bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary protein level and thyroxine on vitamin A absorption and on plasma proteins in chicks
Authors: Nir I. , Ascarelli I. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of dietary protein level and supplementation with thyroxine on the liver storage of vitamin A, on the fraction of liver vitamin A in the alcohol form, and on the plasma levels of vitamin A and proteins has been studied in chicks.2. Liver storage was reduced by lowering the dietary protein level.3. Protein restriction lowered the percentage of vitamin A found in the liver as retinol.4. Thyroxine increased both vitamin A storage and the fraction of the total vitamin A as retinol, this effect being dependent on dietary protein level.5. Plasma vitamin A and plasma protein contents were lowered to a highly significant extent by protein restriction. This drop was essentially caused by reduction of the albumin fraction in chicks fed on a 5% protein diet and by a reduction of β- and γ-globulins in chicks fed on a 10% protein diet.6. Thyroxine supplementation of the diet lowered to a highly significant extent plasma protein content; this reduction was caused by a dramatic fall in the level of plasma albumin. The β- and γ-globulins were concomitantly increased.
The effect of the type of roughage in the diet on plasma cholesterol levels and aortic atherosis in rabbits
Authors: Moore J. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eleven groups of male rabbits (eight to eleven per group) were given adlib. a diet consisting of 61 parts of a low-fat basal ration to which were added: for groups 1–3, 20 parts maize oil; for groups 4–7, 20 parts butterfat; and for groups 8–11, 0.47 parts maize oil and 43.1 parts wheat starch. Different types of roughage were added to the 61 parts of basal ration as follows: for groups 1, 4 and 8, 19 parts ground wheat straw; for groups 2, 5 and 9, 19 parts Solkafioc; for groups 3, 6 and 10, 19 parts of shredded cellophane; and for groups 7 and 11, 14 parts shredded cellophane and 5 parts peat.2. After the rabbits had been given the experimental diets for a period of 40 weeks, the plasma cholesterol levels were determined. The animals were then killed and the degree of atheromatous degeneration was determined after the aortas had been stained with Sudan IV.3. Elevated levels of plasma cholesterol and extensive atheromatous degeneration were observed in the rabbits given the diets containing 20% butterfat (groups 4–7) and in those given the diets containing 48% starch (groups 8–11). Lower levels of plasma cholesterol and only slight atheromatous degeneration were observed in the rabbits given the diets containing 20% maize oil (groups 1–3).4. The levels of plasma cholesterol and the degree of aortic atherosis were influenced very markedly by the nature of the dietary roughage. Plasma cholesterol levels and degrees of aortic atherosis tended to be higher when cellophane was the roughage component than when wheat straw was the roughage component of the diet. The replacement of part of the cellophane of the diet by peat reduced the level of plasma cholesterol and the degree of aortic atherosis.5. The possible mechanisms by which the nature of the dietary roughage influences plasma cholesterol levels are discussed.
Nutrient intakes of urban dwellers in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Mcfie John 
Published: September 2005

1. The nutrient contents of diets consumed by families in the lower income groups in Lagos are compared with published values for diets consumed by Nigerians in rural areas.2. Qualitatively, the dietary patterns of urban dwellers tended to resemble those of the regions from which they had migrated; attention is drawn to certain exceptions.3. Quantitatively, urban diets resembled those in rural areas in (a) providing a lower proportion, in relation to requirements, of calories rather than of protein; and (b) allowing children lower intakes of all nutrients, in relation to requirements, than adults.4. Restriction of calorie intake resulted in diversion of dietary protein to energy production, and this in turn led to low mean body-weights of children and of adults.
Nitrogen balance studies with the milk-fed lamb
Authors: Walker D. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Five male cross-bred lambs at the age of 3 weeks were starved for a period of 4 days. The utilization of nitrogen, energy and minerals was compared with the pre-starvation and post-starvation periods, when the lambs were given reconstituted dried whole cow's milk.2. The mean loss in weight during starvation was 253 g/24 h. The gain in weight during realimentation was significantly greater than that in the pre-starvation period, when adjusted for differences in energy intake.3. The urinary loss of N during starvation was 478 mg N/kg live weight 24 h. During realimentation the urinary N loss was greater than during the pie-starvation period. A higher urea excretion during realimentation was responsible for the increased urinary N.4. Excretion of ammonia, creatine, amino acid and purine base N increased during starvation. Excretion of creatinine N remained constant.5. The increase in total sulphur excretion during starvation was due mainly to an increase in the inorganic sulphate fraction. The ratio of N to S of 27: 1 during starvation was much greater than would be expected from the katabolism of muscle tissue alone (ratio N to S = 16.2:1).6. The titratable acidity and acetone excretion in the urine increased during starvation.7. There was a marked reduction in the urinary excretion of chloride, potassium and sodium during starvation, an increase in the excretion of phosphorus, but little change in the excretion of calcium and magnesium. The loss of minerals was not closely related to the losses predicted from muscle tissue alone.8. Pulse rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature all decreased during starvation. Heat production decreased after 1 day of starvation, but was relatively constant thereafter.9. Blood urea concentrations did not change significantly during starvation.10. The results for the lamb were in reasonable agreement with published results for the calf, except for the marked ketone acidosis and considerable increase in the excretion of purine N. The losses during starvation differed from those with the adult sheep in showing a relatively greater loss of body protein.
Studies of the possible transference of flavonol antioxidants from the diet to the tissue lipids of rats
Authors: Letan A. 
Published: September 2005

1. The oxidative stability of lipids in the tissues (erythrocytes, liver and depot fat) from vitamin E-deficient rats was not improved by feeding these animals, for a period of 39–55 days before killing, on a vitamin E-free diet richly supplemented with the flavonoid antioxidants quercetin (3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxyflavone) and flavone (3,7,8,2',5'-pentahydroxy-6-tert.-butyl flavone).2. Addition of α-tocopherol (in the form of α-tocophery1 acetate) to the diet relieved, as expected, the investigated symptoms of vitamin E deficiency and greatly improved the stability of the tissue lipids.3. Quercetin and flavone, when added in vitro to liver homogenate or to extracted adipose tissue, strongly retarded oxidation. It was concluded that those flavonols either were not absorbed by the animals or were destroyed in the body.
The determination of lignin
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The methods for estimating lignin based on 72% sulphuric acid are lengthy and usually require large corrections for the residual nitrogenous impurities. The steps used in the initial purification of lignin, and particularly those concerned with the removal of nitrogenous impurities using proteolytic enzymes, have been investigated.2. The conditions that remove the maximum amount of nitrogen were investigated. The nitrogenous material remaining in the lignin isolated by the adopted procedure was partly characterized, and it was shown that about half of the resistant N could be obtained in the form of amino acids which were presumably present in the lignin in the form of protein. The amino acid compositions of the resistant nitrogenous material in lignin derived from grass, and in lignin derived from faeces of sheep, when the same grass was given, were compared. They were found to be sufficiently similar to suggest a common origin.3. A modified procedure is proposed and described in detail; it is suitable for routine work.4. Comparisons were made between the results obtained by determining lignin in forage and faeces samples by the method now presented and those obtained by the method used previously.
Reproduction and vision in rats maintained on a retinol-free diet containing 3-dehydroretinol (vitamin A2)
Authors: Howell J. McC. , Thompson J. N. , Pitt G. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Seventeen hooded female rats were given from weaning a retinol-free diet containing methyl retinoate. When 105 days old they were mated with normal bucks.2. Six of these rats were subsequently given dietary supplements of 100 μg retinol daily and another six were given 100 μg 3-dehydroretinol daily. All twelve rats had litters.3. The five rats that received only methylretinoate during pregnancy resorbed their foetuses.4. One of the litters from the female rats given 3-dehydroretinol consisted of six male pups. These young rats had never had access to retinol. They were maintained on a retinol-free diet supplemented with methyl retinoate. Two of these rats were given daily supplements of 3-dehydroretinol and another pair were given daily an equal amount of retinol.5. The six rats were killed when 195 days old. The testes and the retina of the rats given either 3-dehydroretinol or retinol were normal. The testes and the retina of the rats given methylretinoate only were degenerate.
The digestion of heat-damaged protein
Authors: Nesheim M. C. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The apparent digestibilities for chicks, operated on so as to allow separate collection of urine and faeces, of the nitrogen in a heat-damaged cod flour (C35) and of a control, freezedried cod muscle (C23) were 77 and 90% respectively.2. The differences are similar to those found for rats in earlier work and considerably smaller than the differences found in nutritional value of the materials as sources of either lysine or methionine for chicks.3. Chicks killed 3 h after a test meal containing C23showed little more N in their small intestine than did those on a N-free diet; other chicks receiving C35showed much more N remaining in the gut.4. It is hypothesized that significant quantities of heat-damaged protein may remain undigested in the small intestine, but may then be de-aminated by fermentation in the caecum so that values for the digestibility of N and of individual amino acids may be misleadingly high.5. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that in caecectomized chicks the apparent digestibility of the N of C35was only 68%, whereas the digestibility of C23remained the same as in intact chicks.
Interrelations of calcium, fluorine and vitamin D in bone metabolism
Authors: Gaster Deborah , Havivi E. , Guggenheim K. 
Published: September 2005

1. The interrelationships between dietary calcium, fluorine and vitamin D were studied in young rats.2. Rats maintained on a low-Ca diet gained less weight and had less ash in their bones. Their femurs incorporated more radioactive Ca than those of rats kept on a control diet. Supplementation of the diet with F slightly decreased growth and the content of bone ash without any effect on the content of Ca and phosphorus in the bone ash. The F supplement decreased uptake of radioactive Ca by bone. Addition of vitamin D to a low-Ca diet improved growth and, when added alone, increased uptake of radioactive Ca by bone without affecting the content in femurs of ash, Ca or P. Addition of F to a low-Ca diet supplemented with vitamin D diminished the uptake of radioactive Ca.3. Decrease of bone ash in rats fed the low-Ca diet was accompanied by an increase in bone nitrogen. The bones of the unsupplemented rats contained less citric acid per unit of dry, fat-free mass. Addition of F decreased citric acid, whereas addition of vitamin D increased it.4. The results are discussed and it is concluded that vitamin D added to a low-Ca diet does not exert a calcifying effect on bone, but rather increases Ca turnover. F, on the other hand, reduces the exchangeability of bone mineral.
Distribution of carotene and vitamin A in liver, pancreas and body fat of Ghanaians
Authors: Dagadu J. Maud 
Published: September 2005

I. The carotene and vitamin A levels of liver, pancreas and body fat were determined in seventeen Ghanaians coming from areas where carotene-rich foods were freely available.2. The liver was confirmed as the main storehouse of vitamin A, and vitamin A values for it were exceptionally high. Values for the other tissues were not higher than average.3. In the study the carotene and vitamin A concentrations in the liver were higher in the females than in the males.4. Under the conditions of high intake of carotene-rich foods, carotene was found to be distributed more evenly in various tissues than vitamin A.
The effect of a low-protein diet and a cold environment on calorie intake and body composition in the rat
Authors: Schmida P. , Widdowson Elise M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rats 10 weeks old were fed for 9 weeks either on a stock diet containing 17% protein, or on a low-protein diet prepared from the stock diet with added glucose, minerals and vitamins. Half the animals on each diet were kept at room temperature (21°) and half in a cold environment (5°).2. The calorie intake of the animals kept at 5° on both diets was 60–70% higher than that of the corresponding group at 21°. The animals on the stock diet and kept at 5° gained weight but not so much as those on the same diet at 21°. The animals kept on the low-protein diet at 21° lost weight, while those on the same diet at 5° lost only a little weight initially and none thereafter.3. On both types of diet the liver, kidneys and gastro-intestinal tract weighed more per 100 g body-weight in animals kept in the colder of the two environments; the small intestine was conspicuous in this respect.4. The weight of the fur was greater, and the weight of the skin less per 100 g body-weight at 5° than at 21°.5. The animals on the stock diet at 21° had most fat in their bodies, both in absolute terms and per 100 g body-weight. There were no significant differences between the other three groups.6. The skin of the animals kept at 5° had a significantly higher collagen to N ratio than the skin of those having the same diet at 21°.
Chemical and biological evaluation of the effects of fermentation on the nutritive value of foods prepared from rice and grams
Authors: Rajalakshmi R. , Vanaja K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were made of the effects of fermentation on the chemical composition and nutritive value of Idli, a product prepared from milled rice and dehusked black gram, and also of Khaman, a product prepared from dehusked and milled bengal gram.2. Fermentation brought about an increase in thiamine and riboflavine contents and a decrease in phytate content in both materials.3. Weanling rats fed on fermented Idli and Khaman were found to be superior to those fed on the corresponding unfermented product with regard to weight gain, nitrogen retention, thiamine and riboflavine contents of the liver and the activities of liver xanthine oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase and haemoglobin content of blood.
Factors influencing the retention of an oral dose of radioactive manganese by the chick
Authors: Mathers J. W. , Hill R. 
Published: September 2005

1. In two experiments, involving 110 chicks up to 5 weeks of age, retention of an oral dose of 54Mn was always low; less than 5%.2. There were no significant differences in retention by hybrid broiler cocks, hybrid layer cocks, and hybrid layer pullets, nor was retention affected by the period of fasting, i.e. 1 ½ or 24 h, before dosing.3. Two-weeks-old birds retained 58% more radioactive manganese than 5-week-old birds, and retention in birds killed 24 h after the dose was only 64% of that in birds killed 4 h after the dose.4. With the addition to a fixed dose of 54Mn of increasing quantities of non-radioactive Mn retention decreased only from 2.52% with no Mn added to 1.02% with 5000 μg Mn added, representing a very large increase in total retention of Mn.
Pathogenesis of endemic goitre in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ekpechi O. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. A survey in Eastern Nigeria revealed an area of endemic goitre with a marked variation in incidence form village to village not accounted for by iodine deficiency alone.2. As dried unfermented cassava was consumed in large quantities in the highly goitrous areas, experiments with rats were undertaken to assess the significance of this factor.3. Groups of rats were fed (a) cassava, (b) equal parts cassava and standard diet, (c) cassava with added iodine and (d) standard diet, and each rat received and intraperitioneal injection of 20 μc iodine 24 h before being killed.4. The iodine content and hardness of the water in the various areas were estimated and the chemical and bacteriological indices of pollution determined.5. The following effects were observed: thyroid weight, iodine uptake and plasma-protein-bound iodine were all increased in the cassava-fed animals, the last markedly so. the thyroid's precursor and hormone iodine stores were severely depleted in these animals, which also showed an impaired transfer of iodine from monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine and a high proportion the iodine present as iodothyronine. The giving of iodine with the cassava did not prevent these changes from taking place.6. Many of the observed effects suggest that cassava was acting like the thionamide group of an antithyroid drug.7. These findings are discussed.
The voluntary intake and digestibility, in sheep, of chopped and pelleted Digitaria decumbens (pangola grass) following a late application of fertilizer nitrogen
Authors: Minson D. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Experiments were conducted with wether sheep in 1964 and 1965 fed pelleted or chopped mature Digitaria decubemes Stent (pangola grass) bay containing different crude protein contents. The voluntary intake of food, digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, nitrogen retention and apparent time of retention of feed organic matter in the reticulo-rumen were measured. The different crude protein contents of the grass were obtained by applications of urea to the sward 14 and 28 days before cutting for hay in 1964 and 1965 respectively. This treatment increased the crude protein content of the dry matter from 4.9% to 8.7% in 1964 and from 3.7% to 7.2% in 1965. The size of the particles of the ground hay before pelleting is given.2. The mean voluntary intake of chopped fertilized grass was 10% and 54% greater than that of the unfertilized; the voluntary intake of pellets made from fertilized grass was 35% and 75% greater than of those made from the unfertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.3. The voluntary intake of pellets of unfertilized grass was 7% and 14% greater than that 30% greater than that of chopped fertilized grass in 1964 and 1965 respectively.4. The digestibility of the pellets was less than that of the chopped grass.5. The apparent digestibility of the feed nitrogen was increased by the fertilizer nitrogen, but grinding and pelleting had no consistent effect. Sheep eating chopped or pelleted fertilized hay were in positive nitrogen balance.6. The apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was longer when the sheep were eating chopped hay than when they were eating pellets. In 1964 the apparent retention time of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen was shorter for chopped and pelleted unfertilized grass than for chopped and pelleted fertilized grass, but in 1965 the order was reversed.7. The relationship between voluntary intake, apparent retention time of organic matter in the rumen and the protein content of the food is discussed.
Effect of storage on the fatty acids of dried ryegrass
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The compositions of the fatty acids in ryegrass were determined in fresh samples, and in samples dried at room temperature for 26 h, at 50° and for 18 h or at 100° for 12 h. The drying of grass resulted in a small increase in palmitic acid and a decrease in linolenic acid in the total fatty acids.2. Samples of grass dried at 50° and 100° were stored at three relative humidities (rh < 3%, 47% and 80%) for 13 months.3. There were marked changes in the samples stored at 80% rh, with an onset of mould growth and a loss of dry matter. The samples stored at lower humidities had no mould.4. There were two types of change in the fatty acids during storage. The deterioration brought about and mould was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of linolenic acid and an increase in the concentrations of oleic and linoleic acids. The other type of change observed at the lower humidities resulted in a decrease in the content of linolenic and an increase in the content of palmitic, and did not affect the amounts of oleic and linoleic cells.5. There was little difference between the changes that occurred in the composition of the total fatty acids of the grass dried at 50° and of that dried at 100°. The changes that were at all significant appeared to occur less rapidly, particularly in the early months of storage, in the grass dried at the higher temperature for the shorter time.
The N:H2O ratio in the Sprague–Dawley rat and its variation with diet under the conditions of determination of net protein utilization
Authors: Pellett P. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Analytical values are presented for body nitrogen, both on a fresh and dry carcass basis, body water and N to body water ratios for rats, of various ages, of the Sprague–Dawley Strain.2. For 33- and 40-day-old animals, there were significant differences in body composition, including N:H2O ratio, between animals given a protein-free diet and those given protein at the 10% dietary level. For all age groups the N and water percentages were higher in the carcasses of animals given the non-protein diet.3. For all age groups there were significant negative correlations between the percentage of N in the dry carcass and the net dietary protein value (NDpv) of the diet. For 33-, 37- and 40-day old animals there were significant negative correlations between the N content of the fresh carcass and the NDpv of the diet. For 33-day-old animals only, the correlation between N:H2O ratio and NDpv was also highly significant.4. Body N values calculated from N:H2O ratio and from N:body-weight ratio were compared. At all ages, an equally good prediction was obtained from the N:body-weight ration as from the N:H2O ratio provided that the correct factors were used for animals given the non-protein and test diets.