bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein nutrition of growing lambs
Authors: Kempton T. J. , Nolan J. V. , Leng R. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. Lambs with cannulas in the duodenum and ileum were allowed free access to one of four diets: a basal diet of oat hulls and solka floc, or the basal diet supplemented with either urea, urea plus casein or urea plus formaldehyde-treated (HCHO)-casein. Mean nitrogen intake was 1.9 g N/d for the basal diet and 15.0, 32.4 and 36.9 g N/d respectively for the other diets.2. The rate of irreversible loss of ammonia from the rumen pool estimated using15NH+4was highest on the casein diet (33 g NH3-N/d) by comparison with 18 g NH3-N/d for the urea and HCHO-casein diets and 7 g NH3-N/d for the basal diet.3. The proportions of bacterial and protozoal N in the rumen derived from rumen ammonia did not differ significantly between the supplemented diets and were 0.66 and 0.52 respectively.4. Estimation of15N flowing to the duodenum during continuous infusions of15NH+4into the rumen indicated considerable ammonia absorption from the rumen on all the diets. Greatest absorption of ammonia (21 g N/d) apparently occurred in animals on the diet supplemented with urea and casein.5. The estimated microbial non-ammonia-N (NAN) flowing out of the rumen per unit organic matter fermented in the rumen (FOM) was similar on all diets, i.e. 21.3 (±1.09) g N/kg FOM. The requirement for dietary fermentable N for microbial N production on these diets was 1.2 (±0.07) g N/MJ ME.6. The flow of NAN into the duodenum and throught the ileum, and total N in the faeces was significantly influenced by the form of N supplementation. The flow of NAN into the duodenum for the HCHO-casein diet (27 g N/d) was more than twice that for the other diets (11 g N/d). The flow of NAN through the ileum and excretion of total N in the faeces was also greater with the HCHO-casein diet than with all other diets. The apparent digestibility of NAN in the small intestine ranged between 0.62–0.66 for all diets.7. Urea and casein supplements were apparently completely degraded in the rumen. In contrast, the HCHO-casein was almost completely resistant to degradation in the rumen and only 65% of the HCHO-casein was digested in the small intestine.8. Protein absorbed: energy absorbed (expressed as NAN digested in the small intestine/MJ ME) was calculated to be 5.5 (±0.70) for the basal, urea and urea-plus-casein diets, and 11.6 (±1.71) for the urea-plus-HCHO-casein diet.
The influence of protein nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig
Authors: Campbell R. G. , Dunkin A. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effects of feeding either a high-protein (HP) diet or a low-protein (LP) diet between 1·8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or a high-energy (HE) intake but at the same protein intake subsequent to 15 kg LW on the performance and body composition of pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. During the LW period 1·8–15 kg, pigs given the LP diet exhibited poorer growth performance (P < 0·01) and at 15 kg contained more fat (P < 0·01) in their empty bodies than pigs given the HP diet.3. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a faster rate and exhibited more rapid and efficient growth to 60 kg LW than those given the HP diet before 15 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet deposited protein at a slower rate and exhibited poorer growth performance (P < 0·05) between 15 and 45 kg LW but grew at a faster rate between 45 and 60 kg LW than pigs previously given the HP diet.4. On the LE treatment subsequent to 15 kg LW the differences in body composition between the two protein groups were no longer significant at 45 kg. However, on the HE treatment, pigs previously given the LP diet remained fatter (P < 0·05) to 60 kg LW than those previously given the HP diet.5. The results suggested that restricting protein intake between 1.8 and 15 kg LW reduced, temporarily, the upper limit of protein retention and growth performance during subsequent development. This finding is discussed in relation to the effects of protein nutrition in early life on the hyperplasic development of muscle tissue.
Hepatic iron accumulation in copper-deficient rats
Authors: Williams Darryl M. , Kennedy F. Scott , Green Brenda G. 
Published: June 2005

1. Studies of anaemia and tissue iron distribution were carried out in copper-deficient rats and pair-fed control animals given Fe orally or parenterally in varying doses.2. The anaemia of Cu deficiency was partially but incompletely corrected by oral Fe supplementation of one-to five-fold normal dietary levels or by intramuscular Fe supplementation.3. Serum Fe increased in Cu-deficient animals as the dose of supplemental Fe was increased.4. Hepatic Fe accumulation occurred in Cu-deficient rats which were administered with either oral Fe in two-to five-fold excess or low doses of intramuscular Fe. This difference was not seen in animals receiving high doses of intramuscular Fe, but similar relativedifferences were seen in Cu-deficient and Cu-replete rats which had been given no Fe supplementation.5. Duodenal Fe was not increased in Cu deficiency. Bone marrow Fe was present in Cu-deficient animals receiving either parenteral or oral Fe supplementation.6. Present studies suggest that a decrease in caeruloplasmin (EC1. 16. 3. 1) activity does not wholly explain the anaemia of Cu deficiency.Fe accumulation may be restricted to the liver, suggesting that Cu may be required for normal intracellular Fe metabolism.
The influence of dietary fibre on caecal metabolism in the rat
Authors: McKay Linda F. , Eastwood Martin A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The influence of three diets ((1) high-fibre–low-fat, (2) low-fibre–high-fat, (3) commercial breeding diet) on the concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) has been investigated in male and female rats up to 14 weeks of age.2. Hydrogen was detected in respired gas in all rats with no significant differences between diets or sex. Methane was detected only in control-fed rats at 12 weeks of age and thereafter. Caecal contents contained higher concentrations of SCFA than were found in faeces. There were no significant differences in the total faecal SCFA excreted by rats on the three diets. The proportions of SCFA in the caecum and faeces were influenced by diet.3. The production and excretion of hydrogen, methane and SCFA in the rat appeared to reflect different aspects of bacterial metabolism. Comparison of caecal and faecal SCFA may indicate differential absorption from the colon or differential metabolism by bacteria or colonic mucosa which may be influenced by diet.
Studies of the large intestine of sheep
Authors: Dixon R. M. , Nolan J. V. 
Published: June 2005

1. A study was made of nitrogen kinetics in the large intestine of sheep given 800 g chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d. Four sheepwere continuously infused with (15NH4)2SO4into the caecum and three other sheep were infused intravenously with [15N]urea. A digesta marker,51Cr complexed with EDTA (51Cr-EDTA), was infused into the rumen of each sheep to allow estimation of the rates of flow of digesta constituents. Infusions were continued until tracer concentrations reached plateaux in digesta and blood pools, after which the sheep were anaesthetized and slaughtered.2. Pre-infusion samples and samples on plateau were obtained before slaughter for subsequent analysis to give plasma urea and rumen ammonia-N concentration and enrichment. At slaughter, digesta were obtained from the ileum and segments of the large intestine. These were analysed for51Cr-EDTA content and concentration and enrichment of ammonia-N, microbial N and non-urea non-ammonia-N (NU-NAN).3. N flows in segments of the large intestine were calculated and represented in a quantitative eight-pool model.4. Transfer of plasma urea across the wall of the caecum and proximal colon was negligible but there was an input of 0·8 g endogenous NU-NAN/d.5. Flow of urea plus ammonia-N in digesta from the ileum into the caecum contributed 1·0 g N/d to the caecal ammonia pool.6. Proteolysis and deamination produced a further 3·0 g ammonia-N/d in the caecum and proximal colon.7. The net absorption of N between the ileum and the rectum was 2·8 g N/d but 3·0 g ammonia-N/d was absorbed from the caecum and proximal colon and, in addition, at least 0·9 g ammonia-N/d from the distal colon and rectum.8. Ammonia-N was incorporated into caecal microbes (0·6 g N/d) and approximately 57% of the NU-NAN in caecal digesta was microbial N. The majority of the microbial N flowing from the caecum was excreted in faeces.9. The rate of irreversible loss of urea-N from plasma, measured by intravenous infusion of [15N]urea, was 13·6 g/d. On average 83 (SE 6·8)% of the15NH3apparently absorbed from the caecum was incorporated into plasma urea; caecal ammonia contributed 9–19% of the N in plasma urea and 0·2–3·1% of the N in rumen ammonia.
Incorporation of nitrogen into rumen bacterial fractions of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets. Ammonia assimilation into intracellular bacterial amino acids
Authors: Blake J. S. , Salter D. N. , Smith R. H. 
Published: June 2005

1. Experiments were carried out in vivo to investigate the pathways of ammonia incorporation into rumen bacteria, bacterial fractions and free amino acids within the bacteria.2. Steers were alternately given two isoenergetic, isonitrogenous diets containing the nitrogen mainly as either urea or decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM). At the end of each period on a given diet, a solution of15NH4Cl was infused into the rumen and samples of rumen contents were removed at 2, 10, 20 and 90 min and 5, 10 and 24 h afterwards. Concentrations of ammonia and its15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed rumen bacteria were prepared. Bacteria were disrupted ultrasonically and separated into bacterial protein, cell wall and protein-free cell supernatant fractions. Amino acids were separated after hydrolysis and their15N contents determined.3. A rumen fluid circulation pump was developed so that representative samples could be taken at very short time intervals after the introduction of the15N label.4. Rumen pH changes, rumen fluid dilution rates and patterns of rumen ammonia concentrations were consistent with normal rumen metabolism. Net bacterial synthesis (as calculated from the net outflow of bacteria from the rumen) was significantly (P< 0·05) greater with the DCGM diet (12·4 g bacterial N/d) than with the ureadiet (9·24 g bacterial N/d).5. With both diets the15N label rapidly left the rumen ammonia pool and entered the rumen bacteria. Analysis of the bacterial fractions indicated that the label appeared rapidly in the protein-free cell supernatant fraction and more slowly in the bacterial protein and cell wall fractions.6. With the DCGM diet bacteria apparently utilized intracellular label less efficiently than with the urea diet. The proportion of N in the protein-free cell supernatant was higher with the DCGM diet, suggesting increased levels of intracellular amino acids and peptides, following extracellular protein degradation.7. Levels of enrichment of the amino acids alanine and glutamate in the protein-free cell supernatant fraction suggested that the enzymes alanine dehydrogenase (EC1. 4. 1. 1) and glutamate dehydrogenase (EC1. 4. 1. 2 and 1. 4. 1. 4) may be the major enzymes for assimilating ammonia when concentrations of soluble carbohydrate and rumen ammonia are high in the rumen.8. The high levels of intracellular alanine are discussed with reference to publishedwork on the excretion of alanine by rumen bacteria.
The activities of some metabolic enzymes in the intestines of germ-free and conventional chicks
Authors: Palmer Maureen F. , Rolls B. A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The metabolic enzymes alkaline phosphatase (EC3. 1. 3. 1), acid phosphatase (EC3. 1. 3. 2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC1. 1. 1. 42) were measured in mucosal homogenates and these enzymes, together with glucose-6-phosphatase (EC3. 1. 3. 9), were measured in homogenates of isolated enterocytes from germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks which were either fed continuously until they were killed or were subjected to a 16 h fast before killing.2. The intestine of the GF chicks was generally lighter than that of the CV controls. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was greater in the mucosal homogenates of the CV chicks compared with the GF birds, but the concentrations of acid phosphatase and isocitric dehydrogenase were not different in the two groups. In the isolated enterocytes the concentration of all enzymes expressed per mg DNA, except alkaline phosphatase, was higher in the GF chicks. Expressed per mg protein there was no significant difference in enzyme activity in the two groups.3. Fasting caused a reduction in intestinal weight and total mucosal protein in both groups but the reduction was greater in the GF chicks compared with the CV controls. In the GF chicks, fasting caused a significant fall in acid phosphatase and isocitric dehydrogenase activities of the mucosal homogenate, whereas in the CV chicks only acid phosphatase fell to a significant extent. In the isolated enterocytes feeding caused a marked fall in protein per mg DNA in the CV chicks; fasting tended to reduce enzyme concentrations in the GF chicks but to have less effect in the CV group except for alkaline phosphatase where there was a marked rise in activity.4. It is suggested that the difference in enzyme activities in the mucosal homogenates and isolated enterocytes might result from (a) the presence of a much greater lamina propria in the CV compared with the GF chicks and (b) the greater mitotic activity in the fed CV chicks yielding a much larger number of smaller immature cells.
High arachidonic acid levels in the cord blood of infants of mothers on vegetarian diets
Authors: Stammers J. P. , Hull D. , Abraham R. , Mcfadyen I. R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples were collected from forty-seven Asian women, twenty-eight lifelong vegetarians and seventeen non-vegetarians, during delivery of their babies. The concentrations and fatty acid profiles of the plasma free fatty acid and triacylglycerol fractions were determined.2. There were no significant differences between the levels of free fatty acid and triacylglycerol in either maternal or cord plasma from vegetarian compared with non-vegetarian Asian women. The fatty acid profiles of the lipid fractions in the two groups were similar. Total plasma free fatty acid levels in the maternal circulation correlated with umbilical cord levels.3. The levels of linoleic acid in the maternal plasma free fatty acid fraction of the Asian women were much higher than previous reports on mixed populations of European women. In the Asian women arachidonic acid concentrations in both maternal and umbilical circulations were over four times higher than those reported for women unselected for race and diet.
Cytokinetic and structural responses of the rat small intestine to riboflavin depletion
Authors: Williams E. A. , Rumsey R. D. E. , Powers H. J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract:The impaired absorption and metabolism of Fe seen in riboflavin defiaency is attributed, at least in part, to a hyperproliferative response in the small intestine, associated with an altered morphology. Studies were conducted in female weanling Wistar rats to explore further the effect of riboflavin deficiency on the cytokinetics and structure of the small intestine. Feeding a riboflavin-deficient diet for 8 weeks from weaning resulted in a significantly lower villus number, a significant increase in villus length and an increased rate of transit of enterocytes along the villi, compared with weight-matched controls. A second experiment focused on the 3 weeks after weaning and showed that riboflavin deficiency inhibits the increase in villus number observed in control animals over this period. We suggest that riboflavin deficiency induced at weaning impairs the normal increase in villus number and that prolonged deficiency leads to an adaptive increase in length of villi and depth of crypts.
Dietary fibres reduce blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and platelet aggregation in rats
Authors: Bagger M. , Andersen O. , Nielsen J.B. , Ryttig K.R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of dietary fat and dietary fibres on blood pressure, serum lipids and platelet aggregation in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats have been investigated. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were increased with increasing amounts of dietary fat and normalized by dietary fibre supplementation. The greatest reduction in blood pressure was obtained by a combination of reduced dietary fat and supplementary dietary fibre. Addition of dietary fibre when the amount of dietary fat was high or reduction of dietary fat when the amount of dietary fibre was low gave a smaller effect. In both rat strains the decreases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure values after reducing dietary fat and/or increasing dietary fibre were about 10-15 mmHg. Serum total cholesterol and serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations were reduced by reduction of dietary fat or a combination of dietary fat reduction and dietary fibre addition. A combination of dietary fat reduction and dietary fibre addition was the most effective dietary change for reducing serum triacylglycerol concentration and platelet aggregation. The present study demonstrates that in this experimental model it is possible to reduce risk indicators of coronary heart disease significantly by changing dietary habits.
Increasing Tolerance to Ozone by Elevating Foliar Ascorbic Acid Confers Greater Protection against Ozone Than Increasing Avoidance
Authors: Chen Zhong , Gallie Daniel R. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Ascorbic acid (Asc) is the most abundant antioxidant in plants and serves as a major contributor to the cell redox state. Exposure to environmental ozone can cause significant damage to plants by imposing conditions of oxidative stress. We examined whether increasing the level of Asc through enhanced Asc recycling would limit the deleterious effects of environmental oxidative stress. Plants overexpressing dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which results in an increase in the endogenous level of Asc, were exposed to acute or chronic levels of ozone. DHAR-overexpressing plants had a lower oxidative load, a lower level of oxidative-related enzyme activities, a higher level of chlorophyll, and a higher level of photosynthetic activity 24 h following an acute exposure (2 h) to 200 ppb ozone than control plants, despite exhibiting a larger stomatal area. Reducing the size of the Asc pool size through suppression of DHAR expression had the opposite effect. Following a chronic exposure (30 d) to 100 ppb ozone, plants with a larger Asc pool size maintained a larger stomatal area and a higher oxidative load, but retained a higher level of photosynthetic activity than control plants, whereas plants suppressed for DHAR had a substantially reduced stomatal area, but also a substantially lower level of photosynthetic activity. Together, these data indicate that, despite a reduced ability to respond to ozone through stomatal closure, increasing the level of Asc through enhanced Asc recycling provided greater protection against oxidative damage than reducing stomatal area.
The inseparability of modern knowledge management and computer‐based technology
Authors: Holsapple Clyde W. 
Published: June 2005

PurposeThis paper makes the case that modern knowledge management (KM) is inseparable from a consideration of technology. While recognizing that there are many non‐technological facets to KM research and practice, it takes issue with the perspective proposed by some that knowledge management has little or nothing to do with technology. Similarly, the perspective that equates knowledge management with information management is challenged.Design/methodology/approachThe research method involves an analysis of the contrasting perspectives to show that each has blind spots that obscure a clear vision of the relationship between computer‐based technology and knowledge management. Building on the ideas of Newell, van Lohuizen, and others, the research advances an alternative perspective to overcome limitations in the other two.FindingsThe KM perspective introduced here neither dismisses technology nor identifies with it. From this perspective, this paper develops the contention that modern KM has been tremendously enriched by advances in computer‐based technology (CBT), discussing several specific examples. Moreover, this paper concludes that CBT needs to be grounded in a clear, deep consideration of knowledge management.Research limitations/implicationsAs this is a relatively new perspective, the full extent of its utility will unfold over time as it is adopted, used, and extended. KM researchers can adopt this perspective to guide the conception and design their research projects. Moreover, several implications for business computing systems researchers are outlined.Practical implicationsThe new perspective offers students and practitioners a middle‐ground between two extremes for framing their understanding and observation of KM and CBT phenomena.Originality/valueBoth research and practice are shaped by the conceptions that underlie them. The paper furnishes a fresh, inclusive conception of the relationship between KM and CBT.
The long‐term course of alcoholism, 5, 10 and 16 years after treatment
Authors: Mann Karl , Schäfer Dorothee R. , Längle Gerhard , Ackermann Klaus , Croissant Bernhard 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTAims  To discover the long‐term stability of drinking behaviour following an in‐patient treatment episode.Design  Three follow‐up periods were used at 5, 10 and 16 years. The patients were classified as being abstinent, improved or unimproved on the basis of self‐reported drinking behaviour. Patients who could not be interviewed at follow‐up were classified as unimproved.Setting  An alcohol dependence treatment programme at the University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany.Participants  We were able to locate all 96 patients at the 16‐year follow‐up. Seventy were alive and 26 had died. We collected information from 59 of the 70 surviving patients. The remaining 11 patients could be located and were definitely alive.Findings  Thirty‐eight of the 70 patients were abstinent, 10 were improved and 22 (including the 11 living patients without further information) were classified as unimproved. Our main finding indicates that the so‐called ‘improved drinking’ is very inconsistent over time. In contrast, the abstinent and unimproved patients were much more stable in their drinking behaviour.Conclusions  This study extends our knowledge of the drinking trajectory and outcome from only a few years of follow‐up to 16 years. Complete abstinence and unimproved drinking behaviour were the most stable drinking patterns observed over the long term, confirming study results obtained primarily from English‐speaking countries.