bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histories of the Self, the World, and the Sermon
Authors: Bennett Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reads the dreamer’s encounter with Anima, culminating in the first inner dream and the vision of the Tree of Charity. Anima helps to recuperate the dreamer’s sense of his own identity at a moment of spiritual and personal crisis, by encouraging him first to narrate the story of his own life, and then to understand his life in the larger story of Christian eschatology. He employs the exegetical distinctiones that were often found in sermons as a stimulus to narrative interpretation, while in the inner dream, events at the Tree of Charity itself show how a new conception of history can emerge from a set of distinctiones like this. Anima synthesizes and integrates many different forms of narrative into a cohesive whole, but he also models a more radical, experimental use of narrative: Anima discusses the preaching of Mohammed, and considers several different models from the history of Christian evangelism that might successfully convert Muslims to Christianity.
Coda
Authors: Bennett Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Coda considers the sixth vision, where Langland dramatizes the crucifixion and the harrowing of hell. This part of the poem employs tropes and images that were familiar from medieval sermons to imagine a moment in time before Christian preaching was possible. In his triumphant speech at the harrowing, Christ performs an act of emplotment that resolves the debates about the atonement in this vision, and that establishes, as though for the first time, the story that later preachers would tell.
Custom and Convention at the Foundations of Law
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The creation of law cannot be authorized by law ‘all the way down’. Its ultimate foundations lie in a complex of acts and attitudes among its officials. These amount to customary norms. Some legal philosophers go further and argue that these customs are conventions in the sense that they solve complex problems of cooperation. This chapter explores the strengths and weakness of that view, concluding that it must be rejected. The basis of law lies in various customary norms that legal officials treat as obligatory. Conventions are never in themselves obligatory. But this is not because they fail to explain the ‘normativity of law’. Properly understood, there is no such puzzle to explain. Conventions are norms of the wrong structure. At base, law is as much about conflict as it is about consensus. Conventionalism is a misleadingly consensual view of law.
Gender and Jurisprudence
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Theories of gender are relevant to the study of law because gender norms shape the content and application of law. Are such theories also relevant to general jurisprudence? This chapter raises doubts. Taking my work as a target, Joanne Conaghan argues that the abstractions of analytical jurisprudence, its pretence to value-neutrality, and its inattention to empirical evidence screen out the pervasive relevance of gender to jurisprudence, including to the concept of law. This chapter argues that such charges rest on a series of common confusions and errors. Once we understand the nature of conceptual argument, the value-relevance of all descriptions, and the place of empirical evidence, we see that analytical jurisprudence is able to detect the relevance of gender where it exists. But it has no relevance to conceptual problems in general jurisprudence. Claims like ‘law is male’ are metaphorical, not metaphysical.
The Morality in Law
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the place of morality in law. Jurisprudential distinctions are somewhat indeterminate since many social kinds are multi-criterial and none of the criteria is itself very precise. According to H. L. A. Hart, who believes the law is wholly a social construction, there is nonetheless a moral minimum essential to law. His two arguments to this conclusion are, however, defective. Instead, we should see law as an institution that is apt for supporting morality, so that is how we use it. This is part of the demarcation between law and other complex rule systems. Explaining that distinction is a task for legal philosophy. In contrast, distinguishing law from pseudo-law is a task for the rule of recognition in each legal system. The latter distinction is a task for law, not for legal philosophy.
Associative Obligations and the State
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines associative obligation as a possible model for the relationship between citizens and the law by taking Ronald Dworkin’s argument as an example. According to Dworkin, people have a duty to honour their responsibilities under social practices that define groups and attach special responsibilities to membership. The validation of such obligations depends on the group satisfying conditions of ‘true community’. This fails to notice the difference between people owing some sort of duties to an association and their owing a duty of obedience. It also fails to take account of the difference between a justification for state coercion and a justification for subjects’ obedience. The personal virtue of integrity offers a poor analogy to the sort of consistency we can expect from states. Consent theory can be reconstructed to offer a better way of capturing the social dimension of our relationship to the state.
The Duty to Govern
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemporary legal philosophers have focussed their attention on two aspects of law’s authority: the issue of legitimacy (or the right to govern) and the issue of obligation (or the duty to obey). John Finnis proposes the importance of a third issue: the problem of governance (or the duty to govern). This chapter explores the nature of this duty, its foundations, and its relation to the other aspects of a theory of authority. It concludes with discussion of the question of whether one who has a primary duty to govern may nonetheless delegate that duty to others.
Court to City
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Continental gaming established patterns that metropolitan gaming in England later followed. Commercial gaming was well established in continental Europe by the eighteenth century, and exhaustively documented in the detailed records of a pervasive police apparatus. In continental Europe, gaming was part of the shared culture of an international elite. In Venice and particularly in Paris, commercial gaming ventures provided important sources of income for elite households. These furnish instructive parallels illustrating many of the patterns that commercial gaming followed across the Channel. In England, commercial gaming in the metropolis and its satellite cultures at resorts adopted continental models, which elite tourists and the diplomatic community observed first-hand.
In the Shade of the Royal Oak
Authors: Eglin John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Royal sponsorship of the Royal Oak Lottery, a game more akin to roulette than to a modern lottery, led to the emergence of lotteries as a specific legal category of gaming under at least partial protection of the state. The Royal Oak Lottery was the prototypical commercial gaming venture, setting the patterns and precedents that characterized subsequent enterprises. It was an important gaming innovation in two respects, as it introduced the concept of an organized gaming syndicate that operated ‘banks,’ and introduced the Crown as an agency bestowing legitimacy on otherwise shady enterprises. Both developments were critical to the proliferation of commercial gaming in the metropolis, and in different ways complicated efforts to regulate, contain, or proscribe it.
Sympathy in the Era of Ungood Feelings
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second chapter explores the hauntology of Haiti by focusing on how early American fiction represented the United States as hermeneutically, temporally, and ontologically disjointed by the arrival of French, Creole, and enslaved refugees. Using Martha Meredith Read’s 1802 novel Monima; or The Beggar Girl as a point of departure, the chapter maps how Federalist writers accentuated the ghostly indecipherability of foreign connections which they feared were unsettling the domestic realm. In depicting an American social scene bereft of networks of sympathetic support, Read draws linkages between radicalism in the Francophone world and the rise of Democratic-Republican politicians in the United States. A range of Federalist writers, including Read, responded to their predicament by flooding print networks with sensationalist representations of the dangers of Jeffersonianism. These Federalist fictions seized upon fears about bad plantation management as portending what a supposed abandonment of foundational principles meant for the early American Republic.
“UNIVERSAL EMANCIPATION!”
Authors: Faherty Duncan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter positions New York as a microcosm of national anxieties by surveying how the local press connected domestic insurrection to rumors of Haitian intrigue. Beginning in 1799, New York enacted a series of gradual Emancipation Acts that finally “freed” all enslaved people in 1827. Unsurprisingly, racism within the state increased as white citizens openly questioned what it would mean for formerly enslaved people to become “free.” The chapter culminates by reading the first American vampire tale which was itself torn from the pages of New York’s periodical press. The pseudonymous The Black Vampyre (1819) openly riffs on a multiplicity of discourses about African American emancipation and fears about international Black solidarity. Considering the text alongside the anti-Black anxieties circulating in the New York press, the chapter unpacks how the domestic implications sensationalized in The Black Vampyre parallel contemporaneous periodical accounts as a means of grounding its otherwise outlandish plot.
Errors or Innovations?
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the key disagreement in attitudes and models of New Englishes, the thorny distinction between errors or dialect innovations, and whether it is even possible to draw such a distinction. Bringing together analytic approaches from second language acquisition, contact linguistics, and sociolinguistics, the chapter presents a usage cline across speakers that shows that certain nonstandard grammatical variables resemble second-language learning, while others resemble a more stable, incipient nonstandard system shared to some extent by all speakers. Implicational scaling is selected as a particularly appropriate tool for the initial analysis in this chapter. The broad usage profile developed for 24 Indian English speakers in this chapter forms the basis for in-depth analysis in later chapters.
Style Range and Attitudinal Change
Authors: Sharma Devyani 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This final chapter returns to the social side of the evolution of Englishes, with a particular focus on the dramatic difference in style ranges of Indian English (IndE) and Singapore English (SingE), and the attitudes associated with them. IndE is seen as a conservative, slow-changing dialect, with a tendency to discount nonstandard usage as learner errors; SgE, by contrast, includes the divergent colloquial variety Singlish and much greater nativization, generating a more acute moral panic around language change than in India. This forms a final piece of the puzzle of incipient dialect birth in both regions. The different style ranges found in the two regions are assessed in relation to emergent registers, style shifting, and vernacularization in each speech community. The degree of focusing toward new norms, language attitudes, and language dominance in individuals in each speech community are also discussed.
Multimodality and Cognition
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the key theoretical concepts about cognition that inform the remainder of this book. It shows how cognition is a result of multisensory interactions between textual cues and cognitive parameters and inputs based on embodied experiences. Engaging with texts activates background knowledge through perceptual and conceptual cues that inform attentional, predictive, inferential, and combinatorial processes that blend into reader comprehension. As texts unfold, these activation processes perpetually update and revise to develop increasingly complex understandings and experiences of the text. There are various levels of abstraction and degrees of cognitive activation that similarly inform comprehension, and these align with aspects of the multimodal form of comics.
Temporalities
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how temporal interpretations of panel contents and sequential arrangements are grounded in embodied cognitive assumptions and processes. It notes how simulating modalities produces different temporal connotations that build asynchronous temporalities, and how mental biases in simulation and blending overcome these asynchronies. This chapter analyzes the mental metaphors that inform temporality and how they apply to comics criticism, and shows how the materiality of the form anchors temporal inferences. It discusses many examples to show how spatialization can produce a range of temporal effects, which are further complicated by the multimodal content of panels. Through this analysis, this chapter shows how temporality is a complex emergent property of multimodality and relates primarily to subjective construals of depicted experiences and background knowledge and how these relate to a more global narrative structure, reaffirming the cognitive bias for human-scale meaning and predictability within subjective experiences.
Spatial Conceptualizations
Authors: Borkent Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the creative uses of layout as a means of developing character and narrative viewpoints across a long narrative. The chapter focuses on Jeff Lemire’s graphic novel, The Underwater Welder, whose protagonist undergoes a mental breakdown and must come to terms with his past in order to embrace his future. Lemire uses a range of layout strategies to represent the protagonist’s crisis and process of recovery. The analysis elaborates on the concepts of mental metaphors and material anchors in conjunction with the notion of narrative anchors to explore how salience of stylistic choices and layout cues contribute to meaning construction.
Fostering Youth Leadership
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapters 7 provides practical ways to foster youth leadership. Believing that the core of youth work is offering young people a chance to be affirmed psychologically and socially, the authors frame leadership as a way to not only affirm youth but also attract and retain them. The chapter applies the discussion of leadership in order to gain and maintain participation in youth programs. The authors assert that leadership-framed programs provide opportunities for youth to demonstrate skill, knowledge, and purpose. Covering formal and informal program leadership opportunities, the authors separate leadership into the categories of contributional leadership (planning and management) and representational leadership (autonomous self-determination).
“Dying of Hunger”
Authors: Rosenberg William G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Dying of Hunger” confronts the problem of material scarcities that developed as the war progressed, emphasizing the distinction between actual deficits and their various representations. It shows how early voices of “extreme need” echoed from the front, some reflecting the shortages of materiel and medical care, others more rhetorical in nature in anticipation of new deprivations. Central here were actual scarcities as well as the rising cost of living. How, then, did their effects relate to confiscatory practices in Russia’s enormous war zone and the horrific violence against Jews? Some petitioners, frequently women, insisted they were “dying of hunger,” but the chapter suggests that whether or not this was the case, growing fears about the welfare of loved ones at home as well as at the front—“food insecurity” is how these anxieties currently are linguistically diluted—carried increasing weight on their own.
The Buddhist Tantras
Authors: Gray David B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work provides an introduction to the Buddhist tantras, the scriptures of the tantric or esoteric Buddhist traditions that developed in India in the seventh century and became the scriptural basis for several Buddhist traditions, most notably Tibetan Buddhism and the Japanese Shingon traditions. The volume begins with an introduction to the tantras, focusing on the context in which they arose in India and the traditional accounts for their origin. It then moves on to survey the contents of the tantras, with particular focus on the ritual and meditative practices that they describe. It explores the history of their dissemination in Asia and beyond, and it introduces the ways that the tantras were categorized, canonized, translated, and explained by the traditions that value them, with particular attention paid to the transgressive content of the tantras and the ways that this was rationalized.
Structure and Contents
Authors: Gray David B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second chapter surveys the contents of the Buddhist tantras. It begins with the opening background verse, which is an element that demonstrates continuity with the genre of Mahāyāna sutras, although it was taken in a new and transgressive direction of many of the tantras. It then explores both the languages in which the tantras were composed and the philosophical positions expressed in many of the tantras. It concludes with a survey of the ritual and contemplative practices described in the tantras, focusing on the production of mandalas and initiation rituals practiced therein, with particular focus on the latter’s connection with Śaiva Hindu practices involving possession and ritual sexual practices. It also briefly describes other ritual, magical practices contained within many Buddhist tantras.
Dissemination and Reception of the Tantras
Authors: Gray David B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The third chapter provides an overview of the transmission of Buddhist tantras and their associated practices beyond India from the seventh century ce up until the present. It focuses on their spread via maritime routes to Southeast Asia and China, and from China to Korea and Japan, as well as the overland spread from India and Nepal to Tibet and then Mongolia and Central Asia. One of the central arguments in this chapter is that tantric Buddhist rituals for the protection of the state was a major appeal that facilitated its dissemination. The chapter concludes with a survey of major historical changes that impacted the regions in Asia where tantra was practiced during the twentieth century, and the resulting global spread over the past sixty years facilitated by the Tibetan diaspora.
Entitlement and Complaint
Authors: Troyansky David G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Entitlement and Complaint explores the early history of the right to retirement and the shaping of the modern life course, applying cutting-edge insights from social, cultural, and political history as well as gerontology to an extraordinarily rich collection of retirement dossiers from the post-revolutionary French Ministry of Justice. While it tracks career patterns, with all their continuities and interruptions, it reveals the original ways that people were coming to understand the course of their personal, professional, and political lives in an era of revolutionary turmoil and how they reconfigured those lives in the half-century that followed. The book argues that a succession of political regimes and a shift from a world of favor and privilege to a world of right formed the context for changes in how people spoke of their own lives, careers, and desires and how they juxtaposed their own life histories with emerging narratives of a more public and national history. It uses the example of the magistracy to get at ideas of public service and entitlement, but it balances the development of state institutions with people’s uses of those institutions, and it shows how people tried to make sense retrospectively of their experiences as they made themselves both heroes and victims on the French historical stage. As they aged and as one cohort replaced another, their narratives of self and career evolved into something increasingly formulaic and recognizably modern.
Pensions as Favor and Pensions as Right
Authors: Troyansky David G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter traces the evolution of pensions, from recompense at all ages to reward at a particular stage of the life course. It describes a shift from favor to right and demonstrates a foreshadowing of modern social questions and the development of ideas of citizenship and entitlement. It begins by working back through the history of pensions in order to situate the problems raised throughout the book; it then moves forward in one particular world, that of the French magistracy. It discusses Old Regime pensions and revolutionary and Napoleonic innovations as well as the role of lawyers and magistrates in the history of public service and state bureaucracy.
Unveiling Racism in the College Settlement Movement
Authors: Hillier Amy , Boddie Stephanie C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter relies on primary sources to compare and contrast the work of White philanthropist Susan Wharton and Black civil rights activist and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois as it intersected in an investigation of Philadelphia’s Seventh Ward sponsored by the College Settlement Association and University of Pennsylvania. They held similar ideas about research and the responsibility of elites like themselves to help with the moral and economic uplift of poor Black Philadelphians, but their very different lived experience of class and race and understanding of racism and structural inequity led to distinct ideas about what needed to change. This story ultimately complicates the narrative about the history of the settlement movement and points to a more nuanced social welfare narrative incorporating the perspectives of people of color to understand the past and authentically forge the next chapter of our history.
Coercion and Institutional Racism in the Evolving Mental Health System
Authors: Murphy Melissa G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Racism in the mental health system has been well documented in historical and contemporary practice models. Social workers provide more mental health services than psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses. This chapter introduces a fundamental paradox, wherein social workers contribute to the problem of racial harm in mental health care while also mitigating racial oppression in mental health. Consideration of the social work profession alongside historical mental health treatments and the expansion of the psychiatric profession reveals the influence of racism in mental health care over time. Social workers’ evolution from community-based interventions to behavioral health care is examined alongside impactful critiques and evidence of resistance from within the profession. The complex history of social workers’ proximity to racism must be understood within the limitations of recorded information, narratives, and voices telling the story. Implications and future considerations for reconciling social workers’ paradoxical role concerning the enduring problem of racism in mental health care are discussed.