bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Middle East
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Middle East is an area of remarkable landscape diversity. It possesses old shields of great antiquity and relative stability, large rift structures, the lowest point on the Earth’s surface, outpourings of recent volcanic lavas, high mountains and escarpments, magnificent anticlinal and synclinal structures, large numbers of salt domes, the world’s largest coastal sabkhas, salty lakes and seas, and enormous sand seas. Much of this diversity and distinctiveness can be attributed to the interaction of a number of plates, for the tectonic setting of this area is one both of complexity and of great activity.
The Deserts of India and Pakistan
Authors: Goudie Andrew S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arid zone of the north-western portion of the Indian subcontinent (Fig. 9.1) stretches from the rocky mountains and basins of Baluchistan in the west to the ancient Aravalli Mountains in the east. The northern part in particular receives some winter rainfall from the westerlies while the summer south-west monsoon also produces some precipitation in the region. Thus only a relatively small area has less than 100 mm of mean annual rainfall (Fig. 9.2). The core of this arid area is generally referred to as the Great Indian Desert or Thar (Singhvi and Kar, 1992) and is locally called Marwar or ‘place of death’.
Contexts of Translation
Authors: Burrow John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to derive from pre-Conquest writings the outlines of a scheme ranking languages according to their dignity, as that would have been understood by many writers of the time. The highest ranks in this hierarchy are occupied by the original biblical languages: the Hebrew of the Old Testament and the Greek of the New—Greek being also the language of the first translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint. Latin comes below Hebrew and Greek; but it counts with them as a third lingua sacra, since Anglo-Saxons read both testaments mostly in Jerome’s Latin version, the Vulgate.
Preface
Authors: Gillespie Stuart , Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main aim of this volume, as of the The Oxford History of Literary Translation in English as a whole, is to explore the rich tradition of translated literature in English, and its centrality to the ‘native ‘ tradition. Modern accounts of the history of English literature have often paid scant attention to the non-English writing that has been such an abiding presence and influence at its heart—usually in the form of translations very often read by the same public and written by many of the same authors. In no period is this more strongly the case than the one covered by this 1660–1790 volume, a period in which translation—particularly from Latin, Greek, and French—acts as a constant point of reference and a crucial shaping force.
Translation in Britain and the United States
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an essay of 1821, Thomas De Quincey insisted that English literature needed the stimulus of foreign literatures: ‘So it is with the literatures of whatsoever land: unless crossed by some other of different breed, they all tend to superannuation.’ He was pleading for the study of ‘some exotic, but congenial’ foreign literature, namely German, to protect English from the dotage, nervelessness, and imbecility that had befallen French because of its refusal to admit influences from without or to form alliances with exotic literature (De Quincey 2000–3: III, 18).
Popular Culture
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century various sub-genres of the novel experienced a spectacular growth. The opening decade of the century was dominated by the Gothic novel, the staple fare of the circulating libraries until it was displaced by the emergent forms of the historical novel and pioneer fiction. In the mid-century, the rise of the ‘mysteries and miseries’ school of fiction anticipates other new developments such as the Victorian sensation novel and what can be broadly labelled detective fiction. Finally, towards the end of the century, the scientific romance emerged, a form combining visionary speculation and high adventure and resembling the genre which would later come to be called science fiction (this term did not come into general usage until the 1930s).
The Translators: Biographical Sketches
Authors: France Peter , Haynes Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 108 biographical sketches that follow are intended primarily to complement the preceding chapters. They make no claim to cover the period comprehensively; only a small proportion of translators active in this period are included. Representativeness (of some sort) is only one of the criteria for inclusion; historical importance, literary merit, and the convenience of readers have also influenced the choice of subjects. The entries themselves concentrate on the activity of translating in the writers’ lives.
The Mirror of Theory: Klein ‘s Books
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Klein ‘s relation to books is at once Magian and programmatic. Literature is held up to the mirror of her clinical theory, as Kristeva suggests, but it also serves as a powerful trope for symbolic action and creativity. Creativity is what the loved and envied breast means for the Kleinian infant. Psychoanalysis too both loves and envies what it sees in literature, while Kristeva personifies literature itself as jealously retaining its enigmas. Klein ‘s focus on the dynamics of psychic processes in dramatic and fictional characters, and on the artist ‘s symbolic resolution to emotional conflict, is especially evident in her posthumously published paper, ‘Some Reflections on “The Oresteia ‘ ‘ ‘ (1963).
Catastrophe in the Poppy Field: Bion ‘s Aesthetics
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bion ‘s poppy field is also a minefield. For all its invariants-the unaltered elements that allow it to be recognized as a poppy field-catastrophe haunts the scene of representation. Just when we think we recognize a familiar field of meaning (poppies, paint, canvas, Impressionism), the point of view or ‘vertex ‘ suddenly shifts, leaving us struggling to adjust to an unfamiliar perspective. In Transformations (1965)-generally regarded as his most problematic book-Bion broaches the aesthetics of psychoanalysis. His subject is the psychoanalyst ‘s representation of clinical material.
The Unexpected: Bionic Woman
Authors: Jacobus Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Memoir of the Future, Bion ‘s experimental autobiography of the 1970s, is not an obvious point of departure for thinking about the relation between women and psychoanalysis. I want to propose it, by way of envoi, if only because Bion ‘s writing is not often read for what it has to say about women, although it has much to say about change. Anxiety about the future tends to focus on the idea of catastrophic change-a revolution in politics or climatic conditions, an apocalypse, an earth quake, or a terrorist attack; even a new thought can upset an existing equilibrium.
The Print Trade, 1550 –1700
Authors: Lennon Colm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not until a century after the successful experiments of Johan Gutenberg with moveable metallic type at Mainz did printing find a domicile in Ireland. Even with the setting up by Humphrey Powell of the first press at Dublin in 1551 a real print trade was extremely slow to evolve. This languid rate of development may have been due to a paucity of relatively large centres of population in the country before the seventeenth century. Yet, many smaller European towns on a par demographically with the more substantial Irish cities were homes to presses before 1550.¹ More significantly, perhaps, the lack of hubs of patronage in the form of a court or a university may have depressed demand for printed works, discouraging entrepreneurs from committing themselves to the costly venture of printing.
Theatre and Print, 1550–1800
Authors: Morash Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no way of reconstructing precisely the movements of Dublin bookseller William Smith on the afternoon and evening of Thursday, 28 July 1743. He may have spent the afternoon in his shop on the main thoroughfare of Dame Street—a familiar Dublin landmark with its sign of Hercules over the door. It is equally possible, however, that as a leading Irish seller of plays, he went to the theatre to see a production of Joseph Addison ‘s Cato. If so, on that particular afternoon he may have left the shop in the care of his son, also named William Smith, who had just been admitted to the booksellers ‘ Guild of St Luke. Before leaving the shop, he would probably have checked his stock for a copy of Addison ‘s play in an edition that had been printed for him in 1736.¹ He almost certainly would have found the play on his shelves, for his son was still listing the play as being available from the firm almost thirty years later.
Foreign Language Books, 1550–1700
Authors: Lyons Mary Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the second half of the sixteenth century, a mere handful of foreign language books by Irish authors or relating to Ireland were published or reprinted at home and abroad, the majority being Latin hagiographies of early and medieval Irish saints and martyrs.¹ Only the Irish theologian, Thomas Hibernicus, made a significant impact on the continental publishing world through his Flores Omnium Pene Doctorum, which was reprinted at least twentysix times in France, Italy, Flanders, and the German states between 1550 and 1596.² However, from the 1620s, as the Counter-Reformation movement thrived in Europe and the Irish Catholic clerical presence on the Continent grew steadily, the output and range of overwhelmingly theological and historical books penned by Irish scholars abroad increased very considerably. This study is therefore largely focused on the corpus of literature in Latin and continental languages published by these clerics. The period also witnessed a very gradual increase in the publication of foreign language works by a coterie of non-Catholic scholars, doctors, lawyers, and humanists in Ireland and abroad and this development is afforded brief attention. Foreign language books by authors resident in Ireland and the works of continental writers that dealt substantially with Ireland are also surveyed. Finally, the gradual growth in the importation of foreign language books into Ireland, the evolution of mechanisms for their distribution, and their place in seventeenth-century Irish libraries are discussed.
Sources for the History of the Early Modern Book in Ireland
Authors: Gillespie Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primary sources for the reconstruction of the history of the early modern book in English are diverse and scattered. Since book history crosses traditional areas of enquiry and is focused not on institutions but on objects and their users there are no neat bodies of archival material that can be seen to be the obvious preserve of the book historian. References to books and their uses are as likely to be found in the records of the central administration as they are among the private papers of individuals. The identification of sources may perhaps best proceed not by examining the points at which the book touched the administrative structures that generated records, but rather by considering the cycle of communication of which the book was part. Books typically might pass from author to printer, then to the bookseller, and finally to the reader. There were, of course, a number of variants on this pattern.
At the Frontier of the Market? Re-regulating Water Supply
Authors: Bakker Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision to privatize the water supply industry was a seminal moment in the British government’s privatization programme. Earlier privatizations had concentrated on those industries which were clearly profitable, some of which even had private competitors. To a greater degree than any of the industries privatized before it, water lay at the frontier of the market—so much so that new regulatory institutions had to be designed and regulatory bodies created in order to enable the market to function.
Conflict and Consensus in Environmental Planning
Authors: Rydin Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having established a framework for analysing environmental planning in terms of institutions-a framework that allows for context and agency, the interests of actors, and a role for discourse-this chapter now moves into the substantive analysis of environmental planning. It begins by considering conflict and consensus-building in the environmental domain. There are a number of different approaches that have been taken to the existence of conflict over environmental issues. Such conflicts can be re-presented as issues of common interest. This is a common tactic within environmental planning and politics, as Ch. I demonstrated.
Women’s Writing and Historiography in the GDR
Authors: Bridge Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study adopts an interdisciplinary approach to explore how literature by GDR women became a forum for critical approaches to history which challenged the official state discourse. An introductory chapter offers broad theoretical reflections on the modes of literature and historiography, and considers the significance of feminism as a tabooed critical discourse in the GDR. The question of why GDR literature and histororiography developed so differently in the 1970s and 1980s is then pursued through a series of comparative readings of texts by both prominent writers, such as Christa Wolf, Irmtraud Morgner, and Helga Königsdorf, and less established authors, such as Helga Schütz, Sigrid Damm, Renate Feyl, and Brigitte Struzyk. This is not only the first study to offer a detailed comparison of historical and literary discourses in the GDR, but also the first to illuminate relations between three topics popular in East German women's writing: the National Socialist past; the lives of historical women; and the use of mythical themes and forms to voice critiques of history.
‘Das Vergangene IstNicht Tot’: New Approaches To National Socialism In Literature Of The 1970s
Authors: Bridge Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
National Socialism tested--- and revealed the limits of GDR historiography to a greater degree than almost any other topic. As in all areas of historical study, work on the Third Reich involved subordinating evidence to an unquestioned orthodox Marxist master narrative of history. This master narrative, based on an economic understanding of social developments, determined the aspects of Hitler’s regime which were privileged in historians’ accounts, and resulted in a highly selective approach to the era. Even in the later years of the GDR, when historians were generally questioning rigid orthodoxies, explanations of this period remained unconvincingly dogmatic and one-sided.
‘Die Welt Der Unendlichen Moglichkeiten Neben Dieser Einen Realitat’: Fantastic Approaches To History In Literature Of The I 970s And I 980s
Authors: Bridge Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s and 1980s saw the publication in the GDR of a number of major works of literature which incorporate, reflect on, and revise fantastic figures and stories belonging to the cultural traditions of western civilization, in order to challenge orthodox views of history. This chapter will start with an analysis of two texts which employ fantastic motifs and plot structures to relate women’s historical experience to the requirements of the present: Irmtraud Merger’s Laura of 1974 and Helga Konigsdorf’s & pektloser Urging of 1986.1 These texts, particularly Morenci’s, belong to an aesthetic tradition of fantasy and humour which contrasts sharply with the serious, realistic approaches to history which have been central to this study so far, represented most prominently by Wolf and the notion of subjective authenticity.
How Groups Talk
Authors: Hartley Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a reading group discussion goes well it can be quite memorable:We had such different reactions to Martin Amis’s Money. Although this was an evening in 1990 I can still remember (nine years on) how passionately we argued for and against the book.Another group has fond memories of its discussion of William Dalrymple’s In Xanadu,also from nine years previously. What makes for a good discussion? Some groups seem to fire on all cylinders on every occasion, and we were taken to task for asking them to name a book which went well:
The Broader Picture
Authors: Hartley Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most of the replies in our survey have come from British groups, we have heard from many other groups all over the world-too few to generalize from, but enough to colour in much of the world as reading-group territory, and to distinguish some global mutations. Britain’s nearest neighbours, the French, do things differently; they learn philosophy at school and meet for discussions at the cafe’s philosophiqueswhich have grown in popularity over the last decade.
Protectionism, Populism, or Participation? Agrarian Parties and the European Question in Western and East Central Europe
Authors: Sitter Nick , Batory Agnes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European integration has raised some awkward questions for almost all national political parties in Europe, but few party families have displayed greater variation than the agrarian parties. Some of the parties that have their roots in the defence of agrarian and rural interests oppose supranational European integration in principle, others oppose particular aspects of the European Union (EU) regime or plans for further integration, and yet others broadly welcome most aspects of the EU and its public policy regime. Whereas agrarian interest groups in the six original member states have long provided solid support for the European Economic Community (EEC) and its successors, many of the political parties that emerged in defence of agrarian interests or identity elsewhere in Europe have proven less enthusiastic about European integration.
Detection of magnetic resonance
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We first observe the magnetic resonance response from the nuclei as a tiny voltage induced on a coil surrounding the sample-the receiver coil. How does this arise? In most forms of spectroscopy there are three possible mechanisms to describe the interaction of radiation with matter. Stimulated absorption or stimulated emission describe the absorption or emission of radiation by the sample provoked by the radiation field itself. Spontaneous emission occurs in the absence of any imposed radiation field, for example, the light emitted from a heated metallic filament. Spontaneous emission is far too weak an effect to be relevant to magnetic resonance experiments. The free precession NMR signal occurs after extinction of the radiofrequency pulse used for excitation and subsequently evolves in the absence of any imposed radiation field, so none of these three phenomena can properly account for magnetic resonance signals.
The Irish Statesman 1923–1930
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When, on 12 April 1930, the final issue of The Irish Statesman was published, the journal’s chief patron, Sir Horace Plunkett, could not hide his disappointment. “The paper bids farewell to its readers’, he wrote, “because—and only because—the people in Ireland who are prepared to back their opinion of its merit with a weekly payment of threepence, are not sufficiently numerous to give reasonable hope of its becoming even approximately self-supporting.’ After almost seven years of unbroken weekly production, Plunkett’s brainchild had finally succumbed to the apathy of the Irish reading public.
The Dublin Magazine 1923–1958
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1923 Éamon de Valera issued orders to his anti-Treaty forces to dump arms and return to their homes. This marked the end of the Irish Civil War which had begun the previous June when the newly established Free State government shelled the Republican headquarters in Dublin’s Four Courts. After almost seven years of revolution, guerrilla warfare, and political agitation, the new Ireland emerged a geographically partitioned and unstable territory. For the Irish literary and artistic scene, the years of war had a retarding and divisive effect. The Literary Revival, which had done so much in the early years of the century to foster and encourage the growth of an indigenous Irish culture, lost much of its momentum.
Envoy 1949–1951
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1949 Cyril Connolly announced in that month’s Horizon editorial that the next issue of the magazine would be the last. After ten years as editor of Britain’s most progressive cultural review, Connolly had become disillusioned: “A decade of our lives is quite enough to devote to a lost cause such as the pursuit and marketing of quality in contemporary writing. In the end, despite all the good will in the world, the public gets the magazines it deserves.’ With monthly sales as high as 9,000 copies, Horizon had made a significant impact on British cultural life throughout the difficult war years and after. Connolly’s decision to cease publication was widely lamented.
Rann 1948–1953
Authors: Shovlin Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The periodicals considered over the previous five chapters had in common that they were based in Dublin. As the country’s administrative capital and largest city it is not surprising that Dublin should also have dominated the cultural scene. But the centrality of Dublin in twentieth-century Ireland’s literary history is problematized by the partitioning of the island in I920. In an effort to acknowledge the effects of this political act on the arts, this chapter considers the history of the little magazine in the North of Ireland and concentrates in particular on the short-lived journal Rann.
The Woodlanders
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responding to Gissing on 1 July 1886, Hardy expressed the fear that the other ‘s ‘keen eye for good work ‘ would be disappointed by The Woodlanders, then a quarter of the way through its serialization in Macmillan ‘s Magazine: ‘It would have made a beautiful story if I could have carried out my idea of it: but somehow I come so far short of my intention that I fear it will be quite otherwise—unless I pick up towards the end. ‘ Both the note of self-deprecation and the particular terms in which it is sounded are familiar enough in Hardy ‘s comments on his work, but he does seem to have experienced real difficulty in writing The Woodlanders, and especially in completing it to schedule. He started work on the novel late and then broke off to make the final revisions to The Mayor of Casterbridge; he was always under the pressure of completing each instalment in time for advance proofs to be sent across the Atlantic for simultaneous publication in Harper ‘s Bazar; and, by no means least, he had not finally learned the impracticability of his attempting serious work in London: ‘I have some writing to do whilst in town ‘, he told Stevenson on 7 June, ‘& can ‘t touch it: it is becoming quite a nightmare. ‘¹
The Making of Jude
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Busy as he was in the autumn of 1893, Hardy found time to lend some architectural assistance to his builder brother. He had always made his expertise available to Henry as need arose. Just a year or two earlier he had provided the design and working drawings for Talbothays, the substantial house built by the family firm some two miles east of Max Gate on the piece of land that their father had called Talbots. It is possible that Henry expected to be married and to move into the new house with his bride. Or the family may have planned more comfortable accommodation for their newly widowed mother, now entering her eighties.