bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and body composition of Mexican‐American boys 9 through 14 years of age
Authors: Zavaleta Anthony N. , Malina Robert M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe growth status and densitometric estimates of body composition are considered in a cross‐sectional sample of 95 Mexican‐American boys, 9 through 14 years of age, from lower socioeconomic circumstances. A series of 19 measurements were taken on each boy, including measures of size, proportions, skeletal breadths, limb circumferences, skinfolds, and grip strength. Body density was determined by underwater weighing and residual volume was predicted. Density determinations were converted to percentage body fat using the average of two estimates from the equations of Brozek et al. (1963) and Siri (1956). Relative fatness was also converted to lean body mass and fat weight in kilograms. The growth status of the boys was compared to reference data for American White boys in the U. S. Health Examination Survey. The Mexican‐American boys are shorter and lighter than the reference data, and smaller in all anthropometric dimensions except skinfolds, which are variable. The subscapular and midaxillary skinfolds are similar in the two samples, while the triceps, medial calf, and suprailiac skinfolds are thinner in Mexican‐American boys. Regressions of the four body composition estimates on age show significant age effects only for lean body mass and fat weight. Density and percentage fat do not vary significantly with age. Compared to samples of boys in the same age range, the Mexican‐American boys generally have a greater body density. Correlations between skinfold thicknesses and body density are generally lower in the Mexican‐American boys compared to other samples. Two equations for the prediction of body density in Mexican‐American boys are offered.
Helicoidal plane of dental occlusion
Authors: Osborn J. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA helicoidal plane of postcanine occlusion has been patchily reported in many recent and fossil dentitions of man, and has been suggested as a taxonomic marker distinguishing between the dentitions ofHomoand Australopithecines. The present paper describes the helicoidal plane in 19 out of 23 modern human (probably Indian) worn dentitions, in both gracile and robust Australopithecines and in extant anthropoids. It is suggested that tooth wear converts the plane of occlusion present in little‐worn teeth, the Monson curve, into a helicoidal plane when 1) the diet is more abrasive, 2) the enamel is thinner and less abrasion resistant, and 3) a longer time separates the eruption of the three molar teeth in a jaw quadrant. A model demonstrates that during the power stroke of a chewing cycle the working side molars move in much the same direction whether the molar occlusal plan follows a Monson curve or a helicoidal plane. The difference is that in the former case the three molars work at the same time while in the latter case they work in sequence from anterior to posterior, thereby concentrating force on one tooth at a time. Because the occlusal plane changes during the life of individuals consuming an abrasive diet, the condition of most anthropoids and hominids, it is argued that the Monson curve has functional significance not because of its influence on occlusal relations and/or jaw movement but because the molar teeth are embedded in bone roughly perpendicular to it, a direction which resists tilting of the teeth during mastication. It is concluded that the helicoidal plane probably has little if any value as a taxonomic marker.
How do trabeculae affect the calculation of structural properties of bone?
Authors: Burr David B. , Piotrowski George 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOne difficulty that arises in an analysis of the cross‐sectional properties of bone is whether to include cancellous bone in the analysis. The purpose of this paper is to determine how different amounts of cancellous bone affect the measurement of structural properties of bone cross‐sections. Thirty‐two tibial and femoral cross‐sections were chosen at random from a series of cross‐sectioned nonhuman primate bones. Geometrical properties were calculated for the cross‐sections, and torsional and bending stress analyses were performed. The results suggest that the effect of including cancellous bone in the analysis is closely related to the amount of bone, where it lies within the cross‐section, and the type of analysis performed. Including cancellous bone in calculations of structural properties of bone cross‐sections may cause the strength and stiffness of the bone to be exaggerated.
Molar size sequence in Australian Aboriginals
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPercentage frequencies for molar size sequence of first and second molars were calculated in a group of contemporary Australian Aboriginals using mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions, as well as crown areas. Comparisons were made between sexes, arches, and dimensions within the Aboriginal groups and also between Aboriginal data and those published for other populations. The frequencies of the M2 > M1 molar size sequence in the Aboriginals fell within the range of frequencies reported for other contemporary populations. Differences in the frequencies of the M2 > M1 sequence between the sexes and between arches, together with the relatively high frequency of asymmetry in molar size sequence within Aboriginals, supported the notion that local environmental conditions acting during odontogenesis, together with differential responses to other environmental influences, play an important role in determining observed patterns of molar tooth size.
The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Stern Jr. Jack T. , Susman Randall L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe postcranial skeleton of Australopithecus afarensis from the Hadar Formation, Ethiopia, and the footprints from the Laetoli Beds of northern Tanzania, are analyzed with the goal of determining (1) the extent to which this ancient hominid practiced forms of locomotion other than terrestrial bipedality, and (2) whether or not the terrestrial bipedalism of A. afarensis was notably different from that of modern humans. It is demonstrated that A. afarensis possessed anatomic characteristics that indicate a significant adaptation for movement in the trees. Other structural features point to a mode of terrestrial bipedality that involved less extension at the hip and knee than occurs in modern humans, and only limited transfer of weight onto the medial part of the ball of the foot, but such conclusions remain more tentative than that asserting substantive arboreality. A comparison of the specimens representing smaller individuals, presumably female, to those of larger individuals, presumably male, suggests sexual differences in locomotor behavior linked to marked size dimorphism. The males were probably less arboreal and engaged more frequently in terrestrial bipedalism. In our opinion, A. afarensis from Hadar is very close to what can be called a “missing link.” We speculate that earlier representatives of the A. afarensis lineage will present not a combination of arboreal and bipedal traits, but rather the anatomy of a generalized ape.
A hominoid humeral fragment from the Pliocene of Kenya
Authors: Pickford M. , Johanson D. C. , Lovejoy C. O. , White T. D. , Aronson J. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this communication is to describe and provide a preliminary interpretation of a hominoid proximal humeral fragment recovered from sediments more than 4.0 m.y. old in the Baringo District, Kenya. The geological and chronological context of the fossil is examined and associated fauna is analyzed.
Effects of protein‐calorie malnutrition during suckling and post‐weaning periods on discontinuous cranial traits in rats
Authors: Dahinten Silvia L. , Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe influences of protein‐calorie malnutrition (PCM), and sex during lactation and post‐lactation on the frequencies of 25 discontinuous cranial traits (DCT), were investigated in Holtzman rats. Significant differences were observed in about 20% of the traits. Those traits were: the interfrontal fusion, the posterior incurvation of the palatine border, the double maxillary foramen, the double posterior palatine foramen, and the double frontal foramen. Total PCM was the nutritional factor which showed the greatest influence on the variability of the DCTs. It was followed, in decreasing order, by the PCM imposed during post‐lactation and lactation. Sex had more influence than early PCM but less than late PCM. It is concluded that despite their apparent stability, a substantial number of DCTs were altered by both biological (like sex) and environmental factors (like nutritional deficiencies) imposed at different stages of postnatal development.
Skeletal growth in a medieval population from Sudanese Nubia
Authors: Hummert James R. , van Gerven Dennis P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLong bone growth is analyzed for 180 children from a Medieval population at Kulubnarti in Sudanese Nubia (550–1450 A.D.). A regional interpopulation comparison is made with growth data from Wadi Halfa in Lower Nubia, and an intrapopulation analysis is undertaken to assess diachronic changes in growth at Kulubnarti. Changes in growth patterns are interpreted in the context of mortality and morbidity profiles and relationships between the three variables are discussed. It is suggested that changes in the sociopolitical environment may have been responsible in part for altering levels of biological stress and impacting growth.
Long bone growth variation among Arikara skeletal populations
Authors: Jantz R. L. , Owsley Douglas W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLong bone growth variation among skeletal samples has had limited application to ecological studies of archaeological groups, in spite of its well‐known sensitivity to health and nutritional status. In this study we examine long bone growth variation among ten samples of Arikara skeletal groups, all located in the Middle Missouri subarea of South Dakota and ranging in time from A.D. 1600 to 1832. The samples are analyzed by variant, an archaeological taxonomic unit below Tradition. Children's long bones between about 0.5 and 11.9 years of age were analyzed by means of regression using the model, bone length =b0 + b1 (age) + b2 (log10 age). The three variants, Extended Coalescent, Postcontact Coalescent, and Disorganized Coalescent, differ from one another with regard to health and nutritional status. Extended Coalescent groups probably experienced periods of undernutrition due to unfavorable climatic conditions prevailing at the time. Postcontact Coalescent groups experienced more favorable health and nutrition due to improved climatic conditions and introduction of the horse. Disorganized Coalescent groups were exposed to undernutrition and high levels of morbidity, due to introduction of epidemic diseases, depopulation, and intertribal conflict.Analysis of slopes shows significant heterogeneity among variants for humerus, radius, and tibia, but not femur. In general, the Postcontact Coalescent is characterized by slighter greater rates of increase with age and longer bone lengths for each age than is Extended Coalescent. Disorganized Coalescent exhibits lower rates of increase, particularly in later childhood, with shorter bone lengths in late childhood. Disorganized Coalescent also presents longer radius and humerus lengths than the other two variants in early childhood, an unexpected finding. This may be partly, but not entirely, explained by differential bone response to stress along the lines of maturity gradients.
Technical report: A method for recovering the palmar and plantar pads of small primate cadaver specimens for dermatoglyphic analysis
Authors: Glassman David M. , Webb R. Steven 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA method for recovering dermatoglyphic data from tamarin cadavers is described. The method involves the complete removal of the palmar and plantar pads with no destruction to the underlying skeletal elements. Once recovered, the pads are stored in a formalin solution. The stored pads of 213 individuals have remained in a good state of preservation for dermatoglyphic analysis for over four years.
Locomotion and postures of red howlers in a deciduous forest‐savanna interface
Authors: Ybarra Miguel A. Schön 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPositional (postural and locomotor) patterns and substrates used by the seven adults of a free‐ranging troop of red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) were identified and sampled during their feeding and resting. Traveling patterns and substrates were noted but not quantified. Arboreal locomotor behaviors were pronograde quadrupedalism, some leaping, bridging, lowering, and pull up. Sitting and reclining were the most frequent postures. Tail suspension and arboreal bipedal stance were used when feeding. Predominant locomotor behaviors were those in which limbs appeared to be compression stressed. There were no limb suspensions. The monkeys used the entire tree canopy, that of the low shrubs, and did a good deal of travel on the ground. The lack of forelimb suspension is attributed to the inability of these howlers to hang beneath supports and look forward at the same time; the impediment is created by the size of the vocal organs in the neck. The locomotion of these monkeys is offered to depict that of Aegyptopithecus zeuxis.
Computerized X‐ray tomography of fossil hominid skulls
Authors: Wind Jan 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe newest generation of Computerized Tomography (CT) scanners appears to provide x‐ray pictures of the internal structures of a rather heavily mineralized Homo erectus skull, i.e., Pithecanthropus IV, notably of its temporal bones, that reveal more details than traditional x‐ray procedures. An analysis of the right temporal bone shows that it is extensively pneumatized, that the oval shape of the external meatus does not result from fractures as previously suggested, and that the middle ear and the internal auditory meatus have probably been damaged during restoration. Labyrinthine structures can be seen, and the facial nerve canal appears to be of a relative small size.
A metrical comparison of maxillary first premolar form
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a study of maxillary right first premolar morphology, multivariate analysis showed varying degree of separation between four human ethnic groups depending upon the actual metrical profile included in the analysis. Such ethnic discriminations were not possible from visual inspection or univariate analysis of individual crown diameters. Although the interpretation of such ethnic contrasts remains obscure, this study demonstrated the potential of multivariate statistical techniques in the investigation of odontometric data.
A population genetic study in the Ochamchir Region, Abkhazia, SSR
Authors: Ferrell Robert E. , Salamatina Naira V. , Dalakishvili S. M. , Bakuradze N. A. , Chakraborty Ranajit 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe reported longevity of residents of the Soviet Socialist Republic of the Caucasus has focused considerable attention on this population. However, little is known of the genetic composition of this population. With this in mind, several village populations of the Ochamchir Region, Abkhazia, SSR, were typed for 37 discrete genetic blood groups, erythrocyte and plasma protein loci. Gene and haplotype frequencies calculated for the polymorphic markers were determined and the results used in an analysis of intervillage heterogeneity and genetic distance analysis comparing the Abkhazians to European and Asian reference populations. The Abkhazians are approximately equal distance from European and West Asian populations in a genetic sense, and this is consistent with their geographical location. In addition to the usual genetic polymorphisms, rare electrophoretic variants were encountered at the lactate dehydrogenase A and phosphohexose isomerase loci. These results suggest that the population of the Ochamchir Region is relatively homogeneous and not distinctly different from its geographical neighbors.
Relative brain size in monkeys and prosimians
Authors: Armstrong Este 
Published: August 2005

AbstractProsimians have smaller brains relative to their body sizes than do monkeys. Brain and body weights, however, are associated not only on the basis of the brain integrating sensorimotor functions, but also on the basis of the body's requirement to support the energetic needs of the brain. Prosimians differ from monkeys in that they have lower rates of oxygen turnover. When body size is adjusted for its rate of oxygen turnover, monkeys and prosimians have equivalent relative brain sizes. A consideration of the brain's energy requirements helps to clarify brain‐body relationships.
Lead in bone III. Prediction of social correlates from skeletal lead content in four Colonial American populations (Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound)
Authors: Aufderheide Arthur C. , Angel J. Lawrence , Kelley Jennifer O. , Outlaw Alain C. , Outlaw Merry A. , Rapp George , Wittmers Lorentz E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLead content was determined in the skeletal tissue of 82 individuals representing two black and two white Colonial American populations: Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound. Group and individual differences in bone lead concentrations were used to assess behavioral, social and occupational characteristics.Variations in skeletal lead content suggested that the white owners of the Catoctin iron furnace shared little of their food and beverage with their black, male, industrial slaves, but that some of these workers' women had access to the owners' food sources—probably via domestic duty assignments. A broad range of lead concentrations in bones of the free blacks at College Landing implies a wide range of economic success among these tradesmen. Bone lead content of the white populations at Governor's Land and Irene Mound helped confirm family relationships that had been assigned on an archaeological and osteological basis, and also suggested that the social and functional status of the white tenant farmers' white servants frequently differed little from that of black slaves.These findings suggest that, when applied in appropriate circumstances, lead studies of archaeological skeletal tissue may provide information supplemental to that derived from historical, archaeological, or other conventional sources.
Molar microwear and diet in the genus Cebus
Authors: Teaford Mark F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent analyses have documented differences in dental microwear between primate species with different diets, especially between primate hard‐object feeders and primate leaf‐eaters. Thus far, these microwear differences have only been documented for primates with vastly different foraging strategies and geographic distributions. To see if similar differences could be documented for closely related species, dental replicas from Cebus apella, Cebus nigrivittatus, and Cebus capucinus were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Quantitative analyses reveal that (1) even for closely related species, microwear differences between facets of one species are still far less than those between homologous facets of different species; and (2) the dental microwear of Cebus apella, Cebus nigrivittatus, and Cebus capucinus are still significantly different from one another. Furthermore, the data suggest that the dietary differences between these species may center around the presence or absence of hard objects in the diet.
Preliminary observations on the BK 8518 mandible from Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Wood B. A. , van Noten F. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA newly discovered adult hominid mandible (BK 8518) from Baringo, Kenya, is described and assessed. The corpus, many of the tooth crowns, and most of the left ascending ramus are preserved. The teeth are heavily and asymmetrically worn. Compared with BK 67 (the 1966 mandible) the body of BK 8518 is more robust; the internal symphyseal buttressing is more pronounced; the M3s have seven cusps and exceed the M2s in size. There are no compelling reasons, however, to attribute the two mandibles to different taxa and, in view of the lack of any comprehensive taxonomic diagnosis for Homo erectus, “erectus‐like,” and habiline mandibular remains, the new specimen is also best regarded as Homo sp. indet. (aff. erectus).
Anthropological study of digital and parietal hair of Canadians
Authors: Ikoma Eiki 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHair exhibits many interesting anthropologic and genetic features such as thickness and cross‐sectional morphology. Digital hair, though not adequately studied to date, has potential importance as an anthropologic trait. A digital hair score system was devised in which a number of dorsally haired digital segments (nine segments) of the left fingers, excluding onychogenic segments, was used as a measure of the trait.Thickness and cross‐section of the parietal hair of the Ojibwas, a tribe of Canadian Indians, and European Canadians residing in Ontario were compared with those of Japanese and Koreans residing in their respective countries.Segmental distribution of the digital hair in both males and females was similar between Ojibwas and Japanese, Koreans or Formosans, and was significantly larger in British and other European Canadians.Parietal hair of Ojibwas, both males and females, was thinner than that of Japanese, and thicker than that of British Canadians.The parietal hair index was almost equal between Ojibwas and Japanese in both sexes. That of British Canadians was significantly smaller.
Evidence of spinal tuberculosis at the beginning of the fourth millennium BC from Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy)
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo , Milanesi Quinzio , Scarsini Caterina 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper describes tuberculosislike lesions affecting the spine of Neolithic skeleton found in Arene Candide cave (Liguria, Italy) and representing one of the earliest cases of this disease in Europe. The burial is attributed to middle Neolithic (square‐mouthed pottery culture) whose layers date, by 14C, to the first half of the fourth millennium BC. The skeleton, well preserved in the postcranial portion, belongs to a male aged about 15 years having a very light body build. Resorptive lesions localized to the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebral bodies, collapse and angular kyphosis, resulting from complete destruction of T11 and T12 and partial destruction of T10 and L1, are the main pathologic features. The morphology of the lesions, sites involved, and age of the specimen are consistent with a diagnosis of tuberculous sponayiitis (Pott's disease). The extreme gracility of the skeleton, along with other signs of stress (Harris lines, enamel hypoplasia) suffered during the last years of life, and the limited bony regeneration point to a disease process in its late phase having arisen at the beginning of adolescence. The funerary ritual suggests that the social integration of this adolescent was not prevented by the severe infirmity.