bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Decomposition, Nutrient Turnover, and Stores in Plant Litter
Authors: Harmon Mark E , Blair Knute J Nadelhoffe,r John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decomposition processes represent a major flux of both fixed carbon (C) and nutrients in most terrestrial ecosystems, and quantifying rates of litter mass loss and the concomitant changes in nutrients bound in the litter are important aspects of evaluating ecosystem function. Plant litter decomposition plays an important role in determining carbon and nutrient accumulation, as well as the rate and timing of nutrient release in forms available for uptake by plants and soil biota. Litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics are controlled to varying degrees by substrate quality (litter morphology and chemistry), abiotic conditions (temperature, moisture, soil texture), and biotic activity (microbial and fauna!; Kurcheva 1960; Heath et al. 1964; Bunnell et al. 1977; Bunnell and Tate 1977; Parton et al. 1987). Thus, decomposition processes can serve as “‘integrating variables”‘ for evaluating ecosystem function, for comparing different ecosystems, and for evaluating management practices or other anthropogenic influences (Coleman and Crossley 1996).
Dinitrogen Fixation
Authors: Myrold David D , Ruess Roger W , Klug Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological N2 fixation is the conversion of atmospheric N2 to NH3 by bacteria. The reduction of the triple bond of N2 to form NH3 is performed under anaerobic conditions by the nitrogenase enzyme complex at the expense of 12-16 ATP with H2 as a by-product. The NH3 produced by dinitrogen fixation is subsequently assimilated into organic forms of nitrogen by standard metabolic pathways. This input of organic nitrogen from N2 fixation is often the largest input to the nitrogen cycle of nonfertilized soil ecosystems.
Spinoza’s Theology
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
spinoza’s theolog;, although original, owes much to the cultural soil that nourished it. His parents were among the many ‘‘Marranos’’-Portuguese Jews who in their native country had been compelled outwardly to embrace Roman Catholicism-who had emigrated to Amsterdam in the early seventeenth century. In the freedom of their new country, the immigrant Marrano community set out to recover its full religious heritage, and to shed beliefs and practices contrary to it. However, some of its members, of whom Spinoza was one, not only remained attached to non Jewish elements in their Marrano culture, but, having embraced the revolution in the physical sciences associated with Galileo, Bacon, and Descartes, wished to pursue its implications for religion. When he was twenty-three, partly because he would not renounce these non-Jewish interests, the Amsterdam synagogue expelled and cursed him. Yet even among the radical Christians who befriended him, and who repudiated the trinitarian and Christological doctrines he found absurd, only a small circle of intimates were prepared to follow him when he jettisoned the conception of God as a supernatural creator of the natural universe, and developed a ‘‘naturalized’’ theology, in which the natural universe, as conceived in Baconian-Cartesian natural science, derives its existence from nothing above and beyond it.
Human Ends and Human Actions: An Exploration in St. Thoma’s Treatment
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are at least two different ways in which human beings explain one another’s actions. One, the most common, is by treating the action to be explained as behavior with a purpose, and a purpose as an end to be brought about. When we know what somebody proposed to bring about when he acted in a certain fashion, and why he believed that so acting was, in his situation, the way to bring that end about, we can claim so far to understand his action. Philosophy furnishes us with a word for such explanations: the word ‘‘teleological.’’ Human action is characteristically directed to tek, or ends; and a telos is an event of a certain kind to be made to happen, or (less accurately, I believe) a state of affairs of a certain kind to be brought about. Sometimes this event is fairly simple, such as at last getting in your first serve in a tennis game, after an ignominious string of failures; sometimes it is highly complex, such as living a happy life.
Ethics and Theology: Two Lectures
Authors: Donagan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many practicing Jews and Christians are disquieted when secular philosophers offer to defend, on purely philosophical grounds, the traditional morality that has been transmitted within their respective faiths. A bit over two years ago I published a book in which just such a defense was attempted; and last spring it moved a clergyman, also a doctoral candidate at a distinguished university, to write to me expostulating that the ‘‘ground’’ of Hebrew-Christian morality ‘‘lies in the Hebrew-Christian Scriptures, balanced with a reasonable hermeneutic.’’ This did not fail to stir some fellow feeling; for in the meantime I had accepted the Christian faith and been received into the Church. When an unbeliever I had had no more than a feeble interest in investigating the connection between the Jewish and the Christian faiths and the morality they foster, although its existence is undeniable and I had recognized it. As my beliefs changed, so did my interests; and now that I have thought more about the connection between ethics and theology, my understanding of it, although still less than adequate, is not what it was. In my second lecture I hope to explore some of the principal respects in which theology does matter to ethics. In my first, however, I propose to repeat my earlier offense, and to argue that the ground of Hebrew-Christian morality does not lie in the Hebrew-Christian Scriptures: indeed, that it does not lie in the Jewish or the Christian revelation at all.
On the Nature of Mathematical Truth
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a basic principle of scientific inquiry that no proposition and no theory is to be accepted without adequate grounds. In empirical science, which includes both the natural and the social sciences, the grounds for the acceptance of a theory consist in the agreement of predictions based on the theory with empirical evidence obtained either by experiment or by systematic observation. But what are the grounds which sanction the acceptance of mathematics? That is the question I propose to discuss in the present essay. For reasons which will become clear subsequently, I shall use the term “mathematics” here to refer to arithmetic, algebra, and analysis—to the exclusion, in particular, of geometry.
Deductive-Nomological versus Statistical Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is concerned with the form and function of explanation in the sense in which it is sought, and often achieved, by empirical science. It does not propose to examine all aspects of scientific explanation; in particular, a closer study of historical explanation falls outside the purview of the present investigation. My main object is to propose, and to elaborate to some extent, a distinction of two basic modes of explanation—and similarly of prediction and retrodiction— which will be called the deductive and the inductive mode. The structure of deductive explanation and prediction conforms to what is now often called the covering-law model: it consists in the deduction of whatever is being explained or predicted from general laws in conjunction with information about particular facts. The logic of this procedure was examined in some earlier articles of mine, and especially in a study carried out in collaboration with P. Oppenheim.
Postscript 1976: More Recent Ideas on the Problem of Statistical Explanation
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this postscript I would like to take issue with the ideas on the problem of statistical explanation which recently have been developed by R. C. Jeffrey,1 W. C. Salmon,2 and W. Stegmüller,3 and which deviate significantly from that in the view stated above. In short, Jeffrey and Salmon reject my statement of statistical explanation in the form of “argument,” my demand of a high assigned probability value, and the epistemological relativization of statistical explanation to given knowledge situations; however, they grant statistical laws an explanatory role (Jeffrey, certainly, only to a restricted extent) and characterize this in a new kind of way.
Rational Action
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say of an action that it is rational is to put forward an empirical hypothesis and a critical appraisal. The hypothesis is to the effect that the action was done for certain reasons, that it can be explained as having been motivated by them; these reasons will include certain ends the agent sought to attain, and his beliefs about available means of attaining them. And the critical appraisal implied by the attribution of rationality is to the effect that, judged in the light of the agent’s beliefs, his action constituted a reasonable or appropriate choice of means for the attainment of his ends. Both the critical and the explanatory aspects of the concept of rational action give rise to various philosophical questions. The considerations that follow are an attempt to delineate and explore some of the most important among these.
Encountering Zora Neale Hurston
Authors: Williams Sherley Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first encountered Zora Neale Hurston in an Afro-American literature course I took in graduate school. She was one of numerous authors surveyed in the two-semester course, which began with Lucy Terry in 1746 and ended with the Black Arts writers of the sixties. Hurston’s works were studied as a sort of holdover from the Harlem Renaissance, that period that coincided, at least in part, with the Jazz Age and witnessed the first concerted outpourings of formal artistic expression among Afro-Americans.
Metaphor, Metonymy, and Voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God
Authors: Johnson Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not so very long ago, metaphor and metonymy burst into prominence as the salt and pepper, the Laurel and Hardy, the Yin and Yang, and often the Scylla and Charybdis of literary theory. Then, just as quickly, this cosmic couple passed out of fashion again. How did it happen that such an arcane rhetorical opposition was able to acquire the brief but powerful privilege of dividing and naming the whole of human reality, from Mommy and Daddy or Symptom and Desire all the way to God and Country or Beautiful Lie and Sober Lucidity?1
IV
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The washerwomen were still toiling away. They had eaten lunch and returned to work. Despite the shade from the makeshift awnings they had erected, they were all wearing straw hats. Their faces glistened with sweat, they all felt feverish in that blazing furnace, their blood boiled as they digested their meals in the midday sun. Machona was arguing with a black woman who accused her of losing a pair of socks and giving her the wrong shirt. Augusta drooped above her washboard like a melting candle.
IX
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Weeks went by. Jeronimo now drank a big mug of coffee every morning, just like Rita, along with a shot of rum “to get the chill out of his bones.” Day by day, hour by hour, a slow but profound change was transforming him, altering his body and sharpening his senses as silently and mysteriously as a butterfly growing in its cocoon. His energy drained away; he became contemplative and easy going. He found life in the Americas and Brazil’ s landscapes exciting and seductive; he forgot his earlier ambitions and began to enjoy new, pungent, strong sensations. He was more generous and less concerned about tomorrow, quicker to spend than to save.
XVIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Meanwhile Bertoleza’ s lover saw that Liborio, having escaped death, was now hurrying toward his hovel. Joao stole after him and saw that, as soon as he had lit a candle, he began to breathlessly pull things from his filthy mattress. They were bottles. He pulled out one, two, a half-dozen. Then he hastily pulled the blanket off his mattress and made a bundle. He was about to leave when he suddenly groaned and fell forward, spewing blood and clutching the mysterious bundle to his chest. At the sight of Joao Romao, Liborio’ s torments redoubled and he twisted and turned, trying to shield the blanket with his body and darting terrified glances at the intruder. With each step the tavernkeeper took, the old man’ s tremulous panic mounted; he grunted like a frightened animal.
XIX
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
And indeed, a few days later Sao Romao bustled with activity. The disorder left by the fire was replaced by an equally chaotic construction site. Workers hammered away from morning to night, while the women went right on pounding clothes and others ironed, adding their shrill, weepy songs to the racket.
XXII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After that day, Bertoleza became even more tight-lipped and irascible, only uttering an occasional indispensable monosyllable in her dealings with Joao. They exchanged those suspicious glances that, between people who live together, open chasms of mistrust. The poor woman never relaxed for a second; she lived in constant dread of being murdered. She only ate food that she had cooked herself and locked her door when she slept. The slightest sound made her leap out of bed, her eyes bulging, panting convulsively, her mouth wide open to scream for help if she were assaulted.
XXIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the door to a pastry shop and cafe on Rua do Ouvidor, Joao Romao, looking very dapper in a new pale worsted suit, waited for Miranda’ s family to finish shopping. It was two o’ clock in the afternoon, and the street was bustling. The weather was cool and pleasant. People sauntered in and out of Casa Pascoal. Dandies stood around, savoring their cigars and waiting to be seated at one of the black marble-topped tables; groups of ladies dressed in silk sipped glasses of port and nibbled pastries. There was a delightful smell of perfumes and aromatic vinegar; the atmosphere was lively but well-bred. The customers flirted discreetly, exchanging glances in the mirrors that lined the walls. Men drank at the bar, while others chatted, munching meat pastries near the heaters.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a work in the philosophy of mathematics. But what does that mean? Well, it might mean either of two different things, for there seem to be two strands in this area of philosophy, two projects that people have taken to be the central project of the philosophy of mathematics. One is the hermeneutical project of providing an adequate interpretation and account of mathematical theory and practice; the other is the metaphysical project of answering the question of whether or not there exist abstract objects.
The Epistemological Argument Against Platonism
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will discuss Benacerraf s epistemological argument against platonism, which holds, in a nutshell, that platonism cannot be right because it precludes the possibility of mathematical knowledge. I will begin by formulating the argument in what I think is the best possible way. I will then move on to a discussion of some possible solutions to the problem. This discussion will serve simultaneously as a historical survey of the answers that platonists have actually given to the epistemological problem and as a search of the logical space of possible solutions that might be given. I will concern myself with seven different proposed solutions to the problem: one developed by Godel; another by Maddy; a third by a host of contemporary platonists, most notably Parsons; a fourth by Wright and Hale; a fifth hinted at by Quine and developed by Steiner and Resnik; a sixth by Katz and Lewis; and finally, a seventh by Resnik and Shapiro. I will argue that the first five suggestions fail outright.
Non-Uniqueness Embraced
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So the best argument against platonism - Benacerraf s epistemological argument-fails. It succeeds in refuting non-full-blooded, or non-plenitudinous, versions of platonism, but it does not refute FBP. Now, the natural question to ask at this point is whether any of the other arguments against platonism refute FBP. In chapter 3, I defended FBP against a number of different criticisms, but they were all aimed at FBP in particular, rather than at platonism in general. The question I want to ask now is whether any of the traditional arguments against platonism are capable of refuting FBP. Now, there is really only one argument here, aside from the epistemological argument, that is considered important, namely, the argument from multiple reductions, or non-uniqueness. In section 5, I will suggest that there are two other problems that platonists need to deal with (and I will eventually show that FBP-ists can deal with these problems), but for now, I want to concentrate on the non-uniqueness problem.
The Pursuit of Objectivity
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know that the tale of the ostrich that buries its head in the sand is mythical, a myth that is both ancient and con­ fusing. In the 1st century A.D., Pliny the Elder said that the stupid ostrich thrusts its head and neck into a bush, imagining “that the whole of the body is concealed.”1 Not until the 14th century was sand substituted for the bush: the altered version endured to the present (though only as a myth, not as natural history).
How to Lie with Learned Words
Authors: Hardin Garrett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A bout half a century ago Darrell Huff, statistician, signifiantly advanced his profession when he published a little book called How to Lie with Statistics. It was an instant success, remaining in print for decades. An annotated display of bad examples in any field is often more educational than an adoring exhibition of the good. Is this because our inherent jealousy makes us pay closer attention to the errors of others than to their successes? Perhaps; but motives are less important than consequences. Effective education uses any tool that works.
Learning about Learning
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps you already have heard the story of the little boy who was given a turtle and so decided to visit his neighborhood library in order to learn more about his new pet. The friendly librarian was extremely helpful and carefully showed the boy how to use the card catalog and computer to locate a variety of encyclopedias, storybooks, videotapes, research publications, magazine articles, and Web sites. Two hours later, as the little boy sat surrounded by stacks of materials with thousands of words and pictures about turtles, he looked at the librarian, stood up to leave, and, in his most grown-up voice, said with a mournful sigh, “Thank you very much for your help, but I think that’s more about turtles than I will ever want to know.”
Learning to Play Piano
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My cellist friend chuckled a bit when she told me about the adventurous and self-confident lad who had gone backstage to talk with her after the symphony concert. The boy already had learned to ride a bike, play chess, do in-line skating, pitch a tent, bake cookies, and use a computer. After hearing the sound of a solo cello for the first time, he told my friend, “I really want to learn how to play that instrument. Will you teach me how to play cello tomorrow afternoon? I could come by your house at three-thirty. My soccer game doesn’t start ‘til four.”
Planning Effective Rehearsals
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coaches of sport teams and conductors of music-performing organizations, including choirs, bands, and orchestras, know that they have time to work with their groups. You, too, will have limits on the time you can practice the piano. Even if you could spend ten hours a day at the piano, you would be unable to practice twenty-five hours each day.
Developing Technical Skills
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technique is simply the development of a physical skill that enables you to accomplish something. As an adult, you have developed a wide variety of techniques and have become skillful in many areas. Some of these skills will transfer directly to the piano. Perhaps you already play another instrument and have become proficient in deciphering the standard system of rhythmic notation. Perhaps you are expert in managing resources and will use your practice time efficiently.
Preparing to Share Music
Authors: Maris Barbara English 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What images occur to you when you see the word perform? For musicians, performance is simply the way we share music with one another. When we perform, we create or re-create music for ourselves or for others who are within hearing of the instrument. We change lifeless dots on a page to lively sounds that resonate in the present. We change a noun into a verb.
Intersectional Identity and the Authentic Self?
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I start from the conviction that autonomy is not a figment of the philosophical imagination; rather it is a phenomenon that most people have some experience of and that they commonly value (in my opinion, rightly so). Nevertheless, the term “autonomy” is not in everyday usage, and, it must be admitted, it is a philosophical term of art. Still, it does not follow that people have no way of talking about autonomy or that they don’t talk about it. Colloquially, the exhortations “Be true to yourself!” and “Don’t cave in!” express the value people place on autonomy, and the declarations “She lives by her own lights,” “Now I know what I really want,” and “I feel solid [right in my skin, at one with myself] about this” voice their achievement of autonomy. Think, too, of the soaring refrain of the Sinatra tune, “I did it my way”—a paean to autonomy. Likewise, there are idiomatic expressions associated with heteronomy. People may bemoan their lack of autonomy—”! feel at sea [adrift],” “I’m at odds with myself,” or “How could I have given in?” And they may stand up for their autonomy and claim it as a right—”Mind your own business!” or “Butt out!” When people feel confused, irresolute, pressured, and so on, they may lament their lack of autonomy or protest incursions on it. When people are clear about what they truly want, who they deeply care about, what they genuinely believe in, and so forth, and when they are able to act on these desires, affections, and values, they may attest to their own autonomy.