bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Nienow John R , Spach David H , Hooton Thomas M , Collier Ann C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimal use of antiretroviral agents has become one of the most controversial issues related to HIV care. Limited published data, along with new therapeutic options, have combined to create confusion regarding the optimal use of antiretroviral medications in clinical practice. The recommendations that follow in this chapter are intended to incorporate conclusions drawn from controlled clinical research, unpublished data, and our clinical experience.
Future Anti-HIV Therapy
Authors: Lund James A , Spach David H , Collier Ann C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the worldwide HIV pandemic spreads and the death toll continues to mount, the urgency for effective anti-HIV therapies has intensified. Despite a decade of intensive research, currently approved anti-HIV therapies provide only modest clinical benefit. Moreover, the development of viral resistance with existing therapies has fueled pessimism and has stimulated much research into new agents and new interventions that affect different parts of the viral life cycle.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Marra Christina M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy describes the clinical syndrome of weakness, sensory loss, diminished tendon reflexes, or some combination of these findings caused by lesions of peripheral nerves. It may symmetrically involve the distal extremities, usually lower extremity greater than upper extremity (distal sensory, motor, or sensorimotor polyneuropathy), or may involve one or more named nerves (mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex). Peripheral neuropathy can also involve nerve roots (polyradiculopathy).
From a pathophysiologic perspective, peripheral neuropathies are commonly divided into axonal and demyelinating types. Axonal neuropathy primarily destroys the axon, with secondary loss of the myelin sheath. Nerve conduction velocities are commonly normal with axonal neuropathy, but the sensory or motor amplitudes are low. Demyelinating neuropathy is associated with loss of the myelin sheath but preservation of the axon. Nerve conduction velocities are slowed, but the amplitudes are normal with this type of neuropathy.
From a clinical standpoint, four main types of peripheral neuropathy occur among HIV-infected persons: (1) distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN), (2) acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP and CIDP), (3) mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex (MM), and (4) lumbosacral polyradiculopathy (LSPR).
With HIV-infected patients, the type of neuropathy depends in part on the degree of their immunodeficiency. Patients with AIDP and CIDP more often have early stage HIV disease. Distal sensory neuropathy, the most common form of neuropathy, generally develops in patients with more advanced, or late stage HIV disease. Similarly, LSPR predominantly occurs in patients who have progressed to AIDS. Mononeuritis or limited MM can develop in early stage HIV disease; extensive neuritis is seen in late stage HIV disease and may resemble CIDP.
In Support of the Language Acquisition Device
Authors: Lillo-Martin Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I hope that Chapter 3 and my comments here strongly support my position that deafness does not result in “cognitive poverty” (Conrad, 1979, cited by Campbell in Chapter 4). Rather, what I hope to have shown is that a child born deaf is essentially no different from a child born hearing-more specifically, both have the benefit of a modular language acquisition device that guides language acquisition but leaves (most of) the rest of cognition essentially unaffected. Thus, given the appropriate (visual) input, the language acquisition device operates as usual: the deaf child acquires a native language, and the rest follows. I would like to take this opportunity, however, to clarify my interpretation of the workings of this language acquisition device, especially as it applies in special circumstances, since both Campbell and Siple have argued against its existence. I find the evidence for it convincing, particularly in the area of complex syntax-the area that has received the bulk of the attention from linguists working within this approach. Furthermore, I find the model completely compatible with the evidence given for noncanonical situations. As Campbell points out, such cases are germane, but I do not think that they contradict the essence of the theory.
Memories Of Trauma M The Treatment Of Children
Authors: Sauzier Maria C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trauma, our capacity to forget and our ability to remember, has long been a leitmotif in psychiatry, as well as being of interest to anyone attempting to understand human nature. Childhood trauma, and particularly sexual abuse, has been the focus of controversy for well over 100 years. In 1860, Ambroise Tardieu, a forensic pathologist, described the effects of sexual abuse, torture, and murder on the child bodies he had studied in the Paris morgue. His textbook became a medical sensation, was reprinted three times-and then disappeared. In 1896, Sigmund Freud told his Viennese colleagues that he had discovered sexual abuse to be the root of hysteria. He was met with cold rebuke and the threat of losing all credibility and academic standing. When fact became fantasy, in the Oedipus conflict, Viennese society sighed with relief-except for Sandor Ferenczi. In 1933, Ferenczi’s paper about incest, “Confusion of Tongues Between Adults and the Child,” was met with more than just stony silence. It was literally destroyed: not only the paper but the printing plate disappeared. An English translation escaped, which allowed a reprinting in 1949. In the early 1950s, Kinsey and his colleagues found that 24% of white, middle-class married women reported childhood sexual abuse and were still upset by it. This finding was downplayed, as it ran counter to Kinsey’s agenda of liberating contemporary Americans from the shackles of Victorian prudery and hypocrisy.
The Bulwarks of Christendom Religion and Warfare, 1400-1550
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Bulwark” is a military term with heroic connotations like valor, fortitude, and self-sacrifice. It also is a historical metaphor for the role that almost every Central European nation sees itself as having played at one time or another in history, from the Middle Ages right up to the present. The larger context of the bulwark metaphor is the assumption that the history of Western Christendom-or Western Civilization or “the West”-is analogous to the chronicle of a fortress that has had a succession of different enemies at its gates.
Effects of Alcohol on Electrophysiological Activity of the Brain
Authors: Porjesz Bernice , Begleiter Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Event-related potential (ERP) techniques offer a unique approach to assessing brain function as they permit the simultaneous observation of electrophysiology and cognition. ERPs are obtained by recording with non invasive scalp electrodes brain electrical activity after the delivery of a discrete stimulus to any sensory modality. Signal-averaging techniques permit the extraction of these time-locked neuroelectric signals (event-related potentials) from the random background “noise” (EEG). Depending on stimulation properties, experimental paradigms, filter settings, recording sites, feature extraction, and quantitative measurement procedures, these signals represent overlapping activity emanating from neural generators along the pathways from peripheral end organs to higher cortical integrative centers in the brain.
Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the Autonomic Nervous System: A Critical Account
Authors: Maltzman Irving , Marinkovic Ksenua 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the current human experimental research on alcohol and the autonomic nervous system is driven by theoretical interests that were not apparent at the time of earlier reviews (e.g., Jones, et al., 1976; Naitoh, 1971; Wallgren and Barry, 1970). Among these theoretical concerns are expectancy and the balanced placebo design, cue reactivity and craving, priming, risk factors, and conditioned tolerance. These issues are important not only because of their theoretical significance but also because of their practical implications for treatment and treatment choice: abstinence versus controlled drinking. In this chapter we review some of these issues as they are reflected in studies using measures of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Effects of Alcohol on Membrane Lipids
Authors: Goldstein Dora B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we do not know the details of ethanol’s mechanism of action, we do know that it works in a hydrophobic environment. Nearly a century ago Hans Horst Meyer (1899) and Ernst Overton (1901) began the work in which they demonstrated that ethanol is among the chemicals whose partition into olive oil predicts their anesthetic potency. Intoxication is apparently caused only by the portion of the ethanol that is in a hydrophobic phase, and because it is not a particularly lipid-soluble compound ethanol is a weak anesthetic indeed.
Pharmacological Effects in the Development of Physiological Tolerance and Physical Dependence
Authors: Deitrich Richard A , Radcliffe Richard , Erwin V Gene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of tolerance and physical dependence in the pathogenesis of alcoholism has long been recognized. The development of chronic tolerance to ethanol leads to greater and greater intake of ethanol, subsequent tissue damage, increased likelihood of more severe dependence, and the possibility of life-threatening withdrawal. The development of tolerance in the short term may encourage individuals to drink more per occasion in an attempt to recover or maintain the “glow” of the effects of alcohol experienced after the first drink. Whether or not this is important to the development of alcoholism is a matter of debate, but the existence of this acute tolerance has been known for many years. The mechanistic relationship of this acute tolerance to the chronic tolerance seen after weeks, months, or years of drinking remains to be elucidated.
Introduction
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Fox, founder of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, was a significant figure in the history of the Radical Reformation. But he was also more. He sensed a need for, then captured in his movement, the sense of individual responsibility and initiative without which the newly emerging world of capitalism would have had tougher going. His concerns were primarily religious, but he also stressed the secular needs of those left behind by the changing social order. Hence achieving justice, social and economic, was always one of his major intentions, especially in the heady days of the English Revolution. Articulating the spirit of his age, Fox at his most creative pushed the accepted definitions of Christianity to stress new individualistic dimensions and inculcate them in his sect. The fact that by the end of his life the Society of Friends was well on its way to the prosperous respectability it has since enjoyed was no accident.
Every Oak Has Been an Acorn
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scenes like the one unfolding in St. Michael and All Angels’, a small church in midlands Leicestershire, took place with accepted regularity in all parts of the kingdom. The parish, in the village called Drayton-in-the-Clay, had only a few more than a hundred souls. Church law provided that none be admitted to the sacrament of Holy Communion without reciting the catechism, the articles of faith, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord’s Prayer. A child could normally fulfill this requirement and be ready for confirmation at age twelve or thirteen. The hierarchy of the Anglican church positively commanded the catechizing of children, but a rector of Presbyterian leanings like Robert Mason would have considered instilling correct doctrines among his charges an important personal obligation as well. This Sunday, in the late 1630s, one half hour before evensong, Mason had gathered the half-dozen youngsters in the front of the church to go over questions 117 and 118, the ones dealing with a Christian’s duty to his or her neighbors. Mason, nearing seventy, could hardly forget his duty to ask probing questions and make sure his young and fidgety pupils grasped the intended meaning of each section; it was a more elementary method than that used at Balliol College at the University of Oxford where the old minister had earned his bachelor’s and master of arts degrees, more than fifty years earlier.
As Like an Apple as an Oyster
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“An original, being no man’s copy,” was the way his friend William Penn wanted to remember George Fox after he died. Penn thought Fox’s lack of formal education and his inelegant speech were assets allowing him to ignore the jealousy of those who valued mere human wisdom. Fox’s lack of formal training meant that he did not formulate his religious views in the usual academic way, nor was he bound by artificial categories requiring his views to fit a particular theological mold. Despite the fact that he possessed a good library for the time, his writings show few signs that he read the books he owned. His theology grew out of his own experiences, was tempered by his common sense, and was tested against his own selective reading of the Bible. He was not a theologian, nor was he interested in being one—originators of new sects seldom are. First and foremost he was a man of faith. He wanted to communicate his spiritual experiences to his generation, many of whose members shared his own frustrations and goals. Thus he relied on what he considered his inspired intuition and his sense of the way things were, not on theological systems created by mere mortals.
For the Same Man to Be a Heretic and a Good Subject Is Impossible
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The date was January 6, 1661, a Sunday, and one of those minor events occurred that was to have a major impact far beyond the immediate ramifications of the incident itself. A London cooper, Thomas Venner, goaded his church of about fifty to rise in a charismatic, abortive rebellion. As a Fifth Monarchist, Venner had favored the Good Old Cause; he now planned to usher in the Kingdom of God and replace the seven-month-old regime of Charles II with one led by Christ himself. “King Jesus,” the insurgents’ slogan demanded, “and the [regicides’] heads upon the gate.” They took over St. Paul’s Cathedral until a combined troop of volunteers and regular forces drove them to retreat, into a wood near Highgate. Emerging three days later, they fought as though the fate of the world depended upon their victory, but most were killed or captured. Their effort failed, to say the least: fourteen of their own heads, including an unrepentant Venner’s, were stuck up on London Bridge as grisly warnings to others who might attempt similar rebellious acts. Rumors swept the city, armed men stalked the streets, shopkeepers locked their doors, and shocked citizens retreated to their homes.
A Man May Cut Himself with His Own Knife
Authors: Ingle H Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Fox returned to the north, weary, half-ill, and needing to recuperate. But he was not a person to remain idle, particularly when facing a major challenge. Over the course of his half-century Fox had learned that control of the past allowed a person to grasp the present and shape the future. So he set about making sure that he knew the past—his own as well as the movement’s—in order to cope with the malcontents who were working havoc among northern adherents. Thus he began work on an autobiography, recording his life and his recollections of the movement’s past. Dictating to his son-in-law Thomas Lower, he carefully went through the correspondence that Margaret had kept over the years—a sure way to jog his memory. He noted on each missive that he had read it, who the author and the recipient were, the approximate date, and often his decision about the letter’s disposition, whether it should be recopied or destroyed. Both his Journal which was not published until after his death, and the notations he added to the letters naturally reflected his view of the controversies in which he had taken part. To assure himself that posterity had the correct version, he modified some letters to make them say what he wanted them to say. He also took time to compose detailed instructions for dealing with his large literary legacy.
Traps of Trans-formation: Theoretical Convergences between Riddle and Ritual
Authors: Handelman Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Explaining the enigmatic character of riddles is a central challenge in the study of these phenomena. These discussions are dominated by linguistically based analyses and literary interpretations. The former often address rules of language whereby spoken or written enigmas are generated and resolved. The latter discuss the role of such enigmas in various narrative forms. Both perspectives also address corpora of riddles as forms and enactments of culture: as contextualized by culture and in tum as giving meaning to certain cultural productions (i.e. tales, epics, expressive performances, and so forth).
God’s Wrath
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of the Civil War shook the foundations of southern religious life between 1863 and 1865. White religious southerners made a strong commitment to the war effort, and the early years of the war were marked by a confidence in the Confederate cause and God’s support of it as evidenced by battlefield victories. As the war raged into a third year, however, the antebellum patterns of southern life became more vulnerable to change. Religious southerners generally did not question their beliefs that God wore gray and the Confederacy would succeed, though a few did. Their concerns were much less philosophical and much more practical. Not only had the North declared war on slavery, but northern armies were occupying larger and larger sections of the South. Slaveowners feared that their human property might Hee to Federal lines. Many areas of the South struggled with material privations, and numerous daily routines of life were disrupted by the war.
What Can Biologists Solve?
Authors: Luria S E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation of biology to social concerns, aside from work that is primarily medical? We hear from all sides that biology, and in fact all pure science, has become irrelevant, neglecting its obligation to pursue goals of physical betterment of man. We all know the fallacy of this viewpoint. We know that all science can find applications in appropriate times and circumstances. Even the most esoteric studies on bacterial gene action and on DNA and RNA synthesis have suddenly become central to the cancer problem. For example, viruses cause cancers, and scientists are searching within human cells for genetic material that may resemble cancer-producing viruses.
The Magical Aura Of The IQ
Authors: Kagan Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every society, or large cohesive group within a society, recognizes that in order to maintain stability a small group must possess some power over the much larger citizenry. The power is sometimes inherited, sometimes awarded, sometimes attained, and sometimes seized. In actual practice, this lean and rather raw description is usually disguised by a clever strategy-much like a magician’s wrist movement-that makes select psychological traits symbolic of highly valued, status-conferring attributes hence, they become the vessels from which power is inevitably drawn.
An Affluent Society’s Excuses For Inequality: Developmental, Economic, And Educational
Authors: Gordon Edmund W , Derek Green 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those of us who are committed ta the pedagogical enterprise note with interest, and often frustration, the recurring themes that challenge the conduct and advancement of our undertaking. Un like the historian or sociologist, who might view these themes with interest but with some detachment, we are called upon to re-examine, clarify, and perhaps justify the presuppositions, methods, and goals that provide the framework within which education and development are carried on. Indeed this perhaps is as it should be, in view of the ambivalence with which these concerns are treated by a society that, on the one hand appears to value the perceived outcomes of the educational process, while on the other is often reluctant to invest the resources necessary to improve it, particularly when benefits seem likely to accrue to those who are on the lower end of the ethnic and socio-economic status scales.
Racist Arguments And IQ
Authors: Gould Stephen Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Louis Agassiz, the greatest biologist of mid-nineteenth-century America, argued that God had created blacks and whites as separate species. The defenders of slavery took much comfort from this assenion, for biblical proscriptions of charity and equality did not have to extend across a species boundary. What could an abolitionist say? Science had shone its cold and dispassionate light upon the subject; Christian hope and sentimentality could not refute it.
The Tainted Sources Of The Bell Curve
Authors: Lane Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the shock value of its assertion that blacks are intractably, and probably biologically, inferior in intelligence to whites and Asians, The Bell Curve is not quite an original piece of research. It is, in spite of all the controversy that is attending its publication, only a review of the literature-an elaborate interpretation of data culled from the work of other social scientists. For this reason, the credibility of its authors, Charles Murray and Richard]. Herrnstein, rests significantly on the credibility of their sources.
Fairness and the Politics of Health Care Reform
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this book is to put fairness on the table as an issue in the national debate about health care reform and the design of our health care system. Specifically, we develop a tool consisting of scorable benchmarks for assessing ten dimensions of the fairness of health care reform proposals. Its purpose is not to moralize or to grab the high moral ground for hidden political purposes. Rather, it is to provide a framework that facilitates debate and understanding and clarifies what social values are at stake, often hidden, in the complex details of health policy.
Using the Benchmarks to Score Insurance Reforms
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The benchmarks of fairness and their criteria show what is ethically at stake when important choices are made about the design of reform proposals. Our task now is to show how they can be used in practice to compare the fairness of alternate proposals. We do not intend to use the scores we assign to talk down opponents or seize the moral high ground or end discussion about fairness. Rather, we offer the benchmarks as an analytic tool that can improve debate about fairness by making it more substantive and specific. The question is, How best to illustrate their use?