Natural immunity to malaria preferentially targets the endothelial protein C receptor-binding regions of PfEMP1s
Authors: Tewey Madison A. , Coulibaly Drissa , Lawton Jonathan G. , Stucke Emily M. , Zhou Albert E. , Berry Andrea A. , Bailey Jason A. , Pike Andrew , Dara Antoine , Ouattara Amed , Lyke Kirsten E. , Ifeonu Olukemi , Laurens Matthew B. , Adams Matthew , Takala-Harrison Shannon , Niangaly Amadou , Kouriba Bourema , Koné Abdoulaye K. , Rowe J. Alexandra , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Patel Jigar J. , Tan John C. , Felgner Philip L. , Plowe Christopher V. , Thera Mahamadou A. , Travassos Mark A. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Antibody responses to variant surface antigens (VSAs) produced by the malaria parasite
Plasmodium falciparum
may contribute to age-related natural immunity to severe malaria. One VSA family,
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein-1 (PfEMP1), includes a subset of proteins that binds endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) in human hosts and potentially disrupts the regulation of inflammatory responses, which may lead to the development of severe malaria. We probed peptide microarrays containing segments spanning five PfEMP1 EPCR-binding domain variants with sera from 10 Malian adults and 10 children to determine the differences between adult and pediatric immune responses. We defined serorecognized peptides and amino acid residues as those that elicited a significantly higher antibody response than malaria-naïve controls. We aimed to identify regions consistently serorecognized among adults but not among children across PfEMP1 variants, potentially indicating regions that drive the development of immunity to severe malaria. Adult sera consistently demonstrated broader and more intense serologic responses to constitutive PfEMP1 peptides than pediatric sera, including peptides in EPCR-binding domains. Both adults and children serorecognized a significantly higher proportion of EPCR-binding peptides than peptides that do not directly participate in receptor binding, indicating a preferential development of serologic responses at functional residues. Over the course of a single malaria transmission season, pediatric serological responses increased between the start and the peak of the season, but waned as the transmission season ended.

IMPORTANCE
Severe malaria and death related to malaria disproportionately affect sub-Saharan children under 5 years of age, commonly manifesting as cerebral malaria and/or severe malarial anemia. In contrast, adults in malaria-endemic regions tend to experience asymptomatic or mild disease. Our findings indicate that natural immunity to malaria targets specific regions within the EPCR-binding domain, particularly peptides containing EPCR-binding residues. Epitopes containing these residues may be promising targets for vaccines or therapeutics directed against severe malaria. Our approach provides insight into the development of natural immunity to a binding target linked to severe malaria by characterizing an “adult-like” response as recognizing a proportion of epitopes within the PfEMP1 protein, particularly regions that mediate EPCR binding. This “adult-like” response likely requires multiple years of malaria exposure, as increases in pediatric serologic response over a single malaria transmission season do not appear significant.