bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase in plants affects energy homeostasis, cell death and stress tolerance
Authors: Block Marc De , Verduyn Christoph , Brouwer Dirk De , Cornelissen Marc 
Published: December 2004

SummaryPlants contain two genes that code for poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP): parp1 and parp2. Both PARPs are activated by DNA damage caused by, example reactive oxygen species. Upon activation polymers of ADP‐ribose are synthesized on a range of nuclear enzymes using NAD+ as substrate. Here, we show that in plants stresses such as drought, high light and heat activate PARP causing NAD+ breakdown and ATP consumption. When the PARP activity is reduced by means of chemical inhibitors or by gene silencing, cell death is inhibited and plants become tolerant to a broad range of abiotic stresses like high light, drought and heat. Plant lines with low poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation activity maintain under stress conditions their energy homeostasis by reducing NAD+ breakdown and consequently energy consumption. The higher energy‐use efficiency avoids the need for a too intense mitochondrial respiration and consequently reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species. From these results it can be concluded that breeding or engineering for a high energy‐use efficiency under stress conditions is a valuable, but until today nearly unexploited, approach to enhance overall stress tolerance of crops.
Acute exacerbation of COPD requiring admission to the intensive care unit
Authors: YANG Steve , TAN Keng‐Leong , DEVANAND Anantham , FOOK‐CHONG Stephanie , ENG Philip 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  The aim of this study was to summarize experiences of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for an acute exacerbation of COPD and to identify factors associated with a poor outcome.Methodology:  An observational case series of 102 consecutive admissions to the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD between January 1998 and December 2002 were studied.Results:  In total, 102 admissions to the ICU were reviewed. There were no ICU deaths but there were 18 hospital deaths (18%). A total of 28 patients were treated with non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), of whom four (14% failure rate) subsequently required intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). Another 16 patients (16%) were successfully weaned from MV with NIPPV. Nine patients (9%), who had more than one episode of re‐intubation after weaning (RAW), were from the mechanically ventilated group. Tracheostomy was performed for four patients (3.9%). The median duration of both NIPPV and MV was 1 day. The median length of stay in the ICU and hospital were 2 days (SD, 7.2) and 8 days (SD, 9.6), respectively. Univariate analysis identified serum total protein to be associated with hospital mortality (P = 0.004)Conclusion:  For patients with acute exacerbations of COPD in the ICU, serum total protein, a surrogate marker for nutrition, was significantly associated with hospital mortality.
BAL eotaxin and IL‐5 in asthma, and the effects of inhaled corticosteroid and β2 agonist
Authors: FELTIS Bryce N , REID David W , WARD Chris , WALTERS E Haydn 
Published: December 2004

Objective:  In a longitudinal ex vivo placebo‐controlled study, asthmatics already treated with inhaled corticosteroid received supplemental long‐acting β‐agonist (LABA) or increased doses of their inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). Previously reports have shown significant reductions in biopsy eosinophil numbers after treatment with LABA. Following these findings, eosinophil chemokines eotaxin and IL‐5 in the BAL fluid at baseline and after 3 months of study medication have now been measured, and these data with that from new cross‐sectional controls have also been compared. It is hypothesised that changes in airway eosinophils would be related to eosinophil cytokines.Methodology:  BAL cytokines were measured by chemiluminescent enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, while eosinophils were measured by immunohistochemistry or differential cell counting. For all measures, longitudinal data were compared to that from ICS‐free asthmatics (n = 42) and non‐asthmatic controls (n = 28).Results:  BAL eotaxin in asthmatics was elevated above non‐asthmatic levels regardless of ICS levels. BAL IL‐5 was elevated in ICS‐free asthmatics, but not in asthmatics on low‐dose ICS treatment. Longitudinally, BAL eotaxin was unchanged after 3 months. Unexpectedly, IL‐5 increased after 3 months of additional LABA treatment but was not further affected by increasing the dose of ICS. Airway eotaxin seemed to be constitutively raised in asthmatics, whereas, IL‐5 levels were more steroid‐responsive. No relationship was observed between eosinophils and eosinophilic cytokines in the BAL.Conclusions:  While the elevation of luminal IL‐5 with LABA treatment cannot be accounted for, it may have contributed to luminal clearance of airway wall eosinophils. The lack of correlation between airways eosinophils and eosinophilic cytokines in the BAL is particularly important.
Budesonide once versus twice‐daily administration: meta‐analysis
Authors: MASOLI Matthew , WEATHERALL Mark , HOLT Shaun , BEASLEY Richard 
Published: December 2004

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of budesonide administered once daily compared to twice daily in asthma.Methodology:  Meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials comparing budesonide administered once versus twice a day that presented data on at least one clinical outcome measure was conducted.Results:  A total of 10 studies, with 1922 children and adults with asthma, met the inclusion criteria. These studies were performed predominantly with mild to moderate asthmatic patients, using doses of budesonide ranging from 200 to 800 µg per day. There was no significant difference between daily dosing once or twice for all the clinical outcome variables, including withdrawals due to asthma, for which the odds ratio was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–1.52).Conclusions:  In mild to moderate asthma a once‐daily budesonide regimen has a similar efficacy to a twice‐daily regimen in doses up to 800 µg per day. A once‐daily regimen has potential advantages in terms of patient compliance and satisfaction, when used in clinical practice.
Herbivore arthropods benefit from vectoring plant viruses
Authors: Belliure Belén , Janssen Arne , Maris Paul C. , Peters Dick , Sabelis Maurice W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlants infected with pathogens often attract the pathogens’ vectors, but it is not clear if this is advantageous to the vectors. We therefore quantified the direct and indirect (through the host plant) effects of a pathogen on its vector. A positive direct effect of the plant‐pathogenic Tomato spotted wilt virus on its thrips vector (Frankliniella occidentalis) was found, but the main effect was indirect; juvenile survival and developmental rate of thrips was lower on pepper plants that were damaged by virus‐free thrips than on unattacked plants, but such negative effects were absent on plants that were damaged and inoculated by infected thrips or were mechanically inoculated with the virus. Hence, potential vectors benefit from attacking plants with virus because virus‐infected plants are of higher quality for the vector's offspring. We propose that plant pathogens in general have evolved mechanisms to overcome plant defences against their vectors, thus promoting pathogen spread.
The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Packaging Protein UL17 Is a Virion Protein That Is Present in Both the Capsid and the Tegument Compartments
Authors: Thurlow Johanna K. , Rixon Frazer J. , Murphy Mary , Targett-Adams Paul , Hughes Michelle , Preston Valerie G. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
The UL17 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 is essential for packaging the viral genome into the procapsid, a spherical assembly intermediate, and is present in the mature virus particle. We have examined the distribution of UL17 in various assembly products and virions to determine which component of the virus particle UL17 is associated with and at what stage in capsid assembly UL17 is required. UL17 was present in the procapsid, in the DNA-containing angularized C capsid, and in two other angularized capsid forms, A and B, that lack DNA and are thought to be dead-end products. The results suggest that UL17 is a minor capsid protein which is incorporated into the procapsid during assembly of the particle. UL17 was also found in virions and in noninfectious structures known as light (L) particles, which possess a tegument and envelope but lack a capsid. The level of UL17 in these particles was much greater than the amount that could be attributed to capsid contamination of the purified L-particle preparation, suggesting that UL17 is also a tegument protein. The finding that virions contain approximately twofold more UL17 than do C capsids provided further support for the idea that UL17 is present in two different structural components within the mature virion. The UL25 packaging protein, which is also present in virions, was not found in significant amounts in L particles, indicating that it is associated only with the capsid. UL6, the third virion-associated packaging protein, was present in slightly increased levels in L particles.
Comparative Efficacy and Immunogenicity of Replication-Defective, Recombinant Glycoprotein, and DNA Vaccines for Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Infections in Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Hoshino Yo , Dalai Sarat K. , Wang Kening , Pesnicak Lesley , Lau Tsz Y. , Knipe David M. , Cohen Jeffrey I. , Straus Stephen E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Many candidate vaccines are effective in animal models of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection. Among them, clinical trials showed moderate protection from genital disease with recombinant HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) in alum-monophosphoryl lipid A adjuvant only in HSV women seronegative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2, encouraging development of additional vaccine options. Therefore, we undertook direct comparative studies of the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies and immunogenicities of three different classes of candidate vaccines given in four regimens to two species of animals: recombinant gD2, a plasmid expressing gD2, and
dl
5-29, a replication-defective strain of HSV-2 with the essential genes
UL5
and
UL29
deleted. Both
dl
5-29 and gD2 were highly effective in attenuating acute and recurrent disease and reducing latent viral load, and both were superior to the plasmid vaccine alone or the plasmid vaccine followed by one dose of
dl
5-29.
dl
5-29 was also effective in treating established infections. Moreover, latent
dl
5-29 virus could not be detected by PCR in sacral ganglia from guinea pigs vaccinated intravaginally. Finally,
dl
5-29 was superior to gD2 in inducing higher neutralizing antibody titers and the more rapid accumulation of HSV-2-specific CD8
+
T cells in trigeminal ganglia after challenge with wild-type virus. Given its efficacy, its defectiveness for latency, and its ability to induce rapid, virus-specific CD8
+
-T-cell responses, the
dl
5-29 vaccine may be a good candidate for early-phase human trials.
Importance of Arginine 20 of the Swine Vesicular Disease Virus 2A Protease for Activity and Virulence
Authors: Inoue Toru , Alexandersen Soren , Clark Angela T. , Murphy Ciara , Quan Melvyn , Reid Scott M. , Sakoda Yoshihiro , Johns Helen L. , Belsham Graham J. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

A major virulence determinant of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an
Enterovirus
that causes an acute vesicular disease, has been mapped to residue 20 of the 2A protease. The SVDV 2A protease cleaves the 1D-2A junction in the viral polyprotein, induces cleavage of translation initiation factor eIF4GI, and stimulates the activity of enterovirus internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs). The 2A protease from an attenuated strain of SVDV (Ile at residue 20) is significantly defective at inducing cleavage of eIF4GI and the activation of IRES-dependent translation compared to the 2A protease from a pathogenic strain (J1/73, Arg at residue 20), but the two proteases have similar 1D-2A cleavage activities (Y. Sakoda, N. Ross-Smith, T. Inoue, and G. J. Belsham, J. Virol. 75:10643-10650, 2001). Residue 20 has now been modified to every possible amino acid, and the activities of each mutant 2A protease has been analyzed. Selected mutants were reconstructed into full-length SVDV cDNA, and viruses were rescued. The rate of virus growth in cultured swine kidney cells reflected the efficiency of 2A protease activity. In experimentally infected pigs, all four of the mutant viruses tested displayed much-reduced virulence compared to the J1/73 virus but a significant, albeit reduced, level of viral replication and excretion was detected. Direct sequencing of cDNA derived from samples taken early and late in infection indicated that a gradual selection-reversion to a more efficient protease occurred. The data indicated that extensive sequence change and selection may introduce a severe bottleneck in virus replication, leading to a decreased viral load and reduced or no clinical disease.
Ganglioside GD1a Restores Infectibility to Mouse Cells Lacking Functional Receptors for Polyomavirus
Authors: Gilbert Joanna , Dahl Jean , Riney Cathy , You John , Cui Cunqi , Holmes Randall , Lencer Wayne , Benjamin Thomas 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Recent investigations on the pathway of cell entry by polyomavirus (Py) and simian virus 40 (SV40) have defined specific gangliosides as functional receptors mediating virus binding and transport from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (B. Tsai et al., EMBO J.
22:
4346-4355, 2003; Gilbert and Benjamin, in press). These studies were carried out with C6 rat glioma cells, a heterologous host chosen for its known deficiency in ganglioside biosynthesis. Here, a cell genetic approach was undertaken to identify components required for the early steps of infection using mouse cells as the natural host for Py. Receptor-negative (R−) mouse cells, screened based on resistance to Py infection, were shown to bind Py but failed to allow entry of the virus. R− cells were also found to be resistant to SV40. Infectibility was restored or enhanced by the addition of the same specific gangliosides found in earlier studies with C6 cells. In one R− line, overexpression of caveolin-1 also increased infectibility. These results support and extend findings on gangliosides in lipid rafts as functional receptors and mediators of internalization for Py and SV40.
Moral Dilemmas of Nursing in End-of-Life Care in Hungary: a personal perspective
Authors: Blasszauer Bela , Palfi Ilona 
Published: December 2004

The authors’ aim is to bring to the attention of readers the inadequacies of care for people in Hungary who are terminally ill. They believe that both objective and subjective factors cause these inadequacies. Most of these factors arise from moral dilemmas that could be eased or even solved if ethics education had a much more prominent place in the nursing curriculum. Even if nurses would not become automatically better persons morally, a much wider knowledge of medical/nursing ethics could significantly improve nursing care both before and at the end of life. Although the article is also critical of the nursing care provided, it is not its purpose to make any generalizations. The study utilized selected passages from essays written by 76 practicing nurses on their personal experience of ethical dilemmas in their work environment, and a questionnaire administered to 250 students (registered nurses and health care students) studying for a college degree. This article is written by two authors who have formed an unusal alliance: a registered nurse with 29 years’ experience of bedside nursing, but who is currently a teacher of nursing ethics at a local health college, and a lawyer turned bioethicist.
Developing a targeted pharmacy oncology guide
Authors: Annable Dawn 
Published: December 2004

Introduction. The need for continuing education and professional development for pharmacists and technicians in the field of oncology was identified at the British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA) annual cancer care conference in November 2000. As a result, in November 2001, the position of Pharmacy Communities Oncology Network (CON) Educator was created to support oncology pharmacy educational needs throughout the province of British Columbia. Objective. To describe how a pharmacy guide, specific to the needs of hospital oncology pharmacists in British Columbia, was developed. The guide will help to provide standardized and consistent oncology care, ensuring appropriate patient care and safety. Methods. A specific needs assessment was developed and distributed to oncology pharmacists practicing in the province of British Columbia. Results were evaluated to determine the topic of the first oncology module. Results. ‘Pharmacy Guide to BC Cancer Agency Chemotherapy Protocols: The Clinical Interpretation and Application of Treatment Protocol Summaries’waspublishedanddistributedin November 2003. Conclusion. Using the results of a provincially distributed needs survey, the Pharmacy Communities Oncology Network Educators at the BC Cancer Agency were able to assess the requirements of the hospital pharmacists in the communities and produce a pharmacy oncology guide targeted to their needs.
The fourth attempt to construct a politics of welfare obligations
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tony 
Published: December 2004

English
Since the 1980s there have been three influential attempts to ground citizenship on the principles of duty, obligation and responsibility: conservative, communitarian and Third Way. Each of these is reviewed in the article. The principal task of this article, however, is to examine the emergence of a fourth attempt, which, by relating duty to equality through the principle of reciprocity, represents a synthesis of traditional social democracy with the new politics of obligation. Our focus will be on The civic minimum by Stuart White, since this is arguably the most cogent expression of dutybased egalitarianism to have emerged in recent years.
Room Temperature Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Couplings of Activated Alkenyl Tosylates: Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Coumarins and 4‐Substituted 2(5H)‐ Furanones
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Yu , Hu Qiao‐Sheng 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRoom temperature nickel(0)/tricyclohexylphosphine [Ni(0)/PCy3]‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings of 4‐(p‐toluenesulfonyloxy)coumarins and 4‐(p‐toluenesulfonyloxy)‐2(5H)‐furanone with arylboronic acids are described in this communcation. Our study shows that activated alkenyl tosylates possess higher activities than aryl tosylates in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐couplings. The mild reaction conditions and the high efficiency of the Ni(0)/PCy3 catalyst make it very useful in the synthesis of 4‐substituted coumarins and 4‐substituted 2(5H)‐furanones, two families of biologically important molecules.
High‐Turnover Palladium Catalysts in Cross‐Coupling and Heck Chemistry: A Critical Overview
Authors: Farina Vittorio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis review discusses the problems associated with developing high‐turnover catalysts for the cross‐coupling and Heck reactions. New developments in the area, principally constituted by palladacycles and coordinatively unsaturated Pd catalysts featuring bulky phosphanes of high donicity, are reviewed from a mechanistic and synthetic standpoint, and compared with more traditional catalysts obtained from conventional mono‐ and polydentate N‐ and P‐based ligands, as well as Pd catalysts without strong ligands, such as Pd colloids or heterogeneous catalysts. Carbene ligands are also briefly presented. Whereas a single, most promising approach to high‐turnover Pd catalysis cannot presently be defined, it is clear that the new “PdL1” catalysts (where L1 is a monodentate bulky P ligand of high donicity) represent the latest, most important development in Pd research, certainly from the standpoint of scope and probably also from the standpoint of efficiency. High turnovers with these catalysts have been described and their use will certainly increase in the next few years. The review ends with a brief discussion containing practical considerations on how to choose a high TON catalyst for a given Heck or cross‐coupling reaction of interest.
A Domino Copper‐Catalyzed CN and CO Cross‐Coupling for the Conversion of Primary Amides into Benzoxazoles
Authors: Altenhoff Gereon , Glorius Frank 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBenzoxazoles can be efficiently prepared in a single step and in good yield from primary amides and o‐dihalobenzenes using Cu catalysis. Starting from substituted o‐bromochlorobenzenes this unusual domino reaction allows the regioselective formation of benzoxazoles.
Use of Ruthenium/Alumina as a Convenient Catalyst for Copper‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reactions
Authors: Park Soyoung , Kim Min , Koo Dong Hyun , Chang Sukbok 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt has been found that a new and practical catalyst system of ruthenium‐supported on alumina carries out copper‐free Sonogashira coupling reactions with high efficiency over a wide range of substrates under mild and convenient conditions.
New Synthesis of Biaryls via Rh‐Catalyzed Decarbonylative Suzuki‐Coupling of Carboxylic Anhydrides with Arylboroxines
Authors: Gooßen L. J. , Paetzold J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe catalytic cross‐coupling of aromatic carboxylic anhydrides or acid chlorides with triarylboroxines has been achieved for the first time under decarbonylation, giving rise to the unsymmetrical biaryls rather than the expected diaryl ketones. This new decarbonylative Suzuki coupling, catalyzed by a [Rh(ethylene)2Cl]2/KF system, can be applied to aromatic, heteroaromatic and vinylic carboxylic anhydrides, potentially opening up new perspectives for the use of carboxylic acid derivatives as substrates in biaryl syntheses.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of 1‐Bromo‐ and 1‐Chloro‐1,3‐butadienes: A General Method for the Synthesis of 1‐Amino‐1,3‐butadienes
Authors: Barluenga José , Aznar Fernando , Moriel Patricia , Valdés Carlos 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1‐Amino‐1,3‐butadienes, interesting substrates for [4+2] cycloadditions, are prepared by Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of secondary amines with readily available 1‐halodienes. The optimized catalytic system employs Pd2(dba)3as metal source and XPHOS as supporting ligand. The reaction proceeds in very high yields with 1‐bromo‐1,3‐butadienes, and also with the less reactive 1‐chloro‐1,3‐butadienes. Moreover, the range of amines that can be incorporated includes aromatic amines, and cyclic and acyclic aliphatic amines.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 1‐Aryltriazenes with Aryl‐ and Alkenyltrifluorosilanes
Authors: Saeki Tomoyuki , Matsunaga Tadafumi , Son Eun‐Cheol , Tamao Kohei 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of 1‐aryltriazenes with aryl‐ and alkenyltrifluorosilanes occurs readily at room temperature to yield the corresponding biaryl and stilbene products in moderate to good yields. In contrast to the previous results for the reaction with areneboronic acids, in which an additional Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride is essential for the activation of the 1‐aryltriazenes, the Lewis acidity of organotrifluorosilanes seems to be strong enough to directly activate the triazene moiety to enter into the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction without an extra Lewis acid.
An Efficient Approach to Dihydrofuroflavonoids via Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of 1,3‐Dienes by o‐Iodoacetoxyflavonoids
Authors: Rozhkov Roman V. , Larock Richard C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed annulation of 1,3‐dienes by o‐iodoacetoxyflavonoids provides an efficient approach to biologically interesting dihydrofuroflavonoids. This reaction is very general, stereo‐ and regioselective, and a wide variety of terminal, cyclic and internal 1,3‐dienes can be utilized.