bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Catalyst Durability in Benzene Photooxidation by Rhodium Deposition on TiO2
Authors: Einaga Hisahiro , Futamura Shigeru , Ibusuki Takashi 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation of benzene in air was carried out over TiO2 and metal-loaded TiO2 catalysts at room temperature. Deposition of Rh on TiO2 improved the catalyst durability by inhibiting the formation of carbon deposits on the catalyst surface and accelerating their decomposition.
New Ribozyme-Mimics Employing Mg(II) Ion As Catalytic Center
Authors: Kuzuya Akinori , Mizoguchi Ryo , Komiyama Makoto 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
By using two oligonucleotides as cofactors, Mg(II) ion selectively and efficiently hydrolyzed RNA at the target site under physiological conditions. The site-selective hydrolysis was further accelerated by introducing an acridine to oligonucleotides.
Conformational Properties and Intramolecular Weak Interactions in Substituted Dithia[3.3.1]metacyclophanes
Authors: Moriguchi Tetsuji , Inoue Megumi , Sakata Kazunori , Tsuge Akihiko 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Relationship between conformational properties and intramolecular weak interactions of dithia[3.3.1]metacyclophanes carrying a nitro or an amino group on their inner position was studied by 1H NMR, IR spectra and X-ray structural analyses. It was found out that intramolecular hydrogen-bonding between hydroxy group and one of the methoxy groups or NH–π interaction between amino protons and two opposite aromatic rings exerts a major influence on the conformations of these cyclophanes.
A Highly Efficient Method for the Preparation of the A/B-Ring Component of Phycobilin Derivatives Starting from Bilirubin
Authors: Sawamoto Daisuke , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
An efficient synthetic method of the A/B-ring component of phycobilin derivatives (PΦB and PCB) was established by using bilirubin as a starting material, which allows to construct the phycobilins in a few steps.
Direct Preparation of Rotaxane from Aminoalcohol: Selective O-Acylation of Aminoalcohol in the Presence of Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid and Crown Ether
Authors: Kihara Nobuhiro , Shin Jong-Il , Ohga Yasuko , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: January 2003

Abstract
Selective O-acylation of aminoalcohols by a bulky acid anhydride in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and dibenzo-24-crown-8 afforded [2]rotaxane in high yields. An acid halide could be used as an acylating reagent in the presence of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate.
Road Traffic Noise Status in Dhanbad, An Industrial Town of the Coal Belt in India
Authors: Pal A K , Samanta R 
Published: January 2003

The increase in fast moving traffic and narrow roads are causing vehicle congestion which results in vehicles moving in low gears, accelerating, stopping and horn blowing, etc. All these are the contributing factors for considerable noise in industrial towns in India. The percentage of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream is also a major factor contributing to high noise levels. This paper delineates the systematic noise investigation in Dhanbad, an industrial town in the coal belt. Out of the six monitoring stations within Dhanbad town – Bank More, Shramik Chawk and Court More stations show maximum LAeq levels [79.0 to 84.1 dB] due to higher number of vehicles. On the other hand, at G.T. Road at Govindpur free flowing traffic outside Dhanbad town registers maximum LAeq[81.0 dB] during evening hour (7.00p.m to 8.00p.m) due to the greater number of heavy vehicles (189). The noise generated within Dhanbad town is more than that of the free flowing highway at Govindpur G.T. Road. A car in general generates 15 -dB (A) less noise than a heavy commercial vehicle. It has also been observed that sudden braking followed by gearing acceleration leads to an increase of 10– 15 dB (A) noise level. The frequency spectrum analysis reveals that the highway (G.T. Road) noise has a well-defined sound pressure level (SPL) at 63 Hz., representing the firing frequency of the vehicles at high speed. Again, a comparatively less alarming frequency at about 1 kHz may be due to the combined effect of tyres and wind. The alarming SPL for the traffic inside town has been in the range of 63 Hz to 125 Hz due to the lower speed of the vehicles. After that, there is no peak at higher frequency range, indicating that at relatively low speed tyres and wind make a negligible contribution to the noise spectrum. The Noise Ratings (NR), which represent the annoyance factor, are observed varying from morning to evening. In most of places, NR during the morning session show peak value due to prevalence of dominant high frequency. Statistical models / relationships between LAeq, total traffic volume per hour (Q) and percentage of heavy vehicles over total vehicles (P) are developed which can be used for the prediction of traffic noise in similar situations. The authors stress the need of curbing the traffic noise by taking appropriate steps to bring about a smoother traffic flow at moderate speeds and minimum horn blowing. The necessary steps will include widening of roads, diverting the traffic by means of some bypass roads, making traffic one-way, removing the business congestion in the roadway, avoiding or removing inter sections at near by places, etc. Besides, provision of suitable barriers in the sensitive zone of the roadways can go a long war way to reducing the noise situation.
Distance dependency of exciton coupled circular dichroism using turn and helical peptide spacers
Authors: Oancea Simona , Formaggio Fernando , Campestrini Sandro , Broxterman Quirinus B. , Kaptein Bernard , Toniolo Claudio 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPorphyrins are promising chromophores for the investigation of the still unexplored area of 3‐dimensional structural studies of proteins by using the exciton coupled circular dichroism (CD) method. The synthesis, conformational characterization by FTIR absorption and 1H‐NMR, and CD properties are described for a model bis‐porphyrin system based on homooligo‐[L‐(αMe)Val]n peptides as rigid spacers. In particular, the coupled CD phenomenon is experimentally detected, the intensity of which is modulated by the interchromophoric distance. These results extend and integrate those already reported with steroid, dimeric steroid, and brevetoxin bridges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 72: 105–115, 2003
Cellular localization of integrin isoforms in phenylephrine‐induced hypertrophic cardiac myocytes
Authors: Kim Dae Joong , Park Sang Hee , Lim Chol Seung , Chun Jang‐Soo , Kim Jin‐Kyu , Song Woo Keun 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCardiac hypertrophy is characterized by remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrins are cell‐surface molecules that link the ECM to the cellular cytoskeleton where they play roles as signaling molecules and transducers of mechanical force. To clarify the possible roles of integrins in cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, we investigated the cellular localization and expression of ECM proteins and integrins in both normal cardiac myocytes and phenylephrine‐induced hypertrophic myocytes. Addition of phenylephrine (PE) to cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes induced sarcomeric organization, increase in cell size, and synthesis of the hypertrophic marker, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). In particular, fibronectin and collagen underwent dramatic localization changes during PE‐induced cardiac hypertrophy. Significant changes were noted in the cellular localization of the respective collagen and fibronectin receptors, integrin α1 and α5, from diffuse to a sarcomeric banding pattern. Expression levels of integrins were also increased during hypertrophy. Treatment with okadaic acid (OA), an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), resulted in inhibition of hypertrophic response. These results suggest that dephosphorylation of integrin β1 may be important in the induction of cardiac hypertrophy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of message framing on behavioral prevalence assumptions
Authors: Stuart Anne E. , Blanton Hart 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBased on attribution theory and the logic of conversational norms, we predicted that image‐based health communications can alter prevalence estimates for health behaviors. In two studies, participants were exposed either to a positively‐framed or negatively‐framed communication advocating for specific health behaviors. As predicted, participants who read a health communication rated healthy behaviors as less common when positive attributes were associated with healthy choices than when negative attributes were associated with unhealthy choices. The second study revealed that this pattern was most pronounced among participants who reported initial uncertainty about behavioral norms. These findings suggest that positively‐framed influence attempts can promote prevalence assumptions that work against the influence attempt. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equilibrium real gas computations using Marquina's scheme
Authors: Stiriba Youssef , Marquina Antonio , Donat Rosa 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMarquina's approximate Riemann solver for the compressible Euler equations for gas dynamics is generalized to an arbitrary equilibrium equation of state. Applications of this solver to some test problems in one and two space dimensions show the desired accuracy and robustness. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prediction of spatially periodic flows using a finite‐volume model
Authors: Soukkary Tamer El , Straatman Anthony G. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA periodic boundary condition has been developed that can be used in conjunction with a specified flow rate to produce accurate results in spatially periodic geometries. This condition is useful in situations where the flow rate is known, or more importantly, in cases where the pressure gradient is not known a priori, such as in countercurrent flows. Using the present condition, the flow rate is imposed at the inlet in terms of a bulk velocity, but the velocity field evolves as part of the solution. The condition is formulated to be suitable for both fixed and moving periodic domains. For the case of a moving domain, a correction is introduced to account for changes in the instantaneous velocity through the periodic edges. Under periodic conditions, these corrections integrate to zero over a complete (temporal) period. The new periodic condition is shown to produce accurate results for flat and wavy‐walled channels under both induced flow and countercurrent conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical method for inverse design based on the inverse Euler equations
Authors: Scascighini A. , Troxler A. , Jeltsch R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe present a numerical method for the inverse shape design of internal flows based on the inverse Euler equations (Keller JJ, Physics of Fluids 1999; 11 and Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Physik 1998; 49). We describe an efficient numerical method based on a finite difference discretization and on a Newton–Krylov solver. After showing that the three‐dimensional (3D) inverse Euler equations hold only for complex lamellar flows, we extend the basic axis‐symmetric flow model to handle viscous effects by means of a distributed loss model and to handle quasi‐3D effects by deriving a quasi‐3D formulation of the inverse Euler equations from the passage averaged 3D Euler equations. The coupling of the 2D inverse Euler equations with an integral boundary layer method is presented too. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating zero‐g flow rates in open channels having capillary pumping vanes
Authors: Srinivasan Radhakrishnan 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn vane‐type surface tension propellant management devices (PMD) commonly used in satellite fuel tanks, the propellant is transported along guiding vanes from a reservoir at the inlet of the device to a sump at the outlet from where it is pumped to the satellite engine. The pressure gradient driving this free‐surface flow under zero‐gravity (zero‐g) conditions is generated by surface tension and is related to the differential curvatures of the propellant‐gas interface at the inlet and outlet of the PMD. A new semi‐analytical procedure is prescribed for accurately calculating the extremely small fuel flow rates under reasonably idealized conditions. Convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated by detailed numerical calculations. Owing to the substantial cost and the technical hurdles involved in accurately estimating these minuscule flow rates by either direct numerical simulation or by experimental methods which simulate zero‐g conditions in the lab, it is expected that the proposed method will be an indispensable tool in the design and operation of satellite fuel tanks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ketamine and fMRI BOLD signal: Distinguishing between effects mediated by change in blood flow versus change in cognitive state
Authors: Abel Kathryn M. , Allin Matthew P.G. , Kucharska‐Pietura Katarzyna , Andrew Chris , Williams Steve , David Anthony S. , Phillips Mary L. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractNo human fMRI studies have examined ketamine effects on the BOLD signal change associated with cognitive task performance. We wished to distinguish between effects on 1) cerebral blood flow, with resultant change in BOLD signal; and 2) cognition and neural mechanisms underlying BOLD signal change associated with task performance. Eight right‐handed men (mean age 28.75 years) received ketamine or saline i.v. in a randomized, double‐blind manner (bolus 0.23 mg/kg; 0.5 mg/kg over 45 min to a maximum 1 hr). Subjects viewed 10 alternating 30‐sec blocks of faces with neutral expressions and a fixation cross and discriminated gender of faces. Gradient echo echoplanar images were acquired on a GE Signa 1.5 T Neurovascular system. One hundred T2‐weighted images depicting BOLD contrast were acquired over 5 min (for each task) at each of 14 near‐axial noncontiguous 7‐mm thick planes. Ketamine significantly increased dissociative phenomena and negative symptoms, but did not affect performance of the gender discrimination task. Significant BOLD signal change was demonstrated predominantly in occipitotemporal cortex with both ketamine and placebo. Only two clusters in middle occipital gyrus (BA 18) and precentral gyrus (BA 4) showed significantly decreased BOLD signal change during ketamine compared to placebo. BOLD signal change was not significantly greater in any region during ketamine. Our findings demonstrate subtle rather than major differences between the effects of ketamine and placebo upon the BOLD signal change during perception of face–non face contrast. We suggest that they represent task‐dependent effects of the drug/placebo, rather than task‐independent effects of the drug per se, and indicate that the effects of ketamine on cerebral blood flow are predominantly focal and task‐dependent, rather than global and task‐independent. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:135–145, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal activation of the two visual pathways in form discrimination and spatial location: A brain mapping study
Authors: Rao Hengyi , Zhou Tiangang , Zhuo Yan , Fan Silu , Chen Lin 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTo address the question of the relationship between the two visual pathways, a ventral stream for object and form vision and a dorsal stream for spatial and motion vision, we measured the spatiotemporal activation patterns in the two pathways responding to an integrated visuospatial task to which form discrimination and spatial location were assigned simultaneously. The two cognitive components of form discrimination and spatial location were interwoven in the task; however, the fMRI data demonstrated that such a task still activated both ventral GTi/GF (the inferior temporal gyrus/the fusiform gyrus) and dorsal Ga/PCu (the angular gyrus/Precuneus), which are supposed to mediate form discrimination and spatial location, respectively. In addition, the source waveforms of the fMRI foci based on the source analysis of the fMRI‐seeded dipole modeling and the moving dipole modeling indicated that in responding to the task combining simultaneously form perception and spatial location, the activity in Ga/PCu begins earlier than that in GTi/GF, but it peaks later and lasts longer. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:79–89, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dorsal penile nerve stimulation elicits left‐hemisphere dominant activation in the second somatosensory cortex
Authors: Mäkelä J.P. , Illman M. , Jousmäki V. , Numminen J. , Lehecka M. , Salenius S. , Forss N. , Hari R. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractActivation of peripheral mixed and cutaneous nerves activates a distributed cortical network including the second somatosensory cortex (SII) in the parietal operculum. SII activation has not been previously reported in the stimulation of the dorsal penile nerve (DPN). We recorded somatosensory evoked fields (SEFs) to DPN stimulation from 7 healthy adults with a 122‐channel whole‐scalp neuromagnetometer. Electrical pulses were applied once every 0.5 or 1.5 sec to the left and right DPN. For comparison, left and right median and tibial nerves were stimulated alternatingly at 1.5‐sec intervals. DPN stimuli elicited weak, early responses in the vicinity of responses to tibial nerve stimulation in the primary somatosensory cortex. Strong later responses, peaking at 107–126 msec were evoked in the SII cortices of both hemispheres, with left‐hemisphere dominance. In addition to tactile processing, SII could also contribute to mediating emotional effects of DPN stimuli. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:90–99, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power spectrum ranked independent component analysis of a periodic fMRI complex motor paradigm
Authors: Moritz Chad H. , Rogers Baxter P. , Meyerand M. Elizabeth 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIndependent component analysis (ICA) has been demonstrated to be an effective data‐driven method for analyzing fMRI data. However, a method for objective differentiation of task‐related components from those that are artifactually non‐relevant is needed. We propose a method of constant‐cycle (periodic) fMRI task paradigm combined with ranking of spatial ICA components by the magnitude contribution of their temporal aspects to the fundamental task frequency. Power spectrum ranking shares some similarity to correlation with an a priori hemodynamic response, but without a need to presume an exact timing or duration of the fMRI response. When applied to a complex motor task paradigm with auditory cues, multiple task‐related activations are successfully identified and separated from artifactual components. These activations include sensorimotor, auditory, and superior parietal areas. Comparisons of task‐related component time courses indicate the temporal relationship of fMRI responses in functionally involved regions. Results indicate the sensitivity of ICA to short‐duration hemodynamics, and the efficacy of a power spectrum ranking method for identification of task‐related components. Hum. Brain Mapping 18:111–122, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The changing roles of human capital, state context of residence, and ethnic bonds in interstate migration: American Jews 1970–1990
Authors: Rebhun Uzi 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMotivated by the gap left by the census, which does not enquire into matters of creed, this study examines the changing role of internal migration determinants among American Jews. Multivariate analysis of data from the 1970/1 and 1990 National Jewish Population Surveys, to which contextual measures were attached, shows a decline over time in the importance of human capital in explaining five‐year interstate migration, while environmental amenity receives increasing consideration; at the same time, ethnic concentration continues to deter migration between states. Ethnic processes have lost much of their power as predictors of future migration. I propose two alternative interpretations of these apparently contradictory findings, and discuss them in the wider context of white ethnicity in America. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ethnic residential concentration and a ‘new spatial order?’: exploratory analyses of four United States metropolitan areas, 1980–2000
Authors: Johnston Ron , Poulsen Michael , Forrest James 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe residential segregation of four main ethnic groups over the period 1980–2000 is examined for four US metropolitan areas, within the context of an assumed difference between so‐called ‘modern’ and ‘post‐modern’ cities. Using a newly developed measure of residential concentration, that binary distinction is found wanting: Los Angeles clearly differs from New York and Chicago, especially in the desegregation of African‐Americans over the two decades, but Miami is as close to those two ‘modern’ cities in its segregation patterns as it is to Los Angeles. Overall, the findings suggest little major change during the two decades: continued high levels of segregation of whites and African‐Americans (except in Los Angeles), alongside increased segregation of Hispanics, and slightly increased segregation of Asians. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refugee dispersal in Denmark: from macro‐ to micro‐scale analysis
Authors: Wren Karen 
Published: January 2003

AbstractImmigration and asylum has become a highly politicised policy area in Western Europe, where discourses resting on refugees as a ‘burden’ have prompted policy measures to disperse them. This paper examines the operation of refugee dispersal in Denmark using an integrated mixed‐method approach. Macro‐scale patterns are examined using statistical data, revealing that, at a national scale, the objectives of dispersal have been achieved, and refugees have been dispersed relatively evenly between regions, but at a regional scale, the reality has been different. In direct contradiction to the stated aims of the policy, dispersal has primarily been housing‐led, and has occurred mainly in areas of relative social deprivation. Dispersal has effectively constituted a process of socio‐spatial ethnic segregation. Micro‐scale processes are elucidated through the use of in‐depth interviews with a small number of refugees, which reveal significant isolation and social exclusion among dispersed refugees. There is also evidence that the policy, formulated within a culturally racist discourse in the public sphere, has also contributed to this discourse through the stigmatisation of refugees, a situation exacerbated by high levels of unemployment among the ethnic minorities generally. This paper therefore warns against the social engineering inherent within the conceptualisation of dispersal which, in effect, has resulted in the spatial segregation of refugees in areas experiencing pre‐existing deprivation and social exclusion, and the inherent dangers that this entails in fuelling resentment and anti‐refugee hostility. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.