bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process integration technology review: background and applications in the chemical process industry
Authors: Dunn Russell F , El‐Halwagi Mahmoud M 
Published: August 2003

AbstractProcess integration is a holistic approach to process design and operation which emphasizes the unity of the process. Process integration design tools have been developed over the past two decades to achieve process improvement, productivity enhancement, conservation in mass and energy resources, and reductions in the operating and capital costs of chemical processes. The primary applications of these integrated tools have focused on resource conservation, pollution prevention and energy management. Specifically, the past two decades have seen the development and/or application of process integration design tools for heat exchange networks (HENs), wastewater reduction and water conservation networks, mass exchange networks (MENs), heat‐ and energy‐induced separation networks (HISENs and EISENs), waste interception networks (WINs) and heat‐ and energy‐induced waste minimization networks (HIWAMINs and EIWAMINs), to name a few. This paper provides an overview of some of these developments and outlines major driving forces and hurdles. The fundamental aspects of this approach along with their incorporation in an overall design methodology will be discussed. The paper also highlights several recent applications of process integration to industrial processes. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics of the degradation by catalytic hydrogenation of tyrosol, a model molecule present in olive oil waste waters
Authors: Richard Dominique , Delgado‐Nuñez María de Lourdes 
Published: August 2003

AbstractOlive mill wastewaters (OMW) constitute an important environmental problem due, among other things, to their high phenolic content. The phytotoxicity of polyphenols makes them resistant to biological treatment. A three‐step process comprising adsorption–concentration, catalytic hydrogenation and regeneration on a fixed bed of adsorbent–catalyst was investigated to remove such compounds. Tyrosol (2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐ethanol) was taken as representative of the polyphenols present in OMW. The catalytic hydrogenation of tyrosol by 30 g kg−1 ruthenium/activated carbon catalyst was carried out in order to establish the reaction mechanism and kinetics necessary for the design of a pilot‐scale reactor. Total conversion of tyrosol into non‐aromatic compounds was achieved under mild conditions of temperature and pressure. The overall rate of tyrosol removal at 4 MPa and 353 K was $\hbox{11.26 g h}^{-1} \hbox{g}^{-1}_{\rm{catalyst}}$. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of response surface methodology to evaluate the optimum environmental conditions for the bioconversion of xylose into xylitol in eucalyptus hemicellulosic hydrolysate
Authors: Almeida e Silva João B , Canilha Larissa , Canettieri Eliana V , Felipe Maria GA , Nápoles Solenzal Ana Irene 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCandida guilliermondii fermented a eucalyptus hemicellulosic hydrolysate that had been treated with calcium oxide, phosphoric acid and activated charcoal. The influences of different xylose and ammonium sulfate concentrations on the production of xylitol were studied. A response surface was obtained with value R2 > 0.97 and p < 0.01. The model estimated a maximum xylitol production of 20.82 g dm−3 in the culture medium supplemented with ammonium sulfate (1.8 g dm−3) and xylose (45.5 g dm−3). Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of surfactants on phenol removal by the method of polymerization and precipitation catalysed by Coprinus cinereus peroxidase
Authors: Sakurai Akihiko , Masuda Mina , Sakakibara Mikio 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe removal of phenol by peroxidase‐catalysed polymerization was examined using Coprinus cinereus peroxidase in the presence of surfactants. The non‐ionic surfactants with poly(oxyethene) residues, Triton X‐100, Triton X‐405 and Tween 20, enhanced the phenol removal efficiency at a level similar to high relative molecular mass poly(ethylene glycol) (relative molecular mass 3000). Although the improvement in the removal efficiency was less than that of Triton X‐100, Span 20, sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) and lauryl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) also enhanced the removal efficiency. The requirement of the enzyme for almost 100% removal of 100 mg dm−3 phenol decreased to one‐fourth by the addition of 30 mg dm−3 Triton X‐100. Triton X‐100, Triton X‐405, Tween 20 and DTAB could reactivate the enzyme precipitated with the phenol polymer, leading to the restarting of the phenol removal reaction. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of suspended solids and residual oil from palm oil mill effluent
Authors: Ahmad Abdul Latif , Ismail Suzylawati , Ibrahim Norliza , Bhatia Subhash 
Published: August 2003

AbstractPalm oil mill effluent (POME) was pretreated to remove suspended solids and residual oil. The processes used were flocculation, solvent extraction, adsorption and membrane separation. Flocculation was used to remove suspended solids, and solvent extraction and adsorption processes were used to remove residual oil. Membrane separation was subsequently applied to remove any residual suspended solids and oil remaining after the pretreatments. The solvent extraction and adsorption processes were operated on a batch basis whereas membrane separation was performed in continuous mode. The treatment efficiency of the processes was measured as percentage removal of suspended solids and oil respectively. The optimum values of the process parameters obtained in the flocculation process were an alum dosage of 4000 mg dm−3, mixing speed of 150 rpm for 1 h and sedimentation time of 270 min, resulting in 93% suspended solids removal. In the solvent extraction process, a 95% reduction in residual oil was obtained using n‐hexane as a solvent with 20 min of mixing at 200 rpm. The ratio of solvent to POME was 6:10 and carried out at pH 9. In the batch adsorption process, an 88% reduction in residual oil was obtained at a mixing speed of 100 rpm for 1 h, pH 9 and an adsorbent dosage of 300 g dm−3. In membrane separation processes, GH and CE(GH) membranes gave 63% and 49% reductions in suspended solids and residual oil respectively at pH 9 and pressure of 1000 kPa. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Mathematical model for growth process of a recombinant yeast having saccharification and fermentation activities
Authors: Kobayashi Fumihisa , Nakamura Yoshitoshi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA mathematical model for direct alcohol fermentation from starch was proposed using an amylase‐producing recombinant yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae SR93. This model consisted of the reaction rate equations for glucoamylase synthesis in the recombinant yeast, starch degradation by a glucoamylase, cell growth, production of glucose, and production of ethanol. The rate of glucoamylase synthesis was expressed on the basis of the diauxic growth model that represents catabolite repression and enzyme induction. The rate of starch degradation was expressed on the basis of the enzymatic hydrolysis model representing the change of structure resulting from starch degradation. The calculated values were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data in a batch culture of direct alcohol fermentation from starch using S cerevisiae SR93. Furthermore, the calculated values obtained by changing only one parameter concerning the synthesis rate of glucoamylase were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data using another recombinant yeast, S cerevisiae SR96. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Drastic improvement of bioethanol recovery using a pervaporation separation technique employing a silicone rubber‐coated silicalite membrane
Authors: Ikegami Toru , Kitamoto Dai , Negishi Hideyuki , Haraya Kenji , Matsuda Hiroyuki , Nitanai You , Koura Nobuyuki , Sano Tsuneji , Yanagishita Hiroshi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA coupled fermentation/pervaporation process for reliable production of concentrated ethanol was studied using ethanol permselective silicalite membranes coated with two types of silicone rubber, KE‐45 and KE‐108, as a hydrophobic material. Ethanol recovery was greatly improved by using a membrane coated with KE‐45 silicone rubber. The recovered ethanol concentration in the permeate was 67% (w/w), and the amount of recovered ethanol from the broth was more than 10 times higher than that using a non‐coated membrane. Succinic acid and glycerol, by‐products created during fermentation, interfered with the pervaporation performance of the coated membrane when used to separate an ethanol/water solution. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Resolving morphology and antibody labeling over large distances in tissue sections
Authors: Jacobs Marc D. , Donaldson Paul J. , Cannell Mark B. , Soeller Christian 
Published: August 2003

AbstractProtein expression patterns are a primary determinant of tissue function and in this study we developed methods to study protein expression over macroscopic distances at subcellular levels of detail. Using the mammalian lens as a model tissue system, we show that by combining two‐photon microscopy with novel image montage methods (fast beam blanking coupled with mathematical alignment tools) we have extended the limited field of view of laser scanning microscopes. To illustrate the utility of our approach, the distribution of connexin‐46 was visualized across equatorial sections of the rat mammalian lens. By optimizing fixation protocols, good morphological preservation could be achieved over the thickness of the lens (∼4 mm) while preserving antigenicity of lens proteins. Using the same image data, changes in lens fiber cell morphology were mapped quantitatively by automatic image analysis routines. The methods presented should be generally applicable to any tissue system where changes in antibody labeling and tissue structure occur over large and small distances. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:83–91, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development, principles, and applications of automated ice fabric analyzers
Authors: Wilen L.A. , Diprinzio C.L. , Alley R.B. , Azuma N. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe review the recent development of automated techniques to determine the fabric and texture of polycrystalline ice. The motivation for the study of ice fabric is first outlined. After a brief introduction to the relevant optical concepts, the classic manual technique for fabric measurement is described, along with early attempts at partial automation. Then, the general principles behind fully automated techniques are discussed. We describe in some detail the similarities and differences of the three modern instruments recently developed for ice fabric studies. Next, we discuss briefly X‐ray, radar, and acoustic techniques for ice fabric characterization. We also discuss the principles behind automated optical techniques to measure fabric in quartz rock samples. Finally, examples of new applications that have been facilitated by the development of the ice fabric instruments are presented. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:2–18, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SEM/EDS comparison of polar and seasonal temperate ice
Authors: Obbard Rachel , Iliescu Daniel , Cullen Daniel , Chang Janelle , Baker Ian 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe have developed a method employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy for examining uncoated ice specimens. By permitting the ice to sublimate in the SEM at temperatures between −115° and −60°C, enough ions are produced to prevent specimen charging. The absence of a conductive coating permits both the acquisition of uncompromised X‐ray spectra, and a dynamic view of impurities as the ice sublimates. The method has enabled us to examine the microstructure and impurities in ice in ways not possible through standard melt chemistry measurements or even through using a SEM to study coated samples. Soluble impurities appeared either as white spots in grain interiors, grain boundaries, and triple junctions, or as filaments in grain boundaries. Inclusions of insoluble impurities have also been observed in natural ice. Thus, we have been able to compare the microstructural location and concentration of impurities in ice from different terrestrial locations. Even when ion chromatography of the melt from two core sections reveals similar levels of impurities, the morphology and location of the impurity aggregates can be quite different. Analysis of impurity type and location can provide clues to the depositional environment and history of the ice. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:49–61, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging dislocations in ice
Authors: Baker I. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThree techniques have been used to study dislocations in ice: etch pitting‐replication, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray topography (XT). It is shown that, because ice is a weak absorber of X‐rays and can be produced with a low dislocation density, allowing relatively thick specimens to be studied, the most useful technique is XT. The observations that have been made with conventional XT are briefly outlined. However, the introduction of high‐intensity synchrotron radiation, with its concomitant short exposure times, showed that images obtained through conventional XT observations were of dislocations that had undergone recovery. The important dynamic observations and measurements that have been made using synchrotron X‐ray topography are presented. Dynamic synchrotron X‐ray topography observations of ice single crystals undergoing deformation in situ have shown that slip mainly occurs by the movement of screw and 60° ⅓〈1120〉 dislocations on the basal plane, although non‐basal slip by edge dislocations can also occur. The operation of Frank‐Read and other dislocation multiplication sources have been clearly demonstrated and dislocation velocities have been measured. In contrast, in polycrystals, dislocation generation occurred at grain boundaries where there are stress concentrations before lattice dislocation generation mechanisms operate. Faulted dislocation loops have been determined to be mainly interstitial in both polycrystals and single crystals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:70–82, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collecting, shipping, storing, and imaging snow crystals and ice grains with low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Erbe Eric F. , Rango Albert , Foster James , Josberger Edward G. , Pooley Christopher , Wergin William P. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMethods to collect, transport, and store samples of snow and ice have been developed that enable detailed observations of these samples with a technique known as low‐temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM). This technique increases the resolution and ease with which samples of snow and ice can be observed, studied, and photographed. Samples are easily collected in the field and have been shipped to the electron microscopy laboratory by common air carrier from distances as far as 5,000 miles. Delicate specimens of snow crystals and ice grains survive the shipment procedures and have been stored for as long as 3 years without undergoing any structural changes. The samples are not subjected to the melting or sublimation artifacts. LTSEM allows individual crystals to be observed for several hours with no detectable changes. Furthermore, the instrument permits recording of photographs containing the parallax information necessary for three‐dimensional imaging of the true shapes of snowflakes, snow crystals, snow clusters, ice grains, and interspersed air spaces. This study presents detailed descriptions of the procedures that have been used successfully in the field and the laboratory to collect, ship, store, and image snow crystals and ice grains. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:19–32, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Snow metamorphism as revealed by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Dominé Florent , Lauzier Thomas , Cabanes Axel , Legagneux Loïc , Kuhs Werner F. , Techmer Kirsten , Heinrichs Till 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCurrent theories of snow metamorphism indicate that sublimating snow crystals have rounded shapes, while growing crystals have shapes that depend on growth rates. At slow growth rates, crystals are rounded. At moderate rates, they have flat faces with rounded edges. At fast growth rates, crystals have flat faces with sharp edges, and they have hollow faces at very fast growth rates. The main growth/sublimation mechanism is thought to be by the homogeneous nucleation of new layers at or near crystal edges. It was also suggested that the equilibrium shape of snow crystals would be temperature dependent: rounded above −10.5°C, and faceted below. To test these paradigms, we have performed SEM investigations of snow samples having undergone metamorphism under natural conditions, and of snow samples subjected to isothermal metamorphism at −4° and −15°C in the laboratory. In general, current theories predicting crystal shapes as a function of growth rates, and of whether crystals are growing or sublimating, are verified. However, the transition in equilibrium shapes from rounded to faceted at −10.5°C is not observed in our isothermal experiments that reveal a predominance of rounded shapes after more than a month of metamorphism at −4 and −15°C. Some small crystals with flat faces that also have sharp angles at −15°C, are observed in our isothermal experiments. These faces are newly formed, and contradict current theory. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain their occurrence. One is that they are due to sublimation at emerging dislocations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:33–48, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SEM studies of the morphology and chemistry of polar ice
Authors: Barnes Piers R.F. , Wolff Eric W. , Mallard David C. , Mader Heidy M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDetermining the microphysical location of impurities in natural ice from the polar regions is necessary for understanding the physical properties of ice and for assuring the integrity of ice core records. SEM, using a cold stage and X‐ray microanalytical techniques, has proved to be the most powerful method so far for undertaking such work. Methods are adapted from those used to study frozen hydrated biological material. Sublimation within the cryo‐chamber is often needed in order to concentrate impurities onto a plane, but this can lead to artifacts that must be recognized. Over 100 samples from different depths and sites in Greenland and Antarctica have been examined. Typical physical features, including air bubbles, clathrate hydrates of air, and dust particles are identified. The dust is found preferentially at grain boundaries in some samples; by pinning the boundaries, it can slow grain growth. Of the soluble material, chloride seems to be found most frequently in the ice lattice. Other impurities are found at grain boundaries, and only when the bulk concentration exceeds a threshold, at triple junctions. These findings give new insights into processes determining the physical properties of ice samples and of ice sheets, and new impetus for theoretical studies of the energetics that lead to this distribution. Microsc. Res. Tech. 62:62–69, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 13C3‐hydroxyacetone
Authors: Dicus Christopher W. , Burnham Kevin J. , Judith Charles M. , Nantz Michael H. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract13C3‐Hydroxyacetone is prepared in three steps from 13C2‐2‐bromoacetic acid. Bromide displacement by sodium p‐methoxybenzyl alkoxide followed by treatment of the carboxylic acid with 13C‐methyl lithium furnishes PMB‐protected hydroxyacetone. Deprotection using DDQ delivers the title compound. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tracer labelled [11,12‐3H]‐β‐carotene
Authors: Goswami Bhabesh C. , Barua Arun B. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of tracer labelled [11,12‐3H]‐β‐carotene is described. The procedure uses Wittig condensation of tracer labelled 3H‐retinal (retinal spiked with [11,12‐3H]‐retinal) with retinyl triphenylphosphonium bromide. The preparation of tracer labelled[3H]‐β‐carotene is suitable for studies involving bioavailability and bioconversion of β‐carotene to vitamin A. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile and efficient synthesis of 14C‐labelled sulforaphane
Authors: D'Souza Christopher A. , Amin Shantu , Desai Dhimant 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIsothiocyanates have gained considerable attention for their role as potent chemopreventive agents. Sulforaphane, 1a (SFN), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate, was isotopically labelled in five steps starting from 3‐(methylthio)‐1‐propanol (2). Reacting 2 with tosyl chloride in the presence of Et3N yielded the tosylate 3. Gently refluxing 3 with K14CN in DMF gave the nitrile 4b. Reduction to the amine 5b was achieved using BH3‐THF. Oxidation with 30% hydrogen peroxide followed by treatment with thiophosgene yielded (±)[1‐14C]SFN, 1b. The overall radiochemical yield was 4.4% based on the starting K14CN. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tritium and carbon‐14 labelled NNC 61‐4655: a potent dual‐acting PPARα and PPARγ agonist
Authors: Johansen Steen K. , Martiny Lars 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of the potent dual‐acting PPARα and PPARγ agonist NNC 61‐4655 labelled with tritium and carbon‐14 is reported. Tritium labelled NNC 61‐4655 was obtained in three steps with introduction of tritium through catalytic tritium‐halogen exchange of an aryl bromide precursor. This provided [3H]NNC 61‐4655 in 39% overall radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 49 Ci/mmol. Carbon‐14 labelled NNC 61‐4655 was obtained in five steps starting from bromo[1‐14C]acetic acid. The synthetic sequence, which included a Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination and a Mitsunobu alkylation, provided [14C]NNC 61‐4655 in 33% overall radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 57.4 mCi/mmol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of the serotonin transporter ligand (±)‐10‐methyl 3‐[6‐nitro‐(2‐quinolinyl)]‐3,10‐diazabicyclo‐[4.3.1]‐decane ([11C‐methyl]NS 2495) and first in vivo results
Authors: Audrain Hélène , Bender Dirk , Scheel‐Krüger Jørgen , Nielsen Elsebet Ø. , Olsen Gunnar M. , Peters Dan , Cumming Paul 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe serotonin transporter ligand (±)‐10‐[11C]‐methyl 3‐[6‐nitro‐(2‐quinolinyl)]‐3,10‐diazabicyclo‐[4.3.1]‐decane ([11C‐methyl]NS 2495) was synthesized via a methylation reaction with [11C]methyl iodide. The radiochemical purity exceeded 99% and the specific radioactivity was found to be 1.8 GBq/μmol at 40 min after the end of bombardment. The uptake of the tracer in the brain of a living pig was recorded by positron emission tomography (PET), first in a baseline condition, and again after treatment with citalopram (1 mg/kg, i.v.) to displace the specific binding. The distribution volume relative to the metabolism‐corrected arterial input was high in pig brain, ranging from 75–150 ml g−1; treatment with citalopram uniformly reduced the distribution volume to 75 ml g−1. Binding potential (pB) maps generated using the cerebellum as a reference tissue showed highest binding in the mesencephalon and cingulate cortex, where the magnitude of pB was close to 0.6. Thus, the pattern of binding in vivo agrees with the known pattern of serotonin innervations in pig brain. However, the specific binding was incompletely displaced by pre‐treatment with citalopram. Thus, [11C‐methyl]NS 2495 can label serotonin transporters in a PET study of the brain of a living pig, but full displacement by cold citalopram was not obtained in vivo, possibly reflecting binding sites which are inaccessible to citalopram. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.