bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illusions of Prosperity
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faith in the free market--the idea that, for instance, profit-seeking managed care companies will improve the health care delivery system--has become a basic tenet of public policy debate. But as Joel Blau demonstrates in this eye-opening book, so-called “free market” programs have been a dismal failure, heightening inequality, lowering the median standard of living, and steadily eroding the quality of our social and political life. In Illusions of Prosperity, Blau launches a far-reaching assault on idea that “the market” knows best. Blau writes that while the share of the national income held by the bottom four fifths of the population (the poor and broad middle class combined) has continued to decline, the top fifth gained 97 percent of the increase in total household income between 1979 and 1994. “Few experiments,” Blau comments, “yield such clear outcomes. Although many had hoped to benefit from the new market economy, this affluent fifth is the only segment of the population that truly has.” Blau looks at recent reforms in NAFTA, education, job training, welfare, and much more, showing that the new social policies have made matters worse, because reforms that rely on the market can’t compensate for the market’s deficiencies. Instead, he calls for a stronger, more caring government to counter the debilitating effects of the market, and he urges the development of the broadest possible political alliances to ensure economic security. Sure to raise controversy, Illusions of Prosperity turns today’s conventional wisdom inside out, making a profound case for the importance of a strong government in a world where markets do not have all the answers.
The Low-Wage, Low-Skill Strategy
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Downsizing is a powerful tool for disempowering and enfeebling labor. So are threats to move, the expressed willingness to automate, and the proliferation of part-time work. The top fifth of the labor market is increasingly hi-tech and competes globally: it benefits from, or else is comparatively immune to, these phenomena. Within the specifically American labor market, however, the impact of these changes is not nearly so benign. Competition in the international labor market demands workers of high wage and high skill. For the remaining U.S. workers, however, all that is left is a low-wage, low-skill strategy, one that is often played out with special force on women and people of color.
Jobs And Job Training: The Field Of Dreams
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reform of the educational system is one imagined remedy for declining income. Jobs and job training are the other. Here too, however, the prospects are limited, because neither a trained nor an educated workforce is, by itself, a guarantee of future employment. Employment programs confront just too many barriers to success. A trained worker may be hired over an untrained worker, but without a specific government commitment to job creation, businesses still determine the total number of workers they are going to employ. And if together, all their individual judgments threaten to create too many jobs, the Federal Reserve can be counted on to raise interest rates before unemployment gets too low.
Managing Nuclear Terror
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early years of the Cold War, American national security planners arrived at an interpretation of the probable reaction of the American people to a nuclear attack on the United States. They argued that the public would respond to the prospect of nuclear war with expressions of panic or terror. Such a response, however, was inconsistent with the role that the planners had reserved for the American people in the contest with the Soviet Union. The policy of containment by means of deterrence required the public to exhibit credible expressions of determination to fight a nuclear war. Acting on this interpretation, civil defense specialists developed a plan to bring the public psychology into conformity with the requirements of national security policy. This plan was a comprehensive system of emotion management designed to sup press an irrational terror of nuclear war and foster in its stead a more pragmatic nuclear fear. Once the passage from nuclear terror to nuclear fear had been completed, civil defense organizations would be in a position to employ nuclear fear in their programs of human resource management. Properly channeled, nuclear fear would motivate the public to deliver the support regarded as essential to deterrence.
The Nuclear Family
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a speech during his first year in office, President Eisenhower declared that an effective civil defense program required sober training and self discipline. In the final analysis, the American response to a nuclear attack depended on a moral regime to which the American people would subject themselves.1 The main training site where civil defense discipline would be cultivated was the home. The decisive role assigned to the household in Cold War national security planning was a consequence of the fundamental premise of civil defense: In World War III, the American people would be responsible for protecting themselves. Because the federal government had ruled out a publicly financed program of civil defense, survival would largely be a do-it-yourself enterprise. The state would provide a central organization, a national plan, education and training, modest financial assistance, and the consolidation and standardization of operations across the country. But in the end, civil defense was essentially self help, which meant that its success depended on the traditional American virtues of self-determination, personal responsibility, and voluntary cooperation. These virtues were believed to be anchored in the family, the primary locus of their inculcation and practice. There fore, civil defense rested on moral foundations that were situated in the home.
Mechanical Properties of Levers
Authors: Sarid Dror 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of a scanning force microscope is a sharp tip that interacts with a force at the surface of a sample. The tip, therefore, must have certain material properties, such as conductivity and permeability, that determine the strength of the interaction. The tip is mounted on a flexible beam whose geometrical and material properties make it possible to probe the force with a high sensitivity. The interaction of the tip with the force is sensed by the resultant deflection of the beam on which the tip is mounted. The role of the beam is to translate the force acting on the tip into a deflection that subsequently can be monitored by various means. Among these, tunneling of electrons, capacitance, optical interferometry, optical polarization, and optical deflection have recently been developed to a high degree of sophistication. To understand the particular properties required of the beam, we outline in this chapter the theory that models deformation and resonance frequencies of the beam as a function of material and geometrical parameters (Shigley 1963, Harris 1988). The discussion will pertain to mechanical beams that are supported at one end, and are therefore called cantilevers, or in short, levers. The forces acting on such a lever are: (J) its weight, which is a distributed force; (2) the weight of a tip attached at the free end, which is a concentrated force; and (3) a driving force acting on the lever that acts as a concentrated force. The number of degrees of freedom of the lever will equal the number of its natural frequencies of vibration. In particular, since the lever has a distributed weight, it can vibrate at an infinite number of frequencies. In reality, however, the lever will vibrate at a few or at only one frequency, where each frequency has a deformation profile, called the normal mode of vibration. Each point along the length of the lever can oscillate with a harmonic motion, except for the support and node points, which are stationary. For the fundamental vibration frequency, the only point that is stationary is the support at one end of the lever. Clearly, if the lever vibrates at more than one frequency, it will assume a shape composed of a linear combination of its normal modes, provided the amplitude of vibration is small enough.
Prelude to the Fifth Column Scare
Authors: Macdonnell Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 2, 1917, Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war against Germany. The President argued that Berlin’s resort to unrestricted submarine warfare undermined freedom of the seas, violated the rights of neutrals, and jeopardized American lives and property. Though Wilson focused principally on Berlin’s submarine warfare as the source of conflict between the two nations, he also cited as a casus belli the Imperial Government’s willingness to run espionage, sabotage, and subversion campaigns in America: One of the things that has served to convince us that the Prussian autocracy was not and could never be our friend is that from the very outset of the present war it has filled our unsuspecting com munities and even our offices of government with spies. Indeed, it is now evident that it spies and sets criminal intrigues everywhere afoot against our national unity of counsel, our peace within and without, our industries and our commerce. Indeed, it is now evident that its spies were here even before the war began; and it is unhappily not a matter of mere conjecture but a fact proved in our courts of justice that the intrigues which have more than once come perilously near to disturbing the industries of the country have been carried on at the instigation, with the support, and even under the personal direction of official agents of the Imperial Government ac credited to the Government of the United States.
“Perfidious Albion”
Authors: Macdonnell Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as the Prime Minister of Great Britain on May 10, 1940. The Churchill government initiated a new intimacy in Anglo-American relations. From the beginning of his tenure in office, Churchill pursued policies aimed at fully involving the United States in the war effort against Hitler. In 1940 and 1941 the United States and Great Britain jointly undertook a series of dramatic steps which served to draw the two English-speaking powers together: these steps included the destroyers for bases deal (August 1940), the Lend-Lease bill (March 1941), and the drafting of the Atlantic Charter (August 1941).
United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This uprising by Cuban nationals lasted 11 days, involved more than 100 hostages, and required protracted negotiations to resolve. It occurred concurrently with a nine-day disturbance, also by Cuban nationals, at the Federal Detention Center, Oakdale, Louisiana. The combined cost of the two riots to the federal government was over $100 million. (Both the Atlanta and Oakdale facilities are part of the Bureau of Prisons [BOP], U.S. Department of Justice.)
Like the Attica riot of 15 years earlier, the Atlanta and Oakdale incidents became benchmarks against which to compare other prison disturbances and strategies to resolve them. The BOP itself undertook the task of redesigning its emergency response strategy based on what it learned from Atlanta and Oakdale. Those changes were put to the test in the summer of 1991 when Cuban detainees rioted at Talladega, Alabama (see chapter 3).
Mack Alford Correctional Center, Oklahoma
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The May 1988 riot at Oklahoma’s Mack Alford Correctional Center did not take prison officials by surprise. Before the disturbance, and in the course of its development, prison officials took what seemed to be reasonable and correct actions to prevent it, and then to limit its expansion.
But expand it did. Over a two-hour period, inmates were able to seize eight hostages and take over two-thirds of the prison. The causes of this riot lay not so much in the conditions of confinement or the structural features of the situation as in the spiral of conflict itself. Despite the absence of substantive issues, a negotiated settlement was achieved, raising the more general question of what negotiations are about.
Coxsackie Correctional Facility, New York
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collective violence is a continuation of politics by other means, says sociologist William Gamson. It is as “instrumental in its nature as a lobbyist trying to get special favor for his group or a major political party conducting a presidential campaign.” The Tillys maintain that urban riots, like the ones in the U.S. cities in the 1960s, deserve a “strongly political interpretation.”
The argument—or image—is not implausible, even for prison riots. We know that inmates have used riots to advance political agendas, as the Atlanta riot illustrates. It is a mistake, however, to spin such occurrences into a general theory of what prison riots are like and are about.
This disturbance in a New York prison is very far from politics. It would be a stretch of some length to argue that the key demand, a telephone call by the inmate leader to his stepfather, flowed out of collective interest. By any reasonable standard, the means used were grossly disproportionate to the ends sought. The outcome was not any sort of prison reform, other than tighter security, but rather long prison sentences for the instigators.
Before the Riot
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unrealistic to expect that any process can produce a riot control plan that anticipates all possible occurrences. Unexpected turns of event force officials to improvise. The riot may be of much greater scope than thought possible, or it may occur without warning. In matters of organization and strategy, corrections professionals are still learning and sometimes disagree. They must make instantaneous decisions with incomplete information; almost inevitably, hindsight will reveal some of these decisions to be mistakes.
But this does not mean that riot resolution must be left to chance or that riot control plans are useless exercises. Vigilance by correctional staff may thwart a planned rebellion. A rapid mobilization of force may prevent an incident involving a few inmates in a small area from mushrooming into a full-scale disturbance. In appropriate circumstances, either negotiation or the use of force may result in a speedier resolution with fewer casualties.
After the Riot
Authors: Useem Bert , Camp Camille Graham , Camp George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tasks to be accomplished in the aftermath of a riot, properly considered, may involve a period of years. They consist not only of the shortterm task of rescoring the prison, but also of repairing the damage, returning staff to work, and in the long-term restoring or changing the structure of the institution or department.
After the inmates have surrendered, prison officials must search for contraband, move inmates to secure units, assess damage, and clear the count. Medical care must be provided to hostages and inmates as needed. Evidence must be collected for future prosecutions. If outside staff or law enforcement personnel were requested, they must be released from duty as the danger recedes.
At Camp Hill, some of the essential postriot tasks were not completed. Weapons and other debris were left in the hallways of the blocks and the locking mechanisms operating cell doors had been compromised. The prison administration was eager to return the prison to normal and geared its action toward that goal rather than first ensuring that the facility was really secure.
Introduction
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1900, Max Planck postulated that the energy spectrum of blackbody radiation is quantized. Five years later, Albert Einstein introduced the notion of light quanta. Physicists realized that quantum ideas are essential to the understanding of atomic structures; classical physics is inadequate. It took two decades of intensive research and the fresh minds of a new generation that included Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, and Paul Dirac to develop nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics quickly became the basis of a large part of physics including atomic, molecular, and solid-state phenomena. However, in nuclear and high-energy physics, it is unsatisfactory because it is incompatible with the principle of special relativity advanced by Einstein in 1905.
Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum mechanics was developed to understand atomic structures. In 1925, Heisenberg introduced observables, which embodies the concept of quantum dynamical variables. Unlike classical variables, observables can be incompatible with each other. With Max Born, Paul Dirac, Pascual Jordan, and Wolfgang Pauli, they developed matrix mechanics. Six months later Schrodinger, working independently, launched wave mechanics. It introduced the wave function, which embodies the concept of quantum-mechanical states and the principle of superposition.
Relativity and Symmetry
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is geometry, as distinct from other mathematics? Nowadays the branches of mathematics are so intermingled a clear delineation is hard to make. Loosely speaking, algebraic structures are characterized by a set of operations or laws of composition such as addition or multiplication. Topological structures incorporate the concepts of neighborhood, limit, and continuity, which give rise to the idea of abstract spaces. The fundamental relations of topology, such as that of inclusion or “part of,” are qualitative. Algebraic topology and algebraic geometry make a topological structure quantifiable by coordinating it to an algebraic structure, for instance, the real number system.
Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Auyang Sunny Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Clerk Maxwell synthesized the works of Michael Faraday and others and originated the theory of electromagnetism in 1865. It is our first field theory; it introduced a new form of matter, the electromagnetic field. At first, people accustomed to mechanical models thought that the field needed a medium of propagation, the ether. Soon they found the mechanical scaffold was theoretically superfluous and experimentally dubious. Any lingering predilection for the ether was dashed by the failure of Albert Michelson’ s heroic effort to detect it. The compatibility of the behavior of the electromagnetic field with the motions of its sources, which are ponderous bodies, became the outstanding problem in physics. It drew the efforts of many physicists, including Hendrik Lorentz and Henri Poincare, and was solved by Einstein’ s theory of special relativity.
Introduction
Authors: Osterman Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America is reinventing how it works. Battered by international competition from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s and chastened by lagging productivity, American firms invested heavily in new technology; experimented widely with workplace innovations such as self-managed work teams; climbed on the quality bandwagon, making Total Quality Management and customer satisfaction the new mantra; reengineered the structure of the corporation; and divested themselves of both businesses and employees that were not seen as “core.” The result is that for nearly every group of employees the terms and conditions of employment have changed, in many cases quite dramatically. Whether these changes are on balance good or bad is by no means clear. For many workers, jobs require more diverse activities with more responsibility, the demand for skills is rising, and the rate of job creation has itself been impressive. Offsetting this are stagnating incomes for most Americans and insecurity even in the face of declining unemployment rates.
Evolution Of Management Roles In A Networked Organization:An Insider’s View of the Hewlett-Packard Company
Authors: Beckman Sara L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new organizational form is capturing the attention of practitioners and academics alike. This form, described in the management literature as the “virtual corporation” (Davidow and Malone, 1992), by economists as a “Mobius strip” organizational form (Sabel, 1991) residing somewhere between the hierarchical and market forms, and by organizational behaviorists, (e.g., Miles and Snow, 1986), as a highly evolved form of the “organic” organization, originally defined by Bums and Stalker in 1961, applies to organizations operating in highly fluid environments for which managing numerous internal and external relationships in a dynamic, real-time fashion is critically important.
Redefining Success:Ethnographic Observations on the Careers of Technicians
Authors: Zabusky Stacia E , Barley Stephen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two broad interpretations of the apparently dwindling opportunities for advancement are plausible. The most prevalent suggests that the world of work has become leaner and meaner, but that it remains essentially the same. From this perspective advancement is still possible, fewer people will simply succeed. Most commentators on the landscape of changing opportunity adopt this perspective. They counsel aspirants to gird themselves for lives in flatter organizations where assent will not only be precarious, but corporate ladders will look more like step stools. The watchwords of adaptation are flexibility, life-long learning, a willingness to take advantage of openings wherever they lead, and most importantly, increased self-reliance and self-reflection (see Henkoff, 1993; Kiechel, 1994; Sherman, 1994). The new rhetoric of adaptation sounds a familiar theme: rewards will come to those who take responsibility for themselves. Social Darwiists of the late 19th century would feel at home with such advice.
Methodology of Social Sciences
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is neither the conventional etiquette of Weberian scholarship nor a peculiar logical predilection that prompts us to begin a book about intellectuals with a chapter on methodology. To console those with a distaste for the formal and the abstract, let us recall that Weber himself regarded the obsessive methodological discus­ sions of his time with a sense of detachment and even irony. Why then did he defer pursuing his main interest in the grand, substan­ tive sociological and historical questions, to dedicate a few years of his life to methodological reflections, ultimately contributing to what he had dubbed the “methodological pestilence “? There are good reasons to believe that the prime motive of Max Weber to work on methodology was to provide a viable answer to the Methodenstreit, the protracted controversy between the legacy of Enlightenment as represented in the theoretically abstract argu­ ments of the Austrian school of economics on the one side, and the Romantic individualism and historicism of the German historical school on the other.1 Without rejecting the prior suggestion, I would like to advance the thesis that the purpose of Weber’s method­ ological reflections was to mend a problem that was intrinsic to his own universe of discourse. Weber’s methodology represents an immanent attempt to bridge the gap that existed between his own individualistic epistemological and methodological premises, on one hand, and the kind of intellectual apparatus he needed for the pursuit of his interest in substantive civilizational and historical analyses, on the other. It is not reasonable to assume that Weber