bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
344 Incorporation of Hemp Hulls and Screenings as Alternative Feed Sources for Ruminants
Authors: Terry Stephanie A , McAllister Tim A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently there are no legal markets for feeding hempseed hulls or screenings to ruminants in Canada. This represents a significant wastage of high-quality feed that could be utilized in ruminant production. Therefore, the objectives of this project were to 1) evaluate the in situ rumen digestibility of hemp hulls and screenings; 2) evaluate the effect of including hemp hulls and screenings on the growth performance of feedlot lambs, and 3) assess if there are cannabinoids within the carcasses of growing lambs, and the milk of lactating ewes. Three ruminally cannulated Angus × Hereford heifers were used to determine the in situ degradability of hemp hulls and screenings. Wheat screenings, hemp hulls, and hemp screenings were weighed into polyester bags and incubated in the rumen for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 96, 120, and 240 h. The kinetics of in situ DM disappearance were estimated using a non-linear regression procedure of SAS. Wheat screenings had a similar soluble fraction to hemp hulls and screenings; however, hemp screenings had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) soluble fraction than hemp hulls. The rapidly degradable fraction, total potentially degradable fraction, and ruminal degradability were greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for wheat screenings, followed by hemp screenings, and then hemp hulls. Study 2 was conducted using twelve Canadian Arcott x Suffolk ram lambs randomly allocated to one of three treatments: control (Wheat screenings), hemp hulls, and hemp screenings. By-products were included at 20% dietary dry matter, and lambs were fed ab libitum until they reached 50 kg. To test for cannabinoid residues, samples of muscle, adipose tissue, liver, and kidney were taken post-mortem. Study 3 was conducted using fifteen lactating Canadian Arcott x Suffolk ewes with twins, fed the same treatments as in Objective 2. Hulls and screenings were included at 15% DM, and ewes were fed dietary treatments for 30 d, with dry matter intake and body weight recorded weekly. On d 15 and 30, ewes were hand milked to obtain samples for cannabinoid analysis. This research will have an important role in supporting Canadian approval for feeding industrial hemp by-products to ruminant livestock.
343 Combination of Feed Additives to Reduce Methane Emissions and Increase Performance By Feedlot Cattle
Authors: de Carvalho Victor Valério , Souza William L L , Perdigão Alexandre , Niehues Maria B , de Matos Isabelle Errobidarte , Ribeiro Maryana M , Acedo Tiago S , Tamassia Luis , Walker Nicola , Kindermann Maik , Da Cardoso Abmael Silva , Reis Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP) associated with different feed additives on performance, carcass characteristics and enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Twenty-seven Nellore bulls (initial BW, 410 ± 6 kg) were randomly allocated to three treatments with nine replicates per treatment (animal as experimental unit). The animals were fed a high-concentrate feedlot diet (R:C, 10:90) for 102 days, according with the following three treatments: 1) Control (CTRL): Sodium Monensin (26 mg/kg DM); 2) BOV: Control + 3-NOP (Bovaer;100 mg/kg DM); 3) BOVPERF (Bovaer Performance pack): Control + 3-NOP (100 mg/kg DM) + Essential oils (Crina Ruminants, 100 mg/kg DM) + 25-OH-Vitamin D3 (Hy-D, 0.10 mg/kg DM) + carbo-amino-phospho-chelate of chromium and zinc (0.4 and 60 mg/kg of DM, respectively). The gases emissions (CH4 and H2) and DMI variables were assessed individually, by using the GreenFeed and Intergado electronic system placed in the feedlot pen, respectively. The BW of Yearling bulls were recorded at the beginning and final of the experiment after 16-h fasting (Table). Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4, in which means comparison were evaluated by Tukey test at P &lt; 0.05. Feeding BOVPERF increased DM intake during adaptation period (P = 0.04), and over the total period (P &lt; 0.01) compared with control with no difference on feed efficiency (P =0.61). There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) on DMI between CTRL and BOV. Animals fed BOVPERF had greater HCW (+13 kg, P = 0.04) and greater carcass ADG (+120 g/d, P = 0.04) compared with CTRL. Animals fed BOV and BOVPERF emitted 39% less CH4 (P &lt; 0.01) and produced 292% more H2 (P &lt; 0.01) compared with CTRL. In addition, there were significant reductions in methane intensity, as measured by the ratios CH4/kg DM (-42%; P &lt; 0.01), and CH4/kg carcass ADG (-41.13%; P &lt; 0.01) for animals fed with BOV and BOVPERF compared with CTRL. We conclude that feeding Bovaer performance pack reduces methane emissions and increases carcass production in feedlot beef cattle.
358 The Effects of Varying Levels of Cotton Gin Byproduct and Wet brewers’ Grains on Growth Performance of Growing and Finishing Steers
Authors: Newsome Madeline , Poore Matt H , Harmon Deidre D , Shaeffer April D , Talbott Charlotte L , Fellner Vivek , Griffith Emily H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The abundance of craft breweries provides widespread availability of wet brewers grains (WBG) to be used by beef cattle producers as a potential feedstuff. Cotton gin byproduct (CGB) is a feedstuff typically reserved for mature beef cows due to its low and variable feed value. Both WBG and CGB have high cost of transportation but are sometimes used by producers near supply centers due to their low price. The objective of this study was to analyze animal performance of growing Angus steers fed total mixed rations with varying amounts of CGB and WBG. Sixty-four Angus steers (365 ± 26 kg) were allotted and blocked by initial body weight (BW) in a randomized complete block design to 8 dietary treatments and fed in 2 phases, growing phase (GP) and finishing phase (FP) (84-d and 69-d, respectively). Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial with two levels of CGB (0 or 25% of DM) and 4 levels of WBG (0, 10, 20 or 30% of DM). The control and base of all treatments were corn, corn silage and soybean meal. Body weights were recorded on two consecutive days at the beginning and end of GP and FP. Feed samples were collected, and refusals were weighed weekly. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with main effects of CGB, WBG, and the interaction. The linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of increasing levels of WBG and CGB were tested with polynomial contrasts. Average daily gain (ADG) did not differ among dietary treatments (0, 25% CGB and 0, 10, 20, 30% WBG) for GP, (1.67, 1.61, and 1.67, 1.57, 1.74, and 1.60 kg/d, respectively) (P &gt; 0.3031), FP (1.53, 1.61 and 1.56, 1.53, 1.61, and 1.58 kg/d) or the overall trial (1.61, 1.62 and 1.62, 1.55, 1.68, and 1.60 kg/d). The addition of CGB increased GP dry matter intake (DMI; 11.06 vs 11.99 kg/d; P = 0.0011), while the addition of WBG linearly decreased GP DMI (11.81, 11.69. 11.81, and 10.81 kg/d; P = 0.0292). There was an interaction between CGB and WBG (P = 0.0206), with increasing levels of WBG at 0% CGB exhibiting a cubic effect (P = 0.0127), but no effect at 25% CGB. Inclusion of CGB decreased feed efficiency (FE) in the GP (6.77 vs. 7.69; P = 0.0008) but had no carry-over effect in the FP. There was no effect of WBG on FE in GP or FP. In conclusion, CGB increased DMI, reduced FE, and maintained ADG. Increasing quantities of WBG did not reduce ADG or FE, but decreased DMI with increasing feeding level. Therefore, WBG and CGB can be considered viable options for cattle producers seeking to lower input costs.
359 Investigation of Supplementation Rates for Extruded 100% Ddgs Cubes on Mixed Grass Prairie in Western Oklahoma
Authors: Grigsby Zane N , Worthington Charles , New Marty G , Beck Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Marvin Klemme Research Station near Bessie, OK in the summers of 2021 and 2022 to test the effects of increased supplementation rates with extruded DDGS cubes on animal performance and supplemental efficiency of steers grazing mixed grass prairie in Western Oklahoma. Steers (n = 133 BW = 247 ± 24 kg and n = 96 BW = 264 ± 16 kg) in 2021 and 2022, respectively, were allocated to 3 supplementation treatments; 1) Negative Control (NC), ad lib free choice mineral only, 2) Low Supplement (LS), 0.91 kg of supplemental DDGS cubes animal-1·d-1, and 3) Medium Supplement (MS), 1.81 kg of supplemental DDGS cubes/animal/d. Pastures were stocked at 2.02 ha/steer in 2021 but the stocking density in 2022 was decreased to 2.83 ha/steer due to drought causing poor range condition and limited forage biomass availability. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. In 2021, early season ADG of LS and MS were 0.43 and 0.58 ± 0.033 kg greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than NC, respectively. Late season ADG was increased by 0.21 and 0.29 ± 0.033 kg (P &lt; 0.0001) by LS and MS, respectively. Overall, ADG was 0.34 and 0.46 ± 0.29 kg greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than NC for LS and MS, respectively. Supplemental efficiency in the early summer was 0.16 ± 0.03 kg of added gain/kg of supplement greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for LS than MS. Late season efficiency was 0.07 ± 0.02 greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for LS than MS. Season long supplemental efficiency was 0.12 ± 0.02 greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for LS than MS. Gain per hectare was greatest for MS, 30.5 and 8.0 ± 1.92 kg greater (P ≤ 0.0003) than NC and LS, respectively. In 2022, early season ADG was increased by 0.2 ± 0.054 kg (P ≤ 0.0003) for both LS and MS. Late season ADG was 0.27 and 0.52 ± 0.043 kg greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than NC for LS and MS, respectively, while overall ADG was 0.24 and 0.37 ± 0.04 kg greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for LS and MS, respectively. Early season supplemental efficiency was 0.11 ± 0.04 greater (P ≤ 0.005) for LS than MS, late season efficiency did not differ (P ≥ 0.89). Overall efficiency was 0.05 ± 0.03 greater (P ≤ 0.05) for LS than MS. Gain per hectare of MS was 17.8 and 6.5 ± 1.92 kg greater (P ≤ 0.001) than NC and LS, respectively. These data suggest that increased supplementation rates with extruded DDGS cube is a viable option to increase performance of steers grazing mixed grass prairie, especially when forage quality is deficient in nutritive value or availability, but, in most cases the efficiency of the supplement decreases.
356 Dietary Fenugreek Seed Extract Improves Dry Matter Intake, Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility, and Alters Whole Blood Transcriptome of Holstein Dairy Heifers
Authors: Taiwo Godstime A , Sidney Taylor S , Idowu Modoluwamu , Eichie Francisca , Morenikeji Lanre , Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of a fenugreek seed extract (SAP) as a source of saponins on dry matter intake, blood metabolites, apparent total tract nutrient digestibility, and whole blood transcriptome of Holstein dairy heifers. Eight heifers (BW = 477 ± 23.8 kg) were stratified by BW and then randomly assigned to one of two treatments in a cross-over design with two 35-d experimental periods and a 14-d wash-out between the two periods. The heifers were housed individually in eight dry lot pens. Each pen was equipped with one GrowSafe intake node. Treatments were 1) corn silage-based diet with no additive (CON) and 2) corn silage-based diet plus 2 g ·animal-1·day-1 of SAP. Variables such as DMI and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility were analyzed as a randomized block design using the GLIMMIX model of SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) using animal as the experimental unit. Blood metabolites that were measured repeatedly over time were analyzed using repeated measures and tested for the effect of treatment (CON vs. SAP), period, day of collection, and the day × treatment interaction. Dairy heifers fed supplemental SAP had greater (P ≤ 0.05). DMI and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber compared with CON. Dairy heifers fed supplemental SAP had decreased (P = 0.03) blood urea nitrogen and greater (P = 0.01) blood glucose concentration compared with CON. Pathway analysis via gene set enrichment analysis revealed increased (FDR ≤ 0.05) transcript levels for gene sets belonging to ISG15 antiviral mechanism, metabolism of proteins, citric acid cycle and respiratory electron transport, ATP synthesis by chemiosmotic coupling, and complex I biogenesis in dairy heifers fed supplemental SAP compared with CON. Decreased (FDR ≤ 0.05) transcript levels for gene sets associated with erythrocytes take up/release carbon dioxide, release/take up oxygen, and O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes were also observed with SAP supplemental group. Taken together, our results revealed that fenugreek seed extract can be used as an effective dietary supplement for dairy heifers to improve intake and digestibility, and alter the host transcriptome toward improved energy and amino acid metabolism, improved antiviral immune status, and reduced oxidative stress damage.
379 Impacts of Serecia Lespedeza and Black Seed Meal Dietary Supplementation on Sperm Quality and Fertilityvariables of Male Goats
Authors: Namani Sharath Chandra , Kolikapongu Ramya Sri , Chelkapally Sai Chandan , Heikal Rania , Neha Ayesha , Shaik Arshad , Pech Cervantes Andres A , Whitley Niki C , Kouakou Brou , Terrill Thomas H , Moawad Adel R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infertility is a significant issue in the livestock industry. Parasitic infestation is a significant cause of infertility in small ruminants. Sericea Lespedeza (SL) and Black seed meals (BSM) have been reported to improve sperm quality and fertility in rodents; however, little is known about their effects on livestock. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of feeding male goats with SL and BSM on their sperm quality and fertility. We conducted an 8-week pen study involving 60 mature, intact Spanish bucks divided into four groups. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups and fed diets of 60% pellets and 40% concentrate. The treatment groups were SL (n = 15), SL+ BSM (n = 15), alpha-alpha with deworming (n = 15), and alpha-alpha without deworming (naturally parasitized n = 15). At the end of the trial, scrotum circumferences (SC) were measured, and the animals were transported to a processing facility for slaughter. Testicles and epididymides were collected after slaughter for measuring their weights and lengths. Epididymal spermatozoa were retrieved and evaluated for their motility, concentration, viability, abnormalities, and membrane integrities. No significant differences were observed in SC and sperm motility between the 4 groups (ranged 56.7% to 67.3%). However, sperm cell concentrations, viable sperm, and the percentage of sperm with intact acrosome were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SL and SL+BSM groups than in the other 2 groups. Furthermore, the sperm abnormalities were less (P &lt; 0.05) in SL and SL+BSM groups. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SL and BSM significantly improved sperm viability and reduced sperm abnormalities in goats. This study assures the potential benefits of SL and BSM on the fertility of male goats.
39 Developing Precision Agriculture Tools to Capture Behavior and Performance in Extensively Managed Sheep
Authors: Hess Andrew , Huber Scott , Bergeron John H , McCuin Gary , Hess Melanie , Shane Tracy , Karl Jason , Cox Mike , Washington-Allen Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rangeland livestock provide a great opportunity to capture resilience traits due to the significant amount of the year spent grazing a resource-limited environment where they are exposed to extreme weather, predators, and varied terrain. Capturing the ability of an individual to cope with these stressors has the potential to improve animal welfare and productivity in the face of climate change. These measurements need to occur over the course of time of an animal in such an environment or capture the sum of the ability of the animal to cope with the environment. To do this, measurements of resilience and efficiency will be a useful tool to make continued improvement in rangeland livestock through genetic selection. However, the high-throughput phenotyping typically required to capture resilience traits is challenged by the remote location, limited or no access to power and internet, and limited manpower for data collection. Therefore, such tools need to be self-sustaining, automated, and cost-effective to be able to capture data on a large number of individuals in a rangeland setting. To this end, we have been exploring the use of precision livestock tools to capture sheep performance in a rangeland environment. We are currently working on developing a portable walk-over-weighing system to automatically capture an individual’s weight that uses a combination of solar powered portable batteries and an RFID system with the aim to make a compact weighing system that can easily be transported in rough mountainous terrain. This system can be used to capture longitudinal weights in challenging environments, which can be used to develop indicators of resilience, such as the variability in weight over time or changes in weight due to chronic environmental stressors such as a heat wave. Because it is RFID-based, the data can also be used to take stock inventory to track possible predation events or other stock losses. We are also using low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf GPS units to capture animal behavior in these environments. These data can be used to derive a multitude of traits relating to land-use behavior, including water usage and daily distance traveled. The data can also be used to capture social interactions, such as ewe-lamb relationships. While the information content is high for these datatypes, there are also challenges associated with missing or unreliable data. We are currently exploring methods to combat these challenges to provide robust measurements of performance. Through these data, we aim to develop traits that integrate animal performance and behavior to identify animals that are better suited to a rangeland environment. We expect that breeding of such animals will result in a positive impact on productivity, a reduced impact on the ecosystem, and lower mortality rates, thereby improving the sustainability of livestock production systems.
392 Evaluation of Assessment Strategy on Student Retention of Knowledge in Sequential Animal Science Courses
Authors: Kuderka Alison M , Vautier Allison N , Speidel Scott E , Mark Enns R , Cadaret Caitlin N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As students progress through their undergraduate education, information from previous classes culminate to lay a foundation for academic success in upper-level courses. However, there is a lack of evidence and implementation for formative assessment methods in undergraduate education. Traditional summative assessments are often cited as being high stress by students and are studied for by cramming material. Both high stress and cramming can reduce long-term knowledge retention in the average student, which is problematic when students need to retrieve this knowledge for future classes. Thus, our objective was to evaluate student knowledge retention coming from a prerequisite course divergent in assessment strategy and/or environment. The prerequisite course, ANEQ 328: Foundations of Animal Genetics, used either 4-unit exams or 16 weekly quizzes with identical questions to assess learning of course material. The course was either delivered in person or online, covered the same material, and all students received the same post-test at the end of the semester. Furthermore, in the quiz-based courses students were surveyed at the end of the semester to gather perceptions of learning with varying course formats. In the subsequent course, ANEQ 330: Principles of Animal Breeding, the same post-test from ANEQ 328 was given as a pre-test. On the pre-test, students were asked to indicate in which year and semester they completed ANEQ 328 so an assessment type and environment could be identified. Scores on the pre-test were analyzed as a measurement of retention across courses, and effects of time elapsed between courses, the type of assessment strategy used, and the physical environment in which the class was delivered were considered. Time between courses impacted retention, as students who took ANEQ 330 within two semesters of ANEQ 328 had higher scores (P &lt; 0.05) than all other timepoints. Student retention was not different between students who took the prerequisite course online or in-person (7.65 ± 0.19 and 7.61 ± 0.23, respectively). Additionally, student retention was not impacted by whether the prerequisite course used quiz or exam-based assessment strategies (7.58 ± 0.16 and 7.89 ± 0.33, respectively). These data indicate that both assessment strategies are interchangeable when considering impacts on long-term retention; however, survey data showed that formative assessments, such as quizzes, are better received than summative assessments, as they help to ease testing anxiety, better pace student learning, and provide consistent feedback. Therefore, instructors may choose to use formative assessments to improve student perceptions of learning without impacting knowledge retention.
391 Common Knowledge Or Common sense? Identifying Systematic Misconceptions of Animal Agriculture and Food Familiarity in Higher Education Individuals
Authors: Corbitt Katie , Hiltbrand Karen A , Coursen Madison , Rodning Soren P , Smith Brandon B , Mulvaney Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge gaps in the context of agriculture contribute to mistrust and negative worldviews of the animal agricultural sector. The purpose of this quasi-experimental survey study stood on three tiers: quantify perceived connection to food production (FP) of the participants, their understanding, knowledge and perceptions of animal agriculture (AA) and FP, and determine predictors which may have contributed to their knowledge and perceptions of food animal production. A southeastern land grant institution served as the convenience sample for this study, where 265 completed responses were returned. The electronic survey collected several types of data including a Gapminder-influenced (Rosling et al., 2019) Animal Agricultural Knowledge and Perceptions Questionnaire, a Food Familiarity Index Questionnaire, and demographic questions. The study reports that almost 50% of participants demonstrated a negative worldview (P &lt; 0.05) of animal agriculture, regardless of food familiarity scores. Natural and self-identified demographic characteristics impacted AA knowledge and perceptions, including gender, ethnicity, dietary preference, perceived connection to FP, and affiliation with the College of Agriculture. Additional research should be done to replicate the findings with broader question pools and other demographic groups to identify areas that need improvement in agriculture communication efforts designed to dispel misinformation.