bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mamoulian and Color
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian and Color” takes a chronological look at the four Technicolor films Rouben Mamoulian directed—Becky Sharp (1935), Blood and Sand (1941), Summer Holiday (1948), and Silk Stockings (1957)—and how his color methods fit his broader theories of artistry. Becky Sharp was the first three-strip Technicolor feature, yet it was only an opening volley for Mamoulian, who formulated a more carefully controlled and rigorous color plan for Blood and Sand and Summer Holiday. Blood and Sand demonstrated the value of basing color design off the palettes of famous painters, while Summer Holiday featured one of the first overt experiments with subjective color. Taken together, Mamoulian’s films offered early pathbreaking approaches for three-strip color design.
Mamoulian and Filmmaking under Censorship
Authors: Slowik Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Mamoulian and Filmmaking under Censorship” examines four films directed by Rouben Mamoulian—Applause (1929), Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931), The Song of Songs (1933), and Queen Christina (1933)—whose sexual content pushed against censorship boundaries. Drawing extensively upon Production Code documents and Mamoulian’s personal papers, it examines the debates, excisions, and stakes behind these four films and demonstrates that Mamoulian was one of the central forces in pressing the industry to define what kind of entertainment a censored sound film could offer. By stylizing sound and image, Mamoulian showed how a salient sound-era style could address sex frankly, convey a particular stance toward it, and render it subjective and exciting—all while generally avoiding the display of censorable images in the early sound years.
The Invented State
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many Americans hold substantial misperceptions about what the government actually does. However, they get the facts wrong not because they are lazy, stupid, or blinded by partisan loyalty. Rather, information about existing policy is largely unavailable to them. News coverage instead prioritizes strategy, novelty, and change. Faced with these gaps in their knowledge, people often engage in inductive reasoning about public policies, especially when they care deeply about a particular issue. They draw on cues from the environment (sometimes including misleading information from elites) and their own cognitive heuristics to make inferences about what the government does. Many of these inferences are incorrect, and together they make up what I call the “invented state”: widespread misperceptions about public policy. However, correcting these policy misperceptions is highly effective at reducing false beliefs. In addition, providing people with corrective information has downstream effects on attitudes. When they learn how policies—including Social Security, refugee policy, and TANF—really work, their approval of these policies increases, and they also shift their policy priorities. Contrary to pundits’ assumptions of a public who is largely indifferent to policy, there is a deep public desire to learn basic facts about how the government works.
The construction of beliefs about policy
Authors: Thorson Emily 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter answers two questions about how inductive reasoning creates policy misperceptions. The first asks why we engage in inductive reasoning around some policies but not others. In a world where attention is limited and political interest is often minimal, under what circumstances do people bother engaging in the cognitive work of making inferences about a particular policy? The chapter answers this question with an experiment, showing how personal relevance can spur inductive reasoning. The second question is descriptive: When we engage in inductive reasoning, what kinds of explanations do we invent, and why are some so wrong? I draw on the responses to open-ended survey questions to explore how specific strategies of inductive reasoning can lead people astray. Finally, I conclude by highlighting the importance of these findings for our understanding of what citizens know—and get wrong—about policy.
Final Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The first chapter focuses on the relation of emancipatory politics to the state. It argues that revisiting Nicos Poulantzas’s “democratic road to socialism” and his (missed) engagement with Gramsci’s notion of the “integral state” can help to clarify the limitations of recent strategical proposals of exodus, distancing, or subtraction from the state. It is by means of a hegemonic form of politics, Gramsci argues, that the integral state can be dissolved into the “non-place” of a political relation. This practical and critical deconstructive relation opens the way for the emergence of a form of political power “of a completely different type.” Such a perspective enables us to rethink the theoretical foundations of the notion of “dual power,” a tradition of critical reflection that is particularly capable of illuminating key dynamics in contemporary extra-parliamentary mobilizations and movements focused on the construction of alternative institutions of emancipatory political engagement.
Formal Cause
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The fourth chapter advocates for the renewal of the political party as a coherent expression of the intersections of the multiplicity of contemporary radical, emancipatory political movements. Recent debates regarding the nature of political organization, horizontalism, and the party-form are analyzed in relation to the notion of the “compositional party,” derived from the experiences of Italian workerism in the 1960s and 1970s, and the conceptualization of the party as a form in which a unitary “political subject” could be forged—theorized most coherently by Lukács in the early 1920s. In this chapter, both models are argued to participate in the Janus-faced problematic of political (in)formalism. Gramsci’s notion of the modern Prince instead is presented as a form of organization that can comprehend the “constituent assemblying beyond constitutionalization” of contemporary movements. The modern Prince therefore represents a practice of organization able to extend the expansive horizon of real movements of historical self-emancipation.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusion argues that the radical movements of the early twenty-first century should be viewed as an intergenerational learning process in practices of de-subalternization. It also provides a programmatic summary of the main arguments of Radical Politics regarding the final, material, efficient, and formal causes of contemporary emancipation. The pervasive logic of the integral state’s separation of association and organization must be deconstructed in the midst of struggles against it, just as representative “politics as usual” must be challenged by alternative practices of delegation. Hegemony, conceived as the openness to innovation of an experimental risk, is argued to represent a shared method by means of which contemporary, intersectional sociopolitical movements can actualize their capacities for self-organization and self-governance. The open question of the political party, finally, appears as a challenge to empower a diversity of interests and experiences through the categorical imperative that has always governed radical politics: self-emancipation.
The School of Revolution
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter will explain how the new education system, set up by the Autonomous Administration, contributed to deradicalization after Baathist and ISIS rule, empowered ethnic and religious minorities by introducing a new Kurdish and Aramaic language curriculum, and also expanded the state-like bureaucracy. In establishing a new education system, the Administration was confronted with seven challenges, and I explain how officials have attempted to overcome each of them. One problem for which they do not yet have a solution is the refusal of the Syrian regime to recognize the degrees from their schools.
Equity and Gender Roles in Marriage
Authors: Wetzel Grace M. , Sanchez Diana T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Research indicates that there are gender disparities between men and women that continue to persist across numerous domains of marital life. These include household responsibility, child care, financial contribution, mental load, and sexual pleasure. For example, as women have entered the workforce in steadily increasing numbers, their status as the primary caretakers at home has not shifted as quickly (a phenomenon called the “second shift”). This chapter will cover current research on the gender discrepancies in each of these areas, and how they are upheld by heteronormative gender roles. We will assess the strides that modern society has taken toward progress, as well as the areas where there is still work to be done to achieve true equity in marriage.
Transforming Choral Singing
Authors: Beale Charles W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Transforming Choral Singing: An Activist’s Guide for Choir Directors argues that choral singing is ripe for change. It proposes four main principles that should guide its goals, musical practices, and social practices. These are connection, impact, social justice, and stylistic openness. Together, these principles offer a provocative and contemporary paradigm shift, grounded in the idea of what choral singing is for, and how it functions in the world. This paradigm shift clears away notions of canon, and enables a largely white, older, cisgender, straight-acting, ableist, and neurotypical field, to become more equitable and inclusive. It has profound implications for why we sing, what we sing, how we sing, and how choral directors should conduct, teach, rehearse, and lead a choral community. The main body of the book is in nine chapters, covering mission, vocal sound, rhythm and groove, improvising, programming, conducting and leading a choral community, teaching and learning, and the daily practice of equity and inclusion. Each chapter consists of an opening text that explains how the four principles can be applied in that area, and a second section that demonstrates their application through a lively mix of practical workshops, tips, and suggestions, that are applicable in school, college, church, and community choir contexts. Offering a new direction of travel, the book closes with a series of calls to action, and lays out a potentially transforming “activist” vision for the whole field, which conceives of all choral singing primarily as a powerful catalyst for musical and social change.
The Daily Practice of Equity and Inclusion
Authors: Beale Charles W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Focusing on choirs as social spaces, this chapter lays out key concepts underlying Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) work, including equity, privilege, and intersectionality. Workshops demonstrate how to apply those concepts systematically in choirs and choruses, in ways that make a choir a braver space, where clear and proactive structures are in place to ensure fairness and respect, and marginalized and vulnerable singers can feel more comfortable and bring their full selves to their singing. Issues around being white in charge of an inclusive and equitable choir are explicitly addressed, as is getting beyond white fragility. The workshops cover respect protocols; “Oops” and “Ouch”; microaggressions; welcome, engagement, and belonging; and how privilege is systemic. Suggestions and tips cover the trans and non-binary voice, inclusive auditioning, the older voice, accommodating and adapting for singers with disabilities, and the retention of BIPOC singers.
Doctor, Teacher, Terrorist
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This is the definitive account of al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri. It traces his role in the growth and evolution of transnational terrorism, which spanned more than half a century in total. Having grown up in an illustrious Egyptian family of doctors, lawyers, clergy, and politicians, al-Zawahiri rebelled against his own society, which he deemed had deviated from its religious identity. Whilst studying medicine, al-Zawahiri dedicated his life to sedition and violent rebellion against the international order. Ayman al-Zawahiri led an incomparable life. The Egyptian found himself in many of the places history was being determined in real time. His journey takes us across Egypt, Sudan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, as well as the United States and Russia. With the deft touch of a teacher, al-Zawahiri delegated numerous murderous assignments globally. He engaged in the assassination of political leaders, sought to develop chemical and biological weapons, recruited double and triple agents, turned the tables on his enemies, and pioneered the use of new media technology to convey al-Qaeda’s zealotry. In 2011, al-Zawahiri succeeded his close ally Osama bin Laden to head al-Qaeda, with a shrewd understanding of what was needed to rebuild and reform his organisation. Of all fugitives worldwide, al-Zawahiri had the highest reward on his head. After decades on the run, al-Zawahiri was killed in a drone strike in Afghanistan in 2022. But against the background of the Arab Spring and Western withdrawal from Afghanistan, his legacy left a foundation for al-Qaeda’s future on the terrorist world stage for years to come.
On Rheostasis
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
It is broadly accepted that the principles of homeostasis apply to all forms of physiological stability. This book presents an alternative interpretation and reviews evidence indicating that multiple forms of physiological stability exist in a hierarchical manner. The concept of rheostasis is described and shown to be a distinct mechanism to govern regulated changes in physiological stability. Using three decades of data at genetic, cellular, hormonal, neural, and behavioral levels the concept of a single fixed homeostatic set point is challenged and instead shown to vary predictably over time. Examples used to illustrate that homeostasis and rheostasis are distinct physiological mechanisms include biological rhythms, reproduction, energy balance, and the innate immune response. A theoretical framework for the hierarchical control of physiological stability, supported by mathematical modeling is described and includes homeostasis, rheostasis, and allostasis. The concepts outlined provide a fresh perspective of physiological control of healthy animals and a new understanding of the underlying causes and consequences of disruption or damage to any level of physiological stability.
Price and Income Effects in Insurance
Authors: Nyman John A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the studies that demonstrate the importance of the income effect in insurance. These studies represent the findings of surveys, empirical analyses, and theoretical work. The chapter also includes a section that discusses unintended impact of policies designed to reduce moral hazard and the welfare of moral hazard if viewed as a transactions cost. It also includes a section on the demand for insurance that covers the loss of consumer products by their replacement. An appendix discusses the RAND Health Insurance Experiment, as its findings have had an outsized influence on policy. It suggests that rather than a gold standard study, attrition from the experiment by participants in the cost-sharing arms who became ill has biased the RAND results and is responsible for the finding that cost-sharing could be imposed with no substantial effect on health.
The Class Politics in Postcommunist Europe
Authors: Snegovaya Maria 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter helps explain the book’s focus on working-class electorates across the postcommunist region. First, working-class electorates are precisely the groups that are typically associated with traditional left support and the classic alignment of left parties on the left side of the political spectrum along the economic axis. Just as in Western Europe, in the postcommunist region more redistributionist positions along the economic dimension tend to correspond to economic preferences of working-class electorates. Second, in the Eastern European context, working-class groups are particularly important electorally. Unlike in Western Europe, where structural change in the economy has led to a reduction in the sheer size of working-class groups, in the postcommunist context working-class groups still constitute a disproportionally high share of voters. This fact explains why in Eastern Europe the programmatic rebranding of ex-communist left parties (which followed the Western European model) tended to have such a consequential impact on their fortunes.
Anarchy or Chaos
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this fascinating biography of the Indian revolutionary M. P. T. Acharya (1887–1954), Ole Birk Laursen uncovers the remarkable transnational networks, movements, and activities of India’s most important anticolonial anarchist in the twentieth century. Driven by the urge for complete freedom from colonialism, authoritarianism, fascism, and militarism, which are rooted in the idea and politics of the nation-state, Acharya fought for an international vision of socialism and freedom. During the tumultuous opening decades of the 1900s--marked by the globalization of radical inter-revolutionary struggles, world wars, the rise of communism and fascism, and the growth of colonial independence movements—Acharya allied himself with pacifists, anarchists, radical socialists, and anticolonial fighters in exile, championing a future free from any form of oppression, whether by colonial rulers or native masters. Drawing on a wealth of archival material, private correspondence, and other primary sources, Laursen demonstrates that, among his contemporaries, Acharya’s turn to anarchism was unique and pioneering in the struggle for Indian independence. Anarchy or Chaos is the first comprehensive study of M. P. T. Acharya. It offers a new understanding of the global and entangled history of anarchism and anticolonialism in the first half of the twentieth century.
Exile in Europe
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes us beyond the centre–periphery dichotomy of anticolonialism. After M. P. T. Acharya embarked on a misguided venture to Morocco in an act of anticolonial solidarity with the Rifs, he spent time in Lisbon, before arriving in Paris in October 1909, and the chapter investigates the politics of Indian anticolonialism in Europe beyond the reach of the British authorities. It brings to light tales of arms smuggling, printing seditious literature, and the formation of anticolonial alliances with Egyptian nationalists in exile in Paris. The chapter examines Acharya’s sojourn in Berlin and Munich, attempting to start new nationalist groups, while living precariously and with great uncertainty. Set against the Italo-Turkish war of 1911, the chapter concludes with Acharya’s activities in Turkey, where he sought to foment transnational anti-British alliances with the Young Turks and foster connections between India’s Muslims and the Islamic world. The chapter unveils the ways in which anticolonial politics in exile was often simultaneously militant and precarious, characterized by mobility and uncertainty, while consciously building anticolonial and inter-revolutionary alliances in the greater struggle against imperialism.
International Socialism and World Peace
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts M. P. T. Acharya’s and Virendranath Chattopadhyaya’s two years among international socialists in the Second International. With the tides of the war turning, Acharya and Chatto sought out new allies in the freedom struggle and relocated to Stockholm in May 1917 to bring the question of Indian independence into the discussions of peace. They set up the Indiska Nationalkommittén (Indian National Committee, INK), found a small office, published propaganda in Scandinavian newspapers, and set to work among and within other colonial and subject peoples in the Swedish capital. The chapter explores how Stockholm became a hub of anticolonialism in the last years of the First World War, and how they engaged with social democrats and the limits of international socialism. The 1917 Russian revolution set in motion new directions, and at the end of the war it was clear to Acharya and Chattopadhyaya that they could not rely on help from Europe’s socialist leaders in the struggle for Indian freedom.
The Indian Communist Party
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers detailed insight into the collaboration between the Indian revolutionaries in Russia, the formation of the Indian Communist Party (ICP), its relation to the Comintern, and early activities. While Acharya remained a member of the Indian Revolutionary Association, he was also instrumental in the formative months of the ICP, leading missions to Andijan, Skobelev, and Bukhara, and recruiting new members into the party. Roy’s grip on the party and Acharya’s continued membership of the IRA became a contentious issue, and only two months after the formation of the ICP the Indians discussed Acharya’s allegiance to the Bolsheviks. Expelled from the ICP in late December 1920, the division between the Indian revolutionaries grew wider as Virendranath Chattopadhyaya and a group of Indians from Berlin arrived in the spring of 1921 to propose an alternative to M. N. Roy’s group. Focusing on rivalries and counter-revolution, the chapter brings to light a fascinating and problematic history of the birth of Indian communism in exile.
Return to India
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts M. P. T. Acharya’s first years back in India. Where his time in Berlin and exile were marked by close friendships and associations, his return to Bombay was characterized by isolation. While he still corresponded with anarchists across the world and engaged with the Spanish Civil War from an Indian perspective, he also found time to reflect on his long career as an Indian anticolonial revolutionary and wrote his memoirs as well as several articles on figures such as Chatto, Madame Cama, and Savarkar. In many ways, as the chapter makes clear, these accounted for his turn to and engagement with anarchism and utopianism. In Bombay, as the chapter illuminates, Acharya found new ways to bring anarchism into libertarian, left-wing debates in India through his association with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala and the Indian Institute of Sociology (IIS). The outbreak of the Second World War, however, put a stop to Acharya’s efforts to spread anarchism in India.
Towards Freedom
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines M. P. T. Acharya’s attempts to reconnect with old friends in the anarchist movement, while also building a movement at home and looking eastwards towards Asia for new connections, as well as his involvement with Commission for International Anarchist Relations (CRIA). Now in his late fifties and suffering from health issues, Acharya worked tirelessly to build up an anarchist movement in India and to connect it to a global movement. This involved setting up a library in Bombay, asking friends to send anarchist literature for the reading room, and publishing a new libertarian socialist journal with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala. At the same time, Acharya debated internationalism and the future of anarchist relations within CRIA and with Asian anarchists, as the chapter concludes, thus reorienting global intellectual conversations away from Europe and the Americas.