bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-scale human exposures to rabid or presumed rabid animals in the United States: 22 cases (1990–1996)
Authors: Rotz Lisa D. , Hensley Jennifer A. , Rupprecht Charles E. , Childs James E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify common elements of large-scale human exposures to rabid or presumed rabid animals in the United States from 1990 to 1996.

Design
Retrospective study.

Procedure
Health departments in 50 states and the District of Columbia were contacted regarding episodes of large-scale human exposures to rabid animals occurring between 1990 and 1996. A large-scale exposure was defined as administration of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) to 25 or more people after an exposure to a rabid or presumed rabid animal or littermates. Incident-specific information was obtained through questionnaires sent to states reporting episodes. Data are reported as medians.

Results
Fifteen of 51 (29.4%) health departments reported 22 episodes; 72.7% involved companion animals or livestock. Twenty-six animals were involved in these 22 episodes, including 10 (38.5%) dogs, 4 (15.4%) livestock, 4 (15.4%) raccoons, 3 (11.5%) cats, 3 (11.5%) bats, and 2 (7.7%) ferrets. Schools (36.4%) and public places (22.7%) were the most common settings for exposures. Reportedly, 1,908 people received PEP. The cost for 10 episodes was $61,547/episode (range, $14,199 to $1,500,000). An episode-specific written algorithm for recommending PEP had been developed for use in only 4 (18.2%) episodes.

Clinical Implications
Large-scale exposures most commonly involved a single companion animal. Exposures attributable to improper handling of wildlife and unrestricted access of animals in schools and public areas can be potentially remedied by targeted education. Use of an episode-specific algorithm to determine need for PEP may also reduce the number of unnecessary treatments. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1198–1200)
Heinz body formation in cats fed baby food containing onion powder
Authors: Robertson Jane E. , Christopher Mary M. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether cats fed baby food with onion powder develop Heinz bodies and anemia and to establish a dose-response relation between dietary onion powder content and Heinz body formation.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
42 healthy, adult, specific-pathogen-free cats.

Procedure
Commercial baby food with and without onion powder was fed to 2 groups of 6 cats for 5 weeks. Heinz body percentage, PCV, reticulocyte percentage, turbidity index, and methemoglobin and reduced glutathione concentrations were determined twice weekly and then weekly for 4 weeks following removal of the diet. For the dose-response study, 5 groups of 6 cats were fed a canned diet for 2 months that contained 0, 0.3, 0.75, 1.5, or 2.5% onion powder. Heinz body percentage, PCV, and reticulocyte percentage were determined twice weekly.

Results
Compared with cats fed baby food without onion powder, cats ingesting baby food with onion powder had significantly higher Heinz body percentages that peaked at 33 to 53%. Methemoglobin concentration also significantly increased but did not exceed 1.2%. Glutathione concentration, PCV, and food intake did not differ between the 2 groups. Rate and degree of Heinz body formation differed significantly between various onion powder concentrations fed. Compared with 0% onion powder, the diet with 2.5% onion powder caused a significant decrease in PCV and an increased punctate reticulocyte percentage.

Clinical Implications
Baby food or other foods containing similar amounts of onion powder should be avoided for use in cats because of Heinz body formation and the potential for development of anemia, particularly with high food intake. Cats with diseases associated with oxidative stress may develop additive hemoglobin damage when fed baby food containing onion powder. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1260–1266)
Implantation of a reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft for treatment of obstructions of the teat and mammary gland cisternae in cattle
Authors: Hirsbrunner Gaby , Metzger L. , Steiner A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate use of an artificial vascular graft as treatment for obstructions of the teat and mammary gland cisternae in lactating cattle.

Design
Prospective clinical study.

Animals
14 lactating dairy cows.

Procedure
After physical examination that included palpation, ultrasonography, evaluation of milk flow, and California mastitis test, each cow underwent surgical excision of obstructive tissue and implantation of a reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene vascular graft. Milk drained passively for 10 to 14 days after surgery. Follow-up evaluation was performed by telephone questionnaire of owners 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery regarding somatic cell count, time needed to milk affected quarter, compared with that of the contralateral quarter, and frequency of mastitis. After the subsequent nonlactation period and calving, milk flow was tested, using a quarter milking machine, and ultrasonographic examination of the affected teat was performed.

Results
Milk could be obtained from affected quarters from all cows 14 days after surgery, from 13 (93%) cows 1 month after surgery, from 10 (71 %) cows 6 months after surgery, and from 3 (21 %) cows 12 months after surgery, but milk flow in these 3 cows was considerably reduced. This technique failed because of collapse of the implant (4 cows), chronic mastitis (1), migration of the implant (4), and ingrowth of obstructive tissue between the distal aspect of the implant and the ridges of mucous membrane that radiate from the internal orifice of the streak canal (4), or a combination of these.

Clinical Implications
Implantation of this vascular graft is a useful technique to restore teat patency for 6 months. A longer period of passive drainage of milk appears necessary for sufficient ingrowth of the graft. Lesions that extend to the distal most aspect of the teat cistern have a poor prognosis, because this area cannot be sufficiently overlapped by the graft. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1432–1435)
Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985–1996)
Authors: Cable Christina S. , Rebhun William C. , Fubini Susan L. , Erb Hollis N. , Ducharme Norm G. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the association of physical examination and clinicopathologic findings with surgical findings in cattle with concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration, to determine short- and long-term survival rates in these cattle, and to determine whether degree of peritonitis (focal vs diffuse) influences survival rates.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
21 cattle with concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration and 42 cattle with uncomplicated abomasal displacement.

Procedure
Information on signalment, stage of lactation, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic data, surgical diagnosis, procedure(s) performed, and necropsy findings were retrieved from medical records of all cattle included in this study. Differences between physical examination findings of cattle with concurrent disease and those of cattle with uncomplicated displacements were evaluated, as were differences between survival rates in cattle with focal versus diffuse peritonitis.

Results
Cattle with concurrent disease had a greater probability of having pneumoperitoneum and signs of abdominal pain identified on physical examination than did cattle with uncomplicated diseases. There was no relationship between clinicopathologic data and survival time. Short-term survival rate was 38%, and degree of peritonitis significantly influenced survival time in cattle with concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration. Long-term survival rate in these cattle was 14%.

Clinical Implications
Cattle with concurrent displaced abomasum and perforating ulceration have a poor chance for survival. In addition to detection of displaced abomasum, physical examination findings that can help lead to a presurgical diagnosis of this syndrome are pneumoperitoneum and signs of abdominal pain. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1442–1445)
Effect of storage conditions on cortisol, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in serum and plasma of dogs
Authors: Behrend Ellen Nicole , Kemppainen Robert James , Young Diane White 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine for dogs stability of cortisol, thyroxine (T4). and free thyroxine (fT4) in plasma and serum stored in glass or plastic tubes at −20, 4, 25, and 37 C.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
Phase I, 7 Greyhounds; Phase II, 6 mixed breed dogs.

Procedure
Phase I: blood was obtained after administration of thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin. Serum and plasma samples from each dog were divided into 8 aliquots, 4 in glass and 4 in plastic tubes. A pair of aliquots, 1 in plastic and 1 in glass, were stored at −20, 4, 25, or 37 C for 5 days and then assayed for hormones. Phase II: blood was obtained without prior stimulation. For fT4 determination, serum from each dog was placed in plastic or glass tubes, assayed immediately, stored at −20 C for 5 days, and reassayed. Aliquots from each dog were also stored for 1 day at 4 or 25 C and then assayed. Samples for cortisol determination were handled as in phase I.

Results
Phase I: there was no effect of tube type (glass vs plastic) on cortisol. Cortisol concentrations decreased after storage in serum at 4, 25, and 37 C, and in plasma at 37 C, compared with storage at −20 C. There was no effect of sample type (serum or plasma) on T4. Thyroxine concentrations increased after storage at 37 C in glass, compared with storage at −20 C. The fT4 concentrations were lower in serum than plasma after storage at −20 C. Concentrations of fT4 increased after storage at 37 C in glass, compared with storage at −20 C. Phase II: the fT4 concentrations did not change after storage in any condition. There was no effect of tube type on cortisol concentrations. Serum cortisol concentrations decreased after storage at 37 C, compared with storage at −20 C.

Clinical Implications
For cortisol, cooling of plasma is not necessary, but serum should be shipped cold. For T4 and fT4, serum is sufficient; contained within plastic tubes, samples can be shipped without cooling if assayed within 5 days. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1564–1568)
Comparison of serum cortisol concentrations in clinically normal dogs after administration of freshly reconstituted versus reconstituted and stored frozen cosyntropin
Authors: Frank Linda A. , Oliver Jack W. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate the biological stability of reconstituted cosyntropin after storage at −20 C for 2, 4, and 6 months.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
10 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure
Serum cortisol concentrations in dogs were determined before and 1 hour after administration of freshly reconstituted cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) or cosyntropin that had been reconstituted and stored frozen at −20 C in plastic syringes for 2, 4, and 6 months. Cosyntropin was administered at 5 μg/kg (2.3 μg/lb) of body weight, IV.

Results
Baseline serum cortisol concentrations were similar at each sampling time. Compared with the effects of freshly reconstituted cosyntropin, administration of cosyntropin that had been frozen did not have a significantly different effect on serum cortisol concentrations.

Clinical lmplications
Cosyntropin can be reconstituted and stored frozen at −20 C in plastic syringes for 6 months with no adverse effects on bioactivity of the polypeptide. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1569–1571)
Owner experiences with home use of a gastrostomy tube in their dog or cat
Authors: Seaman Rebecca , Legendre Alfred M. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To describe owner experiences with gastrostomy tubes used at home.

Design
Telephone survey.

Animals
20 cats and 5 dogs.

Procedure
Owner's opinions obtained by phone interview.

Results
Although 32% (8/25) of owners were initially reluctant to feed their cat or dog through the gastrostomy tube, 92% (22/24) of owners became comfortable with the procedure. Eighty-four percent (21/25) of owners were able to feed their dog or cat unassisted; 16% (4/25) required another person to help. Median time required for feeding was 19.8 minutes. Ninety-six percent (24/25) of owners believed their dog or cat was comfortable with the procedure. Eighty-four percent (21/25) of owners experienced complications or difficulties. Most problems involved bandage maintenance, administration of food through the syringe and tube, or acquisition of syringes and special foods. Ninety-six percent (22/23) of owners would be willing to use a gastrostomy tube again.

Clinical Implications
Most owners had positive experiences with the feeding experience and would be willing to use gastrostomy tube feeding again. Difficulties encountered by owners were not serious and could be avoided by specific client instruction. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1576–1578)
Dietary control of exertional rhabdomyolysis in horses
Authors: Valentine Beth A. , Hintz Harold F. , Freels Kristin M. , Reynolds Arleigh J. , Thompson Kent N. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether feeding a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet would decrease severity of exercise-induced muscle injury in horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Animals
19 horses with a history of exertional rhabdomyolysis.

Design
Case series.

Procedure
Specimens of the semitendinosus or semimembranosus muscle were obtained for histologic examination, and serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities 4 hours after exercise were determined. Horses were then fed a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet, and serum CK and AST activities 4 hours after exercise were reevaluated at approximately monthly intervals for 3 to 6 months.

Results
Serum CK and AST activities 4 hours after exercise were high before any change in diet. All 19 horses had evidence of chronic myopathic change and abnormal glycogen accumulation in muscle biopsy specimens; 11 horses also had evidence of complex polysaccharide accumulation. Adaptation to diet change required approximately 3 to 6 months. Sixteen horses did not have any episodes of exertional rhabdomyolysis after 3 to 6 months of diet change, and 3 horses had mild episodes of exertional rhabdomyolysis following either a reduction in dietary fat intake or restriction in exercise. Postexercise serum CK and AST activities 3 to 6 months after the change in diet were significantly less than initial values.

Clinical Implications
Results indicated that exertional rhabdomyolysis may be a result of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in some horses. Feeding a diet with low carbohydrate and high fat content may reduce severity of exercise-induced injury in some horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1588–1593).
Associations between body condition and disease in cats
Authors: Scarlett Janet M. , Donoghue Susan 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the association between body condition and disease in cats.

Design
Prospective study.

Sample Population
Information on 1,457 cats without major illnesses from 27 veterinary hospitals in the northeastern United States.

Procedure
Cats that had body conditions determined from 1991 to 1992, using a set of 6 body condition silhouettes, had their health experiences and body conditions assessed for the subsequent 4.5 years. Cats were described by the following 6 body conditions: cachectic, lean, optimally lean, optimal weight, heavy, and obese. Data obtained from medical records and owner interviews were collected, using standard forms. Associations between body condition and specific diseases were analyzed. Findings in cats with body conditions other than optimal were compared with findings in cats with optimal body condition.

Results
Compared with optimal weight cats, heavy cats were 2.9 times as likely to be taken to veterinarians because of lameness not associated with cat bite abscesses. Obese cats were also 3.9 times as likely to develop diabetes mellitus, 2.3 times as likely to develop nonallergic skin conditions, and 4.9 times as likely to develop lameness requiring veterinary care. Cats considered thin (cachectic and lean) were 1.7 times as likely to be presented to veterinary hospitals for diarrhea.

Clinical Implications
Results of this study substantiate reports of health risks associated with excess body weight in cats. Efforts to reduce weight in heavy and obese cats can lead to reduced risks of diabetes mellitus, lameness (presumably related to osteoarthritis and soft-tissue injuries), and skin problems unrelated to allergies. Cachectic and lean cats are more likely to have diarrhea that is not associated with a definitive diagnosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1725–1731)
Development and duration of antibody response against Ehrlichia equi in horses
Authors: Andel Amy E. Van , Magnarelli Louis A. , Heimer Robert , Wilson Mark L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To characterize antibody response in horses with clinical signs of Ehrlichia equi infection.

Design
Prospective study.

Animals
13 horses with confirmed acute E equi infection.

Procedure
Sequential serum sampling was performed in Connecticut and New York during 1995 and 1996 to identify horses with naturally acquired equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (EGE). Horses with clinical signs of EGE (ie, fever without respiratory involvement) were confirmed as having E equi infection by polymerase chain reaction detection of ehrlichial DNA and by a minimum fourfold increase in total antibody titer by indirect fluorescent antibody staining methods. Infection was corroborated by use of DNA sequencing.

Results
11 of 13 horses did not have detectable antibody in serum samples obtained at onset of disease. Seroconversion was evident in samples obtained 19 to 81 days thereafter. Median time to peak antibody response was 46 days after onset and median titer was 1:320. For 11 of 13 horses, antibody titers were ≤ 1:40 by 215 days after onset.

Clinical Implications
E equi was found in horses in the northeastern United States and caused EGE. Concentration of antibodies to E equi increased within 19 to 81 days of disease onset and were low during early weeks of infection. Therefore, antibody detection may be of limited value for early serologic diagnosis. We suggest that disease may develop from a reinfection, and retrospective serologic studies to determine exposure to E equi may reflect a disproportionate number of negative reactions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1910–1914)
Cycad palm toxicosis in dogs: 60 cases (1987-1997)
Authors: Albretsen Jay C. , Khan Safdar A. , Richardson Jill A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To report clinical and epidemiologic information, summarize characteristic clinical signs and laboratory results, and describe the expected course of cycad toxicosis in dogs.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
60 dogs with evidence of cycad ingestion.

Procedure
The National Animal Poison Control Center's case record database was searched for records of dogs ingesting cycad plants from January 1987 to November 1997. Data were retrieved on clinical signs, laboratory test results, exposure history, and physical examination findings. Cases were assessed as toxicosis, suspected toxicosis, or possible toxicosis.

Results
Records from 60 dogs were retrieved; 89.7% of the dogs were from the southern United States, 38.7% ingested seeds, 95% developed liver and gastrointestinal tract problems, and 53.3% had abnormal neurologic signs. High serum bilirubin concentration and alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase activities were the most common serum biochemical abnormalities. Although clinical signs were observed within 1 day, laboratory values did not change for 24 to 48 hours after cycad ingestion. Mortality rate was reportedly 32.1 %.

Clinical Implications
68% of dogs responded well to treatment and supportive care. Dogs ingesting seeds are likely to develop more serious problems. Clinical signs can develop within 1 to 3 days and can last for several days. A tentative diagnosis should be made on the basis of history of ingestion, clinical signs, and duration of signs. Because of the nature of these toxins, cycad ingestion is serious and should be treated aggressively. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:99-101)
Comparison of four regimens for intraoral administration of medication to induce sedation in cats prior to euthanasia
Authors: Wetzel Randolph W. , Ramsay Edward C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To compare 4 regimens for intraoral administration of medication to induce sedation in cats prior to euthanasia.

Design
Prospective randomized clinical study.

Animals
36 cats.

Procedure
Cats were assigned to 4 groups (9 cats/group). Cats in each group were given the following medications: group 1, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg [0.23 mg/lb] of body weight); group 2, ketamine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg [2.3 mg/lb]); group 3, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg); and group 4, detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb]). All medications were administered by squirting the drug or drug combination into the mouth of a cat, using a syringe or, for intractable cats, a remote delivery device. Cats were evaluated for degree of sedation at 3-minute intervals for 60 minutes.

Results
Of the 9 cats in group 1, 7 assumed lateral recumbency. Mean (± SD) interval from administration of medication to lateral recumbency was 15 ± 3 minutes. For group-2 cats, 1 cat achieved sternal recumbency (sternally recumbent and unable to stand), whereas the remaining 8 cats achieved mild to moderate degrees of sedation. For group 3, 6 of 9 cats assumed lateral recumbency (mean, 16.5 ± 3.7 minutes). For group 4, all 9 cats assumed lateral recumbency (mean, 17 ± 8 minutes).

Clinical Implications
Analysis of results of this study indicated that a combination of detomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) administered intraorally provided an effective and reliable method for sedating cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:243-245)
Cobalt 60 irradiation of pituitary gland tumors in three cats with acromegaly
Authors: Goossens Marielle M. C. , Feldman Edward C. , Nelson Richard W. , Theon Alain P. , Koblik Philip D. , Elliott Denise A. , Rutteman Gerard R. 
Published: December 2023

The most common cause of naturally developing acromegaly in cats is a growth hormone-secreting adenoma of the pituitary pars distalis somatotropic cells.
Irradiation of pituitary gland tumors in cats with acromegaly may result in transient or long-term resolution of acromegaly and diabetes mellitus.
Diabetic cats with acromegaly may have a history of weight loss instead of weight gain.