bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reason and Responsibility
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can people ever be to blame for doing the rational thing? More broadly, what are the connections between the responsibility of moral agents and the rationality of the moral demands to which they are held accountable? As I see matters, these questions turn on the relations between two different practical points of view. Questions about the rationality of moral conduct are in the first instance deliberative questions, arising within the first-personal perspective of an agent trying to reach a decision about how to act. The task of practical deliberation, after all, is the task of determining what one has reason to do.
On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of many persuasions are prone to talk of conceptual schemes. Conceptual schemes, we are told, are ways of organizing experience; they are systems of categories that give form to the data of sensation; they are points of view from which individuals, cultures, or periods survey the passing scene. There may be no translating from one scheme to another, in which case the beliefs, desires, hopes, and bits of knowledge that characterize one person have no true counterparts for the subscriber to another scheme. Reality itself is relative to a scheme: what counts as real in one system may not in another.
Tobacco Discouragement: A Non-Paternalistic Argument
Authors: Verweij Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that academic philosophers are often unhappy persons. On the one hand, they love to think systematically, to teach and to write philosophical papers. On the other, their knowledge of human predicaments makes them more sad than other people. Moreover, the number of academic positions is limited. Some colleagues are very successful and famous, but most philosophers just have a difficult life with limited success. Suppose I think it is better for you to start a career as, say, a waiter in a restaurant. We have discussed this before. Though you agree that a career as a waiter might be enjoyable and probably more successful than a teaching job in philosophy, you still want to be, and to stay, an academic philosopher.
Introduction
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the inaugural volume of Oxford Studies in Metaethics. This series is devoted exclusively to original philosophical work in the foundations of ethics. It provides an annual selection of much of the best new scholarship being done in the field. Its broad purview includes work being done at the intersection of ethical theory and metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The essays included in the series provide an excellent basis for understanding recent developments in the field; those who would like to acquaint themselves with the current state of play in metaethics would do well to start here.
The contents of this volume of Oxford Studies in Metaethics nicely mirror the variety of issues that make this area of philosophy so interesting. The volume opens with Peter Railton’s exploration of some central features of normative guidance, the mental states that underwrite it, and its relationship to our reasons for feeling and acting. In the next offering, Terence Cuneo takes up the case against expressivism, arguing that its central account of the nature of moral judgements is badly mistaken. Terence Horgan and Mark Timmons, two of the most prominent contemporary expressivists, then present their thoughts on how expressivism manages to avoid a different objection— that of collapsing into an objectionable form of relativism. Daniel Jacobson and Justin D’Arms next offer an article that continues their research program devoted to exploring the extent to which values might depend upon, or be constrained by, human psychology. Ralph Wedgwood engages in some classical metaethical conceptual analysis, seeking to explicate the meaning of ought. Mark van Roojen then contributes a new take on the Moral Twin Earth Argument, a prominent anti-realist puzzle advanced in the early 1990s by Horgan and Timmons.
Moral Feelings and Moral Concepts
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my 1990 book Wise Choices, Apt Feelings, I set out to analyze the narrowly moral concepts Morally wrong and Morally Reprehensible. wrong to acts, to what a person does, whereas being blameworthy or reprehensible pertains to the act along with motives and the agent’s state of mind. A man in the pangs of grief, imagine, speaks woundingly to a friend who is trying to bring comfort. The act might well be wrong and yet, in light of his wrought-up state, he might not be acting reprehensibly. The concept Reprehensible I treated as the more basic of the two, defining the word ‘wrong’ in terms of an action’s being reprehensible.
A chief part of my interest in these narrowly moral concepts was, of course, to try to understand what is at issue in questions of right and wrong and in questions of blameworthiness. Another motive, though, was to discern what’s at issue in blanket attacks on ‘‘morality’’, as with Nietzsche and Williams. Can we understand morality, in a narrow sense, as something we could be without, and that other cultures perhaps do lack, for better or worse? Narrowly moral questions, I proposed, concern how to feel about things that people do or might do.
Phraseology
Authors: Cowie Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, there has been a quickening of interest among theoretical linguists, and among specialists in lexicography, discourse analysis, language acquisition, and foreign language teaching, in what were traditionally known as ‘idioms’, and are variously called ‘word-combinations’ (Zgusta 1971), ‘fixed expressions’ (Alexander 1987), and ‘phrasal lexemes’ (Pawley 1985; Lipka 1990). The interest reflects a keener awareness than before of the pervasiveness of ready-made memorized combinations in written and spoken language and a wider recognition of the central part they play in first and second language acquisition and in speech production (Bolinger 1976, 1985; Peters 1983; Pawley and Syder 1983). The notion that native-like proficiency in a language depends crucially on knowledge of a stock of prefabricated units, varying in complexity and internal cohesion, can also be seen as a necessary corrective to the atomistic view that the workings of language can be explained by a system of rules of general applicability, a lexicon largely made up of minimal units, and a set of basic principles of semantic interpretation (Fillmore et al. 1988). This shift of perception is partly the outcome of a steady accumulation of descriptive studies throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and questions of analysis and classification will be the chief focus of this survey. Phraseology, as the study of the structure, meaning, and use of wordcombinations, is not a commonly recognized field of activity among British and American linguists (for an East European view, see Arnold 1986; Gläser 1988); but that it has become a significant focus of research, especially perhaps in Europe, is apparent from the attention given to word-combinations in textbooks on lexical semantics (Cruse 1986), lexicology (Carter 1987; Lipka 1990), and vocabulary in language teaching (Carter and McCarthy 1988), and from the publication of a number of phraseological dictionaries (e.g., Cowie et al. 1983; Benson et al. 1986). It is noticeable, too, that despite the continuing influence in collocational analysis of neo-Firthian lexical theory (Sinclair 1987b), with its emphasis on observed frequency of co-occurrence within stated distances (or ‘spans’) in large computerized corpora, the dominant influences in work are a more directly Firthian strain (Mitchell 1971) and East European (specifically Soviet) phraseological theory, first mediated to non-Russian-speaking students through the work of Klappenbach (1968); Weinreich (1969); Arnold (1973); and Lipka (1974).
Introduction
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in February 1987, I had an idea that became ptilochronology, literally the study of feather time. The essence of ptilochronology is a new method for determining the nutritional condition of birds free-ranging in their natural habitat. During subsequent years, dozens of workers have found this new measure useful in characterizing the responses of birds to various environmental factors, both harmful and beneficial. Now, some 18 years after the idea struck, seems a good time to take stock of what ptilochronology has taught us about the behavior, ecology, and conservation biology of animals.
Social behavior
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birds living together in a social group have been studied with an eye to determining who is enjoying a fitness benefit and who might be suffering a fitness cost from such sociality. Ptilochronology has played a role in determining these benefits and costs. It turns out that most such studies have been carried out during the non-breeding season. Many avian species found in flocks when not breeding break into territorial pairs during the breeding season, and in subsequent chapters I will discuss nutritional condition related to social aspects of reproduction.
Individual quality
Authors: Grubb Thomas C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With this chapter, we begin reviewing a series of ways that ptilochronology has been employed in studies of reproductive behavior. We begin by focusing on aspects of mate quality, followed by projects dealing with reproductive effort, nestling condition, and prolonged brood-care. Ever since Darwin (1871), biologists have been fascinated by the interplay between sexual selection and natural selection. Sexual selection is selection on the characters of one sex by the mating preferences of the other sex. For example, the splendid upper tail coverts of peacocks have been selected for by sexual selection. That is, they have been selected for by the mating preferences of peahens. Because of such a preference, males with relatively longer, more showy covert feathers copulated with and fertilized more peahens and, therefore, left more genes to the next generation. Through evolutionary time, presumably, this sort of directional sexual selection produced the magnificent plumage of modern peacocks.
Sleep problems in children and adolescents
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep problems in children and adolescents are very common and often the cause of concern and distress for both the child and the family. They can affect behaviour, learning and sometimes physical health. There are many possible causes for sleep problems, some psychological, others physical, and this book will help you to identify and explain problems in your own child, leading you to the appropriate advice or treatment as necessary. The book starts by explaining the importance and nature of sleep and the changes that occur as your child grows up. It then describes why children may not sleep well at different ages from babyhood to adolescence, the causes of being excessively sleepy during the day, and the types of unusual behaviours or experiences that a child can have at night. The various types of treatment needed for these problems are explained. The later chapters discuss those children who are especially liable to have sleep problems, the ways in which sleep problems may be mistaken for other conditions, the ways in which unsatisfactory sleep can be spotted at home and at school, and how to get help for your child's disturbed sleep. Throughout the book, cases are described to illustrate how children with various sleep disorders have been correctly diagnosed and treated. The book is intended to raise awareness of the importance of children's sleep disorders, as well as their recognition and treatment. It is written mainly for parents but will also be of interest to anyone involved in the care and welfare of children.
Disturbed sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep problems are very common in children in general.
Some groups are at particularly high risk of such problems, such as those with a learning disability or other kind of medical or psychological disorder.
There are many ways in which consistently disturbed sleep can affect children, both psychologically and sometimes physically; their emotional state, behaviour, and learning are likely to be affected.
To establish the true nature and cause of a sleep problem, systematic enquiries need to be made (starting with the family doctor or his team) about certain key aspects of the situation; in some cases, additional information will be required from special further investigations.
Sleeplessness (insomnia) in adolescents
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similar to the situation in children at a younger age, worries may be a cause of sleeping difficulties in teenagers, but body-clock changes combined with lifestyle choices may also be a cause.
Alterations in sleep patterns for these reasons should not be mistaken for difficult behaviour. If serious, they call for treatment not recriminations. There may be other, quite different, causes at this age, requiring special advice or treatment.
Mayth: Many teenagers do not go to sleep until late and are difficult to get up in the morning, as well as lying in bed at weekends until very late, because of bad habits.This is not necessarily the case.
Fact: This pattern may be an actual sleep disorder that is partly due to physiological changes at puberty and which requires treatment.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being so sleepy during the day that your child cannot function properly is not uncommon.
Excessive sleepiness may be misinterpreted as a different type of problem such as laziness.
There are many possible causes that should be considered: not getting enough sleep, poor quality sleep for various reasons, or having one of a number of a conditions that make you sleep much more than normal.
As in the case of other sleep problems, it is important that the cause in your child is discovered so that the right advice and, if necessary, treatment can be given.
Psychiatric disorders that cause unusual behaviour at night
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate assessment and the application of specific treatment are also important here, as in the case of parasomnias that are part of a medical condition.
Fact: The point was made at the start of the last chapter that parasomnias can sometimes be part of a psychological disorder, although this is by no means often the case. Nevertheless, it is important for such problems are correctly identified so that appropriate help can be given, preferably at an early stage.
A Multidisciplinary Academic Headache Centre In The United States
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D , Gebeline-Myers Cheryl , Bradley Kathleen C , Young William B , Ashkenazi Avi , Rosen Noah , Hopkins Mary , Guild Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with primary headache disorders have a life-long recurring condition, and long-term management is our most important objective in caring for them. Most individuals who have primary headaches need a continuum of clinical care, which should include proper diagnosis, education (emphasizing prevention), and a plan for managing the headache disorder. Many headache programmes, not all of which are comprehensive, exist world- wide. A multidisciplinary approach to headache management requires the involvement of various healthcare providers, including neurologists/headache experts, nurses/nurse practitioners/physician assistants, residents/fellows, and psychiatrists/psychologists. Some facilities utilize other professionals, such as dentists, anaesthesiologists, physical therapists, clinical/basic researchers, and outcomes experts.
Favourable Results In A Migraine Clinic: Objectives And Background
Authors: Zlotnik Gregorio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was intended to show the value of the multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of headaches. The Montreal Migraine Clinic was founded 20 years ago out of the realization that proper diagnosis and treatment required better efforts than those provided by ordinary care at that time. Since the advent of specific treatment for the acute crisis the problem seemed to be simple; however, the complexity of pain physiology and migrainous pain made a proper evaluation and a proper treatment more difficult. The impact of migraines in family life and at work was more evident. Not only the suffering but the economic impact of absenteeism due to headaches had to be quantified. New methods for assessing disability and pain have been developed in the last few years. Some of the most accepted include the MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) and the HDI (Headache Disability Inventory).
Comorbidity Of Migraine In A Specialized Headache Clinic
Authors: Evers Stefan , Biehl Katrin , Frese Achim , Husstedt Ingo-W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine shows a comorbidity with several diseases or disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, stroke (in young women), patent foramen ovale, and so on. These data are mainly based on population studies. However, only little is known about the prevalence of other comorbidities in a selected migraine population. Comorbidity of migraine can be important when choosing the best way to treat medically. In particular, the side-effects of acute and prophylactic drugs used in migraine can interfere with comorbid conditions. On the other hand, treatment of migraine can sometimes also be the treatment of a comorbid condition.
Demographic, Nosological, And Therapeutic Characteristics In A Headache Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Gantenbein A R , Kozak S , Agarwalla P , Merikangas K , Agosti R , Isler H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Headache and Pain Clinic (HPC) in the Neurology Department, Zurich University Hospital, is a service for the management of difficult headache. Since 1966 the main intention was to elevate thresholds for headache and migraine. For a study of the HPC population we selected patients with migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and combinations of both, whose files had been started between 1996 and 1998 (n = 1625). We assessed demographics, diagnoses, course, severity, impact, as well as physical, alternative, and drug treatment before and after referral.
Pericranial Muscle Tenderness Is Associated With Widespread Pain Sensitivity, Psychiatric Comorbidity, And Dysfunctional Psychological Responses To Pain In Healthy Young Adult Females
Authors: Janke E Amy , Holroyd Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common clinical finding in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is increased tenderness of pericranial myofascial tissues to palpation, hypothesized to reflect sensitization of pain transmission circuits at the trigeminal nucleus and possibly higher order deficits in pain central processing/modulation. CTTH sufferers also exhibit elevated scores on measures of daily life stress and psychological symptoms, and are more likely to be diagnosed with a mood or anxiety disorder than healthy controls.
The Role Of The Clinical Nurse Specialist In Headache
Authors: Bhola Ria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) as a relatively new concept within nursing practice has developed rapidly. This role first began in the USA as early as the 1960s and has since grown. In the UK the concept was developed in the 1980s, leading to the emergence of new posts in some centres. However, the last decade has seen a significant change in the range of tasks undertaken by nurses. Throughout the 1990s managers and clinicians in the UK National Health Service (NHS) have been challenged by the fast pace and diversity of change, while seeking to provide efficient and effective patient services. This together with encouragement from the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), led to the development of specialist nursing roles.
Therapy Of Medication Overuse Headache
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Katsarava Zaza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medication overuse headache (MOH) has been defined as a chronic headache occurring following overuse of acute headache drugs. Epidemiological and clinical studies clearly demonstrate that MOH is a growing problem all over the world. It is important to know that overuse of any kind of headache drugs may lead to the development of MOH. The treatment of choice involves complete withdrawal from overused headache medication with a subsequent restructured treatment of the underlying primary headache syndrome. The current review provides an update on pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and treatment strategies.
Medication Overuse Headache: Long-Term Results Of Stationary Versus Ambulatory Withdrawal Therapy
Authors: Evers Stefan , Suhr Birgit , Gralow Ingrid , Husstedt Ingo-W , Frese Achim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medication overuse headache is a well-known complication in the treatment of primary headache disorders, and its successful management is only possible by withdrawal therapy and subsequent treatment of the primary headache disorder. However, it is unknown whether ambulatory or stationary withdrawal is the therapy preferred. We conducted a prospective study on the outcome of stationary versus ambulatory withdrawal therapy in patients with medication overuse headache according to the International Headache Society criteria.
Discussion Summary: Multidisciplinary Management
Authors: Jensen Rigmor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A general discussion of the importance of the individual elements in the team resulted in an agreement about the central role of a dedicated headache specialist, usually a neurologist or a dedicated general practitioner with a specific interest in headache (the latter from experience in Norway and UK. The number of specialists in a headache clinic varied between different settings. So far, no comparative studies between treatment outcome from clinics in primary or secondary settings versus tertiary academic centres are available.
Discussion Summary: The Future Of Headache Clinics
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his presentation Dr Timothy Steiner demonstrated that there are many unmet needs of headache patients. Many individuals suffer from headache but do not receive adequate medical care. Much more healthcare providers are needed to adequately cover the huge number of patients with headaches. The knowledge and awareness of healthcare providers for headache patients should be substantially improved. National plans for headache should be implemented in order to improve the burden of headache patients.