bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science and Progress: The Unity of Scholarship and Activism
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Du Bors’s CAREER can be read from one vantage point as a series of oscillations between scholarly pursuit and social activism. Such a reading would be suggested by reflection on his movement, after thirteen years on the Atlanta University faculty, to the NMCP for nearly two and one-half decades, then back to Atlanta University for ten years and then back to the NMCP. Furthermore, within his writings scholarly detachment and a hortatory posture often coexist even in a single text. His simultaneous commitments to scholarship and activism might appear unusual or even contradictory in an era when ideological conventions and a de facto division of intellectual labor assign the two categories to quite distinct spheres and agencies. However, in the cultural and intellectual milieux in which Du Bois undertook his career, a different set of conventions governed the relationship between academic and temporal activity. Scholars showed little reluctance to intervene in practical affairs, and professionalistic ideologies had not yet hardened the boundaries separating proper academic endeavor and social or political engagement.
“Tradition” and Ideology in Black Intellectual Life
Authors: Reed Adolph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1989 and 1990 at least three new editions of The Souls of Black Folk were published in the United States, and it was excerpted in at least one collection of “African-American Classics.” An earlier wave of reissues had occurred, not surprisingly, during the 1960s, and the introductory essays accompanying editions in the different periods present a revealing contrast. No reference to the double-consciousness passage appears in either Saunders Redding’s introduction to the 1961 Fawcett edition or Nathan Hare’s and Alvin Poussaint’s introductions to the 1968 Signet edition. Nor does John Hope Franklin mention it in his introductory essay to the 1965 Three Negro Classics collection which includes Souls. In a 1989 Penguin edition, however, Donald B. Gibson construes the double-consciousness tension as a central element of Du Bois’s volume.
Changing Influences on Adolescent Sexuality over the Past Forty Years
Authors: Wyatt Gail Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faye Wattleton, the president of Planned Parenthood Federation of America, appears to have a realistic appraisal of adolescent sexual behavior. Indeed, according to U.S. statistics for 1982, almost half of un­ married female adolescents 15-19 years old were reported to be sexually active (NSFG, 1984). Similarly, as of 1978, slightly over half of U.S. unmarried males 15-19 years old were sexually active (Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1981). There appears to be growing acceptance of the idea that sexuality will begin in adolescence (Caplow, 1982; Elliott & Morse, 1985; Robinson, King, & Balswick, 1972; Sorenson, 1973; Wyatt, 1989a).
Statistical Mechanics and the Quasiharmonic Theory
Authors: Anderson Orson L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we assume the solid to be an insulator, then we do not have to account for the electron degrees of freedom. They are important for metals and for some insulators in which free electron motion necessitates some corrections. But for most discussions we shall assume that we deal only with the lattice part of the thermodynamic quantities of an insulator. However, we shall comment occasionally on calculations for two metals: iron and gold. Iron is important to geophysics because it is the main constituent of the earth’s core. Gold is important to high pressure experimental physics because it is often used as a pressure calibrant (Jamieson et al., 1982; Anderson et al., 1989).
Coalition Cabinets, Party Government, and the Control of Policy-making
Authors: Medding Peter Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concentration of executive power in single-party governments and cabinet dominance of parliament in unitary systems facilitate control over policy­ making. Coalition cabinets, by way of contrast, even in unitary systems, tend to disperse power and to limit the capacity for control over policy-making. To establish and maintain the majority coalition, policy determination may be handed over to separate ministries controlled by different parties rather than retained by the cabinet as a collective body.
Silver Medal
Authors: Rosenhead J V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gathered together as we are to honour Martin Beale, it is sadly appropriate that this should also be the occasion to commemorate posthumously the achievements of another great mathematical programmer-by the award of the Silver Medal of the Operational Research Society, its highest honour, to Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich. We had originally hoped to award Silver Medals simultaneously to Leonid Kantorovich and to George Dantzig, and invitations were despatched at the same time. But there was no reply to our letter to Professor Kantorovich; instead we received news of his death.
New Possibilities Of K-Spaces
Authors: Kutateladze S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
L. V. Kantorovich considered the development of the foundation of the theory of ordered vector spaces among his most important achievements. Already in his pioneering works of the mid-1930s devoted to this subject, he singled out a class of spaces, which are now called Kantorovich spaces, or K-spaces. In modern language, K-spaces are order complete vector lattices. Ideas developed by Kantorovich and his students in the theory of K-spaces turned out to be extremely sagacious, very much ahead of their time. It is paradoxical that even now, almost half a century later, new deep relations are being revealed that establish the place of K-spaces in the same rank with mathematical objects of truly fundamental significance. This chapter is about some of the new possibilities of K-spaces related to the sphere of interests of students of Kantorovich working at the Institute of Mathematics of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
The Integral Representability Of Extended Functionals On Vector Lattices And Cones
Authors: Veksler A I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definition 7.1. Let X be a vector lattice (VL) and Z the positive cone of X. Every positive semilinear ..{Le., additive and positively homogeneous) functional f on Z with values in R+ is called a general extended functional on X (or on Z). Further, we shall not distinguish between extended functionals on X and on Z. Let Y be an ideal in Z (i.e., the intersection of Z with an ideal in X). Let g be a general extended functional on Y. Put Evidently, g is a general extended functional on Z, and g is the smallest extension of g to all of Z.
The Significance of Structure
Authors: Svara James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The governmental process, the interaction among officials determining and implementing policy and managing city government affairs, may be characterized by patterns of conflict or cooperation. Among the factors that influence the nature of the governmental process, the most important one inside government is the degree of formal fragmentation determined by the form of government and the assignment of power to officials within it. The tendency of cities with mayor-council forms to experience conflict and of cities with the council-manager to cooperate is important in itself but does not tell us all we need to know about governmental performance.
Introduction
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the problems of social psychology are based on definition. Social psychology has been defined so broadly that it includes virtually all of psychology and the social sciences as well. John Dewey (1917), for ex ample, in an address before the American Psychological Association in 1917 distinguished two types of psychological pro cesses-physiological and social. Physiological processes include elementary drives and sensations, whereas the greater part of our mental life, our beliefs, our ideas, and our desires, were seen as socially derived.
Social Psychology and Social Commitment
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1930s there was a growing concern for applying social psychology to an in creasing number of social problems brought on by the Great Depression. The concern with social issues did not suddenly commence in the 1930s. Sociological social psychology had developed largely as an applied discipline, and many of the founders of the American Sociological Society, such as Ed ward Ross and Lester Ward, were deeply committed to social change.
Crisis and Revision
Authors: Collier Gary , Minton Henry L , Reynolds Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the two decades following World War II, social psychology progressed dramatically. The amount and variety of research in creased, new theories were developed, the involvement in the war effort led to new initiatives in applying social psychology, and the number of graduate programs expanded enormously. This record of productive activity was reflected in the five volumes of the 1968 edition of the Handbook of Social Psychology edited by Lindzey and Aronson (1968). As Elms (1975) declared, this was a period in which “social psychologists ... knew who they were and where they were going” (p. 967).
Observation of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to discuss a phenomenon is to begin with a definition of it, and then proceed to explain theoretically how the phenomenon has arisen. The problem with this manner of proceeding is that definitions can beg questions and so preclude certain types of answers. For this reason the present book began with theory, glossing over the problem of a definition by using a rough “common-sense” definition of aging. However, it is not always going to be the case that common-sense ideas of aging will suffice for an empirical evaluation of the evolutionary theory of aging or its implications. Therefore, it is now necessary to consider the problem of defining the phenomenon of aging in such a way that sources of ambiguity are reduced in importance.
Genetic Mechanisms for the Evolution of Aging
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several different genetic mechanisms could be involved in the evolution of aging. This diversity of genetic mechanisms does not, however, place the general evolutionary theory of aging in any difficulty. Any one of them would be sufficient, just as jointly they are sufficient to give rise to the evolution of aging. Thus theoretical evaluation or experimental tests of these alternative genetic mechanisms are not tests of the general theory. This relationship between the general evolutionary theory and the particular genetic mechanisms that might subserve it is largely analogous to the problem of the population genetics of adaptation.
The Future of Gerontology
Authors: Rose Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this book is intended to be all of a piece, nonetheless the majority of the book has been concerned with theories of aging of quite heterogeneous kinds, from antagonistic pleiotropy to lipofuscin accumulation. The connections between these theories have only been alluded to in passing. In this final chapter the focus will be on the causal connections between physiology and evolution, and the implications of these connections for the study of the physiology of senescence, gerontology, with respect to both theory and experiment. In sum, this is the conclusion to what has been, in part, a long argument for the importance of the evolutionary theory of aging for all research in gerontology.
A Chance for Peace?
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One other event dramatically interrupted Eisenhower’s plans for an orderly review and revision of basic national security policy, and potentially changed the context. On March 5, 1953, Joseph Stalin died. Because the Kremlin’s longtime autocrat had been perceived since the 1930s as the embodiment of the Soviet state, perceptions of him drove estimates of the communist threat. These perceptions produced an ironic mix of dread and comfort. On the one hand, analysts and policy makers alike viewed Stalin as ruthless, megalomaniacal, and quintessentially evil. On the other hand, he was known and considered cautious and predictable. As a consequence, Stalin’s death complicated efforts to assess Soviet intentions even as it revealed deep divisons among the perspectives and priorities of Eisenhower’s advisors-Dulles and C. D. Jackson in particular.
Strategic Objectives: Rollback?
Authors: Bowie Robert R , Immerman Richard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether or not the United States should adopt the basic objective of coercing the “rollback” of Soviet power and the ending of the threat to the free world (hereafter simply called “rollback”) was inevitably a key issue in preparing the first Eisenhower national security strategy. In the 1952 campaign Dulles had urged a more “positive” and “dynamic” policy than containment for liberating Eastern Europe, albeit limited to peaceful means as Eisenhower insisted.2 And aggressive rollback had been one alternative examined in the Solarium exercise: Task Force C had laid out a specific course, including use of covert action and limited force, for pursuing it. After Solarium, Cutler’s memorandum to the Planning Board on “Points for Consideration” in drafting the new national strategy included “(5) To take selected aggressive actions of a limited scope, involving moderately increased risks of general war . . . to reduce Soviet power in the Satellite periphery.” In essence, supporters of rollback rejected the premises of the containment strategy. In his seminal 1947 “Mr. X” article, Kennan forecast that, if successfully contained, the Soviet threat would eventually wither as the long-term result of internal decay and discord within the Soviet bloc. But that disintegration could take decades. Moreover, it depended on the West maintaining for that period (1) the military and other means to frustrate Soviet expansion and (2) the cohesion and will to use them effectively.
Evoked Potential Studies of Attention Capacity in Human Frontal Lobe Lesions
Authors: Knight Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ensembles of neurons active during sensory and cognitive processing generate field potentials that can be recorded from the scalp of humans. Evoked potentials (EPs) generated O to 50 msec poststimulation reliably assess stimulus-dependent neural activity in sensory pathways and primary sensory cortex. In the last 15-20 years, cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) have been discovered that index mental processes independent of sensory parameters. ERPs have been employed to study motor preparation, orientation, attention, memory, and semantic analysis (for review: Hillyard and Picton, 1987).
How The Soviet Union Stumbled Into Afghanistan
Authors: Harrison Selig S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Red Army invaded Afghanistan in December 1979, the conventional wisdom was that Soviet forces would eventually move onward to their real target: the Persian Gulf oil fields. Most analysts ignored or discounted what had been happening in Afghanistan itself during the months arid years leading up to the invasion. Accumulating historical evidence now makes clear that the Soviet Union was not pursuing a master plan of regional expansion. To be sure, Soviet policy in Afghanistan became progressively more doctrinaire and more adventurous during the last years of Leonid Brezhnev; after tolerating a Soviet-tilted brand of nonalignment there for more than two decades, Moscow suddenly began to prepare for a Communist revolution. But Afghan political developments pro pe1led Brezhnev and his advisers on their course much faster than they had anticipated or programmed, in ways they were unable to control, and with undesired results they did not envisage.
My Mission Begins
Authors: Cordovez Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sent shock waves through the chambers and corridors of the United Nations. At the time the United States and most other Western countries were increasingly critical of an “automatic majority” of socialist and Third World countries that in their view prevented the adoption of balanced decisions on matters of international concern. The West had been outraged by a resolution declaring Zionism a form of racism and racial discrimination. It was, therefore, as if the invasion offered a long-sought opportunity to bring about a split among the socialist and developing countries. The West thus started an active campaign to galvanize support for a strong condemnation of the Soviet Union. “It is hard to adjust your thinking overnight from American imperialism to Soviet imperialism,” said an Asian delegate when the Security Council was convened on January 5, 1980. Oleg Troyanovsky, the usually gregarious Soviet Ambassador, looked gloomy as Shah Mohammed Dost, the Foreign Minister of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, recited a boring and often repeated account of developments in his country. He stressed that the “limited contingents” of Soviet armed forces had been requested to remove foreign threats, in conformity with a treaty of friendship, good neighborliness, and cooperation.
The Final Hurdles: “Linkage” And The Time Frame
Authors: Cordovez Diego 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To dramatize the fact that there remained only one unresolved issue-the time frame for the withdrawal of Soviet troops-I prepared, at the beginning of l987, a complete text of the draft settlement with a large omega sign (0: “the twenty fourth and last letter of the Greek alphabet; the ending or last of a series”) printed on each page. That year started with a flurry of diplomatic activity. On January 1 Najibullah declared a cease-fire by Afghan and Soviet troops. Only a few days later Shevardnadze arrived in Kabul on a “working visit.” Y aqub Khan traveled to Iran, Saudi Arabia, and China. Armacost and Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Anatoly Kovalyev held consultations with President Zia in Islamabad. The talks begun by Kovalyev and Zia were continued in Moscow between Yaqub and Shevardnadze. Abdul Wakil, the newly appointed Foreign Minister of Afghanistan, visited New Delhi, and Sultan Ali Keshtmand, the Afghan Prime Minister, went to Moscow.
Conservation Concerns and Compromises
Authors: Strier Karen B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The western part of the forest caught fire on October 4, 1990. I was with Dida and the muriquis, near the east edge of their range in a tranquil area called Raphael. I had just finished collecting my last fecal sample for the day, and was writing the time, 11:11 am, in my notebook, when Jairo, the man who looks after the research house, raced up to us on the trail with the catastrophic news. Seconds later we were all running as fast as we could in our bulky field boots, binoculars crashing against our chests, down the 1 kilometer path that led back to the research house.
The Evolution, Maintenance, and Loss of Self-Incompatibility Systems
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-incompatibility, the inability of a fertile hermaphrodite plant to produce viable seeds upon self-pollination, is the principal and most effective mechanism preventing self fertilization in flowering plants. While its manifestations are diverse, in all cases, the major effect is to promote outcrossing between genetically different individuals of the same species. Discrimination between self and non-self is not usually the result of incompatibility between the gametes themselves, or between gametophytes.
Reproductive Strategies in Algae
Authors: Wreede R E De , Klinger T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data on algal reproductive strategies are few and scattered. Indeed, in his treatment of the theory of sex allocation, Charnov16 notes that” ... algae ... are not even mentioned.” This chapter represents a synthesis of current information, but many gaps in knowledge and understanding remain. The various reproductive pathways in algae are explored largely in the light of theory proposed for other groups of organisms, both higher plants and animals. Because the reader must be familiar with the complex life histories of algae, these will be briefly reviewed here.
Heuristics as the Engine of Variation
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brainstorming’s notion that we should generate a lot of ideas and then select from them is a mental Darwinism: Be fruitful and multiply your ideas and then let selective forces reign at a later time. Other investigators, far from the brainstorming tradition, have also favored Darwinian models of the inventive process, at least for early and unsophisticated invention. Their models also emphasize chance variation and then subsequent selection from among those variations. Certainly, chance has a place in invention. However, we should not overestimate its role. Just try to come up with improvements by randomly changing the connections in your stereo or the symbols in your computer program. The role of chance in evolution has millions of years to do its work. Human culture and technology moves much faster; more than chance and accident are involved here.
Multiple-Invention Heuristics: Joining
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another important form of heuristic that relates to multiple inventions is the joining together of previously existing inventions. Let’s set the stage. I’m sitting in a chair, making penciled notes for this essay. I’ve just made a mistake, so I tum the pencil in my hand and erase the error. What a convenient system. A pencil with lead at one end to make marks and an eraser at the other end to undo them.
Transgenic Myth to Transgenic Mouse
Authors: Weber Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last few years I’ve been watching with ever more interest the research on genetic engineering that produces transgenic life-forms. Transgenic forms are the fascinating creations that result from mixing genetic material between different species. Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer are usually given credit for starting it all by transplanting genetic material from a toad to a bacterium, in the l 970s. No, the bacterium did not look like a tiny toad, but it did incorporate the toad’s DNA into its own genes.
Treating Nicotine Addiction in High-Risk Groups and Patients with Medical Co-Morbidity
Authors: Gritz Ellen R , Kristeller Jean L , Burns David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opportunities for smoking cessation intervention represented by patient-physician and patient-health care delivery system interactions have generated a substantial body of research that defines the content and effectiveness of physician-based smoking cessation programs. Many of these programs are appropriately designed for use in routine office visits by a patient, and the content of the intervention is not focused on a specific disease or condition. However, many patient interactions occur as the result of specific health problems or conditions that may increase the patient’s motivation and interest in cessation assistance. Cessation pro-grams delivered in conjunction with initiation of other therapy for a newly diagnosed major illness or as part of prenatal care have generally had higher cessation rates than have interventions delivered to healthy patients as part of a routine office visit.