bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uterine hydatid cyst
Authors: Okumuş Y. , Tayyar M. , Patiroǧlu T. , Aygen E 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus. Although the first and most important site for this parasite is the liver, it can be seen in pelvic organs as well. However, primary involvement is very rare. We report and discuss a case with a primary involvement of the uterus which was operated and confirmed by microscopic studies. In conclusion, the gynecologist should be aware of the possibility of hydatid cyst when a septated cystic mass is found in the pelvis.
School children's attitudes towards the handicapped
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Gibbs Maureen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study set out to determine the attitude of a group of normal British 13‐year‐old school children towards handicapped people while avoiding problems of previous research. As has been shown in previous studies it was demonstrated that the children's attitudes to the physically handicapped were more positive than those towards the mentally handicapped. Whereas there were very few sex differences indicating that males were more negative to the handicapped in general than females, there were a number of contact differences. Children who knew or interacted with a handicapped person were by‐and‐large more positive in their attitudes than those who had little or no contact with handicapped people. The results of this study are discussed in terms of the integration of handicapped and non‐handicapped school children.
Adults' perceptions of the economic socialization of children
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Thomas Paul 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study was concerned with the determinants of adults' beliefs in the economic socialization of children through the use of pocket money (allowances). Over 200 adults completed a questionnaire on their beliefs concerning, for instance, how much and how often children should be given pocket money, as well as such things as whether they should be encouraged to work for it, save it, etc. The independent variables included the subjects' age, sex, education, voting pattern, religion, occupation and whether or not they were parents. The results showed that whereas there were few age or sex differences, the socio‐economic class of the adults, and the fact that they did or did not have children did discriminate between the responses of the subjects. Findings were discussed in terms of the literature of economic socialization.
Gender differences in identity development: issues of process, domain and timing
Authors: Archer Sally L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAdolescence has been designated as the first time in one's life span when the identity concerns of developing one's values, beliefs, and goals become salient (Erikson, 1968). Theorists and empiricists have suggested that males and females may address the identity task differently. In three separate studies conducted with early to late adolescents, gender comparisons were made regarding: (1) the process by which their identities are formed; (2) the domains in which they might define themselves; and (3) the time in which this task might be initiated. It was found that both genders used the identity statuses (process) comparably, except for foreclosure which characterized males significantly more than females. Both genders used the identity process similarly in the domains of vocational choice, religious beliefs, and sex‐role orientation. Males were significantly more likely to be foreclosed and females, diffuse, in the area of political ideology. Females were significantly more likely to be in moratorium or identity achieved with regard to family roles. In two of the three studies, no timing differences were found. The findings from a third study may reflect a greater complexity of the identity task for some female high school seniors as they confront intrapersonal and interpersonal goals simultaneously.
Ego structuralization in late adolescence as seen through early memories and ego identity status
Authors: Kroger Jane 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study was undertaken to examine the relationship between ego identity status and early memory themes in an effort to detect possible phases in the process of ego structuralization during late adolescence. Subjects were 73 late adolescents (39 women and 34 men) who had been first year university students two years previously. Each subject was given Marcia's (1966) Identity Status Interview and an Early Memories Interview designed to elicit world view orientation (Gushurst, 1971). Identity achievements most frequently expressed themes of moving contentedly alone or alongside significant others, while themes of moving away from the familiar were most common among moratoriums. Seeking security and support from significant others or familiar settings were most prevalent themes for foreclosures, while desire for relatedness was the most frequently occurring theme for diffusions. Statuses did not differ in frequency of themes expressing conflict. Consistent with observations of Mahler et al., (1975) on subphases of infant differentiation, results of this study point to similar processes as adolescents relinquish, rather than incorporate, parental introjects.
Truancy and illegal drug use, and knowledge of HIV infection in 932 14–16‐year‐old adolescents
Authors: Pritchard Colin , Cotton Andrew , Cox Malcolm 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn a sample of 932 4th & 5th year comprehensive school adolescents, 41% had truanted in the current term. The truants, compared with their non‐truanting peers, had three times the level of solvent misuse (14% compared with 4%), thrice the soft drug misuse (19% compared with 6%), and four times the involvement with hard drugs (9% compared with 2%). Truants were significantly more involved with other problematic behaviour and were found to score higher on all negative social indices, including parents who smoked. Despite the sample's relatively accurate knowledge about drugs and HIV infection, truants scored less well on these and other HIV‐related issues. An extrapolation of the results indicates a significant number of adolescents at risk demanding urgent policy initiatives.
A comparison between a 1986 and 1989 cohort of inner‐city adolescent females on knowledge, beliefs, and risk factors for AIDS
Authors: Weinman Maxine L. , Smith Peggy B. , Mumford David M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn order to assess changes from 1986 to 1989 in knowledge, beliefs, and risk factors for AIDS, the responses of inner‐city adolescent girls were compared. Although 63% of the 1989 cohort received AIDS education in school, the base knowledge of the two cohorts was not markedly different. Between 1986 and 1989, the number of sexual partners increased for adolescents of all ethnic groups, yet concerns about AIDS showed a decline. Those adolescents who had the highest number of sexual partners were also those who had the most knowledge and most concerns about AIDS. Implications for preventive education focus on ethnic diversity and gaps between adolescent knowledge and behavior.
Estimated Spending on Beremagene Geperpavec for Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa
Authors: Raymakers Adam J. N. , Kesselheim Aaron S. , Mostaghimi Arash , Feldman William B. 
Published: January 2024

ImportanceNew gene therapies can offer substantial benefits to patients, particularly those with rare diseases who have few therapeutic options. In May 2023, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first topical gene therapy, beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), for treating both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB). However, FDA approval was based on limited data in patients with autosomal dominant disease, even though they comprise approximately 50% of all DEB cases.ObjectiveTo estimate projected spending in the US on B-VEC therapy for treating autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant DEB.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis economic evaluation used data from the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry to estimate the current population of US patients with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive DEB, with the aim of estimating US spending on B-VEC therapy from an all-payers perspective during 1- and 3-year periods after FDA approval. A base-case cost of $300 000 per patient per year was assumed based on a report from the manufacturer (Krystal Biotech).ExposureTreatment with B-VEC.Main Outcomes and MeasuresEstimated overall spending on B-VEC in the first year and over a 3-year period after FDA approval. Several prespecified sensitivity analyses with different assumptions about the eligible patient population and the cost of therapy were performed, and lifetime total costs of treatment per patient were estimated.ResultsThe estimated number of US patients with DEB who were eligible for treatment with B-VEC in the first year after FDA approval was 894. The estimated total expenditure for B-VEC therapy was $268 million (range, $179 million-$357 million). Over a 3-year period, estimated spending was $805 million (range, $537 million-$1.1 billion). Estimated lifetime total costs per patient were $15 million (range, $10 million-$20 million) per patient with autosomal recessive DEB and $17 million (range, $11 million-$22 million) for patients with autosomal dominant DEB.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this economic evaluation suggest that the FDA’s broad indication for the use of B-VEC in treating both autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant DEB will have significant implications for payers.
The Formation of Residual Lithium Compounds on Ni‐Rich NCM Oxides: Their Impact on the Electrochemical Performance of Sulfide‐Based ASSBs
Authors: Aktekin Burak , Sedykh Alexander E. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Henss Anja , Janek Jürgen 
Published: January 2024

AbstractResidual lithium compounds (RLCs) are known to form on the surface of nickel‐rich LiNi1‐x‐yCoxMnyO2 (NCM) oxides during synthesis and storage. In this study, the impact of RLCs on cathode performance in sulfide‐based all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) is investigated by employing practically relevant approaches to generate (or remove) RLCs on (or from) NCM single crystal particles. It is revealed that Li2CO3 is the predominant component in samples exposed to air. Surprisingly, heat treatment at high temperatures does not remove RLCs but increases the overall RLC content, accompanied by the partial transformation of existing RLCs into Li2O. These samples exhibit compromised electrochemical performance due to asymmetric overpotential increase during cell discharge. However, it is possible to recover performance through controlled ambient air storage which enables the conversion of existing Li2O into Li2CO3 and formation of fresh Li2CO3 on the surface. Notably, the beneficial effects are not replicated with pure CO2 or moisturized air storage, emphasizing the significance of storage conditions and reaction pathways for Li2CO3 formation. This study demonstrates that removal of Li2O residuals through the formation of Li2CO3 under controlled ambient air exposure proves to be advantageous for sulfide‐based ASSBs, thereby offering valuable guidance for the development of optimized NCM‐based ASSB systems.
Extracellular Matrix‐Bioinspired Anisotropic Topographical Cues of Electrospun Nanofibers: A Strategy of Wound Healing through Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Park Hyeonseo , Patil Tejal V. , Dutta Sayan Deb , Lee Jieun , Ganguly Keya , Randhawa Aayushi , Kim Hojin , Lim Ki‐Taek 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe skin serves as the body's outermost barrier and is the largest organ, providing protection not only to the body but also to various internal organs. Owing to continuous exposure to various external factors, it is susceptible to damage that can range from simple to severe, including serious types of wounds such as burns or chronic wounds. Macrophages play a crucial role in the entire wound‐healing process and contribute significantly to skin regeneration. Initially, M1 macrophages infiltrate to phagocytose bacteria, debris, and dead cells in fresh wounds. As tissue repair is activated, M2 macrophages are promoted, reducing inflammation and facilitating restoration of the dermis and epidermis to regenerate the tissue. This suggests that extracellular matrix (ECM) promotes cell adhesion, proliferation, migrationand macrophage polarization. Among the numerous strategies, electrospinning is a versatile technique for obtaining ECM‐mimicking structures with anisotropic and isotropic topologies of micro/nanofibers. Various electrospun biomaterials influence macrophage polarization based on their isotropic or anisotropic topologies. Moreover, these fibers possess a high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio, promoting the effective exchange of vital nutrients and oxygen, which are crucial for cell viability and tissue regeneration. Micro/nanofibers with diverse physical and chemical properties can be tailored to polarize macrophages toward skin regeneration and wound healing, depending on specific requirements. This review describes the significance of micro/nanostructures for activating macrophages and promoting wound healing.
Building Stable Solid‐State Potassium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lyu Wang , Yu Xinzhi , Lv Yawei , Rao Apparao M. , Zhou Jiang , Lu Bingan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSolid‐state potassium metal batteries (SPMBs) are promising candidates for the next generation of energy storage systems for their low cost, safety, and high energy density. However, full SPMBs are not yet reported due to the K dendrites, interfacial incompatibility, and limited availability of suitable solid‐state electrolytes. Here, stable SPMBs using a new iodinated solid polymer electrolyte (ISPE) are presented. The functional ions reconstruct ion transport channels, providing efficient potassium ion transport. ISPE shows a combination of high ionic conductivity, superior interfacial compatibility, and electrochemical stability. In situ alloying and iodinated interlayer increase K metal compatibility for prolonged cycling with low polarization. Moreover, the ISPE enables SPMBs with Prussian blue cathode stable operation at a high voltage of 4.5 V, a superior rate capability, and long‐term cycling over 3000 cycles (4.2 V vs K+/K) with an ultra‐high coulombic efficiency of 99.94%. More importantly, a classic solid‐state potassium metal pouch cell achieves 4.2 V stable cycling over 800 cycles with a high retention of 93.6%, presenting a new development strategy for secure and high‐performance rechargeable solid‐state potassium metal batteries.
Chemical Rules for Stacked Kagome and Honeycomb Topological Semimetals
Authors: Zhou Liqin , Yang Fazhi , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Tiantian 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe chemical rules for predicting and understanding topological states in stacked kagome and honeycomb lattices are studied in both analytical and numerical ways. Starting with a minimal five‐band tight‐binding model, all the topological states are sorted into five groups, which are determined by the interlayer and intralayer hopping parameters. Combined with the model, an algorithm is designed to obtain a series of experimentally synthesized topological semimetals with kagome and honeycomb layers, i.e., IAMX family (IA = Alkali metal element, M = Rare earth metal element, X = Carbon group element), in the inorganic crystal structure database. A follow‐up high‐throughput calculation shows that IAMX family materials are all nodal‐line semimetals and they will be Weyl semimetals after taking spin‐orbit coupling into consideration. To have further insights into the topology of the IAMX family, a detailed chemical rule analysis is carried out on the high‐throughput calculations, including the lattice constants of the structure, intralayer and interlayer couplings, bond strengths, electronegativity, and so on, which are consistent with the tight‐binding model. This study provides a way to discover and modulate topological properties in stacked kagome and honeycomb crystals and offers candidates for studying topology‐related properties like topological superconductors and axion insulators.
Anchoring Charge Selective Self‐Assembled Monolayers for Tin–Lead Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Zuhong , Zhu Rui , Tang Ying , Su Zhenhuang , Hu Shuaifeng , Zhang Xu , Zhang Junhan , Zhao Jinbo , Xue Yunchang , Gao Xingyu , Li Guixiang , Pascual Jorge , Abate Antonio , Li Meng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSelf‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) have displayed great potential for improving efficiency and stability in p–i–n perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The anchoring of SAMs at the conductiv metal oxide substrates and their interaction with perovskite materials must be rationally tailored to ensure efficient charge carrier extraction and improved quality of the perovskite films. Herein, SAMs molecules with different anchoring groups and spacers to control the interaction with perovskite in the p–i–n mixed Sn–Pb PSCs are selected. It is found that the monolayer with the carboxylate group exhibits appropriate interaction and has a more favorable orientation and arrangement than that of the phosphate group. This results in reduced nonradiative recombination and enhanced crystallinity. In addition, the short chain length leads to an improved energy level alignment of SAMs with perovskite, improving hole extraction. As a result, the narrow bandgap (≈1.25 eV) Sn–Pb PSCs show efficiencies of up to 23.1% with an open‐circuit voltage of up to 0.89 V. Unencapsulated devices retain 93% of their initial efficiency after storage in N2 atmosphere for over 2500 h. Overall, this work highlights the underexplored potential of SAMs for perovskite photovoltaics and provides essential findings on the influence of their structural modification.
Advanced Laser Nanofabrication Technologies for Perovskite Photonics
Authors: Cherepakhin Artem , Zhizhchenko Alexey , Khmelevskaia Daria , Logunov Lev , Kuchmizhak Aleksandr , Makarov Sergey 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHalide perovskites have become a versatile platform not only for optoelectronic devices but also for modern optics and nanophotonics. Perovskite nano‐ and micro‐particles, metasurfaces, and photonic crystals demonstrate their applicability for directional enhanced photo‐ and electro‐luminescence, lasing, as well as for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, ionic nature makes perovskites water soluble, while their high sensitivity to diverse chemicals complicates their patterning toward the formation of functional, high‐quality nanostructures. Here, recent progress on emerging laser technologies for processing and nanopatterning of halide perovskites, as well as their applications in designing advanced light‐emitting systems and controlling light at the nanoscale is overviewed. Special emphasis is made on the processes underlying the interaction of laser radiation with perovskites to disclose new avenues for their surface and volume modification with ultra‐high precision and a high degree of material's property control.
Construction of Conductive Polymer Coatings onto Flexible PDMS Foam Composites with Exceptional Mechanical Robustness for Sensitive Strain Sensing Applications
Authors: Nie Feng , Gu Ya‐Li , Zhao Li , Li Long‐Tao , Shen Fei‐Xiang , Song Jiang , Liu Jun , Zhang Guo‐Dong , Gao Jie‐Feng , Song Pingan , Shi Yongqian , Tang Long‐Cheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFlexible piezoresistive‐sensing materials with high sensitivity and stable sensing signals are highly required to meet the accurate detecting requirement for human motion. Herein, a conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) / polydimethylsiloxane foam (P:P@p‐PSF) composite with strong interfacial action is designed. The porous structures and good interface combination not only show outstanding mechanical flexibility and reliability but also possess high sensitivity at a relatively wide strain range. The P:P@p‐PSF sensor achieves extreme sensitivity (Gauge Factor) of 6.25 in the subtle strain range of 1%–8%. Furthermore, the sensor forms a highly interconnected conductive network induced by the serious deformation of elastic‐interconnect pores, thus providing extremely sensitive sensing behavior for a relatively wide strain range (97.4% resistance change rate at 60% compressive strain). Moreover, the sensor presents repeatable stability and good thermal adaptation, which would meet the critical requirements of subtle vital signs, human motion monitoring, and so on. This work supplies insight into the design of a new flexible sensor material to overcome the weak interface problem and the flexible mismatch between conductive filler and matrix, showing great application potential in the field of electronic skin.
Electrical Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Random‐Access Memory Device by the Interplay of Spin‐Orbit Torque and Spin‐Transfer Torque
Authors: Du Ao , Zhu Daoqian , Peng Zhiyang , Guo Zongxia , Wang Min , Shi Kewen , Cao Kaihua , Zhao Chao , Zhao Weisheng 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAntiferromagnets (AFM) hold significant promise as ideal candidates for high‐density and ultrafast memory applications. Electrical manipulation of exchange bias (EB) has emerged as an effective solution to integrate AFMs into magnetic memories as active elements. In particular, spin‐orbit torque antiferromagnetic random‐access memory (SOT‐ARAM) is recently been demonstrated by using an AFM/FM hybrid free layer, which can simultaneously satisfy field‐free switching and good device scalability. However, the switching current density of the exchange bias in SOT‐ARAM devices is still high, and novel functionalities are exploited in this device scheme. In this study, the all‐electrical manipulation of the ARAM devices through the interplay of SOT and spin‐transfer torque (STT) is reported, both in three‐terminal and two‐terminal configurations. The SOT current density achieves a 40% reduction thanks to the incorporation of the STT current. Macrospin simulations are performed to illustrate the underlying mechanism. Further, a majority gate that can be decomposed into reconfigurable AND/OR functionalities in a single ARAM device is demonstrated, with an operation speed as fast as 2 ns. The results can advance the development of high‐performance memories and in‐memory computing.
Converting Undesirable Defects into Activity Sites Enhances the Photoelectrochemical Performance of The ZnIn2S4 Photoanode
Authors: Huang Yulong , He Jinlu , Xu Weiwei , Liu Tianyun , Chen Runyu , Meng Linxing , Li Liang 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHeteroatom doping can tune the band structure of semiconductors and enhance their carrier transfer capacity for improving the performance of photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Nevertheless, the introduction of dopants is not always beneficial. In this study, magnesium (Mg) is adopted to dope ZnIn2S4 nanosheet array photoanodes to form a type‐II band structure and reduce bulk recombination, but concurrently introduced deleterious oxygen (O) defects slow down the surface catalytic reaction kinetics. Furthermore, a facile heat treatment strategy is proposed to transform these O defects into Mg─O bonds. First‐principles calculations and electrochemical characterization indicate that the presence of Mg─O bonds provides abundant active sites and efficiently accelerates the surface oxygen evolution reaction by precisely realigning the rate‐determining step from OH* to O* (step 2) to OOH* to O2 (step 4), thereby retarding charge trapping and recombination. As a result, such a photoanode achieves a remarkable performance with a photocurrent as high as 4.91 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, and the onset potential shifts negatively about 340 mV. This work provides a new defect modulation idea for converting detrimental defects to favorable ones, and it can be expected to have wide applications in the fields of energy, catalysis, and optoelectronics, etc.