bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Brainwashing’ Evidence in Light Of Daubert
Authors: Ginsburg Gerald , Richardson James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A revolution occurred in American evidence law in 1993 when the United States Supreme Court rendered the Daubertdecision, over turning 70 years of law governing the area of novel scientific evidence. Previously, admissibility of expert evidence had been governed in federal courts (and many state courts as well) by the Fryerule of ‘general acceptance’, which meant that novel scientific evidence could not be admitted unless the methods and principles under which it was found had achieved general acceptance within the relevant discipline(s). The Fryerule was conservative and was subjected to much criticism.
The Arabesk Debate
Authors: Stokes Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Arabesk Debate describes the way in which Turkish musicians discuss, dispute, and attribute meaning to their music. Martin Stokes examines the debate over 'Arabesk', a musical genre popular throughout Turkey. His book is an ethnographic study of urban music-making in Istanbul, focusing on the activities of professional musicians and their audiences in the city. Dr Stokes looks at the Arabesk debate in the context of state cultural politics, Islam, and the experience of urbanization in Turkey. Within this context he discusses the role of the media, music education, the technology of popular music-making, the construction of gender and the emotions through musical performance, and concepts of musicianship in Turkish society. In looking at the interplay between national cultural politics and urban music-making at a local level, this book challenges both `mass culture' theory and more general assumptions about the study of music in society.
People into Places: Zafimaniry Concepts of Clarity
Authors: Bloch Maurice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Zafimaniry are a group of shifting cultivators living in eastern Madagascar who traditionally rely mainly on maize, beans, and taro. They number approximately 20,000. They are one of many such groups which are sometimes called Tanala and sometimes called Betsimisaraka but they differ from any of these because of the very specific environment in which they live. They inhabit a narrow band of montane forest found on a step of the sharp north–south escarpment which runs almost the whole length of Madagascar. This is an area at an altitude of approximately 1,400m. which is very different in terms of climate and vegetation from almost anywhere else in Madagascar. To the west, lies the drier and treeless central plateau of Madagascar where the most important agricultural activity is irrigated rice cultivation. The neighbours of the Zafimaniry on this plateau are the Betsileo who are similar in many ways to the Merina who occupy the northern part.1 To the east, at the foot of the escarpment, the forest is very different since the climate is much hotter. On that side the neighbours of the Zafimaniry are people usually referred to by the term Betsimisaraka who practise a different type of shifting cultivation and who mainly grow dry rice and sugar cane, two crops which the Zafimaniry cannot grow.2
The Art of Being Black
Authors: Alexander Claire E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Art of Being Black explores how young black Britons create their cultural identities. Claire Alexander rejects the common tendency to view black communities in terms of conflict, or as the focus of a problem; she offers a fresh exploration of the strengths and ambiguities of black youth representations as they are imagined and lived through, focusing in particular on community, `class', social life, and masculinity. Young black men have been typecast as hostile and culturally confused, alienated from their parents and from society; as `folk devils' (the stock images of the black mugger, the Rastafarian drug dealer, the rioter, the Yardie), creating problems for society in general. To get a truer view, Dr Alexander spent twelve months as `one of the boys' in a group of young black Londoners; the resulting highly personal, in-depth, and very readable study counters the usual image of ethnic identity as fixed and immutable. Drawing on contemporary debates about culture and ethnicity, this book offers the close observation and informed analysis needed to bring to life theories of black cultural identity.
The Cauldron: Conservative Parliamentarians and European Integration
Authors: Ludlam Steve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The British Conservative Party once prided itself on being Britain’s party of Europe (George 1994). It also enjoyed the incalculable advantage of facing a Labour Party riven from end to end over EEC membership. Even during the ‘Thatcher decade’, the party’s supporters favoured membership more strongly than those of the main opposition parties, and their backing for British membership actually strengthened across the decade. Since the mid- l 980s, however, the Parliamentary Conservative Party has been convulsed by divisions over European integration. A succession of Cabinet ministers, and Prime Minister Thatcher, resigned or were ejected from office following disputes over Europe.
Member State or Euro-Region? The SNP, Plaid Cymru, and Europe
Authors: Mitchell James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gellner argues that Nationalism is ‘primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent’ (Gellner 1983: I). Implicit in this is the idea that forces outside the nation have no right to interfere in the nation’s affairs. Hence, classical nationalist thinking viewed international organizations with suspicion and supranational organizations as contrary to the natural order. Nationalists of any sort would be expected to be opposed to the process of European integration and ‘ever closer union’. Yet, both the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru (PC) are today strong supporters of the European Union, though, for much of their recent past, the two parties were deeply hostile to European integration. This has roots early in the history of both parties.
Housing and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Burnett John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between the middle of the eighteenth century and 1914 many Western European countries experienced, at differing times and rates, population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, which resulted in fundamental changes in the ways people lived, worked, and were housed. Nowhere were these changes more dramatic than in England, ‘the first industrial nation’. Here, an estimated population of little more than 6 million in 1750 grew to 8,893,000 at the first Census in 1801, doubled to 17,928,000 in 1851, and doubled again to 36,070,000 by 1911; meanwhile, the distribution between urban and rural population was completely reversed, the proportion of town-dwellers rising from 20 per cent in 1801 to 80 per cent in 1911. By then, England and Wales was the most highly urbanized society in Western Europe, and contained 15 per cent of its total population. The fastest rates of growth were recorded in some of the new industrial towns of the North and Midlands, which considerably outpaced the growth of London from 1,088,000 in 1801 to 4,541,000 in 1911. Thus, Manchester grew by no less than 40.4 per cent between 1811 and 1821, and by a further 47.2 per cent during the next decade: Liverpool increased by 43.6 per cent between 1821 and 1831, while Bradford grew eightfold in 50 years, from 13,000 in 1801 to 104,000 by 1851.
The Personal Physician and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My topic is the contribution of the personal physician system to the historical decline of Western mortality. In a sense the subject may be disposed of quickly. With the exception of vaccination against smallpox at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and diphtheria antitoxin at the end of the century, there was until the 1940s no preventive or therapeutic treatment a practitioner could provide for a substantial number of patients which could have had a measurable impact on mortality rates in an entire population. Moreover, until the 1940s virtually no one, physician or non-physician, would have accorded the lion’s share of credit for declining mortality to the personal-physician system. And yet during the past ten or twenty years, sorting out the ‘medical contribution’ to the historical decline in Western mortality has become a thriving cottage industry.
Critical Values for Cointegratio11 Tests*
Authors: Mackinnon James G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper provides tables of critical values for some popular tests of cointegration and unit roots. Although these tables are necessarily based on computer simulations, they are much more accurate than those previously available. The results of the simulation experiments are summarized by means of response surface regressions in which critical values depend on the sample size. From these regressions asymptotic critical values can be read off directly, and critical values for any finite sample size can easily be computed with a hand calculator.
Political Economy of Large Natural Disasters
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book sets out to develop a new framework for the analysis of disaster situations in developing countries. In doing so, it challenges many of the accepted wisdoms of disaster theory upon which policy prescriptions are built. The author insists that although disasters are a problem of development, they are not necessarily a problem for development. What we should be looking at are the underlying social and economic processes within developing countries which structure the impact of natural disasters, rather than at disasters as unforeseen events requiring large scale intervention.
Rationality, allocation, And reproduction
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the term `rational' is used in formal economic theory, a strict definition is implicit. This strict definition cannot accommodate the complexities of our everyday ideas of what is rational. The concept of rationality that is embedded in our language is not a morally neutral one. It has always been believed possible to argue rationally about the worthiness of goals, the legitimacy of claim to rights, the existence of obligations or duties. Outside the discussions of the social sciences, argument concerning the rationality of a choice or action is never a purely technical, value-free discourse. This book is devoted to an examination of the limitations of the various formulations and interpretations of the concept of rationality which has been developed by economic theorists. It presents a series of challenges to the formal (axiomatic) concept of rationality. This conecept has spread from economics and decision theory through the social sciences and policy studies. It forms the implicit foundation for the pronouncement of policy-makers, whose recommendations can seriously affect the society and environment in which we live. The book begins with the claim of neoclassical economics that a rational agent maximizes utility. Next it considers the later, more austere construction of rationality where a rational agent was simply one whose choices or actions were consistent. The discussion then turns to who, dissatisfied with this bare notion of consistency, claimed that a rational agent was one whose choices or actions were directed towards maximization of the agent's self-interested aims - a view they attributed (misleadingly?) to Adam Smith. Once the character of the individual agent has been established, neoclassical theory has always regarded the analysis of allocation among these agents as its supreme task. This is the subject of chapters 6 and 7. Vivian Walsh examines the philosophical implications of the replacement of the ordinary concept of rationality by the formal concepts constructed to fit the requirements of general equilibrium theory, decision theory, and game theory. He argues that the current intellectual climate, which has moved away from formalism, necessitates the reexamination of the concepts of rationality which scholars and policy-makers, many of whom were not economists, were ready to adopt directly or indirectly from economic theory in the recent past. The final two chapters are intended to contrast sharply with the rest of the book. They offer a readable and minimally technical account of the much smaller role played by the concept of rational choice in the work of a present-day school which derives from the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century classical economists.
Introduction
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not true to say that there are some countries with a propensity towards growth, while others are naturally inclined towards stagnation. Each nation has always tried to better its own position, only to be prevented from doing so by natural events, by political and military struggles, or by the creation of certain institutions and centres of power that have proved to be anathema to growth, as has again been underlined recently by E. L. Jones.The history of Italy from the Etruscans to the present day is a perfect example of this process, with the repeated appearance and disappearance, or alternation, of civilizations within the same geographical area but within different international contexts.
The Transformation of Traditional Industries
Authors: Saitô Osamu , Tanimoto Masayuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present chapter discusses how such traditional industries were affected and forced to restructure after 1859, when the opening of Japan’s ports to overseas trade altered the domestic market and distribution systems. In discussing this issue, we consider external factors such as overseas trade that commenced with the opening of the treaty ports, as well as domestic factors such as how agrarian economies were affected by macrolevel fluctuations in business conditions and by the central government’s fiscal policies.
‘Children are like young bamboo trees ’: Potentiality and Reproduction in Sub Saharan Africa
Authors: Bledsoe• Caroline 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like most great intellectual figures, Thomas Malthus left a puzzling legacy. Depending on which version of the Essay we read, Malthus 's preoccupation with over-population can brand him as a stern prophet of doom, a testy critic of humanitarian aid, a hopeful child of the Enlighten ment, or a nai”ve, sheltered parson. Nowhere does his credibility evaporate faster than in his dismissal of Sub-Saharan Africa, sight un seen, as a 'savage and neglected state ' (1803: 87). Why, then, should a professional cultural relativist be so dazzled by the man? Malthus laid out a monumental vision of society not as a static entity of fixed parts, but as a vibrant, dynamic system of relationships that reverberate far across time and space (see also Birdsall et al. 1979; von Tunzelman 1986).
Gender, Social Inequality, and Family Formation in West Germany
Authors: Huinink Johannes , Mayer Karl Ulrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Union formation, marriage, and childbearing have been treated in the demographic literature mostly as events in their own right and approached from the perspective of the woman (Hogan 1985). This strategy was prompted initially by the kind of census data available and the corresponding methods of quantitative demography. Recent research has broadened the contexts within which family events take place and has thus re-linked demography with economics and sociology. On the one hand, causal models inspired by microeconomics have brought the situation of the household and a variety of other situational factors into play. On the other hand, the proliferating surveys on family formation (for an overview, see Huinink 1990) have added a great number of explanatory variables, often without explicit theoretical rationale. In this chapter we make a conceptual and empirical attempt to place union formation and childbearing within a framework that combines the perspective of life course dynamics (Mayer and Huinink 1990) and social stratification, giving specific emphasis to differences between men and women. Comparing various birth cohorts, we focus on historical rearrangements of these dynam¬ ics. In particular, we examine how the socio-economic background of the parental family and the influences of participation in education and in the labour force have changed the process of family formation for men and women. The social and historical setting we have chosen for both our theory building and the empirical analysis is that of West Germany.
Education, Modernization, and the Risk of Marriage Disruption in Sweden, West Germany, and Italy
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Rose Alessandra De , Hoem, Jan M , Rohwer Götz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the mid-1960s to the beginning of the 1980s, divorce rates rose dramatically in all countries in Western Europe and almost doubled in most of them.1 In the 1980s, the pattern of change became more diverse. In many countries, total divorce rates still continued to rise steadily; in some countries, such as West Germany,2 Austria, and Denmark, divorce rates levelled off; and in Sweden, the total divorce rate even declined somewhat in the years before 1989 (Council of Europe 1991, 33; Haskey 1991). It seems that the rate of change in divorce rates is connected to their levels. At the end of the 1980s (Council of Europe 1991, 33), the highest total divorce rates were recorded for the Scandinavian countries (Sweden 0.44, Denmark 0.49, and Norway 0.40); total divorce rates were moderately high in France (0.31), Belgium (0.31), the Netherlands (0.28), West Germany (0.30), Austria (0.31), and Switzerland (0.32); and they were comparatively low in Southern Europe (Greece 0.13, Italy 0.08).
The Czech Republic
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Kegels Chantal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The starting point for the economic transition of the Czech Republic was the so-called ‘Velvet Revolution’ of 1989 which brought a Government led by Civic Forum to power in Czechoslovakia and which paved the way for democratic elections in 1990. In contrast with Hungary and Poland where a variety of significant market-oriented economic reforms preceded the political shift towards democracy, in 1989 Czechoslovak economy still conformed closely to the mould of Soviet-style central planning. In this chapter we trace the main steps that have been made in the transition of the financial sector in the Czechoslovak federation and, since 1 January 1993, in the Czech Republic.
Mobility, Migration, Sex, STDs, and AIDS: An Essay on Sub-Saharan Africa with Other Parallels
Authors: Caldwell John C , Anarfi John k. , caldwell pat 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Migration has always facilitated the spread of any infectious disease. This has been the case even with diseases transmitted by insect vectors as has been demon strated in Nigeria (Prothero, 1965). Migration does this in two ways. First, it brings more people into contact with each other and is the means whereby dis eases can be carried from one community to others over considerable distances. Second, it has been a major factor in the growth of urban areas where dense popu lations in close contact provide a context for epidemics. Sexually transmitted dis eases are associated in yet other ways with migration, because many migrants move away from their usual sexual partners and seek new sexual outlets. Popu lations along the ancient trading routes of Africa and Asia have long experienced higher levels of venereal disease than more isolated settlements (David and Voas, 1981). In regard to both sexual and other behaviour, migration takes individuals away from their home places where their doings are often monitored and con trolled, to distant parts where no one feels individual responsibility for exerting much influence over them.
Mobility and Migration: Female Commercial Sex Work and the HIV Epidemic in Northern Thailand
Authors: Bond Katherine c. , Celentano david d. , phonsophakul, sunkanya , vaddhanaphuti chayan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The commercial sex industry in Thailand is of singular importance in the dy namics of HIV transmission. Ford and Koetsawang (1991) suggest that the sex industry developed significantly during the Vietnam war, and has been amplified recently by international tourism. The majority of female commercial sex worker (CSW) clients, especially outside of the tourist centres and Bangkok, are Thai men (DaGrossa, 1989). Female CSWs in northern Thailand are predominately young women from agrarian backgrounds, recruited by agents, brothel owners, or friends, and generally have a short (under three years) duration of work in broth els, characterized by high mobility between establishments (Ministry of Public Health, 1993). The rapid rise in HIV infection rates among brothel CSWs, and the common use of CSWs by’ethnic Thai, northern Thai, Shan, and highland (Hmong, Lahu, Lisu, Akha, and Karen) men suggests that commercial sex ex posure is a particularly high risk behaviour for the acquisition of HIV in Thai land. In Chiang Mai, a provincial capital in northern Thailand, an HIV infection rate of 44 per cent was detected in the first sentinel surveillance of brothel’based CSWs in June 1989. Subsequently, high incidence (over 10 per cent per month) was noted among female CSWs who were HIV’negative on the initial survey (Siraprapasiri et al.,1991).
The Role of Family Planning Programmes in Contemporary Fertility Transitions
Authors: Bongaarts John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The implementation of family planning programmes has been the principal population policy instrument in the developing world over the past few decades. This paper reviews the controversy over the role these programmes have played in reducing fertility. Opposing views on a number of contentious issues (for example the significance of unmet need and unwanted fertility) are summarized and a consensus position is presented.
Poverty and the ‘Population Problem’
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Morduch Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we address three aspects of poverty and the ‘population problem’ from an economic perspective. First, we investigate the statistical basis for the oft cited positive correlation between poverty and household size. Second, we re-examine the conflicting economic and demographic interpretations of this correlation. And third, we examine whether restricting attention just to the household level misses an important aspect of the problem. We cite evidence from Bangladesh to suggest that many of the most pressing issues are at the level of individuals, and concern the deprivation of girls and women within households.
Coping With Poverty The Biological Impact of Nutrition Insecurity
Authors: Ferro-Luzzi Anna , Branca Francesco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
About 785 million people have been estimated to have had, in 1989-90, access to amounts of food considered insufficient to meet their biological needs (ACC/SCN 1992). They represent about 20 per cent of the world population. It was also estimated that about 200 million children under five from the developing countries— that is, about 36 per cent of this age group—were underweight. In certain areas of the world, such as Southern Asia, this proportion was reported to be even higher, about 60 per cent (de Onis et al. 1993). Also adult malnutrition, a problem recently recognized as being of growing concern, is highly prevalent in Southern Asia: 12 per cent of adults in China are malnourished and almost 50 per cent in India (Shetty and James 1994). These staggering figures justify the intense concern expressed in the opening statement of the final report of the International Conference of Nutrition: ‘Hunger and malnutrition remain the most devastating problems facing the majority of the world’s poor’ (FAO/WHO 1992).