bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Establishment of Carolean Drama 1660-1669
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The object of this chapter, and of the remainder of this book, is to investigate closely and chronologically the directions taken by English playwrights. My concern is basically with the kinds of new plays written at each stage in the half-century under consideration. Even a somewhat selective consideration involves about five hundred plays: necessarily then, theatre history and the productions of earlier English drama can receive only peripheral attention. For theatre history, one must turn to The London Stage; for an account of the fortunes of Renaissance drama in this period we have Sorelius’s excellent study. My focus will be on the way generic types appear, change, and interact—that is, on fad and fashion in the new plays. Where possible, the springs and motives of change will be sought, though we may have far greater confidence in the possibility of determining what happened than why it did so.
The Political Eighties
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighties are a watershed. The Exclusion Crisis, the death of Charles, and the ousting of James contribute to drastic changes in theatrical conditions. The drama was changing its character anyway: signs of the disintegration of the Carolean synthesis in heroic drama and social sex comedy are plain by the later seventies. But extrinsic factors, especially the end of playhouse competition, help cause rapid shifts in play fashions, followed by stagnation. A flood of political drama (1680-2) is succeeded by the virtual cessation of playwriting. Even with the King’s Company very shaky, the first three years of the decade average twelve new plays a year; the next six produce only four per annum—almost all of them from established authors, or actors. Play types change quickly at the beginning of the decade: tragedy, so dominant initially, soon almost disappears. Apart from the end of competition, there is never any sharp discontinuity: Court interest continues even after Charles’s death—James and Mary were both play-goers. But the Court focus of the theatre world is waning, and, to an increasingly obvious extent, new pressures of audience taste are being felt. ‘The Ladies’ turn up more and more often in prologues and epilogues. Theatre audiences change constantly of course; by the later eighties a full generation has passed since the reopening of the theatres; and after a decade of upheaval, distraction, and stasis, new directions had to be sought. There is a false dawn of sorts in the spring of 1688, culminating in The Squire of Alsatia, a play remarkably prophetic of the new wave. And when the theatre revives a year later, following the Revolution, the play types—considered against those of the mid-seventies—turn out to have altered to a surprising degree.
The Double Tradition of the Nineties
Authors: Hume Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerging from virtual paralysis in the later 1680s, the theatre strikes out vigorously in contradictory directions during the busy and increasingly stormy nineties. In play types two trends are obvious: (1) initially the comedy splits sharply between the hard and humane schools; (2) simultaneously, serious drama enjoys a considerable resurgence—in quantity if not in quality. After 1688 the United Company doubles, trebles, and once nearly quadruples its annual quota of new plays, which had been averaging only about three per year. Following the Lincoln’s Inn Fields breakaway in 1695 the total soars. In 1695 (a partial year, owing to Queen Mary’s death) there are 15 new plays; in 1696 and 1697 we will find 21 each year. Despite this tremendous activity the theatre is far from healthy. Management problems and internal dissension are part of the trouble. Alexander Davenant (a crook) partially supplanted the stable, competent, and successful Betterton—Smith management in 1687, ran himself and the company into financial trouble, and fled the country in 1693, leaving the actors to the tender mercies of his money-lender, Christopher Rich. Rich’s attempt to squeeze out expensive star actors and replace them with inexpensive beginners was one of the major causes of the Lincoln’s Inn Fields secession. The competition which followed was bitter and cut-throat in a fashion never before experienced in this period. There was genuine ill will between the two houses, and neither was ever secure and profitable.
Burke ‘s Dunciad: The Letters on a Regicide Peace and Scriblerian Satire
Authors: Bruyn Frans De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This morning [was] publish ‘d Burke ‘s primitive Thoughts On a Regicide Peace, and its palpable faults; These Thoughts to be sure are grown musty and stale, And may justly be clas ‘d with a Gulliver ‘s tale; With a Tale of a Tub, with a Fable of Greece, But yet I will give you, the Regicide Peace. The rage of Juvenil, and the playful levity of Horace, are not sufficient; and Billingsgate and the shambles are forced into alliance with the muses, the classics, and the sciences, to supply him with terms and metaphors sufficiently forcible to express the mighty hatred with which he labours.
Constructing a National Cinema in Britain: Some Conclusions
Authors: Higson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My starting-point in this book was the dominant presence of Hollywood in British cinema since at least the First World War. The construction of a national cinema in Britain inevitably involves coming to terms with this presence. British cinema has done that in various ways: by competing with Hollywood on its own terms and in its own markets; by colluding with Hollywood in the distribution and exhibition of American films in the British market; by trying to protect British producers from the immense power and penetration of the American film industry; and by various forms of product differentiation. It is this question of product differentiation which is of most interest in the end and which has been my central concern in the preceding chapters. Even so, the case-study method has enabled me to capture something of the cultural and economic diversity of British cinema across several decades. Thus, although I have had much to say about the formation of intellectual film culture in Britain and its role in promoting particular types of cinema, there has also been the space to explore some aspects of popular cinema. In other words, I have tried to show how both the critically valued and the critically despised—as well as the critics themselves—have played their part in constructing a national cinema in Britain.
I Henry IV
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
4294 Ames, J. Carlowilz. | — |.MS [1914 whereabouts unknown ]. Incidental music. First performed His Majesty’s Theatre, London, I.J. November 1914 (Basil Gill, Henry IV; Owen Nares, Prince Henry; Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Falstaff; Dilys Jones, Lady Mortimer; Adolf Schmid, music director; Beerbohm Tree, director). According to the programme, music by Raymond R6ze was also employed [i.e., music which Roze composed for Beerbohm Tree’s 1 89b production (see 44141? |
2 Henry IV
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
452l Abady, H. Temple. | — | MS [circa 1926, whereabouts unknown]. Incidental music. First performed New Theatre, Oxford, y February I y26 (Oxford University Dramatic Society: Harman Crisewood, l lenry IV; Leslie A. ;Nye, Prince Henry; Robert W. Speaight, Falstaff; composer, music director; William Bridges-Adams, director). Comments on Abady’s music are included in ,MT (March 1926), p. 262. This music was also used for Bridges-Adams’ production of 2 Henry I\’ which opened at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avion, 12 April I y26.
Love’s Labour’s Lost
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
6191 Adams, James Alan. [—]. MS [circa 1982]. Incidental music (pre-recorded): [a rec, t rec, t cornemuse, 2 hn, hpchd, vln, vcl]. First performed B. Iden Payne Theatre, University of Texas at Austin, 15 February 1980 (Michael Crisp, Ferdinand; Carol Keis, Princess of France; Rick Peeples, Berowne; Lawrence Mota!, Boyet; Stacy Smith, Rosaline; Steve Thomas, Moth; Dell Hollingsworth, a rec; composer, t rec; Jack Blanton, t cornemuse; Bruce Kyle and Curt Davis, hns; Bonnie Harris, hpchd; Michael Wheeler, vln; Lawrence Bramlette, vcl; Michael Finlayson, director).
Titus Andronicus
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
16389 Amram, David. [—]. MS [1956 (composer)]. Incidental music: [ch orch]. First performed New York Shakespeare Festival, Emmanuel Presbyterian Church, 27 November 1956 (Leonard Stone, Titus; Roscoe Lee Browne, Aaron; Peggy Bennion, Lavinia; Colleen Dewhurst, Tamara; Frederick Rolf, director). 16390 Barton, Todd. —. MS 1986 (composer). Incidental music: syn. First performed Oregon Shakespearean Festival, Elizabethan Stage, Ashland, rr June 1986 (Henry Woronicz, Titus; Peter Temple, Aaron; Nancy Carlin, Lavinia; Joan Stuart-Morris, Tamora; Pat Patton, director).
The Winter’s Tale
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
18667 Adam, Fritz. [Das Winterm ä rchen]. MS [1943]. Incidental music. First performed Theater der Stadt StraBburg, January 1944 (Gerhard Just, Leontes; Else Knott, Hermione; Richard Weichart, director). 18668 Adamic, Bojan. [Zimska pravljica = The Winter’s Tale]. MS [1946]. Incidental music. First performed Slovensko narodno gledalisce, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, 8 March 1946 (Ivan Levar, Leontes; Bojan Stupica, Autolycus; Mira Danilova, Hermione; Alenka Svetelova, Perdita; Mila Kaciceva, Mopsa; Tina Leonova, Dorcas; Slavko Jan, director), in Oton Zupancic’s translation. [Musically unrelated to the following work?]
‘The Hero’: Auden and Flaubert
Authors: Fuller John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auden’s earliest references to Flaubert occur in two letters to his brother, John Auden, written probably in 1927. They both make very much the same point (and quote the identical dictum from Flaubert) about the artist’s withdrawal from participation in the life that he must none the less write about. Auden’s context is the trouble that marriage would entail in terms of financial and sexual compromise. The answer, he believes, is celibacy. A passage from one of the letters runs: As to sex I am becoming convinced that for myself, asceticism is the only thing … qua writer, I think celibacy’s indicated. Flaubert wrote ‘You shall paint wine, women and glory, on condition my good man that you are neither husband nor lover, drunkard nor cuckold.’ This of course does not I expect apply to the heterosexual, yet personally if I discover a heterosexual trait in myself, I shall not marry, as it makes the demand for money so imperative, that one will write anything to get it. As you may imagine, I shall not enjoy asceticism, even if I achieve it. I have anyway for the last year.
Marginalia Obsceniora Some Problems in Aristophanes’ Wasps
Authors: Bowie Ewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wasps is a middle-brow play: so says a slave in its prologos(65-6). The claim may be as delusory as those he has just made, that Cleon and Euripides will not be satirized, or as the disclaimers of the revised Nub. 534ff. Certainly sexuality and obscenity appear in a number of contexts throughout the play, so that when the last scenes reveal Philocleon to be just as vehement in his pursuit of sexual gratification (1341-87) as he was in his eros for jury-service, we do not feel that this jars with Philocleon’s character or with the play as a whole. In this essay I wish to examine some passages where phallic imagery or sexual excitement may have escaped scholars‘ attention. If my suggestions are accepted, then Aristophanes‘ characters in Wasps repeatedly confront the audience with images of sexuality: one could not say that these images form a pattern, but they prepare the ground for that last scene.
Epops in the Erchian Sacred Calendar and the Aetia of Callimachus
Authors: Hollis Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who was Epops, and why did the inhabitants of the Attic deme Erebia sacrifice two pigs to him? David Whitehead despairs of an answer; earlier G. Daux had been equally mystified. This is the kind of topic on which the poet Callimachus might have sought enlightenment from the Muses, and I think it conceivable that a badly damaged papyrus from Aetia bk. I or 2 (Supplementum Hellenisticum 238=P.Ant. II3, fr. I (a) ‘recto‘) may contain something which is relevant at least in part:
Thucydides I. 23. 6 and the Debate about the Peloponnesian War
Authors: Richardson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the sentences in Greek literature, Thucydides‘ famous statement about the π ρ ó ϕ αcic and the αiτ αi for the breaking of the Thirty-year Peace must be among the most discussed by modern scholars. My excuse for adding to an already formidable tally is twofold: first, it seems appropriate to offer this new attempt at exposition to one of the foremost expositors of Thucydides, and moreover one who has given perhaps the clearest account of this particular passage currently available; and second, some of the ideas which originally led to this attempt were first formulated some sixteen years ago for a lecture given jointly by Kenneth Dover and myself. OF all the sentences in Greek literature, Thucydides‘ famous statement about the π ρ ó ϕ αcic and the αiτ αi for the breaking of the Thirty-year Peace must be among the most discussed by modern scholars. My excuse for adding to an already formidable tally is twofold: first, it seems appropriate to offer this new attempt at exposition to one of the foremost expositors of Thucydides, and moreover one who has given perhaps the clearest account of this particular passage currently available; and second, some of the ideas which originally led to this attempt were first formulated some sixteen years ago for a lecture given jointly by Kenneth Dover and myself.
Bithys Son of Kleon ofLysimacheia Formal Dating Criteria and IG ii.808
Authors: Henry Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long ago (IG ii. 320) Koehler argued that the Bithys son of Kleon of Lysimacheia honoured in the citizenship decree ii. 808 should be identified with the courtier of Lysimachos who appears twice-albeit without patronymic or ethnic-in Athenaeus (6, 246E; 14, 6I4F), and hence urged a date in the 280s, or even earlier, when Athens and Lysimachos were on good terms. In 1903, however, Wilhelm‘ advocated a date some fifty years later, in the 230s, identifying Bithys with the Macedonian general who, as we know from Plutarch (Aratus 34), was active around Athens between 239 and 235. Until very recently this latter view has tended to prevail, and was strongly championed by Michael Osborne in his comprehensive study of Athenian citizenship decrees.
The Case of Homicide in Plato’s Euthyphro
Authors: Kidd Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato’s Euthyphro begins with Euthyphro and Socrates comparing notes on the coming trials in which they are to play major roles, Euthyphro as prosecutor, Socrates as defendant. Socrates‘ trial has luxuriated with attention. Euthyphro‘s case against his father for homicide (4B 4-E 8) presents a legal puzzle which was for long ignored by both Platonic scholars and legal experts. However, in 1963 Douglas MacDowell confronted the problem in a new way which has provoked much discussion. Nevertheless, the problem, to my mind, has remained unsolved, although it is of some importance both for Athenian homicide law and for Platonic dialogue form.
The Practice of Purism
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want now to turn to some practical effects of the atticizing movement and to explore how key individuals reacted to it or promoted it. I have already noted that atticism looked to a mythically pure standard. There was an inherent instability because exact reproduction of classical Attic was an unattainable ideal. Just as no one could ever agree as to what precisely constituted katharevousa or demotic in modern times, so in the second sophistic the rhetorical-grammatical academy could never establish exactly how or how far the style of Xenophon or the vocabulary of the orators might and should be isolated and made one’s own. The result was an ever-increasing amount of advice and competition between the experts as to who prescribed and who followed the rules best, a contentiousness brilliantly captured by Philostratus in his Lives of the Sophists. Philostratus’ association of prestige in atticizing culture and high political and civic status, often involving contacts with the Roman elite, is easily confirmed.
Arrian and Appian
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A complete contrast with Dio of Prusa is offered by his much younger contemporary Flavius Arrian of Nicomedia, who successfully combined Greek politics and literature with the exercise of Roman power. Arrian will not be discussed in detail here because in the main his several literary works do not touch on Greek perceptions of Rome. However, there are a number of key passages which are relevant to this subject and which may be examined to determine Arrian’s self-perception between Greek culture and the Roman Empire. For Arrian, the first Greek senator we know of from Bithynia, seems to be as perfect an example as we could want of the integration of the Greek elite into the highest levels of Roman government.
Cassius Dio
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want finally to amplify some of the attitudes of the Greek intellectuals I have been considering by turning very briefly to the historian Cassius Dio and his view of the place of Greek culture in the Roman Empire. Coming from Nicaea in Bithynia Cassius Dio was a slightly older contemporary of Philostratus and lived from around 163/4 to after 229. Politically he was fully committed to the Roman empire and enjoyed a distinguished senatorial career, being consul II ordinarius with the emperor Severus Alexander in 229. His first consulship was certainly under Septimius Severus. Dio’s relations with Severus show tensions similar to those felt by Galen. He had brought himself to the attention of the emperor by publishing and presenting to him a short work on ‘the dreams and portents which gave Severus hopes of the imperial power’. Severus acknowledged this in complimentary terms (Roman History lxxii. 23. 1–2).
Symbiosis of Male and Female Ascetics and the Demise of the Homoiousian Model
Authors: Elm Susanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the central questions driving much of the preceding dis cussion is encapsulated in two words: orthodox and heretical; that is, norm and deviation as defined by the party which ultimately succeeded. What constitutes the norm, on what grounds are certain issues seen as heretical, how are heresies constructed both at the time of struggle and ex post facto, and how does this process affect the development of institutions? Are institutions used to exclude deviations? How do they, by definition designed for continuity, react and adapt themselves to the fluid, rapidly and constantly changing notions of ‘heresy’? Or, to rephrase the question, given a set number of existing organizational models, what types of models last and which ones are superseded, and how and on what grounds is the notion of orthodox and heterodox utilized to justify this process of selection? One model which exemplifies the reconstruction of processes obscured after the fact by a skilful construction and arrangement of events employing notions of orthodox and heretical, is the communal ascetic life led by men and women in all its recognizable forms.
The Arabic Vowels
Authors: Mitchell T F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concern in this chapter will be with the three positive vowel-units or h@r@kaát. Though the vocalic qualities associated with them greatly exceed three, in response mainly to consonantal context, nevertheless systematic differentiation is never more than threefold. This regular distinction of three vowel phonemes is typical of Classical Arabic and does not always apply to the spoken language, in which certain vernaculars distinguish for the most part only two short vowels, others again four, and distinctions between short and long vowels, in contrast with CA, are rarely congruent. At the sonant level, too, it is a widespread feature of vernacular Arabic that close vowels are subject to elision in contexts where open vowels are not.
Junctions
Authors: Mitchell T F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another important category of morphological junctions entailing assimilation, this time progressive for the most part and notably less frequent than the article, involves the infixed -t- of derived form VIII of the verb. Assimilations of this type are more widespread in the vernacular language, in which other derived forms are also concerned, but these need not detain us. The following implications of -Ct- junction appertain to Classical Arabic.
Accentuation
Authors: Mitchell T F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reference was earlier made to the availability to educated speakers of more than one Classical pronunciation (p. 77). The measures of morphology and syntax will, of course, at once reveal whether the language used is Classical or a variety of spoken language which includes vernacular forms. In general, from a phonetic standpoint, the degree of divergence from vernacular practice may be used to assess the ‘grade’ of Classical pronunciation—the greater the divergence, the more Classical the performance. Public address, for example, especially of a non-political kind, will be ‘more Classical’ than the reading aloud of a newspaper article, and the latter style will reveal greater or less ‘vernacular influence’ in response to the degree of education of any listener. The basis of pronunciation differences is not, however, solely stylistic but importantly also regional. Arabs of every Arab country, and even of districts within them, have their own idea of how, for instance, certain consonants should be pronounced, yet different pronunciations, if used systematically, may still be used without invalidating the description ‘Classical’ as applied to the rendering of a given text. The fact that the Libyan, for example, does not distinguish between I) and D does not render his ‘Classical’ vernacular, nor is the same text any less Classical for being spoken by an Egyptian with his notably different speech habits.
The Films of Luis Buñuel
Authors: Evans Peter William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a major new study of the films of Luis Bunuel, surrealist scourge of the bourgeoisie and enduring influence on European cinema. Uniquely, the book offers an extended analysis of Buñuel's films in the context of contemporary debates in film studies, focusing in particular on questions of subjectivity and desire. Throughout, Buñuel's films are viewed as both the brilliant, subversive expressions of the director's fantasies and obsessions and as reflections of wider cultural norms and preoccupations. Making use of psychoanalysis and gender theory, Peter Evans explores Buñuel's characteristic thematics of transgression and his status as exile or outsider. The whole range of his work is discussed, from the critically neglected `bread and butter' Mexican melodramas of the 1950s to such classics of European cinema as The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie, That Obscure Object of Desire, and Belle de Jour. Accessible, lively, and compelling, The Films of Luis Buñuel provides a much-needed revaluation of one of the world's greatest film-makers.