bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durable press finish of cotton/polyester fabrics with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid and sodium propionate
Authors: Lee Eui So , Kim Hong Je 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSodium hypophosphite (SHP) is widely used as an effective catalyst for the esterification reaction of cellulose with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). However, catalysts containing phosphorus cause significant shade changes in dyed fabrics because of their reductive nature, and the effluents containing phosphorus cause eutrophication in rivers and lakes. Hence, their commercial application as catalysts in textile processing is limited. In this study sodium propionate and its catalytic activities as a nonphosphorous catalyst were investigated. The evidence for esterification and crosslinking of cellulose with BTCA in the presence of sodium propionate was shown by an improved wrinkle recovery angle and durable press rating of treated fabrics. The presence of ester groups in the treated fabrics was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The performance of sodium propionate as a catalyst for BTCA was comparable to that of SHP. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 654–661, 2001
Encapsulation of aluminum flakes by dispersion polymerization of styrene in a nonaqueous system with reactive surfactants
Authors: Kimura Isao , Taguchi Yoshinari , Yoshii Haruyuki , Tanaka Masato 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDispersion polymerization of styrene in ethanol was carried out to encapsulate aluminum flakes. The effects of three reactive surfactants, two anionic and one nonionic, were investigated. It was confirmed prior to encapsulation that these surfactants did not polymerize by themselves but did promote polymerization of styrene. The capsules obtained were characterized with respect to the morphology and mean size. The encapsulating efficiency of the polymer of the wall material, the wall thickness, and the molecular weight distribution were measured. The effects of the concentrations of styrene monomer and reactive surfactants on these characteristics were determined and discussed. Aluminum flakes were coagulated to form secondary particles and they were covered with fine polymer particles, which were precipitated in the continuous phase. To improve encapsulation, the auxiliary addition of nonionic surfactant was attempted. By controlling those concentrations, capsules covered with polymer layer were prepared. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 675–683, 2001
Rubber modeling using uniaxial test data
Authors: Bradley G. L. , Chang P.C. , Mckenna G. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAccurate modeling of large rubber deformations is now possible with finite‐element codes. Many of these codes have certain strain‐energy functions built‐in, but it can be difficult to get the relevant material parameters and the behavior of the different built‐in functions have not been seriously evaluated. In this article, we show the benefits of assuming a Valanis–Landel (VL) form for the strain‐energy function and demonstrate how this function can be used to enlarge the data set available to fit a polynomial expansion of the strain‐energy function. Specifically, we show that in the ABAQUS finite‐element code the Ogden strain‐energy density function, which is a special form of the VL function, can be used to provide a planar stress–strain data set even though the underlying data used to determine the constants in the strain‐energy function include only uniaxial data. Importantly, the polynomial strain‐energy density function, when fit to the uniaxial data set alone, does not give the same planar stress–strain behavior as that predicted from the VL or Ogden models. However, the polynomial form does give the same planar response when the VL‐generated planar data are added to the uniaxial data set and fit with the polynomial strain‐energy function. This shows how the VL function can provide a reasonable means of estimating the three‐dimensional strain‐energy density function when only uniaxial data are available. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 837–848, 2001
Synthesis and characterization of poly(butylene terephthalate‐co‐triethylene terephthalate) copolyesters
Authors: Lotti Nadia , Finelli Lara , Fiorini Maurizio , Righetti Maria Cristina , Munari Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(butylene terephthalate‐co‐triethylene terephthalate) random copolymers of various compositions and molecular weights were synthesized in bulk and characterized in terms of their chemical structure and thermal and rheological properties. At room temperature all the copolymers were partially crystalline and showed good thermal stability. The main effect of copolymerization was a decrease in the melting and glass‐transition temperatures with respect to the poly(butylene tere‐ phthalate) homopolymer. The fusion temperatures were well correlated with the composition by the Baur equation and the equilibrium melting temperature and the heat of fusion extrapolated values for poly(butylene terephthalate) were in good agreement with those reported elsewhere. Triethylene terephthalate units were found to influence the rheological behavior in the melt, the viscosity being significantly higher than that of the poly(butylene terephthalate‐co‐diethylene terephthalate) copolymers investigated previously. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 981–990, 2001
Modification of poly(butylene succinate) with peroxide: Crosslinking, physical and thermal properties, and biodegradation
Authors: Kim D. J. , Kim W. S. , Lee D. H. , Min K. E. , Park L. S. , Kang I. K. , Jeon I. R. , Seo K. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrior to curing, we evaluated thermal stability of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS). Above 170°C, PBS was severely degraded and the degradation could not be successfully stabilized by an antioxidant. PBS was crosslinked effectively by DCP at 150°C, and the gel fraction was increased as DCP content increased. The major structure of crosslinked PBS is supposed to consist of an ester and an aliphatic group. The tensile strength and elongation of PBS were improved with increasing content of DCP, but tear strength was only slightly affected. The higher the crosslinking, the lower the heat of crystallization (ΔHc) and heat of fusion (ΔHf). However, the melt crystallization temperature (Tc) of crosslinked PBS was higher than that of PBS. The viscosity of crosslinked PBS increased and exhibited rubbery behavior as the content of curing agent increased. The biodegradability of crosslinked PBS did not seriously deteriorate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1115–1124, 2001
pH‐reversible hydrogels. IV. Swelling behavior of the 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid‐co‐sodium acrylate copolymeric hydrogels
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Lin Yu‐Hung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and sodium acrylate (SA50) copolymeric gels were prepared from HEMA and the anionic monomer SA50 with various molar ratios. The influence of SA50 on the copolymeric gels on their swelling behavior in deionized water at different temperatures and various pH buffer solutions was investigated. Results indicated that the poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) hydrogels exhibited an overshooting phenomenon in their dynamic swelling behavior. The maximum overshooting value decreased with increasing of the temperature. The same results were also found in the HEMA/SA50 copolymeric gels with a lower SA50 content. On the contrary, the overshooting phenomenon for HEMA/SA50 copolymeric gels with a higher content of SA50 was exhibited only under higher temperature (over 35°C). These copolymer gels were used to assess drug release and drug delivery in this article. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1360–1371, 2001
A study of one‐bath alkali–amine hydrolysis and silk‐fibroin finishing of polyester microfiber crepe fabric
Authors: Wei Zhaohui , Gu Zhenya 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the synergistic aminolysis (sodium hydroxide and ethylene diamine in one bath) mechanism of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microfiber crepe fabric was preliminarily investigated. The results showed that not only active groups (i.e., NHR, COOH, and OH) but also considerable cracks and craters were introduced onto PET fibers, which provided locations for a subsequent crosslinking reaction and mechanical attachment and so facilitated the silk‐fibroin finishing. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1467–1473, 2001
Unsaturated polyester resin modified with poly(organosiloxanes). I. Preparation, dynamic mechanical properties, and impact resistance
Authors: Rosa Valéria M. , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUnsaturated polyester resins (UP) display a wide range of applications depending on the proper choice of raw materials and cure conditions. However, some applications are limited to their low‐impact resistance, which can be enhanced by the incorporation of modifiers that increase the flexibility of the network. This work aims to incorporate flexible poly(organosiloxane) segments in the UP network as a graft copolymer, as a way of minimizing the low adhesion between the resin and the modifier and enhance its flexibility. Because polyester and poly(organosiloxanes) are immiscible mixtures, the grafting copolymerization during the cure can promote compatibilization between both polymers. Hence, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is added to the resin network by radical reaction, as well as 1,3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), amino groups of which react with GMA. The addition of a siloxane (1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐diethoxydisiloxane) allows the poly(organosiloxane) network to grow and the addition of water guarantees the hydrolysis and polycondensation during the cure. In this way it is possible to increase its flexibility. The grafting copolymerization is evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis and the impact resistance of pure and modified polyester resins is evaluated by the Izod test. The grafting of a flexible segment in the UP chains enhances the impact resistance of the polyester resin at low‐modifier concentration. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3272–3279, 2001
A comparative study of polystyrene decomposition in supercritical water and air environments using diamond anvil cell
Authors: Fang Zhen , Koziński Janusz A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolystyrene (PS) decomposition in supercritical water (SCW) and in air was studied with the diamond anvil cell (DAC) technique coupled with microscopy and FTIR. Apparent concentrations were calculated by using digital imaging analysis. When PS + water systems (11.8–22.6 wt % PS) were rapidly heated at a rate of 2.3°C/s, the PS particle melted at 279.8–320.2°C. After formation of a globule at 409.3–452.5°C, the globule started to dissolve in color to yellow at 496.1°C. At 570.3°C and 742.5 MPa, solubility reached the maximum of 91.5 wt % (11.8 wt % PS). The soluble material was a styrenelike liquid, which was identified by IR after cooling. In isothermal runs at 400 and 450°C, two heterogeneous liquid phases consisting of water and decomposed PS were found. Styrenelike liquid products were identified after the reactions. PS decomposition stages in air consisted of melting, gas generation, liquid ring configuration, and finally yellow volatile products formation at 583.2°C. The results show conclusively that PS can be dissolved in SCW above 496.1°C and homogenous reaction is likely to occur above 570.3°C. Reactions in SCW at 400 and 450°C take place in heterogeneous liquid phases, while in the PS + air system, a formed liquid ring undergoes depolymerization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 3565–3577, 2001
Progress of synthesis and application of trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene
Authors: Song Jing‐She , Huang Bao‐Chen , Yu Ding‐Sheng 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new technology to synthesize trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene (TPI) with bulk precipitation polymerization in the presence of a supported Ti catalysts was introduced. The termination of polymerization, stabilization of the polymer, and the adjustment of the molecular weight of TPI and its quality index are discussed. The blending and covulcanization of TPI with natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR) were studied. The blending compounds had outstanding dynamic mechanical properties, especially the rolling resistance, heat buildup, and wet skid resistance. Tread and sidewall compounds that contained TPI had a higher modulus, longer fatigue life, better abrasion resistance, lower rolling resistance, and lower buildup, which indicates that TPI is suitable for high‐performance tire. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 81–89, 2001
Stress relaxation and inverse stress relaxation in silk fibers
Authors: Kothari V. K. , Rajkhowa R. , Gupta V. B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStress‐relaxation experiments on four varieties of Indian silk fiber show that stress relaxation is significantly greater in non‐Mulberry silks than in the Mulberry silk and that the differences among non‐Mulberry silk fibers are relatively small. All the fibers studied also exhibit inverse stress relaxation. It has been shown that the Maxwell–Wiechert model, with two Maxwell elements in parallel, can be used to analyze and explain both the stress‐relaxation and inverse stress‐relaxation behaviors. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1147–1154, 2001
Controllable radical copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate using 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenyl‐1,2‐bis(trimethylsilyloxy) ethane as initiator
Authors: Guo Zhenrong , Yang Genjin , Wan Decheng , Huang Junlian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCopolymerization of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was carried out using 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenyl‐1,2‐bis (trimethylsilyloxy) ethane (TPSE) as initiator; the copolymerization proceeded via a “living” radical mechanism and the polymer molecular weight (Mw) increased with the conversion and polymerization time. The reactivity ratios for TPSE and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) systems calculated by Finemann–Ross method were rSt = 0.216 ± 0.003, rMMA= 0.403 ± 0.01 for the former and rSt= 0.52 ± 0.01, rMMA= 0.46 ± 0.01 for the latter, respectively, and the difference between them and the effect of polymerization conditions on copolymerization are discussed. Thermal analysis proved that the copolymers obtained by TPSE system showed higher sequence regularity than that obtained by the AIBN system, and the sequence regularity increased with the content of styrene in copolymer chain segment. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1474–1482, 2001
Photocrosslinking of functionalized rubbers. X. Butadiene–acrylonitrile copolymers
Authors: Decker C. , Nguyen Thi Viet T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe photocrosslinking of polyacrylonitrile‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polyacrylonitrile (ABA) was shown to proceed within seconds at ambient temperature upon UV exposure in the presence of an acylphosphine oxide photoinitiator. The curing process was followed by infrared spectroscopy, insolubilization, and hardness measurements. Complete insolubilization could not be achieved with the neat ABA rubber because of the poor reactivity of the 2‐butene double bond and the low vinyl content of the polybutadiene chain. The addition of multifunctional acrylate monomers (20 wt %) causes a substantial increase of both the reaction rate and the crosslink density of the polymer, which becomes completely insoluble in toluene in less than 1 s upon UV irradiation. An even greater effect was observed by using small amounts (1 wt %) of a trifunctional thiol crosslinker. Both the thiol and the photoinitiator concentrations were shown to affect the kinetics of the thiol–ene polymerization and the polymer network crosslink density. A direct relationship was found to exist between the swelling degree of the UV‐cured rubber and the interchain molecular weight of the network. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2204–2216, 2001
Recent developments in the evaluation technology of fiber and textiles: Toward the engineered design of textile performance
Authors: Kawabata Sueo , Niwa Masako , Yamashita Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe engineered design and manufacturing of high‐quality fabrics have been targets of textile technology in this century; however, this has not yet been achieved. There are two reasons for this. One is that a method for the objective evaluation of the primary performance of fabric as clothing material was not established until recently; second, the complex mechanical behavior of the textile fabrics consisting of a fiber assembly has not yet been solved theoretically. The primary performance has been evaluated subjectively by fabric hand judgment. Recent achievement in the objective evaluation technology for fabric hand and other performances of fabric has enabled us to move toward the engineered design of fabric quality. After a brief introduction of the objective method, the “ideal fabric” project, which we are now conducting, is introduced. This project aims at the development of an engineered design of high‐quality suiting with applying the objective evaluation technology. For future development in engineered design technology, we need basic research on the mechanics of textile structures, and on fiber itself. Fibers are the basic material of textiles. The details of fiber property are required for the advanced research of textile mechanics. Recent progress in the single‐fiber measurement technology, we call it “micro‐measurement,” is introduced. Finally, the textile technology in the 21st century is forecasted. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 687–702, 2002
Study on physical properties of blend films from gelatin and polyacrylamide solutions
Authors: Xiao Chaobo , Lu Yongshang , Jing Zhizhong , Zhang Lina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBlend films of gelatin and polyacrylamide (PAAm) were prepared by casting the mixed aqueous solutions of both samples in different ratios. All blend films obtained are optically clear to the naked eye. The structure and physical properties of the films were studied by FT‐infrared (FTIR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results show that the blend films exhibit the higher thermal stability and improved mechanical properties of both tensile strength and elongation at break in dry states, which suggests the occurrence of interaction detected by FTIR between gelatin, PAAm, and water molecules in the films. The morphological transition of the blend films from gelatin‐like to PAAm‐like was observed by SEM. Furthermore, moisture content and water swelling property of the blend films were also investigated, which was consistent with the results from SEM. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 949–955, 2002
Structural, electrical, and optical studies of plasma‐polymerized and iodine‐doped poly pyrrole
Authors: John Rajan K. , Kumar D. Sakthi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn attempt was made to study the structural, electrical, and optical properties of plasma‐polymerized pyrrole and iodine‐doped pyrrole. A comparative study of the IR spectra of the monomer and polymer pyrrole gives information that the ring structure is retained during plasma polymerization. Iodine doping considerably increases the conductivity of the polymer film and decreases the optical band‐gap energy. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1856–1859, 2002
From college to clinic: Reasoning over memorization is key for understanding anatomy
Authors: Miller Sue Ann , Perrotti William , Silverthorn Dee U. , Dalley Arthur F. , Rarey Kyle E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnatomy and physiology are taught in community colleges, liberal arts colleges, universities, and medical schools. The goals of the students vary, but educators in these diverse settings agree that success hinges on learning concepts rather than memorizing facts. In this article, educators from across the postsecondary educational spectrum expand on several points: (1) There is a problem with student perception that anatomy is endless memorization, whereas the ability to manage information and use reasoning to solve problems are ways that professionals work. This misperception causes students to approach the subject with the wrong attitude. (2) The process of learning to use information is as important as the concepts themselves. Using understanding to explain and make connections is a more useful long‐term lesson than is memorization. Anatomy should be presented and learned as a dynamic basis for problem solving and for application in the practice and delivery of quality health care. (3) Integration of form and function must be explicit and universal across all systems. (4) Using only models, images, audiovisuals, or computers cannot lead students to the requisite reasoning that comes from investigative dissection of real tissue. (5) Some undergraduate courses require students to memorize excessive musculoskeletal detail. (6) Learning tissue biology is a particular struggle for medical students who have no background from an undergraduate course. (7) Medical professors and students see benefits when students have taken undergraduate courses in anatomy, histology, and physiology. If medical schools suggest these electives to applicants, medical students might arrive better prepared and, thus, be able to learn clinical correlations more efficiently in the limited allocated time of medical school curricula. Anat Rec (New Anat) 269:69–80, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical appraisal of the skulls and teeth associated with the family of Tsar Nicolay Romanov
Authors: Kolesnikov Lev L. , Pashinyan Gurgen A. , Abramov Sergey S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article describes the identification of skeletal remains attributed to the family of Tsar Nicolay Romanov and other persons buried together at a site near present‐day Ekaterinburg, Russia. Detailed descriptions are given regarding the objective methods of craniofacial and odontological identification that were used. Employing computer‐assisted photographic superimposition techniques and statistical analysis of morphologic and other characteristics of the specimens, this study identifies with a high likelihood of certainty the remains of the Tsar, his wife, three of his four daughters, and four household assistants. Very strong evidence is presented that the Tsar's daughter Anastasia was killed in 1918. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the methods and trustworthiness of the results, as well as the prospects of future application of the methods for the identification of skeletonized human remains. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:15–32, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From anatomy to the target: Contributions of magnetic resonance imaging to preclinical pharmaceutical research
Authors: Beckmann Nicolau , Mueggler Thomas , Allegrini Peter Roland , Laurent Didier , Rudin Markus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years, in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) methods have become established tools in the drug discovery and development process. In this article, the role of MR imaging (MRI) in the preclinical evaluation of drugs in animal models of diseases is illustrated on the basis of selected examples. The individual sections are devoted to applications of anatomic, physiologic, and “molecular” imaging providing, respectively, structural‐morphological, functional, and target‐specific information. The impact of these developments upon clinical drug evaluation is also briefly addressed. The main advantages of MRI are versatility, allowing a comprehensive characterization of a disease state and of the corresponding drug intervention; high spatial resolution; and noninvasiveness, enabling repeated measurements. Successful applications in drug discovery exploit one or several of these aspects. Additionally, MRI is contributing to strengthen the link between preclinical and clinical drug research. Anat Rec (New Anat) 265:85–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.