bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digitized Biographies
Authors: Albrecht Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the harvesting of data associated to our social interactions. The chapter starts by scrutinizing historical initiatives such as the Third Department in Imperial Russia, the Dang’an of Maoist China, and early attempts by the US government to monitor citizens following the communist Red Scares in the nation. Next, it looks at how the automation of data collection techniques allowed for building on these traditions and led to the development of numerous programs today, notably the NSA’s ThinThread, the Chinese Social Credit System, and India’s Aadhaar. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the implications of these wide-ranging social monitoring programs on civil rights, noting that through such approaches to governance, persons are reduced to a kind of prosopographic file managed by the state.
India
Authors: Albrecht Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter features interviews with Anushka Jain of the Digital Futures Lab and Shweta Mohandas from the Centre for Internet and Society. Both organizations are based in India and investigate issues related to technology and society, algorithmic decision-making, digital rights, and online privacy. Jain discusses the ubiquity of facial recognition projects in India and highlights the potential of the Aadhaar digital identity system to violate the rights of citizens, particularly the most vulnerable. Mohandas points out the trade-offs between maintaining national security and protecting privacy rights, discusses the potential misuse of data by foreign and private actors, and highlights the advances and lacunae of the recently passed Personal Data Protection Act. Both Mohandas and Jain agree that the use of geolocation trackers for municipal workers is open to abuse and presents a serious violation of civil rights that is likely to expand if left unchecked.
Democracy, Laws, and Policy in Shaping Abortion Views
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the government’s role in shaping abortion attitudes. To understand the abortion debate—both liberal laws that allow for abortion on demand and conservative attitudes that strongly discourage abortion—democracy and the ideas it stimulates are key. The chapter explains how generic democratic values can affect abortion views. The specific role of democracy in shaping policies is also discussed. Drawing on an analysis of over 800 newspaper articles from 41 countries, I show that news articles in more democratic nations are more likely to discuss abortion from a range of different perspectives. I unpack differences between the United States and China with regard to how democracy informs public opinion and abortion-related policies. Finally, I explain how the media both influences democratic processes and encourages the exchange of information that can further aid tolerance.
The Ethics of Agency
Authors: Smith Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Abstract
The chapter begins with a brief history of moral philosophy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The history focuses on the methodological and substantive contributions of Moore, Ayer, Rawls, and Hare, and shows how their contributions have by and large set the agenda for present-day normative ethics. Problems with that agenda, especially with Rawls’s methods of reflective equilibrium and avoidance, are presented, and an alternative agenda is suggested. The alternative begins with a defence of moral rationalism and then proceeds, via a constitutivist theory of reasons for action, to a derivation of a novel ethics of agency that consists of two moral principles—Help, but Don’t interfere—and a non-moral principle—Do what you want—that must be weighed against each other. Some novel philosophical problems raised by the ethics of agency are identified for further consideration.
Noise
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Noise pollution became conceptualized as a problem in the 1960s and 1970s, partly in response to the growth in public awareness about environmental issues. Individuals’ expectations have been raised about what constitutes a noise nuisance and when controls are needed. Recent EU legislation is intended to raise the priority of noise in relation to other environmental issues such as air and water pollution. Noise tends to be perceived differently from other forms of pollution because it has no lasting effects on the physical environment. It may interfere with the victim’s use of his property and may even diminish its value, but noise does not result in physical damage, except in the most extreme circumstances such as when accompanied by explosions. Vibration accompanying noise is included in the statutory definition: in section 79(7) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990). Such vibration may cause physical damage, though usually the loss will be one of amenity.
Insects
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A new statutory nuisance in relation to the impact of insects came into effect in England and Wales from 2006 as a result of an amendment made by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005. Under section 79(1)(fa) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA 1990), this makes insects which emanate from industrial, trade, or business premises a statutory nuisance if they are prejudicial to health or a nuisance. In Northern Ireland, the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 received Royal Assent on 4 May 2011, though it has still to come into effect. Section 63(1)(g) of that Act will make the statutory nuisance provisions in respect of insects consistent with the position in England and Wales. In Scotland, the provisions are broader than in England and Wales and section 79(1)(faa) of the EPA 1990 extends the coverage to all premises.
Inferring the genetic relationships between unsupervised deep learning–derived imaging phenotypes and glioblastoma through multi-omics approaches
Authors: Ye Liguo , Ye Cheng , Li Pengtao , Wang Yu , Ma Wenbin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the genetic association between glioblastoma (GBM) and unsupervised deep learning–derived imaging phenotypes (UDIPs). We employed a combination of genome-wide association study (GWAS) data, single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq), and scPagwas (pathway-based polygenic regression framework) methods to explore the genetic links between UDIPs and GBM. Two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses were conducted to identify causal relationships between UDIPs and GBM. Colocalization analysis was performed to validate genetic associations, while scPagwas analysis was used to evaluate the relevance of key UDIPs to GBM at the cellular level. Among 512 UDIPs tested, 23 were found to have significant causal associations with GBM. Notably, UDIPs such as T1-33 (OR = 1.007, 95% CI = 1.001 to 1.012, P = .022), T1-34 (OR = 1.012, 95% CI = 1.001–1.023, P = .028), and T1-96 (OR = 1.009, 95% CI = 1.001–1.019, P = .046) were found to have a genetic association with GBM. Furthermore, T1-34 and T1-96 were significantly associated with GBM recurrence, with P-values &lt; .0001 and P &lt; .001, respectively. In addition, scPagwas analysis revealed that T1-33, T1-34, and T1-96 are distinctively linked to different GBM subtypes, with T1-33 showing strong associations with the neural progenitor-like subtype (NPC2), T1-34 with mesenchymal (MES2) and neural progenitor (NPC1) cells, and T1-96 with the NPC2 subtype. T1-33, T1-34, and T1-96 hold significant potential for predicting tumor recurrence and aiding in the development of personalized GBM treatment strategies.
Large-Scale Multiple Testing of Composite Null Hypotheses Under Heteroskedasticity
Authors: Gang B , Banerjee T 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Heteroskedasticity poses several methodological challenges in designing valid and powerful procedures for simultaneous testing of composite null hypotheses. In particular, the conventional practice of standardizing or re-scaling heteroskedastic test statistics in this setting may severely affect the power of the underlying multiple testing procedure. Additionally, when the inferential parameter of interest is correlated with the variance of the test statistic, methods that ignore this dependence may fail to control the Type I error at the desired level. We propose a new heteroskedasticity adjusted multiple testing procedure that avoids data reduction by standardization, and directly incorporates the side information from the variances into the testing procedure. Our approach relies on an improved nonparametric empirical Bayes deconvolution estimator that offers a practical strategy for capturing the dependence between the inferential parameter of interest and the variance of the test statistic. We develop theory to show that the proposed procedure is asymptotically valid and optimal for FDR control. Simulation results demonstrate that our method outperforms existing procedures with substantial power gain across many settings at the same FDR level. The method is illustrated on an application involving the detection of engaged users on a mobile game app.
Exploratory analysis of biological age measures in a remyelination clinical trial
Authors: McMurran Christopher E , de Meo Ermelinda , Cunniffe Nick G , Brown J William L , Prados Ferran , Kanber Baris , Cole James H , Coles Alasdair J , Hägg Sara , Chard Declan T 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Enhancing CNS myelin repair (remyelination) is a promising strategy to prevent neurodegeneration and associated progressive disability in multiple sclerosis. Remyelination becomes inefficient with older chronological age, but the relationship between measures of biological age and remyelination has not been previously described in a clinical cohort. Here, we investigated two measures of biological age amongst participants of the Cambridge Centre for Myelin Repair One trial of bexarotene: MRI brain age (BAMRI) and a blood-based biological age (BABlood). In people with radiologically stable multiple sclerosis (n = 44 of 49 total participants), we found that treatment with bexarotene, along with promoting remyelination, was associated with significant decrease in MRI brain age [−1.98 years, 95% confidence interval (CI) [−3.75, −0.21 years] versus placebo over 6 months, P = 0.034]. Whilst BAMRI increased as expected during the trial in the placebo group (+0.92 years, CI [−0.41, 2.26]), the brain MRIs of participants treated with bexarotene appeared on average 11 months younger at the end compared to the start of the trial (−0.93 years, CI [−2.02, 0.17]). The effect of bexarotene on BAMRI was associated with its remyelinating activity in cortical grey matter lesions (β = 0.25% units (pu)/year, CI [0.03, 0.46], P = 0.023) and brainstem lesions (β = 0.24 pu/year, CI [0.09, 0.39], P = 0.003). We also observed some regional trends that the remyelinating response to bexarotene was linked with measures of biological age at baseline. For example, after adjustment for chronological age, remyelination of brainstem lesions assessed by magnetization transfer ratio was reduced by 0.06 pu for each year increase in BAMRI (CI [0.00, 0.13], P = 0.058) and 0.02 pu for each year increase in BABlood (CI [−0.01, 0.05], P = 0.17). This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration that MRI brain age can be therapeutically modulated by a drug in people with a neurological disorder. Overall, these findings highlight that beyond chronological age, biological age may also influence the potential for repair and should be considered when developing treatments for multiple sclerosis.
Investigation of glucose oxidation mechanism on the graphene nanosheet decorated by Pt, Au, and Cu metals: a DFT study
Authors: Wang Yingying , Li Hongxia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The investigation of glucose oxidation in alkaline solutions has been conducted using DFT computations on graphene nanosheets decorated with single metal atoms of Pt, Au, and Cu (denoted as PtG, AuG, and CuG). The study reveals that all 3 catalysts are effective in catalyzing the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. Among these models, PtG emerges as the most favorable catalyst with the rate-determining step energy barrier of only 0.45 eV.
Synthesis and optical properties of m-phenyl carbazole derivatives showing aggregation-induced emission and thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Authors: Nakagawa Yuta , Miki Kensyo , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study reports the synthesis and optical properties of four compounds with m-phenyl carbazole derivatives at their side chains. The devised compounds exhibited both aggregation-induced emission and thermally activated delayed fluorescence. By introducing a carbazole unit at the m-position, we provide a new guideline for molecular design.
Aerobic oxidation of glucosamine-HCl over AuPd-supported catalyst in a liquid-flow system
Authors: Sotani Rin , Nishimura Shun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Both a batch and a continuous-flow reactor system were investigated in the oxidation reaction of glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN-HCl) into glucosaminic acid. In the batch reactor system, AuPd-supported catalysts using basic supports such as MgO and hydrotalcite (HT) effectively catalyzed the target oxidation reaction. Although, in the liquid-flow reaction system, these catalysts showed a gradual decrease in their activity due to exposure to the acidic nature of the GlcN-HCl product, the addition of NaOH to maintain the basic reaction condition allowed the yield to remain stable over a longer reaction time, with approximately 80% yield for 9 h of reaction in both the AuPd/MgO and AuPd/HT cases.
Robotic acquisition of echocardiographic images, a proof of concept and safety study
Authors: Windram J , Ahmed A , Becher H , Foster B , Noega M , Almajed N , Boulanger P , Punithakumar K 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background/Introduction
Though echocardiography remains the most utilized imaging modality in daily cardiology practice, a major challenge remains the physical strain and injury that can be induced in the echocardiographer.

Purpose
We developed a prototype robotic arm assisted echocardiography system which incorporates robotics with traditional echocardiography. We assessed the safety and feasibility of the system in 31 volunteers.

Methods
An ultrasound transducer was mounted upon a robotic arm (UR10 robotic arm, Universal Robots, Odense, Denmark). The transducer was connected to a Philips EPIQ 7C system. The position of the transducer was modified by the echocardiographer who could manipulate a remote stick controller in their hand whilst orientating its position in relation to the real-time images acquired upon the monitor of the echocardiography scanner. This enabled the sonographer to optimize the images and to initiate recordings of parasternal and apical 2D and 3D images. The maximal force on the robot arm was set to 5 Newtons (N) which was deemed to be both safe and to allow for adequate image quality. The force induced by the probe upon the chest wall was measured continuously. Acquired images were assessed for quality ranging from excellent to poor.

Results
17 males and 14 females were scanned. The number of images acquired varied from a minimum of 16 and a maximum of 61. The mean time taken to scan an individual was 17.4 minutes with a standard deviation (SD) of 9.9 minutes. This equated to an average of 1.9 images per minute (SD 0.7). No statistical difference was noted between the number of images per minute obtained between male and female participants (mean (+/- SD) for males was 2.1(0.8) and for females 1.8 (0.7) P=0.27). The average force that was applied by the probe was 3.95+/-0.83 Newtons. None of the volunteers reported significant discomfort in the acquisition of the images. Of the 3D images obtained 5 of the participants had poor apical 3D datasets and 3 had poor parasternal datasets but the remaining images acquired were adequate for diagnostic quality.

Conclusion(s)
Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of acquiring 2D and 3D images using a prototype robotic arm assisted echocardiography system. Despite using a low force to the chest wall, the majority of images obtained were of diagnostic quality. Future studies will assess the techniques validity within a routine patient population compared to standard imaging performed by an experienced sonographer.
Set up of robot-arm echocardioghy
Do artificial intelligence methods in echocardiography know when closer human scrutiny is needed?
Authors: Ng T , Hannan S H , Julea M , Singh A , Zetani M , Vimalesvaran K , Tawil M , Rana B , Demetrescu C , Ghosh A , Sehmi J , Bhattacharyya S , Stowell C , Shun-Shin M J , Francis D P 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Artificial intelligence (AI) measurement has the potential to transform cardiac imaging, but what if it makes a mistake? Can AI also highlight when it is most likely to have mismeasured and can experts improve these measurements? As readers become increasingly reliant on automated measures for echocardiographic analysis, we need confidence that the software will measure accurately, and also flag where human oversight is needed.

Purpose
To develop and test an open, scientific, machine-learning method of validly judging the level of certainty in an AI measurement, to enable human oversight to focus on the measurements most likely to be incorrect.

Methods
The heatmap altitude (MHA) at the measurement point is widely used as an automatic index of predicted reliability of an AI measurement. This is derived from the raw neural network output to give a level of confidence between 0 and 1 in each measurement that the AI makes. We test this not only against the AI’s difference from the expert consensus, but also, through the use of multiple experts per case, against individual experts difference from the consensus using the Unity UK Echocardiography AI collaboratives dataset of 200 parasternal long-axis images.
Each image was labelled with key points for the aortic annulus, sinus and sinotubular junction, and proximal ascending aorta dimensions by 10 experts. The mean expert consensus measure was obtained, and then the median deviation of the AI and other experts calculated.

Results
The heatmap altitude was skewed with median 0.822, IQR 0.793 to 0.841, 10th to 90th percentile 0.734 to 0.852. Images were grouped by decile, from the 20 images with lowest confidence to the 20 with the highest (Figure 1). Both the AI and expert error (deviation from expert consensus) was greatest in the lowest confidence decile and progressively lower in each decile of greater confidence (p&lt;0.001 for trend).
In the better 9 deciles, the AI error was smaller than the human error (p&lt;0.001); in the worst decile it was equivalent (p =NS).

Conclusion
The fully automated and open-source MHA value usefully quantifies the reliability of an AI measurement. This could be used to target human oversight where it is most needed, but care must be taken as experts may find the images similarly difficult.
Artificial intelligence for automatic echocardiography image view detection and left ventricle segmentation and ejection fraction prediction
Authors: Morales-Galan A , Lopez-Gutierrez P , Garrido-Oliver J , Dux-Santoy L , Majul H , Rivas Catoni L , Martin Grieve S , Bragulat-Arevalo M , Ferrer-Cornet M , Catala-Santarrufina A , Teixido-Tura G , Galian-Gay L , Ferreira-Gonzalez I , Rodriguez-Palomares J , Guala A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Left-ventricular (LV) border segmentation is key to assess LV size and function. Current assessment has relatively large inter-observer variability, possibly impacting patients care. Artificial intelligence (AI) may permit faster and more reproducible assessment, possibly suitable to be used by non-experts.

Purpose
To train and test AI algorithms for (i) the identification of views, (ii) the segmentation of the LV in 2, 3 and 4-chamber views, and (iii) the computation of LV ejection fraction (EF).

Methods
Fifteen thousand echocardiography studies acquired in the Vall d’Hebron University Hospital (VH) for patients care were retrieved and anonymized. LV wall was identified via commercial clinical software in 619 videos with 2-, 3- and 4-chamber views (14082 frames) and 3 masks were created: LV cavity (within endocardial border), overall LV (within epicardial border) and LV wall. Annotated frames were split into independent training (465 videos) and testing (154) sets and performances were evaluated in terms of DICE score. End-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes of 4-chamber views were identified and used to compute LV EF, which was compared with clinical reports in 488 patients. An external validation on CAMUS dataset was performed.

Results
A total of 6831 videos from 488 VH subjects were available for this analysis (Table 1). AI model identified image views with high accuracy (93%). AI performance on the segmentation of the LV cavity, overall LV and LV wall were satisfactory in 2- (0,86[0,79;0,90], 0,91[0,86;0,93], 0,79[0,74;0,83]), 3- (0,88[0,84;0,91], 0,91[0,90;0,93], 0,81[0,77;0,83]) and 4-chamber (0,90[0,86;0,93], 0,92[0,88;0,94], 0,82[0,79;0,85]) views. Segmentation performances were similar between sexes but were lower in case of atrial fibrillation and in images with low quality. In an external validation in 500 CAMUS patients performances were satisfactory, with DICE score of 0,91[0,87;0,94] and 0,80[0,73;0,84] for whole LV and LV cavity in 2 and 4-chamber views, respectively.
In VH data EF predictions were in line with expected inter-observer reproducibility, with a good linear association (R=0.39, p&lt;0.001) but remarkable underestimation (mean error = 12%). Models performed similarly in the external validation set, with a good linear association (R=0.31, p&lt;0.001) and minimal underestimation (mean error = 2.2%).

Conclusions
AI models can identify echocardiography views, segment the LV in 2, 3 and 4-chamber views and use the segmentation to quantify EF. Care should be taken to avoid biases in AI performances, particularly in case of atrial fibrillation and limited image quality.
Demographic and clinical information