bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects of Computer Modeling
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because complex systems are typically, as their name implies, hard to understand, the more mathematically oriented sciences such as physics, chemistry, and mathematical biology have traditionally concentrated on studying simple, idealized systems that are more tractable via mathematics. However, more recently, the existence of fast, inexpensive computers has made it possible to construct and experiment with models of systems that are too complex to be understood with mathematics alone. The pioneers of computer science—Alan Turing, John von Neumann, Norbert Wiener, and others—were all motivated by the desire to use computers to simulate systems that develop, think, learn, and evolve. In this fashion a new way of doing science was born. The traditional division of science into theory and experiment has been complemented by an additional category: computer simulation (figure 14.1). In this chapter I discuss what we can learn from computer models of complex systems and what the possible pitfalls are of using such models to do science.
The Science of Networks
Authors: Mitchell Melanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I live in Portland, Oregon, whose metro area is home to over two million people. I teach at Portland State University, which has close to 25,000 students and over 1,200 faculty members. A few years back, my family had recently moved into a new house, somewhat far from campus, and I was chatting with our new next-door neighbor, Dorothy, a lawyer. I mentioned that I taught at Portland State. She said, “I wonder if you know my father. His name is George Lendaris.” I was amazed. George Lendaris is one of the three or four faculty members at PSU, including myself, who work on artificial intelligence. Just the day before, I had been in a meeting with him to discuss a grant proposal we were collaborating on. Small world! Virtually all of us have had this kind of “small world” experience, many much more dramatic than mine. My husband’s best friend from high school turns out to be the first cousin of the guy who wrote the artificial intelligence textbook I use in my class. The woman who lived three houses away from mine in Santa Fe turned out to be a good friend of my high-school English teacher in Los Angeles. I’m sure you can think of several experiences of your own like this.
Poem and Song
Authors: Ferris David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nineteenth-century song cycle is not primarily “an integrated musical whole,” to use Arthur Komar’s formulation, but a collection of parts. If we want to understand the ways in which these parts interrelate and cohere, then it is more fruitful to begin from the individual part and work toward the whole than it is to go the other way around. What we need, in order to do this, is some model that can replace, or at least radically modify, the metaphor of formal organicism. And this is where the ideas of the Schlegels, as refashioned in the writings of Schumann and his colleagues, can be of great usefulness. For they suggest that the relationship between the cycle and the model of organicism is not one of conformance but one of opposition. The part calls into question the possibility of the whole because of the way in which it subverts the conventions and expectations of musical form. But at the same time, this very questioning taps into our innate desire for closure and thus creates the need for a larger whole within which the individual piece can be placed. I believe that it is this creative tension, perhaps more than anything else, that defines the nineteenth century cycle. And, in true Romantic fashion, it is a tension that can never be resolved but is simply replicated on ever more encompassing levels.
Weak Openings
Authors: Ferris David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to explain the concept of closure in music and literature is to say that there is a metaphorical frame that separates the complex structure of the artwork from the chaotic flow of everyday life. Barbara Herrnstein Smith argues that because our experiences are so often “fragmentary, interrupted, fortuitously connected, and determined by causes beyond our agency or comprehension,” we feel compelled to create “structures that are highly organized, separated as if by an implicit frame from a background of relative disorder or randomness.” In the case of a musical performance, as Edward T. Cone observes, this frame is created by the silence that precedes and follows. But Cone describes a variety of techniques that Romantic composers use to blur the boundary between the musical work and the surrounding silence, creating the impression that the music has begun before we hear the first notes and will continue after we hear the last ones, and it is in this category that Schumann’s experiments with song forms belong. The Romantic impulse to disguise or over flow the musical frame must be differentiated from the attempts of some twentieth-century composers to get rid of it altogether and thus to negate the viability of the musical work as a closed structure. Both procedures can be interpreted as responses to an increasing sense of chaos and puposelessness, which calls into question the possibility that art can provide the stability and coherence that are felt to be lacking in life. But where the elimination of the frame in more modern music expresses resignation or perhaps acceptance, the weakening of closure in Romantic music is associated with the wistful yearning for transcendence, the hope that what appears to be fragmentary in the material world will turn out to be whole in the world of the spirit.
The Day They Busted the Grateful Dead
Authors: Brautigan Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Brautigan (1935-1984) ably carried a psychedelic sensibility into his fiction and poetry. This poem refers to the arrest of most of the band. October 2.1967. on charges of possession of marijuana-a symbolic act of enforcement that was meant. more than anything, to send a message to the Haight-Ashbury community. Brautigan was the author of numerous books of fiction and poetry, including The Abortion, published by Simon & Schuster in1966, and Trout Fishing in America, published by the Four Seasons Foundation in1967.
St. Stephen Revisited Beyond
Authors: Meltzetl Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
an into Jerry Garcia a few months agoat the shooting of -:: Jthis film I was in that y’really oughta go see (Grand Theft jl Auto) while meanwhile him and his band were recording Terrapin Sta ..S,fi/ittion nearby and we were talkin about I. punk rock (sez to me “It’s nice f-that kids’re forming bands and all that but sooner or later they’re gonna wanna hear real music”) and 2. strings (sez “There’s some guys today ,,who really have the string trip together”). Funny cause side two of said album. the 16-or-so-minute title cut (forget about side one. don’t evenplay it once. really no need). is not only THE GREATEST THING THE ,’DEAD’VE EVER (EVER) CUT IN A STUDIO but it’s got a helluva lot to do with both I and 2 to boot.
Dead Heads: A Strange Tale of Love. Devotion and Surrender
Authors: Abbotd Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
here was never a possibility that we wouldn’t go see the Dead in Egypt. We were going to do whatever it took...and we did.Larry Murcer of Portland. Oregon is sitting on top of a muddy sleep . ing bag in a park across the street from the Oakland Auditorium. where the Grateful Dead will ring in the New Year-1980-in about three hours. With his girlfriend Judy Schweiger. Larry hitched down to Oakland the day after Christmas and had been camping out in }, the park ever since with about 50 other Dead Heads. as the group’s fans are known. The Grateful Dead wer playing five shows at the Auditorium. and Larry and Judy were not about to let inconveniences like tor Dennis McNally, these days, is the Grateful Dead organization’s publicist and the band’s official historian. When he wrote this article for the Sunday Siin Francisco Examiner &Chronicle magazine, California living, September 28.1980. he did not yet work for the band, but was known to them as the author of Desolate Angel:Jack Kerouac, the Beat Generation, and America (Random House.1979), his doctoral dissertation that was published as a commercial biography of Jack Kerouac. His view of the band harkens back to the Beats, and he sees them as part of a continuous thread of American thought that in turn crosses back over the Atlantic to William Blake, and further back.
Jerry Garcia and the Call of the Weird
Authors: Kahd Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We came out of suburban California twenty years ago ““f&lt;l”with his latter-day beatnik. protohippie buddies and started playing music. And for Jerry Garcia the music’s never stopped. The c ?’.%band was once known as the Zodiacs. then as Mother McCrees Uptown Jug Champions. then as the Warlocks. Finally it became the ?Grateful Dead. It’s been a long. strange trip for Jerry and the boys from If the bars of San Carlos and the pizza parlors of San Jose to the ballrooms of America. the concert halls of Europe. and the hearts and minds of two generations of devoted fans. Garcia remains a cult figure within a subculture.
Transformative Mysteries: A Primer on the Grateful Dead for Aficionados. Initiates and the Wholly Uninformed
Authors: Silberman Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Silberman has set himself the task of a nutshell “explanation” of the Dead’s music, and he succeeds admirably. The following piece was published in the San Francisco Sentinel, a primarily gay alternative publication. on November 6.1987. After 22 years on the road. suddenly the Grateful Dead are a marketable entity. Lead guitarist Jerry Garcias avuncular visage smiles from newspaper photographs. the cover of Rolling Stone. and glossy promotional materials for the Dead’s new single. Touch of Grey.” which broke unexpectedly into Billboards Top IO. MTV recently devoted an entire day to the band. which once would have seemed as remote a possibility as an MTV special on Sun Ra. The Dead managed to mature from a modest inception as a free-form neighborhood rock band. to global cult status. and now unto the very thrones of multiplatinum establishmenthood. with only cursory. uncomprehending. and frequently derogatory media notice. The attention the band has received lately is barely more informed. casting the band as a hippie nostalgia act. or conversely. reinventing Garcia as one of the ubiquitous Betty Ford Center alumni-the “new” Grateful Dead for the ‘80s. “sounding better than they have in years.” finally worthy of ink and airplay. What the Dead actually do-the historical context of their music. its diverse influences. the implications of their method-is almost never discussed. in favor of more People magazine-fodder about tie-dye and incense.
Excerpt from The Millennium Shows
Authors: E Barutn Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My life is a set-list. Sometimes I think that there have bee. ore shows than there are possible memory configurations in tis the brain. Certainly Fve lived more concerts than I can remember There no question of that. no question. I guess f need to assume at least one ;’ttwin of every show f’ve seen. so close to the one I do remember that Fve i1: found it necessary to silently reduce the overlap. Maybe even twins is ‘just amanageable illusion. Assume quintuplets. I imagine that my mind has found very ingenious methods for shaping. thinning. making my remembered geography light. plastic. portable. It feels fine. though. I feel as though-more than most people-/ carry just enough in the way of the past. f can remember music with digital precision. I can hear any song J’ve ever heard, exactly as it was played. Even songs from shows I didn’t see flicker to consciousness. out of the descriptions I’ve heard from people in roadside diners and campgrounds. My mind interpolates what must have been played. I can remember the various. sweet groups of deadheads Fve traveled with from city to city. I can remember the distinct feel and character of each of those groups. Memories like a small rack of bootleg tapes. a partial plastic testa ment to the live and unknowable whole.
The Grateful Dead: A Meditation on Music. Meaning. and Memory
Authors: Burnetd Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though it began as a mode of composition, it rapidly became a kind of architectural metaphor. a way of defining blocks of space with barely controlled fields of sound. the slide from one phrase to another suggesting both walls and a grid within which we can live in the instant before it once again disappears. Only when it stops altogether is it possible to begin looking forward. And it is only in part a question of style. of the creation of a musical universe unique to this particular aggregate of players.
The Early Origins of Jazz
Authors: Taylor Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In March of 1917 the New York-based Victor Records released a single disc by the Original Dixieland Jass Band, a group of white musicians from New Orleans. The band had been in the city since January of that year, after a successful run in Chicago, and the two tunes they recorded, “Livery Stable Blues” and “Dixieland Jass Band One Step,” are usually considered the first recordings of jazz. The record, joined by several more in the following months, created an international sensation and sold at least a quarter million copies. Just two years later, with jazz securely rooted in the national consciousness, the vocalist Creighton Thompson could exclaim: “Jazz, jazz, jazz, that’s all I want to do; Play me a little jazz!” Though the Original Dixieland Jass Band (or ODJB) recordings were, ironically, not made by the African Americans who had been jazz’s primary creators, and though some scholars have claimed that the band’s music lacked elements that define the tradition (improvisation and, to a large extent, the powerful but elusive rhythmic groove known as “swing feeling”), the issue of the discs was a watershed event in the music’s history. They gave the public at large its first taste of this refreshing new music and inspired legions of younger musicians to explore the art.
Duke Ellington
Authors: Tucker Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The career of composer, bandleader, and pianist Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington spanned many eras of American musical history. Born in Washington, D.C., in 1899, Ellington began performing professionally in the period between 1915 and 1918, just as the word jazz was gaining currency and the first recordings of this boisterous, syncopated music were going out to the public. He came of age in New York City during the 1920s, joining Louis Armstrong, Fletcher Henderson, Bessie Smith, George Gershwin, and other notable figures in producing music that embodied the brash spirit and blues-tinged optimism of the Jazz Age. In the 1930s and 1940s he reached artistic maturity, winning acclaim as both a distinctive composer and a popular exponent of big band swing. In later years Ellington absorbed influences from bebop, soul jazz, bossa nova, gospel, and rock, composed a series of sacred works, and looked outside the United States for inspiration in The Far East Suite (1964-66), The Latin American Suite (1968), and The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse (1970). By the time of his death in 1974, Ellington had witnessed the panoramic unfolding of jazz history from the orchestral ragtime of James Reese Europe to the electric fusion of Weather Report.
Cool Jazz and West Coast Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my teachers, the late Donald Davie, delighted in describing works of art with metaphors drawn from weather reports. All artistry, he suggested, tended to either the cool or the hot For Davie, the paragon of cool was found in sculpture. The sculptor, confronting the cold and unforgiving marble, practices an art requiring meticulous care, precision, and attention to even the smallest details. The hot artist, in contrast, neglects subtle gradations in a celebration of intensity, a mad abandonment to the creative force.
I learned much of my love of the cool in my classes with Davie, who made it clear which of the two extremes he preferred. One of his books was called, in fact, The Poet as Sculptor. And his description of lesser “hot” works-overblown efforts which he characterized as “warm,” “moist,” and “mushy”-had a decidedly pejorative edge.
Given my love of the cool, I often wonder why I ever gravitated to jazz. Jazz is not only a hot art form-it may well be the hottest. No other creative pursuit celebrates immediacy and intensity to such an extent. Not only does jazz abandon itself to the moment, it actually refuses to accept any longer time horizon.
Miles Davis
Authors: Belden Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few musicians of our time have had such an important and influential impact on jazz as Miles Davis. His lyrical tone on trumpet and the sound of his groups are instantly recognizable; many of the themes written for his bands have become jazz standards and are consciously imitated by musicians today. Davis was able to imprint his sound and style on the tributaries of jazz and pop: bebop, hard bop, cool, funky, avantgarde, fusion, R&B, soul, dance, and rap. He developed three highly lyric qualities on the trumpet: a noble, New Orleans-based sound, an operatic approach, and a plaintive style. Davis considered himself a modernist, and this view was reflected in his never-ending quest for change. His bands became a pool for up-and-coming talent: John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, Bill and Gil Evans, George Coleman, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, John McLaughlin, Keith Jarrett, Dave Liebman, Mike Stern, Marcus Miller, and John Scofield all became important contributors to jazz as a result of Davis’s touch.
Miles Davis was born in Alton, Illinois, on May 26, 1926. He was raised in East St. Louis, Illinois, an integrated suburban community.
Jazz and Brazilian Music
Authors: Crease Stephanie L Stein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1959 the release of the Brazilian film Black Orpheus introduced the musical bounty of Brazil to international audiences. The award-winning film presented many viewers with their first glimpse of the authentic music and culture of Brazil, one of the largest and most populous countries in the world. In
the film, the Greek myth about the lovers Orpheus and Eurydice is played out in Rio de Janeiro during carnaval. Exotic percussion instruments and the call-and-response singing typical of Rio’s escolas de samba fill the soundtrack, interspersed with melodies played by solo guitar and compositions by Antonio Carlos Jobim and Luiz Bonfa, then young musicians in Rio’s artistic community. Their music combined the textures and rhythms of Brazil with elements from American jazz, classical and twentieth-century composition, and even Hollywood film music. These elements fused into the style that would soon have an enormous influence on jazz and popular music around the world: the bossa nova, literally, “new beat.”
The bossa nova was typically played with a slow samba rhythm and performed in a light, unaccented manner, comparable to the “cool jazz” popular in the United States during the 1950s.
Satellites of the Outer Planets
Authors: Rothery David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extensively revised and updated, this new edition of David A. Rothery’s acclaimed geological guide to the outer solar system includes results and close-up color and black and white images from the 1995-1999 Galileo mission to Jupiter and from the Voyager space probe. Rothery, a noted planetary scientist, explains the geological aspects of the major satellites of the outer bodies, from Jupiter to Neptune to the Pluto-Charon system. In particular he shows how tectonic and volcanic processes, driven by heat from within, have shaped the rigid outer layers of these bodies. Rothery also discusses the similarities and differences among these planets, and reveals how they resemble Earth-like planets. This fascinating book is written in an introductory style ideal for first- or second-year college courses. Amateur geologists and astronomers will also find its insights rewarding.
Manners for Gentlemen
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Derhaps it was the prospect of the long and bumpy journey to New Hamprshire that put Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley in a testy mood. There were six in his coach, plus their baggage, and one of the four horses was “very unruly.” As it was early December, the road may have been covered with snow and ice. Of course it did not take much to irritate the man: Dudley was hot-tempered by nature. And about a mile down the road from Roxbury to Boston, two ordinary citizens provided a spark for his fire.
Manners Maketh Men
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mistress Phillips did not intend to affront the young minister; she simply had a coughing spell. But Jeremiah Shepherd saw it as an insult. Her husband Samuel explained what happened: “In the time of my wife’s long and dangerous sickness he came below to look upon her and there took offense that she did not show him respect though my wife affirms that she bowed her head as well as she could being then entering into her ague fit, but he never would come see her though I wished him to do it.” Mistress Phillips was a respectable matron of the town of Rowley. Samuel Phillips was himself a minister, but the younger Shepherd was a candidate for the recently vacated position of pastor, that is, as Phillips’s superior. Mr. Phillips was supportive of Shepherd, but the latter’s inability to please the women of the parish ultimately did him in. Women like Mrs. Phillips could be quite influential, and ministers were wise to curry their favor. I Yet even such a matron tried to show deference to the younger minister.
Middle Class Rising
Authors: Hemphill C Dallett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January of 1759, a young lawyer from Massachusetts recorded a painful self-assessment in his diary. Among other deficiencies, he noted I have insensibly fallen into a Habit of Affecting Wit and Humour, of Shrugging my Shoulders, and moving [and] distorting the muscles of my face. My Motions are stiff and uneasy, ungraceful, and my attention is unsteady and irregular. These are Reflections on myself that I make.
A Means to an End The Biological Basis of Aging and Death
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do we age? Is aging inevitable? Will advances in medical knowledge allow us to extend the human lifespan beyond its present limits? Because growing old has long been the one irreducible reality of human existence, these intriguing questions arise more often in the context of science fiction than science fact. But recent discoveries in the fields of cell biology and molecular genetics are seriously challenging the assumption that human lifespans are beyond our control. With such discoveries in mind, noted cell biologist William R. Clark clearly and skillfully describes how senescence begins at the level of individual cells and how cellular replication may be bound up with aging of the entire organism. He explores the evolutionary origin and function of aging, the cellular connections between aging and cancer, the parallels between cellular senescence and Alzheimer's disease, and the insights gained through studying human genetic disorders--such as Werner's syndrome--that mimic the symptoms of aging. Clark also explains how reduction in caloric intake may actually help increase lifespan, and how the destructive effects of oxidative elements in the body may be limited by the consumption of antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. In a final chapter, Clark considers the social and economic aspects of living longer, the implications of gene therapy on senescence, and what we might learn about aging from experiments in cloning. This is a highly readable, provocative account of some of the most far-reaching and controversial questions we are likely to ask in the next century.