bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MECHANISM OF ALLOXAN PROTECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Cook D. L. , Mills Lois M. , Green D. M. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were performed to compare the effects of cholesterol feeding in (a) control rabbits, (b) alloxan-diabetic rabbits, and (c) rabbits injected with alloxan while the pancreas was temporarily occluded from the circulation.
The alloxan-diabetic rabbits consumed significantly higher quantities of cholesterol and food and had serum cholesterol and lipoprotein (Sf 5–9 and Sf 16–30) concentrations significantly increased over the control levels. They failed to show a commensurate increase in the degree of atherosclerosis.
Rabbits in which the diabetogenic action of alloxan was prevented by temporary occlusion of the pancreas from the circulation during its administration developed grades of hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia, and atherosclerosis not significantly different from the controls.
The results are interpreted as indicating that the effects of alloxan on tissues other than the pancreas do not protect against experimental atherosclerosis produced by cholesterol feeding.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON ULTRATHIN SECTIONS OF MUSCLE
Authors: Hodge Alan J. , Huxley Hugh E. , Spiro David 
Published: June 2004

Thin sections of striated muscle from frog (sartorius), rabbit (psoas), rat (heart), and fly (flight muscle), and of smooth muscle from clam (adductor) have been obtained using a new microtome. Electron micrographs of them are presented. The sections are sufficiently thin to achieve a resolution of 30 to 40 A. In fly flight muscle, the myofibrils are distinct and well separated morphological units. In frog and rabbit muscle the myofibrils appear to be so closely packed under normal conditions that their identity as separate units is almost lost. In all types of striated muscle examined, it was found that the filaments are arranged within the myofibrils in a continuous and highly regular hexagonal array. The diameter of the filaments in embedded, sectioned muscle appears to be significantly less than that observed in dried shadowed material. The 400 A axial period, observed in frog and rabbit muscle, and in rat heart muscle, was found to extend across the interstitial material between the filaments.
The significance of these findings is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ELUTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM RED CELLS
Authors: Sagik Bernard , Puck Theodore , Levine Seymour 
Published: June 2004

Each chick and human red cell contains approximately 300 sites capable of attaching influenza virus particles. These correspond to an area representing approximately 2 per cent of the red cell surface.
Although the rate of attachment of PR8 to red cells is not diffusion-limited, when calculated on the basis of the total cell area, it does approach the theoretical maximum for interaction between the virus and the fraction of the cell area known to contain attachment sites.
It is demonstrated that the virus attachment can initiate a spreading disturbance on the red cell membrane which extends over an area far exceeding that covered by the attached virus and which leads to the destruction of receptor sites. This process does not involve cyclic virus attachment, elution from the cell, and reattachment to another site.
Practically all the receptor sites on a cell are destroyed before any virus is liberated into the medium.
The spontaneous elution of virus from red cells within 24 hours at 37° C. requires a threshold value of at least 3 and less than 5 virus particles per cell.
Parallelisms between the spontaneous elution reaction and the phenomenon of lysis-from-without in the bacteriophage system are demonstrated.
THE EXISTENCE OF TWO FORMS OF HYPERTENSIN
Authors: Skeggs Leonard T. , Marsh Walton H. , Kahn Joseph R. , Shumway Norman P. 
Published: June 2004

Two types of hypertensin have been demonstrated by means of counter-current distribution. The first type is the product of the action of the enzyme, renin, upon its substrate and has been designated hypertensin I. It can be rapidly converted to a second approximately equally pressor compound, hypertensin II, apparently through the action of an enzyme in the plasma which requires halide or nitrate for activation.
A highly purified preparation containing horse hypertensins I and II caused an elevation of blood pressure when injected into human beings.
EFFECT OF AGE ON SOME ASPECTS OF SULFATE METABOLISM IN THE RAT
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. 
Published: June 2004

S35-labelled sodium sulfate was administered to rats 10, 30, and 300 days old in an intraperitoneal dose of 0.3 µc. per gm. of body weight. Representative animals of each age were sacrificed 12, 24, 48, and 96 hours after injection.
The concentration of sulfur-35 in the pooled sera of the 10-day-old rats was found to be strikingly higher than the level in the sera of the 30-day-old and the 300-day-old rats, while the levels of sulfur-35 in the sera of rats in the latter two age groups were similar. The difference was not explained by the differences in binding of sulfate by serum proteins. Although no binding could be detected when sulfate was added to serum in vitro, a substantial fraction, up to 80 per cent by the 96th hour, was observed to be bound after injection into the living rat. The 10-day-old rats differed from the older ones in having lower levels of serum proteins and lesser amounts of bound sulfate. The non-dialyzable sulfur-35 was associated to the largest extent with the albumin component in the sera.
The age of the rats found expression in the specific activities of the sulfate-sulfur of mucopolysaccharides isolated from the skeletons, pelts, and viscera. The highest specific activities were observed in the mucopolysaccharides isolated from the tissues of the youngest rats; the lowest in those from the oldest rats. Though the maximum concentration was rapidly attained in the mucopolysaccharides from the various tissues in each of the age groups, the subsequent decreases in concentration were slow.
Radiochemical analyses for sulfur-35 in ends and shafts of femurs and radioautographs of humeri supported the assumption that the labelled sulfate had been incorporated into the chondroitin sulfate of growing cartilage.
DISRUPTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Tyrrell David A. J. , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hemagglutinating capacity, enzymic activity, and infectivity of several influenza viruses were destroyed by repeated freezing and thawing of dialyzed allantoic fluids containing them.
2. Influenza virus degraded by freezing and thawing, by treatment with 5 M urea, or by heating at 65°C. still combined with homologous antibody and was demonstrable by blocking of the hemagglutination-inhibition and virus neutralization reactions.
3. After 50 cycles of freezing and thawing, much of the blocking antigen activity was not sedimented by centrifugation at 120,000 g for 2 hours, and electron microscopy showed complete disruption of the virus particles. So called soluble blocking antigen was obtained from four strains of influenza A, the Lee strain of influenza B, mumps, and Newcastle disease viruses.
4. Soluble blocking antigens from influenza A viruses were highly strain-specific; gave little or no reaction in complement-fixation tests; stimulated but little antibody production in rabbits and did not induce immunity in mice; caused reactivation of infective virus in neutral mixtures of homologous virus and immune serum.
5. Repeatedly frozen and thawed influenza virus preparations did not interfere with the propagation of infective virus in the allantoic sac. The blocking antigen activity they contained was precipitated by half saturated ammonium sulfate, destroyed by trypsin, chymotrypsin, or heating at 56°C. for 30 minutes, but was unaffected by desoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease.
6. These findings are in accord with the view that soluble blocking antigen obtained from influenza virus particles on disruption by repeated freezing and thawing is protein in nature and represents the essential antigenic material of the intact virus.
STUDIES ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION FOLLOWING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Hammond Carolyn W. , Tompkins Marianne , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: June 2004

Daily cultures of blood obtained from the tail were made on mice from the 7th day to the 17th or 22nd days after exposure to 550 r total body x-irradiation. Seven mice with negative blood cultures survived to the 27th day when they were sacrificed and found to have negative heart's blood cultures. Every mouse with bacteremia died. Heart's blood cultures post mortem always confirmed the bacteriological findings in the serial cultures. Most of the bacteremias occurred between the 7th and 15th days.
The duration of the bacteremia varied with the microorganism which caused it. Pseudomonas bacteremia was always rapidly fatal. Those caused by Proteus and E. coli continued for a maximum of 72 and 48 hours. Of longest duration was bacteremia caused by Paracolobactrum which was tolerated for as long as 5 days.
HEMAGGLUTINATION WITH ARTHROPOD-BORNE VIRUSES
Authors: Casals Jordi , Brown Lenora V. 
Published: June 2004

Through the use of acetone and ether extraction of brain tissue from newborn mice infected with certain arthropod-borne viruses, it has been possible to demonstrate hemagglutinins for chick erythrocytes associated with the following viruses: dengue Type 1, dengue Type 2, Eastern equine encephalitis, Ilhéus, Japanese B, Ntaya, St. Louis, Sindbis, Uganda S, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, West Nile (Egypt 101 strain), Western equine encephalitis, and yellow fever (viscerotropic and neurotropic strains).
On the basis of the temperature and pH required for reaction, the viruses can be assembled in two groups: A—those that require 37°C. and a pH of about 6.4, comprising Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis and Sindbis viruses; and B—those that require either 4° or 22°C. and a pH of about 7.0, comprising dengue Types 1 and 2, Ilhéus, Japanese B, Ntaya, St. Louis, Uganda S, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses.
A method of eliminating non-specific inhibitory substances present in sera was developed. The method consists essentially of filtration through Seitz pads.
Extensive serological crossings were found among viruses of each group, while antisera of one group failed consistently to cross-react with antigens of the other.
Antisera deriving from animals immunized with certain viruses for which no hemagglutinins could be developed by the present method, reacted with members of either one or the other group. Thus Semliki Forest virus would appear to belong to Group A, and Russian Far Eastern and louping ill viruses to Group B.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE GROWTH OF PSITTACOSIS VIRUS (STRAIN 6BC)
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John P. Bader
Published: June 2004

The analogues of amino acids, ß-2-thienylalanine, ethionine, and 6-methyltryptophane, inhibited the growth of psittacosis virus (6BC) in tissue culture without evidence of serious toxicity for the host cells.
Of a number of vitamin analogues tested, only salicyl-ß-alanide inhibited viral multiplication in the absence of toxic effects on the host cells. 6,7-Diethylriboflavin, desoxypyridoxine, and oxythiamine reduced viral growth in concentrations that possessed some toxicity for host tissue. In tolerated amounts, 3-acetylpyridine, pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, pantoyl sulfanilamide, and desthiobiotin did not effect viral multiplication.
Sodium malonate inhibited psittacosis virus growth in non-toxic amounts, whereas sodium monofluoroacetate was ineffective.
Colchicine suppressed multiplication of virus only after a prolonged period of exposure and subsequent delay before producing inhibition, suggesting that the effect was secondary to its antimitotic action which suppressed multiplication of the host cells.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE CELLS SUSCEPTIBLE TO HERITABLE CHANGES BY DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: Alexander Hattie E. , Leidy Grace , Hahn Eros 
Published: June 2004

In E. influenzae the highly specific desoxyribonucleic acids (DNA's) which play the role of heredity determinants of type specificity and SM resistance, have induced these traits in only a small proportion of the population exposed to their action. The evidence suggests that this small proportion, "the susceptible cells" possess a property or substance needed by the DNA in order to induce an heritable change.
The size of the small proportion of susceptible cells can be influenced significantly by a number of factors; when all the factors now to be listed are operating the frequency has not exceeded 1:1000.
The Type of Origin of Recipient Cells.—Type a exhibits the lowest frequency, about 1:10,000,000, and type d the highest, approximately 1 per 1000 cells exposed. This type-specific property which controls the frequency of susceptible cells is an inherited trait; repeated change to a heterologous type shows no influence on the incidence of these cells.
Concentration of DNA.—Within certain limits increase in the concentration of DNA controlling streptomycin resistance can increase the size of the proportion of cells in which streptomycin resistance can be induced. However, increases in concentrations greater than 10–1 µg. per ml. have not induced streptomycin resistance in a higher proportion of cells.
Phase of Growth Cycle.—Predictable fluctuations in frequency of induced heritable changes have been demonstrated in both Rb and Rd populations during growth. There is no evidence that susceptible cells reproduce their kind; they emerge in all experiments when the population reaches the end of the logarithmic period and a density of 2 to 4 x 108 cells per ml. In the early logarithmic phase it is difficult to demonstrate the presence of susceptible cells. The peak frequency of susceptible cells occurs in the early stationary phase of the growth cycle. Thereafter, the decline in frequency is a gradual one.
The data suggest that in a given population the same cells are susceptible to a number of different type-specific DNA's and the DNA controlling SM resistance.
Comparison of Frequency of Cells Susceptible to Different DNA's.—In a given population the frequency of cells susceptible to different type-specific DNA's and the DNA controlling streptomycin resistance is not significantly different.
Competition between Type-Specific DNA's—The data suggest that DNA's of types a, b, and c compete for the same cells in Rd populations. When Rd populations are exposed simultaneously to 2 of these 3 DNA's in different concentrations the proportion which each type contributes to the total type-specific cells induced is closely correlated with the concentration of the corresponding DNA.
Exclusion of DNA's.—Induction of one type specificity or streptomycin resistance can be completely prevented in a population containing susceptible cells by previous exposure for 15 minutes to a 1000-fold higher concentration of another type-specific DNA.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: June 2004

Electrophoresis on a starch-supporting medium was used to fractionate sera containing human diphtheria antitoxin of the following varieties (a) precipitating antitoxin, (b) non-precipitating skin-sensitizing antitoxin, and (c) mixtures containing precipitating and skin-sensitizing antitoxins. Aliquots of the protein fractions thus separated were tested for activity using the rabbit toxin neutralization test, precipitin techniques, and passive transfer tests in human skin.
Non-precipitating, skin-sensitizing diphtheria antitoxin migrated largely as a fast moving gamma (γ1) globulin. Passive transfer studies of isolated antitoxic fractions showed that they were as potent as whole serum in the ability to cause immediate wheal reactions. These fractions were not precipitable using appropriate quantities of purified toxoid.
Precipitating diphtheria antitoxin migrated largely as a slow moving gamma (γ2) globulin. Isolated antitoxic fractions of appropriate strength obtained from representative sera were precipitable by toxin and were unable to cause immediate wheal reactions upon toxoid challenge in human recipients.
Mixtures of skin-sensitizing and precipitating antitoxins were separable by the technique of starch electrophoresis. The individual components removed from mixtures by this method retained the properties by which they could be characterized in whole serum.
Choice of Primary Anesthetic Regimen Can Influence Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay after Coronary Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: De Hert Stefan G. , Van der Linden Philippe J. , Cromheecke Stefanie , Meeus Roel , ten Broecke Pieter W. , De Blier Ivo G. , Stockman Bernard A. , Rodrigus Inez E. 
Published: June 2004

Background
Volatile anesthetics protect the myocardium during coronary surgery. This study hypothesized that the use of a volatile agent in the anesthetic regimen would be associated with a shorter intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay (LOS), compared with a total intravenous anesthetic regimen.

Methods
Elective coronary surgery patients were randomly assigned to receive propofol (n = 80), midazolam (n = 80), sevoflurane (n = 80), or desflurane (n = 80) as part of a remifentanil-based anesthetic regimen. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent variables associated with a prolonged ICU LOS.

Results
Patient characteristics were similar in all groups. ICU and hospital LOS were lower in the sevoflurane and desflurane groups (P < 0.01). The number of patients who needed a prolonged ICU stay (> 48 h) was also significantly lower (propofol: n = 31; midazolam: n = 34; sevoflurane: n = 10; desflurane: n = 15; P < 0.01). Occurrence of atrial fibrillation, a postoperative troponin I concentration greater than 4 ng/ml, and the need for prolonged inotropic support (> 12 h) were identified as the significant risk factors for prolonged ICU LOS. Postoperative troponin I concentrations and need for prolonged inotropic support were lower in the sevoflurane and desflurane group (P < 0.01). Postoperative cardiac function was also better preserved with the volatile anesthetics. The incidence of other postoperative complications was similar in all groups.

Conclusions
The use of sevoflurane and desflurane resulted in a shorter ICU and hospital LOS. This seemed to be related to a better preservation of early postoperative myocardial function.
Spectral Entropy as an Electroencephalographic Measure of Anesthetic Drug Effect
Authors: Vanluchene Ann L.G. , Vereecke Hugo , Thas Olivier , Mortier Eric P. , Shafer Steven L. , Struys Michel M.R.F. 
Published: June 2004

Background
The authors compared the behavior of two calculations of electroencephalographic spectral entropy, state entropy (SE) and response entropy (RE), with the A-Line ARX Index (AAI) and the Bispectral Index (BIS) and as measures of anesthetic drug effect. They compared the measures for baseline variability, burst suppression, and prediction probability. They also developed pharmacodynamic models relating SE, RE, AAI, and BIS to the calculated propofol effect-site concentration (Ceprop).

Methods
With institutional review board approval, the authors studied 10 patients. All patients received 50 mg/min propofol until either burst suppression greater than 80% or mean arterial pressure less than 50 mmHg was observed. SE, RE, AAI, and BIS were continuously recorded. Ceprop was calculated from the propofol infusion profile. Baseline variability, prediction of burst suppression, prediction probability, and Spearman rank correlation were calculated for SE, RE, AAI, and BIS. The relations between Ceprop and the electroencephalographic measures of drug effect were estimated using nonlinear mixed effect modeling.

Results
Baseline variability was lowest when using SE and RE. Burst suppression was most accurately detected by spectral entropy. Prediction probability and individualized Spearman rank correlation were highest for BIS and lowest for SE. Nonlinear mixed effect modeling generated reasonable models relating all four measures to Ceprop.

Conclusions
Compared with BIS and AAI, both SE and RE seem to be useful electroencephalographic measures of anesthetic drug effect, with low baseline variability and accurate burst suppression prediction. The ability of the measures to predict Ceprop was best for BIS.
Can Bispectral Index Monitoring Predict Recovery of Consciousness in Patients with Severe Brain Injury?
Authors: Fàbregas Neus , Gambús Pedro L. , Valero Ricard , Carrero Enrique J. , Salvador Lydia , Zavala Elysabeth , Ferrer Enrique 
Published: June 2004

Background
The probability of recovering consciousness in acute brain-injured patients depends on central nervous system damage and complications acquired during their stay in the intensive care unit. The objective of this study was to establish a relation between the Bispectral Index (BIS) and other variables derived from the analysis of the electroencephalographic signal, with the probability of recovering consciousness in patients in a coma state due to severe cerebral damage.

Methods
Twenty-five critically ill, unconscious brain-injured patients from whom sedative drugs were withdrawn at least 24 h before BIS recording were prospectively studied. BIS, 95% spectral edge frequency, burst suppression ratio, and frontal electromyography were recorded for 20 min. The neurologic condition of the patients was measured according to the Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). Patients were followed up for assessment of recovery of consciousness for 6 months after the injury. The studied variables were compared between the group of patients who recovered consciousness and those who did not recover. Their predictive ability was evaluated by means of the Pk statistic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to model the relation between variables and probability of recovery of consciousness. Cross-validation was used to validate the proposed model.

Results
There were statistically significant differences between the group of patients who recovered consciousness and those who did not with respect to BISmax, BISmin, BISmean, and BISrange, frontal electromyography, signal quality index values, and GCSBIS. The Pk (SE) values were 0.99 (0.01) for electromyelography, 0.96 (0.05) for BISmax, 0.92 (0.05) for BISmean, 0.92 (0.06) for BISrange, and 0.82 (0.09) for GCSBIS. The odds ratio for BISmax in the logistic regression model was 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-1.35). Cross-validation results reported a high-accuracy median absolute cross-validation performance error of 3.06% (95% confidence interval, 1-22.15%) and a low-bias median cross-validation performance error of 0.84% (0.56-2.12%).

Conclusions
The study BIS and other electrophysiologic and clinical variables has enabled construction and cross-validation of a model relating BIS(max) to the probability of recovery of consciousness in patients in a coma state due to a severe brain injury, after sedation has been withdrawn.