bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A congested football calendar and the wellbeing of players: correlation between match exposure of European footballers before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup
Authors: Ekstrand J , Waldén M , Hägglund M 
Published: July 2004

Objectives:To investigate the correlation between exposure of footballers in European clubs to match play in the months before the World Cup 2002 and their injuries and performances during that World Cup.Methods:The team doctors at 11 of the best football clubs in Europe prospectively recorded players’ exposure and injuries during the 2001–2002 season (July 2001–May 2002). Sixty five players participated in the World Cup in Korea/Japan (June 2002). During the World Cup, the clubs reported injuries sustained by these players, and their performance was evaluated by three international experts.Results:The number of team matches during the season varied between 40 and 76 for the different countries involved. The individual player had a mean of 36 matches during the season. Top players played more matches, especially during the final period of the season. Players who participated in the World Cup played more matches during the season than those who did not (46v33 matches). World Cup players did not show any increased risk of injury during the season. About 29% incurred injuries during the World Cup, and 32% performed below their normal standard. The players who underperformed had played more matches during the 10 weeks before the World Cup than those who performed better than expected (12.5v9, p<0.05). Twenty three (60%) of the 38 players who had played more than one match a week before the World Cup incurred injuries or underperformed during the World Cup.Conclusions:There is considerable variation in the number of matches played per season in European professional football leagues. Top level players are obliged to play many matches especially during the final period of the season.
Effect of submaximal contraction intensity in contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching: Table 1
Authors: Feland J B , Marin H N 
Published: July 2004

Objective:To determine if submaximal contractions used in contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (CRPNF) stretching of the hamstrings yield comparable gains in hamstring flexibility to maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs).Method:Randomised controlled trial. A convenience sample of 72 male subjects aged 18–27 was used. Subjects qualified by demonstrating tight hamstrings, defined as the inability to reach 70° of hip flexion during a straight leg raise. Sixty subjects were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: 1, 20% of MVIC; 2, 60% of MVIC; 3, 100% MVIC. Twelve subjects were randomly assigned to a control group (no stretching). Subjects in groups 1–3 performed three separate six second CRPNF stretches at the respective intensity with a 10 second rest between contractions, once a day for five days. Goniometric measurements of hamstring flexibility using a lying passive knee extension test were made before and after the stretching period to determine flexibility changes.Results:Pairedttests showed a significant change in flexibility for all treatment groups. A comparison of least squares means showed that there was no difference in flexibility gains between the treatment groups, but all treatment groups had significantly greater flexibility than the control group.Conclusion:CRPNF stretching using submaximal contractions is just as beneficial at improving hamstring flexibility as maximal contractions, and may reduce the risk of injury associated with PNF stretching.
Patients' perspectives on taking warfarin: qualitative study in family practice
Authors: Dantas Guilherme Coelho , Thompson Barbara V , Manson Judith A , Tracy C Shawn , Upshur Ross EG 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Background
Despite the well-documented benefits of using warfarin to prevent stroke, physicians remain reluctant to initiate therapy, and especially so with the elderly owing to the higher risk of hemorrhage. Prior research suggests that patients are more accepting of the risk of bleeding than are physicians, although there have been few qualitative studies. The aim of this study was to employ qualitative methods to investigate the experience and perspective of individuals taking warfarin.

Methods
We conducted face-to-face interviews with 21 older patients (12 male, 9 female) who had been taking warfarin for a minimum of six months. Participants were patients at a family practice clinic situated in a large, tertiary care teaching hospital. We used a semistructured interview guide with four main thematic areas: decision-making, knowledge/education, impact, and satisfaction. Data were analysed according to the principles of content analysis.

Results and Discussion
Participants tended to have minimal input into the decision to initiate warfarin therapy, instead relying in great part on physicians' expertise. There appeared to be low retention of information received regarding the therapy; half the patients in our sample possessed only a superficial level of understanding of the risks and benefits. This notwithstanding, participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the care provided and a low level of impact on their day-to-day lives.

Conclusions
Minimal patient involvement in the initial decision and modest knowledge did not appear to diminish satisfaction with warfarin management. At the same time, care providers exert a tremendous influence on the initiation of warfarin therapy and should strive to incorporate patient preferences and expectations into the decision-making process.
Fixed‐Dose Vasopressin Compared with Titrated Dopamine and Norepinephrine as Initial Vasopressor Therapy for Septic Shock
Authors: Hall Lisa G. , Oyen Lance J. , Taner C. Burcin , Cullinane Daniel C. , Baird Thomas K. , Cha Stephen S. , Sawyer Mark D. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the early blood pressure effects of vasopressin compared with titrated catecholamines as initial drug therapy in patients with septic shock.Design. Retrospective cohort, single‐center study.Setting. Intensive care units at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.Patients. Fifty, 49, and 51 intensive care patients treated initially with vasopressin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, respectively.Intervention. Patients received either intravenous infusion of fixed‐dose vasopressin 0.04 U/minute or titrated infusions of norepinephrine or dopamine for low systemic arterial pressures.Measurements and Main Results. Patients treated with vasopressin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were similar in all measured characteristics except for their score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III (dopamine > vasopressin, p=0.049), renal comorbidities (dopamine > vasopressin, p=0.03) and baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) (norepinephrine < vasopressin, p=0.005 or dopamine < vasopressin, p=0.05). In all patients, MAP 1 hour before and 1 hour after intervention, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure were obtained. No treatment differences were identified in achieving postvasopressin MAP after adjusting for APACHE III score, renal dysfunction, and baseline MAP. In patients receiving vasopressin, 28‐day mortality was 52%, similar to those receiving norepinephrine (65%, p=0.28) and dopamine (60%, p=0.53).Conclusion. Initial, fixed‐dose vasopressin infusions increased MAP to 70 mm Hg or greater at 1 hour in intensive care patients with septic shock, similar to titrated norepinephrine or dopamine. Fixed‐dose vasopressin appears appropriate as an alternative agent for hemodynamic support in patients with septic shock.
Effect of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Total, R‐, and S‐Methadone
Authors: Smith Patrick F. , Kearney Brian P. , Liaw Sandra , Cloen Denise , Bullock Julie M. , Haas Curtis E. , Yale Kitty , Booker Brent M. , Berenson Charles S. , Coakley Dion F. , Flaherty John F. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the potential effect of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF) on the pharmacokinetics of methadone.Design. Phase I, open‐label, fixed‐sequence, pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interaction study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Fourteen volunteers receiving stable methadone maintenance therapy who were not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.Intervention. Tenofovir DF was added to the subjects' methadone regimens.Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics of total, R‐, and S‐methadone were evaluated at baseline and after 2 weeks of daily tenofovir DF coadministration with a light meal. Steady‐state tenofovir DF pharmacokinetics were evaluated at day 15. Bioequivalence testing was conducted of total, R‐, and S‐methadone area under the serum or plasma concentration‐time curve during the 24‐hour dosing interval at steady state (AUCss) and maximum concentration in serum or plasma (Cmax). Subjects were evaluated for changes in methadone pharmacodynamics by the Short Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) and pupillary diameter measurements at frequent intervals. Coadministration with tenofovir DF did not affect the pharmacokinetics of methadone. Geometric mean R‐methadone systemic exposures, AUCss and Cmax, differed by 5% or less when methadone was dosed with tenofovir D F. Similar results were observed for S‐methadone and for total methadone. Both AUCss and Cmax met the strict criteria for bioequivalence between the two study periods for total, R‐, and S‐methadone, indicating a lack of drug interaction when tenofovir DF was coadministered with methadone. No significant changes in SOWS scores or pupillary diameter measurements occurred, and no notable clinical adverse events were reported.Conclusion. Tenofovir DF pharmacokinetics were comparable to previously reported values of tenofovir DF in HIV‐infected patients. Coadministration of methadone with tenofovir DF did not alter the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of total, R‐, or S‐methadone. Tenofovir DF may be given as part of a once‐daily antiretroviral regimen in patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy.
Impact of Safety Warnings on Drug Utilization: Marketplace Life Span of Cisapride and Troglitazone
Authors: Wilkinson Julie J. , Force Rex W. , Cady Paul S. 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the impact of safety alerts on the volume of cisapride and troglitazone usage.Design. Retrospective database analysis.Setting. University research center.Material. Idaho Medicaid claims data from January 1994–July 2000.Measurements and Main Results. Monthly counts of total and new prescriptions filled for cisapride and troglitazone were analyzed graphically over time as a function of all prescriptions. New prescriptions were defined as those filled by patients who had not received the drug within the previous year. A binomial comparison of the 5 months before and after each safety alert was conducted by Poisson distribution. Overall and new cisapride usage increased after the first alert, which occurred in February 1995 (p<0.05). After the second alert, in September 1995, growth in new prescriptions ended but total prescriptions continued to grow (p<0.05). After the third alert, in June 1998, growth in total use ended and the number of new prescriptions declined (p<0.05). The final two alerts (June 1999 and January 2000) were met with significant declines (p<0.05 for both). Troglitazone was the subject of two alerts in October and December 1997. After these, overall usage increased (p<0.05), whereas the number of new prescriptions decreased (p<0.05). The third alert, in July 1998, caused no change as total prescription use continued to grow (p<0.05), whereas the number of new prescriptions decreased (p<0.05). A fourth alert, in June 1999, resulted in a decrease of overall usage and new prescriptions (p<0.05 for both).Conclusion. Numerous safety alerts were required for each drug before drug usage declined. The decline in overall use was slower than the decline in new prescriptions, possibly indicating a need for increased assessment of refilled prescriptions after the release of new safety data.
Metformin Monitoring and Change in Serum Creatinine Levels in Patients Undergoing Radiologic Procedures Involving Administration of Intravenous Contrast Media
Authors: Parra David , Legreid Anna M. , Beckey Nick P. , Reyes Sonia 
Published: July 2004

Study Objectives. To evaluate the prevalence and magnitude of serum creatinine level elevations in patients receiving metformin who underwent radiologic procedures involving administration of intravenous contrast media, and to evaluate the efficacy of an electronic consultation in promoting timely evaluation of renal function after the procedure.Design. Retrospective evaluation.Setting. Veterans Affairs Medical Center.Patients. Ninety‐seven patients receiving metformin who underwent a radiologic procedure involving administration of intravenous contrast media over a 27‐month period.Measurements and Main Results. Ninety‐seven patients underwent a total of 111 radiologic procedures with documented administration of intravenous contrast dye. Average time from procedure to laboratory follow‐up, excluding one patient, was 2.62 ± 1.56 days. Average serum creatinine levels before and after the procedure were 1.10 ± 0.19 and 1.13 ± 0.23 mg/dl, respectively (p>0.05). Four patients developed contrast material‐associated nephropathy. An additional four patients with borderline serum creatinine levels at baseline (1.4 mg/dl) had a serum creatinine level of 1.5 mg/dl or greater after the procedure.Conclusion. Our results indicated that electronic consultations result in timely evaluation of serum creatinine levels in patients receiving metformin who undergo a radiologic procedure involving intravenous contrast material. Also, the study suggests that nearly 4% of patients with diabetes mellitus and normal renal function may develop contrast material–associated neuropathy with nonionic contrast material. In addition, about 8% of patients with diabetes treated with metformin (with baseline serum creatinine levels < 1.5 mg/dl) who undergo a procedure with nonionic intravenous contrast material acquire an increased risk (serum creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dl) of lactic acidosis. These findings support the recommendations of the Food and Drug Administration regarding metformin monitoring in patients undergoing radiologic procedures involving administration of intravenous contrast media.
Pharmacokinetics of Modified Oral Calcitonin Product in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Chin Christine M. , Gutierrez Maria , Still J. Gordon , Kosutic Gordana 
Published: July 2004

Study Objective. To assess the preliminary pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of single oral doses of a chemically modified salmon calcitonin product, CT‐025, in healthy volunteers.Design. Phase I, exploratory, five‐way, open‐label, nonrandomized, crossover study.Setting. Clinical research center.Subjects. Twelve healthy volunteers aged 22–44 years.Intervention. A single oral dose of CT‐025 was administered on 5 separate days with a 72‐hour washout period between doses. Each dose consisted of CT‐025 160 or 320 μg in varying relative concentrations of a mixture of excipients (formulations A, B, and C).Measurements and Main Results. Serial blood samples were collected for determination of plasma CT‐025, total serum calcium, and ionized serum calcium concentrations during the 4‐hour period after dose administration. The data are the results from four of the five dosing days, when subjects received CT‐025 in high and low concentrations of excipients. The data indicate that CT‐025 was rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Mean peak plasma concentrations ranging from 51 ± 51–110 ± 59 pg/ml were observed 36–54 minutes after administration. Mean terminal elimination half‐lives ranged from 54–76 minutes. There was a trend for the mean maximum concentration and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) from time zero to the time of the last quantifiable plasma concentration to increase with dose. Single oral doses of CT‐025 160 and 320 μg were pharmacologically active, inducing a statistically significant decrease in total and ionized serum calcium concentrations. The rate of decrease in ionized serum calcium concentration was significantly related to the CT‐025 dose. Single oral doses were well tolerated; some subjects experienced mild and transient nausea.Conclusion. Single doses of CT‐025 were absorbed into the systemic circulation after oral administration and were well tolerated in healthy volunteers at doses up to 320 μg. These data suggest that oral delivery of salmon calcitonin becomes feasible with this product and support further clinical investigation of CT‐025 as a treatment for osteoporosis and osteoporotic bone pain.
Chemical Methods in Archaeology
Authors: Spoto Giuseppe 
Published: July 2004

AbstractChemistry plays an important role in the study of archaeological materials. Chemistry has developed methods to date archaeological material. It has also allowed us to infer trade routes by studying ancient artifacts and also shed light on the technology used to make them. The diet and customs of ancient peoples have also been discovered by applying chemical methods. Chemistry also intervenes in the understanding of the mechanisms that cause archaeological material to degrade.The modern analytical methods available today have been used to study a wide range of archaeological inorganic, organic, and biological materials. A short overview of some of the most relevant achievements reached by applying chemical methods to archaeology is reported here.
Highly CO2‐Permeable and ‐Selective Membranes Derived from Crosslinked Poly(ethylene glycol) and Its Nanocomposites
Authors: Patel N. P. , Miller A. C. , Spontak R. J. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractCrosslinked poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) (PEGda) oligomers differing in molecular weight, and their nanocomposites prepared with up to 10 wt.‐% methacrylate‐functionalized fumed silica (FS) or an organically‐modified nanoclay, have been examined as amorphous CO2‐selective membranes. These novel materials have been characterized by dynamic rheology before and after crosslinking to ascertain the effect of incorporated FS on mechanical properties. The permeabilities of CO2, H2, N2, and O2 have been measured as functions of PEGda molecular weight, nanofiller content and temperature. In all cases, CO2 displays relatively high permeability, coupled with high CO2 selectivity, due to the specific interaction between quadrupolar CO2 and the ether linkages along the PEG backbone, and the accompanying enhancement in CO2 solubility. Variable‐temperature permeation exhibits Arrhenius behavior, and the activation energy for CO2 permeation is found to be i) markedly lower than that of any of the other gases examined, and ii) independent of both PEGda molecular weight and nanofiller content.
New Organic Metals Based on BDH‐TTP Radical Cation Salts with the Photochromic Nitroprusside Anion [FeNO(CN)5]2–
Authors: Shevyakova I. , Buravov L. , Tkacheva V. , Zorina L. , Khasanov S. , Simonov S. , Yamada J. , Canadell E. , Shibaeva R. , Yagubskii E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThree new 2,5‐bis(1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐ylidene)‐1,3,4,6‐tetrathiapentalene (BDH‐TTP) radical cation salts with the photochromic nitroprusside anion have been synthesized: κ‐(BDH‐TTP)4[FeNO(CN)5]·NB (1), κ‐(BDH‐TTP)4[FeNO(CN)5] (2), and (BDH‐TTP)2[FeNO(CN)5] (3). The salts were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, electrical resistance measurements, and electronic band structure calculations. The crystals of 1 and 2 have a layered structure in which the BDH‐TTP layers of κ‐type alternate with anionic sheets. Solvent (nitrobenzene) molecules are also involved in the composition of the anion sheet of 1. The crystals of 1 have triclinic symmetry and two crystallographically independent BDH‐TTP radical cations in the unit cell, while there is only one independent radical cation in the monoclinic structure of 2. The salts 1 and 2 are stable quasi‐2D metals down to 4.2 K, while 3, with full charge transfer, is a semiconductor with low conductivity at room temperature. It is suggested that the κ‐type layers of BDH‐TTP are more robust than those of BEDT‐TTF and its derivatives and the consequences for the electronic structure are discussed.
Electron‐Enhanced Hole Injection in Blue Polyfluorene‐Based Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: van Woudenbergh T. , Wildeman J. , Blom P. W. M. , Bastiaansen J. J. A. M. , Langeveld‐Vos B. M. W. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIt has recently been reported that, after electrical conditioning, an ohmic hole contact is formed in poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO)‐based polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLED), despite the large hole‐injection barrier obtained with a poly(styrene sulfonic acid)‐doped poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) anode. We demonstrate that the initial current at low voltages in a PEDOT:PSS/PFO‐based PLED is electron dominated. The voltage at which the hole injection is enhanced strongly depends on the electron‐transport properties of the device, which can be modified by the replacement of reactive end groups by monomers in the synthesis. Our measurements reveal that the switching voltage of the PLED is governed by the electron concentration at the PEDOT:PSS/PFO contact. The switching effect in PFO is only observed for a PEDOT:PSS hole contact and not for other anodes such as indium tin oxide or Ag.
Photoswitching of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals Using Unsymmetrical Chiral Thioindigo Dopants: Photoinduced Inversion of the Sign of Spontaneous Polarization
Authors: Vlahakis J. Z. , Wand M. D. , Lemieux R. P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA new unsymmetrical chiral thioindigo dopant 6‐[(R,R)‐2,3‐difluorooct‐1‐yloxy]‐5′‐nitro‐6′‐[(R)‐2‐octyloxy]thioindigo (4) designed to photoinvert the sign of spontaneous polarization (PS) in a ferroelectric chiral smectic C (SmC*) liquid crystal was prepared using a synthetic approach previously developed in our laboratory. In this new “ambidextrous” design, the (R)‐2‐octyloxy side‐chain is sterically coupled to the thioindigo core and induces a positive PS, whereas the (R,R)‐2,3‐difluorooctyloxy side‐chain is decoupled from the core and induces a larger negative PS. In the trans form, this dopant induces a negative polarization in the SmC host (+)‐4‐(4‐methylhexyloxy)phenyl 4‐decyloxybenzoate (PhB). Irradiation of a 1 mol‐% mixture of 4 in PhB at λ = 510 nm caused a sign inversion of PS, from –0.88 to +0.42 nC cm–2 at T – TC = –5 °C, which is consistent with an increase in the polarization power of the coupled 2‐octyloxy/thioindigo unit over that of the 2,3‐difluorooctyloxy unit, due to the increase in transverse dipole moment of the thioindigo core upon trans–cis photoisomerization. The PS sign inversion was confirmed by a surface‐stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal photoswitching experiment. Spectroscopic measurements on films of the doped liquid crystal mixtures showed that trans–cis photoisomerization is gradually suppressed with increasing dopant mole fraction, possibly as a result of increased dopant aggregation.