bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The implementation of generic smart pointers for advanced defensive programming
Authors: Savidis Anthony 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSmart pointers denote a well‐known technique for collective resource ownership, e.g. sharing dynamic object instances, while usually supporting automatic garbage collection based on reference counting. The original method has been retargeted to serve as a generic defensive programming method for ‘exhaustive tracking’ of erroneous pointer use in C++. Automatic bug tracking is supported in a unified manner both for pointers to heap memory, i.e. free storage, as well as for pointers to stack or global memory, i.e. auto or static storage. Overall, the presented technique (a) offers a simple contract for memory allocation and use; (b) supports type and indirection depth genericity; (c) implements most operators supported for built‐in pointers with embedded bug defense; (d) offers an alternative way of employing a garbage collection facility for memory leak detection; and (e) provides an appropriate collection of utility macros, through which defensive pointers should be used, with an alternative version re‐targeted to normal native pointers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential properties of GABAergic synaptic connections in rat hippocampal cell cultures
Authors: Ivanova Svetlana Y. , Lushnikova Irina V. , Pivneva Tatyana A. , Belan Pavel V. , Storozhuk Maksim V. , Kostyuk Platon G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBased on the effect of prolonged tetanic stimulation (30 Hz, 4 sec), we divided GABAergic synaptic connections in hippocampal cell cultures into two groups: connections facilitated (∼45%) and connections depressed (∼55%) by the tetanic stimulation. In order to reveal possible reasons for the differential effect of the tetanization, we compared several properties of the connections belonging to both groups. We found that, on average, evoked IPSCs in the connections facilitated by the tetanization have a smaller amplitude and larger coefficient of variation (CV) of IPSC amplitude compared to connections depressed by the tetanization. We also estimated quantal parameters for both groups of connections assuming that transmitter release is reasonably described by a binomial distribution. We found that a background release probability (P) is substantially lower in the connections facilitated by the tetanization (P ∼0.5) than in the connections depressed by the tetanization (P ∼0.9) and suggest that this difference may underlie the differential effect of the tetanization. We also found that the tetanization induces the opposite effect on connections made by distinct presynaptic neurons with the same postsynaptic cell (convergent connections) in a fraction of postsynaptic neurons studied (3 out of 9). These results support the idea that properties of the presynaptic neuron are of primary importance for the observed differential effect of the tetanization, but they do not exclude a role of the postsynaptic neuron in this effect. Synapse 53:122–130, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of occiput posterior delivery by intrapartum sonography
Authors: Akmal S. , Tsoi E. , Howard R. , Osei E. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate if occiput posterior delivery is the consequence of persistence of an initial occiput posterior position or malrotation from an initial occiput anterior or transverse position.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study involving transabdominal sonography to determine fetal occipital position in 918 singleton pregnancies with cephalic presentation in active labor at 37–42 weeks of gestation. The relationship between occipital position in labor and at delivery was examined.ResultsThe occiput was posterior in 33.0% (149/452), 33.9% (101/298) and 19.0% (32/168) of fetuses at the respective cervical dilatations of 3–5, 6–9 and 10 cm and this persisted at delivery in 21.5% (32/149), 31.7% (32/101) and 43.8% (14/32) of cases. In 70% (32/46), 91% (32/35) and 100% (14/14) of occiput posterior deliveries there was persistence from this position at 3–5, 6–9 and 10 cm of cervical dilation.ConclusionsThe majority of occiput posterior positions during labor rotate to the anterior position even at 10 cm of cervical dilatation. However, the vast majority of occiput posterior positions at delivery are a consequence of persistence of this position during labor rather than malrotation from an initial occiput anterior or transverse position. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
About the role of the various types of secondary electrons (SE1; SE2; SE3) on the performance of LVSEM
Authors: CAZAUX J. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryThe relative weight, δΒ, of the yield of secondary electrons, SE2, induced by the backscattered electrons, BSE, with respect to that, δP, of secondary electrons, SE1, induced by the primary electrons, PE, is deduced from simple theoretical considerations. At primary energies E0 larger than EM (where the total SE yield δ = δP + δB is maximum), the dominant role of the backscattering events is established. It is illustrated in SEM by a direct comparison of the contrast between SE images and BSE images obtained at E0 ∼ 5 keV and E0 ∼ 15 keV on a stratified specimen. At energies E0 less than EM, the dominant role of SE1 electrons with respect to SE2 (and SE3) is established. It is illustrated by the better practical resolution of diamond images obtained with an in‐lens detection in low voltage SEM E0 ∼ 0.2–1 keV range compared with that obtained with a lateral detector. The present contribution illustrates the improved performance of LVSEM in terms of contrast and of practical resolution as well as the importance of variable voltage methods for subsurface imaging. The common opinion that the practical lateral resolution is given by the incident spot diameter is also reconsidered in LVSEM.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin‐Gasparro Judith E. 
Published: May 2004

Books reviewed in this article:Branciforte, Suzanne, & Anna Grassi. Parliamo italiano!.Cherry, Maurice C. (Ed.). Cyberspace and Foreign Languages: Making the Connection.Chun, Dorothy M. Discourse Intonation in L2: From Theory and Research to Practice.Cook, Manuela. Portuguese. A Complete Course in Understanding, Speaking and Writing.Cordeiro, Emilce A., & Jane E. Rizzitano. Quiosco.Fried–Booth, Diana. Project Work.Grenfell, Michael. (Ed.). Modern Languages across the Curriculum.Holliday, Adrian. Doing and Writing Qualitative Research.Marinelli, Patti J., & Lizette Mujica Laughlin. Puentes: Spanish for Intensive and High Beginner Courses.Marinelli, Patti J., Lizette Mujica Laughlin, & Elvira Swender. Puentes: Cuaderno de activiades y Gramática supplemental.Okita, Toshie. Invisible Work: Bilingualism, Language Choice and Childrearing in Intermarried Families.Porte, Graeme Keith. Appraising Research in Second Language Learning: A Practical Approach to Critical Analysis of Quantitative Research.Ransdell, Sarah, & Marie–Laure Barbier. (Eds.). New Directions for Research in L2 Writing.Scott, Virginia M., & Holly Tucker. (Eds.). SLA and the Literature Classroom: Fostering Dialogues.Spreen, Carol Anne. (Ed.). New Technologies and Language Learning: Cases in the Less Commonly Taught Languages.Vanpatten, Bill, James F. Lee, & Terry L. Ballman. Vistazos: Un curso breve.Verhoeven, Ludo, & Sven Strömqvist. (Eds.). Narrative Development in a Multilingual Context.
Metabolic control analysis and regulation of the conversion of sucrose to starch in growing potato tubers
Authors: GEIGENBERGER P. , STITT M. , FERNIE A. R. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTStarch is of great importance both as a carbon storage reserve in plants and as a biotechnologically important product. The potato tuber is an attractive model system for the study of starch metabolism, because it is a relatively homogenous tissue in which conversion of sucrose to starch represents the dominant metabolic flux. All the major genes of the potato tuber sucrose to starch pathway have been cloned in recent years, allowing the generation of a suite of antisense transgenic lines to be produced in which the activity of each individual enzyme in the pathway is progressively decreased. Investigations of these plants have provided a complete picture of the distribution of control in this important pathway. Sucrose synthase, UGPase, hexokinase, cytosolic phosphoglucomutase, plastidial phosphoglucomutase, the amyloplastidial adenylate translocator, AGPase, starch synthase and starch branching enzyme have flux control coefficients (FCCs) of 0.10, approximating 0.00, approximating 0.00, 0.15, 0.23, 0.98, 0.35, 0.12 and approximating 0.00 for starch accumulation. These results show that the majority of the control on starch accumulation in potato tubers resides in the transfer of adenylate between the cytosol and the amyloplast, with a minor contribution being made by the first two steps of the plastidial starch synthesis pathway (the reactions catalysed by plastidial phosphoglucomutase and AGPase). This contrasts with leaves, in which the majority of the control has been found to reside in the reactions catalysed by plastidial phosphoglucomutase and AGPase. In leaves, ATP for starch synthesis is generated within the plastid via photophosphorylation. Several studies have attempted to increase the rate of starch synthesis by overexpressing pathway enzymes in tubers. The results of these studies and the role of other ATP producers in the starch synthetic process are reviewed. In the same time period methods of non‐aqueous fractionation have been adapted to potato tuber tissue in order to ascertain subcellular metabolite levels. Results obtained from these studies allow the calculation of mass action ratios of the constitutive enzymes of the sucrose to starch transition. When taken together with the known regulatory properties of these enzymes the combination of broad control analysis studies and assessment of the mass action ratios of the respective enzymes allows a comprehensive description of this important metabolic network. Some illustrative examples of how this network responds to environmental change are presented. Finally implications of this whole pathway evaluation for more general studies of plant metabolic pathways and networks are discussed.
A reinterpretation of the crustal N‐isotope record: evidence for a 15N‐enriched Archean atmosphere?
Authors: Jia Yiefei , Kerrich Robert 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA new compilation of N‐isotope and abundance data for metasedimentary rocks, and hyrdothermal micas that proxy for bulk crust, show systematic patterns. (1) δ15N values of kerogen in Precambrian cherts are more negative relative to siliciclastic counterparts, probably due to a mantle hydrothermal component. (2) There is a secular trend from average δ15N 15.3 ± 1.8‰ in Archean shales, through intermediate values in the Proterozoic, to Phanerozoic counterparts where δ15N averages +3.5‰. (3) Hydrothermal micas in metamorphic hydrothermal systems of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic age that proxy for crust have δ15N within the range of contemporaneous sedimentary rocks. (4) Hydrothermal micas track the secular trend of δ15N for kerogen from 2.7 Ga to the Phanerozoic. (5) Within Precambrian datasets δ15N does not increase with decreasing N content; accordingly, high δ15N values cannot stem either from metamorphism or form Rayleigh fractionation. (6) Previous studies show isotopic shifts during metamorphism are only +1 to +3‰ up to amphibolite facies. Values of 10–24‰ are attributed to a high δ15N Archean atmosphere, a residual signature of CI carbonaceous chondrites where δ15N is +30‰ to + 42‰.
Late Ordovician glacial pavements revisited: a reappraisal of the origin of striated surfaces
Authors: Deynoux Max , Ghienne Jean‐François 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe recognition of ice‐related unconformities is of prime importance when dealing with the sequential architecture of pre‐Pleistocene glacial successions. Late Ordovician striated surfaces strikingly preserved in North Gondwana were long considered as abrasion surfaces at the sole of a grounded glacier overriding unlithified sediments, or having resulted from the scouring action of drifting icebergs. Field observations from Mauritania and Libya show that these striated surfaces require an alternative interpretation, which can be applied to similar surfaces described elsewhere, such as in Permo‐Carboniferous or Neoproterozoic glacial sequences. A new model is proposed that involves superimposed concurrent décollement planes within a subglacial brittle shear zone in unlithified sand beds. Shear zones in subglacial sediments are well known in Quaternary deposits but, to date, it has not been demonstrated that they may form striated surfaces occurring at continent scale with orientations consistent with palaeo ice‐flow reconstructions based on larger‐scale indicators.
A model of characteristic earthquakes and its implications for regional seismicity
Authors: López‐Ruiz Ricardo , Vázquez‐Prada Miguel , Gómez Javier B. , Pacheco Amalio F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRegional seismicity (i.e. that averaged over large enough areas over long enough periods of time) has a size–frequency relationship, the Gutenberg–Richter law, which differs from that found for some seismic faults, the Characteristic Earthquake relationship. But all seismicity comes in the end from active faults, so the question arises of how one seismicity pattern could emerge from the other. The recently introduced Minimalist Model of Vázquez‐Prada et al. of characteristic earthquakes provides a simple representation of the seismicity originating from a single fault. Here, we show that a Characteristic Earthquake relationship together with a fractal distribution of fault lengths can accurately describe the total seismicity produced in a region. The resulting earthquake catalogue accounts for the addition of both all the characteristic and all the non‐characteristic events triggered in the faults. The global accumulated size–frequency relationship strongly depends on the fault length fractal exponent and, for fractal exponents close to 2, correctly describes a Gutenberg–Richter distribution with a b exponent compatible with real seismicity.
Nosocomial Spread of Ceftazidime-Resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Strains Producing a Novel Class A β-Lactamase, GES-3, in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Japan
Authors: Wachino Jun-ichi , Doi Yohei , Yamane Kunikazu , Shibata Naohiro , Yagi Tetsuya , Kubota Takako , Ito Hideo , Arakawa Yoshichika 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain KG525, which showed high-level resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins, was isolated from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a Japanese hospital in March 2002. The ceftazidime resistance of strain KG525 was transferable to
Escherichia coli
CSH-2 by conjugation. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed that production of a novel extended-spectrum class A β-lactamase (pI 7.0), designated GES-3, which had two amino acid substitutions of M62T and E104K on the basis of the sequence of GES-1, was responsible for resistance in strain KG525 and its transconjugant. The
bla
GES-3
gene was located as the first gene cassette in a class 1 integron that also contained an
aacA1-orfG
fused gene cassette and one unique cassette that has not been described in other class 1 integrons and ended with a truncated 3′ conserved segment by insertion of IS
26
. Another five ceftazidime-resistant
K. pneumoniae
strains, strains KG914, KG1116, KG545, KG502, and KG827, which were isolated from different neonates during a 1-year period in the same NICU where strain KG525 had been isolated, were also positive for GES-type β-lactamase genes by PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR analyses displayed genetic relatedness among the six
K. pneumoniae
strains. Southern hybridization analysis with a GES-type β-lactamase gene-specific probe showed that the locations of
bla
GES
were multiple and diverse among the six strains. These findings suggest that within the NICU setting genetically related
K. pneumoniae
strains carrying the
bla
GES
gene were ambushed with genetic rearrangements that caused the multiplication and translocation of the
bla
GES
gene.
Epigallocatechin-Gallate Enhances the Activity of Tetracycline in Staphylococci by Inhibiting Its Efflux from Bacterial Cells
Authors: Sudano Roccaro Andrea , Blanco Anna Rita , Giuliano Francesco , Rusciano Dario , Enea Vincenzo 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT
Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCg), the major catechin present in green tea extracts, has been shown to have several antibacterial activities, limiting bacterial growth and invasion and acting in synergy with β-lactam antibiotics. In this article, we report that EGCg at doses half and below its calculated MIC of 100 μg/ml, is able to reverse tetracycline resistance in staphylococcal isolates expressing the specific efflux pump Tet(K) and appears to improve the MICs of tetracycline for susceptible staphylococcal isolates as well. The visible effect of EGCg is an increased accumulation of tetracycline inside bacterial cells. This effect is likely due to the inhibition of pump activity, and it is evident not only for Tet(K) pumps but also for efflux pumps of a different class [Tet(B)]. In summary, our data indicate that the observed dramatic enhancement by EGCg of tetracycline activity for resistant staphylococcal isolates is caused by impairment of tetracycline efflux pump activity and increased intracellular retention of the drug, suggesting a possible use of EGCg as an adjuvant in antibacterial therapy.
The Action of Bismuth against
Helicobacter pylori
Mimics but Is Not Caused by Intracellular Iron Deprivation
Authors: Bland Michael V. , Ismail Salim , Heinemann Jack A. , Keenan Jacqueline I. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
is highly susceptible to bismuth, a heavy metal with antimicrobial activity linked to its effect on bacterial iron uptake. Three strains of
H. pylori
were analyzed for indicators of iron limitation following exposure to the MIC of colloidal bismuth subcitrate (MIC
CBS
). Similar morphologic and outer membrane changes were observed following growth in iron-limiting medium and at the MIC
CBS
that inhibited the growth of all three strains. These changes, which were also observed for iron-limited bacteria, were alleviated by the addition of iron to the cultures.
H. pylori
ATP levels, reduced in iron-limiting medium, were below the limits of detection in two of the three strains following exposure to bismuth. The addition of iron partially restored bacterial ATP levels in these two strains, although not to normal concentrations. In contrast, exposure of the same strains to the MIC
CBS
failed to deplete intracellular levels of iron, which were significantly reduced by culturing in iron-limiting medium. Thus, the antimicrobial effect of bismuth and of iron limitation on
H. pylori
may be similar. However, the respective mechanisms of intracellular action would appear to be mediated by different pathways within the cell.
Evolution of Resistance to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in
Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Gatton Michelle L. , Martin Laura B , Cheng Qin 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

The development of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine by
Plasmodium
parasites is a major problem for the effective treatment of malaria, especially
P. falciparum
malaria. Although the molecular basis for parasite resistance is known, the factors promoting the development and transmission of these resistant parasites are less clear. This paper reports the results of a quantitative comparison of factors previously hypothesized as important for the development of drug resistance, drug dosage, time of treatment, and drug elimination half-life, with an in-host dynamics model of
P. falciparum
malaria in a malaria-naïve host. The results indicate that the development of drug resistance can be categorized into three stages. The first is the selection of existing parasites with genetic mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase or dihydropteroate synthetase gene. This selection is driven by the long half-life of the sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combination. The second stage involves the selection of parasites with allelic types of higher resistance within the host during an infection. The timing of treatment relative to initiation of a specific anti-
P. falciparum
EMP1 immune response is an important factor during this stage, as is the treatment dosage. During the third stage, clinical treatment failure becomes prevalent as the parasites develop sufficient resistance mutations to survive therapeutic doses of the drug combination. Therefore, the model output reaffirms the importance of correct treatment of confirmed malaria cases in slowing the development of parasite resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
Clade-Specific Flucytosine Resistance Is Due to a Single Nucleotide Change in the
FUR1
Gene of
Candida albicans
Authors: Dodgson Andrew R. , Dodgson Kirsty J. , Pujol Claude , Pfaller Michael A. , Soll David R. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACT

Population studies have indicated that natural resistance to flucytosine (5FC) in
Candida albicans
is limited to one of the five major clades, clade I. In addition, while 73% of clade I isolates are less susceptible to 5FC (MIC ≥ 0.5 μg/ml), only 2% of non-clade I isolates are less susceptible. In order to determine the genetic basis for this clade-specific resistance, we sequenced two genes involved in the metabolism of 5FC that had previously been linked to resistance (cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase), in 48 isolates representative of all clades. Our results demonstrate that a single nucleotide change from cytosine to thymine at position 301 in the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase gene (
FUR1
) of
C. albicans
is responsible for 5FC resistance. The mutant allele was found only in group I isolates. The 5FC MICs for strains without copies of the mutant allele were almost exclusively ≤0.25 μg/ml, those for strains with one copy of the mutant allele were ≥0.5 μg/ml, and those for strains with two copies of the mutant allele were ≥16 μg/ml. Thus, the two alleles were codominant. The presence of this allele is responsible for clade I-specific resistance to 5FC within the
C. albicans
population and thus by inference is likely to be the major underlying 5FC resistance mechanism in
C. albicans
. This represents the first description of the genetic mutation responsible for 5FC resistance.