bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose‐sensitive holographic sensors
Authors: Kabilan S. , Blyth J. , Lee M. C. , Marshall A. J. , Hussain A. , Yang X.‐P. , Lowe C. R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHolographic sensors for monitoring glucose were fabricated from hydrogel films containing chemical ligands based on phenylboronic acid. The films were transformed into reflection holograms using a diffusion method coupled with exposure to laser light. The diffraction wavelength of the holograms was used to monitor the swelling of the hydrogel film in the presence of glucose. Fully reversible changes in diffraction wavelength were demonstrated, highlighting the potential for using these holograms as glucose sensors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐phase biotinylation of antibodies
Authors: Strachan Elizabeth , Mallia A. Krishna , Cox Joanna M. , Antharavally Babu , Desai Surbhi , Sykaluk Laura , O'Sullivan Valerie , Bell Peter A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBiotinylation is an established method of labeling antibody molecules for several applications in life science research. Antibody functional groups such as amines, cis hydroxyls in carbohydrates or sulfhydryls may be modified with a variety of biotinylation reagents. Solution‐based biotinylation is accomplished by incubating antibody in an appropriate buffered solution with biotinylation reagent. Unreacted biotinylation reagent must be removed via dialysis, diafiltration or desalting. Disadvantages of the solution‐based approach include dilution and loss of antibody during post‐reaction purification steps, and difficulty in biotinylation and recovery of small amounts of antibody. Solid‐phase antibody biotinylation exploits the affinity of mammalian IgG‐class antibodies for nickel IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography) supports. In this method, antibody is immobilized on a nickel‐chelated chromatography support and derivitized on‐column. Excess reagents are easily washed away following reaction, and biotinylated IgG molecule is recovered under mild elution conditions. Successful solid phase labeling of antibodies through both amine and sulfhydryl groups is reported, in both column and mini‐spin column formats. Human or goat IgG was bound to a Ni‐IDA support. For sulfhydryl labeling, native disulfide bonds were reduced with TCEP, and reduced IgG was biotinylated with maleimide–PEO2 biotin. For amine labeling, immobilized human IgG was incubated with a solution of NHS–PEO4 biotin. Biotinylated IgG was eluted from the columns using a buffered 0.2 M imidazole solution and characterized by ELISA, HABA/avidin assay, probing with a streptavidin–alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and binding to a monomeric avidin column. The solid phase protocol for sulfhydryl labeling is significantly shorter than the corresponding solution phase method. Biotinylation in solid phase is convenient, efficient and easily applicable to small amounts of antibody (e.g. 100 μg). Antibody biotinylated on‐column was found to be equivalent in stability and antigen‐recognition ability to antibody biotinylated in solution. Solid‐phase methods utilizing Ni‐IDA resin have potential for labeling nucleic acids, histidine‐rich proteins and recombinant proteins containing polyhistidine purification tags, and may also be applicable for other affinity systems and labels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Electrochemical, and Optical Properties of a Novel PPV/PPE Block‐Copolymer
Authors: Lu Sheng‐Li , Yang Mu‐Jie , Bai Feng‐Lian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer was synthesized by a cross‐coupling polycondensation with Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 and a phase‐transfer catalyst, and was confirmed by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal, electrochemical, and photoluminescent properties of the new copolymer have been investigated. The incorporation of triple bonds into the cyano‐substituted PPV (CN‐PPV) backbone leads to higher oxidation and reduction potentials than poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) and CN‐PPV, potentially making the copolymer a good electron‐transporting material for use in a light‐emitting‐diode device.The cyclic voltammogram of the novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer synthesized here.imageThe cyclic voltammogram of the novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer synthesized here.
Micromechanics of Tension‐Compression Asymmetry of Polycrystalline Shape‐Memory‐Alloys
Authors: Hackl K. , Zhang W. , Schmidt‐Baldassari M. , Hoppe U. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe asymmetry associated with martensitic transformations observed in tension/compression experiments of shape‐memory‐alloys (SMAs) is investigated on the basis of a recently suggested micromechanical model. The approach is based on crystallographic theory and utilizes a framework of energy minimization in a finite deformation context. Polycrystalline NiTi under tension demonstrates smaller phase‐transformation start‐strain, differe phase‐transformation stress‐levels and flatter phase‐transformation stress‐strain slopes than that under compression in our numerical simulation. The phase‐transformation start‐stress is followed to have a linear relationship with respect to the temperature within a certain range. These results agree well with experimental results reported in the literature.
An Eulerian Model for Pseudoelastic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Müller Ch. , Bruhns O.T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA thermodynamic model describing pseudoelasticity is proposed. The kinematics are based on a self‐consistent Eulerian theory of finite deformations using the logarithmic rate. The thermomechanical state of the material is described by means of the mass fraction of martensite as internal state variable. From the Helmholtz free energy of the two‐phase solid, a kinetic law for the evolution of martensite is derived, taking into account the heat generated during phase transition. The material model is implemented into a finite element code in an updated Lagrangian scheme. Its parameters are calibrated to experimental data. The characteristics of the model are illustrated by simulations under different loading conditions.
Drilling of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Weinert K. , Petzoldt V. , Kötter D. , Buschka M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe machinability of NiTi based shape memory alloys has been examined by conducting drilling experiments. For this reason the cutting parameters cutting speed and feed were varied within a wide range. The machining process was evaluated in terms of tool wear, cutting forces and machining quality. The tool wear was analysed with a scanning electron microscope and the influence of machining on the subsurface zone was evaluated by micro hardness measurements.
Superoxide production and the activity of MnSOD in rat brain after intrahippocampal kainate‐induced seizure
Authors: Radenovic Lidija , Jovanovic Marina , Vasiljevic Ivana , Selakovic Vesna 
Published: April 2004

AbstractGlutamate neurotoxicity has been hypothesized to underlie several types of acute brain injury. Free radical reactions are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes and abnormalities associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD) have been recently documented in several neurodegenerative processes. We investigated superoxide production and MnSOD activity after kainate injection into the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus. The measurements take place at different times in the hippocampus, forebrain cortex, straitum and cerebellum homogenates. Free radicals including superoxide are responsible for postlesional cytotoxicity. The increase of MnSOD in distinct brain regions, which are functionally connected via afferents and efferents, suggests that these regions are affected by the injury. It suggests that MnSOD protects the cells in these regions from superoxide‐induced damage and therefore may limit the retrograde and anterograde spread of neurotoxicity.
Laminar distribution of neurofilament inclusions and swollen achromatic neurons in neurofilament inclusion disease (NID)
Authors: Cairns N.J. , Jaros E. , Perry R.H. , Armstrong R.A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe laminar distribution of the neurofilament inclusions (NI) and swollen achromatic neurons (SN) was studied in gyri of the temporal cortex in four patients with neurofilament inclusion disease (NID). In 84% of gyri analysed, the density of the NI was maximal in the lower cortical laminae. The distribution of the SN was more variable than the NI. Density was maximal in the lower cortex in 46% of gyri, in the upper cortical laminae in 8% of gyri, and a bimodal distribution of 15% of gyri. In the remaining gyri, there was a more even distribution of SN with cortical depth. In 31% of gyri, the vertical density of the NI was positively correlated with that of the SN. The data suggest that cortical degeneration in the temporal lobe of NID initially affects neurons in the lower laminae. Subsequently, the pathology may spread to affect much of the cortical profile, the SN preceding the appearance of the NI.
Benzodiazepines and injury: a risk adjusted model
Authors: French Dustin D. , Campbell Robert , Spehar Andrea , Angaran David M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundBenzodiazepines (BZD) are one class of medications that are generally acknowledged to be a risk factor for injuries.ObjectiveOur objective was to link outpatient prescription data with clinical data in order to develop a risk adjusted binary model that associates BZD usage with the risk for a healthcare encounter for an injury.MethodsIn total, 3 years of outpatient BZD prescription data, totaling 133 872 outpatient BZD prescriptions for 13 745 patients for a VA medical center, were combined with data from inpatient and outpatient administrative databases. The model incorporated Elixhauser comorbidity measures with 1‐year look back period, along with hospital discharges, marital status, age, mean arterial pressure and body mass index. The model also included the dose of the drug, converted to valium equivalents and its duration. The model was analyzed using generalized estimation equations (GEE).ResultsDose, duration, discharges and various comorbidities were associated with an increased risk for injury, while being married reduced the risk. Increased body mass was associated with increased injury risk. Increased mean arterial pressure was associated with decreased risk.ConclusionsThese findings offer guidance on how specific combinations of risk factors and potential protective effects may impact accidental injury risk. Clinicians prescribing or adjusting BZDs can use these results to more accurately tailor medication regimens for a patient. Our findings suggest that clinicians should also consider the nature of the social support system available to the patient in assessing total injury risk. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse modelling for estimating sorption and degradation parameters for pesticides
Authors: Dubus Igor G , Beulke Sabine , Brown Colin D , Gottesbüren Bernhard , Dieses Angelika 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe leaching model PESTRAS was used to estimate sorption and degradation values for bentazone from three lysimeter datasets using the inverse modelling package PEST. Investigations were undertaken to assess the influence on calibration results of (1) values attributed to uncertain parameters not included in the calibration, and (2) starting values supplied to the inverse modelling package. Automatic calibrations with different realistic values for the Freundlich exponent nf yielded different combinations of Kom and DT50. Similarly, the supply of different starting values for Kom and DT50 revealed that different combinations of these two parameters equally calibrated PESTRAS for two of the three lysimeters. Examination of the error surface, ie the forward running of the model for different combinations of Kom and DT50 values, and the calculation of the goodness‐of‐fit to the experimental data, was found useful for identifying those instances where non‐uniqueness in the calibration is likely to occur. Although the derivation of sorption and degradation values through inverse modelling is expected to offer significant benefits over laboratory determinations, care should be exercised when examining values derived through this approach. Research is needed to identify data requirements for robust estimation of sorption and degradation parameters through calibration of pesticide fate models against leaching data. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Pesticide adsorption in the vadose zone: a case study on Eocene and Quaternary materials in northern France
Authors: Coquet Yves , Ribière Catherine , Vachier Pierre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe present a set of adsorption coefficients measured on various Eocene and Quaternary materials sampled from the vadose zone of a catchment in Northern France for three herbicides, atrazine, isoproturon and metamitron. Some vadose zone materials were found to have higher adsorption coefficients than the topsoil. The adsorption coefficients were strongly dependent on the clay content of the material. From 83% to 97% of the variability in the adsorption coefficients could be explained by a linear relationship to the clay content. Adsorption coefficients normalized for clay content, Kclay, ranged between 1.6 and 17.6 litre kg−1 for atrazine. Neglecting the adsorption properties of the vadose zone and relying exclusively on Koc values to predict mobility may bias regional or local risk assessment of groundwater contamination by pesticides. More information on the adsorption properties of geological materials should be collected to improve our ability to predict pesticide concentrations in groundwaters. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimizing precision overhead for x86 processors
Authors: Ogasawara Takeshi , Komatsu Hideaki , Nakatani Toshio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is a major challenge for a Java JIT compiler to perform single‐precision floating‐point operations efficiently for the x86 processors. In previous research, the double‐precision mode is set as the default precision mode when methods are invoked. Sophisticated approaches then use heuristic approaches to optimization by considering the trade‐offs between roundings and mode switches. However, this convention introduces redundant mode switches across method boundaries. Furthermore, methods that include both single‐ and double‐precision operations cannot switch the mode, even if single‐precision operations are dominant. We propose a new approach to these problems. We eliminate redundant mode switches by ignoring the default precision mode and calling a method in the same precision mode as the caller. For methods that include both single‐ and double‐precision methods, we reduce the overhead of rounding by isolating code segments of a given method that should be executed in the single‐precision mode. We implemented our approach in IBM's Just‐in‐Time compiler, and obtained experimental results demonstrating that, in SPECjvm98, it consistently shows the best performance in any configuration of benchmark programs, inline policies, and processor architectures compared with previous research approaches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of test sequences from formal specifications: GSM 11‐11 standard case study
Authors: Bernard Eddy , Legeard Bruno , Luck Xavier , Peureux Fabien 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a case study on generating test cases for a fragment of the smart card GSM 11‐11 standard. The generation method is based on an original approach using the B notation and techniques of constraint logic programming with sets. The GSM 11‐11 technical specifications were formalized with the B notation. From this B specification, a system of constraints was derived, equivalent to this formal model. Using a set constraint solver, boundary states were computed and test cases were obtained by traversing the constrained reachability graph of the specifications. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the contribution of this testing environment, called B‐TESTING‐TOOLS, in an industrial process on a real life‐size application, by comparing the generated test sequences with the already used and high‐quality manually‐designed tests. This comparison enabled us to validate our approach and showed its effectiveness in the validation process of critical applications: the case study gives a wide coverage (about 85%) of the generated tests compared to the pre‐existing tests and a saving of 30% in test design time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trace element zoning in pyrite determined by PIXE elemental mapping: evidence for varying ore–fluid composition and electrochemical precipitation of gold at the Spitskop deposit, Saldania Belt, South Africa
Authors: Belcher R. W. , Rozendaal A. , Przybylowicz W. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe geochemistry of pyrite associated with mesothermal ‘invisible’ gold mineralization in the Neoproterozoic Saldania Belt was studied with micro‐PIXE. The petrologically observed weak zoning of pyrite was clearly visible on elemental maps generated by this analytical method. It also allowed the positive identification of two generations of pyrite. Early, irregular pre‐ to syn‐tectonic grains are As‐poor and display strongly zoned later, possibly post‐tectonic, overgrowths rich in As, Ni, Sb and Pb. This late phase also produced a generation of individual, distinctly zoned euhedral grains of similar composition. Gold is extremely fine‐grained and hosted by the zoned pyrite grains as submicroscopic specks located on the boundary between As‐poor and As‐rich bands. This association is indicative of the electrochemical precipitation of gold. Zoning of the elements Ni, Sb and Pb in the late‐stage pyrite is attributed to selective precipitation in response to changes in composition and physico‐chemical conditions of the mineralizing fluids that have been derived from devolatilization of the enclosing metamorphosed volcano‐sedimentary pile. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The most general constitutive equation in motions with constant stretch history and its approximative application in numerical simulations
Authors: Brunn P.O. , Asoud H. , Ryssel E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn this paper we utilize the fact that in motions with constant stretch history (csh) the constitutive equation for the stress tensor can always be cast in explicit form. Great simplifications are possible in two dimensional as well as in nonswirling axisymmetric flows. For these flows one obtains the CEF equation, but the material functions depend not only on the shear rate, but on other parameters as well. For two dimensional flow this implies that the viscosity function can account for shear thinning and extension thickening. For the flow of a dilute polymer solution through a sudden contraction numerical results qualitatively agree with experimental results, quite in contrast to predictions which result if the customary generalized Newtonian fluid is used.
Autologous transfusion techniques: a systematic review of their efficacy
Authors: Carless P. , Moxey A. , O'Connell D. , Henry D. 
Published: April 2004

summary Shortages of donor blood and fears of transmitted infections have prompted the use of a range of blood‐sparing techniques in the peri‐operative period. We conducted a systematic review of three techniques that involve the re‐infusion of a patient's blood – pre‐operative autologous blood deposit (PAD), acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) and cell salvage (CS). We examined the effects of these interventions on the need for peri‐operative allogeneic red blood cell transfusion and on clinical outcomes. Controlled clinical studies were identified by computer searches of comprehensive electronic databases and bibliographic searches of published articles.The literature search retrieved a total of 68 randomized trials (RCTs) and 81 controlled observational studies that included data from over 34 000 individuals. In summary, the RCTs found that autologous transfusion techniques consistently reduced the frequency of allogeneic transfusions, with intervention effect sizes ranging from a relative 63% reduction (95% CI 46–74%) with PAD, to 42% (27–53%) with CS and to 31% (16–44%) with ANH. Non‐randomized studies reported larger effect sizes than RCTs. PAD increased overall transfusion rates by 30% (95% CI 12–48%) and reduced pre‐operative haemoglobin levels by an average of 1·23 g dL−1. Intervention effects were substantially reduced when these techniques were performed under transfusion protocols. Interpretation of the studies was hampered by serious methodological weaknesses, particularly inadequate randomization techniques, unblinded measurements and the subjective nature of the outcome variables. The studies reported few clinical outcome and adverse event data. Previous claims regarding reduced rates of mortality and infection with autologous transfusions were not confirmed.
Flavour sensory qualities and consumer perceptions – a comparison of sensory and brain activity responses to flavour components in different populations
Authors: Patterson John , Owen Caroline M. , Frank Damian , Smith Rebecca , Cadusch Peter 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThis paper explores the relationship between odour responses of naïve consumers to different flavour components, by investigating the ability of sensory ratings and brain recording techniques to reveal differences in responses associated with differences in background and experience. Two groups of naïve consumers (Australian and Overseas students from Asian/South‐east Asian background; all untrained in sensory work) participated in sensory ratings and brain electrical activity [electroencephalogram (EEG)] recordings of responses to the odours of four flavour components. Results indicated no significant differences in rating responses between cultural groups, but did reveal significant brain electrical activity differences between cultural groups in response to para‐cresol, and a similar (nonsignificant) trend in responses to 2‐heptanone and dimethyltrisulphide. These results suggest that the application of EEG techniques to sensory analysis has the potential to provide physiological evidence of cultural differences in odour responsiveness that cannot always be discriminated by subjective reports.
The perception of risks associated with food‐related hazards and the perceived reliability of sources of information
Authors: Rosati Simona , Saba Anna 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThis study aimed to explore, on the one hand, public perception of risks associated with different food‐related hazards and, on the other hand, perception of reliability of various sources providing information on food‐related risks. Some differences were found when consumers compared six food‐related hazards in terms of perceived personal risk and their knowledge of potential food risks. The concern about food risks was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the perception of risk to the individual. As far as the perception of the reliability of information was concerned, a principal component analysis revealed some differences in terms of respondents’ perception when the sources were compared. Furthermore, a regression analysis showed that the perceived amount of information each source contained about food‐related hazards was an important element in perception of reliability, as well as the degree of concern consumers believed the agencies had with protecting their health from food risks.