bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a microdose of medetomidine on diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Nicklin Constance E , Melendaz Michelle , Hamilton Patricia , Kuonen Christopher D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate cardiorespiratory and anesthetic effects of a microdose of medetomidine hydrochloride on diazepam-ketamine (DK) hydrochloride induced anesthesia in dogs.

Design
Randomized crossover study.

Animals
6 two-year-old healthy female dogs.

Procedure
A study was designed to compare quality of anesthetic induction, recovery, analgesia, muscle relaxation, duration of immobilization, and ease of endotracheal intubation between diazepam-ketamine-medetomidine (DKM) and diazepam-ketamine induced anesthesia in 6 dogs. Diazepam (0.25 mg/kg [0.114 mg/lb] of body weight, IV) and ketamine (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], IV) with or without a microdose of medetomidine (5 μg/kg, IV) were administered to dogs. A baseline ECG was obtained, and baseline measurements of arterial blood gas tensions, arterial pressures, heart and respiratory rates, and minute volume were taken before drug administration. All measurements were repeated again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Endotracheal intubation was attempted 1 minute after drug administration and then again 5, 10, 20, and 30 minutes after drug administration. Analgesia was evaluated by tail clamp and needle prick testing.

Results
Medetomidine improved quality of anesthetic induction, ease of endotracheal intubation, and extended duration of analgesia and lateral recumbency in anesthetized dogs. The addition of medetomidine to DK increased blood pressure and decreased heart and respiratory rates and minute volume. Hypoxemia was observed in 1 dog after DKM induced anesthesia.

Clinical Implications
Administration of a microdose of medetomidine provides a useful adjunct to DK induced anesthesia in dogs. Oxygen insufflation is recommended for a minimum of the first 5 minutes of DKM induced anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:215-219)
Megavoltage irradiation of pituitary macrotumors in dogs with neurologic signs
Authors: Théon Alain P. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess the efficacy and determine prognostic factors of megavoltage irradiation for pituitary macrotumors in dogs with neurologic signs.

Design
Prospective clinical trial.

Animals
24 dogs with pituitary macrotumor syndrome; 19 ACTH-secreting and 5 clinically endocrine-inactive tumors.

Procedure
Dogs were treated with 48 Gy of radiation during 4 weeks on an alternate-day schedule of 4 Gy/fraction. Three (12.5%) dogs did not complete the planned treatment because of progression of neurologic signs.

Results
A significant correlation was found between relative tumor size (ie, size of tumor relative to calvarium size) and severity of neurologic signs and between relative tumor size and remission of neurologic signs after irradiation. In dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism, a significant correlation was found between relative tumor size and plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations. Prognostic factors that independently affected duration of remission of neurologic signs were relative tumor size and endocrine activity. The prognostic factor that independently affected overall survival time was severity of neurologic signs. Prognostic factors of duration of eucortisolism were not found. Use of a large field of irradiation was associated with substantial damage to brain tissue.

Clinical Implications
Because radiation therapy was effective for treatment of tumors of small relative size in dogs, early treatment of pituitary tumors should improve prognosis. Further improvements may be obtained, using protocols in which higher total radiation doses and smaller radiation dose fractions are given. Irradiation was effective for long-term control of functional pituitary macrotumors and resulted in acceptably low complication rates when small fields of radiation were used. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:225-231)
Comparison of five regimens for oral administration of medication to induce sedation in dogs prior to euthanasia
Authors: Ramsay Edward C. , Wetzel Randolph W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare regimens for oral administration of medication to induce sedation in dogs prior to euthanasia.

Design
Prospective randomized clinical study.

Animals
37 dogs.

Procedure
Groups and medications were as follows: group 1, acepromazine (n = 8); group 2, tiletamine-zolazepam (8); group 3, tiletamine-zolazepam and acepromazine (8); group 4, tiletamine-zolazepam and butorphanol (6); and group 5, pentobarbital sodium (7). Capsules or tablets were placed in each dog's food. Sedation was scored at 3-minute intervals after consumption of medication for at least 60 minutes. Dogs with signs of persistent or progressive sedation were observed for 90 minutes.

Results
Only 2 dogs in group 1 became slightly ataxic. All group-2 dogs were slightly ataxic, and 4 of 8 became laterally recumbent (mean time to lateral recumbency, 62 minutes). Seven of 8 group-3 dogs became sternally recumbent, and 6 of these dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 48.6 minutes). Four of 6 group-4 dogs were slightly or moderately ataxic, and 1 of these dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 48 minutes). One dog in group 5 was not affected by the medication, but all other group-5 dogs became laterally recumbent (mean, 59 minutes).

Clinical Implications
Of the medications evaluated, tiletamine-zolazepam and acepromazine at dosages of approximately 20 mg/kg (9.1 mg/lb) and 2 mg/kg (0.91 mg/lb), respectively, or pentobarbital sodium alone (63.2 ± 5.1 mg/kg [28.7 ± 2.3 mg/lb]) most consistently induced profound sedation and lateral recumbency after oral administration to dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:240-242)
Evaluation of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy
Authors: Carroll Gwendolyn L. , Howe Lisa B. , Slater Margaret R. , Haughn Linda , Martinez Elizabeth A. , Hartsfield Sandee M. , Matthews Nora S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate adequacy of analgesia provided by postoperative administration of butorphanol to cats undergoing onychectomy.

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Animals
63 cats undergoing elective onychectomy.

Procedure
Cats were randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 42) or control group (21). Cats in the treatment group were given butorphanol parenterally immediately and 4 hours after surgery and orally for 2 days after surgery. Rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded and scores were assigned for temperament, recovery, sedation, analgesia, and lameness for the first 24 hours after surgery. Owners provided scores for appetite, personality, and lameness the first and second days after discharge from the hospital.

Results
Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and temperament and sedation scores were not significantly different between groups at any evaluation time. Recovery scores were significantly better for butorphanol-treated than for control-group cats 10 minutes after extubation. Analgesia scores were significantly better for butorphanol-treated than for control-group cats between 5 and 24 hours after surgery. Fewer butorphanol-treated than control-group cats were lame at the time of discharge from the hospital. The first day after discharge, owners reported that percentages of butorphanol-treated cats that ate normally, acted normally, and had only mild or no lameness were significantly higher than percentages of control-group cats that did. Significant differences between groups were not detected the second day after discharge.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that for cats undergoing onychectomy, administration of butorphanol the day of surgery and the first full day after surgery provides effective analgesia and improves recovery, appetite, and gait. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:246-250)
Monitoring and detection of acute viral respiratory tract disease in horses
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth L. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Salman M. D. , Collins James K. , Getzy David M. , Carman Jane 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To develop a system to monitor and detect acute infections of the upper respiratory tract (ie, nares, nasopharynx, and pharynx) in horses and to assess the association among specific viral infections, risk factors, and clinical signs of disease.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
151 horses with clinical signs of acute infectious upper respiratory tract disease (IURD) from 56 premises in Colorado.

Procedure
Health management data, blood samples, and nasal or nasopharyngeal swab samples were obtained for 151 horses with clinical signs of acute IUBD. Of these horses, 112 had an additional blood sample obtained during convalescence and were considered to have complete sample sets. Samples were tested for evidence of respiratory tract infection by use of ELISA, virus isolation, and serologic testing of paired serum samples.

Results
Viral infections were identified in 65 horses with complete sample sets; influenza virus infection was identified in 43 horses, equine herpesvirus (EHV) infection in 18, and mixed influenza virus and EHV infections in 4. On 14 premises, samples were obtained from more than 1 affected horse. Viral infections were identified in horses on 11 of 14 premises. Equine herpesviruses were isolated from 10 horses. A relationship was not found between vaccination history and identification of EHV or influenza virus infections. An infection with EHV was less likely to be identified in horses with initial (acute) antibody titers > 1:16 to EHV.

Clinical Implications
Influenza virus (specifically, A/equine/2) was the most common virus associated with acute IURD. Use of multiple diagnostic tests and obtaining samples from more than 1 horse in an outbreak may improve detection of viral infections. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:385-390)
Complications associateci with administration of detomidine into the caudal epidural space in a horse
Authors: Wittern Chelsea , Hendrickson Dean A. , Trumble Troy , Wagner Ann 
Published: December 2023

Detomidine hydrochloride, administered at lower than recommended doses into the caudal epidural space in horses, can induce greater sedation than expected.
Horses given detomidine as a caudal epidural injection and in which general anesthesia is subsequently induced with halothane may require lower concentrations of anesthetic for maintenance.
Use of a handheld device for analysis of blood electrolyte concentrations and blood gas partial pressures in dogs and horses
Authors: Looney Andrea L. , Ludders John , Erb Hollis N. , Gleed Robin , Moon Paula 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare, for blood samples from dogs and horses, blood electrolyte concentrations, blood gas partial pressures, and Hct obtained using a handheld analyzer with those obtained using a standard chemistry analyzer and to compare results obtained with the handheld analyzer using warm versus cold test cartridges.

Design
Case series with analysis of split samples.

Sample Population
Blood samples from 22 dogs and 17 horses.

Procedure
Sodium, potassium, ionized calcium, bicarbonate, and total CO2 concentrations, pH, Po2, Pco2, base excess, and Hct were determined by use of a handheld analyzer and test cartridges that had been allowed to warm to ambient temperature or had been recently removed from a refrigerator. Results were compared with those from a standard chemistry analyzer by use of linear regression.

Results
For canine samples, values obtained with the handheld analyzer and warm cartridges were highly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.83) with values obtained with the standard chemistry analyzer, except for sodium concentration (r2 = 0.6). For equine samples, values obtained with the handheld analyzer and warm cartridges were highly correlated (r2 ≥ 0.79) with values obtained with the standard chemistry analyzer, except for Hct (r2 = 0.38). For all samples, results obtained with cold and warm cartridges were moderately correlated (r2 ≥ 0.69).

Clinical Implications
Results obtained with the handheld analyzer were similar to those obtained from the standard chemistry analyzer, with the exception of sodium concentration for canine samples and Hct for equine samples. Results were not substantially affected by use of cold, rather than warm, test cartridges. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:526-530)
Retinal degeneration associated with vitamin E deficiency in hunting dogs
Authors: Davidson M. G. , Geoly F J. , Gilger B. C. , McLellan G. J. , Whitley W. 
Published: December 2023

Nutritional deficiency of vitamin E in dogs can lead to oxidative damage and degeneration of the photoreceptors of the retina.
Clinical and pathologic changes associated with vitamin E deficiency in dogs are similar to those described for central progressive retinal atrophy and equine lower motor neuron disease, which suggests that these diseases share a common pathogenesis.
Passive transfer, rate of decay, and protein specificity of antibodies against equine arteritis virus in horses from a Standardbred herd with high seroprevalence
Authors: Hullinger Pamela J. , Wilson W. David , Rossitto Paul V , Patton John F , Thurmond Mark C. , MacLachlan N. James 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine rate of decay of passively acquired antibodies in Standardbred foals on a farm with a high seroprevalence to equine arteritis virus (EAV) and to determine whether vertical or horizontal transmission of the virus was responsible for infection on the farm.

Design—
Repeated-measures study.

Animals—
46 Standardbred horses (15 brood mares and their foals, 5 stallions, and 11 young horses).

Procedure—
Serum samples obtained from horses on the farm were evaluated by serum neutralization and western immunoblot analysis to detect EAV-specific antibodies. The half-life of passively acquired antibodies in foals was estimated by use of regression analysis.

Results—
Most (14/15) of the mares evaluated were seropositive to EAV. After suckling, their foals were also seropositive. Mean biological half-life for passively acquired antibodies in serum samples obtained from foals was 32 days (r2 = 0.61). The foal born to a seronegative dam and all 11 young horses from the farm were seronegative to EAV. At least 2 of 5 stallions on the farm were persistently infected carriers that were shedding virus in their semen. Immunoblot analysis of seropositive serum samples most consistently recognized the Μ protein of EAV.

Clinical Implications—
Analysis of these data indicated that a modified-live EAV vaccine can be administered to foals after they are 8 months old without risk of interference from maternal antibodies, regardless of serologic status of the foal's dam. Horizontal transmission of EAV via the respiratory tract apparently was uncommon on the farm, indicating that mares primarily were infected by venereal transmission of virus from carrier stallions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:839-842)
Arthroscopic removal of abaxial fracture fragments of the proximal sesamoid bones in horses: 47 cases (1989-1997)
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Trotter Gayle W. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To determine the outcome of horses after arthroscopic removal of abaxial fracture fragments of the proximal sesamoid bone and association of fracture grade with outcome.

Design—
Retrospective study.

Animals—
47 horses.

Procedure—
Information obtained from dorsopalmar and dorsoplantar radiographic views of metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints was used to classify fractures as grade 1 (< 15 mm long), grade 2 (15 to 25 mm long), and grade 3 (> 25 mm long) and type 1 (abaxial) and type 2 (apical-abaxial). Outcome was determined by whether the horse returned to its intended use, raced in the same class or higher (racehorses), or performed satisfactorily (nonracehorses). Number of starts, performance index, and money earned were also used to evaluate performance of racehorses.

Results—
Follow-up information was obtained for 41 horses (35 racehorses, 6 nonracehorses). Twenty-five racehorses were able to return to racing (16 in the same class, 9 in a lower class). All 6 nonracehorses were able to return to performance at the same level. Horses with small fracture fragments or fractures involving the abaxial aspect of the proximal sesamoid bone only had a more favorable outcome, compared with horses with large or apical-abaxial fractures.

Clinical Implications—
Overall, horses with abaxial fractures of the proximal sesamoid bone have a favorable prognosis for return to racing, but only a fair prognosis for return to racing in the same class, after arthroscopic removal of fracture fragments. Successful results can be expected for nonracehorses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:1016-1021)
Agreement between two methods for measuring urine pH in cats and dogs
Authors: Heuter Kerry J. , Buffington C. A. Tony , Chew Dennis J. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To compare urine pH of cats and dogs determined by use of a dipstrip and a pH meter.

Design—
Prospective study.

Sample Population—
109 urine samples from 88 cats that were clinically normal or had signs of irritative urination, 52 samples from 13 clinically normal dogs, and 3 samples from 3 dogs with urinary tract infections.

Procedure—
Measurements of urine pH were obtained by use of a dipstrip and pH meter, and degree of agreement between measurements was evaluated.

Results—
Mean difference (± 2 SD) between the 2 methods was 0.1 ± 0.9 pH units. Only 65 of 164 (40%) samples measured by use of a dipstrip were within 0.25 pH units of results obtained by use of the pH meter.

Clinical Implications—
When an accurate measurement of urine pH is critical for clinical decision making, the measurement should be made by use of a pH meter. Dipstrips typically are not accurate enough to be clinically useful. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:996-998)
Porcelain gallbladder associated with primary biliary adenocarcinoma in a dog
Authors: Brömel Catharina , Smeak Daniel D. , Léveillé Renée 
Published: December 2023

In human patients, porcelain gallbladder (intramural mineralization of the gallbladder) is often associated with gallbladder carcinoma.
In dogs, intramural mineralization of the gallbladder can be distinguished from mineralization of gallbladder contents on the basis of ultrasonographic, surgical, and histologic findings.
Relationship between degenerative joint disease and hip joint laxity by use of distraction index and Norberg angle measurement in a group of cats
Authors: Langenbach Anke , Giger Urs , Green Pamela , Rhodes Harker , Gregor Thomas P. , LaFond Elizabeth , Smith Gail 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the relationship between degenerative joint disease (DJD) and passive laxity of the hip joint in a group of cats.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
A select (nonrandomized) group of 78 cats.

Procedure
Standard hip-extended radiographic views and compression and distraction views of the pelvis were obtained from cats during sedation. Radiographs were evaluated, using an Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)-like scoring system for dogs. Passive joint laxity was measured, using Norberg angle (NA) and distraction index (DI). Hip laxity in cats with DJD was compared with hip laxity in cats without DJD.

Results
Hip dysplasia (HD) was subjectively diagnosed radiographically in 25 of 78 (32%) cats using the OFA-like scoring system. Nineteen cats had mild HD, 4 had moderate HD, and 2 had severe HD. Fifteen of the 25 cats with HD had DJD. The NA ranged from 56 to 105. The mean NA in cats with DJD was (84°) significantly lower than in cats without DJD (95°). The DI ranged from 0.2 to 0.84. The mean DI for cats with DJD was (0.6) significantly higher than that for cats without DJD (0.49). Cats with a DI < 0.4 did not have DJD. Cats had an increased likelihood of having DJD with increased laxity in the coxofemoral joint, as measured by NA or DI.

Clinical Implications
The mean NA for radiographically normal cats (92.4°) was lower than that in radiographically normal dogs (103°). The overall mean DI for cats in this group (0.51) is similar to dogs of breeds with high joint laxity, such as the Labrador Retriever (0.5). As in dogs, there is a relationship between DJD and laxity in the hip joint of cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:1439-1443)
Radiographic evaluation of elbow joints before and after surgery in dogs with possible fragmented medial coronoid process
Authors: Wosar Marc A. , Lewis Daniel D. , Neuwirth Lisa , Parker Robert B. , Spencer Crispin P. , Kubilis Paul S. , Stubbs W. Preston , Murphy Scott T. , Shiroma Jonathan T. , Stallings Jeffery T. , Bertrand Scott G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the usefulness of 5 radiographic projections of the elbow joint for identification of fragmented coronoid process (FCP) and associated secondary degenerative changes in dogs.

Design
Longitudinal clinical study.

Animals
19 dogs suspected of having FCP (7 dogs, 1 elbow joint; 12 dogs, both elbow joints).

Procedure
5 radiographic projections were obtained before and after surgery for all elbow joints on which exploratory arthrotomy was performed because of suspected FCP. Radiographs obtained before surgery were compared with radiographs obtained after surgery and radiographs taken of the excised fragments. Each projection was evalated for its utitility in definitively identifying FCP and 7 specific degenerative changes. Interevaluator agreement, use of each radiographic projection for definitively identifying a feature, and ability of the 4 evaluators to definitively identify a feature were analyzed.

Results
The craniolateral-caudomedial oblique (Cr15L-CdMO) projection had a significantly higher sensitivity for definitively identifying FCP, compared with the other 4 projections. Interevaluator and kappa agreement for the 5 projections did not differ significantly among the 7 degenerative changes evaluated. The radiographic projection with the highest sensitivity and specificity for detection of a particular degenerative change varied by feature.

Clinical Implications
Of the 5 radiographic projections evaluated, the Cr15L-CdMO projection provided the highest sensitivity and was the best projection to use for definitively identifying FCP. The craniocaudal, Cr15L-CdMO, and mediolateral projections most reliably allowed for identification of secondary degenerative changes. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:52–58)
Clinicopathologic features of dogs with hepatic microvascular dysplasia with and without portosystemic shunts: 42 cases (1991–1996)
Authors: Allen Larie , Stobie Daniel , Mauldin G. Neal , Baer Keith E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify and compare clinicopathologic features between dogs with hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) and confirmed portosystemic shunts (PSS) and dogs with HMD alone and to determine whether any discriminating variables can be identified to differentiate the conditions.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
42 dogs with HMD.

Procedure
Medical records of dogs with HMD examined between January 1991 and October 1996 at 3 veterinary hospitals were reviewed.

Results
Compared with dogs with PSS and HMD, dogs with HMD alone were older and had higher values for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and serum total protein, albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, BUN, and blood glucose concentrations. Compared with dogs with HMD alone, dogs with PSS and HMD had higher values for pre- and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations, WBC, and serum alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities. The most discriminating variables for the 2 conditions were serum postprandial bile acid concentrations, MCV, and serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations.

Clinical Implications
The discriminant variables of postprandial serum bile acid concentrations, MCV, and serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations may be useful in distinguishing between dogs with HMD alone and dogs with PSS and HMD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:218–220)