bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract and CCKA‐receptor immunoreactivity
Authors: Patterson Laurel M. , Zheng Huiyuan , Berthoud Hans‐Rudolf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA large body of evidence derived from electrophysiological recording and pharmacological/behavioral experiments suggests the presence of CCKA‐receptors on vagal primary afferent fibers innervating the gastrointestinal tract. With the availability of antibodies specific for the CCKA‐receptor, we wanted to demonstrate its presence and distribution on identified vagal afferent fibers and different types of terminals in the mucosa, myenteric plexus, and external muscle layers of the stomach and duodenum. In the duodenal mucosa, neither a C‐terminal (Ab‐1) nor an N‐terminal (Ab‐2) specific antibody produced any specific staining; in the myenteric plexus, non‐vagal enteric neurons and their processes, but not vagal intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), exhibited CCKAR‐immunoreactivity. Similarly, in the gastric myenteric plexus, a population of enteric neurons and their processes, but not identified vagal IGLEs, were labeled by both antibodies. In both external muscle layers of the stomach, CCKAR‐immunoreactive axons were in close register with labeled vagal afferent intramuscular arrays, but the two labels were not contained in the same varicosities. Ab‐1 immunoreactivity was found in the cell membrane of vagal afferent perikarya in the nodose ganglia and in pancreatic acinar cells. The failure to detect CCKAR‐immunoreactivity in peripheral vagal afferent terminals cannot be due to methodological problems because it was present in enteric neurons in the same sections, and because it did not stain structures resembling IGLEs in material without the potentially masking vagal afferent label. We conclude that CCKA‐receptors on vagal afferent terminals: 1) are below the immunohistochemical detection threshold, 2) exhibit a conformation or affinity state inaccessible to the two antibodies, or 3) are not transported to the peripheral terminals. Anat Rec 266:10–20, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Sambungmacan 3 Homo erectus calvaria: A comparative morphometric and morphological analysis
Authors: Delson Eric , Harvati Katerina , Reddy David , Marcus Leslie F. , Mowbray Kenneth , Sawyer G. J. , Jacob Teuku , Márquez Samuel 
Published: August 2002

Abstract The Sambungmacan (Sm) 3 calvaria, discovered on Java in 1977, was illegally removed from Indonesia in 1998 and appeared in New York City in early 1999 at the Maxilla & Mandible, Ltd. natural history shop. Here we undertake an analysis of its phylogenetic and systematic position using geometric morphometrics and comparative morphology. The coordinates of points in the sagittal plane from glabella to opisthion were resampled to yield “lines” of 50 semi‐landmarks. Coordinates of glabella, bregma, lambda, inion, and opisthion were also collected and analyzed separately. Casts of Homo erectus fossils from Indonesia, China, and Kenya and of “archaic H. sapiens” from Kabwe and Petralona, as well as 10 modern human crania, were used as the primary comparative sample. The modern humans were well separated from the fossils in a graphical superimposition of Procrustes‐aligned semi‐landmarks as well as in principal component and canonical discriminant analyses. In all of these, Sm 3 falls intermediate between the fossil and modern groups. Morphological comparisons of Sm 3 with a selection of Homo erectus fossils revealed its greatest similarity to specimens from Ngandong and the Sm 1 calvaria. Compared to all other H. erectus, Sm 3 was distinctive in its more vertical supratoral plane, less anteriorly projecting glabella and less sharply angled occiput. In these features it was somewhat similar to modern humans. It is not yet possible to determine if this similarity implies an evolutionary relationship or (more likely) individual or local populational variation. Several features of Sm 3 (small size, gracile supraorbital torus and lack of angular torus, and position in principal component analysis) suggest that it was a female. The use of geometric morphometrics provides a means to statistically test the shapes of such fossils in a manner not easily duplicated by other methods. The intermediate position of Sm 3 between fossil and modern samples in several different subanalyses exemplifies the value of this approach. Anat Rec 262:380–397, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secretion of the type 2 peritrophic matrix protein, peritrophin‐15, from the cardia
Authors: Eisemann Craig , Wijffels Gene , Tellam Ross L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe midgut of most insects is lined with a peritrophic matrix, which is thought to facilitate digestion and protect the midgut digestive epithelial cells from abrasive damage and invasion by ingested micro‐organisms. The type 2 peritrophic matrix is synthesised by a complex and highly specialised organ called the cardia typically located at the junction of the cuticle‐lined foregut and midgut. Although the complex anatomy of this small organ has been described, virtually nothing is known of the molecular processes that lead to the assembly of the type 2 peritrophic matrix in the cardia. As a step towards understanding the synthesis of the peritrophic matrix, the synthesis and secretion of the intrinsic peritrophic matrix protein, peritrophin‐15 has been followed in the cardia of Lucilia cuprina larvae using immuno‐gold localisations. The protein is synthesised by cardia epithelial cells, which have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and vesicles indicative of a general secretory function. Peritrophin‐15 is packaged into secretory vesicles probably produced from Golgi and transported to the cytoplasmic face of the apical plasma membrane. The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane at the base of the microvilli and release peritrophin‐15 into the inter‐microvilli spaces. The protein then becomes associated with the nascent peritrophic matrix, which lies along the tips of the epithelial cell microvilli. It is proposed that peritrophin‐15 binds to the ends of chitin fibrils present in the nascent peritrophic matrix, thereby protecting the fibril from the action of exochitinases. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:76–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the minimal clinically important difference in rheumatoid arthritis joint damage of the Sharp/van der Heijde and Larsen/Scott scoring methods by clinical experts and comparison with the smallest detectable difference
Authors: Bruynesteyn Karin , van der Heijde Désirée , Boers Maarten , Saudan Ariane , Peloso Paul , Paulus Harold , Houben Harry , Griffiths Bridget , Edmonds John , Bresnihan Barry , Boonen Annelies , van der Linden Sjef 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) in joint damage on hand and foot radiographs of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as assessed with the Sharp/van der Heijde and Larsen/Scott methods, and to study how the smallest detectable difference (SDD) relates to the MCID for each method.MethodsThe judgments of an international panel of experts on the clinical relevance of progression of joint damage as seen on sets of radiographs obtained at 1‐year intervals in 4 clinical settings (early versus late RA and mild versus high disease activity) were used as the external criterion, which was compared with the progression scores as determined by the 2 scoring methods. Progression scores with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for detecting clinically relevant progression represented the MCID. Subsequently, the sensitivity and specificity of the scoring methods were determined when using the SDD as the threshold for relevant progression, and these were compared with the sensitivity and specificity of the MCID.ResultsThe panel judged changes in joint damage around the level of the SDD (5.0) of the Sharp/van der Heijde method as minimal clinically important, resulting in satisfactory sensitivity (mean 79%) and specificity (mean 84%) for detecting clinically important progression in the 4 clinical settings when using the SDD as the threshold value. The MCID (mean 2.3) of the Larsen/Scott method was much smaller than its SDD (5.8), and the sensitivity for detecting clinically important progression by applying the SDD as threshold was consequently low (mean 51%), accompanied by high specificity (mean 99%).ConclusionThis study suggests that the SDD of the Sharp/van der Heijde method can be used as the MCID, i.e., as the threshold level for individual response criteria. The SDD of the Larsen/Scott method, however, turned out to be too insensitive to use as the threshold for individual clinically relevant change.
On the assessment of effects of food on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in early development
Authors: Li Zhihong , Vachharajani Nimish N. , Krishna Rajesh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe impact of food on the pharmacokinetics of a drug has important implications in drug development. This commentary is aimed at addressing two key challenges, developability of drugs whose pharmacokinetics are severely influenced by food, and the need for addressing the effects of fruit juice ingredients which modulate metabolic/efflux properties of a compound. Perspectives on the value in predicting food‐drug interactions during preclinical development, timing of clinical food‐drug interaction studies, and implications of food effects are presented herein. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Static and ELF magnetic fields induce tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis
Authors: Tofani Santi , Barone Domenico , Cintorino Marcella , de Santi Maria Margherita , Ferrara Adriana , Orlassino Renzo , Ossola Piero , Peroglio Flavio , Rolfo Katia , Ronchetto Flavio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ability of static and extremely low frequency (ELF) Magnetic Fields (MF) to interfere with neoplastic cell function has been evaluated. In vitro experiments were carried out to study the role of MF characteristics (intensity, frequency, and modulation) on two transformed cell lines (WiDr human colon adenocarcinoma and MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma) and one nontransformed cell line (MRC‐5 embryonal lung fibroblast). Increase in cell death morphologically consistent with apoptosis was reported exclusively in the two transformed cell lines. Cell‐death induction was observed with MF of more than 1 mT. It was independent of the MF frequency and increased when modulated MF (static with a superimposition of ELF at 50 Hz) were used. Based on the in vitro results, four different MF exposure characteristics were selected and used to treat nude mice xenografted with WiDr cells. The treatment of nude mice bearing WiDr tumors subcutaneously. with daily exposure for 70 min to MF for 4 weeks caused significant tumor growth inhibition (up to 50%) by the end of the treatment when modulated MF were used for at least 60% of the whole treatment period and the time‐averaged total MF intensity was higher than 3.59 mT. No toxic morphological changes induced by exposure were observed in renewing, slowly proliferating, or static normal cells. A discussion on the possible biophysical mechanism at the base of the observed biological results is also offered. Bioelectromagnetics 22:419–428, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Borland Christina Z. , Schutzman Jennifer L. , Stern Michael J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGrowth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), play a major role in how cells communicate with their environment. FGFR signaling is crucial for normal development, and its misregulation in humans has been linked to developmental abnormalities and cancer. The precise molecular mechanisms by which FGFRs transduce extracellular signals to effect specific biologic responses is an area of intense research. Genetic analyses in model organisms have played a central role in our evolving understanding of these signal transduction cascades. Genetic studies in the nematode C. elegans have contributed to our knowledge of FGFR signaling by identifying genes involved in FGFR signal transduction and linking their gene products together into signaling modules. This review will describe FGFR‐mediated signal transduction in C. elegans and focus on how these studies have contributed to our understanding of how FGFRs orchestrate the assembly of intracellular signaling pathways. BioEssays 23:1120–1130, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA replication joins the revolution: Whole‐genome views of DNA replication in budding yeast
Authors: Newlon Carol S. , Theis James F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReplication origins, which are responsible for initiating the replication of eukaryotic chromosomal DNAs, are spaced at intervals of 40 to 200 kb. Although the sets of proteins that assemble at replication origins during G1 to form pre‐replicative complexes are highly conserved, the structures of replication origins varies from organism to organism. The identification of replication origins has been a labor‐intensive task, requiring the analysis of chromosomal DNA replication intermediates. As a result, only a few replication origins have been identified and studied. In a pair of recently published papers,(1, 2) Raghuraman and colleagues and Wyrick, Aparicio and colleagues provide complementary microarray‐based approaches to the identification of replication origins. These genome‐wide views of DNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae provide new insights into the way that the genome is duplicated and hold promise for the analysis of other genomes. BioEssays 24:300–304, 2002. ©2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The DAP kinase family of pro‐apoptotic proteins: novel players in the apoptotic game
Authors: Kögel Donat , Prehn Jochen H.M. , Scheidtmann Karl Heinz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe DAP (Death Associated Protein) kinase family is a novel subfamily of pro‐apoptotic serine/threonine kinases. All five DAP kinase family members identified to date are ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and are capable of inducing apoptosis. The sequence homology of the five kinases is largely restricted to the N‐terminal kinase domain. In contrast, the adjacent C‐terminal regions are very diverse and link individual family members to specific signal transduction pathways. There is increasing evidence that DAP kinase family members are involved in both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis and may play a role in tumor progression. This review will focus on structural composition and subcellular localization of DAP kinase family members and on signal transduction pathways leading to their activation. Potential mechanisms of DAP kinase family‐mediated apoptosis will be discussed. BioEssays 23:352–358, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation of active enzyme samples for IR studies of Na+/K+‐ATPase
Authors: Thoenges Detlef , Zscherp Christian , Grell Ernst , Barth Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the case of the integral membrane protein Na+/K+‐ATPase, preparation of highly concentrated samples for IR difference spectroscopy often leads to inactivation of the enzyme. Therefore, we compared the activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase using different techniques of sample preparation. The loss of activity can be minimized by cooling the sample to 10°C and by the addition of glycerol and dithiothreitol. The activity of Na+/K+‐ATPase isolated from pig kidney is independent of the protein concentration whereas the enzyme from shark rectal gland is inactivated at concentrations above 1 μg/μL and is thus unsuitable for IR experiments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 271–274, 2002
Albumin recovery with centrifugal adsorption technology (CAT)
Authors: Peet D. J. , Bisschops M. A. T. , van Hateren S. H. , van der Wielen L. A. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCentrifugal adsorption technology (CAT) is a new compact, countercurrent technology for efficient adsorption from large liquid streams by using adsorbent particles in the micrometer range. CAT seems particularly suited for the recovery of macromolecules at low concentrations, because the small particle dimensions lead to fast mass transfer rates. In this work, the potential of CAT for protein recovery is studied by model and experiment. A predictive model for the separation performance of CAT is presented, incorporating mass transfer resistance and axial dispersion transport in the liquid and the adsorbent phases. The model calculations were compared to experimental data for the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on a standard commercial anion‐exchange resin with particle diameter dp = 50 μm in a pilot‐scale CAT apparatus. The model calculations accurately predicted the separation efficiency of CAT. The experimental set‐up is shown to be mass transfer limited for the conducted experiments, which agrees with the model predictions. The model was also used to estimate the dimensions and performance of a CAT apparatus for the large‐scale recovery of human serum albumin (HSA) from fermentation broth at the scale of 40 tons per year. The resulting equipment dimensions proved to be very small indeed, making CAT a potentially very attractive technology. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 237–250, 2002.
Host selection as a downstream strategy: Polyelectrolyte precipitation of β‐glucuronidase from plant extracts
Authors: Menkhaus Todd J. , Eriksson Sara U. , Whitson Paul B. , Glatz Charles E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHost selection can be a strategy to simplify downstream processing for protein recovery. Advancing capabilities for using plants as hosts offers new host opportunities that have received only limited attention from a downstream processing perspective. Here, we investigated the potential of using a polycationic precipitating agent ( polyethylenimine; PEI ) to precipitate an acidic model protein ( β‐ glucuronidase; GUS) from aqueous plant extracts. To assess the potential of host selection to enhance the ease of recovery, the same procedure was applied to oilseed extracts of canola, corn ( germ), and soy. For comparison, PEI precipitation of GUS was also evaluated from a crude bacterial fermentation broth. Two versions of the target protein were investigated — the wild‐type enzyme (WTGUS) and a genetically engineered version containing 10 additional aspartates on each of the enzyme's four homologous subunits (GUSD10). It was found that canola was the most compatible expression host for use with this purification technique. GUS was completely precipitated from canola with the lowest dosage of PEI (30 mg PEI/g total protein), and over 80% of the initial WTGUS activity was recovered with 18‐fold purification. Precipitation from soy gave yields over 90% for WTGUS but only 1.3‐fold enrichment. Corn, although requiring the most PEI relative to total protein to precipitate ( 210 mg PEI/g total protein for 100% precipitation), gave intermediate results, with 81% recovery of WTGUS activity and a purification factor of 2.6. The addition of aspartate residues to the target protein did not enhance the selectivity of PEI precipitation in any of the systems tested. In fact, the additional charge reduced the ability to recover GUSD10 from the precipitate, resulting in lower yields and enrichment ratios compared to WTGUS. Compared to the bacterial host, plant systems provided lower polymer dosage requirements, higher yields of recoverable activity and greater purification factors. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 148–154, 2002.
Comparison of linear gradient and displacement separations in ion‐exchange systems
Authors: Natarajan V. , Ghose S. , Cramer S. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe linear gradient mode of chromatography is the most widely employed mode of operation in ion‐exchange chromatographic separations. However, in recent years, the displacement mode has received considerable attention because of its promise of high throughput and high resolution. To enable a comparison of these two modes of chromatography, it is essential to identify the optimum operating conditions for each. We employed an iterative algorithm to carry out the necessary optimization. The Steric Mass Action model of ion‐exchange chromatography is used in concert with the solid‐film linear‐driving force model to describe the chromatographic behavior of the solutes in these systems. The performances of displacement and gradient modes of chromatography are compared for different types of separation problems. It turns out that for “easy” separations, both the modes are equally effective. However, for challenging separations, the displacement mode is superior to the gradient mode. Our results shed significant light on the performance of gradient and displacement modes in protein ion‐exchange systems. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 365–375, 2002.
Choline‐binding domain as a novel affinity tag for purification of fusion proteins produced in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Caubín J. , Martín H. , Roa A. , Cosano I. , Pozuelo M. , de la Fuente J. M. , Sánchez‐Puelles J. M. , Molina M. , Nombela C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe choline‐binding domain (ChoBD) of the carboxy‐terminal region of the Streptococcus pneumoniae amidase LYTA (C‐LYTA) presents a strong affinity for tertiary amines. We report a method for single‐step purification of proteins expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris based on the fusion of C‐LYTA to the protein of interest. We show that C‐LYTA can be efficiently expressed and secreted in this host. Tagged proteins fused to this binding domain can be purified on inexpensive DEAE matrices. It therefore provides a useful system for the purification of recombinant proteins with high specificity suitable for industrial purposes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 164–171, 2001.
Why do firms adopt ‘beyond‐compliance’ environmental policies?
Authors: Prakash Aseem 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines why firms selectively adopt ‘beyond‐compliance’ environmental policies. It argues that existing explanations based on factors external to firms are under‐specified and a focus on internal dynamics is also required. It draws insights from institutional theory, corporate social performance perspective, and stakeholder theory and relates them to internal processes. Beyond‐compliance policies are adopted, if at all, due to two types of intra‐firm process: power based and leadership based. These processes arise under different conditions and lead to different types of outcome. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment