bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition Metal‐Free Direct Electrochemical Carboxylation of Organic Halides Using a Sacrificial Magnesium Anode: Straightforward Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Lesko Iryna , Sengmany Stéphane , Beltran Raphaël , Le Gall Erwan , Léonel Eric 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe direct electrochemical carboxylation of aryl, benzyl and alkyl halides by CO2 is described using a magnesium anode and a nickel foam cathode in an undivided cell. The process employs a sacrificial anode and does not require the additional use of a transition metal catalyst or demanding conditions, as the reactions are carried out under galvanostatic mode, at −10 °C and with commercial DMF. Under these operationally simple conditions, an important range of carboxylic acids are affordable. Mechanistic investigation account for the in situ generation of a carbanionic species that is not a simple organomagnesium halide.
On the Environmentally Friendly Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxyethyl Furan‐5‐Carboxylic Acid (MHEF) and bis(2‐Hydroxyethyl) Furan‐2,5‐Dicarboxylate (BHEF)
Authors: Raboni Francesco , Oliveri Andrea , Rocca Valeria Marisa , Moni Lisa , Kumar Virender , Varrone Cristiano , Pellis Alessandro 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTo better understand how the biocatalyzed depolymerization of polyesters works, model molecules are needed to develop activity assays and determine enzymatic kinetic parameters. In this communication the chemical synthesis and characterization of 2‐hydroxyethyl furan‐5‐carboxylic acid and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylates as potential model molecules to further study the enzymatic depolymerization of poly(ethylene furanoate) was investigated.
Optimizing Prostate Cancer Diagnostic Work‐Up Through Micro‐Ultrasound: Minimizing Unnecessary Procedures and Reducing Overdiagnoses
Authors: Beatrici Edoardo , De Carne Fabio , Frego Nicola , Moretto Stefano , Paciotti Marco , Fasulo Vittorio , Uleri Alessandro , Garofano Giuseppe , Avolio Pier Paolo , Chiarelli Giuseppe , Contieri Roberto , Arena Paola , Saitta Cesare , Sordelli Federica , Saita Alberto , Hurle Rodolfo , Casale Paolo , Buffi NicolòMaria , Lazzeri Massimo , Lughezzani Giovanni 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionWe aim to critically assess Microultrasound (mUS) clinical performance in an outpatient setting, focusing on its ability to reduce unnecessary diagnostic procedures, potentially reshape prostate cancer (PCa) diagnostic protocols, and increase the ability to rule out clinically significant (Gleason Score ≥ 3 + 4) PCa (csPCa).Materials and MethodsBetween November 2018 and April 2022, we conducted a prospective study involving men who underwent mUS examination due to clinical symptoms, PSA elevation, or opportunistic early detection of PCa. Experienced urologists performed mUS assessments in an outpatient setting using the prostate risk identification using micro‐ultrasound (PRI‐MUS) protocol to identify lesions suspicious of csPCa (PRI‐MUS score ≥ 3). Men with negative mUS results were followed through consistent phone follow‐up calls and visits until October 2023 to assess their diagnostic and therapeutic pathways. Using Cox regression models adjusted for PSA levels, DRE results, age, and previous biopsy history, we calculated the hazard ratio (HR) for biopsy‐free (BFS), defined as the time from mUS to biopsy or last follow‐up, cancer‐free survival (CFS), and clinically significant cancer‐free survival (csCFS) within the cohort based on mUS results.ResultsOverall, 425 men were enrolled. The median (IQR) age was 66 (59–72) years, PSA levels were 5.7 (4.0–7.9) ng/mL, prostate volume was 44 (31.5–62.1) mL, and the median follow‐up was 39 months (27–53). mUS identified lesions suggesting csPCa in 201/425 (47.3%) men. Overall, mUS resulted negative in 224/425 (52.7%) men, of whom 207/224 (92.4%) did not undergo subsequent mpMRI, while 22/224 (9.8%) proceeded with mpMRI according to the referring physician's decision. The latter detected suspicious lesions in 12/22 cases (54.5%), but only 2/12 (16.7%) were confirmed by biopsy as csPCa. Among those with negative mUS results, 192/224 (85.7%) men avoided additional biopsies during follow‐up. Men with negative mUS results exhibited superior BFS (aHR: 0.17; p < 0.001), CFS (aHR:0.12; p < 0.001), and csCFS (aHR:0.09; p < 0.001) survival rates compared to their mUS‐positive counterparts.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that mUS can potentially refine patient stratification and transform PCa screening and diagnostic protocols. Pending validation by other studies, a wider implementation of mUS could optimize resource allocation, minimize wastage, and reserve additional costly tests.
2,4‐D resistance due to a deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale L. carries no apparent fitness penalty
Authors: Malone Jenna M , Dang Hue Thi , de Figueiredo Marcelo RA , Gill Gurjeet , Gaines Todd A , Preston Christopher 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBACKGROUNDA deletion mutation in the degron tail of auxin coreceptor IAA2 was found to confer resistance to the herbicide 2,4‐D in Sisymbrium orientale. Given the importance of auxin signalling in plant development, this study was conducted to investigate whether this deletion mutation may affect plant fitness.RESULTSThe F2 progeny of crosses with two resistant populations P2 (P2♂ × S♀) and P13 (P13♂ × S♀) were used in this study. The F2 plants were grown under competition with wheat in pot‐trials and evaluated for biomass and total seed production. Progeny of the F2 plants were phenotyped by application of 250 g a.e. ha−1 2,4‐D and genotyped for the 27 bp deletion in IAA2. In a separate experiment, F4 and F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) with resistant and susceptible phenotypes were grown in monoculture and phenotyped over time for biomass and seed production. Wheat competition reduced biomass and seed production for all genotypes in each population and in each year. A density of 400 plants m−2 of wheat reduced Sisymbrium orientale biomass by 76–78% in 2016 and by 59–63% in 2017 and total seed production by 80–83% and 60–64% by respective year. For the experiment involving resistant and susceptible RILs, biomass accumulation and seed production were the same between resistant and susceptible for both populations.CONCLUSIONSThe 27 bp deletion in IAA2 in Sisymbrium orientale does not carry a measurable fitness penalty, as determined by biomass reduction or seed production, either in monoculture or in competition with wheat. As a result, this mutation is unlikely to decrease over time in weed populations if 2,4‐D selection pressure were removed. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Computer‐aided design of novel anthranilic diamides containing fluorinated alkoxy groups as potential ryanodine receptor insecticides
Authors: Chen Yue , Peng Jinmin , Xie Weibin , Zhang Hongyuan , Yuchi Zhiguang , Liu Jingbo , Li Yuxin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBACKGROUNDIncreasing the diversity of lead compounds has been shown to enhance the efficacy of diamide insecticides. Fifty novel compounds were precisely designed and synthesized utilizing fragment‐based assembly and virtual screening coupling.RESULTSThe median lethal concentration (LC50) values of compounds X‐30 and X‐40 against Mythimna separata were 0.09 and 0.08 mg L−1, respectively, which are lower than that of chlorantraniliprole (CHL, 0.11 mg L−1). Notably, compounds X‐10, X‐18, X‐25, X‐32 and X‐43 had corresponding LC50 values of 2.0 × 10−4, 5.0 × 10−4, 6.0 × 10−4, 9.0 × 10−4 and 7.0 × 10−4 mg L−1 against Plutella xylostella, respectively. The best compound X‐10 exhibited five‐fold greater efficacy than CHL (1.0 × 10−3 mg L−1). The LC50 values of compounds X‐21, X‐29, and X‐40 against Spodoptera frugiperda were 0.27, 0.26 and 0.25 mg L−1, respectively, which are slightly lower than that of CHL (0.33 mg L−1). In the case of Ostrinia furnacalis, compound X‐43 showed good efficacy with LC50 values comparable to those of CHL (1.38 versus 1.57 mg L−1). Calcium imaging experiments demonstrated that X‐21 acted on S. frugiperda ryanodine receptors. Furthermore, this series of compounds showed safety toward nontarget mammals compared to CHL.CONCLUSIONThe introduction of fluorinated alkoxy groups at the 3‐position of the pyrazole ring leads to good insecticidal activity and improved insect selectivity. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
Status Quo, Minor or Major Policy Alterations? Explaining Policy Change After Crisis in the Adversarial Child Rights Protection Subsystem in Lithuania
Authors: Bortkevičiūtė Rasa 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the dynamics of policy change following crises within adversarial policy subsystems. Building on the Advocacy Coalitions Framework (ACF), the study empirically tests two mechanisms of policy change (or lack thereof), focusing on cases from the Lithuanian child rights protection domain (2016–2020). Analyzing three crises, ranging from no policy change to minor and major alterations, the research contributes to understanding crisis‐driven policy dynamics. This study highlights the importance of pre‐existing policy solutions, which can be advanced by coalitions following a crisis if the balance of resources shifts in their favor. It also suggests that negotiated agreements may arise between coalitions with similar resources. Finally, the research underscores the role of “strategic inaction” when no policy change occurs despite shifts in resources, due to the perceived costs of action outweighing the benefits. Additionally, the paper expands ACF application to the underrepresented Central and Eastern Europe region, shedding light on sustainability challenges in cases of major policy change after the crisis.
Cobalt‐Mediated Selective Synthesis of Iodine Functionalized Imidazo‐Fused Heterocycles Using 2‐Aminopyridine, Styrene or Acetophenone
Authors: Borah Priyanka , Kyndiah Lenida , Bora Rona moni , Chingangbam Sangeeta , Pal Amarta Kumar 
Published: January 2025

AbstractIn this study, a cobalt‐mediated approach toward the synthesis of iodinated imidazo‐fused heterocycles employing molecular iodine as an iodine source, and 1,2‐DCB as the sovent at 120 °C has been documented. An assortment of iodinated imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines were acquired in moderate to good yields (71%–84%) by using 2‐aminopyridines and substituted styrenes as initial materials. This fine‐tuned protocol has also been broadened with acetophenones in moderate to good yields (66%–90%). This protocol provides a straightforward pathway for the synthesis of iodoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines. Iodoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine was further derivatized to 2,3‐diphenylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, an important biologically active molecule, with phenylboronic acid or simple benzene. Additionally, the gram scale reaction shows the high industrial applicability of the protocol.
Advancements in 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) for Electromagnetic Wave Absorption: Mechanisms, Methods, Enhancements, and Applications
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Na , Huang Gui‐Wen , Liu Yu , Li Si‐Zhe , Cao Rui‐Xiao , Xiao Hong‐Mei 
Published: January 2025

AbstractWith the advent of the 5G era, there has been a marked increase in research interest concerning electromagnetic wave‐absorbing materials. A critical challenge remains in improving the wave‐absorbing properties of these materials while satisfying diverse application demands. MXenes, identified as prominent “emerging” 2D materials for wave absorption, offer unique advantages that are expected to drive advancements and innovations in this field. This review emphasizes the synthesis benefits provided by the unique structural characteristics of MXenes and the performance enhancements achieved through their combination with other absorbing materials. Material requirements, synthesis approaches, and conceptual frameworks are integrated to underscore these advantages. The study provides a thorough analysis of MXene‐absorbing composites, going beyond basic classification to address preparation and modification processes affecting the absorption properties of MXenes and their composites. Attention is directed to synthesis techniques, structural design principles, and their influence on composite performance. Additionally, the potential applications of MXenes in electromagnetic wave absorbing devices are summarized. The review concludes by addressing the challenges currently confronting MXene materials and outlining expected developmental trends, aiming to offer guidance for subsequent research in this domain.
Evaluating the performance of humanure as a potting mix for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings
Authors: Allen Katie , Papargyropoulou Effie , Wade Ruth , Evans Barbara 
Published: January 2025

AbstractComposting human feces (“humanure”) is a simple, affordable method for recycling waste, producing a material similar to commercial potting mixes. This novel approach contrasts with more common practices like biosolids application and wastewater irrigation, offering new opportunities for fecal reuse in horticulture and home gardening. This study evaluated the suitability of humanure as a potting mix for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedlings in an emergence experiment. Four humanure blends from small‐scale composting systems were compared to two garden soils and a commercial potting mix as a control. Emergence speed and total emergence were combined into an emergence index (EI), and seedling size was measured after 25 days. Three of the four humanure blends performed comparably to the control, with EIs over 77.4 and leaf growth above 2.36 cm. The fourth blend, with a lower pH, had good emergence (EI = 53.4) but stunted growth (<0.84 cm). These results highlight the variability in homemade compost quality and the importance of proper management. Garden soils performed poorly in terms of emergence (EI = 12.2 and 7.6), with insufficient seedlings for statistical analysis on growth. This study demonstrates that small‐scale composting of human feces can produce high‐quality compost suitable for use as a potting mix. It also underscores the need for improved guidelines and regulations for the production and use of humanure beyond traditional sewage applications.
Intradermal Advanced Glycation End-products Relate to Reduced Sciatic Nerve Structural Integrity in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Mooshage Christoph M. , Tsilingiris Dimitrios , Schimpfle Lukas , Fleming Thomas , Herzig Stephan , Szendroedi Julia , Heiland Sabine , Bendszus Martin , Kopf Stefan , Kurz Felix , Jende Johann , Kender Zoltan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Cardiovascular risk management is beneficial, but stringent glycemic control does not prevent the progression of distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Persistent hyperglycemia-induced alterations and cardiovascular factors may contribute to diabetes-associated nerve damage. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between skin auto-fluorescence (sAF), an indicator of dermal advanced glycation end-product (AGE) accumulations, cardiovascular risk, and changes in peripheral nerve integrity.

Methods
Sixty-two individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) (20 women and 42 men), including 29 diagnosed with DSPN (7 women and 22 men), and 10 healthy controls (HC) underwent diffusion tensor MR imaging of the sciatic nerve to assess fractional anisotropy (FA), an indicator of nerve structural integrity. sAF measurements were combined with clinical, serological, and electrophysiological evaluations. Arterial stiffness was assessed via pulse wave velocity (PWV).

Results
sAF (HC 2.1 ± 0.25 AU, nDSPN 2.3 ± 0.47, DSPN 2.6 ± 0.43; p = 0.005) was higher in individuals with DSPN compared to HC (p = 0.010) and individuals without DSPN (p = 0.035). Within the group of T2D FA correlated negatively with sAF (r = −0.49, p < 0.001), PWV (r = −0.40, p = 0.009) and high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTNT), a marker of microvascular damage (r = −0.39, p < 0.001). In DSPN, sAF correlated positively with hsTNT (r = 0.58, p = 0.005) and with PWV (r = 0.52, p = 0.007), the sciatic nerve’s FA correlated negatively with PWV (r = −0.47, p = 0.010).

Conclusions
This study is the first to show close correlations between reduced peripheral nerve integrity and both intradermal AGE deposition and arterial stiffness in individuals with T2D. These findings highlight a mechanistic link between glycation-related vascular injury and neuronal damage emphasizing the importance of cardiovascular risk management in preventing DSPN.
The mineralogical distribution of Ni in mantle rocks controls the fertility of magmatic Ni-sulfide systems
Authors: Blanks Daryl E. , Holwell David A. , Ezad Isra S. , Giuliani Andrea , L. Fiorentini Marco , Foley Stephen F. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Mantle-derived mafic-ultramafic melts are the primary host for magmatic Ni-Cu-Co-PGE deposits. One common assumption about this mineral system is that Ni-fertility is a product of high-degree melting of anhydrous mantle peridotites, including a substantial contribution from olivine. However, in metasomatised mantle rocks, which partially melt at lower temperatures than anhydrous peridotites, Ni is hosted by a range of minerals, including hydrous phases such as phlogopite and amphibole in addition to olivine and orthopyroxene. The lower melting point of these hydrous phases makes Ni in phlogopite a potentially significant contributor to the Ni enrichment of mantle melts from metasomatised assemblages. We analyse a suite of phlogopite-bearing mantle rocks which display variably metasomatised assemblages using SEM mapping to quantify mineral assemblages, and laser ablation ICP-MS to determine the Ni deportment in these rocks. Phlogopite in hydrous peridotites contains 859–1126 ppm Ni equating to ~ 12% of the bulk Ni content in an assemblage containing 25% phlogopite. Mica-Amphibole-Rutile-Ilmenite-Diopside rocks contain phlogopite with 428–715 ppm Ni, which can contribute up to 50% of the bulk Ni in an assemblage of 30% phlogopite. At temperatures below the dry peridotite solidus (< 1300 °C), phlogopite can become a significant contributor of Ni to mantle melts. Thus, partial melting of metasomatised hydrous assemblages can produce Ni-fertile mafic-ultramafic magmas without substantial temperature perturbations such as those associated with mantle plumes. This opens up a range of geodynamic settings for Ni sulfide fertility, away from large igneous provinces and their plumbing systems, into settings such as orogenic belts, arcs and intraplate rifts.
Researchers’ perceptions of automating scientific research
Authors: Douglas David M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Science is being transformed by the increasing capabilities of automation technologies and artificial intelligence (AI). Integrating AI and machine learning (ML) into scientific practice requires changing established research methods while maintaining a scientific understanding of research findings. Researchers are at the forefront of this change, but there is currently little understanding of how they are experiencing these upheavals in scientific practice. In this paper, we examine how researchers working in several research fields (automation engineering, computational design, conservation decision-making, materials science, and synthetic biology) perceive AI/ML technologies used in their work, such as laboratory automation, automated design of experiments, computational design, and computer experiments. We find that researchers emphasised the need for AI/ML technologies to have practical benefits (such as efficiency and improved safety) to justify their use. Researchers were also hesitant to automate data analysis, and the importance of explainability differed between researchers working with laboratory automation and those using AI/ML directly in their research. This difference is due to the different role AI/ML plays in different research fields: laboratory automation performs processes already defined by the researcher and the actions are visible or recorded, while in AI/ML applications the decisions that produced the result may be obscure to the researcher. Understanding the role AI/ML plays in scientific practice is important for ensuring that scientific knowledge continues to grow.
Constructivity conditions on immune sets
Authors: Case John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Definitionally: strongly effectively immune sets are infinite and their c.e. subsets have maximums effectively bounded in their c.e. indices; whereas, for effectively immune sets, their c.e. subsets’ cardinalities are what’re effectively bounded. This definitional difference between these two kinds of sets is very nicely paralleled by the following difference between their complements. McLaughlin: strongly effectively immune sets cannot have immune complements; whereas, the main theorem herein: effectively immune sets cannot have hyperimmune complements. Ullian: effectively immune sets can have effectively immune complements. The main theorem improves Arslanov’s, effectively hyperimmune sets cannot have effectively hyperimmune complements: the improvement omits the second ‘effectively’. Two natural examples of strongly effectively immune sets are presented with new cases of the first proved herein. The first is the set of minimal-Blum-size programs for the partial computable functions; the second, the set of Kolmogorov-random strings. A proved, natural example is presented of an effectively dense simple, not strongly effectively simple set; its complement is a set of maximal run-times. Further motivations for this study are presented. Kleene recursion theorem proofs herein emphasize how to conceptualize them. Finally, is suggested, future, related work—illustrated by a first, natural, strongly effectively

$$\Sigma _2^0$$

Σ
2
0

-immune set—included: solution of an open problem from Rogers’ book.
Fluvoxamine may reverse the decrease in filtering capacity that occurs in acute kidney injury by increasing IL-10 and ACE expressions and preserving AQ-2, AQ-4, CL-5, and ZO-1 expressions
Authors: Karakuyu Nasif Fatih , Camlica Tugce , Asci Halil , Milletsever Adem , Ulusoy Arzu , Gonuler Fatih Mehmet , Altuntas Atila 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The kidneys have a regulatory role in many diseases with their diuresis function and capacity to maintain electrolyte balance. In case of extensive damage, the kidney’s filtration capacity is impaired and cannot fulfill its functions. Fluvoxamine (FLV), an antidepressant agent, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of FLV against renal tissue damage in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced systemic inflammation model. Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were divided into four equal groups: control, LPS, LPS + FLV, and FLV alone. Six hours after LPS administration, rats were sacrificed and kidney tissues were removed. Histopathological examination of kidney tissues, immunohistochemical expression of the ACE-1, Cas-9, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as well as spectrophotometric assessment of total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), urea, creatinine levels, and zonulin-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5 (CL-5), aquaporins 2 and 4 (AQ-2, AQ-4) were evaluated. TOS, OSI, urea, creatinine levels, and Cas-9 expressions were significantly increased, and TAS levels, ACE-1, IL-10, AQ-2, AQ-4, ZO-1, and CL-5 expressions significantly decreased in the LPS group compared with the control group. In addition, marked hyperemia, slight-to-moderate hemorrhages, and degeneration of the tubule epithelial cells were observed in kidney sections in the LPS group, in addition to the inflammatory cell infiltrations. FLV treatment significantly improved all these findings. FLV treatment ameliorates renal tissues against inflammatory scenes and protects renal function by enhancing IL-10 and ACE-1 expressions and preserving AQ-2, AQ-4, CL-5, and ZO-1 expressions.

Graphical Abstract