bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mangrove Forests
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mangrove forests are sometimes regarded as a very distinct ecosystem virtually requiring a separate discipline of science. In fact, they are just one of the many types of forest in Sumatra having a closed, even canopy made up of tree species which are predominantly evergreen. The environmental conditions in which they grow are extreme, however, because they are subject to soil-water salinity and waterlogging. Mangrove forests have important environmental roles concerned with land, wildlife and fisheries management (table 2.1) and have been exploited by man for numerous natural products (table 2.2). This exploitation by man has had important effects on the ecosystem.
Other Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to mangrove forests, five other types of ecosystems are found around the coasts of Sumatra. These are: beach vegetation on accreting coasts (pes-caprae formation), beach vegetation on abrading coasts (Barringtonia formation:), brackishwater forests, rocky shores and coral reefs. The last of these is not strictly within the scope of this book as it is a marine ecosystem, but it is included as background material for the reader who may wish to pursue studies on coral reefs.
Rivers and Lakes
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sumatran lakes (together with those in Java and Bali) have the distinction of being the first tropical lakes to be studied in great detail. In contrast to many other aspect of Sumatran biology, an enormous amount has been written about a number of Sumatra’s lakes. Between 1928 and 1929 a German expedition spent 10 months conducting thorough studies of lakes (and to a lesser extent rivers) in Java, Sumatra and Bali. The results, written by over 100 experts, total an amazing 7,920 text pages with 3,055 tables and figures and were published in Archiv fur Hydrobiologie (Supplement) between 1931 and 1958. Most of the papers are taxonomic (over 1,100 new species were described), and this gives a wonderful base for freshwater ecology studies. Very little work has been conducted on Sumatran rivers and lakes since that expedition, except for the work by the National Biological Institute on the River Alas (LBN 1980) and by the Bogar Agricultural Institute on the largely brackish Upang-Banyuasin delta (IPB 1975).
Uncommon Lowland Forests
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lowland forests vary quite considerably in composition (p. 198) and three types are discussed individually below because they are so strikingly different. They are: heath forest/padang vegetation, ironwood forest and forest on limestone. The first two types were investigated by a team from CRES and are discussed in detail below.
Effects of Disturbance
Authors: Whitten Tony , Damanik Sengli J , Anwar Janzanul , Hisyam Nazaruddin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural ecosystems are not static. The plants and animals within them die and others are born to replace them. Energy and nutrients pass through the organisms and are removed from the system in water, by emigration or by ‘visitors’. If part of an ecosystem is destroyed in some way, the biotic community and the physical features of the soil will generally be rebuilt. This can take decades or even a thousand years depending on the ecosystem and the extent of the disturbance. The disturbed area is colonised by pioneer species which are gradually replaced by others until an ecosystem closely resembling the original is formed which is itself subject to disturbance. This sequence of changes is called succession. In areas where repeated disturbance occurs or where the process of succession is halted, an ecosystem may never have a chance to recover.
Deactivation of Feedforward and Feedback Pathways in the Visual Cortex of the Monkey
Authors: Girard Pascal , Bullier Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present an overview over our group’s long-standing experience with different inactivation methods to investigate the function of corticocortical visual pathways in the macaque monkey. Our studies are mainly centered on the role of feedforward and feedback pathways. Both of these pathways were originally defined on purely anatomical grounds (Van Essen and Maunsell 1983) and a speculative hierarchy of visual areas was derived from this anatomical work. For the past fifteen years we have been examining the functional aspects of this hierarchy with the help of reversible inactivation methods. The advantages and limitations of these methods are provided in the comprehensive overview of Lomber (1999). Many of these points will also be considered in this chapter.
Case Studies in Virtual Neuropsychology: Reversible Lesions and Magnetic Brain Stimulation
Authors: Walsh Vincent , Pascual-Leone Alvaro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is now an established technique in cognitive neuroscience. The utility of the technique can be stated simply: the temporary disruption of normal cortical functioning, within a prescribed brain region and/or period of processing, can be used to study the effects of lesions in real time, without the masking effects of the “specter of compensation.” These virtual lesion patients produced by TMS can be used as their own controls, unlike real neuropsychological patients and, again unlike in real patients, the temporal resolution of TMS makes a chronometric analysis of the virtual lesion effects possible.
Excitability of Human Visual Cortex Examined with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Boroojerdi Babak , Cohen Leonardo G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last 15 years, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a valuable method of study of the physiology and cognitive functions of the human brain. Using this technique, it is possible to stimulate the human cerebral cortex in a noninvasive and painless way (Barker et al. 1985). TMS elicits a magnetic field that passes virtually unaffected through the skin, skull and scalp (in simple terms, it elicits an electric field oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field). Induced currents in the tissue flow in a direction parallel to the coil (Maccabee et al. 1991b; Roth et al. 1991; Roth 1994). This method has an overall temporal resolution in the range of milliseconds, and a spatial resolution depending on the magnetic coils utilized, approximately down to a square centimeter. Examples of responses elicited by TMS include motor evoked potentials (MEP) elicited after stimulating the contralateral motor cortex. On the other hand, TMS can also cause a brief disruption of the cortical activity under the magnetic coil.
The Emergence and Co-Evolution of Human Pathogens
Authors: Baum Jake , Bar-Gal Gila Kahila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great diversity of life that we see today has evolved through a complex history of selective inter actions between organisms competing with each other for limited resources and striving to survive changes in the environment. Whilst our vision of this diversity is dominated by what we see with the naked eye, we should not forget the microscopic pathogens that plague everything from the single celled prokaryote to multicellular plants and animals. As a group they are unsurpassed in the breadth of their life strategies and the biological niches that they occupy. Indeed even if we restrict our discussion to human pathogens, the consortium is still impressive, comprising a heterogeneous array of viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and metozoa, all living temporarily or permanently within our bodies, on our outer surfaces, in our body fluids, in our tissues, and cells and even in our genomes.
Smart-tourist guide to a synchrotron light facility
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A person visiting a synchrotron laboratory for the first time is confronted with a rather confusing picture: a huge room cluttered with metal tubes, aluminum foil and mysterious electronic equipment, where scientists and technicians are engaged in a variety of tasks. Gradually, a coherent structure becomes evident (Fig. 1.1): in the center of everything, there is a closed-loop tube. Several straight tubes depart from it in tangential directions; each one passes through complicated devices and ends with a formidable-looking piece of equipment. This is where most of the scientists and technicians are gathered.
The facility
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The storage ring and its many sources of synchrotron light—undulators, wigglers and bending magnets--constitutes the core of a synchrotron facility. Such sources, however, would be useless without additional equipment. Quite often, for example, optical devices are needed to modify the spectral and geometrical characteristics of the emitted light beam and meet the requirements of specific applications. The back-end of each beamline must be equipped with an experimental chamber that includes different instruments, and interfaced with computers for controlling the experimental parameters and taking, processing, storing and exporting the data. The many different applications of synchrotron light require a wide variety of instruments. A complete and detailed description of such instruments is well beyond our scope, and so we will limit the discussion to general issues and a to some examples of specific relevance to the audience of this book.
Future directions
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synchrotron-based activities have expanded for more than three decades. This evolution is not slowing down but accelerating. We have already discussed several important aspects of the expansion such as the shift from physics to the life sciences and the progress towards X-FELs. There are many other important aspects. In this chapter we discuss some of them, in three general areas: new sources, new applications and new management approaches.
Continuum Theory Of Crystalline Solids
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we develop a continuum theory of crystalline solids. We begin with a review of lattices and the symmetry of lattices. A reader who finds this review insufficient is referred to introductory books on solid state physics like that by Ashcroft and Mermin (1976). We then link the lattice to the continuum using the Cauchy–Born hypothesis and describe the consequences of this linkage on the resulting continuum theory. This presentation draws heavily from the ideas of Ericksen (1978; 1979; 1980; 1984) and the work of Pitteri and Zanzotto (1984; 1985; 2003).
The problems of the Standard Model
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Standard Model is a very satisfying theory of fundamental interactions: it has been superbly confirmed by experimental data, especially precision tests at the LEP collider. But it does not answer all the questions that one may raise about fundamental interactions. It is therefore believed to be the low energy limit of some deeper theory. It is the purpose of this chapter to make this statement more explicit. We will see that most of the questions which remain to be answered require new physics at much larger mass scales than the typical Standard Model scale.
The singular rôle of Supersymmetry
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents basic notions about super symmetry and super symmetry breaking. In particular, it underlines the way super symmetry is a unique symmetry among space time symmetries. 2.1 Why supersymmetry? Super symmetry is a symmetry between boson and fermion fields. Why should we try to search for such a symmetry? One very fundamental reason is the following. Bosons are the mediators of interaction: their statistics allows for a coherent superposition and thus for a macroscopic force, such as the Coulomb force. On the other hand, fermions are the constituents of matter: their statistics is translated at the macroscopic level into the additive character of matter. It is certainly a very fundamental question to ask whether there exists a symmetry which unifies matter and radiation. The educated reader already knows that the present models of super symmetry applied to particle physics do not fulﬁll this goal. Should this be taken as an indication that they are not yet complete? But let us put this aside and try to identify the general properties of a symmetry between bosons and fermions.
Supersymmetric grand unification
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With all its successes, the Standard Model does not really achieve complete unification. Indeed, it trades the two couplings αe.m. and GF describing respectively electromagnetic and weak interactions for the two gauge couplings g and gt. More-over, even if one disregards gravitational interactions which are so much weaker, one should at some point take into account the remaining fundamental gauge interaction, namely quantum chromo dynamics (QCD), which describes strong interactions. Indeed, as one goes to higher energies, the QCD running coupling becomes weaker, and thus closer in magnitude to the electroweak couplings. Earlier work on quark–lepton unification [302] helped to bridge the gap towards a real unification of all known gauge interactions and in 1973 Georgi and Glashow proposed the first such grand unified model based on the gauge group SU (5) [181].
Mixed III-V-N semiconductors: a challenge for tomorrow?
Authors: Tournie Eric , Gil Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first investigations on mixed III-V-N semiconductors date back almost 40 years [1-4]. III-V-N samples, however, have long been prepared by near equilibrium crystal-growth techniques such as bulk growth or liquid and vapour phase epitaxy. The nitrogen content is then governed by thermodynamic considerations which predict an exceedingly low solubility of N in III-V compounds (e.g. &lt; 1014 cm-3 in GaAs at 650 °C) under equilibrium conditions [5-7]. The nitrogen concentration in early III-V-N samples was thus limited to doping amounts. The problem had thus been entered from its fundamental aspect, by considering N as an isoelectronic impurity in III-V compounds.
Experimental examples of structural studies
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the earlier chapters of this book we introduced the experimental methods of small angle scattering, and explained how the raw data can be reduced to the point where the quantity remaining is the scattering law, S ( q). Sub sequent chapters have been devoted to deriving the mathematical forms for S(q) for various models. We now want to demonstrate by using some examples from the literature how these models can be used to extract useful physical parameters from the data. This is in no way to be interpreted as a review of the literature, which is both extensive and growing rapidly.
Physics Of Solid Helium
Authors: Glyde Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural helium was first solidified in the famous Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory in Lieden by Keesom in 1926 (Keesom 1942). The much rarer isotope, 3He, was first solidified in 1951 at Los Alamos National Laboratory by Osborne, Abraham, and Weinstock (1951). Under its own saturated vapour pressure (SVP) helium remains a liquid at the lowest temperatures. Owing to its light mass, the de Broglie wavelength of 4He is long (e.g. thermal wavelength λT- = (h 2/2 π mk;T)1/2 is λT ∼ 5 Å at T = 4.2 K). The attractive potential between helium atoms is weak (Aziz 1984; Aziz et al. 1987). Thus helium atoms can be localized enough to form a solid only under pressure. At p ≃ 25 bars, 4He solidifies into a bcc or an hep phase, depending on the temperature (see Fig. 3.1) (Keller 1969; Wilks 1967). At p ≈ 30 bars, 3He solidifies into the bcc phase, a highly expanded solid of molar volume V ≃ 24.5 cm3 mol-1and interatomic separation R ≃ 3.75 Å.
Introduction To Liquid 4HE
Authors: Glyde Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce some basic concepts of superfluid 4He that we will draw on in Chapters 8-12. Liquid 4 He has a long and rich history and there are many concepts that are implicit in the field today. We begin with a sketch of the unique mass and heat flow character of superfluid 4He. The assumptions of the two-fluid model used successfully to describe these properties are noted in §7.1. We introduce Bose-Einstein condensation in a Bose gas and the extension of this to interacting superfluid 4 He in §7.2. This leads naturally to the one-body density matrix which is the intermediate scattering function in the impulse approximation,We introduce a number of basic properties such as the static structure factor, the pair correlation function, and the momentum distribution which can be calculated from first principles using Monte Carlo and path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) methods. We conclude by noting the two current descriptions of the characteristic excitation in superfluid 4He. The first is a density excitation, based on the Landau and Feynman view, with suitable modifications at higher Q to take account of correlations among atoms. In the second, the density excitation is separated into a part due to the excitation of single particles out of the condensate to states above the condensate and a part due to regular density excitations involving only states above the condensate. In the latter picture the condensate appears explicitly in S(Q, ω).
Historical Development Of Ideas
Authors: Glyde Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we note the highlights in the historical development of our understanding of excitations in normal and superfluid 4He. The aim is to provide a background to the experimental data and theory presented in Chapters 10 and Chapter 11, respectively. This will also help to clarify the origin and meaning of terms commonly used to describe the excitations: terms such as phonon, roton, quasiparticle, and so on.
Interactions
Authors: Hicks Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The magnetic properties of disordered solids are rich and varied and no one technique is sufficient to probe the whole range of behaviour. Nevertheless, neutron scattering comes closest to universal applicability. Spatial inhomogeneity is an important aspect of disordered materials. For some techniques spatial information can only be inferred indirectly from the data, for instance by assuming that the largest effects are most probably from first neighbour atoms. Spatial information is built directly into neutron scattering experiments because of the neutron wavelength. The accessible length scale is from atomic dimensions to distances of hundreds of Ångstroms; a very useful range for disorder at the atomic level.
Spin glasses
Authors: Hicks Trevor J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spin glasses are spatially magnetically disordered materials which are frozen at least on the time scale of ordinary laboratory measurements. This means that the magnetic fluctuations of these materials in the frozen state are definitely much slower than can be detected with neutrons. However, the static configuration of magnetic moments gives rise to magnetic diffuse scattering of neutrons which can be isolated by the same polarization analysis techniques outlined at the beginning of Chapter 4 on antiferromagnets. Even above the freezing temperature, measured at laboratory times by, say, the acquisition of susceptibility data as a function of temperature, the magnetic fluctuations are so slow that quasielastic approximations for the neutron scattering can be used and a picture of the magnetic moment correlations can be obtained which if not static on laboratory time scales are static on neutron scattering time scales.
Electron Dynamics by Inelastic X-ray Scattering
Authors: Schülke Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the dynamics of many-electron systems is of fundamental importance to all disciplines of condensed matter physics. A very effective access to electron dynamics is offered by inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) spectroscopy. The double differential scattering cross section for IXS is directly related to the time-dependent two-particle density correlation function, and, for large momentum and energy transfer (Compton limit) to the electron momentum distribution. Moreover, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) enables the study of electron dynamics via electronic excitations in a very selective manner (e.g. selectively spin, crystal momentum, or symmetry), so that other methods are efficaciously complemented. The progress of IXS spectroscopy is intimately related to the growing range of applications of synchrotron radiation. The aim of the book is to provide the growing community of researchers with accounts of experimental methods, instrumentation, and data analysis of IXS, with representative examples of successful applications, and with the theoretical framework for interpretations of the measurements.
Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS)
Authors: Schülke Winfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Sparks jr. (1974), still using conventional X-ray sources, started to investigate resonant emission of X-rays, and Eisenberger et al. (1976a,b), using for the first time synchrotron radiation for inelastic X-ray scattering studies, detected the so-called Raman shift and the anomalous width of the resonant emission, nobody would believe that it was just RIXS, which became the most important field of inelastic X-ray scattering, at least for investigating actual materials of high practical importance.
Artificial Ethology
Authors: Holland Owen , McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial ethology is an exciting new field of research that explores the ways that we can use robots and robotics to enhance our understanding of how real animals behave. Modelling and computer simulations combined with empirical research are the traditional tools of animal behaviour. This new text sets out to show how experimentation with animal-like robots can add a new dimension to our understanding of behavioural questions. Introductory chapters explain the history of the use of models in animal behaviour, and describe how animal like mobile robots 'evolved' during the development of the discipline. Then thematic chapters scrutinise sensory processes and orientation, motor co-ordination, and motivation and learning in turn. Each thematic exploration is exemplified by a series of case studies, written by some of the leading researchers in artificial ethology. From robotic lobsters to robot crickets and robot 'sheepdogs', each of these case studies give a detailed description of a particular problem, research approach, and robot application. The examples bring the text to life, and will enable students to get an in- depth picture of the potential and the practicalities of this research. The text concludes with a discussion of general points arising from the use of robots in biological research, and the rationale for using real robots as opposed to simulation. Aimed at advanced students taking courses in animal behaviour, the text should also be of interest to computer scientists and engineers interested in robotics, artificial intelligence, and the study of biological systems.