bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing two children with autism
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Autism is a condition that affects some children from either birth or infancy, and leaves them unable to form normal social relationships, or to develop normal communication. As a result, the child may become isolated from human contact and absorbed in a world of repetitive, obsessional activities and interests. Children with autism may behave in strange ways. They may jump up and down excitedly at the sight of the water running from the taps, yet ignore attempts by adults to turn activities into a ‘social’ game in which others can share. They may look past you, or only very briefly at you, and make you feel as if you are an unimportant part of their world. They may call you when they need something, but otherwise virtually ignore you, spending hours lining up objects in the living room, or flapping their hands and fingers excitedly as they repeatedly flick through picture books or magazines.
Psychological problems
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we go on to describe how the brain abnormalities thought to underlie autism may produce anomalies in psychological functioning. These two levels of description, the brain and the mind, are separated into two chapters for convenience, though of course ultimately they are inseparable. As we mentioned in Chapter 2, the three key psychological problems in children with autism are in the development of social relationships, of language, and of the imagination. These need a closer look in order to try to understand them.
Intelligence and special talents
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues our summary of psychological abnormalities in autism from the last chapter, but focuses specifically on intelligence and special talents. This merits its own chapter because of the finding that intelligence is often unusual in autism, and that special abilities are more commonly associated with children with autism than with other conditions. Intelligence is a difficult thing to define. However, we need not get bogged down in definitions here. Instead, for the present purposes, we can define intelligence as those abilities that are measured by IQ (or ‘Intelligence Quotient’) tests. When IQ is measured at different times over a person’s life, it is found to be approximately the same, give or take about 15 points. For example, if a child is in the average IQ range (70-130) at the age of 8 years old, then he or she is also likely to be in this range of scores at any stage in the future. If a person’s IQ is below the average range (i.e.: less than 70) he or she may have difficulties in learning, and require special education. In such cases, people are said to have a mental handicap.
Other therapies
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the years since autism was first described, a range of different psychological treatments have been tried. While there have been no independently assessed demonstrations of an absolute cure, different kinds of psychological treatment have nevertheless had considerable beneficial effects. The clearest example is behaviour therapy, and this is described first. Behavioural programmes are designed by psychologists and psychiatrists working in consultation with parents, teachers, or care staff, and are essentially ways of shaping adaptive behaviours (such as toilet training) or decreasing maladaptive behaviours (such as spitting). As such, behaviour therapy can be of immense practical value. In behaviour therapy, the behaviour is analysed into its causes and consequences, and then a behavioural programme is implemented. The aim is to identify the factors that reward or encourage appropriate behaviours, as well as those that succeed in discouraging disruptive behaviours. Rewards need to be based on what each individual child values, and have to be given clearly and consistently. Modern behaviour therapy does not punish children for bad behaviour, as this is often ethically unjustifiable. Instead, it attempts to reduce such maladaptive behaviour by removing the factors that may be encouraging it, and replacing it with more positive skills.
Informed consent
Authors: Silverman William A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A survey of interventions and outcomes from November 1987 through October 1988 in seven American neonatal centers disclosed wide variation in practices for the care of very-low-birth weight infants. There were, as well, appreciable differences in survival and in morbidity. ‘It appears’, the survey group concluded, ‘that the practice of neonatal medicine remains in part an art rather than an exact science.’ Under these conditions of uncertainty about ‘best’ medical management, a paradoxical duality has flourished. There are opposing attitudes about the need to obtain parental consent for a specific ‘customary’ treatment, in contrast to the need for consent to use the same treatment when it is ‘under study’.
Government regulations in the United States
Authors: Ariagno Ronald L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The influence of the US Federal Government on the practice of medicine in the 1990s is felt very clearly by the entire nation. The powerful position of the Food and Drug Adminieitration has been experienced by anyone who has attempted to introduce a new medical device or treatment, such as the high-frequency jet ventilator for infant use, or surfactant replacement therapy for pre-term infants who have respiratory failure due to immature lungs and surfactant deficiency at birth. The government regulation process seems to be an intentionally slow administrative maze which is demanding, difficult, often frustrating, and costly to the individual(s) requesting a review and seeking an approval. Nevertheless, the ultimate goal and purpose of the process is to ensure the ultimate protection of the nation’s health and people.
The economics of perinatal care in the United Kingdom
Authors: Stevenson Richard C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only a few years ago some clinicians were willing to question the whole morality of economic intrusions into medical matters. Is it right, they would ask, to place a value on the life of a baby? Is it proper, or even conceivable, that an infant might not be treated for want of funds? These questions, understandable in a National Health Service (NHS) when clinicians were not expected to count costs, now seem almost antediluvian. Resources were always limited, and difficult choices had to be made between and within specialties; but these choices were made implicitly. For better or worse, the application of economics to health-care issues has tended to make costs and choices explicit. It can also be argued that health economics has added a dimension to medical ethics.
Pediatric nursing ethics
Authors: Penticuff Joy Hinson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In approaching nursing ethics in perinatal care, it is useful to take a broad view, because many of the factors that bear on nurses’ ethical reasoning and actions are influenced by the context of the hospital environments in which they practice and nurses’ close interactions with patients. Nursing ethics is an ethics of obligations within practice environments-environments that impose some degree of constraint on nurse autonomy. Within this milieu, nurses, expectant families, pregnant women, infant patients and their parents, the medical team, and administrative personnel are in dynamic interaction.
Induction Of General Anaesthesia
Authors: Runde C J , Gillies G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until the 1840s, operations were performed without any anaesthetic. In that decade, the anaesthetic gas nitrous oxide and the anaesthetic vapour ether were demonstrated for the first time. Intravenous anaesthetic drugs were first used in the 1930s and muscle relaxant drugs in the 1940s. Modem concepts of anaesthesia date from that time.
Maintenance And Monitoring Of The Adequacy Of Anaesthesia
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monitoring of the adequacy of anaesthesia relies on clinical signs of too light a level of anaesthesia, and specialized electronic brain monitors. The anaesthetist is constantly on the look out for signs of ‘lightness’ and tries to titrate or match the delivery of anaesthesia to the intensity of the surgical stimulus. Clinical signs are patient movement, tear formation, dilation of the pupils, sweating, increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure and increase in respiratory rate. It is important to relate these signs to what is happening surgically as there may be other explanations for these signs of ‘lightness’. For example, inadequate ventilation with a rise in CO2 can produce many of these signs!
Maintenance And Monitoring Of The Adequacy Of Muscle Relaxation
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Monitoring of muscle relaxation should be routine whenever a neuromuscular blocking drug is used. This allows the anaesthetist to more accurately assess the effect of a dose of muscle relaxant (i.e. is it producing adequate muscle relaxation for surgery) but also how long a dose lasts, when is another dose needed, when it is safe to reverse the effects of the relaxant and whether reversal is adequate.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recently, interest in surgical techniques via telescopic instruments using fibreoptic technology has developed, although some basic techniques and principles have been in use in gynaecology for many years. Laparoscopy is where a fibreoptic light source and imaging system is pushed through a small incision in the abdomen into the peritoneal cavity. A miniature TV camera is often attached so that the surgeon, trainees, and theatre staff can see clearly. Specialized instruments are passed through other small incisions to grasp, cut, or diathermy as required. To gain a better view, carbon dioxide (CO2) is insufflated into the peritoneal cavity and special equipment is used so that the pressure inside the peritoneum does not rise too high. Patients are intubated and ventilated for this procedure to counteract the splinting of the diaphragm and the absorption of CO2 into the bloodstream. Things can go wrong with this technique such as overpressure of CO2, CO2 tracking into the chest cavity or tissues, embolism of CO2 into blood vessels and bleeding.
Orthopaedics And Trauma
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A wide range of general anaesthesia and local or regional anaesthesia techniques is used in orthopaedic and trauma surgery. Some patients with bone and joint disease present particular problems, such as difficult intubation (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis). Positioning of patients is particularly important in orthopaedics with care required to avoid pain, stretching of nerves, dislocation of joints, movement of fractures and pressure point damage. Careful monitoring of blood loss and replacement is needed, especially for re-operation for joint replacement surgery and for spinal fusion cases. Some artificial joints are secured in place using acrylic cement and this can occasionally cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure.
Chronic Pain
Authors: Morton N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chronic pain problems are complex and patients are best cared for by a multidisciplinary pain clinic team involving anaesthesia, neurosurgery, psychiatry, psychology, physiotherapy, oncology, and others. The key to chronic pain management is accurate diagnosis and the assessment process can be prolonged. The anaesthetist may require assistance with diagnostic or therapeutic nerve blocks and sometimes these need to be carried out in the X-ray department to ensure correct needle placement. As well as blocks of peripheral nerves and plexuses, sympathetic nervous system blocks may be used (e.g. cervical sympathetic or stellate block, lumbar sympathetic block). Coeliac plexus block is used to control the pain for example from pancreatic cancer.
Tests in epilepsy
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter has made it clear that epilepsy is a clinical diagnosis based on a detailed description of events. There is no single test which can always make, or exclude, a diagnosis of epilepsy. Moreover, as also explained in earlier chapters, epilepsy is not a single condition. There are many different types of epilepsy, and there are many different causes of epilepsy. Investigations may be useful to: add weight to, or support the clinical diagnosis of epilepsy; help ‘classify’ the type of epileptic seizure and epilepsy syndrome. This is important in predicting the likely outcome of the epilepsy in a given individual, and the treatment that should be used; and help detect or find a cause for the epilepsy.
The treatment of epilepsy
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The treatment of epilepsy begins with making a correct diagnosis— the diagnosis that the events are truly seizures, the diagnosis of the seizure type, and the diagnosis of the epilepsy syndrome (pp. 10-22). This is particularly important in children in whom other non epileptic, brief disturbances may be confused with and misdiagnosed as epilepsy (pp. 54; 57-8). The drugs which are used to prevent or control epileptic seizures (anti-epileptic drugs; anticonvulsant drugs) may have to be used for some years—even for life—and have side effects which are occasionally serious. It is therefore important that the diagnosis of epilepsy is correct before these are prescribed.
Living with epilepsy
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What should a bystander do during a grand mal attack? The onset is often so sudden that it is difficult to do much at all in the early stage, though it may be possible to break the person’s fall. Parents or other relatives may recognize the warning signs that may occur if the generalized seizure follows a focal discharge, and so may have time to help the person to a chair or to a bed before the grand mal begins. Don’t try to open the person’s clenched mouth. The tongue, if bitten, is bitten at the onset of the attack, so there is no point in trying to save it. If the bystander uses his own fingers to try to force the mouth open, they may well be bitten in the clonic phase.
Electrocution and burns
Authors: Frca R F Armstrong 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 25-year-old male electrician was admitted with burns sustained whilst maintaining an electrical plant in a factory. The history obtained from the firemen was of rescue from a smoke-filled room. He was unconscious at the time of rescue. There were signs of an electrical fire. On admission he was covered in soot. There was a 40% skin surface burn, including face and neck. He was coughing up black sputum. Examination of the palate revealed soot particles. There was a deep burn on the right hand consistent with an electrical injury and a possible exit wound in the anterior surface of the left thigh. BP was 90/70 mmHg; pulse 120/min. GCS was 11.
Metabolic acidosis
Authors: Frca S Sinclair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A 58-year-old woman was admitted in extremis, having been unwell for 24 hours with a severe exacerbation of her asthma. Past medical history included a cerebrovascular accident at age 37 years, with minimal right-sided residual weakness. She was being treated for a hiatus hernia recently diagnosed by her GP.
Biological Treatments in Psychiatry
Authors: Lader Malcolm , Herrington Reginald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The easing of mental suffering by treatments which directly affect the substance of the brain has a long history and an established place in psychiatric practice. This new edition of a highly successful book reviewing the current status of these treatment methods has been updated to include discussion of new groups of compounds and also new families of drugs which have come into greater prominence, such as newer antidepressants, The book is concerned particularly with clinical practice and discusses in detail the management of individual conditions and the use of psychotropic drugs. The rational and effective use of these techniques needs an understanding of the scientific background, and chapters are devoted to basic pharmacology, the evaluation of treatment methods, the development of new techniques, the psychosocial and politico-ethical aspects of treatment, and the special problems encountered in treating children and the elderly. The economic aspects of prescribing are also outlined. The book will be of interest to psychiatrists, especially those reading for postgraduate qualifications, to those dealing with the mentally ill, and to neruopharmacologists who wish to understand current treatment methods in clincial psychiatry.
General practitioners’ contributions what’s really going on?
Authors: Smith Lindsay , Jewell David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Complete obstetric care (antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal) used to be a normal, essential part of British general practice. The norm now is for GPs to provide only antenatal and postnatal care. The number of women giving birth under the care of their general practitioner has steadily decreased from more than 85% in 1927 (Registrar General 1929), through 50% in 1946 (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1948), to about 15% in 1975 (Campbell and Macfarlane 1994).
The social context of maternity care
Authors: Selman Peter , Haimes Erica 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The social context of childbirth has been constantly changing over the past hundred years. In the mid nineteenth century the average family size was over six and 63% of married women had five or more live births before the end of their reproductive period (Table 7.1). Pregnancies were largely unplanned and family limitation practised on only a very limited scale. Many children died before reaching maturity.
Surgery, splints, and dressings
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many limitations to practising surgery on the hand are imposed by the average A&E department-lack of space, poor choice of instrumentation and magnification, pressure of work, poor lighting, no hand table, and problems of follow-up and rehabilitation. This is why it is suggested throughout the text that many procedures are carried out by the hand service rather than in the A&E department. Most procedures carried out in A&E can be performed adequately under local anaesthetic. However, not all patients can cope with this, and so very occasionally a patient may require a general anaesthetic.
Local anaesthetic techniques
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many minor hand surgical procedures can be carried out under local anaesthetic in the A&E department. Lignocaine is the usual anaesthetic used. It has a quick onset and short duration of action. It is commonly available as 0.5, 1, or 2 per cent. Use 1 per cent with or without adrenaline 1:200 000 This prolongs its action and reduces bleeding. It is safe to use adrenaline in the hand except for the digits.
The late sequence of child abuse
Authors: Wakley Gill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘I can’t see what it’s got to do with me,’ said one general practitioner as he sat unwillingly in a small group on an up-dating course, ‘I am perfectly well aware of the places I can refer people to’. The experiences of some of the other doctors in the group changed his attitudes to identifying prior sexual abuse. He heard about some patients who had large numbers of investigations for somatic complaints. They had often not attended for these investigations, only later to insist they were done urgently. They were difficult patients, alternately demanding or compliant.
Avoiding hepatitis in patients on dialysis
Authors: Pereira Brian F G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patients on chronic dialysis are at increased risk of acquiring parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses from blood product transfusions or nosocomial transmission in hemodialysis units (Knudsen et al., 1993; Jadoul et al., 1993; Irie et al., 1994; Okuda eta!., 1994; Cendoroglo-Neto etal., 1995). Biochemical abnormalities in liver function are seen in 10-44% of patients on chronic hemodialysis (Pereira and Levy, 1997). In the past, hepatitis Bvirus (HBV) was the major cause of parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis in dialysis patients, and the remaining cases were attributed to non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH). The discovery of new, parenterally transmitted hepatitis viruses such as hepatitis C (HCV) and GB virus (GBV)/hepatitis G (HGV) has shed light on the cause and clinical course of NANBH in patients on dialysis. Indeed, among dialysis patients serum markers of HBV, HCV, and GBV/HGV have been reported in 0.3--25.9%, 3.3-55%, and 3.1-55%, respectively (Anonymous, 1991; Mondelli et al., 1992; Chaveau et al., 1993; Dussol et al., 1993; Geerlings et al., 1994; Kohler, 1994; Tokars et al., 1994; Valderrabano et al., 1995).
Clinical Medicine
Authors: Leung Wai-Ching 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In our new Key Questions Answered series, Clinical Medicine KQA has been written to cover the breadth of clinical medicine for the medical undergraduate. Most students buy a selection of multiple choice question across the specialties to help them revise for exams etc. This book has been designed to provide a starting point - using just this one book the student can assess their knowledge and understanding of the different specialties, and build their confidence for their exams. The book has been written to complement the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine.
Biochemistry, Hans Krebs, and essential fatty acids
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugh Sinclair was appointed the first Reader in Human Nutrition at the University of Oxford in 1951; he could reapply for the post in 1958. Although tainted by the sour history of the Survey and burdened by limited funds, he began his new position determined to make nutrition an important and independent science within the Oxford community. To help achieve this, he secured staff for his Laboratory from every possible source, putting each person to work using the scientific skills he or she had already mastered. True to his concept of programme design, their topics were diverse, involving both clinical and experimental work.
Exchanges in the Lancet
Authors: Ewin Jeannette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hugh Sinclair was concerned that new forms of food processing might influence human nutrition and, when he wrote his letter to the Lancet, this was uppermost in his mind. Coincidental with the publication of Hugh’s letter, the British Government was debating the possibility of allowing the production of highly processed wheat flour. This troubled many nutritionists because, as bread was a major source of nutrients in the British diet, the change meant that the majority of British people would run the risk of becoming deficient in certain vitamins. During the war and the years that followed, when food had been scarce, the milling and extraction processes used to make flour were minimized as a means of preserving as much of the grain’s nutrient value as possible; but the baked goods it produced left much to be desired. Now that Great Britain was free from war-time privation, a public tired of being forced to eat heavy cakes and beige-grey bread was demanding finer and whiter flour. Technology used to produce a more acceptable grade of flour not only caused the extraction of nutrients, but also the introduction of bleaching agents and substances classified as ‘improvers’.