bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Globalization Hardly Affects Education Systems
Authors: Garritzmann Julian L. , Garritzmann Susanne 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMany scholars and observers have assumed that globalization triggers convergence in many areas, including education policy and systems. Yet, while some change has happened, the central elements of countries’ education systems have been relatively unaffected by globalization. This chapter explains this inertia, pointing at the politics of education. Taking a historical institutionalist perspective, the chapter shows that education systems have created positive feedback effects generating path dependencies which make education systems increasingly resilient to change. A review and discussion of recent research underpin this reasoning, identifying three mechanisms, through public opinion, interest groups, and political elites, respectively.
Higher Education and Organizational Theory
Authors: Huisman Jeroen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses organization and globalization theory development in the field of higher education. Many researchers would qualify the study of higher education as applied, multidisciplinary research. This suggests that scholars focusing on higher education, where appropriate, would import concepts from organizational and globalization theory. This chapter, however, will address two important deviations from this expectation. First, it will show that the concept of globalization only entered the scholarly literature on higher education (organizations) relatively late. Second, higher education researchers were sometimes ahead of organizational theorists, but they used different scholarly language to theorize higher education. Importantly, the use of insights from organizational or globalization theory is affected by characteristics of the object of study and the practical applicability of concepts, especially in light of the policy and management challenges in higher education.
Inclusive Education, Globalization, and New Philosophical Perspectives on Social Justice
Authors: Verhoeven Marie , Gonzalez Amandine Bernal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to uncover the theoretical and normative assumptions underpinning the “inclusive education” framework, as promoted by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. We examine it from a twofold perspective: social theory and theories of justice. We argue that it bears the mark of the social grammar of globalized and reflexive second-modernity societies. The analytical potential of three approaches of social justice (redistribution, recognition, and capability-approach) is then explored to address the social justice issues emerging from this new configuration. Whereas the redistributive approach in terms of equal rights and opportunities is renewed, the recognitive perspective highlights new claims of interpersonal respect, rights, and social utility; and the capability approach echoes the emphasis put on talents and potentialities and on real freedom to accomplish oneself through social participation. These approaches can therefore be envisaged as complementary analytical tools echoing the semantics of the inclusive education framework but also as a useful critical apparatus for its normative assessment.
Small Worlds
Authors: Mangez Eric , Tilman Alice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Against sociological dogma, Niklas Luhmann famously described our global modern society as a loose, heterarchical ensemble of functionally differentiated systems, each assuming the primacy of its own function. In this chapter, homeschooling is discussed as illustrative of the problems emerging from the tumultuous coexistence of these systems. The latter typically gives rise to reactions claiming and hoping to reorder society along lines that run against its functional differentiation. To the extent that such movements react to highly advanced self-referential systems by ceasing to place their trust in their organizations, they will often take on the appearance of a retreat away from modernity and into small worlds. They should, however, not be taken as actual backward moves to nonmodern or premodern forms of existence. Instead, the analysis shows that they are processes through which modernity reacts to itself and to its own, self-made, problems.
Manipulation of the Concept “Indian” in the Caribbean
Authors: Valcárcel Rojas Roberto , Pesoutova Jana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas profoundly transformed the societies and environments of the continent. Harsh colonial labor exploitation, imported diseases and violence led to a dramatic collapse of Indigenous societies, and the emergence of populations blending existing Indigenous and external cultural attributes. The surviving local populations were forced to conform to the social roles and identities assigned to them in the world ruled by foreign Others. The unfortunate role of the Caribbean, and particularly of the Greater Antilles, as the initial stage of conquest and colonial enterprise still has many legacies. One of them is the colonizers’ conceptualization of the Indigenous inhabitants of the Greater Antilles as “Indians.” This term became a colonial and racial category that was imposed upon many Indigenous peoples throughout the Americas. By combining results from various historical, and to a lesser extent archaeological studies from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic, we examine how the representation and identities of Indigenous peoples or their descendants were manipulated by various actors from the arrival of Christopher Columbus and other Europeans in 1492 to the present day. A critical study of this stereotypical image of Indigenous peoples of Greater Antilles unveils the influential role of this term in shaping national histories. Its uncritical reproduction becomes even more problematic as it can lead to alienation from one’s own past given that it is phrased according to a Eurocentric vision of history that is rooted in a particular space and connected to a particular group of peoples.
The Haunted Present
Authors: Kumar Udaya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines an emergent strand in Malayalam fiction that engages inadequately acknowledged dimensions of Kerala’s social history, especially linked to depressed caste communities and the practices of slavery and forced migration. The novels and short fiction of Raju K. Vasu (b. 1959), P. F. Mathews (b. 1960), Pradeepan Pampirikkunnu (1969–2016), Johny Miranda (b. 1968), and Vinoy Thomas (b. 1975), and the earlier short fiction of C. Ayyappan (1949–2011), are prominent examples of this impulse. These writers, from Dalit, Anglo-Indian, and Luso-Indian communities, move away from social realist and modernist styles in Malayalam writing to develop new fictional imaginaries that mix fantasy and historical recall to offer a deep and conflicted engagement with contemporary Kerala. The afterlife of dead ancestors, who were victims of caste and gender oppression, shapes the fictional world, either immobilizing the present in the tight grip of haunting or serving as a resource for the new generation’s refusal of a normalizing modernity. Spirits, curses, and benedictions appear as crucial tropes, either against the background of lower-caste conversions to Christianity—in the 16th century under Dutch and Portuguese dominance and in the 19th and 20th centuries by British and European Protestant missionaries—or through the ritual invocation of ancestors by Dalit communities in Kerala. The chapter argues that these narratives may be seen as an important fictional response to Kerala’s history, its encounter with modernity, and the silences that accompany its self-perception as a progressive, enlightened, and liberal society.
Narrative Authority in the Colonial Novel
Authors: Pinto Rochelle 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A primary challenge confronting 19th-century colonial novels was the wresting of narrative authority from more authoritative discourses that claimed to speak for colonial society. Two novels about Goa reveal that it was not just the epistemic validity of ethnography, philology, and law, but also their structures of representation that impinged on the conventions of this modern literary genre. An instance of this is the ubiquitous narrative of agrarian settlement as the foundation of society in India. The Portuguese novel Os Maharatas represents such origin narratives, as it subsumes early and late modern narrative traditions into its discontinuous structure. In doing so, it enacts the impossibility of epistemic resolution by disabling the novel itself. In contrast, the Konkani novel Battcara mechanically concedes the space of the hero to an undeserving landlord, but inserts the life of a Goan migrant in the interstices of its plot through myriad details. Literary history has tended to view such novels that lack a single coherent schema as tentative precursors to a more perfect mastery of modern literary form. This chapter argues that these novels stage a fundamental challenge of colonial modernity—namely, how a novel could achieve formal autonomy when narrative authority always had to be ceded to another discourse. It suggests that early novels met this challenge by incorporating these discourses into their structure, or by self-consciously staging the impediments to their formation.
Ambiguous Journeys and Halfway Homes in Ramanujan, Narayan, Karnad, and Ananthamurthy
Authors: Hasan Anjum 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a reading of the ambivalent, playful, and embodied relationship to the binaries of tradition and modernity, rural and urban, past and present, in four great Karnataka writers and contemporaries—A. K. Ramanujan (1929–1993), R. K. Narayan (1906–2001), U. R. Ananthamurthy (1932–2014), and Girish Karnad (1938–2019). Using Ashis Nandy’s idea of the journey between the village and city (and back) as the archetypal anxiety of Indian civilization, the chapter analyzes how this bind has been a creative source for the fiction, playwriting, and poetry of these four writers. Their works reveal the possibility of an Indian sensibility highly attuned to its own contradictions, both rooted and open minded. With the hardening in public life of the divide between liberal and conservative views of culture, this secular slant, as poetics rather than only politics, is losing appeal. This also brings into question where these four might have failed to create the new paradigms, forms, and idioms that could have anticipated, if not helped forestall, the ideological battles of the present.
Saadat Hasan Manto and the Poetics of the Urdu Short Story
Authors: Dubrow Jennifer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the preeminent Urdu short-story writer Saadat Hasan Manto (1912–1955) utilized a fundamentally poetic style in his best work. The chapter analyzes three exemplary works—the 1942 short story “Bu”; the 1948 collection of vignettes and prose poems on Partition violence, Siyah Hashiye; and the 1948 story “Khol Do”—to show how Manto reinvigorated aspects of Urdu ghazal poetry to make meaning with minimal words. In “Bu,” Manto produced disjuncture and jar by contrasting an underlying lyrical structure with disturbing events. In Siyah Hashiye, Manto expanded this technique to create prose poems on Partition that further compressed the short story and overturned readerly expectations about poetry. Finally, in “Khol Do,” Manto displayed his style of extreme brevity by leaving the most important elements unsaid, using the ghazal’s reliance on audience familiarity with poetic convention to different ends. Manto’s style of extreme brevity helps mark him as a world writer, one whose career and work transcended national borders and continue to challenge dominant national and linguistic paradigms for the study of modern Indian literatures.
The Cultural Transmission of Technological Skills
Authors: Derex Maxime , Morgan Thomas J. H. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Human adaptation relies on the multigenerational transmission and accumulation of both skills and knowledge. Nonetheless, there is currently no agreement on which factor, or combination of factors, explains our peculiar ability to do so. Theoretical and empirical work, however, has identified many candidates that operate at both the individual and population levels. This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of these factors that support cultural transmission before highlighting the relative lack of research on the cultural transmission of skills. The chapter characterizes skills as behaviours that rely on fine motor control and knowledge as mental states that guide behaviours. Many behaviours require both complex knowledge and skilled actions to be effective. Nonetheless, the chapter argues that the field of cultural evolution has largely studied the transmission and evolution of knowledge, as opposed to skill, raising the possibility that it presents an incomplete picture of human adaptation. Drawing on evidence from anthropology and economics, the chapter suggests that the cultural evolutionary dynamics of skill are likely to differ from those of knowledge. Specifically, it argues that (i) skills are less reliant on language for transmission than is knowledge; (ii) skills are more costly to transmit than knowledge; (iii) skills are transmitted along different pathways than is knowledge, and are more often limited to vertical transmission; and (iv) as a result, skills are likely to evolve more slowly than does knowledge. The chapter concludes that a full picture of human adaptation requires an increased focus on skill, alongside knowledge.
Viewpoint: Could better understanding of risk factors for comorbidities pave the way towards personalized therapy in rheumatoid arthritis?
Authors: Majnik Judit , Nagy György 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to joints, several organs can be affected in rheumatoid arthritis. Coexisting conditions with different pathomechanisms all contribute to disease activity, treatment efficacy, mortality and quality of life. The wide selection of treatment options makes it possible for rheumatologists to personalize treatment for their patients, which in present practice mainly includes the consideration of established comorbidities and contraindications. We suggest that further research can enable clinicians to take into account the individual risk of the future development of comorbidities, when making therapeutic decisions. Individual risk assessment could be mainly based on biomarkers and the better understanding of the patomechanism of different coexisting conditions, as we highlight with the examples of depression and interstitial lung disease. This biomarker-based person-centred therapy can lead not only to the treatment but ideally even the prevention of coexisting conditions, and can lead to better disease control, survival and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis.
Viewpoint: how to measure comorbidities in patients with rheumatoid arthritis – clinical and academic value
Authors: Radner Helga 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given the high prevalence and the enormous impact on key outcomes, comorbidities are important to consider, especially in patients with RA. Comorbidity indices are tools to quantify the impact of the overall burden of coexisting diseases on a specific outcome of interest. Until now, no gold standard exists on how to measure comorbidities. A large variety of indices have been developed using different settings and therefore leading to conceptual differences. Choosing the right tool clearly depends on the intention (clinical or research purpose) and the specific research question. The current article will address the purpose and challenge of measuring comorbidities in RA patients.
O010 Capturing Localised Electroencephalography Signals During Sleep using Tripolar Concentric Ring Electrodes
Authors: Stuart N , Manners J , Lechat B , Ngyuen P , Kemps E , Scott H , Catcheside P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Tri -concentric ring electrodes (TCRE) evaluate the current density underlying each electrode and provide improved signal-to-noise compared to conventional electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes. This pilot study used TCRE for the first time to compare TCRE versus more conventional EEG signals during sleep .

Materials and Method
Twenty healthy sleepers (8 males, mean±SD age 27.8±9.6 y) completed a 9-hr sleep opportunity. Eighteen TCRE electrodes were placed based on the 10-20 system, along with more conventional EEG recorded from the outer rings of paired TCRE electrodes (emulated EEG; eEEG). A Fast Fourier Transform using multitaper-based estimation was applied in 5 second epochs to calculate absolute and relative powers in delta, alpha, theta, sigma and beta frequency bands for eEEG and TCRE signals throughout conventionally scored sleep stages.

Results
At the Cz position, TCRE showed reduced relative powers in beta frequency bands across sleep stages compared to eEEG. Further, TCRE demonstrated lower relative beta activity during wake (mean difference [95% confidence lower, upper]; -14%, [-15.9%, -12.1%]), N1 sleep (-5.7%, [-7.6%, -3.7%]), and REM sleep (-4.4%, [-6.3%, -2.5%]). TCRE also recorded higher relative delta power across all stages of sleep and wake.

Conclusions
Lower signal power in high frequency bands and higher power in lower frequency bands supports more favourable signal-to-noise ratio with TCRE compared to more conventional EEG. Thus, TCRE shows promise for evaluating sleep related brain activity. The more focal nature of TCRE recordings may be an additional advantage, that warrants further analysis.
O018 Improvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Improves Heart Rate response to Obstructive Respiratory events in Children with Down syndrome.
Authors: Walter L , Andiana A , Shetty M , Bassam A , Kleeman E , Davey M , Nixon G , Horne R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a much higher predisposition to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) compared to typically developing (TD) children. Children with DS have a lower heart rate (HR) response to respiratory event termination compared with TD children matched for age, sex and OSA severity, but the effect of improvement in OSA severity over time or with treatment is unknown. We compared the HR surge at event termination in children with DS with improved OSA to those with unimproved OSA 2 y following baseline study.

Methods
24 children (3-19 y at baseline) were included. Children were grouped into Improved (decrease in obstructive apnoea hypopnoea index (OAHI) to ≤ 50% of baseline OAHI; n=12; 7 treated between studies) and Unimproved (n=12; 2 treated between studies). Beat-to-beat HR was averaged 10s before (pre), during and the peak after (post) each obstructive event during sleep, and expressed as percentage change.

Results
583 obstructive events at baseline and 435 at follow up were identified. % change in HR from during the event to post event was greater at follow up (mean±sem, 22.4%±0.9%) than baseline (19.0%±0.8%; p&lt;0.01) in the improved group, but reduced at follow up (16.8%±1.1%) compared with baseline (21.1%±0.7%; p&lt;0.001) in the unimproved group and was greater at follow up in the improved group than in the unimproved group (p&lt;0.001).

Conclusion
These results suggest that the dampened HR response to events seen in DS is reversible, adding weight to the need for diagnosis and management of OSA in this population.
O019 Sleep spindles are reduced in children with Down syndrome and sleep disordered breathing
Authors: Shetty M , Tan B , Davey M , Nixon G , Walter L , Horne R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of sleep disordered breathing (SDB), which is associated with sleep disruption affecting daytime functioning. There is growing evidence that sleep spindles may serve as a sensitive marker of sleep quality. We investigated sleep spindle activity and its relationship with daytime functioning in children with DS compared to typically developing (TD) children matched for SDB severity.

Methods
Children with DS and SDB (n=44) and TD children matched for age, sex and SDB severity underwent overnight polysomnography. Fast or Slow sleep spindles were identified manually during N2 and N3 sleep. Spindle activity was characterised as spindle number, density (number of spindles/h) and intensity (density x average duration) on central (C) and frontal (F) electrodes. Parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and OSA-18 questionnaires.

Results
Spindle number, density, and intensity were lower in the children with DS compared to TD children for F Slow and F Slow&Fast spindles combined (p&lt;0.001 for all). In children with DS, there were no correlations between the density of any spindle type and subscales of the CBCL, however, spindle number, density and intensity for C Fast and C Slow&Fast were negatively correlated with OSA-18 emotional symptoms and caregiver concerns and C Fast number, density and intensity were also negatively correlated with daytime function and total problems.

Conclusions
The reduced spindle activity in the children with DS, indicates sleep micro-architecture is disrupted and this disruption may underpin the negative effects of SDB on quality of life and behaviour.
O021 Indigenous Sleep Health Survey
Authors: Yeo S , Toson B , Jamieson L , Hedges J , Ju X , Adams R , Appleton S , Lovato N , Whetham H , Micic G , Reynolds A , Chai-Coetzer C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
There is increasing evidence of ongoing inequity in the provision of sleep healthcare for Indigenous Australians. This cross-sectional review aims to capture the prevalence self-reported symptoms of poor sleep and correlating factors influencing this from an Indigenous perspective.

Methods
This survey data was collected as part of the Indigenous Human Papilloma and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma study with demographic data and sleep indices collected at the 24 month follow up time point. Participants were &gt;18 years of age, identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islanders, and were recruited from Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations in South Australia from February 2018 to January 2019.

Progress to date
729 responses were collected from participants aged 18 to 79, with 227 (31.1%) males and 502 (68.9%) females . Most participants lived in rural locations (62.9% [457/727]). 21.9% (75/343) participants reported witnessed loud snoring three or more times/week, with 16.1% (55/342) reporting witnessed apnoea once or more per week. Top End Sleepiness Score of ≥8 which has been associated with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnoea was reported in 6.6% (48) of participants. Further data analysis is underway.

Intended outcome and impact
This survey of Indigenous Australians included demographic details, OSA-50 scores, TESS scores, subjective assessment of factors determining sleep quality, as well as social determinants of sleep health. Correlating this data will provide a fuller understanding of the current self-perception of sleep and factors affecting it in this population.