bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GDNF gene delivery to injured adult CNS motor neurons promotes axonal growth, expression of the trophic neuropeptide CGRP, and cellular protection
Authors: Blesch Armin , Tuszynski Mark H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGlial‐cell‐line–derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been identified as a potent survival and differentiation factor for several neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS), but to date, distinct effects of GDNF on motor axon growth and regeneration in the adult have not been demonstrated. In the present study, ex vivo gene delivery was used to directly examine whether GDNF can influence axonal growth, expression of neuronal regeneration‐related genes, and sustain the motor neuronal phenotype after adult CNS injury. Adult Fischer 344 rats underwent unilateral transections of the hypoglossal nerve, followed by intramedullary grafts of fibroblasts genetically modified to secrete GDNF. Control animals received lesions and grafts of cells expressing a reporter gene. Two weeks later, GDNF gene delivery (1) robustly promoted the growth of lesioned hypoglossal motor axons, (2) altered the expression and intracellular trafficking of the growth‐related protein calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and (3) significantly sustained the cholinergic phenotype in 84 ± 6% of hypoglossal neurons compared with 39 ± 6% in control animals (P < 0.001). This is the first neurotrophic factor identified to increase the in vivo expression of the trophic peptide CGRP and the first report that GDNF promotes motor axonal growth in vivo in the adult CNS. Taken together with previous in vitro studies, these findings serve as the foundation for a model wherein GDNF and CGRP interact in a paracrine manner to regulate neuromuscular development and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:399–410, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thalamic terminal morphology and distribution of single corticothalamic axons originating from layers 5 and 6 of the cat motor cortex
Authors: Kakei Shinji , Na Jie , Shinoda Yoshikazu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated the axonal morphology of single corticothalamic (CT) neurons of the motor cortex (Mx) in the cat thalamus, using a neuronal tracer, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA). After localized injection of BDA into the Mx, labeled CT axons were found ipsilaterally in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), the ventroanterior–ventrolateral complex (VA‐VL), the central lateral nucleus (CL), the central medial nucleus, and the centromedian nucleus, but with the primary focus in the VA‐VL. The terminals in the VA‐VL formed a large laminar cluster, which extended approximately in parallel with the internal medullary lamina. The laminar organization mirrored morphologic features of single CT axons. We reconstructed the trajectories of 25 single CT axons that arose from layer V (16 axons) or layer VI (9 axons) and terminated in the VA‐VL. Terminals of single CT axons that originated from both layer V and layer VI were confined within a laminar structure about 700 μm thick, suggesting the existence of laminar input organization in the VA‐VL. Otherwise, the two groups of the CT axons showed contrasting features. All of the CT axons derived from layer VI gave rise to a few short collaterals to the TRN and then formed extensive arborization with numerous small, drumstick‐like terminals in the VA‐VL. On the other hand, the CT axons arising from layer V gave rise to collaterals whose main axons descended into the cerebral peduncle. Each collateral projected to the VA‐VL or CL without projection to the TRN and formed a few small clusters of giant terminals. The two groups of CT neurons in the same cortical column had convergent rather than segregated termination in the VA‐VL. However, the terminals of layer VI CT neurons were distributed diffusely and widely in the VA‐VL, whereas the terminals of layer V CT neurons were much more focused and surrounded by the terminals of the former group. These contrasting features of the two types of CT projections appear to represent their different functional roles in the generation of motor commands and control of movements in the Mx. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:170–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of the central nervous system in obese Zucker rats during food deprivation
Authors: Timofeeva Elena , Richard Denis 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study was carried out to investigate the pattern of neuronal activations that occur in the obese fa/fa Zucker rat during food deprivation. The functional activation of neurons was estimated in lean and obese Zucker rats either fed ad libitum or food‐deprived for 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours by assessing the expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos. To identify the neurons instigating the activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in food‐deprived obese rats, the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit was injected in the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of obese rats and colocalized with c‐fos mRNA during food deprivation. The expression of c‐fos was barely detectable in food‐deprived lean rats as well as in lean and obese animals fed ad libitum. However, 3 hours of food deprivation were sufficient to significantly induce c‐fos in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus of obese rats. In addition, 6 and 12 hours of food deprivation resulted in the activation of regions that are similarly stimulated in “neurogenic” stresses. These regions include the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the lateral septum, the basolateral amygdala, and some areas of the cortex. The highest number of neurons projecting to the parvocellular division of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus and revealing c‐fos mRNA was, however, located in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. In summary, the present results demonstrate in the obese fa/fa Zucker rats, that food deprivation leads to brain activations, which are in large part, similar to those induced by a “neurogenic” stress and that the paraventricular thalamic nucleus is involved in this response. These changes could contribute to the development of hyperphagia and obesity. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:71–89, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Implementation of surface tension with wall adhesion effects in a three‐dimensional finite element model for fluid flow
Authors: Bellet Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper addresses the finite element modelling of surface tension. The external stress vectors associated with surface tension are assumed proportional to the average curvature and oriented along the normal vector to the fluid surface. The issue of estimating the average curvature of a discretized surface is then discussed. It is proposed to use the surface divergence of a field of nodal normal vectors. Special attention is devoted to the calculation of the so‐called consistent normal vectors. In the case of a surface composed of linear triangular facets, it is demonstrated that these normals are given at each node by the average of the normals of the surrounding facets, weighted by their surface. In order to account for wall adhesion effects, the method which consists in modifying the normal vectors at nodes in contact is discussed and extended to the three‐dimensional case. In order to validate the approach, the three‐dimensional finite element resolution of the equilibrium of a drop of liquid on a plane is treated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive iteration algorithm for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Lian Huadong , Chen Suhuan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn adaptive iteration algorithm is presented in this paper for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications. The rules of adaptation are given. The method is based on matrix perturbation and can be implemented easily on the computer. A little computation effort is involved, which is very important for topological modification with the increase of the joints and the number of degrees of freedom. In order to illustrate the method, three examples are given. The results show that the proposed method is effective for structural modal reanalysis of topological modifications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of additivity‐law failures for an unequal mixing ratio of two chromatic colors
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Sobagaki Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe results of (1) two experiments by Guth et al. and (2) an experiment by Nakano et al. on additivity‐law failure were estimated using a simple formula for predicting the brightness/luminance ratio effect on the variable chromatic color method. The special feature of these experiments was to test additivity‐law failures on mixture colors whose two component colors were mixed at varied mixing ratios. Agreement on additivity‐law failures between the experimental results and the corresponding predictions was found to be remarkably good for trend and fairly good for magnitude for all the experiments analyzed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 32–44, 2002
Regularity of solutions for some variational problems subject to a convexity constraint
Authors: Carlier G. , Lachand‐Robert T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe first study the minimizers, in the class of convex functions, of an elliptic functional with nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions. We prove C1 regularity of the minimizers under the assumption that the upper envelope of admissible functions is C1. This condition is optimal at least when the functional depends only on the gradient [3].We then give various extensions of this result. In Particular, we consider a problem without boundary conditions arising in an economic model introduced by Rochet and Choné in [4]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Application of the τ‐function theory of Painlevé equations to random matrices: PV, PIII, the LUE, JUE, and CUE
Authors: Forrester P. J. , Witte N. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith 〈·〉 denoting an average with respect to the eigenvalue PDF for the Laguerre unitary ensemble, the object of our study is

for I = (0, s) and I = (s, ∞), where χ = 1 for λl ∈ I and χ = 0 otherwise. Using Okamoto's development of the theory of the Painlevé V equation, it is shown that ẼN(I; a, μ) is a τ‐function associated with the Hamiltonian therein, and so can be characterized as the solution of a certain second‐order second‐degree differential equation, or in terms of the solution of certain difference equations. The cases μ = 0 and μ = 2 are of particular interest, because they correspond to the cumulative distribution and density function, respectively, for the smallest and largest eigenvalue. In the case I = (s, ∞), ẼN(I; a, μ) is simply related to an average in the Jacobi unitary ensemble, and this in turn is simply related to certain averages over the orthogonal group, the unitary symplectic group, and the circular unitary ensemble. The latter integrals are of interest for their combinatorial content. Also considered are the hard‐edge and soft‐edge scaled limits of ẼN(I; a, μ). In particular, in the hard‐edge scaled limit it is shown that the limiting quantity Ẽhard((O, s); a, μ) can be evaluated as a τ‐function associated with the Hamiltonian in Okamoto's theory of the Painlevé III equation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prime number selection of cycles in a predator‐prey model
Authors: Goles Eric , Schulz Oliver , Markus Mario 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fact that some species of cicadas appear every 7, 13, or 17 years and that these periods are prime numbers has been regarded as a coincidence. We found a simple evolutionary predator‐prey model that yields prime‐periodic preys having cycles predominantly around the observed values. An evolutionary game on a spatial array leads to travelling waves reminiscent of those observed in excitable systems. The model marks an encounter of two seemingly unrelated disciplines: biology and number theory. A restriction to the latter, provides an evolutionary generator of arbitrarily large prime numbers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Exercising for the wrong reasons: relationships among eating disorder beliefs, dysfunctional exercise beliefs and coping
Authors: Loumidis Konstantinos , Wells Adrian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhysical exercise is both a healthy and a maladaptive behaviour—yet, it is often unquestionably recommended as a coping strategy, due to its anxiolytic and antidepressant properties. This study examines maladaptive beliefs associated with eating disorders and to the clinical condition of exercise dependence (or addiction) in relation to coping. One hundred exercisers completed measures of eating disorder beliefs, dysfunctional exercise beliefs, types of coping and level of exercise. Eating disorder beliefs were related to dysfunctional exercise beliefs concerning physical appearance, social desirability and inability to function mentally or emotionally. Eating disorder beliefs were positively associated with emotional coping and negatively correlated with task‐oriented coping. Exercise beliefs were associated with avoidance coping (distraction). On some components of eating disorder beliefs, between 2 and 15% of exercisers held scored within a clinical range. Unless clinicians exclude the presence of dysfunctional exercise beliefs, eating disorder beliefs and maladaptive coping, they might be paradoxically encouraging exercise for the wrong reasons. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometry used for the analysis of calcium signaling induced by antigen‐specific T‐cell activation
Authors: Réthi Bence , Detre Cynthia , Gogolák Péter , Kolonics Attila , Magócsi Mária , Rajnavölgyi Éva 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, the effect of antigen‐presenting cells (APC), peptide concentration, and CD28 costimulation on calcium signaling, induced by antigen‐specific T‐cell activation, was studied by flow cytometry.MethodsWe used two experimental approaches, which differed in their time scale and in the duration of the T cell‐APC interaction, to measure the increase of intracellular free calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in activated T cells: (1) Fluo‐3–loaded T cells were activated by cocentrifugation with peptide‐loaded APC and the kinetics of fluorescence intensity changes was monitored continuously and (2) peptide‐loaded APC and T cells were mixed, cocultured, and the fluorescence intensity was measured at various time intervals.ResultsThe calcium signal of T cells was dependent on the APC as demonstrated by the ratio of cells exhibiting high versus low fluorescence intensity and by the magnitude of the calcium signal in the activated population. Short‐term interaction of T cells with less potent APC or with efficient APC in the presence of low antigen concentration resulted in decreased calcium signaling. CD28‐mediated costimulation enhanced the magnitude and sustained the increase of intracellular calcium levels. In line with the strong and sustained calcium signals, the activation of the calcium‐dependent transcription factors NF‐AT, AP‐1, and NF‐κB was induced.ConclusionsFlow cytometric methods, feasible for the rapid and flexible analysis of calcium signaling upon antigen‐specific T‐cell activation, were established. Kinetics of the increase of mean fluorescence intensity reflected the calcium response of the total cell population whereas statistical analysis of fluorescence intensity at selected time points provided information on the activation state of single cells. Cytometry 47:207–216, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable expression of Anthozoa fluorescent proteins in mammalian cells
Authors: Richards Burt , Zharkikh Ludmilla , Hsu Forrest , Dunn Christine , Kamb Alexander , Teng David H.‐F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundFluorescent proteins have become invaluable reporters in many areas of cellular and developmental biology. An enhanced version of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (AvEGFP) is the most widely used fluorescent protein. For a variety of reasons, it is useful to have alternative fluorescent proteins to AvEGFP.MethodsThe cDNA sequences for enhanced variants of the Anemonia cyan fluorescent protein (AmCyan1), as well as the Zoanthus green (ZsGreen1) and yellow (ZsYellow1) fluorescent proteins, were cloned downstream of a constitutive cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter within a retroviral expression vector. NIH3T3, HEK293, SW620, and WM35 cells were transduced with recombinant retroviruses at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) to bias for single‐copy integration. Both unselected and stably selected cells transduced with the retroviral expression constructs were characterized. Expression of each fluorescent protein in cells was detected using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy with filter sets typically used for AvEGFP/fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) detection and was compared with the expression of AvEGFP. In addition, a fluorescence plate reader with several excitation and emission filter sets was used for detection.ResultsExpression of each protein was observable by fluorescence microscopy. Under given conditions of flow cytometry, the ZsGreen1 mean fluorescence was approximately 3‐fold, 10‐fold, and 50‐fold greater than that of AvEGFP, ZsYellow1, and AmCyan1, respectively. AmCyan1, ZsGreen1, and AvEGFP were detected by a fluorescence plate reader.ConclusionWe determined that fluorescent proteins from Anthozoa species are detectable using a standard flow cytometer and fluorescence microscope. All of the mammalian cell lines tested expressed detectable levels of fluorescent proteins from stable integrated provirus. In cell lines where the AvEGFP protein is toxic or poorly expressed, these Anthozoa fluorescent proteins may serve as alternative fluorescent reporters. Cytometry 48:106–112, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enabling scalable multicast protocols using dynamic overlap tree path
Authors: Xu Sheng , Ng Chee Hock , Zhang Liren 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe scalability of a multicast protocol is a very critical issue when it is implemented on a global scale. The number of forwarding states that are maintained at each multicast router explodes when the number of multicast groups grows exponentially as in the case of global Internet. In this paper we describe a technique, called dynamic overlap tree path (DOTP), to reduce the forwarding states that need to be maintained in multicast routers and hence improve the scalability of existing multicast protocols. This technique, which can be incorporated in both the dense and sparse modes of multicast protocols, dynamically finds overlapped unbranched tree paths and merges their corresponding forwarding states to reduce the storage requirement in multicast routers. It does not introduce any additional control‐message overheads through the reduction process. OPNET simulation results show that the overall average forwarding‐state table size of the simulated networks can be reduced by about 30 per cent on the average. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new charging scheme for ATM based on QoS
Authors: Miah B. , Scharf E. M. , Cuthbert L. G. , Schormans J. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach to charging for ATM called the ‘quality of service (QoS)‐based charging scheme’. In this scheme, traffic resources are distributed among buffers established to support combinations of ATM transfer capabilities and qualities of service. The buffers are dimensioned according to M/D/1/K and ND/D/1 queuing analysis to determine the buffer efficiency and quality of service requirements. This dimensioning provides the basis for fixing the price per unit of resource and time. The actual resource used by a connection is based on the volume of cells transmitted or peak cell rate allocation in combination with traffic shapers if appropriate. Shapers are also dimensioned using the quality of service parameters. Since the buffer efficiency is dependent on the quality of service requirements, customers of ATM networks buy quality of service. The actual price of a connection is also related to the amount of the resource purchased as well as the time of the day at which a connection is made, and the geographical location of the destination switch.The QoS‐based charging scheme meets the requirements of customers and of network operators. Its performance compares very favourably with that of a number of well‐known existing ATM charging schemes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parathyromatosis as cause of recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism: A cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Baloch Zubair W. , Fraker Douglas , LiVolsi Virginia A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParathyromatosis is a rare cause of hyperparathyroidism. It can be divided into two types: primary and secondary. The pathologic lesion consists of multiple small nodules of hypercellular parathyroid tissue strewn in soft tissue (fat, skeletal muscle, fibrous tissue) of the neck. We present a case of parathyromatosis occurring in a patient with recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism 4 yr after parathyroidectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed preoperatively by fine‐needle aspiration of one of several neck masses. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:403–405, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Institutional review of outside cytology materials: A retrospective analysis of two institutions' experiences
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Jones Claudia , Rowe Leslie , Gopez Evelyn V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDiscrepancy rates between original and review histopathologic diagnoses have been well‐studied, and range as high as 30% in some studies. While the sensitivity and specificity rates for a variety of cytologic specimens are well‐known, few data exist as to the discrepancy rates associated with in‐house, second‐opinion reviews of outside material. We studied the 2‐yr experience of two university‐based medical centers' reviews of outside cytology materials. A total of 146 cases underwent second‐opinion review. The majority were fine‐needle aspiration specimens obtained from the breast, thyroid, lung, and hematobiliary system. Nine cases were cervical vaginal specimens, 19 were bronchial brushes, washings, or lavage specimens, 13 were pleural fluid specimens, 5 were bile duct brushings, and the remainder were exfoliative cytologies, including those from the cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and pelvis. In all, 24 disagreements were encountered, 11 of which were considered major in that a significant change in therapy occurred due to an alteration in diagnosis, while 13 were considered minor in that a different diagnosis or subclassification was given by the consultant pathologist, but this diagnostic change did not significantly alter therapy. The overall diagnosis disagreement rate of 16% is similar to the diagnostic discrepancy rate encountered in second‐opinion reviews of surgical pathology specimens. The 8% major discrepancy rate is slightly higher than that seen in similar studies of surgical pathology material. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:45–48. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.