bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mathematics Of Nature: Newton’s Principia
Authors: Nature: Newton’S Principia The Mathematics Of 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newton’s Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (The mathematical principles of natural philosophy) was published in 1687, and it is hardly an exaggeration to say that it revolutionized the role of mathematics in our understanding of the physical world. Its main aim was a mathematical explanation of the motion of the planets, but it also touches on fluid flow, wave motion, the ebb and flow of tides, and paths of comets. Not all Newton’s ideas stood the test of time, but his theory of gravity and planetary motion laid the foundations for what became the accepted view of the universe until the twentieth century.
Power Series
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and Mercator’s related work on the quadrature of the hyperbola (see 3.2.4) prompted Newton to disclose similar results and several further series obtained by him during the winter of 1664 to 1665, in a treatise entitled ‘De analysi’. Newton sent ‘De analysi’ to Barrow in Cambridge and John Collins in London, and in 1670 Collins sent extracts to James Gregory in Edinburgh, who replied that he himself had also found several series. Assuming that Newton had priority, Gregory waited for him to publish first, but died in 1673 long before Newton did so. Consequently we have some idea of Gregory’s achievements but very little insight into his methods.
Groups, Fields, Ideals, And Rings
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fundamental changes in mathematics from the eighteenth century to the nineteenth was the emergence of abstract algebra: the study of structures such as groups, fields, or vector spaces. The initial ideas almost always arose in the context of specific problems so that, to begin with, the elements of a group, for example, were always permutations, and the elements of vector spaces were directed quantities. Gradually it came to be understood that the underlying structures were relevant in many other situations, and could be studied in their own right. By the end of the nineteenth century, the process of abstraction had reached its culmination in the axiomatization of the essential properties, which is how such concepts are generally introduced today. This Chapter traces some of the early history of groups, fields, and ideals, while vector spaces are dealt with in Chapter17.
Convergence And Completeness
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already noted some seventeenth- and eighteenth-century discussions of convergence (or the lack of them) in 8.3, and in this Chapter we take up the nineteenth-century continuation of the same story. One of the most powerful tools available to early nineteenth-century mathematicians investigating convergence turned out to be Cauchy sequences, and so that is where we shall begin.
Living myths
Authors: Drangsholt Janne Stigen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first things to strike a reader of Ted Hughes is that he is a mythic poet. This is particularly true of the poetic sequences he wrote in the late Sixties and Seventies, where myths such as Hercules, Oedipus, the Grail legend, and Genesis underpin the poetic discourse. Even though there are elements pointing in the same direction in Hawk in the Rain (1957) and Lupercal (1960), wodwo (1967) marks a clear change in Hughes’s oeuvre. Wodwo is moulded in a universe where ‘Nothing lets up or develops’, where the cycles of nature are perceived as purposeless, isolated re-enactments.
Classics Reanimated: Ted Hughes And Reffexive Translation
Authors: Brown Sarah Annes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last few decades we have seen something of a return to the practices of the eighteenth century in that leading poets have chosen to display their art through the medium of translation, particularly translation of classical texts. Many of these translations are consciously updated, bearing clear traces of their creators’ cultural context and political position. Thus Tom Paulin’s The Riot Act (1985), a version of Antigone, is set in the early days of the Troubles in Northen Ireland and Tony Harrison’s adaptation of Lysistrata, The Common Chorus (1992), is a response to the Greenham Common protests.
Horace’s Ars Poetica and the Marvellous
Authors: Citroni Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Ars Poetica, the only text expressly dedicated to the literary theory elaborated by the Augustan poets, the marvellous, as a problem of aesthetics, is only occasionally mentioned, and every time to limit its admissibility or even to exclude it completely. The scanty presence of the theme in the poem contrasts with the striking visibility that Horace chooses to give, at the very beginning of his text (1–4), to a surrealistic figure, the aim of which is to deter poets from venturing into portrayals in contrast with natural reality.
The Question of the Marvellous in the Georgics of Virgil
Authors: Deremetz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his epigrams Martial repeatedly passes judgement on the failings of the grand genres of epic and tragedy. In 10.4 he rebukes tragedy for its stubborn insistence on producing nothing but monstra, uana . . . miserae ludibria chartae ‘monstrosities, empty sports of a miserable sheet of paper’ (cf. Hor. Ars Poet. 7–8 aegri somnia ‘the dreams of a sick man’, uanae . . . species ‘empty shapes’).
In Search of the Lost Hercules: Strategies of the Fantastic in the Aeneid
Authors: Labate Mario 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language of the ancient epos develops in conformity with co- ordinates that are largely fixed by the Homeric-Virgilian tradition, but at the same time, it has at its disposal a vast hinterland which has only partly been explored: figures of heroes that are different from Achilles or Aeneas, heroes of a more ancient and fantastic standing, whose deeds offer an occasion to investigate wider horizons and to describe strange creatures, formidable dangers, and astonishing, spectacular feats.
Generic Boundaries in Late Fifth-Century Athens
Authors: Foley Helene P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oliver Taplin has argued that during the fifth-century heyday of Attic tragedy and Old Comedy, the period from around 440 to 415 bce, the two genres ‘to a considerable degree’ helped ‘to define each other by their opposition and their reluctance to overlap.’ Tragedy from the beginning contained comic elements that often served to enhance tragic tension, and comedy parodied and borrowed from serious literature, including tragedy. But comedy more persistently invited laughter and tragedy, pity for suffering. Most importantly, Taplin argues, the two genres maintained a different relation to the world of the audience. Tragedy eschewed metatheatre and direct address to the audience, while comedy revelled in it. The comic parabasis even allowed a poet to illuminate and defend his own art. Tragedy largely avoided topical allusions after Aeschylus’ Persians and Eumenides, whereas comedy pointed repeatedly to contemporary social and political reality. Tragedy could use disguise, but did not flaunt its duplicity and transparency. It (though not the satyr plays performed with it) maintained a high level of decorum and refused to display physical violence.
Performance and Rivalry: Homer, Odysseus, and Hesiod*
Authors: Kelly Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the several episodes at the end of the Odyssey to arouse the suspicious notice of scholarship, the ‘recapitulation’ (23.310–43) has attracted its fair share of criticism. Odysseus’ précis of his adventures to Penelope has been deemed (inter alia) unnecessary, cursory, selective, and even unique in summarizing his wanderings in oratio obliqua, for everywhere else those narratives are put into the mouth of the poem’s main character. Of these objections, the last is at least interesting, because it focuses on the poet’s decision to narrate Odysseus’ précis not in direct speech, but in his own, third-person voice. This article will argue that his decision should be understood within the broader context of the relationship between the poet and Odysseus. Seen in this light, the recapitulation can reveal much about Homer’s conception of his craft, and his attitude towards other (competing) aoidoi.
Theatrical Furies: Thoughts on Eumenides
Authors: Easterling Pat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is about Furies as stage presences in Aeschylus’ Eumenides, which may have been the first play to introduce them to the Greek theatre and certainly gave Greek literature some of its most influential images. I use ‘Furies’ as a convenient shorthand for Erinyes/Eumenides/Semnai Theai, without wishing to imply that their complex identity can be captured in a single English word. In concentrating on theatrical performance I am deeply indebted to Oliver Taplin’s inspiring work, and I want to use an approach akin to his in addressing a question central to interpretation of the Oresteia, namely how we are to understand Athena’s persuasion of the Furies and their ultimate acceptance of honours at Athens. Are they ‘transformed’? Are they ‘subordinated’? Are they ‘converted’? . . . and more importantly, what might this mean? Since the Furies are going to be associated for the future with the Areopagus, the question has some bearing on this institution, too.
The Last Word: Ritual, Power, and Performance in Euripides’ Hiketides
Authors: Kavoulaki Athena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This context and background for the events of the play seem to defy attempts to interpret the action from a purely Athenocentric perspective. As will be argued below, the critical situation that is explored in the play does not affect the integrity of a single civic community but puts to test the relation between communities and the way in which relations are formed. Forging relations––within a wider or narrower context ––would (in the ancient Greek world) normally require the contribution of ritual, and the Hiketides attests to this tendency. The ritual axis of the play seems to be particularly stressed: on the one hand, there is the religious centre in which the action is located; its significance runs as an undercurrent throughout the play On the other hand, the events of the play are framed by ritual action.
Character and Characterization in Greek Tragedy
Authors: Seidensticker Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last three decades there has been a lively and controversial discussion –– mainly among anglophone scholars–– about the importance of character and characterization in Greek tragedy. Since it seems that a kind of communi opinio has been reached according to which character and characterization are of little, if any, importance for Greek tragedy, it may be the time to put together and review the arguments, which have been brought forward against a character-oriented interpretation.
The Poetics of the Mask in Old Comedy
Authors: Brown Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Brown (2000) I examined doorknocking and related scenes in fifth-century Greek tragedy, and I ended with a brief discussion of three Aristophanic door scenes with tragic colouring (Acharnians 1071–2, 1174–89, Peace 179–84, all discussed again below). It has long been recognized that such scenes (with or without tragic colouring) are particularly at home in comedy, often coming early in the play, and Revermann rightly observes that ‘the motif called for variation’: only thus could it be kept alive as a source of entertainment for the audience. This variation has not been studied in detail (as far as I am aware), and I hope it will be found helpful if I discuss each surviving Aristophanic example in turn. In many cases this will call for discussion of related issues such as what we are to envisage happening on the stage, whether doorknocking in fact takes place, and who answers the door. One element that sometimes contributes to the comedy is the rudeness of the character who answers, but there are other sources of entertainment and surprise as well. For comparison, I shall include discussion of some scenes where a character approaches a door, or summons another character to appear, without knocking; but I shall not discuss every scene that makes use of a door. As far as possible, I shall be scrutinizing the text for evidence of the actions on stage. Oliver Taplin has set us high standards for doing this without indulging in wild flights of fancy, and I hope I shall not fall too far short. Some general points will be made as we go along, but, since my main purpose is to advertise the variety of Aristophanes’ techniques, I shall conclude without a conclusion.
The Greek Gem: A Token of Recognition
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition through tokens, according to Aristotle in the Poetics, is the most artless kind of anagnôrisis. Reliance on a birth mark, a scar, or a necklace as a device to trigger recognition usually reflects an uninventive author, incapable of creating a more artful dramatic narrative. For Aristotle this is not only an aesthetic judgement, but also a matter of technical classification. Artless tokens are to be understood as his poetic equivalents of the inartificial proofs (π?τε?&lt; αΛ τεχνοι) described in the Rhetoric, i.e. ‘proofs which have not been furnished by ourselves but were already in existence’, of which Aristotle gives the three ancient courtroom examples of witnesses, tortures, and contracts. It is perhaps paradoxical, therefore, that the conjunction of anagnôrisis and tokens in the classical period produced masterpieces of τEχ?η fully equal to our honorand. These tokens of Greek glyptics may fall outside Aristotle’s remit, but they are (as I hope to show here) certainly artful and poetic, and (in particular) dramatic.
An Oedipus for our Times? Yeats’s Version of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus
Authors: Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 2000 and 2003 numerous stories ran in The New York Times promising a rare theatrical gem ––Al Pacino as Oedipus. We learned that the acclaimed actress, Estelle Parsons, then working as director of the Actors’ Studio, was to direct a star-studded cast. Public readings took place in 2001 but there was in the end no full performance. This, however, was never interpreted as any kind of failure, nor indeed with much disappointment, because we always heard how it was the experience of working on the project that mattered more than any commercial realization: developing this Oedipus was valued ‘for the fun of it, like working out in a gymnasium.’
Engaging with Pygmies: Thomas Browne and John Milton
Authors: Edwards Karen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A historiated capital W, 23 inches square, ornaments the first page of Thomas Browne’s address to readers of Pseudodoxia Epidemica: or, Enquiries into Very many received Tenents, and commonly presumed Truths (see Fig. 1).1 The woodcut is badly worn and damaged, but near the top, visible between the limbs of the two large Vs that comprise the capital W, a reader can see a long-necked bird against the clouds, flying with open beak and raised wings. The head of another bird is just discernible below the extended neck of the first.
The Politics of Painting: Pseudodoxia Epidemica and Iconoclasm
Authors: Killeen Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Dowsing, commissioned by Parliament as the ‘Iconoclast General’ for East Anglia in 1643–4, was impressively assiduous in the records he kept of the thousands of images that he and his deputies managed to destroy. His journal is thorough, orderly, and, in its sheer scope, remains shocking. For all that contemporary royalist accounts may have reported the iconoclasts as consumed with rage, there is little frantic about his operations; indeed, they show a certain patience with local obstructions and refusals of help from antagonistic clergy and parishioners.
Identifying the Language of the Individual in the Zenon Archive
Authors: Evans T V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ancient Greek or Latin letter on a papyrus, ostracon, or tablet potentially offers a remarkably direct connection with its author. We are not separated from that author by a long manuscript tradition, as with most literary texts, but can work from an autograph. Where we have several letters from a particular author, we have the opportunity to study personal written style in a manner unique for these languages. Such non-literary letters raise questions of the greatest interest from a linguistic and stylistic perspective. Complications, however, instantly arise. By what process, it ought to be asked, does the named author ‘s message reach the writing surface? It is frequently assumed by scholars (as in several places elsewhere in this volume) that that named author is directly responsible for the content, and even for wielding the pen. In some cases this assumption is no doubt accurate, but it would be cavalier to generalize. Where we have groups of documents sent in the name of a particular individual, they are very often written in a range of different hands.
Do Mothers Matter? The Emergence of Metronymics in Early Roman Egypt*
Authors: Depauw Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The addition of the mother ‘s name in personal identification in Greek has hitherto received relatively little attention.1 The traditional interpretation (of the few people who bothered to comment on it) was that it appeared in the late Ptolemaic period and was the ‘Nachklang eines fru¨heren ‘ ‘mutterrechtlichen ‘ ‘ Zustandes ‘. In her dissertation of 1939 Lea Bringmann argued against this hypothesis by pointing out that mothers ‘ names only appear in Egyptian texts from the Persian period onwards, which is somehow too late to explain the phenomenon as an atavistic matriarchal remnant. Instead she concurred with Griffith, who thought that in Demotic the addition of the mother ‘s name served the purely practical purpose of distinguishing homonymic individuals. As I have shown elsewhere, however, this addition to Greek personal identifications is in fact a very rare phenomenon during the Ptolemaic period, when the exceptional examples can in all likelihood be adequately I should like to thank Willy Clarysse, Dorothy Thompson, and Katelijn Vandorpe for advice and suggestions.
Linguistic Varieties and Language Level in Latin Non-Literary Letters*
Authors: Halla-aho Hilla 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Latin letters on papyri, ostraca, and wooden tablets offer many interesting aspects for the study of variation and change in the Latin language. However, it is not always clear how this evidence should be interpreted. For any kind of linguistic research on these letters it is reasonable to assume that every writer of these texts tried to write as well as he or she possibly could, and hence that deviations from the standard are unintentional, i.e. that being aware of two variants the writer would not have deliberately chosen the substandard one.1 For the most part the writers will have been trying to adhere to a standard of letterwriting, to produce language which they knew to be appropriate for the situation, aiming at a very specific goal, viz. intending to be (a) understood and (b) given the correct answer (without causing annoyance, etc.).2 Letters as a text type typically make use of stock I should like to thank J. N. Adams, Peter Kruschwitz, Martti Leiwo, and Marja Vierros for comments on an earlier version of this essay, as well as all those who commented on my paper (partly on the same subject) at the ‘Buried Linguistic Treasure ‘ conference, especially Eleanor Dickey.
Aelian
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My hives are deserted by the bees: they have left hearth and home, though they weren't runaways before. In fact they used to remain loyal and lived in their hives as their very own homes. They had a dewy meadow too, one that was rich in flowers, and we used to feast them on the richest of banquets. They, in turn, with excessive industry would feed us on lots of lovely honey, and never failed to produce this sweet fruit of their labours. But now they have gone off and away, though we did nothing to annoy them: I swear it by Arista eus and by Apollo himself. So they have fled, and their home is bereft, and the meadow flowers are deserted and wasting away.
Euripides
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From that time we have felt, and shall continue to feel, affection for each other. And I have outwitted those people who have often stirred up suspicions between us so that they can win some advantage out of our enmity by cultivating one or other of us. Even now, my good Cephisophon, I know that these are the people who are spreading the rumours about me among the public. But just as their wicked tongues have never got them anywhere, and won them nothing but derision and hatred, you can be sure that now too they will not only get nowhere but actually come to grief themselves. Still, you do well in writing to me about these things, as you think they matter to me. But though you do well in so writing, I must say that you are doing me an injury in offering a reply to people who don ‘t deserve it.
Hippocrates
Authors: Costa C D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don’t envy Aristides his malice, Callias; for he said he did not greatly envy you your wealth. And yet, by Zeus, it would be much better for him to welcome what all men want for them-selves and their families than for you to imitate what all men hate and consider accursed. 2. So you must in no way rebuke or chastise the Athenians for voting rashly and choosing leaders from among the unworthy-hinting at me. 3. But first consider this, that you are reproving those who have voted for leaders who have won victories. 4. Then bear in mind who you are to talk such rubbish, and that you have not succeeded in being appointed general even after many other Themistocleses.
Galen ‘s Woman
Authors: Flemming Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The movement from the process of the constitution of woman as an object of medical knowledge to the contents of this constitution must pass through a more general transition from process to content. This means finally crossing the boundary of requisiteness and outlining the scope and structure of what it was the medical practitioner needed to know about human beings in all their variety in order to be able to restore and maintain their health. The formulation and application of this last constitutive principle was bound up, of course, with the other, more methodological, considerations already described; however, it makes its own distinct con tribution to shaping the medical knowledge of woman that Galen presents as an integral part of his whole domain of medical knowledge.
Between Geography and History
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Hellenistic period witnessed the rise of an imperial power whose dominion extended across almost the whole known world. The Roman empire radically affected geographical conceptions, evoking new ways of describing the earth and of constructing its history. In this book the writings of three literary figures of the age are explored: the History of Polybius, two fragmentary works of Posidonius, and the universal Geography of Strabo. Analysis in terms of the philosophical concepts of time and space reveals the generic fluidity of such 'geographical' and 'historical' works. Furthermore, these broadly conceived accounts are shown to be appropriate literary media for the response to Roman power. They use, but transform, pre-existing Greek traditions in order to describe the new world of Rome, making them fitting products of a transitional age. This book provides a new approach to Roman imperialism by considering its impact on historiography and geographical thought.