bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Retreat from Growth in the 1970s
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In politics as in everyday life, timing is all-important. In launching a moral crusade based on economic growth and competition in the early 1970s, Richard Nixon ran afoul of some of the most powerful trends of the day: His efforts coincided with the most vigorous challenge to growth of the entire postwar period. As we have seen, growth had never been an exclusive goal and had never been wholly immune from criticism.
Critics of growth prospered even in the heyday of growthmanship. When John Kenneth Galbraith in the late 1950s described how “the paramount position of production” was upsetting the desired balance of the U.S. economy as between public and private goods and services, his book The Affluent Society rose to second place on the New York Times best-seller list and his name became a byword among the cosmopolitans who shared his disdain for what he memorably labeled “the conventional wisdom.” Nevertheless, Galbraith had claimed (in his inimitable self-effacing way) that his was a singular, prophetic voice, and had maintained that in bravely attacking “the cult of production” he was challenging “a phenomenon … still of heroic proportions.”1 But by the end of Nixon’s first term, growth liberalism was in tatters and its Whiggish epigone was in the process of self-destruction.
The Reagan Revolution and Antistatist Growthmanship
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both good stories and strong arguments can be ruined by exaggeration, which, often as not, is driven less by an urge to deceive than by a desire to keep things simple. The temptations of neatness are especially acute for historians, who have the difficult task of making the past comprehensible without sacrificing the bewildering complexity that usually characterizes human affairs. As we have seen, many policymakers, opinion molders, and ordinary Americans appeared to give up on growth in the 1970s. Yet, even during the general retreat from growth, others continued to look to growth as a way out of the nation’s apparent economic dilemma. Their efforts constituted the real beginnings, in the 1970s, of what later came to be labeled the Reagan Revolution. That conservative reorientation of public affairs began not when Ronald Reagan took the oath of office in January 1981, or even at the time of his election to the presidency several months earlier, but rather in the more obscure byways of the past, in the fumblings of the mid-197os to somehow recapture the economic and psychological momentum of the economic golden age that had come to an effective end in 1968 and that Richard Nixon’s exertions had failed to reawaken. In the 1980s Ronald Reagan built on these beginnings by appropriating economic growth in an effort to drive a stake through the heart of modern liberalism.
Slow Drilling in Hard Boards
Authors: Collins Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1990s, the pursuit of economic growth took yet another twist. Having campaigned for election as a self-proclaimed New Democrat who combined liberal sensibilities with hard-headed realism and fiscal practicality, President Bill Clinton displayed a centrist, highly expedient style of leadership that generated both extraordinary controversy and considerable practical success. Self-consciously seeking to “build a bridge to the 21st century big enough, wide enough, and strong enough for all of us to walk across together,” the Arkansan tacked and trimmed his way toward the new millennium with a show of political flexibility and pragmatism of a sort not seen since the heyday of FDR.1 Clinton’s opportunism sowed despair among his liberal supporters and consternation among his political opponents. Nowhere was the style more clearly demonstrated than in the realm of political economy. The result was an eclectic approach to growth that reflected less the preconceptions of an ideological program than the lessons, both positive and negative, of a half century’s experience with growth policy.
Introduction: Sex, Society, and Identity
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having spent a long day in the Bibliotheque Nationale reading dis–integrating old sex manuals, I was browsing through the wares of a quayside stall and came upon a popular French text on sexual virility published in 1971 that reiterated almost word for word the beliefs about male sexuality I had encountered earlier that afternoon. Young women on the lookout for virile lovers, I read, should consider men with dark and abundant body hair; they should pay special attention to their hands, because the hand was a reliable indicator of the size and shape of the penis, and a weak handshake a dead giveaway of impotence. The “primordial element” of a happy marriage, according to the author, was the husband’s ability to maintain an erection and sexually satisfy his wife. If he should fail in this task, he will set in motion both a “psycho-pathological inversion” of his natural dominance and her “instinct to feel herself dominated,” which will end in “neurosis, adultery, and divorce.”1
The Roots of Bourgeois Honorability
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a story set some years after the fall of the Napoleonic regime, Balzac declares through a character that “there is no nobility anymore, nothing more than an aristocracy.”1 In the first half of the nineteenth century, Balzac and many other writers of fiction made a nice living exploring in their works the composition of this successor class of the pre-revolutionary elite. It was a subject of endless fascination for contemporary readers, who became adept at sorting out the subtly inflected contrasts in dress, speech, and manners that were the acknowledged markers between those who had been born to high status and those who had earned it.
Bourgeois Sociability and the Point d’Honneur: 1800—1860
Authors: Nye Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I begin to consider more of the public expressions of masculine honor that will occupy the next three chapters. To this point I have attempted to show how conclusions about a man’s honor and honorability could be drawn from his sexual comportment and personal appearance—areas usually regarded as part of the silent if not inscrutable “private” domain.
The War Economy: Motivations and Results
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the summer of 1918, the structure for managing the war economy was essentially complete. The WIB and other agencies were able to supervise decisions of private industry; to regulate consumption of fuel, agricultural products, and other materials vital to war; to stimulate military production; to manipulate commerce and finance; and to control the nation’s transportation system. These actions constituted a substantial shift, a movement toward more centralized management and more government control than most American businessmen would have accepted before 1917.
The Great War, Prohibition, and the Campaign for Social Purity
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years before the war, proponents of temperance and abstinence had begun a national campaign to restrict alcohol consumption. Challenged by an expanding liquor industry and the multiplication of saloons, alarmed by the havoc that drunkenness wreaked on family and society and on individual health and morals, they had formed an Anti-Saloon League and a Women’s Christian Temperance Union. Prohibitionists developed informal alliances with suffragists and Protestant churches, fielded an army of speakers, created elaborate political machines, and won numerous victories in towns and counties, cities and states.
Dewey, Lippmann, and Bourne
Authors: Schaffer Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intellectuals were as divided over their nation’s entry into war as the rest of the American people, many welcoming it, others abhorring it or facing it with resignation. Like businessmen and labor leaders, suffragists and moral reformers, certain intellectuals tried to use war to promote causes and interests. Some saw it as a means to advance their careers, to make their lives more exciting, or to demonstrate to their fellow citizens the value of people who dealt in ideas.
Middling Roots
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand the social development of early Pennsylvania and the development of the American ideal of domesticity it is helpful to examine the distinctive nature of middling life in seventeenth-century northwestern Britain, where Quaker organization was developed, primarily by George Fox and Margaret Fell, and from where a significant number of the early Pennsylvania settlers came. Historians, using evidence primarily from southeastern England and New England, have developed persuasive generalizations about seventeenth-century British middling families. These are misleading, however, in reference to northwestern society, Quakerism, and Pennsylvania. Historians have shown that a middling society emphasizing household autonomy developed in southeastern England by the early seventeenth century. Some have argued that domesticity originated as a modification of this household tradition. Northwestern Quakers accepted middling northwesterners’ emphasis on human relations, for neither Quakers nor typical north westerners could afford alternative institutions. On the other hand, northwestern Quakers developed their family ideal in bold opposition to the customs of their native region. These tensions help explain why the Quakers were the first to develop a form of domesticity as part of their religion and why Anglo-American domesticity originated in remote and rugged terrain.
Spiritual Tribalism
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1650s George Fox and Margaret Fell became preeminent among a large number of inspired Quaker preachers. Their leader ship is wonderfully mysterious, but one distinctive strength is explainable. More than other early Quaker leaders, they respected the social resources of middling upland farmers and tradesmen. Beginning with new religious insights and an impoverished laity, they ended by forming a religious people distinguished by egalitarian, loving relationships and morally self-sufficient households. Their efforts took a lifetime. But they introduced a new family form in order to sustain Quakerism. They were the founders of Quaker organization and of Anglo-American domesticity.
Wives-Ministers-Mothers
Authors: Levy Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Welsh Tract and Chester Quaker communities’ use of intimate relations to convey the Holy Spirit, instead of the formal relations of extra-household institutions, had another major consequence: the creation of a tightly focused, characterologically consistent, social role for women. The Quakers melded women’s sexuality, spirituality, and maternal authority into a novel feminine mystique that later became the model for New England advocates of domesticity.
Everyday Stalinism
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is a pioneering account of everyday life under Stalin, written by one of our foremost authorities on modern Russian history. Focusing on urban areas in the 1930s, Sheila Fitzpatrick shows that with the adoption of collectivization and the first Five-Year Plan, everyday life was utterly transformed. With the abolition of the market, shortages of food, clothing, and all kinds of consumer goods became endemic. As peasants fled the collectivized villages, major cities were soon in the grip of an acute housing crisis, with families jammed for decades in tiny single rooms in communal apartments, counting living space in square meters. It was a world of privation, overcrowding, endless queues, and broken families, in which the regime's promises of future socialist abundance rang hollowly. We read of a government bureaucracy that often turned everyday life into a nightmare, and of the ways that ordinary citizens tried to circumvent it, primarily by patronage and the ubiquitous system of personal connections known as blat. And we read of the police surveillance that was endemic to this society, and the waves of terror like the Great Purges of 1937, that periodically cast this world into turmoil. Fitzpatrick illuminates the ways that Soviet city-dwellers coped with this world, examining such diverse activities as shopping, traveling, telling jokes, finding an apartment, getting an education, landing a job, cultivating patrons and connections, marrying and raising a family, writing complaints and denunciations, voting, and trying to steer clear of the secret police. Based on extensive research in Soviet archives only recently opened to historians, this superb book illuminates the ways ordinary people tried to live normal lives under extraordinary circumstances.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the everyday life of ordinary people, “little men” as opposed to the great. But the life these ordinary people lived was not, in their own understanding and probably ours, a normal life. For those who live in extraordinary times, normal life becomes a luxury. The upheavals and hardships of the l 930s disrupted normalcy, making it something Soviet citizens strove for but generally failed to achieve. This book is an exploration of the everyday and the extraordinary in Stalin’s Russia and how they interacted. It describes the ways in which Soviet citizens tried to live ordinary lives in the extraordinary circumstances of Stalinism. It presents a portrait of an emerging social species, Homo Sovicticus, for which Stalinism was the native habitat.
A Time of Troubles
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surveillance means that the population is watched; terror means that its members are subject on an unpredictable but large-scale basis to arrest, execution, and other forms of state violence. A society under surveillance does not have to be a society under terror: for example, the German Democratic Republic of the l970s and l 980s was relatively free of terror, although it was watched over by the Stasi-that overachieving pupil of the NKVD-with a thoroughness un-paralleled in the history of state security. But there is obviously a relationship between surveillance and terror; the same institutions are used and many of the same processes are involved. In the Soviet Union, where waves of terror against different groups of the population started with the Civil War and occurred periodically thereafter throughout the prewar period, the relationship was particularly close. Surveillance was an everyday reminder of the possibility of terror.
Reform and Revolution
Authors: Adams Thomas Mcstay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keeping Montlinot as inspector of the depot de mendicite at Soissons against his better judgment was not the last concession Calonne would be obliged to make to enlightened opinion. Historians date the “prerevolution” in France from Calonne’s decision to convoke an Assembly of Notables in February 1787. He calculated that by this extraordinary measure he might circumvent the obstruction that the parle ment would certainly raise against his plan for a general land tax-a tax to be collected without exemptions for the privileged and with the aid of consultative assemblies in each province. The strategy backfired. The Assembly of Notables called for a wholesale redress of grievances. Calonne turned over the reins of finance to his most outspoken critic in the Assembly, the archbishop of Toulouse, Lomenie de Brienne.
Landed Autocrats, Gentlemen Farmers, and British Influences
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some Fundamental Analogies between mid-nineteenth century planters and Junkers as landed upper classes can be summarized in the phrases “landed autocrats” and “gentlemen farmers.” Exploring these analogies will provide a useful overview of those similar circumstances and characteristics that made proprietors of plantations and knight’s estates (Ritterguter) comparable landed elites, and will also permit some discussion of significant dissimilarities between their historical environments. In the process it will be helpful to contrast planterdom and Junkerdom with the landed aristocracy (gentry and peerage) of nineteenth-century England, but then to emphasize that England exerted tremendous influence on economic and ideological developments in both the South and East Elbia. Finally, I will emphasize that the comparability of planters and Junkers does not derive from the influence of either regional society upon the other.
Agrarian Entrepreneurs
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter WILL present a roughly chronological survey of the economic histories of the planter and Junker elites through the middle decades of the nineteenth century. It will sketch their agrarian evolutions from the time of their emergence as landed entrepreneurs, and the concurrent creation of “bound” labor forces in East Elbia and the South, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries respectively. After examining these early centuries we will consider how England’s industrial revolution, beginning in the late eighteenth century, gave the agrarian entrepreneurship of planters and Junkers a new lease on life and helped to shape the economic and social landscapes of the Old South and contemporaneous East Elbia, albeit in very different ways. In the process we should not only learn more about Junkerdom and the plantation gentry but also gain a heightened appreciation for the regional, national, and continental varieties of productive modes and social structures that interacted over several centuries of economic development in the Western world.
Although I will not address directly the complex and contentious question of whether planters and Junkers qualified as “capitalists” until Chapter 3, here and now I owe the reader some discussion of the potentially ambiguous terms entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. C. Joseph Pusateri, an historian of American business, has examined the various ways in which the term entrepreneur has been defined in English since it first appeared in a 1755 treatise by an Irishman grown rich as a Paris banker. Pusateri concludes that “what is still the most useful and comprehensive definition of entrepreneurship today” is to be found in a 1949 essay by Arthur C. Cole: “the purposeful activity …
Contentious Concepts
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BECAUSE I TEND to emphasize the importance of differences between the historical environments of the planter and Junker elites, this study seems to fall under the rubric of what sociologists Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers have termed “contrast-oriented” comparative history. Its practitioners stand “squarely in the middle between the characteristic disciplinary concerns of social scientists and historians"-that is, between an historical focus on the course and logic of events in a particular society during a particular span of time, and a socialscientific preoccupation with concepts, theories, or models whose explanatory power transcends a specific historical context.1 These different perspectives are highlighted in a review of Skocpol’s own States and Revolutions: A Comparative Study of France, Russia, and China (1979) by William McNeill, an historian who has composed impressive trans-national studies like The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (1963) and The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society Since A.D. 1000 (1982) . After complimenting Skocpol for “a clear, concise, and admirably well-crafted book,” McNeill took note of her “implicit repudiation of the roll of personalities in affecting the revolutionary processes she analyzes.
Planter and Junker Conservatism
Authors: Bowman Shearer Davis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1902 Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, a Georgia native who was among the first genuine scholars to study the history of the Old South, pointed out that “the institution of domestic servitude had naturally a conservative influence upon those who were interested in its maintenance.” His cogent explanation of this “conservative influence” deserves to be quoted in full: “Slaves were capital, and capital is always conservative in its tendency. Moreover, slavery was generally on the defensive against attack, and thus in a conservative position. It was a long-established institution, and for that reason its maintenance was conservative. Secession was advocated by its supporters as a means to the more certain preservation of slavery, and in that light the policy seems to have been conservative.” The deductive simplicity and penetrating straightforwardness of this analysis are especially remarkable in that Phillips was, in the words of Eugene Genovese, “a racist, however benign and paternalistic,” and lived at a time when the prevailing Southern view of antebellum planters seems to have been been the maudlin and romantic image painted by such popular writers as Thomas Nelson Page of Virginia. The “Old Virginia” plantation owner, wrote Page, “believed in a democracy, but understood that the absence of a titled aristocracy had to be supplied by a class more virtuous than he believed them to be. This class was, of course, that to which he belonged.”
Foreword: The Columbian Legacy
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European Discovery of America was a Fortuitous Mistake, but a mistake nonetheless. Columbus was looking for something else and certainly did not expect to encounter a continental obstacle. Like any sensible Mediterranean trader, he sought the certified wealth of the Orient, with which to launch an old-fashioned crusade to liberate Jerusalem from the scimitared hand of Islam. And he went to his grave believing that the lands he had found, while new to the mapmakers, were part of the Far East.
With the venial hubris of hindsight, we do not hesitate to second-guess the Admiral’s interpretation of his own accomplishments.
At the Water’s Edge: Trading in the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Axtell James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American Historians are Just Beginning to Discover that North America had a full and important history in the sixteenth century. In addition to perhaps four million Indians, the French, English, Spanish, and Portuguese were economically and, on occasion, politically preoccupied with the new continent. The Spanish penetrated deep into the Southeast and Southwest, establishing military posts and missionary centers wherever they went. When they chose not to settle, they did their utmost to ensure that European rivals did not outflank them. The zones of sharpest conflict were on the coasts of Florida, near the shipping lanes of the Spanish bullion fleets, and around Newfoundland, whose fish-laden waters drew fleets from all the major Western European ports. All of these ventures led to contact and sometimes conflict with the local natives.