bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilitarianism and the Vicarious Affects
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN Professor Rescher was kind enough to dedicate his excellent book Unselfishness (1975) to me, he intended it, I am sure, not just as a kindness but also at least in part as the friendliest possible reproach, first for my neglect of the theory of games and its relevance to moral philosophy, and secondly for my remaining a utilitarian in spite of all the well-known arguments against that doctrine. The first fault I can readily acknowledge, and the book has helped me to begin to amend it. But in this essay I shall try to defend myself against the second reproach by showing that at any rate Professor Rescher’s arguments in chapter 5 of his book do nothing to impugn utilitarianism, provided that this is carefully formulated (see also MT ch. 8).
The Time and Space of Civilization
Authors: Gow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Ya somos gente civilizada’ (‘Now we are civilized people’). This is a statement constantly made by native people on the Bajo Urubamba. It seems, to the hearer, to be a statement of separation from the past, and of the irrelevance of older generations’ experience. But, in the speech of native people, it calls up a multiplicity of associations which extend out across time and space to locate them within a larger spatial and temporal system. To understand what ‘being civilized’ means for native people, we must understand what not ‘being civilized’ is, and what constitutes the process of becoming ‘civilized’: we must understand how they think of time, of space, and of kinds of people.
Conclusion: A Comparison of Native Amazonian Kinship Systems
Authors: Gow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the themes of the kinship system outlined in the chapter of Part II are found in other areas of Amazonia, although not in quite this form. Thus the marriage pattern based on ‘marrying at a distance’ is similar to that of the Machiguenga, while the stress on marriage between different ‘kinds of people’ is similar to that of the North-West Amazon. The model of the community as composed of a set of people who are all kin to each other is common among Guianan societies. Similarly, the idioms of shared substance and feeding are widespread, as evidenced in the literature on the couvade. There is one serious problem, indeed paradox, of the kinship system of the Bajo Urubamba which requires some discussion. This is that the native people of the Bajo Urubamba hold the simultaneous values of marrying far, and of both spouses residing with close kin. My argument is that this pattern is related to the weakness of the idiom of cross-cousin marriage in this case, and I here use Dreyfus’s comparative discussion (1977) as a starting-point. This discussion is taken further in the Conclusion to Part III.
The School and the Shaman
Authors: Gow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In native people’s narratives of history, schools play an important role. Leaving the haciendas, native people moved to communities with schools, so that their children could be educated. The school is today central to the definition of a native community as a caserio legitimo, ‘real village’. As an institution the school unites two powerful themes for native people: knowledge and children. This chapter investigates the meaning of the schools for native people, and contrasts it as a paradigm of power to shamanism. Both schools and shamanism concern the use of potentially dangerous knowledge for the defence of kinship. The school defends kinship by bringing ‘civilized’ knowledge inside native social relations, while shamanism uses the wild powers of the forest and river to defend kinship.
Organizing Jainism in India and England
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Jains have a religious history spanning two-and -a-half millennia Western scholars have shown little interest in them until recently. Drawing on fieldwork conducted among Jains in the Indian state of Gujarat and a migrant Gujarati Jain group in Leicester, England, Marcus Banks aims to provide an understanding of contemporary Jain identity through an examination of their social and religious organizations. The first part of the book describes the array of religious and caste organizations found among Jains in the Indian city of Jamnagar and how Jains from Jamnagar and elsewhere in Gujarat migrated to East Africa, transforming their organizations in the process. The second part looks at the new forms of organization that have developed among the Jains who came to Leicester from East Africa and the part these have played in changing perceptions of Jainism itself. Throughout the book Dr Banks plays special attention to the use and transformation of urban space by religious and other groups, and he concludes with comments on the definition of religion and religious identity. This is one of the first book-length studies of the Jains as a migrant group overseas, where they are studied in their own right rather than simply as an ethnic minority. It will be valuable both for its documentation of a small but influential population and for its direct comparison of aspects of communal and religious organization in India and the UK.
Coming Together in Leicester
Authors: Banks Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 I gave several examples of the ways in which Jains in Jamnagar 'came together' for festivals, fasts, and feasts. In this chapter I wish to do the same for the Jains of Leicester and it would be satisfying to construct this chapter as an exact parallel to Chapter 3, using the same types of events to draw a series of neat conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THIS work is an anthropological analysis of four hundred years of social life in Iceland. In presenting a historical ethnography, my aim is to contribute to the development of anthropological theories of change and dynamism in human society. In the process I hope to shed new light upon the history of Iceland, which has provided me with privileged material for theoretical reflection. It is privileged both because it is rich, owing to the remarkable antiquarian interest of the Icelanders over the centuries, and because it is sufficiently limited to be known more or less in full owing to the comparatively small scale of the island community, with a population of only 50,000, or even fewer in parts of the period.
Conceptual Framework
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF ‘total history’ is taken literally, it is of course impossible; the historian must always select (Burke 1980: 197). But we may use the notion as a shorthand for a history that is less limited by geographical or disciplinary boundaries than other kinds of history (ibid.). In the Icelandic case the word ‘total’ refers to the global perspective on Icelandic culture, by which no single topic or theme is given priority in the analysis of history. Concepts of magic are as important for the comprehension of Icelandic development, for example, as is the Danish rule. Like Le Roy Ladurie studying the peasants of Languedoc, I have come to realize that in order to understand the impediments to ‘progress’ during some long centuries of Icelandic history we must pursue the problem ‘to the farthest reaches of the unconscious psyche’ (Le Roy Ladurie 1974a: 301). This psyche is part of the collective ‘unreal’ of the people; it is their mentality.
Theoretical Reflections
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ANY theory in anthropology is informed by the empirical, and all ‘evidence’ is marked by theoretical assumptions. Once data have become evidence they are evidence of something external to themselves. To discuss the theoretical implications of a history like the one I have tried to write is, therefore, to unfold an argument which was already inherent in the presentation.
Like culture, the theoretical order is virtual rather than empirical; in the territory of knowledge it is potentia rather than presentia (cf. Sahlins 1985: 153). To perceive the potency of Icelandic history the theoretical argument must be presented in some form, however, and that is the purpose of the present chapter. The mode of presentation will be rather general, but the multitude of particular instances from Icelandic history still form the mirror for my theoretical reflections. I have chosen two separate theoretical themes: first, I will discuss causation in the world; secondly, I will discuss the nature of anthropological history.
The Appropriation of an Invader: Opoti and the Reorientation of Chiefly Practice
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concern of this book thus far has been the description and analysis of indigenous Marquesan society. I have tried to avoid the tendency in anthropological interpretation to drift into either the ideal domain of symbolism or the material domain of social relations to the neglect of what becomes distinguished as the other sphere. The meanings of religious action, competition, production, exchange, conflict, servitude, and gender difference have thus emerged in a practical order and in the process of practice. In representing a Marquesan ‘system’ or social totality, I have also attempted to break from an unsatisfactory but persistent feature of Polynesian studies—the fabrication of vague and generalized accounts of a ‘traditional system’ or (early) ‘native culture’ which is neither observed nor precisely documented, which in fact is abstracted from any time. Instead, the social relations and some events of a short period in the earliest phase of contact have been investigated. (It has obviously been necessary to draw on sources deriving from later periods, but consideration has been given to the likelihood of changes in the particular practices or institutions being discussed.) The early period, and the system I have described, cannot be equated with some imaginary ‘precontact’ society unaffected by European contact. Since the precontact societies were themselves changing, what existed in (say) 1760 rather than 1790 has no particular status or authenticity.
Deng Laka: A Pragmatic Prophet
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Deng Laka’s life among the Gaawar presents a sharp contrast to Ngundeng’s prophetic career among the Lou. Both were foreigners to the communities in which they lived; but whereas Ngundeng’s mother was a Lou ‘aristocrat’, Deng Laka’s mother was a Dinka refugee. Ngundeng fixed his central shrine permanently in the middle of the Lou plain; Deng Laka was forced by floods to relocate himself to the south-eastern edge of Gaawar territory.
Guek Ngundeng and the Minor Prophets: Divinity Dispersed
Authors: Johnson Douglas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nuer country at the time of the death of Ngundeng and Deng Laka was still largely free from government interference. Large parts of the Nuer frontier were subjected to exploratory probing from outposts along the main rivers, but there was no sustained contact. The whole of the Western Nuer had been bypassed. The prophets there, as we shall see in Chapter 7, were locked in closer competition with each other than was the case in the east, and had not yet impinged on administrative consciousness. Among the Nuer of the frontier there was a hiatus between the death of the great prophets and the establishment of their successors. In the interval government influence became more pervasive and changed the political geography in which the prophets could operate. Dual Diu (Chapter 6) ultimately continued his father’s diplomatic chess game with administrators in the 1920s. Among the Lou there was the inclination to follow Ngundeng’s model of aloof detachment, but less chance of success.
Contested Hierarchies
Authors: Gellner David N , Quigley Declan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The urban civilization of the Newars of the Kathmandu Valley provides a paradigm for the study of caste and Hindu kingship. In this book, six anthropologists, in a genuinely collaborative international endeavour, pool their knowledge of the three ancient Newar cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur, and settlements nearby. The social institutions of all the main case groups—priests, patrons, artisans, farmers, and low castes—are given extended consideration, and the study is framed by a historical introduction and a comparative conclusion. In addition, it is well illustrated with fascinating black and white photos which have been specially taken to illustrate aspects of the society under study. The result is the most complete description and analysis yet of a regional caste system. Located within wider theoretical debates surrounding the nature of caste, the book should appeal not only to students of Hinduism and South Asia, but to all anthropologists and comparative sociologists interested in the interrelations of politics, ritual, kinship, economy, and ideology in complex, pre-industrial societies.
Buddhist Merchants in Kathmandu: The Asan Twab Market and U rāy Social Organization
Authors: Lewis Todd T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Newar society in Asan Twab, Kathmandu, and of the Uray, a large merchant caste which has been prominent in the business and cultural life of Kathmandu for over 400 years. The ethnographic portraiture of Asan in Section 1 presents Newar bazaar society from shifting vantage-points and is intended as a contribution to Newar urban studies. Examining Newar society in terms of spatially defined urban units and with demographic measures is necessary to comprehend this market-place’s diversity and, moreover, for grasping the human geography of the largest Newar cities today. In Section 2 the focus narrows to the Urāy and surveys the social institutions that organize the caste’s public and private existence. A description of the inter-caste relations that so define the traditional life-style of these affiuent Kathmandu lay Buddhists is the theme of Section 3. Section 4 is a short concluding section with reflections on the Uray in the ethnohistory of Kathmandu as a Malla polity.
Imaging the Other in Japanese Advertising Campaigns
Authors: Creighton Millie R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Against a white misty background a white woman stands in a rounded doorway; her long blondish-white hair is drawn to one side thus half circling her head in curls. A white cloth is draped around her body from the waist down. Naked from the waist up, her arms lie across her breasts thus concealing the nipples, while still revealing the majority of breasts and skin. This was the focal image of an ad prominently displayed inside Tokyo commuter trains, on the walls of major transit stations, and on poster boards lining the streets of shopping districts throughout the summer of 1990.
Embodied Ontologies
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enough has been said, I hope, to indicate how much Jain religiosity consists of acts performed on and through the body, and to illustrate the armoury of ascetic practice Jainism has developed for its lay followers. All these forms of austerity—fasting, repentance, observing silence, and so on—are ways of using the body in order to effect some kind of inner transformation. I have suggested that this involves using the body as the soul’s ally against the mind, which is at once the most wayward and difficult to control of the sense organs, and, because it is where the passions arise, the front line, so to speak, in the defence against sin. The control of the mind enables you to act with the right bhav, which in the case of ascetic practice involves acting without any specific intention or meaning at all. Bhav comes to stand in this context not for symbolic or propositional meanings, but for the blotting out of desires, attachments, and purposes. I have tried to show how this way of thinking about ascetic practice, in which religious action comes to be seen as effective in so far as it is performed without desire, allows for an ambiguity, or plurality, in the purposes of ascetic practice so that ascetic renunciation and material good fortune may come to seem compossible. But this is not the only form that ascetic practice can take.
Magnificent Parsimony
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I explained how it is that the baharana/ gocari transaction focuses, and to some considerable degree resolves, the tension between conflicting lay Jain religious identities: the ascetic follower and the worldly patron. However, the palpably agonistic atmosphere of the encounter is not an illusion, and the fact that the renouncer and house-holder must haggle, in order that they both may profit, does not explain why it is that in fact they do. In order to specify fully the form and content of the competition that is involved it is necessary to widen our focus beyond the dynamic of the transaction itself. In this chapter I shall consider first the relations between householders and renouncers over time, then the social context of status competiton between lay Jain families, and finally the contexts where the acts of individual patrons constitute Jain collective life.
Family Enterprise and Religious Community
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renouncer’s alms-round has brought us from the details of food preparation, to the symbolic dominance which elite Jain families are able to assert even in moments when the heights of ascetic renunciation are celebrated. This is not the only way in which religious life and the pursuit of social and economic success for Jain families are mutually constitutive, and so scarcely really separable, domains.
Conclusion
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has attempted to show how, unlikely as it seems at first sight, those who profess the Jain religion can live by its strikingly austere ideal of world-renunciation. On the one hand Jainism can appear to be a simple and wholly consistent system. And some of its leading contemporary teachers insist that it is not, properly speaking, anything so jumbled and incoherent as a religion. They argue that it is a philosophy for escaping earthly life—a soteriology and nothing more. On the other hand it is clear that no one could live a whole life, and no self-reproducing communities could be sustained, on the basis of such a system. The more Jainism is defined as a single and complete theory, the more the lives of those who do claim to live by it come to seem incomprehensible, for these lives are, necessarily, also informed by other quite contrasting values. I do not mean to deny these teachers’ claims that there is a soteriology, and a set of rules and regulations which follow from it. But I have tried to show that that is not the Jainism people live by. It is not that the impressively austere ideals of Jain renunciation are ignored. Jains do, definitively, both revere and emulate their heroic renouncer-saints. But they do not do so as the application of a theory, as the execution of a programme.
Founding Fathers in the City
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort and Robert Benson jnr. had much in common, despite their dissimilar backgrounds. They shared the experience of early disappointment. Alexander Friedrich had been denied the education, wealth, and situation in Hamburg fitting to the station that his family’s social standing had led him to expect. They both served apprenticeships at firms which, for different reasons, had not led to partnerships. This had been more unlucky in Robert jnr.’s case: as the son of the senior proprietor at Cropper, Benson, a partnership would automatically have been his. Instead he and Alexander Friedrich had had to spend years in what to them were clearly unsatisfactory working milieu, at Worthington & Benson and at Drakes, unable to do exactly as they wanted.
The Expansion of Kleinworts
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The succeeding pairs of brothers who now directed Kleinwort, Sons & Co. and Robert Benson & Co. brought very dissimilar qualities and philosophies to the two partnerships. Their education, social position, and apprenticeships had little in common, not surprisingly, given the emphasis placed upon the German heritage of the Kleinwort sons. Considered by their fellow countrymen as Germans living in London, largely unassimilated into the national life of their father’s adopted country, they moved in the circles of the cosmopolitan haute bourgeoisie of Europe. The Benson sons, by contrast, were not only indigenous Englishmen, but they swiftly glided from their father’s world of the well-to-do professional classes, which was so stalwart a feature of the mid-Victorian years, to take their place as members of the ruling landed class.
The Rebuilding of Bensons
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robin and Constantine were brought up, not under the thumb of primogeniture like the Kleinwort brothers, but with an even-handedness befitting the scions of a Quaker lineage. Their father, Robert jnr., treated them as members of equal importance in the family and fraternal relations were marked by deep affection which no hint of rivalry or urge for domination ever disturbed. Indeed, each brother delighted in the successes of the other. Like their Kleinwort counterparts, barely two years separated them; yet unlike them the Benson brothers were the closest of companions, a closeness intensified by the circumstances of their family life.
Reversal and Recovery
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peace brought perils as grave as any in wartime for such City firms as Kleinwort, Sons & Co. At the end of the war in 1918 their acceptances were down to a mere £5m. from the 1913 high of £14.2m. Due to increased trading in the Americas, however, the partners’ capital had grown slightly to £4.6m., which was £263,000 more than in 1913. Lloyd George’s triumphant return from the Versailles peace treaty conference fed the optimistic mood of the country, a mood that was nurtured by the ‘restocking’ trade boom of1919 / 20. At Kleinworts profits had remained undistributed throughout the war but in 1919 the partners shared £300,000 [£6.Sm.)—after transferring nearly £257,000 to a contingency account to provide for moratorium interest paid to the Bank of England and retaining£29,ooo undistributed—and£n4,ooo [£2.2m.] in 1920. When acceptances leapt to £15.5m. in 1920, and capital rose to over £5.2m. [£101.4m.], it seemed as if they had quickly re-established their pre-war business and their position as the leading accepting house in a country that would continue to dominate the finance of world trade as it had done prior to 1914.
Bensons and a Complementary Union
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Benson firm of the late1950s was very different from the one that perforce had gone into semi-hibernation on the outbreak of war in 1939. In the first instance, Bensons were no longer just Robert Benson & Co. They had merged with the Lonsdale Investment Trust in July 1947 and altered their name to Robert Benson Lonsdale & Co. in order to reflect the change in the ownership of the firm. In the second instance, they were a much more professionally managed organization than they had been in 1939. Rex’s long-standing plea for a team at the top had been achieved, though the team under his chairmanship was a meritocratic rather than wholly proprietorial one. These two developments had provided Bensons with a broader capital base and stronger management, which in tum gave rise to a substantial growth in new issue business. Here, Bensons moved away from their traditional interest in public utilities to concentrate upon issues for domestic industrial and commercial companies, matching the larger City trend.