bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IEEE 802.11 FHSS receiver design for cluster‐based multihop video communications
Authors: Ban Koichiro , Gharavi Hamid 
Published: November 2002

AbstractRecently, we proposed an ad hoc, cluster‐based, multihop network architecture for video communications using IEEE 802.11 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) wireless LAN (WLAN) technology with 2GFSK (2‐level Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation capable of 1 Mb s−1 transmission. To increase the transmission rate to 2 Mb s−1 for higher‐quality video communications, we evaluated the performance of the IEEE 802.11 FHSS system when a 4GFSK modulation option is selected. Since the 2 Mb s−1 system utilizing 4GFSK modulation is not very efficient in terms of Radio Frequency (RF) range, to improve its performance for multihop applications a combination of diversity and noncoherent Viterbi equalizer are considered. For video transmission, we employed a bitstream‐splitting technique together with a packet‐based error‐protection strategy to combat packet drops under multipath fading conditions. The real‐time transport protocol (RTP), user datagram protocol (UDP), and Internet protocol (IP) are used for video streaming. This includes an RTP packetization scheme to control the packet size and to improve the error‐resilient decoding of the partitioned video signal. The paper includes the simulation results showing the effects of the receiver design and diversity on the quality of the received video signals. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined hidden Markov source estimation and low‐density parity‐check coding: a novel joint source–channel coding scheme for multimedia communications
Authors: Yin Liuguo , Lu Jianhua , Wu Youshou 
Published: November 2002

AbstractJoint source–channel coding schemes have been proven to be very effective for reliable multimedia communications. In this paper, we develop a joint source–channel coding scheme that combines the hidden Markov source (HMS) estimation and the low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes with an iterative estimation/decoding scheme. With this innovative combination, multimedia source redundancy could be accurately extracted by the hidden Markov estimation without any a priori information about the source. Moreover, the interleaver that is usually used to separate the source coding and channel coding can be avoided by exploiting the randomizing property of the LDPC codes. Furthermore, the channel decoding procedure may be implemented in parallel, resulting in good performance with a fairly low decoding complexity and delay. Simulation results have shown that the proposed scheme can achieve much better performance than the standard coding scheme over the binary input additive white Gaussian noise (BIAWGN) channels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rate‐reduction transcoding design for wireless video streaming
Authors: Vetro Anthony , Cai Jianfei , Chen Chang Wen 
Published: November 2002

AbstractOwing to the heterogeneity existing in wireless video streaming, such as terminal capabilities, network conditions, user preferences, and the natural environment in which a user is located, rate‐reduction transcoding is usually necessary to adjust the coding rate to the available channel bandwidth. We begin this paper by reviewing existing approaches and addressing several issues related to transcoding. Next, two types of rate‐reduction coding techniques are studied. The first type is based on standard coding schemes and specifically considers transcoding from MPEG‐2 to MPEG‐4 with a reduced spatial resolution. A method for drift compensation based on an intrarefresh technique is also presented. The second type of scheme is a rate‐reduction transcoder that makes use of frame‐level R‐D information that has already been extracted at the server before transmission. This R‐D‐based approach can be applied to architecture simplification, rate control, frame dropping control, and channel adaptive transcoding. We conclude this paper by pointing out that transcoding is an integral part of wireless video streaming because it provides a flexible interface between the wired network and the wireless network. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wireless meets multimedia
Authors: Yrjänäinen Jukka , Neuvo Yrjö 
Published: November 2002

AbstractMobile person‐to‐person speech communication has turned out to be extremely popular with more than one billion users today. Currently, mobile networks are evolving to support efficient and flexible data communications. This development will also enable an efficient use of multimedia elements in mobile communication. New content types, applications and services are emerging. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) is one key element in this development. From the user point of view, it is the continuation of a very popular mobile messaging paradigm and it offers a framework for mobile person‐to‐person multimedia communication. New mobile phones, with graphical color displays and integrated cameras, will provide a natural platform for a large set of multimedia applications. Including multimedia capabilities for small portable devices is driving the new development on display, imaging and processor technologies. Open software architectures in these terminals are giving new possibilities to the developer community. Evolution of the mobile multimedia will create new challenges and opportunities for related research and development activities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EQUIVALENCE OF THE HIGHER ORDER ASYMPTOTIC EFFICIENCY OF
k-STEP AND EXTREMUM STATISTICS
Authors: Andrews Donald W.K. 
Published: November 2002

It is well known that a one-step scoring estimator that starts
from any N1/2-consistent estimator has the same
first-order asymptotic efficiency as the maximum likelihood estimator.
This paper extends this result to k-step estimators and
test statistics for k ≥ 1, higher order asymptotic
efficiency, and general extremum estimators and test statistics.The paper shows that a k-step estimator has the same
higher order asymptotic efficiency, to any given order, as the
extremum estimator toward which it is stepping, provided (i)
k is sufficiently large, (ii) some smoothness and moment
conditions hold, and (iii) a condition on the initial estimator
holds.For example, for the Newton–Raphson k-step
estimator based on an initial estimator in a wide class, we
obtain asymptotic equivalence to integer order s provided
2k ≥ s + 1. Thus, for k = 1, 2,
and 3, one obtains asymptotic equivalence to first, third, and seventh
orders, respectively. This means that the maximum differences between
the probabilities that the (N1/2-normalized)
k-step and extremum estimators lie in any convex set
are o(1), o(N−3/2), and
o(N−3), respectively.
Healthcare without Harm: An Ethical Imperative
Authors:   A Consensus Statement from Biomedical Ethicists in Support of 
Environmentally Sound Healthcare Practices
Published: November 2002

(Note: This consensus statement appeared in somewhat differing
format as an editorial in the Western Journal of Medicine
2001;175 [October 2001]. The full text and list of
cosigners is published here for the first time.)Bioethics is the formal discipline concerned with ethical and
broader issues arising in the practice of medicine and the other
healthcare professions and science as a whole. Bioethicists are
concerned not only with the impacts and quandaries faced by
individual patients and their caregivers, but the impacts of
healthcare on society and the broader natural world. Although
bioethicists approach such issues from many different theoretical
perspectives, most if not all agree that the healthcare professions
and industry should seek to minimize any real or potential health
risks associated with providing healthcare.
“Whose Bureaucracy Is This, Anyway?” Congress' 1946
Answer
Authors: Rosenbloom David H. 
Published: November 2002

“Nor should we omit in our study [of public administration] the
problem of legislative-administrative relations, in view of the
increasing role of the public servant in the determination of
policy, through either the preparation of legislation or the making
of rules under which general legislative policy is given meaning and
application” (Gaus 1931, 123).In the title of his 1993 Gaus Award Lecture, Francis Rourke posed the
deceptively simple question, “Whose Bureaucracy Is This, Anyway?”
His subtitle was “Congress, the President, and Public
Administration.” Rourke, a pioneer in the field of bureaucratic
politics, concluded that federal administration was constitutionally
and politically under the “joint custody” of Congress and the
president. Clearly, Congress has formidable constitutional authority
and responsibility for the structure and operation of the executive
branch. A great deal of political science research demonstrates that
the legislature and its committees are a major political force in
federal administration. Even as the older “iron triangle” model
gives way to newer approaches, no one (other than misguided
reformers) could reasonably answer Rourke's question and exclude
Congress. Its oversight, influence, and intervention in agency
operations on behalf of policy objectives and incumbency are central
features of contemporary federal administration.
Actions Do Speak Louder than Words:
Deterring Plagiarism with the Use of Plagiarism-Detection
Software
Authors: Braumoeller Bear F. , Gaines Brian J. 
Published: November 2002

IntroductionIn recent years, the availability of online source material and
online papers has increased instructors' concerns regarding
plagiarism in the classroom. Many instructors do not realize,
however, that the digital revolution has also created a niche for
fast and (at least somewhat) reliable plagiarism-detection
software.
No accident: genetic codes freeze in error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code
Authors: Ardell David H. , Sella Guy 
Published: November 2002

The standard genetic code poses a challenge in understanding the evolution of information processing at a fundamental level of biological organization. Genetic codes are generally coadapted with, or ‘frozen‘ by, the protein–coding genes that they translate, and so cannot easily change by natural selection. Yet the standard code has a significantly non–random pattern that corrects common errors in the transmission of information in protein–coding genes. Because of the freezing effect and for other reasons, this pattern has been proposed not to be due to selection but rather to be incidental to other evolutionary forces or even entirely accidental.We present results from a deterministic population genetic model of code–message coevolution. We explicitly represent the freezing effect of genes on genetic codes and the perturbative effect of changes in genetic codes on genes. We incorporate characteristic patterns of mutation and translational error, namely, transition bias and positional asymmetry, respectively. Repeated selection over small successive changes produces genetic codes that are substantially, but not optimally, error correcting. In particular, our model reproduces the error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code. Aspects of our model and results may be applicable to the general problem of adaptation to error in other natural information–processing systems.
USING MEMORY COMPRESSION FOR ENERGY REDUCTION IN AN EMBEDDED JAVA SYSTEM
Authors: CHEN G. , KANDEMIR M. , VIJAYKRISHNAN N. , IRWIN M. J. , WOLF W. 
Published: November 2002

The Java programming language is being increasingly used for application development for mobile and embedded devices. Limited energy and memory resources are important constraints for such systems. Compression is an useful and widely employed mechanism to reduce the memory requirements of the system. As the leakage energy of a memory system increases with its size and because of the increasing contribution of leakage to overall system energy, compression also has a significant effect on reducing energy consumption. However, storing compressed data/instructions has a performance and energy overhead associated with decompression at runtime. The underlying compression algorithm, the corresponding implementation of the decompression and the ability to reuse decompressed information critically impact this overhead. In this paper, we explore the influence of compression on overall memory energy using a commercial embedded Java virtual machine (JVM) and a customized compression algorithm. Our results show that compression is effective in reducing energy even when considering the runtime decompression overheads for most applications. Further, we show a mechanism that selectively compresses portions of the memory to enhance energy savings. Finally, a scheme for clustering the code and data to improve the reuse of the decompressed data is presented.
Dynamical Working Memory and Timed Responses: The Role of Reverberating Loops in the Olivo-Cerebellar System
Authors: Kistler Werner M. , Zeeuw Chris I. De 
Published: November 2002

This article explores dynamical properties of the olivo-cerebellar system that arise from the specific wiring of inferior olive (IO), cerebellar cortex, and deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). We show that the irregularity observed in the firing pattern of the IO neurons is not necessarily produced by noise but can instead be the result of a purely deterministic network effect. We propose that this effect can serve as a dynamical working memory or as a neuronal clock with a characteristic timescale of about 100 ms that is determined by the slow calcium dynamics of IO and DCN neurons. This concept provides a novel explanation of how the cerebellum can solve timing tasks on a timescale that is two orders of magnitude longer than the millisecond timescale usually attributed to neuronal dynamics. One of the key ingredients of our model is the observation that due to postinhibitory rebound, DCN neurons can be driven by GABAergic (“inhibitory”) input from cerebellar Purkinje cells. Topographic projections from the DCN to the IO form a closed reverberating loop with an overall synaptic transmission delay of about 100 ms that is in resonance with the intrinsic oscillatory properties of the inferior olive. We use a simple time-discrete model based on McCulloch-Pitts neurons in order to investigate in a first step some of the fundamental properties of a network with delayed reverberating projections. The macroscopic behavior is analyzed by means of a mean-field approximation. Numerical simulations, however, show that the microscopic dynamics has a surprisingly rich structure that does not show up in a mean-field description. We have thus performed extensive numerical experiments in order to quantify the ability of the network to serve as a dynamical working memory and its vulnerability by noise. In a second step, we develop a more realistic conductance-based network model of the inferior olive consisting of about 20 multicompartment neurons that are coupled by gap junctions and receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input via AMPA and GABAergic synapses. The simulations show that results for the time-discrete model hold true in a time-continuous description.
SHNEI KETUVIM AND RABBINIC INTERMEDIATION
Authors: Yadin Azzan 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe present article argues that in the legal midrashim associated with the school of Rabbi Ishmael, the Mekhilta and the Sifre Numbers, "Two Verses Contradict and a Third Resolves" is not a general rule meant to resolve logical difficulties, as is generally assumed. The third verse resolution is employed in only two of the derashot that discuss biblical contradictions. A close reading of these derashot suggest that the issue at hand is not logical but theological and that in each case the third verse introduces a theological intermediary, denying the unmediated presence of God in the Tent of Meeting and at Sinai.
HIERONYMUS UND EPIPHANIUS VON SALAMIS ÜBER DAS JUDENTUM IHRER ZEIT
Authors: Lössl Josef 
Published: November 2002

AbstractCompared to other Christian authors of the late 4th, early 5th century A.D. Jerome and Epiphanius of Salamis frequently write about Jews and Judaism. And they do so in a historical and biographical context which they largely share. Their frequent use of anti-Jewish polemics, however, has earned them a certain notoriety. But, as is argued in this paper, while their attitude in this respect is, of course, deplorable, it may be less a sign of their ignorance of, and distance from, than their proximity to, the Judaism of their time. Both, Jerome and Epiphanius, draw from very early Christian sources, sources still close to their Jewish roots. They define orthodoxy and heresy in terms of religious practices, very similar to Rabbinic Judaism, they are obsessed with scriptural detail, they reject the veneration of images, and they are interested in the languages and cultures of the Bible, far more than any other of their Christian contemporaries, or, indeed, Christians of any age. Considering their influential role in the history of Christian theology it may be worth looking at some of these aspects in detail, and see how they could have contributed not so much to the exclusion as to the preservation of the Jewish heritage in Christianity.
Incidencia del entorno residencial en los itinerarios socioeducativos y laborales de los adolescentes
Authors: García J. Miguel Ángel , Monteoliva Adelaida 
Published: November 2002

Con el objetivo de analizar la incidencia del entorno de residencia sobre los itinerarios que van a seguir los jóvenes desde que acaban la escuela hasta su inserción laboral, se está llevando a cabo un estudio de carácter longitudinal de diez años de duración, sobre una muestra de 187 jóvenes que residen en contextos diferentes. Concretamente, 33 de los sujetos de la muestra viven internados en Residencias Escolares y 154 en el domicilio familiar. Los resultados que se presentan en este trabajo, corresponden a los datos obtenidos un año después de que los sujetos finalizaran la enseñanza general obligatoria. Al comparar las opciones seguidas al terminar la E.G.B. por ambos grupos, se han podido constatar diferencias altamente significativas entre ellos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta primera transición indican que, una de las variables que mejor predice la opción en la que se van a situar los sujetos al acabar la E.G.B., es el tipo de residencia (vivir con la familia o en Residencia Escolar) de los jóvenes.
La preocupación ambiental como función de valores y creencias
Authors: González Antonio , Amérigo María 
Published: November 2002

Los valores personales se están convirtiendo en una variable fundamental para explicar y entender la preocupación por la protección del medio ambiente. Utilizando una muestra de 408 estudiantes de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha se estudia la preocupación ambiental a través de las relaciones entre los valores personales, las creencias sobre las condiciones ambientales y las intenciones de conducta proambiental. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los valores biosféricos, altruistas y de apertura al cambio y también las creencias biosféricas y socioaltruistas están significativamente relacionados con las intenciones de conducta proambiental. Con respecto al género, las mujeres manifiestan mayores intenciones de realizar comportamientos proambientales. Finalmente, se encontró una estrecha correspondencia entre los sentimientos de obligación moral y la preocupación ambiental.
Apoyo social, integración social y salud mental
Authors: Sánchez Esteban 
Published: November 2002

El apoyo social se ha convertido en un concepto cada vez más popular y en una herramienta de trabajo muy útil para el estudio de los factores psicosociales relacionados con la salud mental. A pesar de la existencia de una amplia bibliografía demostrando la relación positiva entre apoyo social y bienestar psicológico, existen importantes problemas en torno al concepto de apoyo social. En primer lugar, un desacuerdo definicional. En segundo lugar, una polémica en torno a los mecanismos a través de los cuales se da la asociación entre apoyo social y salud mental. Estos debates pueden resumirse en dos hipótesis rivales: el modelo de efectos directos y el modelo de efectos protectors. El presente artículo intenta clarificar este debate introduciendo el concepto de integración social. Para ello, se elabora dicho concepto a partir de la obra de Emile Durkheim, enfatizando el posible papel de la anomia en el deterioro psicológico. Finalmente, se discuten las implicaciones de este análisis para las teorías sobre apoyo social y la relación entre el apoyo social y la salud mental.
Phase I Trial of the Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 in Patients With Refractory Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Orlowski Robert Z. , Stinchcombe Thomas E. , Mitchell Beverly S. , Shea Thomas C. , Baldwin Albert S. , Stahl Stephanie , Adams Julian , Esseltine Dixie-Lee , Elliott Peter J. , Pien Christine S. , Guerciolini Roberto , Anderson Jessica K. , Depcik-Smith Natalie D. , Bhagat Rita , Lehman Mary Jo , Novick Steven C. , O’Connor Owen A. , Soignet Steven L. 
Published: November 2002

PURPOSE: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (previously known as PS-341) in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received PS-341 twice weekly for 4 weeks at either 0.40, 1.04, 1.20, or 1.38 mg/m2, followed by a 2-week rest. The PD of PS-341 was evaluated by measurement of whole blood 20S proteasome activity. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients received 293 doses of PS-341, including 24 complete cycles. DLTs at doses above the 1.04-mg/m2 MTD attributed to PS-341 included thrombocytopenia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, fatigue, and malaise. In three of 10 patients receiving additional therapy, serious reversible adverse events appeared during cycle 2, including one episode of postural hypotension, one systemic hypersensitivity reaction, and grade 4 transaminitis in a patient with hepatitis C and a substantial acetaminophen ingestion. PD studies revealed PS-341 induced 20S proteasome inhibition in a time-dependent manner, and this inhibition was also related to both the dose in milligrams per meter squared, and the absolute dose of PS-341. Among nine fully assessable patients with heavily pretreated plasma cell dyscrasias completing one cycle of therapy, there was one complete response and a reduction in paraprotein levels and/or marrow plasmacytosis in eight others. In addition, one patient with mantle cell lymphoma and another with follicular lymphoma had shrinkage of nodal disease. CONCLUSION: PS-341 was well tolerated at 1.04 mg/m2 on this dose-intensive schedule, although patients need to be monitored for electrolyte abnormalities and late toxicities. Additional studies are indicated to determine whether incorporation of dose/body surface area yields a superior PD model to dosing without normalization. PS-341 showed activity against refractory multiple myeloma and possibly non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in this study, and merits further investigation in these populations.