bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular identification of human tuberculosis in recent and historic bone tissue samples: The role of molecular techniques for the study of historic tuberculosis
Authors: Zink Albert R. , Grabner Waltraud , Nerlich Andreas G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe describe the molecular identification of the M. tuberculosis complex DNA in bone tissue samples from recent and historic populations. In a first set, archival paraffin material from vertebral bodies of 12 recent cases with clinically/microbiologically proven tuberculosis was compared to 12 further cases without tuberculosis. While eight TB cases revealed a specific mycobacterial amplification product, none of the controls was positive. Interestingly, one case with tuberculous sepsis (Landouzy sepsis), five cases with tuberculous spread beyond the primarily affected organ (i.e., lymph node or miliar involvement), and also two of six cases with restricted pulmonary tuberculosis reacted positively in the vertebral specimens. This indicates that a molecular analysis can detect mycobacteria even in unremarkable bone tissue, proving that organ tuberculosis is present. In addition, the extent of spread is of high significance for the frequency of positive reactions. In addition, we investigated a series of vertebral samples coming from an Egyptian population of the necropolis of Thebes‐West dating to approximately 1450–500 BC. In this group of 36 cases, three of five cases with typical macromorphological signs for tuberculous spondylitis, 2 of 12 cases with nonspecific alterations, and 2 of 19 cases without macroscopic pathology revealed a specific amplicon of the M. tuberculosis complex. This suggests a significant frequency of infected people in that ancient population. Finally, a fourth group of 51 long bone samples with pathological alterations coming form a southern German ossuary (between AD 1400–1800) was investigated, and 10 cases were positive for the M. tuberculosis complex. These studies of historic material clearly support the notion that tuberculous infections can be unequivocally identified by molecular techniques. The relatively high frequency of ancient bacterial DNA amplifications in unremarkable bone is well‐explained by our analysis of the recent material. Our data form an important basis for the investigation of tuberculosis frequency and spread in historic periods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D‐kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids
Authors: Isler Karin 
Published: May 2004

AbstractVertical climbing has played an important role in theories about the evolution of habitual bipedalism in early hominids and of locomotor specialization in hominoids. However, empirical data on vertical climbing in nonhuman primates are scarce, especially regarding kinematics. In this paper, the kinematics of flexed‐elbow vertical climbing of four hominoid species are reported: western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), bonobos (Pan paniscus), Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii), and yellow‐cheeked crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor gabriellae). The climbing sequences were recorded simultaneously by four digital video cameras in European zoos. Analyzed parameters include intersegmental flexion/extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints, horizontal abduction/adduction angles of the upper arm and thigh, and distance of the body center of gravity from the substrate. Analyses reveal that differences in climbing kinematics between individuals of different age/sex classes of one species are mostly size‐related, whereas interspecific differences reflect specific locomotor adaptations. The climbing kinematics of bonobos and gorillas are more similar to each other than to those of orangutans or gibbons. The range of motion of the major limb joints in adult orangutans is larger than in African apes, although the hip is not more extended. Gibbons horizontally abduct the arm more and the thigh less during climbing than any of the great apes. These results allow us to question some qualitative descriptions of vertical climbing kinematics reported in the literature, and to discuss implications for the evolution of locomotor adaptations in hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leprosy and mortality in the Medieval Danish village of Tirup
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractLeprosy was a well‐recognized and dreaded disease in Denmark in the Middle Ages (AD 1000–1536). A large fraction of the population was affected by leprosy in the 13th century. This paper analyzes the correlation between signs of leprosy and risk of dying in the small Danish village of Tirup (AD 1150–1350). Seven different dichotomous osteological lesions indicative of leprosy are analyzed, and it is possible to score at least one of these conditions on 135 skeletons of adult or adolescent people (aged 14 or more). Scores were transformed to a statistic, λ, indicating the likelihood that the person to whom the skeleton belonged suffered from leprosy. The analyses indicate that the prevalence of leprosy among adult people in Tirup was 26% (95% confidence interval, 17–35%). The λ statistic indicates that people who died with signs of leprosy did not differ in the distribution of age at death from those who did not have such signs. Skeletons showing dental enamel hypoplasia were less likely to come from skeletons with high λ‐values. The association between λ and dental enamel hypoplasia indicates a relationship between stress in early childhood (ages 1–6 years) and subsequent development of signs of leprosy. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:159–168, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Staudinger‐Ligation – ein Geschenk für die Chemische Biologie
Authors: Köhn Maja , Breinbauer Rolf 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObwohl die Reaktion von Aziden mit Phosphanen zu Aza‐Yliden schon vor mehr als 80 Jahren von Hermann Staudinger entdeckt worden ist und seither in der Organischen Synthese vielfältige Anwendung gefunden hat, wurde ihr Potenzial als eine hoch chemoselektive Ligationsmethode zur Herstellung von Biokonjugaten erst vor kurzem erkannt. Dabei sind die beiden Reaktionspartner zu fast allen in biologischen Systemen präsenten funktionellen Gruppen bioorthogonal und reagieren sogar in wässriger Umgebung bei Raumtemperatur. Dies ermöglicht die Anwendung der Staudinger‐Ligation auch in der komplexen Umgebung einer lebenden Zelle. Dieser Kurzaufsatz schildert den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand zu dieser Reaktion und ihrer Anwendung in der Herstellung von Biokonjugaten und als Ligationsmethode in der Chemischen Biologie.
The Staudinger Ligation—A Gift to Chemical Biology
Authors: Köhn Maja , Breinbauer Rolf 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAlthough the reaction between an azide and a phosphane to form an aza‐ylide was discovered by Hermann Staudinger more than 80 years ago and has found widespread application in organic synthesis, its potential as a highly chemoselective ligation method for the preparation of bioconjugates has been recognized only recently. As the two reaction partners are bioorthogonal to almost all functionalities that exist in biological systems and react at room temperature in an aqueous environment, the Staudinger ligation has even found application in the complex environment of living cells. Herein we describe the current state of knowledge on this reaction and its application both for the preparation of bioconjugates and as a ligation method in chemical biology.
Neolithic flint mines in Arnhofen, southern Germany: a ground‐penetrating radar survey
Authors: Leopold Matthias , Völkel Jörg 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used at an excavation site of a Neolithic flint mine in southern Germany to establish the subsurface geology of the mine and to aid in the location of mine shafts in unexcavated areas. Three radar facies were identified to characterize the geology of the study area. A test GPR line surveying known Neolithic mine shafts provided calibrated results for the identification of new shafts. Forty radar lines with a length of 40 m identified the locations of previously unknown shafts in unexcavated areas. The GPR results provide archaeologists with valuable additional information on the extent of the former flint mine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐penetrating radar time‐slices from North Ballachulish Moss
Authors: Utsi Erica 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the late 1990s ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map the underlying topography of North Ballachulish Moss as part of an archaeological evaluation of the area that was under threat of development. In the process a series of radar anomalies were identified. These were confirmed subsequently by sediment coring and trial excavation to correspond to a buried prehistoric surface with associated man‐made artefacts. These GPR data have now been used to develop horizontal time‐slices. The series of time‐slices is presented showing the development of discrete surfaces and their relationship to an adjacent headland. The orientation of the site and its proximity to the location of a buried prehistoric wooden figure suggest ritual importance. Although comparable data in similar locations are lacking, the possibility exists to shed further light on the Ballachulish evidence without destroying wetland resources if further GPR investigation can be carried out on other wetland sites of recognized ritual significance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of the self‐potential method to archaeological prospection: some case histories
Authors: Drahor M. G. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe self‐potential (SP) method is very rarely used in archaeological prospection because related phenomena are not very well known. The aim of this study is to discuss the different SP phenomena that might be observed at archaeological sites, and therefore the SP method was applied at different archaeological sites in Anatolia (Turkey), such as Acemhöyük, Amorium, Burgaz and Ulucakhöyük archaeological areas and the Sinop amphorae workshop site. These studies indicated that SP anomalies existed over both burned or unburned materials at archaeological sites, such as walls, pits, kilns, etc. Furthermore, SP anomalies were also found over areas of complex soil distribution and visible physical changes on the surface. Other kinds of SP anomalies were also observed in those archaeological structures located very close to the coastline. These results were confirmed by archaeological excavations, which were carried out after geophysical surveys in the areas studied. All the studies supported that electrokinetic and electrochemical potentials might be the main cause of SP anomalies in the buried archaeological structures. The SP data collected with the gradient and total measurement techniques were processed by forward and inversion methods, and the main SP parameters (h, Q and x0) were determined. In addition, the SP results were compared with other applied geophysical methods such as resistivity and magnetic. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HLEM and magnetic surveys: examples from the Orkhun Valley, Mongolia
Authors: Batmunkh D. , Tosun S. , Gündoğdu B. , Candansayar M. E. , Ulugergerli E. U. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractArcheologically valuable items and remains that have, somehow, been buried or removed from their original places are the subject of geophysical surveys. Magnetic and horizontal loop electromagnetic (HLEM) methods have been used to locate and limit anomalous regions over large areas. Magnetic data are presented here without applying any modelling process other than simple cleaning of outlines. Median filter and three‐point averaging have been applied to the HLEM data and ratios of measurements parallel and perpendicular to survey lines are presented as maps of the survey area. Results show that different processing techniques produce helpful information, validating the use of different methods over ancient monument areas in Mongolia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of a monumental Macedonian tumulus by three‐dimensional seismic tomography
Authors: Polymenakos L. , Papamarinopoulos S. , Liossis A. , Koukouli‐Chryssanthaki Ch. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMonumental tumuli are important monuments of past human activity, and may contain burial structures of high cultural and historical value. Seismic tomography is used to investigate the internal structure of a monumental tumulus. Energy sources and recorders are placed on the periphery at the base of the tumulus. Travel time data are analysed and processed with three‐dimensional tomographic inversion in order to construct images of the distribution of seismic velocity in the interior of the tumulus. Velocity variations are known to correlate well with the lithological character of the earth materials, thus providing important structural and lithological information of the tumulus. A case history from a Macedonian tumulus in northern Greece is presented. The results are interpreted in terms of evidence for possible man‐made buried structures, such as tombs, walls, etc.; three‐dimensional modelling is used to assist in the interpretation and evaluation of the significance and reliability of the results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GIS in archaeology—the interface between prospection and excavation
Authors: Neubauer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractArchaeological prospection and excavation have the same research objective, namely, the study of the material culture of humans. They investigate the archaeological record but are based on different physical properties and work with different resolution and instrumentation.In addition to the study of literature concerning antique discoveries and the collection and evaluation of surface finds, it is aerial archaeology and geophysical prospection that are the most suitable methods of achieving the intended goal. Aerial photographs provide the archaeologist with a large‐scale overview, and digital photogrammetric evaluation provides very detailed topographic maps and orthophotographs of the archaeological structures visible on the surface. These structures appear in various forms, through contrasts in the physical properties between the structures themselves and the material that surrounds them.In geophysical prospection, the contrasts between the physical properties of the archaeological structures and the surrounding material usually can be investigated only in the near‐surface or with direct ground contact. These contrasts are not directly visible, however, and must instead be measured and converted into a comprehensible visualization. The prospection methods used in the interpretation process are not significantly different from one to another. Interpretation encompasses the localization and classification of archaeological structures, the analysis of their spatial relationships, as well as the creation of models showing the main stratification at a site. Unlike excavations, through archaeological interpretation of prospection data, various accurate archaeological models of the entire site and the surrounding landscape can be made available rapidly. These models can be used for targeted excavations, so as to further condense the information and to refine the models. If all the data are made available in a geographical information system (GIS), it can be combined and further analysed by the excavator as well as by the prospector. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic ghosts: mineral magnetic measurements on Roman and Anglo‐Saxon graves
Authors: Linford N. T. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe location of inhumations, in the absence of ferrous grave goods, often presents a considerable challenge to archaeological geophysics, given the small size of the features and the slight physical contrast between the fill of the grave and the surrounding subsoil. Even during excavation, the identification of graves may be complicated where site conditions do not favour the preservation of human skeletal remains and only a subtle soil stain is likely to survive. A recent initiative in the UK has seen the formation of the Buried Organic‐matter–Decomposition Integrated with Elemental Status (BODIES) research group, to examine the decomposition of organic artefacts in ancient graves with respect to localized changes in pH, redox potential and nutrient status. This paper presents initial results from a limited mineral magnetic study of two grave sites in an attempt to ascertain whether the decomposition of organic remains may lead to a detectable magnetic signature within the soil. Results from a series of isothermal, hysteresis and magneto‐thermal experiments will be presented together with surface magnetometer and topsoil susceptibility surveys. Copyright © Crown Copyright 2004. Recorded with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mortality and morbidity of planned relaparotomyversusrelaparotomy on demand for secondary peritonitis
Authors: Lamme B , Boermeester M A , Belt E J T , van Till J W O , Gouma D J , Obertop H 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBackgroundPlanned relaparotomy (PR) and relaparotomy on demand (ROD) are both frequently used in the treatment of secondary peritonitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mortality, morbidity and long-term outcome associated with PR compared with ROD in patients with secondary peritonitis admitted to a university hospital.MethodThis retrospective study included 278 consecutive patients who underwent emergency laparotomy for secondary peritonitis between January 1994 and January 2000. Outcome was analysed based on the decision made by the surgeon during the first operation to perform either ROD (197 patients) or PR (81).ResultsThe Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation II score was comparable in ROD and PR groups (10·8 versus 11·7; P = 0·222). The in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower with ROD than PR (21·8 versus 36 per cent; P = 0·016). Two-year survival(s.e.) was 65·8(3·4) per cent in the ROD group and 55·5(5·5) per cent in the PR group (P = 0·031).ConclusionThe in-hospital and long-term survival rates were higher in patients with secondary peritonitis treated by ROD than in those with disease of comparable severity treated by PR. Choice of treatment strategy was an independent predictor of survival.
Intraperitoneal and intraluminal microdialysis in the detection of experimental regional intestinal ischaemia
Authors: Sommer T , Larsen J F 
Published: May 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim was to investigate the possibility of using intraluminal or intraperitoneal microdialysis to monitor regional intestinal ischaemia.

Methods
Microdialysis catheters were inserted in the lumen, in and outside the intestinal wall, and in the peritoneum of each of ten pigs. Regional occlusive ischaemia was induced in 100 cm of jejunum. Levels of glucose, pyruvate, lactate and glycerol in the microdialysate were measured at 20-min intervals before and after induction of ischaemia. Systemic haemodynamics were monitored and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) recordings made in each of the intestinal segments.

Results
Ischaemia caused a significant decrease in glucose level, and an increase in lactate and glycerol concentrations and lactate/pyruvate ratio, at all catheters, although glucose could not be detected by the intraluminal catheter. The metabolic changes occurred simultaneously and were statistically significant in almost all catheters after 100 min. LDF revealed a significant decrease in intestinal blood flow, but there was considerable individual variation.

Conclusion
Regional occlusive ischaemia in 100 cm of small intestine could be detected and monitored by means of a microdialysis catheter placed in the peritoneal cavity or the bowel lumen.
Effect of surveillance of Barrett's oesophagus on the clinical outcome of oesophageal cancer
Authors: Fountoulakis A , Zafirellis K D , Dolan K , Dexter S P L , Martin I G , Sue-Ling H M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract

Background
Surveillance programmes for Barrett's oesophagus have been implemented in an effort to detect oesophageal adenocarcinoma at an earlier and potentially curable stage. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of endoscopic surveillance on the clinical outcome of patients with adenocarcinoma complicating Barrett's oesophagus.

Method
Consecutive patients who underwent oesophageal resection for high-grade dysplasia or adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's oesophagus were studied retrospectively. The pathological stage and survival of patients identified as part of a surveillance programme were compared with those of patients presenting with symptomatic adenocarcinoma.

Results
Seventeen patients in the surveillance group and 74 in the non-surveillance group underwent oesophagectomy. Disease detected in the surveillance programme was at a significantly earlier stage: 13 of 17 versus 11 of 74 stage 0 or I, three versus 26 stage II, and one versus 37 stage III or IV (P &lt; 0·001). Lymphatic metastases were seen in three of 17 patients in the surveillance group and 42 of 74 who were not under surveillance (P = 0·004). Three-year survival was 80 and 31 per cent respectively (P = 0·008).

Conclusion
Patients with surveillance-detected adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus are diagnosed at an earlier stage and have a better prognosis than those who present with symptomatic tumours.
Structure, Magnetism, and Transport Properties of Pr1‐xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.45—0.75) up to 1200 K.
Authors: Knizek K. , Hejtmanek J. , Jirak Z. , Martin C. , Hervieu M. , Raveau B. , Andre G. , Bouree F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Redox‐Induced Structural Change in Anode Materials Based on Tetrahedral (MPn4)x‐ Transition Metal Pnictides.
Authors: Bichat M.‐P. , Gillot F. , Monconduit L. , Favier F. , Morcrette M. , Lemoigno F. , Doublet M.‐L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Probing Molten Salt Flux Reactions Using Time‐Resolved in situ High‐Temperature Powder X‐Ray Diffraction: A New Synthesis Route to the Mixed‐Valence NaTi2O4.
Authors: Geselbracht Margret J. , Noailles Liam D. , Ngo Lien T. , Pikul Jessica H. , Walton Richard I. , Cowell E. Sarah , Millange Franck , O'Hare Dermot 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Alkoxy Substitution Reaction on α‐Oxo Ketene Dithioacetals: A New Access to α‐Oxo Ketene O,S/O,O‐Acetals.
Authors: Wang Mang , Xu Xian‐Xiu , Sun Shao‐Guang , Liu Qun 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chloromethanesulfonylethene and Dichloromethanesulfonylethene: New Reagents for Tandem Diels—Alder/Ramberg—Baecklund Reactions.
Authors: Block Eric , Jeon Hak Rim , Zhang Shao‐Zhong , Dikarev Evgeny V. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Triruthenium Dodecacarbonyl/Triphenylphosphine Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols.
Authors: Meijer R. H. , Ligthart G. B. W. L. , Meuldijk J. , Vekemans J. A. J. M. , Hulshof L. A. , Mills A. M. , Kooijman H. , Spek A. L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemo‐ and Regioselective Reduction of Nitroarenes, Carbonyls and Azo Dyes over Nickel‐Incorporated Hexagonal Mesoporous Aluminophosphate Molecular Sieves.
Authors: Selvam Parasuraman , Mohapatra Susanta K. , Sonavane Sachin U. , Jayaram Radha V. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Mild and Efficient Procedure for α‐Bromination of Ketones Using N‐Bromosuccinimide Catalyzed by Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nishida Yoko , Satsumabayashi Koko , Horaguchi Takaaki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Route to Lactam Precursors from Cycloalkanes: Direct Production of Nitrosocycloalkanes or Cycloalkanone Oximes by Using tert‐Butyl Nitrite and N‐Hydroxyphthalimide.
Authors: Hirabayashi Tomotaka , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.