bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an emergency response service
Authors: Tacchi Mary Jane , Joseph Suresh , Scott Jan 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodAn emergency response service (ERS) was introduced to streamline the assessment of individuals presenting in a crisis in one sector of a large provincial city. Data on service activity, clinical details and outcome were recorded on consecutive referrals to the service over the first 6 months of operation, and all patients were offered the opportunity to complete the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire.ResultsSeventy-five per cent of those referred accepted the offer of assessment, and the majority were seen in their own home within 2 hours. One in ten individuals were not offered any further mental health input and 17% were hospitalised. The number of admissions via primary care fell by 60% after the introduction of this service. However, at its peak of activity the service received an average of only two referrals per day and three each weekend. Only 30% of referrals were received outside of normal office hours. Service users and general practitioners were found to be more satisfied with the service than the staff that provided it.Clinical ImplicationsThe introduction of the ERS led to a faster, more consistent process of assessment of crisis referrals and assessment undertakings in the community, and appeared to increase the use of alternative treatments for individuals in crisis before resorting to admission. Funding opportunities are restricted for the development of crisis services. The development of emergency response services for the use of current staff from a number of community mental health teams is an option worth considering.
Relatives and their attitude to early detection of schizophrenic psychosis
Authors: Lauber Christoph , Rossler Wulf 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodTo assess the attitudes of relatives of patients with psychosis to early diagnosis, the respective consequences and to specialised out-patient services for early detection, we undertook a postal questionnaire survey.ResultsEighty-five per cent of the respondents (n=200) would have visited a specialised out-patient service for early detection and 79% would have preferred to find out the diagnosis earlier. Some consequences of an early diagnosis (facing the problems associated with the illness earlier, having more appropriate behaviour towards the affected, earlier contact with other relatives and earlier treatment) are frequently mentioned.Clinical ImplicationsBeing favourable to both early diagnosis of psychosis and specialised out-patient services, most relatives are a useful source of support for professionals in convincing patients of diagnostic procedures and treatment.
Do patients who receive electroconvulsive therapy in Scotland get better?
Authors: Fergusson Grace , Hendry James , Freeman Chris 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodWe aimed to compare the practice of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in Scotland with the recommendations of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, to determine the characteristics of patients who receive ECT, to assess the outcome of ECT given in a routine clinical setting and to develop a system of quality assurance for ECT. Between February 1997 and March 2000, an audit of ECT measured the quality of treatment given at all clinics in Scotland. Audit tools were designed and standards set for the process, and outcome of treatment and interventions were identified to address any variance prior to each audit cycle. An electronic data collection system was developed and a website produced for the purpose of continued audit and information sharing.ResultsThe annual rate of ECT in Scotland was 142 individual treatments per 100 000 of the total population. Electroconvulsive therapy was given mainly to White adult patients with a depressive illness who had consented to treatment. Clinical improvement, as measured by at least a 50% reduction in the Montgomery–Åsberg Rating Scale for Depression (MADRS) score, was evident in 71.2% of patients with a depressive episode.Clinical ImplicationsThe audit of ECT is achievable at a national level, ECT is effective in a routine clinical setting and the standards at ECT in Scotland are higher than the UK average.
Use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act (1984) in south Glasgow
Authors: Taylor John R. , Idris K. B. 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodA cross-sectional survey of the use of the Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1984 in a defined urban area. Patients initially detained under civil sections (Sections 24, 25, 26 and 18) between 1 April 1997 and 31 March 1998 were identified using the hospital information system and a hand search of section papers.ResultsThere were 283 detentions involving 204 patients that lasted a median of 6 days. A total of 98% of patients were initially detained on a 72-hour ‘emergency section’. A total of 61% had non-organic psychotic disorders (172/283). Less than half of detentions were during the working week. Consent was usually provided by the mental health officer or relatives, but was not provided for 11% of detentions. Patients detained after admission were more likely to be detained for a longer period (29 v. 3 days) and to have their detention extended over 72 hours (64% v. 41%) compared with those detained in the community.Clinical ImplicationsThis paper provides information on some of the gaps identified by recent reviews of mental health legislation in Scotland and discusses the possible impact of the changes proposed by the Millan Committee. The workload of general adult consultant psychiatrists is likely to increase and the proportion of patients detained without consent could also increase. The study supports the differentiation of patients detained after admission from those detained in the community, as the patterns of detention are different.
Service innovations
Authors: Tomar Rahul , Brimblecombe Neil , O'Sullivan Geraldine 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodDemographic and clinical details were recorded for individuals with first-episode psychosis, potentially requiring hospital admission, who were assessed by two home treatment/crisis resolution teams over an 18-month period. The aims were to identify the proportion of such individuals that can be treated at home, factors associated with successful home treatment and reasons for hospitalisation when this took place.ResultsSuccessful home management was achieved in 20 (54%) of cases. No significant difference was found in any demographic variable, diagnostic category and initial Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) ratings between those who were hospitalised and those who were not. The most common reason recorded for admission was that of risk to self.Clinical ImplicationsMany patients with first-episode psychosis otherwise requiring hospitalisation can be managed successfully at home by an intensive home-treatment team. These findings have significant implications for both in-patient and community services, in view of the planned increases in home treatment/crisis resolution services proposed in the NHS Plan.
General adult and old age psychiatry specialist registrar training – crisis looming?
Authors: Cope Denise 
Published: March 2003

Aims and MethodsA postal questionnaire was sent to 31 Specialist Registrar Training Programme Directors in general adult and old age psychiatry in England, Scotland and Wales to ascertain the recruitment position on their training scheme and their views on recruitment.ResultsThere was no recruitment to 24% of specialist registrar (SpR) posts. A 17% increase in national training numbers in general adult and old age psychiatry had occurred in the schemes surveyed during the past 2 years. An insufficient number of senior house officer (SHO) posts was identified by 42% of respondents and the unattractiveness of general adult psychiatry recorded by 58% of respondents as factors in under-recruitment.ImplicationsUnder-recruitment at consultant level in general adult and old age psychiatry is being replicated at specialist registrar level. Trainees are not being encouraged into higher psychiatric training by increasing specialist registrar national training numbers. Insufficient SHO posts and the perceived unattractiveness of general adult psychiatry appear as significant factors contributing to poor recruitment at SpR level.
Differentiation-Dependent Expression of 17β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase, Type 10, in the Rodent Testis: Effect of Aging in Leydig Cells
Authors: Ivell Richard , Balvers Marga , Anand Ravinder J. K. , Paust Hans-Joachim , McKinnell Chris , Sharpe Richard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractExpression of the new 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), type 10 (17β-HSD-10), formerly known as endoplasmic reticulum-associated amyloid-binding protein, has been investigated in the testes of various mammals under normal and perturbed conditions. Results show that 17β-HSD-10 is a major product of both fetal and adult-type Leydig cells. In the former, protein persists until late in postnatal development; and in the short-day hamster model, it does not disappear when Leydig cells involute. During puberty in the rat, immunohistochemical staining for 17β-HSD-10 in adult-type Leydig cells first becomes evident on d 20, increasing to maximal staining intensity by d 35. In the rat, but not in the mouse or any other species examined, there is also staining in late spermatids. Examination of testes from rats subjected to perinatal treatment with either a GnRH antagonist or low and high doses of diethylstilbestrol revealed that expression of 17β-HSD-10 follows closely Leydig cell differentiation status, correlating with 3β-HSD expression in a previous study. In aging (23 months) rat testes, Leydig cell (but not germ cell) immunostaining for 17β-HSD-10 is markedly reduced. 17β-HSD-10 seems to preferentially convert 3α-androstanediol into dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol to estrone. Thus, perinatal expression of this enzyme in fetal Leydig cells may contribute to protecting these cells from estrogens and encourage androgen formation.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Nonlinear Optical Property of Two New Chromophores Containing Furan Ring as a Conjugation Bridge
Authors: Zhang Wei , Hua Jianli , Shao Pin , Ren Peng , Qin Jingui , Zhang Yu , Lu Zuhong , Hu Huaimin , Zhang Deqing 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Two new organic chromophores containing furan ring as a conjugation bridge located near the donor have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single crystal structure determination. Their first molecular hyperpolarizability (β) are measured by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering (HRS) technique.
Efficient Electron Injection Characteristics of Tetra-2-pyridinylpyrazine (TPP) in Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Oyamada Takahito , Maeda Chiharu , Sasabe Hiroyuki , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
We showed that tetra-2-pyridinylpyrazine (TPP) and TPP: cesium (1:1 molar ratio) composite layers had excellent electron injection and transport characteristics in organic light emitting diodes. High luminescence efficiency with low driving voltage was observed in various cathode configurations, suggesting that the TPP layer can efficiently accept electrons from metal and metal oxide cathode layers, and transport and inject electrons into an adjacent organic layer.
A Convenient Method for the Synthesis of 2-Arylaziridines from Styrene Derivatives via 2-Arylethenyl(diphenyl)sulfonium Salts
Authors: Matsuo Jun-ichi , Yamanaka Hiroyuki , Kawana Asahi , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Styrene derivatives reacted with diphenyl(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (1) at low temperature to afford 2-arylethenyl(diphenyl)sulfonium triflates (2). Treatment of 2 with primary amines gave the corresponding 2-arylaziridines in high yields. One-pot synthesis of various aziridines was also successfully carried out without isolation of the intermediate 2.
Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals Formed on an Anodically Polarized Diamond Electrode Surface in Aqueous Media
Authors: Komatsu Masaharu , Rao Tata Narasinga , Fujishima Akira 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals at anodically polarized boron-doped diamond electrodes in aqueous media have been suggested to be responsible for their ability to electrochemically incinerate organic waste. In this letter, for the first time, we provide experimental evidence for the generation of hydroxyl radicals by using coumarin followed by the fluorescence detection of its hydroxylated product.
Synthesis of an Environmentally Friendly and Nontoxic New Pigment Based on Rare Earth Phosphate
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Masui Toshiyuki , Itaya Masaharu 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
A new inorganic pigment based on rare earth phosphate has been synthesized with the goal of preparing ecologically and environmentally friendly specific pigments. A yellow–green pigment that consists of nontoxic elements was obtained by doping calcium ions into the cerium orthophosphate lattice. Characterizations using XRD, UV–vis spectroscopy, and colorimetric assessment revealed that the formation of a Ca-doped CePO4 solid solution was responsible for the appearance of the color.
Oligothiophene/fullerene Dyads as Active Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Negishi Nobukazu , Yamada Kohei , Takimiya Kazuo , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo , Harima Yutaka 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Oligothiophene/fullerene dyads (nT-C60) are incorporated in photovoltaic cells, which demonstrate relatively high incident photon-to-current efficiency. The monochromatic power conversion efficiency of the Al/16T-C60/Au device measured at 456 nm is 0.4%.
Chiral Recognition with Crown Ethers Having Planar Chiral (η4-Diene)tricarbonyliron Moieties
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Nakanishi Saburo , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Crown ethers with a planar chiral (1,3-η4-diene)tricarbonyliron unit were prepared. They revealed a good chiral recognition ability for α-substituted benzylammonium salts (Krel = 1.3–2.0). Ligand substitution of the iron tricarbonyl moiety with triphenylphosphane inverted the chiral selectivity.
Airflow within major Alpine river valleys under heavy rainfall
Authors: Steiner Matthias , Bousquet Olivier , Houze Robert A. , Smull Bradley F. , Mancini Marco 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study documents the airflow within major Alpine river valleys in the presence of precipitation. The analysis seeks a conceptual understanding of the effect of rain on the valley flow. Ground‐based and airborne Doppler radar and surface data from the Mesoscale Alpine Programme show that during persistent rainy periods the subsidence caused by melting and evaporation of precipitation particles contributes to the formation of a down‐valley flow. This down‐valley flow opposes moist southerly flow aloft, which is lifted over the topographic barrier and in which precipitation particles are formed. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Orographic effects on rainfall in MAP cases IOP 2b and IOP 8
Authors: Rotunno Richard , Ferretti Rossella 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAlthough the large‐scale flow was similar, important differences in mesoscale atmospheric structure made the difference between moderately intense rain in Intensive Observing Period (IOP) 2b and relatively light rain in IOP 8 in the Lago Maggiore Target Area (LMTA). This conclusion is supported here through analysis of data from, and numerical simulations of, these two cases. Analysis of the large‐scale data shows that there was in both cases a moist tongue of southerly flow moving from the west to the east of the Alpine south side. Mesoscale data analysis and numerical simulations suggest that the most important difference between the two cases was the presence of a cold stable air mass in the Po Valley in IOP 8 which persisted through the period in which the large‐scale moist tongue was progressing eastward and prevented the most humid air from reaching the LMTA. Another difference contributing to the greater rainfall in the LMTA in IOP 2b was the development of conditional instability (with associated convective rain) due to the effect of the Alps on the eastward passage of the moist tongue; in IOP 8 the atmosphere remained locally stable throughout the period. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of a potential‐vorticity streamer crossing the Alps during MAP IOP 15 on 6 November 1999
Authors: Hoinka Klaus P. , Richard Evelyne , Poberaj Gorazd , Busen Reinhold , Caccia Jean‐luc , Fix Andreas , Mannstein Hermann 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this study a potential‐vorticity (PV) streamer which crossed the Alps during the Special Observing Period of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) on 6 November 1999 is analysed. In situ aircraft data, wind‐profiler data, model output data from the French non‐hydrostatic mesoscale model (Meso‐NH), and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses are used to describe the structure and evolution of the streamer. In addition lower‐stratospheric humidity which was remotely sensed by a Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) installed on board the aircraft is analysed. The comparison of measured and simulated lower‐stratospheric humidity data show good agreement in structure and magnitude. The data analysis also reveals that waves are generated by the orography and transmitted into the lower stratosphere where they modify the streamer's PV structure. The impact of orography and diabatic processes on the streamer's evolution is simulated with MesoNH in a series of simulations. These simulations demonstrate that the separate effects of orography and diabatic processes are significant and comparable in magnitude, and that their combined influence leads to the formation of a PV cut‐off. As a synergetic effect it is found that PV filaments are generated north of the Alpine barrier. The influence of orography and diabatic processes reduces the lower‐stratospheric and upper‐tropospheric PV by about 25% above the Alps, compared with the situation where neither effect is present. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Relations between radar reflectivity, liquid‐water content, and rainfall rate during the MAP SOP
Authors: Hagen Martin , Yuter Sandra E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRaindrop size distribution data obtained from two Joss–Waldvogel disdrometers located at Locarno‐Monti, Switzerland during the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) Special Observation Period are analysed to obtain appropriate relationships of radar reflectivity, Z, with both water content, W, and surface rainfall, R, for use in MAP applications. The disdrometer data are accumulated into 10‐minute samples to reduce sampling error associated with the ∼ 1 m3 sample volume of the instruments. Based on previous studies, relations of the form W=qZ(4/7) and Z=aR1.5 are assumed and the coefficients q and a are estimated from the data. The combined dataset of 10‐minute samples from the two disdrometers and the 10‐minute data divided into two independent subsets yielded similar mean values of the coefficients. The recommended relationships are W=3.4Z(4/7) and Z=216R1.5. The uncertainties in these mean relationships as expressed in terms of ±1 standard deviation are approximately equivalent to a ±4.4 dBZ error for the Z–W relationship, and to a ±2.4 dBZ error for the Z–R relationship. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Substructure of a MAP streamer
Authors: Liniger Mark A. , Davies Huw C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA study is undertaken of the substructure of an upper‐level potential‐vorticity streamer that approached the European Alps during the field phase of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). The diagnosis is based upon a Lagrangian Forward Projection (LFP) technique which can provide a spatial refinement of the operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts analysis fields. The reconstructed fields capture several notable fine‐scale features of the streamer's structure that include spiral arms of a vortex‐like feature and a richly structured western flank to the streamer comprising a deep primary fold surmounted by a significant secondary fold with an intermediate distinctive striation that extends back into the stratosphere.These features are not at variance with independent high‐resolution satellite water‐vapour images and measurements gathered during a flight mission using an airborne water‐vapour DIfferential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) instrument, and hence lend a measure of credence to both the LFP approach and the DIAL measurements. Moreover, the analysis sheds light on the evolution and dynamics of the streamer's vortices, the origin of the folds, the mismatch between the satellite observations and fields from other sources, and also has implications for stratosphere–troposphere exchange and the accompanying chemical mixing. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
Scale interaction processes during the MAP IOP 12 south föhn event in the Rhine Valley
Authors: Drobinski P. , Haeberli C. , Richard E. , Lothon M. , Dabas A. M. , Flamant P. H. , Furger M. , Steinacker R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the three‐dimensional structure and dynamics of a south föhn flow in the Rhine Valley during its entire life cycle from 29 October 1999 until 31 October 1999. The south föhn event was documented in the framework of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). This study investigates the synoptic‐scale forcing sources, the dynamical processes driving the circulation of the föhn flow in the complex network of tributaries of the Rhine Valley, and the degree of inhomogeneity on the scale of the FORM (‘FOehn in the Rhine Valley during the MAP’ programme) target area at the bifurcation between the Rhine and Seez Valleys. Several important data sources were used (ground‐based Doppler lidar, scintillometers, constant‐volume balloons, radiosoundings and surface stations) as well as non‐hydrostatic mesoscale simulations.The föhn penetrating the FORM target area on 30 October 1999 is preceded by a nocturnal shallow föhn phase which does not penetrate down to the ground due to katabatic drainage flow from the main transverse (east–west oriented) tributaries in which föhn cannot penetrate. This paper shows the contribution of the main tributaries of the Rhine Valley in directing the föhn flow towards the FORM target area during (i) the shallow föhn phase where the westerly upper‐level flow is deflected in the main longitudinal (i.e. north–south oriented) tributaries; (ii) the penetrating föhn phase, where the south/south‐westerly upper‐level flow is nearly aligned with the longitudinal tributaries. The channelling efficiency of the main longitudinal tributaries of the Rhine Valley (particularly the Domleschg) is higher during the föhn phase when the south‐westerly upper‐level flow, experiencing mountain‐wave‐induced downward motion, penetrates these tributaries, than during the shallow föhn.In the FORM target area, the structure of the föhn flow varies on a 1‐kilometre horizontal length‐scale and the time evolution of the respective location of the cold air pool and the warm föhn air is investigated in detail. Also, flow splitting between the Rhine and Seez Valleys occurs during the entire föhn life cycle, but its vertical extension is maximum during shallow föhn, when lower‐ and upper‐level flows are fully decoupled. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.