bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ducal Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter opens with one of the central events in Venice’s history: the arrival in 828–9 of Saint Mark’s relics, which were stolen from Alexandria, and the doge’s decision to house them in a new church (Saint Mark’s) rather than consign them to the bishop. In this way, Mark became associated with the doge and the government. The chapter traces the violence and disorder that characterized the next two centuries of Venetian history as various families vied to control the dogeship, with its nearly unchecked monarchical powers. Although the Venetian community was divided in this way, it was united in its efforts to assert control over the Adriatic Sea. The Venetians subdued rival cities and pirates, and they attempted to prevent the Saracens from unifying both the eastern and western shores of the southern Adriatic. As coin finds/hoards indicate, Venice was beginning to emerge as a nexus of East/West trade.
The Consolidation of the Patrician Regime
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how, following the Serrata or Closing of the Greater Council, the nobles (also known as patricians) asserted their control over trade, society, and culture. But the century began badly with an ill-advised war against Ferrara and with a conspiracy to overthrow the government that arose from rivalry within the nobility. The patricians created a system of state-owned galleys that traveled along carefully regulated trade routes that were determined by the Senate. This system constituted public subvention of merchant enterprises and helped promote cohesion and loyalty to the state, as did the system of the funded debt. The patricians carefully regulated who had access to the advantages of Venetian trade and managed additional infrastructure projects to promote trade. Doge Andrea Dandolo used art, history writing, the law, and architecture to present a vision of Venice as stable and serene.
Calamity and Survival
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the second half of the century, Venice faced existential challenges on several fronts. Following the Black Death, it again saw its control of the Adriatic challenged by Hungary and continued to vie with its longtime enemy Genoa for Mediterranean trade. The regime faced a conspiracy fomented by Doge Marino Falier, who was summarily executed, and soon thereafter had to deal with revolt on its most important colony Crete. In the Fourth Genoese-Venetian War (also known as the War of Chioggia), Venice barely managed to survive an invasion into the lagoon itself. The war brought vast social and economic changes, including the admission of thirty new families into the Greater Council, and marks the end of the Venetian Middle Ages.
The Early Renaissance and the Turn Toward Italy
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the early fifteenth century, Venice made a major foreign policy shift that ushered in the Venetian Renaissance. Through the course of five wars, it created a mainland state that eventually came to within forty miles of Milan. Crucially, it did not extend representation to these new subject territories and relied for defense of this new terraferma state on mercenary captains (condottieri) whose loyalty was often suspect. Also, the Venetians now had to reimagine themselves as rulers of an empire, although they had few workable models. At the same time, their overseas territories faced a new threat from the Ottoman Turks who conquered Constantinople in 1453. The nobility continued to refine its status, with increasing emphasis on the status of noblewomen. The place of the doge in the Venetian Republic again came to the forefront when the Council of Ten deposed Doge Francesco Foscari.
Taming the Lion
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
From c. 1450 to c. 1530 Venice faced challenges both to its overseas empire and to its mainland regional state. It fought and lost two wars with the Ottomans as the Turks replaced Venice as the predominant naval power in the eastern Mediterranean. But it secured Cyprus, ruled by Venetian noblewoman Caterina Corner. On the Italian mainland, it faced a daunting coalition of nearly all the powers of Europe which were intent on dividing up Venice’s mainland possessions since Venice was seen as aspiring to dominance of the peninsula. Venice’s mainland dominion evaporated in no time, but was recovered by war’s end. Nevertheless, Venice now was poised between two behemoths, the Hapsburgs and the Ottomans. The economy was dealt a serious blow by the Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa which disrupted traditional spice routes and opened up the Atlantic economy, the death knell to Venice’s commercial dominance. These challenges strained Venetian republicanism.
Reform, Revolution, and the End of the Republic
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Eighteenth-century Venice’s efforts at reform failed as opponents worked to protect their privileges. Reform especially foundered in the political sphere as the government failed to resolve the city/mainland divide and share power with mainland elites. The Republic’s long-standing policy of neutrality made it suspect to all until it was swept away by Napoleon. The end of the Republic ushered in dramatic change as three different regimes controlled Venice in just eighteen years: the revolutionary Democratic Municipal Government (May 1797–January 1798), the first Austrian domination (January 1798–January 1806), and the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy (January 1806–April 1814). After Napoleon, many vestiges of the old regime were abolished, and the city underwent radical physical transformations.
Fascist and Cold War Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role Venice played in Italian fascism; Venice’s experience of the Second World War, especially the fate of the city’s Jewish community; and the Cold War period, which saw the dramatic development of the Porto Marghera industrial complex. The fascists appropriated the old Venetian Republic’s history as a way of staking Italian claims to the Adriatic Sea and Balkans. The impact of World War II was relatively minor in terms of physical damage, but the psychological damage was great as was the persecution of Venice’s vibrant Jewish community. The post-war period saw further expansion of the Venice/Porto Marghera or tourism/industry divide. After the war, Venice faced a precipitous population decline as Mestre grew. The terrible 1966 flood, combined with other environmental concerns, marked a new stage in Venice’s attitude to water, as the sea, once the source of Venetian riches, came to be viewed as an existential threat.
Global Venice
Authors: Romano Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of globalization, especially mass tourism, on the city and its economy, and the Venetian reaction to it, which has been a retreat into localism. In the past few decades, the growth of tourism has been tremendous, leaving the city with what is essentially a tourism monoculture. This has led to a further emptying out of the city as apartments are turned into tourist rental units. UNESCO’s designation of Venice as a World Heritage Site has sparked debate about who owns Venice. This global onslaught has provoked a localist reaction, marked by xenophobia and racism, especially aimed at immigrants. At the same time, ongoing environmental and other concerns have further opened the city/mainland divide. The short-term fate of Venice remains uncertain as sea level rises.
Raw Deal
Authors: Chauhan Surajpal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The sixth of these is Surajpal Chauhan’s ‘Raw Deal’ (Ghate ka Sauda), translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. ‘Raw Deal’ appeared in Chauhan’s first collection of short stories, Harry Kab Aega?, in 1999. The story follows the fortunes of D. Lal, an ambitious bureaucrat, and his wife Anandi, a devoted follower of Ambedkar, as they begin to contemplate a marriage proposal for their daughter Rajni.
No Bar
Authors: Kardam Jai Prakash 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The eighth of these is Jai Prakash Kardam’s ‘No Bar’, translated from Hindi by Joel Lee. ‘No Bar’ was first published in 2003 in the magazine Yuddhrat Aam Aadmi. It has also been made into a short film of the same name (2018, director Anil Kumar Anand). The title refers to the weekly section dedicated to matrimonial advertisements in major newspapers in India. Most advertisements specify the caste of the bride or groom sought—indeed, caste is the organizing principle of most matrimonial sections—but a small number use the shorthand ‘caste no bar’, or simply ‘no bar’, to indicate that caste is not a criterion.
Doubly Cursed
Authors: Baisantry Kausalya 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is a selection from Kausalya Baisantry’s Dohra Abhishap (Doubly Cursed), published in Hindi in 1999 and translated by Christi Merrill. In the excerpts from Dohra Abhishap, Baisantry relates her experiences of navigating the minefield of caste in school. She enters the fourth standard (fourth grade) as the only Dalit girl in her class, though the other students do not know her background. When the only other non-brahmin girls in the class, sensing in her a potential ally and friend, ask what her caste is, the young Baisantry makes a difficult choice. The second selection describes the following year when Baisantry’s sister has also joined the school, and the two together improvise ways of dodging the relentless hostility directed at Dalit children.
Fundamental Rights and Treaty Freedoms: The ‘Derogation Situation’ and Infringement Proceedings
Authors: Prechal Sacha 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In three recent actions brought by the Commission against Hungary, the Court of Justice was asked to consider whether an infringement action can be brought on the grounds of an alleged violation of a provision of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, in addition to an alleged breach of a Treaty freedom. Ever since the ERT case (the Greek television monopoly case), it has been standard case law that EU fundamental rights can be relied upon in situations where Member States seek to derogate from provisions of EU law (‘derogation situations’). Any justification of restrictive measures relied upon by a Member State must respect fundamental rights. In these three recent judgments, the Court built upon this case law and found that the European Commission may start an infringement action based on the Charter in a ‘derogation situation’ and ask for an independent finding of a breach of the Charter. While the Court is yet to address the question of whether a self-standing claim of alleged non-compliance with a Charter provision can also hold where there is only an infringement of a Treaty freedom without a justification being invoked, the case law as it stands is significant for the protection of fundamental rights. As a separate finding of a breach of fundamental rights in infringement proceedings can entail different consequences, it brings added value for citizens.
The Darker Side of the Internal Market Ideal: EU Migrant Workers Living in a Coastal Town
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Costello Fiona 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The free movement of people is one of the cornerstones of the internal market, allowing any EU citizen to live and work in another Member State (MS). Much research has been done on intra-Member State migration to metropolitan cities, research which highlights the benefits of free movement. What is less understood is the impact of free movement on small, regional locations which previously experienced little to no inward migration. Our research aims to start filling that gap. It examines the experiences of EU migrant workers who moved to the UK (pre-Brexit) exercising their EU freedom of movement rights. In particular, it looks at EU migrant workers working in low-wage, low-skilled employment in the coastal town of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, in the East of England. We look specifically at the problems EU migrant workers experience in and around housing, an issue which had already been identified by the Member States in the 1950s as a potential flashpoint. Housing has always been a sensitive issue for receiving states, as well as for locals and for migrants. We wish to argue that the requirement of equal treatment, the key right under EU law, means little in practice for the day-to-dayexperience of migrant workers yet it creates tensions within the local community.
Tiberius in Space
Authors: Ash Rhiannon 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Recently, an especially rich growth area in Classics has been critical engagement with concepts of physical space (both real and imagined). This chapter contributes to these wider debates through the distinctive field of ‘proxemics’(originally rooted in the disciplines of social anthropology and psychology, but especially fruitful when applied to ancient depictions of Roman emperors). By using Tiberius as a case study, the chapter maps out how creatively ancient sources depict the emperor in spatial terms. The proxemically challenged Tiberius is so often seen embracing either excessive proximity or excessive distance. Amidst ever widening concentric circles, ranging from his immediate family in the imperial domus to far-distant peoples on the margins of empire, Tiberius is repeatedly shown mishandling his own position in space. The chapter plots Tiberius’ proxemic errors by close readings of suggestive scenes in Tacitus and Suetonius. Above all, Tacitus caustically exploits concepts of physical space and proxemics in portraying Tiberius, wittily cast as a deviant asteroid or comet, gravitationally bound to Rome, but with his own eccentric and unpredictable orbit (Annals 6.15). Ultimately, Tacitus displays ‘Tiberius in space’ during the twilight years of his principate, when the quirky emperor becomes a satellite menacingly circling the city as if heralding his own imminent demise.
Looking for Representations of Emperors in Late Antique Popular Culture
Authors: Grig Lucy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Rather than looking at the emperor from the viewpoint of the elites of the Roman empire, this chapter focuses on the image of the emperor in popular culture, focusing on late antiquity in particular. It looks first at visual images of emperors across a range of media (ranging from painted panels to dessert moulds) and examines their varied roles in visual and material culture. Next discussion turns to the diverse stories told about emperors in texts from across and beyond the Roman empire, including the lively Syriac traditions about (and against) Julian. The final section considers carnival as the richest context of all for the reception of the imperial image in popular culture, taking in abusive poetry, subversive mine, and the assault of imperial portraits. Well-known stories, texts, and images are in this way combined with less familiar material to provide new insights into a much wider range of responses to imperial power and its representation.
Retrospective Parentage
Authors: Goodman Penelope J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
No one would have called Augustus a ‘father of Europe’ in his own lifetime. For his contemporaries, Europe was a geographical concept rather than a political unit or cultural identity, and in any case his empire also included territory in the geographical regions of Asia and Africa. Nonetheless, two thousand years later, he is regularly claimed by Europeans as a cultural ancestor. This chapter shows how this claim evolved, from early references to Charlemagne as pater Europae to the empires of the Habsburgs and Victorian Britain to a post-war Europe seeking a shared identity. Importantly, although it rests on claims of continuity between antiquity and the present, it could only have been articulated after a coherent sense of European cultural identity emerged in the context of early modern imperialism. Two periods of intensive engagement with Augustus occurred at the bimillennia of his birth in 1938 and death in 2014. Their commemorative geography reveals a stark gulf between the European and the African and Asian parts of Augustus’ former empire. Though in some places Augustus was used as a means of bridging cultural divides, the strength of his historical identification with Europe is probably too strong for this to be genuinely effective.
Rhetorical Strategy and Legal Force in Pufendorf’s State of Nature
Authors: Evrigenis Ioannis , Somos Mark 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows that Pufendorf cast the state of nature in an innovative form of legal fiction by extending and adapting, rather than refuting, Hobbes’s rhetorical agenda for formulating and deploying the state of nature theme. Pufendorf based his approach to Hobbes’s state of nature on his own conceptualization of legal fictions, the forms they can assume, and the roles that they can play, yielding a more technically legal and narrower conception of the state of nature. Having missed this aspect of Pufendorf’s approach, influential commentators have misrepresented both Pufendorf’s relationship to Hobbes and the significance of Pufendorf’s legal and international thought.
Sex and Gender in Pufendorf’s International Political Thought
Authors: Odzuck Eva 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows how the concepts of ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ lead to the centre of Pufendorf’s international political thought by illuminating the state’s biological and mental dimensions. In his De jurae naturae et gentium, Pufendorf argues that the sovereign must use the subject’s bodies for reproduction, defence, and winning allies. But to successfully direct bodies, it is not sufficient for the sovereign to give laws. He must also shape the subject’s wills by education and custom. Since human beings are proud, and male and female bodies can fulfil different functions for the body politic, a gendered politics of self-esteem is needed to direct the subject’s bodies. Overall, Pufendorf’s advice for the sovereign is to combine a politics of the body with a politics of self-esteem. For example, marriage licences for foreigners can serve the dual purpose of (re-)gaining strength in numbers and pacifying other nations’ self-esteem with exclusive rights.
The Reception of Pufendorf’s ‘International Thought’ in Eighteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Nokkala Ere 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the reception of Pufendorf’s international thought in eighteenth-century German debates. First, it studies the reception and critique of Pufendorf’s ideas by the leading advocate of perfectionist metaphysics (Christian Wolff), who emphasized perfectibility as the destiny of humanity in contrast to willed sociability. Second, the chapter explores the sharpest rejection of Pufendorf’s ‘intellectualist’ idea of sociability, which came from a seminal advocate of the emerging Staatswissenschaften (Johann Jacob Schmauss). Finally, the chapter examines the responses to Pufendorf’s international thought by the leading cameralist (Johann Heinrich Gottlob von Justi). The eighteenth-century appropriation of Pufendorf’s work was, to a great extent, conditioned by the changing politics, law, and history of the Holy Roman Empire. Once the structure and stability of the sovereign territorial state had become relatively settled, it then became possible to constitute a political and administrative domain whose main concern was commerce and the welfare of the population.
Healthy work in a national and international perspective
Authors: Siegrist Johannes , Li Jian 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the first part of this chapter, the intervention perspective of healthy work is extended beyond the meso-level context of enterprises and other organizations to include national labour and social policies as well as programmes of international organizations. New research results from cross-country investigations across Europe illustrate the important role of integrative and protective labour market policies in securing good quality psychosocial work environments along with improved well-being of working people. Policy efforts of supranational organizations, specifically the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, promote national-level developments, most effectively in high- income countries. In contrast, low- and middle- income countries still suffer from substantial shortcomings in occupational health and safety measures, implementation of international standards of decent work, and of essential labour and social policies. The second part of the chapter addresses challenges of improving these conditions. Transformation of work in the context of economic globalization and technological innovation, accelerated by threats of the COVID-19 pandemic, offers a window of opportunity. Promoting occupational health research, including its psychosocial dimensions, in these regions is one component of a set of pro-active strategies needed to strengthen healthy work in the Global South.
Courts’ Review of Regulatory and Supervisory Decisions
Authors: Lamandini Marco , Muñoz David Ramos 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the role of courts and court review in shaping the structure of financial regulation and supervision, and its key regulatory concepts. First, it analyses the main case law on vertical power allocation of power between state and federal levels in the US, in cases on ‘the business of banking’, branching restrictions or FinTech charters, and national and supranational levels in the EU, in cases about the respective powers of the ECB and national supervisors, composite procedures, or the application of domestic law by EU institutions. Secondly, it analyses ‘horizontal’ cases, where courts reflected on the role of delegation to agencies. In third place, the chapter analyses the cases where courts scrutinized the ‘regulatory perimeter’ of ‘shadow banking’ activities and banking groups. In fourth place, the chapter makes a comparative assessment of the standard of review of acts by financial authorities. This comprises the substantive review under the ‘arbitrary and capricious’ standard in the US, using cost-benefit analysis, and the ‘finalistic review’ by EU courts, which insist on having the last word on the meaning of specific legal/regulatory concepts. It also compares the more ‘procedural’ dimension of ‘arbitrary and capricious’ in the US to the process-based review and procedural safeguards in EU case law. Finally, the chapter analyses the standard of review applicable to cases of ‘punitive’ measures, such as sanctions, penalties, and also other enforcement measures.