bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Individuals at High Risk for HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections With an Artificial Intelligence–Based Risk Assessment Tool
Authors: Latt Phyu M , Soe Nyi N , Xu Xianglong , Ong Jason J , Chow Eric P F , Fairley Christopher K , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
We have previously developed an artificial intelligence–based risk assessment tool to identify the individual risk of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in a sexual health clinical setting. Based on this tool, this study aims to determine the optimal risk score thresholds to identify individuals at high risk for HIV/STIs.

Methods
Using 2008–2022 data from 216 252 HIV, 227 995 syphilis, 262 599 gonorrhea, and 320 355 chlamydia consultations at a sexual health center, we applied MySTIRisk machine learning models to estimate infection risk scores. Optimal cutoffs for determining high-risk individuals were determined using Youden's index.

Results
The HIV risk score cutoff for high risk was 0.56, with 86.0% sensitivity (95% CI, 82.9%–88.7%) and 65.6% specificity (95% CI, 65.4%–65.8%). Thirty-five percent of participants were classified as high risk, which accounted for 86% of HIV cases. The corresponding cutoffs were 0.49 for syphilis (sensitivity, 77.6%; 95% CI, 76.2%–78.9%; specificity, 78.1%; 95% CI, 77.9%–78.3%), 0.52 for gonorrhea (sensitivity, 78.3%; 95% CI, 77.6%–78.9%; specificity, 71.9%; 95% CI, 71.7%–72.0%), and 0.47 for chlamydia (sensitivity, 68.8%; 95% CI, 68.3%–69.4%; specificity, 63.7%; 95% CI, 63.5%–63.8%). High-risk groups identified using these thresholds accounted for 78% of syphilis, 78% of gonorrhea, and 69% of chlamydia cases. The odds of positivity were significantly higher in the high-risk group than otherwise across all infections: 11.4 (95% CI, 9.3–14.8) times for HIV, 12.3 (95% CI, 11.4–13.3) for syphilis, 9.2 (95% CI, 8.8–9.6) for gonorrhea, and 3.9 (95% CI, 3.8–4.0) for chlamydia.

Conclusions
Risk scores generated by the AI-based risk assessment tool MySTIRisk, together with Youden's index, are effective in determining high-risk subgroups for HIV/STIs. The thresholds can aid targeted HIV/STI screening and prevention.
An Alleged Tension Between non-Classical Logics and Applied Classical Mathematics
Authors: Horvat Sebastian , Toader Iulian D 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Timothy Williamson has recently argued that the applicability of classical mathematics in the natural and social sciences raises a problem for the endorsement, in non-mathematical domains, of a wide range of non-classical logics. We first reconstruct his argument and present its restriction to the case of quantum logic (QL). Then we show that there is no problematic tension between the applicability of classical mathematical models to quantum phenomena and the endorsement of QL in the reasoning about the latter. Once we identify the premise in Williamson’s argument that turns out to be false when restricted to QL, we argue that the same premise fails for a wider variety of non-classical logics. In the end, we use our discussion to draw some general lessons concerning the relationship between applied logic and applied mathematics.
The effect of total sleep deprivation on working memory: evidence from diffusion model
Authors: Li Jiahui , Cao Yixuan , Ou Simei , Jiang Tianxiang , Wang Ling , Ma Ning 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Study objectives
Working memory is crucial in human daily life and is vulnerable to sleep loss. The current study investigated the impact of sleep deprivation on working memory from the information processing perspective, to explore whether sleep deprivation affects the working memory via impairing information manipulation.

Methods
Thirty-seven healthy adults attended two counterbalanced protocols: a normal sleep night and a total sleep deprivation (TSD). The N-back and the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) assessed working memory and sustained attention. Response time distribution and drift-diffusion model analyses were applied to explore cognitive process alterations.

Results
TSD increased the loading effect of accuracy, but not the loading effect of response time in the N-back task. TSD reduced the speed of information accumulation, increased the variability of the speed of accumulation, and elevated the decision threshold only in 1-back task. Moreover, the slow responses of PVT and N-back were severely impaired after TSD, mainly due to increased information accumulation variability.

Conclusions
The present study provides a new perspective to investigate behavioral performance by using response time distribution and drift-diffusion models, revealing that sleep deprivation affected multicognitive processes underlying working memory, especially information accumulation processes.
Substance Use Overdose Deaths Among Black and Indigenous Women in Wisconsin: A Review of Death Certificate Data From 2018 to 2020
Authors: Lopez Alexa A. , Luebke Jeneile M. , Redner Ryan , Abusbaitan Hanan , Tarima Sergey 
Published: January 2024

Objectives
We are in the midst of an overdose epidemic that has grown during the concurrent COVID-19 pandemic. In Wisconsin, overdose deaths increased 11-fold from 2000 to 2020, with over 1200 deaths in 2020. Because of disparities in substance use initiation, relapse, and treatment success among racially minoritized women, this study's purpose was to investigate overdose death rates among Black and Indigenous women in Wisconsin from 2018 to 2020.

Methods
Overdose death rates were examined under the following parameters: sex, race (Black, Indigenous, White), age, year, and manner of death. Logistic regression analysis was also conducted looking at death count data, with race, age, and year as potential predictor variables.

Results
Death rates (per 100,000) in 2018 were 14.1 (12.6–15.5) for White women, 20.8 (14.7–26.9) for Black women, and 26.5 (10.0–42.9) for Indigenous women; these rates increased in 2020 to 16.4 (14.8–17.9), 32.5 (25.0–40.0), and 59.9 (35.8–84.0) for White, Black, and Indigenous women, respectively. Regression findings illustrated that being Black or Indigenous and aged 15 to 44 or 45 to 64 years were significantly more likely to die from most causes of death (any drug, any opioid, prescription opioid, heroin, synthetic opioids, and cocaine; adjusted odds ratios > 1.25, Ps < 0.001).

Conclusions
This study confirms that deaths in Wisconsin are disproportionately higher in female minoritized populations. Understanding the complex intricacies between the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic coupled with barriers to treatment access or acceptability in these populations is urgently needed. It will take a multipronged approach to address the overdose epidemic and better serve these marginalized, vulnerable populations.
Effect of Stimulus Bandwidth on the Auditory Steady-State Response in Scalp- and Ear-EEG
Authors: Sergeeva Anna , Bech Christensen Christian , Kidmose Preben 
Published: January 2024

Objectives:
The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) enables hearing threshold estimation based on electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. The choice of stimulus type has an impact on both the detectability and the frequency specificity of the ASSR. Amplitude modulated pure tones provide the most frequency-specific ASSR, but responses to pure tones are weak. The ASSR can be enhanced by increasing the bandwidth of the stimulus, but this comes at the cost of a decrease in the frequency specificity of the measured response. The objective of the present study is to investigate the relationship between stimulus bandwidth and ASSR amplitude.

Design:
The amplitude of ASSR was measured for five types of stimuli: 1 kHz pure tone and band-pass noise with 1/3, 1/2, 1, and 2 octave bandwidths centered at 1 kHz. All stimuli were amplitude modulated with a 40 Hz sinusoid. Responses to all stimulus types were measured at 30, 40, and 50 dB SL. ASSRs were measured concurrently using both conventional scalp-EEG and ear-EEG.

Results:
Stimulus bandwidth and sound intensity were both found to have a significant effect on the ASSR amplitude for scalp- and ear-EEG recordings. In scalp-EEG ASSRs to all bandwidth stimuli were found to be significantly larger than ASSRs to pure tone at low sound intensity. At higher sound intensities, however, significantly larger responses were only obtained for 1- and 2-octave bandwidth stimuli. In ear-EEG, only the ASSR to 2 octave bandwidth stimulus was significantly larger than the ASSR to amplitude modulated pure tones.

Conclusions:
At low presentation levels, even small increases in stimulus bandwidth (1/3 and 1/2 octave) improve the detectability of ASSR in scalp-EEG with little or no impact on the frequency specificity. In comparison, a larger increase in stimulus bandwidth was needed to improve the ASSR detectability in the ear-EEG recordings.
Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Otitis Media From 1990 to 2019: A Population Based Study
Authors: Jin Yan , Yang Xue , Sun Hao , Zhang Jing , Yang Shize , Jiang Shuyi , Song Qingbin , Zhang Guofeng , Ma Bing , Yang Kaijie , Pan Leilei , Huang Longping , Li Yongze 
Published: January 2024

Objectives:
Otitis media is one of the most important causes of hearing loss at an early age. Effective vaccination with the routine 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-7) was introduced in 2000. It has been gradually replaced by the pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine or the higher-valent 13-valent PCV (PCV-13) since 2010. Data on the change in otitis media burden in recent years are sparse at the global, regional, and national levels.

Design:
The Global Burden of Disease 2019 study was used to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates, and the average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in otitis media in geographic populations worldwide from 1990 to 2019. These global trends were further analyzed by subgroup (age, sex, and sociodemographic index [SDI]).

Results:
Globally, the all-age rate of prevalence (AAPC = −0.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.7 to −0.8), DALYs (AAPC = −1.0, 95% CI = −1.1 to −1.0), and mortality (AAPC = −6.8, 95% CI = −7.3 to −6.4) from otitis media decreased constantly between 1990 and 2019. The all-age rate of incidence decreased sharply between 2000 and 2009 with an AAPC of −1.2 (95% CI = −1.4 to −0.9) and continued the downward trend between 2010 and 2019 (AAPC = −0.2, 95% CI = −0.3 to −0.1). In 2019, children aged 1 to 4 years old had the highest incidence at 29,127.3 per 100,000 population, while young adults under 30 years old accounted for 91.3% of the incident cases. Individuals living in middle-SDI countries had the largest increase in the incidence of otitis media, with an AAPC of 0.3 (95% CI = 0.3 to 0.3) between 1990 and 2019. The incidence and DALYs from otitis media decreased with increasing SDI. Regionally, the largest increase in incidence was observed in high-income Asia Pacific, Eastern Europe, and Western Sub-Saharan Africa between 1990 and 2019. Nationally, the largest increase in the incidence of otitis media was observed in the Republic of Korea, with an AAPC of 0.8 (95% CI = 0.6 to 1.1) in the same time period.

Conclusions:
There have been successful previous endeavors to reduce DALYs and mortality attributed to otitis media on a global scale. The worldwide incidence of otitis media experienced a sharp decline following the introduction of PCV-7 in 2000, and this downward trend persisted in subsequent years with the adoption of PCV-13/pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine. Continual epidemiological surveillance of otitis media’s global trends, pathogen distribution, and resistance patterns remains imperative.
Variables associated with loss of fixation of retrograde rami screws in minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 pelvic ring injuries
Authors: Tucker Nicholas J , Stacey Stephen , Kim Ye Joon , DeLeon Jorge , Richard Raveesh , Heare Austin , Mauffrey Cyril , Parry Joshua A 
Published: January 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate variables associated with loss of fixation of retrograde rami screws in the treatment of stress-positive minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 (LC1) injuries.

METHODS:

Design:
Retrospective comparative study

Setting:
Level one trauma center

Patient Selection Criteria:
Stress-positive minimally displaced (<1 cm) LC1 pelvic ring injuries treated with retrograde rami screws

Outcome Measures and Comparisons
: Loss of fixation, defined as >5 mm of pelvic fracture displacement based on the radiographic tear-drop distance, or >5 mm of implant displacement on follow-up radiographs; Revision surgery for loss of fixation

RESULTS:
38 patients with 40 retrograde rami screws were analyzed. Median patient age was 64 years (IQR 42.5 to 73.3 years), 71.1% (n=27/38) were female, 52.6% (n=20/38) of injuries were secondary to low-energy mechanisms. Loss of fixation occurred in 17.5% (n=7/40) of screws with 10% (n=4/40) requiring revision surgery. Unicortical rami screws failed at a significantly higher rate than bicortical screws (62.5% (5/8) vs. 3.1% (1/32); observed difference (OD) 59.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 22.7% to 85.5%; p=0.0005). Other variables associated with loss of fixation included dynamic displacement on stress radiographs (22.1 vs. 15.4 mm; OD 6.6 mm, CI 2.0 to 11.3; p=0.02), unicortical screws (83.3% vs. 8.8%; OD -74.5%, CI -95.6% to -32.3%; p=0.0005), short screws ending medial to the acetabular sourcil (50.0% vs. 8.8%; OD 41.1%, CI 2.7% to 75.0%; p=0.03), and partially-threaded screws (66.7% vs. 23.5%; OD 43.1%, CI 1.1% to 73.9%; p=0.04). On univariate analysis, patients who had a loss of fixation were more likely to have greater dynamic displacement on stress radiographs (22.0 vs. 15.2 mm; median difference (MD) 5.6 mm, CI -19.2 to 10.3; p=0.04), unicortical rami screws (71.4% vs. 9.1%; PD 62.3%, CI 8.8% to 22.6%; p=0.001), and partially-threaded rami screws (71.4% vs. 21.2%; PD 50.2%, CI 10.0% to 77.6%; p=0.01). The remaining variables had no observed association (p≥0.05) with loss of fixation, including age, gender, BMI, energy of injury mechanism, tobacco use, ASA score, sacral fracture type, distal rami fractures, rami comminution, number of sacral screws, fully-threaded sacral screws, transsacral screws, or rami screw diameter. On multivariate analysis, only unicortical rami screws (p=0.01) remained associated with loss of fixation.

CONCLUSIONS:
Retrograde rami screws had a high rate of loss of fixation in minimally displaced LC1 pelvic ring injuries and this was associated with unicortical screws. These screws should be avoided when possible.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Contractile Effects of Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Nor-pseudoephedrine (Cathine), and Cathinone on Atrial Preparations of Mice and Humans
Authors: Neumann Joachim , Hußler Wilhelm , Hofmann Britt , Gergs Ulrich 
Published: January 2024

Abstract:
Amphetamine derivatives are used worldwide legally or illegally and intoxications may be accompanied by cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we tested contractile effects of cumulative applied (±)-amphetamine, pseudoephedrine, nor-pseudoephedrine (cathine), and cathinone in electrically stimulated (1 Hz) human right atrial preparations (HAP) and mouse left atrial preparations and in spontaneously beating mouse right atrial preparations. In mouse atrial preparations, amphetamine increased force of contraction and beating rate in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, starting at 1 µM in left atrial preparations to 157.1% ± 3.0% and right atrial preparations to 146.6% ± 9.8% at 10 µM, respectively [mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM); n = 5; P < 0.05]. Pseudoephedrine, cathine, or cathinone alone were ineffective in mouse atrial preparations but after pre-incubation with the phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor rolipram (0.1 µM), a positive inotropic effect was noted (mean ± SEM: pseudoephedrine: 112.3% ± 9.8%; cathine: 109.0% ± 4.3%; cathinone: 138.3% ± 21.2%). The effects of all drugs were greatly attenuated by 10 µM cocaine or 10 µM propranolol treatments. However, In HAP, not only amphetamine (to a mean ± SEM of 208% ± 32%) but also pseudoephedrine (to a mean ± SEM of 287% ± 60%), cathine (to a mean ± SEM of 234% ± 52%), and cathinone (to a mean ± SEM of 217% ± 65%) increased force of contraction without the need of phosphodiesterase inhibition. The contractile effects in HAP were attenuated by 10 µM cocaine and antagonized by 10 µM propranolol. We conclude that amphetamine, pseudoephedrine, cathine, and cathinone act probably via release of noradrenaline from cardiac stores as indirect sympathomimetic agents in mouse and more pronounced in human atrial preparations.
Correlation Between N-Demethyl Imatinib Trough Concentration and Serious Adverse Reactions in Patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Mingfeng , Guo Teng , Ma Zhixue , Du Liying , Hou Juan , Tian Yuan , Meng Meng , Chen Xinran 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Imatinib is the first-line treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors; however, the clinical prognosis and adverse reactions of patients vary owing to individualized discrepancies in plasma exposure.

Methods:
To determine the safe interval for steady-state plasma trough concentrations (Cmin) of imatinib and its active metabolite, N-demethyl imatinib (NDI), 328 plasma samples from 273 patients treated with imatinib were retrospectively analyzed. Imatinib Cmin and NDI Cmin were tested, and adverse reactions were recorded. The association between imatinib Cmin, NDI Cmin, and serious adverse reactions was evaluated.

Results:
The Cmin range of imatinib was 209.5–4950.0 ng/mL, with the mean value and SD of 1491.8 ± 731.4 ng/mL. The Cmin range of NDI was 80.0–2390.0 ng/mL with the mean value and SD of 610.8 ± 281.5 ng/mL. NDI Cmin was positively correlated with imatinib Cmin, whereas the ratio of NDI Cmin to imatinib Cmin (NDI Cmin/imatinib Cmin) was negatively correlated with imatinib Cmin. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the treatment objective, daily dose, imatinib Cmin, NDI Cmin, and imatinib Cmin + NDI Cmin were significantly associated with serious adverse reactions. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that NDI Cmin was an independent risk factor for serious adverse reactions, with a threshold of 665 ng/mL.

Conclusions:
NDI Cmin was an independent risk factor for serious adverse reactions, with a threshold of 665 ng/mL. Monitoring NDI Cmin was beneficial for the rational application of imatinib and individualized treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors.
A randomized study of ceftriaxone for the prevention of infections in hospitalized patients with advanced cirrhosis
Authors: Fricker Zachary , Jiang Gordon , Patel Het , McLaughlin Annabel , Izunza Barba Sofia , Niezen Sebastian , Curry Michael 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Infections frequently complicate hospital admission among patients with cirrhosis and are associated with adverse outcomes. In specific settings, administration of prophylactic antibiotics has been shown to improve outcomes. In this pilot study, we aimed to assess the feasibility of a randomized study of whether prophylactic ceftriaxone (CTX), administered to hospitalized patients with advanced cirrhosis (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium ≥ 18) without known infection, could reduce the incidence of infection. We also sought to determine whether we could identify patients most likely to benefit through the use of clinical and laboratory parameters.

Methods:
Hospitalized patients with cirrhosis, with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium ≥ 18 and no known infection after evaluation, were randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to receive either CTX 1 gr/day or placebo for up to 7 days. Subjects were monitored for incident infection and other outcomes of interest, including adverse reactions such as the development of C. difficile infection. Biomarkers of interest, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, were measured before initiation of treatment.

Results:
Thirty subjects were enrolled and received CTX or placebo (15 subjects each) per protocol. There were no observed statistically significant differences between groups in incidence of infection, mortality, length of stay, or key laboratory parameters, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Adverse events related to treatment were rare and clinically of minor significance.

Conclusions:
Overall, enrollment of subjects proved feasible, and results from this pilot study, while inadequate for confirmation of the potential efficacy of CTX, provide evidence of study feasibility for future, more definitive clinical trials.
Analyzing risk factors and developing a stratification system for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after interferon-free direct-acting antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Luan Chih-Hsuan , Su Pin-Shuo , Chu Chi-Jen , Lin Chung-Chi , Su Chien-Wei , Luo Jiing-Chyuan , Lee I-Cheng , Chi Chen-Ta , Lee Shou-Dong , Wang Yuan-Jen , Lee Fa-Yauh , Huang Yi-Hsiang , Hou Ming-Chih 
Published: January 2024

Background:
The introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), however real-world data on the risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence following DAA treatment in CHC-HCC patients are limited in Taiwan. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of DAAs in Taiwanese patients with prior hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced HCC and identify the posttreatment risk factors for HCC recurrence.

Methods:
Between January 2017 and August 2021, 208 CHC-HCC patients underwent DAA treatment at Taipei Veterans General Hospital. Among them, 94 patients met the inclusion criteria (Barcelona clinic liver cancer [BCLC] stage 0/A after treatment with complete radiological response) for analysis. Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected before and after DAA treatment. The primary outcome was HCC recurrence post-DAA treatment, and independent variables were assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:
The mean age of the enrolled patients was 75.9 ± 8.9 years; 44.7% were male, and 94.7% were Child-Pugh class A. Before DAA treatment, 31.9% experienced HCC recurrence. The median follow-up after DAA treatment was 22.1 months (interquartile range, 8.6-35.9 months). After treatment, 95.7% of the patients achieved a sustained virological response (SVR12), but HCC recurrence occurred in 54.3%. Cumulative HCC recurrence rates after treatment were 31.1% at 1 year, 57.3% at 3 years, and 68.5% at up to 5.69 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that prior HCC recurrence before DAA treatment (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.15, p = 0.001), no SVR12 after treatment (HR = 6.829, p = 0.016), 12-week posttreatment alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level >10 ng/mL (HR = 2.34, p = 0.036), and BCLC A3 lesions (two or three nodules without any tumor exceeding 3 cm) (HR = 2.31, p = 0.039) were independent risk factors for HCC recurrence. We further developed a risk stratification system based on these significant independent factors.

Conclusion:
This investigation underscores the critical influence of factors such as prior HCC recurrence, successful attainment of SVR12, posttreatment AFP level, and specific tumor characteristics in determining the risk of HCC recurrence after treatment with DAAs. Our proposed innovative risk stratification system may not only contribute to enhanced personalized care but also holds the potential to optimize treatment outcomes.