bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide and Judicial Records
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In searching the past no student can be blamed for looking first at contemporary chroniclers. They wrote for him. But in the matter of suicide their reticence has been emphasized by its very exceptions, thrust into the narrative by considerations special to themselves. Reticence is itself a form of communication; and that of the chroniclers has revealed, among other things, the directions the search must now take. Those special areas, law and religion, whose peculiar conditions caused chroniclers to utter on suicide, had their own documentation, beyond any chronicles. They are therefore the areas, among medieval writings generally, where suicides were most likely to be recorded. That is a hair-thin logical deduction, but a moment’s reflection will give it more substance.
Portraits from English Courts II
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical evidence calls for reading in two ways: directly, for what it says, and indirectly, for what it reveals without saying. Of silent modes of revelation none is more fruitful than anomaly. That is why Jacques Le Goff, the French social and intellectual historian, has taught us the principle ‘recherchez l’anomalie.’ For anomalies usually reveal influences at work behind the writer’s shoulder and of which he is unaware, influences urging him to say or imply contradictions.
Visigothic Spain 409–711
Authors: Collins Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chronological boundaries of this period in Spanish history are defined by two invasions. The first of these was that of the Alans, Sueves, and Vandals, who crossed the Pyrenees in September or October 409, and put an end to Roman imperial rule over much of the Iberian peninsula. Although this process was not completed until the Visigothic conquest of the last imperial enclaves in the 470s, the collapse of the defences of the Pyrenees in 409 began the transition to the rule in Spain of a series of monarchies whose ruling families were of Germanic origin. At the other end of this period in 7II, invaders from the south, comprising mixed forces of Berbers and Arabs, brought about the collapse of the Visigothic kingdom, and with it the end of the existence of a unitary state exercising authority over virtually the whole peninsula. This would only be recovered during the brief period (1580–1640) in which Portugal was subject to the rule of the Habsburg kings of Spain.
Us Non-Proliferation Campaigns And Their Impact On Institutional Change
Authors: Riecke Henning 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuclear non-proliferation has been one of principal objectives of United States foreign and security policy. Both the build-up of non-proliferation institutions and unilateral or collective efforts against potential nuclear proliferators and their programmes have been crucial elements of American strategy. The non-proliferation regime would not be what it is today without these American efforts. However, the effects of US campaigns against alleged defectors are not always positive. This needs to be explained.
Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses the little-studied area of Russian genre painting in the first three-quarters of the nineteenth century. Rosalind Gray begins by examining artistic patronage and published texts which engaged with the visual arts, in order to illustrate the context in which Russian artists were working. Five major painters - Venetsianov, Bryullov, Ivanov, Fedotov and Perov - are then discussed in detail. Dr Gray identifies the vital contribution which these artists made to Russian intellectual life, as genre painting was appropriated as a medium in the dissemination of popular values and social change. At the same time, the relationship between Russian and European art is explored. The book demonstrates that, far from being a self-contained movement, Russian genre painting instead engaged in a fluid and complex dialogue with the art of the West.
England, France, and Christendom, 1360–1413
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the capture of King John of France at Poitiers in 1356 dictated an eventual suspension of hostilities, peace was not achieved until 1360, the only peace of the Hundred Years War acknowledged by both sides. Yet the ensuing decade was not one of real peace or even of the absence of war. Neither side wanted a ﬁnal peace; both treated it as a suspension of hostilities in which they manoeuvred for allies, contested spheres of inﬂuence, and even fought war by proxy. Edward III sought to open up further areas for military intervention by his sons, while Charles V, who succeeded on the death of John in 1364, set his mind to expel the English from the territories his father had conceded.
Ruling England, 1360–1413
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one would have doubted, in 1360, that the ‘Great Peace’ marked the commencement of a new era. Although France’s prostration exposed her to English and Gascon routiers, the Commons in parliament saw it as marking their ‘deliverance from the bondage of other lands and the many charges they had sustained in times past’. For thirty years the king had pressed them hard, securing their partnership in war with the promise of ruling with ‘lenience and gentleness’, when peace came. King and subjects could now look forward to the fruits of victory. While the court replaced the camp as the focus of Edward’s life, its tone was consciously chivalric. Still vigorous at 50, Edward indulged a passion for hunting and falconry, feasts and tournaments. Windsor was reconstructed as the ceremonial centre of the monarchy, with the Order of the Garter established in St George’s Chapel.
England and her Neighbours
Authors: Harriss Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward III’s prospective renunciation of the French crown in 1360 might have diverted his ambitions towards creating a multiple kingdom of Great Britain, with Scotland added to Wales, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. Like other such conglomerates, its sole bond would have been the king’s lordship; it would not have been envisaged or realized as a unitary state, with common institutions and citizenship. For Welsh, Irish, and Scots were distinct peoples, with different languages, laws or customs, social structures, and identities, who lived in deﬁned territories. In each a sense of ethnic nationhood had been fostered by resistance to, and hatred of, the English.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Death has a history. The ways people die have changed over the centuries; beliefs about death and burial customs have changed even more profoundly. Massive epidemics and periodic famines have disappeared from the western world; they have been replaced by the slaughter of world war and by genocide. Individuals seldom die in the prime of their lives, struck down by fevers and infections; most of us perish in old age, succumbing to diseases of the heart. That is why the killers that do not respect age, cancer and AIDS, are so terrifying. When mortality rates were very high, in the medieval and early modern period, death was accepted as a part of life-’Tame Death’, Philippe Aries called it. The dying tried to end their lives well, observing customary rituals; the survivors played their parts, too, as participants in the rites of dying and later in the rites of burial. Dying was an art. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, less and less emphasis was placed on the hour of death. The art of dying became more dependent on the art of living, living as a good Christian.
The Identification of Suicides
Authors: MacDonald Michael , Murphy Terence R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociologists have in recent years challenged Durkheimian approaches to the study of suicide. The attack has been mounted on two fronts. Critics have assailed the ‘positivists’’ reliance on official statistics. They have shown that suicide rates a1:e generally inaccurate, and that they do not reflect the actual rate at which suicide is committed. More specifically, they have demonstrated that the ratio between recorded suicides and the ‘real’ suicide rate is not constant but varies from time to time as the personnel and procedures of certifying agencies change. They have argued that the classification of a death as a suicide is a complex social event. A suicide verdict is arrived at only after the coroner, witnesses, family, and others have analysed the circumstances surrounding the death and the background of the deceased in light of prevailing definitions of and attitudes to suicide and what one scholar calls ‘folk theories’ about the states of mind, motives, and personal history of people who kill themselves. On a broader front, the critics have attacked the theories underlying statistical studies. They have called for approaches and methods that owe more to phenomenology and symbolic interactionism than to positivism and functionalism. The ethnomethodologists emphasize the labelling process and focus their attention on the agencies that classify deaths and the attitudes and procedures that influence their choices.
Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Baranzini Mauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this volume is to enquire theoretically into the process of accumulation, distribution, and transmission of savings in a capitalist society. In particular the aim is to focus on the forces which account for the formation of two types of accumulated savings (inter-generational assets or bequests and life-cycle savings) and on their respective role in the determination of the distributive equilibrium variables of the model.
Variation
Authors: Moon Rosamund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corpus studies of FEIs show clearly that their forms are often unstable. Fixedness is a key property of FEIs, yet around 40% of database FEIs have lexical variations or strongly institutionalized transformations, and around 14% have two or more variations on their canonical forms. Of course, some FEIs are more fixed than others, and some, for example, take place and at all, do not vary at all; however, variation is very widespread. This is not a phenomenon confined to English, but has been reported by people involved in text-based or corpus-based studies of FEIs in other languages. For example, Clausen (1996) discusses it with respect to Swedish, and Cignoni and Coffey (1995) with respect to Italian: lexicographers working with Danish and Czech have also observed it (personal communications). Nor are all these variations ad hoc manipulations for stylistic effect. Such exploitations happen (see Section 6.7) and are very noticeable in text, but they are not the dominant type. Designating departures from canonical forms as ‘artistic deformations’ (Mel’cuk 1995: 213) or ‘wordplay’ (Schenk 1995: 257) underplays the prevalence and significance of the phenomenon of variation.
Intrasentential Centering: A Case Study
Authors: Kameyama Megumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the necessary extensions to the centering model is a mechanism to handle pronouns with intrasentential antecedents. Existing centering mod els only deal with discourses consisting of simple sentences. and leave unclear how to delimit center-updating utterance units and how to process complex utterances consisting of multiple clauses. This chapter explores the extent to which a straightforward extension of an existing inter sentential centering model contributes to this effect I will motivate an approach that breaks a complex sentence into a hierarchy of center updating units, and proposes the preferred interpretation of a pronoun in its local context arbitrarily deep in the given sentence structure. This approach will then be substantiated with examples from naturally occur ring written discourses.
Assigning Antecedents to Ambiguous Pronouns: The Role of the Center of Attention as the Default Assignment
Authors: Hudson-D’zmura Susan , Tanenhaus Michael K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four experiments examined the use of pronouns and nouns in discourse using an on-line coherence judgment task. Ambiguous pronouns referring to the center of attention (Grosz, Joshi. and Weinstein 1983) were judged to be coherent more often and more quickly than ambiguous pronouns which did not refer to the center of attention indicating that an immediate provisional interpretation was made on the basis of the discourse structure. In addition, ambiguous pronouns were processed faster than explicit nouns when both were used to establish the discourse focus. Ambiguous pro nouns were interpreted as referring to the focused entity even when this assignment was implausible.
The Implications of Lexical Exceptions for the Nature of Grammar
Authors: Inkelas Sharon , Orgun C Orhan , Zoll Cheryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences of lexical exceptions for the nature of grammar, drawing a comparison between two types of phonological theory: rule theory (or derivational theory), which uses rules to capture alternations and constraints to capture static patterns, and Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993), which uses constraints to handle alternations as well as static patterns. We conclude that in order to deal with lexical exceptions, rule theory is forced to use morpheme-specific co-phonologies (subgrammars), a practice which engenders such serious problems that it must be rejected outright. By contrast, Optimality Theory is capable of avoiding morpheme-specific co-phonologies. The fact that OT has violable constraints allows it to employ a principled prespecification approach to lexical exceptions. As we demonstrate, prespecification has a number of advantages over the co-phonology approach and none of its fatal problems. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the positive implications of OT for a principled underlying representation, and with some speculation on the grammatical status of static patterns.
English Pronunciation in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Beal Joan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Spence (1750-1814) was a native of Newcastle upon Tyne who is best known for his political writings, and more particularly for his radical `Plan' for social reform involving common ownership of the land. One hitherto neglected aspect of Spence's Plan was his proposal to extend the benefits of reading and of `correct' pronunciation to the lower classes by means of a phonetic script of his own devising, first set out and used in Spence's Grand Repository of the English Language (1775). The Grand Repository was one of many English pronouncing dictionaries produced in the late eighteenth century to satisfy the growing demands for a clear guide to `correct' pronunciation. It differs from its contemporaries firstly in that it was intended primarily for the lower classes, and secondly in that it is the only eighteenth-century pronouncing dictionary of English to use a truly `phonetic' script in the sense of one sound = one symbol. In this fascinating and unique account, Beal pays particular attention to the actual pronunciations advocated by Spence and his contemporaries with a view to reconstructing what was felt to be `correct' pronunciation in eighteenth-century Britain. With broad appeal to linguists and historians alike, this study highlights the importance of pronouncing dictionaries as a resource for the historical phonologist, and provides a valuable addition to the limited body of knowledge on eighteenth-century pronunciation.
On establishing a tradition
Authors: Hullen Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of linguistics, theoretical as well as applied, there are several such ‘established custom[s] or institution[s]’, the most noteworthy of which is probably grammatography, the description of analogous structures of any language for the sake of teaching and improving its use according to certain criteria. Indeed, in Europe we have used in grammatography a stable, that is, a traditional, terminology since Dionysius Thrax (?170-?90 BC) (Law and Sluiter 1995). Another tradition of this kind has been rhetoric since the days of Cicero (106-43 BC) and Quintilian (?35-?100) (Plett 1995); a third is what would today be called semiotics, meaning the explanation of the nature and the functions of various kinds of signs, notably the linguistic ones, as has been done since Aristotle (384/3-322 BC) and St Augustine (354-430) (Deely 1982, Posner, Robering, and Sebeok 1997).
Function, Selection, and Innateness
Authors: Kirby Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores issues at the core of modern linguistics and cognitive science. Why are all languages similar in some ways and in others utterly different? Why do languages change and change variably? How did the human capacity for language evolve, and how far did it do so as an innate ability? Simon Kirby looks at these questions from a broad perspective, arguing that they can (indeed must) be studied together. The author begins by examining how far the universal properties of language may be explained by examining the way it is used, and how far by the way it is structured. He then considers what insights may be gained by combining functional and formal approaches. In doing so he develops a way of treating language as an adaptive system, in which its communicative and formal roles are both crucial and complementary. In order to test the effectiveness of competing theories and explanations, Simon Kirby develops computational models to show what universals emerge given a particular theory of language use or acquisition. He presents here both the methodology and the results. Function, Selection, and Innateness is important for its argument, its methodology, and its conclusions. It is a powerful demonstration of the value of looking at language as an adaptive system and goes to the heart of current debates on the evolution and nature of language.
The Impact of Processing on Word Order
Authors: Kirby Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to explore how pressures on language use can explain language universals, some theory of use must be put forward. This chapter examines such a theory--the performance theory of John Hawkins (e.g. Hawkins 1994a)-that has been mainly used to explain word-order universals. Hawkins’s theory provides us with an explicit quantification of the relative parsing complexity of various orders of constituents. The main thrust of this chapter will be to solve the problem of linkage in this specific case: how does a difference in parsing complexity lead to a difference in cross-linguistic distribution? Although this is a quite specific example of the fit of universals to processing, the solution will be developed in general terms and extended to other examples later in the book.
A Local Grammar of Evaluation
Authors: Hunston Susan , Sinclair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We mentioned in the introduction to this volume the generally accepted view that, except in the case of modality, evaluation does not have its own grammar and can most efficiently be explored in lexical terms alone. This bias arises partly at least because, from the viewpoint of a general grammar of the language, evaluation appears parasitic on other resources and to be somewhat randomly dispersed across a range of structural options shared with non-evaluative functions. If, however, we start from the expression of evaluation and identify the set of structures that are involved, we may well end up with a more systematic and coherent picture. That is what Hunston and Sinclair set out to do in their chapter: to provide a local grammar of evaluation.
Evaluation and Organization in Text: The Structuring Role of Evaluative Disjuncts
Authors: Thompson Geoff , Zhou Jianglin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People usually talk about coherence as the logical connections that can be made between the various parts of a (written or spoken) text. Specific connections may be signalled by conjunctive items (words such as and, so, but), which are one of the categories of cohesion (see Halliday and Hasan 1976; Halliday 1994). The argument underpinning Thompson and Zhou’s chapter is that both coherence and cohesion depend on evaluation — what the writer thinks about what he or she is writing — as well as on the logical connections. They argue that what they call ‘evaluative coherence’ runs alongside the more traditional ‘propositional coherence’. They provide evidence that some adverbs which express evaluation (such as unfortunately, plainly, happily) perform a function similar to that performed by the traditional category of conjunct. In other words, an adverb such as unfortunately does not only comment on the content of the clause of which it is a part, but can also suggest a specific kind of connection between two clauses, thereby establishing a cohesive link.
Beyond Exchange: APPRAISAL Systems in English
Authors: Martin J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter Martin examines evaluative lexis expressing the speaker or writer’s opinion on, very broadly, the good/bad parameter. His study is set within the systemic functional linguistic tradition; and the account is therefore couched in terms of systems: sets of options which are available to the speaker or writer covering the meanings that can be and are typically expressed in particular contexts, and the linguistic means of expressing them.
English for the Computer
Authors: Sampson Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computer processing of natural language is a burgeoning field, but until now there has been no agreement on a standardized classification of the diverse structural elements that occur in real-life language material. This book attempts to define a "Linnaean taxonomy" for the English language: an annotation scheme, the SUSANNE scheme, which yields a labelled constituency structure for any string of English, comprehensively identifying all of its surface and logical structural properties. The structure is specified with sufficient rigour that analysts working independently must produce identical annotations for a given example. The scheme is based on large sample of real-life use of British and American written and spoken English. The book also describes the SUSANNE electronic corpus of English which is annotated in accordance with the scheme. It is freely available as a research resource to anyone working at a computer conected to Internet, and since 1992 has come into widespread use in academic and commerical research environments on four continents.
Cognates and Comparisons: Natural Morphology and Neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Biology
Authors: Mcmahon April 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At present, some of the arguments around OT are uncannily and uncomfortably-like those current in the early days of Standard Generative Phonology: the definition of abstractness may differ, and we face an accumulation of constraints rather than rules, but the fundamental problems are very similar. Furthermore, they might be seen as arising from a shared conceptual weakness, in the form of a lack of constraint on the main formal mechanism of the theory, namely rules for Standard Generative Phonology and constraints for OT. Because of the drive inherent in both models to derive all phonological phenomena from a single mode of analysis, the rules and constraints become more and more divorced from actual data, and themselves become the focus of attention. One possible way forward for OT has emerged from the last two chapters: we might argue that restrictions on the number, type and language specificity of constraints are necessary, propose new machinery, and suggest restrictions in turn on that, ideally ensuring at each stage that we understand the interaction of the new mechanisms with those already established in the theory, and that we do not simply allow a proliferation of ill-understood and situation specific tools.