bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of Angiography and Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndromes:
Authors: McCULLOUGH PETER A. , GIBSON C. MICHAEL , DIBATTISTE PETER M. , DEMOPOULOS LAURA A. , MURPHY SABINA A. , WEINTRAUB WILLIAM S. , NEUMANN FRANZ‐JOSEF , KHANAL SANJAY , CANNON CHRISTOPHER P. ,   TACTICS‐TIMI‐18 INVESTIGATORS
Published: April 2004

Background: In aggregate, published randomized trials of invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with unstable angina and non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction support an invasive strategy, but the optimal timing of an invasive approach is not fully established. The Treat Angina with Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy (TACTICS) Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)‐18 Trial treated all patients with upstream intravenous tirofiban and heparin for 48 hours or until revascularization, and randomized subjects to an invasive or conservative approach. We hypothesized that patients who underwent earlier intervention in the invasive arm would have improved outcomes.
Methods: We evaluated 1,078 participants from the invasive arm, who underwent angiography stratified by time after randomization to the procedure. The composite outcome was death, myocardial infarction (MI), or rehospitalization.
Results: At 6 months, the rates of the composite outcome were 15.4 and 19.5% for those undergoing catheterization before and after 48 hours after randomization, respectively, P = 0.34. Rates of individual endpoints were similar except MI, which occurred in 2.9 versus 6.5%, in those who underwent angiography before or after 48 hours, respectively, P = 0.08.
Conclusion: We could not identify a benefit to early intervention on hard endpoints. There were level time‐dependent risks of cardiac events during a period of 48 hours prior to cardiac catheterization possibly due to the effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition. Considering that the groups were not randomized based on time and the potential selection bias in this analysis, these data should be considered only hypothesis generating. A prospective, randomized trial is warranted to explore whether immediate invasive strategy is better than an early invasive strategy in the setting of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition. (J Interven Cardiol 2004;17:81–86)
Meteorological Research Needs for Improved Air Quality Forecasting: Report of the 11th Prospectus Development Team of the U.S. Weather Research Program*
Authors: Dabberdt Walter F. , Carroll Mary Anne , Baumgardner Darrel , Carmichael Gregory , Cohen Ronald , Dye Tim , Ellis James , Grell Georg , Grimmond Sue , Hanna Steven , Irwin John , Lamb Brian , Madronich Sasha , McQueen Jeff , Meagher James , Odman Talat , Pleim Jonathan , Schmid Hans Peter , Westphal Douglas L. 
Published: April 2004

The U.S. Weather Research Program convenes expert working groups on a one-time basis to identify critical research needs in various problem areas. The most recent expert working group was charged to “identify and delineate critical meteorological research issues related to the prediction of air quality.” In this context, “prediction” is denoted as “forecasting” and includes the depiction and communication of the present chemical state of the atmosphere, extrapolation or nowcasting, and numerical prediction and chemical evolution on time scales up to several days. Emphasis is on the meteorological aspects of air quality.The problem of air quality forecasting is different in many ways from the problem of weather forecasting. The latter typically is focused on prediction of severe, adverse weather conditions, while the meteorology of adverse air quality conditions frequently is associated with benign weather. Boundary layer structure and wind direction are perhaps the two most poorly determined meteorological variables for regional air quality prediction. Meteorological observations are critical to effective air quality prediction, yet meteorological observing systems are designed to support prediction of severe weather, not the subtleties of adverse air quality. Three-dimensional meteorological and chemical observations and advanced data assimilation schemes are essential. In the same way, it is important to develop high-resolution and self-consistent databases for air quality modeling; these databases should include land use, vegetation, terrain elevation, and building morphology information, among others. New work in the area of chemically adaptive grids offers significant promise and should be pursued. The quantification and effective communication of forecast uncertainty are still in their early stages and are very important for decision makers; this also includes the visualization of air quality and meteorological observations and forecasts. Research is also needed to develop effective metrics for the evaluation and verification of air quality forecasts so that users can understand the strengths and weaknesses of various modeling schemes. Last, but not of least importance, is the need to consider the societal impacts of air quality forecasts and the needs that they impose on researchers to develop effective and useful products.
Mood and Behaviour Problems Associated with Seasonal Changes in Britain and Ireland
Authors: McConville Chris , McQuaid Martin , McCartney Anne , Gilmore William 
Published: April 2004

Background: Research from across the world has shown that rates of seasonal mood disturbances may vary according to such factors as geographical location, age and gender. Little is known of the nature of these problems within representative community samples in UK and Ireland. Aims: In two studies we examined the extent to which winter disrupts mood and behaviour among random samples of British and Irish adults. Methods: In the first study, 533 adults randomly chosen from electoral data from four towns spread across 50-58°N completed the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ). In the second study, 498 adults from two towns in Northern Ireland (54°N) completed the SPAQ. Results: Although the combined response rate across the two studies was low (20.5%), the prevalence rates were similar to several other western European sites. The rate of SAD and S-SAD averaged across the six centres as determined from strict SPAQ criteria, was 6.7% and 10.5% respectively. There was some variability in rates from town to town, with one Northern Irish town presenting rates more associated with areas at much lower latitudes, although most differences between towns were not significant. As in most other studies, females of reproductive age tended to supply the higher number of incidences. Conclusion: This report from community samples across six sites confirms earlier suggestions that rates of seasonal disturbance in mood and behaviour deserve serious consideration by mental health practitioners throughout the region.
A Randomised Controlled Trial of an Educational Intervention for Depression among Asian Women in Primary Care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jacob K. S. , Bhugra Dinesh , Mann A. H. 
Published: April 2004

Objective: To determine the effect of patient education on patient perspectives and outcome of depression in a sample of Asian women in primary care. Design: A randomised, clinical trial of “patient education” versus “usual care”. Setting: A general practice in London, which has a high proportion of Asians. Subjects: Seventy patients with psychiatric morbidity (a score of 3 or more on the General Health Questionnaire 12) were recruited for the trial. Outcome measures: Patient's explanatory models of illness (the patient's perspective on depression; recognition of depression as illness and recommend a medical intervention for this condition) and psychiatric morbidity at follow-up after two months were the primary outcome measures. Results: One hundred and fifty-five women of Asian decent were contacted. One hundred and forty-eight (95.5%) agreed to take part in the study. Seventy (47.3%) were classed as cases of common mental disorder using the General Health Questionnaire 12. Thirty-five were randomly allocated to receive education about the nature, causes, prevalence and treatment of depression, 35 did not receive such information. There were no statistical differences between the two groups on baseline characteristics. Sixty-six (94.3%) subjects were followed up at two months. An intention to treat analysis showed that there was no difference in explanatory model measures between the two groups at the end of the study. However, more patients who received education were no longer cases (a score of 2 or less on the GHQ) (15/35; 42.9%) compared to controls (7/35; 20%) ( p < 0.05) as did those with lower GHQ scores at entry ( p < 0.03). Receipt of educational intervention (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.01, 11.5) and lower GHQ scores at entry (OR 7.1; 95% CI 1.05, 30.2) remained significantly associated with recovery after adjusting for baseline variables using logistic regression. Conclusions: Patients with common mental disorders, especially those with milder forms of the condition, who received the educational material had a higher recovery rate than patients who do not receive such education. The mechanism for this improvement was unclear, not being reflected in patient's apparent understanding of depression nor explained by change in general practitioner's response. The results of this study need to be replicated.
Depression and Quality of Life: Results of a Follow-Up Study
Authors: Angermeyer M. C. , Holzinger A. , Matschinger H. , Stengler-Wenzke K. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Although there is sufficient evidence that the quality of life of people suffering from depression is reduced hardly anything is known about their quality of life after the remission of a depressive episode. Aims: We therefore set out to study the quality of life of patients with depression (ICD-10 F32, F33) one, four and seven months after discharge from hospital. For comparison, a random sample of the general population was studied in addition. Method: Quality of life was assessed by means of the WHOQOL-100, a self-administered questionnaire developed by WHO. Results: Although, shortly after discharge, quality of life of patients whose depression remitted was better than that of patients with persisting depression it was still slightly worse than that of the general population. During the subsequent six months, there was no further improvement of quality of life, i.e. even at the end of the follow-up period there was a slight lack of quality of life, especially as concerns the level of independence, spirituality/religion/personal beliefs and physical health. Conclusions: Thus, what already had been reported based on the objective assessment of quality of life, namely that depression implies a persisting impairment of social functioning and living conditions, can be replicated to some extent from the point of view of the patients themselves.
A Mutual-Aid Group for Psychiatric Rehabilitation of Mental Ex-Patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Yip Kam-Shing 
Published: April 2004

Background: Mutual-aid group and self-directed group are recognized as important interventions for anti-oppression of disadvantaged groups in our society. Method: In this paper, the writer describes a mutual-aid group implemented in a psychiatric half-way house in Hong Kong. Members in this group were free to set their own agenda for discussion and to invite guest speakers. In terms of various stages of this group, the writer discusses how different group activities facilitated the development of mutual-aid and self-directed natures of mental ex-patients. Results: The findings show that this group can have an impact on the wider community and aid in improving the self-image of mental ex-patients and the perception of them as contributing positively to that community, hence lessening negative stereotypes.
Suicide amongst Irish Migrants in Britain: A Review of the Identity and Integration Hypothesis
Authors: Aspinall Peter J. 
Published: April 2004

Background: Studies have consistently reported higher rates of suicide amongst Irish migrants in Britain than in the population as a whole. Leavey offers a hypothetical model to explain such rates that incorporates lack of social cohesion and integration meshed with the inability to establish an authentic identity and other contributory factors. Material: Systematic review methodologies are used to examine the central tenets of this explanatory framework. Some of the macro-level ecological associations in the model are critically evaluated in the context of findings from the 1991 Census and government social and household panel surveys. Discussion: The evidence base suggests that statements on social isolation and reluctance to use health care services are questionable and Irish migration is shown to be much more heterogeneous than the model suggests. Only small positive, and as yet unreplicated, associations have been established between identity and health behaviour in a non-representative sample and evidence is lacking of Irish stoicism and anti-Irish racism as putative risk factors. Epidemiological studies show that adjusting suicide rates for social class explains virtually none of the excess in Irish migrants, although higher risks for unmarried persons are reported. Explanations in the literature for higher rates of migrant suicide are discussed. Conclusions: Studies based on individual-level analysis and record linkage are urgently needed to explain the high rates.
Acupuncture for Postchemotherapy Fatigue: A Phase II Study
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Straus David J. , Fearon Bertha , Cassileth Barrie R. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose To determine whether improvement in postchemotherapy fatigue following acupuncture treatment is substantial enough to warrant a controlled trial. Patients and Methods We accrued patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center who had completed cytotoxic chemotherapy but experienced persisting fatigue. Patients with severe anemia, clinical depression, or Karnofsky performance status score less than 70 were excluded. Thirty-seven patients were registered in two cohorts; 31 provided follow-up data. Patients received acupuncture either twice per week for 4 weeks (25 patients) or once per week for 6 weeks (12 patients). The primary end point was change in score on the Brief Fatigue Inventory between baseline and 2 weeks after the final treatment. A baseline Brief Fatigue Inventory score of four or greater was an eligibility requirement for the trial. Results Patients had completed cytotoxic chemotherapy an average of more than 2 years previously. Baseline fatigue scores were high, with approximately half of the sample scoring in the “severe” range. Mean improvement following acupuncture was 31.1% (95% CI, 20.6% to 41.5%), meeting our prespecified criterion for declaring acupuncture worthy of further study. Increasing age was associated with poorer response and failure to complete the study. There was no important difference in improvement following once-weekly and twice-weekly treatments. Conclusion Acupuncture is worthy of further study in the treatment of postchemotherapy fatigue.
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic Study of the Ribonucleotide Reductase Inhibitor, 3-Aminopyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone, Administered by 96-Hour Intravenous Continuous Infusion
Authors: Wadler Scott , Makower Della , Clairmont Caroline , Lambert Paula , Fehn Karen , Sznol Mario 
Published: April 2004

Purpose 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP; Triapine; Vion Pharmaceuticals Inc, New Haven, CT) is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, with activity in preclinical tumor model systems. A phase I trial was initiated to determine the dose-limiting toxicities, maximum-tolerated dose, and pharmacokinetics of a 96-hour intravenous (IV) continuous infusion in patients with advanced cancer. Patients and Methods Initially, courses were administered every 3 weeks, using an accelerated titration design. Subsequently, courses were administered every 2 weeks, and the dose was escalated in cohorts of three to six patients. Results Twenty-one patients were enrolled, seven on the every-3-week schedule and 14 on the every-other-week schedule. Three of six patients at 160 mg/m2/d developed dose-limiting toxicities including neutropenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and nausea or vomiting. Based on these initial results, the dose for 3-AP was re-escalated beginning at 80 mg/m2/d but administered every 2 weeks. At 120 mg/m2/d, three of seven patients had dose-limiting but reversible asthenia, hyperbilirubinemia, and azotemia or acidosis; however, in the case of renal and hepatic adverse events, the events were related to pre-existing borderline abnormal organ function. Therefore, the recommended phase II dose for 3-AP administered by 96-hour IV infusion is 120 mg/m2/d every 2 weeks. Detailed pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated linear kinetics up to 160 mg/m2, with substantial inter-patient variability. There was no correlation between dose and clearance (R2 = 0.0137). There were no objective responses, but there was prolonged stabilization of disease or decreases in serum tumor markers associated with stable disease in four patients. Conclusion The 96-hour infusion of 3-AP is safe and well tolerated at the recommended phase II doses. Phase II trials of Triapine are ongoing.
Who should get what, and why? On deservingness criteria and the conditionality of solidarity among the public
Authors: Oorschot Wim van 
Published: April 2004

English
With the recent reconstruction of welfare states the social protection of citizens has become more conditional and selective - the basic welfare question of ‘who should get what, and why’ has come to the fore again. To understand the societal legitimation for the new conditionality of welfare it is important to know which deservingness criteria are acknowledged by the public and their relative importance; whether people differ in the degree to which their solidarity with others is conditional, and which groups in society tend to be most or least conditional in their views; and factors that might explain differences in people’s views. Conclusion are drawn through the analysis of existing literature and a public opinion survey carried out in The Netherlands in 1995. The survey responses reveal some clear deservingness criteria and differences in conditionality, which can be linked to three different sets of explanatory variables: socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; opinions on and perceptions of social security and the welfare state; and basic values and attitudes.
Early father's and mother's involvement and child's later educational outcomes
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Buchanan Ann 
Published: April 2004

Background: Few studies have investigated the individual long‐term contributions that mothers and fathers make to their children's schooling.Aims: (1) To explore the role of early father involvement in children's later educational attainment independently of the role of early mother involvement and other confounds, (2) to investigate whether gender and family structure moderate the relationship between father's and mother's involvement and child's educational attainment, and (3) to explore whether the impact of father's involvement depends on the level of mother's involvement.Sample: The study used longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study. The initial sample were those 7,259 cohort members with valid data on mother involvement at age 7, father involvement at age 7, and school‐leaving qualification by age 20. Of those, 3,303 were included in the final analysis.Method: The measures were control variables, structural factors (family structure, sibship size and residential mobility), child factors (emotional/behavioural problems, cognitive ability and academic motivation), and father's and mother's involvement.Results: Father involvement and mother involvement at age 7 independently predicted educational attainment by age 20. The association between parents' involvement and educational attainment was not stronger for sons than for daughters. Father involvement was not more important for educational attainment when mother involvement was low rather than high. Not growing up in intact two‐parent family did not weaken the association between father's or mother's involvement and educational outcomes.Conclusion: Early father involvement can be another protective factor in counteracting risk conditions that might lead to later low attainment levels.
Pre‐sleep cognitive activity: A comparison of sleep‐onset insomniacs and good sleepers
Authors: Harvey Allison G. 
Published: April 2004

Objective. Pre‐sleep cognitive activity has been implicated in the maintenance of sleep‐onset insomnia. The present study aimed to investigate the focus of attention, content and characteristics of cognition during the pre‐sleep period.Method. A semi‐structured clinician‐administered interview designed to index the content of pre‐sleep cognition was completed by individuals diagnosed with sleeponset insomnia (N = 30) and good sleepers (N = 30).Result. The pre‐sleep cognitive activity of insomniacs could be distinguished from that of good sleepers by being more focused on worries, problems and noises in the environment, and less focused on ‘nothing in particular’. In terms of content, the insomnia group were more likely to think about not sleeping or about something that had happened during the day. Insomniacs experienced their presleep cognitive activity as more occupying, less intentional, for a longer duration, and as causing more difficulty with sleep onset compared to good sleepers. Pre‐sleep imagery was reported at similar rates across diagnosis, but was more distressing and more likely to be associated with strong physical sensations for the insomniac group compared with the good sleeper group.Conclusion. The present study provides a comprehensive investigation of presleep cognitive activity and raises a number of areas for future research including monitoring of bodily sensations, imagery, problem‐solving and non‐active strategies in facilitating sleep onset.
Strong Intramolecular Secondary Si⋅⋅⋅N Bonds in Trifluorosilylhydrazines
Authors: Vojinović Krunoslav , McLachlan Lorna J. , Hinchley Sarah L. , Rankin David W. H. , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe simple silylhydrazines F3SiN(Me)NMe2 (1), F2Si(N(Me)NMe2)2 (2), and F3SiN(SiMe3)NMe2 (3) have been prepared by reaction of SiF4 with LiN(Me)NMe2 and LiN(SiMe3)NMe2, while F3SiN(SnMe3)NMe2 (4) was prepared from SiF4 and (Me3Sn)2NNMe2 (5). The compounds were characterized by gas‐phase IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 14/15N, 19F, 29Si, 119Sn), as well as by mass spectrometry. The crystal structures of compounds 1–5 were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The structures of free molecules 1 and 3 were determined by gas‐phase electron diffraction. The structures of 1, 2, and 4 were also determined by ab initio calculations at the MP2/6‐311+G** level of theory. These structural studies constitute the first experimental proof for the presence of strong Si⋅⋅⋅N β‐donor–acceptor bonds between the SiF3 and geminal NMe2 groups in silylhydrazines. The strength of these non‐classical Si⋅⋅⋅N interactions is strongly dependent on the nature of the substituent at the α‐nitrogen atom of the SiNN unit, and has the order 3>4>1. The valence angles at these extremely deformed α‐nitrogen atoms, and the Si⋅⋅⋅N distances are (crystal/gas): 1 104.2(1)/106.5(4)°, 2.438(1)/2.510(6) Å; 3 83.6(1)/84.9(4)°, 2.102(1)/2.135(9) Å; 4 89.6(1)°, 2.204(2) Å.