bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive patches overlap specific efferent cell groups in the cat superior colliculus
Authors: Jeon Chang‐Jin , Mize R. Ranney 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFibers containing acetylcholine (ACh) form distinct patches in the dorsal intermediate gray layer (IGL) of the cat superior colliculus (SC). Although these patches are known to overlap several afferent projections to SC, it is not known whether they are associated with specific postsynaptic cell groups. We have examined the relationship of these ACh fiber patches to specific efferent cell groups by combining retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry. Successful HRP injections were made into the predorsal bundle (PB), the tecto‐pontine‐bulbar pathway (TPB) and the cuneiform region (CFR), the inferior olive (IO), the dorsolateral pontine gray nucleus (PGD), and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTN). The distribution of HRP‐labeled neurons which project to these targets was mapped by a computer‐based microscope plotter.Distinct clusters of HRP‐labeled neurons in the IGL were seen after three injections into the mesencephalic reticular formation that involved the caudal TPB and cuneiform region (CFR), and after one injection into the medial accessory nucleus of IO. As many as seven clusters of labeled neurons were found in some sections through the caudal one‐half of SC after the TPB/CFR injections. Each cluster consisted of 3‐20 cells, all of which were small to medium in size. In sections also tested for ChAT, the cell clusters in the TPB/CFR cases were found to overlap precisely the ACh patches in the IGL. In addition, SC neurons projecting to the IO formed clusters above the ChAT patches and in the intermediate white layer (IWL) of SC. None of the other HRP injections produced any obvious cell clusters in the deep layers of SC. These results are the first to show that specific cell groups, distinguished by size and projection site, form clusters that match the patch‐like innervation of cholinergic afferents to SC. This modular organization may correspond to saccade‐related cells that have also been reported to be organized into clusters in the cat SC. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Evidence for a multi‐compartmental histochemical organization of the nucleus accumbens in the rat
Authors: Jongen‐Rȩlo Ana L. , Groenewegen Henk J. , Voorn Pieter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study, the compartmental organization of the nucleus accumbens was investigated by comparing the pattern of leu‐enkephalin immunoreactivity with that of the opioid receptor ligand, naloxone, an established marker for the compartmental organization of the neostriatum. Both patterns have a nonhomogeneous, patch‐like appearance throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus and show a good, mutual correspondence. In the core of the nucleus accumbens as well as in the border region between the nucleus accumbens and the caudate‐putamen, leu‐enkephalin‐rich areas are in register with opioid receptor‐dense areas. In the shell region the precise relationship between the enkephalin and the naloxone patterns could not be established. A comparison of the connectivity patterns and neurochemical characteristics of the opioid receptor‐dense compartments in the nucleus accumbens with those in the caudate‐putamen reveals major discrepancies between these two striatal subdivisions. We therefore conclude that, rather than a bicompartmental patch/striosome‐matrix organization, the nucleus accumbens has a multicompartmental organization. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related effects of nerve growth factor on the morphology of embryonic sensory neurons in vitro
Authors: Scott Sheryl A. , Davies Alun M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractStudies of neonatal and adult mammals have shown that neuronal morphology is regulated in part by the availability of target‐derived neurotrophic factor. To test whether the same is true for embryonic neurons, which are dependet on target‐derived neurotrophic factors for survival, we grew neural crest‐derived sensory neurons from the trigeminal ganglion of avian embryos of different ages in vitro in different concentrations of nerve growth factor (NGF) and measured the number of branch points and total length of the resulting arborizations. Although the size and complexity of arborizations increased with embryonic age up to embryonic day (E)14, neuronal morphology for embryos younger than E14 was unaffected by the concentration of NGF in the culture medium. However, beginning at E14, the stage at which trigeminal neurons start to lose their absolute requirement for NGF for survival, the neurons had significantly more branch points and larger arborizations in higher concentrations of NGF. Thus, it appears that the extent of neurite outgrowth in young embryos is independent of neurotrophic factor concentration; each neuron that receives enough neurotrophic factor to survive elaborates approximately the same size arbor. As trigeminal neurons mature and become less dependent on neurotrophic factor for survival, they acquire the ability to respond to neurotrophic factor with increased neurite growth and branching, as in neonates and adults. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasopressin and oxytocin gene expression in the human hypothalamus
Authors: Sukhov Renat R. , Walker Lary C. , Rance Naomi E. , Price Donald L. , Young W. Scott 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe studied the distribution of messenger ribonucleic acids coding for vasopressin and oxytocin in the human hypothalamus by means of hybridization histochemistry. Numerous large and medium‐sized neurons contain vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and accessory magnocellular nucleus. Small, lightly labeled vasopressin neurons also were detected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In addition, a relatively sparse band of mostly ovoid, medium‐sized vasopressin neurons mingle with unlabeled neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area; these cells extend dorsoventrally from the region ventral to the stria terminalis to the ventrolateral hypothalamus, sometimes transgressing the boundaries of nearby nuclei. We did not detect vasopressin gene expression in neurons of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis proper, although some of the dorsal‐most labeled neurons of the lateral hypothalamus extend into the region of the caudal bed nucleus. Some lateral hypothalamic neurons also encroach upon other extrahypothalamic structures, such as the zona incerta. The nucleus basalis of Meynert complex was, with only rare exceptions, devoid of cells containing vasopressin messenger ribonucleic acid.Oxytocin messenger ribonucleic acid is found in the supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, accessory magnocellular nucleus and, less frequently, in neurons of the lateral hypothalamus. In the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei, oxytocin neurons are somewhat smaller than vasopressin neurons. Vasopressin cells outnumber oxytocin cells in the supraoptic nucleus, but their numbers are comparable in the paraventricular nucleus. As with vasopressin neurons, lateral hypothalamic oxytocin cells loosely span several diencephalic nuclei and encroach occasionally upon adjacent regions. These results confirm that the organization of vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the human hypothalamus is largely comparable to that in nonhuman species and demonstrate the utility of hybridization histochemistry for elucidating the chemoarchitecture of the human brain.© 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Visual projections induced into the auditory pathway of ferrets: II. Corticocortical connections of primary auditory cortex
Authors: Pallas S. L. , Sur M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough the development of corticocortical projections has been well studied, less is known about the role of sensory inputs in the specification of these connections. As part of an ongoing series of studies in our laboratory, we have examined the role of thalamic input modality in the development of corticocortical connections. These studies involve making unilateral lesions and inducing retinal inputs into the auditory thalamus (MGN) during early development in ferrets, thereby conferring visual responsiveness on primary auditory cortex (AI). In this way we can examine the role of input identity in cortical specification in general, and connectivity patterns specifically.A previous paper (Pallas et al. [1990] J. Comp. Neurol. 298:50‐68) described the pattern of thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections of auditory cortex in normal and lesioned animals. This study comapres the pattern of auditory corticocortical connections in normal and lesioned animals. We injected neuroanatomical tracers into AI and mapped out the distribution of retrogradely labelled cells in the cortex. We report that the cortical inputs to ferret AI resembled those in cats, and that the pattern of ipsi‐ and contralateral corticocortical connections of ferret AI with visual input was similar to the normal pattern. Auditory cortex with visual input did not make ectopic connections with visual cortex, but maintained its connections with other auditory cortical areas. These results suggest that the overall corticocortical connections of an area are not influenced by the modality or activity pattern of its inputs. In particular, altering the input activity to a cortical area does not seem to promote the formation of entirely new connections, although small changes in the strength of existing connections are possible (Sur et al. [1990] Trends Neurosci. 13:227‐233). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunocytochemical study of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene products in Drosophila
Authors: Schneider Lynne E. , Sun Eric T. , Garland Daniel J. , Taghert Paul H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have mapped protein expression of the FMRFamide neuropeptide gene in Drosophila with polyclonal antisera against three small peptides whose sequences were derived from the Drosophila proFMRFamide precursor. One antiserum was affinity‐purified and extensively characterized. The enriched antibodies labeled 15–21 bilaterally symmetric pairs of neurons in a pattern that corresponded very closely to the pattern of in situ hybridization that was determined previously (Schneider et al. [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 304:608–622; O'Brien et al. [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 304:623–638). The other antisera produced complementary results. These findings suggest that the antisera specifically label cells that express the FMRFamide gene. In larvae we consistently observed strong staining in identified interneurons and neuroendocrine cells, and moderate to weak staining in neurons of unknown function. The adult pattern of expression included both larval neurons whose immunoreactivity persisted through metamorphosis and adult‐specific neurons. During metamorphosis, we observed transient staining in a small number of neurons and in specific neuropil regions that included the central body, the protocerebral bridge, and the optic ganglia. Based on these morphological features, we suggest that the FMRFamide‐like neuropeptides in Drosophila play a number of functional roles, perhaps affecting both physiological and developmental phenomena. Such roles include general modulation throughout all post‐embryonic stages, via the blood, and also more stage‐ and region‐specific modulation within the CNS. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase mRNA in mouse brain by in situ hybridization histology
Authors: Eaton M. J. , Gudehithlu K. P. , Quach T. , Silvia C. P. , Hadjiconstantinou M. , Neff N. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) is the second enzyme in the sequence leading to the synthesis of catecholamines or serotonin. Antisense riboprobes for aromatic L‐amino acid decarboxylase mRNA were used to map the gene in mouse brain by in situ hybridization. The substantia nigra, the ventral tegmental nucleus, the dorsal raphe nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the olfactory bulb contained the highest signal for AAAD mRNA. After treatment with the dopaminergic neurotoxin 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), the signal disappeared in the substantia nigra, decreased somewhat in the ventral tegmental area, and remained unchanged in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Hypothalamic and cerebellar Purkinje neurons known to contain histidine decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase, respectively, were unlabeled by the probes. However, neurons in the deep layers of the frontal cortex, many thalamic nuclei, and the pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus were lightly to moderately labeled for mouse AAAD mRNA. The presence of AAAD message in these neurons suggests that the enzyme has functions other than that for the synthesis of the classical biogenic amine neurotransmitters. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Frontal granular cortex input to the cingulate (M3), supplementary (M2) and primary (M1) motor cortices in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Morecraft Robert J. , van Hoesen Gary W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough frontal lobe interconnections of the primary (area 4 or M1) and supplementary (area 6m or M2) motor cortices are well understood, how frontal granular (or prefrontal) cortex influences these and other motor cortices is not. Using fluorescent dyes in rhesus monkeys, we investigated the distribution of frontal lobe inputs to M1, M2, and the cingulate motor cortex (area 24c or M3, and area 23c). M1 received input from M2, lateral area 6, areas 4C and PrCO, and granular area 12. M2 received input from these same areas as well as M1; granular areas 45, 8, 9, and 46; and the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex. Input from the ventral part of lateral area 6, area PrCO, and frontal granular cortex targeted only the ventral portion of M1, and primarily the rostral portion of M2. In contrast, M3 and area 23c received input from M1, M2; lateral area 6 and area 4C; granular areas 8, 12, 9, 46, 10, and 32; as well as orbitofrontal cortex. Only M3 received input from the ventral part of lateral area 6 and areas PrCO, 45, 12vl, and the posterior part of the orbitofrontal cortex.This diversity of frontal lobe inputs, and the heavy component of prefrontal input to the cingulate motor cortex, suggests a hierarchy among the motor cortices studied. M1 receives the least diverse frontal lobe input, and its origin is largely from other agranular motor areas. M2 receives more diverse input, arising primarily from agranular motor and prefrontal association cortices. M3 and area 23c receive both diverse and widespread frontal lobe input, which includes agranular motor, prefrontal association, and frontal limbic cortices. These connectivity patterns suggest that frontal association and frontal limbic areas have direct and preferential access to that part of the corticospinal projection which arises from the cingulate motor cortex. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Effect of unilateral partial cochlear lesions in adult cats on the representation of lesioned and unlesioned cochleas in primary auditory cortex
Authors: Rajan R. , Irvine D. R. F. , Wise L. Z. , Heil P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined the effect of unilateral restricted cochlear lesions in adult cats on the topographic representations (“maps”) of the lesioned and unlesioned cochleas in the primary auditory cortex (AI) contralateral to the lesioned cochlea. Frequency (tonotopic) maps were derived by conventional multineuron mapping procedures in anesthetized animals. In confirmation of a study in adult guinea pigs (Robertson and Irvine [1989] J. Comp. Neurol. 282:456–471), we found that 2–11 months after the unilateral cochlear lesion the map of the lesioned cochlea in the contralateral AI was altered so that the AI region in which frequencies with lesion‐induced elevations in cochlear neural sensitivity would have been represented was occupied by an enlarged representation of lesion‐edge frequencies (i.e., frequencies adjacent to those with elevated cochlear neural sensitivity). Along the tonotopic axis of AI the total representation of lesion‐edge frequencies could extend up to ≈ 2.6 mm rostral to the area of normal representation of these frequencies. There was no topographic order within this enlarged representation. Examination of threshold sensitivity at the characteristic frequency (CF, frequency to which the neurons were most sensitive) in the reorganized regions of the map of the lesioned cochlea established that the changes in the map reflected a plastic reorganization rather than simply reflecting the residue of prelesion input.In contrast to the change in the map of the lesioned contralateral cochlea, the map of the unlesioned ipsilateral cochlea did not differ from those in normal animals. Thus, in contrast to the normal very good congreuency between ipsilateral and contralateral AI maps, in the lesioned animals ipsilateral and contralateral maps differed in the region of AI in which there had been a reorganization of the map of the lesioned cochlea. Outside the region of contralateral map reorganization, ipsilateral and contralateral AI maps remained congruent within normal limits. The difference between the two maps in the region of contralateral map reorganization suggested, in light of the physiology of binaural interactions in the auditory pathway, that the cortical reorganization reflected subcortical changes.Finally, response properties of neuronal clusters within the reorganized map of the lesioned cochlea were compared to normative data with respect to threshold sensitivity at CF, the size of frequency “response areas,” and response latencies. In the majority of cases, CF thresholds were similar to normative data. The frequency “response areas” were slightly less sharply tuned than normal, but not significantly. Response latencies were significantly shorter than normal in three animals and significantly longer in one animal. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The patterns of afferent innervation of the core and shell in the “Accumbens” part of the rat ventral striatum: Immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported fluoro‐gold
Authors: Brog Judith S. , Salyapongse Aimee , Deutch Ariel Y. , Zahm Daniel S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent data have emphasized the neurochemically distinct nature of subterritories in the accumbens part of the rat ventral striatum termed the core, shell, and rostral pole. In order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how afferents are distributed relative to these subterritories, immunohistochemical detection of retrogradely transported Fluoro‐Gold was carried out following iontophoretic injections intended to involve selectively one of the subterritories. The data revealed that a number of cortical afferents of the medial shell and core originate in separate areas, i.e., the dorsal peduncular, infralimbic, and posterior piriform cortices (to medial shell) and the dorsal prelimbic, anterior agranular insular, anterior cingulate, and perirhinal cortices (to core). The lateral shell and rostral pole are innervated by cortical structures that also project either to the medial shell or core. The orbital, posterior agranular insular, and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, and basal amygdala were observed to innervate the accumbens in a topographic manner. Following core injections, strong bilateral cortical labeling was observed. Few labeled cortical cells were observed contralaterally following injections in the medial shell. Intermediate numbers of labeled neurons were observed in contralateral cortices following lateral shell injections.Robust subcortical labeling in a variety of structures in the ventral forebrain, lateral hypothalamus, deep temporal lobe, and brainstem was observed after shell injections, particularly those that involved the caudal dorsomedial extremity of the shell, i.e., its “septal pole.” Selective ipsilateral labeling of subcortical structures in the basal ganglia circuitry was observed following injections in the core and, to a lesser extent, lateral shell.It was concluded that a number of afferent systems exhibit varying degrees of segregation with respect to the accumbal subterritories. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of the morphology of macaque retinal ganglion cells that project to the pretectum, superior colliculus, and parvicellular laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: Rodieck R. W. , Watanabe M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn common with other vertebrates, the primate retina contains a number of different ganglion cell types that project to different regions in the brain. We wanted to determine how the different ganglion cell types, distinguished morphologically, mapped to these regions of the brain. We injected a fluorescent dye into one of three regions of a macaque brain: the superior colliculus (SC), the pretectal region, and the parvicellular laminae of the lateral geniculate nucleus. By means of an in vitro preparation, the retrogradely labelled ganglion cells were intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase, so as to reveal their dendritic morphology. When the dendritic‐field diameters of the injected cells were plotted against retinal eccentricity, each of the three regions was found to receive input from a distinctive population of cells. The pretectal projection was dominated by cells with large dendritic fields. The SC projection was composed of a number of distinct types, with smaller dendritic fields. Parasol cells project to SC but are extremely rare.In addition to midget ganglion cells, the parvicellular laminae receive inputs from at least two additional groups. Parvicellular bistratified (PB) cells have bistratified dendritic fields, slightly larger than those of parasol cells. Parvicellular giant (PG) cells have dendritic‐field, diameters larger than that of any parasol cell, ranging from 250 μm to greater than 850 μm—the largest of any primate ganglion cells.In contrast to the retinal projections of the cat, in which a specific ganglion cell type can project to different regions of the brain, each of the regions in this survey appears to receive inputs from its own distinct group of ganglion cells. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.