bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new native EcHsp31 structure suggests a key role of structural flexibility for chaperone function
Authors: Quigley Paulene M. , Korotkov Konstantin , Baneyx François , Hol Wim G.J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHeat shock proteins and proteases play a crucial role in cell survival under conditions of environmental stress. The heat shock protein Hsp31, produced by gene hchA at elevated temperatures in Escherichia coli, is a homodimeric protein consisting of a large A domain and a smaller P domain connected by a linker. Two catalytic triads are present per dimer, with the Cys and His contributed by the A domain and an Asp by the P domain. A new crystal Form II confirms the dimer and catalytic triad arrangement seen in the earlier crystal Form I. In addition, several loops exhibit increased flexibility compared to the previous Hsp31 dimer structure. In particular, loops D2 and D3 are intriguing because their mobility leads to the exposure of a sizable hydrophobic patch made up by surface areas of both subunits near the dimer interface. The residues creating this hydrophobic surface are completely conserved in the Hsp31 family. At the same time, access to the catalytic triad is increased. These observations lead to the hypothesis for the functioning of Hsp31 wherein loops D2 and D3 play a key role: first, at elevated temperatures, by becoming mobile and uncovering a large hydrophobic area that helps in binding to client proteins, and second, by removing the client protein from the hydrophobic patch when the temperature decreases and the loops adopt their low‐temperature positions at the Hsp31 surface. The proposed mode of action of flexible loops in the functioning of Hsp31 may be a general principle employed by other chaperones.
Painting in Theory
Authors: Harris Jonathan 
Published: December 2003

Nicolai Cikovsky, Jr. & Franklin Kelly, Winslow HomerPatricia M. Burnham & Lucretia Hoover Giese (eds), Redefining American Histroy PaintingAlexander Nemerov, Frederic Remington and Turn‐of‐the‐Century AmericaPatricia Trenton (ed), Independent Spirits: Women Painters of the American West, 1890–1945Rebecca Zurier, Robert W. Snyder and Virginia Mecklenburg, Metropolitan Lives: The Ashcan Artists and Their New York
Aspects of the Critical Reception and Intellectual History of Baxandall’s Concept of the Period Eye
Authors: Langdale Allan 
Published: December 2003

This article firstly traces a range of critical reception to Michael Baxandall’s concept of the Period Eye, which he articulated in his 1972 book Painting and Experience in Fifteenth‐Century Italy; secondly, the piece examines various aspects of the intellectual history of the concept through consideration of some of Baxandall’s sources and comparisons with other art‐historical works which test similar methodological terrain, such as Panofsky’s Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism and the ‘Beholder's Share’ section of Gombrich’s Art and Illusion.The article takes the Period Eye as a case through which to explore how different art‐historical camps evaluated the concept in the 1970s, crucial as it was as a novel approach to the idea of a social history of art. While Gombrich and Marxist art historians were suspicious of the Period Eye, the anthropologist Clifford Geertz thought Baxandall’s elaboration exemplary, as did the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The immediate and enduring popularity of the book, progenitor of the notion of visual culture, makes it a significant marker in the anthropological turn art history took in the 1970s and 1980s.
The Virtue of a King and the Desire of a Woman? Mythological representations in the collection of Queen Christina
Authors: Biermann Veronica 
Published: December 2003

The centre of Queen Christina’s Roman collection of paintings was the so‐called ‘Great Room’ or ‘Sala dei quadri’, as described by the Swedish architect Tessin the Younger. Here the abdicated queen chose to concentrate not only the artistic highlights of her collection – such as the Madonna del Passeggio attributed to Raphael – but also the allegorical and mythological paintings by Titian, Veronese and Correggio, stemming largely from her earlier conquest of Prague. Several questions become pressing in the light of the marked dominance of female nudes among these works, questions which form the focus of this paper. Firstly, how did Christina relate to the pictorial subjects on display here? Secondly, can the paintings of a collection that served a representational function and reflected a pronouncedly personal taste also be interpreted as an expression of personal desire?The broad thematic spectrum present in the paintings in this room – encompassing female lust and chastity as well as male desire and renunciation – and one evidently brought together by Christina for programmatic effect, left little space for anything but a ‘male’ gaze, a sexually ambivalent notion in the light of Christina’s personality.The present analysis of the Great Room and of the objects in it, including Bernini’s famous allegorical mirror and an antique bronze head thought by Christina to depict Alexander, shows the room to be the bearer of a programma virtutis, one that is modelled on Christina’s image in spite of its ‘male’ impulse. The virtus described is not that of the woman Christina, however, but of the formerly reigning Queen Christina Alexandra, whose regal self‐image combined a female body private with a male body politic.
Dalí’s Fascism; Lacan’s Paranoia
Authors: Greeley Robin Adèle 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
In February 1934 Breton summoned Salvador Dalí before a Surrealist ‘court’ on charges of Nazi sympathizing. In Breton’s mind, Dalí’s fascination with Hitler threatened to bring about the ‘ruin of Surrealism’ by exposing the ideological flaws in existing Surrealist attempts to distinguish between right-wing and left-wing politics in relation to aesthetic production. To Breton’s dismay, Dalí seemed to take literally Breton’s call in the First Surrealist Manifesto to produce works ‘outside all aesthetic or moral preoccupations‘. Yet in directing Surrealist attention to Hitler, I argue, Dalí analysed the ‘hitlerian phenomenon‘ as an apocalyptic symptom of the alienation and auto-aggression afflicting bourgeois society. In so doing, he relied heavily upon a dialogue he had struck up with Jacques Lacan concerning paranoia – what Lacan termed ‘autopunition‘, and their relationship to the fascist persona.
Knocking on Academia's Doors: An Inquiry into the Early Careers of Doctors in Life Sciences
Authors: Robin S. , Cahuzac E. 
Published: December 2003

The early careers of French doctors in life sciences are characterized by the importance of temporary jobs. While most young Ph.D. researchers wish to obtain a job in the French academic sector (which grants them, among other things, lifetime employment), few of them manage to achieve this objective immediately after completing their Ph.D. A majority of young doctors have to wait for a period of time before they find stable employment in the academic sector. In the meantime, they usually find temporary research jobs. Two main types of short–term jobs can be distinguished: fixed–term research contracts (in most cases in a French public laboratory) and post–doctoral positions (temporary research jobs in a foreign country). The aim of this paper is to determine whether these different types of temporary jobs have different consequences on the careers of Ph.D. researchers.We first discuss from a theoretical perspective the impact of choosing ‘post–doc’ research rather than a job on a fixed–term contract. Then, after dealing with selection biases that affect the access to these temporary jobs, we will use survival data analysis to estimate the impact of both types of temporary positions on the probability of entering the academic sector. The analysis is based on a database on the early careers of 800 young French doctors in life sciences. The main results include the following findings: the probability of a Ph.D. researcher finding stable employment is higher if he has held a post–doc position than if he has held a fixed–term contract. This result holds for both the private and public sectors. However, careers in the private sector are also affected by long–term choices, such as the decision to undertake Ph.D. research in partnership with a firm.
Sustaining Asia’s groundwater boom: An overview of issues and evidence
Authors: Shah Tushaar , Roy Aditi Deb , Qureshi Asad S , Wang Jinxia 
Published: December 2003

This article suggests that Asia’s groundwater socio‐ecology is at an impasse. Rapid growth in groundwater irrigation in South Asia and the North China plains during the period 1970–95 has been the main driver of the agrarian boom in these regions. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and China account for the bulk of the world’s use of groundwater in agriculture. On the plus side, groundwater development has provided sustenance to agrarian economies and millions of rural livelihoods. On the downside, it has created chronic problems of resource depletion and quality deterioration. While problems of groundwater depletion, pollution and quality deterioration are indeed serious, so are the consequences of the degradation of the resource for those that have come to precariously depend upon groundwater irrigation.Three problems currently afflict groundwater use: depletion due to overdraft; water logging and salinization; and pollution due to agricultural, industrial and other human activity. The pathology of the decline in groundwater socio‐ecology reflects a remarkably similar pattern across regions. The critical issue for Asia now is: what might be done to sustain and revive these groundwater socio‐ecologies vital to the region’s economy? This article reviews a variety of techno‐institutional approaches. However, transposing lessons from the industrialized world uncritically in the Asian context may not work. A more nuanced understanding of the peculiarities of Asia’s groundwater socio‐ecology is needed.
The Effect of Managerial Ownership on the Short‐ and Long‐run Response to Cash Distributions
Authors: Howe Keith M. , Vogt Steve , He Jia 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe examine both the short‐run and long‐run responses to the following corporate cash flow transactions: dividend increases and decreases, dividend initiations, and tender offer repurchases. Our focus is the short‐run and long‐run effects of managerial ownership. We hypothesize that ownership plays an important role in explaining the announcement effects for these events, owing to signaling effects and the reduction of agency problems. Our short‐run results accord well with the earlier work on announcement effects for these events and show that firms with high insider ownership exhibit higher excess returns. Our long‐term results indicate a drift over a three‐year period following the announcement, with the excess returns for the high insider‐ownership group becoming more pronounced.
Adverse‐Selection Costs and the Probability of Information‐Based Trading
Authors: Chung Kee H. , Li Mingsheng 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrior studies offer various empirical models to decompose the observed bid‐ask spread into the adverse‐selection and transitory (order‐processing and inventory‐holding) components. There is limited evidence, however, on whether the spread components estimated from these models indeed measure what they purport to measure. In this study, we show that the estimates of the adverse‐selection component given by these models are positively and significantly related to the probability of information‐based trading (PIN), after controlling for the endogeneity of the PIN and other stock attributes. These results provide direct empirical support for the spread component models examined in the present study.
Modelling phylogenetic relationships using reticulated networks
Authors: Makarenkov Vladimir , Legendre Pierre , Desdevises Yves 
Published: December 2003

Makarenkov, V., Legendre, P. & Desdevises, Y. (2004). Modelling phylogenetic relationships using reticulated networks. — Zoologica Scripta, 33, 89–96.Most traditional methods of phylogenetic analysis assume that species evolution can be represented by means of a bifurcating tree model. In many phylogenetic situations, however, some of the evolutionary links between species are due to reticulate evolution. For instance, reticulate models can adequately describe such complicated mechanisms as lateral gene transfer in bacteria or species hybridization. The theoretical concepts of reticulate evolution developed in the 1980s and 1990s need to be supported by appropriate analytical tools and software. In this paper, we present the main features of a new distance‐based method for modelling phylogenetic relationships among species by means of reticulated networks (RNs). The method uses the least‐squares model to build a RN by gradually improving upon the solution provided by a phylogenetic tree. A computer program facilitating the reconstruction and visualization of reticulate phylogenies is made available to researchers. In the application section, we illustrate the usefulness of the method by studying the evolution of honeybees (genus Apis). The method for reconstructing RNs has been included in the T‐Rex (Tree and Reticulogram Reconstruction) package recently developed by the first‐named author.
Factors secreted by Schwann cells stimulate the regeneration of neonatal retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Taylor Jeremy S. H. , Bampton Edward T. W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) does not repair after injury. However, we and others have shown in earlier work that the neonatal CNS is capable of repair and importantly of allowing regenerating axons to re‐navigate through the same pathways as they did during development. This phase of neonatal repair is restricted by the fragility of neurons after injury and a lack of trophic factors that enable their survival. Our aim is to define better the factors that sustain neurons after injury and allow regeneration to occur. We describe some of our work using Schwann cells to promote the regeneration of neurons from young postnatal rodents. We have established rapid methods for purifying Schwann cells without the use of either anti‐mitotic agents to suppress contaminating fibroblasts or mitotic stimulation to generate large numbers of Schwann cells. The rapidly purified Schwann cells have been used to generate conditioned medium that we have shown stimulates axon regeneration in cultured retinal ganglion cell neurons. We also show that the positive effects of Schwann cells are still present after pharmacological blockade of the neurotrophin receptors, suggesting that novel factors mediate these effects.
Oral microbial flora and oral malodour of the institutionalised elderly in Japan
Authors: Honda Eiki 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: To determine the oral health status, especially the level of oral microbial flora and oral malodour, of institutionalised elderly people compared with non‐institutionalised elderly people.Setting: Three institutions and numerous private homes.Subjects: 56 institutionalised and 56 non‐institutionalised elderly people.Main Outcome Measures: Institutionalised elderly people had higher levels of Candida, staphylococci, and oral malodour.Results: Institutionalised elderly people had a higher level of Candida in denture wearers, and a higher level of staphylococci and oral malodour compared with the non‐institutionalised elderly.Conclusion: The institutionalised elderly have a higher risk of opportunistic infections and oral health care should be improved to protect them from these infections and to reduce oral malodour.
Strain persistence of invasive Candida albicans in chronic hyperplastic candidosis that underwent malignant change
Authors: Williams DW , Bartie KL , Potts AJC , Wilson MJ , Fardy MJ , Lewis MAO 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to assess persistence and tissue invasion of Candida albicans strains isolated from a 65 year‐old patient with chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC), that subsequently developed into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Materials and Methods: C. albicans (n=7) were recovered from the oral cavity of the patient over seven years. Confirmation of CHC and SCC in this patient was achieved by histopathological examination of incisional biopsy tissue. DNA fingerprinting was performed on the seven isolates from the CHC patient together with a further eight isolates from patients with normal oral mucosa (n=2), chronic atrophic candidosis (n=1), SCC (n=1) and CHC (n=4). Genotyping involved the use of inter‐repeat PCR using the eukaryotic repeat primer 1251. Characterisation of the tissue invasive abilities of the isolates was achieved by infecting a commercially available reconstituted human oral epithelium (RHE; SkinEthic, Nice, France). After 24 h. C. albicans tissue invasion was assessed by histopathological examination.Results: DNA fingerprinting demonstrated strain persistence of C. albicans in the CHC patient over a seven year period despite provision of systemic antifungal therapy. The strain of C. albicans isolated from this patient was categorised as a high invader within the RHE compared to other isolates.Conclusions: Candidal strain persistence was evident in a patient with CHC over seven years. This persistence may be due to incomplete eradication from the oral cavity following antifungal therapy or subsequent recolonisation from other body sites or separate exogenous sources. The demonstration of enhanced in vitro tissue invasion by this particular strain may, in part, explain the progression to carcinoma.
Clinical and behavioural risk indicators for root caries in older people
Authors: Steele James G , Sheiham Aubrey , Marcenes Wagner , Fay Nick , Walls Angus W G 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjective: To investigate the clinical and behavioural factors indicating root caries risk among older people.Desing: Cross sectional clinical and interview data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (aged 65 years and over) in Great Britain. Logistic regression models of the prevalence of root caries and linear regression models of the extent of root caries were constructed to quantify the role of a range of clinical and behavioural risk indicators, including sugars intake.Setting: A national sample of older British adults, free‐living and institutionalised. Participants: 462 dentate adults aged 65 years or over.Results: Nine or more intakes of sugars per day more than doubled the odds of root caries being present (OR 2.2–2.4). Other clinical and behavioural factors affecting root caries included wearing a partial denture in the presence of heavy plaque deposits (OR 2.1–2.6) and infrequent tooth brushing (OR 2.8 – 4.1). Linear regression models showed that, amongst those that had root caries, sucking sweets in the presence of a dry mouth, poor hygiene, partial dentures and living in an institution contributed to the extent of root caries, as measured by the RCI(d).Conclusions: Of the factors open to possible clinical or behavioural intervention, frequent sugars intake, poor hygiene and partial dentures were all associated with large increases in risk.
Food choices and eating difficulty among elderly edentate patients in Greece
Authors: Anastassiadou Vassiliki , Heath M. Robin 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAims: To evaluate food choice and eating difficulty experienced by older Greek edentate patients.Subjects: Three samples of patients seeking provision of replacement dentures were studied. A primary study of urban mainland U1 (n=54) and island rural R1 samples (n=84) was followed by a mainland urban U2 sample (n=119) in the Secondary study.Setting: Greek dental clinics.Intervention: Semi‐structured interviews (SSI) were employed, using both open and closed questions.Design: The primary study used SSI to identify eating difficulty experienced by two culturally different Greek groups. The secondary study established patterns of difficulty for comparisons between an urban Greek population and northern European urban studies.Main Outcome Measures: The prevalence of eating difficulty, the degree of difficulty eating specified foods and the exclusion of foods because difficult.Results: Most patients expressed difficulty eating at least one type of food, a high percentage of these patients were willing to eat foods found difficult, while others use particular methods of food preparation that make food easier to eat. Chicken illustrated the importance of specifying the method of cooking when questioning eating difficulties. Roast meats provided insight into the more difficult end of the food range. Raw vegetables were rated difficult. Apples and oranges were also food of particular interest.Conclusions: The semi‐structured interview method provides a succesful method to identify eating difficulty and food choices by older Greek complete denture wearers. Differences, probably largely cultural, were identified between Greek island rural and mainland urban communities. Greek food choices differed favourably from an English sample, strikingly in that Greek patients report continuing to eat difficult foods despite difficulty eating them. This may be relevant to health data on Greek populations that show better mortality statistics despite adverse factors such as high prevalence of smoking.
Colonization of denture plaque by respiratory pathogens in dependent elderly
Authors: Sumi Y , Miura H , Sunakawa M , Michiwaki Y , Sakagami N 
Published: December 2003

AbstractObjectives: Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the interactions between oral conditions and a number of prevalent systemic diseases. The morbidity and mortality of the dependent elderly that result from aspiration pneumonia have been recognized as a major geriatric health problem. The purpose of this study was to gain more information on the microflora of plaque on dentures and to assess the existence of oral infectious pathogens potentially causing the respiratory disease in the dependent elderly.Subjects and Methods: The denture bacterial flora of 50 dependent elderly were examined to identify microorganisms by the culture method.Results: 18 species of microorganisms were detected in denture plaque in this study. A variety of pathogens with the potential to cause respiratory infection pathogens colonized on the dentures of dependent elderly.Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that bacteria that commonly cause respiratory infection colonized on the dentures of dependent elderly, suggesting that denture plaque may function as a reservoir of potential respiratory pathogens to facilitate colonization on the oropharynx.