bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Human Periodontal Tissues: Comparison of Healthy and Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ünlü Füsun , Güneri Pelin Gürdal , Hekimgil Mine , Yeşilbek Banu , Boyacioğlu Hayal 
Published: February 2005

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces proliferation of endothelial cells, stimulates angiogenesis, and increases vascular permeability, but information about its role in periodontal lesions is limited. The aim of this study is to determine the association between VEGF expression in healthy and periodontally diseased tissues of healthy and diabetic patients.Methods: Ten systemically healthy and 10 Type 2 diabetic patients (DM) all diagnosed with periodontitis were enrolled into the study. Gingival samples were collected from both periodontal and healthy sites in all patients. Each patient served as his/her own control. Additionally, 10 people without any systemic or periodontal diseases were enrolled as a negative control group.Results: In the negative control group tissue samples, no VEGF expression was observed. Among the 10 systemically healthy people, no evidence of VEGF was observed in healthy gingival samples, but was found in diseased tissues in 2 cases. In the diabetic patients, VEGF was observed in 4 healthy gingival tissues and in 6 periodontal sites. VEGF was intensely present in monocytes and macrophages.Conclusion: The results of this study show that VEGF is increased in gingival tissues of diabetic patients, especially those with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2003;74:181‐187.
Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in Healthy and Diseased Human Gingiva
Authors: Ejeil Anne‐Laure , Igondjo‐Tchen Sylvie , Ghomrasseni Sabah , Pellat Bernard , Godeau Gaston , Gogly Bruno 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this study was to quantify the amount of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, and MMP‐13 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 expressed by human gingival explants in culture media and the area fraction (AA%) of gingival collagen fibers according to the degree of inflammation, to investigate a possible correlation between these enzymes and collagen loss.Methods: Gingival tissue specimens from 6 healthy controls (group 1), 17 patients with mild gingival inflammation (group 2), 10 patients with moderate gingival inflammation (group 3), and 9 patients with severe gingival inflammation (group 4) were placed in organ culture for 3 days. The MMPs and TIMPs in the culture media were quantified using zymography, dot blotting, and Western blotting. Paraffin gingival sections were stained with sirius red F3Ba for visualization of collagen fibers, then the area fraction (AA%) occupied by the gingival fibers was determined by automated image analysis.Results: The AA% occupied by collagen fibers significantly decreased from group 1 (53%) to group 4 (35%). The decrease in collagen fibers was inversely correlated with the significant increase in MMP‐1, MMP‐9, and MMP‐13 (dot blotting analysis), with the increase of the active form of MMP‐2, and with the active form and proform of MMP‐9 (zymography analysis).Conclusion: The present study showed that metalloproteinases, particularly MMP‐2, MMP‐9, MMP‐1, and MMP‐13, are involved in the gingival extracellular matrix degradation during periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:188‐195.
Are Cytokines Linked to Collagen Breakdown During Periodontal Disease Progression?
Authors: Ejeil Anne‐Laure , Gaultier Frederick , Igondjo‐Tchen Sylvie , Senni Karim , Pellat Bernard , Godeau Gaston , Gogly Bruno 
Published: February 2005

Background: Evidence of the role of cytokines produced by resident and inflammatory cells during inflammation is well established. The aim of this study was to quantify in healthy and diseased human gingiva the area fraction (AA%) occupied by collagen fibers and the amount of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to investigate a possible correlation between such cytokines, collagen degradation, and the gingival index.Methods: Gingival tissue specimens from 6 healthy controls (group 1), 6 patients with mild gingival inflammation (group 2), 6 patients with moderate gingival inflammation (group 3), and 6 patients with severe gingival inflammation (group 4) were cultured for 72 hours, and the cytokines present in the culture media were quantified using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Paraffin gingival sections from the 24 subjects were stained with sirius red F3Ba for visualization of collagen fibers, then the area fraction (AA%) occupied by the gingival fibers was determined by automated image analysis.Results: The present study revealed significant differences (P <0.05) between means of AA% in group 1 (53%), group 2 (41%), group 3 (39.5%), and group 4 (35%) for collagen fibers. Compared to controls, there were significant increases of IL‐1β (groups 3 and 4), IL‐6, and TNF‐α (group 3); a significant decrease of IL‐4 (groups 2, 3, and 4) and TGF‐β (groups 2 and 3); and no change of EGF. The collagen AA% was significantly correlated with the amounts of IL‐4 and TGF‐β, and significantly inversely correlated with the amounts of IL‐1β for all 3 inflamed groups and IL‐6 and TNF‐α for groups 2 and 3.Conclusion: The present study showed that EGF was not changed in inflamed gingival tissue and that IL‐1β and IL‐4 were particularly and intensively correlated with collagen loss. These 2 cytokines could be markers of clinical severity during active periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:196‐201.
Treatment of Advanced Periodontal Destruction With Immediately Loaded Implants and Simultaneous Bone Augmentation: A Case Report
Authors: Romanos George E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Advanced periodontal destruction is often associated with extraction of the teeth. Oral rehabilitation in these cases may include the traditional prosthetic restoration or an implant‐supported reconstruction. Immediately loaded implants present an alternative treatment modality using a bar in the anterior mandible, along with the placement of higher numbers of implants, which are connected with a fixed prosthetic reconstruction.Methods: This clinical case report presents the surgical and prosthetic rehabilitation in a patient who had lost all teeth due to advanced periodontal bone destruction. Six implants were placed in the upper and lower jaw each. Some implants required guided bone regeneration in conjunction with autologous bone grafting. All of the implants were connected with their abutments, and a temporary fixed restoration was placed immediately after surgery. The final metalloceramic‐fixed reconstruction was cemented after 6 weeks of loading.Results: All of the implants were osseointegrated and showed no clinical signs of mobility or infection. Mobility values were evaluated during healing and were found to be reduced. Radiological findings showed a stable peri‐implant bone level during the total 18‐month loading observation period.Conclusions: This case report presents an alternative treatment concept for the oral rehabilitation in a patient with advanced periodontal destruction. The concept of immediate loading of implants might provide a better opportunity to meet patient needs than more traditional treatment modalities. J Periodontol 2003;74:255‐261.
The Effects of Progesterone on Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cultured Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Lapp Carol A. , Lohse Jennifer E. , Lewis Jill B. , Dickinson Douglas P. , Billman Michael , Hanes Philip J. , Lapp David F. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Although pregnancy gingivitis is widely believed to result from elevated hormone concentrations, the mechanism(s) involved in the etiology of this condition remain unknown. Paradoxically, despite the apparent inflammation for a prolonged period, pregnancy gingivitis rarely progresses to periodontitis and usually resolves postpartum. We used several methods to test in vitro the hypothesis that the elevated progesterone levels of pregnancy might inhibit the production of some of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are responsible for periodontal destructionMethods: Cultured human gingival fibroblasts (GF) were tested in phenol red‐free, serum‐free medium with or without the progestogen, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; 10–6 M), using interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) to initiate immune responses and MMP production. These MMP responses were examined by macroarrays, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), zymograms, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Array analysis showed that pretreatment of GF with MPA reduced mRNA induction for MMPs‐1, ‐3, and ‐10 in response to 6 to 8 hours incubation with IL‐1β. RT‐PCR confirmed, that after 24 hours with IL‐1β, GF pretreated with MPA had undetectable levels of mRNA for MMPs‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, ‐10, and ‐13. Zymograms of culture media from this 24‐hour period showed reduction in several proteolytic activities. Examination of such 24‐hour media using ELISA for MMP‐3 and pro‐MMP‐13 confirmed that secretion of these enzymes was upregulated by IL‐1β and modulated downward by pretreatment with MPA.Conclusions: Production by GF of numerous MMPs in response to IL‐1β was significantly reduced by progesterone. This steroidal modulation of proteolytic enzymes could help to explain why pregnancy gingivitis typically is not characterized by progression to periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:277‐288.
Quantification and Localization of Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor in Gingiva of Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Pinheiro Maria Leticia B. , Feres‐Filho Eduardo J. , Graves Dana T. , Takiya Christina M. , Elsas Maria Ignez G. , Elsas Pedro Paulo , Luz Ricardo A. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen and chemoattractant for cells of mesenchymal origin. Overexpression of PDGF‐B can promote formation of inflammatory lesions in the lungs of transgenic mice. Moreover, continuous exposure to PDGF inhibits collagen production by osteoblastic cells. Thus, the expression of mitogenic factors in an inflammatory context may limit the differentiated function of cells, and thereby limit repair following periodontal attachment and bone loss. The goals of the present study were to test whether PDGF is present at increased levels in inflamed gingiva and to localize its expression in gingival biopsies from individuals with chronic periodontitis.Methods: Tissues obtained during therapeutic procedures from inflamed and control sites of 9 patients were subjected to protein extraction, descriptive histology by hematoxylin and eosin, or immunohistochemistry assays. Quantification was calculated with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit specific for PDGF‐AB. For the immunolocalization, anti‐PDGF‐A and ‐B antibodies were employed.Results: PDGF concentration in the total protein extract was approximately 3 times higher in the inflamed sites (0.60 ± 0.18 ng/mg versus 0.20 ± 0.05 ng/mg; P = 0.03). Immunohistochemistry revealed prominent expression of PDGF in the pocket epithelial cells as well as the adjacent connective tissue. In contrast, little or no expression was detected in control biopsies devoid of the pocket epithelium and granulation tissue.Conclusions: PDGF is present in increased levels in the human inflamed gingiva and is mainly localized to the pocket epithelium. It is possible that chronic expression of PDGF contributes to the inflammatory changes that occur during periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2003;74:323‐328.
Treatment of Ligature‐Induced Peri‐Implantitis by Lethal Photosensitization and Guided Bone Regeneration: A Preliminary Histologic Study in Dogs
Authors: Shibli Jamil Awad , Martins Marilia Compagnoni , Nociti Francisco Humberto , Garcia Valdir Gouveia , Marcantonio Elcio 
Published: February 2005

Background: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the healing potential and reosseointegration in ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis defects adjacent to various dental implant surfaces following lethal photosensitization.Methods: A total of 36 dental implants with 4 different surface coatings (9 commercially pure titanium surface [CPTi]; 9 titanium plasma‐sprayed [TPS]; 9 hydroxyapatite [HA]; and 9 acid‐etched [AE]) were inserted in 6 male mongrel dogs 3 months after extraction of mandibular premolars. After a 2‐month period of ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis and 12 months of natural peri‐implantitis progression, only 19 dental implants remained. The dogs underwent surgical debridement of the remaining dental implant sites and lethal photosensitization by combination of toluidine blue O (100 µg/ml) and irradiation with diode laser. All exposed dental implant surfaces and bone craters were meticulously cleaned by mechanical means, submitted to photodynamic therapy, and guided bone regeneration (GBR) using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membranes. Five months later, biopsies of the implant sites were dissected and prepared for ground sectioning and analysis.Results: The percentage of bone fill was HA: 48.28 ± 15.00; TPS: 39.54 ± 12.34; AE: 26.88 ± 22.16; and CPTi: 26.70 ± 16.50. The percentage of reosseointegration was TPS: 25.25 ± 11.96; CPTi: 24.91 ± 17.78; AE: 17.30 ± 15.41; and HA: 15.83 ± 9.64.Conclusion: These data suggest that lethal photosensitization may have potential in the treatment of peri‐implantitis. J Periodontol 2003;74:338‐345
Risk of Periodontitis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Is Associated with Fcγ Receptor Polymorphisms
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuo , Ito Satoshi , Yamamoto Kouji , Hasegawa Hisashi , Sugita Noriko , Kuroda Takeshi , Kaneko Susumu , Narita Ichiei , Yasuda Keiko , Nakano Masaaki , Gejyo Fumitake , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: February 2005

Background: Leukocyte Fc receptors for immunoglobulin G (FcγR) play a major role in the handling of immune complexes and pathogens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and periodontitis. Both diseases have been shown to be partly influenced by genetic components including FcγR genotype. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate whether FcγR gene polymorphisms are associated with periodontitis risk in SLE patients.Methods: The study subjects consisted of 42 SLE patients with periodontitis (SLE/P), 18 SLE patients without periodontitis (SLE/H), 42 healthy subjects with periodontitis (H/P), and 42 healthy subjects without periodontitis (H/H), who were all unrelated Japanese non‐smokers. Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood, and FcγR genotypes for 3 biallelic polymorphisms (FcγRIIa‐R131/H131, FcγRIIIa‐158V/158F, FcγRIIIb‐NA1/NA2) were determined by allele‐specific polymerase chain reactions.Results: The SLE/P group was found to have more mild levels of periodontal destruction than the H/P group (P < 0.01). There was a significant difference in the distribution of FcγRIIa genotypes between SLE/P and H/H groups (P = 0.004). A significant overrepresentation of the FcγRIIa‐R131 allele was found in the SLE/P group compared to the H/H group (SLE/P versus H/H: odds ratio [OR] 3.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.46‐6.77, P = 0.0013). Furthermore, the prevalence of periodontitis was found to be 70% in SLE patients. The FcγRIIa‐R131 allele was also found to be overrepresented in the SLE/P group compared to the SLE/H group (SLE/P versus SLE/H: OR 3.40, 95% CI 1.18‐10.25, P = 0.011).Conclusion:These results show the FcγRIIa‐R131 allele to be associated with periodontitis risk in SLE patients. J Periodontol 2003;74:378‐384.
Clinical and Histologic Aspects of Dental Implants Removed Due to Mobility
Authors: Piattelli Adriano , Scarano Antonio , Favero Lorenzo , Iezzi Giovanna , Petrone Giovanna , Favero Gian Antonio 
Published: February 2005

Background: Implant failures are rare but do occur. Mechanical factors are certainly important in implant failures; so are biologic, iatrogenic, and functional factors. Mobility is the cardinal sign of implant failure. Three major etiologic factors have been suggested for implant failures: infection, impaired healing, and overload. The aim of the present study was to histologically and histochemically evaluate the fibrous connective tissue found around failed dental implants removed due to mobility.Methods: In a 5‐year period, 51 root‐form implants were retrieved because of mobility and underwent histological examination. Thin ground sections were obtained from each implant.Results: Almost all implants had been inserted in posterior (premolar‐molar) regions of both jaws. In all specimens, there was the presence of a 600 to 1,100 µm thick connective tissue between implants and surrounding bone. In every case, the surrounding bone was compact and highly mineralized, with well‐structured Haversian canals and few areas of remodeling. No bacteria were found in the most coronal portion of the implants. A scarce inflammatory cell infiltrate was present in the connective tissue of some specimens. In about 10% of specimens, the epithelium tended to surround the perimeter of the implant.Conclusion: Our histological results are consistent with the hypothesis that late failures of osseointegrated implants can be caused by a combination of poor bone quality, mechanical trauma to bone, and overloading forces. J Periodontol 2003;74:385‐390.
Efficacy of Controlled‐Release Subgingival Chlorhexidine to Enhance Periodontal Regeneration
Authors: Reddy Michael S. , Jeffcoat Marjorie K. , Geurs Nico C. , Palcanis Kent G. , Weatherford Thomas W. , Traxler Barry M. , Finkelman Richard D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Periodontal regeneration success may be limited by placing bone grafts and membranes in infected sites. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that adjunctive subgingival administration of chlorhexidine gelatin bioresorbable chips enhances bone gain when used in conjunction with guided tissue regeneration.Methods: This was a single center, blinded, 2‐arm parallel design study of 44 subjects with one or more sites with probing depth and clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm following initial therapy and radiographic evidence of bone loss. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either chlorhexidine (CHX) chip or sham chip placement one week prior to regenerative therapy that included graft placement and site coverage with guided tissue membranes. Patients also received CHX or sham chip placement, per their randomization, adjunctively to scaling and root planing or maintenance procedures. Periodontal examinations were completed at baseline (8 weeks prior to surgery); 1 week prior to surgery; and at 3, 6, and 9 months postsurgery. The major outcomes for the study were changes in bone height and bone mass as measured from standardized radiographs used for quantitative digital subtraction radiography over the 11‐month study period.Results: Subjects receiving sham chip placement gained a mean bone height of 1.49 ± 0.22 mm, while patients receiving the CHX chips gained significantly more bone height (3.54 ± 0.45 mm; P <0.001). Similarly, subjects receiving CHX chips as an adjunct gained significantly more bone mass (5.57 ± 0.69 mg; P <0.001) than the standard therapy (2.59 ± 0.34 mg).Conclusions: These pilot results indicate that locally delivered, controlled‐release antimicrobial treatment may improve the amount of bone gain during guided tissue regeneration procedures. These data support the evidence that infection control is an important variable in successful regeneration. J Periodontol 2003;74:411‐419.
The Effects of Cyclosporin on the Collagenolytic Activity of Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Hyland Paula L. , Traynor Patrick S. , Myrillas Theofilos T. , Marley John J. , Linden Gerard J. , Winter Paul , Leadbetter Nicola , Cawston Timothy E. , Irwin Chris R. 
Published: February 2005

Background: The immunosuppressive agent cyclosporin is associated with a number of major side‐effects including the development of gingival overgrowth. Although the pathogenesis of cyclosporin‐induced gingival overgrowth remains unclear, it has been suggested that the finely regulated balance between extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation may be disturbed, resulting in an accumulation of excess connective tissue components within the gingival tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cyclosporin on matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐1 and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP)‐1 expression at the mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels.Methods: Gingival fibroblasts were grown to confluence and then cultured in serum‐free medium supplemented with cyclosporin over the concentration range of 0 to 2000 ng/ml. MMP‐1 and TIMP‐1 mRNA levels in cultures were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), protein levels in whole conditioned medium were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and collagenolytic activity determined using a 3H‐acetylated type I collagen degradation assay. Tissue mRNA levels in normal and overgrown gingiva were also determined by RT‐PCR.Results: Results indicated that cyclosporin inhibited MMP‐1 expression at both the mRNA and protein level in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. The effects on TIMP‐1 expression were less clear, cyclosporin inhibiting mRNA expression, but having no effect on TIMP‐1 protein levels at any concentration studied. Addition of the drug resulted in reduced levels of collagenolytic activity in the culture medium. MMP‐1 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in overgrown compared to normal tissue.Conclusions: These results add support to the hypothesis that the accumulation of collagen seen in gingival overgrowth can be explained by a cyclosporin‐induced inhibition of collagenolytic activity within the gingival tissues. J Periodontol 2003;74:437‐445.