bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Livy’s Representation of the Regal Period
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysius’ preface makes his attitude to the role of the regal period particularly clear. Livy’s preface, although no less revealing, expresses a much less positive evaluation of the role of the regal period in Rome’s history. The very opening of the preface makes it clear that the early part of his history will be a testing point for the plan of his whole work. Livy declines to say whether he thinks it is worth the effort going through the story of the Roman people a primordio, but recognizes that it has been more usual for historians to be drawn to later events because of the greater certainty of the material, or because modern historiography gives greater opportunity to excel one’s predecessors in the art of writing. Even were this literary competition to consign Livy himself to oblivion, the greatness and nobility of his subject will be his consolation. Livy then expands upon this characterization of the early past to give a synoptic vision of Rome’s history, which stretches from exigua initia (slender beginnings) to the present, where she labours under her own size. To counter this idea of demoralization and decline, Livy brings forward his belief that moral corruption set in later at Rome than in any other state, and that the desire for luxury really was a recent development.
Greek Contexts
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman discourse is imbued with ‘Greek’ themes, and provides us with an excellent and comparatively familiar example of the complexity of relations between cultures in ancient Italy. Roman literature begins late, and plunges us into a complex cultural world. The earliest Roman literature presupposes knowledge of ‘Greek’ themes, and suggests the great extent to which Greek and Roman thought were linked. There are examples of clearly self-conscious adoptions and adaptations of a specifically Greek world-view. Thus, characters in Plautus make jokes which subvert to humorous effect Greek ethnocentrism which divided up the world into Greeks and barbarians.
Roman Contexts
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not from such parents as these were born the youth who fouled the sea with Punic blood, and brought low Pyrrhus, and Antiochus the Great, and terrible Hannibal, but the manly offspring of country soldiers were they, taught to tum the clods of earth with Sabellian hoes, and to carry home hewn logs to please their strict mother . . . By the Late Republic, it was common for ancient authors to locate moral excellence both in the past and outside the city of Rome. In Horace’s poem, from which I quote above, contemporary Rome is characterized by sexual and political dissipation, infected by foreign luxury, almost brought to her knees by recent foreign campaigns, her decadence summed up, significantly, by the image of an adulterous matura virgo (‘grown-up girl’). Images of a contrasting, rustic, pristine, masculine Italy abound in literature of the Late Republic and Early Empire, highlighting the immorality of the city.
Questions of Identity amongst the Peoples of the Central Apennines
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, ‘Roman Contexts’, I discussed why, when, and how the Romans began to use the ethnic ‘Sabellus’ to refer collectively to Sabines and Samnites after the Social War. The coinage of the ethnic ‘Sabellus’ was not the only means by which Romans grouped various peoples of the Central Apennines together without distinguishing individual tribes: by the Augustan period, these peoples are taken together in the ancient ethnographical tradition, and are said to share certain moral characteristics, such as bravery. This treatment is unique: no other Italian peoples are grouped together in quite this fashion. Belief in collective identities has been important in modern scholarship too: it has, until very recently, been generally argued, and occasionally even taken for granted that the prehistory of Italy can be understood in terms of large unities, such as an ‘Italic’ community. More specifically, historical collective activity on the part of peoples of the Central Apennines, most notably the Social War, has been explained in terms of the existence of shared ‘objective’ characteristics, such as a ‘Sabellian’ or ‘Sabellic’ character underlying activity in the historical era, apparently maintained without change as an inheritance from a prehistoric community.
Archaeological Prolegomena
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction is an attempt to give a brief theoretical basis to an analysis of the material culture of Latium in the early first millennium. It is important to be clear about the nature of the evidence from necropoleis and why it is so predominant, and also to have some approach to the study of ‘things’ as statements about people. The nature of the archaeological record in early Latium changes over time. For the second millennium BC, there are some traces of habitation in caves and fortified settlements, and route-ways for animal pasturage; gradually it becomes more possible to identify sites through ceramic scatters, which can be put into a rough series. During the Final Bronze Age, in Etruscan sites and in the Rome–Alban Hills complex, the necropolis evidence becomes crucial, and it is largely from this that conclusions have to be drawn.
The Late Bronze Age and Latial Period I
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand how Italian society developed in the various regions, it is essential to gain some perspective on the complex and far-flung pattern on trade and exchange throughout the Mediterranean: the necessity of beginning with the Mycenaean influence in order to understand later periods is stressed by Macnamara (1984; 421). It can be seen that the vigorous activity in the late Mycenaean period, though not necessarily all conducted by Mycenaean Greeks, had a most significant effect on southern Italy and Sicily. The central region of Italy, on the other hand, experienced the trade currents and external influences of the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age in varying degrees. Throughout the first half of the first millennium, for instance, Etruscan settlements were much more open to and affected by external influences than Latin settlements, but sites like Tarquinia and Caere lagged behind sites in southern Italy and the Po valley in the Late Bronze Age. The involvement of central Italy and of Latium in the Late Bronze Age was, as far as we can see, minimal.
Latial Period II
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second phase of Latin culture begins around the end of the tenth and carries on into the eighth century. This is also the beginning of the Iron Age, though very little iron is found in Latium before the end of this phase. The period is contemporary with the beginning of Villanovan culture in Etruria, with which Latin culture has clear parallels. In general terms, the period can be seen as one of consolidation. There is increasing wealth and increasing social differentiation. The customary division of the period into IIA and IIB somewhat arbitrarily indicates a point at which Latin civilization ceases to look back to its earliest traditions and begins to look forward to the orientalizing period. It seems undeniable that the development of a full aristocratic society in the eighth century is based on the advances of the ninth century towards stability. These advances grow out of the society described above for Period I.
Latial Period III
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighth century the entire Mediterranean was caught up in an accelerated trading network. At its heart was the expansion of the Phoenicians into the western Mediterranean, and the colonial adventure of the Greeks was also a significant stimulus to development. In Chapter 2 it was suggested that the presence of the Mycenaeans on the coast of Italy was a stimulus to the development of ‘urban’ sites, especially in the south and the Po valley. The same process is even more clearly visible in the eighth century, as southern Italy, Etruria, and Campania reacted in varying ways to the presence of Greeks in Italy, and of eastern goods and customs which permitted greater display and greater differentiation between those who could imitate the sophisticated foreign customs, and those who were excluded, at least for a while.
Latium: The Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of recurring themes dominate the archaeology of Latin sites in the sixth and early fifth centuries; domestic architecture, temple buildings, and votive deposits. There is a notable absence of any secure evidence concerning land use, and it is quite obvious that the houses of which we know represent no more than a small part of the habitations on the various sites. One presumes that they represent the houses of the aristocrats because of their size and permanence, in which case we are ignorant, as so often, of how and where the rest of the populace lived. We may begin with the three sites on the Via Salaria to the north of Rome. Antemnae has a large number of roof-tiles, ceramic ware, copper, and bronze, which seems to represent an increase in the number of buildings and an intense occupation, perhaps the most flourishing period of the city. In addition to the large numbers of buildings seen by Lanciani before the construction of the nineteenth-century fort, some of which may have had upper storeys in clay or rough bricks, there were found cisterns, wells, and a drainage system, which inspire comparison with the drainage of the centre of Rome at a similar period. There may also have been an internal road, part of the network joining the site to Rome. A wall and ditch protected the settlement; the wall may have encircled the site though possibly not of a regular height. An antefix of the Juno Lanuvina type has been attributed to the site and seems to date from the early fifth century, indicating a sanctuary preceding the Hellenistic phase, which is the earliest we know from other evidence.
Etruria: The Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some aspects of the archaeological evidence for Etruria are given here as a counterpoint to the more detailed presentation of evidence from Rome and Latium. In general, the Etruscan evidence shows more variety of local exotic ware, and more imported material in terms of types and quantity. The funerary evidence from Etruria is considerably greater and more elaborate than that from Latium, and only Rome is on a scale comparable with the great Etruscan centres. By the end of the seventh century the major Etruscan settlements were fairly advanced; they were developing orthogonal planning and there are other suggestions of a unified approach to the layout and organization of the community, through religion, fortifications, and clearly demarcated trading areas. Orthogonal planning was probably connected with augural practices, though there was a spectio along the Via Sacra in Rome, a city notorious for its lack of orthogonality.
Rome: The Archaeological Evidence
Authors: Smith Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a brief account of the archaeological evidence from Rome from the early sixth to the early fifth centuries. The evidence is arranged in four sections. The first attempts to show the evidence for Rome’s settlement pattern. The second is concerned with the religious buildings and sites in Rome; the social and political implications of religion are the subject of a later chapter. The third section focuses on the Forum area, and then on the Via Sacra leading out of the Forum, and the other roads in Rome. The final section is an account of the Forum Boarium. A concluding section summarizes the evidence for the unity of Rome, the main focus and purpose of the building activity, and the extent of non-Latin influence on the settlement.
A Provisional Translation of the Derveni Papyrus
Authors: Laks André , Most Glenn W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This translation cannot claim to be definitive; it merely represents our best understanding of the text as it is currently available. Our views do not necessarily coincide with those of the other authors in the present volume, and we have not modified their translations to agree with our own. We have added as little as possible in the way of explanatory material in parentheses; in the footnotes we have suggested a few further possibilities.K. Tsantsanoglou very kindly agreed to check the first version of our translation and also communicated to us per litt. a number of suggestions based upon his own supplements to the papyrus (indicated in the notes with the abbreviation Ts.); we have benefited greatly from his generosity and gratefully acknowledge his help.
Was Euthyphro the Author of the Derveni Papyrus?
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an article published more than twenty years ago I raised this question in a rather light-hearted way. Of course we cannot answer such a question with a categorical ‘Yes ‘ or ‘No ‘. The papyrus text is unsigned; and we know nothing about Euthyphro beyond what Plato tells us in two dialogues, the Euthyphro and the Cratylus. If the connection seems nevertheless worth pursuing, that is for two reasons. On the one hand, the philosophical allegories of the papyrus are of considerable importance for understanding one kind of doctrine that Plato is reacting against in the Cratylus, and which is attributed there to the inspiration of Euthyphro. And on the other hand, even if Euthyphro and the Derveni author are not the same person, they represent much the same religious and intellectual milieu. Or so I will argue.
Hocus-Pocus in East and West: Theogony, Ritual, and the Tradition of Esoteric Commentary
Authors: West Mar Tin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Derveni text is often described as a commentary on an Orphic theogony. This is a correct description as regards the greater part of it. From column VII to the end, there are constant references to and quotations of Orphic verses, and they are the subject of philosophical, allegorical exegesis. The exegesis seems to be systematic, in the sense that the verses appear to be quoted in more or less the proper sequence. When we put them together, we get, not indeed a continuous piece of poetry, but a series of fragments in which we can clearly see the outlines of a coherent narrative. In my book The Orphic Poems I was able to compose a continuous text out of them by supplementing a line here, a part of a line there, and sometimes an Orphic fragment known from elsewhere. There is no such clear development in the commentator ‘s thought from column to column.
Heraclitus in the Derveni Papyrus
Authors: Sider David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He may well of course have named one or two other sources in passages now lost; he clearly, whether or not he named him, quotes Homer in col. xxvi. He also quotes several other prose passages in addition to that of Heraclitus, as can be determined by the scribe’s use of paragraphoi before and and after direct quotations. But, to return to our starting point, given that only Orpheus and Heraclitus are named, it is understandable that the quotation of the latter has received a good deal of attention since its first appearance in print in the early 1980s, in articles written by Mouraviev, Burkert, Lebedev, Tsantsanoglou and Parassoglou, myself, and Schoenbeck.
The Gigantomachy
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, more than any other monument, embodies the meaning of the word ‘classical’, and as such, its sculpture is an appropriate place to begin a consideration of Dionysian imagery in fifth-century Athens. Images of Dionysos appeared three times on the east end of the building above the entrance to the cella that housed the chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos. He may also have appeared in the Gigantomachy painted or engraved inside Athena’s shield and at the birth of Pandora on the statue’s base. In the pediment he was a beardless youth of athletic build reclining on a leopard skin with his back to the marvellous happenings in the centre of the scene. In the frieze, again a beard less youth if Carrey’s drawings are to be believed, he sat on a stool with a himation about his waist and rested his right arm on Hermes’ shoulder. In the second metope from the left he fought a giant.
Dionysian Women
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most depictions of Dionysos mainomenos and in many depictions of the Return of Hephaistos, women accompany the god. In the preceding pages I have used the term ‘nymph’ rather than the more common ‘maenad’ when discussing these women, and this distinction is more than a matter of conventions. The term ‘maenad’, which on the most basic level simply means ‘madwoman’, is used in fifth-century literature principally for mortals. The term ‘nymph’, on the other hand, implies a divine or semi-divine status. I believe that during the first half of the fifth century Athenians would probably have understood most of the women with the god on vases to be nymphs connected with him directly or indirectly through narratives about his infancy and youth. Though this narrative connection is less clear during the second half of the century, and the women are often assigned symbolic names, there is still no reason to think of them as mortals.
Worship?
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where in the previous chapter I suggested that the female companions of Dionysos on Attic vases would have been understood by Athenians as nymphs rather than as maenads, here I tum to some scenes said to show mortals (presumably Athenians) participating in worship of Dionysos, scenes which raise important questions about the value vase paintings can have as evidence for Attic worship of any sort. I start with a depiction of orgiastic worship on a krater in Ferrara, then tum to the so-called ‘Lenaia vases’, which seem quite clearly to be connected with some sort of worship of the god, and conclude with some observations on vase paintings often cited as evidence for Athenians’ familiarity with ecstatic cult practices connected with Dionysos. The central question here is, on the basis of these images can we draw any firm conclusions about the nature of worship of Dionysos in fifth-century Athens?
Beards
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the surviving narratives about Dionysos (written or visual) tell of events that took place during his childhood or youth, but prior to the middle of the fifth century the Dionysos who appeared in Greek art was almost always a bearded adult, even when he was shown in episodes that must have taken place during his youth. Then, in the 430s Pheidias put a beardless Dionysos in the east pediment of the Parthenon and probably in the east frieze. By the last quarter of the century this beardless Dionysos appeared on pots by the Dinos Painter, and almost immediately the new form became the dominant one on vases. In sculpture the two forms continued to appear side by side on into Roman times.
Ancient Literatures of Western Asia
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter a further part of the groundwork will be laid for the comparisons that form the main substance of the book. The attempt will be made to give the reader some idea of the history and the nature of those oriental poetic and mythical traditions from which the evidence will mainly be drawn, and to introduce the specific texts to which reference will most frequently be made. We shall look in tum at the literatures of Mesopotamia, Ugarit, the Hebrews, 1the Phoenicians, and the Hurrians and Hittites. The poetic traditions of Mesopotamia claim our attention first and will hold it longest, on several grounds: their antiquity and continuity, the quantity of the surviving material, and the prominence that it will enjoy in the following chapters.
The Odyssey
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the last chapter I spoke of different strands in the fabric of the Iliad, and of the association of Near Eastern themes and motifs with particular ones among them. In the Odyssey the diversity of strands is more conspicuous. There is the so-called Telemachy, the story of Telemachus’ journey to Pylos and Sparta, which serves largely to set Odysseus’ return more clearly in the context of the other heroes’ returns; there is the tale of Odysseus’ wanderings, mainly presented in the form of a first-person narrative; there is the story of his homecoming and killing of the suitors; and over all, though rather intermittently, the divine machinery is in evidence. We shall find material for oriental comparisons in all of these, but above all in Odysseus’ wanderings.
Myths and Legends of Heroes
Authors: West M L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the late sixth century there existed a body of written epic containing within it one or more versions of most of the stories that made up what we think of as Classical mythology. Besides the Cyclic epics dealing with the Trojan War and its aftermath, there were the Oidipodeia, Thebais, and Epigonoi, concerned with the saga of the Labdacids at Thebes; the Danais and Phoronis, treating of Argive legends; the Corinthiaca ascribed to Eumelus, which focussed on Corinth; the Naupactia, that included the story of the Argo’s voyage; the ‘Hesiodic’ Melampodia, that contained stories of famous seers; Pisander of Rhodes’ epic about the deeds of Heracles, and other poems on individual exploits of his; and more. Towards the end of the period an Attic poet (as I believe) took the various genealogies current in different mythological traditions and worked them into a single comprehensive system which he expounded in a five-book continuation of Hesiod’s Theogony, the so¬ called Catalogue of Women or Ehoiai. Here most of the myths were at least alluded to, and set in a context. Epic poetry, of course, was not the only vehicle for mythical narrative. It often found a place in lyric, above all in the extended cantatas of Stesichorus. Around the end of the sixth century the first of the logographers appeared, Hecataeus of Miletus.
The Odrysian Kingdom Of Thrace
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spectacular archaeological discoveries were made during the 1970s and 1980s in Bulgaria and North Aegean Greece which sparked international interest in the forgotten Odrysian kingdom of Thrace. Here, for the first time, these and earlier discoveries are presented in their archaeological and historical context. The Thracians were the fabulously wealthy and populous neighbours of the ancient Greeks, whose golden age began in the fifth century BC when an inter-tribal state was created by the ruling dynasty of the tribe - the Odrysians. A vogue in the Greek world for Orpheus the Thracian coincided with the period of the Odrysians's greatest prominence. Not only does this book analyse the fascinating cultural amalgam of native, Persian, and Greek elements by the Odrysian governing elite, it also provides new data on the external relations of Athens, Thasos, and Macedon in the classical and early Hellenistic periods.
Introduction
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The East Balkan Peninsula Is Still Among the least explored and least known parts of Europe. Modern political divisions, geographical and ideological, have almost to the present day conspired to prolong the isolation imposed by five centuries of Ottoman rule. But this isolation is of more recent origin than at first appears. Throughout prehistory and down to the final centuries of the Byzantine empire, these regions were closely linked to the eastern Mediterranean through the periodic movement of people and through networks of friendship, alliance, and exchange. This book is concerned with one phase of this phenomenon.