bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sociolinguistic Variable (s) in Bengali: A Sound Change in Progress? ( with Afia Dil)
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years William Labov has identified phonological variables such as the variable (r), the degree of implementation of post-vocalic Ir/ in the English of New York City, and in a series of studies has shown their importance for understanding the social functioning of language and the mechanisms of linguistic change (Labov 1972). 1 The present paper identifies a phonological variable of this kind in Bengali: the variable (s), the phonetic range of sibilance, and shows the value of extensive study of the phenomenon.
The Dynamics of Social History
Authors: Hyman Paula E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its beginnings, modern Jewish scholarship has been driven by the methodologies prevailing in the secular academy, even as its content has been dominated by issues of particular Jewish concern. Like their colleagues, Jewish historians in the nineteenth century were usually positivists, focusing on the great men who shaped political events and intellectual developments. Because Jews lacked a conventional political history while at the same time possessing a rich textual legacy, Jewish historians, perhaps even more than their gentile counterparts, devoted themselves to intellectual history, to classical texts and their interpreters. As Jews increasingly participated in secular Western culture, Jewish historians also studied their contributions to general culture and the development of modern Jewish thought. In the first half of the twentieth century, a handful of scholars in Europe, the United States and Palestine self-consciously expanded their research to include explicitly social concerns; the East European Jewish historiographical tradition, with its emphasis upon community and peoplehood, was particularly important in promoting interest in social institutions.
Componential Analysis: The English Kinterms Example
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To illustrate the application of componential analysis to kinship terminological systems, and to explore some of the problems and issues that arose in that application, I would like now to turn to an extended discussion of two classic analyses of American English kinterms, those of Wallace and Atkins (1960) and Romney and D’Andrade (1964). I will first recapitulate the two analyses of the terminological paradigm as the respective authors presented them, and then follow with a summary of Romney and D’Andrade’s comparison of the analyses and with their adducing ofadditional data to resolve the question of which analysis was more “;psychologically real.” I will conclude with my own comparison of the two analyses, my own discussion of the implications of Romney and D’Andrade’s psychological data and of other data on this question published subsequently by Romney with various coauthors, and my own conclusions on the issue of psychological reality.
The Theory
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A semantic theory that accounts only for the denotative meaning of terms and that offers no insight into the connotative or metaphoric useof those same terms is seriously lacking. A theory that has to treat “;chair” (what we sit on) as being totally unrelated to the “;chair” (the leader of our meeting) is obviously inadequate as a theory of our semantic competence. We do not necessarily have to settle for inadequate theories. The shape of a reasonable semantic theory is already beginning to emerge in work on extensionist semantics. I want now to lay out a version of what such a reasonable theory might look like. What follows is not proven and is not always spelled out well enough to be formally testable, but it does represent a set of empirical propositions that deal with the problems raised in our discussion of componential models and that accord well with a wide variety of formal and informal observations about our use of language.
The Values of Managers
Authors: Frederick William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominence given to managers’ values is explained by the manager’s commanding position and decisional dominance within the corporation. Saying so is not meant to justify, defend, or otherwise rationalize this state of affairs but only to acknowledge one of the brute facts of business life. Hence, if one wants to understand the value system of the modern corporation, one turns attention to the kinds of values carried in the psyche and projected onto the corporate scene by the firm’s chief managers. The term “manager” is used here and throughout the book in a generic sense to denote one who holds a formal organizational position with managerial duties and responsibilities attached to it. “Managerial” means having the power and ability to direct or persuade others to undertake some work-related activity. In recent years, it has become fashionable to distinguish invidiously between “executives” (or sometimes “leaders”) and “managers,” with the idea of describing their work activities as involving distinct functions and operations, and with the further notion that the former are somehow more advanced and generally more important to the firm than the latter. These invidious distinctions reflect rank-order status gradations to a greater degree than actual operational differences in getting the firm’s work done. More is said about these matters, particularly concerning the nature of managerial work, further along in this chapter.
Introduction
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
spoken from Siberia to Greenland and from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego; they include the southernmost language of the world (Yagan [alias Yamana]) and some of the northernmost languages (Eskimoan). They number into the hundreds (or, better said, into the low thousands). Yet what do we really know about them and their history? Where did they come from? To what extent are they related to one another? What does their study reveal about the past of their speakers and about the American Indian languages themselves? These and related matters are the concerns of this book. In 1954 Morris Swadesh counseled: At times some scholars despair of solving the difficult problems of remote prehistory and confine themselves to details of historical phonology or to the compilation of descriptive materials.
The History of American Indian (Historica I) Linguistics
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1925 Edward Sapir Thought that “the real problems of American Indian linguistics have hardly been stated, let alone studied” (1925a:527). Vastly more information is available now, especially descriptive material on many of the languages, and much excellent historical linguistic work involving various Native American language groups has been completed, though many controversies still attend the historical study of these languages. Therefore, if Sapir could update his statement today, he might well rephrase it as: Many of the problems in American Indian linguistics have already been solved, but disagreements remain. My goal in this chapter is to present an overview of the history of the historical linguistic study of Native American languages.
Languages of North America
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Study Of The Native Languages of North .America (north of Mexico) has dominated American Indian linguistics. As a consequence of it:, long and respectable history (see Chapter 2), the history of the individual families and isolates is reasonably well understood in most cases. Still, most of the proposals of more inclusive, higher-order groupings remain uncertain or controversial. Traditionally, treatments of North American Indian languages have stopped at tile border between the United States and Mexico, almost as though some sharp linguistic boundmy existed there. However, this geographical limit is not significant from a linguistic point of view, since several language families are represented on both sides of the border; some extend into Mexico and even into Central America.
Inferential Justification
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before proceeding, it will be useful to sum up briefly what has been argued thus far, and to provide an idea of where we are heading. I began part I by considering just what is involved in justifying a belief by citing a reason. I argued that to justify a belief required more than merely having a good supporting reason in one’s belief and reason system; it requires holding the belief because of that reason. A causal interpretation of “the basing relation” was thus defended; in particular I stressed that a sustaining causal relation is basic to justified belief, though efficient causation seems a part of epistemic rationality. Chapter 3 then turned to the notion of a “good” reason that was implicit in the account of the basing relation. I argued that good reasons are relative to a system of reasons and beliefs, and thus rejected strongly externalist views of reasons. However, the idea of open justification does endorse a modest form of externalism, allowing others to take up an external perspective and consider what reasons a person really has. But because the point of reference is always the person’s system of beliefs and reasons, suitably modified to take account of new information and criticism, the possibility of a relativism of reasons emerged. However, chapter 4 tried to show that we have reason to believe the degree of actual relativism will be modest, and we certainly should not endorse anything so strong as normative cognitive pluralism.
What Is Public Justification?
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the nature of justified belief and our commitment to reason publicly allows us to approach in a new light political liberalism’s most vexing issue: Just what does it mean to reason publicly? The wrong answer to this question distorts and confuses all that comes after, including the analysis of the liberal state and politics. And it is on this issue, more than any other, that political liberals have erred (chap. 1). Suppose that Alf, a moral agent, demands that Betty accept norm N. Because he is a moral agent he thus acknowledges a commitment to publicly justify his demand on Betty-he refuses simply to browbeat her into embracing N. As Rawls says, to have a sense of justice is to “expresses a willingness ... to act in relation to others on terms that they also can publicly endorse.” It is tempting to interpret this as meaning that Alf refuses to override Betty’s own judgment by imposing Non her. To impose a demand on Betty would be to insist that she conform to it whether or not she wants to or agrees to it. And that, in turn, seems to imply that to avoid imposing his view on her, Alf must obtain Betty’s assent to N.
Political Equality
Authors: Gaus Gerald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be helpful to summarize the desiderata for law-making institutions, and to review briefly what sorts of procedures are excluded and what remains.
Nonrandomness. Ideal liberal contractors would not choose to resolve policy disputes through policy lotteries, no matter how fair or egalitarian such lotteries may appear. This desideratum does not exclude law-making by deliberative assemblies chosen by lot; it excludes only selecting policies directly by random devices.
Sexualizing Miscegenation Law
Authors: Pascoe Peggy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike Alfred Foster, Thomas Gibson never tried to keep his marriage a secret. On April 13, 1870, Gibson, a sixty-year-old laborer “having one eighth part of negro blood,” and Jennie Williams, a twenty-six-year-old “white” woman, went to the Reverend Green McFarland, the Black pastor of the Evansville Liberty Baptist Church, to be married. McFarland performed the ceremony, which was licensed by the county clerk, recorded by county officials, and listed alongside other marriages in the local newspaper, the Evansville Journal. Ten days later, the Evansville grand jury indicted Gibson for “unlawfully and feloniously” marrying Jennie Williams, “a white woman of the State of Indiana.”
Is Domesticity Dead?
Authors: Williams Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a full-time mother and “home manager,” I greatly enjoyed Nina Barrett’s piece on motherhood [in the Yale Alumni Magazine]. Unfortunately, it took me quite a while to get through it-my14-month-old daughter pulled down the contents of a shelf onto her head, wanted to hear Hop on Pop for the 15th time that day, demanded a rice cake, requested assistance in dismantling the stereo, and otherwise made claims on my expensively educated intellect.
Two Stories, Two Games
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Sunday, I am sitting on the living room floor with my sister’s two daughters in San Francisco, watching cartoons on T.V. On the screen there appears a crowd of ants, busily transporting food back and forth under the hot sun, andnext to them in the fields are some grasshoppers happily chirping away. When the season starts to change, I recognize the story-it is none other than one of the famous Aesop’s Fables, The Grasshopper and the Ants.Funny, I think, in the story I remember the singers are cicadas rather than grasshoppers. Poor Aesop, the stories ascribed to him were only permanently recorded some two hundred years after the sixth century B.C., during which he purportedly lived as a slave on the Greek island of Samos. For the Japanese, another one thousand years would pass before the Jesuits brought the fables to their shores. As the story is handed down from generation to generation, it is not surprising that a grasshopper would become a cicada, or a cicada a grasshopper.
Speak for Yourself, Listen to Others
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have a Japanese friend, Chie, who constantly completes other people’s sentences. You might know someone like this too, but in Japanese, people do this all the time-but usually not out loud. Being able to guess at what others are goingto say is central to the Japanese expectation of unspoken interdependence: Like a person who is only a bun, or part of a larger group, a sentence in Japanese is only part of the larger interaction, and consequently often gets completed across communicators rather than by a single individual on her own.
Scoring Points
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once when I was playing in a middle school intramural tennis match against an American school in Japan, my opponent’s coach told her not to play my game because playing against me was “like playing against acid.” At the time, I had no idea what that meant except that it made my opponent, who was ranked higher than me, make more and more unforced errors. In the end, she was so annoyed she could hardly play at all.
You Are What You Speak
Authors: Yamada Haru 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time ago I was at lunch with a Japanese friend, Keiko, when she began telling her Chinese American friend, Annie, and me a story about her roommate during college days in New England: “Theresa was building this image of herself as being really cosmopolitan,” said Keiko. “But one day, her mother comes up to visit us, and says to me, ‘Keiko, could you do me a favor, and say something for me in Chinese? The story is all too familiar, and I burst out laughing, adding my own story: “That reminds me of the time I went to the supermarket and a lady asked me if I knew where the water chestnuts were!” Keiko and I howl together in laughter some more but Annie was clearly offended.
Introduction
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans Mattick was wrong. Not in six months, or in thirty years, have I learned all there is to know about gangs. But what I have learned, I now want to share. This book is about the American street gang. Despite its very considerable variety-over time, across locations, and even in its internal substructures-I see the American street gang as rather different. That it is not totally different is also clear: Although I’ll describe counterparts in such contrasting places as Russia, Papua New Guinea, and Berlin, the common varieties of street gang still are essentially an American product. We need to understand this gang for intellectual purposes, to seek to control its excesses and prevent its continuing regeneration, and also to understand our society better. Gangs are no accident; our society inadvertently produces them, and they will not decline as a social problem until we confront our relationship to them. And to confront our relationship to street gangs is to come face-to-face with some well-entrenched self-interests that also are important to understanding ourselves. Gangs have a societal context, and to paraphrase Pogo, the context is us.
Basic Issues
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second chapter lays out the four major concerns that weave their way throughout this book, They are, in order, (1) how street gangs might best be defined or described, (2) how widespread gangs have become in this country, (3) how the drug issue, especially the emergence of “crack” cocaine, relates to the current gang situation, and (4) the place of gang cohesiveness as a central, organizing concept for understanding the uniqueness of gangs and their control, The recent collection of gang articles edited by Ronald Huff includes three chapters that focus on the problem of gang definitions, One calls for a new consensus; one shows how different definitions can lead to different conclusions about the seriousness of the gang violence problem; and one suggests that perhaps we should not seek consensus, for fear of overlooking important conceptual differences inherent in different approaches, Nothing could mirror our present state of uncertainty better than these three contrasting items, It was in this context that I read one of the most dramatic and frightening depictions of criminal group behavior in memory, journalist Bill Buford’s Among the Thugs. Buford’s description of British soccer crowds-the “hoodlums,” “the fucking thugs” as they call themselves­ is situated in a conceptual array of crowds and mobs.
Historical Background
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because many of the earlier data on gangs were accumulated in direct conjunction with street gang intervention programs in the 1950s and 1960s, they were tested in a crucible far more demanding than today’s ethnographic approach to gang research. Understanding gangs as they were then is critical to understanding them as they are now. This chapter discusses earlier periods, and Chapter 4 describes the present. I’ll spend some time in Chapter 3 on In the early 1960s, two white rookie Los Angeles police officers cruising the West Adams gang area spotted a large group of black youths moving south from the vicinity of a movie theater toward a commercial area. It was dusk, and there was no school activity to account for such a group, so the officers confronted the group, put them up against a wall in standard search procedures, and called for backup and transportation. The suspects were arrested and booked for “gang activity,” a legal if amorphous charge later taken out of the penal code as unconstitutional.
The Contemporary Street Gang Situation
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What’s wrong with this dramatic testimony, and so many other recent statements from law enforcement officials across the country, is that it reflects the limited view of those primarily experienced in drug markets, not street gang realities. It projects a conspiracy-oriented mentality that goes well beyond the capacity of most street gangs. It ignores the vast number of street gangs and gang members across the nation who are only tangentially involved in drug sales, being more occupied-as they have been for fifty or more years-in the more mundane problems of daily living, minor crimes, and the prospect of serious violence.
Gang Suppression
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) announced that the Los Angeles model of gang control had been selected as the prototype for gang programs nationally. Given what I knew of this “LA model” and the shape of the increasingly terrible gang homicide pattern in Los Angeles, I sought to dissuade the OJJDP from its plan. My counterargument was three pronged. First, was it going to fund a set of programs nationwide based on a “model” associated with the largest and most rapid increase in street gang violence ever experienced? Second, had it read and considered the implications of research that seriously called into question the gang-crack sales connection that was used locally to justify the model? Third, had it seen any results in Los Angeles in terms of planning, program development, or actual coordination? Or alternatively, had the OJJDP (1) bought the LAPD’s claims about suppression effects without seeking evidence, (2) ignored the presence of research about the gang-crack connection, and ( 3) overlooked the increasing levels of gang violence? The result of our discussion was that the OJJDP’s plan for gangs was put on hold as it was determined that the “LA model” was not a model at all but a collection of relatively uncoordinated suppression activities by different agencies, with unknown results.
Is the American Street Gang Unique?
Authors: Klein Malcolm W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Representative Joseph Kennedy, the former president’s nephew, visited Berlin in late 1992 following a series of vicious skinhead attacks on ethnic minorities in Germany. Echoing his uncle’s famous “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech, the younger Kennedy presented his own warning to the German government that had been so slow to respond to these skinhead attacks: “Ich bin ein auslander (foreigner).” Appearing soon after on CNN’s Larry King show, Kennedy took a phone call from a listener who asked whether Kennedy didn’t think we ought to be working on the control of our own gangs here in the United States first? The inquiry raised again the question of whether ganging in one form or another is a relatively universal phenomenon or whether the American gang is special to our country. Can we learn from the experiences of other nations? Can they learn from us? On some topics, after all, we Americans have been better at telling other nations how to get their house in order than we are at handling our own social problems, How might we answer the question of whether or not American street gangs are unique? There are structures called gangs in many, many countries, ranging from the two vicious brothers.
Culture, Innovative Borrowing, and Technology Management
Authors: Campbell John Creighton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent page-one story in the Wall Street Journal was headed, “Shifting Gears: Some Manufacturers Drop Efforts to Adopt Japanese Techniques.” American companies “realize that some of these systems, however useful in lifting productivity in Japan, haven’t achieved much in their own plants,” the article goes on to say. “The Americans were hampered by cultural differences, and, they acknowledge, by misapplication of what they saw in Japanese plants” (Naj, 1993, p. 1).