bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in biology of multiple myeloma: clinical applications
Authors: Hideshima Teru , Bergsagel P. Leif , Kuehl W. Michael , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThere appear to be 2 pathways involved in the early pathogenesis of premalignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and malignant multiple myeloma (MM) tumors. Nearly half of these tumors are nonhyperdiploid and mostly have immunoglobulin H (IgH) translocations that involve 5 recurrent chromosomal loci, including 11q13 (cyclin D1), 6p21 (cyclin D3), 4p16 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 [FGFR3] and multiple myeloma SET domain [MMSET]), 16q23 (c-maf), and 20q11 (mafB). The remaining tumors are hyperdiploid and contain multiple trisomies involving chromosomes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, 19, and 21, but infrequently have IgH translocations involving the 5 recurrent loci. Dysregulated expression of cyclin D1, D2, or D3 appears to occur as an early event in virtually all of these tumors. This may render the cells more susceptible to proliferative stimuli, resulting in selective expansion as a result of interaction with bone marrow stromal cells that produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other cytokines. There are 5 proposed tumor groups, defined by IgH translocations and/or cyclin D expression, that appear to have differences in biologic properties, including interaction with stromal cells, prognosis, and response to specific therapies. Delineation of the mechanisms mediating MM cell proliferation, survival, and migration in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment may both enhance understanding of pathogenesis and provide the framework for identification and validation of novel molecular targets.
Factors Associated With Breast Cancer Clinical Trials Participation and Enrollment at a Large Academic Medical Center
Authors: Simon Michael S. , Du Wei , Flaherty Lawrence , Philip Philip A. , Lorusso Patricia , Miree Cheryl , Smith Daryn , Brown Diane R 
Published: April 2004

Purpose The practice patterns of medical oncologists at a large National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center in Detroit, MI were evaluated to better understand factors associated with accrual to breast cancer clinical trials. Patients and Methods From 1996 to 1997, physicians completed surveys on 319 of 344 newly evaluated female breast cancer patients. The 19-item survey included clinical data, whether patients were offered clinical trial (CT) participation and enrollment, and when applicable, reasons why they were not. Multivariate analyses using logistic regression were performed to evaluate predictors of an offer and enrollment. Results The patients were 57% white, 32% black, and 11% other/unknown race. One hundred six (33%) were offered participation and 36 (34%) were enrolled. In multivariate analysis, CTs were less likely offered to older women (mean age, 52 years for those offered v 57 years for those not offered; P = .0005) and black women (21% of blacks offered v 42% of whites; P = .0009). Women with stage 1 disease, poor performance status, and those who were previously diagnosed were also less likely to be offered trials. None of these factors were significant predictors of enrollment. Women were not offered trials because of ineligibility (57%), lack of available trials (41%), and noncompliance (2%). Reasons for failed enrollment included patient refusal (88%) and failed eligibility (12%). Conclusion It is important for cooperative groups to design studies that will accommodate a broader spectrum of patients. Further work is needed to assess ways to improve communication about breast cancer CT participation to all eligible women.
Hypolipidemic Agents and Their Role in the Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Taskinen Marja-Riitta 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasingly recognized as the major complication in people with type 2 diabetes. Recent data from large endpoint trials have provided convincing evidence that lowering of LDL cholesterol reduces cardiovascular disease events in people with type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the main target for therapy has been defined to be LDL cholesterol (goal <2.6 mmol/l). Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are recommended for first‐line therapy. Optimum therapy of diabetic dyslipidemia should specifically attack those lipid abnormalities that are most common for diabetic dyslipidemia: elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol. In this regard, fibrates provide an option that produces greater changes of these abnormalities than do statins. Effective therapy will be crucial to reduce the excess risk of CHD beyond LDL cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes. Ongoing trials performed specifically in people with diabetes will likely provide the data regarding how to optimize and individualize the management of diabetic dyslipidemia.
Pathogenesis of Diabetic Microvascular Complications
Authors: He Zhiheng , Rask-Madsen Christian , King George L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractComplications of diabetes have been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Based on the sites of functional and pathological changes, these complications have been characterized as cardiomyopathy, macrovasculopathy, and microvasculopathy. Multiple clinical studies have shown that glycemic control is by far the most effective approach in the prevention of microvascular and neuropathic complications. However, tight glycemic control is still difficult to achieve using current available regimen, and therefore novel pathogenesis‐based interventions that can prevent and reverse the complications even in the presence of hyperglycemia are needed. Over the past decade, advances in molecular and cellular biological techniques have revealed many potential mechanisms utilized by hyperglycemia to induce its adverse effects. Several mechanisms, including vascular oxidative stress; formation of advanced glycation endproducts; activation of protein kinase C; increased flux through hexosamine pathway; inflammation‐induced vascular pathology; altered expression and actions of growth factors, cytokines, and vasomotor mediators; and increased flux through polyol pathway, have been studied in detail. The identification of such mechanisms has lead to the development of novel pharmacological approaches.
Preserving Vision
Authors: Aiello Lloyd M. , Cavallerano Jerry D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractEarly diagnosis of diabetes, regular retinal examination, and applying the standards of care demonstrated in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study can preserve vision for most persons with diabetes mellitus. Vision loss from diabetes mellitus can be prevented for most persons.
Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Edmonds Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis chapter describes the effects of autonomic denervation in diabetic patients. Autonomic neuropathy as defined by abnormal autonomic tests is common but symptoms are rare. However when present, they can be devastating. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy leads to an approximately five fold risk of mortality. Autonomic neuropathy can result in hemodynamic and structural changes in the arterial system. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, and pathology of autonomic neuropathy. It then describes the effect of autonomic neuropathy on the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory systems. It outlines the effects of autonomic denervation on sweating, pupillary reflexes, the response to hypoglycemia, and erythropoietin production. Finally it discusses the clinical associations of autonomic neuropathy and concludes with a summary of its natural history, mortality, and management. Autonomic neuropathy is an important complication of diabetes, resulting in increased patient morbidity and mortality.
Paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 14 in a patient with a normal 46,XY karyotype
Authors: Chu Cathy , Schwartz Stuart , McPherson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChromosome 14 demonstrates imprinting with differing phenotypes for both maternal and paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). Although only 11 cases of paternal uniparental disomy 14 (patUPD14) have been reported, a distinct clinically recognizable syndrome has emerged. The major features are polyhydramnios, small thorax, mildly short limbs, abdominal wall defects, and characteristic face with short palpebral fissures, broad flat nasal bridge, prominent philtrum, and small ears. Radiographically, the chest is bell‐shaped and the ribs are distinctive with caudal bowing anteriorly and cranial bowing posteriorly. Several affected infants have died from respiratory failure. The survivors have short stature and mental retardation. The initial cases were all recognized because of translocations involving chromosome 14. Subsequently, several patients with a similar phenotype and normal chromosomes have been reported, including two with mixed iso‐ and hetero‐disomy as well as one with segmental UPD14. Our patient is the first with pure paternal isodisomy 14 in the absence of a translocation. We present additional clinical information, review the literature, and discuss mechanisms that may explain paternal isodisomy 14 in our chromosomally normal patient. Paternal UPD14 with normal karyotype may be more common than previously suspected and may be overlooked unless recognition of the clinical phenotype prompts investigation for UPD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of cholecystokinin‐A receptor gene polymorphisms and panic disorder in Japanese
Authors: Miyasaka Kyoko , Yoshida Yuki , Matsushita Sachio , Higuchi Susumu , Shirakawa Osamu , Shimokata Hiroshi , Funakoshi Akihiro 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence have suggested that naturally occurring alterations in cholecystokinin (CCK) systems could contribute to the development of panic disorder (PD). Among recent investigations, polymorphisms of the CCK and CCK‐B receptor (R) genes were investigated, but the results were inconclusive. We recently cloned the genomic structures of human CCK‐AR, and determined the transcriptional start site of the human CCK‐AR gene. Two sequence changes were detected in the promoter region: a G to T change in nucleotide −128 and an A to G change in nucleotide −81 (GenBank database under accession number D85606). The frequencies of the genotypes and haplotypes of these two polymorphisms were compared in 109 Japanese patients with PD and 400 age‐ and gender‐matched normal Japanese control subjects. The frequency of variant genotypes (−81A/G, −128G/T; G/G, G/T, and G/G, T/T) having variant haplotype (−81G/−128T) was significantly higher in PD than in controls (P < 0.0001, OR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.74–4.39). The statistical differences between the haplotype distributions in the PD and control groups were highly significant: the frequency of variant haplotype (−81G/−128T) was higher in the former group than in the latter (P < 0.0001). This association was not affected by clinical characteristics such as age, gender, and age at onset of PD. In this study, the first to report the positive association of the CCK‐AR polymorphisms and PD, haplotype analyses further strengthened the association based on our comparison of genotype distributions. The CCK‐AR gene polymorphism may be involved in the neurobiology of PD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiologic response recorded in the first dorsal interosseous muscle with stimulation of the tibial and deep fibular nerves
Authors: Galloway Kathleen M. , Greathouse David G. , Olson Ronald , Tracy Mary 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFoot intrinsic muscle innervation may demonstrate some variability. The first dorsal interosseous muscle (FDI) is innervated by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve (LPN) from the main trunk of the tibial nerve. Contribution from the deep fibular nerve (DFN) may also play a role in the supply of the FDI. Thirty healthy adult volunteers were studied to determine the presence and type of response in the FDI with stimulation of the tibial nerve/deep branch of the LPN and DFN. Both nerves were stimulated at the ankle and knee with a surface and needle recording from the FDI. Latency, amplitude, and conduction values were recorded for each nerve. The incidence of DFN supply to the FDI was 16.6% with a mean ankle amplitude of 152 μV. The incidence of tibial nerve/deep branch of the LPN supply to the FDI was 100%, with a mean ankle amplitude of 5.11 mV. The superficial branch of the LPN is most often studied when evaluating for tarsal tunnel syndrome because the standard recording site is the abductor digiti minimi (ADM). Recording from the ADM, however, frequently produces a less than desirable waveform, and the technical challenges encountered with this site make tarsal tunnel syndrome assessment difficult. It is also possible that selective involvement of the deep branch of the LPN may occur, and if so, recording from the FDI may prove valuable. Clin. Anat. 17:312–317, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of fine‐needle aspiration cytology in breast lymphoma
Authors: Levine Pascale Hummel , Zamuco Ronaldo , Yee Herman T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLymphomas of the breast are rare and may mimic carcinoma clinically. We investigated the ability of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy combined with adjunctive flow cytometry (FC), immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM), and immunocytochemistry (ICH) to diagnose and eventually subclassify lymphomas of the breast according to the Revised European American Lymphoma/World Health Organization classification. We retrieved 21 breast aspirates from 19 patients with a cytologic diagnosis of lymphoma or plasmacytoma over a 10‐year period (1992–2002), excluding 98 benign intramammary lymph nodes and 1 atypical lymphohistiocytic proliferation (Rosai Dorfman disease). FC was performed in 15/21 aspirates, IFM in 1/21, ICH in 3/21. Histologic follow‐up (HF) was obtained for 10 patients, most of them with primary lymphoma. For the remaining nine patients without HF, flow cytometric analysis, comparative morphology, or remission after chemotherapy regimens supported the cytologic diagnosis. Of 19 patients, 11 patients had a secondary lymphoma (SL) and 8 patients had a primary lymphoma (PL). FNA and FC/IFM/ICH classified 7/8 PLs as B‐cell lymphomas and 1/8 PLs as plasmacytoma. However, FNA could only subclassify 3 of 8 PLs. FNA and/or FC subclassified accurately 10/11 SLs. All cases were accurately immunophenotyped as B‐, T‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas or plasmacytoma. World Health Organization classification was achieved in 3/8 PLs (42%) and 10/11 SLs (91%; P = 0.04). Subclassification (which has an impact on long‐term management and prognosis) was significantly better in SL, when a previous histologic diagnosis had already been made, when compared to PL, of which 5/8 cases (62.5%) could not be accurately classified. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:332–340. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resolving operational and performance problems encountered in the use of a pilot/full‐scale biotrickling filter reactor
Authors: Webster Todd S. , Cox Huub H. J. , Deshusses Marc A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA pilot/full‐scale biotrickling filter reactor experiment was performed at an industrial site to treat styrene laden waste gas. The engineered system consisted of two stainless steel tanks in series, each with filter bed volumes of 4.0 m3, filled with 3.5‐inch plastic spheres. The system treated 340 m3 h−1 of air laden with styrene concentrations ranging up to 0.8g m−3. Over the five‐month study, styrene elimination was demonstrated up to 24g m−3 h−1 (35g m−3 h−1 across the first tank in series) with 70 to 85% removal. Operational and performance problems we re identified that differ from those developed under controlled, laboratory set‐ups. Op e rational problems typically involved equipment malfunctions, with the most prone to failure pieces of equipment being the air sampling system and water level sensors. Performance problems were identified that possibly limited the styrene re m oval. The transient operation of the plant, producing discontinuous, unsteady‐state concentrations, made it difficult to establish a stable biofilm on the packing material. Experiments we reperformed indicating both biological and mass transfer limitations may have occurred.
Continuous flow integrated chemical (ozone)‐activated sludge system treating combined agroindustrial‐domestic wastewater
Authors: Beltrán Fernando J. , García‐Araya Juan F. , Álvarez Pedro M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMixtures of wine‐distillery and domestic wastewater were continuously treated by combined ozonation‐ activated sludge (ASP) and ASP‐ozonation systems. Ozone has been shown to effectively oxidize recalcitrant compounds in wastewater to more readily biodegrade oxidation products that can betreated using a conventional aerobic biological treatment. Main parameters affecting the overall efficiency were the ozone dose required for biodegradability enhancement and food to microorganism ratio (F/M) at the biological step. Preozonation enhances not only COD and TOC disappearance but also nitrogen re m oval in a subsequent biological nitrification step and settling properties of the sludge. Kinetic results of this study reveal that ozonation treatment prior to ASP favors the organic matter removal by an increase in the maximum microbial growth rate, μmax, and a decrease in the inhibitory effect by microorganisms. Biomass oxygen uptake rate tests showed ozonation products to be highly biodegradable. The feasibility of single and combined treatments was examined primarily in terms of organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency. Best results were attained with the integrated ozonation‐ASP system.
Comparison of biodegradation kinetic parameters for naphthalene in batch and sand column systems by pseudomonas putida
Authors: Park Jeong‐Hun , Zhao Xianda , Voice Thomas C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractKinetic parameters for the degradation of naphthalene by Pseudomonas putida ( ATCC 17484) were estimated in both batch and column assays, in order to evaluate the role of flow and cell attachment on biodegradation rates. Suspended cells and cells attached to Ottawa sand were used under a variety of biomass levels, column flow‐rates, and substrate concentrations. In batch systems, degradation followed zero order kinetics across the entire concentration range, while the columns exhibited decreased rates at concentrations less than 100 (μg/L), describable by Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. This is reflected in elevated values of the half‐saturation constant, Ks, in columns. We offer the explanation that this may have resulted from reactive heterogeneity within the porous media, imposing a distribution of length‐scales for transfer of substrate to the cell surfaces. Well‐mixed batch systems are expected to have both shorter and more uniform transfer distances. When kinetic parameters obtained in batch system are used for prediction of degradation in columns, at least two factors—exposed reduction of exposed cell surface are a and heterogeneity of cell distribution—will likely reduce overall column degradation rates.
Software tool for environmental plant modeling
Authors: Caputo Antonio C. , Pelagagge Pacifico M. , Scacchia Federica 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWaste disposal and the control of polluting emissions represent a critical operational issue for industrial enterprises. In this paper a software tool for computer‐aided design and economical analysis of environmental plants is presented. The tool has been developed in order to assist process engineers in the proper choice and sizing of the different pieces of pollution control equipment, as well as in the correct planning of waste treatment plants. The model is able to quantitatively characterize the processes involved, while also performing an overall sizing and costing of main equipment, taking into account different process units and a variable mix of incoming waste streams. The software tool is built in the Vis Sim programming environment, enabling ease of use, modularity, and expandibility. After a description of the software architecture and features, an example is presented showing the capability of the developed plant simulator.
Stewardship and U.S. nuclear weapon production wastes—an introduction
Authors: Jarvis Timothy Thomas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article provides new perspectives on the amounts and types of nuclear and toxic waste produced by the United States nuclear weapons production industry. These wastes are spread over 28 of the 50 states at 129 nuclear weapons related properties. The total quantity would fill a line of semi trucks, over 24 miles abreast, parked bumper‐to‐bumper, extending from Chicago, IL, to Laredo, TX.Much of the waste generated by nuclear weapon production has very long radioactive half‐lives, and exists in uncontrolled or unstabilized forms. This article presents new categories for waste based on their relative accessibility to the environment, in contrast to old waste categories that are tied to nuclear weapon production terminology. Also discussed are potential risks from nuclear weapons waste, such as threats to public safety, cultural threats, and risks to natural resources.Because these wastes are extremely persistent (i.e., an average radioactive half‐life of 3,000 years), they are managed under a concept new to the industry termed “stewardship.” Management by stewardship is described, along with its organizational and funding framework, decision‐making philosophy, and how one goes about trans‐generational information transfer.
Alternative chromium reduction and heavy metal precipitation methods for industrial wastewater
Authors: Chang Li‐Yang 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA study of alternative chromium‐reduction and heavy‐metal precipitation methods was performed on wastewater generated by a metal‐cleaning facility. Four existing chromium‐reduction treatment methods were tested on the wastewater samples: treatment with (1) sodium metabisulfite, (2) ferrous sulfate, (3) zero‐valent iron, and (4) dimethyl dithio carbamate, ferrous sulfate, and aluminum/chloride. We found that the first two methods are more effective in chrome reduction, while the last method achieved similar reduction results but produced more sludge than any of the other methods. Our results also indicated that when ferrous sulfate was used as a chrome reduction reagent at a low initial pH (2 to 3), the competitive oxidation reaction of ferrous ions with dissolved oxygen in solution is insignificant.When iron powder was used to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium, we found that (a) when the sample containing low levels of total chromium (⩽ 1.54 × 10− 4 mole/liter) was mixed properly with zero‐valent iron powders at a low pH (4 to 5), the total chromium concentration could be reduced to 1 mg/l in 3 hours; and (b) the chrome absorption‐reduction efficiency is limited by the transport process of Cr(VI) from the bulk of the wastewater to the surface of the iron powder. In a leaching test of used iron powder filtered from the treated wastewater, we also found that most of chromium absorbed on the iron powder was very stable, and only low Cr(VI) was detected in the leachate.