bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The International Judge
Authors: Terris Daniel , Romano Cesare P R , Swigart Leigh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last century, international courts, once reserved for arcane matters of diplomacy and trade, have begun to address a broad range of human experience and activity. This volume corrects some of the common misperceptions about international judges, while providing a balanced introduction to both the strengths and shortcomings of their work. As they rule on crucial issues of war and peace, human rights, and trade, in addition to high-profile criminal trials, international judges are playing a critical role in developments that will affect world affairs for years to come. Based on interviews with more than 30 international judges, this volume is the first comprehensive portrait of the men and women in this new global profession. The working environment of international judges is closely examined in courts around the world, highlighting the challenge of carrying out work in multiple languages, in the context of intricate bureaucratic hierarchies, and with a necessary interdependence between judges and their courts' administration. Arguing that international judges have to balance their responsibilities as interpreters of the law and as global professionals, the authors discuss the challenges of working in the fluid circumstances of international courts. Profiles of five individual judges provide insight into the experience and dilemmas of the men and women on the international bench.
Sociology and Industrial Relations
Authors: Roberts Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many ways the relationship between sociology and industrial relations parallels the tripartite frame of reference within industrial relations itself, those of unitarism, pluralism, and conflict. At times conflict over the legitimacy of the approaches involved by those active in the two spheres has reigned supreme. At other points co-operation and sympathy with those involved in a common enterprise has characterized the relationship. As sociologists and industrial relations practitioners we can be variously seen to be pursuing the same issues using overlapping methodologies (a form of unitary endeavour). Alternatively, the two activities can at times be seen to be pursuing a similar object by means of differing approaches (a form of pluralism). Finally, there are those who have believed that sociology and industrial relations are very different endeavours which have different objects of study, use different methodologies and are largely incommensurable (a kind of conflict perspective).
Consumer Capitalism and Industrial Relations
Authors: Korczynski Marek 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is inspired by a crisis of the institutions and study of industrial relations. Often this crisis is seen as revolving around the rise of managerialism and HRM. This crisis is a real one and is investigated in a number of chapters in this book. By focusing on the rise of consumer capitalism, however, this chapter highlights a different sort of crisis affecting industrial relations—a crisis of legitimacy stemming from the rise of the customer as a figure of authority within organizations and society. The argument proceeds in the following way. First, there is an examination of the importance of, and nature of, legitimacy within traditional industrial relations practice and study. The subsequent section charts the rise of the customer as a figure of authority, that is, of legitimate power, within organizations, particularly service organizations. The final section considers how the institutions and study of industrial relations can respond to this crisis of legitimacy.
The Future of Industrial Relations
Authors: Edwards Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to consider the analytical value of the concept ‘industrial relations’ and to indicate some lines of future development. The label is unfortunate in so far as ‘industry’ is often taken to mean ‘manufacturing’ (a usage perhaps more common where English is a second language than in the Anglo-Saxon world). Yet as Kaufman (this volume) demonstrates, in the US ‘industrial relations’ was for a considerable period the overall term for employer-employee relations. If we were starting from scratch, ‘employment relations’ might be the most convenient term, but as long as IR is understood to refer to any form of the employment relationship there is plainly no restriction to manufacturing.
The Historical Context Of Statutory Nuisance And Public Health Legislation
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statutory nuisance is a concept that originated in the huge changes and adverse environmental conditions brought about during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. It was fundamental to the social legislation that was first enacted in the 1840s and 1850s, and which continued into the twentieth century in the Public Health Act of 1936. Some of this early sanitary legislation continues in the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’), either virtually unaltered from its original formulation or in an amended form; some early formulations are to be found in other legislation, such as the Building Act 1984.
Offences And Prosecution For Breach Of An Abatement Notice
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Local authority prosecutions for breach of an abatement notice invoke the rules of evidence and procedure of the magistrates’ courts acting in their criminal capacity. These rules are more restrictive than apply in appeals against abatement notices under section 80(3) of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (‘EPA 1990’) where the rules and procedures are based on civil law.1 Hearsay evidence that would be admissible in an appeal is subject to much more stringent conditions in criminal proceedings.
Accumulations And Deposits
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Pointing John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This statutory nuisance has its origins in the earliest public health legislation. It first appeared in section 8 of the Nuisances Removal Act 1855: ‘Any Accumulation or Deposit which is a Nuisance or injurious to Health.’ It was consolidated in section 92(c) of the Public Health Act 1936: ‘any accumulation or deposit which is prejudicial to health or a nuisance’ and, is now contained in the EPA 1990 with the same wording.
The Rise and Fall of a Local Version of Management Consulting in Finland
Authors: Ainamo Antti , Tienari Janne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To address this gap in the literature, this chapter presents a historical account of the emergence of management consulting in Finland from the Second World War until the late 1990s. The historical account of the creation of the local version of management consulting in Finland is generally informative about how management consulting becomes institutionalized in countries where American-style consultants lack access to the boardrooms of corporations, where cultural norms resist learning about working with consultants, or where there exist other obstacles to consultants becoming a link for knowledge transfer across managers in different locations.
Collaborative Relationships in the Creation and Fashioning of Management Ideas: Gurus, Editors, and Managers
Authors: Clark Timothy , Greatbatch David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management advice industry is an interrelated community of knowledge entrepreneurs and organizations which include management consultants, management gurus, business schools, and mass media organizations. Each of these groups is concerned with the creation, production, and dissemination of ideas and techniques to managers. These groups compete with each other and thrive or falter on their ability to convince the management audience why it is imperative that they should pursue certain organizationalgoals and why their particular technique offers the best means to achieve these goals. The findings of a number of studies suggest that management consultants and gurus currently dominate contemporary notions of the organizational ideal and the nature of the management role (Barley, Meyer, and Gash 1988; Gerlach, 1996; Spell 2000). Hence, those ideas with popular appeal and being disseminated by media organizations are primarily the ones created by these two groups. In contrast, the academic literature tends to lag behind the popular management press, so that the research agenda is not being set by academics. Management academics increasingly research the outcomes of management actions that are influenced by the ideas of a small number of consultants and gurus.
Financial Intermediary-Coalitions
Authors: Boyd John H , Prescott Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about financial intermediaries, and there is general agreement that these firms, which account for about 8%1 of U.S. gross national product, are somehow important. Despite the volume of past studies, however, research on this topic remains at a relatively primitive stage. This is primarily so because in Arrow-Debreu economies such organizations are unneeded. Until quite recently, serious analysis of intermediaries was therefore hindered by the lack of convincing general equilibrium theories that give rise to trading frictions.
Financial Intermediation with Risk Aversion
Authors: Aversion Financial Intermediation with Risk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to study the impact of risk aversion on financial intermediation in the agency cost approach to financial relations. Two questions will be addressed: First, what is the impact of risk aversion on the viability of financial intermediation? Second, what is the impact of risk aversion on the allocation of risks in a financial system based on intermediation? As pointed out by Diamond (1984), viability of financial intermediation is an issue because intermediation lengthens the chain of transactions in the provision of finance. This may widen the scope for moral hazard.
The Governance of Exchanges: Members’ Cooperatives versus Outside Ownership
Authors: Hart Oliver , Hardman-Moore John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all countries, securities exchanges face a number of important new challenges. First, exchanges compete increasingly with each other. This is in large part a result of the reduced cost of communications, which has allowed exchanges to gain access to a geographically dispersed set of customers. The impact of this changing technology was initially felt by regional exchanges, which lost their local franchises and in many cases were forced out of business. However, national exchanges are now also to a large extent in competition internationally. Competition has been heightened by the fact that quite similar economic attributes may often be shared by apparently different securities.
Financial System Architecture
Authors: Boot Arnaud W A , Thakor Anjan V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A primary function of the financial system is to facilitate the transfer of resources from savers (“surplus units”) to those who need funds (“deficit units”). In a well-designed financial system, resources are efficiently allocated. The question we address is, what is the configuration of such a financial system? In particular, we examine why bank lending and capital market financing coexist and the factors-such as regulation and the stage of economic development-that determine which dominates.
Constituency and Theta Roles
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea that syntactic structures are hierarchical in nature, with smaller structures coming together to make larger structures, which, themselves, can be parts of yet larger structures, and so on. We shall motivate a syntactic operation, which we will call Merge, whose function is to build up larger structures out of smaller ones, with the smallest elements being lexical items.
Mismatching By Design: Explaining the Dynamics of Innovative Capabilities of the Firm with a Penrosean Mark
Authors: Turvani Margherita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My attention will be addressed to the understanding of the features that are respon sible both for promoting and limiting the capability of firms to innovate. Following Penrose’s mark I will look at the process of generation and utilisation of knowledge within the firm to highlight the mechanisms at work that govern the day-to-day pro cess of knowledge creation, mechanisms that may foster or hinder the development of innovative capabilities of the firm and its capacity to grow.
London Dismembered
Authors: Pimlott Ben , Rao Nirmala 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Getting rid of the Greater London council was one thing. Providing a long-term alternative was another. Not only did it not prove easy; the problem was almost entirely ignored. Yet the very failure to tackle it raised an unexpected question. Did it matter? The abolition of the GLC in 1986 left London’s future in the hands of ministers, the 32 London boroughs, and a web of joint arrangements. Decision making became highly fragmented, with powers drifting to Whitehall. A network of joint bodies struggled to build a basis for the planning of the metropolis, while Labour politicians looked on askance as the London Residuary Body set about its task of disposing of the remaining GLC assets. Yet, despite all predictions, the governance of London continued to function.
Marketizing Higher Education: Neoliberal Strategies and Counter-Strategies
Authors: Levidow Les 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Higher education has special stakes for ruling ideologies and strategies. Universities represent the needs of the state and capital as the needs of society, while adapting the skills of professional workers to labour markets. Despite this role, often spaces are created for alternative pedagogies and critical citizenship.
As part of that long-standing conflict, marketization tendencies have a long history. Student numbers have increased, while teaching has been under-resourced and so appears as an ‘inefficiency’ problems, to be solved by standardizing curricula. Knowledge has been packaged in textbook-type formats, so that students become customers for products. As a US critic once remarked, ‘the various universities are competitors for the traffic in merchantable instruction’ (Veblen 1918: 65).
Direct monitoring and profitability: Are large shareholders beneficial?
Authors: Gugler Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One natural question from Table 1.1 is whether manager-controlled (MC) firms (QI) are less profitable than owner-controlled (QC) firms (QN) because of the presence of the separation of ownership and control and the resulting absence of direct monitoring. Before we try to answer this question, Table 2.1 presents an overview over the potential severity of the problem of the separation of ownership and control in Europe, Japan, and the USA. Concentrated holdings of common stock potentially reduce agency problems among shareholders and managers; the larger ownership (and voting power) concentration, the higher the incentive and ability of shareholders to monitor management. This reduction in the’free-rider problem, of monitoring is accompanied by a’convergence-of-interest’effect if managers hold large blocks of shares.
Beneficial block-holders versus entrenchment and rent extraction?
Authors: Gugler Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter, we saw that large shareholders can improve the supervision of management and thereby improve firm performance. However, large blockholders, by virtue of their increased scope of influence over the company may also have detrimental effects. Quadrant IV of Table I.I exhibited the costs and benefits of concentrated voting power and concentrated ownership. The benefits of large shareholders are associated with the alignment of cash-flow and control interests and direct monitoring.
Moral Rights: Moving from Rhetoric to Reality in Pursuit of European Harmonisation
Authors: lea* Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two basic characteristics of moral rights are, on the face of it, easy to state: they are personal in that they relate to the creative processes and products of a human actor (‘the author’) and they are non-proprietary in that they relate to interests arising from authorship which reflect fundamental aspects of human dignity rather than simple commercial gain or ownership of property;1 in broad terms, these are one or more of the protection of the status of the author, the protection of the status of the work and the protection of the special creative link between the two.
Defamation Law and the Liability of Internet Intermediaries: Recent Developments in the United Kingdom, the USA and Australia
Authors: Collins* Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Civil defamation law balances the right to reputation against the public interest in freedom of speech. Despite a common legal heritage, this balance has come to be drawn differently in each of the United Kingdom, the USA and Australia, as a result of different emphases in the common law authorities and the statutes which apply in each country.
Reforming the Regulation of Communications
Authors: gibbons* Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in the media, telecommunications and information technology sectors have prompted the need for widespread rationalisation of policy and regulation. There has been considerable debate, especially at the European level,1 about which measures might be appropriate to consider, and this has informed the Labour administration’s thinking about the way forward. Following a lengthy consultation process, the White Paper published at the end of 2000 sets out the strategy for a new framework in the United Kingdom.2 Since future advances and their timescale are difficult to predict, it emphasises flexibility: to prevent new initiatives from being stifled, but without compromising the interests of the public, both as consumers and as citizens. The principal proposals are the increased use of competition regulation, both general and sector-specific, as the basic tool for supervising the communications infrastructure, together with an attempt to provide a more coherent framework for content regulation.
Main Developments in Broadcasting Law
Authors: Ballard* Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new Millennium began with an exuberant endorsement of the broadband future. The Government staged an auction of five licences for blocks of spectrum for third generation (‘3G’) mobile services. 3G systems will permit the delivery of higher bandwidth services to users on the move. Users should be able to surf the Internet and to access music, high quality pictures and video. The reserve prices for the licences totalled £500m; 13 bidders took part; the auction ran for seven weeks. The bids exceeded all expectations, the winning bids totalling £22,477m.
Co-articulation and Sequences
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We completed our survey of articulatory stricture types (stop, trill, fricative, etc.) and articulatory locations (bilabial, labiodental, apico-dental, etc.) in Chapter 5. However, there are still some things that remain to be said about articulation, and we discuss them here under the headings of co-articulation and sequences.
Two Cultural Approaches for Understanding the Reproductive Health Consequences of Marital Violence in an Indian Area of Mexico
Authors: Montes Soledad González 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1993 the United Nations’ World Health Organization produced a broad definition of violence against women as: ‘Any act based on gender, that results or can result in physical, sexual or psychological damage, or suffering to the woman, including coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, occurring in private or public life.’ Research done during the last two decades has shown the marital relationship to be the most frequent-but certainly not the only-context in which violence against women occurs. It has dismissed the notion that conjugal violence is the result of individual pathology, stressing its socio-cultural basis, bringing to light the way gender identities and relations are shared by familial and societal contexts where male control and authority are asserted in the family and society at large (Counts et al.).1 While physical forms of violence exerted against wives are the most obvious and can have immediate health consequences, such as bodily injuries or in the case of pregnant women-miscarriages and low-birth-weight babies (Newberger et al. 1992; Gielen et al. 1994), recent research is exploring the possible long-term effects of both physical and psychological/emotional violence upon the mental and physical health of women (Dixon-Mueller 1993; Heise et al. 1994, 1995).
Culturalism as Ideology
Authors: Fassin Didier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anthropologist is often asked to speak about ‘culture’. It is generally thought that such is his fate, as part of the attributions of his discipline, just as the sociologist is expected to study ‘society’, thus following a long scientific tradition, from Franz Boas to George Foster by way of Malinowski. But the culture he is expected to describe is particular: it corresponds to what is believed not to be yet known, to what is in some way at a cultural distance. In other words, he is called upon when his anthropological knowledge is deemed to be irreplaceable. He is therefore supposed, with the support of ethnographic research and conceptual tools, to provide insight into far-away societies that are often referred to as traditional, or into segments of his own society that are in some way distinct from its dominant values, whether those segments be the poor, deviants, or immigrants. The culture of which he draws the portrait is thus defined by its difference. It is the culture of the Other insofar as it is different.
The Structure of the Military Business Complex and its Key Corporations
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the toughest cha1lenges for military authorities during the PLA’s engagement in business was to re&rulate and manage the activities of thousands of enterprises that were hungry to make money by any means. An interlocking structure of administra¬tive bodies and corporate entities slowly evolved from the mid-1980s to the late 1990s to oversee this smiling and loosely connected corporate structure. But this bureaucratic apparatus struggled to keep pace with the rapidly changing and disorderly growth of army-owned businesses.
In the military business complex’s aspirations of becoming a domestic and interna¬tional commercial powerhouse, a key goal was the development of a stable of conglomerates that controlled many of the largest and most profitable PLA commer¬cial entities. They were given special treatment to boost their growth, inc1uding numerous financial and administrative privileges. At the helm of these corporations were well-connected military entrepreneurs, often the sons and daughters of top leaders, as we11 as an expanding breed of market-savvy managers.
The PLA’s Divestiture From Business, 1998-1999
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a national anti-smuggling seminar held by the PLA high command in July I 998, Jiang Zemin instructed the military, paramilitary, and law enforcement bodies public security, state security, judicial, and procurational bodies) to clean up and divest themselves from commercial activities. He told the assembled military brass that to properly develop the army in an all-round manner, the central authorities decided that the anny and the anned police should earnestly screen and rectify various commercial companies operated by their subordinate units and sha1l not carry out commercial activities in the future.’