bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs
Authors: Low A. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Digesta were collected from twenty-three pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, and fitted with single Ash re-entrant cannulas in either the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. A further twenty-four pigs were used in a conventional digestibility trial.2. Three approximately isonitrogenous diets were used; they contained: barley, fine wheat offal, white fish meal, minerals and vitamins (diet BWF), starch, sucrose, maize oil, cellulose, minerals, vitamins and either groundnut (diet SSG) or casein (diet SSC).3. The flow-rates of nitrogen (N), liquid-fraction N (LN) and non-protein liquid-fraction N (NPLN) were measured hourly in the duodenum and jejunum and every 6 h in the ileum during 24 h collection periods. Faeces were collected during 5 d periods.4. Marked increases in flow of N, LN and NPLN were seen in the duodenum and jejunum after feeding each diet, but not in the ileum.5. Values for, N output: intake from the duodenal, jejunal or ideal cannulas and in faeces in 24 h periods were respectively: 0.98, 0.88, 0.25 and 0.21 for diet BWF; 1.00, 0.97, 0.22 and 0.24 for diet SSG; 0.98, 0.73, 0.09 and 0.03 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for LN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.53, 0.53 and 0.12 for diet BWF; 0.46, 0.60 and 0.13 for diet SSG; 0.57, 0.50 and 0.06 for diet SSC. The corresponding values for NPLN in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively were: 0.41, 0.38 and 0.09 for diet BWF; 0.35, 0.36 and 0.08 for diet SSG; 0.46, 0.38 and 0.04 for diet SSC.6. The results are discussed in relation to similar studies, particularly in pigs with duodenal cannulas, in which widely different observations were made.
The nutritional value and quality of squid (Illex illecebrosus) meal as source of dietary protein for broiler chicken
Authors: Hulan H. W. , Proudfoot F. G. , Zarkadas C. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Squid meal (SqM), produced by grinding and drying the whole squid (Illex illecebrosus) common to the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean, contained 645 g protein/kg and appeared limiting with respect to lysine, methionine and cystine.2. Although a comparison of the essential amino acid profiles of SqM with other protein concentrates indicated that SqM was higher than fish meal andsoya-beanmeal but lower than casein or whole-egg protein, these tests could not accurately predict protein quality.3. A new approach is reported for evaluating protein quality of SqM. It was based on the direct chromato-graphic determination of its collagen content, from the amounts of 5-hydroxylysine or 5-hydroxyproline present, and elastin, from the amounts of desmosine or iso-desmosine present. This method can alsobe routinely used to assess the connective tissue content and protein quality of animal protein supplements such as fish, meat-and-bone meals.4. A nutritional evaluation of SqM as a source of protein for poultry was carried out using 320 male and 320 female Cobb chicks fed from I-d-old to 48 d, a control diet containing 50 g/kg fish meal or test diets containing 50 g, 100 g or 150 g SqM/kg.5. Feeding of SqM at a rate of up to IOO g/kg diet resulted in optimum biological response and monetary returns.
Effects of nipple or bucket feeding of milk-substitute on rumen by-pass and on rate of passage in calves
Authors: Abe M. , Iriki T. , Kondoh K. , Shibui H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Effects of feeding liquid milk-substitute to young calves either by nipple-pail or open-bucket on the rumen by-pass and on the rate of passage were studied.2.Sixteen Holstein calves, aged 1 week initially, were used in three experiments in which calves were slaughtered after they were given liquids (milk-substitute and water) containing chromic oxide and SrCl2 6H2O as a tracer either by the nipple- or bucket-feeding method, and the distribution of tracers to the rumen, abomasum and the lower alimentary tracts was examined.3.When the liquid milk-substitute containing tracers was given by the nipple- or bucket-feeding method to calves having been trained to the corresponding procedures for the preceding 1 week, most of the tracers was directed into the omasum and abomasum. There seemed no difference in the functioning of oesophageal groove closure between the two feeding procedures. Even when the liquid milk-substitute containing tracers was given by the nipple-or bucket-feeding method to calves which had been accustomed to different procedures for the preceding week, the majority of tracers were found in the abomasum immediately after administration, though a slightly greater proportion of the tracers entered the reticulo-rumen.4.Continuing bucket feeding of liquid milk-substitute effected an efficient closure of the oesophageal groove at least up to 16 weeks of age. After calves were accustomed to consume liquid milk-substitute from the bucket from 1 to 4 weeks of age, drinking warm water from the bucket also caused efficient closure at least up to 16 weeks of age.When tracers were administered with warm water, Cr2O3 and strontium, especially the latter, transferred much more rapidly to the lower gut than when they were administered with liquid milk-substitute, probably reflecting the curd formation of the milk-substitute in the abomasum. When liquid milk-substitute with tracers was fed by the bucket-feeding method, Sr transferred more rapidly to the lower gut than when the milk-substitute was fed by the nipple-feeding method, indicating that the feeding procedure of liquid milk-substitute has an apparent effect on the rate of passage.
The origin of nitrogen incorporated into compounds in the rumen bacteria of steers given protein- and urea-containing diets
Authors: Salter D. N. , Daneshvar K. , Smith R. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Two young Friesian steers fitted with rumen cannulas were each given three different isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets for successive periods of 2–3 weeks. The diets consisted mainly of straw and tapioca, with the nitrogen supplied mainly as decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM; diet A), in approximately equal amounts of DCGM and urea (diet B), or entirely as urea (diet C).2. At the end of each period on a given diet, part of the dietary urea of a morning feed was replaced by a solution of [15N]urea which was infused into the rumen. Samples of rumen contents were removed just before giving the15N dose and at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 24 h afterwards, concentrations of ammonia and its15N enrichment were determined and samples of mixed bacteria were prepared. Amino acids, ammonia derived mainly from amide groups, and hexosamines were prepared by ion-exchange chromatography of acid-hydrolysates of the bacteria and analysed for15N.3. Approximate estimates of net bacterial N synthesis were made from turnover data for rumen fluid and15N enrichments in rumen fractions. From the determined efficiency of incorporation of urea-N into bacteria recovered at the duodenum, it was calculated that on diets A, B and C respectively 82%, 37% and 0% of the bacterial N was derived from dietary protein or other non-urea sources.4. [15N]urea was converted rapidly to ammonia and the15N then incorporated into bacterial amide-N; it appeared at a slower rate in total bacterial non-amide-N. Rates of incorporation into non-amide-N were highest for glutamic acid, aspartic acid and alanine, and generally lowest for proline (pro), histidine (his), phenylalanine (phe), arginine (arg), methionine (met) and galactosamine. A similar ranking was also generally observed for relative15N abundances (15N atoms %excess in N component ÷15N atoms % excess in total bacterial N) achieved after several hours. Relative15N abundances in his, arg and pro increased with decreasing protein (DCGM) in the diet but those in the other protein amino acids, including the poorly labelled met phe (and its derivative tyrosine) did not.5. It was concluded that different extents of labelling of the amino acids (at least those present mainly in protein) indicated that different amounts of preformed units (amino acids or peptides) were used. When an adequate supply of such units was available (particularly on diet A) pro, arg, his, met and phe were derived in this way to a greater extent than the other amino acids, but whereas synthesis of pro, arg and his increased on the low-protein diet C, that of met and phe did not. Thus met and phe may be limiting for bacterial growth on diets low in protein and high in non-protein-N.6. Differences in the extent of labelling of other bacterial N components may be due to different turnover rates.
Trace nutrients
Authors: Wenlock R. W. , Buss D. H. , Dixon E. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The amount of manganese in nationally-representative samples of prepared and cooked goups of foods, and in a wide variety of individual foods, was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.2. The average British diet was calculated to provide 4.6 mg Mn/d of which half was derived from tea and other beverages, 30% from cereals, and 15% from vegetables and fruit. Animal products provided little Mn.3. Individual foods other than tea which were particularly rich in Mn in Britain were unrefined and partially-refined cereals, and some spices and herbs. Some vegetables and fruit, coffee, wine, chocolate and brown sugar also contained significant amounts of Mn.
Lipid composition and metabolism in liver and brain of vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings
Authors: Åkesson B. , Fehling C. , Jägerstad Margaretha 
Published: September 2005

1. Rat sucklings (18-d-old) bred from vitamin B12-deprived dams were compared with vitamin B12-suplemented dams’offspring, which were considered normal rat sucklings.2. The vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings had lower body-weight, liver weight and brain weight.3. Vitamin B12deficiency was also evident from the tenfold lower concentrations of vitamin B12in liver and cerebellum.4. The concentration of liver lipid was markedly increased in vitamin B12-deficient rats; triacylglycerol accounted for most of the increase. In brain the lipid concentration was slightly decreased (P< 0.05).5. The methylation of ethanolamine phosphoglyceride to choline phosphoglyceride was reduced in both liver and brain in vitamin B12-deficient rats, as measured after the administration of [14C]ethanolamine. A slight decrease in choline phosphoglyceride concentration could be a consequence of this finding. The composition of phospholipids was otherwise normal.6. Odd-chain fatty acids (pentadecanoate and heptadecanoate) accumulated in both liver and brain of the vitamin B12-deficient rat sucklings and constituted approximately 1% of total fatty acid.7. The biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol from intraperitoneally-injected3H2O and [14C]propionate was unchanged in vitamin B12deficiency.
The measurement of food iron absorption in man
Authors: Hallberg L. , Björn-Rasmussen E. , Rossander L. , Suwanik R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The present study was considered as a first step to develop a method to measure food iron absorption from realistic common meals prepared and consumed by the subjects themselves in their own homes. The absorption of Fe from the meals was measured by means of the extrinsic-tag method modified to allow for a free choice of food items.2. The mean Fe intake was 2.79 mg and the mean Fe absorption approximately 0.30 mg. The Fe status of the subjects corresponded to 31.5% absorption from a reference dose solution containing 3 mg elemental Fe as ferrous ascorbate. The variation in food Fe absorption obtained in this field study was found to be of the same magnitude as that obtained in studies performed under more controlled conditions as in the laboratory.3. The conclusion was drawn that the proposed method could be used in realistic field studies aimed at, for example, explaining or preventing a high prevalence of deficiency. A sufficiently long run-in period and a careful instruction of the subjects was considered essential for the design of future field studies.
Iron status in a general practice and its relationship to morbidity
Authors: Leyland M. J. , Harris H. , Brown P. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. An epidemiological study of iron status in general practice has been undertaken. An age-sex register was established and a 10% stratified random sample (194 males and 220 females) of the patients above the age of 15 years was studied. A full blood count, serum Fe concentration, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin concentration were measured and correlated with clinical features associated with Fe deficiency.2. The geometric mean for serum ferritin for males was 77 μg/1 (20–196 μg/1) and for females 37 μg/1 (8–177 μg/1). A low serum ferritin (male < 30 μg/1, female < 20 μg/1) in the absence of anaemia was found in fifteen males and thirty-five females. In this group forty patients had clinical features which are aetiologically associated with Fe deficiency. The incidence of similar features in a control group of thirty-three patients was seven.3. It is suggested that this is indirect evidence that serum ferritin concentration is the most sensitive monitor of Fe status enabling the detection of pre-anaemic Fe deficiency.
The amino acid requirements of the preruminant calf
Authors: Williams A. P. , Hewitt D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Ten calves (50–58 kg live weight) were given a diet consisting of diluted whole milk, wheat gluten and supplemented with appropriate nutrients including amino acids but deficient in lysine. The lysine requirements of these calves, which were growing at approximately 0.25 kg/d, were estimated from responses to lysine supplementation of this diet. From plasma urea, plasma lysine, nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of N responses the estimated lysine requirements were 8.5, 7.5, 7.2 and 7.6 g/d respectively.2. From the mean lysine requirement (7.8 g/d) and the ratio, lysine: other essential amino acids in carcasses of similar calves the estimated requirements were (g/d): methionine 2.1, cystine 1.6, threonine 4.9, valine 4.8, isoleucine 3.4, leucine 8.4, tyrosine 3.0, phenylalanine 4.4, histidine 3.0, arginine 8.5, tryptophan 1.0.
Protein quality in cereals and pulses
Authors: Ford J. E. , Hewitt D. 
Published: September 2005

1. TheStreptococcus zymogenesassay procedure was modified and used in the estimation of available methionine and relative nutritional value in rice (Oryza sativaL.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers.), barley and field beans (Vicia fabaL.). The results were assessed in relation to the content of tannins and ‘dye-binding lysine’, and to published information on the nutritional quality of some of the test samples.2. In grain of ten varieties of sorghum, for which other workers had reported a correlation (r— 0.82;P< 0.01) between tannin content and amino acid digestibility in chicks, the available methionine content ranged from 6.3 to 17.7 g/kg protein (nitrogen × 6.25) and was highly correlated with tannin content (r— 0.97;P< 0.001). The content of total methionine and dye-binding lysine varied little between varieties and was not related to tannin content.3. In nine samples of rice the availability of methionine was uniformly high, in accordance with literature values for true digestibility of the N.4. In field beans the presence of tannins in the seed coat was associated with a significant (P< 0.001) reduction in the availability of methionine. In eleven tannin-free varieties the coefficient of availability averaged 0.791, compared with 0.685 in eleven tannin-containing varieties. The standard deviation associated with both values was 0.04. There was no such difference between the corresponding dye-binding lysine values.5. Thirty-three samples of barley were examined, representing fourteen varieties, four of which had been grown at several widely different latitudes in England and Sweden. There was little difference in methionine content between samples. The average availability coefficient for eighteen samples grown in England was 0.995 ± 0.044, and for fifteen varieties grown in Sweden it was 0.851 ± 0.042. The difference was not associated with any difference in tannin content, which was uniformly low. The findings contradict published evidence for marked increase in tannin content with increase in geographical latitude of cultivation, associated with decrease in digestibility of N.
Fertility of dairy heifers given a commercial diet free of β-carotene
Authors: Folman Y. , Ascarell I. , Herz Z. , Rosenberg M. , Davidsons M. , Halevi A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Dairy heifers given concentrates including vitamin A and wheat straw from 7 to 17 months of age had an average plasma β-carotene concentration of 20–60 μg/1. Control heifers given the same diet but supplemented with β-carotene had a β-carotene plasma concentration of 630–2190 μg/1.2. In contrast to previous findings no differences in duration of standing oestrus, length of oestrous cycle, plasma progresterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and interval between LH peak and ovulation were observed between the groups. All the heifers conceived after one or two inseminations; conception rate being 69% for heifers given a diet free of β-carotene and 78% for the controls.3. Average rate of growth of heifers not supplemented with β-carotene was 0.75±0.02 kg/d v. 0.81±0.02 kg/d for the controls (P < 0.02).4. The possible reasons for the discrepancy between present and previous findings are discussed.
Effect of dietary composition and cold exposure on non-shivering thermogenesis in young pigs and its alteration by the β-blocker propranolol
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , Ingram D. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Young pigs were fed on three diets consecutively, each diet being given for 1 week. The diets were given in random order as (g pig feed/kg body-weight): (a) 20, (b) 60, (c) 20 plus a supplement with the energy equivalent of 40 g pig feed/kg. The supplements included desiccated coconut, fish meal and glucose.2. At the end of each week resting metabolic rate, beginning 12–14 h after feeding, was measured overnight using an open-circuit respiration chamber at thermoneutrality.3. The oxygen consumption of pigs on the 60 g/kg diet was always higher than on the 20 g/kg diet. The addition of desiccated coconut, or fish meal also increased metabolic rate; whereas with added glucose, O2 consumption tended to be even lower than on 20 g/kg alone.4. The administration of the β-blocker propranolol to pigs on ad lib. food intake reduced the rate of overnight resting O2 consumption, measured from 10 until 20 h after feeding, by 12%, but it had no effect on O2 consumption when the intake was 20 g feed/kg. Exposure to mild cold (15°) caused an increase in O2 consumption and this was reduced by 14% after injection of propranolol.
Leucocyte ascorbic acid and the leucocyte count
Authors: Vallance S. 
Published: September 2005

1. During the course of a nutritional survey on an Antarctic base, leucocyte ascorbic acid estimations (Denson & Bowers, 1961) were found to be significantly affected (P< 0.0001) by the leucocyte count measured during analysis.2. The effect was significantly less (P< 0.05) when leucocyte levels were at or near saturation than when subsaturated.3. This suggests that leucocytes share available ascorbic acid, especially in subsaturated subjects, and that assessment of nutritional status from the leucocyte ascorbic acid level should take account of the leucocyte count and the plasma ascorbic acid titre.
Relationship between biochemical and clinical indices of B-vitamin deficiency. A study in rural school boys
Authors: Bamji M. S. , Rameshwar Sarma K. V. , Radhaiah G. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study amongst schoolboys in villages around Hyderabad, India, showed that almost all the boys had riboflavin deficiency, 61% had pyridoxine deficiency, and 9.4% had thiamin deficiency as judged by enzymic tests.2. The prevalence of angular stomatitis was 41.3% and that of glossitis was 18.2%. Biochemical deficiency of riboflavin and pyridoxine was marginally higher in children with angular stomatitis with or without associated glossitis, than in children without oral lesions.3. Treatment with B-complex vitamins (containing 4 mg riboflavin and 10 mg pyridoxine) daily for 1 month produced significant reduction in the prevalence of glossitis but had no effect on angular stomatitis. The latter responded to topical application of gentian violet.4. Small but significant changes in erythrocyte enzymes occurred over the period of 1 month even without vitamin supplements.5. Results suggest that while glossitis is a relatively early manifestation of riboflavin or pyridoxine deficiency or both, angular stomatitis has a more complex aetiology perhaps associated with infection.
The effect of dietary fats on the composition of the liver endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative drug metabolism
Authors: Hammer Catherine T. , Wills E. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The dependence of the rate of oxidative demethylation in the liver endoplasmic reticulum on the fatty acid composition of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied by varying the lipid content of the diet.2. The rate of oxidative demethylation was markedly dependent on the percentage of linoleic acid (18:2) incorporated into the membrane. Feeding diets containing (g/kg) 100 coconut oil, 100 lard or 100 maize oil caused respectively the incorporation of 7.6, 10.3 and 25.1% linoleic acid (18:2) and a demethylation rate of 3.26, 3.15 and 5.03 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein. Feeding 100 g herring oil/kg diet caused incorporation of only 5.1% C18:2but also 27.2% ωw3 unsaturated fatty acids, including 8.7% eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) and 17.0% docosahexaenoic acid (22.6) and caused a very high rate of oxidative demethylation (6.53 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein).3. Destruction of the polyunsaturated fatty acids in herring oil by irradiation with 400 krad caused incorporation of a smaller quantity of ωw3 unsaturated acids into the endoplasmic reticulum and decreased the rate of oxidative demethylation (4.83 nmol formaldehyde/min per mg protein).4. The inductive effects of phenobarbitone on oxidative demethylation were partially dependent on changes in the fatty acid composition of the endoplasmic reticulum. Phenobarbitone (100 mg/kg) increased the percentage of C18:2from 25.1 to 29.4% in rats given a maize-oil diet, increased the percentage of C20:5from 8.7 to 10.3% in rats given a herring-oil diet and decreased the percentage of arachidonic acid (20:4) and C22:6in rats given a lard, maize-oil, herring-oil or irradiated-herring-oil diet.5. Intraperitoneal α-tocopherol (50 mg/kg) increased the percentage of C20:4from 11.1 to 13.1% in rats given a lard diet and from 5.9 to 7.3% in rats given a herring-oil diet.6. It is concluded that dietary C18:2is an important factor in the regulation of the rate of oxidative demethylation in the liver endoplasmic reticulum but this may be replaced effectively by dietary C20:5ω3 and C22:6ω3 acids. Oxidative demethylation is regulated by changes in the fatty acid composition of the membranes of the liver endoplasmic reticulum.