bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The possibility of ‘de novo’ cancer in the prostate
Authors: YAMAMOTO SHINYA , ITO TAKAAKI , AIZAWA TAKU , MIKI MAKOTO , FURUSATO MASAKUNI 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  To investigate the possibility of ‘de novo’ prostate cancer by analyzing the relationship between high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and latent prostate cancer.Materials and methods:  Latent prostate cancers found at autopsy were examined and 55 cancer foci with a poorly (Gleason grade 4 and 5) or moderately (Gleason grade 3) differentiated component were selected. The 55 foci were separated into two groups: (i) foci with either a poorly or moderately differentiated component only (single differentiation group, SDG); and (ii) mixed foci with two or more types of differentiation components (mixed differentiation group, MDG). High grade intraepithelial neoplasia was defined as positive if it was observed within 2 mm from the edge of the cancer focus and the relationship between HGPIN and the two groups was investigated.Results:  The MDG had 39 cancer foci (71.0%) and there were 16 in the SDG (29.0%). There were 31 foci that were small‐volume cancers (<0.2 mL). In the MDG, 13 small‐volume cancer foci were HGPIN positive, but in the SDG, none of the small‐volume cancers were HGPIN positive.Conclusions:  Small‐volume cancer foci without HGPIN in the SDG may be candidates for de novo prostate cancers.
Wound approximation with tissue glue in circumcision
Authors: OZKAN KERAMETTIN UGUR , GONEN MURAT , SAHINKANAT TAYFUN , RESIM SEFA , CELIK MUSTAFA 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  To assess the feasibility of using tissue glue in the approximation of circumcision wounds in children.Patients and methods:  A prospective randomized trial was carried out on 30 boys (age, 1–10 years) admitted to the Kahramanamaras Sutcuimam University Medical Faculty, Turkey. The results of wound approximation in circumcision with cyanoacrylate tissue glue and suturing with interrupted 5/0 plain catgut were compared. The operations were carried out by the same surgeon using an identical technique. The wounds were assessed 1 day, 3 days, 1 week and 1 month postoperatively.Results:  There was no difference between the two groups in the rates of wound inflammation, infection, bleeding and dehiscence, although cosmetic appearance was better in the tissue glue group. The operation time was also shorter in this group.Conclusion:  Using tissue glue for wound approximation in circumcision is a feasible alternative.
Apoptosis in prostate cancer: Bax correlation with stage
Authors: AMIRGHOFRAN ZAHRA , MONABATI AHMAD , GHOLIJANI NASSER 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  Dysregulation of apoptosis may contribute to the process of prostate tumorigenesis by reducing the rate of cell death. Bcl‐2 and bax are important molecules involved in the regulation of apoptosis. The aim of the present study is to examine apoptosis and related regulatory molecular markers in a group of Iranian patients with prostate cancer.Methods:  Paraffin‐embedded tissues from 50 patients of prostate carcinoma were examined for the expression of bcl‐2 antiapoptotic and bax proapoptotic markers and also proliferation marker, Ki‐67, by immunohistochemistry. Detection of apoptotic cells was performed using TUNEL method. Correlation between apoptotic index, proliferation index and bcl‐2 and bax expression with stage, pathological grade and Gleason score was determined.Results:  Apoptosis was detected in 12% of prostate cancers. No correlation was observed between apoptosis and differentiation status of carcinoma. Bcl‐2 expression was detected in 21 of samples. A significant correlation between bcl‐2 expression and Ki‐67 staining index (r = 0.349, P = 0.012) was observed. High bax protein expression was shown in our study. We found a significant correlation between bax expression and stage of carcinoma (r = 0.388, P = 0.031), but not with the apoptosis index, suggesting the presence of a non‐functional bax protein or the role of other proapoptotic molecules.Conclusion:  The patients in the present study showed a different pattern of apoptosis positivity compared to other reports. Bax expression may be a useful marker for prognosis of prostate cancer.
Synergistic effect between catechin and ciprofloxacin on chronic bacterial prostatitis rat model
Authors: LEE YONG SEOK , HAN CHANG HEE , KANG SUNG HAK , LEE SEUNG‐JU , KIM SAE WOONG , SHIN OK RAN , SIM YOUNG‐CHUL , LEE SANG‐JUN , CHO YONG‐HYUN 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is the most common urological disease in adult men. Antibiotic therapy is the gold standard of treatment. However, long‐term therapy resulted in many side‐effects and bacterial resistance. Because of these reasons, we need new treatment modality that could replace traditional antibiotic therapy. Catechin, an extract of green tea, has antimicrobial effect against various bacteria and synergy effect to antibiotics. We evaluate the synergistic effects of catechin on the treatment of CBP in an animal model.Methods:  An experimental CBP model was induced in 70 male Wistar rats by instillation of 0.2 mL bacterial suspension (E‐coli Z17, O2:K1:H‐) containing 1 × 108 CFU/mL into the prostatic urethra. Microbiologically and histologically proven CBP model was demonstrated in 58.6% (41 of 70) of the rats after 4 weeks of bacterial instillation. The 41 rats demonstrating CBP were randomly divided into four groups; the control, catechin, ciprofloxacin and catechin with ciprofloxacin groups. All drug treatments were conducted over a period of 2 weeks. After treatment, the results were analyzed with microbiological cultures and histological findings of the prostate and urine samples to compare each group.Results:  Microbiological cultures and histological findings of the prostate and urine samples demonstrated reduced bacterial growth and improved inflammatory responses in all three experimental groups compared with the control group. The catechin group showed coherent trends of decrease in bacterial growth and improvements in prostatic inflammation compared with the control group, but not to a statistically significant degree (P > 0.05). However, the ciprofloxacin and catechin with ciprofloxacin groups showed statistically significant decreases in bacterial growth and improvements in prostatic inflammation compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The catechin with ciprofloxacin group showed a statistically significant decrease in bacterial growth and improvements in prostatic inflammation compared with the ciprofloxacin group (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  These results suggest that catechin may be an effective material in CBP treatment. Particularly, combination treatment of catechin and ciprofloxacin has synergistic effect. Therefore, we suggest that the combination of catechin and ciprofloxacin may be effective in treating CBP with a higher success rate.
Congenital scaphoid megalourethra: Report of two cases
Authors: ÖZOKUTAN BÜLENT HAYRI , KÜÇÜKAYDIN MUSTAFA , CEYLAN HALUK , GÖZÜKÜÇÜK ALI , KARACA FAHRI 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Congenital megalourethra is a rare congenital malformation of the penile urethra. It is defined as the diffuse dilatation of the anterior urethra due to the absence of development of the erectile tissue of the penis. Since the initial description, nearly 80 cases with megalourethra have been reported in English literature. Congenital megalourethra has been classified into scaphoid and fusiform types and is usually associated with additional urinary tract and other system anomalies, irrespective of its type and severity. We report two rare cases of scaphoid megalourethra without any associated anomaly.A 13‐year‐old boy and an 8‐month‐old boy were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Surgery with complaints of penile swelling and dysuria since birth. Physical examination and retrograde cystourethrogram confirmed the diagnosis of congenital scaphoid megalourethra. Both patients underwent a reduction urethroplasty. They did well postoperatively and voided with a normal stream without any abnormality of the penile shaft.
Determination of the relative probability for prostate cancer to avoid unnecessary biopsy
Authors: OKAMURA KIKUO , TAKABA HIDENORI , KAMIHIRA OSAMU , KINUKAWA TSUNEO , ONO YOSHINARI , OHSHIMA SHINICHI , NAGASAKA TETSURO 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  To investigate whether using a new concept of relative probability for prostate cancer (RPpca) can increase sensitivity and specificity in detecting prostate cancer.Methods:  For 217 patients with total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of 4–20 ng/mL, prostate volume and free to total PSA (F/T) ratio were measured. From the fitted curves between positive predictive values for prostate cancer and age, prostate volume, total PSA or the F/T ratio, each function predicting prostate cancer was determined. RPpca defined by the combined functions of age, prostate volume, total PSA and F/T ratio was calculated for each individual patient. The probability of prostate cancer was also calculated, using logistic regression analysis (LRPpca). Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis was performed to elucidate the areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivities and specificities and cutoff values of the conventional and new parameters. Finally, we investigated the applicability of the above parameters in the other patient group using a different PSA assay kit (AxSYM).Results:  Although RPpca had the largest AUC in the total PSA range of 4–20 ng/mL, it did not reach statistical significance between RPpca and F/T ratio or LRPpca. The cutoff values of F/T ratio, LRPpca and RPpca were determined as 0.15, 0.12 and 0.20, respectively. Using these cutoff values in AxSYM data, RPpca had the highest sensitivity (91%) and specificity (57%).Conclusions:  RPpca can provide more precise information to avoid unnecessary biopsy than LRPpca or F/T ratio. RPpca could be valuable to decide whether to perform prostate biopsy when using various PSA kits.
Efficacy and morbidity of transrectal ultrasound‐guided 12‐core biopsy for detection of prostate cancer in Japanese men
Authors: MATSUMOTO KAZUMASA , SATOH TAKEFUMI , EGAWA SHIN , SHIMURA SATORU , KUWAO SADAHITO , BABA SHIRO 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background:  The objectives of the present study were to determine whether an extensive biopsy scheme contributes to enhanced detection of prostate cancer in Japanese men and to assess the associated pain and morbidity.Methods:  A total of 147 patients were included in this analysis, with 12 biopsy cores being obtained from each patient. Standard systematic sextant biopsy at the apex, mid‐prostate and base of the prostate gland was carried out under local anesthesia and this was followed by the acquisition of additional sextant cores at the same levels from the far lateral peripheral zone. Each patient answered a self‐administered questionnaire on pain and morbidity during the 5 days following biopsy.Results:  Overall, 39 patients (26.5%) received a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Nine patients (23.1%) were positive only at the standard sextant sites, three patients (7.7%) were positive exclusively at the far lateral sites and the remaining 27 patients (69.2%) were positive at both sites. Cancer was found most frequently in cores obtained from the apex (P = 0.009), with this trend being more evident in patients with abnormal rectal findings, positive sonographic findings, gland volume < 40 cm3 and prostate‐specific antigen density > 0.15 ng/mL/cm3 (P < 0.03). These findings were also true for those with a prostate‐specific antigen range from 4.1 to 20.0 ng/mL. A gradual decrease in incidence and grade of pain, hematuria and rectal bleeding was observed during the first 5 days after biopsy (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  Using this 12‐core biopsy scheme, we found cancer most frequently in cores taken at the level of the apex. While the extensive procedure only marginally enhanced overall detection of prostate cancer, it was well tolerated with gradually decreasing pain and morbidity over a brief postbiopsy period. Further efforts to optimize biopsy schemes are warranted.
Evaluation of the role of varicocelectomy including external spermatic vein ligation in patients with scrotal pain
Authors: KARADEMIR KENAN , ŞENKUL TEMUÇIN , BAYKAL KADIR , ATEŞ FERHAT , IŞERI CÜNEYD , ERDEN DOĞAN 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess and compare pre‐ and postoperative scrotal pain in patients with varicocele who underwent varicocelectomy with different approaches.Methods: The study included 144 consecutive patients with left‐sided varicocele who had left scrotal pain for more than 3 months. All patients underwent varicocele ligation using either a subinguinal or inguinal approach with or without external spermatic vein ligation. We asked the patients to complete an ‘Assesment Questionnaire for Scrotal Pain’ both before and after the surgery.Results: The surgery was successful in 101 (83.4%) of the 121 patients available for follow up. Seventy‐four (61.1%) patients reported the complete resolution of pain while 27 patients (22.3%) reported partial resolution. Symptoms worsened in a single case and pain persisted postoperatively in 19 cases (15.7%). There were no statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the pain and grade of varicocele between postoperative groups. A significant difference was observed in postoperative success between patients who had external spermatic vein ligation and those who did not, regardless of the surgical approach (inguinal or subinguinal). All patients who reported complete or partial resolution of pain stated that they would recommend surgery to relatives with the same problem.Conclusions: Varicocelectomy using either inguinal or subinguinal approaches is an effective and reasonable treatment option in this patient group and should include external spermatic vein ligation for a satisfactory outcome.
Long‐term safety, tolerability and efficacy of extended‐release tolterodine in the treatment of overactive bladder in Japanese patients
Authors: TAKEI MINEO , HOMMA YUKIO ,   THE JAPANESE TOLTERODINE STUDY GROUP
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Aim: To evaluate the long‐term safety, tolerability and efficacy of extended‐release (ER) tolterodine in Japanese patients completing 12‐week treatment in a randomized, double‐blind trial comparing tolterodine ER 4 mg once daily, oxybutynin 3 mg three times daily or placebo in patients with overactive bladder.Methods: Of 293 Japanese patients completing the 12‐week study, 188 continued in the open‐label trial and received tolterodine ER 4 mg once daily for 12 months, irrespective of previous treatment. The primary objective was to assess the safety of tolterodine ER for up to 52 weeks of treatment and at post‐treatment follow‐up. Secondary endpoints included changes in micturition diary variables, patient perception of bladder condition and urgency and treatment benefit.Results: Overall, 77% of patients completed 12 months of open‐label treatment. Tolterodine ER was well tolerated and the most common adverse event was dry mouth (33.5%). In general, there was no increase in adverse event frequency with long‐term treatment compared with short‐term treatment. The efficacy of tolterodine ER was maintained over the 12‐month period. The complete analysis showed a median reduction in incontinence  episodes/week (−92.9%; mean  reduction, −77.2%), a mean reduction in micturitions/24 h (−21.3%) and a mean increase in volume voided per micturition (19.6%). Of patients completing the 12‐month study, 78.6% reported improvement in patient perception of bladder condition, 52.4% reported improvement in perception of urgency and 89.7% reported treatment benefit.Conclusions: Favorable safety, tolerability and efficacy of once‐daily tolterodine ER was maintained over 12 months in a Japanese overactive bladder patient population.
Granulomatous prostatitis – an infrequent diagnosis
Authors: MOHAN HARSH , BAL AMANJIT , PUNIA RAJ PAL SINGH , BAWA AMARPREET SINGH 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background: Granulomatous prostatitis is an unusual benign inflammatory process of the prostate. Clinically, it mimics prostatic carcinoma, thus requiring pathological examination for diagnosis.Materials and methods: Histopathological records of 1353 prostate specimens received in the Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India, over a period of 8 years (1995–2002) were reviewed and 20 cases of granulomatous prostatitis were retrieved.Results: Out of 20 cases of granulomatous prostatitis, we encountered 12 cases of non‐specific granulomatous prostatitis, two cases of xanthogranulomatous prostatitis, two cases of tuberculous prostatitis, two cases of malakoplakia prostate and one case each of granulomatous prostatitis associated with adenocarcinoma prostate and post‐surgical palisading granuloma. The diagnosis was made by histopathological examination of Trucut biopsy, transuretheral resection of prostate chips or retropubic prostatectomy specimen. In all the cases, granulomatous prostatitis was an incidental finding.Conclusions: Non‐specific granulomatous prostatitis is the most common type of granulomatous prostatitis. Despite tuberculosis being very common in India, granulomatous prostatitis associated with tuberculosis is not common. Distinction between non‐specific and infectious granulomatous prostatitis is important for therapeutic reasons.
The prevalence of penoscrotal abnormalities and inguinal hernia in elementary‐school boys in the west of Iran
Authors: YEGANE ROOH‐ALLAH , KHEIROLLAHI ABDOL‐REZA , BASHASHATI MOHAMMAD , REZAEI NIMA , TARRAHI MOHAMMAD‐JAVAD , KHOSHDEL JAMAL‐ALDIN 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Aim: We designed a cross‐sectional study in order to determine the prevalence of inguinal hernia and penoscrotal abnormalities in the Lorestan province, situated in the west of Iran.Methods: We studied 3205 elementary‐school boys, aged 6–12 years, who underwent clinical examinations of the groin and genitalia in 2002.Results: Abnormalities were detected in 213 children (6.64%). The most frequent anomaly was indirect inguinal hernia, seen in 78 children (2.4%). The other abnormalities were retractile testes in 39 boys (1.22%), undescended testes in 36 boys (1.12%), hydrocele in 28 boys (0.87%) and hypospadiasis in 25 boys (0.78%). Also, three children had micropenises, two had epispadiasis and another two boys had varicoceles. Ambiguous genitalia and apenia were not seen in the present series. Most of the parents were not aware of their children's anomalies (60.1%).Conclusions: Education of the public and medical staff about these abnormalities and screening system are needed to improve the outcome.
Color Doppler sonography examination of partially obstructed kidneys associated with ureteropelvic junction stone before and after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy: Preliminary report
Authors: KILIÇ SÜLEYMAN , ALTINOK MUSTAFA TAYFUN , İPEK DENIZ , BEYTUR ALI , BAYDINÇ YASAR CAN , GÜNEŞ GÜLSEN 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Aim: To evaluate resistive index (RI) changes before and after unilateral percutaneous nephrolithotripsy in chronic partially obstructed kidneys due to ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stones.Methods: Intrarenal RI of obstructed and contralateral normal kidneys of 18 patients were recorded immediately before the operations and at postoperative days 1, 7 and 30. Postoperative RI measurements were compared with baseline values for all patients without grouping and separately for different groups according to the preoperative RI value of the obstructed kidney.Results: Mean age and symptom duration were 27.5 years and 43.8 weeks, respectively. Preoperatively and at all postoperative controls, kidney diameters and renal parenchyma thicknesses were normal in all patients. Mean RI of obstructed kidneys decreased from 0.68 to 0.63 for all patients (P = 0.032), from 0.64 to 0.63 for those with preoperative RI < 0.70 (P = 0.850) and from 0.73 to 0.62 for those with preoperative RI ≥ 0.70 (P = 0.001). In patients with preoperative RI ≥ 0.70 in obstructed kidney, significant RI decreases were recorded at postoperative day 7 and RI differences between obstructed and contralateral kidneys disappeared after then. No difference was present pre‐ and postoperatively between the mean RI of obstructed and contralateral kidneys of the patients with RI < 0.70. Mean RI of contralateral kidneys were normal preoperatively and showed no significant change postoperatively.Conclusions: Preoperative RI levels may indirectly reflect the presence of functionally significant obstruction in chronic obstructed kidneys related to UPJ stones. Patients with RI ≥ 0.70 may have a good indication for a surgical approach. Normalization of high RI occurs rapidly after percutaneous nephrolithotripsy.
Fluctuation of night time frequency in patients with symptomatic nocturia
Authors: YOSHIMURA KOJI , TERAI AKITO 
Published: June 2005

Abstract  Background: We examined the fluctuation and causes of voiding frequency during the night in patients with symptomatic nocturia.Materials and methods: Actual night time frequency was recorded by 72 patients for a total of 769 nights (mean 10.7 nights per patient) and was compared with the ‘nocturia score’ of the International Prostate Symptom Scores (I‐PSS). If a patient experienced nocturnal frequency higher or lower than usual, he or she checked the items on a questionnaire considered reasons for the changes.Results: For 471 nights of 769 (61%), actual voiding frequency did not correspond with nocturia score. Patient‐by‐patient fluctuation in actual voiding frequency during the night was marked. The most prevalent patient‐reported reason for fluctuation was amount of fluid intake, followed by duration of time in bed, feeling colder or warmer during time in bed and increased difficulty going to sleep. Fatigue, difficulty going to sleep and salt intake could affect night time frequency positively or negatively. When nocturia score and total score of the I‐PSS were high, the differences between actual nocturnal frequency and nocturia score were significantly larger (3 or less, 0.71; 3–4 or more, 1.05, P < 0.0001 and 13 or less, 0.78; 14 or more, 0.97; P = 0.0030, respectively). Female patients tended to have nocturia scores differing from actual frequency of urination (1.03 versus male patients 0.84, P = 0.0673).Conclusions: There is considerable discrepancy between the nocturia score of the I‐PSS and actual voiding frequency, in addition to marked fluctuation of actual voiding frequency in symptomatic patients. Patient perception of fluctuation of night time frequency can provide clues to useful clinical education of patients regarding nocturia.