bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected Stereochemistry in the Lithium Stalt Catalyzed Ring Expansion of Nonracemic Oxaspiropentanes. Formal Syntheses of (‐)‐(4R,5R)‐Muricatacin and the Pheromone (R)‐Japonilure.
Authors: Bernard Angela M. , Frongia Angelo , Piras Pier P. , Secci Francesco 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Routes to Transition Metal‐Carbido Species: Synthesis and Characterization of the Carbon‐Centered Trigonal Prismatic Clusters [W6CCl18]n‐ (n = 1, 2, 3).
Authors: Welch Eric J. , Crawford Nathan R. M. , Bergman Robert G. , Long Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of a P‐Chirogenic 1,2‐Bisphospholanoethane Ligand via Convergent Routes and Application to Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of CI‐1008 (Pregabalin).
Authors: Hoge Garrett 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ketone Synthesis under Neutral Conditions. Cu(I) Diphenylphosphinate‐Mediated, Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Thiol Esters and Organostannanes.
Authors: Wittenberg Ruediger , Srogl Jiri , Egi Masahiro , Liebeskind Lanny S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Substituted Azulene Dyes as Multifunctional NLO and Electron‐Transfer Compounds.
Authors: Lambert Christoph , Noell Gilbert , Zabel Manfred , Hampel Frank , Schmaelzlin Elmar , Braeuchle Christoph , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Equatorial Preference in the C—H Activation of Cycloalkanes: GaCl3‐Catalyzed Aromatic Alkylation Reaction.
Authors: Yonehara Fumi , Kido Yoshiyuki , Sugimoto Hiraku , Morita Satoshi , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Photocycloaddition of Axially Chiral Monothiosuccinimides to 1,1‐Diphenylethylene.
Authors: Sakamoto Masami , Shigekura Masaki , Saito Ayako , Ohtake Tomoko , Mino Takashi , Fujita Tsutomu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Inhibitors of an Emerging Target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Substituted Thiazolidinones as Inhibitors of dTDP‐Rhamnose Synthesis.
Authors: Babaoglu Kerim , Page Mark A. , Jones Victoria C. , McNeil Michael R. , Dong Changjiang , Naismith James H. , Lee Richard E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines: A Potent and Selective Class of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Identified Through Structure‐Based Hybridisation.
Authors: Breault Gloria A. , Thomas Andrew P. , Jewsbury Philip J. , et al. et al. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure‐Based Design of 2 ‐Arylamino‐4‐cyclohexylmethyl‐5‐nitroso‐6‐aminopyrimidine Inhibitors of Cyclin‐Dependent Kinases 1 and 2.
Authors: Griffin Roger J. , et al. et al. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of N‐Substituted N′‐[6‐Methyl‐2‐oxido‐1,3,2‐dioxaphosphinino(5,4‐b)pyridine‐2yl]ureas.
Authors: Reddy P. Vasu Govardhana , Reddy C. Suresh , Venugopal M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Construction of Eight‐Membered Ether Rings by Olefin Geometry‐Dependent Internal Alkylation: First Asymmetric Total Syntheses of (+)‐3‐(E)‐ and (+)‐3‐(Z)‐Pinnatifidenyne.
Authors: Kim Hyoungsu , Choi Won Jun , Jung Jaeyoon , Kim Sanghee , Kim Deukjoon 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (E,Z)‐5‐Bromo‐1,1‐dimethoxy‐5‐trimethylsilyl‐4‐pentene, an Upper Chain Allenic Prostaglandin Building Block.
Authors: Guzman‐Duran Antonio , Guzman Esther , Pannell Keith H. , Lloyd Winston D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel ABO3 Oxides Related to Perovskite and YAlO3 Structure Types in the La—B—V—O (B: Ni, Cu) Systems.
Authors: Goenen Z. Serpil , Mandal Tapas Kumar , Gopalakrishnan J. , Eichhorn Bryan W. , Greene Richard L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Structure of UO2I2 (OH2)2×4Et2O: First Structurally Characterized U(VI)—I Bond and Lightest Missing Member of the UO2X2 (X: Halide) Series.
Authors: Crawford Margaret‐Jane , Ellern Arkady , Noeth Heinrich , Suter Max 
Published: June 2005

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3D Porous and 3D Interpenetrating Triple Framework Structures Constructed by Aurophilicity—Coordination Interplay in {Mn[Au(CN)2]2(H2O)2}n and {KFe[Au(CN)2]3}n.
Authors: Dong Wen , Zhu Li‐Na , Sun Ya‐Qiu , Liang Mao , Liu Zhan‐Quan , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui , Yan Shi‐Ping , Cheng Peng 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Reaction of Sulfur Ylides. Imination of Dimethylsulfonium Ketoylides with Tosyl Isocyanate.
Authors: Gololobov Yu. G. , Golding I. R. , Petrovskii P. V. , Klemenkova Z. S. 
Published: June 2005

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A Facile Reduction of Nitroarenes to Anilines Using FeCl3×6H2O/Indium.
Authors: Yoo Byung Woo , Choi Jin Woo , Hwang Sun Kyun , Kim Dong Yoon , Baek Heung Soo , Choi Kyung Il , Kim Joong Hyup 
Published: June 2005

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Reactions of Ethyl Methylsulfonylpyruvate and Its Sodium Salt with a Mixture of Aromatic Aldehyde and Arylamine.
Authors: Aliev Z. G. , Atovmyan L. O. , Gein V. L. , Gein L. F. , Kataeva A. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Isoindolin‐1‐ones via a Palladium‐Catalyzed 3‐Component Carbonylation/Amination/Michael Addition Process.
Authors: Gai Xinjie , Grigg Ronald , Khamnaen Tossapol , Rajviroongit Shuleewan , Sridharan Visuvanathar , Zhang Lixin , Collard Simon , Keep Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Activity of Some New 6‐Acyl‐2‐benzoxazolinone and 6‐Acyl‐2‐benzothiazolinone Derivatives with Acetic Acid and Propanoic Acid Residues.
Authors: Uenlue Serdar , Oenkol Tijen , Duendar Yasemin , Oekcelik Berna , Kuepeli Esra , Yesilada Erdem , Noyanalpan Ningur , Sahin M. Fethi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antiinflammatory Activity of Alkyl/Arylidene‐2‐aminobenzothiazoles and 1‐Benzothiazol‐2‐yl‐3‐chloro‐4‐substituted‐azetidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Khedekar Pramod B. , Bahekar Rajesh H. , Chopade Rajendra S. , Umathe Sudhir N. , Rao Akkinpalli Raghu Ram , Bhusari Kishore P. 
Published: June 2005

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A Convenient Regiospecific Synthesis of New Conjugated Tetrazole Derivatives via the Reaction of Dienones with the Tetrachlorosilane‐Sodium Azide Reagent and Their NMR Structural Assignment.
Authors: Salama Tarek A. , El‐Ahl Abdel‐Aziz S. , Khalil Abdel‐Galil M. , Girges Margret M. , Lackner Bernd , Steindl Christian , Elmorsy Saad S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituted Amides and Hydrazides of Dicarboxylic Acids. Part 18. Hypertensive Effect of 3(6)‐Methyl‐2‐pyridylamides of Several Dicarboxylic Acids.
Authors: Dolzhenko A. V. , Syropyatov B. Ya. , Koz'minykh V. O. , Kolotova N. V. , Zakhmatov A. V. , Borodin A. Yu. 
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis of Carbo‐ and Heterocycles via a Palladium‐Catalyzed Allene Insertion—Nucleophile Incorporation—Michael Addition Cascade.
Authors: Gai Xinjie , Grigg Ronald , Koeppen Ines , Marchbank John , Sridharan Visuvanathar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Amino‐3‐cyano‐7,9‐dimethyl‐4H‐pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]thieno [2,3‐b]pyridines.
Authors: Shestopalov A. M. , Naumov O. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cycloaddition Reactions of 2,4‐Diphenyl‐1,3‐diazabuta‐1,3‐dienes with Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , de Carvalho Alessandro Cirrincione , Rossi Elisabetta 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Two New Insecticidal Amides and a New Alcoholic Amide from Piper nigrum Linn.
Authors: Siddiqui Bina S. , Gulzar Tahsin , Begum Sabira , Rasheed Munawwer , Sattar Fouzia A. , Afshan Farhana 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
New Haliangicin Isomers, Potent Antifungal Metabolites Produced by a Marine Myxobacterium.
Authors: Kundim Bangi A. , Itou Yu , Sakagami Youji , Fudou Ryosuke , Iizuka Takashi , Yamanaka Shigeru , Ojika Makoto 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sensitive method for measuring apoptosis and cell surface phenotype in human thymocytes by flow cytometry
Authors: Schmid Ingrid , Uittenbogaart Christel H. , Giorgi Janis V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA rapid, gentle, and sensitive method for quantification of cells undergoing apoptosis is presented. The method allows the simultaneous determination of dual‐color cell surface immunofluorescence. Cells are stained for 7 min with the vital dye Hoechst 33342 (HO342) for identification of live and apoptotic cells. 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (7‐AAD) is added to distinguish cells that have lost membrane integrity from apoptotic and live cells. Due to its spectral properties 7‐AAD can be utilized on cells that are dual‐surface labelled with fluoresceinisothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE). The value of the method is demonstrated on human thymocytes, which constitutively undergo programmed cell death and which show an increase in the rate of apoptosis after exposure to the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX). Vital staining with HO342 permits earlier detection of apoptotic changes compared to a staining technique in which cells are treated with a hypotonic citrate solution containing propidium iodide (PI) and the apoptotic cells are represented in a hypodiploid, “sub‐G1” peak. The HO342/7AAD method may be particularly applicable to studies of programmed cell death in cells in which DNA fragmentation is difficult to detect by decreased DNA stainability. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved flow‐cytometric detection of low P‐glycoprotein expression in leukaemic blasts by histogram subtraction analysis
Authors: Müller M. R. , Lennartz K. , Nowrousian M. R. , Dux R. , Tsuruo T. , Rajewsky M. F. , Seeber S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExpression of the drug efflux pump P‐glycoprotein (PGP) was determined by flow cytometry in human lung cancer cell lines and in leukaemic blasts derived from 60 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Cells from the PGP‐negative parent cell line H69/P and the multidrug resistant (MDR)‐variant H69/LX4 could be clearly distinguished by immunostaining with the anti‐PGP monoclonal antibody MRK16. In leukaemic blasts, the differences in fluorescence intensities between samples incubated with the idiotypic nonspecific (control sample) and specific antibody (test sample) were small, resulting in nondisjunct distributions. Only in a few leukaemia specimens were PGP‐expressing cells detectable by simple subtraction of histograms using a threshold. Therefore, an improved histogram subtraction analysis, based on curve fitting and a statistical test, was applied to distinguish antigen‐positive from antigen‐negative cells. Moreover, a multiparametric staining procedure employing propidium iodide (PI) and Hoechst 33342 was used to reduce staining artefacts. By this approach, leukaemic cells with low expression of PGP were detected in 39 out of 60 cases. Subpopulations with strong PGP expression, resulting in disjunct fluorescence distributions, were not observed. Only in 5 out of 60 specimens were PGP expressing cells detected by a conventional subtraction of histograms using a threshold. Comparison of data obtained with or without the multiparametric gating procedure indicated that the increase in sensitivity was mainly due to the application of the data analysis. However, exclusion of cell debris using PI and Hoechst staining properties reduced the deviation of data from mean values. No relation between PGP expression and cell cycle position was observed in either cell lines or in leukaemic blasts. In relation to clinical status, the median fraction of PGP‐positive blasts was elevated 3.5‐fold in relapsed. patients (n=28) in comparison to patients at first presentation (n=29). In newly diagnosed patients, the median fraction of PGP expressing blasts was 4‐fold higher in specimens from patients who failed to reach complete remission (n=11) in comparison to responsive patients (n=18). Refined histogram subtraction analysis thus facilitates the detection of clinically relevant, low‐level PGP expression in subpopulations of leukaemic blasts. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow‐cytometric detection of the RIα subunit of type I cAMP‐dependent protein kinase in human cells
Authors: Pepe Stefano , Ruggiero Angela , Tortora Giampaolo , Ciardiello Fortunato , Garbi Corrado , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Cho‐Chung Yoon S. , Clair Timothy , Skalhegg Bjorn S. , Bianco Angelo R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractcAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) is composed of two genetically distinct catalytic (C) and regulatory (R) subunits. There are two different classes of PKA designated as type I and type II, which contain distinct R subunits (RI or RII, respectively) but share a common C subunit. Enhanced expression of type I PKA has been correlated with cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation. Detection of the different PKA subunits is usually performed by photoaffinity labeling with 8–N3‐32P‐cAMP or by radioimmunolabeling techniques. Both techniques are time, consuming and require a high number of cells and the use of radioactive reagents. Using the MCF‐10A normal human mammary cell line infected with a recombinant retroviral vector contaming the human RIa gene (MCF‐10A RIα), we have developed a flow‐cytometric assay to detect the intracellular content of Met protein in human cells. MCF‐10A and MCF‐10A RIα cells were fixed in 1.5% paraformaldehyde at 37°C for 15 min and permeabilized by methanol and acetone (1:1) at ‐20°C for 5 min before staining with a specific IgG2a MoAb followed by a FITC‐conjugate rabbit‐anti mouse IgG. This procedure was also successfully utilized to recognize RIα protein content in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Flow‐cytometric detection of the RIa subunit in human cells is feasible and allows the study of the role of type I PKA in cell growth and neoplastic transformation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical aspects of fixatives in high resolution nuclear image analysis
Authors: Makkus A. C. F. , Van't Hof‐Grootenboer A. E. , Pahlplatz M. M. M. , de Wilde P. C. M. , Gemmink A. J. , Cuypers V. M. J. I. , Vooijs G. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree different methods of fixation (ethanol/Carbowax, formaldehyde, and Carnoy) and four different protocols (without Böhm post‐fixation on an uncoated slide, and with Böhm post‐fixation on Poly‐L‐Lysine coated slide, an uncoated slide and a previously Papanicolaou stained slide) were evaluated for their application in high resolution image analysis of Feulgen stained nuclei. The aim of the study was to find a combination with the best reproducibility and the least variance under normal laboratory conditions. Care was taken not to exclude any “normal” laboratory variability. The combinations were evaluated for densitometric, geometric, as well as texture features. Selected features were determined on a CAS‐100 using the Cell Measurement Program (Cell Analysis Systems, Inc. Lombard, IL).Diploid and tetraploid rat liver nuclei were used. Ethanol/Carbowax fixation‐with Böhm post‐fixation proved most stable. This fixation method also gave feature values for previously Papanicolaou stained slides that were comparable to direct Feulgen stained nuclei. Acceptable results were achieved with all three fixatives and the various combinations if one adhered strictly to protocol. In routine practice this usually does not happen. Therefore Ethanol/Carbowax fixation with Böhm post‐fixation was considered most suited for routine determination of feature values on the CAS‐100. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in actin organization during the cytotoxic process
Authors: Radošsević Katarina , van Leeuwen Anne Marie T. , Segers‐Nolten Ine M. J. , Figdor Carl G. , de Grooth Bart G. , Greve Jan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChanges in organization of F‐actin during the cytotoxic process between NK and K562 cells have been observed and studied using confpcal laser scanning microscopy and quantitative fluorescence microscopy. An increase in F‐actin content and orientation of F‐actin towards the target cell have been observed in, conjugated NK cells. The increase in F‐actin content probably reflects activation of the NK cell for the killing process. An increase in F‐actin content in the conjugated K562 cell, occurring simultaneously with the appearance of filamentous actin structures that often originated/ended at the contact place with the NK cell, was also observed. These changes were delayed compared to the increase in F‐actin content in the NK cell and were accompanied by increasing cytotoxic activity. This indicates that they were results of the interaction of the K562 cell with the activated NK cell. The possible role of target cell microfilaments in the cytotoxic process is addressed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunofluorescent quantification of tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins in whole cells by flow cytometry
Authors: Far Dariush Farahi , Peyron Jean‐François , Imbert Veronique , Rossi Bernard 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTyrosine phosphorylation of proteins, a major event in the transduction of mitogenic signals, was analysed by flow cytometry with a fluorescent antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody, on formaldehyde‐fixed, permeabilized cells. We have used this method (PY‐Facs) to study activation of normal human T lymphocytes and cells of a leukemic T‐cell line: Jurkat. In contrast to normal T cells, Jurkat cells as well as three other leukemic cell lines display a higher constitutive level of tyrosine phosphorylation. This level of tyrosine phosphorylation results from an equilibrium that can be up‐regulated by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, vanadate peroxyde and down‐regulated, by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, genistein and staurosporine. We have also observed an increased tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins after mitogenic stimulation of Jurkat cells via T‐cell receptor triggering. In addition, the entry of normal purified T cells from G0 phase into the cell cycle after co‐stimulation with a phorbol ester and an antireceptor antibody is correlated with a pronounced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation. We thus confirmed that this biochemical event was tightly associated with the activation status of the cells. The rapidity and sensitivity of the method we describe here make it particularly convenient for routine use and processing of a large number of samples, e.g., during analysis of human tumors. Moreover, because it retains sufficiently the integrity of treated cells and does not alter expression of membrane antigens, this method is suitable for multiparametric analysis, particularly for simultaneous studies associating the measure of tyrosine phosphorylation levels with possible modifications of membrane or intracellular structures as well as with cell cycle status. The PY‐Facs method appears to be an interesting approach to the study of signal transduction events leading to cell activation and proliferation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous measurement of five‐cell surface antigens by five‐colour immunofluorescence
Authors: Beavis Andrew J. , Pennline Kenneth J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMulticolour immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used for simultaneous measurement of five‐cell surface antigens on murine spleen cells. We have been able to quantitate T‐cells, T‐cell subsets, B cells, and expression of the activation marker I‐Ad from a single sample using four directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies LYT2‐APC, LM‐PE, B220‐RED613, I‐Ad‐FITC and one indirect step THY1.2‐biotin/streptavidin‐Cascade Blue Three excitation wavelengths were used (488 nm, 647 nm, and U. V. 351–364 nm) for fluorescence measurements. The combination of fluorochromes used provided good resolution such that all five fluorescence signals were spectrally resolved. The percentage of cells positive for expression of a specific cell surface marker were almost identical for singlecolour samples and the five‐colour analysis, differing by only 0.3–1.5 percentage points. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of flow cytometric methods for the routine detection ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiain water
Authors: Vesey Graham , Hutton Primrose , Champion Alan , Ashbolt Nicholas , Williams Keith L. , Warton Andrzej , Veal Duncan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCryptosporidiumandGiardiaare common causes of waterborne disease. The currently used methods of detecting these organisms in water rely on filtration capture, immunofluorescence labelling, and epifluorescence microscopy. These methods are inefficient, labour intensive, and require a highly skilled microscopist. We describe an alternative technique using flocculation concentration, followed by flow cytometry with fluorescence activated cell sorting. Environmental samples were analysed, and protozoan‐like particles were sorted and collected before confirmation with epifluorescence microscopy. The technique was found to be significantly more sensitive and considerably faster than the conventional methods. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Classification of chromosomes using a probabilistic neural network
Authors: Sweeney Walter P. , Musavi Mohamad T. , Guidi John N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the application of a probabilistic neural network (PNN) to the classification of normal human chromosomes. The inputs to the network are 30 different features extracted from each chromosome in digitized images of meta‐phase spreads. The output is 1 of 24 different classes of chromosomes (the 22 autosomes plus the sex chromosomes X and Y). An updating procedure was implemented to take advantage of the fact that in a normal somatic cell only two chromosomes can be assigned to each class. The network has been tested using the Copenhagen, Edinburgh, and Philadelphia databases of digitized images of human chromosomes. The recognition rates achieved in this study are superior to those reported using either the maximum likelihood or back propagation neural network techniques. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement by flow cytometry of genomic AT/GC ratio and genome size
Authors: Vinogradov Alexander E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFlow cytometry with the AT‐specific fluorochrome Hoechst 33258 (HO) and the GC‐specific fluorochrome olivomycin (OM) was used for measurement of base pair specific DNA content in 20 species of vertebrates. The results were found to be in good correlation with the biochemical literature on base pair frequencies (r = 0.972, P < 1 × 10−8). This correlation allows one to determine the percent of GC/AT‐pairs and genome size from flow cytometric data. The genome sizes obtained were compared with the literature data on flow cytometric genome size values determined with the use of propidium iodide (PI) that is usually believed to be non‐base pair specific. The results were found to be in general agreement; however, the previously reported slight GC‐preference of PI is confirmed. The optimal conditions for flow cytometry of AT/GC ratio and genome size with the use of OM and HO are discussed. The approach can be useful for research in ecology, fisheries science, species conservation, and other environmental studies as a tool for rapid survey of a vast array of specimens. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.