bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women Offenders and the Gendered Effects of Public Policy1
Authors: Bloom Barbara , Owen Barbara , Covington Stephanie 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAt 17%, women represent a significant proportion of all offenders under criminal justice supervision in the US. Drawing on the findings from their report, “Gender‐Responsive Strategies: Research, Practice, and Guiding Principles for Women Offenders,” the authors maintain that public policy has ignored the context of women's lives and that women offenders have disproportionately suffered from the impact of ill‐informed public policy. This discussion of the implications of gender within the criminal justice system is based on a simple assumption: responding to the differences between women and men in criminal behavior and to their antecedents is critical to gender‐responsive policy. Building on the pathway theoretical perspective, we find that in addition to the gendered impact of the war on drugs, policy changes in welfare reform, housing, and other social policy arenas combine to create a disparate impact on drug abusing women and women of color. Key policy areas affecting the lives of women offenders and their children include welfare benefits, drug treatment, housing, education, employment, and reunification with children. We conclude that addressing the realities of women's lives through gender‐responsive policy and programs is fundamental to improved outcomes at all criminal justice phases. A blueprint for gender‐responsive policy development is described through six guiding principles and their policy implications.
Commerce with Criminals: The New Colonialism in Criminal Justice
Authors: Hallett Michael 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis article examines the reappearance of for‐profit imprisonment in the US by focusing specifically on the racial and colonialistic history of imprisonment for private profit in America. The article documents that during the two periods of American history in which corrections policy facilitated wholesale private profit through imprisonment, first during the proprietary operation of the convict lease system in the mid 1860s and again today (since the mid‐1980s), incarceration of disproportionately large numbers of African American men has been the industry's chief source of revenue. The article demonstrates a renewed focus on African American crime as the chief source of private profit in today's second era of African American mass imprisonment. The article notes the return of a transnational system of commerce capitalizing on economically and politically dispossessed prisoners for its coercive system of economic production.
A Failure of Good Intentions: An Analysis of Juvenile Justice Reform in San Francisco during the 1990s
Authors: Macallair Daniel , Males Mike 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study examines the impact of juvenile justice on San Francisco's youth detention population during the 1990s. Because successful juvenile justice reform is measured by reductions in both detention populations and the disproportionate impact on minority youth, this study attempts to evaluate two closely related issues: (1) Did San Francisco juvenile justice reform lead to reductions in juvenile detention bookings? (2) Did San Francisco juvenile justice reform reduce disproportionate minority confinement? The results of the study demonstrated that in fact neither of these results occurred. The data clearly show that what happened instead was “net widening” whereby offenders previously excluded from the juvenile justice system were processed. This was especially the case for minority females, whose rate of detention increased more than any other group. Implications for social policies are discussed.
Race, Class, and the Development of Criminal Justice Policy1
Authors: Mauer Marc 
Published: January 2004

AbstractRacial disparities in the criminal justice system are profound and well documented. A range of scholarship has examined these trends to assess the degree to which they result from biased decision making at various levels of the justice system. Also key to understanding the origin of these disparities is an analysis of the race and class determinants of criminal justice policy. This can be seen most clearly in the development of drug policy, but also in the means by which policy choices in law enforcement, prosecution, and sentencing are formulated. To the extent that crime is perceived as a “black problem,” the means by which the problem is addressed and the resulting punitiveness of the approach serve to exacerbate societal inequalities.
Kentucky's Perpetual Prisoner Machine: It's about Money1
Authors: Richards Stephen C. , Austin James , Jones Richard S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractKentucky is currently facing a severe budget crisis and is seeking ways to lower its prison and community corrections costs. This article focuses on our study of the prison and parole experience of men and women in Kentucky. What we found is a virtual “perpetual incarceration machine” where prisoners are recycled from prison to parole and back to prison. The following discussion includes: Kentucky's prison population continues to grow, parole failure, methods, description of interview samples, interview data, the structure producing parole failure, and Kentucky's perpetual incarceration mechine. Based on our findings, several promising reforms are recommended that if implemented would serve to reduce the prison population and the rate of parole failure.
Postsovereign Governance in a Globalizing and Fragmenting World: The Case of Mexico
Authors: Morales‐Moreno Isidro 
Published: January 2004

AbstractGlobalization and “global governance” have become the buzzwords at the turn of the century in order to name and explain the emerging post‐Cold War international order. The first one makes reference to the technological revolution that is modifying our notions of space, time, and production, while the latter attempts to illustrate how power and its regulatory practices are being transformed among polities. We discuss these two notions in the first part of this essay to argue that, in fact, the emerging “global” order will be different from that grounded on state‐centered notions of territory and sovereignty. Our arguments focus on the Mexican case to highlight how this country is moving from an inward‐looking, state‐centered, authoritarian machinery of governance, to a postsovereign, principle‐based, multilayered governance structure. This transition has mainly manifested in the governance mechanisms of corporate and human rights. This does not mean that policy tools of the “ancient regime” have completely disappeared. State‐centered structures of governance will remain important during this stage of economic and political change. Areas moving into postsovereign and principled regulatory practices will overlap with those that remain under the monopoly of national bureaucracies. Though Mexico's economic and political change could be explained as a reactive movement against the collapse of the state‐centered authoritarian model, an important conclusion of this essay is that the emerging pattern of postsovereign and principled bureaucratic governance will play a major role in shaping the future of those changes.
Characterization of Multiple-Antimicrobial-Resistant
Salmonella
Serovars Isolated from Retail Meats
Authors: Chen Sheng , Zhao Shaohua , White David G. , Schroeder Carl M. , Lu Ran , Yang Hanchun , McDermott Patrick F. , Ayers Sherry , Meng Jianghong 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

A total of 133
Salmonella
isolates recovered from retail meats purchased in the United States and the People's Republic of China were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes, and horizontal transfer of characterized antimicrobial resistance determinants via conjugation. Seventy-three (82%) of these
Salmonella
isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Resistance to the following antibiotics was common among the United States isolates: tetracycline (68% of the isolates were resistant), streptomycin (61%), sulfamethoxazole (42%), and ampicillin (29%). Eight
Salmonella
isolates (6%) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Fourteen isolates (11%) from the People's Republic of China were resistant to nalidixic acid and displayed decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. A total of 19 different antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 30 multidrug-resistant
Salmonella
isolates. The
bla
CMY-2
gene, encoding a class A AmpC β-lactamase, was detected in all 10
Salmonella
isolates resistant to extended-spectrum β-lactams. Resistance to ampicillin was most often associated with a TEM-1 family β-lactamase gene. Six aminoglycoside resistance genes,
aadA1
,
aadA2
,
aacC2
,
Kn
,
aph
(
3
)
-IIa
, and
aac
(
3
)
-IVa
, were commonly present in the
Salmonella
isolates. Sixteen (54%) of 30
Salmonella
isolates tested had integrons ranging in size from 0.75 to 2.7 kb. Conjugation studies demonstrated that there was plasmid-mediated transfer of genes encoding CMY-2 and TEM-1-like β-lactamases. These data indicate that
Salmonella
isolates recovered from retail raw meats are commonly resistant to multiple antimicrobials, including those used for treating salmonellosis, such as ceftriaxone. Genes conferring antimicrobial resistance in
Salmonella
are often carried on integrons and plasmids and could be transmitted through conjugation. These mobile DNA elements have likely played an important role in transmission and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants among
Salmonella
strains.
Genetics of Zwittermicin A Production by
Bacillus cereus
Authors: Emmert Elizabeth A. B. , Klimowicz Amy K. , Thomas Michael G. , Handelsman Jo 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Zwittermicin A represents a new chemical class of antibiotic and has diverse biological activities, including suppression of oomycete diseases of plants and potentiation of the insecticidal activity of
Bacillus thuringiensis
. To identify genes involved in zwittermicin A production, we generated 4,800 transposon mutants of
B. cereus
UW101C and screened them for zwittermicin A accumulation. Nine mutants did not produce detectable zwittermicin A, and one mutant produced eightfold more than the parent strain. The DNA flanking the transposon insertions in six of the nine nonproducing mutants contains significant sequence similarity to genes involved in peptide and polyketide antibiotic biosynthesis. The mutant that overproduced zwittermicin A contained a transposon insertion immediately upstream from a gene that encodes a deduced protein that is a member of the MarR family of transcriptional regulators. Three genes identified by the mutant analysis mapped to a region that was previously shown to carry the zwittermicin A self-resistance gene,
zmaR
, and a biosynthetic gene (E. A. Stohl, J. L. Milner, and J. Handelsman, Gene 237:403-411, 1999). Further sequencing of this region revealed genes proposed to encode zwittermicin A precursor biosynthetic enzymes, in particular, those involved in the formation of the aminomalonyl- and hydroxymalonyl-acyl carrier protein intermediates. Additionally, nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) homologs are present, suggesting that zwittermicin A is synthesized by a mixed NRPS/PKS pathway.
Structure and Characterization of Flavolipids, a Novel Class of Biosurfactants Produced by
Flavobacterium
sp. Strain MTN11
Authors: Bodour Adria A. , Guerrero-Barajas Claudia , Jiorle Beth V. , Malcomson Mark E. , Paull Amanda K. , Somogyi Arpad , Trinh Long N. , Bates Robert B. , Maier Raina M. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Herein we report the structure and selected properties of a new class of biosurfactants that we have named the flavolipids. The flavolipids exhibit a unique polar moiety that features citric acid and two cadaverine molecules. Flavolipids were produced by a soil isolate,
Flavobacterium
sp. strain MTN11 (accession number
AY162137
), during growth in mineral salts medium, with 2% glucose as the sole carbon and energy source. MTN11 produced a mixture of at least 37 flavolipids ranging from 584 to 686 in molecular weight (MW). The structure of the major component (23%; MW = 668) was determined to be 4-[[5-(7-methyl-(
E
)-2-octenoylhydroxyamino)pentyl]amino]-2-[2-[[5-(7-methyl-(
E
)-2-octenoylhydroxyamino)pentyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-hydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid. The partially purified flavolipid mixture isolated from strain MTN11 exhibited a critical micelle concentration of 300 mg/liter and reduced surface tension to 26.0 mN/m, indicating strong surfactant activity. The flavolipid mixture was a strong and stable emulsifier even at concentrations as low as 19 mg/liter. It was also an effective solubilizing agent, and in a biodegradation study, it enhanced hexadecane mineralization by two isolates, MTN11 (100-fold) and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 9027 (2.5-fold), over an 8-day period. The flavolipid-cadmium stability constant was measured to be 3.61, which is comparable to that for organic ligands such as oxalic acid and acetic acid. In summary, the flavolipids represent a new class of biosurfactants that have potential for use in a variety of biotechnological and industrial applications.
Enzymatic Assimilation of Cyanide via Pterin-Dependent Oxygenolytic Cleavage to Ammonia and Formate in
Pseudomonas fluorescens
NCIMB 11764
Authors: Fernandez Ruby F. , Dolghih Elena , Kunz Daniel A. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

Utilization of cyanide as a nitrogen source by
Pseudomonas fluorescens
NCIMB 11764 occurs via oxidative conversion to carbon dioxide and ammonia, with the latter compound satisfying the nitrogen requirement. Substrate attack is initiated by cyanide oxygenase (CNO), which has been shown previously to have properties of a pterin-dependent hydroxylase. CNO was purified 71-fold and catalyzed the quantitative conversion of cyanide supplied at micromolar concentrations (10 to 50 μM) to formate and ammonia. The specific activity of the partially purified enzyme was approximately 500 mU/mg of protein. The pterin requirement for activity could be satisfied by supplying either the fully (tetrahydro) or partially (dihydro) reduced forms of various pterin compounds at catalytic concentrations (0.5 μM). These compounds included, for example, biopterin, monapterin, and neopterin, all of which were also identified in cell extracts. Substrate conversion was accompanied by the consumption of 1 and 2 molar equivalents of molecular oxygen and NADH, respectively. When coupled with formate dehydrogenase, the complete enzymatic system for cyanide oxidation to carbon dioxide and ammonia was reconstituted and displayed an overall reaction stoichiometry of 1:1:1 for cyanide, O
2
, and NADH consumed. Cyanide was also attacked by CNO at a higher concentration (1 mM), but in this case formamide accumulated as the major reaction product (formamide/formate ratio, 0.6:0.3) and was not further degraded. A complex reaction mechanism involving the production of isocyanate as a potential CNO monooxygenation product is proposed. Subsequent reduction of isocyanate to formamide, whose hydrolysis occurs as a CNO-bound intermediate, is further envisioned. To our knowledge, this is the first report of enzymatic conversion of cyanide to formate and ammonia by a pterin-dependent oxygenative mechanism.
Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Growth Medium on Lipid Composition and on Physicochemical Surface Properties of Lactobacilli
Authors: Kankaanpää P. , Yang B. , Kallio H. , Isolauri E. , Salminen S. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT
Most probiotic lactobacilli adhere to intestinal surfaces, a phenomenon influenced by free polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The present study investigated whether free linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid in the growth medium alters the fatty acid composition of lactobacilli and their physical characteristics. The most abundant bacterial fatty acids identified were oleic, vaccenic, and dihydrosterculic acids. PUFA, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers and γ-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and α-linolenic acids, also were identified in lactobacilli. When lactobacilli were cultured in MRS broth supplemented with various free PUFA, the incorporation of a given PUFA into bacterial fatty acids was clearly observed. Moreover, PUFA supplementation also resulted in PUFA-dependent changes in the proportions of other fatty acids; major interconversions were seen in octadecanoic acids (18:1), their methylenated derivatives (19:cyc), and CLA. Intermittent changes in eicosapentaenoic acid proportions also were noted. These results were paralleled by minor changes in the hydrophilic or hydrophobic characteristics of lactobacilli, suggesting that PUFA interfere with microbial adhesion to intestinal surfaces through other mechanisms. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that free PUFA in the growth medium induce changes in bacterial fatty acids in relation to the regulation of the degree of fatty acid unsaturation, cyclization, and proportions of CLA and PUFA containing 20 to 22 carbons. The potential role of lactobacilli as regulators of PUFA absorption may represent another means by which probiotics could redirect the delicate balance of inflammatory mediators derived from PUFA within the inflamed intestine.
Molecular Cloning and Expression inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeof a Laccase Gene from the AscomyceteMelanocarpus albomyces
Authors: Kiiskinen Laura-Leena , Saloheimo Markku 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThelac1gene encoding an extracellular laccase was isolated from the thermophilic fungusMelanocarpus albomyces. This gene has five introns, and it encodes a protein consisting of 623 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the laccase was shown to have high homology with laccases from other ascomycetes. In addition to removal of a putative 22-amino-acid signal sequence and a 28-residue propeptide, maturation of the translation product oflac1was shown to involve cleavage of a C-terminal 14-amino-acid extension.M. albomyces lac1cDNA was expressed inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeunder the inducibleGAL1promoter. Extremely low production was obtained with the expression construct containing laccase cDNA with its own signal and propeptide sequences. The activity levels were significantly improved by replacing these sequences with the prepro sequence of theS. cerevisiaeα-factor gene. The role of the C-terminal extension in laccase production inS. cerevisiaewas also studied. Laccase production was increased sixfold with the modified cDNA that had a stop codon after the native processing site at the C terminus.
Sequence Analysis of Amplified DNA Fragments Containing the Region Encoding the Putative Lipase Substrate-Binding Domain and Genotyping of
Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Watanabe Noboru , Morita Koji , Furukawa Tomoko , Manzoku Taki , Endo Eiko , Kanamori Masato 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACT

DNA fragments were amplified by PCR from all tested strains of
Aeromonas hydrophila
,
A. caviae
, and
A. sobria
with primers designed based on sequence alignment of all lipase, phospholipase C, and phospholipase A1 genes and the cytotonic enterotoxin gene, all of which have been reported to have the consensus region of the putative lipase substrate-binding domain. All strains showed lipase activity, and all amplified DNA fragments contained a nucleotide sequence corresponding to the substrate-binding domain. Thirty-five distinct nucleotide sequence patterns and 15 distinct deduced amino acid sequence patterns were found in the amplified DNA fragments from 59
A. hydrophila
strains. The deduced amino acid sequences of the amplified DNA fragments from
A. caviae
and
A. sobria
strains had distinctive amino acids, suggesting a species-specific sequence in each organism. Furthermore, the amino acid sequence patterns appear to differ between clinical and environmental isolates among
A. hydrophila
strains. Some strains whose nucleotide sequences were identical to one another in the amplified region showed an identical DNA fingerprinting pattern by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-PCR genotyping. These results suggest that
A. hydrophila
, and also
A. caviae
and
A. sobria
strains, have a gene encoding a protein with lipase activity. Homologs of the gene appear to be widely distributed in
Aeromonas
strains, probably associating with the evolutionary genetic difference between clinical and environmental isolates of
A. hydrophila
. Additionally, the distinctive nucleotide sequences of the genes could be attributed to the genotype of each strain, suggesting that their analysis may be helpful in elucidating the genetic heterogeneity of
Aeromonas
.
Detection ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium by Using a Rapid, Array-Based Immunosensor
Authors: Taitt Chris Rowe , Shubin Yura S. , Angel Roselina , Ligler Frances S. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe multianalyte array biosensor (MAAB) is a rapid analysis instrument capable of detecting multiple analytes simultaneously. Rapid (15-min), single-analyte sandwich immunoassays were developed for the detection ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium, with a detection limit of 8 × 104CFU/ml; the limit of detection was improved 10-fold by lengthening the assay protocol to 1 h.S. entericaserovar Typhimurium was also detected in the following spiked foodstuffs, with minimal sample preparation: sausage, cantaloupe, whole liquid egg, alfalfa sprouts, and chicken carcass rinse. Cross-reactivity tests were performed withEscherichia coliandCampylobacter jejuni. To determine whether the MAAB has potential as a screening tool for the diagnosis of asymptomaticSalmonellainfection of poultry, chicken excretal samples from a private, noncommercial farm and from university poultry facilities were tested. While the private farm excreta gave rise to signals significantly above the buffer blanks, none of the university samples tested positive forS. entericaserovar Typhimurium without spiking; dose-response curves of spiked excretal samples from university-raised poultry gave limits of detection of 8 × 103CFU/g.