bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engaging Rivals With Ricardian Actions: Exploiting Of Ownership Superior Resources
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995 eBay, Inc., launched its web site for Internet auctions and pioneered the person-to-person trading community. By being a first mover, eBay has developed a strong brand name and large customer base of buyers and sellers, creating a network effect-value increases with greater number of users. Hence, buyers and sellers prefer to use eBay’s web site because buyers have a greater number of sellers to choose from and sellers have a greater number of buyers to sell to. As a result, eBay has essentially become synonymous with Internet auctions. Nevertheless, because of eBay’s great success and low entry barriers, a number of competitors have attempted to battle with the online auction giant eBay. Many considered Amazon. Corn’s entry into the business in early 1999 a very serious competitive threat. At the time, Amazon was considered to be another successful Internet company, which started out selling books and diversified into CDs, videos, and other items. In fact, Amazon ranked number 1 in brand recognition among e-commerce web sites, while eBay ranked third.1 However, eBay’s experience and superior competitive position in Internet auctions have proved too formidable for Amazon. Before Amazon’s entry, eBay launched a series of preemptive moves, such as engaging in a marketing alliance with AOL and establishing a verified user program, insurance program, and feedback forums.2 In the end, Amazon failed to make a significant competitive threat as it could not overcome eBay’s strong network effects of a large customer base. More recently, eBay has started to emphasize fixed-priced transactions by pursuing corporate sellers, such as Disney, IBM, and Xerox.3 While this action places eBay in more direct competition with Amazon and other online retailers, it also allows eBay to further leverage its large customer base while still acting as a virtual marketplace and performing only a transaction role.
Winning The Peace: Taking “Co-optive” Actions in the Absence of Resource Advantage
Authors: Grimm Curtis M , Lee Hun , Smith Ken G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christie’s International and Sotheby’s Holdings have long dominated the art auction industry, evenly sharing 95 percent of the $4 billion per year global market in 2002. The two firms profited by charging sellers and buyers a fee for auctioning art and other exclusive items. They essentially had no competitors and were very similar in key resources and competitive strength. It was well known among industry observers that both firms cooperated, for example, scheduling alternating auctions so more buyers and sellers could attend and charging sellers and buyers the same fees. For over two centuries, Christie’s and Sotheby’s had competed and cooperated without much scrutiny. However, in 1997 the U.S. Justice Department began to investigate the two industry leaders on charges of price fixing. To illustrate, both firms on two occasions had implemented the same changes to the fee structure for sellers and buyers within two months of each other over the last few years. But even with this evidence, the investigation had not advanced very far until 2000, when Christie’s announced that it would begin to cooperate with the criminal antitrust investigation. Christie’s decision was motivated by U.S. antitrust law, which provided leniency to the first party from criminal prosecution who cooperated.
Limiting Retributivism
Authors: Frase Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Norval Morris’s theory of limiting retributivism provides one solution to the perennial problem of how to reconcile the often-conflicting purposes of punishment. Under Morris’s theory, concepts of just deserts set upper and occasionally lower limits on sentencing severity. Within these outer limits, other purposes and principles provide the necessary fine-tuning of the sentence imposed in a particular case. Such other purposes and principles include not only traditional crime-control purposes such as deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation but also considerations of equality (uniformity) and a concept Morris calls parsimony: a preference for the least severe alternative that will achieve the purposes of the particular sentence. Morris rejected coerced rehabilitation as a reason for imprisonment or for extending a prison term and also argued that the type or duration of the sentence should rarely if ever be based on individual predictions of dangerousness. His later writings expressed strong support for sentencing guidelines, provided they are flexible and incorporate intermediate sanctions as well as prison terms.
Democracy and the Limits of Punishment: A Preface to Prisoners’ Rights
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Graduate students and would-be lawyers can become interested in the subject of criminal justice for a variety of reasons. Crime is fascinating human drama, and social deviance is an important window into the larger context of conformity with social norms. Law enforcement and punishment are interesting and complicated phenomena. But many who write in this tribute to Norval Morris are part of a generation that was trained in the 1960s and 1970s, and who became interested in the subject of criminal justice because they wished to accomplish reforms that would carry social importance.
Questioning the Conventional Wisdom of Parole Release Authority
Authors: Reitz Kevin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay examines the advisability of including parole release discretion within the design of American sentencing systems as an important means for fixing the length of prison terms actually served by offenders. U.S. jurisdictions divide sharply on this question today. Sixteen states and the federal system have abolished the release authority of parole boards, including a majority of sentencing guideline jurisdictions. There is a slow but long-term trend in the direction of abrogation. Four states cancelled their parole boards’ release authorities in the 1970s, six jurisdictions did so in the 1980s (including one that later changed its mind), and eight more took the step in the 1990s (Petersilia 2003, figure 2.1). In 1994 the American Bar Association endorsed the movement, recommending that time served in prison should be determined by sentencing judges subject only to formulaic good-time reductions, all within a framework of sentencing guidelines (American Bar Association 1994, Standards 18–2.5, 18– 3.21(g), and 18–4.4(c)). The American Law Institute, now in the early stages of a revision of the Model Penal Code, must likewise confront this policy issue (see American Law Institute 2002a). It is possible that a new Model Code will seek to add momentum to the abrogationist tendency, or the ALI may seek to slow or reverse the trend. Strong views on both sides have already been aired in the Institute’s debates.
Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects
Authors: Gillingham Melanie , Calcar, Sandra Van , Harding Cary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) defects are a family of inherited genetic disorders that typically present in infancy with catastrophic episodes of fasting or illness-induced hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Thirteen different disorders, each a deficiency of a specific enzymatic reaction in the metabolism of dietary fatty acids, have been described. The clinical presentation of all FAO disorders is relatively uniform: nausea, vomiting, somnolence, and hepatic encephalopathy, indistinguishable from the manifestations of Reye syndrome, progressing to coma and often death. Cardiomyopathy is a frequent life-threatening complication of acute metabolic decompensation in many FAO defects. Fatty acid oxidation defects may also present as sudden infant death; as many as one-third of the initial episodes may be fatal. Children who survive an initial metabolic crisis may suffer recurrent decompensation episodes prior to diagnosis and develop chronic disabilities including muscular hypotonia and developmental delay. Alternatively, FAO deficiency may not present until adolescence or adulthood. These cases typically present as exercise intolerance with recurrent episodes of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. A few affected individuals may remain permanently asymptomatic. Severe and mild phenotypes of many of these disorders are recognized. Collectively, FAO defects appear to be relatively common (up to 1 out of 9000 births in some populations). All are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, and specific gene defects have been identified for most of the disorders. The biochemical hallmark of all FAO disorders is inappropriately low ketone production from FAO in the face of increased energy demands. The consequence is fasting hypoglycemia, often in association with severe acidosis secondary to the inappropriate accumulation of intermediate metabolites of FAO.
Disorders Of Fructose Metabolism
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fructose is widely available in the typical Western diet. It is found as a naturally occurring monosacccharide in fruits and vegetables. It is also a component sugar of sucrose and sorbitol. Once ingested, it is absorbed unchanged by the small intestine and rapidly utilized in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. Intracellular fructose is phosphorylated by fructokinase into fructose-1-phosophate. This phosphorylated form is then cleaved by aldolase B into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Glyceraldehyde is further metabolized into either glycerol or pyruvate, eventually entering the Krebs cycle; dihydroxyacetone phosphate is further metabolized into fructose-1,6-diphosphate, which enters the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. Eventually, ingested fructose is converted into glucose, lactate/pyruvate, and glycogen (Fig. 51–1). As with all inborn errors of metabolism, the clinical features associated with the deficiency of enzymes specific to fructose metabolism result from accumulation of substrate preceding the enzyme deficiency, production of products along alternate metabolic pathways, and reduced availability of products of the normal enzyme activity.
Deeper Within Ourselves: Angst and Illusions about Life, Death, and Immortality
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Existential anxiety ticks at the very core of the human condition.1 It stems from the convergence of the known and the unknown: the certainty that death awaits us, welded to the uncertainty of its exact time and circumstances. We know we cannot reduce that uncertainty, except by taking deliberate action to bring about our own death, a grim course few elect. Thus, existential anxiety, common to us all, galvanizes a relentless search for security and certainty.
Rationalizations and Control Myths: Keeping Toxic Leaders in Power
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaders serve many purposes for their followers. If they didn’t, we wouldn’t yearn for them, seek them out, or even create them when they don’t exist. So, it is quite understandable that followers are loath to give them up, even when they are less-often far less than perfect. In fact, this chapter is devoted to exploring how we work on our own minds and hearts to keep toxic leaders in power. In contrast to constructive leaders who toil relentlessly to steer the vessel on a straight course, toxic leaders may or may not keep the ship afloat. Yet, we keep selecting them despite their poor performance. Al Dunlap’s record serves as a case in point: “[T]throughout his career, the companies he worked for tended to disappear after he left.
The Odd Couple: The Media and Boards of Directors
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The media and boards of directors make up the last two categories of followers. This pair often turns good leaders into bad by un wittingly colluding with them in a mutual seduction or by silently standing by as good leaders transform themselves into Mr Hydes. On the surface, these two groups don’t seem to have much in common, either with one another or with the other followers described in the previous chapter, any more than Felix and Oscar of The Odd Couple did. Yet, oddly enough, they do.
Is There Any Silver Lining? Can Any Good Come from Tolerating a Toxic Leader?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, I have emphasized the seemingly endless negatives that flow from putting up with toxic leaders. Still, many people particularly older benign pragmatic followers with children’s college bills to pay or with retirement too close at hand and too few realistic options-feel generally stuck. In the political arena, too, followers beaten down by a powerful despot may believe that the leader’s overwhelming resources and leverage make escape quite impossible. Much of the time, their anxieties, as much as or more than their external constraints, keep followers under the toxic leader’s sway. But for the moment, let’s set aside what entraps these followers and consider what good, if any, can come from tolerating a toxic leader.
Freeing Ourselves from Toxic Leaders: Nurturing Reluctant Leaders and Finding the Leader Within
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, I have tried to explore why and how we continue to endure, seek out, and sometimes create leaders, particularly toxic leaders. If such relentless activity moved us toward a world where more and more good leaders led followers into worthwhile enter prises, that would be just fine. And, of course, some leaders-like Alfred P. Sloan Jr., Martin Luther King Jr., Aaron Feuerstein, Anita Roddick, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Nelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, and Vaclev Havel-have taken us on some remarkable journeys. Unfortunately, though, such inspiring outcomes occur more seldom than we wish. Consequently, our search for leaders continues. In this chapter, I want to consider a set of possible strategies for freeing ourselves from toxic leaders with their destructive illusions. Because anxiety plays such a major role in our vulnerability to toxic leaders, let’s examine not only the positive aspects of anxiety but also several other sources of nontoxic leadership.
The Founder Principle versus the Creole Prototype Squaring Theory with Data
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the official establishment of creole studies, some prominent thinkers treated creole languages as genetic offshoots of their lexifiers, for example, Haitian Creole as a kind of French rather than as a separate language (Hjelmslev 1938, Hall 1958). However, concentrated research starting in the late 1960s suggested otherwise. Bickerton (1981, 1984) identified creoles as the product of catastrophic breakdowns oflexifier grammar. Meanwhile, Alleyne (1980), Boretzky (1983), Holm (1988), and others called attention to the extensive role that substrate languages played in the development of these creoles after the breakdown Bickerton referred to. By the 1980s, a consensus had emerged that creoles were challenges to the Stammbaum model of language change, being genetic descendants neither of their lexifiers nor of the languages spoken natively by their originators. This perspective finds its hallmark exposition in Thomason and Kaufman (1988).
Sisters under the Skin A Case for Genetic Relationship between the Atlantic English-Based Creoles
Authors: Mcwhorter John h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an argument for the classification of the Atlantic English-based creoles (henceforth AECs) as the direct descendants of a stabilized progenitor of West African origin. I am by no means the first author to suggest this thesis. Its earliest attestation is Stewart (1971), followed by Alleyne (1971: 179-80), Carter (1987), and Smith (1987a). Hancock (1969, 1986, 1987) has been the most comprehensive advocate (also arguing that the parent pidgin was transported from the West African coast, an argument that I agree with, despite having attempted a revision of its particulars in McWhorter [2000a], to which I refer interested readers [that argument will not be presented in this chapter]).
The Lower Limb Remains
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lower limb remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov include most of the long bones for five of the individuals with associated skeletons, the five from Dolní Věstonice, plus major portions of the femora of Pavlov 1. However, pedal remains are less complete, being present in significant numbers for three of the individuals, Dolní Věstonice 3, 15, and 16, and they are eroded and/or incomplete for all of those individuals Of these remains, as with the upper limb remains, those that are retained for Dolní Věstonice 13 and 15 are generally exceptionally well pre- served, with primarily minor erosion to the more fragile edges (much of which has been restored with filler). The bones of Dolní Věstonice 14 are generally more heavily root-etched, and fragile portions of the epiphyses are frequently broken or incomplete. His long bones sustained considerable epiphyseal erosion, but not so much as to prevent reasonable estimation of most the long bone lengths for at least one side. However, ironically, Dolní Věstonice 16 retains the most complete pedal remains, despite erosion to many of their edges.
Foreign Bank Ownership and Corporate Governance in Emerging-Market Economies
Authors: Cornelius Peter K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, efficient corporate governance is seen as being best achieved by enabling stockholders to exercise control. According to this view, the objective of introducing good corporate governance should be addressed by promoting the development of well-functioning securities markets, breeding active and influential stock-holders, and legislating corporate laws that would assure stockholders a controlling position on corporate boards. In the literature, following the Berle and Means (1932) tradition, the widely held firm is used as the standard assumption underlying the corporate governance problem that is, weak, dispersed shareholders have to deal with self-interested management. In practice, however, most firms have a dominant owner.
Corporate Governance and Private Equity Investments
Authors: Burger-Calderon Max , Gusinde Philipp , H1Jmann Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interdependence between corporate governance and private equity investments. The chapter begins by outlining the difference between private equity investments and investments in public equity and bond markets and their impact on corporate governance structures. As private equity investments, in contrast to investments in public companies, are to a large extent negotiable and hence independent from the corporate governance rules provided by statutory law, the contractual design of efficient corporate governance structures is of predominant importance. Following this outline is a depiction of customary contractual provisions for the establishment of a corporate governance regime at the portfolio company level, and the pit falls of such provisions.
Governance in an Emerging Financial Market: The Case of Russia
Authors: Kostikov Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How to become competitively stronger on the world market is a crucial problem for Russia, and its solution will secure the future of Russia as a state. The concept of competitiveness has several dimensions. One of the key ones is competitiveness on world financial markets. It implies (1) the ability to attract large investments and at the lowest possible price; and (2) the ability to use these investments efficiently, take the company to a new technological level by using them, increase output, and produce new goods and services.
That Man As Commander-In-Chief
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Was His constitutional role and it was one that he liked. As the war in Europe became more likely to involve us, he devoted more and more time to activities that fell under that rubric of authority. I was not with his Administration during the war, having gone on to the Supreme Court in June 1941. It is not mine to recite on this subject beyond rather casual observations made when I saw him on social occasions thereafter.
After some six weeks’ family vacation, in which I had driven to the west coast and back, I planned to go to Jamestown, New York, to visit my mother and to remain a week or so after Labor Day 1939.
That Man As Administrator
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We Have Dwelt Upon the subjects in which Roosevelt excelled. But not all of his activities fall in these classes.
Roosevelt certainly was not accomplished as an administrator and in normal times, when his office demanded only an orderly and efficient administration of settled affairs, it is doubtful if he could have been a distinguished President. He was just not a routine executive.
He had one quality of a good administrator. He inspired an intense loyalty nearly everywhere in his administration. Young and ardent idealists, old and tired politicians, professors, even businessmen who joined up with him were ready to work at all hours of the day or night to carry out his bidding. But often it was hard to find out what his bidding was.
There was always considerable conflict of policy within the Administration and different factions favored different courses. The New Deal was not a reform movement. It was an assembly of movements—sometimes inconsistent with each other. It was not an infrequent occurrence that one of those whom the President trusted would take to him a document, such as an executive order, and obtain his approval before he had consulted with other persons affected.
That Man As Companion And Sportsman
Authors: Jackson Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Was Here That Roosevelt was irresistible and inimitable. He liked people, almost any people. He liked their company, liked to pick their minds and see what they were thinking, liked to know the details of their lives and their problems.
I know nothing that illustrates the contrast between him and Woodrow Wilson, the previous Democratic President, better than their attitudes toward Henry Ford. I lunched with journalist George Creel one day, who told me the difficulty they had with Wilson in the early days of World War I, getting him to confer with American businessmen to gain their cooperation in the war effort. He refused to see most of them, saying they were specialists who had nothing to teach him with his general problems affecting the whole nation. Finally they prevailed upon him to see Henry Ford, and after the interview, Creel entered and said to the President, “What do you think of Henry Ford?” Wilson impatiently answered, “I think he is the most comprehensively ignorant man I ever met.” He had complete contempt for Ford.
Black, Merton, and Scholes—Their Central Contributions to Economics
Authors: Duffie Darrell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I will briefly summarize the central contributions to economics of Fischer Black, Robert C. Merton, and Myron S. Scholes. Of course, the contribution that first comes to mind is the Black–Scholes option-pricing formula, for which Robert Merton and Myron Scholes were awarded the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1997. I have no doubt that, because of his key role in that far-reaching formula, Fischer Black would have shared in that prize but for his untimely death. In this chapter, I will address the contributions of all three of these excetional economists simultaneously, rather than giving separate treatment to Fischer Black. My goal is to give an objective and concise account of their path-breaking research and what it has offered to the theory and practice of economics.