bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antinociceptive/Anti-Edema Effects of Liposomal Morphine during Acute Inflammation of the Rat Paw
Authors: Planas Eulalia , Sánchez Silvia , Rodriguez Leocadio , Pol Olga , Puig Margarita M. 
Published: April 2003

We evaluated the anti-edema/antinociceptive effects of subcutaneous free and liposomal morphine in rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation of the paw. We assessed antinociception by the paw pressure test and edema by plethysmography. Unilamellar liposomes (150–200 nm) with 0.3% morphine hydrochloride were used; encapsulation signifcantly reduced the rate for release of morphine in vitro. During inflammation, the antinociceptive potency of free, but not liposomal morphine increased 2.5 times; moreover, duration of the effects was prolonged by encapsulation (p < 0.001). The anti-edema effects of liposomal morphine were more pronounced (p < 0.001) and of longer duration (p < 0.05). All the effects were reversed by naloxone. The results show that morphine encapsulation enhances the anti-edema effects and prolongs antinociception.
Differential Involvement of Opioid Receptors in Stress-Induced Antinociception Caused by Repeated Exposure to Forced Walking Stress in Mice
Authors: Onodera Kenji , Sakurada Shinobu , Furuta Seiichi , Yonezawa Akihiko , Arai Kinue , Hayashi Takafumi , Katsuyama Sou , Sato Takumi , Miyazaki Shuichi , Kisara Kensuke 
Published: April 2003

We examined the effects of repeated exposure to forced walking stress for 6 h once a day for 0, 6 and 9 consecutive days on formalin-induced paw licking in mice. In each observation period, stress-induced antinociception (SIA) was observed only in the late phase (from 10 to 30 min), but not in the early phase (from 0 to 10 min) of formalin-induced paw licking in mice. Moreover, it was hard to develop tolerance even by daily exposure to stress for 6 days, although SIA for 9 days decreased compared with those for 0 and 6 days. Naloxone (10 mg/kg), an opioid-receptor antagonist, was effective in reducing the SIA induced by forced walking stress for 6 days and/or 9 days, but not for 0 days. Furthermore, the experiments with selective opioid-receptor antagonists, β-funaltrexamine (μ) naltrindol (δ), or nor-binaltorphimine (κ) demonstrated that SIA induced by forced walking stress for 9 successive days may be mediated through opioid δ- and κ-receptors. Finally, although SIA seemed to be a unitary phenomenon, the present results strengthened the idea that SIA is induced by exposure to forced walking stress with characteristics dependent on the duration of exposure.
Vowel Change in Australian English
Authors: Cox Felicity 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe dynamic nature of vowel systems has recently been investigated in several English dialects confirming that phonetic disruptions often have systemic consequences and suggesting that change follows predictable patterns of movement. The present paper examines the nature of vowel change in Australian English by comparing two sets of data from different subjects at each end of a 25-year interval. A series of multivariate analyses of variance reveals significant acoustic differences between the two sets of data providing strong evidence for systemic effects. The analysis also indicates the presence of chain and parallel shifts within vowel classes as well as a close correspondence between monophthong and diphthong movement in phonetic space. The observed monophthong/diphthong relationships suggests that change in one class of vowels impacts on the other in a parallel fashion in this dialect of English.
The C/D Model and Prosodic Control of Articulatory Behavior
Authors: Fujimura Osamu 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe Converter and Distributor (C/D) model is a generative description of articulatory gesture organization for utterances. Its input comprises specifications for syllables by features, a paraphonologically augmented metrical structure, and system parameters for utterance conditions. A syllable-boundary pulse train is computed as a time function representing the skeletal rhythmic structure of the utterance. Control functions for articulators are computed by superimposing consonantal elemental gestures onto the base function, which includes voicing, vocalic, mandibular, and tonal functions associated with the pulse train. A preliminary analysis of microbeam data for experimental dialogues, using jaw opening as an approximate measure of the syllable magnitude, inferred syllable and boundary durations consistently with durational characteristics observed in the acoustic waveform.
Diverse Acoustic Cues at Consonantal Landmarks
Authors: Stevens Kenneth N. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe consonantal segments that underlie an utterance are manifested in the acoustic signal by abrupt discontinuities or dislocations in the spectral pattern. There are potentially two such discontinuities for each consonant, corresponding to the formation and release of a constriction in the oral cavity by the lips, the tongue blade, or the tongue body. Acoustic cues for the various consonant features of place, voicing and nasality reside in the signal in quite different forms on the two sides of each acoustic discontinuity. Examples of these diverse cues and their origin in acoustic theory are reviewed, with special attention to place features and features related to the laryngeal state and to nasalization. A listener appears to have the ability to integrate these diverse, brief acoustic cues for the features of consonants, although the mechanism for this integration process is unclear.
The Construction of a First Phonology
Authors: Vihman Marilyn M. , Velleman Shelley L. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that phonological development is grounded in phonetic learning, there is less agreement for the proposition supported here, that the first phonological structuring constitutes a developmental discontinuity. Data from the phonetic and lexical learning of Finnish consonant duration are presented to illustrate the role of (1) child selection of adult words for early context-supported production based on phonetic learning and (2) child adaptation of adult words to an idiosyncratic template for later production as part of an incipient system. We argue that the latter, but not the former, reflects the construction of a first phonology.
Imitation and the Emergence of Segments
Authors: Studdert-Kennedy Michael 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe paper argues that the discrete phonetic segments on which language is raised are subjective gestural structures that emerge ontogenetically (and perhaps emerged evolutionarily) from the process of imitating a quasi-continuous acoustic signal with a neuroanatomically segmented and somatotopically organized vocal machinery. Evidence cited for somatotopic organization includes the perceptual salience in the speech signal of information specifying place of articulation, as revealed both by sine wave speech and by the pattern of errors in children’s early words.Copyright © 2000 S. Karger AG, Basel‘Almost every insight gained by modern linguistics, from Grimm’s Law to Jakobson’s distinctive features, depends crucially on the assumption that speech is a sequence of discrete entities.’Morris Halle [1964, p. 325]
Developmental Origins of Adult Phonology: The Interplay between Phonetic Emergents and the Evolutionary Adaptations of Sound Patterns
Authors: Lindblom Björn 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this paper fragments of a theory of emergent phonology are presented. Phonological patterns are seen as products of cultural evolution adapted to universal biological constraints on listening, speaking and learning. It is proposed that children develop adult phonology thanks to the interaction of the emergent patterning of phonetic content and the adaptive organization of sound structure. Emergence – here used in the technical sense of qualitatively new development – is illustrated with examples from the study of perception, motor mechanisms and memory encoding. In this framework, there is no split between ‘behavioral phonetics’ and ‘abstract phonology’. Phonology differs qualitatively from phonetics in that it represents a new, more complex and higher level of organization of speech behavior. Accordingly, the phonology that the child ends up with as an adult is neither abstract nor independent of use. It represents an emergent patterning of phonetic content.
Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy: An Outcome Analysis
Authors: Brockmeyer Douglas , Abtin Keyvan , Carey Lyn , Walker Marion L. 
Published: April 2003

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) has gained widespread acceptance as an effective way to manage hydrocephalus in selected patients. To determine which patient groups have the highest chance of successful ETV, a retrospective case review was performed. From June 1992 to December 1996, 97 patients underwent a total of 98 ETVs at our institution. There were 59 males and 38 females with a mean age of 8.1 years (range 1 day to 29.5 years). Twenty-six of 98 procedures (26%) were abandoned due to either unfavorable anatomy, inability to perform a cisternostomy, or hemorrhage. Follow-up data was available in 92 patients for a mean of 24.2 months. The rate of successful ETV in 71 patients, with either complete shunt avoidance or removal, varied widely by diagnosis and patient age. The highest success rates were achieved in patients with aqueductal stenosis, tectal plate tumor, myelomeningocele and posterior fossa tumor. Complications included one transient herniation syndrome, one basilar artery perforation, 2 cases of ventriculitis, one transient decrease in level of consciousness, and one transient hemiparesis. We feel these results support the continued use of ETV in only carefully selected patients with hydrocephalus.
Serial Radiography in the Infant Shaken Impact Syndrome
Authors: Dias Mark S. , Backstrom James , Falk Michael , Li Veetai 
Published: April 2003

Certain CT and/or MRI abnormalities have been used medicolegally to time intracranial injuries from the infant shaken impact syndrome (ISIS). For example, parenchymal hypodensities on CT scans are said to arise only after 6–48 h have elapsed postinjury, and the presence of chronic or mixed subdural hematomas suggests injury that occured 1–4 weeks prior. However, these statements are based largely upon inference from data obtained in other conditions such as ischemic anoxic injury and chronic subdural hemorrhage in adults. Direct evidence about the evolution of intracranial injuries in infants with ISIS is sparse, and the radiographic changes following ISIS have never been systematically studied on serial imaging studies. One hundred-seventeen serial CT and MRI scans obtained from 33 infants with ISIS were reviewed retrospectively. The exact scan dates and times were obtained directly from the scans. Acute subdural hemorrhage was the most common intracranial abnormality and was present in 27 (81%) of the 33 infants. Other intracranial abnormalities included chronic subdural collections, subarachnoid hemorrhage, epidural hematomas, parenchymal hypodensities, edema and contusions, and atrophy and encephalomalacia. In 15 of the 33 infants, the injury could be timed with reasonable certainty, and the evolution of the radiographic changes followed over time. Six of the 15 infants had evidence of prior cranial trauma such as chronic subdural collections (5 infants) or mild atrophy (1 infant). Of the remaining 9 infants, parenchymal abnormalities such as hypodensities, edema and contusion appeared in virtually all of the initial scans performed approximately 3 h following the report of injury. One ‘chronic’ subdural collection was absent on the first scan performed 2.75 h postinjury, but appeared on a second scan performed 17 h later, suggesting that some ‘chronic’ subdural fluid collections may arise much sooner than previously thought. These findings challenge some of the current dogma about the timing of radiographic changes following abuse and are important in timing the alleged abuse for legal purposes.
Melatonin as a Free Radical Scavenger in Experimental Head Trauma<footref rid="foot01"><sup>1</sup></footref>
Authors: Cirak Bayram , Rousan Nidal , Kocak Ayhan , Palaoglu Ozden , Palaoglu Selçuk , Kilic Kamer 
Published: April 2003

Head trauma causes two kinds of injury in the neural tissue. One is the primary injury which occurs at the time of impact. The other one is a secondary injury and is a progressive process. Free radicals are produced during oxidative reactions formed after trauma. They have been thought to be responsible in the mechanism of the secondary injury. Some studies have been conducted to demonstrate the role of free oxygen radicals in neuronal injury. The alterations in the free radical level during the early posttraumatic period and the effect of a free radical scavenger on these alterations have not been studied as a whole. We aimed to demonstrate the free oxygen radical level changes in the early posttraumatic period and the effect of melatonin, which is a potent free radical scavenger, on the early posttraumatic free radical level. A two-staged experimental head trauma study was designed. In stage one, posttraumatic free radical level changes were determined. In the second stage, the effect of melatonin on the free radical level changes in the posttraumatic period was studied. Two main groups of rats each divided into four subgroups were studied. Rats in one of the main groups underwent severe head trauma, and malondealdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the contused cerebral tissue at different time points. Rats in the other main group also underwent the same type of trauma, and melatonin was injected intraperitoneally at different time points after trauma. The MDA level alteration in the tissue was determined after the injection of melatonin. The MDA level increased rapidly in the early posttraumatic period. But in time, it decreased in the groups with only trauma. In the melatonin-treated group, the MDA level decreased after the injection of melatonin, when injected in the early posttraumatic period, compared to the control and trauma groups. However, melatonin increased MDA to a higher level than in the groups with only trauma and the control group when injected later than 2 h after trauma. The MDA level increases in the very early posttraumatic period of cerebral trauma and decreases in time. Melatonin, which is the most potent endogenous free radical scavenger, when injected intraperitoneally to the cerebral traumatized rats in the very early posttraumatic period, causes a significant decrease in the MDA level. But, melatonin, when injected more than 2 h after trauma, increases the MDA level in experimental cerebral trauma in rats.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Microbiology of Wound Infection following Spinal Fusion in Children
Authors: Brook Itzhak , Frazier Edith H. 
Published: April 2003

<i>Objective:</i> To study the aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of wound infections following spinal fusion in children. <i>Methods:</i> Retrospective review of clinical and microbiological records. <i>Results:</i> Aspirates of pus from 18 infection sites showed bacterial growth. Anaerobic bacteria only were recovered in 3 (17%) specimens, aerobic bacteria only in 3 (17%) and mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in 12 (67%). Forty-two isolates were recovered: 18 anaerobes (1.0 isolates per specimen) and 24 aerobes (1.3 per specimen). The predominant anaerobes were <i>Bacteroides</i> sp. (9 isolates, including 8 <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> group) and 5 <i>Peptostreptococcus</i> sp. The predominant aerobes were <i>Escherichia coli</i> (6) and <i>Proteus</i> sp. (5). An increase in recovery of <i>E. coli</i> and <i>B. fragilis</i> was noted in children with bowel or bladder incontinence. <i>Conclusions:</i> This study highlights the polymicrobial nature and predominance of anaerobic bacteria in wound infections following spinal fusion in children.
Epidemiology of Infantile Hydrocephalus in Saudi Arabia: Birth Prevalence and Associated Factors
Authors: Murshid Waleed Rida , Jarallah Jamal Saleh , Dad Mohammad Imam 
Published: April 2003

<i>Introduction:</i> Hydrocephalus is a common central nervous system disorder in children. In spite of its importance, it has not been subjected to sufficient epidemiological studies, particularly in the developing countries. The aim of this study was to provide information from a representative series of newly diagnosed cases of infantile hydrocephalus on the birth prevalence, associated factors and mortality. <i>Methodology:</i> A prospective study was conducted over a 1-year period from April 1996 to March 1997 in the city of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Except for neural tube defects and brain tumors, all cases of hydrocephalus diagnosed within the first 28 days of life were included. A control group of 104 subjects was studied for comparison. Information about antenatal, natal and early postnatal periods were obtained by interviewing the mothers of the newborns. <i>Results:</i> During the study period, 26 cases of infantile hydrocephalus were detected. The birth prevalence was 1.6 per 1,000 live births. There was no sex preponderance as the male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Multiple pregnancies were detected in 21 (81%) cases. Nineteen (73%) cases were the product of consanguineous parent and 4 patients had a positive family history of hydrocephalus. The number of preterm infants was 16 (62%). The number of low birth weights (less than 2,500 g) was 18 (69%). An Apgar score of less than 8 occurred in 18 (69%) cases. The mode of delivery was vaginal in 15 (58%) women. The 6 months mortality rate was 23% (6 infants). <i>Conclusion:</i> The birth prevalence of infantile hydrocephalus in this study was significantly higher than in the developed countries. A positive family history of hydrocephalus, low birth weight, low Apgar score and abdominal delivery were found to be associated factors. The mortality rate in the first 6 months of life was significantly higher in hydrocephalus infants than in controls.
Traumatic Acute Giant Epidural Hematoma in a Hydrocephalic Shunted Child
Authors: Bor Seng Shu Edson , Leme Ricardo Jose de Almeida , Aguiar Paulo Henrique , de Andrade Almir Ferreira , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Plese José Píndaro Pereira 
Published: April 2003

Extradural hematoma (EDH) is considered to be a rare complication of head trauma in children, and represents a serious and urgent pathology from which complete recovery can be expected if specialized treatment is instituted in time. In this article, the authors report the potential danger to a hydrocephalic shunted child who was apparently asymptomatic at the time of hospital admission with a mild head injury and developed an EDH of venous origin. This child had a rapid (time interval from injury to decerebrate posture of about 2 h), atypical (remained asymptomatic most of the time until abruptly deterioration) and fatal course, stressing the importance of early diagnosis and rapid therapy in order to avoid the death of the patient. The authors discuss the role of the ventriculoperitoneal shunting system in the lack of clinical symptoms associated with the presence of a giant EDH and a rapid and fatal course, and stress the importance of computed tomographic (CT) scanning in these patients, even if they are asymptomatic. If a skull fracture is suspected, a CT scan must be performed without delay.
Prevalence of Deep-Vein Thrombosis of the Leg in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Schönhofer B. , Köhler D. 
Published: April 2003

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with dyspnea and, consequently, reduced mobility. Immobility is a recognized risk factor of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), but few data exist regarding the prevalence of DVT in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. Real-time B-mode ultrasonography (US) is a noninvasive screening method for the diagnosis of DVT. We therefore used US to investigate the prevalence of DVT in patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD. In a prospective cohort study, 196 patients with COPD were studied [110 males, 86 females, age: 66.9 ± 9.1 years, weight: 63.5 ± 12.7 kg, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<sub>1</sub>): 0.7 ± 0.2 liters, and a ratio of FEV<sub>1</sub> to vital capacity (VC): 37 ± 6%] in a respiratory intensive care unit on the day of admission. Patients with reduced mobility due to other diseases were excluded. All US were performed by one experienced person with a 5-MHz linear scanner. The veins of the lower extremity were subdivided into three segments: (1) the common femoral, (2) superficial femoral veins including the long saphenous vein and (3) the popliteal vein. In 21 of 196 COPD patients (10.7%), DVT were demonstrated; 18 of these were asymptomatic. Bilateral DVT were not found. In 6 patients, additional diagnoses were: Baker’s cyst (n = 3), inguinal lymph node (n = 1) and knee joint effusion (n = 2). There were no differences between patients with and without DVT with respect to age, hemoglobin, PO<sub>2</sub>, PCO<sub>2</sub>, pH, FEV<sub>1</sub>, VC or dyspnea scale. DVT in the lower extremity, which was not detectable on clinical examination, was relatively common in patients with an acute exacerbation of COPD. All clinical variables measured (age, weight, dyspnea scale, lung function, hemoglobin, hematocrit and blood gases) failed to predict patients more likely to have DVT.
Occupational Asthma due to Chromium
Authors: Leroyer C. , Dewitte J.D. , Bassanets A. , Boutoux M. , Daniel C. , Clavier J. 
Published: April 2003

We describe a 28-year-old subject employed as a roofer in a construction company since the age of 19, who developed work-related symptoms of a cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, rhinitis and headaches. A description of a usual day at work suggested that the symptoms worsened while he was sawing corrugated fiber cement. Baseline spirometry was normal, and there was a mild bronchial hyperresponsiveness to carbachol. A skin patch test to chromium was negative. A specific inhalation challenge showed a boderline fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) after exposure to fiber cement dust. Exposure to nebulization of potassium dichromate (K<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>), at 0.1 mg·ml<sup>–1</sup> for 30 min, was followed by an immediate fall by 20% FEV1. Simultaneously, a significant increase in bronchial hyperresponsiveness was demonstrated.
Oxygen Uptake and Cardiac Performance in Obese and Normal Subjects during Exercise
Authors: Salvadori A. , Fanari P. , Fontana M. , Buontempi L. , Saezza A. , Baudo S. , Miserocchi G. , Longhini E. 
Published: April 2003

Work capacity and cardiopulmonary performance were studied in a group of 11 young obese subjects (BMI 39.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and a group of 10 young normal subjects (BMI 22 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). First of all they underwent an incremental cycle ergometer test up to exhaustion. Subsequently, every subject of the two groups performed a constant work rate test at different work loads to estimate cardiac output (q&#775;) below anaerobic threshold (AT) by a 20-second CO<sub>2</sub> rebreathing method. Obese subjects had a significantly lower AT (79 vs. 109 W). The ratio between oxygen uptake and heart rate (&#118;&#775;O<sub>2</sub>/HR) (O<sub>2</sub> pulse) was higher in the obese group; nevertheless, this variable became significantly lower if we took into consideration the ratio between O<sub>2</sub> pulse and kilogram fat-free body mass or kilogram body weight. Both these observations suggest that their reduced work tolerance is linked with a reduced oxygen supply to the muscles in activity. q&#775; increased in similar ways in obese and normal subjects at the preset work rates. The ratio q&#775;/body surface (cardiac index; CI) that we considered in order to try to minimize the differences in body sizes between the two groups, increased less in response to increasing work rates in our obese subjects than in normal subjects. As a whole, these data appear to be in line with a relatively less efficient cardiac performance during progressive work rates in obese subjects.