bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Connections: Wave-Particle Dualism
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The logical framework of complementarity was originally formulated in an effort to resolve some ambiguities concerning wave-particle dualism in quantum physics. The essential paradox of wave-particle dualism is easily demonstrated. View the particle as a point-like something, like the period at the end of this sentence, and the wave as continuous and spread-out. The obvious logical problem is how a particular something localized in space and time, the particle, cari also be the spread-out and continuous something, the wave. Quantum physics not only says unequivocally that quanta exhibit both properties but also provides mathematical formalism governing what we can possibly observe, or “see;” when we coordinate our experience with this reality in actual experiments.
Mind Matters: Metaphysics In Quantum Physics
Authors: Nadeau Robert , Kafatos Menas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who has studied modern physics cannot escape the impression, grandly reinforced by Bell’s theorem and the results of experiments testing that theorem, that the universe is a vast and seamless web of activity. For many physicists, however, the sense that the cosmos is fundamentally unified does not appear very comforting. “The more the universe seems comprehensible;’ wrote Steven Weinberg, “the more it seems pointless.” “Man,” said Jacques Monod, “lives on the boundary of an alien world. A world that is deaf to his music, just as indifferent to his sufferings or his crimes:’ And “life;’ lamented Gerald Feinberg, appears to be merely a “disease of matter.”
Y1 Hyperbaton in Prose
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our first chapter gives a preliminary syntactic account of premodifier hyper-baton (left branch discontinuity) in Greek prose. This type of discontinuity may at first sight appear to be a particularly strong indication of flat unstructured serial word order, but a closer analysis of the data reveals consistent cross-categorial patterning for premodifiers in both discontinuous and continuous phrases, which clearly calls for a phrase structural account.
The Meaning of Y1 Hyperbaton in Prose
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start with a test designed to corroborate the idea that Y1 hyperbaton encodes focus in prose. The next sections are devoted to an analysis of the contribution of Y1 hyperbaton to the meaning of a clause. In the final section we discuss the relationship of form to function, asking how fragmenting noun phrases into discontinuous subconstituents could turn out to be a natural way to encode modifier focus.
Phonological Garden Paths
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a perception of hyperbaton quite different from that suggested in this work, it is not a syntactic phenomenon at all, but phonologically motivated. There are a number of possible variations on this idea. E. Norden, for instance, emphasized the desire to avoid hiatus and to achieve a good rhythmic clausula (Norden 1958:65). Here we shall consider first phonological interpretations of non-configurationality which have implications for, and can be generalized to, hyperbaton; and then clitic theories of hyperbaton and of prepositional phrase hyperbaton.
Was There a King David?
Authors: McKenzie Steven L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The November 21, 1997, issue of the Chronicle of Higher Education contained an unusual article. The Chronicle monitors trends in higher education, typically reporting on matters like tuition costs, tenure, and the impact of technology. The lead for this article on the cover read, “Did King David Exist? Bitter Divisions Among Biblical Scholars.” Even more provocative was the one-line synopsis: “Biblical scholars get nasty in a transatlantic debate over whether King David existed:’ The article lived up to its billing, with quotations from biblical scholars and archaeologists characterizing one another as “fundamentalist,” “minimalist,” and “anti-Zionist;’ and each others’ views as “scandalous,” “absurd;’ and “insanity.”
Deists and The Scandal of Particularity
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some time now, historians have regarded the first half of the eighteenth century in England as an “Age of Reason” that fairly overwhelmed visions of faith inherited from the Reformation and before. While there is much to be said for this perspective, we permit it to mislead us if we overlook the fact that even the shrillest arguments of the time for the supremacy of reason were grounded in a religious view ofreality. A recent historian has noted that John Locke bequeathed to the age “an almost pathological fear of religious emotion.” True enough, but Locke also assumed the divine origin of the New Testament, and all who claimed his mantle—which includes nearly everyone who published on religion and philosophy in the eighteenth century—were as committed as he to the principle that the stability of society depends on religion.
Our Noblest Faculty
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
one day New England’s philosopher was musing about the deists’ refusal to accept any Christian doctrine that seemed to contradict common sense. Deciding to conduct an experiment that would amount to a theological object lesson, he asked a thirteen-year-old boy in his parish if he believed that a two inch cube was eight times as big as a one-inch cube.
When the boy replied that it seemed impossible, Edwards marched him out to his workshop and carefully cut out a two-by-two-by-two-inch block of wood. Then, to the boy’s amazement, he cut the block into eight pieces, each measuring one inch on a side. But even then, the boy was not convinced. He continued to count the blocks, comparing them to another cube two inches on a side. The boy could not bring himself to believe it and wondered if magic had been at work.
Parables In All Nations
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eighteenth-century deists imagined they had deflated the overweening pretensions of Christian theology. Toland, Chubb, and Tindal figured they had exposed traditional Christianity’s universal claims as in fact restricted to a small corner of the planet .and shown the volumes of Calvinist thought to have been the product of fanciful imaginations. The deists’ challenge to orthodoxy was a formidable one: the God of orthodoxy, they avowed, had not revealed himself in history and the Bible. The true God whose will was enshrined in a few simple moral dictates could be discovered by the human mind. But the God of Calvin and Edwards was nowhere to be found in the real world because his supposed revelations were in fact chimerical. To put it charitably, he was silent.
Judaism
Authors: McDermott Gerald R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth century marked the beginning of a reevaluation of Judaism. For the first time since Marcion, Jews were regarded as religiously unrelated to Christians. The deists, who dominated intellectual life in England at the beginning of the century and were the leaders of this reappraisal, portrayed Judaism as essentially pagan, unspiritual, unnecessary to Christianity, and in fact the source of all that was wrong with traditional Christianity. They learned from Johann Buxtdorf the Elder (1564—1629), whose guide to synagogue life depicts Judaism as a “con fused” and “disorderly” religion obsessively devoted to empty ritual. Voltaire, who studied the deists when in London in the 1720s, Bolingbroke, Gibbon, and other Enlightenment thinkers began to regard Jews as simply another political entity, unprotected by divine covenant. Pogroms against them were considered natural consequences of their creation of a cruel and irrational god. Gibbon, for example, argued that Rome fell because of the Jewish character in the Christian religion which had infected the empire. It was against this background of deist severance of the religious link between Christians and Jews that Jonathan Edwards argued for one covenant binding the two religions.
Wittgenstein, Empiricism, And Language
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This provocative study exposes the ways in which Wittgenstein’s philosophical views have been misunderstood, including the failure to recognize the reductionist character of Wittgenstein’s work. Author John Cook provides well-documented proof that Wittgenstein did not hold views commonly attributed to him, arguing that Wittgenstein’s later work was mistakenly seen as a development of G. E. Moore’s philosophy--which Wittgenstein in fact vigorously attacked. He also points to an underestimation of Russell’s influence on Wittgenstein’s thinking. Cook goes on to show how these misunderstandings have had grave consequences for philosophy at large, and proposes that a more subtle appreciation of linguistic philosophy can yield valuable results.
The Ontological and Linguistic Aims of Reductionism
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said that in his later years Wittgenstein replaced the analytic reductionism of the Tractatus with a subtler version of reductionism. In this chapter I want to explain how these two versions differ. I will also try to show how Wittgenstein’s later version of reductionism might be mistaken for something else.
Standard Ordinary Language Philosophy
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wittgenstein is, without doubt, a very difficult philosopher, and those who have tried to understand him have gone about this in various ways. Some have picked out a few passages whose meaning seemed unproblematic and used them as a Rosetta stone for deciphering Wittgenstein’s more obscure remarks. (A favorite seems to be the passage about bringing words back from their metaphysical to their everyday use, as though there could be no doubt about which uses Wittgenstein took to be metaphysical and which not.) Others have tried to locate Wittgenstein’s philosophical position by employing a triangulation procedure, using as their coordinates G. E. Moore, common sense, and ordinary language.
Moore’s Method
Authors: Cook John W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G. E. Moore’s various attempts to defend common sense against philosophical skepticism and prove the existence of an external world1 have left many philosophers puzzled. I am not aware of anyone who thinks that Moore was entirely successful in this endeavor. Yet there is something seductive about Moore’s way of replying to the skeptic, and one can easily come to think, as Malcolm did, that even if it is not entirely satisfactory, there is nevertheless something right and important-in his procedure. In this chapter, then, I mean to inquire into the seductiveness of Moore’s procedure and decide whether some part or aspect of it can be successfully defended.
New World, New Leadership:A Fundamental Shift
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new wind is blowing, a wind that is changing the leadership climate around the world. The time-worn foundations of authoritarian, competitive, and ruggedly individualistic leadership are eroding. Even the more current leadership architecture, desperately seeking to fuse competition and collaboration, seems des tined to topple before the gusts of change.
Connective Leadership:More than the Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future of American institutions, both corporate and political, depends upon our willingness to relinquish the tattered leadership legacy of Stage . As the leadership paradigm shifts from indepen dence to intedependence, from control to connection, from competition to collaboration, from individual to group, and from tightly linked geopolitical alliances to loosely coupled global networks, we need to encourage a new breed of leaders who can respond effectively to such conditions. To do so means reaching far beyond the narrow set of strategies we now recognize as Stage 2 leadership.
The Connective Organization:Matching Leadership and Organizational Styles
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of Stage 3, organizations take many new and varied forms. New, small, transient organizations, as Bennis and Slater predicted in the 1960s, will stand alongside older, larger organizations, now battle-scarred from mergers, acquisitions, down sizings, flattenings, and bouts with reengineering. Leaders face many challenges as they work to build and revitalize organizations that can work effectively in a Stage 3 world, a world both buffeted and braced by the tensions of interdependence and diversity.
Om, the Vedas, and the Status of Women with Special Reference to Śrīvaisnauism
Authors: Young Katherine K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of women’s status in classical and medieval Hinduism hangs precariously on the sacred syllable om (which combines a-u-m, according to Sanskrit rules of phonetic combination, or sandhi). To date, there have been few attempts to trace the history of om. Despite its sacrality, it does not appear in the Vedas.
Saints of the Theragatha and Therfgatha
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, it was proposed that certain fundamental themes, arranged according to a particular logic, make up the paradigm provided by Buddha Sakyamuni. It was also suggested that this paradigm was in more general use as a presupposition in Indian Buddhism, identifying not just the Buddha but also others understood as Buddhist saints. As a first step in the testing of this hypothesis, the present chapter contains an analysis of two works, the Pali Theragáthá and Theragáthá, which provide a relatively complete definition of the Buddhist saint, this time as arhant. The Theragáthá and Therígáthá, books 6 and 7 of the Khuddakanikáya in the Suttapifaka of the Pali canon, contain the songs of some 240 men and women saints who lived during and after the time of the Buddha. Like other of the more ancient texts in the Khuddakanikaya-for example, the Suttanipdta, Dhammapada, Udiina, and Itivuttaka-the Theragáthá and Theragáthá show us saints who live primarily in the forest and practice forest renunciation. In contrast to these other texts, however, in the Theragáthá and Theragáthá these forest saints provide the primary focus of discussion.
Bodhisattva Saints of the Forest in Mahayana Siitras
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, the three major types of Buddhist saint prominent in pre-Mahayana Indian Buddhism have been examined: the buddha, the pratyekabuddha, and the arhant. This chapter contains discussion of a fourth type of Buddhist holy person, who comes into prominence only in the Mahayana sutras, the bodhisattva. The bodhisattva is not unique to the Mahayana; in the Nikaya traditions, as we have seen, this type is understood as defining the ideal of a buddha from the time of his vow to complete enlightenment until the moment when he attains buddhahood. The Nikaya evidence, in fact, preserves an extensive tradition of stories (jiitaka) told about Sakyamuni as a bodhisattva prior to his final life and similarly attributes to all other world-redeeming buddhas previous existences as bodhisattvas. In addition, as is well known, the Nikaya texts also contain descriptions and discussions of the bodhisattva and his career. For the pre-Mahayana, the bodhisattva is an important type of saint but is relatively rare, because the arhant functions as the primary enlightened ideal of Nikaya Buddhism, whereas buddhas were few and those who aspired to become buddhas were not commonly known. The distinctive Mahayana doctrine of the bodhisattva represents, then, not so much the invention of a new type of saint as the bringing into prominence and fleshing out of a type that was already understood to exist, but that had been-at least in the evidence-recessive.
The Buddhist Saints and the Stūpa
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the examination of the Buddha and other Buddhist saints in preceding chapters, attention has been focused upon the living saints, as defined by their hagiographies, ascetic traditions, and cults. However, for most Indian Buddhists, the saints while alive probably provided a less frequent reference point for religious devotion than when they had passed away and were venerated in their stiipas. This is because while they were alive, the saints may often have been relatively inaccessible: they spent much of their time in seclusion in remote places. Moreover, they typically had no fixed abode but wandered from place to place without definite itinerary, and their wandering could carry them to far-flung places. Thus the suppliant ‘s longing to see and venerate the living saints must, by its very nature, have remained to some extent unfulfilled. But when the saints had passed beyond and their relics were enshrined in stiipas, they finally became available to all and could become the objects of an ongoing cult. It is perhaps for this reason that within a few centuries of the Buddha ‘s passing stiipas were to be found throughout the Indian subcontinent, becoming for Buddhism “the religious edifice par excellence “ (Foucher 1905-22, 1:59) and even “the chief emblem of the Buddhist faith “ (Mitra 1971, 21).
The Buddhist Saints and the Process of Monasticization
Authors: Ray Reginald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have several times referred to the ‘ ‘process of monasticization, ‘ ‘ whereby phenomena that were originally connected with the Buddhist saints of the forest were translocated and transplanted into a settled monastic context. In some cases, this process involved the appropriation of one or another individual element of the forest saints ‘ traditions by settled monasticism. For example, the forest saint Mahiikasyapa was adopted by settled monasticism to serve its need for a charismatic leader. Upagupta, Pil}.cyolabharadvaja, Devadatta, and perhaps also Sariputra, originally essentially forest saints, similarly came to have-through different means and in varying degrees-relations with settled monasticism. The initially nonmonastic ideals of Buddha (and bodhisattva), arhant, and pratyekabuddha came, again in various ways, to be understood in relationship to settled monasticism. And ideals and practices such as the magical powers, the dhutagurias, and the stupa also came to be increasingly integrated into the monastic context. In addition to describing individual forest elements undergoing the process of monasticization, the foregoing has made reference to this process on a grand scale, by which traditions that were entirely or primarily ones of forest renunciation became converted into those of settled monasticism. Such has been discussed in relation to the original form of Buddhism itself and mentioned briefly in connection with the Mahayana.
/ Charles’s Personal Pentecost
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By December 5, 1736, Charles Wesley began discharging the responsibilities General Oglethorpe had given him upon leaving Georgia. He met with Mr. Towers and the other Trustees of the Colony, and deposited his dispatches and records into their hands. Within another month Oglethorpe arrived in England. He found Charles’s record of the events in the New World a bit melodramatic, commenting that the journal was “writ with a great deal of spirit.” Wesley retorted, “all I could answer for was, that it was writ with a great deal of truth.’’ Charles’s next two years were filled with serious bouts of illness, and with his efforts to give a full report of the affairs of the colony and to raise support on behalf of the religious mission there. George Whitefield offered himself for service in Georgia, and the younger Wesley also resolved to return, “if I could be of any use as a Clergyman; but as to my Secretary’s place, I begged [Oglethorpe] to tell me where, when, and how I should resign it.” Between visits with dignitaries of the colony and the church, as well as with his physicians and sickbed, these two years held happier moments. Relationships with family and friends were rekindled. Visits to Tiverton and Oxford were frequent, as were Charles’s opportunities to enjoy Christian fellowship or preach, and in these happier moments some of his sense of failure in the Georgia mission seemed relieved. But his illness was unabated; it had the result of forestalling Charles’s return to the New World until John Wesley’s arrival in England in February of 1738.
/ A Man in the Middle
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With its rapid growth, Methodism’s relations with the Anglican religious establishment became increasingly strained. In Charles’s mind, Methodists were simply another religious society within the Church of England, but several of the societies in which the Wesleys participated (Shaw’s and Fetter Lane) were drifting away from Anglicanism-if not becoming openly hostile to it. The Wesleys’ association with the societies hurt their standing in the eyes of their fellow churchmen, as did their emphasis upon religious experience and “vehement” preaching of “justification by faith only.’’ The fall of 1738 and summer of 1739 were full of irony for Charles; he found himself chiding his friends Shaw, Bray, and Stonehouse for not conforming to the rubrics of the Church of England, at exactly the same time as the Anglican establishment questioned Wesley’s own “regularity,” or ecclesiastical propriety.
/ He Offers Christ to All
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excluded from the Anglican churches, Charles took his evangelistic work directly to the unchurched masses. Preaching in the open air, he addressed multitudes of people and was simultaneously exposed to the hostility of his opposition. Occasionally the local clerics were among the instigators. Wesley’s ability to win silence, if not to win the opposition over to his point of view, allowed him to make the best of these confrontations. His travels increased, and wherever he went he evangelized the masses, established Methodist societies, and visited already existing classes.
/ Domestic Life
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quite unlike his older brother John, Charles Wesley was happily married, a devoted husband and doting father. Although his published journal is relatively silent about his private life, his hymns and correspondence intersect to form a revealing picture of the younger Wesley. Courtship and marriage were complicated matters in proper eighteenth-century England. In Charles’s case, affairs of the heart were further complicated by the public character of his work, by his tenuous financial situation, and by a covenant Charles and John Wesley had made not to marry without the other’s approval.
/ The Old Ship
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles’s undying loyalty to the Church of England was one of his theological constants. While his churchmanship was tempered with a dose of Wesleyan pragmatism, allegiance to the established church was for Charles an ideal from which there could be no willful deviation. He came by his staunch churchmanship quite naturally. The two Samuels (father and older brother) both possessed intense loyalty to the Mother Church, and both men were models for Charles in his formative years.
/ Expositor of Scripture
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Charles explained in his laconic preface to the 1762 Short Hymns on Select Passages of Scripture, “God, having graciously laid His hand upon my body, and disabled me for the principal work of the ministry, has thereby given me an unexpected occasion of writing the following hymns.’’ The recurrent illnesses of the last thirty years of his life, along with family obligations (which his brother never knew) turned Charles’s primary attention from pulpit to poems.