bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race and Health Disparities
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems that a majority of U.S. bioethicists support substantial health-care reform, buying into the argument that it is immoral for a country as rich as ours to deny such a large percentage of the population guaranteed access to routine, basic health care.1 When we ask why bioethics has not succeeded in persuading the majority of the American public of this moral truth, the reply often given is that Americans have been unwilling to support major-health care reform because it is seen as a large government entitlement program, which we tend to view with extreme suspicion. In turn, it is said, Americans oppose such entitlement programs out of convictions that these programs are inefficient and ineffective, are prone to waste and abuse, and would undermine individuals’ taking responsibility for them- selves as they ought.
Environmental and Global Issues
Authors: Brody Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, the two general topic areas combined in this chapter, environmental issues and globalization and international justice, might seem an illogical alliance. The latter might be linked conceptually to the general model that I derived from feminist ethics and described in Chapter 6. We can imagine the population of the developed world, and that of the developing world, standing next to each other in the one-up/ one-down power relationship and therefore seeing a number of ethical issues quite differently. Listening to the voices of the one-down group might prove ethically insightful for the rest of us. By contrast, it is not clear how that model could apply to environmental issues.
Putnam at the New York Neurological Institute: Clinical Activity and Vulnerability
Authors: Rowland Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was never anyone as versatile neurologically as Tracy Putnam, not before or since. When he arrived in New York, he had estimable credentials in both neurology and neurosurgery, even also in psychiatry. The closest comparison might have been the great Wilder Penfield, who called himself a “surgical neurologist.” However, Penfield largely restricted his operations to studies of—and treatment for— epilepsy. And he created a great neurological institute in Montreal, where he encouraged Herbert Jasper to join him as electroencephalographer. Together they essentially invented the concept of “temporal lobe epilepsy,” in which the seizures include abnormalities of thought and behavior. These attacks start in areas of the brain that were thought to have been damaged by birth injuries or other trauma. By ingenious surgery, he could excise the seizure focus and relieve the attacks, even though adding more traumatic damage in the process of operating. More than any historical figure in medicine, Penfield showed that the mind is in and of the brain. By stimulating different parts of the brain with an electrical current, he could evoke visions, sounds, and spoken words. Yet, he ended his life as a dualist, believing in a soul separable from the brain. But Penfield did not take on all of neurosurgery himself.
Putnam Gets the Boot: How It Was Done
Authors: Rowland Lewis P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Presbyterian Hospital in the City of New York joined with the Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, they adopted guidelines that have remained in place ever since. Chairs of the departments are university officers, and they are the ones who nominate new members of the faculty. If a clinical department is involved, the person has two titles, one at the university and the other in the hospital. For instance, an assistant professor of neurology in the medical school is an assistant attending neurologist in the hospital. In the medical school, Tracy Putnam’s title was professor of neurology. At Presbyterian Hospital, he was director of two separate services, Neurology and Neurosurgery. He held these positions with “tenure,” which ordinarily means that he could not be forced to relinquish his positions without cause. Tenure was designed to protect the right of university professors to speak and write without fear of being fired for expressing unpopular views. Tenure is granted by the university, not the hospital. It is a promise to pay a salary if other sources are lost but has never been tested at Columbia as far as the author knows.
The End of the Otriad
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1943 close to 3 million Polish Jews had perished, about 90 percent of the prewar Jewish population. In Western Belorussia this Jewish destruction was evident in the German liquidation of surrounding ghettos and camps. In contrast, within the Russian partisan movement, informal anti-Semitism seemed to be losing its effectiveness while official acceptance of Jews appeared to be increasing. The Bielski otriad continued to grow as more Jewish fugitives reached the camp. Some new arrivals had come after one or more stopovers at hiding places that for a variety of reasons became exposed. Some covered vast distances. For example, one family had traveled from as far away as Vilna. Still others were guerrillas who had left Russian detachments because as Jews they felt discriminated against.
Between Democracy and Violence and the Problem of Military Humanitarian Interventions
Authors: On Bat-Ami Bar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In “Power, Violence, and Legitimacy: A Reading of Hannah Arendt in an Age of Police Brutality and Humanitarian Intervention,” Iris Marion Young notes that in 1999, while completing Inclusion and Democracy, she was unable to continue her work on the book since “[w]ith NATO bombs raining on Yugoslavia, reffection on the essentially nonviolent values of democracy felt irrelevant at best and arrogantly privileged at worst” (Young 2007 p. 79). Young then turned to think about violence and wrote “Power, Violence and Legitimacy” (2001, republished in 2007). Young devoted some of her time to thinking about violence again after the Al-Qaeda attacks of September 11, 2001 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and the George W. Bush administration’s quick response with a declaration of a “War on Terror.” She did so in two essays, “Envisioning a Global Rule of Law,” which she coauthored with Daniele Archibugi (2002, republished in 2007), and “The Logic of Masculinist Protection: Reffections on the Current Security State” (2003, republished in 2007). What all three essays share is a very critical view of what Young comes to call “official violence”—the violence “perpetrated by agents of the state as means to achieve their mission of law enforcement” (2007, p. 95) either domestically or internationally—and of the rhetoric that is deployed to mobilize support for official violence. The criticism, Young points out, is motivated by a “hope for a regime of perpetual peace” (2007, p. 3) that Young believes must never be abandoned, a hope that given Young’s commitments and other work, I read as one for a global version of a socioeconomically just liberal-democracy with accountable transnational institutions and an active public sphere.
Dual Leadership and Constitutional Developments after Khomeini
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assembly of leadership experts met on june 4, 1989, the morning after Khomeini’s death, and elected Sayyed ‘Ali Khamenei as Khomeini’s successor, the Leader of the Islamic Republic, by 60 out of 74 votes. Except for “Imam,” all of Khomeini’s political titles were transferred to Khamenei. This appears to have been in accordance with Khomeini’s wish. According to Hashemi-Rafsanjani’s later testimony, the day after he and Khamenei delivered the letter of dismissal as Khomeini’s successor to Ayatollah Montazeri in Qom at the end of March 1989, they had a meeting with the ailing Khomeini in the company of the President and Vice-President of the Assembly of Leadership Experts, in which they reportedly tried to change Khomeini’s mind on the grounds that there was no other suitable candidate for succession. They were all surprised, and Khamenei himself was “shocked,” when Khomeini pointed to the latter as his successor. It is interesting to note that in the June 4, 1989, meeting of the Assembly of Experts after Khomeini’s death, both Rafsanjani and Khamenei argued for a Leadership Council of three, which was still in the Constitution, but the majority decided to vote for one.
Revolutionary Ideology and Its Transformation into Islamic Reformism
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Khomeini’s sense of moral outrage against modernization as westernization was widely shared by an important section of the younger generation of intellectuals who enjoyed neither his lofty position in the Shi’ite hierocracy nor his deep and fortifying roots in the Shi’ite tradition. This common sentiment of moral indignation found a variety of expressions in the search for cultural roots and authenticity in pre-revolution Iran. Islam was gradually highlighted as the predominant element in the native cultural heritage.
Iran’s Foreign Policy: From the Export of Revolution to Pragmatism
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foreign policy of revolutionary regimes is closely linked to their domestic politics, or more precisely to the stage of the revolution. It is closely tied to the struggle of the pragmatic against the radical elements in the revolutionary elite in the early stage, and against the hardliners later in the post-revolutionary period. The first major foreign policy in revolutionary Iran was the typical one for all revolutions: the choice between the export of revolution—in this case the spread of the Islamic revolution beyond Iran—and accommodation with the rest of the world. The presidency of Hashemi-Rafsanjani meant a victory for the pragmatists in foreign policy, with the Gulf War (1990–1991) in its early years as the decisive point of transition.Revolutionary rhetoric, which persisted for three decades, dies even harder in foreign policy, and that is why it is important to examine in close detail the key period of transition to pragmatism in order to reveal its limits.
The Irish Bull
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The soup before me had stopped steaming. Had it ever steamed? 1 The English dictionary definitions of the Irish bull take for granted the very thing which is sharply at stake. bull A self-contradictory proposition; in modem use, an expression containing a manifest contradiction in terms or involving a ludicrous inconsistency unperceived by the speaker. Now often with epithet Irish;but the word had been long in use before it came to be associated with Irishmen. (OED) A blunder, or inadvertent contradiction of terms, for which the Irish are proverbial.
An Italian’s Experience: Land and Nation
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another adjective which ‘tells’ in the Georgics, as it does already in Lucretius, is ‘varius’.’ The word itself is not used as a leitmotiv in the poem, as to an extent ‘laetus’ and ‘durus’ are, but the topic of variety concerns the second book especially, where ‘varius’ sounds immediately after the eight introductory lines of invocation to the god Bacchus: ‘principio arboribus varia est natura creandis’ (Firstly, the nature by which trees may grow is diverse). This theme will pervade the book. On one level, Virgil explores the variety of the physical landscape; he enjoys examining the different kinds of soil and terrain, and considering what can best be grown on each. Such discussion is the expression of the interest in the quiddity of particular places and landscapes that we have found growing in Virgil’s predecessors and shall meet again in his younger contemporaries; he gives the sentiment a new solidity by linking it so naturally to the practical problems of agriculture. But while more down-to-earth than before, he becomes at the same time more cerebral.
The Northern Colonial Area
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE material from the northern colonies is still very meagre, and much of it inadequately published. This section consists of little more than a brief list of those places which have yielded any relevant inscriptions, within the following groups: Chalkidike; Macedonia and southern Thrace (as far as the Chersonese) ; the Hellespont and Propontis; and the Euxine. The alphabet concerned is in nearly every case the eastern Ionic (Fig. 46); exceptions are discussed as they occur.
Theopompus of Chios
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theopompus of Chios was one of the most important ancient Greek historians of the fourth century BC. Although his work has survived only in fragments - as quotations and paraphrases in later writers - these are still a rich and vital source of information for Greek political, social, and intellectual history during the age of Philip of Macedon. This book both explores Theopompus' historical method and the intellectual milieu in which he worked, whilst the fragments themselves are placed in 'context' by examining where and why they are cited by later authors. Through this illuminating and original study, the author leads up to some important new conclusions about historical writing in the fourth century BC: he argues that there was no so-called Isocratean school of rhetorical history; that Theopompus used moral explanations typical of Greek thought to account for historical changes; and that oral tradition, as opposed to rhetorical invention, was still vibrant in the fourth century. Professor Flower also provides a critical method for evaluating Theopompus' historical accuracy. All Greek in the book is translated.
The Struggle for Survival (641–780)
Authors: Treadgold Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These years can rightly be called the Dark Age of Byzantine history: a time of military reverses, political instability, economic regression, and declining education, which has left but a scanty record for modern historians. The evidence is so poor that we often have trouble not only reconstructing the course of events and evaluating the personalities of leading figures, but even discerning the broadest outlines of development. One of the harder questions to answer is how Byzantium managed to survive the Arabs’ attacks at all.
The Late Third Millennium BC in the Oman Peninsula
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late third millennium in the Arabian Gulf has been studied intensively in recent years, but equal coverage has not been given to all parts of the region. At present most of our information comes from the Oman peninsula. To a lesser extent, finds from Bahrain and eastern Saudi Arabia can also be assigned to this time-range, but Qatar and Kuwait, on the other hand, have produced virtually no material of comparable date. In the previous chapter considerable space was devoted to a discussion of Dilmun. Although Dilmun will continue to figure in subsequent chapters, it is the land known in Sumerian as Magan, in Akkadian as Makkan, that now comes to the fore. Let us begin, however, with a discussion of the archaeological finds from the Oman peninsula.
The Oman Peninsula, 1300—300 BC
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are obvious differences between the mid-second-millennium assemblages and early Iron Age materials in the Oman peninsula, there appears to be no discontinuity in settlement. The beginnings of the Omani Iron Age are now put at c.1300 BC, while the end is set around 300 BC. Throughout this long period, generally contemporary with the Iron Age and Achaemenid periods in Iran, we find ourselves in the presence of a widespread and, in many respect” homogeneous culture extending from the Wadi Samad in the south to Ras al-Khaimah in the north (Fig. 37). In fact, the period appears to witness a flourishing of settlement and technology unrivalled in the peninsula’s history up to that point. In the opinion of some scholars, this is attributable to the introduction of a new system of irrigation technology known as falağ in the Arabic-speaking world and qanat in Iran. This is an hypothesis which will be discussed below in greater detail.
Alexander, the Seleucids, and the Arabian Gulf
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the series of defeats inflicted upon the forces of the Achaemenid empire by the armies of Alexander the Great, most of Western as well as parts of Central and South Asia fell under Macedonian control. During the centuries which followed Alexander’s death, however, his former dominions came under the sway of a variety of states and empires. Of greatest interest for us are the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires in the east, the Roman and Byzantine empires in the west, the Himyarite and Axumite states in the south, and the Arab vassal states—Kinda, Ghassan, and Labm—in the desert zones which formed a buffer between these empires. It is all too easy to become mesmerized by the politico-military history of the post Alexandrine period, however, and to lose sight of the indigenous peoples of our region. We must seek to strike a balance between reportage at the imperial level and exposition of local developments, even though the two are often inextricably intertwined.
Book 10
Authors: Paschalis Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘T ‘he opening ( ‘panditur ‘) of the Gates of Olympus reveals bitter dis sent in the council of the gods, which in the end (96 ff.) assumes storm like proportions. The situation recalls the opening of the gates of Troy and the dissent of the Trojans, and more closely the winds in Aeolus ‘ cavernous mountain. Olympus combines here Palace and Sky as well l\fountain (for the latter cf. I I 5). Olympus is in addition a high vantage-point, from where Jupiter surveys ( ‘aspectat ‘) the events on earth. Jupiter ‘s all-encompassing gaze gives him know ledge of the course of the war between the Trojans and the Latins and the involvement of the gods. Considering that ‘arduus ‘ in the Aeneid suggests not only Sight ( ‘aspectat ‘) but also Fire ( ‘ardeo ‘), the epithet may allude to Jupiter ‘s reaction to what he sees.1 In a speech to the gods he demands that the ,var in Italy and the internal dissen sion of the gods come to an end. Unlike Aeolus in Aeneid I, ,vho raises a storm on Juno ‘s instructions by piercing the mountain with his spear, the father of the gods calms the ‘storm ‘ of dissent (1ooff.) \Nith a speech, which lodges spearlike (or arrowlike) in the hearts of the gods ( ‘haec mea figite dicta ‘), and in the end he shakes Olympus \Vith a nod of his head. On the human level the calming of the ‘storm ‘ foreshadows a calm voyage for Aeneas (note Venus ‘ accusations against Juno in 36ff.).
ξ (XXaXb)
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I give the collective symbol to three closely related manuscripts XXaXb. They have two especial features in common: (i) they have scholia composed by Moschopoulos, and (ii) they have some readings which appear to be conjectural. Turyn claimed that these manuscripts reflect a ‘recension’ by Moschopoulos himself.1
Sources of Law: Legal Sources
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How did the Athenian dikastes determine the law which he was to apply? What were the authoritative sources of law, and how did they relate to each other? Contemporary legal systems, as we have seen, can be divided into common-law and civil-law systems. Among the former are England and virtually all the United States; the latter group covers most of Continental Western Europe, but in particular France, Germany, and Italy. A few countries, such as Scotland, have hybrid systems with features derived both from common and from civil law. Formally speaking, what distinguishes a civil-law country is its direct relationship to Roman law as codified under Justinian (see the discussion of ‘reception’ at 1.b.i above). Nevertheless, there are other characteristic distinctions also.
Merovingian Bishops
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point, our analysis of Fortunatus’ poems has focused on the question of how he adapted and developed the Latin literary tradition in a Merovingian context. The two genres, panegyric and consolation, offered him a clearly defined tradition of purpose, structure, and detail of motif, and a clearly defined role towards his patron and audience. Consideration of the historical context and the personal circumstances of his patrons have illuminated Fortunatus’ aims on particular occasions and informed our judgement of his use of a genre. It is the genre which has been our touchstone, the control by which we have assessed the poet’s grounding in the literary tradition, and his sensitivity, imagination, and skill in adapting that tradition for his Merovingian patrons.
Consolidation And Internal Unrest
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the functions normally fulfilled by armies of occupation, those connected with initial consolidation and with the organization and policing of an area which no longer resisted Roman rule. The Roman army was trained to fight full-scale battles, but most soldiers were only occasionally engaged in major wars. It need not be supposed that there was always tension at the frontier of the empire when there is no evidence for it. Hence the suggestion, in Chapter IX, that barriers like those in southern Germany had no military significance.
The Historical Context of the Treasures
Authors: Harris Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Our knowledge of the architecture of the Parthenon only really falters when we try to envisage details of its interior. Much of the outer colonnades and walls still stand and the rest can be confidently restored, but the requirements of its Orthodox, Catholic and Moslem occupiers have stripped its interior of all but pavement traces of what once stood there.’ To reconstruct the appearance of the interior of the Parthenon architecturally is still a challenge, but to restore what was kept inside the temple is now possible, thanks to the preservation of some 200 marble inscriptions which record the inventories of the Parthenon in the classical period. A variety of types of furniture, vases, musical instruments, armour, and jewellery were kept in all the rooms of the Parthenon, as well as the Erechtheion, Chalkotheke, Stoa of Artemis Brauronia, and the Opisthodomos. The inventories allow a reconstruction of the interior arrangement of the Chalkotheke, and to a lesser extent shed light on the murky interiors of the Erechtheion and Parthenon. The inventory lists indicate that shelves and storage boxes, labelled alphabetically for keeping gold wreaths and other small valuable objects, were used inside the Parthenon.
Lysistrata
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is little metrical variety in Lysistrata, but different types of rhythm are used structurally, as in Clouds, to mark off the main divisions of the action. Again as in Clouds., the play falls into three sections. A point of difference, however, is that the dominant metres of Lysistrata, trochaic and cretic, are characteristically, even boisterously, comic. An exceptional feature of the play is the antagonism of the two semichoruses.