bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prey snapping and visual distance estimation in Texas horned lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum
Authors: Ott Matthias , Ostheim Joachim , Sherbrooke Wade C. 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARY
Captive Texas horned lizards were high-speed videotaped while feeding on ants in order to study the role of vision in facilitating tongue-protrusion capture of prey. Analysis of tongue movements revealed that prey snapping in these lizards is not a typical fixed-action pattern. By contrast, it is variable in performance and duration. Lizards adjusted head and tongue direction during the strike, within a few milliseconds, in response to movements of the prey. The duration of a typical tongue strike was 100-150 ms. The strike duration was prolonged after ophthalmic lenses were placed in front of one or both eyes. These lenses were used to investigate whether horned lizards use accommodation to judge prey distance. Focal changes of negatively powered ophthalmic lenses (employed monocularly) induced a clear underestimation of prey distance by the lizards, confirming the hypothesized expectation that accommodation is used for depth perception. The effect of the lenses was different in the two animals tested with monocular restriction. This, together with the lack of difference in responses by the lizards when untreated and when both eyes were lens covered (binocular treatment of equal power, -9 D), illustrates that horned lizards also use other visual parameters for depth perception.
How the house sparrowPasser domesticusabsorbs glucose
Authors: Chang Min-Hwang , Karasov William H. 
Published: July 2004

SUMMARYAccording to the hypothesis that most glucose absorption occurs passively across intestinal tight junctions (paracellular absorption), one would predict fairly similar rates of in vivo absorption of l-glucose,the stereoisomer of d-glucose that is absorbed only passively and is not catabolized, and of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose(3OMd-glucose), the d-glucose analogue that is actively and passively transported and not catabolized. In house sparrows Passer domesticus, we applied a pharmacokinetic method to measure simultaneous in vivo absorption of [14C]l-glucose and[3H]3OMd-glucose in a situation in which intestinal glucose transporters were relatively saturated (gavage solution contained 200 mmol l-1 3OMd-glucose). Fractional absorptions(F) were not significantly different between[3H]3OMd- and [14C]l-glucose (0.80 vs 0.79), and the apparent rates of absorption did not differ significantly. When we performed the same experiment on other sparrows in a situation in which intestinal glucose transporters were relatively unsaturated(200 mmol l-1 mannitol replaced 3OMd-glucose in the gavage solution), the apparent rate of absorption was significantly reduced for [14C]l-glucose by 39% and for[3H]3OMd-glucose by 26%. A simulation model showed that a reduction is not predicted if most of the[3H]3OMd-glucose is actively absorbed, because the absorption rate of the tracer should increase when competitive inhibitor(unlabeled 3OMd-glucose) is removed. The similar extent and rates of absorption of [3H]3OMd- and[14C]l-glucose, and the acceleration of their rates of absorption in the presence of luminal 3OMd-glucose, are most consistent with Pappenheimer's hypothesis that the majority of dietary d-glucose is absorbed passively.
Identification of steering system parameters by experimental measurements processing
Authors: Data S , Pesce M , Reccia L 
Published: August 2004

The object of this investigation is to propose a procedure for the parameter identification of a steering system, processing experimental measurements obtained on a test bench by means of a developed software. This allows the isolation of a set of parameters and the performance ratings of a steering system with an objective approach. The adopted approach overcomes problems of repeatability of the test, influence of driver style, and feelings associated with the subjective drivers evaluation method. In this paper a two degrees of freedom (dof) model dependent by synthesis parameters is used. The model has been developed in Simulink environment, both for hydraulic and electrical power steering systems. The experimental data, obtained by an ad hoc collected set of measurements, are used to identify the parameters in two steps. A set of parameters is first computed by means of a simple signal processing procedure. Then, the model is controlled by an optimization tool, which varies the parameters values in order to reach the best fitting between experimental data and model output. Identification leads to a complete characterization of the steering system. In particular, the following parameters are identified: steering ratio, torsional stiffness, power-steering characteristic curve, friction forces, and damping.
CTAB-controlled Synthesis of One-dimensional Selenium Nanostructures
Authors: Zhang Juan , Zhang Sheng-Yi , Chen Hong-Yuan 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Selenium nanowires, nanorods, and nanotubes have been successfully synthesized in aqueous solution by using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as the soft template. The synthesis is performed by controlling CTAB concentration and temperature.
Synthesis and Structure Determination of Ytterbium Nanoparticles
Authors: Ascencio Jorge A , Rodríguez-Monroy Ana C , Liu Hong Bo , Canizal Gerardo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
For the first time the synthesis of of Yb metal nanoparticles is reported. The synthesis was made using the bioreduction methods. By the change in the pH the nanoparticles of 2 up to 10 nm were obtained. Size and structure determination was made using low magnification and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrated that the particles are mainly of fcc-like structures. Theoretical calculations for by of molecular dynamics simulation for configurations with 4000 atoms of the Yb nanoparticle demonstrated that the fcc-like structure is the lowest energy configuration.
A Three-component Reaction of Phenol, Aldehyde, and Active Methylene Substrate under Lewis acid Catalysis: Successful Trapping of o-Quinone Methide to Afford Benzopyran Systems
Authors: Mashraqui Sabir H , Patil Mamta B , Mistry Hitesh D , Ghadigaonkar Shailesh , Meetsma Auke 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A three-component condensation involving reactive phenols, aldehydes, and active methylene substrates is described under BF3.Et2O catalysis to afford benzopyranyl products in satisfactory yields.
A New Blue Photoluminescent Salen-like Zinc Complex with Excellent Emission Quantum Yield
Authors: Deda Massimo La , Ghedini Mauro , Aiello Iolinda , Grisolia Annarita 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A new salen-like compound, H2L, bearing a 12-carbon atom length aliphatic chain bridging iminic nitrogen atoms, was successfully synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, its zinc complex, ZnL, showed an extraordinary high fluorescent quantum yield value of 75%, originating from a metal-perturbed ligand-centered state.
Dual Fluorescence of 1,2,4,5-Tetramethoxybenzene in 77 K Matrices Studied by Fluorescence Polarization
Authors: Ichinose Nobuyuki , Kishimoto Kazutoyo , Kinugasa Jun-ichiro , Hagiri Masahide , Nakayama Toshihiro 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Anisotropy of the fluorescence spectrum of 1,2,4,5-tetrametoxybenzene (TEMB) in EPA matrix at 77 K showed a wavelength dependence indicating that the fluorescence was consisted of two components. This dual fluorescence can be explained by a modification of the S1(B2u) → S0(Ag) transition moment of TEMB through the coupling with a synchronous in-plane or out-of-plane bending motion of the methoxyl groups.
Preparation of La2O3-doped CeO2–ZrO2 Solid Solution with High Thermal Stability by Water-in-Oil Microemulsion
Authors: Jiang Pingping , Lu Guanzhong , Li Yangyang , Guo Yanglong , Guo Yun , Wang Xingyi 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Nanoparticles of the CeO2–ZrO2–La2O3 solid solution were prepared by the W/O microemulsion method. Ceria–zirconia–lanthana (Ce/Zr/La = 1/1/0.06, mol) sample calcined at 1000 °C for 4 h has higher surface area (126 m2/g) and excellent thermal stability. Its particle size is 5–10 nm. The presence of lanthana in the sample can improve obviously the thermal stability of the CeO2–ZrO2 solid solution.
Facile Synthesis of Dendralenes Based on the Cross-coupling Reaction of 2,3-Bis(pinacolato)boryl-1,3-butadiene
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Tanaka Kei , Kurahashi Takuya , Shimono Katsuhiro , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2,3-diboryl-1,3-butadiene with an alkenyl halide or a dienyl halide allowed us to straightforwardly prepare various kinds of acyclic cross-conjugated polyenes that are referred to as dendralenes. The present method is applicable to the synthesis of not only symmetrical [4]- and [6]dendralenes but also unsymmetrical [3]- to [5]dendralenes.
A Nonaqueous Route to Prepare Novel CuS Macroporous Material
Authors: Wan Songming , Guo Fan , Peng Yiya , Shi Liang , Qian Yitai 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A novel nonaqueous route was applied to synthesize CuS macroporous material by the reaction between CuCl2·2H2O and S via the reducing action of ethylene glycol solvent. The CuS macroporous material was formed by the irregular intergrowth of CuS thin layer crystals.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Thin Film with Three-dimensional Accessible Pore Structure
Authors: Naik Sajo P , Yamakita Shigehiro , Sasaki Yukichi , Ogura Masaru , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Continuous mesoporous silica thin films with three-dimensional (3-D) accessible pore structures have been prepared by a dip-coating technique using F127 triblock copolymer as the structure-directing agent under acidic conditions.
CO2 Sensing Properties of La-loaded SnO2 Thin Films Prepared by Sputtering
Authors: Sakama Hiroshi , Saeki Shinji , Ono Atsushi , Ichikawa Noriya , Tanokura Atsushi , Uetsuka Hiroshi , Onishi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The detection sensitivities of La-loaded SnO2 films prepared using reactive RF magnetron sputtering to CO2 were measured at various temperatures. The maximum sensitivity was attained at 200 °C for a film loaded with 5 atom % La. Pure SnO2 films revealed good crystallinity of the rutile phase. The crystallization of SnO2 films was suppressed by La loading.
Unprecedented Sequential Deprotonation of Ruthenium–Aqua Framework Affording Ruthenium–Oxo–Dithiolene Complex
Authors: Sugimoto Hideki , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Tanaka Koji 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A new type of aqua ruthenium–terpyridine complexes with dithiolenes (S2C2Ph2, S2C6H8) were synthesized. The pKa values were 3.8 and 7.0 for S2C2Ph2 complex and 6.5 for S2C6H8 one. The S2C2Ph2 complex gives the corresponding oxo one by the sequential deprotonation, whereas the S2C6H8 complex is just converted to the hydroxo one.
Conversion of 3-O-Substituted 1,2-Dibromoalkanes into 2-Bromo-1-alkenes by the Selective Elimination: Its Application to Total Synthesis of 12-Oxygenated Tremetones
Authors: Ohgiya Tadaaki , Nishiyama Shigeru 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
2-Bromo-1-alkenes were efficiently synthesized in good yields by the regioselective HBr-elimination reaction of 3-aryloxy- or 3-acyloxy-1,2-dibromoalkanes. Total synthesis of several oxygenated tremetones has been accomplished by using the 2-bromo-1-alkene derivative produced by this elimination reaction.
Heptakis(2,3-di-O-carboxymethyl)-β-cyclodextrin as a pH-sensitive Host
Authors: Kano Koji , Horiki Yasuhiro , Mabuchi Takahiro , Kitagishi Hiroaki 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Acid-dissociation of heptakis(2,3-di-O-carboxymethyl)-β-cyclodextrin occurred between pD 2 and 6. At pD 2.0, 1-pyrenesulfonate was included into the host cavity with a binding constant of 2300 ± 100 M−1, while no complexation occurred at pD &gt; 6.0. Much sharper pH-dependency in complexation proceeded with 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-(p-methylanilino)-6-naphthalenesulfonate.
Template-free Growth of Vertically Aligned CdS Nanowire Array Exhibiting Good Field Emission Property
Authors: Tang Qun , Chen Xihong , Li Ting , Zhao Aiwu , Qian Yitai , Yu Dapeng , Yu Weichao 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A novel template-free solvothermal route was successfully designed to fabricate single-crystal vertically aligned CdS nanowire array, and its field emission property for the first time, was studied. The relatively high emission current density and low turn-on field make the CdS nanowire array one of the promising candidates for field-emission display.
Using routinely recorded ethnicity: analysis of waiting times for elective admissions by ethnic group
Authors: Morgan O.W.C. , Hamm J. 
Published: July 2004

Objective: To assess whether patients from non-white ethnic groups wait longer than white patients for elective in-patient admissions at St Mary's Hospital in London. Methods: Patients who came off the waiting list for an elective inpatient admission between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2001 were selected. A multivariable log linear model was developed to assess geometric mean waiting times for Black, Asian, Other and Missing ethnic groups compared to the White group, adjusted for age, sex, urgency and distance. Results: Caution is needed in interpreting results, as a large number of patients had no usable ethnic code. There was no strong evidence that waiting times for ethnic groups were systematically different than for the White group. However, there was some evidence that white patients waited longer for a coronary arteriography than patients in other ethnic groups. This was partially explained by age, sex, clinical urgency and residential distance from St Mary's. Conclusions: The large proportion of patients with no usable ethnic code, lack of robust methods for case-mix adjustment and multiple ethnic categories makes analysis methodologically difficult. Regular and informative analysis of ethnic coded data is a necessary step in improving the accuracy and completeness of coding.
Biomimetic co-assembly of Gibbsite and mesophases: A novel synthesis route by devitrification of gel derived from hydrothermal aluminosilicate/CTAB solution
Authors: Fahn Yauh-Yarng , Shen Pouyan , Su An-Chung 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe effect of an amphiphilic surfactanton the co-assembly of gibbsite and low-dimensional-order, liquid-crystalline mesophases using a hydrothermal-gelafion-devitrification route was examined. Crystal growth by this method occurred either in three dimensions or was limited to only two dimensions. Gibbsite and mesophases were synthesized using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), as template and a commercial mineral sample as inorganic precursor. The commercial mineral sample contained pyrophyllite, α-quartz, and minor kaolinite. The syntheses were made at pH 10 under hydrothermal conditions followed by equilibration at room temperature. The hydrothermally soluble portion settled at room temperature to form a translucent hydrous gel. This translucent gel turned white after drying on a glass substrate because of the following events based on chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and optical/electron microscopy: (1) gibbsite preferentially nucleated at the gel/air and gel/glass interfaces to form spherulites of tabular gibbsite crystals with entrapped droplets; (2) a ∼26 Å basal-spacing, aluminate-encased, lamellar mesophase formed by 2D growth near the edge of the drying gel; and (3) residual solution in entrapped droplets within the gibbsite phase later devitrified abruptly into an optically isotropic material (an aluminosilicate gel possibly with minor mesophases) with a dendritic morphology. Formation of gibbsite and the lamellar mesophase was initially interface controlled, but later became 2D diffusion-controlled as CTAB concentrations and micelle lengths were increased with crystallization time. A relatively high surfactant/water ratio of the drying gel might account for predominant crystallization of an aluminate-encased lamellar mesophase rather than the hexagonal mesophase known as the Mobil Composition Material MCM-41.
Characteristics of a Mg-palygorskite in Miocene rocks, Madrid Basin (Spain)
Authors: García-Romero E. , Suárez Barrios M. , Bustillo Revuelta M. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPalygorskite in Miocene mudstones, palustrine limestones and calcretes from the Esquivias locality (Madrid Basin, Spain) has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy to determine its characteristics and chemical composition. Other palygorskites from the literature are used as references. The mean structural formula obtained from the analysis of isolated particles is (Si7.87Al0.13)O20((Al1.04Fe0.203+Mg3.11□0.65))(OH)2(OH2)4(Ca0.02K0.05Na0.08). This palygorskite has the largest Mg content reported in the literature, and it seems that, chemically, it fills the ‘compositional gap’ existing between sepiolite and palygorskite. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the absence of trioctahedral Mg and therefore the possibility of the existence of magnesic clusters in the ribbons is discounted. An homogeneous distribution of the octahedral cations (Al, Fe3+ and Mg) along the ribbons is proposed.
Development of an ELISA for Measurement of BCAR1 Protein in Human Breast Cancer Tissue
Authors: Grebenchtchikov Nicolai , Brinkman Arend , van Broekhoven Simone P J , de Jong Danielle , Geurts-Moespot Anneke , Span Paul N , Peters Harry A , Portengen Henk , Foekens John A , Sweep C G J (Fred) , Dorssers Lambert C J 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background: High concentrations of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) protein measured by Western blotting in primary breast tumor cytosols are associated with early disease progression and failure of tamoxifen therapy. The aim of the present study was to develop an ELISA to measure BCAR1 quantitatively in extracts of human breast cancer tissue.
Methods: A recombinant fragment of BCAR1 (the human homolog of murine p130Cas) was produced in bacterial M15 cells, purified, and injected into chickens and rabbits. The generated antibodies were affinity-purified and used for the construction of an ELISA. After validation, the results obtained with the ELISA were compared with Western blot findings on primary breast tumors.
Results: The detection limit the BCAR1 ELISA was 0.0031 μg/L, and the within-run imprecision (CV) was &lt;20% at concentrations down to 0.004 μg/L. The within-run imprecision (CV) was 1.0–7.2%, and the between-run CV was 3.6–5.4%. There was no cross-reactivity with family member HEF1. The assay exhibited parallelism of results between serial dilutions and a mean recovery (range) of 96 (79–118)%.
Conclusions: The ELISA measures BCAR1 in human breast cancer cytosols with high sensitivity and specificity. The assay can be used to confirm and to quantitatively extend previous semiquantitative Western blot data on the prognostic and predictive value of BCAR1 in human breast cancer; it can also be applied for other diseases.
Shape memory effect of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer cross‐linked with glycerol and sulfoisophthalate group and its application to impact‐absorbing composite material
Authors: Park Chul , Yul Lee Joon , Chul Chun Byoung , Chung Yong‐Chan , Whan Cho Jae , Gyoo Cho Bong 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymers crosslinked with glycerol and sulfoisophthalate (SP) were prepared to investigate the feasibility of fabricating smart vibration‐controlling composite laminate. The composition of glycerol and SP was varied to get a copolymer with the best mechanical and shape memory properties. The highest shape recovery was observed for the copolymer with 2.5 mol % of glycerol and 2.5 mol % of SP. With the high shape‐recovery copolymer in hand, sandwich‐type copolymer composites were made with epoxy beam laminate, and the copolymer composite, in the best case, showed improved impact strength (3.5 times) and damping effect (2.6 times) compared to epoxy laminate beam alone. The sandwich‐type epoxy composite, together with the advantage of control of glass transition temperature by PET, PEG, or the additives, can be applied to structural composite material requiring vibration control. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 308–316, 2004
Hydroxyalkylation of parabanic acid. II. Reactions of parabanic acid with oxiranes
Authors: Zarzyka‐Niemiec Iwona , Lubczak Jacek 
Published: July 2004

AbstractReactions of parabanic acid with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or glycerin epichlorohydrin were studied at the initial molar ratios of reagent ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 : 8. The effects of catalyst presence and temperature on the course of reaction were analyzed. The conditions were established at which the parabanic acid ring was preserved and those at which it opened to form polymeric products. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 317–326, 2004
Spontaneous copolymerization of N‐butyl maleimide and ethyl α‐phenyl acrylate with high alternating tendency
Authors: Liu Chao , Xu Xuewei , Huang Junlian 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe copolymerization of N‐butyl maleimide (BMI) and ethyl α‐phenyl acrylate (EPA) was successfully carried out without an initiator. A high alternating tendency was observed. The Q, e values were derived by Alfrey–Price equations: Q = 0.09, e = 0.81 for BMI and Q = 0.21, e = −0.5 for EPA, and the monomer reactivity ratios were rBMI = 0.15 ± 0.01 and rEPA = 0.18 ± 0.08, respectively. In this system BMI was donor and EPA was acceptor. The maximum copolymerization rate and molecular weight appeared at 70 mol % (BMI) in the feed ratio. The spontaneous alternating copolymerization was considered to be completed by a contact‐type charge‐transfer complex formed by the monomer pairs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 355–360, 2004
Comorbidity in bipolar disorder: a framework for rational treatment selection
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Konarski Jakub Z. , Yatham Lakshmi N. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBipolar disorders are heterogeneous disorders often requiring multimodality treatment. The expanding pharmacopeia for bipolar disorders invites the need for a treatment framework that both recognizes and anticipates the multidimensionality and comorbidity of the illness. No available neurotherapeutic agent is singularly efficacious for the complete mélange of bipolar symptomatology. An apparent paradox has emerged in the management of bipolar disorder; whilst results from rigorous controlled monotherapy trials suggest that a disparate assortment of neurotherapeutic agents are efficacious in distinct phases of bipolar disorder, the majority of tertiary‐treated bipolar patients receive polypharmacotherapeutic regimens. The evidentiary base for polypharmacotherapy is sparse and has recently become an area of active research focus. In the interim, clinicians are encouraged to invoke an organizational schema for the treatment of bipolar disorder that considers the spectrum of effectiveness of putative and established mood stabilizers. This schema should be further informed by the treatment data for comorbid and accessory conditions. The authors propose a schema to provide the impetus for further work in the area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.