bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrooxidative Conversion of Aldehyde and Ketone Phenylhydrazones into the Methoxy(phenylazo)alkanes
Authors: Okimoto Mitsuhiro , Nagata Yuji , Takahashi Yukio 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Several aldehyde and ketone phenylhydrazones were converted into the corresponding methoxy(phenylazo)alkane derivatives by electrochemical oxidation in MeOH.
Alkylthio-functionalized Polymers Containing Alternating Phenylene and Thiophenediyl/Bithiophenediyl Repeating Units: the Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Xu Jingmei , Ng Siu Choon , Chan Hardy Sze On 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Alkylthio(SR)-functionalized polymers poly(3-alkylthio-2,5-thiophenediyl-1,4-phenylene-alt-4-alkylthio-2,5-thiophenediyl-1,4-phenylene) (P1, alkyl = butyl, octyl and dodecyl) and poly[4,4′-bis(alkylthio)-2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl-alt-1,4-phenylene] (P2, alkyl = butyl, octyl and dodecyl) have been synthesized by Grignard coupling and FeCl3 oxidation methods, respectively. Spectral measurements indicate that they are highly fluorescent, with quantum yields comparable to those of their alkyl(R)-functionalized analogues, poly(3-alkyl-2,5-thiophenediyl-1,4-phenylene-alt-4-alkyl-2,5-thiophenediyl-1,4-phenylene) (P1′, alkyl = butyl, octyl and dodecyl) and poly(4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiophene-5,5′-diyl-alt-1,4-phenylene) (P2′, alkyl = butyl, octyl and dodecyl). P1 and P2 are thermally less stable than P1′ and P2′, because of the alkylthio group instead of an alkyl group. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) studies reveal a plasticizing effect exerted by the long side chains on the glass transitions (Tg) of the polymers. The P2 series of polymers exhibit a much higher Tg than the P1 series, ascribable to a greater resistance to segmental rotation in the former structure. A cyclic voltammetric study of polymers indicates that they are n-dopable. When doped by I2 or FeCl3, high doping levels of the polymers can be deduced from the weight change, XPS and elemental analysis, but conductivities are not high.
Optical CO2 Sensor with the Combination of Colorimetric Change of pH Indicator and Internal Reference Luminescent Dye
Authors: Nakamura Naoki , Amao Yutaka 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
A new optical CO2 sensor based on luminescence intensity changes of europium(III) complex, tris(thenoyltrifluoroacetonato)europium(III) dihydrate complex ([Eu(tta)3]) due to the absorption change of pH-indicator dye (thymol blue) with CO2 was developed and its CO2 sensing properties were investigated. The observed luminescence intensity (I) from [Eu(tta)3] at 613 nm increased with increasing the CO2 concentration. The ratio I0/I100, where I0 and I100 represent the detected luminescence intensities from a layer exposed to 100% nitrogen and 100% CO2, respectively, that we takes the sensitivity of the sensor is estimated to be 16.0. The response times of the sensing film were 4.0 s for switching from nitrogen to CO2, and 36 s for switching from CO2 to nitrogen. The signal changes were fully reversible and no hysterisis was observed during the measurements.
Effect of Surface Oxidation of Active Carbon on Ammonia Adsorption
Authors: Liu Chun Yi , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
The behavior of ammonia adsorption was studied on various types of surface-treated active carbon (HNO3-AC, H2SO4-AC, HCl-AC, NaOH-AC, CuO-AC, and H2-AC) under 0–75 kPa and 323–473 K. Amount of ammonia adsorption on active carbon was increased by the surface oxidation through acid treatment or metal nitrate decomposition. It was decreased by the hydrogen treatment at 1173 K. The equilibrium amount of ammonia adsorption was found to relate with the amount of surface organic oxygen. Ammonia adsorption was analyzed through the isotherm and classified into three types: (1) strong adsorption relating to surface organic oxygen content and being independent of pressure, (2) weak adsorption relating to surface organic oxygen content and depending upon the pressure, (3) van der Waals adsorption. The model well represented the data, and the average relative error was 10%. When the samples are assumed to be used for ammonia separation with temperature swing adsorption method (323–473 K, 40 kPa), H2SO4-treated active carbon was found to have the highest ammonia separation capacity (2.58 mmol g−1).
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline BP via Benzene-Thermal Co-reduction of PCl3 and BBr3
Authors: Gu Yunle , Chen Luyang , Qian Yitai , Zhang Wanqun 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Nanocrystalline boron phosphide (BP) powders 10 to 40 nm in size have been synthesized via a sodium co-reduction of PCl3 and BBr3 in benzene at 300 °C. X-ray diffraction data show a cubic pattern with lattice constant a = 4.539 Å.
Comparative Studies of the Formation of Surface Relief Grating. Amorphous Molecular Material vs Vinyl Polymer
Authors: Ando Hiroyuki , Takahashi Toru , Nakano Hideyuki , Shirota Yasuhiko 
Published: July 2003

Abstract
Comparative studies have been performed on the formation of surface relief grating (SRG) using an amorphous molecular material, 4-[di(biphenyl-4-yl)amino]azobenzene (DBAB), and a vinyl polymer containing DBAB as a pendant chromophore. It was found that SRG was formed more rapidly for the photochromic amorphous molecular material than for the corresponding vinyl polymer.
Contamination during removal of cement in revision hip arthroplasty
Authors: Nogler M. , Lass-Flörl C. , Wimmer C. , Mayr E. , Bach C. , Ogon M. 
Published: July 2003

Instruments used in surgery which rotate or vibrate at a high frequency can produce potentially contaminated aerosols. Such tools are in use in cemented hip revision arthroplasties. We aimed to measure the extent of the environmental and body contamination caused by an ultrasound device and a high-speed cutter. On a human cadaver we carried out a complete surgical procedure including draping and simulated blood flow contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12600). After cemented total hip arthroplasty, we undertook repeated extractions of cement using either an ultrasound device or a high-speed cutter. Surveillance cultures detected any environmental and body contamination of the surgical team. Environmental contamination was present in an area of 6 x 8 m for both devices. The concentration of contamination was lower for the ultrasound device. Both the ultrasound and the high-speed cutter contaminated all members of the surgical team. The devices tested produced aerosols which covered the whole operating theatre and all personnel present during the procedure. In contaminated and infected patients, infectious agents may be present in these aerosols. We therefore recommend the introduction of effective measures to control infection and thorough disinfection of the operating theatre after such procedures.
Tissue reactions adjacent to well-fixed hydroxyapatite-coated acetabular cups
Authors: Røkkum M. , Reigstad A. , Johansson C. B. , Albrektsson T. 
Published: July 2003

Ten acetabular cups coated with hydroxyapatite (HA) had originally been inserted in five primary and five revision total hip replacements. The thickness of the HA was 155 ± 35 μm. The cups, which were well-fixed, were retrieved, with their adherent tissue, at reoperation after 0.3 to 5.8 years because of infection (five hips), wear of polyethylene (three hips), and instability (two hips). Undecalcified sections showed a direct contact between bone and osteoid-like tissue which had formed directly onto the HA coating. The area within the threads and their mirror images, as well as the implant-tissue interfaces consisted of similar amounts of bone and soft tissue. Degradation of HA was seen in all hips. The mean thickness of the remaining HA coating was 97 μm (95% CI 94 to 101). The metal interface comprised 66% HA. The HA-tissue interface contained more bone than soft tissue (p = 0.001), whereas the metal-tissue interface included more soft tissue than bone (p = 0.019). Soft tissue at the implant interface and poor replacement of HA by bone may interfere with long-term fixation.
Synovial impingement in the ankle
Authors: Molloy S. , Solan M. C. , Bendall S. P. 
Published: July 2003

Inversion injuries of the ankle are common and most are managed adequately by functional treatment. A significant number will, however, remain symptomatic. Synovial impingement is one cause of continuing pain. This condition is often difficult to diagnose because the physical signs and investigations are non-specific. If the diagnosis is made, treatment by arthroscopic debridement has been shown to be highly effective. Our aim was to describe a new physical sign to help in the diagnosis of anterolateral synovial impingement in the ankle. A cadaver dissection demonstrated the anatomical basis for the physical sign and a prospective clinical study involving 73 patients showed that the lateral synovial impingement test had a sensitivity of 94.8% and a specificity of 88%. We describe the test and conclude that this physical sign will be of use to practitioners treating patients with chronic pain in the ankle after injury.
Early results of the Souter-Strathclyde unlinked total elbow arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Espag M. P. , Back D. L. , Clark D. I. , Lunn P. G. 
Published: July 2003

We have carried out a retrospective review of 11 Souter-Strathclyde primary total elbow arthroplasties in ten patients with osteoarthritis, over a period of nine years. The diagnosis was primary osteoarthritis in nine elbows and post-traumatic arthritis in two. The mean follow-up was 68 months (15 to 117). Although no patient was symptomatic, radiological review revealed evidence of loosening affecting three humeral and two ulnar components, one of which subsequently failed and was revised at 97 months. There were no dislocations, deep infections or mechanical failures. Complications included two superficial wound infections and two neurapraxias of the ulnar nerve which resolved. This study shows that the unlinked Souter-Strathclyde total elbow arthroplasty can be considered for patients with osteoarthritis and gives good symptomatic relief and improvement in function.
Role of abrasion of the femoral component in revision knee arthroplasty
Authors: Siddique M. S. , Rao M. C. , Deehan D. J. , Pinder I. M. 
Published: July 2003

We carried out 60 revision procedures for failed porous coated anatomic total knee replacements in 54 patients, which were divided into two groups. The 14 knees in group I had a well-fixed femoral component at surgery which was retained, and in the 46 knees in group II both tibial and femoral components were loose and were revised using a variety of implants. Our review comprised clinical and radiological assessment. A total of 13 knees required a second revision. Six (42%) in group I failed very early (mean 2.1 years) when compared with seven (15%) in group II (mean 6.8 years). Failure was due to wear of the polyethylene insert by the abraded, retained femoral component (crude odds ratio 4.07; 95% CI 1.07 to 15.5). We recommend a complete change of primary bearing surfaces at the time of revision of an uncemented total knee replacement in order to prevent early wear of polyethylene.
A femoral component with proximal HA coating
Authors: Skinner J. A. , Kroon P. O. , Todo S. , Scott G. 
Published: July 2003

We describe the survival at ten years of 100 femoral components of the Freeman hip prosthesis. It is proximally hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated and was fixed without cement. Radiological assessment identified radiolucent lines (RLLs) and lytic lesions and was used to measure migration. The criterion of failure was revision or impending revision for aseptic femoral loosening. No femoral components were revised or are awaiting revision for aseptic loosening, giving 100% survival at ten years (95% confidence interval, 95.7 to 100), although 59 were at risk at ten years. Two components were revised for fracture of a ceramic head with damage to the trunnion. Although well fixed in each, for survival analysis we evaluated the hip as if the patient had died. Twelve acetabular components were revised and at each operation the femoral component was found to be well fixed, was not disturbed and remained in the survival analysis. Three patients were lost to follow-up, and 12 died with well-functioning prostheses. Radiologically, all except one of the components appeared to be well fixed with no RLLs and no lytic lesions at the latest follow-up. The mean vertical migration was 0.4 mm at one year, 0.8 mm at two years and 1.4 mm at ten years. One component had migrated 7.6 mm at ten years (2.1 mm in year 1) and developed RLLs in Gruen zones I and II. The symptoms, however, were only minor and revision was not indicated. Our study has shown that proximal HA coating gives effective fixation for a femoral component.
Iliosacral screw fixation of the posterior pelvic ring using local anaesthesia and computerised tomography
Authors: Ziran B. H. , Smith W. R. , Towers J. , Morgan S. J. 
Published: July 2003

Various techniques have been used for the fixation of the posterior pelvis, each with disadvantages specific to the technique. In this study, a new protocol involving the placement of posterior pelvic screws in the CT suite is described and evaluated. A total of 66 patients with unstable pelvic ring injuries was stabilised under local anaesthesia with sedation. The mean length of time for the procedure was 26 minutes per screw. There were no technical difficulties or misplaced screws and no cases of infection or nonunion. All patients stated that they would choose to have the CT scan procedure again rather than a procedure requiring general anaesthesia. The charges for the procedure were approximately £1840 ($2800) per operation. CT-guided placement of iliosacral screws is a safe, feasible, and cost-effective alternative to radiologically-guided placement in the operating theatre in selected patients.
Doxycycline inhibits bone resorption by human interface membrane cells from aseptically loose hip replacements
Authors: Ong S. M. , Taylor G. J. S. 
Published: July 2003

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may have a role in the process of aseptic loosening. Doxycycline has been shown to inhibit MMPs. Our aim was to investigate the potential pharmacological effect of doxycycline on aseptic loosening. We used radiolabelled mouse calvariae cultured with human interface membrane cells from aseptically loosened hips. Bone resorption was confirmed in this model. The effect of doxycycline was assessed by culturing dead radiolabelled bone discs with cells from the interface membrane with doxycycline. The control group consisted of the same culture system without doxycycline. Supernatant 45calcium and the total 45calcium remaining in the bone discs at the completion of the culture were used to measure osteolysis. We found that doxycycline can inhibit osteolysis at the interface membrane of aseptically loosened hips. This may have therapeutic implications for the treatment of patients with aseptic loosening of total joint replacements.
The role of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee replacement
Authors: Misra A. N. , Hussain M. R. A. , Fiddian N. J. , Newton G. 
Published: July 2003

We randomised 129 knees which were to be replaced using a standard posterior-cruciate-ligament (PCL)-retaining cemented total knee replacement into two groups. In one the PCL was retained in the normal way and in the other it was resected. They were well matched, with a predominance of women, and a mean age of 67 years. There was no statistically significant difference in the Hospital for Special Surgery scores at a mean of 57 months (56 to 60) between the two groups although 21 patients (24 knees) were lost to follow-up. Relief from pain, correction of deformity, range of movement, stability and strength were comparable in both. Radiological assessment showed femoral rollback in approximately 20% of knees with a slightly higher incidence in the PCL-resected group. There was no significant loosening detected in either group at review at two years. At five years, one knee in the PCL-retained group had been revised because of infection and one patient in each group was awaiting revision for loosening. Our findings have shown no significant difference in the five-year results for a PCL-retaining total knee replacement if the PCL is excised or preserved. This suggests two important points. First, the PCL is not functional in most patients with a total knee replacement even when retained. Secondly, patients with an excised PCL show a good result with a PCL-retaining implant, thereby questioning the need for a posterior stabilised design in such a situation.
Treatment of primary degenerative arthritis of the elbow by ulnohumeral arthroplasty
Authors: Phillips N. J. , Ali A. , Stanley D. 
Published: July 2003

Between 1990 and 1996 we performed 20 consecutive ulnohumeral arthroplasties for primary osteoarthritis of the elbow. The outcome was assessed using the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score (DASH) and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) at a mean follow-up of 75 months (58 to 132). There were excellent or good results in 17 elbows (85%) using the DASH score and in 13 (65%) with the MEPS (correlation coefficient 0.79). The mean fixed flexion deformity had improved by 10° and the range of flexion by a mean of 20°. In 16 elbows (80%) the benefits of surgery had been maintained, and of 16 patients working at the time of operation, 12 (75%) had returned to the same job. There was no correlation between radiological recurrence of degenerative changes and the amount of fixed flexion deformity, the flexion arc, or the elbow scores.
Regulation of expression of α-smooth muscle actin in cells of Dupuytren’s contracture
Authors: Hindman H. B. , Marty-Roix R. , Tang J-B. , Jupiter J. B. , Simmons B. P. , Spector M. 
Published: July 2003

Our aims were to describe the distribution of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-containing cells in Dupuytren’s tissue in vivo and to determine the effects of selected agents in regulating the expression of SMA in Dupuytren’s cells in vitro. In selected hypercellular zones of Dupuytren’s nodules up to 40% of the cells contained SMA, as shown by immunohistochemistry. A lower percentage (20%) of SMA-containing cells was found in regions of lower cellularity. A notable finding was that treatment in vitro of Dupuytren’s cells with platelet-derived growth factor significantly reduced the content of SMA. Cells from the same patients showed a significant increase in expression of SMA in response to treatment with transforming growth factor, which confirmed recent findings. In addition, interferon-γ, which has been previously used as a treatment for Dupuytren’s disease in a clinical study, had no reproducible effect on the expression of this actin isoform. Our findings are of significance for the conservative management of contractures.
Strain on the human sciatic nerve in vivo during movement of the hip and knee
Authors: Fleming P. , Lenehan B. , O’Rourke S. , McHugh P. , Kaar K. , McCabe J. P. 
Published: July 2003

Injuries to the sciatic nerve are an occasional complication of surgery to the hip and acetabulum, and traction is frequently the causative mechanism. In vitro and animal experiments have shown that increased tensile strain on peripheral nerves, when applied for prolonged periods, impairs nerve function. We have used video-extensometry to measure strain on the human sciatic nerve during total hip replacement (THR). Ten consecutive patients with a mean age of 72 years undergoing primary THR by the posterior approach were recruited, and strains in the sciatic nerve were measured in different combinations of flexion and extension of the hip and knee, before dislocation of the hip. Significant increases (p = 0.02) in strain in the sciatic nerve were observed in flexion of the hip and extension of the knee. The mean increase was 26% (19% to 30%). In animal studies increases of this magnitude have been shown to impair electrophysiological function in peripheral nerves. Our results suggest that excessive flexion of the hip and extension of the knee should be avoided during THR.
Rehabilitation after two-part fractures of the neck of the humerus
Authors: Hodgson S. A. , Mawson S. J. , Stanley D. 
Published: July 2003

We undertook a prospective, controlled trial which compared two rehabilitation programmes for 86 patients who sustained two-part fractures of the proximal humerus. Patients were randomised either to receive immediate physiotherapy within one week (group A) or delayed physiotherapy after three weeks of immobilisation in a collar and cuff sling (group B). At 16 weeks after the fracture, patients in group A had less pain (p < 0.01) and had greater shoulder function (p < 0.001) than those in group B. At 52 weeks, the differences between the groups had reduced. Although group A still had greater shoulder function and less pain, there was no statistical difference when compared with group B. By analysis of the area under the curve, an overall measure up to the 52-week period, group A experienced less pain as measured by the SF36 general health questionnaire and had improved shoulder function. Our results show that patients with two-part fractures of the proximal humerus who begin immediate physiotherapy, experience less pain. The gains in shoulder function persist at 52 weeks which suggests that patients do not benefit from immobilisation before beginning physiotherapy.
Total elbow replacement using the Kudo prosthesis
Authors: Potter D. , Claydon P. , Stanley D. 
Published: July 2003

Between 1993 and 1996, we undertook 35 Kudo 5 total elbow replacements in a consecutive series of 31 rheumatoid patients. A total of 25 patients (29 procedures) was evaluated at a mean follow-up of six years (5 to 7.5) using the Mayo Clinic performance index. In addition, all patients were assessed for loosening using standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. At review, 19 elbows (65%) had either no pain or mild pain, ten (35%) had moderate pain and none had severe pain. The mean arc of flexion/extension was 94° (35 to 130) and supination/pronation was 128° (30 to 165). A fracture of the medial epicondyle occurred during surgery in one patient. This was successfully treated with a single AO screw and a standard Kudo 5 implant was inserted. Postoperatively, there were no infections. One patient had a dislocation which was treated by closed reduction and five had neurapraxia of the ulnar nerve. Radiologically, there was no evidence of loosening of the humeral component, but two ulnar components had progressive radiolucent lines suggestive of loosening. Two other ulnar components had incomplete and non-progressive radiolucent lines. With definite radiological loosening as the endpoint, the probability of survival of the Kudo 5 prosthesis at five years using the Kaplan-Meier method was 89%.