bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumination and future thinking in depression
Authors: Lavender Anna , Watkins Edward 
Published: May 2004

Objectives: Future thinking is an important domain of cognitive functioning, with reduced ability to imagine positive future events associated with hopelessness in depression and parasuicide. Rumination has been shown to exacerbate negative cognitive biases in depression, and to reduce likelihood estimations for positive future events. We examine the hypothesis that, in depressed patients, rumination would reduce the ability to imagine positive future events, whilst increasing the ability to imagine negative future events.Method: The ability to imagine positive and negative future events was assessed using the future thinking paradigm (MacLeod, Rose, & Williams, 1993). Depressed and nondepressed participants completed the future thinking task after being randomly allocated to either a rumination or distraction manipulation (Nolen‐Hoeksema & Morrow, 1993). Mood was measured before and after the manipulation. Participants also completed a standard verbal fluency task.Results: In the depressed group, compared to distraction, rumination increased both negative and positive future thinking, although the effect was only significant for negative future thinking once baseline levels of hopelessness were controlled for. These findings are consistent with the prediction that rumination would increase negative future thinking, but inconsistent with the prediction that rumination would reduce positive future thinking. Previous findings that, compared to controls, depressed patients generated fewer positive future events were replicated.Conclusion: Ruminative self‐focus leads to greater negative future thinking in depressed patients, further confirming that rumination exacerbates negative cognitive biases in depression. The relationship between rumination and positive future thinking was unexpected, but might potentially reflect a general priming of self‐related information by rumination.
The Effect of Neutron Flux on Radiation-Induced Embrittlement in Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Stoller RE 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe effect of neutron flux level is a longstanding concern for determining the applicability of test reactor data or high lead-factor surveillance data to the prediction of embrittlement in commercial reactor pressure vessels (RPV). However, as operating reactors reach higher fluences, the question of flux effects is becoming increasingly relevant for situations such as embrittlement attenuation through the (RPV) and the comparison of boiling and pressurized reactor RPVs. In spite of its technological importance and extensive experimental and theoretical investigation, the issue of neutron flux effects on radiation-induced embrittlement in RPV steels remains unresolved. For neutron fluxes much greater than RPV operating conditions (&gt;100 times higher), a regime exists in which the effects of flux are well defined experimentally and are well predicted by current models. These same models predict that the effect of flux should be relatively weak for values near those obtained in commercial RPVs, but may increase at lower fluxes. However, it is difficult to obtain sufficient data at low to intermediate fluxes to unambiguously determine the effects of flux since the time required to reach the desired fluences is necessarily long. In order to demonstrate the potential effects of flux on RPV embrittlement, and to help interpret the available experiments, a kinetic embrittlement model has been used in an analysis of the primary variables involved. The results of the analysis are consistent with a modest effect of flux on embrittlement for fluxes near those typical of commercial RPVs.
Surprisingly Large Generation and Retention of Helium and Hydrogen in Pure Nickel Irradiated at High Temperatures and High Neutron Exposures
Authors: Greenwood LR , Garner FA , Oliver BM , Grossbeck ML , Wolfer WG 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Hydrogen and helium measurements in pure nickel irradiated to 100 dpa in HFIR at temperatures between 300 and 600°C show higher gas concentrations than predicted from fast-neutron reactions and the two-step 58Ni(n,γ)59Ni (n,p and n,α) reactions. This additional gas production suggests previously unidentified nuclear sources of helium and possibly hydrogen that assert themselves at very high neutron exposure. The elevated hydrogen measurements are especially surprising since it is generally accepted that hydrogen is very mobile in nickel at elevated temperatures and therefore is easily lost, never reaching large concentrations. However, it appears that relatively large hydrogen concentrations can be reached and retained for many years after irradiation at reactor-relevant temperatures. These new effects may have a significant impact on the performance of nickel-bearing alloys at high neutron fluences in both fission and fusion reactor irradiations.
The Significance of Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema in Live Birth Determination
Authors: Lavezzi WA , McKenna BJ , Wolf BC 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The utility of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) in live birth determination is not well established. Because the distinction between live birth and stillbirth may be important in criminal proceedings, we undertook this study to investigate the relationship between the histologic finding of PIE and live birth. Sixty-six cases of infant death were retrieved and compared with 21 stillborn infants. Histologic sections of the lungs were characterized as “florid PIE,” “equivocal PIE,” or “absent PIE.” Sixteen cases of florid PIE were identified, all in live born infants. Forty-seven cases of equivocal PIE were found in 36 live born and 11 stillborn infants. In 24 cases (14 live born infants and 10 stillborns), no PIE was identified. We examined the relationship between florid PIE in infants with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) or “sudden unexpected death in infancy, manner undetermined” (SUDI), and also its relationship to other variables. No association was found. The presence of equivocal PIE may be an artifact of tissue processing.
Florid PIE is found only in live born infants. No correlation between the presence of florid PIE and cause of death could be determined.
Identification of Traumatic Injury in Burned Cranial Bone: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Pope EJ , Smith OC 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Interpreting patterns of injury in victims of fire-related deaths poses challenges for forensic investigators. Determining manner of death (accident, suicide or homicide) using charred remains is compounded by the thermal distortion and fragmentation of soft and skeletal tissues. Heat degrades thin cranial structures and obscures the characteristic signatures of perimortem ballistic, blunt, and sharp force trauma in bone, making ifferentiation from thermal trauma difficult. This study documents the survivability and features of traumatic injury through all stages of burning for soft tissue reduction and organic degradation of cranial bone.
Forty cadaver heads were burned in environments simulating forensic fires. Progression of thermal degradation was photographically documented throughout the destructive stages for soft tissues and bone to establish expected burn sequence patterns for the head. In addition to testing intact vaults, a percentage were selectively traumatized to introduce the variables of soft tissue disruption, fractures, impact marks, and incisions throughout the cremation process. Skeletal materials were recovered, reconstructed, and correlated with photographs to discern burn patterns and survivability of traumatic features.
This study produced two important results: (1) Identification of preexistent trauma is possible in reconstructed burned cranial bone. Signatures of ballistic (internal and external bevel, secondary fractures), blunt force (impact site, radiating fractures), and sharp force (incisions, stabs, sectioning) survive the cremation process. (2) In non-traumatized specimens, the skull does not explode from steam pressure but does fragment as a result of external forces (collapsed debris, extinguishment methods) and handling. The features of both results are sequentially described thr throughout the progression of thermal destruction.
Validation Study of the True Allele® Automated Data Review System
Authors: Kadash K , Kozlowski BE , Biega LA , Duceman BW 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
The New York State Convicted Offender DNA Databank is the first U.S. lab to complete an internal validation of the True Allele® expert data review system. TrueAllele® is designed to assess short tandem repeat (STR) DNA data based on several key features such as peak height, shape, area, and position relative to a standard ladder and use this information to make accurate allele calls. The software then prioritizes the allele calls based on several user-defined rules. As a result, the user need only review low-quality data. The validation of this system consisted of an extensive optimization phase and a large concordance phase. During optimization, the rule settings were tailored to minimize the amount of high-quality data viewed by the user. In the concordance phase, a large dataset was typed in parallel with the ABI software Gene Scan® and Genotyper® (manual review) and TrueAllele® (automated review) for comparison of allele calls and sample state assignment. Only one significant difference was discovered out of 2048 samples in the concordance study. In this case, TrueAllele® revealed a spike in the profile that was interpreted as a DNA peak by the analyst in Genotyper®. TrueAllele® was designed to focus the review on poor data and to eliminate the need for complete reanalysis technical review. This validation project proved TrueAllele® to be dependable for use at the NYS Convicted Offender DNA Databank.
Race: Scientific nonproblem, cultural quagmire
Authors: Tattersall Ian 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe matter of biological differentiation among human beings has been a perennial concern of physical anthropologists, whose profession grew out of the monogenist/polygenist debates of the 18th century, and who periodically feel impelled to issue sonorous pronouncements on the subject. In spite of (or perhaps because of) the extensive and difficult cultural ramifications of the race issue, such pronouncements have usually presented the matter of race as one that requires extensive bioanthropological exegesis. In reality, however, race is the most banal of biological issues. Within any species, including Homo sapiens, two biological processes are possible: physical differentiation (as routinely occurs in small population isolates) and reintegration (should the resulting differentiated populations come together in the absence of any barrier to mating). The history of Homo sapiens reflects both of these processes: initial differentiation among small, scattered populations in the later part of the Pleistocene, and subsequent reintegration as the human population expanded and these populations came together once more. It is for this reason that, while certain modal physical types can be recognized on any urban street today (differentiation), it is impossible to recognize any clear boundaries between them (reintegration). All of this is perfectly unremarkable in evolutionary terms, and requires no special explanation. The complexities of the race issue are real, of course, and it is important that we come to terms with them; but they will not be resolved by biologists. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 278B:23–26, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nomogrammverfahren für die Planung von Maßnahmen zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz
Authors: Knaust Gerald 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn DIN 4108 Teil 2 „Wärmeschutz‐ und Energie‐Einsparung in Gebäuden, Mindestanforderungen an den Wärmeschutz”︁ werden Mindestanforderungen an den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz von Gebäuden gestellt. Zwar werden nach der gültigen DIN 4108 für die Innentemperatur in Abhängigkeit von der Klimaregion Grenzwerte benannt, der rechnerische Nachweis der Raumtemperatur wird wegen der Komplexität der Zusammenhänge jedoch nicht geführt.Damit auch im Sinne von Planungssicherheit die Raumtemperatur bereits während der Vorplanung mit verhältnismäßig geringem Aufwand vom Planer abgeschätzt werden kann, wird an dieser Stelle ein Nomogrammverfahren zur Bemessung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes vorgestellt, das alle wesentlichen, die Raumtemperatur beeinflussenden Größen berücksichtigt. Diese Größen werden erläutert. Ein Beispiel verdeutlicht die Verfahrensweise zur Bemessung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes.
Effiziente 3‐D numerische Simulation im Tunnel und Kavernenbau
Authors: Dünser Christian , Vorauer Joachim , Beer Gernot 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDreidimensionale Simulationen von Tunneln bzw. Kavernen werden in der Praxis aus verschiedensten Gründen selten durchgeführt. Die Gründe hiefür sind ein großer Aufwand in der Netzgenerierung und lange Berechnungszeiten. In der gegenständlichen Untersuchung einer Krafthauskaverne handelt es sich eindeutig um ein dreidimensionales Problem, das nicht auf ein zweidimensionales Berechnungsmodell reduziert werden kann. Ziel der numerischen Simulation war es, die Ursachen für das Auftreten von Rissen in der Betonstruktur eines Krafthauses zu finden, bzw. festzustellen, ob sich diese Risse weiter ausbreiten werden. Im Beitrag wird gezeigt, daß es mit Hilfe einer Koppelung der Methode der Finiten Elemente und der Randelemente gelingt, den Simulationsaufwand stark zu reduzieren.
Verankerung bei Vorspannung mit sofortigem Verbund nach DIN 1045‐1
Authors: Hegger Josef , Will Norbert , Bülte Sebastian 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDer aktuelle Stand der Technik zum Verbund‐ und Verankerungsverhalten von Spannstahl im sofortigen Verbund und die daraus abgeleiteten Bemessungsregeln für DIN 1045‐1 werden erläutert und an Bemessungsbeispielen verdeutlicht. Die Regelungen zum Nachweis der Verankerung weichen zum Teil erheblich von den bisherigen Nachweisverfahren nach DIN 4227 ab. Das neue Bemessungskonzept gilt für alle Vorspanngrade.
Neue Tendenzen im Erdbebeningenieurwesen
Authors: Bachmann Hugo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWie kann das Erdbebenverhalten von Bau‐ und Tragwerken möglichst wirklichkeitsnah erfaßt werden? Was für Vorgehensweisen und Bemessungsverfahren führen zu den besten Maßnahmen? Wie kann nebst der Einsturzsicherung auch eine wirksame Schadensbegrenzung erreicht werden? Wie lassen sich allfällige Mehrkosten vermeiden oder auf das wirklich Notwendige begrenzen? Solche und ähnliche Fragestellungen beschäftigen Forschung und Praxis des Erdbebeningenieurwesens. Zu den möglichen Antworten zeichnen sich neue Tendenzen ab.
Teil 1: Aufstellung der Bedingungsgleichungen mit Überprüfung der Lösbarkeit
Authors: Hartung Bernhard , Krebs Albert 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIm Stahlbetonquerschnitt geht wegen der Nichtlinearität beim Werkstoffverhalten die Möglichkeit der Superposition verloren. Für die allgemeine Schnittgrößenkombination (Nx, Vy, Vz, Mz, My und Tx) hat sich noch kein Lösungsweg zur Berechnung des zugehörigen Verzerrungszustandes im Querschnitt etabliert. Die den derzeitigen Normen zugrundeliegende Technische Biegelehre liefert nur für die Schnittgrößenkombination (Nx, My und Mz) den korrekten zugehörigen Verzerrungszustand, die sogenannte Dehnungsebene.Die Technische Biegelehre wird nachfolgend derart erweitert, daß auch für die allgemeine Schnittgrößenkombination der zugehörige Verzerrungszustand berechnet werden kann. Er ist ebenfalls eine Dehnungsebene, die infolge der zu berücksichtigenden Gleitung zusätzlich noch verwölbt wird. Bei der Erweiterten Technischen Biegelehre (ETB) werden analog der Technischen Biegelehre die notwendigen Bedingungen von Gleichgewicht und geometrischer Verträglichkeit bei realistischem Werkstoffverhalten erfüllt.
Bemessung von Grundbauwerken aus Stahlbeton nach DIN 1054 (01.03)
Authors: Speier Ludger , Görtz Stephan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAbweichend von dem bisher gültigen Konzept der DIN 1054 (Ausgabe November 1976) bezieht sich der Geltungsbereich der Neufassung von Januar 2003 explizit auch auf die Standsicherheit und die Gebrauchstauglichkeit von Bauwerken und Bauteilen im Erd‐ und Grundbau. Da keine vollständige Übereinstimmung zur neuen Normengeneration besteht, insbesondere zu den Vorschriften zur Bemessung von Stahlbetontragwerken (DIN 1045‐1, Teil 1‐4, DIN 1055‐100, DIN Fachberichte 100‐104), existieren Interpretationsspielräume.Es werden die Grundzüge und Differenzen der beiden Konzepte vorgestellt und Anwendungsregeln gegeben. Bemessungsergebnisse bei der Anwendung der neuen Normengeneration am Beispiel eines Tunnelbauwerks in bergmännischer Bauweise werden mit den bisher gültigen Normen (DIN 1045 (07.88), DIN 1054 (11.76), ZTVTunnel Teil I) verglichen.
A Novel Method to Synthesize Polystyrene Nanospheres Immobilized with Silver Nanoparticles by Using Compressed CO2
Authors: Zhang Jianling , Liu Zhimin , Han Buxing , Liu Dongxia , Chen Jing , He Jun , Jiang Tao 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this work, a novel route to synthesize polymer/metal composite nanospheres has been proposed. This method combines the advantages that the polymer chains collapse and entangle in the presence of compressed CO2, which acts as antisolvent, and the metal nanoparticles and polymers can be precipitated simultaneously from micellar solutions by the easy control of CO2 pressure. Ag/polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites have been successfully prepared using this method. The transmission electronic micrographs (TEM) of the obtained nanocomposites show that the smaller Ag nanoparticles are immobilized by PS nanospheres of about 50 nm; the phase structure was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The Ag/PS nanocomposites show absorption properties at a wavelength of ≈417 nm. The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and FT‐IR spectra indicate that there is no chemical linkage or strong interaction between PS and Ag nanoparticles in the resultant products. This method has many potential advantages for applications and may easily be applied to the preparation of a range of inorganic/ polymer composite nanoparticles.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structure of Ba5In4Bi5: An Acentric and One‐Electron Deficient Phase
Authors: Ponou Siméon , Fässler Thomas F. , Tobías Gerard , Canadell Enric , Cho Ara , Sevov Slavi C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe new ternary phase Ba5In4Bi5 was synthesized by direct reaction of the corresponding elements at high temperature. It crystallizes in a noncentrosymmetric space group and represents a new structure type (tetragonal, P4nc with a=10.620(2) and c=9.009(2) Å, Z=2). The structure is built of interconnected heteroatomic clusters of In4Bi5, square pyramids with In4‐bases and four exo‐bonded bismuth atoms (bond to the In atoms). According to Wade's rule the compound is electron‐deficient with one electron per cluster, that is, [In4Bi5]10− instead of the expected [In4Bi5]11− for a closed‐shell species. The clusters are discussed also in light of the known heteroatomic deltahedral clusters with the same composition but different charge, [In4Bi5]3−. Band structure calculations on the new compound suggest substantial participation of barium in the overall bonding of the structure that “accounts” for the electron shortage
Probability rule for chiral recognition
Authors: Kafri Ran , Lancet Doron 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMolecular Chirality is of central interest in biological studies because enantiomeric compounds, while indistinguishable by most inanimate systems, show profoundly different properties in biochemical environments. Enantioselective separation methods, based on the differential recognition of two optical isomers by a chiral selector, have been amply documented. Also, great effort has been directed towards a theoretical understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying the chiral recognition process. Here we report a comprehensive data examination of enantioseparation measurements for over 72,000 chiral selector‐selectand pairs from the chiral selection compendium CHIRBASE. The distribution of α = k′D/k′L values was found to follow a power law, equivalent to an exponential decay for chiral differential free energies. This observation is experimentally relevant in terms of the number of different individual or combinatorial selectors that need to be screened in order to observe α values higher than a preset minimum. A string model for enantiorecognition (SMED) formalism is proposed to account for this observation on the basis of an extended Ogston three‐point interaction model. Partially overlapping molecular interaction domains are analyzed in terms of a string complementarity model for ligand‐receptor complementarity. The results suggest that chiral selection statistics may be interpreted in terms of more general concepts related to biomolecular recognition. Chirality 16:369–378, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New bounds for the Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky equation
Authors: Giacomelli Lorenzo , Otto Felix 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe show that every L‐periodic mean‐zero solution u of the Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky equation is on average o(L) for L ≫ 1, in the sense that for any T > 0 the space average of | u(t) | is bounded by $L \over T$ for any t > T and any L sufficiently large. For this we argue that on large spatial scales, the solution behaves like an entropy solution of the inviscid Burgers equation. The analysis of this non‐standard perturbation of the Burgers equation is based on a “div‐curl” argument. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scanning Tunneling Study of the Assembly of Octa‐ and Tetraruthenium Supermolecules on Graphite
Authors: Shieh Dong‐Lin , Shiu Kom‐Bei , Lin Jong‐Liang 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSurface layer structures of [{Ru2(CO)4(PMe3)2}(μ‐O2CCO2)]4 and [{Ru2(CO)4(PMe3)2}(μ‐O2CCH2CO2)]2 with [Ru2(CO)4(PMe3)2] building blocks cis‐ligated by either O2CCO2 or O2CCH2CO2 on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. STM images of well‐ordered assemblies of these two molecules with molecular or submolecular resolution were obtained. These two molecules can adopt an orientation with their Ru−Ru bonds parallel or perpendicular to the substrate surface forming ordered 2D‐arrays with different layer structures and tunneling spectra. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Preparation, Structure Determination and Cytotoxicity of the PdII·Bleomycin A2 Complex
Authors: Papakyriakou Athanasios , Bratsos Ioannis , Katsarou Maria , Katsaros Nikos 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe solution structure of the PdII·bleomycin A2 complex was resolved by NMR spectroscopy in combination with molecular modelling. The preparation of the complex in 1.0 M NaCl aqueous solutions leads to the formation of a major compound, which is very stable at ambient temperature. Our NMR spectroscopic data demonstrate that bleomycin is coordinated through the β‐aminoalanine secondary amine, the pyrimidine ring N1, the deprotonated histidyl amide and the imidazole N1, in contrast to an earlier study that proposed coordination of the valerate amide. 2D NMR spectroscopic data were used as distance constraints in simulated annealing molecular‐dynamics calculations and the first solution structure of a square‐planar metallo‐bleomycin is reported. In order to assess the toxicity of PdII·bleomycin, cytotoxicity measurements were performed in U937 and K562 leukemia cell lines using two methods. In both cell lines the free drug and the complex exhibit similar toxicity as a function of time. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)