bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hand in Hand
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First, we examine the archery paradox of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea (490-430 B.C.). Zeno’s outrageous conclusion, that motion of any kind is impossible, contradicts the evidence of our senses. Here we show that Zeno’s paradox also fails logically under mathematical thinking that today is elementary but was out of reach in Zeno’s time. Then, Zeno’s paradox leads to a puzzle that asks, At what time are the hands of a clock precisely lined up? Algebra enables us to discover the answer.Zeno’s paradox states that an arrow can never reach its target. Zeno’s idea is that the distance between the archer and the target can be dissected into infinitely many smaller and smaller distances. Before arriving at the target, the arrow must traverse each of these subintervals. Therefore, the total time of flight must be the sum of the times to traverse each of these subintervals. Because there are infinitely many of them, Zeno claims that the total flight time of the arrow must be infinite-in other words, the arrow never reaches its target.
Tenpins, and Counting
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not hard to imagine that the Knights of the Round Table drank a toast at their high feast. The following problem deals with an unlikely sequel to the toast. Problem 5.1. If each knight touched glasses with every other one of the 150, how many clinks were heard? In this chapter we will find a connection between this problem and the following seemingly disparate matters. In the sixth century B.C., the Pythagoreans discovered how to count the number of objects in triangular arrays of arbitrary size. In his youth, Isaac Newton (1642-1727) discovered the binomial theorem,a method of expanding certain algebraic expressions.
Chance Encounter
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The universe of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample spacefor that experiment. For example, we define the sample space of the possible outcomes of throwing two dice, a red die and a blue die. The sample space S1, shown in Figure 11.1, consists of 36 ordered pairs showing the number on the red die first and the number on the blue die second. Note that the pairs (1,2) and (2, 1) are represented by two different points of the sample space. The important reason for keeping these pairs distinct is to ensure that the points in this sample space represent equally likely events.
Seesaw, Marjorie Daw
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lever is a practical tool of the workaday world, but, as we will see in this chapter and the next, it is also an intellectual tool in the world of mathematics. The Lever A seesaw is a long plank balanced on a central support called a fulcrumso that when there is a child on each end, one end goes up as the other goes down. It is possible for the seesaw to be in equilibrium even though two different-sized children are riding it. For the seesaw to be balanced, there must be a certain relationship between the weights of the two children and their distances from the central fulcrum. In mechanics, the seesaw is called a lever.
Be Wise, Optimize
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1939, the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics began its work at the University of Chicago. It was charged with researching economics in a more mathematical way than had yet been attempted. The Cowles Commission was the prime mover in the development of the new science of econometrics, the application of mathematical methods to problems of economics. Their work continued through World War II because it appeared that problems of military strategy and tactics are similar to problems of economics. The new sciences of mathematical programming and operations research were born. As we will see, these new sciences occasionally achieved mathematical elegance.
What Infants Learn About
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J , Pick Anne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most exciting change that goes on over the first year of life is the development of locomotion. As infants begin to move around the world on their own power, parents watch proudly, offer encouragement and erect protective barriers. But the real excitement belongs to infants themselves. Babies manifest a remarkable urge to go someplace even before mobility becomes a reality, rocking and squirming in an effort to move ahead. This highly motivated activity seems at first to have no particular goal except to keep moving, but as skill is attained, goals become more specific, more numerous, and more diverse. This chapter tracks the way locomotion develops, from simple change of position, to crawling, and finally to walking on two legs, a feat of balance accomplished by few creatures. It goes on to show how locomotion comes to serve strategically the achievement of multiple goals, coping with all kinds of surfaces of support, steering around barriers and through gaps, taking the shortest routes when choices are possible.
Electrodermal Activity in Cognitive Neuroscience: Neuroanatomical and Neuropsychological Correlates
Authors: Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electrodermal activity (EDA) is arguably the most popular, and in many respects the most informative, psychophysiological measure that has been used to study cognition, particularly emotion. This chapter begins with a review of recent evidence that has shed light on neural substrates of EDA. I then summarize several of our recent investigations which have used EDA to study emotion and other higher order cognitive processes in a variety of lesion-based neuropsychological studies. Our work, and that of a number of other contributors to this book (Bradley, Lang, Öhman; see also Hugdahl, 1995), illustrates how the integration of psychophysiology and cognitive neuroscience has allowed important new insights into emotion and memory.
The Negative/Irrealis Category in Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit
Authors: Leer Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I survey the morphology and semantics of the Athabaskan-Eyak negative and the Tlingit irrealis. Sections 6.1-6.3 describe the morphology of these verbal categories and describe the salient features of their syntax and/or semantics. Section 6.4 presents a morphological comparison of the verbal morphology in Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (AET). Sample verb conjugations are given in section 6.5. Section 6.6 addresses the problem of how to reconstruct the Athabaskan negative imperfective stem of open roots.
Avoiding HIV/AIDS and the Challenge of Growing Up Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual
Authors: Grossman Arnold H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The realities of HIV/ AIDS can be approached from a variety of perspectives. For many gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths and adults, these realities are linked to moral differentiations that society hasbased on modes of HIV transmission. Those termed “medical victims” (i.e., blood transfusion recipients, men with hemophilia, and infants infected perinatally) are seen as deserving compassion, while those who acquire the disease through sexual transmission are stigmatized and are associated with homosexuality and other “condemned lifestyles” (Manning, 1997; Novick, 1997). For many gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths, these perspectives frequently connect HIV/ AIDS to several disquieting concerns: being a member of the social group blamed for starting the “gay plague,” seeing portraits of gay men and lesbians with physically frightening manifestations, observing death and dying, witnessing increased anti-gay violence, viewing prevention messages that do not affirm “immoral” (i.e., homosexual) behaviors, engaging in same-sex behaviors that are labeled “taboo,” and experiencing homophobic behaviors that underlie social attitudes toward sexuality, including sexual pleasure outside of marriage (Public Media Center, 1995). Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths have to face these HIV/ AIDS-related stigmatized portrayals while developing their personal, social, and sexual identities. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths must also meet the special challenge of avoiding HIV infection.
Social Change, Sexual Diversity, and Tolerance for Bisexuality in the United States
Authors: Herdt Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whenever society ushers in a new and potentially revolutionary period of change, we can expect to find dramatic transformations in how the culture represents-and individuals negotiate-their sexuality and gender roles, dress and adornment, body images, and social relations. Such a time is now, as we approach the 21st century, wherein technological and global expansion of borders and systems of information create what Martin (1994) has called “flexible bodies.” These historical changes are challenging the received traditions of sex/gender, allowing more leeway for human development and reducing heterosexism and homophobia, and thus promoting tolerance for diversity in sexual identities and communities. This chapter focuses on these changes, particularly generational differences in representation and the practice of bisexuality in American society over the past three decades.
“Louis Armstrong + The Jewish Family In New Orleans, La., The Year Of 1907” (March 31, 1969-1970)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armstrong refers to this extraordinary document as a “book,” clearly signaling his desire that it be published. He began writing it while recovering from a life-threatening illness at New York’s Beth Israel Hospital, inspired, apparently, by his doctor Gary Zucker, who had just sung a Russian lullaby that Armstrong recognized from childhood. Armstrong first learned the lullaby from a Jewish family for whom he worked. He dedicates his book to his longtime manager Joe Glaser, another Jew who figured prominently in his life. Thus, the document provides a poignant flashback to the author’s positive experiences with Jews in childhood, through his career, and now at the end of his life. Catalyzing his memory is a song. Armstrong copies the song’s lyrics four times over the course of the document, testifying to its importance.
Neuroplasticity Following Traumatic Diffuse versus Focal Brain Injury in Children: Studies of Verbal Fluency
Authors: Levin Harveys. , song James , Chapman Sandra B , Harward Harriet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Development and reorganization of word production following early brain injury are reviewed in this chapter, including studies of children who sustained focal vascular lesions during the first 6 months of life and studies of recovery from traumatic brain injury. Cross-sectional and longitudinal word fluency data from an ongoing project on brain injury in children are presented, and putative mechanisms for reorganization of function are discussed.
Computational Modeling of the Cortical Response to Focal Damage
Authors: Reggia James A , Goodall Sharon , Reyett Ken , Ruppin Eytan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Efforts to understand the mechanisms of recovery following a stroke have traditionally been based on either clinical studies or animal models. In this chapter we will describe some initial steps in developing an alternative approach: computational models of the cerebral cortex and its reorganization following acute focal lesions. Ischemic stroke, where there is a loss of blood flow to a region of the brain, is a very complex multifactorial process. Acute and poststroke changes involve neural plasticity; metabolic and biochemical events; biophysical processes such as diffusion, mechanical displacement secondary to edema, altered autoregulation and metabolic regulation of blood flow; and other events. These events and their interactions are only partially understood; their complexity has led some investigators to suggest that novel ways of thinking about stroke are needed (Hallenback & Frerichs, 1993). Computational models provide a new approach that can be useful in furthering our understanding by supporting detailed examination of various hypotheses about stroke pathophysiology and recovery. In other words, the complexity of events in stroke suggests that computational models can be powerful tools for its investigation, much as they are in the analysis of other complex systems (e.g., climate prediction).
Eliza Lucas Pinckney(1722-1793)
Authors: Schulz Constance B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in the West Indies in 1722 and educated in England, Eliza Lucas was a privileged child of an upper-class planter who moved his family to Wappoo plantation in South Carolina when Eliza was fifteen. When her father was called back to Antigua in 1739, he left Eliza in charge of his three plantations. The young woman proved a talented manager, and successfully introduced the cultivation of indigo (a dye for textiles), a crop she imported from the West Indies in 1740. This agricultural breakthrough was a boon to the young colony, and became the source of fortune for many South Carolinian planters. In 1744 she married widower Charles Pinckney, a wealthy planter, and settled into the traditional role held by many wealthy southern women: plantation mistress and mother.
Maria Weston Chapman (1806-1885)
Authors: Clinton Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born into an affluent Massachusetts family, Maria Weston Chapman was educated in local ladies’ academies and in England before she became a school principal. After her marriage to Henry Grafton Chapman, a Boston merchant, she left her position to fulfill the role of wife and mother. Adopting the Chapman family’s antislavery stance as her own, Maria Weston Chapman became an influential abolitionist in addition to rearing six children and serving as wife-and nurse-to her invalid husband until his death.
Margaret Fuller (1810-1850)
Authors: Chevigny Bell Gale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Margaret Fuller was born on May 23rd, 1810, in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, to Mary Crane Fuller and Timothy Fuller. Fuller attended Miss Prescott’s school in Groton and then Mr. Perkins’s school in Cambridge. In 1839 she translated Johann P. Eckermann’s Conversation with Goethe. By that time Fuller had left home, supporting herself by teaching. Between 1840 and 1842 Fuller edited the radically innovative magazine the Dial, with Ralph Waldo Emerson. She continued to write criticism for the New York Tribune, moving to New York for that purpose in 1844.
Walt Whitman 1812-1892: A Brief Biography
Authors: Reynolds David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Walt Whitman emerged from a humble background to become one of America’s most celebrated poets. The second eight children of Walter and Louisa Van Velsor Whitman, he was born on May 31, 1819, in the rural Long Island village of West Hills, about fifty miles east of Manhattan. Although his ancestors were not distinguished, he later placed great emphasis on his genealogy. In his poem “By Blue Ontario’s Shore,” he wrote, “Underneath all, Nativity, / I swear I will stand by my own nativity.”
The Political Roots of Leaves of Grass
Authors: Loving Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late life in working-class Camden, New Jersey, Walt Whit as surrounded by an array of liberal thinkers and literessives. Visitors to 328 Mick.le Street included the prairie naturalist and future author of Main-Traveled Roads, Hamlin Garland; the future author of Dracula, Bram Stoker; the future wife of art critic Bernard Berenson, Mary Smith Costolloe; the future (first) wife of philosopher Bertrand Russell, Mary’s sister Alys; the painter Thomas Eakins; and Julian Hawthorne, the son of Whitman’s main literary model when he was writing fiction in the 1840s. For most of them (even Eakins, whose realistic, some times stark paintings were then considered untutored), the operative word was “future.” Certainly, it was the shibboleth for such socialists and activists as the poet’s biographer Horace Traubel, editor of the Conservator, who corresponded at length with radicals like Emma Goldman and Eugene Debs, and the silver-tongued agnostic and attorney Robert G.
Spanking the Master
Authors: Leverenz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do sensations make Poe’s narrators feel supernaturally spanked?
In “The Imp of the Perverse” (1845), for instance, why does e narrator say we all want to jump from a precipice? It’s not to kill ourselves; “It is merely the idea of what would be our sensations during the sweeping precipitancy of a fall from such a height.” The idea of “rushing annihilation” crosses into our bodies: it “chills the very marrow of our bones” with the “fierceness of the delight of its horror” (PT, 829). At the end, when the narrator’s presumptive “we” yields to his perverse leap from the precipice of gentlemanly reason, he satisfies his craving for a rush, along with his desire to be slam-dunked: “I turned-I gasped for breath. For a moment, I experienced all the pangs of suffocation; I became blind, and deaf, and giddy; and then, some invisible fiend, I thought, struck me with his broad palm upon the back.”
Introduction
Authors: Wagner-Martin Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scarcely nineteen when he understood that time to live was a luxury, Hemingway made his pained way back to health after the 200-odd shrapnel leg wounds hospitalized him on the Italian front during World War I. He was only twenty-one when he married Hadley Richardson, his first wife, with all the conviction of the incurable romantic he was to show himself repeatedly to be. The talk of the international literary world before he was thirty, Hemingway was already living out his—and his readers’—American dream of early, dramatic, professional success. There is nothing the United States loves more than handsome, healthy, hard-driving youngsters, and Ernest Hemingway, disguising his inherent shyness under a commanding facade of eager friendliness, seemed typecast for the role.
The Intertextual Hemingway
Authors: Wagner-Martin Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All the more surprising, then, is the actual aesthetic situation: that at least some parts of his fiction are drawn from other literature-that during the 1920s and the 1930s particularly, Ernest Hemingway was pioneering in what has today become known as “intertextuality.”1 Tracing an author’s borrowings-whether thematic correspondences, stylistic effects, parodies, or parallel characters or scenes—has today become a kind of critical method. Scholars acknowledge that such echoes, such borrowings, do not breech ethical norms. Indeed, using materials that could be found in writing by established authors may be a highly complimentary practice; for American modernist writers like Hemingway, such borrowing might also be ironic.
Research Concerns and Review of Literature
Authors: Roberts Felicia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How treatment recommendations are structured and delivered by doctors, and how they are received by patients, is a comparatively new area of study within the field of health communication. More specifically, very little re search is available on medical recommendations as an accomplishment of talk-in-interaction. This study is intended to contribute in that regard; it is the first to present a qualitative analysis of the verbal interaction between oncologists and patients as they talk about treatment for breast cancer. As such, this book provides a foundation for further inquiry. We will look both at and around the treatment recommendation to account for the full range of activities that support and characterize this particular type of clinic visit.
Phased Organization of the Adjuvant Therapy Visit
Authors: Roberts Felicia D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical visits are characteristically organized into a series of activity phases corresponding to specific medical and social tasks to be accomplished. In an analysis of more than 1,800 general medical practice encounters, Byrne and Long (1976) distinguish the following six phases: relating to the patient (conversational openings), discovering the reason for the visit, con ducting verbal and/or physical exams, considering the patient’s condition (presenting diagnostic information to the patient), advising treatment or further testing, and termination (conversational closings).
Effects of Differential Experience on Brain and Cognition Throughout the Life Span
Authors: Rosenzweig Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic neural processes of learning and development are now considered by many to be intimately related to both normal development and developmental dis orders. The last half century has seen remarkable advances in knowledge about these fields and their inter-relationships. This knowledge is also entering debates on public policy, as reflected by material in Hillary Rodham Clinton’s book, It Takes a Village (1996, esp. pp. 57-61), in the President’s 1997 State of the Union message, and in the White House Conference on Early Learning and the Brain, which took place April 17, 1997.
World Peace—A Challenge for the World Religions
Authors: Küng Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the French Revolution, the wars of kings and cabinets have been replaced by the wars of nations, and since the First World War these have been succeeded by the wars of ideologies. Now, however, we are told—and this is also the sign of an epoch-making change—that we are in the age of wars between the civilizations, which for their part are stamped by the religions. And indeed there is no avoiding the sad recognition that in the transition to the third millennium, religions appear not only as the great midwives of the global ethic but also as the great disturbers of world peace.
Introduction
Authors: Gordon-Reed Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is currently popular to describe the concept of race as a social construct. Recent studies by and writings of biologists and geneticists sup port this idea, showing that there are no firm characteristics separating one race from another. More genetic variations exist within so-called racial groups than between them. One can truly say that our racial differences are only skin deep. That does not settle matters. Even if race is a created fiction, the fact remains that we are all, in many ways, hostages to a variety of social constructs that are as binding, determinative-as “concrete” as any biological “reality.” Even though we know the truth about race, we cannot deny its past and continuing power over the lives of millions.
Twenty Years On Trial: Takuji Yamashlta’s Struggle for Citizenship(1922)
Authors: Chin Gabriel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attorney Takuji Yamashita did not earn a dime practicing law, never won a single case, and, while he finished law school, could not even manage to get admitted to the bar. Unable to join the legal profession, Yamashita, like many of his fellow immigrants, lived a humble and anonymous life as a restaurant worker, farmer, and housekeeper. Yet his twenty-year legal fight to gain recognition as a citizen of the United States made him one of the great Asian American lawyers of his generation. When, because of his race, the law denied him the right to become a naturalized U.S. citizen, he pursued his claims to the highest courts in the land.
Korematsu V. United States Revisited: 1944 and 1983(1944)
Authors: Daniels Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fred Korematsu is a man whose greatness was thrust upon him. Each of the other litigants in the so-called Japanese American Cases-Minoro Yasui, Gordon Hirabayashi, and Mitsuye Endo-deliberately challenged the un just government decrees that led to the incarceration of the West Coast Japanese American community. Fred Korematsu just wanted to be left alone.