bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a Colorimeter to Develop an Intrinsic Silicone Shade Guide for Facial Prostheses
Authors: Over Larry M. , Andres Carl J. , Moore B. Keith , Goodacre Charles J. , Muñoz Carlos A. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose To determine if using CIE L*a*b* color measurements of white facial skin could be correlated to those of silicone shade samples that visually matched the skin. Secondly, to see if a correlation in color measurements could be achieved between the silicone shade samples and duplicated silicone samples made using a shade‐guide color formula.Materials and Methods A color booth was designed according to ASTM specifications, and painted using a Munsell Value 8 gray. A Minolta colorimeter was used to make facial skin measurements on 15 white adults. The skin color was duplicated using custom‐shaded silicone samples. A 7‐step wedge silicone shade guide was then fabricated, representing the commonly encountered thicknesses when fabricating facial prostheses. The silicone samples were then measured with the Minolta colorimeter. The readings were compared with the previous L*a*b* readings from the corresponding patient's skin measurements, and the relative color difference was then calculated. Silicone samples were fabricated and analyzed for three of the patients to determine if duplication of the visually matched silicone specimen was possible using the silicone color formula, and if the duplicates were visually and colorimetrically equivalent to each other. The color difference Delta E and chromaticity was calculated, and the data were analyzed using a coefficient‐of‐variation formula expressed by percent. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was performed to determine if a correlation existed between the skin and the silicone samples at the p .05 level.Results The highest correlation was found in the b* dimension for silicone thicknesses of 1 to 4 mm. For silicone thicknesses of 6 to 10 mm, the highest correlation was found in the L* dimension. All three dimensions had positive correlations (R2 > 0), but only the 1‐mm and 4‐mm b* readings were very strong. Patient and silicone L*a*b* measurement results showed very little change in the a* axis, while the L* and b* measurements showed more change in their numbers, with changes in depth for all patient silicone samples. Delta E numbers indicated the lowest Delta E at the 1‐mm depth and the highest Delta E at the 10‐mm depth. All duplicated samples matched their original silicone samples to a degree that visual evaluation could not distinguish any color differences. Using volumetric measurements, a shade guide was developed for all 15 patients.Conclusions There was good correlation between the patient's colorimeter measurements and the silicone samples, with the b* color dimension the most reproducible, followed by the L* and the a*. Silicone samples at 6, 8, and 10 mm matched the patient the best, and this study showed that silicone samples can be duplicated successfully if a good patient‐silicone match is obtained. Rayon flocking fibers and liquid makeup are effective at matching facial prostheses and can be used to develop a simple shade guide for patient application.
Compressive and Tensile Zones in the Cement Interface of Full Crowns: A Technical Note on the Concept of Resistance
Authors: Wiskott H. W. A. , Krebs C. , Scherrer S. S. , Botsis J. , Belser U. C. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThe objectives of the study were: 1) to map the stresses acting on the cement interface of crown and abutment analogs during loading; and 2) to provide a theoretical basis for the hypothesis that resistance to lateral dislodgment is a function of the distribution of compressive force vectors acting on the cement lute.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional finite element (FE) meshes of crown and abutment analogs were constructed and loaded in a direction perpendicular to the axes of symmetry of the abutments. Three parameters were investigated: taper (10° and 20° of convergence), abutment substrate (Ni‐Cr alloy and dentin), and type of cement (zinc oxide eugenol, zinc phosphate, glass ionomer, and composite resin). The tensile and compressive components of the resulting force systems were plotted along two axes (z: parallel to the axis of symmetry of the crown/abutment complex; and y: perpendicular to z, ie, parallel to the direction of loading). Von Mises stresses were also generated.ResultsFirst, it was shown that the restoration's axis of rotation was located inside the abutment cone and was perpendicular to and intersected the axis of symmetry of the crown/abutment complex. Second, stress distribution was dependent on the three parameters investigated. Varying taper led to shifts due mainly to alterations in specimen geometry, whereas the abutment substrate and the cement type had a bearing on the level of the axis of rotation. The smaller the modulus of elasticity of the abutment substrate or the cement lute, the farther apical the location of the axis of rotation.ConclusionsConventional schemes for explaining crown dislodgment in which the restoration rotates around an axis located at the preparation margin should be reassessed. The results of the FE analysis are compatible with the hypothesis that resistance to lateral dislodgment is a function of the distribution of compressive force vectors acting on the cement interface.
Sex-Specific Homeodomain Proteins Sxi1α and Sxi2
a
Coordinately Regulate Sexual Development in
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Hull Christina M. , Boily Marie-Josee , Heitman Joseph 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT

Homeodomain proteins are central regulators of development in eukaryotes. In fungi, homeodomain proteins have been shown to control cell identity and sexual development.
Cryptococcus neoformans
is a human fungal pathogen with a defined sexual cycle that produces spores, the suspected infectious particles. Previously, only a single homeodomain regulatory protein involved in sexual development, Sxi1α, had been identified. Here we present the discovery of Sxi2
a
, a predicted but heretofore elusive cell-type-specific homeodomain protein essential for the regulation of sexual development. Our studies reveal that Sxi2
a
is necessary for proper sexual development and sufficient to drive this development in otherwise haploid α cells. We further show that Sxi1α and Sxi2
a
interact with one another and impart similar expression patterns for two key mating genes. The discovery of Sxi2
a
and its relationship with Sxi1α leads to a new model for how the sexual cycle is controlled in
C. neoformans
, with implications for virulence.
Cellulase, Clostridia, and Ethanol
Authors: Demain Arnold L. , Newcomb Michael , Wu J. H. David 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY

Biomass conversion to ethanol as a liquid fuel by the thermophilic and anaerobic clostridia offers a potential partial solution to the problem of the world's dependence on petroleum for energy. Coculture of a cellulolytic strain and a saccharolytic strain of
Clostridium
on agricultural resources, as well as on urban and industrial cellulosic wastes, is a promising approach to an alternate energy source from an economic viewpoint. This review discusses the need for such a process, the cellulases of clostridia, their presence in extracellular complexes or organelles (the cellulosomes), the binding of the cellulosomes to cellulose and to the cell surface, cellulase genetics, regulation of their synthesis, cocultures, ethanol tolerance, and metabolic pathway engineering for maximizing ethanol yield.
Historical Impacts on Political Economy in Pakistan
Authors: Ali Imran 
Published: March 2005

This article analyses the role and impact of the pre-1947 historical developments on political, policy and economic configurations in post-1947 Pakistan. There is a major gap in social science analysis on how and why these processes had pre-1947 main-springs. The article illustrates that Pakistan experienced a substantial level of resilience and continuity of structures and processes from the period of British rule and even earlier. This ‘long view’ can help us understand the undercurrents and articulations of power in the state of Pakistan.The article scrutinizes transitions in the late Mughal period; British policies and their consequences; and the major political transitions and policy parameters in post-1947 Pakistan. Linkages and continuities, as well as the relationships between the past and present, are brought together in this article in an effort to understand the fundamental forces that have shaped the political economy of Pakistan.
Phase I/II Trial Evaluating the Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Monoclonal Antibody Bevacizumab in Combination With the HER-1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Erlotinib for Patients With Recurrent Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Herbst Roy S. , Johnson David H. , Mininberg Eric , Carbone David P. , Henderson Ted , Kim Edward S. , Blumenschein George , Lee Jack J. , Liu Diane D. , Truong Mylene T. , Hong Waun K. , Tran Hai , Tsao Anne , Xie Dong , Ramies David A. , Mass Robert , Seshagiri Somasekar , Eberhard David A. , Kelley Sean K. , Sandler Alan 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) is a recombinant, humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody. Erlotinib HCl (Tarceva, OSI-774; OSI Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY) is a potent, reversible, highly selective and orally available HER-1/epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Preclinical data in various xenograft models produced greater growth inhibition than with either agent alone. Additionally, both agents have demonstrated benefit in patients with previously treated non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients and Methods A phase I/II study in two centers examined erlotinib and bevacizumab (A+T) in patients with nonsquamous stage IIIB/IV NSCLC with ≥ one prior chemotherapy. In phase I, erlotinib 150 mg/day orally plus bevacizumab 15 mg/kg intravenously every 21 days was established as the phase II dose, although no dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Phase II assessed the efficacy and tolerability of A+T at this dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated. Results Forty patients were enrolled and treated in this study (34 patients at phase II dose); the median age was 59 years (range, 36 to 72 years), 21 were female, 30 had adenocarcinoma histology, nine were never-smokers, and 22 had ≥ two prior regimens (three patients had ≥ four prior regimens). The most common adverse events were mild to moderate rash, diarrhea, and proteinuria. Preliminary data showed no pharmacokinetic interaction between A+T. Eight patients (20.0%; 95% CI, 7.6% to 32.4%) had partial responses and 26 (65.0%; 95% CI, 50.2% to 79.8%) had stable disease as their best response. The median overall survival for the 34 patients treated at the phase II dose was 12.6 months, with progression-free survival of 6.2 months. Conclusion Encouraging antitumor activity and safety of A+T support further development of this combination for patients with advanced NSCLC and other solid tumors.
Visual cues eliciting the feeding reaction of a planktivorous fish swimming in a current
Authors: Mussi Martina , McFarland William N. , Domenici Paolo 
Published: March 2005

SUMMARY
The visual plankivorous feeding behaviour of the shiner perch(Cymatogaster aggregata) was investigated by means of a flow tank operated at various current speeds. Artemia salina was used as prey. In a second set of experiments, Artemia was darkened with black ink,to compare the visually mediated behaviour of C. aggregata while feeding on dark prey vs feeding on natural (i.e. semi-transparent)prey. The positions of the fish and its prey at the time of the feeding reaction of C. aggregata were measured in three dimensions. Prey were on average closer and more in line with the fish's axis when feeding reactions to darkened Artemia were considered, in comparison with natural Artemia. Three potential mechanisms triggering the feeding reaction of C. aggregata were explored: the prey may trigger a reaction in C. aggregata when it reaches a threshold (1) angular size, (2)angular velocity, or (3) rate of change of the angular size (i.e. loom) of the prey as it is carried passively by the current towards the fish. Our results show that angular velocity may trigger the fish's reaction when using semi-transparent prey, while loom may trigger the reaction to darkened prey. This suggests that feeding behaviour of planktivorous fish is flexible and can use different cues to trigger a motor reaction to prey with different visual characteristics. The feeding reaction appeared to occur at longer distances for semi-transparent rather than darkened Artemia. We suggest that semi-transparent Artemia were visible at greater distances because of their higher scattering (i.e. diffuse reflectance) that made them appear brighter when viewed against a dark background.
Distribution of methanol and catalysts between biodiesel and glycerin phases
Authors: Chiu Chuang‐Wei , Goff Michael J. , Suppes Galen J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWhen transesterifying alcohols with fats and oils to produce biodiesel, the phase behavior and respective distribution of catalyst and alcohol between liquid phases can significantly impact both reaction rates and product workup. To better understand this phase behavior, the distribution of methanol and catalysts, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, between the biodiesel and alcohol phases was experimentally investigated and modeled. Experimental vapor‐liquid equilibrium data were modeled by using the Wilson activity coefficient model and two temperature‐independent model parameters are used to obtain good agreement between calculated and experimental data. The distribution coefficients of methanol between biodiesel and glycerin phases were accurately predicted by the VLE activity coefficients and Wilson model. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Field‐effect transistor based on organosoluble germanium nanoclusters
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Hojo Fusao , Miwa Takao 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe structural and electrical properties of organosoluble germanium nanoclusters are studied. The organogermanium nanocluster (OGE) is a polygermane with a three‐dimensional σ‐conjugated chain. The OGE is prepared from GeCl4 by a simple one‐pot reaction, where the germanium nanocluster is obtained by the reaction of GeCl4 using magnesium metal and the capping reaction of the chlorine group by an alkyl Grignard reagent in tetrahydrofuran. The optical energy gap of the tert‐butyl‐substituted OGE is lower than that of the n‐propyl‐substituted OGE, corresponding to the higher molecular weight and the larger extent of the σ‐conjugation along the GeGe chain. The conductivity of the OGE is enhanced by heat treatment, which induces the elimination of organic substituents, the reconstruction of the GeGe chain, and the extension of a three‐dimensional germanium network among germanium clusters. The field‐effect transistor fabricated by a coating technique using the tert‐butyl‐substituted OGE shows signal amplification properties. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance of insect pests to neonicotinoid insecticides: Current status and future prospects
Authors: Nauen Ralf , Denholm Ian 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe first neonicotinoid insecticide introduced to the market was imidacloprid in 1991 followed by several others belonging to the same chemical class and with the same mode of action. The development of neonicotinoid insecticides has provided growers with invaluable new tools for managing some of the world's most destructive crop pests, primarily those of the order Hemiptera (aphids, whiteflies, and planthoppers) and Coleoptera (beetles), including species with a long history of resistance to earlier‐used products. To date, neonicotinoids have proved relatively resilient to the development of resistance, especially when considering aphids such as Myzus persicae and Phorodon humuli. Although the susceptibility of M. persicae may vary up to 20‐fold between populations, this does not appear to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids. Stronger resistance has been confirmed in some populations of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Resistance in B‐ and Q‐type B. tabaci appears to be linked to enhanced oxidative detoxification of neonicotinoids due to overexpression of monooxygenases. No evidence for target‐site resistance has been found in whiteflies, whereas the possibility of target‐site resistance in L. decemlineata is being investigated further. Strategies to combat neonicotinoid resistance must take account of the cross‐resistance characteristics of these mechanisms, the ecology of target pests on different host plants, and the implications of increasing diversification of the neonicotinoid market due to a continuing introduction of new molecules. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 58:200–215, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative Transduction of Excited‐State Energy inFluorophore‐Heterofullerene Conjugates
Authors: Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas , Atalick Stefan , Guldi Dirk 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA novel series of fluorophore‐heterofullerene conjugates 10–14 — the fluorophores range from benzene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and fluorene to pyrene — was synthesized. NMR spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations demonstrate that the flexibility of the acetyl‐group linker opens the way for conformations with π–π stacking interactions between the chromophores. This leads to favorable electronic communication between the two subsystems and is reflected in a series of ground‐ and excited‐state assays ranging from fluorescence to fast transient absorption measurements. It was found that a common deactivation process of the photoexcited fluorophores takes place, namely, a quanti‐tative transduction of singlet excited state, yielding the hetero‐fullerene singlet excited state. This reaction pathway leads to the long‐lived and highly reactive fullerene triplet state, which forms, in a reaction with molecular oxygen, a cytotoxic oxygen species (i.e. singlet oxygen). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Adenoviral vector–mediated gene transfer of IL‐13Rα2 chain followed by IL‐13 cytotoxin treatment offers potent targeted therapy for cytotoxin‐resistant cancers
Authors: Saito Makoto , Murata Takashi , Watanabe Ken , Kawakami Koji , Suzuki Motoyoshi , Koji Takehiko , Puri Raj K. , Kitazato Kaio , Kobayashi Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPrevious studies demonstrated that IL‐13Rα2 chain–overexpressing cancer cells were highly sensitive to IL‐13 cytotoxin (IL13‐PE38QQR) and could be targeted by cytotoxin treatment. However, the majority of human tumors do not express high levels of IL‐13Rα2 chain. To expand the IL‐13 cytotoxin–mediated cancer targeting therapy, we combined cytotoxin treatment with gene transfer of IL‐13Rα2 chain. We constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector carrying the human IL‐13Rα2 gene (Ad‐IL‐13Rα2), which expresses high levels of IL‐13Rα2 chain on infected cells. Human cancer cell lines A549 and HOS, which originally show no IL‐13Rα2 expression and little sensitivity to IL‐13 cytotoxin, were effectively converted to become sensitive to this cytotoxin after Ad‐IL‐13Rα2 infection. The CC50 of IL‐13 cytotoxin for Ad‐IL‐13Rα2‐infected A549 cells was <10 ng/ml, whereas the CC50 for uninfected or control vector‐infected cells was >500 ng/ml. We also examined the antitumor activity of IL‐13 cytotoxin in an established xenograft model of cytotoxin‐resistant human lung tumor. Only a single i.t. injection of Ad‐IL‐13Rα2 markedly enhanced the sensitivity of established tumors to IL‐13 cytotoxin treatment; furthermore, this antitumor effect was significantly sustained for more than 1 month after the last treatment with IL‐13 cytotoxin. Taken together, these results suggest the combination of adenoviral vector–mediated IL‐13Rα2 gene transfer and IL‐13 cytotoxin administration can be an effective targeting approach for several types of IL‐13 cytotoxin–resistant cancers which show no or little expression of IL‐13Rα2 chain. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analytical performance evaluation of a new turbidimetric immunoassay for valproic acid on the ADVIA® 1650 analyzer: effect of gross hemolysis and high bilirubin
Authors: Datta Pradip , Dasgupta Amitava 
Published: March 2005

AbstractValproic acid is an anticonvulsant that requires careful therapeutic drug monitoring. Valproic acid is also used in psychiatric patients. Bayer Diagnostics (Tarrytown, NY) recently marketed a turbidimetric immunoassay for monitoring valproic acid concentrations in serum or plasma using the ADVIA® 1650 analyzer. We evaluated the performance of this new assay by comparing it with a widely used fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) on the AxSYM® analyzer (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL). The total coefficient of variation (CV) for the low control of this new assay was 6.8% (mean=30.7, SD=2.1 µg/mL, n=44) while the corresponding CVs for the medium and high controls were 3.3% (mean=81.0, SD=2.7 µg/mL, n=44) and 5.9% (mean=142.9, SD=8.4 µg/mL, n=44), respectively. The assay is linear up to a serum valproic acid concentration of 170 µg/mL, and the detection limit is 4.4 µg/mL. We observed an excellent correlation between the FPIA of valproic acid and the turbidimetric assay using specimens from 52 different patients who were receiving valproic acid. Using the valproic acid concentrations obtained by the FPIA as the x‐axis, and the corresponding valproic acid concentrations obtained by the turbidimetric assay as the y‐axis, we developed the following regression equation: y=1.03 x+1.55 (r=0.98). With this new assay, high concentrations of bilirubin (unconjugated 30 mg/dL and conjugated 30 mg/dL) and gross hemolysis (4+, hemoglobin: 1,500 mg/dL) have no effect on measurements of valproic acid concentration. We conclude that the new turbidimetric assay for valproic acid can be used for routine therapeutic drug monitoring of valproic acid in clinical laboratories. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 19:31–35, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study on the adsorption behavior of protein onto functional microspheres
Authors: Li Songjun , Hu Jie , Liu Bailing 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAdsorption has been investigated using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein and sulfonated microspheres as the matrix. The adsorption appears to be sensitive to time, pH, and ionic strength, and the presence of sulfonate groups can play important roles in this process, increasing the adsorption rate and the amount of protein adsorbed, as well as influencing the interaction of BSA molecules. Fittings from Langmuir's and Freundlich's isotherms indicate that the actual adsorption becomes more complicated than the ideal process, due to the presence of intermolecular interactions of BSA. The determinations under different pH conditions (pH 2.2, 4.3, 7.4) show that near the isoelectric point of BSA (pI 4.7), the amount of protein adsorbed reached a maximum value, and a higher or lower pH resulted in a significant decrease in amount adsorbed. The effect of ionic strength is, however, closely associated with the operating conditions. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry