bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female genital swellings have no effect on chimpanzee agonism in well‐established groups
Authors: Bloomsmith M. A. , Lambeth S. P. , Alford P. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReducing the incidence of aggression and wounding is a major concern for those managing socially housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Competition among adult males for access to sexually receptive females is believed to be one factor contributing to undesirably high levels of agonism. An observational analysis of two chimpanzee groups (n = 9, n = 8) was initiated to study this phenomenon. All‐events sampling was used to record agonistic and sexual behavior on days when one female in the group showed a maximal genital swelling and on other days when no female in the group had a tumescent swelling. The result of the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the presence of a female with a tumescent swelling had no effect on bluff displays or aggressive, submissive, or reconciliatory behavior but that sexual behavior was significantly increased. These results may be explained by the fact that long‐term stability in group membership may reduce male–male competition for sexual access to females and the sometimes associated aggression and wounding. Colony managers dealing with well‐established groups of chimpanzees should invest more of their effort in controlling aggression elicited by factors other than the cycling of a single female group member.
Voluntary progression order in captive rhesus macaques
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe sequence in which 14 laboratory rhesus macaques left their home enclosure during a routine catching procedure was recorded on 30 occasions during 6 weeks. The animals were trained to voluntarily exit one by one and enter a transport cage for weighing and/or treatment.Mean weekly exit orders cross‐correlated significantly, and individuals retained their exit positions with remarkable consistency throughout the study period. An animal's position did not depend on its sex, age, or dominance rank. The oldest female never failed to enter the transport cage as number 1. When she was prevented from taking the lead, the group was hesitant but eventually proceeded in the usual order. Food was a strong, yet not absolute, incentive for the monkeys to cooperate. If they could not expect a reward, they took more time before proceeding, but did so in the habitual order.The predictability of the exit sequence has practical managerial value because it makes it possible for a single person to quickly catch a selected group member when necessary.
Estrogen metabolism in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus)
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Roocroft A. , Bates M. , Allen J. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstradiol‐17β metabolism was studied in two female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). In an initial study, 500 μCi of tritiated estradiol‐17β was injected iv into a single animal, and 0, 30 and 60 min serum samples were collected as well as all excreted urine and feces for 24 hr. In a second study, 1.5 mg unlabeled estradiol‐17β was injected iv into a second animal and 0, 5, 15, 30, and 60 min serum samples and a 30 min urine sample were collected postinjection. Analyses of samples from both studies demonstrated a rapid conversion of free estradiol to conjugated forms in the serum. The first (5 min) serum sample following the injection of unlabelled estradiol contained unconjugated estradiol: conjugated estradiol: conjugated estrone at a ratio of 60: 29: 10, respectively, and at 30 min a ratio of 33: 43: 24. The urinary estrogen metabolites were in the conjugated form with an estradiol: estrone ratio of 60: 40. No radiolabeled estrogen was found in the fecal samples during the 24 hr following administration of the radiolabeled estradiol. These data indicate a rapid clearance of circulating free estradiol in the elephant, with a major metabolite in the serum and urine being estradiol conjugate. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral, physiological, and morphological components of dominance and mate attraction in male green iguanas
Authors: Pratt Nancy C. , Alberts Allison C. , Fulton‐Medler Kathryn G. , Phillips John A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigated the morphological, physiological, and behavioral components of social dominance important for mate attraction in male green iguanas (Iguana iguana). A group of 9 male and 11 female adult green iguanas was studied in a large semi‐natural enclosure during one reproductive season (October–January). Four of the nine males never initiated aggressive encounters; the other five were observed to display aggressively toward each other and were ranked in a linear dominance hierarchy. Head size was the most important factor influencing fighting success. Head size and display frequency were positively correlated with plasma testosterone levels. Dominance rank directly influenced ability to monopolize areas containing resources used by females. The quality of a male's home range, measured as his access to a large basking rock in the enclosure, was related to the proportion of potential mates found within his home range. One male greatly surpassed the others in his ability to defend a home range of high quality and attract potential mates. These data suggest that physiological and morphological factors, through their influence on social behavior, may ultimately affect male reproductive fitness. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of feeding enrichment on behavior of three species of captive bears
Authors: Forthman Debra L. , Elder Suzanne D. , Bakeman Roger , Kurkowski Timothy W. , Noble Constance C. , Winslow Samuel W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBears are extremely popular among the zoo‐going public, yet while many zoo exhibits have undergone dramatic design changes in recent years, most bears continue to be housed in moated grottos constructed largely of gunite. In these traditional exhibits they frequently demonstrate stereotypic locomotor patterns and are often encouraged by the public to beg. Thus, the manner in which most captive bears are exhibited does not facilitate conservation education. It is possible, however, to provide bears with opportunities to demonstrate species‐typical feeding and foraging behaviors, even in standard exhibits. Subjects were four individuals of three bear species. Feeding enrichment was provided to one bear per week during three mornings during the summers of 1989 and 1990. Overall, animals were more active, less passive and less often engaged in abnormal behaviors during sessions with enrichment. Effects showed individual variation and were more profound during the second year of the study, when a greater variety of enrichment items was presented. These results suggest that simple and inexpensive methods of enrichment may have a significant, positive influence on the behavior of captive bears. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of captive bongos (Tragelaphus eurycerus): Activity budgets and developmental milestones
Authors: Forthman Debra L. , Perkins Lorraine A. , Mead Joan I. , Miller Nicolette S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe development of changes in visual orientation, posture, activity budgets, and behavioral milestones was examined in five bongo calves which were observed from birth to 4 or 6 months of age. The only significant change in the calves' visual orientation was an increase in orientation to food. Reclining declined significantly over weeks, while standing increased and moving did not change. Overall, stationary behaviors dominated the activity budget, but decreased significantly over the study. The category that included locomotion, object exploration, and auto‐play did not change, while forage and rumination increased significantly. Contrary to expectation, the decline in suckling was not significant. Affiliative interactions with the dam decreased significantly during the study, but increases in affiliation with other bongos were not significant. Levels of agonistic behavior between the calves and their dams and other herd members were low throughout the study, and did not change significantly. One female calf achieved several developmental milestones later than the others. It is suggested that these differences may have been influenced by the dominance status of her dam. The results conform to the general developmental pattern of “hider” bovids. Bongos, however, show somewhat different patterns of social development than eland, which are reported to be more precocial in expression of aggressive and sexual behaviors. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproduction of the Indian wild dog (Cuon alpinus) in captivity
Authors: Paulraj S. , Sundararajan N. , Manimozhi A. , Walker Sally 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reproductive behavior and development of 3 wild‐caught and 2 captive‐born dholes (Cuon alpinus) was observed at the Arignar Anna Zoological Park during 4 successive mating seasons. Courtship was characterized by frequent urine marking and vocalizing by both sexes, by olfactory inspection of marked spots and of partners' genitalia, and by the female's licking and mounting of the male. Dholes exhibited the copulatory tie and back‐to‐back copulatory posture that is typical of other canids. Estrus may be longer, and the frequency of copulation higher, than is seen in other canids, however. The 4 litters born to the wild‐caught pair yielded information on growth and development. A captive‐born pair first began to show signs of sexual activity at 11 months of age. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
Use of animals with unknown ancestries in scientifically managed breeding programs
Authors: Willis Kevin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhether to incorporate animals with unknown ancestries as founders into scientifically managed captive breeding programs, can be a difficult decision. If the animals are offspring of known founders, their inclusion in the breeding program will result in an increased incidence of inbreeding in the captive population. If the animals are additional founders, excluding them from the breeding program will result in the loss of valuable genetic variation. In general, the practice in scientifically managed captive breeding programs is to exclude animals with unknown ancestries to avoid possible inbreeding. A method of estimating the cost of making an incorrect decision on whether to use animals of unknown ancestry as founders both in terms of lost genetic variation and increased inbreeding is presented. It was determined that the loss of genetic variation resulting from excluding founders is always greater than the loss of genetic variation caused by unequal founder line representation resulting from including related animals, as if they were founders. In addition, the increased rate of accumulation of inbreeding resulting from excluding founders will eventually overcome the initial inbreeding resulting from including related animals. However, in some cases, it will take a substantial number of generations for this to occur, and the benefits of possible lowered future expected inbreeding may never be realized. The decision concerning whether to use animals with unknown ancestry should, therefore, be based on the estimated relative costs of making an error, in terms of both lost genetic variation and expected future inbreeding, rather than on avoiding the immediate possibility of increased inbreeding alone. Two examples using studbook data are given to show how this method can be practically applied to the management of captive populations. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of urinary immunoreactive steroid metabolites and gonadotropins for characterization of the estrous cycle, breeding period, and seasonal estrous activity of captive killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Robeck T. R. , Schneyer A. L. , McBain J. F. , Dalton L. M. , Walsh M. T. , Czekala N. M. , Kraemer D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo increase the basic understanding of killer whale (Orcinus orca) reproductive physiology necessary for the development of artificial breeding programs, we utilized radioimmunoassays (RIA) to detect urinary immunoreactive steroid metabolites (pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide [PdG] and estrone‐conjugates [EC]) and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH]) in urine samples from six female killer whales. Urine samples were collected from the whales by voluntary presentation behavior over a 2‐ to 4‐year period. All urinary hormone values were corrected for intersample urine concentration variations by indexing with creatinine. Daily urine samples from four whales were collected during two conceptions and 18 complete estrous cycles. LH, FSH, EC, and PdG immunoreactive levels were determined and combined with observed copulatory activity in five cycles, including two conceptive cycles from two whales. Mean luteal phase lengths ranged from 9.7 to 19.2 days. Mean follicular phase lengths ranged from 6.5 to 16.8 days. Mean estrous cycle lengths based on the first detectable PdG levels were 41.6 ± 6.72 S.E.M. days. After PdG nadir, immunoreactive FSH levels showed a bimodal pattern with the first peak being greater in size, and both preceding a follicular phase EC increase. LH levels > the 95% confidence interval of the mean were considered significant.Combined LH immunoreactive values from whales 2 and 6 during two and three estrous cycles, respectively, had significant LH peak concentrations on day minus 2. These significant LH peaks were assumed to represent the preovulatory LH surge. Eight copulations during two conceptive cycles were observed between whales 2 and 6 and a breeding male. Six of these copulations (3 with each female whale) occurred within 72 hours of the beginning or the end of the presumptive preovulatory LH surge. Estrous activity was seen throughout the year for the herd. However, individuals had varying periods of anestrus that could not be linked to environmental, social, or nutritional influences. The whales that were reproductively successful had anestrus intervals that were usually influenced by gestation, postparturient period, or lactation. The information obtained during this research enhances the foundation for future artificial reproductive management techniques. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aggressive behavior and dominance hierarchies in female sable antelope, Hippotragus niger: Implications for captive management
Authors: Thompson Katerina V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSocial interactions of adult female sable antelope, Hippotragus niger, were observed at the National Zoological Park's Conservation and Research Center. Aggressive behavior was quantified for two herds containing 8 and 11 females. Aggression was lowest at calving, and highest near the time of conception. Dominance hierarchies were strictly linear and stable over time. Dominance rank was highly correlated with age, with the oldest females achieving highest rank. High‐ranking females initiated more aggression and were more likely to behave aggressively towards a newly introduced adult female. The newly introduced individual was the victim of prolonged, intense group chases and was permanently excluded from the herd. Low‐ranking females directed more aggression at yearling herd members than did high‐ranking females. Temporary absences by herd members resulted in long‐lasting, substantial increases in received aggression upon their return. Because of their aggressive nature, sable antelope present a challenge to captive management. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Habitat use, foraging behavior, and activity patterns in reproducing western tarsiers, Tarsius bancanus, in captivity: A managment synthesis
Authors: Roberts Miles , Kohn Frank 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs the only obligatorily predatory primates, tarsiers are notoriously difficult to keep successfully in captivity. Here we report empirical and experimental results from a 5‐year study of behavior and life history in captive Tarsius bancanus. Four reproducing adult tarsiers used space nonrandomly, preferring small‐diameter vertical or near‐vertical locomotor substrates at midlevel enclosure heights (1.2–2.1 m) for sleeping, scanning, and prey capture. The tarsiers were completely nocturnal, and spent 78% of the scotophase scanning, 13% sleeping, and 9% in prey capture and other activities. Only live crickets were eaten; prey capture rates were highest in the first hour after waking, but overall activity rates were highest later in the scotophase. Adult males and nonpregnant or lactating females ingested approximately 44.7–49.7 kJ/day. Growing and lactating individuals ingested approximately 84.4–94.1 KJ/day. An energetically conservative, sit‐and‐wait predatory strategy was employed, in which 88% of capture attempts were successful. Most successful prey captures involved reaching for, or leaping from, 90° or 60° supports in a horizontal or downward direction onto prey less than 0.6 m away. Virtually all prey captures were in arboreal locations, despite much higher densities of crickets on enclosure floors. Prey capture rates during the first hour of the nocturnal activity period were positively correlated with arboreal cricket densities. At constant arboreal cricket densities, capture rates were negatively correlated with ambient light intensity, with optimum levels for prey capture ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 Lux. In terms of social behavior, these T. bancanus were nongregarious. Females enforced interindividual spacing by chasing and displacing males. Chase/displacement rates increased significantly during late pregnancy and lactation, apparently in an attempt to keep males from harassing infants. There was no direct male parental care. Infants were precocial at birth, and grew at a rate of 0.35–0.5 g/day, until nutritional weaning at approximately 60 days of age. The implications of specialized predatory morphology and behavior for management are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
F10 pandalid shrimp: Sex determination; DNA and dopamine as indicators of domestication; and outcrossing for wild pigment pattern
Authors: Marliave Jeffrey B. , Gergits William F. , Aota Sumi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDomestication becomes significant in captive propagation of high‐fecundity animals which sustain significant mortality rates. The domestication process typical of higher vertebrates has been observed in the coonstripe shrimp, Pandalus danae, which were reared through 10 generations for study of protandric hermaphroditism. The research protocol of repeated handling, for determining sex and carapace length, rendered escape responses maladaptive. Domesticated, F10 shrimp showed significantly greater band‐sharing in genomic DNA than wild shrimp, and the domesticated shrimp had only 5.5% of the dopamine levels in haemolymph found in wild shrimp. For both parameters, outcrossed shrimp (wild X domestic) had intermediate values. The outcrossed shrimp looked entirely wild, yet had behavioral and metabolic attributes of domestic shrimp. For such nonendangered species, domestication may be as desirable as it is unavoidable. It appears necessary, however, to perform outcrossing in order to maintain the wild form. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Annual variations in plasma retinol and alpha‐tocopherol levels in gentoo and rockhopper penguins
Authors: Monroe Allen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBlood samples were taken throughout the year from captive gentoo Pygoscelis papua (n = 5) and rockhopper Eudyptes crestatus (n = 10) penguins to measure seasonal variations in retinol and alpha‐tocopherol levels. Retinol levels ranged from .58 μg/ml to 1.09 μg/ml and alpha‐tocopherol levels from 30.8 μg/ml to 50.7 μg/ml for the gentoo penguins. The rockhopper penguins' retinol levels ranged from .63 μg/ml to 1.14 μg/ml and alpha‐tocopherol from 22.3 μg/ml to 40.8 μg/ml. Changes in body mass were used as an indicator of the start and duration of feather moult. Food consumption was recorded daily for the year, and the vitamin A and E intake was calculated. Blood vitamin levels of penguins on a supplemented diet were similar to those in the wild. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of gentamicin sulfate therapy in a captive blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) with intestinal biting syndrome
Authors: Crow Gerald L. , Brock James A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis note reports on the use of gentamicin sulfate as a supportive measure for a juvenile blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus), which presented with an abrupt onset of anorexia, and laceration and prolapse of the scroll valve intestine (putative intestinal biting syndrome). Gentamicin sulfate was administered as an intramuscular injection (3.3 mg/kg body weight) every fifth day for seven treatments. The shark resumed feeding by 48 hours from the first injection, and was fully recovered by day 36. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scent marking and social relationships in pine martens (Martes martes)
Authors: de Monte Michèle , Roeder Jean‐Jacques 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScent marking was studied in pine martens (Martes martes) in female‐female and male‐female pairs. Results show that agonistically dominant individuals generally had higher scent marking frequencies. However, environmental familiarity can modify the social relationship, whatever the previous social experiences, and, consequently, marking activity. Despite important intra‐and interindividual variations, the subjects appeared to react to physical and social modifications by an increased marking rate. One factor affecting marking activity in both novel and established pairs was the activity level of the conspecific partner. the data support the hypothesis that pine martens react in the same way to physical and social modifications, but with different response levels. The discussion focuses on possible functions of scent marking. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of new founders on retention of gene diversity in captive populations: A formalization of the nucleus population concept
Authors: Willis Kevin , Wiese Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA nucleus population is a small captive population genetically supported by periodic importation of wild caught animals. Periodic importation will allow nucleus populations to maintain the same amount of gene diversity as larger captive populations that do not import wild caught animals. The function of nucleus populations as envisioned by the IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group (CBSG) is to make additional captive space available for endangered taxa not currently maintained in captivity. In this article, mathematical models are developed to assess the effectiveness of the nucleus population concept in reducing the population sizes necessary to maintain appreciable amounts of gene diversity in captive populations. It is shown that the Nucleus I population concept, as defined and promoted by the CBSG, requires an importation rate 10–20 times greater than they have indicated. Whereas nucleus populations are not appropriate for maintenance of significant amounts of gene diversity in long‐term breeding programs, small populations can be valuable for research, education, and reintroduction projects with short‐term goals. Decisions have to be made on which of the many endangered taxa will be maintained and for what purposes, if captive breeding is to be an effective component of species conservation. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fecal pellet measurements of manipur brow‐antlered deer with respect to sex and age classes
Authors: Khan Imran , Goyal S. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasurements were made of fecal pellets for captive brow‐antlered deer (Cervus eldi eldi) from different age and sex classes. Pellet measurements increased linearly with increases in age, except for length and width measurements in males. Differences in dimensions were statistically significant between sexes and among some age classes. This procedure may be useful in differentiating between the sexes, and to some extent between ages, of wild‐living individuals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.