bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal progression of angiogenesis and basal lamina deposition after contusive spinal cord injury in the adult rat
Authors: Loy David N. , Crawford Charles H. , Darnall Jessica B. , Burke Darlene A. , Onifer Stephen M. , Whittemore Scott R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter spinal cord injury (SCI), the absence of an adequate blood supply to injured tissues has been hypothesized to contribute to the lack of regeneration. In this study, blood vessel changes were examined in 28 adult female Fischer 344 rats at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 60 days after a 12.5 g · cm NYU impactor injury at the T9 vertebral level. Laminin, collagen IV, endothelial barrier antigen (SMI71), and rat endothelial cell antigen (RECA‐1) immunoreactivities were used to quantify blood vessel per area densities and diameters in ventral gray matter (VGM), ventral white matter (VWM), and dorsal columns (DC) at levels ranging 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This study demonstrates an angiogenic response, defined as SMI71/RECA‐1–immunopositive endothelial cells that colocalize with a robust deposition of basal lamina and basal lamina streamers, 7 days after injury within epicenter VGM. This angiogenesis diminishes concurrent with cystic cavity formation. GAP43‐ and neurofilament‐ (68 kDa and 210 kDa) immunopositive fiber outgrowth was associated with these new blood vessels by day 14. Between 28 and 60 days after injury, increases in SMI71‐immunopositive blood vessel densities were observed in the remaining VWM and DC with a corresponding increase in vessel diameters up to 15 mm rostral and caudal to the epicenter. This second angiogenesis within VWM and DC, unlike the acute response observed in VGM, did not correspond to any previously described changes in locomotor behaviors in this model. We propose that therapies targeting angiogenic processes be directed at the interval between 3 and 7 days after SCI. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:308–324, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic innervation of alpha type II calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala
Authors: McDonald Alexander J. , Muller Jay F. , Mascagni Franco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) has been shown to play a critical role in long‐term potentiation (LTP) and emotional learning mediated by the basolateral amygdala, little is known about its cellular localization in this region. We have utilized immunohistochemical methods to study the neuronal localization of CaMK, and its relationship to γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic structures, in the rat basolateral amygdala (ABL). Light microscopic observations revealed dense CaMK staining in the ABL. Although the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of virtually every pyramidal cell appeared to be CaMK+, the cell bodies of small nonpyramidal neurons were always unstained. Dual localization of CaMK and GABA immunoreactivity with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that CaMK and GABA were found in different neuronal populations in the ABL. CaMK was contained only in pyramidal neurons; GABA was contained only in nonpyramidal cells. At the ultrastructural level, it was found that CaMK was localized to pyramidal cell bodies, thick proximal dendrites, thin distal dendrites, most dendritic spines, axon initial segments, and axon terminals forming asymmetrical synapses. These findings suggest that all portions of labeled pyramidal cells, with the exception of some dendritic spines, can exhibit CaMK immunoreactivity. By using a dual immunoperoxidase/immunogold‐silver procedure at the ultrastructural level, GABA+ axon terminals were seen to innervate all CaMK+ postsynaptic domains, including cell bodies (22%), thick (>1 μm) dendrites (34%), thin (<1 μm) dendrites (22%), dendritic spines (17%), and axon initial segments (5%). These findings indicate that CaMK is a useful marker for pyramidal neurons in ultrastructural studies of ABL synaptology and that the activity of pyramidal neurons in the ABL is tightly controlled by a high density of GABAergic terminals that target all postsynaptic domains of pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:199–218, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in rodent peripheral tissues
Authors: Matsuda Hideki , Brumovsky Pablo R. , Kopp Jutta , Pedrazzini Thierry , Hökfelt Tomas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsing a sensitive immunohistochemical technique, the localization of neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1‐receptor (Y1R)‐like immunoreactivity (LI) was studied in various peripheral tissues of rat. Wild‐type (WT) and Y1R‐knockout (KO) mice were also analyzed. Y1R‐LI was found in small arteries and arterioles in many tissues, with particularly high levels in the thyroid and parathyroid glands. In the thyroid gland, Y1R‐LI was seen in blood vessel walls lacking α‐smooth muscle actin, i.e., perhaps in endothelial cells of capillaries. Larger arteries lacked detectable Y1R‐LI. A distinct Y1R‐immunoreactive (IR) reticulum was seen in the WT mouse spleen, but not in Y1R‐KO mouse or rat. In the gastrointestinal tract, Y1R‐positive neurons were observed in the myenteric plexus, and a few enteroendocrine cells were Y1R‐IR. Some cells in islets of Langerhans in the pancreas were Y1R‐positive, and double immunostaining showed coexistence with somatostatin in D‐cells. In the urogenital tract, Y1R‐LI was observed in the collecting tubule cells of the renal papillae and in some epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle. Some chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla were positive for Y1R. The problem of the specificity of the Y1R‐LI is evaluated using adsorption tests as well as comparisons among rat, WT mouse, and mouse with deleted Y1R. Our findings support many earlier studies based on other methodologies, showing that Y1Rs on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels mediate NPY‐induced vasoconstriction in various organs. In addition, Y1Rs in other cells in parenchymal tissues of several organs suggest nonvascular effects of NPY via the Y1R. J. Comp. Neurol. 449:390–404, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: Regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization
Authors: Lewis David A. , Melchitzky Darlene S. , Sesack Susan R. , Whitehead Richard E. , Sungyoung Auh  , Sampson Allan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDopamine (DA) influences a number of cognitive and motor functions that are mediated by the primate cerebral cortex, and the DA membrane transporter (DAT) is known to be a critical regulator of DA neurotransmission in subcortical structures in rodents. To gain insight into the possible functional role of cortical DAT, we compared the regional, laminar, and ultrastructural distribution of DAT immunoreactivity to that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in DA synthesis, in the cerebral cortex of macaque monkeys. DAT‐immunoreactive (DAT‐IR) axons were present throughout the cortical mantle, with substantial differences in density and laminar distribution across cytoarchitectonic areas. In particular, high densities of DAT‐IR axons were present in certain regions (e.g., posterior parietal cortex, dentate gyrus) not previously thought to receive a substantial DA input. The laminar distribution of DAT‐IR axons ranged from a restricted localization of labeled axons to layer 1 in lightly innervated regions to the presence of axons in all six cortical layers, with a particularly dense plexus in deep layer 3, in highly innervated regions. These regional and laminar patterns paralleled those of TH‐IR axons, but several differences in fiber morphology and ultrastructural localization of DAT were observed. For example, in contrast to TH, DAT immunoreactivity in the cortex was localized predominantly to small‐diameter profiles, whereas, in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus, DAT and TH immunoreactivities were present in both large‐diameter and small‐diameter profiles, which may represent varicose and intervaricose axon segments, respectively. Overall, the distribution of DAT‐IR axons confirms and extends the results of previous reports, using other markers of DA axons, that the DA innervation of the primate cerebral cortex is global but specialized on both a regional basis and a laminar basis. In particular, these observations reveal an anatomical substrate for a direct and potent influence of DA over neuronal activity in posterior parietal cortex and in certain regions of the temporal lobe. However, due to its predominant distribution to small‐diameter profiles, immunoreactivity for DAT may not be an appropriate ultrastructural marker for larger DA varicosities in the primate cortex. Moreover, this distribution of DAT suggests that cortical DA fibers may permit greater neurotransmitter diffusion than subcortical DA axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:119–136, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of the gene encoding the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in the mouse and rat brain in response to circulating LPS and proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Thibeault Isabelle , Laflamme Nathalie , Rivest Serge 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccumulating evidence supports the existence of an innate immune response in the brain during systemic inflammation that is associated with a robust induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by specific cells of the central nervous system. The present study investigated the genetic regulation and fine cellular distribution of the monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the brain of mice and rats in response to systemic immune insults. MCP‐1 belongs to a superfamily of chemokines that have a leading role in the early chemotaxic events during inflammation. In situ hybridization histochemistry failed to detect constitutive expression of the chemokine transcript in the cerebral tissue except for the area postrema (AP) that exhibited a low signal under basal conditions. This contrasts with the strong and transient induction of the mRNA encoding MCP‐1 following a single systemic bolus of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), recombinant interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). These stimuli rapidly triggered (30 to 90 minutes) MCP‐1 transcription in all the circumventricular organs (CVOs), the choroid plexus (chp), the leptomeninges, and along the cerebral blood vessels. The time‐related induction and intensity of the signal differed among the challenges, route of administration and species, but MCP‐1‐expressing cells were always found in vascular‐associated structures and those devoid of blood‐brain barrier. At later times, few isolated microglia across the brain parenchyma depicted positive signal for MCP‐1 mRNA. A dual‐labeling procedure also provided convincing anatomical evidence that endothelial cells of the microvasculature and a few myeloid cells of the CVOs and chp were positive for the transcript during endotoxemia. This gene is under a sophisticated transcriptional regulation, as the hybridization signal returned to undetectable levels 12 to 24 hours after all the treatments in both species. Of interest are the data that only ligands that triggered nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling had the ability to increase MCP‐1 gene expression, because high doses of IL‐6 remained without effects. These data provide the anatomical evidence that MCP‐1 is expressed within specific populations of cells in response to systemic inflammatory molecules that use NF‐κB as intracellular signaling system. This chemokine may therefore play a critical role in the cerebral innate immune response and contribute to the early chemotaxic events during chronic cerebral inflammation. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:461–477, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity and localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase in the zebrafish central nervous system
Authors: Sakamoto Hirotaka , Ukena Kazuyoshi , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLittle information is available for neurosteroidogenesis in the central nervous system (CNS) of lower vertebrates. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the enzymatic activity and localization of 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5‐Δ4‐isomerase (3βHSD), a key steroidogenic enzyme, in the CNS of adult male zebrafish to clarify central progesterone biosynthesis. Biochemical studies together with HPLC analysis revealed that the zebrafish brain converted pregnenolone to progesterone, suggesting the enzymatic activity of 3βHSD. This conversion was significantly reduced by trilostane, a specific inhibitor of 3βHSD. By using Western immunoblotting with the polyclonal antiserum directed against purified bovine adrenal 3βHSD, a 3βHSD‐like substance was found in homogenates of the zebrafish brain. Immunocytochemical analysis was then undertaken to investigate the localization of the 3βHSD‐like substance in the zebrafish brain and spinal cord. Clusters of immunoreactive cell bodies were localized in the dorsal telencephalic areas (D), central posterior thalamic nucleus (CP), preoptic nuclei (NPO), posterior tuberal nucleus (PTN), paraventricular organ (PVO), and nucleus of medial longitudinal fascicle (NMLF). 3βHSD‐like immunoreactivity was also observed in somata of cerebellar Purkinje neurons. A widespread distribution of immunoreactive fibers was found throughout the brain and spinal cord. In addition, positively stained cells were restricted to other organs, such as the pituitary and retina. Preabsorbing the antiserum with purified bovine adrenal microsome resulted in a complete absence of 3βHSD‐like immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the fish CNS possesses steroidogenic enzyme 3βHSD and produces progesterone. The present study further provides the first immunocytochemical mapping of the site of 3βHSD expression in the fish CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:291–305, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of ERα and GAD colocalization in the hippocampus of the adult female rat
Authors: Hart Sharron A. , Patton Jennifer D. , Woolley Catherine S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDespite the many effects of estrogen in the hippocampus, there has been little evidence that hippocampal principal cells express nuclear estrogen receptors. In the hippocampus, the α form of the nuclear estrogen receptor (ERα) has been localized to sparsely distributed cells with the morphological characteristics of inhibitory interneurons. Because inhibitory neurons may be involved in the effects of estrogen on hippocampal principal cells, quantitative description of ERα expression in γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic (inhibitory) and non‐GABAergic cells of the hippocampus is a key step in understanding the mechanism(s) of estrogen action on hippocampal circuitry. We used single and double‐label immunohistochemistry for ERα and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a marker of GABAergic neurons) to determine the numbers and distributions of hippocampal GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons that express ERα in the adult female rat. We found many more ERα‐expressing cells in the hippocampus than any previous study and observed distinct dorsal vs. ventral differences in hippocampal ERα expression. In the dorsal hippocampus, most ERα‐positive cells were also GAD positive; however, ERα was expressed in only a subset of GAD‐positive cells. Double‐labeled cells were concentrated at the border between str. radiatum and str. lacunosum‐moleculare. In the ventral hippocampus, we found a very high number of ERα‐positive cells, the majority of which were not immunoreactive for GAD and are likely to be pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ERα can mediate the effects of estrogen primarily in GABAergic neurons in the dorsal hippocampus and in both GABAergic and non‐GABAergic neurons in the ventral hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:144–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A dimension split method for the 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations in turbomachine
Authors: Li Kaitai , Huang Aixiang , Zhang Wen ling 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, by using classical tensor calculus, we derive the compressible Navier–Stokes equation on a so‐called stream surface which is a two‐dimensional (2‐D) manifold that gives a definition of a stream function with the equation satisfied by it. Based on this, a new algorithm is proposed which is called dimension split algorithm. This new method is different from the domain decomposition method. In the domain decomposition method, we have to solve a three‐dimensional problem in each subdomain but we solve a 2‐D problem in each subdomain. A numerical experiment for the turbomachine is provided. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data set for color research
Authors: Barnard Kobus , Martin Lindsay , Funt Brian , Coath Adam 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present an extensive data set for color research that has been made available online (www.cs. sfu.ca/∼colour/data). The data are especially germane to research into computational color constancy, but we have also aimed to make the data as general as possible, and we anticipate a wide range of benefits to research into computational color science and computer vision. Because data are useful only in context, we provide the details of the collection process, including the camera characterization, and the data used to determine that characterization. The most significant part of the data is 743 images of scenes taken under a carefully chosen set of 11 illuminants. The data set also has several standardized sets of spectra for synthetic data experiments, including some data for fluorescent surfaces. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 147–151, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10049
On an inequality by N. Trudinger and J. Moser and related elliptic equations
Authors: de Figueiredo Djairo G. , Marcos do Ó João , Ruf Bernhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt has been shown by Trudinger and Moser that for normalized functions u of the Sobolev space 𝕎1, N (Ω), where Ω is a bounded domain in ℝN, one has ∫Ω exp(αN|u|N/(N − 1))dx ≤ CN, where αN is an explicit constant depending only on N, and CN is a constant depending only on N and Ω. Carleson and Chang proved that there exists a corresponding extremal function in the case that Ω is the unit ball in ℝN. In this paper we give a new proof, a generalization, and a new interpretation of this result. In particular, we give an explicit sequence that is maximizing for the above integral among all normalized “concentrating sequences.” As an application, the existence of a nontrivial solution for a related elliptic equation with “Trudinger‐Moser” growth is proved. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Relationship between oxidative burst activity and CD11b expression in neutrophils and monocytes from healthy individuals: Effects of race and gender
Authors: Siddiqi Muhammad , Garcia Zenaida C. , Stein Dana S. , Denny Thomas N. , Spolarics Zoltán 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOxidative burst activity and the expression of adhesion molecules have been used as indicators of leukocyte activation status. The aim of the study was to delineate the relationship of oxidative burst activity and the expression of adhesion molecules in neutrophils and monocytes from a pool of healthy volunteers (n = 96). We also tested the potential role of gender and a racial background in the individual response differences. Basal and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐stimulated oxidative burst and CD11b expression were determined using dihydrorhodamine 123 and phycoerythrin (PE)‐conjugated anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibodies. PMA markedly increased CD11b expression and cellular oxidant content in neutrophils and monocytes in all samples. However, the responses showed considerable variability among individuals. A positive correlation was observed between the responsiveness of neutrophils and monocytes in their basal or PMA‐stimulated CD11b expressions and PMA‐stimulated oxidative burst activities. In contrast, no correlation was found between the level of adhesion molecule expression and cellular oxidant content in monocytes or neutrophils either under basal or under PMA‐stimulated conditions. The reactivity of oxidative burst (i.e., PMA‐stimulated over basal) was significantly lower in neutrophils from African American males compared with cells from African American females, white females, or white males. In contrast, reactivity of monocytes was significantly elevated in white males compared with all other groups. These findings indicate that leukocytes with a relatively high degree of adhesion molecule expression may display an average or decreased oxidative burst activity, and vice versa. Our findings also indicate that ethnic background may influence the oxidative burst activity in neutrophils and monocytes. This needs consideration in clinical studies utilizing healthy volunteers with mixed gender and ethnic backgrounds. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 46:243–246, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design techniques of two‐layer architectures for WDM optical networks
Authors: Borella Andrea , Cancellieri Giovanni , Chiaraluce Franco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA general method for designing multilayered WDM optical networks, based on the combined use of single‐and multi‐hop connection modes, is presented. It takes into account variable values for the number of users and wavelengths in each cluster. Closed form expressions are derived for the transmission capacity and the optimum number of channels for intra‐cluster communications, either in the case of uniform or non‐uniform traffic distribution. The analytical approach is particularly useful in the presence of constraints on the number of wavelengths, due to technological limits or non‐linear phenomena, when sub‐optimal solutions must be necessarily addressed. The proposed method is integrated with the adoption of well‐known selection procedures, like simulated annealing or genetic algorithms, to reduce the computational effort. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudonoise code tracking loop for a CDMA system with imperfect power control
Authors: Kim Jin Young 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, performance of a pseudonoise (PN) code tracking loop is analysed and simulated for a direct‐sequence/code‐division‐multiple‐access (DS/CDMA) system with imperfect power control in a multipath fading channel. A non‐coherent first‐order delay‐locked loop (DLL) is considered as a PN code tracking loop. Power control error is modelled as a log‐normally distributed random variable. The multipath fading channel is modelled as a two‐ray Rayleigh fading model that is typically applied to land mobile communication environments. The tracking performance of DLL is evaluated in terms of tracking jitter and mean‐time‐to‐lose‐lock (MTLL). From the simulation results, it is shown that for smaller discriminator offset, tracking jitter performance is improved while MTLL performance is degraded. It is shown that large power control error and heavy shadowing substantially degrade the PN tracking performance. Therefore, an accurate power control scheme is very essential to compensate for fading and shadowing for a DS/CDMA system. The extension of analysis to higher‐order loop models is very straightforward. The analysis in this paper can be applied to design the PN code tracking loop for a DS/CDMA system. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.