bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Tillage Systems, Type of Organic Fertilizer and the Level of Binary Addition of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on the Growth and Yield of Clover in Gypsum Soil
Authors: Aween Mohammed Jaber , Muhawish Noor Al-Deen Mohammed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Tikrit for the agricultural season (2021-2022), and the experiment factors were three, namely: the first factor is tillage systems, as two systems of tillage were applied (no-tillage and Reduced tillage) and the second factor was the type of organic fertilizer and it included (Sheep waste and waste Mushroom), while the third factor was the level of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus, and it included three levels of fertilization (0%, 100%, and 125%), according to the fertilizer recommendation. The experiment was carried out according to the split-split plot system with a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. The treatments were distributed as follows: tillage systems (NT, RT) in the main plot, and the application of the type of organic fertilizer (O1, O2) In the sub plot, the levels of binary addition of nitrogen and phosphorus (M0, M1, M2) were placed in the sub-sub plots, and the results of the experiment showed that the system of Reduced tillage was significantly superior to the system of no-tillage in all the studied traits, and sheep waste was significantly superior to mushroom waste in All the characteristics of the study, as well as the level of binary addition M2 was significantly superior to the other levels in all the characteristics of the study. The results showed that the treatment (T1O1M2) was significantly superior in all traits of vegetative growth and yield traits of clover plant.
The Wrong Agriculture Practices of Field Crop Farmers Leading to Land Agricultural Deterioration in Samarra District-Salah Al-Din Governorate
Authors: Alsamarrai Hassan Raid Abdulwahab , Al-Ajeeli Sahab Ayed Youssef 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the level of wrong practices of field crop farmers that causing the deterioration of agricultural land in Samarra district, Salah al-Din Governorate, and to identify the level of the practices in each of the following aspects: excessive use of fertilizers, wrong handling of agricultural waste, excessive use of chemical pesticides, wasteful and indiscriminate irrigation of crops, excessive use of agricultural lands, and also to identifying the regression relationship between the practices of the respondents that cause land deterioration and each field of study, as well as identifying the correlation between the level of practices leading to land deterioration and a number of independent variables included in the study. The study population included field crop farmers in Samarra district within the responsibility of the following agricultural sections (Dijlah Agriculture, Tharthar Cultivation, Al-Mutasim Cultivation, and Samarra Cultivation). The number of crop farmers officially registered in the Tharthar Cultivation District reached (500) farmers and in the Samarra Cultivation sections (256) farmers, as the total number of farmers in those two sections reached (756) farmers, of whom a sample of (25%) was randomly selected. The total number of respondents was (189) farmers. Data were collected using a questionnaire specially prepared to reveal the level of practices of field crop farmers that cause land deterioration. To achieve the validity of the scale in both face and content validity, the questionnaire was presented to set of experts The pre-test of the scale was conducted on an exploratory sample consisting of (30) farmers who were randomly selected from the research population outside the research sample. The alpha Cronbach equation was used to measure reliability, with a value of (0.91). The results of the study showed that the level of wrong practices of field crop farmers leading to the deterioration of agricultural land in the Samarra district was medium and tended to rise. The results so showed that the field of excessive use of chemical pesticides is the highest among the other fields with a value of (0.471). The results showed that existence of an inverse significant correlation between those practices and the variables of (number of years of service and participation in training and farmers tendeney towards protecting soil from deterioration). The study recommended for the extension departments in Salah al-Din Governorate and the authorities responsible for the agricultural and environmental sector in it to implement extension activities to provide farmers with the information and expertise necessary to limit these practices and motivate them to stay away from them.
The Effect of the Vertical Distribution of Nutrients for some Soils in Babylon Governorate
Authors: Gaeid Fatimah Ibrahim , Oleiwi Mohammad Sallal , Jubeir Amal Radhi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted at one of Babylon’s farms in Mahaweel, which spanned the coordinates (45o 6′ 40" - 44o 20′ 5") east and (32o 49′ 20" - 32o 25′ 20") north. Al-Mahaweel District is a part of Babylon Governorate in central Iraq. Fifteen pedons were tracked using a GPS device inside the lab. Soil horizon, pedon, and interstitial samples were collected at four depths (0-30, 30-60, 60-90, and 90-120 cm) to investigate the soil’s layered structure. The samples were subsequently subjected to statistical and laboratory analysis. The statistical study revealed that the soil’s nitrogen content was significantly influenced by the horizon and pedon uncles’ bilateral interaction, with the maximum value (53.60 mg kg-1) being found in the AP15 binary overlap treatment. Values of 52.18 and 51.82 mg kg-1 soil were recorded for the AP15 and AP14 two-interference treatments, respectively. The highest value of phosphorus was in the treatment of the binary overlap between horizons and pedons represented by the AP9 treatment, with a value of 43.41 mg kg-1 soil, which did not differ significantly from the binary overlap treatment C2, P7, C2P6, which each had a value of 40.17, 40.33 mg kg-1 soil, while the lowest value of phosphorus was in the treatment of the binary overlap between horizons and pedons represented by the AP9 treatment The lowest result for soil potassium was 159.82 mg kg-1 soil, which was found in the binary interaction treatment C3P15. Iron availability was also increased by the binary interference between horizons and pedons, with the highest value being 13.95 mg kg-1 for the treatment of binary interference AP1, with no significant difference between this value and the values for the two-interference treatments, AP3 and AP2, which were 13.45 and 13.00 mg kg-1, respectively. Iron availability was lowest when horizons and pedons interacted, a phenomenon that was reversed. Copper availability, measured in milligrams per kilogram of soil, was shown to increase significantly where pedologically significant overlap between horizons and pedons was present. The highest value was found in the non-significantly different binary overlap treatment AP3, with values of 6.93, 6.75, and 6.55; the lowest value was found in the two non-significantly different binary overlap treatments C3P15 and C3P14, at 1.02 and 1.00, respectively.
Spatial Distribution of some of the Common Minerals in Saad River Project, Maysan Province, Iraq
Authors: Kazem Russul Tareq , Salah Amal Mohammed 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The aim of study was to diagnose and study the minerals that present in some of the soils of the Saad River project. The study included choosing a pilot area and taking three movement paths (Transect) in a vertical direction across the Saad River. Each of them passes through the largest number of soil units with the largest area and the most frequent. Nine sites of soil were selected as peduncles for each of the selected paths, with three soil peduncles for each strip path (the first was the shoulder of the river, the second was the river basin, and the third was the depressions). Soil peduncles were described in a fundamental morphological description according to the Soil Science Division Staff Manual (2017). Soil samples were also obtained from each horizon of the peduncles for the purpose of performing some required laboratory analysis. The results of the mineral analysis indicated that the light sand minerals are common, as their percentage ranged 95.80%-98.80%. The predominance was in the carbonate rock fragments in the first place, followed by the quartz minerals in all horizons of the study pedons. Quartz, both monocrystalline and polycrystalline quartz were found. Monocrystalline quartz was dominant in all study pedons, due to its resistance to weathering due to the nature of its chemical bonds, hardness, and lack of cracks, as well as its light weight. For the heavy sand minerals, their percentage was 1.20%-4.20% of the total sand minerals. The opaque minerals prevailed in all the horizons of the soil pedons of the study. The vertical distribution of the opaque minerals in the horizons of the soil pedons showed a heterogeneous distribution. The difference in their percentages may be due to the effect of sedimentation processes, which is a reflection of the state of variation in the physiographic sites and its impact on the mineral content of the sediments and the lack of activity of weathering processes.
The Effect of Bacterial Inoculum and Different Levels of Tillage Depths on the Growth Characteristics of Wheat Plant and the Physical Properties of the Soil
Authors: Majed Rawad , Noni Ghanem Bahlol , Al-Masoudi Ahmed Marza 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out to study the role of the inoculum of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium under different levels of tillage depths on the physical properties of the soil and in the growth and productivity of wheat plant Triticum aestivum.L. In the Warka district, located in the north of Al-Muthanna Governorate, during the winter season 2022-2023. The factorial experiment was designed with a randomized complete block design within split plots (RCBD) and with three replications. The first factor represented the live inoculum of B. megaterium and B. subtilis with four types (B3, B2, B1, B0) B0 without the addition of inoculum, B1 represents B. megaterium. B2 represents B.subtilis and the fourth treatment B3 included the dual inoculum B1 + B2. the second factor represents tillage depths at with four levels is symbolized by symbols (D1, D2, D3, D4) where D1 represents zero tillage depth, D2 represents a tillage depth of 10 cm, D3 represents a tillage depth of 20 cm, D4 represents a tillage depth of 30 cm. The results showed the following. The B3 pollen treatment, the dual bio-pollination, achieved a significant increase in each of the grain yield, the dry weight of the shoot, the total porosity characteristics, and the bulk density of the soil, as it recorded the highest average rates, (5.600, 11667.8, 53.235, and 1.2486) respectively. The results showed that the tillage factor D4 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments in most of the studied traits, the dry weight of the vegetation, that the tillage factor D3 was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments the grain yield, while the depth D1 was superior in the two characteristics of the total porosity of the soil and the bulk density, and it gave the following results, respectively. (6.079,11141.1, 58.013, 1.1211). While the treatments of the interaction of the dual vital pollen with the tillage factor D4B3 gave a significant, the dry weight of the vegetation (13204.4) Kg hac-1, and treatments of the interaction of the dual vital pollen with the tillage factor D3B3 gave a significant, the grain yield, of the (6.684) Mg, while the treatment was superior to D1B3 in the two characteristics of the total porosity of the soil and the bulk density. The following results (58.563%,1.1064 Meq m-3) res.
The Effect of Biochar and Extract of Organic Fertilizer on the and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Jalal Hawraa Naeem , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the second research station of the Faculty of Agriculture at Muthanna University in mixed soil to study the impact of different levels of biochar and organic fertilizer extract in some growth qualities and the yield of the spelt (Triticum aesativum. L) (plant height and leaf area, biomass, grain yeild, weight of 1000 grain, harvest index). The experiment involved the use of four levels of bio-coal (A0,0%) (A1,1.5%) (A2,2%) (A3,2.5%) volume of biochar added on the basis of the size of the soil, and four levels of organic fertilizer extract (0.20,40,80 L) per hectare and its symbol (B0, B1, B2, B3). Compare averages by LSD test at a morale level of 0.05. The results show that there are moral differences in the addition of biochar and organic fertilizer extract and the overlap between them in plant elevation values. The results also indicate that there is a moral effect on the different levels of biochar and organic fertilizer extract and the overlap between them in the values of the science leaf area. The biochar and organic fertilizer extract and their overlap had a moral effect on the grain and biochar quotient. The results also showed a moral effect of adding biochar and organic fertilizer extract in the values of the harvest index. The results also showed that there were moral differences in the addition of biochar in the weight of 1000 grain
The Effect of the Interaction Between PGPR Bacteria, Mycorrhizae, and Oyster Mushroom Residues on the Proportions of Active Ingredients in Coriander Plant Oil (Coriandrum sativum L.) using the Technique of GC/MS-QP2010 Plus
Authors: Abd Asma Hussein , Suhail Faris Mohammad 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A factorial experiment was carried out in a sandy mixture soil using a completely randomized design (CRD) in the field of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Diyala, in the agricultural season 2022-2023 in order to study the effect of adding Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Mycorrhizae, and oyster mushroom residues in proportions of the active ingredients of the medicinal coriander plant oil. The results showed a difference in the number and proportions of the active compounds according to the different treatments of the experiment. Where the treatments of comparison and fertilizer recommendation achieved a decrease in the number of oil-forming active compounds, all treatments were superior by giving the highest number of oil compounds and their proportions compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation. The treatment of the bacterial mixture and oyster mushroom residues with mycorrhizae recorded the highest number of components, reaching 171 compounds, with an increase in the proportions of all compounds. The compound 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, recorded the highest percentage, which amounted to 20.71%, followed by the compound (E)-9-Octadecenoic acid ethyl ester with a percentage of 16.69%, compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which recorded (13.33, 14.33%), respectively, and the percentage of Linalool was 2.30% compared to the comparison and fertilizer recommendation treatments, which gave (2.13, 0.95%), respectively.
Effect of Vertical Boom Position of the Greenhouse Sprayer on the Penetration of Spray to the Eggplants Canopy
Authors: Oun Dahfer Ali , Subr Alaa 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The research objective focuses on spraying the leaves of the plant from the top and bottom through a spraying machine designed and made of aluminum with a movable arm equipped with a nozzle holder divided into three parts and each piece contains a nozzle of the type (Flat Fan 120-C3) as the machine was tried in a greenhouse with a study of the effect of changing the positions of the upper and lower piece of the tube carrying the nozzles to four levels (A1, A2, A3, A4) and the effect of pressure change on two levels (2,4) bar and studying the effect of the previous factors on some of the characteristics of the study, Spray quality on adaxial of leaf, Spray quality on the abaxial surface of a leaf, spraying on all test sheets placed on the eggplant plant. The experimental design is RCBD according to the SPLIT-PLOT system and for three repeaters using the least significant difference (LSD) with a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the A2 situation was significantly superior to all the studied qualities, and the pressure (4 bar) was significantly superior to all the studied qualities. As for the interaction position of boom (A4) with the pressure of (4bars), its result in all qualities was less than the rest of the coefficients, and it is not significant at the level of (0.05).
Environmental Sustainability Analysis: A Theoretical Review of Emissions and Sanitation Management in Realizing Sustainable Tourism at Turtle Tourism Beaches in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Mubarak A , Saputra B , Frinaldi A , Suryani A 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The importance of sanitation and management of emission waste in realizing environmental sustainability is a must, especially in tourism areas. Creating the concept of sustainable tourism, one of the leading indicators, must pay attention to aspects of environmental sustainability. The purpose of this research is to analyze environmental sustainability in realizing sustainable tourism in terms of sanitation waste management and emissions in the turtle beach tourism object area in Nagari Ampiang Parak, West Sumatra. The methodology uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type. Data collection through interviews, documentation studies, and field observations. Determinate informants using a purposive sampling technique (organizer/manager informants) and snowball sampling (tour visitor informants and the surrounding community). Data were analyzed using source triangulation. The results of the study show that sanitation waste management using communal septic tanks can have a positive impact on environmental sustainability and the sustainability of turtle hatchery. Meanwhile, emission problems can be minimized by reforestation and improving the environment around coastal tourism areas by planting ketapang trees, mangroves, and sea cypress. The activities mentioned above have proven to positively impact environmental sustainability in the turtle beach tourism area of West Sumatra, Indonesia.
Automated- closed canopy chamber for measuring photosynthesis and transpiration responses of ornamental plants to soil aeration
Authors: Hu J , Obayashi S , Matsumoto H , Inoue T , Toda S , Takayama K 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A system was developed for measuring the time course of photosynthesis and transpiration. The system was applied to ornamental plants in an office under different root environmental conditions: soil and non-soil aerations. This system composes an automated-closed chamber and a sensing unit. The shoot part of a fully grown ornamental plant enclosed by a transparent film in the chamber. Two circulation fans are installed at the center of the chamber to continuously stir the air. One ventilation fan located at the bottom of the chamber to exhaust air and create an upward airflow in the chamber. When the ventilation fan is turned off, the chamber becomes a closed space. The changes in the concentrations of CO2 and H2O during the period over which the chamber is closed are used to calculate the photosynthesis and transpiration rates of the plant. Two types of ornamental indoor plants were observed under the aforementioned root conditions. Soil aeration was found to produce an increase in the photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and total conductance. These results indicate that the measuring system could be a particularly helpful tool for evaluating temporal changes in the photosynthesis and transpiration of ornamental plants in an indoor environment.
Earth-fill Dam Seepage Safety Risk Assessment: Randugunting Dam, Blora
Authors: Maulana M R , Hidajat W K , Santi N 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Earth-fill dam, the most common dam, is constructed primarily using compacted earth materials from surrounding areas. Despite its simplicity, these dams have higher chances of failures caused by seepage or sliding. Randugunting Dam is an earth-fill dam located in the northern part of Blora, Central Java. This dam was built to accommodate irrigation and domestic needs in Blora, Pati, and Rembang Regencies. This study is conducted to monitor and assess the present Randugunting Dam’s seepage condition using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and calculate the seepage safety factor. Geological and engineering geological mapping are combined by coring data to understand the rock and soil characteristics of the main dam location. The seepage rate analysis is conducted using Finite Element Analysis on GeoStudio 2021 SEEP/W. The results showed that Randugunting’s main dam and reservoir area primarily comprises calcareous siltstone, carbonaceous sandstone, claystone, and limestone. Weathering rates in this area range from slightly weathered to highly weathered. The seepage rate from FEA ranges from 4.39 - 5.31 litre/s and calculation of safety factor along the Randugunting Main Dam is 4.49. Those values are considered to be safe. Installing blanket type of horizontal drain and seepage berm can act as prevention step in the future.
The application of ionization technology to reduce water pollutant level of domestic wastewater
Authors: Syakur A , Faradila R , Huboyo H S 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Increased human activity in households leads to an increase in the amount of wastewater. Domestic wastewater comes from organic matter, namely food waste and detergents which contain high total suspended solids phosphorus (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD). This can reduce environmental quality if the waste is disposed of directly without prior treatment. one of the treatments is by applying ionization. Ionization technology is used in the treatment process by using ions, high energy electrons, and active species to remove color and organic compounds through the flow of direct current (DC) from the anode to the cathode. This series of studies connects ionization technology with contact times of 30 and 60 minutes with an electric voltage of 20 kV which aims to reduce the level of wastewater pollutants in the Tunjungsari 2 Tembalang boarding house. Among the analyzed wastewater parameters, we succeeded in reducing wastewater pollutants, namely TSS removal reached 54.85%, BOD 85.99%, COD 79.45%, ammonia 55.06%, fatty oil 78.77%, total coliform 85.71% and pH conditions increased in value up to 54.38%. For optimal results, it is better to improve the ionization technology series from procedures to analysis.