bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carnival
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All farewells are sad. Tears, sobs, or a mute, despairing ache are the unfailing companions of goodbyes. And yet, the festival of good” bye we annually bid to the flesh is a rowdy one. With three days of dances, games, parades, madness, and extravagance we say farewell to exquisite roasts, tasty beefsteak, beef jerky in sauce, meatballs, and ordinary stew. It’s quite true that nowadays things are set up so that this absence is brief, because of which we are little afflicted. Today’s stomachs aren’t like those of yesteryear; they’re as ill-equipped to digest beans and dried fish as our consciences are for digesting and eliminating the sins of gluttony.
Corpus Christi
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French call this the day of God, and in fact the solemnity of JL its ceremonies make it more divine than any other festival celebrated by the Holy Mother Church. It is perhaps the only one in which Catholicism consecrates itself entirely to its God without mixing in any memory that is not celestial and divine. No saint, none of those heroes who seem to compete with the Creator for the adorations of humankind, has any role in this majestic commemoration. It celebrates, not the victories of a man over the enemies of the soul, nor the wonders that another man wrought amidst martyrs and butchers, but the alliance of the Lord of the Universe with the accursed sons of Adam and Eve, the reconciliation of God with man to restore to him the patrimony of glorious immortality that he had lost.
Afternoon Walks (First Article)
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ve rarely felt sad while fasting. The table predisposes me to melancholy to such an extent that at times I think my soul is opposed to the liberal tendencies of my stomach. Of course, when it comes to pleasure, the poor thing has never gone in for a fancy table. In order to reestablish the good harmony between it and my body, I have to take them both out for a walk every afternoon, which happily produces a fusion that, though temporary, at least resembles the merger between two political parties that had previously sought only to devour each other.
Afternoon Walks (Second Article)
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here I am again on a rampage, seeking some poorly developed vein to denounce, or certain wasteful practices to attack. Where will all these wanderings end up? Where will my walks end up? Don t worry about it, unblemished sir, because in all likelihood they’ll end up where all things do: they’ll end up nowhere, with God’s help.
Items of Interest
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What country doesn’t have its curiosities? Go to the province of Concepcion and you’ll find the lost paradise, nature decked out in its most splendid attire, the creation during the first days of its virginal existence. In that garden of Chile you’ll see the most beautiful and picturesque landscape, experience the sweetness of country living and the delightful solitude of those forests where the poet dreams a fantastic future of happiness.
A Little Journey by Sea
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It wasn’t that long ago that taking a journey was the same as readying yourself for sacrifice and facing imminent dangers courageously Ten days walking or sailing was an entire career finished, constituted an epoch, an epoch fecund with memories to last the rest of your life. Around winter fireplaces, people would listen in astonishment to what someone would tell them they’d seen in Negro Ravine, on the way to Santiago, or coursing through the waves in the English ship that brought him to Valparaiso. Ah, to have sailed on an English ship was only for certain daring souls who would be secretly stigmatized by the common folk as not comporting themselves in strict conformance with the holy fear of God and the beliefs of the Church.
Elections in Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They say that in one of the towns in the Argentine province of La Rioja, years ago, they were trying to elect a deputy to the Chamber of Representatives. For this purpose all the voters of the district were summoned to the public plaza, where the political chief awaited them with a company of infantry to keep things as orderly as possible during that solemn act. Having called together all those who were to take part in the election, he had them line up in front of the detachment and opened the session in this manner:
Elections in Huasco
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the Intendant of this province, D. Manuel Jose Cerda, who tenaciously fomented the war conducted in Vallenar and Freirina between. two powerful parties in the election of deputies. That man is re- sponsible for all the crimes the government agents committed in Vallenar and for all the hatred, perhaps irreconcilable, that has been sown between families.
The Last Spanish Caudillo in Araucania
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The independence of Chile was no longer in question during the epoch I’m going to recall for my readers. Our heroes had beaten and routed the Spaniards from all our soil, soldiers as valiant as they were unfortunate, not so much because of their defeats as because they had invested their honor in the most unworthy of causes.
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions I The Persistence of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Models
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have examined how ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean cultures imagined the heavenly realm and humans’ potential to have a place in it. The ancient Israelites and their neighbors imagined a three-storied universe: netherworld, earth, and heavenly realm. While the various gods inhabit and can move from one realm to the other, humans are not so mobile and are for the most part restricted to the earth during life and to the netherworld in death. Humans did not normally have a share in the heavenly realm after death and certainly not before. In some cases, however, exceptional humans could visit or join the heavenly realm. In the fifth century bce belief in a heavenly afterlife developed and spread across the Mediterranean world and the ancient Near East. Segments in Judaism and Christianity eventually adopted the belief that humans could have a place in the heavenly realm, but this was normally limited to a select few, and depending on one’s ideology, the numbers could be indeed few.
Islam and the West: Roots of Conflict, Cooperation, and Confrontation
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite common theological roots and centuries long interaction, Islam’s relationship to the West has often been marked by mutual ignorance, stereotyping, contempt, and conflict. Ancient rivalries and modem conflicts have so accentuated differences as to completely obscure the shared theological roots and vision of the Judeo-Christian lslamic tradition. Both sides have focused solely on and reinforced differences, and have polarized rather than united these three great interrelated monotheistic traditions.
The West Triumphant: Muslim Responses
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two themes dominate the first half of twentieth-century Muslim history: European imperialism, and the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Few events were more far-reaching and influential in the relationship of Islam to the West than the experience of European colonialism. The theme of European colonialism and imperialism, their impact in the past and their continued legacy, remains alive in Middle East politics and throughout the Muslim world from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Intertwined with colonial rule was the emergence of nationalist movements in the decades-long battle for independence. In the post-independence period political elites in emerging Muslim states turned to liberal nationalism and Arab socialism in nation building. These experiments failed, damaging the credibility of nationalism and contributing to the Islamic resurgence. Issues of foreign domination and dependence remain a bitter memory as well as a continued threat in the eyes of many Muslims today.
Islamic Organizations: Soldiers of God
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern Islamic organizations have been the driving force behind the dynamic spread of the Islamic resurgence. They have also been the focal point or embodiment of the Islamic threat in the eyes of Western governments as well as many governments in the Muslim world. For some, Islamic movements represent an authentic alternative to corrupt, exhausted, and ineffectual regimes. For many others, they are a destabilizing forcedemagogues who will employ any tactic to gain power. The violence and terrorism perpetrated by groups with names like the Party of God, Holy War, Army of God, and Salvation from Hell conjure up images of religious fanatics with a thirst for vengeance and a penchant for violence who will stop at little. The assassination of Anwar Sadat, the taking of hostages in Lebanon, and the hijacking of planes embody a “Sacred Rage” that has become all too familiar. Yet again the reality is far more complex than its popular image. The majority of Islamic organizations would claim that, where permitted, they work within the political system and seek change from below through a gradual process of reform. Many Islamic organizations today espouse political liberalization and democratization. Their members participate in elections and serve in legislatures and cabinets.
The Chinese Mother of Tibet’s Dhanna-King
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When scholars of religion speak of conversion, we most often have an individual’s conversion in mind, and this in turn is almost always thought to involve profound and frequently dramatic changes of personal feeling and thought. Students of late antiquity and early medieval religions, however, must frequently attempt to understand reports of not only individual conversion, but also the conversions of peoples, whether due to popular movements, royal fiat, or elements of both. Changes of individual feeling and thought certainly play an important role here, as will be underscored in chapter 3, but so too do social, economic, and political phenomena that have perhaps only indirect relationships with individual religious experience. Thus, instead of personal conversion accounts, the transformations of national narratives must sometimes serve as the primary records of conversion to be interpreted.
Plague, Power, and Reason
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have emphasized primarily the representation in later Tibetan writings of themes connected with the Tibetan imperial conversion, though by focusing upon the Sbabzhed (The Testament of Ba), I have also sought to suggest something of the manner in which in its early phases the growing myth of the conversion indeed referred back to aspects of the religious situation under the old Tibetan empire. In concluding part 1, let us tum now to the conversion itself, adhering so far as is possible to evidence derived from texts and artifacts that, for the most part, assuredly do stem from the period concerned. On the basis of this material, I shall attempt to sketch out here, not so much a history of events, but rather a speculative reconstruction of the intentions that the early Tibetan adoption of Buddhism involved.
Mark Twain’s Rediscovery of America in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
Authors: Rowe John Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twain is famous for his jeremiads against European Imperialism and the United States’ fledgling efforts at colonial expansion in the Philippines; Twain’s name is frequently mentioned in discussions of anti-Imperialism as both a political movement and cultural ethos in the 122 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism turn-of-the-century United States. As scholars have pointed out, most of Twain’s anti-colonial zeal dates from the late 1890s and early 1900s, provoked by such international crises as the Spanish-American War (1898), the Boxer Rebellion in China (1900), and the Boer War in South Africa (1899”“1902). Twain’s rage over U.S. annexation of the Philippines in “To the Person Sitting in Darkness” (1901) and “A Defense of General Funston” (1902), the cruel despotism of Belgium’s Leopold II in the Congo Free State in “King Leopold’s Soliloquy” (1905), and Czar Nicholas II’s exploitation of Russians, Poles, and Finns in “The Czar’s Soliloquy” (1905) belongs to the historical period in which “Imperialism” had entered the popular vocabulary as a term of opprobrium.
Automation in the National Library in Warsaw
Authors: Sadowska Jadwiga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Library (NL) in Warsaw is the main library in Poland and the biggest one. It was established by a decree issued by the president of the Republic of Poland on February 24, 1928. The staff consists of over 900, including about 450 people who are directly involved in library work. It is situated in two buildings, five kilometers apart. Its collections comprise about five million volumes, covering mainly the humanities.
CASLIN, Priorities of the Czech National Library, and Government Policy on Information and Libraries
Authors: Balik Vojtěch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aims of the Czech and Slovak Library Information Network (CASLIN) project were to connect Czech and Slovak libraries of any type and size to each other, so that they could share the Union Catalog, coordinate their acquisitions or substantially improve loan services, and to guarantee that any user, no matter where he is located, is at once able to communicate with the Union Catalog on-line. The participants undertook (as quoted from the “Statement of Intent;’ the launching document of the CASLIN project) “to lay a solid foundation of a nationwide library network providing both home and foreign users with easy, fast, and unrestricted access to the information stored in or mediated by the libraries and information centers:’
Special Role of the Hungarian National Library in the Formation and Management of Consortia
Authors: Fogarassy Miklós 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter is a Hungarian case study and deals with the special, practical, and historical role of the Hungarian National Library. I first outline the working environment in which we have been operating for some years. The activities of the National Szechenyi Library have been managerial in nature and concern a major segment of the national library system, the libraries of key importance.
Leaders in an Age of Transition
Authors: Toshio Kuroda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after the Japanese defeat in World War II there was a period when the so-called feudalistic character of Japanese Buddhism was much discussed. At this time there were within the Jodo Shin sect many loud calls for a “return to Shinran” (although of course this was not the first time such calls had been issued) and much investigation of the historical background of Shin’s feudalistic institutional structures and its doctrines promoting submission to political authority. It was concluded by some that it was Rennyo, the eighth hossu (head abbot) of Honganji, who had distorted Shinran’s teachings and established the feudalistic character of the Shin sectarian organization.
Late Rennyo and the Myōkōnin Akao no Dōshū
Authors: Blum Minamoto Ryōen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have addressed the problems associated with the formation of myōkōnin in the early period of Rennyo’s life by considering the example of Kanegamori no Dosai (1399-1488). During this period Rennyo followed Shinran in adopting the standpont that viewed faith (shinjin) as the true cause for Birth. Within Rennyo, however, new ideas were beginning to emerge. In the Mattōshō, Shinran distinguished “one thought-moment nenbutsu of faith” (shin no ichinen) and “one thought-moment nenbutsu of practice” (gyō no ichinen) as fundamentally different yet inseparable, asserting that neither can exist without the other. By contrast, Rennyo began to think it prudent to focus on faith as the core of doctrine, and came to see the importance of affirming the phrase “faith in the merit transfer of the Other Power” (tariki ekōno shin). This is summed up in the dictum “shinjin is the true cause, nenbutsu is the expression of gratitude.” It is on this philosophical basis that the deeply religious Kanegamori no Dosai formed his relationship with Rennyo.
Rennyo and the Renaissance of Contemporary Shin Buddhism: Rennyo’s Place in the History of Shin Buddhism
Authors: Bloom Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elsewhere I have summarized important aspects of Rennyo’s life which were the basis for his successful effort to revitalize the Honganji and create a major, powerful religious movement in medieval Japan. I have suggested that he offers clues for the renaissance of contemporary Shin Buddhism. Honganji in Japan has called his commemoration a time for innovation, which expresses the spirit of Rennyo. The slogan for the Hawaii Honganji mission, for example, is “Live together, work together, in the spirit of Rennyo.” This chapter will look more directly into what we can learn from the spirit of Rennyo and his innovative propagational activities. Both Shinran and Rennyo responded to issues of their own time and circumstance. Differences in their personalities and historical situation show that, while there is a basic unity in their thought, Rennyo adjusted Shinran’s fundamental insights to make them more accessible and understandable to the ordinary person of his day. Shinran unintentionally created a more individually oriented movement. His teaching reflects his inward, introspective and subjective, as well as more scholarly or philosophical character. Shinran spoke pointedly of his religious experience and his personal weaknesses or limitations. He clearly rejected the idea that he was a teacher or had disciples, though they honored him. Rennyo, on the other hand, inherited the movement that Shinran inspired. It had already become institutionalized through the efforts of previous abbots of Honganji and other branches of Shinran’s lineage. Rennyo was concerned with the fortunes of the community in his time and for the future. His personality was more outgoing. He told little about his own religious change or development. He consciously accepted the role of teacher or leader of an emerging movement. He had to deal with the problems of religious power and authority that accompanied his status. Further, his position as a teacher must be considered in the light of his enormous influence, for which there is little comparison among other medieval teachers.
The After-Death World
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introductory Instructions to the Officiant: Although, heretofore, while in the Chiinyid Bardo, many vivid reminding have been given,-setting aside those who have had great familiarity with the real Truth and those who have good karma,-for them of evil karma who have had no familiarity, and for them of evil karma who because of the influence thereof become stricken with fear and terror, recognition is difficult. These go down to the Fourteenth Day; and, to reimpress them vividly, that which follows is to be read.
Chaplaincies and Days of Religious Observance Under the Continental Congress
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The religious outlook of the Congress can most readily be ob- served in a closer examination of two specific areas of activity briefly alluded to in the previous chapter: the role of legislative and military chaplains and the declaration of national days of fast and thanksgiving. These practices, which to some degree have become national traditions, originated under legislation passed by the Continental Congress. They are practices that accommodationists today point to as proof that the First Congress (which permitted the continuance of all but the fast day observances) could not have understood the Establishment Clause to prohibit the federal government from advancing religion. Nevertheless, they can be explained on contextual and pragmatic grounds, thus weakening the accommodationist assertion.
Religion and Federalism During the Confederation Period
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues of federalism, that is, matters related to the distribution of powers between the federal government and the states, did not originate with the Constitution. The Continental Congress, the first representative body of the American colonies, frequently found itself enmeshed in considerations of the degree of its own sovereignty in relation to that of the colonies and later the states. Congress’s authority on matters such as interstate trade and commerce, settlement of boundary disputes between states, and foreign affairs was not easily wrested from the states. Federalism affected virtually every area of government. The subject of this chapter is how federalism influenced the formation of the Continental Congress’s policies regarding religion. The focus will be upon identifying those policies adopted for distinguishing a federal matter from a state matter, and how those policies affected the provisions concerning religion that were written into the Constitution.
The Márgil Vine
Authors: Otero Nina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year 17 r 8 there came to the little Mission Church of San Antonio de Valero, a visiting priest, Antonio Margil. The Patron Saint of the village was San Antonio; so Father Margil, or Padre Antonio as the people always called him, came not only to assist in the celebration of the great Fiesta of Christmas, but also to do honor to the Saint, his patron.
The Spirituality Of Wilhelm Grimm
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is of this area with its plentiful meadows and its beautiful encircling mountains that I have the most vivid memories of my childhood. All too soon, however, on the roth of Jan. 1796, my father died. In my mind I can still see the black casket as I look sideways through the window, the pallbearers carrying yellow lemons and rosemary in their hands, as it moved by. I can still picture my father clearly. He was a very hard working, orderly, loving man. I can still see his study, his desk, and, most of all, his bookcases with their books, always kept clean, even the red and green titles of many individual books are still clearly before my eyes.
The Spiritual Unrest The Cultural Context of Liberal Protestant Devotionalism
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century, the scientific attack on prayer and the conservative Protestant response had been clearly stated. American theologians and professors such as Charles Hodge and Mark Hopkins had written their reasoned defenses of petitionary prayer, while revivalism-oriented evangelicals such as Samuel Prime and William Patton had cited numerous answers to prayer to combat the skeptics. Early-twentieth-century evangelicals, as we have seen, inherited this fervent belief in petitionary prayer and perpetuated the tradition in their own writings.’ However, by the early twentieth century, in another part of the American Protestant world, a very different understanding of prayer was just beginning to appear. What could be called a recognizably “liberal” Protestant ethic of prayer did not fully emerge until the 1910s.