bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Identity: Ethnicity as a Defining Principle
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I started my career in the world of policing1 there were over 125 different outfits spread across England and Wales. Many were small city or borough units with a few hundred officers; though even then in the mid- 1950s there were a few large forces with multiple divisions covering a varied geographical terrain. Today forty-three forces exist in something of an uneasy calm, as further change appears to loom on the horizon. For regardless of political attempts to assuage fears of increasing centralization, further amalgamation seems likely to occur. Regionalism, for example, seems to be on the administrative cards at some opportune moment, and many commentators anticipate perhaps nine or ten super forces will be created from the forty-three now in existence.
The Management of Change
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Establishment Reviews and Policing Plans mark important points in the development of a force. Often they hold an emblematic import and set the style of the organization for years, only gradually losing relevance as changing philosophies introduce new cultural factors to supplant existing dogma. At the beginning of 1990 a second review of the divisional command structure to have been carried out in four years was completed, and a new policing plan presented to the public (Worcester Evening News, 21 June 1990). This reduced the number of subdivisions from thirteen to nine, grouping them into three Areas in a move that paralleled the drift occurring in many other forces to Area Command. As with the widespread introduction of ‘policing by objectives’ in the mid-1980s this was part of a trend which sees all forces more or less constrained by the ideologies of the moment; and it was now the turn of Area Command. And though it was argued this would streamline force organization and reduce management structures, it was evident this new plan would not reduce the number of chief superintendents, for the spare commanders in the now defunct divisions were to be ‘taken up elsewhere’.
The Force as Family
Authors: Young Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These quotes by unnamed chief constables suggest the idea of family and the police are closely related. I had never thought of the metaphor much during my own police career, although its relationship to the concept of patriarchy is obvious, especially in a world where the masculine was so predominant. The link between the two has been explored, for example by Millett (1971) in her assessment of sexual politics, and her vision of how they combine is clearly analogical to the experience of paternalism in the police world; for as she notes: Patriarchy’s chief institution is the family.
Work
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is widely recognised that great changes have affected the world of work in recent decades. One of the clearest accounts of what is involved is provided by Naomi Klein in her book No Logo. Klein’s title alludes to the massive scaling down of manufacturing that has occurred in many countries of the global North, in favour of a focus on marketing. Instead of making their products themselves, companies are increasingly preferring to concentrate their energies—and enlarged proportions of their revenues—on developing their customer bases, promoting their brands.
Detention
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
People behind bars have long had special significance for the human rights movement, both as catalysts for action and as symbols of injustice. Amnesty International was launched in 1961 with an appeal for the ‘forgotten prisoners’, those ‘prisoners of conscience’ languishing in gaols around the world for the crime of expressing an opinion unacceptable to their governments. In the years that followed, famous dissidents imprisoned or placed under house arrest by oppressive regimes were to become icons of the struggle for human rights—Nelson Mandela,Aung San Suu Kyi, Václav Havel, Jacobo Timmerman, and Albie Sachs, to name just a few.
Disability
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until recent years the implications of disability for human rights went very largely unaddressed. International human rights law proceeded for the most part on the twofold assumption that everyone has more or less the same capacities, and that what those capacities make possible is self-sufficiency in adult life. Yet self-sufficiency is very much a relative and variably distributed state. It is more available to some of us than to others.
Disappearance
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his book Homo Sacer Giorgio Agamben describes a condition which he refers to as ‘bare life’. This is a complicated concept, but one aspect of it points to a situation in which the significance or worth of a person ceases to be recognised, and that person becomes exposed to death, in the sense that he or she can be killed without consequences. According to Agamben, this situation arises from a particular kind of interaction between two other forms of life: on the one hand, ‘natural life’ or ‘the simple fact of living’ (which he associates with the ancient Greek concept zoe); on the other,’political life’ or ‘the form of the life of a political community’ (which he associates with the ancient Greek concept bios).
Education
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1979 the band Pink Floyd recorded a song lamenting the conformism of the British education system and the oppressive, often brutal teaching methods that were used. ‘We don’t need no education,’ they sang. ‘We don’t need no thought control.’ To them, the classroom was a place of ‘dark sarcasm’. And as for pupils, they were ‘just another brick in the wall’. So too each indignity was ‘just another brick in the wall’ that confined and divided their inner lives.
Fair Trial
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the trial of Saddam Hussein began in Iraq, media coverage in many countries included soundbites from ordinary Iraqis. Should Saddam be tried? In one such story, the first respondent says no, his crimes are too many; ‘[h]e should be cut into pieces’. A second concedes that the former president made mistakes, but asks, did he ‘do everything by himself, or was there someone behind him, like the Americans, or Great Britain, or Germany, or Russia or France?’ A third replies: ‘I believe they should put Saddam on trial, but it should be a fair trial ...A fair trial will have the approval of God and this one doesn’t.’
Food
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Discussions of global hunger typically begin with statistics. According to the latest information, 842 million people are undernourished, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. That corresponds to the total populations of the United States, Canada, Europe and Japan. Hunger and malnutrition cause 10 million deaths every year. That means 25,000 deaths every day. Six million children under five die every year from hunger- and malnutrition-related causes.
Health
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Concerns about health overlap with concerns about human rights in some very obvious ways. Torture, for example, is a serious injury to health and a serious breach of human rights. On the other hand, health programmes and human rights can also point in quite different directions. Medical records, for instance, may be kept in a manner that is inconsistent with respect for the right to privacy or the right of access to information. In what follows we take up and explore further this issue of the interrelation of health and human rights.
Protest
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In discussions of public protest today, two themes stand out. One is about the way globalisation has fuelled and facilitated protest. Key land-marks in the history of this development are the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas in 1994, launched on the day when the North American Free Trade Agreement entered into force, and the massive ‘anti-globalisation’ demonstrations staged at Seattle in 1999, when the scheduled ministerial meeting of the World Trade Organization was disrupted.
Racism
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s Paul Gilroy wrote a book called There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack. His subject was racism in the United Kingdom, and his central theme was the importance of race as a factor shaping social structures, processes and events. Both in academic studies and in policy debates, he argued, race was not being taken nearly as seriously as it needed to be. The book was reissued in 2002, with a new introduction by the author.
Terrorism
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 11 September 2001 many people have come to believe, if they did not already, that terrorism is one of the most serious threats we face in the world today. Others have come to believe that counter-terrorism— the ‘war on terror’—is one of the most serious threats we face in the world today. These two groups of course overlap: for some people there is grave danger associated with both terrorism and counter-terrorism. The concern about terrorism does not require much explanation.
Torture
Authors: Marks Susan , Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1874 Victor Hugo declared that torture had ‘ceased to exist’. Until about a century earlier, the practice of torture had been central to the administration of criminal justice in Europe. Suspects would be ‘put to the question’ on the basis that only confessions could establish truth, and only torture could produce valid confessions. From the early 18th century, however, European states began to enact legislation to abolish the use of torture. This reform had been urged by Voltaire, Montesquieu and perhaps most famously Cesare Beccaria, who wrote at length on the immorality and irrationality of treating torture as the ‘crucible of truth’.
The Administrative Courts
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Judicial control pre-supposes the existence of judges who impose upon the administration obedience to the law. The distinctive character of the French system in comparison with our own is apparent once we ask the two questions: For the French the answer is that the judges are special judges and the law is a special body of law. This and the following four chapters will be concerned with the administrative courts, their personnel, procedure and jurisdiction. Chapters 8 and 9 will examine the law which they apply.
The Conditions Precedent for Judicial Review
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are concerned with what the French term conditions de recevabilite, that is, the conditions which must all be present before the administrative court can be seised of a case and examine its merits. In a sense this was also the subject of the last chapter, since the paramount condition governing litigation in the administrative courts is that the matter must fall within their special juris diction. Assuming, however, that this sine qua non is satisfied and the matter before the administrative judge is truly ‘administrative’, what other conditions must be met before the judge can proceed to his decision?
The Substantive Law: the Principle of Administrative Legality
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The special nature of droit administratif as contrasted with the French droit civil and, for that matter, with the English common law, is particularly brought out when we consider the recognition by the administrative courts of the principle of legalite. As we have already explained, the Conseil d’Etat owes its present jurisdiction to Napoleon I, but this does not mean that either he or any later legislator established or pre-determined the law it was to administer. In origin the Conseil d’Etat advised the head of state: not until after 1872 did it speak ‘au nom du Peuple Frarn;:ais’, and it was therefore all the easier for the Conseil to evolve the principles which it was prepared to apply to the administration. Apart from the principle of administrative liability (responsabilite) which we have discussed in the previous chapter, the other great principle is the principle of administrative legality: the idea that the administration must be compelled to observe the law.
Maximum Value Functions
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last chapter introduced the concept of comparative statics, and used it to interpret the Lagrange multipliers as the rates of change of the maximum attainable value of the objective function with respect to the right-hand sides of the constraint equations. Many other parameters enter the objective function and the constraint functions, and the maximum attainable value of the objective function depends on them all. The method used before can be adapted to understand the nature of this more general dependence. That is the object of this chapter. As there, I shall begin with the case where all constraints are exact equalities, and consider inequality constraints later.
Uncertainty
Authors: Dixit Avinash K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a formal sense, the theory of optimization under uncertainty does not require any new mathematical theory as such. The choice variables lead to random outcomes with objective or subjective probability distributions. The objective functions are appropriate probability-weighted averages (expected values). The choices are also subject to some constraints. The general theory developed in the first eight chapters continues to apply. In fact the special structure of problems of choice under uncertainty leads to specific results that were not available in the general mathematics of constrained optimization.
Seasonality in Regression
Authors: Sims* Christopher A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effects of seasonal noise on regression estimates are considered as a type of errors-in-variables problem. The natures of asymptotic biases due to the presence of seasonal noise and to the nature of seasonal adjustment in regressions using adjusted and unadjusted data are explored. Methods for recognizing such biases and for attenuating their effects are suggested. Recent work by D. Grether and M. Nerlove (1970) and H. M. Rosenblatt (1968), among others, has again addressed the old question of how best to seasonally adjust economic time series. This work has not, however, considered the question of how seasonal adjustment or the failure to adjust series contaminated by seasonal noise might affect analysis of relations between series.
Introduction
Authors: Hylleberg S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, seasonal adjustment is undertaken for three different reasons. The two most important arguments in favour of computing and publishing seasonally adjusted data are that they are helpful in the informal appraisal of current economic conditions, and in historical studies of business cycles. Thirdly, the fact that seasonally adjusted data are used as input in econometric studies has not been of much concern for most data-collecting agencies, which often have ignored the fact that most econometricians regard seasonal adjustment as an unnecessary and unproductive removal of important information from the data.
Forecasting Economic Time Series with Structural and Box-Jenkins Models: A Case Study
Authors: Harvey A C , Todd P H J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. The basic structural model is a univariate time series model consisting of a slowly changing trend component, a slowly changing seasonal component, and a random irregular component. It is part of a class of models that have a number of advantages over the seasonal ARIMA models adopted by Box and Jenkins (1976). This article reports the results of an exercise in which the basic structural model was estimated for six UK macroeconomic time series and the forecasting performance compared with that of ARIMA models previously fitted by Prothero and Wallis (1976).
KEY WORDS: Forecasting; ARIMA models; structural models; unobserved components; Kalman filter; macroeconomic time series.
A Prototypical Seasonal Adjustment Model
Authors: Vall Agustin Mara , Pierce David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abstract. The paper analyses unobserved-components modelling and estimation for the simplest ARIMA process that accepts a full decomposition into trend, seasonal and irregular components. This prototypical model exemplifies many features of and issues arising in model-based seasonal adjustment that are less transparent in more complex seasonal time series models. In particular the analysis illuminates the major issues surrounding the specification of the component models and the identification of a unique structure for them. In so doing, the relationship between reduced- and structural-form approaches to unobserved components estimation is illustrated within an ARIMA-modelling framework. Finally, the properties of the minimum mean-squared-error estimators of the unobserved components are examined and the two main types of estimation error, revisions in the preliminary estimator and error in the final estimator, are analysed.
Keywords. Time series; ARIMA models; unobserved-components models; model-based seasonal adjustment; signal extraction; trend estimation.
Testing Super Exogeneity and Invariance in Regression Models
Authors: Engle Robert F , Hendry David F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper introduces tests of super exogeneity and invariance. Under the null hypothesis the conditional model exhibits parameter constancy, while under the alternative, shifts in the process of the independent variables induce shifts in the conditional model. The test is sensitive to particular types of parameter nonconstancy, especially with changing variances and covariances. We relate the test to rational expectations models and the Lucas critique. An empirical example of money demand finds prices and interest rates super exogenous in a conditional model, but when the inflation specification changes, super exogeneity fails although standard specification tests do not.
A Dynamic Model of the Demand for Currency: Argentina 1977-1988
Authors: Ahumada Hildegart 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work models money in the complex, highly inflationary environment of Argentina (1977-1988). First, cointegration techniques proposed by Engle and Granger (1987) and extended by Johansen (1988) are applied and show that real cash balances, income, and inflation are cointegrated. Second, data information are used to specify the dynamics of this relationship, following the “general-to-specific” methodology developed by Hendry et al. The model selected appears to be a satisfactory representation of money demand, including being empirically constant over 1985-1988, during which there were major policy changes. However, constant, well-specified inflation or interest rate equations cannot be obtained by inverting the money demand equation, given the results found when testing for super exogeneity.
Dynamic Modeling of the Demand for Narrow Money in Norway
Authors: bårdsen Gunnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The role and stability of the demand for money are recurring issues in applied econometrics. Does a constant long-run demand for money function exist? If so, is money exogenous, and hence a policy variable, or endogenous?
The notion of cointegration provides a tool for identifying long-run relationships, to be embedded in dynamic error correction models with constant parameters, while the assumed exogeneity status of variables for the parameters of interest can be assessed by recently developed tests.
This paper derives a demand function for narrow money in Norway by applying these tools, starting out with a vector autoregressive representation that includes money (Ml), prices, real expenditure, and several interest rates.
Finnish Manufacturing Wages 1960-1987: Real-wage Flexibility and Hysteresis
Authors: Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We show that when real-wage flexibility is defined in terms of cointegration of the product real-wage and productivity, the wage formation system in Finnish manufacturing maintains considerable real-wage flexibility. We develop an empirical error correction model of wages and show that the responsiveness of wages to changes in unemployment is much less important in explaining real-wage flexibility than existing studies suggest. For example, we find hysteresis effects, which are usually associated with real-wage rigidity rather than flexibility. This puzzle is resolved by pointing out that theoretically hysteresis is only a necessary condition for rigidity. Empirically, strong equilibriating mechanisms, including labor market policies, have induced considerable wage flexibility even in the presence of hysteresis. Our conclusions are substantiated by tests of parameter invariance and encompassing.
Deposit Contracts and Banking
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, a model of a bank is presented which focuses on the liquidity aspect of the banking business. We will show that there are efficiency gains from investing liquid funds into long-term illiquid assets. However, deposit banking which achieves these efficiency gains is vulnerable to bank runs. Furthermore, uncertainty about a bank ‘s investment projects and adverse information may trigger a bank run. Before turning to these issues, however, we need briefly to discuss the role of ‘money ‘ in an economy.
Towards Application: Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, we present an overview of the theoretical material contained in earlier chapters, and attempt to relate the current state of the theory of financial economics to events unfolding in actual financial institutions and markets. One of the exciting features of financial economics is that both theory and practice have advanced considerably in recent decades. More than that, a number of practical developments have followed almost immediately upon new theoretical insights. A prominent example of this latter point is the rapid practical implementation of the theoretical breakthrough achieved by Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in their solution of the option pricing problem.
Seasonal Adjustment
Authors: Franses Philip Hans 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter some aspects of seasonally adjusting economic time series are discussed. The basic assumption underlying seasonal adjustment methods is that seasonality is some form of data contamination that can be removed from the data in order to facilitate the analysis of, for example, trends and business cycles, and hence that a seasonal time series can be decomposed into various separate unobserved components which can be estimated from the data. The assumption that seasonality may be removed from a time series has led to three approaches, two of which will briefly be discussed in Section 4.1. The first and simplest approach amounts to a regression of the time series on functions of time. The second approach is that the seasonal fluctuations can be filtered out using a sequence of moving average filters. This approach is followed in the regularly applied Census X-11 method. The third and so-called model-dependent approach considers the construction of ARIMA type time series models for the various unobserved components including the seasonal component. Such an ARIMA model can then be used to indicate how to adjust the time series seasonally. In Section 4.1 these last two approaches are discussed.