bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prospective Study of Kitesurfing Injuries
Authors: Nickel Christoph , Zernial Oliver , Musahl Volker , Hansen Ute , Zantop Thore , Petersen Wolf 
Published: April 2004

Background To date, the pattern and rate of kitesurfing injuries are largely unclear. Hypothesis The pattern and rate of kitesurfing injuries are comparable to that of contact sports such as football and soccer. Study Design Prospective study. Methods The study was conducted over a 6-month period of 1 season and included 235 kitesurfers. Results The number of self-reported injuries was 124, for an overall self-reported injury rate of 7 per 1000 hours of practice. One fatal accident (polytrauma) and 11 severe injuries occurred during the study period (2 knee ligament injuries and 9 fractures at various sites). The most commonly injured sites were the foot and ankle (28%), skull (14%), chest (13%), and knee (13%). Fifty-six percent of the injuries were attributed to the inability to detach the kite from the harness in a situation involving loss of control over the kite. There was a tendency for athletes using a quick-release system to sustain fewer injuries than athletes without such a release system. Conclusion Kitesurfing can be considered a high-risk sport. Clinical Relevance The use of a quick-release system that enables the surfers to detach the kite in case of an accident might aid in the prevention of injuries.
Ontogenic Redistribution of Type 2 Deiodinase Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Brain of Chicken
Authors: Gereben Balázs , Pachucki Janusz , Kollár Anna , Liposits Zsolt , Fekete Csaba 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for brain development. T4 has to be converted to T3 for efficient binding to thyroid hormone receptors. Type 2 deiodinase (D2) is the key enzyme that allows T3 generation in the brain. To elucidate the onset and localization of T3 production in the brain, we studied the changes of D2 activity, mRNA content, and the distribution of D2 mRNA in the brain of chicken embryos before and after the onset of thyroid function. D2 activity was detectable in the brain at all stages studied from embryonic day (E)7 to E15 and increased significantly with time. The wild-type chicken D2 transcript was detectable at all those stages by RT-PCR. The amount of D2 mRNA in the brain increased approximately 14-fold from E10 to E17 as assessed by Northern blot. Week D2 hybridization signal could be detected by in situ hybridization at E8 in cell clusters throughout the brain, and its intensity markedly increased to E15. Interestingly, no D2 expression was detected in hypothalamic tanycytes at these embryonic stages. However, D2 hybridization signal was observed in the wall of the third ventricle of adult chicken posterior to the rostral pole of the median eminence in the location typical for tanycytes, whereas D2 signal in other localizations was decreased throughout the brain. Our data suggest that D2 contributes to T3 content of the developing chicken brain even before the onset of thyroid function. Furthermore, redistribution of D2 mRNA expression was observed during the development of the chicken brain.
Loss of Seizure Control Due to Anticonvulsant-Induced Hypocalcemia
Authors: Ali Fawzi Elhami , Al-Bustan Mahmoud A , Al-Busairi Waleed A , Al-Mulla Fatema A 
Published: April 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of loss of seizure control due to hypocalcemia resulting from long-term treatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital. CASE SUMMARY: A 32-year-old mentally retarded man presented with a 12-month history of loss of seizure control, after being seizure-free for 5 years on a fixed regimen of phenobarbital and phenytoin. He had been institutionalized at the age of 10 years and had received anticonvulsant drugs since he was diagnosed with tonic-clonic epilepsy 20 years ago. On investigation, serum concentrations of the anticonvulsant drugs were within the therapeutic range, indicating adequate medication dosages. Serum biochemistry was consistent with vitamin D deficiency: hypocalcemia, reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D, increased alkaline phosphatase, and increased parathormone. Seizure control was regained after serum calcium had been normalized with administration of vitamin D and calcium. DISCUSSION: Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) cause vitamin D deficiency through induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes that metabolize vitamin D. Institutionalized subjects are more vulnerable because of the added factors of multidrug therapy, poor diet, reduced exposure to sunlight, and physical inactivity. The resulting hypocalcemia can cause reactive seizures, thus offsetting the anticonvulsant action of the drugs. An objective causality assessment revealed that the adverse reactions of both phenobarbital and phenytoin were probable. CONCLUSIONS: Hypocalcemic seizures are uncommon and underdiagnosed complications of long-term therapy with AEDs. Loss of seizure control in a patient stabilized on AEDs is an indication to check the patient's calcium status. Proper treatment of this complication is vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Prophylactic supplementation with vitamin D is necessary in institutionalized patients treated with AEDs.
Pediatric Case Series Evaluating a Standardized Candida Albicans Skin Test Product
Authors: Ohri Linda K , Manley Jeanette M , Chatterjee Archana , Cornish Nancy E 
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND: A ready-to-use, standardized Candida albicans skin test product (Candin) first became available in 1995. As of April 6, 2004, no published reports have been found describing efficacy or safety with pediatric use of this reagent. OBJECTIVE: To present a case series describing experience with use of Candin to assess 78 pediatric cases for delayed-type hypersensitivity. METHODS: The standardized C. albicans reagent was one of up to 4 antigens used to evaluate patients' cellular immunity. Candin was used with purified protein derivative tuberculosis testing for 76 patients (4 mo-16 y of age) and for anergy testing alone in 2 cases. Candin was used with at least one other skin test reagent for 24 subjects. RESULTS: Fifty-three of 78 subjects (68%) responded to at least one skin test antigen. Candin had an overall response rate of 64% (50/78). There was a response to Candin in 54% (13/24) of subjects with multiple reagents applied, the highest rate of any antigen used. There was a 27% (3/11) positive Candin response for subjects <1 year of age; this compared with 21% and 23% in 2 published reports on use of nonstandardized tests for this age group. No adverse events were associated with use of Candin. CONCLUSIONS: Candin testing gives similar or better response rates compared with published data on older, nonstandardized C. albicans reagents and other anergy test antigens used in this case series. It should be used in combination with multiple other control antigens to most effectively assess for anergy, particularly in infants, as well as in patients recognized to be immune deficient.
Computer‐assisted Diabetes Education and Information Technology in Diabetes Care
Authors: Lehmann Eldon D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis chapter overviews current applications of the use of information technology (IT) in clinical diabetes care and diabetes education. The main topics covered include (i) database systems (personal applications as well as hospital‐based systems and electronic patient records); (ii) computer‐based decision support (making use of algorithms, knowledge‐based systems, and telemedcine‐based prototypes); (iii) educational applications (including the use of simulators, games for children with diabetes, and CD‐ROM‐based diabetes teaching). Other topics addressed include obstacles to computerization, diabetes and the World Wide Web, and software evaluation. The chapter concludes that while there have been many computer prototypes developed in the field of diabetes‐IT, to date there have been relatively few successful products or applications. Reasons for this are discussed, and the need for much more rigorous program evaluation is highlighted. The chapter closes with a look to the future of possible applications of IT in clinical diabetes care.
Growth, behavior, and clinical findings in 27 patients with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome
Authors: White S.M. , Thompson E.M. , Kidd A. , Savarirayan R. , Turner A. , Amor D. , Delatycki M.B. , Fahey M. , Baxendale A. , White S. , Haan E. , Gibson K. , Halliday J.L. , Bankier A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study was undertaken to document the phenotype of Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome in patients from Australia and New Zealand, with particular emphasis on growth patterns, behavior, and relationship between head circumference and intellectual level. Data on 27 children and adults with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome from Australia and New Zealand were collected by questionnaire and clinical assessment. The patients ranged in age from 7 months to 36 years with a mean age of 7 years and 2 months. The mean age at diagnosis was 3⅚ years, but in most cases, the facial phenotype was evident from infancy. The minimum birth prevalence was calculated at 1 in 86,000. Three of our patients died. Parents reported a behavior phenotype characterized by an excellent long‐term memory and avoidance of eye contact. No correlation was found between head circumference and severity of intellectual disability. Eight of 14 patients over the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. Six of these eight patients had failure to thrive in infancy. One patient developed insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus in adolescence. Some individuals with Kabuki (Niikawa–Kuroki) syndrome show a characteristic growth profile with failure to thrive in infancy progressing to obesity or overweight in middle childhood or adolescence. A behavior phenotype was noted which requires further investigation. Head size is not a predictor of degree of intellectual disability. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypertelorism, ptosis, and myopia associated with drug‐resistant epilepsy, mental delay, growth deficiency, ectodermal defects, and osteopenia
Authors: Zannolli R. , Buoni S. , Macucci F. , Miracco C. , de Santi M.M. , Piomboni P. , Bruni E. , Malandrini A. , Galluzzi P. , Hadjistilianou T. , Medaglini S. , Mazzei M.A. , Sacco P. , Terrosi‐Vagnoli P. , Volterrani L. , Molinelli M. , Burlina A.B. , Swift J.A. , Fimiani M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe report a 30‐year‐old woman with hypertelorism, ptosis, and myopia associated with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome), mental delay, growth deficiency, ectodermal defects, and osteopenia. To the best of our knowledge, this patient has an unusual combination of symptoms not previously described, associated with severe central nervous system dysfunction. The ectodermal defects were present in a very intriguing form, were difficult to diagnose, and did not conform to any classification or previous description. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Etiology of sex differences in the prevalence of ADHD: An examination of inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity
Authors: Rhee Soo Hyun , Waldman Irwin D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeveral studies have examined the predictions of two models (i.e., the polygenic multiple threshold (PMT) model and the constitutional variability (CV) model) developed to explain sex differences in the prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and the results of these studies are conflicting. Although there is substantial evidence that two distinct, moderately correlated symptom dimensions (inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity) underlie ADHD symptoms, all of these studies have examined ADHD as a unidimensional construct. Therefore, we tested the PMT and CV models for the two ADHD symptom dimensions separately. Dizygotic twins or siblings of girls with ADHD had a higher number of ADHD symptoms than twins or siblings of boys with ADHD. This evidence for the PMT model and against the CV model was found for both inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity, but became weaker for hyperactivity–impulsivity as symptom severity increased. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage and association analysis at the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) locus in a rigid‐compulsive subset of autism
Authors: McCauley J.L. , Olson L.M. , Dowd M. , Amin T. , Steele A. , Blakely R.D. , Folstein S.E. , Haines J.L. , Sutcliffe J.S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAutism is a complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder in which affected individuals display deficits in language, social relationships, and patterns of compulsive and stereotyped behaviors and rigidity. Linkage analysis in our dataset of 57 New England and 80 AGRE multiplex autism families reveals a multipoint heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score of 2.74 at D17S1871 in 17q11.2. Analysis of phenotypic subsets shows an increased HLOD of 3.62 in families with compulsive behaviors and rigidity. The serotonin transporter locus (SLC6A4) maps nearby and is considered a functional candidate gene in autism and obsessive‐compulsive disorder. We genotyped an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter (5‐HTTLPR), and seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the 38‐kb transcriptional unit. Transmission disequilibrium (TD) analysis reveals nominal association at a SNP in intron 5 (P = 0.02) as well as 5‐HTTLPR (P = 0.01), corresponding to over‐transmission of the short allele. TD analysis in the rigid‐compulsive subset shows no evidence for association. Intermarker linkage disequilibrium was determined. All SNPs define a single haplotype block, while 5‐HTTLPR lies 5′ to this block. Three SNPs are sufficient to detect all common alleles (≥5%) in this > 26‐kb block. Analysis of haplotypes for these markers demonstrates no evidence for association to autism. These data indicate that a common allele within the coding region of SLC6A4 is not responsible for the observed linkage. However, the presence of heterogeneous disease variants within the block or the existence of a common disease‐associated allele either upstream or downstream of this block is possible. In fact, such variants may well account for linkage to 17q11.2 in our families. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
μ opioid receptor gene as a candidate for the study of obsessive compulsive disorder with and without tics
Authors: Urraca N. , Camarena B. , Gómez‐Caudillo L. , Esmer M.C. , Nicolini H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex psychiatric disease characterized by recurring obsessions or compulsions that cause significant distress to the patient. The etiology of this disorder remains largely unknown, although a genetic component has been suggested. Many candidates genes have been evaluated based on a possible serotoninergic and dopaminergic brain dysfunction. We postulate the μ opioid receptor (MOR) gene as a candidate because some observations support a role of the opioid system in OCD. The opioid antagonist, naloxone, rapidly exacerbates OCD symptoms and the opioid agonist, tramadol, was reported to be effective in the treatment of some patients. We studied two single nucleotide polymorphisms (C17T and A118G) in 51 trios with OCD. Genotyping was analyzed with transmission desequilibrium test (TDT). The allelic variant +17T of the C17T polymorphism had a low frequency (1%) in our population that did not allow for statistic analysis. However, for the allelic variant +G of the A118G polymorphism we were able to performed statistical comparisons. Our results showed a trend toward significance (χ2 McNemar = 3.6, P = 0.065) for TDT in patients with comorbid tics. It is an interesting finding that should be tested in a larger sample of OCD patients with tics. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hardness of cercopithecine foods: Implications for the critical function of enamel thickness in exploiting fallback foods
Authors: Lambert Joanna E. , Chapman Colin A. , Wrangham Richard W. , Conklin‐Brittain Nancy Lou 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe evaluate the hardness of foods consumed by sympatric Cercopithecus ascanius (redtail guenons) and Lophocebus albigena (grey‐cheeked mangabeys), and consider how selection might operate to influence foraging adaptations. Since L. albigena has among the thickest dental enamel in extant primates and is commonly referred to as a hard‐object consumer, we predicted that their diet would be harder than that of the guenon. Data on diet and food hardness (as measured by resistance to puncture and crushing) were collected between June–October of 1997 at Kibale National Park, Uganda, and were compared to similar data collected in Kibale between 1991–1994. Contrary to what we predicted, there was no difference in dietary hardness when the puncture resistance of all fruit consumed by the two species was compared (31 tree species in both study periods). However, in June–October 1997, L. albigena exploited a diet more resistant to puncture and crushing than C. ascanius. This difference is largely explained by the higher percentage of bark and seeds consumed by the L. albigena during this period. We suggest that it is the difference in the mechanical properties of fallback foods during critical periods that may have served as the selective pressure for thick enamel in L. albigena. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small‐angle neutron scattering of poly(styrene)/poly(acrylic acid–ethyl acrylate) copolymers: The effect of the degree of hydrolysis of the poly(acrylic acid–ethyl acrylate) block
Authors: Crichton Mark A. , Bhatia Surita R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe report the results of systems based on polystyrene‐poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA) diblocks, which self‐assemble in aqueous solutions to form spherical micelles. Previous work has shown that the rheological properties of these solutions, in particular the gel–liquid transition, can be tuned through the use of a simple hydrolysis reaction to convert PEA to poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). We studied the effect of the extent of hydrolysis on the self‐assembly and micellar interactions. Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) spectra were fit with a variety of models to determine the micelle structure. As more PEA was converted to PAA (i.e., as the corona became more charged and more hydrophilic), the micellar aggregation number decreased, analogous to observations of other polymeric micelles. This effect could impact the gel–liquid transition and rheology in this system and in similar micellar block copolymer gels. Finally, our SANS spectra qualitatively agreed with predictions for attractive colloidal glasses, confirming the idea that the elasticity of these gels arises from the jamming of micelles. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 490–497, 2004
An electrical approach to monitor wire and cable thermal oxidation aging condition based on carbon black filled conductive polymer composite
Authors: Sun Yangyang , Fan Lianhua , Watkins Ken , Peak Jonathan , Wong C. P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractPolymeric materials are widely used as insulation and jacketing materials in wire and cable. When such materials are used for long‐term applications, they undergo thermal oxidation aging in the environment. It is necessary to develop an in situ and nondestructive condition monitoring (CM) method to follow the aging of cable materials. The main objective of this work was to investigate low‐density polyethylene/carbon black (LDPE/CB) conductive polymer composites as potential sensor materials for this purpose. LDPE/CB composites with a carbon black loading below the percolation threshold underwent accelerated thermal oxidation aging experiments. The results indicated that the substantial resistivity decreases of the LDPE/CB composites could be directly related to the increases in volume fraction of the conductive carbon black, which was mainly caused by the mass loss of polymer matrix and sample shrinkage during the thermal oxidation aging process. Compared to existing CM method based on density change, the electrical resistivity is more explicit regarding its absolute changes throughout the thermal oxidation aging. The change in resistivity spanned over four orders of magnitude, whereas the composite density only increased 10%. The results offer strong evidence that resistivity measurements, which reflect property changes under thermal aging conditions, could represent a very useful and nondestructive CM approach as well as a more sensitive method than density CM approach. Crystallinity changes in materials investigated by modulated DSC and TGA measurements indicated deterioration of crystalline regions in polymer during the thermal oxidation aging. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 513–520, 2004
Abnormal musculoaponeurotic tunnel in the arm:
Authors: Wadhwa S. , Mehra S. , Khan R.Q. , Kapur V. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMedian nerve and brachial artery in the arm are not usually overlapped by any structure. Connective tissue bands and muscular slips draping or enclosing this neurovascular bundle have been reported, however, which may produce clinical symptoms of nerve compression and vascular changes. We report an unusual musculoaponeurotic band that originates as the ligament of Struthers but terminates as the brachiofascialis muscle of Wood and in the process may have entrapped both the median nerve and brachial artery. The nerve to pronator teres originates from the median nerve within this tunnel. On histological examination the nerve was flattened and showed some perineurial thickening. In view of the flexor function of brachialis muscle, this anomalous musculoaponeurotic band may be considered a clinically important entity in the causation of idiopathic neurovasculopathy in the hand. Clin. Anat. 17:360–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CRP and IL‐6 concentrations are associated with poor glycemic control despite preserved β‐cell function during the first year after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Schölin Anna , Siegbahn Agneta , Lind Lars , Berne Christian , Sundkvist Göran , Björk Elisabeth , Karlsson F. Anders 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe role of non‐specific inflammation in β‐cell loss in type 1 diabetes is unclear. In the present study, inflammatory markers were determined in patients with newly diagnosed disease and related to β‐cell function, glycemic control and autoimmunity.MethodsNinety‐seven adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (80% islet antibody positives, ab+) were examined at diagnosis and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the start of insulin treatment. Plasma C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), C‐peptide, islet autoantibodies, insulin requirement and HbA1c were assessed.ResultsThe concentrations of CRP were high‐normal at diagnosis and did not change during the study period. A positive correlation between CRP at diagnosis and BMI was observed in ab+ as well as in ab− cases. Detectable concentrations of IL‐6 were found in 32% (157/485) of the samples and did not change during the study. Ab− patients had higher values of CRP at diagnosis and throughout the study compared to the ab+. Among the ab+ patients, CRP concentrations during the study were positively correlated to C‐peptide at 12 months and an increase in HbA1c levels between 6 and 12 months. No associations between the presence or levels of islet autoantibodies and CRP were noted.ConclusionsIn type 1 diabetes, the islet destructive process and the development of β‐cell remission are not associated with changes in CRP or IL‐6. Instead, elevated CRP concentrations are prevalent and seem to reflect insulin resistance, as positive associations to BMI, C‐peptide and deterioration of glycemic control were observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.