bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inside Looking Out: The Slave Trade’s Effect upon the White South
Authors: Deyle Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Saturday, July 4, 1857, a large crowd gathered on the top of Lookout Mountain in southeastern Tennessee. The occasion was the opening of a convention to establish a proposed “University for the Southern States:’ Such a project, where southern youths could get a good Christian education in a university away from northern influences, had long been the dream of Episcopal bishops Leonidas Polk of Louisiana and James Otey of Tennessee. While the group had intentionally chosen July 4th for its symbolic importance, and the speakers talked of national unity, Bishop Otey had earlier made it clear that this new university would “materially aid the South to resist and repel a fanatical domination which seeks to rule over us.” In addition to a band, 400-500 spectators were in attendance that day, as were seven Episcopal bishops, seven clergymen, and six laymen, representing seven predominantly Deep South states, who served as the convention’s official delegates.
Sexual Disorders
Authors: Szwabo Peggy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A decline in sexual functioning is associated with aging, but sexual activity and interest continue into older age (Busse & Maddox, 1998). The elderly lose much with aging: decline in their senses, health, mobility, and independence. With admission to nursing homes, further loss occurs when the intimacy needs of the resident and their partner are often overlooked and ignored. This omission is resultant of society’s stereotypical and prejudicial thinking of the elderly as asexual or the sexual activity of older persons as perverse. Intimacy and touching are the last pleasurable things an elderly person gives up. The person who is denied touch, affection, or connection with another human being slowly deteriorates and dies physically and emotionally.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Agronin Marc E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinicians often underestimate the role of both personality and personality disorders (PDs) in long-term care (LTC) settings, focusing instead on more immediate concerns—agitation, psychosis, depression—and other major psychiatric conditions. Sooner or later, however, PDs emerge as some of the most recalcitrant psychopathologic symptoms, exerting a disproportionately disruptive effect on staff and milieu. PDs are de1ned in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) by an enduring and pervasive pattern of inLexible and maladaptive inner experiences and behaviors, which deviate from cultural expectations, and lead to signi1cant disruptions in areas of cognitive interpretation and perception, affective expression, interpersonal relations, and impulse control (American Psychiatric Association, APA, 2000). According to of1cial diagnostic criteria, PDs typically manifest in early adulthood, although their roots may be found in childhood. In LTC settings, however, distant history is by necessity less important than more recent personality patterns and the impact of brain injury from a host of factors, most notably dementia. This chapter will review the basic characteristics of PDs in late life, and focus on unique manifestations in LTC settings and how they can be managed with both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic approaches.
Staff Education in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Conn David K , Richards Joy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifteen years ago Rovner and Katz (1993) declared that nursing homes “are the modern mental institutions for the elderly, but the training of staff and physicians, processes of care, and the recognition and treatment of mental disorders lag behind the current state of scienti1c knowledge.” Indeed, lack of trained staff continues to be frequently cited as one of the key problems in the care of nursing home residents. Recent guidelines recommend that long-term care homes “should have an education and training program for staff related to the needs of residents with depression and/or behavioral concerns” (Canadian Coalition for Seniors’ Mental Health, 2006). There is evidence that poor education and training can compromise resident care and safety (Anderson et al., 2005). This chapter will explore some of the key issues related to the education of staff in the long-term care setting. In exploring this issue it is important to bear in mind that although education is necessary, it is often not suf1cient to improve clinical practice. Enabling care providers to make the transition from “knowing” to “doing” is complex and multifaceted, and the process of successful knowledge transfer and knowledge utilization will vary among different practice settings.
Ethical and Medicolegal Issues
Authors: Kapp Marshall B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A substantial proportion of the current nursing home residents in the United States need mental health services for cognitive and emotional problems. Latestage dementia, clinical depression, and other serious, chronic psychiatric illnesses are prevalent in the nursing home population (Yaffe et al., 2002), especially as all but the most severely disabled individuals of all ages (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001a) increasingly enjoy the availability of a growing array of homeand community-based long-term-care alternatives. In addition, states are under legal and political pressure to move and keep people out of nursing homes for as long as possible (Kapp, 2005). Under both the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12101–12213, and the Rehabilitation Act, 29 U.S.C. § 794, a nursing home may not deny admission or services to any individual on account of that person’s mental disability unless the facility can prove it is unable to properly accommodate that person (Wagner v. Fair Acres Geriatric Center, 1995).
Binding Hatreds: Public Violence, State, and Nation in Central American History
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the level of public violence cannot convincingly be tied to some measure of state strength, then with what sort of a state can persistently high levels of public violence be associated? In the case of Central America, the relevant feature of the state seems to have been its improvisational character. With each change of government, state institutions practically had to be reassembled pro tempore from a mélange of collaborators—hacendados, merchants, camarillas, regional caudillos and their followers, municipal-level authorities and strongmen and, later, the armed forces themselves and more or less autonomous vigilante groups. This constant need to attract and hold collaborators made the state’s incumbents much more than a mere government, for they were essentially reorganizers of the state itself.
Honduras: Caudillos in Search of an Army
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the second decade of the twentieth century, first Guatemala and then El Salvador were building national states capable of co-opting or eliminating the regional and local warlords, party militias and gangs that had disputed one another in the field of state power since 1821. The instruments of control were armies that looked increasingly as if they were truly national, in the sense that they were increasingly subject to a unified command structure. What distinguished Honduras and Nicaragua was the persistence, well into the new century, of the kind and degree of public violence that typified the nineteenth century. The state-directed order that Guatemala and El Salvador were managing to impose early in the century was not achieved in Nicaragua until the mid-1930s, whereas in Honduras this universal sign of a mature state did not become evident until the 1950s.
Who Is It That Torments Her?
Authors: Godbeer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daniel and Abigail Wescot’s home had become the stage for a grim and perplexing drama. At its center was the luridly physical and yet mystifying spectacle of Katherine Branch’s fits. Around the young woman there crowded a growing cast of characters, all determined to figure out who or what was causing her fits. The residents of Stamford were anything but hasty in concluding that witchcraft must be responsible for Kate’s torments: differing points of view jostled and competed for ascendancy. At first, not even the Wescots assumed that their servant was be-witched. Their first step was to call in the local medical expert, not the town minister: they began by seeking a natural cause for Kate’s afflictions.
Empire and India
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general election of May 1929, and the ensuing entry into office of the Labour government, marked an epoch in Churchill’s life. At the time, neither he nor anyone else could tell what economic and political hurricanes were soon going to hit them. Labour with 288 seats had become the biggest party in the House and the Liberals, reunited under Lloyd George but numbering no more than fifty-nine, were going to keep it in office instead of helping the Conservatives to keep it out. This was enough to signal to Churchill the opportunity to embark on two new ventures: the beginning of a grand-scale biography of his warrior ancestor, the Duke of Marlborough; and a North-American trip that would agreeably combine business with pleasure. American newspaper proprietors and book publishers were as eager as the British ones to sign contracts for his articles and books; and, what for the moment was even more exciting, money apparently could easily be made on the New York Stock Exchange. Bernard Baruch and his other rich American friends would be glad to help him make it. The need to generate income was pressing. His salary had been reduced to the meagre level of an ordinary MP, but his quality-of-living expectations remained high, and Chartwell continued to eat up money. To speed and solidify his work on the biography, he engaged the services of a bright young Oxford historian, Maurice Ashley.
Chartwell and Hitler
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If his India campaign was what Churchill was best known for through the early 1930s, his campaign to arouse Parliament and people to the dangers of Hitler’s Germany took over as the earlier campaign petered out. But his private life at the same time was very important to him. He was continuously busy as a writer and had to be so because it was his only source of serious income and therefore the necessary means of caring for his wife, his children and his home. This is a good place for standing back to look at Churchill in mid-career. He was not yet the great man he would soon become. Everyone recognised that he was an important man and a most uncommon man, the most uncommon man to have attained a high political office apart from David Lloyd George, who was at least as uncommon and who had attained the highest office of all. Like Lloyd George, he had made many enemies on his way to the top and, like him again, he was regarded by sound party men and political moralists as untrustworthy, though in an entirely different way. Lloyd George could never be anything but a Liberal, Churchill had been Conservative, Liberal and Constitutionalist, and it was not clear what he might be in ten years’ time.
Democratic Warlord
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will have become clear by now how wide the range of Churchill’s managerial vigilance was, over and above being master within the British war machine. Yet what exactly was the nature of his mastery, and what if any were its limits? Its nature was peculiar, just as he was peculiar. He was dominant and he liked to have his way but he was not a dictator, nor in principle did he want to be. He knew that, for so long as a state of national emergency lasted, even the most democratic democracy had to have a single responsible leader. Summing up the critical debates which produced some Cabinet changes early in 1942, he wrote ‘All I wanted was compliance with my wishes after reasonable discussion’., (This must have provoked hollow laughter among the senior officers who had had to do the discussing with him.) His understanding of his position was strictly constitutional. He was Prime Minister because the King had appointed him and because Parliament supported him; he was also Minister of Defence because the King (with mild reluctance, being mindful of how the service chiefs would dislike it) had allowed him to be so. King George VI would have preferred Halifax as his Prime Minister, but he very soon came to respect and like Churchill; and Churchill, for his part, was punctilious in maintaining the convention of weekly visits to the Palace: the King and his Prime Minister lunched together most Tuesdays. The constitution indeed allowed the King little actual control over him, though the King’s word was apparently decisive in dissuading him from accompanying the D-Day armada. Parliament’s controls, however, were real enough. He could only do on his own what his Cabinet and what the House of Commons were happy to let him do on his own.
Deadly Drugs
Authors: Milees Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a jarring idea: physicians’ giving deadly drugs. Why would this issue be important enough to the ancient Creeks to merit a passage in the Oath? Diverse reasons have been offered. Medical ethicists tend to read this passage as a disavowal of medical euthanasia. One scholar believes that it referred to killing people during medical research. It is often cited as the historical precedent by which a physician disavowed collaborating with executions. Others say that it referred to physicians who used their medical skills to murder. Euthanasia, vivisection, execution, or murder: it is important to try to clarify the rationale for this passage in order to understand its value to the contentious debates of our time.
Discretion In Speech
Authors: Miles Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This passage is usually read as a promise to respect the confidentiality of information that a patient has disclosed and information about that person’s medical conditions. Arras says that this clinical principle has a utilitarian origin, arising from the insight that patients will not disclose necessary information unless clinicians promise confidentiality. Carrick asserts that this passage is a disavowal of physicians’ using privileged information for personal gain, though its wording seems to say that disclosure itself, rather than the use of the disclosed information, is the transgression. Kudlien says that this passage forbids disclosing state secrets. Though Greek oaths cementing political alliances often swore secrecy in affairs of state, this seems an unlikely meaning for a physician’s oath. As with other passages of the Oath, one must look to the cultural context and differences with modern medical ethics to try to discern its meaning.
Computer Technology And Social Work
Authors: Petrucci Carrie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether technology is utilized is dependent on two things: the characteristics of the technology itself and how receptive the audience is (Schoech, 1999). The use of computer technology in social work is no exception. After much initial reticence social work researchers and practitioners have become increasingly familiar with integration of computer technology in practice, research, and education (see, for example, special journal issues edited by Butterfield, 1983; Raymond, Ginsberg,, Gohagon, 1998; Menon, Coe, 2000; Menon, Brown, 2001). Clearly, the potential uses of computer technology are vast and varied. In recent work in which we took a broad historical view of computer technology and social work, we identified four key “quests” in an attempt to grasp the boundaries of this area (Kirk, Reid,, Petrucci, 2002). These included the quest for efficiency, in which computer technology was seen as a means toward achieving accountability; the quest to integrate research into practice, with single-case research being a prime example; the quest for improved services to clients, which included decision support systems, expert systems, and clinical assessment systems; and the quest for communication, which looked at on-line support groups for clients and professionals as well as information retrieval systems.
Task-Centered Practice: An Exemplar of Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Reid William J , Fortune Anne E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task-centered model (TC) is a short-term, problem-solving approach to social work practice (Doel, Marsh, 1992; Reid, 1992, 2000; Reid, Epstein, 1972; Reid, Fortune, 2002). Originally designed for practice with individuals and families, the model has been adapted for work with groups (Fortune, 1985; Garvin, 1974) and larger systems (Tolson, Reid,, Garvin, 2003). The task-centered approach was developed as a form of research-based practice. It originated from a randomized experiment conducted in the mid-1960s that suggested that brief intervention might provide a more efficient means of helping individuals and families with many problems than conventional, long-term forms of practice (Reid, Shyne, 1969). Using that brief service approach as a starting point, Reid and Epstein (1972) collaborated on developing a more comprehensive, systematic, and effective model of short-term intervention. The research orientation of the model was expressed in several ways. Preference was to be given to methods and theories tested and supported by empirical research. Hypotheses and concepts about the client system were to be grounded in case data obtained through such means as client self-report, observation, and rapid assessment instruments. Speculative theorizing about the client’s problems and behavior was to be avoided. Assessment, process, and outcome data were to be systematically collected and recorded for each case. This conception fits well with current definitions of evidence-based practice (Thyer, 2001).
Establishing Collaborations That Engender Trust In The Prevention Of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Thomas James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A small proportion of any given community bears the burden of the majority of sexually transmitted disease (STD) infection. This subpopulation has been termed the “core” of transmission. Definitions of the core vary. They include people repeatedly infected, people who infect more than one other person, sex workers, and people who reside in a particular geographical area (Thomas, Tucker, 1995). Preventing infections and transm1ss10n among the core is viewed as a strategic way to limit infections for the entire community (Over, Piot, 1993). However, people in the core, by whatever definition, are often marginalized in society because of their infections. Conversely, their infections are partially a reflection of their marginalization on the basis of other factors such as race and class. Marginalization breeds distrust of people in the establishment and engenders a lack of cooperation with the establishment’s interventions. This vicious cycle creates a formidable barrier to health care providers who want to target the core for disease reduction. The administration of hepatitis B vaccine provides an example. Initially, the national immunization strategy focused on people most at risk, including users of illicit injection drugs.
Use Of Random Digit Dialing To Recruit Representative Population Samples
Authors: Voigt Lynda F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Random digit dialing (RDD) is a technique used to obtain a sample of the population that is representative of all households with telephones in a designated geographic area. It is used for scientific surveys and to obtain controls for epidemiologic case-control studies. Although this chapter focuses on the use of RDD to recruit controls for epidemiologic population-based case-control studies, the same basic principles apply to the use of RDD for scientific surveys.
Using Computer Technology In The Measurement And Prevention Of College Drinking
Authors: Harris Heather , Wodarski John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol and drug abuse-related deaths, injuries, disease, and family disturbances are consequences that cannot be measured in monetary figures (Kenkel, Wang, 1999; Wodarski, Wodarski, 1993; Wolvar, 2002). The consequences of substance use and abuse include traffic accidents and fatalities, health problems later in life, suicide, school-related problems, temporary or terminal sickness, and absenteeism (Barr, Antes, Ottenberg,, Rosen, 1984; Perkins, 2002). Young adults are faced with daily decisions about the role that substance use will play in their lives.
Constructing And Validating A Specific Multi-Item Assessment Or Evaluation Tool
Authors: Faul Anna C , Zyl Michiel A Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the wake of the accountability era, evidencebased practice has been adopted in the social welfare field. Evidence-based practice aims to develop best-practice methods for social workers that will increase their accountability. The approach requires social workers to put their practice behavior under the control of data, either data that they themselves collect or data that they obtain from the professional literature, and to be skeptical of methods with weak or nonexistent empirical support (Dangell, 1994; Bloom, Fischer, 1982).
Budgeting And Fiscal Management In Program Evaluations
Authors: Ginsberg Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an old concept, which applies to many fields, that suggests that understanding anything usually involves understanding the money involved. Some criminal investigators, reporters, and evaluators say that one should “follow the money.” And it is true that gaining a detailed understanding of almost any human endeavor is best achieved by looking at the financing of that endeavor. Where does the money come from, how is it spent, how is it accounted for? Of all the means for evaluating social programs, none is quite so pervasive and important in the total scheme of management and planning as examining the agency’s finances-how they are secured, budgeted, accounted for, and audited. This chapter describes the ways in which fiscal data are used in the evaluation of agencies. For most social agencies, nothing is quite as dramatic as the annual budget process, the dayto-day accounting for the funds that are expended, and the periodic audits of agencies. It is likely that more agencies are changed in major ways or even forced to close because of fiscal evaluations than for any other reasons. Evaluations that are based on experimental research designs, monitoring, and other kinds of studies of the content of agency functioning are often significant factors in an agency’s operations.
Constructing And Using Logic Models In Program Evaluation
Authors: Chapel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Program evaluation presents us with a paradox. Although far fewer evaluations are conducted than is desirable, the desire to evaluate seems to come naturally and almost instinctively. That is, most of us want to know what makes a difference and, given the chance, will choose that course of action likely to produce the greatest impact. Many obstacles block the exhibiting of this instinctive evaluation behavior.1 Chief among these are misunderstanding the components of good evaluation-ironically, usually an overestimation of the required level of scrutiny, rigor, and time and resources-missteps in determining a useful and feasible evaluation focus, and inattention to integrating evaluation results into planning and program improvement. Fortunately, these obstacles can be overcome if evaluation design is based on an accurate and comprehensive program description. Although many approaches can produce good program descriptions, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we promote logic models as the most effective way.