bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Against articulatory grounding
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As can be seen from the following quote from Kager (1999: 421), Optimality Theory has given rise to a strong renewed interest in the question of the relationship between phonetics and phonology. In work by Steriade, Flemming, Kirchner, Hayes, and others, it is argued that constraints should be able to refer to much more phonetic detail (including non-contrastive features and numerical values of acoustic parameters) than is allowed on classical generative assumptions, which maintain a strict separation between phonology and phonetics ... This blurring of the phonology-phonetics boundary goes hand in hand with an increased role for functional explanations ... No doubt, real progress can be made by this approach. An increased role for functional explanations in grammatical theory matches well with a major goal of OT, which is to encode directly markedness in the grammar, an enterprise that has been crucial to OT ‘s typological achievements.
Against typological grounding
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All phonologists will be familiar with the following argument: one should select underlying /g/ for the root morpheme in the Catalan [sek–seG@] pair since [g] is a less marked segment than [G], and one should only posit marked segments in a language if one is unambiguously compelled by the evidence to do so. That is, since one can develop an analysis of the Catalan data without resorting to an underlying /G/, why not do so? We think that this argument holds no water, and we devote this chapter to a general discussion of the validity of the notion of marked ness being invoked in such a proposal.
Against Output–Output Correspondence
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Output–Output Correspondence (OOC) constraints, which demand correspondence between independently occurring surface forms, have made their way into the working arsenal of constraint types in use with Optimality Theory. In this chapter1 we examine some of the better-known arguments which have been advanced in support of OOC constraints, and argue that adoption of such a powerful mechanism within OT is not justified in the cases discussed. In particular, we will discuss the following analyses: the incomplete/complete phase distinction of Rotuman, as analyzed by McCarthy (1995)2 and McCarthy (2000), and English truncated hypocoristics, as discussed by Benua (1995). Together with Kenstowicz ‘s (1996) work on Base Identity and Uniform Exponence, discussed in detail later in the chapter, these were the earliest studies in the OOC literature, and have proven very influential.
Some Philosophical Uses of ‘To Be’ in Plato*
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syntactically, the passages in question are a mixed bag. In a few cases we have what I call the veridical construction with a subject of sentential rather than nominal form: the verb is construed absolutely (no further predicate is expressed or understood), and it is syntactically linked to a clause of thinking or saying. In other cases, where the subject (or implied subject) is a noun phrase, an absolute construction of the verb may bear an existential sense.
The Thesis of Parmenides*
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we except Plato, Aristotle, and Plotinus, Parmenides is perhaps the most important and influential of all the Greek philosophers. And considered as a metaphysician he is perhaps the most original figure in the western tradition. At any rate, if ontology is the study of Being, or what there is, and metaphysics the study of ultimate Reality, or what there is in the most fundamental way, then Parmenides may reasonably be regarded as the founder of ontology and metaphysics at once. For he is the first to have articulated the concept of Being or Reality as a distinct topic for philosophic discussion.
Being in Parmenides and Plato
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the silence of Aristotle, there can be little doubt of the importance of Parmenides as an influence on Plato’s thought. If it was the encounter with Socrates that made Plato a philosopher, it was the poem of Parmenides that made him a metaphysician. In the first place it was Parmenides’ distinction between Being and Becoming that provided Plato with the ontological basis for his theory of Forms. When he decided to submit this theory to searching criticism, he chose as critic no other than Parmenides himself. And when the time came for Socrates to be replaced as principal speaker in the dialogues, Plato introduced as his new spokesman a visitor from Elea.
Number
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manambu distinguishes singular and non-singular numbers expressed via agreement (outlined in §5.1) and also on the head noun. A non-singular number can be associative (that is, denoting the set by association with its central member: see Moravcsik 2003 for a typological perspective), or non-associative. Either of these can be dual or plural. See Chart 6.1. The singular number is the least formally marked. Associative non-singular is marked on the head noun which can only be a personal name. Non-associative non-singular is marked on some nouns, which include kinship terms and a few others. All of dual, plural, and singular are expressed through agreement.
Negation
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All declarative non-habitual clauses are negated with the negator ma:. Just as in positive clauses, verbal predicates differ from non-verbal predicates in what tense distinctions are expressed under negation (see §12.1). Negation of verbal predicates (including copulas) is discussed in §14.1.1. In §14.1.2 we look at how non-verbal predicates are negated. The verbal negator ma: (variants: ma:n, ma”an, ma”a) has clausal scope, and is also used as a pro-clause meaning ‘no’. The forms ma: and ma”a are in free variation; and so are ma:n and ma”an (see §2.1.2). The variants ma: and ma:n are in free distribution in most instances, with the variant ma:n found only with traditional and older speakers. The only noted difference between the two is discussed under §14.1.2 (example 14.15). Additional uses of the negator ma: are discussed in §14.6. See the discussion in §14.1.3.
Morphology of amphibian larvae
Authors: McDiarmid Roy W , Altig Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The larvae of amphibians are non-reproductive and usually aquatic. Most undergo metamorphosis prior to attaining an adult morphology and sexual maturity. Species within each amphibian order that develop by other modes (e.g. direct development; Altig and Johnston 1989; Thibaudeau and Altig 1999) have non-feeding larvae or embryos, and we do not discuss them in this chapter.
Egg mass and nest counts
Authors: Paton Peter W C , Harris Reid N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a critical need to develop statistically sensitive monitoring programs to assess changes in the distribution and abundance of amphibians and determine underlying mechanisms affecting populations (Alford and Richards 1999; Marsh 2001; Storfer 2003; Petranka et al. 2004, 2006). However, assessing trends is challenging because amphibian populations may experience dramatic fluctuations (Pechmann et al. 1989) and all species have imperfect detection probabilities (Bailey et al. 2004). Biologists interested in monitoring long-term amphibian population trends have a number of methods available (Heyer et al. 1994), but selecting the most appropriate survey and analysis techniques can be difficult (Williams et al. 2002).
Field enclosures and terrestrial cages
Authors: Harper Elizabeth B , Pechmann Joseph H K , Petranka James W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amphibians exhibit many life-history patterns and occur in biomes ranging from deserts and grasslands to boreal and tropical forests (Chapter 1). Most species have complex life cycles with a free-living aquatic larval stage and a non-gilled post-metamorphic stage. Of the more than 6000 extant species that have been described, almost all use terrestrial habitats during some or all of their life cycle. Common terrestrial specializations include arboreal, fossorial, surfacedwelling, and riparian species (Chapter 1). The aquatic larval stage, if present, is typically much shorter than the postmetamorphic stage. The juveniles and adults of most species live in semi-aquatic or terrestrial habitats. Despite these facts, researchers have conducted surprisingly few studies on the terrestrial ecology of amphibians, especially pond-breeding amphibians (Pechmann 1995). Even some of the most basic questions—such as the extent to which population regulation occurs during the aquatic and terrestrial stages of the life cycle—are poorly resolved because of a shortage of information on density dependence during the terrestrial stages.
On Living in an Old Country
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hulk of Henry VIII's flagship is raised from the seabed in an operation that captures the mind of the nation. The leader of the Labour party wears an informal coat at the Cenotaph and provokes a national scandal. An elderly lady whose ancient house is scheduled for demolition dismantles it, piece by piece, and moves it across the country... On Living in an Old Country probes such apparently fleeting and disconnected events in order to reveal how history lives on, not just in the specialist knowledge of historians, archaeologists and curators, but as a tangible presence permeating everyday life and shaping our sense of identity. It investigates the rise of 'heritage' as expressed in literature, advertising, and political rhetoric as well as in popular television dramas, conservation campaigns, and urban development schemes. It explores the relations between the idea of an imperilled national identity and the transformation of British society introduced by Margaret Thatcher. This is the book that put 'heritage' on the map, opening one of the defining cultural and political debates of our time, and showing why conservation is a subject of such broad significance in contemporary Britain. This new edition includes an extensive new preface and interview material reflecting on the ongoing debate about the heritage industry which the book helped to kick-start.
Introduction: Everyday Life, Nostalgia and the National Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1979 is well remembered as the year in which Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister of Great Britain. But 1979 was also the year of a far lesser return to the old nation, for one day that summer I made my own somewhat uncertain way through the arrival hall at Heathrow having spent some five years living in North America, mostly in Vancouver.
Coming Back to the Shores of Albion: The Secret England of Mary Butts (1890–1937)
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book (a work in which memory is also imaginative reinvention the garden was actually nearer 20 acres), Mary Butts recalls woods, an orchard, terraces, kitchen gardens and the customary retinue of attendants: maids, cooks, gardeners, a coachman who wore the livery colours of the family. There was a room full of drawings and watercolours by William Blake which had come into the family through Thomas Butts, friend and patron of Blake. It was, as Butts claims with the grieving hindsight of the 1930s, a ‘profoundly English life; in the very last years of the old Queen, little had been changed since her accession.
A Blue Plaque for the Labour Movement? Some Political Meanings of the National Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Irritated commentators don’t seem to have been sure whether it was actually a dufflecoat, with its early CND connotations, or a donkey jacket, resonant of sullen proletarianism, but it was certainly green rather than black, untailored and—as many people will doubtless still remember—distinctly out of place on the back of the Leader of the Labour Party during the solemnities at the Cenotaph on Remembrance Day 1981. Among those black columns of uniformed men, Michael Foot’s garb was taken as giving his appearance over to the ordinary, the casual and even, in an intellectual CND sort of way, to the popular.
The Ghosting of the Inner City
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.’1 Such is the Party’s motto in Nineteen Eighty-Four, and it should speak to us directly enough in the really existing 1980s. Time has underscored Orwell’s suggestion that the past is subject to political manipulation, and not just in its undoubtedly miserable application to the Soviet bloc. In Britain, the 1980s have already seen enough public invocation of a revamped Imperial past to leave no doubt that here too history is capable of serving interests quite other than those of natural curiosity or scholastic research. Orwell, however, did not rest with the general observation that the past can be reworked and con- scripted, pressed into the service of present political purposes.
Afterword: Everyday Life and the Aura of the Modern Past
Authors: Wright Patrick , Krauze Andrzej 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a brief but very interesting discussion of official policy regarding ‘Patrimony’ in Giscard d’Estaing’s France, Philippe Hoyau has argued that the contemporary emphasis on the national past ‘derives less from a will to preserve and value a “monumental” and academic past than from the promotion of new values articulated on a largely transformed conception of inheritance and tradition.’
Neurobiology And The Development Of Violence: Common Assumptions And Controversies
Authors: Loeber Rolf , Pardini Dustin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence and serious property crime continue to lead to high levels of personal injury and financial damage for victims (Welsh & Loeber, in press), and stimulate concerns about safety and increased costs for security, police, and preventive efforts. For example, in the year 2000 alone, the total costs resulting from non-fatal injuries and death attributable to violence were more than $70 billion in the United States (Corso et al., 2007). Research on the victim costs of crime shows that the victim costs of an average chronic juvenile offender committing crime between ages 7 and 17 amounts to about $1.25 million (based on self-reported delinquency; Welsh et al., in press).
The Neuroendocrinology Of Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Goozen Stephanie H M Van , Fairchild Graeme 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antisocial behaviour is an issue of significant social and clinical concern. When committed by young people, it is an issue of increasing concern. Although environmental factors have traditionally attracted most attention in explaining the origin and persistence of antisocial behaviour, it is important not to overlook the vulnerability of the individual in the development of antisocial behaviour. Relatively few studies have been conducted on the neuroendocrine factors involved in the development of antisocial behaviour in children. In this chapter, we explain how stress and androgenic hormones could be important factors in the behavioural problems of antisocial individuals. We will show that cortisol has been found to be significantly inversely related to severity of antisocial behaviour and can predict antisocial behaviour over time. We will also show that the role of androgens in aggression is less clear, and that there is currently only limited data suggesting that testosterone, or indeed other androgenic hormones, is particularly involved in violent behaviour or the prediction of antisocial behaviour over time.
Gene–Brain Associations: The Example Of MAOA
Authors: Buckholtz Joshua W , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the beginning of recorded history, humans have noted (and lamented) the existence of individuals whose actions consistently contravene widely shared sentiments about appropriate behavior (social norms) and who thus pose a threat to social order and community peace (Cleckley, 1988). Furthermore, it was understood even in ancient times that the propensity toward antisocial behaviour ‘breeds true’ in families, and moreover, that the inheritance of antisocial traits was especially pronounced in men1. In the 1980’s, this long-held notion of heritable contributions to personality was confirmed by studies of twins reared apart, which provided powerful evidence for a strong genetic component to individual variation in a variety of human traits (Bouchard et al., 1990), including those linked to antisocial behaviour (Grove et al., 1990; Viding et al., 2005; Koenig et al., 2007; Viding et al., 2007). Similar to most other psychiatric phenotypes However, antisocial behaviour is genetically complex, meaning that multiple genetic variants are likely to contribute to the associated traits in interaction with one another (epistasis) and with the environment. Clues as to which specific gene or set of genes might account for this inherited variation were not forthcoming until Brunner’s landmark finding of a single, rare, genetic mutation associated with antisocial behaviour in a large Dutch kindred (Brunner, Nelen, Breakefieldet al., 1993). This study implicated the first (and, to date, most compelling) candidate susceptibility gene for human antisocial behaviour, MAOA.
Leaving Things to Take their Chances: Cause and Disposition Grounded in Chance
Authors: Barker Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chances, causes, counterfactuals, and dispositions are related in some way that is revelatory of their natures, but which way? Impressed by the power of counterfactuals as an analytic tool, many have thought that both cause and disposition are grounded in counterfactual facts. Think of causes as facts to do with what wouldn’t have been if certain events had not occurred. Think of dispositions as analysed in terms of facts about what would have been if certain events had occurred. Now refine this idea by bringing in chances to deal with indeterministic elements that may attend both cause and disposition, and contrive more complicated counterfactual conditions to cater for pre-emption, finks, antidotes, and other disruptive phenomena. One has therein the current counterfactual-theoretic program to tame cause and disposition. Its practitioners don’t agree about how it should work, or whether it really can. I shall argue that the question of its fate does not rest with their sorting out the details; it turns on a deeper matter. A closer look at chance shows that the whole counterfactual reductive program starts on the wrong foot.
From Muscovy towards St Petersburg 1598–1689
Authors: Torke Hans-Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century has long been a focus of historiographic debate. Impressed by the broad-ranging reforms of Peter the Great (1689–1725), most early historians tended to emphasize the ‘break’, juxtaposing a traditional Muscovy of the seventeenth century to a Westernizing state of the eighteenth. But for over a century specialists have realized that the Petrine reforms built upon changes initiated by his predecessors in the seventeenth century. The army, finances, state administration—favourite areas of Petrine reform—were also the subject of government reforms in the seventeenth century.
Pre-Reform Russia 1801–1855
Authors: Ransel David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the murder of Tsar Paul in 1801 brought instant relief to the political élite of Russia, it did not have the same healthy effect on the new ruler, Alexander I, son of the murdered tsar. Alexander was himself a conspirator, for he had authorized the overthrow of his father, if not his assassination, and the new tsar initially expressed despair about the killing, feelings of incompetence about ruling, and stark fear that he too might be killed. The recent series of executions and overturns of European rulers had made royalty insecure everywhere in Europe.
Reform and Counter Reform 1855–1890
Authors: Freeze Gregory L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The period 1855–90 marks Russia’s transition from counter- revolution to revolution—from the ‘Gendarme of Europe’ to the bastion of revolutionary forces. That transition reflected the profound impact of the ‘Great Reforms’, which brought not only far-reaching changes (the emancipation of serfs and a host of other Westernizing, modernizing reforms), but also a new kind of politics and relationship between state and society. In so many respects, the epoch of reform and counter-reform encapsulated the fundamental processes at work in the history of Russia: the dangerous and unpredictable consequences of reform, the awakening of unfulfilled expectations, the unleashing of liberal and revolutionary movements, and the powerful, implosive impact of borderland minorities on politics in the central heartland.
Building Stalinism 1929–1941
Authors: Siegelbaum Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1930s have long represented a watershed in the grand narratives of Soviet history. According to the Marxist-Leninist version, de rigueur in the Soviet Union until the late 1980s, it was the decade of ‘socialist construction’. Under the leadership of I. V. Stalin (or in the post-1956 de-Stalinized variant, the Communist Party), the Soviet people confounded sceptics, both domestic and foreign, by rapidly and enthusiastically constructing gigantic factories and dams, transforming backward villages into collective farms, and in the process becoming citizens of a genuinely socialist society. Their achievement was celebrated and formalized in the ‘Stalin Constitution’ of 1936, which guaranteed civil rights and equality among all the peoples of the USSR.
A Modern ‘Time of Troubles’
Authors: Freeze Gregory L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourteen and half years between Chernenko’s death and Putin’s presidency loomed like a redux of the ‘Time of Troubles’ in the early seventeenth century. What began as systemic reform turned into systemic collapse—dissolution of the Soviet Union, disastrous economic regression, profound social upheavals, and loss of superpower status. Mikhail Gorbachev initiated the reforms, aiming to reinvigorate and ultimately transform the Soviet system. His ‘perestroika’, however, unleashed forces and expectations even as it failed to satisfy minimal requirements.
Rebuilding Russia
Authors: Freeze Gregory L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first years of the twenty-first century witnessed a spectacular recovery in Russia—the rebuilding of central state power, a fast- paced economic boom, and reassertion of that country’s status as a major global power. Leading this renaissance was Vladimir Putin, former KGB officer and Boris Yeltsin’s anointed successor, a man determined to restore Russia to its ‘rightful’ place in the world. He benefited from the fortuitous surge in the global economy (which generated an insatiable demand for Russia’s abundant energy resources); that windfall enabled Putin not only to claim responsibility for reversing a decade of catastrophic economic decline but also to re-establish a centralized state.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the Middle Ages, Europe has been one of the most urbanized continents on the planet and its cities have stamped their imprint on the European economy, as well as on European social, political, and cultural life. Rarely sprawling mega-cities like those of present-day Latin America or Asia, mostly compact and coherent, they have been communities of heavy mortality (until the twentieth century) and of high immigration.