bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of Conjunctiva
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
H
odgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Sobin L.H. , Wittekind Ch. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
At the present time it is not considered practical to propose a TNM classification for Hodgkin lymphoma.
Following the development of the Ann Arbor classification for Hodgkin lymphoma in 1971, the significance of two important observations with major impact on staging has been appreciated. First, extralymphatic disease, if localized and related to adjacent lymph node disease, does not adversely affect the survival of patients. Second, laparotomy with splenectomy has been introduced as a method of obtaining more information on the extent of the disease within the abdomen.
A stage classification based on information from histopathological examination of the spleen and lymph nodes obtained at laparotomy cannot be compared with another without such exploration. Therefore, two systems of classification are presented, a clinical (cS) and a pathological (pS).
Reduction and cyclization to form poly(benzimidazole amide imide) copolymers
Authors: Wang Huei‐Hsiung , Wu Shu‐Ping 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPoly(amide imide) copolymers were synthesized with different molar ratios of 4,4‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, two types of aromatic dianhydrides (pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 3,3′,4,4′‐sulfonyl diphthalic anhydride (DSDA)), and a diacid, which was derived from 3,3′‐dinitrobenzidine and isophthaloyl chloride in a previous work. In this study, the copolymers were further reacted with a reducing agent, and the nitro groups in the copolymers were hydrogenated into amine groups. Then, the amine‐group‐containing poly(amide imide) copolymers were cyclized at 180°C to form the poly(benzimidazole imide amide) copolymers in poly(phosphoric acid), which acted as a cyclizing agent. The resultant copolymers were soluble in sulfuric acid and poly(phosphoric acid) at room temperature and in sulfolane or N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone under heating to 100°C with 5% lithium chloride. According to wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, all the copolymers were amorphous. According to thermal analysis, the glass‐transition temperature ranged from 270 to 322°C, and the 10% weight‐loss temperature ranged from 460 to 541°C in nitrogen and from 441 to 529°C in air. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 378–386, 2004
Studies on semi‐interpenetrating polymer network based on nitrile rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Samui A. B. , Dalvi V. G. , Patri M. , Chakraborty B. C. , Deb P. C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSequential interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on nitrile rubber and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesized. IPN compositions were varied by varying the swelling time. Two methods were adopted for making IPNs. The first method is “single‐step IPN” (SIPN) and the second method is “multistep IPN” (MIPN). The compositions were fixed around 90, 80, 70, 60 and 50% of NBR. In SIPN mode, swelling in monomer and subsequent curing was done once. In MIPN mode, swelling in monomer and curing was repeatedly done. Tensile strength of IPNs was found to increase with PMMA content, MIPN showing higher strength compared to SIPN. Dynamic modulus showed a similar trend. The tan δ value was found to decrease with PMMA content. At 62/38 nitrile rubber (NBR)/PMMA, MIPN composition isolated tan δ peaks appeared near glass transition temperatures of NBR and PMMA, respectively. Scanning electron micrograph showed phase‐separated morphology at the same MIPN composition. Solvent resistance increased with IPN formation maintaining higher resistance for MIPN compared to SIPN. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 354–360, 2004
Effect of addition of oligobetapinene on morphology, thermal and gas permeation properties in blends with HDPE
Authors: Mendes Luis C. , Jatobá Lívia F. C. , Ferreira Anderson F. , Garcia Maria E. F. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBinary blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and oligobetapinene (OBP) were prepared by melt mixing. The morphology, thermal and permeability properties of compression molded and slow cooled films are reported. Applying the first‐derivative procedure on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces, we have detected the temperature of glass transition (Tg) of HDPE as a large peak centered from −125 to −100°C. In the blends, we observed that the OBP molecules were able to resolve the transition into two components. The lower one was ascribed to the γ‐transition of HDPE, and the upper one was attributed to its Tg. The OBP molecules also formed another transition at a higher temperature. The blends were composed at least of three distinct phases, likely composed of amorphous HDPE with some amount of OBP molecules, amorphous OBP with some polyolefin and crystalline HDPE. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations revealed segregation of the components. The permeation to CO2 of plain HDPE and 90/10 blends was similar, but at higher concentrations of oligomer, the value was slightly higher than that of neat HDPE. The decrease of overall crystallinity was counterbalanced by the presence of an OBP rich phase in the blend and could explain the slight increase in permeability of the film blends. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 315–320, 2004
Concentration dependency of interaction parameter between PVC and plasticizers using inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Huang Jan‐Chan , Deanin Rudolph D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe inverse gas chromatography method was extended to study the concentration dependent Flory–Huggins interaction parameter between poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and plasticizers using literature data. For both PVC/polyadipate and PVC/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) systems, the miscibility was better at the high PVC end. The specific interaction between PVC and plasticizers was estimated from the difference between the experimental results and the enthalpies of mixing predicted by the solubility parameter model. The interaction was negative and skewed toward the high PVC end, and rendered the overall interaction parameter negative at high PVC compositions. Chemical potential was used to determine the phase composition of PVC/plasticizer mixtures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 146–156, 2004
Preparation of crosslinked carboxymethylated chitin derivatives by irradiation and their sorption behavior for copper(II) ions
Authors: Zhao Long , Mitomo Hiroshi , Yoshii Fumio , Kume Tamikazu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTo obtain highly efficient adsorbents that were insoluble in acidic and basic aqueous solutions, we synthesized new types of crosslinked chitin derivatives (carboxymethylchitin and carboxymethylchitosan) with ionizing radiation, and we investigated the sorption of Cu(II) ions onto these crosslinked chitin derivatives. Sorption kinetic studies indicated the rapid removal of copper(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. Also, isothermal sorption data revealed that Cu(II) was removed by these crosslinked carboxymethylated chitin derivatives with high efficiency. Sorption isothermal data were interpreted well by the Langmuir equation. The uptake of Cu(II) ions was 161 mg/g on crosslinked carboxymethylchitin and 172 mg/g on crosslinked carboxymethylchitosan at pH 5.5. A low pH was favorable for Cu(II) desorption. The Cu(II) ions were desorbed from the crosslinked matrix rapidly and completely after a treatment in a diluted HCl solution, and at the same time, the adsorbents were regenerated to be used again to adsorb heavy metal ions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 556–562, 2004
Preparation of novel heterogeneous cation‐permeable membranes from blends of sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) and poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Hu Keyan , Xu TongWen , Yang WeiHua , Fu Yanxun 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNovel heterogeneous cation‐exchange membranes using poly (ether sulfone)(PES) as binder and sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfide) (SPPS) powder as polyelectrolyte were prepared by the solution casting‐immersion method. Compared with a conventional route for heterogeneous membrane, the steps of milling resin into fine powders and the pressing at high temperature are avoided, and thus permits a simple technique for the preparation of such membrane. The effect of the particle size and loading of SPPS resin on the properties of the membranes such as ion‐exchange capacity, water content, electrical resistance, transport number, diffusion coefficient of electrolytes, etc., have been studied. It is shown that the membrane fundamental properties are largely dependent on both the resin loading and the particle size of SPPS resin. By adjusting these two important parameters, one can obtain heterogeneous membrane with both good conductivity, selectivity, and proper water content for different industrial purposes such as electrodialysis, diffusional dialysis, etc. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 167–174, 2004
Trehalose‐based thermosetting resins. I. Synthesis and thermal properties of trehalose vinylbenzyl ether
Authors: Teramoto Naozumi , Shibata Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTrehalose vinylbenzyl ether was synthesized from trehalose andp‐chloromethylstyrene (CMS) in DMSO in the presence of powdered NaOH. The structure of the product was characterized by IR and1H NMR spectroscopy. Degree of substitution (DS) on a trehalose unit calculated from the1H NMR spectrum varied from 2.4 to 3.2 by changing the feed ratio ofp‐chloromethylstyrene to trehalose. Thermal properties of the resin were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis revealed that the resin DS 2.4 has one exothermal peak at 132°C, whereas the resins DS 2.8 and 3.0 have two exothermal peaks. Furthermore, the resin DS 3.2 was found to have only one exothermal peak at 191°C. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) revealed that the cured resin has one transition, implying a glass transition. Biodegradability was assayed by the BOD method, and several percent of the cured resin was found to be degraded with activated sludge for 50 days. Further degradation, however, was not observed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 46–51, 2004
High‐speed melt spinning of various grades of polylactides
Authors: Schmack G. , Tändler B. , Optiz G. , Vogel R. , Komber H. , Häußler L. , Voigt D. , Weinmann S. , Heinemann M. , Fritz H.‐G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFive kinds of polylactides (PLAs), with different D‐lactide contents and tacticities, were subjected to high‐speed melt‐spinning experiments. In addition to stereochemical purity, the PLA types differed in molecular mass and molecular mass distribution. The properties of the different PLA materials were characterized by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, size exclusion chromatography, and 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The material was spun with a high‐speed spinning process within the range 2000–5000 m/min. The physical and tensile properties of the fibers were determined. The maximum tensile properties of the fibers were a 300 MPa tenacity at an elongation at break of 30% and a tensile modulus of 6.8 GPa. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 800–806, 2004
Melt‐compounded natural rubber nanocomposites with pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin
Authors: Varghese Siby , Karger‐Kocsis J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractComposites based on natural rubber (NR) and containing organophilic and pristine layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin were produced by melt compounding and sulfur curing. The curing, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties of the mixes, which contained 10 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) silicates, were determined. The dispersion of the silicates was studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Organophilic clays accelerated the sulfur curing of NR, which was believed to occur because of a complexation reaction in which the amine groups of the clay intercalants participated. The property improvements caused by the fillers were ranked as follows: organophilic clays > pristine synthetic layered silicate (sodium fluorohectorite) > pristine natural clay (purified sodium bentonite) > precipitated nonlayered silica (used as a reference). This was attributed to partial intercalation of the organophilic clay by NR on the basis of XRD and TEM results and to the high aspect ratio of the fluorohectorite. Apart from intercalation, severe confinement (i.e., the collapse of the interlayer distance) of the organoclays was observed. This peculiar feature was traced to the formation of a zinc coordination complex, which extracted the amine intercalant of the organoclays, thus causing the collapse of the layers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 813–819, 2004
Resin‐vulcanized NBR: Suitability of rheometric parameters for the calculation of cure kinetic constants—Part II
Authors: Sousa Ana M. F. , Peres Augusto C. C. , Nunes Regina C. R. , Visconte Leila L. Y. , Furtado Cristina R. G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn a previous work, two methods using rheometric parameters to calculate the kinetic constant were compared, and the results showed that the higher significative variables could be accurately determinated in opposition to the lower significative ones. Thus, a modification is suggested in this article, by limiting the conversion of the cure reaction to 80% to minimize the effects due to the deceleration curing. This allowed a precise determination of which variables have an effective influence on the cure kinetic constant. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 506–509, 2004
Synthesis and properties of UV‐curable poly(imideurethane) acrylates
Authors: Meledyn M. , Paszkiewicz R. , Masiulanis B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPoly(imideurethane) acrylates (PIUAs) were obtained in solution by a three‐step method, from cycloaliphatic diisocyanate, benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride, three kinds of diols, and two kinds of monohydroxyacrylic esters (HEA, PETA). These polymers were used as components of the photosensitive compositions together with two reactive diluents and four photoinitiators. Using a mercury lamp (power 375 W) and Irgacure 907 as the photoinitiator some compositions spin coated on glass were cured rapidly within 10–30 s. In the preliminary photolithographic study with less advantageous exposure of λmax 406 nm, patterns with 10‐μm resolution were acquired. The cured PIUAs exhibited in thermogravimetric analysis a superior thermostability to 400°C than known poly(urethaneacrylates) and poly(urethaneimide) acrylates from aromatic diisocyanates. DSC and DMTA were used to characterize the thermomechanical stability and the glass‐transition temperatures of the PIUA segments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 971–980, 2004
Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto starch using a Ce(IV)–glucose initiator system
Authors: Sangramsingh N. M. , Patra B. N. , Singh B. C. , Patra C. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGraft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto starch was carried out in aqueous medium using Ce(IV)–glucose initiator in the temperature range 40–60°C. Effects of concentration of Ce(IV), glucose, H2SO4, monomer, and starch on grafting were investigated. Percentages of grafting were evaluated and compared. The overall energy of activation was calculated from the effects of time and temperature of polymerization. The reaction mechanism was also discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 981–990, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline prepared in formic acid medium
Authors: Dan Ananya , Sengupta P. K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe oxidative polymerization of aniline in formic acid (HCOOH) medium was investigated using formic acid of different strengths (5–25N). It was observed that a certain portion of the total polymer (∼ 10%) remains soluble in the reaction medium. The UV–visible absorption spectra of the reaction mixtures in dilute and concentrated HCOOH indicate different initial reaction pathways and intermediates occurring under the conditions employed. It was found that the reaction yield and intrinsic viscosity of the polymer were dependent on the synthesis parameters. By contrast, the electrical conductivity was not sensitive to most of these variables. Elemental analysis revealed that the chemical composition of polyaniline (PANI)–formic acid salt is 4 : 2.2, indicating two units of formate anions present per four‐unit polymer chain containing 3 : 1 ratio of benzenoid to quinonoid moieties. Spectroscopic results showed that PANI prepared in HCOOH exists in an emeraldine oxidation state. A transmission electron micrograph of the soluble portion showed a wide distribution of spherical particles of different diameters in the range 20–200 nm. The thermal stability and crystalline structure of PANI–formic acid salt and its base form were ascertained by thermogravimetric analysis and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) study, respectively. The base form of the polymer was stable up to 400°C and the acid form showed evolution of formic acid dopant in the temperature range 200–300°C. WAXD study showed a pseudo‐orthorhombic crystal structure for PANI–formic acid salt. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 991–999, 2004
Preparation of pH‐sensitive poly(vinyl alcohol‐g‐methacrylic acid) and poly(vinyl alcohol‐g‐acrylic acid) hydrogels by gamma ray irradiation and their insulin release behavior
Authors: Park Sung‐Eun , Nho Young‐Chang , Lim Youn‐Mook , Kim Hyung‐Il 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA series of pH‐responsive hydrogels were studied as potential drug carriers for the protection of insulin from the acidic environment of the stomach before releasing in the small intestine. Hydrogels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) networks grafted with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid were prepared by a two‐step process. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels were prepared by gamma ray irradiation (50 kGy) and then followed by grafting either acrylic acid or methacrylic acid onto these poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with subsequent irradiation (5–20 kGy). These graft hydrogels showed pH‐sensitive swelling behavior and were used as carriers for the controlled release of insulin. The in vitro release of insulin was observed for the insulin‐loaded hydrogels in a simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) but not in a simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2). The release behavior of insulin in vivo in a rat model confirmed the effectiveness of the oral delivery of insulin to control the level of glucose. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 636–643, 2004
Synthesis, characterization, and microsphere formation of galactosylated chitosan
Authors: Zhang Can , Ping Qineng , Ding Ya , Cheng Yao , Shen Jian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractChitosan derivative with galactose groups, which was recognized specifically by the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGR), was synthesized by introduction of the galactose group into the amino group of chitosan. The chemical structure of galactosylated chitosan was characterized by FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, WAXD, and DSC techniques. The results indicated that although acyl reaction on the part of amino groups of chitosan took place, the degree of galactosylated substitution was 20%, and the crystallization, solubility, stability, and other physical properties were different from chitosan. Microspheres of chitosan and galactosylated chitosan were prepared by the physical precipitation and coacervation method with sodium sulfate, respectively. The characterizations of microspheres were determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size/ζ potential analysis, and DSC methods. Spherical, positively charged chitosan and galactosylated chitosan microspheres were formed, with an average diameter of 0.54 and 1.05 μm, and average ζ potential of +17 mV and +15 mV, respectively. The novel galactosylated chitosan microspheres may be used as a potential drug delivery system with passive and active hepatic targeting properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 659–665, 2004
Characterization of birefringent distribution of high‐modulus PET fibers by senarmont compensation method
Authors: Yu Weidong 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe birefringent distribution of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers has been measured by means of Senarmont's compensation in this article. The difference from the traditional method is that two new approaches (i.e., measuring the shift of either straight fringes on a fiber cylinder or arched fringes on a fiber wedge) are established to figure out the cross‐birefringence at different thicknesses of the fiber. Further, the fiber radial birefringent distribution is estimated by both using a series of theoretical models and their algorithms and by measuring with the fiber‐wedge method combined with deferential calculation. There exists high coincidence between theoretical and measured values and the PET fiber is a skin‐core structure of macromolecular orientation. Meanwhile, the experimental results show that (1) the double‐angle measurement set a fiber at both the 0° and the 90° positions is necessary for high accuracy; (2) the setting of each optical element and the fiber is vitally important to obtain the exactly compensated values; and (3) the bulk birefringence is correlated with the measured initial modulus of the PET fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 598–608, 2004