bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyacrylamide
Authors: Orwoll Robert A , Chong Yong S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Flocculants in water treatment, paper manufacture, mining, and oil recovery; absorbents; gels for electrophoresis; thickening and binding agents; lubrication. Properties of Special Interest Amorphous. High affinity for water and completely miscible in water. Low toxicity. Low cost. Very high molecular weights attainable. Polymerization Conditions Most commonly, free-radical polymerizations of acrylamide in aqueous or aqueous salt solutions; but also precipitation polymerization in organic solvents; and emulsion polymerizations.
Poly(acrylonitrile)
Authors: Andrady Anthony L , Sen Taner Z , Ahunbay M Göktuğ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Acrylonitrile copolymers are used extensively in textile fiber manufacture and in nitrile rubber. Copolymers are used in gaskets, grommets, hoses, printing roll surfaces, diaphragms, and in plumbing accessories. They also are used in coating applications.
Poly(amide imide)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications A wide variety of injection-molded automotive parts such as housings, connectors, switches, relays, thrust washers, spline liners, valve seats, bushings, piston rings and seals, wear rings, ball bearings, rollers, thermal insulators etc.; laminated parts such as printed circuit boards, honeycomb core, radomes, etc.; coating for magnet wires; mechanical parts for business machines; aerospace applications such as jet-engine components, compressor and generator parts, and electronic devices; hydraulic/pneumatic parts such as bushings, seals, vanes, and flow-control parts.
Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers
Authors: Tomalia Donald A , Nixon Linda S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Dendrimers are ideal macromolecular standards for use in size exclusion chromatography, membrane porosity evaluations, Newtonian viscosity applications, and electron microscopy. The mathematically defined surface functionality (Z may range from 2, 3, or 4 to several thousand) manifested by dendrimers (Figure 2) provides well-defined nanoscale building blocks for constructing complex nanostructures based on either covalent bonding or self-assembly-type processes. On the other hand, PAMAM dendrimers may function as hosts for the encapsulation of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, metals, fragrances, etc. once they have been grown to an appropriate congestion state that exhibits nanocontainer properties as shown in Figure 3.
Poly(benzimidazole)
Authors: Kholodovych Vladyslav , Welsh William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Fire-resistant material, replacement for asbestos, thermal-protective clothing, ion-exchange resins, microporous absorbent beads, membrane applications. Properties of Special Interest High-temperature stability, nonflammability, unusual resistance to organic solvents, excellent mechanical properties, interesting electrical and nonlinear optical properties. Synthesis Condensation polymerization of 3,3,,4,4,-tetraaminobiphenyl (TAB) and diphenyl isophthalate (DPIP) in poly(phosphoric) acid, [1] or in a hot molten nonsolvent such as sulfolane or diphenyl sulfone [2].
Cis-1,4-Polybutadiene
Authors: Lin Gui , Sharaf M A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Tires and tire products, sealants, belts, gaskets, hoses, automotive molded articles, rubber bands, gloves, footwear, sporting goods, and rubber sheeting. Block copolymers with styrene are used for adhesives and footwear. Properties of Special Interest High green strength, tack, can be compounded with fillers and other polymers, can form block copolymers for specialty applications, high tensile strength owing to strain-induced crystallization.
Polychloral
Authors: Premachandra Jagath K , Jayasuriya Chandima Kumudinie , Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Potential material for engineering plastics with rodlike backbone. Possible use as a packing material for high-performance liquid chromatography.(1) Properties of Special Interest Crystalline material with mechanical properties comparable to engineering plastics with rigid backbone of 41 helix similar to that of isotactic polyacetaldehyde, completely isotactic nature, and clean degradation to monomer at elevated temperature. Optical activity of polychloral based on macromolecular asymmetry is a new development; the values of optical activity of these polymers is in the thousands of degrees.
What’s so bad about living in the matrix?
Authors: Pryor James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There’s a natural, simple thought that the movie The Matrix encourages. This is that there’s something bad about being inside the Matrix. That is, there’s an important respect in which people inside the Matrix are worse off than people outside it. Of course, most people inside the Matrix are ignorant of the fact that they’re in this bad situation. They falsely believe they’re in the good situation. Despite that, they are still worse off than people who really are in the good situation.
The matrix-our future?
Authors: Warwick Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is The Matrix merely a science fiction scenario or is it, rather, a philosophical exercise? Alternatively, is it a realistic possible future world? The number of respected scientists predicting the advent of intelligent machines is growing exponentially. Steven Hawking, perhaps the most highly regarded theoretical scientist in the world and the holder of the Cambridge University chair that once belonged to Isaac Newton, said recently, “In contrast with our intellect, computers double their performance every 18 months. So the danger is real that they could develop intelligence and take over the world.” He added, “We must develop as quickly as possible technologies that make possible a direct connection between brain and computer, so that artificial brains contribute to human intelligence rather than opposing it.” The important message to take from this is that the danger-that we will see machines with intellects that outperform that of humans-is real.
The Misdescription of Medicine
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once in the mid-1980s, at a clinical research conference I attended every week, I observed aloud that medicine has the methodology, the rationality, of the social sciences. I meant to make a useable point about my colleagues’ approach to some matter at hand, but it was quickly brushed aside as the mistake of a clueless outsider. Lucky thing. I was near the beginning of three years of clinical observation. Although I was a faculty member in the medical school, they regarded me (quite rightly) as a learner. Only the National Science Foundation grant funding my research guaranteed that I was worth setting straight. I did not know then that the eminent medical historian Henry Sigerest, himself a physician, had made the same observation. “Medicine,” he said, “is not so much a natural as a social science.” I’ve wondered since whether it would have made much difference if I had been able to cite Sigerest on the spot. My colleagues were clinical researchers concerned with establishing a solid academic reputation for what was then a new whole-patient, primary care specialty, general internal medicine. Although they undoubtedly revered the great men of medicine, I suspect they would have dismissed someone who had written in the 1940s and 1950s, before the advent of truly advanced, technologically sophisticated medicine.
The Simplification of Clinical Cause
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine strives for causal simplicity. Its identification with the old-fashioned idea of science owes its strength to the straightforward cause-and-effect simplicity that physicians find there. They admire that simplicity and, although their practice—for good reason—often belies it, they have adopted it as a goal. And no wonder: the promise of ready diagnoses with safe and efficacious treatment draws young people to medical careers—to say nothing of bringing patients to physicians. Anomalies are intellectually interesting; their discovery may be the highlight ofa good clinician’s day—or career. But the goal of both clinical medicine and laboratory research is to understand and resolve them; discovery is important only as a first step toward their eventual renormalizing explanation. They are “resorbed,” as clinicians say, back into the unremarkably ordinary. Thus, linear causality comes to stand for the clinical competence, the automaticity of thought, and the ready solutions to difficult problems that physicians work toward.
Uncertainty and the Ethics of Practice
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost a year after my daughter’s diagnosis, a few months after her treatment ended, I caught a ride with a surgeon-writer from a conference in Westchester County to an exit on the Merritt Parkway where my daughter and her husband were to meet me. I’d brought with me an early version of chapter 1 for her to read, if she were willing and time allowed. Because I admired the surgeon’s account of his brother’s death, I asked him about the perils of writing about illness in a family.
Meaning in Mind, Language, and Culture
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic question that this book is seeking to answer is this: What relationships hold between the cognitive system, language, and culture? There are many different ways to answer this question, in part because different people mean different things by each of the concepts involved in the question. For the time being, it seems useful to assume that all of the three concepts have somehow to do with meaning-either with its creation, its communication, or human beings acting on meaning. We can perhaps assume as a relatively safe starting point that meaning in its different facets is a crucial aspect of the mind, language, and culture.
Mappings within Frames Metonymy as a Cognitive and Cultural Process
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we use words, we often mean something different from the primary meaning of the words used. One large class of such cases is called metonymy. Loosely speaking, metonymy is a “stand-for” relation: We use x to stand for y. For example, we use the head to stand for the person, such as in the phrase head count. Several questions arise in connection with metonymy.
Metaphoric Frames Some Cultural and Social Applications
Authors: Koller Bálint , Endrődi Noémi , Komlósi Sarolta , Tóth Rita , Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have suggested so far that, to a large extent, culture can be thought of as a set of shared understandings of the world, where our understandings are mental representations structured by cultural models, or frames. We also saw in the previous chapter that metaphor is the interaction of two cultural models¬ a source and a target domain, where the source provides much of the structure of the target. It then follows that some of our shared cultural understandings of the world will be based on metaphorical frames, that is, cases where a given cultural frame is structured by another cultural frame, or model.
Wild Scenes
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the individuality of jazz musicians combines with the capricious world in which they try to make a living, events are often produced which the musicians describe as “wild scenes.” Pops Foster gives an early example: A round 1923 the delegate of Local 44 got a one-night job over at Beartown, Illinois, for a little pickup band. It was a little coal-mining town where the miners come in and bring a jug to drink on all night. This one big tough guy with a long mustache came carrying a crock jug over his shoulder. He was unshaven, dirty, and chewed tobacco and sat in a chair he’d pulled up right in front of the bandstand. He laid a big pistol in his lap and told us to play nothin’ but Yes! We Have No Bananas. We started playing it and the guy who put on the dance came up and told us to do what they guy wanted or he’d break the dance up. All night long we played Yes! We Have No Bananas and the people there danced to it. Sometimes during the evening he’d want us to drink with him and would pass the jug up.
Stage Fright
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stage fright is considered a normal hazard among actors, but musicians are often unprepared for it. Finding themselves before an audience in an unusual situation, they may suddenly be surprised to discover that their mouths are dry, their palms sweaty, their minds blank. Garvin Bushell saw it happen to Bubber Miley. After recording with blues singer Mamie Smith in 1921, Bushell went on to tour with her show. Somewhere along the way, Bubber Miley was hired to replace trumpeter Johnny Dunn. Bubber had never done a show before and was nervous about being on stage. On opening day at the Pershing Theater in Pittsburgh, Mamie got the hooks and eyes on her costume caught in a drawer in her dressing room and was late coming on stage. The band kept vamping, but Mamie didn’t appear. Mamie’s husband said, “Play the introduction again.” The band complied, but still no Mamie. They had already played the “Royal Garden Blues,” but they played it again. They repeated Mamie’s introduction. Still no Mamie.
The Put-on
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a form of teasing that is loosely referred to by musicians as “putting people on.” “Squares,” those who don’t understand jazz and musicians, are natural targets for put-on artists. But insiders are not exempt. The first story is from Pops Foster: Papa Lorenzo Tio was a nice old guy. He was tall and drank a lot. One night he was playing for the Magnolia Band. He was drunk and sleeping through the numbers. He’d get the clarinet up to his mouth and finger the horn but nothin’ was coming out. I got a broomstick, picked up his clarinet, and put the broomstick on his lap. He played the whole next number on the broomstick. When Joe Oliver got ready to knock off the next number he asked Tio, “Tea, you gonna play this next number with us?” Tio said, “I been playing all night man, don’t you like my playing?” Joe said, “What are you playing with?” He said, “My clarinet,” and took a look at it. Then he turned to me and said, “You did this.”
Good Lines
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a collection of jazz musicians’ pithy remarks, bon mots, etc., that have been remembered and repeated. Many musicians have a way with words. One of the best was Eddie Condon. He once inquired of a lady at a theater party, “Is that a hat or a threat you’re wearing?” On arriving at another party at an East Side town house that was decorated in an overwhelmingly modern style, Condon said to the host, “Quite a place, isn’t it? Do you suppose anyone lives here?” His most famous line was tossed off in reference to some criticism, which was actually rather complimentary of his work, written by French jazz critic Hugues Panassié. Eddie said, “I don’t see why we need a Frenchman to come over here and tell us how to play American music. I wouldn’t think of going to France and telling him how to jump on a grape.” (For more Condon stories, see Chapter 29.)
Thomas “Fats”Waller
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fats Waller refused to repress his rollicking sense of humor just because he happened to be one of the best jazz pianists around New York. His appealing personality made it possible for him to shift his musical venue from barrooms and dance halls to recordings, theater dates, and Hollywood films. Had he been a better businessman, he could have been one of the highest paid entertainers and songwriters in the country. But he lived for the moment, and tried to fill every moment with good times. Waller was an easy man to work for. He hired good musicians and encouraged them to enjoy their work. Maurice Waller describes Fats’s method of encouragement: My father had a unique system to reward inventiveness in improvisation. Pop kept two bottles of gin on a table during the rehearsals. One bottle was for himself or anyone who happened to be visiting. The other bottle was the “encourager,” as he called it. When one of the band excelled in an improvisational section, Dad would stop the rehearsal, pour him a healthy shot of gin, and the two of them would toast each other. If you wanted to drink at rehearsal, you had to shine.
Eddie Condon
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eddie Condon was one of the group of young musicians who developed what became known as the Chicago style of jazz. In addition to playing banjo and guitar, he became an organizer of record dates, producer of jazz concerts, and a saloonkeeper. His two main interests in life besides his family were to hang around the music he loved and to stay loaded. He had a quick wit and a ready tongue. When asked what he thought of jazz as an art form, he was disdainful: “Canning peaches is an art form!” Condon was at a party where a phonograph was playing an Eddy Duchin record. One of the guests said, “Don’t you adore Eddy Duchin, Mr. Condon? He really makes the piano talk, doesn’t he?” Condon said, “He certainly does.
Pee Wee Russell
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Pee Wee Russell played, he twisted his lanky body and his long, rubbery face into wonderful expressions of struggle, near-defeat, and astonished victory. A shy man, he mumbled and twisted uncomfortably when speaking, but if you paid close attention, you discovered that he was a very determined individualist. Pee Wee spent a number of years of his life so thoroughly soaked in alcohol that his memory of them was blurred when serious health problems finally forced him to give up drinking. As he sat between sets at a Boston jazz club, a man and woman came over and greeted him warmly. He looked at them with a pleasant, blank inquiry. “Pee Wee, don’t you remember us?” said the woman. “You stayed at our house for six months while you were working in St. Louis!” Pee Wee smiled uncomfortably and gave a helpless shrug. “If you say so,” he said.
Duke Ellington and His Orchestra
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Kennedy Ellington was a complex, fascinating man who cast a large shadow across the music world. Even though several books have been written about him, including his own autobiography, he remains elusive. He accepted the sobriquet “Duke” while in his teens, and began creating for himself a persona of elegance and suavity (with a touch of the put-on) that he refined throughout his seventy-five years, a lifetime filled with tremendous musical productivity. Fond of flowery phrases and romantic gestures, Ellington bore himself with the utmost self-assurance, yet he observed more personal superstitions than a minor-league ballplayer. James Lincoln Collier writes: He would not wear certain colors; he would not give or receive gifts of shoes, which suggested that the recipient would use them to walk away; he was afraid of drafts and kept the windows around him closed at all times; he was frightened of flying and refused to do it until the demands of travel forced him into planes; and he subjected himself to many similar taboos.
Benny Goodman
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benny Goodman has probably generated more anecdotes than any other musician. He was a superior instrumentalist and an extremely successful bandleader. He was also absent-minded, inscrutable, ruthless, and often infuriating. His eccentricities on and off the bandstand gave the musicians who worked for him abundant material for backstage stories. This sampling of them begins with a story told by Gene Lees: In the early 1930s, Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman sat together in the same New York studio sax section, before either of them was famous. Shaw always had his nose in a book during breaks. Goodman asked him what he was reading and Shaw showed him: Thorstein Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class. Thereafter Benny would greet Artie at work each day with “How ya doin’, J.B.?” and when they parted, “See ya later, J.B.” Shaw was not going to give him the satisfaction of asking him what it meant, but finally curiosity got the better of him.
Art Tatum and His Children
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though handicapped by the loss of all sight in one eye and nearly all in the other, Art Tatum had complete command of the piano. Harmonically he was years ahead of his contemporaries. It seemed inconceivable that his work would ever lose the respect of the jazz world, but there were a few years during the bebop revolution when critics down-rated him because he hadn’t “progressed.” He simply continued to play in the breathtaking style that he had invented and mastered. A resurgent interest in Tatum restored him to his rightful place in the jazz pantheon not long after Norman Granz had the imagination and daring to record and release eleven LPs of Tatum’s solo playing. Pianists in Tatum’s day literally quailed before him. He made it a practice never to sit down at the piano until all the other pianists in the house had played. None of them would play after him, and he wanted to hear what they were all doing.
Systems Biotechnology: Combined in Silico and Omics Analyses for the Improvement of Microorganisms for Industrial Applications
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Lee Dong-Yup , Kim Tae Yong , Kim Byung Hun , Lee Sang Jun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biotechnology plays an increasingly important role in the healthcare, pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and agricultural industries. Microorganisms have been successfully employed for the production of recombinant proteins [1–4] and various primary and secondary metabolites [5–8]. As in other engineering disciplines, one of the ultimate goals of industrial biotechnology is to develop lower-cost and higher-yield processes. Toward this goal, fermentation and downstream processes have been significantly improved thanks to the effort of biochemical engineers [9]. In addition to the effort of making these mid to downstream processes more efficient, microbial strains have been improved by recombinant and other molecular biological methods, leading to the increase in microbial metabolic activities toward desired goals [10]. However, these conventional attempts have not always been successful owing to unexpected changes in the physiology and metabolism of host cells. Alternatively, rational metabolic and cellular engineering approaches have been tried to solve such problems in a number of cases, but they were also still limited to the manipulation of only a handful of genes encoding enzymes and regulatory proteins. In this regard, systematic approaches are indeed required not only for understanding the global context of the metabolic system but also for designing better metabolic engineering strategies.