bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical and Crystalline Properties of Epitaxial-Lateral-Overgrown-GaN Using Tungsten Mask by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Hiroki Sone Hiroki Sone , Shingo Nambu Shingo Nambu , Yasutoshi Kawaguchi Yasutoshi Kawaguchi , Masahito Yamaguchi Masahito Yamaguchi , Hideto Miyake Hideto Miyake , Kazumasa Hiramatsu Kazumasa Hiramatsu , Yasushi Iyechika Yasushi Iyechika , Takayoshi Maeda Takayoshi Maeda , Nobuhiko Sawaki Nobuhiko Sawaki 
Published: October 2002

The epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of GaN with a stripe tungsten (W) mask pattern is performed by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and a buried structure of the W mask with a smooth surface is achieved for the stripe mask patterns of <1120> and <1100> direction. Optical and crystalline characteristics of the ELO-GaN are investigated by means of cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and X-ray rocking curves (XRCs). It is found that the CL intensity at 133 K due to the near-band edge emission is stronger in the laterally overgrown region in comparison with that in the normal growth region. The φ-ω scan of XRCs reveals that the tilting of the c-axis is much smaller in the ELO-GaN grown with the W mask than that grown with an SiO2 mask.
Multiple Micro-Cavity Laser with Benzocyclobutene/Semiconductor High Reflective Mirrors Fabricated by CH 4/H 2-Reactive Ion Etching
Authors: Madhan Raj Mothi , Shunsuke Toyoshima Shunsuke Toyoshima , Shigehisa Arai Shigehisa Arai 
Published: October 2002

Multiple Micro-Cavity (MMC) lasers consisting of narrow and deep grooves buried with a Benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer, were realized by the CH4/H2-reactive ion etching (RIE) process. A threshold current of 30 mA was obtained at 200 K for the micro-cavity length ℓ
H
= 5.1 µm (groove width ℓ
L
= 183 nm,
pitch \mathnormalΛ = 5.3 µm, total cavity length L = 300 µm, stripe width W

s
= 5 µm) while also showing a stable single-wavelength operation. Room temperature operation of an MMC laser consisting of 3λ/4-BCB buried grooves (= 0.70 µm) was also obtained with a threshold current as low as 18 mA for the total cavity length of 200 µm (\mathnormalΛ = 20 µm, 10 elements,
W

s
= 5 µm), and the effective reflectivity of the MMC structure was estimated to be 94%.
Quantum-Confined Stark Effect in an AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN Single Quantum Well Structure
Authors: Takahiro Deguchi Takahiro Deguchi , Kaoru Sekiguchi Kaoru Sekiguchi , Atsushi Nakamura Atsushi Nakamura , Takayuki Sota Takayuki Sota , Ryuji Matsuo Ryuji Matsuo , Shigefusa Chichibu Shigefusa Chichibu , Shuji Nakamura Shuji Nakamura 
Published: October 2002

Excitonic absorption was observed in a transmittance spectrum of AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN single quantum well structure with a well width of 5 nm at room temperature. The total internal electric field strength in the well was about 0.73 MV/cm, which was estimated from the absorption peak position based on a simple calculation, neglecting excitons. The observation is clearly due to the quantum-confined Stark effect. While excitonic absorption was clearly observed even in such a high internal field, no light emission was detected under a He-Cd laser excitation at temperatures ranging from room temperature to
T = 10 K. Light emission accompanied by a blue shift of the emission peak and an increase of emission intensity was observed under higher excitation power density. The obvious conclusion in the present case is that the presence of a high internal electric field in the well is a disadvantage for light emission.
Surface Structure of Si(110) “7×2”–Sn Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: An Toshu , Yoshimura Masamichi , Ueda Kazuyuki 
Published: October 2002

We have studied a Si(110) “7×2” ((1,6)×(2,2))–Sn surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). High-resolution STM images have shown that Sn trimers and Si pentagons are arranged regularly in the “7×2” surface. The Si pentagons, which are the
elemental structures of clean Si(110) “16×2”, are rearranged in the presence of Sn trimers. The Si pentagons are pronouncedly imaged in the empty states, due to the charge transfer from Si pentagons to Sn trimers.
Resonant Detection and Frequency Multiplication in Barrier-Injection Heterostructure Transistors
Authors: Irina Khmyrova Irina Khmyrova , Victor Ryzhii Victor Ryzhii 
Published: October 2002

A novel detector and harmonic multiplier – a barrier-injection heterostructure transistor (BIHT) – is proposed and evaluated. The structure of a BIHT is similar to that of a heterostructure field-effect transistor. The device utilizes thermionic injection of electrons to the BIHT channel in which the standing plasma waves are excited by an incoming signal. The combination of the strong nonlinearity of the dependence of the injected current on the channel potential with the high amplitude of the oscillation of the latter at resonant frequencies results in a significant enhancement of the responsivity and harmonic multiplication efficiency. The BIHT detectors and multipliers can be effective in the terahertz range of frequencies, surpassing the performance of Schottky-diode-based devices.
Higher Picosecond Photoresponsivity Realized by Introducing Hole-Capturing Levels of Iron in GaAs
Authors: Ohsawa Jun , Ozaki Yasutaka 
Published: October 2002

Control of transient carrier populations has been achieved by the use of carrier-capturing properties of relevant individual deep levels. Slow contribution from holes to transient photocurrents has been successfully suppressed so that the fast component of electron current becomes dominant. This has been realized by introducing deep acceptor levels of iron into undoped semi-insulating GaAs bulk material. Photoresponses to picosecond light pulses with and without iron doping were compared. A sharp peak at the leading edge, whose width is less than 100 ps, is increased for the iron-doped one. An additional cause of this could be reduced electron capture due to a concomitant decrease of deep donors such as electron levels No. 2 (EL2) and No. 6 (EL6). Iron-diffused epitaxial material, which has much lower concentrations of grown-in deep levels, showed the same electron-dominated characteristics, confirming the effectiveness of the hole-capturing nature of the iron level.
Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasma Etching of n-SiC and Evaluation of Ni/n-SiC Contacts by Current Noise Measurements
Authors: Nobuhisa Tanuma Nobuhisa Tanuma , Satoshi Yasukawa Satoshi Yasukawa , Saburo Yokokura Saburo Yokokura , Sumihisa Hashiguchi Sumihisa Hashiguchi , Josef Sikula Josef Sikula , Toshiaki Matsui Toshiaki Matsui , Munecazu Tacano Munecazu Tacano 
Published: October 2002

The Si surface of n-SiC is etched by an Ar electron cyclotron resonance plasma in order to smooth the as-received substrates. Low-frequency current noise characteristics of Ohmic contacts of the wide-band-gap semiconductor n-SiC are investigated. Ohmic contacts with a diameter of 200 µm have a minimum Ohmic contact resistance of the order of 10-4 Ω·cm2 at an alloying temperature of 1000°C for 30 min. These low resistance Ohmic contacts show typical 1/f current noise characteristics that increase with the square of the sample current I
2. A sample with a higher contact resistance exhibits, however, current noise power increase with increasing sample current I. The relevant total electron number between the electrodes of the bulk substrate is estimated from the resistance and by finite element method simulation, from which the Hooge parameter αH is estimated to be approximately 40.
Simulation of the van der Pauw Measurement for Electrically Anisotropic Semiconductors Using the Finite-Element Method
Authors: Sato Yuichi , Sato Susumu 
Published: October 2002

Semiconductors, which are electrically anisotropic, are often obtained due to their methods of preparation or their own characteristics. Measurement values of such anisotropic semiconductors obtained by the van der Pauw method are simulated using the finite-element method (FEM). It is clarified that the values are quite sensitive to anisotropy of the carrier mobility, and variations in the measurement values can reach about two orders of magnitude even when the anisotropy is small.
Numerical Study of Population Inversion between Excited States of Ar i in a Recombining Ar Plasma by He Contact Cooling
Authors: Kano Katsuhiro , Akatsuka Hiroshi 
Published: October 2002

In the present paper we report on the numerical simulation of He contact cooling of electrons for generation of population inversion in a recombining Ar plasma. It is shown that the electron temperature of Ar plasma is significantly decreased by the gas-contact cooling, so that population inversion is created between excited states of Ar i. The mechanism leading to the population inversion in Ar plasma has also been investigated. It has been shown that the electron density should be controlled to obtain a large overpopulation density.
Ferroelectricity in Li-Doped ZnO:X Thin Films and their Application in Optical Switching Devices
Authors: Nagata Takahiro , Shimura Tamaki , Nakano Yoshiyuki , Ashida Atsushi , Fujimura Norifumi , Ito Taichiro 
Published: October 2002

We have proposed the application of ZnO:X (X=Li,Ni,Al etc.) films in monolithic optical integrated circuits (OICs). [rf1] To realize the optical switching device, dielectric properties of ZnO:Li deposited on SiO2/p-Si were evaluated in detail. From the results of the frequency dependence of the dielectric permittivity and the loss, and the temperature dependence of ac conductivity at various frequencies, the existence of mobile Li ion was confirmed. The pulsed C–V measurements [rf2] revealed that not only the mobile Li ion but also the ferroelectricity of ZnO:Li contributed to the hysteresis in the normal C–V behavior. To determine the processes assumed to occur in the switching device structure, a prototype of the waveguide structure was fabricated. Although the relationship between the refractive indices of the core and clad layers satisfied the required condition for propagation, several processes such as interdiffusion of doped ions, band alignment and/or rearrangement of space charge when applying the bias voltage were also revealed.
Intravascular Ultrasound Findings in the Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind RAVEL (RAndomized study with the sirolimus-eluting VElocity balloon-expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo native coronary artery Lesions) Trial
Authors: Serruys Patrick W. , Degertekin Muzaffer , Tanabe Kengo , Abizaid Alexandre , Sousa J. Edouardo , Colombo Antonio , Guagliumi Giulio , Wijns William , Lindeboom Wietze K. , Ligthart Jurgen , de Feyter Pim J. , Morice Marie-Claude 
Published: October 2002

Background—The goal of this intravascular ultrasound investigation was to provide a more detailed morphological analysis of the local biological effects of the implantation of a sirolimus-eluting stent compared with an uncoated stent.Methods and Results—In the RAVEL trial, 238 patients with single de novo lesions were randomized to receive either an 18-mm sirolimus-eluting stent (Bx VELOCITY stent, Cordis) or an uncoated stent (Bx VELOCITY stent). In a subset of 95 patients (sirolimus-eluting stent=48, uncoated stent=47), motorized intravascular ultrasound pullback (0.5 mm/s) was performed at a 6-month follow-up. Stent volumes, total vessel volumes, and plaque-behind-stent volumes were comparable. However, the difference in neointimal hyperplasia (2±5 versus 37±28 mm3) and percent of volume obstruction (1±3% versus 29±20%) at 6 months between the 2 groups was highly significant (P<0.001), emphasizing the nearly complete abolition of the proliferative process inside the drug-eluting stent. Analysis of the proximal and distal edge volumes showed no significant difference between the 2 groups in external elastic membrane or lumen and plaque volume at the proximal and distal edges. There was also no evidence of intrastent thrombosis or persisting dissection at the stent edges. Although there was a higher incidence of incomplete stent apposition in the sirolimus group compared with the uncoated stent group (P<0.05), it was not associated with any adverse clinical events at 1 year.Conclusions—Sirolimus-eluting stents are effective in preventing neointimal hyperplasia without creating edge effect and without affecting the plaque burden behind the struts.
Hemispheric Encoding Asymmetry is More Apparent Than Real
Authors: Miller Michael B. , Kingstone Alan , Gazzaniga Michael S. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies have claimed a left hemisphere specialization for episodic “encoding” and a right hemisphere specialization for episodic “retrieval.” Yet studies of split-brain patients indicate relatively minor memory impairment after disconnection of the two hemispheres. This suggests that both hemispheres are capable of encoding and retrieval. In the present experiment, we examined the possible limits on encoding capacity of each hemisphere by manipulating the “depth” of processing during the encoding of unfamiliar faces and familiar words in the left and right hemispheres of two split-brain patients. Results showed that only the left hemisphere benefited from deeper (more elaborate) encoding of familiar words, and only the right hemisphere benefited from deeper encoding of unfamiliar faces. Our findings are consistent with the view that hemispheric asymmetries in episodic encoding are related to hemisphere-specific processing of particular stimuli. Convergent with recent neuroimaging studies, these results with split-brain patients also suggest that these hemispheric differences are not due to unique specializations in each half brain for encoding memories, but rather, are due to preferential recruitment of the synaptically closer prefrontal cortex to posterior regions processing material-specific information.
Modulation of Induced Gamma Band Responses in a Perceptual Learning Task in the Human EEG
Authors: Gruber Thomas , Müller Matthias M. , Keil Andreas 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Fragmented pictures of an object, which appear meaningless when seen for the first time, can easily be identified after the presentation of an unfragmented version of the same picture. The neuronal mechanism for such a rapid perceptual learning phenomenon is largely unknown. Recently, induced gamma band responses (GBRs) have been discussed as a possible physiological correlate of activity in cell assemblies formed by learning. The present study was designed to investigate the modulation of induced GBRs in a perceptual learning task by using a 128-channel EEG montage. In the first sequence of the experiment, fragmented pictures from the Snodgrass and Vandervart inventory were presented. The fragmentation of the pictures was selected that subjects were unable to identify them. In the second experimental sequence the perceptual learning sequence half of the pictures were displayed in their unfragmented version. In the third sequence, all pictures were presented again in the fragmented version. Now, subjects had to rate whether or not they could identify the images. Results showed an increase in spectral gamma power at parietal electrode sites for identified pictures. In addition, neural activity in the gamma band was highly synchronized between posterior electrodes. For pictures not presented in their complete version, we found no such pattern in the third sequence. From our results, we concluded that induced GBRs might represent a signature of synchronized neural activity in a Hebbian cell assembly, activated by the fragmented picture after perceptual learning took place. No difference between identified and unidentified pictures was found in the visual evoked potential in the same time range and in the evoked GBR in the same frequency range as the induced response.
Finding the Self? An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: Kelley W. M. , Macrae C. N. , Wyland C. L. , Caglar S. , Inati S. , Heatherton T. F. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Researchers have long debated whether knowledge about the self is unique in terms of its functional anatomic representation within the human brain. In the context of memory function, knowledge about the self is typically remembered better than other types of semantic information. But why does this memorial effect emerge? Extending previous research on this topic (see Craik et al., 1999), the present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate potential neural substrates of self-referential processing. Participants were imaged while making judgments about trait adjectives under three experimental conditions (self-relevance, other-relevance, or case judgment). Relevance judgments, when compared to case judgments, were accompanied by activation of the left inferior frontal cortex and the anterior cingulate. A separate region of the medial prefrontal cortex was selectively engaged during self-referential processing. Collectively, these findings suggest that self-referential processing is functionally dissociable from other forms of semantic processing within the human brain.
Augmented Reality As a Tool to Aid the Telerobotic Exploration and Characterization of Remote Environments
Authors: Lawson Shaun W. , Pretlove John R. G. , Wheeler Alison C. , Parker Graham A. 
Published: October 2002

The three-dimensional characterization and mapping of remote environments is an important task that generates a good deal of attention both by end users and by researchers across several fields of interest. In the mobile robotics community, a great deal of work has been done in equipping vehicles with sensors that can acquire three-dimensional and even multimodal information about the location and nature of features and objects in remote environments. However, the interpretation of such data using fully autonomous methods, such as computer vision, is usually a highly complex problem that, we believe, is much better suited to a humanoriented solution. In this paper, we describe our work in the development of augmented reality (AR) techniques for the telerobotic inspection and characterization of remote environments. We describe how we are using stereoscopic camera feedback from a remote vehicle and equipping the human operator with three-dimensional virtual cursors that can be used to interactively measure and model real features and objects in the remote environment. We include a description of the calibration techniques used to correctly align the real and virtual images both statically and under vehicle and camera motion. We also describe how we are using our system to demonstrate the potential of AR for improving the inspection of underground sewer pipes.
WON BUDDHISM AS A KOREAN NEW RELIGION
Authors: Pye Michael 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWon Buddhism was founded in the early 20th century, but although it is one of the more important new religions in modern Korea little research has been undertaken on it to date by non-members. In this introductory study based on field observations and text studies, essential information is presented which will provide a starting point for further investigations. This includes an outline of the historical development, set in motion by the founder Pak Chung-Bin (1891–1943), and of the general features of Won Buddhism as a religion. Particular attention is given to Won Buddhism's role in modernisation processes, to the question of gender balance, and to the sense in which Won Buddhism should be regarded as a "new religion" on the one hand and as a form of "Buddhism" on the other hand. Of methodological interest is a sub-discussion running through the article about the delicate relationship between believers' and observers' accounts of a religion. Four illustrations are included.
THE 'SWORD OF MOUTHS' (JUD. III 16; PS. CXLIX 6; PROV. V 4): A METAPHOR AND ITS ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN CONTEXT
Authors: Berman Joshua 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe term "double- (or, multi-) edged sword" appears three times in the Hebrew Bible (Jud. iii 16; Prov. v 4; Ps. cxlix 6), and in the Christian Bible (Heb. iv 12; Rev. i 16; ii 12), and once each in the Apocrypha (Sir. xxi 3) and in the Pseudepigrapha (Ahiqar, col. vii 100b). Whether in Hebrew, Aramaic or Greek, the term reads in all of these texts, literally, 'a sword of mouths'. While the word stands as a trope for the potency of speech in only some of its 500 instances in the Hebrew Bible, the 'sword of mouths' does so in seven of its occurrences, across several bodies of literature, while the eighth occurrence offers a slight variation on the theme. Archaeological and philological evidence is brought in support of the notion of the orality of the image of the sword.
Behavioural and cognitive influences of kairomones on an araneophagic jumping spider
Authors: Jackson Robert , Clark Robert , Harland Duane 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn laboratory experiments, Portia fimbriata, an araneophagic salticid from Queensland, was influenced by olfactory and contact-chemical cues from Jacksonoides queenslandicus, an abundant salticid on which P.fimbriata preys. Four distinct effects were revealed: P.fimbriata (1) moved into and remained in the vicinity of J. queenslandicus, (2) performed undirected leaping, behaviour known to function as speculative hunting by inducing a turning response from not-yet-seen J. queenslandicus, (3) adopted a posture (retracted palps) known to be routine when stalking salticids and (4) showed enhanced attention to optical cues from J. queenslandicus. Laboratory experiments provided no statistical evidence that chemical cues from other prey species affected P.fimbriata, that J. queenslandicus was affected by chemical cues from P. fimbriata or that allopatric Portia were sensitive to chemical cues from J. queenslandicus.
Extrapair paternity in the red bishop (Euplectes orix): is there evidence for the good-genes hypothesis?
Authors: Friedl Thomas W.P. , Klump Georg 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe investigated the pattern and frequency of extrapair paternity in a colony of the red bishop, a sexually dimorphic and highly polygynous passerine. In particular, we tested whether there was evidence in support of the good-genes hypothesis, stating that females seek extrapair copulations with high-quality males to enhance the genetic quality of their offspring. Paternity analysis of 432 nestlings from 187 broods using non-radioactive multilocus DNA-fingerprinting revealed that 17.6% of nestlings were extrapair young (EPY) and 30.5% of all broods investigated contained at least one EPY. In a pairwise comparison, extrapair fathers were found to have significantly longer tarsi than the within-pair fathers they cuckolded. Furthermore, extrapair fathers were more often territory owners in the previous season,