bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale in Japan
Authors: Nakai Yukie , Hirakawa Takayuki , Milgrom Peter , Coolidge Trilby , Heima Masahiro , Mori Yukako , Ishihara Chikako , Yakushiji Noriko , Yoshida Toshiko , Shimono Tsutomu 
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aims of this research are to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS‐DS), and to examine the responses of children in the dental setting and in the community.Methods:  The CFSS‐DS was translated into Japanese and administered to three samples. The first sample comprised 134 child patients aged 8–15 years, of whom 100 were assigned for test–retest analysis, and the behavior of the remaining 34 additional children were rated during their dental appointments, and compared with their questionnaire results. A second sample of 532 child patients aged 8–15 years, completed the CFSS‐DS and also one additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist. A third sample of 1250 school children aged 8–15 years was surveyed using the CFSS‐DS and the additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist.Results:  The Japanese version of the CFSS‐DS showed good internal consistency (alpha=0.91) and test–retest reliability (r=0.90), as well as good criterion validity assessed by the relationship with actual child behavior (rs=0.51). It also showed good construct validity assessed by correlation with willingness to return to the dentist. Fear levels were higher in the school sample than in the clinic sample (27.7 versus 24.6). Girls reported more fear than boys (26.2 versus 23.2 in the clinic sample, and 30.7 versus 24.8 in the school sample). Injections, choking, having a stranger touch them, and drilling were the most common fears. Factor analyses demonstrated a factor pattern similar to the results found in other cultures.Conclusion:  The results suggest that the CFSS‐DS is reliable and valid and operates in Japan as it does in other cultures.
Comparison of radiographic and clinical diagnosis of approximal and occlusal dental caries in a young adult population
Authors: Hopcraft Matthew S. , Morgan Michael V. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aims of the study were: (1) to determine if bitewing radiographs provided additional diagnostic yield for occlusal and approximal dental caries in adults aged between 17 and 30 years of age when compared with a clinical examination only, (2) how this translated into the measurement of dental caries experience, and (3) to determine the influence of water fluoridation on the diagnosis of dental caries in occlusal and approximal surfaces by clinical examination alone and by radiographic examination.Methods:  Between November 2002 and March 2003 a total of 879 subjects aged 17–30 years had a clinical examination using visual and tactile criteria. Subsequent to this examination, bitewing radiographs were taken and viewed separately and blind. Approximal and occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars were examined on the radiographs.Results:  Between 22.9–32.9% of approximal caries and 75.9–82.9% of occlusal caries was detected by clinical examination, while 93.1–97.1% of approximal caries and 33.1–42.6% of occlusal caries was detected by radiographic examination. In addition, while only 0.97% of clinically sound approximal surfaces and 0.83% of clinically sound occlusal surfaces were diagnosed with dentine caries on the radiographs, 67.1–77.1% of approximal caries was detected by radiographs alone, an additional diagnostic yield of 204–336%. The DS score increased 45–46% and the DMFS score increased 6–11% from the clinical examination with the addition of the radiographic information (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The prevalence of approximal and occlusal caries was underestimated when clinical means only were employed. There was a significant increase in DS and DMFS scores from the clinical examination only when radiographic information was added across all age groups (P < 0.001). This study confirms the value of bitewing radiographs in caries diagnosis.
The Prophetic Objection in Ezekiel iv 14 and its Relation to Ezekiel's Call
Authors: Phinney D. Nathan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractW. Zimmerli has argued persuasively that Ezekiel iv 12-15 is a secondary addition to the series of sign acts found in iv 1-v 4, maintaining that the text was attached in its current location because of its affinity with the sign act that immediately precedes. In Ezekiel iv 12-15, Ezekiel protests Yahweh's instruction to prepare food using human excrement, a protest to which Yahweh responds in a conciliatory way. This paper accepts Zimmerli's analysis that the passage is secondary and seeks to offer an explanation for the voiced prophetic objection, heretofore not seen in the book. In short, it argues that this voiced objection functions to fill a void left in the call narrative of Ezekiel (i 1-iii 15), a void which needed to be filled for the prophet to be seen as legitimate. Further, it concludes that this addition stems from the hand of the prophet him-self and that it was added, in great part, for the purpose of asserting his legitimacy.
The Danite Campaign Northward (Judges xvii-xviii) and the Migration of the Phocaeans to Massalia (strabo iv 1,4)
Authors: Na'Aman Nadav 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe article first examines in detail the story of Judges xvii-xviii, suggesting that it is a post-Dtr composition, written for an educated audience in the post-exilic period. It ridicules and criticizes not only the cult, priests and cult centres of the Northern Kingdom, but also their founder, Jeroboam I. Indeed, some of the characteristics of the story's main protagonist, Micah, were borrowed from the history of Jeroboam as related in the Book of Kings.Second, the article analyzes the similarity between the description of the Danite migration northward and a Greek story that describes the foundation of Massalia by the Phocaeans (Strabo, Geography IV 1,4). It is suggested that certain outlines of the story of Judges xviii might have been borrowed from a Greek legend that the author had heard and adapted to his purpose.
The Literary Strata and Narrative Sources of Psalm Xcix
Authors: Leuchter Mark 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe current form of Ps. xcix reflects its position in a collection of texts spanning Pss. xciii-c that addresses the kingship of YHWH and the interests of a 5th century Zadokite establishment. Ps. xcix, however, possesses both lexical and ideological features that point to an earlier literary stratum underlying the current form of the text. An examination of these features suggests that the psalm was initially composed during the reign of David and relates to the transformation of Jerusalem from a Jebusite to an Israelite city, drawing heavily upon the Shiloh tradition and the significance of Mosaic intercession as a means of establishing the sacred parameters of history. A later Zadokite editor included this earlier text in the 5th century collection but augmented it with references to Jerusalem Priestly tradition, facilitating the transfer of religious authority from Mosaic to Zadokite circles.
Effects of Interior Wall on Continuous Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles in Microcapillary Reactor
Authors: He Shengtai , Kohira Toshihiro , Uehara Masato , Kitamura Tugio , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Miyazaki Masaya , Maeda Hideaki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
After investigating the effects of the interior wall of the micro-capillary tube on the size distribution of silver nanoparticles, the well dispersed silver nanoparticles were fabricated continuously in a selected PTFE micro-capillary reactor with a one-step process.
Hepatitis B-Diagnostik bei Blutspendern: Verfahren und Interpretation auffälliger Befundkonstellationen. Diagnosis of hepatitis B in blood donors: procedure and interpretation of suspicious results
Authors: Polywka Susanne 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Several test systems are available for the diagnosis of infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). In most cases, reliable results lead to the detection of acute infection or chronic HBV infection or immunity due to past infection or active immunization. In some cases, however, results may be difficult to interpret or even misleading and special assays are necessary to answer more specific questions.
During acute or chronic HBV infection, not only the qualitative detection of HBsAg is necessary, but also the quantitative determination may allow for the diagnosis of activity of the disease. In most cases, HBeAg closely correlates to viraemia and infectivity, but mutations within the pre-core region of the HBV genome may lead to a loss of HBeAg and to seroconversion to anti-HBe while the virus concentration in serum is high and patients are severely ill. Anti-HBc assays often give false positive test results which can be ruled out by re-testing a serum dilution. IgM antibodies against HBcAg are not only found during acute infection but may become positive again during reactivation in chronic virus carriers. Different genotypes of the virus are prevalent in different parts of the world and multiple infections are possible; these may lead to the simultaneous detection of HBsAg and anti-HBs.
Viral DNA can be detected by several methods with different lower detection limits. Screening of blood donors to rule out HBsAg-negative virus carriers is done by polymerase chain reaction, since this method has the highest sensitivity. Infectivity of HBsAg-positive carriers may also be determined by other assays such as branched DNA or molecular hybridization. Patients on treatment with nucleoside analogs may show an increase in DNA concentration after an initial decrease or even loss. This may be due to mutation within the YMDD-motif of the DNA polymerase which can be detected by sequence analysis.
In this overview, hints will be given on how to evaluate positive results in the different assays. In addition, it gives advice on how to establish a suitable diagnosis for a variety of clinical questions. Several suspicious constellations are discussed as well as the possibilities to clarify them.
Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer: Current Approaches
Authors: Baddi Lisa , Benson Al 
Published: April 2005

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the data concerning adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer patients.Discuss the current recommendations of the ASCO regarding adjuvant therapy for stage II colon cancer patients.Describe points of discussion for the patient and physician when considering adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Oxidative stress and endocrine endpoints in white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from a river impacted by agricultural chemicals
Authors: Dorval Jocelyn , Leblond Vincent , Deblois Christian , Hontela Alice 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The effects of agricultural chemicals on cortisol secretion, antioxidants, and lipid peroxidation were investigated in hepatic and adrenal tissue of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) from a river (Yamaska) that drains an agricultural region in Québec (Canada). Plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity, used as a biomarker of exposure to pesticides, was elevated in fish from the reference site compared to fish from the contaminated sites. Plasma concentrations of cortisol and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) were higher in fish from the reference site compared to contaminated sites; reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were higher and lipid peroxidation (LPO) was lower. Levels of antioxidants (CAT, Gpx, and GSH) were higher (10–90%) and LPO levels were lower (50%) in the liver than in the adrenal tissue. The present in situ study provided evidence that antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, and plasma hormones were altered in fish sampled in areas impacted by agricultural chemicals. Endocrine-disrupting effects were associated with oxidative stress. The results suggest that antioxidants and lipid peroxidation could be used as markers of contaminant exposure in fish.
Growth inhibition as indicator of stress because of atrazine following multiple toxicant exposure of the freshwater macrophyte, Juncus effusus L
Authors: Lytle Thomas F. , Lytle Julia S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Atrazine is a herbicide used most frequently in North America, but it usually is encountered in mixtures of agrochemicals. Few atrazine exposure studies have been conducted using mixed pesticides; therefore, little data are available to suggest reliable means of discerning effects attributable to atrazine. The common freshwater macrophyte, Juncus effusus L., was exposed in 66 mesocosms to atrazine at two nominal concentrations (96 and 192 μg/L) with varying concentrations of chlorpyrifos, monosodium methanearsonate, and monomethylmercury. Exposure levels represented typical levels that might follow runoff or direct-spray application in enclosed waterbodies. Using shoot density and number of shoots shorter than 25 cm per unit area as response measurements, the growth effects of atrazine, even in varying pesticide mixes, could be detected as early as 16 d after initial exposure. Further growth effects specifically caused by atrazine also could be detected following a second exposure to the same toxicant mixture. Mesocosm tests offer greater control of natural variability than would be found in the natural environment and offer more realistic conditions than traditional laboratory/greenhouse studies. Therefore, in field testing, growth measurements should be accompanied by other confirmatory tests, such as pesticide concentrations in tissue and, possibly, chlorophyll concentrations, for measuring specific toxic effects of atrazine and other pesticides.
Factors influencing persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus)
Authors: Tuerk Karen J.S. , Kucklick John R. , McFee Wayne E. , Pugh Rebecca S. , Becker Paul R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Assessing the trends of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in cetaceans is difficult because of age and gender influences on accumulation. Persistent organic pollutants bioaccumulate and are poorly metabolized; hence, concentrations may increase with age in males while females reduce their POP burden through parturition and lactation. Age and gender effects on contaminant concentrations are species specific because of life history and reproductive strategies. These influences must be understood in order to elucidate and assess lifetime POP exposure. The objectives of this study were to determine baseline POP concentrations in blubber samples from the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) and to investigate life history and other influences, such as metabolism, on these concentrations. Forty-seven L. acutus blubber samples collected from mass stranding events in Massachusetts, USA (1993–2000), and archived in the National Marine Mammal Tissue Bank at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) were analyzed for 55 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCB; 55 congeners), five polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, and organochlorine pesticides (toxaphene, DDT and metabolites, mirex, dieldrin, chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes, hexachlorobenzene, and endosulfans) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Ages for 19 animals were determined from growth layer groups on decalcified, stained thin tooth sections. Total PCBs (ΣPCB; sum of 55 congeners) were the contaminants present in the highest concentrations in all age classes (0.5–63 μg/g wet mass) followed by sum of DDTs (0.50–43 μg/g wet mass), toxaphene (0.055–31 μg/g wet mass), chlordanes (0.30–24 μg/g wet mass), and PBDEs (0.12–4.0 μg/g wet mass). Body length had a greater statistical influence than age on contaminant burdens in L. acutus. Contaminant burdens decreased with length in both male and female L. acutus, suggesting metabolic elimination and/or growth dilution in males and off-loading via lactation in females.
Hepatic retinoids of bullfrogs in relation to agricultural pesticides
Authors: Boily Monique H. , Bérubé Virginie E. , Spear Philip A. , Deblois Christian , Dassylva Nathalie 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Agricultural pesticides often have been cited as a factor affecting indigenous amphibian populations, but possible effects of pesticides and other factors associated with agricultural practices are understood poorly. Adult bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) were collected within the Yamaska River basin (Quebec, Canada) in subwatersheds representing low, medium, and high agricultural activities and 53 pesticides were analyzed in surface water. More pesticides were detected in subwatersheds associated with high agricultural activities like Rivière Noire and Rivière à la Barbue and pesticide concentrations were higher compared to the other study sites. Female and male body weights differed between sites. In the case of males, body weight was significantly less at Rivière à la Barbue. Liver retinol stores were decreased significantly in male bullfrogs from Rivière Noire, although total retinyl esters concentrations varied between sites having the highest concentration at Yamaska-Nord where the agricultural activity was considered low. The ratio of hepatic retinyl palmitate to retinol tended to be higher for male bullfrogs from Rivière Noire and Rivière à la Barbue. These results suggest that factors associated with intensive agricultural practices may affect the body weight and retinoid stores in male bullfrogs living in these agroecosystems.
Effects of hardness, chloride, and acclimation on the acute toxicity of sulfate to freshwater invertebrates
Authors: Soucek David John , Kennedy Alan James 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The acute toxicity of sulfate to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Chironomus tentans, Hyalella azteca, and Sphaerium simile was assessed to support potential updates of Illinois (USA) sulfate criteria for the protection of aquatic life. The mean lethal concentrations to 50% of a sample population (LC50s), expressed as mg SO42−/L, in moderately hard reconstituted water (MHRW) were as follows: 512 mg/L for H. azteca, 2,050 mg/L for C. dubia, 2,078 mg/L for S. simile, and 14,134 mg/L for C. tentans. At constant sulfate (∼2,800 mg/L) and hardness (106 mg/L), survival of H. azteca was positively correlated with chloride concentration. Hardness also was found to ameliorate sodium sulfate toxicity to C. dubia and H. azteca, with LC50s for C. dubia increasing from 2,050 mg SO42−/L at hardness = 90 mg/L to 3,516 mg SO42−/L at hardness = 484 mg/L. Using a reformulated MHRW with a similar hardness but higher chloride concentration and different calcium to magnesium ratio than that in standard MHRW, the mean LC50 for H. azteca increased to 2,855 mg/L, and the LC50 for C. dubia increased to 2,526 mg/L. Acclimation of C. dubia to 500 and 1,000 mg SO42−/L for several generations nominally increased mean LC50 values compared with those cultured in standard MHRW.
Effects of fomesafen, alone and in combination with an adjuvant, on plankton communities in freshwater outdoor pond mesocosms
Authors: Caquet Thierry , Deydier-Stephan Laurence , Lacroix Gérard , Rouzic Bertrand Le , Lescher-Moutoué Françoise 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Ecotoxicological effects of the diphenyl ether herbicide fomesafen, applied alone or in combination with the adjuvant Agral 90® (mixture of polyethoxylated derivatives of nonylphenol), were assessed on planktonic communities in 18-m3 outdoor mesocosms during a nine-month study. Four mesocosms were treated with fomesafen only (nominal concentration: 40 μg/L), four were treated with the mixture fomesafen-Agral 90 (nominal concentration: 40 μg/L and 90 μg/L, respectively), and four were kept as the controls. Five treatments were performed every three weeks from April 18, 2000. Mean (± standard error [SE]) values of fomesafen concentration in water of 62.5 (±5.3) and 19.4 (±7.6) μg/L were measured at the end of the treatment period in fomesafen- and mixture-treated mesocosms, respectively. Fomesafen, either alone or in mixture with Agral 90, had a significant positive effect on the abundance and biovolume of Cyanobacteria, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Bacillariophyceae. Chlorophyceae were inhibited by the herbicide and laboratory toxicity tests confirmed that green algae were more sensitive toward fomesafen than other algal classes. A positive effect of treatments on phytoplankton taxonomic diversity also was observed, indicating that, like natural disturbances of intermediate strength, xenobiotics sometimes may enhance the diversity of algal communities. Fomesafen alone did not have any clear effect on zooplankton. Abundance of calanoid copepods was reduced significantly in the mixture-treated ponds, suggesting either a direct effect of the adjuvant and/or an enhancement of herbicide toxicity by Agral 90. The abundance of other zooplanktonic herbivorous groups increased due to a reduced competition for food for herbivorous species and a higher availability of preys for predators. No algal bloom was observed in the treated ponds, presumably because of grazing pressure and the low availability of nutrients.
Bioavailability models for predicting acute and chronic toxicity of zinc to algae, daphnids, and fish in natural surface waters
Authors: De Schamphelaere Karel A. C. , Lofts Stephen , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Bioavailability models predicting acute and/or chronic zinc toxicity to a green alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), a crustacean (Daphnia magna), and a fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were evaluated in a series of experiments with spiked natural surface waters. The eight selected freshwater samples had varying levels of bioavailability modifying parameters: pH (5.7–8.4), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 2.48–22.9 mg/L), Ca (1.5–80 mg/L), Mg (0.79–18 mg/L), and Na (3.8–120 mg/L). In those waters, chronic zinc toxicity (expressed as 10% effective concentrations [EC10]) varied up to 20-fold for the alga (72-h EC10 from 27.3 to 563 μg Zn/L), and approximately sixfold for the crustacean (21-d EC10 from 59.2 to 387 μg Zn/L), and fivefold for the fish (30-d LC10, lethal concentration for 10% of the organisms, from 185 to 902 μg Zn/L). For P. subcapitata a refined bioavailability model was developed by linking an empirical equation, which predicts toxicity expressed as free Zn2+ activity as a function of pH, to the geochemical speciation model WHAM/Model V. This model and previously developed acute and/or chronic biotic ligand models for D. magna and O. mykiss generally predicted most effect concentrations by an error of less than a factor of two. In waters with pH &gt; 8, however, chronic toxicity to D. magna was underestimated by a factor 3 to 4. Based on the results of this validation exercise and earlier research, we determined applicability ranges for pH (6–8) and Ca (5–160 mg/L) in which all three developed models are valid. Within these ranges, all three models may be considered useful tools for taking into account bioavailability in regulatory assessments of zinc.