bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pension-fund Investments
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the investment side of pension funds. We begin with an examination of the regulatory environment that they face. We show that pension funds face few statutory restrictions on their investment behaviour and that selfregulation is the guiding principle; however, we also show that following the Maxwell Affair, the regulatory framework has been tightened substantially and that pension funds now have much shorter periods over which to eliminate deficits and this has led to more conservative investment strategies.
Socrates and his Twins (The Socrates[es] of Plato’s Symposium)
Authors: Kofman Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among al1 of Plato’s Socratic dialogues, why should the Symposium warrant special attention? Is it because this dialogue may have handed down a more faithful portrait than any other? Might it be possible, in this dialogue in particular, to distinguish between the mastds part and the disciple’s? A whole tradition seems in fact to agree that this is the case. Alongside the Phaedo and the Apology, key dialogues for readers interested in the philosopher’s final moments (we shall return to these in connection with Kierkegaard), this tradition views the Symposium as a crucial (document’ for anyone interested in Socrates’ life. Alcibiades’ portrait of him in particular-a portrait produced under the influence of alcohol-seems to have been taken at face value. Does not Alcibiades himself demand such a reading? In vino veritas.
Selections from The Flight to Objectivity1
Authors: Bordo* Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On November 10, 1619, Descartes had a series of dreams-bizarre, richly imaginal sequences manifestly full of anxiety and dread. He interpreted these dreams-which most readers would surely regard as nightmares-as revealing to him that mathematics is the key to understanding the universe. Descartes’s resolute and disconcertingly positive interpretation has become a standard textbook anecdote, a symbol of the seventeenth-century rationalist project. That project, in the official story told in most philosophy and history texts, describes seventeenth-century culture as Descartes described his dreams: in terms of intellectual beginnings, fresh confidence, and a new belief in the ability of science-armed with the discourses of mathematics and the ‘new philosophy’-to decipher the language of nature.
Princess Elisabeth and Descartes: The Union of Soul and Body and the Practice of Philosophy
Authors: Shapiro* Lisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to talk about Elisabeth without subordinating her to her correspondent, Descartes. That is, it is difficult to talk about Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia as a philosopher in her own right.1 This is, of course, largely due to the fact that all we have of her philosophical writing is her correspondence with Descartes. And in this correspon dence, Elisabeth assumes the role of a reader of Descartes: she raises objections to and asks for clarification of Descartes’s claims but does not seems to advance any philosophical program of her own. This is not to say that Elisabeth’s comments do not influence Descartes. On the contrary, it seems to me quite certain that they do. In particular, her challenges move Descartes to think more carefully about the union of the soul and body, and it is at her request that he undertakes to write a work on the passions of the soul. Equally, we might tend to read Elisabeth’s letters in this way-that is, as simply responsive to, and so as interesting only for shedding some light on, Descartes’s philosophy-because she herself seems to take that as her role. In her correspondence she consistently denigrates her own intellectual con tribution to their exchanges, and she looks to Descartes as someone who can help her to remedy the weaknesses of her own mind. Or at least it seems that way at first.
Hume, the Women’s Moral Theorist?
Authors: Baier* Annette C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his brief autobiography, David Hume tells us that ‘as I took particu lar pleasure in the company of modest women, I had no reason to be displeased with the reception I met with from them.’ This double edged remark is typical of Hume’s references to women. Suggesting as it does that what pleased Hume was the women’s pleasure in his pleasure in their company, it both diminishes the significance of their welcome to him, since ‘whoever can find the means either by his services, his beauty, or his flattery to render himself useful or agreeable to us, is sure of our affections: and makes us wonder about the sources of his particular pleasure in their company.
Agency, Attachment, and Difference
Authors: Herman* Barbara 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is for no trivial reason that Kant’s ethics is the standard model of an impartial ethical system. Persons have moral standing in virtue of their rationality, and the morally dictated regard we are to have for one another reflects this deep sameness: we are never to fail to treat one another as agents with autonomous rational wills. This yields impartial treatment of persons and impartial judgment across cases. Although these features of Kant’s ethics have traditionally been a source of its appeal, in many recent discussions just this sort of impartiality has come to stand for a kind of vice-mostly a vice of theory.’ To the extent, however, that persons embody the values of impartiality, it is sometimes thought to be in them, if not quite a vice, then a lack or limit or defect of moral sensibility.2
Policies of Industrial Development in Guangdong, 1958
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 makes clear the dilemmas faced by the Ministry of Metallurgy in implementing overambitious and often unworkable central policies, and the difficulty in motivating and mobilizing the ministry’s subordinates and the regional authorities to totally reorient themselves. Here, the spotlight is on Guangdong province and the way it responded to the various ‘industrialization’ policies imposed upon it by the centre. As such, this chapter will also be organized chronologically, to explore the decision-making forums and the implementation process. It will demonstrate how the barrage of imperious and capricious demands from the centre had forced industrialization and the iron and steel campaign on agricultural Guangdong, although it did not have the preconditions and resources to do so. The PPC strove to implement all the centre’s initiatives, although they were absurd, unattainable, and often unmindful of the capabilities of the province. Confronted by the impossible goals, the PPC had no choice but to mobilize its only true asset, its organization capability, to the fullest. In time, however, the Leap policies could not be sustained, goal displacement occurred-the PPC turned to concentrate on appearance rather than the substance of plan fulfilment.
Conclusion: Policy-making in a Mao-dominated System
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most striking feature of the policy process in 1958 was a dominant Mao bent on exerting his power and consummating his personal vision. With supreme confidence, he took personal charge of running the economy by bullying all his detractors into submission. Mao was firmly committed to the Leap strategy of an allout effort requiring the mobilization and participation of virtually every Chinese citizen. Since he had invested tremendously of his personal political capital in the Leap campaign, he was anxious to achieve results. Timetables for production increases were constantly advanced, and production tasks multiplied. Numerous policy instruments ranging from exhortation to coercion were approved by Mao and hurled at the general population. All these are classic examples of hyperactivity, over-instrumenting and over-targeting.
The Reconstruction of France, 1789-1791
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Constituent or National Assembly of 1789-91 was the largest parliament in French history, with more than 1,200 members of the clergy, nobility and commons who had previously convened for the Estates-General in May 1789. Over the next two years, the deputies threw themselves with extraordinary energy into the task of reworking every dimension of public life. The work of its thirty-one committees was facilitated by the preparedness to co-operate of a large number of nobles, styled ‘patriots’, by abundant harvests in 1789 and 1790, and above all by the deep reservoir of popular goodwill. However, the rostrum and committees of the Assembly were dominated by about one-tenth of the deputies, and it could be suggested that the seeds of later southern misgivings about the Revolution were sown in the domination of the Assembly from the outset by men from the north.
The Water Regulation Regime in England and Wales
Authors: Byatt Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Privatization arose from the economic and political difficulties of Britain in the 1970s. Solutions had to be found to high inflation, growing microeconomic inflexibility, and ineffective attempts by government to manage the economy. Macroeconomic policy seemed unable to control inflation and to generate employment. Microeconomic intervention was propping up inefficient companies and reducing the ability of the economy to adjust to new challenges.
The Electricity and Telecommunications Sectors in Spain: Rapid Change, Regulators at the Crossroads
Authors: Curien Nicolas , Matheu Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is certainly no ‘Latin’ model of industrial organization and regulation of public services and networks. Spain provides proof of this, if proof were needed. It is a country where the postal monopoly is circumvented-in fact, there is no flat postal rate-where the electricity sector has long been very fragmented, where private operators already have a major presence in several sectors, and where, for some years, the government has been very quick to take measures to open up to competition-measures that go well beyond European requirements.
Contrasts in Germany: Decentralization, Self-regulation, and Sector-specific Regulators
Authors: Gassner Katharina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the recent liberalization of three German network utilities and the regulatory framework established in these industries. Legal, structural, and institutional changes that have been implemented in the past few years in telecommunications, electricity, and railway services are surveyed, and the success of introducing competition into these industries is evaluated.
Dynamic Efficiency Wages., Learning., and Innovation
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Efficiency wages have been defined as wages paid in excess of labour productivity levels and a variety of implications have been detected in a static context of analysis, mainly in terms of information asymmetries and labour market failures. Dynamic efficiency wages are but equilibrium wages for learning firms that are able to elaborate proper incentives for employees to actually learn and participate in the effort to generate new localized technological change and hence introduce new technologies. The equilibrium conditions for ‘dynamic efficiency wages’ can be detailed when technological change is considered endogenous to learning firms and local innovation systems.
Collective Knowledge and the Dynamics of Technological Clusters: The Case of Communication Technologies
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considerable empirical evidence and important theoretical analyses in the economics of innovation have recently provided new support for the Schumpeterian notion of gales of innovation (Schumpeter, 1934: technological innovations appear in gales and cannot be analysed in isolation). A systemic approach seems necessary.
Lender of Last Resort: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Giannini Curzio , Hoggarth Glenn , Soussa Farouk 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of lender of last resort (LOLR) originated at the beginning of the nine teenth century when Henry Thornton (1802) spelt out the basic elements of sound central bank practice with respect to distress lending. Walter Bagehot (1873), who is most often credited with establishing modern LOLR theory, expanded on Thornton’s work (although without referring to him by name).
Financial Deregulation, Monetary Policy, and Central Banking (excerpts)
Authors: Goodfriend Marvin , King Robert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Financial deregulation is widely understood to have important economic benefits for microeconomic reasons. Since Adam Smith, economists have provided argu ments and evidence that unfettered private markets yield outcomes that are supe rior to public sector alternatives. But fmancial regulations—specific rules and overall structures—are sometimes justified on macroeconomic grounds. This paper analyzes the need for fmancial regulations in the implementation of central bank policy. Dividing the actions of the Federal Reserve into monetary and banking pol icy, we fmd that fmancial regulations cannot readily be rationalized on the basis of macroeconomic benefits.
Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, And Liquidity
Authors: Dimont Douglas W , Dybvig Philip H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bank runs are a common feature of the extreme crises that have played a prominent role in monetary history. During a bank run, depositors rush to withdraw their deposits because they expect the bank to fail. In fact, the sudden withdrawals can force the bank to liquidate many of its assets at a loss and to fail. In a panic with many bank failures, there is a disruption of the monetary system and a reduction in production.
Conceptual Responses to Forum Shopping and Concurrent Jurisdiction
Authors: Bell Andrew S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter sought to demonstrate that differences in the procedural, internal and conflicts laws of different countries may produce significant incentives for forum shopping. It was seen in Chapter 1 that the sinequanonfor such activity was the existence of jurisdiction in more than one forum, whether by reason of the fact that a defendant is present in several forums (either simultaneously, in the case of corporations, or sequentially, in the case of individuals or ships) or because of so-called exorbitant or assumed jurisdiction. The combination of concurrent jurisdiction and the various advantages offered by one ‘competent’ forum over another in any given case creates the environment for vigorous battles over the issue of venue in transnational litigation.
Taxes and Transfers in Japan’s Local Finances
Authors: Machida Nobuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Japanese local public finances account for roughly 70 per cent of general public expenditure and 80 per cent of public capital formation. This suggests that, in implementation terms at least, local governments play an important role in the provision of public services. The efficiency and equity characteristics of the Japanese local government system are, therefore, likely to have an important effect on regional and national development. The purpose of this chapter is to examine Japan’s intergovernmental relations from a fiscal view point. It is divided into four sections. The first section provides an outline of the basic framework of the system. The second provides an analysis of the local tax system. The third provides data on the regional equalization effect of intergovernmental transfers. The fourth and concluding section discusses some lessons of experience to date for other countries as well as for Japan.
Local Policy Initiatives
Authors: Kitayama Toshiya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How has the Japanese government dealt with the social and economic change of the post-war period, especially the achievement of economic growth and the resolution of problems caused by industrialization? This chapter suggests that local governments in Japan have played an important role in coping with post-war socio-economic change, in particular by embarking on a series of innovative policies which responded to the evolving needs and demands of citizens during the process of industrialization and beyond. Why and how did this come about? One explanation certainly lies in the institutional setting of local governments in Japan.
The Franc in Peril, 1924–1926
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French path from wartime inflation and budget deficits through the years of major reconstruction of devastated areas to stable currency and finance after 1926 was far from exemplary From early 1924 to mid-1926, France made significant progress in eliminating the budget deficit, but increased taxation and tighter control on expenditure were decided as a product of sharp crises. The franc, having fallen dramatically in 1919–20, tell by a further 50 per cent in this period. and parliament voted the toughest tax measures in seeking to end flight from the franc. The unwillingness of French politicians to vote tax increases vas a persistent factor producing financial and monetary instability. The resolution of the currency crises in March 1924 and July 1926 owed a great deal to the crises having confronted politicians with a worse alternative than voting new taxes: collapse of the franc. But successful resolution of the crises depended on co-ordinated action between the central bank and the government, as the crises were in part a product of conflict between the Bank of France and the Treasury.
The Gold Standard Illusion, 1928–1936
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The franc’s return to gold did not end inter-war currency instability and secure the foundations for a new era of global economic prosperity. Beginning in the summer of 1928, policy decisions by individual central banks set in train restrictive monetary policies in the United States and in capital-importing nations. The gold standard transmitted this contractionary turn system-wide, amplifying national monetary policy decisions to produce a worldwide contraction, setting off the Great Depression. The key monetary decisions were taken in the United States. One recent analyst contends that American policy was in part ‘hostage to the dynamics of French gold absorption’, and that while American policy errors were unrecognized by contemporaries, French policy was immediately seen as harmful and criticized as such. Thus Clark Johnson argues that ‘French errors were avoidable’, and blames French policy for the Great Depression.1
Conclusions
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The gold standard earned a better reputation than its actual performance merited. The smooth functioning of the classical gold standard owed a great deal to favourable historical circumstances (Chapter 1). The First World War sent a seismic shock through the international economy, with the worst effects felt at its epicentre among the European belligerents. War finance produced inflation and instability: high levels of government debt, rising prices, and currency depreciation. Looking back from the early 1920s, the classical gold standard seemed to have provided an ideal system of balanced budgets, stable currencies, and stable prices.
Stalinist Art: Tractor Drivers’ Supper
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The years before the 1917 Revolution had been a time of brilliant artistic innovation. Chagall, Kandinsky, Malevich, Goncharova, Tatlin, Lissitsky, and Rodchenko were at work, and Russian art was hurtling out of isolation. The Bolshevikseizure of power gave grounds for hope that the long-awaited marriage of the political and artistic avant-gardes would be consummated.
Gladstone and the Greeks: The Extraordinary Mission to the Ionian Islands, 1858–1859
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the rainswept afternoon of Friday, 10 December 1858 the rising hope of British politics, William Gladstone, was attempting to cross the narrow bridge leading to the town of Argostoli, on the island of Cephalonia in the Ionian archipelago. Gladstone had recently arrived in the Islands and had thrown himself energetically into his task as Extraordinary High Commissioner to investigate the ills and discontents of Ionian society after four decades under British protection. As his carriage clattered over the bridge, a crowd of about a thousand quickly gathered on the town side, and rushed to surround the prestigious visitor, the cry of ‘Hurrah for union with Greece’ (zito ì enosis) being endlessly repeated. Audible above this out-burst, however, was another, more menacing assertion, with a clear anti-British meaning: ‘Down with the Protection.’ The hubbub panicked the horses, and they had to be taken in hand by the crowd.
Love, Deception and Anglo-Hellenic Politics
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The range of historical experience covered in these pages has been very considerable. In navigating a path across it, we have sought to draw out the comparative dimension in essentially four intense island experiences. This conclusion will be restricted to rehearsing some of the common threads. An outstanding feature has been the ideological sensitivity which issues of Hellenic irredentism caused in British policy making. The uncomfortableness of the British position in the Ionian Islands arose, as one Lord High Commissioner observed, because they constituted ‘a stage very open to the observation of Europe’, and as such vulnerable, as more distant possessions were not, to Britain’s international detractors. A couple of decades later Lord Salisbury identified the same weakness when forewarning a newly appointed High Commissioner of Cyprus that the principal challenge surrounding this new acquisition came from ‘the reflex operation on the public feeling of the island when thrown back, in a magnified and distorted form, by the exaggeration of European controversy’. Such magnification was experienced during the European occupation of Crete after 1897, when the criticisms of local Christians concerning British peacekeeping in Candia interacted with wider attacks on England’s ‘splendid isolation’ and unilateral diplomacy. But Salisbury’s concern that Cyprus in particular might prove an embarrassment was to be all too amply fulfilled at the end of our period.
The Psychology of Irrationality: Why People Make Foolish, Self-Defeating Choices
Authors: Baumeister Roy F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Self-destructive or self-defeating behavior has been an enduring fascination in psychology. One reason for this fascination is that it shows the limits of the model of the human being as a rational decision-maker. A rational being should by definition pursue enlightened self-interest. Self-defeating behavior constitutes a failure to pursue enlightened self-interest. Such patterns suggest dark psychological motivations or at least troubling, costly failures of human reason.
Information and Self-Control
Authors: Brocas Isabelle , Carrillo Juan D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nobody doubts that the behavior of agents often violates the most basic premises of rationality imposed in economics. Examples of such violations are provided in some of the essays in this volume. They suggest that looking for a purely rational explanation is sometimes either hopeless or absurd. On the other hand, labeling as irrational any conduct for which the explanation is not immediate, seems also a quite unsatisfactory strategy. In this essay, we show that if we keep the traditional ingredients of economic analysis and enrich these models in a few (and fairly natural) directions, then it is possible to rationalize some puzzling patterns of behavior.