bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of energy intake and dietary protein on nitrogen retention, growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy metabolism of baby pigs
Authors: Campbell R. G. , Dunkin A. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of level of feeding of either a protein-adequate or a protein-deficient diet on nitrogen retention (NR), growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy utilization in pigs growing from 1·8 to 6·5 kg live weight (LW) were investigated in two experiments.2. In Expts 1 and 2 piglets were given a protein-adequate diet at four levels of intake (0·93, 1·44, 1·83 and 2·30 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg LW0·75 per d) and a protein-deficient diet at five levels of intake (1·14, 1·38, 1·68, 1·95 and 2·30 MJ GE/kg LW0·75 per d) respectively.3. For pigs given the protein-adequate diet (Expt 1) NR was linearly (P < 0·001) related to energy intake (EI) and independent of N intake (NI). NR in pigs given the protein-deficient diet (Expt 2) was linearly (P < 0·001) related to NI and independent of EI.4. Average daily LW gain responded linearly to increases in EI in both experiments. However, at equivalent levels of EI pigs given the protein-adequate diet exhibited more rapid and efficient growth than those given the protein-deficient diet. The results also indicated an interaction between the effects of EI and dietary protein content for feed conversion efficiency.5. Body fat at 6·5 kg LW increased in a curvilinear fashion with increasing EI in both experiments. However, over the range of EI tested (from approximately 1·8 to 4·6 times energy for maintenance) body fat increased by 153% in Expt 1 and by only 27% in Expt 2. Pigs given the protein-deficient diet were also markedly fatter than those given the protein-adequate diet. Body protein at 6·5 kg LW decreased (P < 0·01) with increasing EI in Expt 1 but was unaffected by EI in Expt 2.6. As estimated by multiple regression analysis, the values for the efficiency of energy utilization for protein (kp) and fat (kf) deposition were 0·76 and 0·78 respectively in Expt 1 and 0·42 and 0·89 resepctively in Expt 2. The estimates of metabolizable energy required for maintenance were 445 and 532 kJ/kg LW0·75 per d for Expts 1 and 2 respectively.
Trace-nutrient-binding proteins in milk and the growth of bacteria in the gut of infant rabbits
Authors: Cole C. B. , Scott K. J. , Henschel M. J. , Coates M. E. , Ford J. E. , Fuller R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The influence of trace-nutrient-binding proteins on the growth of coliforms, streptococci and lactobacilli in the gastrointestinal tract was examined in neonatal rabbits delivered germ-free and dosed with an artificial flora (ESL), or born conventionally and dosed with ESL or rabbit faeces.2. In the stomach and small intestine of both gnotobiotic and conventional animals the counts of coliforms were usually atypically high and those of streptococci were always low. In the colon the counts of coliforms and streptococci were high. Lactobacilli usually became established in the gut of the gnotobiotic animals but were not found in the conventional rabbits.3. Sterilization (freeze-drying followed by γ-irradiation) of the milk decreased its capacity to bind added iron by 45% and vitamin B12by 30%. When compared with raw milk, feeding of radiation-sterilized milk did not affect the viable count of coliforms and streptococci in the gut of gnotobiotic animals.4. Saturating the nutrient-binding proteins in milk with Fe, folic acid and vitamin B12had no effect on the numbers of coliforms, streptococci and lactobacilli recovered from the intestine.
The influence of protein:energy value of the ration and level of feed intake on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of the growing pig
Authors: Berschauer F. , Close W. H. , Stephens D. B. 
Published: June 2005

1. The nitrogen balances of thirty-six individually-housed, entire male pigs (body-weight range 19–50 kg) were measured over 7 d periods when the animals were kept initially at an environmental temperature of 22° and then at 10° while fed on rations containing 153, 201 and 258 g crude protein (N × 6·25; CP)/kg dry matter (DM). The respective metabolizable energy (ME) contents were 16·29, 16·96 and 17·24 MJ/kgDM. Each ration was given at three levels, 20, 35 and 50 g feed/kg body-weight per d. The animals fed on the 20 and 35 g/kg feeding level were catheterized and blood samples withdrawn on two consecutive days within the N-balance periods for the determination of blood urea (BU) concentration both before and at hourly intervals for 7 h following the morning feed.2. An increase in feed intake resulted in a significant increase in N retention (NR) at each environmental temperature. However, NR as a proportion of N intake was higher the lower the protein content of the ration. With the exception of the animals fed on the low-protein ration, NR at any given feed intake was lower at 10° than at 22° and these differences were reflected in the animal's body-weight gain.3. Values for the fasting N metabolism (Nf), calculated from the relationship between NR and intake of digestible N (IDN), were temperature-dependent. At 22°, a constant Nfvalue of 0·255 g N/kg body-weight0·75per d was found appropriate, while at 10° Nfincreased with increase in protein content of the ration from 0·380 on the low protein ration to 0·533 and 0·753 g N/kg body-weight0·75per d on the medium- and high-protein rations respectively.4. The efficiency of N utilization (kN) reflected the differences in the relationships between NR and IDN. At 22° the relationship was curvilinear so thatkNdecreased with increase in both the level of feed intake and the protein content of the ration. At 10° the relationship was linear, hencekNwas independent of feed intake within rations. However, it decreased from 0·909 to 0·679 as the protein content of the ration was increased.5. The concentration of BU attained a maximal value some 3–5 h after the ingestion of the feed, with the values at 10° being higher than those at 22°. BU increased as the level of protein in the ration increased but decreased with the level of feed intake when dietary protein concentration was held constant. There was a significant correlation between BU andkN, indicating that BU is a useful criterion for assessing the efficiency of N utilization.
A vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of hypertension
Authors: Lindahl Olov , Lindwall Lars , Spångberg Alf , Stenram ÅKe , Öckerman Per Arne 
Published: June 2005

1. Twenty-nine patients who had suffered from essential hypertension for an average of 8 years, all receiving long-term medication for hypertension, were subject to therapy with vegan food for 1 year. In almost all cases medication was withdrawn or drastically reduced. There was a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. A number of reported symptoms disappeared.2. There was a significant improvement in a number of clinical variables as well as a significant change in various biochemical indices such as urea, haptoglobin, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood.3. Subjectively all patients reported improvement.4. Selected patients, with a fear of side-effects of medication, who are interested in alternative health care might replace conventional medication with this dietary regimen.
Major influences on median energy and nutrient intakes among teenagers: a Tasmanian survey
Authors: Woodward David R. 
Published: June 2005

1. This report explores the characteristics that influenced median intakes of energy and ten nutrients in a representative sample of 1055 adolescents (11–16 years) in Tasmania, Australia.2. Among girls, the characteristic with greatest influence on intakes was different for different nutrients. Thus, median intakes of fat, iron, thiamin and niacin-equivalent were lower in heavier, fatter girls. Girls from larger families consumed more riboflavin, while girls with poorly educated mothers consumed less vitamin A. Girls who regularly took vitamin supplements had higher median intakes of (food-derived) calcium.3. Among boys the increase of intakes of energy and nutrients with age overshadowed the influence of other characteristics.4. Among younger boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those with highly educated fathers had lower median intakes of energy and carbohydrate; those who exercised vigorously consumed more fat; those who smoked ‘heavily’ (> 10 cigarettes in the previous week) consumed more thiamin and niacin-equivalent.5. Among older boys the characteristic with greatest influence varied. Those who drank ‘heavily’ (> five glasses in the previous week) had higher intakes of energy and fat. Those from professional–managerial households consumed more thiamin.6. For vitamin C, there was no sex difference in intakes. Social status had the greatest influence, with children from professional–managerial households eating more.7. Food choices underlying these differences in energy and nutrient intakes were explored.
Fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids in non-insulin-dependent diabetics randomized for dietary advice
Authors: Lopez-Espinoza I. , Howard-Williams J. , Mann J. I. , Carter R. D. , Hockaday T. D. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two groups of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), with dietary advice randomized between a low-carbohydrate (LC) diet and a modified-fat (MF) diet, were followed to determine the effect of diet on phospholipid fatty acid composition of platelets and on development of retinopathy in the 7 years following diagnosis. There was a tendency for retinopathy to occur more frequently in those randomiEd to the LC diet. This difference was not statistically significant, and fatty acid composition of platelets did not differ significantly in those with and without retinopathy.2. Linoleic acid values from platelet phospholipid fatty acids were significantly higher in NIDDM on an MF diet compared with an LC diet.3. There was no difference between the two dietary subgroups with respect to platelet arachidonic acid, but this was lower in the whole diabetic population when compared with non-diabetics.4. The arachidonic acid values correlated with neither glycosylated haemoglobin nor mean glycaemia.5. Significant correlation between the fatty acid values for platelets and plasma cholesterol esters was found only for 16:0.
Whole-body calorimetry studies in adult men
Authors: Dallosso Helen M. , James W. P. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. Eight young men of normal weight were maintained for 1 week on a weight-maintenance diet followed by a 1-week period of over-feeding with extra fat designed to increase energy intake by 50%. Two 36 h calorimetry sessions with low and high physical activities were included in each feeding period. Faecal and urine collections permitted checks on energy malabsorption and nitrogen excretion.2. Over-feeding led to increases in body-weight, faecal energy and N excretion and in estimated N retention. Faecal energy outputs on the maintenance and over-feeding diets were 5 and 4.4% of the respective gross energy intakes.3. Energy expenditure on fat over-feeding increased by 5.6% on the low-activity regimen and 6.4% on the high-activity regimen. This amounted, in terms of the extra energy intake, to 9 and 11 % on the inactive and active schedules respectively. The increase affected day- and night-time rates of energy expenditure plus the basal metabolic rate. Individuals with a low percentage body fat showed the greatest response to over-feeding.4. Nutrient-balance studies derived from calorimetry suggested that fat over-feeding led to substantial fat deposition with no evidence of sparing of carbohydrate oxidation. The theoretical cost of depositing dietary fat was exceeded, suggesting that regulatory thermogenic mechanisms may have been stimulated to a small extent.
Whole-body calorimetry studies in adult men
Authors: Dallosso Helen M. , James W. P. T. 
Published: June 2005

1. Studies have claimed that an enhancement of the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) is an important adaptive mechanism to account for energy wastage during over-feeding.2. Eight healthy normal-weight young men were studied during 1 week on a weight-maintenance diet and again during 1 week when they were over-fed by 50% with fat. During each experimental week, the subject occupied a whole-body indirect calorimeter at 26° for two separate periods of 36 h. The periods differed in the amount of exercise they contained. The thermic responses to the identical meals were measured during rest on one occasion and during exercise on a bicycle ergometer on the other.3. On the maintenance diet the absolute TEM (kJ/min) was 1.51 (SD 0.42) at rest and 1.31 (SD 0.75) during exercise (no significant difference). The equivalent values (kJ/min) on the over-feeding diet were 2.2 (SD 0.48) and 1.97 (SD 0.64) (no significant difference).4. The absence of a significant interaction between TEM and exercise was also demonstrated by the fact that the effect of over-feeding on total 24 h energy expenditure was unaffected by the subject's level of physical activity while in the calorimeter.5. In conclusion, the present study has provided no evidence to support the hypothesis that TEM is enhanced during exercise.
The effect of iron supplements on pregnancy in rats given a low-zinc diet
Authors: Fairweather-Talt Susan J. , Payne Viv , Willians Christine M. 
Published: June 2005

1. Female Wistar rats were given an adequate-zinc (60 μg/g) or low-Zn (7 μg/g) diet for a minimum of 2 weeks and then mated. They were then either continued on the same diets (+Zn –Fe or –Zn –Fe) or given similar diets supplemented with four times the normal level of iron (+Zn + Fe or –Zn + Fe). The day before parturition they were killed and the fetuses removed and analysed.2. There were no differences in numbers of fetuses or the number of resorption sites. In the absence of Fe supplementation, the mean fetal wet weight was significantly less (P< 0.05) in the low-Zn group but there was no effect of Zn in the two Fe-supplemented groups. The addition of Fe significantly decreased (P< 0.05) the mean fetal wet weight in the adequate-Zn groups but had no effect in the low-Zn groups. There were no differences in fetal dry weight, fat, protein or DNA content. Both Fe-supplemented groups produced fetuses of higher Fe concentration (P< 0.01), and mothers with higher bone Fe-concentration (P< 0.01) compared with the non-supplemented groups. The low-Zn groups produced fetuses of lower Zn concentration (P< 0,001) than the adequate-Zn groups but there was no effect on maternal bone Zn concentration.3. It was concluded that Fe-supplements did not adversely affect fetal growth from mothers given a low-Zn diet, but the addition of Zn to the unsupplemented diet increased fetal wet weight. These findings were not accompanied by any other differences in fetal composition or dry weight, and do not therefore lend support to the suggestion of an Fe-Zn interaction.
The yield and nutrient content of colostrum and milk of women from giving birth to 1 month post-partum
Authors: Saint L. , Smith Margaret , Hartmann P. E. 
Published: June 2005

1. The intake of mammary secretion from delivery to day 5 post-partum was determined by test-weighing nine infants using an integrating electronic balance. The mean yield of colostrum for the first 24 h after birth was 37.1 (range 7.0–122.5) g and was 408 (range 98.3–775) and 705.4(range 452.5–876)g/24h on days 3 and 5 post-partum respectively.2. The milk yield of mothers on either day 14 or 28 post-partum was determined by test-weighing the mother. The mean milk yield was 1.156 (SD 0.167) kg/24 h.3. A significant correlation (P < 0.001; r 0.85, n 42) was found between milk yield measured by test-weighing the infant and milk yield measured by test-weighing the mother, confirming that it is possible to obtain a similar estimate of milk consumed using either of the two methods of test-weighing4. There was a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) between lactose concentration and milk yield for the first 5 d post-partum (r 0.76, n 22); a significant negative correlation (P < 0.001) between protein concentration and milk yield (r – 0.74, n 22) and no significant correlation between fat concentration and milk yield for the period studied.5. The calculated energy intake of infants during the first 24 h after birth was only 0.12 (range 0.02–0.29) mJ. This increased to 1.44 (range 0.83–2.18) and 2.99 (range 2.49–4.06) mJ/24 h by days 3 and 14–28 post-partum respectively.
Effect of guar gum on body-weight, hunger ratings and metabolism in obese subjects
Authors: Krotkiewski Marcin 
Published: June 2005

1. The effect of a palatable granulated guar-gum preparation (10 g twice daily) was studied in obese subjects. The acute effect of a single dose of guar gum to reduce the peak postprandial whole blood glucose levels (about 10%) was verified. Following long-term treatment, a further reduction was seen in the obese subjects with the highest postprandial glucose levels. Since the postprandial plasma insulin levels were essentially unchanged, this finding suggested an increased responsiveness to insulin. Total serum cholesterol levels were significantly reduced following long-term treatment but serum α-cholesterol levels, representing the high-density-lipoprotein fraction, was unchanged.2. Body-weight was significantly reduced during guar-gum treatment even though the patients were asked to maintain their normal dietary habits. Daily hunger ratings recorded for up to 10 weeks showed that guar gum reduced hunger significantly better than commercially available bran taken in the same way.3. Thus, guar gum seemed to influence carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a beneficial way in obese subjects. The reduction in hunger would offer an additional benefit to these patients.
Vitamin A metabolism in chick liver: some properties of the cytosolic lipid–protein aggregate
Authors: Sklan D. , Halevy Orna 
Published: June 2005

1. Incubation of hepatic microsomes with retinol resulted in formation of retinyl esters and glucuronides. The presence of the cytosolic lipid-protein aggregate (LPA) in the system in addition induced release of holoretinol-binding protein from the microsomes. The extent of these reactions was influenced by the addition of coenzyme A and ATP, or uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid.2. Incubation of hepatic microsomes containing labelled retinyl esters with the LPA resulted in the appearance of the labelled retinyl esters in the LPA.3. Small amounts of retinoic acid were formed on incubation of retinol with microsomes (approximately 1% of added retinol); this was found to be associated with a protein of approximately 14500 molecular weight, and less than 10% was associated with the LPA. This is in contrast to retinol, which was found to be almost completely associated with the LPA.4. The cytosolic LPA was associated both with carotene-cleavage activity and alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) (EC1. 1. 1. 71) activity.5. These findings lend some support to the concept of a specific role for hepatic LPA.
The effect of dietary lysine levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Walton M. J. , Cowey C. B. , Adron J. W. 
Published: June 2005

1. Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri; mean weight 5 g) were given diets containing 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 26 g lysine/kg diet for 12 weeks.2. By analysis of the growth values the dietary requirement of lysine in this experiment was found to be 19 g/kg diet. A similar requirement value was obtained from a dose-response curve of expired14CO2(following an intraperitoneal injection of L-[U-14C]lysine) v. dietary lysine concentration.3. Liver concentrations of total lipid and carnitine and activities of lysine-α-ketoglutarate reductase (saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, lysine-forming),EC1. 5. 1. 8 ) in the liver were not significantly different in fish from the different dietary treatments. Hepatosomatic index, however, was higher in those fish given low levels of dietary lysine.
Hepatic lipogenesis in young rats given proteins of different quality
Authors: Herzberg G. R. , Rogerson Minda 
Published: June 2005

1. The effect of feeding casein, lactalbumin, soya-bean protein, gluten or gelatin on hepatic lipogenesis and the levels of hepatic fatty acid synthetase (FAS), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1. 1. 1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC1. 1. 1.40; ME) ATP-citrate lyase (EC4. 1. 3. 8; CL), acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC6.4.1.2; ACCx) and glucokinase (EC2. 7. 1. 2; GK) was examined in young growing rats.2. The total activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, GK, G6PD, GK, ME and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality.3. The specific activities of ACCx, FAS, CL, G6PD and fatty acid synthesis in vivo were positively correlated with protein quality.4. The specific activities of GK and ME were unrelated to protein quality.5. The results demonstrate a dissociation between ME and hepatic lipogenesis and suggest a role for the NADPH generated by ME which is not related to the needs of fatty acid synthesis.
Effects of cooling in infant rats on growth, maturation, sleep patterns and responses to food deprivation
Authors: Swanson Heidi H. , Bolwerk Eric , Brenner Eli 
Published: June 2005

1. The confounding effects of undernourishment and body cooling, resulting from maternal separation, were investigated by separating food and warmth deprivation. Rat pups aged 3–16 d were deprived of food for alternate 24-h periods by removal from the lactating mother. Some of the pups were placed with a foster mother, who kept them warm, whereas others were put in an empty cage at 22° which resulted in a sharp drop in body temperature.2. Pups which were kept warm showed great fluctuations in weight between periods of starvation and feeding. The cooled pups lost less weight during deprivation but also recovered less on refeeding.3. The resultant growth rate was much lower in non-fostered (i.e. cooled) than in fostered pups.4. Up to the age of 8 d, cooled pups failed to raise their body temperature above that of the surroundings and did not digest the milk in their stomachs. Although, thereafter, they were able to raise their temperature to 26° and to digest stomach contents, the extra energy expended resulted in more severe growth restriction.5. One-third of the pups died at 16 d but the rest were quickly rehabilitated by ad lib. feeding and showed a normal growth rate, although they remained smaller than the controls.6. The development of nipples, hair, eye opening and vaginal opening was related more to chronological age than to weight.7. A side effect of cooling was an almost complete abolition of active (REM) sleep, which is normally very high in infants; a slight rebound increase in active sleep was seen at 21 d. Direct as well as side effects of cooling may thus be responsible for some of the observed consequences of maternal separation.
Some studies on the metabolism and the effects of 99Mo- and 35S-labelled thiomolybdates after intravenous infusion in sheep
Authors: Hynes Miriam , Lamand M. , Montel G. , Mason J. 
Published: June 2005

1. Sheep were infused intravenously with 88Mo- and 35S-labelled tri- and tetrathiomolybdates (1–2 mg Mo).2. Most of the plasma radioactivity was trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble after infusion, but the stability of this fraction was reduced by pre-infusion or subsequent infusion with unlabelled thiomolybdates. Most of the 88Mo and 35S was shown to be associated with albumin.3. It was concluded that compounds bound to albumin were relatively stable, but displaced or unbound thiomolybdates were rapidly hydrolysed to molybdate and sulphate.4. There was no evidence of an irreversible interaction of either 35S or 88Mo with copper in plasma, despite the appearance of a TCA-insoluble Cu fraction. Increased dietary Cu did not increase the retention of 35S in plasma or affect the exchangeability of 35S-labelled thiomolybdates bound to albumin.