bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with increased risk of head tremor in essential tremor: A community‐based study in northern Manhattan
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Ford Blair , Frucht Steven 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHead tremor is one of the major expressions of essential tremor (ET). It is not well understood why some patients develop head tremor, whereas others do not. A study of the characteristics of patients with head tremor has not been undertaken. Our goal was to estimate the prevalence of head tremor and to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with an increased risk of head tremor in ET. Cases were ascertained from a community‐based study of ET in northern Manhattan, New York. Arm tremor severity was rated with a total tremor score. Logistic regression analyses resulted in odds ratios (OR). Head tremor was present in 37 (34.9%) of 106 ET cases. Female gender was associated with a fourfold increased risk of head tremor (OR = 3.73; P = 0.005). Total tremor score was divided into quartiles; individuals in the lowest or highest quartile were four times more likely to have head tremor (OR = 4.16; P = 0.001). Individuals with both risk factors (female gender and lowest or highest total tremor score quartile) were 16 times more likely to have head tremor (OR = 15.88; P = 0.0006). Being related to a proband with head tremor marginally increased the risk of head tremor (OR = 11.30; P = 0.08). Age and tremor duration did not influence the risk of head tremor. We identified several factors that were associated with an increased risk of head tremor in ET; female gender, coexisting arm tremor that was either very mild or extremely severe, and relation to an ET case with head tremor. These disease associations require further exploration, and might provide insight into the mechanisms underlying head tremor. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Effects of neonatal gonadal steroids on adult CA3 pyramidal neuron dendritic morphology and spatial memory in rats
Authors: Isgor Ceylan , Sengelaub Dale R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe hippocampus is implicated in spatial cognition, which is sexually dimorphic and developmentally sensitive to gonadal steroids. Previously we have shown a sex difference in CA3 pyramidal cell layer volume and neuronal soma size that was reversible with neonatal castration in males or prenatal treatment of females with either testosterone propionate (TP) or a nonaromatizable androgen, dihydrotestosterone propionate, but not estradiol benzoate, all of which correlated with adult water maze navigation. The present study further investigates developmental androgen sensitivity of CA3 pyramidal neurons by measuring dendritic morphology and its relation to adult spatial ability. Female rats were injected with TP on postnatal day (P) 3 and P5 or ovariectomized (OVX) on P2, and male rats were castrated on P2, with or without testosterone replacement (Cas+T). Sham surgery controls were also included. Animals were tested on a water maze in adulthood, sacrificed, and CA3 pyramidal neurons were Golgi‐stained and reconstructed in three dimensions using a computer‐interfaced morphometry system. High‐androgen groups (control males, Cas+T, TP females) performed better in spatial navigation and exhibited CA3 neurons with longer dendrites, a larger number of dendritic branches, and volumes of influence compared to low‐androgen groups (control females, castrated males, OVX). Collectively, these findings indicate that the critical time period for organizational effects of androgens on the CA3 pyramidal neurons includes both prenatal and postnatal life, during which time androgens regulate developmental events such as somal growth and neuronal differentiation, all of which significantly contribute to establishing the sex difference in adult spatial navigation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 179–190, 2003
GDNF and insulin cooperate to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of enteric crest‐derived cells
Authors: Focke Paul J. , Swetlik Andrew R. , Schilz Justin L. , Epstein Miles L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPreviously we have shown that glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) stimulates modest increases in the proliferation of avian enteric crest‐derived cells and similar increases in the phosphorylation of the phosphoinositide 3–kinase (PI3K) downstream substrate Akt (Akt‐P). In the present study we tested whether GDNF‐independent increases in PI3K activation would be sufficient to support proliferation. We found that insulin induces a large increase in the phosphorylation of Akt and can initiate DNA synthesis in avian enteric crest‐derived cells, but is unable to maintain proliferation over time in culture, measured by BrdU incorporation. GDNF can also initiate DNA synthesis, but it too is unable to maintain BrdU incorporation in cultured enteric crest‐derived cells. Sustained incorporation of BrdU after 16–48 h in culture is shown to be dependent on a combination of GDNF and insulin. Using a phospho‐specific antibody, we found Akt‐P levels to be similar in the proliferating (BrdU incorporation maintained from 16–48 h in culture) and nonproliferating populations, suggesting that Akt‐P levels were not solely controlling the extent of BrdU incorporation. A minimum level of PI3K activation, however, is required, as shown by the dose‐dependent reduction in proliferation with the PI3K inhibitor LY‐294002. We conclude that the integrity of the PI3K pathway is essential for enteric crest‐derived cell proliferation, but that the absolute levels of Akt‐P do not determine the extent of proliferation. The enhanced proliferation in cultures containing both GDNF and insulin suggests that other pathways are involved, including the possibility that PI3K downstream effectors other than Akt are important in the regulation of avian enteric crest‐derived cell proliferation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 151–164, 2003
Improving communication of drug risks to prevent patient injury: proceedings of a workshop
Authors: Campbell William H. , Califf Robert M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeThe Centers for Education & Research on Therapeutics (CERTs) is conducting a series of workshops on managing the risks of therapeutics, with the ultimate goal to develop an agenda for research and education about risk and its management. This paper presents the results of the first workshop in the series, a 2‐day meeting focused on communication of drug risks to healthcare professionals and patients.MethodsThe 50 workshop participants represented the medical‐products industry, academia, consumer groups, regulatory bodies and the media. Together, they sought to identify and understand barriers to successful risk communication, to identify tools or methods that could improve risk communication, and to develop research and education agendas that would lead to better risk communication in the future.ResultsLimitations of current methods of risk communication were identified, and research and education agendas were proposed to clarify and resolve these issues.ConclusionCommon themes for potential solutions include enhanced education of healthcare providers, increased motivation of patients and families, use of creative communication technologies, and better organization of and access to medical records and information. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibiotic prescribing for otitis media: how well does it match published guidelines?
Authors: McEwen Laura N. , Farjo Rand , Foxman Betsy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOtitis media (OM) accounts for ∼ 31 million physician visits annually, and is typically treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is the recommended first‐line treatment; appropriate antibiotic use slows the development of resistance. We analyzed insurance claims from families of employees working at a single company to determine if OM treatments (1) matched published standards; and (2) varied by patient characteristics, type of physician practice or geographic location. Persons diagnosed with OM between 1996 and 1999 were matched to prescription drug claims for those who filled an antibiotic prescription within 3 days of diagnosis. Physicians prescribed amoxicillin for only 31% of acute cases and 19% of recurrent cases. For acute infections in children≤ 2 years the prescribed duration often matched the standard of 10 days, but for persons > 2 years the prescribed duration was often longer than the suggested duration of 5–7 days. For persons of all ages with recurrent infections, the prescribed duration was often shorter than suggested (10 days versus≥ 14 days). There were only modest variations by urban/rural location or provider type. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in antimicrobial utilization at a Spanish general hospital during a 5‐year period
Authors: Hermosilla Nájera Lorena , Canut Blasco Andrés , Ulibarrena Sanz Miguel , Abasolo Osinaga Eider , Carlos Abecia Inchaurregui Luis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeAntimicrobials are a major part of hospital pharmacy budgets and must be considered in resource planning and spending projections. This study describes the profile of antibiotic use at a medium‐sized hospital (by examining the ICU separately) and analyses its evolution over the period 1996–2000.MethodsDescriptive and retrospective study. Pharmacy records were reviewed to identify oral and parenteral antimicrobial agents administered to inpatients. Results were expressed in Daily Defined Doses (DDD) per 100 stays and day.ResultsDuring the 5‐year study period 176.162 DDD/100 s‐d of antibiotics were consumed in the ICU, whereas in the rest of the hospital usage was much lower (54.438 DDD/100 s‐d). Aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, penicillins, glycopeptides and carbapenems were the most commonly used groups of antimicrobials in the ICU, and penicillins, cephalosporins, trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations, aminoglycosides and quinolones in the rest of the hospital.ConclusionsICUs have some special features which make them different to the other inpatient areas. Because of that fact we consider it important to study this specific patient‐care area separately. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of drug use during pregnancy in a teaching hospital in western Nepal
Authors: Das Biswadeep , Sarkar Chayna , Datta Adrija , Bohra Sangeeta 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInformation on the use of drugs during pregnancy is scarce and rather anecdotal. Careful consideration of the benefit to the mother and the risk to the fetus is required when prescribing drugs during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge on this issue in western Nepal. 2156 prescriptions of pregnant women were collected at random from the antenatal care (ANC) in obstetrics out‐patient department (OPD) at Manipal Teaching Hospital (MTH), Nepal and analyzed for this study. The mean maternal age and hemoglobin concentration were 25 years and 12.21 g/dl, respectively. Twenty‐three percent women attended obstetric OPD due to maternal disorders other than routine ANC (77%). Problem oriented drug use was due to nausea/vomiting (4.7%), dyspepsia (3.1%), and per vaginal spotting/bleeding (3.4%), mainly. Most of the women got 2–3 drugs and commonly included nutritional supplementation and tetanus toxoid. The average number of drugs/prescription was 2.00. 15.37% and 64.8% drugs were prescribed by generic name and as fixed dose combinations, respectively. The most commonly prescribed drugs were nutritional supplements like iron, folate, calcium, vitamins (72.8%), followed by tetanus toxoid (12.4%), gastrointestinals (5%), antimicrobials (4.6%), etc. Though, the selection of drugs was rational in most of the cases, some anomalies were observed and discussed with the clinicians. Our data reflect the general extent and prescribing pattern for those Nepalese pregnant women attending hospital in western Nepal. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 19 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Relative risks of reported serious injury and death associated with hemostasis devices by gender
Authors: Tavris Dale R. , Gallauresi Beverly , Rich Suzanne , Bell Carlos 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeTo assess relative risks by gender of reported serious injuries and deaths associated with the use of hemostasis devices, stratified by year of report, type of injury, and type of device.MethodsReports from the Food and Drug Administration's Medical Device Reporting system and National Center for Health Statistics data on use of cardiac catheterization were used to estimate relative risks of reported serious injuries and deaths by gender.ResultsEstimated risks of reported serious injuries and deaths associated with hemostasis devices were two to three times greater in females than in males for hemorrhage and hematoma (p < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference in risks by gender for infection.ConclusionsCardiac catheterization is sometimes associated with serious injuries and deaths. Among patients who receive hemostasis devices, the risk of these events are disproportionately greater in women. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihypertensive drug‐associated sexual dysfunction: a prescription analysis‐based study
Authors: Jassim Al Khaja K. A. , Sequeira R. P. , Al Damanhori A. H. H. , Mathur V. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether primary care physicians take into consideration age, gender and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for sexual dysfunction (SD) when prescribing antihypertensives.MethodsA prescribing survey on hyperternsive patients with or without diabetes mellitus in primary care setting of Bahrain was carried out.ResultsIn 5301 hypertensive patients, we found that a β‐blocker (atenolol) was the most commonly prescribed drug and was significantly more often prescribed for young male hypertensives (<45 years). A relatively high dose of atenolol (100 mg/d) was extensively used as both mono‐ and combination‐therapies. With the exception of middle‐aged hypertensives (45–64 years) and elderly diabetic‐hypertensives (≥65 years), no significant age‐ and gender‐related differences were observed regarding the prescription of thiazide diuretics. A significant trend of prescribing methyldopa in females as monotherapy was evident. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, the second most commonly prescribed drugs, were significantly more often prescribed for young, middle‐aged hypertensive males and for middle‐aged diabetic‐hypertensive males. β‐blocker/diuretic combination was prescribed least for the young and elderly hypertensive males. However, prescription of an ACE inhibitor with either a diuretic or a calcium channel blocker (CCBs) was less frequent and lacked gender‐related differences.ConclusionsWe infer that antihypertensive‐induced SD received little attention as was evident from: (a) over‐prescription of relatively high dose of β‐blockers to young hypertensive males; (b) lack of gender‐ and age‐related difference regarding the type and dose of diuretics prescribed; (c) underutilisation of effective and complementary combinations expected to cause least impact on sexual function, such as ACE inhibitors with either a diuretic or with a CCB; and (d) a relative lack of discrimination while selecting antihypertensive drugs, particularly as monotherapy between hypertensive versus diabetic‐hypertensive patients. With the exception of ACE inhibitors alone and combination of diuretic/β‐blocker, the choice of antihypertensives did not conform to international guidelines. In view of drug‐induced SD adversely influencing the quality of life and thereby drug‐compliance, interventions aimed at improving physicians' awareness should be attempted. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of anaphylaxis in a hospital population in relation to the use of various drugs: an international study
Authors: Kaufman D. W. ,   The International Collaborative Study of Severe Anaphylaxis
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the risk of anaphylaxis following exposure to medications given during hospitalization.MethodsCases with anaphylaxis and controls, matched according to length of hospital stay, were enrolled from hospitals in Hungary, Spain, India and Sweden. Exposures were recorded from the hospital record. The incidence of anaphylaxis was calculated among those exposed to various drugs, with denominators estimated from exposure rates in the controls and number of hospitalizations.ResultsAmong 184 cases and 1003 controls, the incidence of anaphylaxis was in the range of 5–15 cases per 100 000 exposed patients for most analgesics and antibiotics administered orally or parenterally; for parenteral penicillin, it was 32. Incidence estimates were somewhat higher for blood, dextran, pentoxifylline and both ionic and nonionic contrast media, ranging from 35 to 95 cases. The highest estimates were for streptokinase and plasma, at 378 and 284. With no exposed controls, the incidence could not be calculated for anti‐snake venom, but it was clearly higher than for other exposures.ConclusionsAlthough anaphylaxis is known to occur following exposure to a large number of drugs, the incidence is not well documented. We have demonstrated a relatively low risk for dipyrone, diclofenac, paracetamol, ampicillin, cloxacillin and cephalosporins. An intermediate risk was shown for parenteral penicillin, dextran, contrast media, blood and pentoxifylline. The highest incidence was observed for plasma, streptokinase and anti‐snake venom (the latter used only in India). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in the use of antituberculosis drugs in Spain 1993–1998
Authors: Blázquez A. , Arias J. , Mateos‐Campos R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeTo determine and analyse the trends in the use of antituberculosis agents in Spain during 1993–1998.MethodsPharmacoepidemiological study on the use of antituberculosis drugs using the data from prescriptions redeemed by the National Health Service.ResultsThe use of antituberculosis drugs over the study period was 6 271 909 defined daily doses (DDDs) in 1993, which fell to 4 433 066 DDDs in 1998. A decreasing trend was thus seen, involving a 29.6% drop between the beginning and the end of the study period. The use of daily doses per 1000 inhabitants was 0.42 in 1993 and 0.30 in the end of the period in 1998. The drug most used during the period of study was Rifinah. In 1993, its percentage of use was 41.2, which then decreased to 34.5 in 1998. After this drug, Rifampicin and Etambutol were those with the highest percentages of use, with values close to 18 and 15, respectively. Regarding estimation of tuberculosis, the prevalence was 25.25 cases per 100 000 inhabitants in 1993 and 16.62 in 1998. A decrease of 23.1% occurred in the cost in pesetas between 1993 and 1998.ConclusionsDrug's combinations are the most common therapy for tuberculosis and there were important differences between regions. The highest estimation of this disease is in the northwest region of Spain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased US prescription trends associated with the CDC Bacillus anthracis antimicrobial postexposure prophylaxis campaign
Authors: Shaffer Douglas , Armstrong George , Higgins Karen , Honig Peter , Coyne Philip , Boxwell Debra , Beitz Julie , Leissa Brad , Murphy Dianne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPurposeWe evaluated national outpatient antimicrobial prescription trends in relation to the first United States case of inhalational anthrax due to the intentional delivery of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) spores.MethodsWe queried IMS HEALTH's National Prescription Audit Plus7™ database for two 6‐month periods (July–December) in 2001 and 2000 to describe outpatient prescription trends of antimicrobials recommended during the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) postexposure prophylaxis campaign.ResultsOverall, antimicrobial utilization for the referent 6‐month time frame was greater in 2000 compared to 2001. In contrast, ciprofloxacin utilization was greater in 2001 during October, the month following the index case, increasing by more than 40% over utilization in October 2000. Similarly, doxycycline utilization increased by 30% during October/November. This corresponded to relative increases in US utilization for ciprofloxacin of approximately 160 000 prescriptions for the month of October and for doxycycline of approximately 96 000 prescriptions during October and 120 000 prescriptions for November.ConclusionsWe conclude more widespread prescribing of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline occurred in response to the first US bioterrorist‐associated anthrax attacks than was warranted based upon confirmed or suspected B. anthracis exposure alone. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
mRNA expression of the five membrane‐type matrix metalloproteinases MT1–MT5 in human prostatic cell lines and their down‐regulation in human malignant prostatic tissue
Authors: Jung Monika , Römer Andreas , Keyszer Gernot , Lein Michael , Kristiansen Glen , Schnorr Dietmar , Loening Stefan A. , Jung Klaus 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the expression of membrane‐type matrix metalloproteinases (MT‐MMPs) 1–5 in the human prostatic cell lines BPH‐1, LNCaP, DU 145, PC‐3, in malignant and non‐malignant prostatic tissue samples, and in epithelial cells cultured from these tissue samples.MethodsMatched malignant and non‐malignant tissue specimens were obtained from 12 men with untreated prostate carcinoma after radical prostatectomy. Expression of mRNA for the five MT‐MMPs was quantified by real‐time PCR technique and normalized to the expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).ResultsThe expression of the five MT‐MMPs was distinctly different not only between the prostate cell lines but also varied in the same cell line. There was a general higher expression of all MT‐MMPs except for MT3‐MMP in the androgen‐insensitive cells DU 145 and PC‐3 compared with that in the androgen‐sensitive LNCaP cells. Their relatively high expression in the benign prostatic cell line BPH‐1 and also in the primary cell cultures from malignant and non‐malignant tissue samples argues against a simple association between MT‐MMP expression and invasiveness. In malignant tissue samples and their corresponding cell cultures, the expression of most MT‐MMPs was down‐regulated in comparison to the normal counterparts. There was no correlation between tumor classification data and the MT‐MMP expression results.ConclusionsIn contrast to other carcinoma, the down‐regulation of most MT‐MMPs is typical for prostate carcinoma. It seems to occur mainly in epithelial cells and has to be examined as special characteristic of this tumor entity in further studies. Prostate 55: 89–98, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.