bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Premiere example of the illusion of harm reduction cigarettes in the 1990s
Authors: Pollay R W , Dewhirst T 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To use the product launch of Player’s Premiere as a case study for understanding the new cigarette product development process during the 1990s. We determine the (in)validity of industry claims that: (1) development of the physical product preceded the promotional promise of “less irritation”; (2) “less irritation” was actually realised; (3) advertising informed consumers; and (4) advertising regulations caused the product’s failure in the marketplace.Setting:Court proceedings assessing the constitutionality of Canada’s Tobacco Act, which substantially restricts cigarette advertising. The 2002 Quebec Superior Court trial yielded a new collection of internal documents from Imperial Tobacco Ltd (ITL), including several about the development and marketing of Player’s Premiere.Method:Trial testimony and corporate documents were reviewed to determine the validity of the industry representations about the new cigarette product development process, focusing on the case history of Player’s Premiere.Results:In direct contradiction to industry testimony, the documentary evidence demonstrates that (1) communications for Player’s Premiere, which claimed less irritation, were developed long before finding a product that could deliver on the promise; (2) ITL did not sell a “less irritating” product that matched its promotional promise; (3) the advertising and other communications for Player’s Premiere were extensive, relying on the hi-tech appearances (“tangible credibility”) of a “unique” filter, yet were uninformative and vague; and (4) Player’s Premiere failed in the marketplace, despite extensive advertising and retail support, because it was an inferior product that did not live up to its promotional promise, not because of regulation of commercial speech.Conclusions:New product development entails extensive consumer research to craft all communications tools in fine detail. In the case of Player’s Premiere, this crafting created a false and misleading impression of technological advances producing a “less irritating” cigarette. This product was solely a massive marketing ploy with neither consumer benefits, nor public health benefits. The industry attempted to deceive both consumers and the court.
Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the “5 B’s”: bars, bowling alleys, billiard halls, betting establishments, and bingo parlours
Authors: Siegel M , Skeer M 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To review existing data on exposure to secondhand smoke in bars, bowling alleys, billiard halls, betting establishments, and bingo parlours (the “5 B’s”) as assessed by ambient nicotine air concentration measurements and to estimate the excess lung cancer mortality risk associated with this exposure.Data sources:Using the Medline, Toxline, and Toxnet databases, the internet, and bibliographies of relevant articles, we identified studies that reported measurements of ambient nicotine concentrations in the 5 B’s.Study selection:Studies were included if they reported a mean concentration of ambient nicotine measured in at least one of the 5 B’s.Data extraction:We calculated a weighted average of nicotine concentrations in each of the 5 B’s. We then estimated the working lifetime excess lung cancer mortality risk associated with this exposure, as well as with exposure at the upper and lower limits of the range of mean exposures reported in all of the studies in each establishment category.Data synthesis:Nicotine concentrations in the 5 B’s were 2.4 to 18.5 times higher than in offices or residences, and 1.5 to 11.7 times higher than in restaurants. At these exposure levels, estimated working lifetime excess lung cancer mortality risk from secondhand smoke exposure for workers in the 5 B’s is between 1.0–4.1/1000, which greatly exceeds the typical de manifestis risk level of 0.3/1000.Conclusions:Workers in the 5 B’s have high levels of occupational exposure to secondhand smoke and must be included in workplace smoking regulations.
THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY PLANT-ASSOCIATED BACTERIA
Authors: Morris Cindy E. , Monier Jean-Michel 
Published: September 2003

▪ Abstract  Bacteria associated with plants have been observed frequently to form assemblages referred to as aggregates, microcolonies, symplasmata, or biofilms on leaves and on root surfaces and within intercellular spaces of plant tissues. In a wide range of habitats, biofilms are purported to be microniches of conditions markedly different from those of the ambient environment and drive microbial cells to effect functions not possible alone or outside of biofilms. This review constructs a portrait of how biofilms associated with leaves, roots and within intercellular spaces influence the ecology of the bacteria they harbor and the relationship of bacteria with plants. We also consider how biofilms may enhance airborne dissemination, ubiquity and diversification of plant-associated bacteria and may influence strategies for biological control of plant disease and for assuring food safety. Trapped by a nexus, coordinates uncertain Ever expanding or contracting Cannibalistic and scavenging sorties Excavations through signs of past alliances Consensus signals sound revelry Then time warped by viscosity Genomes showing codependence A virtual microbial beach party With no curfew and no time-out A few estranged cells seeking exit options, Looking for another menagerie. David Sands, Montana State University, Bozeman, February 2003
SABBATICAL, JUBILEE, AND THE TEMPLE OF SOLOMON
Authors: Casperson Lee 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThere is continuing interest in clarifying chronological methods and establishing accurate dates for Israel during the period of the monarchy. It is possible to infer a tentative seven-year sabbatical sequence for this period by extrapolating backward from well-established data of later periods. However, the signicance, phase, and even the existence of the more long range forty-nine year jubilee sequence has remained in doubt. It is suggested here that the sabbatical calendar together with considerations of the timing of temple construction and repair projects in Israel may provide evidence for the early awareness and use of the jubilee calendar.
LEGAL INNOVATION IN DEUTERONOMY XXI 18-20
Authors: Fleishman Joseph 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIt is proposed in this paper that the law in Deut. xxi 18-21 constitutes a legal inno-vation in its denition of the "wayward and deant" child who should be put to death because of denial of his parents' authority. The protasis (v. 18) presents the custom-ary law regarding the denition of the disobedient male child and, in essence, is sim-ilar to the law of Exod. xxi 17. The first part of the apodosis (vv. 19-20), on the other hand, redenes it. In the innovation, only the son who disobeys his father and mother and refuses to cease his gluttony and drinking is the disobedient son who should be put to death by stoning.
OF FOXES AND VINEYARDS: GREEK PERSPECTIVES ON THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Hagedorn Anselm 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe article aims at utilising some further Greek parallels for an interpretation of the Song of Songs. Cant. ii 15 serves as starting point for the enterprise. Next to the fairly well known and often discussed parallels from Sappho and Theocritus, for the .rst time evidence from Greek vases and from the Anthologia Palatina is discussed. Rather than postulating any literary inuences between Greek texts and the Song of Songs we regard the study as an investigation into the (Eastern) Mediterranean cultural milieu to which the biblical and Greek texts belong. However, if Song of Songs can indeed be dated to the Hellenistic period, such inuences and possible dependencies seem not impossible.
PSALM CX IN THE LIGHT OF ASSYRIAN PROPHECIES
Authors: Hilber John 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNeo-Assyrian prophetic oracles oer comparable stylistic and form-critical features to Psalm cx which bear on the questions of the nature, form, setting and date of the psalm. On the basis of these similarities, Psalm cx should be classied as cultic enthrone-ment prophecy with compositional unity dating to the monarchic period.
MEANING AND STRUCTURE OF HOSEA X 1-8
Authors: Van Leeuwen Cornelis 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHos. x 1-8 is generally seen as an accumulation of dierent prophecies composed without any coherence. A few scholars have pointed to the inclusio constituted by the key-word mizbehôt in vv. 1-2 and 8. The other verses show, however, a similar relationship. So Israel’s prosperity (v. 1a) corresponds with the despair in v. 8b, and the indictment of the kings (vv. 3-4) with their condemnation (v. 7). The calf statue is central: its derision (v. 5) and its being carried away (v. 6). So our pericope offers an example of concentric symmetry (scheme on the preceding page). This construction can help us to solve exegetical questions. So the king of v. 7 cannot be an image of the calf (vv. 5-6): in the light of the corresponding vv. 3-4, the king of v. 7 can only be the real king of Israel.
THE MIQNEH OF 1 SAMUEL XXIII 51
Authors: Mastin  
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article re-examines two diculties raised by 1 Sam. xxiii 5: why are Philistine miqneh present at a battle, and why is David said to drive them obefore he defeats the Philistines. H.W. Hertzberg's view that the unusual order in which events are recorded re ects a successful attack made by David early in the encounter on the Philistines who were guarding the beasts of burden is defended as more satisfactory than other hypotheses which have been advanced, although the miqneh should not be equated with beasts of burden. Theories which attempt to explain the presence of miqneh with the Philistine raiders are discussed, and it is argued that the miqneh are best understood as animals seized by the Philistines during the raid, together, probably, with some beasts of burden.
DIE PROPHETEN UND DER KARNEVAL: MARZEACH – MAIOUMAS – MAIMUNA
Authors: Schorch Stefan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTrotz zahlreicher sowie zeitlich und geographisch weit gestreuter Belege in der Umwelt der Hebräischen Bibel ist die Bedeutung des Wortes "Marzeach" noch immer unsicher. Neue Erkenntnisse versprechen jedoch rabbinische Quellen und die Madaba-Karte durch die Gleichsetzung von "Marzeach" mit "Maioumas", einem in hellenisti-scher und byzantinischer Zeit im gesamten Mittelmeerraum verbreiteten Fest. Da dieses Fest als "Maimuna"-Fest unter den marokkanischen Juden bis heute kontinuierlich fort-lebt, läßt sich aus ethnologischen Quellen auf den Charakter des Festes schließen: Wie das Maimuna waren demnach auch Maioumas und Marzeach "karnevalistisch" im Sinne des Literaturwissenschaftlers M. Bachtin und mithin nicht Teil der oziellen, sondern der Volkskultur. In diesem karnevalistischen Rahmen erfuhren beide Feste und die mit ihrer Durchführung betrauten Vereine verschiedene historische Konkretisierungen. Aufgrund der Einbettung in die Volkskultur können die nachweislichen Berührungen mit Thematiken wie Liebe, Fruchtbarkeit, Tod etc. dabei nicht als Belege für einen oziellen Toten- oder Fruchtbarkeitskult angesehen werden.
LEARNING METHODS IN ANCIENT ISRAEL
Authors: Shupak Nili 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn the absence of actual evidence on the existence of schools and relevant literature in ancient Israel, the present study attempts to reconstruct the learning methods and stages in light of the terminology applied to study and its accompanying images in the Bible (focused on wisdom literature). The analysis of these terminology and images indicates dierent teaching methods: listening, obedience, understanding, practice, learning lessons, and searching. These methods are complementary and reect various stages in the process of acquiring knowledge, from the first passive stage to the last more active and creative stage. In addition, it shows that the ancient Hebrew educators perceived knowledge first and foremost as traditional material, to be passed down from generation to generation.
Structure and Persuasion: The Case of Advertising
Authors: Leymore Varda 
Published: September 2003

The paper examines the problem of persuasion from a structuralist perspective. Since advertising is a highly competitive system of communication, which draws heavily on mechanisms of persuasion, it is ideally suited both to test and illustrate the case that structuralism makes. Following a certain procedure, any viable system of advertising campaigns can be decoded into a binary structure of an archetypal nature. Moreover, all the binary structures thus obtained, are themselves inter-related to form a first and tentative approximation of the grand structure of all advertising. This is the structure of the structures. It has been shown before, that structures can only be decoded from a complete system of communication. Similarly, it has been maintained, that the existence of the structures is essential to the understanding of the message. Since advertising is a sequential phenomenon, it follows that a campaign's power of persuasion is determined by the facility of the code. The more economical, clear and precise the structural definition, the higher is the level of effective communication. Second, at any point in time, the underlying structure of a competitive product field is determined by all the campaigns which are active in its sphere. But in mature fields the controlling archetype has already been established in the course of the history of the product field. A new campaign merely represents it in a new guise. In this sense the archetype precedes any new manifestation of it. Therefore, the effectivity of each new campaign is determined by its fidelity to the positive pole of the binary pair which constitutes its underlying structure. Finally, the power of persuasion is influenced by the nature of the archetype itself. In each product group, the rank order of effectivity can be established on the basis of empirical examination.
Accounting for Action: Defending the Common Sense Heresy
Authors: Wallis Roy , Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2003

Contemporary sociology embodies a number of different resolutions to the problem of how actors' accounts of their actions are to be treated. Some structuralist and functionalist approaches, such as the Marxist, for example, discount actors' accounts as merely epiphenomenal, generated to make sense of actions people are led to perform on quite different grounds. Some variants of ethnomethodology, on the other hand, construe actors' accounts as all we can ever really know about the social world. We seek to show the weaknesses of these approaches and advance a set of arguments for the centrality of accounts in sociology, and for the validity of their use in our attempts to understand social action. The main thrust of our position is that accounts are hypothetical and susceptible to evaluation in ways which are at least as good as, even if they are as not radically superior to, those of commonsense. The issue of the status of actors' accounts has major ramifications for theory and method in sociology, and in the defence of our hereitcal common-sense approach, we seek to outline its major implications for the conduct of the sociological enterprise.
The Role of Contradictions in Modern Theories of Social Stratification
Authors: Holmwood J. M. , Stewart A. 
Published: September 2003

This paper traces the contours of current, practical explanatory problems in stratification theory showing the similarity of issues in apparently diverse approaches, both Marxist and non-Marxist. There are two related purposes. The first is to show the specific nature of the current crisis, locating particular explanatory failures. The second is to illustrate the more general issue of the way in which the central epistemology of self-conscious social science derives from and describes failures in social scientific practice. This is well illustrated in the response to current problems. Both purposes are served by laying bare the procedures by which attempts are made to convert the contradictions inherent in explanatory failures into contradictory features of social experience which could be explained by consistent theories. Contradiction is thus, apparently, removed from its role in specifying the need for theoretical development, to encapsulating the processes by which current social arrangements are reproduced. However, we show that despite initial plausibility such attempts merely displace explanatory contradictions rather than solve them. The attempts are justified by an explicit or implicit action frame of reference which, though it is central to abstract discussions of the nature of social science, is invoked in practical social science only in circumstances of explanatory failure in an unproductive attempt to insulate the theories from the consequences of their failure. Productive social science is the resolution of contradictions in the transformation of theoretical objects and relationships.
Forms of Ownership and Control: Decision-Making within a Financial Institution
Authors: Schuller Tom , Hyman Jeff 
Published: September 2003

Recent literature suggests that control of corporations has shifted from individual capitalists to financial institutions. The article, based on original research, examines the relationship between ownership and control in relation to one set of financial institutions, namely pension funds. Focusing particularly on the role of employee representatives on trustee boards of pension schemes, the authors first suggest that the notion of ownership is even less clearcut in the case of pension funds than it is for public corporations. Recognition of pensions as deferred pay implies that the funds should belong to the scheme members, but ownership rights are severely circumscribed. Turning to the control issue, the authors report first on the recent increase in employee representation; they look at the content of decision-making, focusing specifically on three areas: investment, information and the selection of professional staff; and then examine the structure of decision-making, looking both at institutional features (e.g. the relation between participation and collective bargaining) and financial practices. They conclude by stressing the diversity of types of influence exercised, suggesting the presence of complex and multiple relationships between ownership and control.
More on Gender and Justice: Girl Offenders on Supervision
Authors: Webb David 
Published: September 2003

This article discusses the findings from a survey of 14-16 year olds made subject to a supervision order in 1978. The social enquiry reports and case files of 241 girls and 971 boys reveal a number of noticeable differences between the sexes in the imposition of this particular sentence. Girls are made subject to an order for less serious offences than committed by boys, after having been involved in fewer previous misdemeanours and for having committed fewer current offences. Taken together, the data would appear to point to a degree of discrimination in the administration of juvenile justice. This pattern is set within the contexts of the supervision order being a disposal of wide and often unspecified remit and can thereby be readily interpreted by both sentencers and social workers or probation officers as extending general superintendence to wayward youngsters. Because troublesome girls are viewed as exceptional delinquents, they are vulnerable to a greater degree of control and regulation `for their own good' than are boys. Whilst ideas of welfare that are enshrined in legislation directed at young offenders have a benign objective, an emphasis upon `needs' can be variously interpreted meaning that everyday typifications become expressed in the penological regulation of delinquent girls.
Social Class of Men, Women and Families
Authors: Erikson Robert 
Published: September 2003

An increased interest in the social class position of women has followed the increased labour force participation of married women. But if more than one member of a family is assigned a class position independently of the other members, the two basic factors of class position, according to Lockwood, work situation and market situation, do not necessarily coincide, since the work situation relates uniquely to the individual, while the market situation refers to the family or household. It is suggested that work position, based on the occupations of individuals, should be used as an indicator of the work situation, and that class position, based on information about the occupations of those family members who carry the economic responsibility of the household, should be used as the indicator of the market situation. A way for ascribing a class position to families, and thereby to family members, is developed. It utilizes the work positions of both spouses and is based on an order of dominance, where occupations high in this order are presumed to influence the market situation of the family more than occupations of lower levels. Class positions of single individuals or families are thought to be rather stable over time. Although women are shown to have looser attachments to the labour market, we do not find more intragenerational mobility among women than among men, neither in terms of work position nor in terms of class.
The Incorporation of Workplace Trade Unionism? Some Evidence from the Mining Industry
Authors: Edwards Christine , Heery Edmund 
Published: September 2003

The incorporation of the workplace leadership has been a recurrent theme in recent writings on British trade unionism. Several surveys have revealed the emergence, since the 1960s, of more full-time representatives and more elaborate hierarchies on the shop floor, amounting to a `bureaucratisation' of the workplace union organisation. The newly established tier of senior shop stewards, it is said, have become distant from the shop floor workers and their concerns, and have been drawn closer to management and national union officials. The paper explores this proposition by reference to an empirical study of local trade unionism in the coal industry. The organisation of workplace representatives in coal mining exhibits many of the trends which are said to be associated with the incorporation of the shop floor. Detailed examination of local NUM branch officials' relationship with managers, their members and full-time union officers in a sample of 35 collieries, however, revealed that the workplace leadership do not behave as the theory predicts. There was no evidence that they act against their members' interests and pursue, instead, those of management or their national union leaders. The paper ends by questioning the assumptions on which the theory of incorporation is based,.