bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doctors and Psychiatrists
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DESCRIPTIONS of doctors and their doings abound in all the arts. Some are highly flattering. For example) Robert Louis Stevenson (1850—94) in the Dedication which prefaces his poems expresses the view ( and he had good reason to know) that the physician is the flower of our civilization. Generosity he has, such as is possible to those who practise an art, never to those who drive a trade; discretion, tested by a hundred secrets; tact, tried in a thousand embarrassments; and what are more important, Heraclean cheerfulness and courage. So it is that he brings air and cheer into the sickroom, and often enough, though not so often as he wishes, brings healing.
Healing
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of healing has never been completely medicalized. It is true that the surgeon ‘s knife can be called healing) but even surgeons will allow that whereas cutting may sometimes be necessary for healing it is never sufficient. This is because we are aware that healing involves our minds and our feelings—our spirits—as well as our bodies. Indeed) it is perfectly natural to go along with Handel and allow that music can heal our sadness. This section records a few of the many ways—operations) taking the waters) spells) painting) music—in which human beings have pursued healing.
Research
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UNGER T AINTY of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis are inevitable in medicine, and the only way ahead is through research. There have been notable advances, such as William Harvey’ s discovery of the circulation of the blood, but many less successful investigations. One of these is amusingly described by Richard Asher. Individual doctors and all others involved in health care—I have chosen a doctor and a pharmacist—must keep their own ideas up to date, and the passages selected make it clear that this is not always easy. Perhaps it would be easier to keep up to date professional journals were written in a more lively manner, as Richard Asher suggests.
Modifying the drinking context
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol use takes place within a social, cultural, and community context. Therefore, heavy consumption can be modified and problems reduced by using strategies that change this context. Such efforts are considered harm reduction measures in that they start from an acceptance that there will be consumption of alcoholic beverages and seek to modify or limit the drinking or the drinking environment so that potential harm is minimized. The measures considered in this chapter generally target the drinking environment, particularly environments where alcohol is sold and consumed. Therefore, their effectiveness does not depend on the support or compliance of individual drinkers, although such support may enhance the measures’ effects. Prevention directed at high-risk drinking environments such as licensed premises provides an alternative or complement to broadly focused prevention measures such as alcohol pricing and individual approaches such as treatment.
Regulating alcohol promotion
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol marketing is now a global industry, in which the largest corporations have an international reach across industrialized countries and into new markets in developing nations (Jernigan 1997; Walsh 1997; Parry 1998; Riley and Marshal 1999; WHO 1999). The resulting coherence of marketing strategies is contributing to convergence between traditional patterns of drinking in different countries (Gual and Colom 1997). Alcohol brands marketed world-wide and those targeted to local markets are promoted through an integrated mix of strategies: television, radio and print advertisements, point of sale promotions, and the internet. Niche markets are developed by associating these brands with a range of different sports, lifestyles, and consumer identities.
Treatment and early intervention services
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol policies are primarily the concern of local, regional, and national governments, which often view the provision of treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to alcohol-related problems. In addition to its value in the reduction of human suffering, treatment can be considered as a form of prevention. When it occurs soon after the onset of alcohol problems, it is called secondary prevention; when it is initiated to control the damage associated with chronic drinking, it is called tertiary prevention. As one of the first societal responses to alcohol problems, treatment interventions have not been critically examined as policy options, despite the resources they consume and the scientific evidence that is available concerning their effectiveness and costs. This chapter examines the scientific basis of alcohol treatment policies in terms of research on the effectiveness and costs of a wide range of treatment interventions.
Alcohol policies: a consumer’s guide
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People consume not only goods, but also services, and alcohol policy is one such service. In any jurisdiction alcohol policy serves two purposes: to enhance the benefits resulting from the use of beverage alcohol, and to contain and reduce alcohol-related harms. Citizens have the right to assess and audit policies on health care provision, education, and crime prevention. They also deserve to know whether enacted alcohol policies are apt and well chosen. Alcohol policy issues overlap with almost every aspect of the public policy domain. Alcohol-related issues are pervasively important for the state at both central and local levels; they cannot be minimized or ignored. In an age of consumerism, it behoves policy-makers to ensure that alcohol policies are fashioned with public health interests in mind.
Menstrual problems
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Disorders of menstruation form a significant part of the general practitioner’s work. This is not surprising since women will each experience about 400 menstruations between the menarche and the menopause. In a national community survey undertaken by MORI in 1990, 31% of women reported heavy periods. Of these, one-third had consulted a doctor within the past 4 months. The Fourth National Morbidity Survey in General Practice (1991–1992) (the latest figures since this survey is undertaken every 10 years) showed that for women aged 25–44 the consultation rates for menorrhagia were 65 per 1000 person-years at risk: and 5% women aged 30–49 consult their general practitioner for menorrhagia in one year. Menorrhagia is the main presenting complaint in women referred to gynaecologists and accounts for two-thirds of all hysterectomies, and nearly all endoscopic endometrial destructive surgery.
Contraception
Authors: Guillebaud John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 75% of women choose to consult their general practitioner (GP) for contraception, although some still prefer the anonymity and specialization of the Family Planning Association (FPA) clinic. General practitioners are potentially in the most favourable position to offer good advice, being already familiar with the patient’s health and life circumstances. But some practices perpetuate the myth that contraception equates to ‘the Pill’ (like vacuum cleaners equate solely to ‘Hoovers’) and so deprive their patients of other choices, or devote too little time and skill to counselling. Research shows that not being given enough information about contraceptive methods is associated with women being dissatisfied, with not using methods correctly, and with abandoning contraception even if they do not want to get pregnant (Contraceptive Education Service 1996).
Unwanted pregnancy and abortion
Authors: Davidson Lis , Reeve Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most general practitioners (GPs) will be familiar with the clinical scenario of a woman who is unhappy about her pregnancy. For some this will arouse uncomfortable feelings. The doctor may feel uneasy at being asked to provide a service – referral for abortion – rather than being asked to exercise the classical medical skills of diagnosis and treatment. In addition, the doctor’s attitude to abortion may make it difficult to respond to the woman’s needs.
Sexual problems
Authors: Denman Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When considering sexual problems, it is impossible to make a distinction between the mind and the body. Are sexual desire and pleasure felt in the mind or the body? Likewise is sexual dysfunction in the mind or the body? It is impossible to distinguish in all but the most blatant cases of physical or hormonal dysfunction. Even in these situations there will also be an emotional component and the patient and her partner will have feelings about the difficulty. Likewise, if the initial problem is mental illness, then the manifestation may be a loss of physical function.
Domestic violence
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One in four women is hit by a current or former partner, at some time in her life (Home Office Research Studies 1999). Pushing, shoving, and grabbing are the most common forms of assault and reported in two-thirds of incidents. Kicking, slapping, or punching are reported in almost half. Injuries result from 41% of incidents and women who experience a chronic pattern of violence are particularly likely to have been injured in the most recent incident (58%).
The Age Of The Migration
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the end of Roman government in Britain and the emergence of the earliest English kingdoms there stretches a long period of which the history cannot be written. The men who played their parts in this obscurity are forgotten, or are little more than names with which the imagination of later centuries has dealt at will. The course of events may be indicated, but is certainly not revealed, by the isolated or incidental references to Britain made by writers of this or the following age. For the first time in five centuries Britain was out of touch with the Continent. Contemporaries in Gaul, who might have told something of its history, were preoccupied with their own troubles. Britain was lost to the Roman Empire, and its fortunes were of little interest to men whose own civilization was at stake.
Anglian Northumbria
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the sixth century there were two distinct Anglian kingdoms in England beyond the Humber. In the far north a people known as the Bernice, after some fifty years of precarious existence on the coast, had recently become a formidable enemy to the older Celtic kingdoms along the Clyde and Forth. Within a generation they were to spread over the whole country between the Forth, the Solway, and the Tees, but in the year 600 they were still fighting on no more than equal terms with the other northern peoples, and their chief stronghold was the rock of Bamburgh. It is probable that the country to the south was already theirs, and it is possible that they had already crossed the water-parting between Tyne and Solway. But there is no archaeological evidence of their pre-sence at this date in either Durham or Cumberland, and although there are place-names which suggest that the Anglian occupation of these regions began in the sixth century, their rarity gives the impression that the settlers of this period can only have been few.
The Conversion Of The English Peoples
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heathen background of Old English history is impenetrably vague. The names of the chief divinities of English worship have been preserved and a few specific practices have been recorded by historians anxious to condemn them. Writers concerned with the saints of the Conversion could not avoid an occasional reference to the temples, idols, and priests of heathenism, and the principal scientific work of the pre-Danish period-the De Temporum Ratione of Bede-records a few pieces of information about the chief festivals of the heathen year. As a collection of isolated facts, the English contribution to the general stock of knowledge about Germanic paganism is by no means negligible. But it is indefinite at almost every crucial point, it is often coloured by scriptural reminiscence, and it affords no more than the faintest of clues to the nature of the beliefs which lay behind observances.
The Age Of Alfred
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the eighth century each of the three Scandinavian peoples of historic times formed a nation, with its own traditions and a clear sense of its difference from its neighbours. The Geatas, Beowulf’s people, were now united with the Swedes; their name was remembered, but their dynasty had long since come to an end. The great eastward expansion of the Swedes, through which they became the founders of the Russian state, had not yet begun, and they were chiefly distinguished by the extreme antiquity of their reigning house and the prestige of their sanctuary at Uppsala. The Norwegians were the furthest of the three peoples from any sense of political unity.
The Structure Of Early English Society
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Germanic peoples who descended on Britain in the late fifth century were not seeking their fortune in an unexplored land. Men who had taken part in the earlier raids upon the Saxon shore must have gained a detailed knowledge of its harbours and of the waterways which led to the interior. They must also have been familiar with the conditions of wind and weather which allowed a favourable crossing of the North Sea. Without such knowledge the migration to Britain, unique in any case among contemporary movements, could never have been attempted. It is significant that the few fifth--century expeditions of which later tradition preserved the memory have the scale of raids rather than migrations. The British coast in the fourth century must have often been visited by chiefs who came, like .
England And The Scandinavian World
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reign of }Ethelred II is one of the few periods of AngloSaxon history which can be studied in a full and contemporary narrative. The anonymous monk of Abingdon who set down year by year his tale of war and misery, the treachery of one leader and the fruitless courage of another, had drawn a picture of life in his generation which may be criticized, but can never be ignored. No one who has followed the sequence of events in his restrained and sardonic prose can fail to receive the impression of an ancient and rich society, helpless before a derisive enemy because its leaders were incapable of government.
England Before The Conquest
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central course of Old English social development may be described as the process by which a peasantry, at first composed essentially of free men, acknowledging no lord below the king, gradually lost economic and personal independence. Like all attempts to reduce a complex piece of history to a formula, the description is, no doubt, over-simple. From the moment when the kings of the migration age began to plant their companions upon the soil there must have existed communities in which expropriated Britons, and Englishmen too poor to be welcomed in settlements of their own people, were working for a lord in return for his protection. At the modern end of the ,story, although Domesday Book gives the impression that the greater part of southern England was divided into manors inhabited exclusively by serfs and slaves, the terminology of the Survey takes little account of personal status, and leaves room for the existence of many free men who do not appear on the surface of the record.
Political violence and then aziseizure Of power
Authors: Bessel Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many contemporary observers of the Nazi takeover in 1933, and many Nazis themselves, were at pains to stress the peaceful nature of the ‘German revolution’. Agreeing with the Nazi Party leader in the Schleswig-Holstein town of Eutin, who boasted of ‘how peacefully the revolution has occurred in Ger many’, they often contrasted the smooth transfer of power in 1933 with the bloodshed and chaos of the revolutionary events in Germany during 1918 and 1919. In 1933 the State did not crumble, the army did not intervene, civil war did not break out. German nationalists could take satisfaction from the appar ent orderliness and the absence of large-scale violence which accompanied Hitler’s takeover: here, it seemed, was a true ‘Ger man’ revolution, one during which the trains continued to run on time.
The Nazi State Reconsidered
Authors: Geyer Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unfettered competition is one of the least understood features of the National Socialist regime, although it is one of the most discussed. Political historians have long debunked the myth of the National Socialist State as a totalitarian and ration ally organised modern Leviathan. More recently, historians have been fascinated by the rampant competition, even chaos, of Nazi institutions. At the same time, social historians have come to regard as a major aspect of the National Socialist regime not the ideological infiltration of Nazi doctrine among the German people as though it were a new catechism, but the increasing pressures of competitive behaviour among social groups and individuals that reshaped private and public life, within the family no less than on the shop floor.
The Radicalization of Warfare
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twin symbols of the destruction of the university library of Louvain and the cathedral of Rheims pointed to the historic shift in the nature of war: this was no ‘cabinet war’ fought between small armies led by gentleman officers, for limited aims and with limited fire-power, with a limited impact on the belligerents involved. This was war waged with all the resources of modern, industrialized nations, fought for national aims for the survival or domination of nations.
The Warriors
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What activated the dynamic of destruction? How the war was unleashed, and the assumptions and expectations behind the decisions for war, were intimately connected with how the war was fought. Popular explanations for the war range from the notion that the ‘rigidification of the alliance system’ made war inevitable once the successor to the Habsburg throne was assassinated, to ‘the irrevocability of military timetables’, from imperialist rivalry between capitalist states to the arms build-up.
Victory, Trauma, and Post-War Disorder
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the war came in several stages in 1918. The first stage was German victory in the east, crowned by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 3 March 1918. This harsh peace deprived Soviet Russia of territories containing one-third of its population (Finland, Estonia, Livonia, Poland, the Ukraine, and part of the Caucasus), and the greater part of its natural resources and industry. For Germany it held out the promise of rich supplies from occupied eastern Europe, of grain, cotton, and oil, and above all of releasing troops to launch the final offensive to win the war in the west before the Americans arrived in significant numbers.
Summer Difficulties
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the early summer life became almost pleasant in Tashkent. The food situation was relieved by the appearance of fruit in the kiosks on the street corners. Turkestan is a great country for fruit. Before the war special trains took this to Central Europe and some of it may have found its way to London. This fruit arrived some weeks before the Southern European fruit. In the beginning of May strawberries and cherries appeared in the streets. There was an enormous but rather tasteless strawberry called a ‘Victoria’. I have never seen any of such an enormous size. The apples of the previous year were still to be had when the fresh crop came on sale. Apart from having fresh apples all the year round, we had good dried fruit. The hot sun made preservation easy. The fruit was merely cut into slices and laid in the sun in the autumn and this gave a supply for the whole winter and spring. In this way pears, apples, cherries, peaches, nectarines, etc., as well as raisins, were dried by each household for its own use.
Tashkent Affairs
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late summer of 1919 I realized that there was no chance of the regime being ended by the advance of the small British force in Transcaspia. The messages I had sent off had on the whole not fared very well and it was high time that I returned. Travelling was very difficult. The authorities were still trying to arrest people who had taken part in Ossipov’s movement in January. I decided to get into touch again with Manditch and see if he could help me.
Plans For Departure
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after our arrival at Bokhara I sent off a messenger to Tashkent to tell my Punjabi servant, Haider, to join me. I sent him a Bokharan passport and detailed instructions regarding the journey. He was also to bring my dog Zep if possible; but I said that, as Zep had been an object of great interest to the Cheka, who had kept spies on him for the first three months after my disappearance, he was to send him by another man and pick him up when he left the train. They arrived in due course. They very sensibly did not come to Kagan but got out at Kizil Tepe station and drove-into Bokhara from there, thus avoiding the more tiresome scrutiny of the Kagan Bolsheviks. They brought some important letters, but these Haider had wrapped round some saucepans and sent them by the Bokharan agent who had taken him his instructions and passports. This man took them direct to the Khush Begi who sat on them for three or four days before sending them on to me! In the train with Haider was a Persian named Hassan. He was a spy who had been specially looking for me in Tashkent, and we thought he might have been sent to Bokhara on the same errand.
Across The Murghab
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next morning after going about twenty miles we saw a great distance off a single horseman travelling very fast. This was the first human being we had seen in the steppe with the exception of the people at the last two wells. We did not think much more about it. Soon after this we came in sight of a well at which we saw people. They appeared to be preparing to defend themselves as we saw rifles in their hands. My Russian companions wanted to attack them at once — a nice mess there would have been, trying with our seven rifles to turn men out of houses, with no cover for ourselves and no hope, for a wounded man, of ever getting away, and with the alternative of surrender or death from thirst if we failed to capture the place.