bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Reduction Methods of Moiré Noise in Image Acquisition of Periodic Gray‐Scale Pattern
Authors: Mochizuki Jun , Asano Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCreating valid digital images for display surfaces is vital for the quantification of display quality (defects, spots) for display devices. However, when imaging a spatially discrete display surface using individual acquisition elements, an acquisition moiré appears in the acquisition image. In this paper the authors quantify the display acquisition image, then clarify how to find the acquisition moiré from the dimensions of the display system and acquisition target using computations. Based on these results, the authors formulate a method for determining a pixel shift which inverts the moiré phase in a pixel‐shifted image. They then propose a method to compute the average in pixel units of gradations between a reference image and a pixel‐shifted image given by a reference image and a pixel‐shifted image created using the above method. Finally, they verify the effects of reducing the acquisition moiré using simulations. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 33(1): 27–37, 2002
Implications of Brain Lateralization for Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Gaillard J.‐M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe possible implications of brain lateralization in the mode of action of the method developed by Davanloo for intensive short‐term psychotherapy are discussed. The two hemispheres appear to treat differently sensory information, and to play an asymmetric role in the control of behavior. The left hemisphere, which houses the mechanisms of language production, is dominant in this respect, but interhemispheric cooperation is probably a prerequisite for a normal course of behavior. It is proposed that interhemispheric dysharmony is a factor to be considered in the physiopathology of human neuroses and that the work of psychotherapy would be to correct such dysharmony.
Resistance and Transference in Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (IS‐TDP) and Classical Psychoanalysis—Similarities and Differences—Part II
Authors: Davis David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPart I of this article discussed the concepts of resistance and transference in classical psychoanalysis and in Intensive Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (IS‐TDP). The psychotherapeutic setting and the technical interventions utilized by the two therapies, to work with resistance and transference, differ dramatically. This present article, via edited excerpts from an IS‐TDP trial therapy evaluation, discusses the similarities and differences between classical psychoanalysis and IS‐TDP, regarding the technical approaches to the management of resistance and transference. Copyright © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond Interpretation: Initial Evaluation and Technique in Short‐Term Dynamic Psychotherapy. Part II.
Authors: Malan David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is the second part of a two‐part article, the first part of which appears in this issue of the journal. The article considers the basic problems of Short‐term Dynamic Psychotherapy, namely (1) how to develop techniques that maximize success, and (2) how to recognize suitable patients. In addition, there is a deep theoretical problem: why is it that purely interpretative therapy, even when intense dynamic interaction occurs, only a relatively small proportion of patients experience resolution of their neurosis? Davanloo has developed a technique which leads to solutions to all these problems. The technique is illustrated by an initial evaluation, begun in Part I and completed in the present Part. The article ends with a discussion of the practical and theoretical consequences of this work. Copyright © 1986 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Handling Resistance in Depressed Patients
Authors: Zois C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present article describes the specific problems of handling resistance when treating depressed patients with Davanloo's technique. These include: (1) the need to bring patients to the actual experience of the ways in which they use regressive mechanisms to defend themselves against transference feelings, (2) the need to take particular care to make patients consciously aware of their mechanisms, and (3) the need to assess very carefully the quality of the depression and the danger of suicide. These issues are illustrated with a clinical example. Copyright © 1986 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elastic electron backscattering from overlayer/substrate systems
Authors: Jablonski A. , Zemek J. , Jiricek P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElastic electron backscattering probability for Au overlayers deposited on Ni were determined experimentally in the energy range 200–1000 eV. These measurements were accompanied by characterization of the overlayer structure and the mean overlayer thickness. The elastic backscattering probabilities also were derived from extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the electron transport in overlayer/substrate systems. Two overlayer structures were considered in these calculations: a uniform Au layer, and isolated Au islands located on the uncovered substrate. Analysis of the shape of Au 4d spectra with QUASES‐Tougaard software indicated that the latter structure is more probable. It has been found that the experimental elastic backscattering probabilities compare better with the theoretical probabilities calculated for the island structure. The possibility of characterization of the overlayer thickness and structure from the elastic backscattering probabilities has been discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of enthalpy and entropy of grain boundary segregation
Authors: Lejček P. , Hofmann S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe fundamental methods for the prediction of segregation enthalpy and entropy of any element at any grain boundary are outlined, based on grain boundary segregation diagrams and a linear dependence between segregation entropy and enthalpy. The capability of these methods is evaluated by comparison of the predicted interfacial composition of α‐iron‐based binary systems with Si, Al, P, Sn, S, Sb, Ni, Mo, C and B with recently measured experimental data for the same systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical TEM study on the dispersion of Au nanoparticles in Au/TiO2 catalyst prepared under various temperatures
Authors: Akita Tomoki , Lu Ping , Ichikawa Satoshi , Tanaka Koji , Haruta Masatake 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were made for Au/TiO2 catalysts prepared by calcination in air at different temperatures from room temperature to 873 K in order to study the growth process of Au particles over the surface of TiO2. Many Au clusters with diameters of ∼1 nm were observed on the TiO2 surface when Au(OH)3/TiO2 precursor prepared by the deposition precipitation method was calcined at temperatures below 473 K. They grew to form larger particles being trapped at the interface between TiO2 particles at temperatures above 573 K. The growth of Au particles became markedly rapid above 673 K. The growth process of Au particles during calcination was discussed based on the size distribution of Au particles and the Arrhenius plots of the mean diameter of Au particles against calcination temperature. Both TEM and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy measurements based on a scanning transmission electron microscope revealed that the Au clusters were preferentially deposited with high density on specific TiO2 particles that have the rutile structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regression models for allele sharing: analysis of accumulating data in affected sib pair studies
Authors: Bull Shelley B. , Greenwood Celia M.T. , Mirea Lucia , Morgan Kenneth 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdvances in human genome mapping have led to the identification of large numbers of genetic markers that allow systematic searches for multiple disease susceptibility genes for complex traits. A common design involves the recruitment of families with at least two children affected with the disease of interest. The objective is to find chromosomal regions that harbour susceptibility genes for the disease. The affected children, their parents if available, and sometimes other, unaffected, siblings are genotyped using sets of microsatellite DNA markers representing chromosomal sites distributed across the genome. Each marker can occur in several different variants known as alleles, and a pair of alleles constitutes the marker genotype. Each child randomly inherits one of their mother's two alleles and one of their father's two alleles. If a marker is close to a disease susceptibility gene, then affected siblings are expected to have more sharing of the same maternal and/or paternal marker alleles. Statistical methods are used to estimate the distribution of allele sharing in each affected sib pair (ASP) using the set of markers typed across each chromosome, and to test for the presence of excess sharing in the families as a group at each point across the genome. Regression models that allow the allele sharing proportions to depend on characteristics of the family such as diagnostic subtype or ethnic background have been developed to address the heterogeneity that is characteristic of complex disease, but these have not yet been widely applied. In this paper, we apply regression modelling to investigate variation associated with family‐level covariates and with the order in which families are recruited and genotyped. We also discuss how some of the concepts of group sequential analysis apply to accumulating data from genome scans of complex disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced methods in meta‐analysis: multivariate approach and meta‐regression
Authors: van Houwelingen Hans C. , Arends Lidia R. , Stijnen Theo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis tutorial on advanced statistical methods for meta‐analysis can be seen as a sequel to the recent Tutorial in Biostatistics on meta‐analysis by Normand, which focused on elementary methods. Within the framework of the general linear mixed model using approximate likelihood, we discuss methods to analyse univariate as well as bivariate treatment effects in meta‐analyses as well as meta‐regression methods. Several extensions of the models are discussed, like exact likelihood, non‐normal mixtures and multiple endpoints. We end with a discussion about the use of Bayesian methods in meta‐analysis. All methods are illustrated by a meta‐analysis concerning the efficacy of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. All analyses that use approximate likelihood can be carried out by standard software. We demonstrate how the models can be fitted using SAS Proc Mixed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved approximate confidence intervals for the mean of a log‐normal random variable
Authors: Taylor Douglas J. , Kupper Lawrence L. , Muller Keith E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractData analysts often compute approximate 100(1‐α) per cent confidence intervals for the mean of a log‐normal random variable due to the computational effort required for exact intervals. We evaluate two simple approximations and demonstrate that the probabilities with which the intervals fail to capture the population mean (that is, the coverage error) can range from well above the desired level, α, to very near zero in small to moderate sample sizes (n⩽100). The performance of a more sophisticated approximation, implemented via numerical integration or bootstrap sampling, is noticeably improved, but also suffers from coverage errors that are too large when n⩽25. A new procedure is developed which outperforms existing approximations. Computing these improved intervals requires the integration of standard distribution functions. The calculations are straightforward, however, and lead to satisfactory coverage errors for n as small as 5. A related method that avoids the integration step generally outperforms existing simple approximations for n⩽100, while maintaining the coverage error at or below α. Programs to implement the new procedures are provided in an Appendix. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a curriculum for the consultant biostatistician: identification of central disciplines
Authors: Tobi Hilde , Joop Kuik D. , Dick Bezemer P. , Ket Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe variation in the background of biostatistical consultants is huge. This varying background in formal education complicates communication. It may obscure clients' expectations as well as any discussion on qualifications and registration. To tackle these disadvantages as well as to facilitate the training of a new colleague, we need to find common ground. The aim of this paper is to identify the central disciplines which constitute the foundation of biostatistical consultancy. Any task‐aimed curriculum should be based on these disciplines. Curriculum design theory was used to guarantee a logical and rational process. The result is the identification of a sextet of disciplines: applied statistics; methodology; epidemiology; communication; computational science, and personal effectiveness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small‐sample adjustments in using the sandwich variance estimator in generalized estimating equations
Authors: Pan Wei , Wall Melanie M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach is widely used in regression analyses with correlated response data. Under mild conditions, the resulting regression coefficient estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal with its variance being consistently estimated by the so‐called sandwich estimator. Statistical inference is thus accomplished by using the asymptotic Wald chi‐squared test. However, it has been noted in the literature that for small samples the sandwich estimator may not perform well and may lead to much inflated type I errors for the Wald chi‐squared test. Here we propose using an approximate t‐ or F‐test that takes account of the variability of the sandwich estimator. The level of type I error of the proposed t‐ or F‐test is guaranteed to be no larger than that of the Wald chi‐squared test. The satisfactory performance of the proposed new tests is confirmed in a simulation study. Our proposal also has some advantages when compared with other new approaches based on direct modifications of the sandwich estimator, including the one that corrects the downward bias of the sandwich estimator. In addition to hypothesis testing, our result has a clear implication on constructing Wald‐type confidence intervals or regions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical models appropriate for designs often used in group‐randomized trials
Authors: Murray David M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGroup‐randomized trials are characterised by the allocation of identifiable groups rather than individuals to study conditions; members within those groups are then observed to assess the effect of the intervention. It is convenient to categorize the designs employed in group‐randomized trials along two dimensions, each with two levels. The first distinguishes between designs having just one or two time intervals and those having three or more intervals. The second distinguishes between nested cohort and nested cross‐sectional designs. Following a brief review of the design and analytic issues common to group‐randomized trials, and their general solutions, this paper presents the adaptations of the mixed‐model analysis of covariance and random coefficients models that are required for the four combinations that result from this categorization scheme. The assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of each model are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hidden Markov models for the onset and progression of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Jackson Christopher H. , Sharples Linda D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChronic rejection in lung transplant recipients is monitored by repeated measurement of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). This marker is measured at irregular intervals and is also affected by covariates and short‐term fluctuation. This paper describes the use of hidden Markov models for the underlying staged functional decline. Maximum likelihood methods are used to simultaneously estimate disease progression rates and the effects of mismeasurement and covariates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covariance models for nested repeated measures data: analysis of ovarian steroid secretion data
Authors: Park Taesung , Lee Young Jack 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider several covariance models for analysing repeated measures data from a study of ovarian steroid secretion in reproductive‐aged women. Urinary oestradiol and serum oestrogen were repeatedly observed over three or four menstrual periods, each period separated by one year. For each menstrual period, daily first morning urine specimens were collected 8 to 18 times, and serum specimens 2 to 5 times. Thus, measurements were repeatedly observed over menstrual cycle days within menstrual periods. Owing to missing observations, the number of observations differed from subject to subject. In this study, there were two repeat factors: menstrual cycle day and menstrual period. The first repeat factor, cycle day, is nested within the second repeat factor, menstrual period. In analysing these nested repeated measures data, the correlation structure should be modelled that will account for both repeat factors. We present several covariance models for defining appropriate covariance structures for these data. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective prediction in the presence of missing data
Authors: Marshall Guillermo , Warner Bradley , MaWhinney Samantha , Hammermeister Karl 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA variety of methods and algorithms are available for estimating parameters in the class of a generalized linear model in the presence of missing values. However, there is little information on how this already built model can be used for prediction in new observations with missing data in the covariates. Dropping the observations with missing values is a widespread practice with serious statistical and non‐statistical implications. One solution is to fit separate regression models, or submodels, to each pattern of missing covariates. In practice, for any iterative regression method, this approach is computationally intensive. We propose a simple methodology to predict outcomes for individuals with incomplete information based on the estimated coefficients and covariance from the already built model. This method does not require revisiting the original data set used to build the original model and works by generating a first‐order approximation of any submodel coefficient estimates. This is achieved by using the SWEEP operator on an augmented covariance matrix obtained from the original model. We refer to this approach as theone‐step sweep(OSS) method. The methodology is demonstrated using data from the Department of Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program (CICSP). These data contain 30 day mortality, the outcome of interest, and risk information for over 14000 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery over a four‐yearperiod. Using complete data from the first 3.5 years of this study period, a logistic regression model was built. This model was then used to predict mortality for patients undergoing CABG in the most recent 6‐months. In order to evaluate the performance of the OSS method we randomly generated observations with missing covariates in the 6‐month prediction database. We use this simulation to demonstrate that the computationally efficient OSS substantially reduces the error in risk‐adjusted mortality created when cases with incomplete information are eliminated. Lastly, we derive the relationship between the OSS method and data imputation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear hierarchical models for monitoring compliance
Authors: Pauler Donna K. , Laird Nan M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs biomarkers transformable by specific drug agents increasingly become available, so their usefulness also increases for monitoring compliance in clinical and prevention trials, and for subsequent monitoring in the general population if a treatment is found successful. Marker levels measured over the course of a treatment yield a longitudinal trajectory that is typically non‐linear, with varying velocities during the phase‐in and steady‐state periods of treatment, followed by decays back to normal in the presence of non‐compliance. There is often considerable between‐individual variability both in the mean parameters of the trajectory and the variability over time. An example is the biomarker mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which increases by 20 per cent from the drug zidovudine (AZT), and has been used to monitor compliance to AZT. Using MCV data from a previous AIDS clinical trial as an example, we describe a non‐linear hierarchical growth model suitable for biomarkers that exhibit sigmoidal and/or asymptotic growth behaviour and show how such models can be supplemented with a change‐point to identify potential times of non‐compliance. We perform a fully Bayesian analysis to obtain a variety of posterior summaries for the behaviour of the longitudinal trajectory and the times of non‐compliance, and describe how to obtain predictions of non‐compliance for new individuals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond local search: boundary‐spanning, exploration, and impact in the optical disk industry
Authors: Rosenkopf Lori , Nerkar Atul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecognition of the firm's tendency toward local search has given rise to concepts celebrating exploration that overcomes this tendency. To move beyond local search requires that exploration span some boundary, be it organizational or technological. While several studies have encouraged boundary‐spanning exploration, few have considered both types of boundaries systematically. In doing so, we create a typology of exploration behaviors: local exploration spans neither boundary, external boundary‐spanning exploration spans the firm boundary only, internal boundary‐spanning exploration spans the technological boundary only, and radical exploration spans both boundaries. Using this typology, we analyze the impact of knowledge generated by these different types of exploration on subsequent technological evolution.In our study of patenting activity in optical disk technology, we find that exploration that does not span organizational boundaries consistently generates lower impact on subsequent technological evolution. In addition, we find that the impact of exploration on subsequent technological evolution within the optical disk domain is highest when the exploration spans organizational boundaries but not technological boundaries. At the same time, we find that the impact of exploration on subsequent technological development beyond the optical disk domain is greatest when exploration spans both organizational and technological boundaries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.