bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wallace and the Great Ice Age
Authors: Tinkler Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can say without the chance of a serious argument that geology was the preeminent natural science of the first half of the nineteenth century, and that its primary achievement in that century was the elucidation of the geological column. This enterprise was fraught with difficulty because of the spatial fragmentation of rock exposures or “outcrops,” and because of the frequently contorted and dislocated nature of the primary evidence.
Cultural Context, 1870–1907
Authors: Fichman Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successive Vaccination Acts were passed by means of allegations which were wholly untrue and promises which have all been unfulfilled. They stand alone in modern legislation as a gross interference with personal liberty and the sanctity of the home; while as an attempt to cheat outraged nature and to avoid a zymotic disease without getting rid of the foul conditions that produce or propagate it, the practice of vaccination is utterly opposed to the whole teaching of sanitary science, and is one of those terrible blunders which, in their far-reaching evil consequences, are worse than the greatest of crimes (S726 1898b, 315).
Wallace, Spiritualism, and Beyond: “Change,” or “No Change”?
Authors: Smith Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 18 the reader received a short introduction to elements of what I have termed the “no change of mind” model of Alfred Russel Wallace’s evolving thought on the place of humankind in the evolutionary process. It was there pointed out, obliquely, that most previous writers had unjustifiably assumed: (1) as of 1858 Wallace thought human evolution was a function of the same basic causal influences as had effected plant and animal change, and (2) that even after that date his position on the necessary utility of adaptations had remained similar to his earliest thoughts on the matter.
Competition and Innovation Investment Management
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While this issue is much debated, understanding the imperatives driving pension fund investment, especially in relation to the nature of investment strategies and products, requires a better appreciation of the financial services industry and, in particular, the investment management industry. There have been, of course, many studies of money management and mutual funds. However most address competitive inter-fund financial flows, rather than the production of investment management services. It is a remarkable industry on a number of counts. Most obviously, it is highly concentrated.
Interpreting Joint Environmental Policy-making: Between Deregulation and Political Modernization
Authors: Liefferink Duncan , Andersen Mikael Skou , Enevoldsen Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, an interpretative theoretical framework for understanding and analysing the emergence, shape, and functioning of JEP in different politico-institutional contexts will be developed. We will start by presenting two specific, partly competing, and partly complementary theoretical explanations for the emergence of JEP: deregulation and political modernization.
The Political and Institutional Setting
Authors: Lauber Volkmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter compares the basic institutional and political settings for JEP in Austria, Denmark, and The Netherlands, the three countries covered by this book. Despite considerable similarities they show variations with regard to key aspects. Five such aspects or dimensions are singled out: basic institutions, political parties and government, the legacy of the past in shaping policy styles, the role of business and environmental groups, and finally governance in the area of the environment. In the final section, a comparison is made to work out those features which are most relevant for JEP. The chapter should thus help to place the emergence and functioning of JEP in the various national and cultural contexts which give it specific meaning.
Industrial Energy Efficiency
Authors: Enevoldsen Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practical and financial obstacles to carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution abatement with the help of filter technologies imply the necessity of developing cleaner technology solutions. Because of the great uncertainty surrounding not only such technological solutions but also the eventual consequences of greenhouse gases on the world’s climate, the CO2 pollution problem poses a formidable challenge to political governance. Given the premise that production must continue to grow, the only viable solutions are, on the one hand, innovations leading to more energy-efficient technologies and, on the other hand, conversion to low-carbon energy sources or renewables. But the public authorities are not in a good position to dictate to industrial enterprises the use of specific energy technologies. Centrally imposed solutions are very unlikely to be efficient.
Using Manifesto Estimates to Validate Computerized Analyses
Authors: Bara Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the inception of the MRG in the late nineteen seventies, many scholars have taken advantage of the vast repository of data, which has been produced by the continuous review and updating of the material. At the same time, content analysis as a general method of enquiry for researchers has become increasingly popular and has been harnessed to serve the needs of projects as diverse as identifying a ‘New Labour’ vocabulary (Fairclough 2000) to aiding research in nursing studies (Wilde Kelly and Sine 1990) or historiography (Sedelow and Sedelow 1978). In addition to the greater usage of content analytic tools, the method has become progressively more quantitative in orientation. Indeed, it may be seen as a useful technique for bridging the gap between the qualitative and quantitative traditions in research, a process that has given greater rigour to scientific analysis and enriched scholarly collaboration and debate.
Arboriculture and Horticulture
Authors: Whitmore Thomas M , II B L Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An estimated one-third of the cultivated species in Mesoamerica at the time of conquest were trees, a claim that is probably applicable to all of Middle America (PaJerm 1967: 42). The importance of arboricultural and horticultural species throughout Midd]e America is witnessed by the large number of vegetables (e.g., chilies, tomatoes) and arboreal and non-arboreal fruit, condiment, fiber, and ornamental species domesticated and grown. This importance long predates the eve of conquest (Turner and Miksicek 1984) and its impacts can still be found in the array of economic trees and shrubs found in some forests and in the variety characteristic of Middle American household gardens (Gomez-Pompa, Salvador Flores, and Sosa 1987).
E
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
economic rent Payments made to obtain the use of a resource above what would be (or should be) required to obtain the use of that resource (that is, its value in a competitive market, or its ‘opportunity cost ’-its value by an alternative user). In principle, a state of perfect competition would also be one in which no rents are made by any resource (natural or human). Rents can sometimes be equivalent to profits, but need not be, if the next best use of a resource already includes some profit. The term is conventionally associated with David Ricardo (1772-1823), though Ricardo himself attributed the concept to Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834).
H
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hale, Robert L. Robert Lee Hale (1884-1969) was a American legal realist and progressive economist, who, though perhaps less well known than contemporaries such as Karl Llewellyn or Jerome Frank, has had a continuing influence on later critical theorists. His attacks on laissezfaire economics, in such articles as ‘Coercion and Distribution in a Supposedly Non-coercive State ‘ (Political Science Quarterly (1923)), made him a favourite among the later critical legal theorists. Hale ’s argument for the pervasive presence of coercion even in market transactions was the ground for later critical legal studies attacks on ‘the public-private distinction ’.
I
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ideal speech situation A concept connected with the work of German philosopher Jurgen Habermas (1929-), and his ‘theory of communicative action ’, under which morality, values, and government structures are to be developed through free and uncoerced public deliberation and debate. See communicative rationality, theory of identity politics Usually a pejorative term used by critics of political or intellectual movements that are organized around an identifiable group of persons, though the term can sometimes be found used in a more neutral way. The group around which the movement is organized is usually a racial or ethnic group that considers itself oppressed within and by the larger society.
K
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kaldor-Hicks analysis A form of analysis that was developed within economics, as an alternative or supplement to Pareto analysis. Under Pareto analysis, the change from one state of affairs to another was Pareto superior if at least one person preferred the second state of affairs and everyone else was at worse indifferent, no one preferring the original state of affairs. In the real world, there will be few actions that lead to Pareto superior situations, as usually some will be made worse off by any action significant enough to leave others better off. The Kaldor Hicks analysis (named after the Cambridge economists J. R. [John Richard] Hicks (1904-89) and Nicholas Kaldor (1908-86)) tries to find an analysis that could allow comparison in situations where some are better off while others are worse off, without having to make significant interpersonal comparisons (e.g. that Ns gain is worth more than B ’s loss).
O
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
objectivity The distinction between objective and subjective judgements frequently turns on whether the judgements relate to an external object, or only to people ’s perceptions of or beliefs about the object. In a looser sense, the terms are sometimes used to refer to a level of agreement (a judgement is objective in this sense if everyone, or all competent participants, agree on it, while judgements that evoke ineradicable disagreement are subjective), without concern for the metaphysical or epistemological grounds of that agreement or disagreement.
Q
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
quasi-rent A term from economic analysis and law and economics that indicates the value of a good above its next best available use. This concept can be applied to objects (a certain stack of wood may be worth 10 more when used to construct furniture compared to the next best use, as firewood), and even to personal choices (how much happier is Lisa married to Rob than she would be unmarried, or married to her second choice, Bill?). The conventional distinction between ‘quasi-rents ’ and ‘conventional rents ‘ is that quasi-rents refer to temporary situ¬ations the time during which resources are unresponsive to a change in price.
T
Authors: Bix Brian H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
teleology The study of things according to the end-points or objectives towards which objects are moving. Teleological explanations were prominent in the work of Aristotle, and they are common in religious and metaphysical views of the world, but they are rare in modern secular philosophy. The relevance of this concept for legal philosophy is that teleological explanations are arguably common to the various approaches to morality and law that go under the rubric ‘natural law theory ’. Some natural law theories build moral systems from human nature, sometimes phrased in terms of the ideal towards which human beings naturally strive.
Introduction
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Closed swimming pools and cinemas; calipers; an iron lung; a withered limb; too often a premature death—the enduring images of poliomyelitis each summer for generations of parents in the first half of the twentieth century as the disease spread with increasing severity around the world (Pl. 1.1). The year 1979 saw the greatest achievement of twentieth-century public health medicine, the global eradication of smallpox. A generation later, at the start of the new millennium, the world is about to witness the global eradication of wild-virus poliomyelitis.
Islands
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The geographical foci of Chapters 6–8 have been the great continental land- masses of the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa. We now turn our attention to a different stage for the geographical occurrence of poliomyelitis between 1921 and 1955—islands. There is a general interest in islands as natural laboratories for the study of epidemiological processes (Cliff et al., 1981, 2000), and island-based investigations have played an especially prominent role in studies of poliomyelitis.
Vaccination in the Rest of the World
Authors: Smallman-Raynor M R , Cliff A D , Trevelyan B , Nettleton C , Sneddon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reduction in poliomyelitis activity described for the United States in Chapter 10 was repeated in many countries of the developed world in the third quarter of the twentieth century. Beginning with the first vaccination campaigns in the latter half of the 1950s, continuous mass administration of poliovirus vaccines led, by the mid-1970s, to near-zero levels of poliomyelitis being recorded in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and many states of Europe. But elsewhere, in poorer countries that lacked either the resources or the capacity to implement systematic mass vaccination campaigns, poliomyelitis was increasingly recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality (Pl. 11.1).
The Deserts of North America
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The North American deserts occupy much of the western USA and northern Mexico between 44°N and 22°N (Fig. 2.la). They extend southwards from central and eastern Oregon, embracing nearly all of Nevada and Utah, into south-western Wyoming and western Colorado, reaching westwards in southern California to the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and the San Bernadina and Cuyamaca mountains. From southern Utah the dry zone extends into Arizona, and on into the Chihuahuan Desert of Mexico. The Sonoran Desert of California extends into Baja California and to the eastern side of the Gulf of California. A good reference handbook to the deserts of North America is provided by Bender (1982).
The Developing Corpus of Literary Translation
Authors: Wheatley Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Analysing the body of writings translated into English from the beginnings of the written language to the inception of printing in Europe presents unique challenges. Numerous translated texts from the Middle Ages, especially those written by translators working outside centres of cultural and scholarly power, survive only in single copies, and each of these works that has come down to us bespeaks the disappearance of many others like it.
Subjects of Translation
Authors: Lawton David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sacred Scripture is ceaselessly mutable, in its physical forms, and in the conceptions readers have of the singularity or multiplicity of the books that compose it and the ways in which they should be read. The Bible as we most commonly experience it today, as a single portable volume with its books in a fixed order, and with chapter divisions, was the invention of Paris workshops in the 1220s and 1230s, and addressed the need of the new evangelical orders, especially Domini- cans, for an individual source of authority, reference, and preaching material.
Print Culture, 1550–1700
Authors: Gillespie Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between 1550 and 1700 Ireland underwent a series of mutations that would transform it from a fragmented polity into a recognizably modern state. The composition of the governing elite was modified, the distribution of resources within the country was changed radically, and the rules under which the economy operated became more commercialized. The social rules as established by law were fundamentally altered by the adoption of English common law at the expense of the older brehon law, or hybrid practices. The spread of print was part of, and reflected, the political and social transformation of early modern Ireland.¹ The expansion of a print culture, in turn, was underpinned by a shift in the balance between oral and written elements in the regulation of local societies. From the early sixteenth century, changes in political relationships at local level led to the committing to writing of matters that previously had been the subject of oral agreements in a largely non-literate culture.
Political Parties and their Publics
Authors: Dalton Russell J , McAllister Ian , Wattenberg Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important measures of the nature of party-based democracy is public attachment to political parties-what is known as party identification. In a recent essay on the state of political parties in America, John Coleman (1996) argues that the key question of partisan politics is whether parties are able to mobilize and integrate the mass public into the democratic process. Parties should not be measured by their organizational activities alone-although these are important measures of party-based politics-but also by the goals of this activity.
Environmental Planning: Introducing the Discourse Approach
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A popular adage of the late nineteenth century in the developed world was that ‘where there’s muck, there’s brass’. Economic activity and wealth creation was associated with dirt and pollution. This was true of the factories, mines, and quarries as well as the cities where growing numbers of people lived. Human waste was another aspect of this ‘muck’. And with human waste came disease and public health hazards. The response to this was the first era of environ mental planning, focused on regulating industrial pollution and managing residential environments to remove human waste through sewerage systems and improve the circulation of fresh air. While a decline in public disease episodes provided some evidence of the success of such planning, problems of ill health among urban residents and environmental pollution persisted into the twentieth century.
Discourses, Communication, and Discursive Strategies: An Institutionalist Framework
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter has highlighted two very different dominant perspectives on the analysis of discourse within the environmental policy process. Social constructivist and Foucauldian approaches suggest a deconstruction of environmental discourses to identify their impact in terms of knowledge claims and power relations. More actor-centred approaches highlight the role that purposive action can play, and the Habermasian framework suggests a normative project for democracy in which communication through discursive acts could lead to mutual understanding, consensus, and greater legitimacy. None of these approaches was seen as ideal for analysing contemporary practice of environmental planning and specifying the role that language actually plays.
Rationalizing the Environmental Policy Process
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been emphasized that deliberative processes need a discursive context, a ‘discursive net’. Creating a practical version of communicative rationality that is actively used within the policy process would provide this. In effect, what is required is a justification for a specific policy approach or a legitimation of such a policy approach in terms of communicative rationality. Policy approaches are continuously justified, either explicitly or implicitly. The search for legitimation is an inherent part of the policy process. In contemporary society, such legitimation takes the form of the demonstration of rationality. The reasons for this will be explored and a distinction drawn between procedural and substantive rationality. In this chapter, the focus will be on procedural rationality, the norm of a rational policy process. The next chapter will con sider the major substantive rationalities, comparing communicative rationality with scientific and economic rationalities.
הל & his two Sons Satan & Adam
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time in 1815 an obscure artist and engraver came to the Royal Academy’s antique school for the purpose of drawing from a cast of the Laocoön group (Fig. 8), in preparation for an engraving he had been commissioned to make. Henry Fuseli, Professor of Painting and Keeper, recognized an old friend. ‘Why! Mr Blake,’ he said, ‘you a student! You ought to teach us!’
‘Thou readst black where I read white’: The Bible
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The Old & New Testaments are the Great Code of Art’, Blake wrote in הל & his two Sons, and his lifelong engagement with the Bible culminated in several works, poetic and pictorial, during his late years. These comprise the manuscript poem The Everlasting Gospel; Blake’s last illuminated book, The Ghost of Abel; the great engraved Illustrations of The Book of Job, seven pencil drawings for the apocryphal Book of Enoch (which Blake would nevertheless have regarded as a product of the Poetic Genius); an illustrated manuscript of the first four chapters of Genesis; and comments on a new translation of the Lord’s Prayer, along with his own version.
Opposing Europe ?
Authors: Szczerbiak Aleks , Taggart Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The project of European integration now spans Europe, but in becoming bigger and broader the European Union has brought on itself significant criticism. As the EU becomes deeper, wider, and more ambitious, so opposition and scepticism become more prominent for citizens and more problematic for elites. Concerns about a ‘democratic deficit’ and the distance between European elites and publics have come to be a common feature of European politics. As a consequence Euroscepticism has become a part of the terrain of conflict between political parties across Europe. Opposing Europe? provides the first comprehensive review of party-based Euroscepticism across the breadth of contemporary Europe, and the first in-depth comparative academic study of Euroscepticism. This, the first of two volumes, is made up of chapters that map, describe, and analyse Euroscepticism in the party systems of a range of countries and the European Parliament. Each is written to a common frame of reference that differentiates ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ Euroscepticism. The volume looks across Europe and includes EU member states and candidate and non-member states in order to draw out comparative lessons that relate to the nature of political parties, party systems, and the domestic politics of European integration. Opposing Europe? is a groundbreaking, ‘state of the art’ book that provides a definitive review of a key issue in European politics. It is also one of the few attempts to integrate the fields of EU studies with both West European and East European studies in order to draw lessons about the way in which the EU interacts with domestic politics in both member and non-member states. Examining the way that parties position themselves and compete on the European issue provides powerful lessons for the trajectory of the European integration project more generally and on the prospects for the emergence of a European political system and polity.