bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion and Blackness in Rural Georgia: 1899-1908
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Daniel Alexander Payne, the sixth bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, was so disturbed by the presence and behavior of “Praying and Singing Bands” that he devoted over four pages of his Recollections to criticizing these groups as the “strange delusion that many ignorant but well-meaning people labor under”: About this time I attended a “bush meeting,” where 1 went to please the pastor whose circuit I was visiting.
Labor Market Turbulence and the Labor Market Experience of Young Adults
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1980s has been a unique period of social, industrial, and demographic change in postwar U.S. economic history. Assessing the impacts of these changes on the overall well-being of the American worker becomes a formidable task because some groups have reaped sizable economic gains while others have lost important ground. This chapter focuses on the labor market experiences of young adults, ages 18 to 29. It concentrates on male workers because the effects of labor market turbulence (as opposed to labor market discrimination) are more clearly revealed in the data on males. For example, male workers have faced a serious deterioration in their earnings prospects as a result of the changes taking place in U.S. labor markets, whereas female workers, for complicated reasons, have not.1 Nevertheless, the implications of this analysis for workforce preparedness policy apply with equal force to all young adults.
Missouri and Martial Law
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Lincoln and his cabinet proved less vigorous in dealing with the West. The president suspended the writ of habeas corpus in places as remote from the Confederacy as Massachusetts six weeks before he made a similar move in the critical border state of Missouri. Yet Missouri surely merited closer attention. Unlike New England or any other state above Maryland, it was the scene of widespread popular revolt, guerrilla violence, and military campaigns from the beginning of the war to its end. But Lincoln, preoccupied with securing the nation’s capital in the spring and with battles in Virginia in the summer, at first paid too little attention to the West.
Aggregate Productivity and Growth in an International Comparative Setting
Authors: Helliwell John F , Chung Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aggregate productivity, competitiveness, and economic growth are linked in complex ways, both within and among countries. Countries or industries that have, from whatever source, higher rates of growth of output per unit of factor input are usually considered, when viewed in a microeconomic perspective, to be increasing in competitiveness, since their costs, in terms of real factor inputs, are rising less fast than are those of their competitors.
Productivity, Competitiveness, and Export Growth in Developing Countries
Authors: Adams F Gerard , Behrman Jere R , Boldin Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, the developing countries have undergone varied experiences with regard to growth, productivity, and exports. The theoretical and empirical materials on economic development are suggestive about the relation between exports and growth, but much remains to be learned from a careful analysis of the statistics.
lntercountry Changes in Productivity in the Manufacturing Sector of Five OECD Countries, 1963-86
Authors: Conrad Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If one measures the economic performance of an individual country, one can find that the economic performance since World War II outstrips any earlier period in the preceding half century. In the case of the United Kingdom, for instance, the postwar record through 1967 was one of success, not failure. But when one compares Britain to other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries or to Japan, which accomplished economic miracles, the U.K. performance appears inadequate.
Productivity and International Competitiveness in Japan and the United States, 1960-85
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W , Kuroda Masahiro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The political relationship between Japan and the United States has become increasingly preoccupied with “trade frictions.” These disputes over trade issues have accompanied the massive expansion of Japanese exports to the United States. Explanations for the resulting trade imbalance must include variations in the yen-dollar exchange rate, changes in the relative prices of capital and labor in the two countries, and the relative growth of productivity in Japanese and U.S. industries.
Introduction
Authors: Entman Robert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In theory, democracy in the United States benefits from a vigorous marketplace of ideas created by an energetic “free press.” The press is supposed to enhance democracy both by stimulating the citizenry’s political interest and by providing the specific information they need to hold government accountable. But America’s “free press” cannot he free. Restricted by the limited tastes of the audience and reliant upon political elites for most information, journalists participate in an interdependent news system, not a free market of ideas. In practice, then, the news media fall far short of the ideal vision of a free press as civic educator and guardian of democracy.
In the Maelstrom of Communal Politics
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The encounter of Eastern and German Jews occurred within an institutional setting unique to Central Europe—the Jewish Kulturgemeinde. Created by German states to centralize local Jewish religious activities, Gemeinden embraced all Jews within their territorial authority-including foreigners. As a consequence, immigrants were compelled to join the communities of native Jews and German Jews were forced to integrate newcomers into their institutions-a state of affairs that made it impossible for native and immigrant Jews to avoid each other. Gemeinden thus be came the locus of both cooperation and conflict between German and East European Jews in the Reich.
The Posture of Organized German Jewry
Authors: Wertheimer Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite the severe social tensions dividing natives and immigrants within the Jewish community, organized German Jewry acted in behalf of East European Jews in the Reich. For while it was one thing for individual German Jews to disdain and even discriminate against foreign coreligionists, it was an entirely different matter for the organized community to accept passively governmental discrimination against immigrant Jews. The leaders of native Jewry could not ignore restrictionist proposals aimed solely at Jewish immigrants; and they could not stand by idly as state authorities and police officials treated Eastern Jews arbitrarily and harshly. With immigrant Jews under attack, the responsible leadership of German Jewry was forced to take a stance.
Introduction
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Volume One I Described the creation of patriarchy, which took place prior to the formation of Western civilization. Patriarchal concepts are, therefore, built into all the mental constructs of that civilization in such a way as to remain largely invisible. Tracing the historical development by which patriarchy emerged as the dominant form of societal order, I have shown how it gradually institutionalized the rights of men to control and appropriate the sexual and reproductive services of women. Out of this form of dominance developed other forms of dominance, such as slavery. Once established as a functioning system of complex hierarchical relationships, patriarchy transformed sexual, social, economic relations and dominated all systems of ideas.
Self-authorization
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Far More Detrimental than the inferior training offered to women was the misogynist explanatory system that dominated Church doc­ trine and shaped ideas of gender in society in general. Beliefs in the God-given inferiority of women and in their subordinate position in society antedated Christianity but were greatly elaborated in the centuries after 300, when the Church began to consolidate into a strongly hierarchical institution dependent on a male clergy. Even then, the tradition of female disciples of Christ and the Apostles was still strong enough and the presence of holy women and anchorites pervasive enough to counteract misogynist ideas. Efforts by both Church and State during the Carolingian period to control polygamy, to end the concubinage of the clergy and to restrict or forbid divorce revived and reinforced misogynist ideas.
The Right to Learn, the Right to Teach, the Right to Define
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Centuries, Women authorized themselves to think and write even though religion, custom and conventional wisdom informed them that these were not pursuits suitable to a woman. Each woman had to overcome her internalized sense of inferiority and empower her­ self to do what she was told was unseemly, improbable, if not impossible. Small wonder, then, that woman after thinking woman argued her way out of patriarchal confinement and constraints by asserting the intellectual equality of women. Granting men their special tasks and superior talents for leadership, courage and authority, women argued that nevertheless the capacity for reason and the intellectual potential of men and women were the same. It followed logically that the inequalities observable in society, the different rates of achievement, the different interests and activities of men and women were due to their sex-specific education.
The Search for Women’ s History
Authors: Lerner Gerda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The History Of Western civilization, it is generally believed, began at Sumer, at the start of the second millennium B.C., as a direct consequence of the development of writing, which dates nearly a thousand years earlier. History, the preservation and collection of written documents and their constant reinterpretation by succeeding generations of specialists, is dependent on the literacy of at least an elite group and has, for most of these 4000 years in Western civilization, served the interests of ruling elites. This is to distinguish it from the process of historical development, which takes place regard­ less of the existence of literacy or interpretation and in which nonelite groups participate equally or perhaps even more significantly than elites. What I am concerned with here is the written History of literate societies and the way it has affected and treated men and women differently.
Exogamous Relations: Travel Writing, the Incest Prohibition, and Hawthorne’s Transformation
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One must travel to find a mate. That is, one must not look too closely, and one must not look too far afield. This aphorism links two projects—travel writing and the prohibition of incest—that have to do with the articulation and maintenance of cultural boundaries in time and space. If we look to the notion of such a “link,” we find a rule of metaphor: that a point of comparison must be articulated within an acceptable field, yet must be novel enough to be “striking,” to make a sign of difference. Such a rule of metaphor is thereby also a rule of writing, or marking, that must be recognizable to others and meaningful to one’s kind.
Coda: Reverse Trompe L’Oeil The Eruption of the Real
Authors: Stewart Scsan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This time, I remembered I was lying in the oak closet, and I heard distinctly the gusty wind, and the driving of the snow; I heard, also, the fir-bough repeat its teasing sound, and ascribed it to the right cause; but it annoyed me so much, that I resolved to silence it, if possible; and, I thought, I rose and endeavoured to unhasp the casement. The hook was soldered into the staple, a circumstance observed by me when awake, but forgotten.
What Really Happened at Teapot Dome?
Authors: Libecap Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1921, petroleum executives E. L. Doheny and Henry Sinclair allegedly bribed Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to obtain oil production leases for the Naval Oil Reserves at Elk Hills, California, and Teapot Dome, Wyoming. This “Teapot Dome” scandal, as it came to be called, is the most frequently cited example of the corruption of the Harding administration, and its legacy remains for many one of the darkest chapters of U.S. public lands policy. There is, however, another, possibly more important legacy of Teapot Dome. Surprisingly, Teapot Dome may have more to say about the success of future U.S. oil policy than it does for evaluating the ethics of government officials. After all, Teapot Dome was about oil, and the reasons it was so controversial, aside from the subsequent issue of bribery, tell us something about how we manage or, rather, mis-manage our precious domestic oil reserves today.
The “Rule of Reason” in Antitrust Law: Property Logic in Restraint of Competition
Authors: Peritz Rudolph j. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A strikingly different history emerges from this Article’s reformulation of legislative and judicial history. First, the legislative debates chronicle a conflict between commitments to fostering competition and commitments to protecting property rights, a tension that produced the Sherman Act of 1890. From the earliest moments of federal antitrust history, assuring competitive markets never constituted the sole concern of legislators or judges.
Molecules with Minds of Their Own
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is, however, one obvious objection to my argument that at least some of the methods of the natural sciences, as currently practiced, come closer to those of historians than do those of most social scientists. It is that the so-called “hard” sciences don’t deal with self-reflective, feedback-generating, information-exchanging entities, by which I mean people.
The issue here isn’t that of consciousness, which exists in gorillas, giraffes, and presumably gerbils, even if not, as far as we know, in geraniums. What doesn’t appear within any of these species, though—allowing for as yet unproven assertions about chimpanzees who calculate, or gray parrots who contemplate—is the awareness of self: the capacity to think as an individual about one’s own situation, to determine a distinctive response, and to communicate it to others.
The behavior of animals reflects the circumstances in which they find themselves; but this reflexivity tends not to differ much from individual to individual. It is in the aggregate, therefore, fairly predictable. Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and herds of deer respond similarly, collectively, and almost instantly to predators.
Realism and Messianism in Zionism and the Yishuv
Authors: Shavit Yaacov 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concept of ‘‘messianism,’’ almost always used in conjunction with that of ‘‘utopia,’’ has accompanied the Zionist movement from its earliest days. On the one hand, messianism is seen as a kind of demiurge inspiring great changes and summoning up irrational but creative strengths. Drawing its power from the very depths of the nation’s past, it confronts the present with the challenge of a golden age. On the other hand, the messianic force is also treated as dangerous in the extreme, and the mere use of the term is often meant to serve as a warning against the seductive fascination of unrestrained fantasies and empty visions.
Recurring Ethical Issues in Nurse-Physician Relationships
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conflicts arise when either the nurse or the physician disagrees with the other’s professional practice. In some situations the nurse believes that the physician’s orders or actions may result in poor care or be unsafe; in other instances the physician believes that the nurse’s activities are similarly wrong; in still other instances each disagrees with the other about questions of ethics or values. The following is an example of a conflict resulting from a nurse’s independent assessment of a need for immediate medical care. After working eight years as a nurse in an emergency room in a medium-sized city and in an inner-city hospital pediatric unit, Jackie Nardi presently is charge staff nurse two afternoons a week on a sixteen-bed pediatric unit in a community hospital. &gt;Six-year-old Laurie Thoma was a new diabetic who, in Jackie’s judgment, was close to respiratory arrest. Jackie first phoned the resident on call, who happened to be new to the hospital. When he arrived, he was not only younger than Jackie but seemed to be uncertain of himself. Jackie gave him some suggestions regarding immediate medical care for Laurie, but according to her, he ‘‘lust threw it down the tubes because I’m the nurse and he’s the doctor.” Then he left, saying he’d return after dinner.
Personal Responsibility for Institutional and Public Policy
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have been discussing ethical issues that involve identifiable individuals; ethical inquiry, however, may lead us beyond specific individuals to social structures. For what reasons, if any, do ethical considerations require us to identify faults in social structures and then attempt to remedy them? Last weekend, staff nurse Andrea Moore, who works in ICU, felt she was not able to give patients the kind of care, including frequent enough observations, that she should provide because the unit was short-steffed. After she told the charge nurse that she had too much to do, the charge nurse called the supervisor, whose answer was to “make do.” Andrea knew then that she had to handle the situation as best she could and leave low-priority work undone. One of her patients was on a respirator and required numerous treatments, including /Vs. Another man had an aortic aneurysm and two women had had major surgery. When the physician ordered a variety of treatments and observations, including some scheduled for every fifteen minutes, the charge nurse again called the supervisor for more help and again was told to make do with the staff on duty.
Cost Containment, Justice, and Rationing
Authors: Benjamin Martin , Curtis Joy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As health care costs continue to soar, nurses find themselves pulled in contrary directions. The traditional patient-centered ethic stresses the health care professional’s commitment to particular patients, irrespective of their ability to pay or the cost of their care to society. At the same time, pressures to contain costs occasionally require health care professionals to limit treatment or even to turn away some patients who could benefit from their care. Consider, in this connection, the following case. During her twenty-seven-year career in nursing, Gail Crain, RN, has earned a reputation as one of the most committed nurses in her city. She now owns and operates a home care agency. As her own boss, she is able to provide the high-quality nursing care that she thinks her clients should receive. In the face of spiraling health care costs, however, she finds herself confronted with a difficult dilemma: she can no longer continue to accept nonpaying clients if her agency is to remain. financially solvent, yet she knows that if she were to declare a moratorium on accepting clients who could not themselves pay for her agency :S services, they would probably not find another source of home nursing care.
“To Live for Science”: Ideals and Realities at the University of Berlin
Authors: McClelland Charles E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Der Wissenschaft leben-”to live for science” or, perhaps more accurately, for scholarship-represented the ideal of Wilhelm von Humboldt, not only for himself as a wealthy, aristocratic, and learned Prussian civil servant but for his major institutional creation, the University of Berlin. Not only he but also some of the brightest lights of the German intellectual and especially neohumanist firmament, such as Fichte and Schleiermacher, were deeply involved in planning and running the young university from its founding in 1810. Many of its first professors were already illustrious scholars • borrowed from the Prussian Academy of Sciences. In the course of the nineteenth century this graft of searching intellect-what would come to be called research in a more institutionalized form-onto the pruned and rejuvenated trunk of the essentially teaching-oriented university tradition produced a new model for universities everywhere. And although Berlin was not the first university to try this experiment, it became so preeminent among German universities and had such good public relations agents that it usually got credit for being the pioneer of the “research university” model.
Facing Three Ways: City and University in New York Since World War II
Authors: Glazer Nathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I am a graduate of the City College of New York, then a free-standing, and free, and public undergraduate institution, now part of the City University of New York, one of those huge complexes that American higher education seems to breed in its public sector. Its seal, which until recently could be seen in somewhat battered purple ceramic tile on the walls of the 137th Street Broadway subway line station (all of City College’s students arrive by sub way or other forms of public transportation, since it had and has no dormitories, and very few of its students live within walking distance) shows a three-faced Roman goddess looking backwards, toward us into the present, and into the future, and bears the Latin inscription, “Respice, Adspice, Prospice.” When I went to City College in the early 1940s most of its stu dents could probably understand the meaning of that inscription from their Latin; Latin was required for the B.A. degree.
University And Military Time (1864-1869)
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first weeks after the abitur-exam we spent in Nietzsche’s house in Naumburg in the company of his lively, always cheerful and amusing mother, who reminded one of Frau Aja [Goethe’s mother], and his seventeen-year-old sister, in prettiest girlish bloom, around whom I was like a butterfly fluttering past pretty flowers. She made a charming impression, but I would not have believed there was so much seriousness in her as she later developed to face great tasks in life. Frau Pastor Nietzsche did not neglect to introduce us to the circle of her friends, the wives of privy councillors, who were delighted with my candor, naturalness and naivete, while I gladly believed my friend’s assurances that this was what elegant tone and elegant society were like. There were also friendly, though brief, contacts with Nietzsche’s childhood friends from Naumburg, as well as with Erwin Rohde.