bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Design Methodology to Take Credit for Residual Stresses in Fatigue Limited Designs
Authors: Prevéy P , Jayaraman N 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
High cycle fatigue (HCF) performance of turbine engine components has been known for decades to benefit from compressive surface residual stresses produced by shot peening. Recently laser shocking and low plasticity burnishing (LPB) have been shown to provide spectacular fatigue and damage tolerance improvement by introducing deep or through-thickness compression in fatigue critical areas. However, the lack of a comprehensive design method that defines the depth and magnitude of compression required to achieve a design fatigue life has prevented surface enhancement from being used for more than a safeguard against HCF damage initiation. The present paper describes a design methodology and testing protocol to allow credit to be taken for the beneficial compression introduced by surface enhancement in component design to achieve a required or optimal fatigue performance.
A detailed design method has been developed that relates the required fatigue life, the mean and alternating applied stresses, and the damage in terms of Kf to the residual stress at the fatigue initiation site required for the targeted HCF performance. The method is applied to feature specimens designed to simulate the fatigue conditions in the trailing edge of a first stage low pressure Ti-6-4 compressor vane to provide the optimal trailing edge damage tolerance. A novel adaptation of the traditional Haigh diagram to estimate the compressive residual stress magnitude for optimal fatigue performance is introduced. Fatigue results on blade-edge feature samples are compared with analytical predictions provided by the design methodology.
Effect of Aging Treatments on the Tensile Properties of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta-(0.06–0.7)O Alloys
Authors: Qazi JI , Tsakiris V , Marquardt B , Rack HJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta rods containing 0.06, 0.46, and 0.68 wt.% oxygen were produced by vacuum arc melting and forging. These were solution treated (ST) and aged in the temperature range of 427–593°C for 8 h followed by air cooling. Increasing oxygen content increased the ST yield strength (YS) from 530 to 1081 MPa. The largest increase in YS, 630MPa, in ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta-0.06O observed after aging at 427°C was associated with ω phase precipitation. While the largest increases in YS, (1060 and 1288 MPa, in Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta-0.46/0.68O) observed after aging at 482°C were associated with fine and somewhat inhomogeneous precipitation of the α phase, the tensile elongation remained above 8%. Aging at 538 or 593°C led to an increase in the inhomogeneity in α phase precipitation in Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta-0.46/0.68O, precipitate free zones clearly being observed along with prior β grain boundaries, which served as preferred paths for early crack propagation and decreased tensile ductility.
Development and Evaluation of a TG/DTA/Raman System
Authors: Collins WJ , DuBois C , Thomas Cambron R , Redman-Furey NL , Bigalow Kern AS 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Modification of a commercially available TG/DTA instrument enabled development of a working TG/DTA/Raman system. The TG/DTA was modified by replacing a portion of the furnace wall above the sample and reference holders with a double layer insulated quartz window. The quartz window provided ready access for Raman spectroscopy, enabling simultaneous collection of TGA, DTA, and Raman data during thermal analytical experiments. Insertion of the quartz glass window did not impact TGA or DTA performance as demonstrated by the comparison of baseline drift and temperature calibration for modified and unmodified furnaces.
Characterization Of Epoxy Curing Using High Heating Rate DSC
Authors: Bilyeu B , Brostow W , Menard KP 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Two common techniques to characterize the curing reaction of an epoxy as a function of time and temperature are heat of reaction and the shift in glass transition. These techniques can both be performed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. However, both techniques share a common limitation, namely that the curing exotherm may occur during the ramp to isothermal temperature or may overlap with the glass transition event. Since the curing reaction and thus the exotherm is a kinetic event, it is rate dependent. As faster rates are used, the scan can be completed before the onset of the reaction. In an isothermal heat of reaction study, the material can be brought to temperature fast enough that the curing reaction does not begin until it is at temperature. Also, since the glass transition can be measured at high scanning rates, it can be measured before the curing reaction begins. At 100°C/min, the two overlapping events are separated, whereas at 200°C/min, the curing does not occur in the temperature range studied. The glass transition temperature can be measured without affecting the degree of cure, or the exotherm can be shifted to separate it from the glass transition for accurate measurement of enthalpy and the glass transition.
Corrosion of Modular Titanium Alloy Stems in Cementless Hip Replacement
Authors: Urban RM , Gilbert JL , Jacobs JJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Severe, localized corrosion of titanium-alloy femoral stems has been reported for specific designs of hip prostheses intended for fixation using acrylic cement. The purpose of the present study was to examine the possibility that corrosion might also occur when titanium-alloy stems are inserted without cement, but the body of the stem is modular in design. Fourteen (7 primary and 7 revision) cementless, modular-body, titanium-6% aluminum-4% vanadium alloy femoral stems of similar design were removed at revision surgery after 2 to 108 months in situ. The reason for removal was unexplained pain (4), femoral or acetabular loosening (4), infection (3), recurrent dislocation (2), or component malposition (1). The devices and, in selected cases, tissue from the joint psuedocapsule were studied with the use of light and scanning electron microscopy. Fretting corrosion products were characterized using energy dispersive x-ray analysis, selected area diffraction, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Damage at the modular body connections was absent in 3 stems, mild in 6, moderate in 4, and severe in 1. The surface damage was characterized predominately by fretting scars and by pitting and etching. Thick deposits of mixed titanium oxides were found adherent to the stem at the sites of corrosion and as 0.01 to 200 micrometer particles within histiocytes and multinucleated giant cells in the joint pseudocapsule. Fretting corrosion at the modular-body junctions of titanium-alloy femoral stems can generate solid degradation products, adding to the particulate burden of the periprosthetic tissues and potentially accelerating bearing-surface wear by a third-body mechanism. Both of these features can potentiate the development and progression of osteolysis. In addition, fretting corrosion can increase the potential for structural failure of the device. These findings stress the importance of the design of modular junctions to minimize corrosion and the generation of corrosion products.
Effect of Microbial Contamination of Water-Based Metalworking Fluids on the Aerosolization of Particles and Microbial Fragments
Authors: Reponen T , Wang HX , Grinshpun SA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Aerosolization of particles from metalworking fluids (MWFs) was studied using a laboratory-scale set-up that simulates grinding operations. Semi-synthetic MWF and soluble oil were contaminated with Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the aerosolized particles were measured using a photometric mass monitor, optical particle counter, and a condensation nucleus counter. Microbial contamination of both semi-synthetic MWF and soluble oil increased the mass concentration as measured by the photometric aerosol mass monitor and the fine particle number concentration as measured by the condensation nucleus counter. These effects were seen most clearly for the fine size range of particles aerosolized from contaminated semi-synthetic MWF. Endotoxin results indicate that the increase in the fine particle concentration occurs at least partially due to the increase in the microbial cell wall components (fragments).
Modified Heat of Combustion Measurement for Electrical Communications and Optical Cables
Authors: Fang X , Gandhi PD , Chapin TJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A modified method to measure heat of combustion of electrical communications and optical cables has been evaluated using an oxygen bomb calorimeter. The test procedures described by the NFPA 259 and the ISO 1716 have been widely used to measure the heat of combustion of building materials. Both methods require samples to be pulverized prior to testing. The modified measurement discussed in this paper provides a convenient and reliable test method to measure the heat of combustion of cables without pulverization. The cables used in this study cover a wide range of fire performance categories, including vertical tray, riser, plenum, and limited combustible ratings. The results from traditional pulverized samples are also reported for comparison. The acid correction and copper effect on the measurement of the final heat of combustion of cables are addressed in this study. The results show that the modified measurement of heat of combustion is comparable with the traditional NFPA 259 and ISO 1716 methods, with reduced time and good repeatability.
Effects of Removing and Replacing an 8-MM Charpy Striker on Absorbed Energy
Authors: Vigliotti DP , Vigliotti JL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
It has been thought that removing and replacing an in-tolerance 8-mm striker may affect the results of a Charpy test. This thought brought about a requirement in Standard Test Method E23 [1] that states that if a striker is removed and replaced on a Charpy machine, the indirect verification is void and a new verification test must be performed. Groups of NIST SRM 2092 and SRM 2096 specimens were tested on machines with three different striker-mounting designs. The specimens were tested with the striker removed and replaced between groups. The results of these tests support a change in the standard that can make removing and replacing the striker acceptable without performing a new indirect verification test.
Comparisons of Drift Reducing/Deposition Aid Tank Mixes for Fixed Wing Aerial Applications
Authors: Wolf RE , Gardisser DR , Loughin TM 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A field study was conducted to determine the influence of adding spray drift control/deposition aid products to tank mix solutions for fixed wign aerial applications. Downwind horizontal drift, vertical drift, and droplet spectra characteristics in a canopy top were collected on water sensitive paper (WSP) for measurement and analysis. Spread factors for each spray mix sample were determined and were used as part of the analysis procedure with the canopy measurements. DropletScan™ was used to analyze the WSP. Percent area coverage for the horizontal and vertical drift profiles was used as a means to separate differences in treatments. DropletScan™ with adjusted spread factor coefficients was used to calculate Dv.1, Dv.5, and Dv.9 at the canopy top for each treatment. Differences in products at all horizontal and vertical collector positions were measured. When compared to water, results show that some of the products did not provide any benefits for drift reduction and, in fact, may have increased the drift potential. A few of the products exhibited the potential to reduce the amount of drift. Droplet sizes for Dv.1, Dv.5, and Dv.9 increased with the addition of the drift control/deposition aid products into the tank mix. The increases were variable across products and aircraft.
Dearomatized Fluids Used in Phenoxy Herbicides for Right-of-Way Sprays
Authors: Krevalis MA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Middle distillates, such as kerosene or diesel, are often used as carriers and adjuvants in phenoxy herbicides for turf, right-of-way sprays, and other applications. In recent years, however, the use of middle distillates in these applications has come under pressure due to toxicity concerns. As an alternative to these middle distillates, it has been proposed that dearomatized fluids could be used in these applications, potentially giving better performance. The lower volatility and lower phytotoxicity of the dearomatized fluid may promote enhanced uptake of the herbicide, resulting in improved performance. To test this proposal, a study was conducted comparing the use of dearomatized hydrocarbon fluids (such as Exxsol® D110 fluid) as both solvent and adjuvant to the use of kerosene/diesel as the solvent/adjuvant combination in right-of-way sprays. The herbicide product 2,4-D Ester was applied to three vegetation types at two rates, the vegetation types including kochia, marestail, and horsetail. Results from the study showed that the 2,4-D Ester gave good control of marestail and equisetum, but only poor control of kochia. In all cases, the dearomatized fluid performed as well as kerosene/diesel, demonstrating that dearomatized fluids can be used as a safe replacement for middle distillates in these applications.
New Technique for Measuring Extended Viscosity Ranges - Gel Times, Pot Life, or Cure Monitoring - with Programmable Rotational Viscometers or Rheometers
Authors: Moonay DJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A new algorithm written in commercially available software controls programmable viscometers and rheometers so that multiple decades of apparent viscosity data may be acquired. This work is new and important because previous methods involved either: (1) very simple instrumentation providing (a) single-point viscosity data or (b) equipment providing “gel times” but no viscosity data, or (2) complicated instrumentation costing at least $20 000. Isothermal cure of a common epoxy system was successfully monitored in this work. Apparent viscosities measured during one room-temperature cure experiment ranged from approximately 1000 mPa·s to 50 000 000 mPa·s. Good repeatability of data was found for different batches prepared with similar stoichiometry. Viscosities measured at approximately 167 min of cure time, during multiple tests, differed by less than 1 %. Various test geometries were used, including disposable cylindrical spindles and sample chambers, to allow easy cleanup, with samples 10 mL or less in size. Samples were also successfully tested at 50 and 60°C. Aspects of the algorithm and its implementation are discussed. It is hoped that this new method will help personnel testing adhesives.
Elemental Analysis of Lubricating Grease by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
Authors: Fox BS 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Lubricating grease is a mixture with complex properties that poses far more difficult analytical challenges than do its individual components. At many petroleum testing laboratories, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, is used for the analysis of additive elements and wear metals in oil. However, it may also be used to measure the concentration of both additive metals and contaminants in lubricating grease. However, unlike some of the other matrices that are routinely analyzed, grease cannot be simply diluted for direct sample introduction into the instrument without some form of acid digestion. This paper will discuss how ICP-AES is used as a grease analysis tool. Several sample preparation schemes will be covered, including classical sulfated ash on a hot plate, microwave assisted dry ash, and microwave assisted acid digestion. Comparison data from different digestion techniques will illustrate potential problems that may be encountered by the analyst in each of these methods. The advantages of closed-vessel microwave digestion for the analysis of elements that are often volatilized under normal digestion conditions will be discussed.
The Use of Microwave Digestion and ICP to Determine Elements in Petroleum Samples
Authors: Hwang JD , Horton M , Leong D 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
ICP-AES analyses are prone to erros caused by changes in the power level, nebulization rate, plasma temperature, and sample matrix. This is especially true for ICP-AES and ICP-MS organic applications in the petroleum industry where extremely complicated sample matrices are common. As a result, accurate analyses of petroleum lubricants, lubricant additives, fuels, crude oils, residues, and related materials often require bracketing with matrix matched standards, the use of internal standards, and a flexible ICP-AES/ICP-MS system. Many new innovative analytical instruments were developed to better improve elemental analysis in the last few decades. However, sample preparation remains the formidable challenge because it is always labor-intensive, cumbersome, and does not permit fast operation. It is encouraging to see the application of microwave radiation field as the energy source for sample digestion to pursue more reliable, but simpler, safer, more rapid, and less expensive methods, particularly in the petroleum industry.
Low-Level Sulfur in Fuel Determination Using Monochromatic WD XRF—ASTM D 7039-04
Authors: Chen ZW , Wei F , Radley I , Beumer B 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A monochromatic wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (MWDXRF) technique has been successfully developed for measuring low-level sulfur in fuel. In this technique, two doubly curved crystal (DCC) optics were used to provide monochromatic excitation and fixed channel wavelength dispersive analysis. Using highly efficient DCC optics, compact bench top MWDXRF analyzers for sulfur analysis have been successfully produced. A new ASTM standard test method for low-level sulfur determination in diesel and gasoline, D7039-04, has been developed based on this technique. Data for ultra-low-sulfur fuel were collected and analyzed using this new method. In this paper, the results of repeatability, reproducibility, and bias are presented and discussed. The repeatability for 10-ppm sulfur fuel was shown to be around 1 ppm. The pooled limit of quantification (PLOQ) for ultra-low-sulfur diesel was found to be less than 1.5 ppm in this study. The reproducibility of 15-ppm sulfur diesel fuel was determined to be better than 3 ppm (95 % confident level). The limit of detection for a single analyzer was found to be 0.36 ppm. The effect of matrix composition was investigated. The correction due to matrix for low-level sulfur diesel and gasoline is generally not significant.
Pyro-Electrochemical On-Line Ultra Low Sulfur Analyzer
Authors: Rhodes JR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Current and upcoming regulations worldwide require maximum concentrations of sulfur in fuels to be in the range 10–50 mg/kg. This paper describes a new on-line analyzer for ultra low sulfur, the first to employ “Pyro-electrochemical” technology, which is significantly simpler than other pyrolysis methods such as Pyro-microcoulometry and Pyro-UV fluorescence.
The technology is based on ASTM D 6920. The instrument is described with special reference to the modifications needed to adapt the technique to on-line analysis. Experimental results are given for long term stability, sensitivity, precision, speed and linearity of response, temperature stability, and sensitivity to nitrogen.
Analysis of the Volatiles Generated During the Selby-Noack Test by 31P NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Bosch RJ , Fee DC , Selby TW 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A series of engine oil samples collected during a study of their Phosphorus Emission Index values were analyzed by 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. (The PEI analyses themselves were presented in an associated paper [1]). NMR spectra were generated to obtain and explain the mode of formation and identity of the phosphorus-containing species in the volatiles generated during the Selby-Noack volatility test and to compare these species to those found in both the fresh oil and the residual oil remaining after the volatility test.
Improvements in the Determination of Fluorine in Fuel and Lubricants by Oxidative Combustion and Ion-Selective Electrode Detection
Authors: Nash LJ 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Oxidative combustion combined with ion-selective electrode detection is one of several techniques available for the analysis of fluorine in fuels and lubricants to the petroleum and petrochemical industry. This technique was first developed in the mid-1990s to provide an alternative to the widely used Wickbold method, which is very time consuming and extremely hazardous. The early designs were marginally successful due to the lack of sensitivity and stability, the use of large volumes of solvents, inconsistent delivery of fluids, plugging of catch and hold valves, numerous sources of contamination, and long analysis times. The design has been refined to enhance the sensitivity, stability, and accuracy of the fluoride determination. Enhancements include improved ion-specific electrodes with increased sensitivity, the use of circulating baths to stabilize temperature fluctuations, improved sample introduction and flow systems, and redesigned electronic circuitry.
Aging & Environmental Exposure Properties of a Fire Protection Material
Authors: Licht RR 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Materials designed for passive fire protection, such as putties, caulks, sealants, and devices, have been in commercial use for more than 25 years. These products are used to seal openings in the walls and ceilings of fire-rated spaces to restrict the passage of toxic fumes, smoke, and flames in the event of a fire. Passive fire protection, which is specified in building codes across the U.S., has been shown to be effective in helping to contain fires and reduce property damage, injuries, and loss of life.
This paper will discuss age and compatibility testing of one product used in fire protection of penetration seals and joints. It will also advocate the development of a new standard in ASTM E6.21 subcommittee for environmental exposure and a simple method for aging of penetration fire stop and joint protection materials.
Stress Analysis of Asymmetric Co-Cured Stepped-Lap Joints
Authors: Graham SM , Crane RM 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Manufacturing of large adhesively-bonded structural joints in the marine composites industry requires careful design and manufacturing to ensure durability of the joint. When the adherends to be joined are both fiber-reinforced laminates, an alternative to adhesive bonding is to co-cure the joint. This process eliminates the adhesive layer and the two interfaces between the adhesive and the adherends. The continuous matrix surrounding the fibers on either side of the joint influences the load transfer and the corresponding stresses developed in the joint. In this study, finite element analysis was used to investigate the stresses developed in a co-cured stepped-lap joint made from adherends with unequal stiffness. Two different approaches were used to model asymmetric joints with uniform step lengths: a homogeneous approach that modeled each adherend as transversely isotropic, and a constituent-level approach that modeled the resin and idealized fibers individually. It was found that the co-cured stepped lap joint behaves very much like a series of adhesively bonded lap joints. The shear stress distribution for step length to ply thickness ratios greater than about 10 exhibits a parabolic shape with peaks at the ends and lower values in the center, which is very similar to the stress distribution in adhesively bonded stepped lap joints. It was observed that the peak and minimum stresses approach a steady value with increasing step length, implying that there may be a limiting strength for an asymmetric co-cured stepped lap joint.