bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pituitary tumor size, neurologic signs, and relation to endocrine test results in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism: 43 cases (1980-1990)
Authors: Kipperman Barry S. , Feldman Edward C. , Dybdal Noel O. , Nelson Richard W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Pituitary neoplasm was identified in 43 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism via necropsy (n = 33), diagnostic imaging with computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging (n = 5), or diagnostic imaging and necropsy (n = 5). All dogs had clinical signs and clinicopathologic test results typical of hyperadrenocorticism. Thirty-seven dogs had grossly visible pituitary tumors, and 6 dogs had microscopic pituitary tumors. Fifteen dogs had developed neurologic signs typical of those resulting from an enlarging pituitary mass. Twenty-three dogs had pituitary tumors ≥ 1 cm in diameter. Provocative testing of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis was performed on all dogs.
Dogs with grossly visible pituitary tumors and dogs with neurologic signs had Significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean plasma endogenous acth concentrations, compared with values from dogs with microscopic tumors and dogs without neurologic signs, respectively. Dogs with grossly visible pituitary tumors and dogs with tumors ≥ 1 cm in diameter had Significantly (P < 0.05) lower adrenocortical responsiveness to exogenous acth, compared with dogs with microscopic pituitary tumors and dogs with tumors < 1 cm in diameter, respectively. Despite these differences, there was overlap between test results among dogs. On the basis of endocrine test results, it would appear difficult to distinguish dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and large pituitary tumors from those with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and microscopic pituitary tumors prior to onset of neurologic signs.
Effects of limited food consumption on the incidence of hip dysplasia in growing dogs
Authors: Kealy R. D. , Olsson S. E. , Monti K. L. , Lawler D. F. , Biery D. N. , Helms R. W. , Lust G. , Smith G. K. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Forty-eight 8-week-old Labrador Retrievers were allotted to 2 groups of 24 dogs each; 1 group was fed ad libitum and the other group was given 25% less of the same feed until the dogs were 2 years old. Radiography of the hip joints was done when the dogs were 30, 42, 54, 78, and 104 weeks old. Subluxation was measured by the Norberg angle on radiographs made with the dog in the standard (extended limb) position. Independent of age at which the radiography was done, there was less subluxation of the femoral heads in the limit-fed dogs. Using the Swedish method of hip joint evaluation on the same radiographs, it was found that fewer dogs on limited food intake had signs of hip dysplasia.
Radiographs done when dogs were 2 years old, for all the methods used (Norberg angle in standard and frog-limb position, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals [ofa] score, and the Swedish score), revealed less hip dysplasia (less joint subluxation and less degenerative joint disease) in the limit-fed dogs. Using the ofa method, 7 of the 24 limit-fed dogs and 16 of the 24 ad libitum-fed dogs were diagnosed as having hip dysplasia. Similarly, using the Swedish method, 5 of the 24 limit-fed dogs and 18 of the 24 ad libitum- fed dogs were diagnosed as having hip dysplasia. The food-intake-related differences were significant both for the ofa score and for the Swedish score. There was a significant correlation between the Norberg angle measured on radiographs made with the dog in the standard position when it was 30 weeks old and the result obtained when the dog was 2 years old by the ofa and Swedish methods. The findings support the clinical recommendation to avoid overfeeding of growing dogs, particularly in breeds prone to canine hip dysplasia.
Cutaneous actinomycosis and nocardiosis in dogs: 48 cases (1980-1990)
Authors: Kirpensteijn Jolie , Fingland Roger B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 48 dogs with cutaneous actinomycosis or nocardiosis were reviewed. Male, large-breed dogs kept outdoors were overrepresented. The mean age at admission was 3.6 years. Cutaneous swelling (68%), abscesses (65%), draining tracts (48%), fever (36%), and signs of pain (13%) were the most common clinical findings. The cervicofacial area was affected in 48% of the dogs. Abdominal and thoracic wall involvement was less common. Leukocytosis, neutrophilia with left shift, monocytosis, and hyperglobulinemia were common. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytologic examination, bacteriologic culture, or histologic examination. Gram-positive filamentous bacteria were seen in 69% of the fine needle aspirates and in 50% of the biopsy specimens. Actinomyces spp were isolated from cutaneous lesions in 27 (60%) dogs. Nocardia asteroides was isolated from 1 dog. Treatment consisted of surgical debridement, drainage, and administration of antibiotics in 29 dogs (group A) and antibiotics alone in 13 dogs (group B). The infection redeveloped in 10 (42%) group-A dogs and 6 (60%) group-B dogs. Of the 10 group-A dogs with recurrent infection, 6 had resolution after a second surgery and 4 were euthanatized. Of the 6 group-B dogs, 1 had resolution after surgery, 4 were euthanatized or died because of persistent disease, and 1 had an unresolved infection. The combination of surgery and antibiotic treatment appeared to be superior to antibiotic treatment alone in resolving cutaneous Actinomyces and Nocardia infections.
Comparison of lidocaine, xylazine, and xylazine/lidocaine for caudal epidural analgesia in horses
Authors: Grubb T. L. , Riebold T. W. , Huber M. J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Caudal epidural analgesia was achieved in 6 adult horses on 3 successive occasions at weekly intervals by injection of lidocaine, xylazine, and a combination of lidocaine/xylazine through indwelling epidural catheters. Analgesia was defined as a lack of response to pinprick and hemostat pressure in the skin of the perineal area. A significant (P < 0.05) difference was not found for time of onset of analgesia between lidocaine (4.3 ± 0.8 minutes, mean ± SEM) and the lidocaine/xylazine combination (5.3 ± 1.3 minutes). Time to onset of analgesia after administration of xylazine was significantly (P < 0.05) longer (32.0 ± 3.4 minutes) than that for either of the other 2 treatments. Duration of analgesia was significantly (P < 0.05) longer for the combination (329.8 ± 6.2 minutes) than for either drug used alone (lidocaine, 87.2 ± 7.5 minutes; xylazine, 204.2 ± 12.9 minutes). Pulse and respiratory rates were not significantly altered by any of the drugs. Neurologic sequelae were not clinically apparent after administration of the drugs or after chronic epidural catheterization.
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease in dogs and cats: 84 cases (1987-1990)
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Moore Frances M. , Haynes Joseph S. , Miles Kristina G. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease was the diagnosis for 58 dogs and 26 cats, with signs of persistent gastroenteritis, failed responses to dietary trials, and histologic evidence of cellular infiltrates unrelated to other causes of gastrointestinal tract inflammation. Clinical signs of large intestinal dysfunction, watery diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia with weight loss were common. Nonspecific hematologic, biochemical, and radiographic abnormalities frequently were observed. Mucosal biopsy specimens, obtained endoscopically, were histologically evaluated for severity of mucosal epithelial damage. Mucosal erythema, friability, enhanced granularity, and ulceration or erosion were the predominant endoscopic lesions. Inflammatory bowel disease lesions of moderate severity predominated in the stomach, duodenum, and colon. Lymphocytic/plasmacytic infiltrates were limited to the lamina propria in biopsy specimens from all regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory bowel disease commonly is associated with chronic gastroenteritis in dogs and cats.
Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1991
Authors: Krebs John W. , Holman Robert C. , Hines Urhonda , Strine Tara W. , Mandel Eric J. , Childs James E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 1991, 49 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 6,972 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control. Ninety-one percent (6,354 cases) were wild animals, whereas 8.9% (618 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases of rabies increased 42.9% over that of 1990 (4,881 cases), with most of the increase resulting from continued spread of the epizootic of rabies in raccoons in the mid-Atlantic and northeastern states. Large increases in cases of rabies in animals were reported from Connecticut (200 cases in 1991, compared with 3 in 1990, an increase of 6,567%), Delaware (197 cases in 1991, compared with 44 in 1990, an increase of 348%), New York (1,030 cases in 1991, compared with 242 in 1990, an increase of 326%), and New Jersey (994 cases in 1991, compared with 469 in 1990, an increase of 112%). Other noteworthy increases were reported by Wyoming (96.4%), Texas (69.7%), California (41.3%), Oklahoma (33.1%), Minnesota (31.4%), Georgia (26.7%), and Maryland (23.7%). Hawaii reported 1 imported case of rabies in a bat. Only 16 states reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1991, compared with 30 in 1990. Pennsylvania and Iowa reported decreases of 40.6% and 27.4%, respectively. Rhode Island was the only state that did not report a case of rabies in 1991.
Congenital Neospora infection in calves born from cows that had previously aborted Neospora-infected fetuses: Four cases (1990-1992)
Authors: Barr Bradd C. , Conrad Patricia A. , Breitmeyer Richard , Sverlow Karen , Anderson Mark L. , Reynolds James , Chauvet Anne E. , Dubey J.P. , Ardans Alex A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Four dairy cows that had been successfully rebred following fetal Neospora infection and abortion were identified from 2 drylot dairies. All 4 cows had uncomplicated pregnancies with the birth of 5 full-term calves. The calves all had high precolostral serum IgG antibodies. The precolostral antibodies to Neospora sp as determined by indirect fluorescent antibody test ranged from 5,120 to 20,480, compared with maternal serum and colostral antibody titers from 320 to 1,280. Two calves had mild neurologic limb deficits. Three calves had mild nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis and Neospora organisms were found in the CNS of 3 calves. Findings indicate that repeat transplacental Neospora infections occur in cows. Additionally, calves born from cows with a history of Neospora fetal infection and abortion may have congenital Neospora infections and/or neurologic dysfunctions at birth. The Neospora indirect fluorescent antibody test appears to be a useful antemortem test for detection of calves exposed in utero to Neospora organisms.
Lungworm infection in a sheep flock in Maryland
Authors: Mansfield L. S. , Gamble H. R. , Baker J. S. , Lichtenfels J. R. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
First-stage larvae of Protostrongylus rufescens were detected in the feces of a ram with diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and mucopurulent nasal discharge. Subsequently, a survey was initiated in the experimental sheep flocks maintained at the Agricultural Research Service's Helminthic Diseases Laboratory in Beltsville, Md to determine the extent and effect of infection with the parasite. Five of 31 ewes and 4 of 16 rams were found to be infected with the lungworm. Clinical signs of infection, which ranged from mild to severe, included diarrhea, weight loss, and respiratory distress. Natural transmission of the parasite to parasite-naive lambs grazing on pasture occurred during the course of this study. Three lambs born to infected ewes during this study were not infected, suggesting that there is no vertical transmission. Additionally, cattle grazing the same pastures as infected sheep were not infected with the parasite. Results of this study indicated that Protostrongylus rufescens can cause serious disease in domestic sheep in the United States and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in sheep with nonspecific respiratory tract signs.
Hyperadrenocorticism caused by bilateral adrenocortical neoplasia in dogs: Four cases (1983-1988)
Authors: Ford Sara L. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Hyperadrenocorticism caused by bilateral adrenocortical neoplasia was diagnosed in 4 dogs. Three dogs had bilateral adrenocortical adenomas, and 1 dog had bilateral adrenocortical carcinomas. The history, physical findings, clinicopathologic abnormalities, and results of acth stimulation and low-dose dexamethasone suppression tests were compatible with diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. Adrenocortical neoplasia was differentiated from pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism on the basis of a combination of test results, including lack of suppression of plasma cortisol after being given a high dose dexamethasone (n = 4), undetectable (< 20 pg/ml) plasma endogenous acth concentration (n = 4), identification of a single mineralized adrenal mass by abdominal radiography (n = 2) and abdominal ultrasonography (n = 1), and identification of bilateral nonmineralized adrenal masses by ultrasonography (n = 1).
A left adrenal mass was excised from 1 dog. Clinical signs persisted and administration of mitotane was initiated. One dog was treated only with mitotane. Treatment with ketoconazole was attempted in 2 dogs. All dogs died or were euthanatized because of persistent hyperadrenocorticism. Necropsy and histologic evaluation of the pituitary and adrenal tissue confirmed bilateral adrenocortical neoplasia in all dogs. Bilateral adrenocortical neoplasia should be considered as an uncommon, but possible, cause of bilaterally large adrenal glands in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism.
Survey of state veterinarians and state veterinary diagnostic laboratories for selenium deficiency and toxicosis in animals
Authors: Edmondson A. J. , Norman B. B. , Suther D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Surveys were performed in which the state veterinarian and the major state veterinary diagnostic laboratories in every state were asked about selenium (Se) deficiency and toxicosis in livestock and wildlife in their state. Selenium-deficiency diseases were diagnosed in 46 states and were reported to be an important livestock problem in regions of 37 states; deficiencies were diagnosed in wildlife in 10 states. Natural Se toxicosis was a rare problem, with only 7 states reporting naturally developing Se toxicosis. Oversupplementation with Se was reported as a cause of toxicosis in 15 states. Toxicoses in aquatic environments were reported from 4 states; in all cases, high-Se content in the water had resulted from agricultural irrigation or natural rainfall causing leaching of Se from high-Se soils. Current amounts of supplemental Se that can be fed to our major food-producing animals are being reviewed by the FDA because of speculation of potential environmental problems caused by Se supplementation in animals. Amounts of supplemental Se allowed in the western United States (states west of and including North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas) are proposed by the FDA to have more potential for environmental Se enrichment and toxicosis. This premise was not supported by our data. Selenium supplementation in domestic livestock was not involved in wildlife toxicosis found by these surveys.
Echinocytosis in horses: 54 cases (1990)
Authors: Geor Raymond J. , Lund Elizabeth M. , Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Retrospective review of CBC and serum chemical data from 124 horses admitted to the veterinary teaching hospital over a 9-month period (Feb 1, 1990 to Oct 31, 1990) indicated that 54 horses had echinocytosis (prevalence = 44%). In horses with echinocytosis, the most frequent diagnosis was colitis (23 horses; 43%). Odds ratios (measure of association) were calculated to determine the association of echinocytosis with specific hematologic and biochemical abnormalities. When evaluated in a multivariate model, low serum sodium concentration (< 136 mEq/L) was the only variable significantly associated with the incidence of echinocytosis. Within the group of 54 horses with echinocytosis, hyponatremia (35 horses; 65%), hypochloremia (35 horses; 65%), low total carbon dioxide concentration (35 horses; 65%), hypoosmolality (30 horses; 55%), and hypocalcemia (22 horses; 41%) were the most common biochemical abnormalities. It was concluded that hyponatremia was associated with increased incidence of echinocytosis. It was suggested that systemic electrolyte depletion might be involved in the induction of echinocyte formation.
Field trial of four cowside antibiotic-residue screening tests
Authors: Sischo W. M. , Burns C. M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Four commercially available screening tests for antibiotic residues in milk were evaluated for their ability to correctly identify the antibiotic status of cows. A field trial, which included 199 cows from 2 herds, was conducted. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios for a positive test result were calculated by using the Bacillus stearothermophilus var calidolactis disk assay as the reference test. The relationship of risk factors to the probability of a false-positive result for each screening test was modeled by use of unconditional logistic regression. The risk factors evaluated in these models were loge somatic cell count (scc), intramammary infection, herd, milk appearance, time milk sample frozen before tested, days in lactation, parity, and manufacturer's lot number. The risk factors loge scc and intramammary infection were forced into all models. The overall specificities for the 4 tests ranged from 0.78 to 0.95, whereas likelihood ratios for a positive test result ranged from 4.54 to 20.0. When the confounding of cofactors was controlled in the logistic model, there was a positive effect of loge scc on the probability of a false-positive result for 3 of the screening tests, that is, for incremental increases in loge scc, there was an increasing likelihood for a false-positive result. In some of the tests, parity and intramammary infection also influenced the likelihood of a false-positive result.
The goal of cowside testing is to assist in the production of high-quality, antibiotic residue-free milk from dairies. To be consistent with the intent of a quality assurance program, cowside screening would be used only on cows recently treated with antibiotics and only after appropriate milk withholding times had been followed. In this situation where the probability of detecting antibiotic residue is low, the diagnostic reliability of a negative test result is likely to be high for all of the evaluated screening tests, but the reliability of a positive test result may be questionable. The reliability of the positive test result is problematic for the dairy industry. False-positive results lead to unnecessary waste of milk and economic loss, and could cause unwarranted criticism of the dairy industry. It is essential that the dairy industry demand that appropriate evaluations of these tests be accomplished, and limits on their appropriate use be established.
Basal sesamoidean fractures in horses: 57 cases (1980-1991)
Authors: Parente Eric J. , Richardson Dean W. , Spencer Pam 
Published: December 2023

Summary:
Medical records of 57 horses admitted between 1980 and 1991 because of basal sesamoidean fractures were evaluated. Radiographic measurements of fragment size and fracture characteristics were recorded to determine their relationship to outcome. A successful outcome was assessed on the basis of the ability to return to racing, ability to race more than one time, and ability to finish first, second, or third. Any change in racing class also was assessed.
There was a significant (P < 0.001) overrepresentation of Thoroughbreds, compared with other breeds in the hospital population. Fractures of the forelimbs accounted for 50 of the 57 fractures, and the right front medial sesamoid was affected significantly (P < 0.0001) more frequently than other proximal sesamoids.
Fifty-nine percent of the horses returned to race at least 1 time regardless of treatment, and 41% finished first, second, or third. Horses with smaller fragments (shorter dorsopalmar length) tended to do better than horses with larger fragments. Horses without comminuted fractures tended to do better than horses with comminuted fractures, and horses with fragments only mildly (< 3 mm) displaced had significantly (P < 0.05) better outcomes than did horses with severe displacement of fragments. Only 19% of the horses with moderate (> 3 mm) displacement of fragments raced more than once, whereas 63% of horses with mild displacement of fragments returned to race more than once.
Seventy-three percent of the horses that had the fragment removed surgically returned to race, and 57% dropped in class. Only 48% of the horses that did not have the fragment removed returned to race, and 87% dropped in class. Mean time for return to racing was 8.6 months for horses that had the fragment removed, and 6.5 months for those that did not.
Effects of a high-density intramammary device on mammary glands, production, and reproductive performance in dairy cows
Authors: Goodger William J. , Farver T. , Galland J. , Jasper D. , Pelletier J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A clinical field trial was undertaken to determine the influence of an intramammary device (imd) on environmental mastitis and production. On 4 central California dairies, 200 Holstein first-lactation cows were randomly assigned to 2 groups. Cows in the treatment group were fitted with an imd, and cows in the control group were not. The incidence of clinical mastitis for the 2 groups was determined during the study period. Bacteriologic monitoring at intervals over 2 lactations (lactation 2 and through 60 days of lactation 3) was used to determine the incidence of subclinical infection. In addition, data were collected to determine whether the groups differed in milk production, butterfat production, postmilking and test-day somatic cell counts, and reproductive efficiency. Total milk production and butterfat production over the 2 lactation periods did not vary significantly between the groups. Also, the groups did not differ in calving-to-conception interval, duration of lactation, calving interval, and calving-to-first service interval. Cows with imd were significantly less likely to develop clinical mastitis (5% vs 13%) than control cows. The imd did not appear to affect subclinical infection rates (minor pathogens only) except at day 300 of lactation 2 and at day 10 of lactation 3, when prevalence was greater in the cows with imd. The minor pathogens were predominately (80%) coagulase-negative staphylococci. It was unusual to have coagulase-negative staphylococci in the same quarter at 2 consecutive samplings, prompting the speculation that during lactation, the duration of coagulase-negative staphylococci infection is short (resolves without intervention). However, new infections developed in other quarters, thus maintaining a consistent quarter prevalence throughout the lactation. The imd induced a significant increase in postmilking somatic cell count, compared with results from control cows, and test-day somatic cell count had a more modest increase in cows with imd, compared with previous studies.