bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of aging on 5‐HT1A receptors and their functional response to 5‐HT1a agonist in the living brain: PET study with [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 in conscious monkeys
Authors: Tsukada Hideo , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Nishiyama Shingo , Ohba Hiroyuki , Harada Norihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAge‐related changes in the serotonin 5‐HT1A receptors in the living brains of conscious young (5.9 ± 1.8 years old) and aged (19.0 ± 3.3 years old) monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were evaluated by [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 and high‐resolution positron emission tomography (PET). The regional distribution pattern of [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 at 60–91 min postinjection was the highest in the cingulate gyrus and hippocampus, high in the frontal and temporal cortices, lower in the occipital cortex, striatum, thalamus, and raphe nuclei, and lowest in the cerebellum in both young and aged monkeys. Graphical Logan plot analysis with metabolite‐corrected plasma radioactivity as an input function into the brain was applied to evaluate 5‐HT1A receptor binding in vivo. Significant age‐related decreases in 5‐HT1A receptor binding were observed only in the frontal and temporal cortices. In the hippocampus, although 5‐HT1A receptor binding indicated no significant age‐related changes, it showed an inverse correlation with individual cortisol levels in plasma. When the 5‐HT1A receptor agonist 8‐OH‐DPAT was administered intravenously at a dose of 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg 30 min after tracer injection, binding of [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 was displaced in both age groups in a dose‐dependent manner. However, the degree of displacement was more marked in young than in aged monkeys. These observations demonstrated the usefulness of [carbonyl‐11C]WAY‐100635 as an indicator of the age‐related changes in cortical 5‐HT1A receptors measured noninvasively by PET. In addition, these observations suggested that the age‐related impairment of 5‐HT1A receptor responses to 8‐OH‐DPAT might be related to the reduced efficacy of antidepressant therapy in elderly patients with depression. Synapse 42:242–251, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimal lateral stiffness design of tall buildings of mixed steel and concrete construction
Authors: Chan Chun‐Man 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents an optimal sizing technique for the lateral stiffness design of tall steel and concrete buildings. The minimum structure cost design problem subject to lateral drift constraints is first mathematically formulated and then solved by a rigorously derived Optimality Criteria (OC) method. The emphasis is particularly placed on the practical applicability of the optimization technique in engineering practice. Once the structural form of the lateral load resisting system of a building is defined, the optimal steel and concrete element sizes are then sought while satisfying all serviceability lateral stiffness and practical sizing requirements. The effectiveness and practicality of the optimization technique is illustrated through an actual application to the preliminary design of an 88‐storey building in Hong Kong. When complete, the building will be 420 m tall and will become the tallest building in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemistry and biology of phototropism‐regulating substances in higher plants
Authors: Yamamura Shosuke , Hasegawa Koji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost people are familiar with the sight of a young seedling bending towards a window or the brightest source of light to which it is exposed. This directional growth response is known as phototropism, which is caused by a lateral growth‐promoting auxin in the bending organ (Cholodny‐Went theory, cited in high school textbook). Recently, however, Bruinsma et al., Weiler et al., and Hasegawa et al. independently found that the shaded half did not contain more auxin than the illuminated one. Instead it was found that the even distribution of auxin was accompanied by a lateral gradient of growth inhibiting substances during phototropic curvature (Bruinsma‐Hasegawa theory). We have isolated some photo‐induced growth inhibitory substances related to phototropism, benzoxazolinones from light‐grown maize shoots (Zea mays L.), raphanusanins from radish hypocotyl (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. gigantissimus M.), indolyacetonitrile from light‐grown shoots (Brassica oleacea L.), 8‐epixanthatin from sunflower hypocotyl (Helianthus annus L.), and quite recently uridine from oat coleoptile (Avena sativa L.). Chemical analyses have shown phototropic stimulations to cause curvature by inducing a local unequal distribution of growth‐inhibiting substances that antagonize auxin in its cell‐elongating activity. Finally, a model is presented for further studies on phototropism. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1:362–372, 2001
Small groups' ecological reasoning while making an environmental management decision
Authors: Hogan Kathleen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the ideas and reasoning students use to make a collaborative environmental management decision. Eight groups of 8th‐grade students (n = 24) considered ecological and economic information about an invasive aquatic species to make a management recommendation. In addition to discussing the exact information they were given, the groups made a variety of interpretations, elaborations, and inferences concerning ecological structure and dynamics and practical aspects of the management scenario. Value judgments and concerns with uncertainty also appeared in students' discussions, to differing degrees. The students' discussions were compared with scientists' guidelines for making environmental management decisions, and with one expert's analysis of the particular management scenario the students considered. A major finding was that whereas across groups students touched on all of the themes that scientists consider to be important for making environmental management decisions, within most groups students focused more narrowly on particular themes, giving cursory treatment to other dimensions of the problem. The results point to a need to foster students' ecological background knowledge and integrative, systems thinking skills for making principled decisions about complex environmental issues. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 341–368, 2002
Promoting understanding of chemical representations: Students' use of a visualization tool in the classroom
Authors: Wu Hsin‐Kai , Krajcik Joseph S. , Soloway Elliot 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMany students have difficulty learning symbolic and molecular representations of chemistry. This study investigated how students developed an understanding of chemical representations with the aid of a computer‐based visualizing tool, eChem, that allowed them to build molecular models and view multiple representations simultaneously. Multiple sources of data were collected with the participation of 71 eleventh graders at a small public high school over a 6‐week period. The results of pre‐ and posttests showed that students' understanding of chemical representations improved substantially (p < .001, effect size = 2.68‐. The analysis of video recordings revealed that several features in eChem helped students construct models and translate representations. Students who were highly engaged in discussions while using eChem made referential linkages between visual and conceptual aspects of representations. This in turn may have deepened their understanding of chemical representations and concepts. The findings also suggest that computerized models can serve as a vehicle for students to generate mental images. Finally, students demonstrated their preferences of certain types of representations and did not use all types of three‐dimensional models interchangeably. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 821–842, 2001
Students' science perceptions and enrollment decisions in differing learning cycle classrooms
Authors: Cavallo Ann M.L. , Laubach Timothy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis investigation examined 10th‐grade biology students' decisions to enroll in elective science courses, and explored certain attitudinal perceptions of students that may be related to such decisions. The student science perceptions were focused on student and classroom attitudes in the context of differing learning cycle classrooms (high paradigmatic/high inquiry, and low paradigmatic/low inquiry). The study also examined possible differences in enrollment decisions/intentions and attitudinal perceptions among males and females in these course contexts. The specific purposes were to: (a) explore possible differences in students' decisions, and in male and female students' decisions to enroll in elective science courses in high versus low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms; (b) describe patterns and examine possible differences in male and female students' attitudinal perceptions of science in the two course contexts; (c) investigate possible differences in students' science perceptions according to their decisions to enroll in elective science courses, participation in high versus low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms, and the interaction between these two variables; and (d) examine students' explanations of their decisions to enroll or not enroll in elective science courses. Questionnaire and observation data were collected from 119 students in the classrooms of six learning cycle biology teachers. Results indicated that in classrooms where teachers most closely adhered to the ideal learning cycle, students had more positive attitudes than those in classrooms where teachers deviated from the ideal model. Significantly more females in high paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms planned to continue taking science course work compared with females in low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms. Male students in low paradigmatic learning cycle classrooms had more negative perceptions of science compared with males in high paradigmatic classrooms, and in some cases, with all female students. It appears that using the model as it was originally designed may lead to more positive attitudes and persistence in science among students. Implications include the need for science educators to help teachers gain more thorough understanding of the learning cycle and its theoretical underpinnings so they may better implement this procedure in classroom teaching. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 1029–1062, 2001
Symbiotic International Business Networks: Collaboration between Small and Large Firms
Authors: Etemad Hamid , Wright Richard W. , Dana Leo Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs the drivers of globalization remove barriers that traditionally segmented the competitive environments of
small and large firms, firms of all sizes are beginning to share the same competitive space. Symbiotic
arrangements are evolving through which smaller firms enter the value chains of larger firms, to the benefit of
both sides. Using a conceptual framework with illustrative examples, this article explains how smaller firms can
use symbiotic, collaborative arrangements with larger firms to overcome inherent constraints of size and to
achieve the efficiencies required for world‐class competitiveness. © 2001 John Wiley &
Sons,Inc.
Hexokinase PII: structural analysis and glucose signalling in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mayordomo Isabel , Sanz Pascual 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHexokinase PII (Hxk2) is a yeast glucose phosphorylating enzyme that, besides its role in glycolysis, seems to have an additional role in glucose signalling. To study the domains in Hxk2 that may participate in this latter process, we have constructed 11 mutant alleles using site‐directed mutagenesis. Six of them were clustered charged‐to‐alanine mutants in which clusters of charged residues were changed to alanine residues. Two of them contained substitutions in Ser15 to either alanine or glutamic acid and three of them had deletions at either the N‐terminus or the C‐terminus of the protein. In most of them, the catalytic activity correlated directly with their functionality in glucose signalling. However, we found two mutants (Δ1–15 and Δ476–486) that, having low catalytic activity, were still fully functional in glucose signalling. This may indicate that other factors and not just the catalytic activity of the enzyme may be important for the functionality of the protein in glucose signalling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of a Candida glabrata homologue of the S. cerevisiaeVRG4 gene, encoding the Golgi GDP‐mannose transporter
Authors: Nishikawa Akiko , Mendez Barbara , Jigami Yoshifumi , Dean Neta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMannoproteins on the cell wall of yeast and fungi help regulate cell shape, porosity, and cell–cell interactions, including those required for attachment to host cells by fungal pathogens. The mannose‐containing oligosaccharides on proteins and lipids are extended in the Golgi by glycosyltransferases that use GDP‐mannose as the sugar substrate. A membrane‐bound transporter that, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is encoded by the VRG4 gene catalyses delivery of GDP‐mannose into the lumen of the Golgi. We report here the cloning of the homologous VRG4 gene from the pathogenic yeast, Candida glabrata, by functional complementation of an S. cerevisiae vrg4 mutant. The sequence of the CgVrg4 protein displays significant homology to GDP‐mannose transporters from other yeast, fungi, protozoa, and plants. CgVRG4 fully complements the glycosylation defect and other cell wall associated vrg4 mutant phenotypes. Like ScVRG4, CgVRG4 is essential for the viability of C. glabrata. These results suggest that, as in S. cerevisiae, CgVrg4p accounts for all of the GDP‐mannose transport activity in the Golgi lumen. The GenBank Accession No. for CgVRG4 is #AF360395. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body weights of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in European zoos with reference to the problem of obesity
Authors: Schwitzer Christoph , Kaumanns Werner 
Published: August 2002

AbstractQualitative observations in several European zoos revealed a high proportion of obese individuals in different species of lemurs. This phenomenon was examined in both subspecies of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata variegata and Varecia variegata rubra). Data on body weight were obtained from 43 animals in 13 European zoos and were compared with body weights of wild ruffed lemurs. The captive individuals’ mean weight was significantly higher than either of two different samples of wild V. variegata variegata. Using a weight‐based definition of obesity, 46.5% of the individuals in our sample were obese. Neither significant differences in body weight between the two subspecies nor between sexes could be found. Body weight did not correlate with age.The findings are discussed with reference to the feeding ecology of ruffed lemurs and their nutrition in captivity and to implications for captive breeding programs for this species. Zoo Biol 20:261–269, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast Microcalcifications: Multivariate Analysis of Radiologicand Clinical Factors for Carcinoma
Authors: Fondrinier Eric , Lorimier Gérard , Guerin‐Boblet Véronique , Bertrand Andrée‐Françoise , Mayras Claude , Dauver Nicolette 
Published: August 2002

Screening mammography contributes to theimprovement of breast carcinoma survival through early detection andtreatment of non‐palpable lesions. Microcalcifications are offundamental importance in this process. The percentage of malignantlesions found in biopsies for microcalcifications varies from 10% to40%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationshipbetween clinical and radiologic records and the presence of malignantbreast diseases. To establish the basis for the study, 211 mammographicfiles showing clustered microcalcifications from 204 women wereprospectively reviewed and clinical records were retrospectively drawn.Definitive pathologic analysis was available for all. The value forcancer of each criterion was investigated by univariate andmultivariate analyses. A first analysis was performed on the entirepopulation and a second one was performed with stratification onmorphologic subgroups. There were 99 malignant lesions (47%). In theentire group, no clinical criterion was significant. In the univariateanalysis, five radiologic variables were significant: morphologic type(p < 0.0001), number of calcifications per cluster(p < 0.0001), linear or triangular distribution(p < 0.0002), diameter of the area (p < 0.01),and number of clusters (p = 0.011). In themultivariate analysis, two criteria remained significant: morphologictype 4 (irregularly punctiform) or 5 (vermicular) microcalcifications(Le Gal’s classification) (p < 0.0001) and diameter of thecluster larger than 25 mm (p = 0.032). In subgroups,in the multivariate analysis, the "age > 60 years" criterion wasstatistically significant in the group of regular punctiformmicrocalcifications (type 2); for irregularly punctiformmicrocalcifications (type 4), "number of microcalcifications > 20" was significant. The morphologic features of microcalcifications mustbe the first criterion evaluated. They permit identification ofcharacteristically benign (annular calcifications) or malignantcalcifications (vermicular calcifications). For the remainder of thecalcification types, other criteria must be taken into account, and their value vary with (according to) themorphologic aspect. These findings have implications for the managementof women with microcalcifications and could help breast specialistsmake treatment decisions.
Comparison of the Functional Outcome after Pylorus‐preservingPancreatoduodenectomy: Pancreatogastrostomy and Pancreatojejunostomy
Authors: Jang Jin‐Young , Kim Sun‐Whe , Park Sang‐Jae , Park Yong‐Hyun 
Published: August 2002

To determine if there is any differencein pancreatic function after pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy(PPPD) according to the type of pancreatoenterostomy[pancreatojejunostomy (P‐J) or pancreatogastrostomy (P‐G)], weevaluated the long‐term functional status of 34 patients who underwentPPPD and survived for more than 1 year without clinical evidence ofrecurrence. Altogether 20 patients underwent P‐J and 14 P‐G. To comparethe two groups, we analyzed the (1) general nutritional status; (2)quality of life using three scoring systems; (3) gastrointestinalsymptoms; and (4) pancreatic exocrine function by the stool elastase Itest and endocrine function by oral glucose tolerance test (GTT). AfterPPPD, body weight decreased in both groups, with no difference betweenthe two groups. No statistical differences were found in tricepsskinfold thickness or serum protein/albumin. Regarding the quality oflife and postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms, there were nodifferences between the two groups except steatorrhea. There were 4mild and 15 severe cases of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency amongthose who underwent P‐J, whereas all of the patients who underwent P‐Gshowed severe pancreatic insufficiency. On GTT, excluding preoperativediabetes patients, 43.8% (7/16) of the P‐J group had abnormal resultsafter surgery, whereas, 75.0% (9/12) of the PG group had an abnormalpostoperative GTT (p = 0.11). Severe exocrine andendocrine pancreatic insufficiency developed after PPPD in both the P‐Jand P‐G groups, but there was more functional deterioration in the P‐Ggroup than in the P‐J group. General nutritional status and quality oflife were not affected by the pancreatoenterostomy method in eithergroup.
Expanding Role of Fine‐needle Aspiration Cytology in Thyroid Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Werga Petra , Wallin Göran , Skoog Lamberth , Hamberger Bertil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn non‐iodine‐deficient areas, 4% to 7% of the population are reported to have thyroid abnormalities. Prophylactic operations of these nodules in the thyroid are not indicated and not cost‐effective, as at least four of five nodules are colloid goiter and only a few are malignant. The need for a reliable preoperative diagnosis is great, and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is now considered the first choice during workup for thyroid nodules. The steps in the FNA procedure are clinical examination and localization of the target lesion, aspiration, preparation of smears, and collecting material for ancillary microscopy techniques. All these steps must be exercised to allow optimal use of FNA. It can also be combined with various other methods, such as immunohistochemistry of thyroglobulin and calcitonin, analysis of nuclear DNA, DNA preparation for molecular biology analyses, and magnetic resonance spectra. The accuracy of the clinical routine in our unit was evaluated by studying the 5‐year outcomes of almost 4000 FNAs of the thyroid. The results were good, with only a few false‐negative and false‐positive results; but the problem of differentiating follicular adenoma from follicular carcinoma remains a significant problem. It is now well established that FNA biopsy and cytology is the best modality available for the workup of thyroid nodules and is widely utilized in endocrine surgical centers worldwide.
Effect of CO2 Pneumoperitoneum on Growth of Liver Micrometastases in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Ishida Hideyuki , Murata Nobuo , Yamada Hirofumi , Nomura Tomohisa , Shimomura Kazuyuki , Fujioka Masashi , Idezuki Yasuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the risk of metachronous liver metastases following laparoscopic resection for gastrointestinal malignancies. The effect of CO2 pneumoperitoneum on the growth of established liver micrometastases was investigated in a rabbit model. Male Japanese white rabbits weighing 2.8 to 3.3 kg were randomized to three groups (n= 15 per group) 3 days following intraportal inoculation of a tumor suspension containing 5 × 104 cells of VX2 cancer. In the pneumoperitoneum group, insufflation with CO2 was maintained at a pressure of 10 mmHg for 30 minutes. In the laparotomy group the abdominal cavity remained open through a 45 mm midline incision for 30 minutes; in the control group no treatment other than anesthesia was performed. Cancer nodules on the liver surface were compared among the three groups on day 17. There was no difference in the number of cancer nodules among the groups (p= 0.72). A significant difference in the total area of cancer nodules (mean ± SEM) was found only between the pneumoperitoneum group (696.0 ± 177.0 mm2) and the control group (247.2 ± 60.7 mm2) (p < 0.05). The frequency of cancer nodules larger than 3.0 mm in maximal diameter tended to be highest in the pneumoperitoneum group (p= 0.053). These results suggests that CO2 pneumoperitoneum may promote the growth of established liver micrometastases in this animal model.