bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The County Of Cambridge, Tre
Authors: Clarke Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now proposed to examine the relationship between the greater landholders and lesser men in some detail in a single county Cambridgeshire. There are good reasons for choosing this particular county. First, the text of the Exchequer Domesday is supplemented as a source for the county by two satellite texts: the lnquisitio Eliensis (IE) and the Inquisition comitatus Cantabrigiensis (ICC). The first of these documents is connected with the Domesday survey of the lands of Ely Abbey, and so does not provide more than a few sidelights on the lay lords of Cambridgeshire. The second source, the ICC, covers all landholders (with the notable exception of the Crown) over an area of about two-thirds of the county. It lists its information by village and hundred rather than by tenant-in-chief, and although clearly linked to the Exchequer text, it nevertheless provides a useful amount of additional detail (see Ch. 4). In particular, the ICC often names lesser men and their lords, while the Exchequer Domesday merely lists a number of freemen or sokemen. For example, at Dullingham, the primary text merely mentions ‘three sokemen’ whilst the ICC gives their names and the names of their lords: Horulf, the man of Eadgifu the Fair, h:lfstan, the man of Ordgar, and Viking, the man of Earl Harold. This, with the additional information about bynames, makes the identification of lesser landholders much easier than would otherwise be the case.
Guilt and Individual Consciousness: The Individual, the Church and the State in the Modern Era, Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Dupont-Bouchat Marie-Sylvie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My contribution to this study of the individual and the State in modem Europe may be seen as a response to the work of Hans Guggisberg and Martin van Gelderen. In this volume, the former studies the appearance of the idea of toleration in the Protestant countries,1 and the latter chronicles the rise of the consciousness of individual freedom in the United Provinces, after the break with the southern Netherlands, present-day Belgium.2 In comparison with the Protestant countries, I would like to consider here answers put forward by the Catholic side, especially by the rulers and the Catholic Church in the southern Netherlands, which remained under the domination of the Spanish monarchy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and then the house of Austria in the eighteenth.
Conclusion And Future Research
Authors: Sawyer Birgit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study is based on 2,307 runic inscriptions on stone (some fragmentary) that were made in Scandinavia between the middle of the tenth century and the beginning of the twelfth. They are all in the Nordic language and with very few exceptions they all have the same basic formula: ‘X raised this stone’ or ‘had this stone raised in memory of Y’ (or variations giving the same information) . Most inscriptions state the relationship between X and Y, and many give additional details. This remarkable uniformity justifies treating these monuments as the result of a fashion that began in Denmark and spread to Västergötland and Norway before the end of the tenth century, and—at the latest—by 1020 had reached what is now eastern Sweden. The individual monuments cannot be closely dated but it appears that relatively few were made in Denmark or Västergötland after the 1020s. In Norway most are earlier than 1050 although a few may be later. In eastern Sweden, however, the fashion flourished until the early twelfth century, even later on the islands of Bornholm and Gotland.
Maps
Authors: Orme Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Parish boundaries are those conjectured in 1291, omitting the small urban parishes of Pads tow town, St Thomas-by-Launceston, Tregony, and Truro. The ‘Celtic’ saint-cults in each parish are given in brackets: those of parish churches in roman type and those of chapels in italics. Further information about site locations is given in the Dictionary.
Aspects of Relic Cults
Authors: Crook John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The vivid accounts of the activities of Henry VIII’s Commissioners at the Reformation are rich in descriptions of shrines despoiled, improbably exotic relics, and deceptions presumed to have been perpetrated on a gullible populace by avaricious monks. Contemporary documents give an impression of religious practices that had degenerated into calculated charlatanism, intended to ‘alure & intense the yngnorantt pepull’. But the documentation is biased in favour of the Reformers, surviving as it does mainly in the official records that they themselves generated. The other face of the coin is less frequently displayed, in the depositions of recusants and the reports of foreign diplomats.
The Garter in Fourteenth-Century Politics, 1350–1399
Authors: Collins Hugh E L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As an honorific and highly visible extension of court life, elevation to the ranks of the order held, as we have seen, a special appeal for the armigerous classes. Offering a unique relationship not only with the ruling monarch but also the male members of his immediate family, often including the heir to the throne, as well as with the most socially distinguished and martially renowned knights in the realm, it represented an unparalleled honorific distinction.
The United States and Japan,1945–1965
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As it became clear to the Japanese authorities that the ,War was lost, they worried more about social instability and the Communist threat than about the effects of a foreign occupation. The US policy of keeping Soviet forces out of Japan suited the traditional power-holders in 1okyo well. Still, the initial insistence of the Allied occupation regime, headed by US General Douglas MacArthur, on basic social, economic, and political refom1 and the political exclusion of prominent members of the wartime regime led to fears that the occupiers world force radical change. In order to prevent such change, the Japanese authorities were willing to extend all possible favours to the occupying forces, as long as they themselves would be protected against a challenge from the left.
The Korean War and the Sino-Soviet Alliance
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The alliance between the Soviet Union and the new People’s Republic of China, signed during the Moscow meetings between Stalin and Chinese leader Mao Zedong in February 1950, was one of the cornerstones of the early Cold War and one of the causes of the Korean War. It was a warning to the West that Moscow could find mighty allies outside Europe, and a harbinger, recognized as such both in Washington and Moscow, of revolutionary challenges elsewhere. While Stalin was never fully convinced of the ideological dedication of the Chinese Communists, he had made sure that they received vital aid in the latter stages of their civil war with the US-supported Chinese government, and believed that the Chinese Communist regime could be a stepping-stone for increased Soviet power elsewhere in Asia, including Korea.
Technologies, Weapons, and the Arms Race
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Technology Was at the core of the Cold War conflict because the race for ever more sophisticated weapons provided much of its dynamic, but also because technological achievement was the yardstick in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to represent the best model for future societies. Being seen as the most ‘advanced’ state was of crucial significance to both .Moscow and Washington in the struggle for legitimacy for their ideological projects and for international support. To Soviet leaders, their state represented not only the embryo of what the world would look like in the future, but it could also produce, through technology, the ideal method of moving rapidly from backwardness to Communism. In the United States, successive presidents viewed the nation’s advanced technology as the best defence against the Soviet challenge and as the instrument that would convince the world of the benefits of the American model.
Cold War Legacies
Authors: Hanhimäki Jussi , Westad Odd Arne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To most observers, the sense that capitalism had finally triumphed at the end of the twentieth century seemed irrefutable. Aside from the People’s Republic of China, communism was the official ideology only in a handful of small states (such as Vietnam, Cuba, and North Korea). Moreover, even in these countries the appeal of the free market could not be held in check. China, in particular, continued on the road of economic reform. While political control remained in the hands of the Communist Party in China, the most populous country in the world was dearly being incorporated into the world economic system; the most evident signal of this was China’s eventual entry into the World hide Organization that was agreed-after a decade and a half of continuous negotiations—in the fall of 2001. Moreover, in the 1990s Vietnam, which had fought a number of wars with China since the late 1970s, adopted the Chinese model of economic liberalization (coupled with continued political control by the Communist Party), Cuba and, in particular, North Korea, became increasingly marginalized and isolated as vestiges of defunct totalitarian socialism.
The Third Coalition, 1802-1805
Authors: Schroeder Paul w. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The French government chose first of all not to conceal its overseas ambitions from Britain, but to flaunt them, even where it had no specific plans for expansion. For example, it deliberately created a false impression that it was preparing to reconquer Egypt. Colonel Horace Sebastiani was sent on a special mission to Egypt in 1802, and his enthusiastic report on how easy and valuable a conquest Egypt would be was published in the official Moniteur. Talleyrand boasted to the British ambassador, Whitworth, that French recovery of Egypt was only a matter of time. Other French initiatives in Algiers and Muscat reinforced British fears of French expansion in the Mediterranean and Near East.
The Loss of the Holy Land 1274–1370
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In March 1272 the recently elected Pope Gregory X summoned a general council of the Church to discuss the three greatest problems facing the Catholic faith: the threat to Latin Syria, the schism between the Latin and Greek churches, and corruption within the Latin church. The Council, which opened proceedings at Lyons in May 1274, therefore forms a natural point at which to begin consideration both of the downfall of Latin Syria, and (in the next chapter) of papal-Byzantine relations in the late Middle Ages. The Second Council of Lyons does not possess the significance, for the history of the crusades, of the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, or even the Vienne Council of 1311-12; but as a general council of the Church it was bound to be a major event, and in two respects it was special. It constituted the last attempt by a thirteenth-century pope to launch a crusade which was recognizably cast in the could of Innocent Ill’s conception of crusading as an expression of papal supremacy in temporal matters. And, more importantly, it can be seen in retrospect as Christendom’s last chance to set in motion military activity on a scale sufficient to save the Latin states in Syria from destruction.
The Anti-Turkish Crusade and European Politics, 1502–1580
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until a few years ago most historians would have said that the inclusion of a chapter on events in the sixteenth century in a book about the later crusades was at best superfluous, and at worst misguided. They would have argued that popular and governmental commitment to a crusade against the Turks was negligible by 1500; that calls for a crusade, no matter how frequently or forcefully made by individual enthusiasts or the papal Curia, were therefore anachronistic, meriting serious study only by antiquarians; and, most importantly, that narrating the great conflicts which occurred in the sixteenth century between the Ottomans and their western enemies, especially the Habsburgs, in terms of a religious war is as misleading as applying that description to, say, the Allied campaigns against the Turkish armies in the First World War. It is the achievement of Professor K. M. Setton to have shown how inaccurate this view was. In two massive volumes, a total of 1,179 double-columned pages, he recently surveyed Turkish relations with the West between 1502 and 1571 in exhaustive detail. By simply describing what took place, Professor Setton demonstrated that, while these relations accommodated many new features characteristic of an age of profound change, they also formed a continuation of crusading history, in terms of basic ideas and institutions as well as terminology. No great chasm separated the world of King Philip II of Spain and Pope Pius V from that of Philip the Good of Burgundy and Pius II; the one evolved from the other and shared many of its features. Lepanto (1571) was a great crusading victory, Alcazar (1578) a terrible crusading defeat, and some account of at least this first phase of the long Habsburg-Ottoman struggle must now feature in any history of the later crusades which claims to be comprehensive (see maps 3, 4, and 5).
Government and the Crusade 1274–1580
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘All, the great expeditions which were made in times past beyond the sea, against the Saracens, were made with the consent of the holy father of Rome; and those who have read the histories of times past well know this.’ This statement by the legal commentator Honore Bonet in his ‘The Tree of Battles’ (c.1380) reflects the awareness amongst educated people in the late Middle Ages of the pivotal role played by the papal Curia in launch¬ ing crusades. No crusade had taken place in the past, or could be set in motion in the future, without the clear authorization of the Curia. In the first place, the Curia retained its exclusive authority to grant the necessary indulgences and sanction the preaching of the cross, without which an expedition was not regarded as a crusade at all. Equally importantly, the papacy controlled the purse strings of crusade finance; without access to such funds major expeditions, to the East at least, could not be undertaken. But even apart from these basic functions of definition and financial support, the Curia’s assistance was highly desirable in order to facilitate the intensive preliminary work which a crusade called for: the internal political ordering and military preparations, the external peace-making and search for allies, which underpinned crusading of virtually any kind.
The Corpus Delicti 1637-1642
Authors: Russell Conrad 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘These are times for historians to write who seek to avoid all calm narrations as a dead water, to fill their volumes with cruell wars and seditions. I desire not employment at these times’. So wrote Sir Henry Slingsby at the beginning of the Bishops’ Wars. As James Bond put the point in the inimitably different idiom of the late twentieth century, ‘it reads better than it lives’. Interesting times are often more interesting to those who do not suffer the misfortune of living in them. In these days of social history, it is no longer clear that historians, as a profession, deserve Sir Henry Slingsby’s reproaches, but we have certainly spilt enough ink on the causes of the English Civil War. Contemplating the umpteenth assault on this subject, I feel bound to echo Eric Shipton on Mount Everest: ‘for God’s sake let’s climb the bloody thing, and then get back to real mountaineering’. The hunt for the causes of the Civil War has not, on the whole, had a beneficial effect on seventeenth-century historiography: not all the most important developments in the early seventeenth century can be assumed to be causes of the English Civil War. There is a risk that important themes may be either ignored, or strait-jacketed in order to turn them into causes of the Civil War when they are not. To take a couple of examples, the fact that England reached the top of the demographic curve sometime around 1640 is clearly of the highest long-term importance. The coincidence of dates makes it tempting to see whether this can be turned into a cause of the Civil War, but though it is possible to make a connection by way of resistance to taxation, such a connection is highly tangential, and it is hard to make it of the first importance. In the long term, the slow growth of cultural diversity is also of the highest importance. This at first sight looks a little more promising, but in fact it turns out that only those manifestations of diversity which can be directly related to religion, such as maypoles or the sabbath, will fit at all accurately into the jigsaw.
The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party*
Authors: Matthew Colin , Kay John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The literature on the rise and fall of the Liberal Party is voluminous and inconclusive. We believe it is inconclusive because it usually assumes British politics to be structurally static. We wish to suggest that changes in the structure of British politics are at least as significant as chronological developments: in other words, that the changes in the franchise are at least as significant as the effects of the First World War. On the evidence presented to date, after all, the post-war difficulties of the Liberal Party are paradoxical and difficult to explain. In practice, the problems are such that nearly all historians are forced to argue that the First World War was decisive in fragmenting the Liberal Party’s support and in leaving the way clear for Labour. But the ‘war’ argument has never been satisfactorily demonstrated. Undoubtedly it is not easy to compare the pre- and post-war electoral situations, but we should at least attempt such a comparison: to argue that, since comparison is difficult, historians must resort to inference and guess is clearly absurd. In this article we will suggest that too little attention has been given to the size of the Edwardian electorate, and the effect which it had on the form and nature of Edwardian politics. Furthermore, this electorate, created in two stages by the Reform and Redistribution Acts of 1867-8 and 1884-5 and by a number of ancillary minor Acts, has not adequately been compared with its successor, a product of the ‘Fourth’ Reform Act of 1918. Such a comparison may provide the necessary data to explain the Liberal Party’s decline. We will also suggest that the Liberals were wedded to the forms of the 1867-1914 political community as their opponents were not, that the ideologies of both the Labour and Conservative Parties made them better able to exploit a fully democratic franchise, and that these things were true before 1914 as well as after the war.
The Italian City-State
Authors: Jones Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Italy in the Middle Ages was unique among the countries of Europe in recreating, in a changed environment, the urban civilization of antiquity - the society, culture, and political formations of city-states. This book examines the origins and nature of this phenomenon from the fall of Rome to the eve of its consummation, the Italian Renaissance. The explanation is sought in Italy's singular `double existence' between two contrasted worlds - ancient and medieval. The ancient was characterised by the total predominance of the landed aristocracy in economy and society, enforced through a peculiar system of city states embracing town and country. The new medieval influences were marked by the separation of town, country and aristocracy, by the identification of towns with trade and a mercantile bourgeoisie, and by commercial and proto-industrial revolution. Italy shared in both worlds. It remained a land of cities and of an urbanized ruling class (except in the Norman South) and re-established territorial city states; but the staes were very different from those of antiquity, the city leaders in the commercial revolution, and Italy itself seen as a nation of shopkeepers, birthplace of capitalism. In this fascinating and ground-breaking study, Philip Jones traces in detail the tension and interaction between the two traditions, civic and patrician, mercantile and bourgeois, through all phases of Italian life to their culmination in two rival regimes of communes and despots.
The English and their Christian Neighbours c.550–650
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perched on the edge of the Roman world, the sixth-century English occupied an ambiguous position between ‘civilized’ Europe and the ‘barbarian’ north. Christianity was remote, yet accessible; alien, yet the religion of the sub-Roman British culture which the Anglo-Saxon migrations had overlain. A pagan warrior people knowing little of Rome, they had infiltrated a former province in which the ruins of towns, forts, and villas remained widely visible. Although those monuments were massive and relatively recent, their social and economic functions were remote from the experience and comprehensions of the settlers, and even of the remaining British. But not so far away, another ‘barbarian’ people, the Franks, had assumed in a more purposeful fashion the authority, religion, and urban culture of what had been Roman Gaul. To the west, in some of the least Romanized parts of former Britannia, autonomous British aristocracies had preserved and transformed the religion of the late Empire within a non-urban, kin-based culture like that of their Germanic rivals. Further west still, beyond the Irish Sea, a continuing Iron Age society, without any direct experience of Roman rule, was developing a powerful Christian civilization.
The Business of Culture
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As industrialization became more pervasive in the second half of the nineteenth century so the imperatives of an increasingly sophisticated commercialism began to affect all aspects of British life. High and low culture enthusiastically embraced what Dickens called a new frankness about ‘those little screws of existence—pounds, shillings, and pence’. ‘I write for money. Of course I do’, noted Trollope, ‘It is for money that we all work, lawyers, publishers, authors and the rest.’ And while this neither negated nor overwhelmed that internally generated logic which has in all periods given works of art their essential pattern and form, its influence upon the deep structures—as well as the surface appearances—of novels, poems, music, buildings, and paintings is difficult to exaggerate.
Trends in the Development of Family Law in Europe - Comparative Perspectives
Authors: Vlaardingerbroek Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will give a broad overview of the main developments in family law in Europe in the last two decades. In most countries the influence of modern family life can be seen in the way family codes have tried to adapt to these trends (e.g. the introduction of no-fault divorce, modernization of the law on affiliation). Another trend - and maybe the most important one - is the growing influence of human rights in the field of family law. As a result of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) being ratified in the European countries, this convention has had a great impact upon national laws.