bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Functionalized 1,3‐Thiazine Libraries Combining Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Post‐Cleavage Modification Methods
Authors: Strohmeier Gernot A. , Haas Willibald , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe solid‐phase synthesis of diverse sets of 1,3‐thiazine‐5‐carboxylates on Wang resin is described. Acetoacetylation, followed by Knoevenagel condensation and an acid‐promoted ring‐closure reaction with thioureas furnished polymer‐bound 1,3‐thiazines. As an alternative to transesterification, a de‐novo synthesis of β‐keto esters, starting from polymer‐bound malonic acid through reaction with acyl imidazoles, was applied to increase the diversity. To reduce contamination, an on‐bead purification of resin‐bound 1,3‐thiazines that makes use of differences in the reactivity of ester bonds toward alkoxides is reported. A final four‐step post‐cleavage modification of thiazine‐5‐carboxylates, derived by TFA cleavage from the Wang linker, leads to esters or amides. Twenty 1,3‐thiazines were obtained in yields of up to 61 % over either 9 or 13 steps.
Reorganization of Enynes Catalyzed by Platinum Salts
Authors: Añorbe Loreto , Domínguez Gema , Pérez‐Castells Javier 
Published: April 2004

AbstractActivation of alkynes with platinum salts allows their reaction with alkenes, giving rise to a myriad of interesting processes like cyclizations, formation of cyclopropanes, or metathesis. Weak nucleophiles can also participate in the processes leading to alkoxycyclizations. There are intriguing mechanistic aspects of these processes in which subtle variations of the reaction conditions and/or substrate structures can lead to completely different products.
Therapy of meningeal melanocytomas
Authors: Rades Dirk , Schild Steven E. , Tatagiba Marcos , Molina Hugo A. , Alberti Winfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMeningeal melanocytomas are rare, benign central nervous system lesions with a high probability of recurrence. To the authors' knowledge, approximately 100 cases have been reported since 1972, when the entity first was described. In the current study, four therapies were compared with regard to local control and survival to identify which is best.METHODSAll reported cases were reviewed with regard to extent of resection, radiotherapy, local control, and survival. If published data were incomplete, the authors were contacted for additional data. Patients were categorized by therapy: complete resection (CTR), complete resection followed by radiotherapy (CTR‐RT), incomplete resection (ITR), and incomplete resection followed by radiotherapy (ITR‐RT). Local control and survival were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. A multivariate analysis was performed including age, gender, tumor location, confirmation of extent of resection, and treatment schedule.RESULTSA total of 89 patients were included: 46 with CTR, 3 with CTR‐RT, 23 with ITR, and 17 with ITR‐RT. The 5‐year local control rate was 80% after CTR, 100% after CTR‐RT, and 72% after ITR‐RT versus 18% after ITR (P < 0.001). The 5‐year survival rate was 100% after CTR, CTR‐RT, and ITR‐RT, respectively, versus 46% after ITR (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that therapy was the only variable that affected local control and survival significantly. In 14 patients treated with ITR‐RT, RT was restricted to the tumor region. The radiation dose was 30–40 grays (Gy) in 6 patients, 45–55 Gy in 7 patients, and unknown in 1 patient. The 5‐year local control rate was 86% after a dose of 45–55 Gy versus 27% after a dose of 30–40 Gy (P = 0.1).CONCLUSIONSCTR was found to be significantly superior to ITR with regard to both local control and survival. Outcome was significantly improved by RT after ITR. Doses of 45–55 Gy appeared to be more beneficial than doses of ≤ 40 Gy. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Increase in motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus of prepubertally castrated male Mongolian gerbils following delayed treatment with testosterone
Authors: Siegford Janice Marie , Ulibarri Catherine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSexual dimorphism in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) of the Mongolian gerbil is achieved by two periods of postnatal increase, one in the first month after birth and one at puberty. The pubertal increase in motoneuron number is of particular interest because it occurs in a nearly adult animal. The purpose of this research was threefold. The first was to determine the response of the SNB in prepubertally castrated male gerbils receiving delayed hormone replacement as adults. Testosterone propionate (TP) treatment resulted in numbers of SNB motoneurons comparable to those seen in intact males, whereas androgen metabolites were less effective. The second purpose was to determine the latency of motoneurons to appear in response to TP. New SNB motoneurons appeared within 2 days of delayed TP replacement in prepubertally castrated males, and 16 days of treatment did not further increase SNB motoneuron numbers. The response of the motoneurons to TP appeared more rapid than the response of the bulbocavernosus (BC) muscle, scent gland, and seminal vesicles. The third purpose was to determine whether the new cells were connected to a target muscle. After 16 days of TP treatment, more motoneurons were labeled in the SNB following injection of a retrograde tract tracer into the BC muscle compared with the number seen in control animals. Thus, new motoneurons appeared in the SNB of prepubertally castrated male Mongolian gerbils within 2 days of the start of delayed TP treatment and were connected to a target within 16 days of TP treatment. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:485–495, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression pattern of lacZ reporter gene representing connexin36 in transgenic mice
Authors: Degen Joachim , Meier Carola , Van Der Giessen Ruben S. , Söhl Goran , Petrasch‐Parwez Elisabeth , Urschel Stephanie , Dermietzel Rolf , Schilling Karl , De Zeeuw Chris I. , Willecke Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTargeted deletion of the connexin36 (Cx36) gene in the mouse genome leads to visual transmission defects, weakened synchrony of rhythmic inhibitory potentials in the neocortex, and disruption of γ‐frequency network oscillations. We have generated transgenic mice in which a reporter protein consisting of the exon1 coded N‐terminal part of Cx36 fused to β‐galactosidase (N36‐β‐gal) is expressed instead of Cx36. Here, we have used these mice for a detailed analysis of the reporter gene expression. By β‐gal staining of adult retina, we found expression of the lacZ reporter gene in the ganglion cell layer, in two rows of the inner nuclear layer, and in the photoreceptor layer. In the brain, β‐gal staining was present in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons of the cerebellar nuclei, in non‐GABAergic neurons of the inferior olive, in mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, and in parvalbumin‐positive cells of the cerebral cortex. Outside the central nervous system, N36‐β‐gal signals were detected in insulin producing β‐cells of the pancreas and in the medulla of the adrenal gland of adult Cx36+/del[LacZ] mice. This expression pattern suggests that Cx36 fulfills functional roles not only in several types of neurons in the retina and central nervous system but also in excitable cells of the pancreas and adrenal gland. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:511–525, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A crustacean serotonin receptor: Cloning and distribution in the thoracic ganglia of crayfish and freshwater prawn
Authors: Sosa María A. , Spitzer Nadja , Edwards Donald H. , Baro Deborah J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSerotonin (5‐HT) is involved in regulating important aspects of behavior and a variety of systemic physiological functions in both vertebrates and invertebrates. These functions are mediated through binding to 5‐HT receptors, of which approximately 13 have been characterized in mammals. In crustaceans, important model systems for the study of the neural basis of behaviors, 5‐HT is also linked with higher‐order behaviors, associated with different 5‐HT receptors that have been identified at the physiological and pharmacological levels. However, no crustacean 5‐HT receptors have been identified at the molecular level. We have cloned a putative 5‐HT1 receptor (5‐HT1crust) from crayfish, prawn, and spiny lobster and have raised antibodies that recognize this protein in all three organisms. 5‐HT1crust immunoreactivity (5‐HT1crustir) was observed surrounding the somata of specific groups of neurons and as punctate staining within the neuropil in all thoracic ganglia of crayfish and prawn. In the crayfish, 5‐HT1crustir was also found in boutons surrounding the first and second nerves of each ganglion and on the 5‐HT cells of T1–4. In the prawn, 5‐HT1crustir was also found in axons that project across the ganglia and along the connectives. We found examples of colocalization of 5‐HT1crust with 5‐HT, consistent with the short‐term modulatory role of 5‐HT, as well as cases of serotonergic staining in the absence of a 5‐HT1crust signal, which might imply that other 5‐HT receptors are found at these locations. We also observed receptors that did not possess counterpart 5‐HT staining, suggesting that these may also mediate long‐term neurohormonal functions of serotonin. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:526–537, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of connectivity of the rat presubiculum: I. Efferent projections to the medial entorhinal cortex
Authors: Honda Yoshiko , Ishizuka Norio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe organization of the laminar and topographical projections from the presubiculum to the entorhinal area was studied in the rat by anterograde labeling with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin and retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. We found that the pattern of presubiculo‐entorhinal projections differs between the superficial and deep layers of the presubiculum. The superficial layers (layers II and III) of the presubiculum gave rise to bilateral projections to layers I–VI of the medial entorhinal area (MEA). Many terminals were distributed in layer III, fewer in layer II and the deep portion of layer I, and many fewer terminals in the deep layers (layers V and VI) of MEA. In contrast, the deep layers (layers V and VI) of the presubiculum gave rise to ipsilateral projections to the entorhinal area. Many axon terminals were distributed in layers V and VI of MEA and the most superficial portion of layer I of MEA, but very few in layers II and III. In addition, the ramifications in layer I extended to the lateral entorhinal area (LEA). Using two‐dimensional unfolded maps of parahippocampal cortices, we elucidated the distinct topographical relationship in the presubiculo‐entorhinal projection: 1) The septotemporal or longitudinal axis of the presubiculum corresponded to the axis on the MEA/LEA boundary, where the septal presubiculum projected toward the rhinal fissure and the temporal presubiculum projected away from the fissure. 2) The proximodistal axis of the presubiculum corresponded to the axis from the MEA/LEA boundary to the MEA/parasubiculum boundary that was virtually perpendicular to the MEA/LEA boundary, where the proximal portion of the presubiculum (close to the subiculum) projected to the region near the MEA/LEA boundary. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:463–484, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of Trk receptors in the oculomotor system of the adult cat
Authors: Benítez‐Temiño Beatriz , Morcuende Sara , Mentis George Z. , de la Cruz Rosa R. , Pastor Ángel M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe examined the expression of the three Trk receptors for neurotrophins (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) in the extraocular motor nuclei of the adult cat by using antibodies directed against the full‐Trk proteins in combination with horseradish peroxidase retrograde tracing. The three receptors were present in all neuronal populations investigated, including abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons, medial rectus motoneurons of the oculomotor nucleus, and trochlear motoneurons. They were also present in the vestibular and prepositus hypoglossi nuclei. TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC immunopositive cells were found in similar percentages in the oculomotor and in the trochlear nuclei. In the abducens nucleus, however, a significantly higher percentage of cells expressed TrkB than the other two receptors, among both motoneurons (81.8%) and internuclear neurons (88.4%). The percentages obtained for the three Trk receptors in identified neuronal populations pointed to the colocalization of two or three receptors in a large number of cells. We used confocal microscopy to elucidate the subcellular location of Trk receptors. In this case, abducens motoneurons and internuclear neurons were identified with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase and calretinin, respectively. We found a different pattern of staining for each neurotrophin receptor, suggesting the possibility that each receptor and its cognate ligand may use a different route for cellular signaling. Therefore, the expression of Trk receptors in oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens motoneurons, as well as abducens internuclear neurons, suggests that their associated neurotrophins may exert an influence on the normal operation of the oculomotor circuitry. The presence of multiple Trk receptors on individual cells indicates that they likely act in concert with each other to regulate distinct functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:538–552, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postnatal development of dendritic spines on olfactory bulb granule cells in rats
Authors: Matsutani Shinji , Yamamoto Noboru 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPostnatal morphological changes in granule cell dendritic spines and filopodia (collectively referred to as “spines/filopodia”) were examined in the rat main olfactory bulb to characterize the development of the neural circuitry for olfaction. Granule cells were labeled with a membrane dye and confocal laser scanning microscope images of labeled spines/filopodia were acquired in the following three dendritic domains: apical dendrites in the external plexiform layer, those in the granule cell layer, and basal dendrites. In all three domains the proportion of typical spines slightly increased during development, with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of “stubby” spines lacking a neck; the proportion of filopodia remained unchanged, accounting for 20–40% of all protrusions. The mean diameter and length of the spine/filopodium population were nearly constant throughout development. On the other hand, the developmental pattern of the spine/filopodium density varied markedly, depending on the domain of the dendrites. In the external plexiform layer, the density did not change remarkably during development. The density in apical dendrites in the granule cell layer increased during the initial 2 postnatal weeks, then gradually decreased. The spine/filopodium density in basal dendrites, however, continued to increase until 4 weeks of age, and then began to decrease. These results suggest that a substantial amount of input‐specific synaptic remodeling occurs in granule cells during development, which proceeds from superficial dendritic domains to deeper ones, occurring most prominently in the basal dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:553–561, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of Homer family proteins in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Shiraishi Yoko , Mizutani Akihiro , Yuasa Shigeki , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Furuichi Teiichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHomer acts as a postsynaptic adaptor protein that links multiple targets, such as proteins involved in glutamate receptor signaling. We report the differential expression of the long form of Homer proteins produced from three distinctive genes during postnatal development of the mouse brain. Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b are widespread throughout the developing brain and are down‐regulated in hindbrain‐origin regions, such as the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. In contrast, Homer 3a/b is restricted to the cerebellum, hippocampus, and neonatal olfactory bulb. In the cerebellum, Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b predominate in the postsynapses of developing granule cells, whereas Homer 3a/b is concentrated in the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells and their axons. The down‐regulation of Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b is in marked contrast to the up‐regulation of Homer 3a/b between the first and the second postnatal weeks. In the hippocampus, Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b are largely located in the CA1 region and the CA1–CA2 region, respectively, whereas Homer 3a/b is largely distributed in the CA2–CA3 region and peaks around the third postnatal week. In hippocampal cell cultures, Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b are expressed in inhibitory and excitatory neurons, whereas Homer 3a/b is largely expressed in excitatory neurons but not in inhibitory neurons. In the developing olfactory bulb, Homer 1b/c and Cupidin/Homer 2a/b are up‐regulated in the granular, external plexiform, and glomerular layers, whereas Homer 3a/b drastically decreases in these regions within the first postnatal week. Cupidin/Homer 2a/b is also expressed in olfactory sensory neurons within a distinct olfactory epithelial zone and is then widely distributed to both the axons in the olfactory nerve layer and the cilia in the olfactory epithelium. These results demonstrate that Homer family members have distinct regional, cellular, and subcellular distributions in time and space during postnatal brain development. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:582–599, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between morphoelectrotonic properties of motoneuron dendrites and their trajectory
Authors: Rose P.K. , Cushing S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution and geometry of the dendritic trees of spinal motoneurons obey several well‐established rules. Some of these rules are based on systematic relationships between quantitative geometrical features (e.g., total dendritic length) and the three‐dimensional trajectory followed by dendrites from their origin to their termination. Because dendritic geometry partially determines the transmission of current and voltage signals generated by synapses on the dendritic tree, our goal was to compare the efficacy of signal transmission by dendritic trajectories that followed different directions. To achieve this goal, we constructed detailed compartmental models of the dendritic trees of three intracellularly stained biventer cervicis/complexus (BCCM) motoneurons and calculated the electronic properties of 361 dendritic paths. Each trajectory was classified according to its orientation, e.g., rostral, rostral‐dorsal‐lateral. The attenuation of current and voltage signals en route to the soma was strongly related to trajectory orientation. Trajectories with similar attenuation factors formed functional subunits that were arranged in distinct domains within the ventral horn. Changes in Rm or Ri had little effect on which trajectories belonged to each functional subunit. However, differences in the efficacy of signal transmission between subunits increased during high network activity (mimicked by decreases in Rm). The most efficient subunit delivered two times more current and four times more voltage to the soma than the least efficient subunit. These results indicate that the input‐output properties of motoneurons depend on the direction of the path taken by dendrites from their origin at the cell body to their terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:562–581, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The α vβ 3 integrin as a tumor homing ligand for lymphocytes
Authors: Legler Daniel F. , Johnson‐Léger Caroline , Wiedle Guido , Bron Claude , Imhof Beat A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDespite the presence of tumor‐specific effector cells in the circulation of cancer patients, the immune response of the majority of these patients is not sufficient to prevent the growth and spread of their tumors. That tumor cells can be killed in vitro by tumor‐reactive cytotoxic T cells is testimony to the fact that the tumors are not inherently resistant to T cell killing, but rather that there is a failure in immune recognition and effector cell activation. Many reasons for this failure of the body's defense system have been suggested, including the inability of tumor‐reactive lymphocytes to migrate to tumor tissue. Here we designed a strategy to improve homing of primary lymphocytes into vascularized tumors. As a homing molecule we selected the integrin α vβ 3 since it is expressed by angiogenic vascular endothelium in tumors. To promote lymphocyte adhesion to α vβ 3 we "painted" primary lymphocytes with a recombinant, glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐linked high‐affinity ligand for α vβ 3. These painted lymphocytes specifically bound to α vβ 3 in vitro and homed to vascularized, solid tumors in vivo. This novel strategy may provide a significant advance in anti‐tumor treatment such as adoptive immune therapy.
Frontline: Neuropilin‐1: a surface marker of regulatory T cells (Vol. 34(3) 2004, pp 623–630, DOI 10.1002/eji.200324799)
Authors: Bruder Dunja , Probst‐Kepper Michael , Westendorf Astrid M. , Geffers Robert , Beissert Stefan , Loser Karin , von Boehmer Harald , Buer Jan , Hansen Wiebke 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) control immune responsiveness to a large variety of antigens. The isolation and therapeutic manipulation of Treg cells requires the use of reliable surface receptors that are selectively up‐regulated in Treg cells. On the basis of global gene expression studies, we identified neuropilin‐1 (Nrp1) as a specific surface marker for CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Nrp1, a receptor involved in axon guidance, angiogenesis, and the activation of T cells, is constitutively expressed on the surface of CD4+CD25+ Treg cells independently of their activation status. In contrast, Nrp1 expression is down‐regulated in naive CD4+CD25‐ T cells after TCR stimulation. Furthermore, CD4+Nrp1high T cells express high levels of Foxp3 and suppress CD4+CD25‐ T cells. Thus, Nrp1 constitutes a useful surface marker to distinguish Treg cells from both naive and recently activated CD4+CD25+ non‐regulatory T cells.Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley‐vch.de/contents/jc_2040/2004/24799_s.pdf or from the author.In Sect. 2.1 of the original article the wrong link to Supporting information was given. The correct link is as given above.See original article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200324779
Electrode Reactions of Catechol at Tyrosinase‐Immobilized Latex Suspensions
Authors: Rijiravanich Patsamon , Aoki Koichi , Chen Jingyuan , Surareungchai Werasak , Somasundrum Mithran 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTyrosinase was immobilized on polystyrene latex particles in order to control amounts of the enzyme. The tyrosinase‐coated latex particles were composed of the core polystyrene and four successive coating layers: polystyrene sulfonate, polyallylamine, tyrosinase and polyallylamine again, built up by the layer‐by‐layer technique. They showed catalytic currents for the enzymatic oxidation of catechol to o‐quinone. The enzyme activity per particle was evaluated as 2.3×10−7 units from UV absorption of o‐quinone. The relation between the catalytic current and the concentration of catechol leads to a Michaelis‐Menten type kinetic equation. The layer‐by‐layer method was found to have a deactivating effect on enzyme catalysis. In spite of this, the catechol oxidation current was larger than the current from free tyrosinase at a common value of enzyme units per volume. This is ascribed to strong adsorption of the latex particles on the electrode, leading to the enhancement of the local concentration of tyrosinase.