bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slavery
Authors: Saastamoinen Kari 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores Pufendorf’s account of servitude in Law of Nature and Nations and his remarks on slavery in History of the Principal Kingdoms and States of Europe. The chapter analyses how Pufendorf, in the later work, used slavery as a political metaphor and what he said about the enslavement of Africans in European colonies, suggesting that his decision to mention the enslavement of Africans only in chapters on Spain and Portugal was connected to his religio-political assessment of European states. Using this analysis and some contextual observations, the chapter then explores the two forms of servitude Pufendorf articulated in Law of Nature, arguing that his remarks on servitude founded on captivity in war are best understood when read in a colonial context.
Pufendorf’s Revaluation of Hobbes’s Friend–Enemy Distinction and Law of War
Authors: Haara Heikki 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter is the first systematic study of the friend–enemy distinction in Pufendorf’s natural law philosophy. Pufendorf’s treatment of friendship and enmity among individuals and between the states is an informative example of how he struggled to respond to Hobbes’s theory of the state of nature, which he, for the most part, accepted. Pufendorf attempts to recast Hobbes’s doctrine of natural enmity without reverting to the Aristotelian conception of friendship as the foundation of human sociability (i) to support his denial that the state of nature is a state of war and (ii) to explain the legitimate limits and scope of enmity. An examination of Pufendorf’s theory of peace and war from the perspective of who is the enemy particularly clarifies how he justified the legitimate scope of violence in the domestic and international realms.
Pufendorf’s Enduring Legacy for International Law
Authors: Boisen Camilla 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pufendorf is often purported as an early modern exemplar of legal positivism. Law was conceptualized as command: it had to have an author (i.e. the ‘binding of a superior’) to qualify as law and be enforceable. Pufendorf’s repudiation of a distinct law of nations appears to be an important event in the development of international law that, on the one hand, opened up the international domain to legal positivism, yet, on the other, also elevated its status. To understand his legacy, this chapter asks what Pufendorf hoped to accomplish through international law and whether it aligns with our own aspirations. His moral guidance concerning international law has been a source of discussion in times of crises, such as in the aftermath of both world wars, and continues to be revisited by legal scholars and historians of thought. Thus, this chapter also focuses on how Pufendorf’s teachings shaped these discussions.
Is globalization reducing responsiveness?
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The question about the balance between responsiveness and responsibility is linked to an old debate in political science about whether globalization is reducing political parties’ responsiveness. This chapter explores whether the intensification of international economic integration that occurred between the 1980s and 2010s brought major changes to the balance of criteria in governments’ decision-making. It illustrates how the evidence regarding globalization reducing responsiveness is rather ambivalent. On the one hand, there is some evidence for financial commitments playing a greater role in shaping governments’ criteria; on the other there is no strong evidence for a substantial decline in responsiveness. This chapter thus sets the scene for the analyses carried out in the remainder of the book.
Policy justifications under technocratic and populist cabinets
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Imbalances between responsiveness and responsibility risk turning representative democracies into either populist or technocratic forms of rule. This intuition has so far only been explored at the theoretical level. Based on the variation in types of government experienced in Italy between 2008 and 2019, this chapter explores the intuition empirically. The analysis confirms the expectations only partially. Qualitative evidence shows that also technocratic governments need to be to some extent responsive to domestic demands, and that through institutionalized checks and balances also populist governments are forced to be responsible to some extent. Overall, despite its unique variation in type of government, the Italian case features the same trend over time in the balance between responsiveness and responsibility as that of other eurozone countries.
National variations of responsiveness
Authors: Karremans Johannes 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The empirical evidence from the previous chapters shows that in five eurozone countries from 2014 onwards all governments started being relatively more concerned with giving resources domestically rather than being concerned with public deficit levels. But if this policy attitude were not linked to the ideological profile of the governing parties, it could not be seen as responsiveness. This chapter therefore explores the qualitative contents of the policy justifications, and shows that responsiveness took different forms in each country, in relation partially to the ideological profile of the government, and partially in line with past policy legacies.
Data analysis and statistical modelling
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
An empirical test of research hypotheses is one of the main aims of scientific research. This chapter focuses on quantitative data and their exploration by analytic statistics. Basic notions are briefly introduced to readers in three parts. Section 5.1 summarizes key features of regression analysis. Here, the notions of confounding, mediation, effect modification, and interaction are discussed. This section is extended by brief descriptions of structural equation modelling and multilevel analysis. As a main methodological challenge, the problem of causal inference is highlighted, with a short description of counterfactual approaches (Section 5.2). As the text is restricted to introductory information, a few examples derived from published research are included to illustrate some of the arguments. In the final sections, two crucial aspects of analytic scientific research are addressed. Firstly, we describe the main features of systematic reviews and meta-analyses as tools of updating and summarizing current evidence on specific research topics. Given an excessive and abundant flow of scientific information these ways of structuring and examining available knowledge are indispensable for researchers as well as for practitioners interested in science (Section 5.3). Finally, we bring readers’ attention of to some core ethical aspects of scientific research by referring to the dual use of scientific knowledge and to principles of scientific integrity. We also discuss the critical topic of scientific misconduct, and we emphasize the role of personal responsibility of individual researchers (Section 5.4).
Affinity Between the Aims of Social Work and the Mechanisms of Arts-Based Research
Authors: Huss Ephrat 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 takes readers through the process of designing and implementing expressive inquiry. It is observed that social work is primarily a women-led field, yet the perspectives of female service users have been historically absent from traditional modes of research. Consequently, knowledge of their wants and needs have been assumed and misjudged by researchers or have remained unknown. It is contended that, unlike traditional methods of inquiry, participatory arts-based modalities bring forth—unfiltered by presumed biases—the lived experiences of vulnerable populations. To illustrate, the reader is invited into the cultural world of Bedouin women presenting examples of art-based participatory inquiry that expand critical knowledge about their situational realities, hopes, and dreams. The approaches in the chapter illuminate how arts-based inquiry should be thought of as not an end but a method to gain new knowledge with the goal of social and political change.
Creating Comics on the Curb
Authors: Finch Katy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part III of the book highlights arts-based practice in the community, as exemplified by the description in this chapter of a unique collaboration between a social worker/comic illustrator and an artist who has spent much of his life unhoused. Readers are invited to consider using expressive modalities in lieu of or in conjunction with traditional survey-based methods to co-create social work assessments with clients. It is argued that assessments miss the nuances and richness of peoples’ lives and run the risk of stereotyping rather than elucidating clients’ experiences. A social worker/comic illustrator offered clients opportunities to author their life stories, and work with the artist was an exceptional example of art-based engagement. The collaborative comics will enlighten and broaden readers’ understanding of community. These methods are not without controversy, yet the social worker/comic illustrator continues to infuse art into professional practice and mentors others to do the same.
Coming Fully Into the Present
Authors: Graybeal Clay 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes the form of an autobiographical narrative. A social work artist/educator and former practitioner uses storytelling to capture professional quandaries, relational successes, personal discoveries, and the choices made during more than 30 years in the field. Discussed are translating what was learned in practice into theatrical productions to broaden public awareness of the exigencies of trauma and the limitations of the healer. The reader is invited not to leave the artfulness of youth behind, but rather to explore the diversity of art forms they can use to connect with and build meaningful client/work relationships. Clinicians are encouraged to infuse art-based questions into assessment and use what is learned to co-construct tools to enhance therapeutic insight and expression. And for those who have yet to experience the arts firsthand, an avenue of expression that can enrich one’s personal and professional practice is suggested.
Regret, Agency, and Responsibility
Authors: McQueen Paddy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the scope of the things that we should regret. It provides a detailed analysis of Bernard William’s account of “agent-regret”, in which he asserts that it is appropriate to regret things that we do unintentionally, if they result in unwelcome outcomes. Rejecting Williams’s view, it argues that we should only regret the things that we do intentionally. It then explores how events can be described in ways that assign greater or lesser agency to people. Discussing real-life cases of accidental killers, it argues that we should avoid describing events so that they suggest or assert that a person intended to do, or is responsible for, things that happen to us. It ends with a discussion of regret as form of apology. It denies that regret can be justified on basis of its role in apologizing to someone.
Abortion and Regret
Authors: McQueen Paddy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter criticises the use of abortion regret within the campaign against abortion. It documents how it has become a central part of the anti-abortion movement, despite all reliable studies showing that very few women regret choosing to have an abortion. It also considers the normative significance that abortion regret may have for women considering an abortion. It argues that women should not invoke abortion regret as a reason against having an abortion and that coming to regret an abortion need not show that the decision was the wrong one. It also shows that being glad that one did not have an abortion does not show that the decision to keep the child was the best one, or that having chosen to have an abortion would have been the wrong one. Thus, it severs how a woman may later feel from whether or not she should have an abortion.
Microaggressions in Medicine
Authors: Freeman Lauren , Stewart Heather 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Guided by diverse patient testimonies and case studies, Microaggressions in Medicine focuses on harms experienced by patients marginalized on the basis of race, gender, sexual orientation, body size, and disability. It amplifies their voices, stories, and experiences, which have too often been excluded from mainstream bioethical, medical, and popular discussions. The novel account advanced in this book illustrates that microaggressions in medicine are not rare, but frequent in the healthcare experiences of marginalized patients. Nevertheless, it can help patients better understand and make sense of their experiences. It can also help current and future healthcare professionals recognize the serious and enduring consequences that microaggressions have on their patients. Finally, it offers practical strategies for healthcare professionals to reduce microaggressions in their practices. Microaggressions in Medicine demonstrates that the harms of microaggressions are anything but micro. It argues that healthcare professionals have a moral obligation to prevent them as much as possible. The ultimate goal of the book is to help increase health equity. It aims to make a positive difference in the lives of members of marginalized patients as they interact with medical institutions and practitioners. It also aims to support healthcare professionals in modifying their practices to ensure that they are always providing high-quality, patient-centered care to all patients.
Extending the Reach of Maternal Health Practice into New Zones of Transformation with the Framework for Aligning Sectors
Authors: Lanford Daniel , Minyard Karen , Alderman Leigh , Hemming Japera , Parker Christopher , Adimu Tanisa Foxworth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the United States, maternal health outcomes have been steadily worsening for three decades. At the same time, maternal health inequities have increased, with people of color tending to have worse outcomes. While changes in healthcare and public health are important for reversing these trends, practitioners and researchers are increasingly recognizing the need for change in a much wider range of areas that ultimately affect maternal health. Drawing on the Framework for Aligning Sectors, this chapter identifies four maternal health zones of transformation that provide practitioners opportunities to rethink their practice and extend their work into new areas beyond traditional healthcare and public health services. Example opportunities are provided for each zone of transformation. Four case examples are also presented, each highlighting ways that maternal health practitioners can extend the reach of their work into a new zone of transformation.
A Community Approach to Addressing Inequities in Maternal Health
Authors: McDaniel Deidre , Garcia Valerie Newsome , Chustz Karen , Sulley Saanie , Frazier Deborah , Brown Haywood 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The National Health Start Association (NHSA) Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health Community Care Initiative (AIM CCI) is an initiative that aims to help communities build a clinical–community integration model for addressing preventable maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly among Black and Indigenous women and birthing people. A clinical-community collaborative lead by strong leaders is key to implementing the activities of NHSA AIM CCI. This chapter provides an overview of one community’s efforts to establish such a collaborative, using a co-leadership model to leverage resources to address inequities in maternal morbidity and mortality. We describe the city of New Orleans AIM CCI Collaborative, highlighting some of the unique aspects of their program. We also discuss lessons learned including importance of using a framework, like collective impact, to establish a common goal and data sharing between various local partner organizations.
Using and Improving Maternal Health Data to Achieve Equity
Authors: Yates Lindsey 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Data are a fundamental part of any playbook, including this one. The purpose of this section is to provide an overview of the landscape of US maternal health data and highlight opportunities to change how we collect and analyze that data. This section is written for anyone who wants to use or access US maternal health data. The authors of the chapters in this section cover a variety of topics: a description of existing sources of maternal health data; the strengths and challenges of using some metrics to define maternal health; novel, justice-centered methods for collecting and analyzing data, such as Indigenous research methods, qualitative data methods; and culturally responsive evaluation.
Using Narrative Medicine and Longitudinal Qualitative Research to Examine Maternal Health Outcomes
Authors: Bozkurt Burcu 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Novel qualitative methods like narrative medicine and longitudinal qualitative research can help us better understand the conditions and contexts that underlie maternal outcomes. Such approaches can add invaluable depth to our understanding of people and their lived experiences. This chapter briefly reviews what qualitative methods are, how to develop appropriate research questions with these techniques, and how to design and implement a study that uses the qualitative approaches. It highlights relevant examples of research studies for both methodologies and, where appropriate, describes an ongoing study that uses longitudinal qualitative methods to examine how the postpartum experiences of Black women in North Carolina change across time.
The Role of Local Health Departments in Women’s Health and the Opportunity to Improve Rural Maternal Health Outcomes
Authors: Harrison Lisa Macon , Kenney Abigail 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the need for prenatal and specialty care for high-risk individuals in maternity care deserts and ways that this problem can be fixed. One of the best ways to begin to address this problem is to focus on women’s health through the lifespan, not just during pregnancy, but before and after pregnancy as well. These services include family planning (FP), routine exams, mental health, substance use screening and treatment, and oral health. Regardless of whether the agency provides full-scale primary care, the opportunity to connect a patient to all the services needed in a community to be healthy is available at this critical entry point. In rural and medically underserved areas in particular, FP, maternal health, and child health, if offered together, can contribute to improved health outcomes for individuals and families—especially when mental health services and care management are available in the same location for ease of access.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Almeda M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The conclusion offers a first-person reflection on a contemporary gathering of African American educators known as SIEC (or Sisters in Education Circle). The core values of SIEC reflect and bring together common threads of each of the radical activist educators explored in the earlier chapters of the book. The conclusion also centers educator, Cynthia Dillard’s admonition that remembering is essential to the current and future work of Black educators. Remembering, according to Dillard, includes looking forward and backward, to engage cultural memories and to produce new space in which we all might live more fully. Thus, in the conclusion Wright underscores how remembering the individual and collective lives of Black radical activist, religious educators opens ways for new generations of Black radical activist, religious educators to reimagine their purposes and efforts at creating positive change.
To the Ends of the Earth
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This book is the first modern history of ancient discovery in over a century, ranging from the Mediterranean Bronze Age to the third century ce. It is also a sweeping history of all Eurasia through the prism of trade, travel, and politics. Its chapters trace the pathways and periods of ancient discovery by sea and land, from the Baltic to China, from the steppes of southern Russia to the Sahara, understanding them not as isolated actions but within their political, military, economic, and cultural contexts. It explains why adventurers, traders, colonizers, generals, and envoys set out time and again to explore new horizons, the intentions that guided them, and the consequences their discoveries drew in their wake. Consequently, this book presents a complex narrative of how 1,000 years of exploration and cultural contact influenced the rise and growth of ancient anthropology, ethnography, geography, and sciences, which to this day constitute key elements of Western knowledge. The last part of the book demonstrates how the experiences and knowledge of ancient seafarers and geographers contributed to the departure of Europeans across the oceans in the early-modern period.
Introduction, or, An American in Carthage
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Beginning in the Bronze Age, intrepid explorers set sail for unknown shores of the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the southern and eastern oceans. At the same time, traders and caravans traversed the Sahara and the Eurasian steppes. The great civilizations of the ancient world, from China and India to the Near East and Greece, Rome, and central Europe thus gradually became linked by both land and sea. Driven by a desire for material gain, wanderlust, curiosity, and often fierce rivalry, the ancients acquired a knowledge of the world that would hardly be surpassed until Columbus crossed the Atlantic a thousand years later.
A World on the Move
Authors: Schulz Raimund J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Ancient exploration relied on foundations that were laid between 1300 and 700 bce. The Egyptian pharaohs led expeditions to faraway countries like the legendary Land of Punt. The Mycenaeans sailed from Greece to Italy and perhaps even to Spain and into the Black Sea, while the turmoils of the late Bronze Age brought the Sea Peoples to the Levant. From here, Phoenicians opened sea routes across the Mediterranean and possibly around Africa to Spain. The Euboeans adopted the knowledge of these seafarers and intensified their connections to Italy. Many of the experiences of these mariners were preserved in the stories and songs from which Homer drew the material for his epics. Odysseus is the prototype of the dauntless discoverer who returns, richly rewarded, at the end. His adventures reflect the experiences with diverse cultures made by seafarers on their travels to the limits of the known world.
Finer Granularities
Authors: Nakra Teresa M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers some of the complexities regarding how frequency is converted into pitch. It reviews how systems and methods of tuning help avoid unwanted dissonances during musical performances. Tuning is necessary if more than one note or more than one instrument is playing at a time; advance coordination is required to align intervals. Tuning systems set the exact frequencies for notes and provide a consistent, shared framework that allows instruments and voices to play harmoniously together without needing to negotiate the terms on a case-by-case basis. This chapter will review how to carve up the continuous frequency domain into fixed-pitch stair steps, and investigate two ways to tune or align note frequencies so they sound good together: just intonation and equal temperament.