bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiphon 6: Causation and the Law
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last speech in Antiphon’s modest corpus, for a defendant implicated in the death of a choirboy, is the earliest extant speech that can be dated with any confidence: the death occurred in the spring of 419 and the trial was held in late autumn or winter of 419 / 18. It is also our earliest reliable evidence for the kind of case that was tried at the Palladium. The argument centres upon the peculiar concept of ‘planning’ or determining in unintentional homicide, and the speech is, again, our best evidence for this peculiar concept. This speech also gives us an intriguing glimpse of internal politics at Athens. There is a consensus going back to Schwartz and Wilamowitz that the defendant in this case was one of those mentioned by Thucydides as relying upon the artful arguments of Antiphon to further their cause in the courts and assembly, and scholars have been inclined to read partisan issues into the arguments. Such matters lie outside the scope of this study. On the questions that most concern us, of law and its rhetorical uses, there has been broad disagreement.
Justifiable Killing and the Problem of Lysias 1
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demosthenes spoke of the Delphinium court as the most dread and awe-inspiring of them all (23. 74). What is it that made the proceedings of this court so disturbing, more so than trial at the Areopagus itself? The verdict of justifiable manslaughter, which the gods themselves had sanctioned, was the most ancient and sacred of legal concepts; it was also the most troubling aspect of the primitive law. How, after all, were the judges to determine what constitutes ‘justifiable killing’ – to rule that in one case a vindictive killer will go unpunished, in another that the killer be put to death? We know that in the fourth century a defendant must plead that his act was justified by specific provisions of statute law. This legalistic understanding of justifiable killing was undoubtedly strengthened by the reforms of the restored democracy. But the Draconian conception of justifiable homicide as retributive killing is remarkably persistent: by this reckoning the justification lies not in the interests of society or moral excuse on behalf of the killer; it is the victim’s wrongdoing that brings punishment upon him (Ch. 3 §2.3). The charter myth for this institution is the legendary acquittal of Orestes for avenging the wrong his mother had done his father. And this retributive principle is honoured even in some cases where we might expect a more humane rationale: Demosthenes judges a killing in athletic competition by the same rule that justifies the killing of an adulterer or an outlaw; the victim himself is to blame for his death (23. 54). This principle of Draconian justice persisted even when democratic values might seem to weigh against it. The two ways of justice were sometimes reconciled by rather ingenious constructions.
Regicide, Restoration, and the ‘English’ Oedipus
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing in the Preface to John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee’s Oedipus in a collected edition of Dryden’s works in 1808, Sir Walter Scott refers to a revival ‘some thirty years ago’, which had so offended the audience that the boxes had been emptied before the end of the third act. That Dryden and Lee’s play, first per­ formed at the Dorset Garden Theatre in 1678, should have remained within the London repertoire some hundred years or more after its premiere (albeit now fading from it on grounds of taste), is of no small note. And in many ways this Restoration Oedipus is unique amongst the numerous late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century tragedies based upon the ancient Greek plays in enjoying such a long production history.
London’s Greek Plays in the 1880s: George Warr and Social Philhellenism
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 13 and 1S May 1886 at 9 p.m. ‘The Story of Orestes’, billed as ‘An abridged English version of the Oresteian Trilogy of Aeschylus’, was performed in the Prince’s Hall, Piccadilly, under the patronage of the Prince and Princess of Wales. The proceeds of these two performances, together with those from a series of scenes of tableaux from Homer entitled The Tale of Troy on the afternoon of 14 May, formed ‘a contribution towards a University Endowment Fund, with the object of enabling King’s College and University College, London, to extend and cheapen the higher collegiate education, with a view to qualify them for the functions of a Teaching University’ .
The Shavian Euripides and the Euripidean Shaw: Greek Tragedy and the New Drama
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an essay entitled ‘The Womanly Woman’ published in The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1891), George Bernard Shaw refers to the quickly fading romantic ideal following completion of the marriage ceremony. Shaw informs us that: The wife finds that her husband is neglecting her for his business; that his interests, his activities, his whole life except that one part of it to which only a cynic referred before her marriage, lies away from home; and that her business is to sit there and mope until she is wanted.
Prolegomena
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about Greek prayer as part of Greek life. No attempt is made to use Greek evidence to produce a definition of prayer valid for all religions. It is far from clear that the search for universal definitions of cultural phenomena is the highest goal of study.1 However similar any two cultures may be, those similarities ought not to be emphasized to the exclusion of all else. Too much schematization leads to distortion. If two societies share the same practice or institution, then, to use a mathematical analogy, that factor may eventually, after due consideration of its intrinsic interest, be discounted as a lowest common denominator. The societal remainder, the set of practices that distinguish cultures from each other, often turns out to be the most revealing.
Thanks and Praise
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, we examined the importance of reciprocity in petitionary prayers. We saw that one ideally needed to be able to offer a god some sort of recompense in return for his help. Under some circumstances, it was possible to remind them of one's past services. In this chapter, we shall look at some of the ways in which humans thanked the gods when their prayers were answered. It has been said that prayers of gratitude are not very frequent in archaic and classical Greece and that when one does find them, they are not particularly effusive.1 The corpus of Greek drama furnishes some representative examples.
Curses and Justice
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Was there a difference between prayer and curse in ancient Greece? A modern Christian is apt to think that a prayer is a good and pious thing proffered before God in church or on one‘s knees by the bedside whereas a curse is some sort of leftover from the dark days of medieval witchcraft. Such a view is, however, simplistic. The Book of Common Prayer actually contains an elaborate litany of curses against the ungodly in the ceremony known as ‘Commination, or Denouncing of God‘s Anger and Judgements Against Sinners‘. There is a place in orthodox Christianity for cursing just as there is for blessing. At the same time, there is, of course, a class of curses recognized as belonging within the sphere of black magic. Such things are still known today.1 In this chapter, we shall examine whether and how far the Greeks recognized cursing as a category of action separate from prayer. We shall also be looking at the difference between various types of curse.
Magic and Names
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter, we saw that defixiones had little to do with xdpi,. We also said that activities which deny xdpi, might have a claim to be called ‘magical‘. One of the pieces of received wisdom about ancient religion is that one needed to know the name of a god in order to get him to do what one wanted. Does this represent a kind of coercion inimical to the spirit of xdpi,? This chapter1 will be devoted to an examination of how important the Greeks thought it was to know the name of a god and what they thought one gained thereby.
Sitz zm Leben
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some religious groups recognize certain occasions as particularly appropriate for prayer. The Koran, for example, enjoins Muslims to face Mecca and pray twice a day, at sunrise and sunset. This sacred duty, called Salat, is considered to be one of the Five Pillars of Islamic faith.1 Christian worshippers are enjoined to attend Matins and Evensong, whilst those in monastic orders observe seven daily periods of prayer. Such prayers as these might be called ‘hourglass prayers‘. In addition to regularly recurrent prayers, there are other, rarer, occasions when prayer is thought proper. The Book of Common Prayer sets forth prayers which may be used in times of famine, drought, or other times of need. Such prayers, whilst not likely to recur frequently, are none the less provided for in the overall liturgical sheme of things, and we might call them ‘situational‘. In addition to these, any Christian, Muslim, or Jew may pray to God on sundry occasions as necessary, for example for the health of a sick relative. Such prayers obviously differ from those already mentioned in that they are unpredictable and form no part of an accepted syllabus. These we might call ‘adventitious‘ prayers. In this section, we shall consider whether Greek prayer falls into such categories or not.
Poetry Among Other Activities of Homeric Man
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we assemble all the manifestations of Homeric man -from physiological instincts to the higher forms of intellectual activity and take them, provisionally at least, as a corpus representative of the entire spectrum of Homeric man’s functioning, we shall see that the way in which poetry is treated in Homer is far from being peculiar to this activity alone. Thus, Homer’s poets sing either when ‘incited’ by the Muse, ‘moved’ by a god, or ‘stirred’ by their tliumos (‘spirit’) or noos (‘mind’), and Hesiod says about himself that the Muses ‘ordered’ him to sing1-but ‘to incite’, ‘to move’, ‘to stir’, ‘to order’ can motivate many other actions of Homeric man. Helen’s elopement with Paris, Patroclus’ fatal onslaught on Troy, Telemachus’ decision to call the assembly and lo go to Pylos are explained exactly like Demodocus’ starting of his performances,’ not to mention the stereotyped acts of fighting, speaking, or even eating and drinking that are regularly the result of being ‘stirred’, ‘incited’, ‘moved’, or ‘ordered’. Again, Hesiod says about himself that the Muses ‘breathed’ into him ‘divine song’’-but communication o[ martial valour and strength (menos, tharsos, alkē, sthenos) by one of the gods, sudden surges of anger of anger (kotos) and infatuation (atē) are also quite often explained by Homer as either ‘put’ or ‘thrown’ into someone’s heart, either ‘sent’ or ‘breathed’ into man by the gods; and the same is true of fortunate or ill-fated ideas, of desires, oracles, and so on.
Conclusion
Authors: Gardner Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the intention was to explore the relationship between familia and family, to a great extent this book has been concerned with Roman family law—or at least, with certain aspects of it. Attention has been focused primarily upon property, its ownership and transmission, and upon property rights, in so far as these depend upon membership of a familia, or upon ‘family’ relationship. This is not only a matter of the availability of evidence (although much, or rather most, of surviving legal writings concern property), but also of its nature. Provision for economic welfare, whether one’s own, or that of one’s dependants and kin, is a necessary practical concern for most people. Roman legal writings on the topic are not only a source of information on the legal rules and mechanisms involved, but are also uniquely revelatory of social mores and social values—i.e. not only of how people actually behaved, but how they were expected to behave towards ‘family’—and, most importantly, they reveal how Roman society was prepared to modify the legal rules of the familia in response to changes in the needs of society.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What we know of H’s client therefore derives entirely from Lyk. itself. An Athenian of indeterminable deme, even tribe, this Lykophron was seemingly born in the first half of the 380s. (He protests in §15, in reply to allegations of seduction probably com-mitted before 336 (see (iii) below), that a seducer’s career cannot begin after fifty.)
Commentary
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the continuous section (§ §1–20) of Lyk.begins must be placed three groups of fragments: those of the Harris papyrus (cols. 41–8); those of col. 1 of the Arden papyrus (before col. 2 ushers in the continuous section); and the three fragments independently preserved by Pollux (2. 152, 9. 137, 9. 156) the second and third of which, as will be seen, float free of any determinable context.
Empire as Interaction
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sense of empire as a process of exchange can be gained even from documents which at first sight express the full weight of royal power, such as Zeuxis’ letter to Amyzon, written immediately after taking the city over.1 The particular case of Amyzon is framed in the wider context of ‘all those who have trusted and handed themselves over to us’, in the rhetoric of extension and totality essential to representations of imperial power; Zeuxis’ professed solicitude speaks of the asymmetry between the royal state and the local community; the letter ends by notifying the Amyzonians that Zeuxis has ordered his subordinates to take care of them and refrain from abuses. The structures of control are already in place; local status quo depends on the performative utterance of the imperial state.
‘Myth into Logos’: The Case of Croesus, or the Historian at Work
Authors: Hartog Francois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we all know, the word muthos is very seldom used by Herodotus (twice only). To characterize a logos (narrative) as muthos is for him a clear way of rejecting it as unreliable and unconvincing. When the term muthos does appear, it is surrounded by a very specific vocabulary: what the Greeks claim concerning the coming of Heracles to Egypt (2. 45) is said anepiskeptos (‘without due consideration’) and is euethes (‘foolish’). On what grounds? Because what they say contradicts the Egyptian phusis (‘nature’) and nomoi (‘customs’). The second occurrence of muthos, still more famous, deals with the vexed problem of the Ocean. Herodotus is quick to dismiss Hecataeus’ statement, because ‘it is grounded in obscurity and needs no disproof (es aphanes ton muthon aneneikas ouk echei elegchon, 2. 23). Located somewhere beyond what is visible, a muthos cannot be proved. With muthos one enters the realm of poetry (‘Homer, I think, or one of the preceding poets has found [heurein] this name: Ocean’). The very choice of the word is intended to be a signal to the listener or the reader.How does one recognize and set something apart as muthos? By using the notion of eikos (‘plausible, probable’) as a critical tool; more broadly, the term eikos helps to make a choice among different versions proposed, and provides a way of organizing the logic of the narrative.
Pre-Roman Algeria
Authors: Cherry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Roman conquest of north Africa proceeded intermittently, in fits and starts, over the period from about 146 BC until the age of the Severan emperors (AD 197-235), when Roman power in the region achieved its fullest expression. It will be argued later (Chapter 2) that, because Roman military operations from the second half of the second century AD involved, for the most part, the construction of forts on the edge of the Sahara, and because, as has recently been demonstrated, the Romans had little real interest in the desert,1 it may reasonably be said that the Roman conquest was in fact largely complete (at least from the Roman point of view) before the death of Hadrian.
Transformation of Greek Literary Culture under the Influence of Christianity
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far the book has been concerned with the transformation of the government of the classical city. This was a secular process, largely governed by worldly factors, above all the impact on cities of the Empire. But even so the process was not entirely secular: Christianization played a significant part. The office of bishop was as we have seen a quite unclassical phenomenon, and the rise of the bishop to pre-eminence in his city was part of the profound transformation not only in the administrative structure of the city, but in the way people looked upon their institutions and the duties to their fellow townsmen, that had been brought about by deepening Christianization. It is to exaggerate only a little to suggest that the Greco-Roman world abandoned the model of the citizen-state as presented in Aristotle’s Politics or in Plato’s Laws, to replace it by that of the people oflsrael with its monarch and prophets and God-given laws.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The city is an aspect of Greco-Roman civilization about which we have an abundance of information. But the nature of the evidence changes over the years in step with the transformation of the cities, and the changing character of the evidence itself throws light on the changing character and ethos of the cities. This is particularly true of the epigraphic evidence since the evolution of the epigraphic habit closely reflects both the depoliticization and the Christianization of the city. This is the subject of the first chapter.
The Language of Foreigners m Greek Literature
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall consider the literary precedents that were available to Aristophanes for representing the speech of foreigners (both Greeks and barbarians). It would be hard to make judgements about his portrayal of foreign Greeks—and the differences between this and his portrayal of barbarians—without knowing what the norms were in other types of literature. For we are not conducting an investigation simply into the literary style of Aristophanes; we are hoping to use information from comic drama to illuminate a particular area of Greek social thought, namely thought about language and language variation. We should therefore try to explore and account for the differences between the linguistic habits of Aristophanes and those of other Greek authors.
Old Comedy: Shorter Passages and Fragments
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall look at at three related areas of language variation which can usefully be compared: Isolated instances of non-Attic dialect in the surviving plays and in fragments (Aristophanic and non-Aristophanic). This is in a sense a continuation of the last chapter, which looked at the three major sources of non-Attic dialect in the extant plays. The shorter passages are slightly different in nature, however, and cannot be treated in exactly the same way. Furthermore, in the case of the fragments we cannot tell how important a role the dialect passage played in context, or how extended the passage was. This is a familiar problem, outlined by Lobel in the introduction to his edition of Sappho:
Dialect m Old Comedy: Recapitulation
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the analysis of dialect forms in Chapter 4 the phonology sections were set out in such a way as to allow the reader to see what choices the playwright made in the replacement of Attic phonemes. In most cases each Attic phoneme corresponded to two or three different phonemes in each foreign dialect. There is little evidence that Aristophanes created dialect-coloured forms by a mechanical substitution of Attic phonemes on the basis of replacement rules. On the whole his method seems to have been a word-by-word, or lexically-based approach, though this was no doubt underpinned by (perhaps subconscious) generalizations about the phonology.
Homer ‘s Typical Scenes: Homeric Theme and Cognitive Script
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vithin the Homeric epics it is possible to identify a number of ‘typical scenes ‘: action sequences such as contests, meals, journeys, visits, and funeral rites; procedures such as dressing, or harnessing horses; and, although they were not considered by Milman Parry and Albert Lord, various speech acts, such as rebukes, challenges, exhortations, prayers, and boasts. Parry and Lord referred to such stereotyped episodes as themes. In each of these repeated scenes we notice recurrent ideas or events, some or all of which are expressed each time Homer refers to that scene. Indeed, in the case of routines which describe social situations and mechanical operations, the language in which they are expressed is generally, and not surprisingly, the same as well. In the case of speech acts it is less often the case that lexical similarity is thoroughgoing; for this reason their predictable organization was initially overlooked. Nevertheless, it is possible to observe repeated patterns of discourse in a wide range of individual speech acts; Richard l ‘vlartin, for example, refers to the poet ‘s conventional modes of expression as rhetorical ‘genres ‘
The Story Format and the Generation of ‘Rings ‘
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter returns to a topic raised in my Introduction and developed in Chapter 3: the topic of memory expertise. There I discussed how we acquire expertise in routine tasks, ho ‘A ‘ we store information about those tasks in memory, and how we access it. As we have already observed, expertise of this kind is retained in procedural or implicit memory as a ‘table ‘ or a ‘format ‘: the format will provide a series of cues to action. This is so even in the case of verbal tasks, such as trying to persuade someone to undertake a particular course of action; rebuking someone for something he or she has done (or failed to do); refusing an invitation; giving a description of a personal possession; or telling a story. The format will not prompt words or phrases; it prompts a sequence of actions. In this chapter the presentation of stories in Homer will be under consideration once again: in particular, the format which underpins the telling of a story, some aspects of which We considered in Chapter 5. I shall use the results of research in the fields of linguistics and cognitive psychology to re-examine the story format which we all use both in casual conversation and on more formal occasions; and to propose a way by which we might understand a particular surface pattern in narrative texts from the ancient world which has caught the interest of classicists.
The Preface to the Annals: More Sallust?
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commentators on the Annals naturally observe that the famous first sentence of Tacitus’ preface (‘Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere’) alludes to the preface of Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae (6. 1 ‘Urbem Romam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere atque habuere initio Troiani’). But it seems that none of them has observed a further allusion to Sallust’s preface in the last sentence of Tacitus’, which is almost equally famous (1. 1. 3): inde consilium mihi pauca de Augusto et extrema tradere, mox Tiberii principatum et cetera, sine ira et studio, quorum causas procul habeo.