bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Max Weber’s Sociology of Religion as a Sociology of Intellectuals
Authors: Sadri Ahmad , Vidich Arthur J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the theme of rationality in Weber’s works, the sociology of intellectuals is a pervasive motif, not a distinct aspect of his sociol­ ogy. Sociology of intellectuals is nevertheless a substantively rich and theoretically fecund region of Weber’s universe of discourse, and we hope to demonstrate this by reconstructing it in this book. The most salient feature of Weber’s sociology of intellectuals is its extraordinary lucidity exactly in the areas where alternative at­ tempts (namely those of the Marxist school) have produced only obscure or obscurantist formulations.
Women Categorized
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interplay between theory and practice is a subject of constant fascination in the Bavli. Some deliberations support a wide variety of theoretical approaches but do not suggest what consequences, if any, there might be in practice. Others, such as the sugya examined in chapter 6, are explicit in supporting the legitimacy of pluralistic practice. Still others, as we shall see, support the singular law of the Mishnah but let it be known that there are theoretical alternatives or near-alternatives. The rhetorical impact of the latter sort of deliberation, supporting decided law but revealing the theoretical multiplicity behind the singularity of the Mishnah, demands interpretation: Why uphold the Mishnah’s law but diminish its theoretical support?
The texts’ examined in this chapter tackle two forms of Mishnaic law-writing—list-making and categorization. Both forms are central to the world-organizing project of the Mishnah and both are commonly subjected, in the gemara, to testing and critique.
The Problem with Foreskin: Circumcision, Gender, Impurity, and Death
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A category is a complex construct. As observed in contemporary critical theory, it is defined as much by what it is not as by what it is. Some elements of a category are more representative of/more central to the category than others. Its boundaries are often indistinct. The community in which the category is meaningful changes and, with it, so do definitions and interpretations.
Sensitivity to each of these factors is evident in the Bavli’s exploration of the category “Jewish male.” The definition of this category is, I will argue, the concern of the first sugya in the eighth chapter of tractate Yevamot (70a and following). It begins, as we shall see, by focusing on the “other,” that is, “the uncircumcised.” By probing the symbolic and practical valences of “the uncircumcised,” by suggesting or reinforcing associations of “the uncircumcised” with other “others,” by seeking to understand the essence of the disqualification of “the uncircumcised,” the Talmud reflects back upon the meaning of “the circumcised”—the Jewish male, as symbolized by the mark in his flesh.
On Human Suffering
Authors: Kraemer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have commented on numerous occasions, the Bavli stands at the end of a long and varied tradition. By the time of its composition, the rabbinic community had already produced the Mishnah, the Tosefta, halakhic midrashim on four of the Torah’s books, several major aggadic midrashim, and the Yerushalmi. In addition, rabbinic tradents continued to transmit teachings, attributed to sages of the third through fifth centuries, that had not yet found a home in a canonical context. Together, the documentary and traditional record formed a massive foundation on which the writers of the Bavli could build. In fact, in view of their self-perception as inheritors of and successors to that tradition, they had no choice but to build on what their predecessors had transmitted. Thus, though the final voice of the Bavli’s authorship contextualizes and shapes everything, the trace of the earlier rabbinic tradition is everywhere to be found in its pages.
Introduction
Authors: Peck John , Nisetich Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orestes was the young man who killed his mother and got away with it. The matricide is first, the escape second, but the two belong together, particularly in Athens. Even an Athenian who had never heard of the theater would still be likely to know that Orestes, on his way to salvation, made a stop at Athens. His arrival there had not only been dramatized on the Athenian stage, it had also been enshrined from time immemorial in Athenian religious ritual. During the second day of the festival of the Anthesteria, the Athenians drank their wine in silence, commemorating the time when Orestes, polluted by the blood of his mother, Clytemnestra, was received into their midst but given a separate table and not spoken to-all out of fear of the contagion he bore. On that second day of the festival, everyone in Athens acted as if they, too, were contagious, as if they were, in a word, Orestes themselves. The young man who killed his mother and got away with it was also the son of Agamemnon, king of Argos, leader of the Greek host that conquered Troy. Agamemnon died the very day he returned in triumph from the Trojan War, stabbed to death in his homecoming bath by his own wife, who had taken up with her husband’s cousin during his absence. Wife and lover then usurped the Argive throne, reducing the dead king’,s alienated daughter, Electra, to servitude and sending his son, the potential avenger, into exile. Orestes, then, had reasons for killing his mother. She betrayed and murdered his father, married his father’s cousin, deprived him of his home and his inheritance. Reasons enough, in a situation less charged. Primordial custom made the next of kin responsible for avenging bloodshed, but when the blood had been spilled by the survivor’s own mother, what was to be done? The god Apollo, speaking from his oracle at Delphi, gave the answer: let the son kill the mother, come what may.
Psychoanalysis and Black Novels, Desire and the Protocols of Race
Authors: Tate Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although psychoanalytic theory is one of the most important and influential tools in contemporary literary criticism, to date it has had very little impact on the study of African-American literature and culture. Now, Claudia Tate argues that psychoanalytic paradigms can produce rich readings of African-American desire, alienation, and subjectivity. Tate summarizes the work of such figures as Freud and Lacan, with references to their contemporary literary proponents, and examines a series of texts by Emma Kelly, W.E.B. DuBois, Richard Wright, Zora Neale Hurston, and Nella Larsen. This provocative new book will serve as an introduction to psychoanalytic theory and its application for African-American literature and culture. Tate strikes unchartered territory, and her work will be of great interest to scholars and students in African-American studies.
The Islamic Revolution
Authors: Nasr Seyyed Vali Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979, the West has been apprehensive about the possibility of an Islamic revolution, which it has assumed to be the hallmark of Islamic revivalism, the object of the Islamic state, and the culmination of the tajdid and islah of Islam. The role revolution is to play in Islamic revivalism is not as clear as the example of Iran or the scholarly reflections on Islamic revivalism since its advent suggest, however.
Prologue: An American Internationalist
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ASIDE FROM HIS COUSIN Theodore, Franklin D. Roosevelt was the most cosmopolitan American to enter the White House since John Quincy Adams in 1825. The son of James and Sara Delano Roosevelt, Hudson River Valley aristocrats who habitually lived and traveled abroad, Franklin was introduced to Europe in 1885 at the age of three. His first memories, in fact, were of a lost jumping jack swept away by seawater that entered the family cabin on a return voyage from England in April of that year. Between the ages of seven and fifteen he spent a few months annually in Britain, France, and Germany, where his parents socialized with their European counterparts. During a typical stay abroad in 1889--&lt;)o, the family first visited England, where “James had some good shooting with Sir Hugh” Cholmeley and “much riding and hunting” at “Belvoir, one of the most beautiful of the English castles, belonging to the Duke of Rutland.” After six weeks, they moved on to France, where Franklin played in the parks and gardens of Versailles and the Paris Tuileries, walked in the Champs-Elysees and the Bois, and accompanied his father to the “dizzying” top of the Eiffel Tower to marvel at “the great city, spread out like a map below.” The winter found them in Pan, a health spa in the south of France. There Franklin took bird-watching walks with Cecil Foljambe, an M.P., rode his pony for two hours every morning, listened to his father discuss naval affairs with Lord Clanwi1liam, Admiral of the Fleet, and attended a Christmas-day children’s party at “Lady Nugent’s.” In subsequent years, when James Roosevelt took his cures at Bad Nauhaim, Franklin bicycled through parts of Holland and Germany, attended the opera at Bayreuth, and climbed the Blauen in the Black Forest.
First Things First
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF HE WERE TO MAKE any progress toward international prosperity and peace during his first term, Roosevelt believed that he must begin by working out differences with Britain and France. As he had told an English journalist in the summer of 1932, if Britain and the United States could achieve “a complete identity of political and economic interests,” they would “... acquire the true leadership of the world.” “I am eager to get into personal contact with leading Englishmen, and to find out something at first hand of modern Britain and the new spirit in Europe,” he also told the reporter. By October, in fact, he had informed England’s Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that he hoped to visit Europe during the interregnum, and he used an interview with a Paris newspaper to express similar feelings of friendship for the French.1Yet in spite of these hopes and plans, Roosevelt was under no illusion as to what must come first. Starvation, unemployment, business and financial collapse made foreign relations a secondary concern. “Our international trade relations, though vastly important,” he declared in his Inaugural Address, “are in point of time and necessity secondary to the establishment of a sound national economy. I favor as a practical policy,” he said, “the putting of first things first. I shall spare no effort to restore world trade by international economic readjustment, but the emergency at home cannot wait on that accomplishment.”
The Diplomacy of Hope
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS NATION ASKS FOR ACTION, and action now.... I am prepared under my constitutional duty,” Roosevelt assured the country in his Inaugural Address, “to recommend the measures that a stricken Nation in the midst of a stricken world may require.”Appreciating that only quick decisive action would break the mood of hopelessness that reached across the nation and around the world, Roosevelt moved at once to fulfill his promise. On March 5, 1933, the day after his Inauguration, he declared a national bank holiday to prevent further financial collapse and called Congress into special session. When it met four days later, he asked and received immediate action on an emergency banking law. On Sunday night, March 12, he gave the first of his Fireside Chats. Speaking to approximately sixty million people over the radio, he explained the banking crisis in language everybody could understand, and urged Americans to put their savings back in banks. His actions had an electrifying effect. Letters of approval poured into the White House by the thousands, and people immediately redeposited their funds. “In one week,” Walter Lippmann wrote, “the nation, which had lost confidence in everything and everybody, has regained confidence in the government and in itself.” “He’s taken the Ship of State,” Raymond Moley said, “and he’s turned it right around.” 1
...and Nationalism
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY THE SUMMER OF 1933 Roosevelt had settled into a routine of White House work which remained his pattern throughout the presidential years. He ate breakfast in bed at 8:30 while he skimmed five or six morning newspapers from New York, Washington, Baltimore, and Chicago and conferred with presidential aides about the day’s problems and schedule. Around 10 a.m. his valet pushed him in a small, arm less wheelchair to the White House elevator for the descent to the first floor and the Oval Office, where he swung himself into his desk chair. There he remained throughout the day, usually lunching at his desk with aides or visitors. From two to three in the afternoon, the President attended to his mail, dictating the outlines of replies to the handful of correspondence his aides had selected from the thousands of letters and telegrams that arrived at the White House each day. Further conferences followed in the afternoon until about 5p.m. when, in what he called the “children’s hour,” he recapitulated the day’s events with his staff. Once a week, on Fridays, he met with his Cabinet, and twice a week, on Tues days and Fridays, for fifteen to thirty minutes he held off-the-record press conferences with reporters crowded around his desk.
Standing Still
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY THE BEGINNING OF 1936, Roosevelt had felt almost helpless against the worldwide drift toward war. A stream of warnings from abroad filled him with “extreme disquiet” about European and Asiatic affairs. “Nearly all of the political leaders in Europe and even here,” Norman Davis wrote from London, “are now thinking of how best to prepare for the war which they think Germany is going to force upon them.” “We are back where we were before 1914,” Ambassador Bullitt reported from Moscow, “when the familiar and true remark was, ‘Peace is at the mercy of an incident.’” “The whole European panorama is fundamentally blacker than at any time in your life ... or mine,” Roosevelt said in response. These “may be the last days of ... peace before a long chaos.” 1This deterioration abroad made FDR cager to unify the Americas against any outside threat. Hull had initiated the process in June 1935 when he sounded out other American states on establishing “adequate peace machinery” to deal with future inter-American disputes. Though Roosevelt fully supported Hull’s idea, they decided to delay a proposal for a conference on the subject until mediators could settle the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay. In January 1936, nine days after the belligerents had signed peace protocols, Roosevelt had invited the twenty Latin American states “to assemble at an early date ... to determine how the maintenance of peace among the American Republics may best be safeguarded .... With the conclusion of the Chaco War and with the reestablishment of peace throughout the Continent,” Roosevelt declared, “there would appear to be offered an opportunity for helpful counsel among our respective Governments which may not soon again be presented.” The President’s proposal at once received “cordial approval” throughout Latin America, though the formulation of an agenda took until August, when Argentina issued formal invitations for a meeting in Buenos Aires beginning December 1, 1936.
The Reluctant Neutral
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE OUTBREAK OF fighting in Europe moved Roosevelt to express strong determination to keep the country out of war. In a Cabinet meeting on September 1 he distinguished between preparing for war and preparing to meet war problems. “Pay attention only to the latter,” Hull recorded him as saying, “because we were not going to get into war.” In a Fireside Chat two days later, he counselled against false talk of sending American armies to European fields. “I give you assurance and reassurance,” he declared, that your government will make every effort to pre vent a “blackout of peace in the United States.” Also telling the country that “this nation will remain a neutral nation,” he issued proclamations of neutrality required by international law and the Neutrality Act of 1937. Though Roosevelt sincerely wished and expected to keep the country out of war, he rejected strict neutrality. “I cannot ask that every Ameri can remain neutral in thought ... ,” he announced. “Even a neutral has a right to take account of facts. Even a neutral cannot be asked to close his mind or conscience.” Morality and self-interest, Roosevelt believed, compelled American aid to Britain and France: the preservation of American values and national peace depended on the defeat of Berlin. On the eve of the conflict, he asked the Commerce Department for a program that would allow Americans to sell “certain types of war supplies to friendly nations without violating the [Neutrality] Act.” Selling air plane motors to motorboat companies in Canada impressed him as one example of how this could be done. He also suggested delaying Neutrality proclamations for five days after the fighting began to allow Britain and France to transport all previously ordered American supplies.1
Will There Be Peace?
Authors: Dallek Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OF ALL THE DOUBTS about the future that concerned Roosevelt during 1944, none weighed on him more heavily than China. “How long do you think Chiang can last?” he had asked Stilwell at Cairo in December 1943. “The situation is serious and a repetition of last May’s attack might overturn him,” Stilwell replied. “Well, then, we should look for some other man or group of men, to carry on,” the President declared. “They would probably be looking for us,” Stilwell ventured. “Yes,” FDR agreed, “they would come to us.”In the meantime, Roosevelt thought it best to prod Chiang along the paths best suited to American needs. It was less than easy. In response to FDR’s cable from Cairo relating the change in military plans for the Far East, Chiang warned that “it would be impossible for us to hold on for six months” unless the President assisted China with a billion-dollar loan, at least a twofold increase in planes, and an expansion of Hump cargo to 20,000 tons a month. As for a decision on when to make an all-out fight in Burma, he took FDR’s option of a fall campaign, and masked his continuing reluctance to fight with assurances that a full-scale amphibious landing in the south could still persuade him to move sooner.1
Kindness as a Social Problem
Authors: Wuthnow Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let’s use our minds,” says Tanika Lane. “Drugs cause brothers to kill broth­ ers, sisters to hate their mothers, and drugs steal our minds.” She is on her way, she hopes, to becoming the next Oprah Winfrey. It all started last summer, after her freshman year in high school. As part of Literacy Education and Direction (LEAD), a job-training program for inner-city youth, Tanika learned word processing, basic research and writing skills, and even a bit of journalism. The director, Miss Gillis, noticed that she had talent. Not only was Tanika willing to learn, she also was a leader and showed promise as a writer. Throughout the summer, Tanika wrote. She wrote about what she knew: her sister’s drill team, sports, problems in the neighborhood, racial tension, drugs. She learned how to do interviews. LEAD put out a free newspaper, and Tanika wrote for it. She gained confidence in herself and in her ability to work with people.
Organizations of the Second Generation
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second generation, the children of the immigrants of the 1960s and ‘70s, are now coming of age. They have reached a point in late adolescence and early adulthood when they are poised to make a contribution to the future of”the Indian community.” They have not, however, chosen to filter seamlessly into the organizations set up by their parents. Nor have they opted to forgo associational ties based on their ethnic heritage altogether. Instead, they are constructing an organizational network of their own.
The Shenoys: Alternative Identities
Authors: Bacon Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After our first interview in her home in a very wealthy Chicago suburb, Durga Shenoy took me to lunch. When she had asked me to join her, I had told her that her offer was very kind but that I had already taken up enough of her time. She told me that at this stage in her life, she felt it was important to take off a few hours and go out to lunch when she felt like it. After a tour of her office and a quick check of the stock prices, we were off in her Mercedes.
The Epigrams
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taken as circumstantial by Gow-Page (“you will learn [sc. the answer to these questions] ... when you are afire”), Beckby (“wenn”), and Gigante (“mentre”), but knowledge of these Aristotelian categories and causes will not likely come in the middle of intense passion. Better is Waltz’s rendering as o.o.: “mais ce que tu verras bien, malheureuse, c’est que tu en es consum ée,” the grammar of which is also reflected in Catullus’ /ieri sentio. That is (to pursue the Aristotelian thread picked up above), although Phil.
Bibliographic Survey
Authors: Salomon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epigraphia Indica [EI]: Vols. 1 (1892) to 42 (1977-78). From vol. 3, published by the Archaeological Survey of India under the editorship of the chief epigraphist (formerly government epigraphist for India) biennially in eight parts issued quarterly (but no issues for 1904 and 1943-46). An Index to vols. 1-34 by A. N. Lahiri was published as Appendix to vols. 34-36. Vols. 1-34 were issued in reprint editions by the ASI, New Delhi (vol. 2 by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi), 1960-87. Actual publication dates of the newer volumes have lagged behind the ostensible dates; vol. 42 (1977-78) was issued in 1989. Inscriptions are published in Devanāgarī or Roman transliteration with detailed introduction on historical, paleographic, and linguistic matters, with or without translation (generally without in recent volumes). EI is traditionally the principal organ for the publication of inscriptions in lndo-Aryan as well as Dravidian and other languages. In recent volumes, the proportion of Dravidian language inscriptions has increased.