bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The context
Authors: Kingston Paul , Phillipson Chris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The extent and nature of abuse against older people has become a major topic of concern over the past decade. This development reflects issues relating to the care and treatment of vulnerable adults; and, as well, anxieties about the pressures facing formal as well as informal carers. To provide a context to the debate, this chapter has four main objectives: first, to present an overview of the background to research in the field of elder abuse and neglect; second, to examine some problems with definitions; third, to summarize findings on the nature of its incidence and prevalence, and fourth to explore areas for future research.
Complications of long-term dialysis: cardiovascular complications and cardiac risk-factor interventions
Authors: Foley Robert N , Parfirey Patrick S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pericarditis frequently heralded the demise of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), before the advent of renal replacement therapy (Schreiner and Maher, 1961). Cardiomyopathy, which was remarked on less frequently, was felt to reflect hypertension and underlying vascular disease; some authors speculated on the existence of a specific uremic cardiomyopathy, a concept that has since gained widespread acceptance (Schreiner and Maher, 1961). In the early days of chronic dialysis it became evident that perhaps 30—40% of all deaths were due to cardiac disease (Drukker et al., 1966; Brunner et al., 1972), a noteworthy burden of disease, considering that in this era patients selected for maintenance dialysis therapy were young and largely free of comorbid illness. In 1974 the Seattle group reported that 60% of deaths in their dialysis program were due to cardiovascular disease, and proposed that uremia led to accelerated atherosclerosis (Lindner et al., 1974). This latter contention remains to be proved or refuted with any degree of finality.
ß2-Microglobulin amyloidosis
Authors: fadoul Michel , van Charles , Strihou Ypersele de 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ß2-Microglobulin amyloidosis (ß2mA) is a now well-characterized complication of long-term dialysis. Assenat et al. (1980) first reported the presence of amyloid deposits in carpal tunnel biopsies from hemodialysis (HD) patients.This ‘dialysis-related amyloidosis’ (DRA) was renamed ß2-microglobulin amyloidosis after Gejyo eta!. (1985) demonstrated that ß2m is the major component of DRA deposits. It subsequently became apparent that the prevalence of B2mA increased both with age at the onset of dialysis and with the duration of the treatment (van Yperseleetal., 1991)Our understanding of this crippling complication has improved markedly over the last 10 years. In this chapter, we review the clinical characteristics of ß2mA, the available diagnostic tools, the risk factors for the development of the disease, and briefly summarize current pathophysiological concepts.
Psychological adaptation and quality of life of the patient with end-stage renal disease
Authors: Finkelstein Fredric Q , Finkelstein Susan H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Successful psychosocial adaptation to dialysis is the key to long-term survival. This chapter sets out to review the various psychological and social problems that dialysis patients have to face.The assessment of the psychological adaptation of the patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has intrigued investigators for many years. In the initial years of ESRD therapy, researchers focused their attention on the physical and psychological limitations and the difficulties and restrictions imposed on patients by their illness and treatment modality (Abram, 1974; Levy, 1994). The increased mortality of patients with ESRD, the demands placed on these patients by their therapy, and the myriad physical and social problems that engulf them because of their illness have been repeatedly emphasized. Developing effective tools and strategies of psychosocial assessment and intervention has perhaps become more important as the incidence and prevalence of end-stage renal failure has increased and the mean age of the ESRD population has increased throughout the world. More recently, however, efforts to understand better the experience of the dialysis patient have focused researchers’ attention on the quality oflife experienced by these patients (Gokal, 1993; Powe et al., 1996; Salek, 1996; Steele etaL, 1996a). The assessment of quality of life has presented problems and raised basic philosophical issues for investigators (Gill and Feinstein, 1994; Nissenson, 1994; Anonymous, 1995; Fallowfield, 1996).
Long hemodialysis: the key to survival?
Authors: Charra Bernard , Laurent Guy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The obstinacy of the Seattle team (Scribner et al., 1960) turned an experimental, acute-renal failure treatment (Kolff etal., 1944) into a long-term maintenance therapy. The number of hours of each dialysis was then the only yardstick of the dialysis dose. When dialysis was increased from once to twice and ultimately thrice weekly, the session duration was decreased from 16 to 12 and then to 10 hours.This trial and error process led to a general agreement that the minimum requirement for an average¬ sized adult on a 60 g protein diet was 30 hours per week on the 1 square-meter Kiil dialyzer (Siddiqui and Kerr, 1971).
Long-term peritoneal dialysis: does a spell of peritoneal dialysis prolong survival on hemodialysis?
Authors: Lameire Norbert , Biesen Wim Van 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the inception of peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a form of long-term renal replacement therapy, the number of PD patients has continued to grow and PD therapy is steadily increasing throughout Europe and the USA at an annual rate of15%. (World-wide Registry Update, 1994; Blagg and Mailloux, 1996).This increase in the total dialysis population has been partly related to the inclusion of much higher risk populations (the elderly, those with diabetes mellitus, and those with cardiovascular and multisystem diseases).
The thyroid (Physiology)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
See also Chapter 4 (Qs 3, 18); Chapter 12 (Q 5) is situated in the chest consists of two linked lobes of tissue requires a direct neural link with the brain in order to function d is composed mainly of follicles filled with a protein-rich gel produces iodinated molecules derived from the amino acid tyrosine
Hypoglycaemia and pancreatic tumours (C finical)
Authors: Laycock John , Wise Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In regard to spontaneous hypoglycaemia (i.e. not related to antidiabetic hypoglycaemic drugs), which of the following is/are true? The usual threshold for development of symptoms is a blood glucose of 3.6-4.0 mmol/litre (65-72 mg/100 ml) Some insulin must be present in the circulation for neuroglycopaenic symptoms to occur Recovery from hypoglycaemia is mainly mediated by the action of glucagon Cortisol and growth hormone deficiency result in low blood glucose levels, but recovery from hypoglycaemia is not impaired The glucose threshold for triggering the release of each of the four major counter-regulatory hormones is identical
The Myth of Neutrality
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The traditional objection to bringing values into scientific debate is, of course, that the argument then collapses into a relativistic free-forall which is the very antithesis of what science is supposed to be. However, Kuhn’s close examination of the history of science showed that the grounds on which one paradigm is preferred to another are not exclusively scientific ones: the determinants of that choice lie to a large extent outside science, in social and psychological factors ... This view has naturally been hotly contested, since it blurs almost to vanishing-point the distinction between scientific belief-systems and (say) religious or political ones; but ... Kuhn’s conclusion is only disastrous if one presupposes, as he and most scientists traditionally have, that any choice determined by social or psychological factors is necessarily an irrational one.
The poverty of technique
Authors: Lomas Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The justification for bureaucratic procedures resides not in any argument in support of intrinsic values but in their capacity to effect the result that is desired. The question as to whether the desire is a good one is bypassed. In discussing these issues, Maclntyre compares the manager with the therapist who also: treats ends as given, as outside his scope; his concern also is with technique, with effectiveness in transforming neurotic symptoms into directed energy, maladjusted individuals well-adjusted ones. Neither manager nor therapist, in their roles as manager and therapist, are able to engage in moral debate. They are seen by themselves, and by those who see them with the same eyes as their own, as uncontested figures, who purport to restrict themselves to the realms in which rational agreement is possible-that is, of course, from their point of view to the realm of fact, the realm of means, the realm of measurable effectiveness.
Acupuncture and TENS
Authors: Filshie Jacqueline , Thompson John W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Melzack (1994) described many historical ways in which sensory stimulation and modulation have been used to reduce pain throughout history. These include the more aggressive forms of counterirritation or stimulation, scarification, cauterization and cupping and lesser stimulating therapies, acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
Development of the normal dentition
Authors: McDonald F , Ireland A J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At birth the deciduous teeth are usually unerupted and the alveoli comprise a thickened mucosal covering known as the gum pads (Fig. 1.1). These are subdivided into raised areas corresponding to the position of the unerupted deciduous teeth, by shallow transverse grooves on the mucosal surface. To the lingual of these raised areas, running around the arch in both the upper and lower jaws, is another shallow groove known as the dental groove. It is from here that epithelial ingrowth originates to form the enamel organ. In addition, in the upper jaw a further shallow groove, known as the gingival groove, passes around the arch palatal to the dental groove. This denotes the boundary between the epithelium of the alveolus and the palate.
Intra-oral examination
Authors: McDonald F , Ireland A J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whenever an orthodontic examination is performed it should be completed in a logical and systematic fashion so that no aspect of the examination is omitted. By using such a sequence, a mental picture of the malocclusion can be formulated which, with experience, will help in the formulation of appropriate treatment aims and thus treatment plans. A pro forma for both extra- and intra-oral examination is included in Appendix 1. The intra-oral examination will now be discussed in more detail.
Postgraduate specialties
Authors: Leung Wai-Ching 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Which of the following statements regarding the Rinne test is/are true? a the base of a tuning fork is held on the vertex of the head b a positive result occurs if the air conduction is better than bone conduction c a positive result implies that the outer and middle ear is functioning properly c a positive result implies that the cochlear is functioning properlyIt may give a positive result in one ear and a negative result in the other.
General anaesthesia in the A & E department
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Problems can occur with any anaesthetic technique. There is no such thing as a ‘simple’ anaesthetic. All injured patients are at risk of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents during anaesthesia or recovery. Thorough preoperative history and examination may prevent anaesthetic problems. Preoperative resuscitation is mandatory. The anaesthetist must plan the anaesthetic technique after consultation about the proposed surgery. Adequate facilities must be available, including trained assistance for the anaesthetist.
Anaesthetic and resuscitation equipment
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All doctors should be familiar with the anaesthetic and resuscitation equipment in their hospital. Always check equipment before it is used. Anaesthetic problems are often caused by equipment failures. Never bypass safety procedures, no matter how urgent the situation. Anaesthetic equipment and techniques are continuously changing to provide safer and more efficient anaesthesia. These changes often occur more quickly in the operating theatres than in A & E departments. It is essential, when starting a new job, that each doctor becomes familiar with the resuscitation and anaesthetic equipment used in the hospital
Infection risks during anaesthesia
Authors: Illingworth Karen A , Simpson Karen H , Swales Sue 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Assume that all patients are potential carriers of communicable diseases. Adopt precautions to prevent transmission of infection including goggles, gloves, fluid-impervious gowns, and masks. Avoid injuries by careful handling of needles and blades and the use of biohazard containers. All staff who may come into contact with blood or body fluids should be immunized against hepatitis B. If a non-immune person is contaminated he or she must be treated with immunoglobin followed by active immunization. Counselling may be needed for professionals who are at risk of contracting a communicable disease, for example after a needle-stick injury.
Hugh Smith and the Oxford Nutrition Survey
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the Nazi shadow moved over the Continent, Hugh Smith prepared to leave for Europe. The British were anxious to have a team of experts survey the nutritional status of factory workers, and one of his first tasks would be to facilitate this work. To Smith’s surprise, he would not make the journey alone. A young British research scientist, interested in nutrition, and currently on fellowship at Harvard University, wanted to return home for war service; the nutritionist was Dr Peter Meiklejohn, Hugh Sinclair’s long-time friend. They later bitterly quarreled.
Eskimos and nutrition at Oxford
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture was called to order on 18 May 1943, in Hot Springs, Virginia, USA. From then until 3 June, an international group of experts debated the importance of nutrition in the prevention and control of disease. Reading the conclusions of that meeting almost sixty years later, one cannot help but regret our failure to take up their challenge.
An end to the Survey
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of 1944, Sinclair applied to an American philanthropic organization, other than the Rockefeller Foundation, for funds. He wanted to conduct a one-year depletion study on a group of conscientious objectors: his subject was vitamin C. This potential donor contacted Hugh Smith in New York, and inquired as to Sinclair’s clinical ability to direct such a study. Smith assured them that Sinclair had an excellent clinical background. A second letter arrived, asking Smith’s opinion on whether or not Sinclair’s proposed study was a peace-time or war-time investigation. Special consideration had been given to research work in Europe as part of the war effort, they said, but peace-time studies outside the United States and Canada were beyond their mandate. Smith responded, saying that any study which Sinclair might carry out in the future would come too late to affect the troops in the present war, but that did not mean the study was not of war-time significance. Sinclair’s proposed study was valuable, and Smith thought the Oxford group was better equipped to conduct the work than any other group in existence. His only concern was whether the study outlined would interfere unduly with the programme of work already under way.
Germany
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the summer of 1945, the University of Oxford was settling the financial affairs of the Oxford Nutrition Survey in anticipation of its being replaced by a peace-time programme. It was found that Hugh had charged some personal expenses against the Survey, and he was asked to settle the debt. Hard pressed for cash, he turned to Rosalie; specifically, he asked his mother to sell a large diamond necklace. She considered the idea, but, under Catherine’s influence, decided against it. Her lack of support infuriated Hugh and his resentment simmered for months. For a time, his debt would not be paid.
Finance and accommodation
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In late February 1946 the Trustees of the Wellcome Foundation gave provisional approval for a grant of £25 000 towards establishing a Laboratory of Human Nutrition at the University of Oxford. Hugh Sinclair had been the moving force in obtaining the money, but there were conditions that he may not have appreciated. The grant stipulated that the scheme of the Laboratory must fit into the Government’s plans regarding nutrition, and be in accord with the policy of the Medical Research Council. The University Grants Committee must make a recurrent grant to the University of Oxford to support the work of the Laboratory. There was one final consideration: space must be secured for the Laboratory.
Plans for Nuneham Park
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was 1957. Elvis Presley rocked and rolled, the Russians launched Sputnik, and Sir Wilson Jameson and Lord Porritt proposed and seconded Hugh Sinclair for the high honour of joining the Court of Assistants of the Worshipful Society of the Apothecaries. It was the year Hugh became a Founder member of that Society’s Faculty of the History of Medicine and Pharmacology. This was also the year Hugh reapplied for his Readership in Human Nutrition, and was refused.
Grand dreams and little money
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugh was pleased to hear from his old friend, but would gladly have purchased some of the electronic gadgets Smith decried if funds had allowed. The financial pit was deepening. Sinclair wrote and edited works about nutrition whenever possible for income, and was pleased when Robert Maxwell, of Pergamon Press, asked him to edit what he planned to be a twenty-volume encyclopaedia of human nutrition; unfortunately the series was truncated. Tutoring at Magdalen College provided a small income, and there were profits from his flower and produce shops, but all this barely covered the running costs at Lady Place and his not inconsiderable personal expenses. Frequent lunches at the Athenaeum were a necessity. The day before his 50th birthday, Hugh was invited by Hans Krebs to lecture on nutrition for ‘three guineas’ an hour. Hugh gladly accepted, and as a result in May 1961 his name was added to that of members of the Faculty of Physiological Studies.
Life without mother
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once a year, and sometimes more frequently, a hardy group of Oxford students were transported from the University by car — or rusting and noisy lorry — to Lady Place for tea. The uninitiated were surprised when, immediately upon arrival, they were presented with all manner of garden implements and invited to clean up the flower beds and mow the lawns before tea. It was good humoured hard work. When Hugh felt sufficient sweat had been shed, he called for the cricket bats. Those not interested in such sport were pointed in the direction of the boathouse or, later, a large water tank, where they could picnic and swim. After a time, Rosalie — in suitable attire for an Edwardian hostess — greeted each guest, welcoming him or her to enjoy a ‘proper tea’ of assorted sandwiches, tea, and fruit cake.
Plans for an institute of human nutrition
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A grand plan was taking form. If Hugh sold Lady Place to Mr Pye, he could then lease back some portion of the property for his Institute, and as its Director, could live there and oversee the property as part of his responsibilities. From Sinclair’s point of view, little would change, other than the amount of money in his pocket. To put this idea on a more secure legal footing, and facilitate donations that may be made to the Institute, he decided to set it up as a registered charity, to be known as The Association for the Study of Human Nutrition. To help finance the Charity during its early stages, Christie’s, the well known auction house, handled the sale of some of Rosalie’s jewellery, including a diamond bracelet and tiara.
Trial size
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduced the idea that the treatment effect observed in a clinical trial may vary from the true effect because of the two major sources of error – systematic and random error – and emphasized that the random error component can be minimized by randomizing large numbers of patients. The aim of this chapter is to discuss theoretical and practical issues affecting the determination of the ideal sample size for a trial and to describe when and how compromizes from the ideal can be made. While the focus is on randomized trials, we also expand on sample size calculation for the phase II trial designs introduced in Chapter 4. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to detail sample size calculations for all the types of data and circumstances which a researcher may meet. Our aim therefore is to describe ways to determine the appropriate ‘input factors’ – in particular the size of difference a trial is designed to target – with only brief reference to sample size formulae. We refer readers to published books and software for more detailed options.
Quality of life in clinical trials
Authors: Girling David J , Parmar Mahesh K B , Stenning Sally P , Stephens Richard J , Stewart Lesley A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, progress in extending survival in most common cancers has mainly been achieved in small incremental steps. In this situation, other outcomes such as progression-free survival, response rates, toxicity, treatment-related deaths, cost, and particularly quality of life (QL), can help determine whether new treatments should, or should not, be pursued. There is therefore an increasing demand that cancer treatments be assessed in the wider framework of the balance between all the benefits and risks so that patients and their clinicians can make individual informed decisions.
The clinical application of tumour biology
Authors: Harkin D Paul , Johnston Patrick G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cellular growth and division is a carefully regulated process that depends on the precise interaction of multiple regulatory factors. Cancer represents a deregulation of this process, in which some of the normal constraints on cell growth and division have been lost. How this deregulation occurs has been the focus of intense interest over the last three decades. However, it is now generally accepted that tumours arise through the accumulation of several genetic changes affecting the control of cellular growth. Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible to define some of the molecular changes that regulate the mechanisms by which certain tumours arise.