bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Fe(III) on floc characteristics of activated sludge
Authors: Li Jiuyi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effects of Fe(III) on floc characteristics of activated sludge were investigated in nine parallel sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). The results showed that Fe(III) improved the quality of organic matters in the effluent of reactors. Concentrations of Fe(III) up to 23.8 mg dm−3 decreased suspended solids and turbidity in effluent but overdosage resulted in deterioration of these parameters. Activated sludge floc size measurements indicated that Fe(III) led to a shift in the size distribution from large to small flocs. Concentrations of Fe(III) less than 23.8mg dm−3 did not significantly change the proportion of larger flocs, but overdosage of Fe(III) markedly decreased the fraction of larger flocs and produced a large number of smaller flocs, which may be responsible for the deterioration of effluent suspended solids and turbidity. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) observation suggested high Fe(III) concentrations lead to significant changes in floc morphology and reduction of filamentous microorganisms available for the formation of large aggregates. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
A kinetic evaluation of the anaerobic digestion of two‐phase olive mill effluent in batch reactors
Authors: Raposo Francisco , Borja Rafael , Sánchez Enrique , Martín Antonio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA comparative kinetic study was carried out on the anaerobic digestion of two‐phase olive mill effluent (TPOME) using three 1‐dm3 volume stirred tank reactors, one with freely suspended biomass (control), and the other two with biomass supported on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and bentonite (aluminium silicate), respectively. The reactors were batch fed at mesophilic temperature (35 °C) using volumes of TPOME of between 50 and 600 cm3, corresponding to chemical oxygen demand (COD) loadings in the range of 1.02–14.22 g, respectively. The process followed first‐order kinetics and the specific rate constants, K0, were calculated. The K0 values decreased considerably from 2.59 to 0.14 d−1, from 1.93 to 0.23 d−1 and from 1.52 to 0.17 d−1 for the reactors with suspended biomass (control) and biomass immobilized on PVC and bentonite, respectively, when the COD loadings increased from 1.02 to 14.22 g; this showed an inhibition phenomenon in the three reactors studied. The values of the critical inhibitory substrate concentration (S*), theoretical kinetic constant without inhibition (KA) and the inhibition coefficient or inhibitory parameter for each reactor (n) were determined using the Levenspiel model. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrophobically Modified Poly(acrylic acid) Using 3‐Pentadecylcyclohexylamine: Synthesis and Rheology
Authors: Shedge Aarti S. , Lele Ashish K. , Wadgaonkar Prakash P. , Hourdet Dominique , Perrin Patrick , Chassenieux Christophe , Badiger Manohar V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) was synthesized using 3‐pentadecylcyclohexylamine (3‐PDCA), which was in turn synthesized from 3‐pentadecylphenol, one of the components of cashew‐nut shell liquid (CNSL), a renewable resource material. 1H NMR spectra confirmed the incorporation of 3‐PDCA onto PAA and a series of HMPs with three different molar concentrations, viz ≅ 3, 5 and 7 mol‐% of 3‐PDCA, were synthesized. An increase in viscosity with increasing hydrophobic content was observed by rheological measurements. The critical association concentrations were determined using an Ubbelohde viscometer and a controlled stress rheometer. The stability of HMPs towards temperature and shear was studied. Rheological measurements showed that there was a steady increase in viscosity with increase in hydrophobe content due to the formation of reversible networks. These polymers exhibited gel‐like behavior at low concentrations (≥2 wt.‐%) with an apparent yield stress (ca. 10 Pa) and showed shear thinning properties (non‐Newtonian). However, below a critical concentration, c [η], they showed Newtonian behavior.ηsp of unmodified and modified PAA‐Na at various polymer concentrations.magnified imageηsp of unmodified and modified PAA‐Na at various polymer concentrations.
Collision‐avoidance radar‐system antenna for a smart UAV
Authors: Lee Hyeon‐Cheol , Kim In‐Kyu , Yun Tae‐Yeoul 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper presents the optimization of antennas for the collision‐avoidance radar system of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Geometric parameters and radiation patterns are compared among horn, parabolic, cassegrain, and offset‐cassegrain antennas. Based on the sidelobe levels of the calculated radiation patterns and sizes, the parabolic antenna shows the best results: a sidelobe of less than −30 dB and gain of 37 dBi with a focal length of 21.3 cm and a diameter of 26 cm. This research is explored for the first time to the authors' knowledge and the should be useful in the UAV. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 498–501, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20678
Bruggeman approach for isotropic chiral mixtures revisited
Authors: Ross Benjamin M. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwo interpretations of the Bruggeman approach for the homogenization of isotropic chiral mixtures are shown to lead to different results. Whereas the standard interpretation is shown to yield the average polarizability density approach, a recent interpretation turns out to deliver a null excess polarization approach. The difference between the two interpretations arises from differing treatments of the local field. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 524–527, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20685
Sequential‐rotation arrays of circularly polarized aperture antennas in the MCM‐D technology
Authors: Soliman E. A. , Brebels S. , Beyne E. , Vandenbosch G. A. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the design and measurement of a 2 × 2 sequential‐rotation array (SRA) of circularly polarized antenna elements. A larger 4 × 4 array is also realized by connecting four 2 × 2 SRA subarrays by using a corporate feeding network. The feeding networks of these arrays are built with CPW lines using MCM‐D technology. The arrays operate in the K‐band at around 25 GHz. The analysis is carried out both theoretically and experimentally. The proposed arrays enjoy high impedance bandwidth, high circular polarization bandwidth, and good isolation between the RHCP and the LHCP modes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 581–585, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20702
Bandwidth‐enhancement approach for a small‐sized harmonic‐suppressed antenna
Authors: Hwang Kwang Sun , Kim Hyungrak , Yoon Young Joong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper, an approach for bandwidth enhancement of a small‐sized harmonic‐suppressed antenna is presented. For bandwidth enhancement and miniaturization of the harmonically suppressed slot antenna, a bowtie‐shaped meander slot antenna is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. From the measured results, the proposed antenna has a wideband characteristic with a harmonic‐suppression characteristic at the 2nd and 3rd frequencies. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 585–587, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20703
Erratum: “Pure harmonic suppression of a bandpass filter using binomially distributed photonic bandgap structures”, Microwave & Optical Technology Letters (2005)44(2)194–196
Authors: Mollah Md. N. , Karmakar N.C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Microwave & Optical Technology Letters (2005)44(2) 194–196
© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 587–587, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20763
Shape‐memory polymer networks from oligo(ϵ‐caprolactone)dimethacrylates
Authors: Lendlein Andreas , Schmidt Annette M. , Schroeter Michael , Langer Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPolymer networks showing a thermally induced shape‐memory effect were prepared through the crosslinking of oligo(ϵ‐caprolactone)dimethacrylates under photocuring with or without an initiator. The influence of the molecular weight of the oligo(ϵ‐caprolactone)dimethacrylates and the initiator concentration on the macroscopic properties of the polymer networks was investigated. The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the polymer networks was evaluated as a basic principle of the functionalization process. Shape‐memory properties such as the strain fixity and strain recovery rate were quantified with cyclic thermomechanical tensile experiments for different maximum elongations. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1369–1381, 2005
Newly synthesized polybenzoxazole derivative with an adjacent hydroxyphenyl ring for optical sensing
Authors: Lee Jin Koo , Lee Taek Seung 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA photoluminescent polymer with a 2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole unit in the molecular main chain was synthesized through the deprotection reaction of a precursor polymer. The amorphous, conjugated polymer emitted green light, both in solution and as a solid, with a fluorescence emission maximum at 518 nm from an excited keto tautomer because of excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer. The polymer showed different fluorescence emission spectra in solvents with different polarities because of intramolecular hydrogen‐bond interruption. The intramolecular hydrogen‐bond‐induced emission change was successfully used as a sensitive sensing signal for metal cations as expected, the polymer acting as a fluorescence‐based chemosensor. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1397–1403, 2005
Spatialized ecosystem indicators in the southern Benguela
Authors: Fréon Pierre , Drapeau Laurent , David Jeremy H.M. , Fernández Moreno Almudena , Leslie Rob W. , Oosthuizen W. Herman , Shannon Lynne J. , van der Lingen Carl D. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Based on published distribution maps of 15 key fish species, foraging areas of three top predators during their breeding season, and fishing grounds of the main commercial fleets in the southern Benguela ecosystem, seven spatialized ecosystem indicators are derived: biodiversity, connectivity, mean ratio of fished area and area of distribution by species, exploited fraction of the ecosystem surface area, total catch per fished area by fishery, mean bottom depth of catches, and mean distance of catches from the coast. These indicators are compared and their suitability for an ecosystem approach to fisheries is discussed. The first two indicators characterize the ecosystem; the others are pressure indicators that are also compared with conventional (catch rate) indices of abundance.
Detection of scavenged material in the guts of predators using monoclonal antibodies: a significant source of error in measurement of predation?
Authors: Calder C.R. , Harwood J.D. , Symondson W.O.C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMolecular detection systems used to analyse the gut contents of invertebrate predators have enhanced our understanding of trophic interactions, but do not distinguish between the methods of consumption. Many predators regularly scavenge, which could have profound implications for quantitative analyses of the dynamics of predation. We report the first quantified assessment of the potential error caused by scavenging in post-mortem measurements of predation in a slug = carabid system. An anti-slug monoclonal antibody was able to detect antigens from decayed slugs after surprisingly long periods, significantly longer on relatively sterile peat than on natural soil. On soil the half-life of antibody-detectable slug proteins was 8.2 days while on peat it was 11.5 days. When slugs that had decayed on soil for 100 h were fed to the carabid predator Pterostichus melanarius, slug proteins could still be identified after 6 h (but not 12 h) digestion. Fresh and decayed slug was eaten in equal quantities by the beetles suggesting no aversion to the latter. The results suggest that significant errors may be caused by scavenging leading to inaccurate interpretation of predation rates in the field.
Estimation of specificity and sensitivity of three diagnostic tests for infectious salmon anaemia virus in the absence of a gold standard
Authors: Nérette P , Dohoo I , Hammell L 
Published: February 2005

AbstractReverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), virus isolation (VI) and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) are three tests currently used by the salmon industry to identify fish infected with the infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). However, very limited information is available on the sensitivity and specificity of these methods. In order to evaluate these tests in fish representing a range of farmed Atlantic salmon populations, five laboratories participated in a blind study of 400 kidney samples from four groups of fish with different prevalences of ISAV. Each laboratory used its own testing protocols. Estimates of the specificity of each test were determined directly from a population assumed to be free of infection. Indirect estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of each test were obtained using maximum likelihood estimation of a latent class model (i.e. no gold standard test result available). There was a substantial difference in sensitivity and specificity of RT‐PCR among the three laboratories using this test. If only the best results for the RT‐PCR tests are taken into account, the maximum likelihood estimates obtained from this study suggest RT‐PCR and VI are of similar high sensitivity (range 92–100%), IFAT is the least sensitive method (range 65–76%) while the three tests have similar high specificities (range 96–100%). The results of the study suggest: (1) RT‐PCR tests should be standardized before they are used as a diagnostic test for prevention and control of ISAV, (2) the sensitivity of VI was higher than expected and (3) IFAT has a low sensitivity but might be a good screening test because of its low cost.
SHRIMP zircon ages constraining the depositional chronology of the Hamersley Group, Western Australia*
Authors: TRENDALL A. F. , COMPSTON W. , NELSON D. R. , DE LAETER J. R. , BENNETT V. C. 
Published: February 2005

The Mt Bruce Supergroup of Western Australia was laid down between ca 2.8 Ga and ca 2.2 Ga in the Hamersley Basin, unconformably over a basement of the older, granite–greenstone, component of the Pilbara Craton. The Mt Bruce Supergroup consists of three groups: the Fortescue Group, Hamersley Group and Turee Creek Group in upward sequence. The Hamersley Group, which is divided into eight formations, has a general thickness of ∼2.5 km, and is characterised by major banded iron‐formation (BIF) units. Reported here are SHRIMP U‐Pb zircon results (406 grain analyses) from 13 samples taken from the Hamersley Group and near the top of the underlying Fortescue Group. In combination with SHRIMP results previously published from 12 Hamersley Group samples, the present results provide significant new constraints on the depositional chronology of the group, and suggest that the average (compacted) depositional rates of each of the main depositional lithologies (BIF, carbonate, shale) were ∼180 m per million years, 12 m per million years and 5 m per million years, respectively. Some recently published SHRIMP ages from the Joffre Member differ slightly from those that are interpreted from the present data, and it is suggested that the two datasets may be reconciled if non‐zero‐age Pb loss is taken into account. The total body of zircon U–Pb age data from the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups is consistent with a model involving continuous accumulation of basin‐fill for at least 330 million years, from ca 2780 Ma to the top of the Hamersley Group at ca 2449 Ma. The word ‘continuous’ in this context means that there may have been no breaks in deposition longer than 1 million years. However, this model is not proven, and a major challenge for future work is to measure the length of any proposed non‐depositional intervals.
Differential expression of aquaporins in the kidneys of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice
Authors: LEUNG JOSEPH CK , CHAN LORETTA YY , TSANG ANITA WL , TANG SYDNEY CW , LAI KAR NENG 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY:Background and Aim  Aquaporins (AQPs) are members of the water channel family and are important in renal physiology as it affects urinary concentration. The downregulation of aquaporins is often observed in polyuria associated with acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. In this study, we examined the expression of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice.Results:  By semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, we detected no change in the gene expression of AQP1 or AQP4 in whole kidney among STZ‐induced diabetic mice (STZ mice) and sham (control group that received citrate buffer injection only). In contrast, we found less AQP2 or AQP3 mRNA expression in the whole kidney from STZ mice. Immunoblotting studies confirmed no difference in AQP1 or AQP4 protein expression of whole kidney between STZ mice and sham. However, there was less AQP2 or AQP3 protein expression in the whole kidney from STZ mice as compared to sham. By immunochemical staining, the reduction of AQP2 protein was localized to the principle cells of the collecting ducts. The expression of cortical AQP3 (especially the outer cortex, the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules) was downregulated in STZ mice whereas the expression of AQP3 protein in medullary collecting ducts was similar to that of sham.Conclusion:  Our results reveal that the water transport in urinary concentration involves the downregulation of AQP2 and AQP3 expression in STZ mice.
Predictors of a favourable response to icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis patients with ultrafiltration failure
Authors: WIGGINS KATHRYN J , RUMPSFELD MARKUS , BLIZZARD SOPHIE , JOHNSON DAVID W 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY:Background and Aims:  Icodextrin is a starch‐derived glucose polymer that causes sustained ultrafiltration in long dwells in peritoneal dialysis. The aim of this study was to assess factors that were predictive of an increment in ultrafiltration following the introduction of icodextrin in patients with refractory fluid overload.Methods:  Thirty‐nine patients (20 male/19 female, mean age 57.7 ± 2.4 years) on peritoneal dialysis were enrolled in a prospective pretest/post‐test, open‐label study. All patients had symptomatic fluid overload refractory to fluid restriction (<800 mL/day), frusemide doses of 250 mg or more daily, optimization of dwell time and use of hypertonic dextrose. An icodextrin exchange was substituted for a 4.25% dextrose exchange for the long‐dwell period.Results:  After 1 month, median (interquartile range) 24 h ultrafiltration volume increased by 500 mL (interquartile range: 50–1000). An increase in ultrafiltration volume correlated positively with the dialyate : plasma creatinine ratio at 4 h (r = 0.498, P = 0.001) and negatively with the ratio of dialysate glucose concentrations at 4 and 0 h (r = −0.464, P = 0.003). On multivariate regression analysis, high transporter status was predictive of a greater ultrafiltration response to icodextrin relative to dextrose peritoneal dialysis exchanges. Age, sex, race, peritoneal dialysis duration, peritoneal dialysis modality, diabetes mellitus, baseline albumin, and baseline ultrafiltration volume were not significantly correlated with the change in ultrafiltration volume.Conclusion:  Icodextrin significantly augments ultrafiltration volumes in patients with refractory fluid overload. A high peritoneal membrane transporter status is the best predictor of a favourable ultrafiltration response to icodextrin.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptor, Flt‐1, are not correlated to erythropoietin in diabetics with normal or reduced renal function
Authors: LENZ TOMAS , GAUER STEFAN , WEICH HERBERT A , HAAK THOMAS , BERGNER RAOUL , GOSSMANN JAN 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY:Background and Aims:  Recombinant erythropoietin upregulates the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, Flt‐1 (VEGFR‐1) and KDR/Flk‐1 (VEGFR‐2), in endothelial cells. The integrity of the VEGF system seems to be crucial for the regulation of endothelial permeability and thus for the avoidance of renal protein leakage. As albuminuria/proteinuria is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, we examined cross‐sectionally in 35 type 1 and 37 type 2 diabetic patients with various degrees of renal dysfunction and albuminuria whether there was an interrelationship between intrinsic erythropoietin (EPO) and VEGF/Flt‐1.Methods and Results:  In patients with plasma creatinine values ≤1.5 (n = 53) or >1.5 mg/dL (n = 19), the mean serum EPO was 5.6 ± 4.4 and 10.2 ± 7.0 mU/mL (P = 0.02), respectively. In the two groups, urinary and serum VEGF165 concentrations were similarly distributed (mean 94.3 ± 91.8 vs 108 ± 72.2 ng/L and 91.7 ± 76.8 vs 91.9 ± 74.9 ng/L, respectively; both P = NS). The mean urinary Flt‐1 for the two groups amounted to 0.14 ± 0.35 and 0.51 ± 0.93 ng/mL (P = 0.045), respectively. No correlation between VEGF or Flt‐1 and EPO was apparent.Conclusion:  Our data suggest that in vivo EPO does not affect the functionality and/or production of components of the VEGF/Flt‐1 system in diabetics with normal or reduced renal function.
Determinants of health‐related quality of life in institutionalised older persons in northern Sydney
Authors: Sitoh Y. Y. , Lau T. C. , Zochling J. , Schwarz J. , Chen J. S. , March L. M. , Cumming R. G. , Lord S. R. , Sambrook P. N. , Cameron I. D. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract It is recognised that the focus of health‐care interventions for frail older persons should not be restricted to increasing longevity, but should encompass measures aimed at improving or maintaining the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of these individuals. We studied the HRQoL profile of 612 frail older persons residing in nursing homes and hostels in northern Sydney, Australia, and sought to ascertain some of the factors that affect their perceived quality of life. Our findings suggest that common health states that may cause loss of independence and dignity (e.g. presence of osteoarthritis, presence of urinary incontinence, previous fracture, Parkinson's Disease and increasing frailty as reflected by residence in nursing homes) are strongly, and independently, associated with the HRQoL of institutionalised older persons. Some of these conditions may be amenable to intervention. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 131–134)