bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interagency and interprofessional working
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mental health nurses never work alone. In hospitals and in the community, nurses practise alongside psychiatrists, social workers, occupational therapists, clinical psychologists, general medical practitioners (GPs), and others. Recently in the UK new groups have appeared in the workforce. These include graduate primary care and support, time, and recovery workers. Different practitioners often work for different employing agencies. In the UK many staff (including most nurses) work in the National Health Service (NHS), whereas others (including many social workers) are employed by local authorities. Contributions to care are also made by staff located in a variety of other statutory and non-statutory agencies (such as criminal justice, housing, and user-led organizations).
Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Authors: Cannatellaa David C , Vieitesb David R , Zhangb Peng , Wakeb Marvalee H , Wakeb David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lissamphibia, a subclass of Amphibia, includes all living representatives, which form three clades, frogs (Salientia), salamanders (Caudata), and caecilians (Gymnophiona), each readily recognizable based on their highly distinctive body plans (Fig. 1). Frogs generally have large mouths and bulging eyes, but short vertebral columns and no tail. thesesquat creatures have powerful hind limbs for jumping. They are the most speciose clade with about 5700 species. Most of the 576 species of living salamanders are more typical-looking tetrapods, with a tail and four legs. Some aquatic or fossorial species have reduced limbs and girdles and elongated trunks. Living caecilians are elongate, limbless, tail-less or nearly so, and have grooved rings encircling the body. A distinctive tentacle anterior to and below the typically inconspicuous eye is used for chemoreception. Although the majority of the 176 species are fossorial, one lineage has invaded aquatic habitats.
Toward a Phase-Based Analysis of Postverbal Sentential Complements in German∗
Authors: Inaba Jiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will discuss the postverbal of sentential complements in German. Specifically I will try to give an answer to the question of why sentential complements appear to the right of the verb (cf. (1)), although German is a verb-final language and other arguments (and adjuncts) accordingly show up to the left (cf. (2)):
Moral Disagreement and Moral Expertise
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of persistent ethical disagreement is often cited in connection with the question of whether there is any ‘‘absolute’’ morality, or whether, instead, morality is in some sense merely ‘‘a matter of personal opinion’’. Citing disagreement, many people who hold strong views about controversial issues such as the permissibility of abortion, eating meat, or the death penalty deny that these views are anything more than ‘‘personal beliefs’’. But while there might be inconsistencies lurking in this position, it is not obviously at fault for according the facts about disagreement some epistemic weight.
Theism and the Scope of Contingency
Authors: O’Connor Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to classical theism, contingent beings find the ultimate explanation for their existence in a maximally perfect, necessary being who transcends the natural world and wills its acts in accordance with reasons. I contend that if this thesis is true, it is likely that contingent reality is vastly greater than what current scientific theory or even speculation fancies. After considering the implications of this contention for the extent of divine freedom, I go on to discuss its relevance to the problem of evil as an obstacle to rational theistic belief.
Is There Just One Hierarchy of Prosodic Categories?
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is a reaction to some claims made in recent metrical theory. I limit myself here to certain ideas about language stratification and prosodic categories which are expressed by Elisabeth Selkirk in papers such as ‘The Role of Prosodic Categories in English Word Stress’ (1980) and above all ‘On Prosodic Structure and Its Relation to Syntactic Structure’ (1978, 1980).
Asymmetric Vowel Harmony in Greenlandic Fringe Dialects
Authors: Rischel Jørgen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a very first approximation, vowel harmony (henceforth: VH) may be defined as some kind of principled agreement, with regard to phonetic quality, among the vowels of consecutive syllables. In languages with VH it may be the case that consecutive syllables agree more or less (under conditions to be specified) with regard to the labial articulation and/or frontness–backness and/or degree of openness of their vowels (under this provisional definition ‘umlaut’ is included in the category of VH, of course).
Between simplification and complexification: non-standard varieties of English around the world
Authors: Szmrecsanyi Benedikt , Kortmann Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution is an empirical study of morphosyntactic complexity variance in more than four dozen varieties of English, based on four different complexity notions and combining two different data sources.1 Our point of departure is previous research (e.g. Szmrecsanyi and Kortmann forthcoming) according to which varieties of English – be they native L1 vernaculars, non-native L2 varieties, or English-based pidgins and creoles (P/Cs) – can be thought of as varying along two underlying dimensions of morphosyntactic variance. Crucially, Szmrecsanyi and Kortmann (forthcoming) demonstrate that variety type (L1, L2, or P/C) and not, for example, geographical distance or proximity, is the best predictor of a given variety’s location relative to these two dimensions.
Universals in language or cognition? Evidence from English language acquisition and from Pirahã
Authors: Stapert Eug ÉNie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most intriguing issues every linguist sooner or later has to deal with is the relation between language and cognition. Are we to draw a clear distinction between the two, as is done by supporters of an autonomous language faculty, or is language just part of our general cognitive system? This question has gained particular relevance in the current discussion on language complexity and its connection to language universals. Most people agree that human languages have certain properties in common, which distinguish language from other communication systems. However, depending on one’s view on the above question, these possible universals are seen either as part of the syntactic component in a language faculty or as part of general cognitive structures.
The economics of shared decision-making
Authors: Kristiansen Ivar Sønbø , Gyrd-Hansen Dorte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nobel Prize laureate Paul Samuelson stated that ‘economics is the study of how people and society choose to employ scarce resources that could have alternative uses in order to produce various commodities and to distribute them for consumption, now or in the future, among various persons and groups in society’ (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1985). The basic principle in economics is that society should be organized in a way such that overall welfare is maximized and that this is ensured if and only if we consume and produce those goods that provide us with the highest levels of utility. It can be proved that the production of goods and services is most efficient if it is left to a market with so-called perfect competition. The assumptions of perfect competition, however, are very strict and partly unrealistic, and the competitive market does not result in an optimal distribution of goods and services. Economics is about maximization and distribution of welfare where societal welfare is the sum of (possibly weighted) individuals’ utilities. To the extent that distribution of utility across individuals is important, the utility gains of some individuals may be weighted higher or lower than others.
Decision-making, power, and the doctor–patient relationship
Authors: Murtagh Madeleine J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many stories that could be told about how power in the doctor–patient relationship has been conceptualized. Perspectives on what has come to be seen as a crucial relationship in health care have emerged over the past half century or so from diverse disciplines (not least medical, sociological, psychological, anthropological) and epistemologies (positivist, realist, Marxist, feminist, post-structuralist, amongst others), though the importance of this relationship in shaping and defining medical practice is evident from the late 19th century. Moreover, within these perspectives, there have been shifts and schisms (albeit not linear and not total) over time. Marxist feminists of 1970s and 1980s and post-structural feminists of 1990s and 2000s, for example, produced very different accounts of the doctor–patient relationship. Indeed, even the term ‘doctor–patient relationship’ has transmogrified to include ‘client–professional’, ‘consumer–clinician’, and ‘patient–professional’ ‘relationships’, ‘encounters’, and ‘interactions’ with each permutation aligning to particular theoretical perspectives or to the context in which patients and doctors communicate and make decisions. However, I will use doctor–patient relationship as the common term throughout this chapter.
Decision aids and shared decision-making in menorrhagia
Authors: Protheroe Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menorrhagia or heavy menstrual bleeding is a common problem for women. In the United Kingdom, over 5% of women aged 30–49 consult their general practitioner each year with this complaint and 12% of all referrals to gynaecology outpatient departments are to investigate and treat menorrhagia (Prentice, 1999; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, 1998). Historically, menorrhagia has been defined as menstrual blood loss of greater than 80 ml per period, but reality the presentation is a woman complaining that her periods are heavier than usual. The definition of menorrhagia as menstrual blood loss of over 80 ml per cycle was taken from Scandinavian population studies of menstrual blood loss, and guidelines for treatment have previously been based on this (Hallberg et al., 1966). However, it is widely accepted that as well as it being impractical to measure menstrual blood loss outside research studies, there is no correlation between women’s subjective assessment of their blood loss as heavy, and their actual blood loss, which is often less than 80 ml (Higham, 1999; O’Flynn and Britten, 2000).
From leaflets to edutainment: The evolution of PSA decision support tools
Authors: Evans Rhodri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decision support technologies (DSTs) have changed radically over the last 10 years. Coinciding with the web and multimedia revolution, developers have, over this period, employed the latest methods to produce DSTs of increasing sophistication. On the one hand this has allowed more information to be presented in different ways, with increasingly complex decision-making functionalities. On the other hand, however, developers have aimed to increase the usability and utility of these interventions. The extent to which these two, not necessarily opposing, aims have been achieved will be explored in this chapter. Specifically, I will consider a field of clinical medicine, prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing, where the uncertainty and controversy surrounding the test is a fertile ground for the evolution of DSTs.
Understanding factors that retard the normalization of decision-support technologies
Authors: May Carl , Légaré France , Wiejden, Trudy van der , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shared decision-making over treatment and management of a wide range of conditions can be supported by decision-support technologies (DSTs) that help patients and doctors to work together to interpret high-quality clinical evidence and apply it to the specific circumstances of individuals. There are now a large number of DSTs, and although clinical trials and systematic reviews show that they can be useful and effective in practice (O’Connor et al., 2004), it also clear that they are not being widely adopted by health care professionals (Edwards et al., 2003; Blank et al., 2006). Reviews suggest that a ‘many barriers and facilitators’ argument is used to explain this (Holmes-Rovner et al., 2001; Gravel et al., 2006), focusing on mainly structural features of the clinical encounter. Such factors draw attention to individualized problems of employing DSTs, and it is increasingly recognized that the successful adoption of interventions depends also on more complex interactions than one of overcoming barriers (Checkland et al., 2007). We argue that an atheoretical ‘many barriers’ and facilitators’ explanation is insufficient and that a different paradigm is necessary. If we wish to understand why DSTs seem not to be used by professionals, even when they are widely available, then it is how they fit in the work – and the workspaces – of clinical organizations that matters.
Prioritizing Ecosystems, Species, and Sites for Restoration
Authors: Noss Reed , Nielsen Scott , Vance-Borland Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological restoration is ‘the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed’ (SERI 2004), and is often interpreted as guiding an ecosystem back to an historic reference condition (Egan and Howell 2001) or, somewhat more equivocally, to an historic trajectory of change. From the perspective of biodiversity conservation, restoration ideally will result in an assemblage of species that is well adapted to current and anticipated future site conditions; is diverse (in terms of composition, structure, and function); contains viable populations of species of conservation concern; provides ecosystem services; and is resilient under current and potential future conditions.
Adequacy and Innateness in Spinoza
Authors: Marshall Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Adequate ideas are a perennial topic of debate among Spinoza scholars. Questions abound. What are they? Can the human mind contain an adequate idea? If so, from where does the human mind acquire these ideas? Opinions differ on each of these questions. Some scholars argue that adequate ideas, being infinite, seem to be unavailable to the human mind. Others believe them to be cognizable through reflection and intuition.
Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Comparative analyses of the anatomy, reproductive physiology, and behaviour of extant primates and other mammals can offer important insights into the origins of human sexual behaviour, allowing us to reconstruct the origins of human mating systems, the evolution of sexual attractiveness, patterns of mate choice, and copulatory behaviour. Sexual Selection and the Origins of Human Mating Systems provides a modern synthesis of research on the evolution of human mating systems, bringing together work on reproductive physiology, behavioural biology, anthropology, primatology, palaeontology, evolutionary psychology, and sexological research. The approach taken is genuinely cross-disciplinary in scope, and provides a fascinating account of the effects of sexual selection upon human evolution in the light of the latest advances in the field.
The Natural and the Normative
Authors: Majors Brad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace to observe that it is a commonplace to observe that the moral supervenes upon the natural. Roughly speaking, to say that the moral supervenes upon the natural is to say that it is necessary that fixing the natural fixes the moral. This much is granted by nearly everyone working in ethical theory. One cannot, however, be much more precise than this without running into controversial issues. There is little agreement concerning, for example, the kind of modality appropriate to the formulation of moral supervenience; the kind of entity or entities the properties of which are at issue in such a formulation—whether, that is, they be actions, individual moral agents, situations, states of affairs, or entire worlds; and, finally, whether moral differences unaccompanied by natural differences are impossible across possible worlds, or merely within a single such world.
The Mask (Continued)
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE historical sketch given in the last chapter needs to be supplemented by some analysis of the stage of develop ment which the mask had reached, in relation to its origins, by the Jacobean period. And first of all, on the side of scenic effect. Looking back over the reign of Henry VIII, in the light of what followed, we may discover two fairly distinct types of masks. There is the mask simple, in which the dancers, with their richly hued and sparkling costumes, their torch-bearers and their musicians, may be regarded as furnishing their own decoration There is the mask spectacular, to which added eclat is given by the pageant, mobile, or towards the end of the reign stationary, with its additional lights, its carvings and mouldings, its gilt and colours, and the elements of illusion and surprise afforded by its facilities for the concealed entry of personages.
Humanism And Puritanism
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE investigations of my opening book have shown clearly enough that in the Tudor, as in the mediaeval, scheme of things there was ample room for the stage and its players. The revelling instinct survived, and the old native love of mimesis and spectacle had been reinforced by a literary delight in the revival of classical drama and in every form of the give and take of dialogue. Nor was the appreciation of the folk for the ruder forms of sensational and farcical entertainment less keen; and a period of general acceptance of the stage as an element in social life might have been anticipated, in which it stood greatly to gain by the more settled and less migratory habits of the royal household and the possibilities of building up a permanent head-quarters for itself in London which resulted from the change.
The Elizabethan Stage
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reissue of the E. K. Chambers's seminal four-volume account of the private, public, and court stages, together with other forms of drama and spectacle surviving from earlier times, from the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth until the death of Shakespeare. Haled in its day as a comprehensive compendium of 'practically all the discoverable evidence upon the various parts of the subject, collected, weighed, sorted, classified and built up with immense care into a logical and beautiful structure' (New Statesman), the work is still much consulted by by today's scholars and historians. From the author's Preface: 'My First Book is devoted to a description, perhaps disproportionate, of the Elizabethan Court, and of the ramifications in pageant and progress, tilt and mask, of that instinct for spectacular mimesis, which the Renaissance inherited from the Middle Ages, and of which the drama is itself the most important manifestation. The Second Book gives an account of the settlement of the players in London, of their conflict, backed by the Court, with the tendencies of Puritanism, and of the place which they ultimately found in the monarchical polity. To the Third and Fourth belong the more pedestrian task of following in detail the fortunes of the individual playing companies and the individual theatres, with such fulness and the available records permit. The Fifth deals with the surviving plays, not in their literary aspect, which lies outside my plan, but as documents helping to throw light upon the history of the institution which produced them.'
Introduction
Authors: Slater Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the grounds of safety, whenever an experiment is being considered the need for a radioisotope must be questioned: is a radioisotope absolutely essential to the experiment planned? Or put another way, arc non-radioactive methods available that will achieve the same end? If the answer to this question is yes, that is there is a non-radioactive technique that is equally effective, then that i the one that must be used. This is a legal requirement. Only if a radioisotope is absolutely essential or if its use results in a significant improvement in benefit is the use of a radioisotope justified. This complies with current thinking and official recommendations regarding radiation hazard, that is the ALARA principle: as low as is reasonably achievable. Although legislatively applied dose limits for radiation workers apply (see Chapter 2), the basic principle of safe laboratory practice is that as little radioisotope should be used as possible.
Expression of receptor genes in cultured cells
Authors: Fraser Claire M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cloning and sequence analysis of a number of genes encoding hormone and neurotransmitter receptors has provided a wealth of new information on the primary structure of these proteins and has revealed the existence of at least three multigene families of receptors including: those containing an integral ion channel, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine (1-4), GABA (5), and glycine (6) receptors; those that interact with guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins, such as the adrenergic (7 -10) and muscarinic cholinergic (1 l -13) receptors; and those which stimulate mitogenesis and possess protein-tyrosine kinase activity, such as the insulin (14), and EGF (15) receptors.
Prospects of IL-2 in cancer therapy
Authors: Palmer P A , Franks C R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interleukin-2 is an interesting new therapeutic entity which is currently receiving extensive and coordinated investigation. To date, this lymphokine has been primarily evaluated in an anticancer setting, using high and low dose intravenous recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2).
The Isolation Of Functional Mitotic Organelles From Tissue Culture Cells
Authors: Wordeman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The repertoire of dynamic activities involved in the cquipartitioning of chromosomes during cell division is complex. A complete and dramatic reorganization of the cell cytoplasm takes place within an interval of, at most, one-fifteenth of the total cell-cycle time. In tissue culture cells the centrosomes separate and proceed to opposite sides of the nucleus, the nuclear envelope breaks down and the condensed chromosomes, which are now free to interact with the microtubules of the mitotic spindle, travel back and forth from one spindle pole to the other, eventually reaching an equilibrium position at the spindle equator. When all the chromosomes have reached the spindle mid-zone, the sister chromatids separate and sweep towards their respective spindle poles, re-establishing the interphase state of the cell cycle.