bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid transporter expression in amacrine and horizontal cells
Authors: Cueva Juan G. , Haverkamp Silke , Reimer Richard J. , Edwards Robert , Wässle Heinz , Brecha Nicholas C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe vesicular γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT), which transports the inhibitory amino acid transmitters GABA and glycine, is localized to synaptic vesicles in axon terminals. The localization of VGAT immunoreactivity to mouse and rat retina was evaluated with light and electron microscopy by using well‐characterized VGAT antibodies. Specific VGAT immunoreactivity was localized to numerous varicose processes in all laminae of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). Amacrine cell somata characterized by weak VGAT immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm were located in the ganglion cell layer and proximal inner nuclear layer (INL) adjacent to the IPL. In rat retina, VGAT‐immunoreactive cell bodies also contained GABA, glycine, or parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity, suggesting vesicular uptake of GABA or glycine by these cells. A few varicose VGAT‐immunoreactive processes entered the OPL from the IPL. VGAT immunoreactivity in the OPL was predominantly localized to horizontal cell processes. VGAT and calcium binding protein‐28K immunoreactivities (CaBP; a marker for horizontal cells) were colocalized in processes and terminals distributed to the OPL. Furthermore, VGAT immunoreactivity overlapped or was immediately adjacent to postsynaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95) immunoreactivity, which is prominent in photoreceptor terminals. Preembedding immunoelectron microscopy of mouse and rat retinae showed that VGAT immunoreactivity was localized to horizontal cell processes and their terminals. Immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the horizontal cell processes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate VGAT immunoreactivity in both amacrine and horizontal cell processes, suggesting these cells contain vesicles that accumulate GABA and glycine, possibly for vesicular release. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:227–237, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the lizard Podarcis hispanica
Authors: Martínez‐García Fernando , Novejarque Amparo , Landete José M. , Moncho‐Bogani Jose , Lanuza Enrique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present work studies the distribution of calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐immunoreactive (CGRP‐li) neurons and fibers in the brain of a reptile, the lizard Podarcis hispanica. CGRP‐li perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. In the thalamus, CGRP‐li perikarya were restricted to the posteromedial and posterolateral nuclei. In the hypothalamus, CGRP‐li cells were found mainly in the supramammillary and mammillary nuclei. In the midbrain and brainstem, CGRP‐li cells appeared in the ventral tegmental area, the parabrachial nucleus, and the motor nuclei of the III–VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves. Motoneurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord were also immunoreactive for CGRP. CGRP‐li fibers were seen in the telencephalic hemispheres, where a dense plexus of reactive fibers appeared in the septum and in the lateral striatoamygdaloid transition area. From the latter, CGRP‐li fibers entered the posterior dorsal ventricular ridge, the cell layer and deep stratum of the ventral lateral cortex, and various amygdaloid nuclei. Parts of the striatum (nucleus accumbens) and pallidum also displayed CGRP‐li innervation. In the diencephalon, CGRP‐li innervation was observed in parts of the dorsal thalamus and in the periventricular and medial hypothalamus. The pretectum and deep layers of the optic tectum also showed CGRP‐li fibers, and numerous CGRP‐li fibers were observed in the midbrain central gray, tegmentum, and pons. Some of the sensory fibers of the trigeminal, vagal, and spinal nerves were also CGRP‐li. These results show that the distribution of CGRP‐li structures in the reptilian brain is similar to that described for other vertebrates and suggest that the thalamotelencephalic CGRPergic projections appear to be conserved among amniote vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:99–113, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental timing of hair follicle and dorsal skin innervation in mice
Authors: Peters Eva M.J. , Botchkarev Vladimir A. , Müller‐Röver Sven , Moll Ingrid , Rice Frank L. , Paus Ralf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe innervation of hair follicles offers an intriguing, yet hardly studied model for the dissection of the stepwise innervation during cutaneous morphogenesis. We have used immunofluorescence and a panel of neuronal markers to characterize the developmental choreography of C57BL/6 mouse backskin innervation. The development of murine skin innervation occurs in successive waves. The first cutaneous nerve fibers appeared before any morphological evidence of hair follicle development at embryonic day 15 (E15). Stage 1 and 2 developing hair follicles were already associated with nerve fibers at E16. These fibers approached a location where later in development the follicular (neural) network A (FNA) is located on fully developed pelage hair follicles. Prior to birth (E18), some nerve fibers had penetrated the epidermis, and an additional set of perifollicular nerve fibers arranged itself around the isthmus and bulge region of stage 5 hair follicles, to develop into the follicular (neural) network B (FNB). By the day of birth (P1), the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide became detectable in subcutaneous and dermal nerve fibers first. Newly formed hair follicles on E18 and P1 displayed the same innervation pattern seen in the first wave of hair follicle development. Just prior to epidermal penetration of hair shafts (P5), peptide histidine methionine‐IR nerve fibers became detectable and epidermal innervation peaked; such innervation decreased after penetration (P7– P17). Last, tyrosine hydroxylase‐IR and neuropeptide Y‐IR became readily detectable. This sequence of developing innervation consistently correlates with hair follicle development, indicating a close interdependence of neuronal and epithelial morphogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:28–52, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive systems in the brain of the larval lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis
Authors: Pierre‐Simons Jacqueline , Repérant Jacques , Mahouche Mohamed , Ward Roger 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of the catecholaminergic system of the brain of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) was studied with immunocytochemistry in a series of larvae of different sizes by using two different antibodies directed against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis. In group 1 larvae (length: 29–54 mm, ages: 8 months to 1.5 years), the only TH‐immunoreactive somata observed were located in the caudal wall of the recessus praeopticus (RP) and in the nucleus tuberculi posterioris (NTP). In group 2 larvae (length: 55–80 mm, ages: 1.5–2.5 years), the somata of immunolabeled cells of the NTP give rise to fibers, most of which are ascending and terminate in the corpus striatum. Additional immunoreactive cells are observed in the nucleus praeopticus (NP), which has differentiated, and in the spinal cord. In group 3 larvae (length: 81–110 mm, ages: 2.5–4 years), the spatial distribution of TH‐immunoreactive elements (somata, fibers, and terminals) bears many resemblances to that seen in the adult. Immunolabeled cells may be observed in the olfactory bulb, in the nucleus commissurae postopticae (NCP), and in the nucleus dorsalis hypothalami (NDH). Nevertheless, some groups of TH‐immunoreactive cells found in the adult are not observed in group 3 larvae; these may appear during the metamorphic phase. By comparative analysis, we show that, in spite of several differences, the spatiotemporal sequence of appearance of TH‐immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the lamprey presents many similarities to that described in gnathostomes. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:163–176, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of preproadrenomedullin mRNA in the rat central nervous system and its modulation by physiological stressors
Authors: Shan Jing , Krukoff Teresa L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdrenomedullin (ADM), encoded by the preproadrenomedullin (ppADM) gene, exerts multiple effects in a wide variety of peripheral and central tissues. Although ADM‐like immunoreactivity has been shown to be widely distributed throughout the rat central nervous system (CNS), the detailed distribution of ppADM gene expression in the CNS and its modulation by physiological stimuli remain unknown. In our study, in situ hybridization was used to localize ppADM mRNA in the rat brain and to quantify its levels after exposure to different stressors including lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 μg/kg, iv), restraint stress (2 cycles of 1 hour restraint/1 hour rest), and 24 hours of dehydration. In addition, Fos immunoreactivity was used to identify the activation of neurons in response to LPS. Our results show that ppADM mRNA is widely distributed throughout the rat CNS, with especially high levels in autonomic centers including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON), locus coeruleus, ventrolateral medulla, and intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord. Furthermore, LPS inhibits ppADM gene expression in the parvocellular PVN (pPVN), magnocellular PVN (mPVN), SON, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and area postrema among examined regions; restraint stress reduces ppADM mRNA levels in the pPVN, mPVN, SON, nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, area postrema, and subfornical organ; 24 hours of water deprivation decreases ppADM gene expression only in the mPVN and SON. Taken together, our results suggest that ADM is involved in the regulation of the hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial system, the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, and central autonomic functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:88–100, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the amygdalo‐piriform transition area to the amygdaloid complex: A PHA‐l study in rat
Authors: Jolkkonen Esa , Miettinen Riita , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe amygdalo‐piriform transition area is a poorly defined region in the temporal lobe that is heavily connected with the olfactory system. As part of an ongoing project aimed at understanding the neuronal pathways that provide sensory information to the amygdala, we investigated the cytoarchitectonic and chemoarchitectonic features of the amygdalo‐piriform transition area and its connections to the amygdaloid complex in 13 rats by using the anterograde tracer,Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin. Our analysis indicates that the amygdalo‐piriform transition area has medial (rostral and caudal portions) and lateral parts. The rostromedial part projects heavily to the intermediate and lateral divisions of the central nucleus, whereas the caudomedial part projects mainly to the medial division. The lateral part of the amygdalo‐piriform transition area projects heavily to the capsular and lateral divisions of the central nucleus. Electron microscopic analysis revealed that the projection to the lateral division of the central nucleus forms asymmetric contacts with the spines and shafts of postsynaptic neurons and, therefore, is assumed to be excitatory. The amygdalo‐piriform transition area also projects moderately to other amygdaloid nuclei, including the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, and the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. The lateral and medial parts of the amygdalo‐piriform transition area also project to the distal temporal CA1 and distal temporal subiculum, respectively. Unlike the adjacent entorhinal cortex, the amygdalo‐piriform transition area does not project to the dentate gyrus. These data suggest that the amygdalo‐piriform transition area is a region that influences both emotional and memory processing in parallel by means of pathways to the amygdala and the hippocampus, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:440–465, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pyramidal cell axons show a local specialization for GABA and 5‐HT inputs in monkey and human cerebral cortex
Authors: DeFelipe Javier , Arellano Jon I. , Gómez Antonio , Azmitia Efrain C. , Muñoz Alberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVarious mechanisms are thought to control excitation of pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex. With immunocytochemical methods, we found that the proximal portions of numerous pyramidal cell axons (Pyr‐axons) in the human and monkey neocortex are immunoreactive for the serotonin (5‐HT) receptor 5‐HT‐1A. With double‐labeling experiments and confocal laser microscopy, we found that most (93.4%) of the 5‐HT1A–immunoreactive Pyr‐axons present in layers II and III were innervated by parvalbumin‐immunoreactive chandelier cell axon terminals. In addition, Pyr‐axons were compartmentalized: 5‐HT‐1A receptors were found proximal to inputs from chandelier cells. Although we found close appositions between GABAergic chandelier cell axon terminals and Pyr‐axons, suggesting synaptic connections, we did not observe 5‐HT–immunoreactive fibers in close proximity to the Pyr‐axons. These results suggested that Pyr‐axons are under the influence of 5‐HT in a paracrine manner (via 5‐HT‐1A receptors) and, more distally, are under the influence of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in a synaptic manner (through the axons of chandelier cells). The local axonal specialization might represent a powerful inhibitory mechanism by which the responses of large populations of pyramidal cells can be globally controlled by subcortical serotonin afferents, in addition to local inputs from GABAergic interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:148–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression in the optic chiasm of mouse embryos
Authors: Chung Kit‐Ying , Leung Kin‐Mei , Lin Ling , Chan Sun‐On 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (PGs) regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to a variety of cell surface molecules, extracellular matrix proteins, and growth factors. The present study investigated the possible involvement of HS‐PGs in retinal axon growth by examining its expression in the retinofugal pathway of mouse embryos by using a monoclonal antibody against the HS epitope. Immunoreactive HS was first detected in all regions of the retina at embryonic day (E) 11. The staining was gradually lost in the central regions and restricted to the retinal periphery at later developmental stages (E12–E16). Prominent staining for HS was consistently found in the retinal fiber layer and at the optic disk, indicating a possible supportive role of HS‐PGs in axon growth in the retina. At the ventral diencephalon, immunostaining for HS was first detected at E12, before arrival of any retinal axons. The staining matched closely the neurons that are immunopositive for the stage‐specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA‐1). At E13 to E16, when axons are actively exploring their paths across the chiasm, immunoreactivity for HS was particularly intense at the midline. This characteristic expression pattern suggests a role for HS‐PGs in defining the path of early axons in the chiasm and in regulating development of axon divergence at the midline. Furthermore, HS immunoreactivity is substantially reduced at regions flanking both sides of the midline, which coincides spatially to the position of actin‐rich growth cones from subpial surface to the deep regions of the optic axon layer at the chiasm. Moreover, at the threshold of the optic tract, immunoreactive HS was localized to deep parts of the fiber layer. These findings indicate that changes in age‐related fiber order in the optic chiasm and optic tract of mouse embryos are possibly regulated by a spatially restricted expression of HS‐PGs. J. Comp. Neurol. 436:236–247, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A confocal study of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish
Authors: Hale Melina E. , Ritter Dale A. , Fetcho Joseph R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used confocal microscopy to examine the morphology of spinal interneurons in living larval zebrafish with the aim of providing a morphological foundation for generating functional hypotheses. Interneurons were retrogradely labeled by injections of fluorescent dextrans into the spinal cord, and the three‐dimensional morphology of living cells was reconstructed from confocal optical sections through the transparent fish. At least eight types of interneurons are present in the spinal cord of larval zebrafish; four of these are described here for the first time. The newly discovered cell types include classes of commissural neurons with axons that ascend, descend, and bifurcate in the contralateral spinal cord. Our reexamination of previously described cell types revealed functionally relevant features of their morphology, such as undescribed commissural axons, as well as the relationships between the trajectories of the axons of interneurons and the descending Mauthner axons. In addition to describing neurons, we surveyed their morphology at multiple positions along the spinal cord and found longitudinal changes in their distribution and sizes. For example, some cell types increase in size from rostral to caudal, whereas others decrease. Our observations lead to predictions of the roles of some of these interneurons in motor circuits. These predictions can be tested with the combination of functional imaging, single‐cell ablation, and genetic approaches that make zebrafish a powerful model system for studying neuronal circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:1–16, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rhombomeric organization of vestibular pathways in larval frogs
Authors: Straka Hans , Baker Robert , Gilland Edwin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRhombencephalic subnuclei and projection pathways related to vestibular function were mapped in larval ranid frogs. The retention of overt postembryonic rhombomeres (r) allowed direct visualization of the locations of neurons retrogradely labeled with fluorescent dextran amines from the midbrain oculomotor complex, cerebellum, vestibular nuclei, and spinal cord. Oculomotor projecting vestibular neurons were mainly located in bilateral r1/2, ipsilateral r3, and contralateral r5–8, and spinal projecting vestibular neurons mainly in ipsilateral r4 and contralateral r5. Vestibular commissural neurons were located in r1–3 and r5–7 and were largely excluded from r4. Cerebellar projecting neurons included contralateral inferior olivary neurons in r8 and vestibular neurons in bilateral r6/7 and contralateral r1/2. Mapping these results onto adult anuran vestibular organization indicates that the superior vestibular nucleus derives from larval r1/2, the lateral vestibular nucleus from r3/4, and the major portions of the medial and descending vestibular nuclei from r5–8. The lateral vestibulospinal tract projects from an origin in r4, whereas a possible ascending tract of Deiters arises in r3. Rhombomere 5 contains a nuclear group that appears homologous to the tangential nucleus of fish, reptiles, and birds and thus likely serves gravistatic and linear vestibulomotor reflexes. Comparisons between frogs and other vertebrates suggest that vestibular neurons performing similar computational roles during head movements originate from the same segmental locations in different species. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:42–55, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color harmony
Authors: Burchett Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractColors seen together to produce a pleasing affective response are said to be in harmony. The term color harmony is not, however, a concise, descriptive term; rather, it is one with a wide range of meanings because of any or all of several conditional attributes. A content analysis was done on a selection of books from color science, art and design, color theory, and psychology. The study identified key attributes and related terms consistently used to describe color harmony. Categories of terms found to be coincidental with the discussion of color harmony were order, tone, configuration, interaction, similarity, association, attitude, and area. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 28–31, 2002
Measurement of nuclear factor‐kappa B translocation on lipopolysaccharide‐activated human dendritic cells by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry
Authors: Blaecke Aline , Delneste Yves , Herbault Nathalie , Jeannin Pascale , Bonnefoy Jean‐Yves , Beck Alain , Aubry Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundNuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that regulates cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) gene expression. In most cell types, the inactive p50/p65 NF‐κB heterodimer is located in the cytoplasm, complexed to its IκB inhibitory unit. Stimulation of cells by various reagents such as bacterial endotoxin or cytokines leads to a dissociation of NF‐κB from IκB and a rapid translocation of free NF‐κB to the nucleus. The aim of this article is to define optimal conditions for the measurement of NF‐κB translocation by both confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.MethodsFour commercial anti–NF‐κB antibodies were evaluated by confocal microscopy, after using two methods of fixation and permeabilization of the cells. These antibodies were examined further by flow cytometry on purified nuclei.ResultsParaformaldehyde‐methanol treatment of dendritic cells is a good combination to visualize NF‐κB translocation by confocal microscopy. Three of the four antibodies tested gave good results on nonactivated and on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated dendritic cells. The measurement of NF‐κB translocation by flow cytometry on purified nuclei is a quick and sensitive method. Only one of the four evaluated antibodies showed a significant difference between nonactivated and activated cells.ConclusionsMicroscopy and flow cytometry are quick and reproducible methods to measure NF‐κB translocation and can be adapted to identify new molecules that activate dendritic cells. Cytometry 48:71–79, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.