bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On mathematical instrumentalism
Authors: Caldon Patrick , Ignjatović Aleksandar 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this paper we devise some technical tools for dealing with problems connected with the philosophical view usually called mathematical instrumentalism. These tools are interesting in their own right, independently of their philosophical consequences. For example, we show that even though the fragment of Peanos Arithmetic known as IΣ1 is a conservative extension of the equational theory of Primitive Recursive Arithmetic (PRA). IΣ1 has a super-exponential speed-up over PRA. On the other hand, theories studied in the Program of Reverse Mathematics that formalize powerful mathematical principles have only polynomial speed-up over IΣ1.
Uncountable dense categoricity in cats
Authors: Ben-Yaacov Itay 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe prove that under reasonable assumptions, every cat (compact abstract theory) is metric, and develop some of the theory of metric cats. We generalise Morley's theorem: if a countable Hausdorff cat T has a unique complete model of density character λ ≥ ω, then it has a unique complete model of density character λ for every λ ≥ ω.
Algebraic set theory and the effective topos
Authors: Kouwenhoven-Gentil Claire , van Oosten Jaap 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFollowing the book Algebraic Set Theory from André Joyal and Ieke Moerdijk [8], we give a characterization of the initial ZF-algebra, for Heyting pretoposes equipped with a class of small maps. Then, an application is considered (the effective topos) to show how to recover an already known model (McCarty [9]).
A continuous movement version of the Banach–Tarski paradox: A solution to de Groot's Problem
Authors: Wilson Trevor M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn 1924 Banach and Tarski demonstrated the existence of a paradoxical decomposition of the 3-ball B, i.e., a piecewise isometry from B onto two copies of B. This article answers a question of de Groot from 1958 by showing that there is a paradoxical decomposition of B in which the pieces move continuously while remaining disjoint to yield two copies of B. More generally, we show that if n > 2, any two bounded sets in Rn that are equidecomposable with proper isometries are continuously equidecomposable in this sense.
Products of ‘transitive” modal logics
Authors: Gabelaia D. , Kurucz A. , Wolter F. , Zakharyaschev M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe solve a major open problem concerning algorithmic properties of products of ‘transitive’ modal logics by showing that products and commutators of such standard logics asK4,S4,S4.1,K4.3,GL, orGrzare undecidable and do not have the finite model property. More generally, we prove that no Kripke complete extension of the commutator [K4, K4] with product frames of arbitrary finite or infinite depth (with respect to both accessibility relations) can be decidable. In particular, ifl1andl2are classes of transitive frames such that their depth cannot be bounded by any fixedn< ω, then the logic of the class {5ℑ1× ℑ2∣ ℑ1∈l1, ℑ2, ∈l2} is undecidable. (On the contrary, the product of, say,K4and the logic of all transitive Kripke frames of depth ≤n, for some fixedn< ω, is decidable.) The complexity of these undecidable logics ranges from r.e. to co-r.e. and Π11-complete. As a consequence, we give the first known examples of Kripke incomplete commutators of Kripke complete logics.
Molar enamel thickness in the Chacma Baboon, Papio ursinus (kerr 1792)
Authors: Grine F.E. , Spencer M.A. , Demes B. , Smith H.F. , Strait D.S. , Constant D.A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractModern humans exhibit increasing relative enamel thickness from M1 to M3. Some biomechanical (basic lever) models predict that the more distal molars in humans encounter higher occlusal forces, and it has been postulated that this provides a functional explanation for the observed gradient in relative enamel thickness. However, constrained three‐dimensional models and experimental observations suggest that there is a reduction in bite force potential from M1 to M3, which would be consistent with the tendency for humans to reduce the size of the distal molars. In this regard, it has been postulated that the distal increase in enamel thickness is a consequence of crown size reduction; thus, it is unnecessary to invoke functional scenarios to explain this phenomenon. We assess these competing proposals by examining relative enamel thickness in a catarrhine primate (Papio ursinus) that exhibits crown size increase from M1 to M3. The molar row of P. ursinus is positioned relatively far forward of the temporomandibular joint, which results in the baboon being able to exert relatively greater muscle forces during posterior biting in comparison to modern humans. Thus, a significant distalward gradient of increasing enamel thickness would be expected in P. ursinus according to the hypothesis that posits it to be functionally related to bite force. The present study reveals no significant difference in relative enamel thickness along the molar row in P. ursinus. This finding lends support to the notion that the relatively thicker enamel of human distal molars is related primarily to their reduction in size. This carries potential implications for the interpretation of enamel thickness in phylogenetic reconstructions: the relatively thick molar enamel shared by modern humans and some of our fossil relatives may not be strictly homologous, in that it may result from different underlying developmental mechanisms. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral‐deficient: New data in a historical perspective
Authors: Skedros John G. , Holmes Jennifer L. , Vajda Eric G. , Bloebaum Roy D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractUsing qualitative backscattered electron (BSE) imaging and quantitative energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, some investigators have concluded that cement (reversal) lines located at the periphery of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized viscous interfaces with respect to surrounding bone. This conclusion contradicts historical observations of apparent highly mineralized (or collagen‐deficient) cement lines in microradiographs. Such conclusions, however, may stem from unrecognized artifacts that can occur during scanning electron microscopy. These include specimen degradation due to high‐energy beams and the sampling of electron interaction volumes that extend beyond target locations during EDX analysis. This study used quantitative BSE imaging and EDX analysis, each with relatively lower‐energy beams, to test the hypothesis that cement lines are poorly mineralized. Undemineralized adult human femoral diaphyses (n = 8) and radial diaphyses (n = 5) were sectioned transversely, embedded in polymethyl methacrylate, and imaged in a scanning electron microscope for BSE and EDX analyses. Unembedded samples were also evaluated. Additional thin embedded samples were stained and evaluated with light microscopy and correlated BSE imaging. BSE analyses showed the consistent presence of a bright line (higher atomic number) coincident with the classical location and description of the cement line. This may represent relative hypermineralization or, alternatively, collagen deficiency with respect to surrounding bone. EDX analyses of cement lines showed either higher Ca content or equivalent Ca content when compared to distant osteonal and interstitial bone. These data reject the hypothesis that cement lines of secondary osteons are poorly mineralized. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Data Rotation Improves Genomotyping Efficiency
Authors: Repsilber Dirk , Mira Alex , Lindroos Hillevi , Andersson Siv , Ziegler Andreas 
Published: July 2005

AbstractUnsequenced bacterial strains can be characterized by comparing their genomic DNA to a sequenced reference genome of the same species. This comparative genomic approach, also called genomotyping, is leading to an increased understanding of bacterial evolution and pathogenesis. It is efficiently accomplished by comparative genomic hybridization on custom‐designed cDNA microarrays. The microarray experiment results in fluorescence intensities for reference and sample genome for each gene. The logratio of these intensities is usually compared to a cut‐off, classifying each gene of the sample genome as a candidate for an absent or present gene with respect to the reference genome. Reducing the usually high rate of false positives in the list of candidates for absent genes is decisive for both time and costs of the experiment. We propose a novel method to improve efficiency of genomotyping experiments in this sense, by rotating the normalized intensity data before setting up the list of candidate genes. We analyze simulated genomotyping data and also re‐analyze an experimental data set for comparison and illustration. We approximately halve the proportion of false positives in the list of candidate absent genes for the example comparative genomic hybridization experiment as well as for the simulation experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A fully predictive model for one‐dimensional light attenuation by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a torus photobioreactor
Authors: Pottier L. , Pruvost J. , Deremetz J. , Cornet J.‐F. , Legrand J. , Dussap C.G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe light attenuation in a photobioreactor is determined using a fully predictive model. The optical properties were first calculated, using a data bank of the literature, from only the knowledge of pigments content, shape, and size distributions of cultivated cells which are a function of the physiology of the current species. The radiative properties of the biological turbid medium were then deduced using the exact Lorenz‐Mie theory. This method is experimentally validated using a large‐size integrating sphere photometer. The radiative properties are then used in a rectangular, one‐dimensional two‐flux model to predict radiant light attenuation in a photobioreactor, considering a quasi‐collimated field of irradiance. Combination of this radiative model with the predictive determination of optical properties is finally validated by in situ measurement of attenuation profiles in a torus photobioreactor cultivating the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, after a complete and proper characterization of the incident light flux provided by the experimental set‐up. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous proliferation within engineered cartilaginous tissue: the role of oxygen tension
Authors: Lewis Miranda C. , MacArthur Ben D. , Malda Jos , Pettet Graeme , Please Colin P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article investigates heterogeneous proliferation within a seeded three‐dimensional scaffold structure with the purpose of improving protocols for engineered tissue growth. A simple mathematical model is developed to examine the very strong interaction between evolving oxygen profiles and cell distributions within cartilaginous constructs. A comparison between predictions based on the model and experimental evidence is given for both spatial and temporal evolution of the oxygen tension and cell number density, showing that behaviour for the first 14 days can be explained well by the mathematical model. The dependency of the cellular proliferation rate on the oxygen tension is examined and shown to be similar in size to previous work but linear in form. The results show that cell‐scaffold constructs that rely solely on diffusion for their supply of nutrients will inevitably produce proliferation‐dominated regions near the outer edge of the scaffold in situations when the cell number density and oxygen consumption rate exceed a critical level. Possible strategies for reducing such non‐uniform proliferation, including the conventional methods of enhancing oxygen transport, are outlined based on the model predictions. Copyright © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation, Structure, and Ethylene Polymerization Behavior of Half‐Sandwich Picolyl‐Functionalized Carborane Iridium, Ruthenium, and Rhodium Complexes
Authors: Wang Xin , Jin Guo‐Xin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of half‐sandwich transition‐metal complexes containing the CabN and CabN,S chelate ligands (HCabN=HC2B10H10CH2C5H4N (1), LiCabN,S=LiSC2B10H10CH2C5H4N (4)) is described. Compounds 1 and 4 were treated with chloride‐bridged dimers [{Ir(Cp*)Cl2}2] (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), [{Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2}2] and [{Rh(Cp*)Cl2}2] to give half‐sandwich complexes [Ir(Cp*)Cl(CabN)] (2), [Ru(p‐cymene)Cl(CabN)] (3), and [Rh(Cp*)Cl(CabN,S)] (5), respectively. Addition reaction of LiCabS (CabS=SC2(H)B10H10) to the rhodium complex 5 yields [Rh(Cp*)(CabS)(CabN,S)] (6). All the complexes were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and by elemental analysis. In addition, X‐ray structure analyses were performed on complexes 2, 3, 5, and 6, in which the potential C,N‐ and N,S‐chelate ligands were found to coordinate in a bidentate mode. The carborane complex 2 shows catalytic activities up to 3.7×105 g PE mol−1 Ir h−1 for the polymerization of ethylene in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst. The polymer obtained from this homogeneous catalytic reaction has a spherical morphology. Catalytic activities and the molecular weight of polyethylene have been investigated for various reaction conditions.
An Efficient and Chemoselective Method for Protection of Thiols Catalyzed by Aluminumdodecatungstophosphate (AlPW12O40), as a Highly Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Catalyst.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Jafari Abbas Ali 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sulfanyl Radical‐Induced Cyclization of Linalyl Acetate to the Iridane Skeleton: A Short Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Dehydroiridomyrmecin.
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Arseniyadis Simeon , Herrador M. Mar , Quilez del Moral Jose F. , Arteaga Jesus F. , Sanchez Elena M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetocaloric Effect in Nd Doped Perovskite La0.7‐xNdxBa0.3MnO3 Polycrystalline Near Room Temperature.
Authors: Chen W. , Nie L. Y. , Zhong W. , Shi Y. J. , Hu J. J. , Li A. J. , Du Y. W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ionic Liquid [omim][PF6] as an Efficient and Recyclable Reaction Media for the Cyanosilylation of Aldehydes Without Lewis Acid or Any Special Activation.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Ji Shun‐Jun , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
(Alk‐1‐ynyl)organylthiocarbenes: Generation and Reactions with Olefins.
Authors: Shavrin K. N. , Gvozdev V. D. , Pinus I. Yu. , Dotsenko I. P. , Nefedov O. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Halohydrin Reactions of Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with N‐Halosuccinimide (NXS) as the Halogen Source.
Authors: Hajra Saumen , Bhowmick Manishabrata , Karmakar Ananta 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concerning the Product of [2 + 2] Cyclodimerization of 9‐Allenylcarbazole.
Authors: Kharaneko O. I. , Shishkina S. V. , Shishkin O. V. , Kibalnyi A. V. , Dulenko V. I. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Exo‐Selective and Enantioselective Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrones Catalyzed by a Chiral Binaphthyldiimine—Ni(II) Complex.
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Nakajima Takuya , Itoh Kengo , Kakehi Akikazu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Magnesium Bromide Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Salehi Hojatollah , Guo Qing‐Xiang 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 19‐Hydroxytaxoid by Utilizing Samarium(II) Iodide‐Mediated Double Aldol Cyclization.
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Kuroda Kiichi , Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Dispersions of Transition‐Metal‐Based Phases in Mesostructured Silica Matrixes: Preparation of High‐Performance Catalytic Materials
Authors: Landau Miron V. , Vradman Leonid , Wolfson Adi , Rao P. Madhusudhan , Herskowitz Mordehay 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Quantitative study on selective stacking of zwitterions in large‐volume sample matrix by moving reaction boundary in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Qin Wei‐Hua , Cao Cheng‐Xi , Li Shan , Zhang Wei , Liu Wei 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe paper advanced the theoretical procedures for quantitative design on selective stacking of zwitterions in full capillary sample matrix by a cathodic‐direction moving reaction boundary (MRB) in capillary electrophoresis (CE) under control of electroosmotic flow (EOF). With the procedures, we conducted the theoretical computations on the selective stacking of two test analytes of L‐histidine (His) and L‐tryptophan (Trp) by the MRB created with 30 mM pH 3.0 formic acid‐NaOH buffer and 2–80 mM sodium formate. The results revealed the following three predictions. At first, the MRB cannot stack His and Trp plugs if less than 12.5 mM sodium formate is used to form the MRB and prepare the sample matrix. Second, the MRB can stack His and/or Trp sample plugs completely if higher than 50 mM sodium formate is chosen to form the MRB. Third, the MRB can only focus His plug completely, but stack Trp plug partially if 20–50 mM sodium formate is used; this implied the complete MRB‐induced selective stacking to His rather than Trp. All the three predictions were quantitatively proved by the experiments. With great dilution of sample matrix and control of EOF, controllable, simultaneous and MRB‐induced selective stacking and separation of zwitterions were achieved. The theoretical results hold evident significances to the quantitative design of selective stacking conditions and the increase of detection sensitivity of zwitterions in CE. In addition, the control of EOF by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) can evidently improve the stacking efficiency to both His and Trp.
Poly(methacrylic acid‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction applied to simultaneous analysis of some amphetamine derivatives in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Wei Fang , Fan Yi , Zhang Min , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA method based on in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was proposed for simultaneously determining four amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in urine. A poly(methacrylic acid‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column, which can provide sufficient extraction efficiency, was introduced for the extraction of amphetamines from urine samples. The hydrophobic main chains and acidic pendant groups of the monolithic column make it a superior material for extraction of basic analytes from aqueous matrix. After extraction, the samples were analyzed by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v, with a temperature and voltage of 25°C and 20 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field‐amplified sample stacking, detection limits of 25–34 µg/L were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 0.1–5 mg/L. Determination of these analytes from abusers' urine sample was also demonstrated.
A new species of Allium subgen. Melanocrommyum sect. Compactoprason (Alliaceae) from Iran
Authors: Mashayekhi S. , Zarre S. , Fritsch R. M. , Attar F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAllium hooshidaryae Mashayekhi, Zarre & R. M. Fritsch sp. nova (sect. Compactoprason) from Kordestan is newly described. Its taxonomic affiliation and relationship is discussed. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zwei neue fossile Hölzer der Morphogattung OrnoxylonFelix emend. Süss aus tertiären Schichten von Frankreich und Ungarn
Authors: Süss H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDie Geschichte der Morphogattung Ornoxylon Felix 1882 wird diskutiert, ihre Diagnose verändert und zwei neue tertiäre Ornoxyla, Ornoxylon grandiporosum sp. nova aus Pontlevoy in Frankreich und O. mikófalvense sp. nova aus Mikófalva in Ungarn, werden beschrieben. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of glass dissolution products on the detection of proteins by silver staining
Authors: Hall M. M. , Clare A. G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe influence of glass dissolution on the silver staining of proteins was investigated by reacting glass microspheres of varying chemical durability in boiling Laemmli sample buffer (LSB) for up to 5 min. All three of the investigated glass compositions leached Na+ ions to varying degrees during boiling in LSB, thereby causing an increase in the pH of the sample buffer. The LSB supernatant from the dissolution tests was mixed with unreacted LSB containing human serum albumin (HSA) and standard one‐dimensional SDS‐PAGE was performed. Silver staining was then used to visualize protein bands within the gel. The 30 Na2O·70 SiO2 glass exhibited pronounced degradation as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Further experiments employing solutions of neat LSB and reacted LSB (i.e., LSB containing glass dissolution products) mixed at varying ratios demonstrated the apparent significance of sample pH in affecting the inhibition of silver staining. The cause of this behavior may be due to an interference with the fixation stage of the staining protocol, thereby resulting in the loss of protein in subsequent rinsing stages. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Evaluation of polymerization of light‐curing hybrid composite resins
Authors: Kwon Yong Hoon , Jeon Geon‐Hoo , Jang Chang‐Min , Seol Hyo‐Joung , Kim Hyung‐Il 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe quality of polymerization of hybrid composite resins was tested to explore their feasibility for dental restorations. For this, microhardness, polymerization shrinkage, the coefficient of thermal expansion, and surface morphology were evaluated during or after light curing in conjunction with the thermocycling process. Each product had different microhardness values. The repeated thermal stimulus has no specific effect on the change of microhardness. The difference of microhardness between the thermocycled specimens and specimens stored only in distilled water was minor. The measured microhardness had a linear correlation with the filler content (vol %) of the tested specimens. The polymerization shrinkage had rapidly increased only during the light curing, and then it reached a plateau. Among the specimens, Z250 showed the least amount of shrinkage for all tested thicknesses. Regardless of the product, the shrinkage values increased as the specimens became thick. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the control specimens ranged between 42 and 55 μm/°C in the temperature range of 30–80°C. The coefficient showed an inverse correlation with the filler content. Through the thermocycling process, Palfique Estelite showed randomly propagating cracks on the surface. Larger fillers showed a more apparent detachment than the smaller fillers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006