bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The PRAM model and a sorting algorithm
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will consider some simple algorithms that can be implemented when we have a SIMD computer in which every processor can access common RAM. In general, a computer in which many processors can access common RAM in a single program-step is called the PRAM model of computation. There are, of course, many forms of the PRAM-model: The PRAM-SIMD model of computation, in which all processors execute the same instructions in each program-step. To some extent, we can view the Con nection Machine as falling into this category. See section 2 for a discussion of the differences between the operation of the Connection Machine and the PRAM-SIMD model of computation.
The Shuffle-Exchange Network
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many parallel computers have been built using the hypercube network architecture including: The Cosmic Cube. the Connection Machines (CM-1 and CM-2) from Thinking Machines Corpora tion. These are SIMD computers discussed in more detail later in this book (see 2 on page 114). the Intel iPSC series, including the iPSC/1, iPSC/2, iPSC/860, and the Touch stone Gamma. the Caltech Mark II. the MasPar MP-1 computer. Most of these are MIMD computers Prove the statement that an n-dimensional hypercube is equivalent to an order n butterfly network with all of the columns collapsed to single vertices, and half as many edges.
The Granularity Problem
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all of the simulation algorithms described above we assumed that the unbounded parallel computer had an amount of memory that was proportional to the number of processors (this factor of proportionality is the term /3 that appears so prominently). Suppose we want to simulate an unbounded parallel computer with a large amount of RAM-much larger than the number of processors. Also suppose that the processors in the network used to carry out the simulation together have enough memory between them to accomplish this. We then encounter the so-called Granularity Problem -how is this distributed memory to be efficiently accessed? This is an interesting problem that has been considered before in the context of distributed databases - suppose a database is broken up into many pieces in distinct computers that are networked together. Suppose people use all of the computers in the network to access the database. Under some (possibly rare) circumstances it is possible that all of the users want data that is be located on the one computer in the network and response time will slow down tremendously because each individual computer in the network can only handle a small number of requests for data at a time. The question arises: Is is possible to organize the data in the database (possibly with multiple copies of data items) so that access to data is always fast regardless of how users request it? The term granularity comes from the fact that the number of processors is much lower than the amount of memory available so that each processor has a sizable chunk of local memory that must be accessed by all of the other processors.
Women in the CourtsConformity and Dissonance before the War, 1821–1846
Authors: González Deena J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared with many of her Spanish-Mexican relatives and friends, Manuela Baca was a wealthy woman. She owned several properties in and around Santa Fe. With her husband, the well-known Miguel Sena, she controlled an indeterminable, but large, portion of Santa Fe’s developing merchant economy. The partners owned three homes and pasture outside the town; they were active in the trading market between Missouri and Chihuahua, Mexico, which had made Santa Fe its nucleus. Sena made his money by buying property with cash raised from selling livestock, trading with the surrounding Indian communities, and operating a mercantile store in town. Despite her up- per-middle-class position, however, Baca’s life was far from idyllic. From April 6 through September 13, 1832, she appeared in court on several occasions to answer charges brought against her by a Euro-American merchant, Alexander (or Alejandro, as he was referred to in the court documents) Le Grand. During that period, her wealth or status provided her little consolation and, indeed, was the source of her vexing troubles.
Demosthenes and His Time
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Sealey studies the political history of Greece, especially Athens, from 386 to 322 BC. Although Demosthenes figures largely in the middle and later chapters, the book is not intended to be purely biographical, and a good deal of attention is paid to social and international factors bearing on Athenian political activity during this period. The story is one of two-fold failure: by launching a league of a novel type in 378 the Athenians tried to bring a new order into Greek affairs, but were eventually overcome by Macedon; Demosthenes discovered his mission as a statesman and failed because of Macedonian power. The narrative begins in 387/6 BC, when the Spartans and their allies secured financial help from Persia, gained control of the Hellespont and cut the Athenians off from one of their main sources of grain. Sealey describes the events of the turbulent years which followed, the threat to Athens posed by Philip II and the rise of Demosthenes to power in Athens. The book concludes with an analysis of the defeat of Athens and its allies in 322, and ends with the suicide of Demosthenes.
Perceptions and Criticisms of Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live at a time in which science and technology are moving forward at dizzying rates; knowledge—although perhaps not wisdom—is being generated so fast that today in one year we are accumulating more information than was acquired in the first fifty years of the twentieth century. This information avalanche results from the enormous increase in scientific activity: perhaps 90% of the scientists who have ever lived are alive today. New discoveries challenge long-held beliefs, ideas, and facts, and there are too many new findings to assimilate. The blizzard of scientific revelations becomes incomprehensible, threatening to our sense of place in the world, and perhaps even irrelevant. Science is regarded by many, perhaps as Jehovah was by the Israelites, with respect, fear, and utter incomprehension (Tuomey 1996); we might add skepticism to that list.
How To Be an Ethical Anti-Realist
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some philosophers like to call themselves realists, and some like to call themselves anti-realists. An increasing number, I suspect, wish to turn their backs on the whole issue. Their strengths include those of naturalism, here counseling us that there is none except a natural science of human beings. From this it follows that there is no ‘first philosophy’ lying behind (for instance) physics, or anthropology, enabling the philosopher to know how much of the world is ‘our construction’ (anti-realism) or, on the contrary, ‘independent of us’ (realism).
Attitudes and Contents
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G. F. Schueler’s article puts in a forceful way various reservations about my treatment of indirect contexts, on behalf of the position I have called ‘quasirealism.’ His opposition is, I think, as complete as could be: it is not only that my treatment has been incomplete, which I happily concede, or that its formulation has been defective, which I am prepared to believe, but also that nothing like it could possibly succeed. That at least is the proper consequence of some of his views—on logical form, on validity, and on the nature of commitment. For example, if showing that an inference has ‘the logical form’ or ‘is an instance’ of modus ponens involves taking it as ‘the realist picture’ has it, then no attempt to explain it in other terms will be compatible with its having that form. Again, if validity is (‘as it is used in logic’) defined in terms of the impossibility of premises being true and conclusions false, then persons reluctant to apply truth and falsity to any of the elements of an inference will have to admit that the inference is not valid, as the term is used in logic. Third, if ‘talk of “commitments” is problematic for the antirealist’, then antirealism will make no headway by thinking of a class of commitments more general than those with representative or realistic truth conditions. Fortunately, none of these contentions seems to me correct. Since the survival of quasi-realism even in spirit demands their rebuttal, I shall start by considering them in turn.
Losing Your Mind: Physics, Identity, and Folk Burglar Prevention*
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I introduce a paradox in much current thinking about physics. The paradox is that physics (and indeed any human thought) never identifies causes—real causes. It may give us causal explanations, but these are only ways of pointing toward the real causes, or features in virtue of which effects follow causes. The paradoxical conclusion is that the predicates we use do not express or refer to the causally powerful properties or states. We can head toward the engine room, perhaps, but never get there. I diagnose current eliminativism in the philosophy of mind as largely the upshot of the paradoxical way of thinking. If I am right, its proponents have done a great service, giving us an outward and visible sign of an inner spiritual tangle. I start by saying a little about eliminativism, by way of introducing the way of thinking about physics that, according to me, it depends upon, and thence identifying the paradox.
Empowering People Through Friendly Technology: Psychology in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Bower Gordon H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present some speculations regarding what people in Western civilization might be like a hundred years from now. This is a matter of some curiosity to contemporary psychologists as well as of great concern to those future psychologists who will study these people and treat them for their psychological problems. Although people are assuredly limited by their biology and brain in what they can do, I believe that technological innovations of the coming century will greatly expand the power of individuals to control their environment, to control themselves and guide their children, and thereby to better direct their own destiny. As a consequence of this greater power, people will be better able to improve the quality of their lives, and increase the intelligence, creativity, and humanity of themselves and their children. It is my contention that psychologists will play a pivotal role in helping design such technologies to be “user-friendly,” in field-testing their efficacy, and in refining the technological designs until they achieve a proper fit to the capabilities and talents of individual users. That, at least, is the hope that I express in the following pages. If any profession knows the hazards and pitfalls of predicting people’s moment-to moment behavior, it is assuredly experimental psychologists. Even in their closely controlled laboratory experiments, psychologists are continually frustrated by their failed predictions about human behavior.
Chapters of Psychology
Authors: Levelt Willem J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sehr geehrter Herr Professor Wundt, what is your opinion about the place of psychology among the sciences of mind?1 As the science of the universal forms of direct experience, it is the foundation of the sciences of mind. Psychology is at the same time the most general science of mind and the foundation of all others, such as philology, history, economics, law, etc.a Are these special sciences of the mind, then, “chapters of human psychology,” just like, for instance, developmental psychology or general psychology? The psychological analysis of the most general products of mind, such as language, mythical representations, moral norms, is psychology’s due, in part as a necessary expansion of its territory over the phenomena of shared mental life, in part as an aid in grasping complex psychological phenomena at all.
The Future of the Mind Liesn Technology
Authors: Norman Donald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical technologies make us warmer, faster, and more powerful. But there is a more important technology-a cognitive technology-that makes us smarter. Elsewhere, I have called this technology “cognitive artifacts” (Norman, 1991, 1993). Through our technologies we have changed the normal forces that affect natural evolution. No longer do the weak, the frail, and the injured die. Now it is those with technology who thrive, those without who do not: Whether desirable or not, it is the state to which we have now evolved.
The Oath
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hippocratic Oath is one of those documents that is omnipresent in discussions of the foundations of medicine but seldom gets thought about in day-to-day medical practice. Therefore, when the subject came up during a classroom discussion on medical ethics, prompted by reading and analysis of the novel Arrowsmith, I was not able to quote it with accuracy. For the next class, copies were made available to everyone, and we began a critical reading.
Autism And Authority
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The United States Today, major intellectual and scientific decisions are often made by judges and jurors who are not free to step back and endlessly debate conflicting viewpoints but must render decisions sharply and definitively, often causing appreciable amounts of money to change hands. Such a case was that of Daniel Kunin, plaintiff, versus Benefit Trust Life Insurance Company, defendant, an action brought in United States District Court, Central District of California, Judge Irving Hill presiding. Opinion was rendered on September 19, 1988.
Just Say No
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sudden Death of Baseball Commissioner A. Bartlett Giamatti within a week of President Bush’s announcement of the war on drugs brings back some personal memories. It also evokes some thoughts on substance abuse and the magnitude of the problem of dealing with our addictive habits. A series of events during the years 1981 to 1986 occasioned several conversations between Bart and me dealing with alcohol control, tobacco use, and related matters. There were other things both of us would have preferred to discuss, but our job responsibilities had brought us to these matters.
Deliver Us
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Essay may get some people irritated with me, but I feel a need to write it. It is a nonprofessional’s look at the practice of obstetrics. After 10 years of holding back, what finally prompted me to consider stepping in where angels fear to tread was an article in the Washing ton Post reporting that the rate of cesarean births in the District of Columbia is currently 30.1%. The national average is 24%, and one hospital in Maryland has reported a rate of 42%. The article also noted that “the chance of a woman dying during a cesarean section is two to four times greater than during a vaginal delivery, and the surgery involves a longer hospital stay, higher complication rates, and a longer recovery time.”
Clitoridectomy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My Earliest Knowledge of East Africa came from a childhood hobby of stamp collecting and an attraction to the strangesounding names. Somewhere I have tucked away an album with a few stamps from Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika. These three states were under British government and became independent in the early 1960s. They have traveled radically different routes since then. Kenya, under Jomo Kenyatta and his successor, Daniel Moi, has become a successful, Western-style, free-enterprise state. Tanzania (the former Tanganyika and the island of Zanzibar), under Julius Nyerere, has followed a Chinese style of communism, and Uganda, under a series of leaders, has followed a path of intertribal strife and chaos.
Tatami Taxonomy
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As i Sit On a Woven Mat and savor the great variety of small dishes of food that are set before me, the slight aching of my legs is offset by the mild anesthetic effect of inhaling and sipping the tiny cups of hot sake. Ever the biologist, I begin to wonder how many major taxa of flora and fauna have gone into this meal. Japanese cuisine must be the richest in the world in terms of taxonomic variety, and the idea arises of exploring the world of living in terms of the menus of Nippon. This exercise in systematic gastronomy will be called, quite naturally, tatami taxonomy. To make the exercise more tangible, I recall the norimaki sushi hors d’oeuvre that began this feast. This wonder of the life sciences contains materials from the four major classification groups, which perhaps had best be reviewed, just in case. The major division in all life forms is between the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. The former include bacteria and simple, nonnucleated, unicellular forms. The latter encompass all higher forms and are partitioned into three kingdoms: plants, animals, and protists. Protists are a collection of algae, fungi, and protozoa, which are generally at a lower level of organization than plants and animals.
The Litmus Test
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT’S DIFFICULT TO READ through a newspaper these days without encountering reference to a litmus test. Whether the article deals with appointing a Supreme Court justice or the director of the National Institutes of Health, the notion of such a test keeps working its way into the political rhetoric. To those of us who first encountered litmus in cherished childhood chemistry sets, the notion of a political litmus test impinges on the psyche in a strange way. Obviously, a more detailed understanding of litmus is called for. It begins, appropriately enough, with the 1911 edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica:
LITMUS (apparently a corruption of lacmus, Dutch lacmoes, lac, lac, and moes, pulp, due to association with “lit,” an obsolete word for dye, colour; the Ger. equivalent is Lackmus, Fr. tournesol), a colouring matter which occurs in commerce in the form of small blue tablets, which, however, consist mostly, not of the pigment proper, but of calcium carbonate and sulphate and other matter devoid of tinctorial value. Litmus is extensively employed by chemists as an indicator for the detection of free acids and free alkalis. An aqueous infusion of litmus, when exactly neutralized by an acid, exhibits a violet colour, which by the least trace of free acid is changed to red, while free alkali turns it to blue. The reagent is generally used in the form of test paper bibulous paper dyed red, purple or blue by the respective kind of infusion. Litmus is manufactured in Holland from the same kinds of lichens (species Roccella and Lecanora) as are used for the preparation of archil.
X∝os, Chaos Chaos, And Chaos
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I SUPPOSE it is a fitting sign of the times that chaos has become, simultaneously, an important concept in science, the title of a widely read book, and a topic for cocktail party conversation. It is to the last of these subjects that this essay is addressed.
The English word “chaos” comes to us from the ancient Greek x&lt;iocr. The earliest extant reference is from Hesiod, who lived in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C. In his Theogony (lines 114- 116), he wrote:
Thus, Chaos was the name of the most ancient of the Greek deities, the first member of the Pantheon. From very early times there was apparently an association between the first god, Chaos, and the unformed matter of the universe, chaos. The word “chaos” is first recorded in English in Scala perfeccionis by Walter Hylton in 1440. He writes of chaos as “a thycke derkeness.”
Cavalier and Yankee
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Taylor’s Cavalier and Yankee was one of the most famous works of American history written in the 1960s. The book is an intellectual history of the South before the Civil War, the perception of it in the North, and the effect it had upon the nation in the years from 1800 to 1860. First published in 1961 and out of print for several years, Taylor’s classic study remains essential to the study of the pre-Civil War South.
Fidelity to Trust
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trust is ineradicable in human relationships. Without it we could not live in society or attain even the rudiments of a fulfilling life. Without trust we could not anticipate the future, and we would therefore be paralyzed into inaction. Yet to trust and entrust is to become vulnerable and dependent on the good will and motivations of those we trust. Trust, ineradicable as it is, is also always problematic. Trust is most problematic when we are in states of special dependence-in illness, old age, or infancy or when we are in need of healing, justice, spiritual help, or learning. This is the situation in our relationships with the professions that circumstances force us to trust. We are forced to trust professionals if we wish access to their knowledge and skill. We need the help of doctors, lawyers, ministers, rabbis, priests, chaplains, or teachers to surmount or cope with our most pressing human needs. We must depend on their fidelity to trust and their desire to protect rather than exploit our vulnerability.