bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous innovation growth theory and regional income convergence in China
Authors: Wei Yingqi , Liu Xiaming , Song Haiyan , Romilly Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEndogenous innovation growth theory is tested by using panel data for 27 provinces across China. R&D expenditure and openness are added to the standard convergence regressions to control for different structural characteristics in each province. A standardized ‘t‐bar’ test for unit roots is applied to examine the properties of the data and identify a long‐run relationship among the variables. By allowing for differences in the aggregate production function across regions, we find evidence of convergence. The empirical results support the endogenous innovation growth model in which regional per capita income can converge given technological diffusion, transfer and imitation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiton myogenesis: Perspectives for the development and evolution of larval and adult muscle systems in molluscs
Authors: Wanninger Andreas , Haszprunar Gerhard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe investigated muscle development in two chiton species, Mopalia muscosa and Chiton olivaceus, from embryo hatching until 10 days after metamorphosis. The anlagen of the dorsal longitudinal rectus muscle and a larval prototroch muscle ring are the first detectable muscle structures in the early trochophore‐like larva. Slightly later, a ventrolaterally situated pair of longitudinal muscles appears, which persists through metamorphosis. In addition, the anlagen of the putative dorsoventral shell musculature and the first fibers of a muscular grid, which is restricted to the pretrochal region and consists of outer ring and inner diagonal muscle fibers, are generated. Subsequently, transversal muscle fibers form underneath each future shell plate and the ventrolateral enrolling muscle is established. At metamorphic competence, the dorsoventral shell musculature consists of numerous serially repeated, intercrossing muscle fibers. Their concentration into seven (and later eight) functional shell plate muscle bundles starts after the completion of metamorphosis. The larval prototroch ring and the pretrochal muscle grid are lost at metamorphosis. The structure of the apical grid and its atrophy during metamorphosis suggests ontogenetic repetition of (parts of) the original body‐wall musculature of a proposed worm‐shaped molluscan ancestor. Moreover, our data show that the “segmented” character of the polyplacophoran shell musculature is a secondary condition, thus contradicting earlier theories that regarded the Polyplacophora (and thus the entire phylum Mollusca) as primarily eumetameric (annelid‐like). Instead, we propose an unsegmented trochozoan ancestor at the base of molluscan evolution. J. Morphol. 251:103–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantification of grafted poly(ethylene glycol)‐silanes on silicon by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Norrman K. , Papra A. , Kamounah F. S. , Gadegaard N. , Larsen N. B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSilicon grafted monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silanes with various PEG chain lengths and mixtures of these were systematically analyzed with static time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). The mass spectra show differences in the various relative signal intensities, an observation that was used to elucidate important aspects of the grafting process. The relationship between PEG‐silane fragment ion abundances and Si+ ion abundances were used to (i) qualitatively describe layer thicknesses of grafted mixtures of PEG‐silanes on silicon, (ii) construct a calibration curve from which PEG chain length (or molecular mass) can be determined and (iii) quantitatively determine surface mixture compositions of grafted monodisperse PEG‐silanes of different chain lengths (3, 7 and 11 PEG units). The results suggest that discrimination does take place in the adsorption process. The PEG‐silane with the shorter PEG chain is discriminated for mixtures containing PEG3‐silane, whereas the PEG‐silane with the longer PEG chain is discriminated in PEG7/PEG11‐silane mixtures. The origin of this difference in adsorption behavior is not well understood. Aspects of the grafting process and the TOF‐SIMS analyses are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular changes associated with the transmission of avian influenza a H5N1 and H9N2 viruses to humans*
Authors: Shaw M. , Cooper L. , Xu X. , Thompson W. , Krauss S. , Guan Y. , Zhou N. , Klimov A. , Cox N. , Webster R. , Lim W. , Shortridge K. , Subbarao K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn order to identify molecular changes associated with the transmission of avian influenza A H5N1 and H9N2 viruses to humans, the internal genes from these viruses were compared to sequences from other avian and human influenza A isolates. Phylogenetically, each of the internal genes of all sixteen of the human H5N1 and both of the H9N2 isolates were closely related to one another and fell into a distinct clade separate from clades formed by the same genes of other avian and human viruses. All six internal genes were most closely related to those of avian isolates circulating in Asia, indicating that reassortment with human strains had not occurred for any of these 18 isolates. Amino acids previously identified as host‐specific residues were predominantly avian in the human isolates although most of the proteins also contained residues observed previously only in sequences of human influenza viruses. For the majority of the nonglycoprotein genes, three distinct subgroups could be distinguished on bootstrap analyses of the nucleotide sequences, suggesting multiple introductions of avian virus strains capable of infecting humans. The shared nonglycoprotein gene constellations of the human H5N1 and H9N2 isolates and their detection in avian isolates only since 1997 when the first human infections were detected suggest that this particular gene combination may confer the ability to infect humans and cause disease. J. Med. Virol. 66:107–114, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constellations and careers: toward understanding the effects of multiple developmental relationships
Authors: Higgins Monica C. , Thomas David A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of individuals' primary and multiple developmental relationships in a longitudinal study of the careers of lawyers. By juxtaposing the effects of the primary developmental relationship with those of individuals' sets or ‘constellations’ of developmental relationships, the present study lends insight into if and when these two perspectives on mentoring yield different results regarding the effects of mentoring on protégé career outcomes. The findings from the present study show that while the quality of one's primary developer affects short‐term career outcomes such as work satisfaction and intentions to remain with one's firm, it is the composition and quality of an individual's entire constellation of developmental relationships that account for long‐run protégé career outcomes such as organizational retention and promotion. Further, results from the present study provide evidence that the constellation perspective explains greater variance with respect to protégé career outcomes than does the primary or more traditional perspective on mentoring. Implications for research on mentoring, developmental relationships, and careers are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of distal learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task
Authors: Seijts Gerard H. , Latham Gary P. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of learning versus outcome distal goals in conjunction with proximal goals were investigated in a laboratory setting using a class‐scheduling task. The participants (n = 96) needed to acquire knowledge in order to perform the task correctly. A ‘do your best’ outcome goal led to higher performance than the assignment of a specific, difficult outcome goal. However, the assignment of a specific, difficult learning goal led to higher performance than urging people to ‘do their best.’ Goal commitment was higher in the learning goal than in the outcome goal condition. The correlation between task‐relevant strategies discovered and performance was positive and significant. The number of task‐relevant strategies implemented by participants assigned a distal learning goal in conjunction with proximal goals was higher than in any other goal condition. Setting a distal outcome or learning goal that included proximal outcome goals, however, did not lead to higher performance than the setting of a distal outcome or learning goal alone. Self‐efficacy correlated significantly with performance, and this effect was mediated through strategy development. Furthermore, the discovery of task‐relevant strategies affected self‐efficacy through an increase in performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variations in the average rainfall–altitude relationship in Great Britain: an approach using geographically weighted regression
Authors: Brunsdon C. , McClatchey J. , Unwin D.J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe relationship between annual rainfall totals and gauge elevation over Great Britain is re‐examined using the recently developed technique of geographically weighted regression (GWR). This enables the spatial drift of regression parameters to be identified, estimated and mapped. It is shown that the rate of increase of precipitation with height, or height coefficient, varies from around 4.5 mm/m in the northwest to almost zero in the southeast. There is a particularly rapid change in this value across the English Midlands. The predicted sea level precipitation varies from 1250 mm to less than 600 mm in much the same way. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Monsoon rainfall variations and teleconnections over South and East Asia
Authors: Kripalani R.H. , Kulkarni Ashwini 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSeasonal summer monsoon (June–September) data for 120 stations over East Asia (China, Japan, Mongolia, Korea) varying from 1881 to 1998 are utilized to understand their interannual and climate characteristics, and to investigate their teleconnections with South Asian (in particular India's) monsoon rainfall. Contemporaneous relations on an interannual time‐scale reveal that the rainfall variations over north China (southern Japan) are in‐phase (out‐of‐phase) with South Asian rainfall.Based on the instrumental data available, regional rainfall anomaly time series for the 118‐year period for the two coherent regions, over north China and southern Japan are prepared. All the three series (India, China, Japan) have been subjected to statistical tests. Results reveal that while there are year‐to‐year fluctuations, the Mann–Kendall rank statistic suggests no significant long‐term trends. However, the application of Cramer's statistic to study the short‐term climate variability depicts decadal variability with certain epochs of above and below normal rainfall over each region. The epochs tend to last for about three decades over India and China, and about five decades over Japan. The turning points for China follow those of India about a decade later.The relationships of South and East Asian monsoon rainfall exhibit secular variations. The inter‐connections between the monsoon‐related events (rainfall over South Asia, rainfall over East Asia, Northern Hemisphere circulation, tropical Pacific circulation) appear to strengthen (or weaken) around the same time, implying that the monsoon related events over geographically separated regions seem to get linked (or delinked) around the same time. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Spatial grouping of United States climate stations using a hybrid clustering approach
Authors: DeGaetano Arthur T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe development of a hybrid clustering technique based on the geographic proximity of observing stations and some application‐driven measure of statistical similarity (in this case rank correlation) is described. The procedure is then applied to temperature and precipitation data from the United States (US) Historical Climatology Network. The resulting station groups provide some insight into the number of observation stations that are necessary to monitor adequately the climate of the US.Based on temperature data alone, a 287‐station subset of the original 1145 sites would be adequate to account for 80% of the spatial variability in seasonal temperature across the US. Geographically the distribution of these stations would be relatively sparse in the centre of the country with higher station density along the East Coast and from the Rocky Mountains to the West Coast. Generally, the temperature clusters match the existing US climate divisions to some extent. To monitor adequately the spatial variability of precipitation, a network of similar size could be used. However, such a network would only account for 65% of the spatial variability in precipitation. In this case, fairly uniform station density is indicated across the country with the highest station density in Florida and the Dakotas. A similar number of stations, but with slightly different geographic groupings would be adequate to monitor precipitation and temperature simultaneously. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Climate variability in Malawi, part 2: sensitivity and prediction of lake levels
Authors: Jury M. R. , Gwazantini M. E. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSouthern Africa has only a few large lakes, one of which is Lake Malawi. It forms part of the lower Zambezi catchment and the Great Rift Valley. The lake provides food, energy, transport and recreation to the local people. Inflow to the lake increases through summer (December to April) when the equatorial convection zone lies overhead. An analysis of lake levels in the period 1937–95 has been conducted and changes are related to variations in rainfall and atmospheric conditions. Interannual cycles in the time series are consistent with those found for Zambezi River streamflows, suggesting a degree of regional coherence. Years with high inflow are contrasted with mean conditions using the National Centres for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data for the period since 1958. Composite anomalies of wind fields for wet years reveal a zonal overturning circulation. Low (upper) level westerlies (easterlies) link with a sub‐tropical trough in the Mozambique Channel to enhance regional convection and lake inflows. The results provide input to predictive models for Lake Malawi to plan better the management of water resources in this part of Africa. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Stalagmite lamina doublets: a 1000 year proxy record of severe winters in northwest Scotland?
Authors: Baker Andy , Proctor Christopher J. , Barnes William L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractStalagmites can contain annual luminescence laminae, and some samples provide long continuous chronologies from which climatic information can be extracted. One such site is Uamh an Tartair in Assynt, northwest Scotland, where most stalagmites contain continuous laminae sets for the last two to three millennia. At this site, the normal mode of deposition is for one luminescent lamina to be deposited in autumn, derived from luminescent organic matter that is flushed onto the sample from the overlying peat. However, in the stalagmite investigated here, 43 lamina doublets occur, where two laminae appear to be preserved in a winter. We argue, both from the timing of these events within the ‘Little Ice Age’, as well as from analogous situations in alpine streams, that the doublets occur due to the presence of a second, spring melt flush of organic matter. The interpretation of stalagmite double laminae, therefore, has considerable potential as a palaeoclimate proxy, and at our study site, we suggest one of severe winters over the last millennium. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
The lake breeze–ground‐level ozone connection in eastern Wisconsin: a climatological perspective
Authors: Lennartson G. Jay , Schwartz Mark D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Lake Michigan Air Quality Region (LMAQR) experiences exceedances of the 1 h health standard for ozone numerous times each summer. Previous short‐term investigations have revealed that the lake breeze circulation is connected with very high levels of ozone in eastern Wisconsin (EWI). Findings from one of the more recent short‐term research efforts have led to the development of a generalized conceptual model that details the role that the lake breeze circulation plays in transporting ozone‐rich air of the Lake Michigan conduction layer onshore to EWI. Short‐term studies, however, are limited by the small number of cases examined. To understand the ozone–lake breeze relationship from a climatological perspective, we analysed the spatial and temporal pattern of 1 h ozone exceedances in EWI during the months of May through to September, over the period 1985–99. Further, we used Laird et al.'s recently developed technique for discriminating lake breeze days to determine which exceedance‐days over the period of our climatology occurred in association with lake breezes.Our results show: (1) a decrease in both magnitude and frequency of exceedances of the 1 h ozone standard in EWI with increasing distance from the lakeshore; (2) a positive correlation between average onset time of the initial exceedance‐hour and a site's distance from Lake Michigan; (3) a very high percentage of initial exceedance‐hours occurring in association with southeasterly surface air flow; and (4) exceedances occurring in association with lake breezes 82.1% of the time at near‐shore sites.Collectively, our findings provide strong evidence that the lake breeze circulation is closely associated with the distribution of ozone in EWI in both space and time. Moreover, our results show that the lake breeze circulation is directly associated with a significant proportion of the exceedances of the 1 h ozone standard in EWI–particularly at near‐shore sites. Thus, mandated reductions in regional‐scale NOx may be sufficient to allow ‘inland’ locations in EWI to meet the new 8 h, 80 ppb Environmental Protection Agency health standard. However, further reductions in volatile organic compounds and NOx within the major metropolitan centres of the LMAQR will likely be necessary if ‘shoreline’ locations in EWI are to meet the 1 h standard, and the stricter 8 h standard in the future. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Redating the onset of burning at Lynch's Crater (North Queensland): implications for human settlement in Australia
Authors: Turney C. S. M. , Kershaw A. P. , Moss P. , Bird M. I. , Fifield L. K. , Cresswell R. G. , Santos G. M. , Di Tada M. L. , Hausladen P. A. , Zhou Y. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLynch's Crater preserves a continuous, high‐resolution record of environmental changes in north Queensland. This record suggests a marked increase in burning that appears to be independent of any known major climatic boundaries. This increase is accompanied, or closely followed, by the virtually complete replacement of rainforest by sclerophyll vegetation. The absence of any major climatic shift associated with this increase in fire frequency therefore has been interpreted as a result of early human impact in the area. The age for this increase in burning, on the basis of conventional radiocarbon dating, was previously thought to be approximately 38 000 14C yr BP, supporting the traditional model for human arrival in Australia at 40 000 14C yr BP Here we have applied a more rigorous pre‐treatment and graphitisation procedure for radiocarbon dating samples from the Lynch's Crater sequence. These new dates suggest that the increase in fire frequency occurred at 45 000 14C yr BP, supporting the alternative view that human occupation of Australia occurred by at least 45 000–55 000 cal. yr BP. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman microprobe spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy of thermal sprayed ZrO2 coatings before and after rub testing of outer air seals
Authors: Witke K. , Österle W. , Skopp A. , Woydt M. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract8 wt% Y2O3–ZrO2 spray powder and thermally sprayed as thermal barrier coatings on outer air seals were characterized by Raman microprobe spectroscopy (RMS) and transmission electron microscopy to investigate the lateral distribution, composition, structure and grain size of ZrO2 phases and to separate ZrO2 and Y2O3. RMS of transfer layers on ZrO2‐coated shrouds after rub tests against SiC laser‐tipped metallic blades showed the formation of metallic oxides MeIMeII2O4 of spinel type. Wear tracks were partly covered by graphite and spinel‐type oxides. In some cases, the latter were better detectable after laser enhanced cleaning by burning off the covering carbon layer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intestinal structure and function of broiler chickens on diets supplemented with a mannan oligosaccharide
Authors: Iji Paul A , Saki Ali A , Tivey David R 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chickens to a commercial synthetic mannan oligosaccharide, Bio‐Mos™ (BM), included in sorghum/lupin‐based diets at 0.0, 1.0, 3.0 or 5.0 g kg−1 diet. The diets were fed between 7 and 28 days of age, and both the gross response and mechanisms involved were evaluated. The highest level of BM in the diet resulted in longer (P < 0.01) jejunal villi than those observed at other levels of supplementation. The RNA content of the ileal mucosal homogenate was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in chicks raised on diets supplemented with 3.0 and 5.0 g BM kg−1 diet than in other groups. The protein/DNA ratio of the jejunal mucosal homogenate was also higher (P < 0.05) in chicks fed the 1.0 g BM kg−1 diet than in chicks fed the other diets. The protein/RNA and RNA/DNA ratios in ileal homogenates were significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by the presence of BM in the diet. There were significantly greater specific activities of maltase (P < 0.01), leucine aminopeptidase (P < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.001) in the jejunum as a result of supplementation with BM. Digestive enzyme activities in the ileum were unaffected. L‐Tryptophan uptake by jejunal brush‐border membrane vesicles was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in chicks raised on the 5.0 g BM kg−1 diet than in the other chicks. The supplement led to minor improvement in body weight but no improvement in feed conversion ratio. These effects were related to changes in digestive enzyme activities and, perhaps, amino acid transport.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Study and quantification of monomeric flavan‐3‐ol and dimeric procyanidin quinonic forms by HPLC/ESI‐MS. Application to red wine oxidation
Authors: de Gaulejac Nathalie Vivas , Vivas Nicolas , Nonier Marie‐Françoise , Absalon Christelle , Bourgeois Guy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMonomeric flavan‐3‐ols and dimeric procyanidins of red wine were oxidised by two processes, chemical and enzymatic. Unstable quinonic forms were stabilised by sulphonation, and the resulting sulphones were quantified by coupled HPLC/ESI‐MS. The effects of temperature and UV light on the oxidation of phenolic compounds were also investigated. The concentration of quinones increased with increasing temperature, but the kinetics of the reaction was independent of temperature. Likewise, more quinones were formed in the presence of UV light than in its absence, but UV light also did not affect the kinetics of the reaction. Thus temperature and UV light affect the quantity of quinones formed but not the rate at which they appear.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry