bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operative surgery
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Britain, it is usually possible and desirable for head-injured patients requiring operative intervention to be transferred to a specialist unit. There are occasions when circumstances make this impossible, and the general surgeon or orthopaedic surgeon may be required to operate in the district general hospital. Indeed, in many parts of the world the surgical management of head injuries is, of necessity, the responsibility of the general surgeon.
Delayed complications
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy may complicate both the relatively minor and the severe head injury. In the United States, approximately 500 000 patients are admitted to hospital with head injuries each year, and 30 000 (16%) have posttraumatic epileptic fits. An incidence of 5-7% has been reported in European studies. This development should not be taken to indicate that some new and sinister intracranial event has occurred. It does not, for instance, herald an intracranial haematoma, and does not alone, therefore, indicate urgent admission to a neurosurgical unit.
Alcohol, other drugs, and violence
Authors: Raistrick Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drinking and taking other drugs are not only activities that most people in the UK engage in but they are also activities that, for many people, are interwoven with their leisure-time pursuits. The General Household Survey (Office for National Statistics 1998) reports on trends in alcohol consumption: in 1996, 15% of men and 33% of women were categorized as non-drinkers or very light drinkers; 27% of men and 14% of women were categorized as drinking over the recommended safe limits of 21 units and 14 units per week, respectively. Over the last 10 years the proportion of men drink ing over safe limits has remained more or less constant, while the number of women has slowly increased. Information on illicit drug use is much more difficult to collect and there have been no regular population surveys of the kind undertaken for alcohol. Social Trends 29 (Office for National Statistics 1999) collated data from a number of surveys: in 1996, 57% of men and 43% of women aged 20–24 years said that they had not used drugs ‘ever’, while 24% and 12% had used drugs in the ‘last month’. Aside from people seeking help specifically for their substance-use, a significant number of these drinkers and drug-users come into contact with social and health care services for all manner of reasons, which may or may not have roots in substance use.
Compensation for personal injuries caused by crime in Great Britain
Authors: Miers David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the possibility of a health-care worker who becomes the victim of an act of violence at work obtaining compensation for any injuries thereby sustained. The definition of violence at work used by the British Crime Survey (BCS) in a recent survey (Budd 1999, p. 2), is: ‘All assaults or threats which occurred while the victim was working and were perpetrated by members of the public’. This therefore excludes assaults and threats committed by co-workers, but clearly includes patients, the patient’s friends or relatives, or persons who are visiting the place of work (which could include a patient’s private home or a nursing home and the like).
The future: the contribution of Accident and Emergency departments to community violence prevention
Authors: Shepherd Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accident and Emergency departments (AEDs) interface not only with medical services but also with local communities. They have extensive opportunities to work with local public services, of which police services are most important in maintain ing law and order and preventing violence. In the context of violence as an impor tant health issue, this chapter summarizes work that demonstrates the substantial extent to which violence, including violence that results in AED treatment, is not reported to the police; states why reporting is important; lists the obstacles to reporting; and identifies strategies and practical ideas about how these might be overcome to the benefit both of communities and of victims. It is concerned prima rily with violence in which adults are injured. In setting out directions for future research, it identifies the need for evaluations of interventions that focus on both injury outcomes and process outcomes so that the benefits of AED-police collabora tion can be maximized.
Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract Malformations
Authors: Woolf Adrian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congenital malformations of the kidney and lower urinary tract are common causes of chronic renal failure in infants and young children. In animal experiments, the main causes of such malformations are mutations, chemical and pharmaceutical teratogens, physical obstruction of fetal urinary flow and alterations of maternal nutrition.
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Guay-Woodford Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an often devastating form of polycystic kidney disease. The typical onset occurs in neonates and infants and is characterized by cystic dilatation of the renal collecting ducts and dysgenesis of the biliary ductal plate.
Transferability of economic evaluation results
Authors: Drummond Michael , Pang Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the growing international literature on economic evaluation, there is a need to undertake, or at least interpret, economic evaluations on an international level. For example, health care decision-makers, especially in those jurisdictions having limited resources for health services research, may wish to reinterpret in their own setting the results of an economic evaluation done elsewhere.
Macrophages and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Carlson* K A , Cotter* R L , Williams C E , Branecki C E , Zheng J , Gendelman H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, age-related, neurological disorder characterized by impairments in memory, learning and behavior. As the most common cause of mental decline and loss of intellectual functioning (dementia) in elderly adults, AD affects over 4 million people in the USA (Martin, 1999) and nearly 14 million people world-wide. The onset of AD occurs often within the seventh to ninth decades of life and eventually leads to dementia. AD-associated complications usually result in death within 10 years of onset (Das and Lal, 1997), leading to approximately 100, 000 deaths per year (Martin, 1999). Although aging is the most significant risk factor for AD, genetic, immune, neurochemical, environmental and other as yet unidentified factors may also play a role in disease onset and progression.
Macrophages in autoimmunity and primary immunodeficiency
Authors: Yoon J -W , Jun H -S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells with common blood-borne precursors, monocytes, originating from stem cells in the bone marrow (van Furth, 1982). The monocytes migrate into various tissues where they mature and become resident macrophages. There are various subsets of macrophages, such as Kupffer cells in the liver, alveolar macrophages in the lung, microglia in the central nervous system (CNS) and synovial macrophages in the joints, with differing expressions of surface molecules and differing morphology depending upon their localization and function (Radzun et al., 1988).
Macrophages in wound healing
Authors: DiPietro L A , Strieter R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normal wound repair requires the coordinated response of numerous cell types, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, leukocytes and endothelial cells. These cells participate in an interwoven process, which includes chemotaxis, phagocytosis, mitogenesis, neovascularization and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. The repair response can be viewed as four overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and resolution (Figure 10.1). Hemostasis, beginning immediately after injury, involves vasoconstriction and the formation of the fibrin clot. The inflammatory phase, marked by the influx of leukocytes, begins within hours after injury and continues for several days. The proliferative phase is paramount to the healing process, as it includes the period of active protein synthesis, cell replication and differentiation. During resolution, dynamic remodeling of the new connective tissue occurs, in tandem with a physical regression of many of the recently formed capillaries. The four phases are interdependent, and alterations within one can dramatically affect the progression of repair.
Macrophages in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jessup W , Baoutina A , Kritharides L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the term that describes diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and includes coronary heart disease (leading to heart attack and angina), cerebrovascular disease (stroke) and peripheral vascular disease (intermittent claudication and gangrene). The underlying process in all of these diseases is atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a condition of major arteries, in which progressive occlusion of the vessel occurs, often starting in early adulthood and developing over many years. The occlusion results from an eccentric thickening of the internal layer (intima) of the artery wall (Figure 12.1). In advanced atherosclerotic arteries, the occlusion can be sufficiently extensive to limit blood supply to local tissues. In addition, disruption to the surface of the lesion may precipitate thrombus formation, further restricting blood supply (see Figure 12.1). In general, it is the restriction to blood supply that causes the clinical symptoms associated with atherosclerosis, such as those listed above. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Western societies.
Structural and operational diversity of serotonin receptors: potential relevance to migraine pathophysiology and treatment
Authors: Martin Graeme R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In evolutionary terms, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) is among the earliest of the neurotransmitters. It is therefore not surprising that in mammals this monoamine has been found to play a fundamental role in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Dysregulation of serotonergic systems has long been implicated in the aetiology of migraine and numerous other disorders. Indeed, many of the current therapeutics for these disorders interact with one or more serotonin receptors, either directly as 5-HT mimetics or blockers, or indirectly by modulating the active re-uptake of neuronally released 5-HT.
Upregulation of 5-HT1B/1D receptors during organ culture of cerebral arteries
Authors: Hoel Natalie L , Hansen-Schwartz Jacob , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
5-HT is thought to be involved in migraine headache and acts as a powerful vasomotor agent of the intracranial vasculature in man. The recently developed antimigraine drugs (triptans) are agonists at the 5-HT1B/1D receptors. These drugs cause vasoconstriction in human cerebral blood vessels both in vitro and in vivo, and haemodynamic studies have shown a selective action in causing vasoconstriction in the cranial vascular bed compared to peripheral arteries. Predominance of 5-HT2 receptors in rat cerebral arteries has been demonstrated by Chang and Owman. Therefore, rat cerebral arteries are considered unsuitable as specific test animals for antimigraine drugs..
Role of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in sumatriptan-mediated vasocontractile response in rabbit common carotid artery
Authors: Akin Demet , Gürdal Hakan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the 5-HT1 receptors, 5-HT1B/D subtypes have been attributed to the vasocontractile response to serotonergic agonists. Some studies have shown that mainly 5-HT1B receptors mediate the vasocontractile response to 5-HT1B/D receptor agonists. In this study we examined the presence and involvement of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors and the role of the signalling molecules such as G proteins, cAMP, and inositol phosphates in the vasocontractile response induced by the 5-HT1B/D receptor agonist sumatriptan in common carotid artery (CCA).
Inhibition of neurogenic inflammation is most important
Authors: Buzzi M Gabriella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurogenic inflammation (NI) model has served for several reasons during the last decade, particularly for the understanding of possible mechanisms in migraine attack pathophysiology and drug action. Briefly, NI represents vasodilation and plasma protein extravasation that follows release of vasoactive peptides such as CGRP, substance P (SP), and NKA from nerve endings upon activation of sensory fibres. As far as migraine pathophysiology is concerned, experimental NI is induced by either systemic administration of capsaicin (the pungent ingredient of hot pepper which is able to depolarize sensory fibres, or to abolish their functions when given to neonate animals) or by stimulating trigeminal sensory fibres by electrical stimulus in the rat.
In vivo serotonergic effects and extracellular brain levels of centrally and systemically administered eletriptan, zolmitriptan, and sumatriptan
Authors: Rollema Hans , Johnson David E , Schmidt Anne W , McHarg Aileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that central 5-HT1B/1D receptor activation in the trigeminal nucleus may contribute to the antimigraine activity of second-generation triptans. To examine the central serotonergic activity of triptans in a functional model, we compared the effects of sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, and eletriptan on 5-HT release after their intracortical and systemic administration by in vivo microdialysis. We also measured triptan concentrations in cortical microdialysates to get an estimate of extracellular brain levels, while in vitro binding affinities and functional agonist potencies at the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors were determined to correlatein vivo effects with in vitro profiles.
Zolmitriptan offers doctor and patient choices for effective treatment of migraine
Authors: Torres Gerardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selective 5-HT1B/ID receptor agonists have revolutionized the acute treatment of migraine in recent years, providing effective and well-tolerated therapy specifically targeted at migraine. These agents are usually taken orally as tablets, combining high efficacy with ease of use, but this mode of administration also has some potential disadvantages for acute migraine therapy. Firstly, migraine attacks are often accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting, which may compromise the oral route of administration. In addition, gastric emptying is impaired during attacks, delaying the gastrointestinal absorption and onset of action of antimigraine medications. Finally, patients may dislike, or have difficulty with, swallowing conventional tablets. Eleven per cent of migraine patients surveyed in one study reported previous problems with taking conventional tablets, most commonly that taking them caused nausea.
Alteration in cluster headache during subcutaneous administration of sumatriptan
Authors: Hering-Hanit Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cluster headache (CH) is a clinically well-characterized disorder. The unilateral painful headache is associated with signs and symptoms of autonomic involvement. The attacks are short-lived, lasting an average of 30–120 min and are difficult to treat. Reported therapies for individual attacks include sumatriptan. When given subcutaneously sumatriptan reduces the severity of headache within 15 min. Studies on the efficacy and adverse effects of long-term treatment with sumatriptan in CH are limited and report conflicting findings.
Cardiovascular safety of frovatriptan in patients at high risk of or with known coronary artery disease during a migraine attack
Authors: McDaris H L , Satin L , Keywood Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frovatriptan is a potent, cerebroselective 5-HT1B/1D agonist in development for the acute treatment of migraine. Preclinical pharmacology studies have shown frovatriptan to be potent and selective, with little or no effect on coronary artery diameter at concentrations which produced cerebral vasoconstriction. This was unlike sumatriptan, where concentrations that produced cerebral constriction in vitro also caused similar degrees of coronary constriction. Furthermore, in vivo, frovatriptan had little or no effect on the peripheral circulation. The purpose of this study was to examine the safety and tolerability of one or two doses of frovatriptan 2.5 mg in migraine patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), or at high risk of CAD, during an acute migraine attack.
Lack of clinically significant interactions between frovatriptan and ergotamine, propranolol, or moclobemide
Authors: Buchan P , Ward C , Oliver S D , Stewart A J , Freestone S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frovatriptan is a novel 5-HT1B/1D agonist being developed for the acute treatment of migraine. Ergotamine and propranolol are frequently used in the treatment of migraine, whereas the monoamine oxidase A inhibitor, moclobemide, is widely used in the treatment of depression, a condition that frequently coexists with migraine.
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of the triptans: discussion summary
Authors: Ferrari Michel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presentation on sumatriptan was focused on the potential benefits of early treatment. Several so far uncontrolled trials and a retrospective analysis of previously conducted trials suggest that treatment of migraine attacks at the mild headache stage provides significant benefits to the patients over treatment at a later stage, i.e. moderate or severe pain. Thus efficacy was higher and the recurrence rate was lower. It was concluded that properly designed prospective control trials on this topic should be conducted as soon as possible in order to establish that the concepts of a.s.a.p. treatment provides significant benefits to the patient compared to asking the patient to wait until the headache has reached the level of moderate or severe headache.
Acute management of migraine: clinical trials of triptans versus other agents
Authors: Lipton. Richard B , Goadsby Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the large number of acute treatment trials, we identified only five published double-blind studies which compare an oral triptan with a non-triptan for the acute treatment of migraine. In these studies, sumatriptan was compared with ergotamine caffeine, aspirin plus metoclopramide, lysine acetyl salicylate plus metoclopramide, to lfenamic acid, and diclofenac-potassium. Sumatriptan was superior to ergotamine caffeine, but no different than the other comparator compounds on the primary study endpoints. In four of the five studies, 2 h headache response for the first attack was the primary endpoint.
Migraine in France in 2000: therapeutical data
Authors: Lucas C , Lanteri-Minet M , Auray J P , Duru G , Chazot G , Dartigues J F , Henry P , Pradalier A , Hasnaoui A El , Gaudin A F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over 10 years ago, a French national epidemiology study on migraine was presented at the Migraine Trust (1990). It was the first study to cover an entire country. The study provided data on the burden of migraine disease in terms of individual repercussions and quality of life, as well as on its global economic and social impact.
Bone diseases in children with chronic renal failure
Authors: Kuizon Beatriz D , Salusky Isidro B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy represents a spectrum of disorders in bone and mineral metabolism that invariably develops in chronic renal failure. The pathogenesis of renal bone disease is multifactorial and includes disturbances in parathyroid gland function, parathyroid gland hyperplasia, and abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism. While various clinical manifestations of renal osteodystrophy are common to both children and adults with renal disease, certain consequences of this disorder are more profound in the immature skeleton. As such, bone deformities and slipped epiphyses are much more prevalent in younger children, and when left untreated may result in significant physical disability. Growth retardation is another prominent feature of renal osteodystrophy in children who develop renal failure early in life and is generally considered a major obstacle to full rehabilitation in this patient population. Such skeletal changes reflect disturbances in endochondral bone formation at the level of the epiphyseal growth plate in children with renal bone diseases. Accordingly, management of renal bone diseases is of critical importance in preventing the adverse and potentially debilitating consequences to bone growth and development.
Classical serum biochemistry and new biochemical markers
Authors: Schmidt-Gayk Heinrich E , Roth Heinz Jürgen , Bregulla Annette , Reichel Helmut , Halleen Jussi M , Ritz Eberhard , Drüeke Tilman B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of bone physiology and pathophysiology and in the clinical evaluation of patients with renal osteodystrophy. The classical serum biochemistry and new biochemical markers are discussed in the following section.
Calcium in serum (or plasma) is found in three fractions, namely the ionized fraction (Ca2+), the complexed fraction, and the protein-bound fraction. The sum of the three fractions is the total serum (or plasma) calcium, which is fairly constant in a healthy person. In a normal person, approximately 50% is ionized, 5–10% bound to low molecular weight ligands (bicarbonate, lactate, phosphate, and citrate; sometimes the calcium bound to low molecular weight ligands is described as ‘complexed’ calcium), and 40–45% protein-bound (mainly to albumin, less to globulins).
X-ray, US, CT, and MR imaging of skeleton and joints
Authors: Laredo Jean-Denis , Bardin Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of skeletal complications in long-term hemodialysis patients increases as the life expectancy of these patients improves. More than 50% of patients treated by intermittent hemodialysis for more than ten years experience skeletal complications. Renal osteodystrophy is a well-recognized complication of long-term hemodialysis. Specific joint complications have been recognized only more recently. They occur after several years of chronic hemodialysis treatment. Their pathophysiology is not fully understood and probably multifactorial including secondary hyperparathyroidism, aluminum toxicity, premature ageing of connective tissue, crystal deposition disease, and 2-microglobulin amyloidosis. Skeletal complications may strongly impair the autonomy of chronic hemodialysis patients and are one of the main problems associated with this treatment.
The Way We Are
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LOVE, birth, youth, and age are not pathological events or processes) but they can be of professional interest to doctors or nurses. Indeed) a large percentage of patients seen by general or family practitioners are within the ‘normal’range. Their‘ailments’are the outcomes of the stresses which accompany being alive) and humane advice can be professionally given without ‘medicalizing’ordinary problems. The people who speak or are described in this chapter are ordinary people whose experiences and problems are those of all of us) including doctors and nurses. It is appropriate that this is where we begin because this chapter celebrates our ordinary humanity which medicine exists to protect and enhance.