bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caesar’s Civil Waris an unfinished masterpiece. It is incomplete not owing to untimely death, however, but was abandoned by an author who found himself living in a different world than that which saw the work’s commencement. It might thus seem an odd candidate for a literary appreciation. But it deserves one. The Civil Waris the story of Caesar’s contest with the Pompeian party through nineteen months of civil war; it ends, after Pompey’s death, amid the preliminaries to a foreign war fought to impose a Roman settlement on the kingdom of Egypt. The work shows the brilliance for which Caesar’s oratory, like his generalship, was known—in the eyes of Quintilian, no mean judge, he was second only to Cicero (Education of an Orator10.1.114)—and it was a political judgment that relegated the Civil Warto the file drawer, not a literary one. The five chapters of this book explore the various components of Caesar’s literary achievement in the Civil War. We supply here in the introduction the necessary historical background, and in the epilogue the aftermath.
Choices: Genre, Content, Style
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The narratives that we call Caesar’s Gallic Warand Civil Warwere spoken of by his contemporaries as the “records of his achievements.” The term here translated as “records” is commentarii(its singular form is commentarius). The word itself contains a reference to memory (the root -men-, also present in mention, memento, comment and, contracted, in amnesia), and our translation reflects the word’s etymology. The ancient evidence allows us to arrive at relatively good inferences about what Caesar’s readers would have expected from a commentarius. When Caesar’s officer and later continuator Aulus Hirtius, in Gallic War8, refers back to Gallic War7 with the phrase “it was shown in the preceding commentarius,” “preceding commentarius” means something like “the record of the preceding year.” The Gallic Waras Caesar published it was a set of seven commentarii, the records of seven annual campaigns in Gaul (58–52 bce), not one commentarius, or record, of his conquest of Gaul. (After Caesar’s death Hirtius added an eighth book, on which see below.)
Taking Sides, Making Sides
Authors: Damon William W Batstone Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterization in a civil war narrative is more important, and more difficult, than it is in a colonial narrative, such as the Gallic War, of “us” against “them.” When the principal combatants are all Roman and all members of the governing elite, the difference between “us” and “them” needs careful delineation. But drawing the lines is complicated when the composition of the two parties shifts over time, as it did in dramatic fashion after the battle of Pharsalus in August of 48. Men who had joined Pompey at the outset of the conflict, in January of 49, or in the course of the ensuing months, faced a choice after his military defeat: to continue resisting Caesar, to withdraw from the contest, or to join Caesar. Those who chose the last moved from “them” to “us,” and the neutrals might still, it could be hoped, so realign themselves. Only the first group (and those who died at Pharsalus) remained in the category of “them.”
The Door of Fame Springs Open Second Trip 29 March-4 June 1611
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he first went to Rome in 1587, Galileo was an impecunious 23-year-old mathematical student looking for a job. When he returned for the second time in 1611, he was, at 47, a famous professor. The support of Clavius and other mathematicians had enabled him to get a teaching position first at the University of Pisa (1589-1592), and then at the University of Padua (1592-1610). His recent telescopic discoveries had captured the imagination of everyone in Europe, and the grand duke of Tuscany had just made him his official mathematician and philosopher. He had been freed from the drudgery of administrative work and the constraints of teaching, but he now depended entirely on the goodwill of his young patron, Cosimo II. Galileo had taught him mathematics, and Cosimo II was to remain grateful throughout his life to his former tutor, but the radical distinction between monarch and subject was never questioned nor was it in any way ambiguous.
Ron1an Clouds THIRD TRIP 10 DECEMBER 1615-4JUNE 1616
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four years after his second trip, Galileo decided that it was time to return to Rome. ln the meanwhile, he had published a Discourse on Floating Bodies, and Letters on the Sunspots, in which he argued that sunspots were some kind of clouds near the surface of the Sun. This was a blow to Aristote¬lianism and an argument in favor of a new cosmology. But Galileo did not want to travel to Rome merely to discuss astronomy. He had come to realize that what he had to do was defend himself against the accusation that what he taught went against Scripture.
The Colonies: Europe in America
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the European colonization of North America began in the seventeenth century, the Protestant Reformation was barely one hundred years old. The new settlers retained vivid and often painful memories of that period of religious turmoil, during which the newly emerging Protestant sects had broken the unity imposed upon Europe by the Roman Catholic Church. In many cases, the colonists’ parents and grandparents had actively participated in aspects of the Protestant movement, or of its counterpart, the Catholic Reformation which attempted to hold onto or recapture European lands for the Catholic Church. Sharp shifts in religious views and loyalties precipitated the breakup of empires and kingdoms, and this in turn led to bloody persecutions and even bloodier wars. In other words, religion in those days was not so much a matter for quiet discussion or debate as it was a matter of martyrs and deserters, of muskets and swords, of burning and butchery.
The Establishment Clause: Private Schools
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government, especially state and local, has an obvious responsibility for the public, tax-supported schools but bears a less obvious responsibility for privately endowed schools. And yet the Supreme Court has been obliged to hear as many cases relating to private schools as to public schools. Regarding religion and the private schools, the legal problems primarily revolve around finances: that is, what sorts of monetary aids or subsidies government may provide.
In 1922 the State of Oregon passed a law requiring all mentally competent young people between the ages of eight and sixteen to attend the public schools. A military academy and a Catholic parochial school challenged the validity of this law, and by 1925 their suit had reached the Supreme Court. In Pierce v. Society of Sisters, a unanimous Court agreed that the Oregon law was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment, for its effect would be to destroy all private or religious schools and thus to deprive the owners of their property “without due process of law.” Justice James McReynolds, a Protestant, added that the Oregon law “unreasonably interferes with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” Furthermore, “the child is not the mere creature of the state.” This decision, often called the Magna Carta (the basic charter of liberty) of parochial schools, assured a place for private education in the United States from that time forward.
Pulsed Methods for Flow Velocity Estimation and Imaging
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question as to whether pulsed Doppler makes use of the Doppler effect has been considered on several occasions. To address this question in a satisfactory manner requires that we first agree on a definition of the effect that bears Doppler’s name. Christian Doppler studied the optical spectrum emitted by stars and proposed a theory that described the change in wavelength (frequency) of each component of the received spectrum caused by the relative movement of the source and observer. It is clear from the discussion in Chapter 9 that when a CW acoustic source is used and there is relative motion between the source and target, the apparent change in frequency should be referred to as the Doppler effect.
Five Images of Maturity in Adolescence: What Does “Grown Up” Mean?
Authors: Tilton-Weaver Lauree C , Vitunski Erin T , Galambos Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cornerstone of developmental research in childhood and adolescence is the search for a deeper understanding of the processes by which a child grows into maturity. Scholars of adolescence worldwide have long recognized that maturity is a multifaceted concept incorporating physical, social, psychological, emotional, and behavioral elements (Hurrelmann and Engel, 1989; Coleman and Hendry, 1990; Peterson, 1996; Galambos et al., 1999). Recently, researchers have begun to focus on the subjective meanings of maturity in adolescents and young adults in a quest to ascertain what features of maturity are commonly recognized, understood, and respected by young people. Notably missing, however, are qualitative studies examining maturity vis-à-vis adolescents’ own experiences.
Parental Divorce and Young Adult Children’s Romantic Relationships: Resolution of the Divorce Experience
Authors: Shulman Shmuel , Scharf Miri , Lumer Daniel , Maurer Offer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research during the past decade has started to deal with the long-term impact of childhood family disruption on young adults’ adjustment. Demographic surveys have shown that young adults who experienced parental divorce during childhood or adolescence had fewer years of education, earned less money, and were more likely to be unemployed (Amato, 1999). In addition, they were likely to have more sexual partners (Garbardi & Rosen, 1991) and to marry and bear children earlier than were young adults from non divorced families (McLanahan & Bumpass, 1988). Data are accumulating that show higher rates of divorce among adult offspring of divorce than among those with no history of parental divorce (Amato, 1999).
“Undeserving” Mothers? Practitioners’ Experiences Working with Young Mothers in/from Care
Authors: Rutman Deborah , Strega Susan , Callahan Marilyn , Dominelli Lena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper has emerged from a Canadian research project focused on young women who have children while in the care of government (see note 1). Our research focused on three questions: first, how do young mothers in/from government care experience their lives in care; second, how do social workers and other youth-serving practitioners perceive their practice with young women and their children; and finally, what policies and practices are most essential to shaping these young people’s lives and how might they be strengthened or changed? This paper reports on our findings in regard to the second of these questions.
The Trouble with Foster Care: The Impact of Stressful “Events” on Foster Carers
Authors: Wilson Kate , Sinclair Ian , Gibbs Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At any one time, around 6 out of 10 of the children looked after by local authorities are placed with foster carers (Department of Health, 1997). Although the number of foster children (currently around 33,000) has remained fairly constant (Berridge, 1997), they constitute a proportion of those in the care system that has roughly doubled since the 1970s. So it seems likely that foster carers are having to cope with more troubled and more challenging children (Warren, 1997), at the same time as they negotiate the treacherous waters between the Scylla of family needs and rights and the Charybdis of child protection. Such strains may lead foster carers to leave fostering or to switch from caring for a local authority to the allegedly better supported independent foster care sector (James, 1995).
Heterosexual Masculinity and Homophobia: A Reaction to the Self?
Authors: Theodore Peter S , Basow Susan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heterosexual masculinity (Herek, 1986) is the cultural ideology that extends the belief that masculinity and femininity consist of two bipolar sets of behaviors, traits, and social roles. Gender identity researchers have found that the polarization of masculinity and femininity begins at birth and continues throughout the life span (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995; Katz, 1986; Shively & De Cecco, 1993; Spence & Helmreich, 1978). With gender marking an important cue for both self-definition and societal reaction, boys and girls learn to value masculine attributes over feminine attributes as more socially effective and rewarding. For example, while independence, success, and achievement are part of society’s construct of masculinity, these culturally valued qualities remain absent from the construct of femininity.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Families in Transition
Authors: Weber Joseph A , Waldrop Deborah P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly 4 million American children live in households headed by grandparents and the number continues to rise (Lugaila, 1999). The circumstances that cause grandparents to become responsible for their grandchildren are varied. Parental drug and alcohol abuse, child abuse and neglect, chronic unemployment and teenage pregnancy are some of the social and economic problems grandparents attempt to stabilize. These circumstances have an impact on all generations in a family. Grandparents are often the closest relatives asked to care for a child during difficult times. Grandparents assume parental responsibility at a time in their lives when retirement interests would normally occupy their attention. Grandparent caregivers accept new responsibilities and often become involved in uncertain situations.
Understanding the Ageing Process: A Developmental Perspective of the Psychosocial and Spiritual Dimensions
Authors: Mackinlay Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often thought that the ageing process is all decline; this certainly appears to be the state from a physiological view. However, and perhaps fortunately, the contribution of the psychosocial and spiritual dimensions of life provides a very different picture of the ageing process. It is far from simple to separate out these two dimensions of ageing; however, it is important to distinguish between these two perspectives when considering the contribution of each to the understanding of the ageing process. This chapter will present a perspective of the ageing process, focusing mainly on spirituality in ageing.
Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A Literature Review of Empirically Based Interventions
Authors: Dulmus Catherine N , Smyth Nancy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twelve percent of American children suffer from mental disorders (National Institute of Mental Health, 1990), with diagnoses ranging from mild anxiety to psychosis. The Office of Technology Assessment (1986) reports that at most, only onethird of those children will receive the services they need. A lack of diagnosis, treatment, and services can have devastating results for the individual child, the family, and society as a whole as the mentally ill child grows up to become a mentally ill adult (Dulmus & Wodarski, 1996).
Domestic Violence in Later Life: An Overview for Health Care Providers
Authors: Brandl Bonnie , Horan Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elder abuse is a growing but often hidden problem in the United States. It is estimated that only one in five cases of elder abuse is reported. During the 10-year period between 1986 and 1996, reported cases of domestic elder abuse increased 150% with more than 450,000 older individuals abused or neglected in domestic settings annually. About 90% of elder abuse cases are perpetrated by people known to the victim. Two-thirds of these known perpetrators were adult children or spouses. This form of abuse is often referred to as domestic elder abuse or family violence in later life (National Center on Elder Abuse 1998a).
Stalking: The Constant Threat of Violence
Authors: Sinwelski Shari A , Vinton Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stalking is unlike other types of crimes because it may include individual actions that are legal, but when put together, these acts cause victims to be fearful of injury or death (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 1996). Stalking did not receive much recognition until the 1989 shooting death of actress Rebecca Shaeffer shed light on the potentially violent consequences of stalking (de Becker, 1997) and celebrities such as David Letterman, Theresa Saldana, Janet Jackson, Madonna, and Steven Spielberg revealed that they have been victims of some form of repeated harassment (McCann, 1995).
Lost Boys: Why Our Sons Turn Violent and How We Can Save Them
Authors: Garbarino James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a time when people around the country are mindlessly talking about zero tolerance, video cameras, and cracking down, it is refreshing to come to Smith College to speak at a conference titled Safe Schools: Building Fortresses or Opening the Doors to Community. I am also pleased that a student led this conference off, a student who spoke unashamedly about optimism, about values, and about doing good with her life. Many people are mired in hopelessness, in shortsighted thinking, and in the emotional immobilization that has taken place in our country in recent years. I think that optimism and hope are worth beginning with today as we talk about the issue of violence.
Africans and Racism in the New Millennium
Authors: Ojo-Ade Femi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many observers of African or world history have a fixed idea of the African past and its evolution to the present: slavery, colonialism, independence, postindependence. However, those of us who know better, due to our experience in the eye of the hurricane or in the belly of the civilized monster, would make some adjustment to show that slavery and colonialism are not really dead, that independence has been nominal and superficial, and that postindependence is a euphemism for neocolonialism. The latter, concretized by the inhuman acts of military and civilian dictators, has witnessed the depletion, if not destruction, of Africa’s human and natural resources to such an extent that the best minds as well as the worst are scurrying off in search of life more abundant abroad, specifically in Euramerica.
A Body-Mind-Spirit Model in Health: An Eastern Approach
Authors: Chan Cecilia , Sik Yin Ho Petula , Chow Esther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In response to the overspecialization of the health care profession and the failure of Western medicine to provide satisfactory cures (Taylor, 1979), there is a growing interest in how the Eastern philosophies of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, energy work, body-mind connection, and traditional medicine can shed new light on patients’ physical and mental health (English-Lueck, 1990; Hansen, 1992; Legge, 1964; Y.S. Leung, 1988; Needham, 1970; Pachuta, 1989; Tsuei, 1992; Yang, 1995a, 1995b). Western medicine fixes its gaze on isolated symptoms rather than on the patient himself. Its practitioners, therefore, tend to pay more attention to external sources of the disease at the expense of the internal dynamics of the patient’s body.
Does Social Work Oppress Evangelical Christians? A “New Class” Analysis of Society and Social Work
Authors: Hodge David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere,” wrote Martin Luther King (1992, p. 85). When injustice is tolerated against a specific group, ultimately everyone’s access to justice is at risk. Indeed, since its foundation, social work has recognized the deleterious effects of social injustice and incorporates as one of its six guiding ethical principles the need to understand and ameliorate oppression (NASW, 2000). Recognition of injustice, however, is a perplexing issue. How does discrimination against a particular group enter one’s consciousness? It is clear that the actual existence of oppression is a minimal criterion at best. For a century and a half, segregated restaurants, hotels, schools, and buses existed without being acknowledged as a problem. Similarly, the internment of coastal-dwelling Asian Americans during World War II was not widely perceived as discriminatory when it occurred, but only long after the internment was an accepted fact.
Social Work with Immigrants and Refugees: Developing a Participation-based Framework for Anti-Oppressive Practice
Authors: Valtonen Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern migration flows bring about increasing ethnocultural diversity in most states. Groups of differing ethnocultural backgrounds fashion patterns of coexistence and niches in their new home societies. While numerically large groups, which have settled over long periods of time, have gradually become well-established communities, those groups that have arrived more recently still face the multiple tasks of resettlement. A growing arena of contemporary social work and the organized social service system is that of immigrant and refugee resettlement and integration.1
Native Hawaiian Traditional Healing: Culturally Based Interventions for Social Work Practice
Authors: Hurdle Donna E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultural competence is an emerging focus of social work practice that is encouraged by both major social work professional organizations, NASW and the Council on Social Work Education, and reflects the reality of America’s multicultural society. As described by Lum (1999), social work practice with people of color and various ethnic groups has evolved over the past two decades from ethnicsensitive approaches, to cultural awareness, to cultural diversity, and finally to cultural competence. Each of these approaches has a different focus, ranging from the development of enhanced awareness in practitioners to greater knowledge of specific cultural groups and finally to the more integrated concept of cultural competence.
Cultural and Linguistic Considerations in Psychodiagnosis with Hispanics: The Need for an Empirically Informed Process Model
Authors: Malgady Robert G , Zayas Luis H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration from Latin America has moved large numbers of Hispanic immigrants, mostly Spanish monolingual or limited English-proficient, into major urban areas in the United States (Rogler, 1994). Coupled with the already substantial numbers of resident Hispanics, most of whom are Spanishdominant (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991), members of this growing population must cope not only with stressors associated with lower socioeconomic status (SES), but also with stress associated with the language and cultural demands of the host American society. When unacculturated Hispanics with limited English proficiency turn to organizations delivering mental health services, on intake they often face a common problem of language and cultural distance from service providers because there is a severe shortage of bilingual and bicultural clinicians in the mental health services system (Bernal & Castro, 1994; Cross, Bazron, Dennis, & Isaacs, 1989).