bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene Delivery to the Liver
Authors: Kozarsky Karen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractViral gene transfer to the liver has proven extremely effective in animal models and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for a variety of metabolic disorders. In rodents, a single tail vein injection of an adenoviral vector can transduce most hepatocytes in vivo. This provides a convenient model for assessing vector design as well as for evaluating the effects of specific transgenes in genetic mouse models of human disease. Protocols for optimized in vivo hepatic gene transfer are described.
Collecting and Handling Samples for Parentage and Forensics DNA‐Based Genetic Testing
Authors: Bing David H. , Bieber Frederick R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe unit covers Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats (VNTR)based paternity analysis as well as the newer methods relying on PCR to analyze sequencespecific polymorphisms and microsatellite regions. The discussion of data analysis and probability calculations has been expanded to address a number of special circumstances, such as the lack of sample from an alleged father, motherless cases, and more.
Molecular Analysis of Paternity
Authors: Sozer Amanda C. , Kelly Charles M. , Demers Daniel B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe unit covers Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats (VNTR)based paternity analysis as well as the newer methods relying on PCR to analyze sequencespecific polymorphisms and microsatellite regions. The discussion of data analysis and probability calculations has been expanded to address a number of special circumstances, such as the lack of sample from an alleged father, motherless cases, and more.
RFLP Analysis of Forensic DNA Samples with Single‐Locus VNTR Genetic Markers
Authors: Bing David H. , Bieber Frederick R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit covers the many and varied methods for extracting DNA from such diverse specimens as blood, tissue, stamps and envelopes, and cigarette butts, among others. Modifications to the methods that allow the DNA to be used for either PCR or Southern blotbased analyses are also included.
Manual Methods for PCR‐Based Forensic DNA Analysis
Authors: Bing David H. , Bieber Fredrick R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit provides validated PCR‐based methods to test for sequence polymorphisms and length polymorphisms. It includes a description of the reverse dot blot method for detecting sequence polymorphisms. The forensic PCR systems used to detect length polymorphisms are based on detection of different‐sized PCR products following electrophoresis in either native or denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The unit offers a description of the amplification and detection of the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) length polymorphism at the D1S80 locus. It also describes the multiplex amplification of three separate autosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and the X‐ and Y‐linked amelogenin alleles. These PCR products are electrophoresed on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Support protocols for creating permanent records of silver‐stained gels, checking the quality of reagents, and interpreting PCR‐based tests are provided.
Molecular Analysis of the Human Mitochondrial DNA Control Region for Forensic Identity Testing
Authors: Holland Mitchell M. , Huffine Edwin F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) highlights methods used to perform mtDNA sequence analysis on highly degraded biological material. The focus is on applications to forensic casework, and a number of case examples are provided. However, the laboratory working with ancient DNA, or any basic research laboratory, will benefit from this information.
Use of Chicken Models for the Analysis of Human Disease
Authors: Dodgson Jerry B. , Romanov Michael N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe chicken has been a valuable model organism for genetic analysis since early in the last century. This unit provides an overview of the primary strategic approaches through which the chicken is used as a model for human genetics and disease. These approaches are reviewed with key advantages and disadvantages noted for each. In addition, the chicken offers a model system for several human inherited diseases, both single gene‐based and complex traits. This unit briefly describes two such models as examples: autoimmune pathology causing Hashimoto's thyroiditis and sex‐linked dwarfism.
Isolation of Genomic DNA from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Gilbert John R. , Vance Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis unit describes simple, cost‐effective preparation of DNA from whole blood or cultured cells that yields high‐molecular‐weight DNA suitable for both Southern blotting and the polymerase chain reaction. Preparation time may be shortened by substituting a high‐salt precipitation procedure for the dialysis step; however, this results in a smaller average fragment size. The isolation of DNA from buccal swabs, collected from the inside of the cheek, is also described. The DNA is suitable for PCR analysis. Preparation of buffered phenol for DNA extraction is described in a support protocol.This unit describes simple, cost‐effective preparation of DNA from whole blood or cultured cells that yields high‐molecular‐we
Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Albright Lisa M. , Slatko Barton E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPolyacrylamide gels that contain a high concentration of urea as a denaturant are capable of resolving short (<500 nucleotides) single‐stranded fragments of DNA or RNA that differ in length by as little as one nucleotide. Such gels are commonly used for DNA sequence analysis, as well as in PCR amplification of SSLPs (simple sequence length polymorphisms) for genotyping, genotyping by the ligase chain reaction (LCR), analysis of mutations by RNase A cleavage, chemical cleavage of heteroduplex DNA to identify mutations, and molecular analysis of fragile X syndrome by PCR. This appendix presents a protocol for the pouring, running, and processing of a typical gel which is 40‐cm long with a uniform thickness of 0.4 mm, containing 7 M urea and 4% to 8% acrylamide.
ISCN Standard Idiograms
Authors: Schreck Rhona R. , Distèche Christine M. , Adler David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChromosome banding is used mainly to identify both normal and rearranged chromosomes, to define chromosome breakpoints, and to describe the specific location of DNA sequences on chromosomes. A nomenclature has been developed to standardize the identification of chromosomes and the naming of chromosome bands. The system currently in use is An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature, referred to as “ISCN 1995.” It is the report of the standing committee on human cytogenetic nomenclature edited by Felix Mitelman. The report includes a chromosome band nomenclature, as well as standard idiograms, which are “diagrammatic representations of a karyotype, which may be based on measurements of the chromosomes” (ISCN 1995). The idiograms presented here, with the permission of S. Karger and Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics, are drawings of G‐banded chromosomes with band numbers indicated. Heterochromatic regions, which contain classes of repetitive DNA and can show individual differences in size, are indicated by patterned areas.
Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of 1,3‐Dioxolan‐4‐one and 1,3‐Oxathiolan‐5‐one Derivatives: Synthesis of the Key Intermediate in the Industrial Synthesis of the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor AMDOXOVIR
Authors: Popp Alfred , Gilch Andrea , Mersier Anne‐Laure , Petersen Hermann , Rockinger‐Mechlem Jodoca , Stohrer Jürgen 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe resolution of racemic 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐one and 1,3‐oxathiolan‐5‐one derivatives such as (4‐oxo‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐yl)methyl 2‐methylpropanoate (2) by enzymatic solvolysis was investigated. The resolution of 2, a precursor for the synthesis of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Amdoxovir, was optimized in terms of solvent/nucleophile, reaction conditions, and enzyme. The use of lipase from Candida antarctica B (CALB) and methanol as nucleophile and solvent resulted in an effective resolution and the product (R)‐2 could be easily isolated. Products of substrate decomposition can be isolated and reused for the synthesis of racemic 2. The broad range of application for this enzymatic resolution was demonstrated by the resolution of further substrates with different substitution patterns. This process gives a new and unprecedented access to enantiopure 1,3‐dioxolan‐4‐ones and 1,3‐oxathiolan‐5‐ones.
Photooxidation in Water by New Hybrid Molecular Photocatalysts Integrating an Organic Sensitizer with a Polyoxometalate Core
Authors: Bonchio Marcella , Carraro Mauro , Scorrano Gianfranco , Bagno Alessandro 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHybrid compounds consisting of an organic sensitizer and a polyoxometalate unit were synthesized following two strategies: a) the covalent functionalization of lacunary decatungstosilicate with organosilylfulleropyrrolidines; b) the charge interaction between cationic sensitizers and the polyoxoanions, yielding electrostatic aggregates. These hybrid complexes effect catalytic photooxygenation in water under heterogeneous conditions, 25 °C and O2 (1 atm), using visible light irradiation (λ>375 nm). As representative target substrates, phenol (4 mM) is oxidized in 150 min with a COD loss up to 30% (TON up to 50), while L‐methionine methyl ester (15 mM) undergoes selective photooxygenation to the corresponding sulfoxide in 90 min (TON up to 200). The photocatalyst stability has been evaluated on the basis of system recycling along three oxidation runs. The inhibition exerted by sodium azide, a typical 1O2 quencher, suggests the occurrence of a Type II photooxidation mechanism.
Trichloroisocyanuric Acid: A Convenient Oxidation Reagent for Phase‐Transfer Catalytic Epoxidation of Enones under Non‐Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Ye Jinxing , Wang Yongcan , Chen Jiping , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTrichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) is a cheap, safe and readily available alternative to the commonly used hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite for the phase‐transfer catalytic epoxidation of α,β‐enones under non‐aqueous conditions. A variety of chalcone derivatives give the corresponding epoxides with quantitative conversion and satisfactory yields in just a few hours under mild conditions. An asymmetric variant of the epoxidation can be carried out in the presence of chiral N‐anthracenylmethylcinchonidine bromide catalyst giving 73–93% ees and 76–94% yields.
Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene with Supported Transition Metal Catalysts in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Zhao Fengyu , Zhang Rong , Chatterjee Maya , Ikushima Yutaka , Arai Masahiko 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTransition metal catalysts such as Pd, Pt, Ru, and Rh supported on carbon, silica and alumina have been examined for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene (NB) in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and in ethanol. The order of hydrogenation activity is Pt>Pd>Ru, Rh in scCO2 and in ethanol. The effectiveness of the support is C>Al2O3, SiO2 for either Pt or Pd in scCO2. For all the catalysts, higher selectivity to aniline has been obtained in scCO2 compared with ethanol. Hydrogenation of nitrobenzene catalyzed with Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts was successfully conducted in scCO2 with a 100% yield to aniline at a lower reaction temperature of 35 °C. The product aniline (organic phase) can be easily separated from the side‐product water (aqueous phase), solvent (scCO2), and catalyst (solid) by a simple phase separation process. The hydrogenation of NB is a structure‐sensitive reaction in ethanol as well as in scCO2 except for a few Pt/C catalysts in which the degree of metal dispersion is small (<0.08).
Application of SDP Ligands for Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Xie Jian‐Hua , Duan Hai‐Feng , Fan Bao‐Min , Cheng Xu , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChiral spiro diphosphines (SDP) are efficient ligands for the Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation of 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenyl acetate with dimethyl malonate and related nucleophiles. The newly synthesized ligand DMM‐SDP (1e) with 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐methoxy groups on the P‐phenyl rings of the phosphine shows the highest enantioselectivity (up to 99.1% ee). Diethylzinc as a base is critical for obtaining high enantioselectivity in the allylic alkylation using β‐dicarbonyl nucleophiles. The structure of catalyst [PdCl2((S)‐SDP)] was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The SDP ligands create an effective asymmetric environment around the palladium, resulting in high enantioselectivities for the asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction
Oxidative dehydrogenation of butane in an interconnected fluidized‐bed reactor
Authors: Rubio O. , Herguido J. , Menéndez M. , Grasa G. , Abanades J. C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe use of an internal circulating fluidized bed (ICFB) is proposed for the oxidative dehydrogenation of butane. The reactor consists of two adjacent zones, separated by a wall. In the oxidizing zone the catalyst is oxidized and in the reducing zone the butane is dehydrogenated by reaction with the oxygen from the catalyst lattice. The circulation between both zones is produced by the different bed porosity, which originates a pressure difference between the two zones at the communication orifice at the bottom of the vessel. The design of this reactor is studied in a cold model. An image analysis technique was applied to measure solid circulation rates between the different regions in the reactor, by using a solid coated with a long afterglow phosphor as a tracer. The solid circulation rates through the orifices were found to correlate reasonably well with a previously developed correlation for the orifice drag coefficient. The model for solid circulation between fluidized regions was then integrated in the overall mathematical model for the ICFB reactor system to incorporate the effect of design and operating conditions on the catalyst circulation rates between compartments. A good correlation between the experimentally obtained values of conversion and selectivity and those predicted by the model is obtained. Improvements in selectivity to olefins are obtained, compared with conventional fluidized‐bed reactors with cofeeding of reactants. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1510–1522, 2004
Plantwide control for TAME production using reactive distillation
Authors: Al‐Arfaj Muhammad A. , Luyben William L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe synthesis and control of a plantwide flowsheet to produce tert‐amyl methyl ether (TAME) is reported. The flowsheet consists of a plug‐flow reactor, one reactive distillation column, and two conventional distillation columns. The two conventional columns are needed for the recovery of excess methanol and the inert C5s. The columns are operated at different pressures to overcome separation limitations resulting from the presence of azeotropes. The reactive distillation is run with an excess of methanol because it is needed for both the reaction and the azeotropic vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) requirements in the column. The reactive distillation column is the critical unit in this flowsheet that needs to be carefully controlled. An effective control structure is one in which a temperature in the stripping section and a methanol composition in the reactive zone are controlled. This control scheme is similar to that applied to other reactive distillation systems of the same type (that is, ETBE, MTBE). Because there is no reaction in the other two columns, they are effectively controlled by simple temperature controllers. The fresh feed of methanol must be manipulated to maintain the overall balance of methanol in the flowsheet. The proposed control structure is able to handle disturbances in feed rate and composition up to ±20%.© 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1462–1473, 2004
Feasible products in batch reactive extractive distillation
Authors: Guo Zhe , Lee Jae W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA systematic feasibility evaluation method is presented for batch reactive distillation columns with extractive feed streams. In this batch configuration, one feasibility criterion is obtained for quaternary reactive systems by using residue curve maps and reaction equilibrium manifolds. If all reaction products are saddles and one of the binary azeotropes between the desired products and the other components is an unstable node, then a reactive rectifier with a side‐feed entrainer can produce pure products regardless of the type and number of azeotropes involved in the system. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1484–1492, 2004
Energetic costs of bipedal and quadrupedal walking in Japanese macaques
Authors: Nakatsukasa M. , Ogihara N. , Hamada Y. , Goto Y. , Yamada M. , Hirakawa T. , Hirasaki E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe investigated the energetic costs of quadrupedal and bipedal walking in two Japanese macaques. The subjects were engaged in traditional bipedal performance for years, and are extremely adept bipeds. The experiment was conducted in an airtight chamber with a gas analyzer. The subjects walked quadrupedally and bipedally at fixed velocities (<5 km/hr) on a treadmill in the chamber for 2.5–6 min. We estimated energy consumption from carbon dioxide (CO2) production. While walking bipedally, energetic expenditure increased by 30% relative to quadrupedalism in one subject, and by 20% in another younger subject. Energetic costs increased linearly with velocity in quadrupedalism and bipedalism, with bipedal/quadrupedal ratios remaining almost constant. Our experiments were relatively short in duration, and thus the observed locomotor costs may include presteady‐state high values. However, there was no difference in experimental duration between bipedal and quadrupedal trials. Thus, the issue of steady state cannot cancel the difference in energetic costs. Furthermore, we observed that switching of locomotor mode (quadrupedalism to bipedalism) during a session resulted in a significant increase of CO2 production. Taylor and Rowntree ([ 1973] Science 179:186–187) noted that the energetic costs for bipedal and quadrupedal walking were the same in chimpanzees and capuchin monkeys. Although the reason for this inconsistency is not clear, species‐specific differences should be considered regarding bipedal locomotor energetics among nonhuman primates. Extra costs for bipedalism may not be great in these macaques. Indeed, it is known that suspensory locomotion in Ateles consumes 1.3–1.4 times as much energy relative to quadrupedal progression. This excess ratio surpasses the bipedal/quadrupedal energetic ratios in these macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics and the evolution of primate enamel thickness: A baboon model
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Suwa Gen , Kono Reiko T. , Mahaney Michael C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe thickness of mammalian tooth enamel plays a prominent role in paleontology because it correlates with diet, and thicker enamel protects against tooth breakage and wear. Hominid evolutionary studies have stressed the importance of this character for over 30 years, from the identification of “Ramapithecus” as an early Miocene hominid, to the recent discovery that the earliest hominids display molar enamel intermediate in thickness between extant chimpanzees and Australopithecus. Enamel thickness remains largely unexplored for nonhominoid primate fossils, though there is significant variation across modern species. Despite the importance of enamel thickness variation to primate evolution, the mechanisms underlying variation in this trait have not yet been elucidated. We report here on the first quantitative genetic analysis of primate enamel thickness, an analysis based on 506 pedigreed baboons from a captive breeding colony. Computed tomography analysis of 44 Papio mandibular molars shows a zone of sufficiently uniform enamel thickness on the lateral surface of the protoconid. With this knowledge, we developed a caliper metric measurement protocol for use on baboon molars worn to within this zone, enabling the collection of a data set large enough for genetic analyses. Quantitative genetic analyses show that a significant portion of the phenotypic variance in enamel thickness is due to the additive effects of genes and is independent of sex and tooth size. Our models predict that enamel thickness could rapidly track dietary adaptive shifts through geological time, thus increasing the potential for homoplasy in this character. These results have implications for analyses of hominoid enamel thickness variation, and provide a foundation from which to explore the evolution of this phenotype in the papionin fossil record. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Horse‐mounted invaders from the Russo‐Kazakh steppe or agricultural colonists from western Central Asia? A craniometric investigation of the Bronze Age settlement of Xinjiang
Authors: Hemphill Brian E. , Mallory J.P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNumerous Bronze Age cemeteries in the oases surrounding the Täklamakan Desert of the Tarim Basin in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, western China, have yielded both mummified and skeletal human remains. A dearth of local antecedents, coupled with woolen textiles and the apparent Western physical appearance of the population, raised questions as to where these people came from. Two hypotheses have been offered by archaeologists to account for the origins of Bronze Age populations of the Tarim Basin. These are the “steppe hypothesis” and the “Bactrian oasis hypothesis.” Eight craniometric variables from 25 Aeneolithic and Bronze Age samples, comprising 1,353 adults from the Tarim Basin, the Russo‐Kazakh steppe, southern China, Central Asia, Iran, and the Indus Valley, are compared to test which, if either, of these hypotheses are supported by the pattern of phenetic affinities possessed by Bronze Age inhabitants of the Tarim Basin. Craniometric differences between samples are compared with Mahalanobis generalized distance (d2), and patterns of phenetic affinity are assessed with two types of cluster analysis (the weighted pair average linkage method and the neighbor‐joining method), multidimensional scaling, and principal coordinates analysis. Results obtained by this analysis provide little support for either the steppe hypothesis or the Bactrian oasis hypothesis. Rather, the pattern of phenetic affinities manifested by Bronze Age inhabitants of the Tarim Basin suggests the presence of a population of unknown origin within the Tarim Basin during the early Bronze Age. After 1200 B.C., this population experienced significant gene flow from highland populations of the Pamirs and Ferghana Valley. These highland populations may include those who later became known as the Saka and who may have served as “middlemen” facilitating contacts between East (Tarim Basin, China) and West (Bactria, Uzbekistan) along what later became known as the Great Silk Road. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.