bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contract and Regimes Do Issue Specificity and Variations of Formality Matter?
Authors: Kratochwil Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two questions that have puzzled regime analysts and their opponents alike. The first concerns the boundaries of regimes. The second concerns the formality/informality dimension of regime norms and its impact upon regime strength. The first question has given rise to the charge that regimes are fuzzy and, by implication, not very useful for understanding international relations, when compared to ‘fundamental’ concepts such as power and interest (Strange 1983). The second question addresses the extent to which international politics, even in the absence of central institutions, is structured by such means as ‘signalling’, tacit understandings, or custom, and to what extent formal agreements and the emergence of formal organizations are necessary for the implementation of ‘regimes’.
Cognitive Factors in Explaining Regime Dynamics
Authors: Jönsson Christer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a commonly accepted and oft-quoted definition, an international regime can be understood as ‘principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area’ (Krasner 1983a: 1; my emphasis). It is noteworthy that this definition points to the subjective, cognitive world of decision-makers rather than any ‘objective’ reality. Other authors have reiterated that regimes ‘exist primarily as participants’ understandings, expectations or convictions about legitimate, appropriate or moral behavior’ (Puchala and Hopkins 1983: 62). The ontology of regimes, Friedrich Kratochwil and John Ruggie (1986: 764) argue, rests upon a strong element of intersubjectivity.
Integrating and Contextualizing Hypotheses Alternative Paths to Better Explanations of Regime Formation?
Authors: Efinger Manfred , Mayer Peter , Schwarzer Gudrun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although a lot of effort has been put into the study of international regimes since the mid-1970s, to date no comprehensive regime theory has crystallized. This is not surprising, given the relative novelty of the subject and the diversity and complexity of the research questions that it involves: under what conditions do international regimes come about? which factors determine the specific features and the scope of the regime that forms? what are the forces that cause regimes to change in specific ways? how do regimes bear upon actors and structures in the international system?
Analysing Regime Consequences Conceptual Outlines and Environmental Explorations
Authors: Breitmeier Helmut , Wolf Klaus Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the commitment to the ‘regimes do matter’ credo is an integral part of the corporate identity of the regime analysis community, amazingly few studies have focused on the question of regime consequences in a systematic fashion.1 In this chapter we want to contribute to finding more systematic approaches that in the end may lead to generating theoretically sound hypotheses about regime consequences. In order to observe, describe, and measure systematically this dependent variable we will sketch a map of regime consequences (sect. 2), describing and evaluating such consequences according to the standard of a stable peace. As explanatory variables (sect. 3) we will concentrate on regime types, which are expected to account for variation in regime consequences. In an environmental case study (sect. 4) we want to illustrate the applicability of our categories of regime consequences..
Regime Theory State of the Art and Perspectives
Authors: Mayer Peter , Rittberger Volker , Zürn Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold. In its first part (sect. 2) we seek to put regime analysis into the broader context of thinking about social order. Three issues are addressed: In section 2.1 we discuss the basic underlying concern of international regime analysis, i.e. the normative interest in exploring the ways through which governance without government can be achieved in order to avoid undesirable outcomes in international and transnational relations. In section 2.2 we seek to substantiate the validity of the notion ‘governance without government’ by offering a comparative perspective on regimes and governance across different levels of political and social organization (domestic and international), pointing out that non-hierarchical politics is not special to international relations but widespread even in societies with a hierarchical system of rule (government).
Perceptions of the Party and Society
Authors: Whiteley Paul , Seyd Patrick , Richardson Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we referred to the fact that party membership is a variable concept, and depends upon the traditions and political culture of the party under consideration. As far as the Labour party is concerned, individual membership has always necessitated a personal commitment to declared principles and a fixed financial arrangement, and it also implies a participative involvement in party affairs.
Pandaemonium
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responsible for the collapse of empires ranging from the Ottoman to the Soviet, self-determination has been one of the key factors in the history of the entire twentieth century. Surprisingly, scholars have been slow to appreciate the value of ethnicity as a way of understanding the key political developments of our times. In this challenging new book, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan draws on a rich and diverse fund of historical and contemporary examples to trace the history and illustrate the considerable predictive powers of ethnic studies. In particular, he shows how ethnicity confounded Marx's hopes for an international proletariat and reveals how an inability to grasp the importance of ethnic diversity left the West unprepared for the disintegration of the Communist bloc. About the author: Daniel Patrick Moynihan has been been the senior US Senator from New York since 1976 and is the only man in American history to have served in the cabinet or sub-cabinet of four successive presidents. He is also a highly distinguished academic, having taught at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Syracuse, Cornell, and New York Universities and been lauded with an astonishing 55 honorary degrees.
National Proletarian Internationalism
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his fine study of The Union Republics in Soviet Diplomacy, Vernon V. Aspaturian of Pennsylvania State University records and analyzes the background of the flurry at San Francisco. On February 1, 1944, the Soviet Union had dramatically amended its Constitution ... to permit its sixteen constituent Republics to establish separate foreign offices, diplomatic services, defense commissariats and national troop formations. By empowering each republic with the constitutional authority to engage in diplomatic relations, conclude international agreements and organize national armies, the Amendments intended to confer upon the Republics the missing legal essentials of statehood and sovereignty.
Order in an Age of Chaos
Authors: Moynihan Daniel Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a remarkable address to a Joint Meeting of the United States Congress in June of 1992, Boris N. Yeltsin told of the new order in his ancient land. All had changed from that which preceded, but of all such things, one thing most: “We are firmly resolved not to lie anymore.” Tbe Economist had already noticed. Marxism Leninism was gone. It had “succeeded in poisoning half the world’s political life” for most of the century.2 It had “misled” so many “of the young governments of the newly independent ... third world” following the Second World War.3 Good-bye to all that. But now.
The Structure of the European Commission and the Policy Formation Process
Authors: Donnelly Mar Tin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the European Community’s executive, the Commission plays a central role throughout the EC policy-making process. Those seeking to influence policy outcomes therefore need to understand the internal structure and functioning of the Commission. This chapter seeks to highlight the policy-making implications of the unique structural characteristics of the Commission; and to outline the important co-ordinating role played by the cabinets of the seven teen commissioners. The analysis underlines the extent to which the policy-making role of the Commission is shaped in particular by the absence of a single political ideology and the commitment to collegial responsibility within the Commission itself.
Conclusion:Inter-War Idealism, Liberal Internationalism, and Contemporary International Theory
Authors: Long David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By way of conclusion, in this chapter I will do three things: first, elaborate further on the diversity of inter-war writings on international relations and indicate common threads other than a dichotomy between realist and idealist texts or authors; second, analyse inter-war idealism in the context of the development of the liberal internationalist tradition; and third, in closing, suggest a number of reasons why inter-war international theory is of renewed interest to current discussions of international relations.
Introduction
Authors: Dowding Keith , King Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of this book conveys the two important aspects of rational-choice methods in social science: preferences provide the motivation of individual action; institutions provide the context allowing causal explanation. Rational choice, we argue, offers causal explanation of any political outcome only where the reasons for individual action are specified, and the structural conditions under which those reasons for action have been modelled are explained. More often, rational choice provides a specification of the general conditions under which actors (including individuals, organizations, or groups) behave, thereby facilitating comparative structural analysis.
From War to Peace?
Authors: Ma’oz Moshe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transformation of Syrian-Israeli relations from war to peace has not yet been completed; and the process will probably continue for more years to come since it does not derive from any profound changes in the long term and deep-seated causes of the conflict and war between the two nations, particularly the historical, cultural, ideological, and psychological causes. Ba’thist Syria, for example, has not yet relinquished its role as the seedbed of Arabism, committed to Arab unity and to the historic struggle against the allegedly alien and expansionist Zionist movement, embodied in the State of Israel. Many Syrians still consider the wars with Israel in 1948, 1967, and certainly in 1956 (Sinai-Suez) and 1982 (in Lebanon) as evident manifestations of Israel’s territorial and colonial ambitions. And even if lsrael withdraws from the Golan, southern Lebanon, and the West Bank, not a few Syrians and other Arabs may fear Israel’s imputed tendency to dominate its Arab neighbours by means of its greater military and economic power.
Unemployment, Welfare Regime, and Income Packaging*
Authors: Bison Ivana , Esping-Andersen Gøsta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People can derive income from a combination of market activity—earnings and various investment incomes-the welfare state, through the bundle of income transfers, or from inter-personal, mainly familial, networks. The sum total constitutes a person’s or household’s income package. Micro-level studies of how individuals and households acquire income reveal patterns of institutional dependencies: of how people manage to mobilize resources in the struggle to maximize well-being. At the macro-level, income pack ages help describe the distributional system of a society.
British Childcare Policy in Cross-national Comparative Perspective
Authors: Randall Vicky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of trying to understand the making of childcare policy in Britain is to compare it with the experience of other industrialized democracies. The sheer number of societies this comprises means shifting gear from a relatively detailed, local exploration to a more strategic overview of what seem to be the most salient dimensions. From relative neglect, the topic of childcare has in recent years enjoyed increasing, though still highly uneven and selective, international
coverage, both a cause for celebration and a further reason no to attempt any kind of comprehensive account. Instead the approach will be to organize discussion around questions or suggestions derived from the British case.
Pre-History: 1964–1979
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The British Social Democratic party or SDP was launched at the Connaught Rooms in London on 26 March 19 81. It ceased to exist in its original form in the early months of 1988, when, as the result of a majority vote by its members, it merged with the long-established Liberal party. This book tells the story of the birth, life and death of the SDP. It also assesses the SDP’s impact on British politics and the longer-term significance of the party’s short but dramatic history.
Jenkins and the Jenkinsites
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The events just described took place entirely within the Labour party; but during this period events were also taking place outside the party—and on the fringes of it—that were to have an important bearing on the SDP’s formation and subsequent history. So far we have mentioned Roy Jenkins only occasionally and in passing. The time has come to give him a central place in the narrative.
A Media Party?
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the moment of its birth the SDP was widely dubbed ‘a media party’. Sometimes the phrase was used admiringly. More often it was used pejoratively. Those who used it pejoratively in some cases believed that the SDP was, literally, a media creation: that some combination of press barons and television higher-ups had first badgered the Gang of Four into leaving the Labour party and then ensured that the SDP, when it was launched, received a warm welcome. For example, in the view of the conspiracy theorists, the BBC had offered Roy Jenkins the platform of the Dimbleby Lecture knowing that he would use it to attack Labour and launch a new party. On this view, the SDP was not a genuine mass party with roots in local communities and organizations: it was an artificial concoction of public—relations executives and the metropolitan media—in James Callaghan’s dismissive phrase, a ‘piece of fluff’.
The SOP, the Alliance and the Electorate
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The SDP’s founders chose an ideal time to mount their challenge against the post war hegemony of the Conservative and Labour parties. In early 1981 the two main parties were more unpopular with the British electorate than at any time since the war.1 The Conservatives were taking a heavy toll for the economic recession. Only a quarter of the electorate ‘approved of the government’s record to date’ or expressed ‘confidence in the government’s policies for tackling the economic situation’, and Margaret Thatcher’s satisfaction rating as prime minister was the lowest recorded since opinion polls began.2
Humiliation: June 1987
Authors: Crewe Ivor , King Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The SDP had entered the 1983 election campaign with trepidation. It approached the 1987 campaign with some optimism. Everything appeared to have turned out surprisingly well since the Barbican rally at the beginning of the year. The issue of what, if anything, should replace Polaris, which had caused such bad blood within both the SDP and the Liberals, had been successfully resolved. Rosie Barnes’ victory in Greenwich had restored the SDP’s morale. Relations between David Owen and the rest of the Gang of Four, while far from warm, had thawed somewhat, especially after Owen had agreed to Jenkins being brought in as the Alliance’s spokesman on the economy.
Island Environments and Disease
Authors: Cliff A D , Haggett P , Smallman-Raynor M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islandfoci.— This effect of rat colonization upon foci was probably exaggerated on small, palm-covered Pacific Islands on which infection had become established. Bunamu Island, north of Bougainville, is a small (200 X 400 yards), coralline island with heavy vegetational cover, attracting hundreds of South Sea Island pigeons, which come there to feed, roost, and nest. These, and a dense population of rats (R. browni), were found to be heavily infested with T. deliensis. Three critical infections were contracted among a few Australian soldiers visiting the Island to hunt.
Decontamination of the Wehrmacht gas laboratory at Spandau Citadel, Berlin: technical and organizational experiences
Authors: Spyra Wolfgang P W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to World War II the German Army (Wehrmacht) established a specially trained unit-the smoke troops-in preparation for the possible use of chemical warfare agents. The unit served as the chemical combat element of the army and was trained to: (a) cope with the use of chemical warfare agents by the enemy, and (b) use smoke and gas ammunition and high-grade, high¬ explosive munitions.
The German programme for the disposal of old chemical weapons
Authors: Martens Hermann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a belligerent in both World War I and World War II Germany possesses old chemical weapons (OCW) which date from 1915 to 1945. These weapons continue to be found throughout Germany, particularly at former production sites, filling stations, testing areas and storage facilities. Many old chemical weapons were dumped in the sea at various places, including the Baltic Sea.
The Dual-Vote Device
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the existing German electoral system, each voter casts two votes in a general election. The first is vote between the candidates for his constituency, and goes to determine which of them is to represent the constituency in the Bundestag (the equivalent of the House of Commons). The second is a vote between the political parties contesting the election in the voter’s Land (region), and goes to determine the composition of the Bundestag by parties.
Multi-Member Constituencies
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under virtually any reasonable electoral system, the election of Members of Parliament from large constituencies returning from two to six members will result in a more representative selection of MPs than their election from small constituencies returning only one member each. Suppose that, at a given time, 42 per cent of the electorate in five adjacent single-member British constituencies taken together favour the Conservatives, while 39 per cent favour Labour, and the remaining 19 per cent the Liberal Democrats.
How to do Better than STV
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advocates of STV usually appeal to the useless concept of the wasted vote; all that is wasted by such appeals is time. The definition of a wasted vote that is tacitly invoked is that a vote is wasted unless it goes towards bringing about the election of one of the candidates; a vote that, under STV, is transferred to a candidate who eventually secures election is therefore not wasted, on this definition. When the definition is applied to votes under the plurality system, it will follow that everyone who failed to vote for the winning candidate wasted his vote, even if he had no chance, by voting otherwise under that system, of bringing about a result he would have liked better.
Proportional Representation
Authors: Dummett Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, we have concentrated primarily on how to achieve true representation for local electorates and for the national electorate as a whole, and secondarily on how to discourage tactical voting. A choice of an electoral system should be made with an eye to other questions as well. To ask whether any one system chooses the most representative candidates is to treat the candidates as given; but which candidates stand for election depends upon the number and identity of the political parties that sponsor them. We must therefore also ask which effects various electoral systems have upon the parties.
Strategic Coercion in East Asia: The Cases of Cambodia and North Korea
Authors: Khong Yuen Foong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the international community greeted the outcomes of two East Asian crises with sighs of relief. After more than two decades of military, political, and civil strife, Cambodia witnessed a United Nations-supervised election in May 1993 which put a democratically elected coalition government in power. The Khmer Rouge (Party of Democratic Kampuchea, hereafter PDK), who had ruled and ruined Cambodia between 1975-8, was one of four factions originally competing for power, but in the event, it boycotted the elections and sought half-heartedly to disrupt them. The PDK plays no part in Cambodia’s coalition government and it has been relegated to the fringes of power, much to the satisfaction of the other factions and the international community.
Bad Boy or Good Business?: Russia’s Use of Oil as a Mechanism of Coercive Diplomacy
Authors: Holoboff Elaine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Russia has not been modest about defining the region of the former Soviet Union (FSU) as a sphere of vital interest.2 Nowhere has this been more evident than in the economic sphere. Russia has pursued a clear policy of self-interest in relation to her neighbours and Moscow’s assertiveness, many would say aggressiveness, has been especially evident in her energy relations with the former republics. Do some of these activities involve coercion towards Russia’s neighbours? Are Russia’s interests broader than mere commercial gain? Can commercial aggressiveness, when directed towards the weak and transitional economies of Russia’s neighbours, have a national security dimension? Does Moscow have a political and strateic agenda that it seeks to accomplish through economic means? Or are actors in the Russian government and commercial sector simply engaging in smart business practices?
Strategic Coercion in Post-Cold War Africa
Authors: Adibe Clemente 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategic coercion is a power-based instrument of international relations designed to affect the behaviour of particular actors in the international system. As Lawrence Freedman has argued in his introductory chapter, it is a deliberate, calculated or purposive use of overt threats to influence another actor’s strategic choices. In practice, strategic coercion is a classic embodiment of the ‘stimulus-response’ interactive model of unit or organizational behaviour. As a threat-based instrument of international relations, therefore, it is important to understand the nature of threats arising from particular conflicts that have occasioned the exercise of strategic coercion.