bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the concentration of acrylamide during deep‐fat frying of potatoes
Authors: Matthäus Bertrand , Haase Norbert U. , Vosmann Klaus 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe paper describes the effect of different factors influencing the concentration of acrylamide in deep‐fat fried potato products. In French fries the amount of acrylamide increased with the temperature as well as the frying time, especially at temperatures higher than 175 °C. The increase of acrylamide with the time followed a linear function, whereas a non‐linear relationship was given with the temperature of frying. As a result, a reduction of the processing temperature led to lower concentrations of acrylamide in the product.Both, oil type and silicon oil as antifoaming agents had no significant influence upon the acrylamide concentration in the food.The variety of potatoes had a strong effect on the acrylamide concentration in potato crisps and French fries. The investigation showed a significant correlation (r = 0.73) between the concentration of acrylamide and reducing sugars in raw potatoes, and no significant correlation with the asparagine concentration. The storage temperature of the raw material had an effect on the acrylamide concentration in the product. Lowering of the storage temperature from 8 to 4 °C resulted in an increase of the concentration of reducing sugars in the raw material, which led to a higher potential of acrylamide formation in the products.The experiments showed that the acrylamide concentration of French fries depended on the surface‐to‐volume ratio (SVR).
New theoretical and practical aspects of the frying process
Authors: Parkash Kochhar S. , Gertz Christian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe deep‐frying process, normally carried out at 140–200 °C, is a very complex system due to the combination of heat and mass transfer between food and frying medium. The system becomes more complicated as the frying operation proceeds, because the composition of the food being fried and the frying medium is changing continuously due to the progressive deterioration of the frying medium. Apart from a variety of chemical reactions occurring, several changes take place in the frying food, such as gelatinisation of starch, denaturation of protein, and decrease of moisture. These changes bring about swelling of the product, formation of a crusty layer, and the appearance of a golden colour, good texture and taste. The precise control of the fryer enables these physical and chemical changes in the frying of food to convert it into a desirable finished product. This article discusses various types of reactions occurring in the food frying operation, possible mechanisms, a new realistic method – OSET index for measuring heat stability of frying oils – and the protective behaviour of substances that enhance the frying stability of oils.
Economical micromethod for determination of polar components in frying fats
Authors: Schulte Erhard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe polar components, formed in fats during deep‐frying, comprise a multitude of different artifacts. Their content is a suited indicator of fat quality. As an alternative to the time‐ and chemicals‐consuming official methods a simplified micromethod is described. The method employs general laboratory equipment and disposable consumables. The eluent mixture of petroleum ether + diethyl ether (90 + 10) was substituted by a mixture of isohexane + diisopropyl ether (85 + 15), because the high volatility of the former eluent caused problems at elevated ambient temperatures, e.g. during hot summers.
Optimising the baking and frying process using oil‐improving agents
Authors: Gertz Christian 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDespite slimness mania and acrylamide scare, the market of fried products is still growing. Frying is an extremely effective way to cook food. A fried product tastes good, has a good flavour and is prepared within a few minutes.Every effort has been made to optimise the frying process. With regard to the quality of the fried food, the quality of the frying oil is very important. In the past, important characteristics of industrial frying oils were oxidative stability, high smoke point and low foaming. Nowadays, new frying fats with various additives, with a healthier fatty acid profile and higher heat stability are emerging. Emulsifiers, anti‐polymerising agents, and natural and synthetic antioxidants improve the performance during frying. Sesamol, rosemary and other natural extracts display strong stabilising effects during the frying operations. Filtration and the use of heat‐stabilising additives help to retard fat degradation and give the producer a larger time‐window for optimum frying. The effectiveness of the treatment with filter aids or mineral adsorbents and the stabilising effects of synthetic and natural agents were compared by using the Rancimat test for testing oxidative stability and the OSET (oxidative stability at elevated temperature) test to determine the stability at the frying temperature.
Formation of short‐chain glycerol‐bound oxidation products and oxidised monomeric triacylglycerols during deep‐frying and occurrence in used frying fats
Authors: Velasco Joaquín , Marmesat Susana , Márquez‐Ruiz Gloria , Dobarganes M. Carmen 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHeating fats and oils at high temperature in the presence of air, a common procedure in culinary practices such as frying, results in a complex mixture of oxidation products. These compounds may impair the nutritional value of the food. Among them, there is a growing interest in the group of oxidised triacylglycerol monomers because of their high absorbability. The main structures in this group include triacylglycerols (TG) containing short‐chain acyl groups formed by homolytic β‐scission of the alkoxy radicals coming from allylic hydroperoxides. In addition there are TG containing oxidised fatty acyl groups of molecular weight similar to that of their parent TG, i.e., epoxy, keto and hydroxy fatty acyl groups.In this review, the main routes of formation of oxidised TG monomers are detailed. Also, the most relevant advances in the analysis of intact TG molecules by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are discussed. Special attention is paid to the present analytical possibilities for accurate quantification of the most important oxidised compounds formed at high temperature. Both the need to convert fats and oils into simpler derivatives, thus concentrating the compounds bearing the oxidised structure, and the methylation procedure selected to avoid artefact formation are justified. Typical concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids, short‐chain aldehydic acids, short‐chain diacids, and monoepoxy fatty acids, ketoacids and hydroxyacids in frying oils from restaurants and fried‐food outlets, with polar lipids levels at the limit of rejection for human consumption, are given.
Biophysical measurement of brain tumor cohesion
Authors: Winters Brian S. , Shepard Scott R. , Foty Ramsey A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAn advantage of using 3D multicellular spheres to study tumor biology is that they better approximate the interactions encountered by cells in vivo. Our previous studies have shown that the process of spheroid formation is governed by the same thermodynamic principles driving the formation of liquid droplets. This liquid‐like behavior enables us to measure a key property influencing tumor behavior, namely, intercellular cohesion. We have developed a method, tissue surface tensiometry (TST), to measure the cohesivity, expressible as surface tension (σ), of tissue aggregates under physiologic conditions. This study utilizes TST to measure the cohesivity of 3 widely used malignant astrocytoma cell lines of different in vitro invasive potentials. We compare invasiveness with aggregate cohesivity and with the expression of N‐cadherin, a key mediator of cell‐cell cohesion in neural tissues. We show that the cell lines exhibit liquid‐like behavior since they form spheroids whose surface tension is both force‐ and volume‐independent; that aggregates from each cell line have a distinct surface tension that correlates with their in vitro invasive capacity; that dexamethasone (Dex), a widely used therapeutic agent for the treatment of tumor‐related cerebral edema, increases aggregate cohesivity and decreases invasiveness; that dexamethasone treatment decreases invasion in a dose‐dependent manner but only when cells are in direct contact with one another; and that dex‐mediated decreased invasiveness correlates with increased aggregate cohesivity as measured by TST but not with N‐cadherin expression or function. Our results demonstrate that for these cell lines, cohesivity is an excellent predictor of in vitro invasiveness. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: Prospective population‐based study
Authors: Vatten Lars J. , Nilsen Tom I. Lund , Tretli Steinar , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Romundstad Pål R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that birth size is positively associated with breast cancer risk in adulthood. We studied birth length, birth weight and head circumference at birth and subsequent risk for breast cancer in a cohort of 16,016 women in Norway. Birth length was positively associated with risk (p trend = 002), and women who were 53 cm or longer had a relative risk of 1.8 (CI = 1.2–2.6) compared with women who were shorter than 50 cm, after adjustment for birth year, length of gestation, birth order, maternal age, maternal marital status and socioeconomic status at childbearing. Mutual adjustment for birth weight did not influence the results, and further adjustment for maternal height and adult factors (age at first birth and parity) in a subset of the cohort did not change the results. For birth weight, women in the highest category (≥ 3,840 g) had an adjusted relative risk (RR) of 1.5 (CI = 1.0–2.2) compared to women in the lowest (< 3,040 g), but mutual adjustment for birth length attenuated this association (RR = 1.1; CI = 0.7–1.8). Head circumference at birth showed a similar association as birth weight, with attenuation after mutual adjustment for birth length. The positive association with birth length was stronger among women whose mothers were relatively tall (median or taller, p trend = 0.001) compared to women whose mothers were relatively short (below median, p trend = 0.67) at childbearing. The results provide evidence that intrauterine factors influence future breast cancer risk. The positive association related to birth length suggests that factors that stimulate intrauterine longitudinal growth are particularly important. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induced expression of human CCND1 alternative transcripts in mouse Cyl‐1 knockout fibroblasts highlights functional differences
Authors: Holley Sarah L. , Heighway Jim , Hoban Paul R. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSplicing of human cyclin D1 (CCND1) mRNA producing transcripts a and b is modulated by a common polymorphism (A → G) located in a conserved splice donor region at nucleotide 870. CCND1 A/G870 genotype is associated with tumour progression and clinical outcome in a variety of cancers. Although in vitro expression of cyclin D1 transcript a (CCND1tra) has been widely investigated, few studies have examined the expression of CCND1 transcript b (CCND1trb). We have studied the effects of inducible expression of human CCND1trb in comparison with human CCND1tra in a mouse fibroblast knock‐out for cyclin D1 (MEFCyl‐1−/−). Inducible expression was in stable clones isolated from MEFCyl‐1−/− transfectants. Induction of CCND1tra produced a 36‐kDa protein, which led to a significant increase in the proportion of cells in S‐phase, as detected by BrdU incorporation after 32 hr, compared to non‐induced cells (p = 0.012). Clones induced to express CCND1tra exhibited a significantly increased ability to grow in serum depleted (2% FCS) medium compared to non‐induced clones (p = 0.0004). Induced expression of CCND1trb in MEFCyl‐1−/− transfectants produced a 31‐kDa protein and resulted in no significant difference in DNA synthesis, neither did the cells acquire the ability to grow in serum‐depleted conditions compared to non‐induced cells. Induction of CCND1trb significantly enhanced the ability of MEFCyl‐1−/− transfectants to form colonies in soft agar, (average 30‐fold increase) compared to non‐induced clones or those induced to express CCND1tra. Our data supports the emerging view that CCND1 alternate transcripts encode proteins with differing independent biological functions. We suggest that CCND1tra encodes a protein involved in regulating mitogen responsive, anchorage‐dependent G1 progression, whereas CCND1trb modulates the ability of the cell to grow in an anchorage‐independent manner. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties of cast Ti–Hf alloys
Authors: Sato Hideki , Kikuchi Masafumi , Komatsu Masashi , Okuno Osamu , Okabe Toru 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study examined the mechanical properties of a series of Ti–Hf alloys. Titanium alloys with 10 to 40 mass % Hf were made with titanium and hafnium sponge in an argon–arc melting furnace. Specimens cast into magnesia‐based investment molds were tested for yield strength, tensile strength, percentage elongation, and modulus of elasticity. Vickers microhardness was determined at 25 to 600 μm from the cast surface. X‐ray diffractometry was also performed. Commercially pure Ti (CP Ti) and pure Ti prepared from titanium sponge were used as controls. The data (n = 5) were analyzed with a one‐way ANOVA and the Student–Newman–Keuls test (α = 0.05). The diffraction peaks of all the metals matched those for α Ti; no β phase peaks were found. Alloys with Hf ≥ 25% had significantly (p < 0.05) higher yield and tensile strength compared to the CP Ti and pure Ti. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in elongation among all the Ti–Hf alloys and CP Ti, whereas the elongation of alloys with Hf ≥ 30% was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of the pure Ti. The cast Ti–Hf alloys tested can be considered viable alternatives to CP Ti because they were stronger than CP Ti and had similar elongation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 362–367, 2005
Ontogeny and homology of the paranasal sinuses in Platyrrhini (Mammalia: Primates)
Authors: Rossie James B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe identity and taxonomic distribution of paranasal sinuses among living platyrrhines has remained a contentious issue (e.g., Cave [1967] Am J Phys Anthropol 26:277–288 vs. Hershkovitz [1977] Chicago: University of Chicago Press) largely because the ontogenetic data required for their detection and identification (e.g., Cave [1967]; Maier [2000] Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 99–132.) were not attainable without sacrificing valuable juvenile and subadult specimens. Non‐invasive computed tomography (CT) scanning of ontogenetic series of skulls for 10 platyrrhine genera demonstrates the presence of maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, as well as homologs of the human sphenoid and frontal sinuses. Differences in the latter two sinuses between platyrrhines and hominoids highlight the need for early developmental data in establishing sinus homology. In particular, the identification of homologous recesses in the cartilaginous nasal capsule, from which sinuses later develop, emerges as the critical step. This developmental approach also reveals that the anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses are each sets of serial homologs, a point which reconciles previous difficulties in establishing sinus homologies across mammalian orders (e.g., Paulli [1900] Gegenbaurs Morphol Jahrb 28:147–178, 179–251, 483–564). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic method for the simultaneous chiral analysis of different amino acids in mixtures
Authors: Wu Lianming , Andy Tao W. , Cooks R. G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe kinetic method has been extended to enantiomeric excess (ee) determinations on amino acids present in mixtures. Singly charged trimeric clusters [CuII(ref*)2(Am) − H]+ are readily generated by electrospraying solutions containing CuII, a chiral reference ligand (ref*), and the amino acids (analytes Am, m = 1–3). A trimeric cluster ion for each amino acid is individually mass‐selected and then collisionally activated to cause dissociation by competitive loss of either the reference ligand or the analyte. For each analyte in the mixture, as shown from separate experiments, the logarithm of the ratio of the fragment abundances for the complex containing one enantiomer of this analyte expressed relative to that for the fragments of the corresponding complex containing the other enantiomer is linearly related to the enantiomeric composition of the amino acid. Formation and dissociation of each trimeric complex ion are shown to occur independently of the presence of other analytes. Chiral selectivity appears to be an intrinsic property and the chiral selectivity Rchiral(m) measured from the mixture of analytes is equal to Rchiral measured for the pure analyte. The sensitive nature of the methodology and the linear relationship between the logarithm of the fragment ion abundance ratio and the optical purity, characteristic of the kinetic method, allow the determination of chiral impurities of less than 2% ee in individual compounds present in mixtures by simply recording the ratios of fragment ion abundances in a tandem mass spectrum. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free Volume of Montmorillonite/Styrene‐Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposites Estimated by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Yi‐Qing , Wu You‐Ping , Zhang Hui‐Feng , Zhang Li‐Qun , Wang Bo , Wang Zhi‐Feng 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSummary: The size and concentration of free‐volume holes of two kinds of montmorillonite (MMT)/styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites were investigated by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Strong interfacial interaction caused an apparent reduction of the free‐volume fraction of rubber probably by depressing the formation of free‐volume holes in the interfacial region. Interfacial interaction in MMT/SBR nanocomposites was weaker than that in SBR filled with carbon black.Dependence of normalized o‐Ps intensity of four kinds of composites on filler volume fraction.imageDependence of normalized o‐Ps intensity of four kinds of composites on filler volume fraction.
B. J. Ash, R. W. Siegel and L. S. Schadler, 'Glass‐transition temperature behavior of alumina/PMMA nanocomposites', Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics (2004) 42(23) 4371–4383
Authors: Ash Benjamin J. , Siegel Richard W. , Schadler Linda S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics (2004) 42(23) 4371–4383
Activation‐dependent FasL expression in T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells
Authors: Lettau Marcus , Qian Jing , Kabelitz Dieter , Janssen Ottmar 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn cytotoxic T cells and Natural Killer cells, the death factor FasL is stored in association with secretory granules. Only upon activation, these vesicles are transported to the cytotoxic immunological synapse and FasL is expressed on the cell surface. Upon activation of T cells and NK cells with phorbol ester and calcium ionophore, we observed a biphasic expression of FasL in all lymphocyte subsets tested. The first peak was seen after 10−15 minutes of stimulation and was followed by a reduction of expression to baseline level before the second peak was reached at about two hours. Using inhibitors of protein biosynthesis (cycloheximide), vesicular transport (brefeldin A and monensin), actin polymerization (latrunculin A and cytochalasin D) and metalloproteases (GM 6001 and phenanthrolin), the regulation of FasL expression was analyzed in detail. We demonstrate that the first wave of expression is due to an actin‐dependent mobilization of preformed FasL whereas the second phase of expression requires de novo synthesis. The observed expression patterns might have implications for the development of therapeutic strategies that target FasL as an immunomodulatory protein.
Capital markets and capital allocation: Implications for economies in transition*
Authors: Durnev Art , Li Kan , Mørck Randall , Yeung Bernard 
Published: November 2004

AbstractRecent work showing that a sounder financial system is associated with faster economic growth has important implications for transition economies. Stock prices in developed economies move in highly firm‐specific ways that convey information about changes in firms’ marginal value of investment. This information facilitates the rapid flow of capital to its highest value uses. In contrast, stock prices in low‐income countries tend to move up and down en masse, and thus are of scant use for microeconomic capital allocation. Some transition economy markets are coming to resemble those of developed economies, others those of low‐income countries. Stock return asynchronicity is highly correlated with the strength of private property rights in general and public shareholders’ rights in particular. Other recent work suggests that small entrenched elites in low‐income countries preserve their sweeping control over the corporate sectors of their economies by using political influence to undermine the financial system and deprive entrants of capital. The lack of cross‐sectional independence in some transition economies’ stock returns may be a warning of such economic entrenchment. Sound property rights, solid shareholder rights, stock market transparency, and capital account openness appear to check this, and thus contribute to efficient capital allocation and economic growth.
The prognostic value of pre‐operative predicted forced vital capacity in corrective spinal surgery for Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
Authors: Harper C. M. , Ambler G. , Edge G. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe majority of patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy require corrective spinal surgery for scoliosis to maintain seated balance and to slow the progression of respiratory compromise, thereby facilitating nursing and enhancing their quality of life. Traditionally patients with a pre‐operative forced vital capacity (PFVC) of 30% or below predicted have been denied this surgery as it was thought that the incidence of postoperative complications was unacceptably high. We present data collected prospectively from 45 consecutive operations undertaken in our unit. These cases indicate that there is no clinically significant difference in operative and postoperative outcomes between patients with PFVC > 30% and ≤30%. However, the routine postoperative use of mask ventilation to facilitate early tracheal extubation is vital.