bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Investment and Reproductive Success
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had a wonderful teacher, a man named William Drury. I met him when he was hired to oversee some booklets I was to write on animals and animal behavior for a fifth grade course of study. In effect, for two years I had a private tutor in biology, before I ever took a formal course, paid by the hour (and at a good rate) by my employer. No need to feel any guilt as you consumed yet another hour of your teacher’s time! I had graduated from college and was working for a curriculum company, putting together the new social sciences for fifth graders, just as the new mathematics and new physics had swept their curricula.
Michaels Family
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Michael was in kindergarten his mother, Flora, was overwhelmed by her first attack of mania. Then twenty-four years old, Flora had just published her first novel to great critical acclaim. In light of this early success, her exuberance initially seemed understandable. But instead of coming down to earth, Flora kept getting more and more excited. At a party in her honor, she startled the guests by dancing on the table and stripping off her clothes. A few restless, sleepless days later, this brilliant and elegant young woman had become so agitated and disheveled that she was admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Her diagnosis, confirmed by several specialists, was manic-depressive illness, a remarkably common mental disorder that affects , about one in a hundred men and women. Because this was in [ 941, before tranquilizers and lithium had been developed as treatments for manic behavior, it took more than a month of hospitalization and large doses of sedatives to help calm her down.
Introduction
Authors: Stanford Craig B , Bunn Henry T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 30 years after the publication of Man the Hunter, the role of meat in the early human diet remains a central topic of human evolutionary research. There is little doubt that meat-eating became increasingly important in human ancestry, despite the lack of direct evidence in the fossil record of how meat was obtained, or how much was eaten, or how often, or how exactly increasing importance of meat-eating may have contributed to the rise of the genus Homo. Although the fossil evidence is becoming clearer on these issues, we still lack key evidence about early hominid behavioral ecology. Information about meat-eating patterns from modern nonhuman primates, from modern foraging people, and from the fossil record could all contribute to a clearer picture of early humanity than we have at present.
Meat and the Early Human Diet: Insights from Neotropical Primate Studies
Authors: Rose Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inclusion of meat as a regular part of the diet has long been seen as a significant development in human evolution, affecting patterns of land use, tool development, social interaction, communication, and cognitive development. By the l960s, hunting and its behavioral and technological legacy had gained broad acceptance as the key human adaptation. However, studies of contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the !Kung (Lee 1979, 1984) and changes in attitudes shaped largely by the growth of feminist awareness in the 1970s increasingly emphasized the importance of plant foods in the human diet and the predominant role of women in providing these foods (Tanner 1979; Dahlberg 1981; Fedigan 1986). In addition, the development of modern, hypothesis-driven archaeology was accompanied by a tendency to downplay the cognitive capacity of early hominids, particularly their ability to hunt large prey (e.g., Binford 1981, 1985). Meticulous work at sites such as Olduvai and Koobi Fora confirmed the associations between carcass remains, tools, and Plio-Pleistocene hominids, but by the mid 1980s, meat procurement strategies were increasingly cast in terms of scavenging rather than hunting (reviewed in Rose and Marshall 1996). However, interpretations have now begun to shift back toward a mixed strategy of hunting and scavenging, as initially proposed by Leakey (1971) and Isaac (1971) with an emphasis on “power scavenging” rather than marginal, passive scavenging (Bunn 1996, this volume; Tappen this volume). There have also been some recent attempts to integrate nonhuman primate studies and behavioral ecological principles into reconstructions of early hominid meat-eating and land use (Rose and Marshall 1996; Stanford 1996).
Development of Managerial Enterprises in Japan
Authors: Morikawa Hidemasa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present several tables and explain some basic facts pertaining to long-term trends in the development of managerial enterprises in Japan. Table 3.1 shows the number of salaried managers on the boards of directors of large, leading enterprises in 1905, 1913, and 1930 (respectively), as well as the board membership percentages that these numbers represent. A definition of the term “large, leading enterprise” is contained in the notes.
VSO Order as Raising Out of IP?
Authors: Camie Andrew , Harley Heidi , Pyatt Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the generative paradigm, there are at least two schools of thought about the derivation of VSO order via verb raising. One holds that the verb raises to the highest complementizer position (C°) of the matrix clause, in a manner familiar from den Besten’s (1981) analysis of verb second languages like German and Dutch. The other holds that the verb is not in C° at all; rather it appears on the highest head of the inflectional complex, with the subject in some lower structural position. The first of these approaches was popular in the early work in the Government and Binding framework (Stowell 1989, Depréz and Hale 1986, Hale 1989). The latter approach has gained popularity in more recent work (Chomsky 1993, Bobaljik and Camie 1996, Carnie 1995, Chung and McCloskey 1987, Mccloskey 1990, 1991, 1996a, 1996b, Rouveret 1991, Sadler 1988, Guilfoyle 1990, 1993, Duffield 1991, 1995, Pyatt 1992, Fassi Fehri 1993, among many others).
The Higher Functional Field
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work investigates the syntax of the higher portion of the functional structure of the clause using comparative data from hundreds of Northern Italian dialects. The area contains dialects that are different in most ways yet homogenous syntactically, making it an ideal ground for analysing micro-variations in syntax. The book sheds new light on debated problems such as subject-clitic inversion, verb movement and subject positions, and the structure of the higher functional phrases.
Preverbal Subject Clitics in Declarative Contexts
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the syntactic distribution of SCLs in the hundred varieties of the corpus. The following hypothesis is presented: in NIDs, it is possible to isolate four classes of SCLs on the basis of the set of morphological features they encode. Each class is merged in a distinct syntactic position. Several syntactic tests (illustrated in section 2.1.2) are used to prove that four distinct positions are necessary. A few of these tests are already known in the literature and concern the coordination and relative order of SCLs with respect to negation. Others are totally new, for example, those regarding the interaction between SCLs and C° Section 2.2 considers the position of the preverbal negative marker and SCLs. The Zanuttini (1997) typology of preverbal negative markers is adopted, and analysis is restricted to “strong” preverbal negative markers, analyzed by Zanuttini as heading an independent NegP projection (p. 24).
Emotions, Stress, and Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this original work, Alex Zautra offers a fresh approach to understanding how emotions and stress influence health. When we brave the emotional complexities within our lives, according to Zautra, we resolve many paradoxes that we face in understanding ourselves. When we ask ourselves, “ Is my glass half empty or half full?” for instance, we seek a single answer to questions about the fullness of our lives. Doing so, we often overlook the obvious truth. The glass is both half empty and half full. Our emotional life is a rich tapestry of hope, woven from experiences with positive emotion, and fear, arising from encounters with negative emotion. With scholarship, wit and a wealth of data from carefully conducted research, Zautra presents a convincing case for understanding our emotions in two dimensions: the pursuit of the positive and defence against the negative.
The Role of Positive Emotions In Health
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how positive emotions may benefit physical health. However, there are problems in associating health with happiness that might give us pause to begin with. First, there is our Puritan morality warning us that anything that feels good is probably bad for us. This dictum then is reinforced by many examples of how human pursuits all too often pose threats to public health. Before getting any further in examining the evidence for the benefits, I first want address how positive emotions are viewed as hazardous to public health.
I recall my own Puritanical views coming into focus when I saw the film The Man Who Skied Down Everest. In this movie, people risk their lives so that one fellow can ski down the slopes of the highest peak in the world.1 In the end, the skier bails out halfway, tumbling down the icy slope, skis and poles flying every which way. He lives on, proud of his accomplishment, whereas others in his party suffer from frostbite and other maladies. What human folly, I told myself.
Addiction and Emotions
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is now a Web page with an addiction questionnaire about the Internet. It contains questions that ask whether the person finds relationships with others in cyberspace more satisfying than those of “flesh and blood” at home, whether the person has virtual sex on the internet, how often, and so on. The Web page even offers to find counseling for those afflicted. Where does the virtual addict get this help? It’s on the Net, of course.
What are the right questions to ask to understand this addiction? Is the key some kind of pleasure seeking that is out of control? Is it too much of a good thing, a form of hedonistic satisfaction empty of any real intimacy with others, a cheaper but less enduring form of happiness? This is the moral view, a favorite of political conservatives.
There are other questions on the “virtual reality” addiction test that take on a different tone. “Do you find yourself avoiding problems at home by retreating into cyberspace?” “Do you stay on the net to keep from being depressed?” This angle on addiction is that, like alcohol, the Internet is taken for medicinal purposes, as a salve that covers psychological wounds and provides respite, but no cure, for emotional ills. This might be termed the liberal, or as some would say, the bleeding heart, view.
Emotions Abused
Authors: Zautra Alex J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children are special in the way they communicate emotions. Their expressions have a purity of form that connects right to our hearts every time. Think of a child’s delight when at play. Nothing in adult life comes through so clearly and unambiguously positive as that. Now picture for a moment another scene. A 3-year-old boy standing alone in an aisle of a department store. You spot him there just as he realizes that his mom is not at his side. His lips begin to quiver; he spins around anxiously, looks all around, and then begins to sob. My heart breaks when I see this.
Children do not enter this world with such a fully developed set of emotions as these. Their emotions arrive as a work in progress. As new parents, we will stand on our heads to get a smile. But the first smiles often take weeks. It is usually 2 months before a child smiles in response to our smiles, and a full 4 months before we hear a child laugh. Anger develops gradually as well. It will take the child 4 to 6 months before he or she develops an expression of anger that is distinct from other forms of distress. And infants are born fearless. Not until 6 months do parents notice the child displaying apprehension when introduced to people outside the immediate family circle, a phenomenon commonly referred to as stranger anxiety.
Bell’s Palsy
Authors: Keyser Antoine , Pearce John M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Bell was born in the neighborhood of Edinburgh in 1774.1 His father died in 1779, leaving his mother solely responsible for the burden of raising four sons. Charles, the youngest son, was devoted to his mother. He went to Edinburgh High School, where he became friends with David Allan, a painter, known as the “Hogarth of Scotland,” who encouraged Charles’s draftsmanship.2 He received his basic medical education in Edinburgh. Like his elder brother,John Bell (1763-1820), he devoted himself to surgery. In those days, as in ours, this required a thorough knowledge of human anatomy. During his medical training, he had already published a two-volume book on anatomical dissection. Later he contributed a chapter on the anatomy of the nervous system to a book edited by his brother under the title Anatomy of the Human Body,3 where the family’s artistic gifts are shown in many of John’s engravings of bones, joints, and wounds.
Erb’Spalsy
Authors: Bruyn Richard P M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilhelm Heinrich Erb was born on 30 November 1840 in Winweiler, a small village in the Bavarian Pfalz. His father, a forester, imparted his love of nature to him. Very little is known of his boyhood. From papers commemorating his sesquicentennial we know that he loved music and nature and enjoyed intellectual conversation. In general his scientific oeuvre can be divided in two periods: his first Heidelberg period, before his appointment at Leipzig, in which his publications deal with diseases of peripheral nerves and spinal cord; and his second Heidelberg period, mainly dealing with muscular diseases.
Charcot’S Disease: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Goetz Christopher G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primary amyotrophy, primary lateral sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and the concept of motor neuron disease are of significant input in contemporary neurology. They have been widely discussed in the United States under the rubric “Lou Gehrig’s disease,” after the famous baseball hero who succumbed to the condition. Most commonly, ALS is referred to as Charcot’s disease, in recognition of Jean-Martin Charcot’s major nosographic contributions and his recognition of the two distinct lesions seen in the disease. These observations set the foundation for the understanding of the organization of the normal motor system and represent in its most complete form the fruit of Charcot’s anatomoclinical technique in neurology.
Pick’S Disease
Authors: Arts Nicolaas J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of Pick’s disease is complex and confusing.1-4 Over a period of 14 years, Arnold Pick published a series of four papers in which he pointed out that within the large group of the senile demented, there are patients with unusually severe aphasia and apraxia due to circumscribed atrophy of the cortex.5-8 Being convinced that these patients were suffering from senile dementia, Pick did not even envisage the possibility that he was describing a new disease entity. However, when Alzheimer studied the brains of two demented patients with circumscribed cortical atrophy, he found very characteristic histological abnormalities: argentophile inclusions and swollen neurons.9 From 1925 on, the name “Pick’s disease” was applied both to cases with the microscopic abnormalities described by Alzheimer and to cases with the macroscopic atrophy described by Pick.
Sydenham’S Chorea
Authors: Kushner Howard I , Cortes David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sydenham’s chorea is a movement disorder characterized by facial/oral grimaces, fine, fast, uncoordinated movements often resulting from attempted voluntary actions, hypotonia, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms.1 In the majority of cases the onset of Sydenham’s chorea is diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 15, with females three times more likely than males to contract it. Most recover in two to three months, but recurrence takes place in about one-third of all cases.The movements and behaviors that characterize this disorder are believed to result from an antibody cross-reaction to basal ganglia epitopes as a sequel to a Group A !3-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infection.
Von Recklinghausen’S Disease
Authors: Riccardi Victor M , Koehler Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen was born in Gutersloh, Westphalia, on 2 December 1833.1-4 He was the son of the sexton and teacher Christoph von Recklinghausen (1805-1849) and his wife Friederike Christiane Zumbusch (1809-1833). Friedrich’s mother died a few weeks after his birth. His father married Caroline Jorgens. The town of Gutersloh carried the nickname “Nazareth” because the preacher there, Hermann Volkenig, insisted his flock adhere to a stark maxim: Ora et labora (pray and work). A pious Ravensberg movement with a high work ethic found particular resonance in this town and may have influenced Fritz von Recklinghausen.
Phonologic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Nadeau Stephen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonology is the subfield of linguistics concerned with the structure and systematic patterning of sounds in language (Akmajian et al., 1984). This chapter will focus on studies of acquired language disorders and on slip-of-the- tongue data (spoonerisms) in normal subjects, with reference to the experimental psychology literature where relevant.
The chapter begins with a review of disorders of phonological processing. Following this, a theoretical model employing the conceptual framework of parallel distributed processing (PDP) is introduced as a means of both explaining empirical observations in a cogent fashion and of potentially relating behavior to neural microstructure. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the anatomy of phonological processing. See Nadeau (2001) for more detailed review.
Phonological selection errors result in the production of incorrect phonemic sequences, easily recognizable when they constitute neologisms. Such errors provide the best evidence that the brain does implicitly recognize phonemes as operational units, and that this sublexical knowledge is accessible from the neural representation of concepts and meaning.
Lexical–Semantic Aspects of Language Disorders
Authors: Berndt Rita Sloan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words are the primary units of human communication. They are abstract symbols that can be expressed in a number of distinct forms to convey ideas and refer to the physical world. In modern society, adults are typically proficient users of words in two forms, spoken and written. Estimates are that the average high school graduate knows the meanings of approximately 60,000 root words plus their morphological variants (Miller, 1991). Psycholinguistic studies of word processing, i.e., of the use of words in speaking, writing, reading, and listening, refer to the component of the language system dealing with words and their meanings as the “lexical–semantic system,” to distinguish these elements from components dedicated to structural (syntactic) and phonological aspects of language. This chapter will follow that terminology, and will focus on the impairment of spoken and written words produced and/or understood outside the context of a sentence.
The Callosal Syndromes
Authors: Zaidel Eran , Iacoboni Marco , Zaidel, Dahlia W , Bogen Joseph E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collections of nerve fibers that directly connect one cerebral hemisphere with the other, called the “cerebral commissures,” include the corpus callosum, the anterior commissure, and the hippocampal commissures. Of these, the corpus callosum (CC) is by far the largest, with at least 200 million fibers. The 2 X 10 estimate of Tomasch (1954) was based on light microscopy of a few cases. According to Innocenti (personal communication, 1991) measurement by electron microscopy will at least triple the previous estimate (see also Clarke et al., 1989). Aboitiz et al. (1992) conducted a comprehensive analysis of the human CC with light microscopy and a limited analysis with electron microscopy and estimated the total number of fibers in the human CC to be over 200 million.
The posterior and the habenular commissures as well as other commissures of the spinal cord and brainstem are not included among the cerebral commissures.
Surgical section of all of the cerebral commissures is called “commissurotomy,” whereas that of the corpus callosum alone is called “callosotomy.” It is now common to use the term “split brain” to refer to cases of callosotomy as well as complete commissurotomy, since both groups of patients manifest most of the same signs and symptoms.
Pharmacotherapy of Cognition
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Albert Martin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Treatment of cognitive disorders with drugs that modulate forebrain neurotransmitter systems is still in the early, experimental stage. Well-controlled studies of potential therapeutic agents are the exception rather than the rule, and clinicians generally are not familiar with the results of the studies that have been performed. This situation is unfortunate, as existing research indicates that pharmacologic approaches to restoration of cognitive function may be effective, especially when combined with behavioral and cognitive techniques. In this chapter we review selected topics in the pharmacology of cognition with the aim of increasing the pace and quality of research in the field.
Identification and study of potentially useful drugs that can help restore cognitive function after brain injury are difficult and have often been a haphazard enterprise (Stahl et al., 1987; Pryse Phillips et al., 2001). Methodologic and practical problems abound. First, properly controlled studies of potentially useful agents are expensive and time-consuming. Often there are not enough patients who share a given profile of deficit to achieve adequate statistical power. Even when adequate power is achieved, dropout rates are often high. Second, there is little consensus on exactly what end point measures to use to demonstrate reliable, consistent, and functional restoration of cognitive function.
Policies and People
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kennedy was sympathetic to the idea that the United States should embrace and support the new and largely nationalist kackrs of the third world, and in this way divert them from any communist tcnckncics, even at the risk of offending the old colonial powers who were also 1\J1u:rica’s closest allies. This had been one of the most distinctive features of his preelection roreign policy pronouncements, and was rellected in an un usual ((or an American senator) interest in Allican affairs. At the same time he was impatient with the inllexible posturing surrounding the cold war in Furope as well as alarmed by its implications.
Searching for Mi.n-iles
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From august 196: the policy debate on Cuba had acquired a new focus and become altogether more serious. For over a month the question of Castro’s overthrow had been displaced by perplexity on the meaning of substantial ddivcrics of nu:n and cquipnu:nt from the Soviet Union. These threatened to aggravate what was already a difficult issue for an administration just months away llom important midterm elections.