bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short History of Modern Arabic Literature
Authors: Badawi M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a concise and authoritative survey of the whole of modern Arabic literature since the mid-19th century with a view to helping the general reader as well as the student to form a clear picture of the literary achievements of the modern Arabs. the drive for modernization, which started in Egypt and Syria early in the 19th century and which gradually spread to the rest of the Arab world, resulted in the introduction of secular education, printing, journalism, and much translation of western thought and literature. Consequently, a new reading public and a new conception of literature emerged. Inspired by rising nationalism and the conflict between Islam and westernization, writers sought to reflect and indeed change social and political reality, instead of merely displaying their verbal skill. This book examines the attempts made by Arab authors to define this cultural identity and meet the needs of the modern world by adapting the imported forms of the novel, short story, and drama, as well as their indigenous poetic and prose tradition.
Evaluative Criteria And Bayes’S Theorem
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY analysis to this point has suggested that Bayes’s theorem cannot account, in one way or the other, for the evidence of evil or for the explanatory power of theism with respect to evil. But, as we saw, Bayes’s theorem incorporates not only the probability of predictive power but also various prior probabilities. These probabilities have no correlate in causality, and, therefore, there is no obvious way, as in the case of predictive power, to calculate their values. For this purpose particular evaluative criteria are required. Swinburne accepts three: fit, scope, and simplicity.
Informal Reasoning And Religious Belief (1)
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE have, up to this point, discussed particular problems associated with the approach Swinburne adopts in his argument for the existence of God. We saw, in the first place, that his methodology is inadequate for evaluating the explanatory power of theism. Bayes’s theorem cannot account for the different kinds of evidence which are essential for assessing the evidential support for theism, nor can the theorem be readily applied to explanations which are not predictive in the way most scientific hypotheses are. A second problem arises from the use of evaluative criteria such as simplicity. Though the use of simplicity is warranted, there are several relevant senses of simplicity and various kinds of relevant evaluative criteria which together lead to conflicting judgements if applied to the same case. The resulting conflicts in turn are not amenable to a Bayesian resolution, and thus they constitute a practical limit to the usefulness of the theorem.
Informal Reasoning And Religious Belief (2)
Authors: Prevost Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Have argued that the logic of informal reasoning is the best way to interpret Mitchell’s notion of cumulative-case reasoning. However, there are various ways to interpret Mitchell, and a number of different criticisms have been directed at his account of the rationality of religious belief. In this chapter I shall examine some of these criticisms in order to see whether they tell against the account of cumulative reasoning that I have constructed.
Introduction
Authors: Cunliffe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Queen Caroline, who claimed to be an avid reader of the Analogy of Religion, assumed in conversation that its author was dead her interlocutor, Archbishop Blackburne of York, replied, ’No, madam, he is not dead, but he is buried.’ The knowledge of his continued physical existence stirred the queen to action on Butler’s behalf, setting his career on a more public trajectory.
Philosophy in the Heroic Period (1709–1713)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berkeley’s philosophical system, like his philosophical prose, is disarmingly and deceptively simple. For him, there are only two sorts of things in the world: ideas and spirits. The elements of his system are set out in the first two sections of the Principles of Human Knowledge. Ideas are dealt with in section 1, spirits in section 2. Berkeley’s use of the word ‘idea’ will probably strike a modern reader as unusually wide. For first and foremost amongst ideas, according to him, are ideas of sense, or sensible experiences, about which he writes:
Theology in the Heroic Period(1709—1713)
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we were largely concerned with Berkeley’s attack on matter and with his alternative account of the physical world as collections of sensible ideas. This forms the basis of his philosophy. For positivists or phenomenalists, such as J. S. Mill and the late A. J. Ayer, this also constitutes Berkeley’s most valuable contribution. Indeed, phenomenalism has been defined as Berkeley’s philosophy without God.1 But Mill and Ayer recognized that Berkeley himself would never have accepted positivism or phenomenalism per se. For Berkeley also believed in minds or spirits which cannot be known or experienced by sense. There are, then, two components in Berkeley’s immaterialism. The first might be called ‘positivistic immaterialism’, the second ‘spiritualistic immaterialism’, the main part of which concerns the infinite spirit, God.
Epilogue: Ecce Homo
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘When the multitude heard, they were astonished at his doctrine’; or so runs the inscription commemorating Berkeley in the Trinity College Chapel, an inscription which might be reformulated ‘When the biographers heard, they were fascinated by his life’; for George Berkeley, the man, has attracted many biographers. These include at least one major poet, a British Prime Minister, a psychoanalyst, and a famous novelist. And yet, amidst the diver., sity, the work of three biographers—Stock, Fraser, and Luce—stands out.
The Acts of the Apostles as an Apologetic Text
Authors: Alexander Loveday 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the books of the :’-Jew Testament, the one which has most persistently attracted the label ‘apologetic’ is the Acts of the Apostles. This designation seems to go back at least to 1721, when Heumann suggested that Luke’s work was an apologia, written in defence of Christianity to a pagan official named Theophilus.2 Since then, the label has recurred in a wide variety of guises, many of which, as Bruce observes, prefigure the concerns of the second-century Christian apologists. But the enthusiasm with which the term has been adopted masks a huge area of disagreement as to how exactly the apologetic situation of Acts is to be construed.
Bargaining Power in Action
Authors: Martin Roderick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the exercise of bargaining power through collective bargaining. Management and unions are attempting to realize conflicting objectives through the bargaining process. There are several different types of bargaining process. The process may involve the explicit exercise of power, through industrial action or the threat of industrial action by unions or through the use of lock-out by management, or power may remain implicit, the bargaining process being concerned solely with the exchange of arguments. The process may be concerned solely with distributive bargaining or with integrative bargaining. The process may be more or less governed by rules (or conventions) about how bargaining should be carried on, for example about the appropriate time which should elapse between an offer being submitted and a reply received. The process may be carried on by bargainers who are regularly involved in bargaining, or may be a one-off process. Bargaining leverage may be exercised directly against the other party, or indirectly through suppliers and customers or the general public. Finally, bargaining may be conducted solely by the bargainers concerned, or may involve a third party, as mediator or arbitrator.
The Formation of Labour Movements
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contrast between centralized, industrial unionism in Sweden and decentralized, craft/general unionism in Britain is well-known and indisputable but also over-simple and in important ways misleading, so far as the early labour movements are concerned. The Swedish Landsorganisationen (LO) has certainly been more centralized than the British Trades Union Congress (TUC), but an emphasis on this obscures a more fundamental difference between the two national union organizations.
Institutional Adequacy, Corporatism, and Industrial Conflict in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1960s Sweden had the institutions that Britain lacked industrial unionism, centralized organizations, and central agreements to regulate both industrial relations and wages. If the notion of a Swedish labour peace is somewhat misleading, there was no serious strike problem until the end of the 1960s. There was certainly much local wage drift and Sweden’s ‘labour’ government, like Britain’s, sought to restrain wage increases, but Sweden was able to escape the struggle between the state and the unions that dogged British industrial relations in the 1960s. There were, also, not the same institutional barriers to rationalization and increasing productivity, and Sweden experienced a steady, if modest, economic growth. In the 1970s, however, joint central regulation began to collapse, as legislative regulation replaced regulation by central agreement and central wage bargaining became ever more complex and prone to conflict.
Capitalism and Neo-liberalism in Britain
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous part of this book explored the institutional and organizational differences between post-war Britain and Sweden, and their significance. This part examines the wider issue of the relationship between socialism and neo-liberal capitalism. Its central concern is with the routes out of corporatism in the two countries. In both societies there was a political polarization as the alternatives of the Right and the Left competed to shape the future. Sweden appeared to be moving down a socialist path in the 1970s, but in Britain the emergence of the ‘New Right’ led towards the Conservative neo-liberalism of the 1980s. This divergence raises the two broad questions with which this part is concerned-how is such a divergence to be explained and how far did the divergence go?
Capitalism and Socialism in Sweden
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s the Social Democrats reached a modus vivendi with capital. They accepted the need for a continuously rationalizing and profitable capitalist industry if the Swedish economy was to remain competitive, full employment was to be sustained, and the wealth necessary to create a high standard of living and welfare was to be created. At the same time, capital accepted Social Democratic rule and concentrated its efforts on influencing government policy rather than attempting to revitalize the bourgeois parties.
The Strong Arm of the Law
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have the British police abandoned their commitment to ‘policing by consent’? The sight of armed and riot police on the streets has led to this question being asked repeatedly over the past decade. However, the secrecy that has surrounded the policy governing armed and public order policing has previously made this a topic of arid speculation rather than informed debate. During his three years’ extensive research into the Metropolitan Police, P. A. J. Waddington was given unprecedented access to the hitherto secret world of armed and riot policing. Here he provides a detailed description of police policy, tactics, and weaponry, examining such issues as the selection and training of armed officers, the lethality of police firearms tactics, the growth of paramilitarism, methods of dispersing rioting crowds, and the causes of riots. Dr Waddington’s study of the difficulties and dilemmas that arise from the need to ensure effective public order policing while retaining public consent throws new light, from a uniquely informed perspective, on the issues that have aroused public anxiety.
‘Deadly Force’
Authors: Waddington P A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the police have always used firearms they have been reluctant to acknowledge it too openly. Their fear, that to do so would promote public concern, has proven well founded. Controversial incidents, especially tragic mistaken and accidental shootings, have raised not only issues of selection, training, and supervision, but also anxieties about an aggressive style of policing. It was seen in Chapter 2 that condemnation of ‘trigger-happy’ police has followed even the most apparently justified shootings of armed robbers by police. It was also noted how public anxieties were aroused by the sight of officers openly carrying what appear to be sub-machine-guns at Heathrow airport.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the first essay in this collection notes, ‘the secularization thesis is one of sociology’s most enduring research programmes and like many other long-standing theoretical frameworks it has generated a multitude of criticisms’. Before introducing the items in what I hope will be seen as a useful contribution to an evaluation of the secularization thesis, I want to address and answer the challenge that the thesis is not worthy of evaluation because it is part of an ideological project. The secularization thesis has at least some of its roots in secularism. Comte was certainly more influenced by his desire to see the disappearance of the unhealthy superstitions of religion from the modern world than by an ‘objective’ assessment that such changes were taking place. But one might have expected that the rise of ideologically ‘neutered’ (if not entirely neutral) social science would have killed dead the argument that the secularization thesis should be judged by the values of its proponents.
Reflections on a Many Sided Controversy
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting on the essays gathered in this volume, I cannot but think that it would be tedious for the reader were I to attempt to pick up the minutiae of debate on every point which I might want to dispute. Even at the risk of reiterating (and, one hopes, more fully justifying) facets of the discussion that have been aired elsewhere, it seems more sensible to take the issues in the broad. There is, indeed, one particular broad topic that, with one or two honourable exceptions, has failed to command the attention of most of the contributors and that is the question of definition. Secularization is readily discussed as if everyone were agreed on what was meant by that term. Religion, too, is taken for granted as a self.-understood phenomenon. At times, one has the impression (particularly in Brown’s chapter) that religion is equated exclusively with Christianity (is Christianity also equated with Protestantism?).
Black and Blue
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The South African Police is one of the world’s most controversial police forces. In this, the first detailed study of the origins and development of policing in South Africa, John Brewer places current allegations of police misconduct in their historical context. Long after similar forces elsewhere in the world had been modernized, the South African Police were continuing to discharge a colonial role, using the methods and style of the nineteenth century. Dr Brewer links this lack of development and modernization to the South African state’s need for colonialism. It is this, he argues, that is also the source of the close relationship between police and state in South Africa. Now that government policies have changed, the SAP must adapt: Dr Brewer ends by addressing the vexed question of police reform and argues that it will be severely constrained by the SAP’s failure to transcend its colonial origins.
The Colonial Agenda: 1910–1913
Authors: Brewer John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fledgling government of the new Union of South Africa quickly set about planning the Union’s police force. All newly established states consider it a sign of national prestige to have their own security forces, and although union of the four territories in 19rn was not strictly an act of independence, the development of a unified and centralized police service was an important national symbol. When they were formed on I April 1913, the SAP and SAMR were structured and organized so as to build on the strengths of pre-Union police forces and to avoid the weaknesses. They were not entirely successful in resolving these problems, and in many respects the SAP is still struggling with some of them. Thus, to understand policing in late twentieth-century South Africa, it is necessary to begin with the dynamics of policing in the nineteenth.
Gender Segregation and the SCELI Research
Authors: Scott Alison Macewen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last decade or so, research on women and employment has increasingly focused on gender segregation, that is, the fact that women tend to work in jobs and occupations that are dominated by women and men in ones that are dominated by men (Reskin and Hartmann 1986, Purcell 1988, Dex 1988, Walby 19886Z, Crompton and Sanderson 1990).
Gender, Technology, and Employment Change in Textiles
Authors: Penn Roger , Martin Ann , Scattergood Hilda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The textile industry is of particular interest for the debate about gender and employment since historically it was the engine of British industrialization in the period between 1780 and 1914 and has long been a major employer of female labour (Turner 1962, Penn 1985). Indeed, in many ways the textile industry represents the classic example of the relationship between industrialization and female employment (Hartmann 1976, Lown 1983, Lewis 1984, Rose 1986).
Employers, the Sex-Typing of Jobs, and Economic Restructuring
Authors: Lovering John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to some writers, the pervasive segregation of jobs by sex is the ‘central feature’ of the inequality between men and women in the world of paid work (Walby 1990: 37; Collinson et al. 1990: 16). Occupational sex-typing involves a dual process whereby the characteristics of employees are defined in terms of their gender (rather than individual abilities or qualifications) and jobs become known as ‘men’s work’ or ‘women’s work’ (Murgatroyd 1982, Bradley 1989). Sex-typing has been described as a cultural or ideological process influenced by gender roles outside the market which interacts with the market processes shaping the demand for and supply of labour at a given level of pay. Recently, research on gender segregation has focused on the nature of this interaction.
Social Classification
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If solidarity is the state of order characterized by the integration of the ends of actors through a common value system, then disorder is a state in which this moral consensus loses its regulatory power. Just as value consensus may be more usefully taken as a measure rather than a cause of order, so too value dissensus can be regarded as an index of the severity rather than a direct cause of conflict. This is not to say that certain types of values and beliefs are not more productive of disorder than others or that religious divisions of labour do not differ in their propensity to doctrinal disunion. But these are not matters with which Durkheim concerned himself either in his theory of order or in his theory of disorder.
Fetishism
Authors: Lockwood David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compared with the dominant-ideology thesis, the theory of commodity fetishism identifies a much more specific obstacle to the development of revolutionary consciousness and gives even greater emphasis to the cognitive aspect of the socially stabilizing function of ideology. But, unlike the former, it does not entail any notion of ruling-class manipulation of proletarian consciousness; fetishism is purely a system effect, the product of capitalist production and exchange relations themselves. Although Marx deals with the concept of commodity fetishism only briefly and schematically, and does not relate it to his analysis of the conditions promoting and hindering class formation, it is plainly one major element-and some would say the major element-of his theory of alienation.
The Psychological Consequences of Unemployment: An Assessment of the Jahoda Thesis
Authors: Gershuny Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fact that unemployment leads to psychological distress is now well documented in the literature (Warr 1987). Not only have a wide range of studies revealed a consistent cross-sectional association between employment status and well-tested measures of psychological health such as the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), but longitudinal studies have demonstrated dearly the chronological sequences necessary to confirm causality. People’s psychological health has been shown to grow worse when they move from employment to unemployment and to recover when they return to a job. However, what is less dearly established are the precise mechanisms that lead to psychological stress.
Social Movements and Disordered Bodies: The Reform of Birth, Sex, Drink, and Death in Britain since 1850
Authors: Williams Rory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some time now, conceptions of social reform have centred on the opposed agencies of market and state. No doubt this partly reflects the polarization of contemporary British politics. The New Right pin their banners to the self-motivated individual, and deplore anything else as reliance on the ‘nanny state’; and their opponents search for new kinds of collective provision, while continuing to deplore market solutions as attempts to ‘blame the victim’. Meanwhile, the ‘social market’, as a cure for the evils on both sides, often sounds like the result of the eighteenth-century medical consultation where one doctor having pronounced ‘Yes, a collection of water’, and another ‘Well, I think it is wind’, the third announces ‘I take it to be something between wind and water’ (Porter and Porter 1989: 56).
Government Policies and Higher Education: A Comparison of Britain and the United States, 1630-1860
Authors: Rothblatt Sheldon , Trow Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past three hundred and fifty years, American and British colleges and universities have been created and have operated in the context of policies set forth by their respective central governments, policies which have had decisive effects on the way these institutions have developed. In this essay we will explore some of the policies which shaped the diverging character of the two systems, looking for ways in which those governmental policies have interacted with other non-governmental forces to give the systems and their component institutions the sharply contrasting characteristics that have long distinguished them.