bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON WATER INTAKE, FOOD INTAKE, AND BODY TEMPERATURE IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Holmes John E. , Miller Neal E. 
Published: June 2004

Intraperitoneal injections of Escherichia coli endotoxin in albino rats produces a decrease in food and water intake and a drop in body temperature.
The drop in temperature and in water intake is probably proportional to the size of the dose.
Using a behavioral test in which animals are trained to press a bar at a steady rate for intermittent food or water reward, it is possible to demonstrate the sudden onset of the toxin effect at 30 to 45 minutes after injection.
In any group of rats, all of whom were presumably exposed to E. coli, three types of response to toxin can be found: (a) Sharp reduction in water intake 30 minutes after injection. (b) Little or no change in intake or rate of working for water reward. (c) Immediate depression of work rate.
These three types of reaction appear related to previous experience with the toxin. The "normal" or "inexperienced" reaction a was seen in animals who had not been given toxin before. The "protected" reaction b, with little or no effect of toxin injection on response rate was frequently found 4 to 5 days after a previous injection. The "susceptible" reaction c was found in three animals after 14 or more days had passed since a previous injection.
Injections of toxin into the lateral hypothalamic region of four animals through implanted cannulae had no effect on the rate of bar pressing for water. Control injections of lidocaine blocked response rate completely for brief periods in three animals.
STREPTOCOCCAL M ANTIGEN LOCATION AND SYNTHESIS, STUDIED BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE
Authors: Hahn Jerome J. , Cole Roger M. 
Published: June 2004

Streptococcal M protein has been studied directly in the intact streptococcal cell by specific immunofluorescence. By this method, it can be seen to be concentrated in or on the cell wall, but cannot be detected in the capsule. The lack of type-specific (but not group-specific) immunofluorescence after trypsinization; and the inhibition of group-specific immunofluorescence by unlabeled type-specific antibody, are observations most compatible with a location of the M antigen determinants on the cell surface superficial to the group antigen.
M antigen is not "resynthesized" after trypsinization of living cells, but appears anew only at sites of new cell wall growth. A limited amount of such growth, leading sometimes to detectable amounts of M in the gross, can take place in deficient media without detectable increases in optical density of the cell population.
PROPERTIES OF GUINEA PIG 7S ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kourilsky F. M. , Bloch Kurt J. , Benacerraf B. , Ovary Z. 
Published: June 2004

Passive immune lysis of antigen-coated erythrocytes provoked in vitro by guinea pig γ2 antihapten antibodies in the presence of complement, is inhibited by guinea pig γ1 antibodies directed against the same specificity.
This inhibition of the lytic effect of complement-fixing γ2 antibodies is presumably due to the competition for antigen by non-lytic γ1 antibodies.
PRODUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE IN MICE AFTER REPEATED INJECTIONS OF DISRUPTED SPLEEN CELLS
Authors: Martinez C. , Smith J. M. , Blaese M. , Good R. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tolerance of male skin isografts has been regularly produced in female mice of the C57B1 strain sublines 1, 4, and 6 during adult life by repeated injection of completely disrupted spleen cells derived from male donors. The tolerant state is long-lasting since such grafts have remained in place more than 9 months.
2. Prolonged survival of homotransplants of skin has regularly been produced in DBA/2 mice during adult life by repeated injections of completely disrupted spleen cells from Balb/C donors. When injections of disrupted spleen cell material are continued over a sufficiently long period, permanent acceptance of the skin homografts may be obtained between these strains.
3. Immunological tolerance across even the strong H-2 histocompatibility barrier was obtained in the neonatal period and during adult life by repeated injection of disrupted spleen cell preparations. The tolerant state has been revealed by both mammary adenocarcinoma and skin homografting across this strong histocompatibility barrier.
4. In contradistinction to the tolerant state produced by injection of intact spleen cells in neonatal animals or during adult life or that produced by parabiotic union, the tolerance produced by repeated injection of disrupted spleen cell preparations cannot be transferred to syngenic neonatal mice with spleen cells of the tolerant animal.
5. The implications of these findings in transplantation biology and in consideration of the basic nature of tolerance are discussed.
THE PARTICULATE HYDROLASES OF MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. , Wiener Edith 
Published: June 2004

The influence of phagocytosis on the morphological and biochemical properties of macrophage hydrolase-containing granules has been studied in vitro. Following the uptake of large numbers of heat-killed bacteria, an intracellular rearrangement of hydrolytic enzymes occurred. This was associated with the solubilization of 50 to 60 per cent of the total cell content of acid phosphatase, cathepsin, lysozyme, beta glucuronidase, acid ribonuclease, and acid desoxyribonuclease and with a corresponding decrease in granule-bound enzyme. With more prolonged incubation the majority of the soluble intracellular pool of acid ribonuclease and lysozyme was lost to the extracellular medium. No change in the total content of any of the hydrolases was noted during 180 minutes of incubation in vitro.
The morphological fate of the granules was studied by a histochemical method for acid phosphatase. After the phagocytosis of yeast cell walls there was a disappearance of acid phosphatase-positive granules and an accumulation of reaction product about the ingested particle. Experiments employing macrophages which were supravitally stained with neutral red also demonstrated the loss of neutral red-positive granules and the accumulation of the dye about the yeast cell walls.
These results strongly suggest that lysis of macrophage granules occurs following phagocytosis and that a portion of the granule contents are then resegregated within the newly formed phagocytic vacuole.
THE ROLE OF INTESTINAL BACTERIA IN THE RECOVERY FROM WHOLE BODY RADIATION
Authors: Rosoff Chester B. 
Published: June 2004

Non-absorbable antibiotics, neomycin sulfate or polymyxin B, prevent death from an otherwise lethal dose of whole body radiation by suppressing the activity of the Gram-negative bacterial flora of the intestinal tract.
The protective effect of such suppression has been evaluated over a range of radiation exposure from 325 to 675 r. Coliform-free animals uniformly survive exposure to 550 r, a dose which is regularly lethal for coliform bearing animals.
When antibiotic treatment is begun within 1 hour after 550 r whole body radiation, survival is the rule. Delay in starting treatment is critical, for the longer the delay, the higher the mortality, even though the stool cultures meanwhile become coliform-free.
When antibiotic is started prior to or immediately after radiation exposure, it must be continued for at least 3 weeks if maximum effectiveness is to be obtained. The shorter the postradiation period of treatment, the greater the mortality. This suggests that the defense systems involved require protection for at least 3 weeks in order to permit return of maximal function.
The non-absorbable intestinal antibiotics are effective only when cultural data demonstrate successful elimination of the coliform flora in the gut.
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL ANTIGENS
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Ojeda Antonio , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: June 2004

The genetic transmission of the capacity to develop an immune response to hapten-polylysine conjugates was studied in guinea pigs.
82 per cent of the 22 offspring of 8 pairs of responder (guinea pigs which are capable of an immune response) parents were also responders, whereas, none of the 26 offspring of 9 pairs of non-responder parents were responders.
None of 11 strain 13 guinea pigs and 100 per cent of 40 strain 2 guinea pigs were responders.
These findings are consistent with the view that the capacity to respond immunologically to hapten-polylysine conjugates is genetically transmitted as a unigenic Mendelian dominant.
EVOLUTION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Papermaster Ben W. , Condie Richard M. , Finstad Joanne , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The California hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii, seems to be completely lacking in adaptive immunity: it forms no detectable circulating antibody despite intensive stimulation with a range of antigens; it does not show reactivity to old tuberculin following sensitization with BCG; and gives no evidence of homograft immunity.
2. Studies on the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, have been limited to the response to bacteriophage T2 and hemocyanin in small groups of spawning animals. They suggest that the lamprey may have a low degree of immunologic reactivity.
3. One holostean, the bowfin (Amia calva) and the guitarfish (Rhinobatos productus), an elasmobranch, showed a low level of primary response to phage and hemocyanin. The response is slow and antibody levels low. Both the bowfin and the guitarfish showed a vigorous secondary response to phage, but neither showed much enhancement of reactivity to hemocyanin in the secondary response. The bowfin formed precipitating antibody to hemocyanin, but the guitarfish did not. Both hemagglutinating and precipitating antibody to hemocyanin were also observed in the primary response of the black bass.
4. The bowfin was successfully sensitized to Ascaris antigen, and lesions of the delayed type developed after challenge at varying intervals following sensitization.
5. The horned shark (Heterodontus franciscii) regularly cleared hemocyanin from the circulation after both primary and secondary antigenic stimulation, and regularly formed hemagglutinating antibody, but not precipitating antibody, after both primary and secondary stimulation with this antigen. These animals regularly cleared bacteriophage from the circulation after both the primary and secondary stimulation with bacteriophage T2. Significant but small amounts of antibody were produced in a few animals in the primary response, and larger amounts in the responding animals after secondary antigenic stimulation.
6. Studies by starch gel and immunoelectrophoresis show that the hagfish has no bands with mobilities of mammalian gamma globulins; that the lamprey has a single, relatively faint band of this type; and that multiple gamma bands are characteristic of the holostean, elasmobranchs, and teleosts studied. By this method of study, the bowfin appeared to have substantial amounts of gamma2 globulin.
7. We conclude that adaptive immunity and its cellular and humoral correlates developed in the lowest vertebrates, and that a rising level of immunologic reactivity and an increasingly differentiated and complex immunologic mechanism are observed going up the phylogenetic scale from the hagfish, to the lamprey, to the elasmobranchs, to the holosteans, and finally the teleosts.
INFECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM SMEGMATIS WITH D29 PHAGE DNA
Authors: Tokunaga Tohru , Sellers Margret I. 
Published: June 2004

DNA extracted from D29 mycobacteriophage produced plaques when plated on Mycobacterium smegmatis 607. The host bacterium did not require alternation such as conversion to protoplasts; cells susceptible to infection with intact phage were susceptible to DNA.
The bases found in calf thymus DNA constituted the bases of D29 DNA, adenine being paired with thymine and guanine with cytosine. The dissymmetry ratio (A + T/G + C) was 0.56, and the buoyant density in CsCl was 1.722 with a GC content of 63.77 per cent.
The efficiency of plating of the DNA is very much lower than that of intact D29, and it penetrates the host at a slower rate. As does intact phage, D29 DNA requires calcium ions for productive infection of 607.
D29 DNA is significantly inactivated by incubation with RNAase, but the inactivation probably results from a complexing with the DNA rather than from enzyme hydrolysis.
STUDIES ON THE HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNOGENICITY OF A METHANOL-INSOLUBLE FRACTION OF ATTENUATED TUBERCLE BACILLI (BCG)
Authors: Weiss David W. , Bonhag Rose S. , Parks James A. 
Published: June 2004

Small quantities of the non-toxic residue of phenol-killed, acetone-washed, and methanol-extracted tubercle bacilli of the BCG strain conferred a high degree of resistance on mice against otherwise lethal experimental infection with Klebsiella pneumoniae and with a number of other pathogenic bacteria.
The heightened resistance reached a peak within 24 hours after administration of the fraction, but was already discernible immediately thereafter. A period of reduced resistance was not observed. The state of heightened resistance was invariably manifested for at least 10 days, and could frequently still be demonstrated after several weeks or months. The methanol-insoluble fraction was immunogenically active even in experimental circumstances under which living BCG exerted no effect. Its protective effect was more marked in females than in males. The optimum dosage must be determined empirically vis-á-vis the strain of infecting organisms and the experimental parameters of administration and testing.
Administration of the fraction to breeding females reduced the incidence of a naturally occurring endemic pneumonitis among their young, and increased considerably the breeding productivity of the mothers. These effects were manifested as late as 11 months after treatment.
MIXED AGGLUTINATION WITH TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: Tönder Olav , Milgrom Felix , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: June 2004

The mixed agglutination procedure was applied to tissue sections. Microtome sections of bovine tissue were placed on coverglasses, fixed by acetone or formalin, and incubated with various dilutions of rabbit antisera. The binding of antibodies to the tissue sections was detected by the addition of an indicator system composed of sheep erythrocytes sensitized by subagglutinating doses of the corresponding rabbit antiserum, and agglutinated by goat antiserum to rabbit serum. In positive reactions the indicator cells covered the tissue, whereas in negative tests, the erythrocytes detached and the tissue appeared uncovered.
It was demonstrated that the method is capable of detecting both saline-extractable and saline-non-extractable antigens. In addition to species-specific antigens, organ-specific antigens of adrenal and brain were detected. The method was characterized by a very high sensitivity in detecting antibodies.
Its possible application as a tool for investigations on tissue antigens and antibodies was discussed.
THE ENTRY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HERPES VIRUS AND COLLOIDAL GOLD IN HELA CELLS AFTER CONTACT IN SUSPENSION
Authors: Epstein M. A. , Hummeler K. , Berkaloff A. 
Published: June 2004

The way in which herpes virus of a well adapted strain penetrates susceptible HeLa cells has been investigated using thin sectioning techniques for electron microscopy. Mature virus particles and cells were mixed together in suspension cultures for 15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes so that the stages in virus uptake could be followed in sequence. The ingestion of particles of colloidal gold by HeLa cells under similar conditions was studied for comparison in parallel experiments.
After 15 minutes' contact, the mature virus was found adsorbed on the surface of the cells but separated from them by a narrow gap in which phosphotungstic acid staining was sometimes able to reveal an extraneous coat which appeared as an amorphous layer on the outer aspect of the plasma membrane. When mixing continued for longer the particles were present in deep invaginations or actual cytoplasmic vacuoles, with their outer layers in various stages of stripping and digestion. The stripped, naked, central portion of the virus was occasionally found in these vacuoles but was more commonly free in the cytoplasmic matrix; the mode of transition between these sites could not be determined. Where contact continued for 2 hours these phenomena were much less frequently observed.
The larger particles of colloidal gold were ingested in the same way as the virus, but smaller ones were taken up in micropinocytosis vesicles. The gold passed through membrane-bounded cytoplasmic spaces to accumulate in vacuoles from which, in contrast to herpes particles, it did not escape.
These findings are discussed, and considered with particular reference to their bearing on the initiation of infection, the uptake and disposal of particles by cells, and the influence on the latter of virus morphology.
INCOMPLETE SIMIAN PAPOVAVIRUS SV40
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Stinebaugh Sara E. , Rapp Fred 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the effects of 5-fluorouracil (FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUDR) on the replication of the simian papovavirus SV40 in cercopithecus monkey kidney cells and on the production of virus antigen by these cells. Both drugs markedly suppressed the production of new infectious virus by SV40-infected cells. Synthesis of viral protein was also markedly suppressed by FUDR, but not by FU.
In the presence of FU, infected cells produced large amounts of viral protein which were detected by the fluorescent antibody technique. The antigen was not distributed in a particulate fashion as in untreated cells. Diffuse virus antigen was observed in the nuclei of FU-treated cells, resembling the distribution of antigen near the end of the eclipse period in untreated, infected cultures. This stage of antigen production presumably preceded viral assembly.
Virus particles with or without cores were rarely seen with the electron microscope in infected FU-treated cells, although large numbers of SV40 particles were readily visualized in untreated, infected cells. It appears that at least one antigenic protein of this papovavirus is synthesized abundantly in FU-treated cells, but is not assembled into virus shells in the presence of the inhibitor.
PRODUCTION OF ANTIRENIN TO HOMOLOGOUS RENIN AND ITS EFFECT ON EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Deodhar Sharad D. , Haas Erwin , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

1. Procedures are described for the extraction and partial purification of dog renin, on a large scale, as well as for the acetylation of rat, rabbit, and dog renin.
2. Untreated homologous renin was not antigenic in rat, rabbit, or dog, but the acetylation of homologous renin made it antigenic.
3. Immunization of rats, rabbits, and dogs, with acetylated rat, rabbit, and dog renin, respectively, resulted in each case in the development of anti-renin to the homologous, untreated, as well as to the acetylated renin.
4. The progressive development of antirenin as a result of repeated, subcutaneous injections of acetylated dog renin, in a dog with experimental renal hypertension for more than 6 years, was accompanied by a correspondingly progressive fall of the mean arterial blood pressure to the prehypertensive level. This points up the important part played by the renin-angiotensin mechanism in the maintenance of the hypertension, even in the chronic phase of experimental renal hypertension.
A LABILE INTRANUCLEAR RNA ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADENOVIRUSES
Authors: Mayor Heather Donald 
Published: June 2004

The nucleic acids produced intracellularly during the replication cycles of both DNA and RNA viruses can now be identified rapidly using a sensitized procedure based on staining with the fluorochrome acridine orange. Cellular DNA, viral DNA (both single and double stranded forms), cellular RNA, and RNA arising as a result of viral stimulus can be differentiated.
The intracellular development of virus specific DNA, RNA, and protein has been studied in monkey kidney cells infected with adenoviruses types 3 and 7. It has been possible to detect a labile RNA in the nucleus from 16 to 20 hours after inoculation. When the cultures are treated with puromycin at this time, this RNA can be accumulated under certain conditions in the nucleus and demonstrated cytochemically. At the same time the production of specific viral protein as determined by staining with fluorescein-labeled antibodies is markedly inhibited. However, intranuclear double stranded DNA continues to be formed for a time. When puromycin is added to the system early in the eclipse period virus-specific DNA and labile RNA cannot be detected.
THE ROLE OF TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ERYTHROGENIC TOXIN BY GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Zabriskie John B. 
Published: June 2004

Non-lysogenic, non-toxinogenic Group A streptococci when infected by temperate bacteriophages isolated from known scarlatinal toxin-producing strains acquire the capacity to form erythrogenic toxin. This toxin causes a characteristic erythematous reaction in the skin of rabbits and is readily neutralizable by standard scarlatinal antitoxins.
The production of toxin appears to be related to the synthesis of mature phage particles since ultraviolet enhancement of phage production results in a concomitant increase in toxin titer. In contrast, there is no increase in the production of another extracellular product, deoxyribonuclease, by these lysogenized streptococci. Furthermore, cellular disruption studies indicate that the toxin probably does not exist in a preformed state within the cell.
Double diffusion reactions in agar indicate that a newly formed protein appears in the lysogenic culture filtrate and is absent in the non-lysogenic filtrates.
RECONSTITUTION OF 7S MOLECULES FROM L AND H POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF ANTIBODIES AND γ-GLOBULINS
Authors: Olins D. E. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: June 2004

Admixture of separated L and H polypeptide chains of 7S γ-globulins under appropriate conditions has been found to result in the reconstitution of 7S molecules. The chains were mixed in 0.5 N propionic acid and when dialyzed into neutral aqueous buffers interacted to form reconstituted material in greater than 30 per cent yield. This material had sedimentation coefficients of 6S to 7S, a weight average molecular weight of 160,000, and its antigenic structure and electrophoretic properties were the same as those of 7S γ-globulin.
By the use of I131 and I125 labels on the different types of chains, combined with ultracentrifugation of chain mixtures in sucrose density gradients, the 7S product was found to contain both isotopes in ratios consistent with the presence of two L and two H chains. After hydrolysis with papain, the reconstituted material yielded products resembling S and F fragments. All of the isotope corresponding to L chains was found in the counterpart of the S fragment; the isotope corresponding to the H chain fraction was present in both fragments. The activity reconstituted from chains of a purified guinea pig antibody to f1 phage was found to be associated mainly with the 7S material. Hybrid molecules containing rabbit L chains and human H chains and of human L chains and rabbit H chains were formed by the same techniques of reconstitution.
It was found that the interchain disulfide bonds of native 7S γ-globulins could be broken and reoxidized, as could those of reconstituted 7S material. Reduced L and H chains mixed in propionic acid, dialyzed against neutral buffers containing mercaptan, then against neutral buffers in the absence of mercaptan, formed stable 7S molecules of molecular weight 160,000, which were dissociable only after reduction.