bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wild Chimpanzees Produce Group‐Specific Calls: a Case for Vocal Learning?
Authors: Crockford Catherine , Herbinger Ilka , Vigilant Linda , Boesch Christophe 
Published: March 2004

AbstractVocal learning, where animals can modify the structure of their vocalizations as a result of experience, has been found in a range of birds and mammals. Although vocal learning is a fundamental aspect of developing spoken language, there is as yet little evidence that vocal learning occurs in primates. Here we examine whether vocal learning may occur in chimpanzees. We analysed whether wild male chimpanzees,Pan troglodytes verus,of four communities living in a similar habitat in the Taï Forest, Côte d'Ivoire, developed community specific pant hoots. If so, we expected males of three contiguous communities to have distinct pant hoots, while pant hoots of males from a fourth, distant community, located 70 km away, should only differ from those of the contiguous communities by chance. Our analysis confirmed these expectations. In addition, the acoustic distances between the pant hoots of pairs of individuals did not correlate with the genetic relatedness of those pairs, where genetic relatedness was determined using nuclear DNA analysis. Thus, neither habitat nor genetic differences accounted for the observation that there were acoustic differences in the pant hoot structure of males living in neighbouring communities, but not in those of males from a distant community. This suggests that chimpanzees may actively modify pant hoots to be different from their neighbours, providing support for the vocal learning hypothesis.
Role of radiology in the treatment of malignant hilar biliary strictures 1: Review of the literature
Authors: Hii Michael WJ , Gibson Robert N 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYMalignant strictures of the biliary tree are an uncommon cause of obstructive jaundice. There are a number of pathological subtypes, but tumours in this region tend to have similar clinical and diagnostic features and therapeutic and prognostic implications. We review the published literature on this topic discussing diagnostic modalities and treatment options with a focus on radiological intervention. Diagnosis currently is best achieved using a range of procedures. Direct cholangiography remains the gold standard in delineating anatomy, but the invasiveness of this procedure limits its use as a purely diagnostic tool. Magnetic resonance technology, in particular magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, has an increasing role as accessibility is improved. Treatment of these tumours is difficult. Surgical resection and palliative biliary enteric bypass are the most common methods used with endoscopic and percutaneous therapies reserved for palliating patients not fit for surgery. There is little firm evidence to suggest that any one palliative modality is superior. Interventional radiology is particularly suitable for palliative management of difficult and expansive lesions as the anatomy can preclude easy access by surgical or endoscopic techniques. Good palliative results with minimal mortality and morbidity can be achieved with percutaneous stenting .
Accuracy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lau KY , Kan WK , Sze WM , Lee AWM , Yau TK , Tan LTH , Chan PO 
Published: March 2004

SummaryTo audit the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) staging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in daily reporting, the MR images of 101 adult patients with newly diagnosed NPC reported between December 1996 and February 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM staging criteria (1997), the tumour staging obtained from the MR reports and the MR films was compared by two experienced head and neck radiologists. The number of patients being upstaged, downstaged or unchanged was noted. In all stages, the NPC staging obtained from the MR reports revealed 18 (17.8%) understaged, eight (7.9%) overstaged and 75 (74.2%) the same stage when compared to the staging obtained from the MR films based on the AJCC/UICC criteria. The percentage of patients being understaged or overstaged, in decreasing order of frequency, were stages II, III, IV and I. Magnetic resonance of NPC should be reported by radiologists who are not only familiar with the pathology of this condition and its pattern of spread but who should also base their reports on the AICC/UICC staging criteria. The necessity to improve our MR staging accuracy is largely because it determines the type of therapy to be given and this has to be appropriate and adequate for a successful treatment.
Intensity‐modulated radiation therapy: Not a dry eye in the house
Authors: Metcalfe Peter , Chapman Alison , Arnold Anthony , Arnold Belinda , Tangboonduangjit Puangpeng , Capp Anne , Fox Chris 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYInverse planned intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been applied to patients in a conformal fashion in order to avoid the lacrimal gland. In the present study, we report a patient in which a potential planned dose of 63 Gy to the lacrimal gland for a conventional plan was reduced to12 Gy to the lacrimal gland for the IMRT plan. Dose objective inverse planning was provided using a Pinnacle treatment planning computer and treatment was delivered using a Varian dynamic multileaf collimator (MLC) on a Varian linear accelerator. Because multiple MLC segments are used to deliver the modulated treatment, conventional dose checks by manual calculation are not practical. To aid in an alternative dosimetric verification process, the Pinnacle planning computer has two unique dose tools, which provide axial and beams eye view doses on user‐specified check phantoms. The combined field axial dose tool matched our ion chamber dose checks within ± 2.4% at the isocentre. The individual beams eye view dose tool matched film dose maps within ± 3% in the umbra.
Dosimetric study of optimal beam number and arrangement for treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Budrukkar Ashwini N , Hope Geoff , Cramb Jim , Corry June , Peters Lester J 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYThe purpose of this dosimetric study was to evaluate the effect of beam number and arrangement on the dose distribution with intensity‐modulated radiation therapy in patients with nasopharyngeal cancer. Computed tomography data sets of seven patients who were treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre were used for the present dosimetric study. The dose planned was 70 Gy in 7 weeks for the gross nasopharyngeal and nodal disease and the biological equivalents of 60 Gy in 6 weeks for the high‐risk and 50 Gy in 5 weeks for the low‐risk nodal disease. A plan using seven fields was compared to that using nine fields in all patients. Plans were assessed on the dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and the degree of parotid sparing achieved by evaluating both dose−volume histograms (DVH) and axial slices. Seven fields (three anterior and four posterior) provide good PTV coverage and satisfactory parotid sparing in patients with localized nasopharyngeal lesions. Nine fields appear to be better for tumours with significant posterolateral parapharyngeal extension. Parotid sparing is consistently better with nine fields. Both DVH and axial slices need to be evaluated before accepting any plan.
Publication rates of abstracts presented at annual scientific meetings: How does the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists compare?
Authors: Bydder Sean A , Joseph David J , Spry Nigel A 
Published: March 2004

SummaryThe abstract to publication ratio (APR) is a measure of the quality of scientific meetings. The aim of the present study was to determine the publication rate of abstracts presented at annual Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists (RANZCR) conferences, and to identify the publishing journals. All free paper research abstracts (oral or poster) presented by RANZCR radiologists, radiation oncologists and trainees at the four consecutive meetings between 1996 and 1999 were identified retrospectively from conference programmes. The PubMed database (http:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPubMed) was searched to determine whether or not the abstract had been published as a full paper. Of the 480 free paper research abstracts, 168 (35%) had been published as full articles. The overall abstract to publication ratio for radiology was 29% and for radiation oncology was 41%. Papers were published in a variety of journals but Australasian Radiology accounted for 27%. The mean time between presentation and publication was 16.5 months (median 17 months). These overall abstract to publication ratios are lower than those reported for overseas‐based meetings in each respective area. Guidelines to scientific committees could increase the APR by more rigorous selection of abstracts. Future research should look at barriers to the publication of research findings, and identify ways to assist the publication process.
Anterior infradiaphragmatic free gas following bronchial rupture: Case report and literature review
Authors: Koh Eamon SC , Chapeikin Gavin 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYBronchial rupture is an uncommon injury that presents clinically and radiologically with tension or non‐tension pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema caused by air leak and migration of free gas. Infradiaphragmatic gas has previously been demonstrated in mechanically ventilated patients with pneumomediastinum and is secondary to passage of air via anterior and posterior trans‐diaphragmatic pathways. We present a case of bronchial rupture complicated by extensive infradiaphragmatic gas following mechanical ventilation that illustrates these pathways and some of the major radiographic signs associated with this injury.
Haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets syndrome: Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings in the liver
Authors: Maher Michael M , Kalra Mannudeep K , Lucey Brian C , Jhaveri Kartik , Sahani Dushyant V , Hahn Peter F , O'Neill Mary Jane , Mueller Peter R 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYWe describe the imaging findings of the HELLP (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets) syndrome in a gravid 36‐year‐old‐woman who presented at 19.5 weeks gestation with severe right upper quadrant pain. Ultrasound findings suggested a focal hyperechoic liver lesion suggesting pregnancy‐related hepatopathy prior to development of biochemical signs of HELLP syndrome. Within 3 days, the patient developed characteristic clinical and laboratory evidence of the HELLP syndrome. MR imaging at this time demonstrated localized hepatic ischaemia, further strengthening the diagnosis of HELLP syndrome.
Communicating oesophageal duplication
Authors: Dahniya MH , Grexa E , Ashebu S , Aduh P 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYOesophageal duplications are rare congenital abnormalities. Most of them do not communicate with the oesophageal lumen. We present a very uncommon finding of communicating oesophageal duplication in which the connection between the oesophagus and its duplicate portion was demonstrated by CT.
Malignant rhabdoid tumour of the third ventricle
Authors: Garg A , Gaikwad S , Gupta V , Mishra NK , Vaish S , Ralte AM 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYA 16‐year‐old boy presented to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences hospital with signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. A CT scan showed obstructive hydrocephalus from a large posterior third ventricle mass lesion. The patient underwent a subtotal resection of the tumour, followed by radiotherapy. Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of the tumour were consistent with primary malignant rhabdoid tumour. The age of presentation and location of the lesion were unusual.
‘Who is the Developed Woman?’: Women as a Category of Development Discourse, Kumaon, India
Authors: Klenk Rebecca M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis article analyses gendered discourses of development in rural North India, and addresses the usefulness of recent scholarship on development as ‘discourse’ for understanding connections between development and subjectivity. This scholarship is an excellent point of departure for exploring the contradictions inherent in the institutionalization of economic development and the global reach of its discourses, but it has focused primarily upon development as discourse at official sites of deployment, while paying less attention to how specific discourses and processes of development are appropriated by those constituted as beneficiaries of development. The under‐theorization of this aspect has meant that the range of processes through which development projects may encourage new subject positions are poorly understood. By investigating what some women in rural Kumaon have made of their own development, this article contributes to emerging scholarship on development and subjectivity with an ethnographic analysis of the polysemic enthusiasm for development expressed by some of its ‘beneficiaries’.
Optimal Emissions Taxation under Imperfect Competition in a Durable Good Industry
Authors: Runkel Marco 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates optimal emissions taxation under imperfect competition in a durable good industry where products are sold (instead of rented). As a benchmark, attention is paid to the special case of monopoly with exogenously given product durability. In line with previous literature, the optimal emission tax in this benchmark model falls short of marginal damage (underinternalization). Extending the benchmark model either to the case of an oligopolistic market structure and/or to the case of endogenous product durability then provides two cases in which the optimal emission tax overinternalizes marginal damage.
How Much of the Gender Difference in Child School Enrolment Can Be Explained? Evidence from Rural India
Authors: Pal Sarmistha 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThere are significant gender differences in child schooling in the Indian states though very few studies explain this gender difference. Unlike most existing studies we take account of the implicit and explicit opportunity costs of schooling and use a bivariate probit model to jointly determine a child's participation in school and market jobs. Results obtained from the World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) villages in West Bengal suggest that indicators of household resources, parental preferences, returns to and opportunity costs of domestic work significantly affect child school enrolment. While household resources have similar effects on enrolment of boys and girls, other arguments tend to explain a part of the observed gender difference. Even after taking account of all possible arguments, there remains a large variation in gender differences in child schooling that cannot be explained by differences in male and female characteristics in our sample.
Causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, resuscitation management, and functional outcome in dogs and cats surviving cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Waldrop Jennifer E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Swanke Erica D. , O'Toole Therese E. , Rush John E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjective:To describe the functional outcome of canine and feline survivors of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and the clinical characteristics surrounding their resuscitation.Design:Retrospective study.Setting:Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals:Client‐owned dogs (15) and cats (3) with CPA.Interventions:None.Measurements and main results:Eighteen animals were identified to have survived to discharge following CPA. Cardiopulmonary arrest was associated with anesthesia with or without pre‐existing disease in 10 animals, cardiovascular collapse in 5 animals, and chronic disease with an imposed stress in 3 animals. All CPAs were witnessed in the hospital. The most common initial rhythm at CPA was asystole (72%). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved in less than 15 minutes from the onset of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in all animals. No animals had a recurrence of CPA after the initial CPA. Animals were of a wide range of ages (0.5–16 years) and breeds. Two animals were neurologically abnormal at discharge, one of which was normal at 2 months following CPA.Conclusions:A good functional recovery after CPCR was documented in the small number of CPA survivors presented in this study. This may be due to the reversible nature of their inciting cause of CPA, early detections of CPA (‘witnessed’), and/or the animal's underlying normal health status.
Oxygenic Photoautotrophs: Phosphorylation and Oligomeric State of Photosystem 2. Responses to Stress. A Review
Authors: Kučera Tomáš , Sofrová Danuše 
Published: March 2004

A review is presented on some aspects of metabolism and supramolecular structures typical of oxygenic photoautotrophs, in particular the higher plants: (i) The problem of photosystem 2 (PS2) heterogeneity, namely the PS2 core-protein phosphorylation and PS2 oligomeric state, are discussed. There are at least four proteins reversibly phosphorylated in the PS2 core. The phosphorylation is light-dependent and its exact function is unclear. The PS2 dimer, usually considered the native state, may not be the only form occurringin vivo. (ii) The reaction of plants to various stress factors is described. Heat shock, reactive oxygen species and toxic metal exposition have been chosen as stressor examples, since the response of plants to them is specific and different from animals. A review with 182 references.
The Phase I Biotransformation of the Potential Antileukotrienic Drug Quinlukast in Rat Microsomes and Hepatocytes
Authors: Wsól Vladimír , Szotáková Barbora , Baliharová Vendula , Šišpera Luděk , Holčapek Michal , Kolářová Lenka , Suchanová Bohumila , Kuchař Miroslav , Skálová Lenka 
Published: March 2004

The phase I metabolism of quinlukast (VÚFB 19363, Q; 4-{[4-(2-quinolylmethoxy)phenyl]- sulfanyl}benzoic acid), a new antiasthmatic drug with significant antileukotriene effects, was investigated in rat microsomes and hepatocytes. Quinlukast, incubated with rat liver microsomal fraction under oxidative conditions, generated four metabolites, M2-M5. Based on comparison with synthetically prepared standards, metabolites M2 and M4 were identified as sulfoxide and sulfone of the parent compound, respectively. Metabolites M3 and M5 were identified as quinlukast dihydrodiols. For all the metabolites the apparent kinetic parameters K'm, V'max and metabolic efficiency Clint were calculated. No metabolite was found in rat liver cytosol. In vitro studies with primary cultures of isolated hepatocytes were designed to evaluate time dependent (2, 4, 8 and 24 h) and concentration dependent (0.005-0.1 mmol/l) formation of metabolites of quinlukast. Four metabolites were detected in culture medium. Three of them were identical to metabolites found in incubation of quinlukast with microsomes (M2, M3 and M5) and another, the most polar metabolite, M1, was detected. The basic metabolic pathways were proposed for quinlukast in rats.
EVOLUTIONARY NETWORK DESIGN: HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHMS APPROACH
Authors: GEN MITSUO , CHENG RUNWEI 
Published: March 2004

In recent years we have evidenced an extensive effort in the development of computer communication networks, which have deeply integrated in human being's everyday life. One of the important aspects of the network design process is the topological design problem involved in establishing a communication network. However, with the increase of the problem scale, the conventional techniques are facing the challenge to effectively and efficiently solve those complicated network design problems. In this article, we give a brief survey on our recent research works of network design problems by using genetic algorithms (GAs), such as, multistage process planning problem, fixed charge transportation problem, minimum spanning tree problem, centralized network design, and local area network design, shortest path problem, minimum cost maximum flow problem, and optimal scheduling problems based on network topology. All these problems are illustrated from the point of genetic representation encoding skill and the genetic operators with hybrid strategies. Numerical experiments show the effectiveness and efficiency of such kind of GA-based approach.
A Phase II Study of Three-Weekly Docetaxel and Weekly Trastuzumab in HER2-Overexpressing Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Montemurro Filippo , Choa Gabriella , Faggiuolo Roberto , Donadio Michela , Minischetti Monica , Durando Antonio , Capaldi Antonio , Vietti-Ramus Guido , Alabiso Oscar , Aglietta Massimo 
Published: March 2004

<i>Background:</i> To test safety and activity of 3-weekly doses of docetaxel and a weekly dose of trastuzumab in women with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer. <i>Patients and Methods:</i> Forty-two women, median age 53 years (range 36–73 years), with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer were enrolled in a study of docetaxel, 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup> q3w for 6 cycles, and trastuzumab, 4 mg/kg loading dose, 2 mg/kg weekly thereafter. Thirty-four patients (81%) had visceral metastatic involvement. Thirty-five patients had received prior chemotherapy as part of their treatment: adjuvant/neoadjuvant (26), metastatic (2) and both (7). Thirty-one patients had been previously exposed to an anthracycline and 11 to paclitaxel. Four patients had previously received high-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant. <i>Results:</i> 226 cycles (median 6, range 1–6) were administered. The median delivered dose intensity for docetaxel was 24 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/week (range 16–25 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/week). The intent to treat overall response rate was 67% (95% confidence interval, 52–79%). Median progression-free survival, time to treatment failure, and duration of response were 9, 8 and 12 months, respectively. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity (grade 3) occurred in 1 patient. The most common grade 3/4 toxicity was neutropenia (76% of the patients), although febrile neutropenia did not occur. <i>Conclusions:</i> Three-weekly doses of docetaxel and a weekly dose of trastuzumab is an active and safe combination in patients with HER2-overexpressing advanced breast cancer.