bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attachment to a National Money: Evidence on Currency Holding at Different Levels of Development
Authors: Jefferson Philip N. , O'Connell Stephen A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMost governments issue and maintain a national money stock. Their reasons for doing so include national identity, deficit finance, and policy independence. Against this background, the authors examine agents’ attachment to national currencies as revealed in the pattern of currency holding across countries and over time. The econometric evidence suggests that economic theory can enhance our understanding of these patterns. In a sample of more than 130 countries from 1960 to 1998, the most defensible reduced‐form estimates impute some explanatory power to the various stages of financial development. Along with expected inflation and worldwide financial innovation, this factor provides a partial explanation of currency use around the world. Much variation in currency use across countries over time remains unexplained, however. This suggests that economists’ understanding of the attachment to national currencies is far from complete.
Swidden Agriculture in Developing Countries
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A. , Beladi Hamid 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSmall farmers in many tropical developing countries practice swidden agriculture. A key aspect of swidden agriculture is the time period during which the land is left fallow. This paper uses a new ecological–economic approach to study the fallow period and to determine the optimal length of this period in swidden agriculture. The authors first construct a theoretical model of a parcel of forest land that has been cleared for swidden agriculture. It is then shown how the dynamic and the stochastic properties of this cleared land can be used to derive two objective functions for a small farmer that are ecologically meaningful. Finally, using these two objectives, a probabilistic approach to the determination of the optimal length of the fallow period is discussed. In this approach, the focus of the small farmer is on maintaining the ecological and the economic sustainability of swidden agriculture on the cleared parcel of forest land (CPFL).
Reforming Food Subsidy Schemes: Estimating the Gains from Self‐targeting in India
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar , Ramaswami Bharat 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe paper uses the theoretical framework of the theory of tax reform to analyze whether a “small” change in an existing food subsidy program can be both welfare‐improving and revenue‐neutral. It shows how existing econometric methods can be adapted to estimate demand parameters even when household‐level data exhibit little price variation because the government controls food prices. The methodology is used to estimate welfare changes from shifting a rupee of subsidy on existing commodities to coarse cereals in the Indian public distribution system.
KIT expression in fetal, normal adult, and neoplastic renal tissues
Authors: Miliaras D , Karasavvidou F , Papanikolaou A , Sioutopoulou D 
Published: April 2004

Background:KIT is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor, expressed in high amounts in various normal cells. In addition, c-kit mutation or activation is a major pathogenetic event in certain tumours (such as gastrointestinal stromal tumours). There are only limited data in the literature on the expression of KIT in normal and neoplastic renal tissues.Aims:To investigate KIT expression in normal and neoplastic renal tissues.Methods:KIT expression was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry in paraffin wax embedded sections from 67 tissue samples.Results:Eight of eight fetal kidneys, and 10 of 10 normal adult kidneys revealed cytoplasmic staining of renal tubules. The three cases of renal dysplasia studied expressed KIT in their normal and aberrant tubules. Two of 13 conventional renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), two of seven papillary type RCCs, four of seven chromophobe type RCCs, none of six nephroblastomas, seven of seven oncocytomas, two of two mesoblastic nephromas, and two of four angiomyolipomas were positive.Conclusion:KIT is expressed in normal fetal and adult renal tubules, and in a subset of renal tumours. The expression of KIT in these renal tumours may prove to have diagnostic relevance and/or therapeutic implications.
Deep Vein Thrombosis Resolution Is Modulated by Monocyte CXCR2-Mediated Activity in a Mouse Model
Authors: Henke Peter K. , Varga Andrea , De Sumit , Deatrick C. Barry , Eliason Jonathon , Arenberg Douglas A. , Sukheepod Pasu , Thanaporn Porama , Kunkel Steven L. , Upchurch Gilbert R. , Wakefield Thomas W. 
Published: April 2004

Objective—To determine the role of CXCR2, the receptor for cysteine-X-cysteine (CXC) chemokines, and its primary effector cell, the neutrophil (PMN), on deep venous thrombosis (DVT) resolution.Methods and Results—DVT in BALB/c, anti-CXCR2 antibody-treated, and BALB/c CXCR2−/−mice were created by infrarenal inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation and the thrombus harvested at various time points over 21 days. The CXCR2−/−mice had significantly larger thrombi at early time points (days 2 to 8), and significantly decreased intrathrombus PMNs, monocytes, and neovascularization as compared with controls. Thrombus KC/CXCL1 was significantly higher at 2 days in CXCR2−/−thrombi as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fibrin content was significantly higher, with less uPA gene expression at 4 days in CXCR2−/−thrombi. Late fibrotic maturation of the thrombus was delayed in the CXCR2−/−mice, with significantly decreased 8 day MMP-2 activity, whereas MMP-9 activity was elevated as compared with controls. Similar impairment in DVT resolution was found at 8 days with anti-CXCR2 inhibition. However, systemic neutropenia, unlike CXCR2 deletion, did not increase the thrombus size as compared with controls.Conclusions—Normal DVT resolution involves CXCR2-mediated neovascularization, collagen turnover, and fibrinolysis, and it is probably primarily monocyte-dependent.
Magnitude of Response With Myeloma Frontline Therapy Does Not Predict Outcome: Importance of Time to Progression in Southwest Oncology Group Chemotherapy Trials
Authors: Durie Brian G.M. , Jacobson Joth , Barlogie Bart , Crowley John 
Published: April 2004

Purpose Four Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) standard-dose chemotherapy protocols for multiple myeloma (MM) initiated between 1982 and 1992 were evaluated. The purpose was to clarify the predictive value of specific levels of myeloma-associated monoclonal protein reduction and time to first progression using mature data sets. Patients and Methods Study data on 1,555 eligible previously untreated patients with MM enrolled onto SWOG phase III trials 8229, 8624, 9028, and 9210 were used in these analyses. Six-month and 12-month landmark analyses were performed to evaluate the outcome for patients in each response category. Results The overall and event-free survivals for the four protocols combined were 33 months and 18 months, respectively. Using 6- and 12-month landmarks, the median survivals of 30 to 35 months were not different for responders (≥ 50% and ≥ 75% regression) versus nonresponders in patients without disease progression before the landmarks. Conversely, at the 6- and 12-month landmarks, the median survivals for patients who had experienced disease progression were 13 and 15 months, respectively, versus a 34-month median for patients who did not experience progression. Using the Cox survival model, with response and progression considered as time-dependent covariates, survival duration was influenced more by the occurrence of progression than by the occurrence of response. Conclusion The magnitude of response, as a single variable, does not predict survival duration. Patients with response and stable disease have equivalent outcome. Only patients with progressive disease have a poorer outcome. The best indicator of survival is time to first progression.
Are Chemotherapy Response Rates Related to Treatment-Induced Survival Prolongations in Patients With Advanced Cancer?
Authors: Shanafelt Tait D. , Loprinzi Charles , Marks Randolph , Novotny Paul , Sloan Jeff 
Published: April 2004

Purpose Patients with incurable cancer are faced with difficult decisions regarding whether to take chemotherapy in an attempt to preserve the quality and/or prolong the quantity of their lives. The average prolongation in survival with chemotherapy compared with best supportive care has not been well described. Methods We performed a literature search using PUBMED combined with expert inquiry to identify trials comparing cytotoxic chemotherapy with best supportive care. Twenty-five randomized, controlled clinical trials comparing cytotoxic chemotherapy with best supportive care were identified. Sixteen trials (64%) were in patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Data were extracted and analyzed. Results Sufficient data for statistical modeling were available for NSCLC trials. The mean sample size of the NSCLC trials was 175 patients. Response rates in the treatment arms for NSCLC ranged from 7% to 42%. A relationship between response rate and survival was observed for NSCLC. The estimated relationship for NSCLC suggested that each 3.3% increase in response rate correlated, on average, with a 1-week increase in median survival, and each 2% increase in response rate correlated, on average, with a 1% increase in 1-year survival. The mean increase in 1-year survival for trials of agents with at least a 20% response rate in NSCLC was 16%. Formulas are provided to help estimate how a given response rate may effect median and 1-year survival relative to best supportive care alone for NSCLC. Conclusion We found a relationship between response rate and both median and 1-year survival in NSCLC. This information may help oncologists estimate how an NSCLC chemotherapy regimen with a given response rate can, on average, impact survival relative to supportive care alone.
Preparation and
D
iels‐
A
lder reaction of a 2‐Amido Substituted Furan: tert‐Butyl 3a‐Methyl‐5‐Oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐Hexahydroindole‐1‐Carboxylate
Authors: Padwa Albert , Brodney Michael A. , Lynch Stephen M. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

tert‐Butyl 3a‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐hexahydroindole‐1‐carboxylate

R 2‐Furoylchloride

I Furan‐2‐ylcarbamic acid tert‐butyl ester

tert‐Butyl N‐(3‐methyl‐3‐butenyl)‐N‐(2furyl)carbamate

P tert‐Butyl 3a‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2,3,3a,4,5,6‐hexahydroindole‐1‐carboxylate
1,2‐Metallate Rearrangement: (Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐Octen‐1‐ol
Authors: Jarowicki Krzysztof , Kocienski Philip J. , Qun Liu 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐octen‐1‐01

R 2,3‐Dihydro‐o‐furyllithium

Lithium dibutylcuprate

P (Z)‐4‐(2‐Propenyl)‐3‐octen‐1‐01
Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lyle J. Paul , Granger Douglas A. , Sanders Robert E. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Metallurgy of Aluminum Alloys2.1.Composition2.2.Solidification and Cast Structure2.2.1.Grain Size and Dendrite Arm Spacing2.2.2.Segregation2.2.3.Porosity2.2.4.Nonmetallic Inclusions2.3.Thermal and Mechanical Processes2.3.1.Preheating2.3.2.Non‐Heat‐Treatable Alloy Processes2.3.3.Heat‐Treatable Alloy Processes3.Production Methods for Aluminum Alloys3.1.Melting and Metal Treatment3.1.1.Impurities in the Molten Metal3.1.2.Alloying3.1.3.Recycling and Skim Treatment3.1.4.Molten Metal Treatment3.2.Casting Processes for Ingot3.3.Shaped Casting3.3.1.Die Casting3.3.2.Permanent Mold Casting3.3.3.Sand Casting3.4.Mill Products3.4.1.Plate, Sheet, and Foil3.4.2.Extrusions3.4.3.Forgings3.4.4.Other Mill Products3.5.Powder and Paste4.Commercial Alloys, Products, and Uses4.1.Aluminum Association Designations for Alloys and Tempers4.2.Alloys for Castings4.3.Alloys for Wrought Products4.4.Comparison of Designation Systems4.5.Alloys for Powder Metallurgy Products5.Manufacture of Articles from Aluminum Products5.1.Shaping5.2.Joining5.2.1.Mechanical Joining5.2.2.Metallurgical Joining5.2.3.Adhesive Bonding5.3.Cleaning and Finishing5.3.1.Mechanical Cleaning and Finishing5.3.2.Chemical Cleaning and Finishing5.3.3.Chemical Etching5.3.4.Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening5.3.5.Chemical Conversion Coating5.3.6.Anodizing5.3.7.Metal Coatings5.3.8.Paints and Organic Films5.3.9.Porcelain Enamels6.Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum6.1.Pitting Corrosion6.2.Electrode Potentials6.3.Crevice Corrosion6.4.Intergranular Corrosion and Stress‐Corrosion Cracking6.5.Exfoliation Corrosion6.6.Ratings for Resistance to Corrosion6.7.Corrosion Prevention7.Major Markets
Aminophenols
Authors: Mitchell Stephen C. , Waring Rosemary H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Aminophenols1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.Reduction1.3.2.Substitution1.3.3.Purification1.4.Storage and Handling1.5.Analysis1.6.Environmental Aspects1.7.Uses1.8.Toxicology2.Aminophenol Derivatives2.1.Derivatives of 2‐Aminophenol2.2.Derivatives of 3‐Aminophenol2.3.Derivatives of 4‐Aminophenol
Lead Compounds
Authors: Carr Dodd S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Lead Salts and Oxides2.1.Lead Acetates2.2.Lead Carbonates2.3.Lead Halides2.4.Lead Oxides2.5.Lead Silicates2.6.Lead Sulfates2.7.Other Lead Salts3.Organolead Compounds4.Occupational Health
Leuco Esters of Vat Dyes
Authors: Pink Toby 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Manufacturing Methods Using Sulfur Trioxide‐Amine Addition Compounds

2.1.

The Durand & Huguenin Process for Indigoid Dyes

2.2.

The Scottish Dyes Process for Anthraquinone Dyes

2.3.

The IG Farben (Hoechst) Process for Indanthrone Dyes

2.4.

Miscellaneous Processes

3.

The ICI Process Using Chlorosulfonate as Esterifying Agent

4.

Properties

5.

Uses

6.

Economic Aspects
Methane
Authors: Nyns Edmond‐Jacques 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical and Chemical Properties of Biogas3.Biological Methanogenesis4.Technological Biomethanation5.Feedstocks for Biomethanation6.Process and Environmental Parameters for Stable, Efficient Biomethanation7.Environmental Impact of Biomethanation8.Storage, Pretreatment, Upgrading and Uses of Biogas9.Analysis10.Biogas in Developing Countries11.Economic Aspects
Mica
Authors: Benbow Richard J. , De Jong Bernard H. W. S. , Adams Jane W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structure and Properties3.Occurrence4.Processing4.1.Sheet Mica4.2.Ground Mica5.Uses5.1.Sheet Mica5.2.Ground Mica6.Toxicology and Occupational Health7.Economic Aspects8.Fluorinated Micas
Naphthalene Derivatives
Authors: Booth Gerald 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Naphthalenesulfonic Acids2.1.Production and Properties2.2.Monosulfonic Acids2.3.Disulfonic Acids2.4.Tri‐ and Tetrasulfonic Acids2.5.Alkylnaphthalenesulfonic Acids3.Naphthols3.1.1‐Naphthol3.2.2‐Naphthol3.3.Naphthalenediols3.4.Hydroxynaphthoic Acids4.Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.1.Production and Properties4.2.1‐Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.3.2‐Hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.4.1‐Hydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids4.5.2‐Hydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids4.6.Hydroxynaphthalenetrisulfonic Acids4.7.Dihydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids4.8.Dihydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids5.Aminonaphthalenes5.1.Naphthylamines5.2.Naphthalenediamines6.Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.1.Production and Properties6.2.1‐Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.3.2‐Aminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.4.1‐Aminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.5.2‐Aminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.6.Aminonaphthalenetrisulfonic Acids6.7.Diaminonaphthalenesulfonic Acids6.8.Diaminonaphthalenedisulfonic Acids6.9.Toxicity7.Aminonaphthols8.Aminohydroxynaphthalenesulfonic Acids8.1.Production and Properties8.2.Aminohydroxynaphthalenemonosulfonic Acids8.3.Aminohydroxynaphthalenedisulfonic Acids
Perfumes
Authors: Sturm Wolfgang , Peters Klaus 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Raw Materials and Production

3.

Perfume Compositions

4.

Development of Extrait Perfumes

4.1.

Fragrance Concepts

4.2.

Fragrance Notes

5.

Perfumes for Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Household Products

6.

Economic Aspects
Phenothiazine and Derivatives
Authors: Taurand Gérard 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Uses and Biological Activity2.1.Therapeutic Uses2.2.Biological Activity2.3.Other Uses3.Syntheses and Reactions3.1.Ring Syntheses3.2.N‐Substituted Phenothiazines3.3.C‐Substituted Phenothiazines3.4.Analogues and Miscellaneous Compounds3.5.Other Chemical Properties of the Phenothiazine Nucleus4.Physical Properties5.Toxicology
Phosphorus Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Bettermann Gerhard , Krause Werner , Riess Gerhard , Hofmann Thomas 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Phosphorus ‐ Oxygen Compounds1.1.Phosphorus Pentoxide1.2.Other Phosphorus Oxides1.3.Phosphorus Acids and their Salts1.3.1.Phosphinic Acid1.3.2.Phosphonic Acid2.Phosphorus ‐ Halogen Compounds2.1.Phosphorus Tri‐ and Pentahalides2.1.1.Phosphorus Trichloride2.1.2.Phosphorus Pentachloride2.1.3.Phosphorus Tribromide2.1.4.Phosphorus Fluorides2.2.Phosphoryl and Thiophosphoryl Halides2.2.1.Phosphoryl Chloride2.2.2.Thiophosphoryl Chloride3.Phosphorus Sulfides4.Phosphides5.Phosphorus ‐ Hydrogen Compounds6.Phosphorus ‐ Nitrogen Compounds7.Toxicology
Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Pfisterer Fritz 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Need for Renewable Energies ‐ History of Photovoltaics3.Fundamentals3.1.Features of Photovoltaic Cells3.2.Principle of the Photovoltaic Effect and Characteristics of Photovoltaic Cells3.3.Energy Conversion and Energy Losses in Photovoltaic Cells3.4.Equivalent Circuit and Current ‐ Voltage Characteristic of Solar Cells3.5.Tandem Structures3.6.Types of Semiconductor Junctions4.Types of Photovoltaic Cells4.1.Single‐ and Multicrystalline Solar Cells4.2.Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells4.3.Crystalline Silicon Thin‐Film Solar Cells4.4.Summary of the Status of Silicon Solar Cells4.5.Compound Semiconductor Solar Cells4.6.Other Types of Photovoltaic Cells4.7.Photovoltaic Modules5.Uses5.1.Stand‐Alone Systems5.2.Grid‐Connected Power‐Generating Systems5.3.Consumer Products6.Economic Aspects and Market7.Future of Photovoltaic Cells8.Acknowledgement
Plasma Reactions
Authors: Brachhold Harald , Müller Richard , Pross Günter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.What Are Plasmas?1.2.Thermal and Nonthermal Plasmas1.3.Applications of Plasmas2.Generation of Thermal Plasmas2.1.Arc Plasma Generators2.2.RF Plasma Generators3.Plasma Reactors4.Industrial Uses of Thermal Plasmas4.1.Production of Acetylene from Hydrocarbons4.2.Production of Reduction Gases4.3.Production and Processing of Powders4.4.Diamond and Diamond‐like Coatings4.5.Pollution Control5.Diagnostic Methods
Polyesters
Authors: Köpnick Horst , Schmidt Manfred , Brügging Wilhelm , Rüter Jörn , Kaminsky Walter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Polyesters as Intermediates for Polyurethanes2.1.Raw Materials2.2.Production2.2.1.General Information2.2.2.Industrial Production2.3.Quality Specifications and Testing2.4.Properties2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses and Economic Aspects3.Thermoplastic Polyesters3.1.Raw Materials3.2.Production3.2.1.General Principles3.2.2.Production of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Dimethyl Terephthalate3.2.3.Production of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) from Terephthalic Acid3.2.4.Production of Poly(Butylene Terephthalate)3.2.5.Production of Other Partially Aromatic Polyesters3.2.6.Production of Fully Aromatic, Liquid Crystalline Polyesters3.3.Analysis3.4.Co‐Components and Additives3.5.Properties3.6.Uses3.7.Toxicology3.8.Economic Aspects3.9.Recycling
Polyimides
Authors: Wright Walter W. , Hallden‐Abberton Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production2.1.Condensation Polyimides2.2.Thermoplastic Polyimides2.3.Addition Polyimides2.3.1.Norbornene End Groups2.3.2.Maleimide End Groups2.3.3.Acetylenic End Groups2.3.4.Allylnadic End Groups2.3.5.Benzocyclobutene End Groups3.Processing4.Properties and Uses5.Polymethacrylimides
Oil and Gas
Authors: Weggen Klaus , Pusch Günter , Rischmüller Heinrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Origin, Deposition Mechanisms, Exploration, and Occurrence of Crude Oil and Natural Gas1.1.Crude Oil1.1.1.Formation1.1.2.Formation of Deposits1.1.2.1.Migration1.1.2.2.Reservoir Rocks1.1.2.3.Trap Structures1.1.3.Oil Exploration1.1.3.1.Geological Investigations1.1.3.2.Geophysical Investigations1.1.3.2.1.Potential Methods1.1.3.2.2.Seismic Methods1.1.3.3.Geochemical Investigations and Determination of Coalification on Cutting Samples1.1.4.Occurrences, Production, and Reserves1.1.4.1.Production and Reserves1.1.4.2.Regional Distribution of the Reserves1.1.4.2.1.Middle East ‐ Arabian (Persian) Gulf1.1.4.2.2.Europe1.1.4.2.3.Commenwealth of Independent States1.1.4.2.4.Africa1.1.4.2.5.North America1.1.4.2.6.Latin America1.1.4.2.7.Far East1.2.Natural Gas1.2.1.Origin and Deposit Formation1.2.2.Natural Gas Occurrences and Their Reserves1.2.3.Regional Distribution of the Reserves1.2.3.1.Commonwealth of Independent States1.2.3.2.Middle East1.2.3.3.North America1.2.3.4.Africa1.2.3.5.Western Europe2.Reservoir Engineering2.1.Characterization of Oil and Gas Reservoirs2.1.1.Reservoir Rock2.1.1.1.Porosity2.1.1.2.Pore Configuration Models2.1.1.3.Compressibility of the Pore Space2.1.2.Physical Properties of the Pore Saturating Fluids2.1.2.1.Density2.1.2.2.Compressibility2.1.2.3.Viscosity2.1.3.Reserves2.2.Flow Processes in Porous Media2.2.1.Single‐Phase Flow2.2.1.1.Steady‐State Flow ‐ Darcy's Equation2.2.1.2.Transient Single‐Phase Flow2.2.2.Multiphase Flow2.2.2.1.Capillary Pressure and Saturation2.2.2.2.Relative Permeabilities2.2.3.Drive Mechanisms and Recovery Efficiency2.2.3.1.Microscopic Recovery Factor2.2.3.2.Areal Recovery Factor2.2.3.3.Vertical Recovery Factor or Flood Invasion Efficiency2.3.Modeling of Reservoir and Production Performance2.3.1.Material Balances Method2.3.2.Tarner Prediction Method2.3.3.Reservoir Simulation2.3.3.1.Model for Steady‐State Flow2.3.3.2.Model for Unsteady‐State Flow2.3.4.Statistical Prediction Methods (Decline Curve Methods)3.Deep Drilling and Production Engineering3.1.Deep Drilling Engineering3.1.1.Introduction3.1.2.History3.1.3.Rotary Drilling3.1.4.New Developments in Deep Drilling Engineering3.2.Investigation of the Reservoir Rocks3.3.Casing and Cementation3.4.Production Engineering3.4.1.Objectives3.4.2.General Production Engineering3.4.2.1.Completion3.4.2.2.Perforation3.4.2.3.Well and Reservoir Treatments3.4.2.4.Workover3.4.2.5.Horizontal Wells3.4.3.Oil Production Engineering3.4.3.1.Collection and Treatment of Crude Oil3.4.3.2.Special Problems in Crude Oil Production3.4.4.Natural Gas Production Engineering3.4.5.Offshore Recovery4.Acknowledgement