bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Life of Theopompus
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very little reliable evidence has come down to us about the lives of the Greek historians or of Greek writers in general. Even what appears to be contemporary evidence is often subject to doubt. A few sensational examples bring this point home. Was Thucydides a descendant of a Thracian prince named Olorus or did his father acquire that name through xenia? Did Herodotus travel to Egypt, as he said he did, or was that claim a literary and rhetorical motif? Is the Seventh Letter of Plato a personal account of important events of his own life, or a clever forgery?
Theopompus, Isocrates, and the Myth of Rhetorical History
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the historians who wrote during the fourth century BC, Xenophon is the only one whose works have survived intact, and his reputation for accuracy and impartiality has declined steadily since the discovery of the papyrus fragments known as the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. Among the lost historians, Theopompus of Chios was by far the most prolific and, along with Ephorus, the most influential. All would agree that the disappearance of their works is a great loss. Nevertheless, it is generally believed that the work of those two historians was marred by an excessive concern with rhetorical effects and by a passion for pointing a moral. In effect, it is alleged that during the fourth century, history became the servant and tool of rhetoric at the expense of historical accuracy.
Theopompus on Demosthenes
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without doubt, Theopompus and Demosthenes were of like mind on a number of issues. They held similar views about Philip, the theoric fund, the incompetence of the Athenian generals, and the indolence of the Athenian people. The question naturally arises, therefore, what Theopompus thought of Demosthenes. If Theopompus disapproved both of Philip’s morals and of his policies, there is a strong temptation to infer that he must have approved of the prudish, water-drinking Demosthenes.
Conclusion
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that Theopompus has been removed from under the shadow of Isocrates, it is possible to see him for what he was: orator, historian, statesman, a man of overwhelming literary ambition and overweening ego. He knew most of the 'great men' of his day and had travelled to most of the important cities in Greece. He apparently liked very few of those whom he met and very little of what he saw.
Palaiologan Learning
Authors: Ševčenko Ihor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite its small extent, political weakness, and growing impoverishment, the late Byzantine state, along with its Greek satellite principalities, produced a re- mark able cultural efflorescence. To call it a renaissance, as many scholars have done, tends to blur its fundamental difference from the one, true Renaissance which occurred in western Europe in the fifteenth century. It is also confusing to speak of Byzantine humanism for this or any other period.
The Governing Classes: (2) Valentinian I and the Imperial Court
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 369 Symmachus visited the court at Trier, as a member of the delegation which conveyed to the Emperor Valentinian the congratulations of the senate upon the achievement of his quinquennalia, and presented the aurum oblaticium, the ‘voluntary tax’ offered by the senate to commemorate the occasion.1 From the period of Symmachus’ stay ‘in the tents’, which kept him in the north for about a year, survive fragments of three panegyrics celebrating the emperors and their victories. Symmachus seems himself to have accompanied Valentinian on one of his campaigns of 369 along the Rhine, and in return for his participation in this adventure, received the honorary rank of comes tertii ordinis. A companion of the orator on this campaign may well have been another literary man, the poet and tutor of the boy Gratian, Ausonius; but there is no need to fear that Symmachus and his colleague with the army ever fell into much personal danger. The ‘campaign’ witnessed by Symmachus seems rather to have resembled a conducted tour of the frontier region. He attended a successful skirmish against helpless (and one suspects, harmless) Alamanni; he was present at the reception by Valentinian of an embassy of Burgundians; he describes in some detail the inauguration by the emperor of the construction of a new fortified post somewhere in barbarian territory on the right bank of the Rhine. All in all, Symmachus was given a representative, if unspectacular, view of life on the frontiers; the emperor may have felt well satisfied if his guest was convinced that the taxes which he had brought were to be well spent.
The Usurpation of Maximus
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
News of the invasion of Gaul by Maximus will have reached Gratian in north Italy in the early summer of 383. In May the court had moved from Milan to Patavium, on its way to Raetia for a campaign against the Alamanni; by 16 June it was at Verona. Dropping the campaign, the emperor must very soon have left for Gaul, to face instead the threat from Maximus. For five days, the armies faced each other, somewhere near Paris; but they never joined battle. Over this short period, Gratian’s position was seriously eroded by desertions which, beginning with his Moorishcalvary (who may have remembered Maximus’ service in Africa in the time of Valentinian), 4 culminated in the defection of his leading general, Merobaudes, consul for the second time in this very year. Gratian had no alternative but to turn his back, in an attempt to reach the Alps and regain safety in Italy; but he was caught at Lyon by Maximus’ general Andragathius and killed (25 August). His corpse was retained by Maximus for its diplomatic value and not given burial.
‘Ordo Renascendi’: (2) Italy
Authors: Matthews John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In returning to his native province at a critical moment of its history, Rutilius Namatianus was about to offer his contribution to the preservation of Roman life in a region battered by invasion, where the political experience of the upper classes had suffered the profound effects of disruption and uncertainty. For Italy also, which had suffered much less than Gaul, his journey offers an approach to the same central question of the continuity of Roman life in the years after the barbarian invasions. If Rutilius’ visits to dispossessed members of the Gallic aristocracy reveal his anxieties concerning the province to which he was now returning, visits which he paid to other acquaintances may suggest that, in Italy at least, a feeling was already in the air that life was resuming its normal style. These men were senators, recent office-holders at court and at Rome, who still possessed their country residences along the coast of Italy.
Law And Morality
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHY begin with law as a way into women’s lives? The law codes of any society tell us something about actions the society wishes to prevent and persons it wishes to protect. They do not tell us enough, because legislation has to deal in general rules which do not always match what people think or do. But late Roman law was presented in the form of the emperor speaking to his people. It is not written in the deliberately impersonal style of a present-day legal draughtsman, whose aim is to be clear and unambiguous-by those standards, it is quite start lingly emotional in tone and imprecise in content. The emperor responds to questions and protests, exhorts, scolds, threatens fearful penalties, or tries to explain why a change in the law is necessary.
Virgil's Aeneid
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The capacity of proper names to condense concepts, descriptions, or short narratives can tell us a lot about the Aeneid. But names only 'suggest' or 'evoke' meaning, which can be elicited and/or understood properly only by viewing it in a reading of the epic as a whole. Virgil's epic reveals recurrent semantic patterns, which show that names are substituta ble semantic units. One way to elicit their meaning is by exploring the semantic environment in which they occur as well as related semantic environments elsewhere in the narrative, and by examining the way names combine with semantic units of transparent meaning. This study offers a complete semantic analysis of the Aeneid by book, based on the discussion of semantic components and semantic sequences, and using the Laocoon-Horse sequence as a model. The analysis reveals a sustained, pervasive, and deep-going exploitation of the meaning of names. It yields new interpretations for every episode in the epic and provides the semantic features of most major characters. It sheds new light on the significance of Polydorus, the death of Anchises at Drepanum, the Nisus and Euryalus relationship, and Camilla's features in relation to the spearthrow of Metabus. It shows the authenticity of the Helen episode, as well as the significance of the catalogue of the of sinners in Tartarus, and of the deaths of Pallas and Turnus.
The Growth Of Laconism
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither mythology nor archaeology suggest that there was anything peculiar about Bronze-Age Lacedaemon. Certainly Homer depicts the country of Menelaus and Helen as much like other kingdoms, and the only hint of things to come lies in his charming picture of Artemis following the hunt on Mount Taygetus; for the hounds and hunting of Sparta were famous to the end of antiquity and beyond. As for the first dark centuries of the new Dorian state, all we have to throw light on its reputation are some lines of oracular verse, so old that they single out a people which was obscure after the eighth century as the first warriors in Greece. Sparta is allowed, perhaps only in compliment to Helen, to claim the fairest women.
The Fourth Century in Greece
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 404 B.C. Sparta had brought Athens to her knees and succeeded to the hegemony of most of Greece. The impression made by this achievement was enormous, though to us Athens’ mistakes and Persia’s gold may seem to have had a good deal to do with it. There seems to have been a spate of literature, now almost entirely lost, describing Sparta’s institutions from a crudely utilitarian viewpoint, even though Athens, and some of Sparta’s former allies, were soon struggling not without success against her predominance. Aristotle complains that many laconizing works simply praise these institutions as conducive to victory and conquest (the idea of Spartan timidity and slowness has disappeared), and instances that of one Thibron, probably the Spartan commander of that name active against Persia in the 390s. Plato’s Laws also suggests that the Spartans (and Cretans) themselves regarded their way of life as purely military in purpose: one of the interlocutors points out that the place looks more like a camp than a city. But they were clearly not alone.
Kings and Ephors
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside Italy the issues were different. Men were mostly faced, not with the choice between despotism or a republic, but with settling the precise amount of power to be wielded either, in the newly centralized monarchies, by the king or, in the Empire, by the emperor over the princes or the princes over the cities. Furthermore, the Reformation exacerbated the old question of relations between Church and ruler and introduced the possibility of a difference of faith between ruler and subject.
France in the Eighteenth Century (I)
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the reign of Louis XIV passed its peak, its critics increased in number and importance. Between the defenders of orthodoxy in Church and state on the one hand (who must at best, in the courtly words of Bossuet, doubt if Sparta’s political ideas were ‘aussi solides que specieuses’, and her virtues not too proud and arrogant) and the discontented Utopian romancers, who had left antiquity far behind them on the other, there appeared a new kind of reformer. In one of the most famous can be traced a faint but definite tinge of laconism, both monarchic and, far more prophetic for the ensuing century, educational and social. Fenelon, who brings many famous figures of antiquity on to the stage in his Dialogues des Marts, can paint his only Lacedaemonian.
Marcus Aurelius and the Supernatural
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophy in the first and second centuries AD looks within, to the soul and spiritual well-being of the inner man. It also looks outwards, far beyond the individual and his particular needs and longings, to embrace the relationship between man and God, between human life and universal mind. It is, then, at once a highly personal pursuit and a quest for universal truths: it seeks to apprehend the divine forces and to understand their relation to the world; but this enterprise is not a purely intellectual enquiry, for it is directed toward practical ends, namely to determine how a man should live, and how he may best serve. God, act as Nature requires of him, and thus fulfil his highest potential. The answers given by the different philosophic schools were of course many and varied, but there was much common ground, not least in their practical assumptions: that philosophy constitutes a sustained enquiry into the nature of the good life, and that its function is to enable the practitioner to become good.
The Textual Tradition of Euripides’ Orestes
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orestes, produced in 408 BC towards the end of Euripides' life, was one of the most popular Greek tragedies in antiquity, and was consequently preserved in a large number of medieval manuscripts. Having investigated about sixty of the most important, James Diggle explains the complicated relationships which exist among them. He also examines afresh the contribution of the papyri and quotations which preserve parts of the play. In the course of these analyses he throws much light on problems of text and interpretation, on metre, and on the activities of Byzantine scholars. This examination of Orestes is the last major task in the completion of the study of the Euripidean manuscript tradition. As such it will be indispensable to all students of the transmission of Greek tragedy.
Associates of ξ
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far I have conducted my discussion of the ‘Moschopoulean re¬ cension’ on the terms dictated by Turyn. It was he who chose XXaXb as representative witnesses to that ‘recension’. And it is worthwhile to examine how he came to make that choice. He be an by taking X: ‘a typical representative of a manuscript with pure Moschopulean scholia . . . X is a representative of the Moschopulean recension, if we rely on the basic rule that the concomitant scholia of a certain recension indicate likewise that the poetic text of the ms. in question belongs to the same recension’ (42-3).1 Later he added Xa: ‘for the Moschopulean recension, I shall take the concordant testimony of ... X ... and Xa’ (98). When the testimony of X and Xa proves discordant, he adds the testimony of Xb, ‘in order to establish the Moschopulean reading’ (98).
Women Bodies in Classical Greek Science
Authors: Dean-Jones Lesley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book Professor Dean-Jones gives a close analysis of theories concerning womenߣs bodies in such authors as the Hippocratics and Aristotle. She demonstrates the centrality of menstruation in classical theories of female physiology, pathology, and reproduction, and suggests that this had both negative and positive repercussions in attitudes towards women's bodies in that society. In particular, she argues that many of the medical principles governing clinical practice on male patients derived from the observation that healthy women menstruate and women who are seriously ill tend not to. Many of the primary sources dealt with are not yet accessible in English, and to date research done on this material has appeared only in discrete articles, in several languages, and scattered in various publications. In addition to presenting many original theories, therefore, the book is important in assembling and presenting both original texts and the results of scholarly research on these texts in a way that is fully accessible to the non-specialist.
The Personnel of Procedure
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most notorious features of the administration of justice in England today is its expense. This subject is studied in detail by Jackson (1977: 511-63); he gives a full survey of what it is that needs to be paid for, and where the money comes from. In the popular mind, the reason why the law is expensive is that barristers are overpaid; according to Du Cann (1964: 17-18), indeed, this is the chief cause for the traditional unpopularity of lawyers in this country. The view that lawyers earn too much may be correct, but it is a superficial explanation of the phenomenon in question. English law is expensive because it is professional: each case, including the unseen but indispensable preliminary work behind the scenes, occupies considerable time on the part not only of barristers, but also of judges and court officials, and of solicitors and their staffs; these are highly trained experts, whose time costs money. It would of course be possible to make the administration of justice in this country vastly cheaper; but to do this would involve changing our concept of the justice which the system is designed to deliver. If justice is seen as the application to successive concrete sets of circumstances of a highly complex system of rules, with a great wealth of regulations resulting from the system of case-law and of precedent, and with a high premium being placed on the need for certainty of the law, then necessarily only professionals will be able to master the subject and it will take them considerable time to apply it.
Procedure in Action
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We conclude our discussion of Athenian procedural law by looking at the relationship between image and reality. The precise identification of these terms, however, is a matter for debate. From one point of view, the material which we have already covered (in Chapters 6-8) represents what actually happened in a trial, whereas here we shall be exploring what may have been going on under the surface. But there is also a sense in which the three previous chapters paint a possibly idealized picture; and what follows will therefore aim to examine how far the system succeeded in practice.
Personal Relations
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Citizenship at Athens was a man’s business, in that the active exercise of citizen rights in the public sphere was confined to men. This presumably is why (as we have seen on several occasions in Chapter 10) the law drew a far sharper distinction between male and female citizens than it did between male and female metrics. Similarly, Athenian social practice permitted female as well as male slaves equally to enter certain civic arenas, such as shopping or especially trading in the agora, where citizen men could play a part, but not (at least, not without a loss of respectability) citizen women. Women at Athens do not normally come to court as litigants, at least in person; nor do they appear as witnesses. Indeed, as Schaps (1977) shows, citizen women are in Athenian courts virtually anonymous: the orators are careful never to refer to the names of the women they mention, except when those concerned are of low repute or (what in the speaker’s eyes amounts to the same thing) are related to the opponent, or else when they are dead and so beyond reproach.
Merovingian Noblemen
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fortunatus’ poems to noblemen afford further insights into the life of the poet and his Merovingian patrons. Poems addressed to an individual present a vivid image of that individual, and also reflect the particular relationship between poet and patron: Fortunatus may be the formal, public panegyrist for an ambitious aristocrat, for example, or a valued friend who writes bread-and-butter notes, invitations, commendations-and formal poetry as well. Fortunatus addressed a number of poems to nobles present at the court at Metz in 567, his patrons on his arrival there. His poems to Duke Lupus of Champagne, Gogo, and the two Provenc;al noblemen, Dynamius and Iovinus, were the pieces de resistance of a young poet determined to establish himself But they also put flesh on the frequently bare bones of contemporary biographical detail, presenting three-dimensional portraits of widely differing characters to whom the poet responded with varying degrees of formality and empathy.
The Treasures of the Erechtheion
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nomenclature of the Ionic temple north of the Parthenon still remains one of the thorniest issues in Greek archaeology. We call the temple ‘the Erechtheion’, while recognizing that only two ancient authors ever used that term: Pausanias and pseudo-Plutarch. There is some considerable doubt whether the cult of Erechtheus was in fact housed inside this Ionic temple.
Clouds
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The metrical style and rhythms of the lyric mark out the play very clearly into three sections. In the two songs that precede the parabasis and Strepsiades’ full enrolment as Socrates’ pupil (275 ff.= 298 ff. and 457ff.), the chorus uses metres with dignified associations, and, as far as their metrical patterns are concerned, both songs (except, perhaps, for the trochees at 457) would be compatible with contemporary tragedy.
Wasps
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While dramatically Wasps is rich in comic fantasy and invention, it is not particularly adventurous metrically. However, the idea of opposition in musical taste between the old and the young is fitfully present as a subordinate theme. It is used early in the play to produce an exceptionally varied and elaborate parodos in the form of a sort of paratragic cantata, beginning with the Old Jurymen’s ‘aubade’ in the metrical style, presumably, of Phrynichus. Then follows the duet between the chorus leader and his son and Philocleon’s solo. At this point (334), there is an abrupt change to distinctively comic metres: trochaic and cretic. From here onwards, trochaic, with some aeolo-choriambic and iambo choriambic, becomes the dominant metre of the play.
Ecclesia1usae
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Wealth, the change in the dramatic role of the chorus is clear and complete, but Ecclesiarusae presents a puzzle. Up to 580, the chorus behave in the normal way, and in their song at 571-80 they seem set to play the same sort of role as the chorus of Knights: encouraging their champion and offering regular comment on the action. But in fact, after 580, nothing is heard from them in the play as we have it until u.27ff.
Realism in the Ion: Response to Lee
Authors: Arnott W Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kevin Lee presents a sensitive and observant reading of Euripides’ Ion, emphasizing its dual perspectives of time and place, and effectively contrasting the adolescent (and at times unworldly1) Ion, who lives at Delphi in the immediacy of the present, and the older Creusa, whose view is repeatedly focused on one horrific day long ago in her native Athens. Here I am in total sympathy with Lee’s approach, and have virtually nothing to add to, or subtract from, the persuasive analyses with which he supports his interpretations.