bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Foxhall L , Lewis Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume examines some of the many ways in which law integrated with other aspects of life in ancient Greece, and explores the extent and the limits of that integration. The idea for the seminar series, held at the Institute of Classical Studies in I 989, in which this work originated, arose from our sense of discontent with the formalist and evolutionist approaches which have played a major part in the traditions of Greek legal studies. The papers presented in that seminar and collected here reveal a number of different pathways between Jaw and political, social, and economic life in Greek societies. Emanating from different scholarly traditions of the study of ancient law, these papers offer a range of contrasting but complementary insights rarely collected together. The editors, an ancient historian with some background in anthropology and a lawyer specializing in legal history, are eager that the volume should communicate with readers interested in the history and development of law from a wide range of backgrounds. To this end we have made efforts to keep both classical quotation and legal jargon to a minimum and to explain those technical terms used in the text. For further assistance we would refer the reader to the exce lent glossary in Todd (1993); there is a less full glossary in Cartledge et al. (1990).
Dionysiac Themes
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dionysiac imagery is at first sight a daunting subject to consider because of its centrality in sarcophagus art: it absorbs a wide range of formal influences and develops a pervasive and consistent iconography of its own. It offers great scope for making visual cross-references and, at the more practical level, for varying scenes or groups by rearranging standardized features. As a result the imagery operates as it were concentrically, with a core of representations depicting Dionysiac myth and cult, surrounded by scenes and motifs with varying but lesser degrees of Dionysiac value. In some contexts, though, the original meaning seems to have faded away to leave motifs almost entirely decorative and in such cases the evaluation of significance becomes a major concern.’
Marine Themes
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marine scenes on these sarcophagi reveal a wonderful world of romance and fantasy, with all kind of sea creatures, nereids, cupids, and, occasionally, more realistic appearances of boats and lighthouses. Their general line of development can be traced from early garland sarcophagi (4.1-4.4) to friezes of nereids and tritons (4.12-4.14) with the addition of a supporting cast of cupids and dolphins and the possibility of incorporating a central portrait. These themes are interlinked with several others which are discussed separately (such as the sea voyages and cupids boating, in Sects. 1 and 6 respectively). The similarity of many of their decorative schemes (often from a Hellenistic heritage) and the repetition of individual motifs in different combinations and contexts point to a repertoire of models (or cartoons) available to be copied by sculptors to suit requirements. Children’s sarcophagi depict virtually the whole range of themes (except the marine Venus, it seems), but in modest numbers and without iconographical differentiation; in short, this subject appears to have had no special association with children (see Sects. 14 and 20 for discussions of its significance).
Other Representations and their Range
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rest of Part II looks at the contribution made by scenes other than those which depict the human child using the imagery of childhood. This will be explored from various angles. First there are separate sections on mythological subjects (16), on cupids (17), and on scenes with child or cupid protagonists (18), since these all in some way replicate the views of the child just discussed in Sections 12 to 14. Then various images to do with the child in life (19) and death (20) are considered. The final section (21) looks at Christian material.
Images of Life
Authors: Huskinson Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section and the next, on death, draw together a selection of major themes which have been discussed separately in Sections 12-18.
Childhood and youth as theoretical ages in Roman life might be variously defined, according, for instance, to legal or philosophical reckonings (discussed by Eyben 1973 and Neraudau 1984: 21 ff.). Many of these schemes had an abstract numerological basis: Varro (117-27 BC) divided the lifespan into five fifteenyear periods, withpueritia (childhood) andadulescentia (youth) as the first two phases, but in the later Empire other schemes distinguished seven ages (of which infancy, childhood, and adolescence were the first three). Related to this concept were theories which ascribed particular temperamental characteristics to different ages, sometimes extending this to Seasonal imagery.’ For the imagery of these sarcophagi the value of such ideas lies not in their niceties of distinction, but in their general theoretical framework which sets childhood within the larger context of human life.
Helen
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helen: ‘O fortunate Callisto, once a maiden in Arcadia, who departed from the bed of Zeus on four paws; how much better was your lot than my mother’s, for in the form of shaggy-limbed beasts ... you shed your burden of grief And (how fortunate are you also,) Titan daughter of Merops, whom Artemis once banished from her dances (and turned into) a hind with golden.
Alcestis and Andromache
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we ignore µ..6voc, the sense is ‘If the son of Phoebus (Asclepius) were alive, she (Alcestis) would have been restored to life.’ Commentators explain µ..6voc by pleading anacoluthon: the speaker begins as if he intended to say ‘he alone would have brought her back from Hades’ and ends by saying not ‘would have brought her back’ but ‘she would have come back.’
BOD in Alcestis and Andromache
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What relationship exists in Alcestis and Andromache between 0 (Laur. 31. 10, saec. xii ex.)1 and D (Laur. 31. 15, saec. xiv) and B (Par. gr. 2713, saec. xi) is a question which, for want of full and accurate collations, has long stood unresolved.
PL 111/908 ( Orestes 196-216)
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a visit to the Biblioteca Medicea-Laurenziana in February 1987 I examined the papyrus, with Professor Pintaudi’s kind assistance, and I was able to confirm (to my own satisfac-tion at least) a suspicion which I had formed over one small detail.
A Key to the Inventory
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Inventory of poleis of the Archaic and Classical periods is the result of an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre in the years 1993–2003. The Polis Centre is a research institution set up and funded by The Danish National Research Foundation for a ten-year period which expired in September 2003. As the name of the Centre reveals, its assignment has been to study the polis.
Meaning and Reference of theWords Asty and Polisma
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Archaic and Classical Greek texts polis is by far the most common word for what we call a “town” or “city”. But the Greeks had a number of other words, viz. asty, polisma, polismation, polichne and polichnion. The three last words can be ignored in this context. They are frequently found in texts from the Hellenistic and Roman periods, but hardly ever attested in older sources.Asty and polisma, however, are important site-classifications in sources from all periods.
Toponyms as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the LGPN edited by Peter Fraser and Elaine Matthews has revolutionised the study of Greek personal names, toponyms and ethnics have not been systematically and comprehensively investigated since 1911, when G. E. Benseler published the 3rd edition of W. Pape’s Worterbuch der griechischen Eigennamen. Since the name of a community, in casu a polis, is an important aspect of its identity, each entry in the inventory begins with information about what the polis was called and to what extent attestations of the name can contribute to the identification of the community as a polis. One characteristic of ancient Greek political communities is that they were called sometimes by the toponym, sometimes by the ethnic, and the study of the toponyms is inextricably bound up with the study of the related ethnics.
Types of Constitution
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polis had a government, i.e. a set of political institutions (politeia) manned by citizens (politai) in charge of political decision making and enforcement of the legal order. The meaning of these three key terms—polis, polites, politeia— and their interconnection is most clearly expounded by Aristotle in Politics book 3: polis is defined as a community (koinonia) of citizens (politai) about their political institutions (politeia). A polites is defined as a person who is entitled to participate in government (arche) and administration of justice (krisis); and politeia is defined as the structure of a polis’ political institutions (archai) and in particular of the supreme body of government (kyria panton).
Victors in Panhellenic Games as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Classical period athletic contests were arranged by numerous communities throughout the Greek world, e.g. by Pellene (no. 240) and by Pheneos (no. 291) in the Peloponnese. Some of these festivals, e.g. the Asklepieia at Epidauros (no. 348), were of Panhellenic stature and developed systems of epangelia and theorodokia. However, the four truly Panhellenic festivals were those at Olympia, Nemea, Isthmia and Delphi, arranged in an institutionalised circuit (periodos) from C6 The four Panhellenic sanctuaries acted as important centres for polis interaction and information about activity at these sanctuaries (oracle consultation, communal dedications, athletic participation, etc.) is included in the descriptions of the individual poleis in order to illuminate such interaction (see Index 16).
The Emergence of Poleis by Synoikismos
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synoikismos means “moving together” and can be used of any kind of joint settlement, including matrimonial cohabitation. When used in the specific sense of relocation of peoples, it denotes the relocation of one or more communities either to a new-built settlement where the immigrants become merged with one another, or to a pre-existing settlement where the immigrants become merged with the inhabitants.
City Walls as Evidence for Polis Identity
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevailing view among ancient historians and classical archaeologists is that defensive walls were not an essential aspect of the Archaic and Classical polis, either as a concept or as a physical phenomenon. According to the orthodoxy, very few poleis had a defence circuit in the Archaic period, and even in the Classical period many poleis were unfortified, most notably Sparta (no. 345) and Elis (no. 251).
Akarnania And Adjacent Areas
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim , Wirbelauer Eckhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From C8, the whole region was one of the centres of Corinthian colonisation, especially Korkyra (no. 123), Ambrakia (no. 113), Anaktorion (no. 114), Leukas (no. 126); cf. Domingo-Forasté (1988); Jouan (1990). One of the Corinthian colonies on the mainland, Anaktorion, became a member of the Akarnanian Confederacy during the Peloponnesian War (Thuc. 4.49; see infra), while Ambrakia, on the northern side of the Gulf of Arta, remained independent.
East Lokris
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to say whether any of these sites were poleis; the site identified as Anastasis is perhaps a candidate, since it was clearly a substantial town (Dakoronia (1993) 117), but it must be emphasised that it is extremely difficult to deduce polis status from archaeological evidence. On the other hand, some of the communities described as poleis in the Inventory below might perhaps be omitted: viz. Knemides (no. 381) and Nikaia (no. 385).
The Prestige of Galen
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plutarch reminded his readers once that in Homer a doctor is valued more than many ordinary men,1 and at most times in human history those who could relieve suffering and effect healing have enjoyed a special place in society. The history of medicine is, in one of its aspects, a part of the social history of a civilization. This has been true not least of the debate over the availability of free medical service in Greek and Roman antiquity.2 The abundance, professionalism, and social standing of physicians seem often to vary in direct proportion to the refinement of a culture, and that is hardly surprising.
Roman Friends
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relations of sophists with their emperors have already provided a theme, an important one ; and the imperial circle has provoked an examination of the relations between sophists and doctors in the second century, their fortunes being so closely linked together. The sophists’ friends who were not emperors must now be evoked, examined, and catalogued. Relations with each other and certain common origins will emerge. Roman friends will, necessarily in studying that ecumenical world, include persons from all parts of it; there will be African Romans, Greek Romans, Asian Romans. Discussion has to be prosopographical.
Professional Quarrels
Authors: Bowersock G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far the relations of sophists with the imperial court and the Roman aristocracy. Earlier an effort was made to define their role in the greater eastern cities. Now the relations, or rather bad relations, of sophists with one another must be examined. As often, it is in the friction of historical personalities that matters of interest are to be found. Some of the sophists’ disputes do not, it can be readily granted, have any great importance; but they augment our available know ledge of life in eastern cities. Demonstrations staged for this teacher or that by crowds of partisan students make a bit more brilliant the picture of local affairs under the high empire. And at times, the quarrels of sophists did actually impinge on the great men of the day : attacks on Herodes Atticus became more than petty disturbances.
Measure and Music
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The foundation of this book is a line-by-line analysis of enjambement, or the syntactical relationship between successive verses, in the Iliad. Such a study develops naturally from Milman Parry's work, which sought to show the importance for oral composition, and specifically for Homer, both of the syntactical link between lines and the frequency of each type of enjambement. In contrast to earlier studies, which utilized only portions of the text, Dr. Higbie's book is unique in presenting analyses of the complete poem. In doing so, she makes material available which can be used to answer larger stylistic questions of genre, effect, and the manipulation and enjambing of formulae. Speeches, similes, battle scenes, and catalogues, for example, can be distinguished by the length and structure of the sentences, as well as by the relationship between the individual sentence and the hexameter verse. Moreover, the flexibility and survival of the formula depend in part upon its grammatical construction. The importance of enjambement to Homeric verse makes this book an essential reference work for scholars and students of Homer alike.
Interpreting the Statistics
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the distribution and frequency of the enjambement types defined in Chapter 2 are discussed and catalogued; in the next chapter, the verse-internal breaks, skewed sentences, and short sentences contained wholly within one verse are similarly studied. The statistics attached to these two chapters are the core of the project: they enable us to make observations about Homeric style, such as the frequency of enjambement types or the pattern of internal breaks, and then to comment on the relative orality of the Iliad.
The Construction of Iliad 15. 292-331
Authors: Higbie Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters, topics related to enjambement and formulae have been presented and discussed in turn. Now these subjects are brought together for the purpose of analysing one passage from the Iliad. For this, 15. 292-331 has been selected, because in the space of some forty lines it contains at least one example of each type of enjambement and a number of different genres.
Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With this volume Sarah Pomeroy builds on the groundwork she laid in Xenophon Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary (Oxford, 1994) and provides the first comprehensive study of the Greek family. Knowledge of the family and kin groups is fundamental to understanding the development of the political and legal framework of the polis, a community if Oikoi (`families' or `households') rather than of individual citizens. Pomeroy offers a highly original and authoritative account of the Greek family as a productive and reproductive social unit in Athens and elsewhere during the classical and Hellenistic periods, taking account of a mass literary, inscriptional, archaeological, anthropological, and art-historical evidence. Despite the unflagging scholarly interest in the development of the polis, until recently little attention has been paid to the history and structure of its smallest constituent, the oikos. Pomeroy seeks to show that the Greek oikosr had several versions: a pseudo-kin group restricted to male citizens; a mixed family group oriented toward the public, in which men predominated; and a family group of a more private nature that accommodated women to a greater extent, though without necessarily excluding men. Public legislation and private custom concurred to perpetuate the oikoi, expecting it to endure longer than the lifespan of any individual member and to bear economic and social burdens imposed by the state.
Families in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, as in the rest of the book, the final chronological limit is Hellenistic: from the death of Alexander the Great to the end of the reign of Cleopatra VII. I will not be examining documents from Roman Egypt. I will, however, make allusions to demographic patterns that have emerged from the study of papyri recording the Roman census, inasmuch as the demographic data from the Ptolemaic period is sparse. Such allusions will be highly selective, for the demographic regime must have changed over time. My purpose in writing this chapter is to expand the geographical base of my study and to discuss both Greek perspectives on the family in Egypt and specific Greek or Hellenized families. Some of this material can be compared with what is known about these subjects in other parts of the Greek world, but much of it is unique. Documents written on papyri that have been excavated in Egypt record minute details about family relationships and behaviour. Such evidence is not available from earlier periods of Greek history, pre-dating the conquest of Egypt by Alexander the Great; nor have large numbers of papyri been preserved in regions outside Egypt.
Theatre and Audience
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman theatres were complex buildings, closer in design to modern theatres than Greek ones. The seating was arranged in a semicircle around the orchestra as in the Greek theatre, but the stage and scene building were joined to the auditorium and rose to the same height, creating a sense of enclosure more like that of a modern theatre. This sense of enclosure was made more emphatic by the fact that some smaller theatres or odea were roofed and larger ones often had awnings (vela) overhead to shade the audience. The Romans were skilled at building substructures under the auditorium which meant that the seating was served by a complex of passageways and staircases. The stage and scene building were perhaps the most spectacular parts of the building.
Britain, Gaul, and Germany
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
capital of the Cantiaci; theatre within grid plan, but not aligned to it; road seems to have skirted around it suggesting theatre belonged to an older religious enclosure dating to before conquest; no associated temple found (Wacher); later rebuilt to a different plan; large capacity (at least 7,000 people, Wacher) suggests it was catering for rural population; for important religious festivals.
North Africa
Authors: Sear Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rests on bed of limestone; most visible parts of building of limestone; lower cavea rests on rubble; upper on 21 radial vaults, 4 with staircases; third staircase not symmetrically located with respect to others; central vault low, almost horizontal, producing flat platform at about level of praecinctio, ?for sacellum(Frezouls). At sides of caveasections of curved walling, extending only length of two bays, plain except for 2 projections on east wall and 3 on west; not clear whether they carried vaults; Frezouls does not think they continued any further. Perhaps they gave architectural cohesion by extending aditus maximito end of versuraeand offered a passage to first staircase each side.
Prefect at Rome
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For four years under Libius Severus, Gaul remained in a state of fragmented acquiescence. The Goths consolidated their rule in the south-west but suffered a set-back in 463 when the king ‘s brother, Fridericus, was killed by Aegidius and his Frankish allies in battle at Orleans.1 Aegidius himself, acting still as a Roman magister militum, but whose actual status as an independent war-lord was pre served in the memory of him as ‘king ‘ of the Franks,2 contemplated a rapprochement with the Vandals3 but died, or was killed, in 465, leaving his position to his son Syagrius.4 In those parts of Gaul still governed by Rome, routine administration was carried out from 464 onwards by the humbly born prefect of the Gauls, Arvandus, whose upright conduct in his first two-year term gave no hint of his notoriety to come.5
Clermont and the Saints
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At his consecration, Sidonius stepped into a new world for which his previous experience had been only a partial preparation. Henceforward, he would sustain a new leader ship role in a civitas which he now fully adopted as his own. He was already no stranger to the Arverni. In the territory of Clermont lay his beloved Avitacum, the praises of which he had uttered in the language of Pliny (Ep. 2. 2); in the countryside were the villas of his friends, of Maurisius of the Pagus Vialoscensis with its vineyards, grain, and well stocked storehouses, of the Christian Aper, of the vir illu stris Vettius, who owned establishments in town and country, and of the pious Germanicus, patron of the village church at Cantiliae.1 The move also marked his final absorption into the family of Avitus, which dominated the community: his son Ecdicius owned a house in the city;2 his wife had property which was left, controversially, to Papianilla and Sidonius; and Sidonius ‘ predecessor as bishop was named Eparchius.