bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief History of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not possible to define the historical onset of a disease characterized not only by a particular clinical course but also by particular changes in the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord), since the technology necessary to look at changes in the CNS was not available until the late 19th century. However, by interpreting biographies and diaries of persons with symptoms suggestive of MS, it is possible that MS occurred as early as the 14th century. In a biography of St. Lidwina of Schiedam, symptoms suggestive of a fluctuating, multifocal neurologic illness are described that started in the year 1396 after ice skating. Her subsequent course of increased walking difficulties, with episodes that may have been remissions, suggests that she may have had MS, though this is far from certain. St. Lidwina was canonized in 1890 and is now the patron saint of skaters. A more robust description of symptoms strongly suggestive of MS is found in the diary of Sir Augustus Frederick d’Este (1794–1848), a grandson of England’s King George III. In it he describes exacerbating remitting symptoms suggestive of optic neuritis with double vision, leg weakness, and bowel and bladder difficulties, followed over the years by gradually progressive weakness and spasms that left him bed-bound by the end of his life.
The Patterns and Pathophysiology of MS
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only invariable thing that can be said about the course of MS is that it is variable. There are, however, certain general patterns of disease that must be identified, since they imply certain pathophysiologic processes and indicate the use of particular disease-modifying therapies. Patterns of disease are based almost exclusively on the recollections of the individual with MS and the skills of the neurologic examiner. Thus, the following categories are not crisp and clean and often overlap. The clinical patterns of MS tell only part of the story in terms of identifying disease activity. As will be discussed in Chapter 4, disease processes, with associated tissue destruction, often are clinically silent. Thus, individuals may appear to be doing well clinically at a particular point, yet their disease may still be biologically active, increasing the chances of subsequent disability. The most common clinical pattern in persons with MS is one of relapsingremitting, or partially remitting, episodes of neurologic dysfunction. The onset of neurologic changes can be rapid, appearing over several hours, or more indolent, appearing over days to weeks. Often the onset is focal and then spreads to involve additional body regions.
Imaging of the Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of MS is made almost exclusively on clinical grounds (see Chapter 5). There are no laboratory tests uniquely abnormal in MS, and using a test result to make such a diagnosis can lead to serious errors. However, laboratory tests, in particular imaging of the CNS, if interpreted in the context of the clinical picture, play an important role not only in supporting a diagnosis of MS but also in helping to determine a person’s response to disease-modifying therapy. Multiple imaging techniques are available. Their value, in order of increasing diagnostic importance, is discussed below. The main value of standard x-ray imaging of the skull is to detect metallic objects in the facial tissues, eyes, or skull or intracranially before magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Metal objects, in particular those containing iron, can be moved and become hot during MRI, potentially causing severe damage and even death. Metal objects also can result in severe distortion of MRI signals, making interpretation difficult. While not a routine in my practice, if there is concern about the presence of metals in areas to be imaged with MRI, standard x-rays of those areas should be obtained and MRI either withheld or modified, as indicated.
Making a Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will recapitulate, review, and attempt to consolidate the information presented in Chapters 2 through 4 with the intent of allowing the reader to have an algorithm for diagnosing MS. Despite the advent of sensitive imaging techniques such as MRI and the value of spinal fluid analyses, the diagnosis of MS remains based on clinical criteria. By that I mean there must be symptoms and signs suggestive of multifocal CNS dysfunction. Symptoms alone are insufficient to make the diagnosis, nor is the presence of “typical” changes on MRI or in cerebrospinal fluid sufficient. There should be a confluence of clinical and laboratory data supporting the presence of a chronic, progressive, inflammatory CNS disease, not caused by other more defined infectious, metabolic, vascular, neoplastic, or genetically defined illnesses.
Complications and Comorbidities of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MS is primarily a disease of the CNS, but as a result of the disease process other organs are often affected. Such changes are often the result of increasing disability and the consequences of this disability. The most important complications and comorbidities are noted below. Loss of bone density is a common complication of persons with MS. It correlates with a loss in the ability to ambulate and bear weight, but occurs to a greater extent even in individuals still able to walk.1–4 With decreased ability to walk comes a greatly increased risk of falling, and as bone mineral density decreases, so does the risk of fractures. Such fractures often heal poorly and contribute to further disability and increased morbidity and mortality, often requiring expensive surgical procedures and hospitalizations.
Relapses of Multiple Sclerosis and Their Treatment
Authors: Birnbaum Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologically, an MS relapse (flare, exacerbation, attack) is defined as a clinical worsening due to a new or expanding area of CNS inflammation. Clinically, the change in neurologic symptoms and signs should persist for more than 48 hours. Only two conditions have been persuasively linked to an increased risk of relapses. These are the period 2 to 6 months postpartum, when a woman’s immune system readjusts to normal,1–4 and the period 1 to 5 weeks following an infection, usually a viral infection.5,6 The reason for the latter phenomenon is not known but is believed to result from a stimulation of the immune system following its response to the infectious agent. Making the diagnosis of an MS relapse can be difficult. Many factors can contribute to a worsening of symptoms and signs in persons with MS that are not the result of new CNS inflammation. Worsening of signs and symptoms resulting from non–MS-related disease processes is called a “pseudorelapse” or “pseudo-exacerbation.” These phenomena should always be considered before diagnosing a true MS attack. Some of the most common and important non-MS causes of increased symptoms and signs are noted in Table 7.1.
A Tree Grows In Queens: 147 Stephen Jay Gould And Ecology
Authors: Allmon Warren D , Morris, Paul J , Ivany Linda C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our interests and fascinations can be much more than just our idle diversions; they can affect what we do with our lives. If you like the color red, or playing the oboe, or driving a car, for example, these passions might lead your career in those directions. If your personal interest is popular or economically valuable, you may succeed in applying it vocationally. If it isn’t, but you’re a virtuoso, you may still succeed. But what if you’re a scientist and your interests must be put against an independent separate reality? The answer is that it’s not much different. Scientists largely pursue what they are interested in. Yet what if you set out to answer a scientific question and you’re just not interested in and/or not technically able to do what turns out to be what is necessary to find the solution? It doesn’t matter how good you are if you’re wrong.
Top-Tier: Stephen Jay Gould And Mass Extinctions
Authors: Kendrick David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only thirty-six pages out of 1,343, about 2.7 percent of the total, in The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Gould 2002c) are explicitly devoted to mass extinction and the role it plays in shaping the history of life. That’s thirty-six pages in a book that Steve Gould worked on for twenty years, a book that detailed how Darwin’s theory “has been transformed, along his [Darwin’s] original lines, into something far different, far richer, and far more adequate to guide our understanding of nature” (2002c, 24), a book so unabashedly a product of Steve’s prodigiously intelligent, thoughtful, and idiosyncratic self that it will likely remain one of those unread tomes that populate people’s shelves.1 In fact, the section on mass extinction in Structure is so short that it could even be viewed as his greatest extended footnote. It seems almost paradoxical—so little space for what has become the focus of so much intense interest, debate, and controversy in the fields of paleontology and evolutionary biology. The casual reader might therefore equate the amount of space devoted to mass extinction in Structure with mass extinction’s importance in Steve’s evolutionary worldview (i.e., small, thus unimportant). That, however, would be wrong—the brevity of this section belies the import Steve attributed to mass extinctions, not only as the operator effecting the boldest-scale patterns in life’s history but also as the ultimate example of the quirky contingency recorded in that history and the ultimate foil for natural selection as the primary agent of evolutionary pattern at the scale of geologic time.
Stephen Jay Gould: The Scientist As Educator
Authors: Ross Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Steve Gould’s reply after receiving the National Association of Geoscience Teacher’s Neil Miner Award for teaching in 1984, he started his article: “I have never understood how people can read newspapers and drink coffee, never gazing out of the window, as they fly over the folded Appalachians. We must make our students unable ever again to commit such a sin against nature’s beauty and their own intellects” (1984g). This, in fact, was the same example that Steve often used with his teaching assistants to explain what he wanted undergraduate students to get out of his popular Harvard course. Twenty years later, long after they’d forgotten all the factual details of the course, he hoped they would be more likely to look out their plane window with wonder and inquire about the origin of the sights below. This, at least he so claimed, summarized his most basic view of science education for the nonscientist done well.
Gould’s Odyssey: Form May Follow Function, or Former Function, and All Species Are Equal (Especially Bacteria), but History Is Trumps
Authors: Thomas D K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few scientists in our time have had such fervent admirers and such virulent detractors as did Steve Gould. In part, this reflects contrasting elements of his strong personality. In part, it reflects his intellectual style, which was by turns magisterial, warmly humane, richly synthetic, and aggressively combative. It also reflects the fact that, for all its legitimate claims to intellectual rigor, his scientific work was intensely personal. The nature of his engagement with paleontology which he dearly loved, with evolutionary theory which he aspired to remake in his own mold, and with life, which he treasured all the more having almost lost it, is admirably illustrated by the trajectory of his thinking on the classic theme of form and function.
The Chest, Breasts, and Respiratory System
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many disease states can be diagnosed by simply looking at the chest. Sometimes it is difficult to do more than observe a hyperactive or crying patient. The order of examination of the chest in a child depends on the attitude of the child; some physicians find it easier to listen to the chest first, before a young child starts to cry, and then to proceed with the other parts of the examination; others observe and palpate first and use the stethoscope later.
The Eye
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Ophthalmology both recommend that infants and young children have periodic vision screening to detect amblyopia, glaucoma, astigmatism, and other conditions that can lead to vision loss if not treated. Newborns should have an eye examination performed by a pediatrician or other primary care provider and all children should be evaluated by 6 months of age for visual behavior and ocular alignment. Specific screening for visual acuity should be performed by 3½ years and repeated annually until age 10 years. Accurate, thorough screening for amblyopia and visual acuity can be difficult and time consuming, especially in preschool children. Several new technologies and a new nationwide screening program may help improve the vision screening rate among young children.
Examination of the Newborn
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Infant IS a complete individual. The question you want answered is: “Is the infant normal?” Even minor abnormalities should be explained to the parents to allay their fears. In the apparently well infant, a second physical examination should be completed after the infant has adjusted to the new environment, since some physical abnormalities may become apparent after several days of life. However, at the first examination you are restricted to assessing gross physical anomalies. Conduct a more thorough examination 1– 4 hours later. You should have an exact idea of what you want to know, proceed with the examination expeditiously, and write it up if even on a check sheet. Keep the baby warm, even preferably unclothed. If the baby is not crying, listen to the chest first. Otherwise, proceed to examine the infant systematically from the head downward. In general, the first examination of the infant consists chiefly of observation of orifices and of masses, bulges, or anomalies, but the method of examination is similar to that already described in older children.
Adolescence
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By age 16 years, 97% of females reach menarche, 98% of them by 18 years. The average age of menarche in American adolescent females is 12.7 years (10 –16 years). Menarche normally occurs within 1 year of the age at which the girl’s siblings or mother experienced menarche.
101 Albums that Changed Popular Music
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chris Smith’s 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music tells the fascinating stories behind the most groundbreaking, influential, and often controversial albums ever recorded, ranging from The Anthology of American Folk Music (1952) to Elephant (2003) by The White Stripes. Organized chronologically to capture the flow of culture from one album to the next, this volume illuminates how these classic recordings reflected--and sometimes changed--the political, social, and economic culture of their eras. Among the featured albums are releases from the hard-blues explosion of the ‘60s, including Robert Johnson’s King of the Delta Blues Singers, a landmark collection whose songs were later covered by the likes of Cream, Led Zeppelin, and the Rolling Stones. Punk made its mark in the ‘70s with Patti Smith’s Horses and the Clash’s London Calling. In the ‘80s Michael Jackson’s blockbuster LP, Thriller, not only topped the charts, it became the best-selling record of all time. Diversity defined the ‘90s, with the most influential albums ranging from Garth Brooks’ No Fences, which made country one of the hottest musical genres of the decade, to Dr. Dre’s debut, The Chronic, a multi-platinum smash hit that brought West Coast hip hop into the mainstream. For each album, the book lists the basic publication information, including release date, label, and producer. More important, Chris Smith sheds light on the history of these albums, revealing the inspiration behind their creation, and why they continue to stand the test of time. Selected on the basis of their popular appeal and influence on later genres, the albums included represent a wide variety of genres, such as blues, jazz, rock, reggae, rockabilly, folk, soul, hip-hop, and country. A timeline of important events, a selected bibliography for further reading, and an appendix of albums that almost made the cut round out this volume, making it a gold mine of information for everyone who loves popular music.
The Preventive History and Wellness
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why the patient comes to the physician Patients usually visit physicians because of an emergency, because of an overt feeling of illness, or to get a routine medical checkup, rather than specifically to anticipate and prevent future health problems (Baker, 1993; Kottke et al., 1993; Masterson, 1998; Wender and Nevin, 2002). Although third-party payers offer little incentive for it, prevention, as part of the overall management plan, constitutes one of the cornerstones of the medical model (see Fig. 4–1). Patients welcome inquiries into their overall functioning and well-being (Schor et al., 1995). Components of a prevention plan The regular history provides much of the information for a preventive program. Sox (1994) argues that preventive measures against disease should not depend primarily on exhaustive histories and head-to-toe physical examination. Instead, the physician should focus on selective screening for frequent or high-risk diseases. However, the person with a rare disease has as much right to a diagnosis and treatment as one with a common disease. Utilization of population statistics need not diminish the traditional emphasis on maximal benefit for each individual and the respect for each individual’s health. When ill, none of us wants to be regarded as a population statistic. Unfortunately, even the early discovery of some serious illness may not lead to effective intervention (Welch, 1996).
The History, Appropriate Management, Informed Consent, and Patient Autonomy
Authors: DeMyer William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Summary of the techniques for the clinical history Thus far, the text has presented the best techniques for obtaining an optimal clinical history. These techniques consist of Programming every action or circumstance for the patient’s benefit Appropriate demeanor and dress Use of open questions Privacy and confidentiality Nonjudgmental acceptance of every patient Respect for the patient’s autonomy, goals, and values and avoidance of imposing personal beliefs and proselytizing Monitoring of the transference–countertransference interactions Critical factors in informed consent and patient autonomy Conveniently enough, the best techniques for eliciting the basic clinical history and the mental status also serve best to explore whether the patient has the basis for autonomy and informed consent.
The phenomenon of Raymond D. Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In science, it has long been said that proper method is more important than genius. Accordingly, Raymond Adams’ accomplishment derived as much from his systematic approach to studying disease as from his brilliance. A third factor, industry, was equally responsible for his success. After studying this man, I came to understand that Adams’ career exemplifies William Osler’s dictum: “the master-word is Work.”
Major Original Contributors
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reticulum cell sarcoma of brain. First series of cases reported. Adams pointed out that this tumor was mistakenly viewed as microglioma and that it did not arise from cells resident in the brain. Instead, he argued, it was a hematologic type malignancy. Dorothy Russell, the great English neuropathologist, did not agree with Adams. (See: Russell DS et al. Microgliomatosis: A Form of Reticulosis Affecting the Brain. Brain V71, part (1), pp 1–15, 1948.) Adams’ analysis has prevailed. By the terminology of that day Adams called it reticulum cell sarcoma. Today this tumor is classified as a high-grade form of primary brain lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s in type.
Accomplishment and Legacy of Raymond Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raymond Adams built institutions, discovered new diseases and phenomena, and made classic descriptions of previously known diseases. His systematic studies contributed to our knowledge of most of the categories of neurologic disease. He transformed internal medicine by his writings about alcoholism, the commonly seen metabolic encephalopathies and the nutritional and infectious disease of the nervous system. As much as any other individual, he expanded the frontiers of neurology to include muscle disease, stroke, pediatric neurology, and mental retardation. He educated innumerable leaders in neurology. Through his neurology sections of Principles of Internal Medicine and Principles of Neurology, he educated doctors of internal medicine and neurology around the world. Through his psychiatry sections in Principles of Internal Medicine, he defended the medical approach to psychiatry during decades, when the psychoanalytic approach was dominant at American medical colleges.
Pater’s New Republics
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the Great Exhibition marked the arrival of Britain’s age of kitsch, that profusion of factory-produced wares would seem to inhabit a very different world than the rarified one of the British aesthetes who flourished in its wake. Yet the same economic conditions that enabled the production of inexpensive art also helped to inspire the knots of artists and writers who rebelled against those conditions. The Great Exhibition indicated a trend toward the democratization of culture in Britain, as members of the lower-middle and working classes attended the spectacle in unprecedented numbers. As Victorian art displays drew a larger and more varied audience, however, one inevitable result was the increasing commodification of the art experience.
Primitives and Post-Impressionists
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians have often acknowledged the relation of the Bloomsbury Group to its Victorian predecessors. The Omega workshops, for example, which produced avant-garde household wares between 1910 and 1914, had obvious roots in the Arts and Crafts movement of the previous century. Roger Fry, Bloomsbury’s eminent art critic, wrote essays on “Art and Socialism” and dwelled on the ethics of art spectatorship in a manner familiar from Victorian meditations. Yet the dominant move in contemporary scholarship, especially in the study of British art movements, has been to underline a break between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In many ways, the narrative of that break was scripted by modernists themselves—as when Virginia Woolf memorably quipped that “on or about December 1910 human nature changed.” Woolf’s selection of this seemingly random date in fact refers to what is perhaps the most controversial art show ever held in Britain: the 1910 exhibition of post-impressionist paintings at the Grafton Gallery in London. Here the British public was introduced to—and scandalized by—the modern French paintings of Cézanne, Gauguin, and Matisse.