bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying the HEI to Multiple Levels of the Food Stream
Authors: Krebs‐Smith Susan M. , Reedy Jill , Schap TusaRebecca E. , Subar Amy F. , Wilson Magdalena M. 
Published: November 2023

An individual's food choices are influenced by a myriad of contextual factors, including what types of food are available to them where they live, work, and shop. Food availability, in turn, is influenced by many social, economic and other forces acting at multiple levels. The food stream refers to the flow of foods from agricultural production, through processing and distribution channels, to the food that ends up on our plates. Characterizing the quality of foods available at all “levels” along the food stream allows researchers to develop a better understanding of influences on consumer behavior.The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is a measure of diet quality, independent of quantity, which can be used to assess compliance with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The HEI is a valuable tool for characterizing quality of foods across levels of the food stream because it employs a universal set of standards which are density‐based. This presentation will demonstrate the application of the HEI to foods available, offered, sold, or consumed from various levels of the food stream. Levels vary widely in the overall diet quality and in the patterns of dietary quality, as shown by radar graphs. For example, typical grocery basket purchases generally receive higher scores on overall diet quality than the set of foods marketed through grocery store circulars, yet the pattern of HEI component scores for grocery baskets revealed lower quality scores for total protein foods and refined grains than the grocery store circulars.The benefits of using the same index across multiple levels of the food stream can be realized with the HEI, especially if the requisite supporting databases are made available. Collectively, such studies could add to our understanding of the food stream, the influence of different levels on food available to consumers, and the potential impact of environmental and policy changes at each level.
Tailored nutrition intervention based on the transtheoretical model using technology convergence :application in child obesity prevention and management program
Authors: Hwang Ji‐Yun , Lee Ji Eun 
Published: November 2023

The available technology such as smartphone applications (apps) and websites can be used to improve and intervene eating behaviors and food choices for obesity prevention and management in children although it is also thought to be a contributor to the obesity epidemic. Easy access to intervention and support with self‐monitoring of behaviors is important for obesity management. This study is to develop nutrition contents of apps aimed at modifying key nutrition and eating behaviors related to weight gain in young children including consumption of fruit and vegetables, sugar‐sweetened drinks, fast food, and snacks. The developmental process involved selecting and deciding on key theories of behavioral changes, collecting relevant guidelines, textbook contents, and educational materials, and developing nutrition messages based on transtheoretical models and educational contents for caregivers and teachers. Based on each stage of transtheoretical model and current eating pattern, 3,261 feedback massages for apps and 60 nutrition contents for website were developed. Qualitative feedback about feedback messages for apps and contents for websites was also obtained by teachers and professionals and quality control and regular updates were found to be main concerns for long‐term and effective use. Smartphone apps may be an innovative medium to deliver brief eating behavior changes directly to individuals, with potentially favorable cost‐effectiveness.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the Civil research projects for solving social problems through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (NRF‐2014M3C8A2A01070970).
Using university students for collecting population‐based diet records in urban and rural Mongolia
Authors: Choi Jeannie , Bromage Sabri , Ganmaa Davaasambuu 
Published: November 2023

Study objectiveThe objective of this study was to assess food intake and dietary quality of healthy adults across the geographic and seasonal expanse of Mongolia using 3‐day weighed diet records collected by trained local medical and public health students.BackgroundImplementation of conventional dietary assessment tools, often designed for highly literate and technologically advanced societies, can pose challenges for developing nations. Despite these challenges, nationally‐representative dietary assessment in developing nations is of utmost importance in evaluating food security, informing nutrition policy, and improving disparities. Improving nutrition in Mongolia, which faces the highest rates of age‐standardized mortality attributable to dietary risks, will require accurate measurements of national dietary intake data which have until recently been unavailable.MethodsWe trained over 200 local medical and public health students in Mongolia to collect dietary data using a locally‐developed 3‐day weighed diet record protocol. Students were trained in a classroom setting which included a didactic and hands‐on component, and were supervised in the field. After data collection, records were electronically‐transcribed, and foods condensed to form a smaller set of food groups, mean consumption of which was calculated for different seasonal, regional, and gender strata of the study population. Metrics of dietary diversity were calculated and compared statistically across strata.ResultsWe find evidence of significant geographic, seasonal, and gender‐based trends in food group consumption and dietary diversity that warrant serious reconsideration of the country's national nutrition strategy.ConclusionsUse of trained medical and public health students provided an extremely cost‐effective approach for collecting prospective diet records at epidemiological scale in a limited‐resource setting where they would otherwise be infeasible. The results gleaned from our study have important implications in the larger context of Mongolia's recent experience of economic recession, urbanization, and climate change, and will suggest future directions for compilation of local food composition data, nutritional analysis of diet, and development of a multi‐nutrient food fortification strategy for ensuring adequate micronutrition across the country.Support or Funding InformationCurrent operating budget includes funds from: World Health Organization Sight and Life; Harvard School of Public Health Nutrition Round Table; SB was supported in part by NIH grant 5T32ES007069; Past funders: Millennium Challenge Corporation; Vitamin D Society
Dietary compensation in randomized nutrition trials: Can we identify and adjust?
Authors: Carpenter Catherine L , Robbins Wendie , Henning Susanne M 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundNutrition, an essential lifestyle factor that influences health and development of disease, exhibits several methodologic shortcomings in analyses of health‐related parameters. Human nutrition studies range from ecologic assessments to large‐scale multi‐center randomized trials, with randomized trials considered the most informative. Dietary compensation, a common methodologic factor that influences all nutrition trials, can be described as underlying changes in dietary consumption patterns resulting from administration of nutritional interventions. Randomized trials that compare nutritional supplementation in one group to usual diet in another are fairly common. Unless the study is conducted in a controlled in‐patient hospital setting, the addition of nutrients to an underlying diet may result in changes to the underlying diet. Effects resulting from nutritional supplementation may therefore be confounded by underlying dietary changes from consumption of other foods that occur in addition to changes from the nutritional intervention.Aims and MethodsTo assess dietary compensation, we utilized data from a previous three‐month phase II randomized controlled trial that was conducted on 117 young adult men attending a major university. The intervention group received 75 grams of whole‐shelled walnuts per day compared to controls who avoided tree nuts. Both groups consumed an ad libitum diet. We primarily determined whether walnut supplementation would affect male fertility parameters. To assess whether compensation was occurring, we conducted 24‐hour recalls every 2 weeks using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) ASA24 (Automated‐Self‐Administered 24‐hour Recall) assessment.ResultsWeight gain is one potential type of compensation that occurs in many trials with supplementation. Results indicate that men in the walnut group did not gain weight compared to the control group (p=0.90). The walnut supplementation group, by consuming 75 grams of walnuts, received almost 500 additional calories per day, suggesting that if weight remained constant, some compensation occurred in the walnut group. However when we assessed compensation patterns utilizing a modified repeated measures analysis of variance model, almost all nutrient patterns did not significantly differ between the intervention compared to the control group. Total fat compensation, marginally significantly different between intervention and control, was added as a covariate to the main effect model.ConclusionThe method we developed for dietary compensation in the walnut supplementation and male fertility trial enabled us to identify dietary compensation and adjust for potential influences from dietary compensation.Support or Funding InformationCalifornia Walnut Commission
A Unique Harmonization Approach to the Construction of a Database Assessing Prenatal Consumption of Total Flavonoids and Flavonoid Classes in U.S. Multiethnic Pregnant Women
Authors: Ganguri Harish B , Brunst Kelly , Wright Rosalind J , Kannan Srimathi 
Published: November 2023

Flavonoids with established antioxidant activities and anti‐inflammatory effects may influence epigenetic mechanisms which may have implications for fetal development. Data on flavonoid intakes in pregnant women are sparse. Utilizing the (2014) Expanded USDA Flavonoids Database, and based on PRISM (Programming of Intergenerational Stress Mechanisms), a prospective multiethnic pregnancy cohort (n= 492; 36% White, 26% Blacks, 30% Hispanic, 8% other/mixed), total flavonoid intakes and specific sub‐classes were ascertained using Block98 FFQ. In addition, two 24‐hr dietary recalls (24hrDR) with the USDA Automated Multiple Pass Method (AMPM) were collected. A Block98 FFQ tailored flavonoid database was constructed quantifying six classes (anthocyanidins, flavan‐3‐ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, and isoflavones) in fresh fruits and vegetables, and juices. Specifically, appropriate data (food/beverage item, description, processing) were retrieved from 24hrDR (n=42×2 days). Multiple foods within single line items on the FFQ were disaggregated, study‐specific food item weights were generated, matched to the item description in the recall, and supplemented with FNDDS population weights, literature values and market research data. Appropriate nutrient databank (NDB) codes were assigned, analytical values for corresponding food items were extracted from the USDA Database, and the PRISM database with total flavonoids and the six classes was finalized for validation, and modeling and applications assessing maternal and child health endpoints. We constructed a unique culturally relevant flavonoids database by harmonizing with study‐population‐specific weights as compared to general‐population‐weighting in other studies, thereby enabling the use of this database in epidemiological studies examining health outcomes in diverse multi‐ethnic prenatal populations.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) under Grant R21ES021318‐02; and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute under Grant R01HL095606‐04.
Vitamin D Status and Obesity in Kuwaiti Children: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Al‐Lahou Badreya , Al‐Zenki Sameer , Booth Sarah , Jamil Kazi , Al‐Hamad Nawal , Ausman Lynne , Zhang Fang Fang 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundPrevious studies suggest a potential link between vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity. Children in Kuwait are experiencing a rapid increase in obesity rate. Vitamin D status has not been investigated at the national level in Kuwaiti children. The objective of this study was to provide the first‐line evidence on vitamin D status in a nationally representative sample of Kuwaiti children and its association with weight status.MethodsData collected from 461 children aged 5 to 19 year‐old in the first National Nutrition Survey of the State of Kuwait 2008–2009 were examined. Fasting serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was determined by immunoassay. Children's weight and height were measured in survey clinics. Associations between vitamin D status and prevalence of obesity were examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, sex, total caloric intake, physical activity, and season of blood draw. Sampling weights were adjusted in all analyses.ResultsMean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 33.8 (SE=1.2) nmol/L. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D<30 nmol/L] and insufficiency (25(OH)D= 30–49.9 nmol/L) were 42.1% and 45.2%, respectively. Girls had a significantly lower serum 25(OH)D concentration than boys (30.9 vs. 36.0 nmol/L, p <0.01). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was positively associated with family income and physical activity, and negatively associated with age (all P values <0.05). More than one‐third of the children were overweight (BMI=85–94.9th percentile) (15.9%) or obese (BMI ≥ 95th percentile) (22.4%). Compared to children with adequate vitamin D status, those with vitamin D insufficiency (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 0.72–2.74) or deficiency (OR=1.61, 95% CI: 0.73–3.54) had a higher prevalence of being overweight/obese but associations were not statistically significance.ConclusionsKuwaiti children experience a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. The findings reinforce the need of identifying practical ways to improve vitamin D status in Kuwaiti children.
I'll Take that To‐Go: Eating On‐the‐Run in College Freshmen
Authors: Mayra Selicia , van Woerden Irene , Bruening Meg 
Published: November 2023

OBJECTIVETo assess, based on gender, the prevalence of eating on‐the‐run and its relationship to eating behaviors, and weight status among college freshmen attending a large, public university in the Southwest region of the U.S.METHODSCollege freshmen (n=1078; 64% female; 52% non‐white) residing in campus dormitories completed a cross‐sectional survey during the fall semester of 2015 as part of SPARC (Social impact of Physical Activity and nutRition in College), a larger, longitudinal study. Mixed effects logistic regression models examined the relationship between gender and eating on‐the‐run, and eating on‐the‐run and eating behaviors and weight status, adjusting for sociodemographics, and clustering of students within dorms. Interactions by gender were assessed.RESULTSThe overall prevalence of eating‐on‐the run was 44%. In general, females were more likely than males to report eating on‐the‐run (51% vs. 33%, respectively; p<0.001). In unadjusted models, students who ate on‐the‐run were significantly less likely to eat at on‐campus dining halls, eat breakfast or evening meals, and were significantly more likely to spend less time over breakfast and lunch (p<0.05). In adjusted models, eating‐on‐the‐run was significantly associated with less time spent at over breakfast (OR=0.6, 95% CI: 0.5–0.8), and lunch (OR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–1.0), and lower odds of eating an evening meal regularly (OR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.5–0.9). Overweight/obese weight status was not significantly associated with eating on‐the‐run. For breakfast and fast food consumption, we observed a significant interaction between gender and a tendency to eat on‐the‐run (p<0.01).CONCLUSIONSAlmost half of the college freshmen in this sample reported eating on‐the‐run, and differences were observed by gender. Gender‐specific strategies are needed to better understand how a tendency to eat on‐the‐run can influence energy imbalance in this population. Longitudinal research is needed to understand how eating on‐the‐run may impact eating behaviors and weight over time.Support or Funding InformationThe Social impact of Physical Activity and nutRition in College study (project number: 1DP5OD017910‐01; PI: Bruening) was funded by the Office of the Director and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research of NIH. Content expressed herein are the sole responsibility of the authors, and may not reflect official views held by the NIH.
Association of Single Serving Frozen Meals with Energy Intakes at Meals and for the Entire Day in U.S. Adults: NHANES 2001–2012
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Agarwal Sanjiv , Riemers Kristin J 
Published: November 2023

The efficacy of portion‐controlled single serving meals for weight reduction has been demonstrated repeatedly. Most studies have focused on meals specifically designed for weight reduction, which consumers might identify as “diet meals.” We hypothesize that the energy reduction benefit of single serving meals extends beyond meals targeting weight loss to include most single serving frozen meals (SSFM) consumed by U.S. adults. To explore this hypothesis, the association of SSFM consumption with energy intake was examined in adults (19+ yrs; n=29,684) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2012. SSFM consumers were defined as those consuming any SSFM (n=409) during the first dietary recall. Additionally, a subgroup (SSFM75) was defined as those consuming SSFM at <75th percentile for calories, <443 kcal (n=294). This subgroup represents SSFM that would be most useful for energy reduction through meal replacement by excluding those meals specifically developed for those with hearty appetites seeking large portion size. Non‐consumers were defined as those not consuming any SSFM, and a subset of non‐consumers were defined as those who consumed dinner at home (DAH), to reduce confounding by restaurant meals. Regression analyses were performed and adjusted means ± standard errors were determined with covariates: age, gender, ethnicity, poverty income ratio, physical activity level, smoking status, and alcohol intake using sample weights and assigning P<0.05 as significant. SSFM consumers and the SSFM75 subgroup were more likely to be older, female, non‐Hispanic White, and less likely to be Mexican American. Dinner was the most popular meal time occasion for SSFM consumption (about 60% intake). SSFM consumers consumed similar daily calories (−41 kcal/d, P=0.3471) and the SSFM75 consumed 161 kcal/d less (P=0.0013) than non‐consumers. When compared to non‐consumers‐DAH, these relationships remained (SSFM consumers −42 kcal, P=0.3410 and SSFM75 −162 kcal, P=0.0014). When meal occasions were examined, the lunch meal energy intake of SSFM consumers showed no difference (−17 kcal, P=0.5614), but lunch energy was significantly lower for SSFM75 (−105 kcal, P=0.0028) compared to non‐consumers. Moreover, dinner energy for both SSFM and SSFM75 consumers was lower than that of non‐consumers (−102 kcal, P=0.0011 and −198 kcal, P<0.0001, respectively). The results suggest that SSFM, especially those that contain less than 450 calories, are associated with reduced daily energy intake. The impact of SSFM may be greatest when replacing the dinner meal. Commercially available SSFM offer an underutilized resource to help consumers lower their energy intake to achieve and maintain healthy weight.Support or Funding InformationSupport provided by ConAgra Foods.
Tryptophan intake and its relationship to depression and sleep outcomes in the US adults
Authors: Agarwal Sanjiv , Lieberman Harris R , Fulgoni Victor L 
Published: November 2023

Tryptophan is an indispensable amino acid which serves as a precursor for the neurotransmitter serotonin and other molecules of functional significance including niacin and melatonin; and is believed to participate in regulation of circadian rhythms. Intake of tryptophan, and its relationships with behavioral and sleep outcomes was examined in a representative sample of US adult population (N = 29,687; age 19 years and older) using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2012. Tryptophan intakes were estimated by obtaining amino acid data from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference data files. Individual usual intake (habitual intake) of tryptophan was determined using the National Cancer Institute method for estimating intake of a single dietary component. Sleep and depression related outcomes were assessed using questionnaires. For depression, a nine‐item validated screening instrument assessing symptoms of depression, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9), was administered. Data were adjusted for demographic factors and protein intake, and P‐value for trend (P < 0.05) was determined across deciles of intake. Mean individual usual intake of tryptophan was 826 ± 3 mg/d (977 ± 6 mg/d for male and 679 ± 4 mg/d for female) among US adults (age 19 years and older); several fold higher than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of 4 mg/kg/d for adults (~280 mg/d for a 70 kg adult). Usual intake of tryptophan was inversely associated with self‐reported level of depression measured by raw PHQ‐9 score (0–27; β = −0.099; P = 0.0017) and by computed level (1=no depression; 5=severe depression; β = −0.018; P = 0.0029). Tryptophan intake was positively associated with self‐reported sleep duration (β = 0.024; P=0.0184). In conclusion tryptophan intake has small but significant positive effects on self‐reported level of depression and sleep in adults. Views expressed here are those of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the US Army, Department of Defense, or US Government.Support or Funding InformationDoD/MRMC