bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Travel And Transition To The Adoptive Family
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The moment the adopted child is placed with his or her new parents is an unforgettable emotional event for families. As in the delivery room, a scene familiar to pediatricians, the addition of a child to a family is one of the peak experiences of human life. An international adoption may follow months or years of waiting, often after the painful losses of infertility and the many anxieties and uncertainties related to bureaucratic hurdles. Parents have just arrived in a new and unfamiliar culture, and may be jet-lagged and exhausted. In some cases, parents will have already have met their child on a previous trip, as required in some countries (presently Russia and Vietnam). Usually, however, this is the first moment the parent beholds the child. Fantasies, expectations, and dreams suddenly confront the reality of the actual child.
Intestinal Parasites And Other Enteric Infections
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intestinal parasites are found in 25% of internationally adopted children after arrival in the United States (Table 17–1). Parasites are spread by poor hygiene in crowded environments, conditions common in many orphanages. Infection with Giardia lamblia is most frequent (especially in children from Eastern Europe), but other parasites are often found. The incidence of parasite infection and likelihood of multiple parasites increases with the duration of institutionalization2 (Fig. 17–1). Intestinal parasite infections are ubiquitous throughout the world. The distribution varies depending on climate, topography, and other factors (Table 17–2). Although parasites may cause anemia, diarrhea, poor growth, and other clinical problems, most infected children in the developing world are not treated, because the rate of reinfection is so high. In some populations of children, parasite infection is universal. Infection with multiple parasites is common (Fig. 17–2).
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) is now endemic in many countries of the world. One of the principal concerns of parents adopting internationally is that their child will have unrecognized HIV infection. Physicians counseling prospective adoptive parents may also wonder how to assess the risks of HIV infection in an individual child. Such concerns are valid. Medical information about a prospective child rarely contains detailed information about the birth mother’s HIV status or associated risk factors. Although most children are tested for HIV antibodies on one or more occasions in the birth country, test results may not be reliable. The timing of tests for HIV infection in relation to possible exposures and adoptive placement is also problematic: a negative test result does not prevent subsequent exposure. Furthermore, HIV infection may not be recognized clinically prior to adoption as the child’s physicians may lack training, experience, or access to suitable diagnostic tests. Moreover, some characteristics of HIV infection overlap with the effects of institutionalization, making differentiation of these conditions difficult. Finally, the prevalence of HIV infection in many of the sending countries is increasing rapidly, statistically increasing the risk of infection.
Inherited Disorders Of Erythrocytes
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anemia is the most common noninfectious medical condition in newly arrived international adoptees (Table 23–1). Most cases are due to iron deficiency (see Chapter 11); however, a number of inherited erythrocyte disorders also occur among internationally adopted children. Thalassemias, hemoglobinopathies, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are relatively common disorders in the countries of origin of many international adoptees. Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are disorders of hemoglobin synthesis; G6PD deficiency is an enzymatic defect of erythrocytes.
Uncertain Age
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Correct age is often uncertain for internationally adopted children. Age is seldom known with certainty for Chinese children; many children from other countries also have uncertain ages. The most common reason for uncertain age is discrepant documents, e.g., discordant dates are found on different records. Often, this is due to transcription or translation errors, or misinterpretation of month/date format (09/03 being alternately translated as September 3 or March 9). Many sending countries in Eastern Europe use the convention of Roman numerals for the month and Arabic numerals for the day (e.g., 4 X is October 4). These puzzles are relatively easy to unravel, and generally a satisfactory interpretation of the child’s actual birthdate may be formed.
Culture And Identity
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adoption issues emerge repeatedly during various life stages of the child and the adoptive family. The issues differ at different times. This chapter reviews some diverse topics that may arise for adoptive family members, including culture, race, identity, and searching for the birth family. Cultural issues only occasionally arise in domestic adoption. The latter three topics, however, have been extensively investigated in relation to domestic adoption; much less is known about these subjects for internationally adopted children. In this chapter, a brief overview of these subjects is provided to assist the pediatrician caring for the internationally adopted child. Several excellent texts and reviews address these topics individually;1–11 the interested reader is referred to these and other resources for more complete explorations of these complex topics.
Why This Guide?
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN MASTER CLASSES and in textbooks on song, young singers are frequently reminded to take great care over the poetic texts of the songs they wish to perform. “Study the poem away from the music, so that you know what the words really mean,” advised the great French singer Claire Croiza. “The literary text deserves the same care, the same scrupulous accuracy, in short the same respect that is demanded by the musical text,” wrote her equally distinguished compatriot, Pierre Bernac.
Nat Turner in a Hemispheric Context
Authors: Egerton Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I ... wrapped myself in mystery,” Nat Turner once admitted, and ever since, historical fact has remained the captive of his myth. With the possible exception of Abraham Lincoln, Turner, more than any other antislavery activist of the nineteenth century, resides largely in legend and popular imagination. Long before the publication of William Styron’s 1967 Pulitzer Prize-winning fiction, novelists from G. P.R. James to Harriet Beecher Stowe to Mary Spear Tiernan tried their hand at fabricating the lost world of old Southampton, and over the years few historians have proven immune to the infection of popular culture. Indeed, Styron’s well-known characterization of Turner as a mentally unstable “nut” is only one of many attempts to depict the slave general as a dangerously irrational rebel; three decades earlier, Arna Bontemps, one of the leading voices of the Harlem Renaissance, begged off writing about Turner. There was the problem of Nat’s “visions and dreams,” Bontemps lamented, as he explained why he chose instead to pen a fictional history of Gabriel’s far more secular conspiracy of 1800.
Reporting from Washington
Authors: Ritchie Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Ritchie here offers a vibrant chronicle of news coverage in our nation’s capital, from the early days of radio and print reporting and the heyday of the wire services to the brave new world of the Internet. Beginning with 1932, when a newly elected FDR energized the sleepy capital, Ritchie highlights the dramatic changes in journalism that have occurred in the last seven decades. We meet legendary columnists--including Walter Lippmann, Joseph Alsop, and Drew Pearson (voted “the best ratcatching reporter in town”)--as well as the great investigative reporters, from Paul Y. Anderson (who broke the Teapot Dome scandal) to the two green Washington Post reporters who launched the political story of the decade--Woodward and Bernstein. We read of the rise of radio news--fought tooth and nail by the print barons--and of such pioneers as Edward R. Murrow, H. V. Kaltenborn, and Elmer Davis. Ritchie also offers a vivid history of TV news, from the early days of Meet the Press, to Huntley and Brinkley and Walter Cronkite, to the cable revolution led by C-SPAN and CNN. In addition, he compares political news on the Internet to the alternative press of the ‘60s and ‘70s; describes how black reporters slowly broke into the white press corps (helped mightily by FDR’s White House); discusses path-breaking woman reporters such as Sarah McClendon and Helen Thomas, and much more. From Walter Winchell to Matt Drudge, the people who cover Washington politics are among the most colorful and influential in American news. Reporting from Washington offers an unforgettable portrait of these figures as well as of the dramatic changes in American journalism in the twentieth century.
Retrospective and Concurrent Self-Reports: The Rationale for Real-Time Data Capture
Authors: Schwarz Norbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-reports are the dominant method of data collection in the social and behavioral sciences, where they are used to assess respondents’ behaviors, attitudes, and subjective experiences, like moods, emotions, or pain. Whereas overt behaviors can, in principle, be assessed with other methods, individuals’ self reports provide the only window on their inner states. Unfortunately, this window is often foggy, especially when respondents are expected to report on extended time periods. For example, the Health Interview Survey conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics asks respondents, “Now, I’d like to read you a short list of different kinds of pain. Please say for each one, on roughly how many days-if any-in the last 12 months you have had that type of pain. How many days in the last year have you had headaches?” (This question is repeated for backaches, stomach pains, joint pains, muscle pains, and dental pains.) I encourage readers to answer this question.
Designing Protocols for Ecological Momentary Assessment
Authors: Shiffman Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods emphasize capture of real-time data in real-world settings, using multiple assessments of momentary states collected over time to characterize human behavior and experience (Stone & Shiffman, 1994). Investigators apply EMA methods to many different research areas and with diverse objectives. The objectives of EMA methods may be the reliable assessment of the individual with minimal retrospective bias, documenting the flow of behavior and experience over time, or studying the impact of environmental events, among others. Most often, EMA studies focus on variation in behavior or experience over time and across contexts. To achieve their goals, investigators must think carefully about the arrangements for collecting EMA data: what moments will be sampled and how they will be sampled and assessed. This chapter deals with the design of EMA protocols for data collection.
Real-Time Data Capture and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: Moods and Smoking
Authors: Mermelstein Robin , Redeker Donald , Flay, Brian , Shiffman Saul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarette smoking among adolescents remains a pressing public health challenge, considering the enormous toll smoking takes on health and health care resources. Most adolescents try smoking cigarettes. In 2003, almost 60 percent of twelfth graders reported ever smoking (Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 2003). However, not all of those who try smoking progress to regular use; 15.8 percent of twelfth graders report daily smoking, and 8.4 percent report smoking half a pack or more a day (Johnston et al., 2003). Despite more than three decades of research on adolescent smoking, it is surprising how little is known about factors that predict the different trajectories or patterns of cigarette smoking beyond initial experimentation.
Personality, Mood States, and Daily Health
Authors: Larsen Randy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present an example of the use of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) methods to study health and emotion. In this context, the questions I pursue are not as important as the examples they provide of the different ways that EMA can be used to open up new areas for investigation. Previously I have illustrated the use of experience sampling to study such diverse processes as emotional variability (Larsen, 1987), the within-subject linkage between life events and moods (Larsen & Cowan, 1988), the existence of weekly cycles in moods (Larsen & Kasimatis, 1990), and the within-subject factor structure of emotions over time (Larsen & Cutler, 1996). None of these topics can be adequately addressed without the use of intensive time sampling through some form of real-time EMA data capture.
Discovering América, 1799–1805
Authors: Chasteen John Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1799, travel accounts were the basic source of information about América for readers in Europe and the fledgling United States. In that year, Alexander von Humboldt, surely the most influential traveler ever to visit América, began his famous journey through territories that remained little known to the outside world. Humboldt never used the name Latin America, because it did not yet exist and would not, in fact, during the entire period covered by this book. Within a very few years after Humboldt’s visit, América would give birth to a dozen new nations in a painful labor. But none of that was evident in 1799.
Introduction: Albion Tourgée and Color-Blind Citizenship
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Negro finds a friend indeed in the person of the gallant and noble hero Albion W. Tourgée . . . he has sacrificed him-self for the Negro’s rights as a loyal citizen. The general mass of the white papers denounce him as a crank, fool, lunatic, and etc. But, however, he bears the burden that is heaped on him by his own race and continues to speak for a race that has been oppressed and is yet oppressed. Surely indeed the heart that beats within him is of the purest and loftiest kind.
The Unfinished Revolution
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an interracial coalition of Republican delegates rewrote the State Constitution at the 1868 Convention in Raleigh, Conservatives could do little but condemn the proceedings. Both in the press and on the convention floor, they attacked the integrated body of delegates and discoursed at length about the innate physiological differences between blacks and whites. After suffering through one such discourse by a Conservative delegate, Tourgée returned to his room and composed a passionate refutation of racism. His chance to reply arrived two days later, at the late evening session of the convention on Friday, February 21.
Beginning the Civil Rights Movement
Authors: Elliott Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long after he published AN APPEAL TO CAESAR, Tourgée mused, “[I have probably] done my last work and written my last word” on the subject of race.1 Having made his case for national education repeatedly and at length, he imagined little else he could do to advance the cause of racial equality. He hoped that steady economic and educational progress, aided by the federal government, would enhance African Americans’ ability to exercise their hard-won civil and political rights. Yet, he failed to anticipate just how far back the counterrevolution against Reconstruction was about to swing.
The Lupus Book
Authors: Wallace Daniel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lupus, a disease of the immune system, can be quite deadly, claiming the lives of thousands of patients annually. Dr. Daniel J. Wallace is one of the world’s leading authorities on this disorder, an eminent clinician who has treated over 2000 lupus patients, the largest such practice in America. His The Lupus Book, originally published in 1995, immediately established itself as the most readable and helpful book on the disease. Now Dr. Wallace has once again completely revised The Lupus Book, incorporating a wealth of new information. This Third Edition discusses the newest breakthroughs in drug treatments and alternative therapies as well as updated information on the immune system--all laid out in user-friendly language that any patient could understand. Readers will discover new blood tests and new drugs introduced since the last edition, an extensive table of herbs that can be used for the disorder, and a large section on cognitive therapy and biofeedback. And as in past editions, the book provides absolutely lucid answers to such questions as: What causes lupus? How and where is the body affected? Can a woman with lupus have a baby? And how can one manage this disease? There is also a glossary of terms and an appendix of lupus resource materials compiled by the Lupus Foundation of America. 50,000 Britons and over 1 million Americans have lupus and thousands of patients die every year from the disease. The Third Edition of The Lupus Book offers these patients and their families a wealth of reliable, up-to-date information that will help them manage the disease and live a happier life.
Reconstructing Early Hominin Diets: Evaluating Tooth Chemistry and Macronutrient Composition
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elevated health risks associated with high-fat, energy-dense, and possibly protein-dense diets underscore the need to determine the natural diet for humans (Gaulin and Konner, 1977; Eaton, Shostak, and Konner, 1988), if one actually exists. The fossil record indicates that our early apelike ancestors ate largely fruit and leaves (Milton, 1984). By 1.8 million years ago, however, Homo erectus looked similar to us from the neck down and was hunting/scavenging significant quantities of meat from large animals in addition to gathering plant foods and, when available, seasonally, smaller fauna such as insects (Shipman and Walker, 1989). This change involves a transition from diets based largely on simple sugars, complex carbohydrates, and plant proteins to diets that include animal fat and protein (Schoeninger et al., 2001b). As other chapters in this volume indicate, data from living primates, fossil primates, modern human foragers, and bone chemistry all have been used to elucidate when various dietary changes occurred throughout human evolution. For each of these approaches, however, we must assess the quality of the data and, based on that assessment, clearly identify what we know versus what is, perhaps, unknown but knowable.
Zooarchaeology and the Ecology of Oldowan Hominin Carnivory
Authors: Blumenschine Robert J , Pobiner Briana L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zooarchaeology is the study of animal-body and trace fossils found in association with hominin body or trace fossils. Zooarchaeology in the nineteenth century served to assign antiquity to stone artifacts associated with extinct animals and to evaluate the paleoenvironmental setting of archaeological occurrences (Daniels, 1975). The current role of zooarchaeology has expanded to include evaluations of the physical and biotic processes responsible for the formation of paleoanthropological assemblages, including most centrally the suite of hominin behaviors and ecological interactions recorded by the animal remains. For the dietary ecology of Quaternary hominins, zooarchaeology is the principle source of evidence for documenting the origin and evolution of larger-mammal carnivory. Larger-mammal carnivory signals a major niche expansion within the hominin lineage. The likely frugivorous ancestral diet (e.g., Andrews and Martin, 1991) that probably included small animals (&lt;5 kg body weight) was supplemented by foods from animals of similar and far greater body size than hominins. The novel stonetool slicing technology of the Oldowan Industry enabled this niche shift (e.g., Isaac, 1983). It involved often distant transport of stone materials to carcass-processing locales. Carcass foods were also likely transported at times from acquisition sites to places affording safer processing and consumption (Isaac, 1983; Peters and Blumenschine, 1995, 1996). Stone-tool-assisted butchery of larger mammals is highly distinctive from the small-animal faunivory of nonhuman primates, limiting the usefulness of predation by chimpanzees and baboons for modeling its ecology and evolutionary consequences (cf. Stanford, 1996).
Lithic Archaeology, or, What Stone Tools Can (and Can’t) Tell Us about Early Hominin Diets
Authors: Shea John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stone tools are the most durable residues of hominin behavior. Our ancestors left these “Stone Age visiting cards,” as Isaac (1981) called them, on every major land mass humans have inhabited, except Antarctica. Before the advent of cheap and efficient methods for producing metal implements, stone tools were employed in subsistence tasks by all known human societies. Stone tools are also still used as subsistence aids by chimpanzees, our nearest primate relatives. To the extent that we believe major changes in hominin evolution have been accompanied by dietary shifts, it is reasonable to seek clues to these changes in stone-tool design and variability. In seeking these clues, however, we need to be alert to the complicating effects of behavioral variability. Recent stone-tool-using humans exhibit considerable variability, not only in the kinds of tasks for which stone tools are used but also in the choice of technological strategies they deploy in their land-use strategies and subsistence adaptations. To cite one particularly well-phrased example, observed by the archaeologist/soldier T. E. Lawrence in Arabia, during World War I:
The Cooking Enigma
Authors: Wrangham Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of cooking in the evolution of human diet. People in every culture know how to make fire, and everywhere they use it to improve their food (Tylor, 1878; Gott, 2002; Wrangham and Conklin-Brittain, 2003; fig. 16.1). But “no beast is a cook,” as Boswell (1773) asserted. This difference between humans and other animals has long been appreciated, and some have even used it to define us: Boswell (1773) called humans the “cooking animal.” But while cooking is indisputably unique to humans, its evolutionary significance is a matter of debate. There are two contrasting views. The first, which is conventional wisdom, sees cooking as merely one of many extra-oral food-processing techniques (such as pounding, grinding, or drying) that can raise food quality. According to this view, cooking may be valuable in facilitating meal preparation but it is not important for understanding human adaptation. For example, it would not be considered to have led to fundamental changes in the human digestive system. In line with this idea, the ecological effect of human diet choice and foraging strategies is often discussed without considering the influence of cooking (e.g., Kaplan et al., 2000).
With The Native Americans
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whiib Still In His Late Twenties, Roger Williams Began A Series of close contacts with the American Indians. His two years in the Plymouth Colony, from 1631 to 1633, gave him time to work out some theological problems, to welcome his firstborn (a son) into the world, and to begin a friendship with the Indians. “Friendship” was not the word usually applied to the relations between the English and the Indians, but Williams was the exception here, as in many other respects.