bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Considerations
Authors: Hanlon James Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government investigations of corporate misconduct are radically different from civil litigation. Not only are the pace quicker and the stakes higher, but constitutional issues that usually do not apply in the context of civil litigation must always be considered and may be outcome determinative. For example, the government recently investigated accounting firm KPMG’s potential involvement in creating and marketing allegedly fraudulent tax shelters. KPMG cooperated with the government’s investigation and numerous former KPMG partners and employees were charged with federal crimes. A federal district court ultimately dismissed some of the indictments that had
Corporate Integrity Agreements
Authors: Reilly Jamest. O ‘ , Hanlon James patrick , Hall Ralph F , Jackson Steven L . , Lewis Erin Reilly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with a complex and evolving means of punishing corporate misconduct, the relatively recent creation called the Corporate Integrity Agreement. A company with a significant compliance issue faces legal risks from several fronts. First, it is at risk from civil or criminal actions brought by the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Attorney’s Offices. Next, it must be concerned about private litigants asserting either private causes of action (such as product liability suits or shareholder actions) or acting as private attorneys general (where permitted). Increasingly, there is the third risk of a federal administrative agency bringing or threatening a stand-alone (but often coordinated) enforcement action. These administrative agency actions often are resolved through a settlement agreement with that agency. These administrative agency settlements can impose substantial obligations on the company and must be addressed with great care.
Command Responsibility and Accountability
Authors: Hansen Victor M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of command responsibility is the cornerstone Law of Armed Conflict (“LOAC”) compliance mechanism. It is derived from the expectation that the LOAC is only as effective as the military commanders entrusted with the responsibility to ensure that their subordinates understand and respect this law. By imposing liability on commanders for subordinates’ misconduct that the commanders were capable of preventing, suppressing, and punishing, the law incentivizes the discharge of command responsibility in a manner that fosters a climate of respect and compliance with the LOAC. The essence of this doctrine lies in its scope of liability. Based on the lessons of history, international law evolved to expand a commander’s liability beyond the traditional notions of principal and accomplice liability to a broader theory of derivative liability. As a result, commanders may be responsible not only for the LOAC violations they committed or ordered, but also for violations that could have been averted if they had discharged their responsibilities effectively by preventing violations they knew or should have known would occur. While this scope of liability may be expansive when compared to those applicable in peacetime, it has
In Search of Safe Haven Exile, Immigration, and Identity
Authors: Jaksic Iván 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was 11 September 1976, when friends drove me to Santiago’s international airport. I had a one-way ticket to the United States, and a valid passport with a visa. But September was one week before the scheduled start of my mandatory two-year military service. I had been. expelled from the University of Chile by officials appointed by the military regime of Augusto Pinochet, and my part-time job as a secondary school teacher was in jeopardy. My mentor at the Department of Philosophy was in prison and I was expecting the same fate for myself. My choices were either to leave the country or stay and be drafted, something I did not want to do under the current conditions of Chile.
Identity, Racism, and Multiculturalism
Authors: Wilton Janis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1903 the editorial in a small rural newspaper in northern New South Wales, Australia, railed against Chinese storekeepers in the region: We are opposed to Chinese and other coloured aliens in every shape and form. As believers in the policy of protection, we contend that foreign goods should be excluded; and with them, foreign labor of the cheap and undesirable class.
Gendered Moments and lnscripted Memories :Girlhood in Twentieth-century Chinese Autobiography
Authors: Croll Elisabeth J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the Confucian rhetoric of gender difference and hierarchy, but little about its treatment of childhood socialization and experiences. In China there were few recorded experiences of childhood, much less of girlhood, until the publication throughout the twentieth century of a number of female life stories, mostly written during the early decades of this century. Narrated during times of rapid and radical social change and by unusual women, mostly literate and advantaged, they document a dawning recognition that not only were there gender-differentiated norms and behavioural expectations, but female lives were to be substantially and increasingly different from those of brothers or other males of family or neighbourhood. Reflecting this burgeoning consciousness, these women reconstructed narratives around a precise selection of remembered moments which gendered their experiences and memories of childhood and documented the journey from girlhood to womanhood. Indeed the terms ‘daughter’, ‘journey’, and ‘memory’ frequently appear in the titles and subtitles of their life stories. I What is particularly interesting about these narratives, which are written and published in disparate places and times, is that the female narrators quite independently have recalled so many of the same moments, commonly identifying them as pivotal to their experience of girlhood.
The Rage of Christian Economics 1800–1840
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evangelical economics was part of something wider and more vague which may be called ‘Christian economics’, and Christian economics was a reaction against-but also part of-the great vogue for political economy during the first half of the nineteenth century. It should therefore not be confused with the tradition of thought which repudiated political economy as a mode of inquiry improper in itself. The latter often borrowed from Christian precept but was really romantic, high Tory, and anti-utilitarian.
Profit and Prophecy: Evangelical Attitudes to Business
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might be supposed that the well-to-do stressed the ‘rigours of mercy’ and the ‘need to be cruel to be kind’ simply in order to keep the poor in their place, but it can be said in extenuation that they often adopted a similar approach to their own position in the economy. In an age of enormous money-making and intense religiosity, the rich were sorely troubled by Christ’s injunctions as to the ‘spiritual superiority of the poor’, his frequent allusion to ‘the perils of wealth, and the difficulties it interposes in the way of salvation’. Working-men might be animals, ‘upon a level with the beasts that perish’,2 their mortal souls and temporal prospects alike threatened by the sin of copulation, but the upper classes felt them-selves to be standing in far graver spiritual danger from a sin every bit as mortal—speculation
The Mind of Economic Man
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its critics were generally agreed that technical political economy was too abstract and theoretical, but, in demanding that it become more ‘inductive’ or empirical, different critics meant different things. As we have seen, there was a Cambridge school which bewailed the shortage of information as to how economic man actually behaves. ‘To obtain consequences from principles is Deduction; to obtain general truths from particular facts is Induction’, pronounced Whewell,2 as he encouraged Jones to accumulate particular facts that would refute the Ricardian theory of rent. Oxford critics, on the other hand, and indeed most Christian economists, were less concerned with factual observation than with the psychological premisses of human behaviour.
The Labour Government 1945-1951
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of British trade union membership which had begun in 1934 continued during the war to a peak of 8.17 million in 1943 (40.4 per cent of the labour force). Thereafter there was a pause with the beginning of the run-down in the production of armaments, but growth resumed in 1945 when the total rose to 8.80 million (43.0 per cent). By 1951 it had risen to 9.53 million (45.0 per cent). Apart from a marginal rise in the following year, that figure of union density was not matched again until 1970. By comparison, from 19u to 1918 growth had been from 3.13 million to 6.46 million, and the peak came in 1920, with 8.25 million, followed by a long decline to 4.35 million in 1933. Not all trade unionists were members of unions affiliated to the Trades Union Congress. In 1945 affiliated membership was 6.58 million; by 1951 the figure was 7.83 million. The proportion of British trade union members affiliated to Congress therefore rose from less than three-quarters in 1945 to well over four-fifths in 1951. This increase was mainly due to the repeal in 1946 of the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act of 1927 which had prevented Civil Service unions from affiliating to Congress. The authority of Congress was thereby enhanced, although the Civil Service unions had paid attention to Congress opinions and decisions even while they were debarred from membership.
Nurses and Ancillaries in the Christian Era
Authors: Summers Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nurse in the historical context frequently eludes discovery or definition. The term nursing is susceptible to multiple meanings, including suckling and childminding; the nurse’s contemporary role is easily confused with that of the doctor or paramedic. Nevertheless, there is widespread understanding of the meaning of nursing care in sickness. At its best it involves attending to all the needs of a permanently or temporarily disabled patient: administering food and drink as well as medicaments; keeping the sick person’s body at a comfortable temperature by attention to clothing, bedding, and ventilation. It involves keeping the patient and everything around him or her clean: bodily evacuations must be seen to, laundry taken care of, floors, walls, and furniture scrubbed as necessary. The patient must be treated as the subject as well as the object of the treatment, and helped to keep quiet, calm, and as cheerful as pos sible. Accurate medical observations, by eye or by instrument, of physical or behavioural reactions to diet and therapy, must be made and reported. The patient must be nursed for as long as the illness continues, regardless of out come.
Children in Hospital
Authors: Walker-smith J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain lagged behind the rest ofEurope in the provision ofhospital care for children. When the Hospital for Sick Children in Great Ormond Street was opened in 1852, Dr Charles West, the inspiration behind its establishment, stated that neither in London nor throughout the whole of the British Empire was there a single hospital exclusively devoted to the reception of children, nor, with occasional exceptions, were children admitted to the numerous large (voluntary) general hospitals. This was because from the time they had first been established in the eighteenth century, the voluntary hospitals had devised rules on what kinds of patients should be excluded from in-patient care. Thus the voluntary hospitals refused admission to ‘women big with child’, cases of’the itch’, ‘the pox’, consumption, fevers, and incurable cases, and also children unless they required a surgical operation or had suffered an accidental injury. Although some of these rules were relaxed in the first half of the nineteenth century, the rules which excluded children were still applied. Sick children with medical complaints were not admitted.
Medicine and the Mind
Authors: Neve Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faced with such an enormous subject as the history of medical writings and practice on the mind, the student may be tempted, almost for convenience, to turn that history into a history of psychiatry. This temptation will be all the more attractive since this is what many psychiatrists, acting as historians, have done when turning their attention to the subject. As a result, this part of the history ofWestern medicine can end up as a form of endless retrospective diagnosis, with the proper contextualization of events and interpretations being sacrificed to the psychiatric categories employed by contemporary med ical practitioners. The vital historical point about psychiatry is that it is a recent medical specialism (though many would dispute even that description) with a remarkable lack of consensus as to what clinical models actually explain the behaviours and beliefs under examination. The best psychiatries and the best histories of psychiatry share a common sense that this is only one among many approaches to the mysteries of medicine and the mind, and that the historical record clearly shows this.
Unofficial and Unorthodox Medicine
Authors: Pelling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE scene is late seventeenth-century London, near Tower Bridge. John Wilmot, second Earl of Rochester, satirist, poet, and libertine, having dis graced himself at court by over-indulgence in horseplay with his friends, has disguised himself as ‘the noble Dr Alexander Bendo’, Italian mountebank, apparently with entire success. Dressed in an old overgrown green gown lyned through with exotick furrs of diverse colours, an antique Cap, a great Reverend Beard, and a Magnificent false Medal sett round with glittering Pearl, rubies, and Dia monds of the same Cognation, hung about his Neck in a Massy Gold like Chaine of Princes mettle, which the King of Cyprus (you must know) had given him for doing a signal Cure upon his darling Daughter the Princess Aloephangina, who was painted in a Banner ...
Francesco de’ Vieri (1524-1591) and his Teaching at the University of Pisa*
Authors: Gibba Alessandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francesco de’ Vieri, known as Verino secondo, was born in Florence in 1524, the son of Giovan Battista. His grandfather was a philosopher at the University of Pisa and a lecturer at the Accademia Fiorentina. Although very little is known of Francesco the younger’s training, we can assume that he went to the University of Pisa, like many Florentines of his time, and that he was a pupil of his grandfather. His Aristotelian training was combined with a steady interest in Platonism which led him to create an independent chair in Platonism at the University of Pisa.
The University Town as a Lieu de Mémoire: Student Identity and Manifestations at the University of Helsinki, 1828-1990
Authors: Kolbe Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years research into the university and the town has provoked great interest among historians specializing in the history of academic life. Traditionally university history, particularly relating to the medieval period, has either concentrated on the founding of the institution or has been an analysis of scholarship. The emphasis has been on describing the inner ‘development’ of different research disciplines. The socio-historical aspect, which aims to analyse the multitude of connections between the university and society, has received less attention. In practice, though, the physical, intellectual, and cultural ties of the university to the town and its inhabitants have been a central part of its history. This relationship, with its social, cultural, and political dimensions, has to a large degree determined how the ‘spirit’ (Geist), the educational ideal (Bi/dung) and the scientific life of the university have been construed at different points in history. These factors, which begin to take shape at the very founding of the university, provide the framework for a certain local academic tradition and cultural interpretation. Such factors are evidenced either directly or indirectly in the life of the university and in the way that it perceives itself.
The University of Birmingham and the Industrial Spirit: Reasons for the Local Support of Joseph Chamberlain’s Campaign to Found the University, 1897-1900
Authors: Drummond Diane K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 July 1898 a highly public campaign was launched in Birmingham. Calling on members of all classes of the city’s population for their support, Birmingham’s most famous member of parliament and statesman, Joseph Chamberlain, appealed for £250,000 to be raised in order to ‘place a university in the middle of a great industrial and manufacturing population’ . In seizing this initiative, Chamberlain made special and direct call to the men of industry and commerce in both Birmingham and the nearby Black Country, identifying their utilitarian educational needs.
The Reticence Broken
Authors: Murray Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investigation has nevertheless gone far enough to identify a strategy for their recovery. By deliberately placing each case of the few whose record has survived these 600 years in the context of the document which reveals it, the modern student can judge its relation to the larger reality in the background, a reality for the most part irrecoverable. No arithmetic is implied there. Arithmetical problems about medieval suicide rates will be addressed later. All that isimplied is that an incident which enters a record does so for a special set of reasons, and that it is only in full consciousness of these that the historian’s necromancy can have its effect, and bring back the dead to life. Precisely because suicides are only caught ‘fleeing the camera’, that is to say, it matters, case by case, to know the make and position of the camera they are fleeing from.
Collections and Patronage
Authors: Gray Rosalind P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until the eighteenth century the Russians had not been great art collectors. There were some notable collections of gold and silver artefacts, and some of the aristocratic dynasties confirmed the purity of their lineage with handsome portraits of their ancestors, but there was no tradition of private picture galleries. This state of affairs was to change in 1697, when Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) first went abroad, to Amsterdam, at the time one of the thriving trade centres of Europe. The Tsar, then in the fifteenth year of his reign, had already shown a strong proclivity for Western culture and society, and while he was in Holland he manifested an interest in European painting. After their artistic renaissance of the seventeenth century, the Dutch were avid picture collectors, and Peter attended several art auctions and saw first-class works in the Town Hall and in private collections. Inspired, he invested in a few marine paintings, which reflected his passion for all things nautical.
Who knew What and When? The French Army Mutinies and the British Decision to Launch the Third Battle of Ypres
Authors: French David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1914 Britain went to war to prevent Germany establishing her hegemony over Western and Central Europe. The Asquith government believed that they could do this if the Navy controlled the oceans and if Britain gave economic and financial assistance to her continental allies. But the success of ‘the British way in warfare’ was dependent upon the willingness of France and Russia to fight the armies of the Central Powers to a standstill without significant British military assistance. By the autumn of 1915 it was apparent that neither ally was willing or able to do so alone. Between August 1915 and April 1916 the Asquith coalition reluctantly accepted the need for a major British continental commitment. British participation in the battle of the Somme was the first instalment of the price Britain had to pay to hold the Entente alliance together and prevent one or more of her allies from accepting German blandishments for a separate peace.
Continuity and Change in Soviet Strategic Thought
Authors: Mackintosh Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the nature of Soviet strategic thought, its continuity and its change, primarily since the Second World War and during the period of transition from the massive ground–air operations of the Soviet–German campaign of that war into the nuclear age. The essay seeks to trace the course of that evolution, strongly influenced as it was by Russian historical and Soviet experience, and tries to assess, in particular, the impact of the new Soviet leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev on Soviet strategic thinking—even if the fast-moving events of recent years in this field inevitably give the study something of an interim character.
Universities, Scholasticism, and the Origins of the German Reformation
Authors: McLaughlin R Emmet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what must be seen as a welcome development, recent studies of the German Reformation have moved away from the traditional focus upon the individual Reformers and their theologies to a concern for the ‘common man ‘ and the political, economic, and social forces of the age. While this new social history has undoubtedly both expanded the scope of Reformation historiography and deepened understanding of the volatile elements fuelling change in the era, certain aspects of human experience and certain sectors of German society have suffered relative neglect. Specifically, religion per se and the educated elites have not yet been integrated into the new regnant vision of the German Reformation. That religion should have become marginal to the understanding of the Reformation might appear paradoxical, but it is in fact quite logical since it is the marxist analysis of society in which economic distinctions are constitutive of social and political reality that informs most of the current scholarship. This is an approach which is ideologically and methodologically ‘colour blind ‘ to religion as an autonomous sphere of human experience and action. There have been recent exceptions, primarily the work of Robert Scribner, that suggest that the study of the Reformation may be entering a new phase in this regard.Scribner has made good use of the findings of anthropologists to recapture a sense of pre-modern religion, particularly with regard to its ritual dimension. It will be intriguing to see whether these insights can be successfully accommodated by the earlier social historical scholarship.