bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IS SILENCE GOLDEN? CONVERSATIONS OF NATIVE SPEAKERS OF RIMI IN SINGIDA- TANZANIA
Authors: Choyo Musa Ibrahim 
Published: November 2023

This paper provides an empirical examination of the perception of silence as a communicative act in a Rimi cultural context. Four casual conversations with Rimi native speakers were examined. Silence in conversation was determined using a turn-taking framework in Conversation Analysis previously described by Sacks et al. (1974) as a turn-taking organization. Native speakers of Rimi like people in other cultures have beliefs and myths regarding silence. However, these cultural artifacts are often hardly reflected in their real conversation practice. Rimi's belief regarding the value of silence dictates avoidance of silence because they consider it a danger and veiled bad intentions. Despite this cultural orientation regarding silence, in some contexts, Rimi native speakers give it a positive value. The findings show that silence can be used for terminating a topic, showing agreement, and indicating emotions such as sadness. Silence therefore can lead to either harmonious or troubled conversation at the same time. Many prolific studies have shown that Eastern cultures appreciate silence while the Western cultures silence is attributed to incompetence and lack of willingness to participate in communication. This cultural dichotomy regarding the perception of silence between Western and Eastern cultures gives an impression that cultures can either perceive silence positively or negatively. Data from this study show that this understanding is faulty. The data indicate that silence cannot be described categorically as solely positively or negatively perceived in a particular culture; instead, it should be viewed as a variable entity within a single cultural group.
Definition of the crime against the security of humanity (genocide) in international criminal law and the obligation to punish it
Authors: Zamryha A. 
Published: November 2023

The relevance of this research topic in today's conditions is of great interest and lies in the fact that genocide is one of the most serious crimes against humanity, and although responsibility for it is officially established, this does not prevent new manifestations of genocide.
In this scientific article, the author made another attempt to consider the theoretical basis of the emergence of the term "genocide" in international law. It is noted that despite the rather long existence of genocide in the world, it was only after the Second World War that genocide was qualified as the most serious crime against humanity. It was analyzed that despite the fact that the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide was signed, its adopted norms could not prevent a new manifestation of this crime. The article gives known historical examples of terrible genocides. It was determined that responsibility for genocide is stipulated by the UN Convention of 1948 "On the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide and its Punishment", which formulates the composition of the crime and its forms. It was also found that the Convention does not directly refer to the responsibility of states, but only indirectly.
The concept of international criminal respon­sibility of the state for genocide is revealed and conclusions are drawn that this concept is controversial.
The judicial practice of the states regarding prosecution for the crime of genocide in accordance with the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide has been analyzed. Conclusions were made about the application by national courts of the Genocide Convention itself, or the national legislation, which contained the definition of the crime of genocide in accordance with the Convention.
The article also reveals current events, namely that the crimes committed by the Russians during the full-scale aggression fall under the articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention, and Ukraine is working to bring Russian criminals to justice for the genocide of the Ukrainian people.
It was concluded that the crimes of the Russians in Ukraine are genocide by all indications and that Russia should bear responsibility for the genocide of the Ukrainian people.
Outer Space Public Law: the 1958-1963 period. Part 2
Authors: Marinich V.K. , Myklush M.I. , Yara O.S. 
Published: November 2023

This is the fourth article in the study related to analyzing the process of regulation of space activities.
Considering the results of previous studies of documents adopted by the international community during the 1958-1963 period in the regulation of space activities, this article continues the presentation of the study of the process of Outer Space Public Law development.
The article describes the initiatives of the international community (including the UN General Assembly) connected with the regulation of relations among States in matters of the use of outer space and celestial bodies.
First of all, it describes the process of gradual formation of one of the most important international principles of Public Space Law, which can be attributed to the group of General Principles of Space Activities, namely, "The Principle of a Useful Cosmos”. Also, legal conflicts and difficulties that arose at the initial stage of the formation of this principle as well as the consequences to which they could lead are described.
In addition, the article describes the process of formation of another very important principle of Public Space Law that can also be included in the group of General Principles of Space Activity, namely, "The Principle of Space Traffic”, which at that time already consisted of three special principles formed under the influence of specific international initiatives. Thus, the initiative to streamline space vehicle launches into outer space formed "The Principle of launch registration”. The initiative to organize interaction among States regarding astronauts and space vehicles launched into space formed "The Principle of mutual assistance” In turn, the initiative to organize the safety of space activities formed "the Principle of Responsibility”.
At the same time, all these principles were developed only in the form of Conventionalis stipulatio, which were mainly set out in the Resolutions and Declarations of the UN General Assembly.
Considering the above, it is necessary to pay attention again to the fact that the researcher should not expect from the "Outer Space Law” the form in which this "Law” is accustomed to consider, due to the exclusivity of the environment to which this new "Law” was formed.
Development of cooperation in the space industry: from 1959 to 1962
Authors: Pіddubnyі O. , Pushkar M. , Golovko L. 
Published: November 2023

The article reveals the main aspects of the or­ganization of cooperation in space activities at the initial stage of its development when the fiercest space race between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the United States of America was taking place. The main goals of the international community concerning joint research and develop­ment of outer space and celestial bodies, as well as the circumstances that influenced the formation of such cooperation at this stage, are explained and analyzed.
In addition, the article is also concerned with the issue of the international bodies establishment related to the organization and control of joint space activity, the issue of the organization of in­terstate cooperation in outer space in the direction of creating communication accessible to the pop­ulation of the entire planet with the help of satel­lites, the issue of legal regulation of joint activity in outer space and on celestial bodies, as well as the issue of creating an international network of space­ports for launching sounding rockets by all interest­ed participants in space activities (in particular, to make it possible for non-state organizations to take part in space activities).
Considering the modern competition among states in the struggle for dominance in outer space and on celestial bodies and the dangers that such a competition brings, the study returns to the origins of space activity to identify and analyze the factors that influenced the formation of international cooperation in space (both negatively and positively).
The main focus is on international documents adopted by the United Nations General Assembly between 1959 and 1962.
Specifically, the results of the study of the three main Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in this period regarding international cooperation in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes are presented.
Amendments to the constitution: general theoretical aspect
Authors: Byelov D.M. , Bysaga Y.M. , Berch V.V. 
Published: November 2023

It suggests that improving the process of drafting constitutions and implementing constitutional support is critical to world-building efforts in the twenty-first century. We live in the days of constitutions; more than half of the nearly two hundred existing national constitutions have either been reformed or drawn up in the last thirty years. Every year, about twenty constitutional reforms are carried out and new higher laws are adopted, most of which are part of the peace-building process in countries torn by war or as a result of economic or social crises.
It was noted that the main dilemma of Ukrainian constitutionalism of the transitional period was expressed in the conflict between the principles of Soviet legitimacy (the so-called «Soviet democracy») and plebiscite presidential power. However, this conflict has not received a final solution until today. It is most clearly manifested in the opposition of various political forces to the Constitution and finds expression in changes to it. This phenomenon is by no means completely new in history.
Analysis of the changes to the Constitution makes it possible to draw conclusions about the general direction of these initiatives. Thus, among them there are no proposals related to the constitutional regulation of property relations and the social sphere in general (for example, land law), an extremely small number of changes related to territorial organization, organization on the new basis of local administration and self-government, administrative and judicial reform (problems of democratization of the legal system and ensuring the rights of the individual), that is, precisely those fundamental issues that form the basis of legal modernization.
In conclusion, one should be deeply aware of all responsibility for the strategy, implementation and consequences of the political reform aimed at updating the Constitution in accordance with new realities, balancing power relations in the state, and consolidating society. This large and multifaceted work can be considered successful only when it brings real positive changes to our lives, has a beneficial effect on all spheres and in all dimensions - from the nation, the state to a specific person and a specific family. It should be assumed that changes of such a scale and depth objectively introduce elements of instability and disagreements into society and the political situation. Therefore, they must be balanced, accurately and responsibly calculated and implemented in the shortest possible time, without disturbing the general atmosphere in the state, the rhythm of its economic life. For these reasons, it is no less important that such campaigns are carried out as rarely as possible.
Somatic rights and medical law: issues of protecting dignity and autonomy
Authors: Berch V.V. 
Published: November 2023

It is noted that somatic rights, which define human rights to the inviolability of the physical body and medical autonomy, are gaining increasing importance in the modern world. The protection and enforcement of these rights are becoming urgent challenges because they determine the way in which health care is provided and received.
It has been established that somatic rights are defined as human rights to the inviolability of the physical body and the right to control it. These rights include the right to privacy of medical information, the right to freely choose medical procedures, as well as the right to confidentiality and protection from any form of medical discrimination. Somatic rights are an important aspect of general human rights and ensure that individuals can make their own decisions about their physical health and medical procedures.
It is emphasized that medical law recognizes the right of a person to freedom of choice of medical procedures and treatment, as well as the right to refuse medical intervention. This is related to a person's right to control his physical body and make decisions about it. It also provides protection against any form of medical discrimination based on gender, age, race, religion or other characteristics, which contributes to the observance of the principle of equal opportunities and respect for somatic rights in all areas of medical practice.
It is emphasized that reproductive rights include the right to freely choose the number of children, intervals between births, as well as the right to access information and services related to reproductive health. They allow a person to make decisions about their reproductive future according to their own values and beliefs. Medical law includes norms and principles that regulate medical practice, relationships between medical professionals and patients, and also ensure compliance with ethical standards in the medical field.
Public service tools as elements of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector
Authors: Sagaydak O.O. 
Published: November 2023

The article is devoted to the study of public service tools, which are elements of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector. It is noted that the specifics of public service tools as elements of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are affected by the following factors: a) they are implemented within the scope of activities related to administrative protection, therefore they are used by authorized subjects of executive and administrative activity in the manner determined by legislation and form; b) they are measures and methods that meaningfully cover the regulation of social relations within the fuel and energy sector by ensuring the provision and provision of quality public services in the specified area.
Public service tools of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are defined as a set of measures and methods used by authorized entities in the manner and form determined by legislation to ensure the provision of quality public services within the fuel and energy sector.
The public service tools of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are singled out, which have a proper external reflection and meaningful content, related to the provision of public services in the field of the fuel and energy sector: 1) adoption of normative legal acts; 2) adoption of individual acts; 3) conclusion of administrative contracts; 4) adoption of acts-plans; 5) committing legally significant actions. Examples of the use of these public service tools were analyzed. It was concluded that the vast majority of normative legal acts as public service instruments of administrative protection of the fuel and energy sector are adopted by the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the spheres of energy and communal services in the form of resolutions. Attention is focused on the fact that the administrative contracts adopted for the regulation of the fuel and energy sector are mainly concluded to settle issues of public service provision or instead of an individual act and are approved by the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the spheres of energy and communal services.
Toolkit for optimization of administrative and legal provision of the security sector of Ukraine
Authors: Tsybulnyk N.Yu. 
Published: November 2023

The article is devoted to the study of the toolkit, with the help of which it is possible to optimize the administrative and legal provision of the security sector of Ukraine. Attention is focused on the fact that administrative and legal support outlines the boundaries of the subject structure of regulatory activity in such a way that it can be carried out not by any state bodies, but only by those that perform powerful public management functions. Subjects of administrative and legal support of the security sector include: 1) those that manage the security sector; 2) those that are part of the security sector and implement separate measures aimed at the proper state of national security.
It has been established that the toolkit of administrative and legal provision of the security sector is a set of methods, techniques and methods used by authorized entities to regulate social relations, the content of which is aimed at protecting state sovereignty, territorial integrity, the democratic constitutional order and other national interests of Ukraine from possible threats.
The toolkit of administrative and legal provision of the security sector is classified according to the following criteria: 1) depending on the subject of application; 2) depending on the form of external fixation; 3) depending on the direction of action; 4) depending on the object to be secured; 5) depending on the time of application, etc.
Attention was drawn to the need to optimize the tools of administrative and legal provision of the security sector. The importance of the implementation of digital technologies in the activities of specially authorized entities in the field of security is analyzed. It is noted that the peculiarity of the security sector determines the additional need for prompt response to emerging threats and the use of flexible mechanisms for their elimination. It is proposed to amend the legislation by establishing the possibility of making decisions by the National Security Council in the form of directives that do not require additional implementation through the adoption of a corresponding decree by the President of Ukraine, are of general obligation and are adopted during the period of the legal regime of martial law.
The constitutional right to education as a mechanism for guaranteeing the personal freedom of a person and a citizen
Authors: Bysaha Yu. 
Published: November 2023

The article analyzes and singles out a scientific problem related to the constitutional right to education and guarantees of its protection in the context of European integration processes. Based on the standards of national and international legislation, the place of the right to education in the system of human rights and its relationship with the catalog of constitutional rights and freedoms was investigated. A proper definition of the constitutional right to education is proposed.
Particular attention in the article was devoted to the issue of the entry of education into the European space. In order to effectively implement the right to education, particularly in the context of globalization and European integration processes, the education system is being reformed and modernized, including the legal sphere, and its adaptation to European standards.
The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union is of particular importance for the process of European integration in education. It was found out that the Ministry of Education and Science pays considerable attention to reforms in the field of education and science, including in wartime conditions.
The constitutional guarantees that make up the content of the constitutional right to education and its protection are analyzed. In particular, attention is devoted to a special guarantee - the protection of the constitutional right to education. Thus, based on the results of the research of the domestic judicial practice and the professional activity of the European Court of Human Rights, the essence and content of the guarantees of protection of the right to education were clarified.
Analyzing the current judicial practice, it was established that the most frequent reasons for appeals are the following: refusal to recognize a document on higher education (including the procedure for recognizing a foreign educational document by Ukrainian authorities); violation of the rights to higher education by normative legal acts of the executive power, local self-government bodies and other authorities; appeal against the decisions of the appeal commission of the Ukrainian Center for the Evaluation of the Quality of Education, regarding the refusal of registration or violations during the conduct and results of the external independent evaluation; availability of external independent assessment and sufficient education of students regarding this process.
Key features of the differentiation of the legal regulation of the labor of transport workers
Authors: Prokopiev R.E. 
Published: November 2023

It is indicated that one of the key rights of every individual in a democratic and independent state is the right to work, which, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, includes the opportunity to earn a living by work that a person freely chooses or freely agrees to. It is emphasized that the labor activity of a person should be stimulated in a certain way, not only in the form of separate material payments, but also by providing guarantees, benefits, advantages and privileges for certain categories of workers in accordance with their professional duties.
The article provides the author's understanding of the concept of «differentiation of legal labor regulation» and based on it, the main features of the differentiation of legal labor regulation of transport workers are highlighted and considered. It is emphasized that there is no normative-legal consolidation of the concept of «differentiation of labor», which makes it difficult to understand the specified concept, as well as to define the criteria that are used to characterize the specified concept. Particular attention was paid to such features as determining the purpose of applying the differentiation of legal regulation of labor relations of employees; the internal structure of differentiation; implementation methods; forms of expression and methods of fixation.
The author comes to the conclusion that the differentiation of the work of transport workers is characterized by a number of essential features that deepen the understanding of this legal phenomenon and its further research. In our opinion, the signs of labor differentiation of workers in the transport sector offered by us better ensure the individualization of legal regulation of their labor relations, and also reveal in more detail the purpose of applying such differentiation. Thus, this conditions not only the effective development of labor law in general, but also, undoubtedly, is the basis for effective and unprecedented guarantee of labor rights of employees of transport enterprises, their employers, trade union associations, etc.