bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latent and lytic Epstein‐Barr virus replication strategies
Authors: Tsurumi Tatsuya , Fujita Masatoshi , Kudoh Ayumi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) can choose between two alternative lifestyles; latent or lytic replication. In the latent state, the EBV genomic DNA, which exists as a closed circular plasmid, appears to behave just like host chromosomal DNA and it has been demonstrated recently that replication of OriP‐containing plasmids is indeed dependent on the chromosomal initiation factors, ORC2 and Cdt1. On the other hand, in the viral productive cycle, the EBV genome is amplified 100‐ to 1000‐fold by the viral replication machinery. EBV productive DNA replication occurs at discrete sites in nuclei, called replication compartments and the lytic programme arrests cell cycle progression and changes the cellular environment greatly. It has been revealed recently that the EBV lytic programme promotes an S‐phase like cellular condition, which most favours viral lytic replication. This review describes recent advances regarding the molecular basis of EBV DNA replication during latent and lytic infections and then refers to cellular circumstances after induction of the lytic replication of EBV. Based on the molecular mechanism for the EBV lifestyle, purposeful induction of the lytic form of EBV infection is now advocated as one of the strategies for specific destruction of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated malignancies where the virus is latently infected. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should the sociology of science be rated X?
Authors: Allchin Douglas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStephen Brush once asked, “Should the history of science be rated ‘X’” Well, times have changed. Now controversy reigns over the role of sociology in the science classroom. Here, I profile several dimensions of the sociology of science and survey recent efforts by philosophers to address its most radical claims. In respecting the opposing poles of this contentious debate, I contend that it is possible to chart a path between the Scylla of scientism and the Charybdis of relativism. Most notably, educators must differentiate between the normative and descriptive elements of the ‘nature of science’—and teach both. Further, they must go beyond the rhetoric of tentativeness and fallibility in science by describing just when and how individual scientists and/or a scientific community can err—and how they identify and remedy their errors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:934–946, 2004
The hedonic response to cigarette smoking is proportional to dopamine release in the human striatum as measured by positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride
Authors: Barrett Sean P. , Boileau Isabelle , Okker Johanna , Pihl Robert O. , Dagher Alain 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPositron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride were used to assess the dopaminergic response to cigarette smoking in ten smokers. Nicotine‐deprived smokers were scanned twice on separate days. In one condition, participants smoked their usual brand of cigarettes while in the scanner and in the other condition they remained nicotine abstinent. On each day, subjects monitored the hedonic properties of their experience as well as their levels of craving. Initial analyses revealed no significant differences between the conditions in [11C]raclopride binding potential (BP) in the caudate, putamen, or ventral striatum. Because previous research suggested that drug‐induced dopamine transmission is related to levels of craving and/or hedonic drug effects, the relationship between these variables and [11C]raclopride BP was examined. Craving levels were reduced by smoking but were not systematically related to BP change. However, the hedonic response to smoking was correlated with BP reduction in the caudate (P < 0.001) and posterior putamen (P < 0.05) but not in the ventral striatum. Post hoc analyses revealed that only five of the ten smokers reported mood‐elevating effects in response to the smoking procedure. In these subjects, smoking was associated with decreased [11C]raclopride BP in the caudate. On the other hand, among subjects that reported a diminished mood response to smoking there was an increase in BP in the caudate and putamen. These results suggest that pleasurable drug experiences are associated with increased dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum while unpleasant experiences may be related to decreased dopamine release in this region. Synapse 54:65–71, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pakistani adolescents’ coping with stress: effect of loss of a parent and gender of adolescents
Authors: Kausar Rukhsana , Munir Rukhsana 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study examined the effect of parental loss and gender of adolescents on their coping with stress. Sample included those adolescents who had either of their parents died (N=40) and those having both living parents (N=40). It was hypothesized that adolescents with one parent alive would differ in their ways of coping with stress compared to those who have both living parents. It was also hypothesized that there would be gender differences in adolescents’ coping. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ, Kausar, 1996) was used to assess adolescents’ coping. Data was analysed using t‐test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Analyses showed that avoidance‐focused coping was the most frequently used and active distractive coping was the least frequently used strategy by the adolescents. Adolescents with both living parents employed more active distractive and religious‐focused coping compared to those with one parent alive. Girls employed significantly more strategies to cope with stress compared to boys. Results also revealed interactive effect of parental loss and gender on coping strategies used by adolescents. The findings suggest that death of either of the parents and gender of the adolescent is important determinants of the ways adolescents deal with stress.
Quasi-neutral limit for a viscous capillary model of plasma
Authors: Bresch Didier , Desjardins Benoît , Ducomet Bernard 
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this work is to study the quasi-neutral limit of a viscous capillary model of plasma expressed as a so-called Navier–Stokes–Poisson–Korteweg model. The existence of global weak solutions for a given Debye length

λ

is obtained in a periodic box domain

\mathrm{T}^{3}

or a strip domain

\mathrm{T}^{2} \times (0\text{,}1)

. The convergence when

λ

goes to zero to solutions to the compressible capillary Navier–Stokes equations, in the torus

\mathrm{T}^{3}

, turns out to be global in time in energy norm.

Résumé

Le but de ce travail est d'étudier la limite quasi-neutre d'un modèle de plasma que l'on désignera comme le modèle de Navier–Stokes–Poisson–Korteweg. L'existence de solutions globales faibles, pour une longueur de Debye

λ

fixée, est obtenue dans un domaine périodique

\mathrm{T}^{3}

ou un domaine de type bande

\mathrm{T}^{2} \times (0\text{,}1)

. La convergence quand

λ

tend vers 0 vers les solutions des équations de Navier–Stokes capillaires compressibles, dans le tore

\mathrm{T}^{3}

, est alors globale en temps.
Role of caveolin‐1 and cytoskeletal proteins, actin and vimentin, in adipogenesis of bovine intramuscular preadipocyte cells
Authors: Takenouchi Takato , Miyashita Norikazu , Ozutsumi Kyohei , Rose Michael T. , Aso Hisashi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe investigated the involvement of caveolin‐1 and the cytoskeletal proteins, actin and vimentin, in the adipogenesis of bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cells. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that levels of caveolin‐1 and actin gradually increased during adipose conversion in BIP cells, whereas a slight decrease was observed for vimentin. We found that part of the vimentin was clearly distributed to caveolin‐1‐enriched membrane fractions in BIP cells, but actin was not. During adipogenesis of BIP cells, treatment with the tubulin depolymerizer, nocodazole, significantly increased intracellular triglyceride accumulation compared to non‐treated cells. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that actin microfilaments were significantly disrupted in nocodazole‐treated cells. Also, a decrease in the localization of vimentin in caveolin‐1‐enriched fractions and a failure of vimentin to co‐immunoisolate with caveolin‐1 were observed in nocodazole‐treated cells. These results suggest that a rearrangement of cytoskeletal proteins has a role in the intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets during adipogenesis of BIP cells.
Exposure to 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on postnatal days 11–20 induces reference but not working memory deficits in the Morris water maze in rats: implications of prior learning
Authors: Vorhees Charles V. , Reed Tracy M. , Skelton Matthew R. , Williams Michael T. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in previous experiments has been shown to induce long‐term spatial and sequential learning and memory deficits in adult offspring after exposure to the drug on postnatal (P) days 11–20, but not after exposure on P1–10. Herein we further tested for the effects of MDMA (0, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg × 2/day) after exposure on P11–20 on reference and working memory in the Morris water maze (MWM), on reference memory in the Barnes maze, and on cued learning in the visible platform version of the MWM. The MWM and Barnes mazes were counterbalanced such that half the litters received the MWM‐first and the other half received the Barnes maze first. Effects on MWM performance as a function of test order were observed. For animals that received the Barnes maze first, spatial MWM learning and memory trends were seen but they were not significantly different between MDMA groups and saline controls. For those receiving the MWM‐first, there are consistent impairments on all measures in the MDMA groups compared to controls on MWM performance (latency, path length, and cumulative distance from the goal). On probe trials, MDMA animals receiving the MWM‐first showed increased distance from the target site compared to controls. There were no MDMA effects seen on cued trials in the MWM or on straight channel swimming trials regardless of test order, indicating that MDMA had no effects on swimming ability or on the skills needed to learn the MWM. Similarly, there were no effects of MDMA on MWM working memory regardless of test order. No MDMA effects on the Barnes maze were found regardless of test order, however, the interpretation of this finding was compromised by the poor performance of the animals on this task.
Differentiating stress urinary incontinence from urge urinary incontinence
Authors: Dwyer P.L 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUrinary incontinence (UI) is any involuntary leakage of urine and can be further defined according to the patient's symptoms or complaints. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the complaint of involuntary leakage on effort or exertion, or on sneezing or coughing. Urge urinary incontinence (UUI) is characterized by the complaint of involuntary leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency. Mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) is the presence of both SUI and UUI symptoms. In order to effectively treat UI, an accurate diagnosis is necessary since treatment of SUI or UUI is very different. Assessment obtaining a detailed medical history includes making general assessments taking into account quality of life (QoL), performing an appropriate physical examination with cough stress test; and simple investigations namely a urinary diary, urine analysis and post‐void residual assessment and, occasionally, simple urodynamics. These assessments should suffice to commence conservative treatment. Multichannel urodynamics are required in patients presenting with more complicated UI and prior to surgery.
OCTN2 mutation (R254X) found in Saudi Arabian kindred: Recurrent mutation or ancient founder mutation?
Authors: Lamhonwah A.‐M. , Onizuka R. , Olpin S. E. , Muntoni F. , Tein I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: The truncating R254X mutation in the OCTN2 gene results in defective high‐affinity carnitine transport and has been previously described as a founder mutation in the Chinese population. We now report a Saudi Arabian kindred with this same mutation, suggesting that it may be a recurrent mutation or a very ancient founder mutation. Western blot analysis of skin fibroblast lysates from the proband with our specific anti‐murine Octn2 antibody revealed the absence of the OCTN2 protein.
Head imaging abnormalities in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Enns G. M. , Barkovich A. J. , van Kuilenburg A. B. P. , Manning M. , Sanger T. , Witt D. R. , van Gennip A. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of pyrimidine metabolism. Patients may present with a wide range of neurological symptoms during the first years of life. Head imaging abnormalities have been reported only rarely and include diffuse cerebral atrophy and white‐matter hyperintensity. The pathogenesis of the white‐matter abnormalities is unknown, although environmental factors and altered energy metabolism may be involved. To further understanding of the spectrum of brain abnormalities associated with DPD deficiency, we report a 17‐month‐old girl, born to a consanguineous Pakistani couple, who had a history of encephalopathy, prolonged hypoventilation, developmental delay and failure to thrive. Head MRI showed prominent sulci and abnormal T2 prolongation in the cerebral white matter and brainstem. Thus, DPD deficiency may feature prominent brain abnormalities involving the cerebral white matter and brainstem. Anoxic stress may have contributed to the clinical presentation and brain findings in this case. In order to define more clearly the contribution of DPD deficiency to the pathogenesis of these MRI abnormalities, we recommend performing detailed analysis of urine pyrimidine metabolites in patients who have such findings.
Early cirrhosis in a patient with type I citrullinaemia (CTLN1)
Authors: Güçer Ş. , Aşan E. , Atilla P. , Tokatl A. , Çağlar M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: A 17‐month‐old girl with type I classical citrullinaemia (CTLN1) presenting with early cirrhosis and unusual ultrastructural features of the liver is reported. The patient is homozygous for a splicing mutation in intron 15 of the argininosuccinate synthase gene.
Coping Strategies in Early and Mid-Adolescence
Authors: Plancherel Bernard , Bolognini Monique , Halfon Olivier 
Published: August 2004

The way an adolescent handles different internal and external sources of stress depends partially on coping strategies. The aim of this study is to answer the following questions: Do coping strategies vary according to age and gender? And do relationships between coping and mental health vary according to age? Participants in this study consist of a community sample (N = 140; 73 girls and 67 boys, 11 through 15 years of age) in an urban area of the French-speaking part of Switzerland. The population was divided into two groups: a subsample of 70 subjects with a mean age of 12.25 years (early adolescents) and a subsample of 70 subjects with a mean age of 13.75 years (mid-adolescents). Coping was measured by the A-COPE ( Patterson & McCubbin, 1987 ).Findings show that there are less family-oriented coping strategies and more relaxing strategies in mid-adolescents compared to early adolescents. Girls more often use social relationships as well as ventilating feelings and self-reliance, whereas boys more often use liesure. It appears that coping strategies are more useful in mid-adolescents. The buffer hypothesis is confirmed in this latter group, but not in the early-adolescent group.
Cell detachment and apoptosis induction of immortalized human prostate epithelial cells are associated with early accumulation of a 45 kDa nuclear isoform of clusterin
Authors: CACCAMO Alessandro E. , SCALTRITI Maurizio , CAPORALI Andrea , D'ARCA Domenico , SCORCIONI Francesca , ASTANCOLLE Serenella , MANGIOLA Massimo , BETTUZZI Saverio 
Published: August 2004

Clusterin, ubiquitously distributed in mammalians, was cloned and identified as the most potently induced gene during rat prostate involution following androgen deprivation. Also found to be involved in many other patho-physiological processes, its biological significance is still controversial, particularly with regard to apoptosis. We previously showed that transient over-expression of clusterin blocked cell cycle progression of simian-virus-40-immortalized human prostate epithelial cell lines PNT1A and PNT2. We show in the present study that the accumulation of an intracellular 45 kDa clusterin isoform was an early event closely associated with death of PNT1A cells caused by cell detachment followed by apoptosis induction (anoikis). Cell morphological changes, decreased proliferation rate and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1–S-phase checkpoint were all strictly associated with the production and early translocation to the nucleus of a 45 kDa clusterin isoform. Later, nuclear clusterin was found accumulated in detached cells and apoptotic bodies. These results suggest that a 45 kDa isoform of clusterin, when targeted to the nucleus, can decrease cell proliferation and promotes cell-detachment-induced apoptosis, suggesting a possible major role for clusterin as an anti-proliferative gene in human prostate epithelial cells.
Senegalese émigrés: new information & communication technologies
Authors: Tall Serigne Mansour 
Published: August 2004

Emigration from Senegal increased rapidly between 1980 and 1990, and its economic and social implications grew in significance. These migratory flows diversified in terms of their departure points and destinations, making complex the challenge of preserving relationships with families at home. As Senegalese emigrated to countries with fewer links to Senegal, the need to find ways of maintaining long-distance relationships became more urgent.
How do the émigrés appropriate New Information and Communications Technologies (NICT)? How do the new technologies provide for financial transfers without the physical movement of funds? What role do the émigrés play in the penetration of new technologies in certain disadvantaged sectors? What are the economic and social implications of this advance of NICTs? Tall shows that the types of use made of the new technologies follow from a complex process of appropriation that can make a highly personal tool such as the cellular telephone into a collective instrument to bring a village out of its isolation and connect it with the world.
Tall concludes that the emergence of the new technologies and their appropriation by émigrés creates new social configurations both in the new home and in the community of origin, and contributes to the emergence of new spatial understandings.
The effects of peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis on serum tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10 and C‐reactive‐protein levels
Authors: Borazan Ali , Ustün Hasan , Ustundag Yucel , Aydemir Selim , Bayraktaroglu Taner , Sert Mehmet , Yilmaz Ahmet 
Published: August 2004

BACKGROUND: Markers of an acute phase reaction, such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) or tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐6, are predictive for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in normal subjects and in chronic renal failure patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10 and CRP levels in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD) patients.Materials and methods: Serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10 and CRP levels were measured in 30 patients who were just diagnosed with end‐stage renal failure and treated, with 16 CAPD (nine female, seven male) and 14 HD (eight female, six male) patients, before CAPD or HD treatment and after 3 months from the beginning of CAPD or HD in patients with no clinical signs of infection. The control groups were 20 healthy persons of similar age and sex. Serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10 and CRP were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in stable CAPD and HD patients and in healthy persons.Results: The mean serum levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10 and CRP showed no significant differences between the CAPD and HD patients for the beginning values and the third month of treatment. However, serum TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐10 and CRP levels were higher than the control group in the CAPD and HD patients regarding the beginning values and the third month of treatment (p < 0.001).Conclusions: CAPD and HD of the renal replacement therapy have no effects on serum CRP and cytokines.
Involvement of prostaglandins in inflammation induced by latex of Calotropis procera
Authors: Kumar Vijay L. , Shivkar Yatin M. 
Published: August 2004

INTRODUCTION: The aerial parts of the plant Calotropis procera produce milky white latex that causes inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes. Prostaglandins are one of the mediators released in an inflammatory response following induction of cyclooxygenase (COX). In the present study, we have evaluated the role of prostaglandins in inflammatory response elicited by the latex of C. procera.Methods: Aqueous extract of dried latex of C. procera was injected into the 6‐day air‐pouch in the rat. The inflammatory response was evaluated by studying the air‐pouch fluid for its volume, protein and prostaglandin (PG) E2 concentrations, and leucocyte counts. The granulation tissue from the pouch was quantified and studied for COX‐2 expression by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The inhibitory effect of celecoxib and dexamethasone was evaluated on the aforementioned parameters.Results: Dried latex produced an inflammatory response that was maximum at 6 h. It was associated with the accumulation of protein‐rich fluid, leucocytes and PGE2 production. It also resulted in granulation of the pouch cavity that was a maximum on day 3. COX‐2 expression could be detected in the granulation tissue on day 1 and it increased progressively up to day 5. The anti‐inflammatory drugs celecoxib and dexamethasone significantly attenuated the inflammatory response and inhibited COX‐2 expression in granulation tissue.Conclusions: Latex of C. procera induces an inflammatory response characterized by an early exudative phase accompanied by PGE2 production and a late proliferative phase associated with COX‐2 induction. Both the phases were effectively inhibited by COX‐2 inhibitors.