bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Behavioral Studies to Captive Management and Breeding of Rare and Endangered Mammals
Authors: Wielebnowski Nadja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of captive breeding as a viable tool for conservation of rare and endangered species has been emphasized by zoos, aquariums, and other captive facilities since the early 1970s. Zoos have repeatedly been portrayed as future “arks” for endangered species (Durrell, 1975; Martin, 1975; Brambell, 1977; Soule et al., 1986; Durrell and Mallinson, 1987; Luoma, 1987; Tudge, 1991; DeBlieu, 1994; Gibbons et al., 1994; Rabb, 1994). In concordance with this perspective, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has adopted a policy endorsing captive breeding as an important supportive intervention to avoid the loss of many species (IUCN, 1987). The policy calls for the establishment of captive-breeding programs and self-sustaining captive populations (i.e., populations that are viable in captivity without further genetic influx from the wild) before a species is reduced to critically low numbers in the wild. Captive-breeding programs are to be coordinated internationally according to genetic and demographic principles. The ultimate goal of captive breeding programs is the maintenance and/or reestablishment of viable populations in the wild (IUCN, 1987).
Animal Breeding Systems, Hunter Selectivity, and Consumptive Use in Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Greene Correigh , Umbanhowar James , Mangel Marc , Caro Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wild animal and plant populations are protected from development and agriculture in a number of ways, ranging from strict nature reserves and national parks that are managed for wilderness protection and nonconsumptive recreation, to multiple-use areas from which species or products are extracted (IUCN/UNEP/WWF, 1991). In the face of the growing human population, much of the world’s animal and plant diversity will in the future be found within protected areas, so the efficacy with which different forms of protection conserve biodiversity is now of central concern (Meffe and Carroll, 1997). In the long term, we will need to determine whether wildlife populations protected in national parks suffer less attrition than those protected in multiple-use areas and which types of multiple-use areas are best.
Indigenous Hunting in the Neotropics: Conservation or Optimal Foraging?
Authors: Alvard Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much work of conservationists arises from the desire to balance individuals’ needs with the long-term goal of conserving biological diversity. One result is that solutions often include persuading people to behave in ways that are contrary to their own short-term self-interest. This conflict is apparent in the context of subsistence or traditional peoples and their use of species and habitats that conservation biologists consider threatened or endangered. Some conservationists view native peoples as allies whose goals are essentially isomorphic with their own (e.g., Alcorn, 1993), while others consider native people to be at least part of the problem (Redford and Stearman, 1993). There is no question that people and their use of natural resources are the ultimate cause of the conservation dilemma. It is human activity that leads to the destruction of ecosystems, the extinction of species, and the loss of biodiversity. A corollary to this truth is the implication that “natural” (not influenced by human action) processes that lead to extinction, habitat loss, or loss of biodiversity are an acceptable part of the way nature works (e.g., predation by nonhuman predators). The standard view of humans as despoilers of nature, however, is often reserved for industrial and postindustrial societies (Oelschlaeger, 1991; Budianski, 1995).
The Korowai People
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Korowai are a Papuan people living in the Kecamatan (subdistrict) Kouh of the district Merauke of the Indonesian province Irian Jaya, in the area between the upper Becking and Eilanden rivers (see figure 1—1) and east of the headwaters of the Becking River.
Kinship Terminology
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Korowai kinship nouns are a class of nouns with two characteristics. First, they have plural forms, whereas other Korowai nouns do not have plural forms. Second, they can be glossed in terms of the English nouns for relationships in the nuclear family (‘father/mother, son/daughter, brother/ sister, husband/wife’).1
This use of genealogical glosses needs to be qualified. First, not all meanings of kinship terms can be glossed genealogically (see Bean 1981). The Korowai term ni ‘mother’, for example, is also used in the following ways: ‘wife’, ‘woman’, ‘Mrs.’, part of the proper names of females, and part of the expression for ‘coward’. Some of such nonkinship uses in Korowai are described below, Nonkinship expressions. Second, the status of the genealogical glosses is suspect because their use is based on the questionable assumption that the words for ‘mother’ and similar terms in all languages share a cross-cultural genealogical component of meaning (see Schneider 1984).
Korowai Texts
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The texts in this chapter function as evidence for the grammatical statements in this book but also as illustrations of discourse patterns and of genres within the oral tradition. Furthermore, the texts are selected for the way in which they are windows to aspects of Korowai culture.
There are nine texts in this chapter. The texts were produced by six different speakers, all from different clans, including one female narrator. Four texts are narratives from the oral tradition, one text is an exposition on the procedure followed when pigs are sacrificed, three texts are real-life stories, and one text is a song.
Development of Locomotion and Endothermy in Altricial and Precocial Birds
Authors: Hohtola Esa , Visser G Henk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Temperature and function are intimately interrelated in the skeletal muscle of developing chicks and nestlings. On the one hand, while precocial chicks usually have better control of body temperature than altricial nestlings, tissue temperatures in both groups are labile enough to significantly influence muscle tension, speed, power, and locomotory coordination. On the other hand, muscles are responsible for thermoregulatory heat production, mainly in the form of shivering thermogenesis, invoked to counteract heat loss during cold exposure. Both the temperature dependency of muscle function and muscle thermogenesis are differentially modified by the altricial and precocial modes of development. These complicated interactions constitute an intriguing and informative area of developmental research.
Internal Constraints on Growth in Birds
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E , Starck J Matthias , Konarzewski Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth rate constants in birds of similar body mass may vary by a factor of as much as 10 (Ricklefs 1968, 1973, 1979a; see also chapters IO and 17). We presume that differences in growth rate among species represent adaptations to different sets of environmental factors and that observed growth rates are close to optima compared to other potential phenotypes available to populations. Furthermore, we presume that growth rates represent compromises that place opposing selective factors and internal constraints in balance. A basic premise of life-history theory is that the range of possible phenotypes is contrained by certain structural and physiological limits of the organism; these limits establish conflicts between different functions and requirements. In the case of growing birds, constraint and compromise may occur at three principal levels (Ricklefs 1969c, 1979a), each of which has different implications for the evolutionary diversification of growth rates in birds.
Avian Growth Rate Data Set
Authors: Starck J Matthias , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data of growth are of size over time. Measuring growth as the time from hatching to , as the ratio of size devided by hatchling size, as the daily size increment, or similar may be approprite if one is interested in particular growth phenomena within a species. However, the size of various body parts and age are highly correlated, and any comparison among species may be by such a correlation. The most strightforward approach to overcome such problems is to fit data to equations with a few interpretable parameters. A detailed discussion of a mathematical description of growth, types of analyses, curve fitting, and statistical inferences about growth parameters is given in Ricklefs (1983).
Commerce and colonization
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dutch commercial rivalry with England became intense by the middle of the seventeenth century, and it ultimately led to the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664. consequently, it h s often been assumed that their rivalry also shaped the foremost features of North American commerce and colonization by Dutch merchants from the very outset of the century. Not quite so. Anglo-Dutch competition was keen, to be sure; and it sharpened in 1609–10 when Henry Hudson, a subject of King James I, signed a contract with the Dutch East India Company to seek a northeasterly route to the Orient. Nevertheless, the Dutch and English nations• were both Protestant, relatively small, .and cautiously feeling their way in foreign affairs in the early 16oos. They had more in common with each other than they did with the two superpowers of the day, Spain and France: both Catholic, imperious, and hungering to swallow up smaller neighbors. The Dutch bestowed their bitterest hatred upon the Spanish. By more than mere accident, the brief truce between Spain and the northern Netherlands (1609–21) coincided exactly with Henry Hudson’s great voyage of discovery in 1609 and the chartering of the Dutch West India Company in 1621. These two events, more than any others, made possible the settlement of New Netherland, and they occurred because of the Dutch desire to best their former Iberian overlords.
The Anglo-Dutch Proprietary
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians have long regarded the year 1664 as pivotal in New York’s history—the most significant, perhaps, between 1609 and 1776. The colony did, after all, change hands and colors, just as the claws of the Atlantic sand crab—ordinarily orange, blue, and white—become imperial red when captured and boiled. New Netherland did pass from a Dutch company’s property to an English duke’s proprietary; and there were inhabitants who changed their coloration more willingly and less painfully than the sand crab. Carel van Brugge, for example, became Charles Bridge; and doughty Dutch farmers began to adopt surnames, following the English custom. Pieter Claessen had been so named simply because his father’s name was Claes (Nicholas); but soon after the conquest of 1664 he became Pieter Claessen Wyckoff. The phenomenon, copied from the English, was not uncommon.
Despite the discontinuities and very real changes that occurred after the conquest, however, too much has been made of them.
Politics and The Perils of Instability
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1665 and 1682 a penumbra of protest had spread gradually over New York, merely darkening in some areas, menacing in others. The sources of protest varied from one time, place, and issue to another; but the common denominators, the heaviest portion of that penumbra, were plain enough: lack of a provincial assembly and the accompanying sense of arbitrary government; an omnipresence of economic monopolies and privileges for special interests; resentment of taxation and the collection of customs duties.
In consequence, a series of serious shifts began to occur in 1683: changes in the colony’s constitutional arrangements, in its economic circumstances, and in its relationship to the world without—the French and Indians, neighboring colonies, and government at “home.” These changes and attendant frustrations only served to deepen the voices of discontent between 1683 and 1688 and foretold the fiercest perils of instability for the period 1689-91. Just as protracted rainstorms precede a hurricane, so the politics of unrest preceded rebellion. Skies darkened, spirits were dampened, and inhabitants expected the worst. Their very fears, it turned out, hurried the whirlwind along and made it all the more tumultuous.
Political Changes and Constitutional Challenges
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although New York’s economy underwent a striking period of growth from 1713 until 1728, its polity changed even more dramatically between the early 1720s and about 1740. Why so? First, because of major changes in personnel. Some of the leading figures in provincial politics for more than a generation past gave up the ghost (Peter Schuyler in 1724, Robert Livingston and Abraham de Peyster in 1728) and were replaced by younger men who were prominent for decades to come. Moreover, Hunter and Burnet, the able pair who governed between 1710 and 1728, were succeeded by less skillful politicians: Montgomerie, Cosby, and Clarke (1728–43). In consequence, the governor’s office suffered a significant decline in quality, dignity, and effectiveness. Whereas Hunter had been astute, detached, and respected, William Burnet managed to alienate some of the colony’s most powerful economic interests. Nevertheless, Burnet was at least intelligent, vigorous, and a champion of imperial needs as against the particularistic schemes of New York’s fur traders. By contrast, John Montgomerie had few principles or convictions and readily sacrificed those few for political expediency. Cosby was inexperienced, ill informed, and temperamentally unsuited for the office. And the nominal appointee between 1737 and 1741, Lord De La Warr, was an absentee; so the colony had to be run by a partially compromised deputy.
Heaving Up Jonah
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People, possessions, provisions—all had to be transported up to the Keweenaw Peninsula and then distributed to the new settlements dedicated to copper mining. Besides the small stuff of life, early settlers moved in the tools of mining: explosives, sledgehammers, drill steels, wheelbarrows, wagons, and even steam engines and boilers. Then, of course, they also had to move out the object of their efforts: the copper.
At first, no portion of any journey was easy: not the water part and, especially, not the overland part. A region so laced with swamps and dense forests that it blocked the path of lone travelers on foot could not be expected to easily yield up tons and tons of copper to distant markets. Internal improvements to water and overland transportation—undertaken over several decades by various levels of government, by the mining companies themselves, and by other entrepreneurs—supported the growth of a new industry, while benefiting settlers in their everyday lives.
Tasks At Hand
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Keweenaw mining frontier was in the business of making itself over, of making itself into a more habitable and hospitable place. If it didn’t take all kinds, it surely took many kinds of people to transform a wilderness into a frontier and then into a suitable home for an industrial society dedicated to copper mining. Frontier society had many niches that needed filling as it matured, and diverse peoples came to fill those niches and round the place out.
As society rooted in, a growing force of workers—first nearly all men, but then women and children, too—toiled at different tasks in many different environments. They worked in the woods or under the ground. They labored in stamp mills or stores, in offices or houses. They harvested ice off frozen lakes or ladled molten copper through furnace doors.
Saints and Scholars
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Along the Keweenaw’s mineral range, the fates of mining companies, churches, and schools were inextricably intertwined. Where the mine showed the promise of profitability, the population swelled, the number of families increased, and building a school and church became a priority. If the company suddenly went bust after a few years of operation, then its failure brought down attendant social institutions that had just started to root in. Families moved out. Local schools and churches collapsed. On the other hand, if the company settled in for a long run of profitable mining, the churches, schools, and other social institutions operating on its margins grew larger and more varied over time.
After laboring hard for six days of the week, some workers caroused on the seventh, but many others chose to worship. The church was an important part of many peoples’ lives, one that served their spiritual needs while offering a refuge from daily trials and tribulations. Settlers migrated from faraway places to a very different world on this northern frontier. The church provided them with an opportunity to reconnect with fellow countrymen and to reestablish important religious traditions. But churches had to adapt to frontier conditions, and worshipers had to accommodate changed circumstances. New comers to Lake Superior could emulate but never duplicate their earlier religious experiences.
Oceanic Ecosystems and Pelagic Fisheries
Authors: McClanahan T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us view the ocean as strangers who can only visit for a short time before returning to our more solid and airy homes. But ours is largely a wet and salty planet where life has had its greatest success, in terms of phyletic biological diversity and its persistence over geologic time, in the ocean. Many of the plant and animal forms we presently find in the ocean failed to produce the more recent landinvading relatives - which may explain the “extra-terrestrial” feeling divers who visit coral reef or seagrass ecosystems experience. But, for many, such as fishermen, the ocean is their work place, and understanding the various intricacies of life on the seafloor or the patterns of waves, currents and tides may be critical to their successful resource use and their personal survival. East Africa and Africans have had a long relationship with the Indian Ocean not only as a means of transport to and from the web of commercial sea-faring routes that have long connected Indian Ocean and Red Sea inhabitants, but also as an important resource for food and other commercial products. These natural and commercial resources, their distribution, the ecological basis of their production, and their use by humans are themes of the following discussion.
Savanna Ecosystems
Authors: Gichohi Helen , Gakahu Chris , Mwangi Evans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great herds of wildebeest, big cats, the great tuskers and the all but extinct rhino are the images that epitomize the savannas of Africa. The savannas of Africa are occupied by the earth’s’ richest and most spectacular large mammal fauna, a sizable proportion of which is found in East Africa. The diverse topography and geology, and the spatial and temporal variability in climate in eastern and southern Africa have created a mosaic of distinct vegetation types that were accompanied by parallel broad ungulate radiations. Wildlife of the African savannas remained relatively intact when most similar large mammals became extinct on other continents (see Chapter 2). Nonetheless, other pressures have recently come to bear on these populations, reducing them to small remnants of more impressive herds that existed several decades ago. Tremendous pressure from a burgeoning human population, a growing demand for agricultural land and heavy poaching have severely reduced the numbers of many wildlife species, particularly elephants, rhinos and major carnivores. The moist savanna ecosystems which constitute areas of higher agricultural potential have been settled and the dry semi-arid zones, where much of the wildlife now occurs, are currently under similar threats. Habitat fragmentation and habitat changes induced by the removal of traditional human agencies (fire, grazing) also continue to affect the savanna’s wildlife populations.
Riverine Forests
Authors: Medley Kimberly E , Hughes Francine M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Riverine forest’ is an ecosystem that exhibits a composition, structure, and function dependent on the river processes of erosion, sediment transport, flooding inundation, and alluvial deposition (6). Other terms such as ‘floodplain’, ‘riparian’, ‘gallery,’ ‘fringing,’ and ‘alluvial’ are synonymous with the term ‘riverine’, but may be used in reference to a particular section along a river course as it flows from the highlands to the delta. Some terms refer to specific ecosystems such as the ‘igapo’ and ‘varzea’ forests along the Amazon (40). In all situations, the physical dynamics of the river strongly influence the biotic dynamics of the ecosystem. ‘Forests’ within the riverine environment are dominated by trees, which may range in height from 3 to 35 meters. If one views the system from above, at the landscape scale, riverine forests most often exist as linear patches in a mosaic of other natural communities and human land uses. Understanding the relationships among all these communities is very much a part of studying the riverine forest ecosystem and its conservation.
A Vision of the Future
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, communicating through optical fibers seems simpler than imaging. You only need a single fiber to carry a light signal between two points. Yet anyone who looked closely at the idea in the late 1950s saw a much different picture. The first and most obvious problem was transparency. Larry Curtiss, Will Hicks, and the engineers who worked with them had made tremendous progress, but their clearest bundles carried images only a few yards or meters.
“The Only Thing Left Is Optical Fibers” (1960–1966)
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lacking the immense resources of AT&T, Standard Telecommunication Lab- oratories looked at many ideas, investigated some, and seriously pursued only the few most promising concepts. Periodically, research managers faced the tough job of weeding out the losers. In the early 1960s, STL essentially abandoned the millimeter waveguide.
Three Generations in Five Years (1975–1983)
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Bell Labs carefully prepared its Atlanta field trial in the summer of 1975, lightning struck a two-way radio antenna used by the Dorset police in southern England. The current surge destroyed the communication system at the department’s eastern division control room in Bournemouth.3 To keep in touch with roaming officers, the police had to park a patrol car atop a nearby hill to relay signals to other cars.
Framing and Designing the Cost Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Torrance G W , Siegel J E , Luce B R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before undertaking a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), the analyst must decide on an overall approach to the study and on specific aspects of the study design. The early conceptualization and planning steps are essential for focusing the study on relevant research questions, maintaining the focus of the study as it progresses, and avoiding analytical pitfalls midway through an analysis. In this chapter, we discuss framing and designing the cost-effectiveness analysis. Framing a study involves making a series of decisions that collectively define and describe the study to be undertaken. Designing the study involves planning the approach to the analysis, including determining the types of data to be used and the means for incorporating these data into the CEA.