bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODY BY DELAYED PHASE CORNEAL LIMBAL LYMPHOID FOCI
Authors: Leibowitz Howard M. I. , Parks James J. 
Published: June 2004

The intracorneal inoculation of a sufficient quantity of a soluble protein antigen into the eye of a rabbit produces a biphasic allergic reaction in that cornea. The earlier stage, characterized by a diffuse corneal clouding, is a manifestation of delayed hypersensitivity and is accompanied by a limbal infiltrate composed predominantly of lymphocytic-mononuclear elements. The later response, known as the Wessely Phenomenon, is a ring of opacification in the cornea which is visible in the gross. This reaction is dependent upon the presence of specific circulating antibodies and is therefore classified among the immediate types of hypersensitivity. It is accompanied by a dense limbal infiltration of plasma cells. Intervening between the two reactions is a period of several days during which the eye appears relatively normal.
Explants containing large numbers of infiltrating lymphocytic-mononuclear elements were removed from the corneal-scleral junction of experimental eyes during the height of the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and maintained in vitro in tissue culture. At a later date the overlay fluid in which the explants were maintained was shown to contain specific humoral antibodies, demonstrating the capability of cells present at a delayed reaction for the later production of antibodies. The possible linkage of the two modes of immune phenomena is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS ON THE WEIGHT OF MICE
Authors: Dubos Rene , Schaedler Russell W. , Costello Richard L. 
Published: June 2004

NCS mice gained weight rapidly when fed a gluten diet deficient in several amino acids, but their weight gain on the same regimen was very much retarded if they were given antibacterial drugs, even for a short period of time. This retardation of growth could not be entirely corrected by supplementing the gluten diet with lysine and threonine.
The decrease in growth rate brought about by antibacterial drugs could probably be traced to the alteration in intestinal flora resulting from drug treatment. The intensity and duration of both types of changes were related to the dose of drug administered, and to the length of the treatment period.
Whatever the nutritional regimen, treatment with penicillin caused a retardation of weight gain in NCS mice. The retardation was more pronounced, and longer lasting, when the animals were fed semisynthetic regimens (containing casein or gluten) than when they were fed crude diets (pellets) containing natural materials of ill defined composition. These differences probably had their origin in the fact that the changes in fecal flora induced by the drugs were profoundly influenced by the composition of the diet.
Antibacterial drugs which retarded weight gain of Swiss NCS mice, in contrast increased weight gain in ordinary Swiss mice raised under usual conditions. It is probable that this difference in response to the antibacterial drugs resulted from the fact that ordinary Swiss mice have a much more complex intestinal flora than NCS animals.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF MAMMALIAN SOMATIC CELL VARIATION
Authors: Cann Howard M. , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: June 2004

When long term cultures of mouse lymphoma cells, known to possess the isoantigenic phenotype determined by the H-2d allele, are incubated with anti H-2d isoantibody and guinea pig complement, slightly more than 99 per cent of cells are killed under optimal conditions. Growth in mass culture and colony formation by single cells after incubation with isoantibody and complement are employed to assess the cytotoxic effect. The cytotoxic action of isoantibody is complement-dependent, for viability of cells exposed to antibody alone is unaltered. When excess isoantibody and optimum concentrations of complement are used, killing begins as soon as these reagents are mixed with the cells, and no further killing occurs after 5 to 15 minutes at 37°C. About 80 per cent of cells are killed with an isoantiserum containing antibody to two isoantigenic components of the H-2d complex. That the cytotoxic action is mediated through the H-2 isoantigen is shown by (a) isoantiserum containing only anti H-2d antibody produces maximal cell killing, and (b) isoantiserum from which anti H-2d antibody has been removed by absorption loses all cytotoxic activity.
Variant cells resistant to the cytotoxic action of anti H-2d isoantibody were isolated from lymphoma cell populations surviving multiple exposures to isoantibody and complement. These variants can be distinguished morphologically from the isoantibody-sensitive parent cell line. Although variants are resistant to anti H-2d isoantibody, these cells possess H-2d isoantigen but in a lower concentration than found in cells of the parent line. The basis for resistance to cytotoxic isoantibody is discussed.
LYSINE DEFICIENCY AND HOST RESISTANCE TO ANTHRAX
Authors: Gray Irving 
Published: June 2004

1. Lysine deficiency has been produced in rats by placing the weanling animals on an experimental diet in which gluten replaced the casein of the control diet. Both diets were complete in all other known requirements.
2. The resistance of the deficient animals to a subcutaneous challenge of several concentrations of B. anthracis spores, was decreased. Deaths occurred within 2 days post inoculation.
3. When lysine was added to the gluten diet to bring the total concentration to that of the control diet, the growth rate of the animals was maintained but a decrease in resistance remained, although not as great as on the gluten diet.
4. Changes in the tissues associated with lysine deficiency are reported.
5. It is not unreasonable to state that within the time frame of our experiments, the decreased ability of the RES of the host to clear the invading organism from the tissues and subsequently to break down the organism is a major factor of the decreased resistance of the lysine-deficient rats to anthrax.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A CR51-LABELED ENDOTOXIN AND ITS IDENTIFICATION IN PLASMA AND URINE AFTER PARENTERAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Chedid Louis , Skarnes Robert C. , Parant Monique 
Published: June 2004

The incubation of endotoxin with Na2Cr51O4 yielded a product which was well labeled. That the label was fixed on the endotoxin itself was shown by autoradiography on specific lines of precipitation formed in agar. Ultracentrifugation at 40,000 RPM sedimented 80 per cent of the total weight of the starting Boivin preparation. Agar diffusion patterns with subsequent autoradiographs demonstrated that the chromium tag was associated only with the heavy fractions of the pellet. The supernatant contained precipitable, but unlabeled endotoxin. Toxicity measurements showed that more than 99 per cent of the total toxicity resided in the pellet fractions.
The chromate-tagged endotoxin was specifically identified in plasma samples taken up to 6 hours after intravenous administration of LD50 or sublethal doses. The endotoxin was not totally detoxified in vivo since plasma collected 6 hours after the injection of even the sublethal dose was toxic when assayed in adrenalectomized mice. The endotoxin was specifically identified in urine specimens but it was no longer toxic or radioactive. Agar diffusion experiments indicated that only degraded material was present.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF THE LONG CHAIN PHENOMENON OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hahn Jerome J. , Cole Roger M. 
Published: June 2004

The formation and destruction of long chains by growth of Group A streptococci in the presence of type-specific antibody have been studied with the fluorescent antibody technique. Long chain formation has been shown to depend on the presence of free antibody during the growth of the bacteria. Destruction of long chains has been shown to depend on the continued growth and division of the bacteria in the absence of free antibody.
Univalent antibody fragments formed by proteolytic digestion of antibody globulin have been shown to have the combining properties of untreated antibody but do not result in the production of long chains.
A model involving end-to-end agglutination during growth of Group A streptococci has been presented to explain the mechanism of production of long chains by growth of Group A streptococci in the presence of type-specific antibody.
MECHANISMS OF ENDOTOXIN TOLERANCE
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. , Carozza Frank A. , Hills J. Dixon 
Published: June 2004

Pyrogenic tolerance following 7 daily intravenous injections of 2.0 µg/kg E. coli endotoxin in albino rabbits was associated with significant increases in RES phagocytic activity as measured with colloidal carbon. Nevertheless, 4 hours after RES blockade with thorotrast (3 ml/kg), the tolerant rabbits exhibited significantly lower fever indices following intravenous endotoxin challenge than did non-tolerant control animals despite comparably depressed capacities to clear carbon from the blood. Moreover, plasma from rabbits tolerant to endotoxin induced significant tolerance in normal rabbits prepared by thorotrast blockade without enhancing the depressed carbon clearance. This passive protection extended to heterologous endotoxins.
Analysis of the data indicates that RES blockade does not abolish tolerance; rather blockade resets the reactivity to endotoxin in the normal and tolerant animal, rendering both exquisitely reactive, but permitting retention of the major portion of tolerance. Apparently the tolerant animal possesses a dual endotoxin defense system. One system is abolished by thorotrast; the other is in part humoral, accounts for the greater portion of tolerance, and is thorotrast-resistant. The nature of the humoral component is not defined but is consistent with that of an opsonin with high endotoxin specificity.
ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBODY FORMATION BY WHOLE BODY X-RADIATION
Authors: Dixon Frank J. , McConahey Patricia J. 
Published: June 2004

Enhancement and acceleration of the antibody response can be achieved in some situations with large, cytotoxic doses of whole body x-radiation given after antigenic stimulation. The timing of radiation is critical and varies with the kind and physical form of the antigen.
It is postulated that the x-radiation depletes the cells of the lymphoid tissues just prior to the rapid proliferation of the antigen stimulated cells. In this situation those surviving cells which are stimulated by antigen multiply more rapidly than their non-stimulated counterparts and disproportionately repopulate the depleted lymphoid tissues. Whether the x-radiation produces other effects contributing to the multiplication of the antibody forming cells was not determined.
It appears that x-radiation produces its enhancement of antibody formation by means different from those operating in endotoxin and colchicine induced enhancement.
AN ASSAY OF GRAFT-HOST INTERACTIONS ACROSS STRONG AND WEAK HISTOCOMPATIBILITY BARRIERS IN MICE
Authors: Miller Joshua , Pierce James C. , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A new assay of graft-host interactions has been presented. It consists of the early finding of liver infiltrates in responsive and unresponsive homologous recipients 1 to 3 days after the intravenous injection of competent lymphoid tissue in the mouse.
2. Evidence is presented that infiltrates are of donor origin, and are influenced by a homologous antigenic environment. They can be quantitatively increased by preimmunization of donor to recipient and decreased by preimmunization of recipient to donor. Furthermore, they are present in lethally x-irradiated or neonatally thymectomized unresponsive recipients after intravenous injection of competent homologous spleen cells.
3. Splenomegaly, which also occurs in this early period, is a product of both donor and host-specific immune reactivity together with a small non-specific component of host reactivity.
4. A comparison, of the responsiveness of lymphoid tissue from different strains to the same transplantation antigens is presented, together with the observation of differences in the reactivity of reciprocal donor-recipient injection combinations to each other.
5. Graft-host interactions with this model can be demonstrated in donor-host strain combinations isogenic at the H-2 locus without preimmunization of the donor. Differences in reactivity of reciprocal donor-recipient combinations of lymphoid tissue injections to each other can be detected in this group as well as in the groups differing at the strong H-2 locus.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS
Authors: Hammer Dietrich K. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: June 2004

The primary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis produced by rabbit nephrotoxic serum appears to be dependent to a great extent, but not completely, upon the participation of serum complement. On the other hand, duck nephrotoxic serum produces its primary renal injury without detectable utilization of or dependence upon serum complement.
The secondary phase of nephrotoxic serum nephritis appears to be largely or entirely dependent upon the host's antibody response to the heterologous gamma globulin fixed in the glomeruli. No evidence could be obtained for the existence of an autoimmune antikidney response by the host in this experimental model.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY IN DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: June 2004

Delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was produced by immunization. with a conjugate prepared by coupling diazotized arsanilic acid to polytyrosine. The resulting sensitivity could be demonstrated by skin test with conjugates prepared from a wide variety of tyrosine-containing proteins. Definite but smaller degrees of sensitivity could be induced with conjugates of proteins containing little or no tyrosine. The apparent absence of carrier-specificity is considered to be due to the narrowed range of immunologic response produced by immunization with polytyrosine-azobenzenearsonate.
Injections of the hapten N-acetyltyrosine-azobenzenearsonate was found to suppress completely the delayed reaction attributable to the tyrosine-azobenzenearsonate group. The same hapten was only slightly effective in suppressing reactions in guinea pigs immunized with guinea pig serum albumin-azobenzenearsonate, suggesting that a broader range of specificities is involved with such antigens.
Confirmation of such increased range of specificity attributable to antigenic determinants contributed by the carrier protein was obtained by desensitization studies with N-acetyltyrosine-azobenzenearsonate and guinea pig serum albumin-azobenzoate. While separately these materials produced only a slight decrease in skin reactivity to guinea pig serum albumin-azobenzenearsonate, the combination was found to give almost complete suppression.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESOLUTION OF THE FIRST COMPONENT OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT INTO THREE ACTIVITIES
Authors: Lepow I. H. , Naff G. B. , Todd E. W. , Pensky J. , Hinz C. F. 
Published: June 2004

A euglobulin fraction of human C'1 has been chromatographically resolved into three distinct activities, designated C'1q, C'1r, and C'1s, in the order of their elution from DEAE cellulose. All three of these activities have been shown to participate in various hemolytic reactions requiring C'1, including the cold phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, and to be necessary for generation of C'1 esterase. C'1q was identical with a previously described serum protein implicated in a very early step of complement action and designated the 11S component on the basis of its sedimentation constant. C'1r could not be related to a known complement activity and has been presented as a new component. C'1s, on the basis of chromatographic evidence, was identified with C'1 proesterase. Methods of assay of these components of C'1 have been presented.
The significance of C'1q, C'1r, and C'1s in generation of C'1 esterase and the central role of this enzyme in reactions involving C'1, C'4, and C'2 have been discussed.
STUDIES OF TUBERCLE BACILLUS-HISTIOCYTE RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Fong Jacob , Chin Dennis , Elberg Sanford S. 
Published: June 2004

The various cellular components of immune rabbit histiocytes have been analyzed for their ability to induce cellular resistance in normal animals. The results of these investigations have shown that the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were inactive and that the microsomal and ribosomal fractions were active.
The importance of ribonucleic acid in induction of cellular resistance was established by isolation of an active ribosomal RNA and by demonstration of inactivation of this material with ribonuclease but not with deoxyribonuclease or trypsin.
The possibility that viable bacilli were present in immune ribosomes was tested; the absence of complement-fixing antibodies and of skin reactivity to tuberculin in animals inoculated with ribosomes was considered as partial evidence of absence of living bacilli.
FURTHER STUDIES ON ADOPTIVE TRANSFER OF SENSITIVITY TO SKIN HOMOGRAFTS
Authors: Billingham R. E. , Silvers Willys K. , Wilson Darcy B. 
Published: June 2004

Mice or rats that have been rendered tolerant of skin homografts from an alien donor strain furnish the basis of a very sensitive and objective test system for investigating the competence of cellular inocula from specifically immunized isologous donors to transfer sensitivity adoptively.
By means of this test system it has been shown that immunologically "activated" cells, capable of transferring homograft sensitivity, are present in the blood, peritoneal exudates, and regional nodes of animals that have rejected skin homografts. Leucocytes were as effective as regional node cells. Activated cells were first demonstrable in the regional nodes and blood of skin homograft recipients at the same time,—on the 6th postoperative day,—suggesting that these cells must enter the circulation very soon after their formation in the nodes. Moreover, when sensitization was effected by skin homografts, but not by means of splenic cell suspensions inoculated intraperitoneally, activated cells are highly persistent, still being demonstrable in both the blood and the nodes more than a year after sensitization.
The finding that thoracic duct cells, which are almost exclusively lymphocytes, were just as effective as leucocytes or regional nodes in transferring sensitivity in rats formally identifies the cell type responsible for transferring sensitivity in the various tissues tested.
Attempts to transfer sensitivity to homografts in normal mice or tolerant mice by means of larger dosages of activated lymphoid cells sequestered in Millipore chambers inserted intraperitoneally were unsuccessful.
All this, and other evidence presented, lends strength to the thesis that skin homograft immunity is a cell-mediated reaction.
THE PATHOGENIC ROLE OF FIBRIN DEPOSITION IN THE GLOMERULAR LESIONS OF TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Vassalli Pierre , Morris Robert H. , McCluskey Robert T. 
Published: June 2004

An immunofluorescent study of renal biopsies from patients with toxemia of pregnancy has been performed. It was found that the glomeruli consistently showed bright staining for fibrin within endothelial cells, as well as occasional deposits along the basement membrane. Gamma globulin was only occasionally demonstrable, generally in the form of irregular deposits along the basement membrane. ß1C was absent and albumin was not seen in glomeruli, except sometimes in the form of droplets within epithelial cells.
In biopsies from pregnant patients without toxemia only equivocal staining for fibrin was seen.
On the basis of these observations and other evidence discussed, it is proposed that the accumulation of fibrin in glomeruli reflects a prolonged state of intravascular clotting in toxemia and that the arrest in glomeruli of some form of circulating fibrin constitutes the basic pathogenic mechanism of the glomerular damage in this disease.
STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES AND OTHER MACROMOLECULES IN VESSELS
Authors: Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: June 2004

Localization of circulating antigen-antibody complexes in vessels of guinea pigs by means of anaphylactic shock was found to be mediated by histamine that was released at the time of anaphylaxis. The source of the histamine may have been the mast cell as noted in studies employing a direct attack on the mast cells by octylamine. Platelets played apparently little to no role in guinea pigs in the anaphylactic deposition of circulating complexes.
Rat anaphylatoxin was found to cause vascular localization and symptoms of anaphylaxis identical with that brought about by antigen-antibody anaphylaxis. This also was found to be dependent upon the release of histamine.
Antibody against Forssman antigen in the vessel walls of the guinea pigs also led to deposition of circulating complexes. This was found not to be histamine dependent.
The possible role of local increase in vascular permeability in certain experimental disease states in the localization of circulating complexes is discussed.
THE CELLULAR ANTIGENS OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Wilson Armine T. , Wiley Grove G. 
Published: June 2004

The immunoelectrophoretic characteristics of the known cellular antigens of serotype 17, Group A streptococci have been presented. These include C, M, T, and polyglycerophosphate. In addition, three hitherto undescribed antigens of serotype 17 have been encountered.
The F antigen occurs in most serotype 17 strains, has a faster electrophoretic mobility than M, appears in acid, distilled water, and other extracts of harvested cells, is released from the cells in large quantity into the culture medium during growth when the pH is maintained at 7.3 or over, is probably protein in nature, and may play a minor role in mouse virulence of serotype 17 strains. Its antibodies do not confer bactericidal power on human blood.
The E antigen is serotype-specific and is closely associated with the M antigen. The suggestion is made here that E is a part of the M molecule, acquiring independent electrophoretic mobility when separated from the rest of the M molecule by acid hydrolysis and carrying an antigenic determinant serologically distinct from the determinant on the rest of the M molecule. E can be recognized only by immunoelectrophoresis. Its role, if any, in virulence has not been established.
The third antigen, E4, is a non-serotype-specific antigen found in most serological groups and types of hemolytic streptococci. It is serologically related to polyglycerophosphate, but its chemical nature has not been determined. It appears to be unrelated to virulence.