bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bias in the Prediction of Tastes
Authors: Loewenstein George , Adler Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have never been very good at predicting my feelings when it comes to economic affairs. When I buy something nice, I almost inevitably regret having spent too much money, but when I go for the budget model, I end up regretting not having gone for deluxe. My friend, Jonathan Schooler (who is similarly constituted emotionally) and I briefly contemplated establishing a club for regret maximizers, but abandoned the idea because a higher joint priority was to start a club for people who can’t say no to research projects. One of the most dramatic experiences of mispredicting myself occurred the last time I purchased a house. Despite having experienced buyer’s remorse in the past, even, as just noted, in connection with small purchases, I was caught by surprise by the transformation of my own feelings before and after I had signed on the dotted line.
The Basel Committee ‘s Proposals on a Capital Charge for Operational Risk
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin , Da Silva Luis Correia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1988 the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision introduced a Capital Accord, designed to reduce the systemic risk associated with banking, and, thus, the potential loss to depositors arising from a bank ‘s failure (Basel Committee 1988). The 1988 Accord required banks to hold capital equal to at least 8 per cent of a basket of assets measured in different ways according to their levels of risk. Capital is divided into two tiers: ‘Tier 1 ‘ being shareholders ‘ equity and retained earnings; and ‘Tier 2 ‘ being additional internal and external resources available to the bank. The bank must hold at least half of its measured capital in ‘Tier 1 ‘ form. Initially, these proposals were implemented by banks in the G10 countries, but were subsequently adopted by more than 100 countries worldwide. The European Commission imposed the requirements contained in the 1988 Accord on Member States through its Directive on the Capital Adequacy of Investment Firms and Credit Institutions.
Greek Migration: The Two Faces of Janus
Authors: Glytsos Nicholas P , Katseli Louka T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration movements from and to, or via Greece, are an age-old phenomenon. Situated at the crossroads of three continents (Europe, Asia, and Africa), Greece has been, at different historical times, both a labour-sending and a labour-receiving country. Both its history and economic development have been affected by migration flows, as Greece has completed about a century-long cycle of emigration and repatriation and has entered a new era of net immigration. During the twentieth century, Greeks emigrated initially to the United States and Australia and subsequently to the rest of Europe. The first waves of overseas emigrants headed to transoceanic destinations. They departed from the rural areas of the country where income was low and the prospects bleak, at a time when domestic alternatives for making a living outside the farm were limited.
Ius Cogens, Ius Dispositivum, and the Law of Personal Work Contracts
Authors: Freedland Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many years ago, in fact in the late 1960s, I was a very junior member of the Oxford University Law Faculty, working for my doctorate on the English law of the contract of employment. Given that I was not at that stage a college law tutor, one of the very few rights or privileges attached to my membership of the Faculty was that of taking my morning coffee break in the Senior Common Room of the Bodleian Law Library. That privilege did not bring me into contact with very many of the college law tutors, because many of them still at that time regarded their natural working habitat as their college rooms where they gave their tutorials. But there were some very honourable exceptions to this academic norm. Among them was Bernard Rudden.
The Separation of Power
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having introduced in the previous chapter some background constitutional issues against which the substance of English public law should be considered, we can now move on to commence our inquiry into the first of our two public law themes: power. There are two ways in which a task such as this may be approached. We may adopt either a principled approach or an historical approach. Under the former we would ask questions such as, what are the principles on which political power is exercised? What makes the exercise of political power just or unjust? Which institutions require to be democratic, which require to be trans- parent, which require to be representative, and which should be required to encourage or facilitate participation.
Parliament
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parliament, after the Crown, is the second of the two sovereign authorities known to English public law. This chapter considers the public law powers of Parliament, just as the previous one considered the public law powers of the Crown. This chapter is in four sections: first we consider the three functions of Parliament and their historical development; secondly we discuss the composition of the two Houses of Parliament; thirdly we consider the so-called ‘sovereignty of Parliament’, more accurately the notion that in English law Acts of Parliament enjoy legislative supremacy; and finally we turn to the revealing, but often overlooked, topic of the privileges of Parliament.
Theorizing The Firm in Economic Geography
Authors: Oinas Piävi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until very recently, economic geographers have not engaged strongly with the theory of the firm. One section of the literature in this field has focused on the firm in the abstract as an actor that participates in the broader social and economic processes of regions and places (Lagendijk and Oinas 2005: 8–9). Another section of that literature has focused on the specificities of particular firms in particular industries and localities, but has a limited theoretical perspective on why those firms behave the way they do. The chapters of this volume are forward-looking and future-oriented and build on this disciplinary history to challenge current thinking on the theory of the firm. Firms are extraordinarily diverse. That diversity covers the corner bakery, a cousin’s one-man accounting firm, or a local construction company. It also includes major corporations, like Sony, who when they laid off 7 per cent of their worldwide employment in 2005 axed 10,000 jobs.
Towards Set-Theoretic Constituency Representations
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
X-bar theory has had significant and fruitful empirical consequences for our understanding of constituency. Indeed, to this day, the vast majority of articles published in major syntax journals still use some form of X-bar theory to express constituency relations. However, X-bar theory also has several not-insignificant negative consequences. Within the Principles and Parameters framework, the empirical problems discussed below paired with the programmatic Minimalist theory-attenuation has led to a derived notion of X-bar structure.
Language Rights: Exploring the Competing Rationales
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language rights, as moral and legal categories, have thus far received little theoretical reflection. As the debate on multiculturalism gains in strength, this is most likely to change. In many ways, language diversity poses the most serious challenge to some orthodox liberal principles. In the face of increasing cultural diversity, tolerance as non-intervention—for some, the paradigmatic liberal response to the challenge of peaceful coexistence in religiously diverse societies—simply does not seem to be an alternative. Even those who argue that there is still a lot that the state can do in order to ensure cultural fairness by way of disestablishing the preferences of the dominant majorities recognize that, when it comes to language policy, there are some limits; the state simply needs to function in some language (Walker 1999: 154).
An Agenda for Understanding Individual Leadership in Corporate Leadership Systems
Authors: Huff Anne Sigismund , Moeslein Kathrin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that a better bridge is needed between the needs and challenges of individual leaders and the practices of large corporations trying to select, support, measure, motivate, and develop very large numbers of leaders around the world. In proposing a theoretic and empirical agenda that takes into account the corporate need to devise leadership systems, we draw on observations from a study conducted with corporate partners at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). Our desire is to find ways to understand more about how the ‘art’ required from individual leaders interacts with the ‘science’ offered by the kind of corporate leadership systems observed in this study of large and ‘super-large’ (over 100,000 employees) companies. A key idea for future work is that simplicity is critical for both effective corporate systems and the necessary sensemaking of individual leaders, but that simplicity must facilitate improvization and other more complex exchanges between individuals and corporate systems if it is to be effective.
Evidential Extensions of Non-Evidential Categories
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mood, modality, tense, person, nominalizations, and complement clauses can develop overtones similar to some semantic features of evidentials. The conditional in French can be used for information obtained from a questionable secondhand source for whose veracity the speaker refuses to take responsibility. This does not mean that this conditional has ‘become’ an evidential. Rather, it has acquired a semantic extension to do with evaluating an information source. Categories and forms which acquire secondary meanings somehow related with information source are called evidentiality strategies. They are distinct from evidentials proper, whose primary-and not infrequently exclusive-meaning is information source.
What can we Conclude? Summary and Prospects
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidentiality is a grammatical means for marking information source. The correct use of evidentials is linked to categorizing ways in which information is acquired. Just as the function of classifiers is ‘to place objects in classes to do with human interaction with the environment’ (Denny 1976: 130; Aikhenvald 2000: 337-40 ), so the function of evidentials is to indicate how one has learnt about something, and how to categorize the sources of knowledge Evidentials across the world share a common semantic core. Their expression varies. Evidentials may be distinguished only in the past. They may be mutually exclusive with some other category; for instance, mood or negation.
Justiciability
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When determining a negligence claim brought against a public authority, the first question a court will need to consider is whether the claim is ‘justiciable’, ie whether it is suitable for judicial resolution. It is only if a claim is ‘justiciable’ that the court ought to go on to consider whether a duty of care is owed and has been breached. Justiciability ought thus to be determined as a preliminary question. The courts have tended to consider justiciability prior to determining whether a duty of care is owed and, if so, whether it has been breached. This, we suggest, is the correct approach.
Housing and Land Use
Authors: Cherie Booth QC , Squires Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public authorities are substantial landowners. They use land for a wide variety of purposes intended to benefit the public, for example, for the provision of amenities such as parks and swimming pools, for drainage and sewage facilities, for commercial or residential leasing, for transportation by air, rail or road. In large part, the liability of public authorities will be governed by the same rules as are applicable to private landowners. Like other landowners, public authorities can be held liable for nuisance if their use of land interferes with neighbours’ enjoyment of their land, if they are the occupiers of premises that are not maintained to a reasonable standard of safety,2 or if as landlords they breach tenancy agreements.3
The Employment Relationship from Two Sides: Incongruence in Employees’ and Employers’ Perceptions of Obligations
Authors: Morrison Elizabeth Wolfe , Robinson Sandra L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The employment relationship involves two parties, the employee and the employer. Yet our understanding of the employment relationship has emerged largely from research that has focused on the perspective of the employee. That is, research has given little consideration to the perceptions of the employer, and has generally failed to integrate or compare the perspectives of the two parties to the relationship (Coyle-Shapiro and Kessler 2002; Tekleab and Taylor 2003).
The Self: The ‘I’ and the ‘Me’
Authors: Mead G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed at length the social foundations of the self, and hinted that the self does not consist simply in the bare organization of social attitudes. We may now explicitly raise the question as to the nature of the “I” which is aware of the social “me.” I do not mean to raise the metaphysical question of how a person can be both “I” and “me,” but to ask for the significance of this distinction from the point of view of conduct itself. Where in conduct does the “I” come in as over against the “me”? If one determines what his position is in society and feels himself as having a certain function and privilege, these are all defined with reference to an “I,” but the “I” is not a “me” and cannot become a “me.”
Identifying the Contract of Employment
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frequently, labour lawyers face the challenge of ascertaining whether a contract to work for another constitutes a contract of employment.1 Making this decision can prove to be immensely difficult and one must ask why this should be so. An initial source of confusion is to be found in the fact that two individuals may be engaged in discharging absolutely identical functions for the same employer but, nevertheless, the legal classification of the contracts under which they are engaged may not be the same. So the contracts of two individuals working ‘full time’ in the same occupation for the same organization might be classified in different ways.
Adjective Classes in Typological Perspective
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with adjectives in the narrow sense-that is, descriptive adjectives such as ‘ red; ‘ heavy; and ‘ loyal’-leaving aside other types of noun modifier, demonstratives, and interrogatives. I suggest that a distinct word class ‘ adjectives’ can be recognized for every human language. In some languages, adjectives have similar grammatical properties to nouns, in some to verbs, in some to both nouns and verbs, and in some to neither. I suggest that there are always some grammatical criteria-sometimes rather subtle-for distinguishing the adjective class from other word classes.
The Measurement and Evaluation of Prison Regimes
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of prison performance is complex and multi-dimensional. No single indicator, nor even any small number of indicators, should be taken too seriously by itself. Multiple indicators are required to capture the many trade offs that must be made between the various and sometimes conflicting criteria of quality in the operation of a prison. Since no organisation can maximise all values at once, the more criteria and indicators we use, the more accurately we can reflect the total pattern of an institution’s strengths and weaknesses.
Particular Prisons and their Qualities
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we described how we set about identifying ‘what matters’ in prison. There was a surprising but marked consensus between establishments, and between staff and prisoners, about the importance of certain values in prison life. We turn in this chapter to the vexed methodological question of selecting prisons. Is it possible to take five particular prisons, in any research, in order to understand ‘the prison’? Always problematic in any prisons research is the question of the representativeness or otherwise of the prisons selected (Liebling 1999). We introduce the five prisons in our study more fully, describing their characteristics, outlining their ‘qualities’, and drawing on our own data briefly to describe the distinct value cultures in each.
Social Structure and Meaning
Authors: Liebling Alison , Arnold Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider two structural dimensions of prison quality: the distribution of power, and the organization of prisoner social life, or relationships among prisoners. These dimensions clearly matter in prison. They are distinct from all of the preceding dimensions in the sense that higher scores do not necessarily indicate higher quality of life. We explore these dimensions for what they tell us in general about the prison and its quality. We discuss later whether or not they can be included in our measure of moral performance.
Women in Financial Services: Fiction and More Fiction
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the peak of the ‘new economy’, the Swedish newspapers were reporting an interesting fact: women were entering financial services, joining not the old fashioned occupational groups such as bank clerks, but the avant-garde: traders and analysts. A survey following these announcements (Renemark 2003) revealed that the claim was unverifiable. True, there were several financial service companies reporting the arrival of female traders and analysts, but these were very small companies, and the ‘influx’ often meant one new woman employee.
Interpretive Politics at the Federal Reserve
Authors: Abolafia Mitchel Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the few things that can interrupt the flow of the US bond market during its trading day is an announcement from the Federal Reserve. Traders anticipate these announcements and trade on their implications. Every bond trading floor, whether in a bank or securities firm, employs economists, known as Fed watchers. They closely monitor the Fed’s policy announcements and its reports on the economy, attempting to predict their contents.
Merger Control In The European Union
Authors: Varona Edurne Navarro , Galarza Andres Font , Crespo Jaime Folguera , Alonso Juan Briones 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This second edition of Merger Control in the EU provides the reader with an exhaustive analysis of the European Community rules relating to merger control, including the new EC Merger Regulation 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 which entered into force on 1 May 2004 and the latest interpretive notices adopted by the European Commission. A brand new addition to the book is the companion website which will maintain the currency of the main work after publication; a service that is free of charge to all who own a copy of the book. The European Commission has exclusive competence to authorise or prohibit concentrations which have a Community dimension. Bearing in mind the economic relevance of these operations, decisions made by the Commission have an extraordinary market impact. This work is an invaluable and precise instrument for legal practitioners and economists, as well as for those undertakings involved in merger operations or acquisitions. It will enable them to become acquainted with the Commission's policy in this field and to guide themselves through the complex procedure of notification in Brussels. It will also be useful for those merger operations which are required to follow the procedure of notification to the national competition authorities in EU Member States, since the Commission's guidelines inspire, to a large extent, the acts and decisions of the national authorities in this field. This book analyses the issues related to merger control not only from a legal standpoint, but also from an economic one. It is a product of the authors' knowledge and experience in Brussels as officials of DG Competition in the Commission, and as lawyers defending the interests of undertakings involved in the notification procedure.
On The Origins Of Expectancy Theory
Authors: Vroom Victor H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with a psychological theory variously referred to as expectancy theory or VIE theory. It Worst saw the light of day in a book, which I wrote in 1964 entitled Work and Motivation. Expectancy theory was the organizing focus of this book which attempted to create order among previously disparate Windings about why people choose the kinds of work they do, the satisfaction that they derive from that work, and the quality of their work performance. Expectancy theory is suYciently general to be applied to other behavior in other domains, but due to its initial connection with Work and Motivation, it has almost exclusively been applied to work behavior.
The merger situation: ‘enterprises ceasing to be distinct ‘
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United Kingdom the common understanding of company mergers encompasses the notions of one firm ‘taking over’ or amalgamating with another through acquisitions on the stock market. The body of transactions that may cause justified concerns over the ensuing competitive structure of markets, however, is broader than this. The Enterprise Act 2002 explains that a merger situation arises where two or more enterprises either have ceased, or will soon cease, to be distinct. Thus, in general terms, a merger situation may involve the full amalgamation of two or more companies (a ‘true merger’); the outright or partial acquisition of one company by another; the transfer of one or more aspects of one business into the hands of another; the creation or transfer of an interest in a joint venture; the acquisition of some minority shareholdings; and situations where directorships, contracts, loans or other items lead singly or cumulatively to the requisite degree of influence of one company over another.
Introduction: The Substantial Lessening Of Competition
Authors: Scott Andrew , Hviid Morten , Lyons Bruce , Bright Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revision of the ‘public interest test’ against which mergers were formerly assessed was one of the central ambitions of the Enterprise Act 2002. It was described by the Minister for Competition as ‘one of the cornerstones of the new regime ‘. The new substantive test, operative since 20 June 2003, is whether a relevant merger situation ‘has resulted, or may be expected to result, in a substantial lessening of competition within any market or markets in the United Kingdom for goods or services’. It is cited in section 22(1)(b) as regards completed mergers, and—with some slight variation to account for grammatical tense—in section 33(1)(b) for anticipated mergers. The identification of a likely substantial lessening of competition is the key prerequisite to any reference by the Office of Fair Trading. Similarly, the Commission may intervene in a merger only if it can concur with this view. The move to the new test has been widely lauded as confirmation that the protection of the competitive process provides the basis of the merger control regime.