bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative response analysis of conventional and innovative seismic protection strategies
Authors: Bruno S. , Valente C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper presents a numerical investigation aimed at evaluating the improvements achievable through devices for passive seismic protection of buildings based on the use of shape memory alloys (SMA) in place of conventional steel or rubber devices. To get some generality in the results, different resisting reinforced concrete plane frames were analysed, either protected or not. ‘New’ and ‘existing’ buildings were considered depending on whether seismic provisions are adopted in the building design or not. Base isolation and energy dissipation were equally addressed for both conventional and innovative SMA‐based devices. Fragility analyses were performed using specific damage measures to account for comparisons among different damage types; the results were then used to estimate quantitatively the effectiveness of the various protection systems. More specifically, the assessment involved a direct comparison of the damage reduction provided by each protection system with respect to the severe degradation experienced by the corresponding non‐protected frame. Structural damage, non‐structural damage and damage to contents were used on purpose and included in a subsequent phase of cost analysis to evaluate the expected gains also in terms of economic benefits and life loss prevention. The results indicate that base isolation, when applicable, provides higher degrees of safety than energy dissipation does; moreover, the use of SMA‐based devices generally brings about better performances, also in consideration of the reduced functional and maintenance requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holocene yardangs in volcanic terrains in the southern Andes, Argentina
Authors: Inbar Moshe , Risso Corina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractYardangs of different sizes were developed in the Payun Matru Volcanic Field, a semiarid area east of the southern Andes mountains. Yardangs from volcanic terrains have not been described previously from Earth, although studies from Mars interpreted linear ridges found by Mariner and Viking images as yardangs.The Payun Matru Volcanic Field is an extensive plateau at 2000 m a.s.l. covered by basaltic lava and ignimbrite flows. Strong westerly winds affect the extensive plateau. Micro‐ and mesoyardangs are formed on the ignimbrite rock blanket, and macroforms or megayardangs, several kilometres in length, are developed in the basaltic lava flows as long parallel troughs. They all have a distinctive 320° azimuth, which is the prevailing wind direction. No yardang features are noted in the more recent lava flows, younger than 1000 years, indicating that their formation needed a longer time or they developed in earlier periods with stronger winds.The yardang development is explained by the strong unidirectional winds, the poor vegetational cover due to the aridity of the region, the available quartz sand and volcanic ash particles as abrasive agents, and the volcanic lithology texture and flow structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variability of pore‐water pressures in residual soil slopes in a tropical climate
Authors: Rezaur R. B. , Rahardjo H. , Leong E. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is critical to understand and quantify the temporal and spatial variability in hillslope hydrological data in order to advance hillslope hydrological studies, evaluate distributed parameter hydrological models, analyse variability in hydrological response of slopes and design efficient field data sampling networks. The spatial and temporal variability of field‐measured pore‐water pressures in three residual soil slopes in Singapore was investigated using geostatistical methods. Parameters of the semivariograms, namely the range, sill and nugget effect, revealed interesting insights into the spatial structure of the temporal situation of pore‐water pressures in the slopes. While informative, mean estimates have been shown to be inadequate for modelling purposes, indicator semivariograms together with mean prediction by kriging provide a better form of model input. Results also indicate that significant temporal and spatial variability in pore‐water pressures exists in the slope profile and thereby induces variability in hydrological response of the slope. Spatial and temporal variability in pore‐water pressure decreases with increasing soil depth. The variability decreases during wet conditions as the slope approaches near saturation and the variability increases with high matric suction development following rainfall periods. Variability in pore‐water pressures is greatest at shallow depths and near the slope crest and is strongly influenced by the combined action of microclimate, vegetation and soil properties. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human‐induced overbank sedimentation in the foreland of the Eastern Sudety Mountains
Authors: Klimek Kazimierz 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of a 2–3 m thick vertical sequence of fine‐grained overbank alluvial sediments on the foreland of the Eastern Sudety Mountains reveals that these sediments resulted from human land use changes. Following the Holocene climatic amelioration the first farmers and breeders, migrating northward from the Danube Basin, crossed the limit of the Sudety–Carpathians and settled the loess‐covered Glubczyce Plateau about 7000 years ago. The farming and breeding tribes of Early Bronze Age created the compact settlement structure of the Lusitian culture here about 1600–1300 years BC. The first forest clearance began at this time. Slavic settlements existed here in Early Medieval times from at least the 6th and 7th centuries onwards. Later, economic expansion of the Opole Duchy and increased population density (up to 20–30 persons/km2) caused an increase in soil erosion and flood amplitudes.Investigation of small‐radius palaeomeander infills adjacent to the main channels indicates that fossilization of organic material that filled these palaeochannels started in Early Medieval times due to more frequent flood waves and an increased rate of overbank sedimentation. In channel undercuts, ‘older’ alluvia have well‐developed cambic gleyo‐fluvisols while ‘younger’ homogenous alluvia do not have traces of soil processes. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in ‘older’ and ‘younger’ deposits indicates very similar concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. This indicates that the source of these alluvia was the transfer of sediments from the mainly deforested part of the drainage basin. Therefore, since at least Early Medieval times, and possibly even earlier, the Glubczyce Plateau has been a deforested region. Despite the mountainous character of the headwater area of rivers in the Eastern Sudety foreland, sediment transfer from sub‐mountainous loess‐covered uplands, induced by human activity, is clearly marked in the granulometric and geochemical properties of the vertical sequences of overbank deposits. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oils of Tanacetum armenum (DC.) Schultz Bip., T. balsamita L., T. chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani (Rech. fil.) Grierson and the enantiomeric distribution of camphor and carvone†
Authors: Başer K. Hüsnü Can , Demirci Betül , Tabanca Nurhayat , Özek Temel , Gören Nezhun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWater‐distilled essential oils from herbal parts of Tanacetum armenum (DC.) Schultz Bip., T. balsamita L.(syn. Balsamita major), T. chiliophyllum (Fisch. & Mey.) Schultz Bip. var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani (Rech. Fil.) Grierson (endemic) (Compositae) from Turkey were analysed by GC–MS. The leaf and herb oils of T. armenum were characterized with 1,8‐cineole (31% and 11%) and camphor (9% and 27%), respectively, as the main constituents. The major component characterized in the herb oil of T. balsamita was carvone (52%). Camphor (17% and 16%) was the main constituent in the oils of T. chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani, respectively. The enantiomeric distribution of carvone in the essential oil of T. balsamita and camphor in the essential oils of T. armenum, T. chiliophyllum var. chiliophyllum and T. haradjani were determined using a fused silica Lipodex E capillary column. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The eyeless mouse mutation (ey1) removes an alternative start codon from the Rx/rax homeobox gene
Authors: Tucker Priscilla , Laemle Lois , Munson Amanda , Kanekar Shami , Oliver Edward R. , Brown Nadean , Schlecht Hans , Vetter Monica , Glaser Tom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: The eyeless inbred mouse strain ZRDCT has long served as a spontaneous model for human anophthalmia and the evolutionary reduction of eyes that has occurred in some naturally blind mammals. ZRDCT mice have orbits but lack eyes and optic tracts and have hypothalamic abnormalities. Segregation data suggest that a small number of interacting genes are responsible, including at least one major recessive locus, ey1. Although predicted since the 1940s, these loci were never identified. We mapped ey1 to chromosome 18 using an F2 genome scan and there found a Met10→Leu mutation in Rx/rax, a homeobox gene that is expressed in the anterior headfold, developing retina, pineal, and hypothalamus and is translated via a leaky scanning mechanism. The mutation affects a conserved AUG codon that functions as an alternative translation initiation site and consequently reduces the abundance of Rx protein. In contrast to a targeted Rx null allele, which causes anophthalmia, central nervous system defects, and neonatal death, the hypomorphic M10L allele is fully viable. genesis 31:43–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient delivery of dsRNA into zona‐enclosed mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos by electroporation
Authors: Grabarek Joanna B. , Plusa Berenika , Glover David M. , Zernicka‐Goetz Magdalena 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Conditions for the electroporation of mouse oocytes and preimplantation embryos have been optimised by following the incorporation of rhodamine labeled dextran. This procedure includes a step to weaken but not remove the zona pellucida that helps achieve good survival. This approach has been applied to introduce double‐stranded RNA for c‐mos into oocytes and green fluorescent protein (GFP) into transgenic GFP‐expressing embryos at the 1‐ and 4‐cell stages. In both cases we were able to observe sequence‐specific interference with the expression of the target gene—a failure of oocytes to arrest at metaphase II and a loss in the green fluorescence of embryos by the morula or blastocyst stages. These effects could be observed in multiple oocytes or embryos allowed to develop together following electroporation. genesis 32:269–276, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PAHB1 is an evolutionary conserved HD‐GL2 homeobox gene expressed in the protoderm during Norway spruce embryo development
Authors: Ingouff Mathieu , Farbos Isabelle , Lagercrantz Ulf , von Arnold Sara 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: In angiosperms, the protoderm or outer cell layer is the first tissue to differentiate in the embryo proper. In gymnosperms, it is not known whether a protoderm is defined and similarly differentiated. Here, we report a cDNA designated PaHB1 (for Picea abies Homeobox1), which is expressed during somatic embryogenesis in Norway spruce. PaHB1 exon/intron organization and its corresponding protein are highly similar to those of the HD‐GL2 angiosperm counterparts. A phylogenetic analysis reveals that PaHB1 is strongly associated with one subclass consisting of protoderm/epiderm‐specific genes. Moreover, PaHB1 expression switches from a ubiquitous expression in proembryogenic masses to an outer cell layer‐specific localization during somatic embryo development. Ectopic expression of PaHB1 in somatic embryos leads to an early developmental block. The transformed embryos lack a smooth surface. These findings show that the PaHB1 expression pattern is highly analogous to angiosperm HD‐GL2 homologues, suggesting similarities in the definition of the outer cell layer in seed plants. genesis 30:220–230, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Peacock C.S. , Collins A. , Shaw M.‐A. , Silveira F. , Costa J. , Coste C.H. , Nascimento M.D. , Siddiqui R. , Shaw J.J. , Blackwell J.M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFamilial clustering of disease, racial differences in asymptomatic:disease ratios, and studies of mice all point to a genetic component for disease susceptibility in visceral leishmaniasis. Analysis of 87 multi‐case pedigrees (824 individuals; 138 nuclear families) from a region of northeastern Brazil endemic for Leishmania chagasi demonstrates a high relative risk ratio (λ2S = 34) to further siblings of affected sibling pairs. Complex segregation analysis using POINTER and COMDS show that all single locus models, as well as polygenic and multifactorial models, provide a signficantly (P < 0.001) better fit to the data than a sporadic model. Of the genetic models, the general single locus model was not significantly different from additive or dominant single locus models, all of which gave a gene frequency for the putative disease susceptibility allele of ∼0.002. The general single locus model was strongly favored (P < 0.001) over a recessive single gene model. Using POINTER, polygenic and multifactorial models were clearly rejected (P < 0.001 in all cases) in favor of the general single locus model. Using COMDS, the analysis was extended to consider two locus models. Results under a general two‐locus model did not differ significantly from the dominant, additive, or general single locus models. Under this model, one locus was estimated at a gene frequency of 0.0017, i.e., in the same range as the disease susceptibility locus for the most favored single gene models, with the second locus at a much lower frequency of 0.0002. Hence, the data support the hypothesis that a single major gene may be important in determining disease susceptibility in this population. To identify the gene(s) involved, a genome scan with replication using two subsets of these larger pedigrees with power to detect linkage is in progress. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:383–396, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exhumation paths of high‐pressure metapelites obtained from local equilibria for chlorite–phengite assemblages
Authors: Vidal O. , Parra T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe compositional variation of phengite and chlorite pairs in rocks sampled across the metamorphic zonation of three different blueschist belts (Cycladic, Sambagawa and Schistes Lustrés) is characterized from the regional to the thin‐section scale. The different sample suites show different compositional trends, but similar trends are observed at the regional and thin‐section scale in the same unit. At the thin‐section scale, several local chlorite–phengite equilibria involving minerals of different compositions can be identified. These observations suggest that at temperature T < ∼550°C, equilibration of chlorite and phengite compositions with varying pressure and temperature is controlled by crystallization/recrystallization processes rather than by changing the composition of older grains by lattice diffusion. In some instances, the relative time of growth of the different phyllosilicate generations can be determined using microstructural criteria. The observed compositional variations are interpreted and quantified in terms of pressure (P) and temperature (T) variations using new thermodynamic solution models accounting for the Tschermak, di/trioctahedral, and pyrophyllitic substitutions. Chlorite–phengite local equilibria constrain the shape of the exhumation P–T paths of the rocks under consideration. The assemblage chlorite–phengite–paragonite–albite–quartz–H2O can be used to constrain different P–T paths for Tinos and Sambagawa blueschists. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exhumation of high‐pressure granulites of the Guaxupé Complex, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Del Lama E. A. , Zanardo A. , Oliveira M. A. F. , Morales N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper describes tectonic and metamorphic features of Precambrian rocks from the Guaxupé Complex and Varginha Shear Zone (VSZ) near the city of Guaxupé in the southern part of the São Francisco Craton, southeastern Brazil. The VSZ separates the metasediments of Araxá Group to the north from the granulites of Guaxupé Complex to the south. The sinistral transcurrent VSZ crosses the entire area striking approximately E–W, bending towards SE in the eastern part. Because of this bend, transpressional movement occurred, facilitating the exhumation of the garnet‐rich rocks of the deepest exposed part of the granulite‐facies terrane.In the garnet granulites the highest pressure–temperature conditions recorded are approximately 1040°C and 14.4 kbar. The rocks underwent decompression from 14.0 kbar to 8.0 kbar, cooling from 980°C to 710°C, the retrograde path following the boundary between the kyanite and sillimanite stability fields. This interval is interpreted to record the uplift of the lower crustal granulite‐facies terrane and re‐equilibration during magmatic intrusions. For the felsic granulites an interval of 700–810°C and 8.0–11.5 kbar was attained, also pointing to regional decompression.The granulites of the Guaxupé Complex comprise a medium‐ to high‐pressure lower‐crustal terrane, with local occurrences of higher‐pressure garnet‐rich gneisses, which were uplifted along a transpressional segment of the VSZ. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of psychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with and without dementia
Authors: Aarsland Dag , Ballard Clive , Larsen Jan P. , McKeith Ian 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the frequency and clinical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without dementia and in those with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).MethodsNeuropsychiatric symptoms during the month prior to assessment were assessed in clinically diagnosed PD patients with dementia (PDD; n = 48) and without dementia (PDND; n = 83) and in 98 DLB patients (33% autopsy confirmed) using standardized instruments.ResultsDelusions and hallucinations were significantly more common in DLB (57% and 76%) than PDD (29% and 54%) and PDND (7% and 14%) patients (p < 0.001). In all groups, auditory and visual hallucinations and paranoid and phantom boarder delusions were the most common psychotic symptoms. Frequency of major depression and less than major depression did not differ significantly between the three groups. Clinical correlates of hallucinations in PD were dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 3.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–10.4) and Hoehn–Yahr stage 3 or more (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.0–12.0), whereas no significant clinical correlates of hallucinations were found in DLB patients.ConclusionsDelusions and hallucinations occur with increasing frequency in PDND, PDD and DLB patients, but the presentation of these symptoms is similar. These findings support the hypothesis that psychiatric symptoms are associated with cortical Lewy bodies or cholinergic deficits in the two disorders. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Psychometric properties of the state part of the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) in geriatric patients
Authors: Kvaal Kari , Laake Knut , Engedal Knut 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundA conspicuously high score on the state part of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) has been observed among geriatric inpatients who are neither demented nor critically ill; 43% of them had a sumscore that, according to Spielberger's criteria, would reflect clinically relevant anxiety symptoms.ObjectivesTo explore the reasons for this high score.Methods101 geriatric inpatients and 68 healthy controls of similar age, living at home and recruited through senior citizen centres participated in a controlled cross‐sectional study.ResultsHigh item‐scores were more frequent on the symptom‐negative items than on the symptom‐positive items. Multi‐group factor analysis produced two factors termed ‘well‐being’ and ‘nervousness’, which had a moderate correlation (0.61). The intercept was much higher on ‘well‐being’ than on ‘nervousness’, showing that a lack of well‐being contributes significantly to the high score on the STAI. This confounds the sumscore. However, the geriatric inpatients nevertheless had a high score on the factor ‘nervousness’. Female controls scored higher than males on both factors, whereas among the geriatric patients neither age nor gender related to them.ConclusionsThe STAI state sumscore is a biased indicator of anxiety in geriatric inpatients owing to confounding by well‐being. The most important cause for the observed high score on the STAI state instrument in geriatric patients relates to a reduced well‐being. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep disturbances among nursing home residents
Authors: Fetveit Arne , Bjorvatn Bjørn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudy objectivesThis study assesses the prevalence and characteristics of sleep disturbances among an entire nursing home population, consisting of 29, mainly demented, long‐term patients.Design and settingSleep was evaluated for 14 consecutive days using actigraphic measurements and nursing staff observations. No alterations were made in every‐day routines or medications during the observation period.Measurements and resultsActigraphy showed a mean sleep onset latency of one hour and a mean wake after sleep onset of more than two hours, while there was no findings of early morning awakening. Mean sleep efficiency was 75%, and more than 13 hours were spent in bed. 72% of the subjects had sleep efficiency below 85%. Nursing staff reported sleep onset latency of more than 30 minutes in 158 of the 203 analysed days, while early morning awakening was reported in only 12 of 203 days. Actigraphical measurements and nursing staff observations gave similar results. The validity of actigraphy in this population is discussed.ConclusionSleep disturbances were common among the residents in this nursing home. Sleep onset latency was prolonged, and the patients experienced frequent wake bouts after sleep onset. The diminished ability of sustained sleep may have been influenced by the prolonged time in bed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular responses to syntactic processing: Event‐related fMRI study of relative clauses
Authors: Caplan David , Vijayan Sujith , Kuperberg Gina , West Caroline , Waters Gloria , Greve Doug , Dale Anders M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEvent‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to investigate the localization of syntactic processing in sentence comprehension. Matched pairs of sentences containing identical lexical items were compared. One member of the pair consisted of a syntactically simpler sentence, containing a subject relativized clause. The second member of the pair consisted of a syntactically more complex sentence, containing an object relativized clause. Ten subjects made plausibility judgments about the sentences, which were presented one word at a time on a computer screen. There was an increase in BOLD hemodynamic signal in response to the presentation of all sentences compared to fixation in both right and left occipital cortex, the left perisylvian cortex, and the left premotor and motor areas. BOLD signal increased in the left angular gyrus when subjects processed the complex portion of syntactically more complex sentences. This study shows that a hemodynamic response associated with processing the syntactically complex portions of a sentence can be localized to one part of the dominant perisylvian association cortex. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:26–38, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.