bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensity of lipid oxidation and formation of cholesterol oxidation products during frozen storage of raw and cooked chicken
Authors: Conchillo Ana , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar 
Published: October 2004

AbstractRaw and cooked chicken breasts were stored at −18 °C for 3 months under aerobic and vacuum conditions, and the intensity of lipid oxidation and the formation of COP (cholesterol oxidation products) were studied. Raw samples showed low COP levels (4.60–7.40 µg g−1 fat), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) levels (0.01–0.03 mg kg−1) and peroxide values (not detected) under both aerobic and vacuum conditions. Cooked samples (grilled and roasted) showed TBARS levels of 0.36–0.99 mg kg−1 in aerobic conditions and 0.21–0.70 mg kg−1 in vacuum conditions, whilst peroxide levels reached 38–40 and 19–23 meq O2 kg−1 in samples stored under aerobic and vacuum conditions respectively. Total COP levels in grilled and roasted samples were 28.91 and 39.34 µg g−1 fat in aerobic packaging and 4.90 and 20.24 µ g g−1 fat in vacuum packaging respectively. Significant correlations were found between the lipid oxidation parameters and cholesterol oxidation indices. In general, TBARS were better correlated with total COP than with only 7‐ketocholesterol. Vacuum packaging was particularly efficient in slowing down the oxidation process during frozen storage of cooked samples. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice cultivars and types and the selection of cultivars for reducing cadmium in the diet
Authors: Liu Jianguo , Zhu Qingsen , Zhang Zujian , Xu Jiakuan , Yang Jianchang , Wong Ming H 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA pot trial was conducted with 52 rice cultivars of different types collected from different origins. The results showed that there were great differences in Cd concentrations in straw, brown rice and grain chaff among the rice cultivars grown in a soil containing a Cd concentration of 100 mg kg−1; the Cd concentrations in brown rice ranged from 0.22 to 2.86 mg kg−1. The great genotypic differences in Cd concentrations indicated that it is possible to lower the Cd content of rice through cultivar selection and breeding. Significant differences were found in the Cd concentrations of the rice types of Indica consanguinity and those of Japonica consanguinity, but not between their origins. There were significant correlations between straw and brown rice in Cd concentration and in the total amount of Cd accumulated. The distribution ratios of the Cd accumulated in brown rice to the total Cd accumulation in the above‐ground rice plant varied greatly from 12.9 to 137.8 g kg−1, and there was significant correlation between the distribution ratios and Cd concentrations in brown rice. These indicated that Cd concentration in rice grain is governed by the transport of Cd from root to shoot and also from shoot to grain. Cd concentrations in brown rice also correlated significantly with some important agronomic traits, as well as with nitrogen concentrations, one of the most important criteria for rice quality. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic rheological properties and bread‐making qualities of wheat gluten: effects of urea and dithiothreitol
Authors: Khatkar Bhupendar S 
Published: October 2004

AbstractControlled stress rheometry differentiated glutens from the cultivars under study into ‘extra‐strong’, strong and weak on the basis of their elastic and viscous moduli measured in the linear domain. The mechanical spectra of different glutens revealed no qualitative differences, but exhibited large quantitative differences in the magnitude of the dynamic measurements, ie elastic modulus, G′, viscous modulus, G″, and loss tangent, tanδ. Both covalent and non‐covalent interactions appeared to contribute to these differences. However, disulfide cross‐links proved to be especially important determinants of differences in the elastic characteristics of the glutens. The present study indicated that dynamic rheological parameters of glutens were related to their bread‐making performance, as evidenced by the significant correlations between the dynamic moduli of the glutens and loaf volume. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis and characterization of aroma‐active compounds of Schizandra chinensis (omija) leaves
Authors: Zheng Cheng Hao , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kim Tae Hwan , Lee Hyong Joo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractVolatile components from leaves of Schizandra chinensis (omija), a native plant of Korea, were extracted by simultaneous distillation–extraction (SDE) and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) using two types of capillary column with different polarities (DB‐5MS and DB‐Wax). The GC‐MS analysis of volatile compounds obtained by SDE revealed that germacrene D is the most abundant compound (22.6%) in omija leaves, followed by β‐elemene (17.4%), (E)‐2‐hexenal (8.7%), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (7.2%). Aroma‐active compounds were determined by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) using the aroma‐extract‐dilution analysis method. (E,Z)‐2,6‐Nonadienal (cucumber) was the most intense aroma‐active compound due to its higher flavor‐dilution factor (243–729) than any other compound. (Z)‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple), (E)‐2‐hexenal (green/fruity), and (E)‐β‐ocimene (wither green/grass) were also identified as important aroma‐active compounds by GC‐O. In addition, the volatile compounds were extracted by solid‐phase microextraction (SPME), and the quantitative analysis of the SPME samples gave slightly different results, depending on the type of SPME fiber, compared with those from SDE, However, the aroma‐active compounds identified in SPME were similar to those in SDE. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumption of raw brown onions variably modulate plasma lipid profile and lipoprotein oxidation in pigs fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Gabler Nicholas K , Ostrowska Ewa , Sterling Sam J , Jones Rodney B , Tatham Brendan G , Eagling David R , Jois Mark , Dunshea Frank R 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the effects of two commercially available brown onion varieties, ‘Cavalier’ and ‘Destiny’, supplemented at two different levels, on blood lipid and oxidative status using the pig as a model. Twenty‐five female cross‐bred pigs were allocated to one of five dietary treatments that consisted of a high‐fat control diet with no onion added, a low onion dose of 10 g onion MJ−1DE and a high dose of 25 g onion MJ−1DE for each variety of onion. Supplementation with ‘Destiny’ onion resulted in a 21% (p< 0.05) reduction in the averaged fasted and postprandial plasma triacylglyceride (TG) measurements taken over the six‐week period in comparison with the control pigs. The average fasting and postprandial plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced by 5.5 and 12.4% in pigs that consumed the low and high dose of ‘Destiny’ onion, respectively (p< 0.010), while ‘Cavalier’ was only effective at lowering cholesterol levels by 10% at the lower dose of supplementation. Inhibition in the rate of serum lipoprotein oxidation, measured as lag time, was increased by 23% (p< 0.05) in plasma obtained from pigs that consumed ‘Cavalier’ compared with the control and ‘Destiny’ onion diets. These data indicate that onion consumption level may provide a dietary means of manipulating some of the risk indices associated with coronary heart disease, but the responses varied with type and dose of onion. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Carotenoids in different body components of Indian shrimps
Authors: Sachindra Nakkarike M , Bhaskar Narayan , Mahendrakar Namadev S 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe quantitative and qualitative distribution of carotenoids in different body components of four species of shrimp (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus, Metapenaeus dobsonii and Parapenaeopsis stylifera) harvested from shallow waters off the Indian coast was assessed. The highest total carotenoid contents were observed in the head (153.1 µg g−1) and carapace (104.7 µg g−1) of P stylifera, while the body components of P indicus showed the lowest carotenoid levels. Astaxanthin and its mono‐ and diesters were the major carotenoids (63.5–92.2% of total carotenoids) present in the carotenoid extracts from the shrimps, while the extracts contained low levels of β‐carotene and zeaxanthin. The major fatty acids in the carotenoid extracts were palmitic, heptadecanoic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterization of Segmented Block Copolymers Based on Hydroxyl‐Terminated Liquid Natural Rubber and α,ω‐Diisocyanato Telechelics
Authors: Maier Gerhard , Knopfova Vendula , Voit Brigitte , Ly Pham Huu , Dung Bui Tien , Thanh Do Bich 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: Segmented block copolymers, consisting of non‐polar soft segments from hydroxyl‐terminated liquid natural rubber (HTNR) and polar hard segments from α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelics obtained by “criss‐cross”‐cycloaddition, have been synthesized. The block copolymer formation took place under relatively mild reaction conditions at 80 °C in dichloroethane in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst. The resulting block copolymers were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1H NMR, FTIR, UV‐vis spectroscopy) as well as GPC for molar mass determination. The block copolymers were compression molded in a hot stage press, and the resulting samples were characterized by DSC and stress‐strain measurement. The solubility and phase morphology of the materials have also been studied.Segmented block copolymer from HTNR and α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelicsmagnified imageSegmented block copolymer from HTNR and α,ω‐diisocyanato telechelics
Effects of Characteristics of Rubber, Mixing and Vulcanization on the Structure and Properties of Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites by Melt Blending
Authors: Wu You‐Ping , Ma Yong , Wang Yi‐Qing , Zhang Li‐Qun 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: Three rubber‐based nanocomposites, natural rubber (NR), styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), and ethylene‐propylene‐diene rubber (EPDM) matrixes, were prepared with octadecylamine modified fluorohectorite (OC) by melt blending. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the SBR/OC and EPDM/OC nanocomposites exhibited a well‐ordered intercalated structure and a disordered intercalated structure, respectively. In the case of the NR/OC nanocomposite, it exhibited an intermediate intercalated and even exfoliated structure. These results were in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Furthermore, in the NR/OC and SBR/OC systems, the mixing process played a predominant role in the formation of nanometer‐scale dispersion structure, whereas the intercalated structure of EPDM/OC formed mainly during the vulcanization process. The tensile strength of SBR/OC and EPDM/OC nanocomposites loading 10 phr OC was 4–5 times higher than the value obtained for the corresponding pure rubber vulcanizate, which could be ascribed to the slippage of the rubber molecules and the orientation of the intercalated OC. For the strain‐induced crystallization NR, the exfoliated OC efficiently improved the modulus of the NR/OC nanocomposite relative to the pure NR. However, its hindrance on NR crystallization during the tensile process may be the main reason for the decrease in tensile strength of NR/OC.XRD diffraction patterns of three nanocomposites containing 10 phr organoclay.magnified imageXRD diffraction patterns of three nanocomposites containing 10 phr organoclay.
Cold Crystallization of PLLA Studied by Simultaneous SAXS and WAXS
Authors: Mano João F. , Wang Yaming , Viana Júlio C. , Denchev Zlatan , Oliveira Maria J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: The cold crystallization process of initially amorphous poly(L‐lactic acid), PLLA, with two different molecular weights, during a heating at 2 °C/min, was investigated by DSC and time‐resolved simultaneous SAXS and WAXS, using synchrotron radiation. Equatorial scans of the isotropic 2D‐SAXS patterns showed that the average Bragg long period (LB) of PLLA samples was approximately constant with the development of cold crystallization up to a temperature that corresponded to a melt/re‐crystallization process that took place before the nominal melting peak seen by DSC. LB values were found to be higher for the high molecular weight material. This was in accordance with the higher melting temperature observed in the high molecular weight PLLA that implied the existence of thicker lamellae. WAXS results showed that the molecular weight did not apparently affect the crystal form and the final degree of crystallinity of PLLA. The Avrami parameters from WAXS and DSC were consistent, showing that the non‐isothermal cold crystallization of the two PLLA samples corresponded mainly to a three‐dimensional growth, although an imperfect crystallization process was involved at early times. The crystallization rate of PLLA, observed both by WAXS and DSC, decreased with increasing molecular weight.SAXS profiles of PLLA2 as a function of temperature. The inset shows the 2D‐SAXS pattern obtained at 180 °C.magnified imageSAXS profiles of PLLA2 as a function of temperature. The inset shows the 2D‐SAXS pattern obtained at 180 °C.
Lignocellulosic Flour from Cladodes of Opuntia ficus‐indica Reinforced Poly(propylene) Composites
Authors: Malainine Mohamed E. , Mahrouz Mostafa , Dufresne Alain 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: A lignocellulosic flour was obtained by grinding dried cladodes of Opuntia ficus‐indica. It was used as low cost natural filler in PP and the effect of the treatment of the filler with MAPP was also investigated. The morphology and thermal properties of these composites were evaluated by SEM and DSC, respectively. MAPP coating resulted in a better adhesion between the filler and the matrix and higher homogeneity of the material. A decrease of the degree of crystallinity of the PP matrix in presence of the untreated filler was observed. Dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile properties were also studied. High‐strain tensile properties display enhanced mechanical properties for MAPP treated‐based composites only. When conditioned in highly moist atmosphere (98% RH), both the water uptake and water diffusion coefficient decrease when the filler was treated. These effects were ascribed to the promoting interfacial adhesion induced by the coating treatment. In liquid water, this increased adhesion between the filler and the matrix results in a higher weight loss of the material. It is due to the removal of the grafted polymer from the material during the dissolution of part of the filler.SEMs of freshly fractured surface for a PP film filled with 10 wt.‐% of MAPP treated OFI cladode (top) and calcium oxalate crystallite within the PP matrix for a 3 wt.‐% filled composite (bottom).magnified imageSEMs of freshly fractured surface for a PP film filled with 10 wt.‐% of MAPP treated OFI cladode (top) and calcium oxalate crystallite within the PP matrix for a 3 wt.‐% filled composite (bottom).
End‐Grained Wood‐Polyurethane Composites, 1
Authors: Persenaire Olivier , Alexandre Michaël , Degée Philippe , Pirard René , Dubois Philippe 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: In order to improve the dimensional stability of end‐grained wood upon environmental humidity variations, a two‐step procedure was thoroughly studied which involved the osmotic impregnation of native poplar wood by PEG, followed by the reactive impregnation with HMDI, leading to polymer chain extension and polyurethane formation. It came out that the efficiency of PEG and/or polyurethane grafting within ligno‐cellulosic cell walls was intimately related to parameters such as concentration of the PEG impregnation bath, PEG molar mass, time and temperature of impregnation steps. Based on the different sample characterizations, Soxhlet extraction and density measurements, it came out that adequate experimental conditions are to carry out osmotic impregnation at 20 °C for 24 h starting from an aqueous solution of PEG ([PEG] = 0.5 mol · L−1 and $\overline M _{{\rm n}\,{\rm PEG}}$ = 400 or 1 000) and reactive impregnation in bulk with a large excess of HMDI at 20 °C for 2 h. Combining scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry demonstrated the selective impregnation of cell wall and wood rays which were collapsed in native wood and expanded in wood polyurethane composites.SEM of an end‐grained wood transversal cross‐section after Soxhlet extractions successively with water and THF.magnified imageSEM of an end‐grained wood transversal cross‐section after Soxhlet extractions successively with water and THF.
End‐Grained Wood‐Polyurethane Composites, 2
Authors: Persenaire Olivier , Alexandre Michaël , Degée Philippe , Dubois Philippe 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: This paper is the second of a two‐part series devoted to the preparation and the characterization of end‐grained WPCs. WPCs were obtained by polycondensation and reactive grafting of PEG or PPG with diisocyanate derivatives within the wood structure. In this part of the study, the improvement of both the dimensional stability and mechanical properties were investigated. It came out that dimensional stability was influenced by the polyol nature, functionality, and content in wood. Both PEG and PPG appeared to be efficient to improve dimensional stabilization, especially at higher weight fraction in wood. A tuning of the impregnation conditions allowed to reach a dimensional stabilization as high as 70%. Performing compression and bending tests evidenced that the mechanical properties of the WPCs were not negatively affected by the reactive impregnation process. Moreover, it could be shown that the WPCs prepared starting from PPG displayed higher stiffness than PEG‐based WPCs.Schematic representation of the three‐layered wood cell wall.magnified imageSchematic representation of the three‐layered wood cell wall.
The Effect of Particle Matrix Adhesion on the Mechanical Properties of Silica Filled Cyanate Ester Composites
Authors: Wooster Tim J. , Abrol Simmi , Hey Jeffrey M. , MacFarlane Douglas R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: The effect of silica and its surface treatment on the mechanical properties of composites was studied as part of the evaluation of cyanate ester matrices as potential electronic encapsulants. Three filler surface treatments were used, as a qualitative interfacial adhesion scale, in an attempt to gauge the magnitude of interfacial adhesion between untreated filler and the cyanate ester matrix. There was strong interfacial adhesion between matrix and untreated filler. The level of silica content most affected composite modulus and fracture toughness. Filler surface treatment most affected composite strength and fracture toughness/energy. Composite fracture was found to occur via crack pinning and/or crack blunting depending on the strength of adhesion. The composites evaluated were found to possess suitable mechanical properties for potential use as electronic encapsulants.
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An Improved Method for the Dispersion Assessment of Flame Retardant Filler/Polymer Systems Based on the Multifractal Analysis of SEM Images
Authors: Mills Stephen L. , Lees Graham C. , Liauw Christopher M. , Lynch Stephen 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: The dispersion quality of filler particles in highly loaded, flame retardant filled (FRF) polymer composites has been quantified using a complementary multifractal image analysis method. The use of an alternative imaging signal, backscattered electrons, greatly reduced the time required for image capture, relative to energy dispersive X‐ray signals discussed previously. Characteristic Dq multifractal spectra were calculated from BSE image data and multifractal curve width was once again observed to be a good indicator of dispersion quality. Numerically derived data was in strong agreement with a visual interpretation of images exhibiting variations in dispersion quality. This new method was used to study a series of FRF/EVA composite compounds based on aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, both uncoated and coated with isostearic acid. Results from a screening experimental design were used to investigate the effect of material formulation on dispersion quality. Variations in dispersion quality observed in formulations based on isostearic acid treated filler could be related to the differing isostearic acid adsorption characteristics of the two metal hydroxides.Observed versus predicted scatter plot for the linear model describing the dependence of mean Dq curve width on material formulation.magnified imageObserved versus predicted scatter plot for the linear model describing the dependence of mean Dq curve width on material formulation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hyperbranched Poly(β‐ketoester) by the Michael Addition
Authors: Kim Yang‐Bae , Kim Hyun Kyoung , Nishida Haruo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel hyperbranched poly(β‐ketoester) was synthesized from 2‐(acetoacetoxy)ethyl acrylate by the Michael addition in the presence of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) as catalyst. 1H NMR integration experiments revealed that the degree of branching in the poly(β‐ketoester) was remarkably high at a level of 82.9%. The number‐average molecular weight of the polymer was between 2 100 and 12 000 and increased with reaction temperature and conversion.Synthesis of hyperbranched polymer by Michael addition of AAEA.magnified imageSynthesis of hyperbranched polymer by Michael addition of AAEA.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 10/2004
Authors: Mills Stephen L. , Lees Graham C. , Liauw Christopher M. , Lynch Stephen 
Published: October 2004

Cover: Back scattered electron SEM images of cryo‐cut surfaces of a composites of magnesium hydroxide and ethylene vinyl acetate. The images show the effect of filler content on dispersion quality. The graph quantifies the dispersion quality via Dq multi‐fractal spectra, the poorer the dispersion the greater the deflection of the curve downwards. This deflection is quantified as a Dq spectral width. At low filler level (Images 2–4), the shear stress developed in the melt during processing is insufficient to break up agglomerates.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by S. L. Mills, G. C. Lees, C. M. Liauw,* and S. Lynch on page 864.
Light‐Induced Demixing of Hole or Electron Transporting Moieties
Authors: Behl Marc , Zentel Rudolf , Broer Dick J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSummary: This paper describes the synthesis of two triphenylamine monomers (hole conducting) and one triazine monomer (electron conducting) which differ in their copolymerization parameters because of their styrene and vinyl ester nature. A blend of triphenylamine monomer and poly(ethylene glycol) and mixtures of both types of monomers (triphenylamine and triazine) were illuminated through a line mask, creating laterally modulated radicals, thus leading to lateral demixing. The experiments with mixtures of triphenylamine and triazine monomers show that the concentration of p‐ or n‐type polymers can be modulated laterally in a controlled way.AFM measurement of line pattern formed by illuminating a mixture of monomer 2 and 3 showing the height difference between illuminated and non‐illuminated areas.imageAFM measurement of line pattern formed by illuminating a mixture of monomer 2 and 3 showing the height difference between illuminated and non‐illuminated areas.