bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Varieties of Love and Lust Neural Control of Sexuality
Authors: Panksepp Jaak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Male and female sexuality are subservient to distinct brain controls, although they also share many influences. The primordial plan for both female and male fetuses, in mammals but not in birds, is initially feminine. Some have called this the “default” plan, since masculinization results from the organizational effects of fetal testosterone, which, in humans, occur during the second trimester of pregnancy. Others would call it the “without fault” plan, since the female brain coordinates the use of both cerebral hemispheres more effectively than does the male brain. Contrary to some creation myths, in mammals maleness arises from femaleness, rather than the other way around. If all biochemical events go according to the masculinization plan during this phase of gender specialization, the initially feminine brain is masculinized in utero by the timed secretion of testosterone and its conversion to the active organizational hormone, estrogen. The developing female brain is protected by prophylactic molecules, such as alpha-fetoprotein, which neutralize the effects of maternal estrogens that would otherwise tend to masculinize the brain. To be masculinized means that certain areas of the brain, especially specific nuclear groups in the anterior hypothalamus, grow larger in males than in females, while other areas remain smaller, such as the corpus callosum, which connects the two cerebral hemispheres. These brain organizational effects of early hormone secretions go a long way toward explaining some homosexual tendencies, for the hormones that ultimately trigger the organization of the male brain (testosterone aromatized to estrogen) are distinct from those that trigger the organization of the male body (testosterone converted to dihydrotestosterone, or DHT, by 5a-reductase). Due to this branching of control factors for brain and body organization, it is quite possible for a male-type body to contain a female-type brain, and for a female-type body to contain a male-type brain. It has been repeatedly shown in animal models that maternal stress can hinder the normal process of brain masculinization by desynchronizing the underlying physiological processes: If neonatal testosterone is secreted too early, before receptors are available to receive the message, normal masculinization does not occur. Maternal stress also impairs aromatase activity, which retards conversion of testosterone to estrogen. These different gender potentials in the brain, laid down during fetal development, are activated by the maturation of gonadal steroid synthesis during puberty. It is also known that male and female sexual urges emerge from different neural systems.
Game Theory and Habitat Selection
Authors: Brown Joel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution by natural selection comes in three flavors: density-independent, density dependent, and frequency-dependent. Density-independent selection means that the fitness consequences of an organism’s heritable traits remain uninfluenced by the population. In response to density-independent selection, natural selection produces adaptations maximizing population growth rates (Wright 1931, 1960). Density dependent selection means that population size does influence the fitness consequences of an organism’s traits. Density-dependent selection produces adaptations that maximize the population’s size (Wright 1960, Roughgarden 1976). Frequency dependent selection means that the fitness consequences of an individual’s traits are influenced by others’ traits and the frequency of particular traits within the population. Frequency-dependent selection produces adaptations, but these adaptations neither maximize population growth rates nor maximize sizes (Vincent&Brown 1984; Metz et al. 1992). Such adaptations can be evolutionarily stable and are called ESSs (evolutionarily stable strategies). Frequency-dependence creates the need for evolutionary game theory (see Hammerstein, this volume). Habitat selection, the study of how organisms assess and respond to habitat heterogeneity, is frequency-dependent; the evolutionary ecology of habitat selection is an evolutionary game.
Game Theory, Optimization, and Quantitative Genetics
Authors: Gomulkiewicz Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Game theory, optimization, and quantitative genetics are among the most frequently used theoretical approaches to study evolution by natural selection. Over the last few years, the three methods have been carefully compared and contrasted (Pease&Bull 1988, Charnov 1989, Charlesworth 1990, Iwasa et al. 1991, Mangel 1992, Taper&Case 1992, Abrams et al. 1993a,b). This chapter will summarize these comparisons, describing how the approaches are used to study and predict evolutionary dynamics and equilibria for traits that evolve by natural selection. Because all three theoretical approaches consider the evolutionary roles of adaptation and constraint, a general strategy will be proposed at the end of this chapter that an empiricist might wish to follow when assessing the relative importance of adaptation and constraint in the evolution of behavioral traits in natural populations.
Another goal of this chapter is to consider how game theory, optimization, and quantitative genetic approaches apply to the evolution of complex characters such as behavior. To this end, it will be helpful to introduce some terminology and notation that will be used throughout. A complex character can often be thought of as a collection of component traits or a set of measurements. For example, an individual’s forag ing behavior might consist of a number of basic elements (such as searching, handling, consuming, and resting).
Human Judgment and Social Policy
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book introduces a new topic; a critical researched-based analysis of the role of human judgment in social policy formation. It applies what has been learned from research on human judgment to specific examples - from the Challenger disaster to present-day debates on health care. Human judgment can be a source of both hope and fear in the creation of social policy. Yet this important process has rarely been examined because research on human judgment has been scarce. Now, however, the results of 50 years of empirical work offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine human judgment and the basis of our hopes and fears. Numerous examples from law, medicine, engineering, and economics are used throughout to demonstrate these and other features of human judgment in action.
Introduction
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judgment as a topic of study gained the attention of scholars as soon as they began to wonder about how their minds worked, and it has occupied a central place in the history of thought ever since. Yet there were hardly any empirical attempts to study human judgment until the late nineteenth century, as psychologists were beginning to do laboratory experiments. Then it became one of the first topics on the research agenda. But all experiments require technology, and the limited technology of the nineteenth century restricted the researchers to asking their subjects to “judge,” for example, whether they felt one skin prick or two—that is, to discriminate between stimuli, a pursuit that developed into a science known as psychophysics. Psychophysics may have been exciting to those early psychologists because at last they could see that they were doing real science. But by the middle of the twentieth century, psychophysics no longer attracted much enthusiasm; indeed it was deemed to be such a dull topic that it was believed to drive students—particularly the good ones—away from psychology rather than induce them to study it.
A Sample of Clifford Algebra in Minkowski 4-Space
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the speed of sound is measured, it is found that the speed is independent of direction only if it is measured with respect to the air. If the air is moving at a rate of 20 kilometers per hour, an observer on the ground will discover that sound moving in the direction of the wind will move 20 kilometers per hour faster than it would when the air is still. Similarly sound moving against the wind will be slowed down.
Curved Spaces Embedded in Higher Dimensional Flat Spaces
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have a cursory knowledge of differential geometry, you may wish to skip this chapter. This chapter is devoted to looking at some aspects of m-dimensional surfaces embedded in n-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean spaces. Much of the chapter is further specialized to 2-dimensional surfaces embedded in E We discuss these surfaces to introduce such notions as curvature, Christoffel symbols, and parallel transport. Also on these surfaces, it is possible to motivate the requirement that a derivative operator be torsion free. Nonetheless, if you have encountered these concepts elsewhere, you should be able to skip this chapter without loss of continuity.
The Use of Fock-Ivanenko 2-Vectors to Obtain the Schwarzschild Metric
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 10, it will be shown how to construct a system of orthonormal Dirac matrices for an arbitrary signature matrix. That is, given any signature matrix njk, it is possible to construct a set of Dirac matrices such that Using this result, it is not too difficult to construct a set of coordinate Dirac matrices for a more general metric tensor.
Dirac’s Equation for the Electron
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The usual approach is to introduce specific 4 x 4 matrix representations for the Clifford numbers and then look for four component column vector solutions. The disadvantage to this approach is that the components of these vector wave functions depend on the matrix representation chosen for the Clifford numbers. This means that the components do not lend themselves to physical interpretation.
Matrix Representations and Classifications of Clifford Algebras
Authors: Snygg John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first nine chapters, the intimate connection between differential geometry and Clifford algebra has been emphasized. However, some physicists have found applications for Clifford algebras which are virtually divorced from any underlying geometry. For example, in his book Lie Algebras in Particle Physics, Howard Georgi uses elements of a Clifford algebra to construct creation and annihilation operators (1982, pp. 209-219).
Natural hybridization: Outcomes
Authors: Arnold Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we considered the frequency and taxonomic distribution of natural hybridization in plants and animals. It was concluded that hybridization is extensive in many groups, yet overall is patchily distributed. In this chapter I will consider the effects of natural hybridization on the fitness of individuals and the formation of novel evolutionary lineages. Thus, the outcome, rather than the frequency, of reticulate events will be considered. Included in the effects are introgression and both polyploid and diploid speciation. I will consider (i) the role of positive selection for alleles or genotypes in the introgression of nuclear or cytoplasmic genetic elements, (ii) how hybrid speciation (both diploid and polyploid) may occur (e.g., recombinational speciation, multiple origins of polyploid derivatives; Stebbins, 1950, 1957; Grant, 1963; Soltis and Soltis, 1993; Soltis et al., 1995), (iii) the genetic constitution of particular diploid and polyploid hybrid species, and (iv) the implications of natural hybridization for conservation biology. Topic (iv) will include a consideration of a number of issues related to the effects of hybridization on rare taxa.
The Evolution and Ecology of Avian Brood Parasitism An Overview
Authors: Rothstein Stephen I , Robinson Scott K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ludicrous sight of a fledgling cuckoo or cowbird being fed by an adult host less than half its size (cover of book) makes it easy to see why parasitic birds have attracted so much attention. A person would have to be devoid of all curiosity to not wonder how such a relationship arose between two very different species and why hosts allow themselves to be part of the whole process. Much of this book addresses such questions about brood parasites, which are individuals that lay eggs in the nests of other individuals. The latter individuals, the hosts, then raise the parasitic young, usually at the expense of part or all of their own clutch. This sort of breeding biology has generated a great deal of fascination since it was first described formally-in the western world by Aristotle, and even earlier, in about 2000 B.c., in India (Friedmann 1964a).
Cuckoos versus Hosts Experimental Evidence for Coevolution
Authors: Davies N B , Brooke M De L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we review work on the interactions between the cuckoo Cuculus canorus and its hosts, to show how simple field experiments combined with comparative studies can be used to dissect the stages of coevolution between two parties. Living organisms bear the scars of their evolutionary history and comparative studies can be used to help reconstruct past events. We begin by assessing the evidence that Cuculus canorus is divided into distinct host-specific races. Next, we describe the behavior involved in parasitizing hosts. Then we summarize experimental evidence for cuckoohost coevolution, showing first how the cuckoo has responded to selection pressures from the hosts and second how the hosts, in turn, have responded to selection from cuckoos. Finally, we speculate on the time course of the evolution of the various adaptations and counteradaptations.
Why Do House Wrens Accept Shiny Cowbird Eggs?
Authors: Kattan Gustavo H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because brood parasitism usually depresses reproductive success of the host, hosts are expected to evolve defenses against parasitism (Payne 1977; Rothstein 1990). One such defense is rejection of parasitic eggs. Hosts of parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus spp.) can be classified into two discrete groups, “accepters” and “rejecters,” according to their responses to natural and experimental parasitism (Rothstein 1975a; Mason 1986). Parasitic eggs may be rejected by ejecting the egg, deserting the nest, or constructing a new nest floor over the parasitized clutch.
Patterns of Parasitic Egg Laying and Typical Nesting in Redhead and Canvasback Ducks
Authors: Sorenson Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most studies of obligate brood parasitism have focused on the dynamics of host-parasite interactions. Of particular interest has been the coevolution of adaptations in the parasite that increase the effectiveness of parasitism with counter-adaptations in the host that minimize its negative effects (e.g., Davies and Brook 1988, 1989a,b; Rothstein 1990). Although similar issues can be addressed in cases of facultative brood parasitism (e.g., Lombardo et al. 1989; Power et al. 1989), there are perhaps two more basic questions about parasitic egg laying in species that both parasitize and nest.
Egg Discrimination and Egg-Color Variability in the Northern Masked Weaver
Authors: Jackson Wendy M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many species of the Ploceus weaverbirds of Africa and Asia exhibit a dramatic degree of intraspecific egg-color variability (Mackworth-Praed and Grant 1955; Moreau 1960; Freeman 1988; W. Jackson, pers. obs.). Within a species, eggs can range from white to blue to brown and can be immaculate or have various types of speckling. Freeman (1988) reported variable eggs in 16 of the 34 Ploceus species whose eggs he examined in collections. These species differ from most species of birds, in which one egg looks very much like any other egg of that species and which typically show variability only in the speckling pattern. Even those birds that have been noted for their variable eggs, such as the common murre (Uria aalge), arguably do not compare with the weaverbirds in this regard.
Introduction
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computing power improved by a factor of one million in the period 1955-1990, and it is expected to improve by that factor again just within the next decade. How can this accelerated improvement be sustained? The answer is found in the parallel computer architectures: multiple, semiautonomous processors coordinating for the solution of a single problem. The late 1980s have witnessed the advent of massive parallelism whereby the number of processors that are brought to bear on a single problem could be several thousands. This rapid technological development is transforming significantly the exact sciences, the social sciences and all branches of engineering. The American Academy of Arts and Sciences devoted the winter 1992 issue of its journal, Daedalus, to these developments, referring to what was termed a “New Era of Computation.”
Iterative Methods for Convex Feasibility Problems
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present several iterative methods for the convex feasibility problem, aiming at a description of both the methods and some of the apparent connections between them. We start with the method of successive orthogonal projections (SOP) of Gubin, Polyak, and Raik, also known in recent literature on image recovery as the method of projections onto convex sets (POCS). As the names suggest, this method performs or thogonal projections successively onto the individual convex sets Qi (see Example 2.1.1); therefore, it is a sequential row-action algorithm, according to the classification in Section 1.3.
Decompositions in Interior Point Algorithms
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1984 N. Karmarkar of AT&T Bell Laboratories introduced an interior point algorithm for linear programming. The algorithm has a polynomial time complexity bound and has been established, following extensive computational experimentation, as a viable competitor to the classic simplex algorithm for the solution of large-scale linear programs. A flurry of re search activities followed Karmarkar’s work and several interior point algorithms were developed for linear programming, convex quadratic programming, convex programming, linear complementarity problems, and nonlinear complementarity problems. Different mathematical tools have been employed to develop and analyze these algorithms. Depending on the theory underlying the mathematical analysis the algorithms are classified as potential reduction algorithms, path following algorithms, barrier function algorithms, affine scaling algorithms, and projective scaling algorithms.
Planning Under Uncertainty
Authors: Censor Yair , Zenios Stavros A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winners of tomorrow will deal proactively with chaos, will look at the chaos per se as the source for market advantage, not as a problem to be got around. Chaos and uncertainty are (will be) market opportunities for the wise.Tom Peters, Thriving on Chaos, 1987 The analyst who attempts to build a mathematical model for a real world system is often faced with the problem of uncertain, noisy, incomplete or erroneous data. This is true for several application domains. In business applications noisy data are prevalent. Returns of financial instruments, demand for a firm’s products, the cost of fuel, and consumption of power and other resources are examples of model data that are known with some probabilistic distribution at best. In social sciences data are often incomplete-for example, partial census surveys are carried out periodically in lieu of a complete census of the population. In the physical sciences and engineering data are usually subject to measurement errors, as in models of image restoration from remote sensing experiments.
Realism, Precision, and Generality in Experimental Ecology
Authors: Morin Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continuing debate among ecologists over where and how to conduct experiments stems from a failure to appreciate the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. Much of the current debate revolves not around the value of ecological experiments but around the choice of experimental setting: laboratory, field, or something intermediate. Experiments done in laboratory or field settings differ unavoidably in precision and realism. Hybrid experiments, such as those conducted in various kinds of mesocosms (Morin 1983, Naeem et al. 1994), can be argued to have either the best or worst features of laboratory and field experiments. The distinctions among these experimental settings have been discussed in depth by others (Diamond 1986, Hairston 1989a) and will not be belabored here. Instead, I want to focus on the trade-offs imposed by working with different kinds of organisms and different experimental settings. Richard Levins (1968) made a similar point in a different context, regarding trade-offs encountered in building mathematical models of ecological processes. It is impossible to build a model that is at once realistic, precise, and general. Similar constraints apply to ecological experiments. Nelson Hairston Sr. (1989a), used similar logic in his discussion of experimental design in ecology, emphasizing the inevitable trade-offs between precision and realism, particularly when comparing laboratory and field experiments. Some of these ideas are abstracted in Figure 3-1, which portrays a sort of precision-realism continuum running from laboratory microcosms to field experiments.
The Dual Role of Experiments in Complex and Dynamic Natural Systems
Authors: Peckarsky Barbara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology is the study of patterns and processes that explain the distribution, abundance, and interactions among organisms and the influence of organisms on the flux of energy and materials through ecosystems. A healthy debate has been raging over the past two decades regarding the role and utility of manipulative experiments in ecology (e.g., Simberloff 1978, Diamond and Gilpin 1982, Lehman 1986, Peters 1986, Hairston 1989). Underwood (1990, 1991) illustrates a simple scheme (Fig. 16-1) in which experiments are part of a sequence of approaches that begins with observation (description of patterns, puzzles, or problems in nature) and proceeds to development of explanatory models (theory) and predictions from those models (hypotheses) of potential processes that could explain observed patterns. The role of experiments in this scheme is to evaluate model predictions by methodically testing them with the goal of falsifying their logical antitheses (null hypotheses). Failure to falsify the null hypothesis results in rejection of the model and generation of new models, new hypotheses, and perhaps new observations.
Anatomical Basis for Presynaptic Inhibition of Primary Sensory Fibers
Authors: Alvarez Francisco J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To see is to believe. Not surprisingly, the major thrust for anatomical studies in search of a morphological basis for presynaptic inhibition has been to confirm or deny functional models originally proposed from observations made with physiological and pharmacological techniques. Anatomical findings were used to dispute or modify these theoretical models, but more importantly, they also uncovered a wealth of new possibilities for communication between spinal cord structures.