bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsible to whom? Responsible for what? Some ethical issues in community intervention
Authors: O'Neill Patrick 
Published: January 2005

ConclusionEach ethical decision is a blend of general principles and contextual features. Many require compromises between competing values, must be made in the absence of perfect information, and require the courage to confront mistakes.In community intervention, we have seen that adopting a collaborative paradigm imposes the freedom to determine to whom we are responsible for our actions. A rationale was offered for giving priority to the most vulnerable group, even though this strategy leaves us with an accountability gap in which the group to whom we owe primary loyality is least likely to be able to call us to account.When we reject the professional‐client paradigm in community psychology, we lose the formal contract as a device for setting the terms and limiting the scope of our responsibility. We do the best reconnaissance we can, but even with careful data‐gathering we are condemned to act on the basis of imperfect information. We must follow through on unforseen consequences even when we have no formal role to mandate our perseverence.The community as a setting for psychological intervention faces us, then, with ethical challenges: we work for the well‐being of groups too broad to give informed consent to our interventions; we act in collaboration with others, but collaborative action does not free us from professional obligation; we reconnoiter, but reconnaissance does not provide us with perfect information; we may advise while others act, but we cannot walk away from the consequences of their actions. Ethical decision making, in the community as elsewhere, is a creative act in which we invent our profession choice by choice.
Restructuring help: A human services paradigm for the 1990s
Authors: Riessman Frank 
Published: January 2005

ConclusionThe new paradigm calls for the restructuring, redistribution, and expansion of helping behavior by those who ordinarily function as consumers of help. Consumers are to become producers of prosumers. By so doing they expand the help‐giving resources quantitatively by converting helpees into helpers. The help is also changed qualitatively because the peers and the self‐helpers possess an indigenous or inside understanding of the problems and the people to whom they offer help. Heins Kohut, the brilliant psychoanalyst, suggests that the key to therapeutic change may not be insight or understanding, but rather being understood. Who better to understand than those who have been there?
Organometallic cation–exchanged phyllosilicates: A high spacing intercalate formed from N‐methyl‐(3‐triphenylstannyl)pyridinium exchanged montmorillonite
Authors: Molloy K C , Breent C , Quillt K 
Published: January 2005

AbstractN‐methyl‐3‐(triphenylstannyl)pyridinium cations have been prepared and exchanged with sodium ions of montmorillonite to yield a pillar‐interlayered phyllosilicate with d(001) = 19.1 Å (hydrated) or 17.7 Å after pumping in vacuo. 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy is used to characterise the structure and interlayer environment of the cation.
An NMR and mössbauer spectroscopic study of antifouling rubbers containing organotin compounds
Authors: Blunden S J , Crowe A J , Monk A W 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn NMR study of the carbon tetrachloride and benzene extracts of bis(tributyltin) oxideimpregnated neoprene and natural rubbers revealed the presence of tributyltin chloride, tributyltin stearate and dibutyltin distearate in the former, and bis(tributyltin) sulphide and tributyltin stearate in the latter. The implications of these findings together with 119mSn Mössbauer parameters for the formulated rubbers are discussed.
1,3‐Adamantanyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers. Preparation and properties
Authors: Pai Yi‐Ming , Weber William P 
Published: January 2005

Abstract1,3‐bis(Dimethylhydroxysilyl)adamantane(I) has been prepared. Thermal condensation polymerization of this monomer yields poly‐1,3‐adamantyl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane. Condensation of I with bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane or 1,3‐bis(dimethylamino)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane gave the expected 1,3‐adamantyl dimethylsiloxane copolymers (II and III) respectively. These polymers have been characterized by 1H,13C, and 29SiNMR as well as GPC and TGA. They have unusually high thermal stability.
Germapharmaca: Some recent studies on biologically active organogermanium compounds
Authors: Thayer John S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent research results on biologically active organogermanium compounds are described. Emphasis is placed on two categories based on (1) carbethoxyethylgermanium sesquioxide and (2) the ‘spirogermanium’ system. Other organogermanium derivatives covered include various mono‐, di‐, tri‐ and tetra‐compounds. Mention is also made of organogermanium compounds as food additives and as the products of biological methylation.
Transmethylation of metals in aquatic systems
Authors: Chau Y K , Wong P T S , Mojesky C A , Carty Arthur J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransmethylation reactions between organometals and metal ions in aqueous solutions in biotic and abiotic systems, with and without the presence of sediment, were investigated. It was found that alkyllead compounds can transfer their alkyl groups to Sn(II) and Sn(IV) ions to form various methyltin compounds in biotic and abiotic systems. The presence of sediment enhanced the transmethylation reactions. Methyltin compounds do not transfer their methyl groups of Pb(II). Methylarsenic acids transfer their methyl groups to Sn(II) and Sn(IV) in an abiotic system, but not in a biotic system containing sediment. The strong adsorption of tin onto sediment was the reason for the non‐availability of tin ions for methylation. Methylarsenic acids do not transmethylate Pb(II). Other alkyllead compounds, such as ethyllead and butyllead species were also able to transfer their alkyl groups to tin. When both trimethyllead and triethyllead species are present in the same system, only the individual monoalkyl tin species were formed in both the Sn(II) and Sn(IV) solutions. No mixed alkyltin was produced. The findings of this study suggest that alkyllead compounds, if present in the environment, could be potential methylating agents for the formation of other methylmetals, such as methyltins. Methyltin compounds have already been documented to methylate mercuric ions in aqueous solution. Thus the study of transmethylation reactions opens up a new area of research that is essential in predicting the fate of organometals in the environment.
Biomethylation of tin (II) complexes in the presence of pure strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ashby Janet , Craig P J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe methylation of several tin compounds by strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (yeast) is described. The production of the methyl tin species was established by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Monomethyl tin (IV) products dominated but some dimethyl tin products were observed. This appears to be the first report of a tin methylation by a pure strain of a methylating species rather than a complex mixture obtained from an environmental source.
A 119mSn variable‐temperature Mössbauer study of tin(IV) chloride and dibutyltin dichloride when dispersed in a poly(vinyl chloride) matrix
Authors: Brooks John S , Allen David W , Unwin John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVariable‐temperature Sn‐119m Mössbauer studies of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) and dibutyltin dichloride (Bu2SnCl2) when dispersed in a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix have been interpreted using a Debye model. Recoilless fractions have been determined which indicate that at 80 K the Mössbauer technique is nearly three times as sensitive to the presence of SnCl4 compared with Bu2SnCl2 within the poly(vinyl chloride) matrix. These observations have been explained in terms of structural changes occurring on dispersion in the polymer matrix which result in the tin atom in tin(IV) chloride becoming six‐coordinate whereas that in dibutyltin dichloride reduces its coordination to five. The implications of these results for future applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy to the study of organotin compounds present in polymers are considered.
Organotin compounds in agriculture since 1980. Part 2. Acaricidal, antifeedant, chemosterilant and insecticidal properties
Authors: Crowe Alan J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe object of this review paper is to provide a guide to agrochemical research involving organotin compounds which has been performed since 1980. The information is presented in a tabular form and is divided into four main sections as indicated by the title. Each section is then subdivided to cover the various commercial organotin compounds. A final subsection lists investigations involving novel compounds. An additional section covers the effects of organotin agrochemicals on non‐target organisms. A table of the contents has been provided to enable ease of reference. Acaricidal, antifeedant, chemosterilant and insecticidal properties are covered here. Fungicidal, bactericidal and herbicidal aspects are covered in Part 1.
Bioaccumulation of arsenic by freshwater algae (Nostoc sp.) and the application to the removal of inorganic arsenic from an aqueous phase
Authors: Maeda Shigeru , Kumeda Kosuke , Maeda Mitsuru , Higashi Shiro , Takeshita Toshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn arsenic‐resistant blue‐green alga, Nostoc sp., was screened from an arsenic‐polluted environment. The effects of the culture conditions on the growth and the arsenic bioaccumulation were investigated. In five culture media tested, Microcystis aeruginosa medium was found to be optimum for the growth. The effects of the concentration of five nutrients (P, Co, Fe, Mo and N) in the MA medium on arsenic bioaccumulation by the Nostoc sp. were also investigated. From the experimental results, the authors proposed a new culture medium which was designed for effective arsenic bioaccumulation by the Nostoc sp. The new medium was named the Modified MA medium (abbreviated as MMA).Removal of arsenic from an aqueous phase by means of arsenic bioaccumulation by the Nostoc sp. was investigated. When arsenic‐polluted water was enriched with the nutrients of MMA, the arsenic level was found to be effectively lowered by the Nostoc sp. to 0.05 ppm.
Complexes in polymers: FT‐IR spectra and photochemistry of some monomeric organometallic carbonyl complexes in polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene—poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene—polyacrylonitrile copolymers
Authors: Shaver Alan , Butler Ian S. , Eisenberg Adi , Gao Jian Ping , Xu Zhen H , Fong Bertwin , Uhm Haewon , Klein David 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA convenient method for embedding organometallic complexes in polymer films has been developed and the FT‐IR spectra of these films have been investigated at room temperature. Infrared data in the n̈(CO) stretching region are reported for M(CO)6 (M = Cr, Mo, W), CpMn(CO)3 (Cp = η5‐C5H5), η‐C6H6Cr(CO)2L [L = CO, P(n‐Bu)3], (η6‐C6H5NH2)Cr(CO)3, [η6‐o‐C6H4(NH2)MeCr(CO)3], CpFe(CO)LR [L = CO, PPh3; R = Me, C(O)Me] embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), polystyrene‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS‐PMMA), and polystyrene–polyacrylonitrile (PS‐AN) plastic films. These matrices appear to approximate the common solvents ethyl acetate, toluene, toluene–ethyl acetate, and toluene–acetonitrile, respectively, with respect to n̈(CO) vibrational band behavior. Several of the films have been subjected to UV irradiation and the photoproducts formed have been identified by FT‐IR spectroscopy. PS‐AN effectively traps photogenerated coordinatively unsaturated species via coordination of its pendant nitrile groups.
Catalysis of hydrosilylation. XV. A poly(phosphino‐organosiloxanyl)silicate‐supported rhodium(I) catalyst for gas‐phase hydrosilylation of acetylene
Authors: Marciniec Bogdan , Foltynowicz Zenon , Urbaniak WŁOdzimierz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWilkinson's complex [RhCl(PPh3)3], anchored to phosphino‐organosiloxane macromolecules grafted onto chrysotile asbestos, appeared to be an unusually effective and selective catalyst for the synthesis of vinylsilanes via gas‐phase hydrosilylation of acetylene, particularly by methyldichlorosilane in a continuous‐flow microreactor as well as in a laboratory reactor. Catalytic and kinetic parameters show an advantage for the catalyst based on the chrysotile‐polyorganosiloxane support (catalyst CHR–Rh) over the phosphinated silica (catalyst A).
Environmental aspects of tributyltin
Authors: Maguire R. James 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe tributyltin species, the active ingredient in some antifouling paint formulations, is perhaps the most acutely toxic chemical to aquatic organisms ever deliberately introduced to water. It has been demonstrated to have an adverse effect on shellfish in France and England, and as a consequence the use of tributyltin‐containing antifouling paints has been restricted in these countries. Other countries have banned the use of tributyltin‐containing antifouling paints or are contemplating restrictions. This article reviews such environmental aspects of tributyltin as methods of analysis, toxicity, environmental occurrence, persistence and fate. Tributyltin concentrations in many locations may be high enough to cause chronic toxicity or harmful effects in some aquatic organisms, and in some locations the tributyltin concentrations may be high enough to be acutely toxic to some organisms. Biological degradation of tributyltin in water and sediment appears to be the most important factor limiting the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic environments. To some degree, then, the persistence of tributyltin in aquatic environments depends upon the nature of the ecosystem. Tributyltin exhibits low‐to‐medium persistence in water and moderate persistence in sediment. A summary is given of the regulatory status of tributyltin in some countries, and recommendations are made for further research.
Linear trimerization of 1‐ethynylcyclohexan‐1‐ol catalysed by nickel(II) complexes
Authors: Carusi P , Cerichelli G , Furlani A , Russo M V , Suber L 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe catalytic reaction of 1‐ethynylcyclohexan‐1‐ol (EC) in the presence of bisphosphine nickel(II) complexes yields a linear trimer. The trimer could be isolated and characterized by means of MS, IR and NMR spectroscopies. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
Complexes in polymers II: FT‐IR spectra, iodine oxidation, and photochemistry of [(η5‐C5H)Fe(CO)2]2, [(η5‐C5H5)Mo(CO)3]2 and Mn2(CO)10 in polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene–polyacrylonitrile copolymer
Authors: Shaver Alan , Gao Jian Ping , Butler Ian S 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe infrared spectra of [CpFe(CO)2]2, [CpMo(CO)3]2 and Mn2(CO)10 (Cp=η‐C5H5) embedded in films of polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene‐polyacrylonitrile (PSAN), are comparable with those of the dimers in toluene, ethyl acetate and acetonitrile, respectively. Irradiation of the embedded dimers with UV light led to decomposition in PS and PMMA, while in PSAN the complexes Cp2Fe2(CO)3PSAN and Mn2(CO)9PSAN were formed, wherein a pendant nitrile group is coordinated to one of the metal atoms. Exposure of the embedded dimers to iodine vapour gave CpFe(CO)2I, CpMo(CO)3I and Mn(CO)5I with the reaction being much slower in PMMA than in PS.
The analysis of inorganic and organometallic antimony, arsenic and tin compounds using an on‐column hydride generation method
Authors: Clark S , Craig P J 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA novel method of analysis of inorganic and organometallic compounds is reported. Essentially this utilizes the well‐documented hydride generation technique, but in the present method the hydrides are generated from their involatile precursors (e.g. chlorides) on a GC column and separated from each other and from extraneous materials on the same GC column in a single process. Using the method, a solution of butyltin chlorides can be directly injected into a GC AA system to yield the volatile hydrides for separation, detection and quantification.To date, species analysed by this method include inorganic As(III), Me2AsOOH, inorganic Sb(III) and Sb(V), MeSnCl3, Me2SnCl2, Me3SnCl, Et2SnCl2, Et3SnCl, BuSnCl3, Bu2SnCl2, Bu3SnCl and Pr3SnCl.With the use of the internal standard Pr3SnCl and with the almost complete hydridization afforded by the technique, the procedure is shown to eliminate errors and to reduce the time involved in the analysis. The use of on‐column derivatization also allows for the possibility that, in some cases, organotin hydrides reported to be found in the natural environment may, in fact, be organotin chlorides being reported as hydrides owing to inadvertent hydride production on the column. Some reports of successful gas chromatography for organotin halides could also conceivably be due to on‐column hydride generation.
The in vitro antiherpes activity of some selected antitumor organotin compounds
Authors: Ward Sarah G. , Craig Taylor R. , Crowe Alan J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA number of antitumor‐active octahedral organotin complexes of the type R2SnX2L2, where R=ethyl or phenyl, X = chloride or bromide, and L2 = o‐ phenanthroline or 2‐(2‐pyridyl)benzimidazole, have been shown to exhibit in vitro antiherpes activity towards both herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV‐1 and HSV‐2). In addition, a series of mono‐, di‐, and tri‐organotin halides (alkyl and phenyl) demonstrated weak antiherpes activity in the same viral assay system. Selectivity indexes for the tin compounds were calculated and compared with those available in the literature for a number of well‐characterized and commercially important antivirals, e.g. adenine‐9‐β‐D‐arabinofuranoside (ara‐A), cytosine‐β‐D‐arabinofuranoside (ara‐C), 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (IDU) and 9‐(2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir, ACY). Although the organotin complexes are less effective in vitro than either ACY or IDU, as determined by their selectivity indexes, they are comparable in activity with both ara‐A and ara‐C in this particular assay. With few exceptions, most notably (C2H5)2SnBr2(o‐phen), the organotin compounds examined in this study are more active against HSV‐1 (F strain) than HSV‐2 (MS strain). The results presented here represent the first study of the potential antiviral properties of organotin compounds.
Relationship of cytotoxic groups in organotin molecules and the effectiveness of the compounds against leukemia
Authors: Sherman Larry R , Huber Friedo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCytotoxicity of organotin compounds is assessed and their effectiveness against leukemia is discussed. The functional groups attached to the tin atom in organotin compounds control the cytotoxicity of the compound towards the thymus gland. The four organotin moieties which have the greatest toxic effect upon the thymus gland are the tri‐n‐butyltin, di‐n‐butyltin, tri‐n‐propyltin and di‐n‐octyltin groups. Compounds containing these groups also exhibit the poorest test‐control ratio (T/C) values when tested as anti‐cancer agents against leukemic mice using NCI protocol.
Synthesis, structural and biocidal activity studies of triorganotin(IV) compounds of some N‐protected amino‐acids
Authors: Mesubi M Adediran , Eke U Basil , Bamgboye T Tunde 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeven new triorganotin(IV) complexes of the type R3SnL (L=N‐phthaloyl derivatives of glycine, DL‐alanine or N‐acetyl‐ and N‐benzoyl‐glycine and ‐cysteine; R‐n‐C4H9 or C6H5) have been prepared by reacting the sodium salt of the ligand and the triorganotin(IV) chloride in 1:1 molar ratio in methanol. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular mass determination, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The complexes are monomeric in molten camphor and are moderateely soluble in the common organic solvents. The spectral data support cis five‐coordinate complexes with an unsymmetrical bidentate coordination of the carboxylate group to tin.The complexes exhibit some insecticidal effect on Bean Weevils (Sitophilus granaria) even at low concentration and they also show fungicidal activity on Aspergillus niger and Helminthosporium taulosum. Some of the complexes are found to be more effective than tri‐n‐butyltin and triphenyltin chlorides.
Organosilicon sonochemistry
Authors: Goldberg Yu , Sturkovich R , Lukevics E 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSonochemical reactions involving organosilicon compounds are reviewed. Possible applications of ultrasonic irradiation for acceleration and initiation of various types of reactions are demonstrated along with examples from organic synthesis using organosilicon compounds. Also described are the sonochemical reactions of organic compounds containing the Group IVB elements germanium and tin, chemically related to silicon.
Ultrasonic irradiation in a single‐stage synthesis of chloroiodomethane from iodoalkanes and dichloromethane under aluminum mediation
Authors: Lin Yih‐Tsung , Chang Ming‐Ju , Lou Chong‐Yean 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the presence of iodine, a mixture of dichloromethane, iodoalkanes (alkyl = Me, Et, Pr, iso‐Pr, Bu, iso‐Bu, pentyl) and aluminum powder was irradiated at room temperature with ultrasound to give readily chloroiodomethane ICH2Cl. The preferred reactant to give the best yield of ICH2Cl was PrI. Alkylaluminum sesqui‐iodides were postulated as intermediates.
Glutathione and methylation of inorganic arsenic in hamsters
Authors: Hirata Miyuki , Hisanaga Akira , Tanaka Akiyo , Ishinishi Noburu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of giutathione (GSH) concentrations in livers and kidneys of hamsters on the toxicity and methylation of arsenite in these animals was studied. No significant changes in hepatic and renal GSH concentrations were observed after a single arsenite administration (5 mg As kg−1, p.o.). When buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH synthesis, was given (4 mmol kg−1, i.p.) two hours before administration of arsenite, hepatic and renal GSH concentrations were more severely and persistently depressed than in the case of BSO administration not followed by arsenite. Hamsters treated with BSO plus arsenite suffered from severe nephrotoxicity (acute renal failure) characterized by increases in plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen and by proximal tubular necrosis. Concurrently, transient hepatotoxicity was observed in the BSO plus arsenite group. Neither arsenite alone nor BSO alone produced liver or kidney injury. The BSO plus arsenite‐treated animals excreted in the urine only 3.5% of the arsenic dose during the 72 h period after administration of arsenite, probably because of a decrease in urine volume caused by kidney injury, whereas the arsenite‐only group excreted 27%. In addition, BSO pretreatment influenced the relative proportion of arsenic metabolites excreted in the urine during the first 24 h after administration. Urinary metabolites in the BSO plus arsenite group were predominantly inorganic arsenic. These results suggest that GSH provides protection against arsenic toxicity.
Comparative chronic toxicity, including tumorigenicity, of gallium arsenide and arsenic trioxide intratracheally instilled into hamsters
Authors: Ohyama Shiro , Ishinishi Noburu , Hisanaga Akira , Yamamoto Akiyo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractChronic toxicity, including tumorigenicity, of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3) were studied using Syrian golden hamsters given intermittent intratracheal instillations. GaAs particles (0.25 mg × 15 times/animal) were likely to produce relatively severe lung damage and the survival of the animals was shortened significantly compared with a control group. The tumor incidence of each group examined was GaAs (3.3%), As2O3 (3.3%) respectively, at a dose of 3.75 mg total metal given during 15 weeks. In this experiment, both arsenic trioxide and gallium arsenide had no apparent carcinogenicity or tumorigenicity.