bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of linear programming in bull selection for a dairy herd
Authors: Galligan David T. , Ferguson James D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Approximately 70% of dairy cows are inseminated with semen from bulls provided by commercial artificial insemination centers.1 To help producers in the selection process, artificial insemination centers publish information regarding production and type traits associated with each bull. Producers must decide from these lists which bulls to use, how often they are to be used, and to which cows they should be allocated. The bulls selected have a direct effect on cost of semen for the herd and genetic improvement in production of future generations. In general, producers’ goals are to replace poor genes through strategic culling (not breeding certain cows) with better genes through semen purchases in an economically efficient manner. The cost of semen, however, is realized immediately, whereas economic returns from the traits selected are dependent on the realization of future cash flows. Higher production returns are needed to justify using more expensive bulls. The purposes of the study reported here were to examine the bull selection portfolio of a 450-cow commercial dairy herd in southeastern Pennsylvania and to use linear optimizing programming to select a genetically similar group of bulls at a much lower cost than that the producer had been using. This approach of dominant decision-making can be generalized and implemented for various dairy farm conditions.
Factors associated with use of prostaglandins in reproductive herd health programs for dairy cows
Authors: Wenzel James G. W. , Williamson Norman B. , Seguin Bradley E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Use of prostaglandin F2α products (pg) in dairy cows was studied by use of computerized reproductive herd health data compiled from 29 dairy herds in Minnesota and Wisconsin during 1983 through 1988. Treatment with pg was recorded in 1,856 of 7,139 (26.0%) complete lactations. More than 1 treatment with pg was administered in 534 of the 1,856 (28.8%) lactations in which pg were used. The proportion of lactations in which treatment was used varied among herds and years, and was associated with the proportion of cows in which natural breeding was attempted and, to a lesser extent, with estrus detection index and conception rates; these associations were potentially modified by time between veterinary herd health visits. Calving-to-treatment intervals (mean ± sd) were 100.4 ± 55.1 days for first treatments only, and 116.2 ± 66.1 days for all treatments. These values varied considerably among herds and years and among reasons for treatment. Much of the variation in proportions of lactations in which treatment was used and in the time of treatment within lactations could not be accounted for with the variables included in this study, and was probably related to individual considerations for each cow.
Influence of radiographically detectable orthopedic changes on racing performance in Standardbred trotters
Authors: Grondahl A. M. , Engeland A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The tarsocrural, metacarpophalangeal, and metatarsophalangeal joints of 753 Standardbred yearlings were radiographed. On the basis of radiographic findings, the horses were allotted into 4 groups. Group- 1 horses had osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joints. Group-2 horses had palmar/plantar bony fragments in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints. Group-3 horses had radiographic changes in the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joint region, such as bony fragments located at the dorsoproximal end of the proximal phalanx, osteochondrosis of the sagittal ridge of the third metacarpus/metatarsus, ununited proximoplantar tuberosity of the proximal phalanx, or nonarticular, osteolytic and productive changes in the proximal sesamoid bones. Group-4 horses did not have radiographic changes. The number of race starts and race earnings (categorized) of the horses in groups 1, 2, and 3 were compared with those of the horses in group 4, using a multivariate regression analysis. Horses in groups 1, 2, and 3 had significantly fewer starts and somewhat lower earnings compared with the horses in group 4.
Plasmid profiles and resistance to antimicrobial agents among Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and poultry in the midwestern United States
Authors: Nair Ushasree S. , Saeed A. M. , Muriana P. M. , Kreisle Regina A. , Barrett Brent , Sinclair Charles L. , Fleissner M. L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In the study reported here, 121 Salmonella enteritidis isolates from human beings and 467 isolates from nonhuman sources were analyzed for plasmid pattern and susceptibility to a panel of antimicrobial agents commonly used as biologic markers. A significant (P < 0.05) number of isolates from nonhuman sources were resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and tetracycline. Resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was uncommon. Of the 588 isolates, 445 (76%) were resistant to 2 or more antimicrobial agents. Sixty of 121 (50%) S enteritidis isolates from human beings were susceptible to all 12 antimicrobial agents, but 425 of 467 (91%) S enteritidis isolates from nonhuman sources expressed resistance to 1 or more of the antimicrobial agents used in the study. Analysis of plasmid profiles revealed that significantly (P < 0.05) more isolates from nonhuman sources had high molecular weight plasmids than did isolates from human beings. Isolates from ceca of chickens were associated with patterns of low molecular weight plasmids. Analysis of results of the study revealed similarities among S enteritidis from human beings and eggs, as determined on the basis of plasmid profiles and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, which may implicate eggs as one of the potential sources for infection of human beings. In addition, periodic monitoring of a substantial number of Salmonella isolates to detect drug resistance may be a prudent practice for use in revising the list of antimicrobial agents commonly used in human beings and other animals.
Disseminated opportunistic fungal disease in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1990)
Authors: Watt Philip R. , Robins Geoffrey M. , Galloway Annabelle M. , O'Boyle Denise A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 10 dogs in which fungal infection was diagnosed between 1982 and 1990 were reviewed. In each dog, infection was determined to be caused by a single species of fungus, either Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium sp, Paecilomyces sp, Chrysosporium sp, or Pseudallescheria boydii. Nine dogs were German Shepherd Dogs; 1 was a German Shepherd Dog cross, and 9 were females. The most common clinical signs were signs of neck or back pain (9 dogs), weight loss (7 dogs), anorexia (6 dogs), pyrexia (6 dogs), paresis (3 dogs), and paralysis (3 dogs). All 10 dogs had evidence of multiple sites of diskospondylitis. Urine sediment was examined in 6 dogs, and all 6 had fungal hyphae. Urine samples from these dogs produced a medium to heavy pure growth of fungi when placed on Sabaraud's medium. Predisposing causes were not identified in any of the dogs. Four dogs were euthanatized immediately after diagnosis because of paralysis or paresis. The other 6 dogs were treated, and 4 of the 6 received itraconazole. One dog was euthanatized for an unrelated problem after 21 months of treatment; 1 dog was still alive after 4 years of continuous treatment with itraconazole. The other 4 dogs were euthanatized because of eventual paralysis or paresis. Our results suggest that German Shepherd Dogs are predisposed to infection with opportunistic fungi, possibly because of a specific inability to mount an effective response. This predisposition needs to be further studied.
Pregnancy determination by use of pregnancy-specific protein Β radioimmunoassay in llamas
Authors: Drew Mark L. , Alexander Brenda M. , Sasser R. Garth 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Blood samples were obtained from each of 30 llamas: 22 females that had been exposed to a male and were fissioned to be pregnant (gestational stage, 2 to 244 days), J female that had not been exposed to a male, 3 sexually in tact males, I castrated male, and 3 females with congenital reproductive anomalies. Serum was tested for the presence of pregnancy-specific protein B, using a radioimmunoassay that accurately detected pregnancy in cattle, sheep, and other ruminants. Pregnancy-specific protein Β was not detected in the serum of the 30 llamas. On the basis of our results, the radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-specific protein Β cannot be used in llamas for detection of pregnancy.
Repair of a full-thickness gastric rupture in a horse
Authors: Hogan Patricia M. , Bramlage Lawrence R. , Pierce Scott W. 
Published: December 2023

Gastric dilatation in horses may be primary (eg, engorgement, Gastrophilus sp infection), secondary (eg, to obstruction or ileus), or idiopathic, and may result in rupture.
Nasogastric intubation does not necessarily prevent gastric rupture.
Gastric rupture in horses usually is associated with gross contamination of the peritoneal cavity and death.
Successful surgical repair of gastric rupture in horses usually is limited to those horses in which the gastric mucosa is still intact.
Comparative viability of peninsular and island axial pattern flaps incorporating the cranial superficial epigastric artery in dogs
Authors: Sardinas Juan C. , Pavletic Michael M. , Ross J. Thomas , Kraus K. H. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Experimental island and peninsular axial pattern flaps that incorporated the cranial superficial epigastric artery and vein were developed in 6 Beagles. Mean percentage of flap area that survived, for both flaps, was 87%, and percentage of surviving flap area was not significantly different for island versus peninsular flaps. In 1 dog, ligation of an aberrant, perforating branch of the cranial epigastric artery resulted in necrosis of 53% of the flap area. The cranial superficial epigastric axial pattern flaps have potential application for closure of skin defects within their arc of rotation and may be particularly useful for closure of large defects on the ventral aspect of the thorax. A peninsular flap was used to close a defect of the ventral portion of the thoracic wall in a clinical case.
Evaluation of a commercially available prothrombin time assay kit for use in dogs and cats
Authors: Monce Kevin A. , Atkins Clarke E. , Loughman Christine M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A commercially available assay kit provided a rapid, inexpensive means of evaluating prothrombin time, requiring only 1 drop of fresh blood. We evaluated the assay kit for its ability to accurately measure prothrombin time in dogs and cats, comparing it with a validated prothrombin time assay performed in laboratories. Prothrombin times determined by validated laboratory and assay kit methods were compared, using simple regression analysis. Correlations were high (canine study, r2 = 0.96; feline study, r2 = 0.90; P = 0.0001 in both studies). We concluded that the assay kit compared favorably with the validated laboratory technique. The simplicity and speed with which the test can be performed, accuracy of results, small blood volume required, and cost-effectiveness make the assay kit well suited for prothrombin time measurement by small animal practitioners.
Effect of transportation on fatal fibrinous pneumonia and shrinkage in calves arriving at a large feedlot
Authors: Ribble Carl S. , Meek Alan H. , Shewen Patricia E. , Jim G. Kee , Guichon P. Tim 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A retrospective, epidemiologic field study was performed to determine whether calves that were transported greater distances from the auction market to the feedlot were at significantly higher risk of developing fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever). The study involved all 45,243 spring-born steer calves that were purchased from auction markets and moved into a large commercial feedlot between September 1 and December 31 over a 4-year period (1985–1988). For all 4 years of the study, the distance calves were transported from the market to the feedlot and their shrinkage or subsequent death loss from fibrinous pneumonia were not correlated. The risk of fatal fibrinous pneumonia for calves arriving from nearby markets was just as high as that for calves transported much greater distances. The results suggested that calves can be purchased from more distant markets without having to discount their price for higher expected death losses. Differences between short and long hauls explained/little, if any, of the variation among truckloads of calves in the risk of fatal fibrinous pneumonia.
Evaluation of abortions in cattle attributable to neosporosis in selected dairy herds in California
Authors: Anderson Mark L. , Palmer Charles W. , Thurmond Mark C. , Picanso John P. , Blanchard Pat C. , Breitmeyer Richard E. , Layton A. W. , McAllister Milton , Daft Barbara , Kinde Hailu , Read Deryck H. , Dubey J. P. , Conrad Patricia A. , Barr Bradd C. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To estimate the minimum rate of abortion attributable to infection with Neospora sp in selected California dairy herds.

Design—
Prospective study.

Animals—
Twenty-six dairy herds containing 19,708 cows were studied. Fourteen herds had a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and 12 were herds in which neosporosis had not been identified as a cause of abortions.

Procedure—
During a 1-year period, all available aborted fetuses were submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories to determine the cause of abortion. Reproductive records of cows that aborted were reviewed.

Results—
Neospora sp infection was the major cause of abortion identified (113/266 abortions, 42.5%). The majority (232/266, 87.2%) of the aborted fetuses were submitted from herds with a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and Neospora sp infection was identified as the causative agent in 101 of 232 (43.5%) of the abortions from these herds. Fewer aborted fetuses were submitted from the 12 herds that did not have a history of abortion attributable to Neospora sp; however, neosporosis was confirmed as a cause of abortion in 6 of these 12 herds and was identified as the causative agent in 12 of 34 (35.3%) abortions from these herds. The disease was widespread throughout the state (19/26 herds in our study). Available reproductive histories of cows that had abortions attributed to neosporosis were evaluated, and 4 cows were identified that twice aborted Neospora-in-fected fetuses.
Serologic responses of dogs naturally exposed to or vaccinated against Borrelia burgdorferi infection
Authors: Barthold Stephen W. , Levy Steven A. , Fikrig Erol , Bockenstedt Linda K. , Smith Abigail L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To characterize the serologic responses of dogs naturally exposed to or vaccinated against Borrelia burgdorferi and to assess responses at intervals after antibiotic treatment.

Design—
Prospective, controlled clinical trial.

Animals—
19 dogs of various breeds and ages with narrowly defined clinical criteria of limb/joint borreliosis and 10 control dogs of equivalent age were used to determine serologic responses following natural exposure to the organism. Eight seronegative dogs were used to determine serologic responses following vaccination.

Procedure—
Serologic responses to B burgdorferi and recombinant outer surface protein (Osp)A, flagellin, and P39 were assessed by means of
elisa and western immunoblot. Passive protective activity was assessed by use of a mouse protection assay.

Results—
Naturally exposed dogs were seropositive, but had variable
elisa titers and immunoblot profiles. Immunoblot analysis did reveal consistent reactions to flagellin, P39, and a 22 kd protein, but not to OspA. Antibody responses did not change appreciably up to 13 weeks after antibiotic treatment. Vaccinated dogs had strong reactions to OspA and OspB, but not to P39.

Clinical Implications—
Dogs with clinical borreliosis are seropositive and remain seropositive after antibiotic treatment, emphasizing that serologic testing is not a useful means of measuring clinical response. Serologic responses of infected dogs can be discriminated from those of vaccinated dogs by means of immunoblot analysis, and recombinant P39 is a potentially useful antigen for that purpose.
Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism: 225 cases (1979-1993)
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kintzer Peter P. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate clinical and laboratory findings in 225 dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism diagnosed over a 14-year period.

Design
Retrospective case series.

Animals
220 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism and 5 dogs with secondary hypoadrenocorticism (primary ACTH deficiency).

Procedure
We reviewed medical records of all dogs with naturally occurring hypoadrenocorticism examined at The Animal Medical Center between 1979 and 1993 or at Tufts University, Foster Hospital for Small Animals, between 1987 and 1993.

Results
Dogs ranged from 4 months to 14 years old. Most (71%) were female, and female dogs had a significantly higher relative risk of developing hypoadrenocorticism than did males. Great Danes, Portuguese Water Dogs, Rottweilers, Standard Poodles, West Highland White Terriers, and Wheaton Terriers had a significantly higher relative risk of developing hypoadrenocorticism than did dogs of other breeds. Common owner complaints included lethargy, poor appetite, and vomiting, whereas lethargy, weakness, and dehydration were common abnormalities detected on physical examination. Serum biochemical testing at the time of diagnosis revealed moderate-to-severe azotemia and hyperphosphatemia in most dogs. In 99 of 172 (57.6%) dogs that had a pretreatment urinalysis performed, urine specific gravity was < 1.030 even though dogs were azotemic. Serum electrolyte changes included hyperkalemia (n = 215), hyponatremia (183), hypochloremia (94), and hypercalcemia (69). Five of the 220 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism and the 5 dogs with secondary hypoadrenocorticism did not have hyperkalemia at time of diagnosis. In all dogs, ACTH stimulation testing revealed a low to low-normal baseline serum cortisol concentration with little to no rise after ACTH administration. Endogenous plasma ACTH concentration measured in 35 dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism was markedly high; whereas ACTH concentration was undetectable to low in the 5 dogs with secondary hypoadrenocorticism.

Clinical Implications
Hypoadrenocorticism is a rare disease in dogs, most commonly affecting young to middle-aged females; some breeds are at greater risk of developing the disease than others. In general, clinical signs are nonspecific and similar to manifestations of more common diseases. Serum electrolyte disturbances of hyperkalemia and hyponatremia are characteristic in dogs with primary hypoadrenocorticism, but concentrations may be normal in dogs with early or mild primary or secondary hypoadrenocorticism. Diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism is best confirmed by demonstration of a low baseline serum cortisol concentration with a subnormal or negligible response to ACTH administration. Determination of endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations is valuable in differentiating primary from secondary hypoadrenocorticism, particularly in dogs with normal serum electrolyte concentrations.
Effects of perinatal vaccination on humoral and cellular immune responses in cows and young calves
Authors: Ellis John A. , Hassard Lori E. , Cortese Victor S. , Morley Paul S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective—
To examine the effects of perinatal vaccination on cellular and humoral responses in cows and on passive transfer of antibodies and cells to calves, and to assess the role of maternal antibodies in vaccination responses of neonatal calves.

Design—
Prospective randomized control trial.

Animals—
52 beef cows and their calves.

Procedures—
Assigned cows were vaccinated twice during the last month of gestation. Assigned calves were vaccinated at day 10 after birth. Antibody concentrations and cellular responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) were measured in blood and colostrum of cows and in blood of calves. Calves were assessed for passive transfer of lymphocytes.

Results—
At parturition, serum antibody concentrations to BRSV as well as BHV-1 - and BRSV-specific blastogenic responses were significantly higher in vaccinated cows. After birth, calves from vaccinated cows had significantly higher concentrations of BRSV-specific serum antibodies, but not BHV-1 specific antibodies. Calves did not develop delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to BRSV. At weaning, lymphocytes from neonatally vaccinated calves had significantly higher values for virus-specific proliferation than did lymphocytes from unvaccinated calves; however, significant differences were not detected between groups after vaccination at weaning.

Clinical Implications—
Administration of modified-live viral vaccines can boost systemic humoral and cellular responses to BRSV and BHV-1 in cows. Neonatal calves can be immunologically primed by vaccination with modified-live virus vaccines. Virus-specific memory cells persist in most calves until weaning. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:393-400)
Veterinary involvement in management practices of beef cow-calf producers
Authors: Sanderson Michael W. , Gay John M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Management practices of 53 beef cow-calf producers were surveyed by use of a mail questionnaire. Producers were randomly selected from those who employ veterinarians to perform herd pregnancy examinations. Questions were asked about animal management, grazing and feeding, vaccination, and record-keeping practices. Median herd size was 250 breeding cows, and 2,329 of 2,491 (93.5%) randomly sampled cows in these herds were pregnant. Less than half of producers associated with these herds reported adoption of many beneficial practices related to bull management, infectious disease management, nutrition, and individual-animal record keeping, suggesting that a considerable number of producers are missing opportunities to optimize production and, thus, economic return. Use of individual-animal production records, which would enable more objective decision making on the basis of production and economic data, was not widespread. These findings suggested that veterinarians serving beef ranches have opportunities to provide additional services incorporating these management practices.