bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A TRANSPLANTABLE RABBIT CARCINOMA ORIGINATING IN A VIRUS-INDUCED PAPILLOMA AND CONTAINING THE VIRUS IN MASKED OR ALTERED FORM
Authors: Kidd John G. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

A squamous cell carcinoma derived from a virus-induced rabbit papilloma has been propagated in fourteen successive groups of animals. It grows rapidly now in most individuals to which it is transplanted, killing early and metastasizing frequently. The original cancer was the outcome of alterations in epidermal cells already rendered neoplastic by the virus, and the latter, or an agent nearly related to it, has persisted and increased in the malignant tissue, as a study of the blood of the first ten groups of cancerous animals has shown. An antibody capable of specifically neutralizing the virus in vitro appeared in the blood of every new host in which the tumor enlarged progressively, and reached a titer comparable with that obtaining in animals which had long carried large papillomas. The antibody was absent from normal rabbits and those in which the cancer failed to grow.
The implications of these facts are considered.
INFLUENCE OF AGE FACTORS ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO RABIES VIRUS
Authors: Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

1. 7 to 9 day old mice are more susceptible than older mice to injections of fixed or street virus by any route.
2. 20 day old mice are more susceptible than 60 day old mice to peripheral but not intracerebral injection of fixed virus.
3. 20 day and 60 day old mice are equally susceptible to street virus.
INFLUENCE OF AGE FACTORS ON IMMUNIZABILITY OF MICE TO RABIES VIRUS
Authors: Casals J. 
Published: June 2004

1. W-Swiss mice 60 or more days old are more readily immunizable against rabies virus infection than 20 day old or younger mice; this difference in immunizability with increasing age is most conspicuous when vaccination with virulent virus is followed by intracerebral test infection and least apparent when vaccination with avirulent virus is followed by intramuscular test infection.
2. The titre of circulating neutralizing antibodies does not parallel the titre of immunity.
THE MECHANISM BY WHICH EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IS PRODUCED IN RABBITS INJECTED WITH NEPHROTOXIC DUCK SERUM
Authors: Kay Calvin F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Glomerulonephritis was produced in rabbits by the injection of antirabbit-kidney duck serum.
2. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of the disease are discussed.
3. It was found possible by appropriate means either to accelerate the development of the nephritis or to prevent its appearance entirely.
4. An apparent correlation was found between the development of the nephritis and the formation of antibodies to duck serum by the injected rabbit.
5. The generally accepted concept of the mechanism of the disease does not appear to be in accordance with the facts here observed. A new hypothesis is presented.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: King Lester S. 
Published: June 2004

The action on mice of several neurotropic viruses was studied with reference to factors which influence infection.
With pseudorabies virus, section of the sciatic nerve with inoculation into the ipsilateral foot pad significantly retarded the speed of infection. The virus ascended other nerves of the leg, but at a slower rate. It would appear that the number of nerve fibers available for passage may play a rôle in the speed with which infection occurs with this virus.
When pseudorabies virus was inoculated into an area of inflammation its effects were markedly lessened. Similar experiments with unmodified equine encephalomyelitis virus which, unlike pseudorabies, does not ascend along local nerves, showed no impedance of infection.
Brain trauma did not change the rate of infection with the viruses of St. Louis encephalitis, herpes, or pseudorabies. But intraperitoneal injection of glycerine, followed by intramuscular inoculation of St. Louis virus, resulted in marked facilitation of infection, as already remarked of fixed equine encephalomyelitis virus. This phenomenon did not occur with pseudorabies or herpes.
In contrast to certain other viruses, pseudorabies and herpes viruses were only slightly more effective in young mice than in adults.
With St. Louis virus, as with fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses, inoculation into the eye or nose was far more effective than other peripheral routes. This was not the case with pseudorabies. Herpes, however, also showed greater sensitivity of the intraocular route.
After injection into the eye, St. Louis and fixed equine encephalomyelitis viruses invaded the optic pathway, while herpes and pseudorabies avoided the optic fibers and attacked the trigeminal nerve. These phenomena are discussed in the light of cellufugal and cellupetal progression of viruses.
The similarities in the action of fixed equine encephalomyelitis and St. Louis encephalitis viruses are discussed and contrasted with herpes and pseudorabies.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A disease syndrome referred to as infectious catarrh, encountered under natural conditions of exposure in a rat colony, was transmitted to selected animals and maintained for 5 years by nasal instillation or contact.
During this period 37 passages were made in 156 rats, the rates of pneumonia, otitis media, and rhinitis being 28, 63, and 87 per cent, respectively.
After the 12th passage, Brucella bronchiseptica and Actinobacillus muris (B. actinoides var. muris), which were originally present, were no longer cultivable from infected rats.
By reason of the maintenance of infectious catarrh in the absence of the latter and also because of its non-invasiveness on nasal instillation, it is now believed that Actinobacillus muris is of no direct etiological significance.
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that infectious catarrh of the rat is caused by Gram-negative coccobacilliform bodies which resemble the agents of fowl coryza and mouse catarrh.
These bodies were demonstrable microscopically in at least 90 per cent of the exudates from the nasal passages and middle ears. The characteristic syndrome was reproduced in selected rats by the nasal instillation of pure tissue culture growths and was maintained for 10 successive passages by the injection of exudate. The experimentally produced disease was also communicable by direct contact.
The biological characteristics of the specific bodies are discussed in relation to the organisms of the pleuropneumonia group.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: Huggins Charles , Clark Philip Johnson 
Published: June 2004

Cystic hyperplasia of the prostate occurs spontaneously in senile dogs only when they possess physiologically effective amounts of androgenic hormone. The cysts are closely grouped and radially arranged in a conical manner with the base of the cone at the periphery of the gland. Flattened and columnar epithelium, varying from about 5 to 25µ are seen in each cyst. The cysts communicate with the urethra by way of ducts.
Both normal and cystic prostates undergo marked atrophy when the testes are removed, the chief difference 3 months after orchiectomy being the persistence of slightly dilated clefts and spaces at the site of the former cysts in the senile state.
In the castrate dog whose prostate gland is being reconstructed as result of the influence of daily injections of androgen, certain doses of estrogen prevent increase of secretion and still larger doses greatly depress the output of the gland. In dogs so treated by daily injections of testosterone propionate, 10 mg., the amount of secretion is maintained from day to day at a level by daily injections of stilbestrol, 0.4 to 0.6 mg. and greatly depressed by doses of 1 to 1.5 mg. When the larger amounts of estrogen are used, together with androgen, squamous metaplasia occurs in the posterior lobe of the prostate while the epithelium of the acini decreases in height to cuboidal or low columnar form; these histological signs of activity of both androgen and estrogen on the prostate show that inhibition of the male hormone by stilbestrol is incomplete at these ratios.
In dogs with either normal or cystic prostate glands, the prostate decreases in size when estrogen is injected in amounts to depress prostatic secretion profoundly. The gland is maintained in an atrophic state and overdosage avoided by controlled periodic injections of stilbestrol until secretion is reduced to the minimum, followed by free intervals, the estrogen being again administered when secretion measurably increases. The shrinkage is related to depression of male hormone production.
Overdosage of estrogen causes the prostate gland of dogs to enlarge, and structures of the posterior lobe and utriculus respond first and most markedly with metaplasia caused by this material. The prostatic enlargement does not resemble the common cystic hyperplasia of senile dogs. Metaplasia rapidly disappears from the prostate, and the epithelial structures quickly return to normal when estrogen is discontinued and androgen is administered.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPREADING FACTOR AND HYALURONIDASE
Authors: Hobby Gladys L. , Dawson Martin H. , Meyer Karl , Chaffee Eleanor 
Published: June 2004

A comparative study of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in preparations from various sources revealed the following points of similarity and dissimilarity in the two reactions.
1. Similarities: (a) All preparations containing hyaluronidase also produced spreading. (b) Heating at 65° and 100°C. for 30 minutes produced a comparable effect on both reactions. (c) The demonstration of the presence of hyaluronic acid in skin offers a plausible explanation for the mechanism of spreading on the basis of hyaluronidase activity.
2. Dissimilarities: (a) No parallelism was observed in the degree of activity of spreading factor and hyaluronidase in the same preparations. (b) All preparations which produced spreading did not contain hyaluronidase. (c) Antisera to hyaluronidase preparations specifically and completely inhibited the activity of the homologous enzyme but did not inhibit the spreading factor in the same preparations.
The significance of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two reactions is discussed. It is concluded that while hyaluronidase may play a rôle in the spreading reaction the phenomenon is a complex one and cannot be explained on the basis of a simple chemical reaction.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN MICE
Authors: Taylor R. M. 
Published: June 2004

Following intranasal inoculation of influenza A virus (strain PR8) there is a rapid increase of the virus in the lungs which with large doses reaches a maximum within 24 hours. With smaller doses, although the proportional increase is greater, the maximum concentration is not reached until 48 hours following inoculation. If a lethal dose is administered, the ultimate concentration of the virus in the lungs is the same, irrespective of the size of the dose.
If a sublethal dose is given, the titer of the virus in the lungs does not achieve the titer reached in mice receiving a lethal dose. Within 48 hours following inoculation of a sublethal dose the lungs of a mouse may contain at least 76,000 M.L.D., yet the mouse survives.
The intranasal instillation of sterile fluid (distilled water, varying concentrations of NaCl, broth, or 10 per cent normal serum) into a mouse sublethally infected produces a sharp rise in the virus content of the lung usually followed by death within 3 to 8 days. If, however, the instillate consists of 10 per cent immune serum, there is no rise in the virus titer, and no apparent harm results from the instillation.
The implications of these phenomena are discussed and an hypothesis presented to explain their occurrence.
A COMPARISON OF CUTANEOUS SENSITIZATION AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN RABBITS IMMUNIZED BY INTRAVENOUS OR INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF INDIFFERENT OR HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits that had received repeated intravenous injections of heat-killed indifferent streptococci with no resulting sensitization were subsequently made skin-sensitive to them by repeated intracutaneous injection of heat-killed vaccine.
2. Serum agglutinins and precipitins developed earlier in rabbits that had received repeated intravenous injections of killed streptococci and pneumococci than in those injected intracutaneously. However, when such injections were continued over a longer period, the antibodies in both groups of animals reached a similar level.
3. Species specific agglutinins reached about the same level after either intracutaneous or intravenous injections of heat-killed Type I(S) pneumococcus vaccine. Type specific agglutinins were present only in the intravenously injected animals after 33 days but were present in all the animals after 63 days although the titres were somewhat lower in those injected intradermally. Both groups developed precipitins which were only slightly less in the intradermally injected rabbits.
4. These experiments indicate that rabbits intravenously injected with heat-killed streptococci can be made highly skin-sensitive in the same manner as animals injected intracutaneously and that they are not immune or refractory to skin sensitization. When antigen was injected either intracutaneously or intravenously into rabbits for a fairly long time, the amount of circulating antibody in both groups was approximately equal.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

The C-reactive protein present in the albumin fraction of the serum of patients during certain acute bacterial infections is highly antigenic upon injection into rabbits. The antiserum thus prepared reacts specifically with this protein and does not react with the proteins of normal human serum. Immunological specificity has been demonstrated by both precipitin and complement-fixation tests.
Antiserum prepared in rabbits to the C-reactive protein from human sources also reacts specifically with the similar protein in the serum of monkeys acutely ill with experimental pneumococcus infection.
By means of immunological reactions it is possible to detect amounts of reactive protein which are too small to yield a visible precipitate in tests with the C polysaccharide.
Certain of the properties are discussed which distinguish the C-reactive protein from the proteins of normal human serum.
ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON THE METABOLISM OF BACTERIA
Authors: Baker Zelma , Harrison R. W. , Miller Benjamin F. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the effects of synthetic detergents and wetting agents on respiration and glycolysis of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms has led to the following conclusions.
1. All the cationic detergents studied are very effective inhibitors of bacterial metabolism at 1:3000 concentration, and several are equally active at 1:30,000. Few of the anionic detergents inhibit as effectively as the cationic compounds.
2. Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms are equally sensitive to the action of the cationic detergents. On the other hand, all the anionic detergents included in our studies selectively inhibit the metabolism of Gram-positive microorganisms.
3. The inhibitory action of both types of detergents is influenced markedly by hydrogen ion concentration. Cationic detergents exhibit their maximum activity in the alkaline pH range, and the anionic, in the acid range.
4. Studies of homologous series of straight chain alkyl sulfates and sulfoacetates (C8 to C18) demonstrate that maximum inhibition is exerted by the 12, 14, and 16 carbon compounds (lauryl, myristyl, and cetyl).
5. It has been observed that three lauryl esters of amino acids are powerful inhibitors of bacterial metabolism. To our knowledge, the effects on bacterial metabolism of such cationic detergents (without the quaternary ammonium structure) have not been studied previously. Our results demonstrate that other cationic detergents can exhibit an inhibitory activity comparable to quaternary ammonium compounds.
6. Certain detergents stimulate bacterial metabolism at concentrations lower than the inhibiting values. This effect has been found more frequently among the anionic detergents.
THE RÔLE OF RENAL METABOLISM IN HYPERTENSION AND UREMIA
Authors: Rodbard S. , Katz L. N. 
Published: June 2004

1. The chemical mediator of renal hypertension is rapidly destroyed by the metabolic activity of the normal kidney. The excretory function of the kidney plays little, if any, rôle in eliminating the mediator of hypertension.
2. If specific substances are responsible for the uremic syndrome, they are neither produced nor eliminated to any significant extent by the metabolic activity of the kidneys. The elimination of these postulated uremia-producing substances would have to be primarily dependent upon the excretory activities of the kidney.
3. No evidence was obtained to support the view that a unilateral ureterovenous fistula leads to "nephrotoxic" symptoms.
THE ISOLATION OF AN O SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF SECRETORS AND CARBOHYDRATE-LIKE SUBSTANCES FROM GASTRIC JUICE OF NON-SECRETORS
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Klendshoj Niels C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The isolation of a group specific O substance from the gastric juice of human beings belonging to group O is described. Absorbed normal beef serum constitutes the anti-O reagent.
2. The O specific substance inhibits the agglutination of human red blood cells belonging to group O. The agglutination of A cells by the isoagglutinin anti-A, or B cells by the isoagglutinin anti-B, is not influenced by the O substance.
3. The A and B specific substances isolated from human gastric juices inhibit the agglutination of O cells by absorbed normal beef serum, frequently to about the same extent as does the O substance itself.
4. The carbohydrate fraction isolated from the gastric juice of non-secretors belonging to group B does not inhibit the agglutination of human red blood cells of group B by the isoagglutinin anti-B nor the agglutination of O cells by the anti-O reagent. The significance of these findings for the conception of the nature of the blood groups and their inheritance is discussed.
FATAL INFECTION OF IRRADIATED WHITE MICE WITH EUROPEAN TYPHUS BY THE INTRA-ABDOMINAL ROUTE
Authors: Liu P. Y. , Snyder John C. , Enders John F. 
Published: June 2004

A fatal infection of irradiated white mice with the Breinl strain of European typhus has been established and passed serially for 22 passages by the intra-abdominal route. Rickettsiae were abundant and easily demonstrable in the moribund or dead mice.
The mortality of irradiated mice infected with passage material (peritoneal washings or blood) was nearly 100 per cent as contrasted to no mortality in the control mice given the same dose of x-ray (450 R) and the same volume of fluid intra-abdominally. (The observation period of control mice was arbitrarily limited to 14 days.)
After eighteen passages in irradiated mice no increase in virulence for non-irradiated adult mice was detected.
After passage in guinea pigs, the rickettsial infection deriving from the mouse passage material was identical with the Breinl strain as judged by fever, cross immunity tests, and brain lesions in sections.
A METHOD TO DETERMINE THE PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Advantage has been taken of the relative transparency of the claw of the mouse to devise a method, here described, to measure the blood pressure in the animal's leg. Direct measurements of the systolic blood pressure from the carotid arteries of anesthetized mice have also been made. Simultaneous blood pressure readings by both these methods applied to the same animal showed close agreement.
The systolic pressure ranged from 60 to 126 mm. Hg, according to the conditions.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING FLUID TRANSPORT IN THE INTERSTITIAL TISSUE OF THE SKIN
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

With the aim of determining the structural conditions which affect fluid movement in the cutaneous connective tissue of mice, various test fluids were brought into contact with it under conditions such that neither blood vessels nor lymphatics were directly entered. Locke's solution, mouse serum, and a mixture of Locke's solution with a dye which causes edema were all employed. At atmospheric pressure, Locke's solution entered the tissues intermittently. When subjected to very low pressures it continued to enter the skin intermittently and at approximately the same rate. At pressures above 4.5 cm. of water, however, the flow became continuous but it did not increase in rate significantly until pressures of about 8.5 cm. were employed. There was no relationship between the rate of flow and the pressure employed. At a pressure of about 8.5 cm. the resistance of the tissues seemed to give way abruptly as if the formed elements had been separated. This has been termed the "breaking point." After it had been reached each further increase of pressure produced a proportionately greater inflow.
Under the conditions of our experiments, the dye-Locke"s solution and also the homologous serum failed to enter the tissues at atmospheric pressure. It was necessary to subject these fluids to pressure to force them into the skin at the same rate at which the Locke's solution entered it spontaneously. Under these circumstances the dye-Locke's solution and the serum entered the skin continuously, not intermittently like the plain Locke's solution. As the pressure was gradually raised, no significant increase of flow into the tissues occurred until a point was reached, on the average 8.5 cm. of water, at which fluid suddenly began to enter very rapidly. This point, the "breaking point" already mentioned, was reached at the same pressure irrespective of the character of the fluid employed, showing that the phenomenon was produced by the fluid bulk. Once it had been attained, further increases in pressure caused proportionately greater inflow of fluid. The circulation had nothing to do with the phenomenon, for it occurred in the skin of dead mice."
The findings indicate that under normal circumstances the movement of fluid in the interstitial tissue does not take place as though in preexisting channels. The experiments confirm previous observations from this laboratory (13, 14) that in normal skin tissue the state of affairs is such that fluid cannot flow freely. However, when fluid is introduced into the skin under pressure spaces are forcibly opened up.
Inflammatory edema in the skin changed the phenomena of fluid entrance into it under pressure. The reason is that there then occurred a separation of the formed elements and the interstitial fluid moved as in preformed channels. Even when very low pressures were employed (3.0 to 7.0 cm. of water), there appeared usually a linear relationship between the pressure and the rate of flow.