bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitrust, Law and Economics, and the Courts
Authors: Kaplow Louis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the past decade, a new picture of the antitrust landscape has begun to emerge. The dominant emphasis of the ever more popular view concerns the ascendance of economics in antitrust decision making and doctrine, particularly in Supreme Court adjudication, which is leading the way for the lower courts. Moreover, it is not just economic analysis in the abstract that supposedly has come to the forefront but the strand of economic argument associated with the Chicago School.
The Messianic Idea and Zionist Ideologies
Authors: Myers Jody Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is commonplace to note the close relationship between the messianic idea and Zionist thought. Still missing is a clarification of the essential distinctions between messianism and Zionism. For example, in his classic essay on the Zionist idea, Arthur Hertzberg describes the differences in the broadest of terms:Hertzberg characterizes this transformation as the “secularization of the messianic ideal.’’ Jacob Katz also does little more than assert the this-worldly turn of religious belief: ‘‘In [modern Zionism] Jewish messianic belief was, so to speak, purged of its miraculous elements, and retained only its political, social and some of its spiritual objectives.
“Forcing the End”: Zionism and the State of Israel as Antimessianic Undertakings
Authors: Ravitzky Aviezer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In S. Y. Agnon’s ‘‘ A Whole Loaf,’ the narrator introduces us to two of his oldest and closest friends. One is Dr. Yekutiel Neeman, who clearly represents Moses, the Faithful One (neeman) of the House of the Lord; the other, Mr. Gressler, is the very image of Satan, the embodiment of the Evil Urge and its seductions.1 The narrator experiences many personal reversals and finds himself buffeted back and forth repeatedly between these two. But when Gressler, the demonic friend, causes the narrator’s home and all his possessions to go up in smoke, he decides to put an end to Gressler’s seductive mischief. He breaks off the friendship, “buries himself in the book of Yekutiel Neeman” and finally packs up and leaves for Eretz Israel (Palestine).
A Neglected Chapter in the History of Christian Zionism in America: William E. Blackstone and the Petition of 1916
Authors: Ariel Yaakov 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last two decades, the evidence of American Christian evangelical support of Israel has become increasingly noticeable. Evangelicals have taken up the Israeli cause, as they see it, and have been numbered among the most vociferous champions of Israel in America. Leading evangelists in the United States have promoted in both their sermons and writings the idea that Israel fulfills a role and purpose in God’s plans for the End of Days.The support of Zionism on the basis of messianic expectations has a long history in American Christianity. Even before the rise of political Zionism, there were American Protestants who promoted in words and deeds the idea that a Jewish state should be established in Palestine. With the emergence of the Zionist movement in America, Christian protagonists of Jewish restoration extended their help and support.
Birth Pangs of the Messiah: The Reflections of Two Polish Rabbis on Their Era
Authors: Bacon Gershon C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace to state that traditional Judaism in its struggle against modernizing and secularizing forces inside and outside the Jewish community insisted on the continued relevance of the messianic idea. Orthodox spokesmen resisted any attempt to transform the messianic era into a metaphor, bereft of national content, for universal peace or economic justice.1 Yet despite this virtual consensus, there was considerable debate within Orthodox ranks over the nature of the messianic era. The significance of the debate was not merely theological or intellectual; disagreement over these issues was directly related to differences in religious and political behavior. The multiplicity of responses to the issue of messianism reveals how wide a range of Orthodox perspectives concerning the bewildering modem era could exist side by side.
The Yishuv and the Jews in Europe, 1938-1945 A Current Debate: An Introductory Note
Authors: Bauer Yehuda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemporary issues inevitably affect historical debates. The history of the Holocaust is no exception to this rule. It is, therefore, hardly surprising that the role of the Yishuv and its leadership during the Holocaust has become a central issue in both topical political debates and historical writing. Ever since the so-called Kasztner trial in the 1950s, the question has been asked (primarily, of course, in Israel) whether the leadership of the Yishuv during the Second Wodd War did everything it could have done to aid in the rescue of European Jewry.
Renaissance Florence: Who Needs a University?
Authors: Brucker Gene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like their counterparts across the Alps, Italian universities in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were very unstable institutions. Even the most renowned, and the most durable, at Bologna and Padua, experienced periods of closure, of migrations of teachers and students, during times of plague and civic unrest. A poignant letter from the 1390s has survived from a law student at Bologna, who was about to take his doctoral examination, and indeed had been assured by his professors that he would pass with distinction, when an outbreak of the plague forced the authorities to suspend all university ac tivities.1 But these disruptions of academic routines did not affect the educational process as seriously as would be the case today. Professors and students moved easily and frequently from one university to another, since the instructional program was based, in every discipline, on the same texts, upon which the professors expounded and which the students absorbed. One must remember, too, the small size of these schools, comprising usually no more than twenty or thirty professors and sometimes fewer, and only a few hundred students. This modest scale and the austerity of the school’s administrative structure resulted in very low overhead. Decisions about a university’s operation-opening or closing, expanding or contracting-could be made expedi tiously by the officials responsible for these academic enterprises.
Afterword
Authors: Bender Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A moment’s reflection about the city and the university-and their interrelations-prompts a startling recognition. Considering several conventional and formal sociological characteristics-secularity, tolerance, specialization, con centration, diversity-one is tempted to assume that a homology exists be tween the university and the city. Such thinking is apparent in several of these essays, and it is explicitly and effectively deployed in J. K. Hyde’s essay on medieval Italian cities and universities. By making this point, even in the most general terms, Hyde is able to elucidate with great effect the difference between the monastery and the university as alternative sponsors of higher learning.
Conclusion
Authors: Kohl Lawrence Frederick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the Revolution and the 1830s dramatic social change transformed America and Americans. Rapid modernization swept away the remnants of traditional society and left a social order dominated by an ethic of individualism. While the community no longer controlled the individual’s life, neither was it responsible any longer for his success or failure. Cut adrift from society, the American was expected to think, act, and provide for himself. He had to make his way alone in a world of strangers.
Imagining a Psychology of Composition
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Composition is beginning now to reflect more explicitly on a metatheoretical puzzle that is of critical importance to its identity as a field: what is the nature and significance of its relation to other disciplines? I will approach that issue obliquely, by posing a different kind of question about such relations in a given case. The case is psychology, and the usual question would take this form: what knowledge can psychology contribute to composition? Instead I will ask: How can we imagine, or construct, a psychology of composition?
The Third Way: Paul Ricoeur and the Problem of Method
Authors: Phelps Louise Wetherbee 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In composition, as in any systematic study, metatheory has a broadly critical function for a set of theories or possible theories. The metatheorist attempts to answer questions like these: what topics and problems should a theory in the field address? What relations hold among theories? What grounds would justify choosing one over another? Corresponding to theories in a field are methods of research and analysis, ways that a given discipline characteristically employs to study its chosen objects and topics. Method is in a sense the dynamic or processual counterpart to theory, so that in linguistics, for example, Chomsky’s theory of language introduced a rationalistic method into a discipline dominated to that point by empirical studies.
The Origins of Dien Bien Phu, 21 May–20 November 1953
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gen. Henri Navarre, who replaced Gen. Raoul Salan in May 1953, has always seemed an unlikely choice as commander in chief, Indochina. As an enlisted man and young officer, he spent two and a half years in the trenches in World War I, and during the early days of World War II, he was the chief of the German section of the French intelligence organization. He fled France with Weygand in 1940, but in 1942 returned to join the Resistance. After the Allied landings of 1944, he commanded an armored regiment in the French army, and by 1950 he had risen to command the 5th French Armored Division in occupied Germany. When appointed to the Indochina command, he was fifty-five years old and chief of staff, NATO Land Forces, Western Europe.
The Year of Crisis 1964
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decision of the Ninth Plenum of the Lao Dong party announced in December 1963 to expand North Vietnamese support of the war in the South was quickly followed by a ferocious campaign led by Le Duan and the other Southerners against Giap, Truong Chinh, and the other “revisionists” In February 1964, Le Due Tho, one of Le Duan’s lieutenants, announced a “rectification” program, and an accompanying editorial described the combating of “modem revisionism” as “urgent.”1 On 11 February a radio broadcast from Hanoi stated that an “indoctrination” campaign had been initiated in North Vietnam to bring about “vigorous changes” in the attitudes of some North Vietnamese toward the war in the South. The broadcast did not announce the names of those being indoctrinated; this came from another source.
“Oley’s War,” ‘Westy’s War,” and “Nobody’s War” 1966
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In January 1966, General Westmoreland had more on his mind than his award as 1965’s Man of the Year. A tough, multifaceted war was brewing, and its lack of progress disquieted Westmoreland and the other American leaders. The four-pronged American strategy for waging that war had been firmed up by early 1966. The first prong was ROLLING THUNDER, the bombing of North Vietnam. In the senior headquarters in Saigon, Honolulu, and the Pentagon, ROLLING THUNDER was called “Oley’s War,” named for Admiral “Oley” Sharp, CINCPAC. Officially, he directed the air attacks against the North, although President Johnson and Secretary McNamara actually controlled them.
Defeat 1975
Authors: Davidson Phillip B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beginning on 18 December 1974, a week before the attack on Don Luan, the North Vietnamese Politburo and Military Committee met once more to determine the operational concepts governing its 1975 campaign. The NVA General Staff remained cautious, tentatively selecting a series of attacks which would expand its “ logistic corridor” east of the Annamites. The staff selected as its main effort a three-division attack on Due Lop, a minor post on Highway 14 in the Southern Highlands. Although the Highlands area was not his responsibility, the irrepressible Gen. Tran Van Tra gave the General Staff the benefit of his strategic acumen anyway. He told them that Due Lop was unimportant, and that if the General Staff planned to use three divisions, that it should use them against something significant, and suggested Ban Me Thuot. And Ban Me Thuot was significant. It sat astride Highway 14, the main northsouth road inland, and Highway 21, which connected Ban Me Thuot to the sea at Nha Trang and Phan Rang. It was a large town, the capital of Darlac province, and the site of an RVNAF air base.
Foundations of Continuity: Pomeranian Agriculture and Landownership from the Reform Era to World War II
Authors: Baranowski Shelley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE HISTORY OF Germany has often entailed the search for continuities to explain that nation’s violent course until the collapse of the Third Reich resulted in its occupation and and division. Because of the horrors of National socialism, identifying long-term trends unfavorable to Germany’s development as a nation-state has become morally as well as intellectually compelling. Once it was commonplace to expose the roots of Nazism as far back as the Reformation or the rise of Prussian absolutism. More recently, however, the Bismarckian “revolution from above” and the power of the anachronistic “pre-industrial” Junker elite have received greater emphasis.’ Yet such interpretations, sweeping as they are, risk excluding more recent, more contingent, and more relevant, explanations as they sow the seeds of Nazism m a more distant past. Indeed Germany’s political and social evolution produced alternatives to authoritarianism and to National Socialism that could have prevailed had the circumstances been “right,” or different choices pursued. Germany’s defeat in World War I and the formation of the Weimar Republic provided the most promising opportunities for democratization and the elimination of the structures that would foster Nazism. Nevertheless, Pomerania’s history forcefully attests to major continuities in German history; notably the longevity and impact of the East Elbian landed elite.
Performance
Authors: Bauman Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A mode of communicative behavior and a type of communicative event. While the term may be employed in an aesthetically neutral sense to designate the actual conduct of communication (as opposed to the potential for communicative action), performance usually suggests an aesthetically marked and heightened mode of communication, framed in a special way and put on display for an audience. The analysis of performance-in deed, the very conduct of performance-highlights the social, cultural, and aesthetic dimensions of the communicative process. In one common usage performance is the actual execution of an action as opposed to capacities, models, or other factors that represent the potential for such action or an abstraction from it. In the performing arts this distinction can be seen in the contrast between composed guidelines or models for artistic presentations, such as playscripts or musical scores, and the presentational rendition of those works before an audience.
Oral History
Authors: Lummis Trevor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essentially an account of firsthand experience, recalled retrospectively and communicated to an interviewer for historical purposes. Most practitioners would also argue that the interview should be recorded on a system of reproducible sound, thus preserving the spoken word as the original historical source. Oral history is a methodology, not a historical subfield such as political, economic, or social history. In its modem form it dates from the late 1940s, when tape recorders facilitated the collection and preservation of oral communications, but it had a number of precursors. At least since the time of the ancient Greeks, historians have asked participants in past events to communicate their memories as part of the historical record. Although these accounts exist only as documents, many historians accept them as early oral history because they had the clear historical purpose of collecting information that did not exist outside the living memories of participants in the events.
Oral Poetry
Authors: Finnegan Ruth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Poems that are unwritten either because the cultures in which they occur are partially or wholly nonliterate (like the traditional native cultures of Africa, Australia, Oceania, and America) or because oral forms are cherished despite a population’s overall literacy. The exact scope of the term is disputed, but it usually also includes poetry originally composed and per formed orally that has reached us through written transmission, like some of the early epics. Some scholars also include poetry transmitted or performed by nonwritten media, such as broadcast performances or modern pop lyrics. Oral poetry takes many forms. Oral epics are widely found, particularly in Eurasia, from historic cases like the early Babylonian, Greek, and Indian epics to the later Finnish Kalevala and contemporary or near contemporary Asian examples like Kirghiz or Mongol narrative poetry or the modern Indian Pa buji epic. Ballads-shorter or more lyrical narratives-are particularly associated with Euro-American tradition but are found in arguably comparable form in various areas of the world.
Gesture
Authors: Kendon Adam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bodily action other than speech that is recognized as being done in order to express something. It is considered separate from emotional expression and separate from other bodily actions such as tics, mannerisms, and nervous movements. These expressions and actions may be very revealing of a person’s current level of physiological arousal, emotional state, unconscious motives, social class, or cultural background, but to the extent that they are thought not to be under voluntary control, they are not regarded as gesture. The topic of gesture includes bodily movements that occur in close association with speech (gesticulation); expressive movements that can be used independently of speech and can serve as complete utterances on their own, such as the thumb up gesture, the shoulder-shrug, or shaking of the fist (autonomous gesture); gestural codes used in certain occupational circumstances in which speech is difficult or impossible, primary sign languages used in communities of the deaf, alternate sign languages used in some tribal and religious communities during periods when speech is forbidden, and the special elaboration of gesture found in religious RITUAL, as in the complex systems of mudras developed as part of the ritual of prayer in Tantric Buddhism; and the complex gestural systems found in some DANCE traditions, especially in India.
Puppetry
Authors: Arnott Peter D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The art of designing, constructing, and operating puppets and marionettes, usually in theatrical Performance. A puppet (from Latin pupa, “doll”) is an articulated figure controlled by external means. Most puppets represent human or animal forms, though they may also give movement to normally in animate objects or abstract shapes. While puppets can be life-size or larger, most are considerably smaller than their operators. Puppets are classified according to their means of control. Hand or glove puppets, of the familiar Punch-and-Judy type, are controlled directly by the puppeteer’s hand inside a cloth sleeve that forms the figure’s body. Rod puppets are controlled from below by slender rods. Shadow puppets are two dimensional cutout figures, also controlled by rods, that are held against a backlit screen to project black-and-white or tinted shadows. Marionettes are controlled from above by strings. The name (“little Mary”) is believed to have been derived from the practice of using puppets in medieval church plays, though this may be merely fanciful. Various combinations of control methods are also possible.
Valuable Sources of Information
Authors: Schwartz Samuel M , Friedman Mischa E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is an abundance of information about the NIH extramural programs. This chapter makes reference to some but not all available materials. More information can be obtained by contacting an Office of Sponsored Research at your institution, the ICD information offices listed at the end of the chapter, or from the NIH staff. Offices of Sponsored Research, or their equivalent, in applicant institutions can offer a variety of often overlooked services to assist in application submissions and in acquiring helpful information about NIH programs and those of other agencies. Also, the administrators of these offices are usually in a position to refer those seeking support to senior, knowledgeable investigators within the institution who have had experience with the NIH review and award process. These offices usually have application kits, brochures, and other references to federally sponsored programs. The NIH offers a large number of informative publications describing various facets of the extramural programs. The most useful are highlighted below, together with the name of the office to contact to obtain copies. These publications and other sources of information are valuable to either investigators or administrators at institutions competing for grant and contract support.
The Design of American Intelligence
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today over forty federal agencies have responsibilities for intelligence operations, including a dozen like the CIA with primarily a foreign mission. Together, according to various published reports, they employ around 150,000 individuals and spend upwards of $13 billion each year. They have become “the largest consumers and producers of information in the world-and thus in history.” The primary job of these agencies is to provide intelligence for the National Command Authority-that is, the president, the cabinet, and the Joint Chiefs of Staff-and for the Congress.
Congress and the New Intelligence Oversight
Authors: Johnson Loch K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Huston Plan, coupled with the additional shocks to the body politic resulting from the Watergate scandal and the failure in Vietnam, created a fresh skepticism about executive power in the United States-an attitude reminiscent of those held by America’s early forebearers. Hardly had the public caught its breath from the Watergate revelations when yet another scandal struck. As noted in chapter 1, New York Times reporter Seymour M. Hersh exposed in December 1974 the existence of Operation CHAOS, the CIA domestic surveillance program ordered by the Johnson and Nixon administrations and aimed at Vietnam War protesters.
Insuring Medical Mal practice
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book addresses a topic of great concern in the fields of medicine and medical economics. The cost of malpractice insurance to physicians has been increasing rapidly in recent years, and in some areas is not even available. The book describes and analyses, in a non-technical way, the workings of physicians’ own liability insurance.