bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accession of Cyprus to the EU
Authors: Vassiliou George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Republic of Cyprus was established in 1960 after gaining its independence from Britain. Unfortunately, only three years later, intercommunal strife erupted and the Turkish Cypriots resigned from the government and withdrew into a number of enclaves where they lived all together. The UN had to intervene, and intercommunal negotiations followed, but the efforts to reach an agreement failed. In 1974, the Greek junta staged a coup d’etat against President Makarios, which was followed a week later by a Turkish invasion, under the pretext of ‘restoring the constitutional order’. As a result, Turkey seized more than 37 per cent of Cyprus’s territory, which it still occupies today.
The European Constitutional Settlement
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past half-century the EU has successfully expanded its substantive man- date and institutional prerogatives to a level without parallel among international organizations. Today this process has reached what appears to be, barring large exogenous shocks, a stable constitutional equilibrium. The EU may expand geo- graphically, reform institutionally, and deepen substantively, but all this currently seems set to take place essentially within the contours of the existing European constitutional structure. The time has come to acknowledge the existence of the ‘European Constitutional Settlement’—a plateau in the process of European integration unlikely to be upset by medium-term trends.
Historical Institutionalism and the EU’s Eastward Enlargement
Authors: Vachudova Milada Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The EU’s eastward enlargement has taken center stage in the process of European integration over the last decade. Well before the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989, however, the EU’s institutions were already shaping how enlargement would turn out. The main puzzle is not why EU leaders decided to enlarge eastward: over the medium- and long-term, some enlargement was squarely in the economic and geopolitical interest of EU member states (Moravcsik and Vachudova 2003). Instead, the puzzle is one of scale: how did the EU manage by 2000 to have such a long queue of eighteen officially recognized candidates and proto-candidates, with even more states knocking at the door? In 2006, after the considerable enlargement of 2004, the EU had ten new members, and nine (or ten) officially recognized candidates and proto-candidates.
Theory Building and Hypothesis Testing: Large-N Versus Small-N Research on Democratization
Authors: Coppedge Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two general approaches have been commonly used in the study of comparative politics: a ‘thick’ approach based on small-N comparisons, including case studies, and a ‘thin’ approach based on large-N comparisons. In Chapter 4, I introduced this distinction between thick and thin approaches and, focusing on issues of conceptualization and measurement, I identified some trade-offers associated with these approaches. Here I extend the discussion by addressing issues of theory and testing.
Greek And Indo-European
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Greek is one of a number of interrelated languages that spread over a vast area of Europe and Asia during the second and first millennia BC. These languages are now known as ‘Indo-European’, since at the time of the discovery of the relationship the languages were known to exist in Europe and the Indian subcontinent. Apart from Greek, the earliest attested Indo-European languages are Sanskrit (India); Avestan and Old Persian (Iran); the Anatolian languages (Hittite, Luwian, and others); and Latin and the Italic languages of central Italy. Celtic (continental) is attested in inscriptions starting in the VI cent. BC, but is not well documented until the seventh century BC (Old Irish). Indo-European languages (or language-groups) which are not attested until the common era include Albanian, Armenian, Baltic, Germanic, Slavic, and Tocharian (central Asia). The hypothesis that all these languages are derived from an original ‘parent’ language (never written down) was put forward by Sir William Jones (in a now-famous speech in Calcutta) in the eighteenth century, but the term ‘Indo-European’ to denote this language did not come into use until the nineteenth century.
Dialect Diversity: The Eighth To The Fourth Centuries BC
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mycenaean script disappeared with Mycenaean civilization, and the Greek dialects flourished and diverged for two or three relatively unsettled centuries, free (outside of Cyprus) from the checks that a writing system imposes. The end of the Dark Ages brought political stability and a new alphabet, and a four-hundred year window in the history of Greek when the regional diversity of the language was reflected (to a large extent) in writing. The political structure of the ancient Greek world meant that there was no standard language corresponding to Latin in Roman Italy, or a modern standard such as English, French, or Italian. It is hard to think of a parallel, ancient or modern, for this situation: a collection of small states speaking closely related dialects, with a loose sense of political and ethnic affiliation, each state using its own written standard (and indeed its own variety of the alphabet).
Phonology (general characteristics)
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VOWELS 1.Spurious diphthongs Inherited long ein Greek was an open mid vowel [ε:] (ηin the Ionic alphabet). In the history of Greek a new long eemerged from contraction and compensatory lengthening: in many dialects this had a close quality, i.e. [e:] distinct from inherited [ε:]/η.
Consonants
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Inherited wis maintained: starts to disappear in Arc. in the IV cent. (absent from 7 Tegea: cf. lργ αs fεργ-). 2.A labiovelar followed by eor iproduced a sound written ζ/τζor with a special letter Ð˜ in Arcadia until the V cent. BC; and with the s-series in Cypriot (si-se~ σs8 10, cf. Arc. .ζs‘whoever’ Buck 16, but IV cent. τs7 15). This probably represents an affricate such as [ts]. 3.The change -ti&gt; -siin verbal endings occurs in Arc.-Cyp. as in Myc. (§10.8): so also in a few other categories such as numerals (τρακασ7 8). 4.The sequence -σ- is retained in Arc. in the 3 plur. of thematic verbs: κρ{ωσ7 5. For Cyp. we posit a nasalized vowel (§26.8) to explain the general failure to write nin this position.
Morphology/Syntax
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Personal endings: 1 plur. -μεs (cf. Lat. -mus). Athematic 3 plur. imperf. and aor. forms such as ȅθεν, ȅδον&lt;*ȅθε-ντ, ȅδο-ντ are retained in most WGk. dialects (cf. §32.1).
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. The raising of ε to ι before a nasal (§26.1, Arc.-Cyp.). 2. The raising of ο to υ at word end (§26.2, Arc.-Cyp.). 3. ε is lowered to α before ρ (§38.4, NW Gk.). 4. ε is written ι (plus a glide) before α and ο (§26.6, Cyp.). 5. Evidence for nasalized vowels from the sequence -VnC-, §43.3 (§26.8, Cyp.).
Hellenistic Poetry: Theokritos and Kallimachos
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language of passages 87 and 88 is a playful mixture of Homeric and poetic language with more informal or colloquial diction. Theokritos was a native of Syracuse, a Doric-speaking city in Sicily. The idylls (εíδ!λλια, ‘vignettes’) deal with many themes other than the purely bucolic, as 87 shows. Of the surviving hexameter poems, most are written in a predominantly Doric version of epic language, and a handful are in epic language; there are in addition four poems written in (archaic literary) Lesbian dialect and metre. The nature of the Doric dialect that he uses has been much disputed, a debate not helped by the usual textual problems which apply to dialect texts. We have almost no dialect texts from Syracuse, which makes it difficult to judge how much Syracusan there is in the mixture: there was, however, a literary tradition at Syracuse in genres close to Theokritos (Epicharmos and Sophron), and this may have played a role. There was also a Doric vernacular in Ptolemaic Alexandria: there were many immigrants from Cyrene in the city, and from elsewhere in the Doric-speaking world (as 87 shows), but since we have little evidence for this variety it is again difficult to judge to what extent Theokritos based his poetic idiom on it. The most easily identifiable elements in his language are epic, and choral/lyric Doric poetry (Alkman, Stesichoros, epinician, etc.).
Vowels
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.The pitch accent moves towards a stress accent, and distinctive vowel length is lost. 2.The front vowels -[i:] and ε[e:] merge as [i], and are later (II cent) joined by η[ε:]. . [o:] &gt; [u]. 3.The diphthongs [ai] &gt; [ε], [oi] &gt; [ü]. 4.The second element of the diphthongs [au], [eu] becomes a fricative: [af], [ef]. 5.The second element of the long diphthongs [a:i], [e:i], [o:i] disappears.
Mycenaean
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1.Clay tablet from Knossos (KN Ld 571), recording quantities of textiles. c.1375 BC. Ventris–Chadwick 214. Melena (1975: 43–4), Chadwick (1976: 150–2), Killen (1979). pa-we-a[parweha]: nom. plur. of the neut. noun αρfs‘cloth’, indicating the subject-matter of the inscription (usually written in larger characters, and conventionally signalled in transcription by the following oblique stroke). Inherited wis retained in all positions. At Pylos this word is spelled pa-we-a, but the sign a( ha) seems not to have been in widespread use at Knossos. The intervocalic -h- comes from -s- (stem φαρfεσ- ending -α): in later Greek the -h- disappeared and the vowels contracted. The other four words are neut. plur. adjectives describing pa-we-a.
Literary Texts
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EPIC As a snake in the mountains waits for a man by its den, having fed on poisonous herbs, and a terrible anger has entered it: dreadfully its eyes glitter as it twists around its den. So Hektor, full of unquenchable fierceness, did not give ground, but leant his bright shield against a projecting battlement. With turbulent feelings he addressed his mighty spirit: ‘Ah me, if I enter within the gates and the wall, (100) Polydamas will be the first to lay reproach upon me: he was the man who bade me lead the Trojans to the city during this fatal night when glorious Achilles roused himself. But I did not listen: that indeed would have been far better. As it is, now that I have destroyed the host with my reckless folly, I feel shame before the Trojan men and the long-robed Trojan women, in case someone else, a man of lower rank than I, should say, “Hektor, by putting faith in his own strength, has destroyed the host”. So they will say; but for me it would be far better to meet Achilles face to face, slay him, and return home, (110) or die gloriously at his hands in front of the city. Perhaps if I were to lay down my bossed shield and mighty helmet, and leaning my spear against the wall were to go just as I am to meet blameless Achilles and promise him Helen and, along with her, all the treasure which Alexander brought in his hollow ships to Troy (which was the cause of the dispute), and give it to Atreus’ sons to carry away, and at the same time divide up amongst the Achaeans all the rest that this city contains, and later take from the Trojans an oath sworn by the elders (120) not to hide anything but to divide everything in two––but why does my heart hold converse with me like this? No, I must not go and approach him, for he will not pity me nor show me any respect, but will kill me there and then like a woman, without defence when I have taken off my armour.’
Less is More
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary-Claire King’s and Allan Wilson’s prescient suggestion was that changes in the activity levels of genes—changes in gene expression—are more important than single point mutations in the DNA code that change the amino-acids in proteins when it comes to explaining the many differences between chimpanzees and humans. But is it enough? In among all the excitement over the recent research that provides resounding support for King’s and Wilson’s seminal paper, there was one note of caution. It came from Ajit Varki, professor of glycobiology at the University of California, San Diego.
Aladdin’s Cave
Authors: Taylor Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter we saw that gene duplication and segmental duplication—even by the most conservative estimate—each contribute twice as much to the genetic divergence of human from chimp as single point mutations. We also saw that these duplication hubs are hot-spots for genome evolution and that genes within them exhibit much higher levels of mutational change and gene-expression changes than genes elsewhere.
Shifting and stopping: frontostriatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications
Authors: Robbins T W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropsychological basis of attentional set-shifting, task-set switching and stop-signal inhibition is reviewed through comparative studies of humans and experimental animals. Using human functional neuroimaging, plus neuropsychological investigation of patients with frontal damage quantified by structural magnetic resonance imaging, and through parallels with effects of specific lesions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum in rats and marmosets, it is possible to define both distinct and overlapping loci for tasks such as extra-dimensional shifting and reversal learning, stop-signal reaction time and task-set switching.
Act and Fact: Slavery Reparations as a Democratic Politics of Reconciliation
Authors: Balfour Lawrie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The closure afforded by reparations means that no more will be owed to Blacks than is owed to any citizen under the law. This is the effect of any nal judgment on the merits. Once reparations are paid, Blacks will be able to function within American society on a footing of absolute equality. At the heart of political uses of the word ‘democracy’, writes Sheldon Wolin, are two, antagonistic meanings: ‘one is the settled structure of politics and governmental authority typically called a constitution, and the other is the unsettling political movement typically called revolution’ (Wolin 1994: 29). Where the former gives a durable shape or form to a set of institutions designed to rule the people in an orderly fashion, the latter reminds us that, in a democracy worthy of the name, it is the people who rule.
‘The Very Basis of Civility’: On Agonism, Conquest, and Reconciliation
Authors: Muldoon Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What might be called the question of ‘society’ constitutes one of the key fault lines in the debate about the politics of reconciliation. One perspective—the perspective of society—celebrates reconciliation as a device that can be used to bring members of a national or civic community back to society after they have ‘fallen’ into war. From this point of view, war represents a break between two states of sociability or an interruption, more or less temporary, of the condition of society itself. The purpose of reconciliatory processes is thus not so much to refiect on the violence of the past (though a certain amount of this may be necessary), but to bring to memory what the warring parties share. It allows them, if not to forget the war, at least to put it behind them and ‘heal it away’, by restoring a sense of their common humanity. The other perspective—the perspective of war—criticizes reconciliation for presupposing exactly what is in question; namely, society itself. It takes the view that society never in fact existed or, if it did exist, that it was only as the myth by which one of the warring parties was able to subjugate the other.
Making Disclosure Work Better: The Experience of Investor-Driven Environmental Disclosure
Authors: Repetto Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experience in the world’s financial markets during the past decade underscores the importance of transparency and disclosure for the protection of investors and the efficient functioning of capital markets. Disclosure of financially material environmental information serves not only these ends but also that of environmental protection. It allows investors and insurers to judge more accurately the environmental risks being incurred by companies and industries, which might affect their financial results and conditions, and to price those risks more accurately. Pricing environmental risks accurately reduces principal–agent problems between management and outside investors that tempts the former to pursue environmentally risky strategies in pursuit of increased short-term profitability.
Using International Institutions to Enhance Self-Regulation: The Case of Labor Rights in Cambodia
Authors: Polaski Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The small and recently war-torn Southeast Asian nation of Cambodia has been the unlikely setting for a path-breaking and successful international policy experiment over the past seven years. The project centers on an effort to improve labor conditions in the factories of Cambodia’s apparel sector, the key source of national exports. The ILO, an international public agency, conducts ongoing monitoring of conditions in the factories.1 The results are published in highly transparent reports that detail compliance or noncompliance by each of the factories with national labor laws and internationally agreed basic labor rights.2 Until the end of 2004, these reports were used by the US government as a key input for decisions under an innovative scheme that allowed increased access to the US market in response to improved working conditions and labor practices.
Direct Selection for Reproductive Isolation: The Wallace Effect and Reinforcement*
Authors: Johnson Norman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The similarities between Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin, the pioneering thinkers who separately formulated theories of evolution by natural selection, are striking. Both were ardent students of physical and biological nature whose extensive studies in remote locales left indelible marks on them. Independently influenced by the writings of the economist Thomas Malthus, Wallace and Darwin each recognized that animals and plants were engaged in a “struggle for existence,” an insight both men viewed as critical for the formulation of their theories of evolution (Browne 1995, 2002; Shermer 2002; Smith 2003–).
Alfred Russel Wallace, Biogeographer*
Authors: Michaux Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writings of these revolutionaries, like their life histories, advertise their Magellanic nature. Wallace’s “On the Law Which Has Regulated the Introduction of New Species,” Darwin’s Origin of Species, Wegener’s The Origin of Continents and Oceans, du Toit’s Our Wandering Continents, do not smell of the classroom; they smell of swamps, jungles, rivers and beaches. Such risk- takers are not likely to be awed by professors or cowed by textbooks (McCarthy 2005).
The Humans Who Went Extinct
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just 28,000 years ago, the blink of an eye in geological time, the last of Neanderthals died out in their last outpost, in caves near Gibraltar. Thanks to cartoons and folk accounts we have a distorted view of these other humans - for that is what they were. We think of them as crude and clumsy and not very bright, easily driven to extinction by the lithe, smart modern humans that came out of Africa some 100,000 years ago. But was it really as simple as that? Clive Finlayson reminds us that the Neanderthals were another kind of human, and their culture was not so very different from that of our own ancestors. In this book, he presents a wider view of the events that led to the migration of the moderns into Europe, what might have happened during the contact of the two populations, and what finally drove the Neanderthals to extinction. It is a view that considers climate, ecology, and migrations of populations, as well as culture and interaction. His conclusion is that the destiny of the Neanderthals and the Moderns was sealed by ecological factors and contingencies. It was a matter of luck that we survived and spread while the Neanderthals dwindled and perished. Had the climate not changed in our favour some 50 million years ago, things would have been very different. There is much current research interest in Neanderthals, much of it driven by attempts to map some of their DNA. But it's not just a question of studying the DNA. The rise and fall of populations is profoundly moulded by the larger scale forces of climate and ecology. And it is only by taking this wider view that we can fully understand the course of events that led to our survival and their demise. The fact that Neanderthals survived until virtually yesterday makes our relationship with them and their tragedy even more poignant. They almost made it, after all.
Corruption and Investment Decision Making
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 6, on pension fund trustee decision making, I sought to show how and why convention dominates trustee decision making. Trustees often reference protocols commonly accepted throughout the investment management industry: the dominance of convention is the pro duct of a set of overlapping decision making ‘frames’, including habits of prudence, rules of proprietary conduct, and norms of relationships which structure decision making. My argument was that these frames are essential for coping with the ever-present reality of risk and uncertainty in the investment world.
Introduction
Authors: Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book seeks to break with this discourse in several ways. First, it argues that the universe of cities is much larger than the world of metropolises. Relationships between metropolitan cities and the global economy are the main topic in the literature on the impact of globalization on cities. But these relationships are so specific that few lessons can be drawn for the future of smaller cities. The book thus explores the interaction between globalization dynamics and a diversified array of cities. Second, global economic strategies sign away the social, ecological, and possibly the economic future of society all over the world.
Introduction
Authors: Mol Arthur , Liefferink, Duncan , Lauber Volkmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental problems have presented a challenge to public authorities ever since they came to the fore in the 1960s and 1970s. After decades of relative neglect, pressure from the public led to the multiplication of legislative and regulatory interventions, often in a not very co-ordinated fashion. Beginning in the 1980s, this approach seemed to exhaust its usefulness to some extent. Business became more reluctant to accept new legislation and some political leaders became more willing to argue that business should be granted more leeway in dealing with its environmental responsibilities.