bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Article: Bodies on a battlefield. The dialectics of disability
Authors: Williams Gareth H. 
Published: March 2003

Colin Barnes and Geof Mercer (eds), Doing Disability ResearchLen Barton and Mike Oliver (eds), Disability Studies: Past, Present and FutureJames I. Charlton, Nothing About Us Without Us: Disability, Oppression and EmpowermentG. Thomas Couser, Recovering Bodies: Illness, Disability and Life WritingWendy Seymour, Remaking the Body: Rehabilitation and Change
From Type A man to the hardy man: masculinity and health
Authors: Riska Elianne 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article describes the transition in American ‘stress’ literature from a focus on ‘Type A man’ to the ‘hardy man’. These two diagnostic categories were constructed in medical discourse and entailed certain notions of masculinity, class and health. The constructs explained the rise of unhealthy (coronary‐prone) American middle‐class white men in the 1950s and the emergence of healthy men in the same class, race and gender order in the 1970s. I show that the construction of Type A man rested on the medicalisation of the core values of traditional masculinity, while the term ‘hardy man’ demedicalised and legitimised these values.
Towards generous constraint: freedom and coercion in a French addiction treatment
Authors: Gomart Emilie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIs the addict a criminal or a patient? Should addicts be approached with coercive means or in such a way that his/her individual freedom is protected? This way of framing the problem of addiction opposes freedom and coercion, care and constraint, activity and subjugation. These dualisms have structured the French medical and legal debates until recently. At the beginning of the 1990s, however, the evident opposition between freedom and coercion was problematised. The critics tentatively designed a new form of substitution treatment. With methadone and other constraints, this treatment was a search for ‘generous constraint’, that is, for the conditions under which coercion might do a little more than oppress the user. Through a detailed description of several techniques of this experimental treatment, an original variation is added to the anthology of relations between care and coercion. Moreover, this contribution, inspired by ANT, seeks to participate in a criticism of the liberal definition of the human agent.
Violence against doctors: a medical(ised) problem? The case of National Health Service general practitioners
Authors: Elston Mary Ann , Gabe Jonathan , Denney David , Lee Raymond , O'Beirne Maria 
Published: March 2003

AbstractViolence against doctors provides an illuminating context for studying medicalisation and its limits in the management of deviance. The paper examines the emergence of such violence as a policy issue in England, with particular reference to general practitioners (GPs) in the National Health Service. Recent guidance exhorts doctors to exercise ‘zero tolerance’ with respect to acts of violence. The emphasis is on risk management and protecting victims rather than on resolving the perpetrators’ problems. The paper argues that this policy frame is consistent with recent claims from criminologists that there is a new ‘turn’ in penal policy, away from rehabilitation and addressing the needs of individual offenders. However, responses of individual GPs, obtained through a postal questionnaire sent to c.1000 GPs and in‐depth interviews with a sub‐sample, suggest that doctors are not ‘zero tolerant’ in responding to attacks. But nor are they medical imperialists seeking to include all perpetrators within their professional jurisdiction. Rather, they exercise professional discretion about behaviours which often fall into a ‘grey area’ between ‘illness’ and ‘crime’, and about individuals who are not clearly categorisable as either ‘sick’or‘bad’.
Underground Freight Transport in The Netherlands in the Next Century
Authors: Gordijn Hugo 
Published: March 2003

Underground freight transport is investigated in the Netherlands as a systems innovation for freight transport. The objective is to achieve a sustainable and efficient transport system for the next century. Two types of underground freight transport are under investigation.First is an expansion of the traditional pipeline transport for gases and liquids, with more substances and new organisational concepts: common carrier and multi‐core. Pilot‐projects have started: a multi‐core pipeline project in the Rijnmond and feasibility studies to the extension of the ethylene‐ and propylene‐pipeline systems.Second are underground logistic systems (ULSs) for industrial goods and goods in urban areas (pallets and rolling stock). A ULS is planned between the flower auction in Aalsmeer, Schiphol airport, and a rail terminal for high‐speed trains. In 1999 the investment decision has to be taken. In Utrecht, Leiden, Arnhem/Nijmegen, Zuid‐limburg and Tilburg feasibility studies are in operation.At the end of the year a decision must be made on whether underground freight transport will become a new transport modality with general application in the Netherlands and perhaps beyond.
What Does ‘GIS’ Mean?
Authors: Chrisman Nicholas R. 
Published: March 2003

Many definitions of ‘GIS’ have been proposed, but they are rarely discussed in the peer‐reviewed literature. Most definitions in active use have serious limitations. Recent literature includes a variety of proposals to redefine GIS by changing the third word. This paper proposes an extended definition accompanied by a condensed form that contains the key concepts:‘Geographic Information System (GIS) – Organized activity by which people measure and represent geographic phenomena then transform these representations into other forms while interacting with social structures.’
Denominational Difference in Quaker Relief Work During the Spanish Civil War: The Operation of Corporate Concern and Liberal Theologies
Authors: Mendlesohn Farah 
Published: March 2003

The denominational differences between American and British relief workers in the Spanish Civil War are not immediately obvious, and cannot be identified by simple reference to the ideologies of the societies with which they claimed allegiance. This is both because orthodox American Quakerism and the theology of the London Yearly Meeting were very similar in the first half of the twentieth century, and because, when we attempt to compare the two groups, we are not comparing like with like. Those who worked for the (British) Friends Service Council (FSC) – and they came from a number of countries – were representing the witness of the London Society of Friends. Those who worked for the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) were representing only the theology of that committee.In the 1920s the denominational identities of the American Quakers were beginning to settle into patterns which we recognize in the twentieth century. As part of this settlement American Quakers tentatively agreed to cooperate in matters of relief, a cooperation which produced the AFSC. However, in order to walk the precarious tightrope of interdenominational tension, the AFSC was forced to develop its own independent identity and its own distinctive character. While the AFSC is not a denomination in the usual sense of the word, it is possible to see it as possessing its own culture and theologies. It has a cohesiveness that allows us to compare practice and belief with that of the FSC where it is not possible to make a comparison between American and British workers in this context – in part, because very few of the “British” in Spain were actually British – nor to compare the British and American Societies. This paper will attempt, through focusing on the place of the Peace Testimony in the relief work in which the two sets of Friends were engaged, to indicate the differences of theology and practice displayed by the two “denominations.” However, this paper should be recognized as part of a larger and longer work engaged in considering the role played by the Testimony of Social Justice in the working out of the Quaker Peace Witness in the middle years of the twentieth century.
Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Prioritization of Church Unity (Oekumene)
Authors: Moses John A. 
Published: March 2003

When Dietrich Bonhoeffer, following Karl Barth, broke with the “liberal school” of German Protestant theology, led by the famous Adolf von Harnack, he discovered that the Ecumenical Movement could be an agency for bringing about world peace, and he argued energetically for this in the various forums of the then ecumenical movement. However, to only partial avail. With the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, the urgency for the ecumenical movement to declare solidarity with the Confessing Church in Germany became acute. This was because the Nazi‐supported Reich Church and the so‐called German Christians were trying to align Christianity with Nazi ideology. Bonhoeffer proclaimed forcefully that the latter group were acting in the service of the Antichrist, driven by entirely worldly ambitions. He argued that this situation made it doubly incumbent on the churches associated in the ecumenical movement to support the Confessing Church. Indeed, he made such a declaration of solidarity the touchstone of the credibility of the ecumenical movement.This paper seeks to trace the course of Bonhoeffer’s campaign, for which he only had the limited support of men such as Bishop Bell of Chichester. But he failed not only to persuade the Ecumenical Movement; he was also unable to convince the majority of the Confessing Church to declare unequivocally for peace against the Nazi leadership. The article concludes with the observation that the present‐day ecumenical movement has remembered Bonhoeffer’s original plea for an Ecumenical Peace Council, and that it now recognizes that Bonhoeffer confronted the Churches with a challenge that will remain on its agenda for the foreseeable future.
Are Structured Abstracts Easier to Read Than Traditional Ones?
Authors: Hartley James , Sydes Matthew 
Published: March 2003

Background: Structured abstracts (which contain sub‐headings such as this one) have replaced traditional abstracts in most current medical journals. Evaluation studies have shown that such abstracts usually contain more information, are of a higher quality, and facilitate peer review. Aim: The aim of the studies reported here was to investigate an additional, but as yet unexamined, feature of structured abstracts – namely whether or not they might be easier to read. Method: Eight studies were carried out. The first two compared the Flesch and the Gunning readability scores of traditional abstracts that were published in particular journals with those of structured ones that were published in the same journals after these journals had moved to using structured abstracts. The next two examined the Flesch and the Gunning readability scores of traditional and structured abstracts when they were written by the same authors. The next two examined the ability of readers to re‐construct scrambled versions of abstracts to see if it was easier to re‐construct structured abstracts than it was to re‐construct traditional ones. The last two examined readers’ judgements of the readability of pairs of traditional and structured abstracts. Results: The first two studies showed that there were no significant differences in the readability scores of the earlier and the later abstracts. The next two studies showed, however, that when authors revised traditional abstracts to produce structured versions then the structured abstracts had higher readability scores. The next two studies showed that when readers were asked to re‐sequence sentences taken from traditional and structured abstracts, they sometimes found this harder to do with traditional abstracts. The last two studies showed that readers rated structured abstracts more readable than traditional ones. Conclusions: These studies suggest that structured abstracts may be easier to read than traditional ones – sometimes!
Phonological awareness in monolingual and bilingual English and Greek five‐year‐olds
Authors: Loizou Maria , Stuart Morag 
Published: March 2003

This study examined and compared levels of phonological awareness in monolingual and bilingual English and Greek five‐year‐olds. Sixty‐eight children from Britain and Cyprus, matched on the basis of age, gender, non‐verbal and verbal IQ, were assigned to four groups: two bilingual (English‐Greek, Greek‐English) and two monolingual (English, Greek). Performance of the four groups on a set of six phonological tasks was compared. Bilingual children were given both English and Greek versions of the tasks; monolingual children were given the phonological tasks in their mother tongue only. Given the results of previous research, it was predicted that bilingual children would show higher levels of phonological awareness than monolingual. The children tested in Britain were already being taught to read in school, whereas those tested in Cyprus were not. On the basis of previous research, it was further predicted that there would also be effects of learning to read in an alphabetic language, such that the bilingual children tested in Britain would show higher levels of phonological awareness at the level of the phoneme than their counterparts tested in Cyprus.Results showed that the bilingual English‐Greek children significantly outperformed the monolingual English children, but this pattern was not replicated in the bilingual Greek‐English/monolingual Greek comparisons. This difference is discussed in terms of the bilingual enhancement effect, which, according to the present data, seems to occur only when bilingual children are exposed to a second language that is phonologically simpler than their first language. Results also showed that English‐Greek bilingual children performed significantly better than Greek‐English bilinguals, especially on tasks requiring phoneme awareness. This accords well with suggestions that learning to read in an alphabetic language promotes this level of phonological awareness.
Some Methods for Investigating Spatial Clustering, with Epidemiological Applications
Authors: Anderson N. H. , Titterington D. M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The paper considers the problem of identifying spatial clustering, for instance of one group of individuals in relation to the spatial distribution of another. First, some of the literature is reviewed, some operational problems of practical investigations are discussed and a data set is introduced that involves a group of laryngeal cancer patients and a group of lung cancer patients in south Lancashire. Two techniques, an integrated squared difference statistic and a two-dimensional version of the scan statistic, are then outlined, some of their properties are discussed and they are applied to the data set. The final section takes stock of the data analysis and the characteristics of the techniques.
Surgical Audit: Statistical Lessons from Nightingale and Codman
Authors: Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
There is a long history of interest in examining and comparing surgical outcomes. The ‘epidemiological’ approach was initiated by Florence Nightingale in her suggestion for uniform surgical statistics, and she clearly predicted the problems that are associated with collecting, analysing and interpreting such data. Unfortunately those responsible for implementing and reporting her scheme appeared not to have shared her insight. The contrasting ‘clinical’ approach was championed by Ernest Codman in his search for full and honest appraisals of surgical errors. Once again, despite initial enthusiasm, others had great difficulty in following his example, although we discuss a recent instance of a reflective analysis of an individual surgeon’s performance. We conclude by suggesting that a synthesis between these approaches is appropriate, but we follow others in warning of the inevitable extra-statistical difficulties that will arise.
Symmetric Pattern Models: A Latent Variable Approach to Item Non-Response in Attitude Scales
Authors: O’Muircheartaigh Colm , Moustaki I. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
This paper proposes a new approach to the treatment of item non-response in attitude scales. It combines the ideas of latent variable identification with the issues of non-response adjustment in sample surveys. The latent variable approach allows missing values to be included in the analysis and, equally importantly, allows information about attitude to be inferred from non-response. We present a symmetric pattern methodology for handling item non-response in attitude scales. The methodology is symmetric in that all the variables are given equivalent status in the analysis (none is designated a ‘dependent’ variable) and is pattern based in that the pattern of responses and non-responses across individuals is a key element in the analysis. Our approach to the problem is through a latent variable model with two latent dimensions: one to summarize response propensity and the other to summarize attitude, ability or belief. The methodology presented here can handle binary, metric and mixed (binary and metric) manifest items with missing values. Examples using both artificial data sets and two real data sets are used to illustrate the mechanism and the advantages of the methodology proposed.
Weighting for Item Non-Response in Attitude Scales by Using Latent Variable Models with Covariates
Authors: Moustaki Irini , Knott Martin 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We discuss the use of latent variable models with observed covariates for computing response propensities for sample respondents. A response propensity score is often used to weight item and unit responders to account for item and unit non-response and to obtain adjusted means and proportions. In the context of attitude scaling, we discuss computing response propensity scores by using latent variable models for binary or nominal polytomous manifest items with covariates. Our models allow the response propensity scores to be found for several different items without refitting. They allow any pattern of missing responses for the items. If one prefers, it is possible to estimate population proportions directly from the latent variable models, so avoiding the use of propensity scores. Artificial data sets and a real data set extracted from the 1996 British Social Attitudes Survey are used to compare the various methods proposed.
Monitoring Point Patterns for the Development of Space–Time Clusters
Authors: Rogerson Peter A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Existing statistical methods for the detection of space–time clusters of point events are retrospective, in that they are used to ascertain whether space–time clustering exists among a fixed number of past events. In contrast, prospective methods treat a series of observations sequentially, with the aim of detecting quickly any changes that occur in the series. In this paper, cumulative sum methods of monitoring are adapted for use with Knox’s space–time statistic. The result is a procedure for the rapid detection of any emergent space–time interactions for a set of sequentially monitored point events. The approach relies on a ‘local’ Knox statistic that is useful in retrospective analyses to detect when and where space–time interaction occurs. The distribution of the local Knox statistic under the null hypothesis of no space–time interaction is derived. The retrospective local statistic and the prospective cumulative sum monitoring method are illustrated by using previously published data on Burkitt’s lymphoma in Uganda.
Is Comprehensive Education Really Free?: A Case-Study of the Effects of Secondary School Admissions Policies on House Prices in One Local Area
Authors: Leech Dennis , Campos Erick 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe paper reports on a study that tests the anecdotal hypothesis that parents are willing to pay a premium to secure places for their children in popular and oversubscribed comprehensive schools. Since many local education authorities use admissions policies that are based on catchment areas and places in popular schools are very difficult to obtain from outside these areas—but very easy from within them—parents have an incentive to move house for the sake of their children's education. This would be expected to be reflected in house prices. The study uses a cross-sectional sample based on two popular schools in one local education authority area, Coventry. Differences in quality of housing are dealt with by using the technique of hedonic regression and differences in location by sample selection within a block sample design. The sample was chosen from a limited number of locations spanning different catchment areas to reduce both observable and unobservable variability in nuisance effects while maximizing the variation in catchment areas. The results suggest that there are strong school catchment area effects. For one of the two popular schools we find a 20% premium and for the other a 16% premium on house prices ceteris paribus.
Predicting Multivariate Responses in Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Breiman Leo , Friedman Jerome H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
We look at the problem of predicting several response variables from the same set of explanatory variables. The question is how to take advantage of correlations between the response variables to improve predictive accuracy compared with the usual procedure of doing individual regressions of each response variable on the common set of predictor variables. A new procedure is introduced called the curds and whey method. Its use can substantially reduce prediction errors when there are correlations between responses while maintaining accuracy even if the responses are uncorrelated. In extensive simulations, the new procedure is compared with several previously proposed methods for predicting multiple responses (including partial least squares) and exhibits superior accuracy. One version can be easily implemented in the context of standard statistical packages.
Inference for Non-random Samples
Authors: Copas J. B. , Li H. G. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Observational data are often analysed as if they had resulted from a controlled study, and yet the tacit assumption of randomness can be crucial for the validity of inference. We take some simple statistical models and supplement them by adding a parameter θ which reflects the degree of non-randomness in the sample. For a randomized study θ is known to be 0. We examine the profile log-likelihood for θ and the sensitivity of inference to small non-zero values of θ. Particular models cover the analysis of survey data with item non-response, the paired comparison t-test and two group comparisons using observational data with covariates. Some practical examples are discussed. Allowing for sampling bias increases the uncertainty of estimation and weakens the significance of treatment effects, sometimes substantially so.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Logistic Regression Parameters under Two-phase, Outcome-dependent Sampling
Authors: Breslow Norman E. , Holubkov Richard 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Outcome-dependent sampling increases the efficiency of studies of rare outcomes, examples being case—control studies in epidemiology and choice–based sampling in econometrics. Two-phase or double sampling is a standard technique for drawing efficient stratified samples. We develop maximum likelihood estimation of logistic regression coefficients for a hybrid two-phase, outcome–dependent sampling design. An algorithm is given for determining the estimates by repeated fitting of ordinary logistic regression models. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency loss associated with alternative pseudolikelihood and weighted likelihood methods for certain data configurations. These results provide an efficient solution to the measurement error problem with validation sampling based on a discrete surrogate.