bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chloride Transport, Osmotic Balance, and Presynaptic Inhibition
Authors: Alvarez-Leefmans Francisco Javier , Nani Andrés , Márquez Sergio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now well established that GABA is the predominant neurotransmitter mediating primary afferent depolarization (PAD) and presynaptic inhibition via axoaxonic synapses in vertebrate spinal cord. Since presynaptic inhibition and PAD are both reduced by the GABA antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline, it has been suggested that the effects of this amino acid are mediated through GABAA-type receptors, i.e., GABA receptors coupled to chloride (CI-) channels. According to this view, primary afferent terminals are depolarized by GABA that is released from intemeurons making axoaxonic contacts with primary afferent terminals (see Figs. 2.5 and 2.6).
What Is Mathematics?
Authors: Courant Richard , Robbins Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than two thousand years a familiarity with mathematics has been regarded as an indispensable part of the intellectual equipment of every cultured person. Today, unfortunately, the traditional place of mathematics in education is in grave danger. The teaching and learning of mathematics has degenerated into the realm of rote memorization, the outcome of which leads to satisfactory formal ability but does not lead to real understanding or to greater intellectual independence. This new edition of Richard Courant’s and Herbert Robbins’s classic work seeks to address this problem. Its goal is to put the meaning back into mathematics. Written for beginners and scholars, for students and teachers, for philosophers and engineers, What is Mathematics?, Second Edition is a sparkling collection of mathematical gems that offers an entertaining and accessible portrait of the mathematical world. Covering everything from natural numbers and the number system to geometrical constructions and projective geometry, from topology and calculus to matters of principle and the Continuum Hypothesis, this fascinating survey allows readers to delve into mathematics as an organic whole rather than an empty drill in problem solving. With chapters largely independent of one another and sections that lead upward from basic to more advanced discussions, readers can easily pick and choose areas of particular interest without impairing their understanding of subsequent parts. Brought up to date with a new chapter by Ian Stewart, What is Mathematics?, Second Edition offers new insights into recent mathematical developments and describes proofs of the Four-Color Theorem and Fermat’s Last Theorem, problems that were still open when Courant and Robbins wrote this masterpiece, but ones that have since been solved. Formal mathematics is like spelling and grammar--a matter of the correct application of local rules. Meaningful mathematics is like journalism--it tells an interesting story. But unlike some journalism, the story has to be true. The best mathematics is like literature--it brings a story to life before your eyes and involves you in it, intellectually and emotionally. What is Mathematics is like a fine piece of literature--it opens a window onto the world of mathematics for anyone interested to view.
Quantities
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To forage efficiently, primates not only must be able to locate, manipulate, and identify food, they must also be able to estimate its quantity. Individuals sometimes must decide such things as which of several food sources they should return to on a given morning based on an assessment of the quantities observed at each location the day before, or even whether to travel a short distance for a small amount of food or a long distance for a larger amount of food. Other situations in which estimating quantity may be important include estimating the number of potential opponents one might have in a fight or the amount of foliage available for making a nest. In all of these situations there are different ways of making such estimates, and the skills needed to do so do not necessarily include a humanlike concept of number or complex arithmetic operations. Again, because teasing apart the different cognitive processes involved in primate estimation of quantities is a somewhat delicate affair, most of the research has been done in the laboratory, much of it in the form of discrimination learning experiments.
Social strategies and communication
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Primates’ knowledge of their social fields enables them to anticipate and predict the specific behaviors of specific individuals in a variety of social circumstances. But primates may also use their social knowledge in more active, even proactive, ways as they formulate social and communicative strategies designed to actually manipulate or influence their groupmates. These social and communicative strategies, like the strategies employed in foraging, tool use, and other domains of physical cognition, potentially involve various types of insight and foresight into the social problems they are designed to solve.
Coordination Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In coordination stmies, love is viewed as evolving as partnw work together to create or maintain something. In a travel story, the partners view their relationship as a journey, with or without a clearly specified destination. In a sewing and knitting story, the part­ners view themselves as sewing or knitting together their relation­ship, usually designing the relationship as they piece it together; or one person may do the sewing for the other. In a garden story, the couple views the relationship as being like a garden, which needs to be carefully watered and tended in order to nurture it and make sure it grows. In a business story, the partners see the relationship much as they would see a business, and they act as business partners trying to develop a successful, flourishing business enterprise. In an addiction story, an addict and a codependent feed off each other, basing the relationship around the addict’s desperate need for the codependent, and the codependent’s need for someone to be addicted to him or her.
Narrative Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In narrative stories, the pannm believe thne is some kind of real or imagined text, which exists outside the relationship but which is prescriptive in many ways of how the relationship should proceed. In a fantasy story, the text is a fairy tale in which a prince or knight in shining armor rescues or otherwise enters the life of a princess, after which the couple lives happily ever after. In a history story, the text is a history text in which the past provides the guidelines for and the directions to the future. In a science story, scientific laws and principles drive the relationship and what people feel, think, and do in the relationship. In a cookbook story, there exists a recipe that contains all the ingredients for a happy and successful relationship; one need merely follow the recipe to achieve a lifetime of bliss.
Policy Issues
Authors: Fechter Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Setting the stage for a meeting of the minds through a demographic framework is a mean task, especially since most of us have been grappling with the knowledge of the exigencies of the numbers. Because no matter how you look at the participation of women and people of color in science, engineering and mathematics (SEM), the numbers are simply not there to suggest that our journey toward parity is proceeding faster than a snail’s pace.
The Policy Perspective
Authors: Carson Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, given the increasing attention paid to participation in science and math, a good deal has been learned about the exposure, achievement, experience, and attitudes of minority children-as well as all children-from the fourth through the eighth grades. This is where the pipeline (to use a somewhat unfashionable but still sound metaphor) tends to narrow precipitously. By the end of this period (and sometimes even at the beginning), many children have slipped below grade level in achievement. Research dearly shows that once a child falls behind, he or she is unlikely to recover. Many children who have thus far not failed in achievement now acquire negative attitudes about the utility or appropriateness of the math/science/engineering path. High-ability minority children must prove themselves yearly to new, sceptical teachers. Peer pressure and gender issues strike with a vengeance, and schools are faced with complex structural problems. Children in the sixth or seventh grades are making choices that directly limit their futures-often without realizing it. In short, from the policy perspective this is where it breaks your heart.
Reflection on the State of Research: What Next?
Authors: Tinto Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reginald Vilson has very effectively summarized what we know about the underrepresentation of minorities in science, mathematics, and engineering at least as it is observed in the undergraduate years plus one. His review makes clear that we have had a good deal of research on both the scope of underrepresentation in undergraduate education and its various individual and institutional roots. In th is regard, it is fair to say that our understanding of the nature and causes of underrepresentation has become increasingly detailed over the past ten years. It might even be said that on a number of topics we have had enough research and that action rather than more study is now called for. The same, of course, cannot be said for the graduate years.
Critical Issues
Authors: George Campbell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nacme’s fundamental mission and role in preparing African American, Latino, and American Indian students to enter the engineering workforce, coupled with its historical partnerships with the corporate sector, make it uniquely sensitive to the issues faced by minority graduates embarking on careers in industry. Its undergraduate programs provide not only financial aid hut comprehensive support, which must take into account the barriers and impediments faced by minority students. It’s essential for us to know what the critical issues are and to understand them in a comprehensive way.
Heal Thyself
Authors: Orme Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the republic of cells is threatened by physical damage, a panoply of responses explodes into action. The body has a 911 Rescue Squad, a SWAT team, a Rapid Deployment Force, a Red Cross, and a few other emergency response mechanisms that spring into coordinated action. A variety of specialized cells—some that were patrolling in the bloodstream and some that were waiting patiently in a kind of dormancy while nestled among the working cells of any given tissue—take emergency measures. The rescuer cells stop the bleeding, then clean up the debris of dead, dying, and damaged cells, and finally set about repairing and replacing whatever structures were lost.
Geochronology and Theromochronology By The 40 Ar/39 Ar Method
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Argon isotopic dating is one of the most important techniques for estimating the ages of rocks and can be used on very small samples. It has been used to assign reliable ages to the Earth and numerous meteorites. This second edition covers the standard principles and methods and incorporates many of new developments from the last decade. It covers the basis of the method, technical aspects, data presentation, diffusion theory, thermochronology, and many applications and case studies.
Dark Nights and Moonlight
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty wildebeest, large and black, crowded at the water’s edge, calves bleating anxiously from somewhere within the jostling mass. We watched from the top of the Land Rover and nibbled a dinner of canned fruit, peanut butter, and Pro-Vita crackers. Our preliminary work in Etosha National Park was beginning. We were at a water hole, checking how well our night vision equipment worked without much moonlight and whether many rhinos drank there. The name of the water hole was a mouthful, Ozonjuitji M’Bari, M’Bari for short.
Mom
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was the weekend, a few people were working at the Institute. We slipped through the unlocked back entrance into the dim research hall. Low voices rumbled down the corridor. Joel and Sonja stood a few feet away looking at articles and photographs posted on the wall while I sorted through the small pile of mail in the visitor’s compartment. A small yellow envelope caught my attention. “That’s strange, someone sent me a telegram.” Tiny cramped handwriting filled just a few lines, but I only made out the first five or six words. JB must have seen the shock in my face. He stared intently at me until I choked out, “Joel, my mom died.” “What?!” “My mom died.” “Come on,” he said, and gently nudged me toward the doors, outside, and away from offices and people.
The Unforgiving Desert
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ways passed. Carol’s mother had been cremated in San Diego even before we received the news of her death. There was no point in flying back. We headed to the desert, depressed but with hopes of finding rhinos. In Khorixas we stopped to see Blythe and, over a customary cup of tea, we asked about the rhino records that she had shown us during the dehorning operation. As head of Save the Rhino Trust, she coordinated rhino monitoring and maintained records of individual rhinos, horned and dehorned.
Through the Eyes of a Poacher
Authors: Cunningham Carol , Berger Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Zessfontein oasis ... has lured me for years like a Saharan legend. Zessfontein is a self-contained world, one of those sanctuaries I am always seeking on my travels. There beside the water from the six fountains live the people of a dying race.... They are on their way out; but at least they have chosen a tranquil and remote spot ... well over 200 miles from Outjo, the nearest village. [They] have few possessions apart from their cattle; so that unless lions burst into the kraals, or elephants loot the gardens, they have few worries. wrote Lawrence Green in his classic Lords of the Last Frontier. “It is no easy journey. Zessfontein ... is ringed by nameless mountain ranges. Men, on foot, pack-animals, and sometimes jeeps, find several ways in and out of this ‘lost’ world.”
Introduction
Authors: Wender Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Phil, stop acting like a worm, The table’s not a place to squirm” Thus speaks the father to the son, Severely says, not in fun. Mother frowns and looks around, But Philip will not take advice, He’ll have his way at any price. He turns, And chums, He wiggles And giggles Here and there on the chair; “Phil, these twists I cannot bear.” (After which he leans backwards in his chair, and as he is falling grabs the tablecloth, tumbling him, the dishes, and the chair to the floor.)
Disturbance, Diversity, and Species Interactions in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Collins Scott L , Steinauer Ernest M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
previous four chapters have described the kinds of plants and animals found on Konza Prairie (Chapters 5, 7) and discussed the basic structure of plant and animal communities in this grassland (Chapters 6, 8). In this chapter, we will focus explicitly on how community structure responds to disturbances such as fire and grazing. Over the past 15 years, research at the Konza Prairie LTER site has greatly increased our understanding of the factors that control community and ecosystem dynamics in tallgrass prairies (Chapters 12, 13, this volume). In general, fire and grazing are the overriding, large-scale factors that drive dynamics in this tallgrass ecosystem. A third important factor that overlays fire and grazing is climate variability (Anderson 1982; Bragg 1995). The direct effects of fire, in particular, on biotic and abiotic environments have been documented extensively (Vogl 1974; Wright and Bailey 1982; Collins and Wallace 1990; Whelan 1995), yet fire interacts with climate, grazing, and topography to create a complex set of indirect effects in prairies (Seastedt and Knapp 1993), the consequences of which are not well understood. Although much remains to be learned regarding basic community and ecosystem processes in tallgrass prairie, the history of research on fire at Konza provides a solid foundation for future studies of the interactive effects of multiple driving variables on pattern and process at all hierarchical levels.
The Dynamic Tallgrass Prairie Synthesis and Research Opportunities
Authors: Collins Scott L , Knapp Alan K , Hartnett David C , Briggs John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overarching goal of the Konza Prairie Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program is to understand pattern and process in tallgrass prairie ecosystems. The conceptual framework guiding this research program is that fire, grazing, and climatic variability are essential and interacting factors responsible for the structure and function of tallgrass prairie. Collectively, the chapters in this volume describe more than 15 years of research on Konza Prairie devoted to understanding how these essential factors affect this complex, variable, and sometimes baffling ecosystem.
Summary
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 2–8 covered the sequence typical of a geostatistical study, beginning with exploratory data analysis, then quantitative modeling of spatial continuity, prediction of attribute values at unvisited locations, and, last, assessment of local and spatial uncertainty about unsampled values. This final chapter provides a synopsis of previous chapters and points out topics that deserve further attention.
Remembering to Perform Actions: A Different Type of Memory?
Authors: Guynn Melissa J , McDaniel Mark A , Einstein Gilles O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People remember and forget numerous things every day. If I asked you to tell me the last thing you forgot, perhaps you would say that you forgot to do some task that you had intended to do, like take a vitamin, run an errand, or give someone a message. In keeping with earlier terminology (e.g., Harris, 1984), we will call this type of memory (remembering to perform actions) prospective memory. Prospective memory can be contrasted with remembering actions previously performed or, more generally, previously encountered episodes, called retrospective memory.
The Role of Action-Based Structures in Activity Memory
Authors: Foley Mary Ann , Ratner Hilary Horn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Memory for simple action descriptions like “lift a spoon” or “close the curtain” is improved when a person enacts the action specified during encoding. Many explanations have been offered to account for why it is that performed actions are remembered better than action descriptions (Backman & Nilsson, 1984; Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1994; Cohen, 1989), but what intrigues us about these explanations is what they share in common. Each alternative is a derivative of an explanation offered to account for factors influencing verbal recall. Moreover, the study of performed actions has been influenced by this shared origin, which has served to guide the kinds of questions asked about action memory. Numerous factors have dramatic consequences for verbal memory, including presentation rate, list length, position of items in a list, and list content (e.g., mixed or not with respect to categorical structure). In turn, in the last 20 years, the effect of these kinds of factors on action memory has been the focus of considerable study (for reviews, see Cohen, 1981; Engelkamp & Zimmer, 1994). From our point of view, this approach to the study of action memory has diverted attention away from the study of one of action memory’s most distinguishing characteristics, its goal-directed nature. In this chapter, we evaluate these alternative explanations for action memory within the context of our theoretical framework for activity memory, providing evidence for our approach. In the process, we summarize our framework whose central focus is the inherent goal-directed nature of activities (Ratner & Foley, 1994). We close by suggesting new directions for framing questions about activity memory.
The Logic of Proverbs
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I begm to present and illustrate an interpretive method based in the powers of genre. Proverbs demonstrate that compositional finalization produces a logical form-the characteristic shape of truth in the world defined by a genre. This single, simple shape can be transformed in a number of ways to create a myriad of texts and to interpret them. It is the skeletal support of non¬ narrative genres like proverbs as well as narrative genres and is crucial to interpretation in both. To an insider, it is a compass-rose that indicates dimensions within a literary horizon, showing the headings in which significance may lie. To an outsider, compositional form not only assists an initial sorting and clasifying of texts but also, much more important, is both the Archimedean fulcrum that levers an understanding of an imagmed world and the surveyor’s transit that keeps an elaborate interpretive edifice plumb, level, and square.
Heroic Society in lnterlacustrine Africa
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These points have already been made with respect to proverbs, but they bear repeating. In the Haya proverb, “He who doesn’t travel says, ‘My mother cooks (best)”‘ (Atagencla ati, ‘Mae achumba’), insufficient experience and deficient judgment are implicitly contrasted with adequate experience and judgment to artiulate a theme more blandly expressed as “experience teaches.” The proverb’s theme creates meaning in conversation. Thus, from my analytic point of view, the theme of the quoted proverb is the causal relationship between experience and judgment rather than mother, child, nurturance, or any archetypal constellation of these symbols. Themes are culture-specific, abstract categories; they entail semantic associations and contrasts; they create meanings when used in performances.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Seitel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where are genres? Are they only ideal frameworks, particular kinds of linguistic competences one uses to create and interpret utterances? Or are genres also texts out there-printed on paper, recorded in various media, or vibrating on the air-which use those frameworks? I say they are both outside and inside, just as speech is. Every utterance is new, generated from linguistic competences of various kinds, including genre; and a speaker utters it into an environment that already contains other utterances. The latter affect what the speaker says and how she or he is interpreted. Genres do this-they shape what is said and what is understood in situations that happen frequently in society. Genres are part of both the (always-growing) already-said and the (ever-changing) frameworks for creating and understanding.