bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Host, the Law, and the Ambiguous Space of Medieval London Taverns
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most notable depiction of an innkeeper/taverner in Middle-English literature appears in The Canterbury Tales in the character of the Host. Harry Bailly’s Tabard Inn, where the pilgrims gather, suggests an institution that is replete with ambiguity and contradictory images. In the Prologue the Tabard is described as a “gentyle tavern” rather than one of the sordid ones that were common in London and Southwark. Its clientele is a very varied one that represents regular and secular clergy, nuns, rural laity ranging in social degree from knight to plowman, and a large contingent of Londoners of different ranks and occupations. Not only the variety of social classes represented but also the gender mix is somewhat surprising for medieval society: a woman (the Wife of Bath) traveling alone, a Prioress who is appropriately accompanied but suspect, because she is staying at an inn rather than one of the well-endowed nunneries of London. The Monk, likewise, could have found lodging in a monastery. Were they all eager for an early start or was Harry’s place recommended for its fine wines, ales, and cuisine? The Tabard was certainly well-known for its food, both historically and in The Tales. The space within the inn also defies the conventional ordering of society in that Harry’s wife, Harry eventually confesses, dominates the domestic power relations and challenges his manhood. His position as guide and the acceptance of his role by his social superiors among the pilgrims is also of interest: no one, except the Cook, disagrees with his selfdesignation as “judge,” “governor,” “referee,” and punisher of “rebels” against his rule.
The Meaning of Suffering
Authors: Mayerfeld Jamie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People tend to use the word suffering in either of two ways: in a psychological sense, or in what I will call, for want of a better word, an “objectivist” sense. In the “objectivist” sense, suffering is roughly synonymous with calamity or misfortune. In this sense, the precise meaning of suffering remains partly to be filled in, because what counts as calamity or misfortune is somewhat vague and partly subject to dispute. But often enough, calamity is unmistakable. One is murdered; one’s relatives are massacred; one’s house of a lifetime is swept away by a flood; one loses one’s job and is turned onto the street; one is malnourished; one contracts a debilitating disease. Sometimes suffering simply designates the experience of such objective calamities, withoutreferring to the psychological state of the people concerned.
Knowledge, Belief, and Counterfactual Reasoning in Games
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deliberation about what to do in any context requires reasoning about what will or would happen in various alternative situations, including situations that the agent knows will never in fact be realized. In contexts that involve two or more agents who have to take account of each others’ deliberation, the counterfactual reasoning may become quite complex. When I deliberate, I have to consider not only what the causal effects would be of alternative choices that I might make, but also what other agents might believe about the potential effects of my choices and how their alternative possible actions might affect my beliefs. Counterfactual possibilities are implicit in the models that game theorists and decision theorists have developed-in the alternative branches in the trees that model extensive form games and the different cells of the matrices of strategic form representations-but much of the reasoning about those possibilities remains in the informal commentary on and motivation for the models developed. Puzzlement is sometimes expressed by game theorists about the relevance of what happens in a game “off the equilibrium path”: of what would happen if what is (according to the theory) both true and known by the players to be true were instead false.
Rational Failures of the KK Principle
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is tempting to suppose that rational thinkers satisfy the KK principle that if one knows something, then one knows that one knows it.1 This essay investigates a variety of phenomena which cause the KK principle to fail. The failures are rational in the sense that they can be described within a framework on which thinkers know all the logical consequences of what they know. Of course, actual thinkers fail to draw all these consequences; the point of the idealization is that this failure of deductive closure is quite separate from, because not necessary for, the failure of the KK principle. A positive proposal will be made as to the logic of rational knowledge.
Photosynthetic Associations Of Protozoans And Invertebrates
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many invertebrates, such as sea anemones, corals, flatworms, and protozoans, have formed mutualistic associations with photosynthetic microbes (Saffo, 1992b; Trench, 1993). The photobionts supply nutrients to their hosts, which allows them to colonize habitats they normally could not because of limited supplies of prey. Two groups of algae (protists), collectively called zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae, are the most common photobionts. These names do not have taxonomic status but are useful for identifying the general type of endosymbiont in a host. Zoochlorellae are mainly species of Chlorella, a freshwater, unicellular alga which is a wellknown symbiont of at least 30 genera of ciliates, amoebae, hydras, sponges, and clams (D.C:. Smith, 1991). About 10 species of Chlorella are recognized. DNA-DNA hybridization studies have revealed that many of the species are not closely related and that the Chlorella-type morphology evolved in several lineages of the Chlorococcales. Zooxanthellae are mostly dinoflagellates, which appear yellow-brown in the many marine organisms they colonize. The dinoflagel late chloroplasts have efficient light-harvesting complexes that include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, and large amounts of xanthophylls. Reproduction and genetics of dinoflagellates are unusual and not well understood. They have more nuclear DNA than other eukaryotes. Their chromosomes remain condensed during interphase, lack centromeres, and unwind only for DNA replication. The nuclear membrane does not break down during mitosis, as in animals and plants.
Behavioral And Social Symbioses
Authors: Paracer Surindar , Ahmadjian Vernon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Darwin’s book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) was a turning point in the study of behavior. For the first time, behavior was considered from an experimental view, and it was recognized that adaptive behavior of an organism fosters its survival and reproduction. Today, behavioral scientists study four aspects of behavior: causation, development, evolutionary history, and function. Observation and description are central to behavioral studies, but the problems involved in carrying out such studies are great. For example, observations cannot be made continuously during the lifetime of an organism under study. Further, behavior is complex, and a scientist can study only one aspect of it at a time. Therefore, personal biases of the scientist become an important consideration in behavioral analysis. Causation is studied by examining the factors that influence behavior over relatively short periods of time in the life of an organism. These factors include environmental as well as sensory and physiological stimuli. Regulation of behavior in an interorganismic association involves internal as well as external factors.
The Appeal of Violent Sports
Authors: Guttmann Allen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we define violence as the unsanctioned or illegitimate use of harmful or destructive physical force, which I take to be a reasonable definition, then sports confront us with a paradox: boxing matches and a number of other sports events involve a great deal of interpersonally harmful but nonetheless sanctioned physical force. In sports as in warfare, whose image sports are often taken to be, some forms of interpersonal violence are legitimate. In many sports, physical violence is the core if not the name of the game. The prestige of a Roman gladiator increased with the number of opponents he slew. The mayhem at a medieval tournament was often more deadly than the carnage of a real battle. (In the course of a tournament held in 1240 near the German town of Neuss, scores of knights were killed Uusserand, 1901; Keen, 1984].) In our own time, a number of boxers have been beaten to death by opponents who were subsequently judged exempt from legal prosecution for assaults that are severely penalized if committed outside sports’ specially privileged time and space. Like gladiatorial combats and knightly jousts, boxing matches are haunted by the specter not only of serious injury but also of immediate death.
Chromosomal Syndromes: Common and/or
Well-Known Syndromes
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trisomy 21 is the most common and best known of all malformation syndromes. More than 100 different signs have been reported (160). The reader is referred to the following sources: comprehensive coverage (10,136,160), biology (6,124), anatomic aspects (11,48,169), pediatric aspects (35,76,175), central nervous system manifestations (10,39,160,187), growth charts (41), craniofacial aspects (97), craniofacial pattern profiles (3), oral manifestations (34), contribution of S. Langdon Down and other history (76a,125,182), cytogenetic considerations and recurrence risk counseling (2,14,23,35,51,54,70,74,79,84–86,94,96, 111,115,118,122,123,126,130,145,160,164–168,178,183), prenatal screening (4,91,171), epidemiology (110), life tables (9), frequency of malformations (95,176), associated tumors (146), presentations for parents of an affected child (87,159).
Scientific Dialectics in Action: The Case of Joseph Priestley
Authors: Barrotta Pierluigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Priestley’s tenacity in defending the phlogiston chemistry has often puzzled historians. In his works, Priestley very often underlines that hypotheses are at best heuristic instruments that one must be ready to abandon in any moment. As he proudly writes in one of his works: “[W]henever I have drawn general conclusions too soon, I have been very ready to abandon them.”1 Indeed, his scientific activity was perfectly consistent with this view, and it is well known that he was prone to change his mind with puzzling frequency. Notwithstanding, he never abandoned phlogiston. Priestley’s attitude especially represents a puzzle for what we can call the “traditional historiography” of science. If the implausible idea that Priestley did not adhere to the new chemistry because he lacked competence is rejected, then the only available solution to the traditional historiography is to claim that he was blinded by his prejudices in the face of overwhelming empirical evidence.
Multiple Personalities, Internal Controversies, and Invisible Marvels
Authors: Hacking Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter was first presented at the 1993 Conference on Scientific Controversies, and was revised a few days later to take into account what other participants had said. We all change our minds, or develop our ideas, so I cannot speak for what colleagues now believe, but what they said then seems to me important enough to recall it to mind. For my part, I used as an example of what I call internal scientific controversies— a label I explained—the then raging debates about multiple personality. I was at the time working on a book (Hacking 1995) that now documents the history I exploit below. But the specific use of that history as an example with which to think about controversy was dedicated to the conference and is not found in the book or elsewhere.
The Meaning of Theoretical Terms A Critique of the Standard Empiricist Construal
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is concerned with a general characterization of scientific theories that has been developed, with certain individual differences, by various thinkers sharing a broadly empiricist outlook and a precise logico-analytical approach to problems in the philosophy of science; among them, F. P. Ramsey, N. R. Campbell, R. B. Braithwaite, Hans Reichenbach, Rudolf Carnap, Herbert Feigl, and Ernest Nagel. This characterization is often referred to as the standard construal, or the standard analysis, of scientific theories. Let me indicate first what was perhaps the basic problem this analysis was meant to clarify. A scientific theory usually accounts for a class of empirical phenomena by positing particular kinds of entities and processes, which are taken to be governed by specified laws of their own, and which are, intuitively speaking, farther removed from the realm of our everyday experience than are the phenomena the theory is to explain. In characterizing those entities and processes, a theory typically employs a set of new terms, which are said to form its theoretical vocabulary.
The Slum
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First published in 1890, and undoubtedly Azevedo’ s masterpiece, The Slum is one of the most widely read and critically acclaimed novels ever written about Brazil. Indeed, its great popularity, realistic descriptions, archetypal situations, detailed local coloring, and overall race-consciousness may well evoke Huckleberry Finn as the novel’ s North American equivalent. Yet Azevedo also exhibits the naturalism of Zola and the ironic distance of Balzac; while tragic, beautiful, and imaginative as a work of fiction, The Slum is universally regarded as one of the best, or truest, portraits of Brazilian society ever rendered. This is a vivid and complex tale of passion and greed, a story with many different strands touching on the different economic tiers of society. Mainly, however, The Slum thrives on two intersecting story lines. In one narrative, a penny-pinching immigrant landlord strives to become a rich investor and then discards his black lover for a wealthy white woman. In the other, we witness the innocent yet dangerous love affair between a strong, pragmatic, “gentle giant” sort of immigrant and a vivacious mulatto woman who both live in a tenement owned by said landlord. The two immigrant heroes are originally Portuguese, and thus personify two alternate outsider responses to Brazil. As translator David H. Rosenthal points out in his useful Introduction: one is the capitalist drawn to new markets, quick prestige, and untapped resources; the other, the prudent European drawn moth-like to “the light and sexual heat of the tropics.” A deftly told, deeply moving, and hardscrabble novel that features several stirring passages about life in the streets, the melting-pot realities of the modern city, and the oft-unstable mind of the crowd, The Slum will captivate anyone who might appreciate a more poetic, less political take on the nineteenth-century naturalism of Crane or Dreiser.
The Perversion of Autonomy and the Subjection of Women
Authors: Code Lorraine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autonomy has figured prominently as an emancipatory ideal in the feminist, antiracist, and postcolonial analyses of oppression, subjection, subjectivity, and agency that are the inheritors of the philosophy of rights, as well as in the activism informed by these theories. Yet while recognizing autonomy’s effectiveness and its persistent appeal, my entry into this discussion originates in a profound unease with the autonomy-saturated theories and rhetorics that infuse affluent Western social-political spaces in the late twentieth century, holding in place a regulative autonomy ideal that, paradoxically, underpins patterns of oppression and subjection.
Autonomy and Interdependence
Authors: Donchin Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1996 a foundation funded by a British pharmaceutical company launched a project to allay public fears about the new genetic detection techniques under development in its industry. The focal point of the project was a traveling road show, featuring performances of a play called The Gift, which focused on a family affected by an autosomal recessive genetic disorder (Friedreichs ataxia). The audience debate that followed was structured and circumscribed by a staff facilitator, who offered a preselected menu of options for resolving decisional quandaries dramatized by the play’s characters.
Relational Autonomy, Self-Trust, and Health Care for Patients Who are Oppressed
Authors: McLeod Carolyn , Sherwin Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional autonomy theory, especially as it is deployed in the context of healthcare ethics discussions, has focused on specific factors that interfere with autonomy: coercion, internal compulsion, and ignorance. Depending on the circumstances and the severity, the presence of any of these factors may make it impossible, or at least very difficult, for an agent to act autonomously. What traditional accounts tend to overlook, however, is that there is a fourth way in which an agent’s autonomy may also be compromised, namely, by the forces of oppression. Oppression may itself involve dimensions of coercion, compulsion, and ignorance, but it functions in complex and often largely invisible ways, affecting whole social groups rather than simply disrupting isolated individuals; as a result, its effects tend to be ignored within the traditional autonomy framework that focuses solely on individuals. Moreover, addressing these features requires changing the broad social conditions that constitute oppression and not merely changing some of the specific circumstances of an individual agent’s situation. It is necessary, then, to explore the distinct ways in which oppression may interfere with a person’s ability to act autonomously.
The Canonization of Béla Bartók
Authors: Gillies Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Canons have been increasingly invoked in discussions of artistic worth since the early 1970s and musical worth since the early 1980s.1 In the 1990s, canons feature prominently in debates about music and gender, national musics, musical genres, and curricula of music education.2 Most frequently, repertory or disciplinary canons are analyzed as a preliminary stage to canonic dismantlement, reformulation, or reinforcement. The focus has tended to be on the musical objects—the lists of musical repertories or subdisciplines—and those who have been responsible for such listings, the canonizers.3 The canonized individuals and how they came to be canonized have received less attention, their position in the canonic scheme of things often being established summarily by current statistics or simply taken as given.
The Paradox of Subjectivity
Authors: Carr David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Challenging prevailing interpretations of the development of modern philosophy, this book proposes a reinterpretation of the transcendental tradition, as represented primarily by Kant and Husserl, and counters Heidegger's influential reading of these philosophers. Author David Carr defends their subtle and complex transcendental investigations of the self and the life of subjectivity, and seeks to revive an understanding of what Husserl calls "the paradox of subjectivity"--an appreciation for the rich and sometimes contradictory character of experience.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Causes And Cures
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) often presents a challenge for neurologists. The author of this volume, who is both a neurologist and a surgeon, clarifies the steps a neurologist should take when a patient is at risk of SAH, explains when surgery is advised, and helps physicians to treat patients after SAH. All of the causes of SAH, including intracranial aneurysms, are considered to provide a useful guide to case management. Historical, epidemiological, and economic/medico-legal aspects are discussed initially, followed by discussions of diagnosis, pathology, physiology, and medical, surgical, and radiological therapies.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) was described more than 300 years ago by Thomas Willis, who conveyed its disagree able aspects in his 17th-century textbook. The syndrome of anxietas tibiarum described by Wittmaack in 1861 may have been RLS, and Haskovec in 1902 described two patients with an inability to remain at rest that he termed akathisia. Akathisia was initially attributed to hysteria, but after the recognition of postencephalitic cases in the 1920s, an organic cause was suspected. , Akathisia is also precipitated by the use of antipsychotic medications, and since that association was reported, the term akathisia has been used mainly to refer to a syndrome of inner restlessness that is not worse at night and has a less prominent sensory component than RLS.
Social Justice/Criminal Justice
Authors: Heffernan William C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A single mother, 25, with a one-year-old son is indicted for Medicaid fraud. The woman, herself the daughter of a single mother, has completed only three years of high school. She works as a waitress at a diner, relying on her mother and sisters to care for her child during working hours. At her trial, her lawyer, out of the presence of the jury, informs the judge that his client is prepared to concede the accuracy of the charges against her but that she wishes to interpose a defense of justification. The defendant will testify, her lawyer states, that her son suffers from a heart problem. Although her son was not confronted with imminent danger of death at the time she submitted her application for Medicaid, she knew he could develop serious symptoms at any time. She thus decided that committing fraud was a lesser evil than not securing medical benefits to protect her son. Her act was not one of civil disobedience, the lawyer concedes. Understanding that Congress has declined to provide universal health insurance, his client believed that it would be useless to follow the steps that come under the rubric of “civil disobedience”: publicly seeking a change in the law, publicly disobeying the law, and then accepting punishment for one’s disobedience.