bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy-Duty Anti-Friction Bearings
Authors: Koon Sidney G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Advantages of ball or roller bearings on almost all types of operating mechanisms are stressed in this paper. There are not only the savings in power consumption, which frequently run from 25 to as much as 60 per cent, but also collateral advantages of varying description. Frequently the bearings permit operations which without them would be exceedingly difficult or expensive.
Some of the limitations to the use of the bearings are taken up, particularly those dealing with space limitations on equipment of old design. The concurrent development of heavy-duty bearings for steel-rolling-mill work along with backed-up types of rolling mills is traced at some length. Many features of operating conditions found in steel mills are discussed in their relation to the use of bearings of this type. Lubrication and care of the bearings are also given consideration.
How much load the roller bearing will carry and how long it will carry that load satisfactorily are not yet known. The whole field of roller-bearing uses on a large scale is in process of development, and ideas have not yet crystallized on many features of the work. In the present state of development they operate successfully under many varying conditions, but it is essential that they be adapted particularly to the work which they are called upon to do. The fact that wear is practically negligible permits maintenance of constant operating conditions for a much longer period than with plain bearings, and makes a strong point in favor of the anti-friction type. It seems to be generally accepted that in a great many cases, their greater initial expense is fully justified by the results to be expected from their use.
The Hot-Blast Cupola
Authors: Vial F. K. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The object of this paper is to announce a new era in cupola practice. Since prehistoric times there have been but few outstanding advances in the art of melting iron in shaft furnaces. The demand for cannon in the Middle Ages brought about a high degree of development in the foundrymen’s art, and the invention of the steam engine made possible the modern factory system. Aside from these two outstanding events but little has been done to improve the metallurgical or economic performance of the cupola. There is therefore an inviting field for research to develop the following:
Control of melting conditions
Control of the chemical elements of the iron
Control of the temperature of the molten iron
Relation of slag to melting conditions, oxidation, temperature of the iron, and economy in fuel
Mastery of the far-reaching effect of heat treatment
Knowledge of the effect produced by various alloys
Ability to produce steel, malleable iron, or cast iron at pleasure
A decided improvement in physical properties of all grades of iron that can be melted in the cupola
A radical improvement in fuel economy.
When these improvements are established, and there is no reason why they should not be, there will be introduced a decidedly new era in the cast-iron industry that will entirely overshadow all previous developments.
Ore-Handling Bridges
Authors: Brown Alexander C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this profusely illustrated paper the author, after briefly referring to the cable tramway first used for handling ore, takes up the development of the bridge type of tramway. The invention of the automatic grab bucket and the adoption of electric power, he points out, made possible the modern methods used in unloading and rehandling ore. He then discusses various methods which have been proposed to secure stability and safety in ore bridges in order to withstand wind storms of high velocity. Types of wind bracing are then dealt with, as well as skewing bridges for avoiding twisting stresses when one end of bridge travels faster than the other. The four travel mechanisms which have been largely used are described, following which tracks and track wheels are considered. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of improvements which have taken place in trolley design as distinguished from design of the bridge structure.
National Elimination-of-Waste Campaign
Authors: Auel C. B. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Campaigns to eliminate waste are not cure-alls, but they strongly supplement the regular efforts of the management. The steps preparatory to such a campaign are decided, the supervisory force is coached so that their plans are crystallized, the workers are made to understand the purpose, and then exhibits are placed about the plant showing concrete cases of waste and the cost in time and money. In the plant where the campaign described was carried on, the saving directly attributable to the effort was $50,000. A general review of the national campaign is given, together with the special effort in certain plants.
Apprenticeship in the Rubber Industry
Authors: Slusser C. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author describes the apprenticeship training courses used by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, The training is of four classes—the production squadron, the engineering squadron, the Goodyear Industrial University Training Course, and the apprentice machinist course. Candidates are selected by means of an intelligence test, personal interview, and physical examination.
The production squadron provides production men for departments where extra help is needed. The engineering squadron prepares men for positions as foremen, inspectors, and staff assistants. The Industrial University Training group gives instruction to high-school graduates who wish to enter staff work, but require additional training. The apprentice machinist course trains men to be skilled mechanics.
Management Applied to Materials Handling
Authors: Lynah James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In his paper on “Management Applied to Materials Handling” the author tells of the coordinating-production, engineering, power, maintenance, and design problems which are undertaken by the Works-Managers Committee of the General Motors Corporation. A staff of experts in production-engineering work,, wage incentives, maintenance problems, etc., consider various phases of materials handling and devise methods for taking up slack to prevent undue accumulation, and provide rapid and efficient movement of materials through the plant.
The Use of Skids for Water Shipments
Authors: Stocker H. E. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Economical handling of commodities in bulk has been highly developed, but great reductions in costs are possible with other classes of cargo by the use of advanced methods and equipment and the application of principles which have accomplished so much in manufacturing. The principles of greatest importance are the reducing of handling to the minimum and increasing the production of equipment to the maximum.
In the shipping industry handling may be reduced by keeping freight off the floor of the dock and the deck of the ship. The best method of accomplishing this is to receive the freight from the manufacturer already loaded on a skid. It broadens the application of the principle by extending it back to the mill where the goods are manufactured. Savings are increased not only by reducing handling at the mill and at point of consumption but by reducing packing expenses.
On a dock with its floor in good condition, one man and a tractor will handle skids averaging 3600 lb. with a total saving as compared with shipments in cases of over 80 per cent.
Even more important from the standpoint of net profit is the fact that additional business has been brought to the line by accepting shipments on skids.
In addition to the economy resulting from handling skids on the dock with lift trucks, the average sling load will be increased approximately 300 per cent, the ship’s dispatch will be expedited, and the claims reduced. Total savings will be the equivalent of more than a 50 per cent cut in cargo-handling expenses.
Mechanical Applications of Chromium Plating
Authors: Blum W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After giving particulars regarding the physical properties of chromium such as hardness, thermal expansivity, density, melting point, electrical conductivity, and adherence, the author discusses the uses to which chromium plating, by reason of its wear-resisting qualities, has been more or less successfully put: namely, its application to gages and other measuring devices; to drawing, forming, stamping, and molding dies; to rolls for forming metals; to tools for cutting metal; to bearing surfaces in machinery, etc. He shows how in addition to savings due to the longer life of chromium-plated tools and parts, there are savings much greater in amount resulting from reducing the number of times that machines must be stopped for their replacement.
Large Spiral Bevel and Hypoid Gears
Authors: Candee Allan H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper deals with recent developments in the manufacture of large bevel and hypoid gears, the principal subjects being:
1 Large bevel gears of greatly improved running qualities due (a) to generating instead of planing the teeth, and (b) to the use of spiral teeth instead of straight teeth;
2 A new type of large bevel-gear generating machine designed at the Gleason Worlds, with a description of the unique combination of mechanical movements used to produce spiral teeth; and
3 The accurate generation of large hypoid gears in which the axis of the pinion is offset from the axis of the gear, thus making it possible for the two shafts to continue past each other.
Thread Forms of Milled Worms: Progress Report No. 3 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Worm Gears
Authors: Buckingham Earle , Acker George H. , Broshek Joseph J. , Buckendale L. Ray , Lindquist David L. , Ross A. A. , Waterman Benjamin F. , Himes W. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of the material on helicoidal sections given in the author’s paper on “Worm-Wheel Contact” presented before the Society in December, 1926. It covers the equations necessary to determine the thread form of milled and ground threads in various sections and also the sections of a helicoid formed by a straight-sided lathe tool, set toward the helix angle of a thread. This last helicoid is a convolute helicoid with the inclination of its generatrix in the opposite direction to that of the helix.
As an example, the worm used in the drive AW-3 in Progress Report No. 2 of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Worm Gears has been analyzed and the coordinates of the thread form in an axial section have been determined when the thread is produced by a lathe tool, a 4-in.-diameter thread milling cutter, a 12-in.-diameter grinding wheel, and by the flat side of a grinding wheel which would produce an involute helicoid.
This analysis shows that the form in the axial section of a thread produced by a lathe tool, tipped toward the helix angle, will be concave. That produced by a milling cutter may be concave, convex, or a form of double curvature, depending upon the diameter of the cutter, angle of thread, diameter and lead of screw, and depth of thread.
The curvature increases with a reduction in thread angle and an increase in helix angle. The milled forms become more convex with an increase in the diameter of the cutter or grinding wheel.
This paper is another attempt to introduce more mathematics in the machine shop to the end that we may know more definitely the conditions with which we are contending.
Precision Cylindrical Grinding
Authors: Harrison R. E. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper reviews the process of evolution through which the art of precision cylindrical grinding has passed during the last seven or eight years. As the mechanical features of the machines and the wheels employed on them have been improved in efficiency, it has been realized that production is dependent upon the horsepower capacity of the tool, consequently the structure of the tool has been strengthened and improved, until today these tools are offered to users largely on their power rating. Work which was regularly handled on 5-hp. machines in 1920 and 1921, is today being produced in a proportionately reduced time on 15 and occasionally on 20-hp. machines.
There is still considerable work to be done, both by builders and users of grinding machines, in the direction of the further elimination of idle or non-grinding time between the work cycles. It is as true of the modern grinding machine as it is of any other machine tool that is only an earning unit while the grinding wheel is in contact with the work. At other times it is a liability, so that the efforts of the shop management and the production engineer should all be directed toward the elimination of unproductive movements on the part of the operator.
High-Speed Oil-Engine Pumps and Injection Valves
Authors: Goldthwaite John L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Unable to find reliable data on high-speed injection valves and pumps for Diesel-engine manufacture, the author made a study of the problem, and his findings are given as an elementary treatise to clear the many points of trouble. As a practical solution of the injection problem, he makes a compact unit of the entire drive, the admission valves, and the controls. He uses the constant-pressure system, groups the admission valves for convenience, and pipes them to heavily loaded automatic injectors.
Current Production Engineering Problems
Authors: Marsh Hallan N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The modern methods of drilling and of “bringing in” an oil well are given, using a definite well as an example of the succeeding operations. The precautions taken to conserve the oil and the gas and the methods in use to continue the flow at the best rate for obtaining maximum recovery are described. The safeguards used to prevent accident and the proper processes for reviving a well that has ceased to flow are stated.
The Necessity for Research in the Printing Industry
Authors: Carter George H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After quoting President Hoover as sounding the real keynote of the conference, the author outlines the value of organized research in other industries, and then considers the necessity for similar research in the printing industry. If “printing is the mother of progress,” the industry is not living up to its watchword. Meager and unorganized support is given to research by the printing industry in comparison with the great sums spent for industrial research.
Limitations of Standardization and Research in Ink Making
Authors: Van Dyck Edwin M. , Mock Walter W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the introduction the authors present certain statistics relating to the printing-ink industry. This is followed by a discussion of the limiting factors in standardizing raw materials, finished inks containers, and cost system. In the second part of the paper, research and its accomplishments in ink manufacture have been portrayed, past and present, while a hint is given as to the probable course of future research problems.
Research—From the Operator’s Standpoint
Authors: Berry George L. , Claybourn L. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In discussing what is the matter with printing, the same answer cannot be obtained from any two plants. Rule-of-thumb methods are found in every division of most plants, and little effort is made to correct them. The industry is dealing with a mechanical problem, and it is time that engineers took a big part in it.
The Balancing and Dynamic Rail Pressure of Locomotives
Authors: Eksergian R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The problem of counterbalancing for minimum dynamic loading and rail stress is a basic-design limitation for modern locomotives with limited axle loads. Two methods of balance are ordinarily used: static balancing, where the difference in planes of the revolving weights is not taken into consideration, and dynamic balancing, where the planes of action are considered as well. As the former method is extensively used, the estimation of maximum rail pressure with the heavy overhanging revolving weights is of considerable importance. An analysis is made, resulting in formulas and general methods for the determination of the maximum rail pressure and the corresponding position of the crank for systems of revolving weights. Also, a complete outline of balancing methods is included. The balancing of the reciprocating parts introduces unbalanced vertical components. A general study is made of the dynamic effect of the reciprocating parts and revolving parts on the locomotive itself, both for two- and three-cylinder locomotives, counterbalanced statically and dynamically. Next, comparative studies are made of the relative effects when statically and dynamically balanced for two-cylinder locomotives; that is, as to rail pressure and the vibration of the locomotive itself. A similar comparison is made of the dynamic loadings for two- and three-cylinder locomotives. A brief survey is made of the nature of rail stress and the effect of counterbalance and wheel spacing in augmenting the bending moment in the rail. Calculations are included for the rail and track loading of a Mountain type, an eight-coupled, and a three-cylinder compound locomotive. Finally, a study of weight transfer under maximum traction is made, including calculations for it with a Santa Fe type locomotive. The appendix contains special problems, as the general formula for the vertical thrust of the connecting rod on the main pin, and an estimation of revolving weight, with experimental methods of determining the constants of a rod. The general dynamical equation of a locomotive for the fore-and-aft and nosing oscillations is also included. The conclusions are that the cross or dynamic balance of main drivers should be made with modern power and the allowable axle loading should be based on the maximum rail and track loading at the average operating speeds.
Lubrication of Ball-Bearing Woodworking Spindles
Authors: Reynolds Harry R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to bring out methods of lubrication especially suitable for speeds of 4000 to 7500 r.p.m. which is about the range of woodworking spindles.
The author sums up by stating that where oil is used its level should not be over the center of the lowest ball if speeds are higher than 500 r.p.m. At 5000 to 5700 r.p.m. a very light spindle oil should be used, and it should be fed either by wick, or circulation from pump as any depth of oil around the balls will cause tremendous churning. Too much oil should not be used as it will cause heating, and the higher the speed the greater the heat.
If grease of the proper consistency is used, the housing can be filled. At high speed there will be a path cut through the grease by the balls, and if temperature develops, just enough melting will occur to furnish the lubrication required. Greases soft enough to churn should be avoided for high-speed applications as the heat generated will melt them so fast that conditions will duplicate those of too much oil. Failure is generally due to dirt, so the bearings must be kept clean. Especial care should be taken in renewing the lubricant, as this is when most of the dirt gets in.
The Coordination of Production and Distribution of Wood Products
Authors: Bigelow Carle M. , Perry Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
After noting that rarely have the qualities of attractive woodworking craftsmanship and methods of aggressive distribution been found in profitable combination, the authors take up problems invoiced in production, dealing successively with sales-dollar analysis, labor utilization, material yield, planning and budgeting, and standard costs. They then consider the distribution of wood products and discuss respectively marketing the commodity product, selling to distributors, and marketing the style product. Following this they deal briefly with the coordination of production and distribution, and in conclusion point out the great demand at present existing for a transfer of some of the already achieved manufacturing skill into the merchandising field.
Making Animal Glue Water Resistant
Authors: Browne F. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this paper the author gives a formula for making animal glue water resistant. Graphs are given which show the relation between the temperature and the working life of a batch of glue when prepared by the recommended formula, and also for a glue containing paraformaldehyde without oxalic acid. Rapid decrease in the working life of both glues at high temperatures makes it necessary to control the heating of the glue carefully. Characteristics of a water-resistant animal glue are given, together with the effect of varying the content of oxalic acid and paraformaldehyde.
Wood Bending
Authors: Wilson T. R. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Wood softened by the action of moisture and heat or by other agencies can be upset or shortened very considerably, but can be stretched or lengthened but little. Hence, since the concave and convex faces of a bent piece differ in length, it is necessary in bending to prevent stretch and to cause the entire difference in length to take place as upset, this upset being a maximum at the concave face and decreasing to zero near the convex face. This can be accomplished by supplying a metal strap with securely attached end fittings through which the compressive force, or end pressure, can be applied. The end pressure must be distributed over the ends of the stock so that localized crushing does not occur, and the rotation of the end fitting must be restrained to obviate release of the end pressure. The common arrangement of parts of wood-bending apparatus does not fulfill these requirements. The requirements can be attained, however, by utilizing the principle of the reversed lever.
The distance between end fittings cannot be made exactly the same for a number of straps and cannot be kept constant, neither can pieces of wood be cut exactly to the required length. Hence, means for adjusting the distance between end fittings is necessary. Pieces whose width is considerably less than their depth must be restrained to prevent sidewise bending and the formation of lateral crooks and buckling.
This paper, which is based on studies at the Forest Products Laboratory, deals only with the requirements of bending apparatus and manipulation, emphasizes their importance, and points out that they must be correct before the large breakage losses incurred in the bending of wood can be reduced materially.