bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions II The Adoption of Hellenistic Models
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some early Jews and Christians reacted to new information about the size and shape of the cosmos by adopting contemporary Greco-Roman images of the cosmos. The seeming conflict between the model of the cosmos presupposed in their religiously authoritative texts and the newer models of their contemporary scientists did not inhibit them, so they chose to express their religious ideas about the heavenly realms according to these more modern notions. The “scientific” perception of the structure of the universe had changed, and these people found no ultimate conflict between their inherited religious traditions and the new ways of imagining the cosmos.
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions III Common Themes and Motifs
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the Second Temple Period (most broadly defined as ca. 539 bce-135 ce), as their ancestral homeland came under successive waves of foreign domination or as they spread across Asia, Africa, and Europe, Jews encountered many different cultures. This interaction affected how they expressed their religion, history, and customs. A prime example of this is Philo of Alexandria whose works reflect his familiarity with other cultures and his efforts to commend Jews and Judaism to a Roman audience. Ezekiel the Tragedian is another well-known example. His Exagoge retold the story of the Exodus from Egypt in the form of a Greco-Roman tragedy.
Islam and the State: Dynamics of the Resurgence
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the minds of most Westerners, for whom the history of Islam and the West are at best a vague notion, knowledge of and attitudes toward Islam and the Muslim world have been shaped by contemporary images and experiences encapsulated in terms such as l lamic fundamentalism and terrorism. The phrase ‘‘Muslim fundamentalist’’ has become a convenient, if misleading, way for the media and Western governments to identify a wide-ranging array of groups in the Muslim world, as well as a ready ‘‘bogey’’ for Muslim regimes wishing to discredit and disparage their opposition. For many, “fundamentalism” conjures up images of mobs shouting death to America, embassies in flames, assassins and hijackers threatening innocent lives, hands lopped off, and women oppressed. The contemporary revival of Islam in Muslim politics is far more multifaceted and significant than these images and slogans communicate. Its presence in and impact upon Muslim societies is more pervasive and nuanced as both a political and a social phenomenon.
The Mark of Vermilion
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in the previous chapter, it has long been evident that Tibetan historical traditions concerning the first millennium of the common era contain much in the way of self-contradiction, factual inaccuracy, legend, and sheer fancy. While contemporary academic historians of Tibet have generally felt it their charge to get at the facts of the matter to the extent possible, it has sometimes not been sufficiently considered that the apparent inaccuracies, legends, and fancies are among the facts of the matter. Tibetan historians without doubt often published legends, where we would prefer to find truth according to our own lights; but our task is not solely to pick away at what they wrote, for the legends themselves, above and beyond the questions that may be raised concerning the literal veracity of their affirmations and denials, were proposed and became authoritative in response to genuinely obtaining states of affairs in the communities in which they were elaborated. In short, the Tibetanist must strive to illuminate not only Tibetan history, but Tibetan historiography as well.
The Purificatory Gem and Its Cleansing
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we first entertain the notion of Buddhist apocrypha, it may seem that the questions to be addressed are entirely straightforward ones: which Buddhist texts are to be considered apocryphal? what are their sources? how are they regarded within the Buddhist world? Indeed, it seems that such terms as “canon” and “apocrypha” have well-established and clearly defined positions within the field of contemporary Buddhist studies, and that as students of Buddhism we know just what it is of which we speak whenever we employ these terms.
The Dream of Enlightenment and the Nightmare of Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Brockden Brown’s Gothic romances draw much of their interest and power from their settings in the unstable political landscapes of eighteenth-century Europe and North America. How is it possible, then, that readers for so long have ignored or accepted as mere Gothic mechanics the colonial disturbances and anxieties so fundamental to his narratives? Behind this rhetorical question is another, more profound one: how have Americans managed to ignore the inherently colonial and imperial character of eighteenth-century American society, even as they 26 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism have criticized vigorously the colonialism of other nations in this same period? There is no simple answer to this question, but at least one compelling answer is that many Americans have been willfully deceived by political, social, and cultural rhetoric that has disguised U.S. colonialism while exposing and condemning its practice by other nations.
Edgar Allan Poe s Imperial Fantasy and the American Frontier
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poe’s fictional representations of racialized “savages” as threatening figures, often associated by Poe with mass murder and mob rule, are not only evidence of his identity as a southern regionalist. Poe’s rhetorical uses of non-European peoples should also be interpreted in relation to late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Imperialism and the discursive practices employed by the imperial powers to rationalize their subjugation and, in many cases, destruction of native peoples. In making this argument, I do not wish to distract scholars from the important work of reinterpreting Poe’s writings in relation to the ideology of the antebellum southern slavocracy. We must never forget that slavery is an instance of the fundamental violence of colonialism: the conscious effort to take from others their very means of survival. Southern slavery and westward expansion in the United States have often been treated differently from the colonial institutions of other nations, because the former are assumed to be acts of “internal colonization.
The View from Rock Writing Bluff The Nick Black Elk Narratives and U.S. Cultural Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the Lakota Hehaka Sapa’s, or Nicholas Black Elk’s, reception, celebrity, and complex mythologization by Native American and Euro-American cultures represents effectively the possibilities and limitations of the colonized subject responding to U.S. Imperialism in the modern period. The different and often contradictory ways in 218 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism which the Black Elk narratives represent Lakota culture and its relation to Euro-American culture do not fit conventional theoretical models either for assimilation to the dominant, colonizing society or for an ethnic or cultural traditionalism (or “nativism”) that resists the constant pressures for assimilation and colonial subjugation. The Black Elk narratives represent the Lakota male subject struggling to adapt his social and religious views to changing colonial circumstances in ways that were neither strictly pragmatic nor idealistic, neither thoroughly co-opted by ideology nor free of neocolonial inflections.
Opening the Gate to the Other America The Afro-Caribbean Politics of Hurston’s Mules and Men and Tell My Horse
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zora Neale Hurston’s criticism of racial and gender hierarchies in the United States and in our foreign policies toward other nations, especially in the Caribbean, offers another variation on the cultural response to U.S. Imperialism. Unlike W. E. B. Du Bois, Hurston does not consistently and dogmatically condemn U.S. intervention in the economic, political, and social spheres of other nations, even though she clearly connects domestic racism and sexism with neoimperialist foreign policies, especially those directed at Third World countries. Also unlike Du Bois, Hurston does not romanticize modern or historical Africa, even though she argues consistently for the recognition of how African cultural influences 254 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism have contributed significantly to the artistic, intellectual, and social achievements of African-Americans.
After America
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wallace Stevens understands that “America” begins in the imagination and that its geopolitical reality has always been an effect of the words it speaks. Stevens’s substitution of Crispin, the bumbling poet, for such military and political colonizers as Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro can be read in the two different ways relevant to my study of literature’s relation to U.S. Imperialism in the modern period. On the one hand, Crispin’s America is a “world elsewhere,” in which the borders between the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America, for example, are transgressed and their different cultural traditions meet. In such a poetic space where the “Maya sonneteers/Of the Caribbean ampitheatre” may sing along with Candide, “the Aztec almanacs,” “dark Brazilians in their cafes,” and Carolina farmers, the equation of “America” with the United States appears distinctly provincial and false.1
Theater and the Devil’s Teats
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1583, seven years after the first public theater was built in London, Philip Stubbes colorfully declared that all stage plays are “sucked out of the Devills teates, to nourish us in ydolatry heathenrie and sinne.” A few months earlier Stephen Gosson, in his second attack on the stage, compared playgoing with the eating of meat sacrificed to idols, a practice against which St. Paul had cautioned the Corinthians. “If we be carefull that no pollution of idoles enter by the mouth into our bodies,” Gosson warned, “how dilligent, how circumspect, how wary ought we to be, that no corruption of idols, enter by the pas sage of our eyes & eares into the soule?” When, three decades later, Ben Jon son made his Puritan Zeal-of-the-Land Busy call the puppets of Bartholomew Fair a Dagon, “that idol, that heathenish idol . . . a beam in the eye, in the eye of the brethren . . . such as are your stage-players, rhymers, and morris dancers,” he reproduced the actual language of those who, finding theater religiously abhorrent, insisted on its idolatrous character. Again and again Elizabethan and Jacobean antitheatrical writers hurl the charge of idolatry against the stage. As late as 1633 William Prynne worried in Histrio-Mastix, his thousand-page attack on theater, that if stage plays had propagated idolatry in the past, “they may likewise resuscitate, and foment it now.”
God’s Body and Incarnational Drama
Authors: O’connell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my opening chapter I presented the charge of “idolatry” leveled by the opponents of the emerging public theaters as a strange one, requiring explanation. The strangeness derives from the perspective of subsequent cultural understanding, in which theater is understood as a secular institution, having an ideological dimension surely, but aesthetic and recreational in its purposes. From the perspective I have sketched in the last chapter—that of a long and potent tradition of the visual image understood as conveying an incarnated sense of the divine and of the attack on that tradition by the logocentrism of the Reformation—that strangeness diminishes. Media are notoriously inseparable from the ideological messages they convey, and early-modern theater was not only visual and iconic but tied to a two-century history of religious use. The attacks upon the beginnings of the public theater and its fate in 1642 make amply clear that the stage was not viewed solely as a neutral cultural institution, purely secular and aesthetic. To an influential part of the intellectual elite it was an antagonist of and competitor with the progressive religious culture. To the most vocal and articulate of that elite it appeared aligned with the religiously atavistic, dangerously so, and able to appeal to sensibilities that properly should have atrophied in the reform of religion.
Library Automation
Authors: Manikowski Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I think that-while keeping our sense of proportions-in the case of the assistance The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation provided for the provoking and accelerating of the processes of automation at the big research libraries in Poland, we are dealing with the same type of phenomenon. The more than 15 million dollars given to Polish libraries during the last eight years represents a level of support that has never before been provided, apart from state support. One could discuss whether the progress of the supported projects is satisfactory or whether all the funds have been used in the most economical manner, but one has to confess that there would be very little to discuss if, in fact, this assistance had not been provided at all. Under the circumstances, one thing may be taken for granted namely, that after a few years the Mellon Foundation support completely changed the way of life of a major portion of Polish research libraries.
The Changes in the Functions of University Libraries and of Educational Policy in Poland after 1989
Authors: Zamorski Krzysztof 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives of the national educational policy, and the changes that it is bringing about, have an immediate impact on libraries, which are one of the bases of scholarship and higher education. The assessments made in this chapter are those of a director of a library-to be sure, the oldest library, and one of the largest, in Poland-who will, at some point, again be only a library patron.
The Retrospective Conversion of the Catalog in the Library of the American Studies Center, Warsaw University
Authors: Paluszkiewicz Ewa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Studies Center (ASC) at Warsaw University was founded in 1975 as the result of an exchange agreement signed by Warsaw University and Indiana University (in Bloomington). It was one of the first Eastern European centers established for the study of American culture and politics.
The Implementation of an Automated System at the University Library in Bratislava, Slovakia
Authors: Řepišová Zuzana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the process of implementation for an automated system in a large scientific library. It does not cover all the details but, rather, focuses on the crucial processes of analysis, data conversion, the database setup, and the gradual introduction of the system into the library’s operations. Library automation is a complex matter and this chapter describes the range of activities that one system librarian was involved in.
Integrating Internet Resources into the Library Catalog
Authors: Gyüre Péter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s, providing remote access to O PACs was the only way library systems used the Internet. Today, WWW services are considered by many to be equivalent to the Internet, and earlier solutions, like the telnet interface to databases, seem outdated. How could libraries, in competition with Internet content services, preserve the dominance that they had previously achieved with their on-line catalogs? One way is to catalog publicly available Internet services in the library catalog, and to provide library users with this information.
The Krakow Project
Authors: Dobrzyńska-Lankosz Ewa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mellon Foundation began its Polish program at the beginning of 1990. Its first library grants were made to individual libraries (for example, the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow). Many other libraries felt that they had a good chance of receiving support from the foundation. Thus, many grant applications, often several from one university center, were submitted by Polish institutions. Subsequently, the foundation decided that it was more effective to consider joint applications from groups of libraries. This insistence by the Mellon Foundation that libraries apply for grants in a consortia! setting stimulated the great academic centers not only to pool their efforts in preparing applications, but also to design joint implementations of the projects.
The Kansho Persecution An Examination of Mount Hiei’s Destruction of Otani Honganji
Authors: Nasu Kusano Kenshi Translated By Eisho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first year of Choroku (1457), Rennyo was appointed the eighth abbot of Honganji, succeeding Zonnyo (1396-1457), who passed away in the same year. It is well known that Rennyo, eager to revitalize Jodoshinshu, had begun proselytizing activities, especially in the southern part of Omi Province, immediately after his succession to the abbot’s office. However, it is also well known that his activities temporarily came to a standstill with the destruction of the Otani Honganji, known as the Kansho Persecution (Kansho no honan), led by the Tendai militia-priests of Mount Hiei (Hieizan shuto) in the sixth year of Kansho, or 1468.
Rennyo’s Position in Modern Shin Buddhist Studies: Soga Ryojin’s Reinterpretation
Authors: Hara Kaku Takeshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rennyo’s impact on the religious ideas and institutional organization of Shin Buddhism was not limited to the turbulent medieval period in which he lived, but continued on through the modern period. This chapter will focus on how Rennyo was viewed within the Higashi Honganji Otani denomination of Jodoshinshū in the modern period through one of its most eminent twentieth-century thinkers, Soga Ryojin (1875-1971).
Primal Vow and Its Contextualization: Rennyo’s Legacy, and Some Tasks for Our Times
Authors: Habito Ruben L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a symposium at Harvard University Otani Koshin, current leader of the NishiHonganji branch of Jodoshinshi1 (Shinshu), described a vital task of the followers of Pure Land Buddhism, in his Opening Address, entitled “Shin Buddhism and Christianity: Textual and Contextual Translation”: Pure Land Buddhism traditionally emphasizes the way of life in each era. That is to say, the teaching of Amida Buddha’s Primal Vow must be translated into the emerging context of each new age....Even in Japan at present, the concrete expressions of Buddhist truth, such as the Primal Vow, Pure Land, and shiniin, need to be translated and adapted to the contemporary context.
Religion and the Continent Al Congress 1774-1789
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did the constitutional framers envision the role of religion in American public life? Did they think that the government had the right to advance or support religion and religious activities? Or did they believe that the two realms should remain forever separate? Throughout American history, scholars, Supreme Court justices, and members of the American public have debated these questions. The debate continues to have significance in the present day, especially in regard to public schools, government aid to sectarian education, and the use of public property for religious symbols. In this book, Derek Hamilton Davis offers the first comprehensive examination of the role of religion in the proceedings, theories, ideas, and goals of the Continental Congress. Those who argue that the United States was founded as a "Christian Nation" have made much of the religiosity of the founders, particularly as it was manifested in the ritual invocations of a clearly Christian God as well as in the adoption of practices such as government-sanctioned days of fasting and thanksgiving, prayers and preaching before legislative bodies, and the appointments of chaplains to the Army. Davis looks at the fifteen-year experience of the Continental Congress (1774-1789) and arrives at a contrary conclusion: namely, that the revolutionaries did not seek to entrench religion in the federal state. Congress's religious activities, he shows, expressed a genuine but often unreflective popular piety. Indeed, the whole point of the revolution was to distinguish society, the people in its sovereign majesty, from its government. A religious people would jealously guard its own sovereignty and the sovereignty of God by preventing republican rulers from pretending to any authority over religion. The idea that a modern nation could be premised on expressly theological foundations, Davis argues, was utterly antithetical to the thinking of most revolutionaries.
The Political Status of Religion in the Founding Era
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1902 historian Sanford Cobb called religious liberty the “great gift of America to civilization and the world.” The religious liberty he referred to was built upon the unique principle of the disestablishment of religion by civil authority, adopted first in America as a political principle in the 1630s in Rhode Island, a tiny colony founded by the able and imaginative Roger Williams. In Rhode Island, no churches received financial support from government; they were all maintained only by voluntary, private contributions. Citizens could attend churches of their own choice, without fear of governmental reprisal. These practices were in stark contrast to the traditional European pattern adopted in nearby Massachusetts Bay, where all citizens not only were obligated to attend the established Puritan churches but were taxed for their support as well. The disestablishment principle was subsequently adopted in the colonies of Pennsylvania and Delaware and by 1833 had been embraced by all of the states.
A Cold Night
Authors: Paredes América 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The boy was playing on the floor, close to the tub full of glowing charcoal. Because the lip of the tub was hot, he sat tilted sideways, a buttock against the lower part, the rest of him leaning away, propped on one hand. With his other hand he played. He was a quiet, skinny little boy; his arms and legs looked like the limbs of those mechanical Mickey Mouses sold in the ten-cent stores: black, straight and very thin.
The Night before Christmas
Authors: Rivera Tomás 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christmas Eve was approaching and the barrage of commercials, music and Christmas cheer over the radio and the blare of announcements over the loudspeakers on top of the stationwagon advertising movies at the Teatro Ideal resounded and seemed to draw it closer. It was three days before Christmas when Dofia Marfa decided to buy something for her children. This was the first time she would buy them toys.
La Nochehuena: The Best of Nights
Authors: Yglesias Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nochebuena. I have never been able to find out how Christmas Eve came to be named this by Spaniards, but in Ybor City, the Latin section of Tampa, it was truly a good night. Indeed, it was the best of nights. Why this was so is difficult to explain. After all, there were other occasions that should have been more exciting for me and my cousins and the other kids on the block-children’s day at the State Fair, outings to the beach in summer, the times the Ringling Bros. Circus came to town, the training games of the Cincinnati Reds.