bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a DCPD Calibration for Evaluation of Crack Growth in Corner-Notched, Open-Hole Specimens
Authors: George K , Reemsnyder HS , Donald JK , Bucci RJ 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A direct current potential drop (DCPD) calibration was developed for an open-hole specimen to characterize fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of cracks initiating from a small corner flaw and transitioning to a through-thickness crack. A single Mode I stress intensity (KI) solution was derived covering the entire range of crack growth. The purpose of using this specimen geometry was to: 1) capture short crack behavior for specific crack length intervals of damage tolerance criteria and 2) use the data to evaluate predictive FCG methodology. Driven by these objectives, a non-standard specimen was chosen that better simulated the geometry and stress state of the component of interest: an aircraft wing design detail. Thin panels of selected 7XXX and 2XXX aluminum alloys were prepared with a centrally located open-hole with a corner notch of 0.13 mm (∼0.005 in.) to serve as a crack initiation site. Testing was conducted in high-humidity air under constant and variable amplitude loading. Short crack results agreed well with existing, closure-corrected, long crack data. Duplicate tests of the 7XXX alloys confirmed repeatability. The 2XXX alloys exhibited greater variability than the 7XXX alloys in the short crack regime. Evaluation of the predictive methods is beyond the scope of this paper and will be published separately.
Fuzzy Probabilistic Assessment of Aging Aircraft Structures Subjected to Multiple Site Fatigue Damage
Authors: Akpan UO , Rushton PA , Dunbar TE , Koko TS 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
A strategy is developed for fuzzy probabilistic assessment of the fatigue resistance of aging aircraft structures due to multiple site fatigue damage (MSD). The residual strength of an aircraft structure may be significantly reduced by the existence of fatigue damage at multiple locations. Depending on the level of subjectivity and degree of knowledge, MSD-related parameters may be represented as either purely random variables or fuzzy random variables. The membership functions of probabilistic characteristics of fuzzy random variables, namely mean values and standard deviations, are developed. Mechanistic and probabilistic models used to evaluate multi-site fatigue damage are also presented. A probabilistic solution strategy, employing the first order reliability method (FORM), is combined with the response surface-based fuzzy modeling approach to develop possibility distributions of the probabilistic response quantities (namely reliability indices and failure probabilities) for components subjected to multiple site fatigue damage. Instead of providing the traditional single valued, purely probabilistic measure for reliability, the present formulation proves its merit in its ability to combine experimental data with expert knowledge to provide confidence bounds on the structural integrity of aging aircraft. Moreover, the predicted bounds are dependent on the level of knowledge regarding the fuzzy input parameters, with a higher degree of knowledge resulting in more narrow bounds. An example problem is used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methodology.
Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks in Structural and Mechanical Components Subjected to Complex Stress Fields
Authors: Wu Z , Glinka G , Jakubczak H , Nilsson L 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
One of the difficulties in using fracture mechanics is in determining stress intensity factors of cracked structural and mechanical components. The cracks are often subjected to complex stress fields induced by external loads and residual stresses resulting from the surface treatment. Both stress fields are characterized by non-uniform distributions, and handbook stress intensity factor solutions are seldom available in such cases. The method presented below is based on the generalized weight function technique enabling the stress intensity factors to be calculated for any Mode I loading applied to a planar semi-elliptical surface crack. The stress intensity factor can be determined at any point on the crack tip contour by using the general weight function. The calculation is carried out by integrating the product of the stress field and the weight function over the crack area.
Several examples of point-load weight functions and resulting stress intensity factors are presented in the paper. The method is particularly suitable for modeling fatigue crack growth in the presence of complex stress fields.
Apparent Molar Volumes and Adiabatic Compressibilities of Some Amino Acids in Aqueous Sucrose Solutions at 298.15 K
Authors: Pal Amalendu , Kumar Suresh 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Apparent molar volumes V
ϕ and adiabatic compressibilities K
ϕ,

s
of L-glycine, L-alanine, and L-valine in aqueous sucrose solutions ranging from pure water to 25 mass% of sucrose have been determined at 298.15 K from precise density and sound speed measurements. Partial molar volumes V
ϕ
0 and partial molar adiabatic compressibilities K
ϕ,

s

0 of these amino acids at infinite dilution were evaluated. These values are required for calculating hydration number n
H of amino acids. Transfer volumes ΔV
ϕ
0 and transfer adiabatic compressibilities ΔK
ϕ,

s

0 at infinite dilution from water to aqueous sucrose solutions have been calculated. Transfer parameters have been discussed in terms of solute-cosolute interaction on the basis of a cosphere overlap model. Group contributions for the partial molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities have been determined from the amino acids. All these results indicate that hydrophilic ionic group interactions are stronger than the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions in all the amino acids over the whole concentration range of sucrose solutions and decrease with the increase in size of side chain of amino acids.
Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Kinetic Effects of Substituent and Crown Ether on Intramolecular Sodium Cation Exchange in 2,5-Di-Tert-Amyl- and 2,5-Di-Tert-Butyl-1,4-Benzoquinone Radical Anions
Authors: Sueishi Yoshimi , Kasahara Masamichi , Okawa Kayo , Yamamoto Shunzo 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Upon an addition of crown ethers to a solution of 2,5-di-tert-amyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DAQ) and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBQ) radical anions, the significant broadening of the two-center lines was observed in their electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The formation constants for the complexation of sodium cation with three kinds of crown ethers in 2,5-DAQ and 2,5-DBQ radical ion pairs were estimated, and the intramolecular two-site jumping rates of sodium cation complexed with crown ethers were determined. Differential effects of steric and crown ether were found in the intramolecular sodium cation migration. The stabilization of inclusion complex of sodium cation with crown ethers gives rise to the acceleration effects on the rates of intramolecular migration of cation/crown-ether complex. Based on the results, a kinetic explanation for the intramolecular sodium cation migration in the presence of crown ethers was given.
Alkanolamines from Olefin Oxides and Ammonia
Authors: Jones Carol , Edens Martha R. , Lochary J. Fred 
Published: September 2004

AbstractEthylene oxide, propylene oxide, or butylene oxide react with ammonia to produce alkanolamines. Ethanolamines, NH3-n(C2H4OH)n(C2HOH)n(n = 1,2,3, mono‐, di‐, and tri‐), are derived from the reaction of ammonia with ethylene oxide. Isopropanolamines, NH3-n(CH2CHOHCH3)n(mono‐, di‐, and tri‐), result from the reaction of ammonia with propylene oxide. Secondary butanolamines, NH3-n(CH2CHOHCH2CH3)n(mono‐, di‐, and tri‐), are the result of the reaction of ammonia with butylene oxide. Mixed alkanolamines can be produced from a mixture of oxides reacting with ammonia. Ethanolamines have been commercially available for over 50 years and isopropanolamines, for over 40 years.sec‐Butanolamines have been prepared in research quantities, but are not available commercially. A variety of substituted alkanolamines are also available commercially, but have not reached the volume popularity of the ethanolamines and isopropanolamines. The freezing points of alkanolamines are moderately high. The ethanolamines are colorless liquids at or near room temperature. Alkanolamines are bifunctional molecules because of the alcohol and the amine functional groups in the same compound. This allows them to react in a wide variety of ways. Consumption of ethanolamines in the United States in chemical processing intermediates (captive use for ethyleneamine and surfactant applications) has increased significantly since the 1960s. Alkanolamines generally have low acute oral toxicity, but swallowing substantial quantities could have serious toxic effects. Exposure of the eye to undiluted alkanolamines can cause serious injury. Monoethanolamine and monoisopropanolamine are skin irritants, capable of producing serious injury in concentrations of 10% or higher. Alkanolamines and their derivatives are used in a wide variety of household and industrial applications. The amides are useful as foam stabilizers and aid cleaning in laundry detergents, dishwashing liquids, etc. Reaction of alkanolamines with a fatty acid at room temperature produces neutral alkanolamine soaps, found in cosmetics, polishes, household cleaners, and pharmaceuticals. Alkanolamine salts add to the surfactants line used in detergents, cosmetics, textiles, polishes, agricultural sprays, household cleaners, and metalworking compounds. Salts of alkanolamines and inorganic acids are useful chemical intermediates, and are used in corrosion inhibitors and antistatic agents, among other products.
Initiators, Anionic
Authors: Quirk Roderic P. , Monroy Victor M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAnionic initiators for chain‐reaction polymerization are described. The general relationship between monomer structure, pKa, and appropriate initiating species is discussed. The scope and limitations of the use of alkali metals, aromatic radical anions, nuclides, alkyllithium, and other organoalkali compounds, organomagnesium and organobarium compounds, diphenylmethyl carbanions, fluorenyl carbanions, enolate anions, metal free compounds, and alkoxides as initiators are presented. The uniqueness of alkyllithium initiators in hydrocarbon solvents for controlled, living, anionic polymerization is discussed.
Ethylene Oxide Polymers
Authors: Back Darlene M. , Schmitt Robert L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractEthylene oxide polymers are high molecular weight (>100,000) water‐soluble thermoplastic polymers. This article reviews the effect of shear, pH, salt, and temperature on the physical and chemical properties of poly(ethylene oxide) solutions and melts. Industrial uses of the unique properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in fields such as flocculation, pharmaceutical excipients, adhesives, coatings, and personal care are summarized.
Explosives and Propellants
Authors: Akhavan Jacqueline 
Published: September 2004

AbstractExplosives and propellants are chemical compounds that undergo chemical decomposition reactions at very fast speeds, producing gaseous products, and a great deal of heat. In some circumstances a blast wave can be produced. The information provided here gives an introduction to this process covering the theory of detonation and deflagration. Explosives can be divided into three classes, (1) primary explosives, (2) secondary explosives, and (3) propellants. The behavior and performance of these three classes of explosives is discussed. Physical and chemical data on primary and secondary explosives is given together with details of new high temperature explosives. Lastly future developments in explosives technology are presented with regards to enhancing the performance, insensitive munitions and demilitarization.
Gasoline and Other Motor Fuels
Authors: Hochhauser Albert M. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractGasoline and Other Motor Fuels. Albert M. Hochhauser (ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co.). Gasoline and other motor fuels comprise the largest single use of energy in the U.S. The cost of this energy continues to be a primary factor in the national economy. The fraction of resources from which these fuels come that is provided by foreign sources is a matter of political concern. Rapid increases in the price of crude oil has led to programs for developing alternative sources of fuels such as biomass and natural gas. Alternative fuels are being considered for their potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the desire to reduce dependence on petroleum based fuels.All motor fuels in the U.S. are manufactured by private companies. Many participate in other aspects such as refining or marketing. Gasoline demand is determined by the numbers of cars, paved roads, population, and economic growth. Gasoline must meet exacting specifications and vary according to location, temperature and altitudes at which the product is used. Octane is probably the single most recognized measure of gasoline quality. Petroleum refining begins with distillation of crude oil into many fractions. Most gasoline in the U.S. is obtained by catalytic cracking. Reforming increases octane. Gasoline additives (eg, dyes, antioxidants, detergents, etc.) are used to improve performance. Stricter emission standards have resulted in changes in vehicle hardware. Diesel fuel, second to gasoline, is used in a wide variety of engines. The ability of diesel fuel to burn properly is described by its cetane number. Diesel manufacturers have found it difficult to meet emission standards. Alternative fuels include biomass based liquids, natural gas (either compressed or converted to liquids) and liquefied petroleum gas.
Flame Retardants, Halogenated
Authors: Mack Arthur G. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Brominated, and chlorinated organic flame retardants are widely used to reduce the flammability and ignitability of plastics; this use is growing because of increasingly strict flammability regulations. Brominated and chlorinated aliphatic and brominated aromatic compounds are used as additives in both thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Brominated aliphatic, brominated aromatic and chlorinated aromatic compounds are used as reactive flame retardants in both thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. In many applications, antimony oxide is used as a synergist, interacting with halogenated flame retardants to produce a more effective system. The largest volume brominated flame retardants are the brominated aromatics, Tetrabromobisphenol‐A and decabromodiphenyl oxide. The largest volume chlorinated flame retardants are the chlorinated paraffins.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Lawrence David P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe field of environmental impact assessment (EIA) is increasingly important to the chemical industry and to industries using chemical technologies. Such industries are sometimes directly subject to EIA requirements. Industrial decision‐making (eg, locations, management practices) also can be affected by EIA requirements, documents and methodology. It is prudent practice to be aware of this rapidly evolving field and of its implications for the chemical industry. This starts with understanding the meaning, origins, objectives and types of EIA. It entails appreciating EIA institutional arrangements, as reflected in EIA legislation, regulations and guidelines, as applied in EIA regulatory systems, and as expressed through regulatory reform. It requires awareness of EIA processes (activities and process design choices) and methods (for activities, for EIA specialties). It means recognizing new EIA directions and emerging priorities (eg, the link toEMS, the lessons of EIA quality, effectiveness, and good practice, how the field is being re‐oriented to better integrate social and economic concerns, procedural and outcome fairness, sustainability, uncertainty and collaborative planning). It underscores the need to know where to go to obtain detailed and up‐to‐date information and insights about EIA requirements, theory and practice.
Do early interviews affect children's long‐term event recall?
Authors: Pipe Margaret‐Ellen , Sutherland Rachel , Webster Nalini , Jones Carolyn , Rooy David La 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe present study examined the effects of the timing of an initial interview on children's recall of an event over delays of 1 and 2 years. Fifty‐five children who had originally participated in a novel event when they were between 5‐ and 6‐years old and had been interviewed about it following either short (1 week or less) or long (1 or 6 month) delays were re‐interviewed 1 and 2 years after the original experience. An additional 20 children not interviewed prior to the 1‐year interview were included as a no‐prior‐interview control group. Long delays to the initial interview led to better open‐ended recall at the 1‐year delay than short delays to initial interview or no prior interview. However, initial interviews that followed short delays had a greater impact on children's responses to specific questions. The results suggest that prior interview history is an important consideration when examining the effects of long delays on children's event reports, and that the effects of the timing of an initial interview depend on the nature of the information recalled. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event frequency and children's suggestibility: a study of cued recall responses
Authors: Price Heather L. , Connolly Deborah A. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractResearch examining the effect of repeated experience on children's suggestibility for particular kinds of information has produced differing results. In one study, responses to recognition questions revealed heightened suggestibility for variable details in children who repeatedly experienced an event compared to children who experienced an event once. In other studies, no such effect was found with cued recall. In this study, 4–5‐year old children engaged in one or four play sessions. Children were later given a biasing interview wherein half of the details were incorrectly represented. Children were then given a final memory test using free and cued recall prompts that was preceded by one of three instruction types: no special instructions, moderate instructions, or opposition instructions. Children in the repeated‐event condition were more suggestible than those in the single‐event condition, regardless of instructions. No significant differences in suggestibility were found across instructions conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Childhood visits to animal buildings and atopic diseases in adulthood: An age‐dependent relationship
Authors: Radon Katja , Ehrenstein Vera , Praml Georg , Nowak Dennis 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies reported protective effects of farming environments against atopic diseases. Therefore, we aimed to establish the relevant timing of exposure in early life.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out in a rural town. Overall, 4,537 inhabitants aged 18–44 years were eligible. Of these, 3,112 (69%) responded to a postal questionnaire on atopic diseases, life‐time exposure to farming environments, and potential confounders.ResultsThose with regular childhood exposure to animal buildings had a significantly reduced risk of nasal allergies. The greatest reduction in risk was seen for respondents starting regular visits to animal stables during the 1st year of life or between ages 3 and 5. Participants reporting start of exposure after age 5 remained at a lower risk for nasal allergies (0.70, 0.49–1.01).ConclusionsThe preventive effect of animal buildings' exposure against atopic respiratory diseases continues into adulthood. The magnitude of the effect appears to be age‐dependent. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:349–356, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental human exposure to inhaled grain dust and ammonia: Towards a model of concentrated animal feeding operations
Authors: Sigurdarson Sigurdur T. , O'Shaughnessy Patrick T. , Watt Janet A. , Kline Joel N. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractBackgroundAmmonia and endotoxin‐rich dust are present in high concentrations in swine confinement facilities; exposure to this environment is linked to workers' respiratory problems. We hypothesized that experimental exposure to ammonia and dust would impair pulmonary function, and that these exposures would be synergistic.MethodsWe exposed six normal subjects and eight subjects with mild asthma to ammonia (16–25 ppm) and/or endotoxin‐rich grain dust (4 mg/m3). Pulmonary function and exhaled NOx were measured before and after exposure.ResultsThere was no significant change in pulmonary function in the normal subjects following any of the exposure conditions. Among asthmatics, a significant transient decrease in FEV1 was induced by grain dust, but was not altered by ammonia; increased bronchial hyperreactivity was also noted in this group.ConclusionIn a vulnerable population, exposure to grain dust results in transient airflow obstruction. Short‐term exposure to ammonia does not increase this response. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:345–348, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organic dusts and disease: A continuous research challenge
Authors: Rylander Ragnar 
Published: September 2004

AbstractResearch on organic dust during recent years has revealed major clinical effects and some causative agents. Many of the symptoms reported are caused by an inflammation in the airways, characterized by a neutrophil response. This condition can cause a non‐allergic asthma. There are also reactions characterized by lymphocyte accumulation and by specific IgE antibody formation. Causative agents identified as bacterial endotoxins, molds, and different allergens. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:323–326, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Working Group Report 1: Tools for the diagnosis of organic dusts‐induced disease
Authors: Wouters Inge M. , Sigsgaard Torben , Góra Anna , Nowak Dennis , Palmberg Lena , Sundblad Britt‐Marie , Tutluoglu Büllent 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the outcomes of the discussion of Working Group 1. The tasks of the workgroup were to: i) review current methods for the clinical diagnosis of organic dust induced disease, and ii) suggest how further research in this field should proceed. The working group proceeded on the paradigm that for diagnosis specific and precise tests are needed, where outcomes can be related to the risk for disease. The different methods available for the investigation of individuals and groups exposed to organic dusts are summed and graded according to scientific or diagnostic values. Many of the tools should be used in experimental research only, but can be used diagnostically for evaluation during follow up of patients when treated or removed from exposure. These techniques may also be employed for investigations of outbreaks, however, only after comparison with a proper control group. Future research should focus on associations between markers of inflammation and symptoms or clinical outcomes and dose‐response relationships both for short‐term and long‐term health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:410–413, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.