bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge management in the US army
Authors: Lausin Anthony , Desouza Kevin C. , Kraft George D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractKnowledge management has long been a staple activity of the United States Army. While there is a tendency to describe the US Army's knowledge management activities as a phenomenon made possible by technology, in fact knowledge management in the US Army is as old as the US Army itself. Drawing on secondary sources and personal experiences, the goal of this paper is to discuss the US Army knowledge management from the perspective of the US Army's organizational structure. We postulate that much can be learnt from how the US Army organizes for effective and efficient knowledge management. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A blueprint for the implementation of process‐oriented knowledge management
Authors: Remus Ulrich , Schub Stephan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractProcess‐oriented Knowledge Management aims at the integration of business processes and knowledge management. In order to provide knowledge for value adding activities within the business processes KM instruments and KM systems have to be adapted to business and knowledge processes. In detail, KM instruments such as content management, skill management, lessons learned, and communities have to be assigned to KM activities and processes. Models and patterns that describe generic pKM processes can build a blueprint for the implementation and support the stepwise integration of business processes into the knowledge life cycle. The introduction of a pKM becomes more efficient, as the flexibility is increased and the complexity is reduced. In this paper the authors show the essential elements of a blueprint developed during the implementation of a pKM in a large transaction bank. The blueprint describes the essential knowledge structures, activities, processes and instruments on different layers of abstraction in the context of a continuous knowledge life cycle. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical NMR study of selected oxocarboxylic acid oximes
Authors: Malek Kamilla , Vala Martin , Kozłowski Henryk , Proniewicz Leonard M. 
Published: December 2003

Abstract1H and 13C NMR spectra of the oxocarboxylic acid oximes 2‐hydroxyiminopropanoic acid (1), 2‐(4‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetic acid (2) and 2‐cyano‐2‐(hydroxyimino)acetic acid (3) were measured in DMSO‐d6, D2O and acetone‐d6 solutions. The data indicate the presence of hydrogen bonding in 1 and 2 and a strong electron‐withdrawing effect due to the cyano group in 3. The effect of intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the hydrogen and carbon chemical shifts in these molecules was studied theoretically. Total energy calculations of the stability of various hydrogen‐bonded species, in addition to equilibrium parameters and chemical shifts, were calculated using ab initio methods (RHF, MP2) and density functional theory (B3LYP), implemented in the Gaussian 98 software package. The gauge‐including atomic orbital (GIAO) method was used to predict magnetic shielding constants. Chemical shift calculations for the most stable species agree fairly well with the observed data, especially for the hydroxyl protons. Substituents adjacent to the α‐carbon show some influence of the oximic and carboxyl groups on the 13C chemical shifts, as expected for groups with different polar and anisotropic character. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative estimation of the degree of derivatization: an alternative methodology using 1‐D and 2‐D NMR experiments
Authors: Roy Debmalya , Basu P. K. , Raghunathan P. , Eswaran S. V. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe precise estimation of the degree of derivatization of functional groups in polymers is important for determining their macroscopic properties. In this work, the quantitative estimation of the extent of esterification of novolac copolymers with di‐tert‐butyl dicarbonate was studied. Although the extent of esterification has been calculated previously by quantifying the signals from FT‐IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy, these were restricted to monitoring the progress of the derivatization process. The 13C NMR signal intensities from the inverse‐gated 1H‐decoupled NMR spectrum have been used recently for the quantitative estimation of the degree of esterification of polymers. An alternative methodology has been suggested by us based on the fully relaxed 1H chemical shift intensities. However, since the proton signals of novolac resins are generally broad and overlapping, the proton decoupled 13C NMR spectrum was used to identify the 1H NMR signals using the 2‐D HSQC technique. A TOCSY experiment was also performed to confirm further the 1H NMR sigal assignments and, finally, the deconvoluted 1H NMR spectrum was used for the calculation of the extent of derivatization. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic NMR and ab initio studies of exchange between rotamers of derivatives of octahydrofuro[3,4‐f]isoquinoline‐7(1H)‐carboxylate and tetrahydro‐2,5,6(1H)‐isoquinolinetricarboxylate
Authors: Akhmedov Novruz G. , Myshakin Evgeniy M. , Dennis Hall C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe 1H and 13C NMR spectra of methyl‐8‐(2‐furyl)‐5‐methyl‐1,3‐dioxo‐3,3a,4,6,8,9,9a,9b‐octahydrofuro[3,4‐f]isoquinoline‐7(1H)‐carboxylate (1) and trimethyl 8‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐3,4,4a,7‐tetrahydro‐2,5,6(1H)‐isoquinolinetricarboxylate (2) at room temperature displayed doubling of the majority of signals, suggesting the presence of two rotational conformers (rotamers) in a ratio ∼1:1.2 (in a mixture of CDCl3 and C6D6), ∼1:1 (in CD2Cl2) and ∼1:1.4 (in C6D6). On the basis of the temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectra of 1 and 2, the barrier to interconversion of the rotamers was calculated to be ∼16 kcal mol−1. The average chemical shifts and spin–spin coupling constants were analyzed for the resolution‐enhanced 300 MHz 1H NMR spectrum of 1 at 333 K in CDCl3 solution. From analysis of the spin–spin coupling constants, it is proposed that the nitrogen‐containing ring is in a chair conformation with C‐2—H equatorial. Low‐ and room‐temperature NOESY experiments in conjunction with theoretical ab initio calculations supported the hypothesis that the two rotamers interchange via rotation about the C—N bond. Spectral assignments of all proton and carbon resonances were made on the basis of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR experiments (DEPT, DQCOSY, NOESY, HETCOR and gHMBC). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of protein 15N relaxation times by inverse Laplace transformation
Authors: Koskela Harri , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Heikkinen Sami 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRelaxation times (T1, T2, T1ρ) are usually evaluated from exponential decay data by least‐squares fitting methods. For this procedure, the integrals or amplitudes of signals must be determined, which can be laborious with large data sets. Moreover, the fitting requires a priori knowledge of the number of exponential components responsible for the decay. We have adapted inverse Laplace transformation (ILT) for the analysis of relaxation data. Exponential components are resolved with ILT to reciprocal space on their corresponding relaxation rate values. The ILT approach was applied to 3D linewidth‐resolved 15N HSQC experiments to evaluate 15N T1 and T2 relaxation times of ubiquitin. The resulting spectrum is a true 3D spectrum, where the signals are separated by their 1H and 15N chemical shifts (HSQC correlations) and by their relaxation rate values (R1 or R2). From this spectrum, the relaxation times can be obtained directly with a simple peak‐picking procedure. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HMBC–RELAY: a combined technique for the differentiation of simultaneously detected 2J(C,H) and nJ(C,H) connectivities
Authors: Sprang Thomas , Bigler Peter 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe present a new pulse sequence that detects simultaneously nJ(C,H) and 2J(C,H) connectivities. The corresponding coherences are created along independent pathways and therefore can be separated into two different subspectra. One spectrum is to show all nJ(C,H) connectivities and the other is to show exclusively 2J(C,H) connectivities. In contrast to the previously published 2J/nJ experiment, this sequence detects the 2J(C,H) connectivities via a C,H,H‐RELAY pathway leading to an intensification of the 2J(C,H) signals. Strictly, the 2J(C,H) spectrum does not show 2J(C,H) but 3J(H,H) coupling interactions within 13CHk–12CHl fragments. Therefore, 2J(C,H) signals can appear even if the corresponding 2J(C,H) coupling constant is zero. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leaving group effects on the mechanism of aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reactions of some phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ethers with aniline in acetonitrile
Authors: Crampton Michael R. , Emokpae Thomas A. , Howard Judith A. K. , Isanbor Chukwuemeka , Mondal Raju 
Published: December 2003

AbstractKinetic studies are reported for the reactions with aniline in acetonitrile of a series of X‐phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ethers [X=H, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐CH3, 2,4‐, 2,6‐(CH3)2, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐NO2, 2,4‐, 2,6‐(NO2)2]. X‐ray crystal structures for X=H, 2,6‐(CH3)2 and 2,6‐(NO2)2 are reported and provide evidence for steric crowding around the 1‐position of these molecules. Nevertheless, the kinetic data show that increasing substitution does not sterically inhibit nucleophilic attack by aniline and an ‘early’ transition state is likely. In general, the reactions are base catalysed; interpreted as rate‐limiting deprotonation of the zwitterionic intermediates. Only with the dinitro derivatives is an uncatalysed reaction involving intramolecular proton transfer observed and when X=2,6‐(NO2)2 this pathway takes all the reaction flux. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Additional material for this paper is available in Wiley Intersciene
Pilot‐scale demonstration of in situ capping of PCB‐containing sediments in the lower Grasse River
Authors: Quadrini James D. , VanDewalker Heather M. , Mihm Joseph E. , McShea Lawrence J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA fish‐consumption advisory is currently in effect in a seven‐mile stretch of the Grasse River in Massena, New York, due to elevated
levels of PCBs in fish tissue. One remedial approach that is being evaluated to reduce the PCB levels in fish from the river is in situ
capping. An in‐river pilot study was conducted in the summer of 2001 to assess the feasibility of capping PCB‐containing sediments of the
river. The study consisted of the construction of a subaqueous cap in a seven‐acre portion of the river using various combinations of capping
materials and placement techniques. Optimal results were achieved with a 1:1 sand/topsoil mix released from a clamshell bucket either just above or
several feet below the water surface.A longer‐term monitoring program of the capped area commenced in 2002. Results of this monitoring indicated: 1) the in‐place cap
has remained intact since installation; 2) no evidence of PCB migration into and through the cap; 3) groundwater advection through
the cap is not an important PCB transport mechanism; and 4) macroinvertebrate colonization of the in‐place cap is continuing.
Additional follow‐up monitoring in the spring of 2003 indicated that a significant portion of the cap and, in some cases, the underlying
sediments had been disturbed in the period following the conclusion of the 2002 monitoring work. An analysis of river conditions in the spring of 2003
indicated that a significant ice jam had formed in the river directly over the capping pilot study area, and that the resulting increase in river
velocities and turbulence in the area resulted in the movement of both cap materials and the underlying sediments. The pilot cap was not designed to
address ice jam–related forces on the cap, as the occurrence of ice jams in this section of the river had not been known prior to the observations
conducted in the spring of 2003. These findings will preclude implementation of the longer‐term monitoring program that had been envisioned for
the pilot study. The data collected immediately after cap construction in 2001 and through the first year of monitoring in 2002 serve as the basis for
the conclusions presented in this article. It should be recognized that, based on the observation made in the spring of 2003, some of these conclusions
are no longer valid for the pilot study area.The occurrence of ice jams in the lower Grasse River and their importance on sediments and PCBs within the
system are currently under investigation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical oxidation of tetrachloroethene in a fractured saprolite/bedrock aquifer
Authors: Werner Paul G. , Helmke Martin F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTwo chemical oxidizers, Fenton's Reagent (FR) and sodium permanganate (NaMnO4), were used to remediate
groundwater contaminated by tetrachloroethene (PCE) in a fractured saprolite and bedrock aquifer in Rockville, Maryland. Initial PCE
concentrations ranged from 11 to 25,000 μg/L, averaging 8,684 μg/L in March 2000. A total of 28,256 pounds of hydrogen peroxide
(as 35 percent solution) and iron catalyst were injected during the FR treatment program. The FR failed to achieve the desired
clean‐up goal, after which 11,114 pounds of NaMnO4 (as 40 percent solution) were diluted to a 20 percent solution and
injected into the aquifer. An additional 855 pounds of dilute NaMnO4 was later injected, which ultimately reduced the original PCE mass by
an estimated 95 percent through November 2001. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved estimates of floating absolute risk
Authors: Plummer Martyn 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFloating absolute risks are an alternative way of presenting relative risk estimates for polychotomous risk factors. Instead of choosing one level of the risk factor as a reference category, each level is assigned a ‘floated’ variance which describes the uncertainty in risk without reference to another level. In this paper, a method for estimating the floated variances is presented that improves on the previously proposed ‘heuristic’ method. The estimates may be calculated iteratively with a simple algorithm. A benchmark for validating the floated variance estimates is also proposed and an interpretation of floating confidence intervals is given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating heterogeneous transmission with multiple infectives using MCMC methods
Authors: Chu Haitao , Préziosi Marie‐Pierre , Halloran M. Elizabeth 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe developed a general procedure for estimating the transmission probability adjusting for covariates when susceptibles are exposed to several infectives concurrently and taking correlation within transmission units into account. The procedure is motivated by a study estimating efficacy of pertussis vaccination based on the secondary attack rate in a rural sub‐Saharan community (Niakhar, Senegal) and illustrated with simulations. The procedure is also appropriate to estimate the pairwise transmission probability in transmission studies of live vaccine virus in a collection of transmission units, such as day‐care centres or retirement centres. Previously, analyses either excluded transmission units with multiple infectives or ignored co‐infectives. Excluding transmission units with multiple infectives is statistically less efficient and ignoring co‐infectives can lead to biased estimation. Modelling is carried out by regressing the latent pairwise transmission probability from each infective to a susceptible on covariates and specifying a transmission linkage function linking the latent pairwise transmission probability to the overall transmission probability. Parameters are estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bagging survival trees
Authors: Hothorn Torsten , Lausen Berthold , Benner Axel , Radespiel‐Tröger Martin 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPredicted survival probability functions of censored event free survival are improved by bagging survival trees. We suggest a new method to aggregate survival trees in order to obtain better predictions for breast cancer and lymphoma patients. A set of survival trees based on B bootstrap samples is computed. We define the aggregated Kaplan–Meier curve of a new observation by the Kaplan–Meier curve of all observations identified by the B leaves containing the new observation. The integrated Brier score is used for the evaluation of predictive models. We analyse data of a large trial on node positive breast cancer patients conducted by the German Breast Cancer Study Group and a smaller ‘pilot’ study on diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, where prognostic factors are derived from microarray expression values. In addition, simulation experiments underline the predictive power of our proposal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of an intensive stress intervention workshop for senior managers
Authors: Veach Tracy L. , Rahe Richard H. , Tolles Robbyn L. , Newhall Lynn M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study investigates the efficacy of an intensive, integrated approach to stress reduction and coping enhancement directed towards an educated, upper level management population. Ninety‐five US governmental senior managers participated in a 35‐h stress management retreat held over a 3.5‐day period. The retreat combined didactic and experiential activities that were designed to increase participants' knowledge of stress liabilities and coping skills. Participants were encouraged to make positive lifestyle changes and to create specific action plans for the year following the workshop. Evaluations of participant satisfaction were completed at the close of the workshop. Eighty‐three participants completed baseline and follow‐up Stress and Coping Inventory (SCI) assessments in order to identify durable changes in these measures. Across 10 months, participants showed significant improvements in their overall Global Balance scores, psychological symptoms, depression symptoms, and all major coping scales, including Health Habits, Social Support, Responses to Stress and Life Satisfactions. Therefore, an intensive, multifaceted approach to stress intervention is a viable option for encouraging sustained behavioural change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of production systems on physiological responses measured in urine and saliva
Authors: Garde Anne Helene , Hansen Åse Marie , Persson Roger , Ohlsson Kerstina , Ørbæk Palle 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of highly similar production systems with different degrees of automation by use of urinary catecholamines and cortisol as well as salivary cortisol. Furthermore, it was determined whether the physiological response was related to real‐time self‐reports in terms of feelings of positive and negative arousal, physical exertion, and sleepiness. Sixteen healthy women sorting wooden slats participated in the study. The work was highly repetitive and demanded intense concentration and rapid qualified decisions. The women rotated between three production systems with varying degrees of automation. Real‐time logbooks were completed and urine was collected five times and saliva seven times on four workdays and on one day off. When working at the most automated production system urinary concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline were 14 per cent lower compared to those obtained when working at the other production systems. For salivary cortisol, the profile over the day differed between production systems. The type of production system did not affect urinary cortisol. Feelings of positive and negative arousal were associated with increased concentrations of urinary adrenaline, while sleepiness was associated with lower salivary cortisol. These associations were independent of the relationship between production systems and biomarkers. In conclusion, decreased physiological arousal was observed in response to increased automation and real‐time self‐reports appeared to be related to specific physiological systems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discounting models for long‐term decision making
Authors: Kenley C. Robert , Armstead Donald C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper investigates alternative approaches to constant rate discounting for calculation of Net Present Value (NPV) in life cycle cost models that are used for engineering trade studies. Alternative approaches are necessary to meet the challenge of equitable intergenerational resource allocation for projects like radioactive waste disposal that have a life cycle that impacts future generations well beyond the 30‐year maximum time horizon limit that results from using market‐determined interest rates on bonds. This paper reviews the literature on long‐term discount models, provides a consistent nomenclature for describing the models, summarizes the theoretical and empirical basis for hyperbolic discounting models, evaluates the research results to date, and provides a recommendation for applying hyperbolic discounting. It also identifies issues with the current U.S. government policy on discounting and the future research necessary to establish an improved foundation for discounting models for long‐term projects. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 13–24, 2004
Systems engineering in an age of complexity
Authors: Calvano Charles N. , John Philip 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper considers the creation of Complex Engineered Systems (CESs) and the Systems Engineering approach by which they are designed. The changing nature of the challenges facing Systems Engineering is discussed, with particular focus on the increasing complexity of modern systems. It is argued that modern complexity poses a major challenge to our ability to achieve successful systems and that this complexity must be understood, predicted and measured if we are to engineer systems confidently. We acknowledge previous work which concluded that, in complex systems, failures (“accidents”) may be inevitable and unavoidable. To further explore potential tools for increasing our confidence in complex systems, we review research in the field of Complexity Theory to seek potentially useful approaches and measures and find ourselves particularly interested in the potential usefulness of relationships between the magnitudes of events and their frequency of occurrence. Complexity Theory is found to have characterized naturally occurring systems and to potentially be the source of profitable application to the systems engineering challenge, viz., the creation of complex engineered systems. We are left with the tentative conclusion that truly complex systems, with our present understanding of complex behavior, cannot be designed with a degree of confidence that is acceptable given our current expectations. We recommend that the discipline of systems engineering must investigate this issue as a matter of priority and urgency and seek to develop approaches to respond to the challenge. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 7: 25–34, 2004