bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel drug delivery system for osteomyelitis using porous hydroxyapatite blocks loaded by centrifugation
Authors: Itokazu Mansho , Matsunaga Takanobu , Kumazawa Shinji , Wenyi Yang 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA novel drug delivery system for osteomyelitis was developed using porous hydroxyaptite blocks (HA‐b) loaded with antibodies by centrifugation. In the study, 10 mm3 HA‐b was placed in a container and mixed with antibiotic solution; the antibiotic was then loaded into the pores of the HA‐b by centrifuging at 1500 rpm for 15 min. Slow release of HA‐b in both moist form and dried form (by heating at 160°C) was tested after loading with the antibiotic arbekacin sulfate (ABK), 1‐N‐(S)‐4 amino‐2‐hydroxybutyryl dibekacin. To estimate the concentration of antibiotic, both forms of HA‐b were placed in 3 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS), which was replaced every 48 h. In both groups, which were loaded with 70 mg ABK per one block of HA (concn 0.5 μg/mL) which is sufficiently high to control most pathogens, was maintained for 21 exchanges of PBS (after 42 days). Minimum inhibitory concentration for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 3.13 μg/mL, was maintained until nine exchanges took place (after 18 days). The centrifugation method is wsimple, and driked ABK produced by heating loaded HA‐b is particularly useful in clinical applications for osteomyelitis. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Occlusion and stability of synthetic femoral canal plugs used in cemented hip arthroplasty
Authors: Johnson James A. , Johnston David , El Hawary Rani , Tan Stephen R. , Wong Lori A. , Gross Michael 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe occlusion and stability of five synthetic plugs used to restrict the femoral canal prior to cemented arthroplasty was assessed. A model was employed consisting of a hollow wooden dowel to simulate the canal, with adapters fixed to both ends to accommodate cement insertion and pressurization, and to produce a closed distal cavity. Three different canal diameters within the range accommodated by the plug selected were employed to assess insertion force, distal pressure during both insertion and pressurization of acrylic cement, and plug migration and leakage for each device. There was a wide variation among plugs in the magnitudes of the force and distal pressure upon plug insertion. During cement pressurization, cement leakage and/or plug migration was noted in all trials, and either of these events resulted in pressure rises in the distal cavity. Most notably, differences of only 0.5 mm in the diameter of the canal resulted in marked changes in the occlusion and stability achieved. It is concluded that for the range of canal sizes anticipated intraoperatively, these synthetic plugs appear deficient to varying extents in their ability to occlude or remain stable in the intramedullary canal. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reduced adherence of Candida to silane‐treated silicone rubber
Authors: Price C. L. , Williams D. W. , Waters M. G. J. , Coulthwaite L. , Verran J. , Taylor R. L. , Stickler D. , Lewis M. A. O. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSilicone rubber is widely used in the construction of medical devices that can provide an essential role in the treatment of human illness. However, subsequent microbial colonization of silicone rubber can result in clinical infection or device failure. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a novel silane‐treated silicone rubber in inhibiting microbial adherence and material penetration. Test material was prepared by a combination of argon plasma discharge treatment and fluorinated silane coupling. Chemicophysical changes were then confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact‐angle measurement, and atomic force microscopy. Two separate adherence assays and a material penetration assay assessed the performance of the new material against four strains of Candida species. Results showed a significant reduction (p < 0.01) of Candida albicans GDH 2346 adherence to silane‐treated silicone compared with untreated controls. This reduction was still evident after the incorporation of saliva into the assay. Adherence inhibition also occurred with Candida tropicalis MMU and Candida krusei NCYC, although this was assay dependent. Reduced penetration of silane‐treated silicone by Candida was evident when compared to untreated controls, plaster‐processed silicone, and acrylic‐processed silicone. To summarize, a novel silicone rubber material is described that inhibits both candidal adherence and material penetration. The clinical benefit and performance of this material remains to be determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Study of the influence of β‐radiation on the properties and mineralization of different starch‐based biomaterials
Authors: Oliveira A. L. , Mano J. F. , Román J. San , Reis R. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this work, the effects of β‐radiation are assessed, for the first time, on starch‐based biodegradable polymers, with the aim of using it as an alternative sterilization process to the previously studied sterilization methods. Different doses of radiation were used in order to investigate the possibility of using this sterilization technique as a treatment to tailor the surface and bulk properties (namely mechanical) of these polymers. The as‐treated substrates were characterized by water‐uptake measurements and contact angle (θ) measurements. The mechanical properties of the materials were characterized by tensile tests by means of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and strain at break (εr). The fracture of the surfaces was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was also used to characterize the viscolelastic behavior of the irradiated materials. The main effect of sterilization with β‐radiation over the starch‐based polymers seems to be a surface modification by an increase of the hydrophilicity. Nevertheless, because β‐radiation did not significantly affect the mechanical properties, it can be regarded as an effective way of modifying the surface for applications were more hydrophilic surfaces are desirable. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Equipment for cultivation of fastidious micro‐organisms
Authors: Achorn G. B. , Bokesch E. R. , Dapper E. R. , Lebherz R. W. , Metcalfe S. N. , Rawson A. J. , Smith J. R. E. , Schwab J. L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEquipment has been developed in which fermentation processes for fastidious, pathogenic micro‐organisms can be operated on a pilot‐plant scale. Experience has shown the need for the development of concepts, techniques, and equipment meeting more stringent requirements than those ordinarily encountered in the fermentation industry. A system has been developed for the preparation of pure cultures which may be used either for the development of processes or in the preparation of substantial quantities of pure cultures. The equipment includes specially designed valves, fermentors, piping arrangement, and requires special methods of operation in order to maintain pure cultures during growth of the organism. The number of cultures of pathogenic, fastidious micro‐organisms contaminated in the systems commonly used in industry is materially greater than the number of contaminated cultures produced in the system described.
The significance of surface electric charge on algae in water purification
Authors: Ives K. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe results of a study on the surface electric charge carried by fresh‐water planktonic algae are used to provide a theory for the flocculation of algae with chemical coagulants. Where it is desirable to remove algae from water, for example from lakes or reservoirs for water supply, or from sewage oxidation ponds, the theory indicates certain practices are desirable to obtain the best removal. It is planned to extend the theory and experimental work to cover the removal of untreated algae from water by filtration through porous granular media, believed to be an adsorptive effect. Separation of different species of algae employing their electrokinetic properties is also described.
Agitation effects in yeast propagation
Authors: West John M. , Garden Elmer L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of mechanical agitation in aerobic fermentations is felt mainly through increased aeration efficiency. For yeast propagations in which oxygen supply is abundant—and presumably not limiting to growth—a specific, but limited, effect of fluid agitation on growth rate has been demonstrated. The improved growth rate is attributed primarily to better mixing of the entire fluid mixture rather than to improved cell‐fluid mass transfer.
Continuous streptomycin fermentation
Authors: Sikyta Bohumil , Doskočil Jiří , Kašparová Jitka 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA pilot plant unit for continuous cultivation of hyphaeforming micro‐organisms, providing for a uniform flow velocity in fermentations on suspension media with a massive growth of mycelium, is described. For the maintenance of aseptic conditions, over‐pressre of air is maintained in the whole equipment. This equipment has been used for studies of the continuous biosynthesis of streptomycin. A three‐stage fermentation proved the most advantageous. The first stage serves for multiplication of the inoculum; the second and third for the formation of the antibiotic. The system was maintained for 300–400 h with yields amounting to 2,000–2,500 u. of streptomycin/ml without any signs of contamination or degeneration of the growing culture.
A kinetic study of the lactic acid fermentation. Batch process at controlled pH
Authors: Luedeking Robert , Piret Edgar L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractKinetic data are needed to develop basic understanding of fermentation processes and to permit rational design of continuous fermentation processes.The kinetics of the fermentation of glucose to lactic acid have been studied at six constant pH levels between 4·5 and 6·0 by measuring the instantaneous rates of bacterial growth and of lactic acid formation throughout each fermentation.It was found that the instantaneous rate of acid formation dP/dt, could be related to the instantaneous rate of bacterial growth dN/dt, and to the bacterial density N, throughout a fermentation at a given pH, by the expression

where the constants α and β are determined by the pH of the fermentation.
Equipment for the resuspension or redissolving of precipitates in continuous‐flow centrifuges
Authors: Vallet L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractEquipment has been developed for resuspending or redissolving protein precipitates separated in a continuous‐flow centrifuge without first removing them from the centrifuge bowl. All the components can be sterilised by autoclaving. The equipment has been used successfully in selected stages of a process for the preparation of human plasma fractions.
Oxygen transfer in fermentation systems—I. Use of gluconic acid fermentation for determination of instantaneous oxygen transfer rates
Authors: Tsao George T. , Kempe Lloyd L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOxygen transfer has been studied in the Pseudomonas ovalis fermentation that quantitatively converts glucose into gluconic acid. The rate of oxygen uptake by this system was correlated with aeration rates and agitator speeds over wide ranges of these variables, by the introduction of a liquid expansion term. The technique described provides a biological method for studying oxygen transfer in the P. ovalis system; its general principles can be applied to other fermentations.
Rheological examination of some fermentation broths
Authors: Deindoerfer F. H. , West John M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe broths of four important industrial fermentations, namely nystatin, penicillin, and streptomycin fermentations, and a fermentation used for steroid hydroxylation, were examined rheologically. Considerable variation in rheological properties was demonstrated among these fermentations as well as throughout the course of the nystatin and streptomycin fermentations. These latter fermentations, employing Streptomyces strains, were mostly Newtonian in behaviour. Departures from this behaviour twice in the streptomycin fermentation resulted in plastic characteristics. The other two fermentations employing moulds were found to be markedly non‐Newtonian, either plastic or pseudo‐plastic in their behaviour.Rheological properties of most fermentation broths change appreciably during the course of fermentation. These properties influence the nature of the fluid regime in fermentors and, as a consequence, are important factors when considering mass and heat transfer. Therefore, a knowledge of the rheological behaviour of fermentation broths is an important prerequisite for an intelligent understanding of these transport processes. This paper briefly reviews some of the mathematical flow models used to characterize fluids and reports the rheological examination and analysis of several industrially important fermentation broths containing filamentous micro‐organisms.
Population dynamics in suspension cultures of an animal cell strain
Authors: Merchant Donald J. , Kuchler Robertj. , Munyon William H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA composite of several studies by the authors is presented in an attempt to illustrate the use of the suspension culture method to analyze population dynamics of an animal cell strain. On the basis of these studies the nature of the lag and plateau phases is discussed. More extensive discussions of the various studies in relation to the work of others appear elsewhere.
Studies and observations on the growth of mammalian cells in agitated fluid medium
Authors: Cherry William R. , Hull Robert N. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFourteen mammalian cell strains were studied in the ‘stirrer culture’. Fair to excellent growth was obtained with twelve of these strains while two strains failed to show evidence of proliferation. Growth curves, maximal population densities, and recovery following subculture of various cell strains, cultivated in this system, were described. Factors effecting the growth of cells under these conditions were outlined. Growth of cells in methods other than the ‘stirrer culture’ were reported. The practical importance of fluid suspension culture of mammalian cells, the potentialities and the problems involved in scaling such cultures to industrial size were discussed.
Mass algal culture in space operations
Authors: Gafford Robert D. , Richardson D. E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA system is described which uses photosynthesis to regenerate oxygen from exhaled carbon dioxide in sealed cabins in the absence of gravity. Design considerations as to choice of algal strain, illumination, nutrients and gas‐exchange methods are discussed. Details are given of such an apparatus, of laboratory size, used to evaluate selected semipermeable gas‐exchange membranes. Data is presented and extrapolated to estimate size and weight of a possible manned space system.
Pilot plant studies on parboiling of rice—I. Soaking and gelatinization
Authors: Mazumder A. C. , Bose A. N. , Ganguli N. C. , Guha B. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe conventional parboiling process used in the Orient consists of steeping paddy in cold or lukewarm water for 48–72 hours, steaming for 15–25 min and then drying in the sun. This process yields rice of a poor quality, and an attempt has been made to improve it by devising both batch and continuous processes in which the soaking and steaming are carried out in the same equipment. The processes developed give a larger throughput and also a product of a quality superior in appearance, flavour and thiamine content to that produced by the usual parboiling method.
A new press for the disruption of micro‐organisms and other cells
Authors: Edebo Lars 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new press (the X‐press) has been developed for the disintegration of cells in the frozen state (mostly at −25°C). By forcing the frozen cells contained in a cylinder through a hole much smaller than the diameter of the cylinder but much larger than the size of the cells, a satisfactory disintegration can be obtained.By forcing the cells through the hole repeatedly rather than once, a higher degree of disintegration can be achieved. By making the receiver identical to the charge chamber, repeated operations are possible without uncoupling the press.The disintegrated material is very easily recovered—it is simply taken out of the press in the form of a cylinder containing the frozen, disintegrated material which is then easily homogenized.This principle has been found satisfactory for the disintegration of a large number of cells, viz. bacteria, yeasts, moulds, plant and animal cells and, with regard to biochemical questions, it has been found to be superior to existing methods which do not treat the bacteria in the frozen state. The mechanism of the disintegrating action is discussed.
Control of stock culture preservation and inoculum build‐up in bacterial fermentation
Authors: Lincoln Ralph E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractControl of product quality throughout repeated fermentations depends upon maintenance of genetic uniformity from the time of strain selection until the product is harvested. Genetic control, therefore, must be maintained for stock cultures, and during inoculum preparation and growth to produce the product. Theoretical and applied aspects of a procedure that will accomplish this control are discussed. A specific procedure adaptable to situations in which a ‘seed’ is repeatedly increased to produce a larger quantity of a final material is described. The procedure was tested by comparing the product of three bacterial species grown by a standard or usual vs. recommended or experimental procedure comparing product quality and uniformity. Use of the recommended procedure resulted in the high production of a uniform product based on the maintenance of the colony type of Bacillus anthracis, colony colour and type of Serratia marcescens, and uniformity and amount of toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum type A.
Rapid determination of 17‐α‐oxy‐11‐desoxy‐corticosterone in the course of biological fermentative oxidations
Authors: Mizsei Antal , Szabó Antal 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA rapid analytical method has been developed to follow the biological oxidation of 17‐α‐oxy‐11‐desoxy‐corticosterone (Reichstein compound S) to hydrocortisone. Paper chromatography is too slow to follow the progress of a preparative microbiological steroid transformation. However, 17‐α‐oxy‐11‐desoxy‐corticosterone can be separated in a sufficiently pure state for photometric assay by a simple extraction from fermentation broths containing several steroids. This extraction, coupled with the formation of a sulphuric acid chromogen, permits estimation of the steroid in fermentation liquors. The steady decrease of the 17‐α‐oxy‐11‐desoxy‐compound thus estimated proved to be a true indication of the progress of the oxidation process, allowing it to be stopped at the most favourable time.
Production of polysaccharide with Xanthomonas campestris
Authors: Rogovin S. P. , Anderson R. F. , Cadmus M. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIndustrially important polysaccharides are now primarily obtained from plant sources. One exception is the exocellular bacterial polysaccharide, dextran. A survey at the Northern Laboratory revealed that many other microbial polysaccharides could be synthesized by the action of micro‐organisms on starch‐derived saccharides. Previous publications from this laboratory describe the production of the microbial polymer, phosphomannan, synthesized by the yeast Hansenula holstii. This paper describes the production of another polysaccharide, synthesized by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B‐1459.Fermentation of media containing 3 per cent dextrose, seeded with 5 per cent inoculum of X. campestris NRRL B‐1459 and cultured aerobically at 28°C, is complete in 96 h. A light tan polymer is recovered in yields of 50 per cent, based on commercial dextrose, from the viscous fermentation broth by precipitation with methanol in the presence of an electrolyte. The viscosities of aqueous re‐solutions containing 1 and 2 per cent of the polymer were 3,000 cP and 11,000 cP respectively.
Recovery of bacterial spores and vegetative cells with a miniature spray drier
Authors: Rhian Morris , Lynch Daniel C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA laboratory spray drier with a gas flow of 2 to 3 ft3/min was used to dry suspensions containing spores of Bacillus anthracis or cells of Pasteurella tularensis. Dried material was collected in a 1/2‐in. diameter cyclone that retained about 97 per cent of the product from the drier. The particle size distributions of the powders varied with the nature of substances in the suspension to be dried; as much as 80 per cent of the mass in particles 5 μ or less in diameter was obtained only when egg yolk was added to the suspensions. Retention of viability was about 90 per cent for B. anthracis spores and these powders contained from 175 to 522 × 109 viable spores/gram. Retention of viability of P. tularensis cells was 0·6 per cent or greater only when the suspension contained a relatively high proportion of stabilizers. With sucrose‐skim milk‐thiourea stabilizer about 10 per cent recovery of viability was obtained when the proportion of stabilizer solids to other solids was 3 : 1 or 6 : 1. These powders contained 140 × 109 viable cells per gram and the mass median diameter was 6·0 μ. The properties of the powders suggest that spray dried vaccines may be prepared for use either in suspension or in aerosols.
Bacterial sulphide production from sulphate‐enriched spent distillery liquor—II
Authors: Basu S. K. , Ghose T. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAccumulation of volatile acids produced during anaerobic fermentation of distillery‐spent liquor decreased the activity of Desulphovibrio desulphuricans employed in previously communicated studies; this caused a decrease in the reduction of sulphates to sulphides. An enriched strain of Desulphovibrio rubentschikii made in a synthetic mineral medium (NH4Cl, 1·0 g; MgSO4·7H2O, 2·0 g; NaCl, 10·0 g; CaSO4, 1·0 g; calcium acetate, 1·0 g; K2HPO4, 0·5 g; Mohrs' salt, trace in 1 l.) using calcium acetate as the substrate and carbon from the tap‐water was gradually built up to a 3‐1. volume. The amount of hydrogen sulphide in this medium was found to be 225 mg/l. The fermentation was next carried out in a synthetic medium containing volatile acids from distillery‐spent liquor as the only substrate. A 3‐1. fermentation set up with diluted distillery‐spent liquor (300 ml or raw liquor in 3,000 ml of water), neutralized with NaOH to pH 7·2 and supplemented with calcium sulphate and 0·1 per cent urea, showed sulphide productions (calculated as milligrams of hydrogen sulphide per litre of raw distillery‐spent liquid) of 2,000, 4,000 and 6,000 with 0·1, 1·0 and 2·0 per cent calcium sulphate in the charge respectively. The volatile acid content, expressed as acetic acid, was 18,564 mg/litre of raw distillery‐spent liquor on an average throughout the study. The ratio of hydrogen sulphide produced per litre of raw distillery‐spent liquor to the amount of volatile acids developed expressed in milliequivalents per litre of raw liquor during fermentation increased gradually from 0·1367 to 0·5567 in the presence of 0·1 to 2·0 per cent of calcium sulphate in the charge.
Neue apparatur zur Herstellung von Schüttelkulturen von Mikroorganismen
Authors: Meystre Ch. , Reusser P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA simple apparatus for preparing shake cultures of microorganisms on a laboratory scale is described. Using a series of special shaking vessels, each of a capacity of 1–10 l., a total volume of 20–200 l. of culture can be produced in one run. The rate of aeration is similar to the one observed in shake flasks.