bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of Trace Elements in Extensively Hydrolysed Infant Formulae and Their Estimated Daily Intakes
Authors: Krachler M. , Rossipal E. 
Published: April 2003

The 18 trace elements Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cs, Cu, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, and Zn were determined in three extensively hydrolysed formulae by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two formulae were whey hydrolysates, whereas one was based on soy-bovine collagen hydrolysate. Two skim milk powder reference materials, analyzed to ensure the analytical precision and accuracy of the applied procedure, showed good agreement with the certified values. Most of the elemental concentrations in this three formulae were comparable to each other. However, concentrations of Cs in one formula were approximately 20 times higher than in the other two formulae. Another formulae had much higher concentrations of La and Mn compared to the other two formulae. As regards Rb, all three formulae had distinctly lower concentrations than the four pre- and nine follow-up formulae investigated in a previous study. For the essential trace element Sn, much higher concentrations were found in the three extensively hydrolysed formulae (≈8 μg/kg) when compared to pre- and follow-up formulae (most of them <0.44 μg/kg). The concentrations of the toxic trace elements Cd, Pb, Sb, and Tl in extensively hydrolysed formulae did not exceed the concentrations in cow-milk-based formulae. Daily intakes provided by the investigated formulae differ by a factor of 1.6 for Co, of 3.2 for Cu, of 8.7 for Mn, of 4.8 for Mo, and of 1.5 for Zn. Adequate daily intakes for Cu, Mo, and Zn are guaranteed by the use of most formulae, whereas only one hydrolysed formula fulfilled these requirements for manganese. Two hydrolysed formulae provide only approximately 50% of the recommended intakes for Mo.
Atherogenic Lipoproteins Enhance Murine Cortical Epithelial Cell Fibronectin Protein Synthesis and Gene Expression
Authors: Roh Daeyoung D. , Kamanna Vaijinath S. , Kirschenbaum Michael A. 
Published: April 2003

Tubulointerstitial changes, characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) and fibrosis, are often associated with primary glomerular injury. Furthermore, these changes may be better prognostic indicators for decline in renal function than the anatomical changes seen within the glomerulus itself. Although hyperlipidemia and the increased renal accumulation of atherogenic lipoproteins are commonly seen in both human and experimental models of renal disease, the possible role that atherogenic lipoproteins may play in the cellular and molecular events associated with the development of tubulointerstitial injury remains unclear. Since atherogenic lipoproteins have been shown to be mediators of renal injury, we examined the effects of native LDL and oxidatively-modified LDL (ox-LDL, a more atherogenic form of LDL) on fibronectin protein synthesis and gene expression in proximal tubular epithelial cells (TEC). Human LDL was freshly isolated and ox-LDL prepared by incubation of LDL with 100 µ<i>M</i> CuSO<sub>4</sub>. Incubation of TEC with LDL or ox-LDL (25–50 µg/ml) for 24 h increased the steady-state mRNA expression of fibronectin by 16–135% over control as measured by Northern blot analysis and the effect was greater with ox-LDL than native LDL. Additional studies were done to examine whether the increased fibronectin message in response to lipoprotein activation was translated into TEC protein synthesis. The activation of TEC by LDL or ox-LDL stimulated the synthesis and secretion of fibronectin (52–150%, over control) as measured by Western blot analysis. The data show that LDL and ox-LDL stimulate TEC fibronectin gene message and protein synthesis supporting a pathobiological role for these atherogenic lipoproteins in tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Removal of Serum Beta-2 Microglobulin Using High-Performance Membranes and Analysis of Changes in Serum BMG Levels after Dialysis
Authors: Yasuhiro Isami , Eiichi Nakamura , Mineo Okamoto , Muneto Yoshioka , Toshihiro Ikuma , Masahiro Fujii , Yoshifumi Nakajima , Masahito Minami , Ryuichi Miyano 
Published: April 2003

<b>Background/Aims:</b> The present study was undertaken to analyze the β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin (BMG)-removing efficiency of high-performance membranes (HPMs) in relation to changes in serum BMG levels after dialysis. <b>Methods:</b> In 10 stable dialysis patients, six different HPMs were used in a crossover method. Serum BMG levels were measured immediately before dialysis, immediately after, 4 h after, and immediately before the next dialysis. On the basis of these measurements, the BMG removal rate was calculated. <b>Results:</b> The BMG removal rate as calculated on the basis of the BMG level immediately after dialysis was 11.29% higher than the rate calculated on the basis of the BMG level 4 h after dialysis. <b>Conclusion:</b> The BMG removal rate can be overestimated if it is calculated on the basis of the BMG level immediately after dialysis.
Effect of <i>L</i>-Carnitine Supplementation on Lipid Parameters in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Elisaf Moses , Bairaktari Eleni , Katopodis Kostas , Pappas Michael , Sferopoulos George , Tzallas Christos , Tsolas Orestes , Siamopoulos Kostas C. 
Published: April 2003

It has been reported that cumulative carnitine losses through dialysis membranes may worsen hyperlipidemia during long-term hemodialysis. However, carnitine supplementation has not shown a consistent beneficial response. We undertook the present study to determine if there is any hypolipidemic effect of <i>L</i>-carnitine on Greek dialysis patients in concert with the dialysate buffer composition (acetate or bicarbonate). A total of 28 patients (16 male, 12 female), mean age 43 years (range 21–61), with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis for a mean period of 25 months (range 7–84) were studied. The dialysis schedule was 4 h, 3 times/week using cuprophane hollow-fiber dialyzers and acetate (n = 14) or bicarbonate (n = 14) dialysate. In all patients <i>L</i>-carnitine (5 mg/kg body weight) was infused intravenously 3 times/week at the end of each hemodialysis session. Blood samples for carnitine and lipid determinations were obtained before treatment, and 3 and 6 months following treatment. Even though <i>L</i>-carnitine did not modify most of the serum lipid levels, a significant decrease in serum triglycerides was evident in the whole group of patients (from 225 ± 76 to 201 ± 75 mg/dl, p = 0.03). Furthermore, <i>L</i>-carnitine could decrease serum triglycerides only in hypertriglyceridemic patients (from 260 ± 64 to 226 ± 82 mg/dl, p < 0.05). <i>L</i>-Carnitine resulted in a reduction of serum triglycerides in both patients on bicarbonate and on acetate dialysis, while there were no significant differences in the changes of lipid parameters after <i>L</i>-carnitine between the two groups of hemodialysis patients. We conclude that relatively low doses of <i>L</i>-carnitine supplementation could contribute to the management of some hypertriglyceridemic hemodialysis patients.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Nephropathy in the Bronx: Low Prevalence in a Predominantly Hispanic Population
Authors: Mokrzycki Michele H. , Oo Than N. , Patel Kamlesh , Chang C.J. 
Published: April 2003

Reports of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) occurring in Hispanics, females and heterosexuals are scarce. We reviewed 858 charts from our total HIV population to determine the prevalence and epidemiology of HIVAN at our center, and to evaluate the renal and patient survival among individual groups, according to race, sex and HIV risk factor. The prevalence of HIVAN was low (1.9%), relative to other centers (4–13%). Although Hispanics accounted for 56% of the HIV population, only 38% of HIVAN patients were Hispanic. The absolute risk of HIVAN in blacks was 3.6%, and in Hispanics was 1.3%. The relative risk of blacks vs. Hispanics was 2.8% (p < 0.04). Women and men were represented equally in both the HIVAN and HIV populations. The mean (± SE) rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate was 3.7 ± 0.9 ml/min/month, and patient survival following the onset of HIVAN was 23.6 ± 4.8 months. We found no difference in renal or patient survival between individual groups. In summary, the risk of HIVAN in Hispanics is similar to that for whites. Male sex is not an independent risk factor. Both renal and patient survival are similar in blacks and Hispanics, and in men compared to women.
The Contribution of French-SpeakingScientists to the Origins of Renal Physiologyand Pathophysiology (1790–1910)
Authors: Richet Gabriel 
Published: April 2003

Some contributions: (1) urinary urea, its chemical composition and physiological meaning, Fourcroy and Vauquelin (1790–1808); (2) in binephrectomized animals blood urea is high and chemically identical to that of urine, Prevost and Dumas (1821); (3) urea level in renal vein blood is 50% of that in the arteries, Picard (1856); (4) retained potassium is the uremic poison, Feltz and Ritter (1881); (5) polyuria induced by intravenous injections of sugars or urea, Richet and Moutard Martin (1880); is the kidney in command of the concentration of the blood? Using cryoscopy, Hédon got the clue, the osmotic load (1900); (6) methylene dye excretion measures the global renal function and thus the degree of renal failure, Achard and Castaigne (1897); (7) the disentanglement of chronic uremia and edema, Widal and Achard (1900–1910); (8) evaluation of the global renal function by the ratio plasma urea/urine urea output, Ambard’s Constant (1905), initial step of the concept of clearance; (9) a circulating nephropoietic factor in one-kidney animals, Carnot (1910). In bled animals he also disclosed a hemopoietic factor which later became the renal erythropoietin.
Clinical Findings and Outcomes of Intra-Hemodialysis Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Lai Ming-Nan , Hung Kuan-Yu , Huang Jenq-Wen , Tsai Tun-Jun 
Published: April 2003

Renal failure with severe uremia is still an important cause of mortality, despite effective renal replacement therapy. Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is the most severe complication during hemodialysis (HD). To acquire more information about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) during HD, we retrospectively enrolled 24 patients (11 males and 13 females) who had CPR during HD in a medical center during a 3-year period. Their mean age was 66.8 ± 16.8 years. The CPR rate of the patients from our outpatient department (0.02%) was significantly lower than that from general wards (0.11%), the intensive care unit (ICU, 0.16%), or the emergency room (ER, 0.38%). Eighteen patients (75%) were initially resuscitated successfully. Only 11 patients (45.8%) survived more than 24 h after CPR, and 2 patients (8.3%) survived more than 1 month, but none survived until discharge. The rates of surviving 24 h and surviving to discharge during HD were lower than those in the general wards, the ICU or the ER. Sepsis (33.3%) and cardiogenic shock (25%) were the two leading causes of death. For analyzing factors affecting the outcome of CPR, we divided the patients into 2 groups by survival time (≦24 vs. >24 h). Patients with heart disease or with prolonged CPR durations (>30 min) had shorter survival. No significant survival difference between the 2 groups was found due to factors of age, sex, diabetic nephropathy, pre-arrest morbidity scores, pre-arrest laboratory data, renal failure pattern, HD duration, the preceding HD time and ultrafiltrated volume.
Binaural Interaction in the Human Frequency-Following Response: Effects of Interaural Intensity Difference
Authors: Krishnan Ananthanarayan , McDaniel Stacy S. 
Published: April 2003

The binaural interaction component (BIC) of the 500-Hz human frequency-following response (FFR) was evaluated as a function of interaural intensity difference (IID) using a lateralization paradigm. The robust FFR interaction component (FFR-BIC) was shown to decrease systematically with increasing IID with no discernible FFR-BIC for IID values larger than about 20 dB. These findings are similar to that observed for the high-frequency auditory brainstem response interaction component (ABR-BIC). Thus, like the ABR-BIC, the FFR-BIC may be correlated with binaural fusion and the perceived location of the fused image of the sound. These results taken together suggest that the binaural neurons in the brainstem are able to utilize IID cues presented in both low-frequency and high-frequency sounds.
The Use of a 56-Stimulus Train for the Rapid Acquisition of Auditory Brainstem Responses
Authors: Mitchell Curtin R. , Kempton Julia B. , Creedon Thomas A. , Trune Dennis R. 
Published: April 2003

To further develop a multiple stimulus method for the rapid acquisition of auditory brainstem responses (ABRs), a 56-stimulus train was tested in mice. Stimuli in the train were tone bursts spaced at 0.5-octave intervals from 4 to 32 kHz. ABR thresholds, latency-intensity and amplitude-intensity functions were obtained using stimuli presented singly (one at a time) and using the 56-stimulus train. Responses from stimuli presented singly and those obtained using the 56-stimulus train were compared. There were no significant differences in thresholds (0.01 level) and very small differences in response latencies and amplitudes. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of multiple stimulus trains for the rapid acquisition of ABRs.
Changes in the Kinetic Properties of Renal Arachidonoyl-CoA Synthetase during Development in the Rat
Authors: D’Antuono Cecilia L. , Kahane Verónica L. , Sterin-Speziale Norma 
Published: April 2003

Changes in endogenous levels of phospholipid arachidonic acid and in its radioactive incorporation can be detected in the rat kidney medulla during maturation. In an effort to explain this phenomenon, the arachidonoyl-CoA synthetase activity in the neonatal (10 days of age) and adult kidney (70-day-old rats) were studied. The neonatal kidney enzyme showed greater affinity, but less capacity than the adult enzyme to incorporate arachidonic acid into the membrane. The apparent K<sub>m</sub> values were 27.8 and 73.9 µ<i>M</i> while the v<sub>max</sub> was 3.68 and 15.7 nmol/min/mg protein, for 10 and 70 days of age, respectively. Affinity for ATP was found to be almost 7-fold greater in adults when compared to neonates. The v<sub>max</sub> for ATP also increased during development, with values of 1.04 and 2.87 at 10 and 70 days of age, respectively. Affinity for coenzyme A did not vary between the two stages studied, though the v<sub>max</sub> increased 10-fold from 10 to 70 days of age. Since arachidonic acid availability is low in the perinatal stage because of its restricted endogenous synthesis, the higher enzyme affinity for this fatty acid at 10 days of age described here, could be of great importance in helping to capture the low but indispensable amount of arachidonic acid present in maternal milk during lactation.
Cardiac Troponin T in Newborn Infants with Transient Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Trevisanuto Daniele , Lachin Mattia , Zaninotto Martina , Pellegrino PierAndrea , Plebani Mario , Cantarutti Felice , Zanardo Vincenzo 
Published: April 2003

Cardiac troponin T (TnT) is a regulatory contractile protein whose detection in the circulation has been shown to be a specific and sensitive marker for ischemic myocardial cell injury both in adult and pediatric populations. We measured serum cardiac TnT in 15 consecutive full-term neonates presenting with bradycardia and electrocardiographic features of transient myocardial ischemia. Their median TnT concentrations (0.5 µg/l, range 0.01–0.37) were statistically comparable to our laboratory reference values for healthy term newborns (median 0.17 µg/l, range 0.01–0.42) (p = NS), but significantly higher with respect to our reference limits for healthy adults (median 0.01 µg/l, range 0.01–0.1) (p < 0.05). Our data demonstrate high TnT levels in neonates during the first days of life with respect to adults and similar TnT concentrations in term infants with and without TMI.
Effects of a Continuous Epinephrine Infusion on Regional Blood Flow in Awake Newborn Piglets
Authors: Bigam D.L. , Barrington K.J. , Jirsch D.W. , Cheung P.-Y. 
Published: April 2003

<b>Objective:</b> To determine the effects of a continuous epinephrine infusion on renal and mesenteric blood flow in both healthy newborn piglets and animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock. <b>Methods:</b> Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and left renal artery ultrasonic flow probes were implanted into 16 1- to 3-day-old piglets. Two days later, the effects of epinephrine on SMA and renal blood flow, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure were measured in conscious, non-sedated normovolemic piglets. Epinephrine doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 µg/kg·min were used in random order. Piglets were subsequently hemorrhaged (20 ml/kg) to mild hypotension and again received epinephrine infusion in the same doses. <b>Results:</b> Doses of epinephrine less than 3.2 µg/kg·min had no significant effects on renal or mesenteric arterial flow. At 3.2 µg/kg·min of epinephrine during normovolemia, there was a significant decrease in SMA blood flow (34% [SD 42], p < 0.05) and increase in SMA vascular resistance (147% [SD 114], p < 0.05). Similar results were shown during hypovolemia, SMA flow decreased by 32% (SD 33), and SMA vascular resistance increased by 220.3% (SD 177). At 3.2 µg/kg·min renal artery flow decreased by 43% (SD 21) during normovolemia and a similar decrease occurred during hypovolemia, 37% (SD 31). Renal vascular resistance increased by about 200% at this dose (normovolemia 211% [SD 185], hypovolemia 186% [SD 150], p < 0.01). Low-to-moderate dose epinephrine caused no significant change in SMA or renal blood flow. During hypovolemia low dose epinephrine infusion was associated with a trend to increased SMA blood flow. <b>Conclusion:</b> Low-dose epinephrine does not cause vasoconstriction in the renal or mesenteric circulations during normovolemia or hypovolemia. High doses of epinephrine above 1.6 µg/kg·min may cause renal or mesenteric ischemia, in either the normovolemic or hypovolemic neonate.
Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy Is Associated with Regional Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity and Alterations in Cardiovascular Function
Authors: Bennhagen Rolf G. , Weintraub Robert G. , Lundström Nils-Rune , Svenningsen Nils W. 
Published: April 2003

Doppler-derived indices of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular function were measured in 18 patients with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy HIE (group I) and in 28 normal controls (group II). Group-I infants had a subnormal distribution of CBFV values increasing over the first 85 h postnatally. CBFV values were constantly higher in the internal carotid than in the anterior cerebral artery. During the first 24 h postnatally, pulsatility and resistance indices of cerebral blood flow were significantly higher in group-I patients. From 30 to 85 h after birth, resistance indices were lower in group-I infants with severe HIE. Depressed left ventricular function and/or hypotension was documented in 50% of group-I patients.
Endogenous Bradykinin Regulates Renal Function in the Newborn Rabbit
Authors: Tóth-Heyn Péter , Guignard Jean-Pierre 
Published: April 2003

The developmental changes in the activity of the renal kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) are related to the hemodynamic changes occurring in the neonatal kidney. In order to clarify the functional importance of the renal KKS in the developing kidney, the effect of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist HOE-140 was investigated in newborn rabbits. Effective blockade of bradykinin effect by HOE-140 was demonstrated in 10 rabbits. In 10 additional animals the subcutaneous injection of 300 µg/kg HOE-140 resulted in an increase in renal vascular resistance with a consequent decrease in renal blood flow. Glomerular filtration rate did not change significantly, while the filtration fraction rose, indicating preferential efferent arteriolar constriction. Urine flow rate increased as well as the fractional excretion of potassium. No change in sodium excretion was observed. The present data suggest a regulatory role for the renal KKS in the immature kidney under basal conditions. By inducing predominant efferent arteriolar vasodilation, the KKS appears to play a key role in regulating the neonatal glomerular microcirculation. This is in sharp contrast with the mature kidney, where the KKS predominantly acts on tubular function as a diuretic-natriuretic factor.
Effects of Prenatal Maternal TRH Stimulation on the Postnatal Ability of Neonatal Piglets to Cope with a Cold Challenge
Authors: Finsten A. , Donald A. , Bate L.A. 
Published: April 2003

The effect of administering thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) before farrowing on the ability of their newborn piglets to withstand a cold challenge was studied. Sows received intravenous infusions of TRH (5 µg kg<sup>–1</sup>; TRH group) or physiological saline (0.9% NaCl; control group) from day 105 of gestation until farrowing. The plasma concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased in sows treated with TRH. There were no differences in thyroxine and triiodothyronine between pigs born to sows in the TRH group and those of the control group. The rectal temperature of piglets born to TRH-treated sows decreased less than that of piglets born to controls as a consequence of a 1-hour cold challenge. Piglets born to sows in the TRH group had higher body weights at birth, and by day 28 they were an average 600 g heavier than those born to sows in the control group. Summarizing, prenatal maternal treatment with TRH appears to increase piglets’ resistance to cold as well as to have beneficial effects on birth and weaning weights.
Epidemiology of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Disorders
Authors: Rubaltelli Firmino F. , Bonafè Luisa , Tangucci Massimo , Spagnolo Amedeo , Dani Carlo 
Published: April 2003

A prospective 3-month survey of neonatal respiratory disorders in 17,192 Italian infants born in 65 hospitals, located in 17 Italian regions representative of northern, central and southern Italy, was performed to evaluate the incidence of neonatal acute respiratory disorders and their risk factors. The prematurity rate was 7.3%, while the extremely low birth weight (<1,000 g) and very low birth weight (<1,500 g) rates were 0.58% and 0.99%, respectively. Four hundred and ninety-one infants (2.8%) developed respiratory signs. Lethality or specific fatality rate (SFR) for acute respiratory disorders with regard to the overall study population was 0.45%. The male/female ratio of affected infants was 1.3:1. Among affected newborns the case fatality rate (CFR) for respiratory disorders was 15.88% (78/491) and was higher in males than in females (2:1), in infants with a gestational age of ≤28 weeks (60%) and birth weights of <1,000 g (50%). Moreover, the SFR was higher (p < 0.05) in the infants of mothers older than 34 years. SFR was 3.0% in intrauterine growth-retarded infants, 3.6% in the first twin and 3.2% in the second twin. An Apgar score of ≤3 at 5 min was strongly related to the incidence of respiratory disorders (47.1%). The antenatal prevention of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome with maternal corticosteroid treatment was performed in 84% of newborns (<32 weeks) with respiratory problems in northern Italy, and about 25% and 38% in central and southern Italy, respectively. The CFR was double in southern Italy as compared with northern and central Italy. Prematurity, low birth weight and a low Apgar score (≤3) at 1 and 5 min as well as a maternal age of >34 years are risk factors for acute respiratory disorders.