bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor levels of serum alanine aminotransferase activity and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen associated with recipient hepatitis C and non‐B, non‐C outcomes
Authors: Mosley J.W. , Huang W. , Stram D.O. , Nowicki M.J. , Hollinger F.B. , Aach R.D. , Stevens C.E. , Barbosa L.H. , Nemo G.J. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Hepatitis virus(es) that are neither hepatitis B (HBV) nor hepatitis C (HCV) (non‐B, non‐C [NBNC]) may be transmitted by transfusion. The present study assessed donor values for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) for their association with HCV and NBNC hepatitis outcomes among allogeneic blood recipients. Study Design and Methods: Data on blood donors and recipients enrolled in the Transfusion‐Transmitted Viruses Study in four United States cities from 1974 through 1980 were supplemented by anti‐HBc testing of donors and anti‐HCV evaluation of recipients. Two statistical approaches estimated the value of these indirect tests in detecting donors associated with HCV seroconversion and NBNC hepatitis in recipients. Results: For HCV cases, donor ALT alone (at ≥ 60 IU/L) had a sensitivity and a specificity of 30 and 96 percent, respectively, and anti‐HBc alone (at ≥ 60% inhibition) had a sensitivity and specificity of 53 and 86 percent, respectively. The two markers combined had a sensitivity and a specificity of 69 and 83 percent. For NBNC hepatitis cases, each measure had low sensitivity (20%) that was not improved by using both (28%) [corrected]. Conclusion: The indirect tests proved to be equal in sensitivity to the first‐generation anti‐HCV tests. The positive predictive power of these indirect tests in the 1980s was sufficient to affect HCV incidence in studies during that period. Improved anti‐HCV assays, however, replaced the need for indirect tests. The sensitivity of indirect tests for NBNC hepatitis contributed little.
Studies on platelets exposed to or stored at temperatures below 20°C or above 24°C
Authors: Holme S. , Sawyer S. , Heaton A. , Sweeney J. D. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Platelet concentrates (PCs) may be subjected to temperatures outside 20 to 22 degrees C during shipping or storage, which may have an adverse effect on platelet quality.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: These studies systematically evaluated the effect of short‐ term exposure (≤ 24 hours) of platelets to temperatures above 22° or below 20° C as part of standard 5‐day PC storage at 22° C, as well as the effect of long‐term storage (5 days) at 24 and 26° C. For the short‐term exposure studies, up to 6 units of Day 1 standard PCs were mixed, split, and returned to the containers. Test units were then stored without agitation in an incubator at a specific temperature (4, 12, 16, or 18° C) for various times up to 24 hours, after which they were stored with agitation at 22° C. One unit acted as control and was stored at 20 to 22° C throughout the 5‐day storage period. Loss of platelet discoid shape was determined photometrically by the extent of shape change assay, by an increase in apparent platelet size by morphologic evaluation, and by swirling.RESULTS: A gradual loss of platelet discoid shape occurred at temperatures below 20° C. For similar periods, a greater difference between test and control PCs was observed in units held at 4° C than in those held at 16° C. The data were fitted to an equation to relate platelet discoid shape (% of control) to exposure temperature and time. Assuming that a 20‐percent decrease or more in the extent of shape change assay represents a significant loss in platelet viability, the equation predicts that such a loss occurs when the platelets are exposed to 16° C for ≥16 hours, to 12° C for ≥10 hours, or to 4°C for ≥6 hours, whereas exposure to 18° C for ≤24 hours has no significant effect. Storage for 5 days at temperatures ≤26° C was not associated with any significant reduction in platelet discoid shape or other measures of platelet quality.CONCLUSION: There was a gradual loss of platelet discoid shape at exposure temperatures < 20°C, which worsened as temperatures decreased and exposure times increased to 24 hours. This relationship can be described in an equation that could be used as a guideline for allowable exposure conditions.
Soluble interleukin 2 receptor and soluble CD8 levels in previously treated human immunodeficiency virus‐negative hemophiliacs multiply transfused with a monoclonal antibody‐purified factor VIII concentrate
Authors: Smid W.M. , Martens A. , van der Meer J. , Hegge‐Paping C.S.M. , Halie M.R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Serum levels of the soluble interleukin 2 receptor (sIL‐2R) and soluble CD8 (sCD8) may be used as markers of T‐cell activation. The course of serum levels of sIL‐2R and sCD8 in hemophiliacs who were treated first with an intermediate‐purity factor VIII concentrate and then with a monoclonal antibody (MoAb)‐purified factor VIII concentrate are reported.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Serum samples taken before the administration of the MoAb‐purified concentrate and after 2 and 5 years of its administration to 20 human immunodeficiency virus‐negative patients with hemophilia A were analyzed. Eighteen healthy age‐matched men were used as controls.RESULTS: The sIL‐2R and sCD8 levels were higher in patients treated with intermediate‐purity concentrates than in controls (p = 0.006 and p = 0.0005, respectively). The sIL‐2R levels showed a decrease after 5 years of treatment with the MoAb‐purified concentrate (p = 0.018 for the difference between 2 and 5 years), to levels that were not significantly different from those in controls. Although sCD8 levels tended to decrease at 5 years (p = 0.09, for the difference between 2 and 5 years), they remained higher than those in controls (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0016 at 2 and 5 years, respectively). The ratio of sCD8 and sIL‐2R tended to increase between 2 and 5 years (p = 0.07). The sIL‐2R and sCD8 levels were not related to the numbers of T‐lymphocytes and HLA‐DR‐positive T‐lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Nor was a relation demonstrated between sIL‐2R levels and CD4‐positive cell numbers or between sCD8 levels and CD8‐positive cell numbers. Although a relation with chronic hepatitis C cannot be excluded, it seems more likely that changes in sIL‐2R levels are due to the use of the MoAb‐purified concentrate.CONCLUSION: Elevated levels of sIL‐2R and sCD8 were found in multiply transfused human immunodeficiency virus‐ negative hemophiliacs. After treatment was changed to the use of a MoAb‐ purified concentrate. sIL‐2R levels decreased. These findings suggest a change in immune stimulation that is remarkable, because signs of activation in the effector phase seem to have continued despite normalization in the proliferative phase.
Polymorphism of the h allele and the population frequency of sporadic nonfunctional alleles
Authors: Wagner F.F. , Flegel W.A. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Current polymerase chain reaction‐based strategies for phenotype prediction often fail when sporadic nonfunctional alleles are encountered. The population frequency of such mutations was not known for any gene under low selection pressure and may be best examined in blood group systems lacking prevalent nonfunctional alleles. The frequency of the very rare Bombay blood group (Oh, genotype hh sese) was recently determined in a systematic survey of more than 600,000 white individuals.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With this survey used in conjunction with additional blood samples, the population frequency of nonfunctional alleles of the gene encoding the α(1,2)fucosyltransferase (H or FUT1) was determined.RESULTS: Seven different h alleles were found in five unrelated individuals, three of whom were homozygous for unique alleles. There was no prevalent h allele. Five missense and one frameshift mutations were observed, that were the presumptive causes of the null phenotype; the coding sequence of one h allele was identical to the H sequence. The average inbreeding factor α was 0.00116. The frequency of nonfunctional alleles at the H gene locus was calculated as 1 in 347 in a large white population (95% Cl: 1:185–1:824).CONCLUSION: The Bombay blood group phenotype in white is due to diverse, sporadic, nonfunctional alleles without any prevalent allele. Assuming similar rates of nonfunctional alleles in glycosyltransferase genes like ABO, current genotyping strategies may fail as often as once in about 300 individuals of blood group O. Sporadic neutral alleles may also pose a serious obstacle for population‐wide screening of many disease‐associated genes.
Blood counts in healthy donors 1 year after the collection of granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor‐mobilized progenitor cells and the results of a second mobilization and collection
Authors: Stroncek D.F. , Clay M.E. , Herr G. , Smith J. , Ilstrup S. , McCullough J. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G–CSF)‐mobilized blood cells are being used for allogeneic transplants, but the long‐term effects of G–CSF on healthy individuals are not known. Furthermore, it is not certain how many CD34+ cells can be collected in a second mobilization and collection procedure.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Nineteen people were given 2, 5, 7.5, or 10 μg of G–CSF per kg per day for 5 days, and blood progenitor cells were collected by apheresis on the sixth day; this was done on two occasions separated by at least 12 months. Blood counts obtained before and after each course of G–CSF and the quantity of cells collected were compared.RESULTS: There were no differences in white cell (WBC), platelet, red cell, and WBC differential counts measured before each course of G–CSF, and all the values were in the normal range. In a subset of 12 people who received 7.5 or 10 μg of G–CSF per kg per day for both courses, the numbers of neutrophils, mononuclear cells, and CD34+ cells in the blood after each course were similar (34.1 ± 7.31 × 109/L vs. 36.4 ± 12.3 × 109/L, p = 0.24; 6.59 ± 2.28 × 109/L vs. 5.63 ± 2.11 × 109/L, p = 0.24; and 92.0 ± 55.6 × 106/L vs. 119.2 ± 104.6 × 108/L; p = 0.48, respectively), as were the quantities of mononuclear cells (31.0 ± 8.4 × 109 vs. 31.0 ± 6.1 × 109; p = 0.64) and CD34+ cells (417 ± 353 × 106 vs. 449 ± 286 × 106; p = 0.53) collected in the two apheresis procedures. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the quantity of CD34+ cells collected from each of the 12 people per liter of whole blood processed in the two procedures (r2 = 0.86, p<0.001).CONCLUSION: One year after the administration of G–CSF to healthy people, their blood counts were normal and unchanged from pretreatment counts. If healthy people donate blood progenitor cells after a second G–CSF course, the quantity of CD34+ cells collected will be similar to that obtained in the first collection.
Evaluation of a new automated instrument for pretransfusion testing
Authors: Morelati F. , Revelli N. , Maffei L. M. , Poretti M. , Santoro C. , Parravicini A. , Rebulla P. , Cole R. , Sirchia G. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: A number of automated devices for pretransfusion testing have recently become available. This study evaluated a fully automated device based on column agglutination technology (AutoVue System, Ortho, Raritan, NJ).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Some 6747 tests including forward and reverse ABO group, Rh type and phenotype, antibody screen, autocontrol, and crossmatch were performed on random samples from 1069 blood donors, 2063 patients, and 98 newborns and cord blood. Also tested were samples from 168 immunized patients and 53 donors expressing weak or variant A and D antigens. Test results and technician times required for their performance were compared with those obtained by standard methods (manual column agglutination technology, slide, semiautomatic handler).RESULTS: No erroneous conclusions were found in regard to the 5028 ABO group and Rh type or phenotype determinations carried out with the device. The device rejected 1.53 percent of tests for sample inadequacy. Of the remaining 18 tests with discrepant results found with the device and not confirmed with the standard methods, 6 gave such results because of mixed‐field reactions, 10 gave negative results with A2 RBCs in reverse ABO grouping, and 2 gave very weak positive reactions in antibody screening and crossmatching. In the samples from immunized patients, the device missed one weak anti‐K, whereas standard methods missed five weak antibodies. In addition, 48, 34, and 31 of the 53 weak or variant antigens were detected by the device, the slide method, and the semiautomated handler, respectively. Technician time with the standard methods was 1.6 to 7 times higher than that with the device.CONCLUSION: The technical performance of the device compared favorably with that of standard methods, with a number of advantages, including in particular the saving of technician time. Sample inadequacy was the most common cause of discrepancy, which suggests that standardization of sample collection can further improve the performance of the device.
Minimal number of circulating CD34+ cells to ensure successful leukapheresis and engraftment in autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Pérez‐Simón J. A. , Caballero M. D. , Corral M. , Nieto M. J. , Orfao A. , Vazquez L. , Amigo M. L. , Berges C. , González M. , Del Cañizo C. , Miguel J. F. San 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The number of peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells has been widely used to monitor the timing of leukapheresis for autologous transplantation. However, no cutoff value for CD34+ cells in PB has been defined as a guideline for the identification of patients in whom the harvest would be effective and those in whom there was a high probability of failure.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The present study investigated the best threshold of CD34+ cells in PB for successful harvesting and engraftment, using 263 PB samples with their corresponding leukapheresis components. In addition, that measure has been compared to other commonly used criteria such as the white cell count, the number of mononuclear cells, and the number of colony‐ forming units‐granulocyte macrophage in PB.RESULTS: Time to engraftment of both granulocytes and platelets was significantly influenced by the number of CD34+ cells transfused, but all patients receiving > or = 0.75 × 10(6) CD34+ cells per kg achieved engraftment within a reasonable number of days (> 0.5 × 10(9)/L granulocytes by Day 11 and > 20 × 10(9)/L platelets by Day 13). A clear correlation between the number of CD34+ cells per microL in PB and of CD34+ cells per kg collected was found at each apheresis (r = 0.9, p < 0.0001). Moreover, the number of CD34+ cells per microL measured in PB the day the first leukapheresis was initiated displayed an excellent correlation with the total amount of CD34+ cells per kg finally collected (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). On the basis of the regression curve obtained and the clinical engraftment results, it was found that the presence of > 5 CD34+ cells per microL in PB ensured a good yield from the harvest in 95 percent of patients and would avoid an unsuccessful harvest in 81 percent of cases.CONCLUSION: A dose of only 0.75 × 10(6) CD34+ cells per kg guarantees hematopoietic recovery within a reasonable number of days. To initiate a leukapheresis from which enough progenitor cells may confidently be obtained, a minimum of 5 CD34+ cells per microL in PB is required.
Measurement of the levels of reticulated platelets after plateletpheresis to monitor activity of thrombopoiesis
Authors: Stohlawetz P. , Stiegler G. , Jilma B. , Dettke M. , Hocker P. , Panzer S. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the effects of long‐term plateletpheresis on the donors' health. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of plateletpheresis on the time course of reticulated platelet counts as an estimate for thrombopoiesis.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of moderate platelet depletion on the thrombopoietic capacity was evaluated prospectively by the measurement of reticulated platelets before and after plateletpheresis and on the following 4 days. Donors undergoing plateletpheresis for the first time were compared to those donating platelets every other week for more than 18 months.RESULTS: The median levels of reticulated platelets were significantly lower in frequent donors than in new donors. In new donors, there was a transient increase in the median levels of reticulated platelets on Day 3 after apheresis, and baseline values were reached again on Day 4. On the contrary, in repeat donors, there was a sustained rise in the percentage of reticulated platelets from Days 1 through 4. However, this increase in reticulated platelet counts was still less than that seen in new donors. There was no difference in the peripheral blood platelet counts in the two groups at any time point.CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that repeat platelet donation might lead to a relative exhaustion of thrombopoiesis, as evidenced by the low levels of reticulated platelets exhibited by repeat donors. The reticulated platelet count can be used to monitor the thrombopoietic capacity of long‐term platelet donors.
A feasibility evaluation of an automated bloodcomponent collection system platelets and red cells
Authors: Rugg N. , Pitman C. , Menitove J.E. , Greenwalt T.J. , McAteer M.J. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the functional properties of blood components collected with an automated collection system.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Single‐donor platelets (n = 44) and packed red cell (RBC) units (n = 10) were collected. In vitro and in vivo assays were used to assess the function of single‐donor platelet components stored for 5 days and of packed RBC units after storage for 42 days at 4°C.RESULTS: Adverse events observed in the 44 study subjects were minor. The mean 24‐hour recovery value for the packed RBC units stored for 42 days was 83.6 ± 5.4 percent, with a mean percentage of hemolysis on Day 42 at 0.46 ± 0.19 percent. The 25 patients receiving platelet components achieved a mean corrected count increment of 15.1 ± 10.4 × 103. All platelet concentrates had less than 1 × 106 total white cells.CONCLUSION: Both in vitro and in vivo testing for the packed RBCs collected and stored for 42 days met the standards for both hemolysis and percentage of 51Cr 24‐hour RBC recovery. The in vitro results and transfusion data on white cell‐reduced platelet components transfused to thrombocytopenic patients were comparable to those on available platelet components.
A new apheresis procedure for the preparation of high‐quality red cells and plasma
Authors: Knutson F. , Rider J. , Franck V. , Joie M. , Högman C.F. , Pamphilon D. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Multicomponent apheresis is an alternative way of preparing blood components that avoids the delay between collection and separation seen with standard whole‐blood techniques.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An apheresis device has been modified to facilitate the combined collection of a unit (250 mL) of red cells (RBCs) and a high‐volume unit (475 mL) of plasma. The procedure, using 8‐percent ACD‐A, has been tested in two European blood centers. Each center performed 20 procedures for in vitro evaluation of collected RBCs and plasma and 10 procedures for evaluation of in vivo RBC recovery. All RBCs were white cell reduced by filtration. One‐half of the RBC units were stored in the additive solution Adsol and one‐half in another such solution (Erythro‐Sol).RESULTS: The target volumes of RBCs and plasma were obtained in 27 minutes (range, 20‐44 min) by using three to six cycles in a single‐needle procedure. Saline (275 mL) was used to replace fluid volume withdrawn in excess of standard whole‐blood donation. No side effects occurred, with the exception of minor signs of hypocalcemia. RBC ATP was well maintained (>65% at Day 42) during storage; 2,3‐DPG was less well maintained, with virtually none remaining at Day 21 in either Adsol or Erythro‐Sol. The RBC in vivo recoveries, after 42 days of storage at 4 ± 2°C determined by the single‐label method, were 86.7 ± 7.2 percent (Erythro‐Sol) and 84.4 ± 8.1 percent (Adsol). Mean plasma factor VIII levels were >100 percent in all test groups.CONCLUSION: A novel automated technique for the simultaneous collection and preparation of RBCs and plasma has been evaluated. The apheresis procedure was acceptable and well tolerated by donors, and it resulted in high‐quality blood components. Further optimization of the system should yield a practicable component suitable for routine use in blood banks.
Evaluation of RNA and E2 antibodies in prospectively followed recipients of hepatitis G virus‐infected blood
Authors: Sauleda S. , Esteban J.I. , Hernandez J.M. , Reesink H. , Castella D. , Quer J. , Hess G. , Esteban R. , Guardia J. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis G virus (HGV) has recently been cloned and tests for HGV RNA and envelope antibodies (anti‐E2) have been developed. HGV infection is widespread among blood donors worldwide, but the clinical and serologic outcome of transfusion‐associated HGV infection has not been fully characterized.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Consecutive blood donors (n = 2210) were investigated for HGV markers (RNA and anti‐E2). The recipients of HGV RNA‐positive blood were followed for 1 year after transfusion.RESULTS: Forty‐two blood donors (1.9%) were positive for HGV RNA. Eight recipients of HGV RNA‐positive blood were retrospectively identified within 2 weeks of transfusion and prospectively followed. In four patients, the presence of anti‐E2 before transfusion or an early antibody response protected them from reinfection or prevented HGV persistence, while, in the remaining four patients, transient or persistent viremia was detected shortly after exposure. None of the infected recipients had any evidence of liver disease.CONCLUSION: These results do not support the screening of donors to prevent transfusion‐associated HGV infection.
Alloimmunization after blood transfusion in patients with hematologic and oncologic diseases
Authors: Schonewille H. , Haak H.L. , Van Zijl A.M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Because of intensive marrow depression and improved survival, patients with hematologic and oncologic malignancies are dependent on transfusion for a longer period. It has been advocated that these patients should receive blood that is matched for blood group antigens other than ABO and D. A retrospective study was performed on the rate of alloimmunization against red cell antigens in 564 patients with malignant hematologic diseases over a period of 10 years.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Records of transfusion and immunohematologic studies of all patients (n = 1066) with malignant myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative diseases diagnosed between 1987 and 1996 at one hospital were collected from the hospital computer blood bank files. Transfusions were correlated with antibody formation. Factors affecting this correlation were analyzed.RESULTS: Seventy‐one antibodies were found in 51 patients. The overall immunization rate was 9.0 percent. Fifty percent of antibodies were formed after 13 units had been transfused. Once a patient had formed an antibody, the probability of additional antibodies increased 3.3‐fold. Anti‐c, anti‐E, and anti‐K composed the majority of antibodies found. Four patients formed Rh system antibodies after incompatible platelet transfusions. Patients who underwent intensive chemotherapy formed antibodies at a much lower rate than other patients. More than 40 percent of antibodies became undetectable after the first detection. No difficulty was encountered in finding compatible blood for these patients.CONCLUSIONS: Antibody formation in hematologic malignancies is comparable to that in other diseases requiring multiple blood transfusions. Extensive antigen matching before transfusion of patients with hematologic and oncologic malignancies is not necessary and leads to increased costs.