bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis appears to lack α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and encodes pyruvate dehydrogenase in widely separated genes
Authors: Tian Jing , Bryk Ruslana , Shi Shuangping , Erdjument‐Bromage Hediye , Tempst Paul , Nathan Carl 
Published: July 2005

Summary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persists for prolonged periods in macrophages, where it must adapt to metabolic limitations and oxidative/nitrosative stress. However, little is known about Mtb's intermediary metabolism or antioxidant defences. We recently identified a peroxynitrite reductase‐peroxidase complex in Mtb that included products of the genes sucB and lpd, which are annotated to encode the dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) components of α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KDH). However, we could detect no KDH activity in Mtb lysates, nor could we reconstitute KDH by combining the recombinant proteins SucA (annotated as the E1 component of KDH), SucB and Lpd. We therefore renamed the sucB product dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase (DlaT). Mtb lysates contained pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity, which was lost when the dlaT gene (formerly, sucB) was disrupted. Purification of PDH from Mtb yielded AceE, annotated as an E1 component of PDH, along with DlaT and Lpd. Moreover, anti‐DlaT antibody coimmunoprecipitated AceE. Finally, recombinant AceE, DlaT and Lpd, although encoded by genes that are widely separated on the chromosome, reconstituted PDH in vitro with Km values typical of bacterial PDH complexes. In sum, Mtb appears to lack KDH. Instead, DlaT and Lpd join with AceE to constitute PDH.
Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) Competition with Three Winter Cereals as Affected by Nitrogen Supply
Authors: Dhima K. , Eleftherohorinos I. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTwo field experiments were carried out in northern Greece during the 1993–94 and 1994–95 growing seasons to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) supply on interspecific competition between wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare =distichum L.) and triticale (Triticosecale). The presence of 140 S. arvensis plants m−2 until early March (averaged over N levels) did not have any adverse effect on the dry weight of all crops. However, its further presence significantly reduced the dry weight of wheat and triticale, but not that of barley. N fertilization (150 kg N ha−1 regardless of application time) slightly increased the dry weight of wheat and triticale grown without weed competition compared with that of control (0 kg N). On the contrary, the presence of wild mustard, until harvest, reduced dry weight of wheat and triticale by 31 and 26 %, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 1.5 %. Furthermore, N fertilization (150 kg N ha−1) increased dry weight of wild mustard grown with wheat and triticale by 10 and 16 %, respectively, compared with that of control (0 kg N). Grain yield of wheat and triticale was reduced to 26 and 27 % by the competition of wild mustard, respectively, while the corresponding reduction for barley was only 3.5 %. Moreover, the wild mustard presence reduced total N content of wheat and triticale by 20 and 19 %, respectively, but this was not the case for barley.
Regional Yield Forecasts of Malting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by NOAA‐AVHRR Remote Sensing Data and Ancillary Data
Authors: Weissteiner C. J. , Kühbauch W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractYield forecasts are of major interest to the malting and brewing industry in order to allow the most convenient organization of the respective policy of raw materials. As malting barley is predominantly cultivated in a limited set of growing regions because of its special requirements, yield predictions can be limited to these regions of interest. Within this investigation, malting barley yield forecasts (Hordeum vulgare L.) are performed for typical growing regions in southwestern Germany. Multitemporal remote sensing data on the one hand and ancillary data such as meteorological, phenological, pedological, agro statistical and administrative data on the other hand are used as input data for two versions of prediction models, which are both based on an empirical–statistical modelling approach. The basic version of the yield estimation model is conducted by means of linear correlation of remote sensing data [national oceanic and atmospheric administration‐advanced very high resolution radiometer (NOAA‐AUHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composites], CORINE land cover data and agro statistical data. In an extended version, meteorological data (temperature and evapotranspiration) and soil data are incorporated. Yield predictions are significantly influenced by the selected time span for NDVI integration. For NDVI time‐integration across the grain‐filling period, the mean deviation of reported and simulated yield is 7.0 and 6.4 %, respectively, for the basic and extended yield estimation model.
Flowering, Pod Set and Reproductive Success in Soya Bean
Authors: Egli D. B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMuch of the variation in yield of soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] and other grain crops is associated with changes in the number of pods and seeds per unit area. Photosynthesis and seed characteristics are the primary determinants of pod and seed number, but recent research suggests that the temporal distribution of flower production may also play an important role. Soya bean has a long flowering period (up to 40 days or more), but most of the flowers are produced in a much shorter time. The length of the period varies among cultivars, growth habits (indeterminate and determinate) and environments. The reproductive success of flowers produced early in the period is usually greater than those produced later. Little is known, however, of the regulation of the temporal distribution of flower production or its potential role in determining pod and seed number at maturity. Research is needed to determine first, if the temporal distribution can be manipulated to increase pod and seed set and secondly, if such increases would result in higher yields.
Fungi Resident in Chickpea Debris and their Suppression of Growth and Reproduction ofDidymella rabieiunder Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Dugan F. M. , Lupien S. L. , Hernandez‐Bello M. , Peever T. L. , Chen W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFungi colonizing senescent chickpea (Cicer arietinum) stems and postharvest debris from Pullman, WA, were enumerated and identified with the objective of finding species potentially useful for biological control ofDidymella rabiei(conidial state = Ascochyta rabiei), causal agent of Ascochyta blight. In addition toD. rabiei, primary colonizers were, in order of decreasing abundance,Alternaria tenuissima,Al. infectoria,Ulocladium consortiale,Epicoccum purpurascens,U. atrumandFusarium pseudograminearum. Present at lower frequencies wereAl. malorum,Cladosporium herbarum,Aureobasidium pullulans,Clonostachys roseaand miscellaneous anamorphic ascomycetes. On agar media and autoclaved chickpea stems,Au. pullulansconsistently grew faster thanAs. rabiei, and excludedAs. rabieifrom the substrate. When stems received prior inoculation withAu. pullulansorCl. rosea, followed by inoculation with compatible mating types ofD. rabiei, formation of pseudothecia and pycnidia ofD. rabieiwas suppressed. Results suggest thatAu. pullulansandCl. roseacan inhibitAs. rabieiand its sexual stage,D. rabiei, on chickpea debris.Clonostachys roseaformed appressoria on, then invaded,hyphae ofD. rabiei. Small‐scale field experiments usingAu. pullulansandCl. roseahave been initiated.
The Correlation between Severity of Disease Symptoms and the Accumulation of Viral Antigen and Acidic Pathogenesis‐related Proteins in the Leaves of Thorn‐apple Plants Infected with Different Isolates of Potato Virus X
Authors: Sapotsky M. V. , Romanova S. A. , Polyakova A. M. , Malinovsky V. I. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe isolates of potato virus X causing disease symptoms of different severity in thorn‐apple plants (Datura stramonium L.) can be categorized in terms of the increase in antigen accumulation, as follows: strong, medium and weak. Extracts from leaves of healthy plants and of those infected with separate virus isolate did not differ in set of acidic pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins as shown by discontinuous non‐denaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Within 2 weeks after inoculation the total content of PR‐proteins in leaves of plants infected with weak or medium isolates was higher than in the healthy ones but after 3 weeks these differences became negligible. The plants infected with the strong isolate had higher total content of PR‐proteins than healthy plants and plants infected with weak or medium isolates during 3 weeks. It is proposed that the greater the damage to the plant caused by virus infection, the more PR‐proteins are accumulated.
Characterization of Variability inRhizoctonia solaniby Using Morphological and Molecular Markers
Authors: Sharma M. , Gupta S. K. , Sharma T. R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractTwenty‐four isolates ofRhizoctonia solani(teleomorph:Thanatephorus cucumeris) collected from soil, root and collar rot or foliage blight‐infected plants from several locations of north India were used for the analysis of variability by using morphological and molecular markers. Among the morphological characters, variation was observed in hyphal cell size. Seventeen isolates produced few to abundant, white to dark brown or black, small to large sclerotia generally in the middle of the colony. Genetic variation was also analysed by using 11 random amplified polymorphic DNA primers (RAPD), four universal rice primers (URPs) and two inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers and fingerprint patterns generated for each isolate. The size of amplified DNA bands ranged from 0.3 to 3.5 kb in all the isolates with RAPD, URP and ISSR markers. The isolates obtained from same hosts and same geographical regions showed similarity in DNA fingerprint profiles barring few exceptions. All the isolates were classified into four groups using DNA markers. A comparison of the data obtained from different markers showed that URPs are superior to RAPD, ISSR and morphological markers in detecting genetic variability among the isolates ofR. solani. Hence, use of URP's, which have long primer and higher annealing temperature, would be more sensitive and reliable markers in characterizing genetic diversity inR. solani.
Association of Pepino mosaic virus with Tomato Collapse
Authors: Soler‐Aleixandre S. , López C. , Díez M. J. , de Castro A. Pérez , Nuez F. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSince 1998 collapse of tomato plants has been producing significant losses in protected tomato crops along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Affected plants show sudden and progressive wilt followed by total collapse and death. Analysis of the distribution and accumulation of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in collapsed and non‐collapsed plants and the presence of the virus in all analysed collapsed plants suggests a relationship of this Potexvirus with tomato collapse. The fact that collapse does not occur on PepMV‐free farms reinforces this hypothesis. PepMV‐infected plants showed a necrotic area in the vascular system, mainly in the basal area of the stem. This necrosis was more pronounced in collapsed plants and in the areas with higher viral concentration. Our hypothesis is that tomato collapse would be associated with necrosis of the vascular system caused by PepMV accumulation.
Incidence and Distribution of Viruses Infecting Iranian Vineyards
Authors: Rakhshandehroo F. , Pourrahim R. , Zamani Zadeh H. , Rezaee S. , Mohammadi M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDuring February and September 2003, the incidence and distribution of viruses infecting grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in Iran was determined. A total of 238 symptomatic and 1314 asymptomatic leaf samples were collected from 56 different vineyards from 10 Iranian provinces and tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), Grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), Grapevine virus A (GVA), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Grapevine leafroll associated virus‐3(GLRaV‐3), Raspberry ringspot virus (RpRSV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Viruses were found in almost all Iranian vineyards examined. The incidence of viruses in a decreasing order was: GFLV (11.1%), GFkV (8.6%), GVA (8.4%), ArMV (6.6%), GLRaV‐3 (6.4%), RpRSV (2.8%) and TRSV (0.35%). GFLV, either alone or in mixed infection in 11.1% of the samples collected nationwide, was the most prevalent virus. In addition, 25 (20%) of 125 symptomatic leaf samples from the Orumeyeh district were shown to contain Tomato ringspot virus. Viruses other than GFLV and GVA are reported from grapevine for the first time in Iran.
Anticoccidial Efficacy of Drinking Water Soluble Diclazuril on Experimental and Field Coccidiosis in Broiler Chickens
Authors: El‐Banna H. A. , El‐Bahy M. M. , El‐Zorba H. Y. , El‐Hady M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryProphylactic and curative capacity of water soluble formulation of Diclazuril (Diclosol 1%) and feed additive form (Clinacox®, 0.5%) were tested against Eimeria infection in broiler chickens. Such testing was performed both experimentally and in the field. Toltrazuril (Baycox, 2.5%) was used as reference control drug. Water soluble formulation of Diclazuril induced a marked inhibitory effect on the different stages of the parasite life cycle in experimentally infected treated birds especially when applied on the day when blood first appeared in the faeces [fifth day post‐infection (d.p.i.)] as well as on the second day of blood dropping (6 d.p.i.). Both tested dosage levels of Diclazuril water soluble formulation in drinking water (5 and 10 ppm) showed the same effect in controlling coccidial infection and reducing the total oocyst numbers, lesion and faecal scores. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of water soluble form of Diclazuril and the reference control drug (Toltrazuril, 25 ppm). In addition, testing the water soluble formulation (5 ppm) in naturally infected poultry farm (20 000 birds), showed the same anticoccidial effect observed when using Toltrazuril, as a treatment for coccidiosis. In conclusion, addition of Diclazuril at the dose of 5 ppm in the drinking water of naturally coccidia infected bird induced the same effect as 25 ppm of Toltrazuril as a treatment for coccidiosis in chickens.
Systemic Xanthomatosis Associated with Hyperchylomicronaemia in a Cat
Authors: Chanut F. , Colle M.‐A. , Deschamps J.‐Y. , Albaric O. , Wyers M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryWe report a case of systemic xanthomatosis in a 4‐month‐old domestic cat. The kitten presented with multiple cutaneous lesions and ‘cream tomato soup’ coloured blood. Necropsy revealed multiple, whitish, nodular lesions, compatible with xanthomas, on most of the abdominal organs (liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal glands, mesentery and colon). The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. This is the first report of granulomatous colitis associated with feline xanthomatosis.
Perception of causes of malaria and treatment‐seeking behaviour of nursing mothers in a rural community
Authors: Ibidapo Comfort A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  Maternal health care workers’ recognition of malaria, its transmission and treatment of children's fever at community level. Design:  Randomised sampling of households with children of 0–5 years. Setting:  Rural community in a forest zone. Subjects:  Fifty‐five households at Ijegemo village, Ogun state, Nigeria were sampled and questionnaires administered to 200 mothers/care workers of children within the age group 0–5 years. Blood smears were obtained from finger pricks and level of parasitemia with malaria parasites determined for each child. Main outcome measures:  Interactions with the women during the survey empowered them with accurate knowledge of malaria recognition, transmission and management of children's fever at the community level. Results:  Forty per cent of the respondents did not know the exact cause of malaria, 20% attributed the cause to sunlight, 16.5% to mosquitoes, 12.5% to poor hygiene, 4% to palm oil intake, 4% to blood shortage and 6% to a hot body. Of respondents 85.5% identified stagnant water as breeding site of mosquitoes but could not correlate it with the occurrence of malaria fever. Herbal concoction was the first treatment action. Some of these herbs are listed in the text. Plasmodium falciparum alone was identified in all blood smears. Children at two to three years of age were recorded with the highest percentage (67.5%) of parasite‐positive cases with a mean value of 1237.04 ± 2113.19.Conclusion:  This study highlights a critical need for targeting health messages towards poorly educated women in order to empower them with the knowledge and resources to recognise and manage their children's health problems.
The diabetes experiences of Aboriginal people living in a rural Canadian community
Authors: Barton Sylvia S. , Anderson Nancy , Thommasen Harvey V. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To optimise participation with Aboriginal people by sharing experiences of living with the challenges of diabetes in rural south‐western Canada, and how these could be addressed. Design:  Qualitative content analysis of semi‐structured and conversational interviews. Setting:  Diabetes health services in the Bella Coola Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Subjects:  Eight Nuxalk Nation participants, five women and three men, living with type 2 diabetes, were interviewed. Four of these participants, three women and one man, were engaged in six follow‐up conversational interviews. Main outcome measures:  The descriptive research explored experiences of Nuxalk people living with the challenges of diabetes, and how these could inform diabetes health services in culturally specific ways. Results:  Challenges included understanding the connections between (i) diabetes and western or traditional medicines; (ii) dietary changes, exercise and weight loss; (iii) how health professionals communicate and the relevance of what is said; (iv) having many life choices and the responsibility to choose; and (v) a belief in living day by day and an awareness of life cycles that may need to be broken. Conclusion:  The study substantiated the fundamental necessity for diabetes health services to be inclusive of Aboriginal perspectives.
Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides on the growth of hepatitis C‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro
Authors: AMIN Mona A , AWADEIN Mohamed R , GABR Hala 
Published: July 2005

OBJECTIVE:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA is invariably detected in the serum and tumor tissue of anti‐HCV‐positive patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The inflammation and cirrhosis caused by HCV could be the promoter for development of HCC or HCC could be the consequence of HCV infection independent of the effect of cirrhosis. The ability of the core protein of HCV to modulate gene transcription, cell proliferation and cell death by interacting with cellular genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation is involved in the pathogenesis of HCC. HCV NS3 protease is an attractive target for antiviral agent development because it is required for viral replication. Recent studies that constructed an in vitro model of HCC demonstrated that antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS‐ODN) interfered with NS3 translation in a dose‐dependent fashion and significantly inhibited protease activity. We studied the in vitro effect of AS‐ODN on the rate of growth of the HCC cells grown in culture associated with HCV.METHODS:  Core biopsy was taken from 20 patients with HCC associated with HCV and each one was divided into two parts: group I to which antisense was added and group II which served as a control group. Comparison of cell viability between tubes with and without AS‐ODN was done using MTT assay, LDH assay, cell cycle analysis, trypan blue exclusion test and colony formation in soft agar.RESULTS:  Colony formation in soft agar was inhibited in group I compared with the control group and the inhibition was highly significant (P < 0.01). The LDH concentration in culture supernatant and the trypan blue exclusion test, both reflecting cellular death, was higher in group I than group II and the difference was highly significant (P < 0.01). MTT assay showed a highly significant decrease in cell activation in group I than in group II (P < 0.01). The percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was higher in group I than in group II and the difference was significant (P = 0.04). There was an insignificant difference between both groups in the percentage of cells in S phase (P = 0.378). The inhibitory effect of AS‐ODNs on tumor cells in G2/M phase was highly significant compared with the control group (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONS:  AS‐ODN has a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of HCV‐associated HCC cells grown in fluid culture, and there is potential for the use of AS‐ODN as oncotherapy.
Inhibitory effects of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists on responses of DRG neurons and dorsal horn neurons in neuropathic rats
Authors: Sagar Devi Rani , Kelly Sara , Millns Paul J. , O'Shaughnessey Celestine T. , Kendall David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptor mediated antinociception and increased levels of spinal CB2 receptor mRNA are reported in neuropathic Sprague–Dawley rats. The aim of this study was to provide functional evidence for a role of peripheral, vs. spinal, CB2 and cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in neuropathic rats. Effects of the CB2 receptor agonist, JWH‐133, and the CB1 receptor agonist, arachidonyl‐2‐chloroethylamide (ACEA), on primary afferent fibres were determined by calcium imaging studies of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons taken from neuropathic and sham‐operated rats. Capsaicin (100 nm) increased [Ca2+]i in DRG neurons from sham and neuropathic rats. JWH‐133 (3 µm) or ACEA (1 µm) significantly (P < 0.001) attenuated capsaicin‐evoked calcium responses in DRG neurons in neuropathic and sham‐operated rats. The CB2 receptor antagonist, SR144528, (1 µm) significantly inhibited the effects of JWH‐133. Effects of ACEA were significantly inhibited by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (1 µm). In vivo experiments evaluated the effects of spinal administration of JWH‐133 (8–486 ng/50 µL) and ACEA (0.005–500 ng/50 µL) on mechanically evoked responses of neuropathic and sham‐operated rats. Spinal JWH‐133 attenuated mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in neuropathic, but not sham‐operated rats. These inhibitory effects were blocked by SR144528 (0.001 µg/50 µL). Spinal ACEA inhibited mechanically evoked responses of neuropathic and sham‐operated rats, these effects were blocked by SR141716A (0.01 µg/50 µL). Our data provide evidence for a functional role of CB2, as well as CB1 receptors on DRG neurons in sham and neuropathic rats. At the level of the spinal cord, CB2 receptors have inhibitory effects in neuropathic, but not sham‐operated rats suggesting that spinal CB2 may be an important analgesic target.