bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical techniques for the study of the nervous system
Authors: Priestley J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the time of writing of the first edition of this book, immunocytochemistry was the main histochemical technique used in studies of the nervous system. With the possible exception of receptor autoradiography, it had largely replaced other localization procedures including previously popular techniques such as transmitter uptake autoradiography and amine fluorescence histochemistry. However, in the past ten years another revolution has taken place and the technique of in situ hybridization, which received only passing reference in the first edition, now merits a chapter of its own (Chapter 4). Journals are full of in situ hybridization papers and the casual observer could be forgiven for thinking that immunocytochemistry has, in its turn, been replaced by in situ hybridization. This is not the case, but what is true is that the experimenter now has two powerful and complementary techniques to choose from (Table 1). For certain tasks in situ hybridization is a more appropriate tool than immunocytochemistry. This is particularly so for studies of changes in expression following pharmacological or physiological manipulation and may be true for certain cell body distribution studies. However the simplicity and speed of immunocytochemical procedures, the fact that many different types of molecule can be localized, and the high resolution obtained, make immunocytochemistry still the method of choice for most anatomical and cytological studies. Any substance to which antibodies can be generated can be localized, ranging from single amino acids or nucleotides, through proteins and polysaccharides, to organelles or cells of unknown and/or complex composition (Table 2). In addition immunocytochemistry can be combined with numerous other histochemical and anatomical procedures, providing powerful tools for deciphering chemical neuroanatomy (4-6).
Investigation of mitochondrial defects in brain and skeletal muscle
Authors: Clark J b. , Bates T E , Boakye P , Kuimov A , Land J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a considerable upsurge of interest in defects of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and their clinical consequences. This has been in part due to an increased awareness of the mitochondrial myopathies and encephalopathies, a heterogeneous group of human muscle and brain disorders. Patients with these diseases present with muscle fatigue and exercise intolerance together with ataxia and dementia in the case of encephalopathies (1-3). The other reason is the sequencing of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the realization that it codes for 13 subunits of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. This means that this mitochondrial system is unique in the biological world in being coded for by both the nuclear and mitochondrial genome. Furthermore, patients suffering from these conditions provide ‘natural windows’ on the role of oxidative as distinct to glycolytic ATP production in the energy homeostasis of different tissues.
The effect of guar gum on the stability of emulsions prepared with physiological surfactants; L-a-phosphatidylcholine and sodium taurocholate
Authors: Fillery-Travis A J , Moulson S J , Foster L H , Robins M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is substantial evidence that the presence of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the human diet can reduce the rate of lipid absorption within the gut with subsequent benefits for health {1). During digestion in the small intestine the lipid forms an emulsion whose interface is subjected to changes in both the nature and concentration of surfactants available. The presence of other interferring species such as NSP and partially digested proteins may also affect the interfacial composition and properties. This work represents the first part of a study to model the emulsions formed during gut transit and characterise the influence of NSP on their stability and behaviour.
Polysaccharide gums: their modulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ellis P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the addition of polysaccharide gums, such as guar gum, to a carbohydrate meal reduces post-prandial hyperglycaemia in healthy and diabetic subjects. Moreover, diabetic patients administered these gums with their normal diet have shown significant long-term improvements in glycaemic control and lipid metabolism. Improved glycaemic control and a reduction in plasma cholesterol are thought to lessen the risk of developing the late complications of diabetes (e.g. cardiovascular disease, nephropathy). The physiological activity of gums depend on their capacity to increase digesta viscosity in the stomach and small intestine. Dietary supplements of polysaccharide gum in solution are extremely unpalatable. To improve palatability, pharmaceutical preparations have been designed to hydrate slowly when mixed with a drink and thus reduce viscosity in the mouth. However, some of these were found to be clinically ineffective. The efficacy of gums can be improved by incorporating them into foods. Recently, novel plant foods, rich in non-starch polysaccharides, have been studied and found to have marked therapeutic properties. A soluble extract of one of these, a leguminous food from Africa, appears to have similar rheological properties to that of guar gum.
Gelation and retrogradation of concentrated starch gels
Authors: Keetels C J A M , Vliet T Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gelation and retrogradation of concentrated starch systems have been studied by determining the mechanical properties at small and large deformations. During heating, the moduli of potato and wheat starches first increased and then decreased. Several phenomena that can affect these rheological properties have been evaluated. The rigidity of the swollen wheat starch granules was higher than the rigidity of the swollen potato starch granules. During ageing, the rigidity of the potato starch granules increased more rapidly, resulting in a cross-over of the moduli. A possible explanation of these phenomena is that native wheat starch granules contain more entanglements between the starch molecules. The eating quality of bread and other products with a high starch content changes during storage. These changes are often related to a change in the fracture or yielding properties of the product. For instance, during the staling of bread, the crumb firms and becomes more crumbly. The decrease in eating quality is, at least in part, caused by recrystallization of starch in the processed food. This recrystallization process is called retrogradation.
The influence of caseins on the rheology of x-carrageenan gels
Authors: Lynch M Gerard , Mulvihill Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The carrageenans form a group of highly sulphated polysaccharides isolated from the cell walls of various genera of marine algae of the class Rhodophyceae. 1C-Carrageenan is composed of a nearly perfect alternating sequence of 1,3-linked - β-galactose 4-sulphate and 1,4- linked 3,6 anhydro- α-D-galactose residues (1). Major applications of carrageenans have developed as a result of their ability to complex with other macromolecules, particularly proteins. Most of such uses involve milk based systems in which carrageenans can be used as stabilisers, viscosity builders or gelling agents (2). Their mode of action is not simply through modification of solution properties as there is evidence that they interact with casein micelles (3,4).
Rheology and structure of gellan-alginate co-gels
Authors: Papageorgiou M , Gothard M G , Willoughby L E , Kasapis S , Richardson R K , Morris E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sodium alginate dissolved in calcium chloride solution at 90°C shows ‘weak gel’ properties similar to those of ordered xanthan, and circular dichroism spectra indicate formation of calcium polyguluronate ‘egg-box’ dimers even at this elevated temperature. The solutions show a sharp increase in rigidity (G’) on cooling, and convert to permanent gels on storage at low temperature. The gels attain maximum hardness at -40% calcium conversion (for alginate with a polyguluronate content of -58%), and their elasticity can be readily controlled by adjustment of Ca2+ concentration around this optimum value. Incorporation of moderate concentrations of gellan (0.1 - 0.3% w/v in combination with 2% w/v alginate and 5 mM trisodium citrate sequestrant) increases the strength of the gels, but does not significantly change their elasticity, indicating that the gellan acts as a strong ‘filler’ in an alginate matrix. The composition-dependence of G’ and hardness (yield stress), and the response of the mixed gels to incorporation.
Gelation of food macromolecules: effects of sugars on the gelation of agarose and mixtures of konjac glucomannan and carrageenan
Authors: Nishinari Katsuyoshi , Tomohisa A T , Aka Y , Watase Mineo , Kohyama Kaoru , Iida Hiroki , Williams Peter A , Phillips Glyn O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Effects of sugars on gelation of agarose were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic viscoelastic measurements. It was suggested that the number of junction zones was increased, and that the size of junction zones became smaller by the addition of sucrose. As a result of this, the rotational freedom of parallel links which constitute a zipper was decreased. The increment of melting or setting temperature per unit concentration of sugars was correlated linearly with the dynamic hydration number of the sugars.
Small and large deformation rheological measurements on mixed systems of kappa-carrageenan and konjac glucomannan with different molecular weights suggested that gels of this mixture consist of a carrageenan network strengthened by weak interaction of konjac glucomannan with carrageenan. carrageenan-rich mixtures (CAR content&gt; 70%) showed two exothermic peaks in the cooling DSC curves.
A performance test for carrageenan as a stabilizer for calcium-sensitive proteins
Authors: Lee Sui-Chen , Hansen Poul M T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physical stability of fluid and frozen foods may be improved by the addition of different types of food hydrocolloids, either singly or in blends. With increased use of hydrocolloids in the food industry, a trend has developed toward using blends of different types to maximize stabilizer performance. Since different hydrocolloids may be expected to perform in different manners it is useful to develop performance tests which will accurately measure tha specific function of individual components or provide an index for their combined effects.
Dessert gels prepared from alginate and gellangum
Authors: Tega D Or , Sanderson G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Water dessert gels prepared by cooling solutions containing either sodium alginate or gellan gum are well known. Gel formation is brought about by ion-mediated interchain association. Although calcium is the only ion suitable for the alginate gels, the gellan gum gels can be prepared using a variety of ions, notably calcium or magnesium. Recent studies have investigated the role of calcium and magnesium ions in gelation brought about by cooling solutions of sodium alginate, KELCOGEL gellan gum and a mixture of the two polymers. From the resulting understanding of how these ions partition between the polymers and sequestrant, a key ingredient in the formulation of these dessert gels, a range of dessert gels prepared from a combination of gellan gum and alginate have been developed. The characteristics of these gels are described.
Purification and characterization of barley limit dextrinase during malting
Authors: Kristensen M , Svensson B , Larsen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Different forms of barley limit dextrinase, LD, with different affinities for 3-cyclodextrin and different specific activities have been purified. They are single polypeptides with apparent molecular weights to 105 kD and isoelectric points around 4.5. Antibodies raised towards one of the purified proteins recognize a single polypeptide of 105 kD in crude barley extracts. LD is synthesized in developing kernels and during germination. The proteins appear in soluble and bound forms, and the bound forms can be extracted by addition of dithiothreitol or a cystein-protease.
Decreased diacetyl production in lager brewing yeast by integration of the ILV5 gene
Authors: Goossens E , Debourg A , Villanueba K D , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beer maturation, the rate-limiting step in the production process, is mainly required in order to remove the vicinal diketones (VDK), diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. Amplification of the ILVS gene has previously been shown to reduce the VDK production very efficiently.
Instability of the brewers yeast genome
Authors: Pedersen Mogens Bohl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investigations of brewers yeast DNA have shown that different types of genetic changes occur in the genomes. Such genetic changes might give rise to instabilities and, therefore, affect the performance of the brewing yeast during fermentation. Some of the genetic changes have been monitored by electrophoretic karyotyping and by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) studies. Differences in chromosome lengths and number of different types of chromosomes Vin brewers yeast have been studied in order to find a plausible model/explanation for such changes. Changes in number of chromosomes V were monitored by the RFLP patterns of various URA3 alleles.
Continuous production of acidified wort for alcohol-free beer using immobilised lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Pittner H , Back W , Swinkels W , Meersman E , Dieren B van , Lommi H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under German “Reinheitsgebot” regulations the use of biologically acidified wort is the only technological possibility to correct the pH of mash and wort; in addition, this will improve the taste of the finished beer. Based on experience in using continuously operated bioreactors in other applications (easier process control, higher efficiency) a pilot installation was used for continuous production of acidified wort with immobilised lactic acid bacteria.
Protease activity in beer and correlation to foam
Authors: Muldbjerg Marianne , Melda! Morten , Breddam Klaus , Sigsgaard Poul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A novel and very sensitive method for measuring protease activity in beer has been developed. The assay is based on fluorogenic substrates, designed specifically for yeast proteinase A, which previously has been shown to degrade foam-active proteins in beer. The corresponding enzyme was isolated from unpasteurized beer. Samples of different beers brewed on different yeast strains have been collected from production and from two litre fermentation. During 3 weeks of maturation a number of analyses have been carried out, e.g. protease activity and foam half-life. The results showed a correlation between increased protease activity and decreased foam stability. Furthermore, a dependence of the yeast strain on the amount of secreted protease was found.
The laser scanning: a new approach for detection of beer spoilers
Authors: Laurent F , Drocourt J L , Jakobsen M , Peladan F , Meersman E , Vasconcelos L de , Timmermans P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The microbial analysis of beer poses a number of problems: large volumes must be analysed; only specific beer spoilers are obtained with traditional plate count are delayed. of interest and results In order to overcome these problems and allow on immediate answer, Chemunex in collaboration with his Eclair contract members, is developing a new approach based on a combination of laser scanning and appropriate fluorescent markers for specific detection of beer spoilers.
Biological safety when working with HIV
Authors: Butler P J G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as a dangerous pathogen and rightly placed in a high hazard group. Fortunately, experience has shown that the likelihood of acquiring an infection during normal laboratory work is small, if appropriate precautions are observed. In practice, more infections have occurred in clinical work than in laboratories, even when allowance is made for the numbers of workers involved. In part, at least, this is due to the fact that laboratory workers should know where any HIV is located in the laboratory. Care in the primary containment of all HIV specimens and adequate inactivation and decontamination before any materials are removed from containment and released to workers not expecting to work with HIV are obviously central to all safety procedures.
Isolation and biological characterization of primary HIV-1 isolates
Authors: Schuitemaker Hanneke 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early years of HIV-1 research most of the virological studies were performed using a few T cell line adapted HIV-1 strains since primary isolation of HIV-1 with CD4-positive T cell lines as target cells was only successful in a small proportion of AIDS patients (1). Subsequent studies using PHA-stimulated PBMC indicated that many HIV-1 isolates were unable to grow in CD4-positive T cell lines (2). With the introduction of refinements to this isolation technique, and improvement of the sensitivity of the assays for the detection of HIV-1 in cultures, it has become possible to recover virus from HIV-1 seropositive persons, even in their asymptomatic period, with a 90-100% efficiency (3, 4). Primary HIV-1 isolates differ in their biological properties such as their ability to induce cell fusion (syncytia) in primary T cells, their replication rate, and their tropism for T cell lines and promonocytic cell lines (5).
Detection of viral RNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Authors: Arrigo Salvatore J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1) has allowed sensitive and quantitative detection of low abundance RNAs. HIV-1 RNAs can be detected using oligonucleotide primer pairs specific for individual RNAs. The ability to detect low copy numbers of RNA allows for the quantitation of viral RNAs in both transfected and infected cells. Comparisons of RNA production can be performed using total, nuclear, cytoplasmic, or virion RNA. This facilitates the analysis of mutations on the RNA and virion production. We have used RNA PCR analysis extensively to examine the production of HIV-1 RNAs in transfected and infected lymphoid cells in culture (2—7). We have found that the sensitivity of this assay system is superior to other classical RNA detection techniques such as northern hybridization, nuclease SI and ribonuclease protection, and primer extension assays. In contrast to these other procedures, this procedure routinely can be performed in a few hours, resulting in data the same day the experiment was initiated. This procedure is also amenable to high throughput in that up to 96 samples can be assayed at the same time. In this chapter, some basic uses of PCR for the detection of HIV-1 RNAs in vitro will be covered.
The application of mass spectrometry to the analysis of peptides bound to MHC molecules
Authors: Cox Andrea L , Buczko Eric L , Engelhard Victor H , Shabanowitz Jeffrey , Hunt Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular ‘self’ and foreign proteins are constantly being degraded and the resulting peptides presented by MHC molecules on the cell surface. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes recognize cells that express new antigens as a result of viral infection, cellular transformation, or tissue transplantation. Sequence analysis of peptides presented to the immune system in association with class I MHC molecules is an important initial step in the design and development of peptide vaccines or other immune regulators effective against such disease states as AIDS, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Identification of peptides associated with a particular disease is challenging because these antigens are usually present in a complex mixture dominated by peptides derived from normal cellular proteins. In the case of HLA-A2.1, extraction of peptides from the MHC cleft results in over 10000 distinct peptides (6).
Glutathione peroxidase: activity and steady-state level of Mrna
Authors: Clair Daret K St , Chow Ching K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (glutathione: H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) was first reported by Mills in 1957 in erythrocytes (1) and later in the liver of various species (2). The enzyme catalyses the reduction of hydroperoxides by reduced glutathione (GSH) to their corresponding alcohols. The ability of GSH peroxidase to reduce various hydroperoxides has led to the proposal of the role of the enzyme in protecting tissues against oxidative damage to critical biomembranes and macromolecules (3, 4).
Reverse-phase chromatography of proteins
Authors: Corran P H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A glance through the literature shows that reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) has now been assimilated into the canon of protein purification techniques: from the status of a novel, noteworthy technique when first applied it has now matured to that of being simply listed in the methods section along with high-performance size-exclusion, ion-exchange, or hydrophobic-interaction chromatography, no more noteworthy than any of the other techniques routinely employed or considered in any protein separation. The main way in which it differs from its companion techniques is in the necessary exposure of the sample proteins to high concentrations of organic solvents, and often low pH, both factors which can lead to the rapid denaturation of proteins, and which result in less denaturing methods being preferred, particularly where oligomeric proteins or enzymes are involved. Nevertheless, there are many circumstances where the risk of denaturation is not important; these include: most purely analytical work; separations for structural studies, or where structure and activity are retained or recovered despite the high concentrations of organic modifier; and where a rapid, simple, and powerful technique of unusual specificity like RP-HPLC is of great service.
Growth factors
Authors: Heath John K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth factors are extracellular polypeptide mediators of intercellular signalling. They exert their action by binding to specific receptors expressed by target cells, thereby initiating signal transduction processes inside the cell. Depending upon the nature of the target cell and the identity of the specific signalling mechanisms involved, changes in cell behaviour ensue. These can include the induction of cell differentiation, migration, death or survival, as well as activation or inhibition of cell multiplication (reviewed in ref. 1). The significance of growth factors in the context of on cogenesis is therefore that they have the property of evoking precisely those cellular responses that are subverted in the course of oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. Abnormal expression of growth factors, and consequential activation of cell signalling is therefore a potentially significant mechanism of oncogenic transformation.