bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychology
Authors: Padilla Amado M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose an airline pilot and a psychologist arrive at a party at the same time. When the pilot is introduced to the other guests and his occupation is mentioned, no one is likely to be confused or apprehensive about what he does. Airline pilots fly airplanes. But when the psychologist is introduced and his profession is revealed, the reactions of the other guests may be quite varied. Psychologists hear things like, “Watch out, he’ll analyze you,” “Now I’ll have to be careful or he’ll know what I’m thinking,” “Where is your practice and what kind of crazies do you see,” and so on. Often these comments embarrass the psychologist, whose area of specialization may have very little to do with the direct assessment of people’s mental health problems.
Sociology
Authors: Williams Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to recognize that sociology began as a political science and that the current shape and concerns of the discipline derived from the preoccupation with founding the modern state which was the cornerstone of eighteenth century philosophy. The classical Greek concept of ethnos contrasts with demos in the opposition between the romantic sense of the word people and the social sense of the same word. It is exemplified in the difference between how the French Jacobins defined nation in terms of jui soli, or right of the soil, and how the German romantics defined it as a jus sanguis, or right of blood. The modern state rests on a particular form of relationship between ethnos and demos, and it is not possible to understand the sociological concept of ethnicity without reference to the relationship between the state and its population.
African American Vernacular English
Authors: Lanehart Sonja I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language a person speaks is the language that person identifies with and is therefore very important to the individual. Language is a part of one’s culture and identity. To try to dictate and to purge one’s language is to try to change the individual; you thereby change his or her identity and make unnecessary and possibly detrimental demands on his or her culture and person. At present, two constructs explicate the link between language and identity: Lesley Milroy’s social networks and Robert Le Page’s acts of identity.
Germany
Authors: Dow James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Germany it is generally assumed that the Germanen [Germanic tribesmen] (of all the IndaGermanic [India-European] individual groups) were the only ones to remain in the old India Germanic homeland, even if they slowly spread their settlements far beyond. This interpretation is supported by Tacitus (Germania II): “The Germans themselves I should regard as aboriginal, and not mixed at all with other races through immigration and intercourse.” (1971: 39) Three hundred years prior to the Grimms, in 1541, in his Chronica vom vrsprung, herkommen und Thaten der vralten Teutschen, Johannes Aventinus made pointed reference to the Germanen as the ancestors of the Germans, effectively leaving out all of the other Germanic peoples who also trace their lineage back to these early tribes.
Western Europe
Authors: Tabouret-Keller Andree 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book contains chapters about different parts of Western Europe-Germany and the Celtic world-as well as other parts of Europe, Scandinavia and the Slavic world, each possessing specific language features. Therefore this chapter might deal with any of the rest of Western Europe-Britain, Holland, Belgium, Luxem burg, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Only four of these countries, France, Britain, Spain, and Belgium, will be mentioned at some length here, and none of them will be treated exhaustively. I prefer to illustrate the complexity and the great variety of situations in Western Europe by detailed examples, taken from one or another of these four countries, rather than to build some kind of larger and therefore more artificial representation.
Drosophila Hematopoiesis
Authors: Mathey-Prevot Bernard , Agaisse Herve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the fly hematopoietic system is restricted to cells analogous to the vertebrate myeloid lineage, the basic signaling pathways and early determining factors in cell lineage differentiation are exquisitely conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates. Thus, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hemocytes are likely to follow the same developmental blueprint. Recent evidence suggests that vertebrate blood stem cells specifically express Drosophila homologs associated with tissue patterning or cell-fate determination properties.
Oxygen-Regulated Erythropoietin Gene Expression
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essential role of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO) in the control of red blood cell production is well established (reviewed by Krantz, 1991; Jelkmann, 1992; Ratcliffe, 1993; Sawyer and Penta, 1994; Semenza, 1994). Erythropoietin binds to its receptor on erythroid progenitor cells and stimulates their proliferation, differentiation, and resistance to apoptosis (Kelley et al., 1993; Liboi et al., 1993; Watowich et al., 1994).
Regulatory Interactions Between Transcription Factors and Their Role in Hematopoietic Lineage Determination
Authors: Nerlov Claus , Tenen, Daniel G , Graf Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into the many fully differentiated cell types that constitute the hematopoietic system requires fundamental changes in gene expression. The elucidation of the mechanisms by which transcription factors control this differentiation process has proceeded from the identification of regulatory elements in the promoters of lineage-specific genes to the demonstration that particular transcription factors are essential for the development of individual lineages (reviewed in Ness and Engel, 1994; Shivdasani and Orkin, 1996; Tenen et al., 1997).
Megakaryocyte Signaling
Authors: Price Daniel J , Groopman, Jerome E , Avraham Hava 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Megakaryocytopoiesis is the process by which pluripotent bone marrow progenitors develop into mature megakaryocytes, which then spawn functional platelets. Circulating platelets perform a vital function in the maintenance of hemostasis in the peripheral blood vasculature. The steps by which uncommitted progenitor stem cells develop into the more mature forms are illustrated in Figure 38.1.
Transcription Factors Active in Megakaryocyte Development
Authors: Nimer Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The multistep process of megakaryopoiesis begins at the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and proceeds through a series of reasonably well-identified steps that result in the formation of a mature megakaryocyte. Megakaryocytes produce and release platelets, which circulate in the peripheral blood and participate in the body’s hemostatic mechanisms.
Mast Cell and Basophil Development
Authors: Lantz Chris S , Galli Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mast cells and basophils have long been regarded as important effector cells in IgE-dependent allergic disorders and host responses to parasites. Although mast cells were probably first identified by von Recklinghausen (1863), Ehrlich discovered that mast cells could be identified in human connective tissues on the basis of the metachromatic staining properties of their prominent cytoplasmic granules with aniline dyes (Ehrlich, 1878). Ehrlich also described the basophils, a circulating leukocytes containing cytoplasmic granules that are similar in their staining properties to those of mast cells (Ehrlich, 1879).
B Cell Development and Maturation
Authors: Schultze Joachim L , Gribben John G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B-lymphopoiesis is a developmentally regulated process characterized by differential phenotypic expression of a number of cell-surface and intracytoplasmic markers, immunoglobulin (lg) gene rearrangement, and, subsequently, class switching. Dysregulation of this orderly process can result in humoral deficiency, autoimmunity, or B cell malignancy (Goodnow, 1996). Increasing evidence points to the importance of interactions between the developing B cell and its microenvironment. The development of B cell-specific lineage cells is bone marrow (BM) stromal-dependent. Stromal interactions are also important in the development of antigen-specific B cells in secondary lymphoid organs, with increasing evidence pointing to the interaction of CD40 ligand with CD40 on the B cell playing an essential role here. Broadly, the process of B cell development can be divided into two stages. First, development of B cell-specific lineage cells from co34+ uncommitted progenitors. This occurs in the BM and is associated with lg recombination events. Second, development from naive to memory B cells. This is an antigen-driven process that occurs in lymphoid tissue and is characterized by acquisition of somatic hypermutation.
Zebrafish Hematopoietic Mutants
Authors: Zon Leonard I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elegant genetics of the zebrafish system has allowed for the isolation of many mutants affecting hematopoiesis (Ransom et al., 1996; Weinstein et al., 1996). There are over 26 complementation groups of such mutants, providing a collection that represents critical steps in vertebrate hematopoiesis and illustrates the multiple stages of differentiation (Brownlie et al., 1998; Orkin and Zon, 1997; Bahary and Zon, 1998). Recent advances in candidate and positional cloning in the zebrafish has allowed for the characterization of these mutant genes. Some mutant genes are novel and thus define new steps in the hematopoietic program, while other genes represent human disease models. The genetics of the zebrafish, coupled with its powerful developmental biology, will thus provide a plethora of information on vertebrate hematopoiesis.
Spontaneous and Targeted Mutations in Erythrocyte Membrane Skeleton Genes: Mouse Models of Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: Peters Luanne L , Barker Jane E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The red cell outer limiting membrane is critical to all aspects of red cell function. The membrane responds to extracellular signals during erythropoiesis, mediates iron uptake, facilitates carbon dioxide transport, regulates red cell cation and water content, and provides a negatively charged exterior that allows red cells to flow through the circulation without adhering to the endothelial layer of the vasculature. Evidence suggests that the red cell membrane also regulates energy metabolism by reversibly binding the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, and phosphofructokinase (Harrison et al., 1991; Low et al., 1993).
Clitics: A Window Into The Null Subject Property
Authors: Barbosa Pilar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to most analyses, (Rizzi 1982, 1990; Burzio 1986; Belletti 1990, among many others) the preverbal subject in (2a) has been A-moved to Spec, IP. It has been often noted (Brito and Duarte 1983; Brito 1984; Ambar 1988; Calabrese 1990; Saccon 1993; Pinto 1994, among many others) that the preverbal subject in (2a) has different discourse properties from the postverbal subject in (2b): preverbal subjects are topics, whereas postverbal subjects are foci. Based on this observation, Saccon (1993), Pinto (1994), Adger (1996), Grimshaw and Samek-Lodovici (1994), and Costa (1996) proposed that overt movement to Spec, IP in the NSLs is triggered by some “topic” feature. Under this approach, the NSLs differ from the non-NSLs in the possibility of leaving foci subjects in situ, but, from a strictly configurational point of view, subject initial constructions in the NSLs do not differ substantially from subject initial constructions in the non-NSLs: in both cases the subject is raised to Spec, IP, an A-position.
Romance Clitics and the Minimalist Program
Authors: Duarte Inês , Matos Gabriela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Kayne’s pioneering work on French clitic pronouns, two major questions have been asked with respect to the syntax of clitics: (i) What are the properties that force clitics to move differently from full DPs and regular affixes? (ii) Why is it that clitics do not surface at the same positions cross-linguistically and within the same language?
Leaders of Hot Groups II: Some Options for the Leader of a New Group
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leading a hot group is more like leading a rough-and-tumble political campaign than working at a steady government job. It’s much more like leading a military squad in a tough combat situation than managing an ongoing operating unit of a large company. Hot groups, that is, are hot. They are here, and they are now, vitally, intensely, actively involved in pursuing their task. So, to lead them, a leader must think more like a campaign manager than a civil servant, more like an infantry officer than an accountant. Treat your group as what it is: a small enclave of dedicated human beings in a hurry to do an important job. Don’t view it as a system, or a set of job descriptions, or a hierarchy of authority.
The Organizational Surround I: “Where and “When Do Hot Groups Thrive?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hot groups go blah in the dull, dog-days of regularity and routine. They flourish amid atmospheric Sturm und Drang. Paradoxically, that statement may appear to contradict some advice offered in an earlier chapter. There, we proposed that one way to encourage hot groups was via relaxation, by loosening organizational rules. There’s no conflict though. First step: Relax constraints. Second step: Agitate the organization, so it will utilize its new freedom. Stir it up. Instill a sense of urgent purpose. Open its doors and windows, so its occupants can hear, see, and feel the turbulent winds of change blowing out there. Entice the organization’s people out of their offices, into the storm. Get them out where the action is, among customers, suppliers, potential allies, and competitors. Then, things will happen. Ideas will generate and so will hot groups. That’s what this chapter is about, the organizational conditions that make hot groups flourish―and those that don’t. We’ll start with those that don’
Pricing Human Life Getting Beyond Tragic Choices
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conductor of a trolley has suddenly dropped over dead and the brakes have failed. You are one of a few passengers on the trolley, and you are nearest to the conductor. The trolley is running downhill. You can see far enough ahead that you know the trolley will stop safely eventually. However, you also see five workers on the track ahead. If you simply allow the trolley to follow its present course, those five workers will be killed. You have a choice—you can grab the steering mechanism and direct the trolley down a spur where it will again come to a safe stop—but a small child is playing on the tracks. That child will be killed if you choose to steer the trolley down that spur. What should you do?
Elements of Health Care Justice
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If an individual has advanced colorectal cancer, and if current chemotherapeutic regimens are no longer capable of stopping tumor progression, and if cetuximab (Erbitux) is the only remaining intervention that has proven effective in stopping tumor progression for an additional period of time, and if that individual ‘s insurance company refuses to pay the $12,000 per month cost of the drug because it only increases median survival by 1.5 months (compared to palliative care only [Jonker et al., 2007]), then has that individual been treated unjustly? If an individual has total cholesterol of 200 but he wishes to achieve an additional margin of safe health by driving that number down to 160 through the use of statins, and if his insurance company refuses to cover the $1,100 per year cost of that drug because their judgment is that the additional gains are too marginal relative to cost, has that individual been treated unjustly? Should our answer to our questions matter whether we are talking about a working-class individual earning $35,000 per year or an upper middle-class individual earning $20,000 per year?
Rationing, Catastrophic Illness, and Disabled Patients
Authors: Fleck Leonard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The average cost for each of these patients then was more than . Mr. Diaz from our first chapter would be a perfect example of one sort of patient who would generate these results—he spent more than days in the ICU. He entered the ICU as a patient with advanced dementia and a bleeding problem of unknown origin that precipitated that hospitalization; the cost of his care was about.
Transforming Retail Banking
Authors: Hunter Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial segment of the American work force may be facing a future of “lousy jobs.” The essays collected in Burt less (1990), for example, suggest that workers with high levels of education and sought-after skills face excellent opportunities, but that prospects for workers with high school educations or less are bleak. Employers seem increasingly to be constructing jobs for low-skilled workers that offer low wages and benefits, minimal training, and little opportunity for advancement.
Deregulation as Public Policy
Authors: Belzer Michael H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 25 years, arguments for economic deregulation have dominated the policy debate. While it is true that our nation continues to enact certain types of regulations-primarily social regulations, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Family and Medical Leave Act-the primary goal of legislators in the last two decades has been to increase competition by lifting many of the economic regulations that have long governed U.S. industry. Less and less of an institutional framework exists for markets as markets operate more freely. The general trend has been to eliminate economic regulation and allow markets to allocate resources and prescribe winners and losers.
Introduction
Authors: Rivero María Luisa , Ralli Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume grew out of the workshop on the syntax of Balkan languages, organized by Angela Ralli and Irene Philippaki-Warburton, held in Athens in 1996 in connection with the Glow Colloquium The idea behind this workshop which featured Brian D. Joseph and María Luisa Rivero as invited speakers, was to provide a forum where comparative work related to the syntax of Balkan languages could be presented. This is also the basic goal of the present collection. The volume brings together seven papers on syntactic topics in which leading and new researchers in Balkan syntax examine aspects of the grammar of mainly Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, and Romanian.
Conversation Analysis and Communication Disorders
Authors: Schegloff Emanuel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My own interest in the possible bearing of conversation-analytic work on talk vernacularly taken to be problematic or odd or compromised and professionally understood to be pathological in some respect, whether psychiatric or neurological, goes back quite a long time, to before a distinct field recognizable as conversation analysis began. So did Sacks’s. Both of us worked very early—in the early 1960s—on materials with an overtly psychiatric pedigree—he on calls to a suicide prevention center and recordings of group therapy sessions with adolescents, I with psychiatric and neurologic assessments of state detainees both criminal (persons pleading insanity as a defense to criminal charges) and civil (persons held for psychiatric examination to see if they should be committed to a mental hospital because they constituted a threat to themselves or others). Both of us worked as well on the psychiatric theorizing that was brought to bear by professionals in the field on those materials, taking it as additional grist for our mill, rather than as a collegial resource.
Neuromyotonia and Antiganglioside-associated Neuropathies
Authors: Hart Ian , Vincent Angela , Willison Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is not only the site of myasthenia gravis, the main topic of this book, but also of the LambertEaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), which is caused by autoantibodies against the voltage-gated calcium channels on the presynaptic nerve terminal that are involved in neurotransmitter release (see Chapter 9). The pathophysiology of these disorders and the ability to study them by injecting immunoglobulins into mice or rats indicate that the motor nerve terminal and neuromuscular junction are extremely vulnerable to circulating antibodies. The approaches learned by studying myasthenia gravis and LEMS have now been applied to other disorders. In this chapter we shall concentrate on acquired neuromyotonia (NMT), which is caused by increased excitability of the nerve, here shown to be associated with autoantibod-ies to potassium channels. In addition, we shall summarize recent findings on the effects of sera and monoclonal antibodies from patients with antiganglioside-associated neuropathies on the function of the motor nerve and nerve terminal.
Instituting an Organization Ethics Program
Authors: Spencer Edward M , Mills Ann E , Rorty Mary V , Werhane Patricia H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 8 we discussed the role of the mission statement, value statement, or ethical code in the HCO. These represent the vehicle for introducing central ethical content into the HCO. Long-and short-term organizational strategies and structures need to be formulated with these values in mind. It is the ethical standards expressed in the mission statement that the organization ethics program aims to implement throughout the institution.
But merely to state ethical values is not sufficient. As we concluded in Chapters 1 through 5, the HCO itself is best understood as a dynamic set of structures, processes, and activities in constant interaction with its internal and external environment. Maintaining positive ethical standards in such an open system is itself a task that requires a flexible, informed, activeongoing implementation and oversight process. It is the details of setting up such a process through the development of an organization ethics committee that this chapter addresses.
Female Opposition: The Anti-Suffrage Campaign
Authors: Jablonsky Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be difficult for Americans in the twenty-first century to comprehend how a sizable group of women could spend a half century in organized opposition to the right of women to vote. The notion of refusing to embrace political equality is the antithesis of history’s direction since the American and French Revolutions. Yet the saga of America’s female antisuffragists reveals not only the subtleties of our political tradition but also the evolution of women’s place in U.S. society.
The Next Generation: Harriot Stanton Blatch and Grassroots Politics
Authors: DuBois Ellen Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, a second-generation of suffrage women were replacing the early pioneers of the movement, bringing to the struggle new arguments for the necessity of the vote as well as innovative tactics and strategies. All were virtual daughters of the pioneers; some were literal descendants. Among them were Alice Stone Blackwell, the daughter of Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, and Lucy Anthony, the niece of Susan B. Anthony, who with Blackwell engineered the merging in 1890 of the two national suffrage organizations into the National American Woman Suffrage Association. This chapter tells the story of a crusade by one of these women of the second generation.