bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topology-aware universal adversarial attack on 3D object tracking
Authors: Cheng Riran , Wang Xupeng , Sohel Ferdous , Lei Hang 
Published: December 2023

Abstract3D object tracking based on deep neural networks has a wide range of potential applications, such as autonomous driving and robotics. However, deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples. Traditionally, adversarial examples are generated by applying perturbations to individual samples, which requires exhaustive calculations for each sample and thereby suffers from low efficiency during malicious attacks. Hence, the universal adversarial perturbation has been introduced, which is sample-agnostic. The universal perturbation is able to make classifiers misclassify most samples. In this paper, a topology-aware universal adversarial attack method against 3D object tracking is proposed, which can lead to predictions of a 3D tracker deviating from the ground truth in most scenarios. Specifically, a novel objective function consisting of a confidence loss, direction loss and distance loss generates an atomic perturbation from a tracking template, and aims to fail a tracking task. Subsequently, a series of atomic perturbations are iteratively aggregated to derive the universal adversarial perturbation. Furthermore, in order to address the characteristic of permutation invariance inherent in the point cloud data, the topology information of the tracking template is employed to guide the generation of the universal perturbation, which imposes correspondences between consecutively generated perturbations. The generated universal perturbation is designed to be aware of the topology of the targeted tracking template during its construction and application, thus leading to superior attack performance. Experiments on the KITTI dataset demonstrate that the performance of 3D object tracking can be significantly degraded by the proposed method.
The moderating effect of income inequality on the relationship between economic growth and political economy, human capital, innovation, and saving channels in Ethiopia
Authors: Hordofa Dereje Fedasa 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Background
This research focuses on examining the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia over the period from 1981 to 2020. The study aims to understand the various channels through which income inequality affects economic growth and explores the role of different factors such as political economy, innovation, human capital, and saving channels.

Method
To analyze the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, the researchers employ the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. They also conduct the Bayer Hanck (BH) Cointegration Test using four different methods: Engle-Granger, Johansen, Banerjee, and Boswijk. These techniques help determine whether there is a long-term connection, or cointegration, between the variables under investigation.

Results
The findings of this study indicate strong evidence of cointegration between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, except in the Engle-Granger test. This suggests a long-term relationship between these variables. The researchers analyze various channels through which income inequality affects economic growth. They discover that income inequality significantly hampers economic growth in Ethiopia. On the other hand, the development of human capital, as measured by school enrollment, has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. However, other channel variables such as gross domestic saving, gross fixed capital formation, high-technology exports, general government revenue, and general government total expenditure do not exert a significant influence on economic growth.

Conclusions
Based on the research findings, the study emphasizes the role of government expenditure as a moderating factor that can mitigate the adverse effects of income inequality on economic growth in Ethiopia. It also highlights the importance of savings channels, particularly gross fixed capital formation, in fostering economic growth. Moreover, the study suggests that innovation, represented by high-technology exports, may indirectly influence economic growth by promoting the development of human capital. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, exploring both direct and moderating effects through various transmission channels.
An Investment Case for the Scale-up and Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets Halfway into the SDG Targets
Authors: Shretta Rima , Ngwafor Anye Randolph 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis article examines a policy of scaling up LLINs by 10 percentage points from 2020 levels with a 90% cap in the 29 highest-burden countries in Africa along with social and behavioral change (SBC) and information education and communication (IEC) campaigns to increase the use and effectiveness of LLINs. The incremental cost of this scenario compared to a baseline of maintaining malaria interventions at 2020 levels has a present-day (2023) value of 5.7 billion US$ 2021 discounted at 8% over the period 2023–2030 (undiscounted starting at US$ 416 million in 2023 increasing to US$ 1.4 billion in 2030). This investment will prevent 1.07 billion clinical cases and save 1,337,069 lives. With standardized Copenhagen Consensus Center assumptions, the mortality benefit translates to a present value of US$ 225.9 billion. The direct economic gain is also substantial: the incremental scenarios lead to US$ 7.7 billion in reduced health system expenditure from the reduced treatment of cases, a reduction in the cost of delivering malaria control activities, and reduced household out-of-pocket expenses for malaria treatment. The productivity gains from averted employee and caretaker absenteeism and presenteeism add benefits with a present value of US$ 41.7 billion. Each dollar spent on the incremental scenario delivers US$ 48 in social and economic benefits.
Exploring metaphorical conceptualizations of ENVY in English and Chinese: A multifactorial corpus analysis
Authors: Wu Shuqiong , Liu Dilin 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Adopting a multifactorial analysis, this corpus-based comparative study examines the metaphorical conceptualizations of ENVY in American English and Chinese. All the metaphorical occurrences of ENVY in the two languages were collected from the corpora and then submitted to a detailed semantic and usage analysis. The qualitative and quantitative analyses show both striking similarities and differences in the metaphorical structuring of ENVY across the two languages. Both languages resort to largely the same common conceptual metaphors but use divergent elements from these metaphors’ source domains in their conceptualizations of ENVY. Moreover, a correspondence analysis of the most frequently used envy metaphors in relation to four important factors reveals some noticeable cross-language differences in their behavioural profiles. Based on the corpus findings, this study also explores the motivations underlying the similarities and differences in the metaphorical structuring of ENVY. The results indicate that the similarities are grounded mainly in common bodily experiences, whereas the differences are motivated by either differential cultural experiences or differential cognitive preferences.
Suicides, drug poisonings, and alcohol-related deaths cluster with health and social disadvantage in 4.1 million citizens from two nations
Authors: Richmond-Rakerd Leah S. , D'Souza Stephanie , Milne Barry J. , Andersen Signe Hald 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundDeaths from suicides, drug poisonings, and alcohol-related diseases (‘deaths of despair’) are well-documented among working-age Americans, and have been hypothesized to be largely specific to the U.S. However, support for this assertion–and associated policies to reduce premature mortality–requires tests concerning these deaths in other industrialized countries, with different institutional contexts. We tested whether the concentration and accumulation of health and social disadvantage forecasts deaths of despair, in New Zealand and Denmark.MethodsWe used nationwide administrative data. Our observation period was 10 years (NZ = July 2006–June 2016, Denmark = January 2007–December 2016). We identified all NZ-born and Danish-born individuals aged 25–64 in the last observation year (NZ = 1 555 902, Denmark = 2 541 758). We ascertained measures of disadvantage (public-hospital stays for physical- and mental-health difficulties, social-welfare benefit-use, and criminal convictions) across the first nine years. We ascertained deaths from suicide, drugs, alcohol, and all other causes in the last year.ResultsDeaths of despair clustered within a population segment that disproportionately experienced multiple disadvantages. In both countries, individuals in the top 5% of the population in multiple health- and social-service sectors were at elevated risk for deaths from suicide, drugs, and alcohol, and deaths from other causes. Associations were evident across sex and age.ConclusionsDeaths of despair are a marker of inequalities in countries beyond the U.S. with robust social-safety nets, nationwide healthcare, and strong pharmaceutical regulations. These deaths cluster within a highly disadvantaged population segment identifiable within health- and social-service systems.
Internalisierte Transnegativität, Resilienzfaktoren und psychische Gesundheit in einer Stichprobe geschlechtlicher Minderheiten in Deutschland und der Schweiz
Authors: Stein Katharina van , Kleinn Noah , Randall Ashley K. , Lannutti Pamela J. , Gandhi Yuvamathi , Martos Tamás , Meuwly Nathalie , Rosta-Filep Orsolya , Siegel Magdalena , Ditzen Beate , Fischer Melanie S. 
Published: December 2023

Zusammenfassung: Theoretischer Hintergrund: Trans*, inter* und nichtbinäre Personen erfahren Diskriminierung und weisen im Vergleich zur Gesamtpopulation eine höhere Prävalenz von affektiven und Angststörungen auf. Fragestellung: Diese präregistrierte Studie überprüft basierend auf dem Minderheiten-stressmodell den Zusammenhang zwischen Selbststigmatisierung (internalisierte Transnegativität) und psychischer Gesundheit und untersucht Resilienzfaktoren als Moderatoren. Methode: In einer Stichprobe deutscher und Schweizer trans*, inter* und nichtbinärer Personen ( N = 243) wurden multiple lineare Regressions- und Moderationsanalysen berechnet, um Zusammenhänge zwischen internalisierter Transnegativität und Angst- und depressiver Symptomatik sowie Resilienzfaktoren zu prüfen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen positive Zusammenhänge zwischen internalisierter Transnegativität und Angst- und depressiver Symptomatik. Die Resilienzfaktoren soziale Unterstützung und Verbundenheit mit der LGBT+ Community sind negativ mit internalisierter Transnegativität assoziiert. Keiner der Resilienzfaktoren moderierte die Zusammenhänge zwischen internalisierter Transnegativität und psychischer Gesundheit. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie bestätigt internationale Befunden zum Zusammenhang zwischen internalisierter Transnegativität und psychischer Gesundheit. Mehr Forschung ist nötig, um die Rolle der Resilienzfaktoren im Minderheitenstressmodell zu klären.
Coupled Changes in the Arctic Carbon Cycle Between the Land, Marine, and Social Domains
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Macdonald Robie , Wu Tonghua 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe Arctic has experienced rapid change associated with warming since the 1970s. The rapid retreat of the terrestrial cryosphere can release a large amount greenhouse gas from the permafrost regions into the air, and the sea ice decline will affect the CO2 and CH4 balance in the ocean. Changes in the Arctic provide feedback mechanisms that can also impinge on the global ocean’s thermohaline circulation. During the past years, the overall natural processes in the Arctic have been studied although the magnitude and timing of carbon release from the cryosphere changes require further investigation. However, few studies have been conducted to link the natural and social systems in the Arctic. Scientists and policymakers must consider the coupled Arctic land, ocean, and social systems in their decisions for coping with climate change.
Deriving the Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly From GRACE Spherical Harmonic Coefficients Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Zhang Qingquan , Pan Yun , Zhang Chong , Gong Huili 
Published: December 2023

AbstractTerrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA), derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites, has been widely used in hydrology studies. The inversion is commonly achieved by truncating and filtering spherical harmonic coefficients (SHC), whereby the result is characterized by leakage error and low resolution. It remains unclear whether machine learning methods can help resolve this challenging issue. In this study, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) approach to correct TWSA from GRACE SHC by leveraging the knowledge of the leakage effect determined from global hydrological models (GHMs) and land surface models (LSMs). The CNN approach is implemented in three representative regions in China, that is, the human‐impacted Haihe River Basin, the nature‐impacted Yangtze River Basin and the model‐limited Tibetan Plateau. The results show the following: (a) The recovery performance of CNN at the basin scale is better than that at the grid scale, and the grid‐scale recovery is significantly influenced by the spatial heterogeneity of TWSA and the input GHM/LSMs; (b) The more accurate the GHM/LSMs used for training, the better the recovery performance of CNN; and (c) The trained model retains comparable performance in deriving the TWSA time series from GRACE SHC when compared to that derived from other methods (i.e., scaling factor and mass concentration solutions) with average r = 0.90 and RMSE = 21.50 mm. This study highlights the potential of machine learning to supplement conventional correction methods when deriving the TWSA from GRACE SHC by utilizing signal restoration knowledge learned from multiple accurate GHMs/LSMs.
Reconstructing Late Quaternary Paleovalley Systems of Italy Through mHVSR: A Tool for Seismic Hazard Assessment in Modern Coastal Lowlands
Authors: Di Martino Andrea , Sgattoni Giulia , Di Paola Gianluigi , Berti Matteo , Amorosi Alessandro 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEffective site characterization in highly urbanized coastal lowlands requires accurate stratigraphic and geophysical investigations. In these regions, which typically host shallowly buried paleovalley systems formed in response to Quaternary glacio‐eustatic fluctuations, the marked lithologic contrast between soft sediment paleovalley fills and the adjacent, stiff substrate has the potential to modify earthquake motions, and assessment of critical parameters, such as shear wave velocities (VS) and resonance frequencies (f), should be coupled with detailed stratigraphic architecture. To evaluate the potential of the microtremor horizontal‐to‐vertical spectral ratio (mHVSR) for paleovalley recognition and mapping, we performed mHVSR measurements along the Adriatic coastal plain of Italy, where two paleovalley systems (Pescara and Manfredonia) have been recently identified. In both areas, we detected rapid lateral variations in resonance frequencies and highlighted laterally continuous impedance contrasts. Relying on a robust stratigraphic framework, we carefully evaluated the relation between geological and geophysical data and identified the stratigraphic surfaces responsible for the observed resonances. We derived VS models for the sediment fill, reconstructing the geometry of the two buried paleovalleys. We address the importance of evaluating the geological context when designing microzonation studies, for a reliable interpretation of changes in resonance frequencies.
Prediction of Terrestrial Heat Flow in Songliao Basin Based on Deep Neural Network
Authors: Bai Lige , Li Jing , Zeng Zhaofa , Tao Deqiang 
Published: December 2023

AbstractHeat flow is a geothermal parameter for indicating the heat source distribution and evaluating geothermal reservoirs. Only 1,230 heat flow points are distributed unevenly in China, mainly concentrated in high‐temperature geothermal and southeast regions. The Songliao Basin is a potential geothermal field in China. Still, only 20 measurement points are known, making evaluating the geothermal genetic mechanism difficult. Sparse data interpolation using deep learning methods is highly accurate and widely used in fields such as image processing. In this work, we propose a deep neural network for predicting heat flow in the Songliao Basin. More than 4,000 global heat flows and 23 geological and geophysical parameters are used as reference constraints for training. The uncertainty error of the prediction is estimated based on the correlation and distance‐based generalized sensitivity analysis. The results show that the maximum heat flow is 85 mW/m2, the average is 67.1 mW/m2, and the error with the measured data is 10.64%. The previous geophysical and geological interpretation results indicate that the heat flow is higher in the west and lower in the east, with high anomalies in the central region, which may be related to the uplift of the deep mantle and the depression of the shallow low‐velocity sedimentary layer. Some high‐temperature melt bodies are in the deep layers, forming the current potential geothermal field. The measured data validates that the DNN is an effective method for predicting regional‐scale heat flow, providing reliable heat source information for evaluating geothermal resources.
Induced Polarization Images the Plumbing System of Hydrothermal Vents in an Intracontinental Rift, Lake Abhé, Republic of Djibouti
Authors: Piolat L. , Geraud Y. , Revil A. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractRecent developments in induced polarization allow for the characterization of alteration halos within hydrothermal systems. We explore the possibility of using electrical conductivity and normalized chargeability tomograms in concert to image hydrothermal conduits thanks to their high cation exchange capacities associated with alteration. The hydrothermal plumbing system of the late‐stage rift area of Lake Abhé (Republic of Djibouti) is used to test the ability of induced polarization to reveal such plumbing system associated with the prominent hydrothermal chimneys serving as vents for the hydrothermal fluids. We show that induced polarization can be used to provide an alteration tomogram, which highlights the flow path toward 2 chimneys in the top 70 m below the surface of the sediments at Lake Abhé.
Investigating Dynamic Weakening in Laboratory Faults Using Multi‐Scale Flash Heating Coupled With mm‐Scale Contact Evolution
Authors: Barbery M. R. , Chester F. M. , Chester J. S. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractFlash‐weakening models typically show good agreement with the total magnitude of weakening in high‐speed rock friction experiments, however deviations during the acceleration and deceleration phases, and at low and intermediate sliding velocities, remain unresolved. Here, we incorporate inhomogeneous mm‐scale normal stress evolution into a model for flash heating and weakening to resolve outstanding transient and hysteretic friction observed in laboratory experiments and to identify unique solutions to constitutive parameters. We conduced 37 rock friction experiments on Westerly granite using a high‐speed biaxial apparatus outfitted with a high‐speed infrared camera. We initiated velocity steps from quasi‐static rates of 1 mm/s to sliding velocities ranging from 300 to 900 mm/s and conducted both constant‐ and decreasing‐velocity tests following the velocity step. Two sliding surfaces geometries were used to control mm‐scale life‐times and rest‐times. Constant‐strength sliding is achieved within 2–3 mm of initiating the velocity step in all constant‐velocity experiments. Macroscopic surface temperature is inhomogeneous and increases with slip distance, velocity, and decreasing rest‐time. Weakening increases with sliding velocity and decreasing rest‐time. We combine thermal models with measured surface temperatures to constrain the evolution of local normal stress at the mm‐scale and incorporate this evolution into a flash‐weakening model that considers weakening at both the µm‐ and mm‐scale. The flash‐weakening model improves when the effects of mm‐scale wear processes are incorporated and multi‐scale weakening is considered, however some transient friction remains undescribed. Models will be advanced by further incorporating wear processes and by considering processes at the mm‐scale and above.
Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling for Probabilistic Estimation of Tsunami Amplitude From Far‐Field Earthquake Sources
Authors: Boumis Georgios , Geist Eric L. , Lee Danhyang 
Published: December 2023

AbstractEvaluation of tsunami disaster risk for a coastal region requires reliable estimation of tsunami hazard, for example, wave amplitude close to the shore. Observed tsunami data are scarce and have poor spatial coverage, and for this reason probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis (PTHA) traditionally relies on numerical simulation of “synthetic” tsunami generation and propagation toward the coast. Such an approach has been extensively studied in the past and it is widely recognized as an important disaster‐risk mitigation tool. PTHA can not only provide less uncertain and spatially coherent hazard estimates in comparison with classical empirical data analysis which is restricted at the tide gauge stations, but also local inundation information. In this paper, we explore a purely statistical alternative to traditional PTHA for evaluation of tsunami amplitude hazard. Here, we use tide gauge measurements of tsunami amplitude along the western United States, specifically California and Oregon, and develop a spatial Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) to assess tsunami hazard from far‐field earthquake sources at various recurrence intervals. The configuration of our model incorporates latent Gaussian fields that utilize information on the distance between tide gauges as well as on the continental shelf width, that is, a covariate linked to potential dissipative effects on wave energy as the tsunami travels over shallow water. Through our BHM, we produce spatially continuous probabilistic maps of far‐field tsunami hazard which can aid comprehensive tsunami disaster risk reduction and management.