bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Police knowledge and attitudes regarding crime, the responsible service of alcohol and a proactive alcohol policing strategy
Authors: SMITH KYLIE L. , WIGGERS JOHN H. , CONSIDINE ROBYN J. , DALY JUSTINE B. , COLLINS TERRY 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern and predictors of police knowledge and attitudes regarding alcohol and crime, the responsible service of alcohol by licensees and proactive alcohol policing strategies. Operational police in the Hunter region of NSW, Australia who attended for duty on a selected weekday were invited to complete a questionnaire during their shift. Two hundred and ninety‐eight police participated (77%). Police estimated that 60% of the incidents that they attend are related to the consumption of alcohol, with 44% of such incidents relating to alcohol consumed on licensed premises. Three‐quarters of police were able to identify correctly responsible service components of the Liquor Act. A large proportion of police (93%) considered that alcohol servers are responsible for preventing intoxication and that trying to improve licensee serving practices is not a waste of police time (89%). Considerable support (67%) was shown for police using education rather than enforcement as a method for improving licensee responsible service practices. Strong support (92%) was shown for providing information to licensees about alcohol‐related incidents associated with their premises. Only 55% of police reported having sufficient skills and 17% reported that sufficient police resources were used to enhance licensee alcohol service practices. The introduction of liquor legislation, with an explicit “responsible service of alcohol” emphasis, provides police with considerable opportunity to improve the serving practices of licensed premises and to reduce alcohol‐related harm. The perception by police of a lack of skill, a low prioritization for alcohol policing, limited time availability and inadequate penalties may prevent the realization of these benefits. Enhanced police training and the development of alternative responsible service of alcohol policing strategies are needed if these benefits are to be achieved.
Injury and alcohol: a hospital emergency department study
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , WATT KERRIANNE , McCLURE ROD , PURDIE DAVID M. , GREEN DAVID 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA pilot survey was undertaken of injury presentations to a public hospital emergency department to determine patterns of alcohol use in this population. Of the 402 injury presentations in the study period, a total of 236 injury cases were interviewed, of whom 45% (n = 107) and 29% (n = 69) had consumed alcohol 24 and 6 hours prior to injury. Mean age for all injury presentations was 35.1 years, and 32.6 years for alcohol injury cases. For both injury groups, males were significantly younger than females. Recent alcohol ingestion was three times more common among male than female injury presentations, but with females drinking at significantly lower levels. Of males who had consumed alcohol 6 hours prior to injury, nearly 70% were drinking at NHMRC harmful levels and 61% had drunk more than eight standard drinks. Overall, alcohol‐involved injury cases commonly occurred among low‐income, single males around 30 years of age who were regular heavy drinkers who were drinking heavily in licensed premises prior to their injury, and who sustained injury through intentional harm. In addition, one in five of the alcohol‐involved injury cases were aged 15–18 years, i.e. below the legal age of purchase. The high proportion of hazardous and harmful drinkers among those who had consumed alcohol within the last 6 hours, and the injury sample overall, highlights the need for further research to explore the relationship between the occurrence of injury and the drinking patterns and environments associated with injury. Further research is also required to assess the efficacy of early and brief interventions for alcohol and drug use within the emergency ward setting. This information would enable appropriate public health interventions to be initiated.
Analysis of IgE turnover in non‐sensitized and sensitized rats
Authors: Hanashiro Kazuhiko , Tokeshi Yoshihiro , Nakasone Toshiyuki , Sunagawa Masanori , Nakamura Mariko , Kosugi Tadayoshi 
Published: November 2003

Background: Although the levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in the circulating blood are often elevated in patients with allergic diseases, such levels cannot always be considered as pathognomonic signs of allergy. The induction of allergic reactions in the tissue was inferred to be related to the amount of IgE passing through the vascular wall.Aims: We attempted to clarify which compartment, the intravascular or extravascular, plays an important role in the regulation of the turnover of rat IgE.Methods: The level of DNP‐specific rat IgE in the serum was estimated by IgE‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and the turnover of IgE was analyzed from its pharmacokinetic parameters.Results: The transfer rate constants from the central to tissue compartment
(Kct) were larger than those from the tissue to central compartment
(Ktc) irrespective of the sensitized state. The value of the distribution volume of the tissue compartment
(Vt) was larger than that of the distribution volume of the central compartment
(Vc) irrespective of the sensitized state.Conclusions: These findings suggest that the short half‐life of rat IgE in the circulation could be attributable to the distribution of IgE from the intravascular to the extravascular compartment.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α/interleukin‐10 balance in normal and cystic fibrosis children
Authors: Shmarina Galina V. , Pukhalsky Alexander L. , Kokarovtseva Svetlana N. , Pukhalskaya Daria A. , Shabalova Lidia A. , Kapranov Nikolai I. , Kashirskaja Natalia J. 
Published: November 2003

Background: The balance between tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is important for immune homeostasis maintenance. Exuberant production of TNF‐α contributes to overwhelming inflammatory response and tissue damage. But, commonly, increase in TNF‐α is counterbalanced by simultaneous synthesis of an anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10, which suppresses production of many activating and regulatory mediators.Aims: In the present study, the relationships between TNF‐α and IL‐10 in the plasma of healthy schoolchildren and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have been investigated.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 12 CF patients with chronic pulmonary disease and 18 healthy schoolchildren vaccinated with live attenuated rubella vaccine. IL‐10 and TNF‐α were determined in the plasma samples using commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits.Results: Before vaccination, most healthy children (13 of 18) demonstrated superiority of pro‐inflammatory TNF‐α over anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 (TNF‐α/IL‐10 Â 1). In these subjects, a significant positive linear association between the cytokine values has been found. Vaccine challenge resulted in a marked reduction of TNF‐α/IL‐10 ratios. In addition, a disappearance of correlation between the cytokine values was observed. Such disturbance was related to exuberant elevation of the IL‐10 levels after inoculation. On the contrary, in CF individuals, plasma cytokine values remained in strong linear association independently of TNF‐α or IL‐10 predominance. No spikes in the plasma levels of IL‐10 in CF patients during a 6‐month observation period have been revealed.Conclusions: There were no fundamental differences between CF and healthy children in the regulation of TNF‐α and IL‐10 secretion. Thus, immune quiescence seemed to be associated with the predominance of TNF‐α, whereas immune disturbance was characterized by IL‐10 superiority. The only abnormality that was found in CF patients consisted of their inability to produce unlimitedly IL‐10 in response to antigen stimuli.
Inflammatory cell distribution in guinea pig airways and its relationship to airway reactivity
Authors: Westerhof Fiona , Timens Wim , van Oosten Annemiek , Zuidhof Annet B. , Nauta Nathalie , Schuiling Martin , Vos Johannes T. W. M. , Zaagsma Johan , Meurs Herman , Coers Wilko 
Published: November 2003

Although airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity are observed after allergen inhalation both in allergic humans and animals, little is known about the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells can contribute to allergen‐induced airway hyperreactivity. To understand how inflammatory cell infiltration can contribute to airway hyperreactivity, the location of these cells within the airways may be crucial.Using a guinea pig model of acute allergic asthma, we investigated the inflammatory cell infiltration in different airway compartments at 6 and 24 h (i.e. after the early and the late asthmatic reaction, respectively) after allergen or saline challenge in relation to changes in airway reactivity (AR) to histamine.At 6 h after allergen challenge, a threefold (p < 0.01) increase in the AR to histamine was observed. At 24 h after challenge, the AR to histamine was lower, but still significantly enhanced (1.6‐fold, p < 0.05).Adventitial eosinophil and neutrophil numbers in both bronchi and bronchioli were significantly increased at 6 h post‐allergen provocation as compared with saline (p < 0.01 for all), while there was a strong tendency to enhanced eosinophils in the bronchial submucosa at this time point
(p = 0.08). At 24 h after allergen challenge, the eosinophilic and neutrophilic cell infiltration was reduced. CD3+ T lymphocytes were increased in the adventitial compartment of the large airways (p < 0.05) and in the parenchyma (p < 0.05) at 24h post‐allergen, while numbers of CD8+ cells did not differ from saline treatment at any time point post‐provocation.The results indicate that, after allergen provocation, inflammatory cell numbers in the airways are mainly elevated in the adventitial compartment. The adventitial inflammation could be important for the development of allergen‐induced airway hyperreactivity.
Direct Cloning of a Target Gene from a Pool of Homologous Sequences: Complete cDNA Sequence of a Weak Neurotoxin from Cobra Naja kaouthia
Authors: Oustitch TL , Peters L‐E. , Utkin Yu , Tsetlin VI 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSelective cloning of the cDNA coding for a weak neurotoxin (WTX) from cobra N. kaouthia including the 5'‐ and 3'‐non‐translated regions (NTR) is described. The known amino acid sequence of WTX was used together with the nucleotide sequence of a weak neurotoxin NNAM2 from cobra Naja atra, to design WTX‐specific primers for direct amplification of an internal WTX cDNA fragment by RT‐PCR. The sequence of the complete WTX cDNA was determined in sequencing runs on internal PCR products, cloned 3'‐ and 5'‐RACE‐fragments and several full‐length cDNA clones. The cDNA coding sequence is in excellent agreement with the previously determined WTX amino acid sequence, has a high homology with other known weak toxin cDNAs, whereas even higher homology (up to 96%) with several classes of 3‐finger toxins was detected in the 59 bp 3'‐NTR consensus sequence. A possible function of the highly conserved nucleotide sequence elements is discussed. IUBMB Life, 55: 43‐47, 2003
Effectory Site in Escherichia coli Inorganic Pyrophosphatase is Revealed Upon Mutation at the Intertrimeric Interface
Authors: Sitnik Tatyana , Vainonen Julia , Rodina Elena , Nazarova Tatyana , Kurilova Svetlana , Vorobyeva Natalya , Avaeva Svetlana 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEscherichia coli inorganic pyrophosphatase (E‐PPase) is a homohexamer formed from two trimers related by a two‐fold axis. The residue Asp26 participates in intertrimeric contacts. Kinetics of MgPPi hydrolysis by a mutant Asp26Ala E‐PPase is found to not obey Michaelis‐Menten equation but can be described within the scheme of activation of hydrolysis by a free PPi binding at an effectory subsite. Existence of such a subsite is confirmed by the finding that the free form of methylenediphosphonate activates MgPPi hydrolysis though its magnesium complex is a competitive inhibitor. The Asp26Ala variant is the first example of hexameric E‐PPase demonstrated to have an activatory subsite. IUBMB Life, 55: 37‐41, 2003
Turbulent Plane Couette Flow and Scalar Transport at Low Reynolds
Number
Authors: Liu Chun-Ho 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The turbulence structure and passive scalar (heat) transport in plane Couette flow at Reynolds number equal to 3000 (based on the relative speed and distance between the walls) are studied using direct numerical simulation (DNS). The numerical model is a three-dimensional trilinear Galerkin finite element code. It is found that the structures of the mean velocity and temperature in plane Couette flow are similar to those in forced channel flow, but the empirical coefficients are different. The total (turbulent and viscous) shear stress and total (turbulent and conductive) heat flux are constant throughout the channel. The locations of maximum root-mean-square streamwise velocity and temperature fluctuations are close to the walls, while the location of maximum root-mean-square spanwise and vertical velocity fluctuations are at the channel center. The correlation coefficients between velocities and temperature are fairly constant in the center core of the channel. In particular, the streamwise velocity is highly correlated with temperature (correlation coefficient ≈−0.9). At the channel center, the turbulence production is unable to counterbalance the dissipation, in which the diffusion terms (both turbulent and viscous) bring turbulent kinetic energy from the near-wall regions toward the channel center. The snapshots of the DNS database help explain the nature of the correlation coefficients. The elongated wall streaks for both streamwise velocity and temperature in the viscous sublayer are well simulated. Moreover, the current DNS shows organized large-scale eddies (secondary rotations) perpendicular to the direction of mean flow at the channel center.
Use of an Inverse Method to Determine Natural Convection Heat
Transfer Coefficients in Unsteady State
Authors: Trombe A. , Suleiman A. , Le Maoult Y. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of an inverse method to determine the variation of convective heat transfer coefficients in the unsteady state inside building enclosures. The experimental system is mainly composed of a vertical, heated, flat plate where natural convection heat flow is generated and of a radiative source which can impose a known flux condition. The inverse method calculates the total heat flux by conduction along the vertical flat plate, together with surface temperatures. Subtracting the local contribution of the radiative heat flux from the total heat flux gives the average convective heat flux at different heights of the plate. For various boundary conditions, it is then possible to determine the values of the convective heat exchange coefficients. Uncertainty calculations relative to these results confirm the reliability of the inverse method developed.
A Maximum Entropy Solution for a Two-Dimensional Inverse Heat
Conduction Problem
Authors: Kim Sun Kyoung , Lee Woo Il 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A solution scheme based on the maximum entropy method (MEM) for the solution of two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problems is established. MEM finds the solution which maximizes the entropy functional under the given temperature measurements. The proposed method converts the inverse problem to a nonlinear constrained optimization problem. The constraint of the optimization problem is the statistical consistency between the measured temperature and the estimated temperature. Successive quadratic programming (SQP) facilitates the numerical estimation of the maximum entropy solution. The characteristic feature of the proposed method is investigated with the sample numerical results. The presented results show considerable enhancement in resolution for stringent cases in comparison with a conventional method.
An Inverse Determination of Unsteady Heat Fluxes Using a Network
Simulation Method
Authors: Alhama F. , Zueco J. , González Fernández C. F. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This work addresses unsteady heat conduction in a plane wall subjected to a time-variable incident heat flux. Three different types of flux are studied (sinusoidal, triangular and step waveforms) and constant thermal properties are assumed for simplicity. First, the direct heat conduction problem is solved using the Network Simulation Method (NSM) and the collection of temperatures obtained at given instants is modified by introducing a random error. The resulting temperatures act as the input data for the inverse problem, which is also solved by a sequential approach using the NSM in a simple way. The solution is a continuous piece-wise function obtained step by step by minimizing the classical functional that compares the above input data with those obtained from the solution of the inverse problem. No prior information is used for the functional forms of the unknown heat flux. A piece-wise linear stretches of variable slope and length is used for each of the stretches of the solution. The sensitivity of the functional versus the slope of the line, at each step, is acceptable and the complete piece-wise solution is very close to the exact incident heat flux in all of the mentioned waveforms.
Determination of Drying Times for Irregular Two and Three-Dimensional
Objects
Authors: Sahin A. Z. , Dincer I. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This paper deals with development of a new analytical model for determining the drying times of irregular-shaped multi-dimensional objects. Geometrically irregular two and three-dimensional products are approximated by elliptical cylinder and ellipsoidal shapes, respectively. Using experimental drying parameters that are available from the literature, drying times of irregular, multi-dimensional products are determined through the present models. Geometric shape factors for the elliptic cylinder and ellipsoid are employed and based on the reference drying time for an infinite slab. In addition, the present models are verified through comparison with experimental drying times of several food products. The accuracy of the predictions using the present models is then discussed, and a considerably high agreement is obtained between the predictions and experimental data.
Turbulent Film Condensation on a Horizontal Elliptical Tube
Authors: Chen Cha'o-Kuang , Hu Hai-Ping 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This is an investigation of turbulent film condensation on a horizontal elliptical tube. The high tangential velocity of the vapor flow at the boundary layer is determined from potential flow theory. The Colburn analogy is used to define the local liquid-vapor interfacial shear which occurs for high velocity vapor flow across an elliptical tube surface. The results developed in this study are compared with those generated by previous theoretical and experimental results.
Experimental Study of Electrohydrodynamic Induction Pumping of a Dielectric Micro Liquid Film in External Horizontal Condensation Process
Authors: Brand K. , Seyed-Yagoobi J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractElectrohydrodynamic (EHD) induction pumping is based on charges induced in a dielectric liquid and delayed at a gradient or discontinuity of the electric conductivity. A traveling electric wave (AC) attracts or repels these induced charges, leading to liquid motion. EHD induction pumping of a dielectric micro condensation film, in an external horizontal configuration, is investigated experimentally. The pumping and its effect on heat transfer are explored by varying the voltage and frequency of the electric traveling wave, as well as the condensation heat flux. This study provides a fundamental understanding of induction pumping of micro liquid film and illustrates its potential for managing the flow and enhancing the heat transfer in the presence of phase change.
Study on Optimization of Transverse Thermal Conductivities of
Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Zou Mingqing , Yu Boming , Zhang Duanming , Ma Yongting 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Two models, E-S and R-S unit cell models, are presented based on the thermal-electrical analogy technique. The analytical expressions for transverse thermal conductivities of unidirectional composites are derived. The dimensionless effective transverse thermal conductivities ke+ are expressed as a function of the ratio (β) of thermal conductivities of filler to matrix, filler volume fraction vf and the geometry ratio ρ=a/b of the filler. The optimization of transverse thermal conductivities of unidirectional composites is then analyzed under different filler volume fractions vf, thermal conductivity ratios β and different geometric architectures. The present analysis allows for a fairly precise evaluation of configuration performance and comparisons of different arrangements. The results show that if a composite is designed for insulation material, we should choose ρ&lt;1, and if a composite is designed for heat dissipating purpose, we should choose ρ&gt;1.
Thermal Resistance of Particle Laden Polymeric Thermal Interface Materials
Authors: Prasher Ravi S. , Shipley Jim , Prstic Suzana , Koning Paul , Wang Jin-lin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractParticle laden polymers are one of the most prominent thermal interface materials (TIM) used in electronics cooling. Most of the research has primarily dealt with the understanding of the thermal conductivity of these types of TIMs. For thermal design, reduction of the thermal resistance is the end goal. Thermal resistance is not only dependent on the thermal conductivity, but also on the bond line thickness (BLT) of these TIMs. It is not clear which material property(s) of these particle laden TIMs affects the BLT and eventually the thermal resistance. This paper introduces a rheology based semiempirical model for the prediction of the BLT of these TIMs. BLT depends on the yield stress of the particle laden polymer and the applied pressure. The BLT model combined with the thermal conductivity model can be used for modeling the thermal resistance of these TIMs for factors such as particle volume faction, particle shape, base polymer viscosity, etc. This paper shows that there exists an optimal filler volume fraction at which thermal resistance is minimum. Finally this paper develops design rules for the optimization of thermal resistance for particle laden TIMs.
Effect of Tip Clearance on the Thermal and Hydrodynamic Performance
of a Shrouded Pin Fin Array
Authors: Moores Kevin A. , Joshi Yogendra K. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The effect of introducing tip clearance to a liquid cooled array of shrouded pins fins is examined. Three arrays of height to diameter ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.1 were evaluated experimentally. The arrays were exposed to a uniform heat flux of 0.02 to 0.26 W/mm2 and cooled with water through a nominal Reynolds number range of 200 to 10,000. Tip clearance of 0 to 25% of pin height was assessed. Mean heat transfer rates and adiabatic pressure drop across the array were determined and empirical correlations are proposed. The introduction of clearance was seen to increase overall heat transfer in some cases.
Nanoparticles Formed in Picosecond Laser Argon Crystal Interaction
Authors: Wang Xinwei , Xu Xianfan 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
In this work, Molecular Dynamics simulations are conducted to attain thermal and mechanical characteristics of nanoparticles formed in laser materials interaction. It reveals that nanoparticles originate from intense vapor phase explosion. A gas-like structure is observed in nanoparticles in the initial stage of formation. After a short time of evolution, a typical liquid structure is revealed in particles. As a direct consequence of atoms escaping from the particle surface, the temperature of nanoparticles reduces to an under-cooling point from the initial super-heating state. Furthermore, it indicates that movements of nanoparticles are dominated by those normal to the target surface.