bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Early Case Study in Packaging the Law
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is something of a curiosity. It is a review of an early and fairly unimpressive attempt to package the law as a consultative service. Although the system in question was thought to be wanting in various dimensions, the issues raised remain instructive today. When I reread the original article, I was struck by two apparently contradictory thoughts. The first is how far we seem to have travelled in IT and law over the past 15 years. And the second is how, in some ways, comparatively little has been achieved. In a short postscript to the chapter, I try to make sense of this contradiction in the context of several very recent attempts to package the law. As with the other essays in this part of the book, the main body of the chapter concerns computer systems that offer legal advice. Section I is a nontechnical introduction to the topic of expert systems in substantive law, and Section II reviews what was claimed to be an expert system guide to the Data Protection Act 1984.
The Electronic Pillars of Justice
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should a national government, faced with the task of modernizing its justice system, meet the challenges of the future, given the formidable array of technical options that have emerged over the last decade? This is an increasingly important question for governments around the world, many of whom are currently seeking to prioritize amongst a bewildering array of information technologies. The main difficulty here is that it is barely conceivable that all the possibilities and opportunities outlined in Chapter 5 could be implemented in the course of, say, the coming ten years. How can balanced choices be made? The argument presented in this chapter is that to meet the challenge squarely, any justice system that is taking IT seriously must develop its own long-term IT strategy. In the absence of a strategic approach, some of the systems outlined in Chapter 5 would no doubt be put in place, but this would probably happen in a rather haphazard and random way.
Void Derivative Transfers of Title to Corporeal Money
Authors: Fox David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops the general structure sketched out in chapter 3 by describing the detailed rules governing defects in the derivative transfer of title to corporeal money. The chapter proceeds by stages. It takes the variety of reasons which might prevent the transfer from being fully effective to confer on the recipient a title which would be recognized as indefeasible at law and in equity. It begins with the relevance of the invalidity of the transaction underlying the money payment and then considers the consequences of the payer’s incapacity on the effective transfer of title to money.
Temporal Bounds on Interfaces
Authors: Slack Jon M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cognitive architecture implemented in the brain is built on a common neural platform and it can be argued that the nature of the human cognition is heavily determined by the characteristics of its computational foundations. This chapter promotes this view by deriving some of the structural properties of language from the assumption that the brain ‘s cognitive subsystems employ a common currency of representations based on distributed patterns, or vectors. The derivation focuses on a neural network implementation of the computational architecture proposed within Chomsky ‘s Minimalist program. Each syntactic object generated by the computational procedure must have both synchronic (defined at the same time) and diachronic (defined over time) components. The constituent tokens of anti-symmetric relations can only be differentiated by their type and this leads to a bound on synchronically tokened structure that emerges within language as the characteristic features of phrasal structure. The two key levels of linguistic representation, Phonetic Form and Logical Form, are shown to employ different distributions of synchronic and diachronic components, with Logical Form being more dependent on synchronic representations.
What is best value? The health economic evidence
Authors: Byford Sarah , Knapp Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growing awareness of the need to improve, not only the effectiveness but also the cost-effectiveness of health care, social care, and other services and interventions, has generated various demands for economic evidence (summarized in Box 9.1) in all sectors of society. One set of demands has been for descriptions of the resource consequences of different illnesses, problems, or behaviours. An associated demand is for measures of the overall cost impact of a particular health problem. In the child and adolescent mental health field, for example, recognition of the often quite considerable effects of some behaviour problems of childhood and adolescence has encouraged a number of such cost studies. However, whilst service utilization descriptions can be informative, this rather reductionist focus on costs can be misleading and is unable to provide evidence upon which to base ‘best value’ assessments.
The impact of the new genetics on planning and delivering child and adolescent mental health services
Authors: Gowda Rajesh , Scourfield, Jane , Thapar Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Genome Project and genetic research has excited scientists, health providers, the media, and the general public. There are, however, many myths as to the extent genetic research will change medical practice and services in the near future. At present, there would appear to be little ‘on the ground’ effect by genetic research on general psychiatric services, and even less on child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS). The role of an evidence-based approach in CAMHS has been highlighted (Williams 2000) but the application can be difficult (Ramchandini et al. 2001; Harrington 2001). Knowledge and evidence-based medicine and its application is fraught with hurdles.
Young people and substance misuse
Authors: Crome Ilana B , Gilvarry Eilish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we survey briefly issues impacting on need, design, and delivery of services and clinical practice regarding substance use and misuse by young people. Because this is a complex series of topics in which it is easy to use terms without clear regard to their meaning, we begin with a survey of current definitions. For professional clinical purposes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD10) (World Health Organization 1992) is the most commonly used diagnostic classification in the United Kingdom. This system outlines two categories: ‘ harmful use’ and ‘dependence syndrome’ (Edwards and Gross 1976).
Comparative analyses: CAMHS in developing countries
Authors: Rahman Atif , Harrington, Richard , Gater Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last three decades have seen significant achievements in child health worldwide. Although problems such as the HIV epidemic in parts of Africa continue to pose new challenges, overall, there has been a decline of about 15% in mortality and disability from malnutrition and infectious diseases (UNICEF 1996). Attention, therefore, has been turning to ways of enhancing the mental development of the majority of children who survive infancy. As Meyers (1992) put it, ‘one in 13 children die, but the 12 who survive also need care’.
Mapping specialist child and adolescent mental health services in England
Authors: Glover Gyles , Hartley Claire , Dean, Richard , Foster Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children in mind,the report of the Audit Commission (1999) on specialist child and adolescent mental health services (Specialist CAMHS) in England and Wales (also see Chapter 27), drew attention to the increasing recognition over the past twenty years of the importance of child and adolescent mental health problems and disorders, and the continuing lack of routinely-collected data about the provision and activity of services for them.
Assessing need, mapping services, and setting priorities
Authors: Kurtz Zarrina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last five years of the twentieth century, child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) became widely recognised as a significant field of service provision in England and Wales, heralded by the publication of two highly influential reports in 1995: Together we stand(NHS Health Advisory Service [HAS] 1995) and A handbook on child and adolescent mental health(Department of Health and Department of Education 1995).
Case study: the primary mental health team—Leicester, Leicestershire, and Rutland CAMHS
Authors: Gale Fiona , Vostanis Panos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The HAS four-tier model of service provision suggested the development of the primary mental health worker (PMHW) role at the interface between Tier 1 (primary care professionals) and Tiers 2/3 (Specialist CAMHS). These recommendations were also affirmed by reports from the House of Commons Health Committee (DoH 1997), The Mental Health Foundation (1999), and the Audit Commission (2000), which emphasized the need to develop more effective inter-agency collaboration in the provision of CAMHS, through the development of appropriate liaison between primary care and Specialist CAMHS.
Rationale for knee Reconstructive CAOS
Authors: Picard Frederic , DiGioia III Anthony M , Jaramaz Branislav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, when prosthetic knee surgery truly began to develop, progress in this field has increased steadily. The aging of the population, coupled with technological improvements naturally led to an increase in the number of prosthetic implants.1 Around 10–15% of all prostheses require at length surgical revision at some point.1,2 The increasingly strict controls on the costs of each surgical operation, the functional requirements of patients, and the pressure by insurance companies to ‘guarantee the results of these operations’, have led surgeons and health organizations to pay greater attention to the overall quality of the results.
Professional Context
Authors: Brennan James , Moynihan Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost any member of the community will tell you that cancer is a tough area of healthcare in which to work. They immediately recognize that working with people who face the certainty, or even the possibility, of their death must take its toll on the staff. They assume that because cancer professionals are dealing every day with profound anguish and distress, they must be personally affected themselves. And they are right. People who work in cancer care show high levels of stress and emotional burnout. But paradoxically, the emotional distress of working in cancer care is rarely acknowledged by the very professionals themselves or by the healthcare institutions in which they work.
Anticoagulation and extracorporeal circuits: the first haemodialysis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blood is a difficult substance to work with: on exposure to almost any surface available until the mid-twentieth century, it clotted and separated serum from a fibrin-cellular coagulum. Thus, even in vitro dialysis from untreated whole blood was impossible, and early attempts at extracorporeal perfusion inevitably failed [1]. However, Prévost and Dumas had shown in 1821 that blood from which the clotting protein fibrin had been removed by whisking did not coagulate[2], and mechanical perfusion of organs (including the kidney) was carried out successfully using defibrinated blood by the mid century [3]. That dark venous blood became redder and arterialized when shaken was known, and the principle of oxygenating blood by agitation was established; kidneys perfused using oxygenated blood were studied by Bunge and Johann Schmiedeberg (1838–1921) in 1876 in Strassburg [4], now part of Germany following the Franco-Prussian war of 1870. These perfusion systems were perfected further by Jacoby, a pupil of Schmiedeberg’s, during the 1890s.
The first haemodialyses in humans: the introduction of heparin and cellophane
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In parallel with the work on peritoneal dialysis just outlined, much happened in the field of haemodialysis during the 1920s and 1930s, although, as with peritoneal dialysis, the clinical outcomes were minimal. In his 1923 paper, Ganter quotes, besides the work of Necheles as outlined above, the first paper of Georg Haas (1886–1971) (Fig. 7.1), which again had just appeared in 1923. Haas’ major but eventually unsuccessful contribution to the development of dialysis was first highlighted by Drukker [1], and has been discussed since, for example by Benedum,Wizemann and Ritz [2–5].
New materials and new methods of access I: long-term haemodialysis becomes possible
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of haemodialysis, physicians realized that in many patients with acute renal failure one dialysis was not enough, and sought to gain repeated access to the circulation, but without success. From 1946 to 1960, methods of connecting the patient’s circulation to the various forms of artificial kidney available stagnated. Almost everywhere, following Kolff ‘s lead, glass was employed as the cannulating material, and arteries as well as veins were sacrificed after a single use. Only a double-cannula system using the new PTFE (see below) showed any promise; this used a heparin flush between dialyses, introduced by Paul Teschan to perform daily prophylactic haemodialysis in exceptionally catabolic patients [1]. Some had success with double-lumen catheters placed within the inferior vena cava for repeated access, for example the Italian group led by Dogliotti in 1957 [2].
A detective story: the rise and fall of aluminium poisoning—and a penalty of halfway technology: the rise and rise of dialysis amyloidosis
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, a number of units who had been treating patients with long-term haemodialysis for more than a few years noticed the appearance of a tragic and bizarre syndrome in some amongst them. Even today, 30 years on, it is harrowing to watch contemporary films of these patients attempting to walk, eat or talk, or lying mute in their beds, emaciated and dying. When the first description appeared in 1972 [1] from Allen Alfrey and his colleagues in Denver, Colorado, at the 1972 meeting of the American Society of Artifical Internal Organs (ASAIO) in Seattle, others such as George Dunea’s group in Chicago [2] (who coined the term ‘dialysis dementia’), David Kerr and Nigel Wardle in Newcastleupon-Tyne [3], Margaret Platts in Sheffield, England [4], and Jim Lawrence in Australia [5] immediately recognized the similarity of his observations to their own patients. The disease was evident also in other units in the United States, the United Kingdom and in Ireland, as well as in Japan. The description of this dreadful disease given later in an anonymous editorial in the British Medical Journal in 1976 [6] cannot be bettered:
Peritoneal dialysis transformed: CAPD
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intermittent peritoneal dialysis continued to be a viable form of treatment for acute reversible renal failure during the 1970s, most often using the Maxwell technique and the Weston–Roberts catheter, but despite all the work of Henry Tenckhoff and other enthusiastic pioneers, peritoneal dialysis using implantable silicone rubber catheters and cycling machines played only a tiny part in the overall treatment of irreversible uraemia. A symposium in October 1976 in Seattle [1] summarized the position at that time in North America. A Veteran’s Administration co-operative study was conducted from 1975 to compare peritoneal dialysis with home haemodialysis—probably the earliest controlled trial undertaken in the field of dialysis [2]. By 1978 in Seattle, 66 (15.8%) of their stock of 418 patients on long-term dialysis were using intermittent peritoneal dialysis [3] (some for as long as 4 years and an occasional patient for 8 years) and a total of 171 patients had been trained to use the technique, although it remained a minority interest. In Toronto under Dimitrios Oreopoulos’ leadership [4] the technique was taken up, and 70 patients were dialysing in that unit by 1977, whilst in France Charles Mion [5], in Italy Umberto Buoncristiani [6] and in Australia Bob Atkins [7] were protagonists. In the United Kingdom, only the unit of John Goldsmith in Liverpool [8] had any number of patients on intermittent peritoneal dialysis during the 1970s. However, outside these enthusiastic units, in general the technique languished and was little used. The proportion of patients on dialysis receiving this form of treatment in Europe did not change, even though the absolute figures increased quite dramatically, so that even by 1978 only 839 patients out of 35 840 (2.3%) were using intermittent peritoneal dialysis, and probably no more than 500 or so in the United States. This situation, however, was about to change dramatically.
Epidemiology
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around 2% of the population are estimated to meet diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder. Swartz, Blazer, George and Winfield’s (1990) study in North America found 1.8% of those aged 19-55 met criteria for borderline personality disorder. It could be estimated that around 0.5% of those meeting diagnostic criteria (or one in 10,000 people) will experience the severest difficulties. These are the people who are well known to public mental health services
Prognosis
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of prognosis has an important role in guiding treatment. Such knowledge can be of great assistance when clinicians doubt themselves, the appropriateness of the work they are doing and when challenged by colleagues about the appropriateness of the work. There have been people who have found this to be the single most useful piece of knowledge in the workshop on which this book is based, enabling them to retain hope when all appeared clinically dismal. There are no absolutely naturalistic studies where people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder have been worked too hard, and you’re too capable not to get there. You’re going to get out; you just have to keep yourself alive.
Health resource usage
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Swartz et al. (1989) demonstrated higher use of mental health services than people from other mental health diagnostic groups, except for people meeting diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, whose utilization rates were similar. Sansone, Sansone and particularly through the decreased use of hospitalization, and, in Stevenson and Meares’ study, increased time at work (Gabbard et al. I 997). In Stevenson and Meares’ (1992) study there was a mean reduction of 93 days away from work (134-41) and a reduction of 36 medical visits (42-6) in the year following treatment. To change the pattern of resource usage away from hospitalization, significant resources need to be allocated for proactive community treatment.
Multimodel approach
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A multi model integrative approach draws flexibly and with careful consideration from different models to meet each individual client’s needs. (This is very different from the notion of throwing something at the problem hoping that eventually there will be a positive effect). DBT integrates different core models and is based in behavioural and to a lesser degree cognitive theory and practice, whilst placing maximum importance on the therapy relationship. Young’s schema-focused therapy also uses a multi model approach, integrating cognitive behavioural, object relations and action therapy models. Gunderson (2001) describes the complimentary nature of having different models (case management, pharmacology, cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic) available to best match treatment with the client’s current level of function.
Resourcing
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the “untreatability)) of people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder came out of the experiences of psychoanalysts who found this client group did not respond well to usual psychoanalytic treatments of the day and in fact frequently got worse. Consistent with knowledge at the time, this group was considered unsuitable for treatment. Cognitive behaviour therapists, with their focus on specific treatment targets and goals, were developing their treatments elsewhere and did not explore the treatment of this group. A few decades later both psychodynamic and cogmt1ve behavioural clinicians began modifying their approaches and engagement with people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder. Out of this fresh engagement, positive research studies and publications have arisen. The belief that treatment was ineffective was understandable in the absence of outcome studies demonstrating efficacy.
In summary
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
+ There is significant medico legal risk because of the possibility of suicide and complaints+ Clinicians need to practise according to a “reasonable practitioner standard”+ Demonstration of professional judgement based on a sound risk-benefit analysis in keeping with a “reasonable practitioner standard” will be used to refute a charge of negligence Obtaining a second (or more) opinion will indicate that there was checking of the “reasonable practitioner standard”The riskier the circumstance and the more radical the treatment approach, the more widely the clinician needs to seek out other opinion
Research in psychotherapy
Authors: Margison Frank , Bateman Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our aim in this chapter is to outline fundamental principles of research in psychotherapy and to challenge the assumption that research is a specialized area and only the concern of the researchers themselves. Core knowledge of psychotherapy research is required by therapists for a number of reasons. First, an understanding of how to apply research thinking to daily practice is fundamental to being a good clinician. We cover this in the section on apply- ing research methods to practice. Second, good practice depends on a working knowledge of what has already been discovered, with an ability to sort the wheat from the chaff by knowing what constitutes good psychotherapy research and what is meaningful to clinical practice.
Legal Education in the Twenty-First Century: A Time of Challenge
Authors: Clark Eugene , Tsamenyi Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE aims of legal education in any particular era are influenced by the wider social context in which legal education operates and challenges which emerge from this context. This chapter surveys some of the most significant challenges facing Australian legal education as it approaches the Twenty-First Century. Its thesis is that the aims of legal education cannot be stated in the abstract or separated from the context in which legal education must operate. Accordingly, in searching for the aims of legal education in the next century one must identify the likely challenges faced by legal education in the years ahead and how legal education may/should respond to these challenges.