bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination, Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Recommendations and Reality
Authors: Kirchgatterer A. , Wenzl H. H. , Aschl G. , Hinterreiter M. , Stadler B. , Hinterleitner T. A. , Petritsch W. , Knoflach P. 
Published: March 2003

Summary: Background
: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of developing osteopenia and osteoporosis. Our aim was to evaluate the current practices of examination, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in IBD patients in a routine clinical setting.

Methods
: A total of 154 consecutive patients with IBD (63 female, 91 male; 36 ulcerative colitis, 115 Crohn's disease, 3 indeterminate colitis), referred to two gastroenterological units for scheduled follow‐up examinations, were included. Patient charts were evaluated regarding bone densitometry already performed and any prophylactic or therapeutic interventions in cases of low bone mineral density.

Results
: Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements had been performed only in 38 patients (25 %). BMD was abnormally low in 27 of the examined patients (71 %), 20 of whom had osteopenia and seven had osteoporosis. Among the subgroup of patients on long‐term steroid therapy (77 patients), 30 had been referred to bone densitometry during the course of disease, and 21 of them were found to have low bone mineral density. Preventive measures were prescribed in 12 patients (9 % of the whole study population). In the majority of the patients with low bone mineral density, calcium and vitamin D were used as treatment.

Conclusions : Despite the high prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with IBD, only a minority of these patients were included in a structured program in accordance with modern guidelines for diagnosing and preventing this extraintestinal complication in a routine clinical setting.
The new regionalism: trade liberalization or insurance?
Authors: Perroni Carlo , Whalley John 
Published: March 2003

Several of the recently negotiated regional trade agreements contain significantly fewer concessions by the large countries to smaller countries than vice versa. In this paper, we compute post‐retaliation Nash tariffs by region under various regional trade arrangements using a calibrated numerical general equilibrium model of world trade. Regional agreements constrain strategic behaviour within each trading area, and (in the Customs Union case) enhance it outside the bloc. Results confirm the intuition that without side payments large‐small country regional agreements (such as the Canada‐U.S. agreement) would not have occurred. Le nouveau régionalisme: libéralisation du commerce ou assurance? Dans plusieurs des accords de libre échange régionaux négociés récemment, les grands pays accordent beaucoup moins de concessions aux petits pays que les petits aux grands. Dans cet article, les auteurs mesurent, à l'aide d'un modèle numérisé d'´equilibre général du commerce mondial, les droits de douane à la Nash après ajustements réciproques. Il semble que les accords régionaux contraignent les comportements stratégiques dans chaque bloc, et (dans le cas de l'union douanière) renforcent les comportements stratégiques hors du bloc. Ces résultats confirment l'intuition qui suggère que, sans ces arrangements parallèles, les accords entre grands et petits pays (comme l'accord U.S.A.‐Canada) ne se matérialiseraient pas.
The failure of the monetary exchange rate model for the Canadian‐U.S. dollar
Authors: Cushman David O. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper the validity of the monetary exchange rate model in the long run for the Canadian‐U.S. dollar exchange rate is examined. The primary test employed is the Johansen (1991) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) cointegration technique. The effects of dummy variables and lag specification on the statistical inference are considered, and Monte Carlo simulations based on the estimated parameters are employed. Despite the use of the longest data set yet for the Canadian case, no evidence is found in favour of the monetary exchange rate model using the Johansen procedures. This result is confirmed by several other cointegration procedures. JEL Classification: F31; F41 La faillite du modèle monétaire du taux de change pour les dollars canadien et américain. Ce mémoire examine le modèle monétaire du taux de change pour savoir s'il est validé par l'expérience canado‐américaine en longue période. Le test principal utilisé est la technique de cointégration de Johansen (1991) et Johansen et Juselius (1990). Les effets des variables fictives et de la spécification de la structure de délais sur l'inférence statistique sont considérés, et on utilise des simulations de Monte Carlo fondées sur les paramètres calibrés. Malgré le fait qu'on fait appel à la plus longue série chronologique utilisée dans ce type d'analyse à ce jour, on ne trouve aucun support du modèle monétaire du taux de change en utilisant les procédures de Johansen. Ce résultat est confirmé par l'utilisation de plusieurs autres procédures de cointégration.
Canadian manufacturers' relative productivity performance, 1907–1990
Authors: Keay Ian 
Published: March 2003

In this paper I calculate TFP ratios for a sample of Canadian manufacturers relative to their American counterparts on an annual basis throughout most of the twentieth century. The data used to calculate these ratios are drawn from both industry‐level and firm‐level statistical sources. I find that, in contrast to the relative labour productivity evidence in the literature, when TFP is used as the measuring stick, there is virtually no evidence of consistent and substantial relative technical inefficiency on behalf of the Canadian manufacturers represented in my sample. JEL Classification: D24, N60Dans ce mémoire, l'auteur calcule les ratios de la productivité totale des facteurs de production (PTF) des manufacturiers canadiens par rapport à celle de leurs collègues américains sur une base annuelle pour la plus grande partie du vingtième siècle. Les données utilisées sont tirées des sources statistiques tant au niveau de l'industrie que de l'entreprise. On montre que, contrairement à ce que suggère la littérature spécialisée à propos de la productivité relative du travail, quand la PTF est utilisée comme étalon de mesure, on ne trouve vraiment pas vraiment de résultats qui suggéreraient une inefficacité technique relative substantielle et persistante des manufacturiers canadiens de l'échantillon.
The effects of unions on research and development: an empirical analysis using multi‐year data
Authors: Betts Julian R. , Odgers Cameron W. , Wilson Michael K. 
Published: March 2003

A link between unionization and research and development rates (research and development expenditures divided by output) is tested for in thirteen aggregate Canadian industries. A balanced panel of thirteen industries covering 1968 to 1986 reveals a negative relationship between industry unionization rates and research and development. The results hold when a number of techniques are used to control for unobserved industry heterogeneity and non‐linear responses to unionization. In an industry that moves from the 25th to the 75th percentile of unionization, research and development is predicted to fall by about 40 per cent. JEL Classification: J51 Les effets des syndicats sur l'intensité de la recherche et développement: une analyse empirique sur plusieurs années. Ce mémoire examine le lien entre le degré de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement en proportion de la production dans treize industries canadiennes. Pour ces treize secteurs industriels, entre 1968 et 1986, il semble qu'il y ait une relation négative entre les taux de syndicalisation et les taux de dépenses en recherche et développement. Ces résultats sont robustesmême quand on utilise des techniques pour tenir compte de l'hétérogéneité des secteurs et des réponses non linéaires à la syndicalisation. Pour une industrie qui voit son taux de syndicalisation passer du 25e au 75e percentile, on prévoit une chute de 40% dans la recherche et développement.
Human capital accumulation and endogenous public expenditures
Authors: Glomm Gerhard , Ravikumar B. 
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we present an overlapping‐generations model, where individuals accumulate human capital through formal schooling. We model the role of the public sector in schooling as one of collecting taxes from households and providing inputs to the learning technology. Public expenditures on schools are determined endogenously. Under plausible restrictions, our model's predictions qualitatively match the observations on schooling, public expenditures on education, and student‐teacher ratios. JEL Classification: E13, E62. Accumulation de capital humain et dépenses publiques endogènes. Dans ce mémoire, les auteurs présentent un modèle de générations qui se chevauchent où les individus accumulent du capital humain via l'éducation formelle. Le rôle du secteur public dans l'éducation est défini comme celui de collecteur d'impôts auprès des ménages et de fournisseur d'intrants dans la technologie d'apprentissage. Les dépenses publiques en éducation sont déterminées de manière endogène. A partir de restrictions plausibles, les prédictions du modèle s'arriment qualitativement aux observations sur le monde scolaire, aux dépenses publiques en éducation, et aux ratios élèves/enseignants.
Reasoning with Intensional Negative Adjectivals: Semantics, Pragmatics, and Context
Authors: Iwanska Lucja 
Published: March 2003

Intensional negative adjectives alleged, artificial, fake, false, former, and toyare unusual adjectives that depending on context may or may not be restricting functions. A formal theory of their semantics, pragmatics, and context that uniformly accounts for their complex mathematical and computational characteristics and captures some peculiarities of individual adjectives is presented.Such adjectives are formalized as new concept builders, negation‐like functions that operate on the values of intensional properties of the concepts denoted by their arguments and yield new concepts whose intensional properties have values consistent with the negation of the old values. Understanding these new concepts involves semantics, pragmatics and context‐dependency of natural language. It is argued that intensional negative adjectives can be viewed as a special‐purpose, weaker, conntext‐dependent negationin natural language. The theory explains and predicts many inferences licensed by expressions involving such adjectives. Implementation of sample examples demonstrates its computational feasibility. Computation of context‐dependent interpretation is discussed.The theory allows one to enhance a knowledge representation system with similar concept building, negation‐like, context‐dependent functions, the availability of which appears to be a distinct characteristic of natural languages.
From hand to mouth in the evolution of language: the influence of vocal behavior on lateralized hand use in manual gestures by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Cantero Monica 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStudies in human subjects indicate that manual gestures accompanied by speech are produced more often by the right compared to the left hand. Additional studies indicate that the production of sign language is controlled by the same brain areas as speech, suggesting similar neurobiological substrates for language that are not modality specific. We report evidence that chimpanzees exhibit preferential use of the right hand in gestural communication. Moreover, use of the right hand in gestural communication is significantly enhanced when accompanied by a vocalization, particularly among human‐reared chimpanzees. Taken together, the data suggest that the lateralization of manual and speech systems of communication may date back as far as 5 million years ago.
Performance des activités d'éducation et de recherche des systèmes d'enseignement supérieur de l'OCDE
Authors: Bayenet B. , Debande O. 
Published: March 2003

Most of the studies in the literature on performance in higher education focus on international comparisons of education expenditure, mainly the expenditure per student, and do not take into account the multi‐dimensional outcome of higher education activities, i.e. research and education. To go thoroughly into the analysis of higher education systems performance, we develop a complementary approach based on the notion of efficiency (“Data Envelopment Analysis” method). Moreover, we evaluate the internal and external efficiency of education and research activities performed by higher education systems, by taking into consideration the labour market integration of the graduates and the publications weighted by the number of researchers. Taking into account the two‐dimensional activity of higher education and introducing qualitative measures of education and research outputs strongly modify the level of efficiency of OECD countries compared with a quantitative one‐dimensional assessment of higher education performance.Les éudes de comparaison internationale en matière d'évaluation de l'enseignement supérieur se limitent à une analyse budgétaire bivariée. Dans cet article, nous analysons la performance de l'enseignement supérieur en tenant compte de l'éducation et de la recherche. Cette approche se concentre sur la notion d'efficacité(méthode “Data Envelopment Analysis”). Nous mesurons l'efficacité interne et externe de l'enseignement et de la recherche en tenant compte de l'insertion des diplômés sur le marché du travail et des publications pondérées par le nombre de chercheurs. L'introduction du caractère multi‐outputs de l'enseignement supérieur et/ou des mesures qualitatives modifie considérablement le niveau d'efficacitédes pays de l'OCDE.
The Spatial Dimension of Welfare and Poverty: Lessons from a Regional Targeting Programme in Indonesia
Authors: Daimon Takeshi 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the spatial dimension of welfare and poverty in Indonesia and explores the effective policy interventions to remedy the regional economic disparity which was most vividly shown during the recent economic crisis. The econometric estimations confirm the existence of a spatial poverty trap, where poverty persists for generations. The inclusion of the placement of Impres Desa Tertingal (IDT) implemented during 1994–96 suggests that the regional targeting programme could fail to achieve its policy goal when the empowerment of local communities is insufficient. It is suggested that full–scale decentralization could remedy the targeting policy failure. JEL classification: O15; O18; R15
Theory & Methods: Some Properties of the Liang‐Zeger Method Applied to Clustered Binary Regression
Authors: Balemi Andrew , Lee Alan 
Published: March 2003

The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) method popularized by Liang and Zeger provides a very general method for fitting regression models to observations that occur in clusters. Features of the method are the specification of a ‘working correlation’ (a guess at the true correlation structure of the data) which is used to improve efficiency in estimating the regression coefficients, and the ‘information sandwich’ which provides a way of consistently estimating the standard errors of the estimated regression coefficients even if (as we might expect) the working correlation is wrong. This paper develops asymptotic expressions for the bias and efficiency both of the regression coefficient estimates and of the sandwich estimate, and uses them to study the behaviour of the estimates.It looks at the effect of the choice of the working correlation on the estimate and also examines the effect of different cluster sizes and different degrees of correlation between the covariates. The performance of these methods is found to be excellent, particularly when the degree of correlation in the responses and covariates is small to moderate.
Changing Emphases in the Activities of the Australian State
Authors: Reynolds Paul 
Published: March 2003

Paul Patton and Dianne Austin, eds, Transformations in Australian SocietyPaul James, ed., The State in QuestionLiz Young, Minor Parties …Minor Players: The Senate, the Minor Parties and the 1993 BudgetGianni Zappala, Four Weddings, A Funeral and A Family Reunion: Ethnicity and Representation in Australian Federal Politics
Ought We to Sentence People to Psychiatric Treatment?
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: March 2003

In principle, there seem to be three main ways in which society can react when people commit crimes under influence of mental illness.(1) The standard model. We excuse them. If they are dangerous they are detained in the interest of safety of the rest of the citizens.(2) The Swedish model. We hold them responsible for their criminal offence, we convict them, but we do not sentence them to jail. Instead, we sentence them to psychiatric treatment.(3) My model. We sentence them to jail, but offer them (voluntary) psychiatric treatment.The advantages of my model are obvious. We get a clear delineation of roles. We allow the psychiatrist to be just a doctor, not a warden. We liberate psychiatry of the objective of deciding whether people who were mentally ill when they committed criminal offences ‘could have acted otherwise’— a hopeless task. We allow that psychiatrists live up to their professional ethical code (the Hawaii Declaration). We treat psychically ill persons as ‘normal’, we allow them to repent their crimes, which renders easier their recovery.However, two objections to my model come to mind. First of all, is it not unfair to sentence people to jail who could not help doing what they did? And, secondly, the question of fairness set to one side, is it not inhumane to sentence mentally ill persons to jail? Is it not inhumane to the mentally ill persons themselves, and does it not mean that they will be a burden to other prisoners?In my paper I show that, if our system of criminal punishment takes a civilised form, neither of these objections carries any weight.
Human Rights and Japanese Bioethics
Authors: Hamano Kenzo 
Published: March 2003

The main contentions of this paper are twofold. First, there is a more than century‐old Japanese tradition of human rights based on a fusion of Western concepts of natural rights and a radical reinterpretation of Confucianism, the major proponent of which was the Japanese thinker Nakae Chomin. Secondly, this tradition, although a minority view, is crucial for remedying the serious defects in the present Japanese medical system.In the latter half of the nineteenth century, Nakae Chomin sought to reinterpret Chinese tradition, especially Confucianism, by injecting the concepts of popular sovereignty and democratic equality, drawn from Western sources. The resulting view maintained the Confucian commitment to a moral nexus for society, but replaced hierarchy with egalitarianism.The pressing need for such an approach to patients' rights in present‐day Japan is illustrated by two recent cases: the photographing and commercial exploitation of patients' genitals without serious response by authorities, and the attempt by physicians to manipulate the time of death and, possibly, to improperly pressure family members in order to transplant organs from the brain‐dead victim of a criminal assault.Such problems stem from hierarchy and paternalism, which seem to be a legacy of the rapid, state‐sponsored introduction of Western medicine in the mid‐nineteenth century, and in particular from the government's adoption of and support for German military medicine as a model for Japan.
The Beginning of Personhood: A Thomistic Biological Analysis
Authors: Eberl Jason T. 
Published: March 2003

‘When did I, a human person, begin to exist?’ In developing an answer to this question, I utilize a Thomistic framework, which holds that the human person is a composite of a biological organism and an intellective soul. Eric Olson and Norman Ford both argue that the beginning of an individual human biological organism occurs at the moment when implantation of the zygote in the uterus occurs and the ‘primitive streak’ begins to form. Prior to this point, there does not exist an individual human organism, but a cluster of biological cells which has the potential to split and develop as one or more separate human organisms (identical twinning). Ensoulment (the instantiation of a human intellective soul in biological matter) does not occur until the point of implantation.This conception of the beginning of human personhood has moral implications concerning the status of pre‐implantation biological cell clusters. A new understanding of the beginning of human personhood entails a new understanding of the morality of certain medical procedures which have a direct affect on these cell clusters which contain human DNA. Such procedures discussed in this article are embryonic stem cell research, in vitro fertilization, procured abortion, and the use of abortifacient contraceptives.
Research Section: Does size matter? Is small really beautiful?
Authors: Walters Brian 
Published: March 2003

The creation of smaller unitary authorities must have an impact on the way services are provided for children with special needs. This study looks at what has happened so far, focusing on the quality of provision and the ways in which available resources are being used within these reorganised contexts.Brian Walters circulated all unitary authorities in England and Wales formed by January 1998 (n= 47) with a questionnaire concerning the preparation and provision for special needs in their new Authority. The questionnaire was sent to the senior officer responsible for Special Needs. Some 28 replies were received and follow‐up visits for interview were made with 12 senior officers.The findings from both the questionnaires received and interviews conducted indicate both positive and negative outcomes in terms of provision and preparation for change. Service provision was clearly reduced in a significant number of new authorities (n= 17 (66%)) particularly for children with sensory impairment and those with emotional and behavioural difficulties.Some special schools were seen to be non‐viable in terms of pupil numbers needing a much more regional organisational support, especially for children with emotional and behavioural difficulties and low incidence conditions. On the positive side a realignment of professional boundaries had taken place with management roles being combined and management structures compressed (n= 17 (66%)). There was certainly considerable enthusiasm for managing change by both officers and elected members to adopt more efficient streamlined practices in assessment and consultation (n= 23 (85%)). However, assessment times had not speeded up (n= 14 (50%)). Contacts with parents and other agencies had improved at the local level (n= 24 (86%)) and in particular consultation with schools on policy and procedures was much quicker and more effective (n= 23 (85%)). Nevertheless there were differences between urban (n= 14) and semi‐rural (n= 14) authorities on local contacts and efficiency at the local level. Opportunities had been created for more strategic planning with inclusion policies to the fore (n= 24 (88%)). Inclusion was seen by smaller authorities as a part solution to the shortfall in services and school provision.The viability for very small unitary authorities (under 25,000 school population) working alone to provide a full range of services and provision was clearly an issue. There is a need for more regional collaboration, or a radical rethink on the form of provision in terms of more inclusive policies. Certainly there was a positive climate with regard to Green Paper issues.The greater autonomy of schools with increased funding for special needs being delegated poses problems for the effectiveness of such small authorities. Size does appear to matter. The smaller the size the more economy of scale issues appear.With Local Education Authorities including unitary authorities now subject to Ofsted inspection, Brian Walters’ study is timely.