bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission of a Bacillus thuringiensis cry3Aa transgene from diploid to tetraploid potato using 4x‐2x hybridization: effect of ploidy increase on transgene expression and implications for TPS hybrid production
Authors: Johnson A. A. T. , Nault B. A. , Veilleux R. E. , Salamini F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe study examined the effect of ploidy elevation through unreduced gametes on transgene expression in potato. Tetraploid transgenic progenies were obtained from one tetraploid potato cultivar crossed with 2n pollen producing diploid clones harbouring an exogenous transgene (cry3Aa). Both single‐ and multiple‐insert diploid transgenic lines that were regenerated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens leaf disc inoculation were used in crosses. A DAS‐ELISA system and no‐choice feeding bioassay enabled characterization of the parental lines as either ‘high’ or low’ expressers of the Cry3Aa protein. High Cry3Aa expression was observed for both single‐insert transgenic diploids and their 4x‐2x progeny. On the contrary, 68% of 4x‐2x progeny derived from a multiple‐insert, diploid transgenic had significantly reduced Cry3Aa expression compared with the parent, with 32% demonstrating nearly complete silencing of the transgene. Multiple copies of a transgene, like homologous native genes, may be susceptible to transgene silencing following polyploidization. Therefore, incorporation of exogenous transgenes into a true potato seed (TPS) production system is feasible if a single‐insert diploid parent is used. Gene‐centromere mapping of the cry3Aa transgene demonstrated that a non‐transgenic refuge might be naturally created in a TPS hybrid system through genetic recombination.
An early scientific approach to heredity by the plant breeder Wilhelm Rimpau (1842‐1903)
Authors: Meinel A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWilhelm Rimpau (1842–1903), independently of Gregor Mendel, observed all the regular patterns which are central to breeding methods with self‐pollinating plants and which were later interpreted in terms of Mendel's Laws of Inheritance. The different approaches of Rimpau and Mendel to heredity ‐ due to their different objectives ‐laid the foundations over the course of the late 19th century of two new promising disciplines: modern plant breeding and genetics.
Nongovernmental Organizations as Intermediaries for Decentralization in Bolivia
Authors: Kohl Ben 
Published: June 2003

During the implementation of the 1994 Law of Popular Participation (LPP) nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) assumed a new role as intermediaries between the government and the Bolivian population. The law, at the heart of a decentralization program, transferred 20% of the national budget to municipalities, established participatory planning, and mandated oversight by grass-roots territorial organizations. In some cases, NGOs with long-term commitments to an area have served as effective planning agents, successfully assisting a relatively democratic process of decentralization, and using their project-writing expertise to find matching grants to leverage revenue-sharing funds. Perhaps most important, some NGOs have educated residents of small municipalities about their rights to participate in local planning and budgeting. At the same time, rivalries between NGOs, NGO control of planning, and the failure to establish a permanent presence in a municipality have limited NGO effectiveness. Despite these shortcomings, NGOs have the potential to help prevent local elite cooption of the LPP and the corruption found throughout the country as small municipalities develop the technical capacity to direct local development. Examination of the Bolivian experience offers lessons both on the opportunities and on the limitations of NGOs as partners with governments that seek efficient and more equitable solutions to problems of local development. This assessment is particularly important as multilateral donors and institutions have consistently used Bolivia over the past fifteen years to experiment with new policy models which they later apply elsewhere in the developing world.
The Theory of Differential Overqualification: Does it Work?
Authors: Büchel Felix , Battu Harminder 
Published: June 2003

Abstract The theory of differential overqualification, developed by Robert Frank (1978),claims that married women in smaller labour markets have a higher risk of workingin jobs for which they are overqualified. This stems from the problem of dual jobsearch for couples which is much more difficult to optimize than single job search.Here, for several reasons husbands tend to first optimize their individual job search.Their wives are `tied movers' or `tied stayers' in the sense that their job search isundertaken under the condition that the job search of their husbands is optimized.This leads especially in smaller labour markets to a higher risk of a mismatchbetween formal qualifications and job requirements. The only specific empiricaltest of this theory, until now, has been performed by McGoldrick and Robst (1996). Their results, using US data, do not support the theory. Using Germanpanel data (GSOEP), we also test the theory of differential overqualification.Unlike previous studies we control for commuting distances and our own resultsprovide some mixed support for the differential overqualification hypothesis.
Central Bankers and Central Bank Independence
Authors: Beblavy Miroslav 
Published: June 2003

Abstract This paper uses results of a questionnaire survey to look at how central bankers inthe Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia view various criteria of centralbank independence and compares their responses with central bankers in industrialcountries. Central bankers from both groups agree very strongly on the importanceof two pillars of central bank independence: goal independence and freedom toimplement these goals, together with a system of how credit is granted by a centralbank to a government that gives the central bank powers to determine terms andlimits the extent of such credit. Based on the responses, the paper also identifiessome weaknesses of the most frequently used indices of central bank independenceand makes recommendations on how to improve them.
Another Piece in the Feldstein — Horioka Puzzle
Authors: Abbott Andrew J. , Vita Glauco De 
Published: June 2003

AbstractUsing UK quarterly data, we re‐examine the nature and degree of the relationshipbetween savings and investment by means of a newly developed bounds testingprocedure to cointegration within an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)framework. Our finding of cointegration in all samples considered is consistent withthe view that the long‐run relationship between savings and investment is notexclusively dependent upon the level of financial integration. The evidence alsoindicates that this relationship weakens after the abolition of UK controls oncapital flows in 1979, suggesting that the Feldstein‐Horioka framework providesat least a partial measure of the degree of capital mobility.
Public Investment Rules and Endogenous Growth with Empirical Evidence From Canada
Authors: Kalyvitis Sarantis 
Published: June 2003

Abstract This paper examines theoretically and empirically the effects of public investmentrules on output growth in an economy with private and public capital. It is shownthat the decisions on public capital formation are closely associated with the growthrate of output and generate endogenous growth. A permanent change in the policyrule implies a new long‐run growth rate of output, but the economy will onlygradually approach the new steady‐state due to adjustment costs in private capitalaccumulation. The model predictions are tested using data from Canada for theperiod 1955‐1999. The data support the endogenous growth hypothesis and thetwo central assumptions of the model: (i) the growth rate of output follows closelythe rate of infrastructure formation and (ii) private capital formation also followsthe rate of infrastructure formation but adjusts with a delay.
Quantifying Central Hypotheses on Environmental Kuznets Curves for a Rich Economy: A Computable General Equilibrium Study
Authors: Bruvoll Annegrete , Fæhn Taran , Strøm Birger 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe investigate whether the future relationships between several pollutants and per capita income in rich countries may assume the inverted U‐forms of Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC). The emission‐augmenting effect of scaling up aggregate economic activity can be counteracted by greener composition of production and consumption, technological progress, and increased demand for environmental quality and policy. To quantify the importance of these central hypotheses, we use a CGE model with endogenous policy for Norway. Our results suggest significant future effects of all these three counteracting mechanisms. For most local and regional pollutants, they may be strong enough to prolong the falling emission trends. However, we cannot rely on reductions in emissions of climate gases and some transport‐related local pollutants. Our results also indicate that pollution leakages abroad are likely to take place.
Estimating Households’ Preferences for Environmental Amenities Using Equilibrium Models of Local Jurisdictions
Authors: Wu JunJie , Cho Seong‐Hoon 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMuch research has focused on the development of equilibrium models of local jurisdictions to analyze the formation of social structures and community characteristics. These models, however, have been subjected to little empirical testing. In a recent paper, Epple and Sieg (1999) developed a new method for estimating equilibrium models of local jurisdictions, but they did not include environmental amenities in their empirical application. In this paper, we extend and apply this new method to estimate households’ preferences for alternative environmental amenities in the Portland Oregon metropolitan area. We show that estimated structural parameters would be biased if environmental amenities are ignored. By including amenities into the structural models of local jurisdictions, households’ preferences for alternative environmental amenities and public goods are estimated. Parameter values underlying households’ residential choices are uncovered. Many of the empirical regularities observed in the data are replicated (JEL R1, R2, Q2).
Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization of Norbornene in the Presence of Heteroatom-substituted Vinylic Compounds: Highly Selective Synthesis of End-functionalized Poly(norbornene)s
Authors: Katayama Hiroyuki , Urushima Hideto , Ozawa Fumiyuki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Heteroatom-substituted vinylic compounds including vinyl ether, acetate, sulfide, and pyrrolidinone have been found to serve as efficient chain-transfer agents for ring-opening metathesis polymerization of norbornene in the presence of vinylideneruthenium complexes as the catalyst precursors, leading to selective formation of poly(norbornene)s with end-functionalities.
Oxidation of Cyclopentene by H2O2 to Glutaraldehyde over the WO3/SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Jin Ronghua , Xia Xin , Xue Di , Deng Jing-Fa 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A novel WO3/SiO2 was designed for the catalytic oxidation of cyclopentene by H2O2 to glutaraldehyde. In comparison with those homogeneous catalysts, it seems more suitable for the industrial process owing to the high yield of glutaraldehyde and easy separation of the present catalyst from reaction products.
Novel Direct Preparation of n-Butyl 2-Amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside from Chitosan and n-Butanol Using Biocatalyst
Authors: Matsumura Shuichi , Yao Eiya , Sakiyama Kazuya , Toshima Kazunobu 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
n-Butyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside (C4GlcN) was prepared by the novel direct transglycosylation reaction of chitosan and n-butanol using the resting cells of Penicillium funiculosum KY616 as the enzyme source of exo-β-d-glucosaminidase. Using this strain, a versatile synthetic intermediate, C4GlcN, was prepared in a yield of 210 mg/g chitosan when chitosan and n-butanol were incubated at a temperature of 30 °C and pH 4 for 2 d.
Hydrogen-Treated Active Carbon Supported Palladium Catalysts for Wet Air Oxidation of Ammonia
Authors: Takayama Hideki , Jiang-Yan Qin , Inazu Koji , Aika Ken-ichi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Almost complete conversion of dilute aqueous ammonia (1.5 g-NH3 dm−3) to dinitrogen has been attained over a hydrogen-treated active carbon supported (3 wt%) Pd catalyst under a rather mild condition (2.0 MPa of air, 453 K). The hydrophobicity of the support surface is considered to be important to provide high activity and selectivity in Pd catalysis.
Temperature-Induced Precipitation of Specific DNA Fragments Using DNA-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Conjugate
Authors: Umeno Daisuke , Maeda Mizuo 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Soluble conjugates between double stranded DNA and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (polyNIPAAm) was synthesized and applied to the selective separation of DNA fragments: the target fragments were connected to the DNA-polyNIPAAm conjugate with the aid of T4 DNA ligase, followed by temperature-induced precipitation. Target DNA was collected from the resultant precipitate in high purity.
Facilitated Ion-Transfer of a Hydrophobic Tetraalkylammonium Ion in Nitrobenzene to Aqueous Phase by Humic Acid
Authors: Ichihashi Keiko , Ichimura Akio , Doe Hidekazu , Teranishi Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Ion transfer at an interface of organic nitrobenzene and aqueous phases was polarographically studied in the presence of humic acid using an ascending aqueous electrode. The transfer of hydrophobic tetraheptylammonium cation as a supporting electrolyte ion in nitrobenzene to the aqueous phase was greatly facilitated by the incorporation into the micelle-like humic acid aggregates formed around CMC of humic acid.
Flyash as Support for Ni Catalysts in Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane
Authors: Wang Shaobin , Lu GQ , Zhu HT 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A series of Ni catalysts supported on flyash treated by various chemical methods was tested for carbon dioxide reforming of methane. Ni catalyst on the flyash treated with CaO (Ni/Ash-CaO) shows high conversion and stability, being close to those of the well-reported Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/SiO2 catalysts with conversions approaching thermodynamic equilibrium levels.
Artificial Biocatalyst Prepared by the Surface Molecular Imprinting Technique
Authors: Toorisaka Eiichi , Yoshida Masahiro , Uezu Kazuya , Goto Masahiro , Furusaki Shintaro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A novel artificial biocatalyst that catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction was prepared by a surface molecular imprinting technique. The properties of the artificial biocatalysts were investigated in the hydrolysis reaction of an amino acid derivative in a biphasic system. The enzyme-mimic biocatalyst showed a high activity and maintained high stability for a long time. We demonstrate that the surface molecular imprinting technique is effective for designing novel artificial enzyme materials.
Synthesis and Structure of NLO-active 8,8-Dicyano-3-(4′-N,N-dimethylamino)phenylheptafulvene
Authors: Otani Hiroyuki , Mizuguchi Jin 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Some new 8,8-dicyanophenylheptafulvene derivatives have been synthesized, among which the title compound 1a is found to crystallize in the polar space group of P1 showing non-linear optical characteristics. Compound 1a is composed of a strong acceptor of the dicyanomethylene group and a strong donor of the dimethylamino group, both of which are combined with the π-conjugated phenylheptafulvene skeleton.
Regulation of Redox Properties of 6-Azaflavin by Hydrogen Bonding with a Receptor in Chloroform-Acetonitrile
Authors: Kajiki Takeshi , Moriya Hideki , Hoshino Kazuhiko , Kondo Shin-ichi , Yano Yumihiko 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A melamine derivative bearing two guanidinium ions binds 6-azaflavin via hydrogen bonds at N(1), C(2)=O, N(3)–H, C(4)=O, N(5), and N(6) positions, and affects considerably the redox properties in CHCl3 containing 20% (v/v) CH3CN.
A New Chiral Molecular Square with D4 Symmetry Composed of Enantiomerically Pure Spirosilane
Authors: Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Ishii Hiroyuki , Tamao Kohei 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A cyclic tetramer of optically active spirosilane 1 was prepared as a new chiral molecular square with D4 symmetry by the Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction, which shows a larger anisotropy factor gabs in the CD spectrum relative to a series of linear oligomers of 1.
Novel Dihydridoruthenium(II) Complexes with Chelating Diphosphine Ligands, RuH2(CO)(diphosphine)(PPh3) (diphosphine = dppe, dppp, dppb, and dppf)
Authors: Kawano Hiroyuki , Tanaka Rie , Fujikawa Tomoko , Hiraki Katsuma , Onishi Masayoshi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Ligand exchange of [RuH2(CO)(PPh3)3] with some diphosphine ligands affords a series of [RuH2(CO)(diphosphine)(PPh3)] (diphosphine = dppe, dppp, dppb, and dppf). The X-ray structure analysis of [RuH2(CO)(dppp)(PPh3)] reveals its distorted octahedral structure. The diphosphine ligand complexes react with styrene to generate ruthenium(0) species, which successively proceed with the intramolecular C-H addition to give the cyclometallated aryl(hydrido)ruthenium(II) species.
Preparation of Molybdenum Porphyrin Dioxygen Complexes without Bulky Substituents
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Sasaki Yoichi , Imamura Taira 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Molybdenum porphyrin dioxygen complexes without bulky substituents, MoVIO(ttp)(O2) 1 and MoVIO(tpp)(O2) 2 were successfully prepared by the direct dioxygenation of corresponding oxomolybdenum(IV) porphyrin complexes in the solid state.
Synthesis of (+)-(R)-1-Amino-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid through Lipase-Catalyzed Asymmetric Acetylation
Authors: Kirihara Masayuki , Takuwa Tomofumi , Kawasaki Masashi , Kakuda Hiroko , Hirokami Shun-ichi , Takahata Hiroki 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
(+)-(R)-1-Amino-2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid was synthesized via the lipase-catalyzed asymmetric acetylation of a pro-chiral diol as the key step.
Catalytic Decomposition of CF4 over AlPO4-Based Catalysts
Authors: Takita Yusaku , Morita Chiharu , Ninomiya Maiko , Wakamatsu Hironori , Nishiguchi Hiroyasu , Ishihara Tatsumi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The most stable perfluorocarbon, CF4, was decomposed to CO2 at above 550 °C in the presence of water vapor over AlPO4 in which 10 atomic % of Al ions are substituted by Ce. Catalytic activity slightly decreased within first 50 h and then took a stationary state for succeeding 50 h. No changes in the structure of catalyst were observed after 100 h reaction. Mg pyrophosphate and phosphates of Ca, B, Fe, Zn, Bi, and Ni were not active up to 700 °C. The addition of Ce, La, Pr, Nd, Gd, Yb, Er, or Y into AlPO4 increased the catalytic activity.
Mechanical Properties of Poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate) Hydrogels Synthesized under Direct Current Electric Fields with High Voltages
Authors: Shan Jun , Chen Jie , Shen Xu , Chen Ronghua 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The poly(acrylamide-sodium acrylate) hydrogels were synthesized by free polymerization under externally imposed electric fields. The mechanical properties of hydrogel were measured by tensile test. The results indicate that the Young’s modulus of hydrogel is increased with electric field strength. It is shown that the polymerization of polar monomer molecules with ordered arrangement in the direction of electric field results in the formation of orientated network structure hydrogel.
Preparation of New Robust Organic Gels by in situ Cross-link of a Bis(diacetylene) Gelator
Authors: Inoue Kazuhiko , Ono Yoshiyuki , Kanekiyo Yasumasa , Hanabusa Kenji , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Polymerizable gelator 1 which has two diacetylene groups as well as two amide groups showed an excellent gelation ability for many organic solvents. Photoirradiation readily induced polymerization in the gel phase but the polymerization results were dependent upon the gelation solvent. It was shown that the three-dimensional cross-link of these organic gels resulted in new robust gels, retaining their gel fiber super-structure.
One-Step Syntheses of Polyhalogenometal Complexes by Direct Dissolution of the Metals in Halogen-Halide-Acetonitrile Systems
Authors: Nakao Yukimichi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Polyhalogeno complexes of FeII, FeIII, NiII, CuI, CuII, ZnII, PdII, PdIV, AgI, SnII, SnIV, AuI, and AuIII are synthesized in one step by dissolving the corresponding metals in halogen-halide-acetonitrile systems.
Selective Isomerization of 2-Allylphenol to (Z)-2-Propenylphenol Catalyzed by Ru(cod)(cot)/PEt3
Authors: Sato Takehiro , Komine Nobuyuki , Hirano Masafumi , Komiya Sanshiro 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Ru(cod)(cot) (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene, cot = cycloocta-1,3,5-triene) catalyzes selective isomerization of 2-allylphenol to (Z)-2-propenylphenol in the presence of triethylphosphine with high yield (94%) and (Z)-selectivity (97%).
Intramolecular Energy Transfer of [60]Fullerene-linked Oligothiophenes
Authors: Yamashiro Takashi , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo , Tang Heqing , Harima Yutaka , Yamashita Kazuo 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
[60]Fullerene-linked quarter-, octi-, and duodeci-thiophenes have been synthesized, and their emission spectra demonstrate efficient intramolecular energy transfer from the thiophene moiety to the fullerene, whose rate constant largely depends on the chain length of the oligothiophene moiety.
Preparation and Characterization of a Zirconia Oxygen Sensor with an Internal Reference for Low-Temperature Operation
Authors: Kaneko Hiroyuki , Sato Hiroaki , Taimatsu Hitoshi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
A miniature zirconia oxygen sensor with a Ag-based electrode as a measuring electrode and with a Cu/Cu2O or Pd/PdO electrode as an internal reference electrode is workable at low temperatures even near 550 K in a wide range of oxygen pressures.
Mechanism of Photosensitized Chemiluminescence of 2-Methyl-6-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one (CLA) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Yasuta Norihiko , Takenaka Nobuo , Takemura Takeshi 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The photosensitized chemiluminescence (CL) of 2-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one (CLA) in aqueous solution of Rose Bengal near pH 7 has been investigated. Three time profiles (fast decay, fast rise–and–decay, and very slow decay components) of CL were observed at 380 nm. The former two terms were due to the Type II and Type I reactions, respectively. The intermediates of the each reactions were apparently different.
Chain Compound of Mixed-Valent Ruthenium Dimers Linked by Hydrogen-Bonding between the Axially Coordinated Nitronyl Nitroxide and Water Molecules
Authors: Sayama Yasuyoshi , Handa Makoto , Mikuriya Masahiro , Hiromitsu Ichiro , Kasuga Kuninobu 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
An adduct of ruthenium(II,III) dimer with nitronyl nitroxide, [{Ru2(O2CCMe3)4(nitme)2}{Ru2(O2CCMe3)4(H2O)2}]n(BF4)2n (nitme = 2,4,4,5,5-pentamethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazolyl-1-oxyl 3-oxide), which has a chain structure formed by hydrogen bonds between the axial nitme and water molecules, has been prepared and characterized by the X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility, and EPR measurements.
Rapid, Highly Linear-Selective Dehydrocoupling of Phenylsilane with New Group 4 Metallocene-Based Combination Catalysts
Authors: Woo Hee-Gweon , Song Sun-Jung 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The dehydrocoupling of phenylsilane with Cp′2MCl2/Red-Al (Cp′ = C5H5 or C5Me5; M = Ti, Zr, Hf; Red-Al = Na[H2Al(OCH2CH2OMe)2]) cormbination catalysts rapidly produces linear polyphenylsilanes, and the linear selectivity drastically decreases in the order of Cp(C5Me5)Hf &gt; Cp2Hf &gt; Cp(C5Me5)Zr &gt; Cp2Zr &gt; Cp2Ti; in the presence of solvent (neat &gt; toluene &gt; THF) and 4 Å molecular sieve; with heating.