bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined dynamic contrast enhanced breast MR and proton spectroscopic imaging: A feasibility study
Authors: Jacobs Michael A. , Barker Peter B. , Argani Pedram , Ouwerkerk Ronald , Bhujwalla Zaver M. , Bluemke David A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the feasibility of combined dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in evaluating breast lesions.MethodsNine patients with positive mammograms scheduled for either biopsy or mastectomy were examined on a 1.5‐T MR scanner. DCE was performed with administration of gadolinium‐DTPA contrast using a two‐dimensional spoiled gradient recall echo (SPGR) sequence. Proton spectroscopy (TR/TE = 2000/272 msec) was performed using PRESS single slice (10 mm). Lesion time intensity curves were classified as persistent (type 1), plateau (type 2), or washout (type 3) pattern enhancement. Choline (Cho) signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs) and enhancement patterns were compared between benign and malignant lesions as determined by histopathology.ResultsFive patients had breast carcinoma and four had benign lesions. Type 1 enhancement was found in two benign cases, type 2 enhancement in two of four benign and four of five malignant lesions, and one malignant case exhibited a type 3 pattern. Choline SNR was significantly different (P < 0.003) between benign and malignant lesions (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 5.7 ± 1.4; P < 0.003). Choline SNR was less than 4.0 in all of the benign lesions, including the two lesions with type 2 enhancement.ConclusionProton MRS appears to be a promising technique for classification of breast lesions when DCE results are equivocal. A combination of DCE and MRS is feasible, and may have improved specificity compared to either modality alone. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:23–28. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrast‐enhanced peripheral MR angiography using SENSE in multiple stations: Feasibility study
Authors: de Vries Marianne , Nijenhuis Robbert J. , Hoogeveen Romhild M. , de Haan Michiel W. , van Engelshoven Jos M.A. , Leiner Tim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPurposeTo investigate if the use of parallel imaging is feasible and beneficial for peripheral contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE‐MRA).Materials and MethodsA total of 19 consecutive patients underwent peripheral CE‐MRA using SENSE with two‐fold reduction in the upper and lower leg stations. Conventional nonaccelerated imaging using constant level appearance (CLEAR) was used in the aortoiliac station. The findings were compared with those in a similar patient group that underwent peripheral CE‐MR angiography using our standard imaging protocol without SENSE. Intraarterial digital subtraction angiography (IA‐DSA) was used as the standard of reference. Lower extremity vessels were divided into anatomic segments (aortoiliac, upper legs, lower legs) for review. In each anatomic segment signal‐ and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (SNR, CNR), venous contamination, subjective image quality, as well as sensitivity and specificity, were determined for both patient groups.ResultsSNR and CNR improved significantly for the aortoiliac and upper leg segments (all P‐values ≤ 0.001). Small reductions were seen in the frequency of disturbing venous enhancement (P = not significant). There were no significant differences with regards to subjective image quality or diagnostic accuracy (all P > 0.3). Overall sensitivity and specificity in the SENSE group were 81% and 95%, respectively. For the non‐SENSE group, these values were 79% and 96%, respectively.ConclusionPreliminary results show that three‐station peripheral CE‐MRA using a full length peripheral arterial coil in combination with SENSE in the upper and lower leg stations is feasible and useful for further optimization of peripheral MRA. Using SENSE allows for routine, high‐quality depiction of the entire peripheral vascular tree including the pedal arch. Higher SENSE factors are needed for further optimization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:37–45. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1‐MCP does not improve the shelf‐life of Chinese cabbage
Authors: Porter Kerry L , Collins Graham , Klieber Andreas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChinese cabbages cv ‘Yuki’ (Brassica campestris L ssp pekinensis (Lour) Olsson) were treated with air containing 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 µl l−1 for 12 h at 22°C before storage for 9 weeks at 3°C. Quality, weight loss and trimming loss were measured before treatment, and before and after storage, but were not influenced by 1‐MCP. 1‐MCP at 0.1 and 1.0 µl l−1 elicited increased levels of respiration and ethylene production which subsided when the cabbages were placed in cold storage. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of contact‐dehydrating sheets on preference for fried food and deterioration of frying oil
Authors: Shimada Yoshiko , Konishi Fumiko , Iijima Kumio , Saito Katunori , Kasai Midori , Hatae Keiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of contact‐dehydrating sheets on preferences for fried food and the deterioration of frying oil. Mackerel or chicken breast were dehydrated by wrapping with the contact‐dehydrating sheets at 4°C for 1.5 h and subsequently fried at 180°C for 3 min; those were referred to as the dehydrated samples. The same fried materials not wrapped with the contact‐dehydrating sheets were referred to as the control. The frying procedure was repeated 15 times under the above conditions and the amount of frying oil was adjusted to 1000 g by addition of new oil each time. Sensory analysis showed that the dehydrated samples were preferred to the control. Acidic values, anisidine values and ΔE values of the frying oil used for the dehydrated mackerel were significantly lower than for that used for preparing the control. These results indicate that the use of contact‐dehydrating sheets for the dehydration of the frying materials was effective in both significantly increased preference for the fried food and the retardation of the deterioration of the frying oil. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of conventional boiling on the polyphenols and cell walls of pears
Authors: Renard Catherine MGC 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPears of the cultivar Gieser Wildeman were cooked for up to 24 h and changes in polyphenol and cell wall components were monitored. The main polyphenols were flavan‐3‐ols (epicatechin and its procyanidin oligomers), with an average degree of polymerisation of 6, and caffeoylquinic acid. Upon cooking, flavan‐3‐ols were retained in the pear tissue while the hydroxycinnamic acids were partially leached into the cooking water. After 1 h of cooking, 65% of the original flavan‐3‐ols and 40% of the original caffeoylquinic acid were still detectable in the pear tissue; the cooking water contained only 2% of the flavan‐3‐ols but 24% of the caffeoylquinic acid. Cell walls represented 23 g kg−1 of the fresh pear and were composed of cellulose, pectins and xylans. The pectic fractions was degraded during cooking while xylans and cellulose were not affected. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Treatment efficacy research: A window into genetic and neurodevelopmental correlates of developmental disabilities
Authors: Camarata Stephen M. , Wertz Robert T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis issue of MRDD research reviews is dedicated to treatment efficacy research. The treatment of MRDD conditions has long been a central question, but the clinical science of treatment efficacy has not yet been systematically applied to many MRDD typologies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of this special issue and to provide a rationale for including treatment efficacy research as a tool for studying selected neurological development and genetic correlates of MRDD. Existing treatment efficacy paradigms should be applied systematically to relevant populations (and theoretical questions) and new, objectively tested paradigms should be developed in order to integrate ongoing discovery in MRDD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:159–161.
The catalytic role of polyaniline salt in coumarins synthesis
Authors: Palaniappan S. , Saravanan C. , Rao V. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPolyaniline‐sulfate salt acts as a simple and powerful polymer‐supported acid catalyst in the condensation of phenolic compounds and β‐keto esters into coumarin derivatives by a thermal heating process. This process is being reported for the first time. The catalytic use of polyaniline salt is quite feasible because of its easy preparation, activity, recovery, recyclability, stability and eco‐friendliness of the catalyst. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on the synthesis, characterization and properties of polyaniline using acrylic acid as a primary dopant. I: polymerization and polymer
Authors: Yang Yongsheng , Yang Wantai 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the presence of acrylic acid (AA) as a primary dopant, polyaniline (PANI) doped with poly(acrylic acid) was successfully synthesized by using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator and oxidizing agent. The effect of experimental conditions on the polymer yields was systematically studied. It was found that the polymer yield can be as high as 65%, and this value strongly depends on synthesis conditions, such as the reaction time, the molar ratio of oxidizing agent to aniline monomer, the concentration of reactants and reaction temperature. The molecular weight ($\bar M_{\rm w}$) of main chains of the de‐doped PANI is estimated to be 32,000–53,000. Based on the data of FT‐IR, UV‐vis, 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analysis and electrical conductivity measurement, the emeraldine salt form of PANI was confirmed and the molecular structure of the resulting PANI‐AA was proposed. Accordingly the reaction mechanism was discussed and it was convinced that the polymerization reaction of AA is initiated by APS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characters of hyperbranched polyester‐based organic‐inorganic hybrid material compared with linear polyester
Authors: Zou Jianhua , Zhao Yongbin , Shi Wenfang , Shen Xiaofeng , Nie Kangming 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo compare the properties of hyperbranched polymers with linear oligomers for preparing organic‐inorganic hybrids, hyperbranched aliphatic polyester (BoltornTM H20) and linear polyester hexa‐acrylate (EB830) were selected as organic components for preparing UV‐curable transparent hybrid materials using 3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propylmethacrylate as a coupling agent via a sol‐gel process. The prehydrolyzed product of tetraethoxysilane was used as an inorganic component. The effects of inorganic content on the morphologies, thermal behaviors, photopolymerizaiton kinetics and mechanical properties of the hybrids were investigated. The results show that for hyperbranched polyester‐based hybrids, the organic phase shows much better compatibility with inorganic phase even at high inorganic component content due to its special spheral shape and plenty of functional end groups, compared with linear EB830‐based hybrids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel preparative method for porous hydrogels using overrun process
Authors: Kang Hyun Goo , Lee Sang Bong , Lee Young Moo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPorous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were prepared using the overrun process which is usually used in manufacturing ice cream. The pores in the hydrogel formed exhibit dual‐pore structure due to the injection of air bubbles and ice recrystallization. Morphological investigation revealed that overrun‐processed hydrogels had closed pore structures and that their pore size and size distribution had been influenced by the impeller rate and concentration of polymer solution. The closed‐pore structure was reformed into interconnected open‐pore structure at lower concentrations of the solution. The freeze–thawing process, which takes place in PVA cross‐linking, has no effect on the bubble structure, but removes the small pores formed during ice recrystallization. Besides the swelling ratio of overrun‐processed PVA hydrogels is increased tenfold in comparison with non‐porous hydrogels. Overrun‐processed hydrogels showed more rapid swelling kinetics than freeze‐dried and film‐like hydrogels due to their larger surface area. In the future, the overrun process can be applied to prepare porous scaffolds containing proteins, such as growth factors and other cytokines, without denaturation, because it operates at a low temperature. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of poly(2‐vinyl pyridine)‐b‐poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate) amphiphilic coil‐rod block copolymer by anionic polymerization
Authors: Shin Yeong‐Deuk , Han Sang‐Ho , Samal Shashadhar , Lee Jae‐Suk 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA well‐defined amphiphilic coil‐rod block copolymer, poly(2‐vinyl pyridine)‐b‐poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate) (P2VP‐b‐PHIC), was synthesized with quantitative yields by anionic polymerization. A low reactive one‐directional initiator, potassium diphenyl methane (DPM‐K), was very effective in polymerizing 2‐vinyl pyridine (2VP) without side reactions, leading to perfect control over molecular weight and molecular weight distribution over a broad range of initiator and monomer concentration. Copolymerization of 2VP with n‐hexyl isocyanate (HIC) was carried out in the presence of sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaBPh4) to prevent backbiting reactions during isocyanate polymerization. Terminating the living end with a suitable end‐capping agent resulted in a P2VP‐b‐PHIC coil‐rod block copolymer with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. Cast film from a chloroform solution of P2VP‐b‐PHIC displayed microphase separation, characteristic of coil‐rod block copolymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 607–615, 2005
Photografting of polymers onto nanosized silica surface initiated by eosin moieties immobilized onto the surface
Authors: Satoh Masayoshi , Shirai Kumi , Saitoh Hiroshi , Yamauchi Takeshi , Tsubokawa Norio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe photograft polymerization of various vinyl monomers onto nanosized silica surfaces was investigated. It was initiated by eosin moieties introduced onto the silica surface. The preparation of the silica with eosin moieties was achieved by the reaction of eosin with benzyl chloride groups on the silica surface.These were introduced by the reaction of surface silanol groups with 4‐(chloromethyl)phenyltrimethoxysilane in the presence of t‐butyl ammonium bromide as a phase‐transfer catalyst. The photopolymerization of various vinyl monomers, such as styrene, acrylamide, acrylic acid, and acrylonitrile was successfully initiated by eosin moieties on the silica surface in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent and by oxygen. The corresponding polymers were grafted from the silica surface. The grafting efficiency (percentage of grafted polymer to total polymer formed) in the photoinitiation system was much larger than that in the radical polymerization initiated by surface radicals; these radicals were formed by the thermal decomposition of azo groups introduced onto the silica surface. It was found that the polymer‐grafted silica gave stable dispersions in good solvents of grafted polymer and the wettability of the surfaces can be easily controlled by grafting of polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 600–606, 2005
Three‐component negative‐type photosensitive polyimide precursor based on poly(amic acid), a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator
Authors: Watanabe Yasufumi , Fukukawa Ken‐ichi , Shibasaki Yuji , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new negative‐working and alkaline‐developable photosensitive polyimide precursor based on poly(amic acid) (PAA), 4,4′‐methylenebis[2,6‐bis(hydroxymethyl)]phenol (MBHP) as a crosslinker, and a photoacid generator (5‐propylsulfonyloxyimino‐5H‐thiophen‐2‐ylidene)‐2‐(methylphenyl)acetonitrile (PTMA) has been developed. PAA was prepared by ring‐opening polymerization of pyromellitic dianhydride with 4,4′‐oxydianiline. The photosensitive polyimide precursor containing PAA (65 wt %), MBHP (25 wt %), and PTMA (10 wt %) showed a clear negative image featuring 10 μm line and space patterns when it was exposed to 436 nm light at 100 mJ·cm−2, post‐exposure baked at 130 °C for 3 min, followed by developing with a 2.38 wt % aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution at 25 °C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 593–599, 2005
Synthesis of a pyrrole‐based methine bridge type liquid‐crystalline conjugated polymer
Authors: Goto Hiromasa , Akagi Kazuo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConjugated polymers consisting of pyrrole or an N‐substituted pyrrole bridged by methine with a mesogenic group were synthesized. Chemical structures of the products were confirmed with IR, NMR, UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography analysis. Liquid crystallinity was examined with differential scanning calorimetry measurements and polarizing optical microscopy observations. Liquid crystal domains of the polymer were macroscopically oriented in one direction by an external magnetic force (10 Tesla). The polymer orientation was confirmed by optical microscopy and X‐ray analysis. One of the polymers exhibited a striated fan‐shaped texture when observed with a polarizing optical microscope. This is attributed to the formation of a chiral smectic C (SmC*) phase, which is a property of ferroelectricity. Spontaneous polarization of the polymer occurred at 110 nC/cm2. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 616–629, 2005
Study of the spectroscopic properties and infrared‐to‐visible up‐conversion fluorescence of Er3+‐doped germanate glasses
Authors: Ajroud M. , Haouari M. , Ben Ouada H. , Mâaref H. , Brenier A. , Champagnon B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRaman scattering, optical absorption and photoluminescence studies have been performed on Er3+‐doped Na2O–Nb2O5–GeO2 germanate‐based glasses. The main bands in the Raman spectra involve vibrational modes associated with the germanium oxide network. Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters were determined and then used to calculate the radiative transition rates and excited‐state radiative lifetimes. Green and red up‐conversion luminescence was observed at room temperature under 800 nm laser line excitation. The emission intensities have a quadratic dependence on the excitation pump power, indicating a two‐step up‐conversion mechanism. The intensity of the 660 nm red band shows an increase relative to the 554 nm green band with increasing Er3+ content. Combined with the time‐resolved luminescence data of the emitting states, we suggest from these results that the up‐conversion process is attributed to a competitive situation of excited‐state absorption and energy transfer between excited ions accompanied by multiphonon relaxation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic evolution of software processes to evolve software systems during their development
Authors: Beydeda Sami , Gruhn Volker 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA software system, once deployed into its target environment, might need to be modified for various reasons. The reasons might be specific to that software system, such as failures, or, more general, such as changes in the environment in which the software system is embedded. Depending on the reason, a modification might obviously not only be restricted to a particular software system. It might also concern other existing software systems and particularly also software systems under development.The modification of a software system under development is merely a problem of modifying its development process, also called software process. Such modifications generally cannot be automatically carried out by autonomous process support systems due to the complexity inherent in software processes and in the necessary modifications. It usually needs to be guided by a human process manager. A process support system can, however, offer the human process manager certain services to assist in modifying a software process. One of these services is that of decision support.This article describes a decision support system developed in the ESPRIT project Process Instance Evolution (PIE). One of the features of the decision support system is an extendable database of decision models, each of which is capable of generating specific information to assist the process manager. One of these models is that of risk analysis. Risk analysis, as used in this context, encompasses assessment of the impact of a possible modification on certain software process attributes before actually changing a software process. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurement of aluminum oxide film thickness in the nanometer range on aluminum sheets
Authors: Osada Yoshio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBy using Monte Carlo simulation, the thickness of an aluminum oxide film in the nanometer range on aluminum sheets given different heat treatments was determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and compared with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The film thickness was ≤50 nm. As a result, although the same analysis areas were not measured, similar deviations between EPMA and TEM were found. Consequently, we found that the Monte Carlo method was useful for measuring the oxide film thickness in the nanometer range on aluminum sheets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning of a group 3 allergen from Blomia tropicalis mites
Authors: Cheong N. , Yang L. , Lee B. W. , Chua K. Y. 
Published: December 2004

Background:  Blomia tropicalis is an important mite species in the tropics and subtropical regions of the world. It is well established that the allergen from this species of mite is one of the triggering factors for allergic asthma. The isolation and characterization of allergens in this mite species is desired to provide sensitive and specific reagents for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes.Methods:  The SMART (Clontech Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA) rapid amplification of complementary DNA ends (RACE cDNA amplification) method was used to isolate the putative Blo t 3 gene. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed in the presence of specific gene primers to obtain the full‐length gene, and were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The putative gene was cloned into E. coli expression vector GST‐4T‐1 and expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST). The allergenicity of the GST‐Blo t 3 recombinant protein was evaluated by human IgE enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) and skin pricks tests.Results:  The full length Blo t 3 gene had 1138 base pairs, including a 105‐bp long 5′ nontranslated region, an ATG start codon at positions 106–108, and a stop codon TAA at positions 904–906, with an open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of 266 amino acids. Protein analysis revealed that it was a serine protease that had a prepro‐mature structure that shared high sequence homology with group 3 dust mite allergens. The predicted molecular weight of the matured protein was approximately 23.8 kD with a theoretical pI of 8.87. The frequency of IgE reactivity of the recombinant protein showed up to 50% of IgE reactivity with mite allergic subjects but IgE titer was generally low.Conclusion: We had isolated and fully characterized the cDNA encoding an important B. tropicalis allergen that was highly homologous to Group 3 dust mite allergens and we proposed that it should be designated as Blo t 3. Its clinical importance was implicated by the high frequency of IgE reactivity with allergic sera.