bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanists and Reformers as Allies: A Constructive Misunderstanding?
Authors: Rummel Erika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Luther first came to the attention of readers in Germany, his ideas were regarded as an extension of Erasmus’ program of reform. It was a perception widespread enough to take on a proverbial cast. “Erasmus laid the egg, and Luther hatched it” became a popular tag. Since Erasmus’ name was closely associated with humanism and Luther’s soon came to stand for the Reformation, the two movements were conceptually linked as well. Erasmus reacted angrily to this oversimplification. He saw himself neither as a forerunner nor as a soulmate of Luther. “It is silly for some people to be so pleased with the witticism ‘Either Luther erasmianizes or Erasmus lutheranizes,’” he wrote. “I have as much in common with Luther as the cuckoo with the nightingale.”
Individual Words
Authors: Wolosky Shira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poetry can be many things. Poetry can be philosophical, or emotional, or sentimental. It can paint pictures, in a descriptive mode, or tell stories, in a narrative one. Poetry can also be satirical, or funny, or political, or just informative. Yet none of these activities is specific to poetry, or reveals how poetry differs from other kinds of writing or speaking.
Images: Simile and Metaphor
Authors: Wolosky Shira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diction and syntax are important to any kind of writing or speaking. But in poetry their use may be more conscious, more considered, and they may take on special meanings and effects—like a dancer who walks or runs, but does so with more grace, more intention, and as part of a fuller purpose of design and beauty. Imagery is another basic poetic unit, one more specific to poetry and much more obviously exciting; it is the fireworks of poetry, often thought of as poetry’s defining characteristic. Actually, how large a role the kind of vivid visual picture we think of as the very stufic of poetry plays varies from literary period to period, with changes in literary taste and literary fashion. Different ages admire different things in poetry, and our admiration for certain kinds of imagery has its own specific historical context. Still, through most literary tastes and trends, the poetic image has remained a fundamental unit of poetic composition, whether as a small decorative moment in a larger argument, or as the primary organizing principle of the poem as a whole.
The Expired Subject
Authors: Tasić Vladimir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been said that the German mathematician David Hilbert was one of the two most influential mathematicians of the twentieth century (along with Poincaré). The influence of his proposal for dealing with the question of mathematical foundations extends well beyond mathematics.
Considering Hilbert’s program and continental variations on the theme will permit us to familiarize ourselves with the formalist sources of postmodern thought. which we will consider in more detail later. Along the way, we will glance at some side products of Hilbert’s endeavor: the appearance of an abstract computational device as the model of human intelligence and the notions of incompleteness and randomness.
Don’t Think, Look
Authors: Tasić Vladimir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s work is traditionally divided into two or three phases. His early period is related to logical positivism and probably reflects his interest in the ideas of Russell and Frege; it is separated from the subsequent periods by a long hiatus. His return to active philosophical work, which marks the entrance into the middle phase. appears to have followed Brouwer’s lectures in Vienna in 1928.
Indeed, Wittgenstein’s later work explicitly takes up some of the issues mentioned by Brouwer in his lectures, for example, the role of “training the mind” and culturalization of individuals (Wittgenstein had been a schoolteacher and already developed an interest in these problems), and transmission of the will by means of what Brouwer called a “single human cry” (Wittgenstein discusses utterances such as “Sit!”, “Water!”, etc.).
Introduction
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many plays are performed in contemporary Mayan communities, but there is only one that dramatizes a time when Europeans had yet to appear over the horizon of the Mayan world. This same play is one of the few whose dialogue is entirely in a Mayan language. The town where the play is produced is Rabinal, in the highlands of Guatemala, and one of the play’s two titles is RabinalAchi, “Man of Rabinal.” Whenever the characters are not engaged in dialogue they dance to the music of trumpets, which gives the play its other title: Xajoj Tun, “Dance of the Trumpets.” The character named Man of Rabinal is a warrior in the service of Lord Five Thunder, who rules the Rabinal nation from a fortress on a mountaintop. Guarding the boundaries of his court and kingdom are two characters who take their names, Eagle and Jaguar, from the sources of their spiritual power. Present within his court are his unmarried daughter, called the Mother of Quetzal Feathers; his wife, identified only as Lady; and a slave.
History as a Performing Art
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main characters in Rabinal Achi resemble historical figures, the deeds they narrate resemble historical events, and most of the places they mention can be located in geographical space. The dramatization of events in the human past, like so many of the other features of the play, has roots among the ancient Maya. The oldest direct evidence has been found at Dos Pilas, in two seventh-century inscriptions on the risers of a stone stairway. The earlier of the two texts concerns an attack on Tikal that drove its ruler into exile, followed by a retaliatory attack on Dos Pilas. The text that was added later records the performance of a dance at Dos Pilas, one in which the two earlier occurrences were dramatized.
Scripts and Voices
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, a priest and antiquarian of Flemish descent, who first brought the text of Man of Rabinal into print, accompanied by a facing-page French translation. As a traveler and sojourner in Mesoamerica, the interest that guided him was the acquisition of manuscripts bearing on the antiquities of the region. He arrived in Guatemala City on February 1, 1855, and by March he was writing letters to friends about his discoveries there. At the library of the University of San Carlos he found manuscript volumes containing the writings of Francisco Ximénez, the Dominican friar who had served as parish priest in Rabinal and other Mayan towns in 1701-1729. What attracted Brasseur most was a volume in which Ximénez had included a grammar of the K’iche’ language, written by himself, and the text of a major work by Quiché authors, to which he had added a Spanish translation. The title Ximénez chose for this work was Las historias del orígen de los indios de esta provincia de Guatemala, but Brasseur would one day make it famous under a K’iche’ title: Popol Vuh (Popol Wuj), meaning “Council Book.”
The Play Enacted
Authors: Tedlock Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the day of a performance, the participants in Rabinal Achi gather for costuming at the house of José León Coloch (figure 64). Those who live at some distance from the town center have spent the night there, sleeping in hammocks. The masks, the trumpets and drum, and the objects carried by the actors are laid out on the stone floor of the room where the household altar is located. There the Road Guide prays over them, lighting tall candles and swinging his incense burner. The masks and costumes used in most of the dance dramas of Guatemala are rented from one of several specialized workshops that manufacture and refurbish them. The tasks normally involved in producing a play include organizing expeditions to a town where a workshop is located. In the case of Rabinal Achi, however, the masks and most of the clothing are locally made. Items that cannot be found locally are purchased in other towns and reused in later years.
Preliminary Matters
Authors: Practice Writing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing practice must be constant for growth to occur. Until you can set aside a regular period for it every day, your growth will be sporadic, at best. Sometimes even people with a strong desire to write will go years before they make a routine or habit of writing for more than half an hour a day. Know that if the desire to write is strong enough, and you are cursed or blessed with the need to write, you will eventually find yourself making time for it. It may take years for the need to manifest itself. The process of gestation is a mystery. The point to remember is that until you are writing regularly, your skills will not develop.
Genesis 6 Metamorphosis
Authors: Practice Writing 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you probably have discovered, writing can be both exhilarating and frustrating. You may have experienced the occasional poem or story writing itself, but if you have worked at writing, you usually find yourself reviing until you get it right. How is it then that there are writers who seem to get it right, most of the time, in the first draft? Thomas Nashe, a gifted Elizabethan pamphleteer, playwright, satirist, and word juggler, boasted that he wrote as fast a’s his hand could trot. My hunch is that Nashe worked out his writings in his head before commit ting them to paper. This points to two methods of writing. One is the common method of writing and rewriting, in which we put down draft after draft, rearranging paragraphs and rewriting sentences. The process may begin with a sketchy outline, which is used to suggest rather than to dictate content. By using an outline as a tentative skeleton rather than as a straitjacket, you allow yourself to integrate the discoveries you make as you proceed.
Hart, Fairbanks, And The Vitalization Of Landscape
Authors: Cohen Paula Marantz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Camera pans across the towering cliffs of a canyon, then moves in to locate a man on a horse at the top of one of the cliffs. Moving closer, it shows the man in full shot, his body erect in the saddle, his face lean and weathered as he stares out into the distance, pensive, before resuming his ride.
Prologue
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present day Quest for the Historical Jesus, the single most repeated assertion of his substance is that Jesus was Jewish. That observation might seem obvious enough, but given the anti-Jewish nature of the Christian scriptures, it is one worth making. However, once it is made, this worthy assertion is given only a brief respectful nod by the Jesus-Questors – rather like a verger briefly reverencing the altar before getting on with his daily roster of duties. Thus, in almost every version of the present day Quest, Jesus comes labelled as being “a Jew” (as if we automatically know what that most protean of terms meant two thousand years ago), and then he is defined as one with such unusual characteristics that he becomes a Jew who has most of the distinguishing marks ascribed to early Christians.
Avoiding Words That Make Us Lie
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
one of the biggest challenges in dealing with the early days of the Jesus-faith is to avoid saying things we do not mean. Whether we do so consciously or unthinkingly, using the wrong words wears ruts of fallacy deep into our unconscious. Language teachers sometimes refer to “false-friends,” words that are familiar in one language, but which, when they (or very similar packages of sound or orthography) are found in another tongue, mean something entirely different. Unfortunately, the present-day vocabularies of the Jewish and the Christian faiths are so full of false-friends that they almost seem to be designed to lead us astray.
Words from the Master’s Table
Authors: Akenson Donald Harman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the possible relationship of the epistles of saint saul and the Four Gospels (but especially the Synoptics) has long been a topic of indecisive debate. Here we will be concerned chiefly with sayings (as distinct from biographical and behavioural material) that may relate to the historical Yeshua and with a few items concerning early church traditions that may reflect on that issue. We will not engage in the kind of textual truffle hunting that results in random occurrences or common folk sayings being taken as instances of meaningful inter-textual joinings. To take an example, the parallel between Saul’s advising the Thessalonians “ … be at peace among yourselves” (I Thess s:I 3) and Yeshua ‘s reportedly saying to his disciples, “ … have peace one with another” (Mark 9:50), has no value whatsoever as an indication of any relationship between the Synoptic Gospels and Saul’s epistles, and would have none even if the wording were exactly the same: most leaders, whether of religions, armies, or just heads of large families often have to tell their broods to calm down and keep quiet. Lists have been made of over 900 alleged parallels in the Synoptic Gospels, a credulity that threatens to discredit the entire enterprise.1
Introduction
Authors: Chavkin Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the turbulent 1960s, empowerment movements, Native cultural awakening, and a strong interest in American Indians helped provide the impetus for what Kenneth Lincoln has called the Native American Renaissance, the flowering of a dynamic new literature written by American Indians. I The beginning of this Renaissance is usually associated with the publication of N. Scott Momaday’s House Made of Dawn (1968), which won the Pulitzer Prize. Momaday’s novel and other works, including the highly regarded novel by James Welch, Winter in the Blood (1974), reached a large reading public. But of the numerous works of the Native American Renaissance published between 1968 and the present, it is Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony that has received the greatest critical acclaim.
The Transformation: Tayo’s Genealogy in Ceremony
Authors: Purdy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tayo is an intriguing and complex character, and thanks to Leslie Silko’s abilities as a storyteller, his story is engaging. As we read of his search for a cure, we sympathize with his plight, and when Tayo confronts Emo and the evil forces he represents at book’s end, we support him. Like Tayo, we come to recognize the responsibilities he has to his world, but also that meeting these responsibilities results in his gaining the power to survive the confrontation through his awareness of appropriate action, or inaction in this case. Like Laguna oral literature, Ceremony is concerned with entertainment and enduring cultural values, and when Silko writes of a man trying to come to grips with a chaotic world seemingly bent on self-destruction, she does what past Laguna storytellers have done: clarify the changes in their world and dramatize how old ways may be adapted to accommodate those changes. Tayo’s story emerges from a long­ standing literary tradition which continues to define and redefine the sources of power found in the Laguna landscape and to provide knowledge of the ways that these sources may be utilized. As Tayo moves through his narrative, his awareness of the relationship between his experiences and those told of in the stories of his people grows, and he in turn moves from an isolated, ill individual to a powerful, competent representative of his people. In a word, he becomes a hero.
The Semiotics of Dwelling in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony
Authors: Rainwater Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reader of Ceremony must also acknowledge a second concept that Silko and other contemporary Indian writers suggest is fundamental to American Indian epistemology: there are profound, inextricable linkages among self, community, and the physical and metaphysical dimensions of the land. Three brief statements by N. Scott Momaday, Paula Gunn Allen, and Louise Erdrich succinctly outline such a relationship to the environment. Momaday’s statement emphasizes an aesthetic perception and valuation of land that he sees as characteristically “Indian.”
Leslie Marmon Silko
Authors: Weaver Jace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the same themes that run through the work of Vine Deloria propel the writing of Leslie Silko. Sovereignty, com­ munity, and the vitality and power of a tradition that is constantly evolving are fundamental categories for the Laguna author. Rejecting racially based essentializing, she stated in a 1980 interview, “Community is tremendously important. That’s where a person’s identity has to come from, not from racial blood quantum levels.”1 Applying such a criteria to herself in an autobiographical statement six years earlier, she wrote, “I grew up at Laguna Pueblo. I am of mixed-breed ancestry, but what I know is Laguna. This place I am from is everything I am as a writer and human being.”2 Like Scott Momaday, she is a writer who sees herself as a writer (and not as a “representative Indian”), “in whom a concern with memory and the past operates as a constitutive element in both writing and personal/cultural survival and growth.”3 And like Momaday (and Mourning Dove before him), she artfully weaves traditional orature and the sacred/ceremonial into Western literary forms.
Samson’s Death by Theater and Milton’s Art of Dying
Authors: Kezar Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A Highly Theatrical Culture that also invests a great deal of ideological energy in questions of soteriology, one is not surprised to find death privileged as a uniquely authentic and revelatory drama: a faithful picture of “that within” somehow unobscured by “actions that a man might play.” But John Donne’s prayer for a correspondence between “inward comforts” and “outward testimonies” reveals a source of anxiety for spectators in the Renaissance theater of death.
The New Deal’s Political Economy, 1933–1948: From Organic Body Politic to Unified Body Economic
Authors: Peritz Rudolph J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The New Deal is understood by historians, political scientists, economists, legal scholars, and other students of political economy as two New Deals. The early New Deal, identified most of all with the National Industrial Recovery Act, is seen as a dangerous episode, as the collectivist impulse that failed. This brief period of central planning, as it is viewed, was already a national fiasco when the Supreme Court handed down the unanimous ALA Schechter Poultry (1935) decision, which held the NIRA unconstitutional. Within minutes of the decision, Justice Brandeis was heard to say to Tommy Corcoran, one of Franklin Roosevelt’s close advisors, “This is the end of this business of centralization, and I want you to go back and tell the President that we’re not going to let this government centralize everything. It’s come to an end.”1 Roosevelt, and Congress, would take heed of Brandeis’s warning. Indeed, the later New Deal’s turn toward decentralized planning, toward competitive markets as economic regulator, was symbolized by an Antitrust Division in the Department of Justice. Yale law professor Thurman Arnold would lead the division’s assault on the economy’s collectivist mentalité, cultivated at least as early as Herbert Hoover’s regime of trade associationalism.
A Body Made of Words and Poetic Meters
Authors: Malamoud Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problem I would like to examine is quite simple, in a way: How does the sacrifice affect the sacrificer? What happens to the sacrificer, to his self, during the sacrificial process? In what respect, and to what extent, is he modified by it? Let it be clear that I am not looking for psycho-physiological answers to these questions. I am not trying to trace the measurable transformations to which a human organism is submitted when exposed to the material conditions and to the mental stress involved in the sacrificial process. I am trying to find not what happens “really” but what is supposed to happen. I wish to understand what is taught by the dogmatic texts of the Veda in a language we can very well call metaphorical. Of course, it is not impossible to draw some hints from these texts that could be used for a scientific interpretation. But I don’t think that effort could take us very far. In any case, we should not refrain from trying to understand the consistency of the injunctions of Vedic discourse on the aim and means of the sacrificial rite.
Spirit Possession as Self Transformative Experience in Late Medieval Catholic Europe
Authors: Sluhovsky Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Possession by either divine or demonic spirits is a familiar form of self-transformation. Together with devotional ecstasy, shamanism, trance, and voodoo and Zar ceremonies, possession is included by ethnopsychologists and anthropologists in the large variety of altered states of consciousness, numerous mental states that are “indigenously understood in terms of the influence of an alien spirit, demon, or deity.” These diverse conditions and practices enable individuals and communities to reach beyond their mundane bodies and souls and connect with the supernatural, whether divine or diabolic. Anthropologist Erika Bourguignon has counted more than different societies in which such states are acknowledged. Other anthropologists have identified a marked contrast between two types of possession - central and peripheral. In the former, possession is regarded as a positive experience, and the spirits who take temporary hold over human bodies are viewed positively and typically speak through men. In such societies, possession is sometimes selfinduced, and the state of being possessed supports the moral, political, social, and religious order. In peripheral possessions, the phenomenon is viewed as undesirable, signifying personal or social pathology, and the possessed individuals are usually women. In cultures where possession is viewed negatively, as “the state of a person whose body has fallen under the control of the devil,” the possessing agents are assumed to be demons, Satan himself, or revenants - disembodied souls that return from the realm of the dead. Societies that embrace peripheral possession, seen as dangerous or non-normative behavior, developed healing techniques to cure and reintegrate possessed individuals by means of established ceremonies of exorcism.
After Publication
Authors: Callahan John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preface to his two-part interview with Ellison, begun in 1974, resumed and concluded in 1982, John Hersey remarked that “[o]ne of the most significant views of Ralph Ellison’s work happens to be his own.” Hersey understates the matter. Aware that his reputation rested largely on Invisible Man, Ellison wrote briefly and at length, over and over again, about any and every aspect of his novel in essays, interviews, and letters from the time of the novel’s publication in 1952 until his death in 1994. Some of his comments, like those in “Brave Words for a Startling Occasion,” his address on the occasion of accepting the National Book Award, place Invisible Man in the most ambitious, classic tradition of the American novel. Other remarks, like some of those made to interviewers from the Paris Review, sometimes downplay his novel’s importance. But whether in his essays and interviews, or in letters written to students, scholars, readers, old friends, or all of the above, Ellison’s words about Invisible Man reveal a learned, highly conscious artist as critic and an exacting critic as artist striving to write far more than a worthy first novel. The selections that follow are a sample of the best of the extensive theoretical and practical commentaries offered by Ellison in the four decades of his life after Invisible Man was published in 1952.