bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In the Service of the Nation: Geisha and Kawabata Yasunari’s Snow Country
Authors: Matsugu Miho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the geisha as a “Japanese girl whose profession is to entertain men by dancing and singing; loosely, a Japanese prostitute.”1 Many geisha, to the contrary, define themselves as professional artistes, and take pride in dedicating their lives to the traditions of Japanese art and culture.2 Yet as I will argue, particularly before the end of the war in 1945, geisha often performed many of the same services as prostitutes. To understand geisha and their current status as cultural symbols, it is important to acknowledge this tension between the sex work that many geisha performed throughout parts of history, and their denial of it. The insistence on the part of many geisha both now and then that they are not prostitutes is a rejection of the stigma that has historically marginalized these women and kept them from being seen as self-supporting, skilled workers.3 If they are now national symbols, it is because their former ignominy as entertainers and sometimes prostitutes, exploited by the state and oppressed by society, has today been replaced with the “prestige” of representing the artistic tradition of the same state and society that once oppressed them.
Female Agency and Patrilineal Constraints: Situating Courtesans in Twentieth-Century India
Authors: Qureshi Regula Burckhardt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From at least 1800 until after Indian independence, courtesan singer-dancers (tawa’if) were at the center of elite entertainment in feudal and mercantile-colonial milieus of India, performing at courts and presiding over reenactments of court assemblies in salons that became the first public venue for Hindustani art music. Ostensibly free from the constraints of patrilineal kinship, these women enjoyed cultural and personal prominence as well as wealth and influence, and they could set musical trends.
Prologue: Naval Battles and History
Authors: Symonds Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History is about change, and more than any other human activity, war both causes and accelerates change. War propels history into fast forward, precipitating social and cultural transformation so swiftly and profoundly that often it is that transformation, rather than the object that provoked hostilities in the first place, that emerges as the principal consequence of war. Occasionally the change is self-conscious, the product of deliberate revolution, such as the one that took place in France in 1789. More often, however, change is a by-product of war, unforeseen and even unimagined, as in the dramatic social and cultural revolution that resulted from the mass mobilization and ghastly bloodletting in Europe from 1914 to 1918. Despite the best efforts of policy makers who struggle to fulfill the Clause witzian dictum that wars ought to be a means by which nations secure clear and discrete national policy objectives, wars create a momentum of their own that constantly threatens to seize control of events from the hands of the decision makers and send history careening forward like a runaway train.
Language Categories in the Brain: Evidence from Aphasia
Authors: Caramazza Alfonso , Shapiro Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central question in the study of cognition concerns the way conceptual information is represented and organized in the mind/brain. If we presuppose, as most experimental scientists do, that cognitive processes are computational processes, it becomes self-evident that the presumably enormous amount of information over which these processes operate must be structured in some way in order to be accessible and useful.
Locality and Left Periphery
Authors: Rizzi Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to provide a new, refined formal characterization of the locality principle known as Relativized Minimality. At the same time, we will try to show how the study of locality interacts with the “cartographic approach,” the attempt to draw maps of syntactic configuratons as precise and detailed as possible. A fundamental discovery of modern formal linguistics is that, if the length and depth of syntactic representations is unbounded, core structural relations are local. According to the Relativized Minimality approach, a local relation is one that must be satisfied in the smallest environment in which it can be satisfied. One traditional implementation of this idea is that, in a configuration like (1), a local structural relation cannot hold between X and Y if Z is a potential bearer of the relevant relation and Z intervenes between X and Y.
TheDry Eye
Authors: Gulati Abba , Dana Reza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dry Eye Syndrome, also called keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), is a component of the dryness (sicca) that characterizes Sjogren’s syndrome. The ocular surface consists of the conjunctiva (the mucous membrane covering the outside of the eyeball and the lining of the lids) and the cornea (the central transparent part of the eyeball that allows the light rays to pass through). Dry eye syndrome includes a variety of disorders that affect the ocular surface (both conjunctiva and cornea).
The Salivary Glands, Ears, Nose, and Larynx
Authors: Lebovics Robert S , FACS MD 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SJOGREN’s SYNDROME IN ITS primary form, also known as the sicca syndrome, is a multisystem disease with a multiplicity of target organs and clinical effects. Understanding the otolaryngologic manifestations of this disease can best be appreciated with a brief introduction to the anatomy of the upper airways and alimentary tract (Figure 8.1).
The Internal Organs in Sjogren’s
Authors: Soliotis Fotini C , Kassan MD Stuart S , Moutsopoulos MD Haralampos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN SJOGREN’s SYNDROME the immune system primarily targets the salivary and lacrimal glands. However, less commonly the same immune process can also affect the major organs of the body, such as the lungs, the heart, the gut, the liver, the kidney, and the nervous system. Major organ disease is only seen in one-third of primary Sjogren’s patients and can be divided into two categories depending on whether it manifests itself early (that is, together with the symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth) or later on, sometimes years after the diagnosis of Sjogren’s has been made.
Systemic Therapies in Sjogren’s
Authors: Chrysochou Aikaterini D , Soliotis Fotini C , Kassan MD Stuart S , Moutsopoulos MD Haralampos M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Major Goal Of therapy in Sjogren’s syndrome is to treat the main symptoms of dry eye and dry mouth. Replacement of decreased secretions and administration of stimulators of tear and saliva secretion are the most important therapeutic measures for those patients. In addition, a variety of drugs for specific symptoms or complications of Sjogren’s are available for extraglandular involvement. Immunosuppressive therapies are reserved only for serious and life-threatening major organ involvement.
Rehabilitation of Executive Function Impairments
Authors: Cicerone Keith d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disturbances of executive functioning (e.g., planning, self-monitoring, behavioural and emotional self-regulation) are common after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and represent significant obstacles to resuming social participation and productivity. Executive dysfunction also represents a challenge to the rehabilitation process. In many cases, remedial interventions for acquired cognitive impairments often emphasize the acquisition of specific compensations in con- trolled situations. Responsibility for the selection and application of compensatory strategies may initially rest with the therapist, with the assumption that the patient will be capable of implementing these compensations independently with adequate practice. In contrast, disturbances of executive functioning are most likely to be evident when the patient is required to assume responsibility for the application of compensatory strategies (Shallice & Burgess, 1991) or to cope with novel situations (Godefrey & Rousseaux, 1997). Disturbances of executive functioning often coexist with impaired self-awareness, representing an additional challenge to rehabilitation.
Interventions for Caregivers
Authors: Sander Angelle M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, researchers and policy makers have emphasized the substantial contribution of the environment to the ability of persons with physical, cognitive, or emotional impairments to achieve full participation in their communities (Tate & Pledger, 2003; White neck et al., 1987). The family is an aspect of the person’s immediate environment that has the potential to significantly aid or impede resumption of community activities. The role of the family or other caregivers may be especially important for persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Genesis
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1950s the Eisenhower administration sought to maintain economic and political stability in Cuba as a means for promoting both U.S. commerce and security in the Caribbean world. To facilitate these objectives, the White House supported Fulgencio Batista’s iron rule by providing arms and military advisers through the Mutual Security Program until congressional pressure cut off military assistance in the latter part of the decade. On the surface U.S. aid efforts underscored a resounding success, for the very mention of Havana conjured up images of booming and risque´ nightclubs, packed and festive gambling casinos, and streets overrun by rollicking tourists with wads of money to spend. The reality was profoundly different. Years earlier the Mafia had forged a virtual alliance with Batista that gave it control over the casinos, drug traffic, and brothels. Furthermore, American businesses owned much of the prime land, and the Cuban government callously ignored its people’s welfare.
D-Day
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The maritime armada looked formidable on the night of April 16 as it gathered at a spot forty miles off Cuba before relocating within three miles of its beaches. The command ships Blagar and Barbara J, both LCIs bought by the CIA from a private firm in Miami, were armed with .50-caliber machine guns and a pair of anti-aircraft 75-mm recoilless rifles (cannon referred to as ‘‘pom-poms’’).
“You’re in the Army Now”
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the declaration of war on April 6, 1917, Major Palmer E. Pierce, an aide to Secretary of War Baker, settled uncomfortably into a chair under the inquisitorial gaze of the Senate Finance Committee. Before the Senators lay a bulky sheaf of documents, presenting in fine detail how the War Department anticipated spending the three-billion dollar appropriation it was requesting.
The Political Economy of War: The International Dimension
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world economy in the pre war years was a marvel of growth and interdependence. Though nineteenth-century industrial capitalism showered its benefits unevenly on different social classes, all the developed countries had witnessed amazing leaps in their wealth and standards of living in the several decades before 1914. Much of that material advance owed to the deepening harmony and coordination of international economic relationships. Despite ominously intensifying colonial rivalries in Africa and Asia, the European states allowed goods and capital and even labor to move easily across their own national frontiers.
American Wilderness and First Contact
Authors: Perreault Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gods delivered a message ten years before the destruction began. A bright light pierced the dark of midnight, awakening the Nahua villagers. Frightened men and women looked to the east, where they saw a vision that “was like a flaming ear of corn, or a fiery signal, or the blaze of daybreak; it seemed to bleed fire, drop by drop, like a wound in the sky.” Other bad omens followed: lightning struck temples, lakes suddenly boiled, and fishermen saw strange animals in the waters surrounding Tenochtitlan. But despite appeals to the most knowledgeable Aztec seers and magicians, no one could penetrate the meaning of the signs etched in the wilderness. The people went back to their cornfields, palaces, and marketplaces, but a general sense of unease settled on the land. Only later would they see that the disturbances were portents of the cultural and environmental devastation that would be set in motion upon the arrival of men whose sole interest in the land seemed to be in gathering gold.1
Religion “Irradiates” the Wilderness
Authors: Stoll Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was no coincidence, the great Puritan divine Cotton Mather believed, that so soon after Christopher Columbus discovered America, Martin Luther set the Protestant Reformation in motion. These two providential events surely demonstrated America’s central place in God’s plan: wilderness and Protestantism had some common destiny. When the hand of God struck Native Americans down with plague and illness, did he not intend for Protestants to take possession of a wilderness world for his purposes?1 As Europeans and colonists like Mather reflected on the opportunities, the meanings, the significance, and the destiny that America represented, they often returned to certain religious themes. Along with the interpretations of wilderness that Melanie Perreault described in the previous chapter, the American wilder-ness offered a place remote from the “depravations” of Europe, where one could, sinless, begin again and build a perfect society according to God’s plan. The English had the greatest success in setting up enduring religious utopias in the wilderness and success as well in implanting in American culture at large ideas about wilderness that would survive the gradual extinction of their original purposes. While such colonizers as the Lords Baltimore in Maryland.
Farm against Forest
Authors: Stoll Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American expansion was agricultural expansion, and it came at the expense of Indians and wilderness. The rise of the United States as a continental power is often understood militarily and ideologically: as the cavalry fighting the Sioux on the Great Plains, as the conflict within Congress over the balance between free and slave states, or as the belief in the nation’s “manifest destiny” to span coast to coast. But from the backwoods of Pennsylvania to the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the principal way that the United States took possession of the lands it conquered was through the migration of farmers, who worked forests and prairies into habitable, taxable, defensible space. The politics of land has a material foundation in the relationship between farmers and land.
A Sylvan Prospect
Authors: Miller Char 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century, naturalist John Muir and forester Gifford Pinchot recognized that the American landscape—particularly its wooded wilds—was under assault. The industrial revolution’s astonishing capacity to consume natural resources, for all of the beneficial economic growth it spurred, was devastating the nation’s public domain. Like them, President Theodore Roosevelt was convinced that the citizenry must mend its ways if America the Beautiful was to retain a shred of its former grandeur. At the 1905 Forest Congress, which Pinchot organized to advocate the creation of the forest service he would head, Roosevelt raged against persistent land fraud on western public lands and western legislative resistance to the implementation of regulations that would control their sale, dispersal, and management. “You all know ... the individual whose idea of developing the country is to cut every stick of timber off of it and then leave a barren desert for the homemaker who comes in after him,” the president declared. “I ask, with all the intensity that I am capable, that the men of the West remember the sharp distinction that I have just drawn between the man who skins the land and the man who develops the country. I am going to work with, and only with, the man who develops the country.
Wilderness and Conservation Science
Authors: Lewis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 21, 1948, an out-of-control trash fire spread in the sand hills of central Wisconsin. As fires go, it was a small one. No cities were threatened, and no large forests with accumulated years of dry timber stood nearby. It did threaten the farm on which it started, though, and the surrounding lots and forests. Neighbors, seeing the smoke in the air, went to help. One such neighbor was Aldo Leopold. Thirteen years earlier, Leopold had purchased a used-up, over farmed, and abandoned piece of land in Sauk County. He and his family had spent their vacations driving up from Madison to restore the property to something approaching its pre-agricultural state, planting thousands of trees and nurturing the grasslands. On that April day, the fire was moving directly toward some of Leopold’s rehabilitating meadows. He understood that some fires were good (and indeed, the prairie-oak savannah ecosystem of much of the upper Midwest depended upon them) and that there was a time and place for fires—but this was not one. The start of this fire was neither natural nor planned, and it was not burning in a prairie. This fire was fed by a landscape heavily modified by humans, and it would not be helpful in restoring ecosystem health. So he went to help put it out. The sixty-one-year-old Leopold suffered a heart attack in the midst of his exertions, and one of the twentieth century’s most thoughtful conservationists died as we might expect he would have wanted—outside, working with his hands, confronting the power and wildness of nature even as he tried to control it in a landscape scarred by human misuse. He died, truly, of natural causes.
The Politics of Modern Wilderness
Authors: Turner James Morton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Alaska is our last chance to do it right the first time.”1 Those words launched the most sustained wilderness campaign of the twentieth century. In 1976, the Sierra Club, the Wilderness Society, and other national organizations joined together with Alaskan wilderness groups under the banner of the Alaska Coalition. With the Sierra Club in the lead, the Alaska Coalition took dozens of national advocacy organizations and 1,500 local affiliates and created a well-oiled machine. Its cogs and gears linked the nation’s growing environmental constituency with an impressively professional lobbying campaign in Washington, D.C. The Alaska Coalition meshed the old and the new in wilderness advocacy: it joined the citizen activism that had helped to secure the Wilderness Act of 1964 with a new professionalism important to the modern American environmental movement.
Sexual Terror in the Reconstruction South
Authors: Cardyn Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contrary to the implication of much recent popular and scholarly discourse, terrorism is not an artifact peculiar to contemporary, or even modern, life, but a phenomenon with a long and sanguine history that has been intermittently subject to suppression and neglect. This is emphatically true of the history of sexual terror, a mode of violation that categorically subsumes many of the impediments constraining historical research on terrorism and sex crime generally, notably the incentives for concealment common to perpetrator and victim alike and the relative paucity of witness testimony that both reflects and reproduces the disproportionate number of assaults committed to those successfully prosecuted. Moreover, sexualized violence is often overlooked in discussions of terrorism, a casualty of dated preconceptions of what counts as “terror” and what does not. At the same time, the problem of sexual violence in warfare has been widely regarded as incidental, a mere byproduct of armed conflict itself the traditional province of men. Notwithstanding the myriad terminological, ideological, and political factors that have obscured its recognition, there is compelling evidence that the American South was an arena of vigorous sexual combat from slavery through the Civil War and Reconstruction, when it was avidly pursued by white supremacist groups throughout the region.
Chants Democratic
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its publication in 1984, Chants Democratic has endured as a classic narrative on labor and the rise of American democracy. In it, Sean Wilentz explores the dramatic social and intellectual changes that accompanied early industrialization in New York. He provides a panoramic chronicle of New York City’s labor strife, social movements, and political turmoil in the eras of Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. Twenty years after its initial publication, Wilentz has added a new preface that takes stock of his own thinking, then and now, about New York City and the rise of the American working class.
Artisan Republicanism
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, to be an American citizen was by definition to be a republican, the inheritor of a revolutionary legacy in a world ruled by aristocrats and kings. What it meant to be an American republican, though, was by no means self-evident. As early as 1788, James Madison observed that political writers had used so many definitions of the term that “no satisfactory one would ever be found” by recourse to texts alone; more democratic-minded New Yorkers agreed.1 With the social and political transformations of the next half-century, the versions of American republicanism multiplied, as men of different backgrounds and conflicting social views—eastern bankers and western yeomen, slaveholders and abolitionists, evangelicals and infidels—came to judge themselves and each other by their adduced adherence to republican principles. A singular political language bound Americans together, an extraordinary manifestation of apparent unity when set against the continental and British experience of the age of revolution. Beneath this superficial consensus, Americans fought passionately over the fundamentals of their own Revolution, in a nation gripped by profound (if fitful) changes in economic and social life.
“A Phalanx of Honest Worth”: The General Trades’ Union of the City of New York
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Class consciousness joined New York craft workers across trade lines in the 1830s. While the radical remnants of the Working Men’s party dis integrated in 1831, the journeymen printers formed the Typographical Association, separate from the polite mutual-aid society run by their masters. Two years later, following a bitter strike for higher wages by the carpenters, representatives from nine trades organized the General Trades’ Union of the City of New York. Over the next four years, the GTU led a series of offensives that saw New York wage earners organize over fifty unions and nearly forty strikes (Table 19). Without raising a barricade (although with occasional violence), the journeymen in the most rapidly dividing crafts sundered remaining solidarities between craft employers and employees.