bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of new fire‐proof products made from coal fly ash: the CEFYR project
Authors: Vilches Luis F , Fernández‐Pereira Constantino , Olivares del Valle Joaquín , Rodríguez‐Piñero Miguel , Vale José 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFly ash (FA) is a by‐product of coal combustion in power plants whose characteristics depend on the type of combustion process and coal properties. A large proportion of FA is used by the cement and concrete industries, but most is disposed to landfill, potentially causing environmental problems. The main objective of the CEFYR project was to study new fire‐proof products (FPP) in the laboratory and at the pilot level, employing FA from a pulverized coal combustion power station and other industrial wastes and cellulosic derivatives. As a result of the project, new FPP have been developed and manufactured as panels or as sprayed surfaces. In this paper is described one such product: panels formed by simple compaction or by vacuum filtration using coal fly ash, waste paper and other industrial wastes. After thermal treatment to eliminate the cellulosic matrix and produce high porosity products, their stability at high temperatures was assessed. The results show that the developed FPP are stable and have acceptable physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the insulating capacity of the products was assessed by submitting one of the panel faces to heat according to standard fire resistance tests, and measuring the temperature rise on the cold face. The results indicate that some of the manufactured FPP have better insulating properties than other commercial fire‐resistant products, and consequently, that it is possible to produce FPP using FA and other residues as raw materials, using simple, cost‐effective processing methods.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of delta‐endotoxin by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki and overcoming of catabolite repression by using highly concentrated gruel and fish meal media in 2‐ and 20‐dm3 fermenters
Authors: Zouari Nabil , Achour Omar , Jaoua Samir 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDelta‐endotoxin production by a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki exhibiting larvicidal toxicity towards lepidoptera was investigated in 2‐ and 20‐dm3 fermenters, using gruel‐ and fish meal‐based media. The results show clearly that in such complex media, aeration plays an important role in bioinsecticide production. Optimal aeration led to improvement of delta‐endotoxin concentrations with decreases of final spore count and proteolytic activity. Moreover, in order to use high gruel concentrations, a fermenter configuration with an efficient aeration system should be used. In a 20‐dm3 Biolafite fermenter, 59 g dm−3 or 75 g dm−3 gruel was used to produce bioinsecticides with a significant reduction of carbon catabolite repression of delta‐endotoxin synthesis. This result is very interesting in order to produce high final delta‐endotoxin concentrations in the culture broth. It was also concluded, by considering the key role of oxidative pathways in delta‐endotoxin synthesis, that oxygen supply must be adequate for bioinsecticide production at high substrate concentrations. Moreover, the role of sodium chloride in improving delta‐endotoxin production is dependent not only on protease synthesis and its effect on crystal stability, but also on the aeration level of the production medium.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Potential of microbial growth control in water hydraulic systems by UV‐irradiation and filtration
Authors: Soini Sari M , Koskinen Kari T , Vilenius Matti J , Puhakka Jaakko A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWater hydraulic systems use water as a pressure medium and, thus, do not pose such adverse environmental impacts as oil hydraulics. Microbial deterioration of the pressure medium and biofouling of the surfaces restrict the applicability of the water‐based technology. The potential of microbial growth control by UV‐irradiation and filtration was studied in a pilot‐scale water hydraulic system. The UV‐irradiation (25 m Ws cm−2) of the pressure medium reduced the total viable counts of bacteria by 1–2 log10 cfu cm−3, whereas the total microbial cell numbers and the numbers of surface‐attached microorganisms remained unaffected. Prefiltration (1.2 µm, absolute) of the pressure medium decreased the total microbial cell number in the water phase and retarded the attachment of bacteria. The filtration during the operation (2 µm, absolute) decreased the total numbers of microbial cells and the total viable counts in the pressure medium, and microbial attachment on the surfaces. Microbial attachment was not prevented by filtration. The microbial water quality obtained by pre‐ and on‐line filtration of the pressure medium was sufficient to ensure the long‐term operation of the water hydraulic system assuming that clean work practices are complied with in assembly and during the operation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Studies on precipitation of highly dispersed silica from sodium metasilicate–sodium hydrogencarbonate system
Authors: Żurawska Jolanta , Jesionowski Teofil , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA novel procedure is presented for precipitation of highly dispersed silica from sodium metasilicate solution using sodium hydrogencarbonate. In the course of silica precipitation, hydrophobicity‐inducing agents were introduced to the reactor, including derivatives of saturated and unsaturated higher fatty alcohols and nonylphenylpolyoxyethyleneglycol ethers. Silicas of variable physicochemical characteristics were obtained. Analysis of the principal physicochemical properties of the silicas was performed, their surface morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy while particle size distribution, polydispersity and tendency to form the agglomerate structures were estimated by the dynamic light scattering technique. The zeta potential was also measured by estimation of electrophoretic mobility. Sodium hydrogencarbonate solution was found to be a very good silica‐precipitating agent in solutions of sodium metasilicate. The hydrated silica obtained demonstrated low bulk density and a high capacity to absorb paraffin oil.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The differentiation of biodegradable and non‐biodegradable dissolved organic matter in wastewaters using fluorescence spectroscopy
Authors: Reynolds D M 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe chemical and biochemical oxygen demand values of a number of synthetic and wastewater samples were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Treated and untreated sewage samples were obtained from a local sewage treatment works while synthetic samples were analysed before, during, and after treatment via a rotating biodisc contactor. Fluorescence intensities were normalised using the water Raman signal as an internal standard and corrections applied to take into account the attenuation effects caused by the sample matrix. The fluorescence emission spectra (λexc = 280 nm) of synthetic and sewage samples were very similar in that two main fluorescence bands centred around 350 nm and 440 nm were observed in all samples. Normalised fluorescence data, centred at 350 nm, correlate well with corresponding BOD, COD and TOC values (R2 values ranging between 0.93 and 0.98). Using BOD, COD and TOC data the fluorescence at 350 nm and 440 nm can be apportioned to biodegradable and non‐biodegradable dissolved organic matter respectively. The findings of this research show that fluorescence data can be used to quantify oxygen demand values (chemical and biochemical) and total organic carbon values. Furthermore, the fluorescence spectral response can be apportioned to biodegradable (BOD) and non‐biodegradable (COD − BOD) dissolved organic matter. The potential of using fluorescence spectroscopy as a possible tool for real‐time monitoring of sewage wastes is discussed.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Human liver‐derived cells stably modified for regulated proinsulin secretion function as bioimplants in vivo
Authors: Chen Xiang , Patil Jawahar G. , Lok Serene H. L. , Lian Kon Oi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundInsulin deficiency is currently treated with pharmacological insulin secretagogues, insulin injections or islet transplants. Secondary failure of pharmacological agents is common; insulin injections often fail to achieve euglycemic control; and islet transplants are rare. Non‐β cells capable of regulated insulin secretion in vivo could be a functional cure for diabetes. Hepatocytes are good candidates, being naturally glucose‐responsive, protein‐secreting cells, while the liver is positioned to receive direct nutrient signals that regulate insulin production.MethodsHuman liver‐derived Chang cells were modified with a plasmid construct in which a bifunctional promoter comprising carbohydrate response elements and the human metallothionein IIA promoter controlled human proinsulin cDNA expression. Secretory responses of stable cell clones were characterized in vitro and in vivo by proinsulin radioimmunoassay.ResultsTransfected Chang cells secreted 5–8 pmol proinsulin/106 cells per 24 h in continuous passage for at least a year in response to 5–25 mM glucose and 10–90 µM zinc in vitro. Glucose and zinc synergistically increased proinsulin production by up to 30‐fold. Non‐glucose secretagogues were also active. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and glucokinase cDNA co‐transfection enhanced glucose responsiveness. Intraperitoneally implanted Chang cells secreted proinsulin in scid and Balb/c mice. Serum proinsulin levels were further increased 1.3‐fold (p<0.05) after glucose and 1.4‐ to 1.6‐fold (p<0.005) after zinc administration in vivo.ConclusionsThese results are the first to demonstrate stable proinsulin production in a human liver‐derived cell line with activity in vitro and in vivo and provide a basis for engineering hepatocytes as in vivo bioimplants for future diabetes treatment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of L‐[4,5,5,5‐D4]isoleucine: determination of approximate rotamer population about the Cβ‐Cγ bond
Authors: Oba Makoto , Miyakawa Akiko , Shionoya Masanobu , Nishiyama Kozaburo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn asymmetric synthesis of regio‐ and stereoselectively deuterium‐labelled L‐isoleucine was examined. An unsaturated γ‐lactam readily available from L‐pyroglutamic acid was stereoselectively methylated by the Gilman reagent and subsequent oxidation of the hydroxymethyl moiety afforded a 3‐methylpyroglutamate derivative. Introduction of a deuterium atom into the γ‐position was achieved via a radical‐based deuteriation of the corresponding phenyl selenide by tributyltin deuteride. Then, the deuteriated 3‐methylpyroglutamate derivative was converted to L‐[4,5,5,5‐D4]isoleucine via a base‐promoted ring opening and a reductive deuteriation of the terminal carboxyl moiety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of [2a,8a,10a,14a‐3H]geldanamycin by biosynthesis
Authors: Taylor George F. , Foarde Karin K. , Webber Tricia D. , Kepler John A. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract[3‐3H]Propionic acid (1) was prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of 3‐bromo‐propionic acid with tritium gas. Fermentations of S. hygroscopicus were treated with 1 to produce [2a,8a,10a,14a‐3H]geldanamycin (2) with a specific activity of 76.2 mCi/mmol. The effect of the amount of 1 used and the dosing pattern on the specific activity of 2 was investigated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of hydroxyl silylated rhenium and (99mTc)technetium ‘3+1’ mixed ligand complexes
Authors: Kniess Torsten , Spies Hartmut , Santos Isabel , Zablotska Alla 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of hydroxyl silylated thiols as monodentate ligands is described. These monodentates were used to build with Re and 99mTc trimethyl‐, triethyl‐ and triphenyl‐silylated ‘3+1’ mixed ligand complexes, using 3thiapentane‐1,5‐dithiol as co‐ligand. The Re complexes were characterized by 1H NMR and elemental analysis, the 99mTc complexes were detected by radio HPLC. While the trimethyl silylated derivatives hydrolysed in aqueous media, the triethyl‐ and triphenyl silylated complexes have proved to be stable in neutral solutions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of doubly 13C‐labelled antalarmin isotopomers for pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Greiner Elisabeth , Atkinson Arthur J. , Ayala Alejandro , Chrousos George P. , Contoreggi Carlo , Eckelman William C. , Gold Philip W. , Habib Kamal E. , Jacobson Arthur E. , Whittaker Noel , Webster Elizabeth L. , Rice Kenner C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAntalarmin (butyl‐ethyl‐[2,5,6‐trimethyl‐7‐(2,4,6‐trimethyl‐phenyl)‐7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine) was doubly labelled with carbon‐13. The synthesized butyl‐[13C2]ethyl‐[2,5,6‐trimethyl‐7‐(2,4,6‐trimethyl‐phenyl)‐7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine (1) and butyl‐ethyl‐[2‐13C]‐[2,5,6‐trimethyl‐7‐(2,4,6‐trimethyl‐phenyl)‐7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]‐[2‐13C] pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine, (2) were prepared for use as substrates for pharmacokinetic studies. These compounds were obtained in fair overall yield in a 5 and 6 step synthesis (20–24.5%, respectively) and high isotopic purity (about 99 at% 13C). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of tyrosine nitration in proteins by mass spectrometry
Authors: Petersson Ann‐Sofi , Steen Hanno , Kalume Dário E. , Caidahl Kenneth , Roepstorff Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn vivo nitration of tyrosine residues is a post‐translational modification mediated by peroxynitrite that may be involved in a number of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate possibilities for site‐specific detection of tyrosine nitration by mass spectrometry. Angiotensin II and bovine serum albumin (BSA) nitrated with tetranitromethane (TNM) were used as model compounds. Three strategies were investigated: (i) analysis of single peptides and protein digests by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) peptide mass mapping, (ii) peptide mass mapping by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and (iii) screening for nitration by selective detection of the immonium ion of nitrotyrosine by precursor ion scanning with subsequent sequencing of the modified peptides. The MALDI time‐of‐flight mass spectrum of nitrated angiotensin II showed an unexpected prompt fragmentation involving the nitro group, in contrast to ESI‐MS, where no fragmentation of nitrated angiotensin II was observed. The ESI mass spectra showed that mono‐ and dinitrated angiotensin II were obtained after treatment with TNM. ESI‐MS/MS revealed that the mononitrated angiotensin II was nitrated on the side‐chain of tyrosine. The dinitrated angiotensin II contained two nitro groups on the tyrosine residue. Nitration of BSA was confirmed by Western blotting with an antibody against nitrotyrosine and the sites for nitration were investigated by peptide mass mapping after in‐gel digestion. Direct mass mapping by ESI revealed that two peptides were nitrated. Precursor ion scanning for the immonium ion for nitrotyrosine revealed two additional partially nitrated peptides. Based on the studies with the two model compounds, we suggest that the investigation of in vivo nitration of tyrosine and identification of nitrated peptides might be performed by precursor ion scanning for the specific immonium ion at m/z 181.06 combined with ESI‐MS/MS for identification of the specific nitration sites. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination and characterization of diuretics in human urine by liquid chromatography coupled to pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Sanz‐Nebot V. , Toro I. , Bergés R. , Ventura R. , Segura J. , Barbosa J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a method for the characterization and determination of diuretics in human urine samples by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization (ES) mass spectrometry (MS). The diuretics studied were substances forbidden by the IOC such as trichlormethiazide, furosemide, canrenoic acid, benzthiazide, bendroflumethiazide, bumetanide, etacrynic acid and spironolactone. For this purpose, the operational parameters of electrospray, such as counter electrode voltage, capillary voltage, sample cone voltage and source temperature, were optimized in order to obtain the best signal stability and the highest sensitivity for the greatest number of diuretic agents. The optimized separation method was successfully coupled with the MS system to analyze the above‐mentioned diuretics extracted from spiked urine samples by a liquid extraction and clean‐up procedure at basic pH, using ethyl acetate as solvent and the salting‐out effect (NaCl). The mass spectra obtained provide adequate information for identification purposes. Positive urine samples obtained from athletes were also analyzed. The presence of these substances in human urine was confirmed by this method, making LC/ES‐MS an analytical tool to be considered in the area of antidoping control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Top down’ protein characterization via tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Reid Gavin E. , McLuckey Scott A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTechnological and scientific advances over the past decade have enabled protein identification and characterization strategies to be developed that are based on subjecting intact protein ions and large protein fragments directly to tandem mass spectrometry. These approaches are referred to collectively as ‘top down’ to contrast them with ‘bottom up’ approaches whereby protein identification is based on mass spectrometric analysis of peptides derived from proteolytic digestion, usually with trypsin. A key step in enabling top down approaches has been the ability to assign tandem mass spectrometer product ion identities, which can be done either via high resolving power or through product ion charge state manipulation. The ability to determine product ion charge states has permitted studies of the reactions, including dissociation, ion–molecule reactions, ion–electron reactions and ion–ion reactions of high‐mass, multiply charged protein ions. Electrospray ionization combined with high magnetic field strength Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance has proven to be particularly powerful for detailed protein characterization owing to its high mass resolution and mass accuracy and its ability to effect electron capture‐induced dissociation. Other types of tandem mass spectrometers are also beginning to find increasing use in top down protein identification/characterization studies. Charge state manipulation via ion–ion reactions in electrodynamic ion traps, for example, enables top down strategies to be considered using instruments with relatively modest mass resolution capabilities. Precursor ion charge state manipulation techniques have also recently been demonstrated to be capable of concentrating and charge‐state purifying proteins in the gas phase. Advances in technologies applied to the structural analysis of whole protein ions and in understanding their reactions, such as those described here, are providing new options for the study of complex protein mixtures. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High TT virus load as an independent factor associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with hepatitis C virus‐related chronic liver disease
Authors: Tokita Hajime , Murai Seiyou , Kamitsukasa Hiroshi , Yagura Michiyasu , Harada Hideharu , Takahashi Masaharu , Okamoto Hiroaki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe TT virus (TTV) load was estimated in sera obtained from 237 patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related chronic liver disease including 42 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), by real‐time detection PCR using primers and a probe derived from the well‐conserved untranslated region of the TTV genome, which can detect all known TTV genotypes. Of the 237 patients studied, 18 (8%) were negative for TTV DNA, 87 (37%) had low TTV viremia (1.3 × 102–9.9 × 103 copies/ml), and 132 (56%) had high TTV viremia (1.0 × 104‐2.1 × 106 copies/ml). Various features were compared between the patients with high TTV load (n = 132) and those with no TTV viremia or low viral load (n = 105). High TTV viremia (≥104 copies/ml) was significantly associated with higher age (P < 0.05), past history of blood transfusion (P < 0.001), complication of cirrhosis (P < 0.05) or HCC (P < 0.0005), lower HCV RNA titer (P < 0.05), and lower platelet count (P < 0.01). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, high TTV viral load was a significant risk factor for HCC (P < 0.05), independent from known risk factors such as complication of liver cirrhosis (P < 0.0001) and high age (≥65 years, P < 0.05), among all 237 patients. Furthermore, high TTV viral load was an independent risk factor for HCC among the 90 cirrhotic patients (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a high TTV viral load is associated independently with the complication of HCC and may have prognostic significance in patients with HCV‐related chronic liver disease, although whether high TTV viremia mediates the progression of HCV‐related chronic liver disease remains to be defined. J. Med. Virol. 67:501–509, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and evaluation of a ‘real‐time’ RT‐PCR for the detection of enterovirus and parechovirus RNA in CSF and throat swab samples
Authors: Corless Caroline E. , Guiver Malcolm , Borrow Raymond , Edwards‐Jones Valerie , Fox Andrew J. , Kaczmarski Edward B. , Mutton Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA two‐step reverse transcriptase TaqMan™ duplex PCR (RT‐PCR) assay was developed using the ABI 7700 Sequence Detection System for the detection of enterovirus (EV) and parechovirus type 1 and 2 (PEV) RNA from samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and throat swabs. Using sequence‐specific fluorescent dye labeled probes and continuous ‘real‐time’ monitoring, PCR amplified product accumulation was measured. Based on limiting dilutions, the TaqMan™ enterovirus and parechovirus RT‐PCR showed an increase of two orders of magnitude compared to cell culture with sensitivity of 100% (7/7) when assessed using enterovirus cell culture positive samples (CSF, TS). The assays were specific for enterovirus and parechovirus and did not amplify a wide selection of virus and bacterial isolates. RNA was amplified from 22 enterovirus serotypes: coxsackie A7, A9, A21; coxsackie B2, B3, B4, B5; echovirus 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 30, 31; poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3, and parechovirus types 1 and 2. The assay was used to assess the incidence of enterovirus and parechovirus RNA in cell culture negative CSF and throat swab samples (n = 200). An additional 33 (15.9%) enterovirus and 2 (1%) parechovirus were identified as positive by RT‐PCR. Also, of 100 CSF samples from suspected cases of meningococcal meningitis submitted for meningococcal PCR testing, 59 (59%) were enterovirus and 2 (2%) parechovirus 1 and 2 were positive by RT‐PCR. The TaqMan™ duplex assay offers a more rapid and sensitive alternative to conventional cell culture for the diagnosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection. Closed tube real‐time detection using the ABI Sequence Detection System obviates the need for post‐PCR manipulation, which reduces hands on time and eliminates the risk of contamination from amplified PCR product. J. Med. Virol. 67:555–562, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.