bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genes that suppress the action of mutated ras genes
Authors: Noda Makoto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three major types of approach have been taken to address the question of how activated ras oncogenes induce malignant cell transformation: enzymology, genetics, and cell biology. Ras proteins have intrinsic guanine nucleotide-binding activity as well as GTP-hydrolysing (GTPase) activity (for review see Barbacid (1987)). Therefore, cellular factors which affect these activities in the test tube can be sought. The GTPase activating protein (GAP) and the guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GNEFs) have been identified in this fashion (McCormick 1989; Downward et al. 1990; Huang et al. 1990; Wolfman and Macara 1990). Oncogenically mutated (‘activated’) Ras proteins show either decreased intrinsic GTPase activity or poor susceptibility to GAP (reviewed in Barbacid (1987) and Krengel et al. (1990)) and, therefore, GAP probably serves as a negative regulator and GNEFs as positive regulators of Ras. Although enzymology can yield precise results, it has its limitations. For instance, interaction between purified proteins does not necessarily reflect the physiological functions of the proteins in vivo. Also, the applicability of this technique is confined to the molecules directly interacting with Ras proteins.
Brunelliaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This family consists of the single genus Brunellia Ruiz & Pav., with about 62 species of evergreen trees growing in mountainous areas from Bolivia and Peru to southern Mexico and the West Indies. Only B. comocladifolia Humb. & Bonpl. has a wide distribution; 90% of the species are narrow endemics.
Account for leaf and young stern based mainly on original description of 2 spp. in Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) and for leaf only also Cuatrecasas (1970: 4 spp.; anatomy by Eyde) and Cuatrecasas (1985).
Escalloniaceae
Authors: Gornall By R J , Al-Shammary K I A , Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Account based on Hils (1985) for Abrophy/lum (1 sp.), Anopterus (2 spp.), Cuttsia (1 sp.) and Ixerba (l sp.); Ramamonjiarisoa (1980) for Forgesia (] sp.); Stern (1974) for Escallonia (28 spp.); Al-Shammary (1991) for all genera, supplemented by earlier literature, especially Thouvenin (1890) and Holle (1893).
Bruniaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wax common as rods, strands or platelets (Figs 82F, 83F, 84E), often coalescing into clumps in depressions between cells. Fehrenbach and Barthlott (1988) reported mostly platelets, often narrow and in part arranged parallel to surface. Cuticle smooth in a few spp., but often with longitudinal ridges (Figs 83C, 84C), these usually more common on abaxial than adaxial surface (spp. of Berzelia, Brunia, Lonchostoma, Nebelia, Pseudo-baeckea, Raspalia). Epidermal cells mostly polygonal, except in the inversely dorsiventral leaves of Loncho-stoma and Raspalia, where cells with slightly wavy outlines present adaxially, interspersed with stomata.
Crassulaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 30 genera are recognized in this large family, although several of these, e.g. Hylotelephium H. Ohba, Perrierosedum (A. Berger) H. Ohba, Prometheum (A. Berger) H. Ohba, Rhodiola L., Telmissa Fenz, are included in Sedum L. by some taxonomists. Distribution is almost cosmopolitan, except for Australia and Polynesia, but there is a concentration of species in the northern hemisphere and in South Africa.
Grossulariaceae
Authors: Gregory Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Takhtajan (1983), Ribes L. (including Grossularia Mill.) is the sole genus in this family. It consists of about 150 species of deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes spiny, and distribution is throughout the north-temperate zone and in America south along the Andes to Tie1rn de! Fuego.
Virus-keratinocyte interactions the infectious cycle
Authors: Stanley Margaret A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There seems to be little doubt that infection with certain types of HPV, the so-called ‘oncogenic HPVs’ 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, is the major but not the only risk factor in the subsequent development of cervical cancer (Schiffmann 1992). This has raised the possibility that if one could prevent infection with HPV or treat established HPV infections this would prevent the development of HPV-associated cancer and be an effective anti-cancer strategy. Other chapters in this book address the feasibility of this exercise from the immunological perspective but any understanding of the immune responses to the genital HPVs and the implementation of prophylactic or therapeutic strategies is absolutely dependent upon a knowledge of the biology of the virus and its interaction with the target cell for infection, the keratinocyte.
Serological immune response to HPV
Authors: Gissmann Lutz , Muller Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diagnosis of viral infections can be performed by analysing the specimen from the patient either for the presence of the infectious agent (e.g. by infection and growth of the agent in vitro) or by identification of the genome or expression of the genes of the pathogen, that is, the genetic material (by nucleic acid hybridization) or one of the viral proteins (eg. by ELISA). This approach is usually successful during the acute phase of a disease but may fail during the unapparent intermission of an infection as in this situation virus production is usually very low and the test may be negative due to sampling problems. In the case of human papillomaviruses, particularly those which affect the anogenital mucosa, persistent infection without clinical symptoms is a rather common phenomenon (see Chapter 1).
The search for cell-mediated immunity to HPV: Prospects for vaccine design
Authors: Stauss Hans J , Beverley Peter C L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immune responses may be classified as innate or adaptive, humoral or cellular. Innate responses do not depend on prior exposure for their full effect and are not altered on re-exposure to the same micro-organism. These responses are mediated by non-specific effector mechanisms and cells, such as complement, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. In contrast adaptive responses are antigen specific, often slow and weak on first exposure (primary response), but rapid and effective on re-exposure (secondary or memory response). Adaptive humoral responses depend on antibody secreted by bone-marrow derived (B) lymphocytes, while most of the cell types involved in innate cellular immunity also take part in adaptive cell-mediated responses. However, the hallmark of adaptive cellular responses is the involvement of antigen-specific thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes.
Negligence and medicines
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Errors in prescribing and giving medicines can be fatal. Such errors accounted for 10 deaths over a period of 6 years in the jurisdiction of the Coroner for Birmingham and Solihull. In the same period, 36 deaths were recorded as the result of adverse reaction to drugs (Ferner and Whittington 1994).
Potassium chloride and other potassium salts
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Potassium is the most important cation (positively charged chemical species) within cells, whereas sodium is the most important cation in the extracellular fluids including plasma (the fluid component of blood). The potassium concentration in the plasma during life is approximately 4 millimoles perlitre and inside the red blood cells the concentration is approximately 140 millimoles perlitre. This difference is maintained by an enzyme system in the membrane envelope of cells. The enzyme system, the Na+K+ ATPase, uses chemical energy to pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
Systematics and biogeography
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the approximately nine thousand to ten thousand extant birds, some 40% constitute the evolutionarily more primitive, and typically larger bodied, non-passerines and 60% the typically smaller, and evolutionarily more advanced, passerines or ‘perching’ birds. Bowerbirds are medium sized members of the passerines, which have characters of their legs, feet, palate, syrinx, and sperm that together define them as such but none of which is unique to them (but see below). Passerines are subdivided into a more primitive group, the Tyranni or suboscines (having a mesomyodian syrinx worked by a pair of intrinsic syringeal muscles or none), and a more advanced group, known as the Passeri or oscines, with an acromyodian syrinx worked by three or four pairs of intrinsic syringeal muscles (Raikow 1982; Schodde and Mason 1999). This dichotomy of the passerines is thus based in large part upon the physical construction of the avian syrinx, which accounts for the more advanced oscines being known as the ‘songbirds’. Contemporary consensus is that the bowerbirds represent a basal, or primitive, group within the oscine passerines.
Bower site acquisition, fidelity, attendance, and courtship displays
Authors: Frith Clifford B , Frith Dawn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Court or bower sites and adequate clearings or structures and their elaboration by decoration and painting are critical to male reproductive success in polygynous bowerbirds. They represent the focal point for highly ritualised and complex courtship demanded by discerning females. While results of studies of fewer than half a dozen species make this clear almost nothing is known about the remainder. Moreover, understanding of the sociobology of court site acquisition, male fidelity to them once established or acquired from rivals, and attendance and displays at them and their significance to relative mating success is in its infancy. Young males of polygynous bowerbirds must enter the established society of bower owning peers if they are to have any significant opportunity of reproducing. A pre-existing traditionally owned court or bower site is newly occupied as a result of a male replacing or displacing the previous resident.
Introduction
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the Renaissance onwards the knowledge of Greek texts played a prominent role in the world of learning. They were copied and recopied, edited, annotated, translated, and interpreted by many scholars. whose combined labours resulted in a vast number of manuscripts and printed books. Most of this work was done in central and western Europe. far from the region where these texts had miginated. Gradually it became clear that only a critical approach would increase understanding of them. This implied the careful analysis of manuscripts, preferably of ancient date, and the correlation of the information contained in them with the artefacts extant in the area of their origin, as well with the geography and natural history of the Levant. This led to the origin of archaeology on one hand and the study of nature on the other.
Hawkins: The Early Years
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Hawkins, the third and youngest hero of this book, was born on 6 May 1761 at Trewithen in the parish of Probus in Cornwall. His father was Thomas Hawkins, a Member of Parliament, his mother Anne Hawkins, daughter of James Heywood, a London merchant. The family belonged to the landed gentry of Cornwall and had a status similar to that of the Sibthorps in Lincolnshire.
Hawkins: The First Journey
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing is known of the preparations for Hawkins’s first journey; very likely it was projected as a rather conventional tour on the Continent, so fashionable among the young members of the landed gentry in those days. His plan to include a visit to the Ottoman Empire seems to have developed only later during his travels. Unfortunately we do not know precisely when Hawkins left England or when he returned. His first letter from the Continent is dated 27 June 1785 and the earliest letten1,Titten again in England 10 June 1789. Therefore he probably travelled abroad for about four years, definitely for longer than his friend and companion Sibthorp did. This is also evident from a letter announcing his return to England in December l 788 ‘after an absence of four years and half’.
The s ‘tructure of Hyme:noptera
Authors: Gauld Lan D , Hanson Paul E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A great deal has been written about the comparative morphology of the Hymenoptera (see below) and the account included here is only intended to be a brief introduction to the subject, serving to help workers recognize homologies or determine the name of an unfamiliar structure. This synopsis has been condensed largely from Richards ‘ (1956) excellent introduction to Hymenopteran morphology, with a few amendments that have resulted from recent research. The following conventions have been applied. When a new term is introduced and explained it is printed in upper case. Acceptable common synonyms are pre ceded by an equality sign (=) and follow in parentheses. Homonymous terms that are used for different structures (and that are best avoided) are enclosed in quotation marks ( ‘).
The ichneumonoid families
Authors: Gauld Ian D , Shaw Scott Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another possible apomorphic feature of the group is the presence of longitudinal and transverse carinae delineating a number of discrete areas on the propodeum, but these structures have been lost in many groups (Sharkey & Wahl, 1992). The number of families placed in the Ichneu monoidea has fluctuated, but it has always included the Braconidae and Ichneumonidae. Some workers have included the Stephanidae, Megalyridae and even the evanioid families (e.g. Pagliano, 1986; Pagliano & Scaramozzino, 1990), but these families lack the apo morphic features characterizing the superfamily and are more logically treated in separate superfamilies. Various groups of ichneumonids and braconids, such as the Paxylommatinae, Agriotypinae, Apozyginae and Aphidiinae, have from time to time been accorded family-group status. Despite this the first two clearly belong in the Ichneumonidae and the last two are part of the Braconidae (Gauld, 1984; Gauld & Bolton, 1988; Sharkey & Wahl, 1992). The Paxylommatinae, Agriotypinae and Apozyginae are all small and infre quently collected groups and arguments about their status have involved only a few specialists (e.g. Mason, 1971, 1978a,198la; Achterberg, 1976) The Aphidiinae, however, is a large, widespread, and eco nomically important subfamily, and many workers (e.g. Stary, 1960, 1966, 1970; Mackauer & Stary, 1967; Mackauer, 1968; Finlayson in Evans, 1987a) continue to insist, despite the overwhelming phylogenetic evidence (e.g. Achterberg 1984a; Quicke & Achterberg, 1990), on treating it as a distinct family.
Ethological concepts and sexual selection
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual selection in birds is characterized most conspicuously by the extreme development of ornamental traits apparently designed to attract members of the opposite sex. In discussing the marvellous diversity of avian courtship displays and ornaments, Armstrong (1965, p. 66) writes: Nature uses the simple, primitive reactions, and not only formalizes them but gives them special, conventional and sometimes arbitrary meaning. She loves complexity, and experiments to discover into what strong designs she may weave her simplest patterns; she does not like to discard any organ or habit until she has played a prolonged game with it, trying to discover how it may be more amply employed-even to serve ends quite other than those for which it was designed.
Male condition, parasites, and fluctuating asymmetry
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physical condition or ‘health’ of male birds is important in all versions of the good genes view of female mate choice (e.g. handicap principle, Zahavi 1975, 1977; parasite resistance, Hamilton and Zuk 1982; truth in advertising, Kodric-Brown and Brown 1984). It is a given that healthy birds, by definition, will have more energy and vigour than unhealthy ones, other things being equal. Thus, healthy males will be better able to compete successfully with other males for females, whether by singing or fighting, for example, and females will be likely to be attracted to healthy males that have brighter ornaments or that display more vigorously than less healthy ones.
Empirical studies of the major hypotheses
Authors: Ligon J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the latter half of this chapter each of the major hypotheses proposed in Chapter 2 to account for mate choice by female birds is briefly reviewed and evaluated. First, however, to give the reader a feel for the kinds of data that have been obtained to assess these hypotheses, I summarize a number of empirical studies of individual species. Most of these provide clear evidence that females use certain male traits in making mate choice decisions; i.e. in a diverse array of species, directional selection, based on certain characteristics of the males (Ryan and Keddy-Hector 1992), occurs. Traits of males may be either morphological or behavioural in nature; most commonly, both appear to be important. This is not surprising, for two reasons. First, specific behaviour is almost always used to display or exhibit the morphological ornaments of the male, and second, males of most kinds of birds have several mechanisms for self-promotion. In general, more attention has been paid to morphological than to behavioural traits of males, largely because they are often easier to measure accurately and to manipulate experimentally.
The social organization of resource exploitation
Authors: Dyson-Hudson Neville , Dyson-Hudson Rada 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South Turkana is an unforgiving environment which creates extreme pressure on the human population much of the time. Turkana must deal with low levels and low predictability of atmospheric moisture (seasonally, annually, and over the longer term); the consequent low-density, patchiness, and fluctuation of animal forage; an even lower density of plant food directly digestible by humans; restricted water sources; high insolation and a resulting excess of evaporation over precipitation, for more than seven months of the year; animal and human diseases, to which Turkana traditional technologies offer little or no protection other than avoidance; the constant threat of animal predators; and the hostile, often violent competition of other human populations for the same, insufficient, resources. Long-term survival in such a demanding environment requires the development of adaptive response behavior. In principle, it should be possible to demonstrate this both at the level of the individual and at that of the population.
Damage to Seedlings and Young Plants
Authors: Butin Heinz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frost is one of the more frequent abiotic causes of damage to seedlings and young plants. Frost damage may occur in almost any month, but is most prevalent in winter. The symptoms are the browning of needles or leaves or the death of whole plants. Susceptibility is largely determined by species and provenance. The importance of provenance is shown particularly clearly by Douglas fir which embraces a broad spectrum from highly resistant (glauca and caesia forms) to very frost-susceptible (some viridis provenances). Frost hardiness can also be influenced to some extent by fertilization.
‘I wouldn’t start from here’: land use, transport, and sustainability
Authors: Owens Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr Susan Owens was awarded her degree, and subsequently a PhD, in environmental sciences at the University of East Anglia. Since 1981 she has been a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Newnham College. Her long-term research interest is in land use and sustainability; she has written several books and numerous papers on these and other environmental issues. She recently held a Fellowship under the Economic and Social Research Council’s Global Environment Change Programme for research on land-use planning and environmental change. Dr Owens has also carried out research for the European Commission, the Department of the Environment, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD ), and environmental non-governmental organizations (NG Os). She was a Special Advisor to the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution during its study of transport and the environment. She is a member of the Technology Foresight Panel on Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Environment and of the UK Round Table on Sustainable Development.
Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes in the regulation of angiogenesis
Authors: Rastinejad Farzan , Bouck Noël 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cells that comprise a successful solid tumour have developed two distinct new capabilities that are not possessed by the normal cells from which they arose. They proliferate without internal constraints and they create an environment in vivo where their growth potential can be realized. The ability to induce angiogenesis is a major component of this permissive in vivo environment. Without neovascularization, even cells that are perfectly capable of growing without constraint cannot form tumours of a clinically relevant size (1-3).
The role of proteases in angiogenesis
Authors: Sharon Klein Andreas Bikfalvt , Pintucci Giuseppe , Rifkin Daniel B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Angiogenesis is defined as the process of vascular neoformation that occurs during development menstruation, and several pathological conditions such as neoplasia. Angiogenesis requires the co-ordinate activation of a series of molecular events that are responsible for endothelial cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation into capillary structures. Proteolytic activity is critical for migration and invasion of endothelial cells into the neighbouring tissue (1,2). Several protease systems have been identified as being involved in angiogenesis including the plasminogen activator (PA) system and the matrix metalloproteinases (1,2). Urokinase-type PA (uPA) not only converts plasminogen into plasmin to allow matrix degradation, but may also provide signals for endothelial cell movement (3,4). These protease systems are controlled by a variety of soluble angiogenic factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (1,2,5-7).