bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use, Certification And Collective Marks
Authors: Belson Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right to register certification and collective marks is a statutory right that 9.01 treats such marks as special types of marks. Regimes for the registration, ownership and use of certification marks and collective marks are strongly influenced by the need to protect the public interest in free and open com- petition among traders in the marked products.1 National perceptions of the public interest and how it is to be protected vary according to prevailing commercial, social and political conditions.
Conclusion: what use is use?
Authors: Phillips Jeremy , Simon Ilanah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will attempt to draw together some of the strands of legal 19.01 analysis offered in the preceding chapters. In undertaking this task, we are conscious of the fact that we have set the parameters within which this study has been undertaken; we are also conscious of the fact that we approached the subject of study with fixed, if different, notions as to what some of our conclusions might be. Our comments in this chapter should therefore be read in the light of this.
Climate Change and Energy Policy
Authors: Helm Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the link between climate change and greenhouse-gas emissions, and given that carbon emissions are associated with the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity and for transport, it follows that reductions of emissions depend upon changes to the energy sector and to the energy policy which provides the framework for the sector’s development. Addressing climate change is, then, to a considerable extent about redesigning energy policy. Much of the debate about reducing carbon and other emissions focuses on specific technologies. It is argued by some that climate change can be addressed through a combination of energy efficiency and renewables. The policy problem is to set targets for the contributions of each, and then mandate their take-up. Thus, the European Commission has a target to increase renewables’ share of the European Union (EU)'s total energy supply to 12 per cent by 2010 (CEC, 1997), and the UK has a target to supply 10 per cent of electricity in 2010 from renewable sources (DTI, 1999) and an ‘aspirational’ target of 20 per cent by 2020 (DTI, 2003a). This approach has merits, but it takes little account of the market contexts within which these measures are to be set, or of the other objectives of energy policy—notably security of supply, reduction of fuel poverty, and international competitiveness.
Foreigners and Stateless Persons In Russia
Authors: Butler William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as already noted, follows the general pattern of Russian legal history and extends to foreigners and stateless persons the principle of ‘national regime’, subject to exceptions established by a federal law or by an international treaty of the Russian Federation (Article 62[3]). The concept of ‘exception’ can take one of three forms: foreigners are excluded from exercising rights of Russian citizens; (b) foreigners enjoy preferences or privileges in comparison with Russian citizens; or (c) whether foreigners enjoy rights or must perform duties may depend upon the existence of reciprocity between Russia and the foreign country concerned. In addition, distinctions are drawn among foreigners which turn upon the visa regime under which they have entered the Russian Federation.
The Development of The Regulatory Framework For IP Licensing In The Ec
Authors: Anderman Steven D , Kallaugher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new modernised TTBER and Guidelines constitute a third stage in the development of EC competition policy towards intellectual property licensing. This chapter examines the two previous stages of regulatory policy and judicial decision to help to explain certain features of the current stage of law and policy.
The first stage of Commission policy, the period before the introduction of the first Block Exemption Regulation in 1984, veered from benign neglect to excessive intervention. Initially, in the 1960s and early 1970s, licensing was treated leniently under EC Competition law as the Commission’s Notice on Patent Licensing Agreements of 1962 (the so-called ‘Christmas Message’) announced a policy of non-interference.
A Semantic Approach to English Grammar
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book shows how grammar helps people communicate and looks at the ways grammar and meaning interrelate. The author starts from the notion that a speaker codes a meaning into grammatical forms which the listener is then able to recover: each word, he shows, has its own meaning and each bit of grammar its own function, their combinations creating and limiting the possibilities for different words. He uncovers a rationale for the varying grammatical properties of different words and in the process explains many facts about English - such as why we can say I wish to go, I wish that he would go, and I want to go but not I want that he would go. The first part of the book reviews the main points of English syntax and discusses English verbs in terms of their semantic types including those of Motion, Giving, Speaking, Liking, and Trying. In the second part Professor Dixon looks at eight grammatical topics, including complement clauses, transitivity and causatives, passives, and the promotion of a non-subject to subject, as in Dictionaries sell well. This is the updated and revised edition of A New Approach to English Grammar on Semantic Principles. It includes new chapters on tense and aspect, nominalizations and possession, and adverbs and negation, and contains a new discussion of comparative forms of adjectives. It also explains recent changes in English grammar, including how they has replaced the tabooed he as a pronoun referring to either gender, as in When a student reads this book, they will learn a lot about English grammar in a most enjoyable manner.
Primary-A verb types
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with literal meanings of Primary-A verbs, with roles filled by NPs that have concrete heads. As mentioned before, some Primary-A verbs do have secondary, metaphorical meanings, with other kinds of NP (or even a complement clause) as subject or object (e.g. John’s having got the job quite threw me, i.e. ‘discomfited me’); they are semantically and grammatically similar to the annoying type, described in §5.6. However, these are almost all idiosyncratic to particular verbs so that no generalisations are possible across a type or subtype.
These two types have a number of subtypes which show pervasive semantic and syntactic parallels, so that they can usefully be considered together.
The plate, which had been eaten off, was owned by my aunt Passives
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A passive sentence in English is not an automatic transformation of an active one. It is an alternative realisation of the relation between a transitive verb and its object, and involves an intransitive construction with a subject (corresponding to the transitive object), a copula-like verb be or get, and a participial form of the verb. Thus, corresponding to A man took away the mad dog we get the passive The mad dog was taken away. A passive clause may include an NP, introduced with by, corresponding to the transitive subject (e.g. by a man), but it does so only relatively seldom (in formal, written English, more than 80 per cent of passives are agentless, and the figure is undoubtedly higher for colloquial, spoken styles).
There is always a meaning difference between active and passive constructions. There are some transitive verbs which—for semantic or other reasons—never occur in the passive (§§11.2–3) and, for many verbs, ability to passivise depends on the nature of the object.
Canada
Authors: Lindner Ralf , Schultze Rainer-Olaf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since Canada was granted independence from the British Empire in 1867, the liberal-democratic institutions of the former colony have displayed a remarkable stability. The Canadian political system is based on British heritage and developed without revolutionary transformations. Due to this evolutionary process, the basic structure of the polityparliamentary democracy and federalism-remains virtually unchanged to the present day. The recognition of responsible government in Canada was, however, the result of a lengthy political struggle between parts of the settlers and the British administrators. In response to the growing demands for political representation, the government established elected legislative assemblies in the colony with the Constitution Act of 1791. Nevertheless, within this system of representative government, the assemblies’ influence on the colonial administration was very limited. By the 1830s, a rudimentary two-party system had evolved, reflecting competing constitutional conceptions: the liberal reformers pushed for autonomy and responsible government, whereas the conservative constitutionalists essentially attended to the British interests and the administrative elites of the colony.
Argentina
Authors: Jones Mark P , Lauga Martin , León-Roesch Marta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Argentina’s experience with democratic government began in 1912. However, in the 1930s the country entered a prolonged political crisis, characterized by considerable political instability and the cyclical alternation between constitutional and de facto regimes. These cyclical crises appear to have ended with the consolidation of democracy in the post- 1983 era.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholls Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2003, according to the World Bank (World Bank 2004) the population of the globe stood at around 6.3 billion people. Of these roughly half lived on less than $2 (£1.16) per day. Over 1 billion suffered from malnutrition, a similar amount lacked potable water, and 2.4 billion did not have access to proper sanitation. As a result the Bank estimated that more than 10 million children die of preventable diseases every year. Furthermore, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to sweep across Africa and many other developing countries and is predicted to affect over 100 million people globally by 2010. At the same time the level of economic inequality between the richest and the poorest continues to grow, with the poorest 50 per cent of the world ‘s population accounting for just 5 per cent of global income (Bornstein 2004: 6–10).
Cultivating the Other Invisible Hand of Social Entrepreneurship: Comparative Advantage, Public Policy, and Future Research Priorities
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection is one of many signs that social entrepreneurship is increasingly becoming part of the mainstream. As a phenomenon it is becoming now common, from drug treatment projects in India to sexual health in Vietnam, environmental protection in China to job creation in US inner cities. So it comes as a surprise to discover just how new the idea of entrepreneurship, let alone social entrepreneurship, is in our language. The first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED 1897) still defined an entrepreneur as ‘the director of a public musical institution ‘. Only in a later edition was the word used in its more modern sense, as the editors acknowledged that the control and direction of capital and labour in a modern economy might be so difficult and different from past experience that a new class of person was needed and with it a new word, adopted from the French. The idea that this role has a social equivalent—and that the handling of social and economic assets in advanced societies might be so difficult that a new class of person is needed—is only a few decades old, and has only in the last decade become visible in discussions of public policy.
Social Entrepreneurship: The Structuration of a Field
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Cho Albert Hyunbae 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the introduction, social entrepreneurship is a dynamically evolving phenomenon that engages a broad range of stakeholders and is articulated across different organizational approaches. Yet despite the growing importance of social entrepreneurship as a means of addressing critical social issues globally (Nicholls 2004, 2006), to date our understanding of the field remains largely limited to anecdotal case studies and instrumental analyses of efficiency and operational best practices (see, e.g. Leadbeater 1997; Bornstein 2004). Indeed, the chief theoretical location of social entrepreneurship has been within business studies with a methodological preference towards strategic reflection on specific examples of innovative praxis often under-pinned by profiles of ‘hero ‘ social entrepreneurs (Dees 1998; Dees, Emerson, and Economy 2001). Whilst such an approach has helped raise the profile of the field of research, it has yet to offer much in the way of serious theoretical discourse. Of particular note has been the lack of any sociological inter-pretations of the phenomenon to date. As a young, still-evolving, and largely undertheorized area of practice and research, social entrepreneurship is still in the process of self-definition.
Enterprises Working for International Relief and Development
Authors: Jacobs Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contributes to debate on the systematic factors that make it difficult for social enterprises to improve their performance. It is argued here that the bureaucratic and organizational arrangements across the sector undermine attempts to improve performance and to strengthen accountability. The chapter considers, particularly, the case of NGOs. These organizations may be defined as independent, NPOs with the stated aim of working for the benefit of poor and vulnerable people in developing countries. This includes NGOs which provide short-term humanitarian assistance and longer-term development support, and which are either international or local in reach. Typically, such organizations work in three areas of social value creation: community level empowerment, welfare service delivery, and humanitarian responses to specific crises. Over recent decades the sector has enjoyed substantial growth (see Edwards and Hulme 1992; Kameri Mbote 2000, etc.), but evidence shows that their field-level performance remains variable and that yesterday ‘s mistakes may often be repeated today.
Social Entrepreneurship: The Promise and the Perils
Authors: Boschee Jerr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They serve admirably while innovators transform their dreams into fledgling programmes and steer their organizations through early growing pains. But there comes a time, albeit reluctantly, when most founders and their followers begin to understand that living from year to year does not ensure the future—and that is the moment when they begin migrating from innovation to entrepreneurship. It is one thing to design, develop, and carry out a new programme, quite another to sustain it. So they begin turning towards commercial markets, gradually exploring the possibilities of earned income, many for the first time and often with reluctance given their uneasiness about the profit motive.
Ethical Issues
Authors: Crowley Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I went on my first linguistic fieldtrip in the early 1970s, there was no expectation that I would have to prepare a submission for the ethical approval for project. How times have changed! It is now de rigueur for any research proposal that involves human subjects to pass scrutiny from the appropriate Ethics Committee. Most linguistic research that is aimed at documenting little-known languages, if it is conducted at all sensitively and sensibly, should not face any serious challenges from an Ethics Committee. However, there are some important ethical issues to which any researcher should give serious thought, including a number of issues that go beyond what any Ethics Committee will ordinarily be expected to deal with. First and foremost among the ethical obligations of a field linguist are those which involve his or her relationship with the people from whom the linguistic data will be recorded. It is this relationship which an Ethics Committee will normally be primarily involved with.
Equitable Duties, Conflicts Of Interest And Confidentiality
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not uncommon for solicitors to act as trustees under express trusts. In such circumstances, the obligations faced by the solicitor will be governed by the trust deed and relevant statutory and equitable obligations. The law relating to these areas is dealt with in detail in leading specialist texts and falls outside of the scope of this work. In this chapter, consideration is given to the equitable obligations which may arise when a solicitor is acting in a capacity other than as an express trustee.
Wills And Probate
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statistical picture regarding solicitors’ negligence in the area of wills and probate is less marked than the other important private client area, conveyancing. The pertinent case law relating to wills and probate also has a relatively short history. The reason for this is that if a solicitor is negligent in preparing a will, the error should usually be cheap and simple to remedy if discovered during the prospective testator’s lifetime. If not discovered until after the testator’s death, the potential claimants, often intended beneficiaries, are third parties who lack a contractual relationship with the solicitor. Only with the decision in Ross v Caunters, did the courts fully begin to address the capacity of such third parties to bring actions in tort.
Beginnings In Europe
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commentators have sometimes attempted to trace moral rights back to antiquity, to the Middle Ages, to the era before printing. This historicizing of the rights was an important element in their development during the 19th and 20th centuries. Roman law was called upon to lend authority to the extension of authorial rights into the non-economic field. As late as 1928 Scialoja, head of the Italian delegation at the Rome revision conference of the Berne Convention, drew upon the prestige of Roman law to support the introduction of the rights into the Convention: ‘Roman law knew nothing of that law that is called copyright. But it fully recognized the droit moral’.
Moral Rights In Germany
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral rights in Germany, like those in France, owe more to the domestic doctrines and jurisprudence of the 19th and early 20th centuries than to the Berne Convention. Like the French rights, the German rights exceed the requirements of the Convention, for both local and foreign authors. Unlike the French provisions, the German provisions governing the rights are numerous and detailed.
Technology as Revolution
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about two interrelated phenomena: long-term economic growth and the pervasive technologies that occasionally transform a society’s entire set of economic, social, and political structures and that have come to be called ‘general purpose technologies’ (GPTs). In most of the existing literature, these have been treated separately, and indeed much of our discussion of GPTs can be taken on its own, independent of long-term growth.
Why Not Elsewhere?
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eleventh century, at the beginning of its revival of learning, Europe was uncivilized and technologically backward by the standards of both China and the Islamic empire. By the beginning of the sixteenth century, Europe was well ahead of the Islamic countries in science and technology and was rapidly accumulating new knowledge in both these areas. At the same time, Islam had entered a period of scientific and technological stagnation. China was the equal of Europe in many areas until some time in the eighteenth century. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century, a large gulf had opened up between the West and China in terms of technology and rates of economic growth.
Formal Models of GPT-Driven Sustained Growth: Extensions and Applications
Authors: Lipsey Richard G , Carlaw Kenneth I , Bekar Clifford T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider a number of alterations to our baseline model— alterations that begin our research programme of augmenting our initial highly aggregated treatment to bring it progressively closer to a micro-evolutionary approach. We simulate some of our amended models, but in other cases, we must be content with showing how the effect being considered can be modelled by revising our equations, but not going further. Doing so each time would require a treatment extending well beyond the scope of this book.
Material Scope of Application of Regulation 2790/99
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The material scope of application of Regulation 2790/991 is more extensive than that of any other previous block exemption regulation applicable to vertical restraints.2 It is de?ned in the five paragraphs that make up Article 2 of that Regulation. The principle of the broad scope of application of the block exemption regulation is reflected in Article 2(1). Article 2(2) to (5) then go on to revise and refine that principle in the following respects.
Disapplication and Withdrawal
Authors: Wijckmans Frank , Tuytschaever Filip , Vanderelst Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agreements that fall within the scope of application of Regulation 2790/99 and meet all of the conditions imposed by it, benefit from an automatic exemption pursuant to Article 81(3) EC. This is an essential characteristic of block exemption regulations. Based on its experience, the Commission de?nes a category of agreements which, if all of the conditions listed in the block exemption regulation are met, can be regarded as normally satisfying the conditions laid down in Article 81(3) EC without it being necessary to examine each agreement on its own individual merits.
Conclusions: Change at Work and the Opportunities for Theory
Authors: Cappelli Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have outlined a range of interesting and important theoretical frameworks across the discipline of sociology that have been or could be used to examine work and workplace issues. The purpose of this concluding chapter is in some ways to work backward from theory, to begin with some of the important phenomena of the contemporary workplace, the facts that need to be explained, and then consider how the various theoretical frameworks outlined earlier might be used to examine them.
Health Care Organizations as Collaborative Learning Communities
Authors: Maccoby Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The troubling issues surrounding health care in the USA are well known: rising costs, 45 million people without insurance and increasing, variability in diagnosis and treatment, avoidable mistakes that cause harm to the patient. Solving these problems is proving extremely difficult. Many analyses focus on technical and financial aspects of the system; but the most difficult and most deeply rooted source of resistance to change lies in the structure, culture, and values of the medical profession.