bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of Dominance Hierarchy Formation: Effects of Prior Experience and Intrinsic Traits
Authors: Beacham Jeffery 
Published: January 2004

AbstractResults of experimental research are used to develop theoretical models of dominance hierarchy formation that incorporate effects of prior aggressive experience and body size. A combination of analytical models and computer simulations confirm previous theoretical treatments showing that intrinsic attributes such as body size fail to account for the degree of hierarchy linearity observed in nature for typical within-group variance of such attributes. Moreover, these models explain the mathematical dynamics of the operation of winner/loser effects during hierarchy formation. Additionally, I present an analysis of these models which shows that the degree to which relationships of component triads (all combinations of three individuals in a group) within a hierarchy develop sequentially can have a significant effect on linearity and is an emergent feature of prior experience effects that previously has not been examined. I explain how this feature can operate through physical and behavioral features of social groups that increase physical proximity of subgroups within a larger group, thus increasing the probability of sequential relationship development in component triads, which in turn provides the conditions for winner/loser effects to significantly increase the probability of component triad transitivity and hierarchy linearity.
The Evolution of Social Dominance I: Two-player Models
Authors: Hengeveld Geerten , Van Doorn G. Sander , Weissing Franz 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA difference in dominance rank is an often-used cue to resolve conflicts between two animals without escalated fights. At the group level, adherence to a dominance convention efficiently reduces the costs associated with conflicts, but from an individual's point of view, it is difficult to explain why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. This is especially true if, as suggested by several authors, dominance not necessarily reflects differences in fighting ability but rather results from arbitrary historical asymmetries. According to this idea, rank differentiation emerges from behavioural strategies, referred to as winner and loser effects, in which winners of previous conflicts are more likely to win the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. In order to investigate whether dominance, based on such winner and loser effects, can be evolutionarily stable, we analyse a game theoretical model. The model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no differences in fighting ability between individuals at all. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. By means of numerical analysis, we find alternative evolutionarily stable strategies, which all utilize these asymmetries for conventional conflict resolution. One class of these strategies is based on winner and loser effects, thus generating evolutionarily stable dominance relations even in the absence of differences in resource holding potential.
The Evolution of Social Dominance II: Multi-Player Models
Authors: Van Doorn G. Sander , Weissing Franz , Hengeveld Geerten 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe social hierarchies observed in natural systems often show a high degree of transitivity. Transitive hierarchies do not only require rank differentiation within pairs of individuals but also a higher level ordering of relations within the group. Several authors have suggested that the formation of linear hierarchies at the group level is an emergent property of individual behavioural rules, referred to as winner and loser effects. Winner and loser effects occur if winners of previous conflicts are more likely to escalate the current conflict, whereas the losers of previous conflicts are less likely to do so. According to this idea, an individual's position in a hierarchy may not necessarily reflect its fighting ability, but may rather result from arbitrary historical asymmetries, in particular the history of victories and defeats. However, if this is the case, it is difficult to explain from an evolutionary perspective why a low ranking individual should accept its subordinate status. Here we present a game theoretical model to investigate whether winner and loser effects giving rise to transitive hierarchies can evolve and under which conditions they are evolutionarily stable. The main version of the model focuses on an extreme case in which there are no intrinsic differences in fighting ability between individuals. The only asymmetries that may arise between individuals are generated by the outcome of previous conflicts. We show that, at evolutionary equilibrium, these asymmetries can be utilized for conventional conflict resolution. Several evolutionarily stable strategies are based on winner and loser effects and these strategies give rise to transitive hierarchies.
Seasonal distribution of free-living nematodes in the Körsch, a coarse-grained submountain carbonate stream in southwest Germany
Authors: Beier Stefanie , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe temporal distribution of the nematode fauna in the upper 5 cm sediment of the streambed of a small submountain carbonate stream (Körsch, Germany) was investigated over a 1-year period. The total nematode density was low during summer, autumn and winter and reached a maximum value of 2238 individuals/10 cm2 in spring. The fresh weight biomass of nematodes ranged from 13.5 to 1313 μg/10 cm2. Deposit-feeders (76% of total fauna) and suction-feeders (15%) were the two dominant feeding-types. Of the 12042 nematodes examined, 9% were gravid females, 29% females, 3% males and 59% juveniles. At least 113 species were present. The relatively low value of the Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (3.28) is not the consequence of a low number of species, but of the presence of the Eumonhystera filiformis Bastian, 1865/vulgaris-group (de Man, 1880) and the E. pseudobulbosa von Daday, 1896/sp.-group at a much higher frequency (50% of total fauna) than other taxa. The density of E. filiformis/vulgaris and E. pseudobulbosa/sp. and both deposit- and suction-feeders was low during summer, autumn and winter and showed highest values in spring, similar to the variation in abundance of total nematode density. Throughout the year, nematodes were found in both depth layers analysed (0-2 and 2-5 cm), but higher mean annual densities occurred in the upper layer (77% of all nematodes). The higher population densities in the upper sediment were independent of feeding-type, age structure or species. The calculation of the Maturity Index and the percentage of Secernentea indicates 'good status' water quality at the analysed sampling site.
Radopholus duriophilus sp. n. (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Western Highland of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Chau , Subbotin Sergei , Madani Mehrdad , Trinh Phap , Moens Maurice 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
A new species of the genus Radopholus associated with durian (Durio zibetinus
M.) in the Western Highland of Vietnam is described as Radopholus
duriophilus sp. n. The new species is close to R. similis, but is
distinguished from R. similis by the position of the excretory pore located
posterior to pharyngo-intestine junction (vs at level of pharyngo-intestine
junction), oval shape sperm (vs rod-like), four incisures terminating far
behind position of phasmid (vs three incisures terminating at or just behind
phasmid), and bursa in male never reaching tail terminus (vs bursa reaching
tail terminus). Females of R. duriophilus sp. n. differ from R. nativus
females by stylet length (16.5-19 vs 19-23 μm), oval or kidney-shaped sperm
(vs rod-like), four incisures at level of phasmid (vs three) and their
areolated lateral field (vs not areolated). The position of excretory pore
of both female and male is located posterior to pharyngo-intestine junction
(vs at level or anterior to pharyngo-intestine junction). Females of R.
duriophilus sp. n. differ from R. clarus females by stylet length (16.5-19
vs 19-21 μm) and areolated lateral field (vs no areolation). Females of R.
duriophilus sp. n. differ from R. musicola females by their lateral field
with equidistant incisures at mid-body (vs two deep outer folds and two
faint shallow inner incisures), oval or kidney-shaped sperm (vs rod-like),
and rounded terminus tail (vs sharply pointed). The species also sp. n.
differ in male stylet length (11.5-15 vs 8.8-12 μm). Females of R.
duriophilus sp. n. differ from R. bridgei females by stylet length (16.5-19
vs 15-17.5 μm), median bulb length (11-16.5 vs 11-13 μm), length of hyaline
tail (3-11 vs not more than 4 μm), and lateral field areolated for entire
body (vs not areolated except irregularly on neck and tail). The male
differs by stylet length (11.5-15 vs 10-12 μm) and length of the hyaline
portion (4-9 vs 1-4 μm). In addition, the relatively high level of ITS
sequence divergence of the new species from R. similis populations and the
presence of nucleotide autapomorphies support a separate specific status for
these durian populations. Results of surveys revealed that R. duriophilus
sp. n. is rather widely distributed in durian orchards and associated with
decline and death of trees in many durian nursery gardens. Densities of
nematode population reached thousands of individuals per g of root
samples.
Identification of Bursaphelenchus spp. isolated from Chinese packaging wood imported to Austria
Authors: Tomiczek Christian , Braasch Helen , Burgermeister Wolfgang , Metge Kai , Hoyer Ute , Brandstetter Martin 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus spp. found in packaging wood (pallets, crates, dunnage)
imported with other goods from China to Austria in 1999 were identified, and
their possible vector species of wood- and bark-breeding insects were
recorded. Of the inspected consignments of coniferous and deciduous wood, 43
(78%) were either contaminated with insects or nematodes or showed grubholes
or galleries of wood- and bark-breeding insects. Of the 33 samples of
coniferous packaging wood with symptoms of insect attack, 48.5% had been
attacked by longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae), with 11 samples harbouring
living stages of Monochamus, the vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B.
mucronatus. Living stages of non-European Scolytidae, possibly vectors of
other Bursaphelenchus spp., were found in seven samples. Nematodes were
found in 24 consignments, of which nine (=27% of the 33 coniferous wood
samples) were contaminated with Bursaphelenchus spp. Seven samples contained
B. mucronatus (East Asian genotype), whereas B. thailandae and B. aberrans
were each found in two samples which were also contaminated with B.
mucronatus. Morphological features and measurements for the three species
found and ITS-RFLP patterns for B. thailandae and B. mucronatus are
presented. Bursaphelenchus thailandae and B. aberrans were found for the
first time in wood transported over long distances. Bursaphelenchus
thailandae is recorded for the first time from China and its ITS-RFLP
profile, enabling differentiation of the species from 17 other
Bursaphelenchus spp., is presented.
Geographical distribution, insect and fungal host preferences and annual fluctuation of parasitism of the entomophagous and mycetophagous nematode, Contortylenchus genitalicola (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Kosaka Hajime 
Published: January 2004

AbstractContortylenchus genitalicola Kosaka & Ogura, 1993 is a tylenchid nematode that has both an insect-parasitic and a fungal feeding phase. It is known to be parasitic on and reduce reproductive potentials of the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus, the vector of pine wilt disease. Geographical distribution, insect and fungal host preferences and annual fluctuation of parasitism of C. genitalicola were investigated by dissection of more than 5000 insects and by culturing C. genitalicola on four species of fungi. Contortylenchus genitalicola was observed only in M. alternatus and was found in 14 of the 18 localities sampled in Japan, from the northernmost to southernmost distribution area of M. alternatus. In the culture experiments, C. genitalicola multiplied only on an unidentified fungus that was originally isolated from a C. genitalicola larva recovered from an M. alternatus adult. The annual pattern of parasitism of C. genitalicola in M. alternatus fluctuated between 2.4-8.2 and 6.4-28.2%, respectively, in two localities monitored for 5 and 7 years. This study shows that, in Japan, C. genitalicola coexists with M. alternatus both geographically and temporally.
GOSPEL TRADITION AND SALVATION IN JUSTIN THE GNOSTIC
Authors: van den Broek Roelof 
Published: January 2004

AbstractJustin's Gnostic system, as described in Hippolytus, Refutatio V, 23-27, deviates in many aspects from those of the great Gnostic teachers of the second century. One of the most interesting features of his doctrine is the idea that the creation of the world and the procreation of human beings preceded the origin of evil and are fundamentally good. Another is the view that Jesus was a prophet, who finally brought the message that should already have been proclaimed by the Jewish prophets. This study focuses on Justin's use of Gospel traditions and the role of Jesus in the process of salvation. An analysis of the allusions to Gospel traditions in the section about Jesus shows that Justin most probably knew the Gospels of Luke and John and borrowed from them what was suitable to his own myth. It is argued that Justin most probably came from a Jewish-Christian background, since his interpretation of Jesus as the last prophet and his positive ideas about the creation and marriage have their closest parallels in Jewish Christianity and some religious groups related to it.
Characterization of DNA-binding-dependent and -independent functions of SCL/TAL1 during human erythropoiesis
Authors: Ravet Emmanuel , Reynaud Damien , Titeux Monique , Izac Brigitte , Fichelson Serge , Roméo Paul-Henri , Dubart-Kupperschmitt Anne , Pflumio Françoise 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe transcription factor TAL1 has major functions during embryonic hematopoiesis and in adult erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis. These functions rely on different TAL1 structural domains that are responsible for dimerization, transactivation, and DNA binding. Previous work, most often done in mice, has shown that some TAL1 functions do not require DNA binding. To study the role of TAL1 and the relevance of the TAL1 DNA-binding domain in human erythropoiesis, we developed an approach that allows an efficient enforced wild-type or mutant TAL1 protein expression in human hematopoietic CD34+ cells using a lentiviral vector. Differentiation capacities of the transduced cells were studied in a culture system that distinguishes early and late erythroid development. Results indicate that enforced TAL1 expression enhances long-term culture initiating cell (LTC-IC) potential and erythroid differentiation of human CD34+ cells as shown by increased βglobin and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) gene expressions and erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-Es), erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-Es), and glycophorin A-positive (GPA+) cell productions. Enforced expression of a TAL1 protein deleted of its DNA-binding domain (named ΔbTAL1) mimicked most TAL1 effects except for the LTC-IC enhancement, the down-regulation of the CD34 surface marker, and the GPA+ cell production. These results provide the first functional indications of DNA-binding-dependent and -independent roles of TAL1 in human erythropoiesis. (Blood. 2004;103:3326-3335)
Imatinib and plasmacytoid dendritic cell function in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mohty Mohamad , Jourdan Eric , Mami Naira Ben , Vey Norbert , Damaj Ghandi , Blaise Didier , Isnardon Daniel , Olive Daniel , Gaugler Béatrice 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) are crucial effectors in innate immunity. In this study, we show that imatinib, a potent inhibitor of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase activity, in the presence of Flt3-Ligand, could induce CD34+ progenitors from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) to give rise in vitro to typical BDCA-2+ type I interferon-producing PDCs. The effect of imatinib on PDC generation was related to up-regulation of Flt3 on leukemic CD34+ progenitors. Moreover, patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) who were in complete cytogenetic or molecular response after imatinib treatment restored their blood PDCs both quantitatively and functionally comparable to healthy donors, in contrast to patients not responding to imatinib, further confirming that disease response to imatinib is accompanied by restoration of PDC function in vivo. These findings provide evidence that response to imatinib is capable to restore some DC-related immune functions in CML that might be beneficial for long-term disease control. (Blood. 2004;103:4666-4668)
Tissue factor-factor VIIa–specific up-regulation of IL-8 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells is mediated by PAR-2 and results in increased cell migration
Authors: Hjortoe Gertrud M. , Petersen Lars C. , Albrektsen Tatjana , Sorensen Brit B. , Norby Peder L. , Mandal Samir K. , Pendurthi Usha R. , Rao L. Vijaya Mohan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTissue factor (TF), the cellular receptor for factor VIIa (FVIIa), besides initiating blood coagulation, is believed to play an important role in tissue repair, inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis. Like TF, the chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) is shown to play a critical role in these processes. To elucidate the potential mechanisms by which TF contributes to tumor invasion and metastasis, we investigated the effect of FVIIa on IL-8 expression and cell migration in a breast carcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-231, a cell line that constitutively expresses abundant TF. Expression of IL-8 mRNA in MDA-MB-231 cells was markedly up-regulated by plasma concentrations of FVII or an equivalent concentration of FVIIa (10 nM). Neither thrombin nor other proteases involved in hemostasis were effective in stimulating IL-8 in these cells. Increased transcriptional activation of the IL-8 gene is responsible for increased expression of IL-8 in FVIIa-treated cells. PAR-2–specific antibodies fully attenuated TF-FVIIa–induced IL-8 expression. Additional in vitro experiments showed that TF-FVIIa promoted tumor cell migration and invasion, active site–inactivated FVIIa, and specific antibodies against TF, PAR-2, and IL-8 inhibited TF-FVIIa–induced cell migration. In summary, the studies described herein provide insight into how TF may contribute to tumor invasion. (Blood. 2004;103:3029-3037)
Serum KIT and KIT ligand levels in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with imatinib
Authors: Bono Petri , Krause Andreas , von Mehren Margaret , Heinrich Michael C. , Blanke Charles D. , Dimitrijevic Sasa , Demetri George D. , Joensuu Heikki 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Imatinib mesylate is a selective inhibitor of a few tyrosine kinases including KIT, and it is the first effective treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). We monitored the serum levels of KIT, KIT ligand (stem cell factor, SCF), and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with advanced GISTs treated with imatinib in a prospective randomized trial. Patients with GISTs (n = 66) had elevated pretreatment serum KIT and VEGF levels as compared with controls (median, 292 AU/mL [409 ng/mL] vs 238 AU/mL [333 ng/mL], P = .037; and median, 303 pg/mL vs 190 pg/mL, P = .013, respectively), but lower levels of SCF (median, 645 pg/mL vs 950 pg/mL; P ≤ .0001). After 1 and 6 months of imatinib treatment the average serum KIT levels decreased 31% and 52% from pretreatment levels, whereas SCF levels increased 11% and 33%, respectively. Serum VEGF levels decreased during treatment in responding patients. The median serum SCF/KIT ratio increased with treatment duration, and was 7.7-fold higher after 12 months of treatment than at baseline (range, 3.1-259-fold). A high serum SCF/KIT ratio may increase SCF-induced cell signaling with prolonged imatinib treatment, at the time when imatinib treatment is withdrawn, and in patients whose GIST has wild-type receptors. (Blood. 2004;103:2929-2935)
Circulating endothelial cells as a marker of endothelial damage in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Woywodt Alexander , Scheer Johanna , Hambach Lothar , Buchholz Stefanie , Ganser Arnold , Haller Hermann , Hertenstein Bernd , Haubitz Marion 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
Damage to endothelial cells is the common feature of vascular disorders associated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Elevated numbers of circulating endothelial cells reflect the extent of endothelial damage in a variety of disorders but their use in HSCT has not been investigated so far. We studied 39 patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT with different conditioning regimens and 22 healthy controls. Circulating endothelial cells were enumerated with immunomagnetic isolation during the course of HSCT. After conditioning, cell numbers were significantly elevated (median 44 cells/mL) compared with baseline (median 16 cells/mL) and controls (median 8 cells/mL). Patients who received radiation had an earlier peak when compared with patients who received chemotherapy. Patients who received reduced-intensity conditioning had significantly lower cell numbers (median 24 cells/mL) than those who received standard conditioning. These observations provide a novel marker to investigate microvascular endothelial damage and the effects of different conditioning regimens in patients undergoing HSCT. (Blood. 2004;103:3603-3605)
Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 induces differentiation and apoptosis in t(4;14) myeloma
Authors: Trudel Suzanne , Ely Scott , Farooqi Yildiz , Affer Maurizio , Robbiani Davide F. , Chesi Marta , Bergsagel P. Leif 
Published: January 2004

Abstract
We have previously shown that dysregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) by the t(4;14) translocation is a primary event in multiple myeloma (MM) and that activating mutations of FGFR3 are acquired in some cases. We describe here inhibition of wild-type (WT) and constitutively activated mutant FGFR3 autophosphorylation by the small molecule inhibitor, PD173074. Inhibition of FGFR3 in human myeloma cell lines was associated with decreased viability and tumor cell growth arrest. Further, morphologic, phenotypic, and functional changes typical of plasma cell (PC) differentiation, including increase in light-chain secretion and expression of CD31, were observed and this was followed by apoptosis. Finally, using a mouse model of FGFR3 myeloma, we demonstrate a delay in tumor progression and prolonged survival of mice treated with PD173074. These results indicate that inhibition of FGFR3, even in advanced disease associated with multiple genetic changes, may allow the cell to complete its developmental program and render it sensitive to apoptotic signals. In addition, this represents the validation of a therapeutic target in MM that may benefit patients who have a very poor prognosis with currently available treatments. (Blood. 2004;103:3521-3528)