bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct types of nitric oxide–producing neurons in the developing and adult mouse claustrum
Authors: Guirado Salvador , Real M. Ángeles , Olmos José Luis , Dávila José Carlos 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe studied at the light and electron microscopic levels the nitric oxide–producing neurons in the mouse claustrum. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase histochemistry and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunohistochemical staining were used to reveal putative nitrergic neurons. We also analyzed colocalization of nNOS with the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the ontogenesis of the nNOS‐immunoreactive neurons, providing evidence for different populations of nitrergic neurons in the mouse claustrum. The general staining pattern was similar for the histochemical and the immunohistochemical methods, resulting in neuron and neuropil staining throughout the whole claustrum. We described two populations of nitric oxide–producing neurons in the mouse claustrum on the basis of a different level of nNOS expression. Densely nNOS‐stained neurons were mostly GABA immunoreactive, displayed ultrastructural features typically seen in aspiny neurons, and may originate in the subpallium; they were first seen in the claustrum at embryonic stage 17.5 and probably represent local inhibitory interneurons. Densely stained cells were found from rostral to caudal levels throughout the dorsal claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus. Lightly nNOS‐stained neurons, on the other hand, were more numerous than densely stained ones, especially in the dorsal claustrum. These claustral lightly stained cells, barely observed in the NADPH‐diaphorase reacted sections, were mostly non‐GABAergic, and appeared earlier during ontogenesis than densely stained cells (at embryonic stages 15.5–16.5). We suggest that these neurons are probably projection neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:431–444, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen increases the number of spinophilin‐immunoreactive spines in the hippocampus of young and aged female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hao Jiandong , Janssen William G.M. , Tang Yong , Roberts Jeffrey A. , McKay Heather , Lasley Bill , Allen Patrick B. , Greengard Paul , Rapp Peter R. , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Hof Patrick R. , Morrison John H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIt is well documented that estrogen increases dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal cells of young female rats. However, this effect is attenuated in aged rats. We report here a quantitative analysis of estrogen effects on hippocampal spine number as visualized with antispinophilin in young (6–8 years old) and aged (19–23 years old) female rhesus monkeys, a species with a pattern of female endocrine senescence comparable to that of humans. Monkeys were ovariectomized and administered either vehicle or estradiol cypionate 3 months postovariectomy, followed by an additional dose 3 weeks later, with perfusion 24 hours after the last estrogen treatment. Immunolocalization of spinophilin, a spine‐associated protein, was used for quantitative stereologic analyses of total spinophilin‐immunoreactive spine numbers in CA1 stratum radiatum and the inner and outer molecular layers of dentate gyrus. In both young and aged female monkeys, the estrogen‐treated groups had an increase in spinophilin‐immunoreactive spines (37% in young, P < .005; 35% in aged, P < .05) compared with the untreated groups that amounted to more than 1 billion additional immunoreactive spines. The young group also showed a trend toward an estrogen‐induced increase in immunoreactive spines in the dentate gyrus outer molecular layer, but this effect was not statistically significant (P = .097). We conclude that spine number in the rhesus monkey hippocampus is highly responsive to estrogen, yet, unlike the female rat, aged female rhesus monkeys retain the capacity for spine induction in response to estrogen. These data have important implications for cognitive effects of estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women and demonstrate that an estrogen replacement protocol that mimics normal physiological cycles with timed, intermittent peaks can have profound neurobiological effects. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:540–550, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 in the mouse retina reveals temporal ordering in development of rod vs. cone and ON vs. OFF circuits
Authors: Sherry David M. , Wang Meng M. , Bates Jason , Frishman Laura J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractGlutamatergic transmission is crucial to the segregation of ON and OFF pathways in the developing retina. The temporal sequence of maturation of vesicular glutamatergic transmission in rod and cone photoreceptor and ON and OFF bipolar cell terminals is currently unknown. Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) that load glutamate into synaptic vesicles are necessary for vesicular glutamatergic transmission. To understand better the formation and maturation of glutamatergic transmission in the rod vs. cone and ON vs. OFF pathways of the retina, we examined the developmental expression of VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 immunocytochemically in the mouse retina. Photoreceptor and bipolar cell terminals showed only VGLUT1‐immunoreactivity (‐IR); no VGLUT2‐IR was present in any synapses of the developing or adult retina. VGLUT1‐IR was first detected in cone photoreceptor terminals at postnatal day 2 (P2), several days before initiation of ribbon synapse formation at P4–P5. Rod terminals showed VGLUT1‐IR by P8, when they invade the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and initiate synaptogenesis. Developing OFF bipolar cell terminals showed VGLUT1‐IR around P8, 2–3 days after bipolar terminals were first identified in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) by labeling for the photoreceptor and bipolar cell terminal marker, synaptic vesicle protein 2B. Although terminals of ON bipolar cells were present in the IPL by P6–P8, most did not show VGLUT1‐IR until P8–P10 and increased dramatically from P12. These data suggest a hierarchical development of glutamatergic transmission in which cone circuits form prior to rod circuits in both the OPL and IPL, and OFF circuits form prior to ON circuits in the IPL. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:480–498, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic changes in the expression of delta opioid receptors in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Mennicken Françoise , Zhang Ji , Hoffert Cyrla , Ahmad Sultan , Beaudet Alain , O'Donnell Dajan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTo assess the validity of rodent models for investigating the role of delta opioid receptors (DOR) in analgesia, the distribution of DOR binding and mRNA were compared between rodent and primate spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), using receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization, respectively. In mouse and rat spinal cord, [125I]‐deltorphin‐labeled DOR binding sites were detected throughout the gray matter. In contrast, in primate and particularly in human spinal cord, DOR binding was mainly present in laminae I–II, with little to no binding in deeper layers. Accordingly, in rodent spinal cord, DOR mRNA was expressed by a large number of neurons distributed throughout the ventral and dorsal horns, whereas in the primate, DOR expression was significantly lower, as evidenced by a moderate number of labeled cells throughout the gray matter in monkey and by only few labeled cells in human, mainly in Clarke's column and lamina IX. Major species differences in DOR expression were also observed in primary afferent cells bodies. In rat DRG, intense DOR mRNA hybridization was primarily observed over large ganglion cells immunopositive for neurofilament 200. In contrast, in monkey and human DRG, DOR mRNA was primarily detected over small and medium‐sized ganglion cells. These results demonstrate major differences in the expression and distribution of DOR in the spinal cord and DRG between mammalian species. Specifically, they point to a progressive specialization of DOR toward the regulation of primary somatosensory, namely nociceptive, inputs during phylogeny and suggest that the effects of DOR agonists in rodents may not be entirely predictive of their action in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:349–360, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of axon collaterals of single cells in layer III of the piriform cortex of the guinea pig
Authors: Chen Shaoyun , Murakami Kunio , Oda Satoko , Kishi Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRecent physiological and morphological studies suggest that the piriform cortex (PC) functions like the association areas of the neocortex rather than the typical primary sensory area as was previously assumed. The axon connection patterns of single cells are important for understanding the functional organization of the PC. The axon collaterals of three single pyramidal cells and one spiny multipolar cell in layer III of the PC were labeled and quantitatively analyzed by intracellular injections of biocytin in guinea pigs. The individual pyramidal and spiny multipolar cells have highly distributed axon collaterals, which display little tendency for patchy concentrations, within the PC and multiple higher order behavior/reward/contextual‐related areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, amygdaloid nuclei, and entorhinal cortex. For the pyramidal cells, the average length of axonal collaterals is 143 mm; the average number of boutons is 12,930. For the spiny multipolar cell, the length of the axonal collaterals is 88 mm; the number of boutons is 7,052. The pyramidal cells in the anterior subdivision of the PC (APC) have both rostrally and caudally directed intrinsic association fibers, whereas the pyramidal and spiny multipolar cells in the posterior subdivision (PPC) have predominantly caudally directed intrinsic association fibers in the PC. Our results reveal that the connection patterns of single cells in layer III resemble those of pyramidal cells in layer II, suggesting that the PC performs correlative functions analogous to those in the association area of other sensory systems. The rostrally‐to‐caudally directed connections in the APC provide a substrate for the recurrent process, whereas largely caudally directed connections in the PPC suggest the dominance of the feed‐forward process. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:455–465, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD15 immunoreactive amacrine cells in the mouse retina
Authors: Jakobs Tatjana C. , Ben Yixin , Masland Richard H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe mouse retina has become an important model in vision research, mainly because of the wide availability of transgenic animals. In order to study cell function and connectivity in the inner retina, antibodies that differentially stain one cell type, or a small number of cell types, are helpful as markers. Here we characterize the CD15 (3[α1‐3]‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyl‐lactosamine)‐positive cells in the mouse retina using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. CD15 immunoreactivity was observed in two distinct types of amacrine cells and, faintly, in some cone bipolar cells. Type I CD15+ amacrine cells are GABAergic wide‐field cells that stratify in lamina 3 and 4/5 of the inner plexiform layer. Type II CD15+ amacrine cells are also GABAergic and costratify with the dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive cells in lamina 1 of the inner plexiform layer. The densities of types I and II CD15+ amacrine cells in mid‐periphery were 258 cells/mm2 and 274 cells/mm2. Double labeling with several other markers for amacrine cell types showed that neither type belongs to another previously identified subpopulation of amacrine cells. Single‐cell RT‐PCR showed that CD15+ amacrine cells coexpress several AMPA receptors — GluR1, GluR2, and GluR4 being the most common combination. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:361–371, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of B1 bradykinin receptor mRNA in the primate brain and spinal cord: An in situ hybridization study
Authors: Shughrue Paul J. , Ky Betty , Austin Christopher P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe bradykinin 1 and 2 receptors (B1R, B2R) are important mediators of cardiovascular homeostasis, inflammation, and nociception. While B2R is constitutively expressed in many tissues, B1R expression is thought to be absent, but induced under proinflammatory conditions. However, recent data from knockout mice have indicated that B1R acts centrally to mediate nociception, a finding that suggests the constitutive presence of B1R in brain and/or spinal cord. The purpose of the present study was to further elucidate the physiological role of B1R by evaluating the localization of B1R mRNA in the nonhuman primate brain and spinal cord with in situ hybridization. Cryostat sections from monkey brain and spinal cord were hybridized with a [35S]‐labeled riboprobe complementary to B1R mRNA, stringently washed, and apposed to film and emulsion. The results of these studies revealed the presence of B1R mRNA throughout the rostral‐caudal extent of the brain and spinal cord. In particular, labeled cells were seen in the cerebral and entorhinal cortex, dentate gyrus, and pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, in the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, pontine nuclei, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglion. Together the present findings offer detailed information about the distribution of B1R mRNA in the primate brain and spinal cord and demonstrate a basal level of expression in the primate nervous system. Moreover, these data provide a foundation for understanding the central actions of kinins and their putative role in mediating a number of processes, including pain and nociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:372–384, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of reorganization of the somatosensory system in rats that sustained forelimb removal as neonates and as adults
Authors: Bowlus Theodore H. , Lane Richard D. , Stojic Andrey S. , Johnston Molly , Pluto Charles P. , Chan Michael , Chiaia Nicolas L. , Rhoades Robert W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractStudies of sensory pathways in several species indicate that the extent and form of reorganization resulting from deafferentation early in life vs. adulthood are not the same. The reasons for such differences are not well understood. To gain further insight into age‐dependent mechanisms of reorganization, this study compared the consequences of neonatal vs. adult forelimb amputation in rats at multiple levels of the sensory pathway, including primary somatosensory cortex, brainstem, and dorsal root ganglia. At the cortical level, the average area of the functional forelimb‐stump representation from rats amputated as adults was significantly smaller (P < 0.05) than that of neonatally amputated rats (4.3 ± 1.3 mm2 vs. 6.6 ± 1.5 mm2, respectively). At the brainstem level, neonatally amputated rat cuneate neurons possessed the following responsivities: 20% stump responsive, 40% responsive to both stump and hindlimb, 30% responsive to another body region, and 10% unresponsive. In contrast, cuneate neurons of adult amputated rats were 70% stump responsive, 2% responsive to both stump and hindlimb, and 30% unresponsive. A significantly (P < 0.001) greater percentage of the C6‐C8 dorsal root ganglia neurons of adult amputated rats were unresponsive to peripheral stimulation vs. neurons from neonatally amputated rats (48% vs. 16%, respectively). These results indicate that the reorganization that occurs in response to forelimb amputation at birth vs. adulthood is distinctly different at each of these levels of the dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway. Possible mechanisms to account for these differences are considered. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:335–348, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinal ganglion cell projections to the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet, and visual midbrain: Bifurcation and melanopsin immunoreactivity
Authors: Morin Lawrence P. , Blanchard Jane H. , Provencio Ignacio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives direct retinal input via the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT), and the retinal ganglion cells contributing to this projection may be specialized with respect to direct regulation of the circadian clock. However, some ganglion cells forming the RHT bifurcate, sending axon collaterals to the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) through which light has secondary access to the circadian clock. The present studies provide a more extensive examination of ganglion cell bifurcation and evaluate whether ganglion cells projecting to several subcortical visual nuclei contain melanopsin, a putative ganglion cell photopigment. The results showed that retinal ganglion cells projecting to the SCN send collaterals to the IGL, olivary pretectal nucleus, and superior colliculus, among other places. Melanopsin‐immunoreactive (IR) ganglion cells are present in the hamster retina, and some of these cells project to the SCN, IGL, olivary pretectal nucleus, or superior colliculus. Triple‐label analysis showed that melanopsin‐IR cells bifurcate and project bilaterally to each SCN, but not to the other visual nuclei evaluated. The melanopsin‐IR cells have photoreceptive characteristics optimal for circadian rhythm regulation. However, the presence of moderately widespread bifurcation among ganglion cells projecting to the SCN, and projection by melanopsin‐IR cells to locations distinct from the SCN and without known rhythm function, suggest that this ganglion cell type is generalized, rather than specialized, with respect to the conveyance of photic information to the brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:401–416, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep Start: a hybrid strategy for automated performance problem searches
Authors: Roth Philip C. , Miller Barton P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTo attack the problem of scalability of performance diagnosis tools with respect to application code size, we have developed the Deep Start search strategy—a new technique that uses stack sampling to augment an automated search for application performance problems. Our hybrid approach locates performance problems more quickly and finds performance problems hidden from a more straightforward search strategy. The Deep Start strategy uses stack samples collected as a by‐product of normal search instrumentation to selectdeep starters, functions that are likely to be application bottlenecks. With priorities and careful control of the search refinement, our strategy gives preference to experiments on the deep starters and their callees. This approach enables the Deep Start strategy to find application bottlenecks more efficiently and more effectively than a more straightforward search strategy. We implemented the Deep Start search strategy in the Performance Consultant, Paradyn's automated bottleneck detection component. In our tests, Deep Start found half of our test applications' known bottlenecks between 32% and 59% faster than the Performance Consultant's current search strategy, and finished finding bottlenecks between 10% and 61% faster. In addition to improving the search time, Deep Start often found more bottlenecks than the call graph search strategy. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the optimality of Feautrier's scheduling algorithm
Authors: Vivien Frédéric 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFeautrier's scheduling algorithm is the most powerful existing algorithm for parallelism detection and extraction, but it has always been known to be suboptimal. However, the question as to whether it may miss some parallelism because of its design has not been answered. We show that this is not the case. Therefore, for an algorithm to find more parallelism than this algorithm, one needs to remove some of the hypotheses underlying its framework. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A self‐stabilizing token‐based k‐out‐of‐ℓ exclusion algorithm
Authors: Datta A. K. , Hadid R. , Villain V. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we present the first self‐stabilizing solution to the k‐out‐of‐ℓ exclusion problem on a ring. The k‐out‐of‐ℓ exclusion problem is a generalization of the well‐known mutual exclusion problem—there are ℓ units of the shared resources, any process can request k $(1 \leq k \leq \ell)$ units of the shared resources, and no resource unit can be allocated to more than one process at one time. The space requirement of the proposed algorithm is independent of ℓ for all processors except a special processor, called Root. The stabilization time is only 5n, where n is the size of the ring. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weak communication in single‐hop radio networks: adjusting algorithms to industrial standards
Authors: Jurdziński Tomasz , Kutyłowski Mirosław , Zatopiański Jan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractQuite often algorithms designed for no‐collision‐detection radio networks use a hidden form of collision detection: it is assumed that a station can simultaneously send and listen. If it cannot hear its own message, apparently the message has been scrambled by another station sending at the same time.Industrial standard IEEE 802.11 says that a station can either send or listen to a radio channel at a given time, but not both. In order to relate the industrial standard and theoretical algorithms we consider a weak radio network model with no collision detection in which a station cannot simultaneously send and receive signals. Otherwise we talk about a strong model.In this paper we consider a measure called energy cost (or ‘power consumption’) which is equal to the maximum over all stations of the number of steps in which the station is sending or listening.We show that computational power of weak and strong single‐hop radio networks differ substantially in the deterministic case: deterministic leader election requires $\Omega(\log n)$ energy cost in the weak model and can be solved by a practical algorithm with $O(\sqrt{\log n})$ energy cost in the strong model. By contrast, we present a very efficient randomized simulation of strong radio networks by weak ones, with preprocessing that requires $O(n)$ steps and has energy cost $O(\log \log n)$. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance analysis and qualitative results of an efficient parallel stochastic simulator for a marine host–parasite system
Authors: Langlais M. , Latu G. , Roman J. , Silan P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe are interested in a host–parasite system, i.e. the sea bass–Diplectanum aequans system. A discrete mathematical model is used to describe the dynamics of both populations. Our goal is notably to validate the model in the context of aquaculture. A deterministic numerical simulator and, recently, a stochastic simulator were developed to study this biological system. Parallelization is required because the execution times are too long. The Monte Carlo algorithm of the stochastic simulator and its three levels of parallelism are described. Analysis and performances, up to 256 processors, of a hybrid MPI/OpenMP code are then presented for a cluster of symmetric multi‐processor (SMP) nodes. Qualitative results are given for the host–macroparasite system simulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel iterative methods for Navier–Stokes equations and application to eigenvalue computation
Authors: Graham Ivan G. , Spence Alastair , Vainikko Eero 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe describe the construction of parallel iterative solvers for finite‐element approximations of the Navier–Stokes equations on unstructured grids using domain decomposition methods. The iterative method used is FGMRES, preconditioned by a parallel adaptation of a block preconditioner recently proposed by Kay et al. The parallelization is achieved by adapting the technology of our domain decomposition solver DOUG (previously used for scalar problems) to block‐systems. The iterative solver is applied to shifted linear systems that arise in eigenvalue calculations. To illustrate the performance of the solver, we compare several strategies both theoretically and practically for the calculation of the eigenvalues of large sparse non‐symmetric matrices arising in the assessment of the stability of flow past a cylinder. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.