bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opinion of the European Copyright Society on the Scope of the Pastiche Exception in EU Copyright Law (CG and YN v Pelham GmbH and Others, Case C-590/23)
Authors: Mezei Péter , Senftleben Martin , Sganga Caterina , Geiger Christophe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In its questions for preliminary ruling, the German Federal Court of Justice asked for clarification as regards the definition of pastiche under EU copyright law; and, in essence, whether and how this concept applies to musical sampling. In the present Opinion, the European Copyright Society takes the view that pastiche is an autonomous concept of EU law. Article 5(3)(k) InfoSoc Directive (ISD) should be read as an overarching provision including three forms of permitted use that share their underlying nature but shall be judged differently. The meaning of pastiche cannot be understood as a mere imitation of an artistic style and it need not entail an explicit interaction with the original work. The presence of humour or mockery is not a necessary requirement for the application of the pastiche exception. Also, the expression resulting from the exercise of the pastiche exception need not itself be an original work. Finally, the intention of the user to create pastiche plays no role in the review of the legality of any given use. At the same time, legitimate forms of pastiche need to have their own features that are distinguishable from the copyrighted expression in pre-existing works used as source materials. Overall, the use of the pastiche exception for purposes of musical sampling, as in the underlying Metall auf Metall case, complies with all the three steps of Art. 5(5) ISD.
Methyl jasmonate spray for the protection of broad-leaf trees against oomycete and fungal pathogens
Authors: Dorado F. Javier , Matsiakh Iryna , Camisón Álvaro , Olaizola Jaime , Romeralo Carmen , Martín Juan Antonio , Witzell Johanna , Solla Alejandro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a volatile hormone produced by plants in response to stress. Exogenous application of MeJA enhances resistance to pathogens in conifers, but little is known if resistance is also enhanced in broad-leaf trees. This article reports on five independent experiments carried out to determine the preventive and curative effects of MeJA spray in broad-leaf trees in response to relevant pathogens. In Castanea sativa seedlings, preventive MeJA spray at 1 mM was the most effective dose against Phytophthora cinnamomi, and protection lasted one year. For Quercus ilex and Q. suber seedlings, double spray of MeJA at 0.2 mM, before and after inoculation, and single spray of MeJA at 1 mM before inoculation were the most effective treatments against P. cinnamomi, respectively. MeJA spray had no effect on the mycorrhization of plants. Quercus robur and Fraxinus excelsior plants were sprayed with 0, 0.2, 1, 5 and 10 mM MeJA, before and after Phytophthora plurivora infection, but no protection was observed. Finally, Ulmus minor trees were sprayed at 1 and 10 mM MeJA, and protection against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi was dose- and genotype-dependent. It is concluded that MeJA spray can induce resistance in broad-leaf trees against widespread and highly virulent pathogens, but the effect may vary depending on the tree species and pathogen combination. Protection of broad-leaf trees could be obtained only if the appropriate dose and timing is used.
Unraveling Temporal Dynamics of Employees’ Musculoskeletal Health: The Role of Initial Success in Workplace Physical Activity Interventions
Authors: Nath Alexander , Schimmelpfennig Sophia , Konradt Udo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Employees in contemporary work environments frequently face negative health impacts from sedentary behavior, such as musculoskeletal pain in the neck, shoulders, or lower body. This study reanalyzes data from a 3-month longitudinal randomized controlled intervention trial involving office-workers from five organizations alongside previously unpublished data from the same trial. The trial demonstrated that office-yoga and walking interventions effectively reduced musculoskeletal complaints (MSC) compared to a waitlist control group. This research aims to uncover the role of temporal dynamics of MSC that enhance and explain the success of these interventions. Drawing on self-regulation and psychological momentum theory, we hypothesize that employees who experience initial successes in terms of initial velocity and acceleration of MSC reduction show an increased intervention adherence which predicts intervention effectiveness. Based on social cognitive theory and the theory of planned behavior, we investigate how participants’ pre-intervention attitude toward the intervention and their outcome expectations predict initial adherence and subsequent temporal dynamics of health changes in a serial mediation model. Results from Bayesian Latent Acceleration Modelling revealed that initial velocity and acceleration of MSC reduction predicted intervention effectiveness. However, adherence did not mediate this relationship. Furthermore, a gradually increasing amount of walking was found beneficial. Attitude toward the intervention predicted initial adherence only in the walking group, while findings regarding outcome expectations were non-significant. This research emphasizes the importance of temporal dynamics, especially the initial temporal dynamics of health changes, for the effectiveness of workplace physical activity interventions and offers new directions for occupational health research and practice.
Exploiting symmetries in nuclear Hamiltonians for ground state preparation
Authors: Gibbs Joe , Holmes Zoë , Stevenson Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Lipkin and Agassi models are simplified nuclear models that provide natural test beds for quantum simulation methods. Prior work has investigated the suitability of the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) to find the ground state of these models. There is a growing awareness that if VQE is to prove viable, we will need problem inspired ansätze that take into account the symmetry properties of the problem and use clever initialisation strategies. Here, by focusing on the Lipkin and Agassi models, we investigate how to do this in the context of nuclear physics ground state problems. We further use our observations to discus the potential of new classical, but quantum-inspired, approaches to learning ground states in nuclear problems.
‘One of the most alarming casualties to which the Sailor is exposed’: British Naval Medicine, Embodied Knowledge, and the Experience of Lightning at Sea, 1750–1840
Authors: Caputo Sara 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Lightning-related accidents were relatively frequent among age-of-sail seafarers, due to tall ships’ exposure and prominence above the sea. Yet lightning remains largely neglected in the historiography on sailors’ experiences. Examining a range of contemporary medical and philosophical literature, shipboard surgeons’ journals, operational correspondence and seamen’s memoirs, this article argues that lightning strikes created unique moments of epistemological and social crisis aboard naval ships. With its awesome multi-sensorial manifestations, divine symbolism and catastrophic and erratic effects on human bodies, lightning loomed large in many seafarers’ consciousness, as a powerful source of panic and trauma. At the same time, despite contemporary developments in natural philosophical understandings of electricity, surgeons’ training on how to treat these injuries remained limited. As a result, lightning could substantially affect naval shipboard relations between officers and ‘common’ seamen, creating challenges to the former’s authority and mobilising a range of competing emotions and knowledges. Considering lightning illustrates the fruitfulness of looking at uncommon but devastating types of injury, for historians interested in medical authority and in the doctor–patient relationship. It also helps us to start sketching accounts of seafaring bodies, health and maritime medical and religious cultures that give the sky its due place alongside the water.
Carsun Chang's Jefferson: A Lost Era of Transnational Sino-American Constitutional Imagination
Authors: Kroncke Jedidiah Joseph , Li Haimo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article recovers a lost era of Sino-American constitutional imagination surrounding the drafting of the 1946 Republic of China Constitution. It examines the transnational dynamics that led the Constitution's initial drafter, Zhang Junmai or Carsun Chang, to travel to the U.S. in 1945 to ostensibly study the ideas of Thomas Jefferson then ascendant in New Deal constitutional rhetoric. Recovering this episode recontextualizes Chang's early and late life as one of China's cosmopolitan intellectuals emerging from its contentious post-1911 dynastic politics who shaped China's engagement with evolving institutions of the modern international legal order. This recontextualization broadens and revises extant accounts of Chang's engagement with the 1946 constitutional drafting process by challenging accepted understandings of Chang's personal and intellectual trajectory and illuminating how the geopolitics of the Chinese Civil War intersected with presumptions about the overseas projection of American constitutional values increasingly embedded in twentieth-century American internationalism. Herein, Chang's long-standing interest in Jefferson's constitutional ideals was reshaped by the strategic considerations he faced situated between his consistent criticism of Guomindang leader Chiang-Kai Shek and Chang's suddenly heightened status among American political leaders. His near year-long stay in the U.S. before the 1946 drafting process involved many little known but determinative turns, including the role of a subset of Roosevelt and Truman Administration officials actively enamored with Jefferson's own study of Confucianism. The article also details the telling contours of Chang's post-1949 life as a political exile in the United States. Ultimately, this recovered episode demonstrates the pervasive and impactful nature of transnational dynamics in modern Sino-American relations which blur the line between national and international legal history. Most broadly, the fallout from the 1946 drafting process and the varied Chinese interpretations of thinkers like Jefferson reflect the mid-twentieth century transition of America from a global symbol of constitutional revolution to a global symbol of racialized empire. Recapturing this era thus also has implications for originalist-styled constitutional arguments made in contemporary Taiwan as well as for evaluating the international dimensions of Jefferson's problematic domestic legacy.
Developing Countries' Participation in Environmental Services Negotiations: What are the Challenges and What Should be Done?
Authors: Tuljapurkar Sanvid , Zhang Ruosi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The urgency to tackle climate change has placed sustainable development at the centre of recent trade related debates. An emerging consensus is that trade should be considered and can be used as means to achieve sustainable development goals. As the circumstances are changing, one issue to be addressed is how to adjust trade negotiations which used to be the main approach to pursuing market opening and liberalization with the support of the theory of comparative advantage. In this context, this paper examines trade negotiations on environmental services by focusing on developing countries' participation. Environmental services and related trade play a critical role in achieving environmental and sustainable development goals. Nevertheless, developing countries' participation in environmental services trade negotiations has been limited. By analysing the reasons behind such limited participation and assessing some new approaches, this paper attempts to explore how environmental services trade negotiations could be adapted to better engage developing countries and serve Sustainable Development Goals.
Cultivating nut tree species in urban community gardens in Germany: motivations, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Opitz Janine , Egerer Monika 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The EAT-Lancet Commission recommends increasing the consumption of nut trees worldwide as part of a sustainable diet. Integrating more nut tree species in urban gardening initiatives could provide members access to locally grown nuts and provide ecosystem services to urban landscapes. This study investigated the reported presence and diversity of nut tree species in urban community gardens, as well as the motivations and challenges for adopting and expanding those trees. Based on an online survey with 111 responding projects from the urban community gardening network in Germany as our case study, we found that nut tree species exist in almost half of all responding projects surveyed, albeit in a few numbers of individual trees and producing low yields. Projects are motivated by the provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services they provide, such as the nutritional value of nuts, the provision of food for animals, and the potential for education of members about agroforestry and nut use. Yet projects are hindered by limited space, local laws and regulations, and the interaction of nut trees with other species in the garden. Although only 50% of projects plan to incorporate more nut tree species in the future, most recognize the importance of nuts as part of a healthy diet. Governmental leadership is necessary to secure long-term contracts for urban gardens, so that more nut trees can be planted, and city residents can exploit the benefits of the ecosystem services they provide.
How should medicines reimbursement work? The views of Spanish experts
Authors: Rejon-Parrilla Juan Carlos , Epstein David , Pérez-Troncoso Daniel , Espin Jaime 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Although the criteria that support reimbursement decisions for medicines are often set by legislation, as is the case in Spain, in many cases neither the definition nor the measurement methods for these criteria are provided. Our goal was to elicit the views of a large sample of Spanish technical specialists on how to evaluate each one of the criteria that inform pricing and reimbursement decisions in Spain. Professionals from various stakeholder groups involved in health economics, health technology assessment, and industry participated in a survey. Participants recommended that reimbursement decisions should take specific account of unmet medical need and rare diseases. Health benefit should be measured using quality-adjusted life-years. There should be an explicit cost-effectiveness threshold, and this threshold should take account of population groups and special situations.
Atmospheric wind energization of ocean weather
Authors: Rai Shikhar , Farrar J. Thomas , Aluie Hussein 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ocean weather comprises vortical and straining mesoscale motions, which play fundamentally different roles in the ocean circulation and climate system. Vorticity determines the movement of major ocean currents and gyres. Strain contributes to frontogenesis and the deformation of water masses, driving much of the mixing and vertical transport in the upper ocean. While recent studies have shown that interactions with the atmosphere damp the ocean’s mesoscale vortices O(100) km in size, the effect of winds on straining motions remains unexplored. Here, we derive a theory for wind work on the ocean’s vorticity and strain. Using satellite and model data, we discover that wind damps strain and vorticity at an equal rate globally, and unveil striking asymmetries based on their polarity. Subtropical winds damp oceanic cyclones and energize anticyclones outside strong current regions, while subpolar winds have the opposite effect. A similar pattern emerges for oceanic strain, where subtropical convergent flow is damped along the west-equatorward east-poleward direction and energized along the east-equatorward west-poleward direction. These findings reveal energy pathways through which the atmosphere shapes ocean weather.
Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk
Authors: Schafers Jenna , Warren Caroline J. , Yang Jiayun , Zhang Junsen , Cole Sarah J. , Cooper Jayne , Drewek Karolina , Kolli B. Reddy , McGinn Natalie , Qureshi Mehnaz , Reid Scott M. , Peacock Thomas P. , Brown Ian , James Joe , Banyard Ashley C. , Iqbal Munir , Digard Paul , Hutchinson Edward 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In late 2023 an H5N1 lineage of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) began circulating in American dairy cattle Concerningly, high titres of virus were detected in cows’ milk, raising the concern that milk could be a route of human infection. Cows’ milk is typically pasteurised to render it safe for human consumption, but the effectiveness of pasteurisation on influenza viruses in milk was uncertain. To assess this, here we evaluate heat inactivation in milk for a panel of different influenza viruses. This includes human and avian influenza A viruses (IAVs), an influenza D virus that naturally infects cattle, and recombinant IAVs carrying contemporary avian or bovine H5N1 glycoproteins. At pasteurisation temperatures of 63 °C and 72 °C, we find that viral infectivity is rapidly lost and becomes undetectable before the times recommended for pasteurisation (30 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively). We then show that an H5N1 HPAIV in milk is effectively inactivated by a comparable treatment, even though its genetic material remains detectable. We conclude that pasteurisation conditions should effectively inactivate H5N1 HPAIV in cows’ milk, but that unpasteurised milk could carry infectious influenza viruses.
Proteomic insights into dual-species biofilm formation of E. coli and E. faecalis on urinary catheters
Authors: Sung Kidon , Park Miseon , Kweon Ohgew , Paredes Angel , Savenka Alena , Khan Saeed A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Infections associated with urinary catheters are often caused by biofilms composed of various bacterial species that form on the catheters’ surfaces. In this study, we investigated the intricate interplay between Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis during biofilm formation on urinary catheter segments using a dual-species culture model. We analyzed biofilm formation and global proteomic profiles to understand how these bacteria interact and adapt within a shared environment. Our findings demonstrated dynamic population shifts within the biofilms, with E. coli initially thriving in the presence of E. faecalis, then declining during biofilm development. E. faecalis exhibited a rapid decrease in cell numbers after 48 h in both single- and dual-species biofilms. Interestingly, the composition of the dual-species biofilms was remarkably diverse, with some predominantly composed of E. coli or of E. faecalis; others showed a balanced ratio of both species. Notably, elongated E. faecalis cells were observed in dual-species biofilms, a novel finding in mixed-species biofilm cultures. Proteomic analysis revealed distinct adaptive strategies E. coli and E. faecalis employed within biofilms. E. coli exhibited a more proactive response, emphasizing motility, transcription, and protein synthesis for biofilm establishment; whereas E. faecalis displayed a more reserved strategy, potentially downregulating metabolic activity, transcription, and translation in response to cohabitation with E. coli. Both E. coli and E. faecalis displayed significant downregulation of virulence-associated proteins when coexisting in dual-species biofilms. By delving deeper into these dynamics, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of challenging biofilm-associated infections, paving the way for novel strategies to combat them.
Hierarchical image classification using transfer learning to improve deep learning model performance for amazon parrots
Authors: Kim Jung-Il , Baek Jong-Won , Kim Chang-Bae 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Numerous studies have proven the potential of deep learning models for classifying wildlife. Such models can reduce the workload of experts by automating species classification to monitor wild populations and global trade. Although deep learning models typically perform better with more input data, the available wildlife data are ordinarily limited, specifically for rare or endangered species. Recently, citizen science programs have helped accumulate valuable wildlife data, but such data is still not enough to achieve the best performance of deep learning models compared to benchmark datasets. Recent studies have applied the hierarchical classification of a given wildlife dataset to improve model performance and classification accuracy. This study applied hierarchical classification by transfer learning for classifying Amazon parrot species. Specifically, a hierarchy was built based on diagnostic morphological features. Upon evaluating model performance, the hierarchical model outperformed the non-hierarchical model in detecting and classifying Amazon parrots. Notably, the hierarchical model achieved the mean Average Precision (mAP) of 0.944, surpassing the mAP of 0.908 achieved by the non-hierarchical model. Moreover, the hierarchical model improved classification accuracy between morphologically similar species. The outcomes of this study may facilitate the monitoring of wild populations and the global trade of Amazon parrots for conservation purposes.
Orally administered live BCG and heat-inactivated Mycobacterium bovis protect bison against experimental bovine tuberculosis
Authors: Niroula Nirajan , Ghodasara Priya , Marreros Nelson , Fuller Bailey , Sanderson Haley , Zriba Slim , Walker Stew , Shury Todd K. , Chen Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is an infectious disease of livestock and wildlife species that is caused by pathogenic members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex such as Mycobacterium bovis. Due to the introduction of M. bovis-infected bison in the 1920s, BTB is now endemic in wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) population within the Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP) in northern Canada. This disease poses a grave threat to the long-term survival of this ecologically and culturally important species and has the potential to cause zoonotic TB and spill over to BTB-free livestock and other bison herds that live in the surrounding areas. Thus, effective BTB control strategies in WBNP bison are urgently needed. To this end, we aerosol challenged young bison with different doses of virulent M. bovis and observed disease-associated delayed-type hypersensitivity, gross lung and lymph node pathology and histopathology, as well as M. bovis burden in target organs, thus confirming the establishment of BTB in challenged animals. We then assessed the safety and efficacy of oral live BCG versus oral heat-inactivated M. bovis (HIMB) given in a homologous prime-boost regimen in bison. While both BCG and HIMB offered protection against BTB, BCG-treated bison thrived more, presented with fewer lung lesions at necropsy and lower burden of virulent M. bovis than HIMB-treated animals. Strikingly, oral HIMB induced almost no delayed-type hypersensitivity to intradermal tuberculin while oral live BCG induced very low sensitivity to tuberculin in bison, indicating their potential as DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines for use in this important wildlife species.