bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tertiary collision‐related thermal history of the NW Himalaya
Authors: Foster G. , Vance D. , Argles T. , Harris N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGarnet‐whole rock Sm‐Nd data are presented for several samples from the Indian plate in the NW Himalaya. These dates, when combined with the P‐T evolution of the Indian plate rocks, allow a thorough reconstruction of the prograde thermal evolution of this region (including the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif) during the early Cenozoic. Combining these data with Rb‐Sr mineral separate ages, enables us to constrain the post‐peak cooling history of this region of the Himalaya.The data presented here indicate that the upper structural levels of the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, and similar rocks in the Kaghan Valley to the south‐west, were buried to pressures of c. 10 kbar and heated to temperatures of c. 650 °C at 46–41 Ma. The burial of the lower structural levels of the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif, to similar depths but at higher temperatures of c. 700 °C, occurred slightly later at 40–36 Ma, synchronous with the imbrication and exhumation of the amphibolite‐ and eclogite‐grade rocks of the Kaghan Valley. In contrast, the cover rocks of the Nanga Parbat Haramosh Massif were not imbricated or exhumed at this time, remaining buried beneath the Kohistan‐Ladakh Island Arc until the syntaxis‐forming event that occurred in the last 10 Myr. The timing of tectonic events in the north‐western Himalaya differs from that experienced by the rocks of the Central Himalaya in that the earliest stage of burial in the NW Himalaya predates that of the Central Himalaya by c. 6 Myr. This difference may result from the diachronous nature of the Indo‐Asian collision or may simply be a reflection of differing timing at different structural levels.
Petrological and geochronological constraints on high pressure, high temperature metamorphism in the Snowbird tectonic zone, Canada
Authors: Baldwin J. A. , Bowring S. A. , Williams M. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe upper deck of the East Athabasca mylonite triangle (EAmt), northern Saskatchewan, Canada, contains mafic granulites that have undergone high P–T metamorphism at conditions ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 GPa, 890–960 °C. Coronitic textures in these mafic granulites indicate a near‐isothermal decompression path to 0.9 GPa, 800 °C. The Godfrey granite occurs to the north adjacent to the upper deck high P–T domain. Well‐preserved corona textures in the Godfrey granite constrain igneous crystallization and early metamorphism in the intermediate‐pressure granulite field (Opx + Pl) at 1.0 GPa, 775 °C followed by metamorphism in the high pressure granulite field (Grt + Cpx + Pl) at 1.2 GPa, 860 °C. U–Pb geochronology of zircon in upper deck mafic granulite yields evidence for events at both c. 2.5 Ga and c. 1.9 Ga. The oldest zircon dates are interpreted to constrain a minimum age for crystallization or early metamorphism of the protolith. A population of 1.9 Ga zircon in one mafic granulite is interpreted to constrain the timing of high P–T metamorphism. Titanite from the mafic granulites yields dates ranging from 1900 to 1894 Ma, and is interpreted to have grown along the decompression path, but still above its closure temperature, indicating cooling following the high P–T metamorphism from c. 960–650 °C in 4–10 Myr. Zircon dates from the Godfrey granite indicate a minimum crystallization age of 2.61 Ga, without any evidence for 1.9 Ga overgrowths. The data indicate that an early granulite facies event occurred at c. 2.55–2.52 Ga in the lower crust (c. 1.0 GPa), but at 1.9 Ga the upper deck underwent high P–T metamorphism, then decompressed to 0.9–1.0 GPa. Juxtaposition of the upper deck and Godfrey granite would have occurred after or been related to this decompression. In this model, the high P–T rocks are exhumed quickly following the high pressure metamorphism. This type of metamorphism is typically associated with collisional orogenesis, which has important implications for the Snowbird tectonic zone as a fundamental boundary in the Canadian Shield.
Ethical Issues in Dialysis, Series Editor: Aaron Spital,: Profit‐Making in the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease: Truth and Consequences
Authors: Garg Pushkal P. , Powe Neil R. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTMany have speculated that the quality of dialysis care differs for patients treated in for‐profit and not‐for‐profit facilities. In 1999 we published a study that demonstrated poorer survival and lower rates of listing for renal transplant for patients in for‐profit rather than not‐for‐profit, freestanding centers. While these findings generated substantial discussion, few have commented on their implications. In this article we first discuss potential sources of bias that could impact on the study's results and place the findings in context. We conclude that these disparities are likely to be real, as they are consistent with theorized differences between for‐profit and not‐for‐profit health care organizations and with other evaluations of dialysis facility ownership. We then discuss several policy options for addressing the quality differences we identified. Reducing the outcome discrepancies will not be easy. Upon considering several policy alternatives, we conclude that a widespread effort to link processes of dialysis care to patient outcomes is best suited to reduce the quality differences between for‐profit and not‐for‐profit dialysis units and improve outcomes in both types of facilities.
Imaging in the Dialysis Patient: Nuclear Medicine Studies in the Dialysis Patient
Authors: Meller Johannes , Sahlmann Carsten O. , Becker Wolfgang 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNuclear medicine (scintigraphy) studies that are performed in patients being prepared for regular dialysis treatment include the measurement of renal clearance and dynamic studies of renal perfusion and function. Static scintigraphy with 99mTc‐DMSA may be used in the evaluation of children at risk of renal damage and further functional deterioration. In patients on peritoneal dialysis, nuclear medicine procedures enable the diagnosis of structural complications such as intra‐abdominal herniations and leaks. Diagnosis of infections of the vascular access sites in patients on hemodialysis and of the catheter tunnel in patients on peritoneal dialysis can be made with high diagnostic accuracy using radiolabeled, autologous leukocytes. Scintigraphy is valuable in delineating the extent of deposits of amyloid and parenchymal microcalcifications, and may be helpful in the functional evaluation of organs and tissues involved in the pathophysiology of renal impairment and dialysis. If radioiodine therapy with 131I is performed in patients on hemodialysis with benign or malignant thyroid disease, then pretherapeutic dosimetry is necessary to avoid over‐ and undertreatment. Radioiodine therapy in the dialysis patient leads to only insignificant contamination of dialysis equipment and marginal exposure to the medical staff.
Key Concepts in Biostatistics: Using Statistics to Answer the Question “Is There a Difference?”
Authors: Szczech Lynda Anne , Coladonato Joseph A. , Owen William F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBiostatistics seeks to answer the question “Is there a difference?” in the rate of a disease or characteristic among subgroups of patients. The goal of this article is to introduce and define measures used in epidemiology and discuss different types of analyses in clinical research with an emphasis on the concepts and implications of the analyses rather than the mathematics. The implications of the use of measures such as incidence and prevalence, as well as odds, risk, and hazards ratios may affect study conclusions. An understanding of the distinction between these summary measures is essential. The concepts of univariate and multivariate analyses, a discussion of what it means to control for potential confounders, and a description of statistical power and significance are also presented. These concepts are integral to the design and analysis of clinical studies. An understanding of their advantages and applications will enhance the reader's ability to understand and evaluate the literature.
Peer Education Project with Persons who have Experienced Homelessness
Authors: Connor Ann , Ling Catherine Gaines , Tuttle Johnna , Brown‐Tezera Belinda 
Published: March 2003

This paper describes an unconventional health education project implemented by nurse practitioners in a nurse‐managed clinic serving persons who are homeless. The nurse practitioners perceived that there were a number of potential barriers to providing health education to the homeless patients. These barriers included the fact that this patient population is part of a marginalized subculture affected by a variety of overwhelming social problems. An additional barrier was that the nurses often differed from their homeless patients in terms of race, gender, socioeconomic status, formal education, culture, and life experience. The nurse practitioners designed the Peer Health Education Project (PHEP) to try to overcome some of these barriers. The purpose of the PHEP was to increase the health education knowledge and empowerment of persons who had experienced homelessness so that they could serve as peer health educators with others who were living on the streets. The project model was based on the philosophy of Paulo Freire (1973). The peer health educators served as both leaders and participants in each education session. The educators set the agenda and the nurses acted as facilitators. The project was successful in preparing peer educators. Other indicators of the success of the project included increased empowerment, self‐esteem, dignity, hope, self‐confidence, and community participation of the peer educators. “I realize that I can make a difference … that I can help someone else … that I can turn my life around … and offer someone hope … that my life of homelessness and drug addiction can be put to good use …”— A peer health educator
Soil Characteristics of Rehabilitating and Unmined Coastal Dunes at Richards Bay, KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Van Aarde A‐M. Smit A. S. Claassens R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe postmining rehabilitation of coastal sand dunes north of Richards Bay (28°43′S, 32°12′E), South Africa, is resulting in the development of a series of known‐aged stands of vegetation dominated byAcacia karroo(sweet thorn). Other broad‐leaved species are establishing themselves in rehabilitating areas more than 12 years of age. Soils from rehabilitating stands 3–5, 9–12, 13–15, and 16–18 years of age, from two disturbed, unmined stands 30 and 58 years of age, and from a mature unmined stand were examined to assess age‐related trends in selected soil properties. Individually, these stands represent a series of different developmental stages of a coastal dune successional sere. Soil organic material, percentage organic carbon and concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen increased with an increase in habitat regeneration age. Concentrations of most of these elements were lower than those recorded on the 58‐year‐old unmined and mature unmined stands. Multivariate analyses suggest, however, that the similarity of these values for rehabilitating stands to those for the unmined stands increased with an increase in regeneration age. The growth response ofRaphanus sativus(radish) plants, based on mass attained under experimental growing conditions in soil collected from these stands, suggests an increase in soil fertility with an increase in regeneration age.
Seed Rain in High‐Altitude Restoration Plots in Switzerland
Authors: Urbanska Krystyna M. , Fattorini Marzio 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSeed rain was studied in restoration plots installed in 1985 and 1987, respectively, on an alpine downhill ski run at circa 2,500 m above sea level. The study was initiated in late autumn 1996 and completed in autumn 1998; it included temporal and spatial variation in density per m2, as well as alpha diversity (species richness), and species composition of the seed rain versus that of the resident vegetation. This is the first report on post‐restoration monitoring of seed rain above the timberline. Seed rain density and alpha diversity varied seasonally, with the first peak occurring immediately after spring snowmelt and the second in early autumn. The density of seed rain varied between plots and years (1,528–1,778 seeds per m2 in one plot [RPF] versus 1,096–3,557 seeds per m2 in another plot [RPG]). Total species number per plot was nearly twice as high in RPF as in RPG in both study years. Seed rain totaled 18 species; all but one represented either transplants introduced in restoration or colonizers established in the plots soon after restoration. Distribution of species in seed rain was largely asymmetric and only a few species provided substantial contributions. Composition of species and their respective contribution to seed rain differed between plots and was clearly influenced by performance of some species used in restoration as transplants; together they provided as much as 51% of the total seed rain. The results of the study demonstrate that restoration enhanced increase of species richness as well as seed rain in situ.
Revegetation of Pb/Zn Mine Tailings, Guangdong Province, China
Authors: Ye Z. H. , Wong J. W. C. , Wong M. H. , Baker A. J. M. , Shu W. S. , Lan C. Y. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Lechang lead/zinc mine is located in the north part of Guangdong Province, southern China. The tailings residue from the extraction of lead/zinc ores was permanently stored in tailings ponds, which required revegetation to reduce the environmental impact. A field study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of different ameliorants, including: (1) pig manure (PM); (2) mushroom compost (MC); (3) burnt coal residue (BC); (4) fly ash (FA); and (5) surface soil on the growth ofAgropyron elongatum(tall wheat grass),Cynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass),Lolium multiflorum(Italian ryegrass),and Trifolium repens(clover) in the tailings residue. The results from the core profiles indicated that adding FA (10 cm) or BC (15 cm) as a barrier layer between the cover soil and the tailings could increase pH, compared to the treatment with soil only.C. dactylongrew well and had a high cover (90–100%) in all the treatment plots except the control plots without any amendment.A. elongatumandL. multiflorumhad a higher cover when grown in plots covered with a barrier layer using FA or BC (both with surface soil), than those grown in plots covered with surface soil only. Treatment plots receiving a thicker soil cover (30 cm) had a better dry weight yield than those with a thinner soil cover (15 cm), regardless of the barrier layer. The results from this study indicate that the use of either 15 cm BC or 10 cm FA as a barrier layer with surface soil, or the use of 38 tonnes PM/ha and 6 cm MC, were effective for the revegetation of Pb/Zn mine tailings.C. dactylonwas the best species among the four species used for revegetation.Key words: reclamation, Pb/Zn mine tailings, burnt coal, mushroom compost, fly ash, Bermuda grass, Italian ryegrass, clover.
Mangrove Restoration: Do We Know Enough?
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMangrove restoration projects have been attempted, with mixed results, throughout the world. In this paper, I first examine goals of existing mangrove restoration projects and determine whether these goals are clear and adequate, and whether or not they account for the full range of biological diversity and ecological processes of mangrove ecosystems. Many restored mangrove forests resemble forest plantations rather than truly integrated ecosystems, but mangrove plantations can be a first step toward mangrove rehabilitation. Mangrove restoration projects that involve associated aquaculture or mariculture operations tend to be more likely to approximate the biological diversity and ecological processes of undisturbed mangrove ecosystems than are projects that focus only on the trees. These integrated restoration projects also provide a higher economic return than do silvicultural projects alone. Second, I briefly assess whether existing ecological data are sufficient to undergird successful restoration of mangal and define criteria for determining whether or not a mangrove ecosystem has been restored successfully. These criteria include characteristics of vegetation (forest) structure, levels of primary production, composition of associated animal communities, and hydrology. Finally, I suggest ways to improve mangrove restoration projects and identify key research needs required to support these efforts. Ecological theories derived from other wetland and upland systems rarely have been applied to either “basic” or “applied” mangrove forest studies, to the detriment of restoration projects, whereas lessons from restoration of the relatively species‐poor mangrove ecosystems could be beneficially applied to restoration projects in other contexts. An international database of mangrove restoration projects would reduce the likelihood that unsuccessful restoration projects would be repeated elsewhere. Clear criteria for evaluating success, greater accessibility of information by managers in the developing world, intensified international cooperation, and application of relevant ecological theories will improve the success rate of mangrove restoration projects.
Vegetation Response to Lime and Manure Compost Amendments on Acid Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings: A Greenhouse Study
Authors: Ye Z. H. , Wong J. W. C. , Wong M. H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLand disturbed by mining in China is a serious problem and lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine tailings constitute the majority of the metal mine tailings produced in Guangdaong Province, China. A greenhouse study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effects of lime (40, 80, 120, and 160 t/ha) and manure compost (50 and 100 t/ha) amendment on the revegetation of the Pb/Zn mine tailings usingCynodon dactylon(Bermuda grass) andAgropyron elongatum(tall wheatgrass). The results showed that a combination of lime and manure compost amendment together with deionized water leachating was able to increase pH, reduce electrical conductivity and diethylenetraminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)‐extractable concentrations of Zn and Pb in tailings. Using80 t/ha lime amendment with the supplement of fertilizer or manure compost was able to effectively improve germination of bothC. dactylonandA. elongatum.The highest dry weight yields were obtained in tailings receiving80 t lime/ha and 100 t manure compost/ha for both plant species. Plant tissue analysis showed that lime amendment at 120–160 t/ha reduced Zn accumulation in both shoot and root ofC. dactylon.However, this trend was not observed for Pb.
Tropical Montane Forest Restoration in Costa Rica: Overcoming Barriers to Dispersal and Establishment
Authors: Holl Karen D. , Loik Michael E. , Lin Eleanor H. V. , Samuels Ivan A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTropical forests are being cleared at an alarming rate although our understanding of their ecology is limited. It is therefore essential to design restoration experiments that both further our basic knowledge of tropical ecology and inform management strategies to facilitate recovery of these ecosystems. Here we synthesize the results of research on tropical montane forest recovery in abandoned pasture in Costa Rica to address the following questions: (1) What factors limit tropical forest recovery in abandoned pasture? and (2) How can we use this information to design strategies to facilitate ecosystem recovery? Our results indicate that a number of factors impede tropical forest recovery in abandoned pasture land. The most important barriers are lack of dispersal of forest seeds and seedling competition with pasture grasses. High seed predation, low seed germination, lack of nutrients, high light intensity, and rabbit herbivory also affect recovery. Successful strategies to facilitate recovery in abandoned pastures must simultaneously overcome numerous obstacles. Our research shows that establishment of woody species, either native tree seedlings or early‐successional shrubs, can be successful in facilitating recovery, by enhancing seed dispersal and shading out pasture grasses. On the contrary, bird perching structures alone are not an effective strategy, because they only serve to enhance seed dispersal but do not reduce grass cover. Remnant pasture trees can serve as foci of natural recovery and may enhance growth of planted seedlings. Our results highlight the importance of: (1) understanding the basic biology of an ecosystem to design effective restoration strategies; (2) comparing results across a range of sites to determine which restoration strategies are most generally useful; and (3) considering where best to allocate efforts in large‐scale restoration projects.
Restoration of Bighorn Sheep Metapopulations in and Near Western National Parks
Authors: Singer Francis J. , Bleich Vernon C. , Gudorf Michelle A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) once were ubiquitous in large areas, including lands now contained in the national parks of the Intermountain and Colorado Plateau regions of the United States. Due to catastrophic declines in the late 1800s and early 1900s, most extant populations now occur as small, isolated groups with a highly fragmented distribution. Three different subspecies of bighorn sheep were extirpated from 14 of 18 areas that are now managed by the National Park Service. We describe an eight‐year plan to restore bighorn sheep to currently suitable historic habitats in the national parks within a six‐state intermountain region of the western United States, 1991–1998. A seven‐point program was recommended for each park unit that included: (1) survey the existing populations; (2) conduct a GIS‐based habitat assessment to identify suitable habitat; (3) convene scientific advisory panels to review results of habitat assessment; (4) convene interagency panels to discuss metapopulation management and to plan the restoration(s); (5) draft interagency restoration and management plans; (6) conduct translocation(s); and (7) monitor the populations. We evaluated 38,781 km2of area; 32% (12,329 km2) was potential habitat for bighorn sheep. The scientific advisory panels and the GIS modeling recommended bighorn restoration on 73 sites within these areas. By 1996, 36 of these sites (2,647 km2or 22% of the entire suitable area) were inhabited by bighorn sheep. By 1999, the translocated animals increased 25%, and restoration efforts will continue in many of the remaining sites.