bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airway remodelling in asthma
Authors: Beasley R. , Page C. , Lichtenstein L. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryAirway remodelling is a relatively new concept in asthma research. It can be defined as the ‘structural changes in the airways that may affect their functional properties’. The structural changes usually comprise smooth muscle hyperplasia, hypertrophy of mucus glands, subepithelial fibrosis, angiogenesis and changes to the extracellular matrix. One of the most important consequences of these changes is narrowing of the airway lumen. The aetiology of remodelling has not been elucidated fully, but it is clear that there is an important association between remodelling and inflammation. However, the degree to which one process causes the other, and the nature of the causality, is not known. Numerous cells and mediators including epithelial cells, cytokines and growth factors all appear to play a part in the remodelling process, but the precise roles of specific cells and mediators are yet to be defined clearly. Because of the problems in assessing the extent of remodelling in living patients, research into the clinical consequences of this process has been difficult. However, it is clear that the extent of remodelling correlates with the severity of asthma, and patients with extensive remodelling may also be resistant to steroid treatment. It is not clear whether remodelling is generally reversible, although there is evidence that it is in some patients, and this reversal is associated with improvement in symptoms. However, remodelling represents an important target for the development of future drugs to treat asthma, and pharmacological treatment that could reverse the process of remodelling has the potential to play a key role in asthma management.
Dangerous Darwinism
Authors: Fleming Chris , Goodall Jane 
Published: September 2002

We are concerned with a particular rhetorical narrative that appeared in the early stages of the Darwin debate but that has been fiercely resurgent in the past two decades. Freud wrote of Darwin's theory as one of three major blows to which human vanity had been submitted at the hands of science. Assertions that “Darwin's dangerous idea” came as a horrible shock to the Victorians and that it is still a profound psychological threat, and therefore widely resisted, remain current.When such assertions are offered as the premise on which Darwin is to be approached by the general reader, they call for some detailed scrutiny, with regard both to the bases on which they are made, and the effect they have on the terms of public debate. This paper offers a critique of the culture-shock myth based on a re-examination of Victorian reactions to Darwin's work, and on an analysis of the ways in which the myth functions as a rhetorical strategy in our own time.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+T-Cell Responses Do Not Predict Viral Growth and Clearance Rates during Structured Intermittent Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Oxenius Annette , McLean Angela R. , Fischer Marek , Price David A. , Dawson Sarah J. , Hafner Roland , Schneider Christine , Joller Helen , Hirschel Bernard , Phillips Rodney E. , Weber Rainer , Günthard Huldrych F. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTThere is a continuing search for better ways to use existing drugs against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). One idea is to use short therapy interruptions to “autovaccinate” HIV-infected patients. A group of 13 chronically HIV-infected patients enrolled in a trial of such so-called structured treatment interruptions (STIs) were intensively studied with respect to their viral load (VL) and HIV-specific CD8+T-cell (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte [CTL]) responses. We found that 10 of the 13 patients had plateau VLs after STIs that were lower than their pretreatment VLs. While viral rebound rates became lower over STIs, there were no changes in clearance rates. Although numbers of CTLs did increase over the same time that viral rebounds decreased, there was no correlation between CTL count and either viral rebound rates or clearance rates. Finally, we asked whether absolute numbers of or changes in numbers of CTLs predict plateau VLs after STIs. No measure of CTLs was able to predict plateau VLs. Thus, there was no signature in these data of an important contribution to virological control from HIV-specific CD8+T lymphocytes.
A P22 Scaffold Protein Mutation Increases the Robustness of Head Assembly in the Presence of Excess Portal Protein
Authors: Moore Sean D. , Prevelige, Peter E. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
Bacteriophage with linear, double-stranded DNA genomes package DNA into preassembled protein shells called procapsids. Located at one vertex in the procapsid is a portal complex composed of a ring of 12 subunits of portal protein. The portal complex serves as a docking site for the DNA packaging enzymes, a conduit for the passage of DNA, and a binding site for the phage tail. An excess of the P22 portal protein alters the assembly pathway of the procapsid, giving rise to defective procapsid-like particles and aberrant heads. In the present study, we report the isolation of escape mutant phage that are able to replicate more efficiently than wild-type phage in the presence of excess portal protein. The escape mutations all mapped to the same phage genome segment spanning the portal, scaffold, coat, and open reading frame 69 genes. The mutations present in five of the escape mutants were determined by DNA sequencing. Interestingly, each mutant contained the same mutation in the scaffold gene, which changes the glycine at position 287 to glutamate. This mutation alone conferred an escape phenotype, and the heads assembled by phage harboring only this mutation had reduced levels of portal protein and exhibited increased head assembly fidelity in the presence of excess portal protein. Because this mutation resides in a region of scaffold protein necessary for coat protein binding, these findings suggest that the P22 scaffold protein may define the portal vertices in an indirect manner, possibly by regulating the fidelity of coat protein polymerization.
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12IExpression Increases Cytoplasmic Calcium To Enhance the Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells
Authors: Ding Wei , Albrecht Björn , Kelley Robert E. , Muthusamy Natarajan , Kim Seung-Jae , Altschuld Ruth A. , Lairmore Michael D. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTHuman T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes persistent infection and is associated with lymphoproliferative or neurodegenerative diseases. As a complex retrovirus, HTLV-1 contains typical structural and enzymatic genes, as well as regulatory and accessory genes encoded in the pX region. The early events necessary for HTLV-1 to establish infection in lymphocytes, its primary target cells, remain unresolved. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of regulatory and accessory gene products in determining this virus-host interaction. Among these, pX open reading frame I, which encodes two proteins, p12Iand p27I, is required for establishing persistent infection in vivo and for infection in quiescent primary lymphocytes. In addition, p12Ilocalizes in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) andcis-Golgi apparatus and associates with a calcium binding protein, calreticulin. We recently reported that p12Iexpression induces the calcium-responsive T-cell transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), in the presence of phorbol ester activation. Based on these studies, we hypothesize that p12Imay modulate calcium release from the ER. Here, we report that p12Iexpression increases basal cytoplasmic calcium and concurrently diminishes calcium available for release from the ER stores. Overexpression of calreticulin, a calcium buffer protein, blocked p12I-mediated NFAT activation independently of its ability to bind p12I. Chemical inhibition studies using inhibitors of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor and calcium release-activated calcium channels suggest that inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor in the ER membrane and calcium release-activated calcium channels in the plasma membrane contribute to p12I-mediated NFAT activation. Collectively, our results are the first to demonstrate the role of p12Iin elevating cytoplasmic calcium, an antecedent to T-cell activation, and further support the important role of this accessory protein in the early events of HTLV-1 infection.
A Zebrafish Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor Homologue Interacts with Coxsackie B Virus and Adenovirus
Authors: Petrella JenniElizabeth , Cohen Christopher J. , Gaetz Jedidiah , Bergelson Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACT
In this study, a zebrafish homologue of the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein was identified. Although the extracellular domain of zebrafish CAR (zCAR) is less than 50% identical to that of human CAR (hCAR), zCAR mediated infection of transfected cells by both adenovirus type 5 and coxsackievirus B3. CAR residues interacting deep within the coxsackievirus canyon are highly conserved in zCAR and hCAR, which is consistent with the idea that receptor contacts within the canyon are responsible for coxsackievirus attachment. In contrast, CAR residues contacting the south edge of the canyon are not conserved, suggesting that receptor interaction with the viral “puff region” is not essential for attachment.
Effects of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Directed against a Single Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Gag CTL Epitope on the Course of SIVmac239 Infection
Authors: Allen Todd M. , Jing Peicheng , Calore Briana , Horton Helen , O'Connor David H. , Hanke Tomas , Piekarczyk Marian , Ruddersdorf Richard , Mothé Bianca R. , Emerson Carol , Wilson Nancy , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Belyakov Igor M. , Berzofsky Jay A. , Wang Chenxi , Allison David B. , Montefiori David C. , Desrosiers Ronald C. , Wolinsky Steven , Kunstman Kevin J. , Altman John D. , Sette Alessandro , McMichael Andrew J. , Watkins David I. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTVaccine-induced cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been implicated in the control of virus replication in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-challenged and simian-human immunodeficiency virus-challenged macaques. Therefore, we wanted to test the impact that vaccine-induced CTL responses against an immunodominant Gag epitope might have in the absence of other immune responses. By themselves, these strong CTL responses failed to control SIVmac239 replication.
Insertions in the Reverse Transcriptase Increase both Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate Harboring the Multi-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance 69 Insertion Complex Mutation
Authors: Quiñones-Mateu Miguel E. , Tadele Mahlet , Parera Mariona , Mas Antonio , Weber Jan , Rangel Héctor R. , Chakraborty Bikram , Clotet Bonaventura , Domingo Esteban , Menéndez-Arias Luis , Martínez Miguel A. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTRecent studies have shown that the accumulation of multiple mutations associated with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance may be grouped as multi-NRTI resistance (MNR) complexes. In this study, we have examined the viral fitness of recombinant viruses carrying the reverse transcriptase (RT) of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) primary isolate harboring mutations comprising the MNR 69 insertion complex. Different RT mutants were prepared in the sequence context of either the wild-type RT sequence of the HIV-1BH10isolate or the sequence found in a clinical HIV-1 isolate with the MNR 69 insertion mutation. As expected, in the presence of zidovudine, recombinant viruses harboring the MNR RT from the patient were more fit than wild-type viruses. However, in the absence of drug, the virus with the RT from the original clinical isolate (SS) was more fit than (i) the wild-type virus with an engineered serine insertion between residues 69 and 70 (T69SSS) and (ii) the recombinant virus with the MNR RT where the insertion was removed (2S0S). These results suggest that RT insertions, in the right sequence context (i.e., additional mutations contained in the MNR 69 insertion complex), enhance NRTI resistance and may improve viral fitness. Thus, comparing complex mutation patterns with viral fitness may help to elucidate the role of uncharacterized drug resistance mutations in antiretroviral treatment failure.
Anabolic Actions of Parathyroid Hormone during Bone Growth Are Dependent on c-fos
Authors: Demiralp Burak , Chen Hen-Li , Koh Amy J. , Keller Evan T. , McCauley Laurie K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPTH has anabolic and catabolic actions in bone that are not clearly understood. The protooncogene c-fos and other activating protein 1 family members are critical transcriptional mediators in bone, and c-fos is up-regulated by PTH. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms of PTH and the role of c-fos in PTH-mediated anabolic actions in bone. Mice with ablation of c-fos (−/−) and their wild-type (+/+) and heterozygous (+/−) littermates were administered PTH for 17 d. The +/+ mice had increased femoral bone mineral density (BMD), whereas −/− mice had reduced BMD after PTH treatment. PTH increased the ash weight of +/+ and +/−, but not −/−, femurs and decreased the calcium content of −/−, but not +/+ or +/−, femurs. Histomorphometric analysis showed that PTH increased trabecular bone volume in c-fos +/+, +/− vertebrae, but, in contrast, decreased trabecular bone in −/− vertebrae. Serum calcium levels in +/+ mice were greater than those in −/− mice, and PTH increased calcium in −/− mice. Histologically, PTH resulted in an exacerbation of the already widened growth plate and zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes but not the proliferating zone in −/− mice. PTH also increased calvarial thickness in +/+ mice, but not −/− mice. The c-fos −/− mice had lower bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin (OCN), but unaltered PTH-1 receptor mRNA expression in calvaria, suggesting an alteration in extracellular matrix. Acute PTH injection (8 h) resulted in a decrease in osteocalcin mRNA expression in wild-type, but unaltered expression in −/−, calvaria. These data indicate that c-fos plays a critical role in the anabolic actions of PTH during endochondral bone growth.
Further Notes on European Taxa of the Lichen Genus Leptogium, with Emphasis on the SmallSpecies
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLeptogium imbricatum P.M. Jorg. sp. nov. and L. intermedium (Arnold)Arnold are established as the correct names for two fairly widespread, small species:L. imbricatum has an arctic–alpine distribution. Leptogium intermedium was previously mostly named L. minutissimum (Florke) Fr., the type of which is L. subtile (Schrader) Torss., a distinct species usually growing on rotting wood or debris. Leptogium magnussonii Degel. & P.M. Jorg, mainly from maritime rock outcrops in Norway and Sweden, is described as new. The species complexes of L. plicatile (Ach.) Leighton and L. schraderi (Bernh.) Nyl. are discussed. The differences between L. byssinum (Hoffm.) Nyl. and L. biatorinum (Nyl.) Leighton are given, and L. aquale (Arnold) P.M. Jørg. comb, nov., a taxon related to the latter, is considered to be a distinct species growing in mountain brooks in Central Europe. Leptogium rivale Tuck, is recorded as new to Europe, from Romania. Leptogium bellopratense Hy is shown to be a synonym of L. brebissonii Mont. New records for L. coralloideum (Meyen & Flotow) Vainio, L. massiliense Nyl. and L. rivulare (Ach.) Mont, are given.A preliminary key to the small European species (north of the Alps) is appended. The following names have been lecto– or neotypified: Collema byssinum Hoffm., Collema pulvinatum Hoffm., Leptogium bellopratense Hy., Leptogium crenulatum Watson, Leptogium massiliense Nyl., Leptogium minutissimum var. intermedium Arnold, Leptogium minutissimum f. plumbeum Zwackh ex Arnold, Leptogium pusillum var. aquale Arnold, Leptogium rivulare var. crenatulum Nyl., Leptogium scotinum var. crenatum Nyl., Lichen byssinus Hoffm., Lichen minutissimus Flöurke, Lichen schraderi Bernh., Lichen subtilis Schrader and Parmelia scotina var. lophaea Ach.
Effect of Nitrate and Ammonium Ions on the Pigment Content (Xanthophylls, Carotenes and Chlorophylls) of Ramalina Capitata
Authors: Sanchez-Hoyos M. A. , Manrique E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThalli of Ramalina capitata were sprayed with deionized water, 10 mM solutions of KNO3 or NH4Cl, or maintained without any water supply, for 10 days under controlled conditions. The lichens without a water supply showed an increase n antheraxanthin, lutein and β-carotene. The samples treated with deionized water showed a significant increase in violaxathin, antheraxanthin and β-carotene. The lack of a significant difference in zeaxanthin could indicate the absence of de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin via antheraxanthin. Those samples treated with nitrate solution showed a significant increase in all pigments except for antheraxanthin. In contrast, ammonium treatment did not induce changes compared to water alone, except that antheraxanthin decreased. The lichens treated with nitrate exhibited a significant increase in both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, but ammonium affected only chlorophyll b.
What Shall we do with the Blue-Green Counterparts?
Authors: Jørgensen Per M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLichens are troublesome organisms for taxonomists because of their special ‘ double nature ’ i.e. being composed (normally) of two partners. Only recently has it been understood properly that the same fungus can take different photosynthetic partners and develop into quite different-looking organisms, for example Lobaria amplissima and Dendriscocaulon umhausense. The taxonomic problem is to show that two totally different-looking lichens in fact contain the same fungus. This is possible to demonstrate when mixed stands are available, but is now best done with molecular methods. Since the international code of nomenclature rules that the name of a lichen species is the name of the fungus, two different organisms with the same fungus must under the Code carry the same name, which is most impractical. To remove this unintentional complication, one must either make an exception in the Code for these cases, or establish an informal system to take care of them. The latter seems to be preferable.
Molecular Systematics of Lecanora Subgenus Placodium
Authors: Arup Ulf , Grube Martin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA first hypothesis for the phylogeny of Lecanora subgen. Placodium is presented by using molecular data. Previous evolutionary ideas and classification concepts for this group with non-molecular data are re-investigated using DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS and 5.8S regions. Using Protoparmelia as an outgroup, the Lecanora subfusca group together with the L. rupicola group appear as a sister group to assemblages with lobate species. Subgen. Placodium as currently accepted, is not monophyletic. Molecular data suggest that the Lecanora dispersa group and the L. polytropa group are widened by lobate species and there is evidence from the ITS data that the monotypic genus Arctopeltis Poelt is closely related to the L. dispersa group. A congruence between molecular data and secondary chemistry supports the broader concept of the L. dispersa group suggested by the molecular data.
The Distribution of Selected Diagnostic Characters in the Lecanorales
Authors: Rambold Gerhard , Hagedorn Gregor 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTraditional classification concepts in lichenology are often, but not always, supported by molecular results. Molecular data should be compared and correlated with micro-morphological and ultrastructural information before systematic rearrangements are undertaken. Visualization of the distribution of morphological and other characters in specified groups is considered as a desirable result per se, but it is also important to discover whether correlating characters are dependent on each other or not; and if not, whether their distribution in a group might support existing classification concepts. A data set for lecanoralean and other lichenized and lichenicolous genera, comprising 90—mostly multi-state— characters was used to store morphological, chemical and ecological data, and to test character correlations. Several examples of such analyses are presented. The following pairs of characters show some degree of dependence: ascospore septation and number per ascus, ascospore wall type and pigmentation, ascospore and epihymenium pigmentation. Several authors postulated that ascus types are good phylogenetic markers. Ascus types have been widely used for classification concepts of the Lecanorales. Two-dimensional correlation queries of ascus types with the following morphologcal characters were made: substratum preference, thallus growth form and ascospore septation. These correlations supply characteristic profiles for the various ascus types, which have to be compared with forthcoming phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular data.
New Species or Interesting Records of Foliicolous Lichens. IV. Porina Pseudoapplanata (Lichenized Ascomycetes: Trichotheliaceae), A Remarkable New Species with Phyllophiale-Type Isidia
Authors: Lücking Robert , Cáceres Marcela E. S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPorina pseudoapplanata Lücking & Cáceres sp.nov. is characterized by its foliicolous growth habit, a thin, nitidous thallus without crystals, applanate, yellowish red perithecia narrowly bacillar, 7-septate ascospores, and the presence of previously unrecognized isidi belonging to the Phyllophiale-type, here formally described as P. viridis Lücking & Cáceres sp.nov. The interpretation of Phyllophiale representing isidia of Porina species is discussed. Porina pseudoapplanata is similar to species in the P. rufula group, i.e. P. monocarpa (Kremp.) F. Schill., P. cupreola (Müll. Arg.) F. Schill., P. planiuscula Vêzda and, in particular, P. applanata Vain. However, it seems most closely related to P. mirabilis Lücking & Vězda in the P. epiphylla group, from which it differs by the complete absence of crystals in the thallus and perithecia. This gives a further insight into systematic relationships within the Trichotheliaceae. Keys are presented to distinguish P. pseudoapplanata from similar and related species, as well as to the known species of Phyllophiale.
Santessoniella Rosettiformis, A New Species From South America With Notes On S. Pulchella (Pannariaceae)
Authors: Henssen Aino 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe new species Santessoniella rosettiformis Henssen is described from a temperate Nothofagus forest in southern Chile and compared with the superficially similar S. pulchella P. M. Jørg. In both species, the thallus is corticate on all surfaces, the characteristic feature separating Santessoniella from Parmeliella. In the blue iodine reaction of the hymenium and the presence of smooth spores, S. rosettiformis corresponds to the closely related S. chilensis (Hue) Henssen whereas S. pulchella with warty spores and reddish brown hymenium in iodine is related to S. polychidioides (Zahlbr.) Henssen, the type species of the genus. A key to the species of Santessoniella is provided; the delimitation of the genus is discussed.
Rinodina Turfaceoides, a New Corticolous, Blastidiate Species from the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Giralt M. , Mayrhofer H. , van den Boom P. P. G. , Elix J. A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new corticolous lichen, Rinodina turfaceoides, is described from the Serra de Estrela (Portugal). It is characterized mainly by the blastidiate thallus, large apothecia covered by a thick, yellow-orange pruina, large Physcia-type ascospores and chemistry. The new species is compared with the closely related but mainly muscicolous, R. turfacea, as well as with other corticolous Rinodina species with vegetative propagules, including R. colobinoides and R. disjuncta. Habit photographs of the new species and illustrations of its ascospores are also provided.