bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Theory of Classes
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from separate individual objects, which we shall also call INDIVIDUALS for short, logic is concerned with CLASSES of objects; in everyday life as well as in mathematics, classes are more often referred to as SETS. Arithmetic, for instance, frequently deals with sets of numbers, and in geometry our interest lies not so much in single points as in sets of points (that is, in geometrical configurations). Now, classes of individuals are called CLASSES OF THE FIRST ORDER. Relatively more rarely in our investigations we come upon CLASSES OF THE SECOND ORDER, that is, upon classes which consist, not of individuals, but of classes of the first order. Sometimes even CLASSES OF THE THIRD, FOURTH, and HIGHER ORDERS have to be dealt with. Here we shall be concerned almost exclusively with classes of the first order, and only exceptionally-as in Section 26-we shall have to deal with classes of the second order; however, our considerations can be applied with practically no changes to classes of any order. In order to distinguish between individuals and classes (and also among classes of different orders), we employ as variables letters of different shape and belonging to different alphabets. It is customary to designate individual objects such as numbers, and classes of such objects, by lower-case and capital letters of the Latin alphabet, respectively. In elementary geometry the opposite notation is the accepted one, capital letters designating points and lower-case letters (of the Latin or the Greek alphabet) designating sets of points.
On the Theory of Relations
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of relations is an extensively developed branch of mathematical logic. One part of it, the ALGEBRA (or, the CALCULUS) OF RELATIONS, is akin to the algebra of classes, and its principal aim is to establish formal laws governing the operations by means of which new relations can be constructed from given ones. In the algebra of relations we consider, in the first place, a group of concepts which are the exact analogues of those of the algebra of classes; they are usually denoted by the same symbols and are governed by analogous laws. (In order to avoid ambiguity we might, of course, employ a different set of symbols in the algebra of relations; for instance, we might take the symbols of the algebra of classes and place a dot over each.) We have thus in the algebra of relations two particular relations, the UNIVERSAL RELATION V and the NULL RELATION 0, the first of which holds between any two individuals, and the second, between none.
Extension of the Constructed Theory: Foundations of Arithmetic of Real Numbers
Authors: Tarski Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The axiom system Adoes not provide an adequate foundation for the whole of the arithmetic of real numbers, because-as we saw in Section 60-numerous theorems of this discipline cannot be deduced from the axioms of this system, and also for another reason, which is analogous and not less important: a number of concepts belonging to the field of arithmetic are not definable if we utilize only the primitive terms which occur in System A.For example, on its basis we shall never be able to define the symbols of multiplication or division, or such symbols as “1”, “2”, and so on. The following question then arises in a natural way: how can we transform or supplement our system of axioms and primitive terms in order to arrive at a satisfactory basis for constructing the full arithmetic of real numbers? This problem can be solved in a variety of ways. Two quite different methods of solution will be sketched here.
No Acting, Please
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Camera Shy Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, the great English actor-manager at the turn of the century, consented to act in D. W. Griffith’s version of Macbeth (1916). Unfamiliar with the medium, he turned up on the first day and pointed at the camera: ‘‘Take that black box away. I can’t act in front of it.’‘ Sarah Bernhardt was 67 when she played Marguerite Gautier in the film version of La Dame aux Camelias ( 1911). The Divine Sarah finally consented to appear on the screen because she wanted to be made immortal.
In the Money
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inexorable Logic Ben Hecht and Donald Ogden Stewart were both between writing assignments. Hecht, in his day the highest paid writer in Hollywood, was receiving $6000 a week, while Stewart drew a measly $2000. He went and complained to his producer. ‘‘Tm willing to concede that Hecht may be worth twice as much as I am-when he is working. But I can loaf as well as anybody in Hollywood, including Hecht, and I think it’s only fair that I should be paid as much for loafing as he is.’‘
Literati
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As he entered I was struck by the placidity of that rather large face. It was round and calm as a lake on a still August day. All our conversation was conducted through an interpreter, and in this manner I gathered that M. Maeterlinck viewed the cinema with enthusiasm and was confident that he would be able to convert his art to its uses. ‘‘Very well, M. Maeterlinck,’‘ responded I, ‘‘
From Pitch To Script
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Original Flavor The writing team of Charles Brackett and Billy Wilder was working on the script of Midnight (1939). As was frequently done before the Writers Guild of America prohibited the practice, the supervising producer, Arthur Hornblow, Jr., had assigned a third writer to fix up the pages as they were being turned in. Ken England saw little to correct, but rewrote anyway.’‘The trouble with this,’‘ Hornblow informed England regarding the rewritten script, ‘‘it doesn’t sound like Brackett and Wilder. You’ve lost the flavor of the original.’‘
Power Extensions
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many ‘Hollywood people recalled that Ronald Reagan loved to discuss politics, especially after his marriage to Nancy Davis. Still, there was considerable surprise at the news that the former contract player from Warner Brothers would run for elected office. More surprised than anyone was his former boss Jack Warner, who was told upon returning from Europe that Ronald Reagan had been nominated as the Republican candidate for Governor of California.’‘No, no, no,’‘ said the showman. ‘‘Jimmy Stewart for governor Reagan for best friend.’‘
It’s All Relatives
Authors: Hay Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical Condition In the heyday of Hollywood, it was observed, all that a producer produced was relatives. Wilson Mizner and W. C. Fields were kibbitzing one after­ noon at the commissary, when a boring producer, blood relative of the studio boss, sat down at their table. Fields took one look at the intruder and exchanged glances with Mizner, who remarked: ‘‘Gangrene sets in.’‘
The Seer’s Vision of an Unbroken World
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the linguistic unity of Revelation, I have thus far been concerned with the shape of the language itself: how words, phrases, sentences, and larger forms are related in Revelation through narrative and metaphoric devices or through liturgical language. The language of the seer, however, yields other secrets than its own shape; it also transmits a vision of the world or a construction of reality. The choice of terms is important here. The vision transmitted by the seer is not merely a “literary world” or a “symbolic universe” — a vision separate from the everyday life of John and his audience. The seer is constructing an encompassing vision that includes everyday, social realities in Asia Minor. The seer’s vision or his construction of reality becomes accessible to us through the language he uses. Thus, in discussing the seer’s vision of an unbroken world, our focus remains on the language of the Book of Revelation; but now our concern is with the semantics of that language (its meaning and reference) rather than its syntax (the structure and relationships of phrases and sentences). In the jargon of some linguists, the shift is from linguistic signs as signifiers to linguistic signs as signified. In saying that, we must be careful. The shift does not involve a turn outward, for example, to the “social, historical situation.” That is a further step to be explored in part 3. The seer’s vision of the world is discovered through exploring the semantics of his language. That exploration is a step in the direction of under-standing the social situation of Christians in Asia Minor, but the compass here remains the linguistic construction of the seer.
Domitian’s Reign: History and Rhetoric
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The separation of the seer’s language from the social order is an artificial one. John’s language—its shape, its genre, the vision it transmits—communicates a message, and that communication is a social act that takes its place in the social order. However visionary John’s writing is, it does not operate in a symbolic universe apart from the world of actual, social relations. Moreover, the social order does not exist as a given, simply to be observed with the aid of proper historical tools. The social order is a construction for a person contemporary with it. How much more so for a historian working nineteen centuries later! The historian reconstructs events, imagines social connections, and extrapolates from limited sources so as to construct a plausible order of society. There is room for alternative constructions on issues both small and great. In brief, the “social historical situation” is an imaginative construction built from a critical reading of primarily linguistic evidence—books, speeches, inscriptions, and coins. In the following chapters I offer a plausible reconstruction of Domitian’s reign (chap. 6), social organization in the province of Asia (chap. 9), and the place of Jews and Christians in that province (chaps. 7 and 8). This social order, reconstructed almost entirely from sources other than the Book of Revelation, will provide further evidence that the seer and his audience did not live in a world of conflict, tension, and crisis. Christians lived quiet lives, not much different from other provincials. The economy, as always, had its ups and downs; and the government kept the peace and demanded taxes.
The Social Location of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Thompson Leonard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before moving directly to the question of the social location of the Book of Revelation, I should clarify further the nature of the relationship between the seer and his opposition, that is, between his revealed knowledge and the public knowledge of the empire. That relationship involves both social and world boundaries. A social boundary exists because the whole of John’s social world does not comprehend his vision, even though John’s vision comprehends the whole social world; that is, his organizing grid of relationships, power structures, ideals, and values are not shared by all others in Roman society; indeed, his is a minority report. Since the boundaries of John’s social location are a dimension of his world vision, we cannot consider the boundary between him and his opposition in simple social terms. The complexity of the boundary will elude any analysis limited to economic status, social position, and political influence. The social boundary is one dimension of the world boundary; it expresses in the region of social experience a difference in the seer’s vision of reality and Rome’s vision of reality. The two visions involve distinctions between true knowledge and deception, authentic self-expression and false consciousness, service to the true god or idolatry.
Continuity with Change: The Historical Foundations of Governance and Legal Control in Japan
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The endurance of past attitudes and values, from familial orientations to a propensity to avoid litigation, is a commonplace theme in much of the literature on Japanese law. Too often, however, whatever aspects of Japanese life that do not seem to conform to occidental expectations of model behavior are labeled “traditional” and left at that without much further analysis or thought. No society, of course, severs the links with its own past. Japan is no exception.
Castellans and Contracts: The Legacy of Feudal Law
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japan never fully replicated the political and legal order of imperial China. The political power of the central authorities in Japan was never as complete as in China or Korea. Kinship ties proved stronger than any ideal of merit­ based bureaucratic rule. No attempt was even made to establish an examination system to produce a literati-bureaucracy despite the Yoro code’s emphasis on merit for those of privileged status.
Magistrates and Mura: The Ambivalent Tradition of Tokugawa Japan
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The unification-or perhaps more accurately, pacification-of Japan under Ieyasu Tokugawa and his successors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries culminated the consolidation of daimyo power begun in the late sixteenth century by Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. Successfully synthesizing methods of feudal governance that had evolved from the Kamakura bakufu through the sengoku era, the early Tokugawa rulers established a delicately balanced political regime, arresting on hindsight, however, the potential for further evolution toward the joinder of authority with power and fuller synthesis of law and legitimacy.
Constitutions and Codes: The Making of the Contemporary Legal Order
Authors: Haley John Owen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No linear nexus links traditional practices to the formal institutions and procedures of Japan’s contemporary legal order. They did not evolve from the past. Nor do they reflect a cultural consensus of shared values and preferences of the Japanese people as if the product of some sort of nationwide referendum. Rather in nearly all respects, Japan’s contemporary legal order was an imposed system. Like the formal institutions of Heian, Kamakura, sengoku, and Tokugawa justice, those of contemporary Japan were the creation of ruling elites, with later embellishments imposed by an alien occupying army.
“Deadly Iteration”: Hawthorne’s Gothic Vision
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What could be more absurd,” thinks young John Melmoth, “than to be alarmed or amazed at a resemblance between a living man and the portrait of a dead one!” (Maturin, Me/moth 20). But the self-admonition fails to reassure him, and the reader knows better than to accept it: all resemblances are amazing or alarming in Gothic romance. They belong to the wider network of repetitions that, often in startling quantity, characterize even the shortest Gothic tales and “fragments.” Rescued from Udolpho, for example, Emily St. Aubert arrives at another castle, scene of the sufferings of yet another persecuted lady, who strangely resembled her.
Boundaries of the Self as Romantic Theme: Emily Bronte
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before she saw St. Peter’s, Hilda dreamed of it as a Gothic cathedral: “a structure of no definite outline, misty in its architecture, dim and gray and huge, stretching into an interminable perspective, and over-arched by a dome like the cloudy firmament. Beneath that vast breadth and height, as she had fancied them, the personal man might feel his littleness, and the soul triumph in its immensity” (Marble Faun 791). For some time after seeing the real thing, she continued to long for that dim, illimitable interior (791). Gothic romance also dreams of dim, illimitable interiors, focuses on them obsessively, and so contemplates again and again the finitude of mere “personal” man or woman.
Speaking “I” and the Gothic Nightmare: Boundaries of the Self as a Woman’s Theme
Authors: DeLamotte Eugenia C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a crucial moment in Northanger Abbey it seems that Catherine’s friendship with the Tilneys and her prospects of living happily ever after are about to be destroyed. Her friends mistakenly think she has rebuffed them, and it is a heroine’s duty at such times to remain proudly silent, secure in her “conscious innocence,” willing to suffer the consequences of refusing to exonerate herself. Fortunately, such standards are inimical to Catherine’s personality, and she rushes impulsively to explain her behavior.
Reading Romantics
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These thirteen essays, some previously published and others appearing here for the first time, are united by a continuing endeavour to join formalism with wider concerns. They seek to reconnect literature with the motives from which it springs and the social relations within which it exists. There is fusion of psychoanalytic insight, textual criticism, and historical scholarship. Amongst the writers discussed are Wordsworth and Byron.
Introduction
Authors: Manning Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reading Romantics: Texts and Contexts consists of thirteen essays, some previously published and some appearing for the first time. The published pieces range from 1976 to 1986; the talks from which the unpublished ones were developed were first given in 1985 ( that on The Solitary Reaper), 1986 (that on The White Doe of Rylstone), and 1987 (that on Beppo). Though the essays were written over more than a decade, they are united by a continuing endeavor to join formalism with wider concerns. They seek to reconnect literature with the motives from which it springs and the social relations within which it exists.
The Romance
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those we call the British Romantics would be surprised by, and perhaps quite uncomfortable with, our common distortion of their contemporary sense of Romanticism. We can trace a British comprehension of the distinction between classical and romantic temperaments and cultures directly to August Wilhelm Schlegel’s Course of Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature, which after its translation into English in 1815 became at once influential and eventually a standard of definition for the age.
The Epic
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The romance revival, by its intensity and by the popularity of the new poetry that accompanied it, has marked the period from 1790 to 1825 indelibly with its name. Yet, the truly amazing phenomenon during this time is the proliferation of epics in England, which is unique in the history of Western literature. If we are inclined to smile at the pretensions of a culture that anticipated several epics every year, we perhaps testify less to our taste than to our own shift in values and lowered expectations.
Form and Freedom in European Romantic Poetry
Authors: Curran Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The composite orders of Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley are the most daring and sophisticated formal experiments in British Romantic poetry. The poets’ knowledge of their literary heritage is brilliantly tempered to a determined conceptual purpose, and yet their individual ideologies, if clearly associated in a shared concern with the values of process and progress that dominate their culture, are as distinctive in constitution as they are in purpose. The generic inclusiveness of The Prelude, Don Juan, and Prometheus Unbound is of such complexity that each poem becomes the locus for an encompassing world view, and thus it is natural for us as readers, generally speaking, to refer the entire canon of the authors to these supreme embodiments of their genius.
A Season in Cambridge
Authors: Anesko Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Their earliest letters are probably unrecoverable, and so, too, were their memories of first meeting one another. Neither James nor Howells could speak with much precision about the beginnings of their friendship, but from what we do know, one conclusion seems inescapable: the personal and the professional were intermingled from the start. “We seem to have been presently always together,” Howells recalled, “and always talking of methods of fiction, whether we walked the streets by day or night, or we sat together reading our stuff to each other.”* What stayed in James’s mind, significantly, was the “beautiful thrill” of editorial acceptance. “You showed me the way and opened me the door,” he graciously acknowledged to Howells.
The Larger Success
Authors: Anesko Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While a Chance Acquaintance was running through the Atlantic, James remarked to his sister that he was relishing every installment. “But what a pity,” he added, “that with such pretty art, [Howells] can’t embrace a larger piece of the world.”1 By now James’s complaint was a familiar one. Suburban Sketches, Their Wedding Journey, A Chance Acquaintance: all had suffered from the same want of largeness and scope. An impoverished cultural landscape–which had been, as James viewed it, the debilitating curse of Hawthorne–continued to plague the American artist. And yet Howells had managed to publish three sizable books in as many years, and a fourth was on the way.2 (At this rate he was outproducing, if not outperforming, Hawthorne himself.) For all his copious magazine scribbling, James had not yet brought out a single volume, although his editor had generously encouraged him to gather some short stories together and promised to intercede with a publisher on behalf of the venture. The elder Henry James also volunteered to perform a similar office for his son. While he appreciated the sincerity of their offers, the ambitious younger James preferred to wait. He wanted, in particular, to grapple with the marketplace firsthand, to dispense with (even friendly) intermediaries, and to start himself, as he put it, “on a remunerative and perfectly practical literary basis.”3 James wanted to profit by the example of Howells’s early career as editor and author, at the same time that he intended to escape what he viewed as the inherent limitations of his friend’s literary situation.
Biographical Overview
Authors: Anesko Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As they reach their years of full maturity, Howells and James must readjust to a rapidly changing literary marketplace. After decades of reluctance, in 1891 the United States finally signs a copyright agreement with the United Kingdom, ending the wholesale piracy of British fiction in America that had kept many firms (including Harper Brothers) in the black. The nineties also witness a proliferation of truly mass-market magazines, greatly expanding the number of outlets available for manuscripts but also imposing new restraints upon them. The “popular” format, cheaply designed for easy reading and quick consumption, requires brevity and concision—qualities that James, especially, can seldom achieve. The “five thousand word tale” becomes his editorial nemesis. To help place stories and negotiate with white-collar professionals whom he now seldom knows firsthand, James engages a literary agent.