bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurons in the cockroach nervous system reacting with antisera to the neuropeptide leucokinin I
Authors: Nässel Dick R. , Cantera Rafael , Karlsson Anne 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntisera were raised against the myotropic neuropeptide leucokinin I, originally isolated from head extracts of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae. Processes of leucokinin I immunoreactive (LKIR) neurons were distributed throughout the nervous system, but immunoreactive cell bodies were not found in all neuromeres. In the brain, about 160 LKIR cell bodies were distributed in the protocerebrum and optic lobes (no LKIR cell bodies were found in the deuto‐and tritocerebrum). In the ventral ganglia, LKIR cell bodies were seen distributed as follows: eight (weakly immunoreactive) in the subesophageal ganglion; about six larger and bilateral clusters of 5 smaller in each of the throe thoracic ganglia, and in each of the abdominal ganglia, two pairs of strongly immunoreactive cell bodies were resolved. Many of the LKIR neurons could be described in detail. In the optic lobes, immunoreactive neurons innervate the medulla and accessory medulla. In the brain, three pairs of bilateral LKIR neurons supply branches to distinct sets of nonglomerular neuropil, and two pairs of descending neurons connect the posterior protocerebrum to the antennal lobes and all the ventral ganglia. Other brain neurons innervate the central body, tritocerebrum, and nonglomerular neuropil in protocerebrum. LKIR neurons of the median and lateral neurosecretory cell groups send axons to the corpora cardiaca, frontal ganglion, and tritocerebrum. In the muscle layer of the foregut (crop), bi‐ and multipolar LKIR neurons with axons running to the retrocerebral complex were resolved. The LKIR neurons in the abdominal ganglia form efferent axons supplying the lateral cardiac nerves, spiracles, and the segmental perivisceral organs. The distribution of immunoreactivity indicates roles for leucokinins as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters in central interneurons arborizing in different portions of the brain, visual system, and ventral ganglia. Also, a function in circuits regulating feeding can be presumed. Furthermore, a role in regulation of heart and possibly respiration can be suggested, and probably leucokinins are released from corpora cardiaca as neurohormones. Leucokinins were isolated by their myotropic action on the Leucophaea hindgut, but no innervation of this portion of the gut could be demonstrated. The distribution of leucokinin immunoreactivity was compared, to immunolabeling with antisera against vertebrate tachykinins and lysine vasopressin. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lamina I spinocervical tract terminations in the medial part of the lateral cervical nucleus in the cat
Authors: Craig A. D. , Broman J. , Blomqvist A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe terminations of spinocervical tract fibers in the lateral cervical nucleus (LCN) of the cat were examined with anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) in order to analyze their organization relative to the most medial part and the main body (the lateral two‐thirds) of the LCN, which have differential projections and physiological characteristics. Iontophoretic injections of PHA‐L in laminae I–V of the spinal dorsal horn yielded dense labeling in somatotopically appropriate regions of the main body of the LCN, and, as seen previously with horseradish peroxidase, additional terminations were present in the medial LCN after injections at either cervical or lumbar spinal levels. The morphological characteristics of the PHA‐L labeling in these two parts of the LCN were different. Terminations in the lateral LCN consisted of dense clusters of thick fibers bearing large numbers of boutons. The terminal axons in the medial part of the LCN displayed a reticulated network of longitudinally oriented, fine fibers with well‐spaced varicosities. Some of the fine fibers in the medial LCN appeared to be collaterals of thicker fibers that terminated in the lateral LCN.Injections of PHA‐L that were restricted to lamina I resulted in terminal labeling only in the medial LCN. The labeling was more sparse than that observed in the medial LCN after larger dorsal horn injections but displayed the same morphological characteristics. Lamina I terminations were seen in the medial LCN after cervical or lumbar injections on both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides.The PHA‐L observations were corroborated by the presence of many retrogradely labeled lamina I cells at both cervical and lumbar spinal levels, following injections of cholera toxin subunit b or rhodamine‐labeled microspheres in the medial LCN. In addition, double‐immunofluorescent labeling for PHA‐L and substance P was performed in a few cases, since substance P immunoreactivity is present in fibers in the medial LCN and also in cell bodies in lamina I; however, very few spinocervical fibers displayed immunoreactivity for both antigens.These observations indicate that the medial part of the LCN receives input from lamina I neurons, and probably from lamina III‐V neurons as well, at cervical and lumbar spinal levels. The lamina I input to the medial LCN provides a basis for the small population of nociceptive neurons that differentiate the medial LCN. The lamina I input could also be responsible for the general inhibition of lateral LCN neurons by wide‐field noxious stimulation, via activation of GABAergic interneurons in the medial LCN. The present observations in addition indicate that substance P‐immunoreactive fibers in the medial LCN probably represent a modulating supra‐spinal input. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tyrosine hydroxylase and acetylcholinesterase in the domestic pig mesencephalon: An immunocytochemical and histochemical study
Authors: Østergaard Karen , Holm Ida E. , Zimmer Jens 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe mesencephalon of the young domestic pig was studied by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry with focus on the substantia nigra (SN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and related areas. The purpose was to obtain information on the organization of the mesencephalic, TH immunoreactive (TH‐i), and dopaminergic areas of the pig, in order to provide the necessary background for the possible use of the pig as an alternative large animal experimental model for research on Parkinson's disease, including the use of encapsulated pig dopaminergic neurons for intracerebral xenotransplantation.Significant findings in the pig, compared to observations in other species, included the presence of prominent bundles of TH‐i dendrites passing in a dorsoventral direction from pars compacta into pars reticulata at middle and caudal levels of the SN, and the presence of a distinct TH‐i substantia nigra pars lateralis (SNL). Caudally in the pig mesencephalon, the retrorubral field (RRF) was found to be very extensive. The view of the RRF, SN, and VTA as parts of the same integrated system was indicated by the crisscrossing of TH‐i dendrites at the transitions between these areas. Estimation of the number of TH‐i neurons in the SN and the VTA showed that these nuclei were of equal size in the pig. Further, it was found that TH‐i nerve cells wore present in the midline between the VTA in the interfascicular and rostral linear groups. TH‐i nerve cells were also present in the otherwise serotoninergic dorsal raphe nuclei, just as other TH‐i cells formed a perirubral cell group.AChE‐positive neurons were present in both SN and VTA, and appeared to have the same size and morphology as the TH‐i neurons in these areas. Within both nuclei, there were local differences in the AChE staining density, but perhaps more significantly were some marked differences in the structure of the AChE‐positive neuropil of the two areas.We anticipate that the present description of the cellular organization of the TH‐i dopaminergic areas in the domestic pig ventral mesencephalon will be useful for the development of a nonprimate, large animal, experimental model of Parkinson's diseas. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paucity of glutaminase‐immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons in the rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Kaneko Takeshi , Nakaya Yoshifumi , Mizuno Noboru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlutaminase has been considered to be a synthesizing enzyme of transmitter glutamate in pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. In the present study, an attempt was made to examine with a double immunofluorescence method whether or not nonpyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex are immunoreactive for glutaminase. Glutaminase was stained with mouse anti‐glutaminase IgM and FITC‐labeled anti‐[mouse IgM] antibody. In the same section, parvalbumin (PA), calbindin (CB), choline acetyltransferase (CAT), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), cholecystokinin (CCK), somatostatin (SS), or neuropeptide Y (NPY) was visualized as a marker for nonpyramidal neurons with an antibody to each substance, biotinylated secondary antibody and Texas Red‐labeled avidin. Virtually no glutaminase immunoreactivity was seen in PA‐, CB‐, CAT‐, VTP‐, CRF‐, CCK‐, SS‐, or NPY‐immunoreactive neuronal perikarya in the neocortex and mesocortex (cingulate and retrosplenial cortices), although it was detected in a few PA‐, CB‐, VTP‐, CCK‐, SS‐, or NPY‐immunoreactive nonpyramidal neurons in the piriform, entorhinal, and hippocampal cortices. PA‐ and CB‐positive neurons have been reported to constitute the major population of GABAergic neurons in the cerebral cortex. Thus, the present results, together with the previous reports, suggest that most GABAergic, cholinergic and peptidergic nonpyramidal neurons in the neo‐and mesocortex do not contain glutaminase. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of advancing age on peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Vaughan Deborah Whittaker 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFollowing axotomy, the regrowth of peripheral axons takes longer in older individuals than in young ones. The present study compares the crush‐induced process of degeneration and regeneration in the buccal branch of the facial motor nerve in groups of rats aged 3 months and 15 months. Observations are based on qualitative and quantitative analyses of the nerve 20 mm from the site of injury in rats 1, 2, 4, 16, 21, 28, and 56 days after crush. The buccal branch is purely motor and contains a unimodal population of about 1,600 axons commonly in a single fascicle. During the first 28 days post crush (dpc) in the 3‐month animals, the progression of myelin and axon degeneration, myelin clearance, regrowth of axon sprouts, and axon maturation are relatively synchronized and uniform. In the older rats, the degeneration of myelin and axons, myelin clearance, and the appearance of axon sprouts at the site of sample are all delayed. In the younger animals, axon sprouts increase in numbers from their first appearance at 4 dpc through the 2 weeks examined following the restoration of whisking behavior. The numbers of regenerating older axons increase at a rate comparable to that in the younger animals through the time that bilaterally symmetrical whisking behavior is evident, but afterwards the number of axon sprouts decreases. At 2 months after crush the young animals have 30% more fibers in the buccal branch than control nerves, while the older animals have fewer than control numbers. In the 3‐month regenerated nerve, 2 months post crush, 30% of the regenerated fibers are of very small caliber, less than 3 μm2 in cross sectional area, and typically these small axons have unusually thick myelin sheaths; the older nerves do not have such a skewed distribution of axon areas. The older regenerated axons at 2 months post crush have an unusually high density of microtubules compared to the younger regenerated ones (and controls), and the ratio of neurofilaments to microtubules is very low. The conclusions are that motor neurons in older animals regenerate damaged axons after a delay not apparent in the young; the strong regenerative response apparent initially in animals of both age groups is not maintained in the older animals; and the relationship between the numerical density of cytoskeletal elements and the axon cross‐sectional area deviates from normal in the regenerated axons of the older animals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial density and immunoreactivity of bipolar cells in the macaque monkey retina
Authors: Martin Paul R. , Grünert Ulrike 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe anatomical substrates of spatial and color vision in the primate retina are investigated by measuring the immunoreactivity and spatial density of bipolar, amacrine and horizontal cells in the inner nuclear layer of the macaque monkey retina. Bipolar cells can be distinguished from amacrine and horizontal cells by their differential immunoreactivity to antisera against glutamate, glycine, GABA, parvalbumin, calbindin (CaBP D‐28K), and the L7 protein from mouse cerebellum. The spatial density of bipolar cells is compared to the densities of photoreceptors and ganglion cells at different retinal eccentricities.In the centralmost 2 mm, cone bipolar cells outnumber ganglion cells by about 1.4:1. The density of cone bipolar cells is thus high enough to allow for input to different (parasol and midget) ganglion cell classes by different (diffuse and midget) bipolar cell classes. The density gradient of cone bipolar cells follows closely that of ganglion cells in central retina but falls less steeply in peripheral retina. This suggests that the convergence of cone signals to the receptive fields of ganglion cells in the peripheral retina occurs in the inner plexiform layer. The density of cone bipolar cells is 2.5–4 times that of cones at all eccentricities studied, implying that cone connectivity to bipolar cells remains constant throughout the retina.Different subgroups of bipolar cells are distinguished by their relative immunoreactivity to the different antisera. All rod and cone bipolar cells show moderate to strong glutamate‐like immunoreactivity. The bipolar cells that show weak to moderate GABA‐like immunoreactivity are also labeled with the antiserum to the L7 protein and are thus identified as rod bipolar cells. Nearly half of all cone bipolar cells showed glycine‐like immunoreactivity. The results suggest that the inhibitory neurotransmitter candidates GABA and glycine are segregated respectively in rod and cone bipolar cell pathways. A diffuse, cone bipolar cell type can be identified by the anti‐parvalbumin and the anti‐calbindin antisera. All horizontal cells show parvalbumin‐like immunoreactivity. Nearly all amacrine cells show GABA‐like or glycine‐like immunoreactivity; a variety of subpopulations also show immunoreactivity to one or more of the other markers used. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of glutamate, glycine, and GABA immunolabeling in four synaptic terminal classes in the lateral superior olive of the guinea pig
Authors: Helfert Robert H. , Juiz José M. , Bledsoe Sanford C. , Bonneau Joann M. , Wenthold Robert J. , Altschuler Richard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe goal of this study was to correlate synaptic ultrastructure with transmitter specificity and function in the lateral superior olive (LSO), a nucleus that is thought to play a major role in sound localization. This was accomplished by means of postembedding immunogold immunocytochemistry. Four classes of synaptic terminals were identified in the LSO. They were distinguishable from one another both morphologically and on the basis of their different patterns of immunolabeling for glutamate, glycine, and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). The highest level of glutamate immunoreactivity was found in terminals that contained round vesicles (R) and formed synaptic contacts with asymmetric synaptic junctions. Round‐vesicle terminals predominated on small caliber dendrites by a ratio of at least 2:1 over the other classes combined. The thinnest dendrites were typically contacted by R terminals only. The ratio of R terminals to the other types decreased as the caliber of the dendritic profiles they apposed increased so that on the soma, R terminals were outnumbered by at least 2:1 by the other types. Terminals containing flattened vesicles (F) exhibited intense immunoreactivity for both glycine and glutamate, although the glutamate immunolabeling was not as high as that in the R terminals. Flattened‐vesicle terminals formed symmetric synaptic contacts with their targets and their distribution was the reverse of that described for R terminals; i.e., they were most abundant on LSO perikarya and fewest on small caliber dendrites. Two terminal types, both containing pleomorphic vesicles and forming symmetric synaptic junctions, were found in far fewer numbers. One group contained large pleomorphic vesicles (LP) and was immunoreactive for both glycine and GABA. The other group contained small pleomorphic vesicles (SP) along with a few dense‐core vesicles and labeled for GABA only. The LP terminals were preferentially distributed on somata and large–caliber dendrites, while the SP terminals most often contacted smaller dendrites. Previous work suggests that a large percentage of the R terminals arise from spherical cells in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and are excitatory in action. This pathway may use glutamate as a transmitter. Many of the F terminals are thought to originate from the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and appear to be the inhibitory (glycinergic) terminals from a pathway that originates from the contralateral ear. The origins and functions of LP and SP terminals are unknown, but a few possibilities are discussed along with the significance of cocontainment of neuroactive substances in specific terminal types. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture and neural afferents of orbitofrontal cortex in the brain of the monkey
Authors: Morecraft R. J. , Geula C. , Mesulam M.‐M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex of the monkey can be subdivided into a caudal agranular sector, a transitional dysgranular sector, and an anterior granular sector. The neural input into these sectors was investigated with the help of large horseradish peroxidase injections that covered the different sectors of orbitofrontal cortex. The distribution of retrograde labeling showed that the majority of the cortical projections to orbitofrontal cortex arises from a restricted set of telencephalic sources, which include prefrontal cortex, lateral, and inferomedial temporal cortex, the temporal pole, cingulate gyrus, insula, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and claustrum. The posterior portion of the orbitofrontal cortex receives additional input from the piriform cortex and the anterolateral portion from gustatory, somatosensory, and premotor areas.Thalamic projections to the orbitofrontal cortex arise from midline and intralaminar nuclei, from the anteromedial nucleus, the medial dorsal nucleus, and the pulvinar nucleus. Orbitofrontal cortex also receives projections from the hypothalamus, nucleus basalis, ventral tegmental area, the raphe nuclei, the nucleus locus coeruleus, and scattered neurons of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum.The non‐isocortical (agranular‐dysgranular) sectors of orbitofrontal cortex receive more intense projections from the non‐isocortical sectors of paralimbic areas, the hippocampus, amygdala, and midline thalamic nuclei, whereas the isocortical (granular) sector receives more intense projections from the dorsolateral prefrontal area, the granular insula, granular temporopolar cortex, posterolateral temporal cortex, and from the medial dorsal and pulvinar thalamic nuclei. Retrograde labeling within cingulate, entorhinal, and hippocampal cortices was most pronounced when the injection site extended medially into the dysgranular paraolfactory cortex of the gyrus rectus, an area that can be conceptualized as an orbitofrontal extension of the cingulate complex.These observations demonstrate that the orbitofrontal cortex has cytoarchitectonically organized projections and that it provides a convergence zone for afferents from heteromodal association and limbic areas. The diverse connections of orbitofrontal cortex are in keeping with the participation of this region in visceral, gustatory, and olfactory functions and with its importance in memory, motivation, and epileptogenesis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of lamina II islet cells in rat spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Spike R. C. , Todd A. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to compare the ultrastructure of GABA‐immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive islet cells in lamina II of the rat dorsal horn, a combined ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of nine Golgi‐stained neurones was performed. Cell bodies of these neurones were tested with antiserum to GABA, and in most cases with antiserum to glycine, while parts of the cell body and dendritic tree were examined with the electron microscope. Four of the neurones had cell bodies that were immunoreactive with GABA antiserum, and 2 of these were also glycine‐immunoreactive, while 2 were not. Cell bodies of the remaining five neurones were not immunoreactive with GABA antiserum, nor, in the 3 cases tested, with glycine antiserum. Three of the GABA‐immunoreactive cells possessed vesicle‐containing dendrites and were presynaptic at dendrodendritic synapses, whereas no vesicles were observed in the dendrites of any of the neurones that were not GABA‐immunoreactive. The axon of one of the nonimmunoreactive cells was found with the electron microscope. It gave rise to boutons that contained round agranular vesicles and a few dense‐cored vesicles. Three synapses formed by this axon were identified and all were asymmetric. No obvious differences were detected in the types of profile that were presynaptic to GABA‐immunoreactive and nonimmunoreactive cells.These results suggest that GABAergic islet cells are a source of presynaptic dendrites in lamina II of the rat and that some presynaptic dendrites contain GABA and glycine, while others contain GABA without glycine. The nonimmunoreactive islet cells presumably represent a distinct functional class of neurones and some of these may release an excitatory amino acid transmitter, possibly in addition to one or more neuropeptides. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.