bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wartime Socialization of Investment: A Reassessment of U.S. Capital Formation in the 1940s
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During World War II, the U.S. government displaced private investors. According to National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) data for the period 1942-1945, net private investment was minus $6.2 billion, and net government investment was plus $99.4 billion. Although economists have credited this government investment with various contributions to war-time and postwar economic growth, the bulk of it had little or no value beyond its immediate contribution to winning the war. This episode dramatically exposes a fundamental, but false, assumption that underlies official data on capital formation (namely, that allexpenditures for durable producer goods or munitions form genuine capital). In the oft-quoted final chapter of The General Theory,titled “Concluding Notes on the Social Philosophy Towards Which the General Theory Might Lead,” John Maynard Keynes declared: “The State will have to exercise a guiding influence on the propensity to consume partly through its scheme of taxation, partly by fixing the rate of interest,” and it will have to under-take “a somewhat comprehensive socialisation of investment though this need not exclude all manner of compromises and of devices by which public authority will co-operate with private initiative” (Keynes, 1936, p. 378). In composing this passage, Keynes surely had in mind a program by which the state would attempt to moderate the fluctuations of the peace-time macroeconomy, and in that sense, his vision went unrealized in Britain and the United States. Once in U.S. history, however, during World War II, Keynes’s vision did achieve full-fledged realization.
The Nondelegation Problem
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you have now seen, administrative agencies play a large role in the modern regulatory state in both applying statutes to specific factual circumstances and interpreting the statutes they administer. Indeed, these roles are so large that you might wonder why agencies are playing them rather than legislatures themselves. You have seen that one justification for agency authority is their relevant expertise—and implicitly, the lack of equivalent expertise by legislatures. But, of course, legislatures inherently possess democratic accountability that administrative law seeks to achieve through procedures like notice- and-comment rule making and judicial review based on the “arbitrary and capricious” standard.
Conversational Style
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This revised edition of Deborah Tannen's first discourse analysis book, Conversational Style-first published in 1984-presents an approach to analyzing conversation that later became the hallmark and foundation of her extensive body of work in discourse analysis, including the monograph Talking Voices, as well as her well-known popular books You Just Don't Understand, That's Not What I Meant!, and Talking from 9 to 5, among others. Carefully examining the discourse of six speakers over the course of a two-and-a-half hour Thanksgiving dinner conversation, Tannen analyzes the features that make up the speakers' conversational styles, and in particular how aspects of what she calls a 'high-involvement style' have a positive effect when used with others who share the style, but a negative effect with those whose styles differ. This revised edition includes a new preface and an afterword in which Tannen discusses the book's place in the evolution of her work. Conversational Style is written in an accessible and non-technical style that should appeal to scholars and students of discourse analysis (in fields like linguistics, anthropology, communication, sociology, and psychology) as well as general readers fascinated by Tannen's popular work. This book is an ideal text for use in introductory classes in linguistics and discourse analysis.
The Participants in Thanksgiving Dinner
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At 4 P.M. on November 23, 1978, six people gathered for Thanks- giving dinner in Berkeley, California. The guests arrived; they greeted each other, chatted, then sat down to eat turkey, cranberry sauce, and sweet potatoes. The table was set at the beginning and cleared at the end; dishes were washed. Guests left; the host closed the door be- hind them. And all the while, they talked. When the guests returned to their homes and the host retired to the restored quiet of his post-dinner house, it was from the talk more than anything else that they gleaned their impressions of the evening and the people who participated in it.
The Study of Coherence in Discourse
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of a perfectly tuned conversation is like an artistic experience. The satisfactions of shared rhythm, shared appreciation of nuance, and the mutual understanding that surpasses the meaning of words exchanged (such as has been illustrated in the interchanges between the Thanksgiving participants who shared stylistic strategies) go beyond the pleasure of having one’s message understood. A perfectly tuned conversation is a ratification of one’s way of being human and proof of connection to other people. It gives a sense of coherence in the world. Becker (1995) defines an aesthetic response as one in which discourse constraints are perceived as coherent. In this sense, successful conversation is an aesthetic experience.
Beyond Greed And Fear
Authors: Shefrin Hersh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of behavioural finance. With the use of the latest psychological research, Shefrin helps us to understand the human behaviour that guides stock selection, financial services, and corporate financial strategy. He argues that financial practitioners must acknowledge and understand behavioural finance - the application of psychology to financial behaviour - in order to avoid many of the investment pitfalls caused by human error. Shefrin points out the common but costly mistakes that money managers, security analysts, financial planners, investment bankers, and corporate leaders make, so that readers gain valuable insights into their own financial decisions and those of their employees, asset managers, and advisors.
Taming Democracy
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Americans are fond of reflecting upon the Founding Fathers, the noble group of men who came together to force out the tyranny of the British and bring democracy to the land. Unfortunately, as Terry Bouton shows in this highly provocative first book, the Revolutionary elite often seemed as determined to squash democracy after the war as they were to support it before. Centering on Pennsylvania, the symbolic and logistical center of the Revolution, Bouton shows how this radical shift in ideology spelled tragedy for hundreds of common people. Leading up to the Revolution, Pennsylvanians were united in their opinion that “the people” (i.e. white men) should be given access to the political system, and that some degree of wealth equality (i.e. among white men) was required to ensure that political freedom prevailed. As the war ended, Pennsylvania’s elites began brushing aside these ideas, using their political power to pass laws to enrich their own estates and hinder political organization by their opponents. By the 1780s, they had reenacted many of the same laws that they had gone to war to abolish, returning Pennsylvania to a state of economic depression and political hegemony. This unhappy situation led directly to the Whiskey and Fries rebellions, popular uprisings both put down by federal armies. Bouton’s work reveals a unique perspective, showing intimately how the war and the events that followed affected poor farmers and working people. Bouton introduces us to unsung heroes from this time--farmers, weavers, and tailors who put their lives on hold to fight to save democracy from the forces of “united avarice.” We also get a starkly new look at some familiar characters from the Revolution, including Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and George Washington, who Bouton strives to make readers see as real, flawed people, blinded by their own sense of entitlement. Taming Democracy represents a turning point in how we view the outcomes of the Revolutionary War and the motivations of the powerful men who led it. Its eye-opening revelations and insights make it an essential read for all readers with a passion for uncovering the true history of America.
Protective Measures
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prime concern in transnational litigation is the time delays and uncertainties that are involved in every step of the procedure: serving foreign defendants may take time; the competence of the forum may be challenged on various grounds; the process of gathering evidence could be elaborate; the process of executing a judgment may be cumbersome. Indeed, every chapter in this book reveals the complexity and time-consuming nature of transnational litigation. Accordingly, it is wise to anticipate that such litigation may take even longer than traditional domestic litigation, which itself can be subject to substantial time delays.
Forum Selection Clauses
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the lawyer’s chief responsibilities is to anticipate and, to the extent possible, help the client to avoid problems. A forum selection clause can be an essential element of such planning. A forum selection clause is a provision in a contract providing for disputes to be brought before a specified court, in language such as “all disputes arising out of or related to this agreement shall be resolved in the High Court of Justice in London,” or “… in the Superior Court of the County of San Francisco,” or the courts of some other country. These clauses can also select an arbitral forum. For example, the parties might agree that “Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract shall be settled by arbitration administered by the American Arbitration Association.”
Tables
Authors: Hooghten Paul Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the date of publication of this book, the Takeover Directive (also referred to as the “Directive”) has been fully implemented by all Member States. This book, similar to the Directive it describes, had a rather torrid genesis. It has its origins in a speech I delivered in New York, which I intended to develop into a commentary on the Directive. However, as a practitioner, I could not help but thinking that a mere commentary on the Directive was like a bone without any meat. Without some information on the Directive’s implementation, the practical use of the book would be rather limited. This led to the ambitious project of also including a summary of the legislations implementing the Takeover Directive in the various European Union (EU) Member States. What initially seemed a straightforward task of collecting 27 contributions turned out to be anything but.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Austria
Authors: Herbst Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European Union (EU) Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) was implemented in Austria by the Takeover Amendment Act (ÜbRÄG 2006, Articles 1 to 6). As part of the reform, substantial changes to Austrian takeover law were enacted, including as to mandatory offer requirements (ÜbG as amended by ÜbRÄG 2006, in the following Takeover Act or TA). Article 15 of the Directive was implemented as a part of a comprehensive squeeze-out regime (Shareholder Exclusion Act, GesAusG), which applies not only to squeezeouts following takeovers of listed companies, but to squeezeouts of shareholders of listed and private limited companies (GmbH) and stock corporations (AG).
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Bulgaria
Authors: Mincheva Djingov Vessela Stancheva , Velichkov Kyutchukov 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Bulgaria public takeovers and changes of control are regulated by the Law on the Public Offering of Securities (the LPOS). This Law entered into force on 31. January 2000. The state authority vested with competence for supervising takeover bids is the Bulgarian Financial Supervision Commission (the FSC).
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Italy
Authors: Picone Luca , Sassella Marta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has been implemented in Italy. In Italy, public takeovers are governed by the: Legislative Decree no. 58 dated February 24, 1998 (the Consolidated Financial Act or the CFA), which has been recently amended and supplemented by the Legislative Decree no. 229 dated November 19, 2007, implementing in Italy the Takeover Directive with effect from December 28, 2007, and further amended by Legislative Decree no. 185 dated November 29, 2008; and Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (CONSOB) regulation approved with resolution no. 11971 of May 14, 1999, as amended and supplemented from time to time by CONSOB (the Issuers’ Regulation). At the date of February 2009, the Issuers’ Regulation has not been amended yet, further to the implementation in Italy of the Takeover Directive.
Implementation of the European Takeover Directive in Romania
Authors: Dinu Marian , Ristici Diana Elena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implementation of Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004, on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) in Romania started in 2004, before Romania became a Member State of the European Union (EU), as part of the implementation of the acquis communautaire on which accession to membership status was conditional. There were no significant legislative developments in this respect since Romania’s actual accession to EU membership on January 1, 2007.
Southern Honor
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A finalist for the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award, hailed in The Washington Post as “a work of enormous imagination and enterprise” and in The New York Times as “an important, original book,” Southern Honor revolutionized our understanding of the antebellum South, revealing how Southern men adopted an ancient honor code that shaped their society from top to bottom. Using legal documents, letters, diaries, and newspaper columns, Wyatt-Brown offers fascinating examples to illuminate the dynamics of Southern life throughout the antebellum period. He describes how Southern whites, living chiefly in small, rural, agrarian surroundings, in which everyone knew everyone else, established the local hierarchy of kinfolk and neighbors according to their individual and familial reputation. By claiming honour and dreading shame, they controlled their slaves, ruled their households, established the social rankings of themselves, kinfolk, and neighbors, and responded ferociously against perceived threats. The shamed and shameless sometimes suffered grievously for defying community norms. Wyatt-Brown further explains how a Southern elite refined the ethic. Learning, gentlemanly behavior, and deliberate rather than reckless resort to arms softened the cruder form, which the author calls “primal honor.” In either case, honor required men to demonstrate their prowess and engage in fierce defense of individual, family, community, and regional reputation by duel, physical encounter, or war. Subordination of African-Americans was uppermost in this Southern ethic. Any threat, whether from the slaves themselves or from outside agitation, had to be met forcefully. Slavery was the root cause of the Civil War, but, according to Wyatt-Brown, honor pulled the trigger. Featuring a new introduction by the author, this anniversary edition of a classic work offers readers a compelling view of Southern culture before the Civil War.
Primal Honor: The Tensions of Patriarchy
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Absalom, Absalom! William Faulkner describes the curious relationship between leader and follower in the rural South just after the Civil War. In his remorseless determination to found a dynasty, Colonel Thomas Sutpen, a nouveau riche member of the Mississippi planter class, seduces Milly, granddaughter of Wash Jones, the caretaker of Sutpen’s Hundred. Milly gives birth to a daughter in the stable straw. Sutpen had sought a son and heir, to give his name perpetuity, and in disappointment he callously tells her, “Well Milly; too bad you’re not a mare too. Then I could give you a decent stall in the stable.” By community standards, Wash Jones is poor white trash, friendless and kinless, only marginally independent. He had not served with his employer in the war; his only contribution had been an or. casional request for Sutpen to kill a Yankee or two for him. Inwardly he knows his position, too. But the colonel had never forced him to confront his worthlessness, had never driven him to selfdespisement before. The brutish remark that Jones overhears shows how matters really stand. In mad reprisal, Jones seizes a scythe and slays his chief. Then, once again as passive as he had been throughout his years of mean subservience, he sits on his haunches awaiting the inevitable arrest.
Fathers, Mothers, and Progeny
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his apologia for the Southern Way, Daniel R. Hundley declared in 1860 that “in the South the family is a much more powerful institution than in other portions of the Republic” and “the parental discipline more rigid.” Amidst the decay of old values in the North ern states, where boys were rude to elders and women were “inclined to enter the lists” in competition with men, these old fashioned virtues appealed to Southern enthusiasts like Hundley. He believed stern childbearing practices ensured social stability and respect for order. Yet as Clifford Geertz has declared, “No social arrangement is or can be completely successful in coping with the insoluble antinomies” it inevitably faces. The Southern dilemma on this score may have been no worse than any other society’s difficulties. Yet the concentration of wide power in the hands of a single head of household entailed strains, particularly when the individual was ill equipped to handle the duties involved. Even if a wife or helpful relative were able to compensate for some of the Southern patriarch’s frailties, their roles had to be played out within the con text of the legitimacy of his rule. Quite naturally, the plantation sovereign tended to heap blame on anyone but himself in an effort to transfer responsibilities that might be overwhelming.
The Anatomy of a Wife-Killing
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of this study, like the beginning, concerns violence, family expectations and disappointments, male-centered community life, and elemental popular traditions. The killing of Susan Foster near Natchez, Mississippi, in March, 18114, was not a notable crime. Neither the deed itself nor its aftermath was well publicized nation ally, regionally, or even locally. Unlike Lilburne and Isham Lewis, Thomas Jefferson’s feckless nephews and literal butchers of a slave boy in Kentucky in 1811, the Fosters, husband and wife, had no famous connections to lend their lives notoriety. Folklorists will recover no ballads, broadsheets, or ghost stories commemorating the tragedy. Moreover, in contrast to a parricide in France of the same period (18115), the Foster affair aroused no public stirrings about the insanity plea. Unlike the celebrated Manning case in 1849 London, the Natchez killing did not attract a writer of Charles Dickens’s stature seeking to use it as material for a novel (Bleak House) and as an argument against public punishments that simply indulged the popular taste for blood. Even Yankee abolitionists missed the chance to savor the incident as yet another example of Southern atrocity.
End of a Political Dream
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On April 29, 1923, William Randolph Hearst turned sixty, a statistic that did not necessarily delight him. Advancing age was becoming a negative factor in his quest for the presidency of the United States. Over all, his political record was an account of continuing disappointment and disheartening failure. For instance, his latest attempt for high public office had ended in a frustrating debacle. During the first nine months of 1922 he had applied the considerable resources of the Hearst media empire to his election either as governor or senator of New York. But late in September, while in convention, Tammany Hall and the state Democrats had rejected his candidacy. In the ensuing months he played the good soldier by supporting Al Smith for governor, the man responsible for his de feat. And while party leaders applauded such acts of loyalty and good sportsmanship with token promises of future backing, lingering questions remained. How could he trust the word of Tammany chiefs Charles Francis Murphy and “Big Tom” Foley, who adopted expediency over principle and who sided in any confrontation with his mortal enemy, Al Smith?
Guardians of the Revolution
Authors: Takeyh Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over a quarter century, Iran has been one of America’s chief nemeses. Ever since Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah in 1979, the relationship between the two nations has been antagonistic: revolutionary guards chanting against the Great Satan, Bush fulminating against the Axis of Evil, Iranian support for Hezbollah, and President Ahmadinejad blaming the U.S. for the world’s ills. The unending war of words suggests an intractable divide between Iran and the West, one that may very well lead to a shooting war in the near future. But as Ray Takeyh shows in this accessible and authoritative history of Iran’s relations with the world since the revolution, behind the famous personalities and extremist slogans is a nation that is far more pragmatic—and complex—than many in the West have been led to believe. Takeyh explodes many of our simplistic myths of Iran as an intransigently Islamist foe of the West. Tracing the course of Iranian policy since the 1979 revolution, Takeyh identifies four distinct periods: the revolutionary era of the 1980s, the tempered gradualism following the death of Khomeini and the end of the Iran-Iraq war in 1989, the “reformist” period from 1997-2005 under President Khatami, and the shift toward confrontation and radicalism since the election of President Ahmadinejad in 2005. Takeyh shows that three powerful forces—Islamism, pragmatism, and great power pretensions—have competed in each of these periods, and that Iran’s often paradoxical policies are in reality a series of compromises between the hardliners and the moderates, often with wild oscillations between pragmatism and ideological dogmatism. The U.S.’s task, Takeyh argues, is to find strategies that address Iran’s objectionable behavior without demonizing this key player in an increasingly vital and volatile region. With its clear-sighted grasp of both nuance and historical sweep, Guardians of the Revolution will stand as the standard work on this controversial—and central—actor in world politics for years to come.