bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of the timing of haemorrhage after tonsillectomy: an important factor in determining the safety of performing tonsillectomy as a day case procedure
Authors: Bennett A.M.D. , Clark A.B. , Bath A.P. , Montgomery P.Q. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  To perform a meta‐analysis of studies of the timing of primary tonsillectomy haemorrhage. In particular to compare the difference in risk between 0–8 and 8–24 h; that is whether overnight inpatient tonsillectomy is required.Design:  Medline search of all tonsillectomy studies to perform a meta‐analysis of the timing of primary haemorrhages.Setting:  Literature‐based study.Participants:  All adult and paediatric tonsillectomy studies giving the absolute number and timing of all primary haemorrhages.Main outcome measures:  The overall incidence of haemorrhage occurring between 0–8 and 8–24 h. The overall incidence of haemorrhage for each of the first 24 h after operation. Compare risk of a bleed occurring 0–8, 8–24 and >24 h where data were available.Results:  From a 1.4% overall risk of a primary haemorrhage only one in 14 occur after 8 h, i.e. 0.1% (95% CI = 0.08–0.16%). A total of 833 patients would require to be kept overnight in order to identify one case of bleeding after 8 h.Conclusions:  Little benefit was conferred from overnight admission from the point of view of monitoring for primary haemorrhage. A case can be made for either day‐case tonsillectomy (hospital stay over the period in which 93% of primary haemorrhages would occur) or the ‘belt‐and‐braces’ approach of a 1‐week stay (during which all haemorrhages would occur) but current 24‐h admission appears illogical.
Predictors of speech and swallowing function following primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal cancer
Authors: Zuydam A.C. , Lowe D. , Brown J.S. , Vaughan E.D. , Rogers S.N. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  To examine the association between the speech and swallowing aspect of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and selected clinical parameters, and particularly to determine those that are predictive of good outcomes at 1 year after surgery.Design:  Prospective questionnaire and clinical study.Setting:  Regional Maxillofacial Unit.Participants:  A total of 278 consecutive patients undergoing primary surgery for squamous cell carcinoma between 1995 and 1999. HRQOL was assessed using the University of Washington Quality of Life questionnaire (UW‐QOL) pre‐surgery, and post‐surgery at 6 months, 1 year and later (median 39 months).Main outcome measures:  Presentation of results was mainly descriptive, involving percentages and mean scores. Association of clinico‐demographic factors with tumour site, and with UW‐QOL swallowing and speech after 12 months, was tested with Fisher's exact or chi‐squared tests as appropriate and modelled using logistic regression methods.Results:  Univariate relationships were seen between speech and swallowing scores and with tumour size, T staging, radiotherapy, type of surgery (primary closure or free tissue transfer), tumour site, extent of resection of posterior tongue and soft palate, and UW‐QOL taste and saliva scores. Multiple logistic regression showed that no radiotherapy (P < 0.001) and primary surgical closure/laser surgery (P = 0.003) were the main predictors of good swallowing, and primary surgical closure/laser surgery was the main predictor of good speech (P < 0.001) at 1 year.Conclusions:  A number of clinical parameters can influence the speech and swallowing aspect of quality of life in these patients and when feasible, primary closure results in a better outcome than free flap reconstruction.
Screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer: what is the current clinical practice?
Authors: Brouwer J. , de Bree R. , Hoekstra O.S. , Langendijk J.A. , Castelijns J.A. , Leemans C.R. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  The detection of distant metastases during screening influences the choice of treatment in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). There is no consensus on the diagnostic technique that has to be used nor on the subgroup of HNSCC patients that may benefit from screening.Design:  Questionnaire on current practice concerning the diagnostic work‐up in HNSCC patients for screening for distant metastases.Participants:  Investigators in the 12 otolaryngology / head and neck and seven oromaxillofacial departments treating head and neck cancer in the Netherlands.Results:  The response rate was 100%. Indications for screening were cervical lymph node metastases (63%), mutilating surgery (58%), locoregional recurrence (47%), advanced T‐stage (32%), second primary tumour (21%). Diagnostic techniques routinely used for screening besides chest X‐ray were chest CT (84%), liver ultrasound (53%), liver CT (16%) and bone scintigraphy (42%). Forty‐two per cent of the clinicians were not satisfied with the current methods of screening.Conclusion:  This survey shows a substantial variation in indications and diagnostic techniques used for screening for distant metastases between the major institutions treating head and neck cancer in the Netherlands. There is a need for guidelines for screening for distant metastases in patients with head and neck cancer.
Variability in nomenclature of benign laryngeal pathology based on video laryngoscopy with and without stroboscopy
Authors: Chau H.N. , Desai K. , Georgalas C. , Harries M. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  To assess the extent of interobserver variability in the nomenclature of benign laryngeal pathology based on evaluation of video‐endoscopies with and without stroboscopy.Design:  Eight video clips of benign laryngeal conditions were viewed by 35 non‐voice specialist ENT surgeons. The surgeons viewed the clips in groups of varying sizes with no discussion between them and were asked to make only one diagnosis for each lesion.Setting:  Specialist voice clinic in the department of ENT at The Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton, UK.Participants:  Participating ENT surgeons were all either registrars or consultants working at different centres in UK, recruited by the author. None were voice specialists.Main outcome measure:  Interobserver agreement was measured using kappa statistics.Results:  Variation was widespread with only two of the eight cases (25%) showing agreement of over 75%. Agreement could be analysed statistically as moderate at best (κ = 0.5 with a 95% confidence interval from 0.5 to 0.6). The seniority of the laryngologist was also analysed with consultants and senior trainees (specialist registrar years 4–6) having better agreement than junior trainees (specialist registrar years 1–3).Conclusions:  The generally accepted optimum treatment for different benign laryngeal pathologies varies substantially. However, our results shows a significant high‐level interobserver variability in their diagnosis by non‐voice specialists, thus reducing the reliability of outcome data and treatment recommendations. It is therefore important to try and lower this interobserver variability, possibly by widespread use of improved diagnostic technology, stricter/more universally accepted definitions and supervised training of junior doctors in a voice clinic environment.
Guidelines in head and neck oncology compliance and consequences of deviations from the standard protocol for tongue and floor of mouth squamous carcinoma
Authors: Aarts M.C.J. , Hogen Esch T.T. , Terhaard C.H.J. , Koole R. , Hordijk G.J. 
Published: September 2005

Objectives:  To investigate the extent of violation of a regional guideline for the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the tongue/floor of mouth (ICD0 C02, C04). Different aspects of protocol violation (i.e. undertreatment or overtreatment) and consequences for treatment outcome were evaluated.Design:  Retrospective analysis of data from medical records.Setting:  The Department of Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery and the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of the University Medical Centre Utrecht.Participants:  A total of 217 patients treated between 1991 and 2001 for a stage II and stage III carcinoma of the tongue/floor of mouth.Main outcome measures:  Protocol violation, tumour recurrence.Results:  The overall adherence to the guideline was 55%. In the non‐adherence group of patients, 21% were overtreated, 71% were undertreated, and 8% were both overtreated and undertreated. There was no statistically significant difference in tumour recurrence between the two groups for stage II (P = 0.68) or stage III (P = 0.97) disease, or between undertreatment and overtreatment of patients with stage II (P = 0.47) or stage III (P = 0.90) disease.Conclusions:  Although protocol violation occurs in as many as 45% of patients, this does not result in a worse tumour recurrence. Neither overtreatment nor undertreatment appears to affect the overall tumour recurrence.
Quantifying water‐stable soil aggregate turnover and its implication for soil organic matter dynamics in a model study
Authors: De Gryze S. , Six J. , Merckx R. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryRecent studies have concluded that the dynamics of soil structure are central to the understanding of soil organic matter (SOM) cycling and the ensuing soil‐water–nutrient relationships. Aggregate turnover directly controls the stabilization and physical protection of SOM. Therefore, quantifying aggregate dynamics will improve our ability to predict SOM behaviour as affected by ecosystem management and global change. We present an approach to directly quantify aggregate dynamics using rare‐earth oxides as tracers. A 6‐week laboratory incubation was set up to measure aggregate dynamics at different times. We made samples in which each different aggregate size‐fraction contained a different tracer. By following the redistribution of these tracers into the other aggregate size‐fractions, we could quantify all soil mass transfers between aggregate size‐fractions. A comparison with a control soil showed that the tracer did not affect soil respiration or the aggregation process itself. Tracer mixing homogeneity, recovery and immobility were tested and validated. While initially macroaggregate formation occurred rapidly, microaggregate formation occurred more slowly during the experiment. Subsequent aggregate stabilization was more pronounced for the newly formed microaggregates than for the newly formed macroaggregates. Calculated turnover times were smaller for macroaggregates than for microaggregates (i.e. 30 vs. 88 days). Further research is needed to investigate to what extent these results can be extrapolated to the field. Our results confirmed existing qualitative views and concepts on aggregate dynamics in a quantitative way and will be valuable in directly linking aggregate turnover to the stabilization and protection of SOM.
The effect of water content on solid‐state 13C NMR quantitation and relaxation rates of soil organic matter
Authors: Smernik R. J. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryTwo hydrofluoric acid‐treated soils were prepared with water contents ranging up to 22% by exposing them to a range of atmospheric humidities. There was no effect of water content on the chemical shift distribution of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal in 13C cross‐polarization (CP) NMR spectra. The sensitivity of the 13C CP NMR spectra decreased slightly with increasing water content. Much of this decrease could be attributed to decreases in T1ρH relaxation rates, caused by enhanced molecular mobility of the organic matter in the presence of absorbed water. Rates of T1H relaxation were very sensitive to water content, and average T1H relaxation rates decreased four‐ to five‐fold from the smallest to the largest water content. Rates of T1H relaxation were non‐uniform, and were better modelled by two‐T1H component fits than one‐T1H component fits. The ratio of rapidly to slowly relaxing components increased with increasing water content. Proton spin relaxation editing (PSRE) subspectra revealed substantial changes in the nature of these two components with increasing water content. These results indicate the presence of an organic matter component that is very sensitive to water content, transforming from slowly relaxing at a small water content to rapidly relaxing at a greater water content. This component was shown to be rich in O–alkyl and carbonyl C, and may be hemicellulosic root exudates and microbial mucilages. The slowly relaxing PSRE component was a mixture of ligno‐cellulose and alkyl biopolymers, whereas the rapidly relaxing component was primarily charcoal for one of the soils, and was reminiscent of dissolved organic carbon for the other soil. These findings show that care must be taken in controlling water contents when using PSRE to study organic matter.
Dynamics and origin of the non‐hydrolysable organic fraction in a forest and a cultivated temperate soil, as determined by isotopic and microscopic studies
Authors: Poirier N. , Derenne S. , Balesdent J. , Chenu C. , Bardoux G. , Mariotti A. , Largeau C. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe isolated the non‐hydrolysable macromolecular organic fraction (insoluble fraction resistant to drastic laboratory hydrolyses) from a temperate, loamy, forest soil (Lacadée, France) and from the soil of an adjacent plot cleared 35 years ago and continuously cropped with maize. The quantitative, morphological (light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy) and isotopic (bulk δ13C, individual compound δ13C and radiocarbon dating) features of these two non‐hydrolysable fractions were determined and compared. It appeared that: (i) extensive degradation of the non‐hydrolysable material inherited from the forest soil occurred upon cropping, revealing that its resistance to drastic laboratory hydrolyses is not paralleled by a great resistance to natural biodegradation triggered by change in land use; (ii) only small inputs of maize‐derived compounds occurred in the non‐hydrolysable fraction of the cultivated soil so that, in spite of extensive degradation, the forest‐inherited carbon still predominates; (iii) the non‐hydrolysable fractions of both soils comprise the same components (wood debris, spores, pollen, and, predominantly, granular organic aggregates), which correlate with the previously identified chemical components (charcoal, aliphatic lipid components and melanoidin‐like components); (iv) the non‐hydrolysable fraction of the cropped soil shows a greater contribution of aliphatic moieties, reflecting differential degradation of the components of the non‐hydrolysable material inherited from the forest soil; (v) this degradation resulted in enrichment in the oldest components; and (vi) no relationship is observed, in the two Lacadée soils, between resistance to drastic laboratory hydrolyses, on the one hand, and stability towards biodegradation in situ, on the other. These observations, added to recent ones on other types of soils, suggest that such a conspicuous uncoupling between non‐hydrolysable and stable carbon is probably a general feature of organic matter in soil as opposed to sedimentary organic matter.
HLA Class II molecules on haplotypes associated with type 1 diabetes exhibit similar patterns of binding affinities for coxsackievirus P2C peptides
Authors: Ellis Richard J. , Varela‐Calvino Ruben , Tree Timothy I. M. , Peakman Mark 
Published: September 2005

SummaryEnteroviruses such as coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) are proposed as possible environmental triggers or accelerants of the autoimmune process that leads to type 1 diabetes mellitus. One putative mechanism to account for this association is mimicry between virus components and islet autoantigens. Particular interest has focused on the CVB4 non‐structural protein P2C, which we previously showed to be a major target of the effector memory anti‐CVB4 CD4 T‐cell response, and which harbours a region of sequence similarity with the islet autoantigen, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65). Since several distinct human leucocyte antigen (HLA) Class II molecules are associated with development of type 1 diabetes, we hypothesized that for functional mimicry to be important, any potential region(s) of mimicry in P2C should bind to each of these susceptibility molecules. In the present study therefore we examined the affinity of 20‐mer overlapping P2C peptides for soluble HLA‐DR4, ‐DR3, ‐DQ2 and ‐DQ8. We identified one discrete region of P2C with high binding affinities for all of these HLA Class II molecules. Moreover, the binding affinity of P2C peptides was significantly correlated between HLA molecules present on the same susceptibility haplotype (e.g. DR4 and DQ8, P =0·0076; DR3 and DQ2 P = 0·002). We conclude that possession of these haplotypes favours restricted presentation of viral epitopes, and speculate that this could promote the potential for mimicry between microbial proteins and islet autoantigens.
Costimulation of T‐cell proliferation by anti‐l‐selectin antibody is associated with the reduction of a cdk inhibitor p27
Authors: Nishijima Ken‐ichi , Ando Munetoshi , Sano Shusuke , Hayashi‐Ozawa Aiko , Kinoshita Yoshinori , Iijima Shinji 
Published: September 2005

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the costimulatory activity of l‐selectin in primary mouse T cells. Proliferation induced by immobilized anti‐CD3 antibody was enhanced by immobilized anti‐l‐selectin antibody. In contrast to the anti‐CD28 antibody, anti‐l‐selectin antibody did not enhance interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) expression. One of the cyclin‐dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors, p27, was reduced by costimulation with anti‐l‐selectin antibody, as with anti‐CD28 antibody, suggesting that the enhancement of T‐cell proliferation is the result of a reduced p27 level. Since anti‐l‐selectin antibody enhanced the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) induced by anti‐CD3 antibody, ERK plays an important role in signal integration during costimulation. These results suggest that the mechanism of T‐cell costimulation is at least partially different between CD28 and l‐selectin, although the two mechanisms share a common downstream event, a reduction of p27 level, as a critical biochemical event in the cell cycle progression of T cells.
Altered cytokine expression in mesenteric lymph nodes in a rat strain (Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu) that spontaneously develops hypereosinophilia
Authors: Muto Shin‐ichi , Monnai Makoto , Okuhara Yuji , Murakami Makoto , Kuroda Junji , Ono Tamao , Matsumoto Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe Matsumoto Eosinophilic Shinshu (MES) rat is an inbred mutant strain that spontaneously develops systemic hypereosinophilia with eosinophilic inflammatory lesions similar to those associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome in humans and other mammals. To elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie these features of MES rats, we examined the pattern of cytokine gene expression in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), the thymus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as the blood clinicopathology and MLN lymphocytic subsets of these animals. MES rats exhibited both leucocytosis, attributable in large part to hypereosinophilia and neutrophilia, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgA gammaglobulinaemia, with increased titres of IgM autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that the amounts of interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐4, eotaxin, and interferon‐γ mRNAs were increased in the MLN lymphocytes of MES rats compared with the corresponding values for Sprague‐Dawley rats. Intraperitoneal administration of a monoclonal antibody specific for IL‐5 resulted in an immediate suppression of hypereosinophilia and a delayed suppression of neutrophilia in MES rats. Flow cytometry revealed an increased percentage of CD3+ CD4– CD8– T lymphocytes in MLNs of MES rats. Our results suggest that the hypereosinophilia of MES rats results from an increased production of IL‐5, and that the eosinophilic inflammatory lesions of these animals, which are largely restricted to the gut, may be related both to cytokine overexpression in MLNs and to T helper 1 and 2 immunological responses.
CD27+ B cells in human lymphatic organs: re‐evaluating the splenic marginal zone
Authors: Steiniger Birte , Timphus Eva‐Maria , Jacob Ralf , Barth Peter J. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe marginal zone of human spleens is regarded as an organ‐specific region harbouring sessile memory B cells. This opinion has arisen by extrapolating from results obtained in mice and rats. Detection of CD27+ B cells in situ now revealed similarities among the most superficial region of B‐cell follicles in human spleens, reactive lymph nodes, inflamed appendices, tonsils and terminal ilea. The follicular surface in these organs consists of small naïve immunoglobulin D (IgD)+ CD27– B cells predominating in an inner area and larger IgD+/– CD27+ B cells prevailing in a more superficial position. CD27+ B cells may, however, also occupy the entire follicular periphery around the germinal centre. Together with additional peculiarities this distribution indicates a fundamental microanatomical difference among the human and rodent splenic white pulp. We hypothesize that the follicular periphery represents a recirculation compartment both for naïve and memory/natural reactive B cells in all human secondary lymphatic organs. This assumption implies a difference in recirculation behaviour among human and rodent B memory cells.
The effects of selected aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids on off‐flavours in water
Authors: Andersson Thorbjörn , Forsgren Gunnar , Nielsen Tim 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe effects of selected aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids on the development of off‐flavours in water were studied. Combinations of hexanal, octanal, 2‐octanone, 5‐nonanone, hexanoic acid and nonanoic acid were rated by the off‐flavour intensities they created in water at concentrations just at or below the threshold value of each analyte. Two different sensory panels evaluated the off‐flavours induced by different combinations of the analytes. The observations of the two panels agreed well. From these studies, it could be concluded that aldehydes play an important role in the development of off‐flavours intensities in water. There were synergistic effects between aldehydes and ketones, as well as between aldehydes and carboxylic acids. Small amounts of aldehydes and carboxylic acids – well below their respective threshold values – caused an increase in the off‐flavour intensity. No synergism between ketones and carboxylic acids could be observed.
The effect of hydration time and ethanol concentration on the rate of hydrolysis of extracted vanilla beans by commercial cellulase preparations
Authors: Ovando Sandy L. , Waliszewski Krzysztof N. , Pardio Violeta T. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryThe rate of producing reducing sugars from extracted vanilla beans by using cellulolytic enzymes was studied. The hydration of cellulose improved the efficiency of hydrolysis. The treatment using Crystalzyme PML‐MX at a concentration of 2.64 International Filter Paper Units (IFPU) g−1 of bean was the most successful and the enzyme stable for up to 5:100 (weight:volume) of ethanol. After 48 h of prehydration and 26 h of enzymatic hydrolysis with this enzyme preparation, 196.6 mg g−1 reducing sugars containing 15.9 mg g−1 glucose were liberated. Less active enzyme products, Zymafilt L‐300 and Novozym, had greater cellulolytic activity when 10 or 15:100 (weight:volume) of ethanol were added respectively. Because of their stability with ethanol, the enzyme products could be used in the pretreatment of botanical material that are rich in flavour compounds and in this manner improve the final extraction of valuable flavours.