bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Approach for the Regioselective Synthesis of β‐Keto Sulfones Based on Acid‐Catalyzed Reaction of Sulfonyl Chlorides with Arylacetylenes and Water.
Authors: Lai Chunbo , Xi Chanjuan , Jiang Yanfeng , Hua Ruimao 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery of Novel Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives as Potent and Selective Factor Xa Inhibitors.
Authors: Ueno Hiroshi , Yokota Katsuyuki , Hoshi Jun‐ichi , Yasue Katsutaka , Hayashi Mikio , Uchida Itsuo , Aisaka Kazuo , Hase Yasunori , Katoh Susumu , Cho Hidetsura 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterocycles with Built‐in Pseudothiourea Pharmacophores. Part 2. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Thiazole‐ and [1,3]Thiazine‐fused Benzimidazoles, Quinazolines and Perimidines
Authors: Hsu Ling‐Yih , Hu Ming‐Kuan , Liu Kang‐Chien 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Neuregulin‐1 enhances survival of human astrocytic glioma cells
Authors: Ritch Patricia S. , Carroll Steven L. , Sontheimer Harald 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMalignant astrocytic gliomas, referred to as astrocytomas, represent the most commonly diagnosed adult primary brain tumor. These tumors are characterized by unrelenting growth that is often resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Tumor expansion into the healthy surrounding brain tissue produces severe and often fatal consequences. In this study, we examine the potential for the neuregulin‐1/erbB receptor signaling cascade to contribute to this process by modulating glioma cell growth. Using antibodies specific for the erbB receptors, we demonstrate the expression patterns for the erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors in human glioma biopsy samples. We then verify receptor expression in a panel of human glioma cell lines. Next, we investigate the status of the erbB2 and erbB3 receptors in the human glioma cell lines and find that they are constitutively tyrosine‐phosphorylated and heterodimerized. Subsequently, we demonstrate that theses same cell lines express membrane bound and released forms of neuregulins, the erbB receptor ligands, suggesting a possible autocrine or paracrine signaling network. Furthermore, we show that exogenous activation of erbB2 and erbB3 receptors in U251 glioma cells by recombinant Nrg‐1β results in enhanced glioma cell growth under conditions of serum‐deprivation. This enhancement is due to an increase in cell survival rather than an increase in cell proliferation and is dependent on the activation of erbB2 and phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K). Moreover, Nrg‐1β activates an inhibitor of apoptosis, Akt, implying a possible role for this kinase in mediating Nrg‐1β effects in gliomas. This data suggests that glioma cells may use autocrine or paracrine neuregulin‐1/erbB receptor signaling to enhance cell survival under conditions where growth would otherwise be limited. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical study on the reaction mechanism of the methyl radical with nitrogen oxides
Authors: Zhang Jia‐Xu , Liu Jing‐Yao , Li Ze‐Sheng , Sun Chia‐Chung 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe radical‐molecule reaction mechanism of CH3 with NOx (x = 1, 2) has been explored theoretically at the B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) and MC‐QCISD (single‐point) levels of theory. For the singlet potential energy surface (PES) of the CH3 + NO2 reaction, it is found that the carbon to middle nitrogen attack between CH3 and NO2 can form energy‐rich adduct a (H3CNO2) with no barrier followed by isomerization to b1 (CH3ONO‐trans), which can easily convert to b2 (CH3ONO‐cis). Subsequently, starting from b (b1, b2), the most feasible pathway is the direct NO bond cleavage of b (b1, b2) leading to P1 (CH3O + NO) or the 1,3‐H‐shift and NO bond rupture of b1 to form P2 (CH2O + HNO), both of which may have comparable contribution to the reaction CH3 + NO2. Much less competitively, b2 can take a concerted H‐shift and NO bond cleavage to form product P3 (CH2O + HON). Because the intermediates and transition states involved in the above three channels are all lower than the reactants in energy, the CH3 + NO2 reaction is expected to be rapid, as is consistent with the experimental measurement in quality. For the singlet PES of the CH3 + NO reaction, the major product is found to be P1 (HCN + H2O), whereas the minor products are P2 (HNCO + H2) and P3 (HNC +H2O). The CH3 + NO reaction is predicted to be only of significance at high temperatures because the transition states involved in the most feasible pathways lie almost above the reactants. Compared with the singlet pathways, the triplet pathways may have less contributions to both reactions. The present study may be helpful for further experimental investigation of the title reactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 807–817, 2005
FIB cross‐sectioning of a single rapidly solidified hypereutectic Al‐Si powder particle for HRTEM
Authors: Rea K.E. , Agarwal A. , McKechnie T. , Seal S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA creative technique of in‐situ focused ion beam (FIB) extraction was introduced to prepare a gas atomized rapidly solidified hypereutectic Al‐Si single particle's cross‐section for High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis. This preparation technique may be employed to characterize very inimitable samples that are abnormally wrought or intricate to prepare through traditional techniques. TEM results revealed that a gas‐atomization/rapid solidification process leads to a homogeneous dispersion of 50–100‐nm Si phase in the Al matrix. Stacking faults and dislocations are observed in the microstructure and will ultimately lead to the increased strength in a resultant bulk material manufactured from this powder to be further examined. Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:10–16, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to diffusion of a polyelectrolyte in a multilayer film
Authors: Picart Catherine , Mutterer Jérôme , Arntz Youri , Voegel Jean‐Claude , Schaaf Pierre , Senger Bernard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe diffusion coefficient, D, and the proportion of mobile molecules, p, is measured for a fluorescently labeled polyelectrolyte in a multilayer film using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The film was composed of poly(L‐lysine) (PLL) and hyaluronan (HA). The labeled polyelectrolyte (PLLFITC) was either deposited on top of the film or embedded within it. A circular area of diameter ≈ 60 μm was bleached using a confocal laser scanning microscope. Because molecules do already diffuse during the bleaching step, the initial light intensity profile is not characteristic of a uniformly bleached circular area. A formalism is developed in which a simple mathematical representation of a measured profile serves as starting profile. This radial distribution is introduced in the equation describing the time evolution of the labeled molecule concentration under the hypothesis that the recovery results from pure, two‐dimensional Brownian diffusion of the mobile molecules according to Fick's law. The analysis of a series of images taken at successive times after bleaching (up to approximately one hour) leads to estimates of D of the order of 0.2 μm2 s−1 for labeled molecules deposited on top of the film and a 5‐fold smaller value for the molecules embedded in the film. However, p is remarkably insensitive to the position in the multilayer architecture (p ≈ 0.40). Microsc. Res. Tech. 66:43–57, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carbon stocks and sequestration potentials of agricultural soils in the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg, SW Germany
Authors: Neufeldt Henry 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) inventories are important tools for studying the effects of land‐use and climate change and evaluating climate‐change policies. A detailed inventory of SOC in the agricultural soils of the federal state of Baden‐Württemberg was therefore prepared based on the highest‐resolution geo‐referenced soil, land‐use, and climate data (BÜK200 inventory). In order to estimate the quality of different approaches, C inventories of the region were also prepared based on data from the National Inventory Report (UBA, 2003) and by applying the IPCC (1997) method to the two data sets. Finally, the BÜK200 inventory was used to estimate potentials of no‐tillage agriculture (NT) and peatland restoration to contribute to C sequestration and greenhouse‐gas (GHG)‐emission mitigation since both measures are discussed in this context. Scenario assumptions were change to NT on 40% of the cropland and restoration of 50% of cultivated peatlands within 20 years.On average, grasslands contained 9.5 kg C m–2 to 0.3 m depth as compared to only 6.0 kg C m–2 under cropland, indicating strong land‐use effects. The SOC content depended strongly on waterlogging and elevation, thus reflecting reduced C mineralization under aquic moisture regimes and low temperatures. Comparison of the BÜK200 inventory with the approach used for UBA (2003) showed high inconsistencies due to map resolution and SOC contents, whereas the IPCC method led to fairly good agreements. Results on the simulated effects of NT and peatland restoration suggested that 5%–14% of total agricultural GHG emissions could be abated with NT whereas peat restoration appeared to have a minor mitigation potential (0.2%–2.7%) because the total area of cultivated organic soils was too small to have larger impact.
Changes in P fractions and sorption in an Alfisol following crop residues application
Authors: Reddy Damodar D. , Rao Subba A. , Singh Muneshwar 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWith the emphasis on sustainable agriculture, attention has been increasingly turning to recycling of crop residues as a component of fertility management strategies for tropical soils. We assessed the effects of soybean residue (SR) and wheat residue (WR) applied either alone or in combination with fertilizer P (FP) on dynamics of labile P, distribution of P fractions, and P sorption in a semiarid tropical Alfisol by conducting a 16 w long incubation experiment. The amount of P added through crop residues, FP or their combinations was kept constant at 10 mg P (kg soil)–1. Addition of SR or WR resulted in net increase of labile inorganic (Pi) and organic P (Po) and microbial P throughout the incubation period, except that the WR decreased labile Pi during first 2 w due to Pi immobilization. The P immobilization associated with WR addition was, however, offset when fertilizer P was combined with WR. Generally, the increases in labile‐P fractions were larger with the SR and SR+FP than with the WR and WR+FP. The sequential fractionation of soil P at the end of 16 w indicated that a major part of added fertilizer P transformed into moderately labile and stable P fractions as evident from the increased NaOH‐Pi and HCl‐P in the FP treatment. In contrast, the addition of SR and WR alone or in combination with FP favored a build‐up in NaHCO3‐Pi and ‐Po and NaOH‐Po fractions while causing a decrease in NaOH‐Pi and HCl‐P fractions. The addition of these crop residues also effectively decreased the P‐sorption capacity and hence reduced the standard P requirement of the soil (i.e., the amount of P required to maintain optimum solution P concentration of 0.2 mg P l–1) by 24%–43%. Results of the study, thus, imply that soybean and wheat crop residues have the potential to improve P fertility of Alfisols by decreasing P‐sorption capacity and by redistributing soil P in favor of labile‐P fractions and promoting accretion of organic P.
Field measurements of the water content in the top soil using a new capacitance sensor with a flat sensitive volume
Authors: Ruth Bernhard , Munch Jean Charles 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWater content directly near the soil surface plays an essential role for degradation of natural organic material and agrochemicals by soil microbes. Furthermore, the water losses by evaporation depend sensitively on the top‐soil water content. Rain, irrigation, evaporation, and the water flow between the soil horizons together with the natural inhomogeneity of soils cause a high spatial gradient and a pronounced time dependence of the water content in the top soil. To understand processes in top soil such as redox gradients, the knowledge on ecological conditions in the top soil, which is subject to rapid changes, is essential. In order to meet the requirements for such field measurements, a capacitance sensor with a depth resolution of 1 cm and an active area of 7.5 cm × 14 cm was constructed and operated by a special electronic circuit. Field measurements using these sensors at 1 cm depth showed the high dynamics when measurements were carried out every 10 min. As simultaneous measurements of the soil temperature at 1 cm depth exhibit large temperature variations during the day, its influence on the measurements must be compensated for. As the data, measured during drying periods, allow the assessment of the temperature coefficient, the water content at a reference temperature can be calculated. The course of the water content reflects precipitation events and quantifies the drying of the soil, providing these parameters for process evaluation. Furthermore, the diurnal variation exhibits the drying during the day and the possible rewetting from deeper horizons during the night.
Long‐term effects of cropped vs. fallow and fertilizer amendments on soil organic matter II. Nitrogen
Authors: Singh Antil Rajinder , Gerzabek Martin H. , Haberhauer Georg , Eder Gerfried 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe present study evaluated the effect of fertilizer amendments (organic manure and mineral fertilizers), management practices (fallow and untilled vs. cropped and tilled) on changes of N in bulk soil and N associated with different particle‐size fractions. The long‐term field experiment was conducted since 1962 in Gumpenstein, Austria, on a Dystric Cambisol. The N content of the topsoils changed distinctively during 28 and 38 yr of treatments under both fallow and cropped management practices. Highest increase in total N content was found in animal‐manure (liquid)‐treated plots. The remaining ranking was: animal manure (solid) > cattle slurry > half cattle slurry + straw = PK = NPK.Quite short N‐half‐life values of around 2 yr were found for the cattle‐slurry application, while animal manure exhibited longer N‐half‐lives of around 8 yr. Crop removal of N and mineralization losses in cropped plots obviously were higher than N losses from the bare soil plots lacking a plant cover to keep N in the system. This was confirmed by a consistent shift in the natural 15N abundances. Comparing the mean N contribution of particle‐size fractions to the total N amounts revealed the following ranking after 28 and 38 yr of different treatments: silt > clay > fine sand > coarse sand, with small exceptions. Particle‐size separates showed more significant responses to changes in the N dynamics of the system due to the various treatments than the bulk soil and can be regarded as the better indicators in this respect.
Effect of orientation on the free volume and oxygen transport of a polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Somlai L. S. , Liu R. Y. F. , Landoll L. M. , Hiltner A. , Baer E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe effect of uniaxial orientation on the free‐volume and oxygen‐transport properties of a propylene copolymer with 4.5 wt % ethylene was examined. The free‐volume hole size and hole density were measured with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Subsequently, the free‐volume characteristics were correlated with the oxygen‐transport properties. Orientation had only a small effect on the total amount of free volume: a small increase in the hole density was offset by a small decrease in the hole size. As a result, the oxygen solubility and amorphous‐phase density were unchanged by orientation. However, a pronounced decrease in the oxygen diffusivity when the draw ratio exceeded 6 indicated a change in the dynamic free volume. This was attributed to an increasing number of taut tie chains, which retarded oxygen diffusion. The reduced amorphous chain mobility was also manifest in the increased glass‐transition temperature, decreased bulk thermal expansivity, and decreased expansivity of free‐volume holes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1230–1243, 2005
Helix‐coil transition of alanine peptides in water: Force field dependence on the folded and unfolded structures
Authors: Gnanakaran S. , García Angel E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe force fields used in classical modeling studies are semiempirical in nature and rely on their validation by comparison of simulations with experimental data. The all‐atom replica‐exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) methodology allows us to calculate the thermodynamics of folding/unfolding of peptides and small proteins, and provides a way of evaluating the reliability of force fields. We apply the REMD to obtain equilibrium folding/unfolding thermodynamics of a 21‐residue peptide containing only alanine residues in explicit aqueous solution. The thermodynamics of this peptide is modeled with both the OPLS/AA/L and the A94/MOD force fields. We find that the helical content and the values for the helix propagation and nucleation parameters for this alanine peptide are consistent with measurements on similar peptides and with calculations using the modified AMBER force field (A94/MOD). The nature of conformations, both folded and unfolded, that contributes to the helix‐coil transition profile, however, is quite different between these two force fields. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recommendations for standardized human pedigree nomenclature
Authors: Bennett Robin L. , Steinhaus Kathryn A. , Uhrich Stefanie B. , O'Sullivan Corrine K. , Resta Robert G. , Lochner‐Doyle Debra , Markel Dorene S. , Vincent Victoria , Hamanishi Jan 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe construction of an accurate family pedigree is a fundamental component of a clinical genetic evaluation and of human genetic research. Previous surveys of genetic counselors and human genetic publications have demonstrated significant inconsistencies in the usage of common pedigree symbols representing situations such as pregnancy, termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, and adoption, as well as less common scenarios such as pregnancies conceived through assisted reproductive technologies. The Pedigree Standardization Task Force (PSTF) was organized through the Professional Issues Committee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors, to establish recommendations for universal standards in human pedigree nomenclature. Nomenclature was chosen based on current usage, consistency among symbols, computer compatibility, and the adaptability of symbols to reflect the rapid technical advances in human genetics. Preliminary recommendations were presented for review at three national meetings of human genetic professionals and sent to >100 human genetic professionals for review. On the basis of this review process, the recommendations of the PSTF for standardized human pedigree nomenclature are presented here. By incorporating these recommendations into medical genetics professional training programs, board examinations, genetic publications, and pedigree software, the adoption of uniform pedigree nomenclature can begin. Usage of standardized pedigree nomenclature will reduce the chances for incorrect interpretation of patient and family medical and genetic information. It may also improve the quality of patient care provided by genetic professionals and facilitate communication between researchers involved with genetic family studies.
Parental guilt: The part played by the clinical geneticist
Authors: Chapple Alison , May Carl , Campion Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractParents of children born with a disability often suffer feelings of inappropriate guilt and shame. Although some genetic counselors see their main task to be that of diagnosis and education, they also aim to relieve these feelings of guilt and shame. Little is known about the process of genetic counseling, and whether or not counselors achieve this aim. An exploratory study of one clinic, and one geneticist working with 30 families, using video recordings and taped interviews, indicated that this particular doctor sometimes succeeded in reducing guilt, either intentionally or unintentionally, but on one occasion guilt was iatrogenic, and increased rather than decreased. Further research is needed to examine other types and other styles of genetic counseling so that in future iatrogenic guilt can be avoided, and the distressing aspects of inappropriate guilt and shame reduced as much as possible.
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis: Educational implications
Authors: Rae John , Partington Michael W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe examined the educational implications of newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) as performed by combining the measurement of immunoreactive trypsin with analysis for the most common CF mutation, ΔF508. Four out of 77 (5%) of maternity staff from 11 hospitals in rural New South Wales, Australia had learned about the salient features of the screening protocol from a pamphlet distributed from a central laboratory. In comparison, a didactic lesson resulted in a significantly greater (p<0.00006) number of maternity staff learning about the salient features of the screening protocol. Most maternity staff expanded their explanation to parents of newborn babies because of the didactic lesson.
Resilience in siblings of children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Royal Charmaine D. , Headings Verle E. , Molnar Eva T. , Ampy Franklin R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis pilot study was conducted to identify factors responsible for promoting resilience in siblings of children with sickle cell disease. Twenty siblings (10–17 years of age) of children (5–13 years) with sickle cell disease were selected from the Pediatric Clinic of Howard University Center for Sickle Cell Disease. The siblings responded to questionnaires, and the data obtained was analyzed by chi‐square for association. The results indicated that age, birth order, and gender had no effect on resilience in the siblings. However, family size, number of parents in the home, sibling's knowledge of the illness, degree of morbidity of the illness, socioeconomic status of the family, and parents' attitudes and childrearing practices were all found to affect resilience. These findings provide additional insight into the psychosocial aspects of, and genetic counseling for sickle cell disease, as well as for other chronic genetic disorders.
Pre‐screening education in multiple marker screening programs: The effect on patient anxiety and knowledge
Authors: Ormond Kelly E. , Pergament Eugene , Fine Beth A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that unexplained deviations in maternal serum multiple marker screening (MMS) generate considerable anxiety during the remainder of pregnancy. While the role of education in decreasing anxiety is documented, to date there has been no prospective evaluation of which educational practices might minimize this emotional stress. In a pilot study, we prospectively examined the effects on anxiety and knowledge by providing information about MMS (1) by genetic counselor, (2) by pamphlet, and (3) by primary physician. Women randomized to one of these three modalities were administered the Spielberger State‐ Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] and knowledge questionnaires at their initial obstetrics visit, at their second visit after educational intervention and 1–2 weeks after MMS results were provided to patients. Education resulted in an increase in knowledge and post‐education knowledge was different between educational modalities. Anxiety declined in patients educated through genetic counseling or a pamphlet.