bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in temperature and geometry of the Norwegian Current over the past 600 yr; stable isotope and grain size evidence from the Norwegian margin
Authors: Berstad Ida Malene , Sejrup Hans Petter , Klitgaard‐Kristensen Dorthe , Haflidason Haflidi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractCore P1‐003MC was retrieved from 851 m water depth on the southern Norwegian continental margin, close to the boundary between the Norwegian Current (NC) and the underlying cold Norwegian Sea Deep Water. The core chronology was established by using 210Pb measurements and 14C dates, suggesting a sampling resolution of between 2 and 9 yr. Sea‐surface temperature (SST) variations in the NC are reconstructed from stable oxygen isotope measurements in two planktonic Foraminifera species, Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (d.) and Globigerina bulloides. The high temporal resolution of the SST proxy records allows direct comparison with instrumental ocean temperature measurements from Ocean Weather Ship (OWS) Mike in the Norwegian Sea and an air temperature record from the coastal island Ona, western Norway. The comparison of the instrumental and the proxy SST data suggests that N. pachyderma (d.) calcify during summer, whereas G. bulloides calcify during spring. The δ18O records of both species suggest that the past 70 yr have been the warmest throughout the past 600 yr. The spring and summer proxy temperature data suggest differences in the duration of the cold period of the Little Ice Age. The spring temperature was 1–3°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1700, and the summer temperature was 1–2°C colder throughout most of the period between ca. AD 1400 and 1920. Fluctuations in the depth of the lower boundary of the NC have been investigated by examining grain size data and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. The data show that the transition depth of the lower boundary of the NC was deeper between ca. AD 1400 and 1650 than after ca. AD 1750 until present. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of children presenting with fever in chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia at low risk for severe bacterial infection
Authors: Ammann Roland A. , Hirt Andreas , Lüthy Annette Ridolfi , Aebi Christoph 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBackgroundFebrile neutropenia (FN) remains a frequent complication in pediatric onco;logy, requiring emergency hospitalization and empirical broad spectrum antibiotics. The distinction of patients at high versus low risk for severe bacterial infection (SBI) is not fully established. The purpose of this study was to define a rule predicting the risk to develop SBI in children and adolescents with FN, based on information accessible at presentation.ProcedureInformation accessible within 2 hr from presentation was collected retrospectively on all pediatric cancer patients presenting with FN from 1993 to 2001 in a single institution. Patients with established SBI at presentation were excluded. After univariate analyses, two multivariate models predicting the risk of SBI were constructed and their performance evaluated using crossvalidation.ResultsAn SBI developed in 106 (37%) of 285 episodes of 111 children. The logistic regression model outperformed the decision tree model in predicting SBI. It was based on seven variables: bone marrow involvement, no clinical signs of viral infection, high level of C‐reactive protein, high hemoglobin, low leukocyte count, presence of central venous catheter, and diagnosis of pre‐B‐cell leukemia. At 96% sensitivity, the crossvalidated specificity was 26%, and the negative predictive value 91%.ConclusionsCombining selected information accessible at presentation, SBI in FN can be predicted with clinically useful specificity maintaining very high sensitivity. Induction therapy and absence of clinical signs of viral infection were identified as new predictors of SBI. The results of this study need confirmation and refinement in prospective studies, aiming at more selective management of FN in pediatric oncology. Med Pediatr Oncol 2003;41:436–443. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitrobenzene toxicity: QSAR correlations and mechanistic interpretations
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Oliferenko Polina , Oliferenko Alexander , Lomaka Andre , Karelson Mati 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe overall five‐parameter QSAR correlation [$R^2=0.723, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.676, s=0.42$ in terms of log(IGC50−1)] based on CODESSA‐PRO methodology for the aquatic toxicity of 97 substituted nitrobenzenes to the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis supports previous conclusions that hydrophobicity and electrophilic reactivity control nitrobenzene toxicity. Correcting for the ionization of acidic species (picric and nitrobenzoic acids) improves the results: $R^2=0.813, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.787, s=0.346$. Consideration of the total set of 97 compounds suggests two mechanisms of toxic action. A subset containing 43 compounds favorably disposed to reversible reduction of nitro group with respect to the single occupied molecular orbital energy, ESOMO correlated well with just four theoretically derived descriptors: $R^2=0.915, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.890, s=0.276$. Another set of 49 substances predisposed to aromatic nucleophilic substitution modeled well ($R^2=0.915, R_{\rm cv}^2=0.888, s=0.232$) with five descriptors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel cadmium–organic frameworks with nitrilotriacetate
Authors: Almeida Paz Filipe A. , Klinowski Jacek 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNovel cadmium–organic frameworks incorporating nitrilotriacetate (NTA3−) and BPY (4,4′‐bipyridine) were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal x‐ray crystallography and other techniques. The crystal structure of CUmof‐7, [Cd4(BPY)5(NTA)2(H2O)4]ċ(NO3)2ċ(H2O)x, consists of infinite 2D cationic bilayers stacked along the c direction, and perforated by wide tubular channels filled with nitrate ions and highly disordered water molecules. CUmof‐8, [Cd4(BPY)4(NTA)2(H2O)10]ċ(BPY)ċ(NO3)2ċ (H2O)8, is a 1D metal–organic polymer produced by the self‐assembly of a bimetallic secondary building unit into a cationic chain, $[{\rm Cd}_2({\rm BPY})_2 ({\rm NTA})({\rm H}_{2} {\rm O})_5]_n^{n+}$. NTA3− appears in both crystal structures as an effective polydentate ligand which traps the Cd2+ metal ions inside three chelate five‐membered rings, eliminating available coordination sites and favouring the formation of 1D polymers (for CUmof‐8). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐additivity of the static correlation energy of π‐electrons in planar molecules as a manifestation of anti/aromaticity
Authors: Barić Danijela , Maksić Zvonimir B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe non‐dynamic or static correlation energy of π‐electrons, E(ND)π, was studied in a number of cyclic organic molecules, including various heteroatomic systems, employing CASSCFπ formalism. It is shown that E(ND)π is highly additive in linear polyenes. However, interesting non‐additivities are found in anti/aromatic molecules. They are seemingly counterintuitive since E(ND)π is smaller in aromatic compounds than in the corresponding open‐chain polyenes. The opposite takes place in antiaromatic systems. However, they are easily understood if it is taken into account that the HF HOMO–LUMO gaps are higher in aromatic and lower in antiaromatic molecules compared with reference zig‐zag polyenes. The results of the present analysis confirm that anti/aromaticity is an excess or depletion feature, meaning that deviations of E(ND)π from additivity are a direct consequence and clear manifestation of anti/aromaticity. It is argued that anti/aromaticity is necessarily a multifaceted phenomenon, since each molecular property probes different portions of the electron density distribution and/or a ladder of the molecular orbital energy levels, thus leading to distinct scales of anti/aromaticity. Each of these scales is useful in its own right. However, the most important scale is based on homodesmotic reactions, since they are directly related to thermodynamic in/stability and consequently to the omnipresent chemical reactivity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio study of tautomerism and of basicity center preference in histamine, from gas phase to solution—comparison with experimental data (gas phase, solution, solid state)
Authors: Raczyńska Ewa D. , Darowska Małgorzata , Cyrański Michał K. , Makowski Mariusz , Rudka Tomasz , Gal Jean‐François , Maria Pierre‐Charles 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTautomeric and basicity center preferences for isolated neutral and monoprotonated histamine were studied by means of ab initio calculations (HF, MP2 and DFT). The polarizable continuum model (PCM) was applied to the study of the variations of the tautomeric and basicity center preferences in histamine on going from the gas phase to aqueous solution. Twelve solvents of different polarities (from n‐heptane to water) were chosen and calculations were performed for geometries optimized at the HF/6–31G* level. In low‐polarity solvents and in the gas phase the protonation site is identical. A change of the preferred site of protonation takes place in solvents containing heteroatoms (except tetrachloromethane). Under the same conditions, a variation of the tautomeric preference in the monocation occurs. The ring N2‐protonated form (ImH+)—favored in gas phase—is also preferred in non‐polar solvents (n‐heptane, benzene, tetrachloromethane). The ImH+ form becomes less important in more polar solvents. In such a case, the chain N3‐protonated form (AmH+‐T1) predominates. For the neutral histamine, solvation has a relatively small influence on the relative energies (variations are less than 1 kcal mol−1), and does not change the tautomeric preference (HA‐T2). Calculated basicity parameters were compared with those obtained experimentally in the gas phase and in aqueous solution. In the gas phase, the experimental (‘macroscopic’) basicity parameter (PA) is close to the ‘microscopic’ PA calculated for the gauche conformation. In aqueous solution, the microscopic pKa order is similar to that of the Eprot calculated for the trans conformation. In the solid state, both forms of histamine (neutral and monoprotonated) prefer the trans conformation. Some exceptions occur for complexes with metals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Re‐evaluation of treatment approach for a site contaminated with Freon‐113 and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane
Authors: Kota Sreenivas , Trione Charles W. , Goldstein Kenneth J. , Wang James Y. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study demonstrates a remedial approach for completing the remediation of an aquifer contaminated with
1,1,2‐trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon‐113) and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane
(TCA). In 1987, approximately 13,000 pounds of Freon‐113 were spilled from a tank at an
industrial facility located in the state of New York. The groundwater remediation program consisted of an
extraction system coupled with airstripping followed by natural attenuation of residual contaminants. In the
first phase, five recovery wells and an airstripping tower were operational from April 1993 to August 1999.
During this time period over 10,000 pounds of CFC‐13 and 200 pounds of TCA were removed from the
groundwater and the contaminant concentrations decreased by several orders of magnitude. However, the efficiency
of the remediation system to recover residual Freon and/or TCA reduced significantly. This was evidenced by:
(1) low levels (< 10 ppb) of Freon and TCA captured in the extraction wells and
(2) a slight increase of Freon and/or TCA in off‐site monitoring wells. A detailed study
was conducted to evaluate the alternative for the second‐phase remediation. Results of a two‐year
groundwater monitoring program indicated the contaminant plume to be stable with no significant increase or
decrease in contaminant concentrations. Monitored geochemical parameters suggest that biodegradation does not
influence the fate and transport of these contaminants, but other mechanisms of natural attenuation
(primarily sorption and dilution) appear to control the fate and transport of these contaminants. The
contaminants appear to be bound to the soil matrix (silty and clay units) with limited desorption as
indicated by the solid phase analyses of contaminant concentrations. Results of fate and transport modeling
indicated that contaminant concentrations would not exceed the action levels in the wells that showed a slight
increase in contaminant concentrations and in the downgradient wells (sentinel) during the modeled
timeframe of 30 years. This feasibility study for natural attenuation led to the termination of the extraction
system and a transaction of the property, resulting in a significant financial benefit for the original site
owner. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complex co‐substrate addition increases initial petroleum degradation rates during land treatment by altering bacterial community physiology
Authors: Kaplan Christopher W. , Clement Brian G. , Hamrick Alice , Pease Robert W. , Flint Carl , Cano Raul J. , Kitts Christopher L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA pilot‐scale land treatment unit (LTU) was constructed at the former Guadalupe oil production
field with the purpose of investigating the effect of co‐substrate addition on the bacterial community and
the resulting rate and extent of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation. The TPH was a weathered
mid‐cut distillate (C10‐C32) excavated from the subsurface and stockpiled before
treatment. A control cell (Cell 1) in the LTU was amended with nitrogen and phosphorus while the
experimental cell (Cell 2) was amended with additional complex co‐substrate—corn steep
liquor. During the pilot LTU operation, measurements were taken of TPH, nutrients, moisture, aerobic heterotrophic
bacteria (AHB), and diesel oxidizing bacteria (DOB). The bacterial community was also assayed
using community‐level physiology profiles (CLPP) and 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragment
(TRF) analysis. TPH degradation in both cells was characterized by a rapid phase of degradation that
lasted for the first three weeks, followed by a slower degradation phase that continued through the remainder of
the project. The initial rate of TPH‐degradation in Cell 1 (−0.021 day−1)
was slower than in Cell 2 (−0.035 day−1). During the slower phase, degradation
rates in both cells were similar (−0.0026 and −0.0024 respectively). AHB and DOB counts were
similar in both cells during the fast degradation phase. A second addition of co‐substrate to Cell 2 at the
beginning of the slow degradation phase resulted in an increased AHB population that lasted for the remainder of
the project but did not affect TPH degradation rates. CLPP data showed that co‐substrate addition altered
the functional capacity of the bacterial community during both phases of the project. However, TRF data indicated
that the phylogenetic composition of the community was not different in the two cells during the fast degradation
phase. The bacterial phylogenetic structure in Cell 2 differed from Cell 1 after the second application of
co‐substrate, during the slow degradation phase. Thus, co‐substrate addition appeared to enhance the
functional capacity of the bacterial community during the fast degradation phase when the majority of TPH was
bioavailable, resulting in increased degradation rates, but did not affect rates during the slow degradation phase
when the remaining TPH may not have been bioavailable. These data show that co‐substrate addition might
prove most useful for applications such as land farming where TPH is regularly applied to the same soil and
initial degradation rates are more important to the project goals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of fenfluramine and antidepressants on protein kinase C activity in rat cortical synaptoneurosomes
Authors: Giambalvo Cecilia T. , Price Lawrence H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFenfluramine releases serotonin (5‐HT) via the 5‐HT transporter (SERT). Previous work has shown that amphetamine increases particulate protein kinase C (PKC) activity in striatal synaptoneurosomes. The increased PKC activity is linked to the outward transport of dopamine, and when release is diminished, the inward transport of amphetamine inhibits PKC instead. Since there is homology among monoamine transporters, this study was undertaken to determine if D‐fenfluramine has similar effects on PKC. The role of 5‐HT receptors and endogenous 5‐HT were also examined. Naive rats and rats pretreated with p‐chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), a 5‐HT synthesis inhibitor, were sacrificed. Cortical synaptoneurosomes were prepared and incubated with fenfluramine. PKC activity was determined by thiophosphorylation of endogenous substrates. It was found that 5‐HT, D/L‐fenfluramine, and D‐fenfluramine increased PKC activity in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The 5‐HT‐mediated increase in PKC activity was attenuated by pretreatment with the 5‐HT2 antagonist ketanserin, but not with the SERT inhibitor fluoxetine. The D‐fenfluramine‐induced increase in PKC activity was completely prevented, however, by pretreatment with SERT inhibitors and partially with ketanserin. It was also attenuated by pretreatment with PCPA, resulting in a dose‐dependent inhibition of PKC instead. Thus, when 5‐HT release was diminished the uptake of D‐fenfluramine inhibited PKC. Similar effects have been observed with amphetamine. Unlike D‐fenfluramine, the D/L‐fenfluramine‐induced increase in PKC activity was partially resistant to PCPA pretreatment but was attenuated with bupropion, a dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor. SERT inhibitors (sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and fluoxetine) also increased PKC activity. Nefazodone and bupropion increased PKC activity, but mirtazapine was relatively inactive. The SERT inhibitor‐induced increase in PKC was unaffected by pretreatment with PCPA but was inhibited by calcium. Similar effects on PKC activity have been observed with DAT inhibitors. These results, showing that D‐fenfluramine altered PKC activity similar to D‐amphetamine, suggest that the topographic homology between DAT and SERT may extend to their effects on PKC activity. Synapse 50:212–222, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐dose fenfluramine administration decreases serotonin transporter binding, but not serotonin transporter protein levels, in rat forebrain
Authors: Rothman Richard B. , Jayanthi Subramaniam , Wang Xiaoying , Dersch Christina M. , Cadet Jean L. , Prisinzano Thomas , Rice Kenner C. , Baumann Michael H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAdministration of D‐fenfluramine (D‐FEN) or parachloroamphetamine (PCA) can produce long‐lasting decreases in serotonin transporter (SERT) binding and tissue levels of serotonin (5‐HT) in rat forebrain. These changes have been viewed as evidence for 5‐HT neurotoxicity, but no studies have measured SERT protein levels. In the present study, we determined the effect of high‐dose D‐FEN or PCA, administered according to a “neurotoxic” dosing regimen, on the density of SERT sites using ligand binding methods and on SERT protein levels using Western blots. Rats were sacrificed 2 days and 2 weeks after administration of drug or saline. The density of SERT was determined in homogenates of caudate and whole brain minus caudate. D‐FEN and PCA decreased SERT binding by 30–60% in both tissues and at both time points. Similarly, D‐FEN and PCA administration profoundly decreased tissue 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA in frontal cortex. Despite the large decreases in SERT binding and depletion of tissue 5‐HT that occurred with D‐FEN administration, SERT protein expression, as determined by Western blot analysis, did not change in either tissue or time point. PCA administration decreased SERT protein by about 20% only at the 2‐day point in the caudate. Drug treatments did not change expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a hallmark indicator of neuronal damage, in whole brain minus caudate in the 2‐week group. These results support the hypothesis that decreases in tissue 5‐HT and SERT binding sites induced by D‐FEN and PCA reflect neuroadapative changes, rather than neurotoxic effects. Synapse 50:233–239, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring Violence Exposure, Stress, Protective Factors and Behavioral Problems Among Inner‐City Youth
Authors: Youngstrom Eric , Weist Mark D. , Albus Kathleen E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examined relationships between violence exposure, other stressors, family support, and self‐concept on self‐reported behavioral problems among 320 urban adolescents (aged 11–18) referred for mental health treatment. Overall, participants reported high levels of violence exposure, with a median of six past encounters with violence as a witness, victim, or through the experiences of associates. All forms of violence exposure (witnessing, being a victim, knowing of victims) were correlated with internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems for males and females. Total violence exposure predicted behavioral problems among participants, even after controlling for the effects of other risk, demographic and protective factors. Family support and self‐concept moderated the influence of life stress and cumulative risk on problem behavior outcomes, but these protective variables did not significantly moderate violence exposure.
Systemically‐Based Psychotherapeutic Techniques in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Eunpu Deborah L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe uses of systemically‐based psychotherapeutic methods in genetic counseling are discussed in the context of the origin of genetic counseling, the definition of genetic counseling, and the adjustments that one must make in order to implement these methods. Selected systemic methods which can be readily incorporated into genetic counseling are presented: use of genograms to explore family attitudes and beliefs about genetic risk, communications skills, and applications of family of origin work in genetic counseling. The need for research regarding the methodology and process of genetic counseling is presented with discussion of the need for theories of practice for genetic counseling.
The Commercialization of Clinical Genetics: An Analysis of Interrelations Between Academic Centers and For‐Profit Clinical Genetics Diagnostics Companies
Authors: Natowicz Marvin R. , Ard Catherine 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe field of clinical genetics has undergone substantial commercialization, including the development of genetics diagnostics companies. Numerous for‐profit corporations now offer genetic diagnostic services; until recently, these clinical services were provided almost exclusively through academic, not‐for‐profit medical centers. Some of these for‐profit corporations have business and/or research relationships with academia. An evaluation of the interconnections between academia and the clinical genetics industry is an important first step in analyzing the risks and benefits of commercialization. We analyzed the personnel and business affiliations of 19 major U.S. for‐profit clinical genetics diagnostics companies with universities, academic medical centers, and the scientific and medical genetics communities in a 2‐year period, 1991–1992. We noted extensive connections between the for‐profit sector and academia. At least 17% of high‐ranking personnel and 85% of consultants for the companies had one or more academic ties. At least 68% of the companies had one or more business agreements with at least one university or academic medical center. These results raise many issues regarding the delivery of genetic medicine and the structure and function of academic medical genetics centers.