bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic oxygen exchange in C4 grasses: the role of oxygen as electron acceptor
Authors: SIEBKE K. , GHANNOUM O. , CONROY J. P. , BADGER M. R. , VON CAEMMERER S. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTC4 grasses of the NAD‐ME type (Astrebla lappacea, Eleusine coracana, Eragrostis superba, Leptochloa dubia, Panicum coloratum, Panicum decompositum) and the NADP‐ME type (Bothriochloa bladhii, Cenchrus ciliaris, Dichanthium sericeum, Panicum antidotale, Paspalum notatum, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Sorghum bicolor) were used to investigate the role of O2 as an electron acceptor during C4 photosynthesis. Mass spectrometric measurements of gross O2 evolution and uptake were made concurrently with measurements of net CO2 uptake and chlorophyll fluorescence at different irradiances and leaf temperatures of 30 and 40 °C. In all C4 grasses gross O2 uptake increased with increasing irradiance at very high CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) and was on average 18% of gross O2 evolution. Gross O2 uptake at high irradiance and high pCO2 was on average 3.8 times greater than gross O2 uptake in the dark. Furthermore, gross O2 uptake in the light increased with O2 concentration at both high CO2 and the compensation point, whereas gross O2 uptake in the dark was insensitive to O2 concentration. This suggests that a significant amount of O2 uptake may be associated with the Mehler reaction, and that the Mehler reaction varies with irradiance and O2 concentration. O2 exchange characteristics at high pCO2 were similar for NAD‐ME and NADP‐ME species. NAD‐ME species had significantly greater O2 uptake and evolution at the compensation point particularly at low irradiance compared to NADP‐ME species, which could be related to different rates of photorespiratory O2 uptake. There was a good correlation between electron transport rates estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence and gross O2 evolution at high light and high pCO2.
The effect of the presence of R‐genes for resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans) of potato (Solanum tuberosum) on the underlying level of field resistance
Authors: Stewart H. E. , Bradshaw J. E. , Pande B. 
Published: December 2004

The differential genotypes R1, R10 and R11, as originally defined by Black, were crossed with R‐gene‐free cultivars and the progenies divided into two subpopulations comprising those which had inherited the R‐gene and those which had not. The underlying level of field resistance of the two groups was compared in a field trial in which they were inoculated with an isolate that could overcome the relevant R‐genes. The R‐gene‐bearing group was significantly (P < 0·001) more resistant than the R‐gene‐free group, with mean scores over four dates in 2000 of 4·86 and 4·09, respectively, on a 1–9 scale of increasing resistance, and of 4·10 and 2·35 on one date in 2001. However, the magnitude of the effect depended on the R‐gene and the year of the trial. Data from a progeny of cv. Stirling (with an R‐gene and a high level of field resistance) were examined and the same effect of an R‐gene found. Fewer of the R‐gene‐bearing group of clones were highly susceptible, and more were resistant. The most resistant clones always bore the R‐gene. It is concluded that increased resistance is conferred by the defeated R‐gene or linked genes for field resistance.
Modelling Spatial Intensity for Replicated Inhomogeneous Point Patterns in Brain Imaging
Authors: Wager C. G. , Coull B. A. , Lange N. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryPharmacological experiments in brain microscopy study patterns of cellular activ- ation in response to psychotropic drugs for connected neuroanatomic regions. A typical ex- perimental design produces replicated point patterns having highly complex spatial variability. Modelling this variability hierarchically can enhance the inference for comparing treatments. We propose a semiparametric formulation that combines the robustness of a nonparametric kernel method with the efficiency of likelihood-based parameter estimation. In the convenient framework of a generalized linear mixed model, we decompose pattern variation by kriging the intensities of a hierarchically heterogeneous spatial point process. This approximation entails discretizing the inhomogeneous Poisson likelihood by Voronoi tiling of augmented point patterns. The resulting intensity-weighted log-linear model accommodates spatial smoothing through a reduced rank penalized linear spline. To correct for anatomic distortion between subjects, we interpolate point locations via an isomorphic mapping so that smoothing occurs relative to common neuroanatomical atlas co-ordinates. We propose a criterion for choosing the degree and spatial locale of smoothing based on truncating the ordered set of smoothing covariates to minimize residual extra-dispersion. Additional spatial covariates, experimental design factors, hierarchical random effects and intensity functions are readily accommodated in the linear predictor, enabling comprehensive analyses of the salient properties underlying replicated point patterns. We illustrate our method through application to data from a novel study of drug effects on neuronal activation patterns in the brain of rats.
Composite Conditional Likelihood for Sparse Clustered Data
Authors: Hanfelt John J. 
Published: December 2004

SummarySparse clustered data arise in finely stratified genetic and epidemiologic studies and pose at least two challenges to inference. First, it is difficult to model and interpret the full joint probability of dependent discrete data, which limits the utility of full likelihood methods. Second, standard methods for clustered data, such as pairwise likelihood and the generalized estimating function approach, are unsuitable when the data are sparse owing to the presence of many nuisance parameters. We present a composite conditional likelihood for use with sparse clustered data that provides valid inferences about covariate effects on both the marginal response probabilities and the intracluster pairwise association. Our primary focus is on sparse clustered binary data, in which case the method proposed utilizes doubly discordant quadruplets drawn from each stratum to conduct inference about the intracluster pairwise odds ratios.
Smoothing Spline Gaussian Regression: More Scalable Computation via Efficient Approximation
Authors: Kim Young-Ju , Gu Chong 
Published: December 2004

SummarySmoothing splines via the penalized least squares method provide versatile and effective nonparametric models for regression with Gaussian responses. The computation of smoothing splines is generally of the order O(n3), n being the sample size, which severely limits its practical applicability. We study more scalable computation of smoothing spline regression via certain low dimensional approximations that are asymptotically as efficient. A simple algorithm is presented and the Bayes model that is associated with the approximations is derived, with the latter guiding the porting of Bayesian confidence intervals. The practical choice of the dimension of the approximating space is determined through simulation studies, and empirical comparisons of the approximations with the exact solution are presented. Also evaluated is a simple modification of the generalized cross-validation method for smoothing parameter selection, which to a large extent fixes the occasional undersmoothing problem that is suffered by generalized cross-validation.
On the Use of Local Optimizations within Metropolis–Hastings Updates
Authors: Tjelmeland Håkon , Eidsvik Jo 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe propose new Metropolis–Hastings algorithms for sampling from multimodal dis- tributions on ℜn. Tjelmeland and Hegstad have obtained direct mode jumping proposals by optimization within Metropolis–Hastings updates and different proposals for ‘forward’ and ‘backward’ steps. We generalize their scheme by allowing the probability distribution for forward and backward kernels to depend on the current state. We use the new setting to combine mode jumping proposals and proposals from a prior approximation. We obtain that the frequency of proposals from the different proposal kernels is automatically adjusted to their quality. Mode jumping proposals include local optimizations. When combining this with a prior approximation it is tempting to use local optimization results not only for mode jumping proposals but also to improve the prior approximation. We show how this idea can be implemented. The resulting algorithm is adaptive but has a Markov structure. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in two simulation examples.
Approximating Likelihoods for Large Spatial Data Sets
Authors: Stein Michael L. , Chi Zhiyi , Welty Leah J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryLikelihood methods are often difficult to use with large, irregularly sited spatial data sets, owing to the computational burden. Even for Gaussian models, exact calculations of the likelihood for n observations require O(n3) operations. Since any joint density can be written as a product of conditional densities based on some ordering of the observations, one way to lessen the computations is to condition on only some of the ‘past’ observations when computing the conditional densities. We show how this approach can be adapted to approximate the restricted likelihood and we demonstrate how an estimating equations approach allows us to judge the efficacy of the resulting approximation. Previous work has suggested conditioning on those past observations that are closest to the observation whose conditional density we are approximating. Through theoretical, numerical and practical examples, we show that there can often be considerable benefit in conditioning on some distant observations as well.
Five cycles of recurrent selection for increased essential oil content in East Indian lemongrass: response to selection, and effects on heritabilities of traits and intertrait correlations
Authors: Kulkarni R. N. , Baskaran K. , Ramesh S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFive cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection for increased essential oil content were carried out in East Indian lemongrass, Cymbopogon flexuosus. In each cycle, the top 5% of plants for essential oil content were selected and their ramets were planted in isolated polycross blocks to produce the seed of the next cycle. Response to selection for essential oil content and its effect on three unselected traits, leaf yield, dry matter content in leaves and citral content in the essential oil, were determined by evaluating C0‐C5 populations in a replicated trial. Genetic variation, heritability estimates and intertrait correlations for essential oil content, leaf yield, leaf width, tiller number and citral content in the essential oil in C4 were determined, by evaluating 40 clones and their half‐sib progenies produced from 40 randomly selected C4 plants, in a replicated experiment. These were compared with those determined in C0 earlier. The mean essential oil content increased from 0.66% in C0 to 1.67% in C5 (i.e. by about 31% per cycle over C0). Selection for essential oil content did not affect leaf yield and its effect on dry matter content in leaves was marginal. The first three cycles of selection for essential oil content did not affect citral content in the oil but two further cycles significantly decreased citral content. Heritabilities and intertrait correlations between all traits studied, except citral content and essential oil content, were similar to those found in C0.
Microsatellite monitoring of recombination around the Vrn‐B1 locus of wheat during early backcross breeding
Authors: Salina E. , Dobrovolskaya O. , Efremova T. , Leonova I. , Röuder M. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe length of chromosomal segments retained around the Vrn‐B1 gene controlling sensitivity to vernalization in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in the first and third backcrosses by using microsatellite markers. Eleven polymorphic markers located on chromosome 5B were used for microsatellite analysis. It was shown in the first backcross that plants with a donor segment around the gene of interest not longer than 50% of chromosome 5B could be selected. When selection is not molecular‐marker assisted, the length of the chromosomal donor segment with the target gene may reach 94% of chromosome 5B even in plants of the third backcross generation. The considerable length differences in the 5B microsatellite loci between the winter and spring lines of wheat studied indicate that these markers are promising in marker‐assisted backcrossing or marker‐assisted selection for the Vrn‐B1 gene using different combinations of Spring and Winter genotypes.
Inheritance of plant height and allelism tests of the dwarfing genes in Chinese barley
Authors: Zhang J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to find new dwarfing genes, the inheritance of plant height in 25 Chinese barley dwarf accessions was studied and allelism tests carried out, not only between the dwarfing genes found but also with the known dwarfing genes uz, br, sdw and denso. The results showed that out of the 25 dwarf accessions, 20 were due to monogenic recessiveness and four to digenic recessiveness. Only the short plant character in ‘1974E’ was controlled by a recessive together with a dominant dwarfing gene. In the present study, seven recessive and one dominant new dwarfing genes were identified. Five recessive genes were found in the monogenic mutants ‘91G318’, ‘91D27’ and ‘93‐597’ and in the Tibetan monogenic dwarf landraces ‘Jia Jiu’ and ‘BQK’, respectively. The other two recessives were found in the Tibetan digenic dwarf landraces ‘ZLL’ and ‘ZLLQK’, and the one dominant gene in the digenic mutant ‘1974E’.
Clinical and CT characteristics of Chinese medicine‐induced acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: SAKAMOTO Osamu , ICHIKADO Kazuya , KOHROGI Hirotsugu , SUGA Moritaka 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to explore the clinical and radiographic characteristics of Chinese medicine‐induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), focusing on high resolution CT (HRCT) findings.Methodology:  Five patients diagnosed with Chinese medicine‐induced ARDS were enrolled in the study. Details regarding clinical history, previous medical history, and laboratory data were collected and reviewed. The extent of involvement of each HRCT abnormality was assessed for each of three zones of each lung and was estimated to the nearest 10% of parenchymal involvement.Results:  The causative Chinese medicines were as follows: Sho‐saiko‐to (two cases), Sai‐rei‐to (two cases) and Otsu‐ji‐to (one case). Scutellariae radix was the common ingredient in these drugs. The mean duration of medication use before the onset of ARDS was 22 days (range 7–49 days). High levels of C‐reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and mild liver dysfunction were common laboratory findings. The major HRCT findings were as follows: ground‐glass opacity 50.2% (range 37–68%); airspace consolidation 16.0% (7–27%); spared area 26.6% (7–45%). In addition, the abnormalities tended to predominate in the peribronchovascular regions. Furthermore, architectural distortion was seen in all five cases, interlobular septal thickening occurred in four, irregular interface in four, and interlobar effusion in two. Corticosteroid therapy was very effective, and partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FIO2) improved in proportion to the decrease in LDH level.Conclusions:  Patients with Chinese medicine‐induced acute lung injury exhibited ARDS. However, their prognosis was satisfactory, which suggests that a hypersensitivity reaction or a permeability oedema with minimal epithelial injury may be involved in the pathophysiology.
Modulation of adenovirus infection in vitro by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: WHITEHEAD Bruce F. , SCHOFIELD Rebecca , ROGERS Kerry M. , GUSTAFSSON Kenth , FABRE John W. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) may represent a novel, airway directed approach to the treatment of adenovirus infection of the lung, for which no specific therapy exists. This study assessed the efficacy of antisense ODNs in modulating adenovirus infection in vitro.Methodology:  A biological assay, which quantified viral plaque formation by wild type adenovirus 5 in a lung epithelial cell line (A549), was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of a number of antisense ODNs targeted to the early (E) 1 A and protein IX genes of adenovirus 5. Antisense ODNs (20–21mers, phosphorothioate end‐protected) were designed to straddle the initiation of translation (AUG) codon of the mRNA of the targeted gene.Results:  There was a consistent and significant (P < 0.005) reduction in viral plaque formation in those cells treated with an E1A antisense ODN, compared with the nonsense control ODN. Neither the addition of a cationic lipid (Lipofectamine), nor increasing the concentration of ODN from 1 µmol to 15 µmol enhanced the original inhibitory effect observed with the E1A antisense ODN.Conclusions:  An antisense ODN targeted to the E1A gene can specifically inhibit adenovirus 5 infection in vitro, suggesting a potential therapeutic role for antisense ODNs in adenovirus infection of the lung.
Effect of aluminum adjuvants on safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b‐CRM197 conjugate vaccine
Authors: Kanra Güler , Viviani Simonetta , Yurdakök Kadriye , Özmert Elif , Anemona Alessandra , Yalçİn SongüL , Demiralp Okan , Bilgili Nihan , Kara Ates , Cengiz Ali BüLent , Mutlu Belgin , Baldini Alexandra , Marchetti Elisa , Podda Audino 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Objective
: The present study was carried out to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Haemophilus influenzae type b‐CRM197 (Hib‐CRM197) conjugate vaccine in relation to the change of adjuvant from aluminum hydroxide to aluminum phosphate (AlPO4).
Methods
: The present study was a clinical phase II, observer‐blind, randomized, multicenter, controlled study. Subjects were healthy infants aged 6−12 weeks, eligible for expanded program of immunization (EPI) routine vaccination and admitted to Hacettepe University Department of Social Pediatrics and Gülveren Health Center, Ankara. A total of 520 healthy infants were randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive at either Chiron Hib/AlPO4 vaccine or VaxemHib (aluminum hydroxide adjuvant) vaccine or HibTiter (no adjuvant). Vaccines were administered simultaneously with routine diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTaP) and oral polio vaccine (OPV) vaccines at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. Blood samples for anti‐plain polysaccharide (PRP) antibody measurement were collected before the first vaccination and 1 month after the last vaccination. After each vaccination parents filled out a diary for 7 days.
Results
: Out of 520 subjects enrolled, 514 received three doses and were included for safety analysis. Local and systemic reactions occurred with low and similar frequencies in all groups. Only erythema was more common in Chiron Hib/AlPO4 vaccine (19, 10, 11% in Chiron Hib/AlPO4, VaxemHib and HibTiter, respectively, P < 0.05). Nine serious adverse events were reported in seven cases of which none were related to vaccines. A total of 504 subjects were included in the immunogenicity analysis. The three vaccines were highly immunogenic and equivalent in terms of percentage of acquisition of long‐term protective levels. The anti‐PRP geometric mean titers were 9.9, 8.3 and 5.14 µg/mL, respectively (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
: The use of aluminum compounds adjuvants in Hib‐CRM197 conjugate vaccines does not impact the safety profile, while it does increase the magnitude of anti‐PRP antibody titers.
Limited effectiveness of betaine therapy for cystathionine β synthase deficiency
Authors: Sakamoto Akiko , Sakura Nobuo 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background
: Orally administered betaine (Bet) is regarded as an effective and safe therapy for homocystin­uria. However, even when patients’ serum Bet concentrations are increased by supplementation, serum homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations are often not lowered to the normal range. The present study tested the hypothesis that with relatively high serum methionine (Met), serum Hcy does not adequately decrease, even when serum Bet concentrations are potentially therapeutic.
Methods
: The present study examines the relationship between these amino acids by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a total of 63 samples obtained over 2 years from two patients with cystathionine β synthase (CBS) deficiency.
Results
: When serum Met was less than 80 µmol/L (1.2 mg/dL), the treatment reduced serum Hcy to within the normal range. When serum Met exceeded 80 µmol/L, serum Hcy showed only a limited decrease, despite sufficient doses of Bet (serum concentration, over 250 µmol/L). The findings of the present study suggest that it is necessary to follow a low methionine diet that keeps serum Met within the normal range when treating patients with homocystinuria due to CBS deficiency when Bet is administered. Homocystinuria is a rare congenital metabolic disease and the data presented in the present paper, although it relates to only two patients, is worth reporting.
Obesity and associated modifiable environmental factors in Iranian adolescents: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program − Heart Health Promotion from Childhood
Authors: Kelishadi RoYA , Hashemi Pour M , Sarraf‐Zadegan N , Sadry GHOLAM hOSSEIN , Ansari REZVAN , Alikhassy H , Bashardoust NASROLLAH 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Objective
: To evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian adolescents and their relationship with modifiable environmental factors.
Methods
: The subjects of the present study were 1000 girls and 1000 boys, aged between 11 and 18 years selected by multistage random sampling, their parents (n = 2000) and their school staff (n = 500 subjects) in urban and rural areas of two provinces in Iran. Data concerning body mass index (BMI), nutrition and the physical activity of the subjects were analyzed by SPSSV10/Win software.
Results
: The prevalence of 85th percentile ≤ body mass index (BMI) < 95th percentile and BMI > 95th percentile in girls was significantly higher than boys (10.7 ± 1.1 and 2.9 ± 0.1%vs 7.4 ± 0.9 and 1.9 ± 0.1%, respectively; P < 0.05). The mean BMI value was significantly different between urban and rural areas (25.4 ± 5.2 vs 23.2 ± 7.1 kg/m2, respectively; P < 0.05). A BMI> 85th percentile was more prevalent in families with an average income than in high‐income families (9.3 ± 1.7 vs 7.2 ± 1.4%, respectively; P < 0.05) and in those with lower‐educated mothers (9.2 ± 2.1 vs 11.5 ± 2.4 years of mothers education, respectively). The mean total energy intake was not different between overweight or obese and normal‐weight subjects (1825 ± 90 vs 1815 ± 85 kCal, respectively; P > 0.05), but the percentage of energy derived from carbo­hydrates was significantly higher in the former group compared with the latter (69.4 vs 63.2%, respectively; P < 0.05). Regular extracurricular sports activities were significantly lower and the time spent watching tele­vision was significantly higher in overweight or obese than non‐obese subjects (time spent watching telelvision: 300 ± 20 vs 240 ± 30 min/day, P < 0.05). A significant linear association was shown between the frequency of consumption of rice, bread, pasta, fast foods and fat/salty snacks and BMI (β = 0.05−0.06; P < 0.05). A significant correlation was shown between BMI percentiles and serum triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein−cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (Pearson's r = 0.38, −0.32 and 0.47, respectively).
Conclusions
: Enhanced efforts to prevent and control overweight from childhood is a critical national priority, even in developing countries. To be successful, social, cultural and economic influences should be considered.