bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelet, antithrombin, and fibrinolytic activities in taurine-deficient and taurine-replete cats
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Boudreaux Mary K. , Tyler Jeffrey W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cats with cardiomyopathy, especially dilated cardiomyopathy associated with taurine deficiency, often develop systemic thrombi. To investigate the relation of taurine deficiency to formation and persistence of thrombi, cats were made taurine-deficient by consumption of a casein-based taurine-deficient diet, then were evaluated for anticoagulant and profibrinolytic activities and platelet function. The cats served as their own controls in the taurine-replete state; then, values were compared for the taurine-deficient state. Plasma (P < 0.01), blood (P < 0.05), and platelet (P < 0.05) taurine concentrations were decreased markedly after cats consumed the taurine-deficient diet for 6 weeks, compared with baseline concentrations before diet. Compared with the taurine-replete state, taurine deficiency induced significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean antithrombin III activity, no significant change in plasminogen and fibrinolytic activities, and similar clot retraction/lysis test results. Decreased (P < 0.01) adenosine diphosphate (adp)-induced platelet aggregation and [14C]serotonin release, and slightly increased (P < 0.05) collagen-induced platelet [14C]serotonin release, but unchanged collagen-induced platelet aggregation were observed in taurine-deficient cats, compared with taurine-replete cats.
Changes in antithrombin III activity most likely reflected hepatocellular acute-phase reaction, which indicates that taurine deficiency may induce a stress-responsive state. Results of platelet function testing indicate that taurine may modulate platelet responsiveness to physiologic agonists, but not in consistent manner. That platelets from the taurine-deficient cats had decreased responsiveness to adp, but increased responsiveness to collagen is surprising, because irreversible aggregation is mediated by release of granule-associated ADP after sufficient initial stimulus.
All cats had normal clot retraction in dilute blood, which indicated adequate platelet numbers and function; however, clots failed to lyse in vitro. To the authors knowledge, this observation, at present, lacks adequate explanation.
Development of marked taurine deficiency and altered in vitro results of anticoagulant activities and some platelet function tests did not result in clinical manifestations in our cats. Results of our study do not conclusively document a pathophysiologic role of taurine depletion in the formation or persistence of thrombi.
Transmission of proliferative enteritis to swine by use of embryonating chicken eggs
Authors: Jones Gary F. , Ward Gilbert E. , Collins James E. , Gebhart Connie J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Embryonating eggs were inoculated with filtered porcine ileal mucosa containing intracellular curved rods (icr) and incubated for 4 to 6 days. Three of 12 pigs given the eggs per os developed microscopic lesions of proliferative enteritis (pe). Nonchallenge-exposed control pigs did not develop lesions of pe. Four of six positive control pigs given ileal mucosa from pigs with pe also developed microscopic lesions of pe. All of the PE lesions were found in pigs necropsied 10 to 29 days after challenge exposure. None of the swine in the study had clinical signs or gross lesions of pe.
Campylobacter spp were isolated from pigs with and without exposure to the ileal mucosa from pigs with pe. There was no relationship between Campylobacter spp isolation and development of lesions.
Deoxyribonucleic acids extracted from embryonating chicken eggs injected with the equivalent of 0.5 mg of mucosal lesions and incubated for 4 days hybridized to a dna probe specific for the icr, whereas dna extracted from 1.5 mg of mucosal homogenates of the same proliferative tissue did not hybridize with the same probe. Results of these experiments indicated that icr injected into eggs remained infective for pigs and suggest replication of icr in the first-passage eggs.
Growth and reproductive performance, during exposure to ammonia, of gilts afflicted with pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis
Authors: Diekman M. A. , Scheidt A. B. , Sutton A. L. , Green M. L. , Clapper J. A. , Kelly D. T. , Van Alstine W. G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
From 2 to 4.5 months of age, 80 crossbred gilts were reared in a conventional grower unit where they were naturally exposed to mycoplasmal and bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia and atrophic rhinitis. At 4.5 months of age, gilts were moved to environmentally regulated rooms (4.9 × 7.3 m) and assigned at random to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low aerial concentration of ammonia (4 to 12 ppm; mean, 7 ppm) or moderate aerial concentration of ammonia (26 to 45 ppm, mean, 35 ppm).
Low concentration of ammonia was obtained by flushing of manure pits weekly, whereas moderate concentration of ammonia was maintained by adding anhydrous ammonia to manure pits that were not flushed. Gilts were weighed biweekly. Mean daily gain (mdg) was less (P < 0.01) for gilts exposed to moderate concentration of ammonia than for gilts exposed to low concentration of ammonia after 2 weeks in their respective environments. By 4 and 6 weeks, however, mdg was similar between the 2 treatment groups.
After 6 weeks in these environments, 20 gilts from each treatment group were slaughtered, and prevalence and severity of lung lesions and snout grades were determined. At slaughter, body weight was greater (P < 0.01) in gilts exposed to low, rather than moderate, ammonia concentration (94.5 vs 86.8 kg; sem, 3.3 kg). Percentage of lung tissue containing lesions (18 vs 12) and snout grade (2.8 vs 3.1) were similar between gilts exposed to low or moderate concentration of ammonia.
The remaining 20 gilts in each treatment group were maintained in their respective environments, exposed daily to mature boars and bred at first estrus. Age at puberty was similar between gilts exposed to low or moderate concentration of ammonia (208 vs 205 days; sem, 1.3 days), even though weight at puberty was less (P < 0.03) for gilts exposed to low concentration of ammonia than for gilts exposed to moderate concentration of ammonia (109.7 vs 118.2 kg; sem, 4.5 kg). At day 30 of gestation, number of live fetuses (10.6 vs 11.7), fetal length (2.53 vs 2.57 cm), and fetus-to-corpus luteum ratio (0.85 vs 0.78) were similar between gilts at low and moderate ammonia environments. These data indicate that exposure of gilts to mean aerial ammonia concentration of 35 ppm in environmentally regulated rooms depressed mdg for 2 weeks, but failed to alter onset of puberty or litter size at day 30 of gestation.
Pharmacokinetics of phenolsulfonphthalein in sheep
Authors: Danielson Terry J. , Taylor Wesley G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Pharmacokinetic variables of phenolsulfonphthalein (psp) were determined in sheep after rapid iv injection and iv infusion to steady state. In Suffolk wethers, an average of < 75% of an iv administered dose was eliminated in urine, indicating that measures of systemic clearance overestimate renal clearance in this species. Furthermore, psp elimination from plasma was more rapid in Suffolk than Rambouillet wethers and, in Suffolk ewes, systemic clearance decreased from mean ± sd 7.8 ± 0.3 ml/min/kg of body weight to 4.7 ± 1.1 ml/min/kg at steady-state plasma concentration of 2.4 ± 0.3 and 151.3 ± 31.8 μg/ml, respectively. These observations indicate that, similar to that in other species, systemic clearance of psp in sheep is concentration-dependent and that significant differences may exist between breeds.
Abomasal and duodenal motility in yearling cattle after administration of prokinetic drugs
Authors: Roussel A. J. , Brumbaugh G. W. , Waldron R. C. , Baird A. N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of the following treatments on abomasal and duodenal myoelectric activity in yearling cattle were studied: 2 ml of 0.9% sodium chloride solution (nacl); 0.07 mg of bethanechol (bet)/kg of body weight; 0.1 mg of metoclopramide (met)/kg; and 0.07 mg of bethanechol and 0.1 mg of metoclopramide (betmet)/kg. All treatments were administered SC during the early part of phase I of the migrating myoelectric complex. Myoelectric signals were recorded for 4 hours after administration of the treatments from 1 electrode in the antrum and 3 electrodes in the duodenum.
For the antral spike rate (asr), there was no significant difference among treatments during the first hour, but the asr was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during hours 2 to 4 after treatment with betmet, compared with asr. for met alone. The duodenal spike rate (dsr) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the first hour after administration of betmet than after the other treatments. After administration of BET, DSR was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than after met or nacl. There was no difference in dsr after met, compared with dsr after nacl. There was no significant difference in dsr among treatments during the second and third hours. The total antegrade propagating spike (tatp) count was greater after administration of betmet in all hours, compared with the other treatments. The ratio of taps to total spikes on the orad-most duodenal electrode was significantly (P < 0.05) greater after betmet during hours 1 and 2.
Ultrasonographic examination of the ventral neck region in cows
Authors: Braun Ueli , Föhn Josef , Pusterla Nicola 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The position, dimensions, and structure of the thyroid gland, the portion of the esophagus in the neck, the cervical lymph nodes, and the major blood vessels of the neck were determined via ultrasonography in cattle. The left and right ventral neck regions of 30 healthy Swiss Braunvieh cows were examined ultrasonographically, using 3.5- and 5.0-MHz linear transducers and a 3.5-MHz convex transducer.
The external jugular vein was situated directly beneath the skin in the upper and middle parts of the neck and 2.7 to 6.6 cm from the body surface in the lower part of the neck. In contrast, the common carotid artery was located further from the body surface along the entire ventral neck region; depending on the measuring point, this distance varied from 2.6 to 10.9 cm. The external jugular vein narrowed from caudad to craniad. The diameter of the common carotid artery remained fairly constant along its course in the ventral part of the neck and varied from 0.9 to 1.4 cm.
The thyroid gland was identified via ultrasonography caudodorsal to the larynx. It appeared as an echogenic spindle-shaped structure with finely granular echogenic pattern.
The esophagus appeared as a band-shaped structure in longitudinal section, and it could be followed to the thoracic inlet. Its width increased from craniad to caudad, and mean ± SD diameter was 2.9 ± 0.23 cm.
The medulla, hilus, cortex, and capsule of the cervical lymph nodes could be clearly differentiated via ultrasonography. Mean length and width of the left cervical lymph node were 3.0 ± 0.45 and 1.8 ± 0.23 cm, respectively.
To determine reproducibility and reliability of the results, 10 cows were examined by ultrasonography 10 times within 2 weeks. The interassay coefficients of variation determined from these examinations varied from 3.0 to 12.3%; most of the coefficients of variation ranged from 5 to 10%. The smallest coefficients of variation were determined for diameter of the common carotid artery, and the largest were for diameter of the external jugular vein.
Description of the ultrasonographic appearance of the structures of the ventral neck region in healthy cattle represents the basis for use of diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with suspected diseases involving this area. The technique is noninvasive and can be performed on cattle in standing position.
Effects of echinocytosis on hermorrheologic values and exercise performance in horses
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Geor Raymond J. , Smith Clark M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of echinocytosis on blood rheology and exercise performance were evaluated for 5 Thoroughbreds. Echinocytosis was induced by administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg of body weight, im, q 12 h) for 4 days. Furosemide treatment resulted in decreases in serum sodium and serum chloride concentrations and in RBC chloride and potassium concentrations. Echinocytosis was associated with increased rbc density as determined by rbc density gradient centrifugation. However, samples containing echinocytes were more filterable than control samples, indicating that echinocytes were not rigid cells. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was decreased in blood samples containing echinocytes, indicating that cell-to-cell interaction was reduced. Whole blood viscosity was not altered by presence of echinocytes. Echinocytes did not impair the capacity of horses to complete treadmill exercise tests, nor did they alter heart rate or blood gas variables. However, plasma lactate concentration was higher in samples obtained during exercise at a treadmill speed of 9 m/s. Echinocytosis was associated with higher postrace creatine kinase activity. These data indicate that echinocytes may be dense, but not rigid cells, which have decreased tendency to aggregate and do not increase whole blood viscosity. Therefore, echinocytes are unlikely to inhibit or obstruct microvascular blood flow.
Acute effect of hydralazine administration on pulmonary artery hemodynamics in dogs with chronic heartworm disease
Authors: Atkins Clarke E. , Keene Bruce W. , McGuirk Sheila M. , Sato Takashi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
In an effort to better understand the role of vasodilators in the management of pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic heartworm disease (hwd), pulmonary hemodynamic measurements were obtained from 7 experimentally infected, anesthetized dogs before and after hydralazine administration (mean dose, 1.96 mg/kg of body weight). Five dogs were maintained on room air, while 2 were maintained on 100% oxygen during the hydralazine study. The hemodynamic effect of hydralazine in dogs with hwd was evaluated, using heart rate, cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean arterial pressure, total pulmonary resistance, total systemic resistance, total systemic resistance/total pulmonary resistance, left ventricular dP/dtmax, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and left and right ventricular double products ([mean arterial pressure × heart rate] and [mean pulmonary artery pressure × heart rate], respectively). Responders were defined as those in which total pulmonary resistance decreased ≥ 20% without an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and in which heart rate increase was ≤ 10%. Comparison was also made between maximal hemodynamic effect of hydralazine with that after 100% oxygen administration for 15 minutes to previously normoxemic dogs (n = 5). Significance was determined if P < 0.05, using the paired t-test.
Hydralazine induced significant reductions in mean pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and total pulmonary resistance, with no significant change in heart rate, cardiac index, total systemic resistance, left ventricular dP/dtmax, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, or right and left ventricular double products. Four (57%) of the 7 dogs studied were considered responders. Pretreatment cardiac index, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and total pulmonary resistance did not allow differentiation of responders from nonresponders. However, pretreatment right ventricular end diastolic pressure was significandy less in responders than in nonresponders. Two dogs sustained hypotension after hydralazine administration, but no dogs had significant tachycardia. In dogs with experimentally induced hwd, treatment with hydralazine had significantly greater effect on cardiac index and mean pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures and resistance than did administration of 100% oxygen. These data indicate that further study of vasodilators for treatment of hwd-induced pulmonary hypertension may be warranted.
Use of a conductance catheter to assess the effect of endotoxemia on left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationships in anesthetized swine
Authors: Hellyer Peter W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of endotoxemia on left ventricular contractility and systemic hemodynamics were determined in pentobarbital-anesthetized swine. A multielectrode conductance (volume) catheter and a high-fidelity pressure transducer catheter were passed retrograde into the left ventricle to continuously measure pressure and volume. End-systolic pressure-volume relationships were determined during transient (8 to 10 s) caudal vena caval balloon occlusion. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered at a rate sufficient to maintain left ventricular end-diastolic pressure ≥ 6 mm of Hg. Following baseline measurements, Escherichia coli endotoxin (055-B5) was infused iv at 2.5 μg/kg of body weight/h for 3 hours. Left ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees), the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship; end-systolic elastance normalized for left ventricular end-diastolic volume (Ees norm); the rate of increase of left ventricular pressure (dP/dtmax); and preload recruitable stroke work (prsw, stroke work-to-end-diastolic volume relationship) did not change in endotoxemic swine, compared with baseline measurements or with values from control (physiologic saline solution-treated) swine. Left ventricular pressures and volumes had marked pig-to-pig variability in the control and endotoxin-treated groups. Determination of Ees, Ees norm, and prsw was further confounded by development of frequent premature ventricular contractions during caudal vena caval balloon occlusion. Endotoxin significantly (P < 0.05) decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, compared with that in control swine, and significantly (P < 0.01) decreased left ventricular end-diastolic volume, compared with baseline. Endotoxin decreased cardiac index and arterial blood pressure, whereas heart rate, central venous pressure, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased. Endotoxin did not decrease myocardial contractility, as measured by Ees, Ees norm dP/dtmax, or prsw in anesthetized swine.
Evaluation of a single oral dose of lufenuron to control flea infestations in dogs
Authors: Hink W. F. , Zakson M. , Barnett S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A single dose of lufenuron was administered to dogs to test its efficacy in controlling cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis) infestations for at least 30 days. Efficacy measurements revealed marked differences in the reproduction capability of fleas collected from dogs in the treatment vs the control group. Essentially, all of the eggs collected from dogs treated with lufenuron were unable to develop into normal adult fleas. Conversely, in the control group, 68.6% of the flea eggs developed into normal adult progeny.
Relation between body temperature and dexmedetomidine-induced minimum alveolar concentration and respiratory changes in isoflurane-anesthetized miniature swine
Authors: Vainio Outi M. , Bloor B. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Dexmedetomidine (dex), an α2-receptor agonist, is the pharmacologically active d-isomer of medetomidine, a compound used as a sedative in veterinary medicine. Isoflurane anesthetic requirement (minimum alveolar concentration; mac), rectal temperature, and cardiorespiratory variables were studied in chronically instrumented Yucatan miniature swine during dex (20 μg/kg of body weight)-induced changes in body temperature. All studies were performed at room temperature of 22 C. The dex was given as a 2-minute infusion into the left atrium. Each pig was studied twice. For protocol 1, the core temperature of the pigs was maintained at (mean ± SD) 38.2 ± 0.5 C by use of a thermostatically controlled water blanket and a heating lamp. For protocol 2, the core temperature was not externally manipulated and it decreased from 38.2 ± 0.4 C to 32.2 ± 1.2 C during the more than 3 hours of the protocol. Control isoflurane mac was 1.66 ± 0.2% and was 1.74 ± 0.3% for protocols 1 and 2, respectively; dex decreased mac by 34 and 44%, respectively. For protocol 1, reduction in mac after dex administration returned by 50 and 80% at 84 and 138 minutes, respectively. If rectal temperature was not maintained (eg, allowed to decrease), mac was reduced by 57% at the same time as the return to 80% in the swine with maintained body temperature. Respiratory rate and minute ventilation were significantly higher in swine with maintained temperature. The PaCO2, was lower and, accordingly, pH was higher in these swine. Blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by temperature changes.
Effect of acute infection with noncytopathic or cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates on bovine platelets
Authors: Bezek David M. , Gröhn Yrjö T. , Dubovi Edward J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A total of 21 calves were inoculated IV with 1 of the following isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); CD87 (n = 10), NY-1 (n = 3), NADL (n = 5), or were sham-inoculated with virus-free medium (n = 3). Subsequent to inoculation, platelet counts were monitored to detect differences between noncytopathic (CD87, NY-1) and cytopathic (NADL) isolates in their ability to induce thrombocytopenia. Platelet count decrease throughout infection was statistically analyzed by comparing the slope of the line drawn from the count on the day of infection to the lowest count achieved by that calf. Significant difference was observed in the CD87-inoculated calves and in the NY-1-inoculated calves, compared with those of the same control group. Significant difference was not observed in the slope of platelet count decrease between the cytopathic NADL-infected calves and control-group calves. The data indicate that noncytopathic BVDV isolates may more easily induce thrombocytopenia than do cytopathic isolates in immune-naive, immunocompetent calves; acute infection with 1 cytopathic BVDV isolate (NADL) did not induce thrombocytopenia. In addition, although each calf seroconverted, virus was rarely isolated from mononuclear cells obtained from calves with cytopathic infections. At some point after infection, virus was always isolated from each of the calves undergoing noncytopathic infections, and occasionally, transient association of noncytopathic BVDV antigen with platelets was observed during these infections.
Evaluation of immunoreactivity of normal tissues from dogs, using monoclonal antibody B72.3
Authors: Clemo F. A. S. , DeNicola D. B. , Zimmermann J. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Monoclonal antibody (MAB) B72.3, which recognizes human tumor-associated glycoprotein-72, has immunoreactivity for malignant epithelial neoplasms in human beings and dogs. To further characterize the range of immunoreactivity of MAB B72.3 in canine tissues, MAB B72.3 and 2 other tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 antibodies (MAB CC49 and CC83) were tested against a wide spectrum of normal tissues from dogs. Immunoreactivity was detected, using an avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase method. Monoclonal antibody B72.3 did not stain most types of normal canine tissues, but various types of epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract mucosae, salivary gland, esophagus, epididymis, uterus, thymus, hair follicle, and apocrine glands of the anal sac had variable staining with MAB B72.3. A similar range of immunoreactivity in comparable types of normal tissues was seen for MAB CC49 and CC83; however, MAB CC49, but not MAB B72.3 and CC83, stained the endothelium of capillaries and small vessels in most normal tissues. Staining of frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues was similar. In conclusion, we found that MAB B72.3, CC49, and CC83 had selected immunoreactivity for specific types of normal canine epithelial cells, especially those involved with mucin production.