bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeated alcoholic intoxication compared with continued consumption of dilute ethanol in experiments with rats on a marginal diet
Authors: Wallgren Henrik , Ahlqvist Johan , Åhman Kurt , Suomalainen Heikki 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects have been compared of log-term administration of similar amount of ethanol given either diluted in drinking water or spaced out in the form of intoxicating doses.2. The effect of ethanol on the development of liver lesions produced by a marginal diet was examined. The measurements of growth rate, water balance, plasma glucose and electrolytes, rate of ethanol elimination, and some behavioural tests for the detection of tolerance and possible signs of neurological disturbance were also included.3. Isocalorically pair-fed growing male rats were subjected to three different regimens for 6 months: (A) ethanol solution as the sole drinking fluid with 2 days' intake adjusted to approximately 5 mg/g body-weight; (B) a similar quantity of ethanol give as a single intoxicating dose per os on alternate days; (C) oleic acid isocaloric with the ethanolper oson alternate days.4. All the regimens caused fatty liver. Hepatic fibrosis, as judged macro- and micro- scopically, was equally severe after treatments A and C, but milder after treatment B.5. Growth was retarded by intoxication, which also brought about a large increase in water consumption, without exerting other clear effects on water balance or on plasma electrolytes. The rate of ethanol elimination was increased by repeated intoxication. Behavioural tolerance of the effects of ethanol was also found in the animals subjected to intoxication.
The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness
Authors: Durnin J. V. G. A. , Rahaman M. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Skinfold thickness and body density were measured on 105 young adult men and women and 86 adolescent boys and girls.2. The correlation coefficients between the skinfold thicknesses, either single or multiple, and density were in the region of −0.80.3. Regression equations were calculated to predict body fat from skinfolds with an error of about ±3.5%.4. A table gives the percentage of the body-weight as fat from the measurement of skin-fold thickness.
Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on the composition of the individual lipids of turkey breast and leg muscle
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S. , Lea C. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Groups of turkeys were given, to 10 weeks of age: diets E, basal, containing 2.3% mainly cereal lipid; A, basal plus 2.5% beef fat; B, basal plus 2.5% anchovy oil; C, as B, plus 0.02% ethoxyquin; D, basal plus 5% anchovy oil. Lipids from breast and leg muscle of all five groups were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five ‘neutral’ and six phospholipid fractions and the fatty-acid composition of each was determined by gas–liquid chromatography.2. Individual lipid fractions differed widely in fatty-acid composition and in the degree to which they could be influenced by dietary fat supplements. Small but usually consistent differences were observed between corresponding fractions from breast and leg. Sphingomyelin (SP) and lysophosphatidylcholine contained largely saturated acids (76–80%); the other phospholipids were 44–48% and the ‘neutral’ lipids 38–50% saturated. Phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol(PI) and, in less degree, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were rich in stearic acid, though palmitic was much more abundant in the diets and in the other muscle lipids. SP contained no acid more unsaturatedthan linoleic (1–2%). PE and PI were richest in arachidonic and PE and PI in other polyene acids.3. The effects of beef fat on the muscle lipids were small and mainly on the ‘neutral’ fractions.4. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fish oil extensively displaced linoleic (and oleic) acids from all fractions (except SP); arachidonic acid was displaced from PE but not from PI.5. The degree to which the fish-oil polyunsaturated acids of the three series entered the muscle lipids varied with the acid and with the fraction. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) reached a concentration of 20–25% in PE, nearly five times as great as its concentration in the dietary lipid.6. Hydrolysis with phospholipase A showed that most of the unsaturated fatty acids were present in the 2-position of PC and PE, but the positional specificity was not complete, particularly for the less highly unsaturated acids.7. The antioxidant ethoxyquin had no effect on the fatty-acid composition of any of the muscle lipid fractions.
Comparison of the lipid compositions of the aortic lesions in rabbits given different atherogenic diets
Authors: Moore J. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. The compositions of the lipids in the atheromatous lesions of rabbits have been studied in an experiment in which two groups of rabbits (twelve/group) were given different atherogenic diets for a period of 38 weeks. One group of rabbits was given a diet in which 35% of the total calories was derived from butterfat and the other group was given a diet in which 48% of the total calories was derived from starch.2. At the end of the feeding period the rabbits were killed and the atheromatous plaques were dissected out from the aortic intima of each rabbit. The lipid compositions of the aortic lesions were determined and the results compared with the compositions of the plasma lipids.3. In the lipids of the aortic lesions in the rabbits given the high-butterfat diet, the proportions of cholesterol and cholesterol esters were higher and the proportion of triglycerides was lower than in the lipids of the aortic lesions in the rabbits given the high-starch diet. Irrespective of dietary treatment, free cholesterol constituted a higher proportion of the lesion lipids than it did of the plasma lipids.4. In the rabbits on either dietary treatment, the lesion cholesterol esters contained higher concentrations of oleic acid and lower concentrations of linoleic acid than did the plasma cholesterol esters. In the lesion phospholipids there were higher concentrations of palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acids and lower concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids than in the plasma phospholipids.5. In both groups of rabbits the phospholipids of the aortic lesions contained higher proportions of cephalin and sphingomyelin and lower proportions of lecithin than did the plasma phospholipids.6. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the possible origins of the lipids in the aortic lesions of the experimental rabbits.
Lesions associated with the development of ataxia in vitamin A-deficient chicks
Authors: Howell J. McC. , Thompson J. N. 
Published: September 2005

1. An investigation was made of the sequence of changes that occurred during the development of vitamin A deficiency in the chick. Particular attention was given to changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and in bone.2. Groups of birds were killed after being fed the diet for 14, 17, 20, 22, 24 and 28 days. The tissues of five deficient and five control birds were examined unfixed for gross changes and photographed. Groups of five deficient and five control chicks were perfused through the heart with Heidenhainαs Susa solution and, after decalcification, the tissues were examined for gross and histological changes. The bones of other groups of five deficient and five control chicks were examined for tetracycline-induced fluorescence.3. The first lesion seen was metaplasia of the nasal respiratory epithelium to a stratified squamous form. This was rapidly followed be decreased weight gain, the development of ataxia, compression of the CNS and Wallerian degeneration in the ventral and lateral columns of the cervical spinal cord.4. Changes in bone were first seen in chicks killed 6 days after metaplasia of nasal respiratory epithelium and 3 days after ataxia and brain compression had been seen.5. Changes were present in the epiphyseal cartilage zone of the femur and in the periosteum of the vertebrae, but not in the epiphyseal cartilage of the vertebrae. the changes in the femur were thought not to have a direct relationship to vitamin A deficiency and may have been produced by inanition.6. An increase in osteoblast activity and cartilage formation was seen in the vertebral periosteum of the vitamin A-deficient chicks and the relationship of these changes to lesions in the CNS is discussed.
Endogenous nitrogen metabolism and plasma free amino acids in young adults given a ‘protein-free’ diet
Authors: Young V. R. , Scrimshaw N. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Variation in endogenous nitrogen metabolism was determined by giving eleven healthy men, aged 17–22, a diet supplying daily only 6 mg N/kg body-weight. Eight subjects were given the diet for 7–10 days and three other subjects were given it for 16 days.2. Body cell mass (BCM) was calculated from whole-body40K in ten subjects and basal metabolism was determined in seven subjects during the ‘protein-free’ period. Urine was analysed daily for N and creatinine, and faecal N was measured in pooled samples. Plasma free amino acids, serum albumin and protein were measured in preprandial morning blood samples at the beginning and end of the study.3. BCM did not change during the ‘protein-free’ period and accounted for 48% of the total body-weight. Basal calorie expenditure amounted to 48 ± 5 kcal/kg BCM per day.4. Mean daily endogenous urinary N excretion in the eight subjects given the ‘protein-free’ diet for 7–10 days was 36·6 ± 3·0 mg N/kg body-weight, 79·4 ± 4·4 mg N/kg BCM and 1·6 ± 0·2 mg N/basal kcal. Endogenous faecal N excretion was 9·9 ± 1·1 mg N/kg body-weight and accounted for 20% of the total endogenous loss. Results obtained with three other subjects given the diet for 16 days were similar.5. Plasma essential amino acids were reduced, glutamic acid, alanine and glycine increased, and the ratio of essential to non-essential amino acids decreased after 7 or 10 days of ‘protein-free’ diet.6. The loss of endogenous N per basal kcal and of faecal N per kg body-weight was lower than the values assumed in the factorial approach to protein requirements by the FAO/WHO (1965) Expert Group on Protein Requirements.
A study of the effect of vitamin D in rats maintained on diets with different mineral content but with the same low ratio of calcium to phosphorus
Authors: Harrand R. B. , Hartles R. L. 
Published: September 2005

1.Eight groups of weanling rats were maintained for 60 days on diets containing calcium and phosphorus in the ratio 0·1 at four different levels of mineral, namely 0·08, 0·12, 0·23 and 0·32% Ca, and in the presence and absence of added ergocalciferol.2. Provision of vitamin D increased final body-weight, whereas at the highest mineral intake body-weight was reduced.3. At each level of dietary mineral the serum Ca concentration was raised by vitamin D, whilst the serum P concentration was lowered except when the mineral intake was lowest.4. With increasing mineral intake the serum Ca increased until at the highest intake it declined. Serum P was increased only at the highest mineral intake.5. Measurements were made of bone weights, ash content and volume. Provision of vitamin D increased the fresh weight of bone at all levels of dietary mineral, and the dry weight and ash content were increased except at the lowest level of mineral intake. In general, the higher the dietary mineral the greater was the bone weight and its ash content.6. The presence of vitamin D resulted in an increase in tooth mass and ash content at each level of mineral intake. Tooth mass and ash increased with increasing dietary mineral except at the highest level when there was a decline.7. At the lower levels of mineral intake the ratio of tooth mass to bone mass was greater than at the higher levels of intake.8. Histological examination of the bones revealed no increase in the width of the epiphyseal cartilage in any group. In the group with the lowest levels of Ca and P without vitamin D (0·08% Ca, 0·8% P) the shafts of the femurs appeared thinner and porotic, and the trabeculae were thin; in the group fed the same diets supplemented with vitamin D the shafts were even thinner but less porotic; in all other groups the histological appearance of the bone was within normal limits.9. Changes in the appearance of the dentine were demonstrated in all groups.
The effect of acid peptic digestion on free and tissue-bound cobalamins
Authors: Adams J. F. , Kennedy Elizabeth H. , Thomson J. , Williamson J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The extent of liberation of radioactive cobalamin in rabbit tissues incubated with acid and pepsin was evaluated by bag dialysis.2. Between a half and two-thirds of the cobalamin—probably hydroxocobalamin—was dialysable after acid pepsin treatment and this process may be a factor in the absorption of cobalamins from foods.3. Studies of pure cobalamin solutions at different concentrations gave apparently anomalous results, which may have been due to the adherence of cobalamin to the dialysis membrane. Measurement of the amount adherent to the membrane is an important factor in dialysis studies with cobalamins.
The protein quality of meat meals as assayed with the rat and with Streptococcus zymogenes
Authors: Ferrando R. , Henry Nicole , Larvor P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Seven samples of meat meal have been assayed with rats by the protein efficiency ratio (PER) test and with Streptococcus zymogenes by Ford's (1960) ‘relative nutritive value’ (RNV) test.2. A correlation coefficient of r = + 0·895 was obtained for the results from the two series of tests.
The biological activity of retinoic acid in the domestic fowl and the effects of vitamin A deficiency on the chick embryo
Authors: Thampson J. N. , Howell J. McC. , Pitt G. A. J. , McLaughlin Catherine I. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male and female chickens were reared from hatching on vitamin A-free diets, either unsupplemented or containing retinoic acid (vitamin A acid), methyl retinoate or retinyl acetate (vitamin A acetate). The birds given retinyl acetate grew well and had a normal appearance, but those given the unsupplemented diet died before 4 weeks of age after developing typical signs of avitaminosis A. The birds given retinoic acid or methyl retinoate did not show overt signs of vitamin A deficiency or other abnormalities except for a progressive failure of vision. Minimal histological changes were found in their retinas, and their vision was rapidly restored after feeding with retinyl acetate.2. The cocks maintained with retinoic acid or methyl retinoate had normal testes and the hens laid eggs at a normal rate, but although their eggs could be obtained fertile the development of the embryo became abnormal after 2 days incubation and it always died. The development of the embryos could be stimulated and sometimes restored to normal by injection of various forms of vitamin A into the eggs before incubation, or by previous administration of retinyl acetate to the hens.3. It is concluded that feeding retinoic acid as the sole source of vitamin A enables the hen to produce eggs that lack vitamin A but are otherwise normal, thus permitting the demonstration of a hitherto undescribed requirement of the early chick embryo for vitamin A.4. The toxicity of vitamin A derivatives to chick embryos was investigated; injected retinoic acid was found to be extremely toxic.
The effect of protein deficiency upon peritoneal healing and peritoneal wound contraction in the rat
Authors: Mott T. J. , Ashby E. C. , Flannery B. P. , Ellis H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Adult rats were maintained on a protein-deficient diet for 6 weeks following which laparotomy was performed and peritoneal wounds of standard size were constructed,2. The diet resulted in a progressive weight loss and a fall in plasma protein. Tissue protein, expressed as percentage protein in dried voluntary muscle, did not fall significantly.3. Following laparotomy the rats were killed in groups on successive days and the peritoneal wounds were removed for measurement of area and for histological examination.4. There was no apparent difference between control and protein-deficient animals in the rate or extent of peritoneal wound contraction although there was histological evidence of delay of collagen formation in the protein-deficient animals. This supports the theory that collagen formation is not a function of wound contraction.
The effect of change from low-roughage to high-roughage diets on rumen fermentation, blood composition and milk fat secretion in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Sutton J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Changing cows from a diet with low hay and high flaked maize content, which depressed milk fat secretion, to a high-roughage diet resulted in increased milk fat secretion and in changes in the pattern of rumen fermentation and in the composition of the blood plasma.2. During the 1st week following the change in diet the proportions of propionic and valeric acids in the rumen decreased and the proportion of acetic acid increased. These changes in rumen volatile fatty acids were associated with decreases in the concentration of lactic acid, increases in pH and increases in the rate of breakdown of cotton threads in the ventral sac of the rumen. After 1 week, only minor fluctuations in the proportions of volatile fatty acids occurred from day to day.3. The percentage of fat in the milk increased over a period of 3 weeks following the change in diet and, with the exception of linoleic acid which decreased, the yields of all fatty acids in milk progressively increased over this period. The increase in yield of oleic acid was relatively much smaller than the increases in yield of saturated acids.4. The concentrations in blood plasma of acetic acid and β-hydroxybutyric acid increased in two cows and, in all cows, saturated triglyceride fatty acids increased, whereas the concentrations of the unsaturated triglyceride fatty acids decreased, during the 1st week after change to the high-roughage diet. The recovery in milk fat secretion is discussed in relation to the observed changes in rumen fermentation and blood composition.
Distribution of polyethylene glycol in suspensions of food particles, especially sugar-beet pulp and dried grass pellets
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Breckenridge Grace 
Published: September 2005

1. It was shown that when polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added to suspensions of food particles in aqueous buffer solutions, its distribution in the total water of the food mass was not uniform. The marker was excluded from a large proportion of the water contained in the swollen food particles. This effect was independent of temperature, pH, and, within limits, the time of contact.2. It was shown that the theoretical concentration (C0), assuming a uniform distribution of marker, could be calculated from the observed concentration (C), weight of food in suspension (W) and the total volume of water (V), using the equation C = C0(I + b[W/V]) where b is constant for any given food. The addition of PEG solution to dry food particles gave a smaller effect.3. The distribution of PEG was usually, but not invariably, more uniform in a suspension of roughages than in a suspension of concentrates.4. Possible implications of these findings with respect to marker experiments with PEG are discussed.
The effect of diet composition and level of feeding on digestion in the stomach and intestines of sheep
Authors: NICHOLSON J. W. G. , SUTTON J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four wether sheep, each fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulas and a rumen cannula, were used to determine the relative quantitative importance of digestion in the stomach compared with that in the intestines when diets of low (HM1) and high starch (CM1) content were fed at 0.9 times maintenance and when the high-starch diet was fed at 1.7 (CM2) and 2.3 (CM3) times maintenance. Paper, impregnated with chromic oxide, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were administered.2. An apparatus is described which allowed one operator to collect, record, sample and return the duodenal digesta from two sheep simultaneously.3. Total digestion was determined by faeces collections over 7–10 day periods, and digestion in the stomach by measuring the total flow of digesta from the abomasum to the duodenum over two 24 h periods with two or three sheep on each ration. Flow values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide.4. The recoveries of chromic oxide and PEG were similar and it was concluded that either marker was satisfactory for adjusting 24 h flow values. Disadvantages of using PEG are discussed.5. There was relatively little difference between rations HM1 and CM1 in the proportion of digestible organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. Only 57.1% of the total dry-matter digestion occurred in the stomach for ration HM1 compared with 65.0% for ration CM1 reflecting a smaller net gain in ash for ration CM1. Doubling the level of intake (ration CM2) resulted in a decrease in the proportion of digestible dry matter, organic matter and energy digested in the stomach. When the level was increased still further with ration CM3, the proportion continued to decrease with one sheep but increased with the other.6. All but 5–11% of the digestible starch (measured as α-linked glucose polymer) was fermented in the stomach, the lowest proportion being with ration HM1.7. The amount of nitrogen reaching the duodenum was approximately equal to the amount ingested with rations HM1 and CM1 but considerably greater with the other two rations. All rations contained approximately 2% nitrogen.8. Calculation of the estimated loss of energy as methane and heat of fermentation suggested that 50–54% of the digestible energy was absorbed as volatile fatty acids.
An estimate of the nutrients utilized for live-weight gain by Merino sheep
Authors: Langlands J. P. , Sutherland H. A. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. One hundred and seven fine-wool Merino wethers and non-pregnant ewes varying in age from newly born to 110 months and in live weight from 1.7 to 55.1 kg were slaughtered and minced.2. The nitrogen, fat, ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents of the mince were determined. Energy content was estimated from the contents of fat and fat-free organic matter.3. Weighted regression relationships were calculated between the energy, N, Ca, P, Na and K contents of the sheep, and age, live weight and (age x live weight). The relationships were differentiated with respect to age and live weight, and the rates of nutrient deposition at different rates of live-weight gain, and for sheep differing in age and live weight were calculated.4. The rates of nutrient deposition were compared with those estimated by the Agricultural Research Council (1965) and by Mitchell (1962). and were in general lower in energy content and higher in ash constituents per unit live-weight gain.
Influence of the diet on the composition of faecal bile acids in rats
Authors: Gustafsson B. E. , Norman A. 
Published: September 2005

1. [24-14C]cholic acid was given orally to rats receiving three different diets, a semi-synthetic diet (D7) with and without 20% cellulose, and a commercial, pelleted diet. The labelled metabolites excreted in the faeces in the 8 days following administration of the labelled cholic acid were chromatographically separated, and tentatively identified by means of thin-layer chromatography.2. In all three dietary groups the faecal bile acids mainly consisted of unconjugated and 7α-dehydroxylated metabolites. In rats receiving pellets or diet D7with cellulcse, there was a higher percentage of monohydroxy-monoketo-cholanoic acids than in those receiving diet D7alone. Dihydroxy-cholanoic acids, present in approximately the same ratio as were the 3α- and 3β-hydroxy isomers, were excreted by all the rats in the three dietary groups.