bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estrogen attenuates cell death induced by carboxy‐terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein in PC12 through a receptor‐dependent pathway
Authors: Chae Hee‐Sun , Bach Jae‐Hyung , Lee Myoung‐Woo , Kim Hye‐Sun , Kim Yong‐Sik , Kim Kyung Yong , Choo Kwan Young , Choi Se Hoon , Park Cheol‐Hyoung , Lee Sang Hyung , Suh Yoo‐Hun , Kim Sung Su , Lee Won Bok 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated effects of estrogen on cell death induced by carboxy‐terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein (CT), a candidate causative substance in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. 17β‐Estradiol attenuated CT‐induced cell death in PC12 cells, whereas 17α‐estradiol, nonestrogenic stereoisomer, did not exert any significant protective effect on CT‐induced cell death. These results suggest that protective effects of estrogen may be mediated by estrogen receptor (ER) in PC12 cells. To confirm the results, we determined the effects of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist. Tamoxifen blocked the protective effects of 17β‐estradiol, although it did not affect those of 17α‐estradiol. Overall, it might be thought that the protective effect of estradiol on CT‐induced cell death is achieved by hormonal properties mediated through the estrogen receptor rather than the structural properties as a reducing agent. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:403–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of p75 and trkB mRNA expression after depolarizing stimuli or BDNF treatment in basal forebrain neuron cultures
Authors: Elliott Robert C. , Black Ira B. , Dreyfus Cheryl F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtensive evidence suggests that BDNF regulates neural function and architecture after depolarization. Expression of BDNF is increased after depolarization, and the ability of BDNF to modulate synaptic function is well documented. To further investigate BDNF signaling after activity, we analyzed the effects of depolarization or BDNF treatment on receptor mRNA expression in cultured basal forebrain neurons. Levels of mRNA coding for the cognate BDNF receptor, trkB, as well as the common neurotrophin receptor, p75, were quantitated simultaneously using a sensitive solution hybridization technique. Depolarization or BDNF treatment increased p75 mRNA expression 94% and 195%, respectively. In contrast, trkB message decreased 23% after depolarization but was unchanged by BDNF treatment. Together, these changes resulted in significant increases in the p75/trkB ratio after depolarization or BDNF treatment that could alter BDNF binding or signal transduction. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:83–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of arginase isozymes in mouse brain
Authors: Yu Hong , Iyer Ramaswamy K. , Kern Rita M. , Rodriguez Williams I. , Grody Wayne W. , Cederbaum Stephen D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe two forms of arginase (AI and AII) in man, identical in enzymatic function, are encoded in separate genes and are expressed differentially in various tissues. AI is expressed predominantly in the liver cytosol and is thought to function primarily to detoxify ammonia as part of the urea cycle. AII, in contrast, is predominantly mitochondrial, is more widely expressed, and is thought to function primarily to produce ornithine. Ornithine is a precursor in the synthesis of proline, glutamate, and polyamines. This study was undertaken to explore the cellular and regional distribution of AI and AII expression in brain using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. AI and AII were detected only in neurons and not in glial cells. AI presented stronger expression than AII, but AII was generally coexpressed with AI in most cells studied. Expression was particularly high in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and spinal cord neurons. Glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, postulated to be related to the risk of glutamate excitotoxic and/or γ‐aminobutyric acid inhibitoxic injury, were similarly ubiquitous in their expression and generally paralleled arginase expression patterns, especially in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, pons, medulla, and spinal cord. This study showed that AI is expressed in the mouse brain, and more strongly than AII, and sheds light on the anatomic basis for the arginine→ornithine→glutamate→GABA pathway. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:406–422, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A theory‐based measure of conflict management strategies in the workplace
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W. , Evers Arne , Beersma Bianca , Kluwer Esther S. , Nauta Aukje 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConflict management influences individual wellbeing, group performance and organizational effectiveness. This research examined the psychometric qualities of two versions of the newly developed test for conflict handling. The lean version (Study 1 and 2) included problem solving, forcing, yielding and avoiding as distinct conflict management strategies, and the expanded version (Study 3) also included compromising. A negotiation study (Study 1) showed substantial convergence between self‐reports, opponent‐reports and observer rated behavior for problem solving, forcing and yielding, but not for avoiding. In Study 2 and Study 3 the psychometric properties were examined of the lean and the expanded version, respectively. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed good to excellent psychometric qualities of both versions of the scale. We conclude that the scale is a parsimonious, flexible and valid instrument to assess conflict management strategies at work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possible influence of QBO on teleconnections relating Indian summer monsoon rainfall and sea‐surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific
Authors: Chattopadhyay J. , Bhatla R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the all‐India monsoon rainfall and sea‐surface temperature (SST) anomalies over different Niño regions of the equatorial Pacific Ocean have been examined from 1949 to 1995 using the full time series, as well as by grouping the seasonal rainfall and SST data according to phases of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) at the 50‐hPa level. The results suggest that Indian monsoon rainfall shows the strongest inverse correlation with the SST anomalies over the Niño 3 region for all the seasons from the concurrent summer to the following winter. When the seasonal rainfall and SST data are stratified according to the phases of QBO, the concurrent correlations are highly enhanced during the east years of QBO over the Niño 3 region and highly reduced during the west years of QBO. This interesting result may explain the different behaviour of the Indian monsoon in different El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years. The ENSO events continuing during the monsoon season which are associated with easterly phases of QBO are likely to cause drought, while events which are associated with westerly phases of QBO are likely to result in a normal monsoon. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Low frequency and quasi‐biennial oscillations in the Malaysian precipitation anomaly
Authors: Tangang Fredolin T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of the precipitation anomaly in Malaysia in the quasi‐biennial (1.5–2.5 years) and the low‐frequency (3–7 years) bands were investigated. The oscillations in both bands contributed a significant proportion of the variance in the precipitation anomaly. The most dominant modes for both bands had large impacts on the stations in Sabah, Sarawak and on the east coast of the Malaysian peninsula. These dominant modes had a similar manifestation, i.e. the stations experienced enhanced rainfall during periods of large negative anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) in the central‐eastern Pacific Ocean and suppressed rainfall during periods of large positive SST anomaly. Hence, these areas may face severe drought during an El Niño event and flood during La Niña. Both bands appeared to have large‐scale coherence with SST, sea level pressure and zonal wind over the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans and South China Sea. However, the two signals differed with respect to timing and propagation. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Atlantic ocean heat piracy and the bipolar climate see‐saw during Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger events
Authors: Seidov Dan , Maslin Mark 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe millennial‐scale asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate records during the last glacial period implies that the global climate system acts as a bipolar see‐saw driven by either high‐latitudinal and/or near‐equatorial sea‐surface perturbations. Based on the results of recent modelling of generic Heinrich and Dansgaard–Oeschger scenarios, we discuss the possibility that oscillations of the deep‐ocean conveyor may have been sufficient to cause this bipolar see‐saw. The bipolar climate asynchrony in our scenarios is caused by the toggle between North Atlantic heat piracy and South Atlantic counter heat piracy. Ocean circulation has an enhanced sensitivity to the northern deep‐water source as the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cannot enter the Southern Ocean at depths shallower than the bottom of the Drake Passage. Any shoaling of the NADW can, therefore, increase the northward incursion of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW), and trigger an interhemispheric climate oscillation. As hundreds of years are required to warm the respective high latitudes, the observed climate lead and lags between the two hemispheres can be explained entirely by the variability of the meridional overturning and by the corresponding change in the oceanic heat transport. Accordingly, it is entirely feasible for the global climate to work like a pendulum, which theoretically could be controlled by pushing at either of the deep‐water sources. Our model scenarios suggest that it is entirely feasible for the bipolar climate see‐saw to be controlled solely by variations in NADW formation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects of international initiatives in agri‐food biotechnology
Authors: Tzotzos George T 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough advances in ag‐biotech are primarily determined by commercial considerations, the role of government policies and financial institutions (eg venture capital institutions and other financial brokers) is significant in guiding the innovation through funding of research, regulation, technology transfer legislation and appropriate patenting policies. In the developing world, market failure coupled with the absence of risk capital and ineffective regulatory government policies (biosafety, intellectual property, etc) constitute significant impediments to private investment for innovation in ag‐biotech. The role of international agencies in overcoming some of the barriers for the transfer of ag‐biotech to the developing world cannot be overemphasised. Programmes of international agencies concentrate on actions that strengthen the capacity of national and international research systems and facilitate the introduction of policy and institutional reforms that are conducive to investment and technology transfer. The paper focuses on trends that are emerging from such programmes and draws conclusions on their effectiveness to meet manifest needs in developing countries.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Cranberry proanthocyanidins associate with low‐density lipoprotein and inhibit in vitro Cu2+‐induced oxidation
Authors: Porter Mandy L , Krueger Christian G , Wiebe Donald A , Cunningham David G , Reed Jess D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntioxidant activity of six fractions of cranberry phenolic compounds was determined by inhibition of Cu2+‐induced low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. The phenolic composition of each fraction was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The phenolic fractions were mixed with aliquots of modified human serum prior to LDL isolation. The serum was modified to remove very‐low‐density lipoprotein and chylomicrons that may bind phenolic compounds. Only fractions 5 and 6 that contained proanthocyanidins (PAs) significantly increased the lag time of LDL oxidation, and the lag time for fraction 6 was significantly higher than for fraction 5. The mass distribution of PAs in these fractions was obtained by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, a technique that allows rapid characterisation of the molecular weight distribution in mixtures of oligomeric compounds. Fraction 5 contained trimers through heptamers, whereas fraction 6 contained pentamers through nonamers. In addition, fraction 6 contained PA oligomers with more doubly linked, A‐type interflavan bonds. Results indicate that PAs specifically associate with LDL in modified serum and increase the lag time of Cu2+‐induced oxidation. Differences between fractions 5 and 6 in PA structure and effects on LDL oxidation suggest that the degree of polymerisation and the nature of the interflavan bond influence antioxidant properties.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
CD44 expression in human gliomas
Authors: Ranuncolo Stella Maris , Ladeda Virginia , Specterman Sergio , Varela Mirta , Lastiri José , Morandi Ana , Matos Elena , De Kier Joffe Elisa Bal , Puricelli Lydia , Pallotta María Guadalupe 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGlioma invasiveness involves the attachment of tumor cells to the brain extracellular matrix, rich in hyaluronic acid (HA). CD44, the principal receptor for HA is found as a standard molecule (CD44s) or as variants (CD44v). We undertook a retrospective study to evaluate the expression pattern of CD44s, the isoforms CD44v3, v4/5 and v6 and to correlate their expression with clinical‐anatomopathological parameters and survival rate.MethodsThe expression of these molecules was evaluated immunohistochemically in 84 gliomas.ResultsNo expression of CD44v was detected in any tumors. CD44s staining of tumor cells was found in 70 of 84 (83.3%) of the gliomas. In 23 of 39 (59.0%) of the GBM more than the 70% of the cells were stained, while only 2 of 21 (9.5%) of LGA showed high expression. The association between CD44 and histological grade remained when the prognostic variables were considered in a multivariate analysis. Higher expression of CD44 was associated with worse overall survival rate; however, the Cox analysis indicated that survival was not associated with CD44.ConclusionsOur results suggest that overexpression of CD44s could be relevant in determining the highly invasive behaviour of gliomas, though it does not behave as an independent prognostic factor for survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;79:30–36. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Desmoid tumors: A novel approach for local control
Authors: Baliski Christopher R. , Temple Walley J. , Arthur Keith , Schachar Norman S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAfter resection, desmoid tumors are associated with a recurrence rate that is typically 25–50%. Although this is an unusual problem, we instituted a prospective cohort study with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation, followed by surgical resection, in an effort to improve local control.MethodsBetween 1985 and 1999, 13 patients with potentially resectable disease were managed with a treatment protocol of preoperative doxorubicin (30 mg continuous infusion daily for 3 days) and radiotherapy (10 × 300 cGy). Resection was performed 4–6 weeks later. All lesions were resected with an intended margin of 1 cm, but clear adventitial margins were accepted in order to preserve critical structures.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 71 months (range, 22–109). Six patients (46%) presented after failure of a previous surgery. Clear microscopic margins were obtained in 11 patients, and 2 patients had positive margins. There were two local recurrences (15% local recurrence). Both recurrences followed resection of large thigh lesions, which appeared at 30 and 49 months of follow‐up. In one patient with a chest wall tumor, two new primary desmoid tumors developed outside the treatment area, in the ipsilateral arm and forearm. Eleven patients have been disease free for a median of 71 months (range, 22–109).ConclusionsFor potentially resectable lesions, this protocol provides excellent local control, even in those with recurrent disease. Neoadjuvant treatment with doxorubicin and radiotherapy appears to be a better option than surgery alone, or surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. These results need to be confirmed in larger, prospective randomized trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:96–99. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pelvic neoplasms in children
Authors: Groff Diller B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe pelvis of the infant and child has different anatomic relationships than the adolescent or adult pelvis, and the knowledge of congenital anomalies of the rectum and bladder can assist in treating the primary neoplasms of the pelvis. The most common neoplasms are rhabdomyosarcomas of the bladder, prostate, and vagina; sacrococcygeal teratoma; and the germ cell tumors, including teratomas, endodermal sinus tumors, and the choriocarcinomas. Rapidly improving chemotherapy for all of these lesions has resulted in a changed role for the surgeon. Less radical resection of these tumors is being performed whereas it is necessary to have more precise histologic and genetic identification of the tumor and the specific anatomic location and extent of the tumor in the pelvis. Survival for all types of childhood pelvic neoplasms has improved dramatically under the influence of the combined children's cancer study groups, which have been functioning for the last 20 years. Because of the complexities of diagnosis and treatment of these pelvic neoplasms in childhood and because the survival rates have dramatically improved with the most current therapy, these children should be cared for in a children's center that is part of the major children's cancer study groups. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001; 77:65–71. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fair trade in tourism to protected areas­— A micro case study of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia
Authors: Mvula Cheryl D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWildlife tourism to protected areas is one of the fastest growing sectors of the tourism industry. However, although tourism development brings rewards, its benefits are seldom distributed equitably. Host communities, particularly in the developing world, are increasingly counting the costs of development that has failed to put their rights and interests on a par with those of their visitors. This paper reports on the impacts of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia on the rural local communities that reside there. It assesses local people's attitude towards tourism in the area and solicits their views on how the benefits to the community could be increased. The findings of the research show that experience has so far encouraged the community to want more involvement with tourism and tourists. It indicates, however, that the benefits of tourism currently reach few local people and that in certain instances inequality and discrimination is evident in the employment practice of the local tourism industry. It goes on to highlight the range of factors that inhibit or constrain greater local involvement in tourism, and points to community tourism based on cultural heritage as a potential way of maximising the benefits of tourism to communities, while minimising the impacts. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UK tour operator strategies: causes and consequences
Authors: Klemm Mary , Parkinson Lynn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is an investigation of the competitive strategies of British tour operators and their impact on the image and quality of tourist destinations. The strategies considered are the vertical integration of tour operators with travel retailers and airlines, pricing and contracting systems in the resort, and developments in market segmentation. The authors also consider the rationale, development and impact of tour operator branding, a strategy that has accelerated the trend towards standardised holiday products. The study concludes by outlining policies to counteract the negative effects of tour operator strategies and work towards a more fruitful partnership between mass market tour operators and tourist destinations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OH concentration time histories in n‐alkane oxidation
Authors: Davidson D. F. , Herbon J. T. , Horning D. C. , Hanson R. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOH radical concentration time histories were measured behind reflected shocks in the oxidation of four n‐alkanes: propane, n‐butane, n‐heptane, and n‐decane. Initial reflected shock conditions of these measurements were 1357–1784 K, 2.02–3.80 atm, with fuel concentrations of 300–2000 ppm, and equivalence ratios from 0.8 to 1.2. OH concentrations were measured using narrow‐linewidth ring‐dye laser absorption of the R1(5) line of the A–X (0,0) transition at 306.5 nm. These concentration time‐history measurements were compared to the modeled predictions of eight large n‐alkane oxidation mechanisms currently available in the literature and the kinetic implications of these measurements are discussed. These data, in conjunction with recent measurements of n‐alkane ignition times and ethylene yields in n‐alkane pyrolysis experiments, also performed in this laboratory, provide a unique database of species concentration time histories for n‐alkane mechanism validation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 775–783, 2001
Substituent effects on the disproportionation—combination rate constant ratios for gas‐phase halocarbon radicals, Part 5: Reactions of CF3 + CF3CH2CHCH3 and CF3CH2CHCH3 + CF3CH2CHCH3
Authors: Ferguson John D. , Holmes Bert E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRate constant ratios, kd/kc for the disproportionation/combination reaction have been measured as 0.07 ± 0.02 when an H is removed from the CH2 position of the CF3CH2CHCH3 radical and as 0.24 ± 0.03 when the H is removed from the CH3 position in the reaction with the CF3 radical. For the self‐reaction between two CF3CH2CHCH3 radicals, kd/kc has been measured as 0.27 ± 0.03 when the H is removed from the CH2 position and as 0.47 ± 0.04 when the H is removed from the CH3 position. The branching fraction, corrected for the number of hydrogens at each site, is 0.70 favoring the methyl position when the acceptor radical is CF3 and 0.54 when CF3CH2CHCH3 is the acceptor radical. Branching fraction results show that the CF3 substituent on the CF3CH2CHCH3 radical hinders disproportionation when CF3 is the acceptor radical. When the accepting radical is CF3CH2CHCH3 the CF3 substituent may slightly impede the disproportionation reaction, but the branching ratio is nearly statistical. The effect of substituents on the donor radical, CF3CH2CHX, will be discussed for the series X = H, CF3, Cl, and CH3 when the acceptor radical is CF3. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 33: 549–557, 2001