bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events
Authors: BRESLAU N. , PETERSON E. L. , POISSON L. M. , SCHULTZ L. R. , LUCIA V. C. 
Published: July 2004

Background. Community surveys have assessed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to traumatic events designated by respondents as the worst they have ever experienced. An assessment of PTSD in relation to all reported traumas would impose too great a burden on respondents, a considerable proportion of whom report multiple traumas. The ‘worst event’ method is efficient for identifying persons with PTSD, but may overestimate the conditional probability of PTSD associated with the entire range of PTSD-level traumas. In this report, we evaluate this potential bias.Method. The Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n=2181) estimated the PTSD risk from two samples of traumas: (1) a representative sample of traumas formed by selecting a random trauma from each respondent's list of traumas; and (2) traumas designated by respondents as the worst (the standard method).Results. Both estimation methods converged on key findings, including identifying trauma types with the highest probability of PTSD and sex differences in the risk of PTSD. Compared to the random events, the ‘worst event’ method yielded a moderately higher conditional probability for PTSD (0·136 v. 0·092). The bias was due almost entirely to the deviation of the distribution of the worst events from expected values, if all event types had equal prior selection probabilities. Direct adjustment, setting the distribution equal to expected values and applying the observed probabilities of PTSD associated with individual event types brought the estimate close to the unbiased estimate, based on the randomly selected traumas.Conclusions. Only the ‘worst event’ method can be used as a short-cut to assessing all traumas. The bias in the estimated risk of PTSD is modest and is attenuated by direct adjustment.
Twelve-month prevalence and disability of DSM-IV bipolar disorder in an Australian general population survey
Authors: MITCHELL P. B. , SLADE T. , ANDREWS G. 
Published: July 2004

Background. There have been few large-scale epidemiological studies which have examined the prevalence of bipolar disorder. The authors report 12-month prevalence data for DSM-IV bipolar disorder from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being.Method. The broad methodology of the Australian National Survey has been described previously. Ten thousand, six hundred and forty-one people participated. The 12-month prevalence of euphoric bipolar disorder (I and II) – similar to the euphoric-grandiose syndrome of Kessler and co-workers – was determined. Those so identified were compared with subjects with major depressive disorder and the rest of the sample, on rates of co-morbidity with anxiety and substance use disorders as well as demographic features and measures of disability and service utilization. Polychotomous logistic regression was used to study the relationship between the three samples and these dependent variables.Results. There was a 12-month prevalence of 0·5% for bipolar disorder. Compared with subjects with major depressive disorder, those with bipolar disorder were distinguished by a more equal gender ratio; a greater likelihood of being widowed, separated or divorced; higher rates of drug abuse or dependence; greater disability as measured by days out of role; increased rates of treatment with medicines; and higher lifetime rates of suicide attempts.Conclusions. This large national survey highlights the marked functional impairment caused by bipolar disorder, even when compared with major depressive disorder.
Temporal stability of saccadic task performance in schizophrenia and bipolar patients
Authors: GOODING D. C. , MOHAPATRA L. , SHEA H. B. 
Published: July 2004

Background. Identifying endophenotypes of schizophrenia will assist in the identification of individuals who are at heightened risk for the disorder. Investigators have proposed antisaccade task deficits as an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia. However, the diagnostic specificity and the temporal stability of the task deficit are unresolved issues. To date, there are few published reports of test–retest stability of antisaccade task performance in psychiatric patients.Method. Twenty-three schizophrenia out-patients and 10 bipolar out-patients were administered two saccadic (antisaccade and refixation) tasks at two separate assessments, with an average test–retest interval of 33 months.Results. The schizophrenia patients displayed high test–retest reliabilities of antisaccade task accuracy, despite changes in medication and clinical status. Additionally, the schizophrenia group's saccadic reaction times for antisaccade correct responses and task errors were moderately stable over time. In contrast, the bipolar patients did not show temporal stability in their antisaccade task accuracy or in their response latencies to either correct or incorrect antisaccade responses.Conclusions. The results are supportive of the trait-like characteristics of antisaccade task deficits in schizophrenia patients. These findings also suggest that antisaccade task deficits may serve as an endophenotypic marker of schizophrenia.
The Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre: its origins, conception and initial accomplishments
Authors: RUTTER MICHAEL , McGUFFIN PETER 
Published: July 2004

Background. The Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre was established by the Medical Research Council, in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, in 1994.Method and Results. The paper describes the origins of the Centre; the reasons why a new initiative was needed in the early 1990s; the thinking that led to the proposal for a major interdisciplinary research centre that integrated social, genetic and developmental research perspectives; the approach to international recruitment of world leaders; and the initial research accomplishments with respect to the basic goal of understanding nature-nurture interplay.Conclusions. The structure and interdisciplinary approach of the Centre have proved a success and the initial accomplishments have begun to meet the objectives of showing how nature-nurture interplay is involved in the development of psychiatric disorders.
On the use of the connective ‘and’ in oral narration: a study of French-speaking elementary school children
Authors: VION MONIQUE , COLAS ANNIE 
Published: July 2004

The study deals with children's use of the connective and to end a story. One hundred and ninety-one children (aged 7;0 to 11;0) who were native speakers of French told two-character comic strip stories with no text to a same-age peer. In the consecutive-display condition, the comic strip was in booklet format with one frame per page, whereas in the simultaneous-display condition, all frames were on the same page. In the arbitrary-sequence condition, the events in each comic strip, although presented as a sequence, could have occurred in any order, whereas in the ordered-sequence condition, the order of the events could not be changed. In the maintained-topic condition, the materials were designed to induce a thematic subject right after the first frame (by the repeated presence of the same character in every picture, up to and including the last one), whereas in the changed-topic condition, the other character appeared alone in the last frame.The analysis focused on cases where the children began the narration of the last frame using and to change the text pattern established so far. The results showed that and was often used in this way (35·2% of the productions), especially in the experimental conditions that facilitated event interconnection (simultaneous display, ordered sequence, maintained topic). The ordered-sequence condition showed that the nine-year-olds in simultaneous display employed and in co-occurrence with another connective, whereas the eleven-year-olds mainly used and more specifically: when the topic changed. The discussion deals with the specialization during development of the use of and within a speaker's discourse.
Learnability and linguistic performance
Authors: DROZD KENNETH F. 
Published: July 2004

Crain, S. & Thornton, R. Investigations in Universal Grammar. Cambridge: MIT, 1998.Stephen Crain (C) & Rosalind Thornton (T) have garnered a well-deserved reputation for their unwavering commitment to language learnability as a constraint not only on theories of child language and language development but also on experimental design and the interpretation of experimental findings. In his well-known defense of children's early knowledge of syntactic constraints, Crain (1991) argued for the widely-held position that the best solution to the learnability problem is to assume that grammatical knowledge which cannot be learned on the basis of experience is specified in advance as part of the human biological endowment for language in the form of a UNIVERSALGRAMMAR (UG) (Chomsky, 1965). With respect to experimental design, C&T have strongly maintained that even young children know UG constraints but perform poorly in some experiments-due to the extralinguistic demands associated with experimental tasks, particularly those involved in presupposition accommodation and complex response planning. C&T specifically design their experiments to reduce the impact of extralinguistic demands on children's linguistic performance while at the same time providing felicitous environments for adultlike performance.
Confucianism for the Modern World. Edited by Daniel A. Bell and Hahm Chaibong. [Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. xiii+383pp. £18.99. ISBN-521-82100.]
Authors: Peerenboom Randall 
Published: July 2004

Few Asians reject the basic hallmarks of modernity: a market economy, some form of democracy, some type of rule of law, and some human rights. At the same time, many Asians and for that matter non-Asians – including, we are told, the contributors to Confucianism and the Modern World ndash; “are somewhat disenchanted with Western-style liberal modernity” (p. 24).The editors are well aware that Confucianism must be adapted to modernity if it is to remain relevant. They are also well aware that is it necessary to move beyond the often frustratingly abstract assertions about the compatibility or incompatibility of Confucianism with capitalism, democracy, rule of law and human rights. Accordingly, they organize the book into sections that correspond roughly to the first three topics, human rights having been discussed at length elsewhere.The section on democracy contains Hahm Chaihark's exploration of li (rites, propriety) as a constitutional norm; Jongryn Mo's invocation of the censorate as a possible mechanism for administrative accountability; Wang Juntao's historical account of prominent intellectuals who supported aspects of Confucianism and democracy; Chang Yun-shik's discussion of mutual help and democracy in Korea; David Hall and Roger Ames's account of a pragmatic Confucian democracy; and Geir Helgesen's call for an updated Confucian moral education to offset the existential insecurity individuals feel in this era of globalization.
Chinese Marxism. By Adrian Chan. [London and New York: Continuum, 2003. vi+218 pp. £60.00; $125.00. ISBN 0-8264-5033-4.]
Authors: Dirlik Arif 
Published: July 2004

At a time when the discussion of Marxism has disappeared from China scholarship almost completely, the publication of a study that takes Chinese Marxism seriously is to be welcomed, especially as the study is by a scholar who holds this Marxism in great esteem. It is also an important historical reminder against the ideological forgetfulness of the present. It is too bad, then, that the study is guided not by a self-reflexiveness that comes with an appreciation of historical complexity and political wisdom, but a self-righteous dogmatism that substitutes tendentious interpretation for careful consideration of evidence. For all Chan's political professions, the study seems to be driven more by academic one-upmanship than by any serious theoretical and historical engagement that might contribute to furthering the political causes of the theory it upholds.Chan's thesis can be summarized easily. “Sinologists,” beginning with Benjamin Schwartz in the United States, and under his dominating influence, have all missed the point about both Marxism and Chinese Marxism, first by declaring Marxism to be irrelevant to a peasant society such as China, and secondly, by therefore attributing the appeals of Marxism to the mediation of Lenin's interpretation of Marxism and the influence on Chinese radicals of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union. Against these “arguments,” he posits that:
Private Entrepreneurs in China and Vietnam: Social and Political Functioning of Strategic Groups. By Thomas Heberer, translated by Timothy J. Gluckman. [Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003. vii+398 pp. €100.00; $135.00. ISBN 90-04-12857-3.] Originally published as Unternehmer als strategische Gruppen: Zur sozialen und Politischen von Unternehmern in China and Vietnam [Hamburg: Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 2001.]
Authors: Abrami Regina 
Published: July 2004

This volume, first published two years ago in Germany, is a welcome addition to the growing number of English language studies on entrepreneurship and private sector development in Vietnam and China. But, whereas other work aims to account for the operation, financing and development of this sector, Heberer's work has a narrower, if no less ambitious mission: to demonstrate that entrepreneurs are on the way “to replace the state as an agency of development and modernization” (p. 1).For Heberer, this process is an amalgam of various and often contradictory forces that find private entrepreneurs, intentionally or otherwise, driving substantive social and political change. For this reason, Heberer rejects a number of alternative labels that might be used to describe these actors, such as “class,” “interest group,” and “strata.” Instead, he argues that they are best regarded as a “strategic group,” a phrase meant to indicate the power of entrepreneurs not only as collective self-interested actors, but also as symbols of new values and beliefs (p. 69 and p. 341).
Taxation and Economic Development in Taiwan. By Glenn P. Jenkins, Chun-Yan Kuo and Keh-Nan Sun. [Cambridge, MA: John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University and Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research. Distributed by Harvard University Press, 2003. 284 pp. Paperback £10.95, ISBN 0-674-01133-3.; hard cover £20.95, ISBN 0-674-01102-3.]
Authors: Chen I-Ru 
Published: July 2004

This book analyses the evolution of the tax system and economic development in Taiwan over four decades, and argues that three crucial factors – prudent public sector expenditure, an effective revenue system and a set of export-oriented trade policies – contributed to the achievement of macroeconomic stability and growth in Taiwan from 1955 to 1995. It is divided into seven broad themes: evolution of the tax system; various stages of Taiwan's economic development; assessment of tax incentive policies in relation to investment, savings and economic growth; the evolution of Taiwan's trade policies; the correlation between tax policies and other macroeconomic variables; innovation and pragmatism in the inland tax administration; and the management of transaction costs with respect to the trade administration.The authors argue that like many other countries, Taiwan experienced hyperinflation and fiscal crisis after the Second World War. In order to solve the difficulties, instead of relying on foreign borrowing or using domestic private savings to finance itself, the Taiwanese government effectively limited public spending, which not only pushed inflation rates down but also created a stable macroeconomic environment. In addition, the operation of the tax system played a significant role in promoting economic development. For instance, instead of emphasizing the importance of income tax as a main tool for raising revenues, the government introduced state-run monopolies in alcoholic beverages and tobacco in 1950 and enforced the value-added tax system in 1986, providing a solid foundation for the revenue system. The authors find trade and macroeconomic policies, rather than income tax policies or subsidized finance measures, to be the main determinants in successful industrialization. On this basis, the authors conclude that the trade policies and tax administrative systems in Taiwan have been pragmatic and innovative, resulting in lower compliance costs and improved effectiveness and thereby making a direct contribution to the country's rate of economic growth.
War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945. By Hans J. van de Ven. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xii+377 pp. £70.00. ISBN 0-415-14571-6.]
Authors: Lary Diana 
Published: July 2004

This book may seem to be two books in one. In the first, we are given a cogent, superbly researched description of the creation of the Nationalist Army, of its later history in the reunification of China (1926–1937) and then of its fate during the War of Resistance (1937–1945). In the second book, a European scholar undermines one of the icons of the US presence in China, Joseph Stilwell, the salty, profane commander of US forces in China during the War, whose scathing denunciations of Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists set the stage for holding Chiang's incompetence and Nationalist corruption responsible for the Communist victory in China.At first glance the second story might seem a sidebar to the larger topic of the book – war and nationalism in China. But it turns out to be integral to Western academic understanding of modern China. Views of the War of Resistance were so conditioned by Stilwell and his protagonists (what van de Ven calls the Stilwell–White paradigm, referring to Theodore White whose writings made Stilwell a hero) to accept that the Nationalists were the authors of their own downfall that there has been no room for an examination of where the Nationalists were seriously weakened – on the battlefields fighting the Japanese invaders.
Questions of Style: Literary Societies and Literary Journals in Modern China, 1911–1937. By Michel Hockx. [Leiden: Brill, 2003. 310 pp. $79.00; €63.00. ISBN 90-04-12915-4.]
Authors: Wang David Der-wei 
Published: July 2004

This book aims to analyse the rise of modern Chinese literature from the perspective of cultural production. With selected literary communities and publications from the 1910s to the 1930s as points of reference, the book argues that the emergence of Chinese “new literature” hinged not so much on avant-garde thoughts and texts as on a re-configuration of contextual, and sometimes conventional, “relations.” Whereas the extant paradigm sees the literary field from the May Fourth period to the eve of the second Sino-Japanese War as one characterized by gestures such as individualism and iconoclasm, Hockx points to the fact that this field was no less marked by a call for communal solidarity, and a reinstatement of the traditions thought to have been overthrown.Hockx's case in point is the paradoxical situation that, their searches for selfhood notwithstanding, among modern Chinese writers and literati it has been fashionable to join societies or cliques, as if only group bonding could support personal confidence. In so doing they unwittingly maintained forms of social gathering characteristic of premodern Chinese literature. Meanwhile, these new literary groups capitalized on the modern medium of literary journal, through which they were able to solidify their textual and contextual relationships, and cultivate their “styles.”
Lily Briscoe's Chinese Eyes: Bloomsbury, Modernism and China. By Patricia Laurence. [Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2003. 488 pp. £45.95. ISBN 1-57003-505-9.]
Authors: Hong Jeesoon 
Published: July 2004

This book project began in 1991 when Patricia Laurence, a scholar of Virginia Woolf, encountered a collection of unpublished letters and papers belonging to some members of the Bloomsbury Group and to Ling Shuhua, a renowned modern Chinese woman writer. Although some scholars have read and responded to the materials Laurence used in this book, her expansive coverage, freely traversing the boundaries of time, nation and artistic genres, is exceptional.The work deals mainly with the intercultural communications between Chinese and British intellectuals in the first half of the 20th century, particularly those between the modernist literary ‘communities’ of the Crescent Moon Group and Bloomsbury. The work is the outcome of the author's dedicated research on the subject over ten years, ever since her discovery of the letters, which motivated her to learn the Chinese language and to attend lectures and seminars in modern Chinese literature.
The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. Edited by Victor Mair. [New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. 1,342+xxiv pp. $75.00; £52.50. ISBN 0-231-10984-9.]
Authors: Fuehrer Bernhard 
Published: July 2004

Following his Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (1994) and the Shorter Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature (2000), the Columbia History of Chinese Literature intends to complement these two widely used readers. Edited by Victor H. Mair, the 55 chapters of this single-volume history of Chinese literature are chronologically arranged with thematic chapters interspersed. Indeed, a closer look at the chapters reveals that the book at hand follows the traditional dictum of wen shi zhe bu fenjia, i.e. that literature, history and philosophy should not be separated but regarded as one field of studies. Hence the scope of this history goes far beyond the scope of what is traditionally subsumed under the heading of literature. In addition to the topics (all genres and periods of poetry, prose, fiction, and drama) that one expects in a book of this sort, wit and humour, proverbs and rhetoric, historical and philosophical writings, classical exegesis, literary theory and criticism, traditional fiction commentary, as well as popular culture, the impact of religion upon literature, the role of women, and the relationship with non-Chinese languages and peoples (ethnic minorities, Korea, Japan, Vietnam) feature as topics of individual chapters.Most of the chapters are written by leading specialists in those areas and are highly informative as well as concisely presented. Moreover, a number of chapters are thought-provoking enough to inspire questions that may lead towards a more focused research on hitherto neglected or less well-documented topics. In this sense, The Columbia History of Chinese Literature may also be perceived as a potential major impetus for further developments in the study of pre-modern and modern Chinese literature and related fields. Since the volume aims at bringing the riches of China's literary tradition into focus for a general readership, the majority of chapters can probably be best described as outlines of specific developments that should encourage readers to consult more specialized publications.