bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biographer of the Sophists
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literature, illuminating the society of an age through acquiescence or dissent, must always have its place in history as a reflection of attitudes and taste. The relation of literature to politics, however, has not been uniform through out the ages; from time to time there have developed close alliances between literature and politics,—in England, for example, in the early eighteenth century. Similarly, in the second century of the present era, literary men helped to determine the destiny of the Roman empire and never enjoyed more public renown. Their social and political eminence was not necessarily matched by superior literary attainments. The quality of the second-century works we possess (and they are many) is not high :1 they are often over-elaborated productions not on unreal, unimportant, or traditional themes. Such works were rhetorical showpieces, whose authors, highly trained in oral presentation, were showmen. Yet this fact does not preclude composition for important persons and occasions. The authors were themselves important men.
Special Privileges
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wealth and social standing of the majority of sophists in the second and early third centuries are beyond dispute. Their contributions to the economic revival of cities like Smyrna and Ephesus are patent, and it appears that on the whole the sophists were glad in that age to undertake local magistracies and the attendant financial burdens. Their own prestige and influence were thereby enhanced. Official recognition of the eminence of these men and their families was to be expected from the Roman government : they clearly qualified for special favour. And they received favour, notably in the form of advancement into the equestrian and senatorial orders; the consulate was within reach.
Pherekydes Of Syros
Authors: Schibli Hermann S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixth century BC, Pherekydes of Syros, the reputed teacher of Pythagoras and contemporary of Thales and Anaximander, wrote a book about the birth of the gods and the origin of the cosmos. Considered one of the first prose works of Greek literature, Pherekydes' book survives only in fragments. On the basis of these as well as the ancient testimonies, the author attempts to reconstruct the theo-cosmological schema of Pherekydes. An introductory chapter on the life of Pherekydes is followed by four chapters on the contents of his book. From Pherekydes' mythopoeic creation account, his colourful narratives of a divine marriage and a battle of the gods, and finally from his remarks on the soul, Professor Schibli is careful to unfold the philosophical implications. Pherekydes emerges as a figure who moved in that fascinating frontier between myth and philosophy. The theogonies of Hesiod and the Orphics, the cosmological speculations of certain Presocratics, and the Pythagorean tenets on the soul are all profitably compared with the remnants of Pherekydes' book. Pherekydes is thus shown to be an important witness to early Greek thought in its various manifestations. This is the first book-length study in English dedicated to Pherekydes. It includes a comprehensive appendix of the fragments and ancient testimonies, along with limited critical apparatus and English translations.
ΠEnte-/EΠTamyxoi: In Pherekydes
Authors: Schibli Hermann S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theo-cosmology of Pherekydes, as far as we are able to reconstruct it from the remaining fragments and testimonia, may be outlined as follows: is also that found in Damaskios and may be assumed to be Pherekydes‘ own. 6 Steps 2 to 4 of the outline may be called the first creation. Chronos without a consort produces three primary elements.
Verse-Internal Boundaries
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The statistics of enjambement reveal the frequency of each enjambement type and something of the syntactical relationship between verses, but say nothing about the internal structure of the verse itself. This internal structure is important because sentences and clauses, both enjambed and not, can end almost anywhere between the first syllable of the line and the sixth foot; further, there is a relationship between enjambement and these internal breaks, especially those separating sentences because they are stronger than those dividing clauses.
Formulae and Fnjambement
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With this chapter, the quantifiable aspects of enjambement are set aside to concentrate on the relation between enjambement and the formula. In Chapter 1, the formula was defined and its variations presented, and it was asserted that formulae could be enjambed. It is now time to explore that assertion, to try to understand whether it is unusual for a formula to be enjambed, and to explain, where possible, the reasons for the enjambement. To do so will reveal much about the flexibility of formulae as well as the significance of enjambement in the construction of the verse.
Introduction
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is there a history of the Greek family? Since history studies change over time, we must ask whether there were changes in the Greek family from the classical to the Hellenistic period. Were new family shapes, structures, values, and behaviour introduced in response to the changing world? The principal historiographic question I shall pose here is whether a synchronic or a diachronic approach is most appropriate to the study of the Greek family.
Defining the Family
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family in classical and Hellenistic Greece had a far greater range of functions and manifestations than it has in the modern Western world. Consequently, the definition of the Greek family is not only broad, but protean, including in some cases people who are not related to one another by blood, marriage, or adoption, or sometimes even people who never shared a household. Because the greatest range of definitions, the most clearly articulated historical development, and the most numerous and varied primary sources appear in Athens, the Athenian family will serve as the paradigm in the first part of the following discussion. The Spartan family will then be described as ‘the exception that proves the rule’. Very little is known about the family lives of Greeks of the classical period who lived in city-states other than Athens or Sparta.
Heredity and Personal Identity
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family membership was a critical factor in shaping a person’s identity.1 Those of us who live anonymously in vast cosmopolitan cities of the Western world and who cherish our individuality and our freedom to create our own identity may consider such a situation stifling, but, as the following discussion will show, family membership could serve not only as an unfailing source of security and welfare, but also as a font of honour, achievement, and social and political privilege, or, conversely, might confer an inescapable burden of debt, dishonour, or physical imperfection. In Athens a man became a citizen only by being acknowledged first as a member of a citizen family. Women’s identity was more hazy than men’s, and because of this ambiguity, family membership could be challenged on the basis of female descent. As we shall see, however, women’s invisibility varied geographically, chronologically (even within their own life cycle), and according to social class.
Death and the Family
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The treatment of dead members of a family reveals much about personal relationships within the family, as well as the relationship between the family and the larger society. For the social historian of antiquity, material evidence from the dead constitutes a relatively fruitful source of information. In many cases, however, the data from individual cities span several centuries, and frequently show changes in quantity and kind over time. Local variation is marked. As usual, the best historical evidence comes from Attica, for it is abundant, and has been subjected to intensive scholarly analysis. Therefore the sources for this chapter will be principally Athenian. Yet even within the scope of one city, the various genres of evidencelegal, literary, and archaeological-often present conflicting information. This heterogeneity is the result of regional and class variation, of changes in belief, behaviour, and artistic representation over time, and perhaps of the ambivalent attitudes of families towards their dead.
Pelagius’s Commentary on St Paul’s Epistle to the Romans
Authors: Bruyn Theodore De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Romans from both Jewish and Gentile backgrounds came to faith. In an arrogant dispute the one group sought to put down the other. For the Jews said, ‘We are the people of God, whom he has loved and cherished from the beginning. We, the circumcised, descend from Abraham’s line, from holy stock, and in times past “God was known” only “in Judaea”. After we had been freed from Egypt by signs and wonders [from God], we crossed the sea on dry ground, while huge waves overwhelmed our enemies. On us the Lord rain[ed] manna in the desert, and for us he provided heavenly food, as if we were his children. Before us he went day and night in the pillar of cloud and fire, to show us a way where there was none. And, not to mention his other immeasurable benefits towards us, we alone were worthy to receive God’s law, to hear the voice of God when he spoke, and to know his will. In this law was Christ promised us; in fact, he himself declared that he had come for us, when he said, “I have come only for the lost sheep of the house oflsrael”, whereas he called you dogs rather than people.
Roman Theatres
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a definitive architectural study of Roman theatre architecture. In nine chapters it brings together a massive amount of archaeological, literary, and epigraphic information under one cover. It also contains a full catalogue of all known Roman theatres, including a number of odea (concert halls) and bouleuteria (council chambers) which are relevant to the architectural discussion, about 1,000 entries in all. Inscriptional or literary evidence relating to each theatre is listed and there is an up-to-date bibliography for each building. Most importantly the book contains plans of over 500 theatres or buildings of theatrical type, as well as numerous text figures and nearly 200 figures and plates.
The Scene Building
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scaenae fronswas the wall of the scene building facing the audience. In theatres of the western type it contained the three doorways through which the actors entered the stage (Fig. 20). In some eastern theatres there were five such doorways (Fig. 27). The sides of the stage were enclosed by walls (versurae). These also contained doorways, which led onto the stage from the lateral rooms or basilicas beyond. Thus in theatres of the western type there were five possible entrances onto the stage. The columnatiowhich ran in front of the scaenae fronswall usually turned to frame the doorways at the sides of the stage.
Asia minor
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DThe only recognizable public building is the theatre sunk into the rim of the hill at its north-western extremity and looking don on Ahat. The foundations of the stagestructure are still traceable: it ran southeast northwest and was 30 metres in length’ (Buckler and Calder).D c.66 m, facing south-west; very short analemmata parallel to scene building; all but lowest part of ima cavea restricted to an arc of less than 120° sides of cavea contained within oblique walls; ima cavea: 21 rows in 5 cunei; separated by praecinctio (W c.1.85 m) from summa: 11 rows, top row with continuous stone back, in 8 cunei; praecinctio(Wc.3.4 m) at top.
Avitus and the Goths
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eparchius Avitus seized power over the Western Empire in 455, exploiting the chaos caused by the Vandalic sack of Rome and the lynching of the previous emperor, Petronius Maximus, after a mere eleven weeks of rule. Avitus had the support of a number of Gallo-Roman senators, who had assembled at Beaucaire (Viernum),1 but his coup would not have been possible had it not been backed by the military support of the Goths of Aquitaine under their king, Theoderic II. His reign was effectively over by late 4562 but, brief though it was, it marked an important stage in the involvement of Germanic peoples in internal Roman affairs. For the first time, a Germanic king with an inde pendent power-base set up a Roman emperor and dictated the destiny of the imperial purple; although Avitus was an influential figure in Gaul in his own right and therefore not entirely a puppet emperor, the Goths were indispensable to his survival.
Majorian
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julius Valerius Maiorianus ‘ victory over Avitus at Placentia was in itself no more than that of one war-lord over another; he had won a battle but not the empire.1 As one who claimed power as a military challenger, he was a symptom of the tendencies to fragmentation that had already made themselves felt in the West, and, if he was to survive, he had to build an enduring coalition by which unity could be preserved. He therefore made no immediate claim to the title of Augustus, but spent more than a year seeking the endorsement and support of the army, which acclaimed him in April 457, his ‘colleagues ‘ in the Senate, and the emperor of the East. His patience was rewarded when, on 28 December 457, Leo and Majorian were finally proclaimed joint emperors at Ravenna.2 Now, as Augustus and consul for 458, Majorian could with confidence assert his title to the Senate in an oratio (imperial proclamation) of 11 January, in which he could claim that his elevation by the Senate and army was due to his services to the state, not his own wish.3 It was expected of all aspirants to office that they showed some reluctance-Sidonius had made the same point of Avitus and was to make it of Majorian himself but the interregnum had at least given some colour to the new emperor ‘s pretensions.
Otium: The Christian Layman, AD 461-467
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overthrow of Majorian caused a temporary interrup tion in Sidonius ‘ aspirations for office in the imperial service. However it also marked the effective beginning of a period of reading, writings, and discussion, which would pave the way to a second career in the Christian Church. In 461, Sidonius ‘ consecration at Clermont still lay far in the future and his main concern was to keep open the option of seeking further secular dignitates, but these worldly pre occupations should not detract from the importance to Sidonius of this formative period of otium in Gaul, which lasted down to his journey to Italy in 467. Sidonius ‘ Christian convictions were profound. His active participa tion in the affairs of the Church went far beyond the routine attendance at services expected of his class, which could on occasion be interspersed with ball-games and witty epigrams. ‘ His religion was no mere matter of form and, from a religious standpoint, his consecration at Clermont was a natural progression in his career.
The Bishop at Work
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By Gregory of Tours in the sixth century, Sidonius would be remembered above all as a bishop whose saintliness won him the love of his people and confounded the plots of his enemies. ‘ The fame of his resistance to Euric endured but so too did his reputation gained from his daily life as a bishop. Gregory was to record his works of charity, his command of the liturgy, and the devotion of his flock but it was Sidonius who preserved in his Epistulae many of the ‘case-histories ‘ which he, as bishop, had to handle.
Archaic Georgia: The Arrival of Greeks in Colchis
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about Greek colonization of the Mediterranean and Black Sea region in the archaic period, but the evidential basis for such writings is scant, even by the humble standards of ancient history, where evidence is never in excess. Most important issues remain in dispute. However, Hellenocentric models of colonization are now seldom adopted: they have been replaced by a more nuanced concern for all participants in the historical developments of the archaic Mediterranean and Pontic worlds and their respective hinterlands.1 In approaching the colonization of Colchis, we must first consider the broad problems of evidence and interpretation which surround colonization in general. And that consideration will provide an historical framework within which the limited evidence for the colonization of Colchis may then be interpreted.
Mithridates, Pompey, and the Emergence of Iberia
Authors: Braund David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Strabo considered the growth of Graeco-Roman geographical knowledge over the centuries down to his own time (c.64 BC-AD 25), he regarded the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator of Pontus as a time of substantial advance. The king and his generals had made known much of the northern coast of the Black Sea as far east as Colchis. Moreover, Pompey’s campaigns and their aftermath had generated sound information about the peoples of Transcaucasia. At the same time, Mithridates put Colchis on to the map of Roman politics: his acquisition of Colchis had been an issue for Rome. And, with the Mithridatic Wars and their aftermath, Colchis gained a new significance at Rome.
Sulla and the Asian Publicans
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his recent work on the equites ( The Roman Middle Class, Oxford 1952) H. Hill has re-asserted a view, which goes back to Mommsen, that probably ‘Sulla, whose hostility to the publicani and the whole Middle Class is well-known, kept them out of Asia as long as he could by continuing the collection of the revenues on the system he had established in 84 BC’, i.e. that of direct assessment of the cities (p. 69). This view has never found universal acceptance. Rice Holmes, for instance, held that there was no evidence that Sulla abolished the taxfarming system in Asia, and T. R. S. Broughton has maintained that the operations of the publicani were never suspended there. In my opinion a controversy that has long divided scholars admits of a simple solution. In 84 Sulla resorted to direct assessment of the cities because he had no choice; he had no intention of abolishing the publican system for ever, and in fact it was restored as soon as he had re-established order in Italy .and the unity of the empire.
Tacitus on the Batavian Revolt
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the revolt of the Batavians and some other peoples in Gaul and Germany in A.D. 69–70 Tacitus is virtually our only source. This does not mean that we may properly succumb to the temptation of adopting his account without reserve and without subjecting it to critical examination. There is, however, a high initial probability that it deserves respect. In the rest of his work, though his interpretations have often been questioned, too often indeed without sufficient reason, by critics who have neither experience of the kind of conditions he represents nor the imagination to recreate them, his reputation for veracity on particular matters of fact is good, and has been upheld by some of his severest critics. Moreover Tacitus was a contemporary of the events of 69-70, and though he was too young to have had firsthand knowledge of affairs on the Rhine at this time, we should not expect to find that his account is here distorted by preconceptions drawn from the experience of a later age. It is indeed probable that he derived his account chiefly (though not only) from the elder Pliny, who was a contemporary of the revolt and well acquainted with the region where it broke out. Modern scholars have therefore, for the most part, been content to follow Tacitus’ account, in which they discern I no incoherence or implausibility. However, G. Walser has recently developed a theory of Munzer (n. 4) in such a way as to impugn the reliability of his interpretation and narrative.
Roman Imperial Illusions’
Authors: Carolyn Higbie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vitruvius, writing not long before 27 BC, asserted that Augustus (as he was soon to be known) was possessed of the government of the whole world and had subdued all peoples (i. pr. 1 ). Like Augustus’ claim in his own record of his achievements that he had waged wars throughout the world (RG 3. 1), and that in the prescript composed posthumously, that he had subdued the world to the imperium of the Roman people, this language, which had been commonly used by Romans in the late Republic, appeared to equate the extent of Roman dominion with that part of the earth’s surface within which were to be found all lands known to be inhabited, enclosed (so Greeks and Romans thought) by the encircling Ocean, and called by the Greeks oikoumene and by the Romans orbis terrarum.
A Political Group
Authors: Birley Anthony R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Nexus formed easily among congenial families of the better sort in a city or a region. With that support the ambitious departed, intent on the career of honours. Some brought with them provincial parsimony and the traditional standards that had abandoned the capital long since (so it was averred). Patavium adhered to severe morality, and some cities paraded a sentimental attachment to the Republic. Mediolanum had its statues of Cassius and Brutus. No impediment, since a Caesarian loyalty blended with the Roman patriotism of a frontier zone.
Sophocles
Authors: Cairns Douglas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extant plays of Sophocles belong to an age in which the idea that there are two sides to every story became a commonplace, and problems based in sophistic relativism—that people may differ over the meanings of words, may have subjective ideas of what is right and what is true, and find it difficult, sometimes impossible to communicate—loom large in his work. Sophocles understands partiality, aware that people often hold views or attitudes that are contradictory and that they interpret events and situations to suit themselves; accordingly, it is common in his work for one kind of aidōs to be set against another, and his characters often have only a partial grasp of what aidōs is, and of what course of action it dictates; conflicts of values, sometimes irreducible, underlie much of the tragic force of Sophocles’ plays, and it is in such cases that his use and treatment of aidōs are most important and intriguing.
Mirabilia
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words commonly used to categorize wonders, curiosities, monstrosities, extravagant fictions, the seemingly inexplicable, and things beyond normal, everyday experience include mirabilia, miracula, prodigia, and portenta (explained as ‘praeter naturam hominum pecudumque’).1 Similarly, mirum and mirabilis are applied to the unusual. Such mirabilia are to be found in the shadowy realms of ‘sub-science’.
Language and Style
Authors: Healy John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A discussion of Pliny’s use of language and of his style1 may seem an unwarranted intrusion in a review of his contribution to early imperial science and technology. However, the problems that Pliny, like Lucretius and others, encountered because of the paucity of technical terms in Latin, and the style in which he presents his subject matter, have a critical bearing on the content and character of the Natural History. The importance also of nomenclature cannot be overstressed, as Fleury2 writes in another context.