bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UTERINE ADENOMATA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

The behavior of a transplanted adenocarcinoma of the uterus of a rabbit has been studied through 12 serial generations in the anterior chamber of the eye and 6 serial generations in the testicle. The transplanted tumor is characterized by slow growth which is at first expansive and later invasive, by an ability to form more or less differentiated structures in response to different environmental conditions and by late metastasis. The endocrinological changes that distinguish animals bearing the spontaneous tumor do not occur in animals bearing the transplanted tumor.
Various experiments were undertaken in an attempt to discover the nature of the factors determining the characteristics of the spontaneous and of the transplanted tumor. It was found that successful transplantation was followed by a phase during which animals were refractory to reinoculation. The results of transplantation into the eyes of animals with spontaneous tumors suggested the existence of a similar phase during the early development of the tumor but the number of observations was not sufficiently numerous to warrant definite conclusions.
ORGAN WORK AND ORGAN WEIGHT
Authors: Walter Florence , Addis T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The ratios between the rates of growth of the body and of the heart, kidneys, and liver are approximately uniform between 40 gm. body weight and the body weight at maturity in the albino rat. The male and female hearts grow at 0.75 times the rate of growth of the body, the male kidneys at 0.717 times, the female kidneys at 0.648 times, and the liver at 0.838 times the rate of growth of the body as a whole.
2. Formulas for the prediction of organ weight from body weight were derived from the data on 1591 albino rats kept under constant conditions.
3. A series of experiments in which dietetic and metabolic variables were introduced into otherwise constant conditions showed that the heart weight was not affected by diet, and that both kidney weight and weight of liver protein (used as a measure of effective liver size) varied in the direction of change in the protein content of the diet. Decrease in rate of metabolism induced by thyroidectomy and increase in metabolism following the administration of thyroxin led to a corresponding fall and rise of heart, kidney, and liver protein weight. These results were confirmed in experiments on fasted rats with the exception that under these conditions thyroidectomy did not appreciably decrease liver protein weight relatively to fasted controls. Increase in organ metabolism due to dinitrophenol had no effect on organ weight.
4. When experimental changes alter the composition of the body with respect to fat or water, the comparison of experimental and control organ weights in terms of any one function of body weight is fallacious.
5. Conditions that change kidney weight usually change liver protein weight in the same direction and roughly to the same degree. The possible meaning of two exceptions to this rule is discussed.
6. The observations made are regarded as supporting the hypothesis that, after weaning, change in the weight of the heart, kidney, and liver protein is determined mainly by change in the amount of work done by these organs.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Tuberculous and vaccinated rabbits and guinea pigs mobilize mononuclear phagocytes at the site of a non-specific inflammation with greater rapidity than do normal animals, just as they respond to tubercle bacilli.
2. The succession of cells that characterizes inflammation in general is accelerated in allergic rabbits and guinea pigs in response to non specific irritants.
3. The pH at the site of reinfection with tubercie bacffli in immun ized rabbits and guinea pigs and at the site of a non-specific inflammation in the latter is slightly lower than in a similar site in a normal animal.
4. No constant relation was found between the mobifization of mononuclears and the hydrogen ion concentration at the site of inflammation.
5. The rate of mitotic and amitotic division of mononuclears in allergic rabbits and guinea pigs in response to non-specific irritants is greater than in normal animals.
6. Mononuclears derived from actively tuberculous or vaccinated guinea pigs exhibit greater in vitro phagocytic capacity for carbon particles than mononuclears obtained from normal animals.
7. Mononuclears of tuberculous rabbits ingest more staphylococci than the phagocytes of the same type originating from normal animals.
8. Mononuclears originating from actively tuberculous rabbits and guinea pigs exhibit greater in vitro phagocytic capacity for tuberde bacilli than mononuclears obtained from normal animals.
9. The enhancement of the phagocytic capacity for tubercie bacilli afforded mononuclears by vaccination with a bacillus of low virulence is lower, and of questionable significance.
10. The increased phagocytic activity of mononuclears derived from tuberculous or vaccinated rabbits and guinea pigs for tubercie bacilli and for non-specific particulate matter occurs in media containing sera derived from normal and from tuberculous individuals.
11. The more rapid mobilization of mononuclears by immunized animals in response to specific as well as non-specific irritants is associated with their increased physiological activity.
The significance of this enhanced activity conferred by the tuberculous process on the mesenchyme cells is discussed in relation to the mechanism of immunity to tuberculosis and other phenomena.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF SULFANILAMIDE ON STREPTOCOCCUS. II
Authors: Gay Frederick P. , Clark Ada R. , Street Julia A. , Miles Dorothy W. 
Published: June 2004

The precise mode of therapeutic action of sulfanilamide on streptococcus can be arrived at only by considering the sum total of factors that inhibit or favor the natural growth of the microorganism under the experimental conditions that obtain, whether in vivo or in vitro. Too sweeping conclusions have hitherto been drawn from the study of a single variable factor, such as an unfavorable temperature or the absence or presence of peptone. We have attempted here to analyze the factors that have hitherto been recognized and some new ones, but particularly the relationship of these factors to one another.
The result obtained on adding sulfanilamide to the streptococcus in the test tube is usually bacteriostasis and not complete destruction of even small numbers of bacteria. This is on the condition that the suspending medium is a favorable one for the growth of the microorganism; the more growth-promoting the medium is the less the bacteriostasis. If, on the other hand, the medium is too poor, or one that in itself inhibits growth, the addition of sulfanilamide may lead to sterilization of the culture.
The conditions for growth of the streptococcus in the body of the rabbit or mouse, depend on the strain of bacteria used, but are on the whole favorable. Defence, however, in the form of phagocytosis by both polymorphonuclear and by mononuclear cells is attempted even in the susceptible animal. When sulfanilamide is used to treat such an animal, or when sulfanilamide-grown (inhibited) streptococci are employed, phagocytosis is pronounced, whether studied in the test tube or in the animal body. In the rabbit the delay by sulfanilamide and resultant increased phagocytosis by polymorphonuclears allows mononuclear cells to accumulate and recovery may result.
Sulfanilamide not only does not completely destroy the streptococcus but does not even impair its innate virulence. It acts upon the streptococcus not only by inhibiting growth but by a temporary inhibition of hemotoxin formation, but only under certain conditions. The drug does not neutralize hemotoxin already formed. No significant effect of sulfanilamide on the formation of leucocidin or fibrinolysin by streptococcus has been evident in our experiments.
Sulfanilamide differs in one important respect from other drugs that are destructive either in the test tube or actually in the body, for protozoa and bacteria. Protozoa fix or adsorb arsenicals and acriflavine that kill them variably in vitro and in vivo. Streptococci fix both gentian violet and acriflavine, which dyes have marked destructive action in the test tube but are less effective in vivo. Sulfanilamide is not diminished at all by contact in vitro with large masses of streptococci, nor does the action of this drug render the microorganism more capable than untreated cocci to adsorb gentian violet or acriflavine, or to be destroyed by these highly bactericidal substances.
STUDIES ON EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

After inoculation with equine encephalomyelitis virus by various routes, guinea pigs were sacrificed at early stages, before symptoms were apparent. The brains were studied histologically, with serial sections; all lesions were noted, and subjected to topographical analysis. Nine cases are presented in detail.
With any given mode of inoculation the distribution of lesions varied very widely from one instance to another. In some cases, affected regions bore a striking and definite anatomical relationship to each other. These distributions can be explained only by the assumption that the anatomical pathways played some rôle in the spread of the virus. In other instances lesions were present in areas, the anatomical connections of which were entirely normal. Attention is called to the frequency of lesions in the neocortex, with intact subcortical centers. Such distribution is held to render nerve spread extremely improbable. The only satisfactory explanation of such random distributions is by direct passage of virus from the blood stream into the brain tissue. There is no histological difference between lesions which result from blood spread and those resulting from nerve spread.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS WITH SIMPLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Chase M. W. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are described on the latency period in sensitization to poison ivy and on the time necessary for the agent to remain in contact with the skin. The chief matter of investigation concerned the manner in which the whole skin becomes sensitive following treatment at a particular site, and especially whether this is effected by way of the epidermis.
Two methods were used to interrupt the continuity of the skin, one by cutting through both skin and the underlying thin muscular layer, the other by removing a strip of skin so as to spare the skin muscle. These procedures led to different results when poison ivy extract was applied to the areas thus isolated. In the first case, sensitization was mostly prevented, whereas with the second method generalized hypersensitiveness occurred almost uniformly.
An explanation is to be found in the severance of the lymph vessels lying on the surface of the muscular layer, pointing to the necessity of a free lymph passage. On the other hand the experiments prove that general sensitization is not dependent upon maintaining the integrity of the skin around a treated area.
An inhibition of sensitization by incisions extending through the panniculus carnosus was seen to some extent in anaphylactic sensitization with protein antigens, namely when sufficiently small amounts were employed.
STUDIES ON A BACTERICIDAL AGENT EXTRACTED FROM A SOIL BACILLUS
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

A Gram-positive, spore-bearing, aerobic bacillus, capable of lyzing the living cells of many Gram-positive microbial species, has been isolated from soil.
Cultures of this soil bacillus in peptone media release during autolysis a soluble agent which exerts a bactericidal effect on all the Gram-positive microorganisms so far tested, and inactivates their glucose dehydrogenases. It also inhibits the growth of the susceptible species in culture media.
Several of the Gram-positive species undergo lysis when incubated with the bactericidal agent. It appears however, that lysis is only a secondary process, due to the autolytic enzymes of the susceptible cells, and that it follows upon some other primary injury caused by the active agent.
The bactericidal agent is ineffective against all the Gram-negative bacilli so far tested.
STUDIES ON A BACTERICIDAL AGENT EXTRACTED FROM A SOIL BACILLUS
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

In the first paper of this series, a description was given of a cell-free extract, obtained from autolysates of a particular strain of a soil bacillus, which selectively inhibits the growth of all the Gram-positive microorganisms so far tested, and exerts on them a bactericidal effect in vitro.
In the present study it is shown that the same agent protects white mice against infection with large numbers of virulent pneumococci. It also exerts a curative effect when administered to mice several hours after injection of the infecting organisms.
The degree of protection afforded, and the minimal effective dose of bactericidal agent, are approximately the same for all virulent pneumococci, irrespective of type specificity.
The bactericidal agent is entirely ineffective against infection with virulent Friediänder bacilli (type B). This agrees with the fact that the agent does not affect Gram-negative bacilli in vitro.
The protective action exerted by the bactericidal agent against experimental pneumococcus infection depends upon the same mechanism which determines its bactericidal effect in vitro.
A MOUSE TEST FOR MEASURING THE IMMUNIZING POTENCY OF ANTIRABIES VACCINES
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A quantitative practical mouse test is described for measuring the immunizing potency of antirabies vaccines.
2. Virulent virus, injected intraperitoneally as a vaccine, immunized mice within 10 days and for a period of at least 9 months. Demonstrable neutralizing antibodies accompanied this immunity. Virus given subcutaneously failed to immunize as effectively. The margin between immunizing and infecting dose of vaccine was small.
3. Commercial vaccines containing virulent virus prepared for the treatment of man gave results similar to those obtained with laboratory virus.
4. Commercial vaccines inactivated with phenol and prepared for the treatment of man in general failed to immunize mice. None contained virulent virus. The phenolized preparation from one commercial firm, however, as also the chloroformized preparation from another, immunized mice consistently when given intraperitoneally in quantities approximating 5 times that advocated per gm. of body weight in man.
5. Commercial canine vaccines inactivated with phenol proved non-virulent and failed to immunize mice.
6. Commercial canine vaccines inactivated with chloroform (Kelser) proved non-virulent but capable of immunizing mice provided a single intraperitoneal injection of 2 to 5 times that prescribed for dogs per gm. of body weight was given.
7. Chloroformized vaccines proved irritative to the peritoneum of mice.
RÔLE OF INBORN RESISTANCE FACTORS IN MOUSE POPULATIONS INFECTED WITH BACILLUS ENTERITIDIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Hodes Horace L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under conditions in which mouse typhoid is allowed to spread naturally among herds of mice comprised of different proportions of individuals of innately high or low susceptibility: (a) 85 to 95 per cent of the innately susceptible succumb to mouse typhoid in contrast to less than 5 per cent of the innately resistant, regardless of whether either constitutes 25, 50, or 75 per cent of the population respectively. (b) The surviving population is therefore comprised largely of individuals known at the outset to be innately resistant. These resistants are, nevertheless, apt to have become infected and to harbor mouse typhoid bacilli in their spleens and feces.
2. Under conditions in which recruits are added to surviving populations comprised chiefly of innately resistants among which mortalities have practically ceased: (a) Mouse typhoid infection spreads to both innately resistant and susceptible recruits. (b) Mortality from mouse typhoid is limited almost exclusively to the innately susceptible recruits and is "sporadic" or "epidemic" in character according to the numbers and proportion of susceptibles added. (c) Innately resistant recruits remain well unless subjected to some non-specific hazard, such as heat or overcrowding, in which case both they and the susceptibles succumb in proportions similar to their relative numbers in the population.
3. It was plain that survivors are almost exclusively the individuals known at the outset to have been innately resistant.
4. There was no tendency for known susceptibles to become immunized through herd exposure at epidemic times, at postepidemic times in which the dosage of mouse typhoid bacilli was relatively small, nor at repeated short intervals. Finally, susceptibles given repeated, known, sublethal doses of mouse typhoid bacilli or St. Louis encephalitis virus by a natural route failed to develop immunity against a subsequent test dose.
THE PASSAGE OF PROTEINS FROM THE VASCULAR SYSTEM INTO JOINTS AND CERTAIN OTHER BODY CAVITIES
Authors: Bennett Granville A. , Shaffer Morris F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments designed to study, in the rabbit, the passage of foreign proteins from the blood stream into synovial fluid and to compare such passage with that taking place into the aqueous humor, spinal fluid, and urine are described.
2. Crystalline egg albumin and horse serum proteins regularly appeared in the knee joints within short periods of time following their intravenous injection.
3. These proteins also appeared promptly in the aqueous humor but in lower concentrations. In the spinal fluid they appeared only rarely and in minimal amounts.
4. Crystalline egg albumin was readily eliminated from the body via the urine. It was also removed rapidly from the knee joint and anterior chamber of the eye.
5. Horse serum proteins appeared only occasionally in the urine. Their concentration in the blood serum remained relatively high for several days.
Their increased concentration in the joint fluids in the longer experiments indicates that the rate of entrance exceeded the rate of removal.
6. Foreign proteins of the type employed were all found in the joint fluids in higher concentrations than they were in the other body fluids examined.
7. The possible significance of this study with respect to normal joint physiology and to certain abnormal joint conditions has been commented upon.
THE VIRULENCE OF GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
Authors: Seastone C. V. 
Published: June 2004

A non-antigenic mucoid polysaccharide similar to that described by Kendall, Heidelberger, and Dawson was isolated from group C hemolytic streptococci. A simple method for its quantitative estimation is described.
By means of this quantitative method, as well as by the direct isolation of the carbohydrates, the size and persistence of capsules in young cultures of various strains have been related to the non-antigenic mucoid polysaccharide.
Similarly, invasiveness in different strains has been related to the mucoid polysaccharide. Data indicating the non-haptene nature of this material are presented.
An autolytic process, accelerated by bile, is involved in the loss of capsular material from young streptococci.
THE SPECIFICITY OF KERATEINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Pillemer L. , Ecker E. E. , Martiensen E. W. 
Published: June 2004

Carboxymethyl, α-carboxyethyl-, α-carboxy-n-propyl-, α-carboxyisopropyl-, α-carboxy-n-butyl, α-carboxyisobutyl, α-carboxyamyl-, benzyl-, and ß-phenylethylkeratemes were prepared from the parent protein, reduced keratin or kerateine. Chemical analysis disclosed that the various compounds differed in their isoelectric points and solubilities depending on the nature of the substituent group introduced. In general, it was found that in so far as could be determined, nearly all of the available sulfhydryl groups were substituted, while no detectable substitution of the free amino groups of the proteins occurred.
The results of the serologic studies revealed that the kerateine derivatives acquired a new immunologie character dependent on the nature of the introduced determinant group. Inhibition tests confirmed the results obtained. Evidence was also produced to show that the grouping
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may play a rôle in some of the reactions observed.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF DIGESTIVE TRACT ULCERATIONS
Authors: Penner Abraham , Bernheim Alice Ida 
Published: June 2004

We have attempted to reproduce in animal experiments a group of pathological findings which we have observed to be associated with shock. In order to simulate the compensatory vasomotor reactions occurring in shock, we have utilized the intraperitoneal injection of adrenalin hydrochloride in dogs, cats, rabbits and guinea pigs. That the effect of adrenalin hydrochloride when injected by this route is of long duration has been shown by the prolonged hyperglycemia which it produces.
Our experiments have resulted in the production of a lesion in the digestive tract which is identical in the gross with those which we observed in our human material. The histological changes, however, have been found to differ from those encountered in the latter. These differences have been noted to occur only in the dog and cat, where the initial changes take place in the mucosa, and the alterations in the submucosa appear secondary to these. In the rabbit and guinea pig the histogenesis of the lesions is identical with that observed in man, the lesions first manifesting themselves in changes in the submucosa, congestion, edema and hernorrhage. Only later are similar changes seen in the mucosa, progressing finally to necrosis and ulceration.
The cause of the histological differences has been found in the presence of arteriovenous anastomoses which occur in the submucosa in the case of the dog and cat and in the mucosa in the case of the rabbit, guinea pig and man.
We have pointed out that variations in blood flow through the intestinal wall may result from the short circuiting of the blood through the arteriovenous anastomoses. This, associated with the vasoconstriction known to occur in shock, may if severe and prolonged, result in necrosis of the intestinal wall. We have experimentally reproduced the same lesion by the injection of adrenalin, which acts in a similar way.
The experimentally produced anatomical changes offer additional evidence in support of the clinical occurrence of a vasospasm which is of sufficient severity and duration to cause tissue necrosis.
A METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF INDUCED INTERFERENCE WITH TRANSPLANTABLE TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: MacFadyen Douglas A. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

1. A design of experiments and technical procedure is described for the study of interference with transplantable tissue growth by test agents. The methods are guided by the principle of randomization and are based on the pairing of test and control in each host.
2. A system of analysis, employing well known statistical measures, is applied to results obtained with these methods and shows that they lead to consistently reproducible results.
3. A simple analytical method is proposed for correlating results obtained with different kinds of transplantable tissue in different strains of animals.
This method is based on the condensation of an extended frequency distribution of events in control series of cases into a three category array of a normal frequency distribution. The three categories of test action are the inhibitory, the ineffectual, and the accelerative.