bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct gas measurements indicate that the novel cyclooxygenase inhibitor AZD3582 is an effective nitric oxide donor in vivo
Authors: Adding L Christofer , Agvald Per , Andersson Lars I , Jonzon Bror , Hoogstraate Janet , Gustafsson Lars E 
Published: April 2005

AZD3582 [4‐(nitrooxy)butyl‐(2S)‐2‐(6‐methoxy‐2‐naphthyl)propanoate] is a COX‐inhibiting nitric oxide donor that inhibits COX‐1 and COX‐2. It is as effective as naproxen in models of pain and inflammation, but causes less gastroduodenal damage. Nitric oxide (NO) is generated from AZD3582 in vitro, and this study sought to show that the drug donates NO in vivo.
In anaesthetised male New Zealand white rabbits, the endogenous NO concentration in exhaled air was reduced by NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) (30 mg kg− 1 i.v.) from 33.5±1.0 ppb (mean±s.e.m.; n=6 per group) to 3.0±1.0 ppb, while increasing blood pressure and reducing heart rate. AZD3582 (0.2, 0.6, 2.0 or 6.0 μmol kg− 1 min− 1) given 30 min after L‐NAME increased the concentration of NO in exhaled air (P<0.05), decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate in a dose‐dependent manner versus L‐NAME control values. The peak mean NO concentration obtained was 44±8.0 ppb.
In in situ‐perfused rabbit lungs, L‐NAME (185 μmol l− 1) reduced the NO concentration in exhaled air from 106±13 to 4.0±0.4 ppb (n=5). Addition of AZD3582 (6 μmol min− 1) to the perfusate produced an initial rapid increase in the NO concentration in exhaled air, followed by a sustained, but lower plateau. Infusion of L‐NAME increased, and AZD3582 decreased, pulmonary arterial pressure.
In both anaesthetised rabbits and in the perfused lungs, brief periods of hypoxia increased NO concentrations generated by AZD3582.
We conclude that, in rabbits, AZD3582 donates NO in vivo with characteristics similar to those reported for nitroglycerin and isosorbide nitrates.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 679–687. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706236
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase‐mediated signalling contributes to diabetes‐induced vascular dysfunction in the mesenteric bed
Authors: Benter Ibrahim F , Yousif Mariam H M , Griffiths Sioned M , Benboubetra Mustapha , Akhtar Saghir 
Published: April 2005

In order to characterize the roles of tyrosine kinases (TKs) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in diabetes‐induced vascular dysfunction, we investigated the ability of a chronic administration of genistein, a broad‐spectrum inhibitor of TKs and AG1478, a specific inhibitor of EGFR TK activity to modulate the altered vasoreactivity of the perfused mesenteric bed to common vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes in rats.
The vasoconstrictor responses induced by norepinephrine (NE), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and angiotensin II (Ang II), were significantly increased, whereas vasodilator responses to carbachol and histamine were significantly reduced in the perfused mesenteric bed of STZ‐induced diabetic rats in comparison with healthy rats. Treatment of diabetic animals with genistein or AG1478 produced a significant normalization of the altered agonist‐induced vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses without affecting blood glucose levels. In contrast, neither inhibitor had any effect on the vascular responsiveness of control (nondiabetic) animals. Treatment of diabetic animals with diadzein, an inactive analogue of genistein, did not affect the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in control or diabetic animals. Phosphorylated EGFR levels were markedly raised in the mesenteric bed from diabetic animals and were normalized upon treatment with AG1478 or genistein.
These data suggest that activation of TK‐mediated pathways, including EGFR TK signalling are involved in the development of diabetic vascular dysfunction.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 829–836. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706238
The antidepressant imipramine inhibits M current by activating a phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2)‐dependent pathway in rat sympathetic neurones
Authors: Quintero Jania L , Arenas Maria Isabel , García David E 
Published: April 2005

Little is known about the intracellular actions of imipramine (IMI) in the regulation of ion channels. We tested the action of IMI on the intracellular cascade that regulates M current (IM) in superior cervical ganglion neurones (SCGs).
Dialysis of the cells with GDPβS, a G protein signaling blocker, did not disrupt the inhibition of IM.
When we incubated the cells with the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, it prevented the IM inhibition by IMI. Also, when we dialyzed the cells with an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, it did not disrupt IM inhibition by IMI, as occurs in the M1 cascade.
When we incubated the cells with the generic kinase inhibitor wortmannin, it prevented the recovery of IM from the inhibition by IMI. Also, when we applied phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate (PIP2) intracellularly, it diminished the inhibition of IM by IMI.
Our findings suggest that PLC is the target for IMI, that recovery of IM needs lipid phosphorylation for PIP2 resynthesis, and that IMI inhibits IM by activating a PLC‐dependent pathway, likely by decreasing the concentration of PIP2.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 837–843. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706239
Inhibition of the antigen‐induced activation of rodent mast cells by putative Janus kinase 3 inhibitors WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in a Janus kinase 3‐independent manner
Authors: Linwong Watchara , Hirasawa Noriyasu , Aoyama Suzue , Hamada Hirofumi , Saito Takashi , Ohuchi Kazuo 
Published: April 2005

We analyzed the effects of the Janus kinase 3 (Jak3)‐specific inhibitor WHI‐P131 (4‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐amino‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline) and the Jak3/Syk inhibitor WHI‐P154 (4‐(3′‐bromo‐4′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐amino‐6,7‐dimethoxyquinazoline) on the antigen‐induced activation of mast cells.
In the rat mast cell line RBL‐2H3, both WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 inhibited the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), p38 MAPK and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK).
The phosphorylation of Gab2, Akt and Vav was also inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154, indicating that these inhibitors suppress the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K).
In bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs) from Jak3‐deficient (Jak3−/−) mice, degranulation and activation of MAPKs were induced by the antigen in almost the same extent as in BMMCs from wild‐type mice. In addition, the antigen‐induced degranulation and activation of MAPKs were inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in both groups of BMMCs, indicating that these compounds inhibit a certain step except for Jak3.
The antigen‐induced increase in the activity of Fyn, a probable tyrosine kinase of Gab2, was also inhibited by WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 in RBL‐2H3 cells. In BMMCs from Jak3−/− mice, the antigen stimulation induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Fyn, which was inhibited by WHI‐P131, as well as in BMMCs from wild‐type mice and in RBL‐2H3 cells.
These findings suggest that Jak3 does not play a significant role in the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of MAPKs, and that WHI‐P131 and WHI‐P154 inhibit the PI3K pathway by preventing the antigen‐induced activation of Fyn, thus inhibiting the antigen‐induced degranulation and phosphorylation of MAPKs in mast cells.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 145, 818–828. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706240
Flat Panel Vacuum Thermal Insulation
Authors: Strong H. M. , Bundy F. P. , Bovenkerk H. P. 
Published: April 2005

Evacuated mats of glass fiber made up of fibers of proper size and orientation are capable of supporting a compressive mechanical loading of at least one atmosphere and yet maintain a thermal conductivity of less than 10 microcalories/cm°C sec. The use of such a glass fiber mat as a filler makes possible an evacuated flat-panel thermal insulation which is comparable to a Dewar flask in insulation efficiency. The rate of heat transfer through a Dewar flask wall was reduced several-fold at liquid nitrogen temperatures and below by adding a 2-cm-thick layer of orientated and evacuated glass fiber mat to the outer surface.
This investigation showed that in evacuated glass fiber mats, supporting external atmospheric loading, the fiber to fiber contact area is less than 10−4 the mat area, making the contact pressure about 15 000 kg/cm2. The effective length of the thermal conduction paths along the fibers is about four times the mat thickness. The mean pore size for gas molecule motion in the mat was found to be about 54×10−4 cm and 2×10−4 cm for mean fiber sizes of 14×10−4 cm and 0.2×10−4 cm, respectively. The radiation mean free paths for the same fiber sizes were found to be 150×10−4 cm and 52×10−4 cm, respectively. The thermal diffusivity is about 10−4 cm2/sec, which is much smaller than any other insulating material.
Particle Interaction in Magnetic Recording Tapes
Authors: Woodward J. G. , DellaTorre E. 
Published: April 2005

The magnetic coating of recording tape is assumed to be composed of an assemblage of small, single-domain particles. Each particle is assumed to have a symmetrical, square hysteresis loop when the reversible component of magnetization is neglected and when the particle is not influenced by the fields of neighboring particles. When influenced by the fields of its neighbors, the particle may exhibit an asymmetrical loop when the loop is plotted relative to an external applied field. In this case the positive and negative switching fields for the particle are not equal, and their difference gives an indication of the particle interaction. While it is not possible to measure the switching fields of a single particle on the recording tape, the distribution of switching fields in the assemblage of particles and the associated magnetic moment can be measured. The two switching fields and the magnetic moment define a 3-dimensional distribution function which describes the magnetic properties of the tape, and in terms of which both dc and anhysteretic magnetization processes may be described.
The distribution functions have been measured for two recording tapes. While the functions for the two tapes are markedly different in detail, both show that particle interaction is very appreciable in recording tapes and that it is a significant factor in determining the bulk magnetic properties and the recording performance of tapes.
On the Strength of Glass in Water Vapor
Authors: Schoening F. R. L. 
Published: April 2005

The bending strength of glass slides, which had the dimensions 38×6×0.16 mm, was measured at different relative pressures of water vapor. The adsorption isotherms of water vapor on powdered glass, which had the same composition as the slides, were measured in a separate experiment. The reduction of the surface free energy as function of the vapor pressure was calculated from the isotherms. The observed variation of the strength was compared with the strength variation calculated from the reduction of the surface free energy. The Griffith equation for brittle fracture was used to relate strength and surface free energy. Two cases were considered: (1) the specimens were weakened by the reduction of the surface free energy and (2) the specimens were weakened by the reduction of the surface free energy and by a deepening of the surface cracks. Both interpretations agreed with the experimental results because, by using the Griffith equation, only the lower limits for the strength of the specimens could be calculated.
It was found that the observed strength did not decrease steadily with increasing vapor pressure, but had a secondary maximum at a relative pressure of about 0.2. The maximum reduction of the strength corresponding to complete wetting with water was already reached at a relative pressure of about 0.5. The ratio of the strength in saturated water vapor to the strength in vacuum was found to be independent of the surface damage of the specimens.
Study of Irradiation Effects and the H2+H2 Buildup in Tantalum
Authors: Gabrysh A. F. , Eyring H. , Wadsworth M. E. , Baker G. S. , Ree T. 
Published: April 2005

The irradiation effects and the increase of neutron yield from the deuterium-deuterium reaction in tantalum has been studied at a bombarding energy of 350 kev and a target current 100 μa. Saturation (the neutron yield becomes a steady maximum) is reached in a new target, maintained at temperatures below 45°C, after about 2 hours of steady bombardment or on the order of 1 coulomb of deuterons per square centimeter. The irradiated targets were annealed at temperatures from 45°C to 770°C. A thermal analysis shows that a prominent exothermic maximum in the annealing spectrum occurs at approximately 612°C. This maximum is associated with an increase in pressure, indicating an abrupt increase in diffusion of deuterium from the target at this temperature. From a study of diffusion of deuterium from the specimen at three temperatures, an activation energy of 0.24 ev is calculated for diffusion of deuterium in tantalum.
X-ray traces were taken of the specimen before and after bombardment and after annealing. These showed an expansion of the lattice together with changes in line intensities indicating a distortion in the lattice structure.
Conservation Laws of Uniform Linear Homogeneous Systems
Authors: Pease M. C. 
Published: April 2005

A generalized linear homogeneous system is analyzed for the quadratic forms that are invariant under it. Such forms lead to conservation laws that are properties of the system. If the system has n degrees of freedom, it will have at least n such conservation laws which together determine the ``type'' of the system. The analysis may be viewed as the determination of the metrics under which the operator becomes rotational. In such a metric, the square of the length of a vector is invariant. A conservation law is expressible as its appropriate metric. The Manley-Rowe relations for parametric devices, and Chu's kinetic power theorem for electron-beam devices are examples.The analysis is related both to the system operator and to a possible system matrix differential equation. In the latter case, this allows a direct connection between the conservation laws and the physical construction of the system. The converse problem in which two metrics are specified is also considered. The range of possible matrix differential equations of a given type, and of system operators, is determined. Application is made to a uniform parametric line with ``ideal forward coupling.'' Such a device will be stable in the sense that it avoids internal feedback. If it is matched either on the input or output side, it will not oscillate regardless of its gain or electrical length. The necessary and sufficient conditions for this ideal behavior are obtained by considering the invariant forms—the conservation laws—that it should obey.
Magnetic Viscosity Due to Solute Atom Pairs. Part I. Theory of the Effect
Authors: Biorci G. , Ferro A. , Montalenti G. 
Published: April 2005

It is shown that solute atom pairs in ferromagnetic alloys, as well as the interstitial atoms in iron, can give magnetic viscosity.
The viscosity field of the alloys vs wall displacement is determined for various crystal structures. The maximum value of the viscosity field is related to the anisotropy energy induced in the same materials by heat treating in a magnetic field.
Factors Affecting the Ductility and Strength of NaCl Single Crystals Tested in Flexure
Authors: Stearns C. A. , Pack A. E. , Lad R. A. 
Published: April 2005

An experimental investigation has revealed that the initial deformation of NaCl single crystals is anelastic rather than Hookean. This anelastic deformation is manifested by a low slope foot in the load-deflection curve. The magnitude of the foot is dictated by the pretreatment given the specimen. Treatments which increase or decrease the fresh dislocation density respectively increase or decrease the length of the initial anelastic foot.
The order of increasing ductility and strength with specimen pretreatment was found to be (1) heated at 135°C, (2) as cleaved, (3) coated with silver, (4) heated at 135°C and then water polished, (5) water polished and then coated with silver, (6) water polished, (7) water polished and then heated at 135°C, (8) annealed at 700°C, and (9) annealed at 700°C and then water polished.
The experimental results have been discussed in terms of the role played in deformation and fracture by surface cracks, grown-in dislocations, and fresh dislocations.
Diffusion of Boron into Silicon
Authors: Kurtz A. D. , Yee R. 
Published: April 2005

The diffusion of boron into silicon has been investigated over a temperature range of 1050°C to 1350°C using an open-tube vapor-solid diffusion technique at atmospheric pressure. A p-n junction method of measuring the diffused layer was used to determine the diffusion constant. Lower diffusivities and a somewhat lower activation energy, (ΔH=81 kcal) were obtained than those reported previously.
The difference is attributed to variation of diffusivity with surface concentration and is discussed on the basis of field-aided diffusion theory.
Rolling Friction of Polymeric Materials. I. Elastomers
Authors: Flom Donald G. 
Published: April 2005

Coefficients of friction for the rolling of steel balls on butyl, silicone and Neoprene elastomers have been measured in the temperature range of 25 to 100°C. For equivalent amounts of deformation rolling friction is directly proportional to dynamic mechanical losses measured by a rebound method. In addition, the coefficients of friction vary directly with (load)⅓ and inversely with (ball radius)⅔. These results are in agreement with recent theoretical predictions.
The high mechanical losses and rolling friction for the butyl elastomer at 25°C drop sharply on increasing the temperature to 100°C. For the silicone and the Neoprene the losses and the friction decrease only slightly with increase in temperature.
Theory of Fast-Wave Parametric Amplification
Authors: Johnson Curtis C. 
Published: April 2005

A new type of low-noise beam-type parametric amplifier has recently been introduced by Adler, Hrbek, and Wade. This device is characterized by its use of the fast-cyclotron wave for amplification purposes instead of the conventionally used slow space-charge wave. The fast-cyclotron wave is selected because it can be made relatively noiseless by appropriate coupling processes. Since the input beam noise is the principal source of noise in beam-type tubes, a very great reduction in noise figure is obtained. Amplification of the fast-cyclotron wave is achieved by use of the parametric principle.
An analytical description of the device is presented which includes a discussion of parametric amplification of the fast-cyclotron wave. A method of coupling to cyclotron waves is investigated, and design procedures for establishing optimum low-noise characteristics are outlined.
Structure in Vitreous Silicate Fibers as Shown by Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays
Authors: Statton W. O. , Hoffman L. C. 
Published: April 2005

The relation of the x-ray diagram at small angles to the preparation conditions of glass fibers from molten silicates is studied. The composition Na2O·MgO·3SiO2 is studied extensively, and fibers are also studied in which K2O replaces Na2O, and CuO and PbO replace MgO.
Most of the diagrams are characterized by very intense, shaped, diffuse scattering. Also, fibers which had certain thermal histories show intense, unshaped diffraction maxima.
The diffuse scattering is interpreted as due to voids which are elongated by the spinning process. The discrete diffraction corresponds to a Bragg spacing of about 30 A but is not associated with short-range order. It is concentrated on the surface or accessible to liquid penetration from the surface. It is either frozen in by quenching, produced by quenching, or produced by a combination of quenching and reaction with the atmosphere. No interpretation of the structure responsible for it is given.
Grain Boundaries in Germanium
Authors: Wagner Richard S. , Chalmers Bruce 
Published: April 2005

The relative energies and the boundary orientations of simple tilt boundaries in germanium crystals have been measured. The measurements were made on columnar tricrystals prepared by the modified Czochralski method. The orientations of the columnar tricrystals were either 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 isoxial or (100) isoplanar. The relative grain boundary energies were measured as a function of the angular misorientation θ between two grains. The crystallographic orientations of the grain boundary plane were also determined.
It was found that the relative energy of 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 tilt boundaries up to about 15° of misorientation changes with misorientation as predicted by Read and Shockley's theory. For larger angles of misorientation, the grain boundary energy is essentially independent of the angle of misorientation. This indicates a significant but continuous change in boundary structure at the transition region.
Additional evidence for the difference in the structure of low- and high-angle tilt boundaries was found in the apparent strong dependence of the energy of low-angle boundaries on the boundary orientation. Low-angle (100) twist boundaries were not observed.
Grain Boundary and Lattice Diffusion in Polycrystalline Bodies
Authors: Levine H. S. , MacCallum C. J. 
Published: April 2005

Diffusion in a polycrystalline body is discussed under the assumption that two interrelated mechanisms consisting of diffusion through the grains and in the boundaries around the grains are dominant in different penetration regions. The general behavior of the average concentration-distribution of diffusant is described for the separate action of each mechanism, and the effects of their combined action are inferred. A realistic diffusion model for a polycrystalline body and a suitable empirical function to describe the loss of diffusant from the boundaries to the grains form the basis for these computations.
Results are specifically applied to the analysis of the usual sectioning technique for measuring the ratio of grain boundary to lattice diffusion constants in a polycrystalline body. It is shown that, in the penetration range most commonly covered in polycrystalline diffusion experiments, the log of the average concentration varies as the 6/5 power of penetration depth contrary to the linear law reported previously. Comparison is made between the present and previous methods for establishing the grain boundary diffusivity of silver. The results are found to differ by a factor of 3 or 4. Criteria for validity of the method associated with the relative magnitudes of reduced time, grain size, and the ratio of grain boundary to lattice diffusion constants are established. Some of the results reported for Zn and Cd do not satisfy these criteria.
Behavior of Individual Dislocations in Strain-Hardened LiF Crystals
Authors: Gilman J. J. , Johnston W. G. 
Published: April 2005

The velocities of dislocations have been measured as a function of stress for both undeformed and deformed crystals. The motion is slower at a given stress in a strained crystal, and extra stress is needed to give the same velocity in a strained crystal as in one that is unstrained. It has been found that the extra stress is just equal to the difference in macroscopic flow stresses for the two states of a crystal.
Existing theories of strain-hardening do not correctly predict the behavior of LiF. Barrier-type theories are ruled out because the distance that a dislocation can move in a strain-hardened crystal does not seem to be limited. Theories of Taylor hardening or of cutting of a dislocation forest do not give the observed dependence of strain-hardening on dislocation density. It is observed that the strain-hardening increment is proportional to the dislocation density (also to the plastic strain), and the proportionality constant is 3–5 dynes/disl. The data are consistent with the idea that the hardening is due to defects left in the wakes of moving dislocations. These defects would interfere with the movement of subsequent dislocations on the same or nearby glide planes.