bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersal of forest birds and trees along the Uruguay River in southern South America
Authors: Nores Manuel , Cerana María M. , Serra Diego A. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThe Uruguay River starts in Serra do Mar in Brazil runs through the Paranense forest and flows southward through grassland and savannas. It has a continuous gallery forest of 750 km from the southern border of the Paranense forest to the river mouth. The gallery forest extends for 100 km more along the Río de la Plata. 125 (68.7%) of the 182 species of forest birds recorded in the southern Paranense forest penetrate into the gallery forest of the Uruguay River and only 13 (7.1%) reach the end of the gallery forest (Punta Lara). The number of bird species is inversely correlated (r2 = 0.942) with distance and the slope of the regression is 58.10. This means a decline in diversity with 32% of species lost per unit distance. A hundred and eighty forest tree species were recorded in the southern Paranense forest, of which 113 (62.8%) penetrate into the gallery forest of the Uruguay River, and 28 (15.6%) reach Punta Lara. The number of tree species is inversely correlated (r2 = 0.976) with distance and the slope of the regression is −45.62. This means a decline in diversity with 25% of species lost per unit distance. The Uruguay River enables the dispersal of many species of forest birds and trees from the rain forest, but species richness tends to decrease with increased distance from the source area. A clear association pattern was found for birds between size, diet, habitat use and distance reached into the gallery forest. Species of smaller body size, granivores, insectivores and those that use both the interior and exterior parts of the gallery forest advanced noticeably further along the river than larger species, carnivores, nectarivores or frugivores, and those that frequent only a part of the forest. Similarly, a clear association between dispersal mechanism, water dependence and distance reached into the gallery forest was found for trees. Species with vegetative reproduction, zoochorous species and riparian species advanced markedly longer distances along the river than, anemochorous species and non‐riparian species.
Latitudinal gradients of parasite species richness in primates
Authors: Nunn Charles L. , Altizer Sonia M. , Sechrest Wes , Cunningham Andrew A. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTInfectious disease risk is thought to increase in the tropics, but little is known about latitudinal gradients of parasite diversity. We used a comparative data set encompassing 330 parasite species reported from 119 primate hosts to examine latitudinal gradients in the diversity of micro and macroparasites per primate host species. Analyses conducted with and without controlling for host phylogeny showed that parasite species richness increased closer to the equator for protozoan parasites, but not for viruses or helminths. Relative to other major parasite groups, protozoa reported from wild primates were transmitted disproportionately by arthropod vectors. Within the protozoa, our results revealed that vector‐borne parasites showed a highly significant latitudinal gradient in species richness. This higher diversity of vector‐borne protozoa near the tropics could be influenced by a greater abundance or diversity of biting arthropods in the tropics, or by climatic effects on vector behaviour and parasite development. Many vector‐borne diseases, such as leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and malaria pose risks to both humans and wildlife, and nearly one‐third of the protozoan parasites from free‐living primates in our data set have been reported to infect humans. Because the geographical distribution and prevalence of many vector‐borne parasites are expected to increase because of global warming, these results are important for predicting future parasite‐mediated threats to biodiversity and human health.
The role of doctor's opinion in shared decision making: what does shared decision making really mean when considering invasive medical procedures?1
Authors: Mazur Dennis J. , Hickam David H. , Mazur Marcus D. , Mazur Matthew D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractObjective The goal of this study was to gain understanding about patients’ perspectives on decision making in the context of invasive medical interventions and whether patients’ decision‐making preferences influenced the type of information they desired to be provided by physicians.Design Questionnaire study of consecutive patients in a university‐based general medicine clinic.Interventions Patients were presented with a randomized list of three types of information that physicians could provide (risk, benefit and physician's opinion on whether they should undergo the procedure). Patients were asked whether they preferred patient‐based, physician‐based, or shared decision making and then were asked to select which one or combination of these three information types was most important to them in their own decision making. Patients were also asked to self‐report on how many invasive procedures they had undergone in their own lives.Participants A total of 202 consecutive patients (mean age = 65.1 years, SD = 12.3, range 28–88; mean education 13.3 years, SD 2.9, range 2–23).Main outcome measures Patient reports.Results Of the 202 patients, two patients reported no decision‐making preference. These two patients were excluded from the analysis. Of the 200 remaining patients, 62.5% (125/200) preferred shared, 22.5%(45/200) preferred physician‐based, and 15.5% (31/200) preferred patient‐based decision making. More than half of all subjects chose physician opinion as the most important type of information for decision making. Older patients (odds ratio 1.028; confidence interval 1.003–1.053) were more likely to have ranked the doctor's opinion as the most important in their decision making for invasive medical interventions.Conclusions Although most patients want to share decision making with their physicians regarding invasive procedures, the majority of these patients report relying on the doctor's opinion on whether to undergo the procedure as the most important information in their own decision making.
Citizen deliberation in setting health‐care priorities
Authors: Murphy Norma Jean 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Citizen deliberation is a prominent theme in health policy literature. It is believed that citizens who deliberate may influence the setting of public health‐care priorities. Currently, in some jurisdictions, citizens are members of community health boards, and thus have a forum to articulate and share values that could affect the reduction of health inequalities within their communities. However, there is little conceptual clarity on the character of citizen deliberation, or, more specifically, how citizens may articulate and share values.Objectives  This paper reviews the literature on citizen deliberation in setting health‐care priorities; discusses potential challenges for citizens in setting health‐care priorities; outlines a developing theory of citizen deliberation; describes how citizens may articulate and share values that ground their health‐care priorities and outlines implications of a developing theory of citizen deliberation, its relevance to UK study findings, and to community health boards in setting health‐care priorities.Conclusions  As members of community health boards, citizens can evaluate their subjective experiences. In reasoning about embedded values, citizens may gain insight into the kind of community they aspire to be, and, in that process, examine their intentions, including whether to serve self or other(s). Citizens who articulate and share values such as respect, generosity or equity may justify health‐care priorities that create opportunities for all community members to gain mastery over their lives.
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA'S WEST COAST: ‘DIVIDENDS ON THE PROCESS SIDE’?
Authors: BEK DAVID , BINNS TONY , NEL ETIENNE 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTAcademics, policy‐makers and consultants have been increasingly focusing upon the ‘region’ as the crucible of economic development. This regionalist approach places institutions at the centre of the process of stimulating growth. Much debate has been ongoing in academic circles, particularly those inhabited by economic geographers, about the veracity of the regionalist approach and the explanatory power of the terminology associated with it. This paper analyses explicit efforts to engender regional economic development in the West Coast of South Africa. Our empirical evaluation indicates that policy actors have sought to upgrade the institutional infrastructure of the region and that some significant achievements are evident within this realm. However, these achievements are yet to be associated with sustained regional economic takeoff. The paper concludes by asking searching questions about the ability of the regionalist approach to deliver meaningful socio‐economic transformation.
Comparison of 3 Techniques for Ureteroneocystostomy in Cats
Authors: Mehl Margo L. , Kyles Andrew E. , Pollard Rachel , Jackson Joshua , Kass Philip H. , Griffey Stephen M. , Gregory Clare R. 
Published: April 2005

Objective—To compare 3 techniques for ureteroneocystostomy in cats.Study Design—Experimental surgical study.Animals—Fifteen adult cats.Methods—Cats (15) had ureteroneocystostomy with ureteronephrectomy of the contralateral kidney: 5 cats had an intravesical mucosal apposition technique (modified Leadbetter‐Politano; intravesical‐MA group), 5 cats had extravesical ureteroneocystostomy (modified Lich Gregoir) using a simple continuous suture pattern (extravesical‐SC group) and 5 cats had an extravesical technique using a simple interrupted suture pattern (extravesical‐SI group). Renal function was evaluated by measuring serum creatinine concentration. Ultrasonographic assessment of the kidney and ureteroneocystostomy site was performed the day after surgery, twice weekly for 3 weeks and once weekly for the remainder of the study. Cats were euthanatized 50 days after surgery. The kidney and ureter removed at surgery, the remaining kidney, ureter, ureteroneocystostomy site, and bladder were examined histologically.Results—Two extravesical‐SC cats were euthanatized because of azotemia and uroabdomen, and 1 died acutely at day 4 for unknown reasons. In the intravesical‐MA and extravesical‐SI cats, the serum creatinine concentration increased after surgery, peaking at a mean (±SD) of 9.4±2.4 mg/dL and 4.9±3.3 mg/dL on day 3, and decreasing to 3.4±5.7 mg/dL and 1.5±0.4 mg/dL on day 7, respectively. The extravesical‐SI technique was associated with consistently lower serum creatinine concentrations for the first week after surgery compared with the other techniques. The mean serum creatinine concentration was within the reference range in cats in the intravesical‐MA and extravesical‐SI groups by days 10 and 5, respectively. Renal pelvic dilatation occurred in all cats but resolved more rapidly in cats after extravesical techniques. There was no significant difference in serum creatinine concentrations or renal pelvic dilation between the intravesical‐MA and extravesical‐SI techniques. Bladder mass height at the anastomosis site was significantly larger and persisted for longer with intravesical‐MA technique.Conclusion—An extravesical‐SI technique is seemingly the choice for ureteroneocystostomy in cats with undilated ureters. Renal pelvic dilation on ultrasound examination should be expected after ureteroneocystostomy in cats.Clinical Relevance—An extravesical ureteroneocystostomy technique using a simple interrupted pattern for anastomosis should be considered in cats undergoing renal transplantation.
Accuracy of Computerized Tomographic Evaluation of Canine Radio‐Ulnar Incongruence In Vitro
Authors: Holsworth Ian G. , Wisner Erik R. , Scherrer W. E. , Filipowitz Dean , Kass Phillip H. , Pooya Hooman , Larson Rich F. , Schulz Kurt S. 
Published: April 2005

Objective—To evaluate the accuracy of linear measurements obtained from computer tomography (CT) images of staged radio‐ulnar incongruence in a canine cadaver forelimb model.Study Design—CT evaluation of induced progressive radio‐ulnar incongruence in canine cadaveric forelimbs.Sample Population—Eight cadaveric canine left forelimbs.Procedure—A type 2 external skeletal fixator (ESF) with linear motors was attached to the radius in 8 cadaveric left canine forelimbs. Contiguous incremental and helical CT images of the proximal radio‐ulnar articulation were acquired in the transverse, sagittal and dorsal planes. The radius was shortened by 1, 2, and 4 mm increments and scanning protocols were repeated at each increment. Digital caliper and CT image analysis measured the progressive change in distance between 2 marking spheres and the epiphyseal bone surfaces of the radio‐ulnar articulation. Statistical analysis of measurements from incremental and helical CT acquisitions, and direct and reformatted images were compared with inter‐sphere distance using Pearson product moment correlation coefficients.Results—The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the mid‐coronoid in the oblique plane had the highest correlation coefficient (r‐value) at 0.908. The mid‐coronoid in the dorsal plane had the second highest r‐value (0.856). The coronoid incisure in the sagittal plane had an r‐value of 0.826. The reformatted incremental acquisition series at the coronoid incisure in the oblique plane had the lowest r‐value, 0.592.Conclusion—Measurement of radioulnar incongruence may be best performed using reformatted incremental acquisition CT in the mid‐coronoid region in an oblique plane.Clinical Relevance—Use of the technique reported in this study may enable determination of the association, if any, between radioulnar incongruence and developmental diseases of the canine elbow.
Gas Arthroscopy for Removal of Osteochondral Fragments of the Palmar/Plantar Aspect of the Metacarpo/Metatarsophalangeal Joint in Horses
Authors: Jansson Nicolai 
Published: April 2005

Objective— To evaluate the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) gas for joint distention during arthroscopy for removal of osteochondral (OC) fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the metacarpo (MCP)/metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in horses.Study Design— Clinical study.Animals— Horses (26) with OC fragment(s) of palmar/plantar aspect of 1 or 2 MCP/MTP joint(s).Methods— OC fragments were removed using arthroscopic technique. Joint distention was maintained by isotonic Ringer's acetate at the beginning and at the end of the procedure but during fragment removal, CO2 was used for joint distention. After surgery, fragment removal was confirmed by radiography. Horses were discharged the day after surgery, and outcome was determined by telephone contact 3–24 months later.Results— CO2 joint distention resulted in a sharp image without villi obscuring the operative field. Fragments were identified and completely removed in all horses except one where a 1 mm × 3 mm radiodense body was seen on postoperative radiographs. In 5 horses, bleeding from the arthroscopic or instrument portal precluded optimal visualization when the joint was distended by gas; however, repeatedly rinsing the tip of the arthroscope with Ringer's acetate solution delivered from the fluid ingress line easily restored joint visualization. No specific complications were observed postoperatively.Conclusions— Joint distention by CO2 permitted optimal visualization of the palmar/plantar aspect of the MCP/MTP joints, which facilitated fragment removal.Clinical Relevance— Gas arthroscopy is a useful technique for removal of OC fragments of the palmar/plantar aspect of the MCP/MTP joints in horses.
Arthrodesis of the Equine Proximal Interphalangeal Joint: A Mechanical Comparison of 2 Parallel 5.5 mm Cortical Screws and 3 Parallel 5.5 mm Cortical Screws
Authors: Read Emma K. , Chandler Diane , Wilson David G. 
Published: April 2005

Objective— To compare the biomechanical characteristics and mode of failure of 2 techniques using parallel 5.5 mm screws for pastern joint arthrodesis in horses.Study Design— Randomized block design, for horse (1–5), method of fixation (two 5.5 mm screws versus three 5.5 mm screws), side (right, left), and end (front, hind). Constructs were tested to failure in 3‐point bending.Sample Population— Twenty limbs (5 cadavers).Methods— A combined aiming device was used to facilitate screw placement. Two parallel 5.5 mm screws were inserted in lag fashion in 1 limb of a pair, and three 5.5 mm screws were inserted in the contralateral limb. Constructs were then tested in 3‐point bending in a dorsal‐to‐palmar (plantar) direction using a materials testing machine at a loading rate of 19 mm/s. Maximal bending moment at failure and stiffness were obtained from bending moment‐angular deformation curves.Results— There was no significant difference between two and three 5.5 mm screw constructs for bending moment and stiffness (P<.05). All constructs ultimately failed by bone fracture or screw bending. For proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis constructs loaded in 3‐point bending, no significant effect of treatment, side, or end on maximal bending moment or stiffness was detected.Conclusions— Two 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in parallel should provide a surgically simpler and equally strong PIP joint arthrodesis compared with three 5.5 mm cortical screws.Clinical Relevance— Two 5.5 mm cortical screws inserted in parallel for PIP joint arthrodesis should perform similarly under conditions used in this study, as three 5.5 mm screws inserted in a similar manner, when loaded under bending.
Medial Plating for Carpal Panarthrodesis
Authors: Guerrero Tomás G. , Montavon Pierre M. 
Published: April 2005

Objective— To describe a technique for carpal panarthrodesis using a medially applied dynamic compression plate (DCP) and to evaluate outcome.Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals— Nine dogs with 10 carpal joint injuries.Methods— Medical records of dogs that had carpal panarthrodesis by medial application of a DCP were reviewed. Signalment, cause and type of injury, preoperative treatment, operative technique, and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcome were retrieved.Results— Screw loosening in the metacarpal bones required surgical revision in 3 dogs. The plate was removed because of lick dermatitis in another dog. No complications were observed in 6 arthrodeses. All dogs were subsequently sound.Conclusions— Medial application of a DCP is a reliable, reproducible method for carpal panarthrodesis. The load on the edge of the plate provides an increased area moment of inertia of the plate, enhancing it resistance to bending forces. Because of the valgus standing position of the canine carpus, dynamic compression is achieved. The DCP is secured to 1–3 metacarpal bones and loosening of the implant and bone fractures are expected to occur less frequentlyClinical Relevance— Medial plating for carpal panarthrodesis is a valid alternative method that can be used in dogs with injuries to the carpus for which panarthrodesis of the carpal joint is indicated.
Extensive Nasal Septum Resection in Horses Using a 3‐Wire Method
Authors: Doyle Aimie J , Freeman David E 
Published: April 2005

Objective— To describe a surgical technique for, and report outcome after, extensive nasal septum resection in horses with congenital or acquired septal diseases.Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals— Horses (5) with nasal septal deformity.Methods— Under general anesthesia, obstetrical wires were preplaced around the ventral, caudal, and dorsal aspects of the nasal septum by combinations of manual guidance (ventral and caudal wires) and use of a trephine hole on the dorsal mid‐line (dorsal and caudal wires). The rostral part of the septum was incised with a scalpel and the ventral, dorsal, and caudal septal incisions were made with the preplaced wires. After septum removal, the nasal cavity packed with a tampon and a temporary tracheotomy was performed.Results— The diseased nasal septum was completely removed in all horses. It was possible to direct the caudal cut at a sufficient angle so that the remaining stump was in a wide part of the nasal passage, where it would have minimal effect on airflow. Four horses healed, and returned to intended use but continued to make a slight respiratory noise during exercise. At 13 months after surgery, 1 horse with a concurrent wry nose was retired from race training after 2 additional surgeries failed to relieve exercise intolerance at high speed.Conclusions— The 3 wire‐cut method of nasal septum resection was technically easy to perform and safe, allowed return to function in most horses, and produced an excellent cosmetic appearance.Clinical Relevance— This technique for nasal septum resection allows removal of a large portion of the nasal septum and provides a safe alternative to conventional techniques of nasal septum resection in the horse.
Higher-order Nielsen numbers
Authors: Saveliev Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSuppose "Equation missing", "Equation missing" are manifolds, "Equation missing" are maps. The well-known coincidence problem studies the coincidence set "Equation missing". The number "Equation missing" is called the codimension of the problem. More general is the preimage problem. For a map "Equation missing" and a submanifold "Equation missing" of "Equation missing", it studies the preimage set "Equation missing", and the codimension is "Equation missing". In case of codimension "Equation missing", the classical Nielsen number "Equation missing" is a lower estimate of the number of points in "Equation missing" changing under homotopies of "Equation missing", and for an arbitrary codimension, of the number of components of "Equation missing". We extend this theory to take into account other topological characteristics of "Equation missing". The goal is to find a "lower estimate" of the bordism group "Equation missing" of "Equation missing". The answer is the Nielsen group "Equation missing" defined as follows. In the classical definition, the Nielsen equivalence of points of "Equation missing" based on paths is replaced with an equivalence of singular submanifolds of "Equation missing" based on bordisms. We let "Equation missing", then the Nielsen group of order "Equation missing" is the part of "Equation missing" preserved under homotopies of "Equation missing". The Nielsen number "Equation missing" of order "Equation missing" is the rank of this group (then "Equation missing"). These numbers are new obstructions to removability of coincidences and preimages. Some examples and computations are provided.
Convergence theorems for fixed points of demicontinuous pseudocontractive mappings
Authors: Chidume CE , Zegeye H 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be an open subset of a real uniformly smooth Banach space "Equation missing". Suppose "Equation missing" is a demicontinuous pseudocontractive mapping satisfying an appropriate condition, where "Equation missing" denotes the closure of "Equation missing". Then, it is proved that (i) "Equation missing" for every "Equation missing"; (ii) for a given "Equation missing", there exists a unique path "Equation missing", "Equation missing", satisfying "Equation missing". Moreover, if "Equation missing" or there exists "Equation missing" such that the set "Equation missing" is bounded, then it is proved that, as "Equation missing", the path "Equation missing" converges strongly to a fixed point of "Equation missing". Furthermore, explicit iteration procedures with bounded error terms are proved to converge strongly to a fixed point of "Equation missing".