bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting and Audit
Authors: White Fidelma , Hollingsworth Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in Chapter 1 how the public expenditure process operates. Once money voted by Parliament has been spent, it must be accounted for and those accounts must be audited. These are two separate processes, and so, in order to understand the constitutional role of audit it is essential that the concepts of accounting and audit are differentiated and examined. This chapter will, therefore, look at the processes of accounting and audit, in the private and public sectors, though the focus is on the public sector. We will consider the different methods of accounting, comparing cash based accounting with accruals accounting, and in particular examine the recent introduction of accruals accounting techniques to British central government. In relation to audit, a number of ‘ types’ of audit are explored, in general terms. The distinctions between: internal and external audit; transactions and systems audit; and financial, value for money, and newer types of audit will be considered.
The Audit Commission
Authors: White Fidelma , Hollingsworth Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of the book so far has been on the role which the C&AG, the NAO and the PAC play in holding central government to account for its spending. The following two chapters will widen this focus by examining, in tum, the constitutional role of public sector audit at a sub-national, or local, level and, at a supra-national, that is European Community, level.
The First Legislation
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘[A]ll animals are endowed with sensation, or at least with irritability, which last has been considered as a distinctive character of animal life’, wrote the Scottish writer William Smellie in 1790. ‘Sensation’, he suggested, ‘implies a distinct perception of pleasure and pain’, the very characteristics which were central to the moral theory of utilitarianism. So, as Richard Ryder observes, by the end of the eighteenth century ‘the basic principles of the modern animal welfare position were established’. Namely, a recognition that animals, like humans, can suffer pain, ‘and that pain entitles them to legal as well as moral rights: While this would have a profound effect in the future, at the time it remained very much a minority view.
Extending Protection
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the 1840s, the principle of legislation to protect animals from cruelty had become firmly established. Referring in 1848 to ‘those unfortunate slaves and victims of the most brutal part of mankind, the lower animals’, John Stuart Mill observed, ‘It is by the grossest misunderstanding of the principles of liberty, that the infliction of exemplary punishment on ruffianism practised towards these defenceless creatures, has been treated as a meddling by government with things beyond its province; an interference with domestic life’, and he regretted that ‘metaphysical scruples respecting the nature and source of the authority of government’ had induced many supporters of legislative intervention ‘to seek for a justification of such laws in ... the interests of human beings, rather than in the intrinsic merits of the case itself ‘. Not everyone, however, shared Mill’s enthusiasm.
The Continuing Need for Legal Regulation
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its inception in 1822, the protection of animals by the State developed steadily during the course of the nineteenth century, so that by 1914 there was in place in Britain an extensive and sophisticated regulatory regime. It is important to appreciate, however, that while this legislation imposed restrictions on how animals could be treated, none of it-nor, indeed, any enacted subsequently changed the traditional legal status accorded to animals by the courts.
The Contemporary Legal Framework
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, protection for animals was secured, almost exclusively, by means of primary legislation; that is, Acts of Parliament. Bills were introduced, the majority on the initiative of individual MPs, into a sovereign parliament whose legislative authority went unchallenged. In the years following the First World War, however, the treatment of animals ceased to feature as a significant political issue. A society which had to come to terms successively with the pro found consequences of that conflict, followed by the economic turmoil of the twenties and thirties, and then the upheaval of the Second World War, simply had other priorities.
Cruelty: Culpability and Consequences
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having considered conduct which can amount to an offence of cruelty, this chapter is concerned with the consequences: those who may be prosecuted; the nature of the offence; and the penalties available to the courts. A. Liability for an Offence of Cruelty As cruelty is a criminal offence, the prosecution is required to establish the defend ant’s guilt beyond reasonable doubt in order to secure a conviction. Those who may be prosecuted include: the person who is directly responsible for the cruelty; a person who causes or procures the cruelty;
Public Control
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The offence of cruelty continues to be the cornerstone of animal protection legislation in Britain, notwithstanding that the principal English and Scottish statutes pre-date the First World War and, even when enacted, were not intended to be especially innovative. The durability of the offence is attributable to its generality, enabling it to be applied to a wide variety of situations, together with its scope: in relation to domestic and captive animals, only acts lawfully carried out under the authority of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 are completely beyond its reach.
Enhancing Regulation and Responsibility
Authors: Radford Mike , Broom Donald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the time that the first animal protection legislation was introduced in Britain in 1822, Parliament has accepted that it is both necessary and legitimate for the State to develop an extensive regulatory regime, intended to protect other species from cruel treatment; to prevent and to control the spread of disease; and, especially latterly, to promote high standards of welfare. Inherent in this body of law is a recognition that individual citizens and society collectively have a responsibility for the way in which other species are treated. The nature of that responsibility varies depending on the type of animal concerned, the situation in which it finds itself, and the relationship which a particular person has with it.
The Implied or Tacit Choice
Authors: Nygh Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the beginning there was the presumed intention of the parties which underlay the search for the proper law of the contract. As has been shown in Chapter 1, the search for the presumed intention preceded acceptance of the idea that parties to a contract could actually choose the applicable law. Thus, as early as 1760 in Robinson v Bland Lord Mansfield inferred that Sir John Bland in drawing a bill of exchange in Paris on himself in Paris payable in London intended the law of England as the place of performance to apply.
The Protection of the Weaker Party
Authors: Nygh Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hand in hand with the growing recognition of the principle of autonomy, there is international acknowledgment that economically weaker parties need protection. This is evidenced by the special fora provided for consumers in the Brussels and Lugano Conventions, and the special provisions for choice of law in respect of certain consumer and employment contracts in the Rome Convention. This chapter will explore who can legitimately be regarded as a ‘weaker party’ and the degree of protection which should be afforded to shield such parties from an unfettered exercise of autonomy in the choice of law.
The Interrelationship Between Choice of Law in Contract and Tort
Authors: Nygh Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of situations in which an international contract may be associated with a tort claim which has international connections. The most obvious examples occur where delictual claims arise out of a contract for the sale or provision of goods or services, a contract of employment, a contract for the carriage of goods or persons, or a contract of bailment.4 Indeed, any contractual relationship may give rise to claims in tort, such as misrepresentation or fraud. The interrelationship between contract and tort also arises where the parties enter into an agreement concerning the release from liability in tort, whether entered into before or after the tort has occurred.
Zacharias
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zacharias (or Zechariah or Zachariah), a Jewish priest, appears in Luke 1 and receives a vision promising him and his aged wife, Elizabeth, a son. That son is John the Baptist. Zacharias celebrates the child ‘s birth with the hymn known to Christianity as the Benedictus. So much for the New Testament references to Zacharias. But, like many such figures in the New Testament, Zacharias became the subject of later tradition. At the end of the Protevangelium of James, a book largely given over to the birth and childhood of the Virgin Mary and to the birth of Jesus, the story changes from the escape of the infant John and his mother at the time of Herod ‘s Massacre of the Innocents to a scene in which John ‘s priestly father, Zacharias, is murdered in the Jerusalem Temple by command of Herod. It is likely that the story was a late appendix to the Protevangelium and is an elaboration of Jesus ‘ prophecy to the Jews in Matthew 23: 35: ‘On you will fall the guilt of all the innocent blood spilt on the ground, from the blood of innocent Abel to the blood of Zechariah, son of Berachiah, whom you murdered between the sanctuary and the altar. ‘ Whoever that Zechariah was, the apocryphal tradition obviously identified him with the Baptist ‘s father and thus created the story below which would be seen as a fulfilment of the prophecy. It is interesting to note that after Zacharias ‘ murder his successor as priest is said to be Simeon, another character taken from Luke ‘s infancy narrative.
Paul
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the twenty-seven books in the New Testament close to half are letters attributed to Paul ‘s authorship. The Acts of the Apostles tells of Paul ‘s conversion to Christianity on the road to Damascus, and his subsequent missionary journeys, teachings, miracles, and trials. The canonical Acts ends with Paul under house arrest in Rome awaiting death. The New Testament, however, does not record the end of Paul ‘s life. It is left to the second-century apocryphal book, the Acts of Paul, to attempt a fuller picture of Paul ‘s career. This Acts is independent of the Acts of the Apostles; it parallels but does not duplicate our knowledge of Paul ‘s ministry in the canonical Acts and Pauline letters. This chapter is divided into two parts, (a) and (b).
The End Time
Authors: Elliott J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas the apocalypses of Peter and of Paul are concerned with the current state of affairs in heaven and hell, the Apocalypse of Thomas contains predictions about the ending of the present world. It is thus ‘apocalyptic ‘ in its sense of foretelling the future. From the New Testament onwards Christians were made aware that they were already living in the end time. For them Christ was believed to have inaugurated the last age. Christians were not sure how imminent that final day, increasingly thought of as the day of judgement, would be: many hazarded a guess. Nor did the Christians know what warnings would announce or precede the coming of the End. Again, attempts were made to list which events were to be disregarded and which were portentous. Apocalyptic passages in the New Testament Gospels and of course the Book of Revelation are concerned with these warnings and the ‘signs of the times ‘. Such speculation has never ceased. The writer of the Apocalypse of Thomas, dating perhaps from the fifth century, gave a countdown, and describes the events of the final six days before the end of the world. One version of this text is given here. Apocalypse of Thomas (shorter text) Hear, 0 Thomas, for I am the Son of God the Father, and I am the father of all spirits. Hear from me the signs which shall come to pass at the end of this world, when the end of the world shall be fulfilled before my elect depart out of the world. I will tell you that which shall come to pass openly (or, will tell you openly, etc.): but when these things shall be the princes of the angels do not know, for they are now hidden from them.
Organizing Themes and Concepts
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has been inspired by and is devoted to an in-depth examination of a single concept, namely that of compliance. Taken at face value this concept may appear to be straightforward. The Concise Oeford Dictionary (1990) defines compliance as ‘the act or an instance of complying; obedience to a request, command etc’. The definition offered of the word ‘comply’ appears similarly uncomplicated-’act in accordance (with a wish, command, etc)’. Compliance thus conjures up notions of conformity.
Inspectors Take the Initiative: Proactive Methods
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the word ‘inspector’ suggests, routine inspections and check visits are the ‘traditional’ methods of operation for many regulatory officials and ones which are regarded as fundamental by field staff. To many enforcement officials routine inspections were the stuff of their work and a much-valued mode of operation. The amount of time spent on inspections varied between inspectorates. In all of the inspectorates examined in this research inspections comprised a major method of assessment. Of the total number of visits I undertook with inspectors, routine inspection comprised 65 per cent of FI visits; 63 per cent of IAPI visits; and 79 per cent of REI visits. This is a larger proportion than might be expected from annual work plans.1 This seems to be explained by the fact that many of the special projects and initiatives which tended to be itemised separately in ‘Plans of Work’ were combined with routine inspections by field-level staff.
Whose Compliance?
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulated population comprises industries; individual companies and businesses; and employers, managers, and employees. Some of these groupings are complex, well organized, and multi-national, whereas others are simple, small-scale, and local. Compliance may vary between different sectors of an industry, and even between different parts of one site. Moreover, compliance may change over time. At an organizational level the focus of inspectors was upon safe systems of work, and at the micro level upon categories of people, for instance, employers and employees; specialists and generalists; skilled and unskilled; and the experienced and inexperienced.
Compliance as a Process of Enforcement
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of regulatory enforcement it is particularly relevant to regard compliance as processual. Regulatory agencies are typically—but not inevitably-in long-term relations with the regulated, whose compliance is of ongoing concern (Bardach and Kagan, 1982). The relationship between the agency and the regulated is reflexive, with each party adapting and reacting to the moves and anticipated moves of the other (Hawkins and Hutter, 1993). Enforcement is often serial and incremental (Hawkins, 1984) and the whole process of enforcement may be usefully characterized as a ‘career’.
Second Thoughts and Other First Impressions
Authors: Coleman Jules l. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many, but not all of the papers collected here were presented at a conference held at Quinnipiac Law School, 14-15 October 1996, focusing on my work; the others were inspired by the issues addressed there. I am honored by the conference and humbled by the perception that my work has contributed to legal and political theory. One can be paid no greater compliment than to have one’s work sympathetically and critically challenged by one’s peers. I can return the compliment these essays represent only by responding in kind.
Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verbal aspect is a significant element to be considered when interpreting a number of New Testament texts. This book surveys ways in which verbal aspect has been treated in the past century, and discusses what aspect is and how it functions in New Testament Greek. It provides a comprehensive, up-to-date analysis of the aspects of present, aorist, and perfect in New Testament Greek, and pulls together the results of research from a wide variety of linguistic studies. In his study Dr. Fanning analyses the specific ways in which the aspects combine with linguistic and contextual features to produce various secondary meanings. He cites extensive sections of New Testament Greek as illustrative evidence, thus presenting a new approach which is a significant improvement on previous treatments and which will prove invaluable to interpreters of New Testament texts.
Introduction
Authors: Fanning Buist M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold: (1) to discuss basic issues of the meaning of aspect and formulate a general theory of aspect as a foundation for more specific discussion in later chapters; and (2) to provide a survey of aspectology over the last century to give perspective for the discussion of problems of aspect-usage in the NT. The history of aspect studies has shown that the major problem in understanding verbal aspect involves two interrelated issues: first, to distinguish aspect from other features of meaning with which it is commonly intertwined (e.g. tense, procedural character of verbs, structural contrasts between aspects, and discourse functions), and second, to note the variable function of aspect in connection with these other fratures. This chapter will discuss these distinctions and interconnections with other categories of meaning and propose a preliminary definition of verbal aspect.
Cognition and Volition
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT might be argued on metaphysical principles that since truth is the object of the theoretic intellect, while action is the object of the practical, this implies separate powers. Thomas did not agree: whether something is huge or small, it is of course still perceived by the same power; likewise the same intellect is the means by which something is perceived, whether the object is related to action or not.
The Distinctiveness ofThomist Psychology
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT is not surprising that medieval thinkers found it difficult to assimilate Aristotle’s psychology with the traditional biblical and theological views of the Augustinian tradition mediated through Peter Lombard. The terms of reference set down by the Sentences for the powers of the soul were liberum arbitrium, sensuality, and reason (which was divided into ‘higher’ and ‘lower’). Besides compartmentalizing the mind, this classification encouraged a solution of the problem of sin in terms of identifying choice with will.
Prudence and the Integration of Human Action
Authors: Westberg Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prudence is the developed habit of the cognitive element in the process of action to make and execute good choices, and is summed up as recta ratio agibilium. It represents the agent’s ability to deliberate, to decide, and properly to order the process of his practical reasoning to action. This disposition is quite different from moral science or conscience (as the knowledge of moral principles), or casuistic ability. Ethical knowledge and skill in analyzing difficult cases do not necessarily result in the actual good choices made by a person of moral virtue.
Revelation Revisited
Authors: Mitchell Basil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March r980 Theology published a short dialogue between Maurice Wiles and myself entitled ‘Docs Christianity Need a Revelation?’ It seems worthwhile, in a volume devoted to the recognition of Maurice Wiles’s work, to return once again to this subject, the more so as the discussion has since been carried further by two authors who developed their ideas while working in Oxford in response to Wilcs’s thinking (Abraham 1981, 1982; Brown 1985).
A Priori Christology and Experience
Authors: Ogden Schubert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If anything can be said to be ‘Christian doctrine’, it is Christology; and so ‘the making and remaking of Christian doctrine’ must at least mean, whatever else it means, the making and remaking of doctrine about Christ. More broadly, it must mean the making and remaking of doctrine about Jesus who is said to be the Christ, as well as any number of other things that are functionally equivalent to ‘the Christ’ and interchangeable with it.
Doctrinal Criticism: Some Questions
Authors: Williams Rowan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Doctrinal criticism is the critical study of the truth and adequacy of doctrinal statements.’ With this quotation from a highly influential essay by G. F. Woods (Woods 1966), Maurice Wiles, in ‘Looking into the Sun’, his inaugural lecture at King’s College, London (Wiles 1976), signaled the opening of his own discussion and development of Woods’s programmer. This programmer he summarizes as including the following:
Paideia and the Myth of Static Dogma
Authors: Young Frances M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern theology often treats patnstlc doctrine as static on the grounds that it dealt in ontological categories, while modern historical scholarship traces the story of doctrinal development in the patristic period. Prima facie it might seem that these perspectives are contradictory, but in fact ‘making and remaking’ implies development to a fixed form, together with the suggestion of a need to unpick a finished tapestry so as to re-weave it, thus betraying the influence of both modern assumptions.
The Theological and Historical-Critical Context of Kasemann’s Interpretation of Paul’s Theology
Authors: Way David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the English-speaking world Ernst Kasemann’s name is associated primarily with the renewed quest of the historical Jesus which he helped to initiate in the mid-195os. In addition he is well known for his passionate theological commitment, and for the highly polemical character and sheer difficulty of his writing. There is less appreciation of the breadth of Kasemann’s interests, the system of his thought, and the key role of his understanding of Pauline theology within the whole.