bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rough Road to Virgin Land
Authors: May Henry F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I was asked to contribute to a book of essays in honor of Henry Nash Smith, my friend for more than forty years, I asked if I could contribute, instead of a scholarly article, a brief study of Henry Smith’s early life. The editor cordially agreed to this request. My reasons for wanting to do this were several. First was gratitude; ever since graduate school Henry Smith had been the second reader (after my wife) of almost everything I wrote. I had profited immensely from his special combination of understanding support and cool criticism, all the more be¬ cause many of his ideas were quite different from my own. Second, I had been convinced in the course of many conversations that Smith’s early experiences were both interesting in themselves and important for the full understanding of his work. I decided my stopping point would be the publication of Virgin Land, the book that even its severest critics agree gave a pattern to the new field of American Studies, for since that book’s publication Smith’s career is well known.
The Prophet and the Establishment
Authors: May Henry F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To the post-World War II intellectual generation, Rein¬ hold Niebuhr was a towering figure. A few condemned him for pessimism and obscurantism. Many more, inside and outside the churches, found his message of contrition and limitation sustaining and helpful. In the fifties he was the favorite theologian of a large number of political intellectuals, some of them in positions of power. Some of these tried, never with complete success, to separate his social and political teachings from their Biblical and theological foundations. In the next period, associated by revisionist historians with the cold war,
Jonathan Edwards and America
Authors: May Henry F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1984, I was surprised to be invited to present a keynote speech for a conference on Jonathan Edwards to be held at Wheaton College, an institution with an explicit evangelical commitment. This turned out to be one of the most successful conferences I have ever attended. The reason was simple: that everyone there, speakers and invited guests, was in some way fascinated by the great theologian. Some participants had a deep personal devotion to Edwardsian theology. One young man I met had gone so far as to name his daughter Jerusha, after Edwards’s daughter. On the other hand, many were scholars with entirely secular viewpoints, and were part of the extraordinary recent flowering of Edwards scholarship. Some of these were fresh from the great deposit of Edwards papers at Yale, much of it still unpublished. What was needed for an opening talk was something like an invocation. I tried to write one that would be appropriate for the various kinds of participants, and for the place. The proceedings of the conference, including this essay, were published in 1988 by Oxford University Press as Jonathan Edwards and the American Experience, ed. Nathan 0. Hatch and Harry S. Stout.
A Fractious Movement, 1925-1932
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If evening clothes and important speakers are any measure of political success, the CGAF had arrived by 1924. In that January, as it prepared to fight its first national election campaign, the Confederation indulged itself in an amiable French custom: the political banquet. The grand occasion brought out some of the capital ‘s leading political figures. Poincare, the premier, had been scheduled to preside but was forced to cancel his appearance.
Conclusion
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have tried here to retrieve one of the forgotten elements of twentieth-century French society: independent master artisans. As I tracked these petty trades-men through the history books and the public records, I was struck by the condescension with which they have been treated-when they have been treated at all. Sometimes despised, often romanticized, usually ignored, artisans have seldom been taken seriously. I hope to have done them that justice. The history of the artisanat in twentieth-century France raises several broad questions.
Art: Willa Cather, the Woman Writer as Artist, and Humishuma
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The lover is as well done as he could be when a woman writes in the man’s character,-it must always, I believe, be something of a masquerade ... and you could almost have done it as yourself-a woman could love her in the same protecting way-a woman could even care enough to wish to take her away from such a life, by some means or other.
The First Freedoms
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June of 1958, George Gray Zabriskie, a Wall Street acquaintance of John Harlan’s, wrote Tom Dewey a letter lamenting what Zabriskie termed recent “pro-communist” decisions of the Supreme Court. “John Harlan,” Zabriskie asserted, “must be nearly ready to throw up his hands in disgust at his futility in his present position. As far as I have followed his voting record, it has been pretty clean and he has been pretty consistent in siding with the anti-communist minority.” But Zabriskie had a proposition for Dewey.
Creating an Image
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In late nineteenth-century Germany the techniques of propaganda were being revolutionized by a constellation of political and social changes, especially the emergence of the literate and mass electorate. Campaign literature and memorabilia were produced far more effectively and effortlessly than before. The patriotic societies, in particular, took advantage of these improvements by churning out millions of patriotic pamphlets for mass consumption. The Imperial League against Social Democracy, to take but one example, published nearly 50 million copies of 170 antisocialist pamphlets, or roughly one pamphlet for each German citizen. 2 An upsurge in newspaper circulation combined with an extended news coverage of politics offered both patriotic societies and the political parties a ready-made forum from which to dispense propaganda.
The World of Ordinary Litigation
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I describe the ordinary, everyday cases that are the focus of the analyses in Chapters 5 through 9 and that make up the bulk of the work of courts of general jurisdiction. In the following discussion, I focus on three descriptive dimensions. The kinds of issues presented for resolution. I leave to Chapters 7, 8, and 9 discussions of what actually occurred as the cases proceeded through the justice system and the outcomes of the cases. A wide variety of issues can be raised in a lawsuit, and categorizing those issues involves a great deal of ambiguity. In many jurisdictions, lawyers filing a lawsuit are required to indicate on a standard form the legal category into which the case falls.
Seduction and the Scene of Reading
Authors: Armstrong Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It may be with some regret that we feel the passion depart as the first generation of lovers dies out of Wuthering Heights or when a much subdued Rochester reappears in Jane Eyre without his hand, eye, and lunatic wife, but there is no question that these figures of desire have become obsolete. The circumstances in which we find them at the end of these novels tells us that such manifestations of sensuality may be regarded with nostalgia but not wished back into being.
July The Containment of Japan
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet Union faced Japan with a most severe dilemma. The lie of Japanese policy had been increasingly toward the south, for resource acquisition and imperial self-sufficiency, for sealing off China, for Axis collaboration against Britain. The Imperial Army and Navy may not have had the same reasons for supporting the southward trend, but they had reasons running in the same direction, and these jibed with Matsuoka diplomacy, as evidenced by his pact with the Soviet Union. Now in June 1941 the global balance had shifted as rudely as earlier it had, in the opposite direction, with the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939.
August-September Crossing the Threshold
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At New London on Monday, August 4, President Roosevelt boarded the yacht Potomac ostensibly for a cruise along the New England coast, but after a day of well-publicized boating and fishing in Buzzards Bay he slipped into nearby Vineyard Sound to rendezvous with Admiral King’s flagship Augusta. Early the next morning he boarded the heavy cruiser, which, with another heavy cruiser and five destroyers, immediately departed for Newfoundland.
October-November Race Against Time
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early August, just as President Roosevelt was deciding that the Soviets might survive the German onslaught, the Japanese government was reaching the same conclusion. Ironically the United States then took steps to prevent a Japanese attack northward at precisely the moment Japan decided to postpone it. On August 9, the day before the start of the Argentia conference, the Japanese government formally decided against operations in Siberia that year.
The Garden City Movement in America, 1900-1941
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Developments in no other country had interested Howard as much as those in the United States. This reflected his conviction that Americans possessed the resources and inclination for bold undertakings. An American review of Howard’s book in 1902 observed: “The new world has long been the nursery for experimental communities such as the one proposed by Howard.”1 City planning in the United States, unlike in Britain, was not a direct outgrowth of either the American public-health or housing movements. Nor were the first planners professionally involved with schemes for dis persing or rehousing urban populations. American city planning “scarcely concerns itself with housing conditions,” remarked Unwin in 1911, “and devotes itself to the creation of the City Beautiful.”2
The Man and the Nation
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the founding generation of American statesmen, noneseems more elusive than Thomas Jefferson. That his was a life of paradox is notorious. A Virginian nationalist, a slave-holdingphilosophe, an aristocratic democrat, a provincial cosmopolitan, a pacific imperialist-the paradoxes, it seems clear, are of no ordinary variety, reaching beyond the life of one man. the likeness depended upon the shifting and un­certain flicker of its semi-transparent shadows.
The Empire of Liberty: The Conflict between Means and Ends
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why was the president so persistent over the possession of the Floridas? Why did he make the issue of West Florida so central for his administration that he was prepared to subordinate most other concerns to it? There is no clear answer to these questions. Certainly, a search of Jefferson’s utterances-public and private-on the Floridas affords no clear answer. In striking contrast with his analysis of the interests at stake in the Louisiana crisis, in the case of the Floridas he is curiousiy silent. Only his determination to possess them is clear.
Jefferson and the Embargo
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The embargo is normally referred to as a thing unto itself, but it was in fact composed of a multitude of measures whose successive manifestations in law, administration, and social thought were complex. The original measure, adopted by Congress in hurried and secret sessions of which no good records remain, was signed by the President on December 22, 1807.
Embrogo and War
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The embargo, as it evolved, was thus strongly weighted toward France, and represented, in Jefferson’s mind, a potent supplement to Na-poleon’s Continental System. That the embargo failed and that Napoleon was ultimately deflated has tended to deflect historical attention from the consequences of success. Yet the peculiarity of the embargo is such that success would likely have been far more detrimental to American security than failure. On this final episode of Jeffersonian statecraft the verdict must be, with Themistocles, that “we should have been ruined, if we had not been un­done.”
“Who Murdered Mary Rogers?”: police reform, abortion, and The criminalization of private life
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Constance Shirley, a character in Ned Buntline’s 1848 novel, The Mysteries and Miseries of New York, is horrified when she reads in the morning Herald that a body “has been found in the water.” It is the body of Mary Sheffield, also known as “The Beautiful Cigar Girl,” and one of the novel’s central characters. The newspaper asserts that Mary had been the victim of “ill treatment and murder by a gang of rowdies at Hoboken.” But Buntline soon reveals to Constance what his readers already know: that “the marks of violence upon her [were] inflicted not by a gang of rowdies, but by a hag: a she devil, an abortion of her own sex, one of whom it would be blasphemy to call a woman, [the abortionist] Caroline Sitstill.” Sitstill, Buntline’s readers also knew, was a stand-in for Madame Restell, the period’s most infamous abortionist. In this novelization the fictive Mary Rogers has died from an abortion, a “still and lost treatment” intended to end her unwanted pregnancy, the result of a seduction by Constance’s own father, the prosperous merchant, Albert Shirley.
Soviet Perceptions of American Foreign Policy After Afghanistan
Authors: Blum Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first, the hue and cry over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan can have occasioned little surprise in Moscow. Not necessarily because it was legitimate, but simply that it was so utterly predictable, coming from the querulous adminis-tration in Washington. Indigenous radical movements, Soviet weapons modernization, Cuban brigades, hostage crises: all events, great or small, were greeted by the same chorus of shrill voices. Had that been the end of it, one can imagine that nothing more than the standard Soviet response would have been issued, with its characteristic blend of vitriol and wounded innocence.
Regulation of Spermatogenesis in the Adult Mammal: Gonadotropins and Androgens
Authors: Zirkin Barry R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sixty years ago, Smith (1930) first demonstrated that the removal of the rat pituitary gland resulted in the cessation of sperm formation. In the years since, numerous publications have dealt with the roles of gonadotropins and of androgens in regulating mammalian spermatogenesis, among which have been a number of outstanding reviews (Steinberger, 1971; Lostroh, 1976; Fritz, 1978; Parvinen, 1982; Sharpe, 1988; Matsumoto, 1989). The sheer number of these publications, and the length of time over which they have appeared, attest to the considerable interest in, and importance of, the issue of the hormonal regulation of mammalian spermatogenesis.
The New Technology
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the French Revolution, the revolutionary government faced enemies on all sides, outside and within the country. While the size of armies and the speed of events had increased by quantum leaps, the means of communication-messengers on horseback-had not improved since Roman times. The revolutionaries, desperate for news from the battlefields and for means to control their armies, eagerly seized upon the aerial telegraph, a system of semaphores introduced by Claude Chappe in 1793. Chappe’s system had many drawbacks. It was costly and complicated, for it required towers every few miles and hundreds of trained operators.
Telegraphy and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century the world witnessed a sudden surge of European expansion and conquest known as the new imperialism. This surge made a dramatic impression on the public at the time, as it has on historians ever since, both because Europeans took most of Africa and much of the Pacific, and because the traditional imperialist powers-Britain, France, Russia, the Netherlands-were joined by eager newcomers: Germany, Belgium, Italy, the United States, and Japan. If we think in terms of population and trade instead of territory, however, we get a different impression.
Communications Intelligence in World War II
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many ways, the Second World War was a replay of the First. Once again, Germany attacked and nearly conquered all of Europe. Again, German submarines came close to defeating Britain. And for the second time, the entry of the United States doomed the German hopes of dominating the world. The differences, however, overshadowed the similarities. World War II was the first truly global war, with battles and belligerents spread throughout the world. It was also a war of movement, in contrast to the trench warfare of World War I. Both aspects required communications technologies on a scale never seen before.
Telecommunications, Information, and Security
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The history of telecommunications is first of all the story of one of mankind’s most admirable achievements: a technology that informs, entertains, and reassures millions of individuals, an indispensable tool of modem business and government. On a global level, the trade and prosperity of the world depend on a constant flow of information that only modem telecommunications can provide. Among nations, it has mainly been the object of cooperation. In the past 150 years, electrical communications have become rapid, reliable, and cheap, and have spread throughout the developed world and into many parts of the poorer countries as well.
Culture, Anthropology, and Evolution
Authors: Goldsmith Timothy H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although culture has traditionally been viewed by many anthropologists as a uniquely human attribute, recent work in animal behavior has demonstrated a number of examples of behaviors that appear to be learned by imitation and to be localized to separate populations. A famous example is the habit of separating grains of wheat from sand that was invented by Imo, the young female Japanese macaque that passed on the trick to other members of the troop.
The New Republic: Prospects for Democracy
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the election of Tancredo Neves, Brazil would have its first civilian president since 1964. He was, moreover, an opposition candidate, elected by defecting government party delegates. During his campaign Tancredo had aroused an astounding show of support. Brazilians came to see this diminutive, cautious, soft-spoken, conciliatory, and thoroughly traditional politician as a political savior, ready to lead their nation out of the wilder ness into a new Canaan. Every dissatisfied Brazilian saw in Tancredo what he wanted to see. That gave him more political legitimacy than any Brazilian president-elect in living memory.1
The Divorce Between Speech and Thought
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“The evening of February 27, 1933, at Hyde Park was cloudy and cold. . . . Inside the warm living room a big, thick-shouldered man sat writing by the fire. From the ends of the room two of his ancestors looked down from their portraits. . . . Franklin D. Roosevelt’s pencil glided across the pages of yellow cap paper. ‘I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our Nation impels.’ The fire hissed and crackled; the large hand with its thick fingers moved rapidly across the paper. . . . Phrase after phrase followed in the President-elect’s bold, pointed, slanting hand. Slowly the yellow sheets piled up. By 1:30 in the morning the inauguration speech was done.”
Early Influences and Development
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his memoirs Kennan makes the claim in moving language that he has always remained aloof from his epoch and nation. Although professionally occupied with the weighty international issues of his era and for more than twenty-five years employed by his government to advance American interests, he has expressed a partiality for the eighteenth century and regret for not having been born into the life of a cultivated European. He has claimed that this preference for an earlier period and another place has endowed him with a subtle detachment from his own setting and has proved useful in his capacity as political observer and participant.
Detente and the Nuclear Arms Race
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The dismal history of Soviet-US postwar relations, in which periods of mutual distrust and danger alternated with those of attenuated cooperation, struck some observers in the early 1970s as having exhausted itself. In its place there seemed emergent “a stable structure of peace” (the administration’s rhetoric) that would insure for future generations of Soviets, Americans, Chinese, Europeans, and Japanese a secure international political order. Even if the center of this new order was not to be dominated by a traditional great power condominium, it would have to rely upon a greatly improved Soviet-US relationship. And superficially, at least, this object was achieved by Richard Nixon’s and Leonid Brezhnev’s signing in 1972 of the Basic Principles Agreement, wherein both sides affirmed the necessity of avoiding confrontation and the imperative of mutual restraint. They also rejected as unsound all attempts to exploit global problems to gain unilateral advantage, renounced claims of special influence in the world, and declared their willingness to coexist harmoniously and build a firm, long-term relationship. In effect, both sides formally repudiated military solutions to international problems and agreed to cooperate in settling all foreign issues of mutual concern. A year later, Nixon and Brezhnev signed the SALT I agreement and by that autumn negotiations had begun aimed at producing a SALT IL Talks were also undertaken to reduce the level of Soviet and US military forces in Europe and both countries agreed to increase by several fold their commercial, technological, scientific, and cultural exchanges. The Cold War and all of its hazards thus seemed at last to be making way for a belated, much needed era of detente.