bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms following Treatment with Corticosteroids and Sedative-Hypnotics
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Williams Jeanne V.A. , Love Edgar J. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To evaluate associations between exposure to corticosteroids or sedative-hypnotic medications and incident self-reported depressive symptoms in medical inpatients. Method: The study utilized a prospective cohort design, focusing on acute depressive symptoms developing soon after medication exposure. The incidence of self-reported depressive symptoms was evaluated using a modified version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Rating Scale (CES-D). The incidence of depressive symptoms in subjects newly exposed to corticosteroids and sedative-hypnotics was compared to that of a nonexposed comparison cohort. Results: The incidence of self-reported depressive symptoms was elevated in subjects newly exposed to corticosteroids (Risk Ratio = 3.10), although the association did not attain statistical significance ( p = .07). The risk ratio for sedative-hypnotic exposure was 4.18, a statistically significant finding ( p = .02). As expected, incident self-reported depressive symptoms were also associated with several psychosocial variables. However, the data did not suggest that the observed associations between drug exposures and depressive symptoms were due to confounding by psychosocial or illness-related variables. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms among medical inpatients have a biopsychosocial etiology. Corticosteroids and sedative-hypnotics are biological risk factors for depressive symptoms in this population.
Body Image in Chronic Illness—A Reconceptualization
Authors: Vamos Marina 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Was to construct a classification system of the body image specifically relevant to patient experience of chronic physical disorder. Method: To review both previous writings on body image and also data on psychosocial factors relevant to a variety of chronic illnesses. From this were derived four component parts of body image: comfort, competence, appearance and predictability. These are discussed in general and disease-specific terms. Results: Using this format, a classification system is offered. This is intended to be simple enough for routine clinical use and yet to offer some insight into body experience. An example is given. Conclusion: Separating out the aspects of body image relevant to physical illness provides a clinically useful classification system. Further work is needed to determine its applicability as a research tool.
Neuropsychiatric Adverse Drug Reactions: Passive Reports to Health and Welfare Canada's Adverse Drug Reaction Database (1965-Present)
Authors: Patten Scott B. , Love Edgar J. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Since 1965, Health and Welfare Canada has operated an adverse drug reaction (ADR) program. The program accepts spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions, and maintains an ADR database. The purpose of this article is to summarize the Psychiatric ADRs reported to this database since 1965. The nature of the information prohibits its use in the evaluation of epidemiological hypotheses about the etiology of drug-induced mental disorders. However, in an exploratory sense, the contents of the database may contribute to the development of epidemiological hypotheses about the etiology of drug-induced mental disorders. Of particular interest are areas of apparent contradiction between the contents of the database and the clinical literature. Methods: The database was searched for reports of ADRs to a group of drugs which have been frequently implicated in causing psychiatric toxicity. All reports characterized as “psychiatric disorders” were downloaded from the database for the analysis ( n = 1822). The reports were further classified into nine categories according to the type of psychiatric symptoms described. Results: There were several reports of hallucinations caused by methyldopa, and also several reports of benzodiazepine-induced hallucinations and encephalopathy. These reactions have not been described in the literature. Also, there were few reports of digoxin-induced organic depression, and an absence of reports of organic mania induced by H-2 blockers, despite descriptions of these sorts of reactions in the clinical literature. Conclusions: Further research is needed to define the neuropsychiatric toxicity associated with medical drugs. Clinicians must continue to consider the potential role of medications in the etiology of psychiatric symptoms.
Caregivers' Reactions to the Physical Appearance of a Person in the Final Stage of Dementia as Measured by Semantic Differentials
Authors: Asplund Kenneth , Norberg Astrid 
Published: May 2005

The semantic differential (SeD) technique was applied to 158 caregivers from a nursing home in the northern part of Sweden. The questionnaire contained fifty-eight bipolar scales of adjective pairs and the interviewees indicated then-reactions to a described picture of a severely demented person: A factor analysis revealed three dimensions; an ethical one, an esthetical one, and one about the person's own feelings. The fifty-eight scales were mostly rated toward the negative poles. The severely demented person was rated as painful, apathetic, suffering, weak, afraid, sad, cold, dark, rough, and ugly. Four years later a comparable group of caregivers ( n = 93) answered a revised questionnaire containing the 26 SeD scales with factor loadings > .50 for the picture of the severely demented person. The result was nearly identical and alternative interpretations are discussed.
Anxiety and Depression in an Internal Medicine Resident Continuity Clinic: Difficult Diagnoses
Authors: Didden David G. , Philbrick John T. , Schorling John B. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in a residents' clinic and if these diagnoses are associated with patients being perceived as difficult, as well as how often these diagnoses are documented in the patients' charts. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a general internal medicine residents' clinic. A total of 135 patients were given the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders questionnaire (DSM-IIIR version) and their physicians filled out the Difficult Doctor-Patient Relationship Questionnaire after the visit. Charts were reviewed for documentation of a diagnosis of anxiety or depression. Results: Major depression was present in 26 percent, dysthymia 16 percent, major depression in partial remission 9 percent, generalized anxiety disorder 13 percent, and panic disorder 7 percent. Overall, 38 percent had at least one and 21 percent had more than one diagnosis. Of patients with one psychiatric diagnosis, 9 percent were classified as difficult versus 100 percent of patients with four diagnoses. Documentation of depression was noted for 43 percent of patients with major depression but only 9 percent with an anxiety disorder. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression were very common among the patients in this clinic, and increasing numbers of diagnoses were associated with patients being classified as difficult. Residents diagnosed depressive disorders as often as practicing physicians in other studies, but anxiety less well. The high prevalence of mental disorders has implications for resident education in that they need to be prepared to care for these patients, but residents also may benefit from exposure to sites with more typical prevalences of these illnesses.
A Metaphor for Technology Integration
Authors: Brown Edward K. , Kerr Brian D. 
Published: May 2005

This article examines the use of an organizing metaphor, the walking tour, as a means of integrating learning activities with appropriate media support. The article pursues two themes; first, the effectiveness of the metaphor for knowledge acquisition activities, and second, the student-directed nature of the activities this approach fosters (the selective use of technology where it can be most effective). Of importance to both these themes is the notion that multimedia technology can enhance learning opportunities, but need not control the instructional agenda. It is not multimedia resources that make a difference in teaching, it is how they are used … if you do not have the appropriate conditions for learning, then the students will not learn [1].
Health Costs and Benefits of Economic Policy
Authors: Brenner M. Harvey 
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study is to translate research findings on pathological effects of unemployment and other forms of economic distress into a form that would be useful for national economic policy decisions. Economic indices considered by themselves are questionable because such data permit no inferences as to quantitive social implications. In the present report, we have brought together several of the scientific findings on the impact of economic distress in a policy relevant framework which would ultimately permit quantitive estimates of that impact on social pathology. Some success has been achieved in formulating models to explain how the various sources of national economic distress may be associated with pathology. Overall, it is evident that significant relationships exist between economic policy and measures of national well-being. This study indicates that actions which influence national economic activity-especially the unemployment rate-have a substantial bearing on physical health, mental health, and criminal aggression. To the extent, therefore, that economic policy has acted to influence economic activity, it has always been related to the nation's social health. It would appear that on a day-today basis, nearly all political and deliberate economic policy decisions which affect the national, regional, and local economic situations also are associated with many aspects of the nation's well-being. Indeed, significant amelioration of many of our basic social problems may depend, in part, on national economic policy considerations.
The Work Environment Justice Fund: Five Years of Funding Work Environment Justice in Massachusetts
Authors: Siqueira C. Eduardo 
Published: May 2005

This article provides an assessment of the impact of five years of funding on work environment justice in Massachusetts. It first outlines the economic, historical, and political context in the 1990s in Massachusetts. Next, it describes the distribution of the Work Environment Justice Fund grants in detail by amounts presented, types of organizations and grants funded, and geographic representation of grantees. A discussion of the lessons learned from the work funded by the WEJF introduces a summary of major accomplishments of the grantees. The report concludes with recommendations for continuation and expansion of funding for grassroots work environment justice in Massachusetts. This is a “wake-up” call to all [Massachusetts] businesses to ensure they are exercising reasonable care in providing for their employees' health and safety. —Scott Harshbarger, former Massachusetts Attorney General, 1994
Health-Related Quality of Life in Primary Care Patients with Recognized and Unrecognized Mood and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Cass Alvah R. , Volk Robert J. , Nease Donald E. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Primary care providers have been criticized for underrecognizing and undertreating mental health disorders. This criticism assumes patients with recognized disorders and those with unrecognized disorders suffer the same burden of illness. This study describes differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with recognized and unrecognized mood and anxiety disorders in a primary care setting. Methods: A probability sample of 500 adult ambulatory patients from a university-based, family practice clinic, completed the PRIME-MD mood and anxiety disorder modules and the SF-36 Health Survey. Computerized patient records were reviewed retrospectively to determine recognition of mood and anxiety disorders. The Mental Health (MCS) and Physical Health (PCS) Component Summary scales of the SF-36 served as the primary outcome measures. Results: Sub-threshold mood and anxiety disorders were less likely to be recognized by physicians than disorders meeting DSM-III-R criteria. Recognized mood disorders were associated with a significant decrement in MCS scores (poorer HRQOL) compared with unrecognized disorders. In contrast, recognized mood disorders demonstrated slightly higher PCS scores. Recognized and unrecognized mood disorders differed significantly in physical functioning, vitality, social functioning, role functioning related to emotional state, and mental health. Recognition of anxiety disorders was not related to HRQOL. Conclusions: Patients with mental health disorders that have been recognized by their health providers appear to suffer from poorer HRQOL than patients whose disorders have not been recognized. This relationship, though, is only apparent for mood disorders. Poorer physical functioning may mask less severe emotional symptoms in mood disorders; profound emotional symptoms make recognition easier.
Deciphering the Physician—Older Patient Interaction
Authors: Irish Julie T. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of this article is to provide a commentary on nonverbal communication in the physician-older patient interaction. Method: A literature review of physician-older patient communication yielded several published studies on this topic. Nonverbal behaviors were rarely examined in this body of literature even though the need to adopt a more “biopsycho-social” model of care was mentioned in several of the articles. The nonverbal communication literature was also reviewed to determine whether aging had been a variable of interest with regard to encoding (sending) and decoding communication (receiving) skills. Results: To date there have been very few studies that have investigated the role of nonverbal communication in the physician-older patient interaction. Selected encoding and decoding characteristics for both physicians and patients are discussed with the context of the aging process. In lieu of direct evidence linking nonverbal behavior and physician-older patient communication, possible implications are offered for the following characteristics: expression of emotion, pain expression, gestures, gaze, touch, hearing, and vocal affect. Three relevant outcomes (satisfaction with care, quality of life, and health status) are also discussed within the nonverbal behavior-aging framework. Conclusion: The connection between nonverbal behavior and how physicians and older patients interact with one another has not been rigorously examined. Identifying and improving nonverbal communication will likely enhance the verbal exchange in the medical encounter and may improve the older patient's quality of care.
Overcoming Ethnic Barriers in Mass-Media Employment
Authors: Hoglin J. G. 
Published: May 2005

The qualitative and quantitative deficiencies in mass-media hiring of ethnic minority members can be traced largely to the lack of special training. Motivation toward the college education required for many jobs in mass communication has been lacking in the South. The University of Central Florida started a summer workshop in 1977 designed to acquaint minority high school students with the variety of occupations in the media and the kinds of training required for them. The goal of encouraging college training is being fulfilled so far, and the participants in the Minority Auxiliary Summer Session in Communication responded in highly favorable terms to surveys of opinion on the program.
The Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Boxing
Authors: Mendez Mario F. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To review the neuropsychiatry of boxing. Method: This update considers the clinical, neuropsychological, diagnostic, neurobiological, and management aspects of boxing-related brain injury. Results: Professional boxers with multiple bouts and repeated head blows are prone to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Repeated head blows produce rotational acceleration of the brain, diffuse axonal injury, and other neuropathological features. CTE includes motor changes such as tremor, dysarthria, and parkinsonism; cognitive changes such as mental slowing and memory deficits; and psychiatric changes such as explosive behavior, morbid jealousy, pathological intoxication, and paranoia. Screening with neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging may help predict those boxers at risk for CTE. Conclusions: Boxing results in a spectrum of CTE ranging from mild, nonprogressive motor changes to dementia pugilistica. Recent emphasis on safety in the ring, rehabilitation techniques, and other interventions do not eliminate the risk for CTE. For this reason, there is an active movement to ban boxing.
Social Science and Health Policy in the United Kingdom: Some Contributions of the Social Sciences to the Bureaucratization of the National Health Service
Authors: Draper Peter , Smart Tony 
Published: May 2005

A current and major health policy, the first fundamental reorganization of the administrative structure of the National Health Service (NHS), is reviewed in this paper. The shake-up in the administration of the NHS is seen as having two main components: a partial integration of the three separate administrative branches, and an injection of a particular kind of managerial ideology. This “management revolution” is seen as consisting essentially of a powerful thrust toward central and bureaucratic control of the NHS. Social sciences in the broad sense–ranging from work study (organization and methods study) through social medicine and sociology to economics-are reviewed in relation to their contributions to this bureaucratization of the NHS. It is shown that narrow and out-of-date organizational studies and technocratically oriented social medicine have contributed significantly, if sometimes unwillingly and unwittingly, to the drive toward centralization and bureaucratization. Rejecting a highly bureaucratic form of organization for a national health service, the authors discuss briefly some developments which reflect a more decentralized and more adaptive pattern of administration. The paper suggests that independent research foundations with a strong interest in health have a responsibility to break the incestuous relationships which have developed with the health department in some instances. It is suggested that foundations, professional associations, unions, and consumer groups could promote the maturation of “medical sociology” and “administrator's social science” into a full-blooded sociology of health. Currently social science within the health field in the United Kingdom is seen as being both underfinanced and prostituted to the interests of medical and administrative power groups. A participatory framework for social science is outlined as an alternative to the current models which are based on Taylorism or “scientific management.”
Psychiatric Consultation for Somatizing Patients in the Family Practice Setting: A Feasibility Study
Authors: van der Feltz-Cornelis Christina M. , Wijkel Dirk , Verhaak Peter F. M. , Collijn Dorine H. , Huyse Frits J. , Van Dyck Richard 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of a psychiatric consultation intervention for somatizing patients in the family practice setting in terms of 1) patient compliance, 2) patient satisfaction, and 3) compliance and satisfaction of general practitioners (GPs). Method: In a period of nine months, forty-six patients were selected for psychiatric consultation in six solo family practices in a semi-urban area in the Netherlands. The consultation included an interview with the consulting psychiatrist, the patient, and the GP. A written summary of the consultation was provided to the GP and the patient. A booster session with a GP and psychiatrist was included to evaluate and reinforce the recommendations. Results: The majority of the selected patients agreed to participate after informed consent. An intervention was implemented containing interpersonal techniques, reattribution, clarification, and structuring. GP compliance with recommendations was 100 percent, patient compliance 75 percent. Conclusion: A standardized psychiatric consultation for somatizing patients in a family practice setting can be implemented. Several levels of implementation can be distinguished.
Training the Economically Disadvantaged via Computer-Assisted Instruction: An Experiment by Chrysler Learning, Inc.
Authors: Ntiri Daphne Williams 
Published: May 2005

Computer-assisted instruction was utilized by Chrysler Learning, Inc. to study its impact on economically and educationally disadvantaged youth subjects in basic but specific academic areas within a given time period. The program took the form of an experiment that involved two groups: 1) an experimental group that participated in an educational training sequence with an interactive computerized learning system coupled with traditional classroom instruction and work experience; and 2) a control group that received no structured instruction in basic skills but was exposed to counseling, hands-on industrial experience and job search skills. Comparison of the pre- and post-test scores indicated that the experimental group had made significantly higher gains than the control group in reading and mathematics. Reading in general was more indicative of growth but math was also positively affected.
The Training of Medical Staff in Health Planning in the Soviet Union
Authors: Pustovoj I. V. 
Published: May 2005

In a field in which there is now increasing interest in the many facets of public health planning and a real necessity for training suitable personnel, an attempt is made to summarize the available data on the training of medical workers in the U.S.S.R. in the planning and economics of public health. Considered here are the following questions: what level of medical personnel must be specially trained in public health planning, and, what is the role of the public health administrator in drawing up complex plans? An examination is made of those functional features of the health system structure which influence public health planning locally, regionally, and nationally, and the relationship to these in terms of requirements for specialized knowledge in public health planning on the part of medical personnel. In conclusion the importance of the system of training medical personnel in public health planning in the U.S.S.R. is stated.
The Irreversible Welfare State: Its Recent Maturation, its Encounter with the Economic Crisis, and its Future Prospects
Authors: Therborn Göran , Roebroek Joop 
Published: May 2005

The rise of the welfare state in the 1960s and 1970s meant important changes within the Western states: apparatuses of armed forces, bureaucratic ordering, and public transport and communication became institutions of transfer payments to households, and public education, caring and social services. In this article we describe the influence of the current economic crisis on the welfare state. Average yearly growth of social security expenditure continues, but has declined since 1981. Generous systems of social security clearly provide no security against the consequences of the economic crisis, especially unemployment. Public commitment to social security and full employment are largely independent of each other. We describe how, under the surface of welfare state growth, the political relations of force have changed in favor of those social forces advocating fundamental reappraisal of the welfare state over those supporting its maintenance or extension. The resistance to significant changes is so strong, however, that fundamental reconstruction of the welfare state is as yet excluded. We hold that the welfare state is an irreversible major institution of advanced capitalist countries, as long as democracy prevails. The building of a majoritarian anti-welfare state coalition seems impossible for the foreseeable future, but in some countries significant cuts must be expected; we end by specifying some economic and political preconditions for such cuts.