commensurate with divinity, but both remain relative to the "asexual masculinity" of God.
Effects of the components of positive airway pressure on work of breathing during bronchospasm
Authors: Miro Adelaida M , Pinsky Michael R , Rogers Paul L 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Introduction
Partial assist ventilation reduces work of breathing in patients with bronchospasm; however, it is not clear which components of the ventilatory cycle contribute to this process. Theoretically, expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP), by reducing expiratory breaking, may be as important as inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) in reducing work of breathing during acute bronchospasm.

Method
We compared the effects of 10 cmH2O of IPAP, EPAP, and continuous positive airwaypressure (CPAP) on inspiratory work of breathing and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) in a canine model of methacholine-induced bronchospasm.

Results
Methacholine infusion increased airway resistance and work of breathing. During bronchospasm IPAP and CPAP reduced work of breathing primarily through reductions in transdiaphragmatic pressure per tidal volume (from 69.4 ± 10.8 cmH2O/l to 45.6 ± 5.9 cmH2O/l and to 36.9 ± 4.6 cmH2O/l, respectively; P < 0.05) and in diaphragmatic pressure–time product (from 306 ± 31 to 268 ± 25 and to 224 ± 23, respectively; P < 0.05). Pleural pressure indices of work of breathing were not reduced by IPAP and CPAP. EPAP significantly increased all pleural and transdiaphragmatic work of breathing indices. CPAP and EPAP similarly increased EELV above control by 93 ± 16 ml and 69 ± 12 ml, respectively. The increase in EELV by IPAP of 48 ± 8 ml (P < 0.01) was significantly less than that by CPAP and EPAP.

Conclusion
The reduction in work of breathing during bronchospasm is primarily induced by the IPAP component, and that for the same reduction in work of breathing by CPAP, EELV increases more.
Occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Steultjens Esther MJ , Dekker Joost , Bouter Lex M , van de Nes Jos CM , Lambregts Brigitte LM , van den Ende Cornelia HM 
Published: February 2004

Objective: Occupational therapy (OT) for cerebral palsy focuses on the development of skills necessary for the performance of activities of daily living. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether OT interventions improve outcome for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: An extensive search in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED and SCISEARCH was performed. Studies with controlled and uncontrolled designs were included. Six intervention categories were distinguished and individually analysed using a best-evidence synthesis. This synthesis is based on the type of design, the methodological quality, the type of outcome measures and the statistical significance of the findings. Results: Seventeen studies were included in this review, seven of which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs). One RCT had a high methodological quality. The analyses resulted in insufficient evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in all intervention categories, due to the low methodological quality of studies presenting statistically nonsignificant results. Conclusion: Despite the reasonable number of studies identified, the inconclusive findings regarding the efficacy of occupational therapy for children with cerebral palsy may be a reflection of the difficulties in efficacy research in OT for children with CP. Future research should critically reflect on methodological issues.
A systematic review of the methodological quality and extent to which evaluation studies measure the usability of orthopaedic shoes
Authors: Jannink Michiel JA , van Dijk Henk , de Vries Jaap , Groothoff Johan W , Lankhorst Gustaaf J 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To determine the methodological quality of studies evaluating orthopaedic shoes and orthopaedic shoe provisions. To what extent do studies evaluating orthopaedic shoes prescribed for patients with degenerative disorders of the foot, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and neurological foot disorders, focus on the aspects of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) definition of usability, i.e., effectiveness, efficiency, satisfaction, and context of use? Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning orthopaedic shoes and orthopaedic shoe inserts. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed independently by two raters, based on the 19 items of the ‘Maastricht–Amsterdam criteria list’. The studies were assessed against the parameters of the ISO definition of usability. Results: Eleven RCTs were included. The methodological scores ranged from 8 to 14 out of 19 possible points. Eleven studies focused on the effectiveness of the orthopaedic shoes and orthopaedic shoe inserts, two of which reported outcome measures and conclusions related to the efficiency of the studied orthopaedic shoes and orthopaedic shoe inserts. Four studies reported some form of patient satisfaction and only three studies paid attention to the context of use. Conclusions: The methodological quality of the RCTs as assessed according to the 19 different criteria varied considerably. The present review shows that current scientific literature concerning the usability of orthopaedic shoes focuses mainly on effectiveness at the expense of the other domains of usability, i.e., efficiency, satisfaction and context of use.
Outcomes of progressive resistance strength training following stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Morris Susan L , Dodd Karen J , Morris Meg E 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To determine whether progressive resistance strength training reduces impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions after stroke. Methods: Electronic databases were searched to find trials conducted from 1966 to 2002. Articles were assessed independently by two reviewers according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) population: adults with stroke, (2) intervention: progressive resistive strength training in isolation, and (3) outcomes: changes in body function, physical activity or societal participation. Results: From the 350 articles initially identified, eight met the criteria for detailed review. Three were randomized controlled trials, with the remainder being single-case time-series analyses or pre–post trials. The five trials that measured impairments of muscle strength showed positive outcomes for progressive resistance strength training, with large effect sizes ( d = 1.2–4.5). Few negative effects of strength training were reported, and these were minor. Only three of the eight trials that measured activity limitations reported improvements in activities such as walking and stair climbing. The effects of strength training on societal participation could not be determined due to insufficient data. Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence that progressive resistance strength training programmes reduce musculoskeletal impairment after stroke. Whether strengthening enhances the performance of functional activities or participation in societal roles remains unknown.
Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lincoln N B , Walker M F , Dixon A , Knights P 
Published: February 2004

Objectives: There is inconclusive evidence of the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation by a community stroke team. The aim was to evaluate a specialist multiprofessional team in a community setting. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Community. Participants: Stroke patients and their informal carers who were referred to receive rehabilitation from a community stroke team. Outcome measures: Barthel Index, Extended Activities of Daily Living Scale (EADL), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) by patient and carer, Carer Strain Index (CSI), Euroquol, knowledge of stroke and satisfaction with services six months after recruitment. Results: There were no significant differences between patients who received rehabilitation from community stroke team ( n = 189) and those who received routine care ( n = 232) in their independence in activities of daily living, mood, quality of life or knowledge of stroke. The patients in the community stroke team group were significantly more satisfied with the emotional support they had received ( p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the groups in satisfaction with practical help or overall satisfaction. Carers of patients in the community stroke team were under significantly less strain than carers in the routine care group ( p < 0.04). Carers of patients in the community stroke team group were significantly more satisfied with their knowledge of stroke ( p < 0.01) and were more satisfied overall ( p < 0.01). Conclusions: The patients treated by the community stroke team were more satisfied with the emotional support they received and had equivalent outcomes in terms of independence in activities of daily living and mood. Their carers were under less strain and were more satisfied with their knowledge of stroke recovery, the emotional support they received and overall satisfaction with services. The results support the provision of rehabilitation by a community-based specialist multiprofessional team.
Neurophysiological and behavioural adaptations to a bilateral training intervention in individuals following stroke
Authors: Lewisand Gwyn N , Byblow Winston D 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To examine the neurophysiological and behavioural adaptations to a bilateral training protocol in individuals with hemiparesis due to stroke. Design: Subjects performed daily practice sessions of three specific upper limb tasks over a four-week period. Performance of the tasks was recorded on video for later analysis over the duration of the study. For the first week of the training period the tasks were practised with the impaired upper limb. Only then, with a random start day between 8 and 13, the tasks were practised using a bilateral training protocol. Functional assessments of the affected upper limb and neurophysiological investigations of contra-and ipsilateral pathways from the affected and nonaffected cortical hemispheres were completed prior to the start of the intervention, at the end of the unimanual practice period, and at the conclusion of the bimanual practice period. Subjects: Six individuals between one month and four years post stroke. Interventions: Unimanual and bimanual training protocols. Main measures: Task performance with the affected limb only; motor impairment of the affected upper limb; ipsi-and contralateral corticospinal pathway excitability. Results: Baseline task performance varied markedly between subjects. Most individuals demonstrated little, if any, additional beneficial effect of bimanual practice on task performance. Results of neurophysiological investigations were inconsistent between subjects. Conclusions: Short-term bilateral training following unilateral training may have limited effectiveness in enhancing upper limb motor performance in acute and chronic individuals poststroke. The neural mechanisms associated with bilateral activation therapies remain uncertain.
The adjunctive role of mental practice in the rehabilitation of the upper limb after hemiplegic stroke: a pilot studya
Authors: Crosbie Jacqueline H , McDonough Suzanne M , Gilmore David H , Wiggam M Ivan 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To assess the feasibility and practicalities of using the technique of mental practice as an adjunct in the rehabilitation of the upper limb following stroke. Design: A series of single-case studies. Setting: A stroke rehabilitation unit in Belfast. Subjects: Fourteen patients admitted for rehabilitation of their first stroke: six men and four women, aged 45–81 between 10 and 176 days post stroke. Intervention: Each patient underwent a single-case design, with two weeks baseline, two weeks intervention and one week withdrawal. The intervention consisted of structured daily mental practice sessions of a reach and grasp task, in addition to their usual therapy. Main outcome measures: The upper limb component of the Motricity Index was used to grade motor activity sequentially across the timescale of the study. Results: Of the 14 patients recruited, four withdrew and 10 completed the study. Nine showed improvement in upper limb Motricity Index score with mental practice as measured by the two-band standard deviation method. One of these cases demonstrated an unstable baseline such that changes could not be attributed to intervention. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that mental practice may be useful as an adjunct to physiotherapy after stroke.
Evaluation of a pilot service designed to provide support following stroke: a randomized cross-over design study
Authors: Corr Susan , Phillips Ceri J , Walker Marion 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To evaluate a day service for people aged 18–55 years who had a stroke. Design: A randomized cross-over study design was used, randomly allocating individuals to attend the service for six months followed by a period of no attendance for six months. Setting: A day service pilot project was launched in Cardiff in July 1995 for people who were aged between 18 and 55 years and had a stroke. It met one day a week. Subjects: Twenty-six participants were recruited to the study between June 1998 and February 2000. Their mean age was 48 years (SD = 7). Interventions: The service aimed to offer participants the opportunity to identify and pursue meaningful and realistic opportunities within the community. A range of activities occurred at the service including creative activities and social outings. Main outcome measures: The Barthel ADL Index, Extended ADL Scale, Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire, Short Form 36, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, the Role Checklist and the Semantic Differential Self Concept Scale were used to assess the outcomes from the service. Results: Attending the service increased occupational performance and satisfaction with performance but there was no evidence that depression and anxiety were reduced or that quality of life and self-concept were improved. Conclusion: Although there were some gains from attending the service there were also many unmet needs. Further research is required to continue to identify how best to meet the needs of individuals post stroke under retirement age.
Eficacy of vestibular rehabilitation on chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction
Authors: Topuz Oya , Topuz Bülent , Ardiç F Necdet , Sarhus Merih , Ögmen Gülsen , Ardiç Füsun 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To assess the efficacy of vestibular rehabilitation exercises on patients with chronic unilateral vestibular dysfunction. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic and Otolaryngology Clinic of a tertiary referral hospital. Subjects: One-hundred and twenty-five patients with unilateral chronic vestibular dysfunction were included in the study. Interventions: Eight-week, two-staged (clinic and home) vestibular rehabilitation programme with components of Cawthorne-Cooksey and Norre exercises was applied. Main outcome measures: Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and visual analogue scale (VAS) were completed three times (at the beginning, end of the second week and end of the treatment). Results: Data for 112 patients in the first stage and 93 patients in the second stage were evaluated because of insufficient compliance of the other patients. The mean DHI score was decreased from 50.42 ± 24.12 points to 21.21 ± 15.97 points ( p < 0.001) at the end of first two weeks, and to 19.93 ± 19.33 points at the end of the whole treatment. The mean VAS score was decreased from 5.87 ± 2.27 to 2.02 ± 1.75 ( p < 0.001) at the end of second week, and to 1.51 ± 1.29 at the end of eighth week. In respect to both VAS and DHI scores, improvement was noted in 67 patients (77.4%). Age, gender and disability level had no predictive value about therapy outcome. Conclusions: There was a fast recovery in the supervised exercise session, whereas there was no significant difference in the home exercise session. These findings suggest that either supervised exercise is better than home exercise or that 10 supervised sessions are sufficient to get the end result.