bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Events and Event Talk
Authors: Pianesi Fabio , Varzi Achille C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We speak of actions and other events with the same easiness with which we speak of people and other objects. We say of John that he is bright and of Bill’s lecture that it is boring. We say of John’s father that he is taller than Bill’s and of John’s life that it is better than Bill’s. We say of Clark Kent that he is Superman and of Clark Kent’s death that it is the death of Superman. The pervasive ness of this talk does not by itself imply that there are such things as events—that events are to be included in an inventory of the world over and above people and material objects. But one can hardly question that some theory of events is needed if one is to make sense of such talk at all. Moreover, we often speak in such a way as to suggest—implicitly—that we are talking about events.
Causation, Contexts, and Event Individuation
Authors: Eckardt Regine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kind of events used in linguistic theories are rather coarse-grained. For the purpose of tense semantics, it is sufficient to identify events with intervals of time. Although this view will not be tenable for more subtle phenomena, people still agree that events can have several properties and be described in various ways. Parsons (1990), for instance, suggests a rule that “every stabbing is a killing”. Or, we would like to be allowed to assume that if Sue repaired some thing in e, and this something was indeed her car, then Sue repaired her car in e. There is a philosophical tradition, however, that perceives events as very fine grained objects.
Events, Facts, Propositions, and Evolutive Anaphora
Authors: Asher Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Events have peculiar effects on anaphoric processes. When a discourse introduces an event of creation, a new object becomes available for anaphoric reference in the subsequent narrative. When an event of destruction is introduced, an object that was available for anaphoric reference is no longer available. Or at least that is what intuitively one would think. This interaction between events and anaphora in discourse is part of what is known as the problem of evolutive anaphora, and an analysis of this phenomenon, or at least the beginnings of one, is the object of this chapter.
Mammalian Cloning by Nuclear Microinjection
Authors: Perry Anthony C F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the cloning of whole animals, genetic information from a single cell programs the development of a new individual; it is a form of asexual reproduction. Consequently, cloning circumvents the requirement for a genetic contribution from two cells (spermatozoon and egg) exhibited in sexual reproduction. Cloning provides a method of producing multiple offspring from a single individual, embryo, or cell line, and cloned animals share much the same genetic relationship as identical twins. In practice, whole animal cloning (also referred to as “reproductive cloning”) is often deﬁned euphemistically as a process in which the nuclear genome of a single cell programs full development; this is the deﬁnition we will adopt here. While the possibility that mammals might one day be cloned by nuclear transfer from adult cells has evoked enormous interest, some believed it impossible.
Cloning in the Popular Imagination
Authors: Nelkin Dorothy , Lindee M Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dolly is a cloned sheep born in July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh by Ian Wilmut, a British embryologist. She was produced, after 276 failed attempts, from the genetic material of a six-year-old sheep. But Dolly is also a Rorschach test. The public response to the production of a lamb from an adult cell mirrors the futuristic fantasies and Frankenstein fears that have more broadly surrounded re- search in genetics, and especially genetic engineering. Dolly stands in for other monstrosities—both actual and fictable—that human knowledge and technique have produced. She provokes fear not so much because she is novel, but because she is such a familiar entity: a biological product of human design who appears to be a human surrogate. Dolly as “virtual” person is terrifying and seductive—despite her placid temperament.
A Life in the Shadow: One Reason We Should Not Clone Humans
Authors: Holm Soren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the arguments which is often put forward in the discussion of human cloning is that it is in itself wrong to create a copy of a human being. This argument is usually dismissed by pointing out that (a) we do not ﬁnd anything wrong in the existence of monozygotic twins even though they are genetically identical, and (b) the clone would not be an exact copy of the original, even in those cases where it is an exact genetic copy, since it would experience a different environment which would modify its biological and psychological development (throughout this chapter I will assume that clones are perfect genetic copies, even though the present cloning techniques do not in most instances produce perfect clones because they do not clone the mitochondrial DNA).
Sleep Medicine
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides accurate concise information concerning the evaluation and the treatment of patients with sleep problems. Because management of sleep disorders requires an understanding of sleep itself, the first portion discribes aspects of normal sleep. The remainder of the book follows an approach based on the clinical method, in which the chief complaints (the symptoms and the signs) and the psychosocial and the medical background of the individual are used, in conjunction with an understanding of the neurobiological and psychological basis of sleep disorders, to formulate a clinical assessment. The results of polysomnographic studies and other laboratory tests supplement and redefine clinical information and assist with consideration of treatment options.
Why Indigence Is Not a Justification
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, I attempt to explain why arguments in favor of accepting indigence as a defense in criminal matters are unlikely to be successful. Although there is an apparent symmetry between exculpation based on indigence and exculpation based on self-defense, there are in fact important differences between the two modes of exculpation. The differences have to do with the moral light that the respective defenses cast (or-in the case of indigence-the moral light that they would cast, if accepted) on the rule the defense calls into question.
Carrie Chapman Catt And The Last Years Of The Struggle For Woman Suffrage“The Winning Plan”
Authors: Fowler Robert Booth , Jones Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most satisfying moments in Carrie Chapman Catt’s life were those when she saw her dream of woman suffrage fulfilled. The moment had two vivid expressions. The first came when the Tennessee legislature passed the suffrage amendment in 1920. This decision brought into the fold the last state needed for the three-quarters majority of states necessary to ratify constitutional amendments and give women nationwide the right to vote. Knowing that the outcome of the legislative vote was uncertain in the border state of Tennessee, Catt had been lobbying the state’s delegates for weeks and was in Nashville during the vote. Victory left her overjoyed but exhausted and eager to return to her home in New York.
Alice Paul and the Politics of Nonviolent Protest
Authors: Ford Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Woman’s Party (NWP) was both militant and radically feminist in its battle for a national woman suffrage amendment between 1913 and 1919. Years of effort in state suffrage fights by the major organization, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)1 had yielded little result, and by 1912, the issue was a stagnant one. Only five western states had given women the vote, and virtually nothing was being done for a national suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Anna Howard Shaw, NAWSA president and heir to pioneer Susan B. Anthony, was proving an ineffectual leader, and unlike her nineteenth-century predecessor, did not have a militant bone in her body. Seeking to breathe life into the complacent movement, the new suffragists looked elsewhere for inspiration, adopting the British brand of militancy to the American situation in their own particular nonviolent style.
Austin and Examples
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will help me make clearer why I sometimes think of criteria as of the identification rather than of the existence of something, and also help explain why that distinction does not satisfy me, if I now bring to our argument a passage or two from Austin’s “Other Minds” which I take to be discussing a version of the stage of problem we are facing here, the relation between knowing what a thing is (by means of criteria) and knowing that it is.
Knowledge and the Basis of Morality
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically as well as dialectically the concept of reason or knowledge, and therewith of rationality, raises two major problems for the moral philosopher. (1) An opportunity for moral reflection occurs when men find themselves at odds with one another, or with themselves, over the questions, “What ought to be done?” and “What am I to do?”. Dialectically, this problem is reflected in a fact about “moral arguments” - the “methods” (to use Sidgwick’s term) by which we undertake to arrive at a knowledge, or “rational conviction”, as to what ought to be done -which has insistently and constantly occupied the attention of moral philosophers, viz., that such arguments are always, and dishearteningly, liable to break down, or end in stalemate, and the question which prompted the argument either left without answer or with incompatible answers which any further argument would seem helpless to resolve.
The Relation of Laws to Counterfactuals
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Which counterfactual conditionals are correct seems to reflect whether a given fact is a law or an accident (as discussed in section 2.2 of chapter 1). After suggesting in section 1 of this chapter that a certain relation obtains between laws and counterfactuals, and that no accident joins the laws in bearing this relation to counterfactuals, in section 2 I work through various potential difficulties for this view. Many of these puzzles also raise issues of independent interest regarding counterfactuals.
My Life
Authors: Hume David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before going to the University of Edinburgh to study law, David Hume (1711– 1776) had read Cicero, the Latin and French poets and essayists, mathematics and natural philosophy, history and moral philosophy. Finding that he had no taste for law, he turned to writing philosophy. Having worked himself ill on what became A Treatise of Human Nature, Hume went to France to recuperate. While there he may have had some discussions with scholars at the nearby Jesuit College of La Fleàche. When the Treatise was published anonymously in 1739–40, it fell, as he said, “stillborn from the press.” Stoically weathering his disappointment, he turned to writing Essays Moral, Political and Literary (1741– 1752). His application for a chairs in philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1745) and at Glasgow (1752) were refused on the grounds that he was too skeptical, perhaps even irreligious. He received a consolation appointment as Librarian for the Faculty of Advocates in Edinburgh, where he served from 1752– 1757. During that time, wrote his History of England, published between 1754 and 1762. Much admired for his statecraft, Hume served as a diplomatic secretary in the British embassies of France and Italy from 1746 to 1749 and again from 1763 to 1766.
Han Feizi: The Ruler’s Interpretation
Authors: Hansen Chad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Han Feizi marks the end of the classical period. He not only is the last zimaster in the traditional list, he arguably played a pivotal role in drawing the fertile Hundred Schools period to a close. He and Lisi, a more organizationally inclined student of Xunzi, became influential advisers of the notorious Qinshi Huangdi (the first emperor of the Qin dynasty). Their advice triggered an intolerant period of philosophical repression and state-supported orthodoxy. The Qin empire marks the beginning of China’s philosophical dark age.
Multicellularity
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of prokaryotes was a matter of macromolecular chemistry, and chemical networks developed with the emergence of metabolism. The emergence of eukaryotes developed from chimeras of prokaryotes sampling numerous ways of putting functional parts together. Three major foci of energy metabolism ultimately developed: autotrophy (largely photo-autotrophy), ingestion of soluble molecules excreted into the environment by other organisms, and eating of other organisms. When these forms settled down, they were on the way to being plants, fungi, and animals, but still were unicellular or clusters of cells, i.e., colonial organisms. Another feature of the eukaryotes’ emergence is the meiotic cycle, in which an ordinary cell undergoes two consecutive cell divisions leading to a haploid cell with half the number of chromosomes of a diploid cell. The combination of two haploid cells leads to a diploid cell. This is the normal method in which eukaryotes give rise to progeny.
The Neuron
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The key to multicellularity is that a single fertilized egg formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes can give rise in the morphogenetic process to a variety of specialized cells. Thus, switches must be available to turn on and off genetic sequences to distinguish the cell morphology and biochemistry in different tissues. A hair cell is vastly different from a liver cell, which is vastly different from a nerve cell, yet they are all in the clonal progeny of a single fertilized ovum. The number of cell types appears to increase along the evolutionary pathway indicated in the previous chapter.
The Universality of Causation
Authors: Koons Robert C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does every situation have a cause? On the one hand, there is a strong temptation to say “Yes.” On the other hand, embracing the universality of causation in its strongest form leads to inconsistency, since we are forced to say that Reality (the sum of all actual situations) must itself have a cause, which must be an actual situation and thus part of Reality. However, a situation cannot be the effect of one of its parts.
Literary Etymology
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writers in the literary tradition frequently articulate the descriptive content of onomata, largely proper names, by way of etymology.1 Thus, for example, they trace “Apollo” to apollumi (“destroy”) and “Hector” to echo (“protect”). Such analyses of onomata are thought to disclose something important about their referents’ natures. Literary authors’ reliance on etymology raises central issues involving the link between elements of language and of reality. In what follows, I explore literary practice in order to provide a basis for the examination of Plato’s critique of etymologizing in the Cratylus. .
Etymology And The Cratylus ‘ Sources: An Investigation of the Literary Tradition’s Importance
Authors: Levin Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any assessment of Plato’s systematic philosophy must devote significant attention to his philosophy of language.1 The dialogue in which Plato concentrates most intensively on linguistic issues is the Cratylus. In fact, Plato’s Cratylus has interested those working in the areas of Greek philosophy and philosophy of language precisely because it is the first text in the Western philosophical tradition that offers a sustained treatment of such issues.
Law and Order in Contemporary American Politics
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crime and punishment sit center stage in the theater of American political discourse. For much of the past three decades, politicians have made crime-related problems central campaign issues and struggled to identify themselves as tougher than their competitors on crime, delinquency, and drug use. Popular concern about these social problems has reached record levels during this period and public opinion polls indicate that members of the public have become more likely to support punitive policies such as the death penalty and “three­ strike” sentencing laws. Not surprisingly, these ideological shifts have been accompanied by a dramatic expansion of the criminal justice system. Between 1965 and 1993, crime control expenditures jumped from $4.6 billion to $100 billion (and from .6 to 1.57% of the gross domestic product) and the rate of incarceration in the United States is now the highest in the industrialized world. Minorities have been especially affected by these developments: blacks now comprise over half of all prison inmates in the United States, up from one-third just twenty years ago.
The Calculus of Consent
Authors: Buchanan James , Tullock Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there a logical economic rationalization or explanation for the emergence of democratic political institutions? On the basis of our individualistic assumptions about human motivation can we “explain” the adoption of a political constitution? If so, what general form will this constitution take? Questions such as these have rarely been discussed carefully.
If no collective action is required, there will be no need for a political constitution. Therefore, before discussing the form which such a constitution might assume, we must examine the bases for social or collective action. When will a society composed of free and rational utility-maximizing individuals choose to undertake action collectively rather than privately? Or, to make the question more precise, when will an individual member of the group find it advantageous to enter into a “political” relationship with his fellows?
Long-Duration Flight Medical Planning: Medical Care on the Way to the Moon and Mars
Authors: Buckey Jay C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1999, in the middle of the Antarctic winter, the sole physician at the South Pole Station felt a mass in her breast. She could not be evacuated because a plane had never landed at the South Pole in midwinter. So, using materials at hand, the team biopsied the mass, stained the cells, and transmitted pictures to specialists in the United States. The images showed breast cancer. Chemotherapeutic drugs and other supplies were airdropped to the station. When weather improved sufficiently to allow an evacuation, the doctor returned home to definitive medical care. Fortunately, the cancer had been controlled, and she made a full recovery.
Sweet Freedom’s Song
Authors: Branham Robert James , Hartnett Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it isn’t the official national anthem, America may be the most important and interesting patriotic song in our national repertoire. Sweet Freedom’s Song: “My Country ‘Tis of Thee” and Democracy in America is a celebration and critical exploration of the complicated musical, cultural and political roles played by the song America over the past 250 years. Popularly known as My Country ‘Tis of Thee and as God Save the King/Queen before that this tune has a history as rich as the country it extols. In Sweet Freedom’s Song, Robert Branham and Stephen Hartnett chronicle this song’s many incarnations over the centuries. Colonial Americans, Southern slave owners, abolitionists, temperance campaigners and labor leaders, among others, appropriated and adapted the tune to create anthems for their own struggles. Because the song has been invoked by nearly every grassroots movement in American history, the story of America offers important insights on the story of democracy in the United States. An examination of America as a historical artifact and cultural text, Sweet Freedoms Song is a reflection of the rebellious spirit of Americans throughout our nations history. The late Robert James Branham and his collaborator, Stephen Hartnett, have produced a thoroughly-researched, delightfully written book that will appeal to scholars and patriots of all stripes.
Nature and Self-Interest
Authors: Fort Timothy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basing a theory of moral business on a celluloid science fiction creation may not foster its intellectual stature. But one could substitute quotes similar to Yoda’s from Buddhism, Hinduism, many yogis, many “native” religions, and the Christian tradition,7 to name just a few religious sources. Indeed the connectedness of reality has philosophical support from Spinoza9 to Whitehead, as well as in the writings of many feminists and philosophers of science. The engagement with a connected, transcendent reality in these theologies and philosophies is often a starting point for formulating ethical duties. With such a pedigree, “experience the force” deserves neither ridicule nor neglect. Yet the metaphor “force” can easily be used in ways that provide little enlightenment and, as Star Wars itself elaborates, can have both “good” and “dark” sides.
Chromosomal Rearrangements within Species
Authors: Levin Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many plant species are heterogeneous for translocations, inversions, fusions, and fissions. These rearrangements are likely to alter the size, banding pattern, and symmetry of chromosomes (i.e., the ratio of the short to long chromosome arms). Their specific nature may not be evident even if meiotic pairing can be studied in chromosomal heterozygotes. Chromosomal heterozygotes are likely to have reduced fertility depending on the magnitude and number of rearrangements and, in the case of inversions, the pattern of crossing over. The aforementioned rearrangements need not affect chromosome number, although they may cause this number to increase or decrease.
Knowledge, Intellectual Capital, and Strategy: Themes and Tensions
Authors: Choo Chun Wei , Bontis Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the chapters in this book directly or indirectly address these questions. We searched for concepts that would increase our understanding, in two iterations. Below we first review the main ideas presented by contributors in each of the seven parts of the book, highlighting the ways in which they connect with or differ from each other. After these sectional reviews, we draw upon the principal themes presented by the contributors in an attempt to answer the questions raised above. We conclude this introductory chapter with a framework that brings together the major elements in our discussions about strategic knowledge management. We begin part I with two chapters that examine the fundamental ways that we look at organizations. Adler (chap. 2) revisits the market and the hierarchy as mechanisms for coordination and makes the observation that a third form of coordination based on trust and community will become more important in a knowledge-intensive economy. Moreover, this form of trust is new. Instead of being derived from tradition or loyalty, the new trust is built upon values of competence and integrity. This trust will be tempered by hierarchical rules to ensure stability, and by market competition to ensure flexibility. Blackler (chap. 3) sees the creation and use of knowledge as the collective outcome of social practice that he labels organizational knowing. As a phenomenon, knowing is situated, mediated, provisional, pragmatic, and contested.