bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐mastectomy chylous fistula: Anatomical and clinical implications
Authors: Purkayastha Joydeep , Hazarika Sidhartha , Deo S.V.S. , Kar Madhabananda , Shukla N.K. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA chylous fistula after a modified radical mastectomy is a rare occurrence; however, major anatomical variations in the termination of the thoracic duct may occur, rendering it susceptible to injury. High output chylous fistulae are difficult to manage and have local, metabolic, and immunologic complications with a mortality rate varying from 12.5–50%. Herein such a case of postmastectomy chylous fistula and its management are discussed. A 56‐year‐old postmenopausal woman with invasive duct carcinoma of the left breast underwent modified radical mastectomy with complete axillary clearance (Level I, II, III nodes). The operative procedure was uneventful. On the commencement of a normal diet, however, the patient started exuding milky fluid from the axillary drain and analysis of the fluid revealed biochemical features compatible with chyle. After 2 weeks of failed conservative management, the axilla was re‐explored. A continuous flow of clear fluid was observed originating from a single major lymphatic trunk inferior to the axillary vein in the region of the former Level II nodes. The leak was controlled by the application of multiple mass ligatures using 2‐0 silk suture. A part of the pectoralis major muscle was rotated and sutured over the area of the leak as additional reinforcement. Suturing a muscle flap over the leak has been described previously and functions theoretically by causing fibrosis. The chylous fistula in the present case was managed successfully with mass ligatures and muscle flap reinforcement. Clin. Anat. 17:413–415, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anomalous branch of the left common carotid artery
Authors: Simic P. , Borovecki F. , Jelic M. , Jelic M. , Vinter I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA previously unreported anomalous branch of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) was observed during dissection at the Zagreb Medical School. The anomalous branch arose from the anterior surface of the LCCA approximately 2 cm superior to the aortic arch, and subsequently bifurcated into a right and left branch. We describe its anatomic features. Clinical implications are also discussed. Clin. Anat. 17:409–412, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance microscopy versus light microscopy in human embryology teaching
Authors: Puerta‐Fonollá J. , Vázquez‐Osorio T. , Ruiz‐Cabello J. , Murillo‐González J. , Peña‐Melián A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA study was carried out on the application of magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) in teaching prenatal human development. Human embryos measuring 8 mm, 15 mm, 18.5 mm, and 22 mm were fixed in a 4% paraformaldehyde solution and sections obtained with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared to those prepared for light microscopy (LM), using the same embryos. The MRM and LM slices were of a similar quality. In the MRM sections, embryonic organs and systems were clearly visible, particularly the peripheral and central nervous systems, and the cardiovascular and digestive systems. The digitalization and clarity of the MRM images make them an ideal teaching aid that is suitable for students during the first years of a health‐science degree, particularly medicine. As well as providing students with their first experience of MRM, these images allow students to access, at any time, all embryos used, to assess changes in the positions of different organs throughout their stages of development, and to acquire spatial vision, an absolute requirement in the study of human anatomy. We recommend that this technique be incorporated into the wealth of standard embryonic teaching methods already in use. Clin. Anat. 17:429–435, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsic differences in brain and spinal cord mitochondria: Implication for therapeutic interventions
Authors: Sullivan Patrick G. , Rabchevsky Alexander G. , Keller Jeffery N. , Lovell Mark , Sodhi Ajeet , Hart Ronald P. , Scheff Stephen W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIt is well known that regions of the CNS differentially respond to insults. After brain injury, cyclosporine A reduces damage but is ineffective following spinal cord injury. We address this disparity by assessing several parameters of mitochondrial physiology in the normal neocortex and spinal cord. In situ measurements of O production, lipid peroxidation, and mitochondrial DNA oxidation revealed significantly higher levels in spinal cord vs. neocortical neurons. Real‐time PCR demonstrated differences in mitochondrial transcripts coupled with decreases in complex I enzyme activity and respiration in spinal cord mitochondria. The threshold for calcium‐induced mitochondrial permeability transition was substantially reduced in spinal cord vs. neocortex and modulated by lipid peroxidation. These intrinsic differences may provide a pivotal target for strategies to ameliorate neuronal damage following injury, and this imbalance in oxidative stress may contribute to the susceptibility of spinal cord motor neurons in neuropathologies such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:524–534, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lumbar commissural interneurons with reticulospinal inputs in the cat: Morphology and discharge patterns during fictive locomotion
Authors: Matsuyama Kiyoji , Nakajima Katsumi , Mori Futoshi , Aoki Mamoru , Mori Shigemi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this study was 1) to characterize the morphology of lumbar commissural neurons (CNs) with reticulospinal inputs and 2) to quantitate their activity during locomotor rhythm generation. Intraaxonal recordings at the L4–7 level of the spinal cord were obtained in 67 neurons in the decerebrate, paralyzed cat. Fourteen of them were subsequently nearly fully visualized following their intraaxonal injection with the tracer neurobiotin. All 14 were CNs with axons projecting across the midline of the spinal cord. Their somata were located mainly in lamina VIII and additionally in laminae VII–VI. Most of the lamina VIII CNs were excited monosynaptically from reticulospinal pathways. They were judged to be interneuronal CNs if they had no, or a short, rostral projection. These CNs commonly gave off multiple axon collaterals in and around their somata's segmental level. They projected mainly to laminae VIII–VII and some additionally to lamina IX. Some laminae VIII and the laminae VII–VI CNs were excited polysynaptically from reticulospinal pathways or were not excited. They were judged to be long propriospinal or ascending tract CNs because they had only an ascending axon. Most lamina VIII CNs discharged rhythmically during fictive locomotion evoked by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, exhibiting one peak per locomotor cycle. The peak was in phase with neurographic activity of either a left or a right hindlimb extensor nerve. These results suggested that lamina VIII CNs are reciprocally connected bilaterally at each segmental level. Such an arrangement suggests their participation in the generation and coordination of reciprocal and bilateral locomotor activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:546–561, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
STAT3 phosphorylation in injured axons before sensory and motor neuron nuclei: Potential role for STAT3 as a retrograde signaling transcription factor
Authors: Lee Nancy , Neitzel Karen L. , Devlin Brenda K. , MacLennan A. John 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSTAT3 is a latent transcription factor that is activated by plasma membrane growth factor receptor complexes. Conditional gene disruption data indicate that it contributes to the survival of cranial motor neurons after peripheral nerve lesion. In agreement, levels of activated STAT3 (Tyr705‐phosphorylated STAT3) have been shown to increase in the nuclei of adult cranial motor neurons during their regeneration after the same injury. The data presented here demonstrate that STAT3 is similarly but not identically affected in sciatic motor neurons after sciatic nerve injury. In addition, we find that sensory neuron nuclei also display an analogous increase in activated STAT3, thereby supporting a role for STAT3 in the survival and regeneration of these cells. Most interesting, the present data indicate that peripheral nerve lesion leads to a very rapid activation of STAT3 in axons at the lesion site. This response increases during the first 24 hours after injury and extends back to the motor and sensory neurons such that phospho‐STAT3–immunoreactive axons are first detected in the dorsal root ganglia and ventral spinal cord at the same postlesion time intervals at which the activated STAT3 is first detected in the neuronal nuclei. Together these data raise the possibility that axonal STAT3, activated at the injury site, acts as a retrograde signaling transcription factor, which promotes the survival and regeneration of both sensory and motor neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:535–545, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcellular and subsynaptic localization of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the monkey subthalamic nucleus
Authors: Kuwajima Masaaki , Hall Randy A. , Aiba Atsu , Smith Yoland 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBoth subtypes of group I metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR1 and mGluR5, are expressed postsynaptically in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and their activation induces different physiological responses. To test whether these effects could be explained by a differential localization of the two group I mGluRs, we analyzed the subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of mGluR1a and mGluR5 in the monkey STN. Double‐immunofluorescence and light microscopic analyses revealed that both group I mGluR subtypes were strongly coexpressed in the neuropil and neuronal perikarya. Astrocytic perikarya exhibited intense mGluR1a, but no detectable mGluR5, immunoreactivity. At the electron microscopic level, immunoperoxidase labeling for both mGluR1a and mGluR5 was localized mainly in dendrites. A significant proportion of the total pool of mGluR1a‐immunoreactive elements was accounted for by glial cell processes, whereas glial cell labeling was much less frequently encountered in sections immunostained for mGluR5. Preembedding immunogold labeling in STN dendrites revealed that 60–70% of the gold labeling for both mGluR subtypes was intracellular, whereas 30–40% was apposed to the plasma membrane. Of the plasma membrane‐apposed particles, more than 90% were extrasynaptic; fewer than 10% were associated with symmetric or asymmetric synapses. Most of the synapse‐associated labeling was found at the edges of both asymmetric and symmetric postsynaptic specializations. Some extrasynaptic gold particles were aggregated on parts of the plasma membrane tightly apposed by glial processes. These findings demonstrate that mGluR1a and mGluR5 exhibit a similar pattern of subsynaptic localization in monkey STN neurons, with both receptor subtypes exhibiting substantial extrasynaptic and perisynaptic localization. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:589–602, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular Hydrogen‐Bond Structures and Magnetic Interactions in Basal‐Apical, Dinuclear, Azide‐Bridged Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Ray Mau Sinha , Ghosh Ashutosh , Chaudhuri Siddhartha , Drew Michael G. B. , Ribas Joan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe synthesis, characterisation, X‐ray single crystal structures and magnetic properties of three new basal‐apical μ2‐1,1‐azide‐bridged complexes [CuL1N3]2 (1), [CuL2N3]2 (2) and [CuL3N3]2 (3) with very similar tridentate Schiff‐base blocking ligands {HL1 = N‐[2‐(ethylamino)ethyl]salicylaldimine; HL2 = 7‐(ethylamino)‐4‐methyl‐5‐azahept‐3‐en‐2‐one; HL3 = 7‐amino‐4‐methyl‐5‐azaoct‐3‐en‐2‐one} have been reported [complex 1: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.390(2), b = 7.512(2), c = 19.822(6) Å, β = 91.45(5)°; complex 2: monoclinic, P21/c, a = 8.070(9), b = 9.787(12), c = 15.743(17) Å, β = 98.467(10)°; complex 3: monoclinic, P21/n, a = 5.884(7), b = 16.147(18), c = 11.901(12) Å, β = 90.050(10)°]. The structures consist of neutral dinuclear entities resulting from the pairing of two mononuclear units through end‐on azide bridges connecting an equatorial position of one copper centre to an axial position of the other. The copper ions adopt a (4+1) square‐based geometry in all the complexes. In complex 2, there is no inter‐dimer hydrogen‐bonding. However, complexes 1 and 3 form two different supramolecular structures in which the dinuclear entities are linked by H‐bonds giving one‐dimensional systems. Variable temperature (300−2 K) magnetic‐susceptibility measurements and magnetisation measurements at 2 K reveal that all three complexes have antiferromagnetic coupling. Magneto‐structural correlations have been made taking into consideration both the azido bridging ligands and the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Neural Network Model in the Calibration of Glucose Sensor Based on the Immobilization of Glucose Oxidase into Polypyrrole Matrix
Authors: Seker S. , Becerik I. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe immobilization of enzymes on an electrode surface is of great importance in bioelectrochemistry. The entrapment of enzymes into a polymer matrix is simple and a speedy technique for the production of biosensors. This procedure of enzyme immobilization by electropolymerization has a great significance in fabrication of micro sensors in the preparation of multiplayer devices. In current study, glucose oxidase enzyme that is specific for the glucose determination was entrapped into polypyrrole matrix containing p‐benzoquinone in PIPES buffer and glucose sensitivity of the biosensor was investigated. Then, artificial neural network analysis was done for the nonlinear calibration plot. This implementation can be used for the sensor failure detection, as well. The estimation power of the neural network used in the direct and inverse calibration modelling was examined by statistical methods. It presented the good performance for the estimation power.
Two reentrant pathways in the hippocampal‐entorhinal system
Authors: Kloosterman Fabian , van Haeften Theo , Lopes da Silva Fernando H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe entorhinal cortex has long been recognized as an important interface between the hippocampal formation and the neocortex. The notion of bidirectional connections between the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation have led to the suggestion that hippocampal output originating in CA1 and subiculum may reenter hippocampal subfields via the entorhinal cortex. To investigate this, we used simultaneous multi‐site field potential recordings and current source density analysis in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation of the rat in vivo. Under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, we found that repetitive stimulation of subiculum or Schaffer collaterals facilitated entorhinal responses, such that a population spike appeared in layer III. In addition, a current sink in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare of area CA1 was found, that followed responses in the entorhinal cortex, indicating reentrance into this area. Responses indicating reentrance in the dentate gyrus were not found under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, but were readily evoked under urethane anesthesia. Reentrance into CA1 was also encountered under urethane anesthesia. These results suggest that parallel, but possibly functionally distinct, connections are present between the output of the hippocampal formation and cells in layers III and II of the entorhinal cortex that project to area CA1 and the dentate gyrus, respectively. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group work in a Dutch home care organization: does it improve the quality of working life?
Authors: Schouteten Roel 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHome care in the Netherlands is facing a trend towards increasing workloads, giving it the image of an unattractive sector to work in. To deal with increasing workloads and their effects, many solutions have been developed, including the concept of team or group work. This paper will address the possibilities, conditions and effects involved in the implementation of group work in home care as a means of improving the quality of working life (QWL) in this sector. To this end I have studied QWL in three jobs in two organizations for home care, one of which implemented group work. This comparison concludes that jobs in the team‐based organization are more complete and challenging, bringing more job decision latitude, but also higher work pressure. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health service quality and users' perceptions in West Nile, Uganda
Authors: Witter Sophie , Osiga Gamba 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSave the Children (UK) has been working in health in the West Nile region of Uganda since 1980. Between 2000 and 2002, a number of operational research studies have been conducted which shed light on patient perceptions of the quality of services, of barriers to access and utilization patterns. These are brought together in this paper. They show that despite considerable progress in rebuilding infrastructure, training staff and investing in health systems in these districts, there is still a long way to go to provide services of an acceptable quality to users. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative efficacy of newer hypnotic drugs for the short‐term management of insomnia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dündar Yenal , Dodd Susanna , Strobl Judith , Boland Angela , Dickson Rumona , Walley Tom 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the clinical effectiveness of zaleplon, zolpidem or zopiclone (Z‐drugs) with either benzodiazepines licensed and approved for use in the UK for the short‐term management of insomnia (diazepam, loprazolam, lorazepam, lormetazepam, nitrazepam, temazepam) or with each other.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index/Web of Science were searched from 1966 to March 2003 and The Cochrane Library, reference lists of included studies and a number of psychopharmacology journals. Randomized controlled trials comparing either benzodiazepines with the Z‐drugs or any two of the Z‐drugs in patients with insomnia were included. Outcome measures included: sleep onset latency, total sleep duration, number of awakenings, quality of sleep, adverse events, tolerance, rebound insomnia and daytime alertness.Results and conclusionsTwenty four eligible studies were identified with a total study population of 3909 (17 studies comparing a Z‐drug with a benzodiazepine and 7 comparing a Z‐drug). Insufficient or inappropriately reported data meant that meta‐analysis was possible only for a small number of outcomes. There are few clear, consistent differences between the drugs. Some evidence suggests that zaleplon gives shorter sleep latency but shorter duration of sleep than zolpidem, reflecting the pharmacological profiles of the drugs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum disposition of sertraline, N‐desmethylsertraline and paroxetine: a pharmacokinetic evaluation of repeated drug concentration measurements during 6 months of treatment for major depression
Authors: Reis Margareta , Åberg‐Wistedt Anna , Ågren Hans , Höglund Peter , Åkerblad Ann‐Charlotte , Bengtsson Finn 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSertraline and paroxetine are frequently prescribed SSRIs for long‐term treatment of major depression. Nevertheless, continuous follow‐ups of drug concentrations prevailing in patients during the whole treatment period are not available. Hence, in a large phase IV clinical trial, a total of 353 patients with major depression were enrolled for a 6‐month comparison of sertraline (50–150 mg daily) and paroxetine (20–60 mg daily). The present study reports the pharmacokinetic results of up to eight serum samples per patient.

A profound variability was found in the interindividual steady state and trough serum levels of sertraline, desmethylsertraline and paroxetine: the coefficient of variation (CV) was 59% for sertraline, 51% for desmethylsertraline, 27% for the ratio desmethylsertraline/sertraline (50 mg/day), and 71% for paroxetine (20 mg/day). The intraindividual CV for the ratio desmethylsertraline/sertraline was only 19%, indicating intraindividual metabolizing stability over time. Both sertraline and paroxetine displayed sex differences in the dose‐concentration correlation.
It was possible to predict sertraline, but not paroxetine, steady state levels.
The terminal elimination t½ for both drugs after 6 months of treatments was similar to data previously reported from short‐term withdrawal studies.
No correlation between serum drug concentrations and clinical effect was detected for either sertraline or paroxetine.

For the future, continuous efforts are warranted to perform PK investigations in the natural clinical setting in which the drugs are usually prescribed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping and responses to stress in Navajo adolescents: Psychometric properties of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire
Authors: Wadsworth Martha E. , Rieckmann Traci , Benson Molly A. , Compas Bruce E. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study tested the factor structure of coping and stress responses in Navajo adolescents and examined the reliability and validity of the Responses to Stress Questionnaire (RSQ; Connor‐Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen, & Saltzman, 2000) with this population. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a correlated five‐factor model of stress responses using the five factors of the RSQ fit the data well for this group of adolescents. The factor structure of the RSQ did not differ by gender. Internal consistency of the RSQ scales and factors was acceptable, and convergent and discriminant validity were moderate to high. Primary and secondary control engagement coping responses were associated with fewer depressive symptoms in the sample, whereas disengagement coping and involuntary engagement responses were associated with more depressive symptoms. The promising implications for stress and coping research with American Indian adolescents are emphasized. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 391–411, 2004.
Role of caspases in the regulation of apoptotic pancreatic islet beta‐cells death
Authors: Hui Hongxiang , Dotta Francesco , Mario Umberto Di , Perfetti Riccardo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe homeostatic control of beta‐cell mass in normal and pathological conditions is based on the balance of proliferation, differentiation, and death of the insulin‐secreting cells. A considerable body of evidence, accumulated during the last decade, has emphasized the significance of the disregulation of the mechnanisms regulating the apoptosis of beta‐cells in the sequence of events that lead to the development of diabetes. The identification of agents capable of interfering with this process needs to be based on a better understanding of the beta‐cell specific pathways that are activated during apoptosis. The aim of this article is fivefold: (1) a review of the evidence for beta‐cell apoptosis in Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, and islet transplantation, (2) to review the common stimuli and their mechanisms in pancreatic beta‐cell apoptosis, (3) to review the role of caspases and their activation pathway in beta‐cell apoptosis, (4) to review the caspase cascade and morphological cellular changes in apoptotic beta‐cells, and (5) to highlight the putative strategies for preventing pancreatic beta‐cells from apoptosis. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subgraphs in vertex neighborhoods of Kr‐free graphs
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jorgen , Brandt Stephan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn a Kr‐free graph, the neighborhood of every vertex induces a Kr − 1‐free subgraph. The Kr‐free graphs with the converse property that every induced Kr − 1‐free subgraph is contained in the neighborhood of a vertex are characterized, based on the characterization in the case r − 3 due to Pach [8]. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 47: 29–38, 2004