bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histologically confirmed clinical toxoplasmosis in cats: 100 cases (1952–1990)
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Carpenter James L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Tissue sections from 119 cats that died or were euthanatized (1952-1990) because of toxoplasmosis-like illness were reexamined for Toxoplasma gondii by direct microscopy and immunohistochemical staining with anti-T gondii serum. Clinical and pathologic data from 100 of these cats with histologically verified toxoplasmosis were then analyzed. Of these 100 cats, 36 were considered to have generalized toxoplasmosis, 26 predominantly pulmonary lesions, 16 abdominal, 2 hepatic, 1 pancreatic, 1 cardiac, 2 cutaneous, 7 neurologic, and 9 had neonatal toxoplasmosis. In 14 cats, concurrent microbial infections or other maladies were seen. Cats were 2 weeks to 16 years old (median, 2 years; mean, 4 years). Sixty-five cats were males and 34 were females; sex was not recorded for 1 cat. Of 67 cats that had rectal temperatures recorded, 49 (73%) had fever (40.0 to 41.7 C). Dyspnea, polypnea, and signs of abdominal discomfort were frequently observed. Toxoplasmosis had been confirmed antemortem in 8 cats; 4 had a serum antibody titer to T gondii of ≥ 1:1,024; and T gondii had been found in cytologic evaluation of tracheal aspirates from 2 cats and pleural fluid from 1 cat, as well as in a biopsy specimen of a mesenteric lymph node from another. Of the 15 cats with T gondii serum-antibody titers determined by the Sabin-Feldman dye test, 6 had no antibody detected in 1:4 dilution of their serum. Indirect fluorescent antibody titers were found in 10 of 10 cats' sera tested. Forty-one eyes from 27 of the cats were examined microscopically. Twenty-two of the 27 cats (81.5%) had evidence of intraocular inflammation in one or both eyes. Multifocal iridocyclochoroiditis was the most common lesion and was seen in 18 (81.8%) of the cats with ophthalmitis. The ciliary body was the most often severely affected portion of the uvea. Of the 22 cats with ocular toxoplasmosis, T gondii was found in eyes of 10. Toxoplasma gondii was found in the retina of 5 cats, the choroid of 2, the optic nerve of 1, the iris of 3, and the ciliary body of 4. Toxoplasma gondii was identified in 80% of 55 brains, 70.0% of 90 livers, 76.7% of 86 lungs, 64.4% of 45 pancreata, 62.7% of 59 hearts, 45.8% of 72 spleens, 41.5% of 65 intestines, 17.7% of 61 kidneys, and 60.0% of 30 adrenal glands.
Comparison of microbiologic culture, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and determination of somatic cell count for diagnosing Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cows
Authors: Hicks Cathleen R. , Eberhart Robert J. , Sischo William M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Results of using microbiologic culture of a single milk sample, determination of somatic cell count (scc), an elisa, and a combination of determination of scc and elisa to diagnose Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in dairy cattle were compared. Cows were considered to have S aureus intramammary infections if microbiologic culture of at least 2 of 3 consecutive sets of milk samples yielded growth of the organism. Data were analyzed from milk samples collected over a 4-month period from 185 cows in 5 herds. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of a positive test result for microbiologic culture of a single milk sample were 93%, 99%, and 93.0, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of a positive test result for elisa were 69%, 61%, and 1.8, respectively, and for determination of scc, they were 79%, 72%, and 2.9, respectively. Combination of determination of scc and elisa had sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio of a positive test result of 80%, 62%, and 3.4, respectively. Results from microbiologic culture of consecutive milk samples were more consistent than results of elisa performed on consecutive samples. These data suggest that microbiologic culture of a single milk sample is the best of the 3 tests studied for diagnosing S aureus intramammary infection.
Inflammatory response to clostridial vaccines in feedlot cattle
Authors: Stokka Gerald L. , Edwards A. J. , Spire M. F. , Brandt R. T. , Smith J. E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
In 24 individually housed feedlot steers that weighed 275 kg, clostridial vaccines were compared for size of injection site reactions, systemic inflammatory response caused by vaccination, and impact on feed consumption. Vaccines were a bacterin/toxoid containing antigens from multiple clostridial species (7-way), and a Clostridium perfringens type C and D toxoid; sterile physiologic saline solution was used as the control.
Injection site reactions were observed in all vaccinated cattle. Differences in size of lesions were found, with cattle given the 7-way vaccine (7-way group) having the largest lesions. The inflammatory response to vaccination, measured by serum concentration of the acute-phase protein haptoglobin, was significantly (P < 0.05) increased in both vaccinated groups over that of controls. However, the 7-way group had higher postinjection values than did the group given type C and D toxoid. The 7-way group had a significant (P < 0.05) 20% decrease in feed consumption in response to the second injection of vaccine. These findings are indicative of potential negative effects of multiple clostridial vaccinations.
Histologically low-grade, yet biologically high-grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982-1991)
Authors: Ciekot Phyllis A. , Powers Barbara E. , Withrow Stephen J. , Straw Rodney C. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , LaRue Susan Μ. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 25 dogs with histologically low-grade fibrous masses of the maxilla and mandible were reviewed. Most of the dogs had extensive clinical histories and had had previous biopsies of the affected regions, from which specimens were often interpreted as benign fibrous connective tissue. The most common breed represented was Golden Retriever (13/25 dogs, 52%). Skull radiographs were evaluated for 22 dogs, and 16 dogs (72%) had evidence of bone lysis. At admission, none of the dogs had radiographic evidence of pulmonary metastasis. On subsequent examinations and necropsy, prevalence of pulmonary metastasis was 12% (3/25 dogs) and of regional lymph node metastasis, 20% (5/25 dogs). Histologic appearance of all specimens was similar and was characterized by proliferation of fibrous connective tissue, with moderate to low cellularity, that aggressively infiltrated adjacent normal tissue. Treatment modalities varied considerably. Surgical excision in combination with radiation therapy, surgery alone, radiation therapy alone, and radiation therapy used adjunctly with localized hyperthermia prolonged survival times in some dogs. The clinical signs, tumor behavior, and histologic characteristics of these lesions were distinctive from those in previously described oral fibrosarcomas in dogs. Comparatively, these tumors most closely resembled aggressive fibromatoses in human beings in regard to clinical signs, local invasive behavior, and histologic appearance, but differed in the prevalence of metastasis.
Hypothyroidism in dogs: 66 cases (1987-1992)
Authors: Panciera David L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Sixty-six dogs with hypothyroidism were identified from dogs examined over a 5-year period. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed only if the dog had a low, resting serum thyroxine concentration and serum thyroxine concentration was not higher than the lower limits of the reference range 6 hours after iv administration of bovine thyrotropin.
The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 0.2%. Neutering was determined to be the most significant gender-associated risk factor for development of hypothyroidism. Neutered male and spayed female dogs had a higher relative risk of developing hypothyroidism than did sexually intact females. Sexually intact females had a lower relative risk. Breeds with a significantly increased risk, compared with other breeds, were the Doberman Pinscher and Golden Retriever. The most common clinical findings were obesity (41%), seborrhea (39%), alopecia (26%), weakness (21%), lethargy (20%), bradycardia (14%), and pyoderma (11 %). Low voltage R-waves were found, on 58% of ecg. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included hypercholesterolemia (73%), nonregenerative anemia (32%), high serum alkaline phosphatase activity (30%), and high serum creatine kinase activity (18%). Serum total triiodothyronine concentrations were within reference ranges in 15% of the hypothyroid dogs. Response to treatment was good in most dogs, but those with severe concurrent disease or neurologic abnormalities were less likely to respond with complete resolution of clinical signs.
Diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle: The need for clinical and cytogenic evaluation
Authors: Zhang Tingqing , Buoen Lance C. , Seguin Bradley E. , Ruth George R. , Weber Alvin F. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A total of 727 blood samples from female calves born co-twin to male calves were examined cytogenetically for freemartinism between 1978 and 1992. Six hundred calves (82.5%) were determined to be freemartins, and 127 (17.5%) were determined not to be freemartins. The percentage of calves determined not to be freemartins was substantially higher than the 8% reported for an unselected population of female co-twins. We concluded that some obvious freemartins were eliminated prior to submission of samples for confirmatory cytogenetic diagnosis, and that only a small percentage of the estimated 93,000 female calves born co-twin to male calves annually are so examined. Therefore, probably a large number of female co-twins that are not truly freemartins are sold to slaughter every year. We propose that obvious freemartins be identified by use of the vaginal-length test and that the remaining clinically questionable calves be differentiated cytogenetically. This combination of procedures could prevent unnecessary economic losses and preserve important genetic material.
Three animals with chromosomal anomalies were found during examination of samples for freemartinism. Cytogenetic evaluation for freemartinism thus offers the added value of simultaneous surveillance for cytogenetic aberrations in male and female cells of a sample.
Characterization of infection with endemic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a swine herd
Authors: Stevenson G. W. , Van Alstine W. G. , Kanitz C. L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Infection of 8-week-old pigs with endemic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus was detected on a farm that had an epidemic of PRRS in 1989. During the 2.5 years since the original epidemic, reproductive performance of the breeding herd had been within acceptable limits, but mortality had periodically exceeded one-fourth of the pigs in the nursery (195 died of 761 weaned, 25.6%). Investigators attempted to determine the age and humoral immune status of pigs infected with endemic PRRS virus on the farm.
Serum obtained from 9 groups of 1- to 18-week-old pigs (10 pigs/group) was examined for PRRS virus by virus isolation. Serum was obtained from 8 sows that had farrowed within the preceding 24 hours. Serum from the sows was obtained weekly until litters were weaned at 3 weeks of age. Serum was obtained from 27 newborn pigs (3 to 4 newborn pigs from each of the 8 sows) prior to intake of colostrum and at weekly or biweekly intervals until the pigs were 20 to 21 weeks of age. Isolation of PRRS virus and indirect fluorescent antibody serologic testing were performed on these serum samples. In another study, serum was obtained for serologic testing from 10 sows in each of 6 parity groups.
The PRRS virus was isolated from serum of only 3- to 12-week-old pigs. The 8 sows and their 27 pigs were seronegative for PRRS virus during the 3-week lactation period. By 10 weeks of age, 18 of the 27 suckling pigs were still alive and had seroconverted (titers ≥ 1:20). Titers peaked at 13 to 14 weeks of age (range, 1:640 to 1: ≥ 2,560). The prevalence of seropositive sows of all parities was 9 of 60 (15%).
Pigs in the nursery and grower were the major reservoir for PRRS virus in the herd of this report. Pigs became infected with PRRS virus in the nursery through contact with older pigs that were infected with PRRS virus, and were not infected by in utero or postpartum exposure to sows infected with PRRS virus. Virus circulation in pigs of finishing age and in the breeding herd was minimal. Although all pigs had been viremic and were seropositive for PRRS virus by 9 to 10 weeks of age, 4 of 18 (22%) were seronegative by 20 to 21 weeks of age, indicating titer decay and reversion to seronegative status can develop within 10 weeks.
Excretion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen after experimentally induced infection in boars
Authors: Swenson Sabrina L. , Hill Howard T. , Zimmerman Jeff J. , Evans Lawrence E. , Landgraf John G. , Wills Robert W. , Sanderson Thomas P. , McGinley Michael J. , Brevik Andy K. , Ciszewski Dan K. , Frey Merwin L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Four boars intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus were monitored for 56 days after exposure for changes in semen characteristics and for the presence of virus in the semen. Clinically, 2 of 4 boars had mild respiratory signs of 1 day's duration after infection. Changes in appetite, behavior, or libido were not detected. All boars seroconverted on the indirect fluorescent antibody and serum virus neutralization tests by day 14 after inoculation. Virus was isolated from serum between days 7 and 14 after inoculation. During the monitoring period, semen volume decreased and pH correspondingly increased; however, this change began 7 to 10 days prior to infection. Differences in sperm morphologic features, concentration, or motility between the preinfection and postinfection samples were not observed. The PRRS virus was detected in semen at the first collection in each of the 4 boars (ie, 3 or 5 days after challenge exposure). Virus was detected in nearly all semen samples collected from the 4 infected boars through days 13, 25, 27, and 43, respectively. Neither gross nor microscopic lesions attributable to PRRS virus were observed in tissues collected at the termination of the experiment (day 56), and virus isolation results from reproductive tissues were negative.
Potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in dairy calves
Authors: Garber L. P. , Salman M. D. , Hurd H. S. , Keefe T. , Schlater J. L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Fecal samples from 7,369 calves on 1,103 farms were examined for cryptosporidia in a nationwide survey, using monoclonal antibody technique. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in calves from 652 (59.1%) of the farms and in 1,648 (22.4%) of the tested calves. Almost half the calves between 7 and 21 days of age had cryptosporidia in their fecal samples. Prevalence was highest during the summer. Farms with multiple-cow maternity facilities and farms with > 100 milking cows were the most likely to have calves with cryptosporidia.
Effects of short- and long-term administration of phenobarbital on endogenous ACTH concentration and results of ACTH stimulation tests in dogs
Authors: Dyer Karen R. , Monroe William E. , Forrester S. Dru 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The effects of short-term phenobarbital administration were evaluated in 6 adult mixed-breed dogs that received phenobarbital (5 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) for 8 consecutive weeks. Six additional dogs served as untreated controls. At 2-week intervals, endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration and cortisol concentration before and 2 hours after administration of porcine aqueous ACTH (2.2 IU/kg, M) were measured. By means of oneway ANOVA, we were not able to detect a significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in endogenous ACTH concentration and cortisol concentration before and after exogenous ACTH administration within groups over time or between groups at any time.
To evaluate effects of long-term phenobarbital administration, sera and plasma were collected from 5 epileptic dogs that had received phenobarbital for > 2 years and had serum phenobarbital concentrations > 20 μg/dl. Endogenous ACTH concentration and cortisol concentration, before and after administration of ACTH, were within established reference ranges for all 5 dogs.
Together, these results suggest that phenobarbital administration alone does not affect endogenous ACTH concentration or response to exogenous ACTH administration in dogs, and that these may be valid screening tests for hyperadrenocorticism in most dogs receiving phenobarbital.
Infiltrative lipoma in dogs: 16 cases (1981–1992)
Authors: Bergman Philip J. , Withrow Stephen J. , Straw Rodney C. , Powers Barbara E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Medical records of 15 dogs with infiltrative lipoma, 1 of which had 2 lesions, were reviewed. Median age of affected dogs was 6.0 years, and median weight was 30.5 kg. The ratio of females to males was 4:1. Eight of the dogs were Labrador Retrievers. In 8 dogs, the lesions had previously been excised. There was not any apparent site predilection. Excision was the only treatment in all 15 dogs, and follow-up information was available for all dogs. Two dogs, each of which had 1 tumor, were euthanatized immediately after surgery, because the tumor could not be completely excised. Of the remaining 14 tumors, 5 (36%) recurred. Median time to recurrence for these 5 tumors was 239 days (range, 96 to 487 days). By means of Kaplan-Meier analysis, the percentage of dogs disease free 1 year after surgery was calculated to be 67%.
Evaluation of butorphanol and cyproheptadine for prevention of cisplatin-induced vomiting in dogs
Authors: Moore Antony S. , Rand William M. , Berg John , L'Heureux Deborah A. , Dennis Robinette A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Cisplatin was administered at a dosage of 50 mg/m2 of body surface to 69 dogs with various neoplasms. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive antiemetics according to 1 of the following 5 protocols: group 1, no antiemetic (control, n = 45 treatments); group 2, 0.4 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight (n = 52 treatments); group 3, 0.2 mg of butorphanol/kg (n = 19 treatments); group 4, 2 mg of cyproheptadine/kg (n = 48 treatments); and group 5, 1 mg of cyproheptadine/kg (n = 10 treatments). Randomization was performed for each dog prior to each treatment. Butorphanol was administered im immediately after completion of cisplatin infusion. Cyproheptadine was given orally 12 to 14 hours before and again immediately before cisplatin administration. The proportion of dogs that vomited in group 1 was 40 of 45 (89%). Butorphanol at a dosage of 0.4 mg/kg proved highly effective in preventing cisplatin-induced vomiting, reducing the proportion of dogs that vomited (10/52, 19%) compared with the control group.
Frequency and distribution of medial and lateral patellar luxation in dogs: 124 cases (1982–1992)
Authors: Hayes Andrea G. , Boudrieau Randy J. , Hungerford Laura L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
From the medical records of 124 dogs, patellar luxations were classified as congenital or acquired, medial or lateral, and unilateral or bilateral; were graded 1 to 4; and were subdivided according to size of dog. The 4 breed-size categories were based on guidelines from American Kennel Club standards for adult height and weight. Findings from these records were compared with the results from dogs with other orthopedic problems.
A majority of dogs had congenital (91; 82%), as opposed to acquired (17; 15%) patellar luxations. Distribution of dogs with patellar luxations according to breed size included 54 (98%) with medial patellar luxations (mpl) and 1 (2%) with lateral patellar luxation (lpl) in small breeds, 17 (81%) with mpl and 4 (19%) with lpl in medium breeds, 35 (83%) with mpl and 7 (17%) with lpl in large breeds; and 4 (67%) with mpl and 2 (33%) with lpl in giant breeds. Medial patellar luxation was observed in 110 dogs and 14 dogs had lpl. Cases of mpl and lpl in the same stifle or of medial and lateral patellar luxation in contralateral stifles in the same dog were not observed. Surgical correction was performed primarily in dogs with grade-3 and grade-4 patellar luxations.
Medial patellar luxations and lpl were detected in all breed categories. Small-breed dogs were admitted almost exclusively with mpl. Lateral patellar luxation was found uncommonly; however, it was observed more often in larger-breed dogs. Prevalence of mpl was greater, when compared with that for lpl, in every size/breed category.
Platelet concentration and hemoglobin function in Greyhounds
Authors: Sullivan Patrick S. , Evans Heather L. , McDonald T. P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Hematologic characteristics of 36 Greyhounds were studied and compared with characteristics of 22 non-Greyhound controls. Fourteen of the Greyhounds were tested and found to be seronegative for Ehrlichia canis and Babesia canis. Compared with the non-Greyhounds, Greyhounds had higher mean hemoglobin concentration, pcv, mean corpuscular volume, and mean cellular hemoglobin, and lower mean rbc count, hemoglobin P50 value, Hill coefficient, platelet count, and total plasma protein concentration. The lower mean hemoglobin P50 value in Greyhounds suggested that the higher mean hemoglobin concentration and pcv were not solely a result of selective breeding for superior racing abilities, but that Greyhound hemoglobin may have a greater affinity for oxygen than does the hemoglobin of non-Greyhounds.
An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of cardiovascular function in hypothyroid dogs
Authors: Panciera David L. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Echocardiograms and ecg were obtained for 11 hypothyroid dogs before and after levothyroxine supplementation (0.022 mg/kg of body weight, q 12 h for 64 ± 12 days). Evidence of impaired left ventricular function was found in the dogs before treatment. A significant decrease in shortening fraction and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening, increase in left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and prolongation of preejection period was noted when comparing measurements before and after levothyroxine supplementation. Amplitude of the P and R waves was significantly higher after treatment than before. It was concluded that changes in cardiac function can be reversed in hypothyroid dogs.
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration in dogs with hypothyroidism
Authors: Panciera David L. , Johnson Gary S. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration was measured in 10 dogs with hypothyroidism, before and after administration of a replacement dose of levothyroxine for 67 ± 12 days. Results were reported as a percentage of normal activity, with plasma pooled from clinically normal dogs given a value of 100%. Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentration was within reference limits in dogs with hypothyroidism (126 ± 41%) and was significantly (P < 0.01) decreased (94 ± 39%) after treatment with levothyroxine. Contrary to findings in some other studies, a deficiency of plasma von Willebrand factor did not appear to result from hypothyroidism.