bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’administration de la recherche en URSS
Authors: Lesage Michel 
Published: January 2024

Research administration in the USSR.
The paper presents a generous overview of USSR research administration, stressing two main aspects : programming and the planning of the progress of science and technology, on the one hand, and the managerial potential of Research on the other. Closely linked up with the USSR political and administrative System, research administration exhibits both spectacular achievements and a surprising backwardness in certain areas, although it may be difficult to ascertain respective causes with precision.
Universités et recherche
Authors: Denisse Jean-François 
Published: January 2024

Uniyersity research.
The author stresses the original link University - CNRS (the National Council of Scientific Research) to indicate that this enables France to call upon an exceptional instrument which would function much better if only the Ministry of Universities were to take a better account than so far of the essential part played by higher educational teaching staff and labs in support of research throughout France. For the past ten years, goverment has shown a bias towards the CNRS which the Ministry of Universities is attempting to overcome by setting up a new research mission within its own terme of reference.
Fiscalité et modèles de croissance
Authors: Olive Gaston , Letourmy Annick 
Published: January 2024

Taxation and growth models.
G. Olive and A. Letourmy present a model which serves to illustrate the relations existing between taxation and the economy, and more particularly the possible interaction between growth rates in production and the tax burden. After outlining a simplified development model indicating the main links between taxation and the economy, but leaving aside indirect effects of tax policies and growth stimulants on model ratios, they offer a more complete model affording a more realistic approach than the first.
Les entreprises publiques industrielles et l’évolution conjoncturelle
Authors: Norotte Michel 
Published: January 2024

Industrial public enterprise and the business cycle.
Brief description of the major industrial public concerns and 1980 data, followed by an analysis of key figures to show their counter-cyclic role since the mid-70’s for investments and employment, hence their anti-crisis effect, particularly as regard investments after 1974. On the employment side, staff has been shrinking since 1976, but more slowly than in private industry.
Les entreprises publiques face à la crise : l’évolution du secteur de l’énergie et des matières premières
Authors: Henry-Meininger Marie-Christine 
Published: January 2024

Public enterprise and the crisis : trends in the energy and raw material sectors.
The international crisis has led public energy and raw material suppliers to engage in large structural transformations, viz. branching out, take-ouvers both in France and abroad, and setting up consortiums, whereas the adoption of private industry structures and management, blurring the line between both sectors, have resulted in a transfer of functions from one to the other, diminishing the specificity of public enterprise. The phenomenon is partly explained by the international crisis, calling for ideological and political reactions.
A wider coherence of the public sector and a clearer definition of what belongs to overall planning and what to the autonomy of public enterprise will determine the success of the nationalizations.
Les entreprises publiques ne porteront pas l’uniforme social
Authors: Favard Émile 
Published: January 2024

Las empresas públicas no llevarán el uniforme social.
Tal uniforme tricolor no hay. Por ejemplo CDF Chimie, aunque procreada en el serrallo, ya no parece en nada o casi a su nacionalizadísimo procreador «Charbonnages de France», en cambio tiene aspectos comunes con su concurrente «privado» Rhône-Poulenc Industrias.
Por eso hay que dejar de lado visiones idílicas o apocalípticas sobre el Estado patrón. Ni abuelo, ni ogro, resulta un empleador casi ordinario, sensitivo al ambiente económico y político. El aspecto social de la empresa pública desaparece trás exigencias de concurrencia — sobre todo internacional — y aprovechó del liberalismo pre-may o 81 para diversificar y multiplicarse, como todo ente vivo.
Así paradóxicalmente, si son pocas les semejanzas de las empresas públicas entre sí, son más evidentes las entre éstas y sus concurrentes privados.
Le contrôle financier des villes
Authors: Delion André Georges 
Published: January 2024

El control financiero de las ciudades.
La evolución de las colectividades a tenido por efecto el de aumentar la importancia y la diversidad de las competencias municipales en todo, y el crecimiento de las ciudades a llevado el volumen de sus actividades, recursos y gastos a niveles tales que las más grandes exceden los presupuestos de numerosos estados.
Esto causó en Francia la organización de un sistema general y original de control financiero de las comunas, el cual, al tener en cuenta la «explosión demográfica», acentúa cada vez más a cuatro objetivos especialmente necesarios para las mayores : darlas los instrumentos de gestión financiera uniformes y obligatorios afín de mejorar su funcionamiento y reducir los riesgos de error ; organizar sistemas permanentes de vigilo para la seguridad de los citadanos ; auditar el audit municipal ; contribuir a la información objetiva sobre la regularidad y la eficacia de la gestión de los oficiales. Aún cuando ese sistema parezca altamente centralizado, su análisis demuestra que tiene en primer lugar un gran y necesario rigor que habrá de evolucionar hacia una especie de disciplina colectivamente aceptada.
La croissance urbaine de São Paulo
Authors: Mingione Agato E.F. 
Published: January 2024

Urban growth of São-Paulo.
Greater São-Paulo tops the nine Brazilian conurbations in size, population, riches and also problems. As far as the urban growth is concerned, the issue is one of organizing available space rather than refraining from expanding the boundaries of the city. In this sense, it seems necessary to aim at the following targets : fix viable population levels ; set up infrastructures capable of dealing with denser population movements ; monitor the swallowing up of smaller municipalities under correct conditions ; limit or better spread the installation of industries ; control pollution ; watch out for a gradual and adequate use of the land. A first major attempt was made in this direction through passing an integrated municipal development Plan in 1970. A follow-up will take up new problems regarding administrative and political structures : this conurbation requires urgently innovating political and managerial levels to be set up from scratch.
Les arts en Grande-Bretagne : un financement sans mainmise de l’État
Authors: Ridley Frederick F. 
Published: January 2024

Las artes en el Reino-Unido : financiacion fuera del control del estado.
Un antiguo presidente del Consejo de las Artes dijo que una de las libertades más preciosas de cada Británico es el derecho de no interesarse en las Artes. Así se puede resumir la tradición sobre la cual se funda la política cultural en Gran-Bretaña cuyo principio es que la mayoría no debe decidir de gustos individuales y que estos últimos no han de corresponder a ninguna doctrina de interés nacional. El autor compara esta visión pragmática con el dogmatismo francés haciendo destacar la originalidad del concepto británico en lo que toca a la política cultural y los problemas resultantes.
La politique culturelle en Suède
Authors: Kleberg Carl-Johan 
Published: January 2024

Cultural policy in Sweden.
During the ‘70’s, Sweden adopted a genuine cultural policy evolving along the following main criteria : major opportunities for self-expression, creative and community development, decentralization and financial efforts in favour of the underprivileged. Since State finance does not reach the local level, the implementation of such a policy remained within the exclusive terms of reference of local govemment. This accounts for wide discrepancies among boroughs. The 80ties witness a cut in public expenditure with serious effects on cultural policy which had not yet reached its full development and still lacked strong local structures. Therefore, future cultural policy is as yet uncertain. It will largely depend on societal options taken : privatization and commercialization or cultural welfare and creativity.
Gestion et différences culturelles
Authors: Desaunay Guy 
Published: January 2024

Management and cultural discrepancies.
With a European-style managerial System, African companies do not reach corresponding performance levels. Among the many reasons therefore, cultural factors cannot be denied. Indeed, what accounts for the lower yield of techniques and their poor image or infrequent use in strategies is the different mental and moral background of users as against that of those who created them to their image and likeness. Such a différence is not to be viewed as either a gap or backwardness, but rather originates from the socio-cultural idiosyncracy of the African countries whose organizations cannot work according to alien raies, which are therefore inappropriate.
Regard sur la fonction publique espagnole
Authors: Moderne Franck 
Published: January 2024

La función pública española se caracteriza por dos recientes mutaciones que le son específicas : el advenimiento de una democracia constitucional y la creación de las comunidades autónomas.
Se estudian tres puntos característicos para el observador frances : la concepción misma de la función pública, que oscila entre las nociones de carrera y de empleo, las estructuras territoriales de la función pública, los derechos y deberes del funcionario.
Directeur d’administration centrale : gestionnaire, tampon ou bouc émissaire ?
Authors: De Kervasdoué Jean 
Published: January 2024

National director of hospitals : decision maker, flak-catcher or scapegoat ?
The Minister of Health has been losing his independence for several years now. He now reports to the « grand » Minister of Social Affairs. Given two superiors and his liaison duties between politicians and civil servants, the post of Director of Hospitals is a precarious appointment lacking adéquate management tools for the proper programming and objective évaluation of his activities. This lack complicates task-sharing and relations with the minister’s staff. Furthermore, social and health services hold little prestige despite social and économie rôles of considérable importance : they do not attract young senior civil servants while buildings and operations hardly stimulate personnel. Recent reforms and the anti-civil service ideology that dominâtes French conservatism could aggravate the existing problems of the civil service, i.e., time-consuming recruitment, rigid career paths according to graduate schooling, department and position and the dire State of inter-ministerial and external relations. In addition, the simple rules of the Budget Office that apply automatically across the board must lead to inadéquate government which in turn will resuit in increased bureaucracy. Thus, efficiency should be sought at the expense of formalism, and empirical factors should override ideological thinking.
Instead of central administration, the public limited company (« Société nationale ») with set objectives and independent means, flexible management and open to inspection would appear more suited to the tasks at hand.
L’administration de la santé au Canada
Authors: Didier René 
Published: January 2024

National health administration in Canada.
Ever since confederation in 1867, public health administration has undergone several phases of ever-increasing Federal intervention in what had begun as a provincial responsibility. An initial period in which Federal Government individually negotiated and subsidized provincial programmes gave way to massive participation in the field of health : 1957 and 1966 legislation enabled it to Finance medical care and hospitalization by reimbursing outlays. Both parties were satisfied since the provinces retained control of the health care System while Federal Government gave substance to its dream of increased centralization and national unification.
The level and cost of health care to the public then showed spectacular growth. In the subsequent economic crisis, the Government reduced its share of rising cost through 1977 & 1984 legislation, thus provoking numerous conflicts in the provincial health care sector. Despite an uncertain future, national health has become a field for which the Constitution has effectively split responsibilities : provincial exercise of health care duties has contributed variety (e. g in administration, financing, quality of care) while the Federal Government has, through financing, gradually contributed greater coherence, and a common approach to problem-solving in public health.
Le service national de la santé en Grande-Bretagne : les “régional health authorities”
Authors: Kilbourne A. , West P. A. 
Published: January 2024

Regional Health Authorities in the English ; National Health Service.
The 14 Regional Health Authorities in England control the finance and service provision of the 192 subordinate districts. They are responsible through their appointed authority members for the implementation of government policies and the development of local strategies for the delivery of health care. They receive a budget from the government Department of Health and Social Security under a formula developed in 1976 by the Resource Allocation Working Party. Regions attempt to coordinate the services provided by districts and an annual review process has been introduced by the DHSS to monitor their success. Executive control of the regions rests with a Regional Management Board, headed by the Regional General Manager. They carry out the policies of the authority whose members are appointed, not elected, from local government and the general public under a part-time, salaried chairman. But although regions are nominally in direct control of the districts, the districts have their own appointed authorities which can attempt to alter regional decisions on the allocation of money and the location of services. Thus the power of the regions is tempered by the political weight of the Districts and by professional groups, particularly the doctors and nurses.
Les usagers et la maladministration
Authors: Barbanson Gérard 
Published: January 2024

The General Public and Misadministration.
Relations between civil servants and the general public should be improved by reorganization, improved reception services, human relations training for civil servants who interface with the public and reduced processing time for user inquiries and applications ; and not by manpower cuts. Users’ groups are valuable buffers between the civil service and the public. However, few are aware of their existence and their resources are limited. Official support is needed.
Formation et perfectionnement des fonctionnaires au Cameroun : le CENAM
Authors: Etong Ndzok Hilarion 
Published: January 2024

Civil Servants Training and Continuing Education in the Cameroons (Centre National d’Administration et de Magistrature).
The training and continuing education of civil servants and magistrates in the Cameroons was significantly modified by the establishment of CENAM, the national magistrate center. CENAM coordinates the activity of two civil service training institutes (École nationale d’administration et de magistrature and Institut des techniques administratives et financières) and of Institut supérieur de management public, the institute of advanced studies. CENAM has all the features of a public body, but its autonomy is limited by the Ministry of Civil Service whose authority covers budgets, personnel and activity.
La présence étrangère en Europe occidentale - Dénombrement et méthode
Authors: Lebon André 
Published: January 2024

Alien Census-Taking and Statistical Methods in Western Europe.
With the exception of the UK, which ignores ‘alien’ as a statistical criterion, there are almost 12 500 000 aliens legally resident in Western Europe. Statistical analysis also reveals that (a) aliens constitute a non-negligible subpopulation in both host and source countries, and (b) individual nationalities are concentrated in different host countries. Detailed analysis requires a clear definition of the alien categories included and excluded for statistical purposes as well as the statistical techniques applied. Another serious issue is that the term ‘alien’ is becoming unworkable and will have to be re-defined or replaced.
La nation comme communauté de culture
Authors: Schnapper Dominique 
Published: January 2024

The Nation as an Ethnie Community.
A handful of basic principles and a specifie conception of the nation underlie recommendations of the ‘Commission de la Nationalité’. This conception has its origins in Renan and Fustel de Coulanges who saw the nation as the resuit of the common will to live together on the basis of knowledge and adoption of an inherited past. ‘German’ thinking differs over the means of handling down this past : one view relies on voluntary acceptance and acquisition : the other on membership in an collective unconscious and biological or ethnic transmission. The ‘Commission’ holds that the ethnie heritage of a nation is available to everyone through the school System and active participation in community affairs.
Dimension territoriale de la politique et dynamiques d’échange
Authors: Parri Leonardo 
Published: January 2024

The Territorial Dimension of Politics and Exchange Dynamics.
Criticizing the traditional formal and hierarchical approaches, the article presents an exchange-based conceptual framework for the understanding of the relations between the levels of government. National and subnational governments are considered as complex organizations exchanging the power resources they possess in the course of the negotiation of the contents of the outputs and outcomes of the nationwide integrated public policies. This policy-linked negotiation is called territorial political exchange, TPE. On the basis of the concept of TPE, classic notions like territorial politics, centralization level and peripheral autonomy are reformulated.
L’organisation des armées
Authors: Cailleteau François 
Published: January 2024

Defense Administration Hierarchy.
The structure and operation of the military establishment is unique in many ways. Above ail, both civilians and military sit in the Minister’s Cabinet. The supreme body consists of four tiers : CEMA, who define national defense policy and the DGA, the chief procurement officer ; the army, navy and air force chiefs of staff ; their individual personnel, budget and legal departments ; and controllors and inspectors general. The three fundamental operating principles of defense administration are civilian supremacy, balanced forces, and the rise of DGA as the key decisionmaker. This central body is seconded by similar bodies proper to each service, organized along territorial lines and resulting in two coexisting hierarchies for each service branch.
Le service national de la coopération, instrument de l’action extérieure de la France
Authors: Vaillant Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Alternative National Service.
Alternative service overseas has changed considerably since its inception in 1965, and now concerns the Ministries of Foreign Aid, Foreign Affairs, Economies & Finance and Foreign Trade. Recruiting and processing procedures have been streamlined. It was initially concentrated on Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, later extending to French-speaking Africa and, more recently, to industrialized countries. Developing countries now require more highly specialized personnel. Originally intended for developing countries, alternative service now extends into highly industrial countries, where personnel contribute to broadening trade relations and spreading French cultural values.
La gestion des cadres dans l’armée de terre en RFA et leur reconversion en vue d’une seconde carrière dans le secteur civil
Authors: Pennacchioni Dominique 
Published: January 2024

Career Paths for Commissioned & Non-Commissioned Officers in the Federal German Army and Retraining for Civilian Employment.
One major concern in creating the Federal German Bundeswehr shortly after World War II was to avoid any hint that German militarism subsisted. Thus, commissioned and non-commissioned officers enjoy civil service status of maximum possible parity with that of other civil services. Moreover, original concepts have been adopted to recruit a broad range of candidates, as well as to ensure thorough job training and a smooth return to civilian life after 12 -15 years’ service.
L’administration des forces armées de métier : l’expérience britannique
Authors: Mackay Ian 
Published: January 2024

Administration of a Professional Army in Britain.
British armed forces have relied entirely on volunteers for 25 years. Much attention has been paid to recruitment policy, pay scales, career paths, living standards and job satisfaction in order to attract the right personnel. Reassignment of certain duties to civilian personnel has reduced costs. Reserve forces consist not only of veterans but of specially-recruited volunteers as well. Abolishing conscription does reduce materiel requirements, but greater savings have resulted from ‘sleeping contracts’ which provide for the callup of civilian materiel in case of conflict. The article concludes by reviewing the lessons of operational administration taught by the 1982 Falklands War.
Pour une coopération fondée sur un contrat clair. Questions à Stéphane Hessel, Ambassadeur de France
Authors: Hessel Stéphane , Claisse Alain 
Published: January 2024

For co-operation based on a clear-cut contract.
Questions to Stéphane Hessel

Stéphane Hessel answers six questions relating to French policy on administrative coopération with the developing countries, the role played by the IMF and the World Bank in this area, the temptation for ‘administrative imitation’, the priority sectors and, lastly, the problems of evaluating the operations carried out. He focuses on the diversity of both the aid granted and the situations to which it must be adapted, and proposes a ‘graded assessment’ for aid operations.
L’enseignement de la gestion à l’ENA de Paris
Authors: Billon Alain 
Published: January 2024

Management Education at ENA.
The principle of specialization which governed training courses at ENA until 1958 has gradually given way to the “all-rounder” system, which is now the dominant model at the school. This has been accompanied by greater importance being given to management education, whose very content has changed : it is no longer merely concerned with improving the ability of future senior civil servants to take part in discussions with the business world; rather it seeks to give them additional tools with which to manage the System of administration. The present course therefore relies on case studies, and consists of several “units” of varying duration (accounting and financial analysis, management control, organization, human resources management, strategic management).