bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On modelling of typhoon‐induced non‐stationary wind speed for tall buildings
Authors: Chen J. , Xu Y. L. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTyphoon‐induced wind around tall buildings may not be stationary because it is a large body of rotating air. A new approach is thus proposed in this paper for characterizing typhoon‐induced wind speed. Typhoon‐induced non‐stationary wind speed is modelled as a deterministic time‐varying mean wind speed component plus a zero mean stationary fluctuating wind speed component. The time‐varying mean wind speed is naturally extracted from the measured wind speed time history using empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Wind characteristics described in the traditional approach based on a stationary wind model are redefined and extended in the non‐stationary wind model. The new approach is then applied to wind data measured at the Di Wang building during Typhoon York. The results show that most of recorded wind samples are non‐stationary but they can be decomposed into a time‐varying mean wind speed component plus a well‐behaved zero mean fluctuating wind speed component admitted as a stationary random process with Gaussian distribution. Other wind characteristics such as probability distribution of fluctuating wind speed, turbulence intensity, gust factor, and wind spectrum obtained by the new approach seem to be more realistic than those gained by the traditional approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Limoges painted enamels from the 16th to 19th centuries by using a portable micro x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer
Authors: Röhrs S. , Stege H. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMaterial analysis of Limoges painted enamels was undertaken by using an x‐ray fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a low‐power x‐ray tube, polycapillary x‐ray optics and a silicon drift chamber detector. The spectrometer, which includes helium purging for detecting elements down to sodium, can easily be assembled and dismantled within 1 h. A quantification method for enamel and glass objects was developed and verified using standard materials. The layer arrangement and possible influence on the XRF measurements were especially considered in theoretical calculations. Over 160 painted enamels from the late Renaissance and Revival periods in the 19th century in various collections were investigated. Comparison of the quantitative results from objects which are securely dated and attributed by art historians allowed a more reliable attribution of pieces with doubted authenticity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchrotron radiation refraction topography for characterization of lightweight materials
Authors: Müller Bernd R. , Hentschel Manfred P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe employment of synchrotron radiation for refraction topography of materials has considerable advantages over standard x‐ray sources. The much higher beam intensity and the parallel and monochromatic radiation provide faster measurements and better angular and spatial resolution. X‐ray refraction techniques image the inner surface and interface concentration of micro‐structured materials. This effect of x‐ray optics is additional to small‐angle scattering by diffraction, when the scattering objects reach micrometre dimensions. We have developed x‐ray refraction techniques within the last decade in order to meet the growing demands for improved non‐destructive characterization of high‐performance composites, ceramics and other low‐density materials. Sub‐micron particle dimensions, the pore size of ceramics, the crack density distribution and single fibre debonding within damaged composites can be measured and visualized by computer‐generated interface topographs. For this purpose investigations are now being performed at the new hard x‐ray beamline of the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) at BESSY, Berlin. This BAMline provides monochromatic radiation of photon energies from 5 to 60 keV from a double multilayer and/or a double‐crystal monochromator. A separate instrument is dedicated to the further development and application of synchrotron radiation refraction (SRR) topography. Different from conventional small‐angle scattering cameras with collimating slits and pinholes, scattering angles down to a few seconds of arc are selected by a single‐crystal analyser, similar to a Bonse–Hart diffractometer. A 20 µm spatial resolution of the scattering micro‐structures is achieved by a CCD camera with a fluorescent converter. First SRR topographs of aircraft composites [carbon fibre‐reinforced plastics (CFRP), carbon fibre‐reinforced ceramics (C/C), metal matrix ceramics (MMC)] will be reported. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speeding up of internal excitation calculations and application to x‐ray analysis
Authors: Kocsonya András , Demeter István , Kovács Imre , Szõkefalvi‐Nagy Zoltán 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAn improved calculation method is described for the calculation of internally excited x‐rays. The basis of the method is to express the internal excitation term of a point‐like source by three parameters and to store their precalculated values in a look‐up table. The intensities are taken from this table for the actual values of the parameters instead of calculating them repeatedly on the spot. Therefore, the computational work has been reduced significantly. The results of this calculation are compared with those obtained by standard methods and the speed increment was proved. The method was also tested and validated experimentally for several samples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concentrations and sources of trace elements in particulate air pollution, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, studied by EDXRF
Authors: Bennet C. , Jonsson P. , Selin Lindgren E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTrace elements in near‐ground atmospheric aerosols were investigated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Particles were collected at two sites, one urban and one rural, during two months with different meteorological conditions. The samplers, dichotomous impactors, segregate the particles into two size fractions, fine (PM2.5, da < 2.5 µ m) and coarse (2.5 < da < 10 µ m). A sharp cyclone was used to sample finer particles (PM1, da < 1 µ m). Meteorological parameters were also examined at both sites. An EDXRF spectrometer, based on three‐axial geometry, was used for quantitative elemental analysis. Concentrations of elements heavier than phosphorus were determined. Also, the content of black carbon on the filters was measured with a reflectometer. The elemental concentrations were compared with respect to season and geographical location in the city. The levels of different species in Dar es Salaam were also compared with similar data from other African and European countries. This showed low values of Pb with respect to the size of the city and no legislation on the use of leaded petrol, that often is the main source of lead. High values of Cl were also found, as would be expected in a coastal city. The coarse particles in the air, originating from soil, had a different composition in Dar es Salaam than in Gaborone, Botswana, and the concentration of black carbon was higher than in other cities. On the basis of the data collected, source assignments were made and the following sources found; sea‐spray, soil, city road dust, biomass burning, industries and traffic. Comparing the concentrations of different elements in PM2.5 and PM1 revealed that black carbon, Zn, Pb, K and Br are present only in the smallest particles. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AUTOMORPHISM CRITERIA FOR M*-GROUPS
Authors: Bujalance Emilio , Cirre Francisco-Javier , Turbek Peter 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe prove that the determination of all $M^*$-groups is essentially equivalent to the determination of finite groups generated by an element of order 3 and an element of order 2 or 3 that admit a particular automorphism. We also show how the second commutator subgroup of an $M^*$-group $G$ can often be used to construct $M^*$-groups which are direct products with $G$ as one factor. Several applications of both methods are given.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20D45; 20E36. Secondary 14H37; 30F50
THREE SOLUTIONS FOR A QUASILINEAR TWO-POINT BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEM INVOLVING THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL p-LAPLACIAN
Authors: Averna Diego , Bonanno Gabriele 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper we prove the existence of at least three classical solutions for the problem$$ \left\{ \begin{aligned} \amp-(|u'|^{p-2}u')'=\lambda f(t,u)h(u'), \\ \ampu(a)=u(b)=0, \end{aligned} \right. $$when $\lambda$ lies in an explicitly determined open interval.Our main tool is a very recent three-critical-points theorem stated in a paper by D. Averna and G. Bonanno (Topolog. Meth. Nonlin. Analysis22 (2003), 93–103).AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 34B15
ON BRANCHED COVERINGS OF LENS SPACES
Authors: Barbieri Elena , Spaggiari Fulvia 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe construct some series of polyhedral schemata which represent orientable closed connected 3-manifolds. We show that these manifolds have spines corresponding to certain balanced presentations of their fundamental groups. Then we study some covering properties of such manifolds and prove that many of them are cyclic branched coverings of lens spaces. Our theorems contain a number of published results from various sources as particular cases.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57M12; 57M50; 57M60
ON UPPER-MODULAR SUBALGEBRAS OF A LIE ALGEBRA
Authors: Bowman Kevin , Towers David A. , Varea Vicente R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper is a further contribution to the extensive study by a number of authors of the subalgebra lattice of a Lie algebra. We give some necessary and some sufficient conditions for a subalgebra to be upper modular. For algebraically closed fields of any characteristic these enable us to determine the structure of Lie algebras having abelian upper-modular subalgebras which are not ideals. We then study the structure of solvable Lie algebras having an abelian upper-modular subalgebra which is not an ideal and which has trivial intersection with the derived algebra; in particular, the structure is determined for algebras over the real field. Next we classify non-solvable Lie algebras over fields of characteristic zero having an upper-modular atom which is not an ideal. Finally, it is shown that every Lie algebra over a field of characteristic different from two and three in which every atom is upper modular is either quasi-abelian or a $\mu$-algebra.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 17B05; 17B50; 17B30; 17B20
REMARKS ON IMMERSIONS IN THE METASTABLE DIMENSION RANGE
Authors: Biasi Carlos , Libardi Alice Kimie Miwa 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this work we present a generalization of an exact sequence of normal bordism groups given in a paper by H. A. Salomonsen (Math. Scand.32 (1973), 87–111). This is applied to prove that if $h:M^n\to X^{n+k}$, $5\leq n\lt2k$, is a continuous map between two manifolds and $g:M^n\to BO$ is the classifying map of the stable normal bundle of $h$ such that $(h,g)_*:H_i(M,\mathbb{Z}_2)\to H_i(X\times BO,\mathbb{Z}_2)$ is an isomorphism for $i\lt n-k$ and an epimorphism for $i=n-k$, then $h$ bordant to an immersion implies that $h$ is homotopic to an immersion. The second remark complements the result of C. Biasi, D. L. Gonçalves and A. K. M. Libardi (Topology Applic.116 (2001), 293–303) and it concerns conditions for which there exist immersions in the metastable dimension range. Some applications and examples for the main results are also given.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 57R42. Secondary 55Q10; 55P60
MULTIPLICITY OF POSITIVE SOLUTIONS UNDER NONLINEAR BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR DIFFUSIVE LOGISTIC EQUATIONS
Authors: Umezu Kenichiro 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper we consider the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of a nonlinear elliptic boundary-value problem with nonlinear boundary conditions which arises in population dynamics. While bifurcation problems from lines of trivial solutions are studied, the existence of bifurcation positive solutions from infinity is discussed. The former will be caught by the reduction to a bifurcation equation following the Lyapunov and Schmidt procedure. The latter will be based on a variational argument depending on the corresponding constrained minimization problem.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35J65; 35J20; 35P30; 35B32; 92D25
AN EIGENVALUE PROBLEM FOR A NON-BOUNDED QUASILINEAR OPERATOR
Authors: Carmona José , Suárez Antonio 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn this paper we study the eigenvalues associated with a positive eigenfunction of a quasilinear elliptic problem with an operator that is not necessarily bounded. For that, we use the bifurcation theory and obtain the existence of positive solutions for a range of values of the bifurcation parameter.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 35J60; 35J25. Secondary 35D05
FREE QUANTUM ANALOGUES OF THE FIRST FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF INVARIANT THEORY
Authors: Bichon Julien 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe formulate and prove a free quantum analogue of the first fundamental theorems of invariant theory. More precisely, the polynomial function algebras on matrices are replaced by free algebras, while the universal cosovereign Hopf algebras play the role of the general linear group.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16W30
“SICK MAN OF EUROPE” OR “JAPAN OF THE NEAR EAST”?: CONSTRUCTING OTTOMAN MODERNITY IN THE HAMIDIAN AND YOUNG TURK ERAS
Authors: Worringer Renée 
Published: July 2004

The [Japanese] government, adorned with great intelligence and ideological firmness in progress, has implemented and promoted European [methods] of commerce and industry in its own country, and has turned the whole of Japan into a factory of progress, thanks to many [educational institutions]; it has attempted to secure and develop Japan's capacity for advancement by using means to serve the needs of the society such as benevolent institutions, railways, and in short, innumerable modes of civilization.—Malumat, mouthpiece for Yıldız Palace, 1897We should take note of Japan, this nation which has become rivals with the Great Powers in thirty to forty years. One should pay attention to that—that a nation not separating patriotic public spirit and the good of the homeland from its life is surely such that [though] sustaining wounds, setting out against any type of danger that threatens its existence, it certainly preserves its national independence. The Japanese successes of Port Arthur…are a product of this patriotic zeal.—Şura-yı Ümmet, Ottoman newspaper, Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), 1904While the despot of Turkey and the despot of Russia tremble and hide…it has come to pass in the Far East among this admirable people that, like the Turks, have been treated…as barbarians…[that] the Japanese tended to develop in all the Far East their material and moral influences, “to make themselves the guardians, otherwise the masters, of the yellow world.”…And that is how one has to see this vast intellectual and moral organization…. They whose civilization, achieved in half a century, has become superior to European civilization which has fallen into decay; they who do not have to reproach massacres, who do not have to gag any mouths out of which a liberal word came, who do not have to exile or suppress patriots…. Indeed, for our part, it is this “yellow” civilization that we wish to see universalized because it is the fruit of a principled, faithful and highly intelligent organization, because it is based on a conception of human destinies that excludes holy icons and false sentimentalities, because, above all, it is the daughter of a constitutional government which Ottoman patriots—all their efforts striving for this goal—will conclude by understanding the absolute necessity for the poor Turkish people that Hamidian terrorism be plunged into the mire.—Mechveret Supplément Français, French organ of the CUP, 1905
Differences between systematic reviews and health technology assessments: A trade-off between the ideals of scientific rigor and the realities of policy making
Authors: Rotstein Dalia , Laupacis Andreas 
Published: July 2004

Objectives: To elucidate important differences between a health technology assessment (HTA) and a systematic review, using an HTA of positron emission tomography (PET) as an example.Methods: Interviews with seventeen individuals who were authors or users of the PET HTA.Results: Those interviewed identified seven areas in which HTAs often differ from traditional systematic reviews: (i) methodological standards (HTAs may include literature of relatively poor methodological quality if a topic is of importance to decision-makers), (ii) replication of previous studies (relatively common for HTAs but not systematic reviews), (iii) choice of topics (more policy oriented for HTAs, while systematic reviews tend to be driven by researcher interest), (iv) inclusion of content experts and policy-makers as authors (policy-makers more likely to be included in HTAs, although there are potential conflicts of interest), (v) inclusion of economic evaluations (more often with HTAs, although economic evaluations based upon poor clinical data may not be useful), (vi) making policy recommendations (more likely with HTAs, although this must be done with caution), and (vii) dissemination of the report (more often actively done for HTAs).Conclusions: This case study of an HTA of PET scanning confirms that HTAs are a bridge between science and policy and require a balance between the ideals of scientific rigor and the realities of policy making.
Cost-effectiveness of fracture prevention treatments in the elderly
Authors: Fleurence Rachael L. 
Published: July 2004

Objectives:The cost-effectiveness of fracture prevention treatments (vitamin D and calcium and hip protectors) in male and female populations older than seventy years of age in the United-Kingdom was investigated.Methods:A Markov model was developed to follow up, over lifetime, a hypothetical cohort of males and females at high-risk and general risk of fracture. Patients could sustain hip, wrist, vertebral, and/or other fractures. Fracture rates were obtained from population surveys in the United Kingdom. Effectiveness and quality of life data were identified from the clinical literature. Costs were those incurred by the UK National Health Service, and were obtained from several published sources. Uncertainty was explored through probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Results:In the general-risk female (male) population, the incremental cost per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) was $11,722 ($47,426) for hip protectors. In the male high-risk population, the incremental cost per QALY was $17,017 for hip protectors. In the female high-risk population, hip protectors were cost-saving. Vitamin D and calcium alone was dominated by hip protectors in all four subgroups.Conclusions:Current information available on interventions to prevent fractures in the elderly in the United Kingdom, suggests that, at the decision-maker's ceiling ratio of $20,000 per QALY, hip protectors are cost-effective in the general female population and high-risk male population, and cost-saving in the high-risk female population, despite the low compliance rate with the treatment.
Reassessment of the CAGE questionnaire by ROC/Taguchi methods
Authors: Taner Mehmet Tolga , Antony Jiju 
Published: July 2004

Objectives:The clinical assessment efficiency of the CAGE questionnaire for alcohol abuse based on diagnostic accuracy has not been fully established to date because of the varied and inconclusive gold standards used as diagnostic criteria. CAGE has also been highlighted to miss almost half of the risk-drinkers due to the use of inadequetly set criteria for the positive recognition of alcohol abuse. This study aims to establish the diagnostic accuracy of CAGE at different treatment settings.Methods:A hybrid of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and the Taguchi method was used, as this approach proved to evaluate the diagnostic performance and accuracy in hypothetical clinical settings. Data were used from three cross-clinical treatment settings, i.e., general medicine outpatients, medical inpatients, and psychiatric inpatients, and analyzed by means of a step-wise application of managable number of statistical indices such as the area under the ROC curve (AUC), leveling factor (p′), and signal-to-noise ratios (S/N; standardized S/N [SS/N]).Results:The selected settings yielded similar AUCs but portrayed different trade-offs on the ROC curves signaling the presence of different critical CAGE scores. Analysis of the sensitivity and specificity data of i, ii, iii by p′, S/N, SS/N and their dependent relation resulted in the critical CAGE scores of 1,1, and 2; and high diagnostic accuracy levels of 76.84 percent, 86 percent, and 76.84 percent, respectively.Conclusions:By setting these critical CAGE scores as the minimum detection levels of alcohol abuse, early intervention before the onset of serious alcohol-related problems is possible. This will decrease the health-care costs of the patient and, in addition, reduce the psychological and social burdens inherent to alcohol abuse both on the patient and society. Having its critical scores reliably identified and diagnostic accuracy fully determined, CAGE can now improve the detection rate of problem drinking individuals substantially.
Erratum
Authors: Own Christopher S. , Subramanian Arun K. , Marks Laurence D. 
Published: July 2004

The following shows the correction to Figure 8 that appeared on page
103 of Microscopy and Microanalysis, 10:1, February 2004, in the
article by Own et al. The three sections of Figure 8 were previously
labeled as a, c, and c. The corrected figure below has the sections correctly
labeled as a, b, and c.The Editor and Cambridge University Press regret the inconvenience that
this inadvertent error may have caused.
A Note on the Asymptotic Properties of Affected‐sib‐pair Linkage Tests
Authors: Wang K. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThis article concerns the asymptotic properties of linkage tests for affected‐sib‐pair data under the null hypothesis of no linkage. We consider a popular single‐locus analysis model where the unknown parameters are the disease allele frequency, the three penetrances for the three genotypes at the disease locus, and the recombination fraction between the marker locus and the disease locus. These parameters are completely confounded under the null hypothesis of no linkage. We show that 1) If the total variance of the trait (i.e., the additive variance plus the dominance variance) is “separated” from 0, then the likelihood ratio statistic has an asymptotic 0.5χ20+ 0.5χ21 distribution; 2) If the prevalence of the trait is “separated” from 0 and the recombination fraction is fixed at 0, then the likelihood ratio statistic has an asymptotic distribution which is a mixture of χ20, χ21 and χ22. The implications of these results are discussed.