bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SWISS‐2DPAGE, ten years later
Authors: Hoogland Christine , Mostaguir Khaled , Sanchez Jean‐Charles , Hochstrasser Denis F. , Appel Ron D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe SWISS‐2DPAGE database was established in 1993 and is maintained collaboratively by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and the Biomedical Proteomics Research Group (BPRG) of the Geneva University Hospital. During these years, SWISS‐2DPAGE underwent constant modification and improvement. Current content includes about 4000 identified spots corresponding to 1200 different protein entries in 36 reference maps from human, mouse, Arabidopsis thaliana, Dictyostelium discoideum, Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus aureus origins. With a high level of annotation and integration with other relevant databases, SWISS‐2DPAGE is a reference source in the proteomics world. Queries to SWISS‐2DPAGE database currently reach 1000 hits per day.
Antimicrobial polymers containing melamine derivatives. I. Preparation and characterization of chloromelamine‐based cellulose
Authors: Braun Martha , Sun Yuyu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA reactive melamine derivative, 2‐amino‐4‐chloro‐6‐hydroxy‐s‐triazine (ACHT), was synthesized through the controlled hydrolysis of 2‐amino‐4,6‐dichloro‐s‐triazine. The reaction was characterized with Fourier transform infrared study and elemental analysis. ACHT could react with cotton cellulose at room temperature with a cold‐pad‐batch treatment process. Upon chlorination reactions, the amino group of covalently bound ACHT could be transformed into an N‐halamine structure, providing potent, durable, and rechargeable antimicrobial activities against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. The chlorination mechanism and the structure–property relationship of the treated samples were further examined. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3818–3827, 2004
Chemical reactivity evaluation: The CCPS program
Authors: West A. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA summary is presented of the chemical reactivity evaluation aspects of the soon to be published “Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design” developed under the sponsorship of the Center for Chemical Process Safety. Emphasis is placed on strategies for thermochemical evaluation of industrial chemical substances.Certain structural entities, for example, high degrees of unsaturation and nitrogenhalogen linkages, will likely identify hazardous reactive chemicals. The effects of impurities in the chemicals, as well as, for example, incidental contact with water and air (oxygen), must also be considered in the evluation of potential reactivity hazards, representing undesired reactions.Various test methods are indicated briefly along with the rationale for use of specific methods in hazard evaluation.
Simulation of the Thorney Island Dense Gas Trial No. 8, using the code ADREA‐HF
Authors: Andronopoulos S. , Bartzis J. G. , Würtz J. , Asimakopoulos D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn the framework of the evaluation of the three‐dimensional, finite volume code ADREAHF, a computational simulation of the Thorney Island Dense Gas Trial No. 8 is performed. A one‐equation turbulence closure scheme is adopted in this first approach. The results of the simulation are compared with the experimental data in the form of concentration‐time histories. The model predictions are satisfactory, with a tendency of the model to underestimate the maximum gas concentration and the time of its occurrence. The differences between model predictions and experimental data can be reduced by taking into account concentration fluctuations, utilization of finer numerical grids and improvements of the turbulence modelling.
ARCO chemical's HAZOP experience
Authors: Sweeney Joseph C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOf all the analytical tools available to the process safety professional, perhaps the most critical are those used to identify and analyze process hazards. Such tools have been collectively referred to as “Hazard Evaluation Procedures” by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) and as techniques for “Process Hazard Analysis” (PHA) by the Occupational, Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).One of the best known PHA tools, the Hazard and Operability or HAZOP study, emerged over two decades ago in ICI, U.K., and its use has since spread over six continents. In 1979, ARCO Chemical piloted its first HAZOP and since then, HAZOPs have become the backbone of the company's Process Hazards Review procedure.Repeated use of the HAZOP technique since 1979 has resulted in an affirmation that to be “successful”, much more was needed than simply executing the HAZOP technique. Success is dependent upon the preparation and planning effort that precedes the HAZOP, and the follow‐up activity that ensures implementation of study findings. Unlike the study technique, little information was available in 1979 on how to design the framework, or management system, that was needed to support the use of this tool.The purpose of this paper is shift focus from executing the HAZOP technique to that framework, by presenting insights that have accumulated from using the technique in ARCO Chemical, especially during the period 1979 through 1986. These were the formative years, during which the company's advancement on the learning curve was most noticeable. These were the years that convinced the company that successful HAZOP studies do not just happen; success comes from building the right management system. Success must be defined and assured at each step in a Process Hazards Review procedure, of which executing the HAZOP technique is only one.
Prediction of ammonia releases using ADREA‐AF code
Authors: Statharas J. C. , Bartizis J. G. , Venetsanos A. , Würtz J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe ADREA‐HF code is a 3‐D time dependent finite volume code for vapour cloud dispersion under development at NCSR “DEMOKRITOS” and JRC ISPRA. ADREA‐HF is especially suitable for complex terrain and is also designed to treat liquid phase change in the vapour cloud (two phase releases). The fluid dynamics and thermodynamics are described by the mixture mass, momentum and internal energy equations whereas mass conservation of the heavy fluid component is fulfilled through a separate mass transport equation. The system is assumed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, but the liquid and gas phases can have different velocitites. The present work falls within the framework of the code validation for two phase relases. The experiment selected for comparision was the DT1 Run from the Desert Tortoise ammonia spill series of experiments. The results are given in terms of ammonia concentrations as well as temperatures. The comparison with the experimental data is discussed.
Hazard resolutions in sulfur plants from design through start up
Authors: Kolodji Brian P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLessons from a hazard and operability review (HAZOP) can be vital to safe operations throughout the life of any plant [1]. These lessons can come at a very high price. But, as the popular Mercedes Benz ad goes, “there are some secrets too valuable not to share,” In this paper incidents are documented at different phases of a type of plant's development. The phases of development include design/construction, initial startup, and normal operation. The type of plant of concern is the sulfur recovery unit in a refinery. How the finds impacted each project are detailed with resolutions and insights of the importance of performing a HAZOP with individuals intimately familar with the plant, with adequate preparation (meaning having available up‐to‐date and complete documentation), and following through in a systematic and thorough fashion. Also the importance of HAZOP updates throughout the plant's life are emphasized.
Accident prevention and the clean air act amendments of 1990 with particular reference to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Kaiser Geoffrey D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Sections of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 that refer to accident prevention are to be found in Title III. Two significant requirements of the CAAA in this respect relate to the responsibilities of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has promulgated a new Process Safety Management (PSM) standard and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which at the time of writing, is developing Risk Management Program (RMP) regulations. The focus of this paper is on how the requirements of the CAAA may affect the reasons for performing a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) or may affect the results of QRA.In order to limit the discussion, this paper focuses on HF. First, the CAAA requires that the EPA assess the hazards associated with HF: the EPA's current draft report is discussed. Second, a generic assessment of the risks associated with the use of HF is given, with emphasis on alkylation units in refineries. The principal contributors to risk will be listed. Finally, an assessment of OSHA's PSM standard 29 CFR 1910.119, the related requirements of state laws such as California's Risk Management and Prevention Program and the potential requirements of EPA's Risk Management Program will be given, including an assessment of how these requirements may influence quantitative estimates of risk.
Case study of a hydrogen peroxide related deflagration in a wastewater treatment tank
Authors: Wehrum William L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOn August 3, 1991, at about 12:20 pm, a deflagration occurred inside a wastewater treatment tank at the Allied‐Signal Delaware Plant. The tank was being used to hold treated wastewater prior to discharge to the plant process sewer system. One minor injury occurred as a result of the deflagration. The tank sustained damage to its manway, conservation assembly, and inlet and discharge piping. The building in which the tank was located had to have relief panels and roofing replaced and required repairs to the walls where the roof girders separated from the masonry.The exact cause of the deflagration is not known. Investigation of the incident indicated that the source of the deflagration was ignition of flammable vapors in the head space of the tank. The three most likely sources of ignition each involved the presence and use of hydrogen peroxide in the process.
Current research at TNO on vapor cloud explosion modelling
Authors: Merex W. P. M. , van Wees R. M. M. , Opschoor G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe experimental and theoretical research on vapor cloud explosions, performed at TNO Prins Maurits Laboratory, is discussed within the framework of the simple model for explosion blast prediction, the Multi‐Energy Method. This research is focused on the influence of obstacles and confinement present in the vapor cloud on flame acceleration and overpressure production. This led to the development of the CFD code for reactive mixtures REAGAS3D. The research is mainly performed within multi‐sponsor projects and is carried out in collaboration with other laboratories from various European countries.Further, the effect of vapor cloud explosions on constructions are discussed. The 3Dcode ABAQUS is used to quantify these effects.
Measuring performance and effectiveness of process safety management
Authors: Schreiber Sanford 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper was originally presented at a CEC (Commission of the European Communities) Seminar held in Ravello, Italy, in October 1993, on Safety Management Systems in the Process Industry. The Seminar was held in the framework of the “Working Group 4—Major Accident Prevention Policies, Management Systems Including Audition” which is a Technical Working Group established by the Committee of National Competent Authorities for the Implementation of Directive 82/501/EEC on Major Accident Hazards of Certain Industrial Activities. The Seminar was open to participation of experts in Safety Management Systems from competent authorities as well as industry. Participants came from eleven Member States of the EC and USA. The purpose of the seminar was to provide up‐to‐date information to the members of WG 4 in order to achieve their mandate to develop guidance in relation to major accident prevention policies and management systems including auditing.
Reliability of interlocking systems
Authors: Freeman Raymond A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe design of high integrity interlock systems involves more than the simple specification of high‐quality components. Redundancy of components is often used as a strategy to improve the reliability of an interlock system. This paper uses quantitative reliability engineering methods to explore the relationships of component reliability, time between proof tests, redundancy and common cause failures to overall system performance. The paper demonstrates that addition to redundancy often, but not always, improves the reliability of an interlock system. The paper also demonstrates how common cause failures can greatly reduce the chances of an interlock system performing when needed.
New revised VDI guideline 3673 “Pressure release of dust explosions”
Authors: Siwek Richard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe VDI Guideline 3673 “Pressure Release of Dust Explosions” published in June 1979 [1] describes one of the possible constructional protective measures against the effect of dust explosions and provides details on the venting area requirements of vessels and silos. Thanks to the results of extensive explosion trials conducted in the last ten years on the problems addressed above, important gaps in our knowledge have been filled and new findings gained which have made a revision of the above guidline necessary. The contents of the new version are reported and attention drawn to modifications compared with the first version.
Inherently safer plants: Practical applications
Authors: Englund Stanley M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA considerable amount of information has been published in the area of “Inherently Safe Design” of chemical facilities. It is the purpose of this article to address some specific applications of “Inherently Safer” methods that have been used successfully in the design of chemical process plants. The objective is to reduce potential risk of harm or loss to people, the environment, and property.
Ignition behavior of dusts: Meaning and interpretation
Authors: Siwek Richard , Cesana Christoph 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe minimum ignition energy and minimum ignition temperature of dust‐air‐mixtures are important technical safety indices. They are used for the assessment of the efficacy of the ignition sources expected in dust‐air mixtures. First of all, the test apparatus and the determination procedures are introduced, including the significant parameters on the mentioned indices. Finally, the correlations are described between—the minimum ignition energy and the efficacy of electrostatic sparks, —the minimum ignition energy and the minimum ignition temperature and the mechanically generated sparks on the on hand, the limiting oxygen concentration and the limiting gap width of combustible dusts on the other hand, —the minimum ignition temperature and hot steel surfaces (mechanically generated hot surfaces) or glowing particle nests surfaces.
Successful system design through integrating engineering and human factors
Authors: McCafferty Denise B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOver the past decade increased public concern and governmental regulatory agency action has been directed at the industry as a result of major accidents around the world. Such accidents have resulted in multiple personnel injuries, fatalities and/or environmental damage. Post‐incident investigation of accidents such as those experienced by Phillips Petroleum Company, ARCO, Union Carbide, and Occidental Petroleum have made it clear that the source of these failures is often “human error.” For example, one study found that 80% of all accidents involving offshore oil and gas facilities in the U.S. were human‐induced, and 80% of those occurred during operation. Based on these statistics the engineering community and corporate management has begun to recognize that specialists (e.g., ergonomists, human factors specialists) trained to match human capabilities and limitations to the engineering requirements of a system, can make significant contributions toward overall system safety and performance. Working together, engineers and ergonomists/human factors specialists can, and have, created designs which effectively match the best of the human and machine capabilities to create operational hardware and software which reduces the potential for human error and increases overall system reliability. This paper shows how human factors and engineering can be successfully integrated in the process industry environment. Basic human factors concepts integral to system design are presented.
The relative risk of pressurized and refrigerated storage for six chemicals
Authors: Marshall John , Mundt Art , Hult Mike , McKealvy Tom , Meyers Phil , Sawyer Jim 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the relative risk associated with two methods of storage, pressurized and refrigerated, for six different chemicals. The study was done under the technical guidance of DNV Technica who provided example methodology (Off site Pressurized Ethylene Oxide) and reviewed all the cases.
CMMS: Five steps to ensure workability
Authors: Travis Darrell 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSince the early 1980s, CMMS has been clearly defined as Computerized Maintenance Management Systems. By definition, CMMS has some huge short falls. I begin by breakage down the acronym and then, give you the path forward, that has been demonstrated to ensure success. For people that need the answer right away, skip directly to the “Systems,” Section.
Improving the operator's capabilities during abnormal operations; observations from the control house
Authors: Emigholz Kenneth F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractImproving the prevention and response to abnormal operations is one of the highest goals in the petrochemical industry. Especially for those events not caused by sudden mechanical failures, the effectiveness of the plant operating team is crucial in preventing events (through early detection) and responding quickly to contain the effects.As a continuing practice, a site can improve the operating teams effectiveness by incorporating consideration of abnormal operations in the design of the operating team's work and information environment. Among others, this includes the control house layout, the process control applications, the human/control system interface, the size and skills of the operating team, the training program, etc.For the long term, the innovative use of technology combined with a restructuring of the operating team's role to take advantage of this technology is expected to provide the opportunity for dramatic improvement.
Modeling of panel inertia effects in vented dust explosions
Authors: Tamanini Francesco 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCurrent guidelines for sizing of vents in dust explosions deal with panel inertia effects either by suggesting that the issue be approached experimentally on a case‐by‐case basis (VDI 3673) or by recommending a maximum mass per unit area (NFPA 68). This empirical approach to the problem is surprising, given that this aspect of explosion venting should be easily amenable to analytical treatment. From this assessment, an analysis of vent panel dynamics was carried out based on a simplified explosion model, which has also been used to develop a generalized vent sizing correlation. The main result of the analysis is the identification of a dimensionless parameter which fully characterizes the effects associated with the inertia of the panel. This inertia parameter includes: the reactivity of the mixture; the volume of the enclosure; the mass of the vent per unit area; the number of equal panels on the vented volume; and a panel shape factor. The analysis has quanitified the intuitive expectation that the mass per unit area of the panel is not a property that should be considered in isolation, and that panel inertia effects are more important the more reactive the mixture and the smaller the volume. The predictions from the model have been validated by comparison with available data for both dust and gas explosions. The extensive validation work that has supported their development provides confidence that the design correlations derived from the analysis can be used reliably to account for an effect that is either neglected or referred to testing by existing guidelines.
Hot work on a steam condenser ignites a titanium tube bundle fire: A case history
Authors: Mahnken Glenn E. , Rook Michael T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe flammability of titanium chips, fines, and powders is widely recognized. Titanium alloy tubing is much more difficult to ignite. However, as this paper describes, titanium tubing in heat exchangers is subject to ignition as a result of hot work operations. Explosions can follow if water is applied to the burning titanium.A fire consumed the titanium tube bundle of a steam turbine condenser during demolition work in a decommissioned power plant. The titanium fire is believed to have initiated by contact with hot steel slag from torch cutting which was being conducted to remove sections of the steel condenser casing above the tube bundle. The approximately 25 ft long bundle was essentially consumed end‐to‐end, including the tube sheets.A fire watch had been stationed as part of the plant's Hot Work Permit System, but the initial phase of the fire was obscured from view. Workers reported a bright yellow flame coming from inside the south end of the tube bundle. Water application on the fire by workers and the local fire department was followed by explosions within the tube bundle and discharge pipes. Fortunately, no injuries or property damages occurred from this incident.Loss lessons from this and two similar titanium heat exchanger fires are presented. The initiating conditions for these fires are discussed.
LFL estimates for crude oil vapors from relief tank vents
Authors: Petersen Ronald L. , Watson Kevin D. , Roehner Richard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn 1970, the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company was formed to manage the design, costruction, operation and maintenance of the Trans‐Alaska Pipeline System. The 800 mile long pipeline carries crude oil from Prudhoe Bay on the North Slope to Port Valdez on Prince William Sound. There are 11 pump stations located along the pipeline, each of which is equipped with a crude oil relief tank. Because of the potential flammable nature of the crude oil vapors being vented from the tanks, Alyeska wanted to determine the region surrounding the tanks within which the lower flammable limit (LFL) could be exceeded. Because numerical models cannot accurately model the flow near structures, especially for dense gases (as is the case here), wind tunnel modeling was conducted to provide more accurate distance to LFL estimates. The wind tunnel model simulations were also used to judge the effect of various modeling parameters (i.e., site specific configurations, release scenarios and meteorological conditions), and to assist in possible future refinements to numerical models. Field observations were also obtained at one of the pump stations for the purpose of validating the wind tunnel modeling. The project, wind tunnel scaling methods, experimental methods, concentration measurement results, distance to LFL estimates and comparison between the field and wind tunnel observations are described in this paper.