bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benign Giant Cell Tumour of Tendon Sheaths in a European Lynx (Lynx lynx)
Authors: Malatesta D. , Cuomo A. , Marà M. , Di Guardo G. , Gentile L. , Macolino A. , Della Salda L. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a benign giant cell tumour (BGCT) of tendon sheaths in a 12‐year‐old male European lynx (Lynx lynx) are reported herein. The neoplastic mass involved the subcutaneous and inter‐muscular tissues of the first, second, third and fourth digit of the left forelimb, from the phalanxes up to the carpus. The tumour appeared as a grey‐whitish tissue mottled with darker areas, along with several scattered foci of orange colour. Histologically, the lesion consisted of a mixed population of numerous, multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid or spindle‐shaped mononuclear cells embedded in a loose, highly vascular stroma. Neoplastic cells lined cleft formations and synovial‐like projections into cystic spaces. No osteoid matrix could be detected. Haemorrhage and necrosis were also observed. The mononuclear and the giant cells were tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase and periodic acid‐Schiff positive, being also immunohistochemically reactive for lysozyme and vimentin, with a few cells showing immunopositivity also for α‐1‐antitrypsin. Ultrastructurally, histiocyte‐like cells, fibroblast‐like cells and multinucleated giant cells were observed, but no virus‐like particles could be detected in any of the above cell types. The BGCT of tendon sheaths, a fairly uncommon neoplasm in animals, has not been previously reported in the lynx.
The species–area–energy relationship
Authors: Storch David , Evans Karl L. , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractArea and available energy are major determinants of species richness. Although scale dependency of the relationship between energy availability and species richness (the species–energy relationship) has been documented, the exact relationship between the species–area and the species–energy relationship has not been studied explicitly. Here we show, using two extensive data sets on avian distributions in different biogeographic regions, that there is a negative interaction between energy availability and area in their effect on species richness. The slope of the species–area relationship is lower in areas with higher levels of available energy, and the slope of the species–energy relationship is lower for larger areas. This three‐dimensional species–area–energy relationship can be understood in terms of probabilistic processes affecting the proportions of sites occupied by individual species. According to this theory, high environmental energy elevates species’ occupancies, which depress the slope of the species–area curve.
Damage, digestion, and defence: the roles of alarm cues and kairomones for inducing prey defences
Authors: Schoeppner Nancy M. , Relyea Rick A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractInducible defences are widely used for studying phenotypic plasticity, yet frequently we know little about the cues that induce these defences. For aquatic prey, defences are induced by chemical cues from predators (kairomones) and injured prey (alarm cues). Rarely has anyone determined the separate and combined effects of these cues, particularly across phylogenetically diverse prey types. We examined how tadpoles (Hyla versicolor) altered their defences when 10 different prey were either crushed by hand or consumed by predators. Across all prey types, crushing induced only a subset of the defences induced by consumption. Consuming vs. crushing produced additive responses for behaviour but synergistic responses for morphology and growth. Moreover, we discovered the first extensive evidence that prey responses to different alarm cues depends on prey phylogeny. These results suggest that the amount of information available to the prey affects both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the defended phenotype.
Incubation reduces microbial growth on eggshells and the opportunity for trans‐shell infection
Authors: Cook Mark I. , Beissinger Steven R. , Toranzos Gary A. , Arendt Wayne J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAvian eggshells harbour microbes shortly after laying, and under appropriate ambient conditions they can multiply rapidly, penetrate through shell pores, infect egg contents and cause embryo mortality. We experimentally examined how incubation affects bacterial processes on the eggshells of pearl‐eyed thrashers Margarops fuscatus nesting in tropical montane and lowland forests in Puerto Rico. Bacteria and fungi grew rapidly on shells of newly laid, unincubated eggs exposed to ambient conditions, but declined to low levels on shells of eggs incubated by thrashers. Divergence in bacterial growth between incubated and exposed eggs was more marked at the montane forest than at the lowland site. Pathogenic microorganisms became increasingly dominant on shells of exposed eggs, but these groups were relatively rare on incubated eggs, where more benign, less invasive groups prevailed. Some incubation during laying may be necessary to decrease the probability of trans‐shell infection by reducing the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi on eggshells, although it may increase hatching asynchrony and the likelihood of brood reduction.
Extinction order and altered community structure rapidly disrupt ecosystem functioning
Authors: Larsen Trond H. , Williams Neal M. , Kremen Claire 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBy causing extinctions and altering community structure, anthropogenic disturbances can disrupt processes that maintain ecosystem integrity. However, the relationship between community structure and ecosystem functioning in natural systems is poorly understood. Here we show that habitat loss appeared to disrupt ecosystem functioning by affecting extinction order, species richness and abundance. We studied pollination by bees in a mosaic of agricultural and natural habitats in California and dung burial by dung beetles on recently created islands in Venezuela. We found that large‐bodied bee and beetle species tended to be both most extinction‐prone and most functionally efficient, contributing to rapid functional loss. Simulations confirmed that extinction order led to greater disruption of function than predicted by random species loss. Total abundance declined with richness and also appeared to contribute to loss of function. We demonstrate conceptually and empirically how the non‐random response of communities to disturbance can have unexpectedly large functional consequences.
A randomized study of orlistat in combination with a weight management programme in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with metformin
Authors: Berne C. ,   the Orlistat Swedish Type 2 diabetes Study Group
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  To assess the effects of orlistat vs. placebo, in combination with a weight management programme, on weight loss and metabolic control in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Patients treated with either metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea were randomized to double‐blind treatment with orlistat or placebo (120 mg) three times daily, combined with a mildly reduced calorie diet and a weight management programme for 52 weeks. Changes in body weight, anthropometry, glycaemic control and lipid profile were assessed.Results  After 52 weeks, orlistat‐treated patients achieved an almost threefold greater reduction in weight compared with placebo recipients (−5.0% vs. −1.8%; P < 0.0001). The decrease in waist circumference was significantly greater with orlistat than placebo (−4.8 cm vs. −2.8 cm; P = 0.0022). Orlistat treatment was also associated with significantly greater reductions in haemoglobin A1c (−1.1% vs. −0.2%; P < 0.0001), fasting plasma glucose (−1.9 mmol/l vs. −0.3 mmol/l; P < 0.0001), total cholesterol (−0.2 mmol/l vs. 0.1 mmol/l; P = 0.03) and apolipoprotein B (−0.08 g/l vs. 0.01 g/l; P = 0.0085) and greater improvements in beta‐cell function (P = 0.031) and insulin resistance (P = 0.001) assessed using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Similar results were obtained for subgroups of patients treated with metformin alone or metformin in combination with sulphonylurea. Orlistat treatment reduced the requirement for anti‐diabetic medication more than placebo.Conclusions  Orlistat, in combination with a reduced calorie diet and a weight management programme, promotes weight loss and clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Abnormal ventilatory responses to hypoxia in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Weisbrod C. J. , Eastwood P. R. , O'Driscoll G. , Green D. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  The incidence of Type 2 diabetes is increasing, along with its associated micro‐ and macrovascular disease manifestations. Previous studies indicate that patients with Type 2 diabetes exhibit abnormal cardiopulmonary reflex responses to various stimuli, although the impact of hypoxia, a common physiological stimulus, on ventilatory responses has not previously been studied in humans with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Minute ventilation (V̇E) breathing pattern responses (total breath time, TTOT; expiratory time, TE; inspiratory time, TI; inspiratory duty cycle, TI/TTOT) were measured during 5 min each of normoxia and isocapnic hypoxia (arterial O2 saturation ∼85%) in eight subjects with Type 2 diabetes and seven age‐ and body mass index‐matched healthy subjects.Results  During normoxia, V̇E was similar in control and diabetic subjects (6.4 ± 1.2, 6.4 ± 1.1 l/min, respectively). In response to hypoxia, V̇E significantly increased in both groups (to 17.0 ± 5.0 and 9.5 ± 2.0 l/min, respectively, P < 0.05), but the magnitude of increase in V̇E was significantly less in diabetic than in control subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, the breathing pattern response to hypoxia differed between groups in terms of TI/TTOT and TTOT (P < 0.05), with control subjects significantly decreasing TTOT and TE (P < 0.05) while diabetic subjects tended to increase both.Conclusions  Relative to matched control subjects, Type 2 diabetic subjects exhibit blunted V̇E responses to acute isocapnic hypoxia, suggesting that this group of diabetic subjects possesses a chemoreflex ill‐equipped to respond homeostatically to hypoxic challenge.
Predictors of first stroke in Type 1 diabetes: The Fremantle Diabetes Study
Authors: Davis T. M. E. , Bruce D. G. , Davis W. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  To examine prospectively the relationship between vascular risk factors and stroke in Type 1 diabetes.Methods  A community‐based sample of 126 adult Type 1 patients was recruited between 1993 and 1996 and followed annually for a mean ±sd of 7.2 ± 1.6 years. Cerebrovascular events before and after recruitment were identified from history and examination findings, hospital morbidity data and death notifications.Results  Six patients suffered a first stroke during follow‐up, of which five were ischaemic and one a subarachnoid haemorrhage on cranial computed tomography. Patients were subdivided into those with no history of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) at baseline and no subsequent ischaemic stroke (Group 1, n = 114), those with a history of stroke/TIA at baseline (Group 2, n = 7), and those with no history of stroke/TIA at baseline but who suffered a first ischaemic stroke during follow‐up (Group 3, n = 5). Group 1 patients were the youngest, had the shortest diabetes duration and were the least likely to be taking antihypertensive medication or aspirin. Amongst a range of potential baseline predictors of first stroke including glycated haemoglobin, only serum HDL‐cholesterol differentiated Group 3 patients (0.69 ± 0.17 mmol/l) from those in the other groups (1.26 ± 0.42 and 1.28 ± 0.45 mmol/l for Groups 1 and 2 respectively, P < 0.05).Conclusions  The present association between low serum HDL‐cholesterol and ischaemic stroke patients suggests that aggressive management of dyslipidaemia may protect against cerebrovascular disease in Type 1 diabetes.
A multivariate logistic regression equation to screen for dysglycaemia: development and validation
Authors: Tabaei B. P. , Engelgau M. M. , Herman W. H. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  To develop and validate an empirical equation to screen for dysglycaemia [impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and undiagnosed diabetes].Methods  A predictive equation was developed using multiple logistic regression analysis and data collected from 1032 Egyptian subjects with no history of diabetes. The equation incorporated age, sex, body mass index (BMI), post‐prandial time (self‐reported number of hours since last food or drink other than water), systolic blood pressure, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and random capillary plasma glucose as independent covariates for prediction of dysglycaemia based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 6.1 mmol/l and/or plasma glucose 2 h after a 75‐g oral glucose load (2‐h PG) ≥ 7.8 mmol/l. The equation was validated using a cross‐validation procedure. Its performance was also compared with static plasma glucose cut‐points for dysglycaemia screening.Results  The predictive equation was calculated with the following logistic regression parameters: P = 1 + 1/(1 + e−X) = where X = −8.3390 + 0.0214 (age in years) + 0.6764 (if female) + 0.0335 (BMI in kg/m2) + 0.0934 (post‐prandial time in hours) + 0.0141 (systolic blood pressure in mmHg) − 0.0110 (HDL in mmol/l) + 0.0243 (random capillary plasma glucose in mmol/l). The cut‐point for the prediction of dysglycaemia was defined as a probability ≥ 0.38. The equation's sensitivity was 55%, specificity 90% and positive predictive value (PPV) 65%. When applied to a new sample, the equation's sensitivity was 53%, specificity 89% and PPV 63%.Conclusions  This multivariate logistic equation improves on currently recommended methods of screening for dysglycaemia and can be easily implemented in a clinical setting using readily available clinical and non‐fasting laboratory data and an inexpensive hand‐held programmable calculator.
Insulin aspart improves meal time glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, stratified, double‐blind and cross‐over trial
Authors: Perriello G. , Pampanelli S. , Porcellati F. , Avogaro A. , Bosi E. , Petrella G. , Squatrito S. , Furneri S. , Marra G. , Vitali L. , Previti M. , Cucinotta D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  This randomized, multi‐centre, double‐blind, stratified, two period, cross‐over trial was undertaken to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin aspart injected immediately before compared with regular human insulin injected 30 min before a Mediterranean‐style meal in 37 (23 M, 14 F) patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Insulin aspart or regular human insulin was given subcutaneously (0.15 U/kg) in random sequence, using a double‐dummy technique (at one visit: human regular insulin at t = −30 min and placebo at t = 0; at the other visit: placebo at t = −30 min and aspart insulin at t = 0). Serum glucose and insulin concentrations (15 points) were measured after each meal for 240 min.Results  Post‐prandial glycaemic excursions were 20% lower with insulin aspart (IAsp) compared with regular human insulin (HI) treatment [ratio (Iasp/HI) = 0.80, CI = (0.66–0.98), P = 0.034]. The maximum serum glucose (SG) concentration was similar for the two treatments (P = NS). The (median) time to maximum SG was 25 min shorter for IAsp compared with HI (P = 0.048). Maximum serum insulin concentration was higher after IAsp compared with HI (P = 0.023) as well as the area under the 4‐h serum insulin curve (P = 0.006). Furthermore, the time to maximum serum insulin concentration was 27 min shorter after IAsp (P = 0.039), even though IAsp was injected 30 min after HI. No adverse events occurred during the trial.Conclusions  In patients with Type 2 diabetes a more favourable insulin profile and a better glycaemic control were found with IAsp injected immediately before compared with HI injected 30 min before a Mediterranean‐style meal.
Continuing metformin when starting insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Douek I. F. , Allen S. E. , Ewings P. , Gale E. A. M. , Bingley P. J. ,   for the Metformin Trial Group
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  To test the effect of continuing metformin on weight gain and glycaemic control in patients with poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes who need to start insulin.Methods  Patients with Type 2 diabetes on maximum tolerated oral agents referred for insulin conversion were recruited from hospital diabetes clinics into a double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial. The 183 participants received metformin or placebo, titrated up to 2 g a day or maximum tolerated dose, with insulin started according to local practice. The main outcome measures were weight change over 12 months, HbA1c, insulin dose, frequency of hypoglycaemia, treatment satisfaction, and well‐being.Results  Over 12 months, metformin was associated with less weight gain than placebo [mean 6.1 kg vs. 7.6 kg; adjusted difference 1.5 kg (95% confidence interval 0.2–2.9); P = 0.02], a greater reduction in HbA1c[1.5% vs. 1.3%; adjusted difference 0.5% (0.1–0.9); P = 0.02] and a lower insulin requirement [62 units vs. 86; adjusted difference 25 units (15–34); P < 0.001], but also more hypoglycaemia [relative risk of any episode 1.24 (1.02–1.1); P = 0.03]. Treatment satisfaction improved more in patients on metformin than on placebo (P < 0.001), as did the positive well‐being score (P = 0.02).Conclusions  Metformin decreases weight gain, lowers insulin requirement, and improves glycaemic control, and should be continued in patients with Type 2 diabetes who transfer to insulin.
Resistin polymorphisms are associated with cerebrovascular disease in Finnish Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Kunnari A. , Ukkola O. , Kesäniemi Y. A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  Resistin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes and it is also expressed in monocytes. Resistin has been found to increase insulin resistance, a key feature in Type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate whether resistin polymorphisms are associated with Type 2 diabetes and its clinical characteristics.Methods  We studied the allele and genotype frequencies of the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) −420 (C > G), +157 (T > C) and +299 (G > A) in the resistin gene in 258 Finnish Type 2 diabetics and 494 controls.Results  These three markers were in significant linkage disequilibrium with each other. No significant (P < 0.05) differences in the allele or genotype frequencies were observed between the study groups. Subjects with Type 2 diabetes showed a significant association between cerebrovascular disease and the SNPs −420 (P = 0.004) and +299 (P = 0.007), the G‐G and A‐A genotypes, respectively, had the highest frequencies. SNPs −420 (P = 0.000) and +299 (P = 0.002) in men and SNP +157 in men (P = 0.005) and in women (P = 0.019) showed significant association with higher mean blood glucose. The rare allele homozygotes also had the highest mean blood glucose values. We also observed associations between at least one of the SNPs and fasting blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin A1 (GHbA1), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. After correction for multiple comparisons, the association between the promoter variant SNP −420 and cerebrovascular disease in both genders and the associations between mean blood glucose and SNP −420 and SNP +299 in men remained significant.Conclusions  The results suggest that resistin may play a role in atherogenesis probably through increasing insulin resistance.
Prognostic value of the Framingham cardiovascular risk equation and the UKPDS risk engine for coronary heart disease in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: results from a United Kingdom study
Authors: Guzder R. N. , Gatling W. , Mullee M. A. , Mehta R. L. , Byrne C. D. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAims  To determine the prognostic value of the Framingham equation and the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk engine in patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.Methods  A community‐based cohort (n = 428; aged 30–74 years) free of clinically evident CVD and newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes were studied over a median 4.2 (sd ± 0.62) years. Predicted (using baseline variables at diagnosis) and observed proportions of primary CVD and CHD events were compared using the Framingham equations and the UKPDS risk engine (only CHD events). The discrimination (c‐statistic) and calibration (HLχ2) of the risk equations were calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of the Framingham equation at a 15%, 10‐year CHD risk threshold (NICE guidelines) was compared with that of the ADA lipid threshold (LDLc ≥ 2.6 mmol/l or triglycerides ≥ 4.5 mmol/l).Results  The Framingham equations underestimated the overall number of cardiovascular events by 33% and coronary events by 32% and showed modest discrimination and poor calibration for CVD [c = 0.673; HLχ2 = 32.8 (P < 0.001)] and CHD risk [c = 0.657; HLχ2 = 19.8 (P = 0.011)]. Although the overall underestimate was lower and non‐significant with the UKPDS risk engine for CHD (13%), its performance in terms of discrimination and calibration were similar [c = 0.670; HLχ2 = 17.1 (P = 0.029)]. The 15%, 10‐year CHD risk threshold with both the Framingham and UKPDS risk engines had similar sensitivity for primary CVD as the lipid level threshold [85.7 and 89.8% vs. 93.9% (P = 0.21 and 0.34)] and both had greater specificity [33.0 and 30.3% vs. 12.1% (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001)].Conclusions  In people with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes, both the Framingham equation and UKPDS risk engine are moderately effective at identifying those at high‐risk (discrimination) and are poor at quantifying risk (calibration). Nonetheless, at a population level, a 15% 10‐year CHD risk threshold using either risk calculator has similar sensitivity as an approach based on a single lipid risk factor level and may have benefits in terms of cost‐effectiveness given the improved specificity.
Childhood diabetes presenting with hyperosmolar dehydration but without ketoacidosis: a report of three cases
Authors: Kershaw M. J. R. , Newton T. , Barrett T. G. , Berry K. , Kirk J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground  Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common mode of presentation of diabetes mellitus in children, accounting for 26% of new cases. Rarely, children with diabetes may develop other forms of metabolic decompensation associated with hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality. Hyperglycaemia and hyperosmolality without ketoacidosis has high mortality in adults, although there is no data on mortality in children.Case reports  We deseribe three children who presented to Birmingham Children's Hospital and were initially suspected to have DKA. Each child was severely hyperglycaemic and hyperosmolar but without significant ketosis or acidosis. In two of the three children, the hyperosmolar state was associated with the ingestion of large volumes of high calorie fluids preceding the presentation. These children were exquisitely sensitive to insulin and may be at a significantly higher risk of cerebral oedema in view of their hyperosmolar state.Conclusions  Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemia is a serious and rare complication at presentation of diabetes in children, and should be distinguished from DKA. These children are at an increased risk of cerebral oedema compared with DKA, and one should have a low threshold for suspicion of this complication.