bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of [2′‐2H1]‐Ribonucleosides
Authors: Földesi András , Kundu Mrinal K. , Dinya Zoltán , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNew syntheses of C(2′)‐deuterated ribonucleosides have been accomplished starting either from 3,5‐di‐O‐benzyl‐1‐O‐methyl‐α,β‐D‐ribofuranose (1b) or 2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐ribose (14), with >97 atom‐% D incorporation in both cases. The former is suited to the demands of multiple‐site deuteration or uniform 13C/multiple 2H double labeling of the ribofuranose moiety, whereas the latter is particularly appropriate for single‐site 2H labeling for mechanistic studies of enzyme reactions.
Chemical Constituents from the Pericarp of Trewia nudiflora
Authors: Du Zhi‐Zhi , He Hong‐Ping , Wu Bin , Shen Yue‐Mao , Hao Xiao‐Jiang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThree new ent‐atisane diterpenes, i.e., 17‐hydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐oic acid (1), 17‐hydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐oic acid methyl ester (2), and 16α,17‐dihydroxy‐ent‐atisan‐19‐al (3), together with five known phenolic compounds, i.e., gallic acid, ethyl gallate, protocatechuic acid, 3,4,4′‐tri‐O‐methylellagic acid, and α‐tocopherol, and two other known compounds, i.e., trans‐cinnamic acid and taraxerone, were isolated from the pericarp of Trewia nudiflora collected in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR. Trace amounts of maytansinoids were isolated by antifungal‐activity‐guided fractionation and determined by LC‐ESI‐MS analysis; they were prominent antifungal constituents in the pericarp of Trewia nudiflora.
Throughflow variability during snowmelt in a forested mountain catchment, coastal British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Kim Hyeon Jeong , Sidle Roy C. , Moore R. D. , Hudson R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis study documented the spatial and temporal variability of outflow from a forested hillslope segment during snowmelt at a small mountain catchment in south coastal British Columbia, Canada. A pit 5 m wide was established just upslope from the stream channel. Outflow from the organic horizon was intercepted and measured by a single trough, and outflow from the mineral horizons was measured separately for three adjacent sections. Throughflow exhibited non‐steady‐state behaviour involving shifting allocations of flow amongst different sections of the outflow pit, as well as threshold effects and hysteresis in the relationship between pit outflow and water table elevation. Most of the pit outflow originated from the mineral horizons, indicating that throughflow was the dominant pathway by which water was delivered to the stream channel. Direct precipitation and snowmelt onto near‐stream saturated areas can account for less than 20% of the total outflow from the hillslope segment. Throughflow from the mineral sections consistently peaked either at the same time as or earlier than stream flow from the 150‐ha catchment during diurnal snowmelt cycles, indicating that throughflow appears to respond rapidly enough to contribute to snowmelt‐induced peak stream flow. Pit outflow cannot be extrapolated reliably to the catchment scale on the basis of simple length‐ or area‐based ratios. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geostatistical analysis and conditional simulation for estimating the spatial variability of hydraulic conductivity in the Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan
Authors: Jang Cheng‐Shin , Liu Chen‐Wuing 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis work evaluated the spatial variability and distribution of heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity (K) in the Choushui River alluvial fan in Taiwan, using ordinary kriging (OK) and mean and individual sequential Gaussian simulations (SGS). A baseline flow model constructed by upscaling parameters was inversely calibrated to determine the pumping and recharge rates. Simulated heads using different K realizations were then compared with historically measured heads. A global/local simulated error between simulated and measured heads was analysed to assess the different spatial variabilities of various estimated K distributions. The results of a MODFLOW simulation indicate that the OK realization had the smallest sum of absolute mean simulation errors (SAMSE) and the SGS realizations preserved the spatial variability of the measured K fields. Moreover, the SAMSE increases as the spatial variability of the K field increases. The OK realization yields small local simulation errors in the measured K field of moderate magnitude, whereas the SGS realizations have small local simulation errors in the measured K fields, with high and low values. The OK realization of K can be applied to perform a deterministic inverse calibration. The mean SGS method is suggested for constructing a K field when the application focuses on extreme values of estimated parameters and small calibration errors, such as in a simulation of contaminant transport in heterogeneous aquifers. The individual SGS realization is useful in stochastically assessing the spatial uncertainty of highly heterogeneous aquifers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips
Authors: Abu‐Zreig Majed , Rudra Ramesh P. , Lalonde Manon N. , Whiteley Hugh R. , Kaushik Narinder K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe impact of vegetated filter strips (VFS) on sediment removal from runoff has been studied extensively in recent years. Vegetation is believed to increase water infiltration and decrease water turbulence thus enhancing sediment deposition within filter media. In the study reported here, field experiments have been conducted to examine the efficiency of vegetated filter strips for sediment removal from cropland runoff. Twenty filters with varying length, slope and vegetated cover were used under simulated runoff conditions with an average sediment concentration of 2700 mg/L. The filters were 2, 5, 10 and 15 m long with a slope of 2·3 and 5% and three types of vegetation. Three other strips with bare soil were used as a control. The experimental results showed that the average sediment trapping efficiency of all filters was 84% and ranging from 68% in a 2‐m filter to as high as 98% in a 15‐m long filter compared with only 25% for the control. The length of filter has been found to be the predominant factor affecting sediment deposition in VFS up to 10 m. Increasing filter length to 15 m did not improve sediment trapping efficiency under the present experimental conditions. The rate of incoming flow and vegetation cover percentage has a secondary effect on sediment deposition in VFS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of snow structure on water flow and solute transport
Authors: Waldner Peter A. , Schneebeli Martin , Schultze‐Zimmermann Ute , Flühler Hannes 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWater flow through a melting snow pack modifies its structure and stability and affects the release of water and nutrients into soils and surface waters. Field and laboratory observations indicate a large spatial variability on various scales of the liquid water content and flow, a dominant system feature currently not included in numerical models. We investigated experimentally water and dye tracer movement through microstructurally different snow pack horizons and the persistence of preferential flow paths. Naturally rounded snow of varying grain size was artificially packed to obtain well known conditions by sieving it into rectangular bins. Surface melt was induced with infrared lamps. The flow paths were visualized with tracers and liquid water content was monitored with time domain reflectometry probes. Vertical cuts through the snow pack were imaged. The dye tracer patterns allowed the two flow regimes ‘matrix flow’ and ‘preferential flow’ to be distinguished. Matrix flow is apparently dominated by film and capillary flow in the unsaturated snow matrix. The capillary barrier effect at a boundary between a fine over a coarse textured layer on matrix flow in snow was confirmed. In contrast, preferential flow appears as well‐defined flow fingers that advance from 0·1 to 1 cm s−1. During a melt phase, the advancing flow fingers enlarge and are only partially time invariant. It remains to be shown whether the continuum concept, including the Darcy–Buckingham law is apt to describe the extremely non‐linear nature of water flow and the travel time of solutes in snow under conditions of melt water percolation. Probably, snow packs that include faceted crystals and large variations in bulk density, feature more pronounced capillary barriers and preferential flow triggering, but also stronger impeding of fingers by lateral dispersion. Further, triggering and persistence of preferential flow is complicated by the usually transient infiltration rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐term spatial and temporal patterns of suspended sediment transfer in proglacial channels, small River Glacier, Canada
Authors: Orwin John F. , Smart C. C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAlpine glacial basins are a significant source and storage area for sediment exposed by glacial retreat. Recent research has indicated that short‐term storage and release of sediment in proglacial channels may control the pattern of suspended sediment transfer from these basins. Custom‐built continuously recording turbidimeters installed on a network of nine gauging sites were used to characterize spatial and temporal variability in suspended sediment transfer patterns for the entire proglacial area at Small River Glacier, British Columbia, Canada. Discharge and suspended sediment concentration were measured at 5 min intervals over the ablation season of 2000. Differences in suspended sediment transfer patterns were then extracted using multivariate statistics (principal component and cluster analysis). Results showed that each gauging station was dominated c. 80% of days by diurnal sediment transfer patterns and ‘low’ suspended sediment concentrations. ‘Irregular’ transfer patterns were generally associated with ‘high’ sediment concentrations during snowmelt and rainfall events, resulting in the transfer of up to 70% of the total seasonal suspended sediment load at some gauging stations. Suspended sediment enrichment of up to 600% from channel storage release and extrachannel inputs occurred between the glacial front and distal proglacial boundary. However, these patterns differed significantly between gauging stations as determined by the location of the gauging station within the catchment and meteorological conditions. Overall, the proglacial area was the source for up to 80% of the total suspended sediment yield transferred from the Small River Glacier basin. These results confirmed that sediment stored and released in the proglacial area, in particular from proglacial channels, was controlling suspended sediment transfer patterns. To characterize this control accurately requires multiple gauging stations with high frequency monitoring of suspended sediment concentration. Accurate characterization of this proglacial control on suspended sediment transfer may therefore aid interpretation of suspended sediment yield patterns from glacierized basins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of MMP and uPA systems and prognostic relevance of their expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamashita Keishi , Tanaka Yoichi , Mimori Koshi , Inoue Hiroshi , Mori Masaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase (MMP) is critical for carcinoma progression. In our study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of the major MMP family such as MMP‐3, MMP‐9, MMP‐11 and MT1‐MMP at the mRNA in 44 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) that were previously characterized for MMP‐7, MMP‐1 and MMP‐2, and their relation to urokinase system (uPA and uPAR). MT1‐MMP, MMP‐11 and MMP‐2 expressions are closely associated with each other, while MMP‐9 and uPAR expressions are inversely associated with the former group. There is no MMP related to clinicopathological factors; however, patients with high MT1‐MMP could show worse prognosis, as compared to those with low MT1‐MMP expression (p=0.01), as well as MMP‐11 did (p=0.02). Both MMP showed clear expression of carcinoma cells by immunohistochemistry. In patients with high MT1‐MMP, recurrence was more prominent (23/26: 88.5%) than those with low MT1‐MMP (7/18: 38.9%) (p=0.0016). In the 20 cases who died within 3 years, all 15 cases with high MT1‐MMP showed initial recurrence of distant metastasis, and the other 5 cases with low MT1‐MMP showed locoregional recurrence (p=0.000064). These results could indicate that there is a relevant mechanism of associated expression of clinically significant MMP and that among them, MT1‐MMP plays the most critical role in ESCC progression. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐CD30‐scFv‐Fc‐IL‐2 antibody‐cytokine fusion protein that induces resting NK cells to highly efficient cytolysis of Hodgkin's lymphoma derived tumour cells
Authors: Heuser Claudia , Guhlke Stefan , Matthies Alexander , Bender Hans , Barth Stefan , Diehl Volker , Abken Hinrich , Hombach Andreas 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe pathogenesis of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is associated with the accumulation of functionally anergic T cells in the near vicinity of the malignant Hodgkin/Reed‐Sternberg (H/RS) cell. To stimulate locally the anti‐tumour immunity in Hodgkin's disease, we generated an anti‐CD30‐antibody‐interleukin‐2 fusion protein (HRS3‐scFv‐Fc‐IL‐2) that binds to CD30 constitutively expressed on H/RS cells. The fusion protein is composed of a CD30 binding domain (HRS3‐scFv) that is linked via the human IgG hinge‐CH2/CH3 domain to human IL‐2. The HRS3‐scFv‐Fc‐IL‐2 fusion protein is expressed as a 140 kDa homodimer, has binding specificities to both the CD30 antigen and the IL‐2 receptor and stimulates proliferation of preactivated T cells in vitro, demonstrating its IL‐2 bioactivity. After binding to CD30+ Hodgkin lymphoma cells, HRS3‐scFv‐Fc‐IL‐2 moreover induces resting NK cells, but not T cells, to lyse the lymphoma cells with high efficiency. Recruitment of resting NK cells towards a cytolytic immune response against CD30+ lymphoma cells has the potential to build up an effective anti‐tumour response despite of Hodgkin's disease associated T‐cell anergy and makes the HRS3‐scFv‐Fc‐IL‐2 fusion protein suitable for the specific immunotherapy of Hodgkin's lymphoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pigmentary characteristics, sun sensitivity and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Hughes Ann Maree , Armstrong Bruce K. , Vajdic Claire M. , Turner Jennifer , Grulich Andrew , Fritschi Lin , Milliken Sam , Kaldor John , Benke Geza , Kricker Anne 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe report on pigmentary characteristics, sun sensitivity and some other possible risk factors for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in people 20–74 years of age. A statewide case‐control study was conducted in New South Wales, Australia, with population‐based sampling of cases (n = 704) and controls (n = 694). Risk of NHL was increased in subjects with hazel eyes (OR = 1.48; 95% CI = 1.07–2.04), very fair skin (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.01–2.07) and poor ability to tan (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.06–2.71). Risk with mild facial freckling as a child (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.59–0.99) was reduced relative to that with no or moderate to severe freckling. Smokers were not at increased risk of NHL. A past history of treatment for skin cancer was associated with a slight nonsignificant increase in risk. Previous radiotherapy and chemotherapy were associated with 1.5‐ to 2‐fold increases in risk but with wide confidence intervals. These results provide weak support for the possibility that sun sensitivity or perhaps sun exposure increases risk of NHL. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperparathyroidism and subsequent incidence of breast cancer
Authors: Michels Karin B. , Xue Fei , Brandt Lena , Ekbom Anders 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPreliminary data are available on the coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and breast carcinoma. To further understand the association between hyperparathyroidism and breast cancer, we conducted a record‐linkage study in Sweden using the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1958–1997. A total of 9,835 women who underwent surgery for primary parathyroid adenoma were followed to evaluate the hypothesis that a history of primary hyperparathyroidism increases the risk of subsequent breast cancer. During 99,929 person‐years of follow‐up, 331 cases of newly diagnosed breast cancer were reported. The number of expected breast cancers in this population was 260.0. This resulted in a standardized incidence ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–1.41). The relation persisted over time after the surgical removal of the parathyroid adenoma. Possible explanations for the observed association are a shared etiology including genetic and environmental factors such as early life radiation, and hypercalcemia after the overproduction of parathyroid hormone, which may increase breast cancer incidence. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GIS tools and the design of irrigation canals
Authors: Depeweg Herman , Urquieta Elga Rocabado 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe previous decades have shown an incredible progress in information and computer technology for among others the optimal planning and use of water and soil resources, especially after the introduction of geographic information systems (GIS), satellite remote sensing and global positioning systems. GIS is able to integrate spatial and non‐spatial geographical data for the management and planning of land and water resources. These recent developments provide new ways to collect, store and retrieve, evaluate and analyse a broad variety of data for a wide range of irrigation management aspects. They also may assist in specific planning and decision‐making processes in irrigation through the input, spatial analysis and output of relevant information. Furthermore, if GIS is employed together with other computer applications it becomes more powerful in various fields, for example in the design and construction of irrigation and drainage canals.This article describes a procedure to design an irrigation canal and to optimise this design in view of earthwork. The procedure uses specific data processing and functions in GIS to facilitate the canal layout based on physical conditions and economic considerations. Digital information on topography, soils and natural drainage is used to identify the most suitable location for the canal. Digital elevation models (DEMs) are applied to prepare the horizontal and vertical canal alignment. Additionally, a computer model in Visual Basic has been developed to obtain an optimal hydraulic design by an iterative process. Next, the results of both packages are linked in a spreadsheet to optimise the canal layout in view of minimal earthwork. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural changes affecting water availability: from abundance to scarcity (Fucino Plain, central Italy)
Authors: Burri Ezio , Petitta Marco 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe study reported in this paper analysed the significant agricultural changes that the Fucino Plain (central Italy) has experienced in the past few years and their impact on water availability. In the past, the Fucino Plain (surface area: over 200 km2) hosted the largest lake of central Italy. In the late 1800s, the lake was drained to be used as farmland. Recently, however, the fast change in agricultural activities (with the expansion of water‐intensive horticultural crops) and climate (decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature) has broken the environmental equilibrium of the plain, causing groundwater lowering, spring exhaustion, decreased canal discharge in summer and groundwater pollution risks connected with fertiliser and pesticide use.New data on water usage and farming made it possible to develop a new “integrated” water budget of the plain, taking into account the impact of human activities on the water cycle. Monitoring of the main well fields, of crop distribution and of natural discharge in canals and springs, will enable better management of local water resources, reducing their exploitation during the irrigation season. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutagenicity of textile dye products
Authors: Schneider Klaus , Hafner Christoph , Jäger Ismene 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWithin an EU‐funded research project, 281 textile dye products in use at nine textile finishing companies from eight European countries were assessed for potential mutagenic properties. Most of the dyes belonged to the so‐called existing substances. Data sources considered were data published in the literature, unpublished industrial data provided by dye producing companies, and laboratory testing. Data on mutagenicity are virtually absent for many of the dyes. Unpublished test results performed on behalf of the dye manufacturing industry proved to be an important data source that is not accessible under usual circumstances. Four dye stuffs contained in seven dye products in use at the textile finishing companies were judged to be mutagenic, based on published data from the literature. Mutagenicity testing using Salmonella typhimurium, strains TA98 and TA100, revealed positive results for about 28% (15 out of 53) of the dye products investigated. Upon further testing with the mouse lymphoma assay (L5178Y/TK+/‐) 67% (6 out of 9) of Ames‐positive dyes proved to be mutagenic in this mammalian cell test. All data sources combined led to an overall assessment of 14 dye products out of 281 being mutagenic. For 16 there is a suspicion of mutagenicity due to positive responses in one test but 71 of the dye products are without any data on mutagenicity. This paper describes the data aggregation process, evaluation criteria and the overall assessment, and exemplifies controversial evaluations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.