bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of thyroid function in adult medaka (Oryzias latipes) and juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using immunostaining methods
Authors: Raine Jason C. , Takemura Akihiro , Leatherland John F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of injected bovine TSH on the pattern of anti‐T4 and anti‐T3 immunostaining of the thyroid tissue was examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) to determine if the previously reported immunostaining of the cytoplasm of thyrocytes is due to the presence of colloid pinocytotic vesicles and is thus indicative of thyroid hormone release. We hypothesized that the number of immunostained thyrocytes should increase following a TSH challenge, and this should parallel other indicators of increased thyroid activity. In medaka, immunostained thyrocytes were only found following the TSH challenge, and were most marked after 24 to 72 hours; the immunostaining was associated with large colloid‐filled cytoplasmic vesicles. In trout, the number and staining intensity of immunostained thyrocytes were increased after the TSH challenge; the immunostaining was present throughout the cytoplasm of the thyrocytes. These findings support the working hypothesis that the immunostaining of the thyrocytes is associated with the pinocytosis of thyroglobulin by the thyrocytes in parallel with an increase in release of thyroid hormone, and that this investigational approach provides a reliable indicator of thyroid hormone release activity. J. Exp. Zool. 290:366–378, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limb development in a “nonmodel” vertebrate, the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui
Authors: Hanken James , Carl Timothy F. , Richardson Michael K. , Olsson Lennart , Schlosser Gerhard , Osabutey Casmiel K. , Klymkowsky Michael W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMechanisms that mediate limb development are regarded as highly conserved among vertebrates, especially tetrapods. Yet, this assumption is based on the study of relatively few species, and virtually none of those that display any of a large number of specialized life‐history or reproductive modes, which might be expected to affect developmental pattern or process. Direct development is an alternative life history found in many anuran amphibians. Many adult features that form after hatching in metamorphic frogs, such as limbs, appear during embryogenesis in direct‐developing species. Limb development in the direct‐developing frog Eleutherodactylus coqui presents a mosaic of apparently conserved and novel features. The former include the basic sequence and pattern of limb chondrogenesis, which are typical of anurans generally and appear largely unaffected by the gross shift in developmental timing; expression of Distal‐less protein (Dlx) in the distal ectoderm; expression of the gene Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA); and the ability of the ZPA to induce supernumerary digits when transplanted to the anterior region of an early host limb bud. Novel features include the absence of a morphologically distinct apical ectodermal ridge, the ability of the limb to continue distal outgrowth and differentiation following removal of the distal ectoderm, and earlier cessation of the inductive ability of the ZPA. Attempts to represent tetrapod limb development as a developmental “module” must allow for this kind of evolutionary variation among species. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:375–388, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High efficiency lentiviral gene delivery in non‐dividing cells by deoxynucleoside treatment
Authors: Ravot Elisabetta , Comolli Giuditta , Lori Franco , Lisziewicz Julianna 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundGene therapy has recently been advanced by the development of HIV‐based vectors that are able to transduce some non‐dividing cells. The manipulation of most non‐dividing cells remains, however, scarcely efficient. One of the biological mechanisms postulated to prevent powerful transduction of quiescent cells by lentiviral vectors is the paucity of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs). In this study, a novel delivery strategy is developed to improve significantly the efficiency of HIV‐based vectors in transducing non‐dividing cells. This approach is based on increasing the intracellular availability of dNTPs by incubating target cells with the dNTP precursors, deoxynucleosides (dNSs).MethodsMature human monocyte‐derived macrophages (14–21 days old) were transduced at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of HIV vectors carrying a reporter gene. dNSs were added to the medium during transduction (5 mM dNS) and immediately before post‐transduction culture (2.5 mM dNS). Macrophages were harvested 2–7 days after transduction and assayed for transgene expression by cytofluorimetry.ResultsThe addition of dNS to the medium significantly enhanced the efficiency of transduction of human macrophages by HIV‐based vectors. The percentage of cells expressing the transgene rose up to 50% in the presence of dNS, increasing the basal transduction levels up to 35‐fold (average=10.8‐fold). Furthermore, treatment with dNTP precursors compensated for the wide inter‐donor variability, allowing the highest enhancement effects in donors with the lowest basal transduction efficiencies.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration that a single treatment of non‐dividing target cells with exogenous dNS can enhance the efficiency of lentiviral‐mediated transduction of cells, allowing for high efficiency gene transfer. The effects of dNTP precursors compensated for both the poor basal levels and the wide inter‐donor variability, two major limitations for the transduction of non‐dividing cells. Macrophages are a representative model of cells whose permissiveness to gene delivery was increased up to levels suitable for genetic manipulation applications. This simple approach might be transferred to a broader range of quiescent cell types that are scarcely susceptible to lentiviral‐based gene delivery due to low dNTP levels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Average distance in colored graphs
Authors: Dankelmann Peter , Goddard Wayne , Slater Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor a graph G where the vertices are colored, the colored distance of G is defined as the sum of the distances between all unordered pairs of vertices having different colors. Then for a fixed supply s of colors, ds(G) is defined as the minimum colored distance over all colorings with s. This generalizes the concepts of median and average distance. In this paper we explore bounds on this parameter, especially a natural lower bound and the particular case of balanced 2‐colorings (equal numbers of red and blue). We show that the general problem is NP‐hard but there is a polynomial‐time algorithm for trees. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 38: 1–17, 2001
When ecology and sociology meet: The contributions of Edward A. Ross
Authors: Gross Matthias 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEdward A. Ross, a key figure in the early history of American sociology, developed a conceptualization of natural and social changes of the material environment that is virtually forgotten today. In this paper, these topics are discussed and located vis‐à‐vis Ross's intellectual contemporaries and their general take on the nature/society relationship. It is argued that ecological and sociological ideas in the early twentieth century influenced one another and, in the case of Ross, produced a perspective of social change that tried to include the dynamics of nature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in regional inequality and social welfare in Indonesia from 1996 to 1999
Authors: Skoufias Emmanuel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper I use the detailed consumption modules of the 1996 and 1999 National Socio‐Economic Surveys (SUSENAS) to calculate proportional changes in two welfare measures within 53 rural and urban regions of Indonesia. The results suggest that urban regions experienced the greatest drops in consumption while rural regions were less affected. The large decreases in mean consumption were accompanied by a reduction in inequality within the majority of the regions that tended to counteract the negative effect of the lower mean consumption on social welfare. The same general picture emerges when I use per capita caloric availability as a measure of welfare. Most of the regions experiencing a large drop in per capita consumption also seem to experience a drop in per capita caloric availability. This suggests that the drop in consumption has been accompanied by a reduction in the availability of calories and possibly nutrients at the household level. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attacking Poverty—a strategic dilemma for the World Bank
Authors: Hubbard Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttacking Poverty has attracted more than the usual interest in World Development Reports mainly because it reflects the dilemma in future strategy for the World Bank. Its basis in a widely welcomed consultation with the poor, its transparent process and new conceptual framework contrast with limited development of the new themes — equality, security, empowerment of the poor — and of issues to do with aid: resources and rights. Contributors to this special issue discuss the dilemma reflected in Attacking Poverty from a number of angles: critical self‐awareness by World Bank, promoting equality, shifting from the Washington Consensus, limits to the Bank's role, and enabling collective action by the poor. Other contributions discuss how the analysis in Attacking Poverty should be strengthened: inclusion of urban poverty and urbanisation's role in political development, promoting informal means of reducing vulnerability, and investigation of the long term consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Priorities for the next poverty‐focused World Development Report (2010?) should include a more disaggregated and complete view of who is poor, why and where, and analysis of progress in political development. The World Bank may be best able to contribute to political development by extending to the subnational and public services level its main achievement of recent decades: the gathering, analysis and dissemination of comparative development data, to help move the focus of politics towards improving services and living standards. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AIDS and economic growth in Africa: a panel data analysis
Authors: Dixon Simon , McDonald Scott , Roberts Jennifer 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHIV/AIDS is the dominant health issue in Africa, where in many countries the human and social costs are devastating. Any deterioration in economic performance is likely to compound these costs and render countries less able to cope with the epidemic. However, conventional economic theories of growth argue that the impact of such an epidemic on the growth rate and level of income may be positive or negative. The analyses reported in this paper assess the impact of the HIV epidemic upon economic growth performance in 41 African economies between 1960 and 1998. The results indicate that for African countries where the prevalence of HIV is relatively low the impact of the epidemic conforms to ‘normal’ economic expectations. However, when the prevalence of the epidemic is relatively high the macroeconomic impact of the epidemic is unclear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cut and run? Evolving institutions for global forest governance
Authors: Brown Katrina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe unsustainable management of forests worldwide has been presented as a problem of global proportions by environmentalists since the 1970s. In the past decade the role of forests has also become a major development issue. However the international forest problem is represented differently by different interests. This paper examines aspects of the forest problem and the arguments for and against global action for forest governance. The different policy mechanisms applied and recommended are discussed, and the prospects for successful negotiation and implementation of a global agreement on forests are reviewed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the impact of selective interventions in agriculture on the growth of manufactures in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand
Authors: Rock Michael T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith few exceptions industrial policy explanations of the industrial export successes in East Asia are notably silent on the role of agriculture in industrial development. Yet industrial growth can falter if agriculture fails to supply sufficient food at low stable prices, earn foreign exchange rather than use it, release labor to manufacturing, finance the growth of industry, and stimulate local demand for the products of industry. This positive role of agriculture in industrial development suggests that selective interventions in agriculture might well constitute an important part of ‘selective interventions explain growth’ stories in East Asia. This possibility is explored by empirically analyzing the role of selective interventions in rice agriculture on the growth of manufactures in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Along the way, consideration is also offered of the impact of agricultural growth more generally on the growth of manufactures. The argument is made in three steps. To begin with, the selective nature of interventions by governments in the rice economies of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand is outlined. This is followed by demonstrating that rice price stabilization and self‐sufficiency objectives, rather than redistribution objectives, dominated rice price policies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, at least through the early 1980s. Following this, a simple growth accounting framework is used to demonstrate that stabilization of rice prices and growth of agriculture more generally contributed to manufacturing growth in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The paper closes by considering the implications of these findings for industrial policy explanations of manufacturing growth and the growth of exports of manufactures in the second tier NIEs of Southeast Asia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of specifically tritiated endomorphins
Authors: Tömböly Csaba , Dixit Rajiv , Lengyel Imre , Borsodi Anna , Tóth Géza 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEndomorphin‐1 (EM1, Tyr‐Pro‐Trp‐Phe‐NH2) and endomorphin‐2 (EM2, Tyr‐Pro‐Phe‐Phe‐NH2) are natural tetrapeptide ligands of µ‐opioid receptors involved in the modulation and attenuation of pain. For a detailed examination of their receptor‐binding properties and their metabolic stability, tritium‐labelled EM1 and EM2 radioisotopomers were synthesized by catalytic dehalogenation or saturation of the precursor peptides with tritium gas. Amino acid analysis revealed that the tritium labelling was specific and the specifically labelled radioligands possessed high specific activity, ranging from 0.77 TBq/mmol to 2.35 TBq/mmol. The biological half‐lives of the peptides in the biological matrix (295 min and 230 min for EM1 and EM2, respectively) indicate that these radioligands are appropriate for binding assays in rat brain membrane preparations. The radioisotopomers of EM2 are not statistically different in the receptor‐ligand interaction, and they are excellent tools for further comparative biochemical studies. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a technetium‐99m SPECT agent for imaging the sigma‐2 receptor status of solid tumors
Authors: Mach Robert H. , Wheeler Kenneth T. , Blair Suwanna , Yang Biao , Day Cynthia S. , Blair Joseph B. , Choi Seok‐Rye , Kung Hank F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and in vitro binding of a novel 99mTc‐labeled radiotracer for imaging the sigma‐2 (σ2) receptor status of breast tumors is described. Structural characterization and in vitro binding studies were conducted using the corresponding rhenium surrogate, Re‐2. X‐ray crystallographic studies revealed that the complexation reaction gave exclusively the syn isomer. In vitro binding studies indicated that this complex has a high affinity for σ2 (Ki=13.7 nM) versus σ1 receptors (Ki=1125 nM). These data indicate that [99mTc]2 may be a promising agent for imaging the σ2 receptor status of tumors in vivo with the functional imaging technique, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of all‐trans‐[10′‐3H]‐8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid
Authors: Veera Reddy Pulgam , Rabago‐Smith Monsterrat , Borhan Babak 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enzyme, 15,15′‐β‐carotene dioxygenase (BCDOX), facilitates the oxidation of β‐carotene to yield retinal. This is a remarkable process in which one of 11 double bonds in β‐carotene is selectively oxidized. To further probe the mechanistic aspects of BCDOX, the synthesis of all‐trans‐[10′‐3H]‐8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid is reported. This compound will be used as a photoaffinity labeling reagent to probe the β‐carotene binding pocket within BCDOX. The synthesis outlines a simple and efficient route for the incorporation of tritium at the 10′ olefinic carbon of 8′‐apo‐β‐carotenoic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide and N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐N‐[14C]methyl‐benzamide as novel carbon‐14 labelled CCK antagonists
Authors: Matloubi Hojatollah , Khalaj Ali , Dowlatabadi Reza , Shirvani Gholamhossein 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo benzodiazepine CCK antagonists N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide 2 and N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐1‐[14C]methyl‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐[14C]methyl‐benzamide 3 were synthesized in high yields through the reaction of N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐5‐phenyl‐1H‐1,4‐benzodiazepin‐3‐yl)‐benzamide 1 with [14C] methyl iodide in different situations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A combined loop‐SPE method for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin
Authors: Iwata R. , Pascali C. , Bogni A. , Yanai K. , Kato M. , Ido T. , Ishiwata K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA simple and versatile loop‐solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the automated preparation of [11C]doxepin, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist, from [11C]methyl triflate ([11C]MeOTf). This labeling agent was passed through a Teflon or Tefzel loop coated internally with a film of the precursor solution. The reaction products were then flushed from the loop to a short SPE column, where they were concentrated and then injected onto a semi‐preparative HPLC column simply by switching an injection valve. By applying this combined loop‐SPE technique the whole procedure turned out to be easily automated. The formation of [11C]methylated doxepin ([11C]methyldoxepin) was observed and the ratio of doxepin to methyldoxepin was found to be clearly correlated with the mass ratio of nordoxepin to MeOTf. This observation highlights the importance of [11C]MeOTf specific activity in the [11C]methylation of secondary amines. Using this method, [11C]Doxepin was prepared in over 40% radiochemical yield from high specific activity [11C]MeOTf. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of two novel oxocyclam‐binding technetium complexes containing an analogue of cocaine
Authors: Turpin F. , Masri F. , Riché F. , Berthommier E. , Emond P. , Vidal M. , Auzeloux P. , Loc'h C. , Neuquelman N. , Mauclaire L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to visualize and quantify dopamine transporters, the synthesis of two novel ligands labelled with technetium‐99 m (99mTc) has been investigated. A multi‐step synthesis afforded two target ligands with a tropane skeleton and a macrocyclic complexing moiety. The choice and the position of substituents are in adequation with dopamine transporter structure. The radiolabelling of these ligands with 99mTc has been studied and the results make them good candidates for SPECT imaging. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronological analysis of physiological T2* signal change in the cerebrum during breath holding
Authors: Nakada Kazuyoshi , Yoshida Daisuke , Fukumoto Mitsutaka , Yoshida Shoji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine which physiological factors affect cerebral T2* signal intensity (SI) during breath holding (BH) (apnea after inspiration and breathing after expiration) in normal volunteers. We examined SI changes caused by anoxic gas inhalation, by respiratory movements, and by BH. High‐speed echo planar images (EPI) showed changes in SI that could be divided into five phases. Reports indicate that SI changes induced by BH are due to the effects on the magnetic susceptibility of deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin (dHb)) and to hypercapnia, but these reports could not fully explain the observed five phases. In addition to deoxyhemoglobin susceptibility and hypercapnia, we found that respiratory movements play a third critical role in modifying SI by affecting blood flow into the region of interest (ROI), as judged from right carotid artery flow. Consequently, we propose that the physiological SI changes induced by BH are derived from blood oxygenation, hypercapnia, and respiratory movements. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:344–351. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenges to interpretation of breast MRI
Authors: Kinkel Karen , Hylton Nola M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis review describes the current knowledge and challenges of lesion interpretation with MRI of the breast according to different image interpretation strategies. Particular emphasis is given to patient‐ and tumor‐related factors that influence image interpretation. The impacts of the menstrual cycle, prior surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are summarized. Particular enhancement features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or invasive lobular carcinoma are described. Finally, an adequate diagnosis at MRI of the breast should take into account the results of the patient's history, physical examination, and all imaging tests performed before MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:821–829. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of navigator timing parameters and navigator spatial resolution on 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiography
Authors: Spuentrup Elmar , Stuber Matthias , Botnar René M. , Manning Warren J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe impact of navigator spatial resolution and navigator evaluation time on image quality in free‐breathing navigator‐gated 3D coronary magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), including real‐time motion correction, was investigated in a moving phantom. Objective image quality parameters signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and vessel sharpness were compared. It was found that for improved mage quality a short navigator evaluation time is of crucial importance. Navigator spatial resolution showed minimal influence on image quality. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:311–318. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.