bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal ionizing irradiaton and early postnatal growth of Colombian and Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Walker Lary C. , Kaack Bernice , Brizzee Kenneth R. , Walker Margaret L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFetal squirrel monkeys of Bolivian and Colombian origin were exposed to 100 rad cobalt‐60 radiation in utero and carried to term by the dams. Body weight, head circumference, crown–rump length, and food intake were measured during the first 28 postnatal days. Significant subspecies differences were noted in both mothers and offspring, the Colombian squirrel monkeys being generally larger than the Bolivians. The irradiated offspring weighed significantly less, had significantly smaller crania, and consumed significantly less food than control animals. A statistically nonsignificant decrement was also evident in the crown–rump length of radiation‐treated infants.
Subspecies differences in hormonal and behavioral responses after group formation in squirrel monkeys
Authors: Gonzalez Carol A. , Hennessy Michael B. , Levine Seymour 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavioral and hormonal responses of squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian and Guyanese subspecies were compared after a group formation procedure. Two groups of each subspecies, consisting of five females and three males (later reduced to two) were observed daily during the week of group formation and for nine weeks following removal of a single male from each group. Measures of plasma cortisol were examined in the females after the initial group formation and after the groups were reduced by one male. The levels of plasma testosterone were assessed in all the males during the initial week of group formation. Linear dominance hierarchies were determined both within and across the sexes in both subspecies. The frequency and directionality of low‐level aggressive interactions indicated that females of the Bolivian subspecies were dominant to the males, while the males of the Guyanese subspecies ranked over all the females. Additionally, the Bolivian squirrel monkey females showed an elevation of plasma cortisol on the day of group formation, which declined 48 hr later, then reelevated after the groups were reduced by one male and declined gradually over a nine‐week period. Guyanese females showed little change in cortisol levels during both periods. This suggests fundamental hormonal, as well as behavioral, differences between the two subspecies. The change in plasma testosterone levels in the males during the initial week of group formation was positively correlated with social status. Furthermore, differences in the dynamics within individual groups for each subspecies were reflected by the levels of plasma cortisol of the female members.
“Stone‐grooming” in Macaca fuscata
Authors: Weinberg Susan M. , Candland Douglas K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring study of mother‐infant interactions of Macaca fuscata, a low‐ranking female was observed to use a stone to groom her infant. At times a twig or piece of chow was used in the same fashion. The grooming involved a circular movement of the object around the infant's eye. The use of the stone appears to fit recent definitions of tool‐use. Suggestions are offered regarding the functions of this occasional behavior; however, because of the rarity of its occurrence no conclusion is offered.
The bonnet monkey (Macaca radiata): A model for the study of gonadotropin dynamics during fasting in the human
Authors: Badger T. M. , Beitins I. Z. , Van Wart J. , McArthur J. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGeneral Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston Postmenopausal women excrete significantly greater quantities of radioimmunoassayable luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during fasting than during the control or refeeding periods. The concentrations of these gonadotropins in the serum, however, are not affected. In the present studies, ovariectomized Bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) and ovariectomized Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied to compare the effects of fasting on gonadotropins dynamics in subhuman primates and rodents. Serum LH and FSH concentrations were not reduced by fasting of monkeys or rats. During a 4‐day fast, rats excreted significantly (P ⩽ 0.01) less LH, FSH, Na+, and K+ than during prefast or refeeding periods. Monkeys, on the other hand, excreted significantly (P ⩽ 0.025) greater quantities of LH and FSH during the last 2 day of a 4‐day fast as compared to prefast and refeeding periods. Like the human, they conserved Na+ and K+ on refeeding. These results indicate that the monkey is a better animal model than the rat with which to study the effects of fasting on gonadotropin excretion in the human.
Contexts and messages in macaque social communication
Authors: Maxim Peter E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUsing a previously developed quantitative scale of social behavior, interactions between group members in seven groups of rhesus macaques were studied. Analysis of 636 behavior chains showed that the large number of different chain sequences (445) was due in part to the large number of contexts in which interactions were occurring. A catalog of 33 contexts of interaction was empirically developed. Particular behaviors were found to have different frequencies of occurrence in different contexts. These frequency differences can be accounted for by the verbal message statements derived for each behavior.
Characterization and comparison of testicular LH/hCG receptors of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Zaidi P. , Wickings E. J. , Arslan M. , Nieschlag E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTesticular luteinizing hormone (LH/hCG) receptors were characterized in seven green monkeys and compared with those of four rhesus monkeys. Testicular tissue showed high binding affinity for 125I‐hCG, (0.9–2.5 × 109 M−1, and 0.7–1.64 × 109 M−1 respectively, for green and rhesus monkeys) and low binding capacity (0.343–0.682 fmol/mg and 0.198–0.355 fmol/mg testicular homogenate, respectively). There was no difference in binding affinity between the two groups. Testicular LH/hCG receptors in both species bound human LH (hLH) and hCG but did not cross react with ovine LH (oLH). Rat testicular tissue showed similar high binding affinity (6.4 × 109 M−1) and low binding capacity (1.04 fmol/mg tissue homogenate) for 125I‐hCG. Rat LH/hCG receptors bound hLH, hCG, and oLH to a similar degree.
Decrease in sexual initiative and responsiveness in female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) during pregnancy
Authors: Chambers K. C. , Phoenix C. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough the sexual behavior of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) has been reported to decrease during pregnancy, systematic studies have been largely confined to reports of male behavior. Therefore, we designed a study to examine changes in female sexual behavior during pregnancy. Six cycling multiparous female rhesus macaques were paired during the periovulatory period of the menstrual cycle and during the first and second halves of pregnancy with six sexually experienced males of the same species. Each female was paired with the same male in all tests. The means of the behavioral measures scored on days 11–13 of the menstrual cycle, 35–56 of pregnancy, and 147–168 of pregnancy were compared. Females showed a significant decrease in the present contact ratio and the rate of threat‐aways during pregnancy. Males showed lower rates of threatening‐away, contacting, mounting, intromitting, and ejaculating when females were pregnant. The extent to which the decrease in male sexual behavior can be accounted for by an increase in female rejection is uncertain, but it is probably as significant as any loss of attractiveness that might accompany pregnancy.
Failure to demonstrate self‐recognition in gorillas
Authors: Ledbetter David H. , Basen Jeffry A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo zoo‐reared gorillas were each given nearly 400 h of mirror exposure. Extensive mirror gazing and social behaviors were exhibited, the frequency of which decreased gradually over the study period. Neither animal demonstrated the transition from other‐directed to self‐directed behavior characteristic of both chimpanzees and orangutans, and no evidence of self‐recognition was found using the Gallup marking paradigm. These negative findings, after extensive mirror exposure, suggest that the gorilla may be the only great ape which lacks the conceptual ability necessary for self‐recognition.
The use of nonhuman primates in the study of bilirubin metabolism and bile secretion
Authors: Cornelius Charles E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractClose similarities exist in the chemical structure of fetal and adult bile pigments and mechanisms for hepatic bilirubin conjugation and transport in human and nonhuman primates. Newborn monkeys, unlike other animals, develop physiologic hyperbilirubinemia and are ideal animal models in which to investigate this developmental human disorder. Aberrations in bile pigment metabolism and compartmentalization which occur in hemolytic, hepatocellular, and obstructive diseases, closely resemble those reported in counterpart syndromes in man. Similarities also exist in the mechanisms responsible for the secretion of canalicular and ductular/ductal bile and the composition of bile. Nonhuman primates offer distinct advantages for comparative studies concerning bile pigment metabolism and the secretion of bile.
Interspecific spacing between gibbons (Hylobates klossii) and langurs (Presbytis potenziani) on Siberut Island, Indonesia
Authors: Tilson Ronald L. , Tenaza Richard R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSpatial arrangement and social interactions of two sympatric and ecologically similar primate species, Hylobates klossii and Presbytis potenzianai, are described from field observations made between July 1972 and October 1974 on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Gibbon territories and langur home ranges overlap extensively. Because gibbons have the ability to supplant langurs at shared food sources, langurs are at a competitive disadvantage. To avoid or decrease the frequency of hostile interactions with gibbons, langurs locate their core areas on boundaries between adjacent gibbon territories, which permits langurs to retreat across these barriers in response to gibbon movements. Langurs further enhance segregration by leaving their sleeping trees earlier than gibbons, gaining additional feeding time on contested food sources. This form of interspecific spatial organization between gibbons and langurs resembles certain predator‐prey spacing systems, where territorial boundaries between adjacent predators serve as sanctuaries for prey populations.
Patterns of sexual behavior in male macaques
Authors: Shively C. , Clarke S. , King N. , Schapiro S. , Mitchell G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne large social group of each of three species of macaques (Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. radiata), housed in half‐acre field cages at the California Primate Research Center, were observed for a total of 150 h. Data on sexual behavior and dominance interactions were recorded by pairs of experienced observers using a focal animal technique. Single or multiple mount‐to‐ejaculation sequences, number of thrusts per mount, number of mounts per sequence, duration of mounts per sequence, duration of sequences, social rank and frequency of sexual activity were recorded for each adult male. M. mulatta used a multiple mount‐to‐ejaculation (MME) pattern in 91% of their copulations. M. radiata used a single mount‐to‐ejaculation (SME) pattern in 91% of their copulations. M. fascicularis used both patterns—53% MME and 47% SME. A positive correlation was found between rank and sexual activity in fascicularis and mulatta males. A negative correlation between rank and sexual activity was found in radiata males and also a positive correlation between rank and age indicating that the youngest and most subordinate radiata males were the most sexually active males. In reviewing the literature, a relationship between degree of intermale competition, intermale tolerance and type of mounting pattern was revealed. Macaque species that primarily use an SME pattern also show sa high degree of intermale tolerance and little interrnale competition. Macaque species that primarily use an MME pattern typically show a high degree of intermale competition and a low degree of intermale tolerance. Possible events leading to such relationships are discussed.
Conservation note: Socioecology and conservation of macaques and langurs in Varanasi, India
Authors: Pirta R. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA survey of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) was conducted in urban and forest areas of Varanasi, India. Data were collected on group size and composition. Nine groups of rhesus monkeys inhabited various urban niches, but langurs were completely absent from urban areas. Approximately 159 rhesus monkeys and 720 langurs lived in the forested area. Both the urban and the forested habitats of this area are being reduced in size, and it is suggested that these populations be moved to nearby forest preserves.
Nasal and cutaneous anatrichosomiasis in the free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) of Cayo Santiago
Authors: Kessler Matt J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐nine free‐ranging rhesus monkeys on the island of Cayo Santiago were surveyed for the nematode Anatrichosoma cutaneum. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of the nasal and cutaneous forms of this parasite in untreated rhesus monkeys maintained in a seminatural subtropical environment. The average prevalence of the nasal form in the sampled Cayo Santiago macaques was 23.2%. Adults were more commoly effected than yearling monkeys with 31.2% and 12.8% parasitized, respectively. Newborn infants were negative. No cases of the cutaneous form were identified. This study determined that nasal Anatrichosomiasis is common in the Cayo Santiago macaques. Further studies are necessary to establish the roles of intermediate host(s) and rhesus monkey behavior in the life cycle of this parasite in order to determine how Anatrichosomiasis has persisted for over 40 years in this colony.
Assessment of glucoregulation in rhesus monkeys sedated with ketamine
Authors: Kemnitz Joseph W. , Kraemer Gary W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGlucose, insulin, and cortisol were measured in the blood of rhesus monkeys under several conditions. Glucose and insulin concentrations were higher and cortisol lower shortly after the morning meal than after an overnight fast. Ketamine had no detectable effect on basal (fasting) glucose or insulin values in normal monkeys, even when sedation was maintained for more than 2 h. Ketamine did not appear to affect the response to a glucose load or to insulininduced hypoglycemia. It is concluded that ketamine is a useful agent for pharmacological restraint of rhesus monkeys during studies of glucoregulation.
Biochemical detection of fecal hematin as a test for meat eating in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Spencer Frank , Boaz Noel T. , Allen Mel , McGrew W. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeat‐eating by wild chimpanzees has been reported by a number of workers during the last two decades. Direct observation probably underestimates the incidence, even though the behavior occurs relatively infrequently. In 1978, Moreno‐Black suggested that fecal analysis over a long period of time is probably the most effective means to determine the incidence of this behavior in wild chimpanzees and other nonhuman primate groups. A method currently employed by a number of fieldworkers involves the recovery of the remains of a carnivorous meal in the animal's feces. This method, however, may also under represent the incidence because of (1) complete digestion of mammalian parts, (2) the unidentifiability of partially digested remains, and (3) the reingestion of feces. This paper reports the results of a laboratory study using a fecal test not subject to these limitations. The test is based on the biochemical detection of hematin, a derivative of hemaglobin which is found in all mamalian tissues. The results of this study reveal that hematin is a reliable indicator of meat consumption. The test is available in a commercially prepared kit, namely HEMOCULT™, which was developed to detect clinically significant amounts of blood in the feces of human patients with presumptive gastrointestinal lesions. This kit has been evaluated with a view to its possible application in the field.
Reproductive performance of a laboratory breeding colony of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)
Authors: Sly D. L. , Harbaugh S. W. , London W. T. , Rice J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractReproductive statistics were gathered over a 5½‐year period on a colony of Erythrocebus patas. Pregnancies occurred throughout the year under laboratory conditions with a suggestion of a mating peak in the late fall and early winter. Menstrual cycles were monitored and found to average 30.6 days in length. Maximal vaginal cornification occured on day 15 of the cycle suggesting a midcycle ovulation. However, production of timed‐mated pregnancies indicated ovulation occurred earlier and that breeding on days 10, 11, and 12 after menstruation was more likely to result in pregnancy. The gestation length was found to average 167.2 days in 142 harem‐bred females and 167.5 days in 11 timed‐mated pregnancies. Sixty‐two percent of all pregnancies resulted in live births; 28% of the conceptions terminated with in‐utero death of the fetus. Stillborn infants were delivered in 9% of the pregnancies. Infant mortality during the first 6 months of life was 10.2%. Females raised in the colony conceived their first offspring at approximately 3 years of age and males were able to sire infants at 3 years and 8 months.
A comparison of the behavior of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta in relation to the menstrual cycle
Authors: Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservations on oppositely sexed pairs of M. fascicularis and M. mulatta revealed certain differences. M. fascicularis showed single‐mount copulations, higher potency, less grooming activity, and milder but more frequent aggressive exchanges than the rhesus monkey. These differences might be due to the lower dominance gradient between the sexes and less sexual dimorphism in M. fascicularis than in M. mulatta. There were changes in the sexual, grooming, and aggressive interaction in relation to the menstrual cycle, indicating the suitability of M. fascicularis for hormone‐behavior studies. Comparison of data from 30 and 60 min tests showed that important behavioral changes did not become apparent unless animals were given enough time to interact.
Abortion following the immigration of an adult male baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Pereira Michael E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree abortions and the death of a vigorous infant occurred in a baboon (Papio cynocephalus) group in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, within the two weeks following the immigration of an aggressive adult male. The immigrant male attained top‐ranking dominance status in the group prior to these events. Circumstantial observations suggest that the reproductive losses were related to persistent intense aggression from the immigrant adult male. In the past ten years, only three other miscarriages have occurred in Amboseli. Inducement of abortion is discussed as a reproductive tactic that may be available to males of mammalian species whose life histories favor the evolution of infant‐killing by males.
A periodic dosing model of fetal alcohol syndrome in the pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Bowden D. M. , Weathersbee P. S. , Clarren S. K. , Fahrenbruch C. E. , Goodlin B. L. , Caffery S. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA nonhuman primate on a periodic ethanol dosing schedule should provide a model of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) most relevant to the majority of pregnant women who are “social drinkers” and can exercise reasonable control over their ethanol intake. In this pilot study, four pregnant pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) received ethanol once a week from 40 days' gestation. Doses were 2.5 gm/kg for three moderate‐dose animals (MDAs) and 4.1 gm/kg for one high‐dose animal (HDA). Peak blood ethanol levels reached a mean of 240–256 mg/dl for the MDAs and averaged 379 mg/dl for the HDA. Peak acetaldehyde did not vary with dose. One MDA aborted after the first dose. The other three pregnancies were compared with eight to ten control pregnancies, and the infants' development over the first six months was compared with that of the control offspring. Nutritional status of the pregnant females was normal. The fetal heart rate response to maternal restraint was absent in the HDA. Gestational duration and simian Apgar scores were normal. All three infants were abnormally large, and two were also abnormally heavy, with body weight appropriate to skeletal size. Skeletal maturation, judged by ossification and tooth eruption, was not accelerated. The high‐dose infant (HDI) was scaphocephalic, with an underdeveloped cranial base and midface, and its brain was small and dysplastic; its reflex, motor, and cognitive development were retarded. One moderate‐dose infant (MDI) had some brain abnormalities; it was hyperkinetic and showed developmental retardation on several behavioral measures. The other MDI was normal. We conclude that the periodic model offers an effective means of investigating FAS in M. nemestrina. Furthermore, when nutrition is maintained, intermittent intake of ethanol by the pregnant primate does not necessarily reatard fetal growth.
The black‐tailed marmoset (Callithrix argentata melanura) recorded from paraguay
Authors: Stallings Jody R. , Mittermeier Russell A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe black‐tailed marmoset (Callithrix argentata melanura) occurs in central‐western Brazil and adjacent parts of Bolivia, and is the only member of the genus (Callithrix) to occur naturally outside Brazil. Data presented in this paper extend the range of this marmoset at least 200 km to the southwest into yet another country, Paraguay.
Geographic origin of journal articles on nonhuman primates
Authors: Terry Maryeva W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring the 1970s variations in the number of citations published in CURRENT PRIMATE REFERENCES seemed to parallel changes in the fortunes of primate research in the United States. In 1981 and 1982, however, the trends diverged, with the number of citations increasing 25% over the two years. In an effort to identify more specifically some factors underlying the trend in literature growth, citations of journal articles appearing in 1971, 1976, and 1981 issues were tabulated according to the general subject indicated by the title and the site of research indicated by the author's address. The number of journal articles was 20% larger in 1981 than in 1971. The United States was the largest contributor in all three years, but its relative contribution declined. Continental Western Europe ranked second consistently, and its contribution grew at an above‐average rate. Japan ranked fifth in 1971 and third in 1981. India contributed less than 2% of the literature in 1971 and more than 3% in 1981, as a result of a doubling of its contribution. The subject composition of the literature did not change greatly.