bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soluble Nutrient Content in Wood on its Susceptibility to Soft Rot and Bacterial Attack in Ground Test
Authors: Terziev Nasko , Nilsson Thomas 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The objective of the study was to investigate whether soluble sugars and nitrogenous compounds in wood have an impact on susceptibility of wood to decay in ground contact, which is important in the field of test methodology and standardization.
Kiln drying of Scots pine planks caused a distinct gradient of low-molecular weight (LMW) sugars and nitrogenous compounds in the 0–2 mm zone at the surface of the timber, whereas the deeper zones had constant and low contents of soluble substances. Strips, containing different content of soluble nutrients, were cut and exposed in two types of soil; the former one being rich in soft rot fungi, the latter one being rich in soft rot fungi and bacteria.
The strips rich in nutrients showed an average of 16 % of mass loss whereas samples poorer in nutrients were less affected (8–9 %) after 120 days of exposure in the soil rich in soft rot fungi. A pure culture test with the soft rot fungus Phialophora mutabilis confirmed the above-mentioned observation. The result is in favour of taking samples with approximately equal content of soluble nutrients to decrease the variability of test results, e.g., mass losses.
The garden compost, rich in both soft rot fungi and bacteria, caused severe mass loss (40–48 %) of the strips after 120 days of exposure. No difference in the mass losses of the samples was measured. The choice of test soil as well as the nutrient status of the samples can lead to completely different results and, consequently, conclusions.
Carboxylic Acids of Moroccan Pinus Pinaster Bark Extract
Authors: Benlarbi R. , Fechtal M. , Meziane D. , Istambouli A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
In this work, carboxylic acids of the Moroccan Pinus pinaster bark were studied and analysed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Several acids, such as gallic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic, salicylic, shikimic, protocatechuic, terephtalic, ferulic, p-coumaric, vanillic, caffeic and isovanillic acids, were detected by direct injection of standard products and by studying the mass spectrum of their trimethylsilyl derivatives.
Atmospheric Acetic Acid Pulping of Rice Straw IV: Physico-Chemical Characterization of Acetic Acid Lignins from Rice Straw and Woods. Part 2. Chemical Structures
Authors: Pan Xue-Jun , Sano Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Acetic acid lignins from rice straw (RLs), birch (BL) and fir (FL) were chemically characterized by means of elementary analysis, functional groups analysis, alkaline nitrobenzene and permanganate oxidation, Mannich reactivity and other techniques. The results showed that RLs had higher contents of residual polysaccharide and protein, and remarkably fewer acetyl groups than BL and FL. Results of nitrobenzene and permanganate oxidation indicated that RLs were remarkably more condensed than the native lignin in rice straw. In addition, the results of Mannich reactivity showed that RLs were more reactive toward modification than BL and FL, and might be a good raw material for lignin derivatives, such as lignin adhesives and chelating resins.
Rapid Determination of the Lignin Content in Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) Wood by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry
Authors: Silva João Costa e , Nielsen Bjarne H. , Rodrigues José , Pereira Helena , Wellendorf Hubert 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The rapid FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy technique was used to indirectly measure the lignin content of Sitka spruce wood samples.
A model was constructed to relate FTIR data to lignin content measured in wood by chemical analysis (i.e. the modified acetyl bromide method), through the application of the principal component regression (PCR) approach to a set of calibration observations. The acetyl bromide method provided lignin determinations ranging from 24% to 34% with a measurement error of 0.6%. A residual standard deviation of 0.8% and an average prediction error of 0.9% were calculated for lignin content when employing the selected PCR model (based on a normalized infrared data set, obtained using the band at 1374 cm−1 as a reference) to indirectly measure this wood property. Furthermore, a large portion of the variability in lignin content was explained by the two principal components retained in the selected calibration model, as indicated by the magnitude (i.e. 0.93) of the coefficient of multiple determination.
The model was subsequently employed to predict the lignin content of wood samples collected in a clonal experiment. Two multivariate diagnostic measures were applied to assess the quality of the individual predictions, and the results indicated that the spectral information contained in the new sample vectors was suitable for use with the selected calibration model.
Lignin Analysis by Permanganate Oxidation. II. Lignins in Acidic Organosolv Pulps
Authors: Bose Samar K. , Wilson Kate L. , Hausch Diane L. , Francis Raymond C. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The permanganate oxidation method was used to analyze residual lignins in Norway spruce (Picea abies) organosolv pulps. The pulps were produced by ethanol water solvolysis catalyzed by 0.005M or 0.01M H2SO4 at 175 °C. Condensation reactions of residual lignin occurred at a significant rate when the ethanol volume fraction was 0% but not when it was ≥ 51 %. There was selective removal of uncondensed guaiacyl units when mixtures of 51 %, 76%, and 91% ethanol were used. The condensed units in the native lignin were less reactive and accumulated in the fibers. They constituted > 60 % of the C9 units by the time 80 % delignification was achieved. A limited amount of results are presented for a kraft pulp with hopes of enhancing the credibility of permanganate oxidation as an analytical tool for residual lignins.
Lignin Depolymerization in Hydrogen-Donor Solvents
Authors: Dorrestijn Edwin , Kranenburg Marieke , Poinsot Didier , Mulder Peter 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The conversion of different types of lignin to monophenolic compounds has been studied between 500 and 650 K, under typical coal liquefaction conditions using 9,10-dihydroanthracene (AnH2) and 7H-benz[de]anthracene (BzH) as the hydrogen-donor solvents. The yield of phenolic compounds was found to increase with the capacity of the hydrogen donor. The application of a polar cosolvent appeared to be beneficial as well. The differences in product distribution could be related to the origin of lignin. The maximum yield amounted to 11 % after 4 h at 625 K using milled wood lignin in AnH2. It has been found that lignin itself is a hydrogen-donating substance and capable of cleaving aromatic ketones such as α-phenoxyacetophenone.
Species Effects on Wood-Liquefaction in Polyhydric Alcohols
Authors: Kurimoto Yasuji , Doi Shuichi , Tamura Yasuo 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Four softwood and three hardwood species were liquefied using polyethylene glycol (PEG) or glycerol-containing PEG solvent systems as liquefaction reagents under defined reaction conditions: wood / liquefaction reagent / sulfuric acid = 3.00/9.00/0.27 gram, at 150 °C. The percentage residues and hydroxyl numbers were determined as an estimate of polyol value of the solution. The PEG system yielded 10–30% residual materials even under the best reaction conditions since low -OH group content resulted to re-condensation of liquefied wood (LW). The hydroxyl numbers linearly decreased from 210 to 100 mg KOH/g on extended (150 min) reaction time. On the other hand, addition of 10% glycerol to the PEG system resulted in small amount of unliquefied residues (~ 3%) and a stable hydroxyl number, regardless of the wood species tested. In case of 60 min reaction time, the mean residue value was 5.8% and a corresponding mean hydroxyl number of 216.1 mg KOH/g was obtained. This system is deemed suitable for liquefaction of a wide variety of wood species.
Laser Ablation of Machined Wood Surfaces. 2. Effect on End-Grain Gluing of Pine (Pinus silvestris L.)
Authors: Stehr Micael 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The effect on glue joint strength of removing the layer of cells on end-grain surfaces of wood damaged by machining—the mechanical weak boundary layer (MWBL)—is presented. The wood surfaces have been laser ablated using different types of lasers of different wavelengths. The goal has been to determine whether or not the strength of end-grain glue joints is influenced by the MWBL and to show how the laser wavelength affects the glue joint strength. All tests were carried out with a PVAc-glue with hardener, and two different glue pressures were used. The joints were tested by bending notched and fatigued specimens. The statistical evaluation of the results shows that one laser gave a significantly higher glue joint strength than the others.
One main conclusion is that the glue joint strength could have been improved with a stronger glue. An ESEM-analysis showed that fracture occurred primarily in the glueline and not in the boundary layer.
Multi-Component Mixture Modeling for the Dielectric Properties of Rubber Wood at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Khalid K.B. , Kabir M.F. , Daud W. M. , Sidek H.A.A. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Dielectric properties from 1 to 18 GHz of rubber wood are modeled using generalized mixture equations and also with equations proposed by Weiner, Kraszewski, Looyenga and Landou, Lichtenecker. Dielectric properties were measured with an open-ended coaxial line-sensor in three structural directions longitudinal, radial and tangential and at different moisture contents. The dielectric constants were predicted well by the Weiner model for all structural grain directions and it was found that the degree of binding decreases with increasing frequency. However, the Weiner model cannot be used for predicting the dielectric loss factor at frequencies below 3 GHz. This may be due to the high conductive loss in this frequency region. The lower value of the exponents in generalized mixture equation was found suitable for fitting the experimental data as well as the Kraszewski equation. Values predicted by Lichtenecker equations are in well agreement with the experimental data at higher microwave frequencies. The prediction of dielectric loss factor using Kraszewski, Looyenga equations were not possible at frequencies below 3 GHz since it is dominated by conductive loss. Above 3 GHz, it was well predicted by Kraszewski and Looyenga equations.
Variations in the Mechanical Strength of a Composite Material of Thermoplastic Matrix Reinforced with Woven Glass-Fabric After Being Submitted to Diverse Damage Sequences: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Garcia MA , Argüelles A , Viña I , Fernández-Canteli A , Viña J 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to characterize statistically the degradation produced in the tensile breaking strength of a material composed of a PEI thermoplastic matrix reinforced with woven glass fiber under a sequential permutation of damage. To do so, the statistical theory of extreme values was applied to the experimental results, which enabled us to calculate the probability of failure of the material. The simulated damage corresponding to said series was the following: fatigue up to one million cycles at a maximum stress of 20% of the tensile strength, impact damage with an energy of 5.07 J, accelerated aging under conditions of 95% relative humidity, a temperature of 70°C for a period of 360 h, and finally, thermal aging at 150°C for 360 h. The experimental results obtained show losses in residual strength of between 20 and 35% of that presented by the material in its original state.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Sports Apparel
Authors: Zuo J , McCullough EA 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The protective clothing and equipment required for certain sports may inhibit heat loss from the body and contribute to potentially harmful heat stress injuries. This study measured the thermal resistance (insulation) and evaporative resistance of a variety of sports ensembles worn for football, basketball, baseball, soccer, track, tennis, golf, and cycling. The thermal resistance was measured with a heated sweating manikin in an environmental chamber according to ASTM F 1291. The intrinsic insulation values (Rcl) ranged from a low of 0.018 m2.0 C/W for running/aerobic ensemble consisting of a sports bra and compression shorts to 0.152 m2.0 C/W for a football uniform. The intrinsic evaporative resistance values (Rccl) ranged from 0.004–0.028 m2kPa/W for the same ensembles, respectively. Sports uniforms that cover a large portion of the body surface or provide impact protection substantially reduced heat loss from the body. The data presented in this paper can be used in the solution of heat balance equations to predict physiological responses of athletes when wearing uniforms under different conditions.
Role of Iron for Hydrogen Absorption Mechanism in Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Kakiuchi K , Itagaki N , Furuya T , Miyazaki A , Ishii Y , Suzuki S , Terai T , Yamawaki M 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The latest PIE results of Zry-2 and HiFi alloy (0.4 %Fe-Zry2) showed that iron addition reduces the hydrogen pick-up ratio. In order to clarify this lower hydrogen absorption mechanism, three types of experiments were carried out for both alloys:
(1) Measurements of the hydrogen pick-up ratio in the pre-transition region using an autoclave.
(2) CPD (Contact Potential Difference) and FBP (Flat-band Potential) measurements of oxide film using a High Temperature Kelvin system and Photocurrent system.
(3) Investigation of hydrogen absorption properties by Sieverts system and corrosion properties by autoclave for intermetallic compounds simulating SPP's Fe/Cr and Fe/Ni ratio in Zry-2 and HiFi.
Autoclave tests showed that the corrosion behaviors of both alloys were similar. However, the hydrogen pick-up ratio depended on not only iron addition but also surface treatment (with and without pickling). Iron addition and non-pickling (as-received) reduced the hydrogen pick-up ratio.
ΔCPD and FBP shifted to the positive side as the result of iron addition, and FBP changed with and without pickling. This difference in surface potential might be caused by the existence of anion vacancy concentration in the oxide film and furthermore may affect the electrochemical potential gradient over the oxide film. This potential gradient might control the proton diffusion in the oxide film.
In the results of the hydrogen absorption tests on intermetallic compounds, Zr(Fe,Cr)2 with a higher Fe/Cr ratio showed lower hydrogen absorption, and Zr2(Fe,Ni) showed higher hydrogen absorption than Zr(Fe,Cr)2. In the results of corrosion tests on intermetallic compounds, Zr2(Fe,Ni) showed a much larger corrosion rate than Zr(Fe,Cr)2. It is considered that Zr2(Fe,Ni)-type precipitate might be oxidized easily in the oxide film, thus it might not contribute to the window for hydrogen absorption, and Zr(Fe,Cr)2 with a higher Fe/Cr ratio would reduce the amount of hydrogen penetrating through SPP at the oxide/metal interface.
Based on these results, a tentative hydrogen absorption mechanism is proposed, explaining both roles of the electrochemical potential gradient over oxide film and the SPP window for the hydrogen absorption.
Life Prediction by Observation and Simulation of Short Crack Behavior in a Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Hünecke J , Schöne D 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Short fatigue cracks were investigated in a 0.14 wt % carbon steel (SAE 1017) in fine grained condition by optical observation of the surface of smooth specimens under fatigue loading. Axial fatigue experiments were carried out under constant and step amplitude conditions. The lifetime to crack initiation was calculated for each ferrite grain with regard to grain size and orientation. For the calculation of crack propagation, the slip band length (grain size) and the distance between crack tip and next barrier (grain boundary) are taken into consideration. Furthermore, the simulation program includes some geometrical aspects for the description of crack coalescence.
Fatigue Reliability Analysis of an Overload Effect in Welded Joints Including Crack Initiation and Plastic Zone as Random Variables
Authors: Darcis P , Recho N 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
This paper deals with the reliability analysis of the influence of an overload on the fatigue design of welded joints. The modeling of the fatigue life is presented as the sum of four parts: the first one concerns the fatigue life initiation, the second one involves the fatigue life between the initiation period and the overload application, the third one deals with the fatigue life behavior from the overload to the total restoration of the crack growth rate, and the fourth is related to the fatigue life between the end of the retardation zone until the failure. Concerning the modeling of the retardation effect, particular attention is given to the calculation of the effective stress intensity factor. Finally, the developed methodology is applied to the case of welded joints in order to evaluate the importance of considering the overload effect in the reliability analysis.
Periodic Overloads in the Near Threshold Regime
Authors: Tabernig B , Pippan R , Foulquier J , Rapaport A , Sereni S 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The effect of periodic overloads on the crack propagation behavior in the near threshold regime of long cracks and physically (extrinsically) short cracks is investigated. A 20 Vol. % SiC particle reinforced 359 cast aluminum alloy and a 17 Vol. % SiC particle reinforced 2129 aluminum alloy are examined. In the Paris regime the two alloys exhibit a different behavior. In the 2124 reinforced alloy a reduction of the mean crack propagation rate, which is typical for ductile metals, is observed. On the other hand the mean crack propagation rate accelerates in the 359 reinforced cast alloy, which is caused by generation of micro-cracks during the overload.
In the near threshold regime and at smaller stress intensity ranges in the physical short crack regime the behavior of both alloys is very similar. The effective threshold is not affected by the overload, i.e., if the constant amplitudes are smaller than the effective threshold they do not contribute to crack propagation. If both, the constant amplitudes and the overload amplitudes contribute to crack propagation, the build up of crack closure is affected by the load history.
Overload Effects in Aluminum Alloys: Influence of Plasticity and Environment
Authors: Ranganathan N , Tougui A , Lacroix F , Petit J 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the behavior of selected aluminum alloys when subjected to a single overload, with an aim to highlight the effects of plasticity and environment. The delaying effect of a single overload is given in terms of number of delay cycles. The delay behavior is systematically compared with the constant amplitude crack growth resistance. It is shown that for most of the studied alloys, a strong parallel can be drawn between the constant amplitude crack growth behavior and the overload induced delay. Delay induced by an overload in vacuum is higher than that in air for the 7075 and the 2024 alloys, compatible with stronger constant amplitude crack growth resistance in vacuum. The influence of the elastic-plastic behavior is stronger in vacuum than in air. In the case of the Aluminum Lithium alloy, delay in air is higher than that in vacuum, which is opposite to the behavior under constant amplitude loading. The basic mechanisms governing crack growth in aluminum alloys and their influence on the delay induced by an overload are revealed. The experimental results are compared with a phenomenological model, taking into account the cyclic plastic behavior of materials.
Load History in Fatigue: Effect of Strain Amplitude and Loading Path
Authors: Aubin V , Quaegebeur P , Degallaix S 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe low-cycle fatigue behavior of a duplex stainless steel, 60% α - 40 % γ, is studied under tension-compression/torsion loading at room temperature and under strain control. It is shown that the duplex stainless steel has an isotropic behavior under cyclic proportional loading. The loading path induces an extra-hardening on cyclic hardening of duplex stainless steel but lower than that on austenitic stainless steels. The effect of loading history is studied in terms of strain amplitude, mean strain, and loading path. It is shown that only histories in strain amplitude and loading path have an effect on the stabilized stress.
Risperidone in the Treatment of Disruptive Behavioral Symptoms in Children With Autistic and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Authors: Shea Sarah , Turgay Atilla , Carroll Alan , Schulz Miklos , Orlik Herbert , Smith Isabel , Dunbar Fiona 
Published: October 2004

Objective. To investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone for the treatment of disruptive behavioral symptoms in children with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).
Methods. In this 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, risperidone/placebo solution (0.01–0.06 mg/kg/day) was administered to 79 children who were aged 5 to 12 years and had PDD. Behavioral symptoms were assessed using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form, and Clinical Global Impression-Change. Safety assessments included vital signs, electrocardiogram, extrapyramidal symptoms, adverse events, and laboratory tests.
Results. Subjects who were taking risperidone (mean dosage: 0.04 mg/kg/day; 1.17 mg/day) experienced a significantly greater mean decrease on the irritability subscale of the ABC (primary endpoint) compared with those who were taking placebo. By study endpoint, risperidone-treated subjects exhibited a 64% improvement over baseline in the irritability score almost double that of placebo-treated subjects (31%). Risperidone-treated subjects also exhibited significantly greater decreases on the other 4 subscales of the ABC; on the conduct problem, insecure/anxious, hyperactive, and overly sensitive subscales of the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (parent version); and on the Visual Analog Scale of the most troublesome symptom. More risperidone-treated subjects (87%) showed global improvement in their condition compared with the placebo group (40%). Somnolence, the most frequently reported adverse event, was noted in 72.5% versus 7.7% of subjects (risperidone vs placebo) and seemed manageable with dose/dose-schedule modification. Risperidone-treated subjects experienced statistically significantly greater increases in weight (2.7 vs 1.0 kg), pulse rate, and systolic blood pressure. Extrapyramidal symptoms scores were comparable between groups.
Conclusions. Risperidone was well tolerated and efficacious in treating behavioral symptoms associated with PDD in children.