bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduced Species, Commerce, and Land Use Change
Authors: Collins James P , Crump Martha L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans influence Earth’s environment in so many ways that it would be surprising if we had no role in amphibian population changes. It is easy to assume that the influence is negative, and there is evidence for that, but the story is more complex than just saying people are bad for frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. After all, while the ranges and population sizes of some amphibian species are decreasing, others are increasing. A change in land use that is unfavorable to one taxon may favor another and allow it to increase. Exotic species also can increase in population size and distribution in new habitats. Humans have a role in causing both kinds of change, and if we want a complete explanation for why there is a global concern about amphibians, we have to understand why some species are increasing even as others decrease.
Environmental changes cascade through ecosystems like a chain reaction with complex, nonlinear interactions. We are changing our environment in major ways and quickly—more quickly than the time scales on which many organisms, except those with short generation times, can respond evolutionarily. A slow evolutionary response time increases the chances of extinction, because organisms cannot adapt to the new conditions. We change habitats both locally and regionally, and, at least since the Industrial Revolution, we have changed our environment at a global scale.
Getting Around: Spatial Cognition
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Limpets are small mollusks that live on coastal rocks where they are exposed to the air at low tide. As it grows, each limpet erodes a scar on the rock that matches the irregular outline of its shell. By clinging tightly to this spot during low tide, the limpet can protect itself from dehydration (and from predators, as anyone who has tried to pry one loose can testify), but to find food it must forage over the rock while the water is high (Cook et al. 1969). Many mobile animals face the same problem as the limpet: food and other resources are separated from places of refuge, and the animal has to be able to travel between them without getting lost. There is a premium on making this trip efficiently rather than wandering at random until the goal is found, which in the limpet’s case might be too late to prevent drying out.
Assessing Cases of School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Olivia is a 9-year-old student in fourth grade who, since the beginning of September, often cries before entering school and is sometimes taken home by her parents. On days she does attend school, Olivia is frequently late to class or cries loudly in her classroom. Her teacher complains that Olivia’s sobbing becomes disruptive to the point that she must sit outside the classroom. Olivia commonly asks to go to the bathroom or nurse’s office or to call her mother. She says she does not like school but cannot identify anything in particular that upsets her while there.
Memory
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike patterns of dry ink on paper, of cuneiform indentations on a clay tablet, or of magnetic flux frozen into the surface of a computer disk, memories that reside in a living brain have a life of their own. Some will hover sombrely in the shadows, waiting to snap back at the slightest provocation; some will wander off when set free, never to be heard of again; some will come and go at your bidding; and some will lie low and ignore attempted recall, only to emerge triumphantly when least expected. Shedding light on the secret life of memories is central to the understanding of cognition because memory occupies such a prominent place in the theory of computation. As you may recall from Chapter 2, a memory “tape” is one of the two functional components of the universal abstract model of digital computation, the Turing Machine, the other one being a table that maps combinations of internal states and inputs (tape symbols) onto successor states and outputs (tape symbols). Strip a Turing Machine of its tape, and you are left with a memory-less automaton, which knows what state it is in, but not, for example, how it got there. Behaviorally, such a system is clump of hard-wired slavish reflexes, a circuit that is doomed for all eternity to retrace the same set of tracks through the space of input-state-output combinations.
Imagine
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of the computational nature of Self and consciousness that we have gained so far raises two related questions that must be resolved before our quest for self-knowledge, now in its tenth chapter, is fulfilled. If the Self is a shifting skein of computational processes, and if consciousness is a virtual reality simulation that falls for its own tricks, in what sense, if any, are humans free, and by what ethical standards, if any, should their behavior be judged? The forthcoming answers — that we are as free as we feel to be, and that good and evil are what they have ever been — will perhaps not surprise you, but seeing how they connect to computational cognitive science may. The issue of freedom arises at this point in our inquiry as a direct consequence of the demystification of the phenomenal Self.
The Mind in the Act of Finding
Authors: Edelman Shimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Present book, from which I am about to step back, is a snapshot of cognitive science caught in the act of fulfilling its quest — finding out how the mind works. This brief concluding chapter revisits the origins of the quest, reaffirms its key achievements, and looks at the prospects for the immediate future. It then coasts to a stop at a natural conceptual barrier — one formed by an impending technological development which, for reasons that will become clear soon, constitutes a horizon beyond which principled forecasting is impossible. The explanatory achievement of cognitive science may be compared to that of another discipline whose subject matter has been in humanity’s plain sight since immemorial times, yet remained a mystery until a few decades ago: astrophysics. Two hundred years ago, with the subatomic structure of matter still unknown, physics lacked the very CONCEPTS in terms of which the nuclear reactions that occur over the life cycle of a star are described. Over the course of the 20th century, the principles of stellar nucleosynthesis came to be understood to a sufficient degree so as to make it, in broad outline, into high-school textbooks.
Decisions: Social Intelligence in the World
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 3-year-old boy climbed the fence surrounding the enclosure for the great apes in the Chicago zoo and fell some 20 feet onto the concrete below, rendering him unconscious. The lowland gorilla Binti Jua picked up the boy and sat gently cradling him for a while. She then carried him back to an entrance to the enclosure and continued walking with her 17-month-old baby on her back, as if nothing had happened. The boy eventually recovered fully.
Binti Jua quickly became a minor celebrity, and some politicians used her actions as an example of the altruism needed in society. If such moral behavior can be exhibited by a gorilla, then why is it so difficult to find in humans? However, some scientists argued that Binti Jua learned this behavior from humans in the first place, as she had been raised by humans and had used a doll to practice her maternal skills. For them, Binti Jua’s behavior was not a moral act, but solely a symptom of confused maternal instinct.
Stimulants: Pain and Pleasure, Food and Drugs
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L . 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers those plant-based stimulants that people have used to help them through their humdrum existence. Tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcohol are just some of the many stimulants that are desired and consumed daily around the globe, even though most of us know that excessive use easily leads to abuse and addiction. The brain is central in this abuse and addiction, and we now know that the brain activity that corresponds to stimulants is remarkably similar to that which corresponds to food and sex.
In this chapter, we also investigate how other cultures use stimulants that our culture classifies as illegal. In this context, it is worth noting that the current state of affairs came about mostly through accidents of history—so it might be worth rethinking the status quo. But let us start with pleasure.
The Background Story
Authors: Lezine Dequincy A , Brent David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every crisis has a background story. Whether in therapy or on the written page, I often find it hard to revisit everything that led up to my suicidal crisis. The negative parts of my past come to mind relatively easily, but they are difficult to think about for long, and to be honest, I procrastinated writing this chapter for that very reason. Many experiences in my past remain painful to me still; I cannot tell them in a linear way as a result. Then Dr. Brent asked about my early positive experiences, and I realized that I had neglected to consider them when initially planning this book. This oversight was interesting, perhaps the result of focusing so much on a subject, suicide, that by its very nature is bleak. Stepping back a bit, though, I can recall much that was positive in my past, and I believe it is important that I not forget that here. Nor should I forget to mention the extent to which certain traits in my being— strengths of personality, if you will—helped me to navigate the world I knew as a child and the world I’ve come to know as an adult. In short, while you need to know what set the stage for my crisis, I also want to introduce you to aspects of my life that, in time, set the stage for my recovery. Perhaps as you read my story, you will take the time not just to focus on your own painful memories, but also to remember your own strengths and positive experiences. Your recovery depends in part on embracing those as well.
Preexposure to the Unconditioned Stimulus in Nausea-Based Aversion Learning
Authors: Hall Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learned flavor aversion is a familiar and widespread phenomenon. Every year I conduct an informal poll of my undergraduate students, asking how many have, at some time, developed an aversion to a particular food (or drink). They respond readily (they apparently have the concept of an acquired aversion prior to any formal teaching on the topic), and each year about 50% of the class report an aversion—usually to a specific alcoholic drink, and often with a vivid report of the specific episode of overindulgence and its immediate consequence.
Representation-Mediated Food Aversions
Authors: Holland Peter C , Wheeler Daniel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most mammals, pairing a flavored food with gastrointestinal malaise results in the subsequent avoidance and reduction of consumption of that food (e.g., Garcia & Kimeldorf, 1957). Although there is substantial evidence that such flavor aversion learning shares many features with other examples of associative learning, most researchers agree that it reflects a privileged system with impressive capabilities and unique specializations. For example, in rats, flavor aversions may be learned even when the flavor and illness experiences are separated by hours, and illness-induced aversions are much more readily acquired to flavor cues than to auditory, visual, or olfactory stimuli. Nevertheless, research conducted in the late 1970s and early 1980s suggested that these exteroceptive cues may gain access to this privileged system in rats through associative learning. We found that pairing auditory, visual, and olfactory cues with flavored foods endowed those cues with the ability to substitute for their flavor referents not only in the control of action but also in the acquisition of new learning about those flavors. For example, Holland (1981) found that rats would acquire an aversion to a flavored food if they were made ill after presentations of an auditory cue that, days before, had been paired with that food.
Chemical Aversion Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Revusky Sam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, it has become solidly established that CTA (conditioned taste aversion) is, by far, the most potent type of learning. CTAs occur when an animal tastes something, becomes sick through some external means (e.g., injection of a toxin), and then avoids substances with that taste. In the chemical aversion treatment (CAT) of alcoholism in the 1930s, a CTA method was used to induce aversions to the flavors of alcoholic beverages in order to facilitate abstinence from alcohol. Because I want to explore the relationship between CAT and sub-human CTA experimentation, the term “CTA” will be used here to refer to subhuman experimental procedures unless otherwise indicated by the context. Also, although CAT is a behavioral intervention, I will not refer to it as such here because I want to contrast it with other types ofbehavioral interventions to treat alcoholism.
Positive Ethics
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the tradition of remedial ethics, ‘‘disciplinary codes represent only the ethical ‘floor’ or minimum standards to which psychologists should adhere’’ (Knapp & VandeCreek, 2006, p. 9). ‘‘Ethics should focus not only on how a few psychologists harm patients but also on how all psychologists can do better at helping them’’ (Knapp & VandeCreek, 2006, p. 10). Positive ethics represents a shift away from remedial ethics to a voluntary commitment to pursuing ethical ideals, motivated by deeply held moral principles. Rather than neuropsychologists simply doing the minimum that is necessary to avoid accusations of ethical misconduct, a positive ethics approach emphasizes the importance of aspiring to the highest principles of ethical practice. Positive ethics is proactive, requiring practitioners to take steps to promote exemplary behavior throughout their professional activities and careers, not just when faced with ethical challenges.
Record Keeping and Fees
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ethical issues associated with the creation and management of records and financial practices. Because of their unique issues, record keeping and financial matters are addressed separately. Appropriate record keeping benefits neuropsychologists and clients. Accurate and complete documentation of neuropsychological services serves several purposes. Such documentation (1) communicates neuropsychological evaluation results or neuropsychological status as evident during treatment; (2) facilitates the provision of on going treatment by describing treatment plans, services provided, and patient progress; (3) facilitates the provision of subsequent services by the same clinician or another practitioner at a later time; and (4) allows reviewers to determine whether the services provided were appropriate and opinions generated were valid. In addition, appropriate documentation is typically required for third-party reimbursement. For these reasons, accurate and complete documentation of neuropsychological services is essential for ethical and legal practice. For a reviewer to determine accuracy and completeness, records must be clearly identified as the product of the treating or examining neuropsychologist and must be legible.
Assessment
Authors: Bush Shane S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In terms of hours spent per week, assessment is by far the primary professional activity of clinical neuropsychologists (Sweet, Grote, & van Gorp, 2002). As a result, it seems reasonable to expect that neuropsychologists will most likely encounter ethical challenges in the context of assessment-related activities, either their own or those of colleagues. As Fisher and colleagues (2002) stated, ‘‘the very breadth and diversity that result in the richness of neuropsychological practice often leads to disagreements, conflicts, and uncertainties regarding optimal practice activities’’ (p. 3). In striving to avoid ethical misconduct and achieve high standards of ethical practice, neuropsychologists must familiarize themselves with the ethical challenges associated with test selection, use, and interpretation (Anderson & Palozzi, 2002; Fisher, Johnson-Greene, & Barth, 2002; McSweeny & Naugle, 2002; Thompson, 2002) and attempt to anticipate the unique aspects of such challenges in different practice contexts.
Advances in MTBI Research Methodologies
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional research paradigms to study MTBI have been hampered by a number of practical and methodological limitations, particularly when it comes to executing prospective studies of acute TBI. Until recently, there were limited data from prospective, controlled studies of mild TBI. Furthermore, findings from these studies are difficult to interpret based on methods that include varied injury definitions and criteria, small sample sizes with lack of adequate control groups, lack of standardized assessment of acute symptoms and cognitive functioning, limited objective follow-up assessment at varied intervals, and varied measures used to assess eventual recovery and outcome. For instance, in the case of motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, or other external causes of TBI, there is often not an eye-witness account of the injury itself or the patient’s acute injury characteristics (e.g., period of unconsciousness, PTA) to better establish MTBI-defining criteria. Inherently, there is limited reliability of information from patients who were rendered un- conscious for an undetermined period of time or are still in the throws of PTA at the point of initial critical care. Worse yet, many MTBI patients who seek no medical follow-up after their injury are never accrued into formal research studies.
Neurophysiology of MTBI: The Neurometabolic Cascade
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physiology of concussion (i.e., MTBI) has been nicely delineated by several scientific breakthroughs in the past decade, work that has been summarized in great detail as part of several recent reviews. In brief, scientific advances have overhauled theories of the pathophysiology underlying all forms of neuronal injury, including MTBI. Historically, it was often assumed that the clinical manifestation of signs and symptoms following MTBI was due to destruction or sheering of neuronal axons. Therein lies the confusion that the underlying neurophysiology of MTBI is exclusively ‘‘diffuse axonal injury’’ (DAI). An extensive body of work over the past three decades, however, demonstrates that most of the pathophysiology of MTBI renders neurons dysfunctional, but not destroyed.
Neuropsychological Recovery
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The topic of long-term cognitive recovery after MTBI not only has garnered the most attention from clinicians and researchers over the past decade but also has generated the overwhelming majority of clinical studies. For many reasons, it makes sense that neuropsychologists have been at the forefront of this movement and made an unparalleled contribution to advancing the science of MTBI. First, MTBI, more than any other clinical entity, is by its very nature a neuropsychological construct. That is, the scientific evidence clearly indicates the pathophysiology of MTBI as a neurologic injury, but clinical studies also clearly illustrate the influence of psychological factors in predicting long-term outcome after MTBI. Based on their understanding of both neurologic and psychological principles, it could be argued that neuropsychologists are uniquely suited to wear both hats in researching and clinically managing MTBI.
Functional Outcome After MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in part one, the total cost and societal impact of TBI are substantial. In more severe forms of TBI, the resulting impact on the patient’s academic, vocational, social, and overall independent functioning can be devastating. In moderate and severe TBI, acute injury severity (measured by LOC, PTA, GCS, etc.) is the single strongest predictor of functional outcome.
The New Executive Brain
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elkhonon Goldberg’s groundbreaking The Executive Brain was a classic of scientific writing, revealing how the frontal lobes command the most human parts of the mind. Now he offers a completely new book, providing fresh, iconoclastic ideas about the relationship between the brain and the mind. In The New Executive Brain, Goldberg paints a sweeping panorama of cutting-edge thinking in cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology, one that ranges far beyond the frontal lobes. Drawing on the latest discoveries, and developing complex scientific ideas and relating them to real life through many fascinating case studies and anecdotes, the author explores how the brain engages in complex decision-making; how it deals with novelty and ambiguity; and how it addresses moral choices. At every step, Goldberg challenges entrenched assumptions. For example, we know that the left hemisphere of the brain is the seat of language--but Goldberg argues that language may not be the central adaptation of the left hemisphere. Apes lack language, yet many also show evidence of asymmetric hemispheric development. Goldberg also finds that a complex interaction between the frontal lobes and the amygdale--between a recently evolved and a much older part of the brain--controls emotion, as conscious thoughts meet automatic impulses. The author illustrates this observation with a personal example: the difficulty he experienced when trying to pick up a baby alligator he knew to be harmless, as his amygdala battled his effort to extend his hand. In the years since the original Executive Brain, Goldberg has remained at the front of his field, constantly challenging orthodoxy. In this revised and expanded edition, he affirms his place as one of our most creative and insightful scientists, offering lucid writing and bold, paradigm-shifting ideas.
The Brain’s Chief Executive:
Authors: Goldberg Elkhonon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They arrive at work in limousines with smoked-glass windows; they ride to the top floors of the corporate headquarters in private elevators; their salaries are beyond the average person’s imagination. An informal survey suggests that they are, on average, a few inches taller than the rest of us. Cloaked in mystique and regarded with awe, they are the chief executive officers—the CEO’s of America.
Up the street from the soaring midtown Manhattan corporate headquarters, at Carnegie Hall, a disheveled conductor rehearses his orchestra. A few blocks south, off Broadway, an exasperated stage director tries to get actors to grasp his interpretation of a famous play. They would seem to have little in common with the corporate baron, but they perform similar functions. To a naive observer, the CEO does not manufacture the company’s product, just as the conductor does not make music, and the director does not act. Yet they direct the actions of those who manufacture the product, play the music, or perform on stage. Without them there would be no product, no concert, no show.