bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of retention time and influent pH on the performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge bioreactor treating cannery waste waters
Authors: Britz Trevor J. , Trnovec Wolf , Fourie Phillip C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryA mesophilic 50‐L upflow anaerobic sludge bed bioreactor (UASB) design was evaluated for the treatment of a sugar rich effluent from the canning industry. The UASB was inoculated with 1670 g anaerobic granules to give a granule bed height of 141 mm. After the system had stabilized the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was set at 24 h, the bioreactor substrate pH poised at 7.5 to prevent rapid acidification and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased to a full strength of 4000 mg.L–1. In the first experimental study (I) the organic loading rate (OLR) was increased by shortening the HRT from 24 to 8 h to give an OLR increase from 4.0 to 9.2 kgCOD.m–3.d–1 with an average COD removal of 81–84% and removal rate of 7.5 kgCOD.m–3.d–1. A HRT of 10 h was taken as the optimum operational HRT, as the recovery rate of the system at HRTs lower than 10 h were found to be longer than at longer HRTs. However, the data clearly showed that the bioreactor had not reached its optimal loading capacity, which was confirmed by the constant increase in the granule bed height. Since neutralization costs would influence the economic aspects of the process, the influence of lower pH values was investigated and the pH of the canning effluent was reduced from 7.5 to 5.0. At the lower pH, the COD removal remained fairly constant between 79 and 82%, with an alkalinity level of 700 mg.L–1 and a bioreactor effluent pH value of 6.5. It was clear from the low effluent pH that the lower end of the operational pH had been reached and further lowering of the substrate pH would lead to system failure. An increase of 144% in the granule bed height was found over the whole study period and the diameter of the granules obtained varied from below 1.0 mm to about 4.0 mm. The data from this study showed that the UASB system could successfully be used to treat canning effluents at short HRTs and without any further neutralization.
A preliminary search for anthocyanin‐β‐D‐glucosidase activity in non‐Saccharomyces wine yeasts
Authors: Manzanares Paloma , Rojas Virginia , Genovés Salvador , Vallés Salvador 
Published: March 2003

Summaryβ‐D‐glucosidase activity in 53 yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida, Dekkera, Hanseniaspora, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Schizosaccharomyces and Zygosaccharomyces, mainly isolated from grapes and wines, has been detected on the basis of its hydrolytic activity on 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (MUG) and ρ‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucoside (pNPG). Only yeast species belonging to the genera Dekkera, Rhodotorula and Schizosaccharomyces did not produce the enzyme. The nine yeast strains demonstrating greatest β‐D‐glucosidase activity on pNPG at pH 3.5 in the presence of 10% (v/v) ethanol belong to the genera Candida, Hanseniaspora and Pichia and exhibited mainly cell wall bound activity. Anthocyanin‐β‐D‐glucosidase activity was checked using an anthocyanin extract by following loss of absorbance at 520 nm. Whilst the nine yeast strains studied degraded the anthocyanin extract, H’spora osmophila 11207 and P. anomala 10590 were selected as the best producers of β‐D‐glucosidase with the lowest decolorizing activity.
Thermal degradation kinetics of thiamine in periwinkle based formulated low acidity foods
Authors: Ariahu Charles C. , Ogunsua Augustine O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe kinetics of the thermal degradation of thiamine in periwinkle‐in‐brine (PIB), periwinkle‐in‐sauce (PIS) and periwinkle‐in‐egusi soup (PES) were investigated in the temperature range 104–121.1 °C (5–40 min). Thiamine degradation could be modeled as a first order rate reaction with the rates being higher in the brine than the formulated food systems. The temperature dependence of the rates of destruction gave highly significant correlations when analyzed by the thermal resistance, Arrhenius and absolute reaction rate methods. Ea‐values ranged from 107.2 kJ mol–1 in PES to 111.5 KJ mol–1 in PIB. The ΔH# and ΔS# values ranged from 103.9 kJ mol–1 and 52.4 J deg–1 mol–1 respectively in PES to 108.3 kJ mol–1 and –40.5 J deg–1 mol–1 respectively in PIB while the z‐values were 26.3, 25.5 and 25.3 °C for PES, PIS and PIB respectively.
Biogenic amines during ripening in ‘Semicotto Caprino’ cheese: role of enterococci
Authors: Galgano Fernanda , Suzzi Giovanna , Favati Fabio , Caruso Marisa , Martuscelli Maria , Gardini Fausto , Salzano Giovanni 
Published: March 2003

SummarySemicotto Caprino is a traditional goats' cheese manufactured in the Basilicata region (Southern Italy). Four experimental lots of cheeses were produced from separate batches of milk. All the biogenic amines monitored increased during ripening, the most abundant at each ripening time being putrescine, followed by tryptamine and tyramine. Histamine was not detected at 15 days, but it reached 104 mg kg‐1 cheese at the end of ripening (60 days). A good correlation between free amino acids and total biogenic amines production was found. Strains of enterococci were isolated from all batches of goats' cheese and characterized for amine production and proteolytic activity. HPLC analysis showed that the isolates produced 2‐phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, spermidine and, sometimes, spermine. The high amine‐positive strains were also highly proteolytic. In the growth medium with a mixture of amino acid precursors added, the tested isolates produced more amines, even if at different levels.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in a concurrent moving bed
Authors: Barrozo Marcos A. S. , Souza Ana M. , Costa Sônia M. , Murata Valéria V. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this work was to study the simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in concurrent moving bed dryers. The stationary behaviour of the process was described by the mass and energy equations applied to both fluid and particulate phases, assuming uniform velocity of the seeds and flat velocity profile of the air. The results of the fluid‐dynamic study confirmed that the velocity of the seeds and air inlet profiles were essentially uniform. The experimental data and simulated values of the temperature of the fluid and temperature and moisture of the seeds were in good agreement.
Development of predictive models for end‐use quality of spring wheats through canonical analysis
Authors: Butt Masood S. , Anjum Faqir M. , Van Zuilichem Dick J. , Shaheen Mumtaz 
Published: March 2003

SummaryFor 30 spring wheat cultivars, the bread‐loaf volume, the total bread‐baking scores and the total chapati scores were considered as dependent variables, and 16 other quality attributes were regarded as independent variables. A stepwise regression indicated acid‐soluble glutenin, globulin, gliadin, and Mixograph development time contributed negatively to the bread‐loaf volume and the total bread‐baking scores, whereas dough development time, measured by farinograph readings, and particle size index contributed positively to both these attributes. However, 0.05 M NaOH soluble glutenin, acid soluble glutenin, globulin, albumin, fat and test weight positively affected the total chapati scores while the Farinograph readings (dough development time), ash, moisture and falling number had a negative affect. The canonical correlations were computed between the two groups of variables. The first group comprised dependent variables (bread‐loaf volume, bread scores and chapati scores) and the second comprised 21 independent variables. The highest observed value of coefficient of determination for white flour protein was 0.8912 indicating that 89.12% of the variation in white flour protein can be explained by all other variables in the second set. However, 24.36 and 24.60% of variation in bread‐loaf volume and total bread scores respectively can be explained by all other variables in the first set. The squared multiple regression of each variable in the first set with all the variables in the second set indicated that 57.13% variation in total chapati scores was explained by the variable in the second set, whereas 50.74% of the variation in the bread‐loaf volume and 34% of the variation in total bread scores was explained by the variables included in the second set. The results of the canonical correlation revealed high correlation between the end use quality characteristics and other physico‐chemical, rheological and protein components of wheat cultivars.
Pre‐ and post‐treatment levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in pre‐school children
Authors: Twetman S. , Fritzon B. , Jensen B. , Hallberg U. , StÅhl B. 
Published: March 2003

Summary.
Objectives. To examine the effect of operative and restorative treatment of dental caries on the levels of caries associated microorganisms in saliva and to relate alterations to the type and extent of treatment. Design. Longitudinal. Setting. Paediatric Dentistry Department at a central hospital in Sweden. Subjects and methods. One hundred and eight pre‐school children with severe dental caries scheduled for treatment under general anaesthesia. Chair‐side tests were used to estimate the levels of salivary mutans streptococci, lactobacilli and buffer capacity before the surgery and at recall appointments 1 and 6 months after treatment. Caries were assessed according to WHO guidelines and the number of extracted teeth and filled surfaces during surgery were recorded. Results. The results demonstrate that the post‐treatment levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were significantly reduced (P < 0·001) compared to pretreatment levels. Lactobacilli levels were more dramatically reduced than mutans streptococci. The reduction of mutans streptococci was positively correlated to the number of extracted teeth (P < 0·01), but not to the number of restored or ground surfaces. Lactobacilli reduction was not significantly related to the type of treatment. Conclusion. The findings suggest that extensive operative and restorative dental care effectively reduces the levels of caries associated with microorganisms during a period of at least 6 months.
Relationship between premature loss of primary teeth and the development of temporomandibular disorders in children
Authors: Farsi N.M.A. , Alamoudi N. 
Published: March 2003

Aim. This study evaluated the prevalence of signs of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children with and without premature loss of primary teeth. Sample. Fifty‐eight children, aged 4–6 years, with missing primary molars, were compared with 58 age‐ and sex‐matched control children with complete primary dentitions. Method. All the children underwent an examination that consisted of palpation and assessment of the joints and associated muscles for tenderness and joint sounds. Maximum vertical opening and deviation during jaw opening were also recorded. Children with any single anomalous finding were designated positive for TMD signs. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of single or collective TMD signs between the two groups. Conclusion. The results of this study show that premature loss of primary teeth, uncomplicated by other factors, does not appear to be an aetiological factor for TMD development.
Oral manifestations and dental status in paediatric HIV infection
Authors: Ramos‐Gomez F.J. , Petru A. , Hilton J.F. , Canchola A.J. , Wara D. , Greenspan J.S. 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To describe the incidence and prevalence of oral manifestations of HIV infection in a population of perinatally infected children. Design. Retrospective and prospective study of a cohort of perinatally HIV‐infected children. Setting. Community hospital and community‐based paediatric clinic. Sample and methods. Forty perinatally HIV‐infected children with a median age of 12 months were eligible and selected for the study, which included a medical chart review from birth and prospective follow‐up. Each child was examined quarterly for oral manifestations, tooth eruption, and for 27 children, caries and periodontal status. Results. The incidence of pseudomembranous candidiasis was 43% (95% CI, 27–58%) within 6 months of birth. Oral candidiasis (defined as pseudomembranous or erythematous) was positively associated with low CD4 counts and the occurrence of plaque. Children with low CD4 counts were also found to have fewer teeth than children with high CD4 counts, after adjusting for age. Conclusions. Oral manifestations are common in paediatric HIV infection and are possible predictors of HIV disease progression. Primary care of HIV‐infected children should include periodic oral examinations to monitor their HIV disease progression and to alleviate symptoms associated with oral opportunistic infections.
Long‐term prognosis of crown‐fractured permanent incisors. The effect of stage of root development and associated luxation injury
Authors: Robertson A. , Andreasen F.M. , Andreasen J.O. , Norén J.G. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The aim of the present study was to investigate pulp healing responses following crown fracture with and without pulp exposure as well as with and without associated luxation injury and in relation to stage of root development. Patient material and methods. The long‐term prognosis was examined for 455 permanent teeth with crown fractures, 352 (246 with associated luxation injury) without pulpal involvement and 103 (69 with associated luxation injury) with pulp exposures. Initial treatment for all patients was provided by on‐call oral surgeons at the emergency service, University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen. In fractures without pulpal involvement, dentin was covered by a hard‐setting calcium hydroxide cement (Dycal®), marginal enamel acid‐etched (phosphoric acid gel), then covered with a temporary crown and bridge material. In the case of pulp exposure, pulp capping or partial pulpotomy was performed. Thereafter treatment was identical to the first group. Patients were then referred to their own dentist for resin composite restoration. Results. Patients were monitored for normal pulp healing or healing complications for up to 17 years after injury (x = 2·3 years, range 0·2–17·0 years, SD + 2·7). Pulp healing was registered and classified into pulp survival with no radiographic change (PS), pulp canal obliteration (PCO) and pulp necrosis (PN). Healing was related to the following clinical factors: stage of root development at the time of injury, associated damage to the periodontium at time of injury (luxation) and time interval from injury until initial treatment. Crown fractures with or without pulp exposure and no concomitant luxation injury showed PS in 99%, PCO in 1% and PN in 0%. Crown fractures with concomitant luxation showed PS in 70%, PCO in 5% and PN in 25%. An associated damage to the periodontal ligament significantly increased the likelihood of pulp necrosis from 0% to 28% (P < 0·001) in teeth with only enamel and dentin exposure and from 0% to 14% (P < 0·001) in teeth with pulp exposure. Conclusions. In the case of concomitant luxation injuries, the stage of root development played an important role in the risk of pulp necrosis after crown fracture. However, the primary factor related to pulp healing events after crown fracture appears to be compromised pulp circulation due to concomitant luxation injuries.
Dental caries in schoolchildren of an Estonian and a Danish municipality
Authors: Dragheim E. , Petersen P.E. , Kalo I. , Saag M. 
Published: March 2003

Objectives. The objectives of the study were to describe the prevalence rate and the severity of dental caries in Estonian schoolchildren aged 7 and 12 and to compare the findings with those of Danish children. Design. Cross‐sectional surveys in Estonia and Denmark, clinical oral examinations of children in 1997. Samples and methods. In Estonia, 195 children aged 7 and 215 children of age 12 were selected in the municipality of Tartu in schools identified for oral health promotion projects. In Denmark, the study included 637 7‐year‐olds and 642 12‐year‐olds living in the municipality of Horsens and served by the Public Dental Health Service for children. All children in the two countries were examined by calibrated dentists for dental caries according to the Recording System for the Danish Public Dental Health Service. Results. At age 7, 83·8% of Estonian children had dental caries (7·7 dmfs) against 62·1% of Danish children (5·3 dmfs). At age 12, the mean caries experience was 2·1 DMFS in Estonia against 1·3 DMFS of the Danish children. Most of the caries indices were due to the high d/D components and approximal caries was prominent. In the study area in Estonia, the content of fluoride in drinking water was optimal (0·8–1·5 p.p.m.) whereas the level of fluoride was low in the Danish municipality (0·2 p.p.m.). Conclusion. In the Baltic states, the oral health systems are in transition. For the continuous improvement of oral health in childrens’ reorientation of services should consider implementation of community‐based oral health promotion and the schools provide an excellent setting for preventive oral care.
The management of supernumerary teeth in childhood ‐ a retrospective study of practice in Bristol Dental Hospital, England and Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Authors: Patchett C.L. , Crawford P.J.M. , Cameron A.C. , Stephens C.D. 
Published: March 2003

This study compared the treatment provided for patients with supernumerary teeth in Bristol Dental Hospital with those in Westmead Dental Hospital, Sydney, Australia. The records of 63 children referred for removal of a supernumerary tooth in Bristol and 96 children in Westmead were examined, involving a total of 215 supernumerary teeth. Differences in the treatment provided for these patients were found not only between the two centres but also within one centre. There appeared to be no standardised route by which these patients were seen and therefore no standardised pattern of treatment. Contact with all UK Dental Schools indicated that no formal treatment protocol existed for the treatment of children with supernumerary teeth.In addition, a permanent incisor associated with a conical supernumerary tooth was twice as likely to erupt spontaneously as one associated with a supernumerary of tuberculate form. The location of the supernumerary tooth also influenced the likelihood of spontaneous eruption of the associated permanent incisor. There is a need for a prospective randomised controlled trial in the future in order to develop a formal treatment protocol for the management of patients with supernumerary teeth. A multi‐centre trial is under development.
Retention of nursing students with English as a second language
Authors: Jalili‐Grenier Fereshteh , Chase Mackie M. 
Published: March 2003

The purposes of this study were to: (a) determine nursing students' perceptions of the learning activities which contribute the most to their knowledge and skills; (b) determine students' perceptions of their learning difficulties; (c) compare the perception of English as a second language (ESL) and non‐ESL students; (d) determine nursing faculty perceptions of ESL students' learning difficulties; (e) compare the perception of ESL students and faculty; and (f) indentify needs for educational and/or supportive programmes for faculty and students. Differences in perceptions of faculty and students regarding areas of difficulty and studetnts' needs may influence the services provided to students and therefore contribute to their lack of success and attrition.A questionnaire was given to students in the first and second years of the University of British Columbia (UBC)/Vancouver Hospital (VH) Nursing Programme to collect data regarding their high school and post‐secondary education, date of arrival in Canada, first language, and their perceptions of helpfulness and difficulty of learning activities. A similar questionnaire was given to faculty members working with these students to collect data about their perceptions of areas of difficulty and activities that contribute the most to the learning of ESL students. Data analysis consisted of t‐test for statistical comparison of the responses of ESL and non‐ESL students, and ESL students and faculty. The results indicated statistically significant differences between the perceptions of faculty and ESL students, particularly in the areas of difficulty. The need for educational programmes for both faculty and students was identified.
Hope in nursing research: a meta‐analysis of the ontological and epistemological foundations of research on hope
Authors: Kylmä Jari , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study is to describe the ontological basis of hope and the epistemological solutions adopted in research on hope by reviewing research articles concerned with the subject in the field of nursing science. The material consisted of 46 articles published between 1975 and 1993, and the examination was based on the meta‐analysis method. References to the ontology of hope were inductively clustered according to the principle of continuous comparison. For the analysis of epistemological solutions, the purpose of the study, population/respondents, and methods of data collection and analysis were identified.The articles reviewed focus on the essence and distinctive characteristics of hope. Although rich in detail and quite vivid, there is a certain lack of precision about the descriptions. Hope may be described as an emotion, an experience or need. A distinction is made between generalized and particularized hope. There is a clear emphasis on the necessity and the dynamism of hope. As far as its dynamics are concerned, the most important dimension is the dialectic between hope and despair. An affective, functional, contextual and temporal as well as relational dimension are distinguished in the process of hope. Research on hope consists in the main part of descriptive cross‐sectional research that focuses on individuals who are unwell. The most common method of data collection is the questionnaire, while the analyses are typically based on quantitative methods.There is need for further work to clarify the concept of hope. In the field of nursing research, there is obvious need to carry out more qualitative longitudinal research. More attention should be paid to healthy individuals and families at different stages of their life cycle.
Nurse–patient relationships: the context of nurse prescribing
Authors: Luker  , Austin  , Hogg  , Ferguson  , Smith  
Published: March 2003

Nurse prescribing was initiated in the United Kingdom in October 1994 in eight demonstration sites. The evaluation of this extension to the community nurses’ role explored both economic and qualitative benefits to patients, carers, nurses and other health care professionals. In this paper the impact of nurse prescribing on patients is explored. Benefits experienced by patients are described along with the difficulties encountered. The patients’ views regarding nurses as prescribers are also explored. Data were collected by means of interviews with patients/carers, the focus of which was to evaluate changes associated with nurse prescribing. Patients raised a number of issues associated with their relationship with nurses. Patients valued nurses for both their accessibility and approachability, which led them to discuss health issues which would not otherwise have been brought to the attention of the general practitioner. The arguments which support the incorporation of these qualities into an expanded nursing role are presented.