bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraobserver and interobserver variability of ovarian volume, gray‐scale and color flow indices obtained using transvaginal three‐dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: Järvelä I. Y. , Sladkevicius P. , Tekay A. H. , Campbell S. , Nargund G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess intraobserver and interobserver variability in ovarian volume and gray‐scale and color flow index measurements using transvaginal, three‐dimensional, power Doppler ultrasonography.MethodsEleven women (22 ovaries) were examined on day 8 of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation therapy, which was part of their in vitro fertilization treatment protocol. The patients were examined twice by the first observer and once by the second observer. The acquired volume datasets were analyzed using the VOCAL™ imaging program, enabling the assessment of ovarian volume, vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI), vascularization flow index (VFI) and mean grayness (MG). For these parameters the intraclass (intra‐CC) and interclass (inter‐CC) correlation coefficients, within‐observer and between‐observers repeatability coefficient (r) and limits of agreement were calculated.ResultsBoth intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of ovarian volume measurements were considered very good with an intra‐CC value of 1.00 and inter‐CC value of 0.99, respectively. Also VI, FI, VFI and MG measurements were repeatable by a single observer, the intra‐CC ranging from 0.82 to 0.91. The interobserver reproducibility was also good for VI, VFI and MG measurements (inter‐CC values 0.73, 0.70 and 0.81, respectively), but for FI measurements the reproducibility was poor (inter‐CC = 0.29, r = 7.87).ConclusionsIn general, the intraobserver reproducibility was better than interobserver reproducibility for all parameters. The volume assessments were reproducible both by one observer and by two separate observers. The intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were acceptable for VI, VFI and MG, whereas for FI the interobserver reproducibility was poor. Our results suggest that measurement of gray‐scale and color Doppler flow indices is reproducible thus allowing them to be used in clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary stenosis and atresia with intact ventricular septum during prenatal life
Authors: Todros T. , Paladini D. , Chiappa E. , Russo M. G. , Gaglioti P. , Pacileo G. , Cau M. A. , Martinelli P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAimTo identify fetal echocardiographic characteristics predictive of perinatal outcome in cases with a prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia.Patients and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed the records and the videotapes of all the cases of pulmonary stenosis and pulmonary atresia diagnosed at our institutions between 1990 and 1999. The following measurements were obtained: diameters of right and left atria and ventricles and ventricular wall thickness; main pulmonary artery and aortic root diameter; direction of flow through the atrioventricular, aortic and pulmonary valves and through the ductus arteriosus. Perinatal outcome and follow‐up of the survivors were available in each case.ResultsThere were 21 cases of pulmonary atresia. Eleven were diagnosed before 24 weeks and nine of them (82%) underwent termination of pregnancy. The survival rate was 50% among the 12 fetuses born at term. None of the fetuses that survived had a large right ventricle, while this was a finding in 50% of those that died. Among the fetuses that died, 83% had a hypertrophic right ventricular wall compared to 33% of the survivors. There were 12 cases of pulmonary stenosis. Three cases were diagnosed before 24 weeks but none underwent termination of pregnancy. All the fetuses with pulmonary stenosis were born at term and four died in the perinatal period. The survival rate was thus 66.6% (8/12). Three (75%) of the fetuses that died had reversed flow in the ductus arteriosus compared with one of the fetuses that survived.ConclusionOur data suggest that a grossly enlarged right ventricle and/or a hypertrophied right ventricular wall in cases of pulmonary atresia and reversed flow in the arterial duct in cases of pulmonary stenosis are likely indicators of a poor prognosis. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal supraventricular tachycardia diagnosed and treatedat 13 weeks of gestation: a case report
Authors: Porat S. , Anteby E. Y. , Hamani Y. , Yagel S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSupraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most commonly encountered clinically significant tachycardia in the fetus. When SVT is sustained, congestive heart failure and fetal hydrops may ensue, due to both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Sonographic diagnosis is usually incidental during the second or third trimester. Treatment goals are cardioversion to sinus rhythm and reversal of cardiac dysfunction. We describe a case of fetal SVT diagnosed at 13 weeks of gestation. Treatment with digoxin and flecainide was successful; the heart rate returned to sinus rhythm within one day, and fetal hydrops resolved within 8 days of treatment. We suspect that as more first‐trimester examinations are performed, more cases with SVT will be diagnosed. We discuss the treatment protocol, and suggest that co‐administration of two drugs that act synergistically may be more efficient than monotherapy, which is currently used as the first line of treatment. In addition, we discuss the potentially deleterious effect of heart failure encountered at an early developmental stage on the central nervous system. More data need to be collected in order to substantiate a clear recommendation regarding optimal management. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skewed fetal gender distribution in prolonged pregnancy: a fallacy with consequences
Authors: Kitlinski Laczna M. , Källén K. , Mars̆ál K. , Olofsson P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveSkewed gender distribution and falsely assigned gestational age lead to unnecessary or late obstetric intervention in prolonged pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of a fetal gender‐dependent systematic 1.5‐day dating error at ultrasound fetometry.Material and methodsA total of 82 484 singleton deliveries ≥37 weeks at 11 hospitals in southern Sweden from 1995 to 2000 were included. Frequencies of labor induction and Apgar scores <7 at 5 min were compared with regard to fetal gender, both before and after correction of gestational age by adding 0.75 days to female‐fetus pregnancies and subtracting 0.75 days from male‐fetus pregnancies.ResultsThe uncorrected odds ratio for having a male baby at ≥42 weeks was 1.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.33–1.49). After adjusting gestational age by ±0.75 days, the odds ratio reduced to 0.90 (95% confidence interval, 0.84–0.95). The risk for labor induction was significantly above unity in male‐fetus pregnancies delivered after 41 weeks when gestational age was corrected for fetal gender, while the risk for female fetuses having a low Apgar score was not significantly increased compared to male fetuses (P = 0.087).ConclusionSkewed gender distribution in prolonged pregnancy results in a higher rate of labor induction in pregnancies with male fetuses at ≥41 weeks, and the risk for newborn females having a low Apgar score in prolonged pregnancy is not significantly increased compared to boys. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single and multiple umbilical cord cysts in early gestation: two different entities
Authors: Ghezzi F. , Raio L. , Di Naro E. , Franchi M. , Cromi A. , Dürig P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of single and multiple umbilical cord cysts in the first trimester and to assess whether there is a difference in the pregnancy outcome between them.MethodsA targeted sonographic morphological and morphometric evaluation of the umbilical cord was performed in consecutive patients between 7 and 14 weeks of gestation. Crown–rump length and umbilical cord diameter were measured in all cases. Nuchal translucency thickness was measured between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation. In pregnancies at very early gestational ages (7–10 weeks) an additional scan was performed between 11 and 14 weeks.ResultsA total of 1159 patients was screened. The prevalence of umbilical cord cysts was 2.1% (24/1159). The cysts were single and multiple in 18 and six cases, respectively. The median (range) largest umbilical cord cyst diameter was no different between multiple and single umbilical cord cysts (3.8 (2.1–18) mm vs. 3.05 (2.0–7.8) mm; P = 0.386). All women with a single umbilical cord cyst delivered an infant without structural abnormalities and without features suggestive of chromosomal abnormalities. Among the women with multiple umbilical cord cysts, four had a missed miscarriage and one had a fetus with obstructive uropathy.ConclusionSingle and multiple umbilical cord cysts in the first trimester of gestation represent two different entities. While single cysts in the first trimester are associated with a favorable pregnancy outcome, the presence of multiple umbilical cord cysts is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage and aneuploidy. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Umbilical artery aneurysm: prenatal identification in three fetuses with trisomy 18
Authors: Sepulveda W. , Corral E. , Kottmann C. , Illanes S. , Vasquez P. , Monckeberg M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAneurysm of the umbilical artery is an extremely rare anomaly of the umbilical cord, with only two cases being documented in the English language literature. We report three cases diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound in the third trimester, all associated with single umbilical artery and multiple structural fetal anomalies. Prenatal karyotyping revealed trisomy 18 in all three cases. Umbilical cord anomalies, although rare, are associated with significant fetal morbidity and mortality. This report identifies umbilical artery aneurysm as an additional prenatal feature of trisomy 18. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of sustained bradycardia with 1 : 1 atrioventricular conduction
Authors: Maeno Y. , Rikitake N. , Toyoda O. , Kiyomatsu Y. , Miyake T. , Himeno W. , Hirose A. , Hori D. , Kamura T. , Kato H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this study were to elucidate the clinical course of fetal bradycardia with 1 : 1 atrioventricular conduction, and to discuss the optimal management of affected fetuses in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.MethodsThe hospital records of five fetuses with the diagnosis of bradycardia (100 bpm) with 1 : 1 atrioventricular conduction between 1981 and 2000 in our institution were reviewed. Atrioventricular conduction was evaluated by simultaneous M‐mode echocardiographic tracing of the atria and the ventricles.ResultsThe gestational ages at referral ranged from 19 to 36 (median, 25) weeks, and fetal heart rates ranged from 60 to 80 (median, 80) bpm. Postnatal electrocardiography revealed sinus bradycardia in four (two of which were siblings) of the five cases, and junctional rhythm in the remaining case. Two fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHDs) were delivered by Cesarean section but died postnatally. The three fetuses without CHDs were delivered vaginally and have survived to date for 6, 8 and 15 years.ConclusionsFetal bradycardia with 1 : 1 atrioventricular conduction caused by sustained sinus bradycardia or wandering pacemaker is an important type of fetal arrhythmia. Further investigations with a larger number of cases are required to determine the risk factors for predicting the outcome of affected fetuses. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The contribution of transvaginal ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: an observational study
Authors: Caspi B. , Zbar A. P. , Mavor E. , Hagay Z. , Appelman Z. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the contribution of transvaginal and transabdominal sonography in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis.MethodsThe study group included female patients in whom acute appendicitis was diagnosed preoperatively by ultrasound and confirmed by histology. Each patient was examined by transabdominal (TAS) and transvaginal (TVS) sonography. The contribution of both approaches to the diagnosis of acute appendicitis was assessed.ResultsAcute appendicitis was diagnosed sonographically in 38 women. In all of them the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. All patients had both TAS and TVS. In 16 (42%) patients the inflamed appendix was detected by both approaches, in 13 (34%) only by the transabdominal route and in nine (24%) only transvaginally. Thus, TAS detected only 76% of the cases and TVS added 24%.ConclusionThe use of TVS in conjunction with TAS seems to improve the detection rate of acute appendicitis. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated fetal ascites caused by Wolman disease
Authors: Ben‐Haroush A. , Yogev Y. , Levit O. , Hod M. , Kaplan B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWolman disease is a rare autosomal‐recessive disorder caused by reduced levels of lysosomal acid lipase. It occurs in infancy and is fatal in most cases before the age of 1 year. Affected infants show signs of lipid storage in most tissues, including hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal distension, vomiting, steatorrhea, failure to thrive, and adrenal calcifications. We present a case of isolated fetal ascites diagnosed at 32 weeks of gestation, with negative work‐up for immune and non‐immune hydrops fetalis and congenital infections and malformations. After delivery, the diagnosis of Wolman disease was established. Although rare, storage diseases such as Wolman disease should be considered in cases of isolated fetal ascites. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimal invasive complete excision of benign breast tumors using a three‐dimensional ultrasound‐guided mammotome vacuum device
Authors: Baez E. , Huber A. , Vetter M. , Hackelöer B.‐J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the use of three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasonography in the complete excision of benign breast tumors using ultrasound‐guided vacuum‐assisted core‐needle biopsy (Mammotome®). A protocol for the management of benign breast tumors is proposed.MethodTwenty consecutive patients with sonographically benign breast lesions underwent 3D ultrasound‐guided mammotome biopsy under local anesthesia. The indication for surgical biopsy was a solid lesion with benign characteristics on both two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D ultrasound imaging, increasing in size over time or causing pain or irritation. Preoperatively, the size of the lesion was assessed using 2D and 3D volumetry. During vacuum biopsy the needle was visualized sonographically in all three dimensions, including the coronal plane. Excisional biopsy was considered complete when no residual tumor tissue could be seen sonographically. Ultrasonographic follow‐up examinations were performed on the following day and 3–6 months later to assess residual tissue and scarring.ResultsAll lesions were histologically benign. Follow‐up examinations revealed complete excision of all lesions of < 1.5 mL in volume as assessed by 3D volumetry. 3D ultrasonographic volume assessment was more accurate than 2D using the ellipsoid formula or assessment of the maximum diameter for the prediction of complete excision of the tumor. No bleeding or infections occurred postoperatively and no scarring was seen ultrasonographically on follow‐up examinations.ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided vacuum‐assisted biopsy allows complete excision of benign breast lesions that are ≤1.5 mL in volume (calculated by 3D volumetry), and thus avoids open surgery and postoperative scarring. Under local anesthesia it is a safe procedure with optimal compliance. 3D ultrasound offers the advantage of better preoperative demonstration of the lesions' margins, resulting in better assessment of volumetry, improved intraoperative needle location and perioperative identification of residual tumor tissue. 3D sonographically guided biopsy should be integrated into breast cancer screening programs as a safe therapeutic option for breast lesions presumed to be benign. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal thoracoamniotic shunting as the only treatment for pulmonary sequestration with hydrops: favorable long‐term outcome without postnatal surgery
Authors: Salomon L. J. , Audibert F. , Dommergues M. , Vial M. , Frydman R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough it is established that bronchopulmonary sequestration complicated by fetal hydrops carries a high risk of perinatal mortality, prenatal management remains controversial. Therapeutic options include immediate delivery, medical therapy based on an inotropic regimen, alcohol ablation of the vascular pedicle, open fetal surgery, or thoracoamniotic shunting of fetal pleural effusions. We report a case of pulmonary sequestration with hydrothorax and fetal hydrops which was successfully treated by a single fetal thoracoamniotic catheter drainage. Following emergency catheter placement, hydrothorax and hydrops decreased dramatically. The sequestration gradually disappeared postnatally, and long‐term outcome remained normal without any postnatal therapy. Based on this observation, the natural history of pulmonary sequestration and prenatal management options are reviewed. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial
Authors: JONES CLIFF 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.
Professor Edsger W. Dijkstra has had a profound effect on many aspects of Computer Science. His death will
leave a huge gap in our scientific world. The personal loss to those who had the privilege of knowing Edsger
is even larger. Edsger was not always the easiest of colleagues: he held strong opinions and rarely hid them.
His exacting scientific standards have had an enormous impact on computing science. Edsger's writings have
shaped and will continue to influence our subject. Those who worked closely with him and have taken up his
methods and ideas will continue to be heard.
This edition of Formal Aspects contains a wonderfully insightful memorial written by Krzysztof Apt. In
his balanced obituary, Apt refers to the famous “EWD” reports whose contribution we reflect by printing one
that has not previously been published: we are grateful to Ria Dijkstra for permission to so do and for help
from Ham Richards (Ham was also behind the lens for the evocative photograph of Edsger). Many EWDs
were circulated as copies of Edsger's clear handwriting and although EWD1300 is printed here in typescript,
a complete library in Edsger's hand is available at http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (1930–2002): A Portrait of a Genius
Authors: Apt Krzysztof R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra was born in Rotterdam on 11 May 1930. His mother was a mathematician and father
a chemist. In 1956 he graduated from the University of Leiden in mathematics and theoretical physics. In
1959 he received his PhD from the University of Amsterdam for his thesis entitled ‘Communication with an
Automatic Computer’, devoted to a description of the assembly language designed for the first commercial
computer developed in the Netherlands, the X1. It also dealt with the concept of an interrupt, a novelty at
that time. His PhD thesis supervisor was Aad van Wijngaarden.
EWD1300: The Notational Conventions I Adopted, and Why
Authors: Dijkstra Edsger W. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.
At a given moment, the concept of polite mathematics emerged, the underlying idea of which is that, even if you have only 60 readers, it pays to spend an hour if by doing so you can save your average reader a minute. By inventing an idealized ‘average reader’, we could translate most of the lofty, human goal of politeness into more or less formal criteria we could apply to our texts. This note is devoted to the resulting notational and stylistic conventions that were adopted as the years went by.
We don't want to baffle or puzzle our reader, in particular it should be clear what has to be done to check our argument and it should be possible to do so without pencil and paper. This dictates small, explicit steps. On the other hand it is well known that brevity is the leading characteristic of mathematical elegance, and some fear that this ideal excludes the small, explicit steps, but one of the joys of my professional life has been the discovery that this fear is unfounded, for brevity can be achieved without committing the sin of omission.
I should point out that my ideal of crisp clarity is not universally shared. Some consider the puzzles that are created by their omissions as spicy challenges, without which their texts would be boring; others shun clarity lest their work is considered trivial.
Generic Composition
Authors: Chen Yifeng 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.

This paper presents a technique called
generic composition
to provide a uniform basis for modal operators, sequential composition, different kinds of parallel compositions and various healthiness conditions appearing in a variety of semantic theories. The weak inverse of generic composition is defined. A completeness theorem shows that any predicate can be written in terms of generic composition and its weak inverse. A number of algebraic laws that support reasoning are derived.
A Refinement Calculus for Shared-Variable Parallel and Distributed Programming
Authors: Dingel J. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract.
Parallel computers have not yet had the expected impact on mainstream computing. Parallelism adds a level of complexity to the programming task that makes it very error-prone. Moreover, a large variety of very different parallel architectures exists. Porting an implementation from one machine to another may require substantial changes. This paper addresses some of these problems by developing a formal basis for the design of parallel programs in the form of a refinement calculus. The calculus allows the stepwise formal derivation of an abstract, low-level implementation from a trusted, high-level specification. The calculus thus helps structuring and documenting the development process. Portability is increased, because the introduction of a machine-dependent feature can be located in the refinement tree. Development efforts above this point in the tree are independent of that feature and are thus reusable. Moreover, the discovery of new, possibly more efficient solutions is facilitated. Last but not least, programs are correct by construction, which obviates the need for difficult debugging. Our programming/specification notation supports fair parallelism, shared-variable and message-passing concurrency, local variables and channels. The calculus rests on a compositional trace semantics that treats shared-variable and message-passing concurrency uniformly. The refinement relation combines a context-sensitive notion of trace inclusion and assumption-commitment reasoning to achieve compositionality. The calculus straddles both concurrency paradigms, that is, a shared-variable program can be refined into a distributed, message-passing program and vice versa.
Dynamic interaction between a leaf beetle, Galerucella nipponensis, and an aquatic plant, Trapa japonica. II. Dispersal behavior of larvae
Authors: Tanaka M. , Nakasuji F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe dispersal behavior of the larvae of a leaf beetle, Galerucella nipponensis, was investigated to analyze the dynamic interaction between the leaf beetle and its aquatic host plant, Trapa japonica. The hatchlings dispersed from the hatched leaf to other leaves in a rosette within 12 h. Some larvae even dispersed on the water surface. As a result, the hatchlings distributed uniformly within the rosette. This larval dispersal appeared to be adaptive behavior responding to a rapid turnover of T. japonica leaves. The female adults preferred young or middle‐aged leaves to old leaves as oviposition sites.