bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Property Banking, Free Banking, and Branch Banking
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In an effort to encourage immigration and expand commercial agriculture, several southern states created and subsidized plantation banks designed to monetize agricultural economies and provide long‐term mortgage credit. These experiments typically failed, not because of the inherent inconsistency between issuing short‐term liabilities and holding long‐term assets, but due to unfortunate timing. Most were established in the mid‐1830s and could not establish themselves prior to the panics of 1837 and 1839. Other southern and western states allowed free banking, which was neither particularly good nor bad. Still other states built branch banking networks that performed well in good times and bad, largely because their small numbers encouraged intrabank and interbank cooperation.
The Catholic Church and the Making of the Croatian Nation, 1970–1984
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The largest of the Yugoslav nationalist movements that emerged in the late 1960s was the Croatian National Movement, which during the period 1973 to 1989 was heavily suppressed by Tito's communists, while at the same time the Croatian Catholic Church was outspoken both in the cause of nationalism and in the fight for religious liberty. This chapter gives an account of the role of the Croatian Catholic Church in the development of the nation between 1970 and 1984. It discusses the Catholic Church in relation to the Croatian National Movement in 1970–2, the announcement of the resumption of the Great Novena (a nine‐year long jubilee) in 1974, and the birth of the Catholic nation of Croatia.
Irving Greenberg and the Post‐Holocaust Voluntary Covenant
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, and in Chs. 6–7, and 9–10, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Irving Greenberg, an orthodox rabbi and deeply traditional figure, but also a bold and radical Jewish thinker. Citations of each thinkers work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
Arthur Cohen and the Holocaust as Tremendum
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, and in Chs. 6–8, and 10, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Arthur Cohen, a prominent Jewish theologian, but not institutionally tied to one of the denominations of American Judaism; he was an editor and a novelist. Citations of each thinker's work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
The Bijak of Kabir
Authors: Hess Linda , Singh Shukdeo 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Kabir, the fifteenth‐century weaver‐poet of Varanasi, is still one of the most revered and popular saint‐singers of North India. He belonged to a family of Muslim julahas (weavers of low‐caste status), is believed to have been a disciple of the Hindu guru Ramanand, and often sang of inner experience using language of the subtle yogic body. Yet he cannot be classified as Hindu, Muslim, or yogi. Fiercely independent, he has become an icon of speaking truth to power. In a blunt and uncompromising style, he exhorted his listeners to shed their delusions, pretensions, and orthodoxies in favor of a direct experience of truth. He satirized hypocrisy, greed, and violence—especially among the religious. Belonging to a social group widely considered low and unclean, he criticized caste ideology and declared the equality of all human beings. Kabir was an oral poet whose works were written down by others. His oral traditions have flourished for more than 500 years, producing a rich array of musical forms, folk and classical, in countless local dialects and regional styles. Thousands of poems are popularly attributed to Kabir, but only a few written collections have survived over the centuries. The Bījak is the sacred book of the Kabir Panth, or sect devoted to Kabir's teachings. This book presents about half of the Bījak; the translators have selected those poems which seem most representative and which work best in translation. The Bījak includes three main sections called Ramainī, Śabda, and Sākhī, and a fourth section containing miscellaneous folksong forms. Most of the Kabir material has been popularized through the song form known as śabda (or pada), and through the aphoristic two‐line sākhī (or doha) that serves throughout north India as a vehicle for popular wisdom. These two forms have been emphasized in this translation; a group of ramainīs have also been included. An introduction by Hess precedes the translations; scholarly notes and three appendices, including an essay on Kabir's ulatbamsi or “upside‐down language,” are also by Hess.
Language
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Nagel rejects the view that the social phenomenon of language is at the bottom of everything by arguing that we cannot account for reason by means of a naturalistic description of the practices of language. The most general forms of reason do not depend on any given language, says Nagel, and any language adequate for rational thought must have some way of expressing them. Meaning is not just use unless we understand use in a normative sense that already implies meaning. Nagel finds support for his view in Wittgenstein's argument on rule‐following, which provides a way to avoid the perpetual desire to get outside our thoughts. From Wittgenstein's comments, it is clear, Nagel argues, that the rule‐following practices of our linguistic community can be understood only by specifying the internal content of our thoughts.
Economic Justice in Political Theory
Authors: Murphy Liam , Nagel Thomas 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Once we abandon the idea that justice in taxation is a matter of determining a fair share of tax burdens, we must ask what the legitimate ends of government are, and what the legitimate means of pursuing those ends are, particularly insofar as they involve the taxing power. Is the legitimate role of government limited to the provision of public goods, or does it include providing benefits for (worse-off) people and promoting equality of opportunity or welfare? Consequentialist and deontological theories of social justice provide importantly different approaches to these and other questions that stand behind tax policy--such as the moral standing of the market, the importance of individual responsibility, and the proper understanding of the moral value of liberty.
Self‐Control, Akrasia, and Second‐Order Desires
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTraditional, Aristotelian conceptions of actions that manifest self‐control and actions that manifest weakness of will (akrasia) feature evaluative judgments. This chapter defends modest revisions of those conceptions that feature such judgments and apply to orthodox and unorthodox species of both kinds of action. It is argued that neither akratic nor self‐controlled action is properly analyzed in terms of higher‐order desires or higher‐order preferences. A judgment‐featuring account of what it is to be a self‐controlled person is developed.
Transition: From Self‐Control to Autonomy
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIntroduces the second half of the book and links self‐control to autonomy. Determinism, compatibilism, and incompatibilism are defined, the experience of acting is explored, and three kinds of autonomy regarding proattitudes are distinguished: autonomously developing a proattitude over a stretch of time, autonomously possessing a proattitude during a stretch of time, and being autonomous regarding the influence of a proattitude on one's intentional behavior. It is argued that akratic action is compatible with determinism, that autonomy does not entail moral responsibility, that moral responsibility for an action does not entail that the action is autonomously performed, and that autonomously doing something does not entail that the agent was free to do something else instead.
Psychological Autonomy and Personal History
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSome thought experiments that incompatibilists have designed to undermine particular compatibilist analyses of free action and free will should lead their opponents to investigate the possible bearing of agents’ histories on their freedom. This chapter develops several thought experiments of this kind and argues that they motivate a certain history‐sensitive compatibilist view of psychological autonomy. It is argued that two agents who are psychological twins at a time may, owing to differences in their histories, be such that one is autonomous and the other is not. Connections among autonomy, ability, moral responsibility, and authenticity are examined; compulsion is analyzed; and Susan Wolf's “Reason View” of moral responsibility is criticized.
Compatibilist Autonomy and Autonomous Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Defends a collection of sufficient conditions for compatibilist autonomy. The conditions include ideal self‐control, mental health, the absence of compelled and coercively produced motivational states, the absence of a certain kind of deception, and the agent's being a reliable deliberator. It is shown how various incompatibilist objections featuring manipulation or mind control can be overcome.
Schools and Textbooks
Authors: Witham Larry A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights opened hearings on religion in public schools in 1998, and the evolution debate was a key issue. This chapter looks at the idea of “neutrality” toward religion in schools, Supreme Court rulings, classroom treatment of the topic, the history and content of biology textbooks and science curriculum, school board clashes, and views of biology teachers.
The Good Society
Authors: Witham Larry A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Questions of human origins and human nature stir emotional debates over Darwin and the Bible. This chapter looks at evolutionist and creationist views of morality. It asks whether human nature is explained best by (1) top–down or bottom–up forces, (2) mind–body dualism or biological monism, and (3) sociability or selfishness. It covers sociobiology, evolutionary “emergence” of morals, apes as ancestors, the social role of religion, and the “soul.”
Introduction
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn her 1987 presidential address to the Society of Biblical Literature, Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza called for a rhetorical‐ethical turn in biblical studies and asked biblical scholars to take account of their public responsibility. Drawing from the insights of feminism, she emphasized that biblical scholarship never happens in a political vacuum and instead is always shaped by specific values and interests and by the socio‐political context in which scholars are positioned. This chapter introduces the themes and concerns of this book as an attempt to follow Schüssler Fiorenza's call for an ethics of accountability by showing that New Testament parable scholars during the last five decades worked not in a political vacuum but in situations shaped by Holocaust memory.
“On Sundays the Forgotten Comes”
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter begins to discuss issues of Holocaust remembrance in Germany through a close reading of the poem “Zoon Politikon” by Marie Luise Kaschnitz. This poem describes how the forgotten memories of Nazi genocide return to a German home and haunt its inhabitants. By attending to the poem's first historical setting, West Germany, during the Auschwitz trials in the mid‐1960s, Oldenhage explores the ways in which members of the first and second generation in postwar Germany have been affected by the legacy of the Holocaust. The chapter draws from Sigmund Freud's essay “The Uncanny” and on more recent theories on ghosts, haunting, and the uncanny.
Limit‐Experiences of Human Life
Authors: Oldenhage Tania 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter develops a critical reading of what Oldenhage calls the “limit‐rhetoric” in Ricoeur's 1975 essay “Biblical Hermeneutics.” Oldenhage points out that during the 1970s the notion of limit was already becoming a crucial trope within Holocaust literary studies. Focusing on Terrence Des Pres's study of Holocaust testimonies, Oldenhage explores how notions such as “limit‐situation” or “extremity” helped Des Pres to draw attention to the experiences of Holocaust survivors that so far had been ignored or misinterpreted. By cross‐reading the fields of Holocaust studies and New Testament parable studies, Oldenhage raises questions about Ricoeur's deployment of the charged trope of “limit‐experiences” in relation to the parables of Jesus.
5 Christian Republicanism
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
By the early 1800s, the language of republicanism was ubiquitous throughout American Christianity. Prior to 1740 or so, however, traditional Christians mostly opposed republicanism. Revivalists like George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards often interjected the language of liberty into their sermons, but they used this rhetoric for mostly spiritual purposes. War with France during the 1750s and the series of disputes with Britain during the 1760s that led to war, however, accelerated the integration of republican political philosophy and Christian thought. At the same time, Americans embraced the concept of “virtue,” an amorphous term that took on a variety of sometimes conflicted meanings, as their way of maintaining a healthy society protected from “slavery” and “tyranny.”
6 Theistic Common Sense
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
By 1790, American Christians also embraced the “new moral philosophy,” a way of understanding their faith through “commonsense moral reasoning.” Because they came to believe that God had created humans with a capacity for moral reasoning, American Christians largely gave up the traditional, hierarchical arbiters of truth found in the established churches of Europe and took into their own hands the determination of religious truth and control of the churches.
19 The Bible and Slavery
Authors: Noll Mark A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Central to the slavery debate was the issue of how to use the Scripture. Three major positions emerged on the Bible and slavery. Theological conservatives usually defended a literal reading of the Scripture, which was held to provide a divine sanction for slavery. Radicals who wanted to abolish slavery sometimes agreed that the Bible sanctioned slavery, but that acknowledgment led them to disparage the Bible. In the middle were a distraught contingent of Bible readers who were troubled by their conclusion that the Bible sanctioned slavery, and who failed unsuccessfully in trying to combine faithfulness to Scripture and opposition to slavery. All factions, but especially the middle group, were constrained in their understanding of the Bible by the confluence (distinct to America) between traditional Christianity and commonsense republican principles.
Mortal Bodies
Authors: Lang Karen C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Candrakiriti rejects Brahmin priests’ belief in immortality, whether defined as eternal life in heaven, as the continuance of life on earth through the birth of sons, or as specialized knowledge acquired through meditation. His arguments demonstrate his familiarity with the early Vedas’ advocacy of physical immortality through procreation and later Upaniṣads’ advocacy of spiritual immortality acquired through knowledge of the identity of the individual soul with the cosmic source of all life. The practice of mindfulness applied to the body provides direct and immediate perception of its mortal nature. The main thrust of Buddhist teachings on death is threefold: death is certain, the time of death is uncertain, and only religious practice will be of any value when death comes.
Introduction: “A New Order of Things”
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces the book's main argument: that it is too simple, and ultimately misleading, to say that SCAP (that is, General MacArthur and officers of the American Occupation) “imposed” a Constitution on postwar Japan. Rather, in this book, Japan is treated as a case study of democratization. The chapter also introduces the principal players (MacArthur, Whitney, and Kades on the American side; Shidehara, Yoshida, and Kanamori on the Japanese side). It then describes, in terms that invite comparison with other cases of democratization, the main features of the context (cultural, social, economic, and international) in which they worked to lay the foundation for constitutional democracy.
“Only as a Last Resort”: The Americans Take Over
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Begins by noting that, early in the Occupation period, General Douglas MacArthur (SCAP) told Japanese leaders that their country could not fulfill the terms of the Potsdam Declaration without revising its Constitution. It analyzes seminal documents from Washington (particularly JCS 1380 and SWNCC 228), emphasizing their warning that Japan should take leadership of this project. It shows that, by the end of January 1946, MacArthur, pressed by Allies on the Far Eastern Commission, had determined that Japan could not accomplish this goal without active American intervention.
“Fundamental Principles of Democracy”: Human Rights and Imperial Property
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
At the end of July, the subcommittee turned to the bill of rights: Article 20, banning “religious education”; Article 24, on marriage and the family; Articles 25–28, to which the Social Democrats sought to add a guarantee of “minimum standards” of living, and Articles 31–40, dealing with the rights of accused persons. Ch. 17 analyzes these deliberations. The subcommittee's work produced intense sparring between Yoshida and Ashida around the issue of the imperial family's property. GHQ, in the person of Colonel Kades, kept close watch over these deliberations.
“Sincere and Steady Efforts”: Denouement
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Recounts the climax in the House of Representatives over constitutional revision. (In Japan's new democratic dispensation, the popularly elected lower house had controlling power.) Ch. 18 tells how the two major parties in the conservative governing coalition (Liberals and Progressive Democrats) became actively involved in negotiations over the exact terms of Article 9, renouncing war and armed forces, and the disposition of imperial property. It also recounts how Colonel Kades, somewhat reluctantly, brought forward several amendments demanded by the Allied member‐nations on the Far Eastern Commission, including one providing that only “civilians” could serve in the cabinet. Finally, it summarizes the proceedings of Saturday, August 24, a time for soaring eloquence and the final vote in the House of Representatives.
“Last Service to the Fatherland”: The House of Peers Addresses Constitutional Revision
Authors: Moore Ray A. , Robinson Donald L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Having passed the lower house, the proposed revision came next before the House of Peers. The aristocratic upper house would exist no longer under the new constitution, yet its approval was critical to the project's legitimacy. Ch. 19 tells how the proposed revision came under severe attack by peers, but was also stoutly defended. The principal defenders, besides Kanamori, were a highly respected lawyer, Takayanagi Kenzō, and Nanbara Shigeru, president of the University of Tokyo; the scholarly Sasaki Sōichi and a fierce and eloquent peer, Sawada Ushimaro, led the critics. Again the role of the emperor under the new charter (kokutai) was an object of earnest interest, as was Article 9 and the bill of rights.
The Impurity of Gentiles in Second Temple Sources
Authors: Hayes Christine E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In a wide range of Jewish texts representing diverse groups in the Second Temple period, Gentiles are consistently portrayed as susceptible to moral rather than ritual impurity – in keeping with Pentatuechal precedent. Texts diverge, however, on the question of genealogical purity. For Philo, Josephus, and other writers who reject the Ezran democratization of holiness and extension of genealogical purity requirements to lay Israelites, conversion and marriage between Jews and converted Gentiles are permitted, while those who adopt the Ezran line view conversion as anathema, and intermarriage as a profanation of the holy seed of Israel. The different approaches to genealogical purity are illuminated by a discussion of Second Temple debates surrounding Gentile access to the sanctuary. Finally, the evidence for a principle of Gentile ritual impurity at Qumran is considered.
Perception, Predication, and Belief
Authors: Stroud Barry 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines psychological facts such as colour, focusing on thoughts, beliefs and perceptions, while analysing how they relate to physical facts. Perceptions of colour need to be acknowledged separately from objects before they can be philosophically unmasked, because the idea that humans experience sensations does not explain predicational seeing, which assigns certain properties to an object. Two strategies are identified to prove the unreality of colour, one stating that perceptions of colour are not true, the other arguing that, according to subjectivism, colours depend on perceived sensations.
Equality and Duties to Future Generations
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Using case studies focusing on the Yucca Mountain, Nevada Nuclear waste dump, the chapter analyzes the concepts of equal treatment, duties to future generations, and proxy consent. It also shows how these three values are threatened in the Nevada case, and it argues that indigenous people have been especially victimized by nuclear activities that violate principles of environmental justice.