bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-8 Impact of Essential Oil Combination on Performance and Coughing Prevalence in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Florez Mónica , Paula Vinicius R C , Alvarenga Patricia V A , Hörstmann Mareike , Oliveira Eduardo Raele 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate a liquid essential oil combination based on eucalyptus, peppermint, and crystals of menthol on performance and coughing prevalence of nursery pigs. One hundred forty-four 24-d old weaned crossbred pigs (5.91 ± 0.94 kg) were housed 12 per pen and received via drink water an essential oils combination (BronchoVest, Biochem Zusatzstoffe Handels und Produktionsges, Germany) in the proportion of 200 mL per each 1000 L of drinking water, from day 25 to 34, 47 to 53, and 57 to 64 of age (BV), or no additive in the drinking water (CON). The animals from the two treatments were fed corn soybean-meal based diets in four feeding phases program. Growth performance was measured by feeding phase and in the total period, and the coughing prevalence was determined daily. A randomized block design was used based on body weight of the pigs, with 6 replicates, using the pen as the experimental unit for performance variables, and the animal for coughing prevalence. Data were subjected to ANOVA and non-parametric contingency data were evaluated by Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Differences between means were considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05 and a trend at P &lt; 0.10. The DWG (0.185 kg vs. 0.197 kg; SD ± 0.016; P = 0.094) and ADFI (0.215 kg vs 0.218 kg: SD ± 0.026; P = 0.083) of BV-treated pigs tended to be greater than the CON animals in Pre-Starter II phase (Table 1). The total count of cough identifications (42 vs. 21, P = 0.001) and total number of animals (18 vs 9, P = 0.053) coughing during the experiment period were less in the BV animals, and the prevalence of total coughs trend to be greater in the CON (Table 2). In conclusion, the combination of essential oils based on eucalyptus and peppermint and crystals of menthol improved performance and reduced coughing symptoms of pigs in the nursery phase.
PSIII-6 Effects of L-Carnitine Supplemented Throughout Grow-Finish or Only in Late Finishing on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs
Authors: Faccin Jamil , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
L-Carnitine is a feed additive involved in the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria to produce energy. With this mechanism, L-Carnitine can enhance the ability to use fat for energy. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of adding L-Carnitine throughout the entire grow-finishing period or just 28 d before marketing on growth performance and carcass characteristics. A total of 1,833 mixed-sex growing-finishing pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 26.5 ± 0.33 kg) were used in a 112-d growth trial to determine the effects of adding L-Carnitine throughout the entire grow-finishing period or just the last 28 d before marketing. There were 26 replicate pens per treatment and 20 (group 1) or 27 (group 2) pigs per pen in a completely randomized design. There were three treatment diets: 1) control with no added L-Carnitine; 2) diets containing 50 ppm of L-Carnitine for the entire trial; or 3) control diet until d 84 and then a diet containing 50 ppm of L-Carnitine. On day 84, one-half of the control pens were randomly assigned to the diet containing 50 ppm of L-Carnitine. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and were fed in 4 phases. From d 0 to 84, statistical analyses compared the 52 pens of pigs fed the control diets with the 26 pens of pigs that were fed diets with L-Carnitine. From d 85 until market, comparisons were made using all 3 treatments. In the first 28 d, pigs fed L-Carnitine had greater (P &lt; 0.002) BW, ADG, and ADFI and similar G:F (P = 0.459) as those fed the control diet (Table 1). From d 0 to 84, pigs fed L-Carnitine had a tendency (P = 0.052) for greater ADFI, but there was no evidence (P &gt; 0.14) of differences for ADG, G:F, removals, and mortalities. From d 85 to market and overall, there was no evidence of differences (P &gt; 0.22) for ADG, ADFI, G:F, or removals and mortalities. For carcass traits, no difference (P &gt; 0.54) in HCW, yield, backfat, lean, and loin depth were detected between treatments. In conclusion, added L-Carnitine improved performance in the early grow-finishing phase compared with control. However, this effect was not detectable at market, with no impact on overall growth performance, removals and mortalities, or carcass characteristics when added for the entire grow-finishing period or just the 28 d before marketing.
PSIII-5 Endosperm Hardness in Corn Affects the Digestibility of Energy and Fiber, and Increased Drying Temperature Reduces Amino Acid Digestibility
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Cabañas-Ojeda Joaquin , Oviedo-Rondon Edgar , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that corn source and drying temperature influence the ileal digestibility of starch and amino acids (AA), as well as apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF) in diets for growing pigs. Two corn sources (i.e., soft or hard endosperm) were procured, and sources were divided into two drying batches (i.e., 35 or 120 oC). Therefore, four corn sources were used. In experiment 1, ten pigs (67.00 ± 2.98 kg) with a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a replicated 5 × 5 Latin square design with five diets and five periods giving ten replicates per diet. A nitrogen-free diet and four diets containing each source of corn as the only AA source were formulated. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included corn source, drying temperature, and the interaction between corn source and drying temperature. Results indicated that neither source nor drying temperature influenced the apparent ileal digestibility of starch in corn (Table 1), but the standardized ileal digestibility of most AA was less (P &lt; 0.05) in corn dried at 120 oC compared with corn dried at 35 oC. In experiment 2, 40 pigs (20.82 ± 1.74 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to four diets with ten replicate pigs per diet. The four corn-based diets used in experiment 1 were also used in experiment 2. Feces and urine were collected using the marker-to-marker approach with 5-day adaptation and 4-day collection periods. Data were analyzed as explained for experiment 1. Results indicated that diets containing hard endosperm corn had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of TDF compared with diets containing soft endosperm corn. The ATTD of GE and the concentration of metabolizable energy (ME) in hard endosperm corn were also greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with soft endosperm corn. Diets containing corn dried at 120 oC had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of TDF compared with diets containing corn dried at 35 oC, but drying temperature did not influence ATTD of GE or ME. In conclusion, endosperm hardness did not influence the digestibility of AA and starch; however, drying corn at 120 oC resulted in reduced digestibility of AA. Hard endosperm corn had greater ATTD of GE and TDF, but drying temperature did not influence energy digestibility.
PSIII-7 Evaluation of Agolin-Pig on Sow and Piglet Performance During Lactation
Authors: Fisk Alexandra , Harlow KaLynn , Scaff Taw , Richert Brian T , DeDecker Ashley , Hoogland Marlin , Parsley Mike , Stewart Kara R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Essential oils are being introduced in swine diets as an alternative to antibiotic usage. The objectives of this preliminary study were to determine the effects of Agolin-Pig, a combination of micro-encapsulated essential oils, on sow feed intake, sow health and body condition, piglet growth performance, and future evaluation of microbiota structure. The experimental design consisted of 26 sows randomly allotted to either control (n = 13) or treatment groups (n = 13). Both groups consumed diets that met NRC standards (NRC, 2012), with the treatment group receiving 200 ppm of Agolin-Pig in a premix made in-house for 2 weeks pre-farrowing, and throughout farrowing and lactation. Sow average daily feed intake (ADFI) and piglet average daily gain (ADG) were recorded and calculated to monitor effects of Agolin-Pig. Sow body weights, body condition scores (BCS), and Knauer Sow Caliper measurements were collected at the start of the trial, 1-week post-farrowing, and at weaning to determine the change in sow body condition during lactation. All data were analyzed using PROC Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina) with treatment, week, and parity (P1 vs P≥2) as main effects, repeated measures of sows and piglets, and number nursed used as a covariate where appropriate. All sows significantly increased ADFI (P = 0.0001) between weeks 1, 2, and 3 as expected during lactation, regardless of treatment. There was no significant impact of Agolin-Pig treatment on sow ADFI and piglet ADG. Piglets significantly increased ADG each week for 3 weeks (P ± 0.0001). During lactation, Agolin-Pig significantly reduced the loss of body condition as measured by the caliper (P = 0.028). Calipers are proven to detect changes in body condition more accurately than visual, subjective BCS, indicating that the caliper identifies a reduction in body condition that may have been missed by BCS or weight change altered by lactation. The gilts in the control group tended to show a reduction in BCS compared with sows in the control group (P = 0.074). In comparison, there was no significant difference in BCS between gilts and sows in the Agolin-Pig treated group suggesting that Agolin-Pig is effective at reducing the loss of BCS in gilts during lactation. Current analysis of fecal microbiota and milk composition may give greater insight on the effects of Agolin-Pig on sows. Overall, Agolin-Pig was effective at reducing the loss of body condition during lactation, as measured by the caliper. Additionally, Agolin-Pig tended to reduce the difference in loss of body condition of gilts compared with the control group. The findings of this pilot study warrant future studies with greater sample size to determine the efficacy of Agolin-Pig on reducing body condition loss and impacting other performance measures during lactation in sows.
PSIII-18 Effect of Microbial Phytase on Digestibility of Phosphorus in Seven Sources of Sunflower co-Products Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Stein Hans H , Espinosa Charmaine D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among sources of sunflower co-products on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and Ca and on the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P regardless of where the ingredients were produced. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the U.S. (2 sources), Ukraine (2 sources), Hungary, and Italy. A source of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the U.S. was also used. Seven diets were formulated by mixing each source of sunflower co-product with cornstarch; therefore, the sunflower co-product was the only source of P in these diets. Seven additional diets that were similar to the previous seven diets with the exception that 300 units per kg of microbial phytase were added were also formulated. A total of 112 barrows (initial body weight = 17.95 kg ± 1.37 kg) were allotted to the 14 diets using 4 blocks, 2 pigs per diet in each block, and a total of 8 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were placed in individual metabolism crates to allow for the total collection of fecal materials for 4 days after 7 days of adaptation to the diets. Diets and dried fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P. Data for Ca and P digestibility were analyzed in a randomized complete block design in a 7 × 2 factorial arrangement using the PROC MIXED function in SAS. Results indicated that diets containing phytase had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ATTD of Ca and P and greater (P &lt; 0.01) STTD of P than diets without phytase (Table 1). Digestibility of P was also greater in one of the sources of SFM from Ukraine compared with the other sources except for the SFM from Hungary (Table 2). Pigs fed the diet containing one of the sources of SFM from the U.S. had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of Ca compared with pigs fed diets containing the other source of SFM from the U.S. or one of the Ukraine SFM sources. In conclusion, some variability in the ATTD and STTD of P and the ATTD Ca was observed among SFM of different origins, but the ATTD and STTD of P and ATTD of Ca in SFM and SFE were greater if microbial phytase was used.
PSIV-14 Evaluation of a Novel Nutritional Supplement (Furst Protect Direct) Via Drinking Water on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Kwon Woong Bi , Hartsook Greg , Soltwedel Kevin , Bible Megan , Fischer Robert , Sandberg Fredrik 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of Furst Protect Direct (FPD) as a nutritional water supplement on growth performance in nursery pigs. A total of 628 DNA-sired nursery pigs (initial body weight: 5.42 ± 0.13 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 water treatments and were blocked by body weight and gender in a randomized complete block design. There were 27 pigs in each pen and 12 replicate pens per treatment. The water treatments were 0 and 25 mL/L of FPD in stock solution supplied by water medicators (1:128 dilution). Pigs were fed conventional corn and soybean meal-based diets throughout the 42-d experiment and the water treatments were provided from d 0 to d 7. Water consumption was measured daily by treatment and body weight and feed disappearance were recorded by pen on d 0, 7, 21, and 42. Data were used to calculate average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed efficiency. To simulate commercial practice, pigs were treated with antibiotics through the water medicator after d 7 and injectable antibiotic if required, and those that did not respond were removed and placed in sick pens. At the end of 42 days, the number of dead (mortality) and sick pen pigs (morbidity) were calculated. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in Minitab with Fisher’s t-test determining differences between treatments. Results indicated that pigs provided FPD from d 0 to 7 tended to have improved (P = 0.070) average daily gain (68 vs. 86 g) and feed efficiency (1.70 vs. 1.33; Table 1). In addition, mortality tended to be reduced (P = 0.080) for pigs provided FPD (1.9 vs. 0.3 pig). These results suggested providing FPD via drinking water for the first 7 days after weaning tended to improve growth performance and increase livability of nursery pigs.
PSIV-15 Effect of Secondary Iron Injection Timing to Suckling Pigs on Pre- and Post-Weaning Growth Performance and Hematological Parameters
Authors: Lemanski Clara L , Schott Tianna J , Jang Young Dal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of secondary iron injection timing to suckling pigs on pre- and post-weaning growth performance and hematological variables. A total of 22 pigs (initial body weight: 1.62 ± 0.12 kg) from 4 litters were allotted into 3 treatments within litter based on body weight and sex at d 1-3 of age (d 0 of experiment) as follows: 1) Control: intramuscular injection of 150 mg iron-dextran at d 0 of experiment only, 2) Iron14: intramuscular injection of 150 mg iron-dextran at d 0 of experiment and 100 mg iron-dextran at d 10 of experiment (14 d before weaning), and 3) Iron7: intramuscular injection of 150 mg iron-dextran at d 0 of experiment and 100 mg iron-dextran at d 17 of experiment (7 d before weaning). The pigs were housed by litter in the suckling and nursery periods with a common corn-soybean meal-based diet during the nursery period. Body weight, hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit were measured at d 0, 10, 17, 24 (weaning), 31 and 38 of experiment. The Iron14 treatment tended to have greater final weight at d 38 of experiment than the control treatment (P = 0.07; 10.97 vs. 9.38 kg) and the Iron7 treatment had intermediate value (10.15 kg). The ADG in d 24-31 postweaning tended to be greater in the Iron14 treatment than the control and Iron7 treatments (P = 0.08; 82.6, 151.8, and 53.5 g/d for the control, Iron14, and Iron7 treatments, respectively). In hemoglobin concentrations, the Iron14 treatment had greater levels than the control treatment at d 17 (P = 0.06; 12.24, 13.51, and 11.66 g/dL, respectively), 24, and 31 (P &lt; 0.05; 10.72, 12.74, and 12.77 g/dL, respectively) of experiment whereas the Iron7 treatment had greater concentrations than the control treatment at d 24, 31, and 38 (P&lt; 0.05; 9.46, 10.60, and 11.21 g/dL, respectively) of experiment and less than Iron14 treatment at d 17 and 24 (P &lt; 0.05; 10.63, 12.95, 11.91 g/dL, respectively) of experiment. Hematocrit showed similar response to hemoglobin concentrations in which the Iron 14 treatment had greater hematocrit than the control treatment at d 17, 24, 31 (P &lt; 0.05) and 38 (P = 0.10) of experiment while the Iron7 treatment had greater hematocrit levels than the control treatment at d 24, 31, and 38 (P &lt; 0.05) of experiment. Hematocrit levels only at d 17 of experiment was greater in the Iron14 treatment than the Iron7 treatment (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the secondary iron injection to suckling piglets could improve early postweaning growth when the pigs were injected with iron at 14 d before weaning and increase hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit regardless of timing, but the differences in hemoglobin and hematocrit values varied depending on the timing of secondary iron injection.
PSIV-16 Impact of Amount and Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During Late Gestation and During the Pre-Farrowing Period on Sow Serum Chemistry and Piglet Vitality Index
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Leonard Suzanne , van Heugten Eric , Wilcock Pete , Rosero David S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of total dietary fiber (TDF) when fed to sows during late gestation and early pre-farrowing on serum chemistry, glucose status and farrowing characteristics. Sows were assigned to a control with no supplement, or a supplement provided once per day at either 0.45 or 0.90 kg. The fiber supplement consisted of either a high soluble dietary fiber (SDF) formulation [9.63% SDF, and 25.25% of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF)] or a high IDF formulation (30.73% IDF and 4.18% SDF). Fiber supplements were formulated using sugar beet pulp and soybean hulls and were provided in addition to a common gestation (12.0% TDF) and lactation diet (11.30% TDF) from day 99 (±1 d) of gestation until parturition. Blood samples were collected from sows on day 110 of gestation immediately before the morning feeding, and 2 and 4 hours after feeding for the analysis of serum chemistry and glucose status, comparing the control and the 0.90 kg SDF and IDF treatments (n = 15 sows). Serological results were within expected ranges. Supplementation with SDF, but not IDF, decreased concentrations of γ-glutamyl transferase (P = 0.003) compared with the control (32.20 vs 39.20 and 44.02 IU/L, respectively) and magnesium tended (P = 0.09) to increase with fiber supplementation. Glucose concentrations measured with a hand-held glucose meter were not affected by time relative to feeding, fiber supplementation, or their interaction (P = 0.94). A pilot study evaluated the impact of the amount of fiber supplemented and the composition of fiber on total duration of fetal expulsion and piglet vitality index (PVI) using video equipment. The PVI scale ranged from 0-3 where 0 = no movement, no breathing; and 3 = good movement, breathing, and able to stand within 1 minute or less. Cameras (n = 12) were placed in the farrowing room the day sows were transferred from gestation (112 ± 1 d). Duration of fetal expulsion ranged from 2.36 to 11.0 hours but was not influenced by fiber supplementation. Partial correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between the birth interval and PVI (r = -0.24; P = 0.003) and total duration of fetal expulsion and PVI (r = -0.53; P &lt; 0.001), irrespective of treatments. Results suggest that fiber supplementation did not affect serum chemistry and glucose status of sows during late gestation. The pilot study suggested a negative association of duration of fetal expulsion with PVI, but these were not affected by dietary fiber.
PSV-19 Evaluation of Dietary Fiber Inclusion on Body Weight, Body Condition, Fecal Score, and Metabolic Indicators in Mature AI Boars
Authors: Scaff Taw , Richert Jacob A , Richert Brian T , Stewart Kara R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the Purdue University swine research and education center. The objective of this study was to determine if the inclusion of fiber (8.48% vs 14.85% NDF) in the diet influenced boar body weight, backfat depth, loin depth, Knauer sow caliper measurement, flank to flank distance, and visual body condition score (BCS). Twenty-seven boars from two age groups (7 months and 18 months) and two genetic lines (maternal and terminal) were utilized over a 12-week period with 1 week before the study data serving as baseline for statistical analysis. Fecal samples were also taken and scored using the Bristol stool scoring system. Timepoints for sample collection were on weeks -1,3,7, and 11. Boars were blocked by age and breed and randomly allotted to receive 2.72 kg/d of corn-soybean meal diet (CON, n = 13) formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements or an isocaloric (estimated ME = 3,285 Kcal/kg) corn-soybean meal diet with 14.3% soyhulls and supplemental choice white grease (4.65%) inclusions (FIBER, n = 14). Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 (Cary, North Carolina) with boar serving as the experimental unit. Weeks were analyzed individually and changes in body weight, backfat depth, loin depth, caliper measurements, flank to flank distance, and BCS were evaluated from week -1 to week 12. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a trend was observed at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. FIBER boars gained 8.4 kg more than CON boars during the 12-week study (P = 0.0221). On weeks 3 and 11, FIBER boars tended to have increased backfat depth compared with CON boars (P &lt; 0.0950), resulting in FIBER boars gaining 2.9 mm more backfat compared with CON (P = 0.0053) over the 12-week study. No difference in loin muscle depth was observed between treatments. On weeks 7 (3.7 vs 3.4, P = 0.0923) and 11(3.9 vs 3.5, P = 0.0615) FIBER boars tended to have greater BCS score compared with Con boars. FIBER boars on week 11 tended to have larger tape measurements (105.9 cm vs 103.9 cm, P = 0.0945) and larger caliper score (19.4 vs 17.6, P = 0.0029) than CON boars, but no difference in overall 12 week change for both measurements. FIBER boars tended to have softer stools during week 3 of the trial compared with CON boars (P = 0.0535), but the fecal scores were not different at any other week. Overall, boars fed a high fiber diet had increased body weight, backfat depth and BCS indicating an underestimation of the net energy value of soyhulls in limit fed boars. Future research is needed with varying levels and types of fiber inclusion in the diet to understand how to correctly implement fiber into the boar diet and to refine the net energy values of fibrous feedstuffs like soyhulls for boars.