bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lilie, Licht und Gottes Weisheit: Philipp Otto Runge und Jacob Böhme
Authors: Öhlenbach Melanie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe influence of Jacob Böhme on early Romantic art and its philosophy has been largely neglected by modern scholars, even though tracing the impact of Böhme's writing opens a wide range of new interpretations and leads to a deeper understanding. Phillip Otto Runge's life, his theory and works bear testimony to Böhme's importance. The article is divided into five sections: The historical and biographical background (1) forms the basis of describing Runge's demand for a new form of art (“Neue Kunst”) (2): Art is considered as the revelation of God and the artist as its tool, while the artist's imagination creates the insight of God. It is the artists' duty to re-create the diverging harmony of man and cosmos in the sense of an artistic-spiritual revolution. Due to his early death, Runge managed only partly to put his ambitions into practice, notably in the Morning of his Four Times of a Day (Die Vier [Tages-] Zeiten) which was the only one of the four copperplate prints that was finally painted in colours. In its copperplate version (3), Runge uses rich symbolic features that show both his theoretical ambitions and Böhme's influence. The author argues that Runge's work reflects Böhme's ideas of God and the Holy Trinity, angels, the creation of the world, and “Christosophierdquo. In order to understand the full impact of Runge's works, it is also necessary to explain his theory of colours (Farbentheorie) (4). Colours are perceived to be “signature rerum” which indicate the possibility to return to God. Runge's theories of light, the trinity of the primary colours and the harmony of colours as well as their application (transparent or non-transparent) are based on Böhme's spiritual ideas. The final chapter of Runge's life as well as of this article is dedicated to the coloured version of the Morning (Der Kleine Morgen) (5). The author shows how the element of the female figure, which strongly suggests Böhme's idea of “Sophiardquo, is central to the painting. In recognition of all the features previously explained, the author provides a holistic interpretation of Runge's life work that includes and goes beyond previous interpretations.
Note A Margine Dell'Influsso Di G.I. Gurdjieff Su Samael Aun Weor
Authors: Zoccatelli PierLuigi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGeorge Ivanovitch Gurdjieff (1866-1949) plays a special role among the key figures of contemporary esotericism. While he always refused to be identified as “a master”, and did not particularly like the word “esotericism” either, Gurdjieff was uniquely infiuential not only on subsequent Western esotericism, but on literature, architecture, music and the arts in general as well. It is true, on the other hand, that followers, schools and independent disciples each interpreted Gurdjieff's teachings in very different ways. The article discusses Gurdjieff's infiuence on a lesser known, but quite important esoteric author, the Colombian master Samael Aun Weor (1917-1997), who established a “Gnostic Movement” which today is present in a number of different countries and has several thousands of followers. Neither Gurdjieff nor Weor left behind a single group or movement. Instead, their followers split up into a dozen different organizations, as also happened with the followers of other masters within the framework of Western esotericism, where a characteristic “genealogical hypertrophy” often leads to endless claims of legitimacy and schisms. Both Gurdjieff and Weor may also be studied in terms of the “charisma of the book”, a category Jane Williams-Hogan introduced with reference to Emanuel Swedenborg (1688-1772), i.e. their books generated a plethora of organized movements even beyond the presumed intentions of their authors. What is perhaps new in this article is that it discusses Gurdjieff's profound infiuence on Weor. This infiuence is rarely acknowledged, and in fact the crucial element of Weor's system, i.e. sexual magic, is not a central feature in most of the movements claiming Gurdjieff's heritage. Yet, a doctrine of sexuality as a pre-eminent kind of relation with the sacred, and as a means of achieving higher states of consciousness, is far from absent in Gurdjieff's writings. In fact, several of Weor's ideas about the use and manipulation of sexual energies appear to be taken literally from Gurdjieff. A study of Weor thus may be especially significant in order to address an aspect of Gurdjieff which was never adequately discussed in the large international corpus of publications about his teachings.
Forbidden Knowledge: Anti-Esoteric Polemics and Academic Research La connaissance interdite: Polémiques anti-ésotériques et recherche académique.
Authors: Hanegraaff Wouter J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract L'objet de cet article est de montrer que l'“Esotérisme occidental”, entendu comme champ de recherche spécifique, est le résultat d'un discours polémique qui s'est développé dans la culture occidentale au cours de nombreux siècles. La culture occidentale définit sa propre identité par le moyen d'un Grand Récit Polémique qui exclut certains types de religion, de vision du monde, ou de pratique, lesquels ressortiraient au domaine de “l'Autre”. C'est ainsi que le monothéisme définit son identité en rejetant le “paganisme” et l'“idolâtrie”; les premiers théologiens chrétiens, en rejetant l'hérésie du “gnosticisme”; le christianisme ancien et médiéval en rejetant la magie comme inspirée par des démons; le Protestantisme, en rejetant le Catholicisme Romain comme idolâtrie crypto-païenne; et les Lumières, en rejetant toute une série de croyances et de pratiques comme liées à l'hermétisme et à “l'occulte”. Par suite de ce processus cumulatif, l'“espace” occupé dans l'imaginaire collectif par l'“Autre” païen s'est peu à peu empli de contenus toujours nouveaux au fur et à mesure que le temps passait, et a continué à se développer, à s'étendre, jusqu'à finir, dans la recherche et le discours académiques dominants, par devenir une sorte de corbeille à papier de “savoir rejeté”. Récemment, des chercheurs ont commencé à se rendre compte que ce terrain, maintenant désigné généralement sous l'appellation de “Esotérisme occidental”, nécessite une étude sérieuse et impartiale. D'un point de vue historique, la Grand Récit Polémique, qui est à la base de notre identité culturelle commune, consiste en une longue série de simplifications successives fondées sur des programmes idéologiques et normatifs. Or, une tâche importante dévolue à la recherche historique et critique consiste à apporter un correctif aux faits historiques ainsi dénaturés, et à développer une compréhension plus complexe, plus nuancée, et plus neutre, de la culture occidentale. Voir les choses selon cette perspective nouvelle ne saurait perpétuer le programme polémique de base qui voit dans les idées et les développements de l'“ésotérique” quelque chose qui ferait partie d'une contre-culture des “autres”, dirigée contre le discours dominant. Il s'agit, en revanche, de les analyser en tant que dimension négligée de la culture et de la société en général. Une telle approche n'est pas seulement susceptible de nous aider à mieux saisir le sens de la réalité historique; elle est également, et nécessairement, appelée à connaître des implications radicales quant à la manière dont “nous” percevons notre propre identité.
Application of the Quadric Surfaces Criterion to Laminated Composites Containing a Through Thickness Crack
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Liang , Yeh Hsien-Yang 
Published: August 2005

The purpose of this study is to apply the newly developed quadric surfaces failure criterion to laminated composites containing stress concentrations under tensile loading. To investigate this criterion, the influence of the material anisotropic properties and the far-field loading on the Graphite/Epoxy [90/0 /45]s laminates with a central crack were studied. The fracture angle and damage zone can also be evaluated from this criterion. The tensile failure of a laminate is governed by the failure of the plies having fibers parallel to the loading direction. Under the uniaxial tensile load, the fracture planes of all the plies are perpendicular to the tensile loading direction within the [90/0 /45]s laminates containing a central crack.
Identification of HLA-DRPheβ47 as the susceptibility marker of hypersensitivity to beryllium in individuals lacking the berylliosis-associated supratypic marker HLA-DPGluβ69
Authors: Amicosante Massimo , Berretta Floriana , Rossman Milton , Butler Richard H , Rogliani Paola , van den Berg-Loonen Ella , Saltini Cesare 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundSusceptibility to beryllium (Be)-hypersensitivity (BH) has been associated with HLA-DP alleles carrying a glutamate at position 69 of the HLA-DP β-chain (HLA-DPGlu69) and with several HLA-DP, -DQ and -DR alleles and polymorphisms. However, no genetic associations have been found between BH affected subjects not carrying the HLA-DPGlu69 susceptibility marker.MethodsIn this report, we re-evaluated an already described patient populations after 7 years of follow-up including new 29 identified BH subjects. An overall population 36 berylliosis patients and 38 Be-sensitization without lung granulomas and 86 Be-exposed controls was analysed to assess the role of the individual HLA-class II polymorphisms associated with BH-susceptibility in HLA-DPGlu69 negative subjects by univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsAs previously observed in this population the HLA-DPGlu69 markers was present in higher frequency in berylliosis patients (31 out of 36, 86%) than in Be-sensitized (21 out of 38, 55%, p = 0.008 vs berylliosis) and 41 out of 86 (48%, p < 0.0001 vs berylliosis, p = 0.55 vs Be-sensitized) Be-exposed controls.However, 22 subjects presenting BH did not carry the HLA-DPGlu69 marker. We thus evaluated the contribution of all the HLA-DR, -DP and -DQ polymorphisms in determining BH susceptibility in this subgroup of HLA-Glu69 subjects. In HLA-DPGlu69-negatives a significant association with BH was found for the HLA-DQLeu26, for the HLA-DRB1 locus residues Ser13, Tyr26, His32, Asn37, Phe47 and Arg74 and for the HLA-DRB3 locus clusterized residues Arg11, Tyr26, Asp28, Leu38, Ser60 and Arg74. HLA-DRPhe47 (OR 2.956, p < 0.05) resulting independently associated with BH. Further, Be-stimulated T-cell proliferation in the HLA-DPGlu69-negative subjects (all carrying HLA-DRPhe47) was inhibited by the anti-HLA-DR antibody (range 70–92% inhibition) significantly more than by the anti-HLA-DP antibody (range: 6–29%; p < 0.02 compared to anti-HLA-DR) while it was not affected by the anti-HLA-DQ antibody.ConclusionWe conclude that HLA-DPGlu69 is the primary marker of Be-hypersensitivity and HLA-DRPhe47 is associated with BH in Glu69-negative subjects, likely playing a role in Be-presentation and sensitization.
Incidence of asthma and mortality in a cohort of young adults: a 7-year prospective study
Authors: de Marco Roberto , Locatelli Francesca , Cazzoletti Lucia , Bugianio Massimilian , Carosso Aurelia , Marinoni Alessandra 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundFew longitudinal data exist on the incidence of asthma in young adults and on the overall mortality risk due to asthma. A 7-year follow-up prospective study was performed to assess the incidence of asthma and mortality from all causes in a cohort of young adults.MethodsThe life status of a cohort of 6031 subjects, aged 20–44 years, who replied to a respiratory screening questionnaire between 1991 and 1992, was ascertained in 1999. A new questionnaire investigating the history of asthma was subsequently sent to the 5236 subjects who were still alive and residents in the areas of the study. 3880 subjects (74%) replied to the second questionnaire.ResultsThe incidence of adult-onset asthma was 15.3/10,000/year (95%CI:11.2–20.8). The presence of asthma-like symptoms (IRR:4.17; 95%CI:2.20–7.87) and allergic rhinitis (IRR:3.30; 95%CI:1.71–6.36) at baseline were independent predictors of the onset of asthma, which was more frequent in women (IRR:2.32; 95%CI:1.16–4.67) and increased in the younger generations.The subjects who reported asthma attacks or nocturnal asthma symptoms at baseline had an excess mortality risk from all causes (SMR = 2.05; 95%CI:1.06–3.58) in the subsequent seven years. The excess mortality was mainly due to causes not related to respiratory diseases.ConclusionAsthma occurrence is a relevant public health problem even in young adults. The likelihood of developing adult onset asthma is significantly higher in people suffering from allergic rhinitis, in women and in more recent generations. The presence of asthma attacks and nocturnal symptoms seems to be associated with a potential excess risk of all causes mortality.
Functional, radiological and biological markers of alveolitis and infections of the lower respiratory tract in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: De Santis Maria , Bosello Silvia , La Torre Giuseppe , Capuano Anna , Tolusso Barbara , Pagliari Gabriella , Pistelli Riccardo , Maria Danza Francesco , Zoli Angelo , Ferraccioli Gianfranco 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundA progressive lung disease and a worse survival have been observed in patients with systemic sclerosis and alveolitis. The objective of this study was to define the functional, radiological and biological markers of alveolitis in SSc patients.Methods100 SSc patients (76 with limited and 24 with diffuse disease) underwent a multistep assessment of cardiopulmonary system: pulmonary function tests (PFTs) every 6–12 months, echocardiography, high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), if clinically advisable. Alveolar and interstitial scores on HRCT and IL-6 plasma levels were also assessed as lung disease activity indices.Results90 SSc patients with abnormal PFTs and 3 with signs and/or symptoms of lung involvement and normal PFTs underwent HRCT and echocardiography. HRCT revealed evidence of fibrosis in 87 (93.5%) patients, with 55 (59.1%) showing both ground glass attenuation and fibrosis. In 42 patients who had exhibited ground glass on HRCT and consented to undergo BAL, 16 (38.1%) revealed alveolitis. 12 (75%) of these patients had restrictive lung disease (p < 0.0001) and presented diffuse skin involvement (p = 0.0009). IL-6 plasma levels were higher in patients with alveolitis than in patients without (p = 0.041). On logistic regression model the best independent predictors of alveolitis were diffuse skin involvement (OR(95%CIs):12.80(2.54–64.37)) and skin score > 14 (OR(95%CIs):7.03(1.40–34.33)). The alveolar score showed a significant correlation with IL-6 plasma levels (r = 0.36, p = 0.001) and with the skin score (r = 0.33, p = 0.001). Cultures of BAL fluid resulted positive in 10 (23.8%) of the 42 patients that underwent BAL and after one year a deterioration in PFTs occurred in 8 (80%) of these patients (p = 0.01). Pulmonary artery systolic pressure ≥ 40 mmHg was found in 6 (37.5%) patients with alveolitis.ConclusionWe found alveolitis only in 38.1% of the patients who had exhibited ground glass on HRCT and then underwent BAL, probably because the concomitant fibrosis influenced results. A diffuse skin involvement and a restrictive pattern on PFTs together with ground glass on HRCT were judged possible markers of alveolitis, a BAL examination being indicated as the next step. Nevertheless BAL would be necessary to detect any infections of the lower respiratory tract that may cause further deterioration in lung function.
Calibration of mass spectrometric peptide mass fingerprint data without specific external or internal calibrants
Authors: Wolski Witold E , Lalowski Maciej , Jungblut Peter , Reinert Knut 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Background
Peptide Mass Fingerprinting (PMF) is a widely used mass spectrometry (MS) method of analysis of proteins and peptides. It relies on the comparison between experimentally determined and theoretical mass spectra. The PMF process requires calibration, usually performed with external or internal calibrants of known molecular masses.

Results
We have introduced two novel MS calibration methods. The first method utilises the local similarity of peptide maps generated after separation of complex protein samples by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. It computes a multiple peak-list alignment of the data set using a modified Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithm. The second method exploits the idea that hundreds of MS samples are measured in parallel on one sample support. It improves the calibration coefficients by applying a two-dimensional Thin Plate Splines (TPS) smoothing algorithm. We studied the novel calibration methods utilising data generated by three different MALDI-TOF-MS instruments. We demonstrate that a PMF data set can be calibrated without resorting to external or relying on widely occurring internal calibrants. The methods developed here were implemented in R and are part of the BioConductor package mscalib available from http://www.bioconductor.org.

Conclusion
The MST calibration algorithm is well suited to calibrate MS spectra of protein samples resulting from two-dimensional gel electrophoretic separation. The TPS based calibration algorithm might be used to correct systematic mass measurement errors observed for large MS sample supports. As compared to other methods, our combined MS spectra calibration strategy increases the peptide/protein identification rate by an additional 5 – 15%.
BMP4 signaling is involved in the generation of inner ear sensory epithelia
Authors: Li Huawei , Corrales Carleton E , Wang Zhengmin , Zhao Yanling , Wang Yucheng , Liu Hong , Heller Stefan 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
The robust expression of BMP4 in the incipient sensory organs of the inner ear suggests possible roles for this signaling protein during induction and development of auditory and vestibular sensory epithelia. Homozygous BMP4-/- animals die before the inner ear's sensory organs develop, which precludes determining the role of BMP4 in these organs with simple gene knockout experiments.

Results
Here we use a chicken otocyst culture system to perform quantitative studies on the development of inner ear cell types and show that hair cell and supporting cell generation is remarkably reduced when BMP signaling is blocked, either with its antagonist noggin or by using soluble BMP receptors. Conversely, we observed an increase in the number of hair cells when cultured otocysts were treated with exogenous BMP4. BMP4 treatment additionally prompted down-regulation of Pax-2 protein in proliferating sensory epithelial progenitors, leading to reduced progenitor cell proliferation.

Conclusion
Our results implicate BMP4 in two events during chicken inner ear sensory epithelium formation: first, in inducing the switch from proliferative sensory epithelium progenitors to differentiating epithelial cells and secondly, in promoting the differentiation of hair cells within the developing sensory epithelia.
Inactivation of the Huntington's disease gene (Hdh) impairs anterior streak formation and early patterning of the mouse embryo
Authors: Woda Juliana M , Calzonetti Teresa , Hilditch-Maguire Paige , Duyao Mabel P , Conlon Ronald A , MacDonald Marcy E 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBackgroundHuntingtin, theHDgene encoded protein mutated by polyglutamine expansion in Huntington's disease, is required in extraembryonic tissues for proper gastrulation, implicating its activities in nutrition or patterning of the developing embryo. To test these possibilities, we have used whole mountin situhybridization to examine embryonic patterning and morphogenesis in homozygousHdhex4/5huntingtin deficient embryos.ResultsIn the absence of huntingtin, expression of nutritive genes appears normal but E7.0–7.5 embryos exhibit a unique combination of patterning defects. Notable are a shortened primitive streak, absence of a proper node and diminished production of anterior streak derivatives. ReducedWnt3a,Tbx6andDll1expression signify decreased paraxial mesoderm and reducedOtx2expression and lack of headfolds denote a failure of head development. In addition, genes initially broadly expressed are not properly restricted to the posterior, as evidenced by the ectopic expression ofNodal,Fgf8andGscin the epiblast andT(Brachyury) andEvx1in proximal mesoderm derivatives. Despite impaired posterior restriction and anterior streak deficits, overall anterior/posterior polarity is established. A single primitive streak forms and marker expression shows that the anterior epiblast and anterior visceral endoderm (AVE) are specified.ConclusionHuntingtin is essential in the early patterning of the embryo for formation of the anterior region of the primitive streak, and for down-regulation of a subset of dynamic growth and transcription factor genes. These findings provide fundamental starting points for identifying the novel cellular and molecular activities of huntingtin in the extraembryonic tissues that govern normal anterior streak development. This knowledge may prove to be important for understanding the mechanism by which the dominant polyglutamine expansion in huntingtin determines the loss of neurons in Huntington's disease.
Quasispecies theory in the context of population genetics
Authors: Wilke Claus O 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
A number of recent papers have cast doubt on the applicability of the quasispecies concept to virus evolution, and have argued that population genetics is a more appropriate framework to describe virus evolution than quasispecies theory.

Results
I review the pertinent literature, and demonstrate for a number of cases that the quasispecies concept is equivalent to the concept of mutation-selection balance developed in population genetics, and that there is no disagreement between the population genetics of haploid, asexually-replicating organisms and quasispecies theory.

Conclusion
Since quasispecies theory and mutation-selection balance are two sides of the same medal, the discussion about which is more appropriate to describe virus evolution is moot. In future work on virus evolution, we would do good to focus on the important questions, such as whether we can develop accurate, quantitative models of virus evolution, and to leave aside discussions about the relative merits of perfectly equivalent concepts.
Tests for the replication of an association between Egfr and natural variation in Drosophila melanogaster wing morphology
Authors: Palsson Arnar , Dodgson James , Dworkin Ian , Gibson Greg 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Quantitative differences between individuals stem from a combination of genetic and environmental factors, with the heritable variation being shaped by evolutionary forces. Drosophila wing shape has emerged as an attractive system for genetic dissection of multi-dimensional traits. We utilize several experimental genetic methods to validation of the contribution of several polymorphisms in the Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) gene to wing shape and size, that were previously mapped in populations of Drosophila melanogaster from North Carolina (NC) and California (CA). This re-evaluation utilized different genetic testcrosses to generate heterozygous individuals with a variety of genetic backgrounds as well as sampling of new alleles from Kenyan stocks.

Results
Only one variant, in the Egfr promoter, had replicable effects in all new experiments. However, expanded genotyping of the initial sample of inbred lines rendered the association non-significant in the CA population, while it persisted in the NC sample, suggesting population specific modification of the quantitative trait nucleotide QTN effect.

Conclusion
Dissection of quantitative trait variation to the nucleotide level can identify sites with replicable effects as small as one percent of the segregating genetic variation. However, the testcross approach to validate QTNs is both labor intensive and time-consuming, and is probably less useful than resampling of large independent sets of outbred individuals.