bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 1979 division 27 award for distinguished contributions to community psychology and community mental health: Emory L. Cowen
Authors: Cowen Emory L. , Chinsky Jack M. , Rappaport Julian 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe metaphor of the paper's title offers a framework for a brief summary. Effective wooing of primary prevention requires that we take seriously, and adhere to, its clear, sensible defining guidelines; systematize, and further develop, its generative base; use that base to guide the formulation of new primary prevention programs; further develop frameworks to promote informed choices of programs derecions from among many attractive possibilities; and be more hard‐nosed as program evaluators. That type of courtship should improve our love life with — and perhaps even, science of — primary prevention in mental health.
Training of interns and practicum students at community mental health centers
Authors: Zolik Edwin S. , Bogat G. Anne , Jason Leonard A. 
Published: December 2004

ConclusionThe training of interns and practicum students has become a significant part of the overall program of CMHCs over the last decade. Although many centers provide innovative training in areas consistent with the philosophies of community mental health/community psychology, CMHCs consider the outstanding training which they provide to be in the traditional clinical areas. The fact that the revolution envisaged by the early proponents of the CMH/CP ideology has become transformed into an evolution is not cause for dismay but rather constitutes a study in social change. The planned incorporation of additional CMH/CP components into training programs augurs well for the future. However, the future of training programs is dependent on the extent to which the profession as a whole marshals its resources to not only maintain but increase the financial resources required for maintaining our network of training facilities—CMHCs along with other facilities.
Molecular characterization of glutathione peroxidase‐like protein in halotolerant Chlamydomonas sp. W80
Authors: Takeda Toru , Miyao Kazuhiro , Tamoi Masahiro , Kanaboshi Haruo , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Shigeoka Shigeru 
Published: December 2004

A cDNA clone encoding a glutathione peroxidase (GPX)‐like protein was isolated from the cDNA library from halotolerant Chlamydomonas W80 (C. W80) by a simple screening method based on the bacterial expression system. The cDNA clone contained an open reading frame encoding a mature protein of 163 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 18 267 Da. No potential signal peptide was found. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA showed 40–63% and 37–46% homology to those of GPX‐like proteins from higher plants and mammalian GPXs, respectively. The C. W80 GPX‐like protein contained a normal cysteine residue instead of a selenocysteine at the catalytic site. However, it contained amino acid residues (glutamine and tryptophan) that are involved in three protein loops and are important for the catalytic activity in the mammalian GPX. Interestingly, the native and recombinant GPX‐like proteins showed activities towards unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides, but not towards either H2O2 or phospholipid hydroperoxide. Transformed E. coli cells expressing the C. W80 GPX‐like protein showed enhanced tolerance to 5% NaCl or 0.2 mM paraquat treatments. Accession number: The nucleotide sequence data reported have been submitted to the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank nucleotide sequence databases with the following accession number AB009083.
Effects of intraspecific and interspecific density on the demography of a perennial herb, Sanicula europaea
Authors: Gustafsson Christel , Ehrlén Johan 
Published: December 2004

We examined the effects of intraspecific and interspecific competition on demographic processes in the perennial herb Sanicula europaea by manipulating the density of neighbouring plants. We followed the response in terms of survival, growth and reproduction and in terms of seedling recruitment. The demographic data from all phases of the life cycle enabled us to assess also the overall effects of treatments on population growth rate (λ) by transition matrix models. We also decomposed the differences in λ between control and treatments, using life table response experiments (LTRE). To study the effects of competition on recruitment in more detail and to evaluate the role of seed availability, we sowed seeds at different densities with or without vegetation removal.Vegetative growth and flowering frequency of established individuals was not significantly affected by removal treatments, which suggest no, or a delayed response to released competition. Neighbour removal had no effect on seedling emergence but enhanced recruitment through a higher seedling survival. Conspecific and simultaneous conspecific and heterospecific removal of plants led to an increase in population growth rate (λ), whereas heterospecific removal alone led to a decrease. Emergence of seedlings and fate of vegetative established individuals contributed most to differences in λ between the control and the different treatments. Seed addition enhanced seedling emergence but, as seedling and juvenile survival were density dependent, densities of established individuals appear not to be seed limited.In S. europaea removal treatments had different effects on established individuals and recruitment. This suggests that studies quantifying the effects of competition over the entire life cycle and performed in a natural environment are necessary to assess the importance of competition in perennial plant populations.
017 Evaluation of the ‘NASA’ garment for children with xeroderma pigmentosum
Authors: Sayre R.M. , Dowdy J.C. , Stanfield J. , Menter J.M. , Hatch K.L. 
Published: December 2004

In the early 1990s NASA scientists developed a UV protective garment resembling a space suit for children afflicted with xeroderma pigmentosum. This garment together with gloves and face shield is able to protect the child allowing outdoor activities.We have examined all components of the garment within the framework of testing procedures developed for UV protective clothes and fabrics. The result is the garment developed more than 10 years ago meets today's standards for UV protective garments.Since photosensitive individuals, in general, may be affected by non‐erythemogenic wavelengths, clothing for these patients require strategies not obvious for sunburn protection of normal individuals. These needs will be examined and recommendations made.
A questionnaire survey of attitudes to and usage of sunscreens in northwest England
Authors: Ling T.‐C. , Faulkner C. , Rhodes L. E. 
Published: December 2004

Background/Purpose: Sunscreens are employed with the aim of reducing the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but little is known about their use in the UK.Methods: This questionnaire survey assessed attitudes to and usage of sunscreens in northwest England in 2000. Subjects (186 females and 102 males) were recruited from the waiting rooms of four general practices, with a high response rate of 97%.Results: Females were more frequent users of sunscreens than males, but only 35% females and 8% males reported their regular use. Twenty‐two per cent of the study population did not use sunscreens at all, whereas 66% of subjects bought a sunscreen product once a year or less. Thirty‐four per cent subjects reported experiencing sunburn in the last 2 years. Interestingly, more (60%) sunburns were found to occur at home in the UK than on holidays abroad, and these frequently occurred during outdoor activities other than deliberate sunbathing.Conclusion: There remains much scope for sunscreen education in the British public.
The impact of bleaching on the metabolic contribution of dinoflagellate symbionts to their giant clam host
Authors: LEGGAT W. , BUCK B. H. , GRICE A. , YELLOWLEES D. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTBleaching (loss of symbiotic dinoflagellates) is known to significantly decrease the fitness of symbiotic marine invertebrates resulting in reduced growth, fecundity and survival. This report is the first to quantify the effects of bleaching on inorganic carbon (Ci) and ammonium flux, fixation and export of photosynthate to the host, in this case the giant clam Tridacna gigas. The 1998 bleaching event was found to decrease the zooxanthellae population 30‐fold when comparing bleached to non‐bleached clams. This resulted in significant increases in haemolymph Ci and decreases in haemolymph pH and glucose concentration, the predominant photosynthate exported from zooxanthellae in this symbiosis. There was also a decrease in the expression levels of host carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme involved in Ci transport to the zooxanthellae, and although host glutamine synthase levels were unaffected, the clams ability to assimilate ammonium was eliminated in bleached individuals, suggesting that photosynthate from the zooxanthellae is required for ammonium assimilation. In an artificial bleaching experiment haemolymph Ci (r2 = 0.97), pH (r2 = 0.94) and glucose levels (r2 = 0.95) were correlated to zooxanthellae numbers during both bleaching and recovery. Recovery of the zooxanthellae population, was enhanced four‐fold by the addition of organic and inorganic nutrients, as were related haemolymph characteristics. These results highlight the profound physiological changes that occur in symbiotic organisms during and after a bleaching event.
Genetic diversity among populations and breeding lines from recurrent selection in Brassica napus as revealed by RAPD markers
Authors: Yuan M. , Zhou Y. , Liu D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecurrent selection facilitated by dominant male sterility has been conducted to broaden the genetic basis for cultivar development in Brassica napus. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variation in four base populations (C0‐C3) and breeding lines from two of the populations produced during recurrent selection by random amplified polymorphic DNA (Rapd) markers. Genetic variation in four populations declined gradually with the advance of selection cycles as measured by expected genetic heterozygosity (from 0.2058 in C0 to 0.1536 in C3) but the decline was not statistically significant. When compared with the average genetic distances for 21 germplasm collections with wide geographical and genetic origins (0.4712) and seven breeding lines from pedigree selection (0.2059), seven breeding lines selected from the C1 population and 11 from the C3 population had a larger average genetic distance (0.5339 and 0.5486, respectively). Clustering analysis indicated that the lines from recurrent selection had a much lower genetic similarity than lines from pedigree selection. Our results suggest that base populations derived from recurrent selection could provide a wider genetic variation for selection of breeding lines with more broad genetic bases.
Identification of RAPD markers linked to recessive genes conferring siliqua shatter resistance in Brassica rapa
Authors: Mongkolporn O. , Kadkol G. P. , Pang E. C. K. , Taylor P. W. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractShattering of siliquae causes significant seed loss in canola (Brassica napus) production worldwide. There is little genetic variation for resistance to shatter in canola and, hence, the trait has been studied in B. rapa. Previous studies have shown two randomly segregating recessive genes to be responsible for shatter resistance. Three random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were identified as being linked to shatter resistance using bulked segregant analysis in a F3B. rapa population. The population was derived from a cross between a shatter‐susceptible Canadian cultivar and a shatter‐resistant Indian line. Of the three markers, RAC‐3900 and RX‐71000 were linked to recessive sh1 and sh2 alleles, and SAC‐201300 was linked to both dominant Sh1 and Sh2 alleles. The common marker for the dominant wild‐type allele for the two loci was explained to have resulted from duplication of an original locus and the associated markers through chromosome duplication and rearrangements in the process of evolution of the modern B. rapa from its progenitor that had a lower number of chromosomes. Segregation data from double heterozygous F3 families, although limited, indicated the markers were not linked to each other and provided further evidence for the duplication hypothesis.
Variability and early selection on the seedling stage for agronomic traits in progenies from olive crosses
Authors: León L. , Rallo L. , Del Rio C. , Martin L. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractYield per tree, ripening date and oil content components (fruit fresh weight, flesh moisture, flesh/stone ratio both on fresh and dry weight basis, flesh and fruit oil content on dry weight basis) have been studied during 3 years in seedlings from crosses among the olive cultivars ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’ and ‘Picual’. Genetic and environmental variances and year‐to‐year consistency of data were estimated. Most of the traits evaluated showed a range of variability as large or even larger than either the range observed in a random sample of cultivars from the World Olive Germplasm Bank of Cordoba or the range reported in the evaluation of olive cultivars collections. Between‐years correlation coefficients showed that for a character such as oil content the values obtained in the first year could be reliable indicators of the values obtained in following years. Observations over 2 years may be required for characters such as fruit weight or flesh/stone ratio on a fresh weight basis and even more than 2 years may be required to estimate yield per tree.
Ixodid tick species recovered from domestic dogs in Japan
Authors: Shimada Y. , Beppu T. , Inokuma H. , Okuda M. , Onishi T. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.The species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) recovered from domestic dogs in Japan between September to November 2000 and April to June 2001 were identified. A total of 4122 ticks, including 1624 larvae, 1200 nymphs, 1016 females and 282 males were removed from 1221 dogs during these periods. Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) was the most frequently found (40.3% of dogs), followed by H. flava (Neumann) (16.1% of dogs), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) (4.8% of dogs) and Ixodes ovatus (Neumann) (4.1% of dogs). Small numbers of H. hystricis (Supino), H. campanulata (Warburton), H. japonica (Warburton), H. ias (Nakamura and Yajima), I. persulcatus (Schulze), I. nipponensis (Kitaoka and Saito) and Amblyomma testudinarium (Koch) were also recovered. In the spring sample, a total of 1408 ticks (78 larvae, 411 nymphs, 792 adult females and 127 adult males) were recovered from 570 dogs. The autumn sample included a larger proportion of larval stage and fewer adult ticks (1546 larvae, 789 nymphs, 224 adult females and 155 adult males). Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. flava and I. ovatus showed a wide geographical distribution from northern to southern Japan, whereas R. sanguineus were mainly distributed in the subtropical Okinawa prefecture with a few exceptions. Dogs in rural areas more frequently carried H. longicornis, H. flava and I. ovatus than dogs in urban or suburban areas, whereas R. sanguineus was more associated with the dogs in urban/suburban areas. Exposure to a garden was significantly associated with R. sanguineus and exposure to woodland was significantly associated with H. flava and I. ovatus. This is the first systematic survey of canine ticks in Japan.
Collection of wind‐borne haematophagous insects in the Torres Strait, Australia
Authors: Johansen C. A. , Farrow R. A. , Morrisen A. , Foley P. , Bellis G. , Van Den Hurk A. F. , Montgomery B. , Mackenzie J. S. , Ritchie S. A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract.Circumstantial evidence has implicated wind‐borne mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the introduction of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus into Australia from the New Guinea mainland. A study was initiated on Saibai Island in the northern Torres Strait, during January and February 2000, to identify the potential source of insects collected in aerial (kytoon) and surface‐level traps. Wind speed and direction were recorded to determine wind profiles during insect sampling. Northerly winds capable of carrying insects from New Guinea to Saibai Island were only present on three out of 18 nights sampled. Only three male mosquitoes, comprising two Verrallina funerea (Theobald) and one Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse), were collected in aerial samples, and were most likely of local origin. Culicoides midges were also collected in aerial nets and included gravid/parous C. bundyensis Lee and Reye, and one parous C. histrio Johannsen. Highest densities of arthropods (up to 1562/million m3) were on 30 January 2000 when NW winds, sustained for six hours, probably introduced midges from the New Guinea mainland. Adult mosquitoes (including three female Ve. funerea and a single female Ficalbia) and Culicoides (including two gravid C. bundyensis and one parous C. cordiger Macfie) were also collected in 2 m high mast nets during northerly surface winds. Although the results do not provide evidence that wind‐blown mosquitoes introduced JE from New Guinea into Australia, they do not preclude that strong N winds associated with low pressure systems SW of the Torres Strait could have done so. However, results suggest that Culicoides were more likely than mosquitoes to reach high altitude and travel long distances during the light N winds experienced during the study.
Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause childhood overweight?
Authors: Widerøe Marius , Vik Torstein , Jacobsen Geir , Bakketeig Leiv S. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine a possible association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood overweight. From a population‐based cohort of 5722 women from Trondheim, Bergen (Norway) and Uppsala (Sweden) enrolled in early pregnancy during 1986–92, a random sample of 482 women was selected for participation. They were followed up throughout pregnancy, and their children from birth until 5 years of age. Data on maternal smoking and diet, socio‐economic determinants and breast feeding were recorded prospectively. During pregnancy and childhood, anthropometric measures were also recorded. Maternal smoking status was based on reported number of cigarettes smoked in week 17 of pregnancy. Child overweight was defined by body mass index (BMI) and sum of skinfold thickness (SFT) ≥ 85th percentile at 5 years of age.Children of mothers who smoked in pregnancy had increased risk of overweight at 5 years of age (RR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5, 4.2 for BMI; and RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1, 3.0 for SFT). Adjusting for maternal diet, breast feeding, maternal obesity and socio‐economic status did not suggest confounding. However, adjustment for birthweight increased the observed risk. A linear increase in BMI and SFT was observed with increasing number of cigarettes smoked. In conclusion, smoking during pregnancy may be a risk factor for development of childhood overweight. This study may support the hypothesis of ‘fetal origin of adult disease’, but the risk of overweight associated with smoking during pregnancy was independent of intrauterine growth retardation, and may thus be attributed to specific effects of cigarette smoke.
Reliability of maternal recall and reporting of child births and deaths in rural Egypt
Authors: Rao Malla R. , Levine Richard J. , Wasif Nader K. , Clemens John D. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDemographic indicators such as fertility rates and infant mortality rates are often measured in census surveys by interviewing mothers to obtain their pregnancy histories and child deaths. The validity of such surveys depends upon accurate recall of histories, truthful reporting of events and understanding of the questions posed. To measure the reliability of maternal reporting, two census surveys conducted in a rural Egyptian population were compared. Women between 15 and 55 years of age residing in 20 villages were asked their histories of live births, stillbirths and child deaths. An identical set of questions was posed 2 years later. Twice‐monthly home visits were conducted in the intervening 2‐year interval to identify accurately any new births, stillbirths and deaths occurring in the population. The maternal reports from the first census were combined with the prospectively identified births, stillbirths and deaths and compared with the maternal reports from the second census. For 1502 women, the discrepancies in the total number of births, stillbirths and child deaths reported between the two surveys were 0.6%, 4% and 0.6% respectively. However, when the consistency of responses was analysed, the proportion of women with discordant responses was 10%, 6% and 7% for the same measures. These results suggest that, despite the large number of births and deaths that women may experience in developing countries, maternal interviews provide reliable responses that can be used to estimate mortality and fertility rates in settings where vital records are incomplete or unreliable.
Prediction of adult height and risk of overweight in females born small‐for‐gestational‐age
Authors: Lundgren E. M. , Cnattingius S. , Jonsson B. , Tuvemo T. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe risk of short adult stature in women born small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) was estimated in this prospective cohort study of 43 872 singleton females, born between 1973 and 1983, who gave birth to a child between 1989 and 1999. The risk of overweight in females born SGA, with and without short adult stature, was also studied. All data on birth characteristics and adult height and weight were obtained from the Swedish Birth Register. SGA‐born females were divided into being born short only for gestational age [birth length < −2 standard deviation scores (SDS)], born light for gestational age (birthweight < −2 SDS) or being born both short and light for gestational age. Short adult stature was defined as adult height below −2 SDS.Among females, being born SGA (<−2 SDS in birth length or birthweight) was associated with increased risk of short adult stature, compared with being born appropriate for gestational age. The risk varied substantially within different subgroups of females born SGA: being born short for gestational age was associated with an almost fivefold increased risk [odds ratio (OR) 4.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.70, 6.47] of short adult stature, whereas being born light for gestational age was associated with an almost twofold increased risk [OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.43, 2.65].Overall, females born SGA did not have increased risk of overweight compared with females with appropriate size at birth. However, among females born short for gestational age, short adult stature was associated with an increased risk of overweight in adulthood [OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.01, 3.12].In conclusion, among females born SGA, of the birth characteristics, short birth length is associated with the highest increased risk of short adult stature. Spontaneous growth in height to normal adult stature reduced the risk of overweight in females born short for gestational age.