bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symplectic Fibrations
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a general discussion of symplectic fibrations. Its main feature is a simple construction of a symplectic form on the total space of a symplectic fibration that is due to Thurston, The next section describes in detail the basic example of symplectic ruled surfaces. These are symplectic 2-sphere bundles over Riemann surfaces. Section 6.3 develops the notions of symplectic connection and holonomy, which were already implicit in Thurston’s proof.
Area-Preserving Diffeomorphisms
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An essential feature of sympleetic geometry is that there is a rich group of diffeomorphisms that preserve the sympleetic structure. This part of the book develops the basic theory of such symplectomorphisms. We begin with the 2-dimensional case in which symplectomorphisms are just areaand orientation-preserving diffeomorphisms. These arise as Poincare sections for Hamiltonian systems in a 4-dimensional phase space (in classical terminology with 2 degrees of freedom). A celebrated landmark in this subject is Poincare’s last geometric theorem, proved by Birkhoff in the 1920s, which asserts that an area-preserving twist map of the annulus must have at least two distinct fixed points. This result can be viewed as the first theorem in global symplectic geometry. We shall prove below the existence of one fixed point.
The Group of Symplbctomorphisms
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the basic properties of the group Symp(M) of symplectomorphisms of a compact symplectic manifold and its subgroup Ham(M) consisting of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. We begin by showing that Ham(M) is a normal subgroup of Symp(Af). We then discuss the flux homomorphism (sometimes also known as the first Calabi homomorphism). The main result here is Theorem 10.12 which characterizes the Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms in terms of the flux homomorphism.
New Directions
Authors: McDuff Dusa , Salamon Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an outlook on the basic existence and uniqueness problems for symplectic structures. In the last few years some deep and fundamental techniques have been developed for tackling such questions. They include Taubes’ results about the Seiberg–Witten invariants and Donaldson’s construction of symplectic submanifolds and topological Lefschetz fibrations. Together with the Gromov–Witten invariants and Floer homology, they form the geometric and analytical basis for many of the new results in this area.
Resume of physical principles
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The surface is irradiated with an electron beam of sufficient energy, 1 to 30 keV, to ionize one or more shallow core levels in surface atoms. Following ionization the atom relaxes either by the ejection of a characteristic X-ray photon (fluorescence) or by the ejection of an Auger electron, but for shallow levels the latter process is by far the more probable. The Auger process for an atom in a solid is shown schematically in Fig. 2.1.
Electron excitation: inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The technique of Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy, or IPES, was, and still is by a few workers, called Bremsstrahlung Isochromat Spectroscopy (BIS}. Both names give a clue to the mode of operation, which in principle, and to a certain extent in practice, is quite simple. The surface is irradiated with monoenergetic electrons and the bremsstrahlung photons so created are detected at a fixed wavelength, while the energy of the primary electrons is scanned. If no angular resolution is required in the measurements, then it is adequate to provide primary electrons simply from a hot filament in front of the surface being studied. However, much additional information can be obtained from angularly resolved studies, which require a focused beam, and in any case most workers already have available on their equipment one or other of the various designs of electron gun described under Section 3.2.1.
Electron excitation: electron stimulated desorption (ESD) and electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (ESDIAD)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD) and Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD, q.v.) are probably the most notable examples of the maxim that one man’s artefact is another man’s technique. Whenever electron, or to a lesser extent, photon, probes are used for surface analysis there is always the worry that the probe itself may be changing the surface composition and/or chemistry during the measurement. In AES the number of recorded examples of electron beam effects is by now considerable. The desorption techniques, however, actually use the probe/surface interaction that is so troublesome elsewhere as a means of characterization in its own right.
Photon excitation: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conventional XPS, X-radiation from either an Al or an Mg unmonochromatized source of a type similar to that described under section 3.2.2 and illustrated in Fig. 3.7 falls on the surface of the sample to be analysed, in a chamber at ultra-high vacuum. Less frequently, and usually for special purposes, monochromatic radiation from an Al source produced according to the principle of Fig. 3.9 is used. The energies of photoelectrons ejected from the sample are measured in a Concentric Hemispherical Analyser (CHA), whose principles of operation are described under section 3.3.4, and which is shown schematically in Fig. 3.22. In most modern spectrometers the CHA has an input lens system that allows a greater solid angle of photoelectrons to be collected and in which pre-retardation of electrons to the entrance slit of the CHA is performed. A schematic diagram of a typical configuration in a spectrometer is shown in Fig. 10.1 (courtesy of Leybold Ltd.). In that case the sample for analysis is placed in a slot cut in a shaft that slides in and out of the analysis chamber, which is just one of the many different methods of rapid sample insertion that are now available on current equipment.
Photon excitation: reflection-absorption infra red spectroscopy (RAIRS) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This technique is known also as Infra-Red Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (IRAS), by a rearrangement of title words, but RAIRS seems now to be more generally accepted. As will be described below, the modern version of infra-red spectroscopy employing Fourier transform techniques has also been applied here, leading to the acronym variations FT-RAIRS and FT-IRAS.
Thermal excitation: thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)
Authors: Riviere J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TDS has been used very extensively, but not as a general analytical tool in the same sense as have XPS or AES. In basic experiments concerned with the study of the reactions between pure gases and clean solid surfaces, TDS is now regarded as an indispensable adjunct to the other techniques used principally in fundamental surface science, such as UPS, LEED, and work function measurement. Thus TDS is to be found in use in virtually every academic laboratory carrying out research into the reactivity of surfaces, but not at all in analytical laboratories associated with technological or trouble-shooting activities. Note that TDS is also known as Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Temperature Programmed Mass Spectrometry (TPMS).
Real quasicrystals: preparation and characterization
Authors: Janot C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even if Chapter 1 has been convincing enough for the reader to be persuaded that quasiperiodic arrangements of atoms are a possible state of matter, this by no means implies that real materials do fulfil such a type of order. This is the purpose of Chapter 2: to prove this point by describing how quasi crystals can be prepared.
Phonons, phasons, and dislocations in quasicrystals
Authors: Janot C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In studying quasi crystal structures in the last two chapters, it has mostly been assumed that atoms were at rest at their lattice sites and that there was no moving or static defect within the atomic arrangements. Atoms, however, as in normal crystals, are not quite stationary but oscillate around their equilibrium positions as a result of thermal energy, and experience occasional jumps from site to site. These dynamics and defect aspects have a fundamental influence on the thermal, acoustic, optical, and mechanical properties of the materials.
Universality
Authors: Binney J J , Dowrick N J , Fisher A J , Newman M E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 10 to 12 we have seen that the critical exponents of the Landau-Ginzburg model agree well with experiment (see Box 14.1 for a summary of results). This is good, but it is also slightly surprising. The Landau-Ginzburg Hamiltonian is one of the simplest possible non-Gaussian Hamiltonians, containing only one non-Gaussian term. Even the Ising model has an effective Hamiltonian which is much more complicated than this (see Appendix K). Yet not only do the critical exponents of the Landau-Ginzburg model agree with those of the Ising model, they agree with those of real physical systems too. This requires an explanation.
Experimental Techniques in Low-Temperature Physics
Authors: White Guy K , Meeson Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like for its three predecessors, the purpose of this fourth edition is chiefly to help physicists, physical chemists, materials scientists, metallurgists, engineers, and biologists to carry out investigations at low temperatures. This new edition takes into account the major changes in cryogenic technology over the past twenty years. These changes include areas of temperature measurement and control, superconducting magnets, cryocoolers, ultra-low temperatures, technical data on materials, commercially available cryostats for optical, x-ray, thermal and electrical measurements. Less emphasis is now placed on methods of constructing cryostats in the laboratory and more emphasis on commercially available cryostats, temperature controllers, and closed circuit cryocoolers. The book contains comprehensive, up-to-date tables of physical property data on metals, polymers, and ceramics. It will be of value to graduate students as well as to engineers and biologists facing cryogenic problems.
Magnets
Authors: White Guy K , Meeson Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnets are a ubiquitous part of experimental low-temperature work. Their uses range from small magnets, say below I T, used to operate superconducting heat switches or for NMR thermometry to intense high-field magnets, achieving in excess of 50 T, commonly used to apply quantizing fields for experiments on electrons in metals and semiconductors. The widespread usefulness of magnets in low-temperature physics stems ultimately from two reasons: (i) the metallurgical advances in superconducting wire since the 1960s and the consequent ready commercial availability of wire in all sorts of high-grade formats; and (ii) the similarity in energy between the Zeeman splitting achievable with modern magnets and the temperatures now easily available.
Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Krauth Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses the computational approach in modern statistical physics in a clear and accessible way and demonstrates its close relation to other approaches in theoretical physics. Individual chapters focus on subjects as diverse as the hard sphere liquid, classical spin models, single quantum particles and Bose-Einstein condensation. Contained within the chapters are in-depth discussions of algorithms, ranging from basic enumeration methods to modern Monte Carlo techniques. The emphasis is on orientation, with discussion of implementation details kept to a minimum. Illustrations, tables and concise printed algorithms convey key information, making the material very accessible. The book is completely self-contained and graphs and tables can readily be reproduced, requiring minimal computer code. Most sections begin at an elementary level and lead on to the rich and difficult problems of contemporary computational and statistical physics. The book will be of interest to a wide range of students, teachers and researchers in physics and the neighbouring sciences. An accompanying CD allows incorporation of the book’s content (illustrations, tables, schematic programs) into the reader’s own presentations.
Dynamic Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Krauth Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first six chapters of this book, we have concentrated on equilibrium statistical mechanics and related computational-physics approaches, notably the equilibrium Monte Carlo method. These and other approaches allowed us to determine partition functions, energies, superfluid densities, etc. Physical time played a minor role, as the observables were generally time-independent. Likewise, Monte Carlo “time” was treated as of secondary interest, if not a nuisance: we strove only to make things hap pen as quickly as possible, that is, to have algorithms converge rapidly. The moment has come to reach beyond equilibrium statistical mechanics, and to explore time-dependent phenomena such as the crystallization of hard spheres after a sudden increase in pressure or the magnetic re sponse of rising spins to an external field switched on at some initial time.
The evolution of virulence in AIDS viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was first described in 1981 when clusters of gay men living in a number of American cities were found to be suffering from a variety of rare opportunistic infections caused by a deficiency in CD4+ T-helper cells, a crucial part of the human immune system. Within two years the cause of AIDS, a retrovirus later christened the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) was isolated, with a related virus, HIV-2, discovered a few years later. Since this time HIV has spread worldwide causing a global pandemic.
The timing of sex in cyclically parthenogenetic rotifers
Authors: Serra Manuel , Snell Terry W , King Charles E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cyclical parthenogenesis is a mode of reproduction that combines parthenogenesis with episodic sexual recombination. It has evolved independently several times, but is largely restricted to parasitic trematodes, gall wasps, gall midges, aphids, and two groups of zooplankters: cladocerans and monogonont rotifers (Bell 1982; see also De Meester et al., Chapter 11). Cyclical parthenogenesis can be regarded as an optimal combination of a demographic phase during which there is rapid clonal propagation, and a sexual phase during which meiosis and recombination create new genotypic variation. Each of these phases has its own evolutionary and ecological advantages and costs.
Introgression and hybrid speciation via transposition
Authors: Fontdevila Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the advent of the biological species concept (Dobzhansky 1937), defined as a set of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other similar sets, interspecific hybrids have been stigmatized as low fitness genotypes due to the supposedly highly effective reproductive isolation mechanisms inherent to true species. Consequently, hybrids were viewed as lineages devoid of evolutionary significance. Ironically, some early naturalists, including Linnaeus and later several neo-Darwinian evolutionists such as Anderson, Stebbins, and Grant, considered hybridization as a source of new species (Arnold 1997).
Molecular evidence on the origin of and the phylogenetic relationships among the major groups of vertebrates
Authors: Zardoya Rafael , Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vertebrates are a good model to study macroevolutionary patterns and processes because they possess a comparatively well known fossil record (Carroll 1997). Thanks to the detailed investigations of several generations of morphologists and paleontologists over the last two centuries, it has been possible to reconstruct the phylogeny of vertebrates with some degree of confidence (Fig. 18.1). A robust phylogenetic framework of vertebrates is fundamental for comparative studies in this group.
Soviet Pilgrims
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sage and Eileen were a politically active couple during their London years, but when they returned to Cambridge in the autumn of 1927, Eileen could not easily resume her Labour Party work and Sage’s first priority was to organize his new department. Although most of his political comrades from undergraduate days such as Dickinson, Hutt and Montagu had moved to start careers in other places, Maurice Dobb was an economics don at Trinity College and poised to become the most influential communist in the University. While Sage may have let his CPGB membership lapse, his affiliation was never in doubt or concealed. One can speculate that having renounced the Catholic Church, which once offered him such comfort, Bernal was eager for any alternative system of beliefs that would bring a comparable level of certainty to his life. In Microcosm, Bernal recognized the integrative nature of his own mind, and it is not surprising that all-encompassing philosophies like Freudianism and Marxism appealed to him. The combination of the two isms, each with its closed ideology irrefutable by discordant facts and each undermining the bourgeoisie, was fashionable in intellectual circles of the day.
Bombing Strategy
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the crucial Battle of Britain was won by the magnificent few of Fighter Command, the RAF from its inception had been intended as an offensive bomber force. Sir Hugh Trenchard, the first Chief of Air Staff, pointed out to his fellow chiefs in 1929 that an air force held an advantage over an army or navy in being able to take the fight directly to the enemy nation, without needing to defeat its armed forces first. It could therefore ‘attack direct the centres of production, transportation and communication from which the enemy war effort is maintained’. Even more than the physical damage that an air force could wreak, Trenchard was aware of the fear that would be induced by heavy bombing and estimated that ‘the moral effect of bombing stands undoubtedly to the material effect in a proportion of twenty to one’.
Central Dogma
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1930s, the Rockefeller Foundation supported several small European meetings where physicists were invited to pollinate the debate about fundamental problems in biology. One of these gatherings took place at Klampenborg, about ten kilometres from Copenhagen, early in April 1938. A mixed British contingent of scientists, with Astbury and Bernal representing X-ray crystallography, attended. The crossing from Harwich to the Hook of Holland was distinctly rough, and while most of the party attempted to sleep despite the rolling of the ship, Bernal sat up in the second-class lounge deep in conversation with a tall, rather sleek, young man. His companion was Cyril Darlington, Director of the John Innes Horticultural Institute – a geneticist who had recently written on the coiling of chromosomes. Darlington had proposed that this observable alteration in chromosomal form might be due to an invisible molecular spiral in the constituent nucleoprotein. During the night, Darlington taught Sage ‘all the genetics and cytology anyone needs to know’.
Years Of Struggle
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernal and Margot Heinemann were well matched: both shared a passion for literature and politics. The 1950s was probably Bernal’s most stable decade domestically, although he was far from settled into a conventional style of life. Soon after Jane was born, they moved to a house in Highgate (a move probably financed from the Stalin Peace Prize). The house was not lavish and the family’s material needs were met by Sage’s professorial salary of over £2,000 per annum. In the 1950s, it was quite shocking for an unmarried couple to be living together and raising a child, let alone when the man was still married to another woman. There were also the added complexities that attached to being a communist household – although such a distinction mattered less in London than it did in communist states.
The design and analysis of biodiversity experiments
Authors: Schmid B , Hector A , Huston M A , lnchausti P , Nijs I , Leadley P W , Tilman D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biodiversity changes have been recognized as one of the major components of global change (Chapin et al. 2000). The investigation of the potential consequences that changes in biodiversity can have on ecosystem processes has aroused considerable interest (Naeem et al. 1994a; Tilman et al. 1996; Leadley and Korner 1996; Hooper and Vitousek 1997; Hector et al. 1999; Wardle et al. 1999; Van der Putten et al. 2000) as well as debate on the ecological interpretations and the scale of the inference that can be drawn from recent experiments (Grime 1997; Huston 1997; Wardle 1999; Huston et al. 2000). Despite these challenges, we believe that the experimental approach can help us to understand the links between biodiversity, community- and ecosystem-level processes, and abiotic factors better (Bazzaz 1996; Lawton 2000; Loreau et al. 2001).
Core Polarization
Authors: Castel B , Towner I S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has already been pointed out that the measured magnetic moments for odd-mass nuclei differ significantly from the extreme single-particle estimates. In terms of the Schmidt diagrams, Figs. 1.1 and 1.2, experimental magnetic moments lie for the most part between the Schmidt lines. In this chapter we begin our discussion of why this is so. There are two principal reasons. One, the extreme single-particle model is too simplistic; there will be configuration admixtures which can be small in magnitude but which nonetheless can have a significant impact on the calculated magnetic moments. These corrections represent an inadequacy of the wave function and are the subject of the present chapter. Second, the form of the magnetic moment operator may be incomplete. There are corrections to the operator arising from the fact that nucleons in the nucleus are interacting with each other through the exchange of mesons. These processes lead to additional terms to the magnetic moment operator that are of two-body character. These meson-exchange current (MEC) processes will be discussed in the next chapter.
Nuclear Moments: Future Directions
Authors: Castel B , Towner I S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, progress in knowledge of nuclear moments has developed along several branches beyond the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments which have been the focus of our attention so far. We devote this chapter to a discussion of what we consider are promising new directions in investigations involving nuclear moments. We first discuss E4 moments and transitions before turning to monopole transitions and concluding with an appraisal of a current relativistic model.