bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Replacement of
Candida albicans
with
C. dubliniensis
in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Oropharyngeal Candidiasis Treated with Fluconazole
Authors: Martinez Marcos , López-Ribot José L. , Kirkpatrick William R. , Coco Brent J. , Bachmann Stefano P. , Patterson Thomas F. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Candida dubliniensis
is an opportunistic yeast that has been increasingly implicated in oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients but may be underreported due to its similarity with
Candida albicans.
Although most
C. dubliniensis
isolates are susceptible to fluconazole, the inducibility of azole resistance in vitro has been reported. Thus, the use of fluconazole prophylaxis in the treatment of these patients may have contributed to the increasing rates of isolation of
C. dubliniensis.
In this study, yeast strains were collected from the oral cavities of HIV-infected patients enrolled in a longitudinal study of OPC. Patients received fluconazole for the suppression or treatment of OPC, and isolates collected at both study entry and end of study were chosen for analysis. Samples were plated on CHROMagar
Candida
medium for initial isolation and further identified by Southern blot analysis with the species-specific probes Ca3 (for
C. albicans
) and Cd25 (for
C. dubliniensis
). Fluconazole MICs were determined by using NCCLS methods. At study entry, susceptible
C. albicans
isolates were recovered from oral samples in 42 patients who were followed longitudinally (1 to 36 months).
C. albicans
strains from 12 of these patients developed fluconazole resistance (fluconazole MIC, ≥64 μg/ml).
C. dubliniensis
was not detected at end of study in any of these patients. Of the remaining 30 patients, eight (27%) demonstrated a replacement of
C. albicans
by
C. dubliniensis
when a comparison of isolates obtained at baseline and those from the last culture was done. For the 22 of these 30 patients in whom no switch in species was detected, the fluconazole MICs for initial and end-of-study
C. albicans
isolates ranged from 0.125 to 2.0 μg/ml. For the eight patients in whom a switch to
C. dubliniensis
was detected, the fluconazole MICs for
C. dubliniensis
isolates at end of study ranged from 0.25 to 64 μg/ml: the fluconazole MICs for isolates from six patients were 0.25 to 2.0 μg/ml and those for the other two were 32 and 64 μg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, a considerable number of patients initially infected with
C. albicans
strains that failed to develop fluconazole resistance demonstrated a switch to
C. dubliniensis. C. dubliniensis
in this setting may be underestimated due to lack of identification and may occur due to the impact of fluconazole on the ecology of oral yeast species.
Weak Association between SEN Virus Viremia and Liver Disease
Authors: Yoshida Hideo , Kato Naoya , Shiratori Yasushi , Shao Runxuan , Wang Yue , Shiina Shuichiro , Omata Masao 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT
Recently, a novel DNA virus designated SEN virus (SEN-V), which is thought to be related to posttransfusion hepatitis, was discovered. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between SEN-V infection and the development of liver disease. We examined SEN-V from the sera of 21 patients with non-B, non-C hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and 13 patients with non-B, non-C chronic liver disease (CLD) without HCC who were admitted to our hospital between 1995 and 1997. Thirty-two patients without liver disease served as controls and were also examined for SEN-V. SEN-V DNA was detected by the nested PCR method after extraction of DNA from serum. SEN-V DNA was detected in 74% (25 of 34) of patients with CLD with or without HCC who were negative for both hepatitis B virus surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody. SEN-V DNA was detected in 69% (9 of 13) of CLD patients without HCC and in 76% (16 of 21) of HCC patients. The prevalence of SEN-V was no higher in patients with liver disease than in patients without liver disease (24 of 32; 75%). There were no significant differences in age, sex, liver function, history of blood transfusion, or amount of alcohol intake between SEN-V-positive and SEN-V-negative CLD and HCC patients. Genetic analysis suggested that SEN-V is closely related to the TT virus family. SEN-V was detected at almost the same frequency in patients with and without liver disease. SEN-V does not seem to contribute either to the pathogenesis of liver disease or to the development of HCC from chronic liver disease.
Cavitary Pneumonia in an AIDS Patient Caused by an Unusual
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Variant Producing Reduced Amounts of Pertactin and Other Major Antigens
Authors: Lorenzo-Pajuelo Benito , Villanueva José Luis , Rodríguez-Cuesta Juan , Vergara-Irigaray Nuria , Bernabeu-Wittel Máximo , Garcia-Curiel Andrés , Martínez de Tejada Guillermo 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Although
Bordetella bronchiseptica
can infect and colonize immunocompromised humans, its role as a primary pathogen in pneumonia and other respiratory processes affecting those patients remains controversial. A case of cavitary pneumonia caused by
B. bronchiseptica
in an AIDS patient is presented, and the basis of the seemingly enhanced pathogenic potential of this isolate (designated 814) is investigated.
B. bronchiseptica
was the only microorganism recovered from sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and samples taken through the protected brush catheter. Unlike previous work reporting the involvement of
B. bronchiseptica
in cases of pneumonia, antibiotic treatment selected on the basis of in vitro antibacterial activity resulted in clearance of the infection and resolution of the pulmonary infiltrate. Although isolate 814 produced reduced amounts of several major antigens including at least one Bvg-activated factor (pertactin), the molecular basis of this deficiency was found to be BvgAS independent since the defect persisted after the
bvgAS
locus of isolate 814 was replaced with a wild-type
bvgAS
allele. Despite its prominent phenotype, isolate 814 displayed only a modest yet a significant deficiency in its ability to colonize the respiratory tracts of immunocompetent rats at an early time point. Interestingly, the antibody response elicited by isolate 814 in these animals was almost undetectable. We propose that isolate 814 may be more virulent in immunocompromised patients due, at least in part, to its innate ability to produce low amounts of immunogenic factors which may be required at only normal levels for the interaction of this pathogen with its immunocompetent natural hosts.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Urine Specimens from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Women
Authors: Brinkman Joeli A. , Jones W. Elizabeth , Gaffga Ann M. , Sanders Jonathan A. , Chaturvedi Anil K. , Slavinsky Joseph , Clayton John L. , Dumestre Jeanne , Hagensee Michael E. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women may represent one of the fastest-growing populations at risk for acquiring cervical cancer and thus require frequent screening. The purpose of the present studies was to validate a PCR-based urine assay by comparing detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in urine samples and matching cervical swab specimens of HIV-positive women. Despite a difference in amplifiability, the prevalence of any HPV genotype (58% for the cervical swab specimens and 48% for the urine specimens) was not significantly different in this population. The levels of concordance were 70, 71, and 78% for detection of any HPV type, any high-risk HPV type, or any low-risk HPV type in the two specimen types, respectively. While instances of discordant detection were greater for the cervical swab specimens than for the urine specimens, this was not statistically significant. The distributions of HPV genotypes were similar in the cervix and the urine for the majority of types examined. Importantly, detection of HPV DNA in urine was associated with an abnormal Papanicolaou smear to the same extent that detection of HPV DNA in a cervical swab specimen was. These data provide preliminary support for the proposal to use urine testing as a primary or secondary screening tool for cervical cancer in HIV-positive women or as an epidemiological tool. Additional studies with larger sample sizes must be conducted in order to further verify these findings.
Reactive Nitrogen Intermediates Have a Bacteriostatic Effect onMycobacterium tuberculosisIn Vitro
Authors: Firmani Marcia A. , Riley Lee W. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACTSusceptibility of six isolates ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(CB3.3, CDC1551, RJ2E, C.C.13, H37Rv, and H37Ra) and two isolates ofMycobacterium bovis(Ravenel and BCG) to reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) was determined by standard in vitro survival assays. After 21 days of incubation, the survival of most strains exposed to either acidified sodium nitrite (ASN) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was significantly lower than the same strains unexposed to these RNI or ROI products. However, after 50 days of incubation, these differences in susceptibility became less apparent for strains exposed to ASN but not for strains exposed to H2O2. The recovery of these strains after exposure to RNI suggests that the effect of RNI onM. tuberculosisis bacteriostatic. The in vitro concentrations of ROI and RNI used in these assays were higher than those expected in vivo. These observations suggest that, in vivo, RNI expression at physiologically achievable concentrations may keepM. tuberculosisfrom proliferating but that removal of RNI may allow the organisms to proliferate. Furthermore, the ability of someM. tuberculosisstrains to cause rapidly progressive disease may relate to their intrinsic levels of RNI and ROI resistance.
Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Diverse Species and of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 by Using Consensus Primers within the
pol
Region
Authors: Masciotra Silvina , Yang Chunfu , Pieniazek Danuta , Thomas Chanda , Owen Sherry M. , McClure Harold M. , Lal Renu B. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) is the result of cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sooty mangabey monkeys to humans. Primer pairs (intHIV-2/SIV) based on a region of integrase that has considerable homology across HIV-2 and SIV lineages were designed to develop a broadly cross-reactive molecular assay to detect lentivirus infection in primates. The intHIV-2/SIV primers detect HIV-2 and simian viruses SIVcpz, SIVsmm, SIVsyk, SIVagm, and SIVmnd. The primers are also capable of amplifying some HIV-1 strains. Additionally, sequences from the integrase amplicons were of sufficient genetic diversity to permit not only phylogenetic clustering of all simian viruses to their respective lineages but also HIV type and group classification. Thus, the primers described here provide a method to detect primate lentiviruses from diverse species of nonhuman primates, as well as from persons infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2.
groESL
Sequence Determination, Phylogenetic Analysis, and Species Differentiation for Viridans Group Streptococci
Authors: Teng Lee-Jene , Hsueh Po-Ren , Tsai Jui-Chang , Chen Pin-Wun , Hsu Jia-Chuan , Lai Hsin-Chih , Lee Chun-Nan , Ho Shen-Wu 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

The full-length sequences of the
groESL
genes (also known as
cpn10/60
) of
Streptococcus anginosus
,
Streptococcus constellatus
,
Streptococcus gordonii
, and
Streptococcus sanguis
and the near full-length sequence of the
groESL
genes of
Streptococcus intermedius
,
Streptococcus bovis
,
Streptococcus mitis
,
Streptococcus mutans
,
Streptococcus oralis
, and
Streptococcus salivarius
were determined. The lengths of the
groES
genes from the 10 species listed above ranged from 282 to 288 bp, and the full-length sequences of
groEL
determined for 4 species (
S. anginosus
,
S. constellatus
,
S. gordonii
, and
S. sanguis
) revealed that each was 1,623 bp. The intergenic region (spacer) between the
groES
and
groEL
genes varies in size (15 to 111 bp) and sequence between species. The variation of the
groES
sequences among the species tested was greater (62.1 to 95.1% nucleotide sequence identities) than that of the
groEL
sequences (77.2 to 95.2% nucleotide sequence identities). Phylogenetic analysis of the
groES
and
groEL
genes yielded evolutionary trees similar to the tree constructed by use of the 16S rRNA gene. The intraspecies variation of the spacer was minimal for clinical isolates of some species. The
groESL
sequence data provide an additional parameter for identification of viridans group streptococcal species.
Development and Evaluation of Rapid Urinary Antigen Detection Tests for Diagnosis of Penicilliosis Marneffei
Authors: Desakorn Varunee , Simpson Andrew J. H. , Wuthiekanun Vanaporn , Sahassananda Duangjai , Rajanuwong Adul , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Howe Paul A. , Smith Michael D. , White Nicholas J. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Penicilliosis, caused by the dimorphic fungus
Penicillium marneffei
, is an important opportunistic systemic fungal infection affecting immunocompromised individuals living in areas where penicilliosis is endemic. We have demonstrated previously that a urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with purified rabbit polyclonal antibody against killed whole-fission-form arthroconidia of
P. marneffei
was specific and highly sensitive for the diagnosis of penicilliosis. In this study, a dot blot ELISA and a latex agglutination (LA) test were developed with the same polyclonal antibody and compared with the ELISA for the detection of
P. marneffei
urinary antigen. Urine specimens from 37 patients with culture-proven penicilliosis and 300 controls (52 healthy subjects and 248 hospitalized patients without penicilliosis) were tested. Antigen was detected in urine from all 37 (100%) penicilliosis patients by the LA test, 35 (94.6%) penicilliosis patients by the dot blot ELISA, and 36 (97.3%) penicilliosis patients by the ELISA. False-positive results were found by the three assays for 2 (0.7%), 8 (2.7%), and 6 (2%) of 300 controls, respectively. The overall sensitivities of the diagnostic tests were as follows: dot blot ELISA, 94.6%; ELISA, 97.3%; and LA test, 100% (specificities, 97.3, 98, and 99.3%, respectively). The LA test is simple, robust, rapid, and convenient and should prove to be an important addition to the existing diagnostic tests for penicilliosis.
Molecular Characterization of Multiresistant
d
-Tartrate-Positive
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Paratyphi B Isolates
Authors: Miko Angelika , Guerra Beatriz , Schroeter Andreas , Dorn Christina , Helmuth Reiner 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Since 1996, the National Salmonella Reference Laboratory of Germany has received an increasing number of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Paratyphi B isolates. Nearly all of these belonged to the dextrorotatory tartrate-positive variant (
S
.
enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Paratyphi B dT
+
), formerly called
S
.
enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Java. A total of 55 selected contemporary and older
S
.
enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Paratyphi B dT
+
isolates were analyzed by plasmid profiling, antimicrobial resistance testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, IS
200
profiling, and PCR-based detection of integrons. The results showed a high genetic heterogeneity among 10 old strains obtained from 1960 to 1993. In the following years, however, new distinct multiresistant
S
.
enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Paratyphi B dT
+
clones emerged, and one clonal lineage successfully displaced the older ones. Since 1994, 88% of the isolates investigated were multiple drug resistant. Today, a particular clone predominates in some German poultry production lines, poultry products, and various other sources. It was also detected in contemporary isolates from two neighboring countries as well.
Identification ofAnaplasma phagocytophila(FormerlyEhrlichia phagocytophila) Variants in Blood from Sheep in Norway
Authors: Stuen Snorre , Van De Pol Ingrid , Bergström Karin , Schouls Leo M. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACTA total of 41 blood samples were collected from 40Anaplasma phagocytophila-infected sheep in 11 sheep flocks from four different counties of southern Norway. The presence and nature of theAnaplasmaspecies were identified by microscopic detection of morulae, PCR, reverse line blot hybridization, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.A. phagocytophilawas identified in all of the samples, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed the presence of four variants ofA. phagocytophila. Two of these variants have been described before, but two were newly identified 16S rRNA variants of this species.A. phagocytophilavariant 1 was found in nine flocks,A. phagocytophilavariant 2 was found in four flocks, theA. phagocytophilaprototype was found in two flocks, andA. phagocytophilavariant 5 was found in one flock. In two flocks, some sheep were infected withA. phagocytophilavariant 1, whereas others were infected withA. phagocytophilavariant 2, and in three animals a double infection with two variants was registered. Analyses of the blood samples revealed that blood from sheep infected withA. phagocytophilavariant 2 contained nearly twice as many neutrophils and eight times as manyAnaplasma-infected neutrophils as blood from sheep infected with theA. phagocytophilavariant 1. Furthermore, only 43% of theA. phagocytophilavariant 2-infected sheep displayed antibody responses in an immune fluorescence assay, whereas 93% of the sheep with theA. phagocytophilavariant 1-infected sheep were seropositive.
Comparison of Rapid, Automated Ribotyping and DNA Macrorestriction Analysis ofBurkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Inglis Timothy J. J. , O'Reilly Lyn , Foster Niki , Clair Adele , Sampson Judy 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACTAn automated ribotyping device (RiboPrinter) was used to determine the ribotypes of a collection ofBurkholderia pseudomalleiisolates. In a preliminary evaluation with the restriction enzymesBamHI andEcoRI, the protocol withEcoRI was more discriminating. The reproducibilities of the ribotypes obtained withEcoRI (EcoRI ribotypes) were determined by testing three levels of bacterial loads. The performance of the manufacturer's software was assessed by comparing the machine-optimized ribotypes with the type determined from the original gel image analyzed with Bionumerics software. The library ofB. pseudomallei EcoRI ribotypes was then compared with the ribotypes obtained by DNA macrorestriction analysis ofXbaI digests by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The typeability ofB. pseudomalleibyEcoRI ribotyping was 100%, and the discrimination index was 0.94. The slightly greater discrimination provided by DNA macrorestriction analysis (0.96) was achieved at the expense of a significantly longer processing time of 6 days, although the method was only half the cost of automated ribotyping. Typeability by macrorestriction analysis was lower (97%) unless a thiourea step was added to neutralize the action of Tris-dependent endonucleases. The digital record ofB. pseudomalleiisolates analyzed thus far provides a useful resource for future epidemiological studies and will help shorten the response time in the event of a further melioidosis outbreak or the deliberate release ofB. pseudomalleias a biohazard.
Testing Conditions for Determination of Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations of New and Established Antifungal Agents for
Aspergillus
spp.: NCCLS Collaborative Study
Authors: Espinel-Ingroff A. , Fothergill A. , Peter J. , Rinaldi M. G. , Walsh T. J. 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Standard conditions are not available for evaluating the minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of antifungal agents. This multicenter collaborative study investigated the reproducibility in three laboratories of itraconazole, posaconazole, ravuconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B MFCs for 15 selected isolates of
Aspergillus
spp. After MIC determinations for the 15 isolates in each center by the NCCLS M38-A broth microdilution method with four media, standard RPMI 1640 (RPMI), RPMI with 2% dextrose, antibiotic medium 3 (M3), and M3 with 2% dextrose, MFCs were determined for each isolate-medium-drug combination. MFCs were defined as the lowest drug dilutions that yielded <3 colonies (approximately 99 to 99.5% killing activity). The highest reproducibility (96 to 100%) was for amphotericin B MFCs with the four media. Although reproducibility was more variable and medium dependent for the azoles (91 to 98%), agreement was good to excellent for itraconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole MFCs with RPMI and M3 (93 to 98%). For posaconazole, the agreement was higher with M3 media (91 to 96%) than with RPMI media (91%). These data extend the refinement of testing guidelines for susceptibility testing of
Aspergillus
spp. and warrant consideration for introduction into future versions of the M38 document. The role of the MFC under these standardized testing conditions as a predictor of clinical outcome needs to be established in clinical trials.
Polyphyletic Strains of Hepatitis E Virus Are Responsible for Sporadic Cases of Acute Hepatitis in Japan
Authors: Mizuo Hitoshi , Suzuki Kazuyuki , Takikawa Yasuhiro , Sugai Yoshiki , Tokita Hajime , Akahane Yoshihiro , Itoh Keiichi , Gotanda Yuhko , Takahashi Masaharu , Nishizawa Tsutomu , Okamoto Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

ABSTRACT

Among 87 patients who were previously treated for acute hepatitis of unknown etiology between 1992 and 2001 at five hospitals in Japan, 11 (13%) patients were positive for immunoglobulin M-class antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) by enzyme immunoassay and had detectable HEV RNA by reverse transcription-PCR with two independent sets of primers derived from well-conserved genomic areas in open reading frames 1 and 2. Clinical HEV infection was significantly associated with male sex (9 of 11 versus 29 of 76 patients [
P
< 0.01]) and older age (52 ± 11 [mean ± standard deviation] versus 41 ± 17 years [
P
< 0.05]), and its prevalence differed by geographic region (6 to 25%), with a higher rate in the northern part of Japan. At admission, the 11 patients with HEV-associated hepatitis had elevated alanine aminotransferase levels of 914 to 4,850 IU/liter, and all but 1 had elevated bilirubin levels of 1.5 to 24.0 mg/dl. The 11 HEV isolates were of genotype III or IV and were segregated into three groups with intergroup nucleotide differences of 9.5 to 22.0%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that four isolates of genotype III were closely related to a Japanese isolate, while the other four isolates of the same genotype were nearest those from the United States. The remaining three isolates were close to known isolates of genotype IV in China and Taiwan but shared less than 88% identity with them. These results indicate that multiple genotypes of HEV cocirculate in Japan and contribute to the development of sporadic acute hepatitis, with the prevalence differing by age, sex, and geographic region.