bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat-Related Disorders Among Workers
Authors: Kjellstrom Tord , Lim Jeremy , Lee Jason K.W. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Workers, especially outdoor workers, are at increased risk for heat-related disorders as a result of climate change. These disorders include both those directly related to heat, such as heat stroke, as well as complications of chronic noncommunicable diseases, such as coronary artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic exposure to high temperature can also cause mental health problems and, due to repeated dehydration, chronic kidney disease. In addition, increasing heat and humidity are having profound adverse effects on worker productivity. Increasing temperature and humidity will make it increasingly difficult for strenuous work to be performed in many parts of the world. Measures for the prevention of heat-related disorders in workers include ensuring access to drinking water, not scheduling heavy work during hot periods, implementing heat-warning systems and preparedness planning, providing air conditioning and other means to ensure cool indoor spaces, and designing and siting buildings to reduce indoor heat.
The Public Policymaking Process and the Power of Participation
Authors: Rest Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Public policy—the decisions and actions taken by governmental entities—is a powerful tool for addressing societal issues and improving the health and well-being of the public. Public participation in the policymaking process is integral to the principles and values of a democratic society; it informs and builds trust, legitimacy, and accountability of governmental decisions. The policymaking process provides opportunities for the public to initiate, participate in, and influence the focus and outcome of public policy. Governmental agencies and civil society organizations provide and use a variety of mechanisms, tools, and resources to facilitate individual, group, and stakeholder participation in the policymaking process. Often, those most affected by a problem are the most vulnerable and socioeconomically disadvantaged members of a community—a maldistribution of access and power that places a special responsibility on policymaking institutions and those advocating for change. The chapter also includes four textboxes, two of which focus on community action.
Music in Medieval Rituals for the End of Life
Authors: Stratton Hild Elaine 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Medieval documents reveal that for centuries of European history, singing for a person at the moment of death was considered to be the ideal accompaniment to a life’s ending. Rituals for the dying were well developed, practiced widely, and thoroughly integrated with music. Indeed, these rituals reveal that music, rather than the Eucharist, held a privileged position at the final breath. Music in Medieval Rituals for the End of Life examines and recovers, to the extent possible, the music sung for the dying during the Middle Ages. The book offers a view of the plainchant repertory through the sources of individual institutions. The first four chapters contain a series of “case studies”: close readings of rituals from diverse communities, each as it appears in a single manuscript source. The rituals’ chants are transcribed into modern notation and analyzed, both for their relationships between text and melody and for their functions within the rituals. Created for the powerful and the poor, the educated and the uneducated, women and men, monastics, clerics, and laity, these manuscripts offer a glimpse into the religious practices that distinguished communities from one another and bound them together within a single tradition. The book provides the first editions of the rituals’ chants and considers the functions of the music. Why was music given such a prominent position within the deathbed liturgies? Why did communities gather and sing when a loved one was dying? The manuscripts reveal a lost art of comforting the dying and the grieving.
The Reliability of Our Moral Judgments
Authors: Saemi Amir 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter argues for two constraints: the Conscience Constraint and the Accessibility Constraint. The Conscience Constraint identifies moral norms by actions that are dictated by moral conscience. The Accessibility Constraint states that moral obligations are not sensitive to inaccessible reasons. Philosophical utilitarianism and the Kantian view are two different ways of looking at ethics. Philosophical utilitarianism and the Conscience Constraint imply that, given our uncertainty about Scriptural injunctions that go against our moral judgments, we should rely on our independent moral judgments. The Kantian view and the Accessibility Constraint imply that, given our ignorance of the reasons behind Scriptural injunctions, our own independent moral judgments are reliable. Moreover, the chapter argues that the Conscience Constraint and the Accessibility Constraint are in line with the spirit of the Muʿtazilites’ view of morality and discusses the case of Abraham’s sacrifice in light of those constraints.
Forged under Fire: US Partnership with Colombia and Mexico
Authors: Angelo Paul J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introduction lays out the central argument of the book—that US security assistance facilitated greater improvements for partner-nation security sector effectiveness and accountability in Colombia than in Mexico. It defines security assistance and security sector reform and reviews the literature on the factors that render such pursuits effective, with particular attention to their effect on democratic governance. The existing literature focuses heavily on the design of donor-country programs, underestimating the agency of recipient countries in determining outcomes. This book dissects the role of stakeholders in Colombia and Mexico in supporting or undermining improved security sector governance and seeks to answer how donor countries can take advantage of favorable conditions in recipient countries while safeguarding against potential spoilers. Given the book’s attention to the interplay between donor governments and the political context in recipient countries, it contributes to the growing body of literature on “second-generation” security sector reform.
The Security Sector in Latin America
Authors: Angelo Paul J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 evaluates the suitability of the paired comparison of Colombia and Mexico. It surveys the history of military and police forces and US security policies, including counterdrug activities, in Latin America in the twenty-first century. Given the prominence of security threats in Colombia and Mexico and their perceived implications for Washington, the two countries became the most significant beneficiaries of US security assistance in Latin America. Some differences between Colombia and Mexico include the state’s governing capacity, the political ambitions of nonstate armed groups, and national attitudes toward the United States. Yet Colombia and Mexico exhibit comparable criminal threats, political systems, and institutional capacity challenges, and Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative were sufficiently similar in design and ambition to warrant a comparative study.
Finding Common Ground
Authors: Angelo Paul J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the degree to which party system institutionalization affected interparty consensus on security sector reform and the robust adoption of US security assistance in Colombia and Mexico. In Colombia, the centripetal orientation of the party system, convergence on security policy to address an existential crisis, and a public mandate to pursue an aggressive security strategy enabled Plan Colombia’s relative success. In Mexico, disagreements about the extent to which organized crime groups posed an existential threat to the state reinforced the programmatic polarization of the country’s leading parties. These disagreements rendered security policies an electoral issue. Interparty polarization and the politicization of security ultimately denied Mexico the continuity needed to sustain security sector reform across presidential administrations, despite the consistency of Mérida Initiative programming and US support.
Clouds, CLAW, and a Greek Goddess
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Marine microbes provide some of the cloud seeds, or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), around which clouds form. According to the CLAW hypothesis, named after its four authors, when temperatures rise, microbes produce dimethyl sulfide (DMS), which eventually leads to CCN and clouds that block sunlight and heat. The CLAW hypothesis is part of a larger idea, Gaia, developed by James Lovelock and Lynn Margulis. According to Gaia, Earth’s biota has been a self-regulating system that has kept the planet habitable. An argument for CLAW is the strong correlation between DMS and light levels, while an argument against it is the weak relationship between DMS and temperature. Also, there are many other sources of CCN, including sea salt, organic chemicals, and microbes. Although CLAW has been retired and Gaia has been declared dead, a key concept—the importance of microbes in the planet’s heat budget and thus climate—remains.
How do jokes communicate ideas?
Authors: Horisk Claire 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that scripted derogatory jokes convey negative stereotypes and ideas by generalized conversational implicature (GCI). The negative stereotypes/ideas are both cancelable and reinforceable. There are two other cases where conversational implicature is a method of conveying information we do not want to state openly: insinuating and misleading without lying. The thesis that GCIs are at work explains both the popular wisdom and empirical findings about derogatory joking. The chapter distinguishes between convincing and unconvincing cancelations of implicatures, and argues that when we say that GCIs are absent or missing in uncooperative conversations, we mean that we do not know if the speaker would openly commit to the implicated content, rather than that the GCI does not cross the listener’s mind.
Intersectionality in Hollywood
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Kimberlé Crenshaw introduced intersectionality as a progressive development of critical race theory (CRT) in the late 1980s. CRT shows how oppression that was once deliberate can continue without intent, as institutionalized or structural racism and misogyny. As a progressive theory, intersectionality seeks to recognize overlooked forms of oppression, using Crenshaw’s initial example as a paradigm case. Crenshaw’s black women clients were hired last, fired first, and denied promotions. There was no relief in court, because although black people and women were protected classes, the black people where they worked were not generally discriminated against and neither were the women. But the black employees were mostly male, and the women employees were mostly white. Crenshaw identified her clients as the intersection of race and gender resulting in their identities as ‘blackwomen.’ Crenshaw’s initial theory allows for expansion in both method and its applications to reality. At the same time, intersectionality is often broadly misunderstood as diversity or inclusion. Crenshaw herself applied intersectionality to female victims of police violence and intersectional analysis serves to highlight how women and minorities fare in disasters such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Wide intersectionality includes privilege and prior vulnerabilities as intersecting factors, whereas narrow intersectionality is limited to multiple oppressions. All intersectional analysis compares oppressed groups to those not oppressed in the same unit. The justification for the absence of oppression is ultimately membership in the group of humans according to principles of what humans owe one another and are not permitted to do to one another. Recognition of shared humanity does not require special activities or information as cosmopolitanism does, and it is more broad than a US-generated lens of racial difference. When oppressions are inflicted by some members of dominant groups against minorities, recourse to humanism becomes important for analysis and assigning blame and responsibility. Except for unenforced ideals in international law, egalitarian humanism is a moral insight and doctrine.
Making Politics (Inter)Personal
Authors: Billard Thomas J 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the National Center for Transgender Equality’s (NCTE) training influenced the communicative activities of “community storytellers” from their Voices for Trans Equality (VTE) and Families for Trans Equality (FTE) programs in interpersonal contexts, from their engagements with community institutions and discussions with in-person interlocutors to their participation in digital dialogues. Additionally, this chapter considers the ongoing role NCTE played within individuals’ social networks beyond these initial trainings, as well as how they capitalized on the power of social networks to influence the broader communication system, including mass media and local and community media. Taken together, NCTE’s social network-focused approach to activism created a “centralized decentralization” that saturated the communication system with voices in support of transgender equality and transformed the conversations circulating through the networked public sphere.
China’s Complex Presence
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The introductory chapter of this book serves as a crucial foundation, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the intricate landscape of China as a major global power. It delves into the multifaceted nature of China, elucidating the diverse levels of domestic development it encompasses and the intricacies of its international engagement, which often appear disjointed. Furthermore, the chapter elucidates the conceptual framework that underpins the empirical examination of Chinese influence. It highlights the significance of scrutinizing the actions of both state and non-state actors, shedding light on their intentional and unintentional impacts on global affairs. Additionally, the introductory chapter provides insights into the research methodology employed in the book. Finally, it outlines the book’s organizational structure, offering readers a roadmap for navigating the subsequent chapters and topics to be explored.
Diaspora Engagement
Authors: Han Enze 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on what factors condition different Southeast Asian states’ responses to China’s influence in the region. It introduces a conceptualization of diaspora politics and how it affects Southeast Asian states’ relations with China. The chapter details the history of Chinese migration to the region and the different patterns of treatment migrants have received in Southeast Asia, using Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand as examples. The chapter then analyzes China’s changing diaspora governance practices in the context of its miraculous rise in recent decades by pointing out how such a changing power dynamic matters for Beijing’s relations with its diaspora and the three countries in Southeast Asia. The chapter concludes with some reflections on how the dynamics of diaspora politics is one important aspect that will continue to define China is perceived by regional states in Southeast Asia and their future relations.
Empire of Rags and Bones
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This book argues that waste management was at the center of the Nazi regime’s imperialist practice, its genocidal war, and the Holocaust. Since waste was simultaneously a contaminating threat, a sign of inefficiency, and a precious resource, ideas about waste avoidance and recycling informed calculations about labor exploitation and murder. With the proclamation of the Four-Year Plan in 1936, the idea of a closed-loop economy undergirded Nazi preparations for war and bound ordinary Germans to the regime and its genocidal logic, precisely because salvaging, scrapping, and extending resources were seen as inherently good and orderly behaviors. The regime developed an economic rationale that linked waste utilization, imperial expansion, and internal purging. The concentration camp complex thus became an essential part of the regime’s waste management infrastructure. Concentrating, removing, and exploiting the labor of Jews and other targets of the Nazi racial state, the regime removed unwanted populations and built up a slave-labor complex for recycling secondary materials, junk, and other discards. Given that most of the labor performed in ghettos and camps was waste labor, even when in the service of strategic goals, the experts who managed labor and allocated raw materials constantly adjusted the economy of value, moving people and things into and out of the category of waste in a desperate effort to meet competing demands of the war economy and the security apparatus. As the regime imploded, wastes of varying sorts piled sky-high, structuring German experiences of defeat and shaping the world’s understanding of the German crimes.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Introduction explains why waste and recycling were at the center of the Nazi genocide of the Jews. Describing the Nazi Empire as a waste regime, the Introduction outlines the economic logic that pitted slave labor and murder against each other. It moreover links the Nazi Empire to imperial projects and places the Nazi Empire in an extractivist framework. Instead of siting mines for iron and silver, the Nazis mined people and land for secondary materials. Recycling was extraction. Through the brutal exploitation of labor, the regime forged environments of destruction in the name of order and cleanliness, which radicalized its visions for racial mastery. Waste was crucial to this process. Understood as a valuable resource and experienced as a “revolting object” or idea, the contradictory simultaneity of waste underscores the dynamic nature of the Nazi waste regime as it oscillated between extraction and destruction.
Forged in Metal
Authors: Berg Anne 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on metal requisitioning. It describes the administrative structures the Nazis put in place in occupied Poland to facilitate systematic gutting, all the while mobilizing last metal reserves inside the Reich. It then traces the structures for metal requisitioning from 1939 onward and their reliance on forced labor. In the occupied Soviet Union, schemes for its colonization required the creation of infrastructures for the provisioning of troops and transport of loot. Planning for agricultural development and the deliberate starvation of entire populations, the regime was barely able to put in place the infrastructures to supply its own troops. Random violence and opportunistic gutting characterized the Nazi presence until the tide of war turned, as the experience of railway workers illustrates. In the end, the occupiers blew up what few infrastructures they had built and transported trainloads full of junk to “safety.”
The Financial Imperative of Diversity
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence regarding the economic or business case for diversity. There are three particular arguments behind the business case for diversity: (a) Organizational diversity is a business advantage; (b) discrimination is costly, and diversity helps prevent discrimination claims and lawsuits; and (c) diversity in teams can be positively linked with job-related outcomes. Rationale to support the potential positive implications of diversity for financial outcomes includes mirroring shifts in purchasing power and consumer trends; developing successful new products; and reducing advertising, product, and communication failures. The chapter also acknowledges the potential drawbacks of this perspective in terms of oversimplifying complex dynamics and commoditizing people from minoritized backgrounds.
Psychological Explanations for Bias
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the psychological processes that underlie intergroup biases. Stereotypes are widely held, oversimplified images or ideas about people from particular groups, whereas prejudice involves attitudes or feelings toward people because they belong to a certain group. It describes how the mental shortcuts or heuristics that people use can interfere with interpersonal interactions and personnel decisions. It presents a series of examples that demonstrate some of the fundamental processes that sustain biases, preserve the status quo, and often keep organizations from implementing diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives.
What Can Organizations Do?
Authors: Hebl Mikki , King Eden 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Not surprisingly given their positions of power, members of top management are in the best position to create large-scale diversity-related changes within organizations. Emerging evidence about best practices to create inclusive organizations is detailed in this chapter. This process of change begins with a needs analysis and requires that top management teams fully participate and communicate the organization’s mission, goals, and values widely. A thoughtful and well-resourced approach to diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) that is integrated across every organization function should be based on a clear strategy. Organizations have the opportunity to begin to meet the realistic, economic, and moral imperatives of DEI through strategic choices and investments.
New Orders for the Ages
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses a novel secret society, the Universal Brotherhood (UB), which took the forefront in the occult life of Charles Stansfeld Jones and Wilfred Talbot Smith. The focus in this treatment is on the sparse available contemporary evidence of the aims of the UB and on Stansfeld Jones’s tutelage of Smith in it. The concealed founder of the UB was Merwin-Marie Snell. A Thomist who advocated for universal religion of which he believed the Catholic Church was the perfect exemplar. The opacity of the UB instructions gave Smith little idea of its purpose; he abandons it, preferring to make one final attempt to organize the Ordo Templi Orientis in British Columbia. Cecil Frederick Russell starts his own secret order, the Choronzon Club, “a short cut to initiation,” which fails to attract Smith, who had relocated to Los Angeles.
Apotheosis
Authors: Starr Martin P. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses that, while Wilfred Talbot Smith is in a forced “magical retirement,” Aleister Crowley composes a Machiavellian magical instruction or liber, “Apotheosis 132,” which enjoins Smith to go into a perpetual retreat in which his task is to determine which god he is incarnating. The inspiration for this instruction is said to come from a novel by Louis Bromfield on the exploration of “the twin mysteries of love and religion and the confusion that lies between.” Smith attempts to follow Crowley’s dictates in 1943 but abandons the plan and returns to Pasadena. Smith tries to go into retirement again in 1944 for a few months but exits the retreat feeling that he has ultimately failed. Crowley fully disfellowships Smith and threatens excommunication of any member of Ordo Templi Orientis who remains in contact with Smith.