bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of dialysis technology in the founding of nephrology
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first half of the twentieth century, medicine had shown a tendency to spawn specialist groups of physicians interested in particular groups of diseases, usually based upon an anatomo-physiological system: first dermatology in the late nineteenth century, then neurology, cardiology and later gastroenterology. However, between the two world wars the study of renal disease remained within the province of general physicians such as Henry Christian, Arthur Fishberg, Thomas Addis and Leonard Rowntree in the United States, and Franz Volhard, Pasteur Vallery-Radot and Robert Platt in Europe; whilst renal physiology remained fully integrated with physiology in general.
Dialysis patients in the 1960s and 1970s: old and new complications
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1965, about 100 units worldwide had started long-term dialysis programmes, so that in September of that year 168 individuals were on dialysis in Europe (probably all on haemodialysis), and maybe somewhat more in the United States, a handful of whom were receiving peritoneal dialysis. By the end of the decade in 1970 their number had multiplied to over 5000, still the overwhelming majority receiving haemodialysis. A further 10 years saw the world total of people on dialysis leap dramatically to about 140 000 in 1980, and a significant and rising proportion were receiving peritoneal dialysis in the form of CAPD (see Chapter 19). Who were these patients?
Conclusions: dialysis today—and tomorrow?
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haemodialysis represents the successful application of physical chemistry and physiology, together with materials and mechanical science to a pressing clinical problem which it neither prevents or cures, but only palliates. As such, it represents an archetypal ‘halfway’ technology [1] and involves major ethical, social, political and financial problems: in many ways it is a paradigm of the problems facing much of twenty-firstcentury medicine in developed countries. A number of the pioneer clinicians whose work is reviewed in earlier chapteres are still present to see the consequences of their work, and continue to contribute eloquently to the debate on these dilemmas.
Cultural sensitivity
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be true to say that we approached this chapter with more foreboding than any other in this book. Nowhere is there such fierce controversy in modern mental health services than that raging around the care of ethnic minority groups. In many ways it mirrors the sound and fury that emanated from the ‘nature versus nurture’ battles about families and schizophrenia in the 60s and 70s (see Chapter 15). It is an intensely politicized area. The very strength of feeling on the various sides of the argument (and the passion with which they continue to be advanced) indicates the absence of convincing or conclusive evidence for how to proceed. This is no simple ‘either/or’ issue—there are almost as many conflicts as there are protagonists !
Suicidality
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suicidality may be a result of an individual’s recognition of the realities of coping with a life of serious mental illnesses and grief for the losses incurred. It may be that the illness prevents them acquiring the skills needed to cope with such setbacks and disappointments. Poor coping skills and the social and economic marginalization that can accompany serious illness are a common double burden for our patients. For those with positive psychotic symptoms, suicidality can be driven by command hallucinations, acute paranoid delusions of impending doom, or by the dysphoria that accompanies many patients’ illness.
Personal finance
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many patients with severe and persistent mental illness will identify money as their main problem in surviving in the community. If the key worker and team can help with this problem, then they have a head start. It is an invaluable engagement tool, as well as ensuring the patient can survive outside hospital. In assertive outreach one soon recognizes that financial crises are a frequent cause in themselves for patients to self-present at hospital, or that the stress they impose increases the risk of relapse. We neglect finances at our peril. Do not assume that because the patient has not informed you of any problems, that they are receiving their full benefit entitlement or that the rent or electricity is being paid. Look out for unopened brown envelopes by the door and make sensitive enquiries—especially with patients with a history of neglecting to pay bills or to reapply for benefits.
Employment and activity
Authors: Burns Tom , Firn Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vocational programmers are not new. Victorian asylums recognized the moral and constitutional benefits of work. It is only in the last decades that large psychiatric hospitals in the UK have moved away from having industrial therapy units where patients performed repetitive tasks for pocket money and lunch. It is evident in both the American literature and practice of assertive outreach that real employment is very much higher on their list of priorities than in the UK. Many US teams have a vocational employment worker with the remit to develop opportunities and support patients in jobs. The successful clubhouse system (Beard et al. 1982) demonstrates how dynamic the work-oriented and self-help culture is in the US. Employment law and welfare provision differ there.
Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Borderline personality disorder is a multidimensional disorder best considered as severe personality dysfunction. Around 2% of the population are thought to meet the criteria for the disorder, with approximately 1 in 10,000 people experiencing the most severe difficulties. This group is over-represented in the challenges facing mental health services. Once seen as ‘untreatable’, people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder are all too often mistreated and misdiagnosed, resulting in prolonged and unhelpful relationships with services that are taxing to clients and clinicians alike. Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide for Treatment draws on the latest research and clinical experience to provide an accessible and practical summary of treatment options. It provides hope and evidence that people meeting diagnostic criteria for the disorder can be treated effectively and successfully. The book presents a pragmatic approach to care to be read by all members of mental health and substance use teams including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, counsellors, mental health nurses and social workers.
Prenatal tests
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All parents-to-be are offered tests to check on the wellbeing of their unborn baby. They need clear and relevant information about the purpose, the timing and the risks of each test, as well as details of how the test will actually be performed. The book covers every prenatal test, giving the necessary amount of information on each, without overloading the reader. At each stage of pregnancy, parents can rely on it to:-provide background reading before discussions with medical staff - inform the difficult decisions that may have to be made about whether to have tests—explain the results Prenatal Tests: The Facts is written by two experts in the field. Arranged by stage of pregnancy, and beautifully illustrated with over 20 ultrasound images, it gives parents-to-be all the information they need in order to make the right decisions for themselves and their baby.
Psychotherapy with older adults
Authors: Garner Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can all think of well-known people, family, friends, and patients who age well and enjoy the freedoms later-life may bring. However, the Western world in the twenty-first century can be a difficult place to be if you are old, particularly old and ill. The postmodern emphasis on individuality, achievement, celebrity, fashion, and youth marginalizes older people who would be better recognized if societies were more concerned with the sense of community. That many more people are now able to reach old age is usually not regarded as an achievement but as a ‘problem’ to be resolved.
Legal Education in Germany
Authors: Leser Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALTHOUGH I intend to touch on legal research as well, I have chosen to emphasise legal education and shall address the issues currently under discussion in relation to legal education in Germany. It is an appropriate time to discuss these questions, because the reciprocal recognition of professional legal qualifications in the European Community obliges us all to be aware of the differences in legal education in the different jurisdictions. Additionally, to a comparative lawyer, the differences between the common law and the civil law systems must necessarily be a source of continual interest.
A Multidimensional Theory of Burnout
Authors: Maslach Christina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Job burnout is a prolonged response to chronic interpersonal stressors on the job. The three key dimensions of this response are an overwhelming exhaustion; feelings of cynicism and detachment from the job; and a sense of ineffectiveness and failure (Maslach, 1982a; Maslach and Jackson, 1981b; Maslach and Leiter, 1997). The experience can impair both personal and social functioning. While some people may quit the job as a result of burnout, others will stay on, but will only do the bare minimum rather than their very best. This decline in the quality of work and in both physical and psychological health can be costly-not just for the individual worker, but for everyone affected by that person.
The dermatological history, examination, and investigations frequently used in dermatology
Authors: Path Rona M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most patients with skin disease are first seen and treatment prescribed in a primary care setting or in a hospital out-patient department. A very small number require in-patient care and nowadays, in many parts of the world, this may not be in dedicated dermatology beds. It is therefore even more important than in other specialties to ask the patient all the possibly important questions in an orderly and logical framework in the primary care setting or in the out-patient clinic.
Drug use and multiple drug use
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over time there are variations in the emphasis given to different substances as ‘main’ problem drugs. Sometimes greater attention is given to heroin use. At other times, arguments are made for the primacy of problems associated with crack cocaine, amphetamines, tranquillizers, or other drugs. This chapter discusses the drugs that are most frequently linked to addiction problems. Although the drugs are discussed one at a time, they are seldom used in isolation. Drug users who seek treatment rarely confine their drug taking to just one substance.
Treatment effectiveness and social policy
Authors: Gossop Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large-scale, prospective, multi-site treatment outcome studies have played an important role in improving our understanding of treatment effectiveness (Simpson 1997). They provide valuable information about drug misusers, the separate stages of their addiction careers, their various and complicated involvements with treatment services, and, of course, the changes that occur in their drug use and other problem behaviours across extended periods of time after treatment. Such studies are rare, however, because of the high costs in money, effort, and organizational commitment necessary to implement, coordinate, and sustain such data collection systems over many years.
Ethics and law, consent and Professionalism
Authors: King Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law and ethics, consent and professionalism are a related set of subjects that have only recently begun to be taught systematically as an essential part of the dental curriculum. Each is a subject in its own right but they are integrated in their clinical application within health care. These subjects are also closely linked with communication skills in their chair-side application. For instance, the moral principle of respect for autonomy is worked out in dental practice by giving good explanations to people before obtaining their consent to be treated. This in turn requires good communication skills on the part of the dentist. The behavioural sciences are also important here. An understanding of sociology shows, for example, how ethnicity, social class and gender influence health beliefs and behaviour; and an understanding of psychology is important in the recognition and management of pain and anxiety. An example of how these subjects are integrated for a dental patient can be found at the end of this chapter. Competency in these subjects is an essential part of every dental student’s personal and professional development.
Prevention and interception
Authors: Maguire Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of generic skills required of the graduate in the area of prevention and interception. Prevention of disease should form an integral part of any comprehensive treatment plan in clinical practice. A dentist has a fundamental role to play in the prevention of dental diseases and conditions including dental caries, periodontal disease and tooth surface loss as well as a contributory role in the prevention of oral cancer and other smoking and alcohol-related diseases. In addition, a dentist’s interceptive role is particularly important in the management of the developing dentition, especially with regard to space maintenance, and timely management of local irregularities, such as single tooth cross bites. The graduate should also recognize how an increased overjet increases risk of dental trauma and be proactive in its timely and appropriate management, through specialist referral where necessary. The dental graduate also has a contributory role in reducing the dental effects of trauma by being able to provide well-fitting mouth guards and instructing patients in their use for contact sports.
Pulp therapy in the primary dentition
Authors: Waterhouse Paula Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restoration of carious primary molar teeth is an important part of paediatric dentistry. Data derived from the UK Child Dental Health Survey (O’Brien 1994) showed that in the primary dentition, caries most frequently affected molars. Forty per cent of 5yearolds and 50 per cent of 8-year-olds had dental caries in primary molars. If a carious primary molar remains untreated or inadequately treated, bacterial invasion of the coronal pulp occurs by direct spread through dentinal tubules. In response to the microbial insult, the coronal pulp tissue lays down reactive, secondary dentine and mounts a defensive inflammatory response. At this stage the entire pulp is not moribund; if the irreversibly inflamed coronal pulp is removed and the radicular pulp treated with an appropriate agent, the remaining tissue possesses the ability to recover. However, if the infected coronal pulp remains, micro-organisms invade the radicular pulp, resulting in irreversible pulpitis. Control of infection can then only be secured by polypectomy and root canal treatment, or extraction. If treatment is not undertaken, infection may spread from the pulp canal space to the periodontium through patent accessory, lateral, and apical foramina. The tooth may then become mobile and associated soft tissues may become painful and swollen.
Restorative dentistry
Authors: Burke Francis , Allen Finbarr 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1998 Adult Dental Health Survey documented an increase in the population who are retaining their teeth. Eighty-seven per cent of the population was dentate compared to 68 per cent in 1968. It is projected that 96 per cent of the population will be dentate by 2028 (Nuttall et al.2001). The average number of sound teeth has increased and untreated decay has decreased. However, half of the 16–24-year-old age group had untreated decay and 11 per cent of adults had wear of their anterior teeth. Over half the population experienced oral problems in the previous year with pain being the most common problem. Tooth decay is still the most commonly cited reason for tooth loss, with toothache/abscess or broken or decaying teeth being the most immediate problem prior to tooth loss.
Endodontics
Authors: Saunders Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endodontology is defined as the study of the form, function and health, injuries to and diseases of the dental pulp and periradicular tissues, their prevention and treatment (International Endodontic Journal, European Society of Endodontology 1998). Endodontics is the practice of this science. The aetiology of the most common diseases of the dental pulp and periradicular tissues is microbial (Kakehashi et al. 1966) and the objective of endodontic treatment is to eliminate microbial irritation of the pulpal and periradicular tissues. Dental caries and its subsequent removal and replacement with restorations and traumatic injuries to the teeth are the most common sources of microbial contamination of the dental pulp and periradicular tissues. Endodontic treatment must be part of holistic care to ensure that oral and general health of the patient is maintained.Undergraduate education in endodontics expects competence to be achieved in practical procedures, involving management of the dental pulp and root canal treatment in both singleand multi-rooted teeth.
Broadening the mind
Authors: Dowrick Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now it should be clear that I do not consider the case in favour of depression as a medical concept to be particularly strong. I think the explanation for its contemporary popularity has more to do with various interconnecting commercial, professional, and cultural pressures than it has to do with evidence from biomedical science. I am not for one second trying to argue that the emotions, thoughts, and sensations which we currently describe as being part of depressive syndromes are illusory. Clearly and all too distressingly they are very real indeed. The desolate poetry of Coleridge in Chapter 1 and Mary’s anguished narrative in Chapter 3 are utterly convincing descriptions of intense personal suffering.
Decision making, uncertainty and the value of information
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Claxton Karl , Sculpher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss how the results of probabilistic decision modelling should be interpreted and how decisions should be made in the light of the type of analysis described in the previous chapters. We identify two decisions which must be made: (i) should a technology be adopted on the basis of existing evidence, and (ii) whether further evidence is required to support this decision in the future. The first decision is dealt with in the following section. Measures of value of information, which can inform the second decision are covered subsequently. The role of this type of analysis in identifying research priorities, including the results of two recent UK pilot studies are then presented, followed by exercises to take you through this type of analysis.
Developing A Questionnaire Using Item Response Theory: A Case Study Of Fatigue
Authors: Cella David , Lai Jin-Shei , Davis Kim , Dineen Kelly , Hudgens Stacie , Gershon Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is a common problem in most chronic medical conditions. For example prevalence estimates for significant fatigue have been documented in cancer (Cella et al. 1993, 1997, 2001; Vogelzang et al. 1997; Winningham et al. 1994; Irvine et al. 1994; Blesch et al. 1991), multiple sclerosis (Schur 1989; Liang et al. 1984), Parkinson ‘s disease (Friedman and Friedman 2001, 1993; Karlsen et al. 1999; Krupp and Pollina 1996) and HIV (Breitbart 1998; Cunningham 1998). Because fatigue is a symptom associated with so many conditions, its evaluation is included in many HRQoL instruments, both generic and condition-specific.
Individual Patient Monitoring
Authors: Velikova Galina , Wright Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the twentieth century a change in the pattern of diseases in the developed countries occurred, with a predominance of chronic conditions. This led to a shift in the understanding of health as a satisfactory physical and psychosocial functioning of the individual, not merely an absence of disease (WHO 1952). There was a movement away from the limited biomedical model of health and illness to a bio-psychosocial model (Engel 1977). This fundamental shift in the health-related thinking led to an increasing interest in the measurement of health status, functioning and well-being and in the use of these measures in health care research and practice (Greenfield and Nelson 1992).
Discrete Choice Experiments
Authors: Ryan Mandy , Gerard Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing health economists is the identification and valuation of benefits from health care interventions. Until the 1990s benefit assessment in health economics was dominated by an assumption that health was the only important outcome from health care. This is evidenced by the large amount of research devoted to valuing health outcomes using quality adjusted life years (QALYs). The 1990s saw a challenge to this assumption. It was recognized by some health economists that concentration on health outcome fails to allow for the possibility that individuals derive benefit from what were being called non-health outcomes and process attributes.
Combining Clinical Trials: Meta-Analyses
Authors: Fayers Peter , Scott Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patient-reported outcomes are becoming more frequently reported as the primary end points in randomized clinical trials, and this has led to the emergence of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes. In the past, meta-analyses have been most commonly used for specific dimensions of HRQoL, principally pain and depression. One reason for this may be the apparent complexity of combining results from diverse HRQoL instruments: to many investigators, it may seem impossible to combine the disparate scales that are reported. In this chapter we will explain, with examples from published literature, the main issues involved and some of the decisions that must be taken when planning and carrying out meta-analysis of HRQoL outcomes.
Fundamentals of good communication
Authors: Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the important elements of good cmmunication. This involves both initiating and responding skills and is an interactive process both giving and receiving information. Helpful techniques are explored, including the use of active listening, non-verbal encouragement and response to cues. Physical surroundings and practical arrangements are discussed. Linguistic aspects of the consultation are analysed, including the role of language and the structure of the consultation in a sequence of phases. Effective time management is vital and suggestions are given to help keep the conversation on track and to deal with the garrulous or the reticent patient.