bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of postexercise carbohydrate supplementation on muscle glycogen repletion in trained sled dogs
Authors: Reynolds A. J. , Carey D. P. , Reinhart G. A. , Swenson R.A. , Kallfelz F. A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the effect of immediate postexercise carbohydrate supplementation on muscle glycogen (MG) repletion during the first 4 hours of recovery in sled dogs.

Animals
24 Alaskan Huskies.

Procedure
Dogs were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, and a muscle biopsy specimen was obtained 1 hour before and immediately (group A) or 4 hours (groups B and C) after a 30-km run. Immediately after exercise, dogs in group A and group C were given water; dogs in group B were given a glucose polymer solution (1.5 g/kg of body weight) in water.

Results
At 4 hours after exercise, MG concentration was significantly greater in group-B than in group-C dogs; the value in group-C dogs was not different from the value in group-A dogs immediately after exercise. Assuming similar rates of glycogen depletion between treatment groups, during the first 4 hours of recovery, group-B dogs replaced 49% of the glycogen used during exercise. Plasma glucose concentration was significantly greater in group-B than in group-A and group-C dogs at 100 minutes after exercise.

Conclusions
Immediate postexercise carbohydrate supplementation in sled dogs leads to increased glucose concentration, which in turn promotes more rapid rate of MG repletion in the first 4 hours of recovery than is observed in dogs not given supplements.

Clinical Relevance
For dogs running in multiple heats on a single day or over several consecutive days, immediate postexercise carbohydrate supplementation may promote more rapid and complete recovery between bouts of exercise. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1252–1256)
Detection of antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in serum of horses with mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch)
Authors: Guillot Jacques , Sarfati Jacqueline , Ribot Xavier , Jensen Henrik E. , Latgé Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To detect antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus antigens in serum samples from horses and to evaluate the relevance of this method as an alternative approach to the diagnosis of mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch mycosis [GPM]).

Animals
Twelve clinically normal horses (controls) and 12 horses with GPM diagnosed by endoscopic observation of characteristic mycotic plaques.

Procedure
Antibodies to A fumigatus antigens were detected in serum by use of an ELISA and immunoblot analysis with extracellular antigens.

Results
Antibodies against A fumigatus antigens were found in healthy and diseased horses. Titer of total Aspergillus antibodies was not diagnostic for GPM. In contrast, immunoblot analysis results indicated that 2 antigens of 22 and 26 kd were constantly recognized by sera from diseased horses.

Conclusions
Reactivity to 22- and 26-kd A fumigatus antigens, as measured by immunoblot analysis, seemed to be diagnostic for GPM in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1364–1366)
Immunohistochemical diagnosis of pestivirus infection associated with bovine and ovine abortion and perinatal death
Authors: Thür B. , Hilbe M. , Strasser M. , Ehrensperger F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To establish a reliable, rapid, economical method for detection of pestivirus infection in bovine and ovine fetuses and to examine participation of these viruses in abortions and neonatal mortality.

Animals
213 bovine and 31 ovine fetuses, as well as 36 newborn calves and 25 lambs, which had died within 3 days after birth, were tested for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus by use of different methods.

Procedure
Detection of BVDV in fetuses was performed by immunohistochemical methods, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against pestivirus antigens on cryostat and paraffin sections and by virus isolation in cell culture; in some instances, an antigencapture ELISA was performed. Results of the various methods were compared.

Results
Sensitivity of BVDV detection by immunohistochemical methods and virus isolation in cell culture was equal; however, it decreased in association with autolysis. In autolytic fetuses, use of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections was the most favorable method. Antigen detection by ELISA was less sensitive.

Conclusions
Immunohistochemical analysis of cryostat sections of brain, skin, thyroid gland, abomasum, and placenta is a rapid, sensitive method for detecting pestiviruses in fetuses. In the presence of advanced autolysis, this method used on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain sections is recommended over the other described methods. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1371–1375)
Evaluation of platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil aggregates in ponies with alimentary laminitis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , McClenahan David , Fagliari José J. , Jenkins Katherine 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objectives
To determine whether platelets are hyperaggregable or form platelet-neutrophil aggregates during the prodromal stages of acute laminitis of ponies.

Animals
Healthy adult ponies: 8 experimental and 6 control.

Procedures
Acute laminitis was induced by oral administration of corn starch and wood flour to 8 ponies, and indices of platelet activation were evaluated. Blood samples were collected before and at 4, 8, 12, 24, 28, and 32 hours after carbohydrate administration, and PCV, total plasma protein concentration, platelet count, activated clotting time, whole blood recalcification time, spontaneous platelet aggregation, ex vivo platelet aggregation responses, and platelet-neutrophil aggregates were determined. When lameness was first detected, ponies were euthanatized and arteriography and histologic examination of hooves were performed.

Results
Carbohydrate overload was associated with hyperaggregability of platelets throughout the prodromal stages of laminitis and increased numbers of platelet-neutrophil aggregates. Reduction of blood supply to affected hooves was variable, and blood clots were found in 6 of 11 laminitis-affected hooves.

Conclusions
Platelets were hyperaggregable throughout the prodromal stages of carbohydrate-induced laminitis and formed platelet-neutrophil aggregates. Platelet-neutrophil aggregates may initiate or contribute to development of acute laminitis.

Clinical Relevance
Anti-platelet therapy may be useful for treatment of acute alimentary laminitis in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1376–1380)
Cytogenetic alterations in eight mammary tumors and tumor-suppressor gene p53 mutation in one mammary tumor from dogs
Authors: Mayr Burkhard , Dressier Andrea , Reifinger Martin , Feil Christian 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To identify mutations in canine mammary tumors.

Animals
10 tumor-bearing dogs.

Procedure
Culture of neoplastic cells originating from mammary tumors was performed, and trypsin-G banding was used for cytogenetic investigations. The same tumors were subjected to molecular genetic screening by use of DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, DNA elution, and DNA sequencing for ras oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene.

Results
A broad spectrum of chromosome aberrations was observed, including trisomies, reciprocal translocations, and structural and numerical X-chromosome alterations and deletions. Molecular genetic analysis revealed a tumor suppressor p53 gene mutation in codon 249 of exon 7 in one instance. Interestingly, analyzed mammary tumors were free of mutations in N-ras, K-ras and H-ras, exons 1 and 2.

Conclusions
Chromosome alterations are wide-spread in canine mammary tumors, but no ras family mutations were detected in tumors from these 10 dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Knowledge about chromosome, oncogene, and tumor suppressor gene damage could be helpful for diagnosis and prognosis of neoplastic diseases in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:69–78)
Effects of propofol anesthesia on intradermally injected histamine phosphate in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Kennis Robert A. , Robertson Sheilah A. , Rosser Edmund J. , Hauptman Joseph G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To compare skin test reactivity of ID injected histamine phosphate in clinically normal dogs that were physically restrained or anesthetized with propofol.

Animals
12 clinically normal adult dogs.

Procedure
Nonanesthetized dogs (group 1) were restrained and shaved on the right side of the thorax. A single injection of sterile buffered saline solution (negative control) and 5 serial dilutions of histamine phosphate (0.05 ml each) were injected ID. Wheal size was measured after 15 minutes. Propofol anesthetized dogs (group 2) were shaved, and saline solution and histamine were administered ID. Wheal size was measured as for nonanesthetized dogs. Hemoglobin saturation, heart and respiratory rates, and times to sternal recumbency and standing were recorded for anesthetized dogs. Twenty-four hours later, groups were reversed, and testing was repeated on the left side of the thorax.

Results
Mean wheal size was significantly (P < 0.05) less in dogs during propofol anesthesia. Heart and respiratory rates were well maintained but hemoglobin saturation decreased during the first 6 minutes of anesthesia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Although statistically significant, the difference in mean wheal size may not be clinically important. Propofol anesthesia may be used during ID skin testing in atopic dogs. Further studies to assess effects of propofol on the reactivity of ID injected aeroallergens should be performed before recommending its use. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:7–9)
Air- and bone-conduction brainstem auditory evoked potentials and flash visual evoked potentials in cats
Authors: Strain George M. , Tedford Bruce L. , Littlefield-Chabaud Martha A. , Treviño Lisa T. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
-To document normal values for air- and bone-conducted brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and for flash visual evoked potentials (VEP) in cats.

Animals
10 mixed-breed cats (5 males) with normal physical, neurologic, otoscopic, and funduscopic examination results.

Procedure
BAEP in response to air- and bone-conducted click stimuli and VEP in response to flash stimuli were recorded to document species normative data. Mean and SD values were calculated for amplitudes and latencies of 4 peaks in the BAEP in response to air- and bone-conducted stimuli, and for latencies to 5 peaks and the 4 associated peak-to-peak amplitudes in the VEP.

Results
BAEP peak latencies increased and peak amplitudes decreased with decreasing stimulus intensity. Latencies were shorter for bone-conducted stimuli owing to the shorter transit time to the cochlea through bone, compared with air, but there were no differences for interpeak latencies. The BAEP and VEP recordings were similar to those reported for cats in other reports and were similar to those seen in other species.

Clinical Relevance
Normative data will permit performance of noninvasive electrodiagnostic evaluation of feline auditory and visual systems. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:135–137)
Tumor necrosis factor-α in pregnant cattle after intravenous or subcutaneous vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Elsasser Theodore H. , Cheville Norman F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the influence of brucellosis vaccination on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) con-centrations in pregnant cattle and the possible role of the bovine placenta in TNF-α production.

Animals
Polled Hereford heifers obtained from a nonvaccinated, brucellosis-free herd and bred at 16 to 27 months at age. All cattle were seronegative for Brucella abortus by results of the standard tube agglutination test.

Procedure
At 6 months' gestation, cattle were vaccinated IV with B abortus strain RB51 (n = 10), SC with B abortus strain RB51 (n = 5), or SC with B abortus strain 19 (n = 5); controls received pyrogen-free saline solution SC (n = 2). Blood samples were collected periodically for TNF-α assays. At necropsy, 8 to 12 weeks after vaccination, placental fluids and fetal blood were collected for TNF-α analysis and placental tissues were collected for immunohistochemical detection of TNF-α.

Results
Radioimmunoassays indicated no increase in TNF-α concentration in blood from IV or SC vaccinated cattle, compared with controls. Similarly, TNF-α concentrations in amniotic and allantoic fluids from SC vaccinated cattle were not different from values for controls. Although only IV vaccinated cattle developed placentitis, immunohistochemical analysis for TNF-α revealed increased immunoreactivity within placental trophoblastic epithelial cells of SC and IV vaccinated cattle.

Conclusions
SC vaccination for prevention of brucellosis, using recommended adult dosages, does not result in increase of TNF-α concentration in plasma, serum, or placental fluids; however, vaccination of pregnant cattle stimulates trophoblastic epithelial cells to express TNF-α, although the physiologic and quantitative importance of this expression remains unknown. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:153–156)
Evaluation of analgesia induced by epidural administration of medetomidine to cows
Authors: Lin Hui-Chu , Trachte Elizabeth A. , DeGraves Fred J. , Rodgerson Dwayne H. , Steiss Janet E. , Carson Robert L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate analgesic effects after epidural administration of medetomidine to cows, compared with effects of lidocaine hydrochloride and 0.9% NaCI solution.

Animals
6 adult beef cows.

Procedure
3 treatments were administered to each cow, with a 1-week interval between subsequent treatments. Treatments consisted of 5 ml of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCI) solution; 0.2 mg of lidocaine/kg of body weight, not to exceed 100 mg (5 ml); and 15 μg of medetomidine/kg, diluted with 0.9% NaCI solution to provide a volume of 5 ml. Epidural injections were given in the first or second coccygeal space. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure values were recorded before injection, 5 and 10 minutes after injection, and at 10-minute intervals thereafter. Onset and duration of analgesia, sedation, and ataxia were recorded. A repeated-measures ANOVA was used to detect differences between treatments.

Results
Epidural administration of 0.9% NaCI solution did not induce analgesia. Lidocaine induced analgesia within 5 to 20 minutes, which lasted 10 to 115 minutes (mean ± SD, 43.3 ± 37.2 minutes). Heart rate decreased during lidocaine-induced analgesia. Heart and respiratory rates decreased, but blood pressure remained unchanged, after medetomidine administration. Medetomidine induced analgesia within 5 to 10 minutes, which lasted 412 ± 156 minutes. Mild to moderate sedation and moderate ataxia were observed. Two cows became recumbent, but were easily coaxed to stand. Medetomidine-induced salivation and increased frequency of urination were observed in all cows.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Epidural administration of medetomidine induced prolonged analgesia that was suitable for perineal surgery, post-operative analgesia, and relief of continuous straining. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:162–167)
Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance
Authors: Hoffman A. M. , Mazan M. R. , Ellenberg S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To correlate indices of airway reactivity to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytologic features in horses with a recent decline in exercise tolerance.

Animals
20 actively working horses from 2 to 24 years old.

Procedure
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were obtained and analyzed. Forced oscillatory mechanics (1-7 Hz) technique was used for measurements of total respiratory system resistance (RRS), compliance (CRS), and resonant frequency (fres). Changes in RRS (1 Hz) during histamine challenge were used to generate histamine dose-response curves, from which the provocative concentrations that evoked a 75 or 100% increase in baseline RRS (PCRRS75 and PCRRS100, respectively) were determined. Age, sex, baseline lung mechanics, and BAL cytologic findings were correlated with PCRRS75 and PCRRS100.

Results
No horse of the study had clinical signs or history of obstructive pulmonary disease or increased percentage (> 7%) of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Mean (± SEM) RRS, CRS, and fres were 0.67 ± 0.06 cm of H2O/L/s, 0.52 ± 0.04 L/cm H2O, and 2.46 ± 0.02 Hz, respectively. There was no correlation between age or sex, and RRS, CRS, fres, PCRRS75, or PCRRS100. There was a significant correlation (rs = −0.78, P < 0.001) between percentage of BAL fluid mast cells and PCRRS75 or PCRRS100, but correlation with other cell types and indices of airway reactivity were not observed.

Conclusion
The strong association between mast cell percentage in BAL fluid and airway reactivity in this group suggests that mast cell products may contribute to bronchospasm, airway wall thickening, and/or loss of elastic recoil, which underlie airway hyperreactivity. Alternatively, mast cells may contribute to nonspecific airway reactivity in horses through unknown mechanisms. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:176–181)
Effect of different full-limb casts on in vitro bone strain in the distal portion of the equine forelimb
Authors: Hopper Scott A. , Schneider Robert K. , Ratzlaff Marc H. , White Karl K. , Johnson Craig H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the ability of a full-limb transfixation pin cast to protect the distal portion of the equine forelimb from weight-bearing forces by measuring bone strain in vitro on cadaver limbs loaded in a mechanical testing machine.

Sample Population
6 forelimbs from 6 horses.

Procedure
Each limb was instrumented with 3 unidirectional metal foil electrical resistant strain gauges. Gauges were placed on the dorsal aspect of the distal portion of the radius and the mid-dorsal portion of the cortex of the third metacarpal bone and the first phalanx. Each limb was tested 3 times, once supported with a transfixation pin cast, once supported by a standard full-limb cast, and finally, uncast. The limbs were tested in a mechanical testing machine under axial loads ranging from 100 to 1,000 lb, and bone strains were recorded at each load.

Results
Compared with values for the uncast limb, the transfixation pin cast and the standard full-limb cast significantly (P < 0.001) reduced bone strain on the distal portion of the radius, third metacarpal bone, and first phalanx. Compared with the standard full-limb cast, the transfixation pin cast significantly (P < 0.001) reduced bone strain on the first phalanx.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Compared with the standard full limb cast, the full-limb transfixation pin cast is more protective of the first phalanx. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:197–200)
Water content and glycosaminoglycan disaccharide concentration of the canine meniscus
Authors: Stephan John S. , McLaughlin Ron M. , Griffith Gary 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the regional composition of water and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) disaccharides of the canine meniscus.

Sample Population
52 menisci from the stifle of dogs.

Procedure
Regional sections of each meniscus were weighed, dried, and reweighed to determine water content. Dried tissue specimens were subjected to enzymatic digestion. Analysis and quantification of disaccharide degradation products were performed, using high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
Water content was approximately 65% in polar and central regions of the canine meniscus. Water content of the central region of the lateral meniscus was significantly higher than that of the medial meniscus (P = 0.0090). Chondroitinase digestion of canine meniscal tissue yielded detectable ΔDi-HA, ΔDi-4S, and ΔDi-6S GAG disaccharides. Disaccharides specific to dermatan sulfate and chondroitin D or E sulfate were not detected. Concentrations of ΔDi-4S and ΔDi-6S were significantly greater in the lateral central region, compared with the medial central region (P = 0.0005 and 0.0002, respectively).

Conclusion
Water content and ΔDi-4S and ΔDi-6S concentrations were significantly lower in the central region of the medial meniscus, compared with the central region of the lateral meniscus. Reduced tissue hydration of the medial central region may have been a direct result of its overall decrease in total GAG content.

Clinical Relevance
The ability to evaluate subtle differences in tissue GAG composition by analytical measurement of their constituent disaccharides may aid in the understanding of the complex material properties of the normal and diseased meniscus, which may be applied to the study of meniscal healing and biomechanics. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:213–216)
Effect of infusion of hypertonic saline solution on conscious heifers with hypoxemia caused by endotoxin infusion
Authors: Suzuki Kazuyuki , Ajito Tadaharu , Iwabuchi Shigehiro 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare effects of IV infusion of a small volume (5 ml/kg of body weight) of hypertonic saline (7.2% NaCl) solution (HSS) and IV infusion of an equivalent volume of isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (ISS) on arterial blood gases in conscious heifers with hypoxemia caused by endotoxin infusion.

Animals
9 Holstein heifers.

Procedure
All heifers received 2.0 μg of endotoxin/kg, IV, during a 5-minute period. Twenty-five minutes after endotoxin infusion, 3 heifers received ISS, 3 received HSS, and the remaining 3 did not receive fluids (control). Heifers were monitored for 150 minutes after initiation of fluid replacement. Arterial blood gases, blood pressure, and serum electrolyte concentrations were measured.

Results
Endotoxin administration had a profound effect on pulmonary function, causing severe hypoxemia accompanied by a significant decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and a significant increase in the arterial-alveolar O2 gradient (P[A-a]O2). Cattle in the HSS group had progressive and significant increases in PaO2 and O2 saturation, compared with the other groups. The P(A-a)O2 values for the control and ISS groups were slightly decreased until 150 minutes after initiation of fluid replacement; however, HSS infusion induced a progressive and significant decrease in P(A-a)O2 for the remainder of the experimental period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Rapid infusion of HSS can successfully resuscitate conscious cattle with induced pulmonary dysfunction. Infusion of HSS may be beneficial for initial resuscitation of cattle with naturally developing bovine respiratory disease complex. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:452–457)