bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturational development of drug-metabolizing enzymes in sheep
Authors: Kawalek J. C. , El Said K. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A qualitative and quantitative assessment was made of the development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes (dme) in sheep as part of a study of the ability of the food-producing species to metabolize drugs. The following dme and components were measured in this study: cytochromes P-450 and b5 and nadph and nadh-dependent reductases associated with each of these cytochromes; cytochrome P-450-mediated reactions, including aniline and coumarin hydroxylases, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase; a uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid glucuronyl transferase with 4-methylumbel-liferone as substrate; and glutathione-S-transferase with dinitrochlorobenzene and dichloronitrobenzene as substrates.
Amounts or activities of most of these components and enzymes increased up to and beyond the time of weaning. Amount of cytochrome b5 and uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid transferase activity were not affected by age, whereas nadph cytochrome c (P-450) reductase activity actually decreased after weaning. In some instances (eg, coumarin hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450, and dinitrochlorobenzene-glutathione-S-transferase), differences from preweaning dme values were observed only after sheep were ≥ 6 months old. All other dme activities were definitely increased, compared with the values in lambs before weaning (0 to 12 weeks old).
Approximately a third of the sheep studied had some type of clinical disease that might have affected the dme activities. Diseases were classified as sore mouth, pneumonia, foot rot, parasitism, and systemic bacterial infections. Except in a few instances, these diseases had minimal effect on dme activities measured in vitro. Variations in dme activities among healthy individual sheep were far more pronounced than differences in dme activities that might be attributed to 1 or more of the aforementioned disease states.
Evaluation of drug-induced prostatic involution in dogs by transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography
Authors: Cartee R. E. , Rumph P. F. , Kenter D. C. , Cooney J. C. , Frank D. , Haught J. , Leong P. , Humphries M. , Amaratunga P. , Zampaglioni N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The relative antiandrogen-induced prostate involution activity of the newly synthesized hydroxyflutamide prodrug was compared with that of flutamide in 25 Beagles. Secondary antiandrogen activity of both drugs on the testes and mammary tissue was investigated. Daily oral administration of both compounds at 2 dosages (ie, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg of body weight) during a 7-week period was monitored by transabdominal ultrasonography of the prostate twice a week. Cross-sectional area estimates of the prostate gland calculated from oblique dorsoventral, and transverse sonographic measurements were diminished significantly in some of the treated dogs as early as day 14 of drug administration. All treated dogs had significant differences in reduction by day 47. Involution was related directly to dose (P < 0.05), but no difference was observed between test compounds. Differences in secondary antiandrogen activity were not remarkable. Flutamide was not found to have any activity advantage in vivo over hydroxyflutamide. It was concluded that ultrasonography can be a highly effective means of monitoring prostate size, and of monitoring drug-induced involution over time.
Influence of carbonated drinking water on tibia strength of domestic cockerels reared in hot environments
Authors: Kreider E. M. , Nelson S. M. , Harrison P. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine the effects of heat stress and drinking water treatments on physical characteristics of skeletal tissue, tibias of cockerels ranging in age from 4 to 11 weeks were tested for breaking strength. Birds were subjected to either a thermoneutral environment (21 ± 2 C) or a hot environment (37 ± 2 C) and supplied with either tap or carbonated drinking water. Breaking strength of tibias was reduced in the hot environment; however, consumption of carbonated drinking water in the hot environment resulted in bone strength comparable with that associated with thermoneutral environment (both types of water). Also, bones from birds of the carbonated water- 37 C treatment group had less phase breaks and tended to separate with a single break. Results indicate that hot environment and carbonated drinking water not only affect the previously reported morphologic and chemical characteristics of developing bone, but also their physical attributes.
Cardiovascular changes after bone marrow transplantation in dogs with mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Gompf Rebecca E. , Shull Robert M. , Breider Michael A. , Scott Joseph A. , Constantopoulos George C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Five dogs with mucopolysaccharidosis I, 3 of which had been treated with bone marrow transplantation (bmt), were evaluated for 20 months with electrocardiography, thoracic radiography, and M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography. Treated and untreated (control) dogs had widened P waves on ecg. Thoracic radiographs remained normal for all dogs throughout the study. Thickening of the mitral valve was observed on echocardiograms of dogs in both groups, but the untreated dogs appeared to have thicker valves. Concentrations of glycosaminoglycans in the mitral valves and myocardium were higher in control dogs than in treated dogs. Markedly large aortic root diameters were observed on echocardiograms in both untreated dogs, but aortic root diameters remained normal in treated dogs. Echocardiography, but not electrocardiography, was useful in monitoring heart enlargement in each dog. Dogs treated with bmt generally had less-severe cardiac changes and slower disease progression than control dogs.
Comparison of the width of the intervertebral disk space and radiographic changes before and after intervertebral disk fenestration in dogs
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Moon Martha L. , Giovannitti-Jensen Ann 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Intervertebral disk space widths were measured on lateral radiographs of 73 anesthetized dogs. Weight was found to have a significant (P < 0.01) effect on disk space width. Using weight-adjusted disk space width measurements for all subsequent studies, older (7- to 16-year-old) dogs and males had consistently, but not significantly, wider, disk spaces than did alternative groups. Cervical and lumbar intervertebral disk spaces tended to be wider than those in the caudal thoracic region. The widest cervical intervertebral disk spaces were C4-5 and C5-6 and the narrowest was C2-3. In the lumbar region, L2-3 was the widest disk space and L4-5 was the narrowest. Dachshunds generally had greater mean intervertebral disk space width than did other breeds of dogs.
Cervical (n = 6 dogs) and thoracolumbar (n = 6 dogs) disk fenestration resulted in narrow intervertebral disk spaces, regardless of breed. When a ventral approach was used in thoracolumbar fenestration, the mean intervertebral disk space was narrower than that resulting from use of a dorsolateral approach.
Spondylosis was found radiographically 1 to 4 years after intervertebral disk fenestration in 3 of 6 dogs that had cervical fenestrations and in 5 of 6 dogs that underwent thoracolumbar fenestration.
Diminution of aflatoxin toxicity to growing lambs by dietary supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Kubena Leon F. , Phillips Timothy D. , Carrier Donald E. , Elissalde Marcel H. , Huff William E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (hscas), an anticaking agent for mixed feed, was added to the diets of growing wethers (mean body weight, 34.0 kg) and was evaluated for its ability to diminish the clinical signs of aflatoxicosis. The experimental design consisted of 4 treatment groups of 5 wethers each, consuming concentrations of 0 g of hscas and 0 g of aflatoxin (af)/kg of feed (control; group 1); 20 g of hscas/kg (2.0%; group 2), 2.6 mg of af/kg (group 3); or 20 g of hscas (2.0%) plus 2.6 mg of af/kg (group 4). Wethers were maintained in indoor pens, with feed and water available ad libitum for 42 days. Lambs were observed twice daily and weighed weekly, and blood samples were obtained every 2 weeks for hematologic and serum biochemical analyses and for measurement of mitogen-induced lymphocyte-stimulation index. At the termination of the study, wethers were euthanatized and necropsied. Body weight gain was diminished significantly (P < 0.05) by consumption of 2.6 mg of af/kg of feed, whereas body weight of lambs consuming hscas plus af did not differ from that of control wethers. The af-alone treatment increased serum aspartate transaminase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities, prothrombin time, and cholesterol, uric acid, and triglyceride values and decreased albumin, glucose, and urea nitrogen values, and urea-to-creatine ratio. A 27% decrease in lymphocyte stimulation index, increased spleen weight (as a percentage of body weight), and decreased liver weight were induced by af-alone treatment. Results indicate that hscas may be a high-affinity sorbent for af, that 2.6 mg of af/kg of feed induces signs of aflatoxicosis in growing wethers, that lambs may not be as resistant to the effects of af as previously thought, that 2.0% hscas can substantially reduce the toxic effects of 2.6 mg of af/kg, and that sorbent compounds may offer a novel approach to the preventive management of aflatoxicosis in livestock.
Evaluation of praziquantel for treatment of experimentally induced paragonimiasis in dogs and cats
Authors: Bowman Dwight D. , Frongillo Marguerite K. , Johnson Robert C. , Beck Kathy A. , Hornbuckle William E. , Blue Julia T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Praziquantel was used successfully for treatment of a small number of dogs and 1 cat infected with Paragonimus kellicotti. To further evaluate the usefulness of this drug in treating such infections, 7 cats and 7 dogs were inoculated orally with metacercariae (12 and 20 to 22, respectively) obtained from crayfish, then were treated after the infections became patent; 2 cats and 2 dogs served as noninfected controls. Beginning 1 week before infection, and continuing weekly thereafter, physical, hematologic, and fecal examinations were performed on each animal; thoracic radiography was performed every other week. By postinoculation week 6, all dogs given metacercariae had patent infection diagnosed on the basis of positive results of fecal examination. By postinoculation week 7, 5 cats had confirmed patent infection, but 2 cats given metacercariae never had patent infection or had signs of infection. Clinical signs of infection were minor and included increased respiratory tract noise, slight inducible cough, or mild dyspnea. Transient eosinophilia was detected in dogs around postinoculation week 3. Pretreatment radiography revealed cavitated lesions in cats only; pleural lines and patchy infiltrates in cats and dogs; or pneumothorax in dogs only. The treatment regimen consisted of 23 mg of praziquantel/kg of body weight given every 8 hours for 3 days; 1 infected cat and dog were not treated. By 11 days after treatment, eggs had disappeared from the feces of infected animals, and marked resolution of lung lesions was evident radiographically. The 2 untreated animals and 1 treated dog were euthanatized and necropsied to verify lesions and their resolution. All treated animals were considered cured of infection by use of this treatment regimen.
Effects of intra-articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate on normal equine articular cartilage
Authors: Trotter Gayle W. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Yovich John V. , Norrdin Robert W. , Wrigley Robert H. , Lamar C. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The effects of the corticosteroid 6-α-methylprednisolone acetate on normal equine articular cartilage were evaluated, using the middle carpal joint in 4 clinically normal young horses. One middle carpal joint of each horse was injected 3 times with 100 mg of 6-α-methylprednisolone acetate, at 14-day intervals. The opposite middle carpal joint (control) was injected with 2.5 ml of lactated Ringer solution at the same intervals. Effects were studied until 8 weeks after the first injection. Evaluation included clinical and radiographic examination, and gross, microscopic, and biochemical evaluation of joint tissues.
Horses remained clinically normal during the study, and significant radiographic changes were not observed. Safranin-0 matrix staining intensity and uronic acid content were significantly (P < 0.05) lower and hydroxyproline content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in articular cartilage of corticosteroid-injected joints vs control joints.
In vitro comparison of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone
Authors: Nunamaker David M. , Butterweck Diane M. , Black Jonathan 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In vitro local fatigue testing of the third metacarpal bone from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses was performed, using fully reversed cyclic bending. Strain number of cycle data were accumulated and indicated that significant difference did not exist between the 2 breeds. It was concluded that the marked difference in the incidence of fatigue failure in the third metacarpal bone (bucked shins, dorsal metacarpal disease) seen in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds was not related to any differences between the 2 breeds in mechanical properties of the bone.
Defective function of leukocytes from cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus, and the influence of recombinant cytokines
Authors: Brown Gayle B. , Bolin Steve R. , Frank Dagmar E. , Roth James A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus have decreased neutrophil and lymphocyte functions. We reevaluated these functions and further characterized the inhibition of persistent bvd virus infection in neutrophils, using sensitive kinetic assays. In addition, the influence of in vitro incubation of neutrophils with recombinant bovine interferon gamma (rBoifn gamma) and in vitro incubation of lymphocytes with recombinant bovine interleukin-2 was evaluated.
Significant (P < 0.05) decrease in random migration under agarose, Staphylococcus aureus ingestion, cytochrome-C reduction, iodination, antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, oxidant production, and cytoplasmic calcium flux were observed in neutrophils from cattle persistently infected with bvd virus, compared with noninfected control cattle. Incubation of neutrophils from noninfected controls with rBoifn gamma significantly (P < 0.05) decreased random migration under agarose, cytochrome-C reduction, and cytoplasmic calcium flux. Neutrophils from cattle persistently infected with bvd virus also had decreased random migration under agarose after incubation with rBoifn gamma; in addition, antibody-independent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, elastase release, and cytoplasmic calcium flux were significantly enhanced. The rBoifn gamma induced significantly (P < 0.05) different effects on chemotaxis, cytochrome-C reduction, iodination, and cytoplasmic calcium flux of neutrophils from infected and control cattle. The rBoifn gamma was more effective at improving the function of neutrophils from cattle persistently infected with bvd virus, compared with neutrophils from controls.
Lymphocytes from infected cattle had decreased histogenesis in response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Incubation of those lymphocytes with recombinant bovine interleukin-2, with no mitogen present, significantly (P < 0.05) increased incorporation of [3H]thymidine. However, the response of lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation was not significantly increased by the presence of recombinant bovine interleukin-2, indicating that depression of in vitro lymphocyte histogenesis in the cattle persistently infected with bvd virus is not attributable to decreased production of interleukin-2.
Lysis of bovine platelets by Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin
Authors: Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. , Upton Melinda L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pasteurella haemolytica Al culture supernatants caused rapid cytolysis (<5 minutes) of isolated bovine platelets as measured by leakage of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (ld). The platelet lytic factor had several features similar to P haemolytica leukotoxin. Like P haemolytica leukotoxin, the platelet lytic factor was produced by P haemolytica during logarithmic growth phase, was heat-labile, and was active against target cells (platelets) from ruminant species (cattle and sheep), but not from non-ruminant species (horses, pigs, and human beings). Additionally, the platelet lytic factor was neutralized with antileukotoxin rabbit serum. The amount of ld leaked by a fixed concentration of bovine platelets was proportional to the amount of toxin added at low toxic doses and became maximal at 88 ± 11% of the total platelet ld activity for high doses of toxin. When a fixed dose of toxin was used and the platelet concentration was varied, ld leakage was initially proportional to the platelet concentration, but plateaued at higher platelet concentrations. The platelet lytic factor required Ca2+ and was inhibited by addition of the Ca2+ chelator ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid. Toxin-mediated platelet damage may be important in thrombi formation and fibrin exudation typically associated with P haemolytica pleuropneumonia of cattle.
Description of a scale for rating the clinical response of cattle poisoned by larkspur
Authors: Olsen John D. , Sisson Donald V. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Larkspur poisoning is a major cause of acute death of cattle on mountain and high plains rangelands of western United States. A nonlethal method to quantify dose response in cattle is needed to better estimate the toxicity of larkspur plants and the response of cattle to larkspur poisoning and to provide a basis for reference during studies. A numerical system of rating the clinical signs of larkspur poisoning was developed and used to describe the response of 10 Hereford cows given a repeated single daily dose of larkspur (Delphinium occidentale × barbeyi) by gavage. Larkspur poisoning resulted from a short-term cumulative effect, and a statistically significant increase in score was essentially maximal by 4 days. At the dose given, this effect did not persist for more than 4 days after cessation of dosing. Poisoning was most severe between 5 and 9 hours after dosing. Early signs of poisoning can be subtle and sometimes brief. The effect of larkspur poisoning can be exacerbated temporarily by exertion. Therefore, cattle could probably repeatedly consume an otherwise toxic daily dose, without manifesting marked signs of poisoning, if consumption decreased to a sufficient degree intermittently at 2- to 4-day intervals.
Controlled test evaluation of the benzimidazole anthelmintic VET 220-S alone or with concomitant trichlorfon treatment against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasites in ponies
Authors: Bello Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A controlled test was done in 30 naturally infected ponies to evaluate the antiparasitic activity of the dienbendazole analog VET 220-S given alone or with trichlorfon (tcf) by nasogastric intubation. Six ponies were nontreated; 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg); 6 were given tcf (40 mg/kg); 6 were given VET 220-S (2.5 mg/kg) and tcf (40 mg/kg); and 6 were given VET 220-S (5.0 mg/kg) and tcf (40 mg/kg). All ponies were euthanatized and necropsied 7 or 8 days after treatment.
Draschia megastoma, Oxyuris equi, Strongylus vulgaris, S edentatus, and small strongyles were removed efficaciously by all doses of VET 220-S. Habronema muscae and microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis were not removed by VET 220-S or tcf. Gasterophilus intestinalis was 97.9% removed by tcf. Pregnant mares in all groups were not adversely affected by treatment, except for 1 mare that had diarrhea after tcf treatment. Parasite eggs per gram and larval culture data agreed with necropsy data.
Serologic and blood culture survey of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in four canine populations of southern Louisiana
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , Dennis Vida A. , Klei Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood culture and serologic testing were used to study the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in a group of 85 dogs from southern Louisiana rural environment. These dogs were known to have been in contact with wild mammalian hosts of the hemoflagellate. Results were compared with blood culture and serologic test results in 103 dogs from a rural environment and with limited known wild mammalian T cruzi host contact. Serologic test results for the 188 dogs from the rural environment were compared with results for 176 dogs from an urban animal shelter and for 100 household pet dogs from an urban southern Louisiana environment. Blood culture was not performed on urban dogs. Culture results were negative in all dogs from rural environments. Serologic evidence of infection was obtained for 4 of the 85 (4.7%) dogs of rural environment with known host contact. Of 176 dogs from the animal shelter, 4 (2.3%) had high antibody titer to T cruzi, and 11 others had low titer (< 2 adjusted elisa units [aEU]). Two and 4 dogs of the housed urban and rural groups, respectively, had antibody titer to T cruzi that was < 2 aEU. Results indicate that prevalence for exposure to T cruzi antigen is higher in dogs with high potential contact with the vector and wild mammalian hosts of T cruzi, whether they are from rural or urban environment. Furthermore, results indicate that similar studies on high-risk human populations may be indicated.