bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of an Automated Allele Concordance Analysis System (Compare CallsSM) to Ensure the Accuracy of Single-Source STR DNA Profiles
Authors: Ryan JH , Barrus JK , Budowle B , Shannon CM , Thompson VW , Ward BE 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A powerful method for validating a scientific result is to confirm specific results utilizing independent methodologies and processing pathways. Thus, we have designed, developed and validated an automated allele concordance analysis system (CompareCallSM, patent pending) that performs comparisons between two independent DNA analysis platforms to ensure the highest accuracy for allele calls. Application of this system in a quality assurance role has shown the potential to eliminate greater than 90% of the STR analysis required of a DNA data analyst. While this system is broadly applicable for use with any two independent STR analysis programs, either prior to or following human data review, we are presenting its application to data generated with the ABI Prism™ Genotyper™ software system versus data generated with the SurelockIDSM system. With the automated allele concordance analysis system, the GeneScan™ DNA fragment data generated from an ABI 377™ gel image are analyzed in two independent pathways. In one analysis pathway, the GeneScan™ data are imported into Genotyper™ software where STR labels are assigned to the fragment data based upon the criteria of the Kazam 20% macro. The “Kazam” macro provided with the Genotyper™ program works by labeling all peaks in a category (or locus) and then filtering (or removing) the labels from peaks, such as those in stutter positions, that meet predefined criteria. In the second pathway, the GeneScan™ data are imported into the SurelockIDSM analysis platform where STR labels and error messages are assigned to the fragment data based upon hard-coded allele calling criteria and quality parameters. The resulting STR allele calls for each analysis platform are then compared, utilizing the automated allele concordance analysis system. Any differences in the STR allele calls between the two systems are flagged in a discordance report for further review by a qualified DNA data analyst. The automated allele concordance analysis system guides the DNA data analyst to the discordant data generated by either analysis platform. Additionally, the analyst is also directed to data that are of less than pristine quality which may have an increased potential for errors in interpretation by either analysis platform or by a human DNA data analyst. Implementation of an automated allele concordance analysis system will yield high-quality data for CODIS and free the human DNA data analyst to perform other critical duties within the laboratory.
Evaluation of Iodine-Benzoflavone and Ruthenium Tetroxide Spray Reagents for the Detection of Latent Fingermarks at the Crime Scene
Authors: Flynn K , Maynard P , Pasquier ED , Lennard C , Stoilovic M , Roux C 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The performance of two spray reagents, iodine-benzoflavone and ruthenium tetroxide (RTX), was evaluated and compared with the conventional technique currently used at the crime scene, that is, powdering. Neither the spray techniques nor powdering were shown to be suitable for all surfaces and ages of marks tested. On some surfaces such as glass and treated wood, powdering was still the superior technique, whereas the spray techniques produced better development on wallpaper, vinyl, and brick. Sequencing work showed that RTX was incompatible with powdering and cyanoacrylate (with a rhodamine 6G stain). Iodine-benzoflavone can be used successfully either before or after powdering in a sequence; however, it was incompatible with cyanoacrylate. Two non-CFC formulations of iodine-benzoflavone using HFC4310mee and HFE7100 solvents were tested and shown not to be as effective as the original Arklone (CFC-113) formulation; however, the HFC4310mee solvent is recommended as the most suitable replacement solvent. Due to the expense of the commercial RTX spray, attempts at formulating a more cost-effective version were also carried out. A formulation was developed that gave comparable development to the commercial version but at a much cheaper cost, and with a shelf life of up to two months. Recommendations are presented for which techniques are suitable for different surfaces and ages of marks. Powdering was shown to be the best technique on all ages of marks tested on treated wood, glass, and also on marks aged three days and older on paint. Iodine-benzoflavone was the best technique on wallpaper, vinyl, brick, and raw wood. RTX was the best detection technique for fresh marks and marks aged up to one day on wallpaper and paint.
A New Technique for Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Scanning of Facial Tissues
Authors: Smith SL , Throckmorton GS 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We report the development of an ultrasonic facial scanning technique that allows for the visualization of continuous contours without deforming surface tissues. Adhesive markers are placed on the face to enable measurement of facial tissue thicknesses at specific landmarks. The subject immerses the face in a clear plastic box filled with water for about 20 seconds while the researcher moves the transducer along the bottom of the box, guiding transducer movement by watching the facial image in a mirror placed below. 3D Echotech® software (1) builds the images from sequentially acquired 2D frames. Reliability of repeat measurements at landmarks is good, and individual tissues (skin, subcutaneous, muscle) can be distinguished. The method is simple, reliable, less expensive and less time consuming than alternatives such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is applicable in both research and clinical contexts.
Identification of Ascorbic Acid and Its Degradation Products in Black Powder Substitutes
Authors: Goodpaster JV , Keto RO 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Low explosives such as smokeless powder, black powder, and black powder substitutes have been used in illicit pipe bombings throughout the United States. Some of the newer black powder substitutes are formulated with ascorbic acid, which gradually decomposes as the powder ages, making it difficult if not impossible for the forensic chemist to identify it by traditional bulk techniques. A sensitive method for the identification of residual levels of ascorbic acid in black powder substitutes is presented. Powder samples are extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA), which converts carboxylic acid and alcohol functional groups to trimethylsilyl esters and ethers, respectively. Samples are then analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results have shown that trace amounts of ascorbic acid can be identified at detection limits that are well below those for traditional bulk techniques. Degradation products for ascorbic acid (hydroxylated carboxylic acids, furanones, and lactones) can also be detected.
Visualization and LC/MS Analysis of Colorless Pepper Sprays?
Authors: Cavett V , Waninger EM , Krutak JJ , Eckenrode BA 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Pepper sprays are used in a variety of circumstances, including criminal activity, self-defense, and law enforcement. As such, the presence or absence of pepper sprays on evidentiary materials is often important when determining the facts of an incident. When no visible stains are present on evidentiary materials, ascertaining the presence or absence of pepper spray can be a challenge to the forensic analyst. A method, based on a chemical derivatization of capsaicinoids using a diazonium salt, has been developed for the visualization of colorless, ultraviolet (UV) activated fluorescent dye-free pepper sprays on textiles. Identification of both the capsaicinoids and their derivatives is confirmed via extraction of the derivatized capsaicinoids followed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. LC/MS analysis is conducted using a YMC Basic™ column and elution of the compounds using a gradient of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 4.2 and methanol at 0.35 mL/min. Full-scan MS data are collected for the full 6.5 min LC analysis. Although this method is qualitative in nature, visual detection of as little as 50 µL of a 0.2% pepper spray (equivalent to ~0.1 mg) on a variety of garments is possible, and more than adequate signal-to-noise is obtained for reconstructed ion chromatograms on LC/MS analysis at these levels.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Extracting DNA From Old and Burned Bone
Authors: Ye J , Ji A , Parra EJ , Zheng X , Jiang C , Zhao X , Hu L , Tu Z 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
It has been a challenge to extract DNA from bones previously soaked in water, burned, or buried for a long time, due to the reduced quality and quantity of DNA in the bone samples. The dramatic degradation of the DNA and the presence of PCR inhibitors in the collagen significantly complicate the process of DNA identification in dated and charred bones. In this article, we present a novel strategy to obtain DNA from bones based on the use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) lysis buffer and isoamyl alcohol-chloroform extraction with subsequent DNA purification using the DNA IQ™ System, or alternatively the QIAquick™ system. When applied to bones soaked, burned or buried for up to nine years, this method increases the purity and yield of DNA with respect to the traditional phenol-chloroform method and significantly improves multiplex STR genotyping using fluorescence-based methods. The results of this research will assist forensic scientists in the identification of DNA from victims whose bodies underwent significant trauma or burning, prec luding the utilization of traditional forensic DNA identification techniques.
Suicide by Cyanide: 17 Deaths
Authors: Gill JR , Marker E , Stajic M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
We reviewed 17 intentional ingestions of cyanide that occurred in New York City over a ten-year interval. The toxicologic and postmortem findings were reviewed. Certain occupations and nationalities of the decedents predominated among this group of suicides. Scientists, jewelers, and metal workers were common occupations among the decedents. In addition, 8 of 17 fatalities were West Indian/Caribbean Island and South American decedents, including three decedents from Guyana. Fourteen of the 17 fatalities were male. Pink lividity, a “bitter-almond” smell, and a hemorrhagic gastric mucosa were not prevailing findings in these decedents. A color test was used for screening for cyanide with confirmation and quantitation using gas chromatography.
The Safety Helmet Detection Technology and Its Application to the Surveillance System
Authors: Wen C-Y 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) plays an important role in the modern economy. It provides a fast and convenient way to process transactions between banks and their customers. Unfortunately, it also provides a convenient way for criminals to get illegal money or use stolen ATM cards to extract money from their victim's accounts. For safety reasons, each ATM has a surveillance system to record customer's face information. However, when criminals use an ATM to withdraw money illegally, they usually hide their faces with something (in Taiwan, criminals usually use safety helmets to block their faces) to avoid the surveillance system recording their face information, which decreases the efficiency of the surveillance system. In this paper, we propose a circle/circular arc detection method based upon the modified Hough transform, and apply it to the detection of safety helmets for the surveillance system of ATMs. Since the safety helmet location will be within the set of the obtainable circles/circular arcs (if any exist), we use geometric features to verify if any safety helmet exists in the set. The proposed method can be used to help the surveillance systems record a customer's face information more precisely. If customers wear safety helmets to block their faces, the system can send a message to remind them to take off their helmets. Besides this, the method can be applied to the surveillance systems of banks by providing an early warning safeguard when any “customer” or “intruder” uses a safety helmet to avoid his/her face information from being recorded by the surveillance system. This will make the surveillance system more useful. Real images are used to analyze the performance of the proposed method.
Y-SNP Typing of U.S. African American and Caucasian Samples Using Allele-Specific Hybridization and Primer Extension
Authors: Vallone PM , Butler JM 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Multiplex analysis of genetic markers has become increasingly important in a number of fields, including DNA diagnostics and human identity testing. Two methods for examination of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a potential for a high degree of multiplex analysis of markers are primer extension with fluorescence detection, and allele-specific hybridization using flow cytometry. In this paper, we examined 50 different SNPs on the Y-chromosome using three primer extension multiplexes and five hybridization multiplex assays. For certain loci, the allele-specific hybridization method exhibited sizable background signal from the absent alternate allele. However, 100% concordance (&gt;2000 alleles) was observed in ten markers that were typed using both methods. A total of 18 unique haplogroups out of a possible 45 were observed in a group of 229 U.S. African American and Caucasian males with the majority of samples being assigned into 2 of the 18 haplogroups.
Motor-Vehicle Collision-Related Death Due to Delayed-Onset Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Associated with Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Lopez AE , Barnard JJ , White CL , Oeberst JL , Prahlow JA 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDelayed deaths following injury are not rare. Various mechanisms may be responsible for such deaths, including pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and delayed hemorrhage. In the present case, we describe a death due to delayed subarachnoid hemorrhage following a motor vehicle collision, wherein the hemorrhage occurred ten days after the incident, while the patient remained hospitalized for skeletal trauma. At no time prior to the hemorrhage did the victim show any symptoms of brain injury. Autopsy revealed basilar subarachnoid hemorrhage arising from a cerebral cortical contusion. There was no evidence of aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation. A significant underlying contributing factor in the delayed hemorrhage was the victim's chronic anticoagulant therapy, which was required because of a mechanical heart valve.
Y-STR Haplotypes from Eight South Indian Groups Based on Five Loci
Authors: Cordaux R , Bentley G , Aunger R , Sirajuddin SM , Stoneking M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Five Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (STR) loci (DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, and DYS393) were typed in 81 males from seven tribal populations of south India, including 30 Koragas, 23 Yeravas, 5 Mullukurunan, 2 Mullukurumba, 4 Paniya, 3 Kuruchian and 3 Bettakurumba; and 11 south Indian caste individuals of mixed origins.
Radiographic Survey of Third Molar Development in Relation to Chronological Age Among Japanese Juveniles
Authors: Arany S , Iino M , Yoshioka N 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish Japanese reference material on the third molar development of Japanese juveniles for forensic application. Observations were performed on the orthopantomograms of 1282 Japanese patients between the ages of 14.0 and 24.0 years. Demirjian formation stages of the maxillary and mandibular third molars were recorded for chronological evaluation of wisdom teeth and applied for further statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences were noted between the upper and lower jaws and genders. Accordingly, males achieved root developmental grades earlier than females. We assessed the mean ages for all formation grades and predicted the probability that a Japanese juvenile would be older than the relevant ages of 14, 16, and 20 as defined by Japanese Juvenile Law. We determined the likelihood that a Japanese youth is older than the relevant age of 18 as defined by legislation in the United States.
Distribution and Optical Purity of Methamphetamine Found in Toxic Concentration in a Civil Aviation Accident Pilot Fatality
Authors: Chaturvedi AK , Cardona PS , Soper JW , Canfield DV 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Toxicological evaluation of postmortem samples collected from a pilot involved in a unique fatal civil aircraft accident is described in this paper. A one-occupant airplane was substantially damaged upon colliding with terrain in poor visibility. Remains of the pilot were found outside the aircraft. Pathological examination revealed multiple blunt force injuries and vascular congestion. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay disclosed 8.0 µg/mL amphetamines in urine. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analyses determined the presence of methamphetamine (1.13 µg/mLin blood and 59.2 µg/mL in urine) and amphetamine (0.022 µg/mLin blood and 1.50 µg/mL in urine). Methamphetamine was distributed throughout the body, including the brain. The amount of methamphetamine in gastric contents was 575-fold higher than that of amphetamine. The (+)- and (-)-forms of methamphetamine were present in equal proportions in gastric contents. The methamphetamine concentration found in blood was in the range sufficient to produce toxic effects, causing performance impairment.
The Effect of Breath Freshener Strips on Two Types of Breath Alcohol Testing Instruments
Authors: Moore RL , Guillen J 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The potential for breath freshener strips to interfere with the accuracy of a breath alcohol test was studied. Twelve varieties of breath freshener strips from five manufacturers were examined. Breath tests were conducted using the infrared based BAC DataMaster or the fuel cell based Alco-Sensor IV-XL, 30 and 150 seconds after placing a breath strip on the tongue. No effect was observed using the Alco-Sensor system. Some of the strips gave a small reading at 30 seconds (less than or equal to 0.010 g/210 L apparent alcohol) using the DataMaster. Readings on the DataMaster returned to zero by the 150 second test. A proper pre-test observation and deprivation period should prevent any interference from breath freshener strips on breath alcohol testing.
Allele Frequency Distribution of D8S592 (STR) and PDGFA (VNTR) Among Five Endogamous Population Groups of India
Authors: Ahmad S , Seshadri M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Allele frequency distribution have been analyzed at D8S592 (short tandem repeat) and PDGFA (variable number of tandem repeat) among five distinct endogamous groups of India namely Ezhavas, Nayers, Arayas, Vishwakarma and Muslims. Muslims are religio-ethnic group while other populations mentioned above belong to distinct section of Hindu religion. All these populations are from Kollam district of Kerala in Southern India and speak Malayalam, an Indo-Dravidian language. A total of 228 for D8S592 and 212 for PDGFA loci, random, healthy individuals were analyzed.
STR Polymorphism Among Two Tribal Populations of India
Authors: Ghosh A , Ramesh A , Kumar KAR , Seshadri M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Two tribal populations of India, Bison Horn Maria and Muria from Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh in Central India were studied for DNA polymorphisms at tetranucleotide short tandem repeat (STR) loci (F13A01 and HUMvWA). A total of 63 random adult individuals for F13A01 locus and 53 samples for HUMvWA were analyzed in the present study.
Review of: Juvenile Sexual Homicide
Authors: Brenzinger M 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Wade Myers presents a comprehensive and fascinating examination about juveniles who commit sexual homicide. Juvenile Sexual Homicide is a unique contribution, in that it is the first empirical, systematic study ever conducted on this population. Sexual homicide is understood as a murder that has an identifiable sexual component connected to the act, often demonstrated by either an overt behavior or having symbolic significance. Although the act of sexual homicide is a rare event, Dr. Myers painstakingly identified and studied 16 male juveniles who committed at least one sexual homicide. The text is intended, in part, to identify and understand the psychopathology, personality, and behavioral characteristics within a group of 16 male juveniles. The book is divided into three sections, beginning with a general discussion regarding the scope of the research and presents the methodology used to gather, analyze, and interpret the findings. Section two examines the juvenile's behaviors, taking into account the various criminal aspects identified, and applies the known case data to psychiatric and psychological diagnoses, particularly focusing on the juvenile's personality structure and psychopathic characteristics observed. The text concludes by providing the reader with a typology of these offenders, and devotes a chapter to elderly female victims, an increasing concern for law enforcement.
Review of: Science and Litigation: Products Liability in Theory and Practice
Authors: Grey BJ 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Science and Litigation: Products Liability in Theory and Practice, written by Terrence Kiely, a professor at DePaul Law School, focuses on the use of scientific evidence in the courtroom. It declares its audience as judges, expert witnesses, plaintiff or defendant trial counsel, law professors or 2 as well as corporate scientists and executives, and aims to guide these diverse groups through the intricacies of a products liability case steeped in scientific evidence.
Review of: Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 3rd Ed.
Authors: Bashinski JS 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
This text is divided into four sections. The first four chapters deal with the victim—describing the victim's perspective, rape trauma syndrome, crisis care for the victim, and include a review of contemporary issues and a new chapter on victims in nursing homes. The next ten chapters discuss the investigation of rape and sexual assault, focusing on classifying the rape and profiling the behavior of the offender, including a discussion of false confessions. The third section consists of three chapters describing the recognition and collection of forensic evidence, the forensic medical examination of the victim, and the prosecutor's presentation of the case in court. The fourth section consists of six chapters on special populations, including juvenile and female offenders and sexual predators in nursing homes. The stated aim of this 3rd edition is to present current research findings, new forensic techniques, and recent data about special populations of victims and offenders.
Review of: A History of Cocaine: The Mystery of Coca Java and the Kew Plant
Authors: Isenschmid DS 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The title of this book is somewhat misleading. If you buy this book expecting a general text on the history of cocaine, you may be disappointed. The second part of the title is more descriptive of the actual contents of this volume: three historically interesting doctoral dissertations about the origins of the coca plant and the early coca trade. These dissertations have been translated specifically for this book and have not been easily obtainable prior to this publication in any language.