bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between serum cytotoxicity and selected clinical variables in 240 horses admitted to a veterinary hospital
Authors: MacKay Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A total of 378 serum samples from 240 hospitalized horses and 47 sera from healthy control horses were assayed for growth effects on actinomycin d-treated L929 cells. On average, patient and control sera stimulated cell growth; however, mean percentage of the relative growth index (rgi) of sera from clinical cases was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of control sera. Approximately 35% of patient sera and 6% of control sera had tumor necrosis factor-like cytotoxic activity for L929 cells (ie, rgi < 100%). Sera from horses with either peritoneal leakage of gastrointestinal tract contents or any bacterial infection were significantly (P < 0.05) more cytotoxic than sera from horses that did not have these clinical factors. A clear tendency was evident for horses that had the highest serum cytotoxicity (rgi < 75%) to also have clinical profiles suggestive of endotoxemia. Fever, leukopenia, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal tract leakage were significantly (P < 0.05) overrepresented among these horses, compared with horses without serum cytotoxicity. Bacterial infections and abdominal surgeries were also increased in this group, but not significantly. Of the 14 horses with serum rgi < 75%, 13 had some form of gastrointestinal tract disease and the other had gram-negative septicemia. Survival to discharge was significantly (P < 0.05) lower among horses in the high-cytotoxicity group than among horses without serum cytotoxicity. Diarrhea and bacterial infections were the only clinical factors found more frequently in horses with low serum cytotoxicity than in horses without serum cytotoxicity. The finding of circulating cytotoxic activity in horses at risk for endotoxemia was consistent with the proposed role for tumor necrosis factor as an important mediator of inflammation.
Determination of total protein concentration and viscosity of synovial fluid from the tibiotarsal joints of horses
Authors: Korenek Nancy L. , Andrews Frank M. , Maddux Jeanne M. , Sanders William L. , Faulk David L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Viscosity of synovial fluid (sf) from 29 clinicadly normal horses was determined by use of a rotational cone and plate microviscosimeter. Total protein concentration in the sf of the 29 horses, as measured with a refractometer, was < 2.5 g/dl. When the Coomassie brilliant blue test was used to determine total protein concentration in sf for 15 horses, the mean value was 1,088 mg/dl. Viscosity values at 60, 30, 12, 6, 3, and 1.5 revolutions/min (rpm) spindle speed were 4.41 ± 1.54 centipoise (cp), 5.29 ± 1.94 cp, 6.76 ± 2.76 cp, 8.52 ± 4.27 cp, 10.41 ± 6.30 cp, and 13.07 ± 9.05 cp, respectively.
Synovial fluid viscosity increased with decreasing rpm and shear rate, but the shape of the curve for each horse fitted the asymptotic curve.
The rotational cone and plate microviscosimeter was an accurate instrument in measuring sf viscosity at multiple rpm or shear rates in horses. The values obtained on clinically normal horses in this study will serve as a baseline for comparison in the evaluation of horses with joint disease.
Percutaneous transabdominal hepatic needle biopsies in dogs
Authors: Hitt Mark E. , Hanna Paul , Singh Amreek 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ninety-six (4/dog) percutaneous transabdominal hepatic needle biopsy specimens were obtained from 24 dogs each weighing 10 to 24 kg. Two biopsies were performed in each dog prior to and 5 days after hepatopathy was experimentally induced. Information pertaining to the difficulty encountered in obtaining hepatic tissue is reported for the first of each pair of biopsies. All specimens were of diagnostic quality for light and electron microscopic evaluation. Adverse consequences (morbidity or mortality) resulting from the biopsy technique were not observed by monitoring of vital signs in the immediate postprocedure period and at 4 weeks. Recovery to an ambulatory state was seen in ≤ 30 minutes, except in 1 dog, in which prolonged recovery was attributed to acetylpromazine-induced hypotension.
Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of the extrahepatic bile duct of sheep with experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infection
Authors: Lee C. G. , Zimmerman G. L. , Duimstra J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Changes in the common bile duct that contained adult Fasciola hepatica of sheep were evaluated by light (lm) and scanning electron microscopy (sem). Nine ewes were inoculated with F hepatica metacercariae and necropsied 18 weeks after inoculation. The proximal portion of the common bile duct (cbd) that contained adult flukes was recovered and examined by lm and sem. The cbd from 2 noninoculated ewes were used for control.
On gross examination, cbd were markedly large because of the adult flukes, which were free in the lumen of the ducts. Extensive hemorrhage was not found either in intrahepatic or in extrahepatic bile ducts of any sheep. Histologic examination revealed changes, such as villous hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelium; cell infiltration, predominately with eosinophils or macrophages; and arterial intimal proliferation. By sem, the epithelial surface of the cbd appeared intact. Villous hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the epithelium observed by lm was clearly seen by sem. Epithelial damage, seen as small areas of denuded surface by lm and sem, was confined to a few areas of the mucosa. Lack of extensive hemorrhage and confined epithelial damage were evaluated relative to the mode of feeding of adult flukes.
Skeletal muscle fiber size in untrained and endurance-trained horses
Authors: López-Rivero José L. , Agüera Eduardo , Monterde José G. , Vivo Joaquín , Rodríguez-Barbudo María V. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The mean area and minimal diameter of 3 histochemically determined myofiber types (1, 2A, and 2B; myosin ATPase in acid buffer) were calculated in middle gluteal muscle biopsy specimens from 62 stallions, 47 Andalusians and 15 Arabians, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years. Fourteen Andalusians and 7 Arabians were untrained, and the remainder were actively endurance-trained. The 6-month training schedules involved walking, slow trotting, and cantering. Fourteen Andalusians were moder-ately endurance-trained, whereas the other 19 Andalusians and 8 Arabians were strongly endurance-trained. Significant differences were not recorded between untrained and endurance-trained Arabians with respect to the area (type 1, 3,194 ± 869 μm2 and 3,150 ± 370 μm2; type 2A, 3,819 ± 890 μm2 and 3,380 ± 356 μm2; and type 2B, 4,872 ± 962 μm2 and 4,417 ± 646 μm2) or minimal diameter (type 1, 52.2 ± 7.4 μm and 52.8 ±3.1 μm; type 2A, 58.1 ± 6.7 μm and 55.0 ± 2.8 μm; and type 2B, 65.3 ± 6.4μm and 63.4 ± 4.3 μm) of the 3 fiber types, nor between untrained and endurance-trained Andalusians with respect to the area (untrained, 3,990 ± 690 μm2; moderately endurance-trained, 3,882 ± 347 μm2; and strongly endurance-trained, 3,758 ± 510 μm2) and minimal diameter (untrained, 58.1 ± 4.7 μm; moderately endurance-trained, 59.7 ± 2.7 μm; and strongly endurance-trained, 58.7 ± 4.5 μm) of 2A fibers. Moderately endurance-trained Andalusians had larger 2B fibers (area 18.6%; minimal diameter 14.3%) than untrained Andalusians, and the minimal diameter of type-1 and type-2B fibers was greater in strongly endurance-trained Andalusians than in untrained Andalusians (9.5% for type 1; 10.0% for type 2B). These results suggest minimal effects of endurance training on the myofiber size of adult Andalusians and Arabians, but a tendency toward increased type-1 and -2B fiber size was found for Andalusians.
Anatomic and radiographic study of the lacrimal apparatus of llamas
Authors: Sapienza John S. , Isaza Ramiro , Johnson Richard D. , Miller Thomas R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The anatomy of the nasolacrimal duct of llamas was examined grossly and radiographically in 2 llamas. Dacryocystorhinography was performed on cadaver heads, using a radiographic aqueous contrast agent. Anatomic casts of the nasolacrimal apparatus were obtained by cannulation of the duct and use of polyurethane cast material. Dacryocystorhinography accurately revealed the nasolacrimal apparatus and compared favorably with gross dissections and polyurethane casts.
Viscosity and rheologic properties of blood from clinically normal horses
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Korenek Nancy L. , Sanders William L. , Hamlin Robert L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Blood viscosity (bv) was measured in 32 healthy horses at 6 spindle speeds (60, 30, 12, 6, 3, and 1.5 rpm) and for pcv of 40%, using a digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer. Also, in 7 of 32 horses, bv was measured 3 times each, for 3 pcv values (20, 40, and 60%), and at each spindle speed to determine effect of pcv on bv and machine and among-horse variations. Total plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations were measured in all horses, using a standard refractometer and heat precipitation, respectively. In 7 of 32 horses, quantitative fibrinogen concentration was measured, using a quantitative fibrinogen assay. Plasma protein and fibrinogen concentrations were measured to determine their effect on bv.
Plasma total protein (6.0 to 7.5 g/dl) and fibrinogen (100 to 400 mg/dl) concentrations were within normal reference range for our laboratory. In this study of healthy horses, mean (± sd) bv values obtained for each pcv value and at each spindle speed were: for pcv of 20%, 2.39 ± 0.33 centipoise (cp) at 60 rpm, 2.52 ± 0.35 cp at 30 rpm, 2.80 ± 0.37 cp at 12 rpm, 2.96 ± 0.48 cp at 6 rpm, 3.04 ± 0.62 cp at 3 rpm, and 2.93 ± 0.96 cp at 1.5 rpm; for pcv of 40%, 3.98 ± 0.29 cp at 60 rpm, 4.40 ± 0.38 cp at 30 rpm, 5.26 ± 0.59 cp at 12 rpm, 6.36 ± 0.93 cp at 6 rpm, 7.34 ± 1.46 cp at 3 rpm, and 8.33 ± 2.61 cp at 1.5 rpm; and for pcv of 60%, 7.21 ± 0.91 cp at 60 rpm, 8.27 ± 1.05 cp at 30 rpm, 10.46 ± 1.38 cp at 12 rpm, 13.69 ± 1.82 cp at 6 rpm, 18.12 ± 2.81 cp at 3 rpm, and 23.44 ± 3.45 cp at 1.5 rpm.
Blood viscosity increased with decreasing rpm and shear rate. Blood viscosity also increased with increasing pcv at each spindle speed. The bv for healthy horses at pcv of 40% was fitted to an asymptotic model. The estimated coefficients were:

Significant (P < 0.05) correlation between total plasma protein concentration and bv was found for pcv of 40% at all spindle speeds. Furthermore, significant (P < 0.05) correlation between quantitative plasma fibrinogen concentration and bv was found for pcv of 60% at the lower spindle speeds (6, 3, and 1.5 rpm).
The sd of measurement error and the among-horse sd for the digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer were greatest at the low spindle speeds for all pcv. The least variation was found for pcv of 20%.
The digital rotational cone and plate microviscometer is an accurate instrument for measuring bv at multiple pcv and spindle speeds in horses. Packed cell volume, plasma protein concentration, and fibrinogen concentration appear to affect bv in horses. Blood viscosity values obtained in this study will give insights into factors affecting bv in horses and will serve as a baseline for comparison with values in diseased horses.
Detection and antigenicity of chlamydial proteins that bind eukaryotic cell membrane proteins
Authors: Baghian A. , Schnorr K. L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chlamydia psittaci proteins capable of binding eukaryotic cell membranes were identified and antigenically characterized. Cell membrane proteins (cmp) of noninfected cells were labeled with biotin (b-cmp), then were extracted with 1% Triton X-100. Nitrocellulose membrane strips containing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-resolved proteins of chlamydial elementary bodies (eb) were reacted with the b-cmp extract, followed by addition of streptavidin-conjugated horse radish peroxidase. Among the various strains of chlamydiae examined, a protein of approximately 16 to 18 kDa consistently bound b-cmp. A second larger protein, ranging in molecular mass from 24 to 32 kDa, also bound b-cmp. Immunoblotting techniques were used to analyze the reactions of antisera from immunized and experimentally infected animals to these proteins. A rabbit polyclonal antiserum produced against the 18-kDa adhesin of a serovar-1 strain of C psittaci (B577) reacted strongly with 18-kDa proteins of all C psittaci strains, but weakly with that of C trachomatis. Mouse antisera raised against the serovar-2 (FC-Stra) 28-kDa protein reacted only with proteins of the homologous serovar. Sera from experimentally infected animals did not react with the C trachomatis 18-kDa adhesion protein, but did react in 2 patterns with related and nonrelated C psittaci isolates. Two rabbits inoculated with infective serovar-1 eb and 1 rabbit inoculated with a serovar-2 strain reacted specifically with the 18-kDa proteins of their homologous serovars. In contrast, 2 other rabbits inoculated with the same serovar-2 strain produced antisera that reacted with all C psittaci 18-kDa proteins, as did serum from a similarly inoculated bull. The reason for the 2 types of responses to infection remains to be determined.
Use of progesterone in microspheres for maintenance of pregnancy in mares
Authors: Ball Barry A. , Wilker Clynn , Daels Peter F. , Burns Patrick J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Administration of progesterone in poly(d-, l-lactide) microspheres was used to maintain pregnancy in mares after luteolysis was induced by treatment with prostaglandin F2α at day 14 of pregnancy. Mares were given vehicle only (control, n = 6) or 0.75 g (n = 7), 1.5 g (n = 8), or 2.25 g (n = 5) of microencapsulated progesterone at days 12 and 22 of pregnancy. Serum progesterone concentrations were determined daily, and pregnancy was evaluated by transrectal ultrasonography on alternate days. Significantly (P < 0.05) more mares given 1.5 or 2.25 g of progesterone (6 of 8 and 4 of 5 mares, respectively), but not those given 0.75 g (3 of 7 mares), maintained pregnancy through day 32, compared with control mares (0 of 6). Progesterone concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0.025) in all groups after administration of prostaglandin F2α at day 14, and significant (P < 0.05) effects of time and treatment on progesterone concentrations were found between days 12 and 22, and 22 and 32. Although treatment with 1.5-g and 2.25-g doses of microencapsulated progesterone improved maintenance of pregnancy, compared with that of vehicle-treated controls, administration of 2.25 g of microencapsulated progesterone appeared to be most efficacious in maintenance of pregnancy during the study interval.
Inotropic mechanisms of dopexamine hydrochloride in horses
Authors: Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Mechanisms responsible for the positive inotropic effects of dopexamine were investigated in 8 halothane-anesthetized horses. The hemodynamic effects of increasing infusions of dopexamine (5, 10, 15 μg/kg of body weight/min) were determined before and after sequential administration of specific antagonists. Using glycopyrrolate and chlorisondamine, and atenolol and ICI 118,551, muscarinic and nicotinic ganglionic, and β1, and β2-adrenergic receptor blockade, respectively, was induced. Dopexamine infusions induced increase in heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development (+ dP/dtmax). Right atrial pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased. Parasympathetic and ganglionic blockade attenuated cardiac output, systolic and mean aortic blood pressures, and + dP/dtmax responses to dopexamine infusion. Dopexamine-induced increase in heart rate was potentiated by parasympathetic and ganglionic blockade. β1-Adrenergic receptor blockade decreased heart rate, cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and + dP/dtmax from baseline values and markedly reduced the response to dopexamine infusion. β2-Adrenergic receptor blockade induced further decrease in hemodynamic variables from baseline values and completely abolished the cardiostimulatory effects of dopexamine on + dP/dtmax. These data indicate that baroreflex activity, β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation may be an important cause of dopexamine's positive inotropic effects in horses.
Efficacy of buparvaquone as a therapeutic and clearing agent of Babesia equi of European origin in horses
Authors: Zaugg J. L. , Lane V. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
We evaluated the efficacy of buparvaquone in eliminating infection with Babesia equi of European origin in carrier horses and in splenectomized horses with experimentally induced acute infection. When administered at the rate of 5 mg/kg of body weight, iv, 4 times at 48-hour intervals, buparvaquone prompted rapid abatement of parasitemia. However, secondary and tertiary recrudescent parasitemias invariably returned with establishment of the carrier state. Buparvaquone, at the dosage evaluated, had transitory therapeutic efficacy against acute B equi infection in splenectomized horses, but was unable alone to clear carrier infection.
Effects of exercise stress on various immune functions in horses
Authors: Wong C. W. , Smith S. E. , Thong Y. H. , Opdebeeck J. P. , Thornton J. R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chemotactic locomotion and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils, mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, serum cortisol concentration, immunoglobulin quantification, and leukocyte counts were determined to evaluate the effect of a single strenuous exercise in horses. Increased serum cortisol concentration (P < 0.01) and an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.05) indicated that horses had been stressed. The chemotactic index and peak chemiluminescence production decreased significantly (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) 1 day after exercise. Mitogen-induced blastogenesis of lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulin values remained unchanged in response to exercise. Results of this study indicated that a single bout of exercise may transiently impair neutrophil antimicrobial functions and nonspecific defense mechanisms, but not specific immunity in horses.
Detection of African swine fever viral antigens in paraffin-embedded tissues by use of immunohistologic methods and polyclonal antibodies
Authors: Fernandez Antonio , Perez José , Carrasco Librado , Sierra Miguel A. , Sanchez-Vizcaino M. , Jover Amador 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tissues obtained from pigs inoculated with African swine fever virus (asfv), fixed by vascular perfusion using glutaraldehyde, and embedded in paraffin or araldite were used for an immunohistologic electron microscopic study. To detect asfv antigens, 4 methods were used on paraffin sections with or without pretreatment of the tissues. Use of biotinylated anti-asfv antiserum combined with avidin-biotin complex and peroxidase proved to be the most suitable method, and antigen was detected in tissues infected with 2 asf viruses of different virulence.
Use of the glutaraldehyde fixation method should ensure optimal morphologic (structural and ultrastructural) data while allowing an immunohistologic study, and add to knowledge of the pathogenesis of asf.
Search for bovine papilloma virus DNA in bovine ocular squamous cell carcinomas (boscc) and boscc-derived cell lines
Authors: Rutten Victor P. M. G. , Klein Wim R. , De Jong Mieke A. C. , Quint Wim , Otter Wim Den , Ruitenberg E. Joost , Melchers Willem J. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Although the cause of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma (boscc) is attributed to viruses in addition to cofactors (eg, uv light), to our knowledge, the final causative agent has not been described. Bovine papilloma virus (bpv)- like particles were detected in approximately 33% of various putative precursor lesions of boscc. In contrast, it was reported that, using bpv-specific antibodies, it was not possible to detect viral antigens in boscc. Fourteen established boscc and 9 boscc-derived cell lines were examined for bpv dna. Probes of all 6 known bpv types were used in various hybridization assays. Neither Southern blot analysis, under high and low stringency conditions, nor in situ hybridization resulted in detection of bpv dna. Papilloma viruses were not observed in electron microscopic studies. Results exclude direct association between boscc and bpv types 1 to 6, or as yet unknown closely related bpv types. However, bpv may contribute to induction of precursor lesions or events leading to carcinogenic transformation, without being relevant for maintenance of the tumor.
Antibody response to and maternal immunity from an experimental psittacine beak and feather disease vaccine
Authors: Ritchie Branson W. , Niagro Frank D. , Latimer Kenneth S. , Steffens W. L. , Pesti Denise , Campagnoli Raymond P. , Lukert Phil D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Adult umbrella cockatoos, Moluccan cockatoos, African grey parrots, and a yellow-headed Amazon parrot were inoculated im or sc with β-propiolactone-treated psittacine beak and feather disease (pbfd) virus. Thirty- to 45-day-old African grey parrot, umbrella cockatoo, and sulphur-crested cockatoo chicks also were vaccinated with the same inoculum. The hemagglutination inhibition (hi) and agar-gel diffusion tests were used to assay for post-vaccination development of anti-pbfd virus antibodies. All adult vaccinates seroconverted and had increases in hi and precipitating antibodies. The vaccinated chicks had increased concentrations of hi antibodies, but precipitating antibodies could not be detected. To demonstrate that chicks from vaccinated hens are protected from pbfd virus challenge, 3 African grey parrot chicks and 2 umbrella cockatoo chicks from vaccinated hens and 1 African grey parrot chick and 1 umbrella cockatoo chick from nonvaccinated hens were exposed to purified pbfd virus. Chicks from the vaccinated hens remained clinically normal during the 50-day test period. Chicks from the nonvaccinated hens developed clinical and histologic lesions of pbfd. Infected tissues from these birds were confirmed to contain viral antigen, using immunohistochemical staining techniques. The pbfd virus was recovered from the affected birds. These findings indicate that adult and 30- to 45-day-old psittacine birds will seroconvert following vaccination with β-propiolactone-treated pbfd virus. Also, hens inoculated with β-propiolactone-treated pbfd virus produce chicks that are, at least temporarily, resistant to virus challenge.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5
Authors: Nakai Toyotsugu , Kawahara Kazuyoshi , Horiguchi Yasuhiko , Danbara Hirofumi , Kume Katsumi 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two monoclonal antibodies against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, designated as 5MAb-l and 5MAb-6, were characterized. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-inhibition tests with whole-cell antigens obtained from strains of serotype 1 through 12 of A pleuropneumoniae revealed that 5 MAb-1 bound to only serotype-5 strains. The epitope recognized by 5MAb-l was a carbohydrate that was sensitive to periodate oxidation and resided on the structure of β-l,6-linked d-galactose in an O-antigen polysaccharide of serotype-5 lipopolysaccharide. Analysis of these results revealted that the O-antigen polysaccharide of lipopolysaccharide was 1 of the antigenic determinants responsible for the serotype specificity of A pleuropneumoniae. On the other hand, 5MAb-6 reacted with strains of serotype 1 through 10 in varying degrees and its epitope was located on polypeptides sensitive to proteinase K. In an immunoblotting analysis, 5MAb-6 reacted with 2 polypeptide bands, with molecular weights of approximately 41,500 and 28,000, in the outer membrane protein-rich fraction obtained from strains of serotype 1 through 10. These results indicated that outer membrane proteins from several serotype strains of A pleuropneumoniae possessed common antigenic determinants.