bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood and Defilement
Authors: Soskice Janet Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In her book In the Beginning Was Love, Julia Kristeva gives an account of her understanding of the psychoanalytic task and uses overtly theological language to do so. Noting Freud’s insistence that the foundation of his cure is “Our God Logos,,, she describes psychoanalysis as about making word and flesh meet-making the word become flesh in a discourse of love directed to an “impossible other.,, These comments are developed by means of a discussion of the Apostles’ Creed. Kristeva, writing as an analyst, not a theologian, notes that in the Genesis narratives God creates by separating. Separation is the mark of God’s presence: the separation of light and dark, heavens and earth, sea and dry land, male and female.
Prostitution in Latin America and in the Caribbean: Economist Zoraida Ramirez Rodriguez for the Coalition Against the Trafficking of Women
Authors: Rodriguez Zoraida Ramirez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It’s necessary to define the Patriarchal System and Ideology as the origin of prostitution in the world. By dedicating ourselves to the works of investigation and action inside prostitution, we will achieve easily the short, medium, and long-term objectives, if we begin with patriarchy’s identification with the area that insists in perpetuating the slavery of women.
The causes that we may find might be structural, based upon patriarchy and conjectures founded on some observed characteristics in some cross-sections of the population: the level of education, the breakdown of the family, the deterioration and/or inversion of moral values, destitution, hunger, the many levels of poverty, and ignorance about Human Rights. In a brief historical analysis about prostitution and the women therein we saw that a high number were illiterate.
The Phillips curve, the IS curve, and Monetary Transmission
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In its simplest form, the New Keynesian model, which has recently been the most popular model for the analysis of monetary transmission and monetary policy, reduces the economy to a two-equation system: an aggregate supply or Phillips curve, which links the price inflation rate to expected future inflation, lagged inflation and the output gap; and an aggregate demand or IS curve, which links the output gap to the expected future output gap, the lagged output gap, and the short-term real interest rate.1 From a monetary-policy perspective, the central parameters in this baseline New Keynesian model are (1) the strength and significance of the links in the monetary transmission process, i.e. (a) the link between the output gap and inflation in the Phillips curve and (b) the link between the short-term real interest rate and the output gap in the IS curve, and (2) the relative importance of forward-looking and backward-looking terms in the Phillips and IS curves.
Introduction
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The title of this work indicates both the breadth of the field which it explores, and also some particular points of focus within that field. The first word of the title, Trade, pinpoints the starting point of the analysis. International trade is of growing importance in the contemporary world, just as it has been important ever since the Second World War. It has been a major topic of interest to economists since the beginning of the subject in its modern form, in the late eighteenth century. Also it has always been a strongly contested area. At the present time anti-trade positions are growing in impact, both in the arena of journalism and political debate, and again on the streets of any city where a major intergovernmental conference concerned with trade or finance is taking place—and now in every city where a major international conference takes place. Many of the ‘anti-trade’ parties define themselves as opposed to ‘globalization’. Globalization represents free trade, certainly, but much more besides.
Competitive Trade Theory
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Competitive trade theory is the application of the competitive general- equilibrium model (the GE model), sometimes called the Arrow-Debreu model, to an international economy. That definition fails to note that the GE model is so general as to incorporate only those assumptions essential to prove the existence of an equilibrium, and as such is to a great extent devoid of specific results. For instance, outside of special cases there are no general GE comparative static results. Those that can be derived depend upon particular restrictive assumptions, such as gross substitutability. Trade theory has followed a very different course. Its leading competitive equilibrium models are so special as to make a GE theorist laugh. Yet such mockery might disguise some envy, for the particular lends to trade theory numerous definite results. Then a critical question is whether special models—they will be called ‘toy models’ later—can give insights concerning a world which in its complexity and elaborate structure resembles more the GE model than a simple classroom trade model.
Participation and Comparative Advantage
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A simple account of globalization would have it that international trade in today’s world is a club to which all are welcome. True there are numerous, and scandalous, restrictions on access to rich country markets, particularly where agriculture and clothing are concerned. Yet, over a large range of goods, trade is feasible even on a large scale, as is indicated by the exporting successes of the Asian Tiger countries, and now by China and India. Why then are there countries and regions that barely participate in merchandise trade, particularly when primary production is excluded? This question is particularly pointed in two instances:
Two Models of Growth and the Resource Curse
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An influential study, Sachs and Warner (1997a), examines the relation between resource richness and economic growth. The authors use a wide cross-section of countries for the period 1970-89 and claim that resource richness is negatively correlated with economic growth. In this connection see also Auty (1990) and (2001), Gelb (1988), and Hausmann and Rigobon (2002). Sachs and Warner assert that the negative association between resource abundance and economic growth survives the inclusion of additional standard variables in the growth regression, in particular measures of trade openness and of the quality of bureaucratic administration. Several oil-rich Arab states are not included in the sample for lack of data, but their growth performance is even worse than included resource-rich nations.
Conclusions and Unresolved Issues
Authors: Bliss Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gossen’s law says that the bad money drives out the good. This means that if silver and gold coinage circulate together, and the metallic value of one, say silver, is lower, then gold coinage will disappear from circulation. No-one owning a gold coin will spend it for less than its underlying value. Goldsmiths will be offering more than face value in terms of silver to buy gold coins, to melt them down. There should be a name for a Gossen-like law of arguments. The good arguments are subtle and solid, and they need hard work to appreciate. The bad arguments are simplistic and slogan-like, but they satisfy the lazy or preoccupied listener. The bad arguments drive out the good.
Historical development of International Copyright Law
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Long before the first treaties addressed the international protection of authors’ rights in their works, legal experts and other individuals had advocated the introduction of such protection. One of the earliest examples was the proposal for an international treaty on the protection of authors’ rights by the law professor Johann Rudolf Thurneysen of the University of Basel who published his book De recursione librorum fortiva in 1738. This was only twenty-eight years after the adoption of the first copyright act ever enacted, the English Statute of Anne of 1709. Soon after, the Dutch lawyer and librarian Elie Luzac presented a legislative proposal against piracy to the Peace Conference of Aix-la-Chapelle of 1745 for approval by all present states and inclusion into the peace treaty as an agreement. This proposal was apparently ahead of its time. Diplomats considered it ‘one of these nice dreams based on the unachieved ideal of general fraternity of the Abbot of St.-Pierre’, as reported by the German lawyer Johannes Stephan Pütter in his book on piracy of books. Nevertheless, Pütter considered Luzac’s proposal as important and advocated for equal protection of foreigners and nationals.
The Rome Convention of 1961
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As compared to the Berne Convention, the Rome Convention provides for a much easier system for the application of national treatment and minimum rights: it defines national treatment2 and determines the criteria of eligibility for protection, supplemented by definitions,3 but does not employ the concept of country of origin.4 The criteria of eligibility are listed separately5 for performers, phonogram producers, and broadcasting organizations. The indicated criteria apply alternatively; accordingly, it is sufficient for the application of the Convention to a performer, for example, if one of the three conditions (a), (b), or (c) under Article 4 of the Rome Convention is fulfilled. All criteria of eligibility show that the intention of the drafters was to make the Rome Convention applic able only to international situations, as is the case of the Berne Convention.6 At the same time, also as under the Berne Convention, Contracting States regularly have decided to grant the minimum standards of the Convention not only in international situations but also in domestic ones, in order to avoid any discrimination of their own right holders.
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Under the Nafta and other Regional Agreements
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the avenues taken by the USA since the mid-1980s to include intellectual property in international trade law, besides the GATT/TRIPS approach and unilateral trade measures, has been the conclusion of bilateral and regional trade agreements on the basis of its Trade Act 1988. The Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was the second bilateral agreement in a series of many to follow. Only some months after the USA and Mexico had decided to pursue a free trade agreement (FTA), Canada showed interest in participating in negotiations with a view towards a trilateral agreement. Within fourteen months between 1991 and 1992, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was successfully negotiated among the three countries; it entered into force on 1 January 1994. It was based on the Canada–US FTA but went beyond it in many areas, in particular in intellectual property where the bilateral agreement had only included a provision on cable retransmission. NAFTA was concluded not least to build a counterpart to the perceived emergence of trade blocs in Europe and Asia. It created a free trade area of around 370 million inhabitants and aimed at enhanced trade liberalization and better access to the respective markets. Major parts of the NAFTA deal with the reduction or abolition of tariffs and other trade barriers.
Overall Assessment of the Inclusion of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights into the Trade Framework
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early history of international copyright law, bilateral trade agreements regulated international protection, before the Berne Convention largely replaced this insufficient and unsatisfactory system. Later, intellectual property (including copyright and neighbouring rights) only played a defensive role in trade agreements: it was considered a non-tariff barrier to trade and, hence, in principle contrary to the fundamental aim of a trade treaty, namely, to reduce or remove barriers to trade. Yet, safeguard provisions usually excluded intellectual property from trade agreements or free trade provisions therein, unless it was a means of arbitrary discrimination or disguised restriction of trade.
Dispute Settlement Draft Treaty
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is certainly not a mere coincidence that the WIPO General Assembly decided in September/October 1989 to establish a Committee of Experts on the Settlement of Intellectual Property Disputes between States with a view to working on a possible draft treaty on dispute settlement. Only a few months earlier in 1989, the mid-term review of the GATT Uruguay Round had shown major progress by considerably softening the resistance of developing countries against the inclusion of intellectual property into the GATT framework, thereby paving the way for negotiations on intellectual property in that framework. In other words, this was the point in time when a success of the GATT approach seemed realistic and, consequently, the emergence of a new forum dealing with intellectual property left the WIPO with the perspective of possibly losing its impact as the leading international intellectual property organization.
The Relationships Between Different Treaties
Authors: Lewinski Silke von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As demonstrated in the preceding chapters, copyright and related rights are currently covered by a multitude of treaties, including treaties that specifically deal with these matters and broader treaties that cover intellectual property among different areas of trade or investment. Even treaties with no or quite unspecific provisions on copyright and related rights may have an impact in this field of law, such as treaties on human rights and cultural diversity. In addition, treaties that cover intellectual property may be multilateral, regional, and bilateral agreements. Accordingly, it is important to clarify different aspects of the relationship between these treaties as well as the jurisdictional competence.
Cracks in the Establishment: Orange Opposition to O ’Neill, 1963–1969
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
James Craig, John Andrews, and Basil Brooke (Lord Brookeborough) were the only three individuals to serve as Prime Minister of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1963, reflecting the high degree of stability of the Stormont regime. The Ulster Protestant political elite was organically linked with the Order, from which it had built its stock of political capital and learned its communal traditions. Hence Craig remarked in 1934, ’I am an Orangeman first and a politician .afterwards. ‘ After leading Northern Ireland, Andrews captained the Order as Grand Master from 1948 until 1954, and Brookeborough served as Fermanagh County Grand Master.
Stable Rejectionism: The Smyth–Molyneaux Axis, 1978–1995
Authors: Kaufmann Eric P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Politically, as mentioned, the late 1970s proved a quiet period. James Molyneaux, the UUP Westminster MP, had increasingly emerged as Unionist leader along with his confederate Enoch Powell. Martin Smyth, as a leading UUP Convention member (1975– 7) and in 1982 a new Westminster MP, was in close contact with Molyneaux. Molyneaux knew that the return of Stormont was—for the moment—a dead letter but remained the long-term goal. Realizing that devolution and power-sharing were irrevocably yoked, Molyneaux charted a cautious course. He accepted Direct Rule as a temporary expedient and emphasized ‘administrative devolution ‘ as an alternative to legislative devolution.
Rational expectations and economic policy
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than three decades ago, John Muth published an article in which he argued forcefully that economists should be more careful about their informational assumptions, in particular about the way in which they model expectations. Muth’s (1961) point can be illustrated with the aid of the neoclassical synthesis model under the AEH that was discussed in Chapter 2. Consider Figure 3.1, which illustrates the effects of monetary policy over time.
Anticipation effects and economic policy
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we sketched a theory of investment by firms that is based on forward- looking behaviour and adjustment costs of investment. For reasons of intuitive clarity, the model was developed in discrete time. It turns out, however, that working in continuous time is much more convenient from a mathematical point of view. The first task that must be performed therefore is to redevelop and generalize the model in continuous time.
A closer look at the labour market
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The stylized facts about the labour market in advanced capitalist countries can be subdivided into the two categories of time series evidence and cross-section information. The main indicator of labour market performance is the unemployment rate. Ever since the Great Depression of the 1930s this has been at the forefront of macro- economic research. The following stylized facts about unemployment can be established for most countries in the Western world (see, e.g. Layard et al., 2005, ch. 1).
Trade unions and the labour market
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The typical layman’s sentiment about trade unions probably runs as follows. Poerful trade unions are just like monopolists. They sell labour dearly, cause high real wages, and hence are really to blame for low employment and high unemployment. In this section we evaluate this sentiment within the context of several partial equilibrium models of trade union behaviour. The typical setting is one where a single representative union interacts with a single representative firm.
Money
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When asked the question “What is money?”, it will be answered with full confidence by any man or woman in the street. Indeed, the typical response one may expect from such a question would probably consist of the person in question taking out his/her wallet and showing a colourful piece of paper with some numbers printed on it and possibly the portrait of some past or present monarch or president. If the question had been asked a few centuries ago, the object produced from the wallet would probably have been made of some precious metal rather than (hard to counterfeit) paper but the intended answer would have been the same: money is the stuff which sits in one’s wallet and can be used to purchase goods and services.
New Keynesian economics
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The challenge posed by a number of authors in the 1980s is to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian multipliers by assuming that the goods market is characterized by monopolistic competition. This is, of course, not the first time such micro-foundations are proposed, a prominent predecessor being the fixed-price dis- equilibrium approach of the early 1970s (see Benassy (1993b) for a survey of that literature). The problem with that older literature is that prices are simply assumed to be fixed, which makes these models resemble Shakespeare’s Hamlet without the Prince, in that the essential market coordination mechanism is left out. Specifically, fixed (disequilibrium) prices imply the existence of unexploited gains from trade be- tween restricted and unrestricted market parties.
Real business cycles
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study two major themes which were pursued by predominantly new classical economists in the wake of the rational expectations revolution of the early 1970s. The first theme studies the effects of fiscal policy in an optimizing equilibrium framework. Pioneering contributions to this branch of the literature were made by Hall (1971, 1980), Barro (1981), Aschauer (1988), and Baxter and King (1993).The second theme concerns the general equilibrium approach to economic fluctuations. Pioneering contributions to this so-called real business cycle (RBC) approach were made by Kydland and Prescott (1982), Long and Plosser (1983), and Prescott (1986).
Overlapping generations in discrete time
Authors: Heijdra Ben J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the previous chapter has demonstrated, the continuous-time Blanchard-Yaari framework is quite flexible and convenient and therefore fully deserves its current workhorse status. It yields useful and intuitive macroeconomic results and does so in a simple fashion. This is not to say that the framework has no shortcomings. In- deed, as Blanchard himself points out, the main drawback of the perpetual youth approach is that, though it captures the finite-horizon aspect of life, it fails to ac- count for life-cycle aspects of consumption (1985, p. 224). Indeed, in the standard Blanchard model, a household’s age affects the level and composition of its wealth (first aspect) but not its propensity to consume out of wealth (life-cycle aspect).
The Long Haul 1950–1959
Authors: Lindley-French Julian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Long Haul 1950–1959: The 1950s set the scene for Europe’s age of modernity. There are two struggles. The first is grand strategic between the America-led West and the Soviet Union and its shackled acolytes. The second is Euro-strategic and concerns the shape and nature of power in Western Europe then and now.
The Interception of Communications: The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 Pt I
Authors: Hopkins Andrea 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Prior to the Interception of Communications Act 1985 (IOCA), the interception of communications, by whatever means, official or unofficial, whether public or private, was wholly unregulated by statute. It was this state of affairs which led the European Court to find in Malone v UK that the tapping of Mr Malone’s telephone by the police was not ‘in accordance with the law’, in violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In response, the United Kingdom government enacted the IOCA 1985. This legislation was not, however, a comprehensive scheme to regulate the whole field of interception, but was limited to regulating the kind of interception which Mr Malone had successfully challenged. Section 1 of the IOCA 1985 made it an offence to intercept, intentionally, a communication in the course of its transmission by post or by means of a public telecommunications system, but did not attempt to deal with any other kind of communications systems. The process of authorizing interceptions under the IOCA 1985 remained essentially the same as under the old regime, with the issuing of warrants for interception by the appropriate Secretary of State. The new legislation did, however, introduce detailed provisions to govern the issue, form, contents, duration, and effect of warrants, as well as a tribunal to resolve complaints, and a form of judicial oversight of the issue process.
Arrest and Detention
Authors: Brander Ruth , Pickup Alison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Protection from arbitrary arrest and detention is a foundational principle of both the English common law and the European Convention on Human Rights. Freedom from executive detention has been described as ‘probably the oldest of recognized human rights in reliance on chapter 39 of Magna Carta 1215’.The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly upheld judicial control of executive interference with personal liberty as ‘one of the fundamental principles of a democratic society’, ‘necessary to minimize the risk of arbitrariness and to secure the rule of law’.