bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striatal and central extended amygdala parts of the interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure: Evidence from tract‐tracing techniques in the rat
Authors: Shammah‐Lagnado Sara J. , Alheid George F. , Heimer Lennart 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe interstitial nucleus of the posterior limb of the anterior commissure (IPAC) lies at the junction of the striatopallidal system and the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis‐central amygdaloid nucleus continuum (i.e., the central extended amygdala; EAc). Its efferent connections were investigated in the rat with anterograde (Phaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin) and retrograde (Fluoro‐Gold and cholera toxin B subunit) tracers and compared with those of the central amygdaloid nucleus. Our anterograde tracing experiments reveal that the projections of the medial IPAC largely reciprocate its afferent connections (Shammah‐Lagnado et al. [1999] Neuroscience 94:1097–1123) and are very similar to those of the medial part of the central amygdaloid nucleus. The lateral IPAC, on the other hand, innervates the pallidal complex, substantia nigra and retrorubral field. Local connections are found within medial IPAC and within lateral IPAC, but the two divisions are not interconnected. Our retrograde tracing experiments confirm that IPAC projections to EAc components, parabrachial area, and nucleus of the solitary tract originate chiefly from the medial division, whereas both medial and lateral divisions innervate the retrorubral field. Moreover, in sections processed for choline acetyltransferase, the strong projections from caudal IPACm to the posterior basolateral amygdaloid nucleus and the amygdalopiriform transition area were found to arise chiefly from cholinergic cells. Overall, our results suggest that the medial IPAC is intimately related to the EAc, whereas the lateral IPAC represents a striatal territory. J. Comp. Neurol. 439:104–126, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the checkerboard mode and inf–sup condition
Authors: Cheng Xiao‐liang , Ye Xingde 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we provide an example to illustrate the checkerboard mode
Ker(B)={qh∈Qh: (qh,div
vh)=0, ∀vh∈Vh} for velocity–pressure finite element space Vh−Qh for the Stokes problem, which varies with three different types of triangular meshes of the domain.We prove that the inf–sup stable condition is valid, independent of mesh size h for the Union Jack mesh but depends on mesh size h with O(h) for the uniform triangular mesh and fish‐bone mesh. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of parallel implementation of explicit DG and central difference method
Authors: Ekevid Torbjörn , Wiberg Nils‐Erik 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMassive parallel computers have become more attractive for advanced numerical simulations since standard libraries for communication and synchronization; for example MPI have facilitated program development. The present paper discusses two parallel explicit time integration methods for wave propagation problems; the central difference method and the explicit version of the P1–P1 discontinuous galerkin (DG) method. Based on the MIMD model, where data decomposition is accomplished by element‐based grid partitioning, parallel versions of both algorithms have been implemented, using the same paradigm for inter‐process communication. Numerical examples are illustrated and the achieved performance of the algorithms is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Illuminant estimation for object recognition
Authors: Finlayson Graham D. , Hordley Steven , Hubel Paul M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComparing colour histograms of images has been shown to be a powerful technique for discriminating among large sets of images. However, these histograms depend not only on the properties of imaged objects but also on the illumination under which the objects are captured. If this illumination dependence is not accounted for prior to constructing the colour histograms, colour‐based image indexing will fail when illumination changes. This failure can be addressed by correcting the RGBs in an image to corresponding RGBs representing the same scene but under a standard reference illuminant prior to constructing the histograms. To perform this correction of RGBs, it is necessary to have a measurement or, more commonly, an estimate of the illumination in the original scene. Many authors have proposed illuminant estimation (or colour constancy) algorithms to obtain such an estimate. Unfortunately, the results of colour histogram matching experiments under varying illumination conditions have shown that existing estimation algorithms do not provide a sufficiently good estimate of the scene illuminant to enable this approach to work. In this article we report on the results of our repetition of those experiments, but this time using a new illuminant estimation algorithm—the so‐calledcolor by correlationapproach, which has been shown to afford significantly better performance than previous algorithms. The results of this new experiment show that when this new algorithm is used to preprocess images, a significant improvement in colour histogram matching performance is achieved. Indeed, performance is close to the theoretically optimal level of performance, that is, close to that which can be obtained using actual measurements of the scene illumination. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 260–270, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10064
Measurement of memory of color
Authors: Seliger H. H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractColors produced by monochromatic wavelengths of light viewed in isolation have been used as the only visual variables in short‐term delayed matching (DM) and long‐term recall (LTR) protocols to quantify three types of color memory in individuals with normal color vision. Measurements were normally distributed, so that color memories of individuals could be compared in terms of means and standard deviations. The variance of LTR of colors of familiar objects is shown to be separable into two portions, one due to “preferred colors” and the other due to individuals' precisions of matching. The wavelength dependence of DM exhibited minima of standard deviations at the same wavelengths as those reported for color discrimination measured by bipartite wavelength matching, and these wavelengths were shown to occur at the wavelengths of the intersections of cone spectral sensitivities. In an intermediate “green” region of relatively constant color discrimination, it was possible to combine DM measurements for different wavelengths for statistical analysis. The standard deviations of DM for individuals of a healthy population were normally distributed, providing a 95% upper confidence limit for identifying individuals with possible short‐term memory impairment. Preliminary measurements of standard deviations of DM for delay times of ≤ 1 s were consistent with a proposed rapidly decaying color imagery memory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 233–242, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10067
Grid services for earthquake science
Authors: Fox Geoffrey , Ko Sung‐Hoon , Pierce Marlon , Balsoy Ozgur , Kim Jake , Lee Sangmi , Kim Kangseok , Oh Sangyoon , Rao Xi , Varank Mustafa , Bulut Hasan , Gunduz Gurhan , Qiu Xiaohong , Pallickara Shrideep , Uyar Ahmet , Youn Choonhan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe an information system architecture for the ACES (Asia–Pacific Cooperation for Earthquake Simulation) community. It addresses several key features of the field—simulations at multiple scales that need to be coupled together; real‐time and archival observational data, which needs to be analyzed for patterns and linked to the simulations; a variety of important algorithms including partial differential equation solvers, particle dynamics, signal processing and data analysis; a natural three‐dimensional space (plus time) setting for both visualization and observations; the linkage of field to real‐time events both as an aid to crisis management and to scientific discovery. We also address the need to support education and research for a field whose computational sophistication is rapidly increasing and spans a broad range. The information system assumes that all significant data is defined by an XML layer which could be virtual, but whose existence ensures that all data is object‐based and can be accessed and searched in this form. The various capabilities needed by ACES are defined as grid services, which are conformant with emerging standards and implemented with different levels of fidelity and performance appropriate to the application. Grid Services can be composed in a hierarchical fashion to address complex problems. The real‐time needs of the field are addressed by high‐performance implementation of data transfer and simulation services. Further, the environment is linked to real‐time collaboration to support interactions between scientists in geographically distant locations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meet, discuss, and segregate!
Authors: Weisbuch Gérard , Deffuant Guillaume , Amblard Frédéric , Nadal Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a model of opinion dynamics in which agents adjust continuous opinions as a result of random binary encounters whenever their difference in opinion is below a given threshold. High thresholds yield convergence of opinions toward an average opinion, whereas low thresholds result in several opinion clusters. The model is further generalized to network interactions, threshold heterogeneity, adaptive thresholds, and binary strings of opinions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Absolutely exponential stability in delayed cellular neural networks
Authors: Zhang Jiye 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, without assuming the boundedness, monotonicity and differentiability of the activation functions, we present a necessary and sufficient condition ensuring the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium point of cellular neural network with fixed time delays (DCNNs). Using M‐matrix theory, Liapunov functionals and functions are constructed and employed to establish sufficient conditions for absolutely exponential stability of DCNNs. The results are applicable to DCNNs with both symmetric and non‐symmetric interconnection matrices, and globally Lipschitz continuous activation functions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐template approach to realize central pattern generators for artificial locomotion control
Authors: Arena Paolo , Fortuna Luigi , Frasca Mattia 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBiologically inspired control of artificial locomotion often makes use of the concept of central pattern generator (CPG), a network of neurons establishing the locomotion pattern within a lattice of neural activity. In this paper a new approach, based on cellular neural networks (CNNs), for the design of CPGs is presented. From a biological point of view this new approach includes an approximated chemical synapse realized and implemented in a CNN structure. This allows to extend the results, previously obtained with a reaction‐diffusion‐CNN (RD‐CNN) for the locomotion control of a hexapod robot, to a more general class of artificial CPGs in which the desired locomotion pattern and the switching among patterns are realized by means of a spatio‐temporal algorithm implemented in the same CNN structure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to diagnosis of T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders by flow cytometry
Authors: Gorczyca Wojciech , Weisberger James , Liu Z. , Tsang Patricia , Hossein Monowar , Wu C. Daniel , Dong Henry , Wong John Y.L. , Tugulea Sorina , Dee Simpson , Melamed Myron R. , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: October 2002

AbstractT‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders are among the most challenging diagnoses in hematopathology. Unlike the more common B‐cell disorders, in which clonality is often readily discernible by surface immunoglobulin light chain restriction, there is no specific immunophenotypic signature that is diagnostic of a clonal T‐cell population. Immunophenotypic criteria that are helpful in the diagnosis of T‐cell neoplasms include T‐cell subset antigen restriction, anomalous T‐cell subset antigen expression, deletion or diminution of one of the pan T‐cell antigens, a precursor T‐cell phenotype, and expression of additional markers (e.g., CD30, CD20, major myeloid antigens, and TCRγδ). Analysis of the inherent forward and orthogonal light scatter properties of the cell can also provide important diagnostic clues. None of these features is 100% specific, however, for aberrant expression of pan‐T antigens may be seen in viral infections, B‐cell malignancies, or in reactive changes following administration of certain medications. An increased CD4:CD8 ratio is often observed in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Based on the analysis of 87 neoplastic and 80 control cases, we conclude that flow cytometric features that are most suspicious for malignancy include the loss or markedly dim expression of CD45; complete loss of one or more pan‐T antigens; diminished expression of more than two pan‐T antigens in conjunction with altered light scatter properties; and CD4/CD8 dual‐positive or dual‐negative expression (except thymic lesions). Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:177–190, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of different flow cytometry‐based immunophenotypic methods for the analysis of CD59 and CD55 expression on major peripheral blood cell subsets
Authors: Hernández‐Campo Pilar M. , Martín‐Ayuso Marta , Almeida Julia , López Antonio , Orfao Alberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDFlow cytometry‐based immunophenotypic techniques for the analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on the major cell populations present in blood are the preferred method for the diagnostic screening of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Methods: In the present study, we comparatively analyze the effects of stain‐lyse‐and‐then‐wash techniques and lyse‐wash‐and‐then‐stain procedures on the detection of both CD55 and CD59 expression on the major peripheral blood (PB) leucocyte subsets, as analyzed by flow cytometry. Our major goal was to establish the minimum amounts of anti‐CD55 and anti‐CD59 reagents required to be added to a minimum volume of blood, which would allow an optimal staining for both antigens on red cells, platelets, and leucocytes present in a single tube. Results: Our results show that upon comparing stain‐lyse‐and‐then‐wash techniques with lyse‐wash‐and‐then‐stain protocols, the presence of important amounts of red cells at the time peripheral blood leucocytes are stained for CD55 and CD59 is associated with a significantly (P < 0.01) lower and more heterogeneous pattern of antigen expression on almost all major PB leucocyte subsets, supporting the need to use red cell lysing procedures prior to the staining of leucocytes. Identical, optimal patterns of antigen staining for CD55 and CD59 were obtained upon incubating 3 μL of blood with 10 μL of each of these monoclonal antibody (mAb) reagents (protein concentration of 0.05 μg/μL and 0.2 μg/μL respectively) for 30 min (room temperature [RT]) using a non‐lyse‐non‐wash sample preparation procedure. This latter procedure allowed for the simultaneous analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on red cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes present in the sample through the combined staining of CD55 and CD59 with CD64‐fluorescein isothiocyante (FITC) plus CD61‐peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP) and CD45‐PerCP. Conclusions: In summary, our results show that the sample preparation protocol has a significant impact on the quality of the staining obtained for the CD55 and CD59 antigens on the major PB leucocyte subsets; additionally, we propose a simple and reliable stain‐non‐lyse‐non‐wash method for the simultaneous analysis of CD55 and CD59 expression on PB red cells, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, which could be reached through the use of two triple stainings. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:191–201, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence of numerical chromosome aberrations in meningioma tumors as revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using 10 chromosome‐specific probes
Authors: Sayagués José María , Tabernero María Dolores , Maillo Angel , Díaz Pedro , Rasillo Ana , Bortoluci Aglae , Gomez‐Moreta Juan , Santos‐Briz Angel , Morales Francisco , Orfao Alberto 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: Although information on the cytogenetic characteristics of meningioma tumors has accumulated progressively over the past few decades, information on the genetic heterogeneity of meningiomas is still scanty. The aim of the present study was to analyze by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) the incidence of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, X, and Y in a group of 70 consecutive meningioma tumors. Another goal was to establish the potential associations among the altered chromosomes, as a way to assess both intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Methods: For the purpose of the study, 70 patients diagnosed with meningioma were analyzed. Interphase FISH for the detection of numerical abnormalities for chromosomes 1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 22, X, and Y was applied to fresh tumor samples from each of the patients studied. Results: The overall incidence of numerical abnormalities was 76%. Chromosome Y in males and chromosome 22 in the whole series were the most common abnormalities (46% and 61%, respectively). Despite the finding that monosomy of chromosome 22/22q‐ deletions are the most frequent individual abnormality (53%), we have observed that chromosome gains are significantly more common than chromosome losses (60% versus 40%). Chromosome gains corresponded to abnormalities of chromosomes 1 (27%), 9 (25%), 10 (23%), 11 (22%), 14 (33%), 15 (22%), 17 (23%), and X in females (35%) and males (23%) whereas chromosome losses apart from chromosome 22 frequently involved chromosomes 14 (19%), X in males (23%), and Y in males (32%). Although an association was found among most gained chromosomes on one side and chromosome losses on the other side, different association patterns were observed. Furthermore, in the latter group, monosomy 22/22q‐ was associated with monosomy X in females and monosomy 14/14q‐ was associated with nulisomy Y in males. In addition, chromosome losses usually involved a large proportion of the tumor cells whereas chromosome gains were restricted to small tumor cell clones, including tetraploid cells. Conclusions: Our results show that meningiomas are genetically heterogeneous tumors that display different patterns of numerical chromosome changes, as assessed by interphase FISH. Cytometry (Clin. Cytometry) 50:153–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A unifying co‐operative web caching architecture
Authors: Abonamah Abdullah , Al‐Rawi Akram , Minhaz Mohammad 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNetwork caching of objects has become a standard way of reducing network traffic and latency in the web. However, web caches exhibit poor performance with a hit rate of about 30%. A solution to improve this hit rate is to have a group of proxies form co‐operation where objects can be cached for later retrieval. A co‐operative cache system includes protocols for hierarchical and transversal caching. The drawback of such a system lies in the resulting network load due to the number of messages that need to be exchanged to locate an object. This paper proposes a new co‐operative web caching architecture, which unifies previous methods of web caching. Performance results shows that the architecture achieve up to 70% co‐operative hit rate and accesses the cached object in at most two hops. Moreover, the architecture is scalable with low traffic and database overhead. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytological grading, apoptosis, and Bcl‐2 protein expression in breast cancer
Authors: Hemachandran Manikkapurath , Nijhawan Raje , Joshi Kusum 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA prospective study was conducted on 27 cases of infiltrating duct carcinoma of breast diagnosed by fine‐needle aspirate cytology (FNAC), subjected to mastectomy following the FNA diagnosis. Cytological grading, Bcl‐2 score, and quantification of apoptotic cell count were done on FNA material. Next, the carcinomas were graded on the corresponding histopathological sections. The overall concordance between cytological and histological gradings was 77.7%, with maximum concordance in Grade I tumors and minimum in Grade II. The mean apoptotic rates were 0.59 ± 0.722, 2.11 ± 0.707, and 2.95 ± 0.854 in Grades I, II, and III, respectively. Similarly Bcl‐2 scores were 1.36 ± 0.82, 0.22 ± 0.13, and 0.14 ± 0.116, in Grades I, II, and III lesions, respectively. When the cytological grade was correlated with histological grade alone, and subsequently along with Bcl‐2 scores and apoptotic rates, there was a significant improvement from 0.662–0.713 (P value, 0.001). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:356–359. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of giant cell fibroblastoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Gopez Evelyn V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGiant cell fibroblastoma is an uncommon soft tissue neoplasm occurring in childhood. It appears to be the juvenile form of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, with which it shares some histologic, cytogenetic, and immunohistochemical features. We report, to our knowledge, the second description of the cytologic features of giant cell fibroblastoma. The present case represents a recurrent lesion in the soft tissues of the scrotum of a 17‐yr‐old male. The aspirate produced moderately cellular smears containing mononuclear cells, usually lying singly, but occasionally forming clusters. The majority of the individual cells possessed scanty bipolar cytoplasm or were devoid of cytoplasm. The nuclei were bland, with small nucleoli. Nuclear membranes frequently contained notches, creases, or folds. Small fragments of metachromatic stroma were present in the background and were often associated with small aggregates of cells. Rare multinucleated giant cells containing bland oval or basillary‐shaped nuclei were admixed with the spindle‐cell component. Necrosis and mitotic figures were not a component of the smears. Surgical resection of the mass confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell fibroblastoma. We review the characteristic cytologic features of giant cell fibroblastoma and compare them with other soft tissue tumors in the differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:398–403. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.