Measurements of blood flow and xanthine oxidase activity during postischemic reperfusion of the large colon of ponies
Authors: Wilkins Pamela Anne , Ducharme Normand G. , Lowe John E. , Schwark Wayne S. , Meschter Carol , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To assess right colic artery blood flow and relevance of xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase after experimentally induced strangulation obstruction and reperfusion of the colon, 5 ponies were subjected to 2.5 hours of complete ischemia of the left dorsal and ventral colons, allowed to recover from surgery, and monitored during a 48-hour reperfusion period. Five ponies were subjected to sham surgery and served as controls. All ponies had a Doppler ultrasound blood flow monitor implanted on the right colic artery near the pelvic flexure 10 to 14 days prior to the ischemic period. Colic artery blood flow was monitored prior to, during and for 4 hours after surgery. Blood samples from the right colic artery and vein distal to the obstruction site were collected during surgery (prior to ischemia, after 1 and 2 hours of ischemia, and after 10 and 60 minutes of reperfusion) for determination of arterial and venous blood gas tensions and electrolytes. Prior to surgery, blood selenium and plasma vitamin E (α-tocopherol) concentrations and blood glutathione peroxidase (gpx) activity were determined to assess the status of endogenous antioxidants. Combined xanthine dehydrogenase (xdh) plus xanthine oxidase (xo) activity, and XO activity alone (nanomoles per minute per gram of tissue) were determined, using a dual-spectrophoto-metric technique. Xanthine dehydrogenase and oxidase activities were determined prior to ischemia, after 1 and 2 hours of ischemia, and at 1 and 48 hours after reperfusion.
Median blood flow in the experimental and control groups (156 ml/min and 110 ml/min, respectively) was not statistically different before surgery, and was significantly (P < 0.02) lower in the experimental (4 ml/min) vs the control group (72.5 ml/min) during the ischemic period. Experimental ponies had significantly (P < 0.03) lower right colic artery blood flow during the 4 hours immediately after recovery from anesthesia. Significant difference was not observed in right colonic venous bicarbonate concentration between groups at any time. Median right colonic venous Pco2 pH, and standard base excess were different (P < 0.001) between groups during the ischemic period only. Median venous oxygen saturation and median venous Po2, were significantly (P < 0.001) lower in the experimental ponies at the end of 2 hours of ischemia, but were significantly (P < 0.05) increased during the reperfusion phase. Median venous potassium concentration was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in experimental ponies during the ischemic and reperfusion phases.
Vitamin E and gpx values were within normal limits for all ponies. Median selenium concentration was < 15 μg/dl; however, there were no significant differences between control and experimental ponies. Only 3 of 10 ponies had measurable XDH/XO activity at the beginning of the experiment. Enzyme activity was detected in 1 additional pony during the ischemic period. However, in all 4 ponies in which xdh/xo activity was detected, enzyme activity was low (10 to 36 nmol/min/g). On the basis of macroscopic and histologic examination of the large colon, evidence of reperfusion injury was not found in 4 of the 5 experimental ponies. The only pony with gross evidence of reperfusion injury did not have detectable xo activity. Results of the study indicate that hypoperfusion of the colon during the postischemic period may be a factor in deterioration of the colon observed clinically in equids with surgical correction of large-colon volvulus. Additionally, if reperfusion injury develops in the large colon, it probably is not mediated through the xanthine oxidase enzyme system: the activity of this enzyme in the large colon, when present, is negligible.