bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial Responsibility: Protecting Human Rights by Restricting Publication of Unethical Research
Authors: Angell Marcia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Third Reich was so abhorrent in so many ways that we tend to use it as an example for anything we wish to condemn. Thus, heads of state whom we do not like are referred to as “Hitlers,” and those who counsel conciliation are termed “Chamberlains.” Similarly, unethical research readily evokes comparisons with the Nazis. We may be too inclined, however, to draw parallels between the Nazi medical experiments conducted on prisoners in the death camps and the unethical research that is done today. In a sense, the Nazi experiments were incidental - sadistic sidelights in a uniquely evil society dedicated to eradicating entire populations because of their race, religion, or nationality. It is difficult to believe that such systematic torture and killing of helpless people by the state in the name of medical research could occur again. Indeed, the Doctors’ Trial was conducted for the primary purpose of preventing the recurrence of this barbarism, and adherence to the Nuremberg Code would preclude any recurrence.
The Development of Agonistic and Affiliative Structures in Preschool Play Groups
Authors: Strayer F F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Questions about the nature and function of early social behavior in humans have preoccupied researchers in developmental psychobiology for at least 50 years. However, the empirical findings are often difficult to synthesize because they have been generated by apparently opposing theoretical or conceptual models of early socialization. A survey of the last 50 years of developmental research reveals three quite distinct approaches to the study of peer relations during early childhood.
The Military Government
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief description of Hussein’s rule in the nine months from his coup of 24 and 25 April 1957 until the proclamation of the United Arab Re­ public on 1 February 1958 is as follows: he forced his authority on the country by way of military government and threatened back those who threatened him from outside. He himself delivered the key to “the events of the recent weeks” at a press conference on 30 April, “the largest ever.” He had dismissed the Nabulsi government, he said, because it had dis­ obeyed his instructions.
Summitry
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 December 1963, Abdel Nasser, addressing a mass rally at Port Said commemorating the seventh anniversary of the city’s evacuation by its British and French invaders, called for a meeting of all Arab heads of state to consider the impending diversion by Israel of water from the Jordan River. A meeting of the chiefs of staff or of the Arab Defense Council, he said, would not suffice, because the question was political in essence rather than military. It was an ingenious response to a serious challenge. Syria had recently come under the direction of a group of Ba’thi army officers headed by Major General Amin al-Hafiz, who had replaced the veteran party leaders around Bitar.
The Descent into War
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the morning hours of 13 November 1966, a composite Israeli force of brigade strength with air support attacked the West Bank village of Samu’ south of Hebron, in retaliation for the death of three Israeli soldiers who had been killed two nights before when their vehicle ran on a mine in that sector in Israeli territory. Samu’ was devastated, and twenty-one Jordanians, most of them soldiers, were killed. It was not disputed that the mine had been laid by Fatah members-their culminating success in months of mounting activity on the Israeli side of the armistice lines. The Israeli government felt compelled to hit back.
The Contrary Wisdom of Regret
Authors: Landman Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stories have been told from the comic, romantic, tragic, and ironic perspectives. They have addressed the wistful question of the simply curious: “What sorts of things do most people regret?” And the urgent question of the tormented: “What can be done about this regret of mine?” Now it is time to ask whether there is coherence in this Rashomon-like array of stories about regret. A look backward through this book could yield, I suppose, something like deconstruction’s critical nihilism. It could support a conclusion that the text of regret, like literary texts, offers no single, fixed meaning but multiple and conflicting meanings-and therefore, that the text of regret is inherently indeterminate and meaningless. This is not the conclusion I draw from my look back.
A Time for War
Authors: Schulzinger Robert D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even after two decades, the memory of the Vietnam War seems to haunt American culture. From Forrest Gump to Miss Saigon, from Tim O’Brien’s Pulitzer Prize-winning Going After Cacciato to Robert McNamara’s controversial memoir In Retrospect, Americans are drawn again and again to ponder their long, tragic involvement in Southeast Asia. Now eminent historian Robert D. Schulzinger has combed the newly available documentary evidence, both in public and private archives, to produce an ambitious, masterful account of three decades of war in Vietnam. Ranging from the first rumblings against the French to the American intervention and ultimate withdrawal, Schulzinger paints a brilliant political, diplomatic, and social portrait of this tragic, diverse conflict. In a field crowded with fiction, memoirs, and popular tracts, it will stand as the landmark history of America’s longest war.
Introduction: Milton and Kierkegaard
Authors: Tanner John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Hebrew, Eden signifies “delight” or “pleasure.” Both Milton and Kier kegaard, however, detect something besides bliss in the Garden. “The profound secret” of innocence, avers Kierkegaard, is that “in this state there is peace and repose, but there is simultaneously something else” (CA, 41), something he calls angst- alternatively translated as “anxiety” or “dread.” The psychological by-product of freedom, anxiety registers the pressure that future possibilities exert upon the present. As Merleau-Ponty remarks, “The future is not prepared behind the observer, it is a brooding presence moving to meet him like a storm.”1 Similarly, the future looms up before Milton’s Adam and Eve. Across Eden falls the specter of fearful yet seductive anxiety-dreams and of a demonic rebel lion prefiguring ominous but alluring human potentialities. Within the protective walls of paradise echo dread voices, warning of what may (and will) be. In myriad ways the future looms up before Milton’s human protagonists, giving rise to anxiety in Eden.
The Fall as Desire and Deed
Authors: Tanner John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Christian Doctrine John Milton broaches what he must have known to be a delicate question: What motivates the Fall? As epic poet, he clearly thought long and hard about what led Adam and Eve to transgress-about their personalities, vulnerabilities, appetites, external circumstances, and all the various “causes” of the Fall that the poem develops at such length and with such care. As theologian, by contrast, Milton treats the Fall’s human motivation only glancingly. Yet his analysis in The Christian Doctrine intimates Milton’s awareness of the myriad perplexities entangling this problem. In the chapter entitled “Of the Fall of Our First Parents, and of Sin,” Milton contends that all sin has “two subdivisions, whether we call them degrees or parts or modes of sin, or whether they are related to each other as cause and effect. These subdivisions are evil desire [concupiscentia mala], or the will to do evil, and the evil deed itself [malefactum ipse]” (CP, 6.388). At first glance, this division between desire and deed seems unremarkable enough. From its inception, Christianity has insisted on linking outward behavior to its inward sources in the heart. Christ announced that his new gospel would trace sin beyond murder to anger, beyond adultery to lust (Matt. 5:21-22, 27-28). He taught that corrupt acts spring forth from corrupt desires, as the evil fruits of a tainted root: “For out of the heart proceed evil thoughts, murders, adulteries, fornications, thefts, false witness, blasphemies” (Matt. 15:19). Likewise, he discovered the roots of good acts in the abundance of the heart: “Even so every good tree bringeth forth good fruit” (Matt. 7:17). Christianity thus seizes upon the appetite as well as its enactment, encouraging the excavation of the soul’s deepest, most secret recesses; the disclosure of every hidden thought and buried motive. It presumes that good deeds derive from pure, regenerate hearts; evil deeds from depraved, fallen desires.
Nativism And Slavery
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Political protest against immigrants has come to a head several times in American history. The most famous and influential such protest was exemplified by the Know-Nothing Party, founded in 1854 and directed especially against Catholic immigrants. By the end of 1855 the party had elected eight governors, over one hundred Congressmen, and thousands of local officials. Prominent politicians of every persuasion joined the party, which then changed its name to the American Party. It became a major element in the new Republican Party, which first produced a presidential candidate in 1856. The party and its influence has not attracted much attention from historians, because the events involved in the coming of the Civil War eclipsed interest in a movement that was only peripherally involved with Civil War issues. The Know-Nothings had a precipitous decline, starting with the 1856 election, at which their presidential candidate Millard Fillmore carried only one state. The Republican Party soon eclipsed it, too. Tyler Anbinder has written the first comprehensive history of the Know-Nothings, and his book represents a major revision of historiography in the years leading up to the Civil War.
The Know Nothings Enter Politics
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of the Know Nothings captivated the nation during the summer of 1854. Newspapers vied to publish the first and most exhaustive exposes on the size and intentions of the organization. Sidewalk hucksters peddled pamphlets revealing codes, signs, and grips so that the uninitiated could eavesdrop on Know Nothing communications. Other entrepreneurs cashed in on the rage by offering consumers such items as “Know Nothing Candy,” “Know Nothing Tea,” “Know Nothing Toothpicks,” “Know Nothing Cigars,” and “Know Nothing Soap.” When an Ohioan who had neglected his diary for a year attempted to summarize the important occurrences of 1854, he mentioned only two events: the death of his father and the rise of the Know Nothings.
The Know Nothings and the Collapse of the Second Party System
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the October contests behind them, many Know Nothings believed that the November elections in New York and Massachusetts would provide the true test of the Order’s political potential. Although Know Nothings had dominated the anti-Democratic forces in Indiana and Pennsylvania, in most states the Order had functioned as a minority partner in anti-Nebraska coali tions. In the November elections, however, Know Nothing leaders decided to run independent tickets. This was a risky strategy, because many Know Nothings had not realized when they joined the Order that they would have to vote against all of their old party’s candidates. Yet the Know Nothings’ surprisingly strong showing in New York and landslide victory in Massachusetts proved that a significant proportion of Northerners had abandoned the conventional parties, and that the Whigs were destined for extinction. In light of these results, Northerners came to realize that the political order in which Whigs and Democrats vied for supremacy-what political scientists often call the second American party system-no longer defined American politics.
“Slavery Is at the Bottom of All Our Troubles”: The Decline of the Know Nothing Party
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The confidence with which the Know Nothings had originally anticipated the 1856 presidential election had ebbed by the end of 1855, because Section Twelve had disillusioned most northern nativists. Still, many members of the American party remained optimistic in late 1855. Know Nothings had won the most recent state-wide elections in New York, California, Massachusetts, Con necticut, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Louisiana, and they had proven in the past that they could carry Pennsylvania and Indiana as well. The Republicans, who like the Know Nothings were trying to establish themselves as the principal challenger to the Demo cratic party, seemed in much worse shape. The only important state Republicans had carried in 1855 was Ohio, and that victory had required Know Nothing assistance.
The Know Nothings and the Presidential Election of 1856
Authors: Anbinder Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On June 22, 1856, after a fifteen-month tour of Europe, American party presidential candidate Millard Fillmore arrived in New York. Although the power and popularity of the Know Nothings had declined precipitously during Fillmore’s absence, a warm welcome greeted the former President. Fireworks exploded as Fillmore’s ship entered the harbor, Know Nothings fired fifty-gun salutes from both New York and New Jersey, and a committee of New York dignitaries presented him with keys to the city. American party officials did not arrange such festivities merely to demonstrate Fillmore’s popularity. Nineteenth-century election etiquette discouraged overt campaigning by political candidates, but Know Nothing leaders realized that Fillmore could make impromptu remarks to the crowds that gathered to celebrate his return without breaching decorum. To provide Fillmore with many such speaking opportunities, his backers arranged similar ceremonies all along the route to his home in Buffalo.
“Like a Great Family”: Nullification Revivals and the Making of Popular Religion in the Low Country
Authors: Mccurry Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Saturday in January 1854, John Kelly stood up in Gum Branch Baptist Church in rural Darlington District and announced that “his wife Lenore Kelly had left his house.” As he stood there, supplicant, before his brethren, Kelly knew what he had begun, knew that he had just invited community intrusion into the most intimate aspect of his domestic affairs. In making the admission-in preempting accusation-he attempted, no doubt, to assert a measure of control over the disciplinary investigation that was sure to follow. And indeed, pained by the news, church elders appointed a “committy” of four to enquire into the trouble between Brother and Sister Kelly and to recommend a course of action. Few could have imagined the depth of trouble that lay ahead. Throughout the spring and summer of 1854, as John and Lenore Kelly, John’s kin, and the Gum Branch brethren struggled to contain the forces unleashed among them, the predominantly yeoman congregation gave powerful testimony to a whole set of assumptions and beliefs, usually unarticulated, about the workings of power and authority, domestic and public, in their small corner of the lowcountry world.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“A wise man is strong; yea, a man of knowledge increased strength,” according to the Biblical proverb, a perception that Renaissance Englishmen found appealing. “Ignorance is the curse of God,” Shakespeare wrote, “Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.” And Francis Bacon, the philosopher and courtier, reduced the essentials to “knowledge itself is power,” an epigram which became in time the common saying “knowledge is power.”1 Whether knowledge has concerned techniques of farming or fighting, or the knowledge of events great or small, or the possession of holy information, we have generally recognized that people “in the know” command powers that the ignorant lack. For centuries history has demonstrated the wisdom expressed in Bacon’s aphorism. Perhaps this is why over the last few centuries, certainly from the printing press onward, Western society has been caught up in an information and communication revolution that now, at the end of the 20th century, appears to have entered a more dynamic, accelerating phase than ever before.2 Bouncing words and images off satellites in space, storing and manipulating undreamed of quantities of information in the twinkling of an eye, we have been creating an awesome communications technology that is leading society into many dimensions of unknown territory. Since we cannot peer into the future, the meaning and significance of this movement are clouded and uncertain. To find our bearings we can only search the past.
lriformation and Insularity: The Experiences of Yankee Farmers, 1711-1830
Authors: Brown Richard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Warm sunshine and fresh breezes blowing off Long Island Sound made June 30, 1747, an ideal day to harvest hay at New London, Connecticut, and that was exactly what the sixty-nine-year-old farmer Joshua Hempstead was doing. It was all routine until, Hempstead reported, “I acidentally Stuck my pitchfork into my left Leg a little above my shoe Lappet.” Still, he continued stacking. “It proved Exceedingly painful in the night,” however, so although the sun shone brightly the next morning, Hempstead “Lay by most of the day lame.” But he went back to the task as soon as he could: “toward night I Stackt some hay.”1 In July this was the life of a New England farmer, young or old; and whether in 1740 or 1840 thousands of men like Hempstead were bound to the same demanding discipline of seasonal work that tied them to the land that they owned or rented. Viewed from a distance, they seem much like peasants caught in an endless, repetitive cycle of local experience. Planting, cultivation, and harvest, animal husbandry, making and breaking tools, cutting and consuming cord upon cord of firewood, they ate and slept and worked from generation to generation, raising and burying families, chores without end.2 Thomas Gray, a gentleman poet, separated from such farmers not by time, as we are, but by social rank, expressed a similar view more picturesquely in his “Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard”:
Introduction The Nature And Function Of Myth
Authors: Caldwell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four recent theoretical studies of Greek myth by eminent authorities in this field, Walter Burkert and G. S. Kirk, have given us detailed analyses of the formal aspects and multiple functions of myth. For all our indebtedness to these scholars, however, they have not told us much about the psychological meaning and function of myths. This lack does not diminish the value of these books, all of which reflect the learning and prestige of their authors, and in fact is largely a consequence of the assumptions and methods they employ. Nevertheless, these matters are important and this book is an attempt to deal with them, both generally and in the specific instance of theogonic myth ( that is, myths concerned with the beginning of the world and the gods).
Texts And Contexts
Authors: Caldwell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly before the end of the eighth century B.c., a Boiotian Greek named Hesiod wrote or dictated a poem of some one thousand lines on the beginning of the world, the emergence of the first gods, and the conflicts between generations, which resulted finally in the permanent seizure of power by Zeus, ruler of the worid and king over gods and men.1 We do not know what name, if any, Hesiod gave to his poem, but it has always been known as the Theogony, the ‘‘Origin of the Gods’‘ (the Greek word is theogonia, from theos, ‘‘god,’‘ and gone, ‘‘birth’‘ or ‘‘offspring’‘ or ‘‘generation’‘). The Theogony is also literally a cosmogony, an account of the beginning of the world (from kosmos, ‘‘world’‘), but since in Greek myth as in many creation myths the component parts of the universe as it gradually came into existence were also gods and goddesses, the two terms are here synonymous.
Origin And Succession
Authors: Caldwell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children have a natural and easily observable curiosity about the process of birth; this curiosity, as well as the likelihood of its repression, is intensified by its inevitable connection with the child’s curiosity about parental sexuality. The question ‘‘Where do babies come from?’‘ is really a generalized combination of two questions of great emotional importance to the child: ‘‘Where did I come from?’‘ and ‘‘How did my parents produce me?’‘ The generalization itself is already a first indication of repression.
Creation And Abortion
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents a new argument attacking the view that if the foetus has the moral standing of a person it has a right to life and abortion is impermissible. Most discussion of abortion has assumed that this premise is correct, and so has focused on the question of the personhood of the foetus. Frances Kamm, however, argues that abortion can be moral even if the foetus is indeed a person.
Variations and Alternatives
Authors: Kamm F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that the violinist needed to be attached to you for only a moment in order to be cured of some fatal disease. However, it is impossible to separate him from you for another nine months, even though the further attachment in itself does him no good. Or assume that the one moment necessary for the violinist’s life-saving attachment had the remarkable effect of making you dependent on his body for nine months if there were no forcible detachment.
Introduction
Authors: Sonenshine Daniel E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Identification of the infectious organisms and their arthropod vectors are the essential first steps that enable scientists to understand vector-borne diseases, i.e., disease agents that can infect vertebrate animals and (in most cases) humans. Many, perhaps most, vector-borne diseases are zoonoses, i.e., they infect a variety of vertebrates and are also transmissible to man. In the case of tick-borne zoonoses, knowledge of these diseases has accumulated gradually over the preceding 100 years. Smith and Kilbourne’s (1893) report of the transmission of the malaria-like protozoan, Babesia bigemina, by the cattle tick, Boophilus annulatus, began this era of discovery, which has continued throughout the 20th century. Numerous reports of tick transmission of other diseases soon followed: examples include relapsing fever by soft ticks (Dutton and Todd, 1905), East Coast Fever by the African brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) (Theiler, 1904), Rocky Mountain spotted fever by wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni) (Ricketts, 1906, 1907), Boutonneuse fever by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) (Brumpt, 1932), and babesiosis of cattle, dogs, and other animals by many different tick species (summarized by Kuttler, 1988). The decades since World War II have seen equally dramatic discoveries, including tick transmission of tick-borne encephalitis, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (Chumakov et al., 1968, 1969; Casals, 1969), Kyasanur Forest Disease (Bhat, 1991), Lyme disease (Johnson et al., 1984) and human Ehrlichiosis (Anderson et al., 1991), to name but a few examples. These important discoveries have led to a vast literature dealing with the biology of the pathogenic agent and the pathologic response of the human or animal hosts.