bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving Ambiguous Segmentation of Korean Compound Nouns Using Statistics and Rules
Authors: Yun Bo‐Hyun , Kwak Yong‐Jae , Rim Hae‐Chang 
Published: March 2003

Korean compound nouns may be written as a sequence of characters without blanks between unit nouns. For Korean processing systems, Korean compound nouns have to be first segmented into a sequence of unit nouns. However, the segmentation task is difficult because a sequence of characters may be ambiguously segmented to several sequences of appropriate unit nouns. Moreover, this task is not trivial because Korean compound nouns may include many unknown unit nouns.This paper proposes a new method for KCNS (Korean Compound Noun Segmentation) and reports on the appliccation of such a segmentationtechnique to enhance the performance of an information retrieval system. According to our method, compound nouns are first segmented by using a dictionary and structure patterns. If they are ambiguously segmented, we resolve the ambiguities by using statistical information and a preference rule. Moreover, we employ three kinds of heuristics in order to segment compound nouns with unknown unit nouns.To evaluate KCNS, we use three kinds of data from various domains. Experimental results show that the precision of KCNS's output is approximately 96% on average, regardless of domains. The effectiveness of using the segmented unit nouns provided by KCNS for indexing is proved by improving retrieval performance of our information retrieval system.
Clinton, Europe and Economic Diplomacy: What Makes the EU Different?
Authors: Peterson John , Green Cowles Maria 
Published: March 2003

The Clinton administration's economic diplomacy has been more aggressive, politicized and controversial than that of any recent US administration. We examine its application to the European Union (EU) and seek to answer the question: what makes Europe different? Put another way, why has the US pursued cooperation on “behind‐the‐border” issues such as competition policy, standards and investment rules, and eschewed export promotion?We offer three explanations. First, the EU's market is unique: it is a mature, but lucrative one for large US‐owned firms concerned more with behind‐the‐border issues than with market access issues. Second, American companies who have invested heavily in Europe have developed their own political links to the EU, particularly through the EU Committee of the American Chamber of Commerce. Third, these same companies have a powerful influence over US policy towards Europe as well as EU policymaking. Our analysis develops these three hypotheses, and also offers an assessment of the progress and meaning of the Transatlantic Business Dialogue.
Successful International Cooperation: The Influence of Cultural Similarity, Strategic Differences, and International Experience
Authors: Van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Van Der Zee Karen I. 
Published: March 2003

La coopération entre les entreprises dépasse de plus en plus les frontières nationales. Dans la présente recherche, 78 cas de coopération internationale sont examinés. Les résultats démontrent que la similitude entre la culture corporative et nationale est associée à une coopération réussie. Cependant, en lien avec le concept de stratégie corporative, la non similitude stratégique semble plus critique à une coopération réussie que la similitude stratégique. Également, la similitude culturelle apparaît comme relativement peu importante à une coopération réussie entre des entreprises ayant eu des expériences passées dans le même pays. Cet effet modérateur de l’expérience passée est aussi trouvé, mais à plus faible intensité, pour la coopération dans des pays ayant une culture similaire au pays où a eu lieu la coopération précédente. Aucun effet modérateur n’est trouvé pour l’expérience à l’étranger en général. Les implications de cette recherche pour les compagnies se préparant àœuvrer à l’étranger sont discutées.Cooperation between companies increasingly exceeds national borders. In the present study 78 international cooperation cases were examined. It was shown that similarity in national and corporate culture is associated with successful cooperation. On the other hand, with respect to corporate strategy, strategic dissimilarity rather than similarity is critical to success of cooperation. Cultural similarity appears to be relatively unimportant to the success of cooperation among companies that had previous experience in the same country. This moderating influence of earlier experience was also found, although less consistently, for cooperation in countries that had a culture related to the culture of the country of the previous experience. No moderating influence was found of experience abroad in general. Implications of the present study for companies starting abroad are discussed.
EEG coherence, joint attention and language development in the second year
Authors: Mundy Peter , Fox Nathan , Card Judith 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRecent research has raised the hypothesis that brain maturation processes may play an important role in the linkage between infant joint attention and language development. This hypothesis was examined using EEG, joint attention and parent report language measures in a longitudinal study of 29 infants assessed at 14, 18 and 24 months of age. The results indicated that both measures of joint attention and EEG coherence at 14 months were related to language development at 24 months. Furthermore, both EEG coherence measures and joint attention measures made contributions to multiple regression equations predicting individual differences in language development. Finally, coherence data from this study were consistent withThatcher's (1994) theory of different patterns of neural integration and differentiation in the early maturation of the left and right hemispheres. The implications of these results for understanding the nature of the relations between joint attention and language development, as well as the utility of EEG coherence measures in developmental neuroscience are discussed.
Magnetoencephalography in pediatric neuroimaging
Authors: Paetau Ritva 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNeural currents give rise to electroencephalogram (EEG) and magnetoencephalogram (MEG). MEG has selective sensitivity to tangential currents (from fissural cortex), and less distorted signals compared with EEG. A major goal of MEG is to determine the location and timing of cortical generators for event‐related responses, spontaneous brain oscillations or epileptiform activity. MEG provides a spatial accuracy of a few mm under optimal conditions, combined with an excellent submillisecond temporal resolution, which together enable spatiotemporal tracking of distributed neural activities, e.g. during cognitive tasks or epileptic discharges. While the present focus of pediatric MEG is on tailored epilepsy surgery, the complete noninvasiveness of MEG also provides unlimited possibilities to study the brain functions of healthy and developmentally deviant children.
Humanitarianism and Local Service Institutions in Angola
Authors: Christoplos Ian 
Published: March 2003

The role of local service institutions is not a major focus of current discourse on humanitarianism and complex emergencies. These institutions, in the few places where they are mentioned, are usually presented as either the seed of civil society and future democracy, or as pawns and components of the predatory economic, political and military élites. Few would deny that examples can be found which conform to both of these stereotypes. This simplistic representation of local institutions ignores the perspectives of the actors themselves — the nurses, extension agents, school teachers and others who actually staff most NGO‐supported projects. The debate has focused on what ‘we’ should do; the moral dilemmas of aid agencies and their expatriate staff, inevitably leading to the question of whether or not humanitarian workers should stay or leave situations in which aid may be causing more harm than good.Without denying the fundamental importance of these issues, it is important to consider also how the discourse has unfortunately moved away from those humanitarian workers who have no such choice, since they live there. Current concerns about keeping humanitarian aid from feeding local political and military struggles may inadvertently and paradoxically serve to constrain room for manœuvre in the field, particularly among those individuals with the greatest tacit understanding of the predatory environment. There is a need to understand how actors in local service institutions make sense of their own situations, including the factors which frame their moral dilemmas and their day‐to‐day choices. By analysing the organisational processes within local service institutions, this study is intended to provoke consideration of how these individuals and their institutions may be effectively supported in complex emergencies through a focus on how they themselves deal with danger and complexity. It is suggested that there is a value in considering the lessons learnt in recent years about how service organisations in the North function in turbulent environments. This experience points to the importance of allowing workers the discretion to develop a relationship with their clients, and in so doing make sense of a confusing and ambivalent environment.
Politiques publiques et économie sociale en Europe: Le cas de l’Espagne
Authors: Chaves Rafael 
Published: March 2003

Cet article examine les différentes politiques économiques susceptibles d’avoir des répercussions sur l’économie sociale en tant que secteur institutionnel.En premier lieu il présente un cadre d’analyse permettant d’appréhender les contenus des politiques et en offre trois typologies.A la lumière de ce cadre dans unpremier temps il fait unbilan global des politiques mises en oeuvre en Europe pour se centrer dans un deuxième temps sur l’Espagne l’un des pays de l’Union où le niveau de développement de ces politiques est le plus avancé .Pour terminer, l’auteur évalue l’efficacité des principales mesures de politique économique mises en oeuvre dans ce pays.The article considers different economic policies likely to affect the social economy sector as an institutional sector. In a first time it sets up an analytical framework which allows to apprehend the policies contents and offers three typologies. In the light of this framework it first makes a global evaluation of policies implemented in Europe and then focuses on Spain, one of the Union countries with the highest level of development of these policies. Finally, the author evaluates the efficiency of the main measures of economic policy applied in this country.
Theory & Methods: Partitioning Pearson’s Chi‐Squared Statistic for a Completely Ordered Three‐Way Contingency Table
Authors: Beh Eric J. , Davy Pamela J. 
Published: March 2003

The paper presents a partition of the Pearson chi‐squared statistic for triply ordered three‐way contingency tables. The partition invokes orthogonal polynomials and identifies three‐way association terms as well as each combination of two‐way associations. This partition provides information about the structure of each variable by identifying important bivariate and trivariate associations in terms of location (linear), dispersion (quadratic) and higher order components. The significance of each term in the partition, and each association within each term can also be determined.The paper compares the chi‐squared partition with the log‐linear models of Agresti (1994) for multi‐way contingency tables with ordinal categories, by generalizing the model proposed by Haberman (1974).
Language Intervention: Computer Training for Young Children with Special Needs
Authors: Schery Teris , O’Connor Lisa 
Published: March 2003

Three studies that explore the usefulness and effectiveness of computers for training language skills of young children with communication disabilities are reviewed. A study of eight toddlers with Down syndrome compared traditional individual language intervention with computer‐based instruction for developing comprehension of vocabulary and early grammatical patterns over a period of three months. Both approaches showed a similar, highly significant effect, indicating that computer‐based intervention was as successful as traditional one‐to‐one language therapy.A second study used 52 children (ages 4–10) who were enrolled in special education classes for children with severe language, learning and behavioral disabilities. The effectiveness of adding twice a week, 30‐minute interactive computer language training sessions to the regular classsroom language curriculum was examined. Children showed significantly more progress in vocabulary, general language ability and social communication during the 10 week period they were receiving the computer training.Lastly, the effectiveness of using a parent volunteer to work with toddlers on computer‐based language tasks was compared with language progress when these children worked with a professional speech language pathologist. Four out of five of the children showed more progress when working with the parent volunteer.The article concludes with a discussion of educational considerations for planning computer‐based language intervention and includes a sample language lesson for the computer as well as software evaluation guidelines.
Aligning learning, teaching and assessment using the web: an evaluation of pedagogic approaches
Authors: Hall Richard 
Published: March 2003

Biggs has argued that teaching is most effective when it supports those activities appropriate to understanding the curriculum objectives. This paper uses Biggs’ argument to analyse how a UK higher education initiative, the Chic project, has promoted learning and teaching innovation that supports collaborative, inclusive learning by integrating on‐line and face‐to‐face delivery. Methods by which assessments, teaching processes and learning objectives can be aligned are discussed.The author identifies two project approaches to the utilisation of on‐line materials within curriculum design. Staff and student questionnaires and interviews are evaluated in order to assess whether these processes promote a reflexive approach to learning. Such reflexivity depends upon stimulating the learner’s emotional involvement and active engagement in undertaking achievable tasks.The paper argues that an integrated approach to on‐line learning and teaching can be used to promote students’ critical use, understanding and application of materials. Moreover, it is argued that this can be liberating for staff and students as long as there is a shared vision and experience upon which to act. Promoting motivation within a supportive and meaningful context is fundamental.
A Multi‐disciplinary Identification of Issues Associated with ‘Contracting’ in Market‐oriented Health Service Reforms
Authors: Burgoyne J. G. , Brown D. H. , Hindle A. , Mumford M. J. 
Published: March 2003

Multi‐disciplinary perspectives from operational research, management information systems, purposeful activity systems, accounting and finance, transaction‐cost economics and organization learning are discussed in relation to `contracting' in the NHS following the recent reforms, applied within the general framework of soft‐systems methodology. These are then used to frame questions for collecting information about contracting practices and issues. The data so collected suggest that the issues and activities associated with contracting can be grouped into five interacting categories of: strategy formation, making enabling arrangements, operational management of contracted activities, identifying and relating to stakeholders, and carrying forward organizational learning from experience. Each of the disciplinary perspectives attributes significance to specific forms in these five activities.The possibility of some multi‐disciplinary linking of theoretical perspectives is demonstrated. Information and purposeful systems are central to this, being on the one hand created by social processes which define relevant information and corporate alignments of purpose, and on the other hand patterns of activity that can be evaluated in terms of contribution to these purposes, with properties of greater or lesser inhibition of innovation to improve purpose achievement. As a case study of an attempt at inter‐disciplinary research, it demonstrates that interdisciplinary linkage can be made, though certain epistemological issues are skated over in the process. On the basis of the case study, some of the richness and insight of the different perspectives is lost in the process. The critical debate about the neutrality of soft‐systems methodology is commented on in the light of the study.
Focus: Information Ethics
Authors: Rogerson Simon 
Published: March 2003

“The overall goal of information ethics is to integrate information technology and human values in such a way that IT advances and protects human values rather than doing damage to them” (Simon Rogerson). We are pleased to present in this issue five papers from a recent European conference on information ethics edited and introduced by Simon Rogerson, Director of the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility at De Montfort University, England.We are also pleased to announce a major new feature of the Review, entitled Business Ethics on the Internet, which will be contributed from time to time by members of the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility at De Montfort University. This will provide regular up‐to‐date information and comment on the resources which are becoming increasingly available on the Internet relating to the study of business ethics and the practice of ethical business. It will be launched in our July issue in an article entitled “Business Ethics on the Internet”.
Business Ethics on the Internet
Authors: Fairweather N. Ben , Hopewell Derrol 
Published: March 2003

The Internet is becoming increasingly indispensable as a valuable and vast resource of information, and not least of information about Business Ethics, with endless email lists providing the possibility of informed global discussions and a multitude of websites offering the latest available knowledge in the field. This article, intended to be the first in a regular series, aims to provide a practical introduction to accessing business ethics sites on the Internet, and reviews four major websites offering information on business ethics. The authors are members of the Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, England(email: ccs.ccsr@dmu.ac.uk) (website: http://www.ccsr.cms.dmu.ac.uk)
The UK supermarket industry: an analysis of corporate social and financial performance
Authors: Moore Geoff , Robson Andy 
Published: March 2003

In a previous paper (Moore, 2001), the headline findings from a study of social and financial performance over three years of eight firms in the UK supermarket industry were reported. These were based on the derivation of a 16‐measure social performance index and a 4‐measure financial performance index. This paper discusses the formulationof the indices and then reports on: discussions with two supermarket firms concerning the overall results; inter‐relationships between individual financial performance measures; inter‐relationships between individual social performance measures; stakeholder group analysis; and inter‐relationships between turnover, age and gearing with social performance measures. The paper discusses these inter‐relationships, incorporating comments from the interviews with the two supermarket firms, and reports on both factor and cluster analysis.The interviews lend support for Preston and O’Bannon’s (1997) Available Funding Hypothesis in both its positive and negative form. The findings show that there are individual or combinations of related measures that could be used as surrogate measures for social and financial performance, instead of deriving a full index. However, the recommendation is that a full index continues to be used until there is further corroboration of these results. The findings also provide statistically significant support for the Negative Synergy Hypothesis (Preston and O’Bannon, 1997), show a statistically significant association between pre‐tax profits (both lagged and contemporaneous) with community contributions, and show that all statistically significant associations between individual social performance measures are positive – suggesting that they are mutually reinforcing. The association of size with social performance, noted in the previous paper, is also reinforced.Findings in relation to the proportion of women managers and the number of women on the Board and positive associations with other social and environmental performance measures raise interesting gender issues for business ethics. Factor analysis leads to no clear conclusions but cluster does show two or three clear clusters of firms, where size would seem to be the main but not sole factor. Further areas of research are noted.
Books: Knowledge Management: in Search of the Philosophers’ Stone
Authors: Empson Laura 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:T.H.Davenport, Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They KnowG.von Krogh, J.Roos, and D.Kleine (eds), Knowledge in Firms: Understanding, Managing and Measuring KnowledgeR.C.Huseman and J.P.Goodman, Leading with Knowledge: the Nature of Competition in the 21st CenturyVarious authors, Harvard Business Review on Knowledge Management
Fast Analytic Shading and Shadowing for Area Light Sources
Authors: Tanaka Toshimitsu , Takahashi Tokiichiro 
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a fast analytic algorithm that generates exact highlights and soft shadows from area light sources. In order to realize fast shadowing, we propose the ray‐oriented buffer which segments 3D space by following light rays from polygonal sources. Each cell of the buffer stores objects that intersect a related subspace. Candidate objects which may cast shadows onto a point are selected by referring to the buffer. The candidates are then tested with their shadow bounding volumes to suppress objects that never occlude light sources.In addition, we propose the cross scanline clipping algorithm. It quickly determines the exact regions of uncovered area light sources with simple silhouette generation. Both diffuse and specular reflections are computed by integrating light rays from the uncovered sources. Experimental results confirm the high performance of the proposed method.
Adaptive Supersampling in Object Space Using Pyramidal Rays
Authors: Genetti Jon , Gordon Dan , Williams Glen 
Published: March 2003

We introduce a new approach to three important problems in ray tracing: antialiasing, distributed light sources, and fuzzy reflections of lights and other surfaces. For antialiasing, our approach combines the quality of supersampling with the advantages of adaptive supersampling. In adaptive supersampling, the decision to partition a ray is taken in image‐space, which means that small or thin objects may be missed entirely. This is particularly problematic in animation, where the intensity of such objects may appear to vary. Our approach is based on considering pyramidal rays (pyrays) formed by the viewpoint and the pixel. We test the proximity of a pyray to the boundary of an object, and if it is close (or marginal), the pyray splits into 4 sub‐pyrays; this continues recursively with each marginal sub‐pyray until the estimated change in pixel intensity is sufficiently small.The same idea also solves the problem of soft shadows from distributed light sources, which can be calculated to any required precision. Our approach also enables a method of defocusing reflected pyrays, thereby producing realistic fuzzy reflections of light sources and other objects. An interesting byproduct of our method is a substantial speedup over regular supersampling even when all pixels are supersampled. Our algorithm was implemented on polygonal and circular objects, and produced images comparable in quality to stochastic sampling, but with greatly reduced run times.