bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of complement 5a‐like receptor (C5L2) from astrocytes: characterization of anti‐inflammatory properties
Authors: Gavrilyuk Vitaliy , Kalinin Sergey , Hilbush Brian S. , Middlecamp Andrew , McGuire Susan , Pelligrino Dale , Weinberg Guy , Feinstein Douglas L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBrain inflammation is regulated by endogenous substances, including neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline (NA), which can increase anti‐inflammatory genes. To identify NA‐regulated, anti‐inflammatory genes, we used TOGA (total gene expression analysis) to screen rat astrocyte‐derived RNA. NA‐inducible cDNA clone DST11 encodes an isoform of the complement C5a receptor (C5aR), with 39% identity at the amino acid level to the rat C5aR, and 56% identity to a recently described human C5aR variant termed C5L2 (complement 5a‐like receptor). Quantitative PCR confirmed that in astrocytes, DST11 mRNA expression is increased by NA, whereas in vivo depletion of cortical NA reduced DST11 levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated basal and NA‐induced expression of DST11 as a 45 kDa protein in primary astrocytes cultures. Immunocytochemical staining of adult rat brain revealed DST11‐immunoreactivity throughout brain, co‐localized to neurons and astrocytes. In astrocytes, induction of nitric oxide synthase type 2 was increased by treatment with antisense oligonucleotides to DST11. Reducing DST11 expression also increased nuclear factor κB reporter gene, and decreased cAMP response element reporter gene activation. These results demonstrate that DST11 is a C5aR isoform expressed by glia and neurons, which is regulated by NA, and exerts anti‐inflammatory functions. Changes in DST11 levels in diseased brain could therefore contribute to the progression of inflammatory damage.
Mechanism of zinc‐induced phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3β in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: An Wen‐Lin , Bjorkdahl Cecilia , Liu Rong , Cowburn Richard F. , Winblad Bengt , Pei Jin‐Jing 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe have previously reported an aberrant accumulation of activated protein kinase B (PKB), glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), p38 and p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K) in neurons bearing neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism by which these tau candidate kinases are involved in the regulation of p70S6K and GSK‐3β phosphorylation is unknown. In the current study, 100 μm zinc sulfate was used, and influences of various components of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways on p70S6K and GSK‐3β phosphorylation have been investigated in serum‐deprived SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We found that zinc could induce an increase of phosphorylated (p) p70S6K, p‐PKB, p‐GSK‐3β, p‐ERK1/2, p‐JNK and p‐p38, especially in long‐term treatment (4–8 h). Treatment with different inhibitors including rapamycin, wortmannin, LY294002, and U0126, and their combinations, indicated that phosphorylation of p70S6K and GSK‐3β is regulated by rapamycin‐dependent, PI3K and MAPK pathways. Furthermore, phosphorylation of p70S6K and GSK‐3β affected levels of tau unphosphorylated at the Tau‐1 site and phosphorylated at the PHF‐1 site, and p70S6K phosphorylation affected the total tau level. Thus, 100 μm zinc might activate PKB, GSK‐3β, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and p70S6K, that are consequently involved in tau changes in SH‐SY5Y cells.
Sleep deprivation induces the unfolded protein response in mouse cerebral cortex
Authors: Naidoo Nirinjini , Giang William , Galante Raymond J. , Pack Allan I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLittle is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep. We show the induction of key regulatory proteins in a cellular protective pathway, the unfolded protein response (UPR), following 6 h of induced wakefulness. Using C57/B6 male mice maintained on a 12:12 light/dark cycle, we examined, in cerebral cortex, the effect of different durations of prolonged wakefulness (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) from the beginning of the lights‐on inactivity period, on the protein expression of BiP/GRP78, a chaperone and classical UPR marker. BiP/GRP78 expression is increased with increasing durations of sleep deprivation (6, 9 and 12 h). There is no change in BiP/GRP78 levels in handling control experiments carried out during the lights‐off period. PERK, the transmembrane kinase responsible for attenuating protein synthesis, which is negatively regulated by binding to BiP/GRP78, is activated by dissociation from BiP/GRP78 and by autophosphorylation. There is phosphorylation of the elongation initiation factor 2α and alteration in ribosomal function. These changes are first observed after 6 h of induced wakefulness. Thus, prolonging wakefulness beyond a certain duration induces the UPR indicating a physiological limit to wakefulness.
In vivo gene silencing of CD81 by lentiviral expression of small interference RNAs suppresses cocaine‐induced behaviour
Authors: Bahi Amine , Boyer Frederic , Kolira Manoj , Dreyer Jean‐Luc 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe tetraspanin CD81 is induced in the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway after cocaine administration. To further investigate its role, a regulatable lentivirus (Lenti‐CD81) bearing the CD81 gene under the control of a tetracycline‐inducible promoter and lentiviruses expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted against CD81 (Lenti‐CD81‐shRNAs) have been prepared. Infection of HEK293T cells in vitro with Lenti‐CD81‐shRNAs resulted in 96.5% gene silencing (from quantitative real‐time PCR(qRT‐PCR) and immunocytochemistry). In vivo delivery of Lenti‐CD81‐shRNA into the nucleus accumbens or ventral tegmental area resulted in 91.3 and 94% silencing of endogenous CD81, respectively. Stereotaxic injection of Lenti‐CD81 into these regions, resulting in CD81 overexpression, induced a four‐ to fivefold increase in locomotor activity after chronic cocaine administration, which returned to basal levels when Lenti‐CD81‐shRNA had been coinjected or when CD81 expression was blocked by doxycycline. Furthermore, silencing endogenous CD81 in vivo resulted in a significant decrease in locomotor activity over controls, again suppressing cocaine‐induced behaviour.
Determination of pseudophakic accommodation with translation lenses using Purkinje image analysis
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Jakob Christina , Reese Sven , Seitz Berthold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurpose:  To determine pseudophakic accommodation of an accommodating posterior chamber intraocular lens (translation lens) using Purkinje image analysis and linear matrix methods in the paraxial space.Methods:  A 2 × 2 system matrix was defined for each Purkinje image I to IV using refraction, translation and mirror matrices. Image size (m) and axial image position (z) was determined as an example for an off‐axis object (a 0.2 m off‐axis object located 0.5 m in front of the cornea.). First, our method was applied to the phakic relaxed (emmetropic) and accommodated (6.96 D) Le Grand eye. Secondly, for demonstration of the applicability of the calculation scheme to the pseudophakic eye, we provide a clinical example where we determine the accommodation amplitude of the translation lens (1 CU, HumanOptics, Erlangen, Germany) from photographed Purkinje images in the relaxed and accommodated state. From the biometric data: axial length 23.7 mm, corneal power 43.5, corneal thickness 550 microns, implanted intraocular lens (IOL) with a refractive power of 20.5 D (shape equi‐biconvex, refractive index 1.46), and refractive indices of the cornea, aqueous and vitreous from the Le Grand model eye, we calculated the refractive state and the sizes of Purkinje images I and III initiated from two off‐axis light sources.Results:  For the Le Grand model eye, Purkinje image II (z/m = 3.5850 mm/0.0064) is slightly smaller than and directly in front of image I (z/m = 3.8698 mm/0.0077). Purkinje image III (z/m = 10.6097 mm/0.0151) is nearly double the size of image I and during accommodation it moves from the vitreous into the crystalline lens. Purkinje IV (z/m = 4.3244 mm/−0.0059) is inverted, three quarters the size of image I, lies in the crystalline lens and moves slightly towards the retina. For the pseudophakic eye, pseudophakic accommodation of 1.10 D was calculated from the proportion of distances between both Purkinje images I and III in the relaxed (3.04) and accommodated (2.75) state, which is in contrast to the total subjective accommodation of 2.875 D evaluated with an accommodometer.Conclusions:  We present a straightforward mathematical strategy for calculation of the Purkinje images I–IV. Results of our model calculation resemble the values provided by Le Grand. In addition, this approach yields a simple en bloc scheme for determination of pseudophakic accommodation in pseudophakic eyes with accommodative lenses (translation lenses) using Purkinje image photography.
Use of prisms for navigation and driving in hemianopic patients
Authors: Szlyk Janet P. , Seiple William , Stelmack Joan , McMahon Timothy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurpose:  (1) To compare the outcomes of orientation and mobility and driving training with Fresnel prisms and the Gottlieb Visual Field Awareness System for patients with homonymous hemianopsia, and (2) To determine whether the patients continue to use the optical enhancement devices at a 2‐year follow‐up point.Methods:  Patients with homonymous hemianopsia were provided with a rehabilitation program where they were fitted with prism lenses and trained to use them for navigation and driving. Telephone interviews were used to obtain information about device usage 2 years following the completion of the training program.Results:  Patients’ performance was compared with a test–retest criterion in the visual skills areas of recognition, mobility, peripheral detection, scanning, tracking, and visual memory. Patients with hemianopic loss showed improvements in all of the visual skills categories, ranging from the highest improvements of 26% of tasks improved in the mobility category to 13% in the recognition category. The majority of the hemianopic patients reported using the devices at the 2‐year follow‐up interview.Conclusions:  The patients with homonymous hemianopsia showed improvements in visual functioning using prism lenses, although these improvements were smaller than those found in previous studies with central or bilateral peripheral vision loss groups who were trained to use other optical enhancement devices for navigation and driving using a similar curriculum. However, given the evidence of increased risk of accidents for patients with peripheral vision loss, the safety of peripheral enhancement devices for driving must be thoroughly evaluated before their impact on public safety is known.
Non‐invasive phakometric measurement of corneal and crystalline lens alignment in human eyes
Authors: Dunne Mark C. M. , Davies Leon N. , Mallen Edward A. H. , Kirschkamp Thomas , Barry Jean‐Cyriaque 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe describe a non‐invasive phakometric method for determining corneal axis rotation relative to the visual axis (β) together with crystalline lens axis tilt (α) and decentration (d) relative to the corneal axis. This does not require corneal contact A‐scan ultrasonography for the measurement of intraocular surface separations. Theoretical inherent errors of the method, evaluated by ray tracing through schematic eyes incorporating the full range of human ocular component variations, were found to be larger than the measurement errors (β < 0.67°, α < 0.72° and d < 0.08 mm) observed in nine human eyes with known ocular component dimensions. Intersubject variations (mean ± S.D.: β = 6.2 ± 3.4° temporal, α = 0.2 ± 1.8° temporal and d = 0.1 ± 0.1 mm temporal) and repeatability (1.96 × S.D. of difference between repeat readings: β ± 2.0°, α ± 1.8° and d ± 0.2 mm) were studied by measuring the left eyes of 45 subjects (aged 18–42 years, 29 females and 16 males, 15 Caucasians, 29 Indian Asians, one African, refractive error range −7.25 to +1.25 D mean spherical equivalent) on two occasions.
Comparison of near heterophoria tests under varying conditions on an adult sample
Authors: Lam Andrew K. C. , Lam Abby , Charm Jessie , Wong Kwai‐mui 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPurpose:  This study compared the near phoria measurement using the Bernell muscle balance card with and without prism neutralization, using both trial frame and phoropter correction, and compared with the conventional Maddox rod method.Methods:  Forty young normal Chinese adults had their near phoria measured with trial frame correction using the conventional muscle balance card method (method 1). Any deviation was compensated with a prism bar as an alternative approach (method 2). The conventional Maddox rod method (method 3) was also carried out for comparison. These three methods were repeated with phoropter correction and considered as methods 4, 5 and 6.Results:  The phorias obtained from these six methods were not significantly different from each other (repeated measures anova, p > 0.05). More than half of the subjects were exophoric. Although the difference in phoria was not significant, phoria measurement using phoropter correction yielded a greater coefficient of variation.Conclusions:  Near phoria measurement using the muscle balance card conducted with trial frame correction was less variable, and was also more natural and similar to a real reading situation. The use of prism for compensation did not affect the phoria results. Exophoria seems to be more common than esophoria in young Chinese adults.
Intravitreal triamcinolone for macular oedema: efficacy in relation to aetiology
Authors: Sørensen Torben Lykke , Haamann Per , Villumsen Jørgen , Larsen Michael 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravitreal triamcinolone in patients with macular oedema of varying aetiology. Methods:  Two milligrams of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide was injected into 34 eyes with persistent macular oedema (17 eyes with macula oedema secondary to posterior uveitis, 13 eyes with diabetic retinopathy, and four with pseudophakic macular oedema). Best corrected visual acuity was determined and transfoveal optical coherence tomography performed after 1 week, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months. Results:  Treatment improved visual acuity and subjective visual quality, and reduced foveal thickness in eyes with posterior uveitis and eyes with macular oedema secondary to diabetic retinopathy. Eyes treated for pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema demonstrated no improvement. A total of 32% of patients experienced a significant post‐injection increase in intraocular pressure. Endophthalmitis, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and cataract were absent. Conclusion:  Intravitreal triamcinolone appears to induce marked a improvement in macular oedema secondary to non‐infectious uveitis and diabetic retinopathy.
Effects of interleukin‐1β and dexamethasone on the expression of matrix metalloprotease mRNA by trabecular cells exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Ehrich Dirk , Tripathi Brenda , Tripathi Ramesh , Duncker Gernot 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  We investigated the effects of interleukin‐1β (Il‐1β) and dexamethasone (Dex) on the expression of matrix metalloprotease‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐14 (membrane type‐1 MMP−MT1‐MMP) as well as tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (TIMP‐1 and ‐2) mRNA by trabecular cells exposed not only to normal, but also to elevated levels of hydrostatic pressure. Methods:  Confluent primary cultures of porcine trabecular cells were incubated in a serum‐free medium (SFM) as controls, or in SFM containing either 10 ng/ml Il‐1β or 10 nm Dex and exposed to pressures of 15 mmHg or 50 mmHg (corresponding to normal and high intraocular pressure, respectively) in specially designed pressure chambers. After 72 hours, total RNA was extracted from the harvested cells, reverse transcribed and amplified using primers specific to MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐3 and ‐14, and TIMP‐1 and ‐2. Results:  The most significant changes were detected in the levels of MMP‐3 mRNA in control cells (2.4‐fold increase), of TIMP‐1 and ‐2 mRNA in cells treated with Il‐1β (2.6‐fold increase) and of MMP‐3 mRNA in cells treated with Dex (3.5‐fold increase) exposed to 50 mmHg pressure. Conclusion:  Because MMP‐3 (stromelysin) mRNA showed the highest upregulation, our findings suggest that trabecular cells preferentially degrade and turn over the proteoglycan components of the extracellular matrix in response to short‐term exposure to increased hydrostatic pressure with and without Dex as a homeostatic mechanism.
Serous macular detachment in diabetic cystoid macular oedema
Authors: Ozdemir Hakan , Karacorlu Murat , Karacorlu Serra 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To define serous macular detachment in patients with diabetic cystoid macular oedema (CME). Methods:  This study involved 78 eyes of 58 patients with diabetic CME. The patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Eyes with epiretinal membrane or vitreo‐macular traction were not included in the study. Optical coherence tomography‐3 was used in all patients and fundi were scanned on the horizontal, vertical and four oblique planes through the centre of the fovea. Results:  In all cases the increased thickness of the retina was related primarily to the hyporeflective intraretinal cavities. With OCT, 24 of 78 eyes (31%) had serous macular detachment as shown by retinal elevation over a non‐reflective cavity with minimal shadowing of the underlying tissues. Fluorescein angiography did not show serous macular detachment in any patient. Conclusions:  Our data showed that the incidence of serous macular detachment in diabetic CME was much higher than previously reported. Optical coherence tomography‐3 allows an in vivo cross‐sectional observation of very subtle serous macular detachment that is difficult to diagnose at the slit‐lamp or by fluorescein angiography in patients with diabetic CME.
Recurrent secondary frosted branch angiitis after toxoplasmosis vasculitis
Authors: Oh Jaeryung , Huh Kuhl , Kim Seong Woo 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe a case of recurrent frosted branch angiitis after treatment of ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods:  In a 6‐year‐old boy, we found perivascular, creamy, patchy, retinal sheathing in both eyes without any focal necrotizing retinochoroiditis or scarring. IgM antibodies for toxoplasma gondii were also found. The patient was treated with antitoxoplasmosis medication and a systemic steroid. Results:  Several years after treatment of the toxoplasmosis, frosted branch angiitis occurred twice without any retinal scarring or serological evidence of toxoplasmosis. After systemic steroid therapy, the angiitis improved without further complications. Conclusions:  Toxoplasmic retinal vasculitis should be considered as a cause of frosted branch angiitis.
Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide in patients with macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Krepler Katharina , Ergun Erdem , Sacu Stefan , Richter‐Müksch Sibylla , Wagner Julia , Stur Michael , Wedrich Andreas 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate treatment of macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. Methods:  In a prospective case series, 13 patients with macular oedema due to non‐ischaemic CRVO received an intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide. Examination included assessment of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for distance and reading, measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), fluorescein angiography and high resolution imaging by optical coherence tomography, preoperatively and 1 week, 1 month, 3, 6 and 9 months postoperatively. Results:  Preoperative mean BCVA was 0.9 ± 0.4 for distance vision and 1.0 ± 0.3 for reading acuity, respectively. A significant improvement in distance VA (0.5 ± 0.3, p < 0.001) and reading acuity (0.7 ± 0.3, p = 0.03) was observed until 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Mean macular thickness was significantly reduced until 9 months postoperatively. Conclusion:  Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide led to a significant improvement in mean VA in patients with macular oedema due to CRVO. However, the significant effect was not permanent and persisted for a maximum of 6 months.
The Groningen Longitudinal Glaucoma Study. I. Baseline sensitivity and specificity of the frequency doubling perimeter and the GDx nerve fibre analyser
Authors: Heeg Govert P. , Blanksma Lieuwe J. , Hardus Peter L. L. J. , Jansonius Nomdo M. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe the baseline data of a large cohort of patients included for follow‐up with perimetry using the frequency doubling technique (FDT) and with quantification of the retinal nerve fibre layer as assessed by GDx, and to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of both devices from these baseline data. Methods:  Regular visitors to our glaucoma service were included. All subjects were followed for at least 4 years with FDT in full‐threshold mode, GDx and conventional perimetry. Patients were classified as having either glaucoma or suspect glaucoma, according to baseline perimetry results. In addition, a group of healthy subjects was recruited outside the hospital. Results:  A total of 452 glaucoma patients, 423 glaucoma suspects and 237 healthy subjects were incorporated into the analyses. Sensitivities for both FDT and GDx were fixed at 0.90. For the group as a whole, the specificity was 0.81 for FDT, using number of depressed test‐points p < 0.01 in the total deviation probability plot with a cut‐off point > 1, and 0.78 for GDx, using the Number, with a cut‐off point > 29. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.92 for FDT and 0.94 for GDx. Of the subjects with suspect glaucoma, 75% showed normal FDT test results and 52% showed normal GDx results. Unlike FDT, GDx failed to detect some moderate/severe glaucoma cases. Conclusions:  The performances of FDT and GDx are approximately equivalent in terms of sensitivity, specificity and area under the ROC curve. In glaucoma suspects, GDx in particular yielded a rather high percentage of positive test results. The majority of these positive test results are presumably false‐positive results rather than results indicating preperimetric glaucoma.