bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on Tragic Visualizing in the Iliad
Authors: Slatkin Laura M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iliad is a poem of shocking visions. Drawing attention throughout to what its characters perceive, to their experience of viewing, the poem dwells on the impact of the sights that confront them and on the act of seeing itself. Whether from distant vantage points (the Wery head of Achilles appearing to the Trojans) or those close by (the view of Hector ‘s neck as Achilles takes fatal aim), confrontations with things seen place the unfolding of the poem before the audience ‘s eyes, even as the events are realized in the experience of its characters.1 At such moments, what they are seeing we are seeing; the audience shares their line of vision. In the discussion that follows, I hope to suggest how the characters ‘ lines of vision, in the various directions they take, may oVer additional perspective on the Iliad ‘s stringent and subtle intimations of tragedy.
Introduction
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the evening of 5 November 1989, just four days before the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Deutsches Theater in East Berlin found itself with a full house. The crowd was so large that loudspeakers had to be set up to relay proceedings to the people packed in the foyer. What brought so many East Germans out on a chilly Sunday evening? Perhaps surprisingly, the occasion was a reading from the memoirs of Walter Janka, a German veteran of the International Brigades.
The Odyssey of the German Volunteers
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It started getting light around us as we reached the mountain ‘s peak. It appeared to me that that was no normal dawn, but the outbreak of brightness, of the new day. We marched along an almost level plateau and saw the sun rise. It rose over Spain. We had arrived. ‘ Long after their wounds had healed and their halting Spanish had been forgotten, the German veterans of the International Brigades remembered their arrival in Spain with astonishing clarity. Many of them had first glimpsed Spanish soil after a night—time trek over the Pyrenees—often the only way to evade the French border authorities.
Strangers in a Strange Land: The Spanienkampfer in East Germany
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 1945 Hans Kahle wrote from London to Franz Dahlem. The war was finally over, and Kahle pleaded with Dahlem to use his connections to get him out of England: ‘Our most burning desire is to return to Germany as quickly as possible and take part in the final extermination of fascism and the rebuilding of a new and genuinely democratic Germany.” Kahle was not alone. The archives are full of similar letters detailing the veterans ‘ longing to return to Germany now that Nazism had finally been defeated. As one veteran described it, ‘after our important abilities have lain stagnant for so long ... life in Berlin will use them again, despite the difficulties we are well aware of; and life will have a point ‘. Many emigres experienced great difficulty in returning to Germany, having to collect money to pay their passage, visas, and exit permits, as well as permission to enter the Soviet Zone of Occupation. Despite these problems, over 1 ,ooo veterans chose to live in East Germany after 1945. They returned with high hopes for the new state and the prospect of a socialist post—war order. These political goals were also tied up with personal hopes: after twelve years of Nazi rule and illegality, veterans finally had the opportunity to restart a private life and resume contact with friends and family.
The Uses of History: The Party Appropriates Spain
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The SED was the most powerful player involved in discussing the International Brigades. As the ruling party, it had automatic access to the widest possible audience, as well as the ability to suppress any account which came into conflict with its own interpretation of the war. Those who wrote about Spain were unable to ignore the party ‘s version of events, whether they decided to breach, stretch, or remain within the limits of debate set by the SED.
Reluctant Heroes: Veterans and the State Contest the Meaning of the War
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the veterans of the International Brigades, antifascism was much more than a way of legitimating SEO rule. Most veterans were, it is true, members of the party. They agreed that there were valuable lessons to be learnt from the Spanish Civil War and were delighted that their contribution to the antifascist fight was being publicly commemorated. Those who wrote their memoirs often aimed to convince young people of the moral superiority of the East German state, hoping that the appeal of the Spanish Civil War would be enough to stop them deserting to the other side of the Wall. But the fact that the veterans and the SEO shared a political agenda did not necessarily mean that their interpretations of the war were identical. For the most part, the veterans were happy to publicly endorse the party ‘s version of events. Party discipline alone would have been enough to ensure that.
Foreign policy in peace and war
Authors: Weinberg Gerhard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, he had clearly defined ideas about the future of Germany and the appropriate foreign policy to be followed. In a series of wars, in which victory in each would broaden the basis for Germany to win the next one, the Germans would come to dominate the globe. Germany had lost the last war because of a stab in the back at home, not defeat at the front. If it was to win the wars ahead, domestic policy and structure had to change.
A Simple Artaud
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Artaud’s images, it is that of his ideal existential state, the corps sans organes, that has proved the most intriguing to critics. Deleuze and Guattari, for instance, in their challenge to received Freudian opinion L’Anti-Œdipe (1972), accord it such prominence that it is honoured with the iconoclastically lower-case acronym cso. The mould-breaking corps sans organes, if less widely known than Proust’s time-bridging madeleine or Sartre’s world-disintegrating tree root, has, like these, migrated from French literary studies to general cultural discourse. Nevertheless, what Artaud has to say about the corps sans organes has been only hastily examined, even by Artaud criticism.
Dictionary types and dictionary users
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets dictionary writing in its context. It looks at how the dictionary comes about in the first place and how dictionaries may be classified. The dictionary user is shown to play a central role in the planning process, and we illustrate the ways in which editorial decisions are influenced by our understanding of the needs and skills of our dictionary’s typical user. Figure 2.1 sets out the plan of the chapter.
Planning the entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dictionary entry is designed to present facts as clearly as possible. It must take account of the needs and skills of the kind of people expected to be using the dictionary, based on the user profile (§2.3.1). A consistent approach to the structure and content of the entries is essential, or users will simply give up.
Figure 7.1 gives an outline of this chapter, which surveys both the form and the content of the dictionary entry. We start by introducing in turn each of the principal components of a standard entry, then discuss some of the alternative ways in which these may be assembled into an entry.
Introduction: Redeeming Music—‘Spiritual Resistance’ and Beyond
Authors: Gilbert Shirli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With this sentence, Primo Levi introduced the story of Alberto D., a fellow Auschwitz inmate with whom he developed a close friendship during his year-long imprisonment. Levi described this man as courageous, robust, and unusually clear-sighted. His most defining quality, however, was his critical attitude towards the ‘consolatory illusions’ regularly fabricated and spread by prisoners: ‘the war will be over in two weeks’, ‘there will be no more selections’, ‘the Polish partisans are about to liberate the camp’, and so on. These rumours were always eventually belied by reality, and Alberto refused to seek refuge in them.
Locke, Therapy, and Analysis*
Authors: Rogers G A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers over the millennia have given a series of ways in which we may gain some varying kinds of intellectual therapy from philosophy. Epicurus, like Aristotle, thought that philosophy could bring happiness and contentment. It was a kind of equilibrium in which there was no pain, a mind at ease with itself. The Stoics, too, saw philosophy as a kind of therapy which would calm the passions and lead to a stable and rational life at one with both nature and reason. They often employ the medical metaphor of cure in their positive philosophy.
Hope, Fear, and the Politics of Immortality
Authors: Nadler Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There may be no early modern philosopher whose thought is more amenable to treatment by analytic philosophy than Spinoza. By presenting his ideas more geometrico in the Ethics, with its definitions, axioms, and deductively ordered propositions, he in fact appears to have done most of the analytic philosopher ’s work in advance. All too frequently, however, analytic discussions of Spinoza ’s philosophy get bogged down in details. Looking with a highly focused attention at the trees—and their branches and twigs and leaves—and disputing over the relationships between individual propositions and demonstrations and corollaries, we often lose sight of the forest. And what a grand forest it is. Spinoza ’s philosophical system is one of the richest and most multi-faceted in the history of philosophy, and certainly one that remains vitally relevant today.
Astronomy, Magic, and the Mathematical Practitioners of London
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 6 July1591 Forman sent to press his pamphlet, The groundes of the longitude: with an admonition to all those that are incredulous (hereafter Longitude). It does not contain information about how to calculate longitude. It announces that the author, Simon Forman, has a secret method for doing these calculations, and it defends his method against those who had doubted its veracity. Like many of Forman ‘s writings, its style is incoherent and self-aggrandizing. This chapter will document Forman ‘s engagement with the mathematical practitioners of London in the months preceding and following the printing of this pamphlet; begin to explain Forman ‘s reluctance to venture into print there after; and situate this episode amidst accounts by historians of science of the place of the occult in natural philosophy.
How to Read the Casebooks
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before a Square Table, covered with a greene Carpet, on which lay a huge Booke in Folio, wide open, full of strange Characters, such as the .!Egyptians and Chaldaenswere never guiltie of; not farre from that, a silver Wand, a Surplus, a Watering Pot, with all the superstitious or rather fayned Instruments of his cousening Art. And to put a fair er colour on his black and foule Science, on his head hee had a four-cornered Cap, on his backe a faire Gowne (but made of a strange fashion) in his right hand he held an Astrobale, in his left a Mathematical! Glasse.1 This was John Melton ‘s portrait of an astrologer. To find him you followed a gaggle of women down the backstreets of London to his house, and once before him you could ask, for a price, the whereabouts of lost ‘money, silver spoones, rings, gowns, plate, or linnen ‘, how many children you would have, how many husbands, and which would love you best.
Smiles, winks, and words
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human beings never run out of talk. We relate the events of the day. We gossip about our acquaintances. We speculate about people and power. Children chatter so incessantly that even their talkative parents lose patience. We explain, we cajole, we schmooze, we harangue, and we Xirt, all with the help of language. To be sure, we also convey information in many other ways than by talking. We use our voices not only to speak, but to scream, sigh, laugh, hum, and cry. We show our joy with our smiles, and our anger with our scowls. We threaten by standing tall, and show submission by trying to look small.
Power, gossip, and seduction
Authors: Burling Robbins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a time, not so many decades ago, when anyone who thought at all about the evolution of language took the reasons for its selection to be more or less self-evident. We use language today for every sort of practical purpose, to exchange information, to coordinate our daily lives, and to instruct the young, so it seemed only reasonable to suppose that, from its earliest days, hunters and gatherers used language for the much same purposes. Our ancestors needed to cooperate and to pass on their technology to the next generation just as we do, and language should have been useful in planning and coordinating the food quest, in reaching agreement on where to meet and where to camp, or in explaining to a young person how to build a shelter. Language is an eminently practical tool.
Base-language Effect and Categorical Perception∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech perception involves extracting from the environment acoustic information that can be mapped onto linguistic information represented in our minds. As complex as this task is for monolingual listeners, it may be even more complex for bilingual listeners. This is because bilinguals talking among themselves, although they usually agree on one “base language” carrying the bulk of their conversation, have a tendency to switch occasionally to their other shared language—or “code”—for a word, a phrase, or even an entire sentence (see Grosjean 1982 for a discussion of linguistic and cultural constraints on codeswitching).
The Gender Marking Effect in Bilinguals∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that, in languages that have gender agreement, a congruent gender marking usually speeds up the processing of the following noun relative to an incongruent marking (or no marking). This effect is now well established in monolinguals, but little is known about how bilinguals react to gender agreement. In this paper, we ask whether bilinguals show the same effect and whether it depends on when they acquired and started using the gender marking language on a regular basis.
Imaging Bilinguals∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rodriguez-Fornells, Rotte, Heinze, Nösselt, and Münte (2002) paper published in Nature, “Brain potential and functional MRI evidence for how to handle two languages with one brain”, is discussed in this chapter by two of its authors (T. F. Münte and A. Rodriguez-Fornells), both neuroscientists, and by two language scientists (F. Grosjean and P. Li). First, a short summary of the paper is given. This is followed by a critical commentary offered by the language scientists. The neuroscientists respond, and a final comment is offered by the language scientists. The four authors conclude that a two-way collaboration between neurosciences and language sciences should be encouraged in order to make headway in our understanding of language processing and representation in bilinguals.
San Pedro and Santa Comba: Churches and their Proprietors
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Round about 956 the monk Odoíno ran off with a woman called Onega, someone his mother had brought to their family monastery of Santa Comba on the gentle banks of the River Limia in southern Galicia (see Figs. 2.1, 2.2). This was but one colourful episode in Odoino’s more than usually colourful story, at least the way he told it himself. Not long after, he was back at Santa Comba, only to be thrown out when Onega accused him of plotting against Count Rodrigo in the stormy days of the late 950s.
Donation to Churches: Purpose and Expectations
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever we might think was the peasant rationale for donation, explicitly pious reasons for giving are stated throughout this material. They sometimes come in a formulaic statement, perhaps brief, perhaps elaborated; they sometimes come as a specific intention—I give you this in order that I may be buried in the porch of the church at N—and they sometimes come as a formulaic or personalized request for continuing commemoration. Indeed, nearly 90% of all the donations recorded in these charters were made to ecclesiastical individuals or communities, and about four fifths of those were expressly made for pious reasons of one kind or another.
A Minimalist Critique of Tarski on Truth
Authors: Horwich Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It agrees with Tarski that a full theory of truth should do nothing more than in some way generalize that trivial biconditional. It agrees that such an account will implicitly capture the idea that ‘truth is correspondence with reality’, but with the advantage of not having to resort to the obscure notions of ‘correspondence’ or ‘reality’: thus it will qualify, in Jan Wolenski’s terms, as a ‘‘weak correspondence theory’’.2 And it agrees that an even worse mistake would be to attempt to define truth in terms of ‘coherence’ or ‘verification’ or ‘utility’.
The Mediterranean and Trafalgar
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March 1802 the Peace of Amiens ended a decade of exhausting conflict. While many in government, and in political and diplomatic circles, distrusted France’s first consul, Napoleon Bonaparte, and expected the resumption of war, the rapid demobilization of the fleet meant that many naval surgeons were left without employment, and faced an uncertain future.
Later Career
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Cardwell John , Moss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nelson’s funeral was the culmination of Pitt the Younger’s efforts to forge a new British state which could withstand the threat from post-revolutionary France. It was a manufactured, but nonetheless powerful, display of national harmony, where the monarchy, the political nation, the armed forces, and the London crowd came together to celebrate Britishness and its adamantine protector, the wooden walls of the Royal Navy.
Dispossession: Rural Histories on the Left
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eyes of many on the Left, rural Britain in the twentieth century was a shadow of what it had once been. At various points in its history, so it was argued, the countryside had been more productive, more prosperous, more populous. It had laid claim to a vibrant, popular culture, and traditions of democracy and community which seemed to have been lost in the modern period. The notion of a former golden age—often termed ‘Merrie England’ informed the creation of a very particular rural idyll within the Labour movement. In keeping with the ideas of John Ruskin and William Morris, ‘Merrie England’ was a place and time uncorrupted by the pollution of capitalist industry, a community sustained by crafts and agriculture. The pastoral happiness of its inhabitants, evoked most exuberantly in illustrations by Walter Crane, was part of the pageantry and iconography of the British Left.
Voters in a Landscape
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Labour surveyed the political landscape of rural Britain in the early twentieth century, its observations revealed ‘another world’ a nation as yet relatively untouched by the movement. There were villages where no Labour meeting, and perhaps no political meeting of any description, had ever been held; places where Labour was unheard of, or where the inhabitants supposedly believed scare-stories that Labour supporters were Bolsheviks in disguise and advocated the nationalization of women. In the depths of the countryside, Labour was most notable for its absence. Over huge swathes of the country it had no political or industrial organization. From Ludlow in 1923, ‘One might go 25 miles by road in several directions without touching a vestige of Labour life’.
Rural Idylls
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the emphasis on the electoral imperative of winning rural seats, the countryside always represented far more than simply a setting for the Labour Party’s political ambitions. Interpretations of its political culture generated a series of inherently negative responses to rural Britain, but these existed alongside an important tradition of much more positive images of the countryside on the British Left. In analyses of the political environment, there was seemingly much to condemn in the backwardness and ignorance of the villages and the oppressive and tyrannical structures of rural society. However, as a landscape and a place for recreation, the countryside took on a very different aspect. In this light, it became an idealized world, a favoured setting for leisure, the pointed contrast to crowded, unpleasant, and ill-planned urban development, and a metaphor for a better quality of life.
Trade Unionism in Rural Areas
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For trade unionism, as for political Labour, the countryside seemed to represent the final frontier. Trade unionists visiting rural areas were apt to encounter an unfamiliar world and elementary degrees of organization. When the TUC marked the centenary of the trial of the Tolpuddle Martyrs with a programme of events in deepest Dorset, it found that the principles for which six farm labourers had suffered in 1834 were largely neglected in 1934. There was a woeful absence of trade union organization in transport, catering, building, and other basic trades in the area around Dorchester. Despite being under considerable pressure to employ only unionized workers in preparing for a commemoration of trade union values, the TUC recognized that this was actually impractical, and that ‘the fact that Dorchester is a rural area makes a tremendous difference in this connection’.
Labour and the Farmers
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most remarkable aspects of Labour’s attempts to engage with the needs of the countryside and promote agricultural prosperity was a shift in the party’s attitude towards farmers. Despite a tradition of leftwing hostility towards the farming community, Labour attached increasing importance to attracting farmers’ support, offering reassurances that its agricultural policy would not attempt to supplant them or damage their interests. By the 1930s, Labour was addressing farmers directly, and presenting itself as the party which best understood their problems.
A Land for the People
Authors: Griffiths Clare V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early twentieth century it was hard to conceive of a political programme for the countryside which would not have agriculture at its centre. The achievement of the ‘prosperous countryside’, with all the economic, social, and cultural benefits which that implied, was dependent on a revival in the great primary industry. ‘We want to bring back light into the villages, the field, and the farms’, MacDonald enthused, ‘and to make men feel that agriculture is not a drudgery and a derelict process.’ Agricultural policy was also seen as the central element in Labour’s appeal to rural voters.