bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gastro‐allergic anisakiasis as a consequence of simultaneous primary and secondary immune response
Authors: Daschner Alvaro , Cuéllar Carmen , Sánchez‐Pastor Sofia , Pascual Cristina‐Yolanda , Martín‐Esteban Manuel 
Published: March 2003

SummaryGastro‐allergic anisakiasis has been reported as an entity in which an acute parasitism by Anisakis simplex is accompanied by an immunoglobulin (Ig)E‐mediated systemic allergic reaction. Serum samples were obtained from 24 patients within 24 h after the onset of symptoms (day 0) and after 1 month (day 30) and in 13 patients after 6 months. Total IgE was assessed by the Imx method. Specific IgE was assessed by CAP‐FEIA. Specific IgM, IgG, IgG4 and IgA antibodies were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay against crude extract (CE) and excretory–secretory products (ESP). IgE immunoblotting (IB) was directed against CE or ESP (day 0 and day 30). We found a rise of total IgE, specific IgE, number of bands in IgE‐IB, IgG and IgG4 between day 0 and day 30 with a fall to near basal levels after 6 months. IgM levels were highest at day 0, falling over the next 6 months and IgA levels remained almost unchanged. Correlation studies revealed a parallel stimulation of nearly all Ig isotypes, except IgM anti‐ESP, whose antibody levels correlated negatively with specific IgG levels. We found an extension of the IgE antibody repertoire in IB. We conclude that the allergic IgE‐mediated reaction in the course of gastro‐allergic anisakiasis involves a parallel secondary Th2 type memory response and a primary immunologic stimulation of both Th2 and Th1 lymphocyte subsets against previously unrecognized antigens.
Effect of salivary gland extracts from the tick, Boophilus microplus, on leucocytes from Brahman and Hereford cattle
Authors: Turni Cornelia , Lee Rogan P. , Jackson Louise A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary The effect of salivary gland extract (SGE) from Boophilus microplus on peripheral blood lymphocytes, neutrophils and monocytes from Brahman (Bos indicus) and Hereford (Bos taurus) cattle was investigated. SGE (8 µg) significantly inhibited the proliferation response of lymphocytes to concanavalin A from both Brahman and Hereford cattle by 89% and 41%, respectively. The difference in inhibition between the two breeds was highly significant (P < 0·01), whilst at 1 µg of SGE, significant inhibition of lymphocytes occurred only in Hereford cattle (34%). Flow cytometric analysis of monocytes and neutrophils showed that SGE (40 µg) significantly reduced both the proportion of cells actively phagocytosing Escherichia coli labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (E. coli–FITC) and the uptake of E. coli–FITC in Brahman cattle. However, in Hereford cattle, a significant depression in uptake was only observed in neutrophils. The proportion of monocytes and neutrophils with oxidative activity was significantly suppressed in the presence of SGE in both breeds of cattle. These results indicate that peripheral blood leucocytes from different breeds of cattle respond differently to SGE.
Schistosomiasis delays lesion resolution during Leishmania major infection by impairing parasite killing by macrophages
Authors: La Flamme Anne Camille , Scott Phillip , Pearce Edward J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Infection of mice with Schistosoma mansoni delays the resolution of cutaneous lesions and parasitaemia during Leishmania major infection. In contrast, L. major infection does not appear to alter the course of schistosomiasis. Analysis of the cytokine responses in the draining lymph nodes (LN) indicates that, while L. major infection had no effect on schistosome‐specific interleukin (IL)‐4 production by mesenteric LN (MLN) cells, coinfection with S. mansoni resulted in decreased leishmania‐induced interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide production by popliteal LN (PLN) cells 4 weeks after L. major infection. In addition, PLN cells produced higher levels of IL‐4 4 weeks after L. major infection in coinfected mice. Finally, IFN‐γ‐stimulated macrophages isolated from S. mansoni‐infected mice were impaired in their ability to kill L. major after in vitro infection. These results suggest that pre‐existence of a strong Th2 response‐dominated infection can alter the responses to Th1‐inducing pathogens at peripheral sites and impair Th1‐mediated effector functions.
Contact chemoreception related to host selection and oviposition behaviour in the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus
Authors: BAUR ROBERT , HARIBAL MEENA , RENWICK J. ALAN A. , STÄDLER ERICH 
Published: March 2003

Abstract. Behavioural events during host selection by ovipositing monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus (L.), Danainae, Nymphalidae) include tapping the leaf surface with fore‐tarsi and touching this surface with mid‐tarsi (‘drumming’) and antennae. Flavonoids identified from host plant extracts are known to stimulate oviposition. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of contact‐chemoreceptor sensilla on all appendages that contact the leaf surface. This electrophysiological study was conducted to identify the contact chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the known oviposition stimuli and are therefore probably involved in host recognition.Receptor cells of conspicuous sensilla grouped in clusters on fore‐tarsi of females were sensitive to the behaviourally active butanol fraction of host plant (Asclepias curassavica) extract. However, these receptors generally had low sensitivity to three oviposition‐stimulating flavonoids identified from this fraction, but they were also sensitive to the butanol fraction of a non‐host (Brassica oleracea).Chemoreceptors in sensilla of the tarsomers 2–4 of the mid‐legs also responded to the behaviourally active fraction of host plant extract and showed some sensitivity to two of the flavonoids that stimulate oviposition. Similar results were obtained from receptor cells in sensilla on the tip of the antennae. Most of these sensilla had cells responding to the butanol fraction of A. curassavica extract but only 25% of them were also sensitive to one of the behaviourally active flavonoids.These electrophysiological results, in combination with behavioural observations, suggest that host selection in monarch butterflies relies on a complex pattern of peripheral sensory information from several types of tarsal and antennal contact chemoreceptors.
Electroantennogram responses of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes) to host odours in an open field and riverine woodland
Authors: VOSKAMP KAREN , DEN OTTER C. J. , NOORMAN N. 
Published: March 2003

The present study was initiated to gain insight into the way in which tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) sense odours at different locations in odour plumes in both an open field and a wooded area.We recorded the antennal responses (EAGs) from stationary living female G. pallidipes 15 m upwind and at various (60, 40, 20, 10, 5 and 1 m) distances downwind from a synthetic host odour source (containing 1‐octen‐3‐ol, acetone and two phenols), in the natural habitat of the fly (Zimbabwe) using a portable electrophysiological device. Experiments were performed in a flat open area (an airstrip) and in riverine woodland. Differences between responses in different environments were determined by comparing various parameters of the EAGs (intermittency, frequency, amplitude, duration and rate of depolarization).We found that a fly senses odours as puffs that, further downwind, contain less odour and pass less frequently. In an open field downwind from the source, tsetse perceive more olfactory information than upwind for only 10–20 m, whereas in woodland, olfactory responses remain higher and more frequent than upwind up to at least 60 m. In an open field, olfactory information rapidly increases when approaching the odour source from 20 m and in woodland from 5 m onwards.It is proposed that averaging odour information over time may be of minor importance in long‐range location of odour sources. The results suggest that tsetse may smell odour‐baited targets from at least 60 m downwind and that the number of flies responding to and being caught by these baits may be higher in woodland than in an open field.
Oviposition in Yponomeuta cagnagellus: the importance of contact cues for host plant acceptance
Authors: Hora K. H. , Roessingh P. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySmall ermine moths (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera) are specialist herbivores. Species within the genus Yponomeuta are each specialized on a limited number of plant species, mainly within genera belonging to the Celastraceae. European Yponomeuta species have developed new specialized host affiliations, mainly on rosaceous hosts. Since these host shifts are reputed to be of consequence for speciation, the role of the ovipositing female is of particular interest. Study of the pre‐oviposition behaviour of gravid Y. cagnagellus (Hb.) moths on host (Euonymus europaeus), non‐host (Crateagus monogyna) and artificial oviposition substrates, provided information on the nature of the cues used for host plant acceptance and the insect’s perception of these cues. Host selection by adult females occurs with contact chemoreceptors probably located on the antennae or tarsi. MeOH‐soluble, non‐volatile phytochemical compounds washed from the host plant’s surface and applied on an artificial twig are sufficient to stimulate a complete sequence of behavioural elements leading to oviposition. Volatiles do not have a large effect on the pre‐oviposition behaviour.
Presence of an adipokinetic peptide in the corpus cardiacum of Dermaptera but not in the neurohaemal aorta, and chemical and functional identification of the peptide
Authors: Gäde GerD. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCorpora cardiaca of the earwigs Labidura riparia and Forficula auricularia contain a substance that causes hyperlipaemia in migratory locusts and hypertrehalosaemia in the American cockroaches. A conspecific bioassay in L. riparia revealed that this factor is lipid‐mobilizing. Isolation of the neuropeptide was achieved by single‐step RP‐HPLC. The primary structure of the earwig adipokinetic peptide was elucidated by automated Edman degradation in combination with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. It is a blocked octapeptide, pGlu‐Val‐Asn‐Phe‐Ser‐Thr‐Gly‐Trp‐NH2, previously denoted as Grb‐AKH and first identified in Gryllus bimaculatus (
Gäde & Rinehart 1987). The synthetic peptide co‐chromatographed under various conditions with the native peptide and, in biological assays, resulted in lipid‐mobilization in L. riparia when injected in low concentration.
Physiological and genetic factors as sources of variation in locomotion and activity rhythm in a parasitoid wasp (Trichogramma brassicae)
Authors: Pompanon François , Fouillet Pierre , Bouletreau Michel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) varies according to genetic and non‐genetic factors. The physiological state of the adult influences the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. Mating is responsible for a long‐term decrease in the activity of males, while an increase in female activity is observed. In females, a previous oviposition reduces the spontaneous activity for 2 days. Food deprivation causes a 2‐day increase in daily activity, followed by a strong decrease for both sexes. The daily amount of activity is much more affected by physiological variations of the parasitoid than the temporal distribution of the activity (i.e. phase and pattern of activity). In all experiments, variation in locomotor activity was related to path variations. Furthermore, comparison of inbred lines proved the genetic variability of these behavioural traits and of infestation capacity within a strain. Correlations between successive generations demonstrated their transmissibility.The genetic variability constitutes an evolutionary potential allowing the population to display an adaptive response to predictable (i.e. periodic) environmental variations. The behavioural plasticity resulting from physiological changes allows an individual response to unpredictable variations of the environment. Both mechanisms optimize resource exploitation by insect parasitoids.
Effects of light levels and plume structure on the orientation manoeuvres of male gypsy moths flying along pheromone plumes
Authors: Cardé R. T. , Knols B. G. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe upwind zigzag flights of male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.; Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) along narrow, ribbon‐like and wide, turbulent plumes of pheromone were examined in a wind tunnel at light levels of 450 and 4 lux. Under all conditions tested males flew upwind zigzag paths. In 450 lux, males flying along turbulent plumes had the highest ground speeds and the widest crosswind excursions between counterturns, compared to slow flight and a narrow zigzag of males along a ribbon plume. In a turbulent plume, males flew more slowly and had narrower zigzags in 4 than in 450 lux. Across most treatments of plume structure and light level, the rate of transverse image flow and the frequency of counterturning remained relatively constant. The effects of light levels on orientation are not readily reconcilable with a model in which moths in low light levels would head more towards crosswind, thereby enhancing the rate of transverse image flow and the perception of wind‐induced drift.
Feeding responses by female Pieris brassicae butterflies to carbohydrates and amino acids
Authors: Romeis J. , Wäckers F. L. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryMost Lepidoptera feed during the adult stage on carbohydrate‐rich food sources, primarily floral nectar. However, little is known about the factors leading to the acceptance of a possible food source. It is reported that butterflies select for nectar rich in sucrose and amino acids. This suggests that the insects have developed a sensitivity to these nectar compounds. We tested females of the large cabbage white, Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) for their responses to 10 different nectar‐ or honeydew‐sugars after either tarsal or proboscis stimulation. In no‐choice experiments, food‐deprived P. brassicae showed the strongest response to sucrose, followed by fructose. Other sugars, including galactose, glucose, maltose, mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose and trehalose, did not elicit a feeding response. Mixtures of essential or common non‐essential amino acids did not stimulate feeding. In a choice situation, P. brassicae preferred sucrose over fructose, whereas they accepted a sucrose and amino acid solution equally to a plain sucrose solution. The results indicate that for P. brassicae, feeding is mainly elicited by sucrose and fructose.
Effect of physiological status on olfactory and visual responses of female Hypothenemus hampei during host plant colonization
Authors: Mathieu Frederic , Gaudichon Veronique , Brun Luc Olivier , Frérot Brigitte 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe response of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) (coffee berry borer, CBB) females to olfactory stimuli was demonstrated to be related with the physiological status; especially with age, whether they were mated or not, and whether they have already oviposited. A special behaviour, the abandonment of the native berry, was also found to play a major role. In contrast, response to visual stimuli (false coffee berries) was found to be independent of the physiological status of CBB females. Variations in behavioural responses to visual and olfactory stimuli are discussed in relation to colonization strategy.
The nitrate and ammonium nitrate supply have a major influence on the response of photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism and growth to elevated carbon dioxide in tobacco
Authors: Geiger M. , Haake V. , Ludewig F. , Sonnewald U. , Stitt M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe effect of elevated [CO2] on biomass, nitrate, ammonium, amino acids, protein, nitrate reductase activity, carbohydrates, photosynthesis, the activities of Rubisco and six other Calvin cycle enzymes, and transcripts for Rubisco small subunit, Rubisco activase, chlorophyll a binding protein, NADP‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, aldolase, transketolase, plastid fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase and ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase was investigated in tobacco growing on 2, 6 and 20 m
M nitrate and 1, 3 and 10 m
M ammonium nitate. (i) The growth stimulation in elevated [CO2] was attenuated in intermediate and abolished in low nitrogen. (ii) Elevated [CO2] led to a decline of nitrate, ammonium, amino acids especially glutamine, and protein in low nitrogen and a dramatic decrease in intermediate nitrogen, but not in high nitrogen. (iii) Elevated [CO2] led to a decrease of nitrate reductase activity in low, intermediate and high ammonium nitrate and in intermediate nitrate, but not in high nitrate. (iii) At low nitrogen, starch increased relative to sugars. Elevated [CO2] exaggerated this shift. ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase transcript increased in low nitrogen, and in elevated [CO2]. (iv) In high nitrogen, sugars rose in elevated [CO2], but there was no acclimation of photosynthetic rate, only a small decrease of Rubisco and no decrease of other Calvin cycle enzymes, and no decrease of the corresponding transcripts. In lower nitrogen, there was a marked acclimation of photosynthetic rate and a general decrease of Calvin cycle enzymes, even though sugar levels did not increase. The decreased activities were due to a general decrease of leaf protein. The corresponding transcripts did not decrease except at very low nitrogen. (v) It is concluded that many of the effects of elevated [CO2] on nitrate metabolism, photosynthate allocation, photosynthetic acclimation and growth are due to a shift in nitrogen status.
Chloroplast movements in fern leaves: correlation of movement dynamics and environmental flexibility of the species
Authors: Augustynowicz J , Gabry`s H. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe movements of chloroplasts in response to varying levels and wavelengths of incident light were investigated in leaves of four fern species: Adiantum capillus‐veneris, Adiantum caudatum, Adiantum diaphanum and Pteris cretica. In all of the species studied blue light induced chloroplast redistribution resulting in face and profile patterns that were typical of low and high fluence rates, respectively. Fluence rate response characteristics and the kinetics of transmission changes accompanying these blue‐light‐induced movements were similar to those observed in the leaves of higher plants. Only in A. capillus‐veneris was the distribution of chloroplasts affected by red light. The response was of the weak‐light type, irrespective of the light intensity. The most effective fluence rate for red light was found to be below 7·2 μmol m–2 s–1 (1 W m–2). The effect of red light was far‐red reversible, indicating phytochrome involvement. Chloroplast responses were more dynamic in A. capillus‐veneris and P. cretica, the two species that exhibited higher environmental flexibility.
Expression of a cassava granule‐bound starch synthase gene in the amylose‐free potato only partially restores amylose content
Authors: Salehuzzaman Shah N. I. M. , Vincken Jean‐Paul , De Wal Marion Van , Jacobsen Evert , Visser Richard G. F. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTGranule‐bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in starch granules. A heterologous cassava GBSS I gene was tested for its ability to restore amylose synthesis in amylose‐free (amf) potato mutants. For this purpose, the cassava GBSS I was equipped with different transit peptides. In addition, a hybrid containing the potato transit peptide, the N‐terminal 89 amino acids of the mature potato GBSS I, and the C‐terminal part of cassava GBSS I was prepared. The transgenic starches were first analysed by iodine staining. Only with the hybrid could full phenotypic complementation of the amf mutation be achieved in 13% of the plants. Most transformants showed partial complementation, but interestingly the size of the blue core was similar in all granules derived from one tuber of a given plant. The amylose content was only partially restored, up to 60% of wild‐type values or potato GBSS I‐complemented plants; however, the GBSS activity in these granules was similar to that found in wild‐type ones. From this, and the observation that the hybrid protein (a partial potato GBSS I look‐alike) performs best, it was concluded that potato and cassava GBSS I have different intrinsic properties and that the cassava enzyme is not fully adapted to the potato situation.
Shape of leaf photosynthetic electron transport versus temperature response curve is not constant along canopy light gradients in temperate deciduous trees
Authors: Niinemets Ü. , Oja V. , Kull O. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTResponses of foliar light‐saturated net assimilation rate (Amax), capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (Jmax) and mitochondrial respiration rate (Rd) to long‐term canopy light and temperature environment were investigated in a temperate deciduous canopy composed of Populus tremula L. in the upper (17–28 m) and of Tilia cordata Mill. in the lower canopy layer (4–17 m). Climatic measurements indicated that seasonal average daily maximum air temperature (Tmax) was 5·5 °C (range 0·7–10·5 °C) higher in the top than in the bottom of the canopy, and strong positive correlations were observed between Tmax and seasonal average integrated quantum flux density (Qint), as well as between seasonal average daily mean temperature and Qint. Because of changes in leaf dry mass and nitrogen per unit area, Amax, Jmax, and Rd scaled positively with Qint in both species at a common leaf temperature (T). According to Jmax versus T response curves and dark chlorophyll fluorescence transients, photosynthetic electron transport was less heat resistant in P. tremula with optimum temperature of Jmax, Topt, of 33·5 ± 0·6 °C than in T. cordata with Topt of 40·7 ± 0·6 °C. This difference was suggested to manifest evolutionary adaptation of photosynthetic electron transport to cooler environments in P. tremula, the range of which extends farther north than that in T. cordata. Possibly because of acclimation to long‐term canopy temperature environment, Topt was positively related to Qint in P. tremula, foliage of which was also exposed to higher irradiances and temperatures, but not in T. cordata, in the canopy of which quantum flux densities and temperatures were lower, and gradients in the environmental factors less pronounced. Parallel to changes in Topt, the activation energy for photosynthetic electron transport decreased with increasing Qint in P. tremula, indicating that Jmax of leaves acclimated to colder environment was more responsive to T in lower temperatures than that of high T acclimated leaves. Similar alterations in the activation energy for mitochondrial respiration rate were also observed, indicating that acclimation to temperature of mitochondrial and chloroplastic electron transport proceeds in a co‐ordinated manner, and possibly involves long‐term changes in membrane fluidity properties. We conclude that, because of correlations between temperature and light, the shapes of Jmax versus T, and Rd versus T response curves vary within tree canopies, and this needs to be taken account in modelling whole canopy photosynthesis.