bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient communication in unknown networks
Authors: Gargano Luisa , Pelc Andrzej , Pérennes Stéphane , Vaccaro Ugo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe consider the problem of disseminating messages in networks. We are interested in information dissemination algorithms in which machines operate independently without any knowledge of the network topology or size. Three communication tasks of increasing difficulty are studied. In blind broadcasting (BB), the goal is to communicate the source message to all nodes. In acknowledged blind broadcasting (ABB), the goal is to achieve BB and inform the source about it. Finally, in full synchronization (FS), all nodes must simultaneously enter the state terminated after receiving the source message. The algorithms should be efficient both in terms of the time required and the communication overhead they put on the network. We limit the latter by allowing every node to send a message to at most one neighbor in each round. We show that BB is achieved in time at most 2n in any n‐node network and show networks in which time 2n − o(n) is needed. For ABB, we show algorithms working in time (2 + ϵ)n, for any fixed positive constant ϵ and sufficiently large n. Thus, for both BB and ABB, our algorithms are close to optimal. Finally, we show a simple algorithm for FS working in time 3n and a more complicated algorithm which works in time 2.9n. The optimal time of full synchronization remains an open problem. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Striatopallidal neurons are selectively protected by neurturin in an excitotoxic model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Marco Sònia , Pérez‐Navarro Esther , Tolosa Eduard , Arenas Ernest , Alberch Jordi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExcitotoxicity has been involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Using intrastriatal quinolinic acid (QUIN) injection as an animal model of Huntington's disease, we attempt to identify the neurotransmitter phenotype of striatal projection neurons protected by neurturin (NRTN). Control or NRTN‐secreting cell lines were grafted in the striatum before QUIN injection and striatal projection neurons were examined by retrograde Fluorogold labeling and in situ hybridization. Intrastriatal grafting of NRTN‐secreting cell line selectively prevented the loss of striatopallidal neurons and also the decrease in the mRNA levels for their markers (glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 and preproenkephalin) induced by QUIN, without affecting striatonigral neurons. Thus, our findings show that NRTN is a selective neuroprotective factor for striatopallidal neurons, suggesting that it might be a candidate for the treatment of movement disorders in which this neuronal population is affected. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 50: 323–332, 2002; DOI 10.1002/neu.10033
Local error estimates of FEM for displacements and stresses in linear elasticity by solving local Neumann problems
Authors: Ohnimus S. , Stein E. , Walhorn E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper we present two types of local error estimators for the primal finite‐element‐method (FEM) by duality arguments. They are first derived from the (explicit) residual error estimation method (REM) and then—as a new contribution—from the (implicit) posterior equilibrium method (PEM) using improved boundary tractions, gained by local post‐processing with local Neumann problems, with applications in elastic problems. For the displacements a local error estimator with an upper bound is derived and also a local estimator for stresses. Furthermore—for better numerical efficiency—the residua are projected energy‐invariant onto reference elements, where the local Neumann problems have to be solved. Comparative examples between REM‐ and PEM‐type local estimators show superior effectivity indices for the latter one. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal discretizations in adaptive finite element electromagnetics
Authors: McFee S. , Giannacopoulos D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne of the primary objectives of adaptive finite element analysis research is to determine how to effectively discretize a problem in order to obtain a sufficiently accurate solution efficiently. Therefore, the characterization of optimal finite element solution properties could have significant implications on the development of improved adaptive solver technologies. Ultimately, the analysis of optimally discretized systems, in order to learn about ideal solution characteristics, can lead to the design of better feedback refinement criteria for guiding practical adaptive solvers towards optimal solutions efficiently and reliably. A theoretical framework for the qualitative and numerical study of optimal finite element solutions to differential equations of macroscopic electromagnetics is presented in this study for one‐, two‐ and three‐dimensional systems. The formulation is based on variational aspects of optimal discretizations for Helmholtz systems that are closely related to the underlying stationarity principle used in computing finite element solutions to continuum problems. In addition, the theory is adequately general and appropriate for the study of a range of electromagnetics problems including static and time‐harmonic phenomena. Moreover, finite element discretizations with arbitrary distributions of element sizes and degrees of approximating functions are assumed, so that the implications of the theory for practical h‐, p‐, hp‐ and r‐type finite element adaption in multidimensional analyses may be examined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic algorithm for discrete‐sizing optimal design of trusses using the force method
Authors: Kaveh A. , Kalatjari V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the process of discrete‐sizing optimal design of truss structures by Genetic Algorithm (GA), analysis should be performed several times. In this article, the force method is employed for the analysis. The advantage of using this method lies in the fact that the matrices corresponding to particular and complementary solutions are formed independently of the mechanical properties of members. These matrices are used several times in the process of the sequential analyses, increasing the speed of optimization. The second feature of the present method is the automatic nature of the prediction of the useful range of sections for a member from a list of profiles with a large number of cross‐sections. The third feature consists of a contraction process developed to increase the efficiency of the GA by which an optimal design for the first sub‐string associated with member cross‐sections is obtained. Improved designs are achieved in subsequent cycles by reducing the length of sub‐strings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Fourier method for computing the perturbation to a two‐dimensional electric potential by a conductor of arbitrary shape
Authors: Huestis Stephen P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIntroducing an electric conductor into a region pervaded by an initial electric potential perturbs that potential by inducing a charge distribution on the conductor's surface, necessary to guarantee that the surface is an equipotential of the total potential. Some numerical method is required to compute the perturbation potential, when the conductor's shape does not admit a standard analytic solution. For two‐dimensional situations, a method is proposed for solving for the perturbation potential that involves expansion of the boundary perturbation potential and its normal derivative as truncated Fourier series. This boundary potential is known to within an additive constant from the requirement that its sum with the initial potential must be a constant. The standard representation theorem for the Dirichlet problem gives a consistency relation between the boundary function and its normal derivative, which here becomes a set of linear algebraic relations between Fourier series coefficients, with matrix entries found by appropriate applications of the fast Fourier transform. These are solved for the boundary derivative coefficients; at any point exterior to the conductor, the perturbation potential can then be evaluated from the two sets of Fourier coefficients, using further application of the fast Fourier transform. Examples are shown for two conductor shapes, with several initial potentials. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 673–683, 2001
Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by zeolite‐supported gelatin–Fe complex
Authors: Zhang Xi , Geng Yan , Han Bing , Ying Mao‐Ya , Huang Mei‐Yu , Jiang Ying‐Yan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZeolite‐supported gelatin–iron complex (zeo–gelatin–Fe) was prepared from zeolite, gelatin and ferric chloride, and was found to be useful as a chiral catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of some ketones to corresponding chiral alcohols, such as 2‐butanone to (S)‐2‐butanol, acetophenone to (R)‐1‐phenylethanol, diacetone alcohol to (S)‐2‐methyl‐2,4‐pentane‐diol, 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to (R)‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone to (R)‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol in 52–100% optical yields, respectively, at 20 °C and under atmospheric hydrogen pressure. In the case of asymmetric hydrogenation of 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to (R)‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol, when a proper content of iron in the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex and suitable reaction conditions were selected, the product and optical yields could be amounted to 80 and 100%, respectively, and the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex catalyst could be reused several times without remarkable change in the optical catalytic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of underivatised triterpene acids by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Tavares Maria Cecília H. , Vilegas Janete H. Yariwake , Lanças Fernando M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCapillary supercritical fluid chromatography with flame ionisation detection was used for the separation of some underivatised triterpene acids such as betulinic, oleanolic, polpunonic and ursolic acids. Supercritical fluid chromatography showed advantages over capillary gas chromatography since derivatisation was not required and separation was obtained in less than 15 min with high efficiency and good resolving power. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of hydrolysable tannins in the reaction zone of Eucalyptus nitens wood by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Barry K. M. , Davies N. W. , Mohammed C. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe first detailed analysis of the phenolic constituents of the reaction zones (tissue of antimicrobial defence) from the sapwood of a Eucalyptus spp. is presented. Plantation‐grown Eucalyptus nitens trees with stem decay resulting from pruning wounds were sampled and extracts were prepared from healthy sapwood and from reaction zone tissue. Analysis by HPLC with ESI‐MS revealed that a diverse range of hydrolysable tannins are present in both healthy sapwood and in reaction zone extracts, including over 30 gallotannins, ellagitannins and phenols. Eight tannins were unequivocally identified, including the gallotannins tri‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose, tetra‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose and penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose, and the ellagitannins pedunculagin, tellimagrandin I, casuarinin, casuarictin and tellimagrandin II. The phenols gallic acid, ellagic acid and catechin were also identified. The ellagitannins (particularly pedunculagin) are considerably more abundant in the reaction zone than in the healthy sapwood and may contribute to the effectiveness of the reaction zone as an antimicrobial barrier. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameters affecting microwave‐assisted extraction of withanolides
Authors: Kaufmann Béatrice , Christen Philippe , Veuthey Jean‐Luc 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFocused microwave‐assisted extraction was applied to the extraction of three main withanolides from air‐dried leaves of Iochroma gesnerioides, namely, withaferin A, iochromolide and withacnistin. Six extraction variables, i.e. nature and volume of extracting solvent, sample moisture, extraction time, power of irradiation and particle size, were investigated with respect to the recovery of withanolides. The most favourable conditions were obtained by using powdered plant material (<220 µm), previously impregnated with water for 15 min, and extracted with methanol for 40 s at 25 W. The results obtained using the optimised method were compared to those achievable with Soxhlet extraction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal and abnormal development of the urogenital tract
Authors: Cuckow Peter M. , Nyirady Peter , Winyard Paul J. D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn understanding of the normal development of the urogenital tract, at both the structural and molecular level, gives an insight into the mechanisms involved in renal pathology. In this review we will outline embryology of normal and abnormal renal development and discuss the function of some of the key regulatory molecules which have been described recently. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Second trimester ultrasound screening for chromosomal abnormalities
Authors: Shipp Thomas D. , Benacerraf Beryl R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe use of prenatal ultrasound has proven efficacious for the prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities. The first sonographic sign of Down syndrome, the thickened nuchal fold, was first described in 1985. Since that time, multiple sonographically‐identified markers have been described as associated with Down syndrome. The genetic sonogram, involving a detailed search for sonographic signs of aneuploidy, can be used to both identify fetuses at high risk for aneuploidy and, when normal, can be used to decrease the risk for aneuploidy for a pregnancy when no sonographic markers are identified. Combining the genetic sonogram with maternal serum screening may be the best method of assessing aneuploidy risk for women who desire such an assessment in the second trimester. Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and triploidy are typically associated with sonographically identified abnormalities and have a high prenatal detection rate. The use of the described sonographic signs in low‐risk women requires further investigation, however, patients at increased risk for aneuploidy due to advanced maternal age or abnormal serum screening can benefit from a genetic sonogram screening for sonographic signs of aneuploidy to adjust their baseline risk of an affected fetus. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high price to pay for self‐neglect
Authors: Steel JM , Campbell IW , Nawroz IM 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn exceptionally poorly controlled non‐compliant young woman with Type 2 had numerous spontaneous abortions and an abnormal stillborn baby. She developed severe complications of diabetes from which she died at the age of 32 years only seven years after diagnosis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who reads Internet materials about diabetes?
Authors: Udovichenko Oleg V. , Voloshin Vladimir E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUse of the Internet to spread information about diabetes is quite important today. Data about the potential auditorium of ‘diabetic’ websites is needed for successful work in this field. We conducted a survey aiming to evaluate the auditorium of such websites and clarify its beliefs concerning diabetes. We used a simple questionnaire, which consisted of six questions about reasons for the respondents' interest in this problem and their professional status, level of knowledge about diabetes and position concerning insulin injections in public places. On the basis of their answers 74 respondents may be divided into four categories: people with diabetes (25%), their friends/relatives (34%), healthcare professionals (HCPs) (11%) and ‘others’ (30%). Opinions of these groups concerning continuing working, pregnancy and prognosis of diabetes were identical to those of expert diabetologists in 27–96%. We also analysed lack of knowledge about diabetes (inability to give an answer) among different groups of respondents. It was more common for ‘others’ (41–59% in different questions) and much less frequent (0–24%) in the three other groups. Concerning insulin injections in the presence of other people the rate of the ‘It's possible’ answer increased in the order ‘others–patients–friends/relatives–HCPs’ and was estimated as 26–27–32–60%. This may indicate that society's potential tolerance to insulin injections may be even higher than persons with diabetes think. This study showed the main groups of visitors of the diabetes‐oriented websites. We demonstrated also great ability of the Internet to analyse people's positions, including medical topics. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inpatient treatment of depression and associated hospital charges
Authors: Ackerman Deborah L. , Unützer Jürgen , Greenland Sander , Gitlin Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated inpatient treatment of depression, prescribing patterns for antidepressants, and associated hospital charges.MethodsWe reviewed administrative data of the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Hospital between July 1994 and July 1997 for all 1698 hospitalizations for mood disorders. We evaluated drug utilization patterns and hospital charges by analysis of variance and multiple regression, and by stratifying on diagnosis, severity, age, and other factors.ResultsLength of stay was the major contributor to total charges, which included room charges and charges for services, procedures, supplies, and tests. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were prescribed most often (to 47% of patients), followed by the atypicals (heterocyclics, 12%), the tricyclics (TCAs, 7%), venlafaxine (7%) and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs, < 1%). The atypicals were given to the oldest patients. After controlling for length of stay, patient age, genders and comorbidity, the atypicals were associated with the highest total inpatient charges: $2000 more than MAOIs, $600 more than SSRIs, and $600 more than venlafaxine. Higher charges were the result of more expensive procedures, especially ECT.DiscussionThe SSRIs were the most commonly used antidepressant. Charges for antidepressant medications contributed only 0.5% of total inpatient charges. Patients receiving atypicals had among the highest total charges, partly because of the higher use of ECT. They may represent a more severely depressed group who have not responded to other antidepressants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blends of bacterial poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate] with oligo[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate]‐diol
Authors: Saad G R 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe miscibility, melting and crystallization behaviour of poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate], PHB, and oligo[(R,S)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate]‐diol, oligo‐HB, blends have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry: thermograms of blends containing up to 60 wt% oligo‐HB showed behaviour characteristic of single‐phase amorphous glasses with a composition dependent glass transition, Tg, and a depression in the equilibrium melting temperature of PHB. The negative value of the interaction parameter, determined from the equilibrium melting depression, confirms miscibility between blend components. In parallel studies, glass transition relaxations of different melt‐crystallized polymer blends containing 0–20 wt% oligo‐HB were dielectrically investigated between −70 °C and 120 °C in the 100 Hz to 50 kHz range. The results revealed the existence of a single α‐relaxation process for blends, indicating the miscibility between amorphous fractions of PHB and oligo‐HB.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A method for modeling the current–voltage curve of a PV module for outdoor conditions
Authors: Marion B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method has been developed for modeling the current–voltage curve of a photovoltaic (PV) module for outdoor conditions. An indoor characterization procedure determines a PV module's temperature and irradiance correction factors, which are used in conjunction with equations to translate a reference curve to outdoor conditions of PV module temperature and irradiance. A PV technology's spectral response characteristics are accommodated in the equation for irradiance. The modeled and measured energy is compared for a one‐year period for seven PV modules of different technologies. The results validate the method's use for modeling the hourly performance of PV modules, and for modeling daily energy production for PV module energy rating purposes. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concurrent validity of the Slosson full‐range intelligence test: Comparison with the Wechsler intelligence scale for children–third edition and the Woodcock Johnson tests of achievement–revised
Authors: Bell Nancy L. , Rucker Marggi , Finch A.J. , Alexander Joanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the concurrent validity of the Slosson Full‐Range Intelligence Test (S‐FRIT) by comparing S‐FRIT scores to the scores of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC‐III) and the Woodcock‐Johnson Tests of Achievement–Revised (WJ‐R). Data from 123 elementary students' screening and psychological testing results were examined. Results revealed that the S‐FRIT scores were more related to overall intelligence, verbal, and math abilities than nonverbal intelligence, reading, or written language abilities. Further, it was found that 89% of the participants' S‐FRIT Full‐Range IQ scores fell within one standard deviation of their WISC‐III FSIQ scores, with an average discrepancy of 7.6 points. Discrepancies between S‐FRIT and WISC‐III scores were also examined by educational diagnostic categories and ability levels. Limitations and suggestions for future research are provided. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Hammett equation applied to the nucleophilic displacement of ions and ion pairs on substituted benzenesulphonates
Authors: Alunni Sergio , Pica Monica , Reichenbach Gustavo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNucleophilic substitution on meta‐ and para‐substituted methyl benzenesulphonates was studied with two chloride salts with different structures: NBu4Cl or KCl‐Kryptofix 2,2,2. Treating the results with the Acree equation shows that the reaction proceeds by two reaction paths, one involving the chloride ion and the other, slower one, involving the ion pairs. Treating the results with the Hammett equation gives consistent data, and shows that ρ is positive and nearly the same for the two reaction paths (ρ ≈ +2). The reactivity of methyl p‐nitrobenzenesulphonate was compared with that of the corresponding ethyl derivative, and it is shown that the methyl derivative reacts faster than the ethyl derivative in both paths. The results are interpreted based on the assumption that in both paths a negative charge is developed on the leaving group in the transition state, and that the activated complex is linear. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Cyanocarbons: A classic example of discovery‐driven research
Authors: Webster Owen W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyanocarbons are organic compounds bearing enough cyano functional groups to significantly alter their chemical properties. For example, tetracyanoethylene forms a stable anion radical, is a strong π acid, and readily substitutes its cyano groups. Tetracyanoethylene oxide reacts by addition across its carbon–carbon bond. Diazodicyanoimidazole cleaves nitrogen to form a superelectrophilic carbene, and pentacyanocyclopentadiene is about as acidic as perchloric acid. In this highlight, discovery‐driven research that fanned out from tetracyanoethylene to a multiperson effort at DuPont on cyanocarbon chemistry is narrated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 210–221, 2002