bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitive Immunochromatographic Determination of Salmonella typhimurium in Food Products Using Au@Pt Nanozyme
Authors: Hendrickson Olga D. , Byzova Nadezhda A. , Safenkova Irina V. , Panferov Vasily G. , Dzantiev Boris B. , Zherdev Anatoly V. 
Published: December 2023

In this study, we developed a sensitive immunochromatographic analysis (ICA) of the Salmonella typhimurium bacterial pathogen contaminating food products and causing foodborne illness. The ICA of S. typhimurium was performed using Au@Pt nanozyme as a label ensuring both colorimetric detection and catalytic amplification of the analytical signal due to nanozyme peroxidase-mimic properties. The enhanced ICA enabled the detection of S. typhimurium cells with the visual limit of detection (LOD) of 2 × 102 CFU/mL, which outperformed the LOD in the ICA with traditional gold nanoparticles by two orders of magnitude. The assay duration was 15 min. The specificity of the developed assay was tested using cells from various Salmonella species as well as other foodborne pathogens; it was shown that the test system detected only S. typhimurium. The applicability of ICA for the determination of Salmonella in food was confirmed in several samples of milk with different fat content, as well as chicken meat. For these real samples, simple pretreatment procedures were proposed. Recoveries of Salmonella in foodstuffs were from 74.8 to 94.5%. Due to rapidity and sensitivity, the proposed test system is a promising tool for the point-of-care control of the Salmonella contamination of different food products on the whole farm-to-table chain.
Time-varying mechanism of ion composition in a pulse-modulated Ar/C4F8/O2 dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma
Authors: Kuboi Shuichi , Kato Haruhito , Akatsuka Yudai , Suzuki Haruka , Toyoda Hirotaka 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The time-varying mechanism of the positive-ion composition in a pulse-modulated Ar/C4F8/O2 dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasma was investigated in detail using a quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrostatic energy analyzer. Time-resolved measurements of the ion composition with respect to the pulse-off period (

T

off

) revealed that the electron temperature (

T

e

) just after turning on the pulse is an important factor in determining the ratio of the ionization rates of the Ar+ and C
x
F
y

+ ions. The time-varying phenomenon of the ion composition was also investigated through a numerical analysis based on the particle balance model, considering the production and loss rates of ions, ion–ion recombination processes, and ion–molecule reactions. When the VHF power (

P

VHF

) was increased, a decrease in the ambipolar diffusion loss time constants of the ions (

τ

loss

i

) was observed, and the change in electronegativity was pointed out as the cause of this phenomenon.
Writing Daily Status On Social Media: Code-Mixing Phenomena At Sekolah Advent Makassar
Authors: Mewengkang Carolina , Weda Sukardi , Maca Sudriman 
Published: December 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the using of code mixing on social media at the Elevent Grade of Sekolah Advent Makassar. This research applied descriptive qualitative research. Data collection technique by using an observation and interview. Purposive sampling is the technique to chose the subject. There were 5 Students as subject from 26 students. The data was taken by the screeshot observation to know their type of code mixing on Instagram. The researchers interviewed for the 5 students to know about the students’ reasons using code mixing in writing status. Based on the results of the observation, interviews and recording that have been conducted, students used type of code mixing dominant is insertion in writing daily satus and ther reasons students’ used code mixing in writing daily status are less of English vocabulary and social community. The researcher found that the highest reason of using code mxing by the students is that they have less English vocabulary. This proves that the role of social media and community is very important at this ages and Students’ involvement in every situation to express their languages
INTERNATIONAL LATIN LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY TESTING SYSTEMS (NATIONAL LATIN EXAM, EUROPEAN LATIN EXAM AND EUROPEAN LATIN LINGUISTIC ASSESSMENT)
Authors: Голикова М.С. 
Published: December 2023

Цель статьи – исследование существующих моделей сертификации по латинскому языку. Для этого были выбраны три наиболее известные системы тестирования: американская National Latin Exam (NLE), европейская European Latin Exam (ELEX), проводимая ассоциацией Euroclassica, и European Latin Linguistic Assessment (EULALIA), организатором которой является Университет Болоньи в рамках программы Европейского союза Erasmus+. Актуальность исследования связана c отсутствием в настоящие время общей системы сертификации по латинскому языку для русскоязычных обучающихся и с вопросом о целесообразности и эффективности языковой сертификации применительно к классическим мертвым языкам. В статье проанализированы и сопоставлены история создания экзаменов, их философия, формат проведения, цели, задачи и содержание. Новизна работы заключается в системном сравнительном исследовании международных экзаменов как нового этапа в истории классического образования. В результате исследования была выстроена история возникновения и развития тестирования по латинскому языку. Выяснилось, что существующие экзамены имеют общую тенденцию – заимствование моделей оценки владения живыми языками для классического языка. Такой подход может быть реализован лишь отчасти, так как латинский язык имеет свой уникальный набор ключевых компетенций, необходимых для освоения. Международная сертификация по латинскому языку – это движение, которое всесторонне влияет на подходы к преподаванию латинского языка.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existing models of Latin certification. For this purpose, three currently known testing systems were chosen: the American National Latin Exam (NLE), the European Latin Exam (ELEX) conducted by the European Association Euroclassica and the European Latin Linguistic Assessment (EULALIA), which was organized by the University of Bologna within the framework of the European Union Erasmus+ programme. The relevance of the research is due to the lack of a common certification system in Latin for Russian-speaking learners and due to the question of the expediency and effectiveness of language certification in relation to classical dead languages. The article analyses and compares the history of the creation of the examinations, their philosophy, format, goals, objectives and content. The novelty lies in the systematic comparative study of international examinations as a stage in the history of classical education. As a result of the study, the history of the emergence and development of Latin language testing has been constructed. It turned out that the existing examinations have a common tendency: borrowing models of assessment of proficiency in living languages for the classical language. This approach can only be partially realized as Latin has its own unique set of core competencies to master. International Latin language certification is a movement that is comprehensively influencing approaches to Latin language teaching.
JWST Reveals Widespread CO Ice and Gas Absorption in the Galactic Center Cloud G0.253+0.016
Authors: Ginsburg Adam , Barnes Ashley T. , Battersby Cara D. , Bulatek Alyssa , Gramze Savannah , Henshaw Jonathan D. , Jeff Desmond , Lu Xing , Mills E. A. C. , Walker Daniel L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We report JWST NIRCam observations of G0.253+0.016, the molecular cloud in the Central Molecular Zone known as “The Brick,” with the F182M, F187N, F212N, F410M, F405N, and F466N filters. We catalog 56,146 stars detected in all six filters using the crowdsource package. Stars within and behind The Brick exhibit prodigious absorption in the F466N filter that is produced by a combination of CO ice and gas. In support of this conclusion, and as a general resource, we present models of CO gas and ice and CO2 ice in the F466N, F470N, and F410M filters. Both CO gas and ice contribute to the observed stellar colors. We show, however, that CO gas does not absorb the Pfβ and Huϵ lines in F466N, but that these lines show excess absorption, indicating that CO ice is present and contributes to observed F466N absorption. The most strongly absorbed stars in F466N are extincted by ∼2 mag, corresponding to >80% flux loss. This high observed absorption requires very high column densities of CO, and thus a total CO column that is in tension with standard CO abundance and/or gas-to-dust ratios. This result suggests the CO/H2 ratio and dust-to-gas ratio are greater in the Galactic Center than in the Galactic disk. Ice and/or gas absorption is observed even in the cloud outskirts, implying that additional caution is needed when interpreting stellar photometry in filters that overlap with ice bands throughout galactic centers.
Discovery and Timing of Millisecond Pulsars in the Globular Cluster M5 with FAST and Arecibo
Authors: Zhang Lei , Freire Paulo C. C. , Ridolfi Alessandro , Pan Zhichen , Zhao Jiaqi , Heinke Craig O. , Chen Jianxing , Cadelano Mario , Pallanca Cristina , Hou Xian , Fu Xiaoting , Dai Shi , Gügercinoğlu Erbil , Guo Meng , Hessels Jason , Hu Jiale , Li Guodong , Ni Mengmeng , Pan Jingshan , Ransom Scott M. , Ruan Qitong , Stairs Ingrid , Tsai Chao-Wei , Wang Pei , Wang Long , Wang Na , Wu Qingdong , Yuan Jianping , Zhang Jie , Zhu Weiwei , Zhang Yongkun , Li Di 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We report on a comprehensive multiwavelength study of the pulsars in the globular cluster (GC) M5, including the discovery of M5G, a new compact noneclipsing “black widow” pulsar. Thanks to the analysis of 34 yr of radio data taken with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope and Arecibo telescopes, we obtained new phase-connected timing solutions for four pulsars and improved those of the other three. These have resulted in, among other things, (a) much improved proper motions for five pulsars, with transverse velocities (relative to the cluster) that are smaller than their respective escape velocities; (b) 3σ and 1.5σ detections of Shapiro delays in M5F and M5D, respectively; and (c) greatly improved measurement of the periastron advance in M5B, whose value of

ω

̇

=
0

.°

01361
(
6
)

implies that M5B is still likely to be a heavy (

m
p

=

1.981

−
0.088

+
0.038

M
⊙

) neutron star. The binary pulsars M5D, M5E, and M5F are confirmed to be in low-eccentricity binary systems, the low-mass companions of which are newly identified to be He white dwarfs using Hubble Space Telescope data. Four pulsars are also found to be associated with X-ray sources. Similarly to the eclipsing pulsar M5C, M5G shows little or no nonthermal X-ray emission, indicative of weak synchrotron radiation produced by intrabinary shocks. All seven pulsars known in M5 have short spin periods (<8 ms), and five are in binary systems with low orbital eccentricities. These characteristics differ from the overall GC pulsar population but confirm the expectations for the pulsar population in a cluster with a small rate of stellar encounters per binary system.
A Strong-flare Prediction Model Developed Using a Machine-learning Algorithm Based on the Video Data Sets of the Solar Magnetic Field of Active Regions
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Luo Bingxian , Liu Siqing , Zhang Yue 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
It is well accepted that the physical properties obtained from the solar magnetic field observations of active regions (ARs) are related to solar eruptions. These properties consist of temporal features that might reflect the evolution process of ARs, and spatial features that might reflect the graphic properties of ARs. In this study, we generated video data sets with timescales of 1 day and image data sets of the SHARP radial magnetic field of the ARs from 2010 May to 2020 December. For the ARs that evolved from “quiet” to “active” and erupted the first strong flares in 4 days, we extract and investigate both the temporal and spatial features of ARs from videos, aiming to capture the evolution properties of their magnetic field structures during their transition process from “quiet” (non–strong flaring) to “active” (strong flaring). We then conduct a comparative analysis of the model performance by video input and single-image input, as well as of the effect of the model performance variation with the prediction window up to 3 days. We find that for those ARs that erupted the first strong flares in 4 days, the temporal features that reflect their evolution from “quiet” to “active” before the first strong flares can be recognized and extracted from the video data sets by our network. These features turn out to be important predictors that can effectively improve strong-flare prediction, especially by reducing the false alarms in a nearly 2 day prediction window.
Formation of a Long Filament Through the Connection of Two Filament Segments Observed by CHASE
Authors: Li H. T. , Cheng X. , Ni Y. W. , Li C. , Rao S. H. , Guo J. H. , Ding M. D. , Chen P. F. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We present imaging and spectroscopic diagnostics of a long filament during its formation with the observations from the Chinese Hα Solar Explorer and Solar Dynamics Observatory. The seed filament first appeared at about 05:00 UT on 2022 September 13. Afterward, it grew gradually and connected to another filament segment nearby, building up a long filament at about 20:00 UT on the same day. The CHASE Hα spectra show an obvious centroid absorption with mild broadening at the main spine of the long filament, which is interpreted as evidence of filament material accumulation. More interestingly, near the footpoints of the filament, persistent redshifts have been detected in the Hα spectra during the filament formation, indicating continuous drainage of filament materials. Furthermore, through inspecting the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) images and magnetograms, it was found that EUV jets and brightenings appeared repeatedly at the junction of the two filament segments, where opposite magnetic polarities converged and canceled each other continuously. These results suggest the occurrence of intermittent magnetic reconnection that not only connects magnetic structures of the two filament segments but also supplies cold materials for the filament channel likely by the condensation of injected hot plasma, even though a part of the cold materials falls down to the filament footpoints at the same time.
Rapid Premerger Localization of Binary Neutron Stars in Third-generation Gravitational-wave Detectors
Authors: Hu Qian , Veitch John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Premerger localization of binary neutron stars (BNSs) is one of the most important scientific goals for the third-generation (3G) gravitational-wave detectors. It will enable the electromagnetic observation of the whole process of BNS coalescence, especially for the premerger and merger phases, which have not been observed yet, opening a window for deeper understandings of compact objects. To reach this goal, we describe a novel combination of multiband matched filtering and semianalytical localization algorithms to achieve early-warning localization of long BNS signals in 3G detectors. Using our method we are able to efficiently simulate one month of observations with a three-detector 3G network, and show that it is possible to provide accurate sky localizations more than 30 minutes before the merger. Our simulation shows that there could be ∼10 (∼100) BNS events localized within 100 deg2, 20 (6) minutes before merger, per month of observation.
How Does the Thermal Environment Affect the Exosphere/Surface Interface at Mercury?
Authors: Leblanc F. , Sarantos M. , Domingue D. , Milillo A. , Savin D. W. , Prem P. , Benkhoff J. , Zender J. , Galli A. , Murakami G. , Sasaki S. , Thompson M. , Raines J. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The fate of Mercury’s exospheric volatiles and, in a lesser way, of the refractory particles absorbed in the first few centimeters of the surface both depend highly on the temperature profile with depth and its diurnal variation. In this paper, we review several mechanisms by which the surface temperature might control the surface/exosphere interface. The day/night cycle of the surface temperature and its orbital variation, the temperature in the permanent shadow regions, and the subsurface temperature profiles are key thermal properties that control the fate of the exospheric volatiles through the volatile ejection mechanisms, the thermal accommodation, and the subsurface diffusion. Such properties depend on the solar illumination from large to small scales but also on the regolith structure. The regolith is also space-weathered by the thermal forcing and by the thermal-mechanical processing. Its composition is changed by the thermal conditions. We conclude by discussing key characteristics that need to be investigated theoretically and/or in the laboratory: the dependency of the surface spectra with respect to temperature, the typical diffusion timescale of the volatile species, and the thermal dependency of their ejection mechanisms.
An Ultra-Refined Grammar for Interactions: Thoughts on Robert Aumann’s Philosophy of Game Theory
Authors: Linsbichler Alexander 
Published: December 2023

Cette note identifie et commente certains traits cruciaux de la philosophie de la théorie des jeux de Robert Aumann. Ce faisant, il vise à dégager et à exprimer certaines notions tacitement détenues par de nombreux théoriciens des jeux et, idéalement, à déclencher une réflexion ultérieure sur la philosophie de la théorie des jeux en général. Selon ma reconstruction de la position d’Aumann, des règles de langage sophistiquées et relativement précises – une grammaire ultra-raffinée des interactions – constituent le cœur de la théorie des jeux. Par conséquent, le cœur de la théorie des jeux est dépourvu, ou presque dépourvu, de contenu empirique. La dernière section propose une nomenclature pour discuter lucidement des relations entre les théories, les différents types de modèles et « le monde réel » et s’en sert ensuite pour expliquer et modifier légèrement les remarques de Robert Aumann sur le rôle de la vérité et de la fécondité dans la théorie des jeux.
Antibiotic Resistance among Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Authors: Rahimi Bilal A. , Afghan Jalat K. , Sirat Rahmatullah , Kakar Khalil A. , Lali Wais M. , Rahimy Najeebullah , Farooqi Khushhal 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Background:
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Highest burden of resistance is reported from low- and middle-income countries.

Objectives:
To investigate and report the current scenario of increased antibiotic resistance of uropathogens among symptomatic urinary tract infection patients in Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Methods:
From January 2018 to December 2021, this retrospective study was carried out at two main hospitals in Kandahar City, Afghanistan. Here, culture and sensitivity profiles of uropathogens were studied among symptomatic Bacteriuria in the presence of genitourinary symptoms (i.e., dysuria, suprapubic pain or tenderness, frequency, or urgency) (UTI) patients.

Results:
Among urine samples of 1589 patients, 1047 (65.9%) were culture positive and included in this study. Most of these patients (626/1047 [59.8%]) were females, with majority (818 [78.1%]) having age between 19 and 39 years. Gram-negative bacteria were the most prevalent (840/1047 [80.2%]), with E. coli (653/1047 [62.4%]) as the most common isolated uropathogen. Overall gram-negative bacteria had higher resistance against commonly used antibiotics of cotrimoxazole (62.8%), ciprofloxacin (56.0%), levofloxacin (47.5%), cefixime (44.5%), fosfomycin (41.5%), and even ceftriaxone (48.3%).

Conclusions:
Kandahar province has higher resistance rates against commonly used empirical antibiotics like norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefixime. Nitrofurantoin should be used as the first-line antibiotic in treating UTI patients. Public health authorities should make strict regulations and policies to reduce irrational use, inappropriate prescription, and over-the-counter availability of antibiotics in Kandahar.
Moore’s conjecture for connected sums
Authors: Theriault Stephen 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe show that under mild conditions, the connected sum
$M\# N$
of simply connected, closed, orientable n-dimensional Poincaré Duality complexes M and N is hyperbolic and has no homotopy exponent at all but finitely many primes, verifying a weak version of Moore’s conjecture. This is derived from an elementary framework involving
$CW$
-complexes satisfying certain conditions.
A Comparative Analysis of Feature Eliminator Methods to Improve Machine Learning Phishing Detection
Authors: Tanimu Jibrilla , Shiaeles Stavros , Adda Mo 
Published: December 2023

This Machine-learning-based phishing detection employs statistical models and algorithms to assess and recognise phishing attacks. These algorithms can learn patterns and features that distinguish between phishing and non-phishing attacks once they are trained on vast amounts of data from both types of cases. Phishing detection systems can quickly evaluate considerable data, identify possible phishing attempts, and warn users of potential dangers. Machine-learning-based phishing detection systems have the potential to continuously improve their accuracy over time through ongoing feature refinement, iterative model evaluation, and algorithm optimization. In contrast to conventional techniques, these systems offer a more effective and efficient approach to identifying and mitigating phishing attacks. This research critically analyzes existing literature on phishing detection, aiming to identify all proposed features and determine the critical ones necessary for accurate and fast phishing attack detection. By eliminating unnecessary overhead, this research enhances our understanding of feature eliminator methods and their role in improving machine learning-based phishing detection. The findings would contribute to the development of more robust cybersecurity measures to combat phishing attacks, as well as advance the field's knowledge and application of machine learning in detecting and mitigating such threats. The study highlights the importance of feature selection and optimization in achieving accurate and efficient phishing detection, ultimately strengthening the overall security posture of organizations and individuals against phishing attacks.

Received: 15 September 2023 | Revised: 7 November 2023 | Accepted: 4 December 2023

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [PhishTank] at https://phishtank.org.
Regridding uncertainty for statistical downscaling of solar radiation
Authors: Bailey Maggie D. , Nychka Douglas , Sengupta Manajit , Habte Aron , Xie Yu , Bandyopadhyay Soutir 
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Initial steps in statistical downscaling involve being able to compare observed data from regional climate models (RCMs). This prediction requires (1) regridding RCM outputs from their native grids and at differing spatial resolutions to a common grid in order to be comparable to observed data and (2) bias correcting RCM data, for example via quantile mapping, for future modeling and analysis. The uncertainty associated with (1) is not always considered for downstream operations in (2). This work examines this uncertainty, which is not often made available to the user of a regridded data product. This analysis is applied to RCM solar radiation data from the NA-CORDEX (North American Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) data archive and observed data from the National Solar Radiation Database housed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. A case study of the mentioned methods over California is presented.