bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epitope Mapping of Monoclonal Antibodies Directed to Aminopeptidase A and Their Relevance for Albuminuria in Mice
Authors: Gerlofs-Nijland Miriam E. , Assmann Karel J.M. , van Son Jacco P.H.F. , Dijkman Henry B.P.M. , te Loeke Nathalie A.J.M. , van der Zee Ruurd , Wetzels Jack F.M. , Groenen Patricia J.T.A. 
Published: June 2003

We have shown previously that injection of specific combinations of anti-aminopeptidase A monoclonal antibodies induces an acute massive albuminuria in mice. This albuminuria is neither dependent on systemic mediators of inflammation nor angiotensin II. In this study, we examined the contribution of two individual antibodies, the enzyme-inhibiting antibody ASD-37 and the non-enzyme-inhibiting antibody ASD-41, in the induction of albuminuria as well as the interactions between these two monoclonals. In addition, we have mapped the epitopes of both antibodies using in vitro coupled transcription/translation of specifically designed cDNA fragments followed by immunoprecipitation, and using peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in case of a continuous epitope. A single intravenous injection of 4 mg of either ASD-37 or ASD-41 did not induce albuminuria. This dose of ASD-37 did not completely inhibit enzyme activity. The combination of 4 mg ASD-37/41 (1:1 weight ratio) induced albuminuria and almost completely inhibited enzyme activity. Similar results were obtained with a combination of ASD-37/41 in a 1:39 or 39:1 weight ratio. Administration of 2 mg ASD-41 24 h before injection of 2 mg ASD-37 significantly enhanced albuminuria. The epitope of ASD-37 is located at the C-terminal end of aminopeptidase A, whereas the ASD-41 epitope is mapped near the enzyme active site. Our data suggest that ASD-41 modulates the binding of ASD-37 to its epitope and/or vice versa. As a consequence, ASD-37 and ASD-41 act synergistically, not only in inhibiting enzyme activity but also in inducing albuminuria.
Differential expression and regulation of protease-activated receptors in human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells
Authors: Colognato Renato , Slupsky Joseph R. , Jendrach Marina , Burysek Ladislav , Syrovets Tatiana , Simmet Thomas 
Published: June 2003

AbstractProtease-activated receptors (PARs) are stimulated by proteolytic cleavage of their extracellular domain, unmasking a new N-terminus acting as tethered ligand. Whereas the role of PARs in platelets is well known, their presence and function in human monocytes and other antigen-presenting cells has not been characterized. Here it is demonstrated that human peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells differentially express PARs. Human monocytes express mainly PAR1 and less PAR3. Differentiation of monocytes into macrophages by either macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) elicits enhanced expression of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. In contrast, dendritic cells differentiated from monocytes by GM-CSF and interleukin-4 (IL-4) strongly down-regulated PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3, both at the mRNA and the protein level. Down-regulation of the PAR expression was apparently due to IL-4, because treatment of macrophages with IL-4 caused down-regulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3. PAR4 mRNA expression remained undetectable in any of the cell types investigated. Stimulation of PAR1, PAR2, and PAR3 with thrombin, trypsin, or established receptor-activating peptides (PAR-APs) triggered cytosolic Ca2+ responses, indicating functionally active PARs. Further, stimulation of monocytes or macrophages with thrombin or PAR1-AP, but not with PAR2-or PAR4-AP, triggers expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) both at the mRNA and the protein level. These data demonstrate that differentiation of human monocytes is associated with differential expression of functionally active PARs that mediate distinct regulatory functions in inflammation and atherogenesis. (Blood. 2003;102:2645-2652)
Sickle blood contains tissue factor–positive microparticles derived from endothelial cells and monocytes
Authors: Shet Arun S. , Aras Omer , Gupta Kalpna , Hass Mathew J. , Rausch Douglas J. , Saba Nabil , Koopmeiners Louann , Key Nigel S. , Hebbel Robert P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBlood microparticles (MPs) in sickle cell disease (SCD) are reportedly derived only from erythrocytes and platelets. Yet in SCD, endothelial cells and monocytes are activated and abnormally express tissue factor (TF). Thus, sickle blood might contain TF-positive MPs derived from these cells. With the use of flow cytometry to enumerate and characterize MPs, we found total MPs to be elevated in crisis (P = .0001) and steady state (P = .02) in subjects with sickle cell disease versus control subjects. These MPs were derived from erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, and endothelial cells. Erythrocyte-derived MPs were elevated in sickle crisis (P = .0001) and steady state (P = .02) versus control subjects, as were monocyte-derived MPs (P = .0004 and P = .009, respectively). Endothelial and platelet-derived MPs were elevated in sickle crisis versus control subjects. Total TF-positive MPs were elevated in sickle crisis versus steady state (P = .004) and control subjects (P &lt; .0001) and were derived from both monocytes and endothelial cells. Sickle MPs shortened plasma-clotting time compared with control MPs, and a TF antibody partially inhibited this procoagulant activity. Markers of coagulation were elevated in patients with sickle cell disease versus control subjects and correlated with total MPs and TF-positive MPs (P &lt; .01 for both). These data support the concept that SCD is an inflammatory state with monocyte and endothelial activation and abnormal TF activity. (Blood. 2003;102:2678-2683)
Intracerebroventricular Galanin-Like Peptide Induces Different Brain Activation Compared with Galanin
Authors: Lawrence Catherine B. , Williams Torrie , Luckman Simon M. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Like galanin, the 60-amino-acid peptide, galanin-like peptide (GALP), has orexigenic actions, demonstrated by an acute increase in feeding after central injection in rodents. However, in contrast to galanin, GALP causes a prolonged rise in core body temperature and a reduction in body weight over 24 h. In an attempt to identify potential explanations for the observed differences between GALP and galanin, this study examined which brain areas were activated by these peptides. Intracerebroventricular injection of GALP into conscious rats significantly stimulated feeding over 0–1 h, increased core body temperature, but reduced body weight gain over 24 h. Immunohistochemistry to detect c-fos demonstrated that intracerebroventricular injection of GALP or galanin activated several brain regions in common, including the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. However, GALP also induced c-fos expression in the periventricular hypothalamic region and supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus. Cell activation induced by GALP in the supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus and nucleus tractus solitarius was dependent on food intake but independent of food consumption in all other brain regions. Double immunohistochemistry indicated that small cells expressing c-fos in the periventricular hypothalamic region after GALP were astrocytes and not microglia.
Preparation of Colloidal Au by a Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Zhao Chongjun , Qu Shiliang , Qiu Jianrong , Zhu Congshan , Hirao Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Au colloid was photoinduced by a focused infrared femtosecond laser at 800 nm. The Au colloid was characterized by absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A mechanism for the formation of Au nanoparticles was proposed.
Amino Acid Precursors from Carbon Monoxide in Simulated Interstellar Dust Ice Mantle by UV Irradiation at 10 K
Authors: Takano Yoshinori , Ushio Kentaro , Kaneko Takeo , Kobayashi Kensei , Hashimoto Hirofumi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
An ice mantle mixture of carbon monoxide, ammonia (or dinitrogen), and water was irradiated in a highly vacuumed cryostat with ultraviolet light at 10 K. The primary products were identified as amino acid precursors when ammonia was used as a nitrogen source, which strongly suggested abiotic formation of bioorganic compounds in ice mantle of interstellar dusts in molecular clouds. The present results have significant implication for organic formation in interstellar dust ice mantles and the energetics of nitrogen fixation.
Achieving a Superplastic Forming Capability through Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Xu C. , Furukawa M. , Horita Z. , Langdon T.G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractProcessing by severe plastic deformation (SPD) leads to very significant grain refinement in metallic alloys. Furthermore, if these ultrafine grains are reasonably stable at elevated temperatures, there is a potential for achieving high tensile ductilities, and superplastic elongations, in alloys that are generally not superplastic. In addition, the production of ultrafine grains leads to the occurrence of superplastic flow at strain rates that are significantly faster than in conventional alloys so that processing by SPD introduces the possibility of using these alloys for the rapid fabrication of complex parts through superplastic forming operations. This paper examines the development of superplasticity in various aluminum alloys processed by equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP).
Commercialization of Nanostructured Metals Produced by Severe Plastic Deformation Processing
Authors: Lowe T.C. , Zhu Y.T. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe promise of nanotechnology is increasingly being realized as governments, universities, public and private research laboratories, and the various industrial sectors devote resources to this emerging area. Estimates for the economic impact of nanotechnology on existing global markets exceed 700 billion by the year 2008. Nanomaterials are projected to be one of the earliest components of nanotechnology to appear in commercial applications. Amongst the emerging new nanomaterials, bulk nanostructured metals produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) have shown promise in a wide range of application areas. In this paper, we overview developments in severe plastic deformation technology, emphasizing progress since the international workshop “Investigations and Applications of Severe Plastic Deformation” held 2–8 August 1999 in Moscow, Russia. Then, we overview some of principal areas of application for SPD metals and alloys.
Diffusion in Nanocrystalline Metals and Alloys—A Status Report
Authors: Würschum R. , Herth S. , Brossmann U. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDiffusion is a key property determining the suitability of nanocrystalline materials for use in numerous applications, and it is crucial to the assessment of the extent to which the interfaces in nanocrystalline samples differ from conventional grain boundaries. The present article offers an overview of diffusion in nanocrystalline metals and alloys. Emphasis is placed on the interfacial characteristics that affect diffusion in nanocrystalline materials, such as structural relaxation, grain growth, porosity, and the specific type of interface. In addition, the influence of intergranular amorphous phases and intergranular melting on diffusion is addressed, and the atomistic simulation of GB structures and diffusion is briefly summarized. On the basis of the available diffusion data, the diffusion‐mediated processes of deformation and induced magnetic anisotropy are discussed.
Atomistic Modeling of Strength of Nanocrystalline Metals
Authors: Van Swygenhoven H. , Derlet P.M. , Hasnaoui A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLarge scale atomistic simulations of model nanocrystalline materials are used to investigate the plastic deformation mechnisms active in interface dominated materials, with the view to understanding the origin of the related high strength seen in experiment. Results are presented detailing both inter‐ and intra‐granular deformation processes under uniaxial tensile and nano‐indentation loading conditions.
Properties, Benefits, and Application of Nanocrystalline Structures in Magnetic Materials
Authors: Grössinger R. , Sato R. , Holzer D. , Dahlgren M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe magnetic properties of nanocrystalline hard magnetic and soft magnetic are summarized. When the grain size becomes of the order f the magnetic exchange length exchange coupling occurs. The different concepts of exchange coupling in these materials are discussed. Exchange coupling leads in isotropic hard magnetic materials to a remanence enhancement. Soft magnetic materials exhibit due to exchange coupling a lower coercivity, lower losses and consequently also improved properties.
Texture Evolution in Severe Plastic Deformation by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion
Authors: Tóth L.S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe majority of the techniques of severe plastic deformation calls for simple shear deformation mode. This is why a special interest is given in this paper to textures that develop in simple shear. The evolution of texture in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is also discussed in detail. The classical “simple shear model” of ECAE is examined as well as a new, more precise flow field which uses an analytical flow function. The proposed function is inspired from finite element calculations. The velocity gradient that follows from the analysis is incorporated into the self consistent viscoplastic polycrystal code. The evolution of deformation texture is predicted up to two passes in the A‐route ECAE deformation of copper polycrystal when the extrusion angle is 90°.
The Meaning of Size Obtained from Broadened X‐ray Diffraction Peaks
Authors: Ungár T. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractX‐ray diffraction peak profile analysis (DPPA) is a powerful tool for the characterisation of microstructures either in the bulk or in loose powder materials. The evaluation and modelling procedures have been developed together with the experimental techniques. The dislocation density and structure, as obtained from peak profile analysis, is in good correlation with TEM observations. As for the crystallite size, in some cases a good correlation, however, in other cases definite discrepancies with TEM results can be observed. In the present work those literature data are critically reviewed where crystallite size or grain size have been determined by DPPA and TEM simultaneously. The correlation and discrepancies between DPPA and TEM results are discussed in terms of the microstructures in different types of specimens.
The Role of Hydrostatic Pressure in Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Zehetbauer M.J. , Stüwe H.P. , Vorhauer A. , Schafler E. , Kohout J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe contribution presents several experimental examples which show that the presence of an enhanced hydrostatic pressure—as compared to conventional large deformation modes—is one of the main features of severe plastic deformation (SPD). At the example of systematic high pressure torsion experiments with Cu at room temperature, strength measurements after deformation showed that the onset strains of deformation stages III, IV, and V are not affected by the pressure applied; however, the related onset flow stresses increase by at least 10 % of the values of low pressure torsion, per GPa of pressure increase. During deformation, increases of flow stresses by at least 40 % of the values of low pressure torsion, per GPa of pressure increase, have been found. From comparisons with tests on Ni, the increases appear to grow with the materials melting temperature. For a theoretical explanation of flow stress increases the pressure induced changes of i) the elastic moduli, and ii) the formation energy of lattice defects. While contribution i) is almost negligible, contribution ii) accounts for an increase of flow stress during deformation by about 15 % per GPa of pressure increase. The difference left to experiment has to be attributed to a third contribution, i.e., the pressure specific evolution of the structure. For this contribution, a modification of the model of Zehetbauer and Les[1–3] is introduced which is based on the pressure caused decrease of lattice diffusion. The latter is thought to restrict the diffusion controlled annihilation of dislocations, thus leading to a higher density of vacancies, dislocations and/or grain boundaries causing the higher stress level observed.
Colors of some small figures on colored grounds
Authors: McCamy C. S. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractExamination of the receptive field structure of the retina suggested looking at small graphic figures of special forms. The luminance distribution called the “Mexican hat function” was approximated by a black dot with a small white dot at its center, called a “tip,” and the inverse function was approximated by a white dot with a small black dot at its center, called a “pit.” Such figures were given the generic name “tippit.” On a dark‐blue ground, tips looked yellow, and on a bright‐yellow ground, pits looked blue. Similarly, a black line with a white center, on a blue ground, and a white line with a black center, on a yellow ground, elicited these effects. On yellow and blue grounds, simple, small colored dots looked more like the color of the ground than when seen as large spots on a neutral gray ground, an effect here called “microspreading.” This effect may be attributable to scattering and blurring, but these processes do not account for the tippit effects. The visual system exaggerates contrast between a large spot and ground, and diminishes contrast between a small dot and ground, but exhibits neither effect on a figure of some intermediate size. Chromatic pit lines exhibit effects obeying laws of additive mixture. It appears that perceptions of these effects are normally repressed. No causal link was sought or established between receptive field theory and the observed effects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 242–250, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10159
Chromatic variation of Ishihara diagnostic plates
Authors: Lee David Y. , Honson Matthew 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIshihara diagnostic plates of the same design from 10 books (five editions, two books from each) were compared to determine the chromatic and diagnostic variability. The responses of 17 red–green (r‐g) deficient subjects were recorded and compared. Spectrophotometric analysis was also performed on five of these books. The chromaticity coordinates of the colored dots were plotted in the 1931 International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram in reference to the protan and deutan confusion lines. The relative lightness of the figure compared to the background was calculated as the Weber contrast according to the Smith–Pokorny fundamentals for both protans and deutans. Significant diagnostic variation was found among the r‐g–deficient subjects. The chromaticity coordinates and the relative lightness of the colored dots were also found to have significant variations. We were able to account for many of the diagnostic differences based on the chromaticity and relative lightness variations among the books. Spectrophotometric analysis may provide additional quality control for these plates. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 267–276, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10161
A test of uniformities in the OSA‐UCS and the NCS
Authors: Indow Tarow 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn the OSA‐UCS (Optical Society of America–Uniform Color Scales), except for colors on the boundary of the three‐dimensional solid (L, j, g), each color is surrounded by the 12 nearest neighboring colors that are supposed to be perceptually equally different (local uniformity). In the Swedish NCS (Natural Color System), colors are arranged so as to gradually vary in each of the three perceptual attributes: hue, ϕ; blackness, s; and chromaticness, c. The gradual change in an attribute may correspond to change of color difference from one to the next with a constant step (local uniformity). In each of these color‐order systems, the uniformity was tested by a color‐difference formula d̃ based on color‐component differences. When a coordinate is fixed (e.g., j in OSA‐UCS, or c in NCS), d̃ for neighboring pairs turned out fairly constant. However, systematic differences were found between d̃ in one coordinate and d̃ in another coordinate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 277–283, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10162
A modified opponent‐colors theory considering chromatic strengths of various hues
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA newly modified opponent‐colors theory is proposed, with the introduction of a concept of relative chroma. Its maximum value is different for different hues and is determined by the chromatic strength of each hue. The newly modified theory is able to clarify the following four points: (1) a contradiction found between color attributes (whiteness, w; blackness, s; and grayness value, gv) for different chromaticness values in the NCS color‐order system; (2) the difference between a constant hue interval and its corresponding perceived hue change (or hue color difference) in the neighborhood of each of the four dual colors raised by Hård et al. (Color Res Appl 1996;21:180–205, 206–220); (3) further strong support of the existence and importance of the reference color gray; and (4) the importance of chromatic strengths of various hues used in color‐appearance studies. The newly modified theory retains most of the merits found in the previously modified one relative to the Hering opponent‐colors theory. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 284–297, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10163
Application of multiflux theory based on scattering by nonspherical particles to the problem of modeling optical characteristics of pigmented paint film: Part II
Authors: Joshi J. J. , Shah H. S. , Mehta R. V. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractScattering characteristics of three model systems analogs to red, green, and white pigments containing nonspherical particles are calculated with the T‐matrix method. These scattering parameters are then used to evaluate colorimetric curves of paint films with the multiflux computational technique. Color difference of each system containing different oblate spheroidal‐shaped pigments is calculated with reference to systems containing spherical pigments of equivalent volume. Results show that color‐difference increases for chromatic pigments as shape of pigments deviates from sphericity. Nonabsorbing particle analogs to titanium dioxide behave like spherical particles, though their shape deviates significantly from sphericity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 308–316, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10165