bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeing the Face of God
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter expands a brief earlier discussion of how doctrine enables a new way of seeing reality by considering how the doctrine of the incarnation articulates the visibility of God, and affirms that the face of God can be seen in Christ. The chapter opens by considering the ‘aniconism’ of the Hebrew Bible, which declines to allow visual images of God, before moving on to note how the doctrine of the incarnation affirms that God can be ‘seen’ in Christ. Particular attention is directed to the philosophers Paul Elmer More and Roger Scruton, who both recognize the significance of beholding the ‘face of God’ for human existence. The chapter also includes discussion of Christ as the embodiment of meaning, and the manner in which the doctrine of the incarnation allows the experience of suffering to be seen in a new light.
The Doctrine of Salvation
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This final chapter explores how Christian doctrine offers a theological mapping of the transformative potential of the Christian faith, affirming and exhibiting both the coherence and comprehensiveness of the Christian idea of salvation. After noting the problems with over-intellectualization when theorizing the atonement, the chapter explores the theological virtues of coherence and comprehensiveness in more detail, considering how theological reflection on the ‘Benefits of Christ’ discloses a coherent reality that is partly disclosed through individual concepts of salvation. This allows both the coherence and complexity of salvation to be affirmed. This point is explored in more detail by considering four models of salvation: the restoration and reinterpretation of cultic purity; the restoration of wholeness; deliverance from bondage; and familial relocation, expressed in the metaphor of ‘adoption’.
Conclusion
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusion considers the general implications of the approach developed in this book, which indicates that doctrine is an inevitable, legitimate, and necessary development, which both preserves and articulates the illuminating and transformative aspects of the Christian faith. While some suggest that the future of Christianity lies in the marginalization of doctrine, the arguments presented here suggest that the forms of Christianity that will survive in the future will probably be those with a strong sense of doctrinal commitment. Perhaps more importantly, this analysis has implications for how Christian doctrine should be taught—not as verbal formulae to be memorized, but rather as the articulation of a grand and transformative vision of reality, which demands (but cannot be reduced to) verbal expression.
Introduction
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This Introduction opens at the end of our period with the claim of Edward Synge that Irish Anglicans resorted habitually to ‘Hobbian’ arguments. This claim has implications for the histories of the geography of Hobbes’s reception and of political thought in Ireland, both of which are then reviewed. These reviews establish the book’s debt to a certain conception of the history of ‘British’ political thought more widely: one which studies the interactions between the public discourses of different places in the British world and appreciates that the conditions of discourse varied between places. The conditions of the public discourse in which Hobbes was received in Ireland are characterized, and the term ‘thinking with Hobbes’ is coined to describe the distinctive engagements with Hobbes that the book uncovers in the works of Petty, Vesey, and Synge. The Introduction concludes by summarizing these works and the book’s contribution to their histories.
Edward Synge and ‘Hobbian’ Discourse in Early Eighteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The final chapter returns to where the book started: Edward Synge’s claim about the reliance of Irish Anglicans on ‘Hobbian’ arguments. By now, the reader should have a clearer idea of what Synge was talking about. Synge made his claim in The Case of Toleration, which, having rejected as ‘Hobbian’ the Anglican claim that the right of civil authority to enforce religious uniformity derived from natural law, made a proposal for Catholic toleration. This chapter disputes the popular interpretation of The Case as a confident expression of Enlightenment values. Along with his father—Edward Syge the elder—and his clerical coterie—his fellow chaplains of Lord John Carteret, the lord lieutenant—Synge had recently employed the very arguments that he characterized as ‘Hobbian’ in The Case. Synge thus focussed more on this characterization than on his proposal for toleration, which he ultimately diluted and modified in response to Hobbes.
Human Motives
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Motivational hedonism (often called “psychological hedonism”) claims that everything we do is done in pursuit of pleasure (in the widest sense) and to avoid pain and displeasure (again, in the widest sense). Although perennially attractive, many philosophers and experimental psychologists have claimed to refute it. This work shows how decision-science and the recent science of affect can be used to construct a form of motivational hedonism that evades all previous critiques. On this view, we take decisions by anticipating and responding affectively to the alternatives, with the pleasure/displeasure component of affect constituting the common currency of decision-making. But we do not have to believe that the alternatives will bring us pleasure or displeasure in the future. Rather, those feelings get bound into and become parts of the future-directed representation of the options, rendering the latter attractive or repulsive. Much then depends on what pleasure and displeasure really are. If they are intrinsically good or bad properties of experience, for example, then motivational hedonism results. The author argues, in contrast, that the best account is a representational one: pleasure represents its object (nonconceptually, in a perception-like manner) as good, and displeasure represents it (nonconceptually) as bad. The result is pluralism about human motivation, making room for both genuine altruism and intrinsic motives of duty.
Kant's Impact on Moral Philosophy
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Immanuel Kant’s Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals in 1785, followed by his Critique of Practical Reason in 1788, Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason in 1793, and Metaphysics of Morals in 1798, introduced a new paradigm into modern moral philosophy. For Kant, the fundamental goal of morality is not the realization of the greatest happiness for the greatest number, but the realization of human autonomy governed by pure reason through the “categorical imperative.” Kant’s ideal of autonomy is nothing less than the greatest possible freedom of each human being to set his or her own ends compatible with the equal freedom of every other human being to do the same. Kant’s work immediately drew the attention of both critics and supporters. While some argued that Kant’s categorical imperative was an “empty formalism,” that he left no room for happiness in his morality, that he could not explain responsibility for evil, and that he allowed no room for moral feeling in morally worthy motivation, others have found inspiration in his underlying idea that maximal but equal freedom is the “inner worth of the world.” This book examines the response to Kant by philosophers from Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel through T. H. Green, Josiah Royce, and Friedrich Nietzsche, to John Rawls, Onora O’Neill, Christine Korsgaard, and Derek Parfit, with many stops along the way. It argues that the most profound responses to Kant have been precisely those that have developed in their own way Kant’s ideal of freedom as the inner worth of the world.
The Development of Kant’s Moral Philosophy from 1764–5 to 1781
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of Kant’s moral philosophy prior to the publication of the Critique of Pure Reason in 1781. The primary sources for this chapter are student transcriptions of Kant’s lectures in his class on moral philosophy, notes in his own hand for these lectures, and brief comments in some of his early publications. The argument is that Kant gradually evolved his underlying conception of freedom itself as our fundamental moral value, but freedom as intra- and interpersonal, that is, the greatest possible consistency in one’s own use of freedom and between one’s own use of freedom and that of all others. The chapter also examines Kant’s development of an argument for this position that was gradually transformed from a psychological into a more purely logical argument.
Kant in Cambridge
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the responses to Kant’s moral philosophy from two famous Cambridge philosophers, Henry Sidgwick and his student G. E. Moore. Sidgwick defended “egoistic” and “universalistic” versions of utilitarianism, without being able to choose between them, against Kant’s categorical imperative. His criticism is basically a form of the “empty formalism” objection, and he did not recognize the substantive value of freedom as the basis of Kant’s moral philosophy. He also famously objected that Kant failed to distinguish between “moral” or “neutral” freedom and “rational” freedom, i.e., between freedom of the will and freedom as a value to be realized, although this distinction is precisely what Kant’s later treatment of freedom aims at. In one of his earliest papers, Moore soundly criticized Kant’s transcendental idealist theory of freedom of the will, and few have attempted to defend that since. Moore’s chief work Principia Ethica attacks both earlier forms of utilitarianism and Kantianism as examples of the “naturalistic fallacy,” the view that moral goodness can be defined in any way rather than simply grasped in the intuition of a synthetic rather than analytic proposition. This rejection of all previous moral philosophy has itself led to obscure forms of “intuitionism” and “moral realism.”
Kant in Oxford
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The early twentieth-century Oxford “intuitionists” Harold Prichard and David Ross accepted what they took to be Kant’s “deontological” rather than “teleological” approach to moral philosophy (using terminology originally introduced by Jeremy Bentham and revived by the Cambridge Philosopher C. D. Broad). But while Kant had held that there could never be such a thing as a conflict of duties, only conflicting “grounds of obligation,” they rejected his single categorical imperative (even if it had multiple formulations) in favor of a non-reducible plurality of “prima facie” or “pro tanto” duties, conflict among which cannot be resolved by any higher-order principle. We know what we should do only by “intuition.” (Broad developed a similar view in Cambridge.) Later Elizabeth Anscombe advocated a similar view, while Bernard Williams went further, in conscious opposition to Kant, in arguing that ethical duties do not automatically outweigh personal “projects.” All of these philosophers rejected what they saw as Kantian universalism in favor of some form of what has come to be known as particularism.
Adoption intentions of smart weeding technologies—A lab-in-the-field experiment with German crop farmers
Authors: Feisthauer Philipp , Hartmann Monika , Börner Jan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Smart weeding technologies (SWT) enable substantial herbicide savings via precise sensor-based application. This can enhance agrobiodiversity and make modern agriculture more sustainable. Currently, our knowledge about what will determine SWT adoption at the farm level is limited because few mature and economically viable prototype systems are available. We conduct a pre-registered and incentive-compatible online lab-in-the-field experiment with a convenience sample of 334 active German crop farmers to assess whether pro-environmental attitude, innovativeness, and trust in farming data privacy explain hypothetical SWT adoption. We further test if an environmentally motivated subsidy, a green nudge, and a combination thereof affect adoption intentions. While attitudinal measures clearly modulate hypothetical adoption decisions in our sample, we detect no effect for the nudge and subsidy. Our findings have implications for policy and future research. Substantial policy support may be needed as long as environmentally beneficial smart farming technology remains privately less competitive than conventional alternatives. Moreover, targeting criteria for early adopters include pro-environmental attitudes and innovativeness.
Diversity in enrollment to clinical trials for cataract medicine and surgery: meta-analysis
Authors: Tao Brendan Ka-Lok , Xie Jim Shenchu , Xia Manvis , Marzban Sahand , Vosoughi Amir R. , Ahuja Nina , Rocha Guillermo 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
To investigate sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in patient enrollment across cataract trials registered in the United States.

Setting:
Participants enrolled in high-quality (reduced risk of bias), U.S.-registered (on ClinicalTrials.gov), cataract-related randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs must be completed, have used double or greater masking, and have published results through the registry or a scholarly journal.

Design:
Cross-sectional database study.

Methods:
Trial (study sponsor country, study site location, trial initiation year, study phase, and study masking) and demographic data (sex, race, and ethnicity according to U.S. reporting guidelines) were collected. The Global Burden of Disease database provided sex-based cataract disease burdens. Pooled participation-to-prevalence ratios (PPRs) with 95% CIs were calculated for female sex, with values between 0.8 and 1.2 constituting sufficient study enrollment. Kruskal-Wallis tests (α = 0.05) with subsequent post hoc comparisons were used to evaluate demographic representations stratified by trial characteristics.

Results:
From 864 records, 100 clinical trials (N = 67 874) were identified, of which 97 (N = 67 697) reported sex demographics with a pooled female PPR of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85-0.94). Of the 67 697 total participants, the absolute female enrollment was 19 062 (28.16%). Ethnicity and race were reported in 9 (N = 1792) and 26 trials (N = 23 181), respectively. Among trials that reported race, most were White (N = 19 574; 84.44%).

Conclusions:
High-quality, U.S.-registered, cataract trials enrolled acceptable proportions of women. However, the absolute number of female and racialized participants was low. Race and ethnicity were underreported. Disparity trends predominately held across secondary variables. To promote generalizability, future trials should pursue equitable demographic enrollment.
Neonatal Diet Type and Associations With Adverse Feeding Outcomes in Neonates With Critical Congenital Heart Defects
Authors: Davis Jessica A. , Baumgartel Kelley , Baust Tracy , Conley Yvette P. , Morowitz Michael J. , Ren Dianxu , Demirci Jill R. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Neonates with critical congenital heart defects (CCHD neonates) experience high rates of feeding intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and malnutrition. The benefits of human milk and direct chest/breastfeeding are well known, but research is limited in CCHD neonates. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of neonatal diet and feeding modality on the incidence of feeding intolerance, NEC, and malnutrition among a cohort of CCHD neonates.

Methods:
A single-center retrospective study was conducted using electronic health record data of CCHD neonates admitted to a cardiac intensive care unit between April 2016 and April 2020. Regression models were fit to analyze associations between neonatal diet, feed modality, and adverse feeding outcomes.

Results:
Seventy-four CCHD neonates were included. Increased days of direct chest/breastfeeding were associated with fewer signs of gastrointestinal distress (P = .047) and bloody stools (P = .021). Enteral feeding days of “all human milk” were associated with higher growth trajectory (P < .001).

Conclusions:
Human milk and direct chest/breastfeeding may be protective against some adverse feeding outcomes for CCHD neonates. Larger, multicenter cohort studies are needed to continue investigating the effects of neonatal diet type and feeding modality on the development of adverse feeding outcomes in this unique population.
Effect of an Education Intervention on Nursing Students' Knowledge of and Attitudes Toward Caring for Transgender and Nonbinary People
Authors: Carmichael Tanya N. , Copel Linda Carman , McDermott-Levy Ruth 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) people experience inequities in health care access, quality, and outcomes. Health care professionals' lack of knowledge and biased attitudes toward gender minorities contribute to inequitable care.

Purpose:
This study examined the effect of TGNB health education on nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about caring for TGNB clients.

Methods:
A quasi-experimental study using a one-group pretest/posttest design was conducted with 46 nursing students at 2 private baccalaureate nursing programs.

Results:
A paired-samples t test found a significant increase in knowledge about caring for TGNB clients at posttest (P = .02). Attitudes toward caring for TGNB clients showed a significant improvement in the Sex and Gender Beliefs subscale at posttest (P = .014).

Conclusions:
The findings suggest that TGNB health education is effective for inclusion in nursing curricula to better prepare nurses to care for gender-diverse clients.
Chromosome-level genome assembly of the common chiton,Liolophura japonica(Lischke, 1873)
Authors:   Hong Kong Biodiversity Genomics Consortium,   Project Coordinator and Co-Principal Investigators, Hui Jerome H.L. , Chan Ting Fung , Chan Leo L. , Cheung Siu Gin , Cheang Chi Chiu , Fang James K.H. , Gaitan-Espitia Juan D. , Lau Stanley C.K. , Sung Yik Hei , Wong Chris K.C. , Yip Kevin Y.L. , Wei Yingying ,   DNA extraction, library preparation and sequencing, Au Franco M.F. , So Wai Lok ,   Genome assembly and gene model prediction, Nong Wenyan ,   Gene family annotation, Franco Au Ming Fung ,   Samples collectors, Hui Tin Yan , Leung Brian K.H. , Williams Gray A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractChitons (Polyplacophora) are marine molluscs that can be found worldwide from cold waters to the tropics, and play important ecological roles in the environment. Nevertheless, there remains only two chiton genomes sequenced to date. The chitonLiolophura japonica(Lischke, 1873) is one of the most abundant polyplacophorans found throughout East Asia. Our PacBio HiFi reads and Omni-C sequencing data resulted in a high-quality near chromosome-level genome assembly of ∼609 Mb with a scaffold N50 length of 37.34 Mb (96.1% BUSCO). A total of 28,233 genes were predicted, including 28,010 protein-coding genes. The repeat content (27.89%) was similar to the other Chitonidae species and approximately three times lower than in the genome of the Hanleyidae chiton. The genomic resources provided in this work will help to expand our understanding of the evolution of molluscs and the ecological adaptation of chitons.
MassDash: A Web-based Dashboard for Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Visualization
Authors: Sing Justin C. , Charkow Joshua , AlHigaylan Mohammed , Horecka Ira , Xu Leon , Röst Hannes L. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractWith the increased usage, diversity of methods and instruments being applied to analyze Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA) data, visualization is becoming increasingly important to validate automated software results. Here we present MassDash, a cross-platform, DIA mass spectrometry visualization and validation software for comparing features and results across popular tools. MassDash provides a web-based interface and Python package for interactive feature visualizations and summary report plots across multiple automated DIA feature detection tools including OpenSwath, DIA-NN, and dreamDIA. Furthermore, MassDash processes peptides on the fly, enabling interactive visualization of peptides across dozens of runs simultaneously on a personal computer. MassDash supports various multidimensional visualizations across retention time, ion mobility, m/z, and intensity providing additional insights into the data. The modular framework is easily extendable enabling rapid algorithm development of novel peak picker techniques, such as deep learning based approaches and refinement of existing tools. MassDash is open-source under a BSD 3-Clause license and freely available athttps://github.com/Roestlab/massdash, and a demo version can be accessed athttps://massdash.streamlit.app.
DepoScope: accurate phage depolymerase annotation and domain delineation using large language models
Authors: Concha-Eloko Robby , Stock Michiel , De Baets Bernard , Briers Yves , Sanjuan Rafael , Domingo-Calap Pilar , Boeckaerts Dimitri 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. Many of them produce specific enzymes called depolymerases to break down external polysaccharide structures. Accurate annotation and domain identification of these depolymerases are challenging due to their inherent sequence diversity. Hence, we present DepoScope, a machine learning tool that combines a fine-tuned ESM-2 model with a convolutional neural network to precisely identify depolymerase sequences and their enzymatic domains. To accomplish this, we curated a dataset from the INPHARED phage genome database, created a polysaccharide-degrading domain database, and applied sequential filters to construct a high-quality dataset, which are subsequently used to train DepoScope. Our work is the first approach that combines sequence-level predictions with amino-acid-level predictions for an accurate depolymerase detection and functional domain identification. In that way, we believe that DepoScope can enhance our understanding of phage-host interactions at the level of depolymerases.Summary with Key MessagesPhage depolymerases are proteins that play a crucial role in the first step of a phage replication cycle. As a result, they are both important from a biological perspective and a therapeutical perspective.Current methods to accurately annotate phage depolymerases and their associated enzymatic domains remains challenging due to their inherent high sequence diversity.We have developed DepoScope, a language-based artificial intelligence model that can accurately identify phage depolymerases and their specific enzymatic domains.We provide full public access to the DepoScope code and database to give broad access to the research community and promote further research.