bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban redevelopment and grassroots action in Chicago and Sheffield: themes, variations and uncertain legacies
Authors: Bennett Larry 
Published: March 2003

In the Uptown area of Chicago and Sheffield, England’s Sharrow neighborhood, redevelopment initiatives in the late 1960s and early 1970s produced a significant degree of community conflict. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s a variety of grassroots movements appeared in each community. The legacy of redevelopment‐derived conflict and community‐based organizing in the two communities suggests that there is more variation in neighborhood grassroots politics — even in communities with comparable public policy and organizing histories — than prevailing explanations of neighborhood mobilization tend to acknowledge. However, with the 1990s a convergence in the Uptown and Sharrow experiences has appeared: the narrowing of their grassroots organizations’ political agendas, which can be attributed to national shifts in political discourse and public policy.Dans le quartier de Uptown à Chicago et le quartier de Sharrow à Sheffield en Angleterre, les initiatives de redéveloppement à la fin des années soixante et le début des années soixante‐dix ont causé un degré significatif de conflit dans la communauté. Durant les années soixante‐dix et quatre‐vingt divers mouvements populaires sont apparus dans ces communautés. Dans les deux communautés, le résultat des conflits dûs au redéveloppement et de l'organisation basée dans la communauté suggère qu'il y a plus de variation dans les politiques populaires des quartiers — même dans les communautés qui ont des politiques publiques et un passé d'organisation similaires — que les explications dominantes de la mobilisation de quartier tendent à reconna^tre. Cependant, dans les années quatre‐vingt‐dix, une convergence entre les expériences de Uptown et Sharrow est apparue: le rétrécissement des programmes politiques de leurs organisations populaires qui peut être attribué aux changements nationaux du discours politique et de la politique publique.
Cultural production, place and politics on the South Bank of the Thames
Authors: Newman Peter , Smith Ian 
Published: March 2003

The past decade has seen an increasing interest in the cultural economies of cities by public bodies keen to address issues of urban decline. This article documents recent developments on the South Bank of the Thames in central London where cultural investments appear to be clustered and where attempts have been made to give spatial and policy coherence to a range of new development projects. The local authority promotes the South Bank as London’s new cultural quarter. However, this strategy is an opportunist and image‐based response to dominant property speculation interests. The management of cultural production in this part of London reveals limits to local coalition building and the limited influence of local strategies on the development process. The article questions whether the cultural quarter is an appropriate scale for managing the development of cultural industries as a motor for economic development in particular.Depuis une dizaine d’années, les autorités publiques qui s’occupent du déclin urbain s’intéressent de plus en plus à la dimension économique de la culture dans les villes. Cet article présente ce qui s’est passé sur la rive sud de la Tamise au centre de Londres où une tentative a été faite pour donner une cohérence spatiale à une série de nouveaux projets. L’autorité locale vend la South Bank comme un nouveau centre culturel. Cependant, cette stratégie constitue une réponse opportuniste en termes d’image aux intérêts immobiliers spéculatifs dominants. La gestion de la production culturelle dans ce quartier de Londres révèle les limites de la construction de la coalition locale et l’influence limitée des stratégies locales dans les processus de développement. Les auteurs de l’article se demandent si le quartier culturel est une échelle appropriée pour la gestion du développement des industries culturelles comme centre moteur du développement économique en particulier.
Wage Strategies and Minimum Wages in Decentralized Regions: the Case of the Clothing Industry in Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli 
Published: March 2003

During the apartheid era, many South Africans were forcibly relocated to ‘bantustans’ and other decentralized regions with little economic basis. The only manufacturing employment was provided by industries attracted to the areas by selective incentives and low wages. After the transition to democracy, the remaining incentives were removed and minimum wages were extended to these (previously exempt) areas. This study of workers and managers in the clothing industry in Phuthaditjhaba, the old capital of the QwaQwa homeland, indicates that such developments may exacerbate unemployment and poverty in the region. Taiwanese export‐oriented firms (the largest employers) are most threatened by the changes as they prefer to pay new employees low wages, and then increase them in line with experience and productivity. Falling employment will translate directly into rising poverty as very little welfare support is available for the unemployed in South Africa. Given that people (whether employed or unemployed) consistently rank increases in employment over wage increases, this suggests that minimum wage determination should be particularly sensitive to local conditions and potential employment losses.Pendant le règne de l'apartheid, de nombreux Sud‐Africains ont été réimplantés de force dans les ‘bantoustans’ ou autres régions décentralisées à faible base économique. Le seul emploi industriel provenait des secteurs attirés dans ces zones par des mesures d'incitation et des salaires avantageux. Après la transition vers la démocratie, les dernières primes ont été supprimées et les salaires minimum étendus à ces régions (jusque lá dispensées). Cette étude des ouvriers et cadres du secteur de l'habillement à Phuthaditjhaba, ancienne capitale du QwaQwa, indique que ces changements sont susceptibles d'aggraver chômage et pauvreté au plan local. Les exportateurs taïwanais (les plus gros employeurs) sont les plus menacés puisqu'ils préfèrent payer peu les nouveaux embauchés, puis les augmenter en fonction de l'expérience et de la productivité. Une chute de l'emploi se traduirait directement par une accentuation de la pauvreté, les chômeurs bénéficiant d'une aide tès limitée en Afrique du Sud. Étant donné que les gens (qu'ils aient un travail ou non) classent systématiquement la progression de l'emploi avant celle des salaires, on peut en déduire que le minimum salarial devrait varier très sensiblement selon le contexte local et les pertes d'emploi potentielles.
Effectiveness and Empowerment in Women’s Shelter: A Study of Working Women’s Hostels in Bangalore, India
Authors: Pothukuchi Kameshwari 
Published: March 2003

Policy debates on shelter for women have focused on family structure, gender roles and the importance of shelter in women’s economic development. They emphasize the need for shelter that is generally effective and empowering for women. Although valuable, these general policy proposals are often unable to account for the particular situations in specific cultural contexts in which family structure, roles and economic development are reshaped by women’s migration, and where cultural mandates for, and family‐based control of, women’s shelter are re‐articulated. Through a study of 12 working women’s hostels in Bangalore, India, which includes a survey of 126 residents and 4 focus groups, this article analyses the functions that hostels serve for women and explores the aspects of hostels that are effective and empowering. While only partially effective and empowering in ways that are specified within the current debates, hostels offer a significant policy opportunity to help women both expand their personal, social, economic and political universe without losing contact with the familiar and nurturing networks of family, and gain autonomy over their shelter and lives. The article discusses how hostels can provide a stepping stone for policy and programmatic interventions toward decent, secure and empowering shelter for women.Les débats politiques sur l’hébergement des femmes se sont concentrés sur la structure familiale, les rôles des sexes et l’importance de l’habitat dans le développement économique des femmes. Ils ont souligné le besoin d’un hébergement qui procure généralement à celles‐ci satisfaction et possibilités. Bien qu’appréciables, ces propositions générales sont souvent incapables de tenir compte de situations particulières, dans des contextes culturels spécifiques où la migration des femmes remodèle la structure familiale, les rôles et l’évolution économique, parallèlement au réajustement entre les directives culturelles et le contrôle familial à l’égard de l’hébergement féminin. À travers une étude sur 12 foyers de travailleuses de Bangalore (Inde), comprenant une enqu?te auprès de 126 pensionnaires et 4 groupes‐témoins, cet article analyse les fonctions que les foyers apportent aux femmes et explore les aspects de ces lieux porteurs de satisfaction et de possibilités. M?me si cet apport n’est que partiel, selon les modalités énoncées dans les débats actuels, les foyers donnent à la politique une véritable occasion d’aider les femmes àétendre leur univers personnel, social, économique et politique sans perdre contact avec les réseaux familiers et formateurs de la famille, tout en acquérant une autonomie sur leur résidence et leur existence. L’article explique comment les foyers peuvent constituer un premier pas vers des programmes organisés visant à un hébergement décent et sécurisé pour les femmes qui les rendent autonome.
Transformation of Urban Life in China
Authors: Wu Fulong 
Published: March 2003

Tang, Wenfang and William Parish Chinese urban life under reform: the changing social contract.Dutton, Michael Streetlife ChinaYang, Mayfair M‐H. (ed.) Spaces of their own: women’s public sphere in transnational ChinaDavis, Deborah S. (ed.) The consumer revolution in urban China
Berlin’s Transformations: Postmodern, Postfordist ... or Neoliberal?
Authors: Brenner Neil 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Hartmut Häußermann and Andreas Kapphan, Berlin: von der geteilten zur gespaltenen Stadt? Sozialräumlicher Wandel seit 1990Stefan Krätke and Renate Borst, Berlin: Metropole zwischen Boom und Krise
New Urban Sociology in Japan: the changing debates
Authors: Hashimoto Kazutaka 
Published: March 2003

New Urban Sociology began in Europe at the beginning of the 1970s and then spread to the United States. It also influenced urban studies in Japan. This article examines the changing debates that have occurred in New Urban Sociology since its introduction to Japan in the late 1970s. The twenty years since its introduction from the West can be divided into three stages. The first covers the period from 1977 to 1985, when French urban sociology, particularly Manuael Castells’ theory of the state, was highly influential. The second stage, from 1986 to 1992, focused on theories of urban social movements and the concept of global city in a context of urban renewal in Japan’s major cities. The third stage, from 1992 to the present, is characterized by a transformation of New Urban Sociology into a sociological theory of space under globalization that has been heavily influenced by the work of David Harvey.Née en Europe au début des années 1970, la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine a ensuite atteint les Etats–Unis, mais elle a aussi influé sur les études urbaines au Japon. L’article examine l’évolution des débats qui ont animé la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine depuis qu’elle y est arrivée d’Occident à la fin des années 1970. Les vingt années qui ont suivi peuvent se décomposer en trois phases. La première va de 1977 à 1985, alors que la sociologie urbaine française, notamment la théorie de l’État de Manuel Castells, faisait autorité. La deuxième, entre 1986 et 1992, s’attache aux théories des mouvements sociaux urbains et au concept de la ville planétaire (global city) parallèlement à une rénovation des grandes villes nippones. La troisième phase, de 1992 à nos jours, se caractérise par une transformation de la Nouvelle Sociologie urbaine en une théorie sociologique de l’espace soumis à la mondialisation, concept largement inspiré des travaux de David Harvey.
Packard Electric/Delphi and the birth of the autopart cluster: the case of Chihuahua, Mexico
Authors: Rivero Arturo A. Lara 
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to describe, from a dual perspective, the birth and evolution of the technological cluster located in Chihuahua, Mexico. It reconstructs Packard Electric–Delphi’s evolutionary path as a dominant company, alongside the technological trajectory of the wiring harness. I build a taxonomy whose purpose is to distinguish different moments in the harness history. This approach to the harness demands systemic distinctions of a dynamic, quantitative and qualitative nature. The formation of the electrical/electronics cluster of automotive parts located in Chihuahua can be understood in the context of Packard Electric’s integration/disintegration dynamics. This regional and international reconstruction process reflects: (1) the accumulation of technological and organizational capabilities inside a firm; (2) technological competition within the sector; (3) the fact that each company follows particular technological learning ‘paths’ as well as a unique regional technological cluster formation (technological path); and (4) that the integration/disintegration dynamics of firms are difficult and unstable processes, dependent on the difference between internal and external transactional costs.L’article décrit lémergence et le développement du district technologique de Chihuahua (Mexique) à travers une approche évolutionniste qui s’attache à reconstituer une double trajectoire: celle d’une firme; Packard Electric–Delphi (PE), et celle d’une technologie, le câblage. Les différentes étapes de la technologie du câblage sont appréhendées en mettant l’accent sur la dynamique systémique de nature quantitative et qualitative. La formation du district technologique du câblage électrique/électronique de Chihuahua est mise en perspective avec la stratégie d’internationalisation et de localisation de la firme multinationale. Cette dynamique est le résultat d’un processus de développement des ressources technologiques et organisationnelles de la firme, du jeu de la concurrence technologique au sein de l’industrie du câblage et de l’articulation entre la trajectoire d’apprentissage technologique de la firme et celle associée à la formation du district technologique. La dynamique d’intégration et de d’externalisation de la firme apparaît ainsi de nature instable, dépendant des différences entre les coûts de transaction interne et externe.
From Student to Citizen: A Survey of Students from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in Australia
Authors: Gao Mobo C.F. , Liu Xi’an 
Published: March 2003

This article is a survey of students from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) who arrived in Australia after 1986 and were still there in 1992. Students from the PRC began to enter Australia in 1972 when China and Australia established diplomatic relations. The numbers were insignificant until 1986 when Australia launched its education export policy.The article provides statistics and analysis on the motivation of these students, their education and family backgrounds and their present conditions and aspirations. The article also addresses issues such as Australia’s education export and imigration policies, the dilemma between political and economic refugees in terms of human rights and the impact of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre on PRC students in Australia at the time.The survey results suggest that the majority of the former PRC students have settled successfully in Australia, though not without considerable difficulties and emotional cost. The question of distinction between political and economic refugees is acknowledged as a very thorny one, and it is suggested that immigration policy based on national interest, and clearly stated, would be more convincing, less hypocritical and therefore in the long run more effective.
Employment‐Housing Paradigm of Internal Migration: Evidence from Norway
Authors: Portnov Boris A. 
Published: March 2003

In a previous article (Portnov, 1999), the employment‐housing paradigm of interregional migration was introduced. According to this paradigm, different patterns of employment‐housing change in various geographic areas are likely to result in three different migration events – predominant in migration, out‐migration or “migration neutrality”. The latter is considered as a state of equilibrium in which a region or community neither gains nor loses its population in migration exchanges with other areas.Using preconditions for such migration neutrality as a “reference line”, planners and decision‐makers can determine regional policies aimed at a more balanced distribution of a country's population through generating a “migration push” in overpopulated regions and encouraging inward migration to development areas in which population growth is desirable.In the present article, the validity of this concept is tested using 1970‐89 statistical data for 430 municipalities in Norway. It appeared feasible to separate the band of migration neutrality from other migration cases and establish the quantitative thresholds of employment‐housing change that are conducive to the occurrence of different migration events – migration neutrality, in‐migration and out‐migration.
Best Practice Options: Yugoslavia
Authors: Martin Susan 
Published: March 2003

Several Cooperative Efforts to Manage Emigration (CEME) members visited the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in early June 2001 to examine the new Government’s approach to migration issues. We found that both the Federal Government and the Serb Republic are faced with three principal issues related to immigration and refugees that require substantial cooperation with North American and European countries that are donors of international aid, as well as recipients of Yugoslav migrants and third country nationals transiting the FRY.First, they are faced with migration issues that the international community considers priorities, including demilitarizing border management; combating human smuggling and trafficking; and drafting and implementing an aliens law, which includes asylum policies and procedures consistent with international standards.Second, they need to plan for the return or integration of 350,000 refugees from Croatia and Bosnia, and another 150,000 internally displaced Yugoslavs from Kosovo, primarily by offering dual citizenship in the FRY, and Croatia and Bosnia so refugees can integrate in the FRY, but retain rights and privileges according to Croatians or Bosnians.Third, it is important to build bridges to Yugoslavs abroad in order to attract remittances and the return of the professionals needed to rebuild the FRY.
Ein Ansatz für mehr Dynamik und mehr Beschäftigung: Zum Jahresgutachten 1999/2000 des Sachverständigenrates
Authors: Siebert Horst 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The paper discusses the economic policy concept of the annual report of the German Council of Economic Advisers 1999/2000 and the major structural problems in Germany. Addressed are the long-run allocative distortions of the tax reform, solutions to the issue of pension and to the institutional arrangement of the labor market. The paper describes the necessary steps to generate a more dynamic economy.
Neue internationale Finanzarchitektur: Defizite und Handlungsoptionen
Authors: Frenkel Michael , Menkhoff Lukas 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The recent debate about a new international financial architecture, i.e. a reform of the international financial system, is strongly influenced by current events. In contrast to this the paper puts the problem into the framework of Ordnungspolitik. Beginning with the development of the recent discussion and shortcomings in the international financial system, we discuss fundamental reform proposals in brief and reform steps already realized at greater length.
Choosing words at the study phase: The self‐choice effect on memory from the viewpoint of connective processing1
Authors: Hirano Tetsuji , Ukita Jun 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The self‐choice effect, that is the superior memory performance observed when participants are allowed to choose the item at the study phase than when they are not (lack of choice), has been explained by the encoding‐strategy hypothesis (Takahashi, 1997). This hypothesis distinguishes between organizational processing, which focuses upon the relationship between chosen items, and item‐speciﬁc processing, which itself focuses on the elements that make the chosen item distinctive. The encoding‐strategy hypothesis predicts that the ability for the successive recall of chosen items can be affected by organized list (Experiment 1). The results of our experiments ran counter to the prediction and were interpreted by a new concept called connective processing, which would emphasize the relationship of paired items. Connective processing was examined through orienting tasks (Experiment 2). The results were more suitably interpreted by connective than organizational processing.
Materialism, Agnosticism and God
Authors: Creaven Sean 
Published: March 2003

The longstanding philosophical debate between idealism and materialism has recently entered the ontological terrain of critical realism (CR) and dialectical critical realism (DCR). This has been initiated by Roy Bhaskar’s most recent book, From East to West, which attempts an ambitious synthesis of philosophy, social theory and theology. On the one hand, Bhaskar’s attempt to root his philosophy and social theory in a ‘realist theory of God’ has found an echo within the CR and DCR research camp, some of whose members would urge us to take seriously the possibility of a ‘religious sociology’. On the other hand, Bhaskar’s abrupt ‘idealist turn’ has left many critical realists flabbergasted and horrified, particularly those working at the interface between realist philosophy and Marxist social science, especially since Bhaskar’s new philosophical trajec‐tory is radically at odds with the ‘synchronic emergent powers materialism’ outlined in his The Possibility of Naturalism.In response to this ‘split’ within the CR and DCR camp, the spectre of ‘realist agnosticism’ has been raised and defended by Mervyn Hartwig in this journal. Since neither science nor philosophy can settle the issue of what kind of stuff constitutes ‘rock bottom reality’, it is rational to be agnostic on the ‘ultimate question’, to deny positively affirming the claims of either one side or the other. Now this is the move that is resisted in this paper. My argument is that ontolog‐ical idealism is disputable on a number of grounds‐philosophical, scientific, ethical and political. In particular, I argue that objective idealism is unsupported by rational knowledge, is riddled with conceptual and logical defects, is contrary to the logic of scientific discovery, and is an obstacle to eudaimonia (human emancipation). Further, since realist agnosticism rests its case on the myth of infallible knowledge, and obviously stands or falls with the defensibility or other‐wise of objective idealism, this gives us ‘good enough’ reasons for accepting a thoroughgoing materialism as the ontological foundation of social theory.