bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient initiated follow up of breast cancer
Authors: Brown Louise , Payne Sheila , Royle Gavin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper reports on a randomised controlled trial assessing two types of outpatient follow up for women previously treated for stage 1 breast cancer now in remission. These were standard clinic follow up (n=31, age range: 48–83 years) and patient initiated follow up (n=30, age range 53–87 years). The latter method involved giving the women written information on the signs and symptoms of recurrence and instructing them to telephone the Breast Care Nurse if they encountered any problems. The groups were compared in terms of cancer and breast cancer‐specific quality of life, and psychological morbidity at recruitment, 6 months and 1 year. Satisfaction with follow up was assessed at 6 months and 1 year. Details regarding contact with healthcare professionals were collected at 1 year. There were no major differences in quality of life and psychological morbidity between the groups although more women in the standard clinic group reported reassurance and being checked as advantages whereas more women in the patient initiated follow up group reported convenience as an advantage. Patient initiated follow up is a potential alternative to standard clinic follow up for this group of women and appears to have no adverse effects. This could enable a cost saving to be made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis in children: A national survey in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Dinwiddie R. , Sharief N. , Crawford O. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInterstitial lung disease (ILD) of unknown etiology in immunocompetent patients is rare in children. A national survey was carried out in the United Kingdom and Ireland over a 3‐year period in order to identify prevalence, age distribution, histopathology, natural history of the illness, and response to current treatment.Forty‐six cases were identified, including 29 males and 17 females. Seventy‐six percent presented in the first year of life. Nine (16%) occurred within four families. Conventional treatment with pulsed methylprednisolone, prednisolone, or hydroxychloroquine, singly or in combination, resulted in an excellent response in 65% of cases. Seven children died (15%). The recurrence risk for further children within the same family to develop ILD is estimated to be approximately 10%. The prevalence rate of this condition in the United Kingdom and Ireland during the period of study for children aged 0–16 years is estimated to be 3.6 cases/million. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:23–29. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting early structural lung damage in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Tiddens Harm A.W.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, both severe lung inflammation and severe lung damage occur early and persist throughout life. High‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), a more sensitive method of detecting structural abnormalities than chest X‐ray, shows that airways undergo substantial thickening in early CF lung disease. Lung function tests, which are an indirect measure of structural integrity, are insensitive to localized or early damage. Thickening of the peripheral airways causes a reduction in maximal expiratory flow at 25% of forced vital capacity (MEF25) or other measurements of peripheral air flow. Reduced peripheral flows, even in the presence of normal forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), should be considered an early sign of substantial lung damage and should stimulate aggressive treatment to prevent further deterioration. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:228–231. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early infection and progression of cystic fibrosis lung disease
Authors: Koch Christian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is the major limitation in overall survival of patients with cystic fibrosis, and elective bronchoscopy shows that infection with this organism starts at a very early age. Early infection with nonmucoid P. aeruginosa gradually develops into chronic infection, characterized by the presence of microcolonies of alginate‐producing (mucoid) P. aeruginosa in the bronchial tree. Chronic infection cannot be cured, but aggressive antimicrobial treatment will prolong life expectancy and decrease morbidity. It has, however, over the last decade become evident that early antimicrobial treatment of the initial infection with nonmucoid strains can prevent or at least postpone transition into chronic (mucoid) infection. This treatment strategy is likely to dramatically improve the prognosis of patients with cystic fibrosis in the immediate future. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 34:232–236. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of somatostatin receptor subtypes 2 and 4 in human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer
Authors: Hansson Jens , Bjartell Anders , Gadaleanu Virgil , Dizeyi Nishtman , Abrahamsson Per‐Anders 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presence of receptor subtypes for the inhibitory peptide somatostatin in prostatic tissue has been a controversial issue with conflicting reports. To elucidate whether prostatic epithelial cells express mRNA for somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype 2 and 4, we have investigated the localization of SSTR2 and SSTR4 transcripts in prostatic tissues by in situ hybridization.METHODSNonradioactive in situ hybridization was performed with specific fluorescein‐labeled SSTR2 and SSTR4 riboprobes on consecutive sections of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer tissues.RESULTSWe report, for the first time, tissue localization of SSTR2 and SSTR4 mRNA in BPH and malignant cells of human prostate. Hybridization signals for SSTR4 mRNA transcripts were confined to the prostatic epithelium (12 of 16 BPH cases, and in 12 of 13 carcinoma cases), whereas SSTR2 transcripts were predominantly localized in the stromal compartment but also were detectable in epithelial cells in a significant number of specimens (11 of 17 BPH cases, and in 12 of 14 carcinoma cases). Furthermore, the staining intensity for SSTR2 and SSTR4 transcripts is stronger in malignant cells compared with adjacent BPH epithelium.CONCLUSIONThe data presented suggest that the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR4 transcripts is up‐regulated in malignant cells and that not only SSTR2 agonists, but also compounds targeting the SSTR4 subtype may have a potential role in the treatment of prostate cancer. Prostate 53: 50–59, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐idiotypic protein domains selected from protein A‐based affibody libraries
Authors: Eklund Malin , Axelsson Lars , Uhlén Mathias , Nygren Per‐Åke 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree pairs of small protein domains showing binding behavior in analogy with anti‐idiotypic antibodies have been selected using phage display technology. From an affibody protein library constructed by combinatorial variegation of the Fc binding surface of the 58 residue staphylococcal protein A (SPA)‐derived domain Z, affibody variants have been selected to the parental SPA scaffold and to two earlier identified SPA‐derived affibodies. One selected affibody (ZSPA‐1) was shown to recognize each of the five domains of wild‐type SPA with dissociation constants (KD) in the micromolar range. The binding of the ZSPA‐1 affibody to its parental structure was shown to involve the Fc binding site of SPA, while the Fab‐binding site was not involved. Similarly, affibodies showing anti‐idiotypic binding characteristics were also obtained when affibodies previously selected for binding to Taq DNA polymerase and human IgA, respectively, were used as targets for selections. The potential applications for these types of affinity pairs were exemplified by one‐step protein recovery using affinity chromatography employing the specific interactions between the respective protein pair members. These experiments included the purification of the ZSPA‐1 affibody from a total Escherichia coli cell lysate using protein A‐Sepharose, suggesting that this protein A/antiprotein A affinity pair could provide a basis for novel affinity gene fusion systems. The use of this type of small, robust, and easily expressed anti‐idiotypic affibody pair for affinity technology applications, including self‐assembled protein networks, is discussed. Proteins 2002;48:454–462. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirical relationships between protein structure and carboxyl pKa values in proteins
Authors: Forsyth William R. , Antosiewicz Jan M. , Robertson Andrew D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRelationships between protein structure and ionization of carboxyl groups were investigated in 24 proteins of known structure and for which 115 aspartate and 97 glutamate pKa values are known. Mean pKa values for aspartates and glutamates are ≤ 3.4 (±1.0) and 4.1 (±0.8), respectively. For aspartates, mean pKa values are 3.9 (±1.0) and 3.1 (±0.9) in acidic (pI < 5) and basic (pI > 8) proteins, respectively, while mean pKa values for glutamates are approximately 4.2 for acidic and basic proteins. Burial of carboxyl groups leads to dispersion in pKa values: pKa values for solvent‐exposed groups show narrow distributions while values for buried groups range from < 2 to 6.7. Calculated electrostatic potentials at the carboxyl groups show modest correlations with experimental pKa values and these correlations are not improved by including simple surface‐area‐based terms to account for the effects of desolvation. Mean aspartate pKa values decrease with increasing numbers of hydrogen bonds but this is not observed at glutamates. Only 10 pKa values are > 5.5 and most are found in active sites or ligand‐binding sites. These carboxyl groups are buried and usually accept no more than one hydrogen bond. Aspartates and glutamates at the N‐termini of helices have mean pKa values of 2.8 (±0.5) and 3.4 (±0.6), respectively, about 0.6 units less than the overall mean values. Proteins 2002;48:388–403. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of a helix substitution on the folding mechanism of bovine α‐lactalbumin
Authors: Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Kobashigawa Yoshihiro , Kumaki Yasuhiro , Demura Makoto , Kawano Keiichi , Nitta Katsutoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe structure, stability, and unfolding‐refolding kinetics of a chimeric protein, in which the amino acid sequence of the flexible loop region (residues 105–110) comes from equine lysozyme and the remainder of the sequence comes from bovine α‐lactalbumin were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy and stopped‐flow measurements, and the results were compared with those of bovine α‐lactalbumin. The substitution of the flexible loop in bovine α‐lactalbumin with the helix D of equine lysozyme destabilizes the molten globule state, although the native state is significantly stabilized by substitution of the flexible loop region. The kinetic refolding and unfolding experiments showed that the chimeric protein refolds significantly faster and unfolds substantially slower than bovine α‐lactalbumin. To characterize the transition state between the molten globule and the native states, we investigated the guanidine hydrochloride concentration dependence of the rate constants of refolding and unfolding. Despite the significant differences in the stabilities of both the molten globule and native states between the chimeric protein and bovine α‐lactalbumin, the free energy level of the transition state is not affected by the amino acid substitution in the flexible loop region. Our results suggest that the destabilization in the molten globule state of the chimeric protein is caused by the disruption of the non‐native interaction in the flexible loop region and that the disruption of the non‐native interaction reduces the free energy barrier of refolding. We conclude that the non‐native interaction in the molten globule state may act as a kinetic trap for the folding of α‐lactalbumin. Proteins 2002;49:95–103. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Higher‐tier laboratory methods for assessing the aquatic toxicity of pesticides
Authors: Boxall Alistair B A , Brown Colin D , Barrett Katie L 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRegistration schemes for plant‐protection products require applicants to assess the potential ecological risk of their products using a tiered approach. Standard aquatic ecotoxicity tests are used at lower tiers and clearly defined methodologies are available for assessing the potential environmental risks. Safety factors are incorporated into the assessment process to account for the uncertainties associated with the use of lower‐tier single‐species ecotoxicity studies. If lower‐tier assessments indicate that a substance may pose a risk to the environment, impacts can be assessed using more environmentally realistic conditions through the use of either pond mesocosms, artificial streams or field monitoring studies. Whilst these approaches provide more realistic assessments, the results are difficult to interpret and extrapolation to other systems is problematic. Recently it has been recognised that laboratory approaches that are intermediate between standard aquatic toxicity tests and field/mesocosm studies may provide useful data and help reduce the uncertainties associated with standard single‐species tests. However, limited guidance is available on what tests are available and how they can be incorporated into the risk‐assessment process. This paper reviews a number of these higher‐tier laboratory techniques, including modified exposure studies, species sensitivity studies, population studies and tests with sensitive life stages. Recommendations are provided on how the approaches can be incorporated into the risk‐assessment process.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological activities of Lavender essential oil
Authors: Cavanagh H. M. A. , Wilkinson J. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEssential oils distilled from members of the genus Lavandula have been used both cosmetically and therapeutically for centuries with the most commonly used species being L. angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. stoechas and L. x intermedia. Although there is considerable anecdotal information about the biological activity of these oils much of this has not been substantiated by scientific or clinical evidence. Among the claims made for lavender oil are that is it antibacterial, antifungal, carminative (smooth muscle relaxing), sedative, antidepressive and effective for burns and insect bites. In this review we detail the current state of knowledge about the effect of lavender oils on psychological and physiological parameters and its use as an antimicrobial agent. Although the data are still inconclusive and often controversial, there does seem to be both scientific and clinical data that support the traditional uses of lavender. However, methodological and oil identification problems have severely hampered the evaluation of the therapeutic significance of much of the research on Lavandula spp. These issues need to be resolved before we have a true picture of the biological activities of lavender essential oil. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a BSSE‐free description of strongly interacting systems
Authors: Halász G.J. , Vibók Á. , Suhai S. , Mayer I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe so‐called “chemical Hamiltonian approach” (CHA) gives perfect a priori BSSE‐free description of weak intermolecular interactions, but has been found inappropriate for describing strong interactions taking place within a molecule. Here, we propose a simple modification of the CHA/F BSSE‐free SCF method, which retains all the good properties of the CHA/F method for the intermolecular case but can be used also to describe covalent and ionic interactions. This is vital for calculating whole potential surfaces of chemical reactions in a consistent manner, which was found impossible by using the a posteriori counterpoise correction method. Model calculations are presented for covalent and ionic chemical bonds and for a rare gas–proton system. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Link between the kinetic‐ and exchange‐energy functionals in the generalized gradient approximation
Authors: Tran Fabien , Wesołowski Tomasz A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn approximate kinetic‐energy functional of the generalized gradient approximation form was derived following the “conjointness conjecture” of Lee, Lee, and Parr. The functional shares the analytical form of its gradient dependency with the exchange‐energy functionals of Becke and Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof. The two free parameters of this functional were determined using the exact values of the kinetic energy of He and Xe atoms. A set of 12 closed‐shell atoms was used to test the accuracy of the proposed functional and more than 30 others taken from the literature. It is shown that the conjointness conjecture leads to a very good class of kinetic‐energy functionals. Moreover, the functional developed in this work is shown to be one of the most accurate despite its simple analytical form. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
A simple algorithm improves mass accuracy to 50–100 ppm for delayed extraction linear matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Hack Christopher A. , Benner W. Henry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA simple mathematical technique for improving mass calibration accuracy of linear delayed extraction matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DE MALDI‐TOFMS) spectra is presented. The method involves fitting a parabola to a plot of Δm vs. mass data where Δm is the difference between the theoretical mass of calibrants and the mass obtained from a linear relationship between the square root of m/z and ion time of flight. The quadratic equation that describes the parabola is then used to correct the mass of unknowns by subtracting the deviation predicted by the quadratic equation from measured data. By subtracting the value of the parabola at each mass from the calibrated data, the accuracy of mass data points can be improved by factors of 10 or more. This method produces highly similar results whether or not initial ion velocity is accounted for in the calibration equation; consequently, there is no need to depend on that uncertain parameter when using the quadratic correction. This method can be used to correct the internally calibrated masses of protein digest peaks. The effect of nitrocellulose as a matrix additive is also briefly discussed, and it is shown that using nitrocellulose as an additive to the α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (αCHCA) matrix does not significantly change initial ion velocity but does change the average position of ions relative to the sample electrode at the instant the extraction voltage is applied. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry bioanalysis of polar analytes using packed silica columns
Authors: Shou Wilson Z. , Chen Yu‐Luan , Eerkes Angela , Tang Yong Q. , Magis Lisa , Jiang Xiangyu , Naidong Weng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractUltrafast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) bioanalysis was demonstrated with the use of packed silica columns operated under elevated flow rates. A special effort has been made to achieve ultrafast analysis without sacrificing chromatographic resolution. Two multiple analyte/metabolites assays, (1) morphine/morphine‐6‐glucuronide(M6G)/morphine‐3‐glucuronide(M3G) and (2) midazolam/1′‐hydroxymidazolam/4‐hydroxymidazolam, were used to demonstrate the speed, sensitivity, peak shape and separation of the ultrafast methods utilizing silica columns. In both methods adequate chromatographic separation was a necessity because quantitation results would be otherwise compromised due to cross interference between different selected reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions. Baseline resolutions between morphine, M6G and M3G in human plasma extracts were achieved within 30 s on a 50 × 3 mm Betasil silica column operated at 4 mL/min of isocratic acetonitrile/water mobile phase. The total injection‐to‐injection cycle time was 48 s with a simple, single‐autosampler/single‐column setup, when a Shimadzu SIL‐HT autosampler was used. Baseline resolution between 1′‐hydroxymidazolam and 4‐hydroxymidalolam in monkey plasma extracts was achieved within 33 s using similar conditions. Due to the absence of carry‐over in this case, no rinsing of the injection needle was necessary, resulting in a cycle time of only 39 s/sample. These ultrafast methods were successfully used to analyze extracted biological samples and proved to be reproducible, reliable and generated equivalent pharmaco‐kinetic (PK) results to those obtained by regular flow LC/MS/MS analysis to support discovery PK studies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gravity compensation of spatial two‐DOF serial manipulators
Authors: Wongratanaphisan T. , Chew M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article presents the analysis of gravity compensation of a two‐DOF serial manipulator operating in three‐dimensional space by means of linear spring suspension. The physical configuration of the serial manipulator is assumed general. The analysis begins with gravity compensation of a one‐DOF manipulator in order to form the basis which is then extended to a two‐DOF manipulator. The approach taken in the analysis is that of conservation of potential energy. The goal is to seek the location and the stiffness of springs that provide complete compensation of gravity in the manipulator system. It has been found that complete compensation of gravity in a two‐DOF serial manipulator system is possible. Unlike many previous works on spring suspension of a rigid body, which assume that one end of the suspending spring is attached to ground, it is proven in this study that, for complete compensation in a two‐DOF manipulator, the spring that suspends the distal link cannot be connected to ground. Instead, it must be in certain motion relative to the proximal link. The discussion on how to provide such a motion for the spring is given. It is also explained how the problem of gravity compensation of a robot manipulator can be shifted to that of changing gravity environment within a manipulator system. The concept can be applied to simulation and testing of robot manipulators that will be sent to operate in a different gravity environment, such as space. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of drying and re‐flooding on nutrient availability in ephemeral deflation basin lakes in western New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Scholz Oliver , Gawne Ben , Ebner Brendan , Ellis Iain 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe examined the response of nutrient concentrations to the drying and re‐flooding of ephemeral deflation basin lakes (EDBL) in western New South Wales, Australia. As lakes dried total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations increased. TN concentrations increased more quickly and TP concentrations increased more slowly than could be attributed to evaporation alone. This suggested that additional nitrogen was being sequestered from the atmosphere or sediments and that some phosphorus loss to the sediments was occurring. Concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and filterable reactive phosphorus (FRP), however, declined as lakes dried, suggesting a tighter coupling of nutrient release and uptake mechanisms. Inorganic nutrient concentrations rose sharply in response to re‐flooding in all lakes. Evidence is provided to suggest that post‐flood nutrient pulses are the net result of both riverine inputs and sediment releases and that the relative significance of either may be influenced by regulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.