bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Portraits, Different Leaders? Gender Differences in U.S. Senators’ Presentation of Self
Authors: Fridkin Kim L , Woodall Gina Serignese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuing with the theme that women who run for and win office face special genderbased challenges, Fridkin and Woodall explore the ways U.S. senators present themselves to the public in light of stereotypical views about women and men in politics. Analyzing the personal traits, the issue emphasis, and credit claiming for successful initiatives of politicians from the world of campaigns to the legislative arena, these authors show that, to counter perceived gender stereotypes, women are more likely to emphasize their “male” traits in press releases, while male candidates emphasize their “female” traits. In contrast, on issues, men are more likely to emphasize their positions on “male” issues, such as foreign policy and defense, whereas women are more likely to emphasize “female” issues, such as education and health care. What may be most intriguing is the finding that men take more credit than women in press releases for favorable policy outcomes and are more likely to blame others for policy failures. This last set of fndings may be indicative of gendered approaches to power that are explored later in this volume.
Institutional Gendering: Theoretical Insights into the Environment of Women Officeholders
Authors: Duerst-Lahti Georgia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, Georgia Duerst-Lahti provides an in-depth explanation of the meaning of gendered political processes and institutions—and their effect on political women. She notes, as do Debra L. Dodson and Lyn Kathlene in their chapters, that gender adheres not just to individuals but also to the institutions to which they belong and the rules that govern those institutions. In male-dominant gendered environments, such as legislatures, structures and behaviors that conform to the male norm are rewarded. To the extent that women’s preferences are distinctive, they are likely to be devalued and attenuated. Hence, as Duerst-Lahti makes clear, not only is women’s presence in political institutions modest as a result of gendered political environments (including campaigns and elections), but their roads to success tend to be different and unequal to men’s.
Conveying Messages
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Describing the actual delivery of the G.I. Bill’s education and training benefits, Richard Colosimo said, “It was quite simple, actually. If you went to the Veterans Administration and said, ‘I want to go to school,’ they said, ‘Go to your school and make application and refer that application to the [local branch office of the] Veterans Administration—they will then set it up.’” Colosimo praised the VA as “diligent” in administering the program. “When I was in Chicago, going to the University of Illinois, I was living in a rooming house [where] they would take your mail and just put it on the table. Someone got my check from the school, my G.I. Bill check, and cashed it. [When] I reported it stolen, [the VA] gave me another one. They subsequently wrote me a letter that they did find the check and it was an obvious forgery.” Such experiences of responsiveness from the government in a public program impressed Colosimo. “For me, [the G.I. Bill] was ideal. They made it easy for you. You could go to trade schools, barber schools, any kind of schools.”
Fostering Social Opportunity
Authors: Mettler Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Mulravey grew up on the edge of Boston, “in a section of Brookline called Wishing Point.” Most adults in the neighborhood, he explained, were employed as “chauffeurs [or] housekeepers on the big estates. The affluent people didn’t go for civil service jobs, so most of our family . . . and friends . . . became policemen, firemen, and worked in the towns. The G.I. Bill was the thing that saved all of us,” emphasized Mulravey. “It was the best thing that happened to the military men that were low-income at that time. They became all very, very successful people in different positions in big companies. But they got their start through the G.I. Bill.” Social scientists have long known that in the lives of many veterans, World War II marked a critical turning point, shaping the subsequent course of their lives in significant ways, but how the G.I. Bill might have figured into such outcomes has been unclear. Scholarly studies and government reports have suggested that veterans enjoyed academic, occupational, and economic success that surpassed that of nonveterans. Yet most of these fail to control for G.I. Bill usage, and those that do consider it tend to limit their analysis to the effects on income alone.
Introduction: Uneasy Minds
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One mother recalls that her son always seemed to be a little more fearful than most children. “But it really started interfering with his life when he was about 15. He began worrying constantly that his heart would stop beating while he was sleeping.” Another mother says that her daughter “was very, very introverted during her early teens. She avoided all public speaking, including talking in class. She was always too afraid to draw attention to herself in case she said or did something wrong.”
Social Anxiety Disorder: Afraid of Embarrassment
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What teenager hasn’t stammered when called on unexpectedly in class, blushed when talking to a cute classmate, or felt the mortification of saying the wrong thing? The teenage years are rife with little embarrassments and small egobruisings, but most teens are able to pick themselves up, brush themselves off, and keep moving ahead. For those with social anxiety disorder, however, it’s not that easy. Their anxiety about social situations may mushroom into a crippling fear of being judged or ridiculed. They may worry for days before a big social event, and they may spend hours afterward picking apart their every word and deed.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Failure to Recover From a Trauma
Authors: Foa Edna B , Andrews Linda Wasmer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine yourself as a young person who has lived through the extreme trauma of child sexual abuse, a school shooting, a serious car accident, or a devastating tornado. Now imagine yourself repeatedly reexperiencing that traumatic event in the form of flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories, or frightening mental images. For you, the sense of danger never really passes, so your mind and body remain constantly on high alert. The persistent anxiety you feel after the trauma makes you want to avoid anything associated with that terrible event. You might go out of your way to avoid certain people, places, or activities, or you might simply try to avoid ever thinking or talking about what occurred. Perhaps you feel angry and distrustful of others, or maybe you feel shut off from your own emotions and unable to connect with family and friends.
The Magic of Tiger Beetles
Authors: Pearson David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hundreds of otherwise normal people are passionate about an intriguing group of insects called tiger beetles (family Cicindelidae). These cicindelophiles or tiger beetlists can be found swinging insect nets to collect wary tiger beetles from sandy pine forests in Florida to alpine meadows in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Others might spend hours crawling on elbows and knees in the piercing heat of an Arizona grassland for close-up photos of a ruby-red species. A few sit patiently on the white sands of a New Jersey beach taking notes about the mating behavior of a long-legged tiger beetle that is listed by the United States government as an endangered species. These activities and others unite a diverse group of tiger beetle enthusiasts, only a few of whom are professional entomologists. Tiger beetles elicit something more than a routine response to the necessities of employment. Note the highly enthusiastic and curious behavior of some lawyers, dentists, prison guards, railroad workers, and computer engineers who have found a life-long hobby in beetle watching.
Identification of Tiger Beetle Larvae
Authors: Pearson David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The larval stages of tiger beetles have received much less interest and study than adults, probably because of their burrow-dwelling habits and aesthetically less pleasing grublike appearance. Finding the burrows of larvae requires examination of the ground surface at close range (usually you have to hunch over a bit to see them), a very different technique from that of finding adults, where you need to be looking 5 – 20 meters ahead. Another problem is the difficulty in identifying larvae to species. The characters used (especially numbers and arrangement of setae on the pronotum and other body parts and characteristics of the hooks on the fifth abdominal segment) are often difficult to find and less distinctive than most adult characters. Also, these characters may change as the larvae advance through each of their three distinct growth stages (instars). This historic disregard for larvae is unfortunate because biologically and ecologically larvae often are more important than adults as habitat indicators and for evaluating the viability and dynamics of populations.
Species Accounts
Authors: Pearson David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We use Freitag’s Catalogue of the Tiger Beetles of Canada and the United States and Wiesner’s Checklist of the Tiger Beetles of the World as a taxonomic basis for the status of names. Any deviations from these classification schemes are indicated and justified. Group names of genera and higher taxa are arranged in roughly phylogenetic order so that closely related (and often most similar appearing) species are close together. For other explanations of taxonomic details, consult Freitag’s and Wiesner’s catalogs. We also use the most widely accepted common names of tiger beetle species in conjunction with scientific names. Subspecies, however, are indicated only by their scientific moniker.
Biogeography
Authors: Pearson David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biogeography focuses on the distribution of life forms over the world. Tiger beetles are not evenly distributed across the United States and Canada (fig. 8.1). Range maps for tiger beetles in the United States and Canada show that no two species have exactly the same geographical distribution. On the contrary, each species has a distinctive range, whether measured in total area, shape of the boundaries, or latitudes and altitudes. As with almost all other groups of animals and plants, more species of tiger beetles occur in some parts of the continent than in others. Why should this be? One answer involves historical movements of tiger beetle populations. The evidence for long-range movements of tiger beetles in North America is limited to a few anecdotal examples. Adults in more or less continuous habitats like rivers and ocean beaches have obvious routes of dispersal. However, movements of other species over discontinuous habitats are known. Strong favorable winds are likely involved with the dispersal of species like the S-banded Tiger Beetle, which lives on the muddy tidal flats of the Gulf of Mexico and the west and east coasts of North America. Specimens of this species have been found as far inland as Kansas and on offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, 160 kilometers from the nearest land. However, this species has not established a population anywhere in inland North America, but these long-range movements may explain why it occurs on virtually every island in the Caribbean.
George Metesky: Profiling the “Mad Bomber”
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 2002, when residents of Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., were being terrorized by an unidentified serial sniper, law enforcement agents and media pundits alike offered purported profiles of the killer. Looking at the scant evidence then available, the “profilers” generated educated guesses regarding the gender, race, age, education, life experience, psychological makeup, and motives of the killer dubbed the “D.C. sniper.”
John W. Hinckley, Jr. Shooting for the Stars
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in 1955, the third and youngest child of educated, well-to-do parents, John W. Hinckley, Jr., had every reason to believe that he would be a success in life. Both of his siblings were popular and successful, his father was a prosperous and powerful executive, and his mother was a stay-at-home parent who devoted herself to her children, particularly her youngest. As early as elementary school, John appeared to be following in the Hinckley family mold.
The Fragile Consensus
Authors: Haney Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the nature of public opinion about capital punishment and its role in the administration of the death penalty in the United States. As I noted in the last two chapters, economic and political forces have helped to shape the media’s depictions of crime and punishment. In addition to the real dangers posed by the threat of violent crime, citizens’ deepest fears about victimization are intensified by repeated exposure to sensationalized television images and story lines that demonize the perpetrators of crime. Along with the often narrow, one-sided news coverage that surrounds individual capital cases, these factors help to increase the perceived need for harsh punishments like the death penalty. This chapter examines some of the apparent attitudinal consequences of those threats, images, story lines, and news coverage and the ways that they have helped to shape and maintain public support for capital punishment.
Introduction to Functional Measurement
Authors: Weiss David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional measurement is foremost an approach to understanding cognitive behavior. Because the methodology was developed using ANOVA as the primary analytic technique, a brief explanation is given here. One goal of this presentation is to inspire the reader to view analysis of variance as more than a way to confirm differences among groups. The two volumes by Anderson (1981, 1982) will provide those whose interest has been stimulated with the information needed to carry out a full-scale functional measurement study. Cognitive algebra is the heart of the method. A theoretical model is proposed for a behavioral task. The task always involves joint consideration of two or more stimuli or stimulus aspects. Thus, a subjective integration is called for. Usually the model is phrased as a simple equation. For example, a person may be asked to envision the attractiveness of a meal consisting of a sandwich and a drink (Shanteau & Anderson, 1969). As a working hypothesis, one might expect the appropriate model to be a weighted combination of the attractiveness of the individual components. The components will certainly have differing values across individuals. For me, tuna in pita gets a positive evaluation and cranberry juice a negative one; but your taste may be quite different. In the same way, weights for the components may differ. For me, the sandwich is important and the drink is almost an afterthought. By presenting factorial combinations of various hypothetical sandwiches and drinks, the researcher elicits ratings that may be analyzed for conformity with the hypothesized model. The ratings may then be decomposed to yield estimates of the subjective attractiveness of the individual sandwiches and drinks. These estimates differ from those obtained with simple ratings in that their validity is established via the prior verification of the model.
Scientist and Explorer
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My wife and I visited the Petrified Forest National Park expecting to see some great examples of petrified wood, but not much more. What we found was striking evidence of the movement of continents over great distances. Fossil forests of immense trees along with ferns, crocodiles, and small dinosaurs revealed a past environment of humid tropics similar to the Amazon basin today. Remnants of animals and plants that had lived more than 2 hundred million years ago in a humid tropical environment, but were now lying in this barren Arizona landscape, raised questions that had puzzled climatologists and paleontologists for many years.
The World Reacts to Wegener’s Idea
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No previous suggestion of continental movements had ever evoked such strong response as didWegener’s, probably because no one had ever presented such a comprehensive body of supporting and converging evidence. As Wegener’s book became widely translated, the earth scientists of the world began to see the full importance of his hypothesis, and it simply could not go unexamined or unchallenged. Other drift ideas, including Taylor’s, provided little or no evidence and consisted primarily of suppositions. Accordingly, Taylor’s proposal aroused little comment from the earth science community.
Winter at Eismitte
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Georgi and Sorge were alone at Eismitte from September 13 until Wegener arrived with Loewe and Rasmus Villumsen on October 30. The weather was relatively mild and a tent was adequate while they excavated an ice cave. By the time they began moving into the ice cave on October 5, morning temperatures were down to -37° Celsius (-35° Fahrenheit), and the improved shelter was most welcome.
On the day before they moved into the ice cave, they saw an Arctic fox scavenging among their provision boxes. This was a rare sight in the center of the Greenland ice sheet, as no regular wildlife inhabitants live there.They assumed the fox had followed a trail of food scraps left by sled parties and their dogs. Arctic foxes are known to travel great distances following polar bears or wolves to eat leftovers from their kills. This fox was snow white—they turn brown in summer—and appeared to be in good health even though it was about 400 kilometers (250 miles) from its natural food sources on the coast.The little animal showed almost no fear of the men, and they were able to photograph the fox from as close as IO meters (33 feet).
The Search for Wegener and Villumsen
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winter storms eventually became less intense and less frequent. It was time to take provisions to the men at Eismitte and find answers to the big questions.Where were Wegener, Loewe, andVillumsen? How had they and the scientists at Eismitte fared through the winter? Men at the West Station were prepared for any possibility. MaybeWegener, Loewe, and Rasmus died trying to reach Eismitte. Maybe Georgi and Sorge died attempting to return to West Station. Maybe they were all safe at Eismitte. In case anyone was still at Eismitte, they would certainly need provisions for the coming summer work.
Progress after 1966
Authors: McCoy Roger M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strong interest in Greenland continued through the 1930s. It was a new frontier that captured the imagination of nations with plans for future air travel, as well as adventurers wanting a new challenge.
In the same year that the Wegener expedition ended, the German pilot Wolfgang von Gronau became the first to fly across the Greenland ice cap—a distance of 1,368 kilometers (850 miles). Also, in 1931 Arne HØygaard and Martin Mehren, two Norwegian medical students, crossed the ice sheet just for sport. They went up the Kamarujuk Glacier to the West Station where Wegener’s party was then located. The Germans and Inuits helped them haul two sleds and twelve hundred pounds of equipment up the glacier front.Their sled runners were covered with silver for easier sliding and to prevent sticking. They left on July IO and reached the east coast on August 15, where they met a Norwegian ship for the return to Norway.
Children’s Subjective Identification With Social Groups
Authors: Bennett Mark , Sani Fabio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human groups (e.g., nations, cultural-ethnic groups, religious institutions, political parties) are fundamental elements of our society. As such, people often categorize themselves as members of a social group. According to selfcategorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), however, although group categorization consists of no more than nominal ascription to a group, the internalization of group norms implies a subjective identification with the group—a personal sense of membership and psychological investment in the group.
Intergroup Attitudes and Reasoning About Social Exclusion in Majority and Minority Children in Spain
Authors: Enesco Ileana , Guerrero Silvia , Callejas Carolina , Solbes Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this volume scholars are presenting their research on the origins and development of explicit and implicit intergroup attitudes, the processes of social identification, and the emergence and nature of gender and ethnic stereotypes. Many of the empirical studies discussed in these chapters were conducted in countries where these lines of research stem from a history of empirical studies with children and adolescents. These youths belong to different ethnic groups and socioeconomic statuses and live in cultural settings that have a high degree of ethnic and cultural heterogeneity (including the United States, Canada, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Australia). In addition, research on intergroup attitudes has been carried out in countries such as the United States, where it dates back to the pioneering studies of Horowitz and Horowitz (1938) and Clark and Clark (1947).
Brazil: The area Covered
Authors: Perlo Ber van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brazil is a very large country—the world’s fifth in surface area (3.3 million square miles or 8.5 million square km)—with a population of probably greater than 190 million (sixth largest in the world). Most people live in the eastern parts of the country, especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The federative republic of Brazil can be divided into five major regions (Sul, Centro-Oueste, Sudeste, Nordeste, and Norte) comprising 26 states and the Distrito Federal of Brasilia (figure 1).
Brazil: The Birds
Authors: Perlo Ber van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientific and Portuguese names follow the first, second, and third list of the Lista das Aves do Brasil published by the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Species on the second list (occurrence probable, but not yet sufficiently substantiated) are indicated in the text by placing their names in brackets, while species on the third list (occurrence suggested by various sources, but improbable) are preceded by a question mark. With a few exceptions (see, e.g., 126.9, 152.4, and 152.5), English names follow A Classification of the Bird Species of South America published by the SACC (South American Checklist Committee, list created by Sjoerd Mayer). Alternative English names are often mentioned. Sequence of families and species is more or less traditional, but adapted to include about 10 similar-looking species (sometimes from different families) in one plate.