bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns in Literary Religion: The Orient and the Second Cycle of Transcendentalism
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Recollections and Impressions, Octavius Brooks Frothingham the first historian of Transcendentalism and a participant as well-said of his friend Samuel Johnson: “He was a Transcendentalist-that is to say, he believed in the intuitive powers of the mind.”1 Despite the inadequacy of this definition, intuitionism does link Emerson, Thoreau, Alcott, Frothingham, Johnson, Weiss, Clarke, Peabody, Child, and many Transcendentalists, for they all thought intuition capable of penetrating the world’s religious traditions. In Emerson and Thoreau, this intuitionism resulted in a remarkable fusion of literature and religion, but in late Transcendentalism it resulted in Unitarian Transcendentalism, universal religion, and anthropotheism, each of which represented the transformation of early Transcendentalism by means of the dogma of “progress” or “universal evolution.”
Conclusion
Authors: Versluis Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although in this survey of Transcendentalism and the Orient, I have sketched the connections between the various writers and traditions or currents of thought, I have not generalized much about the Transcendentalists and the East. In this conclusion, therefore, I will speak more generally, not only about Emerson and Thoreau and the late Transcendentalists, but also about the influences of Transcendentalist Orientalism that attempt, as Emerson put it, to cast “the very oldest of thoughts ... into the mould of these new times?”1 As I suggested earlier, Emerson and Thoreau could well be seen as the peaks in the Transcendentalist landscape, particularly in regard to Transcendentalist Orientalism. No one else even approaches their intuitive positive Orientalism among the Transcendentalists, early or late. Thoreau was a natural ascetic and influenced by Alcott’s Pythagoreanism, but he was deeply affected by his readings of Asian scriptures. A surveyor, a builder, and a farmer, Thoreau worked with what was at hand, and his assimilation of Eastern teachings was revealed simultaneously in his her mitage at Walden, his vegetarianism, his ethical purity, and his imaginative life. By contrast, Emerson was much more a visionary. Though the analogy is in some ways inadequate, Raphael’s depiction of Aristotle and Plato comes to mind, for Thoreau’s hand, like Aristotle’s, pointed out toward the world before him, whereas Emerson’s, like Plato’s, pointed up toward the Transcendent. Thoreau was the one who more clearly ignored the values of the world, whereas Emerson, some have argued, returned to being a member of the social elite.2 But in fundamental ways, Emerson and Thoreau were in agreement.
The Epistemology of Beliefs and the Epistemology of Degrees of Belief
Authors: Foley Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider two questions. What propositions are egocentrically rational for you to believe? With what confidence is it egocentrically rational for you to believe a proposition? Each concerns a question of egocentric epistemology. Answering the first requires an epistemology for beliefs, answering the second an epistemology for degrees of belief.
Rhetorical Strategies in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Narrative of the Late Massacres in Lancaster County
Authors: Lemay J A Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Addressed especially to the unregenerate, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God attempts to bring its audience to the conversion experience.1 It has the usual Puritan sermon structure: Text, Doctrine, Reasons, and Uses.2 Infamously the most effective imprecatory sermon in American literature, it outdoes (in my opinion) Father Arnall’s hellfire-and-damnation sermon in James Joyce’s Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man. Jonathan Edwards achieves extraordinary tension and suspense by brilliant rhetorical strategies. The increasing immediacy of person, time, and place throughout Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God explains much of its escalating emotional appeal.
“The Two Hands of God:” Pneumatological Christology in the Orthodox Tradition
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Irenaean title of this chapter intentionally suggests that the work of God in the world is best understood when both the Son and the Spirit are given their proper due. The neglect of one or the other attentuates the divine economy in the faith of the church and allows Christian praxis to fall into one of two extremes: either to claim an identity without relevance or to be relevant without an identity. These two unnecessary options, decried by Jurgen Moltmann in another context,1 are especially applicable when christology is devoid of pneumatology or pneumatology is no longer anchored in christology.
“Beyond Neo-scholasticism:” The Spirit-christology of David Coffey
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By examining the work of David Coffey, a secular priest of the Archdiocese of Sydney (Australia), we continue to follow the development of the same themes within the particular trajectory of neoscholasticism that was reviewed in the previous two chapters. We have attempted to discern a pattern in the work of Scheeben, Mersch, de la Taille, Donnelly, and Rabner, which when taken collectively provide the necessary building blocks for the construction of Spirit-christology within the broad scholastic tradition of Roman Catholic theology and one that is compatible with the pneumatological christology of the Orthodox tradition. Coffey, for his part, accepts the basic correctness of these theologians ” innovations in the theology of grace and pneumatology, especially as these point to the priority of the Holy Spirit in the divine inhabitation.
Spirit-christology: Dogmatic Issues in Trinitarian Perspective
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will attempt to provide a perspective on the model of Spirit-christology that is an alternative to what we have thus far examined. By stepping outside of the circle of Roman Catholic neoscholastic thought, we hope to test the viability of Coffey ”s model against the concerns of other contemporary theologians and in light of biblical and patristic precedents for it. We shall then tum, in the final chapter, to a critical evaluation of the project in general. The relationship between New Testament pneumatology and christology is best assessed in light of the debate, begun with D. F. Strauss, that ensued regarding the priority of the Jesus of history or the Christ of faith for Christian religious experience.
Spirit-christology: Evaluation and Assessment
Authors: Colle Ralph Del 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of this study we have charted a very specific path in our investigation of Spirit-christology as a contemporary dogmatic christological model. By beginning with a critique of the Latin trinitarian tradition exercised by Eastern Orthodox theology, there immediately surfaced a number of dogmatic problems that the Western model was required to address if its own pneumatology was to develop in comparison with that of the East. This led to an examination of the developments within Roman Catholic neo-scholasticism that resolved these issues as a necessary step in order from within that tradition to construct a viable Spirit-christology. As we have seen, this entailed theological argument in favor of a proper mission of the Holy Spirit, a theology of grace that gave priority to uncreated grace as a prerequisite to a real relation between the divine persons and created reality, and a theology of anointing that situated the role and function of the Holy Spirit in christology in relation to that of the divine Son. Each of these steps ensured that Spirit-christology would maintain and even deepen the integrity of the Christian trinitarian confession.
From Colony To Superpower
Authors: Herring George C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford History of the United States is the most respected multi-volume history of our nation in print. The series includes three Pulitzer Prize-winners, a New York Times bestseller, and winners of prestigious Bancroft and Parkman Prizes. From Colony to Superpower is the only thematic volume commissioned for the series. Here George C. Herring uses foreign relations as the lens through which to tell the story of America's dramatic rise from thirteen disparate colonies huddled along the Atlantic coast to the world's greatest superpower. A sweeping account of United States' foreign relations and diplomacy, this magisterial volume documents America's interaction with other peoples and nations of the world. Herring tells a story of stunning successes and sometimes tragic failures, captured in a fast-paced narrative that illuminates the central importance of foreign relations to the existence and survival of the nation, and highlights its ongoing impact on the lives of ordinary citizens. He shows how policymakers defined American interests broadly to include territorial expansion, access to growing markets, and the spread of an "American way" of life. And Herring does all this in a story rich in human drama and filled with epic events. Statesmen such as Benjamin Franklin and Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman and Dean Acheson played key roles in America's rise to world power. But America's expansion as a nation also owes much to the adventurers and explorers, the sea captains, merchants and captains of industry, the missionaries and diplomats, who discovered or charted new lands, developed new avenues of commerce, and established and defended the nation's interests in foreign lands. From the American Revolution to the fifty-year struggle with communism and conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, From Colony to Superpower tells the dramatic story of America's emergence as superpower--its birth in revolution, its troubled present, and its uncertain future.
The Origins of Activism, 1950-1963
Authors: Findlay James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 12, 1958, before 30,000 people, the President of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower, laid the cornerstone of the Interchurch Center, the permanent home of the National Council of Churches at 475 Riverside Drive in New York City. The outdoor ceremony, on land donated by John D. Rockefeller, Jr., directly across the street from the “Cathedral of Protestantism,” Riverside Church, was a moment charged with symbolism, partly obvious, partly hidden. The presence and active participation of President Eisenhower suggested strongly the powerful cultural role the National Council and the Protestant churches it represented continued to play in American life. This moment was almost a classic manifestation of the “civil religion” of the nation in operation. A long procession of robed clerics and academicians, which formed at Riverside Church and then moved slowly to the construction site a block away, “read like a Who’s Who of American Protestantism.” At the back of the ceremonial platform fluttered large varicolored banners representing thirty-seven Protestant and Eastern Orthodox denominations, almost all members of the National Council of Churches. The presence of the ecumenical movement overarching those denominations seemed almost palpable. It was, one observer noted, “the largest gathering [to date] to pay tribute to the developing solidarity of Protestant and Orthodox churches in the United States.”
The Black Manifesto and Its Aftermath: The End of an Era
Authors: Findlay James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968 the United States experienced terrible internal discords over racial issues (new ghetto rebellions and seeming threats to public safety posed by radical groups like the Black Panthers) and over the war in Vietnam (the aftermath of the Tet offensive, which included Lyndon Johnson’s surprise decision not again to seek the presidency). Once again people felt the personal shock of assassinations of national leaders (Martin Luther King, Jr., in April and Robert Kennedy in June). And in July, during the national convention of the Democratic party in Chicago, police beat dozens of demonstrators in the streets, as television news cameras recorded the spectacle. “The whole world is watching,” chanted young people as they were clubbed to the ground. And the world looked on, aghast. Yet throughout this year there were small groups in the churches and elsewhere who struggled to discover or invent new ways to transcend terrible events like these. In race relations these efforts sometimes led, ironically, to further explosions.
The Pantheon: One Divinity, Many Names
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hindu religious tradition has its roots in the cultures of the tribal aboriginals, the Dravidians, who settled in the Indus valley, sometime before 2000 B.c., and the Aryans, who invaded and conquered North India about 1500 B.c. These traditions have become so inextricably blended that their historical origins are often difficult to determine. Religious beliefs and practices vary by locale and caste. In this chapter I will outline the main sources and components of Hindu theology and describe Khalapur shrines as background for the description of the worship of the Rajput women in Khalapur.
Sita’s Daughters: A Profile
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a dreary winter morning, the skies were gray, and a cold drizzle turned the streets into slippery mud when Chand, a middle-aged, childless wife commenting on Radha’s suicide, described her drab existence as “the festival of the world.” Chand had been married over 20 years, so her hopes for children had long since passed. Her husband was still attached to a particularly dominating widowed mother. Once Chand said that she was waiting for her husband, already in his 40s, to “grow up” and assert his authority in household affairs. Because of her sterility, Chand was one of the most unfortunate women we knew, yet she was hearty, humorous, and cheerful.
Towards Equality
Authors: Minturn Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter I will place the information of my study in regional, national, international, and theoretical context. I will also suggest some topics for future research. The International Decade of Women, sponsored by the United Nations, began in 1975. In connection with this effort to improve women’s status, all U.N. members were asked to prepare reports on the status of women in their countries. The Indian government’s report, prepared by some of India’s most prominent women scholars, was published in December 1974 (Towards Equality, 1974). The sources of information used to prepare Towards Equality were: (a) basic documentary sources such as census records providing demographic data, (b) special studies on literature prepared at the request of the report’s authors by scholars and specialists in the field, and (c) firsthand information from tours to different states and territories, empirical studies and discussions with specialists. In this chapter I will utilize relevant information from Towards Equality to place the information of my study in a state and national context. Whenever possible I use demographic information with comparable census figures for Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), the state in which Khalapur is located, as the comparison base.
The Question of Genre
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What then is, or was, the gospel of Mark? What kind of text would it have been seen to be, either by its author or by its first readers and auditors? We are speaking of what most literary critics refer to as the problem of “genre,” though personally I should have preferred “type” or “kind,” or even Lewis’s Latin “genus” (which could be conveniently contrasted with “species”). Be that as it may, the history of discussions of literary genres is a long one, and the nature and significance of literary genre remain matters of debate. What follows merely sketches one view of these questions.
How to Show That Mark Is a Hellenistic “Life”
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we establish that Mark’s written gospel would have been perceived by contemporaries as a “life”? The problem is complicated by the fact that the ancients themselves did not delineate bioslvita as a genre. However, since (as we have observed) they also did not always take their “rules” too seriously, that may be less of a disadvantage than it at first appears. At least it relieves us of the temptation to try to read the written gospels against an alleged standard or prescription. The fact remains: whether the ancients delineated biography or not, they clearly did recognize some books as bioi or vitae, just as most modems with out a scrap of literary theory in their heads can perfectly well recognize a “western.” How did they do it?
Some Characteristics of Oral Composition
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What were (and are) the characteristics of oral style? What marks the compositions by which orality transmits what is important? In this part of our study we shall not be bound by the criteria of time, place, and social level that limited us when we considered Mark’s genre. Genres exist and are significant in particular milieus, and milieus, by their nature, imply temporal, spatial, and social boundaries. Our present concern is with the characteristics of oral discourse. Therefore any composition is relevant to that concern if it involves oral discourse: that is to say (accepting Zumthor’s description) if “transmission and reception at least are carried by voice and hearing” (Oral Poetry, 23).
Mark and Oral Transmission
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Charles Williams’s novel Descent into Hell there is an amusing moment when the hero Charles Stanhope, a poetic dramatist, reflects on the impossibility, or at least the unlikelihood, of explaining his work.
There was a story, invented by himself, that The Times had once sent a representative to ask for explanations about a new play, and that Stanhope, in his efforts to explain it, had found after four hours that he had only succeeded in reading it straight through aloud: “Which,” he maintained, “was the only way of explaining it.”
Oral Characteristics of Mark’s Style
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have examined the ways in which Mark’s structure is typical of works styled for oral transmission. In our preliminary comments on oral style, however, we noticed a number of oral characteristics other than structural. We commented on orality’s penchant for narrative rather than proposition, for the concrete and visual rather than the abstract, for hyperbole rather than balanced observation, and for confrontation rather than dialogue. Let us now look at some of Mark’s material in the light of these considerations.
Conclusions: Mark in Its Setting
Authors: Bryan Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was Mark written to be read aloud? Everything suggests that the answer to that question must be yes. Mark was designed for oral transmission—and for transmission as a continuous whole—rather than for private study or silent reading. When we examined Mark’s structural arrangements, again and again we found ourselves dealing with broad thematic effects that would emerge naturally in the course of a performance of the whole, but that can hardly emerge otherwise. Subsequent examination of the details of Markan style, and even his use of Scripture, all reinforced this impression. Nonetheless, the proof of this particular pudding must be in the eating. Will Mark work as we say it would? According to a number of critics, that was exactly how Mark did work, when performed by a competent professional actor who knew how to interpret and use the opportunities it gives. This is how Janet Karsten Larson described a performance by the British actor Alec Mccowen:
Begetting on Margin: Adultery and Surrogate Pseudomarriage in Hinduism
Authors: Doniger Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bottom line on sex and marriage in the dharmasiistras(the Hindu texts of religious law) is that neither the husband nor the wife should ever have sex with anyone else. But this rule was, in some cases, more honored in the breach than in the observance. The husband was tacitly allowed to have sex with other women in various circumstances, and the wife was allowed to have sex with another man in one particular circumstance: the levirate or niyoga(literally the “appointment” of the woman to be impregnated by a man who is not her legal husband). Each of these forms of non marriage serves to define, as well as to challenge, the boundaries of “normal” marriage. Let me begin with adultery. In India it is always assumed that the eternal adulterous triangle consists of the woman, her husband, and her lover-not the woman, her husband, and his mistress (the basic configuration of French comedies).
Transformation and the Righteous Dead
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The boundaries between gods and mortals were not always clearly marked in the Greco-Roman world. Wandering prophets such as Apollonius of Tyana or Alexander of Abonuteichos were considered gods on the basis of the wonders they performed, and, perhaps, their teachings. The great philosophers were sometimes considered divine by their followers because of their wisdom and virtue. Nor are wonder worker and philosopher entirely separate categories, as the depictions of the mythic figure of Pythagoras show.1 The crossing of the boundary between human and divine was institutionalized in the routine promotion of Roman emperors to godhood on their deaths, although it is clear that this process was not taken seriously by everyone.
Thus there were several different paths human beings could travel to earn the epithet “divine.” While the examples just offered reserve divinization for a tiny elite, the ritual found in the Mithras Liturgy ( PGM IV.475-829), offered a somewhat more accessible route to godhood. Anyone who was willing to undertake the elaborate ritual and recite the words dictated there could become immortal. At the culmination of an ascent to heaven in which he saw the order of the heavens and the gods, the initiate could describe himself thus in greeting the beautiful and fiery god Helios: “Since he has been born again from you today, [he] has become immortal out of so many myriads in this hour according to the wish of god the exceedingly good ... “ (PGMIV.646--47).2 The Chaldean Oracles too offer a ritual for ascent intended to achieve immortality, although the Oracles’ learned combination of Platonism and magic must have limited their appeal.
“Fundamentalism”: Objections from a Modern fewish Historian
Authors: Harris Jay M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years it has become quite trendy to extend the term fundamentalism from its original Protestant context to include a wide variety of religious and political phenomena. Fashionability aside, we must ask ourselves what this extension accomplishes. Does the term illuminate diverse cultural phenomena and allow them to be understood better, by virtue of calling attention to other human manifestations of essentially the same thing? Or does the term obfuscate, leveling important distinctions that must be maintained if we are to understand the world about us?