bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A family study of anthropometric traits in a Punjabi community: I. Introduction and familial correlations
Authors: Sharma K. , Byard P. J. , Russell J. M. , Rao D. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on 40 anthropometric measurements from 144 nuclear families in Chandigarh, India, are presented. Most families contain a pair of monozygotic or dizygotic twins, one or more singleton siblings, and their parents. Familial correlations for age‐sex standardized, normalized measurements are estimated by maximum likelihood for marital, parent‐child, sibling, and twin pairs. Heterogeneity tests for sex‐specific subtype correlations (male‐male, male‐female, female‐female) indicate that the sex of the relative plays no significant role in the magnitude of the familial correlations except for maternal effects and differences among male and female twin pairs for a few of the variables. Marital correlations are high for body measurements, but not for head or face variables. Twin correlations seem to indicate a higher level of heritability than correlations from other family members.
Developmental and nutritional determinants of pregnancy outcome among teenagers
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Matos Jorge , Leonard William R. , Yaroch Lucia Allen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTo investigate the determinants of low birth weight in infants born to adolescent mothers, we studied the obstetric population attended at the Maternity Hospital of Lima, Peru. From this population, 1256 gravidas, ranging in age from 12 to 25 years, volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were used to evaluate the nutritional status and physiological maturity of the mother and newborn. For analytical reasons the young teenaged mothers (less than 15 years) were classified as either still‐growing or having completed their growth, depending on their height relative to their parents' height. Similarly, the young teenagers were classified as either gynecologically immature or gynecologically mature depending on whether their gynecological age was less than or greater than 2 years.Our results indicate that young still‐growing teenagers, even when matched for nutritional status, have smaller newborns than adult mothers. The data also demonstrate that maternal gynecological age per se does not affect prenatal growth. As inferred from multivariate analyses, it appears that the reduction in birth weight among young teenagers can be explained in part by a decreased net availability of nutrients resulting from the competition for nutrients between the mother's growth needs and the growth needs of her fetus and by an inability of the teenage placenta to maintain placental function adequately for active fetal growth.
Behavioral correlates of tooth eruption in Madagascar lemurs
Authors: Eaglen Robert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations on the sequence and timing of gingival tooth eruption are reported for six species of Madagascar lemurs. Complete sequences of eruption were obtained for the deciduous dentition, and partial to complete sequences were recorded for the permanent dentition. In Cheirogaleus medius and in four species of the genus Lemur, the deciduous teeth erupt in front‐to‐back sequence, with the toothcomb emerging near birth as an integrated complex. In Propithecus verreauxi the same pattern is exhibited, but the small peglike lower canine and dp3 erupt last. Eruption of the permanent dentition in Lemur species takes place in two distinct stages. In the first stage the upper incisors, toothcomb, and first two molars penetrate the gingiva. After an interval of 3 to 4 months, the remaining permanent teeth erupt.Deciduous premolars erupt when young animals are being weaned. The eruption of the deciduous toothcomb appears unrelated to feeding or grooming behavior. In L. catta and L. fulvus, the first stage of permanent tooth eruption occurs at approximately 6 months of age, when the growth rate slows down and (in wild populations) the rainy season is ending. This suggests that eruption of the anterior molars is timed to coincide with a shift from a more frugivorous to a more folivorous dietary regime, which occurs during the dry season. No further tooth eruption occurs until approximately 1 year of age, when the growth rate increases and the rainy season returns for wild populations. Thus, the second wave of permanent tooth eruption in these species again appears linked to changing climatic conditions which lead to a shift in dietary preferences.
Genetic markers of an aboriginal Taiwanese population
Authors: Chen K. H. , Cann H. , Chen T. C. , Van West B. , Cavalli‐Sforza L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA group of Taiwan aborigines, the Toroko, was typed for 21 classical genetic loci. This is part of an ongoing program aimed at a comprehensive study of Taiwan aborigines. In this first paper a short summary of historical, archeological, and anthropological data in the literature is made, and results of the present survey are compared with older results from other aborigine tribes. An analysis of other neighboring populations from southeast Asia has also been carried out in order to give a preliminary answer to the question of origin of Taiwanese aborigines. Fifteen populations were studied for 13 loci by tree analysis, principal components, and isolation by distance. Tree analysis and principal component analysis gave results in fairly good agreement and indicate three major population clusters: a northeast cluster (Ainu, Korea, Japan, and Ryukyu); a southeast cluster (south China, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, and Toroko); and a third cluster including Malaya and Borneo. The positions of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia are somewhat peripheral. Analysis of the tree shows some potential cases of convergence, perhaps owing to admixture, and of divergence. The analysis of isolation by distance shows that geographic propinquity is a reasonably good predictor of general similarity in this area.
Development and evolution of the helicoidal plane of dental occlusion
Authors: Holly Smith B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe helicoidal plane of dental occlusion is a composite feature involving axial inclination of teeth and effects of dental attrition. Recent studies disagree on its distribution and significance in hominoid primates. The distribution, development, and functional basis of the helicoidal plane are investigated here, based on quantitative analysis of dental morphology and attrition in 667 human and 60 chimpanzee dentitions. Helicoidal planes are nearly universal in the human and chimpanzee dentitions studied. Increasing axial inclination of molars from Ml to M3 is primarily responsible for the helicoidal plane, although attrition acts to increase its expression.In hominoids, increased molar axial tilt appears to be associated with facial shortening and dental reduction. Population and species comparisons suggest a functional relationship with cranial structure. Progressive axial tilt of molars producing a helicoidal plane is found consistently in mammals with cheek teeth positioned partly under the cranium, as in hominids, pongids, some cebids, macropodids, ursids, and sciurids. Facial shortening is an important trend in hominid evolution and axial inclination of molars might be expected to show progressive change from Australopithecus afarensis to recent Homo saniens.
Digital dermatoglyphics of Bulgarians from northeast Bulgaria
Authors: Karev George B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDigital dermatoglyphics were collected from 1,065 male and 1,065 female Bulgarians from northeast Bulgaria. None of the subjects had a diagnosed or suspected genetic or chronic disease of any kind. The fingerprints were classified by the 18‐type system of Monique de Lestrange, modified to provide rapid and easy comparison with simpler classification systems.All the standard finger pattern indices were calculated. Certain modifications were introduced into the delta indices, it being borne in mind that each tented arch possesses a triradius and each complex (three‐centered, accidental) whorl contains three triradii. A deltadiagram was constructed and its configuration was compared with those of some other populations. In addition, a new radioulnar index was proposed, representing a ratio between all the radial and all the ulnar patterns. The total, absolute, ulnar and radial finger ridge counts were calculated and their sample distributions were investigated.The dermatoglyphic features were evaluated and presented for each sex and each hand separately in order to investigate both the sex and bilateral differences.The set of data presented in this paper is a component of the physical anthropology of the general Bulgarian population. At the same time these data can be used as controls when analyzing the dermatoglyphic findings in Bulgarian patients with genetic diseases or congenital malformations.
An enigmatic hypoplastic defect of the deciduous canine
Authors: Skinner Mark F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA roughly circular hypoplastic defect restricted to the labial enamel surface of the deciduous canine is described. This pathology is quite common in available samples of Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic children and a cadaver sample of recent Calcuttans, affecting 44% to 70% of individuals. It is rare in a Neanderthal sample and in children from a clinical practice in Vancouver. The lesion occurs twice as commonly in the lower jaw. The defect appears to commence at or after birth owing to localized pressure on thin or nonexistent alveolar bone overlying the bulging crypt of the deciduous canine. Population differences in the incidence of the pathology probably reflect innate and acquired variation in hard and soft tissue thicknesses in this region.
Transmissible and nontransmissible components of anthropometric variation in the Alexanderwohl Mennonites: I. Description and familial correlations
Authors: Devor Eric J. , McGue Matt , Crawford Michael H. , Lin Paul M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on 34 anthropometric measures from the Alexanderwohl Mennonite congregations of Kansas and Nebraska are presented. A factor analysis of these traits shows that body length and body width measures are distinct from each other as well as from measures of the head and face. Moreover, familial correlations estimated by maximum likelihood for all 34 traits tend to separate from each other along factor lines with correlations for body lengths being the highest and those for skinfolds and circumferences being the lowest. These results suggest the presence of various body “fields” which are under differing degrees of genetic and environmental control. We offer the term “functional multifactorial complex” as a means of referring to the joint genetic and environmental influences on these fields.
Neural control of quadrupedal and bipedal stance: Implications for the evolution of erect posture
Authors: Dunbar Donald C. , Horak Fay B. , Macpherson Jane M. , Rushmer Donald S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe transition among hominids from quadrupedalism to bipedalism resulted in modifications in their musculoskeletal morphology. It is unclear, however, whether changes in the circuitry of the CNS were also necessary in order to accommodate the unique balance requirements of twolimb support. This study addresses the issue of modifications in control strategies by investigating the rapid, automatic postural responses of feline and human subjects to sudden disturbances of balance in the anteroposterior (AP) direction while they stand quadrupedally and bipedally on movable platforms. Postural responses are characterized in terms of segmental adjustments, generated AP shear forces, and electromyographic activity. Feline and human subjects correct posture similarly when standing quadrupedally. Furthermore, both species correct stance primarily with their hindlimbs and use their forelimbs as supportive struts. In contrast, both species use completely different correctional strategies when standing bipedally. Morphological restrictions, however, prevent cats from adopting the pillar‐like plantigrade posture of human beings. Thus, the correctional strategies of bipedal cats are distinct from those of bipedal human subjects. It is concluded that 1) automatic postural response patterns of quadrupedal Felis and bipedal Homo reflect the different biomechanical characteristics of the initial postures rather than species differences in CNS circuitry controlling stance; 2) hindlimb‐dominated posture control is probably a common and relatively ancient pattern; and 3) reorganization of hominid CNS circuitry was probably unnecessary because hindlimb control was already a feature of the system.
Architectural and histochemical diversity within the quadriceps femoris of the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus)
Authors: Anapol Fred C. , Jungers William L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPhysiologically related features of muscle morphology are considered with regard to functional adaptation for locomotor and postural behavior in the brown lemur (Lemur fulvus). Reduced physiological cross‐sectional area, estimated maximum excursion of the tendon of insertion, length of tendon per muscle fasciculus, and areal fiber type composition were examined in the quadriceps femoris in order to assess the extent of “division of labor” among four apparent synergists.Each of these four muscles in this prosimian primate displays a distinguishing constellation of morphological features that implies functional specialization during posture and normal locomotion (walk/run, galloping, leaping). Vastus medialis is best suited for rapid whole muscle recruitment and may be reserved for relatively vigorous activities such as galloping and leaping (e.g., small cross‐sectional area per mass, long excursion, predominance of fast‐low oxidative fibers, relatively little tendon per fasciculus). In theory, rectus femoris could be employed isometrically in order to store elastic strain energy during all phasic activities (e.g., large cross‐sectional area per mass, short excursion, predominance of fast‐high oxidative fibers, large amount of tendon per fasciculus). Vastus intermedius exhibits an overall morphology indicative of a typical postural muscle (e.g., substantial cross‐sectional area, short excursion, predominance of slow‐high oxidative fibers, large amount of tendon per fasciculus). The construction of vastus lateralis reflects an adaptation for high force, relatively high velocity, and resistance to fatigue (e.g., large cross‐sectional area, long excursion, most heterogeneous distribution of fiber types, large amount of tendon per fasciculus); this muscle is probably the primary contributor to a wide range of locomotor behaviors in lemurs.Marked dramatic architectural disparity among the four bellies, coupled with relative overall fiber type heterogeneity, suggests the potential for exceptional flexibility in muscle recruitment within this mass. One interpretation of this relatively complex neuromuscular organization in the brown lemur is that it represents an adaptation for the exploitation of a three‐dimensional arboreal environment by rapid quadrupedalism and leaping among irregular and spatially disordered substrates.
Density‐dependent migration and human population structure in historical Massachusetts
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies of population structure often focus on the effects of population size and migration rates on genetic variation. Few studies, however, have investigated the relationship between these two factors. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which migration (and gene flow) is density‐dependent (that is, affected by population size) for populations in historical Massachusetts. Data from 4,859 marriage records were analyzed from four populations in north‐central Massachusetts during the time period 1741 to 1849. These data were placed into 29 samples defined in terms of population and time cohort. Within each cohort the overall exogamy rate was computed along with three estimates of gene flow based on marital migration: local migration (k), long‐distance migration (m), and effective migration rate (me). Three samples show unusually low rates that reflect the history of settlement. Regression analyses were used with the remaining samples, and they show nonlinear density‐dependent migration that is unrelated to temporal trends. Migration is highest in samples with small population sizes (< 800) and large population sizes (> 1,600). Migration is lowest in medium‐sized populations. Two processes are suggested to explain this curvilinear relationship of migration and population size. In small populations, the lack of suitable potential mates and/or availability of settled land leads to an increase in migration into the population. As population size, increases, this migration decreases. After populations reach a certain size, migration increases again, most likely reflecting the economic pull of larger populations. These patterns could act to enhance, or counter, genetic drift, depending on the direction of density dependence.
Possible influence of age on the expression of the heterozygous cerumen phenotype
Authors: Petrakis Nicholas L. , Wiesenfeld Stephen L. , Flander Louisa 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe relationship of cerumen (earwax) phenotype and age was examined in 2,618 women. An increasing proportion of white women with dry or unclassifiable cerumen was found with advancing age, ranging from 2.0% in women under 30 years to 13.3% in women 70 years and older. No statistically significant change with age was found in other racial groups. It is suggested that the increase of dry or unclassifiable cerumen in white women represents a change in the expressivity of alleles that determine cerumen type occurring with advancing age in women who are heterozygous for the trait.
Effects of interracial crosses on cephalometric measurements
Authors: Chung C. S. , Runck D. W. , Bilben S. E. , Kau M. C. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe effects of race and interracial crossing were examined on six cephalometric measurements among 9, 912 schoolchildren in Hawaii. The measurements studied were face height, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, head breadth, head length, and cephalic index. Racial effects were studied in terms of general racial effect, maternal effect, and hybridity and recombination effects based on a model of diallel cross. Generally, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos were characterized by longer lateral and smaller anterior‐posterior dimensions relative to Caucasians. Maternal effects appeared to be present in the measures of lateral dimension. No clear effects of hybridity and recombination were seen except for bizygomatic diameter, which appears to behave as a partial dominant trait. The racial mean of bizygomatic diameter, or the ratio of this measure to head length, were found to have a relationship with the racial incidences of cleft lip with or without cleft palate.
The phylogenetic and taxonomic status of Pan paniscus: A chromosomal perspective
Authors: Stanyon Roscoe , Chiarelli Brunetto , Gottlieb Karen , Patton William H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe taxonomic status and phylogenetic position of the bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee continues to be debated. In this report we examined the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the pygmy chimpanzee by a three‐way comparison of the banded chromosomes of humans, Pan troglodytes and Pan paniscus. The evaluation pays particular attention to distinguishing ancestral versus derived chromosomes in order to determine the direction of the chromosomal differences found between these three taxa. P. paniscus and P. troglodytes are shown to share a number of derived chromosomal changes indicative of a probable extensive period of common evolution after the divergence of the humans. The karyological evidence also demonstrates that the pygmy chimpanzee is most likely a valid species, and that it is also the most chromosomally specialized of the three taxa examined. Therefore, from the chromosomal perspective, the pygmy chimpanzee is not the best model for the last common ancestor of both humans and African apes. The chromosomal data also suggest that all the African apes have evolved more from this last common ancestor than is generally considered.
Sexual dimorphism in the emergence of deciduous teeth: Its relationship with growth components in height
Authors: Tanguay Richard , Buschang P. H. , Demirjian Arto 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSexual dimorphism in the emergence of the deciduous dentition of French‐Canadian children may be explained by differences in recumbent length. Relative to the chronological age scale, boys are longer and their teeth emerge earlier than girls. Recumbent lengths attained at the exact age of emergence, as estimated by fifth‐order polynomials fitted to each subject's serial data, are comparable between the sexes. Multi‐ and univariate analyses of variance show no significant sex differences in the lengths attained at the age of emergence of the deciduous teeth. These findings suggest that clinical standards for emergence of deciduous teeth scaled relative to length rather than chronological age are more accurate and efficient.
Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Ward Steven , Hill Andrew 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSediments in the Tugen Hills, west of Lake Baringo, Kenya, form one of the best fossiliferous successions known in Africa spanning the period from 14 my to less than 4 my. Hominoid fossils have previously been recovered from a number of localities in the region. We describe here a new hominid mandible (KNM‐TH 13150) from the site of Tabarin, in the Chemeron Formation. Isotopic determinations on a tuff below the fossiliferous horizon gives dates of 4.96 my and 5.25 my. The associated fauna is consistent with these results and independently suggests a minimum age for the specimen of 4.15 my. Although fragmentary, the preserved morphology of the Tabarin mandible is consistent with the diagnosis of the Pliocene hominid Australopithecus afarensis. It can be distinguished from all other currently recognized hominoid taxa.
Tissue identification and histologic study of six lung specimens from Egyptian mummies
Authors: Walker Roxie , Parsche Franz , Bierbrier Morris , McKerrow James H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTwenty‐eight specimens obtained either from organ bundles in the body cavities of intact mummies, from damaged mummies, or from isolated canopic jars were examined for tissue identification and histopathologic study. The methods of rehydration and fixation were optimized by application to 40 dehydrated modern samples before studies of mummified tissue were undertaken. The tissue of origin could be definitely identified in 24 of the 28 specimens. Even small fragments obtained from isolated canopic jars proved suitable for histologic study. Six lung specimens were selected for more detailed study. All six showed focal deposition of anthracotic pigment. Electron diffraction and electron microprobe analysis of one of the small, polarizable crystals associated with the anthracosis indicated a mineral content of silica, aluminum, and iron. Two specimens showed focal areas of calcification consistent with old mycobacterial disease. Other histopathologic findings included evidence of pulmonary edema, emphysema, and pneumonia.