bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal growth strategies of larval helminths in their intermediate hosts
Authors: Parker G. A. , Chubb J. C. , Roberts G. N. , Michaud M. , Milinski M. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
We consider optimal growth of larval stages in complex parasite life cycles where there is no constraint because of host immune responses. Our model predicts an individual's asymptotic size in its intermediate host, with and without competition from conspecific larvae. We match observed variations in larval growth patterns in pseudophyllid cestodes with theoretical predictions of our model. If survival of the host is vital for transmission, larvae should reduce asymptotic size as intensity increases, to avoid killing the host. The life history strategy (LHS) model predicts a size reduction &lt;1/intensity, thus increasing the parasite burden on the host. We discuss whether body size of competing parasites is an evolved LHS or simply reflects resource constraints (RC) on growth fixed by the host, leading to a constant total burden with intensity. Growth under competition appears comparable with “the tragedy of the commons”, much analysed in social sciences. Our LHS prediction suggests that evolution generates a solution that seems cooperative but is actually selfish.
Spatial and demographic population genetic structure in Catasetum viridiflavum across a human-disturbed habitat
Authors: Murren C. J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Spatial and temporal genetic structures were examined across sites on islands and mainland (continuous forest) populations of an epiphytic orchid, Catasetum viridiflavum, using 17 polymorphic allozyme loci. I tested whether patches on islands or at mainland sites comprised small local populations or a large population. Low among population differentiation was observed across the landscape suggesting that the species-specific pollinator and tiny wind-dispersed seeds maintain interconnections among distant patches. Temporal genetic structure among stage classes, and among breeding individuals are important components of the maintenance of genetic variation in this orchid. The natural history of this species including small breeding populations, probable high frequency of mating among relatives, and the high rates of seed movement among sites contribute to the high FIS. These data show that physically isolated patches in this epiphytic orchid comprise a single larger genetic population, which is independent of the physical distances among sites. Although quite different in ecological and life history characteristics, the genetic structure of this orchid demonstrates a pattern similar to temperate and tropical trees in fragmented landscapes.
Report on the Tenth International Platelet Genotyping and Serology Workshop on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion
Authors: Panzer S. 
Published: March 2003

Background and ObjectivesThe aims of the 10th International Platelet Serology and Genotyping Workshop were to evaluate the proficiency of platelet immunology determinations.Materials and MethodsThere were 40 participants from 25 countries of four continents. Thirty‐eight institutions reported results for genotyping, and 38 institutions reported their serological results. For genotyping, EDTA‐anticoagulated whole‐blood samples were provided (to allow the inclusion of DNA‐separation methodology in the analysis) as well as separated DNA of a and b alleles for human platelet antigen (HPA)‐1 to ‐6. For serological evaluations, sera contained allo‐ and autoantibodies, and for sensitivity testing a standard freeze‐dried sample of HPA‐5 antibody.ResultsAll participants reported HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐5 genotyping results; HPA‐4 was determined in 29 laboratories and HPA‐6 in 21. Results from 16 laboratories were concordant with the majority vote for all allotypes, eight institutions reported one deviation, five laboratories two, and nine laboratories three or more deviations. Twelve institutions had no deviation from the majority vote for HPA antibodies, nine had one, three had two, and 14 had three or more deviations. Most laboratories reported a reactivity of the standard anti‐HPA‐5b sample with HPA‐5b platelets at a dilution of 1 : 4–1 : 8. Four laboratories detected anti‐Gova in one sample. Seventeen laboratories reported no deviation from the majority vote for pan‐reactive platelet antibodies, 12 had one deviation, two had two, and seven had three or more deviations. In addition, seven participants reported antibodies against glycoprotein IV (GPIV), three against glycoprotein V (GPV) and three against CD109. These results were discussed at a meeting organized jointly with the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) 2000 Congress.ConclusionThe results for pan‐reactive antibodies were heterogeneous with most discrepancies from the majority vote. The provision of sufficient samples for many participants is difficult. Based on the results and discussion it is clear that frequent workshops are needed in the future. Therefore, workshops shall be organized regionally, and each region shall participate with one institution in international workshops. The latter are needed to assure international exchange of experience and quality.
Solvent/detergent treatment does not alter the tolerance or uptake of human normal immunoglobulin for intramuscular injection
Authors: Mould G. P. , Sutton J. A. , Matejtschuk P. , Gascoigne E. W. , Dash C. H. 
Published: March 2003

Background and ObjectivesThe tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a solvent/detergent‐treated intramuscular immunoglobulin were compared with those of the standard product.Materials and MethodsSingle, 750‐mg intramuscular (i.m.) injections were administered to a total of 36 healthy individuals: 23 in a double‐blind trial and 13 in an open trial. Changes in specific serum hepatitis A and hepatitis B antibodies were monitored for a period of up to 3 months postinjection.ResultsNo serious adverse reactions were reported, and the bioavailability of the solvent/detergent‐treated preparation was equivalent to that of the standard i.m. immunoglobulin.ConclusionThere is no evidence that solvent/detergent treatment alters the pharmacokinetics or tolerance of human normal immunoglobulin, but it offers additional assurance against potential virus transmission.
Concentrates containing factor IX could improve haemostasis under conditions of thrombocytopenia: studies in an in vitro model
Authors: Galán A. M. , Reverter J. C. , Pino M. , Viñas M. , Bozzo J. , Hernández M. R. , Aznar‐Salatti J. , Ordinas A. , Escolar G. 
Published: March 2003

Background and Objectives We explored the effect on haemostasis of different factor IX (FIX) concentrates under thrombocytopenic conditions using an in vitro perfusion technique.Materials and Methods A moderate experimental thrombocytopenia (25 000–30 000 platelets/µl) was induced by means of a filtration procedure in blood anticoagulated with low‐molecular‐weight heparin. The effects of three different FIX concentrates – a prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), an intermediate‐purity concentrate (FIX/X), and a high‐purity concentrate (HPFIX) – on platelet deposition and fibrin formation on subendothelium were assessed at two different shear rates (600/second and 1200/second). Activation of the coagulation system was monitored through assessment of prothrombin activation fragment 1 + 2 (F1 + 2).Results Fibrin deposition increased after addition of FIX concentrates, but only showed a significant increase in experiments performed after incubation of PCC at the lower shear rate (600/second) (64·25 ± 9·61% vs. control 31·22 ± 8·02%; P < 0·05). Addition of FIX concentrates caused a small increase in the percentage of platelet deposition and area of those aggregates. These differences reached levels of statistical significance in the presence of FIX/X and HPFIX in experiments performed at a shear rate of 600/second. F1 + 2 baseline values in anticoagulated thrombocytopenic blood were 1·15 ± 0·13 nm and reached levels of 2·49 ± 0·24 and 3·60 ± 0·33 nm at shear rates of 600 and 1200/second, respectively. Increments in F1 + 2 observed after addition of different FIX concentrates always remained in the previous ranges.Conclusions Data from the present study provide experimental support favouring the concept that FIX concentrates containing other activated factors could improve haemostasis under conditions of moderate thrombocytopenia.
Influence of prestorage leucocyte depletion and storage time on rheologic properties of erythrocyte concentrates
Authors: Sollberger T. , Walter R. , Brand B. , Contesse J. , Meredith D. O. , Reinhart W. H. 
Published: March 2003

Background and Objectives Rheological blood properties were studied during storage.Materials and Methods Blood viscosity, erythrocyte morphology and ATP levels were determined in filtered samples (Leukotrap WB filter system) and their unfiltered counterparts during storage with saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAG‐M) for 42 days.Results Prestorage leucocyte depletion decreased blood viscosity at a high shear rate and reduced the degree of anisocytosis of erythrocytes. During storage, erythrocytes underwent a time‐dependent echinocytic shape transformation, which increased the suspension viscosity at high and low shear rates. On day 42, high shear viscosity in filtered units remained lower than in unfiltered counterparts, the mean cellular volume and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were lower and erythrocytic ATP levels were higher.Conclusions Prestorage leucocyte depletion by Leukotrap WB filters improves biophysical properties of erythrocyte concentrates throughout storage, which is, however, outweighed by a time‐dependent echinocytic shape transformation and deterioration of these properties.
Molecular genetic analysis of para‐Bombay phenotypes in Chinese: a novel non‐functional FUT1 allele is identified
Authors: Yip S. P. , Chee K. Y. , Chan P. Y. , Chow E. Y. D. , Wong H. F. 
Published: March 2003

Background and Objectives The para‐Bombay phenotype (also known as H‐deficient secretor) is characterized by a lack of ABH antigens on red cells, but ABH substances are found in saliva. Molecular genetic analysis was performed for five Chinese individuals serologically typed as para‐Bombay.Materials and Methods ABO genotyping and mutational analysis of both FUT1 (or H) and FUT2 (or Se) loci were performed for these individuals using the polymerase chain reaction, single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct DNA sequencing.Results The ABO genotypes of these para‐Bombay individuals correlated with the types of ABH substances found in the saliva. Their FUT1 genotypes were h1h2 (three individuals), h2h2 (one individual) and h2h6 (one individual). Alleles h1 (547–552delAG) and h2 (880–882delTT) were known frameshift mutations, while h6 (522C > A) was a missense mutation (Phe174Leu) not previously reported. These three mutations were rare sequence variations, each with an allele frequency of less than 0·005. Phe174 might be functionally important because this residue is conserved from mouse to human. Their FUT2 genotypes were Se357se357,385 for the h2h6 individual and Se357Se357 for the others. Both FUT2 alleles were known: one functional (Se357) and one weakly functional (se357,385). That they carried at least one copy of a functional FUT2 allele was consistent with their secretor status. As FUT1 and FUT2 are adjacent on 19q13·3, there are three possible haplotypes in these para‐Bombay individuals: h1‐Se357; h2‐Se357; and h6‐se357,385.Conclusions A novel non‐functional FUT1 allele (522C > A, or Phe174Leu) was identified in a para‐Bombay individual and on a se357,385 haplotype background.
Molecular genetic analysis of the Am phenotype of the ABO blood group system
Authors: Asamura H. , Ota M. , Takayanagi K. , Saito S. , Tsukada K. , Fukushima H. 
Published: March 2003

Background and Objectives Many sequences of variants in the ABO blood group system have been analysed, but genetic information is not available on the rare Am phenotype blood group. We isolated the Am phenotype in one family and performed molecular analysis on this allele.Materials and Methods Exons 6 and 7 of the ABO gene were analysed using genomic DNAs from members of one family containing Am phenotype individuals via polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and DNA sequencing.Results In the Am allele, two single base substitutions were detected compared with the A101 allele. Both were C → T mutations at nucleotide positions 467 and 761. PCR–RFLP using the AccI restriction enzyme was performed to detect the Am allele in 214 samples that had already been determined as type A or O by serological tests, but no sample was found to contain an Am allele.Conclusions In this study a new allele with a single‐base substitution at nucleotide position 761 was identified in the Am phenotype. We designated this new allele as A112 (according to the guidelines for human gene nomenclature) and determined that PCR–RFLP analysis using the AccI restriction enzyme will be useful for detecting this allele.
Craniofacial skeletal deviations following in utero exposure to the anticonvulsant phenytoin: monotherapy and polytherapy
Authors: Orup HI , Holmes LB , Keith DA , Coull BA 
Published: March 2003

Structured Abstract
Authors
– Orup Jr HI, Holmes LB, Keith DA, Coull BA.
Objective
– To identify and quantify the craniofacial effects from prenatal exposure to phenytoin monotherapy and polytherapy using cephalometric, hand‐wrist, and panoramic radiographs and to determine if such deviations persist with age.
Design
– Craniofacial structures of 28 anticonvulsant‐exposed individuals were evaluated using 20 landmarks in lateral cephalometric radiographs and 19 landmarks in frontal cephalometric radiographs. Skeletal maturity was assessed using hand‐wrist radiographs. Dental maturity and the presence of dental anomalies were evaluated using panoramic radiographs. Eleven individuals were re‐evaluated 7 years later, on average, to determine the persistence of any measured deviations.
Setting and Sample Population
– Department of Growth and Development, Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Massachusetts General Hospital. Patients were recruited from several sources.
Outcome Measure
– The evaluated dimensions included linear, angular, and proportional measures.
Results
– The most common deviations were decreased height and length of the maxilla, decreased length of the posterior cranial base, length of the mandible, cranial width and level of the cribriform plate, and a decrease in the Wits Appraisal assessment. The deviations were more significant in the polytherapy‐exposed individuals than in the monotherapy‐exposed individuals. These deviations, especially in the maxilla, persisted with age as revealed in a re‐evaluation of 11 individuals.
Conclusion

– The craniofacial skeletal findings among individuals exposed in utero to phenytoin monotherapy or phenytoin polytherapy, when considered in aggregate, suggest a mild pattern of maxillary hypoplasia that becomes more pronounced with age.
A stochastic evaluation of the decision to specialize in orthodontics
Authors: Straja SR , Klatte KJ , Montgomery GL , Tuncay OC 
Published: March 2003

Structured AbstractAuthors – Straja SR, Klatte KJ, Montgomery GL, Tuncay OCObjective – The objective of this paper is to identify under different scenarios, and from a financial point of view, the conditions required to successfully switch from the general dentistry practice to orthodontics.Study Design – A mail survey was used to collect the data from the practicing orthodontists. They estimated the income, at certain points, in the working life of an orthodontist. The general practitioner data were taken from the American Dental Association figures. Subsequently, a stochastic model was constructed.Results and Conclusion – Those who decide to buy an existing practice expect higher profits in the near future, and therefore the required minimum number of remaining years of practice is lower than for those deciding to start a new practice. For both scenarios, the 3‐year residency will delay the profits compared with a 2‐year residency. Thus, an increased number of remaining years of practice is required. There must be more than 10 working years left in the practitioner's life to make the switch profitable.
Blood levels of hormones and metabolites, erythrocytes and leukocytes and respiration and pulse rate of heifers after alpage
Authors: Ruhland By K. , Gränzer W. , Groth† W. , Pirchner F. 
Published: March 2003

IntroductionHigh‐altitude grazing, at or above the timberline in summer months continues to be important in alpine regions of Europe, where about 80% of young stock spend much of the three summer months on these pastures. Apart from direct utilization of these resources and saving of feed in the home farms, alped cattle are said to have greater longevity and better growth, i.e. they display compensatory growth. K& uuml;
nzi et al. (1988), S
uttner (1980) and R
uhland (1983) reported that heifers which spent one or two summers on alpine pastures, have, as cows in intra‐herd comparisons, about one lactation more than homegrown heifers. Compensatory growth after alpage was reported by these authors, by B
ianca (1977), W
eilenmann‐B
ossart (1988) and other authors. The effects of alpine sojourn on physiological and biochemical traits were investigated by B
ianca and E
spinosa (1975), B
ossart et al. (loc. cit.), K
rippl et al. (1961) and S
uttner (1980).This investigation concerns the comparative effects of alpine pasture and farm feeding on subsequent physiological and biochemical traits.
Genetic mapping of the prion protien gene (PRPN) on bovine chromosome 13
Authors: Schläpfer J. , Stahlberger‐Saitbekova N. , Küffer J. , Dolf G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe bovine prion protein gene (PRNP) potentially plays a key role in the development of bovine spongiforme encephalopathy (BSE). In species other than cattle, expression of BSE is clearly dependent on polymorphisms in this gene. PRNP has previously been assigned to the bovine chromosome 13 (BTA13). The present study is an attempt to embed PRNP into a grid of published marker maps. A genetic mapping panel consisting of 266 animals has been genotyped with 19 microsatellites and a polymerase chain reaction‐amplified polymorphism within the PRNP coding region. The linear locus order and the relative distances of these loci are presented. Our linkage map spans 111.6c
m of BTA13. The results suggest PRNP to be located telomeric of the microsatellite BMS1580 and centromeric of BM9248 with a log‐likelihood of 2. Our findings further characterize the vicinity of PRNP on BTA13.
Mate selection strategies to exploit across‐ and within‐breed dominance variation
Authors: Hayes B. J. , Miller S. P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn multi‐breed livestock populations, dominance variance is found both between and within breeds for many economically important traits. Mate selection strategies were developed to exploit both types of dominance variation simultaneously, with the aim of maximizing genetic merit of progeny. The extended super‐breed model, in which breeds are viewed as groups of related and inbred animals within a ‘super‐breed’, was used to predict individual additive and dominance effects for use in mate selection. Performance of mate selection was assessed under a range of relative values of additive and dominance variances for one generation of breeding. Mate selection on total progeny merit, including additive effects, individual dominance effects, and value of heterosis, was the optimal breeding strategy at all values of (co)variance components, with improvements in total progeny performance of up to 12.5 % over truncation selection followed by random mating when dominance variance was large relative to total genetic variance. Improvement in progeny merit from mate selection, relative to truncation selection, followed by random mating or truncation selection, followed by mate allocation, was particularly great (up to 53 %) when there was considerable heterosis. Improvements were small if dominance variance was small relative to total genetic variance, and heterosis was low. If the target population is large, full mate selection on total progeny merit is computationally demanding, and unlikely to be practical. Alternative, less computationally demanding strategies made nearly optimal selection and mating decisions at some parameter estimates. Integrating multi‐breed genetic evaluation, using a superbreed model, with mate selection provides a powerful framework for the design of breeding programmes which exploit available sources of genetic merit.
Determination of the inheritance pattern of hyperthelia in cattle by maximum likelihood analysis 1
Authors: Brka M. , Reinsch N. , Kalm E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA previously published data‐set with observations on supernumerary teats (hyperthelia) in dual‐purpose Simmental was reanalysed by maximum‐likelihood. The data comprised 537 unrelated animals and 614 members of 27 paternal half‐sib families with known phenotype of each sire. The frequency of hyperthelia was 58% in unrelated animals, 51% in families with unaffected sire, and 73% in families with affected sires. Six different cases of single‐gene inheritance were considered. The highest log‐likelihood was obtained for additive inheritance and for a recessive pattern with 100% penetrance for recessive homozygotes and 32% for both other genotypes. Estimates for the gene frequency of the favourable allele were 0.34 and 0.29, respectively. Simple dominance or recessiveness with full or incomplete penetrance could be excluded. The possibility of finding paternal half‐sib families with a heterozygous sire as a resource for a mapping experiment seem to be good in German Simmental.
Application of REML procedure to estimate the genetic parameters of weekly liveweights in one‐to‐one sire and dam pedigree recorded Japanese quail
Authors: Saatci M. , Ap Dewi I. , Aksoy A. R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryResidual maximum likelihood procedure was applied to analyse data from a one‐to‐one pedigreed Japanese quail population, using an animal model to estimate the genetic parameters of weekly liveweights. Records of 1108 animals from 113 sires and 152 dams were analysed. An individual animal model was used. The heritabilities of weights for hatching (HW) with their standard errors (SE), week 1 (W1), week 2 (W2), week 3 (W3), week 4 (W4), week 5 (W5) and week 6 (W6) were 0.51 ± 0.05, 0.32 ± 0.06, 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.21 ± 0.06, 0.20 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.14 ± 0.04, respectively. The strongest genetic correlations were found between W1 and W3 (0.98 ± 0.11). Generally, genetic correlations were higher than the phenotypic correlations. The highest phenotypic correlation (0.85) was between the W4 and W5 weights. Strong genetic correlations among the weekly weights suggest that selection for W5 or W6 weight may be based on weights recorded earlier.
The effect of thermal environment on the digestion of broilers
Authors: Hai L. , Rong D. , Zhang Z.‐Y. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of thermal environment on the digestion of broilers. In both experiments the birds were exposed to three temperatures: 5, 21, and 32° C, and relative humidity was maintained at 60%. In experiment one, the amount of chyme in the whole digestive tract was decreased by the cold environment (5° C, 60% relative humidity) and increased by hot environment (32° C, 60% relative humidity), compared with control environment (20° C, 60% relative humidity). The expelling of digesta from the crop or small intestine was suppressed by high temperature (32° C) (p < 0.01). In experiment two, the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and amylase were affected significantly by different environmental temperatures (p < 0.01). Compared to normal environment, the activities of the three kinds of enzymes in intestinal juice were decreased by the hot environment: trypsin (p < 0.01), chymotrypsin (p < 0.05), and amylase (p < 0.01), respectively. The activities of the three kinds of digestive enzyme were not influenced by the cold environment.