bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Place Of Antebellum Missionary Women in American Religious History
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As an advocate of women’s education, Mary Lyon expanded on two popular ideologies of her time, one centered on the theological concept of disinterested benevolence articulated by Samuel Hopkins in the eighteenth century and developed by other spokesmen for New Divinity theology, and the other centered on the patriotic notion of what historian Linda K. Kerber has termed Republican Motherhood. Lyon was not the first to link disinterested benevolence with Republican Motherhood, nor was she the first to justify women’s education in terms of Republican Motherhood; disinterested benevolence was often presumed to characterize women’s contributions to the public good, and advocates of Republican Motherhood argued that education would facilitate these contributions. Lyon’s contribution was to build on these connections to establish a more reciprocal relationship between women and public life than had existed before. Thus she not only promoted women’s education as the means by which women might best fulfill their maternal responsibilities to the nation, as other education reformers did, she also made women’s education a matter of public concern. By soliciting small donations from a large number of New England women, with many of whom she was personally unacquainted, Lyon established Mount Holyoke as the first institution of women’s advanced education whose endowment was “public,” hence not dependent on a small base of wealthy donors.
Religious Community at Mount Holyoke
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The intellectual worldview associated with Republican Motherhood and New Divinity theology offered Mary Lyon and other New England women a means of interpreting and negotiating social change. At a time when traditional communities based on economic self-sufficiency, ministerial authority, and interpersonal consensus were declining, and a national culture based on far-reaching and interlocking forms of industry, communication, and transportation was developing, Republican Motherhood and New Divinity theology enabled New England women to affirm their loyalty to traditional values while exploring new opportunities for work and influence. Through education and teaching these women both expanded the parameters of their lives and maintained significant experiences of community.
Mount Holyoke Missionaries and Their Husbands in Zululand and Natal
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In southeast Africa as well as in northwest Persia and Maharashtra, Mary Lyon’s students contributed to the formation of a western-educated elite who led the way in social reform and pressed for a more egalitarian society. But this African elite located itself differently with respect to both missionary and traditional culture than either Nestorian Protestants or Hindu reformers. As the racist structure of apartheid began to take shape, American-educated Africans in Natal developed an alternative culture deeply influenced by both missionary and traditional ideas, but more independent of missionary culture than Nestorian Protestantism, and more distant from traditional culture than reformed Hinduism.
Changing Gender Relations and the Development Process in Oman
Authors: Riphenburg Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is growing recognition of the important role women play in the political and socioeconomic development process of their countries. This chapter seeks to redress their neglect as subjects by analyzing gender dynamics and social change in Oman, a country which despite its strategic significance was, at least until 1970, one of the least known countries in the world. The sex/gender system and all that it involves is undergoing pro found change in Middle Eastern countries. Women are immersed in diverse socioeconomic, political, and cultural arrangements. According to V. M. Moghadam, “To study the Middle East and Middle Eastern women is to recognize the diversity within the region and within the female population.” Thus, an important objective of this chapter is to in crease the amount of data on what women do and why.
Gender, Islam, and the State Kuwaiti Women in Struggle, Pre-Invasion to Postliberation
Authors: Badran Margot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ideology and politics of citizenship, democracy, and gender in Kuwait are the central themes of this chapter. Only a fraction of the Kuwaiti population-first-class citizens of the male gender-enjoy the practice of full political rights. Second-class or naturalized citizens have not been granted political rights, nor have those known as bidun, people of nomadic origin who cannot prove settlement requirements and are thus classified as stateless. As first-class citizens, women have been granted full political rights by the Constitution, but an electoral law has prevented them from exercising these rights.2 If rights guaranteed by the Constitution are curtailed in practice, the duties spelled out in the highest law of the land are expected to be fulfilled. Moreover, Kuwaiti citizenship passes down through the male line; a Kuwaiti woman married to a non-Kuwaiti cannot pass her citizenship to her children, while a Kuwaiti man with a foreign wife may do so. While the indigenous population is divided into three unequal categories, and made more unequal by repressive gendering practices, national loyalty is expected by all segments of the population.
Philippine Muslim Women Tradition and Change
Authors: Angeles Vivienne Sm. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muslims constitute the largest minority group in the Philippines. Estimates in 1990 placed their number at between five and six million or about 8.6% of the country ‘s total population of 63 million. ‘ Muslims are concentrated in the southern parts of the islands of Palawan and Mindanao and are distinguished by varied ethnolinguistic characteristics2 as well as different economic activities.3 Despite these variations, their common bond is that they are Muslims, which is a key aspect of their identity in a predominantly Christian country. Because of this religious distinction and because the Muslim areas are geographically isolated from the political and economic centers of the country, Muslims exhibit cultural norms and traditions that differ from the rest of the Philippines.
Eriugena’s Life And Intellectual Achievements
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John the Scot, Scottus, John Scottus Eriugena, a man of many names, is now generally referred to by the names John Scottus Eriugena. Eriugena means “born of Ireland,” and in the preface to his translations of the works of the Pseudo-Dionysius, he refers to himself simply as Eriugena. This man of many names has also been described in many ways throughout history: Neopla-tonist, poet, mystic, philosopher, theologian, idealist, heretic. Henry Bett, in one of the earliest monographs on Eriugena in English, described him as the most considerable philosopher in the Western world between Augustine and Aquinas but also remarked that he was the loneliest figure in the history of European thought.
The Structure Of Reality
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eriugena’s overall view of reality, both human and divine, will be familiar to students of Neoplatonism, based as it is on the dual movement of procession and return: every effect remains in its cause, proceeds from it, and returns to it. Although I have chosen to discuss Eriugena’s ideas within the framework of divisoria and resolutiva (diairetike and analytike), both “ways” must be understood as intrinsically entwined and, strictly speaking, are not separate movements or processes. “For the procession of the creatures and the return of the same are so intimately associated in the reason which considers them that they appear to be inseparable the one from the other” (P. II 529A, 532A).
Creator And Creation
Authors: Carabine Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have shown that Eriugena’s conception of the divine nature is characterized by the dual truth of the simultaneous immanence and transcendence of God, a theme he encountered more strongly in the writings of the Greek than in the Latin fathers. Of course, Eriugena’s thought was not simply a reproduction of what he had encountered in his reading of the fathers of East and West; rather, he molded their theology into his own to reveal a new pattern of thought in relation to an understanding of the transcendence and immanence of God. The four divisions of nature, the first and last of which contemplate God under the aspects of first cause and final end, necessarily relate to God in terms of created reality: either the coming forth from God or the returning to God.
Slaves and Free Blacks in the Church
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Methodism Slaves And Free blacks found a God who did not see differences in color, caste, gender, or status. In Methodist doctrine, oppressed and victimized African Americans found a value system that prized individual choice and agency in a world where they had few choices and where their individuality was often not respected. In Methodist rituals, slaves and free blacks affirmed their sense of self-worth and humanity and openly challenged the racist ideology of their oppressors. By registering support for Methodist values, slaves could express their disdain of their owners’ lifestyles, morally invert secular rankings, and proclaim their faith that God would avenge the wrongs done to them. And when the misery and pain of bondage taxed the human spirit, Methodist slaves found comfort and hope in their religion.
“Mothers in Israel”: White Women in the Church
Authors: Lyerly Cynthia Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sunday In 1798 that Mary Hinde rebuked Major Martin probably began much as others had. Following church services, the Hinde family returned home, where they gathered to talk with neighbors in their Kentucky parlor. The conversation, as was often the case with Methodists on the Sabbath, centered on religion. When the topic turned to the “resurrection of the dead,” Major Martin, a deist and a man immersed in the elite culture of honor, “made quite light of the matter.” Mary Hinde, the Major re counted, “set out zealously upon me respecting the reality of these things and the great necessity there was for a preparation for them. [H]er words went to my heart, in so sensible a manner that I sat the resolution before I left the house [that] if there was any such a thing as religion in the world I would seek after it.” Mary’s son, who de scribed this famous incident for an antebellum issue of the Methodist Magazine, supplied the gendered analysis missing in Martin’s account: “Here a man who had gloried in his strength and courage, and would have conceived it a disgrace to take an insult, or to bear even a rebuke from any man, thus assailed by an elderly lady, is suddenly put to fught.”2 Mary Hinde, boldly defending her religion of the heart, conquered the masculine realms of both intellectualized deism and secularized honor.
Social Security, Old Age, and Retirement
Authors: Winfrey John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon is of recent vintage. Only in the last few decades have we had a significant part of society who are elderly and retired. Since this social phenomenon is so new, many of its moral implications have not been fully addressed. What are the responsibilities of the individual, the family, the government, and other social entities in providing for retirement? As with other social issues, it is possible to have various overlapping spheres of responsibility among individuals and families, as well as federal, state, and local agencies.
Exclusion, Empowerment, and Partnership
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Civil Rights Movement is best understood as part of a continuous history of resistance by both Black men and Black women. There have been untold numbers of Black heroes and heroines who have risked and given their lives for the freedom of their people. This struggle for survival is at the heart of Black consciousness. Yet the accepted historical record filters out the accomplishments of Black women with accounts of women’s history as largely about White women. Even in the case of the civil rights movement, White women’s participation has received more attention than that of Black women, despite the fact that the latter participated in greater numbers. On the other hand, Black history has generally focused on the efforts and accomplishments of Black men. Moreover, throughout history, Black women have had to divide their loyalties between the causes of women and that of their race, the latter often taking precedence. For this reason, issues of gender could never be divorced from issues of racism and racial oppression. Therefore, any story of Black women’s movement participation must also be a story of the Black struggle, which includes the sons, husbands, and fathers of these courageous women.
Sowing the Seeds of Mass Mobilization
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Daisy Bates’s efforts as a community bridge leader were not unique. Black women all over the nation were leaders in the struggle for civil rights. During the 1950s, sit-ins occurred in such cities as Baltimore, St. Louis, Tallahassee, Rock Hill, Mi-ami, and Oklahoma City. Most of these direct-action groups were affiliated with either CORE or the NAACP. Their tactics included picketing and sit-ins. In Oklahoma City, a successful effort to desegregate amusement parks, restaurants, swimming pools, and theaters was launched by Clara Luper, a community bridge leader, high school teacher, and formal local leader of the NAACP Youth Council. Luper admired Dr. King and the successes in Montgomery, and she believed that such tactics would work in Oklahoma City. In August 1958, Luper led her young charges to the food counter of a local segregated drugstore. Little did they know that their fight would last six years.
Yet beyond the efforts of the NAACP and the targeted protests, there was a need to mobilize a larger constituency of supporters. As Thurgood Marshall and others noted, many were afraid to join the movement. And as long as this fear persisted, areas of resistance to equality would remain intact. Rustin and Levinson continued to meet with Dr. King through 1958.
Bridging Students to the Movement
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By The Early 1960S, student-organized protests were spreading to southern cities such as Nashville, Tennessee, and Greensboro, North Carolina. The direct-action events in Greensboro precipitated by four students—Ezell Blair Jr., Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond, all of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College—received widespread media attention and created a rash of similar sit-ins at lunch counters throughout the South. With the momentum of these events in mind and frustrated by the dominance of ministers within the SCLC, Miss Ella Baker turned her energies to the development of a national student movement organization. She believed that student activists across the South would benefit from contact with one another, and she discussed her idea with the SCLC. Baker comments about the need to coordinate the sit-ins:
Bringing the Movement Home to Small Cities and Rural Communities
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the civil rights movement gained momentum in the upper South, it became increasingly clear that this heightened movement activity did not extend to smaller cities and isolated pockets of the rural South. Following the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott civil rights movement organizations—primarily the NAACP and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)—targeted southern cities for direct action—that is, sit-ins and organized protests. The Freedom Rides, precipitated by CORE, resulted in several successes in the upper South. In the Deep South, this challenge to segregation in interstate travel resulted in bloodshed and left the racist order intact. Strategies were needed to link movement organizations to these otherwise isolated areas. Bridge leaders would fill this need.
What became increasingly clear was the need to penetrate the very core of these southern communities. Mobilization of Black populations in the deep pockets of the rural south and in smaller cities had been weak, yet their participation was critical for the demise of the powerful and ruthless southern order. Civil rights organizations, especially CORE, the SCLC, and SNCC, sought to mobilize these areas, but they were well aware of the dangers such tactics posed for both organizers and community members. Direct action in the rural south was a prescription for death.
Theoretical Conclusions
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is abundantly clear is that movement participants cannot be conceptualized in a dichotomous fashion as simply leaders and followers. Neither can it be suggested that women’s civil rights movement participation was primarily of an organizing nature, as has been suggested by previous scholars. For example, Charles Payne, in his earlier work on Black women’s activism in the Mississippi Delta, has suggested that “men led, but women organized.” In a later analysis, which clearly enriches our knowledge of movement organizing in Mississippi, he labels them leaders but describes their work as that of organizers. Bernice McNair Barnett, who also studies Black women in the civil rights movement, agrees with Payne that women organized and that their organizing was an important aspect of lead ership.
The Challenge Of Change
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who work in the government sector are no strangers to change. As another public-sector manager reminded us, “Under our political system, we face the prospect of a hostile takeover every four years.” The Clinton administration attempted to streamline federal agencies through its reinventing government program. Some government managers have championed the reengineering approach, advocating total change in their most basic work processes. Nonprofits are also undergoing radical changes. Shrinking federal funds, increasing competition for private funds, and a changing volunteer pool have profoundly altered the way many of these organizations must operate.
The Challenge Of Managing For Results
Authors: Sandler Martin W , Hudson Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most common criticisms leveled at public agencies and nonprofits is that they are “process oriented,” focusing on how things are done rather than what needs to get done, more com mitted to rules and regulations than to results. According to the critics, this process orientation is one of the main reasons that nonprofits and government agencies in particular tend to be slow, wasteful, and unproductive.
Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book compares a variety of biblical narratives with the stories found in several Northwest Semitic inscriptions from the ancient kingdom of Judah and its contemporary Syro-Palestinian neighbors. In genre, language, and cultural context, these epigraphic stories are closer to biblical narratives than any other ancient Near Eastern narrative corpus. For the first time, Parker analyzes and appreciates these stories as narratives and sets them beside comparable biblical stories. He illuminates the narrative character and techniques of both epigraphic and biblical stories and in many cases reveals their original social context and purpose. In some cases, he is able to shed light on the question of the sources and composition of the larger work in which most of the biblical stories appear, the Deuteronomistic history. Against the claim that the genius of biblical prose narrative derives from the monotheism of the authors, he shows that the presence or absence of a divine role in each type of story is consistent throughout both biblical and epigraphic examples, and that, when present, the role of the deity is essentially the same both inside and outside the Bible, inside and outside Israel.
AI-Kho’T’s Early Life and Education
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ayatollahal-SayyidAbual-Qasimal-Khu’I(b.November 1899), the author of this work, The Prolegomena to the Qur’an, was the highest religious authority for the second largest community of Muslims, the Twelver ShI’ites. Twelver ShI’ites follow the line of twelve Imams after the Prophet Muammad (d. 632). The last of these Imams disappeared in the tenth century c.E., only to return at some future date as the MahdI, the messianic deliverer. To his ShI’ite followers, al-Khu’I, like other learned, pious scholars of the ShI’a, was ageneral deputy of the last hidden Imam, invested with the juridical-religious authority to guide the community, pending his return as the messianic leader. As such, he was one of the most widely acknowledged ShI’ite scholars in this century.
Concerning the Prophet’s Other Miracles
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS Miracles established through logical proof; an examination of the documents used as evidence by those who deny those miracles; the annunciation of the prophethood of MuI:iammad in the Torah and the Gospel; the conversion of many Jews and Christians to Islam, which is the absolute proof that demonstrates the truthfulness of this annunciation; the Prophet’s miracles, even more worthy of belief than the miracles performed by the past prophets.
No well-informed scholar will doubt that the Qur’an is the greatest miracle that the Prophet of Islam produced. This means that it is the greatest miracle worked by all the prophets and messengers. In the preceding discussion, we have mentioned some of these from the standpoint of their miraculous nature, and have clarified the superiority of the Book of God over all these miracles. However, we wish to reiterate here that the miracles of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny) were not limited to the Qur’an; rather, he matched them in his ability to work miracles while, at the same time, distinguishing himself from the rest of them with the miracle of the Exalted Book. The evidence of this lies in two points.
An Examination of the Readings
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The uninterrupted transmission of the Qur’an is one of the necessities; the readings of the Qur’an are not transmitted uninterruptedly; statements by experts that the readings were not uninterruptedly transmitted; the seven h,arfs are not the seven readings of the Qur’an; the authoritativeness of the readings; the lawfulness of their recitation for daily worship.
At the beginning of chapter 4, we cited some opinions on whether or not the readings of the Qur’an have been transmitted by uninterrupted transmission (tawiitur). We pointed out that those who investigated this matter have denied that the readings have been handed down by uninterrupted transmission, while, by contrast, Muslims are in agreement about the uninterrupted transmission of the Qur’an itself. We shall now proceed to discuss the rudiments that support the view we have adopted regarding the readings of the Qur’an-namely, that these readings have not been transmitted without interruption in every generation of their chains of transmission.
The Principles of the Exegesis
Authors: Sachedina Abdulaziz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SYNOPSIS The invalidity of depending upon conjecture and the views of commentators in the comprehension of the Qur’an; the sources of the exegesis; particularization of the Qur’anic ordinances through a single tradition; the error of those who deny it, and their views on the question.