bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic potential of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues against poxvirus infections
Authors: De Clercq Erik , Neyts Johan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeveral nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been identified as potent antiviral agents with convincing activity against poxviruses (including variola, vaccinia, monkeypox, cowpox, molluscum contagiosum, orf). Among the nucleoside analogues, 8‐methyladenosine and 2‐amino‐7‐[(1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐propoxy)methyl]purine (S2242), have been identified as promising anti‐poxvirus agents. Among the nucleotide analogues, (S)‐1‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine [(S)‐HPMPC, cidofovir], (S)‐9‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl)‐2,6‐diaminopurine [(S)‐HPMPDAP] and (S)‐6‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl)oxy‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidine [(S)‐HPMPO‐DAPy] have been identified as promising anti‐poxvirus agents. These nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have proved to be efficacious in various animal models for poxvirus infections. Only one compound, cidofovir, has also proved efficacious against poxvirus infections in humans, i.e. molluscum contagiosum and orf (sheep pox). Cidofovir is formally licensed for clinical use (intravenous administration for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients); however, it could also be formulated for topical administration, or for oral administration in prodrug form, i.e. as 1‐O‐hexadecyloxypropyl‐cidofovir. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV fusion and its inhibition in antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Greenberg Michael , Cammack Nick , Salgo Miklos , Smiley Lynn 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe end of the twentieth century saw dramatic improvements in the prognosis of HIV infection brought about by the introduction of new agents (the protease inhibitors and the non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) and their use in highly active combinations. However, the durability of these combination treatments is limited by a number of factors including adverse effects and extensive intra‐class cross‐resistance so that new antiretrovirals acting on alternative targets and having improved systemic tolerability profiles are required. The HIV binding and entry process offers several potential targets for antiviral interaction. These include gp120 binding to CD4 and to chemokine co‐receptor molecules as well as the fusion process itself, which involves interactions between two leucine zipper‐like 4‐3 repeat regions within gp41 known as heptad repeat (HR)1 and HR2. Peptides such as enfuvirtide (formerly DP178 or T‐20), that mimic the HR2 region of gp41, inhibit HIV‐1 by a mechanism that is thought to involve competitive binding to HR1. This review summarises the clinical development of enfuvirtide, providing an overview of the pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety data in various patient populations, and also considers the evidence for the key role of genotypic changes in the HR1 region (amino acids 36–45) in determining viral susceptibility to inhibition by enfuvirtide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of major changes in flow regime on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of four chalk stream sites, 1997–2001
Authors: Wright J. F. , Clarke R. T. , Gunn R. J. M. , Kneebone N. T. , Davy‐Bowker J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe macroinvertebrate assemblages of three unshaded sites on the River Kennet and one shaded site on the River Lambourn in Berkshire, England, were sampled in summer 1997–2001. Quantitative samples were taken on gravel and on the dominant macrophyte at each site in each year and abundance data were recorded for 57 families of macroinvertebrates. The study commenced during a major drought (1997), but in subsequent years discharge prior to sampling was much higher, culminating in the exceptionally high flows of spring 2001. Both family richness and abundance varied significantly in relation to site, habitat and year. Multidimensional scaling ordination, based on Bray‐Curtis dissimilarities, also displayed significant differences between sites, habitats and years. Differences in composition between the Kennet sites were partly due to longitudinal zonation whilst on the Lambourn, faunal differences resulted from shading and the addition of families from nearby habitats, including marginal vegetation. Major changes took place in family composition and abundance between the drought year of 1997 and 1998, indicating that faunal recovery from drought was rapid. Thereafter, faunal changes between 1998 and 2000 were relatively limited. In 2001, following the prolonged period of exceptionally high discharge, overall family richness peaked on both habitats at the three Kennet sites and family abundance reached peak or second highest values on all four sites and both habitats. Thus, the recent high discharge regimes experienced by these perennial chalk stream sites have had no immediate detrimental consequences for the macroinvertebrate assemblages. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hydraulic impact and performance of a lowland rehabilitation scheme based on pool–riffle installation: the River Waveney, Scole, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Sear D. A. , Newson M. D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPool–riffle installation is increasingly becoming the standard form of river habitat enhancement undertaken, largely for the benefit of fisheries. This study documents the effect of riffle installation on the morphological and hydraulic diversity of a low gradient engineered river. Despite their prevalence there have to date been few published studies of the impacts of these features on channel hydraulics, despite concerns as to their potential impact on flood levels. In this paper the impacts of the installation of gravel bedforms on water surface elevations and flow resistance are considered. The performance of the riffle–pool sequences is assessed against a set of criteria derived from the scientific literature. The analysis reveals that the gravel bedforms do display the hydraulic functionality associated with natural pool–riffle sequences. At bankfull discharge, water surface elevation is not significantly increased over those existing prior to installation, and physical habitat is shown to be more diverse following rehabilitation. The stability and appropriate classification of the gravel bedforms created in the scheme are discussed, together with the implications for floodplain and river rehabilitation in general. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an enhanced flood on riparian plants of the River Murray, South Australia
Authors: Siebentritt Mark A. , Ganf George G. , Walker Keith F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn October 2000, the flow of the River Murray entering South Australia was increased from 32 000 to 42 050 ML day−1 by release of water from an offstream reservoir, and a downstream weir was raised by 500 mm to impound the flood and enhance local floodplain inundation. The flood was maintained for about two weeks, although the duration of inundation was longer at low elevations on the floodplain. Vegetation at three sites was surveyed before and after the flood to examine the impact of inundation on the growth and germination of flood‐tolerant, flood‐dependent and flood‐intolerant species. Among 32 recorded species, Atriplex vesicaria (bladder saltbush, Chenopodiaceae), Sporobolus mitchellii (rats tail couch, Graminae) and Sarcocornia quinqueflora (samphire, Chenopodiaceae) accounted for nearly 82% of the total cover/abundance. Flood‐tolerant and flood‐dependent species (e.g. S. mitchellii) grew and germinated and flood‐intolerant species (e.g. A. vesicaria) senesced. No aquatic plants germinated or established, despite favourable conditions, suggesting an impoverished seed bank or grazing. Based on the growth but lack of germination of flood‐tolerant and flood‐dependent species, the value of small, occasional interventions in environmental flow management may be to maintain existing communities rather than restore degraded ones. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of dykes on plant species composition in a large lowland river floodplain
Authors: Leyer Ilona 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe effects of floodplain fragmentation by dykes on grassland vegetation were evaluated through field studies along the Middle Elbe River (federal states Saxony‐Anhalt and Brandenburg, Germany). Plant species composition was examined in 206 sites between 1996 and 1998 in the entire floodplain, which can be divided into the floodplain types ‘recent floodplain’, ‘older floodplain’ (which is separated from the recent one by dykes) and the ‘margin of the floodplain’ (which is the part of the older floodplain that forms the boundary and is furthest from the river). Dynamics in hydrology were examined weekly between November 1996 and February 1999 with the help of 40 water level wells which were installed near the studied sites. The hydrological parameters ‘average water level’, ‘average groundwater level’, ‘flooding duration’, ‘flooding depth higher 50 cm above soil surface’ and ‘standard deviation of the water level line’ were calculated to characterize the considered floodplain types and to relate species composition to hydrology. Furthermore several parameters of current management of the vegetation were recorded to evaluate the importance of land use versus hydrology for floodplain grasslands.Detrended and canonical correspondence analysis (DCA, CCA) were used to identify major environmental gradients governing the vegetation and to determine if there is a relationship between the different locations within the floodplain, variation in species composition, and gradients of measured environmental variables.The results indicate that the vegetation is closely related to a combination of water level fluctuations, which are different among the floodplain types, and soil moisture, while type and intensity of current management are not important in this context.The results of contingency tables underline the significance of dykes for the occurrence and absence of individual species among the floodplain types. The observed patterns can also be explained by the different hydrological properties of the recent and older floodplain as the results of logistic regression reveal. Furthermore, disturbance and dispersal processes and their alteration by dykes have to be taken into account to explain the pattern of species occurrence.Partial ordination detected residual differences in vegetation among the different floodplain types after accounting for the effects of the measured environmental variables. Grain size distribution is discussed as a further factor that might influence species composition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bank stabilization, riparian land use and the distribution of large woody debris in a regulated reach of the upper Missouri River, North Dakota, USA
Authors: Angradi Ted R. , Schweiger E. William , Bolgrien David W. , Ismert Peter , Selle Tony 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLarge woody debris (LWD) is an important component of ecosystem structure and function in large floodplain rivers. We examined associations between LWD distribution and riparian land use, bank stabilization (e.g. riprap revetment), local channel geomorphology, and distance downriver from the dam in the Garrison Reach, a regulated reach of the upper Missouri River in North Dakota, USA. We conducted a survey of shoreline‐associated LWD in the reach during typical summer flow conditions. Reach‐wide LWD density was 21.3 pieces km−1of shoreline, of which most pieces (39% ) were ‘beached’ between the waterline and the bankfull level, 31% of pieces had evidence of originating at their current location (anchored), 18% of pieces were in deep water (>1 m), and 13% were in shallow water. LWD density along unstabilized alluvial (sand/silt) shorelines (27.3 pieces km−1) was much higher than along stabilized shorelines (7.2 pieces km−1). LWD density along forested shorelines (40.1 pieces km−1) was higher than along open (e.g. rangeland, crop land; 9.2 pieces km−1) or developed (e.g. residential, industrial; 7.8 pieces km−1) shorelines. LWD density was highest overall along unstabilized, forested shorelines (45 pieces km−1) and lowest along open or developed shorelines stabilized with a blanket‐rock revetment (5.5 pieces km−1). Bank stabilization nearly eliminated the positive effect of riparian forest on LWD density. A predicted longitudinal increase in LWD density with distance from the dam was detected only for deep LWD (including snags) along unstabilized alluvial shorelines. Partial resurvey in the summer following the initial survey revealed a reduction in total LWD density in the reach that we attribute to an increase in summer flow between years. Changes in riparian management and land use could slow the loss of LWD‐related ecosystem services. However, restoration of a natural LWD regime in the Missouri River would require naturalization of the hydrograph and modification of existing bank stabilization and channel engineering structures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packaging software process improvement issues: a method and a case study
Authors: Gorschek Tony , Wohlin Claes 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSoftware process improvement is a challenge in general and in particular for small‐ and medium‐sized companies. Assessment is one important step in improvement. However, given that a list of improvement issues has been derived, it is often very important to be able to prioritize the improvement proposals and also look at the potential dependencies between them. This paper comes from an industrial need to enable prioritization of improvement proposals and to identify their dependencies. The need was identified in a small‐ and medium‐sized software development company. Based on the need, a method for prioritization and identification of dependencies of improvement proposals was developed. The prioritization part of the method is based on a multi‐decision criteria method and the dependencies are identified using a dependency graph. The developed method has been successfully applied in the company, where people with different roles applied the method. The paper presents both the method as such and the successful application of it. It is concluded that the method worked as a means for prioritization and identification of dependencies. Moreover, the method also allowed the employees to discuss and reason about the improvement actions to be taken in a structured and systematic way. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal gender and sonographic assessment of crown–rump length: implications for multifetal pregnancy reduction
Authors: Becker S. , Ural S. , Fehm T. , Bienstock J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectivesFetal size is a common criterion for the selection of an individual fetus to be reduced during multifetal pregnancy reduction. We investigated whether a difference in crown–rump length (CRL) exists between male and female fetuses at 9–13 weeks' gestation.MethodsA total of 883 singleton pregnancies was evaluated at the time of chorionic villus sampling. The mean gestational age at the time of intervention was 10.9 weeks. Pregnancies were dated by certain last menstrual period (LMP). Pregnancies with uncertain dating by LMP or with a sonographic difference of gestational age > 1 week compared with LMP were excluded, as were all cases with chromosomal abnormalities. CRL differences between male and female fetuses were compared using Student's t‐test.ResultsA total of 417 female and 466 male fetuses fulfilled our study criteria. Their gestational ages ranged between 9.3 and 13.9 weeks. We found no significant difference in size between the male and female fetuses.ConclusionUsing the CRL to guide multifetal pregnancy reduction should not result in a clinically significant selection of either gender. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Anticancer Activity of the New Chiral Mono‐ and Dinuclear Palladium(II) Complexes derived from (S)‐(‐)‐(1‐phenylethylimino)benzylphenylketone
Authors: Peláez Ma. Angeles , Ramírez Teresa , Martínez Marcos , Sharma Pankaj , Álvarez Cecilio , Gutiérrez René 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe enantiopure ketoimine of benzil – the (S)‐(‐)‐(1‐phenylethylimino)benzyl phenyl ketone (1) obtained under microwave irradiation in solvent‐free conditions – reacts with Na2[PdCl4] to give the new chiral mono‐ and dinuclear Pd‐complexes 2 and 3, which have been partly characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies along with MS‐FAB+ spectrometry. The crystal and molecular structures of both complexes has been fully confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray studies. On the other hand, investigations in vitro of 2 and 3 have displayed growth inhibition against different classes of cancer: leukemia (K‐562 CML), colon cancer (HCT‐15), cancer breast (MCF‐7), central nervous system (U‐251 Glio) and prostate cancer (PC‐3) cell lines.
An Evaluation of Ligand Properties of Neutral and Anionic Tris(imidazol‐2‐yl)phosphines
Authors: Enders Markus , Fritz Olaf , Pritzkow Hans 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn order to study the applicability of tris(imidazol‐2‐yl)phosphine (PIm3) as a possible charge‐variable ligand, new neutral N‐butyl and N‐benzyl derivatives and d0‐metal complexes thereof were prepared and characterized as reference compounds for planned complexes with high valent metals. In addition, an anionic ligand precursor was characterized by X‐Ray analysis and its reactivity towards transition metal halides assayed.
Synthese, Strukturen und X‐/Q‐Band‐EPR‐Untersuchungen von N,N‐Diethyl‐N′‐3,5‐di(trifluormethyl)benzoylthioureato‐Komplexen des CuII, NiII und PdII sowie EPR‐spektroskopische Charakterisierung eines CuII‐CuII‐Dimers
Authors: Kampf Michael , Richter Rainer , Gerber Stefan , Kirmse Reinhard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDie Synthese und die Kristallstrukturen des Liganden N,N‐Diethyl‐N′‐3,5‐di(trifluormethyl)benzoylthioharnstoff HEt2dtfmbtu sowie dessen NiII‐ und PdII‐Komplexes werden berichtet. Der Ligand koordiniert zweizähnig unter Bildung von Bischelaten. Der NiII‐ und der PdII‐Komplex sind isostrukturell. Der ebenfalls hergestellte CuII‐Komplex konnte nicht strukturell charakterisiert werden. Die Präparation diamagnetisch verdünnter, für EPR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen geeigneter Pulverproben vom Typ Cu/Ni(Et2dtfmbtu)2 und Cu/Pd(Et2dtfmbtu)2 gelingt jedoch. Die EPR‐Spektren zeigen deutliche Unterschiede für die Symmetrie der CuS2O2‐Einheit in den Cu/Ni und Cu/Pd‐Systemen: Während für das Cu/Pd‐System axial‐symmetrische Tensoren g und ACu beobachtet werden, sind beide Tensoren für das Cu/Ni‐System deutlich rhombisch. In gefrorener Lösung (Lösungsmittel Chloroform) des CuII‐Komplexes wird EPR‐spektroskopisch interessanterweise erstmals das Vorliegen eines CuII‐CuII‐Dimers für die Substanzklasse der Acylthioureato‐CuII‐Komplexe beobachtet. Die erhaltenen Parameter des Feinstrukturtensors werden zur Bestimmung des CuII‐CuII‐Abstands verwendet.
Heterobimetallic Nickel(II) Complexes of Ferrocenyldithiophosphonates. Molecular Structures of [{FcP(OR)S2}2Ni] [Fc = Fe(η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5), R = Et, Pri, Bus, Bui]
Authors: Karakus Mehmet , Lönnecke Peter , Yakhvarov Dmitry , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe reaction of 2,4‐diferrocenyl‐1,3‐dithiadiphosphetane 2,4‐disulfide [FcPS(μ‐S)]2 [Fc = Fe(η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)] with alcohols ROH gave the corresponding ferrocenyldithiophosphonic acids [FcPS(OR)(SH)], which were treated in situ with Ni(CH3COO)2·4H2O in acetic acid to yield the square‐planar heterobimetallic trinuclear complexes [{FcP(OR)S2}2Ni] (R = Me (1), Et (2), Pri (3), Bus (4) and Bui (5)). Compounds 1‐5 were characterized by elemental analysis, MS, NMR (1H, 13C and 31P), IR spectroscopy, and 2‐5 also by X‐ray crystallography. Cyclovoltammetric studies on the heterobimetallic nickel(II) complexes 1‐5 showed irreversible reduction to unstable nickel(I) complexes and an irreversible two‐electron oxidation of the sulfur‐containing nickel fragments, followed by a reversible one‐electron oxidation of the two ferrocenyl groups.
Postdisaster PTSD over four waves of a panel study of Mexico's 1999 flood
Authors: Norris Fran H. , Murphy Arthur D. , Baker Charlene K. , Perilla Julia L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSamples of adults representative of Tezuitlán, Puebla and Villahermosa, Tobasco (combined N = 561), were interviewed 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the devastating 1999 floods and mudslides in Mexico. Current DSM‐IV PTSD and major depressive disorder (MDD) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. At Wave 1, PTSD was highly prevalent (24% combined), especially in Tezuitlán (46%), which had experienced mass casualties and displacement. Both linear and quadratic effects of time emerged, as PTSD symptoms initially declined but subsequently stabilized. Differences between cities lessened as time passed. Comorbidity between PTSD and MDD was substantial. The findings demonstrate that the international health community needs to be prepared for epidemics of PTSD when disasters strike developing areas of the world.
A mediational model of PTSD in World War II veterans exposed to mustard gas
Authors: Jankowski M. Kay , Schnurr Paula P. , Adams Gary A. , Green Bonnie L. , Ford Julian D. , Friedman Matthew J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStructural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine associations among trauma‐related‐contextual factors, initial psychological reactions, social support, and subsequent disclosure on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a sample of World War II (WWII) veterans exposed to mustard gas (N = 305). A structural model suggested that initial psychological reaction mediated the relationship between variables related to the context of mustard gas exposure and severity of PTSD symptoms 50 years later. Unexpectedly, social support appeared to be positively related to PTSD symptoms, and not related to the contextual variables or initial psychological reactions. These findings contribute to our understanding of PTSD in older veterans, and have relevance for early intervention services to prevent PTSD among those at risk for exposure to toxic agents.
Evaluation of initial posttrauma cardiovascular levels in association with acute PTSD symptoms following a serious motor vehicle accident
Authors: Buckley Beth , Nugent Nicole , Sledjeski Eve , Raimonde A. Jay , Spoonster Eileen , Bogart Laura M. , Delahanty Douglas L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study examined the relationship between heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) levels assessed at multiple time points posttrauma and subsequent acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms present at a 1‐month follow‐up. HR and BP levels were measured in 65 motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors during Emergency Medical Service transport, upon admission to the trauma unit. For the first 20 min postadmission and on the day of discharge. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed no significant relationships between cardiovascular levels and acute PTSD symptoms. Given the small sample size, these results should be interpreted with caution. However, the present results question the use of initial cardiovascular levels as predictors of subsequent acute PTSD in seriously injured MVA victims.