bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TAXONOMIC STUDY OF MARINE OSCILLATORIACEAN STRAINS (CYANOBACTERIA) WITH NARROW TRICHOMES. II. NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF THE 16S RIBOSOMAL RNA1
Authors: Wilmotte Annick , Turner Seán , Van de Peer Yves , Pace Norman R. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTPartial 16S ribosomal RNA sequences from five marine oscillatoriacean strains with narrow trichomes were determined by a dideoxynucleotide‐termination method. A phenogram was constructed by a distance matrix method including a bootstrap analysis. In addition, a consensus tree was built using cladistic analysis. The results were largely congruent and indicate that the five strains belong to two different lineages. The first lineage groups four phycoerythrin‐producing strains with the strain PCC7375 (“Phormidium ectocarpi Gomont”). The second cluster groups strain PCC7105 (“Oscillatoria williamsii Drouet”) with the previously studied strain Microcoleus 10mfx. Comparisons to morphological data are made and the taxonomic level of the separations is estimated.
REPLICATION OF CHLORELLA VIRUS PBCV‐1 AND HOST KARYOTYPE DETERMINATION STUDIED WITH PULSED‐FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS1
Authors: McCluskey Kevin , Graves Michael V. , Mills Dallice , Meints Russel H. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTWe demonstrated the time‐course of DNA replication of the 330‐kbp Chlorella virus PBCV‐1 by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Viral DNA replication began between 90 and 120 min postinfeclion in cell samples produced without first removing cell walls. The host nuclear genome was degraded beginning almost immediately after infection, but some host DNA remained even after 360 min postinfection. The karyotype of the host alga consisted of nine resolvable bands that we presume to represent 13 chromosomes based on band intensity. The chromosomes ranged in size from 1.1 to 6.5 megabase pairs (Mbp). A summation of the sizes of the bands predicts a genome size of 39–45 Mbp of DNA.
DISTRIBUTION AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE FRESHWATER GENUS TUOMEYA (RHODOPHYTA, BATRACHOSPERMACEAE)1
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Donald , Sheath Robert G. , Cole Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTTwenty‐seven populations of Tuomeya, including the types of Tuomeya fluviatilis Harvey and Baileya americana Kützing, were analyzed from the entire known range of the genus: northern Newfoundland to northern Florida and east of the Mississippi River. Key morphological features were examined in detail since it has been recently proposed that Tuomeya should be reduced to a section of the genus Batrachospermum. Our observations confirmed the presence of several characteristics unique to Tuomeya: gametophyte development from a basal mass of undifferentiated cells rather than a chantransia stage, pseudoparenchymatous growth, and carpogonia with obliquely to perpendicularly attached trichogynes. Based on these findings, we conclude that the genus Tuomeya should be retained. Using multivariate morphometrics, two groupings were found that differed significantly in plant length (X = 14.1 and 24.1 mm, respectively). However, since there was no other morphometric, environmental, or geographic basis for separation of the groupings, only one species is recognized, T. americana (Kützing) Papenfuss. Populations tend to occur in large streams (>2.8 m wide) with low ion content (≤ 100 μS · cm−1).
LIFE CYCLE OF A STEPHANODISCUS SP. (BACILLARIOPHYTA)1
Authors: Jewson David H. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTStudies of the life cycle of a centric diatom, tentatively identified as Stephanodiscus neoastraea Håkansson & Hickel, showed that sexual reproduction occurred every year in a freshwater lake (Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland). Male and female gametes were produced in cells below 55% of the maximum diameter during a 3–4‐week period in late summer, following the return of nitrate concentrations above 10 μM NO3‐N. The frequency of sexual reproduction was linked to the cycle of diameter size reduction and regeneration. The times of largest decreases in cell diameter were during nutrient stress in summer and low light conditions in late autumn, rather than during the main spring growth period. So, environmental conditions (combined with the limited life‐spans of individual cells) affected the rate of diameter reduction and, therefore, the length of the life cycle (3–4 years).
A review of the efficacy and safety of opioid analgesics post‐craniotomy*
Authors: Roberts Gemma 
Published: October 2004

Summary• Codeine phosphate is the most commonly used analgesic post‐craniotomy• It is argued, in this paper, that codeine phosphate is an unpredictable pro‐drug that does not equate to a safe and effective method of providing analgesia post‐craniotomy• Lack of evidence supporting tramadol's usage and concerns over its interactions and side effects mean its use cannot be advocated• The traditional justification for withholding morphine in post‐craniotomy pain appears to be largely based on anecdotal evidence• Raising awareness among critical care nurses of the pharmacological properties of the analgesics used is imperative, if post‐craniotomy pain is to be adequately treated• There is an explicit challenge to the neurosurgical community to re‐evaluate their pain‐management strategies in the post‐craniotomy patient
Specific serum IgE levels and FcɛRIβ genetic polymorphism in patients with penicillins allergy
Authors: Qiao H.‐L. , Yang J. , Zhang Y.‐W. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Numerous studies have suggested that both genetic and environmental influences are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic disease and atopy. The objective of this investigation is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of penicillins allergy and improve the diagnostic methods.Methods:  Radioallergosorbent test was used to examine eight kinds of specific IgE antibodies, which included four kinds of major and minor antigenic determinants, respectively, in the sera of 448 patients with penicillins allergy and 101 healthy subjects. A restriction endonuclease fragment length polymorphism of a polymerase chain reaction product was used for analysis of the FcɛRIβ polymorphism.Results:  The positive rate of specific IgE in 448 patients was 58.26% (261), in which 37.28% (167) patients had positive IgE to major antigenic determinants and 47.09% (211) patients had positive IgE to minor antigenic determinants. Of the 179 patients with allergic history, 70.83% (17/24) patients had positive antibodies within 30 days, while 45.28% (24/53) had positive antibodies after 5 years. The positive reaction degree of skin test was absolutely correlated with specific IgE (P = 0.047). Among patients with positive specific IgE, significant differences of E237G genotype were observed between patients with positive benzylpenicillanyl (BPA)‐, phenoxomethylpenicilloyl (PVO)‐ or ampicilloyl (APO)‐IgE and control group (P = 0.015, 0.015, and 0.008, respectively). There were significant differences in E237G genotype between positive and negative BPA‐, PVO‐ as well as APO‐IgE patients (P = 0.014, 0.02, and 0.011, respectively).Conclusions:  The patients with penicillins allergy have positive specific IgE not only to major antigenic determinants but also to minor antigenic determinants. The E237G variant of the FcɛRIβ gene is involved in the development of penicillins allergy through the process for the production of specific IgE antibodies.
A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multi‐centre study on the efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) in children with seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis to grass pollen
Authors: Rolinck‐Werninghaus C. , Wolf H. , Liebke C. , Baars J. C. , Lange J. , Kopp M. V. , Hammermann J. , Leupold W. , Bartels P. , Gruebl A. , Bauer C. P. , Schnitker J. , Wahn U. , Niggemann B. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Especially in childhood, sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) could offer advantages over subcutaneous therapy. However, limited data on its efficacy is available.Methods:  In four German centres 97 children (age 3–14 years) with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis to grass pollen were enrolled in a prospective, double‐blind trial comparing SLIT (Pangramin SLIT®; ALK‐SCHERAX, 0.5 μg major allergens, three times per week, 32 months) with placebo. Primary endpoint was a multiple symptom‐medication score for changes in seasonal diary entries between the first and third year of the study (SLIT n = 39; placebo n = 38).Results:  The multiple symptom‐medication score was significantly reduced by SLIT to 77.3% of the placebo group (P = 0.0498). The subsequent analysis of the single endpoints did not reveal significant differences for symptom scores in favour of SLIT (85.1% of placebo group; P = 0.22). However, the medication score improved significantly (67.1% of placebo group; P = 0.0025). Furthermore, secondary endpoints assessing in vivo immune responses did not differ significantly between the groups. However, retrospective analysis showed some inhomogeneity for clinical and in vitro parameters at the beginning of the study. Allergic side effects with possible relation to the study drug were reported in both groups (SLIT 49%, placebo 27%, P = 0.026).Conclusion:  Our study indicates that SLIT had a positive effect on the reduction of a multiple symptom‐medication score, mainly by significantly reducing rescue medication use, but had no significant effect on symptoms alone in children with rhinoconjunctivitis to grass pollen compared with a placebo.
Evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds: I. Sex-specific resource allocation among simultaneously growing oocytes
Authors: Young R. L. , Badyaev A. V. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Females in species that produce broods of multiple offspring need to partition resources among simultaneously growing ova, embryos or neonates. In birds, the duration of growth of a single egg exceeds the ovulation interval, and when maternal resources are limited, a temporal overlap among several developing follicles in the ovary might result in a trade-off of resources among them. We studied growth of oocytes in relation to their future ovulation order, sex, and overlap with other oocytes in a population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) where strongly sex-biased maternal effects are favoured by natural selection. We found pronounced differences in growth patterns between oocytes that produced males and females. Male oocytes grew up to five times faster and reached their ovulation size earlier than female oocytes. Early onset and early termination of male oocytes’ growth in relation to their ovulation resulted in their lesser temporal overlap with other growing ova compared with female oocytes. Consequently, ovulation mass of female but not male oocytes was strongly negatively affected by temporal overlap with other oocytes. In turn, mass of male oocytes was mostly affected by the order of ovulation and by maternal incubation strategy. These results provide a mechanism for sex-biased allocation of maternal resources during egg formation and provide insights into the timing of the sex-determining meiotic division in relation to ovulation in this species.
Spite and the scale of competition
Authors: Gardner A. , West S. A. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
In recent years there has been a large body of theoretical work examining how local competition can reduce and even remove selection for altruism between relatives. However, it is less well appreciated that local competition favours selection for spite, the relatively neglected ugly sister of altruism. Here, we use extensions of social evolution theory that were formulated to deal with the consequences for altruism of competition between social partners, to illustrate several points on the evolution of spite. Specifically, we show that: (i) the conditions for the evolution of spite are less restrictive than previously assumed; (ii) previous models which have demonstrated selection for spite often implicitly assumed local competition; (iii) the scale of competition must be allowed for when distinguishing different forms of spite (Hamiltonian vs. Wilsonian); (iv) local competition can enhance the spread of spiteful greenbeards; and (v) the theory makes testable predictions for how the extent of spite should vary dependent upon population structure and average relatedness.
Testing the status-dependent ESS model: population variation in fighter expression in the mite Sancassania berlesei
Authors: Tomkins J. L. , LeBas N. R. , Unrug J. , Radwan J. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The conditional evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) with status-dependent tactics is the most commonly invoked ESS for alternative reproductive tactics within the sexes. Support for this model has recently been criticized as apparent rather than real. We address key predictions of the status-dependent ESS in three populations of the male dimorphic mite Sancassania berlesei. In S. berlesei‘fighter’ males are characterized by a thickened pair of legs used for killing rivals; ‘scramblers’ are benign. Most males in each population could be manipulated to become fighters by decreasing density, fulfilling the prediction that males make a ‘decision’. There was evidence of genetic covariance between sire status and offspring morph, but also a strong effect of sire morph on offspring morph ratio. This was consistent with considerable genetic variation for the status-dependent switch point as a breeding experiment found no support for single-locus inheritance. We also found evidence that switch points evolve independently of distributions of status. This study supports the current status-dependent ESS model.
A NEWLY DEVELOPED ELECTRONIC 360° RADIAL SCANNING ECHOENDOSCOPE
Authors: Inui Kazuo , Yoshino Junji , Nakamura Yuta , Kato Yoshimichi 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Development of an electronic radial scanning echoendoscope has been anticipated, because radial scanning images readily demonstrate features of anatomy while electronic scanning provides information about blood flow. Here we present images obtained with a newly developed 360° radial scanning electronic echoendoscope and consider its utility.Methods:  Using an electronic radial scanning echoendoscope, developed in 2003, the XGF‐UE240‐AL5, B‐mode images were obtained at 5, 6, 7.5, and 10 MHz, while tissue harmonic images at 3.75 and 5 MHz; color Doppler and power Doppler functions also were used. Images obtained by the new echoendoscope were compared with those obtained by a conventional echoendoscope. We performed contrast‐enhanced endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) with a galactose‐based contrast agent in patients with pancreatobiliary diseases.Results:  Images at all frequencies and with the Doppler mode were excellent, being more clear than images obtained with a mechanical radial echoendoscope. Gastric wall structure, cystic areas, and tumor contours were visualized more clearly at 3.5 and 5 MHz by tissue harmonic imaging than by mechanical radial scanning echoendoscope, or by ordinary imaging with the electronic radial scanning echoendoscope. Contrast‐enhanced EUS should be helpful in hemodynamic analysis of gastrointestinal tumors.Conclusions:  The electronic radial echoendoscope provides improved images and is highly useful for detailed diagnosis of digestive diseases.
Oxazolone‐induced murine model of ulcerative colitis
Authors: WANG Xuan , OUYANG Qin , LUO Wen Jie 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE:  Animal models are useful for studying disease, but there is a shortage of suitable models of ulcerative colitis. The aim of the present study was to set up an oxazolone‐induced murine colitis model and use it to research the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.METHODS:  BALB/c mice were presensitized by painting the skin with 0.2 mL 3% oxazolone in 100% ethanol on days 0 and 1 followed by intrarectal administration of 0.15 mL 1% oxazolone in 50% ethanol on day 7. The disease activity index (DAI), histological changes of the colon, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and production of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐4, IFN‐γ) by the mucosa were evaluated.RESULTS:  There were obvious changes in the DAI, histology and MPO activity, and the production of interleukin‐4 was markedly increased compared with the concentrations of TNF‐α and IFN‐γ, which remained normal, in the lesions.CONCLUSION:  Oxazolone colitis is Th2‐mediated and has similar histologic features and distribution of inflammation to ulcerative colitis (UC), which has important implications for the use of this model in the study of the pathogenesis and treatment of UC.
Effect of soy protein supplementation on the quality of ripening Cheddar‐type cheese
Authors: ATIA MAHDY , WENSHUI XIA , GUONONG ZHANG 
Published: October 2004

The impact of soy protein isolate on the proteolysis and organoleptic properties of Cheddar‐type cheese during ripening was studied. Cheese was prepared from cow's milk (control) and cow's milk plus soy protein isolate by using a starter culture ofStreptococcus thermophilusandLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp. bulgaricus,and then ripened at 12 ± 1°C for 3 and 5 months. The molecular weight range and peptide fraction in the cheeses were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sensory evaluation was used to compare the flavour, body, texture and appearance of the cheeses. The results show that the molecular weight range (9924–9966 Da) in the control cheese was larger than that (6954–6957 Da) in the soy protein‐treated cheese and the microstructure in the latter was less compact than in the control cheese. In the sensory evaluation, higher scores were given for some experimental cheese than the control cheese. After 5 months of ripening, the organoleptic properties of the cheese had markedly improved and no bitter off‐flavour was detected in the treated cheeses. It was concluded that soy protein could be used to improve the quality of cheese and the addition of 5% soy protein isolate could be recommended for improving the flavour and texture of Cheddar‐type soy supplemented cheese.
Relationships between proteolytic and lipolytic activity and sensory properties (taste–odour) of traditional Turkish white cheese
Authors: GÜLER ZEHRA , URAZ TÜMER 
Published: October 2004

Protein and lipid changes and their effects on the sensory properties (taste–odour) of Turkish white cheese were studied. Mean values for the chemical properties of white cheese were: total solids (TS) 44.39 g/100 g; titratable acidity 2.15% (as lactic acid); pH value 4.50; fat‐in‐dry matter 47.80 g/100 g; salt‐in‐dry matter 8.65 g/100 g; total nitrogen (TN) 2.50 g/100 g; water‐soluble nitrogen (WSN) 0.48 g/100 g; ripening index (RI) 18.98%; tyrosine 65.00 mg/100 g; acid degree value (ADV) 385.96 mg KOH/100 g fat; volatile fatty acids (VFA) 15.54 mL 0.1 N NaOH/100 g and total free fatty acids (TFFA) 1325.96 mg/100 g cheese. Sensory scores for taste and odour were 23.67 (out of 35) and 8.28 (out of 10), respectively. The chemical qualities of the cheeses, including acidity, dry matter, fat‐in‐dry matter and VFA had an effect on flavour (P < 0.05).
Effect of Person‐Centered Showering and the Towel Bath on Bathing‐Associated Aggression, Agitation, and Discomfort in Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Sloane Philip D. , Hoeffer Beverly , Mitchell C. Madeline , McKenzie Darlene A. , Barrick Ann Louise , Rader Joanne , Stewart Barbara J. , Talerico Karen Amann , Rasin Joyce H. , Zink Richard C. , Koch Gary G. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of two nonpharmacological techniques in reducing agitation, aggression, and discomfort in nursing home residents with dementia. The techniques evaluated were person‐centered showering and the towel bath (a person‐centered, in‐bed bag‐bath with no‐rinse soap).Design: A randomized, controlled trial, with a usual‐care control group and two experimental groups, with crossover.Setting: Nine skilled nursing facilities in Oregon and six in North Carolina.Participants: Seventy‐three residents with agitation during bathing (69 completed the trial) and 37 nursing assistants who bathed them.Measurements: Agitation and aggression were measured using the Care Recipient Behavior Assessment; discomfort was measured using a modification of the Discomfort Scale for Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Raters who were blinded to subject status coded both from videotaped baths. Secondary measures of effect included bath duration, bath completeness, skin condition, and skin microbial flora.Results: All measures of agitation and aggression declined significantly in both treatment groups but not in the control group, with aggressive incidents declining 53% in the person‐centered shower group (P<.001) and 60% in the towel‐bath group (P<.001). Discomfort scores also declined significantly in both intervention groups (P<.001) but not in the control group. The two interventions did not differ in agitation/aggression reduction, but discomfort was less with the towel bath (P=.003). Average bath duration increased significantly (by a mean of 3.3 minutes) with person‐centered showering but not with the towel bath. Neither intervention resulted in fewer body parts being bathed; both improved skin condition; and neither increased colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria, corynebacteria, or Candida albicans.Conclusion: Person‐centered showering and the towel bath constitute safe, effective methods of reducing agitation, aggression, and discomfort during bathing of persons with dementia.
Inappropriate Medication Administration to the Acutely Ill Elderly: A Nationwide Emergency Department Study, 1992–2000
Authors: Caterino Jeffrey M. , Emond Jennifer A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives: To determine the national rate and trend of inappropriate medication administration to elderly emergency department (ED) patients. Secondary objectives were to identify risk factors for receiving an inappropriate medication and to determine whether administration is sometimes justified based on diagnosis.Design: Retrospective analysis of ED visits in the 1992–2000 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Inappropriate medications identified using Beers' 1997 explicit criteria.Setting: EDs of U.S. noninstitutionalized general and short‐stay hospitals.Participants: ED survey patients aged 65 and older.Measurements: Magnitude and rate of administration of 36 medications.Results: Inappropriate medications were administered in an estimated 16.1 million (95% confidence interval (CI)=14.9–17.3 million) or 12.6% (95% CI=11.6–13.5%) of elderly ED visits from 1992 to 2000. The rate of inappropriate administration was unchanged throughout the study period (P=.40). Six drugs accounted for 70.8% of inappropriate administration: promethazine (22.2%), meperidine (18.0%), propoxyphene (17.2%), hydroxyzine (10.3%), diphenhydramine (7.1%), and diazepam (6.0%). In multivariate analysis, number of ED medications was the strongest predictor, with an odds ratio for two to three medications of 6.0 (95% CI=5.3–6.7) and for four to six medications of 8.1 (95% CI=7.2–9.2). Diagnoses indicating potentially appropriate uses of these medications were rarely present. For example, only 42.4% of patients receiving diphenhydramine and 7.4% receiving hydroxyzine were diagnosed with an allergic process.Conclusion: Elderly ED patients are frequently administered inappropriate medications. Potentially appropriate uses of generally inappropriate drugs cannot account for such administrations. Inappropriate administration rates remain unchanged despite the 1997 publication of explicit criteria.