bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paths to Power
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early on a cold Monday morning in January 1974, Bill Clinton stood in front of a small crowd of family and friends at the Avanelle Motor Lodge in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and announced his candidacy for Congress. Ignoring his potential primary challengers, Clinton launched into an assault on the incumbent Republican opponent, tying him to the misdeeds of the Nixon White House and the developing Watergate scandal. “Of all the men in Congress, he is one of those who has allowed the President to go as far as he has,” Clinton told the appreciative crowd. A few months later, in April, Newt Gingrich gathered a dedicated group of supporters on a rainy Georgia night at his Watson Street headquarters in Carrollton, Georgia, to announce that he was also running for Congress. Calling himself a “common sense conservative,” he attacked the “political hacks” who did not “understand what is happening to the people they supposedly represent.”
’60s Legacies
Authors: Gillon Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The President Insisted the impeachment debate was about sex; Gingrich maintained it was about perjury. In reality, it was about much more. The last time the House impeached a president was in the aftermath of the Civil War, as the nation engaged in a passionate debate over the legacy of slavery and the meaning of freedom. The roots of the Clinton impeachment traced back to the cultural conflicts of the 1960s, nurtured during three decades of partisan wrangling, cultivated by a host of powerful interest groups, and brought into sharp focus by a zealous special prosecutor.
In both cases, the decision to impeach a president was part of the nation’s ongoing effort to absorb the profound impact of wrenching social and cultural change. By the time the Radical Republicans in Congress voted to impeach Andrew Johnson in 1868, the war between North and South had been settled, but the nation was still fighting over the meaning of victory. In the modern culture wars there was no dramatic surrender at Appomattox, only an on-going series of skirmishes, culminating in a constitutional crisis of epic proportions. The Civil War was fought over the lofty issue of freedom versus slavery.
Fraud
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The fraud exception is globally well-established, but what constitutes fraud for the purposes of these instruments? There is both a criminal and a civil dimension in what we call fraud. Fraud is hard to define under many laws as are abuse, unreasonableness, unfairness and unconscionability. There is no international standard, nor are there internationally agreed criteria, either. We are told by commentators that: “The fraud rule is “the most controversial and confused area” in the law governing letters of credit, mainly because the standard of fraud is hard to define. The divergent views expressed by courts and commentators with respect to the essence of the standard of fraud reflect the tension between two different policy considerations: “the importance to international commerce of maintaining the principle of the autonomy of documentary credits . . . and the importance of discouraging or suppressing fraud in the letter of credit transaction.” “
Refusal, Dishonour, And Remedies
Authors: Kurkela Matti S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Bank of Chinacase deals with two issues that commonly arise in international trade, first, fluctuating prices, and second, another issue typical of letter of credit disputes: discrepancies in the documents. The two collide when prices fall and the documents presented are discrepant. Here, additional spice is added by juris-dictional issues.
“If I Had a Hammer”
Authors: Winkler Allan M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Home from the war, Seeger was eager to get on with his life. Though reluctant to see the United States enter the war, he did his part. He endured separation from Toshi that included the birth, and death, of his son. Now, like millions of veterans, he was ready to take up again the things he enjoyed before going overseas. In his case that meant singing, whether alone or with a group, and using music to galvanize the working class. But there was always a tension: Could he remain true to those he cared about most in the face of commercial demands as he tried to earn a living?
Home was different from what it had been when he left for the Pacific. World War II brought a return of economic prosperity as huge military demands jump-started factories into full production. Unemployment all but disappeared. On the foreign front, despite the inevitable tensions involved in working with foreign allies, the major powers fought side by side and managed to defeat the Axis dictators. Though tension flared before the war, Americans and Russians were now on good terms.
In Black and White
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Every Human Emotion became entangled in Southern race relations. Booker T. Washington claimed to find “at least one white man who believed implicitly in one Negro, and one Negro who believed implicitly in one white man” wherever he traveled in the South. Yet even when human sympathy and friendship drew people together, the rituals of Southern race relations constrained and distorted the feelings. “There was a part of me in which it did not matter at all that they were black,” Harry Crews remembered of his childhood friends, “but there was another part of me in which it had to matter because it mattered to the world I lived in.’ When Crews referred to a respected black man as “Mr. Jones,” Crews’s aunt quickly corrected him. “No, son. Robert Jones is a nigger. You don’t say ‘mister’ when you speak of a nigger.
Populism
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Setting of the 1890 Farmers’ Alliance national convention proved a bit awkward. The Alliance offered Jacksonville, the center of Florida tourism, the opportunity to host the convention, but the city displayed no interest. John F. “Phosphate King” Dunn, a self-made man famous for his generosity, helped the Alliance by profferring the town of Ocala for the convention. Not only would all three thousand of the city’s residents happily welcome the Alliance, but they would also charge convention delegates only half price for their accommodations, pay all the expenses of the officers, induce railroads to give special fares, and contribute $7000 to the enterprise.
The combination of New South boosterism and agrarian unrest led to some unlikely situations. Delegates who worked for national ownership of the railroads found themselves sleeping in a hotel owned by one of the nation’s most powerful railroad magnates. Delegates who called for the abolition of national banks saw an advertisement for a national bank prominently displayed in the program of their convention. Leaders of a movement that made a virtue of austerity received free carriage rides, entertainment, refreshments, transportation, and housing.
Reunion and Reaction
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Integration of the South into the economy and mass culture of the nation accelerated in the late 1890s and early 1900s. Young men and women developed an avid interest in team sports and physical exercise, finding there a new source of regional pride. Southern women joined compatriots from the rest of the country to agitate for the vote. Black Southerners found—or had thrust upon them, depending on their point of view—a new spokesman who gained the attention of the nation. The Spanish-American War occasioned much talk of reconciliation among white Northerners and Southerners, much conflict between blacks and whites. Aging veterans of the Civil War came together to celebrate their distant glories in ceremonies of peace-making with their erstwhile enemies in the North. In each case, the South tentatively rejoined national life only to discover, and often reaffirm, the distance that separated its people from other Americans.
TWentieth Century Limited
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As The New Century began, Southerners had some reasons to be hopeful. Prosperity had not been greater for either race since the Civil War. The region enjoyed the praise and gratitude of the rest of the nation for the South’s enthusiastic aid in the Spanish-American War. The South produced popular songs, highly regarded books, vibrant new denominations. People of good will, including some of the South’s legislators, labored to improve the South’s schools and factories, to regulate railroads and other big companies.
The failures, though, were not hard to find. More blacks and whites than ever before had lost faith in one another. Laws of disfranchisement barred the voting box from virtually all black voters and from many whites; segregation clamped down on one place after another. The attempts to control and quiet racial conflict failed disastrously in the proudest city of the region. Young white men who sought to discuss the South’s problems were shouted down. The South, everyone could see, had changed enormously over the last quarter-century. Everyone could see, too, that the new order came with heavy costs.
Regulation of Hate Speech
Authors: Rosenfeld Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a well-functioning democracy, the vindication of free speech rights depends primarily on the effective protection of unpopular and even offensive views. Indeed, widely shared views or even those held by a bare majority are unlikely to be suppressed, and even if they were occasionally trampled upon, it stands to reason that majoritarian politics would eventually inevitably come to their rescue. For example, in a democracy in which a majority strongly embraces a particular religious ideology, it would be unwise for those in power to seek to suppress expressions of that ideology as that would anger the political majority and prompt them to use their democratic rights to vote out those currently in power in favor of others, who would act more sympathetically to the ideology in question. On the other hand, it is easy to imagine how a political majority may be mobilized to legislate against views it deems repugnant or threatening to its established way of life. The minority religion that promotes a belief system and morality that the majority deems repugnant; the political dissidents who launch a radical attack (by means that most feel amount to mere propaganda) against the prevailing institutional order; and, the proponents of alternative lifestyles that are perceived as profoundly threatening to the traditions and way of life of the vast majority of citizens all loom as prime candidates for becoming the targets of majority-backed laws aimed at curtailing or suppressing their respectively held views.
Première in Los Angeles
Authors: Stokes Melvyn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The people who entered Clune’s Auditorium in Los Angeles on the evening of Monday, February 8, 1915, were both excited and apprehensive. They almost certainly knew that the earlier, afternoon performance of the film they were about to see, The Clansman, had been prohibited by a court injunction obtained by the Los Angeles branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Since most of them were connected in some way with the production of the film, they were also worried about reactions to the film at this, its official première. The Clansman had taken more time to complete than any other previous American film. It was the longest film so far made. It had cost more than any other film. Consequently, there was a good deal riding on the success of this particular showing. But there was no way of judging the quality of the final production before it was screened.
Prominent Principles of Domestic Law
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the procedures and substantive laws in insolvency cases in all jurisdictions were the same, cross-border cases involving the insolvencies of transnational businesses would present less difficulty. The world would have less need for detailed rules for recognition of judgments opening insolvency proceedings and other judgments related to such proceedings, communication and cooperation among courts and appointed insolvency office holders in such proceedings, and choice of law rules for cross-border cases.
Unilateral and Bilateral Forms of National Cooperation
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
States have engaged in various types and degrees of cooperation, moving away from aggressive territorialism, from the earliest times. By beginning with an exploration of several historical models of transnational cooperation in insolvency cases, this chapter provides crucial background for a deeper appreciation of the modern forms of cooperation to be discussed at the end of this chapter and in later chapters.
Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema and Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Goff Mitchell j. , mcdonald, h. Richard , ai everett 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The indications and techniques, as well as the safety and efEcacy, of laser photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema are well established by the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Focal laser photocoagulation should be considered for all eyes with clinically signiEcant macular edema (CSME). Laser re-treatment sessions may be necessary for macular edema. Scatter (panretinal) photocoagulation treatment is performed promptly for proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) with high-risk characteristics and may be considered for severe non proliferative retinopathy. Laser photocoagulation has potential complications, including foveal burn, choroidal detachment, and secondary glaucoma.
Posterior Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia of Lutz Revisited: Report of a Case Associated with a Midbrain Lesion
Authors: Remler Bernd f. , leigh R John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1923, Anton Lutz (1883–1948) published a detailed review of anatomical structures controlling eye movements in the cerebral hemispheres, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.Modern concepts of internuclear connections between the sixth and third nerve nuclei had not yet evolved, and Lutz proposed his own scheme for horizontal gaze control in the brainstem (Fig. 21.1). This consisted of a supranuclear crossed pathway that split into ascending and descending branches at the level of the mid-pons. Lutz correlated internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) with a lesion of the ascending branch and applied the term anterior INO to this condition. In contrast, a lesion of the descending branch at the pontine level would cause a prenuclear palsy of abduction, which Lutz referred to as posterior INO. Lutz’s anatomical conjectures were eventually proved incorrect, but the possibility of prenuclear abduction weakness continues to be discussed in the literature. So far, however, no case of isolated, unilateral abduction weakness with radiological confirmation of a supranuclear lesion site has been identified. We describe a patient presenting with mild abduction weakness mimicking a peripheral sixth nerve palsy. His ocular motor deficit correlated with a small, upper-brainstem lesion.
Epilogue
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though my editor pressed me mercilessly to do so, I never could quite figure out whether this was a book about Jeff erson or a book about cyberspace. Now that you ‘ve fi nished—and you ‘re not one of those people who jumps ahead to the end, are you?—you can decide for yourself. I suspect that I didn ‘t answer any of the questions you might have had, at the start, about Internet law and regulation: about whether we should impose a rule of “Net Neutrality” on Internet Service Providers, or adopt more stringent privacy protections for data in electronic form, or require ISPs to keep track of user identities and to turn the information over to the authorities upon demand, or any of the other controversial current issues now under debate.
France: Invoicing and E-Commerce: What Are the Tax Constraints? Is Electronic Invoicing the Best Solution?
Authors: Bernier Gwenaëlle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a company reaches the point where all its transactions are conducted on the Internet (prospecting, selling, and, for intangible services or goods, even delivering), the temptation grows even stronger to think that it can simply do away with all its paper-filing requirements and other obligations that compel it to issue paper documents (e.g., invoices) to its customers.
Argentina: E-Commerce Taxation in Argentina
Authors: Abogados Alfaro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
E-Commerce taxation in Argentina must be understood within the context of its market evolution. In this sense, e-commerce in Argentina has developed at a slower pace than other countries in the region. Despite a strong growth during 2006 and 2007, Argentina is still behind its Latin American neighbors in terms of e-commerce sales and gross domestic product (GDP). In 2007, e-commerce in Argentina represented 0.3 percent of the GDP, compared to 0.43 percent in Chile and 0.38 percent in Brazil. The Argentine Web-site share in the e-commerce market is of 50 percent, compared to 70 percent in Brazil. Reasons for this situation are attributed to (1) the 2001 economic crisis that created certain financial and economic constraints in Argentina and (2) the existence of broadband users with low data transfer speed—an average speed of 512 kilobits per second—which initially inhibited new users. Since 2006, however, e-commerce in Argentina has grown 167 percent to an annual total amount of US$739 million, accompanying a 9 percent average growth of the economy per year and an increase in consumer confidence. The Internet, now positioned as a mandatory channel for commercialization of products and services, is becoming one of the most valuable business models, and it is expected to replace other traditional commercial channels in the years to come. Nevertheless, as it will be discussed in this article, e-commerce tax legislation and jurisprudence is still incipient. E-Commerce tax cases are solved by application of traditional taxation rules.
Brazil: E-Commerce Taxation in Brazil
Authors: Bonaldo RossanIa Neaime 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of the Internet and, correspondingly, the increasing frequency of e-commerce transactions, have fostered the emergence of many legal questions, including tax issues surrounding this new method of conducting business. The world’s governments are slowly responding to the Internet and its effect on commerce by enacting modern tax laws that take into consideration the latest medium on which the transactions are taking place. Some governments, like Brazil’s, have responded more slowly than others. Brazilian law does not include particular provisions governing the taxation of e-commerce. Thus, e-commerce transactions will be taxed under the same law as traditional transactions.
Netherlands Antilles: Possibilities for E-Commerce Activities
Authors: Finessi Anjli 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ever-expanding use of electronic means to provide financial services, conduct trade, and pursue other commercial endeavors—referred to hereinafter as e-commerce— has led to the introduction of several laws in the Netherlands Antilles in recent years. These laws were aimed at promoting transparency and access to the marketplace, as well as guaranteeing electronic traffic trustworthiness and the removal of obstacles in the existing legislation. This chapter provides an overview of existing legislation relevant to e-commerce activities.
Diagnosis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As in other diseases where the etiology is not clearly defined, the diagnosis of AS is based primarily on the history and physical examination and is confirmed by radiographic examination.1–8 A thorough clinical history and physical examination, particularly of the musculoskeletal system, are needed. Certain clinical features in the patient’s history and physical examination raise the index of suspicion, and probably the best nonclinical indicator of the disease presence is finding radiographic evidence of sacroiliitis.
A Short History of Medical Ethics
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A physician says “I have an ethical obligation never to cause the death of a patient,” another responds, “My ethical obligation is to relieve pain even if the patient dies.” The current argument over the role of physicians in assisting patients to die constantly refers to the ethical duties of the profession. References to the Hippocratic Oath are often heard. Many modern problems, from assisted suicide to accessible health care, raise questions about the traditional ethics of medicine and the medical profession. However, few know what the traditional ethics are and how they came into being. This book provides a brief tour of the complex story of medical ethics evolved over centuries in both Western and Eastern culture. It sets this story in the social and cultural contexts in which the work of healing was practised and suggest that, behing the many different perceptions about the ethical duties of physicians, certain themes appear constantly, and may be relevant to modern debates. The book begins with the Hippocratic medicine of ancient Greece, moves through the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Enlightenment in Europe, and the long history of Indian and Chinese medicine, ending as the problems raised modern medical science and technology challenge the settled ethics of the long tradition.
Patents, Designs, and Know-How
Authors: Hansen Peter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In October 1992, the UAE issued its first law dealing with the protection of inventions and industrial drawings and designs. Ten years later, the PDL 1992 was repealed and replaced by federal law no. 17 of 2002. The PDL 2002 has been the subject of only one amending law that changed the references to the Minister and the Ministry (discussed below).
The 1993 regulations were not expressly repealed, but to the extent that any of the regulations are inconsistent with the PDL 2002, they have been repealed. The Ministry continues to refer to the PDR 1993 in its documents and so presumably it deems them still to be in force. Without the PDR 1993 there would be no regulations and no guidance as to how some significant areas of the law should be dealt with. Article 72 of the PDL 2002 directs the Cabinet to issue implementing regulations upon the suggestion of the Minister. Nevertheless, the lack of any new regulations to the PDL 2002 has not stopped the Ministry from continuing to administer the law or from receiving patent and design applications and granting patents and designs.
Looking to the future, the Dubai International Financial Center (DIFC) has released for comment a draft patent law that is to apply within the jurisdiction of the DIFC. There may also be a push within the Ministry to issue a new patent and designs law.
Trademarks
Authors: Hansen Peter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UAE legislated to protect consumers and promote transparency and honesty in trade as early as 1979 with federal law no. in relation to the prevention of fraud and deception in commercial dealings (the FDL 1979). The regulations to the law followed in 1984. The FDL 1979 is still relevant today to some of the practices and procedures in the UAE despite the later introduction of trademark and consumer laws.
In September 1992, the UAE issued its first federal trademark law (the TML 1992). That law in its amended form continues today to be the trade-mark law of the UAE. In February 1993, the Ministry of Economy and Commerce issued the regulations to the trademark law (the TMR 1993).
The TML 1992 was first amended in 2000. A reference to the trademark journal was added, replacing all references to the Official Gazette.