bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Neuropathology
Authors: Nelson James S , Pearl Gary S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropathology emerged as a distinct discipline during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Stimulated by the possibility of a clearer understanding of human behavior, European neuroscientists, particularly in Germany and France, conducted systematic morphologic studies of the diseased human brain. The German approach, led by Weigert, Nissl, and Alzheimer, focused on the structural changes in neurons and glia associated with various disease states and the etiologic and pathogenetic insights provided by these phenomena. These scientists, followed by Jakob and Spielmeyer, supplemented the human data with experimental studies. In contrast, the French school, influenced by Charcot, emphasized the correlation between neurologic signs and symptoms and the anatomic location of lesions. This information formed a basis for inferences regarding the function of tracts, nuclei, and other anatomic components of the human brain (Greenfield, 1958). Subsequently, diagnostic neuropathology became focused on a combination of the French and German approaches. Successful practice of the discipline involved not only a detailed understanding of anatomic pathology but also knowledge of clinical neurology and neuroanatomy. In the last 20 years the ability to use neuroimaging studies to enhance conventional morphologic methods has become an important skill for the neuropathologist (Burger et al., 1998). In the near future, changes in the traditional emphasis on morphology as the basis for neuropathologic diagnosis are likely as more information is gained concerning genetic factors influencing the cellular expression of disease.
Intoxications and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Powell Suzanne Z , Schochet, Sydney S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an eclectic collection of topics including hypoxia, selected intoxications, certain vitamin deficiencies, and selected metabolic diseases. Many of these conditions show selective vulnerability. This term has been used to describe the regional variations in the nervous system’s response to the injurious effects of various conditions. The pathophysiologic basis for selective vulnerability has been the subject of study for a long time. Many years ago the Vogts introduced the term pathoclisis to describe the similarity of the response in various areas designated as topistic units. They assumed that some unknown biochemical characteristics accounted for the common response in disparate areas of the nervous system. Their hypothesis was challenged by others who attempted to explain the regional variations on a vascular basis. Included among the vascular factors were the lack of continuity of the capillary bed in arterial border zones and compression of vessels by cerebral edema and herniation. Currently, many of the features of selective vulnerability have been attributed to the effects of excitotoxic amino acids and the distribution of receptors for these amino acids (Auer and Sutherland, 2002).
Neurodegenerative Diseases (Excluding Alzheimer’s Disease)
Authors: Hansen Lawrence A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease bestrides the narrow world of neurodegeneration like a colossus, casting so giant a shadow that other entities receive comparatively little light when all neurodegenerative conditions are considered collectively. To remedy this insufficient illumination, the present chapter attempts to disenthrall the reader of Alzheimer’s disease by excluding it. Such a solution comes at the cost of an awkwardly qualified title and runs the risk of inviting jocular comparison with the apocryphal inquiry, “Other than that, Mrs. Lincoln, how did you like the play?” Nevertheless, other than Alzheimer’s disease, what are neurodegenerative disorders? COMMON Denominators Of Neurodegenerative Diseases Neurodegenerative diseases consist of neuron loss with reactive fibrous gliosis distributed symmetrically in specific neuroanatomic systems. Most neurodegenerative diseases also display more or less pathognomonic inclusions in persisting neurons, glia, or their processes. Such inclusions are usually derived from altered cytoskeletal elements. In most disorders, it is undetermined whether pathologic inclusions cause neuronal dysfunction and death or merely signal that it has occurred, recapitulating the macabre but innocent relationship of a tombstone to a corpse. Neuron loss in neurodegenerative diseases lacking inclusions is even more enigmatic, since the neuron in such conditions appears to merely “melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew” leaving little trace beyond fibrous gliosis except in instances of rapid neurodegeneration when activated microglia may surround and engulf doomed neurons.
Diseases of CNS Myelin
Authors: Schmidt Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myelin is an evolutionary development that increases the speed of conduction of the action potential and also results in its improved metabolic efficiency. This is accomplished by excitation and, eventually, energyrequiring repolarization of discrete foci of the axon at the nodes of Ranvier rather than by involvement of the entire axolemma as in nonmyelinated axons. Although myelin is frequently portrayed as multiple wrappings of an otherwise-ordinary plasma membrane of the Schwann cell, it is actually organized differently along lines specialized for its function. Myelin contains relatively more lipid than does hepatic plasma membrane, particularly increased amounts of galactolipids and plasmalogens, and is provided with a limited number of specialized proteins critical for the organization and maintenance of its compact structure features that distinguish it from the routine plasmalemma. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin is synthesized and maintained by Schwann cells. Each Schwann cell myelinates only one myelin internode on one single axon. Ultrastructural examination demonstrates a collar of Schwann cell cytoplasm surrounding the myelin sheath, which is in turn surrounded by a prominent basal lamina (Fig. 13.1). Nodes of Ranvier on peripheral nerve axons consist of myelin-free, imbricated Schwann cell processes and basal laminae that isolate the node from the extracellular endoneurial space. Damage to PNS myelin typically results in robust Schwann cell proliferation and substantial, at times nearly complete, regeneration of myelin.
Laboratory Methods of Brain Tumor Analysis
Authors: McKeever Paul E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is divided into four categories: specimen procurement, cell-type-specific markers, measures of proliferative capacity, and genetic markers (Nelson et al., 1983; Russell and Rubinstein, 1989; Burger et al., 1991; Burger and Scheithauer, 1994). Only methods applicable to a cell or tissue specimen are within the scope of this review. The tables summarize information and cite references that document methods. Specimen Procurement The appropriate time to realize that more tissue is needed is during the biopsy procedure rather than after surgery. Intraoperative monitoring of biopsy tissue is recommended to optimize sampling and preparation of tissue for further procedures (Fig. 15.1A,B; see Color Fig. 15.1B in separate color insert). This allows the pathologist to gauge the adequacy of the specimen. Specimens which reveal only hemorrhage, necrosis, and normal or gliotic brain tissue require further sampling. Brain with a few glia (gliosis vs. glioma) is a particular problem and should be sampled further. Intraoperative monitoring of the biopsy specimen allows determination of the best region from which to take another specimen for permanent section. Microscopic features may indicate the need for microbiologic culture or for special fixation for immunohistochemistry. Unless the intraoperative microscopic diagnosis is unequivocal, a small piece should be put in glutaraldehyde for possible electron microscopy. Such samples can be discarded if not needed but the need for rebiopsy can be avoided if they are needed.
“Opening the Door of Paradise a Cubit”: Educated Tunisian Women, Embodied Linguistic Practice, and Theories of Language and Gender
Authors: Walters Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier centuries in Tunisia], a woman could in no way ask for divorce according to Islamic law. One of the rare occasions when the Shari’a, or Islamic law, consented was when the husband sodomized his wife. She had to go ask for justice from the Qadi, or judge in the Islamic court. Arriving before him, she squatted and arranged her shoes upside down [a l’envers], thereby indicating that her husband had entered her from behind a l’envers.
Turn-Initial No: Collaborative Opposition among Latina Adolescents
Authors: Mendoza-Denton Norma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional language and gender research has focused on investigating the correlations between gendered speech and pragmatic styles such as cooperativeness and interactional supportiveness. Some important exceptions to this trend (Eckert 1993; Modan 1994) have illustrated a complex relationship between gender and pragmatic style and between apparently cooperative or competitive surface structures and their actual effects in interaction. It is therefore crucial to examine speakers’ own interactional categories, as well as speaker identities, in order to better understand apparently cooperative or conflictive language use.
Organizational and Environmental Factors Influencing the Use and Diffusion of High-Involvement Work Practices
Authors: Pil Frits K , MacDuffie John Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-involvement/high-performance work practices have been shown to affect performance in a variety of settings, ranging from process to batch manufacturing, and service industries. Performance improvements resulting from such work practices range from improved quality and higher productivity to lower scrap rates, lower turnover, and higher levels of customer satisfaction (Arthur 1992; Eaton and Voss, 1993; Ichniowski et al., 1994; Kocher and Oster man, 1992; McDuffie 1995; McDuffie & Pil, 1996). Cross-industry studies have found similar results using financial performance measures (Hustled, 1995). Indeed, a review by the Department of Labour found that of 29 studies focusing on the links between high-involvement work practices and performance, the majority found significant positive effects, and only two found negative effects (1993). A more recent review by Ichniowski and Kocher concluded that high-involvement work practices have a clear and demonstrated effect on productivity, and such effects “are large enough to be economically important to the businesses which adopt the new practices” (1995, p. 60). Despite the laudatory praise of high-involvement work, we have found tremendous variance in its implementation in the automobile industry (Pill and McDuffie, 1996).
The Interface of Technology and Spirituality in the ICU
Authors: Chambers Nancy , Curtis J Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 5:30 A.M., a Native American woman in her 70’s was found unconscious in her home on the reservation and was flown to the regional trauma center. The nurse of the ICU requested a chaplain to assess the spiritual needs of the family. When the chaplain arrived, he found the family willing to talk about their mother. She was a tribal healer and had passed this gift on to several in her family. The family identified themselves as Christian with some Roman Catholic roots.
Economics of Managing Death in the ICU
Authors: Pronovost Peter , Angus Derek C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Care of patients who die in the ICU requires significant resources, prompting many investigators to apply economic analyses to the cost of care for critically ill patients. However, the application of standard economic analyses to costs incurred for care of the dying patient is problematic. Although the costs of treatment for critically ill non-survivors has been evaluated, formal cost-effectiveness analyses have been limited to life-preserving and life-saving therapies in near-death situations, and the valuation of a “good,” as opposed to a “bad,” death has not been quantified. Yet, without formal economic analyses, the value of end-of-life care remains subjective, and the ability to justify the allocation of health care resources to end-of-life care may be impaired.
Decisions to Limit Intensive Care in Patients with Coma
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurologists are often involved in decisions to limit life support, partly because of the high prevalence of neurologic catastrophes in critically ill patients receiving intensive care. Neurologic conditions are common in studies on the withholding or withdrawal of life support in critically ill patients. In a survey of withholding care in 1719 patients admitted to ICUs in San Francisco, 66 of 115 (57%) patients had intracranial lesions. Studies looking at neurologic circumstances in which specific forms of life support have been withdrawn are scarce and have poorly documented knowledge, biases, and clinical reasoning.
Special Concerns for the Very Old
Authors: Nelson Judith E , Nierman David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 60% of all patients admitted to adult ICUs in the United States are 65 or older, even though this age group comprises less than 15% of the total population. Over the next several decades, this group is expected to grow more than any other in the population as a whole, with particularly rapid expansion of the subgroup of the “oldest old”—individuals over age 85. Current estimates from the Census Bureau project that by 2030, the number of persons aged 65 or over will more than double, from approximately 33 million in 1995 to nearly 70 million, while the 85 and older subgroup is projected to increase from 3.6 million in 1995 to almost 8.5 million by 2030, and over 18 million by 20502. At the same time, the range of aggressive surgical and medical interventions available to an increasingly elderly population continues to expand, with the likelihood of a concomitant rise in complications requiring intensive care. We must expect more elderly patients in our ICUs and be prepared to address special concerns relating to their care during critical illness, including attention to end-of-life issues.
Adapting to Conversation
Authors: Wilkinson Ray , Beeke1 Suzanne , Maxim Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In aphasiology it is commonly the case that aphasic language structures, such as lexical and grammatical forms, are analyzed and “treated” in relative isolation from, or in parallel to, other, more “functional” aspects of the condition such as the ability to communicate or psychosocial issues. For example, while assessments of aphasic language (e.g., Goodglass & Kaplan, 1983; Kay, Lesser, & Coltheart, 1992) typically focus on lexical, grammatical, or other linguistic structures in relative isolation from their communicative use and psychosocial effects, others focus on communicative abilities (Holland, 1980; Wirz, Skinner, & Dean, 1990) or on psychosocial consequences of aphasia (Code & Muller, 1992) with little or no analysis of the linguistic forms used by the speaker with aphasia under investigation. Within this framework, aphasic language has predominantly been investigated (and treated) using units of analysis such as “word” and “sentence,” and assessments of aphasic language have typically adopted methods of data collection that facilitate analysis using these units, such as naming (of objects or pictures), describing (of pictures), or the production of narratives (such as well-known stories) in the form of a monologue.
Negotiating Repair in Aphasic Conversation
Authors: Perkins Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conversation Analysis has a major contribution to make to the analysis of pragmatics in aphasia. Building on previous work concerning repair in aphasic discourse (Milroy & Perkins, 1992), this chapter considers the negotiation in two particular features of repair organization in aphasic conversation involving (1) the preference for fast resolution of repair work and (2) the orientation to repair as socially sensitive. The analysis of dyadic aphasic conversation presented highlights the collaborative nature of conversation. Pragmatic difficulties can be viewed within a collaborative framework as residing in the interaction to be dealt with by the sequential, collaborative problem solving of both interlocutors.
Aphasic Agrammatism as lnteractional Artifact and Achievement
Authors: Heeschen Claus , Schegloff Emanuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interaction-oriented approaches to aphasic language use need no special justification and motivation. After all, talk-in-interaction is the place “where the results of brain damage become visible and consequential for people’s lives” (Goodwin, 1996). Nevertheless, we will try to show that the meaningfulness—actually the necessity of a conversation-analytic approach to aphasia can grow out of investigations originally designed and cast in terms of traditional experimental-quantitative methodology and within a cognitivist approach to aphasia. In the first part, we describe a series of investigations dealing with a grammatic speech and strongly suggesting that the concrete way in which the patients express themselves depends on how conversational partners interact with them (and on whether they interact with them at all). Hardly anybody who considers language and language use within an interaction-oriented framework in general, and within a conversation-analytic one in particular, will be surprised by such a suggestion. Actually, if this suggestion is empirically justified, aphasic language use would constitute an exciting and attractive field of observation for conversation analysis. Yet such an outcome would be highly unwelcome for the majority of present-day aphasiologists. Most aphasiologists assume-tacitly or explicitly—that performance data from brain-damaged subjects can be used “as a window into the structure and organization of normal cognitive processes” (Caramazza, 1997: 137). If, however, this performance is the joint product of the brain-damaged subject and his or her concrete interactant in concrete circumstances at concrete occasions, then the “window” is somewhat “dirty,” and perhaps quite opaque.
Diagnosis Of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Seybold Marjorie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an old saying: “Any diagnosis is easy, once you think of it.” This is particularly true for myasthenia gravis (MG); the trick is to think of it. The possibility of MG is not considered in many patients because the complaints of fatigue and weakness increased by stress and the day-to-day variability of symptoms are thought to represent depression, conversion reaction, or malingering. Once considered, the diagnosis of MG can usually be readily confirmed by appropriate tests. These tests have a high sensitivity and specificity for MG and, although not infallible, are very reliable. Occasionally, in patients with symptoms confined to only a few muscles, a confirmatory test is unobtainable. In these patients, time or therapeutic trial, depending on the severity of symptoms, is required to verify the diagnosis.
Professional Ethics in Healthcare Organizations
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We began this book with a number of assumptions, both theoretical and practical, that direct the scope and specific details of our work. These basic assumptions were outlined in Chapters I and 2. We acknowledge that there may be some controversy about each of them and wish to address one important area of controversy in this chapter: the relationship between organization ethics and the professional ideals of healthcare professionals. If organization ethics is to integrate the other ethical perspectives, it will have to encompass clinical ethics, business ethics, and in many ways the most important and most controversial area, professional ethics. In this chapter we will focus on medicine and nursing, but the conclusions are equally applicable to other healthcare professions as well.
The Ethical Climate in Today’s Healthcare Organization
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health care and the issues surrounding its delivery have been a source of recurring concern for the American people. Americans ranked healthcare reform in 1992 polls right after the economy and foreign affairs as an issue that should be addressed by presidential candidates (Skocpol, 1995, p. 68). Not surprisingly, Bill Clinton, in his presidential campaign that year, promised to put this issue high on his agenda. In September 1993, during the first year of his presidency, Clinton called on both Congress and the American people to fix a broken healthcare system—to give every American health security that “is always there, health care that can never be taken away” (p. 67).
Voices of Suffrage: Sojourner Truth, Frances Watkins Harper, and the Struggle for Woman Suffrage
Authors: Painter Nell Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Civil War, in the midst of debates over black and woman suffrage, Sojourner Truth, a former slave and committed abolitionist, addressed the American Equal Rights Association: “If colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before.” It was a typically courageous stand for this important supporter of woman suffrage. Before the Civil War, black and white men and women, including Truth, Frederick Douglass, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and other reformers, had worked together against slavery and for woman’s rights without seeing these causes as conflicting. In fact, Douglass had been a staunch supporter of woman’s rights, demanding the vote as one of woman’s essential rights as early as 18481 while Anthony had been a paid agent of the American Anti-Slavery Society as well as a suffragist.
International Controls on Sentencing and Punishment
Authors: Morgan Rod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International human rights law as yet impinges on domestic sentencing policy to a very limited extent. Following a brief outline of the international human rights law framework, this chapter explores three lines of limited influence, actual or potential. First is the degree to which international human rights mechanisms provide models for sentencing policy and do, or might, take responsibility for sentencing in certain situations overlapping with domestic responsibilities. I consider the International War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the shortly-to-be-established International Criminal Court. The second line of inquiry is the degree to which international human rights law serves directly to limit the range and application of penalties domestically. Here I focus on efforts to restrain the use of capital punishment. Third is the degree to which international human rights law indirectly constrains the domestic use made of certain sentences, principally incarceration, by setting standards to be met in the execution of sentences. Here I concentrate on the working of the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Molly Brant: From Clan Mother to Loyalist Chief
Authors: Carson James Taylor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1777 on the heels of English General John Burgoyne’s disastrous defeat at Saratoga, the pro-English chiefs of the Iroquois confederacy began to question their alliance with the Crown. The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations of New York and southern Canada made up the Iroquois confederacy, and several of their leaders met to consider the situation. A Cayuga chief, Cayengwaraghton, denounced the English and urged the others to reconsider their loyalty as well. Molly Brant, a Mohawk woman, spoke and reminded the chief of his long-standing ties to the English.