bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional imaging of solid breast tumors with ultrasound: preliminary data and analysis of its possible contribution to the understanding of the standard two‐dimensional sonographic images
Authors: Rotten D. , Levaillant J. M. , Constancis E. , Collet Billon A. , Le Guerinel Y. , Rua P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractReconstructed three‐dimensional sonographic images are presented from patients having different histological types of breast tumors. Scanning is manual and performed using two‐dimensional annular array, sector transducers fitted on a mechanical arm, to provide spatial location. The three‐dimensional data are displayed using two different modalities. Planar reformatted sections allow the visualization of planes reconstructed along any direction chosen by the operator. Of particular interest are the reconstructions obtained along equatorial planes of the tumors, i.e. planes parallel to the chest wall and, consequently, to the fibroglandular layer of the breast. Volume rendering is obtained using the shaded‐surface visualization technique.Three‐dimensional imaging provides new information and allows a better interpretation of the standard two‐dimensional images. Planar reformatted sections confirm that ductal carcinomas present margin jagging on all views, including the equatorial section planes. Using the shaded‐surface visualization technique, these tumors appear with a spiked outer surface. Thus, the most specific sonographic finding associated with ductal carcinomas may be that margin jagging extends over the entire periphery of the mass. On planar reformatted sections, benign tumors are surrounded by a continuous hyperechogenic rim, i.e. the rim is present irrespective of the section plane orientation. Medullary carcinomas are also surrounded by a hyperechogenic rim. However, a clearly distinctive feature of these lesions is found on planar reformatted sections: the rim is discontinuous on certain section planes. A mass can be considered benign only if its rim is continuous, i.e. if it is present all around the tumor. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal hydronephrosis and renal artery blood velocity
Authors: Gudmundsson S. , Neerhof M. , Weinert S. , Tulzer G. , Woods D. , Huhta J. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe renal artery blood velocity waveform was recorded by Doppler ultrasound in 17 fetuses with hydronephrosis in the third trimester of pregnancy. The waveform was analyzed for pulsatility index and related to the degree of dilatation of the renal pelvis. The pulsatility index was found to be above the renal reference range in only five out of the total of 31 kidneys examined. No relationship was found between the degree of dilatation and pulsatility index. A slight relationship was, however, found between abnormal pulsatility index and the need for operative intervention in the neonatal period. Doppler ultrasound is a valuable tool for evaluating renal circulation, but the results suggest limited clinical value in fetuses with hydronephrosis. Copyright © 1991 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The ultrasonic assessment of discordant growth in twin pregnancies
Authors: MacLean M. , Mathers A. , Walker J. J. , Cameron A. D. , Howat R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractDiscordant fetal growth, as defined by an intertwin weight difference (calculated as a percentage of the weight of the larger twin) of 20% or more, is associated with an increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. In this study, the accuracy of ultrasound estimation of fetal weight by abdominal circumference and biparietal diameter measurements in 107 twin pregnancies was assessed. Discordant growth greater than 20% as measured by ultrasound was found to have a sensitivity of 5–25%, a specificity of 87–95%, a positive predictive value of 12–43% and a negative predictive value of 80–85% at gestations ranging from 28 weeks to term. ROC calculations showed that changes in the discordance level used did not improve the value of the test. These results indicate that ultrasound measurement of fetal weight alone cannot be used accurately to assess discordant growth in twin pregnancies. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
In utero early suspicion of superfetation by ultrasound examination: a case report
Authors: Soudre G. , Guettier X. , Marpeau L. , Larue L. , Jault T. , Barrat J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report the case of a dichorionic and diamniotic pregnancy with the unique feature of an early ultrasound diagnosis of a 4‐week size difference, which persisted throughout pregnancy. At birth, the twins had a 1‐month difference in physical and neurological maturity. We believe that only the phenomenon of a superfetation can explain this difference. We report the cases found in the literature. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal diagnosis of lobar holoprosencephaly
Authors: Pilu G. , Sandri F. , Perolo A. , Giangaspero F. , Cocchi G. , Salvioli G. P. , Bovicelli L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLobar holoprosencephaly was identified with sonography in 12 fetuses between 21 and 35 weeks' gestation. A confident diagnosis was made in each case by a mid‐coronal view of the brain demonstrating absence of the cavum septum pellucidum with fusion and squaring of the frontal horns. The only associated anomaly was Dandy–Walker malformation that occurred in three cases. All fetuses had mild to severe ventriculomegaly. Five pregnancies were terminated; there was one spontaneous abortion and six fetuses were delivered at term. A ventriculo‐peritoneal shunt was implanted in four. Follow‐up was available for five and revealed severe mental retardation in each case. Lobar holoprosencephaly is amenable to prenatal ultrasound diagnosis, although a differentiation with other cerebral malformations may be difficult at times. The outcome of affected infants remains uncertain, but neurological impairment occurs frequently. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The impact of α‐adrenergic stimulation on umbilical blood flow
Authors: Baker E. R. , Slack D. S. , Miller S. A. , Hendricks S. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of intranasal phenylephrine, an α‐adrenergic agonist used for respiratory congestion, on uteroplacental blood flow. Twelve subjects were recruited from the Women's Clinic. Inclusion criteria were age greater than 18 years, singleton gestation, absence of medical illness and gestational age of 22–38 weeks. Phenylephrine (0.2 ml of 1% aq. solution) was applied to each nostril. Maternal blood pressure and pulse, umbilical artery velocimetry, and fetal heart rate were recorded prior to drug administration and at 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after administration. There were no significant changes in maternal pulse, blood pressure or fetal heart rate. All subjects had normal baseline umbilical artery Doppler systolic/diastolic ratios. Eleven of 12 subjects demonstrated an elevation of the systolic/diastolic ratio consistent with vasoconstriction following administration. This elevation reached statistical significance at 30 min. Significant individual variation existed with regards to timing of maximal excursion of the systolic/diastolic ratio. The mean maximal change of the systolic/diastolic ratio was 1.57 ± 1.25 (p < 0.001) ranging from −0.53 to 4.11. The use of over‐the‐counter α‐adrenergic agents may result in decreased umbilical artery flow velocities. In high‐risk pregnancies these medications may be contraindicated. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Early prenatal diagnosis of type III bilateral congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung
Authors: Chou M. M. , Ho E. S. C. , Lee H. S. , Lee Y. H. , Su M. C. , Shih T. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a case of type III fetal cystic adenomatoid malformation with bilateral total involvement of the lungs. The characteristic sonographic findings are echogenic homogeneous lung mass, fetal ascites and platen tomegaly. The early diagnosis at 16 weeks' gestation allows the elective termination of pregnancy because of the likely fatal prognosis. To our knowledge, this is the earliest reported case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung that has been detected prenatally. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Potential for diagnosing imminent risk to appropriate‐ and small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses by Doppler sonographic examination of umbilical and cerebral arterial blood flow
Authors: Hecher K. , Spernol R. , Stettner H. , Szalay S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a prospective study, 215 pregnancies of known gestational age were investigated using Doppler sonography. Multiple pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by fetal malformations were excluded. A pulsed Doppler machine was used to record the flow velocity waveforms in the umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA). The pulsatility index (PI) of both vessels and the ratio of PI UA to PI MCA were calculated. A total of 127 pregnancies ended in the birth of appropriate‐for‐gestational age babies with no perinatal problems; these formed the normal group (Group A). Of the 88 pregnancies which made up the risk group, 17 were appropriate‐for‐gestational age babies with perinatal problems (Group B), 55 were small‐for‐gestational‐age babies with no perinatal problems (Group C), and 16 were small‐for‐gestational age babies with perinatal problems (Group D). Normal ranges were calculated based on the results for Group A; the measured values for the risk groups were then compared to these. There were highly significant differences between values obtained from the risk groups and those of Group A with the exception of the umbilical artery in Group B and the middle cerebral artery in Group C. The best results came from the values for MCA in Group B (sensitivity = 71%), UA in Group D (sensitivity = 75%), and the PI ratio UA : MCA in Group D (sensitivity = 81%). The sensitivity for the ratio in Group D increased to 93% if only the last measurement for each patient taken within 14 days of delivery was analyzed. A drop in the MCA PI in appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses was the best indicator of imminent risk of hypoxemia. The PI ratio of UA : MCA is valuable in monitoring small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses, particularly those with high UA PI levels, as a rise in the ratio provides an early indication of fetal risk. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Early prediction of uteroplacental complications of pregnancy using Doppler ultrasound, placental function tests and combination testing
Authors: Bewley S. , Chard T. , Grudzinskas G. , Cooper D. , Campbell S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a prospective, blind study of 183 unselected women attending for routine booking scan with a singleton pregnancy at 16–24 weeks' gestation, uteroplacental resistance index, and peripheral levels of α‐fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, human placental lactogen, Schwangerswaft protein, pregnancy‐associated placental protein A and insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding protein 1 were measured. High levels of α‐fetoprotein and IGF 1 binding protein 1 (> 90th centile) were associated with small‐for‐gestational age babies (< 10th centile) (sensitivity 24% and 22%; specificity 90% and 91%). High levels of α‐fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy‐associated placental protein A (> 90th centile) were associated with one or more of three severe complications of pregnancy: very small‐for‐gestational age (< 3rd centile), severe proteinuric hypertension or intrauterine death (sensitivity 20%, 20% and 57%; specificity 90%, 95% and 91%, respectively). A uteroplacental resistance index > 90th centile was also associated with small‐for‐gestational age and severe complications (sensitivity 24% and 50%, specificity 90% and 90%). A combination of resistance index and a placental function test improved the prediction for a group of patients that included any complications (sensitivity 31% and specificity 89%). Doppler ultrasound was a more efficient predictor than individual placental function tests but screening predictions can be improved by combining Doppler parameters and placental protein estimations. Combinations of placental function tests might provide equivalent, or complementary, information. This preliminary work demonstrates the potential value of combining biophysical and biochemical tests to predict complications of pregnancy. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Current status of vaginosonography: a world‐wide inquiry
Authors: Bernaschek G. , Deutinger J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the last 5 years, vaginosonography has become a routine procedure in obstetrics and gynecology. Many obstetricians, gynecologists, radiologists and ultrasonographers have recognized the advantages of this method. Nearly all manufacturers of ultrasound equipment offer several types of vaginal probes. The rapid spread of vaginosonography has also led to some disadvantages concerning the lack of standardized terminology and image display. In this study, we collected data about the current standards of vaginosonography. To obtain data, questionnaires were sent out to the 1107 Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology in the FIG0 Registry 1985. In the accompanying letter, the chairman was asked to hand over the questionnaire to the appropriate specialist.The questionnaire was designed to gather information about the personnel performing vaginosonography and the techniques, transducer frequency, position of the patient and image display used. A total of 369 responses were received. Vaginosonographic investigations were performed in 84% of the University Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology. In 90% of these, vaginosonography was performed by the obstetrician or gynecologist, in 4% by the radiologist and in 6% by the technician. Most departments preferred end‐firing transducers. The numbers of electronic and mechanical probes were nearly identical (56% vs. 44%). The preferences for a scanner with a narrow (less than 120°) or wide angle (more than 120°) were very similar (53% vs. 47%). More than half of the responders (54%) used a transducer frequency of 5 MHz, while 46% preferred scanners with a frequency between 5.5 and 7.5 MHz. In 55%, the gynecological examination table was considered to be superior to a flat table. Of the responders, 52% projected the apex of the vaginal probe to the bottom of the ultrasound monitor. This was particularly the case in Europe (63%). Questioned about a preference for a particular orientation in the future, an additional 7% voted to change to this mode of image display world‐wide. When performing a sagittal section, if the probe was projected to the bottom of the screen, dorsally located to the structures were projected twice as often to the left of the screen as to the right. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal laryngeal obstruction: sonographic detection
Authors: Choong K. K. L. , Trudinger B. , Chow C. , Osborn R. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA patient was referred at 21 weeks' gestation for unexplained fetal lung hyperechogenicity and ascites. Amniocentesis was normal. Fetal lung biopsy was consistent with the clinical diagnosis of cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs. However, autopsy of the stillborn infant demonstrated a cartilaginous bar, causing total laryngeal obstruction. The distinctive ultrasonographic appearance is presented. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder ‐ ultrasonographic features
Authors: Caspi B. , Weinberg D. , Weissman A. , Eisencraft S. , Dgani R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present a case in which the evaluation of a bladder mass revealed a leiomyosarcoma of the bladder. The ultrasonographic appearance of this tumor is described for the first time. Leiomyosarcoma of the bladder, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
An investigation of fetal growth using serial ultrasound data
Authors: Gallivan S. , Robson S. C. , Chang T. C. , Vaughan J. , Spencer J. A. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSerial ultrasonic measurements were performed in 67 Caucasian fetuses from 20 weeks' gestation until term to derive reference standards for abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW). The variances of both AC and EFW increased with gestational age. Four mathematical models (linear, quadratic, Gompertz and Rossavik) were fitted to the log10(AC) and log10(EFW) data from each fetus using least squares regression analysis. The standard deviations of the residual error were greatest for the linear model. The linear model also overestimated the final log10(AC) while the linear, Gompertz and Rossavik models all overestimated the final log10(EFW) when these data were omitted from the fitting process. The individual quadratic constants were, therefore, used to produce 67 individual growth curves. Values of log10(AC) and log10(EFW) for each fetus at exact gestational ages between 20 and 40 weeks were derived by interpolation; the mean and standard deviation values were then used to derive centile ranges for abdominal circumference and estimated fetal weight. These standards should prove useful in the assessment of fetal growth. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Single umbilical artery: a Doppler flow velocity study of four cases
Authors: Iaccarino M. , D'Ambrosio A. , Bellucci Sessa E. , Fortunato A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe measured the pulsatility index of the umbilical artery in four fetuses identified as having a single umbilical artery. A pulsed color Doppler ultrasound machine was used and measurements were performed at 4‐week intervals following the first diagnosis of single umbilical artery (week 22–34). The pulsatility index was derived from the mean of five consecutive measurements at the umbilical insertion of the cord, taking care to obtain the Doppler signal with an incidence angle between +45° and −15°. All measurements were taken during periods of fetal inactivity.The pulsatility index at 22, 26, 30, 34 and 38 weeks in these pregnancies did not differ significantly from the mean values registered in normal pregnancies. The four women gave birth to babies of normal weight: two were healthy, one suffered from bladder extrophy and hemispondyly, the other had bilateral dilatation of the renal pelves, megalocystis, megalourethra and an imperforate anus. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Early diagnosis of fetal congenital heart disease by transvaginal echocardiography
Authors: Gembruch U. , Knöpfle G. , Bald R. , Hansmann M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFetal echocardiography was performed using a high‐frequency vaginal ultrasound probe in 114 singleton pregnancies between 11 and 16 weeks of gestation. The four‐chamber view with both atria, atrioventricular valves and ventricles as well as the origin and double‐crossing of aorta and pulmonary trunk could always be demonstrated from the 13th week onwards. In 12 of 13 cases, cardiac malformations were diagnosed in the first trimester. Only in one case was transabdominal echocardiography necessary at 20 weeks to make the diagnosis. In several cases, however, additional malformations were overlooked, in particular anomalies of the great arteries, such as coarctation of the aorta. Therefore, the accuracy of second‐trimester transabdominal echocardiography is markedly higher.Because of the lower diagnostic accuracy, the high costs of equipment and the high training demanded of the examiner, first‐trimester transvaginal echocardiography should be restricted to the high‐risk fetus, i.e.:

Cases with other fetal anomalies very often associated with cardiac defects, such as nuchal edema and hygroma, non‐immune hydrops, omphalocele, situs, inversus, or persisting arrythmia;
High‐risk families with one or more first‐degree relatives with cardiac defects are either inherited by Mendelian rules alone, or as part of a rare syndrome; and
In pregestational diabetes of the mother.

Thus, many severe cardiac defects can be detected or excluded in the first trimester, reducing maternal anxiety. In these high‐risk cases, second‐trimester echocardiography using the transabdominal route should always be performed because of its distinctly higher diagnostic accuracy. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Vaginal ultrasonography in patients with postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Auslender R. , Bornstein J. , Dirnfeld M. , Kogan O. , Atad J. , Abramovici H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractOur objective was to define a subset of women with postmenopausal bleeding in whom the accepted practice of endometrial sampling could be safely omitted. Vaginal endosonographic measurements were compared to the histological findings of curettings following diagnostic dilatation and curettage in 129 women with post‐menopausal bleeding who were not receiving hormonal therapy. Atrophy was diagnosed in 49%, slight proliferation in 10%, endometrial polyps in 11%, hypoplasia in 12%, and adenocarcinoma in 12%. Endometrial atrophy was associated with a mean sonographic thickness of 2.6 mm of the double layer (range 0–6.5 mm). Of the women with a final histological diagnosis of atrophy, 92% had an endometrial thickness of 3 mm or less. Furthermore, all women with a sonographic endometrial thickness of 3 mm or less had atrophic endometrium (p < 0.0001). An endometrial thickness of 3 mm or less would have reduced the number of dilation and curettage procedures by 45% and no cases of endometrial pathologies would have been missed. In women presenting with postmenstrual bleeding, meticulous scanning of the endometrium can select a group where endometrial sampling can be omitted from the protocol. Copyright © 1993 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology