bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the era of which we have been speaking, a professional dentist was a rara avis in Havana. Following that Castilian saying that teaches: “If a molar hurts, have it pulled out,” the occupation or art of dentistry was practiced, for the most part, by barbers in the towns, and in the country by surgeons who, armed with powerful iron forceps, did not leave a tooth or a molar alive.There were also toothpullers who were interlopers or enthusiasts. Among them, one by the name of Fiayo had become famous for the dexterity and skill with which he painlessly yanked these appendages for mastication out by the roots and waved them in the air. His fame and popularity, however, came from the fact, first, that he used no sort of surgical instrument of any sort; and second, that he took no money for his magic dental operations.
X I V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The strange conduct and the ironic phrases of his beloved wife alarmed Don Cándido Gamboa. She had never used such sarcastic language. On the contrary, in her fits of jealousy she had always erred on the side of being overly frank and forthright. What new information had she discovered? Where had she been that morning to have brought about such a change in her?It did not accord with Don Cándido’s character, nor with his ideas of honor and dignity, to ask his wife for an explanation of the mystery, much less his children, with whom he seldom spoke, and less still the servants, one or another of whom knew more family secrets than was advisable for peace and happiness within the home. Worldly and astute, he
X V I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the life of every man guilty of a grave misdeed there comes a time when repentance is the obligatory tribute that must be paid to his alarmed conscience; yet mending his ways, since that is subject to other laws and dependent upon external circumstances, is not always within the power of human will to achieve. For guilt shares this characteristic with certain stains: the more they are washed away, the more clearly the face beneath can be seen.
I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The wound that Dionisio Jaruco or Gamboa received in the knife fight with the musician José Dolores Pimienta did not prove to be inevitably fatal. The blow was not delivered with the end of the knife but with the edge, and although the weapon separated the muscles of the left side of his chest diagonally, at the height of the nipple, it did not injure any delicate bodily part in its long trajectory. Hence, even though he fell to the ground on his back, it was not in fact because the wound deprived him of all his strength. He stumbled over a paving stone as he dodged the blow, and what laid him low was fear and his loss of blood.
V
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The moment to carry out the plan conceived by Don Cándido before he went off to the country had unexpectedly arrived.The death of SeÑa Josefa had thrown Cecilia into the arms of Leonardo, who, his father knew, was not so guileless or so virtuous as to allow this opportunity to take her as his mistress to go by, on the pretext that he was protecting her.Don Cándido looked upon this event as bordering on a catastrophe; the only way of avoiding it, to his way of thinking, was to remove Cecilia from Leonardo’s sight and keep her from having any dealings with him, even if in order to do so it would be necessary to use force. But it occurred to him that perhaps he could accomplish the same thing without any commotion and without being held responsible so long as it was given the appearance of being legal. Motivated by this felicitous idea, he decided to consult the attorney and deputy magistrate Don Fernando O’Reilly, a friend and former classmate of Leonardo’s, with whom he was on quite friendly terms.
Garcfa Marquez: On Second Reading
Authors: Fuentes Carlos 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
That liberation, via the imagination, of the simultaneous spaces of the real is, for me, the central fact of Gabriel García Marquez’s great novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude. For if the enormous Latin American popularity of this work could be explained, at first glance, by the immediate shock of recognition, its comparable international success makes us think that there’s something more here than a joyful discovery of identity (or even of several identities: within the genealogy of Macondo, what reader hasn’t reencountered a brother or a nanny, a girlfriend or a grandma?) and that, without a doubt, One Hundred Years of Solitude is one of the most entertaining books ever written in Latin America. Still, the self-recognition and the sheer fun of that first reading hardly exhaust the book’s significance. Rather, they call for a second reading that corresponds to the true reading.
Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis as Commanders in Chief
Authors: Donald David Herbert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Constitution of the United States of America and the Constitution of the Confederate States of America use identical language to define the war powers of the chief executive: “The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy.” Thus endowed with equal authority, one Civil War president directed a supremely successful victory, while the other led his country as it stumbled to disaster.
Toward Appomattox, Toward Unconditional Surrender?
Authors: Harris William C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On November 7, 1864, Abraham Lincoln, after a bitter campaign, won reelection to the presidency. Both contemporaries and modern historians have viewed the election as a mandate for the “unconditional surrender” of the Confederacy and, as one scholar has expressed it, an affirmation of Lincoln’s “strategy of total war to overthrow the [South’s] social and political system.” Historians have written that by this time Lincoln and the Northern people had adopted a policy of requiring the unconditional surrender of the rebel forces to be followed by the subjugation of the South to the Northern will.
Epilogue: Lincoln in “Modern” Art
Authors: Holzer Harold , Boritt Gabor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1984, the well-known photographer George Tice published an album of his camera studies entitled Lincoln. This collection of frank portraits of eroding statues throughout America was inspired, the author noted, by a visit to “the Lincoln Motel and Abe’s Disco . . . in the heart of Newark.” Not surprisingly, the book offered a generally grim view of surviving public art devoted to Abraham Lincoln: the famous Gutzon Borglum seated bronze in Newark was shown littered with graffiti; the replica of Thomas Ball’s Emancipation Group in Boston was set against a depressing backdrop of tawdry billboards and commercial storefronts; and the statue that stood once at Wilkensburg, Pennsylvania, was not even visible—it had earlier been stolen, leaving only its forlorn base crumbling in an overgrown, vacant lot.
The Angostura Address
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Happy is the citizen who, displaying the armorial shield of his command, has the privilege of convoking the representatives of national sovereignty so that they might exercise their will, which is absolute. I number myself among those most favored by Divine Providence, in that I have the honor of assembling the representatives of the people of Venezuela in this august congress, the font of legitimate authority, repository of the sovereign will, and arbiter of the destiny of the nation. In returning to the representatives of the people the supreme power that had been entrusted to me, I fulfill my heart’s wishes, those of my fellow citizens, and those of our future generations, who place all hope in your wisdom, integrity, and prudence. In complying with this pleasant obligation, I free myself of the immense authority that so overwhelmed me, as well as the unlimited responsibility that weighed so heavily on my meager resources. Only undeniable necessity, conjoined with the imperious will of the people, could have imposed on me the terrible and dangerous office of dictator and supreme chief of the republic.
A Glance at Spanish America (1829)
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We shall begin this outline with the Argentine Republic, not because it stands in the vanguard of our revolution, as her own citizens have claimed in their excess of vanity, but because it is the farthest south while at the same time presenting the clearest perspectives regarding every kind of anarchic revolution. On 15 May 1810, the city of Buenos Aires began her political career. Her example did not spread to the rest of the provinces, so it became necessary to use force to oblige them to embrace the revolutionary cause. In their march through the provinces, the troops from Buenos Aires took the first step in what was to become a harsh and merciless campaign by shooting down Viceroy [Santiago] Liniers, who had previously liberated that country from the English forces. At the same time the persecution of the pastors of the Church was initiated in the person of a bishop whose only crime was his faithfulness to his vows.
Manifesto of Carúpano
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unhappy is the leader who, responsible for the calamities or crimes occurring in his country, is called before the tribunal of the people to defend himself against accusations concerning his conduct; but happy is he who, having steered a true course among the reefs of war, politics, and public misfortune, preserves his honor intact and stands innocent before his companions in misfortune to demand a fair decision concerning his righteous actions. I was chosen by the fortunes of war to break your chains, but it must also be said that I was the instrument used by Providence to gauge the extent of your afflictions. Yes, I brought you peace and freedom, but in the wake of these priceless boons, war and slavery also accompanied me. Victory tempered by justice was our constant guide as we marched on the ruins of our illustrious capital of Caracas to wrest it from the hands of its oppressors.
Manifesto on the Execution of General Manuel Piar
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Soldiers! Yesterday was a day of sorrow for my heart. General Piar was executed for his crimes against the country, for conspiracy and desertion. A just and legal tribunal has pronounced the sentence against that unfortunate citizen who, intoxicated by the favors of fortune and to satisfy his ambition, tried to bury the country amid her ruins. General Piar truly had rendered important service to the Republic, and though the course of his conduct had always been factious, his services had been rewarded generously by the government of Venezuela. For a leader who had obtained the highest military rank, there was nothing left to aspire to. Prior to his rebellion, the second highest authority of the republic, which had been vacated due to the dissidence of General [Santiago] Marino,7 was about to be conferred on him; but this general, who aspired only to the supreme command, contrived the most atrocious plot a perverse soul can conceive. Piar sought not only civil war but anarchy and the most inhuman sacrifice of his fellow soldiers and brothers.
Letter to José Antonio Páez: “Nor Am I Napoleon”
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have received your very important letter of the first of October of last year, which you sent to me by way of Mr. [Antonio Leocadio] Guzmán, whom I met and listened to with some surprise, since his is an extraordinary mission. You tell me that the situation in Colombia is much like that in France when Napoleon found himself in Egypt and that I should say, with him, “The conspirators are going to lose the country. I am going to save it.” In truth, your entire letter is inscribed by the chisel of truth, but the truth alone is not sufficient for a plan to achieve its purpose. It seems to me that you have not judged matters and men with sufficient objectivity. Colombia is not France, nor am I Napoleon. People in France think a lot, and they know even more, the population is homogeneous, and moreover, war had the country on the edge of the precipice.
A Soldier’s Death Penalty Commuted
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having witnessed in Government Council the accord issued on the 25th of this month by the Superior Military Court of the Department of Cundinamarca, in which on advice of the Executive Power a commutation was granted regarding the death penalty to which artillery soldier Antonio León was condemned during the regular meeting of the Council of War in this capital on 21 August 1827 for the crimes of climbing over the barracks wall, abandoning guard duty, and aiding in the escape of the prisoner Casimiro Solanilla, this sentence having been confirmed by the same court on appeal, after examining the original trial record, the following circumstances have been considered: that although the crimes for which León has been convicted are punishable by the death penalty according to army ordi- nances, they did not cause serious harm to society.
Final Proclamation of the Liberator
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Colombians! You have been witness to my efforts to establish freedom where tyranny previously reigned. I have worked without thought of personal gain, sacrificing my fortune and even my peace of mind. I relinquished my power when I became convinced that you mistrusted my detachment. My enemies took advantage of your credulity and under- mined what is most sacred to me: my reputation and my love of freedom. I have been the victim of my persecutors, who have driven me to the very threshold of my grave. I forgive them. As I disappear from among you, my affection tells me that I must make clear my final wishes. I aspire to no other glory than the consolidation of Colombia. You must all work for the inestimable good of the Union: the people offering their obedience to the current government in order to save themselves from anarchy; the ministers of the sanctuary directing their prayers to heaven; and the military officers using their swords to defend social guarantees.
Letter to General Francisco de Paula Santander: The Brazilian Empire, Upper Peru, North Americans, and Other Problems
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I have instructed my secretary general to inform you of the Portuguese invasion of Chiquitos in Upper Peru and to forward to you a copy of the barbaric and insolent demands of the Portuguese command- er. General Sucre has replied to him in similar terms, no doubt over- come by the feeling of outrage such an abominable atrocity must have caused him. However, I do not approve of the use of such language, because a new outbreak of war cannot be in anyone’s interest and will destroy the remnants of our meager fortunes. I presume that the commander may have acted without consulting his government, and if the emperor has indeed ordered him to do such a thing, that may be just another in the long list of mad things he does from day to day. This event needs to be considered from a number of perspectives.
Decree for the Emancipation of the Slaves
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering that justice, policy, and the country imperiously demand the inalienable rights of nature, I have decided to formally decree absolute freedom for the slaves who have groaned under the Spanish yoke during the three previous centuries. Considering that the Repub- lic needs the services of all her children, we must impose on these new citizens the following conditions: Article ?—Every healthy man between the ages of fourteen and sixty shall appear in the parish church of his district to enlist under the ?ag of Venezuela, within twenty-four hours of the publication of this decree. Article ?—Old men, women, children, and invalids shall be exempt from this day forth from military service and exempt as well from any domestic or field service in which they were previously employed for the benefit of their masters.
Decrees on Indian Rights, Lands, and Tribute
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Wishing to correct the abuses practiced in Cundinamarca in most of the native villages, against their persons as well as their communal lands and their freedom, and considering that this segment of the population of the republic deserves the most paternal attention from the government because they were the most aggrieved, oppressed, and humiliated during the period of Spanish despotism, in view of the provisions of canonical and civil laws, I have decided to decree and do hereby decree.
Application of Capital Punishment to Officials Who Have Taken Money from Public Funds
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
First, that one of the principal causes of the disasters in which the Republic has become embroiled was the scandalous waste of its funds by certain officials who have had access to them; Second, that the only way to eradicate this disorder completely is to dictate harsh and extreme measures, I have decided to issue this decree at once; Decree: Article 1. Any public official convicted in summary court of having misapplied or stolen more than ten pesos from the public funds shall be subject to capital punishment. Article 2. The judges assigned jurisdiction in such a case, according to law, but who fail to adhere to this decree shall be condemned to the same penalty.
Circular on Educational Reform: Bentham reatises Banned from All Colombian Universities
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taking into consideration several reports that have been addressed to the government advising against the use of the treatises on civil and criminal legislation, written by Jeremy Bentham, for the teaching of the principles of universal legislation, these reports being supported by the General Direction of Studies Article 1. The Bentham legislative treatises shall not be taught in any of the universities of Colombia, Article 168 of the General Plan of Studies being hereby amended.
Article 2. Article 227 is also amended, and in the classes on jurisprudence and theology the General Direction shall be permitted to make substitutions in the basic texts, on advice of the report to be read at the meeting of the governing board of the university, which the professors of the school of law are to attend. In the universities where the General Direction of Studies is not in residence, the respective subordinate directors shall be permitted to make similar substitutions in the basic texts designated for use in said plan, informing the General Direction in order that it be brought to the attention of the Executive Power.
Prohibition of Secret Societies
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having learned from experience, both in Colombia and in other nations, that secret societies serve the specific purpose of instigating public upheavals that disturb the peace and the established order, that concealing all of their operations behind the veil of mystery they lead us to the fundamental conclusion that they are neither good nor useful to society, and by the same token that they seed mistrust and alarm among all those who are uninitiated into the objects used in their ceremonies, the judgment of the Council of Ministers follows.
The Brain The Mind’s Dynamic Orchestra
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The brain forms the essence of what defines us as human beings.To understand its structure and its workings is to understand ourselves.The normal healthy brain is a complex, miraculous, and ingeniously created organ. It permits us to achieve the wonders of music, art, science, architecture, engineering, political organization, and economic structure. Each of us has been endowed with a unique brain with particular capacities that we can either enhance through learning and productive work or waste through intellectual inactivity and unhealthy living habits.We can use our brains to good ends, as when we build bridges or heal illnesses, or we can use our brains to harm or destroy one another in many innovative ways.
The brain can also become “broken” in many ways that lead to the disorders known as mental illnesses. Most of the factors that produce a “broken brain” are outside the control of the individual who develops the illness, although he or she does have “free will” in deciding how to cope with its consequences. In order to understand how disturbances in the brain lead to disturbances in the mind, we need a rudimentary understanding of how the brain is organized and how it works to produce thoughts, emotions, and personal identity.
Understanding What Mental Illnesses are the past is Prologue to Progress
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We human beings moved out of caves and began to cultivate the soil thousands and thousands of years ago.We began to record our history in written language four to five thousand years ago.We do not know when we first began to suffer from mental illnesses, or why this occurred.We do know that mental illnesses have been with us for thousands of years, however, and that they began to be described as early as human beings began to create written accounts of their illnesses. Mental illnesses are described in most surviving early medical texts, such as the Egyptian Ebers Papyrus or the writings of Hippocrates or Galen, going back as early as 1900 B.c. For most of their history, mental illnesses have been recognized as brain diseases that are expressed as changes in thinking and emotion. In early medical texts they are discussed in the same manner as other illnesses, such as dropsy (heart failure) or diabetes. They are described in the Bible, as when King Saul falls into a severe depression. They are portrayed in literature, as when Aeschylus shows us Orestes tormented by the Furies, or Euripides presents the paranoid madness of Medea. Shakespeare and his contemporaries had a whole host of”madness” plays: The Spanish Tragedy by Kyd, The Duchess of Ma!fi byWebster, or Hamlet and King I.ear by Shakespeare.
Schizophrenia a Mind Divided
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Scott’s mom and dad, Sue and Phil, were puzzled and frightened. Scott, a nice-looking kid despite his rather scraggly blond hair and baggy, ill-fitting clothing, was no longer taking care of his appearance. He showered infrequently and seemed to have stopped brushing his teeth. Even his younger sister, Laura, was beginning to say he was outside the normal range for cool teenage scruffiness. He was also spending lots of time alone in his room and seemed to have lost interest in hanging out with his friends. Was he on drugs? Was he depressed? What could be wrong?
If I tell them what is happening, they will probably think I am losing my mind and make me see a psychiatrist, Scott thought to himself. God, it’s scary. Maybe I should tell them. Everyone is making fun of me all the time. Mom and dad wouldn’t believe it if I told them how bad it really is.
Whiteness and the Rejected Other in The Sun Also Rises
Authors: Traber Daniel S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Work in the field of whiteness studies commonly treats white racial identity in terms of its constructed quality and the privileges unfairly rewarded to white people. The prevalent critical standpoint is thus that whites work to protect whiteness. In contrast, this essay will focus on a white literary character-authored, perhaps surprisingly, by Ernest Hemingway-who rejects particular dominant versions of white-ness.