bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Drugs and AIDS—Reaching for Help”: A Videotape on AIDS and Drug Abuse Prevention for Criminal Justice Populations
Authors: Gross Michael , DeJong William , Lamb Derek , Enos Tammy , Mason Theresa , Weitzman Elissa 
Published: May 2005

This article describes the development of a videotape targeted at persons under supervision of the criminal justice system. The videotape seeks to encourage those who use illicit drugs to enter drug treatment and to motivate those at risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to alter behaviors that may transmit infection. The criminal justice system presents an important opportunity to deliver such messages, particularly to a large population of persons briefly detained in a jail or lockup and released without subsequent incarceration. Evidence suggests that, even in this audience, knowledge of how to prevent exposure to HIV is widespread, yet those at risk often fail to take appropriate precautions: motivating behavior change demands more than imparting information. In order to shape this videotape, we analyzed the target audience and developed a drama-based approach that applies the framework of social learning theory, the health belief model, and principles of social marketing. This article describes the integration of that theoretical framework into the production process, content, and strategy of the videotape.
A Critique of Anglo-American Medical Sociology
Authors: Pflanz Manfred 
Published: May 2005

After a period of rapid, stormy development, many people in the field tend to feel somewhat discouraged about the present and future state of medical sociology. Measured by the expectations of the public, the patients, and medical sociology itself, there is much disappointment. The predictive power of the tools of medical sociology has proven to be weak, and it has not been able to explain satisfactorily the impact of social inequality on the distribution of disease and on differences in the utilization of health services. It cannot even be ruled out that medical sociology itself has created some of these differences and that it is partly responsible for creating “two-class medicine” in the United States and elsewhere. Social epidemiology has failed to develop useful theories, nor could it deliver unanimous findings. A particularly serious flaw is the confusion between the concepts of class, social strata, and poverty. Medical sociology has become the propaganda machine of the Welfare State (in the sense used by Alwin W. Gouldner) and instead of questioning medical values it has been co-opted by their proponents and adopted them. Parochialism characterizes both research and publications. The new vogue of “internationalism” has not succeeded in creating truly international studies; also, it has not worked to the advantage of other countries and has not been helpful in creating a theoretical and empirical body of knowledge in health services research. The paper argues that a more realistic exchange between Anglo-American and other medical sociology, between conservative and radical thinking, and between medical sociology and general or specific fields of sociology would foster new ideas and a new understanding of the main problem, that is, of theory versus application, in health services research.
General Health, Health Care Utilization, and Medical Comorbidity in Dysthymia
Authors: Howland Robert H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This article reviews the literature on the general health, health care utilization, prevalence, medical comorbidity, and treatment of dysthymia in medical settings. Method: The literature was searched by using MEDLINE and by reviewing the bibliographies of recent publications. Studies were selected that included health data on patients with dysthymia or chronic depression according to DSM-III, DSM-III-R, ICD-9, or RDC criteria, or patients who were described as having persistent depressive symptoms. Results: This review shows that dysthymic patients are at increased risk for poor general health and frequently use medical services. Compared to the general population, dysthymia is more prevalent in primary care and among patients with various medical and neurological conditions, sleep disorders, chronic fatigue, hypothyroidism, and somatoform disorders. Pharmacotherapy is effective, but has not been well studied. Non-tricyclic antidepressants might be especially useful. Psychotherapy studies are virtually nonexistent. Conclusions: Although dysthymia is considered a minor depressive condition, these findings show that it is a significant public health problem, comparable to major depression. Recent efforts to improve the recognition and treatment of major depression in medical settings, therefore, should be extended to include the entire spectrum of depressive disorders. Future studies should investigate the type and pattern of medical comorbidity and health care utilization, different antidepressant and psychosocial therapies, and the clinical and biological correlates of treatment response in different chronic depressive subtypes in medical settings and compare them to major depressive and subsyndromal depressive conditions.
Childhood Experiences and Adult Behavior in a Group of Women with Pain Accounted for by Psychological Factors and a Group Recovered from Major Depression
Authors: Zlot Stefan I. , Herrmann Marianne , Hofer-Mayer Theres , Adler Michele , Adler Rolf H. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: In this study twenty-four women with pain accounted for by psychological factors (DSM-IV, 307.80) and twenty-four with major depression diagnosed according to DSM-III-R were compared to study the relationship between pain and depression. Method: They were examined by a semi-structured, tape-recorded interview to study their childhood experiences and adult behavior. The interviews were rated by two independent and blind raters. Interrater correlation (Cohen-Kappa) varied between good and close agreement. Results: Of childhood experiences, “brutality between parents,” “brutality toward child,” and “sexual abuse” were often found in both groups and were more strongly represented in these than in comparison groups of former studies. As adults, the pain group had experienced more serious illness ( p = 0.037) and surgery ( p = 0.014). The depression group more often had a history of depression (15/24 vs. 4/24; p = 0.001). The pain group spoke negatively of its physicians ( p = 0.001), was more hostile during the interview ( p = 0.041), was less convinced of the benefit of the hospital stay ( p = 0.029), felt less self-responsible, and was more pessimistic ( p = 0.013). The pain patients also provoked negative emotions in the raters, whereas the latter's reaction to the depression group was compassion and interest ( p = 0.0005) (Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact tests). The results show that negative childhood experiences are prominent and similar in patients with pain accounted for by psychological factors and in patients after major depression. Adult behavior, however, is very different.
Organic Mood Disorder, Manic Type, Associated with Hyponatremia: A Case Report
Authors: Baar J. Mark 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Mania and other mood changes are known to be associated with various organic etiologies. This article documents a case of organic mania associated with hyponatremia, a phenomenon which has not been previously reported, and reviews the pertinent medical literature. Method: The mental status of a patient with end stage renal disease and no previous psychiatric history who presented with mania and hyponatremia was carefully monitored while her serum sodium concentration was corrected. Results: The manic symptoms of the patient presented resolved completely with correction of serum sodium concentration alone. Conclusions: The acute episode of hyponatremia experienced by this patient with chronic, end stage renal disease appears to have precipitated the symptoms of mania. This observation may shed some additional light on the pathophysiology of organic mania.
Life Stressors and Coping Style are Associated with Immune Measures in HIV-1 Infection—A Preliminary Report
Authors: Goodkin Karl , Fuchs Ingbert , Feaster Daniel , Leeka Jay , Rishel Dorothy Dickson 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Life stressors and coping style have been associated with alterations in cellular immunity similar to those seen in HIV-1 infection. The interval between infection with HIV-1 and the development of AIDS is lengthy and highly variable. This pilot study investigated whether life stressors and coping style may account for a portion of this variation. Method: A sample of eleven asymptomatic HIV-1 seropositive homosexual male volunteers responding to a local advertisement was assessed on life stressors, coping style and cellular phenotypic and functional immune measures—T4 “helper” cell/T8 “suppressor” cell ratio, T4 cell count, total lymphocyte count, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Results: Significant associations were observed for both major life stressor impact over the previous year and passive coping style use with the total lymphocyte count; higher life stressor impact and passive coping style use were associated with lower total lymphocyte counts. Similarly, a trend in the same direction was found for the relationship of these two measures with the count of T4 cells, which are directly infected and killed by HIV-1. Conclusions: It is well documented that decrements in T4 cell and total lymphocyte counts are powerful predictors of subsequent clinical progression to AIDS. These preliminary findings suggest that life stressors and coping style may also be predictors of the development of AIDS.
Illegal Abortion: An Attempt to Assess its Cost to the Health Services and its Incidence in the Community
Authors: Figà-Talamanca Irene , Sinnathuray T. A. , Yusof Khairuddin , Fong Chee Kin , Palan V. T. , Adeeb Nafisah , Nylander Percy , Onifade Ayodele , Akin Ayse , Bertan Münevver , Gaslonde Santiago , Edström Karin , Ayeni Olusola , Belsey Mark A. , Hoick S. E. 
Published: May 2005

This article describes a study designed to test a method for assessing the cost to the health services of illegally induced abortion and the feasibility of estimating the incidence of induced abortion by a field interviewing approach. The participating centers included three hospitals in Ankara, Turkey; three hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria; one hospital in Caracas and one in Valencia, Venezuela; and two hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Hospitalized abortion cases were classified as induced or spontaneous or as “probably induced,” “possibly induced,” or “unknown” according to a classification scheme comprising certain medical criteria. The sociodemographic characteristics of induced and spontaneous abortion cases were subjected to discriminant function analysis and the discriminating variables best characterizing the induced versus the spontaneous abortion groups were identified for each center. On the basis of this analysis, the “probably” and “possibly” induced and “unknown” categories were further classified as induced or spontaneous abortion, with stated probabilities. Thus an overall estimate is made of the proportion of all hospitalized abortions that can be considered illegally induced outside the hospital. Selected results on costs of induced and spontaneous abortion are shown. The method further tested the feasibility of obtaining valid survey data on abortion from the communities studied by re-interviewing the women hospitalized for induced and spontaneous abortion six months later in their homes. This exercise showed a degree of under-reporting of abortion that varied widely among centers, even among women who had admitted illegal induction at the time of hospitalization. The feasibility of estimating the incidence of illegal abortion by field studies is discussed in the light of these findings.
Socio-Demographic Features and Knowledge of Diabetes Mellitus among Diabetic Patients in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Bustan Mahmoud , Majeed Sobia , Bitar Milad S. , Al-Asousi Adnan 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine the socio-demographic profile and assess knowledge about the nature, symptoms, complications, and treatment of diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients in Kuwait. Methods and Results: A cross-sectional sample survey of 788 patients attending specialized diabetic clinics was conducted in 1995. Kuwaitis were significantly more represented in this sample than in the general population (52.5% versus 37%). Female to male ratio among Kuwait population was 1.07 and among non-Kuwaitis it was 0.28. Age at diagnosis ranged between sixteen to eighty years with a mean of 48 ± 10.8 years. Overall knowledge was assessed by percentage of correct responses for individual knowledge questions. There was no significant difference in knowledge of diabetes seen among Kuwaitis (66%) and non-Kuwaitis (64%). No sex difference in knowledge was seen. Knowledge about diabetes was highest among diabetic patients with increasing educational achievement but lowest with advancing age. Conclusion: Most patients lack a lot of information that could have a significant impact on their motivation and ability to remain healthy. To overcome this growing problem, instructing a standard diabetes education system was found to be one way of improving in morbidity due to diabetes and reduced hospital admission.
Principles and Uses of Academic Detailing to Improve the Management of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Soumerai Stephen B. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of this article is to discuss the principles of academic detailing, or educational outreach, in primary care and review the evidence of its effectiveness in, and potential for improving, mental health care. Methods: The general educational research literature on improving physician performance was reviewed along with studies that were designed to test academic detailing. Four rigorous studies have tested this approach specifically on mental health care. These studies are reviewed in detail. Results: Measuring pre-intervention performance to target those with increased educational needs and identifying barriers to change are associated with substantially improved program effectiveness. To change strongly held beliefs or to overcome patient demands, person-to-person contact with credible experts who provide structured alternatives is necessary. Brief reinforcement visits increase success rates and targeting programs to physicians at greatest need improves the cost effectiveness of educational interventions. Conclusions: Academic detailing is one of the few educational interventions that has consistently demonstrated improved physician performance. Educational outreach methods to improve mental health practices in primary care are in need of much additional research. Improving the detection of mental disorders and underuse of mental health treatment may prove to be more difficult than reducing the overuse of unnecessary medications.
‘Doctors by Fax’ or Cleaner Production: The Problem of Prevention in Post-Communist Hungary
Authors: Lampek Kinga , Fuzesi Zsuzsanna , Slatin Craig , Levenstein Charles , Dunn Mary Lee 
Published: May 2005

In 1989, approximately half of the medical visits in Hungary were to factory doctors. Two thousand physicians in the National Health Service were assigned to factories and all medical students served in factories as part of their training. There were certainly problems in the system, but workers preferred the factory doctors to other physicians based in communities or districts; and factory physicians knew about workplace hazards, knew what production processes looked like, and were mandated to deal with work environment problems as well as provide other kinds of patient care. With the reform of the National Health Service, the role of factory physician was eliminated, although companies could institute their own medical services (and sometimes employed the previous medical staff). Later legislation required companies to have access to occupational medical services, but critics have called the new system “Doctors by Fax.” We discuss the adequacy of the new legislative requirements (including mandatory health and safety committees) and report on new issues in worker health and safety that have emerged post “reform.” Finally, the possibility of linking the prevention of occupational disease and injury prevention to “cleaner production” in Hungary is discussed.
Vegetative and Psychological Symptoms Associated with Depressed Mood over the First Two Years after Stroke
Authors: Paradiso Sergio , Ohkubo Tatsunobu , Robinson Robert G. 
Published: May 2005

Introduction: In patients with acute physical illness, symptoms used in the diagnosis of major depression such as sleep or appetite disturbance may be nonspecific for depression. This study was undertaken to examine the association of depressed mood with other depressive symptoms to determine which symptoms were most useful in the accurate diagnosis of major depression after stroke. Methods: Using a structured mental status examination, 142 patients with acute stroke were followed at three, six, twelve, and twenty-four months. Results: The median number of vegetative and psychological symptoms among patients with depressed mood was more than three times the respective rates among nondepressed patients at all time points over two years. Autonomic anxiety, morning depression, subjective anergia, worrying, brooding, loss of interest, hopelessness, and lack of self-confidence were significantly more frequent among depressed patients than nondepressed patients throughout the entire two-year period. Some symptoms such as anxious foreboding and loss of libido, as well as self-depreciation, feelings of guilt, and irritability were no longer significantly more common among depressed compared with nondepressed patients after six months. Standard DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and modified DSM-IV diagnostic criteria which included only specific symptoms of depression (i.e., symptoms which were significantly more frequent among depressed than nondepressed mood patients) yielded similar frequencies of major depression diagnosis. There were only a few patients (i.e., 2% to 3%) with depressive symptoms without a depressed mood (perhaps “masked” depressions). Conclusions: Vegetative and psychological depressive symptoms are significantly more common in depressed patients over the first two years after stroke and DSM-IV criteria do not overdiagnose major depression even in this population with chronic physical illness. The symptoms which characterize major depression appear to change between the subacute and chronic post-stroke periods.
Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury: The Role of Psychostimulants
Authors: Kraus Marilyn F. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The primary purpose of this article is to review certain neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI), and the role of the psychostimulants methylphenidate (MPD) and dextroamphetamine (DAMP) in their treatment. Method: A general review of the topic is presented. Controlled and uncontrolled studies involving the use of the psychostimulants are discussed. These consist of 11 studies listed with Medline 2000 that deal specifically with stroke or head injury, with the oldest study reviewed dating back to 1984. Studies concerning the use of psychostimulants in the medically or neurologically ill are reviewed to the extent that they are pertinent. Results: The current literature consists primarily of uncontrolled case studies. However, these are reviewed and found to suggest a role for the use of the psychostimulants, which is discussed. Conclusions: In general, these drugs appear to be a reasonable treatment choice for certain types of mood, behavior, and cognitive symptoms following brain injury. However, it is noted that larger scale controlled studies are needed to adequately assess the clinical usefulness of these drugs.
Health Organization in the European Economic Community
Authors: Quaethoven P. 
Published: May 2005

This bibliography includes over forty publications, divided into five groups: (1) general; (2) costs; (3) social security; (4) professional staff; and (5) national health care. The first group includes comparative analyses dealing with either the European Economic Community as a whole or some EEC countries. The section on costs covers only two articles, indicating the lack of publications in this field. Special attention has been given to social security as one of the major issues of health organization in Europe. The free movement of persons, services, and capital is one of the most difficult problems in the European Economic Community. Professional staff therefore has been listed as a specific topic. Finally, a few studies dealing with problems of national health care are included. Both books and articles are included. With a few exceptions, the books were published after 1965, the articles after 1969. Each book or article deals with at least one EEC country. Books precede journal articles in the bibliography. Hospital Abstracts (London), Informationsdienst Krankenhauswesen (Dusseldorf and Berlin), and Health Economics (Amsterdam) have been used.
PRIME-MD: Its Utility in Detecting Mental Disorders in American Indians
Authors: Parker Tassy , May Philip A. , Maviglia Marcello A. , Petrakis Steven , Sunde Scott , Gloyd Susan V. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine the utility of using PRIME-MD (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) for diagnosing mental disorders in American Indians. Method: One hundred randomly selected, adult, American-Indian patients who receive health care services at an urban Indian Health Service primary care clinic were evaluated for mental disorder by three primary care physicians using the PRIME-MD diagnostic assessment procedure. The main outcome measures were PRIME-MD diagnoses, diagnoses by an independent mental health professional, and treatment/referral decisions. Results: Eighteen percent of the patients had a threshold (met full DSM-IV criteria) PRIME-MD diagnosis, and an additional 17 percent had a subthreshold PRIME-MD diagnosis. The most frequently occurring PRIME-MD diagnoses were: probable alcohol abuse/dependence, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. Over 60 percent of the patients with a PRIME-MD diagnosis who were known “somewhat” or “fairly well” to their physician had not been recognized as having that psychiatric disorder prior to the PRIME-MD assessment. Therapy and/or referral was initiated for nineteen of the twenty-seven patients with a PRIME-MD diagnosis who were not previously receiving treatment. The primary care physicians were able to complete the PRIME-MD evaluations within an average of 7.8 minutes. There was a fair agreement between the PRIME-MD diagnoses and the diagnoses of the mental health professional (kappa = 0.56; overall accuracy rate = 79%). Conclusions: The present study represents the first formal examination of the use of PRIME-MD with American Indians. The results are encouraging. Further studies using PRIME-MD with other urban groups and reservation populations are recommended.
Developing Business Policy Skills: A Report on Alternatives
Authors: Pearce John A. 
Published: May 2005

The reported empirical research results support the subjective opinions of practioneers and educators that both computer simulation gaming and case analysis pedagogies can be used successfully in the development of skills in business policy formulation. Groups of policy trained business administration college seniors participated in an interactive, incident-style exercise which determined the emphasis they placed on key considerations in the process of policy formulation. The results indicate that the game-trained students' emphasis on the considerations was significantly greater than that of a control group, which stressed relatively trivial factors, and not significantly different from that of students trained by the more widely appreciated case analysis method.