bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological examination of pressure ulcer tissue in terminally ill cancer patients
Authors: KITAGAWA Atsuko , SANADA Hiromi , NAKATANI Toshio , SUGAMA Junko , KONYA Chizuko , OKUWA Mayumi , NAGAKAWA Takukazu 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAim:  It is a common belief that terminally ill cancer patients have a reduced tissue tolerance that makes them more susceptible than other patients to developing pressure ulcers. However, the actual changes at the tissue level caused by pressure loading in terminally ill cancer patients are unknown, so we examined the relationship between the macroscopic and microscopic features of the tissues of such patients with and without pressure ulcers.Methods:  The pressure ulcers of four patients were macroscopically evaluated until the time of death, after which informed consent of the family was obtained to examine the underlying skin tissue histologically. Samples were taken from several sites on the abdomen, which does not experience pressure loading, and from the sacral area. Two of the subjects had no observable pressure ulcers and the other two had a stage I and stage II (National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel classification) pressure ulcer, respectively. The samples were processed, stained and examined by using light and transmission electron microscopy.Results:  The non‐pressure ulcer samples showed degenerated keratinocytes, leakage of erythrocytes from the capillaries in the dermal papillae, vascular inflammation, and edema. The samples from the stage I and II ulcers had the additional changes of dilated capillaries and vascular inflammation in and around the wound area.Conclusion:  Terminally ill cancer patients have damaged skin tissue and inflammation that are not evident by macroscopic examination.
Disaster nursing in a ubiquitous society
Authors: YAMAMOTO Aiko 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis plan, in order to develop a center of excellence on disaster nursing in a ubiquitous society, focuses on preparing for disasters, the period immediately after disasters, and the mid‐ to long‐term period after disasters. The purpose of this project is to develop self‐care abilities of communities and individuals to independently regenerate and recover from the consequences of disasters. This project consists of three research sections: (i) establishment of an information base; (ii) establishment of nursing support networks; and (iii) development of nursing care strategies. By using questionnaires, interviews and the action research method, the research will be conducted to cover three sections. The six outcomes such as to construct an information liaison system, to develop nursing care strategies, and others will be expected 5 years later.
Antibiotic-Inducible Promoter Regulated by the Cell Envelope Stress-Sensing Two-Component System LiaRS of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Mascher Thorsten , Zimmer Sara L. , Smith Terry-Ann , Helmann John D. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

Soil bacteria are among the most prodigious producers of antibiotics. The
Bacillus subtilis
LiaRS (formerly YvqCE) two-component system is one of several antibiotic-sensing systems that coordinate the genetic response to cell wall-active antibiotics. Upon the addition of vancomycin or bacitracin, LiaRS autoregulates the
liaIHGFSR
operon. We have characterized the promoter of the
lia
operon and defined the
cis
-acting sequences necessary for antibiotic-inducible gene expression. A survey for compounds that act as inducers of the
lia
promoter revealed that it responds strongly to a subset of cell wall-active antibiotics that interfere with the lipid II cycle in the cytoplasmic membrane (bacitracin, nisin, ramoplanin, and vancomycin). Chemicals that perturb the cytoplasmic membrane, such as organic solvents, are also weak inducers. Thus, the reporter derived from P

liaI

(the
liaI
promoter) provides a tool for the detection and classification of antimicrobial compounds.
Doripenem versus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
In Vitro: Activity against Characterized Isolates, Mutants, and Transconjugants and Resistance Selection Potential
Authors: Mushtaq Shazad , Ge Yigong , Livermore David M. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT

Doripenem is a broad-spectrum parenteral carbapenem under clinical development in Japan and North America. Its activities against (i)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates with graded levels of intrinsic efflux-type resistance, (ii) mutants with various combinations of AmpC and OprD expression, (iii) PU21 transconjugants with class A and D β-lactamases, and (iv)
P. aeruginosa
isolates with metallo-β-lactamases were tested by the agar dilution method of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Selection of resistant
P. aeruginosa
mutants was investigated in single- and multistep procedures. Doripenem MICs for isolates without acquired resistance mostly were 0.12 to 0.5 μg/ml, whereas meropenem MICs were 0.25 to 0.5 μg/ml and imipenem MICs were 1 to 2 μg/ml. The MICs of doripenem, meropenem, ertapenem, and noncarbapenems for isolates with increased efflux-type resistance were elevated, whereas the MICs of imipenem were less affected. The MICs of doripenem were increased by the loss of OprD but not by derepression of AmpC; nevertheless, and as with other carbapenems, the impermeability-determined resistance caused by the loss of OprD corequired AmpC activity and was lost in OprD
−
mutants also lacking AmpC. The TEM, PSE, PER, and OXA enzymes did not significantly protect
P. aeruginosa
PU21 against the activity of doripenem, whereas MICs of ≥16 μg/ml were seen for clinical isolates with VIM and IMP metallo-β-lactamases. Resistant mutants seemed to be harder to select with doripenem than with other carbapenems (or noncarbapenems), and the fold increases in the MICs were smaller for the resistant mutants. Single-step doripenem mutants were mostly resistant only to carbapenems and had lost OprD; multistep mutants had broader resistance, implying the presence of additional mechanisms, putatively including up-regulated efflux. Most mutants selected with aminoglycosides and quinolones had little or no cross-resistance to carbapenems, including doripenem.
Distribution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease and Reverse Transcriptase Mutation Patterns in 4,183 Persons Undergoing Genotypic Resistance Testing
Authors: Rhee Soo-Yon , Liu Tommy , Ravela Jaideep , Gonzales Matthew J. , Shafer Robert W. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
In a sample of 6,156 sequences from 4,183 persons, the top 30 patterns of protease inhibitor, nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor, and nonnucleoside RT inhibitor mutations accounted for 55, 46, and 66%, respectively, of sequences with drug resistance mutations. Characterization of the phenotypic and clinical significance of these common patterns may lead to improved treatment recommendations for a large proportion of patients for whom antiretroviral therapy is failing.
A Lipid-Peptide Microbicide Inactivates Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Isaacs Charles E. , Jia Jun Hua , Xu Weimin 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACT
A microbicide combining the lipid-ether 1-0-octyl-sn-glycerol (OG; 3 mM) and peptide D2A21 (9 μM) reduced herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 titers by at least 1,000-fold, more than the sum of the inactivations produced by OG and D2A21 alone. OG plus D2A21 reduced HSV-1 and HSV-2 titers by ≥1,000-fold in ≤10 and ≤20 min, respectively, whereas OG and D2A21 used alone produced almost no virus inactivation during these times.
The V Antigen ofPseudomonas aeruginosaIs Required for Assembly of the Functional PopB/PopD Translocation Pore in Host Cell Membranes
Authors: Goure Julien , Pastor Alexandrine , Faudry Eric , Chabert Jacqueline , Dessen Andréa , Attree Ina 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosaefficiently intoxicates eukaryotic cells through the activity of the type III secretion-translocation system (TTSS). Gene deletions within the translocation operonpcrGVH-popBDabolish pore-forming activity ofP. aeruginosastrains with macrophages and TTSS-dependent hemolysis. Here we investigated the requirements for PcrV, PopB, and PopD in pore formation by analyzing specific mutants using red blood cells (RBCs) and fibroblasts expressing green fluorescent protein fused to actin. Simultaneous secretion of three proteins, PopB, PopD, and PcrV, was required to achieve wild-type hemolysis and effector translocation. Deletion ofpcrVin a cytotoxic strain did not affect secretion of PopB and PopD but abolished hemolytic activity and translocation of effectors into fibroblasts. Notably, the PcrV-deficient mutant was not capable of inserting PopD into host cell membranes, whereas PopB and PopD, but not PcrV, were readily found within membranes of wild-type-infected RBCs. Immunoprecipitation experiments performed by using a liposome model of pore assembly revealed a direct interaction between PopD and PopB but not between PopD and PcrV. Consequently, PcrV is necessary for the functional assembly of the PopB/D translocon complex but does not interact directly with pore-forming Pop proteins.
Interaction ofChlamydia trachomatisSerovar L2 with the Host Autophagic Pathway
Authors: Al-Younes Hesham M. , Brinkmann Volker , Meyer Thomas F. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTChlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens that replicate within a membrane-bound compartment (the inclusion) and are associated with important human diseases, such as trachoma, pneumonia, and atherosclerosis. We have examined the interaction of the host autophagic pathway withChlamydia trachomatisserovar L2 by using the specific autophagosomal stain monodansylcadaverine, antibodies to autophagosome-associated markers, and traditionally used autophagic inhibitors, particularly 3-methyladenine and amino acids. Chlamydial inclusions did not sequester monodansylcadaverine, suggesting absence of fusion with autophagosomes. Interestingly, exposure of cultures infected for 19 h to 3-methyladenine or single amino acids until the end of infection (44 h) caused various degrees of abnormalities in the inclusion maturation and in the progeny infectivity. Incubation of host cells with chemicals throughout the entire period of infection modulated the growth ofChlamydiaeven more dramatically. Remarkably, autophagosomal markers MAP-LC3 and calreticulin were redistributed to the inclusion ofChlamydia, a process that appears to be sensitive to 3-methyladenine and some amino acids. The present data indicate the lack of autophagosomal fusion with the inclusion because it was devoid of monodansylcadaverine and no distinct rim of autophagosomal protein-specific staining around the inclusion could be observed. However, high sensitivity ofChlamydiato conditions that could inhibit host autophagic pathway and the close association of MAP-LC3 and calreticulin with the inclusion membrane still suggest a potential role of host autophagy in the pathogenesis ofChlamydia.
Human Diffusely AdheringEscherichia coliExpressing Afa/Dr Adhesins That Use Human CD55 (Decay-Accelerating Factor) as a Receptor Does Not Bind the Rodent and Pig Analogues of CD55
Authors: Hudault Sylvie , Spiller O. Brad , Morgan B. Paul , Servin Alain L. 
Published: July 2004

ABSTRACTAfa/Dr diffusely adheringEscherichia coli(DAEC) bacteria that are responsible for recurrent urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections recognized as a receptor the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) at the brush border of cultured human intestinal cells. Results show that Afa/Dr DAEC C1845 bacteria were poorly associated with the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract of infected mice. We conducted experiments with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with mouse (GPI or transmembrane forms), pig, or human CD55 or mouse Crry cDNAs or transfected with empty vector pDR2EF1α. RecombinantE. coliAAEC185 bacteria expressing Dr or F1845 adhesins bound strongly to CHO cells expressing human CD55 but not to the CHO cells expressing mouse (transmembrane and GPI anchored), rat, or pig CD55 or mouse Crry. Positive clustering of CD55 around Dr-positive bacteria was observed in human CD55-expressing CHO cells but not around the rarely adhering Dr-positive bacteria randomly distributed at the cell surface of CHO cells expressing mouse, rat, or pig CD55.
Pseudo MIMD array processor—AAP2
Authors: Kondo T. , Tsuchiya T. , Kitamura T. , Sugiyama Y. , Kimura T. 
Published: July 2004

A highly integrated array processor (AAP2)-LSI has been developed. After the past 3 years study on the adaptive array processor 1 (AAP1), a challenging improvements on the SIMD's restraints are achieved by using the AAP2-LSI. The AAP2 array system makes it possible to carry out wideband modifiable operation (pseudo MIMD). Furthermore, each PE is capable of supporting a large amount of memory. The AAP2 potential for massively, parallel and pipelined processing is discussed in the field of image processing and CAD applications.
A highly integrated array processor (AAP2)-LSI has been developed. After the past 3 years study on the adaptive array processor 1 (AAP1), a challenging improvements on the SIMD's restraints are achieved by using the AAP2-LSI. The AAP2 array system makes it possible to carry out wideband modifiable operation (pseudo MIMD). Furthermore, each PE is capable of supporting a large amount of memory. The AAP2 potential for massively, parallel and pipelined processing is discussed in the field of image processing and CAD applications.
The TickerTAIP parallel RAID architecture
Authors: Cao Pei , Lim Swee Boon , Venkataraman Shivakumar , Wilkes John 
Published: July 2004

Traditional disk arrays have a centralized architecture, with a single controller through which all requests flow. Such a controller is a single point of failure, and its performance limits the maximum size that the array can grow to. We describe here TickerTAIP, a parallel architecture for disk arrays that distributed the controller functions across several loosely-coupled processors. The result is better scalability, fault tolerance, and flexibility.This paper presents the TickerTAIP architecture and an evaluation of its behavior. We demonstrate the feasibility by an existence proof; describe a family of distributed algorithms for calculating RAID parity; discuss techniques for establishing request atomicity, sequencing and recovery; and evaluate the performance of the TickerTAIP design in both absolute terms and by comparison to a centralized RAID implementation. We conclude that the TickerTAIP architectural approach is feasible, useful, and effective.
An improvement of I/O function for auxiliary storage
Authors: Nagashima Umpei , Nishimoto Fumio , Shibata Takashi , Itoh Hiroshi , Gotoh Minoru 
Published: July 2004

New I/O technique for external auxiliary storage: magnetic disk unit, has been developed to improve the I/O performance on HITAC VOS3/ES1 with usual hardware architecture. Since the I/O technique is based on the idea that the sequence of I/O processes should be divided to some groups and be executed in parallel, and is quite similar to a pipeline on vector computer, we call it Parallel I/O (PIO).
The PIO function has been realized and opened to end-users without any change to previous protocols.
Comparison of actual performance of PIO with 16 degrees of parallelization (16 PIO), the speed of the PIO is about 26 times faster than the standard (sequential) I/O technique by using chained schedule function. In the case of 8 PIO, PIO is 13 times faster than the standard I/O technique. The efficiency of PIO correlates well with the degree of parallelization. Elapsed time is inversely proportional to the degree of parallelization. The change of acceleration ratio of PIO to the standard I/O is normally proportional to the degree of parallelization.
The PIO is quite efficient for large scale supercomputing because I/O between external auxiliary storage and CPU is indispensable in large scale computations. Since the performance of I/O has not been improved, while the performance of supercomputer has made remarkable progress in CPU speed, I/O speed may become bottleneck for computations with supercomputers.
Compiler techniques for data partitioning of sequentially iterated parallel loops
Authors: Hudak David E. , Abraham Santosh G. 
Published: July 2004

This paper uses bottom-up, static program partitioning to minimize the execution time of parallel programs by reducing interprocessor communication. Program partitioning is applied to a parallel programming construct known as a sequentially iterated parallel loop. This paper develops and evaluates compiler techniques to automatically generate data partitions for sequentially iterated parallel loops that minimize interprocessor communication. These techniques could be included as a communication-reducing back end for existing parallelizing compilers.
A multiprocessor model is defined to analyze program execution factors that lead to interprocessor communication. A model for the sequentially iterated parallel loop is defined to quantify communication patterns within a program. A vector notation is chosen to quantify communication across a global data set. Communication parameters used in generating data partitions are found and used within equations which are shown to generate rectangular and hexagonal partition shapes that minimize interprocessor communication.
Experiments measuring the impact of communication on program performance and the improvements gained by using the automatically generated data partitions were conducted on a sixteen-processor Encore Multimax. The new method outperformed established data partitioning methods.
Supporting systolic and memory communication in iWarp
Authors: Borkar Shekhar , Cohn Robert , Cox George , Gross Thomas , Kung H. T. , Lam Monica , Levine Margie , Moore Brian , Moore Wire , Peterson Craig , Susman Jim , Sutton Jim , Urbanski John , Webb Jon 
Published: July 2004

iWarp is a parallel architecture developed jointly by Carnegie Mellon University and Intel Corporation. The iWarp communication system supports two widely used interprocessor communication styles:
memory communication
and
systolic communication
. This paper describes the rationale, architecture, and implementation for the iWarp communication system.

The sending or receiving processor of a message can perform either memory or systolic communication. In memory communication, the entire message is buffered in the local memory of the processor before it is transmitted or after it is received. Therefore communication begins or terminates at the local memory. For conventional message passing methods, both sending and receiving processors use memory communication. In systolic communication, individual data items are transferred as they are produced, or are used as they are received, by the program running at the processor. Memory communication is flexible and well suited for general computing; whereas systolic communication is efficient and well suited for speed critical applications.
A major achievement of the iWarp effort is the derivation of a common design to satisfy the requirements of both systolic and memory communication styles. This is made possible by two important innovations in communication: (1) program access to communication and (2) logical channels. The former allows programs to access data as they are transmitted and to redirect portions of messages to different destinations efficiently. The latter increases the connectivity between the processors and guarantees communication bandwidth for classes of messages. These innovations have provided a focus for the iWarp architecture. The result is a communication system that provides a total bandwidth of 320 MBytes/sec and that is integrated on a single VLSI component with a 20 MFLOPS plus 20 MIPS long instruction word computation engine.
Big science versus little science—do you have to build it? (panel session)
Authors: Ditzel David R. , Hennessy John L. , Rudin Bernie , Smith Alan Jay , Squires Stephen L. , Zalcstein Zeke 
Published: July 2004

Research can be called
big science
if projects have numerous researchers, large funding, significant infrastructure, and plans to build complex tools or prototypes. Most experimental physicists practice big science, as do computer architects who build prototype software-hardware systems.

Conversely, research can be called
little science
when projects have few researchers, modest funding, little special infrastructure, and no plans to build complex tools or prototypes. Most mathematicians practice little science, as do computer architects who study aspects of a design and build confidence in their proposals with models or simulations.

A very simple model contrasting the two approaches is illustrated below, where money flows from governments (GOV) to academia (EDU) which produce ideas for industry (COM) to make better products for all (POP). A key difference is whether governments fund a few, large research projects or many, smaller ones.
The goal of this session is explore whether, when and why universities should do big or little science. Panelists may discuss why big science wastes money, exploits graduate students and makes research too short range. They may argue that little science produces results that are too deep and narrow, oblivious to global systems issues, not properly validated, and too out of touch with reality to ever be practical. Panelists may also find some advantages to both kinds of science.
Panelists include members from government, academia and industry, who are also members of the general population. To keep the discussion lively, nothing said necessarily represents the opinion of any government agency, university or corporation with whom panelists are affiliated.
Trace preconstruction
Authors: Jacobson Quinn , Smith James E. 
Published: July 2004

Trace caches enable high bandwidth, low latency instruction supply, but have a high miss penalty and relatively large working sets. Consequently, their performance may suffer due to capacity and compulsory misses. Trace preconstruction augments a trace cache by performing a function analogous to prefetching. The trace preconstruction mechanism observes the processor's instruction dispatch stream to detect opportunities for jumping ahead of the processor. After doing so, the preconstruction mechanism fetches static instructions from the predicted future region of the program, and constructs a set of traces in advance of when they are needed.Trace preconstruction can significantly increase both the performance of the trace cache and the robustness of the trace cache to varying workloads. All but one of the SPECint95 benchmarks see a notable reduction in trace cache miss rates from preconstruction. The three benchmarks that have the largest working set (gee, go and vortex) see a 30% to 80% reduction in trace cache misses. We also consider the integration of preconstruction with another trace-specific mechanism (preprocessing) to produce a high performance frontend. When combined, preconstruction and trace preprocessing produce an average speedup of 14% for the SPECint95 benchmarks.