bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holographic Gratings in Diblock Copolymers with Azobenzene and Mesogenic Side Groups in the Photoaddressable Dispersed Phase
Authors: Häckel M. , Kador L. , Kropp D. , Frenz C. , Schmidt H.‐W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDiblock copolymers, consisting of a photoaddressable mesogen‐containing dispersed phase and a polystyrene matrix, have been synthesized and characterized as holographic data storage materials. The photoaddressable phase contains p‐methoxy‐substituted azobenzene side groups and benzoylbiphenyl mesogenic side groups in a statistical distribution. Three‐ring mesogenic groups in combination with photoaddressable azobenzene side groups have been introduced for the first time in block copolymers in order to increase the local refractive‐index difference between illuminated and non‐illuminated volume elements, as well as to improve the stability of the orientation, while, at the same time, decreasing the optical density. To this end, a series of block copolymers with different azobenzene/mesogen ratios have been synthesized. The light‐induced reorientation dynamics of the chromophores and mesogens and the long‐term stability of the orientation have been studied with volume holographic measurements. A remarkable increase in stability of the holographic gratings has been achieved.
Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology
Authors: Ma W. , Yang C. , Gong X. , Lee K. , Heeger A. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBy applying the specific fabrication conditions summarized in the Experimental section and post‐production annealing at 150 °C, polymer solar cells with power‐conversion efficiency approaching 5 % are demonstrated. These devices exhibit remarkable thermal stability. We attribute the improved performance to changes in the bulk heterojunction material induced by thermal annealing. The improved nanoscale morphology, the increased crystallinity of the semiconducting polymer, and the improved contact to the electron‐collecting electrode facilitate charge generation, charge transport to, and charge collection at the electrodes, thereby enhancing the device efficiency by lowering the series resistance of the polymer solar cells.
Interfacial convection during evaporation of binary mixtures from porous obstacles
Authors: Post S. , Urukova I. , Tsotsas E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA novel experimental approach is proposed to investigate the influence of interfacial convection on liquid‐side mass transfer. Specifically, a binary liquid mixture (water and isopropanol) is evaporated from a porous obstacle into inert gas (air). The change of liquid bulk molar fraction with changing amount of liquid (concentration curve) is observed. The porous obstacle is a plate with parallel planar gaps, or a packed bed of spherical particles, both completely filled with the liquid. Without interfacial convection, that is, for the undisturbed state of the system, the liquid is quiescent and evaporation should be nonselective. Consequently, measured selectivities not only prove the existence of interfacial convection, but also give the opportunity of evaluating liquid‐side mass transfer coefficients and enhancement factors for the disturbed state of the system. This evaluation is conducted with the help of a one‐dimensional model for mass and heat transfer. If applied to the undisturbed state of the system, the same model provides driving density and molar fraction differences in the form of Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers. It is shown that the extent of interfacial convection can be controlled by operating parameters such as the gas bulk temperature, whereas it also depends on structural parameters such as gap width or particle diameter. Thermally driven and molar fraction driven Rayleigh and Marangoni convection may coexist. With the described method much higher enhancement factors than ever previously reported could be detected. The dependency of such enhancement factors on the Rayleigh or Marangoni number is considerably stronger than reported in the literature. Some aspects concerning the consideration of liquid‐side heat transfer or permeability and structure of the medium are discussed, and nonselective experiments corresponding to stable configurations are identified. First attempts toward correlation of the results are outlined, along with the potential of the method for future research. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Curvature dependency of surface tension in multicomponent systems
Authors: Santiso Erik , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effect of curvature on the surface tension of droplets and bubbles in both single and multicomponent systems is modeled using the basic equations from classical thermodynamics. The three expressions used in our work are the Gibbs adsorption equation for multicomponent systems, the relation between the surface tension at the surface of tension and the distance parameter δ, and the Macleod–Sugden equation for surface tension and its extension to multicomponent systems. The Peng–Robinson equation of state is used to describe the bulk phases. We also assume that the surface tension expression remains valid in terms of the properties of the bulk phases for both flat and curved interfaces. For a flat surface we have developed a rigorous thermodynamics approach for the calculation of the Tolman distance parameter. For curved surfaces, the results from our model reveal a decrease in surface tension with curvature in bubbles and a nonmonotonic behavior in droplets for single‐component systems. Our predictions are in good agreement with the literature results when the interface is described using the framework of the density functional theory by three different groups. For multicomponent systems, the results show that the surface tension in a bubble, although monotonic with curvature, can increase or decrease in a large bubble depending on the temperature and composition of the mixture. In a droplet, the surface tension can have a nonmonotonic behavior similar to that of single‐component systems. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Low‐order models for catalyst particles: A dynamic effectiveness factor approach
Authors: Álvarez‐Ramírez José , Valdés‐Parada Francisco J. , Ochoa‐Tapia J. Alberto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractModels for heterogeneous reactors are composed of distributed parameter ordinary and partial differential equations to describe balances both for a fluid and a catalyst particle. For steady‐state conditions, the effectiveness factor (EF) approach has been primarily used to reduce the model dimensionality, which yields an important computational effort during reactor design stages. The idea behind EF is to express the reaction rate in a catalyst particle by its rate under surface/bulk conditions multiplied by the EF. As a consequence, only few arithmetic operations to obtain the catalyst particle total reaction rate have to be made, avoiding in this form repeated solutions of the more sophisticated distributed parameter model. The aim of this paper is to extend the EF approach to obtain a simple model for the dynamics of the catalyst particle total reaction rate. As a preliminary step, a Laplace domain approach is used to introduce a dynamic EF (DEF) concept as a linear operator that transforms reaction rate signals from surface/bulk to catalyst particle conditions. It is shown that the DEF becomes the transfer function of a model governing the dynamics of the catalyst particle reaction rate. However, the resulting transfer function is infinite‐dimensional. This implies that, contrary to the steady‐state case, an exact simple modeling of the reaction rate dynamics is not possible. An approach to obtain low‐order models, based on an approximate model matching, is proposed. For a first‐order model, the time constant is computed for common particle geometries showing its dependency with the Thiele modulus. In fact, the results show that the (dominant) time constant is a decreasing function of the Thiele modulus. In this form, the faster the chemical reaction dynamics, the faster the reaction–diffusion catalyst particle dynamics. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Interpolated controllers for the robust transition control of a class of reactors
Authors: Fernández‐Anaya Guillermo , Flores‐Tlacuahuac Antonio 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTwo new theoretical results about interpolated controllers for the transition control and simultaneous stabilization of single input‐single output plants with variable operating conditions are shown; recent results are generalized for interpolated controllers. On the basis of these results, an application to the closed‐loop transition control of a continuous stirred‐tank reactor, where a single exothermic reaction takes place, is presented. A comparison with simple PI controllers is made. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Myeloprotective effect of short‐course high‐dose methylprednisolone treatment before consolidation therapy in children with acute myeloblastic leukemia
Authors: Elmas Selin Aytaç , Çetin Mualla , Tuncer Murat , Hiçsönmez Gönül 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn our previous studies, short‐course high‐dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) has been shown to shorten the chemotherapy‐induced neutropenic period by stimulating the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in children with acute leukemia. In this study, we investigate the role of short‐course HDMP on induction of a myeloprotective effect when administered before consolidation therapy consisting of high‐dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin. Thirty‐four consecutive newly diagnosed children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) who received 64 courses of consolidation regimen were entered into the study. The patients received HDMP (group A) at a daily dose of 30 mg/kg methylprednisolone starting 4 days before the initiation of consolidation therapy. The control group did not receive HDMP (group B). There were no differences in the white blood cell (WBC) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) between group A (at day –4) and group B (at day 0) at the beginning of the study (medians: 3 × 109/L vs. 3.2 × 109/L and 1.5 × 109/L vs. 1.7 × 109/L, respectively). The WBC count increased significantly from 3 × 109/L to 6.4 × 109/L, and ANC increased from 1.5 × 109/L to 3.9 × 109/L after 4 days of HDMP treatment in group A (P < 0.01). Following high‐dose chemotherapy, the median values of WBC and ANC also remained higher than the control values during the 16 days of the follow‐up period. The neutropenic period was significantly shorter in the HDMP group than in the control group (9 ± 5.2 days vs. 22 ± 4.7 days) (P < 0.05). The duration of hospitalization and the interval between two chemotherapy cycles were significantly decreased in group A when compared group B (9 ± 2.7 vs. 14 ± 2.7 days; 22 ± 4.7 vs. 26 ± 4.2 days, respectively) (P < 0.05). Moreover, following consolidation therapy, the number of patients with ANC values below 0.5 × 109/L was lower in group A when compared the group B. In conclusion, the administration of short‐course (4 days) HDMP before high‐dose chemotherapy has been found to be beneficial for reducing the duration and severity of neutropenia. Further studies with short‐course HDMP are required to evaluate its myeloprotective effects in patients with other malignancies. Am. J. Hematol. 80:1–5, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late‐onset pulmonary arterial hypertension in association with graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation
Authors: Grigg Andrew , Buchanan Malcolm , Whitford Helen 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been reported only rarely after allografting. Cases have all been in young patients, occurred within 6 months of transplant and been attributed to direct toxicity of chemoradiotherapy on the pulmonary vasculature. This case describes the late onset of PAH in a 36‐year‐old woman on a background of acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Open lung biopsy demonstrated medial hypertrophy and intimal proliferation in small pulmonary arteries and arterioles, with no evidence of secondary causes such as thromboembolism, vasculitis, interstitial lung disease, or obliterative bronchiolitis. Therapy with bosentan produced symptomatic improvement. While the possibility of coincidental “idiopathic” PAH cannot be excluded, the clinical context suggests that pulmonary vessels may be a target for GVHD post‐allograft. Am. J. Hematol. 80:38–42, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acquired hemophilia A: A concise review
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Gandini Giorgio , Di Paolantonio Tiziana , Mariani Guglielmo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAcquired hemophilia A is a rare but severe autoimmune bleeding disorder. It is more frequent in the elderly and results from the presence of autoantibodies directed against clotting factor VIII. In this review, we briefly report on the present state of knowledge regarding acquired hemophilia A, analyzing its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic, and clinical features. We also describe the main characteristics of this disorder according to its association with different conditions and the most important advances in the treatment of bleeding episodes and the eradication of the autoantibody. Am. J. Hematol. 80:55–63, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytotoxic T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Okamoto Akio , Namura Kyoko , Uchiyama Hitoji , Kajita Yoshihiro , Inaba Tohru , Nakamura Shigeo , Shimazaki Chihiro 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn 86‐year‐old female was diagnosed with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma, unspecified, which affected only her thyroid gland. Lymphoma cells were TIA‐1+, suggesting cytotoxic T‐cell origin. She had not suffered from autoimmune thyroiditis and showed normal thyroid function. Without any specific therapies, the lymphomatous lesion showed the partial spontaneous regression before diagnostic hemithyroidectomy, and she had been well for 2 years without relapse. This is the first case of primary thyroid lymphoma of cytotoxic T‐cell origin that showed spontaneous regression. Am. J. Hematol. 80:77–78, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A genotypes in women with a history of recurrent idiopathic miscarriages
Authors: Mahjoub Touhami , Mtiraoui Nabil , Tamim Hala , Hizem Sondes , Finan Ramzi R. , Nsiri Brahim , Almawi Wassim Y. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThrombophilia was implicated in the development of pregnancy complications, including recurrent idiopathic pregnancy loss, and is aggravated in women who are carriers of factor V G1691A (FV Leiden) and prothrombin (PRT) G20210A single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Previous studies examined the role of FV‐Leiden and PRT G20210A in recurrent pregnancy loss with conflicting results. Here we examined the prevalence of FV Leiden&!rpar; and PRT G20210A SNPs, in 200 women with 3 or more consecutive early (n = 87), late (n = 41), or early–late (n = 72) recurrent pregnancy losses, and 200 age‐matched fertile parous control women. APC resistance (APCR) was detected functionally (measuring the activated clotting time triggered by activated factor X in presence of a fixed amount of purified APC), and FV‐Leiden and PRT G20210A genotypes were assessed by PCR. The frequency of the mutant FV (0.1400 vs. 0.0276; P < 0.001) but not PRT 20210 (0.0100 vs. 0.0225; P = 0.159) allele was higher in patients than controls, respectively. APC resistance with factor V Leiden was seen in 27% of patients compared to 11.5% of controls, while APC resistance without factor V Leiden was seen in 12.5% of patients compared to 9.5% of controls. Regression analysis demonstrated that the significant predictors for early abortion was FV Leiden; those for late abortion were oral contraceptive, APCR, and FV Leiden; and predictors for early–late abortions were oral contraceptives, obesity, FV Leiden, and smoking. APC resistance and FV Leiden, as well as combination of both, are common thrombotic defects seen in women with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss, thus testing for these is recommended in women who have experienced recurrent miscarriages. Am. J. Hematol. 80:12–19, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Replacing the mediator orientation grids, again: Proposing a ‘new new grid system’
Authors: Riskin Leonard L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe mediation profession's standard for assessment is revised, updated and—maybe—finalized. Leonard L. Riskin, of Columbia, Mo., who debuted his “Mediator Orientation Grid” in these pages a decade ago, revisits his process tool, which has now grown into a “New New Grid System.”.
Analysis of the query logs of a Web site search engine
Authors: Chau Michael , Fang Xiao , Liu Sheng Olivia R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA large number of studies have investigated the transaction log of general‐purpose search engines such as Excite and AltaVista, but few studies have reported on the analysis of search logs for search engines that are limited to particular Web sites, namely, Web site search engines. In this article, we report our research on analyzing the search logs of the search engine of the Utah state government Web site. Our results show that some statistics, such as the number of search terms per query, of Web users are the same for general‐purpose search engines and Web site search engines, but others, such as the search topics and the terms used, are considerably different. Possible reasons for the differences include the focused domain of Web site search engines and users' different information needs. The findings are useful for Web site developers to improve the performance of their services provided on the Web and for researchers to conduct further research in this area. The analysis also can be applied in e‐government research by investigating how information should be delivered to users in government Web sites.
Metric for Web accessibility evaluation
Authors: Parmanto Bambang , Zeng Xiaoming 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA novel metric for quantitatively measuring the content accessibility of the Web for persons with disabilities is proposed. The metric is based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) checkpoints, an internationally accepted standard, that can be automatically tested using computer programs. Problems with current accessibility evaluation and the need for a good Web accessibility metric are discussed. The proposed metric is intended to overcome the deficiencies of the current measurements used in Web accessibility studies. The proposed metric meets the requirements as a measurement for scientific research. Examples of large‐scale Web accessibility evaluations using the metric are given. The examples cover a comparison of Web accessibility of top medical journal Web sites and a longitudinal study of a Web site over time. The validity of the metric was tested using a large number of Web sites with different levels of compliance (rating categories) to the standard WCAG. The metric, which uses a predetermined simple weighting scheme, compares well to the more complex C5.0 machine learning algorithm in separating Web sites into different rating categories.
The reality of media preferences: Do professional groups vary in awareness?
Authors: Stefl‐Mabry Joette 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study is based on earlier research by the author that employed social judgment analysis (SJA; J. Stefl‐Mabry, 2001, 2003) to identify the information judgment preferences held by professional groups. This study explores the extent to which individuals, professional groups, and subgroups are self‐aware of their judgment profiles. Three specialized groups of professionals—law enforcement, medicine, and education—were chosen to determine if preference profiles cluster around professions or around demographic and other background variables. As the proliferation of data continues to increase, the need to understand users' media preference and selection decisions is of tremendous value to every industry, governmental agency, and institution of learning. In 1966, H. Menzel first raised concern about the reliability of users' to self‐assess, and scientists continue to explore the issue of competency in human judgment. To understand the reliability of users' self‐assessment regarding media preferences, this study examines the extent to which individuals and groups are self‐aware of the empirical judgment profiles they employ in evaluating information source scenarios. This investigation explores the congruence of three groups of professionals' self‐reported media preferences as compared to their empirical judgment values, as defined by social judgment analysis.
Predicting reading difficulty with statistical language models
Authors: Collins‐Thompson Kevyn , Callan Jamie 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA potentially useful feature of information retrieval systems for students is the ability to identify documents that not only are relevant to the query but also match the student's reading level. Manually obtaining an estimate of reading difficulty for each document is not feasible for very large collections, so we require an automated technique. Traditional readability measures, such as the widely used Flesch‐Kincaid measure, are simple to apply but perform poorly on Web pages and other nontraditional documents. This work focuses on building a broadly applicable statistical model of text for different reading levels that works for a wide range of documents. To do this, we recast the well‐studied problem of readability in terms of text categorization and use straightforward techniques from statistical language modeling. We show that with a modified form of text categorization, it is possible to build generally applicable classifiers with relatively little training data. We apply this method to the problem of classifying Web pages according to their reading difficulty level and show that by using a mixture model to interpolate evidence of a word's frequency across grades, it is possible to build a classifier that achieves an average root mean squared error of between one and two grade levels for 9 of 12 grades. Such classifiers have very efficient implementations and can be applied in many different scenarios. The models can be varied to focus on smaller or larger grade ranges or easily retrained for a variety of tasks or populations.
Phosphorescent pH sensors and switches with substitutionally tunable response range based on photo‐induced electron transfer
Authors: Wang Yu , Zhang Zhao , Mu Li‐Xuan , Mao Hong‐Sheng , Wang Yu‐Feng , Jin Wei‐Jun 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAccording to the principle of photo‐induced electron transfer (PET), five aminomethyl‐bromonaphthalene phosphoroionophores with long lifetimes (to ms) were synthesized, all of them working well in β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) aqueous solutions. They form a family of phosphorescent sensors with pH‐dependent spectral properties. For all the compounds, the fully protonated form exhibits the highest phosphorescence emission intensity and the proton‐free form of the sensor is weakly emissive, due to the designed PET process. The sensors also show the expected pH dependence of phosphorescence quantum yields. Responses of the sensors are tuned by variation of substituent. The pH response ranges for 1–5 were 4.3–6.5, 3.5–10.5, 3.4–10.5, 3.4–10.5 and 3.4–6.1, respectively. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.