bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical model-based ArF photoresist formulation development
Authors: Yue Liwan , Mao Zhibiao , Wu Qiang , Li Yanli , Li Yanqiu 
Published: February 2024

Since the logic 28 nm technology and beyond, ArF immersion lithography has been widely used in manufacturing. To fully utilize the potential of the lithographic resolution, process simulation has been used since the lithography process setup step. The accuracy of the model prediction can be a key factor in the process stability, defectivity, and yield of the final product. To get better model prediction, it is very important to develop a process model with as many parameters as possible with physical meanings. Since the analysis of exposure data with a physical model can provide insights into the process and the photoresist material, it may greatly accelerate the photoresist formulation development or improvement process. From another aspect, as the function of the photoresist is to record the aerial image information on wafer, theoretically, the photoresist image should not deviate much from the aerial image or it will inevitably reduce the information content of the aerial image, i.e., through various kinds of averaging, mixing, etc. Since the emergence of Optical Proximity Correction (OPC), the time that takes to finalize a photolithography process has been significantly lengthened and made more complicated. To make the OPC model more reliable and less dependent on patches, a more physical OPC model is necessary. Therefore, it is clear that if we can develop a photoresist formulation to realize a more physical photoresist image, or a photoresist image closer to the aerial image, we can greatly improve the photolithography process performance and the time consumed for the process setup including OPC. In this paper, we focus on several physical model parameters for photoresist, especially the effective photoacid diffusion length and photo decomposable base parameters. We will show that these two parameters can provide a good description of photoresist imaging behavior, and the resist formulation can be improved to match the physical model prediction with more accuracy.
Noun phrases in Kwéyòl Donmnik
Authors: Peltier Joy P. G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThough Creole nominal systems have been intensely researched, in-context, corpus-based examinations are uncommon, and there are Creole languages whose noun phrases remain understudied. I use a corpus of conversational data and a pattern-building task designed to elicit demonstrative and definite noun phrases, exophoric reference, and co-speech pointing gestures to explore the noun phrase in Kwéyòl Donmnik, an endangered, understudied French lexifier Creole. I focus on noun phrases that are bare, marked by the post-nominal determiners definitela‘the’ or demonstrativesa-la‘this/that’, or accompanied by the pre-nominal indefinite determineryon‘a(n)’. Results pinpoint the readings conveyed by each noun phrase type, identify the word categories of their nouns, and address similarities in usage between definitelaand demonstrativesa-la.
SwinUNet: a multiscale feature learning approach to cardiovascular magnetic resonance parametric mapping for myocardial tissue characterization
Authors: Qi Yifan , Wang Fusheng , Kong Jun , Cao J Jane , Li Yu Y 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can measure T1 and T2 relaxation times for myocardial tissue characterization. However, the CMR procedure for T1/T2 parametric mapping is time-consuming, making it challenging to scan heart patients routinely in clinical practice. This study aims to accelerate CMR parametric mapping with deep learning. Approach. A deep-learning model, SwinUNet, was developed to accelerate T1/T2 mapping. SwinUNet used a convolutional UNet and a Swin transformer to form a hierarchical 3D computation structure, allowing for analyzing CMR images spatially and temporally with multiscale feature learning. A comparative study was conducted between SwinUNet and an existing deep-learning model, MyoMapNet, which only used temporal analysis for parametric mapping. The T1/T2 mapping performance was evaluated globally using mean absolute error (MAE) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). The clinical T1/T2 indices for characterizing the left-ventricle myocardial walls were also calculated and evaluated using correlation and Bland–Altman analysis. Main results. We performed accelerated T1 mapping with ≤4 heartbeats and T2 mapping with 2 heartbeats in reference to the clinical standard, which required 11 heartbeats for T1 mapping and 3 heartbeats for T2 mapping. SwinUNet performed well in all the experiments (MAE < 50 ms, SSIM > 0.8, correlation > 0.75, and Bland–Altman agreement limits < 100 ms for T1 mapping; MAE < 1 ms, SSIM > 0.9, correlation > 0.95, and Bland–Altman agreement limits < 1.5 ms for T2 mapping). When the maximal acceleration was used (2 heartbeats), SwinUNet outperformed MyoMapNet and gave measurement accuracy similar to the clinical standard. Significance. SwinUNet offers an optimal solution to CMR parametric mapping for assessing myocardial diseases quantitatively in clinical cardiology.
Questions Concerning Governments in International Organizations
Authors: Pavlopoulos Niko 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on questions in international organizations that relate to the international legal regulation of the identity of the governments of states. More specifically, the chapter considers the function of each state’s government as regards the representation of that state in the context of international organizations. It proceeds to discuss the modes and legal significance of recognition of governmental status by international organizations as well as the possibility of relevant state practice. Next, the chapter examines legal questions surrounding a state’s ‘misrepresentation’—that is, a state’s representation not through that state’s government. Additionally, the chapter examines possible limitations imposed by international organizations on state participation on grounds connected to the ostensible identity of its government. In this regard, it focuses on the suspension of rights of membership and how these relate to the general international legal conceptual aspects of governments.
Remote support of an external quality assessment program in 10 laboratories in Bhutan, Uganda, and Malawi: Pathologists Overseas experience between 2009 and 2017
Authors: Harb Roa , Tuggey Robert , Ladenson Jack H , Amukele Timothy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This article describes Pathologists Overseas (PO) experience supporting external quality assessment (EQA) programs in 10 clinical laboratories across 3 countries between 2009 and 2017.

Methods
Laboratories were enrolled in the condensed chemical pathology EQA program provided by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Program. Participants were given an initial 2- to 4-day in-person training, followed by 1 year of active feedback on performance via emails or phone calls by a PO volunteer.

Results
There were 2 performance metrics: percentage of reported results as a measure of compliance and percentage of acceptable reported results as a measure of accuracy. Laboratories demonstrated high compliance with result reporting, with medians of 69.9%, 71.7%, and 81.3% before, during, and after feedback, respectively. Concomitant medians for the percentage of acceptable reported results were 41.2%, 57.3%, and 53.5%, respectively. Six laboratories had low performance in terms of accuracy at baseline (&lt;60%). Active feedback improved the percentage of acceptable reported results for these lower-performing laboratories.

Conclusions
External quality assessment programs can be successfully adopted long term by laboratories in low-resource settings. Active feedback requires significant time and effort but could be especially beneficial for laboratories with poor baseline performance.
MED15::TFE3 fusion renal cell carcinoma with extensive cystic change: A clinicopathologic and molecular genetic study of 2 cases, with an emphasis on differential diagnosis
Authors: Yin Xiaona , Hu Xingen , Xu Jiayun , Xiong Danting , Zhao Ming 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objectives
TFE3-rearranged renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) harbor gene fusions between TFE3 and 1 of many partner genes. MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC is rare, often cystic, and easily misdiagnosed.

Methods
This study aimed to characterize 2 cases of MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC with extensive cystic change using fluorescence in situ hybridization and targeted RNA sequencing.

Results
Both patients were young adult women aged 29 and 35 years. Radiologically, both presented with a cystic Bosniak category II renal lesion. The cysts measured 9.3 cm and 4.8 cm in greatest dimension. Both patients underwent cyst enucleation, and neither had tumor recurrence or metastasis at 26 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively. Microscopically, both tumors were entirely cystic, with thick, fibrous cystic walls lined by small clusters of cells with clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm and uniform, round nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli. There were also small aggregations of similar clear cells within the cystic walls. Foci of basement membrane–like material depositions were noted in 1 case; calcifications were observed in both cases. Both cases demonstrated nuclear positivity for PAX8 and TFE3 and cytoplasmic staining for Melan-A; HMB45, CAIX, and CK7 were negative. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that both tumors were positive for TFE3 rearrangements. RNA sequencing identified MED15::TFE3 gene fusions in both cases.

Conclusions
The main differential diagnosis of MED15::TFE3 fusion RCC includes multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential and atypical renal cysts. Molecular confirmation of TFE3 fusion is essential for establishing the correct diagnosis.
Reversible mechanoresponsive luminescence based on an unsymmetrical D-π-A type phenanthroimidazole derivative
Authors: Xie Xide , Luo Bingbing , Sun Yue , Duan Lian , Chen Shuwei , Li Jie 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A kind of D-π-A mechanoresponsive luminescent molecule 2- (4- (1H-phenanthro[9,10-d] imidazol) benzylidene) malononitrile (ANPPI) was synthesized and characterized by UV absorption, photoluminescence, and other techniques. The obvious mechanoresponsive properties of ANPPI were reversible upon grinding and fuming, and were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry.
Endothelial to mesenchymal transition: at the axis of cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Hall Ignacio Fernando , Kishta Franceska , Xu Yang , Baker Andrew H , Kovacic Jason C 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEndothelial cells (ECs) line the luminal surface of blood vessels and play a major role in vascular (patho)-physiology by acting as a barrier, sensing circulating factors and intrinsic/extrinsic signals. ECs have the capacity to undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), a complex differentiation process with key roles both during embryonic development and in adulthood. EndMT can contribute to EC activation and dysfunctional alterations associated with maladaptive tissue responses in human disease. During EndMT, ECs progressively undergo changes leading to expression of mesenchymal markers while repressing EC lineage-specific traits. This phenotypic and functional switch is considered to largely exist in a continuum, being characterized by a gradation of transitioning stages. In this report, we discuss process plasticity and potential reversibility and the hypothesis that different EndMT-derived cell populations may play a different role in disease progression or resolution. In addition, we review advancements in the EndMT field, current technical challenges, as well as therapeutic options and opportunities in the context of cardiovascular biology.
European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging survey on the evaluation of mitral regurgitation
Authors: Holte Espen , Podlesnikar Tomaž , Carvalho Fontes , Demirkiran Ahmet , Manka Robert , Martínez Gabriela Guzmán , Michalski Błażej , Pasquet Agnès , Separovic Hanzevacki Jadranka , Soliman-Aboumarie Hatem , Shruti Joshi S , Haugaa Kristina H , Dweck Marc R 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Aims
To evaluate the diagnosis and imaging of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) and the management in routine clinical practice across Europe, the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Scientific Initiatives Committee performed a survey across European centres. In particular, the routine use of echocardiography, advanced imaging modalities, heart valve clinics, and heart valve teams was explored.

Methods and results
A total of 61 responders, mainly from tertiary centres or university hospitals, from 26 different countries responded to the survey, which consisted of 22 questions. For most questions related to echocardiography and advanced imaging, the answers were relatively homogeneous and demonstrated good adherence to current recommendations. In particular, the centres used a multi-parametric echocardiographic approach and selected the effective regurgitant orifice and vena contracta width as their preferred assessments. 2D measurements are still the most widely used parameters to assess left ventricular structure; however, the majority use 3D trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) to evaluate valve morphology in severe MR. The majority of centres reported the onsite availability and clinical use of ergometric stress echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CCT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging. Heart valve clinics and heart valve teams were also widely prevalent.

Conclusion
Consistent with current guidelines, echocardiography (transthoracic echocardiography and TOE) remains the first-line and central imaging modality for the assessment of MR although the complementary use of 3D TOE, CCT, and CMR appears to be growing. Heart valve clinics and heart valve teams are now widely prevalent.
Longitudinal analysis of systemic ventricular function and atrioventricular valve function after the Norwood procedure
Authors: Fetcu Stefan , Osawa Takuya , Klawonn Frank , Schaeffer Thibault , Röhlig Christoph , Staehler Helena , Di Padua Chiara , Heinisch Paul Philipp , Piber Nicole , Hager Alfred , Ewert Peter , Hörer Jürgen , Ono Masamichi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate longitudinal systemic ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation in patients after the neonatal Norwood procedure.

METHODS
Serial postoperative echocardiographic images before Fontan completion were assessed in neonates who underwent the Norwood procedure between 2001 and 2020. Ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were compared between patients with modified Blalock–Taussig shunt and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit.

RESULTS
A total of 335 patients were identified including 273 hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 62 of its variants. Median age at Norwood was 8 (7–12) days. Modified Blalock–Taussig shunt was performed in 171 patients and the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit in 164 patients. Longitudinal ventricular function and atrioventricular valve regurgitation were evaluated using a total of 4352 echocardiograms. After the Norwood procedure, ventricular function was initially worse (1–30 days) but thereafter better (30 days to stage II) in the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit group (P &lt; 0.001). After stage II, the ventricular function was inferior in the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery conduit group (P &lt; 0.001). Atrioventricular valve regurgitation between the Norwood procedure and stage II was more frequent in the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt group (P &lt; 0.001). After stage II, there was no significant difference in atrioventricular valve regurgitation between the groups (P = 0.171).

CONCLUSIONS
The effect of shunt type on haemodynamics after the Norwood procedure seems to vary according to the stage of palliation. After the Norwood, the modified Blalock–Taussig shunt is associated with poorer ventricular function and worse atrioventricular valve regurgitation compared to right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. Whereas, after stage II, modified Blalock–Taussig shunt is associated with better ventricular function and comparable atrioventricular valve regurgitation, compared to the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit.
Interaction between type 2 diabetes polygenic risk and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes
Authors: Lee Chia-Lin , Yamada Tomohide , Liu Wei-Ju , Hara Kazuo , Yanagimoto Shintaro , Hiraike Yuta 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Aims
The beneficial effects of exercise on reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease are established. However, the potential interaction between genetic risk for type 2 diabetes and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes remains elusive. We aimed to investigate the effect of type 2 diabetes genetic risk–physical activity interaction on cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with diabetes.

Methods and results
Using the UK Biobank cohort, we investigated the effect of type 2 diabetes genetic risk–physical activity interaction on three-point and four-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), in 25 701 diabetic participants. We used a polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes (PRS_T2D) as a measure of genetic risk for type 2 diabetes. We observed a significant interaction between PRS_T2D and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes (three-point MACE: P trend for interaction = 0.0081; four-point MACE: P trend for interaction = 0.0037). Among participants whose PRS_T2D was in the first or second quartile, but not in the third or fourth quartile, each 10 metabolic equivalents (METs) hours per week of physical activity decreased the risk of three-point or four-point MACE. Furthermore, restricted cubic spline analysis indicated that intense physical activity (&gt;80 METs hours per week, which was self-reported by 12.7% of participants) increased the risk of cardiovascular outcomes among participants whose PRS_T2D was in the fourth quartile. Sub-group analysis suggested that negative impact of intense physical activity was observed only in non-insulin users.

Conclusion
The beneficial effect of physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes disappeared among those with high genetic risk for type 2 diabetes.
Innovation against change
Authors: McLean Andrew P 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There is presently an increased enthusiasm for competition law enforcement around the world, driven primarily by concerns about the power of digital platform companies. Against this background, this article identifies the emergence of a ‘techno-conservatism’ that invokes a ‘rhetoric of innovation’ to stymy the field’s ongoing shift towards a more interventionist paradigm. Drawing parallels between techno-conservatism and twentieth-century Chicago school conservatism, the article holds that appeals to innovation are a means of deterring enforcement against dominant companies in dynamic markets. This article contests the rhetoric of innovation, maintaining that it is possible to reconcile strong enforcement with care for innovation. It does so by raising three points. First, innovation often arises from smaller companies and deconcentrated markets. Secondly, many of the innovations associated with technology companies often have their origins in the public sector. Thirdly, innovation is not innately beneficial. It is not enough to defend dominance simply by pointing to ‘more innovation’; thought must also be given to the qualitative nature of that innovation. Taken together, these three ideas represent a useful framework with which to counter the rhetoric of innovation and defend the momentum building in competition law.
Trust me: Communication and Competition in a Psychological Game
Authors: Agranov Marina , Dasgupta Utteeyo , Schotter Andrew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
We study, both theoretically and experimentally, a communication game with and without seller competition and embed it in a psychological-game framework where players experience costs for lying, misleading others, and being disappointed. We derive the equilibrium predictions of this model, compare them to the setting without psychological payoffs, and test these predictions in a laboratory experiment, in which we induce both material and psychological payoffs. We find that the setting in which players have both material and psychological payoffs features more trade, trades goods of marginally better quality, and does so without welfare losses to either side of the market relative to the setting with material payoffs only. However, the introduction of competition counteracts this improvement and lowers welfare for both sides of the market. This happens due to a surge in dishonesty by sellers in the competitive setting and the buyers’ inability to detect this deception.
Assessment of appropriate use of amylase and lipase testing in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis at an academic teaching hospital
Authors: Ryholt Valerie , Soder Julie , Enderle Janet , Rajendran Rajkumar 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Objective
Despite evidence-based guidelines stating that lipase alone should be used in the diagnosis of suspected acute pancreatitis, health care providers continue to order amylase or amylase and lipase together. The purpose of this study was to assess the utilization of appropriate laboratory testing related to the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

Methods
The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design. The timeframe was from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2020. A retrospective chart review was used to collect data for the following: patient-provider encounter notes, patient demographics, provider demographics, differential and final diagnosis, and laboratory test results. Data analysis include stratification of categorical variables and calculation of cost savings.

Results
For the 12-month period, this study found 2567 (9.3%) of all amylase and lipase tests to be unnecessary. Amylase tests (1881; 73.2%) made up the most unnecessary tests followed by lipase tests (686; 26.7%). An analysis of test-ordering behavior by providers revealed that 81.5% of all unnecessary tests were ordered by MDs. Finally, this study estimated a total cost savings of $128,350 if all unnecessary tests were eliminated.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that amylase and lipase tests have been overutilized in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.
Introduction to health measurement scales
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the need for measurement in the health sciences. As clinical interventions are increasingly aimed at improving subjective states, such as quality of life or pain, it becomes ever more important to be able to measure these accurately. This means that the items must be clear, unambiguous, and as free from biases as possible. Test constructors must also be aware of the different options for responding to the items. Finally, issues of reliability and validity need to be addressed. The chapter also has a ‘roadmap’ and flow chart, outlining the steps in scale construction and indicating the chapters addressing the relevant topics.
Frequently encountered symptoms
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Patients and their families react to symptoms. New or unexpected symptoms are most often harbingers of bad news. As such, there is urgency to thoroughly assess by history taking and examination. From there, having considered prognosis before and as a result of this new presentation, there may be a need for judicious use of investigations while commencing management of the symptom. This chapter of the book outlines the most frequently encountered acute symptoms and directs clinicians to more detailed underlying causes in the subsequent chapters of the book.