bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Recombinant Small Hydrophobic Protein for Serospecific Detection of Avian Pneumovirus Subgroup C
Authors: Luo Lizhong , Sabara Marta I. , Li Yan 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT
The small hydrophobic (SH) gene of the avian pneumovirus (APV) Colorado isolate (CO), which belongs to subgroup C (APV/C), was expressed with a baculovirus vector. The recombinant SH protein was evaluated as a potential subgroup-specific diagnostic reagent in order to differentiate infections resulting from APV/C from those induced by APV/A, APV/B, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). When the recombinant baculovirus was used to infect insect cells, a 31- to 38-kDa glycosylated form of the SH protein was produced and subsequently tested for reactivity with antibodies specific for APV/A, APV/B, APV/C, and hMPV. Western blot analysis showed that the expressed recombinant SH protein could only be recognized by APV/C-specific antibodies. This result was consistent with sequence analysis of the APV/C SH protein, which had very low (24%) amino acid identity with the corresponding protein of hMPV and no discernible identity with the SH protein of APV/A or APV/B. A recombinant SH protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed, and it further confirmed the lack of reactivity of this protein with antisera raised to APV/A, APV/B, and hMPV and supported its designation as a subgroup-specific antigen. This finding indicated that the recombinant SH protein was a suitable antigen for ELISA-based detection of subgroup-specific antibodies in turkeys and could be used for serologically based differential diagnosis of APV and hMPV infections.
Visualizing Cytokine-Secreting Cells In Situ in the Rhesus Macaque Model of Chronic Gut Inflammation
Authors: Ramesh Geeta , Alvarez Xavier , Borda Juan T. , Aye Pyone P. , Lackner Andrew A. , Sestak Karol 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTCytokine-producing cells in gut-associated lymphoid tissues of rhesus macaques with chronic enterocolitis were studied. The confocal microscopy technique that we developed enables simultaneous in situ visualization of multiple extra- and/or intracellular antigens at a resolution higher than that allowed by light or epifluorescence microscopy. The presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6)-, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-, and IL-1-α-producing cells was focally intense in the colon lamina propria of the affected animals. The IL-1-α-producing cells were T lymphocytes (CD3+), while the TNF-α-producing cells were both macrophages (CD68+/HAM56+/LN5+) and T lymphocytes (CD3+). The IL-6-producing cells within the colon consisted of T lymphocytes and macrophages. The amount of IL-6-producing cells seen in macaques with enterocolitis was significantly higher (P< 0.001) than that seen in the healthy control animal, while TNF-α- and IL-1-α-producing cells were seen only in macaques with enterocolitis. Most of the T lymphocytes that produced cytokines were detected in the lamina propria, while the macrophages were most prominent in highly inflamed regions of the lamina propria. Taken together, our findings indicate that there might be immunological similarity between chronic enterocolitis of rhesus macaques and humans, suggesting the potential use of the nonhuman primate model for the validation of novel therapies.
Fast Dipstick Dye Immunoassay for Detection of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM Antibodies of Human Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Jin Si , Chang Zhu Yin , Ming Xu , Min Cao Li , Wei He , Sheng Liang You , Hong Guan Xiao 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

A dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA) was developed to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) or IgM antibodies of toxoplasmosis infection in humans. The assays employ a blue colloidal dye particles (D-1) conjugated to sheep anti-human IgG and rabbit anti-human IgM as the visualizing agents and a soluble antigen of tachyzoites of
Toxoplasma gondii
strain RH (TSA) as the detective antigen. The mixture of dye-labeled anti-human antibody-special human antibody was captured by TSA onto a nitrocellulose membrane dipstick by means of immunochromatography. The assays are rapid (the whole test can be completed within 15 min), simple, and cheap, and they don't require any equipment. They are sensitive and specific for the detection of anti-
Toxoplasma
IgG or IgM antibodies and generally agree closely with the results from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The assays are especially suitable for field applications.
Susceptible and Protective Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Alleles and Haplotypes in Bahraini Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Motala Ayesha A. , Busson Marc , Al-Harbi Einas M. , Khuzam Manal A. A. , Al-Omari Emtiaz M. D. , Arekat Mona R. , Almawi Wassim Y. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTWhereas the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes is linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II genes, the HLA association in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is less clear. The association between HLA class II genotypes and type 2 diabetes was examined in adult Bahrainis, an Arab population with a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes. HLA-DRB1* and -DQB1* genotyping of 86 unrelated type 2 diabetes patients (age, 51.6 ± 8.2 years; mean duration of diabetes, 7.7 ± 7.1 years) who had a strong family history of diabetes (52 of 72 versus 0 of 89 for controls,P< 0.001) and 89 healthy subjects was done by PCR-sequence-specific priming. DRB1*040101 (0.1221 versus 0.0562,P= 0.019) and DRB1*070101 (0.2151 versus 0.0843,P< 0.001) were positively associated, while DRB1*110101 (0.0698 versus 0.1461,P= 0.014) and DRB1*160101 (0.0640 versus 0.1236,P= 0.038) were negatively associated with type 2 diabetes. DRB1*040101-DQB1*0302 (0.069 versus 0.0007;P= 0.004), DRB1*070101-DQB1*0201 (0.178 versus 0.0761,P= 0.007), DRB1*070101-DQB1*050101 (0.125 versus 0.0310,P= 0.002), and DRB1*150101-DQB1*060101 (0.0756 versus 0.0281,P= 0.008) were more prevalent among patients, while DRB1*160101-DQB1*050101 (0.0702 versus 0.0349,P= 0.05) was more prevalent among controls, conferring disease susceptibility or protection, respectively. In Bahrainis with type 2 diabetes, there is a significant association with select HLA class II genotypes, which were distinct from those in type 1 diabetes.
Assignment of Weight-Based Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 Units in Antipneumococcal Reference Serum Lot 89-S(F) for Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C
Authors: Sikkema Daniel J. , Ziembiec Nancy A. , Jones Thomas R. , Hildreth Stephen W. , Madore Dace V. , Quataert Sally A. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Weight-based assignments for immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 subclass antibodies to
Streptococcus pneumoniae
capsular polysaccharides (PnPs) in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S (lot 89-S), also known as lot 89-SF, have been determined for serotypes 1, 4, 5, 7F, 9V, and 18C. This extends the usefulness of lot 89-S beyond the IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for serotypes 3, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F made previously (A. Soininen, H. Kayhty, I. Seppala, and T. Wuorimaa, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol.
5:
561-566, 1998) to cover 11 major serotypes associated with the highest percentage of pneumococcal disease worldwide. A method of equivalence of absorbances in enzyme immunosorbent assays was used to determine the IgG1 and IgG2 antibody concentrations for the additional serotypes in lot 89-S, based on the subclass values previously assigned for PnPs serotypes 6B, 14, and 23F. This cross-standardization method assures consistency with previous antibody assignments in that reference serum. The newly assigned subclass values for serotype 9V, and previously assigned values for serotype 14, were used to quantitate PnPs antibodies in sera from adult and pediatric subjects immunized with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. There was a predominance of IgG1 anti-PnPs antibodies in pediatric sera and IgG2 anti-PnPs antibodies in the adult sera. The IgG1 and IgG2 subclass assignments for the 11 PnPs serotypes in antipneumococcal standard reference serum lot 89-S are useful for quantitating and characterizing immune responses to pneumococcal infection and vaccination regimens.
Comparison of a New, Affordable Flow Cytometric Method and the Manual Magnetic Bead Technique for CD4 T-Lymphocyte Counting in a Northern Nigerian Setting
Authors: Imade Godwin E. , Badung Bitrus , Pam Sunday , Agbaji Oche , Egah Daniel , Sagay Atiene S. , Sankalé Jean-Louis , Kapiga Saidi , Idoko John , Kanki Phyllis 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

We compared two techniques for CD4 T-lymphocyte counting: flow cytometry (Cyflow) and magnetic beads (Dynabead). Similar results with good correlation were obtained from the 40 adult blood samples counted (
P
= 0.057,
r
= 0.93). The Cyflow technique is more precise and cost-effective than the Dynabead method ($3 to $5 versus $12 to $22 per test, respectively), since as many as 200 samples can be measured per day.
Effects of Lymphocyte Isolation and Timing of Processing on Detection of CD127 Expression on T Cells in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients
Authors: Higgins Jeanette , Metcalf Julia A. , Stevens Randy A. , Baseler Michael , Nason Martha C. , Lane H. Clifford , Sereti Irini 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT
Decreases in the detection of CD127 expression on T cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by flow cytometry can occur by delayed processing or by peripheral blood mononuclear cell isolation and cryopreservation. These observations should be considered in the interpretation of functional studies and the planning of multicenter clinical trials.
Prevalence of Antibodies to
Onchocerca volvulus
in Residents of Oaxaca, Mexico, Treated for 10 Years with Ivermectin
Authors: Gómez-Priego Alberto , Mendoza Raymundo , de-la-Rosa Jorge-Luis 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Studies to determine the prevalence of antibodies to
Onchocerca volvulus
, prior to and after actions carried out to interrupt transmission, are scarce in Mexico. Here we report the prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgG4 antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against a crude extract of
O. volvulus
adult worm in serum samples from persons under noninterrupted biannual treatment with ivermectin in areas of onchocercosis endemicity in Mexico. To perform the prevalence studies, the ELISA procedures were first evaluated. Serological studies were performed with serum samples from skin microfilaria carriers from Guatemala and from people microfilariodermic negative living in the same area as the Guatemalan patients. Sensitivity values for IgG or IgG4 detection were 71 and 86%, while specificities were 92 and 100%, respectively. No anti-
O. volvulus
antibodies were found in samples from nonendemic controls from Mexico, but 3 of 71 samples from residents in the onchocercosis area of Oaxaca, Mexico, and who have been under ivermectin treatment during the last 10 years were only positive to IgG. Notwithstanding that the IgG4 isotype was not detected and a low (4.2%) anti-
O. volvulus
IgG antibody prevalence was found, a seroepidemiological follow-up must be performed in order to confirm interruption of onchocercosis transmission in the area of Oaxaca, Mexico, in which onchocercosis is endemic.
Spinal Fluid Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Natelson Benjamin H. , Weaver Shelley A. , Tseng Chin-Lin , Ottenweller John E. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT
Arguments exist as to the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Some think that it is an example of symptom amplification indicative of functional or psychogenic illness, while our group thinks that some CFS patients may have brain dysfunction. To further pursue our encephalopathy hypothesis, we did spinal taps on 31 women and 13 men fulfilling the 1994 case definition for CFS and on 8 women and 5 men serving as healthy controls. Our outcome measures were white blood cell count, protein concentration in spinal fluid, and cytokines detectable in spinal fluid. We found that significantly more CFS patients had elevations in either protein levels or number of cells than healthy controls (30 versus 0%), and 13 CFS patients had protein levels and cell numbers that were higher than laboratory norms; patients with abnormal fluid had a lower rate of having comorbid depression than those with normal fluid. In addition, of the 11 cytokines detectable in spinal fluid, (i) levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were lower in patients than controls, (ii) levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) were higher in patients with sudden, influenza-like onset than in patients with gradual onset or in controls, and (iii) IL-10 levels were higher in the patients with abnormal spinal fluids than in those with normal fluid or controls. The results support two hypotheses: that some CFS patients have a neurological abnormality that may contribute to the clinical picture of the illness and that immune dysregulation within the central nervous system may be involved in this process.
Acute Inflammatory Response to Endotoxin in Mice and Humans
Authors: Copeland Shannon , Warren H. Shaw , Lowry Stephen F. , Calvano Steve E. , Remick Daniel 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTEndotoxin injection has been widely used to study the acute inflammatory response. In this study, we directly compared the inflammatory responses to endotoxin in mice and humans.Escherichia colitype O113 endotoxin was prepared under identical conditions, verified to be of equal biological potency, and used for both mice and humans. The dose of endotoxin needed to induce an interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration in plasma of ∼1,000 pg/ml 2 h after injection was 2 ng/kg of body weight in humans and 500 ng/kg in mice. Healthy adult volunteers were injected intravenously with endotoxin, and male C57BL/6 mice (n= 4 to 12) were injected intraperitoneally with endotoxin. Physiological, hematological, and cytokine responses were determined. Endotoxin induced a rapid physiological response in humans (fever, tachycardia, and slight hypotension) but not in mice. Both mice and humans exhibited lymphopenia with a nadir at 4 h and recovery by 24 h. The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL-6 in plasma peaked at 2 h and returned to baseline levels by 4 to 6 h. IL-1 receptor antagonist RA and TNF soluble receptor I were upregulated in both mice and humans but were upregulated more strongly in humans. Mice produced greater levels of CXC chemokines, and both mice and humans exhibited peak production at 2 h. These studies demonstrate that although differences exist and a higher endotoxin challenge is necessary in mice, there are several similarities in the inflammatory response to endotoxin in mice and humans.
Development of Capture Assays for Different Modifications of Human Low-Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Virella Gabriel , Derrick M. Brooks , Pate Virginia , Chassereau Charlyne , Thorpe Suzanne R. , Lopes-Virella Maria F. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Antibodies to malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), copper-oxidized LDL (oxLDL),
N
ε
(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML)-modified LDL, and advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-modified LDL were obtained by immunization of rabbits with in vitro-modified human LDL preparations. After absorption of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) antibodies, we obtained antibodies specific for each modified lipoprotein with unique patterns of reactivity. MDA-LDL antibodies reacted strongly with MDA-LDL and also with oxLDL. CML-LDL antibodies reacted strongly with CML-LDL and also AGE-LDL. oxLDL antibodies reacted with oxLDL but not with MDA-LDL, and AGE-LDL antibodies reacted with AGE-LDL but not with CML-LDL. Capture assays were set with each antiserum, and we tested their ability to capture ApoB-containing lipoproteins isolated from precipitated immune complexes (IC) and from the supernatants remaining after IC precipitation (free lipoproteins). All antibodies captured lipoproteins contained in IC more effectively than free lipoproteins. Analysis of lipoproteins in IC by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that they contained MDA-LDL and CML-LDL in significantly higher concentrations than free lipoproteins. A significant correlation (
r
= 0.706,
P
< 0.019) was obtained between the MDA concentrations determined by chemical analysis and by the capture assay of lipoproteins present in IC. In conclusion, we have developed capture assays for different LDL modifications in human ApoB/E lipoprotein-rich fractions isolated from precipitated IC. This approach obviates the interference of IC in previously reported modified LDL assays and allows determination of the degree of modification of LDL with greater accuracy.
Memory Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals with Long-Term Viral Load Suppression Are Independent of CD4 Cell Nadir
Authors: Kolber Michael A. , Saenz Maria O. , Kaul Sameer 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

The persistence of memory responses in suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been an area of controversy. By using a previously described proliferation assay that augments specific responses, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 61 human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive individuals with CD4 counts of >300/mm
3
and suppressed viral burdens were studied for response to p24 antigen as a function of time of viral load suppression on HAART. In the majority of cases, proliferative responses could be measured in PBL from patients with plasma viral load suppression. No differences could be found in proliferative responses from PBL between individuals with a low and those with a high CD4 cell nadir. PBL that did not respond to either Casta antigen or p24 were found to have a higher percentage of naïve cells than did PBL that responded well to antigen. These data support the contention that, after long-term viral load suppression, PBL from infected individuals have memory cell populations that can respond to antigenic stimulation under inducible conditions.
Seroprevalence of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection in Urban and Rural Vietnam
Authors: Hoang Thi Thu Ha , Bengtsson Carina , Phung Dac Cam , Sörberg Mikael , Granström Marta 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Helicobacter pylori
-associated diseases, such as peptic ulcer and gastric cancer, are common in Vietnam, but the prevalence of the infection is largely unknown. A validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for seroepidemiology with 971 samples from the general population, ages 0 to 88 years, with 546 samples from an urban population (Hanoi), and with 425 samples from a poor, rural province (Hatay). The overall seroprevalence of the infection was 746 per 1,000, with a prevalence of 788 per 1,000 in Hanoi and 692 per 1,000 in Hatay (
P
= 0.0007). The risk for infection in the rural area of Hatay was 40% lower than in the urban population of Hanoi, with the odds ratio being 0.59 (95% confidence interval, 0.43 to 0.81). The study shows that the prevalence of
H. pylori
infection is high in Vietnam and especially high in a large urban area, such as the city of Hanoi.
Inhibition of Biofilm Formation by Monoclonal Antibodies againstStaphylococcus epidermidisRP62A Accumulation-Associated Protein
Authors: Sun Daqian , Accavitti M. A. , Bryers J. D. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus epidermidisexpresses a 140-kDa cell wall-bound protein accumulation-associated protein (AAP) to adhere to and accumulate as a biofilm on a surface. Potentially blocking AAP with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) could reduce or eliminateS. epidermidisbacterial colonization of biomedical devices. Here, we report on our efforts to (i) isolate AAP, (ii) generate MAbs against AAP, and (iii) determine the efficacy of MAbs to inhibitS. epidermidisbiofilm formation. An M7S. epidermidismutant, reportedly deficient in AAP expression, was used as a negative control. Postinoculation murine sera, containing polyclonal antibodies against AAP, were able to reduceS. epidermidisbiofilm formation by 54%. Select MAbs against AAP were able to reduceS. epidermidisby no more than 66%. Two MAb mixtures, 12C6/12A1 and 3C1/12A1, reducedS. epidermidisaccumulation up to 79 and 87%, respectively, significantly more than individual MAbs. Contrary to a previous report, biofilm-deficientS. epidermidismutant M7 expressed a 200-kDa protein on its cell wall that specifically bound AAP MAbs. Peptide characterization of this M7 protein by microcapillary reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray tandem mass spectrometry resulted in 53% homology with AAP. Ongoing studies will elucidate the dynamic expression of AAP and the M7 200-kDa protein in order to define their roles in biofilm formation.
Cyclophilin A Is Localized to the Nucleus and Controls Meiosis in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Arévalo-Rodríguez Miguel , Heitman Joseph 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

Cyclophilin A is conserved from yeast to humans and mediates the ability of cyclosporine to perturb signal transduction cascades via inhibition of calcineurin. Cyclophilin A also catalyzes
cis
-
trans
peptidyl-prolyl isomerization during protein folding or conformational changes; however, cyclophilin A is not essential in yeast or human cells, and the true biological functions of this highly conserved enzyme have remained enigmatic. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, cyclophilin A becomes essential in cells compromised for the nuclear prolyl-isomerase Ess1, and cyclophilin A physically interacts with two nuclear histone deacetylase complexes, Sin3-Rpd3 and Set3C, which both control meiosis. Here we show that cyclophilin A is localized to the nucleus in yeast cells and governs the meiotic gene program to promote efficient sporulation. The prolyl-isomerase activity of cyclophilin A is required for this meiotic function. We document that cyclophilin A physically associates with the Set3C histone deacetylase and analyze in detail the structure of this protein-protein complex. Genetic studies support a model in which cyclophilin A controls meiosis via Set3C and an additional target. Our findings reveal a novel nuclear role for cyclophilin A in governing the transcriptional program required for the vegetative to meiotic developmental switch in budding yeast.
The Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane ofEncephalitozoon cuniculiLacks Host Cell Membrane Proteins Immediately after Invasion
Authors: Fasshauer Verena , Gross Uwe , Bohne Wolfgang 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTMicrosporidia of the genusEncephalitozoondevelop inside a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) of unknown origin. Using colocalization studies, the PV was found to be absent from the endocytic pathway markers early endosomal autoantigen 1, transferrin receptor, and lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and for the endoplasmic reticulum marker calnexin. The nonfusiogenic characteristic of the PV appears to be acquired as early as 1 min postinfection and is not reversed by drug treatment with albendazole or fumagillin.
Newton and the Magic Vase of Circe
Authors: Martone Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTime is a fundamental property of the physical world. Because time encompasses the antinomic qualities of transience and duration, the definition of time poses a dilemma for the formulation of a comprehensive physical theory. The partial elimination of time is a common solution to this dilemma. In his mechanical philosophy, Newton appears to resort to the elimination of the transient quality of time by identifying time with duration. It is suggested, however, that the transient quality of time may be identified as the active component of the Newtonian concept of inertia, a quasi occult quality of matter that is correlated with change, and that is essential to defining duration. The assignment of the transient quality of time to matter is a necessary consequence of Newton's attempt to render a world system of divine mathematical order. Newton's interest in alchemy reflects this view that matter is active and mutable in nature.