bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two different rehabilitation programmes for thrust plate prosthesis: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Unver Bayram , Karatosun Vasfi , Gunal Izge , Angin Salih 
Published: February 2004

Objective: Weight bearing after total hip arthroplasty is postponed in order to prevent early loosening, but this negatively affects the rehabilitation programme. For the force transfer characteristics of thrust plate prosthesis (TPP), a new type of hip prosthesis used without cement is similar to the normal hip. We evaluated the possibilities of early weight bearing after TPP by comparing early partial with early full weight bearing. Design: Randomized controlled study. Setting: Department of orthopaedics and traumatology in a university hospital. Subjects: Sixty hips of 51 patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty with TPP were randomly assigned into two groups. Interventions: Both groups received accelerated rehabilitation programmes: group 1 with early partial weight bearing and group 2 with early full weight bearing. Main outcome measures: Patients were evaluated by a blind observer preoperatively, at three months after surgery by clinical (measurement of range of hip motion (universal goniometry), muscle strength (Manual Muscle Test), functional test (6-minute walk test), hip function (Harris Hip Scoring System)) and radiographical parameters and one year after surgery by clinical (Harris Hip Scoring System) and radiographical parameters. Results: Group 2 performed transfer activities earlier, had more walking distance at the time of discharge and shorter hospital stay than group 1. At three months, Harris Hip Score, muscle strength, 6-minute walk test, and duration of crutch use were significantly ( p < 0.05) in favour of group 2. None of the patients in either group showed signs of loosening one year after the operation. Conclusions: These results suggest that patients with TPP can tolerate an accelerated rehabilitation programme with early weight bearing and will gain the goals of rehabilitation earlier.
Community rehabilitation for older adults with osteoarthritis of the lower limb: a controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lin S Y-C , Davey R C , Cochrane T 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a 12-month community-based water exercise programme on measures of self-reported health and physical function in people aged over 60 years old with knee-hip osteoarthritis (OA). Design: A quasi-experimental design consisting of an exercise group and an age-matched control group. Setting: Public community swimming pool in Sheffield, UK. Subjects: One hundred and six community-dwelling sedentary older people, with confirmed knee-hip osteoarthritis, enrolled in an experimental controlled trial for 12 months. Sixty-six subjects in the exercise group were offered a water-exercise programme. Forty age-matched, nonexercising, ‘control’ subjects received monthly education material and quarterly telephone calls. Interventions: Participants in the exercise group were asked to attend two exercise sessions a week of 1 hour duration led by specially trained swimming instructors. Main measures: Primary outcome measure was the disease-specific Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes included a battery of performance-based physical function tests. Results: Adherence to exercise averaged 70% (±14%) over the year: 77% of the exercising subjects and 89% control subjects completed both pre- and post-outcome measures. After one year, participants in the exercise group experienced a significant improvement in physical function (4.0 ± 9.1 versus -0.4 ± 7.3 units; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.96–7.96, p < 0.05) and reduction in the perception of pain (1.3 ± 3.7 versus 0.2 ± 2.5 units; 95% CI -0.19-2.52, p < 0.05) compared with the control group, as measured by the WOMAC Osteoarthritis Index. In addition, the exercise group performed significantly better in the ascending and descending stairs tests ( p < 0.05), had significantly greater improvements in knee range of movement ( p < 0.01) and hip range of movements ( p < 0.005). There were no significant differences in the two groups for quadriceps muscle strength and psychosocial well-being (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 questionnaire). Conclusions: Older people with knee/hip osteoarthritis gained modest improvements in measures of physical function, pain, general mobility and flexibility after participating in 12 months of community-based water exercise.
Validation of a lateropulsion scale for patients recovering from stroke
Authors: D'Aquila Michael A , Smith Teresa , Organ Debbie , Lichtman Steven , Reding Michael 
Published: February 2004

Objective: To determine the validity and reliability of a clinical scale for assessing lateropulsion following stroke. Design: Serial observational study of Lateropulsion Scale scores. Setting: Inpatient stroke rehabilitation unit. Subjects: A convenience sample of 85 patients examined 19 ± 2 SEM days post stroke. Main outcome measures: An empirically derived 17-point Lateropulsion Scale was used to assess and follow postural responses to rolling, sitting, standing, transferring and walking. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated by having patients evaluated twice by their primary physical therapist (days 1 and 3), and once by an alternate physical therapist (day 2). Concurrent validity was estimated by computing Spearman's rank order correlations between the lateropulsion score and other markers for motor control dysfunction: Fugl-Meyer balance subscore, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) mobility subscore, and length of rehabilitation hospital stay. Results: Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability were r = 0.93 ( p < 0.001) and r = 0.94 ( p < 0.05), respectively. Concurrent validity estimates showed the initial lateropulsion score to be correlated with the Fugl-Meyer balance subscore ( r = -0.57 p < 0.001), with the admission and discharge FIM mobility subscores ( r = -0.56, p < 0.0001 and r = -0.58, p < 0.0001), respectively, and with length of rehabilitation hospital stay ( r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The Lateropulsion Scale is both a reliable and a valid assessment of lateropulsion following stroke.
Teacher of Teachers: An Interview with James H. Korn
Authors: Sikorski Jason F. 
Published: February 2004

Jason Sikorski is currently a graduate student in the clinical psychology program at Auburn University. He has taught courses in introductory psychology, experimental psychology, social psychology, and statistics. He served as the first chair of the Society for the Teaching of Psychology's (STP) Graduate Student Teaching Association, which aims to provide services for graduate teaching assistants that are designed to enhance and broaden their teaching skills and approach to pedagogy. James R. Korn is a professor of psychology at St. Louis University. He has enjoyed a prolific and influential career as a teacher, mentor, and author. Dr. Korn is a long-standing and active member of the Executive Committee of APA Division 2's STP. He has developed and presented workshops at national and regional teaching conferences on professional development issues over the course of the last decade. He is widely recognized for assisting beginning and experienced teachers alike in developing and refining their teaching philosophies and classroom style. Thus, Dr. Korn's influence is one of molding a framework for allowing teachers to enhance their personal accountability for student success and failure in the classroom.
Comparative water relations of four species of scorpions in Israel:evidence for phylogenetic differences
Authors: Gefen Eran , Ar Amos 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY
In an attempt to determine the nature of possible interspecific differences in osmotic responses to dehydration, the following species of two scorpion families were examined: Scorpio maurus fuscus (Scorpionidae) and Buthotus judaicus (Buthidae) from the mesic Lower Galilee (mean annual precipitation ∼525 mm); and Scorpio maurus palmatus(Scorpionidae) and Leiurus quinquestriatus (Buthidae) from the xeric Negev Desert (mean annual precipitation ∼100 mm).
When sampled in the laboratory following their capture, B. judaicus (548±38 mOsm l–1; mean ± s.d.) and L. quinquestriatus (571±39 mOsm l–1) had higher and less variable haemolymph osmolarities than the scorpionids occupying the same habitats (511±56 and 493±53 mOsm l–1 for S. m. fuscus and S. m. palmatus, respectively).
In response to 10% mass loss when desiccated at 30°C, the haemolymph osmolarity of the two buthids increased by 5–9%, compared to ca. 23% in the two scorpionids. Buthids had lower water loss rates than scorpionids. The similar oxygen consumption rates, when converted to metabolic water production, imply a higher relative contribution of metabolic water to the overall water budget of buthids. This could explain why the osmoregulative capabilities exhibited by buthids are better than those of scorpionids.
We conclude that the observed interspecific differences in water and solute budgets are primarily phylogenetically derived, rather than an adaptation of the scorpions to environmental conditions in their natural habitat.
Lower‐stratospheric Rossby wave trains in the southern hemisphere: A case‐study for late winter of 1997
Authors: Nishii Kazuaki , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBehaviour of quasi‐stationary circulation anomalies observed in the lower stratosphere of the extratropical southern hemisphere during austral late winter of 1997 is studied. The anomalies are defined as daily low‐pass‐filtered departures from the circulation varying slowly with the seasonal cycle. A wave‐activity flux and refractive index for stationary Rossby waves are utilized in the analysis, each of which is defined locally for the zonally varying westerlies. Subseasonal fluctuations in the lower stratosphere were often associated with zonally confined wave trains emanating upward from localized, quasi‐stationary anomalies in the troposphere, including blocking ridges. The three‐dimensional propagation of the waves was found sensitive to the structure of a local waveguide. Upward injection of Rossby‐wave activity into the stratosphere tended to occur slightly upstream or just beneath of a lower‐stratospheric waveguide associated with the developed polar‐night jet (PNJ), which led to the subsequent formation of a well‐defined wave train downstream along that jet. The distribution of the lower‐stratospheric subseasonal variability thus exhibits significant zonal asymmetries, reflecting those in the PNJ structure and the distribution of tropospheric disturbances. Seasonal evolution of the PNJ and that of the tropospheric intraseasonal variability substantially modulated the lower‐stratospheric activity of subseasonal fluctuations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Flow over a hill covered with a plant canopy
Authors: Finnigan J. J. , Belcher S. E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe develop an analytical model for atmospheric boundary‐layer flow over a hill that is covered with a vegetation canopy. The slope of the hill is assumed to be small enough that the flow above the canopy can be treated within the linear framework of Hunt. Perturbations to the flow within the canopy are driven by the pressure gradient associated with the flow over the hill. In the upper canopy this pressure gradient is balanced by downwards turbulent transport of momentum and the canopy drag. The flow there can be calculated from linearized dynamics, which show that the maximum streamwise winds are where the perturbation pressure is at a minimum, i.e. near the crest of the hill. Deep within the canopy the pressure gradient associated with the flow over the hill is balanced by the canopy drag, here the nonlinear canopy drag. This nonlinear balance shows how the streamwise winds are largest where the perturbation pressure gradient is largest, i.e. on the upwind slope of the hill. In the lee of the hill this nonlinear solution shows how the pressure gradient decelerates the wind deep within the canopy, leading to separation with a region of reversed flow when the canopy is sufficiently deep. Coupling between the out‐of‐phase flows within and above the canopy means that the maximum velocity is further upwind of the hill crest than in flow over a rough hill, while the extra turbulent mixing caused by the canopy significantly reduces the magnitude of the velocity speed‐up over the hill. Finally, we find that there is no formal limit process where the solutions with a canopy yield the well‐known solutions for flow over a rough hill. This finding calls into question the very use of a roughness length in accelerating or decelerating turbulent boundary layers. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
An improved general fast radiative transfer model for the assimilation of radiance observations
Authors: Matricardi Marco , Chevallier Frederic , Kelly Graeme , Thépaut Jean‐Noel 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAn improved version of the RTTOV (Radiative Transfer for the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder) fast radiative transfer model used operationally at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the assimilation of Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) radiances has been developed. This new model computes radiances for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and reproduces line‐by‐line radiances and Jacobians for the surface‐sensing, water vapour and ozone channels of the ATOVS with significantly improved accuracy. The profile‐dependent predictors used by the improved model to parametrize the atmospheric optical depths are based on the approach followed by the ECMWF fast radiative transfer model for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (RTIASI). To improve the accuracy of the fast model in reproducing line‐by‐line radiances for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounder, modifications have been made to the predictors used in RTIASI by introducing a revised set of predictors for ozone and adding new predictors to model the water vapour continuum type absorption. To eliminate discontinuities in the water vapour Jacobians observed in RTIASI, data are now weighted prior to performing the regression. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The counter‐propagating Rossby‐wave perspective on baroclinic instability. II: Application to the Charney model
Authors: Heifetz E. , Methven J. , Hoskins B. J. , Bishop C. H. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe constant‐density Charney model describes the simplest unstable basic state with a planetary‐vorticity gradient, which is uniform and positive, and baroclinicity that is manifest as a negative contribution to the potential‐vorticity (PV) gradient at the ground and positive vertical wind shear. Together, these ingredients satisfy the necessary conditions for baroclinic instability. In Part I it was shown how baroclinic growth on a general zonal basic state can be viewed as the interaction of pairs of ‘counter‐propagating Rossby waves’ (CRWs) that can be constructed from a growing normal mode and its decaying complex conjugate. In this paper the normal‐mode solutions for the Charney model are studied from the CRW perspective.Clear parallels can be drawn between the most unstable modes of the Charney model and the Eady model, in which the CRWs can be derived independently of the normal modes. However, the dispersion curves for the two models are very different; the Eady model has a short‐wave cut‐off, while the Charney model is unstable at short wavelengths. Beyond its maximum growth rate the Charney model has a neutral point at finite wavelength (r=1). Thereafter follows a succession of unstable branches, each with weaker growth than the last, separated by neutral points at integer r—the so‐called ‘Green branches’. A separate branch of westward‐propagating neutral modes also originates from each neutral point. By approximating the lower CRW as a Rossby edge wave and the upper CRW structure as a single PV peak with a spread proportional to the Rossby scale height, the main features of the ‘Charney branch’ (0<r<1) can be deduced without prior calculation of the normal modes. Furthermore, CRWs from this branch are seen to make a smooth transition into the boundary and interior PV structure of the neutral modes appearing at r=1. The behaviour of the other branches and neutral points is essentially the same when viewed from the CRW perspective, but with cancelling interior PV structures reducing the self and mutual interaction of the CRWs. The underlying dynamics determining the nature of all the solutions is the difference in the scale‐dependence of PV inversion for boundary and interior PV anomalies, the Rossby‐wave propagation mechanism and the CRW interaction. The behaviour of the Charney modes and the first neutral branch, which rely on tropospheric PV gradients, are arguably more applicable to the atmosphere than modes of the Eady model where the positive PV gradient exists only at the tropopause. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A probabilistic approach for SeaWinds data assimilation
Authors: Portabella M. , Stoffelen A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractScatterometer sea surface wind observations are being successfully assimilated into numerical weather prediction models. The quality of the winds retrieved from the new SeaWinds scatterometer (onboard the QuikSCAT satellite) depends on the subsatellite cross‐track location. In particular, the poor azimuth separation or diversity between views in the nadir region results in poor quality winds. In the QuikSCAT nadir region, where the local cost‐function minima are broad, the use of the standard procedure results in arbitrary and inaccurate winds. A new scheme, which accounts for broad cost‐function minima by allowing more ambiguous wind solutions, i.e. a multiple solution scheme (MSS), is proposed as an alternative to the standard procedure. The probability of every ambiguous solution being the ‘true’ wind is empirically derived, and used in the ambiguity‐removal procedure to make the scheme flexible enough to accept many wind solutions.A comparison between the standard wind retrieval and the MSS procedures at 100 km resolution is then performed, using independent model winds for validation. The MSS turns out to be more in agreement with the model reference than the standard procedure, especially at nadir. Moreover, it shows more spatially consistent and realistic winds by more effectively exploiting the information content of the observations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A new procedure for estimating observation errors in AMSU data and its application to retrieval
Authors: Chou Chien‐Ben , Huang Huei‐Ping 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAn accurate estimate of observation errors is crucial to the retrieval of atmospheric profiles from satellite data using a variational method. In practice, observation errors, both systematic and random, are often estimated from the difference between satellite observations and simulated satellite observations obtained from a radiative‐transfer operator with a 12 h forecast as its input. Observation errors estimated by this approach may be contaminated by errors in the 12 h forecast. This work describes a practical way to eliminate the 12 h forecast error and improve the estimate of the observation error in the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) data. Following the philosophy of the National Meteorological Center (NMC) method (that derives the statistics of forecast error from the differences between pairs of forecasts at disparate ranges valid at the same time), in this study the pairs of forecasts at different ranges in the NMC method are first converted to brightness temperatures in the AMSU channels by a radiative‐transfer operator. The 12 h forecast errors are then determined from the representations of these forecasts in radiance space spanned by the AMSU channels. Since most AMSU channels have beam position‐dependent systematic observation errors, the procedure further takes into account this dependence by performing the statistics separately for sub‐groups of data in each AMSU channel with different beam positions. In a case‐study, after eliminating the 12 h forecast error obtained by this procedure from the total estimated observation error, the remaining random error of the satellite observation is shown to be smaller than the background error (provided by 12 h forecasts of a numerical weather‐prediction model) in most of the AMSU temperature sounding channels. Using the error‐corrected AMSU data in these channels, a retrieval experiment using a one‐dimensional variational scheme shows an improvement of 0.2–0.4 K over the background error in the retrieved temperature profiles above 780 hPa. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The dynamics of a midlatitude cyclone with very strong latent‐heat release
Authors: Ahmadi‐Givi F. , Graig G. C. , Plant R. S. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe role of latent‐heat release in an explosively developing cyclone from the Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment is examined within the potential vorticity (PV) framework. Using conventional synoptic analysis, piecewise PV inversion and numerical simulations, the development is described in terms of an upper‐level PV (UPV) anomaly, a surface potential‐temperature anomaly and diabatically generated PV anomalies in the lower and upper troposphere. The relative contributions of each anomaly to the cyclogenesis are investigated, along with the interactions between anomalies.In contrast to previous case‐studies, the results of PV inversion and sensitivity tests reveal that the contribution from the surface thermal anomaly is much weaker than those associated with the upper‐level and diabatically generated PV anomalies. A low‐level PV (LPV) anomaly is generated rapidly in response to the UPV anomaly, and dominates the intensification of the system, but its associated circulation has only a modest feedback effect on the upper levels. However, diabatic reduction of PV in the upper troposphere is found to have important effects on the UPV anomaly. In particular, latent heating tends to destroy the UPV anomaly by inhibiting its downward penetration and reducing its horizontal extent. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society