bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protostomes and Platyhelminthes: The Worm’s Turn
Authors: Littlewood D Timothy J , Telford Maximilian J , Bray Rodney A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The simplest partitioning of the bilaterally symmetrical animals (Bilateria) is the split between the Deuterostomia and Protostomia, divisions founded primarily on very different modes of embryonic development. The protostomes (Gr. “mouth first”) include those animals in which, after gastrulation, the mouth is formed at or near the blastopore opening rather than being a secondary opening (deuterostomy). Here we introduce some of the major protostome groups not treated elsewhere in this volume, with a particular emphasis on the flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) and their allies. We cover 15 phyla, including a number of important but enigmatic groups that have either flirted with shared ancestry with the flatworms or that are difficult to place among the protostomes. Early phylogenetic scenarios often placed the flatworms as basal bilaterian groups (even as ancestral archetypes) from which a range of more complex protostomes arose. As with any phylogenetic tree, the placement of the most basal group has important consequences for our understanding of an evolutionary radiation. Consequently, identifying the basal bilaterian is pivotal for understanding the evolutionary radiation of the major animal phyla.
Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of Insects
Authors: Willmann Rainer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 1.2 million recent insect species have been described, but recent estimates suggest several million additional species are to be expected (see the early discussion in Weber 1933). About 25,000 fossil species are known, but more than one billion insect species must have existed in the past, of which only a small minority have left any trace in sediments, and again, of these, only a small fraction will ever be found (Willmann 2002). Systematically, insects are one of the most studied groups. Modern biosystematics was developed with insects as one of its main targets, because Willi Hennig (1913–1976), the founder of phylogenetic systematics, was an entomologist dealing mainly with Diptera. However, the branching sequence of the insect tree is difficult to reconstruct for several reasons. First, insects are a fastevolving, enormously diverse group, and synapomorphies of subordinate groups may have become veiled by more recent evolutionary changes. Second, some taxa have preserved ancient characters, and it appears that structures once lost may reappear from time to time, leading to confusion among phylogenetists. Third, the amount of homoplasy has been underestimated. Fourth, although a huge number of fossil insects have been assembled and described, the gaps in the fossil record are considerable.
Golf Anecdotes
Authors: Sommers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ten years since Golf Anecdotes was first published, the game and its players have changed dramatically. This new edition, now with a foreword by Arnold Palmer and a new chapter covering the latest and greatest golf stars like Annika Sorenstam and Tiger Woods, reflects those changes. Readers can enjoy a sweeping look at this royal and ancient game, in a volume that is both an informal history as well as a vivid recounting of golf’s most striking incidents and personalities. Robert Sommers takes us on a grand tour that stretches from the game’s dim origins in the 12th century right up to the modern PGA tour. Indeed, no other anecdote book offers this much historical depth or serves up such fascinating lore. We learn for instance that the first known golf match took place in 1504, between James IV of Scotland and the Earl of Bothwell. Sommers likewise paints a colorful portrait of golf in the era of the first professionals--Old Tom Morris, Allan Robertson, and Willie Park--describing the earliest rules, the equipment used, the most memorable events. Much of the book focuses on the 20th century. Here readers will find wonderful tales of Harry Vardon and Francis Ouimet, Bobby Jones and Walter Hagen, Sam Snead and Ben Hogan, Joyce Wethered and Babe Zaharias, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus, Tom Watson and Lee Trevino, Nancy Lopez and Annika Sorenstam, Nick Faldo and Greg Norman, and of course, the amazing Tiger Woods. Thus the wide world of golf is presented, the first professionals and the latest stars, the double eagles and the double hits. Informative and highly entertaining, Golf Anecdotes will appeal to anyone who loves the game.
The Shi’a
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anger of the Shi’ ite Muslims, of which so much has been heard of late, has a long history, going back to the beginnings of Islam and rooted in the very nature of Muslim religion and government. When the Prophet Muhammad died in the year ad 632, he had founded a new religion. In doing this, he had also created a community, of which he was the leader and guide, and established a state, of which he was sovereign. He had begun his preaching in his birthplace, the oasis city of Mecca, and had won a number of disciples among its people. But the ruling oligarchy of Mecca rejected his message, and in 622 the Prophet and his disciples felt obliged, under growing pressure, to leave their homes and move to another oasis town, henceforth known as Medina.
Handbook of Evidence-Based Treatment Manualsfor Children and Adolescents
Authors: LeCroy Craig Winston 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this second edition of Handbook of Evidence-Based Child and Adolescent Treatment Manuals, LeCroy gathers fifteen varied program manuals and brief summaries of the research supporting each, ensuring that practitioners will truly understand the tools they are using. A completely revised and expanded edition of the handbook’s previous editions, this is an essential guide to some of the best programs for helping children and teens.
The Children of Divorce Intervention Program: Fostering Children’s Resilience through Group Support and Skill-Building
Authors: Pedro-Carroll JoAnne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each year in the United States, over one million children experience the dissolution of their parents’ marriage, marking the beginning of a series of life changes and adjustments, ranging from emotional to economic. Divorce is an enormously stressful process for families, and especially for children. Although the form of children’s responses varies by age and developmental level, most children react initially to their parents’ separation with distress.
Radiometry and Radiation Propagation
Authors: Schott John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiometric image analysis involves a quantitative assessment of the energy or flux recorded by an imaging system and some form of reverse engineering to determine the parameters that controlled the energy levels observed. For example, we might want to know the reflectance of elements in a scene, their temperature, or the distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere above the scene. This chapter con-tains the basic radiometric principles needed to describe, and eventually analyze, the brightness levels in an image. Before beginning this quantitative review of the fundamental physics, we will conceptually describe the energy paths we may need to analyze in deciphering an image.
Spectroscopic Image Analysis
Authors: Schott John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will expand the discussion of image processing algorithms to include those algorithms that have been developed or adapted for use with image spectrometer data. We will see that, in some cases, this is a very arbitrary distinc-tion, with the imaging spectroscopy data simply representing more bands to be processed in the same fashion as multispectral data. From this perspective, the multispectral algorithms of Chapter 9 can all be applied to spectroscopic data (al-beit with significant run time penalties in many cases).
Image/Data Combination and Information Dissemination
Authors: Schott John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important and often overlooked links in the image chain is the distribution of the information to the user. In many cases, the information is pro-vided in a form where only an imaging expert can use it (i.e., the user sees meaningless blobs) or without sufficient support data to justify meaningful decisions (e.g., a class map with no information on the class accuracies). Entire fields of science are evolving around the topics of information display and scientific visu-alization. Remote sensing scientists need to take advantage of advances in these fields to assist in the distribution of remotely sensed information.
Weak Links in the Chain
Authors: Schott John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In much of our discussion to this point, we have simplified many of the equations and concepts in order to introduce and deal with the fundamental or governing equations. In doing so, we recognize that there are times when the simplifications will be less valid than desired and that, in general, noise and/or error sources should become part of the equation. In analyzing an individual image or image product, we have to realize that it is the net result of the entire image chain: acquisition conditions, sensor system, processing procedures, and display or analysis.
Image Modeling
Authors: Schott John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter, we look at the process of generating synthetic images. This subject is of interest to remote sensing in its own right but is particularly interest-ing from the image chain perspective. The process of effectively modeling nature to generate synthetic images that mimic real images requires a detailed knowledge and representation of the image chain. In this chapter, we will look at methods for generating synthetic images and how in many ways they represent a computer simulation of actual imaging systems.
Who Should Be Blamed for Being Sick?
Authors: Wikler Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health promotion is frequently said to proceed from the premise that individuals are responsible for their health. Fine-but what does it mean? Perhaps nothing more profound than that people will usually be healthier if they try to take better care of themselves. However, if that is all it means, it is too simple an idea to serve as the philosophical foundation for a comprehensive approach to health and health care. To fulfill that latter role, it must be understood as having moral and policy implications and must involve ethical and even juridical concepts: role, obligation, and duty; perhaps fault, blame, and excuses, guilt, punishment, and compensation. Even when one who uses the slogan intends no such message, those who hear it may do so. In either case, it is important to explore the meanings and implications of the concept of personal responsibility for health before enshrining it as the motto of a new school of health promotion and education.
Why Justice Is Good for Our Health The Social Determinants of Health Inequalities
Authors: Daniels Norman , Kennedy, Bruce P , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have known for over 150 years that an individual’s chances of life and death are patterned according to social class: The more affluent and educated people are, the longer and healthier their lives. These patterns persist even when there is universal access to health care-a fact quite surprising to those who think financial access to medical services is the primary determinant of health status. In fact, recent cross national evidence suggests that the greater the degree of socioeconomic inequality that exists within a society, the steeper the gradientof health inequality. As a result, middle-income groups in a less-equal society will have worse health than comparable or even poorer groups in a society with greater equality. Of course, one cannot infer causation from correlation, but there are plausible hypotheses about pathways that link social inequalities to health. Even if more work remains to be done to clarify the exact mechanisms, it is not unreasonable to talk here about the social “determinants” of health.2
Ethical Issues in the Vaccination of Children
Authors: Diekema Douglas S , Marcuse Edgar K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vaccination of children against a multitude of infectious agents has been hailed by many as one of the most effective health interventions of the 20th century. Vaccination serves two goals. The first is to prevent disease among individuals and within groups. This goal may be accomplished directly through the protection offered to vaccinated individuals and indirectly to unvaccinated individuals surrounded by vaccinated individuals who neither contract nor spread the agent in question-a phenomenon known as herd immunity. A second goal of vaccination programs is the eradication of disease. The global eradication of smallpox in 1977 is an example of a vaccine program that attained the second goal, as a result eliminating the need for smallpox vaccination.
Representing Agrippina
Authors: Ginsburg Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Agrippina the Younger, wife of the emperor Claudius and mother of his successor Nero, wielded power and authority at the center of the Roman empire in ways unmatched by almost any other woman in Roman history. Such, at least, is the portrait of Agrippina delivered by our sources and perpetuated in modern scholarship. In this posthumous work, Judith Ginsburg provides a fresh look at both the literary and material representations of Agrippina. Unlike previous treatments, she seeks neither to condemn nor to rehabilitate Agrippina. Nor does she endeavor to exhume the "real Agrippina" from the embellished or fabricated portraits found among the ancients. Ginsburg trains her focus on the representations themselves. Her painstaking dissection of the portrayals by historians exposes the rhetorical tropes, the recurrent motifs, and the craft that shaped the literary image of Agrippina. The designs, as Ginsburg shows, were more than literary flourishes. They aimed to blur the boundaries between the domestic and the imperial realms, deploying the image of Agrippina as domineering wife and mother to suggest the flaws and instability of the regime, a dysfunctional family entailing a dysfunctional system of governance. Gender inversions at home played themselves out on the public scene as imperial rule compromised by female ascendancy. Distorted stereotypes of the "wicked stepmother," the domineering woman, and the sexual transgessor were applied to underscore the violations of status and disruption of gender relations that characterized the imperial administration. Ginsburg has as keen an eye for visual (mis)representations as for literary ones. The depictions of Agrippina on coinage and statuary provide a stark contrast with the written evidence. She appears as matron and priestess, emblematic of domestic rectitude and public piety, and a central figure in the continuity of the dynasty. Ginsburg incisively demonstrates the means whereby Agrippina's imagery was molded both to serve the interests of the Julio-Claudian regime and to advance the ends of its critics.
Continuity of Format and Computation in Short-Term Memory Development
Authors: Feigenson Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their first year of life, infants face the enormous task of making sense of the world around them. Without the ability to store and reason about representations of the individual objects, actions, and sounds in their environment, infants would never accomplish the monumental changes they do. Storing representations of such individuals in memory allows infants to perform computations that, while seemingly simple, are critical to learning about the world. Comparing a scene to one observed earlier, keeping track of the presence of objects even when the objects are temporarily occluded, and making predictions about the outcomes of hidden events are some examples of such computations. The thesis of this chapter is that the short-term memory system that enables infants to store object representations, and many of the computations infants perform over these representations, are continuous throughout the human life span. Infants and adults show similar capacities and similar limitations regarding their ability to represent and reason about objects. At the same time, infants’ and adults’ short-term memory abilities may differ in some important respects. This chapter explores what is shared and what may differ in early versus mature short-term memory.
To have and have Not:What Do We Mean When We Talk About Long-Term Memory Development?
Authors: Newcombe Nora S , Crawley Stacie L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we look at babies in their cradles or their car seats or their parents’ arms, we wonder what they make of their experience, and what they will retain of what goes on around them. Opinions on this issue vary widely, with some observers claiming that early memories vanish quickly, if they are ever formed at all, and others arguing that infant memories are formed easily, are retained forever, and are profoundly influential on adult personality. While researchers are working hard on understanding early memory, extreme points of view coexist in popular sources. In a few cases, this public discourse has involved citation of professional papers-although sometimes in opposite ways. For example, Carolyn Rovee-Collier’s extensive work with the mobile conjugate reinforcement paradigm has been used both to bolster the notion that babies forget and to support the idea of lifelong influence of infant experience.
Welfare Transformed
Authors: Cherry Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the ten years after President Clinton made good on his promise to "end welfare as we know it" by signing the reform act of 1996, the number of families on welfare dropped by over three million. This hotly contested legislation has fueled countless hyperbolic arguments from both sides of the political spectrum rather than a clearheaded examination of the actual results of the reform. Robert Cherry steps into the fray with a story that differs sharply from both conservative and liberal critiques. He portrays the women who left welfare as success stories rather than victims, and stresses the many positive lessons of the policy initiatives that accompanied the reform without downplaying the problems it created. The result is an eye-opening look at the ground-level repercussions of welfare policy changes, developments that have been overshadowed by partisan politics for too long. Anchored by solid economic research and policy background, Welfare Transformed comes alive with revealing interviews of key members of the Clinton Administration, directors and staff at welfare-to-work programs and community colleges, and - most importantly - welfare leavers themselves. Cherry carefully explains the factors (racial, social, economic, generational) that spurred and shaped the reform, and moves past partisan rhetoric in his review of its effects. Instead, he pays attention to concrete data and real people's experiences that combine to provide a full account of the legislation's aftermath. Armed with this new view, Cherry offers a range of strong suggestions for transforming successful welfare policies into universal family policies, from strengthening federal economic supports for working families to improving our community colleges. A refreshing take on a lightning-rod subject, this book is certain to foment heated discussions among all who read it.
Figuring Genre in Roman Satire
Authors: Keane Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Satirists are social critics, but they are also products of society. Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, the verse satirists of ancient Rome, exploit this double identity to produce their colorful commentaries on social life and behavior. In a fresh comparative study that combines literary and cultural analysis, Catherine Keane reveals how the satirists create such a vivid and incisive portrayal of the Roman social world. Throughout the tradition, the narrating satirist figure does not observe human behavior from a distance, but adopts a range of charged social roles to gain access to his subject matter. In his mission to entertain and moralize, he poses alternately as a theatrical performer and a spectator, a perpetrator and victim of violence, a jurist and criminal, a teacher and student. In these roles the satirist conducts penetrating analyses of Rome's definitive social practices "from the inside." Satire's reputation as the quintessential Roman genre is thus even more justified than previously recognized. As literary artists and social commentators, the satirists rival the grandest authors of the classical canon. They teach their ancient and modern readers two important lessons. First, satire reveals the inherent fragilities and complications, as well as acknowledging the benefits, of Roman society's most treasured institutions. The satiric perspective deepens our understanding of Roman ideologies and their fault lines. As the poets show, no system of judgment, punishment, entertainment, or social organization is without its flaws and failures. At the same time, readers are encouraged to view the satiric genre itself as a composite of these systems, loaded with cultural meaning and highly imperfect. The satirist who functions as both subject and critic trains his readers to develop a critical perspective on every kind of authority, including his own.
Geography of The Pre-Columbian Maya
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Maya region was larger than modern Italy, a little smaller than France. Extending from the Pacific coast across to the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico and covering the land from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec south into western El Salvador and Honduras, the region spanned 390,000 square kilometers (150,540 square miles). Even today, the region is inhabited by millions of Maya. The land is full of contrasting environments, from tropical low-lands to snow-covered mountain peaks, from near desert dryness to drenching wet, and from porous limestone to volcanic ash–enriched soils. The contrast in environment and natural resources between the highlands and the low-lands encouraged trade and cultural exchange.
Society And Government
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Maya were united by a shared ideology and worldview, but they never were unifled into a single political state. There was no Maya empire comparable to ancient Rome, and there was no single centralized authority equivalent to the Egyptian pharaoh. There were, instead, numerous substantial Maya cities, and many of these cities were independent polities. The challenge for the Mayanist has been to understand the sociopolitical nature of these cities and what, if any, relationship they had to one another.
Religion, Cosmology, And Art by Kaylee Spencer-Ahrens and Linnea H. Wren
Authors: Foster Lynn V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient Maya society, cosmological beliefs pervaded all aspects of life and integrated every individual into a unitary worldview and ethos. The Maya understood the relationship between the natural and supernatural spheres to be a constant interplay of dynamic forces. Through their cosmology and art, the Maya conceptualized the structure of cosmic space, the identities of the gods, the unfolding of creation, the significance of the sacred city, the sustenance of life, the defeat of death, the role of nobles and kings, and the purpose of ritual performances.
Challenges for the Future: Integrating Ecological Structure and Dynamics
Authors: Pascual Mercedes , Dunne Jennifer A , Levin Simon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The visual tension between the orderly representation of the tocapu designs in the pallai and the apparent scattering of elements in the pampas reflects an important Inca’s aesthetic principle: a chaos and order that is analogous to the relationship between nature and culture.