bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Needle-like and Flower-like Zinc Oxide by a Simple Surfactant-free Solution Method
Authors: Wang Wei-Wei , Zhu Ying-Jie 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) with needle-like and flower-like morphologies has been successfully synthesized by decomposition of Zn(OH)42− in aqueous solution at 90 °C. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and zinc source are important factors in determining the phase and morphology of ZnO. When using zinc acetate as the zinc source at 90 °C for 90 min in an oil bath, ZnO with the needle-like morphology was obtained. Whereas using zinc nitrate as the zinc source, ZnO with flower-like morphology was produced.
Intelligent Reactions of Inorganic Phosphor Materials with Microwave Heating
Authors: Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Sato Mineo 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
YVO4:Eu3+ and Mg2SnO4:Mn2+ phosphors were prepared using a domestic microwave oven. The temperature of the raw materials irradiated with a microwave was rose up to 1111–1716 K within 150 s, followed by a sharp drop in the temperature in spite of irradiating the microwave continuously. A low dielectric loss factor of the reaction products caused the sharp drop in temperature as soon as the reaction was completed.
Reducing Gas Sensing Based on the Redox Interconversion of Neodymium (III) Chromate(V)
Authors: Aoki Yoshitaka , Habazaki Hiroki , Konno Hidetaka 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The novel sensing property of neodymium (III) chromate(V), NdCrO4, to methanol has been demonstrated. The electrical response of this compound did not rely on the surface potential change by the interaction with methanol gas, but was instead due to the redox interconversion of zircon-type NdCrVO4 to KDP-type NdH2CrIIIO4. The NdCrO4 film prepared on alumina substrates with 2.5-μm thickness could respond to methanol of ppm order concentration with an apparent increase in electrical resistance.
Urea-functionalized Resorcinarenes: Preparation, Self-folding, and Their CD Phenomena Caused by Chiral Urea Termini through Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Interactions
Authors: Hayashida Osamu , Ito Jun-ichi , Matsumoto Shinji , Hamachi Itaru 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Self-folding resorcinarenes bearing optically active urea moieties showed unique circular dichroism (CD) phenomena on the macrocyclic skeleton, which were caused by their chiral urea termini through intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions in chloroform. These characteristic CD bands were disappeared upon complexation with anions such as chloride and bromide.
From hot atom chemistry to epithermal chemistry
Authors: Roessler K. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe rise and fall of hot atom chemistry (HAC) over the years from 1934 to 2004 is reviewed. Several applications are discussed, in particular to astrophysics and the interaction of energetic ions and atoms in space. Epithermal chemistry (ETC) is proposed to substitute the old name, since it better fits the energy range as well as the non-thermal and non-equilibrium character of the reactions. ETC also avoids the strong connexion of HAC to nuclear chemistry and stands for the opening of the field to physical chemistry and astrophysics.
Excitation functions of deuteron induced nuclear reactions on enriched78Kr with particular relevance to the production of76Br
Authors: Scholten B. , Takács S. , Tárkányi F. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractExcitation functions of the78Kr(d,α)76Br,78Kr(d,n)79Rb and78Kr(d,x)79Kr reactions were measured for the first time in the energy range up to 13 MeV using the stacked gas cell technique and activation method. Highly enriched78Kr was used as target material. The maximum cross section of the78Kr(d,α)76Br reaction at 13 MeV amounts to 21 mb and the calculated yield of76Br over the energy range Ed=13→4 MeV to only 59 kBq/μA h. Due to the very low expected yield of76Br and the high cost of the target gas, this route is not suitable for production of76Br compared with the other well investigated production routes.
Practical production of 61Cu using natural Co target and its simple purification with a chelating resin for 61Cu-ATSM
Authors: Fukumura Toshimitsu , Okada Kazuhiro , Szelecsényi Ferenc , Kovács Zoltán , Suzuki Kazutoshi 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Copper-61 (T1/2=3.41 h) produced via the 59Co(α,2n)61Cu nuclear reaction using natural Co target was isolated from the irradiated target by two methods developed here and applied for preparation of (61Cu-ATSM) (61Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone)), known as an imaging agent of hypoxic tissue. A commercially available cobalt disk (thickness: 125 μm) was irradiated with 40 MeV (37.9 MeV on target) α particles, then treated with conc. HNO3, and the 61Cu was separated by two different methods, i.e. a two column method using a cation and an anion exchange column; and a one column method using a column packed with chelating resin, Chelex 100. Both separation methods gave satisfactory results, though the latter method was superior because of the simplicity of the apparatus, the separation procedure and somewhat shorter processing time. Around 1.1 GBq of 61Cu2+ were obtained with >95% yield (decay corrected) from Co target at 10 μA for 1 h irradiation, and with the radionuclidic purity of >98% (EOS). The only radionuclidic impurity in the isolated 61Cu2+ solution was identified to be 60Cu at EOS but no radionuclidic impurity was observed after 50 hours. The solution of 61Cu-ATSM was prepared in >85% radiochemical yield with >95% radiochemical purity.
Cross section measurements of proton and deuteron induced formation of103Ag in natural palladium
Authors: Hermanne A. , Takács S. , Tárkányi F. , Bolbos R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractProton and deuteron induced nuclear reactions for generation of the103Pd parent103Ag were investigated using the stacked-foil activation technique on natural palladium targets up to Ep=37.3 MeV and Ed=20.5 MeV, respectively. Excitation functions are reported for the first time for the reactionsnatPd(p,xn)103Ag andnatPd(d,xn)103Ag.
The Auger-electron emitter165Er: excitation function of the165Ho(p,n)165Er process
Authors: Beyer G. J. , Zeisler S. K. , Becker D. W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe lanthanide isotope165Er decays by electron capture without any accompanying gamma radiation, which makes it an ideal radionuclide for Auger electron therapy. The chemical properties of erbium with regard to labelling of bio-conjugates are virtually identical to those of radio-yttrium. We measured the excitation function of the165Ho(p,n)165Er reaction and obtained a maximum cross section of 166±20 mb at 11.1±0.5 MeV proton energy. Our findings indicate that165Er can be produced at any small-sized cyclotron in quantities suitable for biomedical applications. The thick target yield at Ep=15 MeV is 55 MBq/μA h. A mass separated sample of the nuclide pair160Er/160Ho was used as model to demonstrate that the separation of the165Er from the target matrix material Ho can be achieved by cation-exchange chromatography using Aminex A5 resin and α-HIBA as eluent in about 1 hour.
Cross sections for production of the therapeutic radioisotopes 198Au and 199Au in proton and deuteron induced reactions on 198Pt
Authors: Tárkányi F. , Hermanne A. , Takács S. , Shubin Yu. N. , Dityuk A. I. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The possible production of the therapeutic radioisotopes 198Au and 199Au using charged particle reactions at cyclotrons was investigated. For the first time, excitation functions for the 198Pt(p,n)198gAu, 198Pt(d,2n)198m,gAu and 198Pt(d,x) 199Au nuclear reactions were measured up to 40 MeV proton and 20 MeV deuteron energies. The results were compared with calculations performed with the computer code ALICE-IPPE. Acceptable overall agreement was obtained. Production and product quality parameters are discussed on the basis of the measured cross sections and from the deduced integral yields.
Production of 16N for instrument calibration
Authors: Nickles R. J. , Barnhart T. E. , Avila-Rodrigues M. A. , Converse A. K. , Sundaresan R. , Nye J. A. , Dick D. W. , Roberts A. D. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A convenient source of -7 second [16N]-N2 is described, employing the deuteron irradiation of a flow-through nitrogen target, suitable for the calibration of gamma detectors to 7 MeV and beta spectrometers to 10 MeV. Its possible presence as a contaminant in 15O-gases bears watching.
New determination of the half-life of 205Bi
Authors: Kuhnhenn J. , Herpers U. , Michel R. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
We report a new half-life value of 205Bi. During measurements of cross sections for the production of residual radionuclides in proton-induced reactions on lead and bismuth a discrepancy was recognised between the published half-life of 205Bi and our experimental results. In this work, the value for the half-life of 205Bi was determined to be (14.91±0.07) days, based on measurements on 33 irradiated lead samples.
Some nuclear chemical aspects of medical generator nuclide production at the Los Alamos hot cell facility
Authors: Faßbender M. , Nortier F. M. , Phillips D. R. , Hamilton V. T. , Heaton R. C. , Jamriska D. J. , Kitten J. J. , Pitt L. R. , Salazar L. L. , Valdez F. O. , Peterson E. J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGenerator nuclides constitute a convenient tool for applications in nuclear medicine. In this paper, some radiochemical aspects of generator nuclide parents regularly processed at Los Alamos are introduced. The bulk production of the parent nuclides68Ge,82Sr,109Cd and88Zr using charged particle beams is discussed. Production nuclear reactions for these radioisotopes, and chemical separation procedures are presented. Experimental processing yields correspond to 80%-98% of the theoretical thick target yield. Reaction cross sections are modeled using the code ALICE-IPPE; it is observed that the model largely disagrees with experimental values for the nuclear processes treated. Radionuclide production batches are prepared 1-6 times yearly for sales. Batch activities range from 40 MBq to 75 GBq.
The isolation of99Mo from fission material for use in the99Mo/99mTc generator for medical use
Authors: van der Walt T.N. , Coetzee P. P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMolybdenum-99 is an important radionuclide which is used in nuclear medicine and a new method is presented for the isolation and purification of99Mo from fission material. The method was developed to suit the needs of the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (NECSA) and also because most other methods had been patented and could therefore not be used at NECSA. A uranium-aluminium alloy, cladded in aluminium, served as a target and the target was irradiated in a nuclear reactor for several days. After a cooling period, in order to let the short-lived radionuclides decay, the target material was dissolved in a sodium hydroxide solution. The radioactive krypton and xenon gases were collected on activated carbon and stored until both gases had decayed. Aluminium,99Mo,131I and the radionuclides of alkali-soluble elements in the sodium hydroxide solution were separated from the uranium and radionuclides of the alkaline-insoluble elements by filtration. The radionuclides of molybdenum and iodine were separated by anion exchange chromatography, in alkaline medium, from the bulk aluminium and radionuclides of other elements, such as barium, strontium and tellurium.99Mo was selectively eluted with a slightly alkaline lithium sulphate solution, leaving the iodine radionuclides on the resin. The99Mo eluant was acidified with oxalic acid and nitric acid and99Mo separated from the remaining aluminium and other radionuclides by anion exchange chromatography, in acid medium. After elution of99Mo, again with a slightly alkaline lithium sulphate solution, the eluant was acidified with nitric acid,99Mo concentrated on a chelating resin column and finally eluted with ammonia and evaporated to obtain99MoO3which was then dissolved in diluted sodium hydroxide solution. The purity of the final product was within the specifications of the British and European Pharmacopoiea and no further purification steps, such as sublimation, were required.
99mTc gel generators based on zirconium molybdate-99Mo: III: Influence of preparatory conditions of zirconium molybdate-99Mo gel on generator performance
Authors: Saraswathy P. , Sarkar S. K. , Arjun G. , Nandy S. K. , Ramamoorthy Natesan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe effect of subtle variations on zirconium molybdate-99Mo gel preparatory conditions, such as stoichiometry of reactants, pH of gel formation, conditioning of gel granulesetc., prior to elution were investigated primarily to arrive at the conditions resulting in high99mTc release and minimal99Mo breakthrough upon elution with normal saline. Zirconium molybdate-99Mo gels were prepared by reacting solutions of Zr and Mo in mole ratios of 0.75-1.5. Both water and normal saline were used for gel disintegration, and the release of99mTc and99Mo from gel columns into eluates was compared. Sharper elution profile of99mTc, but with significantly higher99Mo breakthrough (5-8 times), was obtained when water alone was used for disintegration and elution, in comparison to when saline was used.Gels exhibiting optimum characteristics were found to be formed at a pH of 4-5 by reacting [Zr]:[Mo] in the mole ratio of 1.25:1 and after drying, the product was dispersed into granules by disintegration with normal saline.99mTc elution efficiency was found to be ∼75% and99Mo breakthrough ∼0.05%. The elution profile was sharp when a 6 g gel column coupled to a 2 g acidic alumina column (to trap99Mo) was eluted with 6-9 ml normal saline. Generators containing upto 23 GBq99Mo were prepared, eluted extensively without changing the alumina column and found to provide pertechnetate of good quality, commensurate with hospital radiopharmacy requirements.
Neutral oxorhenium(V) and oxotechnetium(V) complexes with novel amide thioether dithiolate ligands derived from cysteine
Authors: Noll Bernhard , Hilger Christoph S. , Leibnitz Peter , Spies Hartmut 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBifunctional ligands able to form neutral complexes with radioactive technetium and rhenium and to couple to biological relevant anchor groups play an important role in the design of new radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy. A novel tetradentate amide thioether dithiolate ligand HS-CH2CH2-S-CH2CONH-CH(COOR)CH2SH (H3SNSS) with R=CH3, C10H21was synthesized that forms stable complexes with technetium and rhenium in oxidation state V. The molecular structures of the rhenium and technetium complexes MO(SNSS) were determined by X-ray structural analysis and show that the metal coordination number is five and the coordination polyhedron is between square-pyramidal and trigonal-bipyramidal. The pendent ester group allows coupling of the chelate unit at biologically relevant anchor groups. As a relevant representative the X-ray structural analysis of the rhenium decylester complex was carried out. The complex formation with Tc at the n.c.a. level and186Re at 10-6M level is described.
188Re(V)-DMSA: in-vitro and in-vivo studies on the individual stereo isomers
Authors: Guhlke Stefan , Scheithauer S. , Oetjen K. , Sartor J. , Bender H. , Biersack H. J. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The pentavalent rhenium-188 meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid complex 188Re(V)-DMSA is a beta-emitting analogue of Tc99m(V)-DMSA, an established tracer that is taken up in a variety of histological different tumors and especially in bone metastases arising from breast and prostate carcinomas. The similar general biodistribution and tumor avidity of 188Re- and 99mTc(V)-DMSA therefore suggests the use of the rhenium analog as an agent for therapeutic applications. No-carrier-added 188Re(V)-DMSA is composed of a mixture of three stereoisomers arising from different orientations of the 4 carboxylate groups of the complex. For therapeutic applications it must be known whether there is a difference in the in-vivo biodistribution and kinetics of the individual stereo isomers. The aim of this study was therefore a) to characterize the chemical stability of each of the 3 stereoisomers with respect to time, temperature and pH and b) to evaluate if there are differences in the in-vivo organ distribution of the pure isomers compared to the isomeric mixture.
The in-vitro results revealed for all three individual isomers of 188Re(V)-DMSA a rather slow (with respect to half-life of Re-188) temperature and pH dependent rate of interconversion which would justify the application of pure isomers. The data obtained from urine samples of rats showed a faster interconversion rate and reached a stable isomer distribution after about six to ten hours, depending on which isomer was injected. However there was no evidence for isomer specific excretion rates. The organ biodistribution patterns of all three isomers were very similar at all times studied (10 min up to 24 hours p.i). The tumor uptake in a rat mammary carcinoma model at 1 hour p.i. did also not show any significant differences.
In conclusion the preparation and administration of pure stereoisomers of 188Re-DMSA is possible, however, in-vivo no significant differences in organ distribution and kinetics were observed which would favour the use of purified stereo isomers over the isomeric mixture of 188Re(V)-DMSA.
Analysis of 188Re-EDTMP complexes by HPLC and ultrafiltration
Authors: Hashimoto Kazuyuki , Matsuoka Hiromitsu 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography (anion-exchange, reversed-phase ion-pair and gel permeation chromatography) and ultrafiltration have been employed to analyze 188Re-ethylenediamine-N,N,N´,N´-tetrakis(methylenephosphonic acid) complexes ( 188Re-EDTMP), prepared from the tin chloride reduction or sodium borohydride reduction in the presence or absence of rhenium carrier. The HPLC analysis showed that the 188Re-EDTMP complexes were mixtures of components and the distribution of the components was dependent upon the total amount of rhenium present and the reducing agents (SnCl2, NaBH4). The ultrafiltration analysis showed that the distribution of nominal molecular weight of 188Re-EDTMP was dependent upon the presence of rhenium carrier and the reducing agents. In addition, it was found that the proportion of chemical species with bigger molecular weight in no-carrier-added 188Re(SnCl2)-EDTMP was larger than that in carrier-added 188Re(SnCl2)-EDTMP.
Semi-remote production of Br-76 and preparation of high specific activity radiobrominated pharmaceuticals for PET studies
Authors: Szajek Lawrence P. , Kao C.-H. K. , Kiesewetter D. O. , Sassaman M. B. , Lang L. , Plascjak P. , Eckelman W. C. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The PET radionuclide 76Br (t1/2=16.2 h) can be easily produced utilizing the nuclear reaction As(3He,2n)76Br. We use high-purity arsenic targets and isolate radioactive bromide by chromic acid oxidation followed by simple distillation of [76Br] hydrogen bromide using a semi-remote apparatus. Use of reagents with little or no carrier bromine yields high specific activity radiobrominated pharmaceuticals prepared from the distilled [76Br] hydrogen bromide.
Synthesis of [123I]iodine labelled imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazines as potential probes for the study of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors using SPECT
Authors: Katsifis Andrew , Barlin G. , Mattner F. , Dikic B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe pyridazines 3-acetamidomethyl-6-chloro-2-(4´-iodophenyl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine 1 (IC50=1.6 nM) and 3-benzamidomethyl-6-iodo-2-(4´-t-butylphenyl)imidazo[1,2-b] pyridazine 2 (IC50=4.2 nM), are high affinity and selective ligands for the Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors (PBR) compared to the Central Benzodiazepine counterparts. The [123I] 1 and [123I] 2 labelled analogues of these compounds were subsequently synthesised for the potential study of the PBRin vivousing SPECT. Radioiodination of [123I] 1 was achieved by iododestannylation of the corresponding tributyl tin precursor with Na[123I] in the presence of peracetic acid or chloramine-T and the product isolated by C-18 RP HPLC. Radioiodination of [123I] 2 was achieved by copper assisted bromine [123I]iodine exchange of the corresponding bromo precursor in the presence of acetic acid and sodium bisulfate as reducing agent at 200 °C. Purification of the crude products were achieved by semi-preparative C-18 RP HPLC to give the products in radiochemical yields >90%. The products were obtained in >97% chemical and radiochemical purity and with specific activities >180 GBq/μmol.
Radioiodination of ammonio-closo-monocarborane, 1-H3N-1-CB11H11. Aspects of labelling chemistry in aqueous solution using Chloramine-T
Authors: Orlova Anna , Sivaev Igor , Sjöberg Stefan , Lundqvist Hans , Tolmachev Vladimir 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of electrophilic radioiodination in the labelling of closo-monocarborane(-1). Ammonio-closo-monocarborane (ACMC, 1NH31CB11H11) was labelled with 125I using Chloramine-T as an oxidant. Radio-TLC was used for analysis. Influence of substrate amount, oxidant concentration, and pH of the reaction media on the labelling yield was studied. A labelling yield of 80%-90% was obtained. The results of the study indicate feasibility to use derivatives of closo-monocarborane(-1) as a pendant group for indirect radioiodination of proteins, and for studying pharmacokinetics of boron-rich compounds for BNCT.
Radiosynthesis of (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol for PET investigation of D2 receptor binding
Authors: Moerlein Stephen M. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Welch Michael J. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
A procedure for the reliable production of the novel PET D2 receptor ligand (N-[11C]methyl)benperidol ([11C]NMB) is described. The method is based on N-methylation of benperidol using [11C]methyl iodide from the PETtrace MeI MicroLab, with product purification via normal-phase HPLC. Batch yields of 2.5±0.9 GBq (68±25 mCi) of [11C]NMB are routinely (n=16) obtained, with a radiochemical purity >98% and an average specific activity of over 40.7 TBq (1100 Ci)/mmol. The overall radiosynthesis, purification, and pre-release quality control testing is accomplished within 50 minutes. The procedure described herein produces a radiopharmaceutical product that is suitable for D2 receptor studies using PET or microPET imaging.
Radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of the 5HT2 receptor ligand [N-11C-methyl]-1-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-methylaminopropane for PET
Authors: Schmaljohann J. , Becherer A. , Kletter K. , Gündisch D. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

In vivo labelling of serotonergic receptors (5HT) could be a useful tool for understanding the physiological and pathophysiological role of neurodegenerative disorders. 1-[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl]-2-aminopropane (DOI), a well known agonist with high affinity to 5HT2 receptors, was labelled with C-11 for PET. Here we report the evaluation of the mono-methylated and dimethylated analogs of DOI for PET. The syntheses of [N-11C-methyl]-DOI ([11C]MDOI) and [N-11C-dimethyl]-DOI ([11C]DMDOI) were optimized resulting in radiochemical yields of up to 43%, allowing efficient production for clinical use. High affinities for the 5HT2A and 5HT2C receptors with a slight preference for 5HT2A were found for MDOI, similar to the highly potent hallucinogen DOI.