bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strongylida-Hookworms, Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Angiostrongylus, And Others
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The order Strongylida has four superfamilies that contain all the families and genera of a group of nematodes characterized by a bursa on the posterior end of the male; thus they are known as the bursate nematodes. The bursa in some groups is visible with the naked eye, giving the worm the appearance of a broken stick with several splinters extending out of the broken end. These “splinters” are the rays that support the bursa, a bell-shaped, symmetrical structure produced by the cuticule of the worm, which contains the anus and the copulatory portion of the genital system. The bursa’s function during copulation is to keep the male attached to the female. The Strongylida is one of the largest groups of nematodes occurring naturally in most vertebrates, and humans have at least two species of their own. In addition, humans have about three dozen other species that have been reported at various times as zoonotic infections.
Visceral Larva Migrans
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain genera of the Ascaridoidea, Strongylina, and Spirudidea-for example, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, and Gnathostoma, respectively-have species with the ability to maintain a host-parasite relationship known as paratenesis (Beaver, 1969). Paratenesis occurs when the infective stages of the parasite (infective eggs of Toxocara or infective larvae of Ancylostoma) accidentally enter hosts other than their natural definitive hosts. In these nonnatural hosts, the larvae migrate through the tissues without undergoing development and eventually encapsulate, remaining indefinitely as infective larvae in the tissues. (Note that the differences between paratenic and intermediate hosts are that intermediate hosts are obligatory hosts in which the larvae change and grow into the infective stage for the definitive host. By contrast, paratenic hosts are not obligatory, and no transformation of the larvae occurs.) Migration of these larvae through the tissues produces an inflammatory reaction that results in the syndrome known as visceral larva migrans. However, the inflammation is always insufficient to destroy the larvae, which eventually encapsulate in the tissues (usually the muscles), remaining unchanged for the life of the paratenic host.
Pentastomes, Demodex Mites, Scabies, Flies, And Fleas
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pentasomes The Pentastomida, a class of the Arthropoda, is difficult to place within the zoologic hierarchy. The parasites in this class are considered by some as highly modified annelids and by others as being closer to the crustaceans (Riley et al. 1978). The all-inclusive name pentastomes refers to this group of parasites and the infection they produce as pentastomiasis ( often as porocephalosis). However, because there is no conclusively documented infection in humans with a species of Porocephalus (Fain, 1975), the term porocephalosis should not be used. The species Linguatula serrata, which is responsible for human infections, produces linguatulosis, the name applied when the parasites recovered are conclusively identified. Pentastomes, or pentastomids, are a small group of arthropods (endoparasites) with worldwide distribution parasitizing the lungs and upper respiratory tract of many vertebrates, including dogs, snakes, and humans. The adult females, which are up to 10 cm long, are rounded or flattened, sometimes with a leaf-like or linguiform appearance. The males are one-half to one-third the size of the females (Fig. 28-1). The adult parasite in the upper respiratory tract passes eggs, which gain access to the environment in mucus, sputum, or feces. The intermediate hosts ingest the eggs, which free a four- or six-legged larva in the intestine. The larva, or nymph, enters the mucosa and migrates to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, omentum, lungs, and other organs, where it molts several times, transforming into an infective nymph that encapsulates in the tissues. Ingestion of encapsulated nymphs by the predator definitive host results in the infection with adult parasites in the upper respiratory tract. Humans may suffer infections with either the adult or the larval stage of pentastomids.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1493, as head of an armada of 17 ships, Columbus made his second voyage to America. In addition to 1,200 men, on board these vessels were animals and plants never before seen by Native Americans: horses, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats; and barley, wheat, chick-peas, melons, radishes, salad greens, sugarcane, and fruit trees in the forms of seeds, stones, and cuttings (Crosby 1991:77-79; Viola 1991:12). Thus began the first major episode in the great Columbian exchange in which objects and concepts were transferred from the Old World to the New and vice versa (cf. Crosby 1972). Columbus and subsequent travelers to the Americas would return to Europe with various items of New World origin, including many food plants that would become common fare in Western diets, for example, cacao (chocolate), chili pepper, corn (maize), peanut, potato, pumpkin, raspberry, strawberry, sunflower, sweet potato, tomato, and vanilla (Foster and Cordell 1992:163-167).
Methodology
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He basic research approach for this study entails (1) a list of objects and concepts introduced to the New World by Europeans (i.e., items of acculturation) and (2) a set of Native American languages whose vocabularies are searched for words that denote items on the list. The following considerations pertain to the derivation and investigative use of (1) and (2).
How Much Did You Know and When Did You Know it?
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After U.S. managers accepted that quality was a major competitive issue, that the Japanese really were doing better, and that they lacked information on how the Japanese did it, the next logical issue for them was how to go about acquiring that information. Would these firms choose to learn directly from the Japanese? This expectation is rooted in an understanding of the critical role of information in organizational life. Stinchcombe (1990: 2) focuses on organizations using the “earliest available information” to resolve actor uncertainty. Earliest information shows actors the competitively successful direction. An organization must “be where the news breaks, whenever it breaks” (Stinchcombe, 1990: 3). Not only do firms want the earliest information available, they also want knowledge about their specific problems from real-world “how to” practitioners to reduce the costs associated with customization.
Adoption, Adaptation, and Reaction at Hewlett-Packard
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with three major quality initiatives at HP, how they came to be adopted, in what form, and how they further evolved to fit HP culture and its preexisting practices. The first two, QMS and hoshin management were Japan-and YHP-inspired, and the third, the “Quality 1 on 1” initiative, built on both the accomplishments of these earlier efforts, as well as their perceived limitations. In the mid-1980s, HP had begun to use the services of a well-known quality counselor in Japan, Professor Noriaki Kano. He had worked with many Deming Prize companies, was a disciple of the dean of quality management in Japan, Kaoru Ishikawa, and had sufficient command of English to be effective in an American environment. Thus, not only did HP go to where the news was breaking in Japan, but it brought the news directly into its own environment. Kano had worked with some success for Malaysia HP and then Singapore HP, helping them implement TQC; a corporate HP manager who became acquainted with his work there recommended him to HP ‘s group general manager at the components group in 1984. Professor Kano began working for HP in 1985 and continued to come periodically for the next seven years-typically making two visits a year of three to four days each. His typical work mode was to carry out diagnostic activities, asking key managers in a group setting about various aspects of their business practices and problem-solving activities, then making recommendations based on that information.
Poetics of Space, Direction, and Movement
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Above all else, the art of trial cross-examination prescribes a cardinal rule for impeaching the credibility of witnesses and discrediting their testimony: never ask a question to which you do not know the answer (Tanford 1983; Bailey 1985; Mauet 1996; Carlson & Imwinkelried 1989). Law texts advise attorneys to “control” testimony through short, leading questions designed to elicit a single discrete fact to which the witness must agree (Haydock & Sonsteng 1991; Bergman 1978). Attorneys employ such questions to “stretch” and emphasize a piece of evidence over the course of several questions or even several minutes rather than exhaust the topic in a single question or two, a “bit-by-bit” or “detailing-to-death” procedure designed not only to control the witness but to give the jury more time to appreciate the significance of a particular point of testimony (Tanford 1983). In so doing, attorneys may construct evidence cumulatively over time so that a fact assumes a level of unusual and striking importance. Indeed, as Mauet (1996: 225) summarizes this process in his classic trial text, “Crossexamination is in part the art of slowly making mountains out of molehills.”
The Grammaticalization of Participant Roles in the Constitution of Expert Identity
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of expert testimony in both civil and criminal trials is a pervasive and increasingly prominent feature of the adversarial system (Mauet 1996; Wilson 1997). According to a prominent study by Saks and Duizend (1983), nearly one-fourth of attorneys and judges surveyed encountered expert testimony in half their criminal cases. A still more recent study by Champagne et al. (1992) found that experts testified in 63% of civil cases over a period of several months. In fact, as the 0. J. Simpson trial revealed, some cases could not even proceed without the use of expert testimony, for in these instances it furnishes much of the foundation of circumstantial evidence cases. Given the increasingly complex nature of evidence in DNA analysis, trace evidence, toxicology, and rape trauma syndrome, as well as the cancer-causing properties of second-hand cigarette smoke, dioxin, Agent Orange, electromagnetic fields, and silicone breast implants, to mention only a few factors, the use of expert testimony will increase in the future.
Constructing Age Identity in Expert Testimony
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter examined how the defendant mobilized discursive devices for shifting into and departing from an expert identity. This chapter analyzes how the prosecuting attorney attempts to undermine the credibility of a formally tendered expert witness. I focus on how both the prosecuting attorney and expert witness co-construct and coordinate chronological age disclosure as an epistemological and persuasive strategy for undermining the expert’s competence and credibility. Although classic law texts instruct the cross-examining attorney to impeach the expert’s testimony by focusing on level of competence, prior inconsistent statements, bias, lack of actual hands—on experience, among other techniques (see Mauet 1996). This chapter shows how the prosecuting attorney creates oblique, negative references to age through metapragmatic cues in talk. Continuing to focus on footing and the construction of social identity, I explore how discursive forms such as repetition, repair, and intonation intersect with linguistic ideologies to shift identity from expert to age, along with the prejudicial stereotypes associated with this social identity. As in the previous chapter, rather than reifying expert identity and leaving it as an unproblematic legal given, I ask: how do attorneys and witnesses mobilize discursive resources to sustain, undermine, and negotiate an expert identity? How is an expert identity processually forged through these situated verbal practices to foster a favorable or unfavorable impression on the jury? Building on the work of the preceding chapter, I hope to show how expertise and the epistemological status of knowledge claims are constituted in the intricately organized, details of language use in the co-construction of context.
The Microdynamics of Legal Change
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1970s the social problem of rape first emerged as a full-blown research agenda for scholarly analysis and then ignited a powerful social movement propelling sweeping changes throughout the legal system (Matthews 1994; Frohmann & Mertz 1994)1. Feminist researchers empirically and theoretically distinguished rape, along with more general male violence against women, as a major mechanism explaining the social exploitation of women and saw it functioning simultaneously as a primary mode of domination creating and perpetuating the patriarchal social order (Russell 1975; Scully 1990). Proponents of rape reform targeted the legal system as both the vehicle and object of massive policy change because of its role in decriminalizing and legitimating sexual violence against women (Berger 1977; Marsh, Geist, & Kaplan, 1982). Together, both feminist research and social movements merged into the legal realm of rape reform, so that by 1974 Michigan passed the first comprehensive rape reform statute. By the 1990s all the states, as well as the federal government, had passed similar legislation designed to recriminalize and delegitimize rape.
Colliding Worlds Indigenous Women, Conquest, and Colonialism
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That women played a variety of roles during the conquest and colonial periods almost goes without saying. However, one woman in particular has gone down in history as especially noteworthy during this period. She is Malinche, or doña Marina, or Malintzin, the variously named translator and sometime consort of the conqueror of the Nahuas of central Mexico, Hernán Cortés.Though no documents exist in which she narrates or interprets her life in her own voice, Spanish sources often refer to her somewhat ironically as la lengua (tongue). Her image and life illustrate in microcosm the ways that sexuality and gender were part of the process of conquest (see figs. 3.1 and 3.2). The illustrations, while different, recall some of the strength implicit in the Coyolxauhqui image discussed in the last chapter, but her life course tellingly foreshadows the conquerors’ treatment of the indigenous women on whom they depended and with whom they had intimate relations. While Malintzin herself played an important public role in the events of conquest, other women experienced diminished public roles. And she gave birth to children who were among the first mestizo children of mainland Spanish America, helping to set off the development of mixed ethno-racial identities whose existence would complicate both gender and racial hierarchies.
Indigenous Women Creating Agendas for Change
Authors: Kellogg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has emphasized a number of themes in the lives of Latin American indigenous women. First, the chapters demonstrate that women have a very long history of performing productive labor and that the amount of work they do has increased over time. Second, images of women as active and associated with important cultural beliefs or as symbols of identity have an ancient, often unrecognized, history. Third, while the degree to which women participate in political activism varies, in many areas—past and present—women have played roles in community political and religious structures of authority and in agitating for change. Fourth, families, households, and kinship structures have offered women sanctuary and support, emotional and material, yet male-female and parent-child relations can be marked by tension, even violence. Finally, the preceding two chapters, in particular, show the varied and sometimes contradictory impact of globalization.
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Some Conceptual and Practical Considerations
Authors: Lemischka Ihor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vertebrate hematopoietic development is an ordered and continuous process that is responsible for the lifelong production of at least eight distinct mature blood cell lineages. Systemic demands coupled with the finite half-lives of terminally differentiated blood cells require the daily production of staggeringly large numbers of mature cells. In order to understand the biology of the hematopoietic process, it is necessary to define and understand the nature of its source.
Dorsal Hematopoiesis in Fish and Amphibians
Authors: Turpen James B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development of the vertebrate hematopoietic system is a conserved process that depends on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Major issues in stem cell biology center on the spatial and temporal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells during early embryogenesis and the molecular mechanisms leading to induction of the initial stem cell populations, as well as stem cell commitment to the various hematopoietic lineages. Fish and amphibian embryos provide ideal models for investigating the earliest events in this process owing to their accessibility, ease of manipulation and, in the case of zebrafish, the potential for powerful genetic analysis. As additional antibodies and molecular markers of hematopoiesis become available, the usefulness of these lower vertebrate models for experimental studies will undoubtedly increase. In this chapter, I will review the development of stem cell differentiation in fish and amphibians, and provide some additional thoughts on future contributions that can be provided by studying hematopoiesis in lower vertebrates, such as zebrafish and Xenopus.
Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord Associated with Ischemia
Authors: Garcia Julio H , Mena Hernando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many neuropathology textbooks the chapter entitled “Cerebrovascular Diseases” includes a description of three interrelated groups of diseases: ischemic injuries, spontaneous parenchymal–subarachnoid hemorrhages, and diseases of the blood vessels. The latter two topics are covered in a separate section of this book. This chapter only contains information on the neuropathology of ischemic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Circulatory disorders characterized by ischemia can be separated according to their etiology into two large categories: (1) those affecting the CNS in a global manner and (2) those produced by the occlusion of one artery. The former condition is referred to as global cerebral ischemia whereas the occlusion of a single vessel creates a condition of focal ischemia or a situation in which the circulatory abnormality primarily affects the territory normally supplied by the occluded vessel. The clinical manifestations of focal ischemia (secondary to an arterial occlusion) are commonly known as a stroke, a designation that is not appropriate for the clinical expressions of global cerebral ischemia. Instead of the localized neurologic deficit (such as monomelic paresis, for example) that accompanies an arterial occlusion, patients suffering severe hemodynamic crises may complain of “light-headedness” or may become unconscious. The pathologic features of the injuries affecting the brain and produced by deficient blood flow (or by insufficient oxygenation) vary according to the etiology of the ischemic event (hemodynamic versus vascular), the age of the person, and the type of vessel involved (artery, arteriole, veins/sinuses). Also, the severity of the ischemia (measured in terms of percentage decrease of blood flow) and duration of the event influence the resulting patterns of tissue injury.
Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Petito Carol K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases are a broad category of disorders that affect the cerebral circulation. They encompass not only diseases of the intraparenchymal and extraparenchymal cerebral blood vessels but also abnormalities in the systemic vasculature, especially the carotid arteries and heart, and systemic illnesses that alter blood coagulation or blood flow. The end result of these cerebrovascular abnormalities is cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral ischemia. The risk factors for cerebrovascular disease include environmental hazards such as cigarette smoking, metabolic disorders such as diabetes, and genetic factors such as protein S deficiency (Natowicz and Kelley, 1987). The following discussion reviews clinical disorders of cerebrovascular diseases (Whisnant, 1990), briefly discusses the pathology and etiology of infarcts and hemorrhage, and then describes specific disorders of the cerebral blood vessels. Clinical Disorders Cerebrovascular diseases are asymptomatic when an infarct or hemorrhage is in a “silent” region of the central nervous system or when arterial occlusion is compensated by adequate collateral flow. Such collateral pathways include the circle of Willis, communications between the external and internal carotid arteries via the ophthalmic artery, and reversed flow from the anterior spinal artery into the vertebral artery.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Nelson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized clinically by progressively severe dementia and, eventually, development of limb rigidity with impaired mobility. AD occurs in both sporadic and familial forms. In the United States the highest agespecific incidence of dementia occurs from 65 to 95 years of age. An estimated 6%–10% of persons in this age range are severely demented; 50%–75% of these individuals have Alzheimer’s disease (Kawas and Katzman, 1999). Women are at higher risk of developing AD than men. The odds ratios for women to develop dementia and AD relative to men are 1.18 and 1.56, respectively (Gao et al., 1998). The course of the AD from onset to death may vary from a few months to several years. The reported mean duration is 6–12 years (Molsa et al., 1986; Schofield and Mayeux, 1998). Infection, usually bronchopneumonia, is the most common cause of death. The neuropathology of AD involves the cerebral cortex, including the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex most severely, but subcortical and brainstem structures—for example, the basal nucleus of Meynert, locus coeruleus, and brainstem raphe nuclei—are also affected. The cortical lesions include varying degrees of atrophy accompanied by the accumulation of senile plaques chiefly of neuritic type in the neuropil and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in nerve cell bodies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy involving subarachnoid and cortical blood vessels occurs in at least 85%–90% of AD cases.
Changing Femininities: The Talk of Teenage Girls
Authors: Coates Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research in the area of language and gender is no longer restricted to the margins of academe, and publications are appearing at an exponential rate (see, for example, recent collections such as Bergvall, Bing, & Freed 1996; Hall & Bucholtz 1995; Johnson & Meinhof 1997; Mills 1995; Tannen 1993). Yet there is little research that focuses on developmental aspects of language use in relation to gender. We know very little about the ways in which children become gendered speakers.