bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and photosynthetic rates of Chlamydomonas plethora and Nitzschia frustula cultures isolated from Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf, and their potential as live algal food for tropical mariculture
Authors: Subba Rao Durvasula Venkata , Pan Youlian , Al‐Yamani Faiza 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWith a view to utilize local algae as food organisms in mariculture, the green alga Chlamydomonas plethora and the diatom Nitzschia frustula were isolated and studied from the unique coastal waters arid zone off Kuwait. Batch cultures of C. plethora and N. frustula had maximum division rates (μmax) of 2.5 and 3.4 day−1, respectively. Cultures grown for 36 h yielded comparable growth rates. Photosynthesis‐irradiance relationships in cultures harvested at various phases of growth showed that cultures attained log phase after 1‐day growth and yielded the highest assimilation numbers (P: μg C [μg Chl a]−1 h−1): 22.8 for C. plethora and 18.1 for N. frustula. Their initial slopes (αB: ng C [μg Chl a]−1 h−1 [μmol m−2 s−1]−1 were also the highest observed so far: 79.5 for C. plethora and 39.6 for N. frustula. Photoinhibition was low. Compared with these, assimilation numbers in senescent cultures of 20‐day growth were <8% of the maximum for both species, and the initial slope decreased to 17 and 13% in C. plethora and N. frustula, respectively. Two polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:5n‐3 eicosapentaenoic acid and 22:6n‐3 docosahexaenoic acid) that are essential in many marine animal diets constituted up to 24% and 1.9% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Of the two algae, N. frustula contained higher levels of 16:1n‐7, 20:5n‐3 and comparatively low levels of 22:6n‐3 fatty acids. Due to its rapid growth, high photosynthetic rate and presence of the amino acids leucine, lysine, glutamic acid and arginine N. frustula has good potential as a feed organism in mariculture applications. The capacity of these algae to produce a wide range of size groups (nano and net plankton) is an additional bonus for mariculture operations.
Use of point‐of‐care online clinical evidence by junior and senior doctors in New South Wales public hospitals
Authors: Westbrook J. I. , Gosling A. S. , Westbrook M. T. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract Background: The Clinical Information Access Program (CIAP), an online evidence retrieval system, provides NSW health professionals in public hospitals with 24 h access to information supporting evidence‐based practice.Aim: To assess the frequency and type of CIAP usage by senior and junior medical staff and doctors’ attitudes to CIAP.Methods: A convenience sample of 25% of doctors from 65 randomly selected public hospitals completed a survey. Junior (n = 392) and senior (n = 684) doctors’ responses were compared using χ2 analyses and t‐tests.Results: Most doctors had heard of CIAP (71.8%) and 60.6% had used it. More junior (72.4%) than senior (53.8%) doctors had used CIAP and junior doctors found it easier to use. Of the users 93.5% believed CIAP had the potential to improve patient care; 55.2% had directly experienced this. Most usage (61.5%) occurred at point‐of‐care; 74% of users found all/most of the information they sought and 71.6% found the search time to be ‘good/excellent’. Users had increased their usage in the past year and predicted increased future usage. The most popular databases were Medline and MIMS. Age, access to other evidence, and lack of training, time and computer skills were associated with non‐usage. Junior and senior users differed in 4 of 15 reasons for using CIAP.Conclusions: CIAP is used and valued by the majority of doctors. Patterns of usage, online experiences and the attitudes toward CIAP of senior doctors who use CIAP are relatively similar to those of junior doctors. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 399–404)
New therapeutic target in inflammatory disease: macrophage migration inhibitory factor
Authors: Morand E. F. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) participates in fundamental events in innate and adaptive immunity. The profile of activities of MIF in vivo and in vitro is strongly suggestive of a role for MIF in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and hence antagonism of MIF is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy in inflammatory disease. The best developed case for therapeutic antagonism of MIF is in RA. In RA, MIF is abundantly expressed in serum and synovial tissue. MIF induces synovial expression of key pro‐inflammatory genes, regulates the function of endothelial cells and leucocytes, and is implicated in the control of synoviocyte proliferation and apoptosis via direct effects on the expression of the tumour suppressor protein p53. In animal models of RA, anti‐MIF antibodies or genetic MIF deficiency are associated with significant inhibition of disease. A similar case has been made, for example using MIF‐deficient mice, in models of atheroma, colitis, multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory diseases. The relationship with p53 also means MIF may be important in the link between inflammatory disease and cancer, such as is seen in RA or colitis. MIF also has a unique relationship with glucocorticoids, in that despite antagonizing their effects, the expression of MIF is in fact induced by glucocorticoids. Thus, MIF functions as a physiological counter‐regulator of the anti‐inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. This may be entrained by selective activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinases rather than nuclear factor kappa B. Therapeutic MIF antagonism may therefore provide a specific means of ‘steroid sparing’. Exploitation of antibody, soluble receptor or small molecule technologies may soon lead to the ability to test in the clinic the importance of MIF in human inflammatory diseases. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 419–426)
Recognition and optimal management of schizophrenia and related psychoses
Authors: Singh B. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract Schizophrenia continues to remain one of the major unsolved conditions of our time, contributing significantly to causes of disability worldwide. Advances in neuroimaging have demonstrated that schizophrenia appears to be primarily a neurodevelopmental disorder. The dopamine theory of schizophrenia continues to hold sway but interest is growing in the role of other neurotransmitters. Genetic linkage studies continue to suggest that specific chromosomes have a role in the aetiology of the condition but the findings are, as yet, inconsistent. A new generation of drug therapies and reforms of the mental health system have meant that it is now possible to treat the majority of those with this condition in the community albeit, in some instances, against their will. The medical complications of both the disorder, the lifestyle changes resulting from the disorder and the new and older medications have come to prominence in recent years. The development of guidelines for treatment has the potential to reduce the variability in clinical practice that currently exists in the management of the condition. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 413–418)
Content validation of a measure of R&D effectiveness
Authors: García‐Valderrama Teresa , Mulero‐Mendigorri Eva 
Published: June 2005

The overall purpose of this paper is to analyse the content validity of a tool for measuring research and development (R&D) effectiveness in industry using an approach known as scale or construct validation.Since a large number of indicators is needed in order to measure this concept, and it is often difficult to find qualitative measures that would provide more information than quantitative measures or purely numerical magnitudes, we have constructed a scale that enables us to create a multiindicator to measure R&D inputs, processes, outputs and results. This multiindicator also enables us to group together all the relevant data obtained from the R&D management literature, which we then validate by consulting the opinion of experts from two firms that are very active in R&D and we have consulted two more nationally recognized Spanish researchers on R&D.
Was There an Alternative to the Personal Rule? Charles I, the Privy Council and the Parliament of 1629
Authors: CUST RICHARD 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article demonstrates that in the months following the duke of Buckingham's assassination in August 1628 Charles I's ‘patriot’ privy councillors, apparently with the blessing of the king, put together a ‘new deal’ for co‐operation between crown and people. This was based on settling grievances over Arminianism and tonnage and poundage, re‐launching the war against Spain, and re‐establishing a harmonious relationship with parliament. The scheme broke down when parliament met in January 1629 and radical elements in the House of Commons implemented their alternative strategy of punishing the king's ‘evil counsellors’. Had it succeeded it could have provided the basis for an alternative to Charles I's Personal Rule.
Intellectual Life under the Spanish Inquisition: A Continuing Historical Controversy
Authors: GOODMAN DAVID 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of the Spanish Inquisition on Spain's intellectual life have long been a topic of heated historical controversy. This article surveys the arguments dating from the late eighteenth century to the present. It illustrates the extreme views held by opposing sides, views often sustained more by passion and prejudice than by sound historical research. The results of recent research over the last three decades, explicitly conducted with the intention of eliminating prejudice, show not only surprising conclusions but also the complexity and intractability of some of the questions posed relating to the influence of the Inquisition on Spain.
Sunset or Dawn? F. S. Oliver's Endless Adventure in History and Politics, 1921–1934
Authors: POLLARD MICHAEL 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe impact of the Great War on the political thought of the inter‐war period in Britain is a fascinating and elusive topic. This article argues that the career and writings of F. S. Oliver, a highly regarded and well‐connected Conservative publicist, reveal much about this issue. Oliver had never been a lover of democracy, and much of his writing between 1904 and 1920 had advocated a form of ‘Radical Conservatism’. In 1914, Oliver was an enthusiast for war. Already a committed imperialist and an uncompromising supporter of military conscription, his Ordeal by Battle (1915) represented a serious assault on the liberal values under which the war was being fought. However, Oliver's work in the inter‐war period, particularly his acclaimed study of politics in the age of Walpole, The Endless Adventure, reflects a different set of concerns. Written in a more consensual and emollient tone during an era of realignment and adaptation, the volumes represent a fundamental retreat from previously held political ideals and convictions. Composed in the shadow of the Great War, Oliver's celebration of ‘Englishness’ and English history struck a powerful chord with some contemporaries and sheds a revealing light on the ‘mindset’ of the period.
Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the omasum of red deer during prenatal development
Authors: Redondo E. , Franco A. J. , Masot A. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe red deer is an important study species because of its value in the national economy and because it provides a wealth of genetic material. To date, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants, and none of the red deer. We therefore performed a histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the omasum in the red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. For test purposes, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: Group I (1.4–3.6 cm crown–rump length, CRL; 30–60 days, 1–25% of gestation); Group II (4.5–7.2 cm CRL; 67–90 days, 25–35% of gestation); Group III (8–19 cm CRL; 97–135 days, 35–50% of gestation); Group IV (21–33 cm CRL; 142–191 days, 50–70% of gestation); and Group V (36–40 cm CRL; 205–235 days, 75–100% of gestation). At 67 embryonic days, the omasum wall was differentiated, and comprised three layers: the epithelial layer, pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The stratification of the epithelial layer was accompanied by changes in its structure, with the appearance of four laminae of different sizes; in order of appearance these were: primary at 67 days, secondary at 90 days, tertiary at 97 days and quaternary at 135 days. At around mid‐gestation, lateral evaginations were formed from the stratum basale of the primary and secondary smaller laminae. These were the primitive corneum papillae. From 205 days, the corneum papillae were present in all four sizes of laminae. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propia‐submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns of development similar to those reported for the rumen and reticulum of red deer. The omasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (detected by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (detected by the presence of positive non‐neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were parallel to the development of the rumen and the reticulum. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the omasum in sheep, goat and cow.
Testosterone‐immunopositive primordial germ cells in the testis of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana
Authors: Sasso‐Cerri E. , Freymüller E. , Miraglia S. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn amphibia, steroidogenesis remains quiescent in distinct seasonal periods, but the mechanism by which spermatogenesis is maintained under low steroidogenic conditions is not clear. In the present study, testosterone location in the testes of Rana catesbeiana was investigated immunohistochemically during breeding (summer) and nonbreeding (winter) periods. In winter, the scarce interstitial tissue exhibited occasional testosterone immunopositivity in the interstitial cells but the cytoplasm of primordial germ cells (PG cells) was clearly immunopositive. By contrast, in summer, PG cells contained little or no immunoreactivity whereas strong immunolabelling was present in the well‐developed interstitial tissue. These results suggest that PG cells could retain testosterone during winter. This androgen reservoir could be involved in the control of early spermatogenesis in winter and/or to guarantee spermiogenesis and spermiation in the next spring/summer. The weak or negative immunoreaction in the summer PG cells might reflect consumption of androgen reservoir by the intense spermatogenic activity from spring to summer. Thus, besides acting as stem cells, PG cells of R. catesbeiana could exert an androgen regulatory role during seasonal spermatogenesis.
EST data suggest that poplar is an ancient polyploid
Authors: Sterck Lieven , Rombauts Stephane , Jansson Stefan , Sterky Fredrik , Rouzé Pierre , Van de Peer Yves 
Published: June 2005

Summary

We analysed the publicly available expressed sequence tag (EST) collections for the genus Populus to examine whether evidence can be found for large‐scale gene‐duplication events in the evolutionary past of this genus.
The ESTs were clustered into unigenes for each poplar species examined. Gene families were constructed for all proteins deduced from these unigenes, and KS dating was performed on all paralogs within a gene family. The fraction of paralogs was then plotted against the KS values, which resulted in a distribution reflecting the age of duplicated genes in poplar.
Sufficient EST data were available for seven different poplar species spanning four of the six sections of the genus Populus. For all these species, there was evidence that a large‐scale gene‐duplication event had occurred.
From our analysis it is clear that all poplar species have shared the same large‐scale gene‐duplication event, suggesting that this event must have occurred in the ancestor of poplar, or at least very early in the evolution of the Populus genus.
Phospholipase A2 up‐regulation during mycorrhiza formation in Tuber borchii
Authors: Miozzi Laura , Balestrini Raffaella , Bolchi Angelo , Novero Mara , Ottonello Simone , Bonfante Paola 
Published: June 2005

Summary

TbSP1 is a secreted and surface‐associated phospholipase A2 previously found to be up‐regulated in C‐ or N‐deprived free‐living mycelia from the ectomycorrhizal ascomycete Tuber borchii. As nutrient limitation is considered an important environmental factor favouring the transition to symbiotic status, TbSP1 was suggested to be involved in the formation of mycorrhizas.
An in vitro symbiosis system between Cistus incanus and T. borchii was set up: TbSP1 mRNA levels in free‐living mycelia and in mycorrhizas sampled in different districts of the plant–fungus interaction were examined. In the same samples, TbSP1 protein expression was analysed by immunoelectron microscopy.
A substantially enhanced TbSP1 mRNA expression, compared with nutrient‐limited but free‐living mycelia, was detected in the presence of the plant and reached maximal levels in fully developed mycorrhizas. A similar expression trend was revealed by immunolocalization experiments.
We have shown that TbSP1 appears to respond to two partially overlapping yet distinct stimuli: nutrient starvation and mycorrhiza formation.
A functional comparison of acclimation to shade and submergence in two terrestrial plant species
Authors: Mommer Liesje , De Kroon Hans , Pierik Ronald , Bögemann Gerard M. , Visser Eric J. W. 
Published: June 2005

Summary

Terrestrial plants experience multiple stresses when they are submerged, caused both by oxygen deficiency due to reduced gas diffusion in water, and by shade due to high turbidity of the floodwater. It has been suggested that responses to submergence are de facto responses to low light intensity.
We investigated the extent to which submergence and shade induce similar acclimation responses by comparing two terrestrial Rumex species that differ in their responses to flooding.
Our study confirms that there are strong similarities between acclimation responses to shade and submergence. Petiole length, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll parameters and underwater light‐compensation points changed at least qualitatively in the same direction. Maximum underwater photosynthesis rate, however, did discriminate between the functionality of the responses, as the acclimation to submergence appeared to be more effective than acclimation to shade at saturating light.
We conclude that acclimation to submergence involves more than an increase in SLA to achieve the significant reduction of diffusion resistance for gas exchange between leaves and the water column.
Phylogenetic relationships among A‐genome species of the genus Oryza revealed by intron sequences of four nuclear genes
Authors: Zhu Qihui , Ge Song 
Published: June 2005

Summary• The A‐genome group in Oryza consists of eight diploid species and is distributed world‐wide. Here we reconstructed the phylogeny among the A‐genome species based on sequences of nuclear genes and MITE (miniature inverted‐repeat transposable elements) insertions.• Thirty‐seven accessions representing two cultivated and six wild species from the A‐genome group were sampled. Introns of four nuclear single‐copy genes on different chromosomes were sequenced and analysed by both maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian inference methods.• All the species except for Oryza rufipogon and Oryza nivara formed a monophyletic group and the Australian endemic Oryza meridionalis was the earliest divergent lineage. Two subspecies of Oryza sativa (ssp. indica and ssp. japonica) formed two separate monophyletic groups, suggestive of their polyphyletic origin. Based on molecular clock approach, we estimated that the divergence of the A‐genome group occurred c. 2.0 million years ago (mya) while the two subspecies (indica and japonica) separated c. 0.4 mya.• Intron sequences of nuclear genes provide sufficient resolution and are informative for phylogenetic inference at lower taxonomic levels.
Mutations in CAX1 produce phenotypes characteristic of plants tolerant to serpentine soils
Authors: Bradshaw H. D. 
Published: June 2005

Summary

Plant tolerance of serpentine soils is potentially an excellent model for studying the genetics of adaptive variation in natural populations.
A large‐scale viability screen of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants on a defined nutrient solution with a low Ca2+ : Mg2+ ratio (1 : 24 mol : mol), typical of serpentine soils, yielded survivors with null alleles of the tonoplast calcium‐proton antiporter CAX1.
cax1 mutants have most of the phenotypes associated with tolerance to serpentine soils, including survival in solutions with a low Ca2+ : Mg2+ ratio; requirement for a high concentration of Mg2+ for maximum growth; reduced leaf tissue concentration of Mg2+; and poor growth performance on ‘normal’ levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+.
A physiological model is proposed to explain how loss‐of‐function cax1 mutations could produce all these phenotypes characteristic of plants adapted to serpentine soils, why ‘normal’ plants are unable to survive on serpentine soil, and why serpentine‐adapted plants are unable to compete on ‘normal’ soils.
Nucleotide variation in genes involved in wood formation in two pine species
Authors: Pot David , McMillan Lisa , Echt Craig , Le Provost Grégoire , Garnier‐Géré Pauline , Cato Sheree , Plomion Christophe 
Published: June 2005

Summary

Nucleotide diversity in eight genes related to wood formation was investigated in two pine species, Pinus pinaster and P. radiata.
The nucleotide diversity patterns observed and their properties were compared between the two species according to the specific characteristics of the samples analysed.
A lower diversity was observed in P. radiata compared with P. pinaster. In particular, for two genes (Pp1, a glycin‐rich protein homolog and CesA3, a cellulose synthase) the magnitude of the reduction of diversity potentially indicates the action of nonneutral factors. For both, particular patterns of nucleotide diversity were observed in P. pinaster (high genetic differentiation for Pp1 and close to zero differentiation associated with positive Tajima's D‐value for CesA3). In addition, KORRIGAN, a gene involved in cellulose–hemicellulose assembly, demonstrated a negative Tajima's D‐value in P. radiata accompanied by a high genetic differentiation in P. pinaster.
The consistency of the results obtained at the nucleotide level, together with the physiological roles of the genes analysed, indicate their potential susceptibility to artificial and/or natural selection.
Allelic and population variation of microsatellite loci in aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Cole Christopher T. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryTo develop a robust basis for inferences about population genetics and evolution, this work assayed 192 aspens (Populus tremuloides) from 11 sites in Wisconsin, USA, for allelic and population variation at 16 microsatellite loci distributed across thePopulusgenome.Frequency distributions of fluorochrome‐labeled alleles resolved by capillary electrophoresis were analyzed for relationships to repeat size and number. Population‐level statistics were compared with those of other studies, especially inPopulus.All loci were polymorphic, varying widely in the number of alleles per locus (mean = 8.25, range 2–20). Expected and observed heterozygosities were high (0.45 and 0.41, respectively), with little differentiation among populations (FST = 0.006–0.045) and a moderate level of inbreeding (FIS = 0.09), intermediate among levels reported in studies based on isozymes.Contrary to several other reports, allele frequencies clustered tightly around the modal frequency, and the genetic diversity (measured as alleles per locus or as expected heterozygosity) was not related to either the repeat unit size or to the number of repeats.