bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why do students pursue a doctorate in the era of the ‘PhD crisis’? Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Horta Hugo , Li Huan , Chan Sheng‐Ju 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDrawing on interviews with nine PhD students and twelve PhD graduates from a research university in Taiwan, this paper explores students' motivational profiles for pursuing a PhD at a time when that degree is increasingly decoupled from academic employment. Using self‐determination theory as a conceptual lens, the paper identifies common enrolment motivations in the PhD crisis era. Amidst the doctoral enrolment crisis in Taiwan, where the traditional employment path for PhD graduates (i.e., academia) is more of a mirage than a reality, the motivations of students to pursue a PhD do not differ much from those found in the literature concerning the era of PhD expansion. Two typical motivational profiles are predominant, one dominated by the accumulation of career advantages and the other by the search for personal growth. The findings show that the first profile tends to be on the minds of most students. The second profile tends to be adopted by those who have few career concerns or those who have a greater need for self‐improvement. We also find that these motivations have unique nuances, meanings and consequences for universities and doctoral education in the PhD crisis era.
Global survey of endodontic practice and adoption of newer technologies
Authors: Cheung Monique Charlene , Peters Ove Andreas , Parashos Peter 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAimTo investigate current endodontic practices, adoption of technologies and continuing education attendance within specialist endodontic practice globally and to identify geographic trends.MethodologyA web‐based survey of endodontic association members in Australia, Britain, Canada, Italy, New Zealand and the USA on routine treatment preferences, armamentarium and education attendance was conducted. Chi‐squared, independent sample t‐tests, Cochran's Q test and McNemar's test were performed.ResultsThe survey was completed by 543 endodontists or endodontic post‐graduate students. Almost all respondents used the dental operating microscope (DOM, 91.3%), engine‐driven nickel–titanium instruments (NiTi, 97.6%), electronic apex locators (EAL, 93.0%), cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT, 91.2%) and calcium silicate‐based materials (CSBMs, 93.7%). Dental dam was always used by 99.1%. Over half used irrigation adjuncts (81.8%), warm vertical compaction (74.6%) and heat‐treated NiTi (60.2%). Geographic comparison between AP (Asia–Pacific, n = 78), AM (Americas, n = 402) and EM (Europe and Middle East, n = 63) was performed. AM and EM preferred single‐visit treatment more (p < .001) and used higher sodium hypochlorite concentrations than AP. AM had more access to CBCT in the workplace (86.6%) than AP (65.4%, p < .001) and used CBCT for routine preoperative assessment (39.6%) more than EM (7.3%, p < .001). Almost all of EM used irrigation adjuncts (95.2%), more than AM (78.1%, p = .001). AP used steroid/antibiotic medicaments most (p < .001) and had the highest attendance at continuing education programmes.ConclusionSeveral endodontic‐specific armamentaria have reached almost complete adoption within global specialist endodontic practice, whilst the continued uptake of newer technologies should be followed over time. Some practising philosophies varied significantly across different geographic regions.
A COMPARISON OF THE ANTI‐ANAPHYLACTIC ACTIVITIES OF SALBUTAMOL AND DISODIUM CROMOGLYCATE IN THE RAT, THE RAT MAST CELL AND IN HUMAN LUNG TISSUE
Authors: BUTCHERS P.R. , FULLARTON J.R. , SKIDMORE I.F. , THOMPSON L.E. , VARDEY C.J. , WHEELDON A. 
Published: October 2023

Salbutamol and disodium cromoglycate were compared for anti‐anaphylactic activity against passive anaphylaxis in rat skin and peritoneum in vivo and in rat mast cells and human lung fragments in vitro.
Salbutamol administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis, but also inhibited cutaneous responses to histamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine. Salbutamol administered intraperitoneally inhibited the release of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS‐A) but not the release of histamine in the peritoneum. It was a very weak inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.
Disodium cromoglycate administered intravenously to rats inhibited cutaneous anaphylaxis. Disodium cromoglycate administered intraperitoneally to rats inhibited the release of histamine and, to a lesser extent, SRS‐A in the peritoneum. It was an effective but short‐acting inhibitor of histamine release from rat mast cells in vitro.
Salbutamol was a potent inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS‐A from fragments of human lung.
Disodium cromoglycate was a weak inhibitor of the anaphylactic release of histamine and SRS‐A from fragments of human lung. The inhibition was variable and not dose‐related.
The concentration of salbutamol required to inhibit anaphylaxis in human lung is of the same order as that required to relax human bronchial muscle. It is suggested that salbutamol may be more effective in allergic asthma if given in a prophylactic regimen.
THE EFFECTS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IONS, TEMPERATURE AND REPETITIVE STIMULATION ON INHIBITORY JUNCTIONAL TRANSMISSION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF GUINEA‐PIG SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: LANG RICHARD J. 
Published: October 2023

The effects of calcium and magnesium ions and temperature on the peak amplitude of the nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory junction potential, evoked by a single stimulus, or paired transmural stimuli, were examined in the circular muscle of guinea‐pig small intestine.
The peak amplitude of the inhibitory junction potential (i.j.p.) could be decreased by lowering the external concentration of calcium or by raising the external magnesium concentration (at 25°C).
At 25°C, the second of a pair of i.j.ps was larger than the first at short intervals (<0.2 s), but smaller at larger intervals (0.2 to 20 s). Enhancement of the second (test) response decayed exponentially with a time constant of 87 ms. Depression of the test i.j.p. was maximal at 0.4 s and then recovered exponentially with a time constant of 11 s.
In low calcium or high magnesium solution, depression of the test i.j.p. decreased without any change in the rate of recovery from depression.
Despite the slow rate of recovery from depression after a single conditioning response, transmitter output could be maintained during low‐frequency repetitive stimulation.
The peak amplitude of the i.j.p. increased as the temperature was raised to 35°C (Q10 = 1.5).
In contrast to the neuromuscular junction, the depression of the second of a pair of i.j.ps decreased as the temperature was raised. At 35°C the test i.j.p. was larger than the conditioning i.j.p. for most stimulus intervals (1 to 20 s).
The results suggest that the rate of replenishment of the store of inhibitory transmitter is sensitive to both temperature and repetitive stimulation.
ANALYSIS OF ANOMALOUS pKB VALUES FOR METIAMIDE AND ATROPINE IN THE ISOLATED STOMACH OF THE MOUSE
Authors: ANGUS J.A. , BLACK J.W. 
Published: October 2023

In the isolated, lumen‐perfused, stomach preparation of the mouse, metiamide was found by kinetic analysis to behave like a simple competitive antagonist of histamine‐stimulated acid secretion. However, the pKB estimate of 5.08 was significantly lower than that found in guinea‐pig atrium (6.0) or rat uterus (6.1) suggesting that H2‐receptors might not be homogeneous.
A similar analysis showed that atropine also behaved like a simple competitive antagonist of bethanechol‐stimulated acid secretion and the estimated pKB (7.65) was significantly lower than the standard estimate of this parameter in guinea‐pig ileum (9.0). Either the muscarinic cholinoceptors in mouse stomach were also anomalous or the preparation was introducing a systematic error. Lumen perfusion might distort this type of kinetic analysis by allowing steady‐state conditions but not true equilibrium to develop at the receptor compartment due to loss of antagonist into the gastric secretion. Drug interactions at receptors in the muscle layers of the stomach would be expected to be much less sensitive to this error.
When the atropine‐bethanechol interaction was measured on the contraction of the isolated, lumen‐perfused, stomach of the mouse the necessary conditions for simple competition were not met even though the sensitivity to atropine was obviously increased. The criteria for the expected simple competition were being obscured by events at low antagonist concentrations. Alterations in agonist or antagonist concentrations could be more or less eliminated so that physiological antagonism, perhaps by release of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, was considered. This was supported, to some extent, by finding that, when stomachs from animals pretreated with reserpine were used, the kinetic analysis was normalized and gave a pKB of 8.99. Apparently, the muscarinic receptors in mouse stomach are homogeneous with those in other tissues.
Therefore, we conclude that our results no more point to heterogeneity among histamine receptors than they point to differences in muscarinic cholinoceptors because this type of kinetic analysis can be readily distorted by special features of the measuring system.
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROLEPTICS WITH CENTRAL DOPAMINE AND NORADRENALINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING PROPERTIES IN THE l‐DOPA AND (+)‐ AMPHETAMINE‐INDUCED WAKING EEG IN THE RAT
Authors: MONTI J.M. 
Published: October 2023

A study was carried out in rats (prepared for chronic sleep recording) of the effects of pretreatment with neuroleptics differing in their relative antinoradrenaline and antidopamine receptor potencies, on the l‐DOPA and (+)‐amphetamine‐induced increase in waking EEG.
Haloperidol (0.6 mg/kg), which blocks central dopamine and noradrenaline (NA) receptors, reversed the EEG desynchronizing actions of l‐DOPA and (+)‐amphetamine.
Low doses of pimozide (0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg) which block dopamine receptors exclusively, were not able to modify the pharmacologically induced disruption of the sleep‐awake cycle. However, at 1 mg/kg, a dose which also produces blockade of NA receptors, pimozide counteracted the increase in waking elicited by (+)‐amphetamine.
Spiroperidol (1 to 4 mg/kg) which is devoided of NA receptor blocking properties, failed to reverse the l‐DOPA or (+)‐amphetamine‐induced arousal.
Our results suggest that the increased waking time observed after the catecholamine agonists is related to an increased availability of NA rather than dopamine.
MUSCIMOL ANTAGONISM OF MORPHINE ANALGESIA IN RATS
Authors: MANTEGAZZA PAOLO , TAMMISO REMIGIO , VICENTINI LUCIA , ZAMBOTTI FERNANDA , ZONTA NERINA 
Published: October 2023

Muscimol, a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonist, when injected intraventricularly antagonizes the antinociceptive effect of morphine given either subcutaneously or intraventricularly. The antagonistic effect of muscimol on morphine analgesia appears to be linearly related.
This finding provides support for the view that a GABA‐ergic system is involved in morphine analgesia.
EFFECTS OF THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND EXOGENOUS OVARIAN STEROIDS ON METABOLISM OF β‐PHENYLETHYLAMINE IN RAT LUNG
Authors: BAKHLE Y.S. , BEN‐HARARI R.R. 
Published: October 2023

Metabolism of [14C]‐β‐phenylethylamine (PEN), a substrate for monoamine oxidase‐B (MAO‐B), was measured in lung homogenates and in perfused lungs during the 4 day oestrous cycle of the rat.
Metabolism in vitro was high during met‐oestrus and di‐oestrus and low during pro‐oestrus and oestrus; this variation in activity correlated with changes in Vmax of the enzyme without changes in Km.
PEN metabolism in lung homogenates was also altered by treatment of rats with 17β‐oestradiol but not by progesterone treatment.
Metabolism of [14C]‐PEN in perfused lungs was the same during either pro‐oestrus or met‐oestrus. Uptake of [14C]‐PEN in perfused lung measured directly was also the same at these two stages.
These results demonstrate that in lungs MAO‐B activity was affected by endogenous changes in steroid level but that such changes in enzymic activity were not reflected in the metabolic properties of whole lung.
RELAXATION OF ISOLATED TAENIA COLI OF GUINEA‐PIG BY ENANTIOMERS OF 2‐AZIDO ANALOGUES OF ADENOSINE AND ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: CUSACK N.J. , PLANKER M. 
Published: October 2023

2‐Azido photoaffinity analogues of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine have been synthesized and tested on guinea‐pig taenia coli.
2‐Azido‐ATP and 2‐azido‐ADP were approximately 20 times more potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli, and required prolonged washout times before recovery of the muscle.
2‐Azido‐AMP and 2‐azidoadenosine were 2 to 12 times more potent than ATP, but took much longer (up to 100 s) to reach maximal relaxation. This behaviour is different from that of AMP and adenosine which were much less potent than ATP.
l‐Enantiomers of adenosine and adenine nucleotides were also tested. l‐ATP and l‐ADP were 3 to 6 times less potent than ATP and ADP, and l‐AMP and l‐adenosine were inactive. 2‐Azido‐l‐ATP and 2‐azido‐l‐ADP were approximately 120 times less potent than 2‐Azido‐ATP and 6 times less potent than ATP as relaxants of taenia coli. 2‐Azido‐l‐AMP and 2‐azido‐l‐adenosine were almost inactive.
2‐Azido derivatives are photolysed by u.v. irradiation to reactive intermediates. 2‐Azido‐ATP and 2‐azidoadenosine might be suitable photoaffinity ligands for labelling putative P2 and PI purine receptors respectively. 2‐Azido‐l‐ATP and 2‐azido‐l‐adenosine could be useful controls for nonspecific labelling.
Contribution of cuproptosis and Cu metabolism‐associated genes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Qi Wenchuan , Liu Lu , Zeng Qian , Zhou Ziyang , Chen Daohong , He Bin , Gong Siyao , Gao Lei , Wang Xiao , Xiong Jian , Cai Dingjun , Yu Shuguang , Zhao Ling 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAirway epithelial cell injury plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, a novel form of Cu‐induced programmed cell death known as cuproptosis has not yet been thoroughly investigated in the context of COPD. Clinical reports have suggested that high copper exposure may increase the risk of COPD. In this study, we aimed to determine the expression and potential functions of cuproptosis‐related genes and genes associated with copper metabolism in COPD. We initially identified 52 copper metabolism‐related genes based on a review of the literature. Subsequently, we calculated the expression levels of these genes using data from four GEO datasets. To gain insights into the activated signalling pathways and underlying mechanisms in COPD patients, we conducted Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analyses, examined protein–protein interactions, and performed weighted correlation network analysis. Our findings revealed that 18 key copper metabolism‐related genes, including 5 cuproptosis‐related genes, were significantly enriched in signalling pathways and biological processes associated with the development of COPD. Further analysis of clinical data and animal experiments confirmed the high expression of certain cuproptosis key regulators, such as DLD and CDKN2A, in both healthy smokers and COPD smokers. Additionally, these regulators exhibited abnormal expression in a COPD rat model. Notably, copper content was found to be elevated in the lung tissues of COPD rats, suggesting its potential involvement in cuproptosis. These findings provide an experimental foundation for further research into the role of cuproptosis in COPD. Targeting copper metabolism‐related genes may represent an effective approach for the treatment of COPD.
Novel genomic prognostic biomarkers for dogs with cancer
Authors: Chon Esther , Sakthikumar Sharadha , Tang Min , Hamilton Matthew J. , Vaughan Andrew , Smith Ashley , Sommer Breann , Robat Cecilia , Manley Christina , Mullin Christine , Ohashi Emi , Manor Emily , Custis James , Intile Joanne , Shiu Kai Biu , Parshley Lisa , Bergman Noelle , Sheppard‐Olivares Sabina , Hafeman Scott , Wright Zachary , Haworth David , Hendricks William , Wang Guannan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractBackgroundGrowing evidence from dogs and humans supports the abundance of mutation‐based biomarkers in tumors of dogs. Increasing the use of clinical genomic diagnostic testing now provides another powerful data source for biomarker discovery.HypothesisAnalyzed clinical outcomes in dogs with cancer profiled using SearchLight DNA, a cancer gene panel for dogs, to identify mutations with prognostic value.AnimalsA total of 127 cases of cancer in dogs were analyzed using SearchLight DNA and for which clinical outcome information was available.MethodsClinical data points were collected by medical record review. Variables including mutated genes, mutations, signalment, and treatment were fitted using Cox proportional hazard models to identify factors associated with progression‐free survival (PFS). The log‐rank test was used to compare PFS between patients receiving and not receiving targeted treatment before first progression.ResultsCombined genomic and outcomes analysis identified 336 unique mutations in 89 genes across 26 cancer types. Mutations in 6 genes (CCND1, CCND3, SMARCB1, FANCG, CDKN2A/B, and MSH6) were significantly associated with shorter PFS. Dogs that received targeted treatment before first progression (n = 45) experienced significantly longer PFS compared with those that did not (n = 82,P = .01). This significance held true for 29 dogs that received genomically informed targeted treatment compared with those that did not (P = .05).Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceWe identified novel mutations with prognostic value and demonstrate the benefit of targeted treatment across multiple cancer types. These results provide clinical evidence of the potential for genomics and precision medicine in dogs with cancer.
Rainbow in Gethen: Queer utopia and community collectivism in Ursula K. Le Guin's “Coming of Age in Karhide”
Authors: Paul Aleena Achamma , Krishna S. Swathi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThis essay seeks to examine how Ursula K. Le Guin's science fiction short story “Coming of Age in Karhide” (1995) set in the planet of Gethen in the fictional Hainish universe envisions a political utopia of sequentially hermaphroditic humans to offer a succinct critique of traditional gender roles and conventional sexual customs while celebrating the potential of collective responsibility. While maintaining that the recent scholarship on queer utopias in SF has largely geared toward posthumanist articulations, the present essay argues that Ursula K. Le Guin who laid the genre conventions of queer utopic narratives unabashedly places her short story “Coming of Age in Karhide” within the ideals of humanism by upholding community as a unifying entity, at the same time carefully avoiding the pitfalls of anthropocentrism. Drawing from queer theorists and social scientists, this essay, while exemplifying the implications of a futuristic gender‐neutral society, albeit partially, examines Le Guin's celebration of community collectivism in “Coming of Age in Karhide” to argue that the integration with the values and expectations of the larger community occasions individual growth and identity formation of the teenage protagonist and thereby, attests to the author's humanistic temperament.
Immigrant linguistic justice: The lay of the land
Authors: De Schutter Helder , Song Seunghyun 
Published: October 2023

AbstractLinguistic justice is concerned with the just way of politically regulating linguistic diversity. Today, the linguistic‐justice debate may be differentiated into three different domains: interlinguistic justice, intralinguistic justice, and global linguistic justice. Each of these domains has, to a significant extent, attracted different authors and debates, although the normative system underlying them is structurally similar. This introductory piece aims to provide context for our symposium dedicated to linguistic justice and migration by, first, giving an overview of linguistic justice, second, linking linguistic justice to migration, and, finally, providing an overview of the various papers in the symposium, situating them against the background developed in the first two sections.
Dectin‐3‐targeted antifungal liposomes efficiently bind and kill diverse fungal pathogens
Authors: Choudhury Quanita J. , Ambati Suresh , Link Collin D. , Lin Xiaorong , Lewis Zachary A. , Meagher Richard B. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDectiSomes are anti‐infective drug‐loaded liposomes targeted to pathogenic cells by pathogen receptors including the Dectins. We have previously used C‐type lectin (CTL) pathogen receptors Dectin‐1, Dectin‐2, and DC‐SIGN to target DectiSomes to the extracellular oligoglycans surrounding diverse pathogenic fungi and kill them. Dectin‐3 (also known as MCL, CLEC4D) is a CTL pathogen receptor whose known cognate ligands are partly distinct from other CTLs. We expressed and purified a truncated Dectin‐3 polypeptide (DEC3) comprised of its carbohydrate recognition domain and stalk region. We prepared amphotericin B (AmB)‐loaded pegylated liposomes (AmB‐LLs) and coated them with this isoform of Dectin‐3 (DEC3‐AmB‐LLs), and we prepared control liposomes coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA‐AmB‐LLs). DEC3‐AmB‐LLs bound to the exopolysaccharide matrices of Candida albicans, Rhizopus delemar (formerly known as R. oryzae), and Cryptococcus neoformans from one to several orders of magnitude more strongly than untargeted AmB‐LLs or BSA‐AmB‐LLs. The data from our quantitative fluorescent binding assays were standardized using a CellProfiler program, AreaPipe, that was developed for this purpose. Consistent with enhanced binding, DEC3‐AmB‐LLs inhibited and/or killed C. albicans and R. delemar more efficiently than control liposomes and significantly reduced the effective dose of AmB. In conclusion, Dectin‐3 targeting has the potential to advance our goal of building pan‐antifungal DectiSomes.
Functional neurological disorder: A qualitative study exploring individuals' experiences of psychological services
Authors: Staton Amelia , Dawson David , Merdian Hannah , Tickle Anna , Walker Tammy 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectivesIndividuals with a diagnosis of FND report experiencing stigma in medical settings, however, there is a paucity of research exploring their experiences in psychological services. The aim of this research was to explore experiences of accessing UK psychological services, from the perspective of those with FND.MethodsThis study utilised a qualitative approach with data collected from semi‐structured interviews (n = 15) and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.ResultsOne superordinate theme, ‘the stigmatised self within the therapeutic relationship’, and five interrelated subthemes were identified: ‘internalised stigma and self‐doubt’, ‘selective disclosure to professionals’, ‘perceptions of psychological explanations’, ‘having to educate the professionals’ and ‘attunement and trust within the therapeutic relationship’. Positive therapeutic relationships were perceived to mitigate the impact of these perceived barriers. The conceptualisation of FND and the perception of how this was responded to by services and professionals was a central tenet throughout the related themes.ConclusionsIntra‐personal, interpersonal and organisational stigma impact access and engagement to psychological treatment. The findings of this study highlight the need for increased training provision for practitioners with a focus on actively challenging FND stigma within services at both an individual and systemic level.