bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties and plasticity of the primate somatosensory and motor cortex related to orofacial sensorimotor function
Authors: Sessle Barry J , Yao Dongyuan , Nishiura Hiroto , Yoshino Kenichi , Lee Jye‐Chang , Martin Ruth E , Murray Gregory M 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. The lateral pericentral region of the cerebral cortex has been well documented in primates to be important in sensorimotor integration and control and in the learning of new motor skills.2. The present article provides, first, an overview of limb sensorimotor cortical mechanisms and, second, outlines recent evidence pointing to an important role for the face sensorimotor cortex in semi‐automatic, as well as trained, orofacial motor behaviour and to its propensity for neuroplastic changes in association with orofacial motor skill acquisition or an altered oral environment.
Sensory and motor function of teeth and dental implants: A basis for osseoperception
Authors: Trulsson Mats 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. When dental implants are loaded mechanically, a sensation, often referred to as osseoperception, is evoked. The sensory signals underlying this phenomenon are qualitatively different from the signals evoked when loading a natural tooth. In contrast with osseointegrated dental implants, natural teeth are equipped with periodontal mechanoreceptors that signal information about tooth loads. In the present review, the functional properties of human periodontal mechanoreceptors will be presented, along with a discussion about their likely functional role in the control of human jaw actions.2. Microneurographic experiments reveal that human periodontal mechanoreceptors adapt slowly to maintained tooth loads. Populations of periodontal receptors encode information about both which teeth are loaded and the direction of forces applied to individual teeth.3. Most receptors exhibit a markedly curved relationship between discharge rate and force amplitude, featuring the highest sensitivity to changes in tooth load at surprisingly low forces (below 1 N for anterior teeth and 4 N for posterior teeth). Accordingly, periodontal receptors efficiently encode tooth load when subjects first contact, hold and gently manipulate food by the teeth. In contrast, only a minority of receptors encodes the rapid and strong increase in force generated when biting through food.4. It is concluded that humans use periodontal afferent signals to control jaw actions associated with intra‐oral manipulation of food rather than exertion of jaw power actions. Consequently, patients who lack information from periodontal receptors show an impaired fine motor control of the mandible.
Pharmacokinetics of high doses of cyanocobalamin administered by intravenous injection for 26 weeks in rats
Authors: Nava‐Ocampo Alejandro A , Pastrak Aleksandra , Cruz Tony , Koren Gideon 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. High doses of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) may be therapeutically effective to treat neurological alterations secondary to a wide range of disease states. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dose and repeated administration on the pharmacokinetics of cyanocobalamin in rats.2. Forty‐eight rats were randomly assigned to receive 1, 5, 25 or 100 mg/kg cyanocobalamin for 182 days (26 weeks). Cyanocobalamin plasma levels were quantified by HPLC on days 1, 85 and 182 of treatment and were analysed by means of non‐compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis. In addition, population PK analysis was used to fit cyanocobalamin plasma concentrations to time by means of a two‐compartment model for intravascular administration.3. The half‐life of cyanocobalamin ranged from approximately 20 to 50 min, clearance ranged from 4.5 to 9 mL/min and the volume of distribution at steady state ranged from 140 to 470 mL. A statistically significant negative relationship existed between the dose of cyanocobalamin and the normalized area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC). This non‐linearity was not exhibited in population PK analysis. No evidence of toxicity was observed.4. At very high and prolonged doses (up to 100 mg/kg for 26 weeks), intravascular administration of cyanocobalamin in rats follows a two‐compartment kinetic model and cyanocobalamin undergoes extensive extravascular distribution. The negative relationship between dose and normalized AUC is compatible with possible saturation of tubular reabsorption, thus increasing renal clearance at higher doses.
Possible anti‐atherogenic effect of kolaviron (a Garcinia kola seed extract) in hypercholesterolaemic rats
Authors: Adaramoye OA , Nwaneri VO , Anyanwu KC , Farombi EO , Emerole GO 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. The hypolipidaemic effect of kolaviron, a mixture of Garcinia biflavonoid 1 (GB1), Garcinia biflavonoid 2 (GB2) and kolaflavanone, used in the treatment of various ailments in southern Nigeria, was investigated in rats. The ability of Questran (Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Hounslow, UK), a hypolipidaemic therapeutic drug, to attenuate hypercholesterolaemia in rats was also examined.2. In order to assess the hypolipidaemic effect of this extract in experimental animals, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), cholesterol, phospholipid, low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined in the plasma and liver.3. Cholesterol administered orally to rats at a dose of 30 mg/0.3 mL five times a week for 8 consecutive weeks resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the relative weight of the heart of hypercholesterolaemic animals compared with control. However, cotreatment with kolaviron and Questran ameliorated the cholesterol‐induced enlargement of the heart. Kolaviron (100 and 200 mg/kg) elicited 88.5 and 87.4% reductions, respectively, in plasma cholesterol levels of pretreated animals compared with the cholesterol‐fed group. In addition, kolaviron produced a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in post‐mitochondrial fraction (PMF) cholesterol levels in treated animals compared with untreated hypercholesterolaemic animals. Similarly, Questran significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the cholesterol‐induced increase in plasma cholesterol levels compared with untreated hypercholesterolaemic animals. In addition, (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma LDL‐C levels by over 70% in treated animals compared with untreated hypercholesterolaemic animals. Similarly, kolaviron significantly decreased (P < 0.05) PMF LDL‐C levels by over 60% in treated animals compared with untreated hypercholesterolaemic animals.4. The significantly (P < 0.05) higher values of plasma and PMF triglycerides obtained in cholesterol‐fed animals compared with control animals were unaltered following cotreatment with kolaviron and Questran. In the present study, there was a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in plasma formation of malondialdehyde in kolaviron‐ and Questran‐treated animals compared with untreated hypercholesterolaemic animals.5. The results of the present study demonstrate that kolaviron exerts a hypocholesterolaemic effect and reduces the relative weight of the heart in cholesterol‐fed animals. This reduction and the favourable lipid profile indicate a possible anti‐atherogenic property of the extract.
Hypotensive and lipid regulatory actions of 4‐hydroxyderricin, a chalcone from Angelica keiskei, in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Ogawa Hiroshi , Ohno Mami , Baba Kimiye 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. Previously, we found that Angelica keiskei extract (ethyl acetate extract from the yellow liquid of stems) elevated serum high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and reduced liver triglyceride content in stroke‐prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). To identify the active substance in A. keiskei extract, we examined the effect of 4‐hydroxyderricin, a characteristic chalcone isolated from the yellow liquid of stems, on blood pressure and lipid metabolism in SHRSP.2. Six‐week‐old male SHRSP were fed diets containing 0.07% 4‐hydroxyderricin for 7 weeks with free access to the diet and water. Elevation of systolic blood pressure was significantly suppressed after 7 weeks treatment. Serum very low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels were significantly reduced, without any effect on HDL levels, and were associated with a significant decrease in the serum concentration of free fatty acids.3. In the liver, significant decreases in relative liver weight and triglyceride content were found after treatment with 4‐hydroxyderricin for 7 weeks.4. An investigation of hepatic mRNA expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism indicated that a significant decrease in microsomal triglyceride transferprotein may be responsible for the decrease in serum VLDL levels and that significant decreases in adipocyte determination and differentiation factor 1 and fatty acid synthase may be responsible for the decrease in hepatic triglyceride content.5. In conclusion, dietary 4‐hydroxyderricin produces suppression of the elevation of systolic blood pressure, reduction of serum VLDL levels and a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content in SHRSP.
Anterior hypothalamic β‐adrenoceptors in chronic aortic‐coarctated hypertensive rats: An interaction with central angiotensin II receptors
Authors: Höcht Christian , Opezzo Javier AW , Gironacci Mariela M , Peña Clara , Taira Carlos A 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the activity of anterior hypothalamic β‐adrenoceptors and angiotensin (Ang) II receptors on blood pressure in normotensive rats and aortic‐coarctated (ACo) animals at a chronic stage of hypertension. A possible interaction between β‐adrenoceptors and AngII pressor activity was also investigated.2. Injection of isoproterenol (0.1–10 nmol) in the anterior hypothalamic area induced a dose‐dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) in sham‐operated (SO), but not in ACo, animals. Isoproterenol (1 nmol) reduced blood pressure in SO rats (ΔMAP −10.1 ± 1.4 mmHg; n = 10) but not in ACo animals (ΔMAP −0.9 ± 1.6 mmHg; n = 10; P < 0.05 vs SO rats). Whereas previous administration of atenolol (40 nmol) enhanced the cardiovascular effect of isoproterenol (1 nmol) in ACo rats but not in SO animals, propranolol (40 nmol) prevented the hypotensive action of isoproterenol in both experimental groups. Intrahypothalamic administration of clenbuterol decreased MAP in a dose‐dependent manner; however, the depressor response to clenbuterol (10 nmol) was greater in ACo rats than in SO rats (ΔMAP −26.8 ± 3.2 vs−14.4 ± 2.4 mmHg, respectively; n = 5 for both; P < 0.05). When AngII (50 ng) was injected into the anterior hypothalamic area, a greater pressor response was observed in ACo rats than in SO rats (ΔMAP 19.6 ± 1.1 vs 11.3 ± 0.6 mmHg, respectively; n = 5 for both; P < 0.05). Atenolol (40 nmol) pretreatment partially and significantly prevented the pressor response to AngII in ACo rats, but not in SO rats.3. In conclusion, these results provide pharmacological evidence for the existence of a β1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated pressor mechanism in the anterior hypothalamic area of ACo rats that is absent in SO rats. The enhanced depressor β2‐adrenoceptor activity observed in chronic ACo rats could be a compensatory adjustment to pressor β1‐adrenoceptor activity. Conversely, pressor overactivity of AngII was observed in the anterior hypothalamic area of ACo rats at a chronic hypertensive stage; this enhancement could be explained, at least in part, by the pressor β1‐adrenoceptor activity.
Gender differences in blood pressure and heart rate in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar‐Kyoto rats
Authors: Maris M Elizabeth , Melchert Russell B , Joseph Jacob , Kennedy Richard H 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. In general, premenopausal women are known to have lower blood pressure than men and animal models have shown a similar sexual dimorphism. However, many studies in animals have been performed using anaesthetized or restrained models. Current experiments were conducted to investigate the relationships among resting heart rate, blood pressure and gender in conscious, unrestrained normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).2. Biotelemetry transmitters were implanted in 6‐month‐old animals. Values for heart rate, diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were recorded continuously at 10 min intervals after all animals recovered completely from surgery.3. Normal circadian rhythms in heart rate were found in all rats, with no significant differences among the four groups; the circadian variation in blood pressure was evident in all groups, although much smaller. Heart rate was found to be higher in WKY female rats than in the other three groups. Male WKY rats, male SHR and female SHR had similar heart rates. Male SHR had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures than female SHR. Male and female WKY rats had similar diastolic blood pressure, but males had slightly higher systolic pressure than females. No significant difference in pulse pressure was found in WKY male and female rats. Male SHR showed significantly higher pulse pressure than female SHR at most times during the day.4. In conclusion, these results indicate that hypertension is exacerbated in male SHR compared with females under conscious resting conditions and demonstrate that the higher heart rate observed in WKY female rats is not present in the SHR model.
Protective role of tea catechins against oxidation‐induced damage of type 2 diabetic erythrocytes
Authors: Rizvi Syed Ibrahim , Zaid Mohd Abu , Anis Rafat , Mishra Neetu 
Published: February 2005

SUMMARY1. Oxidative stress is recognized as a major contributing factor for the development of late complications of diabetes.2. Tea contains polyphenolic compounds (catechins), which have many important biological properties, including strong anti‐oxidant activity.3. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of tea catechins (epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC)) on markers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and membrane ‐SH group) in erythrocytes from type 2 diabetics.4. Oxidative stress was induced in normal and type 2 diabetic erythrocytes by incubating with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BHP).5. Diabetic erythrocytes have higher MDA and decreased GSH and membrane ‐SH groups compared with normal erythrocytes.6. Our results show that tea catechins protect erythrocytes from t‐BHP‐induced oxidative stress, the effect being more pronounced in diabetic erythrocytes. The relative effectiveness of individual catechins are in the order of EGCG > ECG > EGC > EC.7. We hypothesise that a higher intake of catechin‐rich food by diabetic patients may provide some protection against the development of long‐term complications of diabetes.
Human leukocyte antigen haplotypes and HFE mutations in Spanish hereditary hemochromatosis and sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda
Authors: GONZALEZ‐HEVILLA MARIO , DE SALAMANCA RAFAEL E , MORALES PABLO , MARTÍNEZ‐LASO JORGE , FONTANELLAS ANTONIO , CASTRO MARIA JOSÉ , ROJO RICARDO , MOSCOSO JUAN , ZAMORA JORGE , SERRANO‐VELA JUAN IGNACIO , ARNAIZ‐VILLENA ANTONIO 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground and Aims:  It has been postulated that the HFE C282Y mutation (linked to human leukocyte antigen [HLA]‐A3‐B7 haplotype) is not only responsible for hereditary hemochromatosis; HLA class I alleles would also contribute to the disease pathogenesis. In addition, H63D mutation linked to HLA‐A29‐B44 would also be pathogenetic, particularly in the Mediterranean Basin and throughout the world. However, sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda (s‐PCT) has also been linked to these HFE mutations. In the present work, we have studied HFE mutations and HLA genes to test these hypotheses.Methods:  C282Y and H63D mutations together with HLA genetic typing have been performed in Spanish hereditary hemochromatosis (n = 98) and PCT (n = 63) patients. The etiologic fraction (δ) has been used to determine the absolute strongest gene linkage to both diseases.Results:  The Spanish frequent HLA‐A29‐B44 haplotype is not significantly associated to the H63D mutations in hereditary hemochromatosis patients (although it is found more frequently in patients than in controls). Sporadic porphyria cutanea tarda patients do not show a significant association to H63D mutations, although it is also more frequent than in controls; however, compound H63D/C282Y subjects seem to bear a significant risk to s‐PCT. Allelic C282Y (and not H63D) frequencies show a significant association with s‐PCT.Conclusions:  The postulated additional risk of hereditary hemochromatosis given by class I HLA antigens may be secondary to the HFE gene linkage disequilibrium with certain class I alleles or to the existence of other neighboring genetic pathogenetic factors in our Spanish sample.
Pilot study to assess patient outcomes following endoscopic application of photodynamic therapy for advanced cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: HAREWOOD GAVIN C , BARON TODD H , RUMALLA ASHWIN , WANG KENNETH K , GORES GREGORY J , STADHEIM LINDA M , DE GROEN PIET C 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated promise in the palliative treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the outcome in patients with non‐resectable cholangiocarcinoma following endoscopic application of PDT directly into the biliary tract.Methods: In patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed to define the proximal and distal extent of intraductal tumor. Sodium porfimer was administered intravenously to all patients. Forty‐eight hours later, a commercially available cylindrical diffusing laser fiber (1–2.5 cm in length, OptiGuide) designed for esophageal use was advanced across the biliary strictures. Laser light was applied at a power of 400 mW/cm fiber for a total energy of 180 J/cm2 using an argon‐pumped tunable dye laser. Patients received endoscopic PDT every 3 months provided they maintained a favorable performance status. Plastic biliary stents were replaced immediately following light application and were maintained in all patients.Results: Using a preloaded catheter, adequate positioning of the laser fiber was achieved in all patients. Eight patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma received a total of 19 PDT treatments, range 1–5 treatments/patient. All eight patients were followed until death; mean follow‐up was 9.8 months. Median survival from the date of the first PDT treatment was 276 days, which compares favorably with published series that have reported median survival times between 45 and 127 days for patients with bismuth type III and IV tumors treated with stenting alone.Conclusions: Endoscopic application of PDT demonstrates promise in prolonging survival in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Additional randomized clinical trials using commercially available fibers are needed to fully evaluate both the optimum frequency and treatment interval of endoscopic PDT in the management of advanced cholangiocarcinoma.
Effects of enhanced viscosity on canine gastric and intestinal motility
Authors: XU XIAOHONG , BRINING DOUG , RAFIQ ASAD , HAYES JAMES , CHEN JDZ 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of enhanced viscosity on gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motor and myoelectrical activities in dogs.Method: The study was performed in eight healthy female hound dogs chronically implanted with four pairs of gastric and two pairs of intestinal serosal electrodes and a duodenal fistula. Each dog was studied in three sessions and fed with three test meals with different viscosity. Gastric emptying was monitored for 2 h simultaneously with gastric and intestinal myoelectrical recordings.Results: The liquid test meal containing either 0.78% or 1.21% of galactomannan significantly delayed gastric emptying but had no effect on postprandial blood glucose levels in comparison with the meal containing no galactomannan. The liquid test meal containing either 0.78% or 1.21% of galactomannan significantly increased the frequency and strength of intestinal motility but had no effect on intestinal slow wave rhythms. The product with enhanced viscosity had no effect on gastric motor activity or gastric slow waves.Conclusion: It was concluded that enhanced viscosity delays gastric emptying, increases postprandial intestinal but not gastric motility, and has no effects on gastric or intestinal slow waves.
Adverse drug reactions of intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin instillation and risk factors of the development of adverse drug reactions in superficial cancer and carcinoma in situ of the bladder
Authors: KOGA HIROFUMI , KURODA MASAO , KUDO SEIJI , YAMAGUCHI AKITO , USAMI MICHIYUKI , SUZUKI TADASHI , NAITO SEIJI 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackground: We examined the incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions following intravesical bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) instillation for superficial bladder cancer including carcinoma in situ. We investigated the relationship between adverse drug reactions and patient background to clarify risk factors for the development of adverse drug reactions.Methods: A total of 123 patients who underwent intravesical BCG instillation for treatment and prophylaxis between April 1997 and June 2000 were included in this study. Adverse drug reactions were divided into local and systemic categories and the severity of reactions was classified according to the presence or absence of postponement or discontinuation of instillation, with or without treatment for the reaction itself.Results: Of 123 patients, 95.9% showed adverse drug effects and 50.4% needed some sort of treatment. Discontinuation of instillation due to adverse drug reactions was observed in nine patients. Regarding the necessity of treatment for adverse drug effects, the purpose of instillation and BCG dose were independent significant factors on multivariate analysis.Conclusion: Although there was a high rate of adverse drug reactions after intravesical BCG instillation, the rate of discontinuation of instillation was not high and serious adverse reactions were rare. The scale of the present study was small, but these results suggest that BCG instillation was well tolerated. When instillation is being performed for the purpose of treatment, and the BCG dose is 80 mg, greater attention might be needed to monitor for the development of adverse drug effects.