bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myocardial infarction in dogs and cats: 37 cases (1985-1994)
Authors: Driehuys Sunita , Van Winkle Thomas J. , Sammarco Carl D. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the incidence of acute and subacute myocardial infarction on postmortem examination, identify associated diseases, and evaluate clinical or diagnostic indicators of myocardial infarction in dogs and cats.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
32 dogs and 5 cats.

Procedure
Records from the necropsy service from December 1985 through August 1994 were searched for dogs and cats in which acute or subacute myocardial infarction was diagnosed on postmortem examination. Clinical records were reviewed for signalment, initial owner complaint, medical history, results of physical examination, electrocardiography, radiography, echocardiography, CBC, serum chemistry analysis, urinalysis, and coagulation profile as well as clinical course, outcome, necropsy findings, and results of histologic evaluation.

Results
Initial owner complaints and physical examination findings were consistent with associated diseases. Electrocardiographic abnormalities in dogs included ventricular tachycardia (16%), atrial fibrillation (9%), and premature ventricular contractions (6.5%). Premature ventricular contractions were noticed in 2 cats. Echocardiography revealed dilated, poorly contractile hearts (n = 3) and thickened mitral valves (2) in dogs, and ventricular hypertrophy (3) in cats. Ninety-seven percent of dogs had infarction of the left ventricle as well as other other portions of the heart. Infarctions in cats were found in all parts of the myocardium including the right ventricle (n = 3), left ventricle (3), and interventricular septum (1).

Clinical Implications
Myocardial infarction is rare in dogs and cats. It is associated with a number of common diseases and may contribute to morbidity and mortality in those dogs and cats that are critically ill. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1444-1448)
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1997
Authors: Krebs John W. , Smith Jean S. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 1997, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,509 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 4 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 93% (7,899) were wild animals, whereas 7% (610) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases increased 19.4% from that of 1996 (7,128 cases). Increases were apparent in each of the major species groups, with the exception of cattle. The relative contributions of these groups to the total reported for 1997 were as follows: raccoons (50.5%; 4,300 cases), skunks (24.0%; 2,040), bats (11.3%; 958), foxes (5.3%; 448), cats (3.5%; 300), dogs (1.5%; 126), and cattle (1.4%; 122). The 958 cases of rabies reported in bats represented a 29.3% increase over the total reported for 1996 and the greatest number reported since 1984, with cases reported by 46 of the 48 contiguous states. The epizootic of rabies in raccoons expanded into Ohio in 1997 and now includes 19 states and the District of Columbia. Thirteen states, where rabies in raccoons is enzootic, reported increases over 1996 in total numbers of reported cases. Among these, New York (1,264 cases), North Carolina (879), Virginia (690), and Maryland (619) reported the greatest numbers of cases. Five states reported increases that exceeded 50%, compared with cases reported in 1996: Ohio (673.3%; 15 cases in 1996 to 116 in 1997), Massachusetts (144.3%; 115 to 281), South Carolina (97.9%; 96 to 190), Connecticut (97.4%; 274 to 541), and Maine (86.3%; 131 to 244). Cases of rabies associated with foci of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas continued to decline, with this state reporting 78.3% fewer rabid foxes (13 cases), 26.7% fewer rabid dogs (11), and 63.2% fewer rabid coyotes (7) during 1997, compared with 1996. Reported cases of rabies in cats (300) and dogs (126) increased 12.8% and 13.5%, respectively, whereas cases in cattle (122) decreased by 6.9%. Thirty states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported increases in rabies in animals during 1997, compared with decreases reported by 31 states and the District of Columbia in 1996. One state (Mississippi; 5 cases) remained unchanged. Hawaii was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1997. Four indigenously acquired cases of rabies reported in human beings were the result of infection with rabies virus variants associated with bats.
Psychogenic alopecia in cats: 11 cases (1993–1996)
Authors: Sawyer Laurence S. , Moon-Fanelli Alice A. , Dodman Nicholas H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine signalment, history, clinical signs, and response to treatment of cats with psychogenic alopecia (PA) and to identify factors associated with its onset and propagation.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
11 cats.

Procedure
A survey was used to obtain information about breed, sex, age at time of weaning, frequency and duration of licking bouts, age at time of onset of PA, situations eliciting licking bouts, results of diagnostic tests, treatment, response to treatment, and current status of the cats. Additional information was obtained from medical records and by telephone conversations with owners and attending veterinarians.

Results
Four cats were purebred, and 7 were domestic shorthair. Six were female, and 5 were male; all were neutered. Eight cats were kept exclusively indoors. Age at time of onset of PA ranged from 6 months to 12 years. Environmental stresses initiated or exacerbated PA in 9 cats. Various methods were used to confirm the diagnosis, including therapeutic trials with antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs in 10 cats. All 5 cats treated with clomipramine, 2 of 3 treated with amitriptyline, and 1 of 4 treated with buspirone responded positively. Only 3 cats were still receiving medication at the time of this study; none of those 3 groomed excessively while receiving medication. Psychogenic alopecia resolved in 6 cats after drug treatment, environmental modification, or both. Psychogenic alopecia continued to be a problem in the remaining 2 cats.

Clinical Implications
Environmental stress may initiate or exacerbate PA in cats. Drug treatment, environmental modification, or both may be useful in treatment of affected cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:71–74)
Evaluation of enterolithiasis in equids: 900 cases (1973–1996)
Authors: Hassel Diana M. , Langer Douglas L. , Snyder Jack R. , Drake Christiana M. , Goodell Michael L. , Wyle Alexandra 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify breed, age, sex, physical findings, history, and outcome of treatment in horses and other equids with enterolithiasis.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
900 equids with enterolithiasis.

Procedure
Medical records from equids with enterolithiasis admitted between 1973 and 1996 were reviewed. Data on signalment, history, physical examination and clinicopathologic findings, surgical findings, and outcome were compiled from records and from telephone interviews with owners. Sex and breed predilections were determined by comparison of the study population with the general hospital population of equids during the same time period.

Results
Equids with enterolithiasis represented 15.1% of patients admitted for treatment of colic, and 27.5% of patients undergoing celiotomy for treatment of colic. Arabian and Arabian crosses, Morgans, American Saddlebreds, and donkeys were significantly overrepresented, and Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds, warmbloods, and stallions were significantly underrepresented in the study population, compared with the hospital population. The mean age of equids with enterolithiasis was 11.4 years. The most common historic findings were signs of intermittent colic (33.3%) and passage of enteroliths in the feces (13.5%). Physical examination findings were similar to those found in equids with other forms of nonstrangulating large colon obstructive disease. Fifteen percent (131) developed gastrointestinal tract rupture caused by an enterolith that necessitated euthanasia. Short-term and 1-year survival rates for equids undergoing celiotomy for treatment of enterolithiasis and recovering from anesthesia were excellent (96.2 and 92.5%, respectively), and postoperative complications were uncommon. Recurrence of enterolithiasis was identified in 7.7% of the study population.

Clinical Implications
Results indicated that short-term and 1-year survival rates for equids undergoing surgery for enterolithiasis are excellent. Identification of signalment, history, and management factors may help identify equids with a high risk for development of enterolithiasis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214;233–237)
Duration of naturally acquired giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves and their association with diarrhea
Authors: O'Handley Ryan M. , Cockwill Carol , McAllister Tim A. , Jelinski Murray , Morck Douglas W. , Olson Merle E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine duration of infection and association of infection with diarrhea for dairy calves with naturally acquired cryptosporidiosis and giardiosis.

Design
Cohort study.

Animals
20 Holstein calves on a single dairy farm.

Procedure
Fecal samples were collected 3 times/wk for the first 45 days after birth, then weekly until calves were 120 days old and examined for Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Calves were monitored for diarrhea during the first 45 days after birth; during each episode of diarrhea, fecal samples were examined for parasitic, bacterial, and viral pathogens.

Results
All 20 calves shed Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts at some time during the study. Mean ages at which Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were first detected were 31.5 and 16.3 days, respectively. Mean number of Giardia cysts in feces remained high throughout the study, whereas Cryptosporidium oocysts decreased to low or undetectable numbers 2 weeks after infection. Eighteen calves had a total of 38 episodes of diarrhea during the first 45 days after birth. Giardia duodenalis was the only pathogen identified during 6 (16%) episodes, C parvum was the only pathogen identified during 9 (24%) episodes, and G duodenalis and C parvum were identified together during 10 (26%) episodes.

Conclusions
Prevalences of giardiosis and cryptosporidiosis were high in these calves, and both parasites were associated with development of diarrhea. Cryptosporidium parvum was an important pathogen when calves were < 1 month old, but G duodenalis was more important when calves were older. Calves cleared C parvum infections within 2 weeks; however, G duodenalis infections became chronic in these calves. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:391–396)
Use of bovine somatotropin at the time of surgery for left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows
Authors: Fetrow John P. , Pankowski Joel W. , Vicini John L. , Ames Trevor R. , _ _ 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the effect of a single dose of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) on certain metabolic values, health, and milk production of dairy cows undergoing surgery for left displacement of the abomasum.

Design
Blinded clinical trial.

Animals
413 cows with left displacement of the abomasum.

Procedure
A single 500-mg dose of bST was administered to dairy cows following surgery in field practice conditions for left displacement of the abomasum. A placebo of the same carrier without bST was administered to control cows in this blinded study. Metabolic and production responses in a short-term follow-up period were measured.

Results
Blood glucose concentrations in cows 3 to 5 days after surgery were statistically higher for treated cows than for control cows. A higher proportion of treated cows had improved urine ketone test results than did controls. Significant differences in other metabolic values, health, and milk production were not detected.

Clinical Implications
Treatment of metabolically compromised cows with bST may have some positive effects, but further investigation is needed to confirm therapeutic value. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:529–531)
Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance
Authors: Martin Benson B. , Beech Jill , Parente Eric J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate results of cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes (TW) in 42 horses with a history of poor performance.

Design
Cross-sectional case series.

Animals
42 horses with a history of poor performance.

Procedure
A TW was performed via endoscopy before and after horses exercised on a high-speed treadmill, and specimens were evaluated microscopically and graded.

Results
Ten (24%) horses were considered to be clinically normal before and after exercise. Pulmonary hemorrhage was diagnosed in 8 (19%) horses. One horse had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) before exercise and pulmonary hemorrhage and allergic or inflammatory airway disease (IAD) after exercise. Five (12%) horses had IAD, and 1 had IAD and pulmonary hemorrhage after exercise. Seven (17%) horses had evidence of EIPH and IAD in both specimens. Four (10%) horses with EIPH had an increase in the proportion of hemosiderophages in the specimen obtained after exercise. Specimens obtained before exercise in 6 (14%) horses were not representative of the respiratory tract and could not be compared with specimens obtained after exercise.

Clinical Implications
Interpretation of TW specimens obtained before and after exercise differed for only 5 of 36 (14%) horses. Specimens obtained after exercise were more likely to reveal airway disease. All specimens obtained after exercise adequately represented the respiratory tract, whereas 6 specimens obtained before exercise did not. Specimens obtained after exercise contained more airway secretions and had less cytologic evidence of pharyngeal contamination. Therefore, we recommend that TW samples be obtained after exercise in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:673–677)
Growth of suckling beef calves in response to parenteral administration of selenium and the effect of dietary protein provided to their dams
Authors: Castellan David M. , Maas John P. , Gardner Ian A. , Oltjen James W. , Sween Matthew L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether parenteral administration of selenium (Se) to calves and the amount of forage and protein provided to their dams affects unadjusted body weight, adjusted 205-day body weight, and average daily gain (ADG) of suckling beef calves.

Design
Randomized controlled field trial.

Animals
151 Hereford-Angus crossbred beef calves.

Procedure
Newborn calves, randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, served as untreated controls (n = 49) or were given Se (0.05 mg/kg [0.023 mg/lb] of body weight, SC) once within 2 days of birth (55) or within 2 days of birth and on days 70, 114, and 149 (47). Until day 149, cow-calf pairs were pastured in fields in which the amount of available forage was high or low and supplemental protein was or was not provided. Calves were weighed on days 1, 70, 149, and 209. On days 160 and 209, blood was obtained from 33 calves for measurements of Se concentration.

Results
Mean consumption of supplemental protein was 0.65 kg/dam/d. Between days 1 and 70, calves that received the first of 4 multiple injections of Se had significantly greater ADG than control calves. Average daily gain for calves given only 1 injection was not significantly different from controls. Between days 70 and 149, ADG of calves increased with dietary supplementation of protein to their dams.

Clinical Implications
Strategic administration of Se to calves and dietary supplementation of protein to their dams may result in greater ADG in suckling beef calves during specific time intervals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:816–821)
Economic analysis of an outbreak of avian influenza, 1997–1998
Authors: Davison Sherrill , Galligan David , Eckert Troy E. , Ziegler Andre F. , Eckroade Robert J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine economic losses associated with an outbreak of avian influenza in flocks in Pennsylvania during 1997 and 1998.

Sample Population
5 premises containing avian influenza-infected layer, pullet, and turkey flocks.

Procedure
Losses incurred before depopulation, those incurred at the time of depopulation, and those that were attributable to depopulation (unrealized loss of income) were evaluated. Results were extrapolated to provide values for all infected flocks.

Results
Extrapolating the costs determined on the basis of age and number of birds from the 5 sample flocks to all other flocks infected with nonpathogenic avian influenza H7N2 yielded an estimated total cost to the Pennsylvania poultry industry of $3.5 million.

Clinical Implications
The H7N2 virus is not highly pathogenic. If the pathogenicity of the virus does not change, then the poultry industry and state and federal governments will not have severe economic losses for the 1997–1998 outbreak similar to those for the 1983–1984 avian influenza outbreak in Pennsylvania. To decrease the potential for financial losses that could result from future outbreaks of avian influenza, it is essential that the commercial industry and live-bird market system be separated via increased use of biosecurity measures. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1164–1167)
Factors contributing to the decision for euthanasia of dogs with congestive heart failure
Authors: Mallery Kevin F. , Freeman Lisa M. , Harpster Neil K. , Rush John E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the prevalence of clinical signs that affect quality of life in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), and to characterize the role of these clinical signs in the decision for euthanasia.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
38 dogs with CHF that had been euthanatized within the preceding 22 months.

Procedure
Clinical information and factors affecting the decision for euthanasia were reviewed and recorded from medical records of dogs with CHF. Each owner was then interviewed via telephone to determine whether their dog had anorexia or other clinical signs of disease prior to euthanasia, their perception of their dogs’ quality of life, and the most important factor and contributing factors that influenced the decision to euthanatize their dog.

Results
Of the 38 dogs with CHF, > 70% had weakness (35 dogs), coughing (33), anorexia (32), weight loss (32), dyspnea (30), or exercise intolerance (28) reported by their owners. Factors often named by owners as most important in the decision for euthanasia were poor prognosis given by the attending veterinarian, recurrent clinical signs of CHF (ie, coughing, dyspnea, or ascites), and poor quality of life. Weakness, anorexia, and recurrent clinical signs of CHF were the most common contributing factors in the decision for euthanasia.

Clinical Implications
Anorexia, weight loss, and exercise intolerance are common in dogs euthanatized because of CHF. The importance of quality of life and poor prognosis in making a decision for euthanasia suggests that addressing these factors may improve patient management. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1201–1204)
Concurrent pituitary and adrenal tumors in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism: 17 cases (1978-1995)
Authors: Greco Deborah S. , Peterson Mark E. , Davidson Autumn P. , Feldman Edward C. , Komurek Kathianne 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe the clinicopathologic characteristics of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and concurrent pituitary and adrenal tumors.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
17 client-owned dogs.

Procedure
Signalment, response to treatment, and results of CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, endocrine testing, and histologic examinations were obtained from medical records of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism and concurrent adrenal and chromophobe pituitary tumors.

Results
On the basis of results of adrenal function tests and histologic examination of tissue specimens collected during surgery and necropsy, concurrent pituitary and adrenal tumors were identified in 17 of approximately 1,500 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Twelve were neutered females, 5 were males (3 sexually intact, 2 neutered); and median age was 12 years (range, 7 to 16 years). Hyperadrenocorticism had been diagnosed by use of low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests and ACTH stimulation tests. During high-dose dexamethasone suppression testing of 16 dogs, serum cortisol concentrations remained high in 11 dogs but decreased in 5 dogs. Plasma concentrations of endogenous ACTH were either high or within the higher limits of the reference range (12/16 dogs), within the lower limits of the reference range (2/16), or low (2/16). Adrenal lesions identified by histologic examination included unilateral cortical adenoma with contralateral hyperplasia (10/17), bilateral cortical adenomas (4/17), and unilateral carcinoma with contralateral hyperplasia (3/17). Pituitary lesions included a chromophobe microadenoma (12/17), macroadenoma (4/17), and carcinoma (1/17).

Clinical Implications
Pituitary and adrenal tumors can coexist in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, resulting in a confusing mixture of test results that may complicate diagnosis and treatment of hyperadrenocorticism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:1349–1353)
Effect of perioperative prophylactic antimicrobial treatment in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery
Authors: Whittem Ted L. , Johnson Ann L. , Smith Charles W. , Schaeffer David J. , Coolman Bradley R. , Averill Scott M. , Cooper Timothy K. , Merkin Graham R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis would reduce incidence of postoperative infection among dogs undergoing elective orthopedic procedures.

Design
Randomized, controlled, blinded, intention clinical trial.

Animals
Dogs of any breed, sex, or age undergoing elective orthopedic surgery at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Procedures
Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: treatment with saline solution, treatment with potassium penicillin G, and treatment with cefazolin. Treatments were intended to be administered within 30 minutes prior to surgery; a second dose was administered if surgery lasted > 90 minutes. Dogs were monitored for 10 to 14 days after surgery for evidence of infection.

Results
After the first 112 dogs were enrolled in the study, it was found that infection rate for control dogs (5/32 dogs) was significantly higher than the rate for dogs treated with antimicrobials (3/80 dogs). Therefore, no more dogs were enrolled in the study. A total of 126 dogs completed the study. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that compared with dogs that received antimicrobials prophylactically, dogs that received saline solution developed infections significantly more frequently. Difference in efficacy, however, was not observed between the 2 antimicrobial drugs used.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Results indicated that perioperative antimicrobial prophylaxis decreased postoperative infection rate in dogs undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, compared with infection rate in control dogs. Cefazolin was not more efficacious than potassium penicillin G in these dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:212–216)