bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factor structure of DSM‐IV criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder in patients with binge eating disorder
Authors: Grilo C. M. 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To examine the factor structure of DSM‐IV criteria for obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) in patients with binge eating disorder (BED).Method: Two hundred and eleven consecutive out‐patients with axis I diagnoses of BED were reliably assessed with semi‐structured diagnostic interviews. The eight criteria for the OCPD diagnosis were examined with reliability and correlational analyses. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify potential components.Results: Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the OCPD criteria was 0.77. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation revealed a three‐factor solution (rigidity, perfectionism, and miserliness), which accounted for 65% of variance.Conclusion: The DSM‐IV criteria for OCPD showed good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis, however, revealed three components that may reflect distinct interpersonal, intrapersonal (cognitive), and behavioral features.
Buprenorphine in pregnant opioid‐dependent women: first results of a prospective study
Authors: Lacroix I. , Berrebi A. , Chaumerliac C. , Lapeyre‐Mestre M. , Montastruc J. L. , Damase‐Michel C. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To report results on the prospective follow‐up of 34 pregnant women exposed to buprenorphine maintenance for opiate dependence.Design and setting  Prospective multicentre study: all pregnant women receiving buprenorphine as maintenance therapy were included as early as possible during their pregnancy.Participants  The pregnant women were recruited from opiate maintenance therapy centres, general practitioner‐networks involved in addiction, maternity hospitals and centres for drug information during pregnancy.Measurements  Women: drugs and medications consumed, medical and obstetrical events; offspring: withdrawal syndrome, malformation, neonatal disease.Findings  The buprenorphine‐exposed pregnancies resulted in 31 live births, one stillbirth, one spontaneous abortion and one voluntary termination. A neonatal withdrawal syndrome was observed in 13 cases (41.9%) and eight of these babies required opiate treatment. Two neonates had a malformation: a premature ductus arteriosus stricture and a tragus appendix.Conclusion  Taken together with other prospective studies, no alarming results were observed concerning pregnancy outcomes. However, further data from the comparative prospective study are required to determine whether buprenorphine can be considered as a good alternative to methadone treatment in pregnant women.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Chicken Adenohypophysis Using Monoclonal Mouse Anti‐Human FSH as a Primary Antibody
Authors: Erdost H. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis experiment was conducted to investigate the use of monoclonal mouse anti‐human FSH as a primary antibody for the immunohistochemical staining on chicken adenohypophysis paraffin sections. The use of monoclonal mouse anti‐human primary antibody on chicken tissues has been developed. The protocol has been modified by comparing the results of the different groups. Briefly, this present protocol suggests modification in two areas; first, the antigen retrieval step, by placing the slides into the buffered citrate in microwave oven at 700 watt for 5 min, 3 times, and antigen–antibody reactions. Secondly, the incubation with the primary antibody (dilution 1/100 for anti‐FSH) at 37°C for 90 min.
Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae
Authors: Peigné Stéphane 
Published: December 2004

Peigné, S. (2003). Systematic review of European Nimravinae (Mammalia, Carnivora, Nimravidae) and the phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene Nimravidae. —Zoologica Scripta, 32, 199–229.The Nimravidae is a family of sabre‐tooth predators which are well represented in North America and Europe. Most of the previous studies have concentrated on the North American taxa which are the best known. However, the relationships between the European and North American genera have never been carefully investigated. This study presents the results of the first phylogenetic systematic review of Palaeogene Nimravidae. The first part of this work presents the systematic revision of several European taxa (Nimravus intermedius, Dinailurictis bonali and Quercylurus major) and also includes the description of new material from the Early Oligocene of western Europe. The second part deals with the phylogenetic relationships of the Palaeogene Nimravidae. Thirty‐three cranial, mandibular and dental characters were analysed, including a precise analysis of the sabre‐tooth adaptation. The resulting data matrix was analysed through a cladistic analysis which included 19 taxa, including a hypothetical ancestor (outgroup), a primitive skull assigned to cf. Eofelis, and the genera Nimravus (two species), Dinaelurus, Eofelis, Dinailurictis, Quercylurus, Dinictis, Pogonodon, Nanosmilus, Hoplophoneus (four species) and Eusmilus (four species). The analysis of the main core of the character matrix (only 15 taxa + hypothetical ancestor) using the program hennig86 resulted in three most parsimonious trees [length 75; consistency index (CI) = 0.82; retention index (RI) = 0.89]; the strict consensus tree (length 76; CI = 0.81; RI = 0.89) is presented. The main results of the analysis are the strong support for the monophyly of the Nimravine; the confirmation of the basal divergence between Nimravini (Nimravus and Dinaelurus) and all other genera; the sister group relationship of Dinictis to Pogonodon; the plesiomorphic morphology of the European genera Eofelis, Dinailurictis and Quercylurus; the strong support of the clade Nanosmilus/Hoplophoneus/Eusmilus; the unresolved relationships of Hoplophoneus species; and the unequivocal assignment of the species sicarius to Eusmilus. Palaeogeographical and evolutionary implications for the Nimravidae are discussed.
Addressing barriers to change: an RCT of practice‐based education to improve the management of hypertension in the elderly.
Authors: Bhrolchain Cliona Ni 
Published: December 2004

Method A randomised, single‐blind, controlled trial of incorporating an exploration of barriers to changing practice into an educational strategy for GPs was conducted in 18 practices. Both groups of practices received visits during which they received the results of a previous audit on the management of hypertension in the elderly. The nine intervention practices were encouraged to explore barriers that would prevent them from implementing the pertinent research findings, in addition to an exploration of the issues and creation of a practice action plan. Control groups received the education without the element of exploring barriers to change. The outcome measures were changes in response to a questionnaire before and after the educational intervention. Results There were statistically significant differences between the two groups after the educational visit. Those practices who were encouraged to explore barriers to change were more likely to show change in behaviour compared to the control group. All the intervention practices produced an action plan for improving the performance, whereas none of the controls did so. The intervention practices also showed more concordance in management protocols after the intervention. Conclusion Addressing the barriers preventing practitioners from implementing research findings is effective in implementing change.
The functional α‐adrenoceptor in dog caudal vesical arteries is mainly an α1A subtype
Authors: Nakazawa M. , Taguchi Y. , Yang X.‐P. , Chiba S. 
Published: December 2004

Summary 1 The present study attempted to pharmacologically characterize the subtypes of α‐adrenoceptors mediating the vasoconstriction in the isolated and perfused canine vesical artery. 2 Noradrenaline (NA) and phenylephrine (PE, an α1‐adrenoceptor agonist) induced a dose‐dependent vasoconstriction, whereas xylazine (an α2‐agonist) did not induce any clear vascular constrictor response. 3 Prazosin at 0.01 μm and rauwolscine at 0.1 μm failed to affect the NA‐induced vasoconstriction. Prazosin at 0.1 μm antagonized the vasoconstrictor responses to NA, with pKB value of 7.8. 4 WB 4101 at 0.01–0.1 μm dose‐dependently inhibited the responses to NA, with a pKB value of 8.9. The vasoconstrictor responses to NA were not significantly affected by chloroethylclonidine (10–30 μm) or BMY 7378 (0.1 μm). 5 The present results indicate that the canine vesical arteries dominantly contain α1‐adrenoceptors but have no α2‐adrenoceptors, and the functional subtype of α1‐adrenoceptor is characterized as an α1A‐adrenoceptor subtype.
Psychiatric epidemiology of old age: the H70 study – the NAPE Lecture 2003
Authors: Skoog I. 
Published: December 2004

Objective: To describe methodological issues and possibilities in the epidemiology of old age psychiatry using data from the H70 study in Göteborg, Sweden.Method: A representative sample born during 1901–02 was examined at 70, 75, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99 and 100 years of age, another during 1906–07 was examined at 70 and 79 years of age, and samples born between 1922 and 1930 were examined at 70 years of age. The study includes psychiatric examinations and key informant interviews performed by psychiatrists, physical examinations performed by geriatricians, psychometric testings, blood sampling, computerized tomographies of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, anthropometric measurements, and psychosocial background factors.Results: Mental disorders are found in approximately 30% of the elderly, but is seldom detected or properly treated. Incidence of depression and dementia increases with age. The relationship between blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease is an example of how cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies yield completely different results. Brain imaging is an important tool in epidemiologic studies of the elderly to detect silent cerebrovascular disease and other structural brain changes. The high prevalence of psychotic symptoms is an example of the importance to use several sources of information to detect these symptoms. Dementia should be diagnosed in all types of studies in the elderly, as it influences several outcomes such as mortality, blood pressure, and rates of depression. Suicidal feelings are rare in the elderly and are strongly related to mental disorders.Conclusion: Modern epidemiologic studies in population samples should be longitudinal and include assessments of psychosocial risk factors as well as comprehensive sets of biologic markers, such as brain imaging, neurochemical analyses, and genetic information to maximize the contribution that epidemiology can provide to increase our knowledge about the etiology of mental disorders.
Kinematical analysis of handwriting movements in depressed patients
Authors: Mergl R. , Juckel G. , Rihl J. , Henkel V. , Karner M. , Tigges P. , Schröter A. , Hegerl U. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  Motor disturbances are a relevant aspect of depression. Kinematical analysis of movements can be applied to explore which type of motor dysfunction is associated with depression. We hypothesized that depressed patients draw and write significantly slower than controls and that motor disturbances become more pronounced under bi‐manual demands.Method:  We examined 37 depressed patients and 37 healthy controls using a digitizing graphic tablet and subsequent kinematical analysis of handwriting and rapid drawing movements.Results:  Depressed patients performed drawing with significantly less regular velocity than controls (P < 0.001), but normal velocity. Motor differences between patients and controls did not increase under bi‐manual demands. Handwriting of patients was abnormally slow (P = 0.04).Conclusion:  Irregular patterns of velocity peaks in depressed patients point to basal ganglia dysfunction and/or deficient activity of the sensorimotor cortex and the supplementary motor area as a possible substrate of hand‐motor disturbances in depression.
Chronic but not resistant mania: a case report
Authors: Mendhekar D. N. , Srivastav P. K. , Jiloha R. C. , Awana S. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  There are many nuances of elevated mood states. At times, it becomes very difficult to diagnose a case of mania because of personality style of the patient superimposed on a cyclothymic or hyperthymic temperament. Such cases may become chronic if timely intervention is not received. We describe a case of chronic mania of 48 years of duration.Method:  A case report.Results:  A 65‐year‐old male was admitted with history of mania for around five decades. The illness commenced at prepubertal age and was continuous without any residual symptoms of note. During the course of illness, he got involved in many devastating socio‐politico‐legal complications. He showed good response to treatment and is currently maintained well without medication. In this case we also described some psychosocial features that may have been responsible for the chronicity of the illness.Conclusion:  We highlighted the need for correctly identifying chronic mania, early intervention and increasing treatment awareness. This case was not treatment resistant, suggesting that chronicity per se should not denote poor outcome.
Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a [123I]FP‐CIT/SPECT study
Authors: Serra‐Mestres J. , Ring H. A. , Costa D. C. , Gacinovic S. , Walker Z. , Lees A. J. , Robertson M. M. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  To investigate dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) with SPECT and [123I]FP‐CIT.Method:  Ten neuroleptic naïve/free patients with GTS, and 10 age‐ and gender‐matched normal volunteers were studied. Subjects were clinically evaluated. GTS severity and affective symptoms were measured and the presence of GTS‐related behaviours were recorded.Results:  The GTS group showed significantly higher binding in both caudate and putamen nuclei than the controls. No associations were found between striatal binding ratios and measures of affect or GTS‐related behaviours.Conclusion:  Patients with GTS show higher striatal binding of FP‐CIT to the striatum in comparison with age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects, indicating that dopamine transporter abnormalities are involved in the pathophysiology of GTS. These abnormalities appear to be distributed across both caudate and putamen.
Emotional wellbeing and violence among social and solitary risky single occasion drinkers in adolescence
Authors: Kuntsche Emmanuel N. , Gmel Gerhard 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTObjectives  To classify adolescents according to risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and their level of social integration, and to test whether these groups (social non‐RSODs, social RSODs, solitary non‐RSODs, solitary RSODs) differ in terms of emotional well‐being and violence‐related variables.Method  K‐means cluster and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed based on a cross‐sectional national representative sample of 3861 8th and 9th graders in Switzerland (mean age 15.3; SD = 0.88).Results  Although RSODs in general appear to be more violent, social RSODs tend to be more violent than solitary RSODs. Although RSODs reveal a lower life satisfaction generally and tend to have more depressive moods, solitary RSODs are even less satisfied and more depressive. In addition, the latter tend to have lower self‐esteem and are more often victims of bullying.Conclusions  RSODs are not a homogeneous group of adolescents and preventive efforts, such as competence‐enhancing and social resistance programmes, should be applied in accordance with the constellation of associated problems: solitary RSODs appear to be socially inhibited, depressive and often victims of bullying, whereas social RSODs appear to be socially accepted but are prone to be violent offenders.
IL-4 and IL-10 modulate autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in NZB mice
Authors: Youssef A-R , Shen C-R , Lin C-L , Barker R N , Elson C J 
Published: December 2004

SummaryNew Zealand Black (NZB) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA). Here the effect of injecting NZB mice with plasmids encoding IL-4 (pIL-4) or IL-10 (pIL-10) on NZB disease was tested. Both constructs delayed the development of anaemia as judged by increased haematocrit values as compared with controls, but neither altered the IgG1 to IgG2 red blood cell (RBC) bound autoantibody levels. The increased haematocrit value was associated temporally with increased RBC bound IgG in NZB mice treated with pIL-10, but not pIL-4. By contrast, up-regulation of splenic macrophage FcγRIIb2 mRNA was associated temporally with increased haematocrit values in NZB mice given pIL-4. However, no such increase occurred in NZB mice that inhaled a peptide containing a dominant T-cell epitope, although this treatment is known to bias the autoimmune response towards Th2 and to reduce the severity of anaemia. It is considered that IL-4 treatment, in part, ameliorates NZB anaemia by increasing the expression of the inhibitory FcγRIIb2 and thereby reducing the capacity of splenic macrophages to phagocytose autoantibody coated RBC, but that this mechanism does not explain the beneficial effects of the inhaled peptide.
Intracellular T lymphocyte cytokine profiles in the aqueous humour of patients with uveitis and correlation with clinical phenotype
Authors: Hill T , Galatowicz G , Akerele T , Lau C H , Calder V , Lightman S 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThis study aimed to investigate whether T cells in aqueous humour are different in different types of uveitis and correlate with clinical phenotype. Patients with clinically different types of uveitis, but all displaying active anterior uveitis, were phenotyped and samples of aqueous humour (AH) and peripheral blood (PB) collected. Cells from AH and PB were separated by centrifugation and by density gradient centrifugation (to obtain mononuclear cells PBMC), respectively. Cells were activated with PMA and ionomycin in the presence of Brefeldin A, stained for surface markers and intracellular cytokines, and analysed by flow cytometry. The cytokine profile was correlated with the clinical phenotype. Increased percentages of interleukin (IL)-10+-, but not interferon (IFN)-γ+ T lymphocytes were found in AH compared with PB in patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU), FHC or chronic panuveitis (PU). There was a trend towards elevated levels of IL-10+ T cells in AH from patients with FHC compared with AH from acute uveitis and panuveitis patients. Increased levels of IL-10+ T cells in AH compared with PB were also found in samples from patients with isolated uveitis, but not those with associated systemic disease. Levels of cytokine-positive T cells were not associated with the use of topical steroids or to the severity of the anterior uveitis. While type I cytokine-producing T lymphocytes are present in AH during AU, the presence of increased proportions of IL-10+ T lymphocytes in AH from patients with uveitis may be indicative of an anti-inflammatory mechanism that may influence the type and course of ocular inflammation in these patients.
Acute stress reduces intraparenchymal lung natural killer cells via beta-adrenergic stimulation
Authors: Kanemi O , Zhang X , Sakamoto Y , Ebina M , Nagatomi R 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThere are lines of evidence that natural killer (NK) cells are sensitive to physical and psychological stress. Alterations in the immune system including NK cells are known to differ among tissues and organs. The effect of stress on the lung immune system, however, has not been well documented in spite of the fact that the lungs always confront viral or bacterial attacks as well as tumour cell metastasis. In this study, we intended to investigate the effect of restraint stress on lung lymphocytes including NK cells. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 2 h restraint stress. The concentration of plasma epinephrine significantly rose immediately after the release from restraint as compared to home-cage control mice. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the numbers of most lymphocyte subsets including NK cells were decreased in the lungs and blood but not in the spleen, immediately after restraint stress. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the number of NK cells was decreased in the intraparenchymal region of the lungs, while the number of alveolar macrophages did not change. The decrease in the number of NK cells in the lungs and blood was reversed by the administration of propranolol, a nonselective beta adrenergic antagonist. Taken together, our findings suggest that acute stress reduces the number of intraparenchymal lung NK cells via activation of beta adrenergic receptors.
Lower expression of Th1-related cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus infected withMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Yamashiro S , Kawakami K , Uezu K , Kinjo T , Miyagi K , Nakamura K , Saito A 
Published: December 2004

SummaryDiabetes mellitus is an important predisposing factor for tuberculosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying this association using a murine model. Mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus were prone to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, as indicated by increased numbers of live bacteria in lung, liver and spleen. In diabetic mice, the levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in the lung, liver and spleen were lower than those in control animals on day 14 postinfection, while the opposite was true for IL-4 levels in the lung and liver. The expression pattern of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), in the two mice types was as for IL-12 and IFN-γ. In addition, peritoneal exudate cells obtained from diabetic mice produced lower amounts of IL-12 and NO than those from control mice, when stimulated in vitro with M. bovis BCG. Spleen cells from diabetic mice infected with M. tuberculosis produced a significantly lower amount of IFN-γ upon restimulation with purified protein derivatives (PPD) than those from infected nondiabetic mice. Interestingly, addition of high glucose levels (33 mM) to the cultures of PPD-restimulated spleen cells reduced the synthesis of IFN-γ only in diabetic mice, and not in nondiabetic mice. Finally, control of blood glucose levels by insulin therapy resulted in improvement of the impaired host protection and Th1-related cytokine synthesis. Our results suggest that the reduced production of Th1-related cytokines and NO account for the hampered host defense against M. tuberculosis infection under diabetic conditions.