bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a two dimensional analysis method as a screening and evaluation tool for anterior cruciate ligament injury
Authors: McLean S G , Walker K , Ford K R , Myer G D , Hewett T E , van den Bogert A J 
Published: May 2005

Background:Increased knee valgus predicts the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, particularly in women. Reducing injury rates thus relies on detecting and continually evaluating people with relatively large valgus motions.Objectives:To examine the potential of a two dimensional (2D) video analysis method for screening for excessive valgus.Methods:Ten female and 10 male National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball players had three dimensional (3D) knee valgus and two dimensional (2D) frontal plane knee angle quantified during side step, side jump, and shuttle run tasks. 3D valgus was quantified from external marker coordinates using standard techniques, and 2D data were obtained from both the frontal plane projections of these coordinates (2D-Mot) and manual digitisation of digital video footage (2D-Cam). A root mean square (RMS) error was calculated between 2D-Mot and 2D-Cam data to evaluate the reliability of the latter. Correlations between 2D-Cam and 3D data (intersubject and intrasubject) were also conducted, and regression slope andr2values obtained.Results:2D-Cam and 2D-Mot data were consistent for side step (RMS  =  1.7°) and side jump (RMS  =  1.5°) movements. Between subjects, 2D-Cam and 3D data correlated well for the side step (r2 =  0.58) and side jump (r2 =  0.64). Within subjects, 2D-Cam and 3D data correlated moderately for the side step (r2 =  0.25 (0.19)) and side jump (r2 =  0.36 (0.27)).Conclusions:The 2D-Cam method can be used to screen for excessive valgus in elite basketball players, particularly for movements occurring primarily in the frontal plane. This method may also be a useful training evaluation tool when large reductions in dynamic valgus motions are required.
Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients
Authors: Finkelstein Murray M , Jerrett Michael , Sears Malcolm R 
Published: May 2005

Study objective:Studies in Europe and North America have reported that living in a disadvantaged neighbourhood is associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that exposure to traffic and air pollution might account for some of the socioeconomic differences in mortality rates in a city where residents are covered by universal health insurance.Design:Cohort mortality study. Individual postal codes used to derive: (1) socioeconomic status from census data; (2) mean air pollution levels from interpolation between governmental monitoring stations; (3) proximity to traffic from the geographical information system. Analysis conducted with Cox proportional hazards models.Setting:Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area, Ontario, Canada, on the western tip of Lake Ontario (population about 480 000).Participants:5228 people, aged 40 years or more, identified from register of lung function laboratory at an academic respirology clinic between 1985 and 1999.Main results:Circulatory disease (cardiovascular and stroke) mortality rates were related to measures of neighbourhood deprivation. Circulatory disease mortality rates were also associated with indices of long term ambient pollution at the subjects’ residences (relative risk 1.06, 1.00 to 1.13) and with proximity to traffic (relative risk 1.40, 1.08 to 1.81). Subjects in more deprived neighbourhoods had greater exposure to ambient particulate and gaseous pollutants and to traffic.Conclusions:At least some of the observed social gradients in circulatory mortality arise from inequalities in environmental exposure to background and traffic air pollutants.
Social dynamics of health inequalities: a growth curve analysis of aging and self assessed health in the British household panel survey 1991–2001
Authors: Sacker Amanda , Clarke Paul , Wiggins Richard D , Bartley Mel 
Published: May 2005

Objectives:To study how social inequalities change as people age, this paper presents a growth curve model of self assessed health, which accommodates changes in occupational class and individual health with age.Design:Nationally representative interview based longitudinal survey of adults in Great Britain.Setting:Representative members of private households of Great Britain in 1991.Participants:Survey respondents (n = 6705), aged 21–59 years in 1991 and followed up annually until 2001.Main outcome measure:Self assessed health.Results:On average, self assessed health declines slowly from early adulthood to retirement age. No significant class differences in health were observed at age 21. Health inequalities emerged later in life with the gap between mean levels of self assessed health of those in managerial and professional occupations and routine occupations widening approaching retirement. Individual variability in health trajectories increased between ages 40 and 59 years so that this widening of mean differences between occupational classes was not significant. When the analysis is confined to people whose occupational class remained constant over time, a far greater difference in health trajectories between occupational classes was seen.Conclusions:The understanding of social inequalities in health at the population level is enriched by an analysis of individual variation in age related declines by social position.
ROUTING BALANCED COMMUNICATIONS ON HAMILTON DECOMPOSABLE NETWORKS
Authors: STACHO LADISLAV , ŠIRÁŇ JOZEF , ZHOU SANMING 
Published: May 2005

In [10] the authors proved upper bounds for the arc-congestion and wave-length number of any permutation demand on a bidirected ring. In this note, we give generalizations of their results in two directions. The first one is that instead of considering only permutation demands we consider any balanced demand, and the second one is that instead of the ring network we consider any Hamilton decomposable network. Thus, we obtain upper bounds (which are best possible in general) for the arc-congestion and wavelength number of any balanced demand on a Hamilton decomposable network. As a special case, we obtain upper bounds on arc- and edge-forwarding indices of Hamilton decomposable networks that are in many cases better than the known ones.
PRIORITY DECISION OF KEY TECHNOLOGY ELEMENT IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON BETWEEN QFD AND TAGUCHI METHOD
Authors: YANG JONG-SEO , YUN MYUNG-HWAN 
Published: May 2005

Technology innovation or new product development (NPD) is composed of various process elements that require specialized knowledge/know-how needed for the application of fundamental technologies on actual product development. With the widespread use of techniques such as PERT/CPM, a major part of project management efforts focuses on resource allocation and time scheduling. In a multi-project environment of high-technology product development, prioritizing technology elements within a full spectrum of required developments is relatively more important than resource allocation or cost-reduction. Furthermore, disagreements between project managers and researchers in setting the priorities of project elements should be resolved and managed systematically to leverage a successful execution of the whole project. In this study, modified QFD and modified Taguchi method are suggested for setting priorities among elemental technologies. As a first step, the authors interviewed project managers from two companies in order to identify elemental technologies and competitiveness factors of the project in scope. Then, the priorities of elemental technologies for both projects are measured using two different methods. In the modified QFD method, the relationship matrix (HOQ, house of quality) is used to determine the priorities. In the modified Taguchi method, the priorities are determined by evaluating contributions of each elemental technology on competitiveness factors with participant's opinions as noise variables. The results of the two methods are compared. A post-hoc survey showed that project managers and researchers slightly prefer the QFD method.
"Heil Dir im Siegerkranz". Nationale Feier- und Gedenktage als Formen kollektiver Identifikation
Authors: Knoll Joachim H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStarting from a political controversy and a wide-ranging media-discussion, the article examines the evolution of German national holidays from the "Kaiserreich" to the reunited Federal Republic (1871-2005). The author lists the dates and attributes of the national festivities (national emblems, national colors, national anthem) and asks to what extent national days can contribute to a collective identification with the given state and its political system. In the process of change one identifies a long run from emotional festivity towards a rather rational attitude in celebrating the National Day. The future of the current German national holiday (October 3) in the frame of a 'democratic culture' is far away from being settled.
Use of Salt Lake City URBAN 2000 Field Data to Evaluate the Urban Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (HPAC) Dispersion Model
Authors: Chang Joseph C. , Hanna Steven R. , Boybeyi Zafer , Franzese Pasquale 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
After the terrorist incidents on 11 September 2001, there is a greatly heightened concern about the potential impacts of acts of terrorism involving the atmospheric release of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) materials in urban areas. In response to the need for an urban CBRN model, the Urban Hazard Prediction Assessment Capability (Urban HPAC) transport and dispersion model has been developed. Because HPAC is widely used by the Department of Defense community for planning, training, and operational and tactical purposes, it is of great importance that the new model be adequately evaluated with urban datasets to demonstrate its accuracy. This paper describes evaluations of Urban HPAC using the “URBAN 2000” urban tracer and meteorological field experiment data from Salt Lake City, Utah. Four Urban HPAC model configuration options and five plausible meteorological input data options—ranging from data-sparse to data-rich scenarios—were considered in the study, thus leading to a total of 20 possible model combinations. For the maximum concentrations along each sampling arc for each intensive operating period (IOP), the 20 Urban HPAC model combinations gave consistent mean overpredictions of about 50%, with a range over the 20 model combinations from no overprediction to a factor-of-4 overprediction in the mean. The median of the random scatter for the 20 model combinations was about a factor of 3 of the mean, with a range over the 20 model combinations between a factor of about 2 and 9. These performance measures satisfy previously established acceptance criteria for dispersion models.
Arctic Mixed-Phase Cloud Properties from AERI Lidar Observations: Algorithm and Results from SHEBA
Authors: Turner D. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new approach to retrieve microphysical properties from mixed-phase Arctic clouds is presented. This mixed-phase cloud property retrieval algorithm (MIXCRA) retrieves cloud optical depth, ice fraction, and the effective radius of the water and ice particles from ground-based, high-resolution infrared radiance and lidar cloud boundary observations. The theoretical basis for this technique is that the absorption coefficient of ice is greater than that of liquid water from 10 to 13 μm, whereas liquid water is more absorbing than ice from 16 to 25 μm. MIXCRA retrievals are only valid for optically thin (τvisible &lt; 6) single-layer clouds when the precipitable water vapor is less than 1 cm. MIXCRA was applied to the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) data that were collected during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment from November 1997 to May 1998, where 63% of all of the cloudy scenes above the SHEBA site met this specification. The retrieval determined that approximately 48% of these clouds were mixed phase and that a significant number of clouds (during all 7 months) contained liquid water, even for cloud temperatures as low as 240 K. The retrieved distributions of effective radii for water and ice particles in single-phase clouds are shown to be different than the effective radii in mixed-phase clouds.
Comments on “Estimating Soil Water Contents from Soil Temperature Measurements by Using an Adaptive Kalman Filter”
Authors: Yang Kun , Koike Toshio 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A scheme was proposed by Zhang et al. to estimate soil water content from soil temperature measurements by using an adaptive Kalman filter. Their scheme is based on the fact that soil heat capacity and thermal conductivity are a monotonic function of soil water content. However, thermal diffusivity, a more critical thermal parameter in such an estimation, is not a monotonic function of soil water content in most cases. This could result in multiple solutions in some cases when deriving soil water content from soil temperatures.
Ground Validation for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)
Authors: Wolff David B. , Marks D. A. , Amitai E. , Silberstein D. S. , Fisher B. L. , Tokay A. , Wang J. , Pippitt J. L. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
An overview of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation (GV) Program is presented. This ground validation (GV) program is based at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and is responsible for processing several TRMM science products for validating space-based rain estimates from the TRMM satellite. These products include gauge rain rates, and radar-estimated rain intensities, type, and accumulations, from four primary validation sites (Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands; Melbourne, Florida; Houston, Texas; and Darwin, Australia). Site descriptions of rain gauge networks and operational weather radar configurations are presented together with the unique processing methodologies employed within the Ground Validation System (GVS) software packages. Rainfall intensity estimates are derived using the Window Probability Matching Method (WPMM) and then integrated over specified time scales. Error statistics from both dependent and independent validation techniques show good agreement between gauge-measured and radar-estimated rainfall. A comparison of the NASA GV products and those developed independently by the University of Washington for a subset of data from the Kwajalein Atoll site also shows good agreement. A comparison of NASA GV rain intensities to satellite retrievals from the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), precipitation radar (PR), and Combined (COM) algorithms is presented, and it is shown that the GV and satellite estimates agree quite well over the open ocean.
High-Frequency Single-Board Doppler Minisodar for Precipitation Measurements. Part I: Rainfall and Hail
Authors: Pang Shixuan , Graßl Hartmut 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A high-frequency Doppler sodar for precipitation measurements has been developed. Such a Doppler sodar (6–20 kHz) can almost always measure precipitation and turbulence spectra simultaneously. Therefore, the mean vertical wind and spectral broadening effects can be directly removed. As the acoustic refractive indices for ice and liquid water are almost the same, the acoustic retrieval of precipitation can also be applied to rain with small hail (e.g., diameter D &lt; 10 mm) or large hail, but for the latter, neglecting the effects of different orientations and shapes of hailstones.
The authors’ single-board minisodar is based on the digital signal processing (DSP) technique. The first prototype has been continuously operated at a coastal weather station since 25 October 2002. For stratiform rain events, the minisodar showed good agreement with a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer and an optical rain gauge. However, for convective heavy showers, the minisodar always observed higher rain rates.
The continuous, nonattended automatic operation of the minisodar has shown its capability for all kinds of precipitation measurements. The retrieval of precipitation rates for snow and graupel will be provided in a subsequent paper.
A New Nonparametric Method to Correct Model Data: Application to Significant Wave Height from the ERA-40 Re-Analysis
Authors: Caires S. , Sterl A. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A new nonparametric method to correct model data is proposed. At any given point in space and time the correction is determined from “analogs” in a learning dataset. The learning dataset contains model data and simultaneous observations. The method is applied to the significant wave height dataset of the 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40). Comparison of the corrected data with significant wave height measurements from in situ buoy and global altimeter data shows clear improvements in bias, scatter, and quantiles in the whole range of values. Temporal inhomogeneities are also removed.
Assessment of Cirrus Cloud Optical and Microphysical Data Reliability by Applying Statistical Procedures
Authors: Shcherbakov Valery , Gayet Jean-François , Jourdan Olivier , Minikin Andreas , Ström Johan , Petzold Andreas 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
A methodology of employing statistical procedures, specifically the principal component analysis (PCA) technique, to assess cirrus cloud data reliability is described. The approach is demonstrated by an example of a study of optical and microphysical characteristics measured during two campaigns performed at midlatitudes in the pristine Southern (SH) and polluted Northern (NH) Hemispheres within the international INCA project (Interhemispheric Differences in Cirrus Cloud Properties from Anthropogenic Emissions). The datasets were obtained by using state-of-the-art airborne instruments including the polar nephelometer and PMS particle size spectrometers for the ice-particle characterization. The approach is applied to both the measured angular scattering intensities and the ice-particle size distributions. It is shown that the PCA technique allows for impartial elimination of nonreliable channels of instruments. Furthermore, this technique is efficient in a study if the dataset is statistically homogeneous, and provides the possibility of removing specific records corresponding to distinguishing statistical ensembles. The results, expressed in terms of significant components and corresponding eigenvalues, show that the Southern and Northern Hemisphere datasets are in good agreement and they can be considered as statistically representative of the sampled cirrus. Furthermore, the frequency distributions of the cirrus cloud microphysical and optical properties can be regarded as arbitrary positive quantities, which are lognormally distributed. The validation of the measurements is provided by intercomparison of parameters estimated from different and independent techniques. The statistical relationships between quantities derived from angular scattering intensities and from ice-particle distributions as well as the similarity of the results obtained for the Southern and Northern Hemisphere cases serve as proof of the reliability of the measured cloud properties.
Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Estimation from the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System Instrument on the Terra Satellite. Part I: Methodology
Authors: Loeb Norman G. , Kato Seiji , Loukachine Konstantin , Manalo-Smith Natividad 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) provides coincident global cloud and aerosol properties together with reflected solar, emitted terrestrial longwave, and infrared window radiative fluxes. These data are needed to improve the understanding and modeling of the interaction between clouds, aerosols, and radiation at the top of the atmosphere, surface, and within the atmosphere. This paper describes the approach used to estimate top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes from instantaneous CERES radiance measurements on the Terra satellite. A key component involves the development of empirical angular distribution models (ADMs) that account for the angular dependence of the earth’s radiation field at the TOA. The CERES Terra ADMs are developed using 24 months of CERES radiances, coincident cloud and aerosol retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and meteorological parameters from the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO)’s Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Data Assimilation System (DAS) V4.0.3 product. Scene information for the ADMs is from MODIS retrievals and GEOS DAS V4.0.3 properties over the ocean, land, desert, and snow for both clear and cloudy conditions. Because the CERES Terra ADMs are global, and far more CERES data are available on Terra than were available from CERES on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the methodology used to define CERES Terra ADMs is different in many respects from that used to develop CERES TRMM ADMs, particularly over snow/sea ice, under cloudy conditions, and for clear scenes over land and desert.
Temporal Sampling: How Many Sections Are Needed to Quantify the Mean Transport and Structure of a Meandering Current?
Authors: Meinen Christopher S. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Two years of observations from an array of 16 inverted echo sounders deployed south of Australia near 51°S, 143.5°E are combined with hydrographic observations from the region to estimate the differences in baroclinic transport, as well as temperature and velocity structure, that result from trying to estimate the true mean using a limited number of snapshot sections. The results of a Monte Carlo–type simulation suggest that over a 350-km distance, completely spanning the Subantarctic Front (SAF) at most times, a minimum of six temporally independent sections would be required to determine the baroclinic transport mean (surface to 4000 db) of the observed 2-yr period to within an accuracy of 10% when the sections are averaged in either an Eulerian (geographic) or stream coordinates manner. However, even with 10 sections during a 2-yr period the details of the mean velocity and temperature structures obtained can be quite different than the “true” 2-yr mean structure, regardless of whether the sections are averaged in either Eulerian or stream coordinates. It is estimated that at least 20 independent sections would be required during a 2-yr period in order to determine the baroclinic velocity structure to within an accuracy of 10%, irrespective of whether they are averaged in Eulerian or stream coordinates. Implications for future sampling strategies and for inverse modeling analyses are discussed.