bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjustment of leaf photosynthesis to shade in a natural canopy: rate parameters
Authors: LAISK A. , EICHELMANN H. , OJA V. , RASULOV B. , PADU E. , BICHELE I. , PETTAI H. , KULL O. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTThe present study was performed to investigate the adjustment of the rate parameters of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis to the natural growth light in leaves of an overstorey species, Betula pendula Roth, a subcanopy species, Tilia cordata P. Mill., and a herb, Solidago virgaurea L., growing in a natural plant community in Järvselja, Estonia. Shoots were collected from the site and individual leaves were measured in a laboratory applying a standardized routine of kinetic gas exchange, Chl fluorescence and 820 nm transmittance measurements. These measurements enabled the calculations of the quantum yield of photosynthesis and rate constants of excitation capture by photochemical and non‐photochemical quenchers, rate constant for P700+ reduction via the cytochrome b6f complex with and without photosynthetic control, actual maximum and potential (uncoupled) electron transport rate, stomatal and mesophyll resistances for CO2 transport, Km(CO2) and Vm of ribulose‐bisphosphate carboxylase‐oxygenase (Rubisco) in vivo. In parallel, N, Chl and Rubisco contents were measured from the same leaves. No adjustment toward higher quantum yield in shade compared with sun leaves was observed, although relatively more N was partitioned to the light‐harvesting machinery in shade leaves (H. Eichelmann et al., 2004). The electron transport rate through the Cyt b6f complex was strongly down‐regulated under saturating light compared with darkness, and this was observed under atmospheric, as well as saturating CO2 concentration. In vivo Vm measurements of Rubisco were lower than corresponding reported measurements in vitro, and the kcat per reaction site varied widely between leaves and growth sites. The correlation between Rubisco Vm and the photosystem I density was stronger than between Vm and the density of Rubisco active sites. The results showed that the capacity of the photosynthetic machinery decreases in shade‐adjusted leaves, but it still remains in excess of the actual photosynthetic rate. The photosynthetic control systems that are targeted to adjust the photosynthetic rate to meet the plant's needs and to balance the partial reactions of photosynthesis, down‐regulate partial processes of photosynthesis: excess harvested light is quenched non‐photochemically; excess electron transport capacity of Cyt b6f is down‐regulated by ΔpH‐dependent photosynthetic control; Rubisco is synthesized in excess, and the number of activated Rubisco molecules is controlled by photosystem I‐related processes. Consequently, the nitrogen contained in the components of the photosynthetic machinery is not used at full efficiency. The strong correlation between leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic performance is not due to the nitrogen requirements of the photosynthetic apparatus, but because a certain amount of energy must be captured through photosynthesis to maintain this nitrogen within a leaf.
Indirect effects of insect herbivory on leaf gas exchange in soybean
Authors: ALDEA MIHAI , HAMILTON JASON G. , RESTI JOSEPH P. , ZANGERL ARTHUR R. , BERENBAUM MAY R. , D eLUCIA EVAN H. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTHerbivory can affect plant carbon gain directly by removing photosynthetic leaf tissue and indirectly by inducing the production of costly defensive compounds or disrupting the movement of water and nutrients. The indirect effects of herbivory on carbon and water fluxes of soybean leaves were investigated using gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging. Herbivory by Popillia japonica and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) caused a 20–90% increase in transpiration from soybean leaflets without affecting carbon assimilation rates or photosynthetic efficiency (ΦPSII). Mechanical damage to interveinal tissue increased transpiration up to 150%. The spatial pattern of leaf temperature indicated that water loss occurred from injuries to the cuticle as well as from cut edges. A fluorescent tracer (sulforhodamine G) indicated that water evaporated from the apoplast approximately 100 µm away from the cut edges of damaged leaves. The rate of water loss from damaged leaves remained significantly higher than from control leaves for 6 d, during which time they lost 45% more water than control leaves (0.72 mol H2O per cm of damaged perimeter). Profligate water loss through the perimeter of damaged tissue indicates that herbivory may exacerbate water stress of soybeans under field conditions.
Hepatitis B NAT virus‐positive blood donors in the early and late stages of HBV infection: analyses of the window period and kinetics of HBV DNA
Authors: Yoshikawa Akira , Gotanda Yuhko , Itabashi Masako , Minegishi Kiyoshi , Kanemitsu Kimihiro , Nishioka Kusuya ,   the Japanese Red Cross NAT Screening Research Group
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives  The Japanese Red Cross (JRC) carries out nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) by using a multiplex (MPX) reagent. Screening is undertaken on serologically negative units. In this study we characterized HBV NAT‐positive donations individually and analysed the window period and kinetics of HBV DNA, during acute infection, in follow‐up studies.Materials and Methods  Two hundred and seventy‐seven HBV DNA‐positive donations have been identified in Japan since the introduction of NAT screening of 50‐donation minipools. The viral loads and genotypes of these HBV DNA‐positive donations were characterized. The doubling time and half‐life of HBV was estimated from the data of 123 follow‐up donors. The sensitivity of the NAT system (based on 50‐donation minipools) was compared with the sensitivities of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Samples that were CLIA negative, but with > 104 copies/ml of HBV DNA, were analysed by sequencing the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) region.Results  Out of 277 HBV NAT‐positive samples, 125 (45%) were found to have an increasing viral load and 45 (16%) a decreasing viral load. Forty per cent of HBV NAT‐positive samples with an increasing viral load, and 33% of those with a decreasing viral load, were negative when tested by using the CLIA. No mutations related to escape mutants were found in the samples that were CLIA negative but with HBV DNA loads of > 104 copies/ml. The median HBV doubling time was 2·6 days (n = 93, 1·3–15·2 days) and the half‐life was 1·6 days (n = 55, 0·9–6·3 days). Some kinetic difference was observed between genotypes A and B.Conclusions  HBV NAT screening detected HBV DNA in both early (the so‐called serological window period) and late stages of acute HBV infection.
Report of the First International Workshop on molecular blood group genotyping
Authors: Daniels G. , Van Der Schoot C. E. , Olsson M. L. 
Published: February 2005

The use of molecular genetic technology for blood group typing is becoming routine procedure in many reference laboratories worldwide. A First International Workshop was organized on behalf of the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) and the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH). Thirty laboratories that provide a molecular diagnostic service participated in the workshop. Six samples were distributed: two represented DNA from transfusion‐dependent patients for testing for multiple polymorphisms; two represented fetal DNA prepared from amniotic fluid for RhD, Rhc and K‐testing; and two represented plasma from RhD‐negative pregnant women for fetal RhD testing. Error rates varied from 0 to 11% for different polymorphisms. A consensus arising from discussion on the workshop results between participants at a feedback meeting and by e‐mail has resulted in seven recommendations for molecular blood group genotyping. Further international workshops will take place every 2 years, with a more limited exercise being organized in the intervening years.
The efficacy of a malarial antibody enzyme immunoassay for establishing the reinstatement status of blood donors potentially exposed to malaria
Authors: Seed C. R. , Cheng A. , Davis T. M. E. , Bolton W. V. , Keller A. J. , Kitchen A. , Cobain T. J. 
Published: February 2005

Background and Objectives  The two key objectives of the study were, first, to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a recombinant antigen‐based malarial enzyme‐linked immunoassay (EIA) and, second, to estimate the risk associated with implementing this test with a shortened cellular component restriction period (6 months rather than the standard 12–36 months) for blood donors with a malarial risk exposure.Materials and Methods  Blood donors were recruited into four distinct groups [non‐exposed (control), malarial area ‘visitors’, ‘residents’ and ‘previous infection’) and screened by using the Newmarket malarial antibody EIA. Assay specificity was evaluated in unexposed blood donors, and sensitivity was determined in acute clinical samples.Results  No parasitaemic donors were detected amongst 337 malarial ‘visitors’ who had returned from a malaria‐endemic area less than 6 months previously, or for 402 ‘visitors’ or ‘residents’ who had returned from a malaria‐endemic area more than 6 months previously. The incidence of malarial antibodies within the exposed blood donor groups was 1·33% (10/751). In acute clinical non‐donor samples, the Newmarket EIA detected 106/108 (98·1; 93·5–99·5%) ‘film’ positive Plasmodium falciparum infections and 12/12 (100, 75·7–100·0%) P. vivax infections. The estimated additional risk exposure of the proposed new strategy was one infectious P. falciparum donation per 175 years or 1 per 4·2 years for P. vivax.Conclusions  The study findings support the efficacy and safety of a targeted screening strategy combining antibody screening with a 6‐month cellular component restriction period for donors with a declared malarial risk.
Ureteroscopic endoureterotomy
Authors: Razdan Sanjay , Silberstein Irene K. , Bagley Demetrius H. 
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVETo highlight the current status of ureteroscopic endoureterotomy (UE) by reporting extensive experience with the endoscopic management of ureteric strictures, with special emphasis on factors determining success, and by reviewing publications on the minimally invasive management of ureteric strictures.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study comprised 50 patients (mean age 53 years, range 18–85, equal sex distribution) with ureteric strictures of varying causes; all had their stricture treated endoscopically. The follow‐up was 0.5–9 years; 10 patients with recurrent strictures had two ipsilateral stents placed to try to improve the outcome, and eight patients with completely obliterating strictures were treated by ureteroscopic re‐canalization.RESULTSThe site of stricture had no bearing on the eventual outcome. Patients with uretero‐enteric and malignant strictures did not fare so well. The most important predictor of failure was the length of the stricture, with failure in all seven patients with strictures of > 2 cm. In the 10 patients treated with two ipsilateral stents, eight were successful, which was very promising considering that these patients had recalcitrant strictures and placing one stent had previously failed. The overall success rate was 74%.CONCLUSIONUE has become the procedure of choice for the initial management of ureteric strictures. Simple balloon dilatation is also effective in certain situations. The characteristics of the stricture often govern the eventual outcome. In properly selected cases success rates of ≈ 75% can be expected.
Transformation of maize with the p1 transcription factor directs production of silk maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in concordance with a hierarchy of floral organ pigmentation
Authors: Cocciolone Suzy M. , Nettleton Dan , Snook Maurice E. , Peterson Thomas 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe maize p1 gene encodes an R2R3‐MYB transcription factor that controls the biosynthesis of red flavonoid pigments in floral tissues of the maize plant. Genetic and quantitative trait locus analyses have also associated the p1 gene with the synthesis of maysin, a flavone glycoside from maize silks that confers natural resistance to corn earworm. Here, we show directly that the p1 gene induces maysin accumulation in silk tissues. Transformation of maize plants that had low or no silk maysin with p1 transgenes elevated silk maysin concentrations to levels sufficient for corn earworm abiosis. The p1 transgenes also conferred red pigment to pericarp, cob, husk and tassel tissues, as expected; however, different subsets of these tissues were pigmented within individual transgenic plants. Statistical analysis shows that the pigmentation patterns observed amongst the p1 transgenic plants conform to a hierarchy that is similar to the temporal ordering of floral organ initiation. We propose that the observed hierarchy of pigmentation patterns is conferred by variation due to epigenetic control of the p1 transgenes. The production of plants with improved traits through genetic engineering can depend in large part on the achievement of tight organ‐specific expression of the introduced transgenes. Our results demonstrate that the production of transgenic plants using a promoter with well‐defined tissue specificity, such as the p1 promoter, can result in unexpected variation in tissue specificity amongst the resulting transgenic plants.
Immunomodulation of polyamine biosynthesis in tobacco plants has a significant impact on polyamine levels and generates a dwarf phenotype
Authors: Nölke Greta , Schneider Bernd , Fischer Rainer , Schillberg Stefan 
Published: February 2005

SummaryOrnithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the direct decarboxylation of l‐ornithine to putrescine, one of the rate‐limiting steps of polyamine biosynthesis in plants. In the present study, an ODC‐specific murine single‐chain antibody fragment (scFvODC1) was generated by phage display technology. To evaluate the effect of the recombinant antibody fragment on ODC activity and polyamine levels, we produced transgenic tobacco plants that accumulated scFvODC1 in the cytosol. Expression levels of up to 4% total soluble protein (TSP) were achieved, resulting in the inhibition of up to 90% of endogenous ODC activity. A significant reduction in putrescine, spermidine and spermine levels was observed in transgenic lines producing high levels of scFvODC1. Furthermore, these lines showed developmental abnormalities and a dwarf phenotype. We show that the immunomodulation of enzyme activity is a powerful approach that can be used to alter complex and tightly controlled metabolic pathways, allowing specific steps in the pathway to be blocked and the resulting physiological effects to be investigated.
Dear Zora: A Letter to Zora Neale Hurston 50 Years after Brown
Authors: Fine Michelle , Bloom Janice , Burns April , Chajet Lori , Guishard Monique , Payne Yasser , Perkins-Munn Tiffany , Torre Maria Elena 
Published: February 2005

This article reports on the extensive qualitative and quantitative findings of a multi-method participatory study designed to assess urban and suburban youths’ experiences of racial/class justice or injustice in their schools and throughout the nation. Constructed as a letter to Zora Neale Hurston, who was immediately critical of the Brown decision in 1955, the article lays out the victories of Brown and the ongoing struggles, what we call “six degrees of segregation” that identify systematic policies that ensure an opportunity gap. The article theorizes the academic, social and psychological consequences of persistent inequity on youth of color and White American youth—all adversely affected by systematic educational inequities that persist 50 years after Brown.
Emotions and airway resistance in asthma: Study with whole body plethysmography
Authors: Von Leupoldt Andreas , Dahme Bernhard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe role of emotions as potential triggers of asthmatic airway obstructions was examined by whole body plethysmography. Three affectively homogeneous picture series (IAPS) were presented with video glasses to induce pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral emotional states in 32 asthmatic and 32 nonasthmatic participants while they were seated in a Jaeger Bodytest plethysmograph. Airway resistance, specific airway resistance, thoracic gas volume, and mood were measured immediately after each presentation, in addition to specific airway resistance before and during each presentation. Airway resistance and specific airway resistance were significantly increased after and during pleasant and unpleasant stimulation compared to neutral stimulation in asthmatic patients and also, but less pronounced, in nonasthmatic controls. The results show that the experience of pleasant and unpleasant emotions can provoke increased airway resistance especially in asthmatic patients.
Twelve microsatellite loci in Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Standl (Sapotaceae), an Amazonian timber species
Authors: AZEVEDO V. C. R. , VINSON C. C. , CIAMPI A. Y. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Manilkara huberi is a timber species, found and intensely exploited in the Amazonian forest. Twelve highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed from a genomic library enriched for AG/TC repeats. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated using a total of 12 adult trees from a natural population. An average of 6.43 alleles per locus were detected, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.721 to 0.862. These loci represent a powerful tool in investigating the mating system, gene flow, parentage and population dynamics in natural populations of M. huberi, all of which are needed to implement sound management.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Perciformes, Gobiidae)
Authors: GALLINI ALESSANDRA , ZANE LORENZO , BISOL PAOLO MARIA 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe isolated and characterized 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from two partial genomic libraries of Zosterisessor ophiocephalus (Perciformes, Gobiidae), enriched for AC and for multiple motifs. Variability was tested on specimens from the Venice lagoon revealing a high degree of genetic variation. The loci will be useful for monitoring the biodiversity of the species at the genetic level and for parentage assessment purposes.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for the red panda, Ailurus fulgens
Authors: LIU ZHIJIN , ZHANG BAOWEI , WEI FUWEN , LI MING 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe report on the isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellites in the red panda Ailurus fulgens from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries. Twenty‐one microsatellites were screened from the libraries, and 10 of the screened microsatellites were polymorphic. The number of observed alleles for each locus in 24 individuals ranged from three to 12, and the expected and observed heterozygosity was 0.60–0.90 and 0.50–1.00, respectively. These markers should prove a useful tool for the study of genetic variation in red panda in the future.
Development of microsatellite markers for Carapa guianensis (Aublet), a tree species from the Amazon forest
Authors: VINSON C. C. , AZEVEDO V. C. R. , SAMPAIO I. , CIAMPI A. Y. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract Carapa guianensis is a timber species found in Central America and the north of South America. We have developed microsatellite primers which will allow analysis of gene flow and population genetic structure in natural populations of this tree species. Polymorphism of five microsatellite loci was evaluated using a total of 12 adult trees from a natural population. An average of 4.2 alleles per locus was detected, and expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.397 to 0.806. These loci are being used for genetic population analysis in a managed forest in the state of Pará, in Amazonian Brazil, as part of the Dendrogene project.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers, isolated using a simple enrichment procedure, in the threatened smooth snake (Coronella austriaca)
Authors: BOND J. M. , PORTEOUS R. , HUGHES S. , MOGG R. J. , GARDNER M. G. , READING C. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe smooth snake,Coronella austriaca, is particularly rare within the UK and little is known about the genetic variability within the species. Here we report the isolation of 16 polymorphic microsatellite markers in the smooth snake, using a simple enrichment procedure. Despite screening individuals from a potentially isolated population, levels of polymorphism were high. These microsatellite markers will prove very useful in investigating population parameters, which will lead to effective conservation and management plans for this rare species.
Microsatellites isolated from diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), for studies of dispersal in Australian populations
Authors: ENDERSBY N. M. , MCKECHNIE S. W. , VOGEL H. , GAHAN L. J. , BAXTER S. W. , RIDLAND P. M. , WEEKS A. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDiamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), is a worldwide agricultural pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides used for its control. Population structure and gene flow are yet to be determined for P. xylostella in Australia, but are important factors for the design of effective control strategies. We have isolated six polymorphic microsatellite markers: three from a partial genomic library, two from an Expressed Sequence Tagged library and one from an aminopeptidase intron of P. xylostella. These microsatellites will be used to determine population structure and gene flow in Australian populations of P. xylostella to improve insecticide resistance management.
Isolation and characterization of nuclear microsatellite loci in Pinus pinaster Ait
Authors: GUEVARA M. A. , CHAGNÉ D. , ALMEIDA M. H. , BYRNE M. , COLLADA C. , FAVRE J. M. , HARVENGT L. , JEANDROZ S. , ORAZIO C. , PLOMION C. , RAMBOER A. , ROCHETA M. , SEBASTIANI F. , SOTO A. , VENDRAMIN G. G. , CERVERA M. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe developed 20 polymorphic nuclear microsatellites from Pinus pinaster using genomic libraries enriched with repeated motifs. A total of 25 individuals from five different populations were used to estimate genetic diversity parameters.
Cloning and characterization of novel microsatellite DNA markers for the grass rockfish, Sebastes rastrelliger, and cross‐species amplification in 10 related Sebastes spp
Authors: WESTERMAN M. E. , BUONACCORSI V. P. , STANNARD J. A. , GALVER L. , TAYLOR C. , LYNN E. A. , KIMBRELL C. A. , VETTER R. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHere we report development and characterization of seven polymorphic loci derived from grass rockfish (Sebastes rastrelliger) genomic DNA phagemid libraries enriched for microsatellite motifs. Within grass rockfish, average allelic diversity was 11.3 alleles per locus and average heterozygosity was 0.73. The seven loci also were surveyed in 10 related species of Sebastes, where allelic diversity ranged from highly polymorphic to monomorphic. Deviations from Hardy–Weinberg were nonsignificant in all but one species/locus combination suggesting low occurrence of null alleles. Significant linkage disequilibrium was detected among three loci, but these events were limited to a single species in each case.
Novel polymorphic microsatellite markers in section Caulorrhizae (Arachis, Fabaceae)
Authors: PALMIERI D. A. , BECHARA M. D. , CURI R. A. , GIMENES M. A. , LOPES C. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis work reports the characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci in section Caulorrhizae. The primer pairs were designed from Arachis pintoi and showed full transferability to Arachis repens species. These new markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity in germplasm (accessions and cultivars) of section Caulorrhizae. This new set of markers detected greater gene diversity than morphological and molecular markers such as AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and RAPD (rapid analysis of polymorphic DNA) previously used in this germplasm.