bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences on HIV testing among young African‐American men who have sex with men and the moderating effect of the geographic setting
Authors: Mashburn Andrew J. , Peterson John L. , Bakeman Roger , Miller Robin L. , Clark Leslie F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study examined the influence of demographic characteristics, risk behaviors, knowledge, and psychosocial variables on HIV testing among a sample (n = 551) of young African‐American men who have sex with men (MSM) from three cities—Atlanta (n = 241), Birmingham (n = 174), and Chicago (n = 136). Among the entire sample of young men, age, knowledge of HIV treatments, knowledge of a comfortable place for an HIV test, and social support were related positively to rates of HIV testing. Furthermore, men who had sex with both main male partner(s) and non‐main male partner(s) during the past year had significantly higher rates of HIV testing than men who had non‐main male partner(s) only. Geographic setting moderated the effect on HIV testing behavior. In particular, social support, peer norms about condom use, and knowledge of HIV treatments were not associated with HIV testing in Atlanta, but were associated positively with HIV testing in either Birmingham, Chicago, or both. The strongest influence on HIV testing across all three settings was knowledge of a comfortable place for an HIV test. Implications of these findings for designing interventions to increase HIV testing are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 45–60, 2004.
Health‐related quality of life in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Schrag Anette , Selai Caroline , Davis Jennifer , Lees Andrew J. , Jahanshahi Marjan , Quinn Niall 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe assessed health‐related quality of life (QoL) of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), identified the most important QoL issues in patients with this disorder, and assessed the usefulness of existing QoL measures in patients with PSP. Twenty‐seven patients in all stages of PSP and their carers underwent a semistructured in‐depth interview on the impact of PSP and a neurological examination. They were also asked to complete existing measures of QoL and depression. An item‐pool of issues relevant to QoL of patients with PSP was created from the patient and carer interviews. Carers and patients largely agreed on issues relevant for patients' QoL but more carers than patients considered symptoms of frontal lobe dysfunction as problematic for the patients. There was no association of QoL with age and gender, as assessed in interviews and on two QoL instruments. QoL deteriorated with increasing disease duration and severity and greater cognitive impairment and was associated with worse depression scores. While the generic SF‐36 was not found to be useful to assess QoL in PSP, feasibility and validity for the PDQ‐39 and the EQ‐5D were acceptable in this study. However, additional issues relevant to patients with PSP that were not addressed in these instruments included visual disturbances, dysarthria, dysphagia, muddled thinking, confusion, and apathy. The generic EQ‐5D and the Parkinson's disease‐specific PDQ‐39 are useful instruments to assess QoL in patients with PSP. However, they lack questions on important aspects of QoL in PSP that were reported by patients and carers in semistructured interviews. The item pool created in these interviews provides the basis for the development of disease‐specific QoL instruments for patients with PSP. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Swinn Lesley , Schrag Anette , Viswanathan Ramchandran , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Lees Andrew , Quinn Niall 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe sought to determine the prevalence and nature of sweating disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and investigated their correlation with other clinical features and with Quality of Life (QoL) measures. A questionnaire on symptoms and consequences of sweating dysfunction was completed by 77 consecutive outpatients, from three movement disorder clinics, and 40 controls. QoL was assessed using the disease‐specific Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ)‐39 and generic EuroQoL (EQ)‐5D rating scales. Patients also underwent a clinical examination, including assessment with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Hoehn and Yahr staging system. Sweating disturbances, either hypohidrosis or in particular, hyperhidrosis, were reported by 64% of patients and by 12.5% of controls (P < 0.005) and were often localised or asymmetric. Complaints of sweating disturbances were not correlated with disease severity, but did correlate with other symptoms of autonomic dysfunction. Sweating problems occurred predominantly in off periods and in on periods with dyskinesias. Sweating disturbances were not correlated with overall QoL scores, but we did observe a significant correlation with the pain dimension of the PDQ‐39 and the visual analogue scale of the EQ‐5D. Furthermore, many patients reported physical, social, and emotional impairment due to sweating. Sweating disturbances are common and distressing symptoms of PD that are related mainly to autonomic dysfunction, off periods, and dyskinesias. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Embryonic mesencephalic grafts increase levodopa‐induced forelimb hyperkinesia in parkinsonian rats
Authors: Steece‐Collier Kathy , Collier Timothy J. , Danielson Paul D. , Kurlan Roger , Yurek David M. , Sladek John R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRecent observations from clinical trials of neural grafting for Parkinson's disease (PD) have demonstrated that grafted dopamine neurons can worsen dyskinesias in some graft recipients. This deleterious side effect reveals a new challenge for neural transplantation, that of elucidating mechanisms underlying these postgraft dyskinesias. One problem facing this challenge is the availability of a cost‐effective and reliable animal model in which to pursue initial investigations. In the current study, we investigated the interaction of an embryonic ventral mesencephalic (VM) dopamine (DA) neuron graft on levodopa (LD)‐induced dyskinetic movements in unilaterally 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats. Rats were administered LD (levodopa‐carbidopa, 50:5 mg/kg) twice daily for 6 weeks after either a sham graft or VM DA graft. Although a single solid graft of embryonic DA neurons can prevent progression of some lesioned‐induced behavioral abnormalities such as LD‐induced rotation and dystonia, it significantly increases hyperkinetic movements of the contralateral forelimb. This differential effect of grafted neurons on abnormal behavioral profiles is reminiscent of that reported in grafted patients with PD. Data from this study illustrate important similarities between this model of parkinsonism and PD in human patients that make it suitable for initial preclinical investigations into possible mechanisms underlying postgraft aggravation of dyskinetic movements. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Standardized training tools for the UPDRS activities of daily living scale: Newly available teaching program
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , LeWitt Peter A. , Weidenman Meredith 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) is the most widely used scale for evaluation of clinical impairment in PD. Whereas the motor section has been studied intensively for clinimetric properties and has an associated training tape, the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) section has been studied less rigorously. In preparation for a multicenter study that planned to use the UPDRS ADL score as an outcome, the authors reviewed the UPDRS ADL scale and designed a teaching program to provide a uniform technique for data acquisition without changing any wording of the primary scale. The teaching program is composed of four components: overall guidelines, clarifying points, recommended strategies, and a teaching videotape. The videotape shows examples of interviewers assessing each ADL item with patients of different disability levels and provides a complete ADL assessment of a single patient. Systematic training and utilization of this teaching program offer the potential for more uniformity in results of ADL assessments conducted in clinical practice and multicenter, international studies of PD. The written materials and videotape belong to the Movement Disorder Society and are available by contacting the MDS central office. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Role of dopamine transporter imaging in routine clinical practice
Authors: Marshall Vicky , Grosset Donald 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFunctional imaging of the dopamine transporter (DAT) defines integrity of the dopaminergic system and has its main clinical application in patients with mild, incomplete, or uncertain parkinsonism. Imaging with specific single positron emission computerised tomography ligands for DAT (FP‐CIT, β‐CIT, IPT, TRODAT) provides a marker for presynaptic neuronal degeneration. Striatal uptake correlates with disease severity, in particular bradykinesia and rigidity, and monitoring of progression assists in clinical trials of potential neuroprotective drugs. DAT imaging is abnormal in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy and does not distinguish between these disorders. Dopamine loss is seen even in the earliest clinical presentations of true parkinsonism; a normal scan suggests an alternative diagnosis such as essential tremor, vascular parkinsonism (unless there is focal basal ganglia infarction), drug‐induced parkinsonism, or psychogenic parkinsonism. Congruence between working clinical diagnosis and DAT imaging increases over time in favour of baseline DAT imaging results. Additional applications are characterising dementia with parkinsonian features (abnormal results in dementia with Lewy bodies, normal in Alzheimer's disease); and differentiating juvenile‐onset Parkinson's disease (abnormal DAT) from dopa‐responsive dystonia (normal DAT). © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease dissociates mood and motor circuits: A functional MRI case study
Authors: Stefurak Taresa , Mikulis David , Mayberg Helen , Lang Anthony E. , Hevenor Stephanie , Pahapill Peter , Saint‐Cyr Jean , Lozano Andres 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBehavioral disturbances have been reported with subthalamic (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) treatment in Parkinson's disease (PD). We report correlative functional imaging (fMRI) of mood and motor responses induced by successive right and left DBS. A 36‐year‐old woman with medically refractory PD and a history of clinically remitted depression underwent uncomplicated implantation of bilateral STN DBS. High‐frequency stimulation of the left electrode improved motor symptoms. Unexpectedly, right DBS alone elicited several reproducible episodes of acute depressive dysphoria. Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) imaging was carried out with sequential individual electrode stimulation. The electrode on the left was within the inferior STN, whereas the right electrode was marginally superior and lateral to the intended STN target within the Fields of Forel/zona incerta. fMRI image analysis (Analysis of Functional NeuroImages, AFNI) contrasting OFF versus ON stimulation identified significant lateralized blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes with DBS (P < 0.001). Left DBS primarily showed changes in motor regions: increases in premotor and motor cortex, ventrolateral thalamus, putamen, and cerebellum as well as decreases in sensorimotor/supplementary motor cortex. Right DBS showed similar but less extensive change in motor regions. More prominent were the unique increases in superior prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate (Brodmann's area [BA] 24), anterior thalamus, caudate, and brainstem, and marked widespread decreases in medial prefrontal cortex (BA 9/10). The mood disturbance resolved spontaneously in 4 weeks despite identical stimulation parameters. Transient depressive mood induced by subcortical DBS stimulation was correlated with changes in mesolimbic cortical structures. This case provides new evidence supporting cortical segregation of motor and nonmotor cortico‐basal ganglionic systems that may converge in close proximity at the level of the STN and the adjacent white matter tracts (Fields of Forel/zona incerta). © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Posttraumatic painful torticollis
Authors: Sa Daniel S. , Mailis‐Gagnon Angela , Nicholson Keith , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe development of abnormal posturing of the neck or shoulder after local injury has been termed posttraumatic cervical dystonia (PTCD). Certain features seem to distinguish a unique subgroup of patients with this disorder from those with features more akin to typical idiopathic cervical dystonia, such as onset and maximum disability that occurs very quickly after injury, severe pain and a fixed abnormal posture. In an attempt to clarify the nature of this syndrome further, we evaluated 16 such patients (8 men, 8 women). Motor vehicle accident and work‐related injuries were common precipitants, with posturing usually developing shortly after trauma, and little progression occurring after the first week. A characteristic, painful, fixed head tilt and shoulder elevation were present in all but one patient, who had a painless elevated shoulder and painful contralateral shoulder depression, as well as nondermatomal sensory loss in 14 patients. Additional abnormalities included dystonic posturing in a limb (2 patients) or jaw (1 patient), limb tremor (3 patients) and “give‐way” limb weakness (8 patients). The tremor and the jaw dystonia demonstrated features suggestive of a psychogenic movement disorder, most commonly distractibility. Litigation or compensation was present in all 16 patients. Intravenous sodium amytal improved the posture, pain or both in 13 of 13 patients; in 7 of 13 the sensory deficit either markedly improved or normalized. General anesthesia demonstrated full range of motion in all 5 patients assessed. Psychological evaluations suggested that psychological conflict, stress, or both were being expressed via somatic channels in 11 of 12 tested patients. Our results suggest an important role of psychological factors in the etiology or maintenance of abnormal posture, pain and associated disability of these patients. The role of central factors triggered in psychologically vulnerable individuals after physical trauma is discussed. We propose that the disorder be referred to as “posttraumatic painful torticollis” rather than characterize it as a form of dystonia until further information on its pathogenesis is forthcoming. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Paroxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia as a presenting feature of young‐onset Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bozi Maria , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractParoxysmal exercise‐induced dystonia (PED) is a rare, typically idiopathic familial condition, although sporadic and secondary cases have been reported. We present 2 cases where PED was the presenting feature of young‐onset idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), preceding the onset of parkinsonian symptoms by 1.5 and 5 years, respectively. Initially, the dystonic symptoms occurred after prolonged exercise and were unilateral, affecting the foot in both patients. Over time, symptoms occurred with minimal exercise. We conclude that PED can rarely be the first and only feature of PD. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Dystonia in AIDS: Report of four cases
Authors: Factor Stewart A. , Troche‐Panetto Michelle , Weaver Susan A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDystonia is a rare complication of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). We report four such cases related to three different causes. Cases 1 and 2 both developed dystonia secondary to biopsy‐proven progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. One had left arm dystonia, whereas the other had bilateral upper limb dystonia. One patient had associated akinesia and rigidity. Imaging demonstrated frontal and/or parietal white matter lesions but no basal ganglia abnormalities. Case 3 developed hemidystonia and cervical dystonia from biopsy‐proven toxoplasmosis with a lesion in the thalamus. Case 4 suffered from AIDS dementia complex and developed cervical dystonia while taking risperidone therapy. We also review previously reported cases of dystonia in AIDS patients with the same causes and discuss the issue of increased vulnerability of the basal ganglia to HIV infection which, in turn, leads to increased sensitivity to neuroleptics. When dystonia is seen in AIDS patients, its pattern may be a clue to the ultimate cause. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Movement disorders in patients with peripheral facial palsy
Authors: Valls‐Solé Josep , Montero Jordi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAcute unilateral facial paralysis is usually a benign neurological condition that resolves in a few weeks. However, it can also be the source of a transient or long‐lasting severe motor dysfunction, featuring disorders of automatic and voluntary movement. This review is organized according to the two most easily recognizable phases in the evolution of facial paralysis: (1) Just after presentation of facial palsy, patients may exhibit an increase in their spontaneous blinking rate as well as a sustained low‐level contraction of the muscles of the nonparalyzed side, occasionally leading to blepharospasm‐like muscle activity. This finding may be due to an increase in the excitability of facial motoneurons and brainstem interneurons mediating trigeminofacial reflexes. (2) If axonal damage has occurred, axonal regeneration beginning at approximately 3 months after the lesion leads inevitably to clinically evident or subclinical hyperactivity of the previously paralyzed hemifacial muscles. The full‐blown postparalytic facial syndrome consists of synkinesis, myokymia, and unwanted hemifacial mass contractions accompanying normal facial movements. The syndrome has probably multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including abnormal axonal branching after aberrant axonal regeneration and enhanced facial motoneuronal excitability. Although the syndrome is relieved with local injections of botulinum toxin, fear of such uncomfortable contractions may lead the patients to avoid certain facial movements, with the implications that this behavior might have on their emotional expressions. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Paraneoplastic movement disorder in a patient with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and CRMP‐5 autoantibody
Authors: Samii Ali , Dahlen Debra D. , Spence Alexander M. , Maronian Nicole C. , Kraus Eric E. , Lennon Vanda A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe paraneoplastic autoantibody, collapsin response‐mediator protein (CRMP)‐5 immunoglobulin G (IgG), is specific for neuronal cytoplasmic CRMP‐5, and is usually associated with small‐cell lung carcinoma or thymoma. We report on details of a movement disorder that followed anti‐B‐cell therapy in a patient with lymphoma, and was accompanied by CRMP‐5 IgG. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
A 3D cylindrical finite element model for thick curved beam stress analysis
Authors: Rattanawangcharoen N. , Bai H. , Shah A. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA finite element model is proposed to perform stress analysis for thick curved beams and panels subjected to various types of loadings. The model has 18 nodes in a three‐dimensional cylindrical co‐ordinates system. Three stress components on radial surface (σrr, τrθ, and τrz) and three displacement components (ur, uθ, and uz) are used as nodal degrees of freedom. Therefore, the continuity condition for both stresses and displacements is achieved in the radial direction. Formulation of nodal shape functions and equilibrium equations are based on three‐dimensional elasticity theory and a minimum potential energy method. The accuracy of the method is verified with the standard test problems and exact solutions from the theory of elasticity. The model shows no locking phenomena. Convergence is investigated and the application to layered composite panel is illustrated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A boundary integral for gradient averaging in two dimensions: application to polygonal regions in granular materials
Authors: Kuhn Matthew R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA boundary integral is derived for averaging the gradients of a function within a two‐dimensional (2D) region. The double integral uses the boundary derivative of the function to compute the average gradients, and it accounts for possible discontinuities in the function along the boundary. The integral reduces to a simple matrix expression for a polygonal region. When applied to a 2D granular material, the matrix expression can be used to compute the averaged local strains within polygonal void regions (particle clusters). In this situation, a realistic calculation of strain must account for the discontinuous movements among rigid particles along the polygon sides, as might occur if the particles are rotating as well as translating. The matrix expression provides a simple and efficient means of correcting the average strain to account for the discontinuous movements. For a cluster of circular disks, the correction is a consequence of the rolling and sliding among particles. The significance of the correction is illustrated with an example simulation of a large dense assembly of circular disks. Although the paper applies the boundary integral to the kinematics of granular regions, the integral will likely find other applications in 2D situations that involve discontinuous fields. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of household grid‐connected PV system in Thailand
Authors: Adhikari Sushil , Kumar S. , Siripuekpong Pinij 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the performance of a 2·88 kWp household grid‐connected PV system installed in a house at Bangkok. This was one of the 10 houses identified for a household rooftop PV grid‐connected demonstration project by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand in 1997. Data measured over 12 months was used to estimate the PV array output, inverter output, inverter efficiency, system efficiency, yields (reference yield, array yield, final yield) performance ratio (PR) and the losses. The variations of these parameters over time indicate that the yields are high during June and July in Bangkok. The annual final yield and the average performance ratio were found to be 1166 kW h/kWp and 0ċ73 respectively. The monthly highest final yield was 129 kW h/kWp during June and July. The inverter efficiency was greater than 80% throughout the study period and the maximum system efficiency was 5·4%. The result of the study indicates that the system installed in Bangkok worked satisfactorily. Following the success of the demonstration project, a second phase of 50 households has recently been initiated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screen‐printed epitaxial silicon thin‐film solar cells with 13·8% efficiency
Authors: Rentsch J. , Bau S. , Huljić D. M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAmidst the different silicon thin‐film systems, the epitaxial thin‐film solar cell represents an approach with interesting potential. Consisting of a thin active c‐Si layer grown epitaxially on top of a low‐quality c‐Si substrate, it can be implemented into solar cell production lines without major changes in the current industrial process sequences. Within this work, ∼30‐μm‐thick epitaxial layers on non‐textured and highly doped monocrystalline Czochralski (Cz) and multicrystalline (mc) Si substrates have been prepared by CVD. Confirmed efficiencies of 13·8% on Cz and 12·3% on mc‐Si substrates have been achieved by applying an industrial process scheme based on tube and in‐line phosphorus diffusion, as well as screen‐printed front and back contacts fired through a SiNx anti‐reflection coating. An extensive solar cell characterisation, including infrared lock‐in thermography and spectral response measurements is presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.