bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building Democracy in Romania: Internal Shortcomings and External Neglect
Authors: Gallagher Tom 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that the process of building democracy in Romania is dependent on a favourable external environment and active support from abroad. However, Romania has benefited far less from external efforts to promote democracy than most other ex‐Warsaw Pact States. The chapter points to some of the reasons of the retarded progress of democratization in Romania, such as a historical legacy of foreign occupation and sharp internal economic, cultural, and ethnic cleavages. The communist regime's determination to retain absolute control over politics and society and oppose any liberal initiatives in economics blocked off the possibility of any democratic transition. The activity of anti‐reformers described as ‘nomenklatura nationalists’ also contributed to the weakness of democratic consolidation in Romania. They demonstrated their ascendancy by blocking economic reforms between 1989 and 96, with the support of Russia, which sought to make Romania dependent on Russia's cheap energy supplies in return for political compliance. The author makes a case for a new approach to democracy building from domestic reformers and international organizations that recognizes Romania's special problems and pursues realistic targets.
Belarus and Ukraine: Democracy Building in a Grey Security Zone
Authors: Kuzio Taras 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCompares different paths of democratic consolidation in Belarus and Ukraine since the disintegration of the USSR. The author argues that Ukraine has evolved beyond ‘Electoral Democracy’ towards ‘ Liberal Democracy’. By contrast, after 1994 Belarus has seen democratic erosion and regression from ‘Electoral Democracy’ to authoritarianism. The chapter advances three propositions. Firstly, the strength of ethnicity and national identity at the start of transition process can have a direct impact upon the choice of strategy, speed, and domestic policies adopted by the ruling elites. Secondly, the elites have little choice but to choose a foreign policy orientated towards ‘returning to Europe’—the source of security assurance and technical and financial assistance. Thirdly, the international community can play a highly positive role by providing incentives and assistance that persuade countries that have embarked on democratization to continue the process in the hope of reaching the final destination of democratic consolidation. The chapter is divided into three parts. The first places the transition in Ukraine, Belarus, and the rest of the former USSR within a theoretical and comparative framework by focusing on domestic factors. The second part discusses the international influences faced by a country that has participated in the reform process (Ukraine), and Russian influences on a country that has not done so (Belarus). The last two parts examine Ukraine's ‘return to Europe’ and Belarus’ ‘return to Eurasia’.
Leviticus as Literature
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This is a study of Leviticus from an anthropological perspective, which presents the biblical work as a literary masterpiece. Seen from this perspective Leviticus has a literary structure that plots it into three parts corresponding to the three parts of the desert tabernacle, which in turn correspond to the parts of Mount Sinai. This completely new reading transforms the interpretation of the purity laws. The pig and other forbidden animals are not abhorrent; they command the same respect that is due to all God’s creatures. Boldly challenging several traditions of Bible criticism, Mary Douglas claims that Leviticus is not the narrow doctrine of a crabbed professional priesthood, but a powerful theological statement about a religion that emphasizes God’s justice and compassion.
The Ancient Religion
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Leviticus is traditionally regarded as a set of instructions for the cult; the real heart of the religion is presumed to be found in other books, especially Genesis, Exodus and Deuteronomy, and the writings of the psalmists and prophets. The aim of this study is to reintegrate the book with the rest of the Pentateuch. Read in the perspective of anthropology the food laws of Moses are not expressions of squeamishness about dirty animals and invasive insects, the purity laws for sex and leprosy are not examples of priestly prurience, and the religion of Leviticus turns out to be not very different from that of the prophets and psalmists. The main new feature of this interpretation is the attitude to animals, which are protected as God’s creation, but Leviticus also reveals itself as modern religion, legislating for justice between people, God and animals. This first chapter lays the foundation for the study by looking at the ancient religion of Israel as revealed by the Pentateuch, and pointing out the differences between this and earlier religions and it also looks at the chronology of the Pentateuch.
Mountain, Tabernacle, Body in Leviticus 1–7
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
When Deuteronomy speaks of sacrifice, sacrifice is all that it means – in its more political agenda sacrifice is less important, but Leviticus has taken sacrifice in the same spirit as the wisdom literature uses seafaring, trade or horticulture, and made it the framework for a philosophy of life. Sacrifice is one of the main figurative motifs with which it presents the principles of God’s creation, and the divine order of existence. This chapter begins by outlining various attitudes towards sacrifice, and then goes on to describe how Leviticus expresses through sacrifice its doctrine of blood, of atonement, and of the covenant between God and his people. Aspects of the rules for sacrifice are discussed in detail, including items forbidden for food (blood, suet and three other items), the rule for arrangement of meat for the burnt offering, and the doctrine of remainders (leftovers). Another section of the chapter discusses the three paradigms of the tabernacle – the tabernacle itself, the animal offering and Mount Sinai, showing the equivalences of their different parts.
The Totally Reformed Religion
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter carries on the comparison between Deuteronomy and Leviticus in two specific domains. One is the question of whether the Levitical laws supported the idea of one central shrine at Jerusalem; here it is argued that the two books are at odds. The other is the question of cults of the dead, on which they are at one. In connection with the idea of a central sanctuary, different sections of the chapter look at the covenant, sacrifice and secular slaughter, and the evidence for and against a central sanctuary (including some discussion of the different classes of animal life). The absence of cults of the dead in both Deuteronomy and Leviticus is then addressed, and a further look taken at Joseph Blenkinsopp’s (1995) analysis Deuteronomy’s legislation in the light of the discussion on cults of the dead.
Oracles Support Divine Justice
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter dips into anthropological studies of oracles to illustrate the scale of the gap made by the abolition of oracles. Two things about the priestly laws would make more sense if priestly use of oracles were allowed: one is the use of the oath to bring a private case into priestly jurisdiction; the other is the use of the oracle to supplement the judicial system at its weak points. No one knows when oracles and soothsaying were first forbidden, but if it was at a very early date, then the last editors of Leviticus would hardly know the arcane meanings of the fragments they gathered together; the difficulty is as much for the writer as for the reader – how could he present a sacrificial cult without saying a word about the working of the oracles? If the gap has not been remarked, it would be because the readers are not familiar with a sacrificial cult. This point is further discussed in sections on divination and sacrifice, knowing when to make a private sacrifice, the plausibility of oracles, priestly divination, inadvertent sin, sacrilege, and judicial uses of the oath.
Other Living Beings
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Leviticus writer finds the world divided into two kinds of humans, those under the covenant, and the rest, and two kinds of land animals, those under the covenant and the rest; but the rest are not evil, the picture is not painted in black and white – it was the work of the later commentators to read good and bad into the divisions between pure and impure. In the book of Leviticus only land animals (but most land animals) are unclean or defiling. For covenant some territorial principle, or at least ownership, is necessary; creatures of the air and water are not named as specifically unclean, although a separate set of rules forbids touching their dead carcasses, backed by the word translated as ‘abominable’. Taking this difference seriously has produced a completely new reading of Leviticus: Jacob Milgrom has argued from close perusal of the text that ‘impurity’ and ‘abomination’ in the book cannot be equivalent terms as they trigger different sequences of action, and this puts a very different complexion on previous commentaries that have tried to combine Deuteronomy 14 and Leviticus 11. This topic is explored further in this chapter, in which the different sections discuss: God’s care for his creation; the translation of ‘swarming’ as ‘teeming’ (in the sense of the positivity of fertility); leaven and honey as teeming life; the translation of abomination; creatures that swarm in the air; and competition in holiness in confrontation with other religions – in which the place of animals might become a sellingpoint for Judaism.
Inside the House/Book of God
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExodus recounts how beautifully the tabernacle was made; the psalmist extols the house of God; but Leviticus honours it in its own style, opening with God calling Moses at the entrance to the tent of meeting, and with the tabernacle remaining throughout not just the ground and pivot of all its teaching, but the actual structure on which its literary form has been projected. The narratives (stories) in Leviticus have suggested an unexpected partitioning of the book (see previous chapter): they divide it into three unequal compartments with laws filling the spaces between them. These compartments correspond to the relative size of the chambers in the desert tabernacle built according to God’s instructions in Exodus, and the result is to project the three parts of the book onto the tripartite architecture of the tabernacle, itself modelled on the threezoned proportions of the holy mountain. When the laws have been placed, as it were, in each part of the building, as prescribed by their position in the book, they turn out to describe the contents or the actions that are supposed to be performed in the appropriate compartment, or to describe the requirements for entry into it; other markers are placed along the way to confirm the parallel. The different sections of this chapter discuss macro markers, the outer court of the tabernacle, the sanctuary, atonement and pedimental composition.
Inside the Holy of Holies
Authors: Douglas Mary 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
When the second screen (narrative) in Leviticus has been passed the reader is standing, as it were, inside the holy of holies. This is the apotheosis of the principle of containing forms: Jerusalem is the centre of the world, in the centre of Jerusalem is the tabernacle, and in the centre of the tabernacle is the ark of the covenant. The virtual pilgrim with book in hand knows that he has arrived at this hidden place because in Leviticus 26 the Lord God proclaims his covenant no less than eight times (26: 9, 15, 25, 42 (three times), 44, 66). Another elaborate literary construction makes Leviticus 25 and 27 into a massive frame for honouring Leviticus 26, which provides the terms of the covenant itself: strict reciprocity, honourable dealings and simple fairness. This chapter looks at the great proclamation of liberty, where in the innermost, holiest part of the tabernacle, under the shadowing protective wings, the testament of the covenant lies in the coffer, or ark. It then goes on (briefly) to read Leviticus through Genesis on body covering (and the ark of the covenant as another cover), and to offer a new reading, again through Genesis, of the scapegoat ceremony (Leviticus 16) and the scapebird rites for cleansing from leprosy (Leviticus 14).
The Purpose of Augustine's Commentary
Authors: Plumer Eric 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although a first reading of Augustine's Commentary suggests that his purpose was simply to expound the meaning of the Letter to the Galatians line by line in a clear and concise manner, closer reading uncovers implicit polemic against Manicheism, Donatism, Arianism, and paganism. Nevertheless, Augustine's Commentary is not essentially polemical, but pastoral. Comparison with his monastic Rule demonstrates that the Commentary was written for Augustine's monastic community as its primary audience and that Augustine's immediate concern was to discover ways in which Paul's directives for Christian living could be implemented within that community. Success within the monastic community would enable Augustine as parish priest to implement Paul's directives within the wider community of his parishioners at Hippo and beyond.
Against Presentism
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The ‘B‐theory’ of time says that all temporal facts ‘reduce’ to tenseless facts about a manifold of equally real past, present, and future objects; the ‘A‐theory’ denies this reduction. Presentism is a version of the A‐theory that denies the existence of part of the B‐theorist's manifold: the part containing merely past and future objects. Some say that the B‐theory cannot account for the irreducibly temporal nature of our psychological attitudes, but this is incorrect. B‐theorists can defend temporal versions of well‐known theories of ‘indexical’, or ‘de se’, attitudes. Presentism, on the other hand, is vulnerable to powerful objections: (1) The irreducible tense‐operators to which presentists must appeal are objectionably ungrounded in reality. (2) Presentists cannot account for the fundamental ‘cross‐time spatial relations’ that ground the structure of space‐time, and thus cannot account for spatiotemporal continuity, acceleration, and other states of motion. (3) Presentism conflicts with the special theory of relativity.
Three‐ and Four‐Dimensionalism Stated
Authors: Sider Theodore 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Four‐dimensionalism may be given a rigorous and canonical formulation acceptable to both its supporters and opponents; meaningful debate as to the truth of this thesis may then proceed. This is more difficult for three‐dimensionalism, since its defining slogan ‘objects are wholly present’ seems either trivial (‘at any time at which an object exists, anything that is then part of it exists’) or too strong (‘at any time at which an object exists, anything that is ever part of it exists’). Nevertheless, several theses in the neighbourhood of three‐dimensionalism may be stated, even if none is a canonical formulation. Finally, the three‐dimensionalism/four‐dimensionalism debate is orthogonal to the debate over presentism: both presentists and non‐presentists can articulate versions of three‐ and four‐dimensionalism whose truth may then be debated.
Learning in Social Networks and Contraceptive Choice
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Focuses on the role of social learning in contraceptive decision‐making, and it investigates the dynamics of word‐of‐mouth communication and knowledge diffusion under different assumptions about the information conveyed in conversations. In particular, this chapter asks when social learning is consistent with the diversity of contraceptive patterns across communities and social strata that is frequently attributed to this process in empirical studies. The analysis suggests that regional diversity and social stratification arise because of informal or ‘imprecise’ conversations rather than in‐depth discussions about fertility control. The ability to learn from one's friends and neighbours is confounded because there is unobserved heterogeneity with respect to tastes and characteristics. Only if this heterogeneity is not completely revealed in conversations, is social learning consistent with the empirical observation of persistent diversity.
The Density of Social Networks and Fertility Decisions: Evidence from South Nyanza District, Kenya
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractUtilizes new data gathered in South Nyanza District, Kenya, that includes egocentric social networks and measures of contraceptive prevalence among friends and investigates whether social learning or social influence constitutes the dominant mechanism through which social networks affect an individual's contraceptive decisions. This chapter argues that these mechanisms can be distinguished by analysing the density of the social network and its interaction with the proportion of contraceptive users among network partners. Our analyses indicate that in areas with high market activity, social learning is most relevant, whereas in regions with only modest market activity, social influence constitutes the dominant mechanism of how social networks affect women's contraceptive use. The chapter concludes with the development of a theoretical model of social interactions and fertility.
From Individual Behavior to Aggregate Fertility Dynamics
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Shifts the emphasis from individual behaviour in the presence of social interactions to aggregate fertility dynamics. In particular, the chapter considers the implications of using non‐linear models in empirical and theoretical models of social interactions and fertility. We show that with non‐linear models, there may be both low and high contraceptive‐use equilibria rather than just one equilibrium as in linear models. A sustained fertility decline can occur if a population experiences a transition from a low to a high contraceptive‐use equilibrium. These transitions occur at a rapid pace—consistent with the empirical findings on past and present fertility declines—and they are often irreversible once they are initiated.
Fertility Decline as a Coordination Problem
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the role of social networks for the selection of equilibria in situations in which fertility decline constitutes a coordination problem. We show that the effect of networks depends on the particular interaction among individuals and on the prevailing socioeconomic conditions: `information networks’ can only speed up a fertility transition that would also take place in the absence of social interaction, while `coordination networks’ can facilitate demographic change in societies that would otherwise be caught in a Malthusian situation. Coordination networks, however, are limited by a temporal window of opportunities. During this period, social networks and collective action can initiate a fertility transition. Afterwards, population growth increases the stability of a traditional equilibrium and prevents endogenous demographic change. The media and its interaction with social networks emerges an alternative that can overcome the social coordination problem even in large populations when coordination networks fail.
Social Interactions and Fluctuations in Birth Rates
Authors: Kohler Hans‐Peter 
Published: October 2003

AbstractShows that the relevance of social interaction is not restricted to developing countries with relatively high levels of fertility. In particular, fluctuations in birth rates in developed countries have been considerably less regular than many explanatory theories suggest. This chapter argues that social interaction is relevant even in developed countries, where increased individualism has been associated with changing demographic behaviour. The analysis shows that social interaction can emerge in both market and non‐market situations, ranging from the evolution of social norms and values to imperfections in the labour market. A formal model for investigating the dynamic consequences of social interaction in developed countries is developed, and its aggregate implications are tested using a Markov switching regression model applied to net reproduction rates since 1930. The findings show that social interaction can lead to fluctuations in birth rates that are swift and difficult to foresee, and that these fluctuations are likely to be asymmetric: spells of low fertility have a considerably higher persistence than spells of high fertility.
Contests for Corporate Control
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis book is based on detailed historical research in the USA and Germany, and represents a challenge to current orthodoxy on corporate governance. It is a challenging and informed examination of the links between the general business environment and the operations, decisions, and organizations of firms. The author also explores the links between corporate governance and innovation. The eight chapters are: Innovation, resource allocation, and governance; Transforming the debates on corporate governance; The foundations of managerial control in the USA; The post‐war evolution of managerial control in the United States; Challenges to post‐war managerial control in the USA; US corporate responses to new challenges; From managerial to contested control in Germany; and The emerging challenges to organizational control in Germany.
Innovation, Resource Allocation, and Governance
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGiven the centrality of the process of innovation to the performance of dynamic economies, the types of corporate governance that will promote economic performance can be determined only within a conceptual framework that integrates an analysis of the economics of innovation. In Sect. 1.2, theoretical and empirical research on the economics of innovation is reviewed in order to identify the key stylized facts of the process through which resources are developed and utilized in the economy; innovation is specifically characterized as a process that is cumulative, collective, and uncertain. In Sect. 1.3, it is argued that these characteristics imply that innovation requires an allocation process that is (1) developmental––resources must be committed to irreversible investments with uncertain returns, (2) organizational––returns are generated through the integration of human and physical resources, and (3) strategic––resources are allocated to overcome market and technological conditions that other firms take as given. In Sect. 1.4, the critical characteristics of innovative resource allocation are contrasted with neoclassical resource allocation, which is reversible, individual, and optimal. Section 1.5 discusses the relationships between resource allocation and corporate governance, emphasizing that in spite of continuing attempts by heterodox economists to introduce one or more of the characteristics of resource allocation discussed in Sect. 1.4 to a theory of economic performance (in particular, developmental, organizational, and strategic characteristics), it is only by taking all of these characteristics together that the profound implications they have for the governance of corporations can be seen, implying the need for organizational control over the allocation of resources in the economy.