bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleavage at the Furin Consensus Sequence RAR/KR
109
and Presence of the Intervening Peptide of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Are Dispensable for Virus Replication in Cell Culture
Authors: Zimmer Gert , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus , Herrler Georg 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

Proteolytic processing of the respiratory syncytial virus F (fusion) protein results in the generation of the disulfide-linked subunits F1 and F2 and in the release of pep27, a glycopeptide originally located between the two furin cleavage sites FCS-1 (RKRR
136
) and FCS-2 (RAR/KR
109
). We made use of reverse genetics to study the importance of FCS-2 and of pep27 for BRSV replication in cell culture. Replacement of FCS-2 in the F protein of recombinant viruses by either of the sequences NANR
109
, RANN
109
or SANN
109
, respectively, abolished proteolytic processing at this position, whereas the cleavage of FCS-1 was not affected. All mutants replicated in calf kidney and Vero cells in the absence of exogenous trypsin, although somewhat higher titers of BRSV containing the NANR
109
or the RANN
109
motif were achieved in the presence of trypsin. The virus mutants showed a reduced cytopathic effect which was lowest in the case of the SANN
109
mutant. These findings demonstrate that cleavage at FCS-2 is dispensable for replication of respiratory syncytial virus in cell culture. A deletion mutant containing FCS-1 but lacking FCS-2 and most of pep27 replicated in cell culture as efficiently as the parental virus, indicating that this domain of the F protein is not essential for virus maturation and infectivity.
Roles for the Cytoplasmic Tails of the Fusion and Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Proteins in Budding of the Paramyxovirus Simian Virus 5
Authors: Waning David L. , Schmitt Anthony P. , Leser George P. , Lamb Robert A. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThe efficient release of many enveloped viruses from cells involves the coalescence of viral components at sites of budding on the plasma membrane of infected cells. This coalescence is believed to require interactions between the cytoplasmic tails of surface glycoproteins and the matrix (M) protein. For the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5), the cytoplasmic tail of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein has been shown previously to be important for normal virus budding. To investigate a role for the cytoplasmic tail of the fusion (F) protein in virus assembly and budding, we generated a series of F cytoplasmic tail-truncated recombinant viruses. Analysis of these viruses in tissue culture indicated that the cytoplasmic tail of the F protein was dispensable for normal virus replication and budding. To investigate further the requirements for assembly and budding of SV5, we generated two double-mutant recombinant viruses that lack 8 amino acids of the predicted 17-amino-acid HN protein cytoplasmic tail in combination with truncation of either 10 or 18 amino acids from the predicted 20-amino-acid F protein cytoplasmic tail. Both of the double mutant recombinant viruses displayed a replication defect in tissue culture and a budding defect, the extent of which was dependant on the length of the remaining F cytoplasmic tail. Taken together, this work and our earlier data on virus-like particle formation (A. P. Schmitt, G. P. Leser, D. L. Waning, and R. A. Lamb, J. Virol. 76:3953-3964, 2002) suggest a redundant role for the cytoplasmic tails of the HN and F proteins in virus assembly and budding.
Interaction of Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particles and Cells: a Model System for Studying Viral Binding and Entry
Authors: Triyatni Miriam , Saunier Bertrand , Maruvada Padma , Davis Anthony R. , Ulianich Luca , Heller Theo , Patel Arvind , Kohn Leonard D. , Liang T. Jake 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis C virus-like particles (HCV-LPs) containing the structural proteins of HCV H77 strain (1a genotype) was used as a model for HCV virion to study virus-cell interaction. HCV-LPs showed a buoyant density of 1.17 to 1.22 g/cm
3
in a sucrose gradient and formed double-shelled particles 35 to 49 nm in diameter. Flow cytometry analysis by an indirect method (detection with anti-E2 antibody) and a direct method (use of dye-labeled HCV-LPs) showed that HCV-LPs binds to several human hepatic (primary hepatocytes, HepG2, HuH7, and NKNT-3) and T-cell (Molt-4) lines. HCV-LPs binding to cells occurred in a dose- and calcium-dependent manner and was not mediated by CD81. Scatchard plot analysis suggests the presence of two binding sites for HCV-LPs with high (

K
d

∼1 μg/ml) and low (

K
d

∼50 to 60 μg/ml) affinities of binding. Anti-E1 and -E2 antibodies inhibited HCV-LPs binding to cells. While preincubation of HCV-LPs with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) blocked its binding to cells, preincubation of cells with VLDL, LDL, HDL, or anti-LDL-R antibody did not. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that, after binding to cells, dye-labeled HCV-LPs were internalized into the cytoplasm. This process could be inhibited with anti-E1 or anti-E2 antibodies, suggesting that E1 and E2 proteins mediate HCV-LPs binding and, subsequently, their entry into cells. Altogether, our results indicate that HCV-LPs can be used to further characterize the mechanisms involved in the early steps of HCV infection.
Signals That Dictate Nuclear, Nucleolar, and Cytoplasmic Shuttling of the γ
1
34.5 Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1
Authors: Cheng Guofeng , Brett Marie-Elena , He Bin 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT

The γ
1
34.5 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is required for viral neurovirulence in vivo. In infected cells, this viral protein prevents the shutoff of protein synthesis mediated by double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR. This is accomplished by recruiting protein phosphatase 1 to dephosphorylate the α subunit of translation initiation factor eIF-2 (eIF-2α). Moreover, the γ
1
34.5 protein is implicated in viral egress and interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In this report, we show that the γ
1
34.5 protein encoded by HSV-1(F) is distributed in the nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm in transfected or superinfected cells. Deletion analysis revealed that the Arg-rich cluster from amino acids 1 to 16 in the γ
1
34.5 protein functions as a nucleolar localization signal. The region from amino acids 208 to 236, containing a bipartite basic amino acid cluster, is able to mediate nuclear localization. R
215
A and R
216
A substitutions in the bipartite motif disrupt this activity. Intriguingly, leptomycin B, an inhibitor of nuclear export, blocks the cytoplasmic accumulation of the γ
1
34.5 protein. L
134
A and L
136
A substitutions in the leucine-rich motif completely excluded the γ
1
34.5 protein from the cytoplasm. These results suggest that the γ
1
34.5 protein continuously shuttles between the nucleus, nucleolus, and cytoplasm, which may be a requirement for the different activities of the γ
1
34.5 protein in virus-infected cells.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is a Cellular Partner of Rotavirus NSP1
Authors: Graff Joel W. , Mitzel Dana N. , Weisend Carla M. , Flenniken Michelle L. , Hardy Michele E. 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACTThe rotavirus nonstructural protein NSP1 is the least conserved protein in the rotavirus genome, and its function in the replication cycle is not known. We employed NSP1 as bait in the yeast two-hybrid interaction trap to identify candidate cellular partners of NSP1 that may provide clues to its function. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) was identified as an NSP1 interactor. NSP1 synthesized in rotavirus-infected cells bound IRF-3 in a glutathioneS-transferase pull-down assay, indicating that the interaction was not unique to the two-hybrid system. NSP1 of murine rotavirus strain EW also interacted with IRF-3. NSP1 deletion and point mutants were constructed to map domains important in the interaction between NSP1 and IRF-3. The data suggest that a binding domain resides in the C terminus of NSP1 and that the N-terminal conserved zinc finger is important but not sufficient to mediate binding to IRF-3. We predict that a role for NSP1 in rotavirus-infected cells is to inhibit activation of IRF-3 and diminish the cellular interferon response.
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A Regulates c-Jun Protein through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
Authors: Chen Shao-Yin , Lu Jean , Shih Yin-Chu , Tsai Ching-Hwa 
Published: October 2002

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is widely expressed in both EBV-infected cells and EBV-associated malignancies. However, the function of LMP2A is still veiled. In this study, LMP2A was found to induce the kinase activities of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase JNK/SAPK. Furthermore, the downstream effector c-Jun showed hyperphosphorylation under LMP2A expression. The phosphorylation could be inhibited by the ERK pathway inhibitor PD98059, indicating that ERK may contribute to the phosphorylation of c-Jun in LMP2A-expressing cells. The impact on c-Jun phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is suggested to increase c-Jun protein stability, and this was also observed in LMP2A-expressing cells by a protein synthesis inhibition assay. Moreover, LMP2A-induced cell invasion was inhibited in the presence of the ERK pathway inhibitor. Taken together, we suggest that LMP2A may exploit MAPK kinases and affect both the phosphorylation and stability of c-Jun protein. Additionally, LMP2A may thereby promote the mobility of the cells. In doing so, it may enhance the mobility of EBV-infected cells and contribute to the metastatic process of malignant cells. Here we demonstrated the first evidence of LMP2A-induced migration and the underlying pathways accounting for it.
A prospective study of injuries to elite Australian rugby union players
Authors: Bathgate A , Best J P , Craig G , Jamieson M 
Published: October 2002

Objectives: To assess injury patterns and incidence in the Australian Wallabies rugby union players from 1994 to 2000. To compare these patterns and rates with those seen at other levels of play, and to see how they have changed since the beginning of the professional era.Methods: Prospective data were recorded from 1994 to 2000. All injuries to Australian Wallabies rugby union players were recorded by the team doctor. An injury was defined as one that forced a player to either leave the field or miss a subsequent game.Results: A total of 143 injuries were recorded from 91 matches. The overall injury rate was 69/1000 player hours of game play. The injury rates in the periods before (1994–1995) and after (1996–2000) the start of the professional era were 47/1000 player hours and 74/1000 player hours respectively. The lock was the most injured forward, and the number 10 the most injured back. Most injuries were soft tissue, closed injuries (55%), with the head being the most commonly injured region (25.1%). The phase of play responsible for most injuries was the tackle (58.7%). Injuries were more likely to occur in the second half of the game, specifically the third quarter (40%). The vast majority of injuries were acute (90%), with the remainder being either chronic or recurrent.Conclusions: Injury rate increases at higher levels of play in rugby union. Injury rates have increased in the professional era. Most injuries are now seen in the third quarter of the game, a finding that may reflect new substitution laws. There is a need for standardised collection of injury data in rugby union.
Injuries in Australian cricket at first class level 1995/1996 to 2000/2001
Authors: Orchard J , James T , Alcott E , Carter S , Farhart P 
Published: October 2002

Objective: To describe and analyse injuries and illness occurring in Australian cricket at first class level.Methods: Injuries occurring to the state and national teams were surveyed prospectively between the seasons 1998/1999 and 2000/2001, and the three preceding seasons were surveyed retrospectively. The definition of an injury was detailed and generally required the player to miss playing time in a major match.Results: Average injury match incidence in the seasons studied prospectively varied from a low of 19.0 injuries per 10 000 player hours in first class domestic matches to a high of 38.5 injuries per 10 000 player hours in one day internationals. The average seasonal incidence was 19.2 injuries per squad (25 players) per season (20 matches). Injury prevalence (the percentage of players missing through injury at any given time) was 14% for pace bowlers, 4% for spin bowlers, 4% for batsmen, and 2% for wicket keepers. The most common injuries were hamstring strains, side strains, groin injuries, wrist and hand injuries, and lumbar soft tissue injuries. Bowlers who had bowled more than 20 match overs in the week leading up to a match had an increased risk of sustaining a bowling injury (risk ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28 to 2.85). A further risk for bowling injury is bowling second in a match—that is, batting first (risk ratio 1.62, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.50). A risk factor for injury in fielding is colliding with the boundary fence.Conclusions: Further study is required to determine ways to minimise the risk of injury in fast bowlers. Cricket grounds should mark a boundary line on the playing field to prevent players colliding with fences in the field.
Inferior capsular shift operation for multidirectional instability of the shoulder in players of contact sports
Authors: Choi C-H , Ogilvie-Harris D J 
Published: October 2002

Objectives: To assess the results of inferior capsular shift for multidirectional instability of the shoulder in athletes.Methods: Multidirectional instability was surgically corrected in 53 shoulders in 47 athletes who engaged in contact sports. A history of major trauma was found in eight patients, the others having had minor episodes. Before surgery, all patients had complex combinations of instabilities. The surgical approach was selected according to the predominant direction of instability.Results: Anterior inferior capsular shift was carried out in 37 shoulders, and anterior dislocation recurred in three. In one of these, it was anterior alone, one was anterior and inferior, and one was unstable in all three directions. After posterior inferior capsular shift in 16 shoulders, one dislocation occurred anteriorly and one posteriorly. With the anterior approach, four athletes could not return to sport. Two patients treated with the posterior approach could not return to sport. Of these six failures, five patients had had bilateral repairs. Successful repair based on the criteria of the American Shoulder and Elbow Association was achieved in 92% of anterior repairs and 81% of posterior repairs. Successful return to sport was noted in 82% of patients with anterior repairs, 75% with posterior repairs, and 17% with bilateral repairs. Overall, there were five subsequent dislocations, three in the anterior repair group (8%), and two in the posterior repair group (12%).Conclusions: Inferior capsular shift can successfully correct multidirectional instability in most players of contact sports, but the results in bilateral cases are poor.
Effectiveness of toughened glassware in terms of reducing injury in bars: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Warburton Alison L , Shepherd Jonathan P 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effectiveness, in terms of injury prevention, of toughened pint glassware in bars.Design—Randomised controlled trial.Setting—A random sample of 57 bars in South Wales, West Midlands, and West of England.Subjects—A total of 1229 bar workers.Intervention—Complete replacement of pint glasses with annealed (control) or toughened (intervention) glassware.Main outcome measures—Bar staff injuries recorded monthly: number, site, and severity (lifestyle impact; treatment need) of injuries.Results—Ninety eight bar staff experienced 115 injuries: 43 in the control group, 72 in the intervention group. Adjusting for people at risk gave a relative risk (RR) of 1.48 (confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 2.15). Similarly, adjusting for hours worked gave RR 1.57 (CI 1.08 to 2.29). Thus, injury rate was 60% higher in the intervention group (p<0.05), with no significant difference in severity. Most were hand injuries requiring first aid. Injuries tended to occur simultaneously in more than one body part in the intervention group, reportedly caused by spontaneous disintegration of toughened glassware. Impact resistance testing showed the energy required to break annealed glass (1.8 ± 0.2 J) was greater than that for toughened glass (1.4 ± 0.2 J), though the difference was not significant.Conclusions—Glass with lower impact resistance caused more injuries. “Toughened” glassware had lower impact resistance. Standards for toughening need to be developed.
Youth injury data in the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program: do they represent the Canadian experience?
Authors: Pickett William , Brison Robert J , Mackenzie Susan G , Garner Michael , King Matthew A , Greenberg T Lawson , Boyce William F 
Published: October 2002

Objective—Injuries to Canadian youth (11–15 years) identified from a population based health survey (World Health Organization—Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Survey, or WHO-HBSC) were compared with youth injuries from a national, emergency department based surveillance system. Comparisons focused on external causes of injury, and examined whether similar rankings of injury patterns and hence priorities for intervention were identified by the different systems.Setting—The Canadian version of the WHO-HBSC was conducted in 1998. The Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) is the national, emergency room based, surveillance program. Two hospitals involved in CHIRPP collectively provide population based data for Kingston, Ontario.Method—Numbers of injuries selected for study varied by data source: WHO-HBSC (n=3673); CHIRPP (n=20 133); Kingston CHIRPP (n=1944). WHO-HBSC and Kingston CHIRPP records were coded according to four variables in the draft International Classification of External Causes of Injury. Existing CHIRPP codes were available to compare Kingston and other CHIRPP data by five variables. Males and females in the three datasets were ranked according to the external causes. Data classified by source and sex were compared using Spearman's rank correlation statistic.Results—Rank orders of four variables describing external causes were remarkably similar between the WHO-HBSC and Kingston CHIRPP (ρ>0.78 p<0.004) for mechanism, object, location, and activity). The Kingston and other CHIRPP data were also similar (ρ>0.87; p<0.001) for the variables available to describe external causes of injury (including intent).Conclusion—The two subsets of the CHIRPP data and the WHO-HBSC data identified similar priorities for injury prevention among young people. These findings indicate that CHIRPP may be representative of general youth injury patterns in Canada. Our study provides a novel and practical model for the validation of injury surveillance programs.
Injuries in child care centers: gender-environment interactions
Authors: Alkon Abbey , Ragland David R , Tschann Jeanne M , Genevro Janice L , Kaiser Pamela , Boyce W Thomas 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To examine child characteristics (age, gender) and child care center environments (socioemotional quality, physical safety) that jointly predict injuries for preschool children.Methods—A two year prospective study of 360 preschool children, ages 2–6 years, was conducted in four urban child care centers. Composite scores for center quality and physical safety were derived from on-site observations, and injury rates were based on teacher reports. Poisson regression analyses examined age, gender, center quality, center safety, and the interactions of gender with quality and safety as predictors of injury incidence over one child year.Results—Age was significantly associated with injury rates, with younger children sustaining higher rates. An interaction between gender and center quality also significantly predicted injury incidence: girls in low quality centers experienced more injuries, while girls in high quality centers sustained fewer injuries than their male peers. Finally, an interaction between gender and center safety showed that girls in high safety centers sustained more injuries than boys, while girls in low safety centers sustained fewer injuries.Conclusions—Injuries occur even in relatively safe environments, suggesting that in child care settings, the socioemotional context may contribute, along with physical safety, to the incidence of injury events. Further, gender specific differences in susceptibility to environmental influences may also affect children's vulnerability and risks of injuries. The prevention of injuries among preschool children may thus require attention to and modifications of both the physical and socioemotional environments of child care.
Maternal reports of child injuries in Canada: trends and patterns by age and gender
Authors: Kohen Dafna E , Soubhi Hassan , Raina Parminder 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—This study examines gender and age differences in maternal reports of injuries in a cross sectional group of children aged 0–11 years. The cause, nature, body part injured, and location of injury are explored, as are the associations with family socioeconomic indicators and associations with limitations in activities.Methods—Data for 22 831 children and their families come from cycle 1 of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth collected in 1995. Descriptive analyses and χ2tests for trends are used to examine injury variations by child gender and age. Logistic regressions are used to examine the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and injury and the associations between injury and limitations in activities.Results—Consistent with findings from hospital data, boys experience more injuries than girls, and injuries increase with child age. Falls are the most common sources of maternally reported injuries, followed by scalds/poisonings for young children and sports injuries for school aged children. The majority of injuries occur in or around the home for young children, but at school for older children. For maternal reports of childhood injuries, single marital status is a risk factor for boys.Conclusions—Maternally reported injuries occur in 10% of Canadian children and many of these are associated with limitations in activities. Preventative strategies should take both child age and gender into consideration.
Injuries associated with falls from beds: Figure 1
Authors: Macgregor D M 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To assess the severity of injuries due to falls from upper bunks and lower beds and cots, and to ascertain the age group most at risk of such injuries.Setting—The accident and emergency (A&E) department in the Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital which has the only paediatric A&E department in the north east of Scotland, serving a catchment area of over half a million people.Methods—All children attending with an injury sustained due to a fall from a bed or top bunk over five months had their case notes reviewed by the author.Results—Eighty five children were identified, a majority of whom were reported to have fallen out of bed while sleeping. Twenty five sustained a fracture, 27 a head injury, 12 a laceration requiring treatment, and 21 sustained a soft tissue injury to a limb. Fourteen (16%) required admission. Sixty six (78%) of the injuries occurred in children under the age of 6 years.Conclusion—These results show a higher incidence of significant injury than previously reported, and demonstrate the inadvisability of letting children under the age of 6 years sleep in upper bunks. In an attempt to make parents more aware of the risks it is recommended that these dangers should be brought to public attention.