bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Likeness Preserved: The Life And Work Of John Williamson Nevin
Authors: Wentz Richard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand his history and character, we need not so much to be familiar with the events of his life outwardly taken, as to know the principles and facts which go to make up its constitution in an inward view; and, of this, we can have no more true or honorable representation, perhaps, than the likeness that is still preserved of him in [the Heidelberg] Catechism.
Clotelle: A tale of the southern states by W. W. Brown
Authors: Takaki Ronald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the growing population in the Southern States, the increase of mulattoes has been very great. Society does not frown upon the man who sits with his half-white child upon his knee whilst the mother stands, a slave, behind his chair. In nearly all the cities and towns of the Slave States, the real negro, or clear black, does not amount to more than one in four of the slave population. This fact is of itself the best evidence of the degraded and immoral condition of the relation of master and slave. Throughout the Southern States, there is a class of slaves who, in most of the towns, are permitted to hire their time from their owners, and who are always expected to pay a high price. This class is the mulatto women, distinguished for their fascinating beauty. The handsomest of these usually pay the greatest amount for their time. Many of these women are the favorites of men of property and standing, who furnish them with the means of compensating their owners, and not a few are dressed in the most extravagant manner.
The Psychoanalysis of Jack Williamson
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When I Fell in love with science fiction in my early teens, Jack Williamson was one of the first objects of my adulation. Whether he was writing grand space opera as in The Legion of Space, or philosophical explorations of freedom versus security as in The Humanoids, or prescient melodramas of genetic engi­ neering as in Dragon’s Island, he clearly knew what he was doing, and he did it without pretension. Though I had no information about Williamson’s back­ ground or personality, his books and his no-nonsense name led me to imagine him as a lean and tough Westerner, a fearless and forthright man of thoughtfully considered action.
George Bush and Saddam Hussein
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Counterplayer “ is a key term in Erik Erikson’s magnificent psychobiogra- phy of Mahatma Gandhi. An early chapter is titled “The Counterplayer”; a later one is “Companions and Counterplayers.”1 Erikson says his host on his first visit to India had been “Gandhi’s prime counterplayer” during a crucial campaign of satyagraha (nonviolent resistance). Yet the term “counterplayer” is not listed in the book’s extensive index, and it is not defined by Erikson. When I asked him where he had gotten the term, he seemed surprised that the question should even arise. He thought of it as a standard English word. “Counterplayer” is not a standard English word. It does not appear in the Oxford English Dictionary or the American Heritage Dictionary or Webster’s Third New International.
Monotheism and Ritual
Authors: Goodman L E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ritual has a wider influence on our lives than many a functionalist is inclined to admit—or even allow. Yet those who most disparage its role are often quickest to condemn the woman whose nylons have crooked seams, the man who wears mismatched socks or comes to work without a tie—or the student without a brightly colored beanie topped by a red plastic propeller, if de rigueur this year, say, at the freshman banquet. Much of what passes as a conflict between ritual and freedom, or even between ritual and reason, is in fact a conflict among rival ritual claims, and one question we must ask about the norms by which people live, or would like to live, or would like others to live, is why and how rituals dare make any claim at all.
Anaptyxis in Latin
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In L an anaptyctic vowel develops regularly within intervocalic -cl- of whatever source, and -bl-, -pl-: it is i before l exilis and o (later u) before l pinguis (176a). PIE “pe1½-tlo- ‘drinking utensil’ &gt; Pital. “potlom &gt; “poclom (223-2) &gt; pocolom, poculum ‘drinking cup’. “fok-li-s &gt; L foci/is ‘easy’; cf. focul ‘easily’ &lt; “fokl &lt; “fok-li and focultiis ‘capa­ city, power’ &lt; “fokltiit- &lt; “fok-li-tiit-. OL HERCLE-that is, “Hercles-nom.sg. (lw. from G ‘HpaKAe11c;, probably via Etruscan) &gt; “Hercoles &gt; Hercules. Pital. “sta-0/om ‘place of abode’, “sta-0/is ‘firm’ (“stlfz-, zero grade of “steH2-) “stab!- &gt; L stabulum, stabilis : Osc. staflatas nom.pl. ‘statutae’. PIE “s(y)uH-dhleHi- ‘sewing tool’ (193a) &gt; Pital. “sii0lii &gt; “siiblii &gt; L siibula ‘shoemaker’s awl’.
Laryngeals
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The laryngeals are the latest addition to the PIE inventory of sounds. Their reconstruction dates back to the suggestion by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in 18791 (a period when the system of reconstructed PIE sounds was undergoing general rethinking) that the alternation of” e,”o, and “ii with “a, as they are traditionally written, was not analogous to the alternation of “e and ii with zero. Rather, they were better seen as parallel to the alternations of” ey with “i, or “en with “11. That is, the “a was not a residue of the long vowel, but an element in its own right (118).
Glides
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sievers’ IAW. The PIE glides are “y and “w. They occur as such adjacent to a syllabic (usually a full grade vowel), and via ablaut interchange with “i and “u respectively, as discussed in 110-29. In Greek, Latin, Germanic, and Inda-Iranian there is evidence for a different kind of alternation-between”iy and “y, and perhaps between *uw and *w. Unlike ablaut alternations, whose conditions are unrecoverable, the distribution of these alternants is transparent: PIE “iy occurred after a heavy syllable, namely a syllable containing a diphthong, a long vowel, or ending in two or more consonants; “y occurred elsewhere. (Note that all syllabics count as vowels equally: “wrg- has the same weight as “ped-.) Thus the adjective-forming suffix usually cited as “-yo- would actually have had two forms, “-yo- and “-iyo-: to “ped- ‘foot’, “ped-yo- (whence G 1rd·fx; ‘afoot’, Ved. ptidya- ‘pedal’ adj.); to “reHrJt- ‘king’, “reHrJt-iyo- (whence L regius ‘regal’-not xreius &lt; xreH1gyos-and Ved. riijiyti-). Indic evidence is limited to the oldest Vedic texts; later, a Sanskrit sound law converts most inherited -iy- and -uv- from any source to -y- and -v-, and in fact the latter are what actually stand in the Vedic texts as transmitted: rii/yti-, dy!ius ‘sky’, svti- ‘own’, and some dozen others. The readings riijiyti-, diy!ius, suvti-, and so on, in place of what stands in the text are justified by the metrics of the particular line.
PIE *w
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
PIE *w remained in L as ‘consonantal u’ (the graphic distinction between v and u develops only much later); and in G as f, which was lost at an early period in Att.-Ion. PIE “weyd-, *wid- ‘see’ &gt; L video, G fioE’iv, ioE’iv : Ved. vid-. PIE “weP-, “woP- ‘speak’ &gt; L vox ‘voice’, G fbroc;, E1roc; ‘word’ : Ved. vdcas-. PIE “woyko- ‘settlement’ &gt; L vfrus ‘district, village’, G fo’iKoc;, oiKoc; ‘house­ (hold)’ : Ved. vif- ‘tribe, homestead’, e-grade Go. weihs ‘country(side)’. (OE wfc ‘village; villa’ is a lw. from L; it survives in baili-wick and place names such as War-wick and Sand-wich.) L secundus ‘following’ &lt; “secondos &lt; * sequondos (sequor). L cotttdie ‘daily’ &lt; * Potitei die (cf. quot ‘how many’). L cola ‘cultivate’ &lt; *quolo &lt; *kwelo: L inquiltnus ‘tenant’, G ?roAoc; ‘plowed land’ (if cognate. The semantics are fine, exactly paralleled by the develop­ ment of NE tillage; but from *Polos we would expect rather xKvAoc; by 44).
PIE *y
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In initial position, PIE “y remains in L as consonantal i. In G there are two outcomes: spiritus asper (which is sometimes then lost, 170b) and t- (201). 1. PIE “y’ikwr;(t) ‘liver’ &gt; G 1rap, L iecur: Ved. yakft, Av. yiikara (with ii&lt; “e as in G?). PIE “yos nom.sg.m., demonstrative prn. (the etymon of the rel. prn. in G and lnlr.) &gt; G or; : Ved. yds. PIE “yoHr-ro- ‘year, summer’ &gt; G wpcx ‘time, period’ (L hara is a G lw.), wpor; ‘year’ : Av. yiira n. ‘year’, Go. fer, OE gear, OHG fiir, NE year (Gmc. forms from e-grade “yeHr -ro-).
Sandhi -Changes in External Combination
Authors: Sihler Andrew L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in external combination, that is, those depending upon the relation of a word to adjacent words, are common in actual speech, but few such changes are represented in the written norms of most literary languages. In G certain of the changes belonging under this head-the familiar elision, crasis, and so on-are observed in our literary texts; but many others, common in inscriptions (and humdrum in substance), are disregard- ed. In L literary texts there is even less of such matters. But in both languages there are some recognized doublets, parallel in nature and extent to NE a an, as G e EK and L ex e, ab abs ii. Written Sanskrit of all periods is unusual among the world’s languages in indicating such changes in detail. Thus the form customarily cited as tat ‘that’ actually is written five different ways in the texts, depending on the initial sound of the following word: tat, tad, tan, tac, and ta/ The general term in descriptive linguistics for the phenomenon, sandhi, is taken over from Sanskrit. grammar (sa1f1dhi ‘combination’, lit. ‘putting together’).
Case Endings
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notes on the preceding table. Further details will be found under discussion of the particular stems. r. The table gives a survey of the singular and plural case endings that are indicated for the parent speech by combined evidence (subject to the proviso in 253). The inflections of many IE languages have been influenced by pronominal endings, particularly in the o-stems. Those that bear on G and L noun inflection are included in the table with the distinguishing label pron. Under vowel stems the stem vowel is included, while under consonant stems only the endings proper are given; in both situations, when there is no overt element marking case function, this is indicated by -0 (zero). Stem markers are divided from case markers proper (or zero) by hyphens, except when the stem and the case marker were united by contraction or some other development. For example the nom.pl. of o-stems can be assumed to include the stem vowel “-o- and the ending “-es evident in other paradigms, such that PIE “-iis nom.pl. can with perfect confidence be resolved into ““-o-es; but the actual historical evidence takes us back only to “-i There is better agreement among the IE languages for the singular markers than for the plural ones. For most cases there is little connection between the forms of the singular and plural. Those that show the strongest formal resemblance appear to be late additions to the system; for instance, in one possible reconstruction there was an inst. “-bhi (in Gmc. and BS “-mi), either singular or (more likely) indifferent to number, whose pl. was “-bhis (*-mis).
Declension Ehrstems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘niece; granddaughter’, ultimately from “nept-iHr, cf. G &vE1/;i& (simplex “nepot- ‘nephew, grandson’, L nepot-, Ved. napiit-). L neptis ‘niece, grand­ daughter’, an ordinary i-stem, has the same source. a. The Ved. cognate naptf- belongs to the vrkis paradigm, in fact, a different fem. type; in this word it apparently supplanted the original devI stem. 4- L regfna ‘queen’ is cognate with Olr. rigain /r’I-yav’/ (fem. of ri). (Late Ved. rfifnf-, though it is invariably mentioned in this connection, is certainly an Indic formation derived directly from r/i.fan-, itself not a direct cognate of the Celt. and L forms. It is formally and functionally superimposable on G &prrvwv.) The details present a number of difficulties, and so several-largely speculative--explanations of the L form have been pro­ posed. Of these the one endorsed here runs as follows. PIE “reHd,-niH2- &gt; Pltal. “regpf-, which was remodeled first as “regpfii- (like “awfii’grandmoth­ er’, 3, above), further to “regpfnii- (a clear model being “galnfnii ‘hen’ to “ nos ‘cock’), whence regfna by a combination of dissimilation and attraction to the base-shape of reg- ‘king’, regius ‘royal’, and so on, and such forms as gallus vs. gallfna.
Neuter r/n-Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a number of IE languages we find neuter nouns which end in -r (in Inir. also -r;t, -r;k) in the nom./acc.sg., in some derivatives, and sometimes in the nom./acc.pl., but which build the other cases (and some derivatives) to a stem in -n-. Hence the term ‘r/ n-stems’. This mode of inflection is attested only very fragmentarily within the familiar IE languages, but the type is obviously both ancient and important. For one thing, the lexicon involved belongs to the most basic stramm of vocabulary -body parts and words like ‘water’, ‘fire’, ‘blood’, and ‘day’. For another, though any given language has only a handful of such items, there is little lexical agreement from language to language, so that even though the type is attested only in scraps, the sum of words pointing to r/ n-inflection is considerable. The original, unaltered, mode of inflection is scantily attested within the familiar IE languages: L femur, feminis ‘thigh’ (remodeled femoris also oc­ curs); U utur acc. ‘water’, une abl. &lt; ‘udni or ‘udneH1; or Ved. fidhar nom./ acc. ‘udder’, fidhnas gen. Less obvious, though in fact relatively untampered-with, is the G type vowp, voarnc;- ‘water’ and 1rap, ij1raroc;- ‘liver’, in which the stem -ar- somehow continues “-1J- (288).
Personal Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The personal pronouns in the IE languages show a bewildering variety of forms. The similarities are obvious, but the precise paradigms of the parent speech are very difficult to reconstruct. Even a full-blown grammar of PIE would be all but overwhelmed by a discussion of everything at stake. What are given as PIE forms here, therefore, are not always explained or defended, and are to be taken as points of departure for certain sets of correspondences, with more or less extensive remodeling that can be only briefly outlined. Even this elegant analysis leaves loose ends. It envisions a surprising position of the particle in PIE *ei,-om: in PIE, *ge, *i,a, like deictic particles in general, typically follow the modified element-seemingly, in clause-initial position were obliged to (Wackerna­ gel’s Law, 87 fn.)--as is the case with G j’E, PGmc. *mek, *j,ek, and the usual analysis of Ved. ahrim. Moreover, an analysis which does away with suppletion is not (for once) at­ tractive per se: suppletion, particularly in the nom. forms of PIE pronouns, is the rule (361, 374.1). Nor under this analysis is PGmc. *ek ‘I’ instead of xeka any less puzzling than before, though one possibility for rescue is the surmise of an early remodeling after *mek and *j,ek. Older Hitt. u-uk, later u-ug-ga are not conspicuously in harmony with the analy­ sis. Finally, a pronominal particle *-jjm is in any case otherwise needed for Ved. idtim ‘it’ (= L id plus *-om), iytim ‘she’ (*iH2-6m), and for Gmc. *-om in *j,atii ‘that’, *hitii ‘it’, *hwatii ‘what’, seen in Go j,ata, hita, OE hwtl/t.
Personal Endings of the Eventive Verb
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The personal endings that are common to several verb categories are for convenience discussed in advance of the treatment of tense stem formations in G and L. The two sets of endings traditionally known as primary and secondary are so called from their distribution (clearest in Inlr., G, and Hitt., but discernable in Gmc. and Ital.). Primary endings occur in the present and future indicative; secondary endings occur in the preterital tenses and the optative, with fluctuation in the subjunctive. The terms themselves indicate that the primary endings were imagined by G grammarians to be somehow basic, the secondary endings somehow derived from them or otherwise sub-ordinate. Unhappily, this is backwards: the ‘secondary’ endings of traditional grammar are in fact BASIC, what linguists call primary; and the ‘primary’ endings are DERIVED FROM the ‘secondary’ (basic) forms by the addition of one or another present-time marker. That is, they are what linguists would normally call secondary.
Second Conjugation
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
statives in -e- (452) and roots in -eHr. Both probably include the stem element “-ye/ o-. A few verbs continue causative/frequentatives in “-eye/ 0- (456.2). Finally, there are a very few denominatives of the Ved. deuayd- ‘be pious’, G µETpEw ‘measure’ type. 1. VERBS FROM ROOTS in “-eH1-, as “pleH1- ‘fill’, only surviving in compounds like compleo ‘fill up’ (cf. G aor. 1rAijTo, Ved. apriit); neo ‘spin’ (pple. netus; cf. Hom. vijµo: ‘thread’= L (epigr.) nemen”, Mir. snim, root “sneH1-); and flea ‘weep’ (cf. OCS ble.fg ‘bleat’). The perf. in -ev”i apparently reflects full grade, “pleHr, which is wrong for the perf. and right for the (root) aor., and at least some of these roots were certainly aoristic to begin with. Though it is likely, therefore, that the stem was originally “pie-ye-ti if not already “pleH1yeti, there is no way to tell for certain.
Moods In Proto-Indo-European
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History of the Moods. It is common to say that the mood markers of PIE are limited to finite forms, and occur between the verb stem and the person ending. However, the use of moods in the Rigveda is constrained in ways not compassed in that statement: in the earliest Indic, subjunctives formed to secondary stems (frequentatives, causatives, desideratives, intensives, 456-7) are notably few in number; and optatives based on such stems are genuinely rare. This rarity is especially apparent in the case of the causative/frequentative formations in -dya- (456.2): for all of this very numerous class-there are some 150 stems in the RV-a mere four optative forms are found. Among the hundred-odd denominative stems there are a total of eight optatives; there are 18 optative forms to stems in -ya- (for example pafyema ‘may we see’); and not a single one to the passives in -yd-. In contrast, optatives are formed by the dozens to the 130 or so root-present stems; for example, a single, moderately common thematic stem, saca- ‘follow’, has 15 optative forms-half the tally of all characterized thematic stems together.
Subjunctive
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Function. The PIE subjunctive seems to have referred to a future event anticipated with some slight reservation on the part of the speaker -the equivalent of ‘I suppose’ or ‘in that case’. In Vedic the subj., whether to a pres. or aor. stem, is most often a simple future, occasionally something little different from an imperative. More saliently conditional, doubtful, or wished-for future events are typically in the opt. mood. The distinction may be pondered in the following passage from the AV: iydm agne nirf pdti’Jfl vedefta; . . . suviinii putrin mdhi{i bhaviiti; gatvi pdti’Jfl subhdgii vf rii_jatu ‘may this noble lady, 0 Fire, find a husband; giving birth to sons, she will become powerful; having attained a husband, let her rule in happiness’.1 Its only feebly modal force explains how the subj. could be transformed into a simple future tense in L (501-2) and some Celt. types. The mood is very common in the RV and the AV, outnumbering the opt. by a factor of three or four. However, it virtually disappears in the later language, only the rsg. -ani surviving as the so-called rsg. imperative. Its functions otherwise are assumed by the fut. in -(i){ya- (457C). In G, by contrast, the modal flavor seems to have increased with time, thereby encroaching on the function of the opt., with the result that the opt. forms eventually disappeared.
Imperative
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classification of the imperative as a MOOD, correlative with subj., opt., and indicat., is obviously an analysis faute de mieux. But no straightforward alternative analysis suggests itself. Since the imperative is a kind of future, it is perhaps reminiscent of opt. and subj., moods; but probably it has most in common FUNCTIONALLY with the desiderative (457). The main differences are the roles: in the desiderative, desire is ascribed at will to any person, who is also the one to undertake the action, whereas in imperatives the desire for a (future) action is only on the part of the speaker, and the action itself is always on the part of someone else: ‘I want you to build a fire’ is not a possible expression via the IE desiderative. What sets the IE imperatives most sharply apart from the moods (and the desiderative also) is morphology: they have no special stem marker, in­ stead having special person-markers. In the 2pl. active there is no difference in form between the imperative and indicative endings (and in fact most of the special endings are lost in L). Of course, the expression of desire for a future action on the part of a speaker can be couched in a variety of ways, some of them using actual mood paradigms, as in the hortatory forms familiar from the classical languages, or else the sentence complement structure of NE let’s, or else syntactic particles (as in G µ ), and circumlocutions for various purposes, differing according to such variables as politeness, intimacy, and so on (Why don’t we sit down or How about sitting down or Perhaps you would like to sit down, and so on).
Participles
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Active Eventive Participles In -nt-. In PIE this participle was formed from the STEM, by means of the suffix *-ont-/*-11t-. That is, in contrast to such verbals as the infin. and verbals in * -to-- and * -no--, which were originally built directly to the root, there might be a distinct pple. in -nt- to every pres./imperf. or aor. stem, including denominatives. The often-repeated statement that the pple. was built to a TENSE stem is however not exactly correct. A contrast between a pres. and an imperfpple. was never possible-not because the distinction is irrelevant but because the two tenses were built to the same stem. The original meaning of the affix was essentially that of the NE participle in -iny;. functionally, the noun modified by the pple. corresponds to the noun that would stand in subject relation to a finite verb. If formed to a transitive verb, a participle would construe with a noun object exactly as a finite verb would (Lincoln Freeing the Slaves was a favorite theme for litho­ graphs, or Beware of Greeks bearing gifts). 555. PARTICIPLES AS NOMINA AGENTIS. Semantically, present participles and agent nouns have much in common: a ‘dancing [one]’ and a ‘dancer’ are functionally very similar. In a variety of IE languages, verbals in ..-ont­ routinely have some agentive role, as in Ved. safctint-‘pursuer, enemy’ (root sac- ‘follow’), next to stifcant- ‘assisting’; sravtint-‘stream’ (lit. ‘fl.ow-er’, root sru- ‘fl.ow’),