bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Response Pathways by Low Temperature during Imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds[W]
Authors: Yamauchi Yukika , Ogawa Mikihiro , Kuwahara Ayuko , Hanada Atsushi , Kamiya Yuji , Yamaguchi Shinjiro 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Exposure of imbibed seeds to low temperature (typically 4°C) is widely used to break seed dormancy and to improve the frequency of germination. However, the mechanism by which temperature accelerates germination is largely unknown. Using DNA microarray and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses, we found that a subset of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis genes were upregulated in response to low temperature, resulting in an increase in the level of bioactive GAs and transcript abundance of GA-inducible genes in imbibed Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. Using a loss-of-function mutant, the cold-inducible GA biosynthesis gene, AtGA3ox1, was shown to play an essential role in mediating the effect of low temperature. Besides temperature, AtGA3ox1 also is positively regulated by active phytochrome and negatively regulated by GA activity. We show that both red light and GA deficiency act in addition to low temperature to elevate the level of AtGA3ox1 transcript, indicating that multiple signals are integrated by the AtGA3ox1 gene to control seed germination. When induced by low temperature, AtGA3ox1 mRNA was detectable by in situ RNA hybridization in an additional set of cell types relative to that in red light–induced seeds. Our results illustrate that the GA biosynthesis and response pathways are activated during seed imbibition at low temperature and suggest that the cellular distribution of bioactive GAs may be altered under different light and temperature conditions.
Mutations in thepale aleurone color1Regulatory Gene of theZea maysAnthocyanin Pathway Have Distinct Phenotypes Relative to the Functionally SimilarTRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1Gene inArabidopsis thaliana [W]
Authors: Carey Charles C. , Strahle Josie T. , Selinger David A. , Chandler Vicki L. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe pale aleurone color1 (pac1) locus, required for anthocyanin pigment in the aleurone and scutellum of the Zea mays (maize) seed, was cloned using Mutator transposon tagging. pac1 encodes a WD40 repeat protein closely related to anthocyanin regulatory proteins ANTHOCYANIN11 (AN11) (Petunia hybrida [petunia]) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) (Arabidopsis thaliana). Introduction of a 35S-Pac1 transgene into A. thaliana complemented multiple ttg1 mutant phenotypes, including ones nonexistent in Z. mays. Hybridization of Z. mays genomic BAC clones with the pac1 sequence identified an additional related gene, mp1. PAC1 and MP1 deduced protein sequences were used as queries to build a phylogenetic tree of homologous WD40 repeat proteins, revealing an ancestral gene duplication leading to two clades in plants, the PAC1 clade and the MP1 clade. Subsequent duplications within each clade have led to additional WD40 repeat proteins in particular species, with all mutants defective in anthocyanin expression contained in the PAC1 clade. Substantial differences in pac1, an11, and ttg1 mutant phenotypes suggest the evolutionary divergence of regulatory mechanisms for several traits that cannot be ascribed solely to divergence of the dicot and monocot protein sequences.
Legislating for Economic Sclerosis: Are Lawyers a Baleful Influence on Growth Rates?
Authors: Cameron Sam , Thorpe Andy 
Published: February 2004

SummaryWilliam Easterly, an ex‐World Bank economist and widely respected growth theorist, in recently noting that skilled individuals may elect to pursue occupations that redistribute income rather than enhance growth, referred to ‘the somewhat whimsical piece of evidence … that economies with lots of lawyers grow more slowly than economies with lots of engineers’. The remark alluded to an assertion by the Bush‐Quayle camp during the 1992 Presidential campaign that too many lawyers were prejudicial to US economic growth, and sparked a heated debate that was played out in the Wall Street Journal and a number of academic journals at the time. A decade later, Easterly's rejoinder has prompted us to examine the view that occupational capture (the capture of talent by particular occupations) can contribute to economic stagnation, by revisiting the notion of lawyers as negative externalities to the growth process.
Do Public Subsidies Complement Business R&D? A Meta‐Analysis of the Econometric Evidence
Authors: García‐Quevedo José 
Published: February 2004

SummaryAnalysis of the effects of public financing on private investment in R & D has been the object of numerous applied studies without it having been possible to arrive at a definite conclusion. In this paper the results of a meta‐regression of econometric evidence on the relationship between public funding of R & D and private R & D expenditures is presented. After the creation of a data‐base including all relevant studies and their results and characteristics, a meta‐analysis was carried out to examine whether the characteristics of the applied analysis influence the results and explain the differences in the empirical literature on this subject.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin‐gasparro Judith E. 
Published: February 2004

BOXER, DIANA. Applying Sociolinguistics: Domains and Face‐to‐Face Interaction. COOK, VIVIAN. (Ed.). Portraits of the L2 User. FERRIS, DANA J.
Treatment of Error in Second Language Student Writing. LIU, JUN, & JETTE G. HANSEN.
Peer Response in Second Language Writing Classrooms. GASS, SUSAN, KATHLEEN BARDOVI–HARLIG, SALLY SIELOFF MAGNAN, & JOEL WALZ. (Eds.). Pedagogical Norms for Second and Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. OSBORN, TERRY A. (Ed.). The Future of Foreign Language Education in the United States. REAGAN, TIMOTHY G., & TERRY A. OSBORN. The Foreign Language Educator in Society: Toward a Critical Pedagogy. ROBINSON, PETER. (Ed.).
Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning. SAVIGNON, SANDRA J. (Ed.). Interpreting Communicative Language Teaching: Contexts and Concerns in Teacher Education. SCHMITT, NORBERT. (Ed.). An Introduction to Applied Linguistics. SCHOFER, PETER. Text as Culture: Teaching through Literature and Language. TOCHON, FRANÇOIS. (Ed.). The Foreign Self: Truth Telling as Educational Inquiry. WALLINGER, LINDA M. (Ed.). Teaching in Changing Times: The Courage to Lead. JUBB, MARGARET. Upgrade Your French. BINAMÉ, JOSÉ J., & PAUL G. SOCKEN.
The French They Never Taught You: Tips for Teachers and Advanced Students. STEELE, ROSS. Civilisation progressive du français avec 300 activités. STEELE, ROSS. Civilisation progressive du français: Livret de corrigés. VALDMAN, ALBERT, CATHY PONS, MARY ELLEN SCULLEN, & SARAH JOURDAIN. Chez Nous: Branché sur le Monde Francophone (with activity CD–ROM). BRETTLER, MARC ZVI. Biblical Hebrew for Students of Modern Israeli Hebrew. ZILKHA, AVRAHAM. Modern English–Hebrew Dictionary. TOLLEFSON, JAMES W. (Ed.). Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues. PERINI, MÁRIO A.
Modern Portuguese: A Reference Grammar. CUBBERLEY, PAUL. Russian: A Linguistic Introduction. LEVINE, ESTHER L., & CONSTANCE M. MONTROSS. Vistas y voces latinas. GILL, MARY MCVEY, DEANA SMALLEY, & MARÍA PAZ HARO. (Eds.). Cinema for Spanish Conversation. SAMANIEGO, FABIÁN A., THOMAS J. BLOMMERS, MAGALY LAGUNAS‐SOLAR, VIVIANE RITZI‐MAROUF, & FRANCISCO RODRÍGUEZ. ¡Dimelo tú! WHITLEY, M. STANLEY.
Spanish/English Contrasts: A Course in Spanish Linguistics. BROWN, JAMES DEAN, THOM HUDSON, JOHN NORRIS, & WILLIAM J. BONK. An Investigation of Second Language Task‐Based Performance Assessments.
In vitro penetration of bleaching agents into the pulp chamber
Authors: Benetti A. R. , Valera M. C. , Mancini M. N. G. , Miranda C. B. , Balducci I. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAim  To investigate pulp chamber penetration of bleaching agents in teeth following restorative procedures.Methodology  Bovine lateral incisors were sectioned 3 mm apical to the cemento‐enamel junction and the coronal pulpal tissue was removed. Teeth were divided into six groups (n = 10): G1, G2 and G3 were not submitted to any restorative procedure, while G4, G5 and G6 were submitted to Class V preparations and restored with composite resin. Acetate buffer was placed in the pulp chamber and treatment agents were applied for 60 min at 37 °C as follows: G1 and G4, immersion into distilled water; G2 and G5, 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) exposure; G3 and G6, 35% CP bleaching. The buffer solution was removed and transferred to a glass tube where leuco crystal violet and horseradish peroxidase were added, producing a blue solution. The optical density of the blue solution was determined spectrophotometrically at 596 nm. A standard curve made with known amounts of hydrogen peroxide was used to convert the optical density values of the coloured samples into microgram equivalents of hydrogen peroxide. Data were submitted to anova and Tukey's test (5%).Results  Amounts of hydrogen peroxide found in the pulp chamber of G2 and G5 specimens (0.1833 ± 0.2003 µg) were significantly lower (P = 0.001) when compared to G3 and G6 specimens (0.4604 ± 0.3981 µg). Restored teeth held significantly higher (P = 0.001) hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the pulp chamber than intact teeth.Conclusion  Higher concentrations of the bleaching agent produced higher levels of hydrogen peroxide in the pulp chamber, especially in restored teeth.
Gingival necrosis following the use of a paraformaldehyde‐containing paste: a case report
Authors: Özgöz M. , Yaǧiz H. , Çiçek Y. , Tezel A. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAim  To report on an unusual case of gingival necrosis following the use of a paraformaldehyde‐containing paste in root canal treatment.Summary  Paraformaldehyde preparations are toxic to hard and soft tissues. In an era of effective local anaesthesia, toxic devitalizing preparations have few applications. However, in a mobile world population, severe tissue injury may occasionally be encountered after the use of paraformaldehyde or other toxic agents in some parts of the world. Dentists should avoid such preparations and be alert of the features and management of local toxicity if they encounter it in practice.Key learning points

Paraformaldehyde‐containing pastes have no application in contemporary dentistry.
Dentists should avoid toxic preparations for pulp devitalization.
Dentists should be aware of the features and management of tissue necrosis resulting from the use of toxic dressing materials.
Viral gastroenteritis – a danger to the patient, a danger to the staff
Authors: Appelboam R. , Hammond E. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryViral gastroenteritis is usually a mild, self‐limiting illness. We report a case of a previously well 74‐year‐old woman who suffered a grave complication of this common condition, and caused a significant outbreak of illness amongst staff involved in her care. This case highlights the risks of Hospital Acquired Infection and raises important infection control issues. It illustrates the hazards associated with exposure to potentially infectious secretions and presents a clear message to medical and nursing staff involved in the care of the acute surgical emergency.
Thrombocytopenia in the parturient
Authors: Kam P. C. A. , Thompson S. A. , Liew A. C. S. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryThrombocytopenia in pregnant women can be associated with substantial maternal and neonatal morbidity. It may result from a range of conditions and early implementation of some specific treatment may improve both maternal and neonatal outcome. In this review we discuss the clinical features of the more common causes of thrombocytopenia associated with pregnancy, and provide an overview of the anaesthetic considerations.
Local anaesthesia and sedation for rigid bronchoscopy for emergency relief of central airway obstruction
Authors: Conacher I. D. , Curran E. 
Published: February 2004

SummaryWe report three experiences that illustrate the use of local anaesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy. All patients were acute emergencies, with life‐threatening central airway problems. Instruments were inserted after the airway was anaesthetised using a technique that owes much to mid 20th Century methods for inserting endobronchial blockers. There is discussion about requirement to preserve and conserve self‐ventilation and the securing of compromised central airways without the aid of neuromuscular blocking agents. Historical aspects of bronchoscopy are reviewed. Concomitant sedation reduced the unpleasantness of the experience in a way that in the past could only be dealt with by careful attention to the humanitarian elements of detail. Problems of oxygenation were ameliorated by periodically superimposing intermittent jetting with a Sanders injector fed from the oxygen pipeline. A need for developing and refining topical and other local anaesthetic techniques for rigid bronchoscopy is anticipated with the expansion of services for tracheo‐bronchial stenting and lasering.
Mandibular alveolar bone necrosis after trigeminal herpes zoster
Authors: Arikawa Junko , Mizushima Junichi , Higaki Yuko , Hoshino Junko , Kawashima Makoto 
Published: February 2004

A 74‐year‐old Japanese man, who had pharyngeal cancer at the age of 53 years and had been treated with radiation therapy, was examined by his dentist for oral ulcers with severe pain for 2 days. He was referred to our hospital on the following day and admitted on March 7, 2000. Physical examination revealed vesicles and pustules on the right side of the lower lip, chin, cheek, and external ear. Ulceration was noted on the right side of the soft palate, buccal mucosa, and tongue. The mandibular soft tissue was markedly swollen. A diagnosis of trigeminal herpes zoster was made. The patient was treated with intravenous acyclovir, 750 mg daily for 7 days, and oral prednisolone, 20 mg daily for 2 days. The facial and mucosal lesions showed rapid improvement and the patient was discharged on March 16, 2000. Forty‐four days after the onset, the patient complained of a dull, throbbing pain in the right mandible. Panoramic tomography of the jaw revealed radiolucent areas without radio‐opacities on the mandibular bone (Fig. 1). These findings were not observed on the panoramic radiograph taken before admission. The mandibular right lateral incisor, canine, and left lateral incisor were markedly loose and periodontal attachment tissue was necrotic. Sequestrectomy of the necrotic bone was performed and the affected teeth were removed. Microscopic examination of the sequestered bone revealed eosinophilic, homogeneous bone tissue surrounded by degenerated connective tissue. The osteocytic lacunae were empty. Cavum dentis containing bone marrow had been replaced by necrotic tissue (Fig. 2). Although the change in lacunae could be an artifact of decalcification, these findings suggested that the bone tissue was necrotic. After sequestrectomy, the patient's mandibular pain ameliorated, but he developed post‐herpetic neuralgia.Panoramic tomography of the jaw reveals radiolucent areas without radio‐opacities on the mandibular bone (arrow)imageMicroscopic examination of the sequestered bone reveals eosinophilic, homogeneous bone tissue surrounded by degenerated connective tissue. The osteocytic lacunae are empty. Cavum dentis containing bone marrow has been replaced by necrotic tissueimage
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis imported into Paris: a review of 39 cases
Authors: El Hajj Lise , Thellier Marc , Carrière Jean , Bricaire François , Danis Martin , Caumes Eric 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground  Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is a common cause of dermatosis in travelers returning from the tropics. We describe the epidemiological, clinical, and biological aspects and therapeutic outcome of imported LCL.Methods  A retrospective study of all cases of LCL observed from 1992 to 2000 in our tropical disease unit. Diagnosis was based on direct examination of skin smear and/or culture with identification of subsequent subspecies.Results  Thirty‐nine cases (25 males, 14 females; median age: 38 years) were included: 35 French travelers and four foreign immigrants; 15 cases were acquired in the Old World and 24 cases in the New World. The patients presented to our department with a median of 60 days after return. Thirteen patients had already consulted general practitioners, and the diagnosis was missed in five cases (38%). Five clusters were identified. The median number of skin lesions was two per patient. Diagnosis was established by direct microscopic examination in 36 cases (92%). Thirty‐five patients were assessable for first‐line treatment with antimonials (intramuscularly in 18, intralesionally in nine), intramuscular pentamidine isethionate or oral ketoconazole (four patients each). Twenty‐five patients (71.4%) were cured. The remaining 10 patients were cured after one to three courses of other treatments. Overall adverse events occurred in 60% of the patients treated with antimonials and 37% of those treated with pentamidine.Conclusion  Imported LCL is still unrecognized by Western physicians. Clusters may be observed in groups of travelers. The therapeutic outcome is impaired by numerous but minor side‐effects.
Zosteriform skin metastases
Authors: LeSueur Benjamin W. , Abraham Ryan J. , DiCaudo David J. , O'Connor William J. 
Published: February 2004

A 66‐year‐old woman was referred for evaluation of a rash on the leg. She had a 1‐year history of stage IV bronchogenic adenocarcinoma with previous metastases to the right first metatarsal‐phalangeal (MTP) joint and a left supraclavicular lymph node. She underwent six cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA) and carboplatin (Paraplatin; Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ, USA) as well as palliative radiation therapy to the metastasis sites. One month after completing radiation therapy, the patient developed a nonpainful rash on the right thigh. This eruption was treated as a herpes zoster infection by her internist with 3 weeks of valcyclovir (Valtrex; Catalytica Pharmaceuticals, Greenville, NC, USA), but without improvement. One month later the leg became painful and swollen and the rash spread up the thigh to involve the groin and vulva. The patient was referred to the dermatology department. Physical examination revealed multiple red, indurated, crusted papules and nodules involving the medial, anterior, and lateral right thigh, labia majora, and suprapubic area. The lesions were grouped and arranged in a dermatomal zosteriform distribution (Fig. 1). There was a visible peau d’orange appearance of the right leg with pitting edema. A punch biopsy showed irregular islands of atypical glandular epithelial cells infiltrating the superficial and deep dermis, consistent with metastatic adenocarcinoma (Fig. 2a). Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining to thyroid transcription factor (TTF) and cytokeratin 7 (Fig. 2b and c). The tissue did not stain with progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, or gross cystic disease fluid protein (BRST‐2). This immunostaining pattern was identical to previous biopsies of the right first MTP joint and left supraclavicular lymph node metastases and is consistent with adenocarcinoma of the lung.Eruption on the right thigh with grouped papules and nodules arranged in a zosteriform patternimage(a) Punch biopsy showing irregular islands of atypical glandular epithelial cells within the dermis (hematoxylin and eosin; original magnification × 100). (b) Positive staining with thyroid transcription factor (original magnification × 40). (c) Positive staining with cytokeratin 7 (original magnification × 40)image
Evaluating a new food selection guide
Authors: Hunt Paula , Strong Maureen , Poulter Jenny 
Published: February 2004

SummaryIn 2002, The British Meat Nutrition Education Service (BMNES) updated its food selection guide Getting the Balance Right. This was to reflect a wider array of foods now available and bring it in line with the nationally recognised model, the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) Balance of Good Health. Qualitative and quantitative research was conducted to gain insight into the distribution, use, relevance and perceived effectiveness of BMNES’ updated Getting the Balance Right model amongst nutrition educators and specialists in design/communication. The qualitative element was directed towards reaction to the content and execution of the guide. These methods typically involved a small number of participants, who were highly selected. The quantitative part focused on tracking the distribution and evaluating the effectiveness of the release of the tool to the target audience.Overall the sample of users was extremely positive about the updated Getting the Balance Right, because of the model itself (based on the FSA version) and the way it was presented. The research identified key strengths and it was unanimously preferred to the FSA's Balance of Good Health plate model launched in 1994. However, some respondents had concerns over Getting the Balance Right, primarily because of its commercial origins and complexity of visual imagery, which in their view, may impact on its educational effectiveness.Evidence from the first 6 months post‐launch suggests that BMNES’Getting the Balance  Right is  being  widely  used,  primarily  within  the  health  sector  specifically by dietitians and nurses. Its use is sometimes interactive (as intended) but also in a ‘stand alone’ manner and the educational context is likely to influence its effectiveness. The design/communication experts commented positively on the visual energy and business of the model though some felt this might distract from the overall central messages of proportion.It is clear from this research that the current presentation of BMNES’Getting the Balance Right provides the basis for an extremely useful resource that seems likely to be an effective educational tool and is desperately needed within the field. The question of its true effectiveness will only be answered by systematic quantitative research to test the ability of consumers to understand and apply the information within the model.