bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtues and Rules in Epistemology
Authors: Greco John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Virtue theories in ethics are often presented as an alten;1ative to deontological theories such as Kant’s. One important issue here concerns the existence of moral rules and their relation to moral action. Specifically, it is commonly claimed that it is an advantage of virtue theories that they do not commit us to moral rules. The reason this is an advantage, it is argued, is that it is unclear whether such rules play any important role in our moral lives.1 In this essay I want to argue in a similar way with respect to theories of epistemic evaluation. That is, I want to argue that virtue theories in epistemology hold an advantage over deontological theories in epistemology, and precisely because the former need not understand epistemic justification in terms of epistemic rules or norms.
Epistemic Obligation and the Possibility of Internalism
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She shouldn’t have believed him:’ “You shouldn’t believe everything you read:’ “He should have known better:’ This way of talking about belief is altogether common. When people say this sort of thing, it seems, they quite often say things that are true. But this talk of epistemic obligation can seem quite puzzling, and it is puzzling in a way that talk of obligations to act is not. If I can’t be heard in the back of the room when I’m presenting a paper at a conference, then I may be criticized for not having spoken louder: I should have spoken louder, it will be said, and rightly so. I am criticizable here, it seems, because I could have spoken louder but didn’t; how loud I speak is subject to my voluntary control. But as William Alston1 and Alvin Plantinga2 have pointed out, believing surely seems different here. I don’t have voluntary control over my beliefs. Although I can simply decide to speak louder, I can’t simply decide to believe or disbelieve. Alston and Plantinga draw the obvious conclusion: talk of epistemic obligation—what they call the deontological conception of justification—is thereby undermined.
Leveraging Technology: Corning and the Lessons of Strategic Partnerships
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1930 the Houghtons had established two core strategies designed to ensure the long-term success of their company. The first, a decision made at the turn of the century, was not to enter the high-volume areas of glass manufacture-flat glass and containers. These markets were already dominated by very large companies (e.g., Pittsburgh Plate Glass), and Corning’s intimate dealings with its electrical company customers had clearly demonstrated the futility of going head-to-head with such larger enterprises. The second strategic decision was to rely on a consistently funded research effort for finding and exploiting new product areas. The wisdom of this second decision had also, by this time, been proven.
The End of the "American Century" Wrestling with Diversification and Control
Authors: Graham Margaret B W , Shuldiner Alec T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“In the next decade we must find a better way to use what we have, our total resources. At the moment we appear to be using only part of that system.” This comment could have struck an audience filled with hardcharging young executives at Corning’s 1968 management conference as a mere course correction, one in a sequence of gradual strategic realigments that had issued from Amory HoughtonJr.’s office during the 1960s. But it was far more than that. The comment augured a significant reappraisal of the company’s strategy, a response to the intensifying challenge of meeting a 10 percent annual growth target while adhering to a research driven strategy during a period of economic transition.
The Ancient Discovery of a Forgery: Serapion and the Gospel of Peter
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient Christians knew of far more Gospels than the four that eventually came to be included in the New Testament. Most of them have been lost to us in all but name. Some are quoted sporadically by early church writers who opposed them. A few have been discovered in modern times. We can assume, and in many cases we know, that the Christians who read, preserved, and cherished these other Gospels understood them to be sacred texts. The Christians who rejected them argued that they were heretical (promoting false teachings) and, in many instances, forged.
The Invention of Scripture: The Formation of the Proto-orthodox New Testament
Authors: Ehrman Bart D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The victory of proto-orthodox Christianity in its quest for dominance left a number of indelible marks on the history of Western civilization. Of these, none has proved more significant than the formation of the New Testament as a canon of Scripture. To be sure, the development of a church hierarchy was important, but there are numerous denominations today, with a range of church structures. The formulation of the orthodox creeds was significant as well, but in some churches new creeds have replaced the old, and almost no one has weekly Creedal Studies to discuss how the Nicene affirmations can make a difference in their lives. The New Testament is another matter: It is accepted and read by millions of people around the world and is understood by most Christians to be the word of God, the inspired Scripture, the ultimate basis for faith and practice—even for Christians who stress “tradition” as well. In common Christian understanding, these are twenty-seven books given by God to his people to guide them in their lives and understanding.
Factions and the Continuity of Political Challengers
Authors: Schwartz Mildred A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dissatisfied persons who believe that existing political parties cannot solve their problems may join others in protest movements. Sometimes those movements attempt to influence the course of government directly by nominating candidates for office, or by exacting pledges of programmatic support from candidates who run under an existing party label. These actions express a conviction that participating in elections and in legislative bodies can produce change. To distinguish them from other political movements, I label them party movements.
External Political Change, Collective Identities, and Participation in Social Movement Organizations
Authors: Robnett Belinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1964 and 1966 the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) transformed from an organization that cultivated a nonviolent civil rights collective identity to one that imposed a black nationalist perspective. What accounts for this substantial change? This chapter answers that question with a relational approach to the study of collective identity, arguing that this transformation directly resulted from the interaction of external (political) and internal (cultural and organizational) change. Although historical and biographical accounts of the demise of the SNCC highlight both external and internal causes, most theoretical treatments of social movements do not analyze these factors as they interact with collective identity sustenance in social movement organizations (Carson 1981; Forman 1985; King 1987; Sellers and Terell 1990). Equally troubling is the lack of substantial comment on the race/class/gender mix of these interactions. Scholars often address internal and external factors as though they were un-signified; therefore, we rarely come to understand the complexities of race, class, and gender in the formation of collective identities.
The Goddess Returns: Ecofeminist Reconfigurations of Gender, Nature, and the Sacred
Authors: Rigby Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now nearly twenty years since Carol Christ presented her arguments as to “why women need the Goddess” in her famous keynote address to the first major academic conference on the “reemergence of the Goddess” held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in spring 1978. A more experientially oriented festival celebrating the new feminist spirituality movement had taken place in Boston two years previously. In the recollection of one participant, this “Gynenergetic Experience,” as it was termed, involved “incantations, dreams, moon meditations, exhibits and films on blood mysteries, workshops on feminist interpretations of the Tarot, women’s hidden history, goddess worship, Amazons, the martyrdom of the witches, [and] discussions of the relationship between spirituality and politics, women and ecology” (Roszak 1995:291). Inspired by feminist research into ancient nature religions incorporating powerful female deities1 and motivated by the search for a nonpatriarchal and earth-centered mode of spiritual expression, a great many more women (and a good many men) appear to have embraced “the Goddess” since then.Drawing selectively and eclectically on numerous sources, including Greek, Celtic, and Germanic mythology, modern Wicca, and, more recently, certain indigenous traditions,2 feminist spirituality groups celebrating the figure of the Goddess have sprung up throughout the English-speaking world and in parts of continental Europe (especially Holland and Germany), wherever the women’s movement has generated a strong grass-roots feminist counterculture.3 English-language publications in the area of feminist spirituality presently number well over nine hundred (Carsen 1992). Needless to say, it is now also possible to access the Goddess in cyberspace.4
Between Worlds: Approaching the Indigenous Sacred in Australia
Authors: McCredden Lyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one form or another, Australian cultural commentators of the 1980s and 1990s have espoused largely materialist views of culture, often opposing or repressing the category of the sacred or metaphysical. Cultural critic John Docker, writing in his 1984 book In a Critical Condition, argues that the context for this repression is a strong resistance to the earlier hegemony of the “metaphysical ascendancy” in Australian literary criticism. In fact many literary commentators of the postwar era, both Australian and international, formed their approaches in contradistinction to the often hegemonically disseminated literary critical methodologies of New Criticism and Leavisism. Such methodologies, according to Docker, saw the social and political (as) “surface” realms, local and temporary, and therefore “non-literary.” The metaphysical realm of existence (they said) ... because its problems are more abiding and permanent than social and political problems are presumed to be, is somehow, by magical fiat, “strictly literary.” (Docker 1984:91)
Studies in Classical History and Society
Authors: Reinhold Meyer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Reinhold, a distinguished senior classicist, has produced a fascinating and accessible collection of essays devoted to the study of ancient history. Among the articles included are "The Generation Gap," a major survey exploring myths of the uprising of one generation against another; "Augustus' Conception of Himself," a detailed summary and interpretation of Augustus' life and career; and "The Declaration of War against Cleopatra," an investigation of the charge against Cleopatra that she betrayed her pledge to Rome as a client ruler. Taken together, these essays form a unified and coherent survey of ancient history that will appeal to a broad audience.
Emptiness and Positionlessness :Do the Madhyamika Relinquish All Views?
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not at all clear how one is to understand such claims. One response, of course, would be to mutter either with reverence or with derision about the mystery, paradox, and irrationality or about the fantastic transcendence of rationality of the East. But either would be too facile. For one thing, it would be simply to shirk the hermeneutic burden of making sense of the text. But more compellingly, given the relentlessly rational, meticulously argued character of the text as a whole, and indeed of his entire corpus, such a reaction would be hard to justify with respect to Nagarjuna. And finally, given the extensive commentarial tradition rooted in this text, beginning with Nagarjuna’s immediate disciple Aryadeva and continuing to the present day, with its different readings and interpretations, several competing understandings of the text are already available.
Vela
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 7, 1941, the “date which will live in infamy,” a surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, sank much of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Fleet, shocked Americans from their naitve isolationism, and carved a permanent mark in the national character: never again would the United States permit itself to be caught by surprise.
When the Cold War began, the United States invested heavily in technical means of warning of surprise attack. A Distant Early Warning system of radar stations was built across the Arctic, from Alaska through Canada to Greenland, linked to a central command post deep under Cheyenne Mountain, in Colorado.
Detectors
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1608 the Nether landish eyeglass maker Hans Lippershey put two lenses together and invented the telescope. He intended it as an in strument of war, for spying out the enemy. The Estates of Holland, in the midst of the Eighty Years’ War of independence from Spain, awarded him a substantial sum.
New ideas moved fast in those days, and were put in practice as quickly as they are today, even though mail traveled by horse. Within a year Galileo Galilei, professor of mathematics at the University of Padua, in Italy, and Thomas Harriot, an English mathematician, heard of Lippershey’s invention, built their own telescopes, and turned them to the sky.
What Are They?
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Double Helix, James Watson’s account of how he and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA, contains a picture of Watson and Crick standing by their model of DNA. The model is about 6 feet high, and made of metal plates and rods. It is a scale model of a short stretch of the DNA molecule, representing the sizes and locations of its atoms, expanded to nearly a billion times actual size.
Models of this type, made of metal, cardboard, plastic, or wood, enable students and scientists to see the three-dimensional structure of molecules. They resemble and are used rather like children’s construction toys, though with more serious intent.
The Copernican Dilemma
Authors: Katz Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In school we are taught that Mikolay Kopernik, the Polish astronomer also known by his Latin name Nicolaus Copernicus, established that Earth and the planets revolve around the Sun, rather than the planets and Sun revolving around Earth, as had generally been assumed since the time of the ancient Greeks. The importance of Copernicus’s ideas was both philosophical and scientific: Man is not at the center of the universe, but is only an insignificant spectator, viewing its fireworks from somewhere in the bleachers.
Social Forces and Creativity
Authors: Ogilvy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do we trust a psychotic to offer his own best diagnosis? No, individual introspection is almost bound to be warped by the biases of self deception. Too much is at stake for an individual subject to see herself clearly. Likewise, to the extent that sociology uses the cultural and intellectual artifacts of a society—a culturally bound set of categories—to understand that society, it is just as suspect as introspective psychology. Subjectivity in selective sampling is the original sin of sociology: Thou shalt not use one’s own ethnic customs as the standard for judging one’s own society, much less other societies.
From Worldviews To Better Worlds
Authors: Ogilvy James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1996 a young physicist named Alan Sokal rocked the academic world by pulling off a delicious literary hoax. He published a paper entitled “Transgressing the Boundaries: Toward a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity” in a journal called Social Text. The hoax was worded in the obscure language of deconstructionism, an intellectual import from Paris.
C
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in northern New Mexico on May 16, 1894 (although some sources give her birth date as 1898), Fabiola Cabeza de Baca became a famous home economist, teacher, folklorist, and writer. She was one of several New Mexican women, such as Cleofas M. Jaramillo and Nina Otero-Warren, who wrote of the culture and heritage of their Hispano ancestors. Her parents came from long-established Hispano families who had been in New Mexico for over 200 years. Her grandparents raised her from the age of four, after her mother died, leaving Fabiola with one brother and two sisters. She attended the Loretto Academy in Las Vegas and after graduating from high school became a teacher in a rural area six miles from her father’s ranch in La Liendre. In 1921 she received a B.A. degree from New Mexico Normal (now New Mexico Highlands University) and in 1929 a B.S. in home economics from New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (now New Mexico State University). In between she also spent one year studying in Spain.
H
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A dress or garment worn by religious individuals such as nuns and monks, usually a long-sleeved simple cotton garment. A lay religious person may make a promise to wear un habito for certain periods of time or until the garment falls apart. The color of the garment may be that of the saint to whom the vow was made. A manda (vow) is made to wear the habito for a week, a year, or just on certain religious holy days, in fulfillment of a vow made to a saint, such as St. Joseph or St. Francis. Although this is a private or personal promise made to the saint, the community of the individual is aware that the person is fulfilling a manda, just by the recognition of the color and form of the habit. In parts of the Southwest there is also the practice of making a vow to a saint for the curing of a sick child, and the manda may involve a pilgrimage, with the child wearing the garment of the saint invoked. When the child is well he will be taken to a church service with a godparent selected for the occasion, and the godmother will be called madrina de habito. Habitos can still be seen in south Texas, Arizona, and other parts of the Southwest, but rarely in urban areas. It is usually women who make promises to wear luibitos, although men may make other types of promesas or mandas. The wearing of the habito as a sacrifice comes from early Catholic teachings and a strong belief in the religious benefits of penance.
I
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of an epic poem written by Rodolfo “Corky’’ Gonzales in 1967, which has been republished many times since and is now available on the Internet. It became a personal manifesto of many young Chicanos when it was first published with the following opening lines: I am Joaquin, lost in a world of confusion, caught up in the whirl of a gringo society, confused by the rules, scorned by attitudes, suppressed by manipulation, and destroyed by modern society.
M
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Machismo describes a stereotypic image of a Chicano/Latino man who is extraordinarily aggressive, stresses dominance over his wife and family, exhibits physical and sexual prowess, and places strong emphasis on masculine rigidity. Chicano social scientists have authored studies about machismo, noting that it is a stereotype often used against Chicanos to blame them for their underclass social position in American society. Macho literally means “male,” and machismo is the concept of “maleness,” but in American culture it has come to mean an exaggerated masculinity. A masculinity associated with violence, self-centeredness, chauvinism, or alcoholism is not a macho concept recognized by most Chicanos. For Chicanos, un hombre macho is a man who symbolizes dignity, takes care of his family, has respect for all women, especially his mother, and possesses a strong sense of self-identity and character. Many Chicanos grew up influenced by Mexican movies, with characters like Pedro Infante, Cantinflas, Antonio Aguilar, and Jorge Negrete, as men who sang to the beautiful girls and defended the poor by fighting for justice and social equality. These were positive images of machos.
0
Authors: Castro Rafaela G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometimes used interchangeably with altar, afrenda means “an offering” and is set up as a component of an altar. On Dfa de las Muertos, the Day of the Dead or All Souls’ Day, an offering is made for a particular individual who has died, or for several members of a family who have died, such as parents and grandparents. An afrenda may be set up in a home and personalized for a particular person. In some homes an altar is permanently set up for general and daily prayer, but an afrenda is specifically for Da de las Muertos. An afrenda will have lit votive candles that are meant to help guide the soul to the afrenda. It will also have bread and a glass of water, because these elements are considered to be the main supports of life. In addition the personal favorite items of the deceased will be placed out for him or her, such as sweets, beer, beans, photographs, and even an especially liked shirt or dress. During Dfa de las Muertas, altars are set up in galleries and exhibit halls as artistic and cultural expressions, with afrendas created for particularly known individuals.
Our Studies Ourselves
Authors: Glassner Barry , Hertz Rosanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What motivates a lifelong scholarly pursuit, and how do one’s studies inform life outside the academy? Sociologists, who live in families but also study families, who go to work but also study work, who participate in communities but also try to understand communities, have an especially intimate relation to their research. Growing up poor, struggling as a woman in a male-dominated profession, participating in protests against the Vietnam War; facts of life influence research agendas, individual understandings of the world, and ultimately the shape of the discipline as a whole. Barry Glassner and Rosanna Hertz asked twenty-two of America’s most prominent sociologists to reflect upon how their personal lives influenced their research, and vice versa, how their research has influenced their lives. In this volume, the authors reveal with candor and discernment how world events, political commitments and unanticipated constraints influenced the course of their careers. They disclose how race, class, and gender proved to be pivotal elements in the course of their individual lives, and in how they carry out their research. Faced with academic institutions that did not hire or promote persons of their gender, race, sexual orientation, or physical disability, they invented new routes to success within their fields. Faced with disappointments in political organizations to which they were devoted, they found ways to integrate their disillusionment into their research agendas. While some of the contributors radically changed their political commitments, and others saw more stability, none stood still. An intimate look at biography and craft, these snapshots provide a fascinating glimpse of the sociological life for colleagues, other academics, and aspiring young sociologists. The collection demonstrates how inequalities and injustices can be made into motors for scholarly research, which in turn have the power to change individual life courses and entire societies.