bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representations in Consciousness and the Neuropsychology of Insight
Authors: Kinsbourne Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now generally agreed that consciousness in some manner arises from the activity of the brain (CIBA Foundation, 1993). Therefore, how one conceptualizes the brain basis of consciousness depends on one’s working model of how information flows and is processed and represented in the brain. More specifically, since we are aware of the content of representations that result from processing, and not of the processing itself (Lashley, 1956), the neuropsychology of consciousness deals with representations. It inquires into the nature and distribution of the cell assemblies whose activity contribute that representation of the experience of the moment. In this discussion I shall first consider, in principle, the requirements that any representation has to meet for its content to be reflected in consciousness. Must such representations be in a particular part of the brain, in some special state of activation, and at a particular stage of information processing? Or is any representation eligible to compete for a presence in consciousness? Having reached some provisional conclusions about these matters, I shall apply these conclusions to those representations whose contents include self-awareness, including insight into one’s own actions and one’s situation in the world.
Inside Knowledge Cultural Constructions of Insight in Psychosis
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Corin Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CASE Martin was a 30-year-old unmarried, unemployed man who presented to the emergency room with the certain knowledge that he was to be admitted to the psychiatric ward to be executed for crimes he did not commit. When asked how he came to this conviction, he reported that he had noticed a license plate on a passing car that read “K2DR” and immediately knew that this was a reference to the “K-2 Diaries;’ documents that had been forged by the FBI or some other malevolent agency to frame him for murder and, thus, precipitate his incarceration, trial, and execution in a Kafkaesque nightmare.
Geometric Methods for Discrete Dynamical Systems
Authors: Easton Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is for those interested in dynamical systems. It assumes a solid undergraduate training in mathematics. Geometrical methods are developed to study the process of iteration, which involves taking the output of a function and feeding it back as input. Iteration processes are used to produce fractals and wavelets, and to numerically approximate solutions to ordinary and partical differential equations. Each iteration procedure generates a discrete dynamical system. These systems are at the heart of many numerical algorithms. Essentially all mathematical models of evolving physical systems can be viewed as discrete dynamical systems. This book attempts to present the fundamental ideas of discrete dynamical systems as clearly and geometrically as possible. Illustrative examples of dynamical systems are presented in the first chapter. The second chapter gives a review of the typology of metric spaces. The third presents basic results and establishes a philosophy of dynamics which is strongly influenced by the work of Charles Conley. The stable manifold and local structural stability theorems are presented in the fourth chapter. Invariant sets and isolating blocks are defined in the fifth. The sixth develops what is called the Conley Index in the context of discrete dynamics, and the final chpater covers measure-preserving and symplectic maps. The book would be suitable for use as a main text for a graduate course in dynamical systems, and as a reference for engineers and scientists.
Indicators of Climatic and Biospheric Change: Evidence from Tree Rings
Authors: Jacoby Gordon C , D’Arrigo Rosanne D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of dendrochronology, annual growth ring measurements of old-aged trees are developed into high-resolution, precisely dated time series that reflect climatic and biospheric change over recent centuries to millennia. These records can help to assess whether recent temperature increases, coinciding with the period of enhanced levels of anthropogenic trace gases, exceed the natural variability of the climate system. This quantitative growth information can also be used to determine if natural vegetation is being influenced by direct CO2 fertilization or nutrient change along with climate-induced (anthropogenic or natural) growth variation.
Biofeedback in the Ocean in Response to Climate Change
Authors: Rowe Gilbert T , Baldauf Jack G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the likelihood that biological processes in the ocean, in response to changes in climate, may produce feedback mechanisms that accentuate climate change. The oceans cover 71% (361 x 106 km2) of the earth’s surface and sustain a significant fraction of global photosynthesis. The rate of net primary production in the ocean is estimated to be about 29 petagrams (Pg) (=1015 g) carbon per year (J. Walsh 1988), although estimates of more than 40 Pg carbon per year (S. Smith and Hollibaugh 1993) have been made. This total represents 25-50% of the annual global photo synthetic production. A significant fraction of the photosynthesis in the ocean is confined to microscopic single-celled phytoplankton rather than large attached plants.
What We Need to Know: Some Priorities for Research on Biotic Feedbacks in a Changing Biosphere
Authors: Billings W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two main sources of facts on biotic feedbacks in a changing world: (1) constant monitoring of whole ecosystems at all levels, both physical and biological, and (2) quantitative measurement and experimentation, both in nature and in controlled environments, using the main biological components of ecosystems. Of paramount importance to understanding biotic feedbacks globally is the use of improved and continuous instrumental monitoring. Continuous remote sensing and in situ measurements of the structure and fluxes within the biosphere and among its component biomes are now possible.
Strategies for Measuring Stress in Studies of Psychiatric and Physical Disorders
Authors: Cohen Sheldon , Kessler Ronald C , Gordon Lynn Underwood 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stress has long been a major focus among researchers interested in environmental and psychosocial influences on health. However, the way in which the term “stress” has been used in this voluminous literature has not been consistent. Indeed, some commentators have gone as far as to argue that the term stress has so many different meanings that it has become a useless concept (Ader, 1980; Elliot & Eisdorfer, 1982). Although we disagree with this premise, we recognize that there is confusion about the meaning and measurement of stress. This volume attempts to clear up some of that confusion by providing conceptual and practical advice for formulating questions about the relation between stress and disease and for selecting appropriate stress measures to test these questions.
Measurement of Chronic Stressors
Authors: Lepore Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many reasons why investigators may wish to identify and measure chronic stressors, or distinguish chronic stressors from more episodic ones. One reason is that theoretically it is more plausible to link diseases that have a long-term development or onset phase, such as cardiovascular diseases, to stressors that are persistent and repeated rather than time-limited and episodic (cf. House, 1987; Krantz, Contrada, Hill, & Friedler, 1988; Chapter l, this volume).
A Gentleman of Color
Authors: Winch Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In A Gentleman of Color, Julie Winch provides a vividly written, full-length biography of James Forten, one of the most remarkable men in 19th-century America. Forten was born in 1766 into a free black family. As a teenager he served in the Revolution and was captured by the British. Rejecting an attractive offer to change sides, he insisted he was a loyal American. By 1810 he was the leading sailmaker in Philadelphia, where he became well known as an innovative craftsman, a successful manager of black and white employees, and a shrewd businessman. He emerged as a leader in Philadelphia’s black community and was active in a wide range of reform activities. He was especially prominent in national and international antislavery movements, served as vice-president of the American Anti-Slavery Society, and became close friends with William Lloyd Garrison, to whom he lent money to start up the Liberator. Forten was also the founder of a remarkable dynasty. His children and his son-in-law were all active abolitionists and a granddaughter, Charlotte Forten, published a famous diary of her experiences teaching ex-slaves in South Carolina’s Sea Islands during the Civil War. When James Forten died in 1842, five thousand mourners, black and white, turned out to honor a man who had earned the respect of society across the racial divide. This is the first serious biography of Forten, who stands beside Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Booker T. Washington, and Martin Luther King, Jr. in the pantheon of African-Americans who fundamentally shaped American history.
Introduction
Authors: Richter Melvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is meant to provide English-speaking readers with a brief critical introduction to the history of concepts or conceptual history ( Begriffs geschichte), a genre developed since midcentury in the Federal Republic of Germany. Its theoretical goals, research programs, and actual performances differ significantly from the history of ideas, intellectual history, and the his tory of political thought as written by scholars working in English.
Brave New Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How was the standard model of the mind developed? Is it adequate? And is there a place in this model for the creative genius of artists, scientists, and mathematicians? This book looks at how scientists investigate the nature of the mind and the brain, providing answers to these important questions. It opens with a description of the historical roots of cognitive science and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the standard model of the mind, including its inability to account for the many dramatic features of human achievement. The final chapter develops the notion that human creativity and the unfolding of human consciousness demand two things: that we acknowledge the central role that ideals play in human knowledge and conduct and that such ideals have no role in the standard model. Brave New Mind proposes a new image of humankind that accommodates the place of ideals and creativity in cognition and life, without abandoning the scientific ideals of empirical soundness and theoretical rigor.
1984: Presidential Prerogatives; Presidential Preemptions
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In modern campaigns, both sides have the same source of intelligence about the electorate. In January 1984, both the Republicans and Demo­ crats knew Reagan’s vulnerabilities and his strengths. His vulnerabilities were seen by both as no progress on arms limitation, a skyrocketing deficit, and the gnawing belief that the rich had benefited more from Reaganomics than had the rest. At the same time, men supported the incumbent president in greater percentages than did women. On the positive side of the ledger sheet, the country liked Reagan and recognized that by most economic indicators, voters were better off than they had been “just four short years before.”
The 1984 campaign is a study in the power of rhetoric and incumbency to preempt the Democrat challenges in each area of Republican vulnerability. In what Republican consultant Ed Rollins defined as an “issueless” Republican campaign, “the Reagan team used every asset of the presidency to ensure that none of the Democratic issues would stick.
Biomechanical and Bioenergetic Constraints on Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order for an organism to perform any movement it must have the apparatus to do so and the energy to drive the apparatus. So much is obvious. The situation becomes complicated, however, if one considers the fact that different types of movement require different types of structures for optimal performance. Among hawks, for example, the short rounded wings and relatively long tail of ac;cipiters allow high maneuverability among the trees of a forest but are not very efficient for soaring. The bird watcher’s field mark of several flaps and a short glide characteristic of accipiters flying in the open is the result. We have already seen in Chapter 5how the long pointed wings of albatrosses are highly adapted to dynamic soaring on the steady winds and waves provided by the “Roaring Forties” in the southern oceans. Any long-distance movement, as frequently occurs during migration, also requires an augmented supply of energy. Frequently this is in the form of fat, as we have seen in Chapter 6, but the storage of large amounts of fat can change the body mass of a migrant dramatically with consequences for flight performance. In this chapter, I consider various biomechanical and bioenergetic costs and trade-offs that constrain locomotion as it relates to migration. These are not the only trade-offs, of course; energetic, genetic, and life-history constraints also enter into the migration equation. These latter are considered in Chapters 6 and 14. The term “constraint” has been somewhat loosely used at times, and there have been calls for a moratorium on its use (Antonovics and van Tiederen 1991). But the notion of constraints is central to evolutionary biology (Perrin and Travis 1992) because “evolutionary constraints are restrictions or limitations on the course or outcome of evolution” (Arnold 1992). It is these sorts of constraints that I deal with in this book.
Migration under Ephemeral Conditions
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many habitats are not constant for very long when viewed over either time or space. The most obvious way in which they vary is with seasonal changes, and as we have seen in Chapter 9, migratory life cycles synchronized to the seasons have frequently been the product of selection. Changes also take place, however, as a consequence of ecological succession or of unpredictable variations in climate. Because of this many habitats are ephemeral, and their exploitation requires either that the organism escape by some form of suspended reproduction or dormancy for very long periods or by moving between habitats as the occasion demands. The banded stilt of Australia (Chapter 3) is an example of a creature that does both, migrating to the ultimate of ephemeral lakes after periods of reproductive inactivity that can be measured in years. Equally long periods of dormancy are found in the seeds of desert plants or the eggs of crustaceans inhabiting temporary water bodies. Organisms capable of long-distance movement have usually opted for migration in spite of the potential costs of investment in migratory capability that can occur at the possible expense to growth and reproduction. Perhaps even more importantly, they migrate in spite of the risk of failing to find a new habitat (Farrow 1990). As the examples in this chapter will indicate, the costs and risks have not prevented the repeated evolution of extraordinarily successful migratory strategies for exploiting ephemeral resources.
Polymorphisms and Polyphenisms
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I discussed behavioral and life-history variation in migration unaccompanied by distinct and overt changes in morphology or physiology. In this chapter I shall discuss those instances in which overt changes do occur, concentrat ing on phenotypic expression of differences. The analysis of genotypic variation will be covered fully in the next chapter. The first of the overt changes covered concerns those species in which the morphological capability for migration is retained only for the migratory period, often with remobilization of energy and materials to enhance reproduction when migration ceases. This is commonly observed in insects; species in several families and orders histolyze the wing muscles during sedentary periods and divert the breakdown products into egg production (Nair and Prabhu 1985). In most cases this breakdown is irreversible, but in some insects the muscles can be regenerated (Bhakthan et al. 1971). The process of terminating migratory capability is carried to its logical end point in ants, termites, some crickets, and some aphids, all of which shed their wings after completing migratory flights, usually in company with wing muscle histolysis. A vertebrate parallel to insect flight muscle breakdown is the degeneration of the swimming muscles of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.) as energy and protein are diverted to mate and breeding site acquisition and gamete production at the end of the upstream migratory journey.
Migration and Pest Management
Authors: Dingle Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An extraordinary number of the world’s major agricultural pests are long-distance migrants, and to successfully solve the problems they generate through economic losses, it is necessary to understand the role migration plays in their biology. One of the threads that is woven through much of the discussion in this book is the relation between migration and temporary habitats. This relationship goes a long way toward explaining the often overlooked migratory characteristics of most agricultural pests. Southwood (1962, 1971) has noted that not only are insect migrants likely to be denizens of temporary habitats, but also that most of our major crops are descended from ruderal ancestors evolved to colonize bare ground or other early stages of botanical succession. These epitomize ephemeral conditions, and so these ancestral crops were already likely to have associated with them a group of species well adapted to an itinerant lifestyle with high migratory activity. The provision of large, frequently monoculture stands of host plants in the development of agriculture has resulted in an explosion of the populations of those itinerant species that we now consider pests. These include insects, mites, molds and rusts, nematodes, and even vertebrates such as the house mouse (Mus musculus)and the quelea (Chapter 3). Although all of these cause severe crop losses, the greatest economic damage as a consequence of migratory activity is caused by insects, so I shall focus my discussion on them as the prime example of the problems of migration and pest management.
Developmental Psychopathology in the Context of Adolescence
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Attie Ilana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Developmental psychopathology offers a compelling paradigm from the perspective of those who study the normative processes of development, those who focus on the processes underlying the emergence and main-tenance of psychopathology, and those who integrate the two (Cicchetti & Cohen, in press; Cicchetti & Schneider-Rosen, 1984; Rutter, 1986; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Most research focuses either on individuals who already have a disorder or on normative development in individuals who do not have a disorder. Developmental psychopathological frameworks have been valuable for work in both research traditions. Less often studied is the integration of development and psychopathology in a framework that gives equal weight to each.
Theoretical, Methodological, and Validational Bases of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
Authors: Reitan Ralph M , Wolfson Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After earning a Ph.D. in physiological and comparative psychology at Northwestern University in 1935, Ward Halstead moved to the University of Chicago, established a working relationship with two neurosurgeons, Percival Bailey and Paul Bucy, and started the first full-time laboratory for the examination and evaluation of brain-behavior relationships in human beings. Halstead’s first step in evaluating braindamaged patients was to observe them in their everyday living situations and attempt to discern which aspects of their behavior were different from the behavior of normal individuals. Fortunately, Halstead was relatively unencumbered by knowledge of the routine approach that existed in this era concerning the effects of brain damage. In fact, at this time and for quite a number of years previously, the principal approach of psychologists was to develop a single test that would diagnose brain damage.
Cognitive Screening Methods: Structured Mental Status Measures
Authors: Mitrushina Maura , Fuld Paula Altman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assessment of mental status has been essential to psychiatric evaluation since the inception of psychiatry as a field of medicine. However, methods used to evaluate the patient’s condition and to record clinical findings have undergone dramatic changes, largely because different approaches to the mental status evaluation have been determined by the theoretical view of human behavior prevailing at different periods. Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches emphasized the subjectivity and uniqueness of an individual’s behavior and therefore relied on narrative and highly subjective methods of clinical evaluation, including the recording of observations without any attempt at organization. With the rapid growth of the natural sciences and advances in biological taxonomy, psychiatrists were prompted to seek structure and organization for their methodology and thus to make the evaluation process more objective, improve the communication of findings between clinicians, and bring the field of psychiatry up to the standards of contemporary science.
Demographic Influences on Neuropsychological Test Performance
Authors: Heaton Robert K , Ryan Lee , Grant Igor , Matthews Charles G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary goal of clinical neuropsychological assessment is to determine whether a given set of test results suggests brain pathology. This is done by comparing a person’s performance to available normative standards, which for most tests are based on the results of a “typical” North American sample of neurologically normal adults. Unfortunately, most neuropsychological tests have only a single set of norms that do not include adjustment for the demographic characteristics of the individual being considered. This state of affairs is, quite clearly, a major impediment to adequate clinical assessment of many patients. Consider, for example, a 60-yearold woman with a grade school education, whose first language was Spanish and who began learning English at age 15. It would be quite inappropriate to compare this patient’s performances on most neurobehavioral tests with those of the average adult in North America.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Parkinson’s Disease and Parkinsonism
Authors: Mcpherson Susan , Cummings Jeffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurological illnesses among elderly patients, affecting approximately 100 per 100,000 individuals over age 65. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease rises with age from approximately 50 per 100,000 at age 60 to as high as 130 per 100,000 at age 75. Behavioral and neuropsychological disorders are common in PD and other parkinsonian syndromes. Patients with PD may also have dementia, depression, anxiety, apathy, and a variety of drug-induced behavioral alterations.